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SECOND DAY, I WOULD LIKE TO

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INTRODUCE DR. CHANG FOR OUR KEY

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NOTE SPEAKER FOR THIS MORNING. 

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THANK YOU.

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>> I'M DR. HUANG AND CAN I
GET

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THE SLIDES PLEASE.

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THIS IS A PRIVILEGE FOR ME TO

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BRUCE OUR SECOND KEY NOTE WHO IS

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DAVID HUANG, OKAY, AND I WILL

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LET YOU DRIVE THIS. 

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THANKS.

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SO, DAVID--YOU KNOW ALL OF--YOU

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KNOW THE BASICS ABOUT DAVID BUT

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LET ME JUST GO THROUGH SOME OF

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THIS BIOGRAPHY, DAVID WAS BORN

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IN TAIWAN, CAME TO THE U.S. AT

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AGE 13 WHERE HIS FAMILY MOVED TO

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UP STATE NEW YORK THAT'S WHERE

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HE WENT TO HIGH SCHOOL, JOINED

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THE WRESTLING TEAM, YOU KNOW

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JUST GRADUATED AND END ENDED UP

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GOING TO M. I.T. AND GOT A

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BACHELORS AND A MASTERS THERE

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AND THEN WENT TO HARVARD MEDICAL

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SCHOOL THAT WAS AFFILIATED WITH

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M. I.T. CALLED DIVISION OF

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HEALTH SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY.

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KNOWS THIS ABOUT DAVID, I

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THOUGHT WE HAD SOME SIMILARITIES

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BECAUSE LIKE DAVID MY FAMILY

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CAME TO THE U.S. IN TAIWAN, I

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STUDIED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

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IN COLLEGE AND I GRADUATED FROM

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THE SAME PROGRAM, OKAY, BUT QUH

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WE STARTED TO LOOK DEEPER, I

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STARTED TO FEEL LIKE MAYBE

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THAT'S WHERE THE SIMILARITIES,

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WE STARTED TO DIVERGE A LITTLE

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BIT SO I TRIED TO FIND SOME

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PICTURE JUST TO ILLUSTRATE

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MEDICAL SCHOOL, FROM MYSELF, AND

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ALL I COULD FIND WAS THINGS LIKE

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THIS, YOU KNOW WHERE APPARENTLY

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I WAS LEARNING TO PLAY BEACH

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VOLLEYBALL AND YOU KNOW GO TO

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AMUSEMENT PARKS IN WEST

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MASSACHUSETTS.

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WHEREAS DAVID ON THE OTHER HAND

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WAS GETTING HIS Ph.D. AT

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MEDICAL PHYSICS AT M. I.T. AND

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WORKING ON THIS SEMINOLE PAPER

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WITH YOU KNOW, THIS PAPER'S BEEN

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SHOWN HERE, SO MANY TIMES, YOU

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KNOW ERIC, JOEL, YOU KNOW CARMEN

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[INDISCERNIBLE] AND OBVIOUSLY

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JIM AND YOU KNOW TO STATE THE

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OBVIOUS, THIS PAPER HAS BECOME

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SUCH A CLASSIC THAT EVEN THOUGH

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IT'S GOT 18,000 CITATIONS,

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PEOPLE DON'T NEED TO CITE IT

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ANYMORE.

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IT'S JUST BECOME PART OF EVERY

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DAY KNOWLEDGE, THAT TRANSCENDS

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CITATION, EVEN AND AFTER THAT

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DAVID BECAME A RESIDENT IN

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OPHTHALMOLOGY AT THE EYE

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INSTITUTE AND DID A FELLOWSHIP

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IN CORNEA AT EMORY AND THAT WAS

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JUST THE BEGENERATEDDING FOR

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HIM.

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HE STARTED HIS CLEAR AT

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CLEVELAND CLINIC IN REFRACTIVE

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SURGERY AND BIOMEDICAL

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EMERGENCYING AND MOVED TO USC.

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AND THEN MOVED TO OREGON HEALTH

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AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY IN 2010

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WHERE HE BECAME PROFESSOR AND

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BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, BECAME

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DIRECTOR OF THE CENTER FOR

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OPHTHALMIC, OPTICS AND LASERS,

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THE COOL LAB WHICH HAS OVER 30

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FACULTY, STAFF AND TRAINEES AND

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IT WAS DURING THAT TIME THAT HE

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RECEIVED MAJOR AWARDS, WITH A

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NUMBER OF THE PEOPLE IN THE

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AUDIENCE HERE, HE WAS ELECTED TO

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THE NATIONAL ARK CAD ME OF

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ENGINEERING AND RECEIVED THE

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STANFORD AND GREEN BERG PRIZE TO

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END PLIENDNESS VISIONARY AWARD

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AND YOU KNOW NUMBER OF YEARS

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AGO, HE BECAME ASSOCIATE

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DIRECTOR AT THE OHHSU EYE

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INSTITUTE AND IT WAS DURING THIS

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PERIOD WHERE HE RECEIVED ALL

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THE--THE LASKER AWARD, NATIONAL

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MEDAL OF TECHNOLOGY AND

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INNOVATION, NOW IN EMERGING ITS

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OF THESE PARALLEL ANDS HOW I GOT

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TO KNOW DAVID, I TARTED WORKING

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AT HEALTH AND OREGON SCIENCE

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UNIVERSITY ABOUT 6 MONTHS AFTER

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DAVID DID AND THAT'S WHERE I

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FELT LIKE I GOT TO KNOW HIM AS A

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COLLEAGUE AND AS A FRIEND.

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AND SO THAT'S MY LAST SLIDE OF

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THE INTRODUCTION.

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THAT ON A PERSONAL NOTE JUST

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FROM WORKING WITH HIM ON A

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COUPLE PROJECTS, AND I'VE GOTTEN

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TO UNDERSTAND THE WAY THAT HIS

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MIND WORKS.

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DAVID IS SO CREATIVE, HE HAS

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THIS UNUSUAL ABILITY TO ELECTRIC

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AT A PROJECT ON A VERY, VERY

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BROAD NOTE.

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LIKE WHAT'S THE IMPACT OF HIS

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WORK GOING TO BE IN OTHER AREAS.

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AND ALSO DELVE REALLY DEEPLY AND

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KIND OF UNDERSTAND EVERY NUANCE

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OF A PROBLEM AND IF YOU COULD

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POST THAT UP AND SO, DAVE I ALSO

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HAS 1 DAUGHTER, [INDISCERNIBLE]

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WHO WE GOT TO KNOW A LITTLE BIT

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BECAUSE I HAPPEN TO HAVE 2

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DAUGHTERS AND THEY'VE DONE A FEW

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THINGS TOGETHER OVER THE YEARS

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AND JUST MEETING HIS CHILD, SHE

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WAS SMART, SPUNKY, CREATIVE AND

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YOU KNOW THESE KIDS ARE ALL IN

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COLLEGE RIGHT NOW.

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AND YOU KNOW WHEN I LOOK AT

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PICTURES OF MY KIDS IN COLLEGE

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WHICH THEY SEND FROM TIME TO

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TIME, THEY'RE DOING THINGS LIKE

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HANGING OUT IN THE DORM WHEREAS

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WHEN I LOOK AT PICTURES OF HER,

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SHE'S HINGING OUT IN THE

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WHITE HOUSE, AND SO BUT THE

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REASON I PUT THIS UP ISN'T TO

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TALK ABOUT THE WHITE HOUSE OR

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SKIING, BUT TO SAY THAT, YOU

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KNOW THIS IS REALLY GIIVE ME A

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CHANCE TO SEE DAVID ON A MORE

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PERSONAL LEVEL AS A FATHER AND

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TO SEE HOW HE'S RAISED A

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DAUGHTER YOU KNOW WHO'S BECOME

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REALLY, REALLY SMART AND SHE

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TRIED TO--SHE CAME TO ATTEND THE

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LASKER AWARDS SYMPOSIUM BUT YOU

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KNOW THEY DIDN'T LET HER OUT OF

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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY EXAM EVEN

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THOUGH HER FATHER WAS WINNING

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THE LASKER AWARD AND A RECEPTION

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SO IT WAS A RUSH FOR HER HAD GET

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THERE BUT THIS HAS BEEN A REAL

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PRIVILEGE FOR ME TO WATCH DAVID

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BOTH AS AN ACADEMIC AND AS A

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PERSON AND WITH THAT, DAVID

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WE'RE REALLY EXCITED TO HAVE YOU

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HERE, CONGRATULATIONS FOR ALL

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YOUR ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND LOOK

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FORWARD TO YOUR TALK TODAY.

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[ APPLAUSE ]

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>> WOW, THANK YOU MIKE,
THAT WAS

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A WONDERFUL INTRODUCTION I LOVE

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ALL YOUR PERSONAL TOUCHES, I

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DIDN'T KNOW YOU SAVED ALL THOSE

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PICTURES WITH OUR DAUGHTERS

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TOGETHER FROM THE HAWAII AND THE

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SKI TRIP.

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THAT'S REALLY WONDERFUL.

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SO I WANT TO THANK NATIONAL EYE

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INSTITUTE, DR. MIKE CHANG AND

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DR. [INDISCERNIBLE] TO ORGANIZE

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THIS SYMPOSIUM.

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I'VE BEEN SAVING UP LITTLE

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STORIES AND SNIPITS FOR THIS

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PRESENTATION AND I HOPE YOU WILL

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FIND IT AMAZING ALSO.

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SO I WILL TALK ABOUT SEEING

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SMALL AND AIMING BIG AT TWEPMENT

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AND CLINICAL IMPACT OF OCT AND I

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DO HAVE A FINANCIAL INTEREST IN

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SOME ASPECTS OF OCT, IT'S LISTED

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HERE.

187
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SO 2023 OF COURSE FERS A BANNER

188
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YEAR FOR OCT AND I FOUND

189
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ESPECIALLY GOING TO THE

190
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WHITE HOUSE TO BE QUITE

191
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THRILLING.

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PRESIDENT BIDEN WAS VERY QUICK

193
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WITTED AND OBVIOUSLY ENJOYED

194
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BOSSING EVERYONE AROUND, SO I

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THINK RUMORS THAT HE'S SLOWING

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DOWN IS GREATLY EXAGGERATED AND

197
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I REALLY CREDIT HIM FOR REVIVING

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00:08:18,313 --> 00:08:21,049
THE NATIONAL MEDALS, AFTER A 6

199
00:08:21,049 --> 00:08:22,851
YEAR HIATUS, I THINK IT SHOWED A

200
00:08:22,851 --> 00:08:29,357
LOT OF RESPECT FOR SCIENCE AND

201
00:08:29,357 --> 00:08:29,658
TECHNOLOGY.

202
00:08:29,658 --> 00:08:32,527
WE CAN THINK OF OCT AS THE

203
00:08:32,527 --> 00:08:34,129
CULMINATION OF MORE THAN A

204
00:08:34,129 --> 00:08:36,731
HUNDRED YEARS OF RESEARCH INTO

205
00:08:36,731 --> 00:08:38,366
USING LIGHT TO MEASURE THE TIME

206
00:08:38,366 --> 00:08:43,338
OF FLIGHT OF LIGHT.

207
00:08:43,338 --> 00:08:50,545
I THINK JIM IN HIS TALK TALKED

208
00:08:50,545 --> 00:08:51,246
ABOUT [INDISCERNIBLE].

209
00:08:51,246 --> 00:08:54,583
BUT MORE RECENTLY WE CAN TRACE

210
00:08:54,583 --> 00:09:02,123
IT TO THE MICHELSON MORALLY

211
00:09:02,123 --> 00:09:03,558
WHERE HE DEVELOPED THIS SPEED OF

212
00:09:03,558 --> 00:09:04,593
LIGHT RELATIVE TO THE MOTION OF

213
00:09:04,593 --> 00:09:05,660
EARTH AND OF COURSE HE FOUND

214
00:09:05,660 --> 00:09:07,596
THAT THE SPEED OF LIGHT DID NOT

215
00:09:07,596 --> 00:09:09,965
CHANGE RELATIVE TO EARTH MOTION

216
00:09:09,965 --> 00:09:12,868
AND THAT SET THE STAGE FOR THE

217
00:09:12,868 --> 00:09:17,973
THEORY OF RELATIVITY AND FOR HIS

218
00:09:17,973 --> 00:09:18,907
NOBEL PRIZE IN 1907.

219
00:09:18,907 --> 00:09:27,048
AND WE USED THE SAME MICHELSON

220
00:09:27,048 --> 00:09:29,351
INTERROMETER BUT NOW WITH SHORT

221
00:09:29,351 --> 00:09:30,619
COHERENCE LENGTH OF LIGHT AND

222
00:09:30,619 --> 00:09:31,953
THAT ALLOWS US TO MEASURE THE

223
00:09:31,953 --> 00:09:33,788
TIME OF LIGHT REFLECTED FROM

224
00:09:33,788 --> 00:09:37,092
TISSUE SAMPLES.

225
00:09:37,092 --> 00:09:42,030
THESE DAYS OFTEN DOWN TO LEVEL

226
00:09:42,030 --> 00:09:45,767
.03 MICROMETERS WHICH WAS EQUIV

227
00:09:45,767 --> 00:09:47,636
LEAPT TO 30 FS ROUND TRIP, AND

228
00:09:47,636 --> 00:09:49,604
OF COURSE TIME CANNOT BE WORTH A

229
00:09:49,604 --> 00:09:51,907
CLOCK OF ANY TYPE SO REALLY ONLY

230
00:09:51,907 --> 00:09:54,309
THE LIGHT IS THE ONLY THING THAT

231
00:09:54,309 --> 00:09:56,044
IS FAST ENOUGH TO MEASURE TIME

232
00:09:56,044 --> 00:10:03,285
OF FLIGHT AT THIS LEVEL.

233
00:10:03,285 --> 00:10:09,591
OCT TARTED IN PROFESSOR

234
00:10:09,591 --> 00:10:14,062
FUJI MOTO'S LAB IN 1990.

235
00:10:14,062 --> 00:10:17,465
SO PROFESSOR FUJIMOTO, GAVE ME

236
00:10:17,465 --> 00:10:19,868
THE INSTRUCTION OF MEASURING THE

237
00:10:19,868 --> 00:10:22,604
THICKNESS OF CORNEA AND RETINA

238
00:10:22,604 --> 00:10:25,273
AND THIS WAS A FS SECOND LASER

239
00:10:25,273 --> 00:10:29,911
LAB SO WE CLEARED A SMALL SPACE

240
00:10:29,911 --> 00:10:32,547
IN THE OPTICS TABLE AND THIS

241
00:10:32,547 --> 00:10:35,550
PHOTOGRAPH SHOWS MY FATHER

242
00:10:35,550 --> 00:10:38,720
VISITING BOSTON AND I WAS

243
00:10:38,720 --> 00:10:41,122
SHOWING HIM MY EXPERIMENTAL SET

244
00:10:41,122 --> 00:10:43,425
UP FOR OCT AND I'M NOT SURE HE

245
00:10:43,425 --> 00:10:46,861
UNDERSTOOD HOW IT WORKED BUT HE

246
00:10:46,861 --> 00:10:49,831
CANNED ME, YOU KNOW WHEN I'M

247
00:10:49,831 --> 00:10:50,865
GOING TO GRADUATE FROM MEDICAL

248
00:10:50,865 --> 00:10:54,202
SCHOOL BECAUSE I WAS TAKING A

249
00:10:54,202 --> 00:10:56,104
VERY LONG TIME.

250
00:10:56,104 --> 00:10:56,371
[LAUGHTER]

251
00:10:56,371 --> 00:10:59,874
AND YOU KNOW I DID NOT HAVE ANY

252
00:10:59,874 --> 00:11:00,875
GOOD ANSWERS.

253
00:11:00,875 --> 00:11:04,212
NEITHER OF US WERE SURE IT WAS

254
00:11:04,212 --> 00:11:13,722
WORTH TAKING EXTRA 4 RESEARCH

255
00:11:13,722 --> 00:11:14,189
YEARS.

256
00:11:14,189 --> 00:11:15,690
BEYOND THE ALREADY LONG SCHOOL

257
00:11:15,690 --> 00:11:16,124
MEDICAL CURRICULUM.

258
00:11:16,124 --> 00:11:18,193
BUT I KNEW I WAS ENJOYING MY

259
00:11:18,193 --> 00:11:20,228
TIME IN THE ULTRA FAST OPTICS

260
00:11:20,228 --> 00:11:22,664
GROUP BECAUSE I WAS LEARNING

261
00:11:22,664 --> 00:11:24,966
FROM VERY SMART PEOPLE AND THEY

262
00:11:24,966 --> 00:11:27,636
WERE TEACHING ME HOW TO NAVIGATE

263
00:11:27,636 --> 00:11:29,504
THIS UNEXPLORED TERRITORY THAT I

264
00:11:29,504 --> 00:11:33,775
WONDERED INTO AND I WAS HAVING A

265
00:11:33,775 --> 00:11:35,744
LOT OF IDEAS AND I WAS IMAGINING

266
00:11:35,744 --> 00:11:37,812
ALL KIND OF THINGS THAT THIS

267
00:11:37,812 --> 00:11:44,686
COULD LEAD TO AND WHAT 1 OF THE

268
00:11:44,686 --> 00:11:48,590
IDEAS WAS OPTIC O ADHERENCE

269
00:11:48,590 --> 00:11:48,890
TOMOGRAPHY.

270
00:11:48,890 --> 00:11:50,592
AND THE IDEA CAME TO ME WHEN I

271
00:11:50,592 --> 00:11:54,763
WAS LOOKING AT THE INTERFERA

272
00:11:54,763 --> 00:11:56,731
METRIC SIGNAL FROM A RETINAL

273
00:11:56,731 --> 00:12:00,168
SAMPLE AND BECAUSE WE HAD VERY

274
00:12:00,168 --> 00:12:02,570
HIGH SENSITIVITY, HUNDRED

275
00:12:02,570 --> 00:12:04,506
DECIBEL, AND RELATIVELY HIGH

276
00:12:04,506 --> 00:12:06,941
RESOLUTION COMPARED TO OTHER

277
00:12:06,941 --> 00:12:07,909
EFFORTS THEN, 10-MICRONS AND

278
00:12:07,909 --> 00:12:11,279
BECAUSE WE WERE PLOTTING THINGS

279
00:12:11,279 --> 00:12:14,582
ON LOGO RHYTHMIC SCALE, I SAW

280
00:12:14,582 --> 00:12:16,584
NOT JUST THE FRONT AND BACK

281
00:12:16,584 --> 00:12:17,752
RETINAL REFLECTIONS WHICH I WAS

282
00:12:17,752 --> 00:12:23,391
KIND OF EXPECTING IN THE

283
00:12:23,391 --> 00:12:24,726
BEGINNING BUT I WAS ALSO SEEING

284
00:12:24,726 --> 00:12:27,429
QUITE A NUMBER OF SIGNAL PEAKS

285
00:12:27,429 --> 00:12:29,164
FROM INSIDE THE RETINA AND OF

286
00:12:29,164 --> 00:12:35,937
COURSE UNDER THE RETINA AND IT

287
00:12:35,937 --> 00:12:38,573
BECOME AN ISSUE LIKE--AT 50 I

288
00:12:38,573 --> 00:12:40,875
THOUGHT OF IT AS A PROBLEM, LIKE

289
00:12:40,875 --> 00:12:42,744
WHICH 2 PEAKS WOULD I PICK TO

290
00:12:42,744 --> 00:12:44,779
MEASURE THE RETINAL THICKNESS

291
00:12:44,779 --> 00:12:47,082
AND THEN MY SECOND THOUGHT WAS,

292
00:12:47,082 --> 00:12:50,051
WELL, IF WE SCAN THE BEAM ACROSS

293
00:12:50,051 --> 00:12:52,721
THE RETINA, THEN I WOULD GET A

294
00:12:52,721 --> 00:12:56,057
PICTURE AND THAT WOULD REVEAL

295
00:12:56,057 --> 00:12:57,525
THAT LAYER STRUCTURE OF THE

296
00:12:57,525 --> 00:12:58,927
RETINA AND THEN MAYBE I COULD

297
00:12:58,927 --> 00:13:00,228
MEASURE THE RETINAL THICKNESS

298
00:13:00,228 --> 00:13:02,497
THAT WAY AND THEN THE THIRD

299
00:13:02,497 --> 00:13:05,166
THOUGHT WAS, IF I COULD GET A

300
00:13:05,166 --> 00:13:06,201
PICTURE OF THE INTERNAL

301
00:13:06,201 --> 00:13:07,535
STRUCTURE OF THE RETINA, THAT

302
00:13:07,535 --> 00:13:10,505
WOULD BE A FREIGHTER DISCOVERY

303
00:13:10,505 --> 00:13:12,674
THAN SIMPLY MEASURING THE

304
00:13:12,674 --> 00:13:12,941
THICKNESS.

305
00:13:12,941 --> 00:13:16,478
SO I WAS VERY EXCITED, I RENTED

306
00:13:16,478 --> 00:13:22,851
JIM'S OFFICE AND BEFORE I GOT

307
00:13:22,851 --> 00:13:26,521
DATA, ASKED FOR SOME  

308
00:13:26,521 --> 00:13:29,724
PERMISSION TO BUY A DATA

309
00:13:29,724 --> 00:13:34,596
VISUALIZATION SOFTWARE, IMAGE

310
00:13:34,596 --> 00:13:36,097
RENDERING SOFTWARE SPYGLASS, AND

311
00:13:36,097 --> 00:13:37,298
JIM GRACIOUSLY AGREED TO DO THAT

312
00:13:37,298 --> 00:13:43,438
EVEN THOUGH I DIDN'T HAVE ANY

313
00:13:43,438 --> 00:13:44,072
DATA YET.

314
00:13:44,072 --> 00:13:46,741
AND THAT LED TO THE COLOR SCALE

315
00:13:46,741 --> 00:13:50,044
THAT GAVE OCT IMAGES MORE

316
00:13:50,044 --> 00:13:53,481
PIZAZZ, THAT WAS I STANDARD

317
00:13:53,481 --> 00:13:54,282
SPYDPLASES VISUALIZATION SCHEME

318
00:13:54,282 --> 00:13:58,820
AND OF COURSE IT WORKED OUT, YOU

319
00:13:58,820 --> 00:14:00,121
KNOW WE COULD SEE LAYER

320
00:14:00,121 --> 00:14:03,324
STRUCTURE IN THE RETINA AND THAT

321
00:14:03,324 --> 00:14:11,833
LED TO OUR EFFORT TO DEVELOP OCT

322
00:14:11,833 --> 00:14:12,534
SAY CLINICAL STRUMENT BUT THE

323
00:14:12,534 --> 00:14:15,136
IPT GREATER I SHALL RESULTS

324
00:14:15,136 --> 00:14:16,471
INVITRO WERE PUBLISHED IN

325
00:14:16,471 --> 00:14:19,674
SCIENCE AND DESPITE WHAT

326
00:14:19,674 --> 00:14:21,009
DR. CHANG SAID, I WOULD

327
00:14:21,009 --> 00:14:25,580
ENCOURAGE YOU TO CONTINUE CITING

328
00:14:25,580 --> 00:14:26,080
IT.

329
00:14:26,080 --> 00:14:26,347
[LAUGHTER]

330
00:14:26,347 --> 00:14:28,583
18,000 IS NOT ENOUGH, YOU KNOW,

331
00:14:28,583 --> 00:14:34,556
LET'S SHOOT FOR A BIGGER NUMBER.

332
00:14:34,556 --> 00:14:38,092
BUT I ALSO WANT TO MENTION THAT

333
00:14:38,092 --> 00:14:40,161
DR. JOE SHYOUMAN WERE THERE AT

334
00:14:40,161 --> 00:14:41,396
THE VERY BEGINNING, WHEN WE WERE

335
00:14:41,396 --> 00:14:42,897
DOING ALL THE RETINAL MEASURE

336
00:14:42,897 --> 00:14:46,634
AMS, HE WOULD BRING OVER CALF

337
00:14:46,634 --> 00:14:52,106
EYES AND THEN LATER ON HUMAN

338
00:14:52,106 --> 00:14:55,210
CATAVERRIC EYES AND HE SHOWED ME

339
00:14:55,210 --> 00:14:57,111
HOW TO CUT THE EYEBALL IN HALF

340
00:14:57,111 --> 00:14:59,080
SO WE BEING IMAGE THE RETINA

341
00:14:59,080 --> 00:15:01,916
WITHOUT THE INTERFERENCE OF THE

342
00:15:01,916 --> 00:15:04,219
CO CATARACTS THOO THESE EYES GET

343
00:15:04,219 --> 00:15:05,954
ANDS HE TOLL ME THAT THE RETINAL

344
00:15:05,954 --> 00:15:09,757
STRUCTURES AND HOW TO INTERPRET

345
00:15:09,757 --> 00:15:10,358
THIS INITIAL IMAGE.

346
00:15:10,358 --> 00:15:14,662
AS YOU KNOW, THERE ARE ARTIFACTS

347
00:15:14,662 --> 00:15:15,864
FROM CUTTING THE EYEBALL IN

348
00:15:15,864 --> 00:15:19,400
HALF, YOU GET A RETINAL

349
00:15:19,400 --> 00:15:23,338
DETACHMENT AND YOU KNOW WHAT ALL

350
00:15:23,338 --> 00:15:25,607
THESE STRUCTURES ARE, RETINA,

351
00:15:25,607 --> 00:15:29,844
OPTIC, ET CETERA, SO I OWE JOE A

352
00:15:29,844 --> 00:15:31,713
LOT IN TEACHING ME HOW TO DO THE

353
00:15:31,713 --> 00:15:32,680
EXPERIMENT AND THE EYE

354
00:15:32,680 --> 00:15:36,384
STRUCTURES AND OF COURSE, A LOT

355
00:15:36,384 --> 00:15:41,022
OF OTHER PEOPLE WERE ALSO

356
00:15:41,022 --> 00:15:41,522
INVOLVED.

357
00:15:41,522 --> 00:15:43,691
I DID NOT KNOW THEN, BUT I KNOW

358
00:15:43,691 --> 00:15:49,464
NOW THAT THERE WERE PARALLEL

359
00:15:49,464 --> 00:15:52,400
DEVELOPMENTS IN VIENNA AND THEY

360
00:15:52,400 --> 00:15:55,270
ALSO WERE USING AN INFRANCIS

361
00:15:55,270 --> 00:15:57,839
COLLINS TOM TERTO LOOK AT EYE

362
00:15:57,839 --> 00:15:59,941
STRUCTURES BUT THEIR INITIAL

363
00:15:59,941 --> 00:16:00,742
GOAL WERE DIFFERENT.

364
00:16:00,742 --> 00:16:02,243
THEY WERE MEASURING ACTUAL EYE

365
00:16:02,243 --> 00:16:11,185
LENGTH SO THEY USED A FABRY-PRO

366
00:16:11,185 --> 00:16:11,853
INTERPROMULGATE TERAND THE

367
00:16:11,853 --> 00:16:12,787
HETERODETECTION WHICH I WAS

368
00:16:12,787 --> 00:16:15,256
USING THEY WERE USING AN

369
00:16:15,256 --> 00:16:17,659
INFRARED SCOPE TO VISUALIZE

370
00:16:17,659 --> 00:16:19,060
INTERFERENCE PATTERN BETWEEN THE

371
00:16:19,060 --> 00:16:20,662
CORNEA AND RETINA AND I WOULD

372
00:16:20,662 --> 00:16:25,400
IMAGINE THEY WOULD JUST SEE THIS

373
00:16:25,400 --> 00:16:29,537
IRPT FER ENSEL PATTERN WHEN THE

374
00:16:29,537 --> 00:16:30,204
LIGHT--INTERFERENCE PATTERN WHEN

375
00:16:30,204 --> 00:16:32,106
THE LIGHT FROM THE CORN RAAND

376
00:16:32,106 --> 00:16:34,509
LET WITH THE RETINA INTERFERE.

377
00:16:34,509 --> 00:16:36,177
SO IT'S MORE DIFFICULT THAT YOU

378
00:16:36,177 --> 00:16:37,245
CAN SEE INTURNOVERRAL STRUCTURES

379
00:16:37,245 --> 00:16:39,547
THAT WAY, AND THAT'S WHY THEY

380
00:16:39,547 --> 00:16:43,418
DIDN'T GO TOWARD IMAGING UNTIL

381
00:16:43,418 --> 00:16:43,885
LATER.

382
00:16:43,885 --> 00:16:49,290
SO, YOUR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE

383
00:16:49,290 --> 00:16:51,225
INTERFROM TERDETECTION SYSTEM

384
00:16:51,225 --> 00:16:53,494
AND INITIAL GOAL DOES MATTER.

385
00:16:53,494 --> 00:16:56,130
AND OF YOU COURSE RCT WAS

386
00:16:56,130 --> 00:16:57,699
POSSIBLE ONLY BECAUSE OF

387
00:16:57,699 --> 00:16:59,867
ADVANCES IN OPTICAL TECHNOLOGIES

388
00:16:59,867 --> 00:17:01,602
THAT WERE DEVELOPED FOR OPTIMAL

389
00:17:01,602 --> 00:17:02,503
CHIEWNICATIONS WHICH WAS VERY

390
00:17:02,503 --> 00:17:07,976
HOT THEN IN THE 1980 ANDS THESE

391
00:17:07,976 --> 00:17:08,543
INCLUDED SEMICONDUCTOR

392
00:17:08,543 --> 00:17:09,644
DISCIPLINARIAL, LIGHT SOURCES

393
00:17:09,644 --> 00:17:10,912
AND OPTICAL FIBERS AND I LEARNED

394
00:17:10,912 --> 00:17:15,783
A LOT OF THESE TECHNOLOGIES FROM

395
00:17:15,783 --> 00:17:21,956
ERIC SWANSEN WHO WAS MY GURU IN

396
00:17:21,956 --> 00:17:22,824
THIS AREA.

397
00:17:22,824 --> 00:17:24,025
COME SO ERIC WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR

398
00:17:24,025 --> 00:17:28,896
A LOT OF THE DESIGN MUCH THE

399
00:17:28,896 --> 00:17:29,664
OCT.

400
00:17:29,664 --> 00:17:32,367
HE WAS THE FIRST INVENTOR LISTS

401
00:17:32,367 --> 00:17:36,404
IN OUR PATENT, THE FIRST PATENT

402
00:17:36,404 --> 00:17:41,542
ON OCT, THE 501 PEN WHICH

403
00:17:41,542 --> 00:17:44,178
DESCRIBED THE TIME DOMAIN OCT

404
00:17:44,178 --> 00:17:45,446
THAT BECAME THE BLUEPRINT FOR

405
00:17:45,446 --> 00:17:49,217
THE FIRST 10 YEARS OF OCT, AS

406
00:17:49,217 --> 00:17:51,719
WELL AS WEB-SOURCED OCT ACTUALLY

407
00:17:51,719 --> 00:17:53,721
WHICH WE REALIZED WHEN WE WERE

408
00:17:53,721 --> 00:17:55,957
LOOKING AT THE SPECTRAL PATTERNS

409
00:17:55,957 --> 00:17:59,260
OF THE FIBER OPTIC INIA

410
00:17:59,260 --> 00:18:00,094
FROM--INTEGRATION TOM TERAND

411
00:18:00,094 --> 00:18:02,797
ERIC OF COURSE WAS ALSO

412
00:18:02,797 --> 00:18:04,432
IMPORTANT IN STARTING A ON

413
00:18:04,432 --> 00:18:06,167
COUPLE OF THE IMPORTANT

414
00:18:06,167 --> 00:18:09,037
COMPANIES IN OCT, EVENTS

415
00:18:09,037 --> 00:18:11,873
OPHTHALMIC DEVICES THAT FIRST

416
00:18:11,873 --> 00:18:12,807
TWEPPED COMMERCIAL OPHTHALMIC

417
00:18:12,807 --> 00:18:16,544
OCT AND LIGHT LAB IMAGES THAT

418
00:18:16,544 --> 00:18:20,415
DEVELOPED CARDIOVASCULAR OCT, HE

419
00:18:20,415 --> 00:18:23,951
ALSO CONFOUNDED SYCAMORE AND

420
00:18:23,951 --> 00:18:26,521
ACACIA, WHICH WERE MAJOR PLAYERS

421
00:18:26,521 --> 00:18:30,391
IN HIGH CAPACITY FIBER OPTIC

422
00:18:30,391 --> 00:18:31,025
COMMUNICATIONS.

423
00:18:31,025 --> 00:18:33,628
SO ERIC WAS A VERY PROLIFIC

424
00:18:33,628 --> 00:18:39,167
ENGINEER OF THE FIRST ORDER.

425
00:18:39,167 --> 00:18:42,770
IN THE BEGINNING OCT, WAS A

426
00:18:42,770 --> 00:18:46,274
SOLUTION IN SEARCH OF A PROBLEM

427
00:18:46,274 --> 00:18:50,211
AND WE KNEW THAT IT HAD BETTER

428
00:18:50,211 --> 00:18:52,947
RESOLUTION, 10 TO A HUNDRED

429
00:18:52,947 --> 00:18:56,317
TIMES BETTER THAN EXISTING

430
00:18:56,317 --> 00:18:58,319
TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGING MODALITIES

431
00:18:58,319 --> 00:19:03,091
LIKE ULTRASOUND, MRI, AND CT.

432
00:19:03,091 --> 00:19:06,394
SO NATURALLY, WE THOUGHT THAT WE

433
00:19:06,394 --> 00:19:08,229
SHOULD FOCUS THE INITIAL

434
00:19:08,229 --> 00:19:11,732
RESEARCH AND ALSO

435
00:19:11,732 --> 00:19:12,967
COMMERCIALIZATION EFFORTS ON

436
00:19:12,967 --> 00:19:17,271
SMALL CRITICAL TISSUE STRUCTURES

437
00:19:17,271 --> 00:19:20,641
AND OUR BEST GUESSES WERE THE

438
00:19:20,641 --> 00:19:24,812
RETINA IN THE EYE, AND ALSO,

439
00:19:24,812 --> 00:19:26,114
CORONARY ARTERY PLAQUES, BOTH OF

440
00:19:26,114 --> 00:19:28,282
WHICH WERE PUBLISHED IN OUR

441
00:19:28,282 --> 00:19:29,717
INITIAL SCIENCE PAPER AND THAT

442
00:19:29,717 --> 00:19:31,552
TURNED OUT TO BE A VERY GOOD

443
00:19:31,552 --> 00:19:34,755
GUESS, WHEN WE WERE INVITED TO

444
00:19:34,755 --> 00:19:37,892
WRITE A REVIEW PAPER, 25 YEARS

445
00:19:37,892 --> 00:19:40,661
LATER IN 2016, WE LOOK AT THE

446
00:19:40,661 --> 00:19:42,930
UTILIZATION OF OCT AND INDEED

447
00:19:42,930 --> 00:19:49,403
THOSE WERE THE 2 BIGGEST

448
00:19:49,403 --> 00:19:51,038
APPLICATIONS OPHTHALMIC OCT WAS

449
00:19:51,038 --> 00:19:53,241
BEING   PERFORMED THEN, ABOUT

450
00:19:53,241 --> 00:19:57,011
30 MILLION PROCEDURES WORLD WIDE

451
00:19:57,011 --> 00:19:58,179
AND CARDIOVASCULAR, INTRA

452
00:19:58,179 --> 00:19:59,847
VASCULAR OCT, ABOUT A HUNDRED

453
00:19:59,847 --> 00:20:04,519
THOUSAND PROCEDURES PER YEAR, I

454
00:20:04,519 --> 00:20:06,254
THINK EXTRAPOLATING FROM

455
00:20:06,254 --> 00:20:08,189
MEDICAID AND MEDICARE, I THINK

456
00:20:08,189 --> 00:20:09,223
IT'S ABOUT 40 MILLION PROCEDURES

457
00:20:09,223 --> 00:20:10,925
PER YEAR NOW IN THE EYE AND

458
00:20:10,925 --> 00:20:13,628
PROBABLY MUCH HIGHER IN

459
00:20:13,628 --> 00:20:16,030
CARDIOLOGY WHICH HAS SEEN A LOT

460
00:20:16,030 --> 00:20:18,065
OF RECENT GROWTH.

461
00:20:18,065 --> 00:20:24,372
I ALSO WANT TO MENTION JOE

462
00:20:24,372 --> 00:20:27,241
ISWROD AND MICHAEL HEE, WHO PLAY

463
00:20:27,241 --> 00:20:29,877
IMPORTANT ROADS IN DWTMENT OF

464
00:20:29,877 --> 00:20:34,849
THE FIRST OCT SYSTEMS FOR

465
00:20:34,849 --> 00:20:37,885
CLINICAL TODAYS AND AS WE WERE

466
00:20:37,885 --> 00:20:40,454
DISCUSSING YESTERDAY, IT WAS

467
00:20:40,454 --> 00:20:45,226
REALLY IMPORTANT FOR PEOPLE IN

468
00:20:45,226 --> 00:20:47,495
INDUSTRY TO BECOME INTERESTED

469
00:20:47,495 --> 00:20:50,231
AND ENGAGED AND INVEST IN A

470
00:20:50,231 --> 00:20:54,202
TECHNOLOGY FOR IT TO BECOME

471
00:20:54,202 --> 00:20:56,037
AVAILABLE TO CLINICIANS AND I

472
00:20:56,037 --> 00:20:59,307
ESPECIALLY WANT TO THANK JOHN

473
00:20:59,307 --> 00:21:03,744
MOORE, WHO WAS THE PRESIDENT OF

474
00:21:03,744 --> 00:21:06,347
HUMPHREY INSTRUMENT THEN AND

475
00:21:06,347 --> 00:21:16,724
WOULD LATER ON BOTTOM

476
00:21:19,327 --> 00:21:20,361
ZEISS HUMPRY WHEN IT COMBINED

477
00:21:20,361 --> 00:21:22,630
TOGETHER, AND I WANT TO REMEMBER

478
00:21:22,630 --> 00:21:24,532
JOHN CAME OVER AT THE 4 SEASONS

479
00:21:24,532 --> 00:21:26,100
HOTEL FOR A CELEBRATION AND

480
00:21:26,100 --> 00:21:29,303
SOMEHOW I ENDED UP AT A HOT TUB

481
00:21:29,303 --> 00:21:31,539
AT THE 4 SEASONS TALKS TO JOHN

482
00:21:31,539 --> 00:21:34,308
MOORE AND HE WAS EXPRESSING HIS

483
00:21:34,308 --> 00:21:35,710
ENTHUSIASM AND VISION, HE

484
00:21:35,710 --> 00:21:39,513
THOUGHT THAT OCT WAS GOING TO BE

485
00:21:39,513 --> 00:21:40,915
REALLY BIG IN OPHTHALMOLOGY AND

486
00:21:40,915 --> 00:21:43,851
OF COURSE HE WAS CORRECT

487
00:21:43,851 --> 00:21:45,786
ALTHOUGH IT TOOK 10 YEARS AND IT

488
00:21:45,786 --> 00:21:49,724
PROBABLY WASN'T VERY GOOD FOR

489
00:21:49,724 --> 00:21:50,625
HIM.

490
00:21:50,625 --> 00:21:54,495
BUT I THINK THAT HIS VISION

491
00:21:54,495 --> 00:21:56,797
REALLY PLAYED A KEY ROLE IN HOW

492
00:21:56,797 --> 00:22:03,638
FAST OCT WAS ABLE TO GAIN GROUND

493
00:22:03,638 --> 00:22:04,639
IN THE CLINIC.

494
00:22:04,639 --> 00:22:08,342
AND JAY WEI WAS THE FIRST

495
00:22:08,342 --> 00:22:14,315
ENGINEER TO LEAD COMMERCIAL

496
00:22:14,315 --> 00:22:16,050
DEVELOPMENT AND ZEISS HUMPHREY

497
00:22:16,050 --> 00:22:18,486
AND LATER ON HE BECAME THE VEO

498
00:22:18,486 --> 00:22:25,259
OF  OPTAVIEW, HIS OWN COMPANY, E

499
00:22:25,259 --> 00:22:25,926
FOUNDED IT.

500
00:22:25,926 --> 00:22:31,966
I WORKED WITH HIM FOR MANY YEARS

501
00:22:31,966 --> 00:22:33,801
AND I ALSO REALLY APPRECIATED

502
00:22:33,801 --> 00:22:35,469
HIS ROLE AND ORIGINAL

503
00:22:35,469 --> 00:22:36,637
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE

504
00:22:36,637 --> 00:22:37,838
COMMERCIALIZATION AND CLINICAL

505
00:22:37,838 --> 00:22:39,273
USE OF OCT.

506
00:22:39,273 --> 00:22:44,679
THE FIRST OCT SYSTEMS, OCT 1 AND

507
00:22:44,679 --> 00:22:48,449
OCT 2, WERE COME OUT OF HUMPHREY

508
00:22:48,449 --> 00:22:51,719
AND LATER KARL ZEISS METATECH

509
00:22:51,719 --> 00:22:53,587
AND THESE WERE ONLY USED IN

510
00:22:53,587 --> 00:22:55,890
MAJOR EYE CENTERS BECAUSE ONLY A

511
00:22:55,890 --> 00:23:02,063
FEW HUNDRED UNITS WERE SOLD AND

512
00:23:02,063 --> 00:23:07,435
IT--THERE WERE KIND OF PRODUCED

513
00:23:07,435 --> 00:23:10,538
GRAINY SMEARED OUT IMAGES AND I

514
00:23:10,538 --> 00:23:13,674
THINK IT WAS POLARIZING EVEN

515
00:23:13,674 --> 00:23:14,442
AMONG ACADEMIC MEDICINE.

516
00:23:14,442 --> 00:23:16,610
THERE WERE EARLY ADAPTORS WHO

517
00:23:16,610 --> 00:23:19,480
SAW GREAT POTENTIAL OF THIS

518
00:23:19,480 --> 00:23:21,716
TECHNOLOGY AND WORK TO USE IT

519
00:23:21,716 --> 00:23:23,718
AND WRITE ORIGINAL TRANSLATIONAL

520
00:23:23,718 --> 00:23:26,187
ARTICLES IN A NUMBER OF DISEASES

521
00:23:26,187 --> 00:23:36,664
THAT BECAME VERY IMPORTANT.

522
00:23:38,632 --> 00:23:41,235
THAT INCLUDED THE OCT, THAT CAME

523
00:23:41,235 --> 00:23:45,773
OUT IN 1999, AND I WANT TO

524
00:23:45,773 --> 00:23:47,575
MENTION COLLEAGUES HERE, THIS

525
00:23:47,575 --> 00:23:49,410
WAS IMPORTANT IN POPULARIZING

526
00:23:49,410 --> 00:23:53,848
THE KNOWLEDGE OF OCT, TO

527
00:23:53,848 --> 00:23:56,884
CLINICIANS AND THERE ARE OTHER

528
00:23:56,884 --> 00:23:58,986
CLINICIANS WHO SAW THESE IMAGES

529
00:23:58,986 --> 00:24:01,188
AND WERE NOT IMPRESSED BY THEIR

530
00:24:01,188 --> 00:24:03,824
QUALITY AND THOUGHT IT WAS PART

531
00:24:03,824 --> 00:24:08,829
OF AN EVIL SCHEME TO DEMOTOIVATE

532
00:24:08,829 --> 00:24:10,197
YOUNG RESIDENTS, CORRUPT THEM SO

533
00:24:10,197 --> 00:24:12,500
THEY DON'T LEARN THE FINE ART OF

534
00:24:12,500 --> 00:24:14,034
RETINAL EXAM NATION AND OF

535
00:24:14,034 --> 00:24:16,971
COURSE THEY WERE--THEY WERE

536
00:24:16,971 --> 00:24:23,377
RIGHT, ALSO, YOU KNOW, LIKE

537
00:24:23,377 --> 00:24:26,981
DR. MIKE CHANG MENTIONED,

538
00:24:26,981 --> 00:24:27,782
RESIDENTS PROBABLY DON'T DO

539
00:24:27,782 --> 00:24:30,785
NEARLY AS MUCH NOW TO LEARN

540
00:24:30,785 --> 00:24:32,052
DETAILED RETINAL EXAMINATION

541
00:24:32,052 --> 00:24:34,054
WITH A CONTACT LENS AND RELY ON

542
00:24:34,054 --> 00:24:35,856
OCT AND THEY'RE MAKING BETTER

543
00:24:35,856 --> 00:24:39,360
DIAGNOSIS THAN EVER WITH ALL

544
00:24:39,360 --> 00:24:40,594
THESE DIGITAL IMAGING

545
00:24:40,594 --> 00:24:45,132
TECHNOLOGIES BUT I WAS PRES

546
00:24:45,132 --> 00:24:46,667
ABTLY SURPRISED IN 1999 WHEN I

547
00:24:46,667 --> 00:24:47,735
WAS IN FELLOWSHIP TRAINING THERE

548
00:24:47,735 --> 00:24:50,938
WHEN I WENT TO SEE A MOVIE

549
00:24:50,938 --> 00:24:53,073
CALLED ENTRAPMENT WITH SEAN

550
00:24:53,073 --> 00:24:55,910
CONNERY AND KATHRYN ZETA-JONES,

551
00:24:55,910 --> 00:25:03,784
AND THE MOVIE WENT TONIGHT

552
00:25:03,784 --> 00:25:05,186
KUALA LIMPUR, WHERE THERE'S SOME

553
00:25:05,186 --> 00:25:06,887
TOP SECURITY INVOLVED AND

554
00:25:06,887 --> 00:25:11,125
THERE'S AN EYE SCANNER AND SEAN

555
00:25:11,125 --> 00:25:14,662
CONRY SCANS HIS EYE AND OUT POPS

556
00:25:14,662 --> 00:25:21,602
THIS IMAGE OF MACKULAR HOLE, AN

557
00:25:21,602 --> 00:25:24,371
OCT IMAGE WHY WOULD HE HAVE A

558
00:25:24,371 --> 00:25:25,539
MACULAR HOLE, IT DIDN'T MAKE ANY

559
00:25:25,539 --> 00:25:26,941
SENSE BUT I DON'T THINK ANYONE

560
00:25:26,941 --> 00:25:29,743
ELSE IN THE AUDIENCE HAD THE

561
00:25:29,743 --> 00:25:31,745
SAME THOUGHT.

562
00:25:31,745 --> 00:25:32,913
[

563
00:25:32,913 --> 00:25:33,247
[LAUGHTER]

564
00:25:33,247 --> 00:25:36,016
SO WHAT I LEARNED FROM THAT IS

565
00:25:36,016 --> 00:25:36,884
THAT THE TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH

566
00:25:36,884 --> 00:25:39,720
TAKES A LOT OF EFFORT AND  

567
00:25:39,720 --> 00:25:41,655
PERSEVERANCE BUT IS NECESSARY

568
00:25:41,655 --> 00:25:45,759
AND CLINICAL ACCEPTANCE TAKES

569
00:25:45,759 --> 00:25:48,028
TIME AND YOU KNOW IN THE BIG

570
00:25:48,028 --> 00:25:50,231
SCHEME OF THINGS, PROBABLY 10

571
00:25:50,231 --> 00:25:51,699
YEARS WASN'T VERY LONG.

572
00:25:51,699 --> 00:25:54,568
AND NEVER MIND THE DOUBTERS.

573
00:25:54,568 --> 00:25:56,036
AND FOR THE NEXT PART OF THE

574
00:25:56,036 --> 00:25:58,839
STORY, I WANT TO TELL, I WANT TO

575
00:25:58,839 --> 00:26:07,281
GOVERN A HISTORICAL PARALLEL,

576
00:26:07,281 --> 00:26:09,717
120 MILLION YEARS AGO SOME

577
00:26:09,717 --> 00:26:13,087
KARNIVEEROUS WASPS LEARNED TO GO

578
00:26:13,087 --> 00:26:16,757
VEGETARIAN BY SIPPING NECTAR AND

579
00:26:16,757 --> 00:26:21,395
EATING POLLENS AND THESE

580
00:26:21,395 --> 00:26:22,463
PROTOBEES HAD COLOR VISION IN

581
00:26:22,463 --> 00:26:27,668
THE VISIBLE AND UV, AND BECAUSE

582
00:26:27,668 --> 00:26:30,004
OF THAT FLOWERS WHICH NEED BEES

583
00:26:30,004 --> 00:26:32,773
TO POLLENATE WILL BENEFIT FROM

584
00:26:32,773 --> 00:26:33,474
POLLENNATION, DEVELOP DISTINCT

585
00:26:33,474 --> 00:26:38,045
COLORS AND SHAPES TO, ATTRACT

586
00:26:38,045 --> 00:26:39,547
BEES AND THAT LED TO THE

587
00:26:39,547 --> 00:26:45,519
COLORFUL WORLD WE LIVE IN THAT

588
00:26:45,519 --> 00:26:47,955
WE ENJOY AND TOGETHER BEING AND

589
00:26:47,955 --> 00:26:49,356
FLOWERS, FLOWERING PLANTS WERE A

590
00:26:49,356 --> 00:26:51,592
BIG SUCCESS AND THEY SPREAD

591
00:26:51,592 --> 00:26:57,898
THROUGHOUT THE TERRESTRIAL

592
00:26:57,898 --> 00:26:59,199
WORLD.

593
00:26:59,199 --> 00:27:03,871
SO A PARALLEL.

594
00:27:03,871 --> 00:27:06,974
MORE RECENTLY CLEVER RETINA

595
00:27:06,974 --> 00:27:09,343
CLINICIANS, CLINICIAN SCIENTISTS

596
00:27:09,343 --> 00:27:10,778
LEARNED THAT IN NEOVASCULAR AMD

597
00:27:10,778 --> 00:27:15,950
WHEN YOU LOOK AT OCT IMAGING,

598
00:27:15,950 --> 00:27:18,252
YOU CAN SEE NEOVASCULAR MEMBRANE

599
00:27:18,252 --> 00:27:25,326
AND RETINAL FLUID AND THAT IF

600
00:27:25,326 --> 00:27:26,827
YOU INJECT ANTIVASCULAR

601
00:27:26,827 --> 00:27:30,030
ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR OR

602
00:27:30,030 --> 00:27:34,768
ANTIVEGF YOU CAN MAKE THIS GO

603
00:27:34,768 --> 00:27:34,969
AWAY.

604
00:27:34,969 --> 00:27:37,805
AND THIS INSIGHT LED TO REALLY A

605
00:27:37,805 --> 00:27:40,307
REVOLUTION IN THE TREATMENT OF

606
00:27:40,307 --> 00:27:45,646
WET AMD WHICH USED TO BE A 1 WAY

607
00:27:45,646 --> 00:27:47,414
STREET TO BLINDNESS BUT NOW CAN

608
00:27:47,414 --> 00:27:49,917
BE MANAGED SUCCESSFULLY FOR A

609
00:27:49,917 --> 00:27:51,385
LONG TIME.

610
00:27:51,385 --> 00:27:54,688
AND THIS SYNERGY AND SUCCESS LED

611
00:27:54,688 --> 00:28:04,632
TO BOTH OCT AND ANTIVEG F

612
00:28:04,632 --> 00:28:06,400
INTROVITRAL TECHNOLOGY WITH

613
00:28:06,400 --> 00:28:08,736
ANTIVEIMRKS F INJECTIONS AND

614
00:28:08,736 --> 00:28:11,672
WITH ABOUT 2 AND HALF MILLION

615
00:28:11,672 --> 00:28:13,674
INYEKSES AND 40 MILLION OCT

616
00:28:13,674 --> 00:28:15,743
PROCEDURES   PERFORMED EVERY

617
00:28:15,743 --> 00:28:15,943
YEAR.

618
00:28:15,943 --> 00:28:19,513
SO NOT QUITE AS SUCCESSFUL AS

619
00:28:19,513 --> 00:28:24,184
THE BEES BUT PRETTY GOOD FOR A

620
00:28:24,184 --> 00:28:24,618
HUMAN EFFORT.

621
00:28:24,618 --> 00:28:26,620
AND JUST FOR A SANITY CHECK, I

622
00:28:26,620 --> 00:28:28,522
WASN'T SURE IF I WAS TAKING THIS

623
00:28:28,522 --> 00:28:31,158
UP, IT'S STILL POSSIBLE, I WAS

624
00:28:31,158 --> 00:28:32,626
MAKING IT UP, THATORY BUT I

625
00:28:32,626 --> 00:28:35,396
LOOKED UP THE DEVELOPMENT OF

626
00:28:35,396 --> 00:28:41,168
ANTIVEG F FOR AMD MD AND I FOUNN

627
00:28:41,168 --> 00:28:43,237
THE LITERATURE THEORESOURCESSEN

628
00:28:43,237 --> 00:28:44,872
FELLED, WHICH IS 1 OF THE CLEVER

629
00:28:44,872 --> 00:28:47,474
RETINAL SPECIALISTS WHO PLAYED A

630
00:28:47,474 --> 00:28:49,376
ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS

631
00:28:49,376 --> 00:28:53,380
NEW TREATMENT, HE SAID IN A 2009

632
00:28:53,380 --> 00:28:55,115
RETINA TODAY BREW, THAT TO FULLY

633
00:28:55,115 --> 00:29:01,255
UNDERSTAND HOW WE ARRIVE AT

634
00:29:01,255 --> 00:29:04,491
INYEKSS BEVACIZUMAB, A TYPE OF

635
00:29:04,491 --> 00:29:07,528
VEGF, TO TREAT WET AMD, 1 MUST

636
00:29:07,528 --> 00:29:10,164
GO BACK TO 2001 WHEN THE

637
00:29:10,164 --> 00:29:12,866
STRATEGIC PLANUS OCT WAS FIRST

638
00:29:12,866 --> 00:29:16,870
INTRODUCED SO HE ATTRIBUTED THE

639
00:29:16,870 --> 00:29:21,442
DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIVEG F WITH

640
00:29:21,442 --> 00:29:23,077
THE INSIGHT AND CLINICAL

641
00:29:23,077 --> 00:29:24,044
VISUALIZATION THAT OCT OFFERED

642
00:29:24,044 --> 00:29:26,313
AND THE STRATEGIC PLANUS OF

643
00:29:26,313 --> 00:29:31,618
COURSE WAS THE OCT SYSTEM THAT

644
00:29:31,618 --> 00:29:37,858
MADE THIS TECHNOLOGY MAIN

645
00:29:37,858 --> 00:29:40,027
STREAM, IT HAD 400 A-SCANS PER

646
00:29:40,027 --> 00:29:41,862
SECOND WHICH IS ENOUGH TO GIVE

647
00:29:41,862 --> 00:29:44,965
US A MEDIUM DEFINITION IMAGE AND

648
00:29:44,965 --> 00:29:47,634
IT'S SO SIMPLE, I THINK JIM SAID

649
00:29:47,634 --> 00:29:48,936
6000 UNIT WHICH IS ENOUGH TO

650
00:29:48,936 --> 00:29:51,939
MAKE IT AVAILABLE TO MOST

651
00:29:51,939 --> 00:29:53,841
OPHTHALMOLOGISTS IN THE U.S. AND

652
00:29:53,841 --> 00:30:01,615
MADE IT A CLINICAL SUCCESS

653
00:30:01,615 --> 00:30:05,385
EMPLOY WE'VE ESTIMATED THAT OCT

654
00:30:05,385 --> 00:30:08,455
GUIDANCE OF THOSE NEEDED ANTIVEG

655
00:30:08,455 --> 00:30:10,524
F INJECTIONS INSTEAD OF REGULAR

656
00:30:10,524 --> 00:30:11,692
MONTHLY INYEKS, SAVE MEDICARE

657
00:30:11,692 --> 00:30:13,861
MORE THAN A BILLION DOLLAR PER

658
00:30:13,861 --> 00:30:15,896
YEAR IN AN ARTICLE THAT WAS

659
00:30:15,896 --> 00:30:21,568
PUBLISHED IN 2018 AND THAT

660
00:30:21,568 --> 00:30:23,570
DWARFS THE AMOUNT OF INVESTMENT

661
00:30:23,570 --> 00:30:26,540
THAT NIH AND OTHER FUNDING

662
00:30:26,540 --> 00:30:28,842
AGENCIES PUT INTO OCT RESEARCH

663
00:30:28,842 --> 00:30:36,383
WHICH WAS ESTIMATED AT 0.4

664
00:30:36,383 --> 00:30:36,617
BILLION.

665
00:30:36,617 --> 00:30:40,487
BUT THAT'S OF COURSE MUCH

666
00:30:40,487 --> 00:30:40,988
APPRECIATED.

667
00:30:40,988 --> 00:30:42,523
OCT IS THE MOST COMMONLY USED

668
00:30:42,523 --> 00:30:45,159
AND COST EFFECTIVE IMAGING

669
00:30:45,159 --> 00:30:50,197
MODALITY IN OPHTHALMOLOGY NOW

670
00:30:50,197 --> 00:30:51,832
EXCEEDING [INDISCERNIBLE]

671
00:30:51,832 --> 00:30:52,599
PHOTOGRAPH SINCE 2002 AND IT'S

672
00:30:52,599 --> 00:30:56,036
ALSO A VERY ECONOMICAL COSTING

673
00:30:56,036 --> 00:31:00,574
$40 FOR BOTH EYES, LESS THAN

674
00:31:00,574 --> 00:31:05,112
EVEN FUNDUS PHOTOGRAPHY, SO BY

675
00:31:05,112 --> 00:31:10,717
2005 OCT WAS MAIN  STREAM AND I

676
00:31:10,717 --> 00:31:12,319
WAS AGAIN PRES PLEASANTLY

677
00:31:12,319 --> 00:31:14,788
SURPRISED IN WHEN I WALK INTO

678
00:31:14,788 --> 00:31:15,856
THE PRESIDENT OF OPHTHALMOLOGY

679
00:31:15,856 --> 00:31:19,326
MEETING AND SAW OF ALL THINGS

680
00:31:19,326 --> 00:31:20,427
CORNEAL OCT IMAGES EVERYWHERE,

681
00:31:20,427 --> 00:31:23,564
AND SO I KNEW THAT WE HAD MADE

682
00:31:23,564 --> 00:31:28,802
IT BY THAT TIME.

683
00:31:28,802 --> 00:31:30,537
FOR THE DPLAW COMA SPECIALIST

684
00:31:30,537 --> 00:31:34,875
OUT THERE, OCT IS ALSO USED TO

685
00:31:34,875 --> 00:31:38,078
DETECT AND MANAGE GLAUCOMA BY

686
00:31:38,078 --> 00:31:39,012
IMAGES THE ANTERIOR CHAMBER

687
00:31:39,012 --> 00:31:40,514
ANGLE AND THE OPTICAL IMAGES MIC

688
00:31:40,514 --> 00:31:43,283
NERVE IN THE RETINA BOTH FOR

689
00:31:43,283 --> 00:31:44,918
EARLY DETECTION AND ALSO FOR

690
00:31:44,918 --> 00:31:47,921
MONITORING OVER TIME ANDOSH CT

691
00:31:47,921 --> 00:31:49,890
OVERTOOK VISUAL FIELD AS THE

692
00:31:49,890 --> 00:31:53,160
MOST COMMONLY USED DIAGNOSTIC

693
00:31:53,160 --> 00:31:55,596
MODALITY IN THE FLAW COMA CLINIC

694
00:31:55,596 --> 00:31:58,365
ACCORDING TO THE AMERICAN

695
00:31:58,365 --> 00:32:00,100
ACADEMY OF OPHTHALMOLOGY IRIS

696
00:32:00,100 --> 00:32:10,544
DATABASE, SOMETIMES IN THE

697
00:32:11,011 --> 00:32:11,311
2010S.

698
00:32:11,311 --> 00:32:15,349
AND OF COURSE OCT WAS USED IN

699
00:32:15,349 --> 00:32:16,783
DETERMINING CORNEA THICKNESS AND

700
00:32:16,783 --> 00:32:19,753
MAPS, AND THAT CAN HELP US

701
00:32:19,753 --> 00:32:21,421
RECOGNIZE MANY DISEASES AND OCT

702
00:32:21,421 --> 00:32:25,025
CAN NOW BE USED FOR TOPOGRAPHY

703
00:32:25,025 --> 00:32:27,794
IN ATIGER DATABASE TO PLACEBO

704
00:32:27,794 --> 00:32:28,228
AND [INDISCERNIBLE].

705
00:32:28,228 --> 00:32:31,064
I THINK IT WILL BE USED A LOT

706
00:32:31,064 --> 00:32:32,532
MORE.

707
00:32:32,532 --> 00:32:35,469
WE DEVELOPED OUR OWN TOPOGRAPHY

708
00:32:35,469 --> 00:32:36,970
GROUP IN OUR OWN GROUP AND WE

709
00:32:36,970 --> 00:32:38,171
FOUND IT TO WORK VERY WELL AND

710
00:32:38,171 --> 00:32:40,073
SO HAVE A NUMBER OF COMPANIES

711
00:32:40,073 --> 00:32:43,944
WORLD WIDE AND A COUPLE OF THEM,

712
00:32:43,944 --> 00:32:47,414
AFTER SEVERAL YEARS, DELAY

713
00:32:47,414 --> 00:32:49,883
OBTAIN F, DA CLEARANCE JUST LAST

714
00:32:49,883 --> 00:32:51,685
YEAR SO I EXPECT IT IS USED TO

715
00:32:51,685 --> 00:32:53,787
GROW RAPIDLY IN THE U.S.

716
00:32:53,787 --> 00:32:57,858
OCT ALSO ENABLES VERY PREICIZE

717
00:32:57,858 --> 00:32:58,125
SURGERY.

718
00:32:58,125 --> 00:33:00,294
RETINAL SURGEONS CAN USE THEIR

719
00:33:00,294 --> 00:33:04,031
HAND TO MANIPULATE NEEDLES DOWN

720
00:33:04,031 --> 00:33:09,269
TO THE MICROMETER LEVEL, BUT OF

721
00:33:09,269 --> 00:33:10,070
COURSE THEIR STEREO VISION

722
00:33:10,070 --> 00:33:13,307
DOESN'T HAVE TO PRECISION AND

723
00:33:13,307 --> 00:33:14,441
OCT GIVES SURGEONS THAT

724
00:33:14,441 --> 00:33:16,743
PRECISION SO THAT THEY CAN MAKE

725
00:33:16,743 --> 00:33:17,411
MANEUVERS LIKE SUBRETINAL

726
00:33:17,411 --> 00:33:19,579
LOCATION FLAL INYEKS OF GENE

727
00:33:19,579 --> 00:33:20,180
THERAPY VECTORS.

728
00:33:20,180 --> 00:33:25,319
THIS IS A VIDEO PROVIDED TO ME

729
00:33:25,319 --> 00:33:29,423
BY DR. ANDY LAWER THE DIRECTOR

730
00:33:29,423 --> 00:33:35,362
OF KC INSTITUTE WHO IS ALSO A

731
00:33:35,362 --> 00:33:36,029
GENERAL SURGEON.

732
00:33:36,029 --> 00:33:38,131
HE CAN ALSO DO THIS TYPE IN THE

733
00:33:38,131 --> 00:33:40,267
CORNEA AND THIS IS AN INJECTION

734
00:33:40,267 --> 00:33:42,636
OF AIR BUBBLE IN THE DEEP STROMA

735
00:33:42,636 --> 00:33:49,042
AND DEEP ANTERIOR OF THE

736
00:33:49,042 --> 00:33:50,777
[INDISCERNIBLE] PROVIDED TO ME

737
00:33:50,777 --> 00:33:52,546
AT DR. ANTHONY KUO AT DUKE.

738
00:33:52,546 --> 00:33:54,348
ONE THING THAT DROVE THE

739
00:33:54,348 --> 00:33:56,850
EVOLUTION OF OCT TECHNOLOGY IS

740
00:33:56,850 --> 00:34:01,621
THE GROWTH IN IMAGING SPEED.

741
00:34:01,621 --> 00:34:03,857
THERE'S MOORE'S LAW OF OCT

742
00:34:03,857 --> 00:34:05,125
SPEED, IT DOUBLES ABOUT EVERY 2

743
00:34:05,125 --> 00:34:10,931
AND HALF YEARS AND OF COURSE THE

744
00:34:10,931 --> 00:34:12,232
MOVE TO FOURIER DOMAIN WAS A BIG

745
00:34:12,232 --> 00:34:14,634
PART OF THAT AND THAT ALLOWED US

746
00:34:14,634 --> 00:34:20,841
TO EXTEND OCT TO  VOLUMETRIC

747
00:34:20,841 --> 00:34:23,710
IMAGING, A LOT OF PRECISION

748
00:34:23,710 --> 00:34:25,412
MEASUREMENTS AND MOST EXCITINGLY

749
00:34:25,412 --> 00:34:31,651
NOVEL CONTRASTS WHICH I WILL

750
00:34:31,651 --> 00:34:33,053
TALK ABOUT BRIEFLY.

751
00:34:33,053 --> 00:34:37,791
SO THIS VIDEO MADE BY

752
00:34:37,791 --> 00:34:38,425
DR. [INDISCERNIBLE] BEAUTIFULLY

753
00:34:38,425 --> 00:34:39,826
ILTRAITED THE 3 DIMENSIONAL

754
00:34:39,826 --> 00:34:49,970
NATURE OF OCT AT HIGH SPEED.

755
00:34:49,970 --> 00:34:52,205
AND THIS VOLUMEET RICK OCT CAN

756
00:34:52,205 --> 00:34:53,974
BE EXTENDED TO THE PERIPHERAL

757
00:34:53,974 --> 00:34:54,207
RETINA.

758
00:34:54,207 --> 00:34:57,077
WE CAN SEE THE WHOLE RETINA NOW

759
00:34:57,077 --> 00:35:01,982
WITH CUSTOM SYSTEMS AND THESE

760
00:35:01,982 --> 00:35:06,720
ARE IMAGES PRODUCED BY 1 OF OUR

761
00:35:06,720 --> 00:35:14,161
FACULTY IN OUR RESEARCH GROUP,

762
00:35:14,161 --> 00:35:15,328
DR. YIFAN JIAN XTHIS IMAGE CAN

763
00:35:15,328 --> 00:35:17,564
IMAGE OUT TO THE [INDISCERNIBLE]

764
00:35:17,564 --> 00:35:19,166
IN NEONATAL EXAM NATION OF R. O.

765
00:35:19,166 --> 00:35:23,203
P. AND HAD IS A VIDEO SHOWING

766
00:35:23,203 --> 00:35:25,739
DR. P. CAMPBELL   PERFORMING

767
00:35:25,739 --> 00:35:26,540
THIS IMAGING PROCEDURE.

768
00:35:26,540 --> 00:35:32,479
AND THIS WAS DONE IN THE NICU,

769
00:35:32,479 --> 00:35:34,114
NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT AND

770
00:35:34,114 --> 00:35:35,382
OF COURSE HE AN NONSPECIFIC SIDE

771
00:35:35,382 --> 00:35:38,318
EFFECTS THEY--THEITIZED THE EYE

772
00:35:38,318 --> 00:35:42,122
AND THIS CAN BE--THIS IS DONE

773
00:35:42,122 --> 00:35:44,057
WITH DILATION BUT WOULD ACTUALLY

774
00:35:44,057 --> 00:35:46,693
FIT INTO A SMALL PUPIL AND SINCE

775
00:35:46,693 --> 00:35:51,131
THIS IS AN INFANT RED, IT

776
00:35:51,131 --> 00:35:53,333
DOESN'T FRAZZLE THE INFANT, IT

777
00:35:53,333 --> 00:35:54,901
ONLY TAKES SEVERAL SECONDS, THE

778
00:35:54,901 --> 00:35:57,270
WAY PETE DOES IT SO HE ACTUALLY

779
00:35:57,270 --> 00:36:03,577
DOES THIS CLINICALLY INSTEAD OF

780
00:36:03,577 --> 00:36:08,215
IN DIRECT.

781
00:36:08,215 --> 00:36:09,616
OCT ANG YOAGRAPHY IS PROBABLY

782
00:36:09,616 --> 00:36:11,017
THE MOST IMPORTANT EXTENSION OF

783
00:36:11,017 --> 00:36:13,487
OCT IN THE PAST 10 YEARS.

784
00:36:13,487 --> 00:36:16,990
IT'S ALSO 3 DIMENSIONAL AND IT

785
00:36:16,990 --> 00:36:21,094
MAPS PLUS CELL MOTION IN THE

786
00:36:21,094 --> 00:36:22,629
RETINA WHICH PRODUCES

787
00:36:22,629 --> 00:36:24,231
FLUCTUATION, CHANGES IN THE OCT

788
00:36:24,231 --> 00:36:30,203
SIGNATURES --SIGNAL THAT CAN BE

789
00:36:30,203 --> 00:36:32,072
DETECTED WITH VARIOUS AG GOR

790
00:36:32,072 --> 00:36:32,339
RHYTHMS.

791
00:36:32,339 --> 00:36:35,709
AGAIN, A BEAUTIFUL VIEDMAN YE

792
00:36:35,709 --> 00:36:39,479
MADE BY DR. JIA, OUR

793
00:36:39,479 --> 00:36:43,416
CONTRIBUTION TO OCT ANGIOGRAPHY

794
00:36:43,416 --> 00:36:46,253
INCLUDED THE DEVELOPMENT OF A

795
00:36:46,253 --> 00:36:50,223
ALGORITHM CALLED SPLIT SPECTRUM

796
00:36:50,223 --> 00:36:52,025
AMP LIAISONITUTE DECORALATION

797
00:36:52,025 --> 00:36:53,560
ANGIOGRAPHY OR SSADA, AND IT'S

798
00:36:53,560 --> 00:36:59,900
BASED ON THE INSIGHT THAT OCT

799
00:36:59,900 --> 00:37:03,336
ANGIOGRAPHY CAN BE MADE BY

800
00:37:03,336 --> 00:37:05,105
DETECTING SPECKLES DECORALATION

801
00:37:05,105 --> 00:37:06,573
AND SPECKLED PATTERNS CHANGE AT

802
00:37:06,573 --> 00:37:08,208
DIFFERENT WAVE LENGTH SO BY

803
00:37:08,208 --> 00:37:10,610
SPLITTING THE SPECTRUM, YOU CAN

804
00:37:10,610 --> 00:37:12,279
INCREASE THE NUMBER OF EFFECTIVE

805
00:37:12,279 --> 00:37:14,881
IMAGE FRAMES SEVERAL TIMES AFTER

806
00:37:14,881 --> 00:37:16,816
11 FOLD, WITHOUT INCREASE IN

807
00:37:16,816 --> 00:37:19,519
SKIN TIMES SO IT'S VERY

808
00:37:19,519 --> 00:37:22,189
EFFICIENT AND YOU ONLY NEED A

809
00:37:22,189 --> 00:37:27,394
COUPLE OF THESE SCANS TO COMPUTE

810
00:37:27,394 --> 00:37:29,362
A REASONABLE ANGIOGRAPHY WITH

811
00:37:29,362 --> 00:37:32,032
SSADA AND IT REPRESENTS A 4 FOLD

812
00:37:32,032 --> 00:37:34,234
INCREASE IN FLOW SIGNAL TO NOISE

813
00:37:34,234 --> 00:37:34,701
RATIO.

814
00:37:34,701 --> 00:37:39,172
WE ALSO DEVELOPED A WAY TO--AN

815
00:37:39,172 --> 00:37:41,575
ALGORITHM TO RESULT AMBIGUITY

816
00:37:41,575 --> 00:37:43,076
BETWEEN PROJECTIVE FLOW AND

817
00:37:43,076 --> 00:37:46,413
INSITU FLOW AND THE PROJECTION

818
00:37:46,413 --> 00:37:48,848
FLOW OF AN GIVING--YOUOGRAPHY

819
00:37:48,848 --> 00:37:50,951
ALLOWS US TO VISUALIZE FOR

820
00:37:50,951 --> 00:37:52,485
PLEXUSS IN THE RETINA, WHICH IS

821
00:37:52,485 --> 00:37:54,154
AMAZING WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT IT,

822
00:37:54,154 --> 00:37:57,424
IT'S ONLY A COUPLE HUNDRED

823
00:37:57,424 --> 00:38:00,694
MICRON THICK STRUCTURE AND

824
00:38:00,694 --> 00:38:02,996
PLEXUS SPECIFIC PATHOLOGIES CAN

825
00:38:02,996 --> 00:38:06,399
BE VISUALIZED THIS WAY.

826
00:38:06,399 --> 00:38:09,402
SO, IF YOU FOCUS ON THE NERVE

827
00:38:09,402 --> 00:38:11,371
FIBER OF PLEXUS, YOU CAN DETECT

828
00:38:11,371 --> 00:38:14,107
OPTICAL IMAGES MIC NERVE DISEASE

829
00:38:14,107 --> 00:38:16,109
LIKE GLAUCOMA WITH HIGH

830
00:38:16,109 --> 00:38:16,376
ACCURACY.

831
00:38:16,376 --> 00:38:22,315
OT OTHER SIDE OF THE SPECTRUM,

832
00:38:22,315 --> 00:38:23,583
RETINAL LOCATION NIGHTIS

833
00:38:23,583 --> 00:38:24,784
PIGMENTOSA ASHING THE DEEP

834
00:38:24,784 --> 00:38:26,386
RETINAL STRUCTURES AND THAT

835
00:38:26,386 --> 00:38:28,855
LEADS TO DEEP CAPILLARY FLEXUS

836
00:38:28,855 --> 00:38:31,324
ATROPHY WITHOUT AFFECTING THE

837
00:38:31,324 --> 00:38:34,060
OTHER PLEXUS AS MUCH.

838
00:38:34,060 --> 00:38:36,329
RETINAL VASCULAR DISEASE IS LIKE

839
00:38:36,329 --> 00:38:37,831
DIABETIC RETINAL LOCATION NUMBER

840
00:38:37,831 --> 00:38:39,399
OF PATIENTSATHY AFFECTS ALL

841
00:38:39,399 --> 00:38:41,201
RETINAL PLEXUSS AND OF COURSE WE

842
00:38:41,201 --> 00:38:46,306
CAN ALSO DETECT AND CLASSIFY

843
00:38:46,306 --> 00:38:47,574
CORNEAL VASCULARIZATION VERY

844
00:38:47,574 --> 00:38:49,509
WELL WITH OCT AND GEOGRAPHY.

845
00:38:49,509 --> 00:38:53,213
SO IN THE INTEREST OF TIME, I

846
00:38:53,213 --> 00:38:55,482
WILL SKIP OVER THIS.

847
00:38:55,482 --> 00:38:59,486
OCT CAN ALSO SEE GREAT DETAIL AS

848
00:38:59,486 --> 00:39:00,387
WE'VE SEEN YESTERDAY.

849
00:39:00,387 --> 00:39:03,089
IN MY RESEARCH DPROWP WE HAVE

850
00:39:03,089 --> 00:39:06,526
TRIED--GROUP, WE HAVE TRIED BLUE

851
00:39:06,526 --> 00:39:09,095
LIGHT OCT MICROSCOPY THAT CAN

852
00:39:09,095 --> 00:39:13,633
VISUALIZE CELLS IN THE CORNEA AS

853
00:39:13,633 --> 00:39:15,568
WELL AS MICROBES AND I'M HOPEFUL

854
00:39:15,568 --> 00:39:21,274
THAT THIS WILL ALLOW US TO SEE

855
00:39:21,274 --> 00:39:22,242
INFECT YOWZ KEROTIGHT ISOTOPE IN

856
00:39:22,242 --> 00:39:25,912
THE CLINIC IN A NONEVASIVE,

857
00:39:25,912 --> 00:39:26,413
NONCONTACT FASHION.

858
00:39:26,413 --> 00:39:28,348
IESM ALSO VERY EXCITED ABOUT I

859
00:39:28,348 --> 00:39:30,216
OPTICAL IMAGES O RETINAL

860
00:39:30,216 --> 00:39:31,451
LOCATION NOGRAPHY, EXTENDING

861
00:39:31,451 --> 00:39:34,421
AGAIN FROM STRUCTURE TO

862
00:39:34,421 --> 00:39:34,888
FUNCTION.

863
00:39:34,888 --> 00:39:36,990
WE ARE ALSO INVESTIGATING THIS

864
00:39:36,990 --> 00:39:39,392
BASED ON ULTRA HIGH RESOLUTION

865
00:39:39,392 --> 00:39:41,961
OCT WITHOUT AO TO LOOK AT

866
00:39:41,961 --> 00:39:45,131
CHANGES IN THE PHOTO RECEPTOR SO

867
00:39:45,131 --> 00:39:46,199
THAT WHEN WE STIMULATE THE

868
00:39:46,199 --> 00:39:48,802
RETINA, WE CAN SEE, THE MAP, THE

869
00:39:48,802 --> 00:39:51,838
PHOTO AREY SEPTORSOR, LIGHT

870
00:39:51,838 --> 00:39:54,607
RESPONSE, WE TURN TO OUR OLD

871
00:39:54,607 --> 00:39:56,943
TRICK, SPLIT SPECTRUM AND WE

872
00:39:56,943 --> 00:39:59,045
HAVE AN EFFICIENT ALGORITHM THAT

873
00:39:59,045 --> 00:40:02,082
WILL IMPROVE THE SIGNAL TO NOISE

874
00:40:02,082 --> 00:40:04,017
RATIO OF OPTICAL IMAGES O

875
00:40:04,017 --> 00:40:05,985
RETINAL LOCATION NOGRAPHY AND

876
00:40:05,985 --> 00:40:08,888
THIS ALLOWS US TO IMAGE A LARGER

877
00:40:08,888 --> 00:40:17,864
AREA, LIKE 3 BY 3 AREA IN A

878
00:40:17,864 --> 00:40:19,766
MONTAGE OF 3, 2.5 SECOND SCANS

879
00:40:19,766 --> 00:40:21,935
AND ALLOWS US TO AMRI TO

880
00:40:21,935 --> 00:40:23,636
CLINICAL DISEASES SUCH AS

881
00:40:23,636 --> 00:40:26,773
RETINAL DEGENERATIONS AND AMD.

882
00:40:26,773 --> 00:40:28,942
SO WE CAN SEE A LOT OF THINGS

883
00:40:28,942 --> 00:40:31,778
WITH OCT IMAGING NOW, NOT JUST A

884
00:40:31,778 --> 00:40:34,080
CLASSIC STRUCTURE, STRUCTURAL

885
00:40:34,080 --> 00:40:36,182
MEASURES, LIKE THICKNESS, EDEMA

886
00:40:36,182 --> 00:40:44,457
AND ATROPHY, BUT ALL PRORIFFERAL

887
00:40:44,457 --> 00:40:45,425
RETINA, MICROBES,

888
00:40:45,425 --> 00:40:46,025
NEOVASCULARRIZATION, ISCHEMIA,

889
00:40:46,025 --> 00:40:47,827
AND PHOTO REPRESENT ISOR

890
00:40:47,827 --> 00:40:49,095
FUNCTION, AND I TRULY BELIEVE IF

891
00:40:49,095 --> 00:40:51,631
WE SEE THE DEC, WE CAN TREAT IT

892
00:40:51,631 --> 00:40:53,767
WITH VEG F AND WE CAN DO THAT

893
00:40:53,767 --> 00:40:54,801
WITHIN OUR LIFETIME, WE DON'T

894
00:40:54,801 --> 00:40:56,136
HAVE TO WAIT MILLIONS OF YEARS

895
00:40:56,136 --> 00:40:58,204
LIKE THE BEES TO AFFECT THE

896
00:40:58,204 --> 00:40:58,571
WORLD.

897
00:40:58,571 --> 00:41:05,111
AND I'M VERY EXCITED BY THE

898
00:41:05,111 --> 00:41:06,946
POSSIBILITY OF OCUE LOAMICS AND

899
00:41:06,946 --> 00:41:08,581
2 THINGS THEY THINK WILL MAKE

900
00:41:08,581 --> 00:41:12,485
IMPACT, 1 IS DOPPLER OCT TO LOOK

901
00:41:12,485 --> 00:41:15,955
AT RETINAL BLOOD FLOW AND THE

902
00:41:15,955 --> 00:41:19,926
WAVE FORM THAT WOULD REVEAL

903
00:41:19,926 --> 00:41:23,163
HEMODYNAMICS IN THE CAROTID AND

904
00:41:23,163 --> 00:41:29,402
AORTIC VALVE, AND ALSO OCT

905
00:41:29,402 --> 00:41:31,171
ANGIOGRAPHY, WE   PERFORMED SOME

906
00:41:31,171 --> 00:41:33,440
PRELIMINARY TODAYS WITH

907
00:41:33,440 --> 00:41:39,712
NEUROLOGY COLLEAGUES AND FOUND

908
00:41:39,712 --> 00:41:42,015
THAT THE PROFUSION LOSS HAVE

909
00:41:42,015 --> 00:41:44,951
CHARACTERISTIC PATTERNS IN TBRAW

910
00:41:44,951 --> 00:41:47,120
COMA, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS,

911
00:41:47,120 --> 00:41:48,521
ALZHEIMERS DEMENTIA AND THESE

912
00:41:48,521 --> 00:41:50,156
COULD BEING DIFFERENTIATED OR

913
00:41:50,156 --> 00:41:50,890
DETECTED WITH HIGH SPECIFICITY

914
00:41:50,890 --> 00:41:52,859
WITH THIS TYPE OF ANALYSIS, AND

915
00:41:52,859 --> 00:41:54,327
OF COURSE, WE CAN GO BEYOND THE

916
00:41:54,327 --> 00:41:55,562
EYE NOW THAT WEB CONNECTED HAVE

917
00:41:55,562 --> 00:41:58,898
HIGH SPEED, VERY HIGH SPEED OCT,

918
00:41:58,898 --> 00:42:01,501
WE CAN EXTEND THE RESOLUTION TO

919
00:42:01,501 --> 00:42:06,473
MUCH WIDER AREA SUITABLE FOR

920
00:42:06,473 --> 00:42:09,209
IMAGING HEART, SKIN, DIGESTIVE

921
00:42:09,209 --> 00:42:10,610
TRACT, MIDDLE EAR, BRAIN, TEETH

922
00:42:10,610 --> 00:42:12,145
AND A LOT OF OTHER STRUCTURES.

923
00:42:12,145 --> 00:42:14,147
SO I WOULD LIKE TO ACKNOWLEDGE

924
00:42:14,147 --> 00:42:18,551
THE SUPPORT OF NEI, RPB, AND

925
00:42:18,551 --> 00:42:21,087
THIS IS OUR RESEARCH GROUP, THE

926
00:42:21,087 --> 00:42:24,624
CENTER FOR OPHTHALMIC OPTICS AND

927
00:42:24,624 --> 00:42:26,459
LASERS AT OREGON HEALTH AND

928
00:42:26,459 --> 00:42:28,361
SCIENCE UNIVERSITY AND PLEASE

929
00:42:28,361 --> 00:42:32,532
VISITING THE OUR WEBSITE

930
00:42:32,532 --> 00:42:33,766
COOLLAB.NET.

931
00:42:33,766 --> 00:42:34,033
THANK YOU.

932
00:42:34,033 --> 00:42:44,244
[ APPLAUSE ]

933
00:42:45,345 --> 00:42:46,946
>> IN THE INTEREST OF
TIME, CAN

934
00:42:46,946 --> 00:42:48,381
WE HAVE 1 QUICK QUESTION.

935
00:42:48,381 --> 00:42:50,817
WE HAVE TO BE OUT OF THIS ROOM

936
00:42:50,817 --> 00:42:54,354
BY NOON. 

937
00:42:54,354 --> 00:43:02,262
>> SORRY ABOUT THAT.

938
00:43:02,262 --> 00:43:03,530
>> [INDISCERNIBLE]

939
00:43:03,530 --> 00:43:06,666
>> YES, WITH OCT
ANGIOGRAPHY, WE

940
00:43:06,666 --> 00:43:07,934
CAN SEE CAPILLARIES VERY WELL

941
00:43:07,934 --> 00:43:12,338
AND LOOK AT THE CHANGE IN

942
00:43:12,338 --> 00:43:15,241
CAPILLARY DENSITY AND ALSO IN

943
00:43:15,241 --> 00:43:18,211
SOME DISEASES, IT'S BETTER, EVEN

944
00:43:18,211 --> 00:43:20,179
BETTER AT DETECTING PATCHES

945
00:43:20,179 --> 00:43:21,447
WHERE THERE CAPILLARY DROP OUT

946
00:43:21,447 --> 00:43:28,021
AND THAT'S A POWERFUL

947
00:43:28,021 --> 00:43:28,321
DIAGNOSTIC.

948
00:43:28,321 --> 00:43:28,755
>> [INDISCERNIBLE]

949
00:43:28,755 --> 00:43:30,757
>> YES, WE CAN MONITOR
THAT.

950
00:43:30,757 --> 00:43:32,358
>> HOW MANY?

951
00:43:32,358 --> 00:43:34,427
>> HOW MANY?

952
00:43:34,427 --> 00:43:34,694
>> YES.

953
00:43:34,694 --> 00:43:35,962
>> WELL, I THINK YOU WOULD
HAVE

954
00:43:35,962 --> 00:43:38,364
TO LOOK AT SPECIFIC DEC IN

955
00:43:38,364 --> 00:43:40,633
PUBLICATIONS, BUT YOU CAN

956
00:43:40,633 --> 00:43:43,736
MEASURE AREA DENSITY OR LINE

957
00:43:43,736 --> 00:43:46,272
DENSITY AND WE CAN DISCUSS THAT

958
00:43:46,272 --> 00:43:54,113
OFFLINE SINCE IT'S A COMPLICATED

959
00:43:54,113 --> 00:43:54,380
TOPIC.

960
00:43:54,380 --> 00:43:54,647
THANKS.

961
00:43:54,647 --> 00:44:01,621
[ APPLAUSE ] 

962
00:44:01,621 --> 00:44:02,855
>> OKAY, WE WILL GET ON
WITH THE

963
00:44:02,855 --> 00:44:05,458
FIRST SESSION OF THE MORPING

964
00:44:05,458 --> 00:44:06,626
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS AND THIS

965
00:44:06,626 --> 00:44:13,466
SESSION WILL BE MODERATED BY

966
00:44:13,466 --> 00:44:15,535
DR. AMANI, FAWZI FROM

967
00:44:15,535 --> 00:44:16,102
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY.

968
00:44:16,102 --> 00:44:17,503
>> THANK YOU DAVID AND
THANK TO

969
00:44:17,503 --> 00:44:22,108
YOU THE ORGANIZERS AND DAVID AND

970
00:44:22,108 --> 00:44:22,809
PROFESSOR FUJIMOTOFOR BRINGING

971
00:44:22,809 --> 00:44:23,610
THIS ALL HERE.

972
00:44:23,610 --> 00:44:27,280
THIS SESSION IS REALLY WHO'S WHO

973
00:44:27,280 --> 00:44:29,015
IN PIONEERING CLINICAL

974
00:44:29,015 --> 00:44:30,316
APPLICATIONS SO THEY'RE ALL

975
00:44:30,316 --> 00:44:31,584
CLINICIAN SCIENTISTS, THEY'RE

976
00:44:31,584 --> 00:44:33,252
ALL SURGEONS, THEY'RE ALL

977
00:44:33,252 --> 00:44:37,190
AMAZING, FIERCE, BRILLIANT AND

978
00:44:37,190 --> 00:44:38,691
EACH OF THEM PYONORRED AN

979
00:44:38,691 --> 00:44:40,259
INTEREST IN THEIR FIELD AND THEY

980
00:44:40,259 --> 00:44:41,561
PUSHED THE BOUNDARIES FOR ALL OF

981
00:44:41,561 --> 00:44:43,429
US CLINICIANS ISSUES THE FIRST

982
00:44:43,429 --> 00:44:48,601
OF SUCH PIONEERS AND DR. CYNTHIA

983
00:44:48,601 --> 00:44:50,069
TOTH, WORKS AT DUKE.

984
00:44:50,069 --> 00:44:52,038
SHE BROUGHT THE FIRST OCT TO

985
00:44:52,038 --> 00:44:54,007
DUKE, STARTED THE READING CENTER

986
00:44:54,007 --> 00:44:57,677
AND HAS BEEN WORKING WITH JOE

987
00:44:57,677 --> 00:45:00,346
IZAT, IN BRINGING APPLICATIONS

988
00:45:00,346 --> 00:45:01,614
LIKE INTEROPERATIVE OCT AND  

989
00:45:01,614 --> 00:45:03,549
PERFIRST BABY AND BRINGING OCT

990
00:45:03,549 --> 00:45:06,452
TO BABIES WHO CAN'T SIT UP AT

991
00:45:06,452 --> 00:45:10,156
THE [INDISCERNIBLE] AND I LOOK

992
00:45:10,156 --> 00:45:11,858
FORWARD TO YOUR TALK CYNTHIA,

993
00:45:11,858 --> 00:45:13,459
THANK YOU.

994
00:45:13,459 --> 00:45:13,993
>> THANK YOU AMANI.

995
00:45:13,993 --> 00:45:15,995
I THINK THIS IS 1 OF THE MOST

996
00:45:15,995 --> 00:45:22,035
SPECIAL PLACES OR SITUATIONS IN

997
00:45:22,035 --> 00:45:23,236
WHICH I'VE I'VE BEEN ABLE TO

998
00:45:23,236 --> 00:45:25,972
TALK AND TO REALLY TALK ABOUT

999
00:45:25,972 --> 00:45:29,175
BEING ABLE TO BE AROUND BEFORE

1000
00:45:29,175 --> 00:45:31,110
OCT AND TO ACTUALLY SEE THE

1001
00:45:31,110 --> 00:45:33,312
IMPACT IT HAD AS OPPOSE TO THOSE

1002
00:45:33,312 --> 00:45:34,747
WHO'VE GROWN UP WITH OCT

1003
00:45:34,747 --> 00:45:45,258
AVAILABLE AT OUR FINGERTIPS IN

1004
00:45:54,267 --> 00:45:54,534
CLINICS.

1005
00:45:54,534 --> 00:45:57,170
WITH A WAY TO APPLY IT IN HOW WE

1006
00:45:57,170 --> 00:45:58,337
TREAT HUMAN ANDS SALVAGE VISION

1007
00:45:58,337 --> 00:46:03,342
EMPLOY SO I WILL TALK ABOUT

1008
00:46:03,342 --> 00:46:06,079
APPLICATIONS IN BREAKING

1009
00:46:06,079 --> 00:46:06,979
BARRIERS IN OCT.

1010
00:46:06,979 --> 00:46:08,147
DUKE UNIVERSITY HAS GIVEN ME

1011
00:46:08,147 --> 00:46:09,449
TIME AWAY FROM DUKE SO I SPENT

1012
00:46:09,449 --> 00:46:14,520
TIME WORKING WITH THE IMAGING,

1013
00:46:14,520 --> 00:46:16,322
DEVELOPINGNYONATAL OCT IMAGING,

1014
00:46:16,322 --> 00:46:18,858
AND I ALSO HAVE GRANTS AND

1015
00:46:18,858 --> 00:46:20,893
ROYALTIES AND STUFF, I'M GOING

1016
00:46:20,893 --> 00:46:23,329
TO TALK ABOUT INVESTIGATIONAL

1017
00:46:23,329 --> 00:46:23,896
DEVICES.

1018
00:46:23,896 --> 00:46:28,334
ALL OF THESE ARE NOT FDA CLEARED

1019
00:46:28,334 --> 00:46:30,436
THE INVESTIGATIONAL 1S WILL BE

1020
00:46:30,436 --> 00:46:32,605
IDENTIFIED AS SUCH, THESE ARE

1021
00:46:32,605 --> 00:46:35,108
USED UNDER IRB PROTOCOL ANDS

1022
00:46:35,108 --> 00:46:36,642
PATIENTS AND PAMLYS HAVE GIVEN

1023
00:46:36,642 --> 00:46:37,910
WRITTEN APPROVAL OF ANY IMAGES

1024
00:46:37,910 --> 00:46:39,378
IN THIS TALK EMPLOY I FIRST WANT

1025
00:46:39,378 --> 00:46:42,048
TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE BABY STEPS

1026
00:46:42,048 --> 00:46:45,918
TEAM, WE TARTED 8 YEARS AGO WITH

1027
00:46:45,918 --> 00:46:48,955
THE STUDY OF EYE BRAIN

1028
00:46:48,955 --> 00:46:50,289
DEVELOPMENT IN PRETERM INFANTS.

1029
00:46:50,289 --> 00:46:51,791
THIS IS MY RO-1 THAT IS

1030
00:46:51,791 --> 00:46:57,296
CONTINUING ON IN A GROUP.

1031
00:46:57,296 --> 00:46:59,098
I STARTED IT WITH MAURI

1032
00:46:59,098 --> 00:47:00,600
OSHEROFFINE MC GUIRE, DURING THE

1033
00:47:00,600 --> 00:47:02,702
CAT TRIAL, I WAS THE OCT GRADER

1034
00:47:02,702 --> 00:47:04,370
FOR THAT AND SHE HELPED US GET

1035
00:47:04,370 --> 00:47:07,140
OFF THE GROUND BUT IT WAS

1036
00:47:07,140 --> 00:47:08,908
REALLYIO IZAT AND THE ENGINEERS

1037
00:47:08,908 --> 00:47:10,977
THAT DEVELOPED THE SYSTEMS THAT

1038
00:47:10,977 --> 00:47:12,512
ALLOWED US TO DO IT.

1039
00:47:12,512 --> 00:47:13,713
I'VE HAD OTHER RESEARCH SUPPORT

1040
00:47:13,713 --> 00:47:15,915
OUT OF NIH AS WELL, BUT I WANT

1041
00:47:15,915 --> 00:47:19,485
TO THANK CHRISTIAN VEELAN, AND

1042
00:47:19,485 --> 00:47:20,386
[INDISCERNIBLE] THESE 2

1043
00:47:20,386 --> 00:47:21,754
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEER WHOG BOTH

1044
00:47:21,754 --> 00:47:24,390
TRAINED AT DUKE BUT WHO HAVE

1045
00:47:24,390 --> 00:47:28,261
GONE ON AND MADE THE INSTRUMENT

1046
00:47:28,261 --> 00:47:32,598
OF MY DREAMS A SWEPT SOURCE HAND

1047
00:47:32,598 --> 00:47:34,233
HELD OCT FOR HUMAN USE AND I

1048
00:47:34,233 --> 00:47:37,203
WANT TO RECOGNIZE NIH WHO

1049
00:47:37,203 --> 00:47:38,638
THROUGH SBIR HAS HELPED US

1050
00:47:38,638 --> 00:47:40,106
TRANSLATE FROM THE RESEARCH LAB

1051
00:47:40,106 --> 00:47:40,940
INTO HUMANS.

1052
00:47:40,940 --> 00:47:43,910
SO I WAS FORTUNATE TO BE

1053
00:47:43,910 --> 00:47:45,978
STANDING AROUND IN A SECOND

1054
00:47:45,978 --> 00:47:48,181
LASER ACT AND WE WERE LOOKING AT

1055
00:47:48,181 --> 00:47:53,085
LASER WITH TISSUE AND JIM

1056
00:47:53,085 --> 00:47:54,086
FUJIMOTOSHOWED UP WITH

1057
00:47:54,086 --> 00:47:56,122
COLLEAGUES, AND PAT ROACH WAS

1058
00:47:56,122 --> 00:47:58,758
RUNNING THE PROJECT, WE WERE

1059
00:47:58,758 --> 00:48:00,593
LOOKINGA THE LASER INTERACTION

1060
00:48:00,593 --> 00:48:02,595
IN THE RETINA TRYING TO DEVELOP

1061
00:48:02,595 --> 00:48:03,162
SAFETY PROTOCOLS.

1062
00:48:03,162 --> 00:48:06,199
I WAS FORTUNATE ENOUGH, I WAS

1063
00:48:06,199 --> 00:48:07,233
THE OPHTHALMOLOGIST ON THE TEAM

1064
00:48:07,233 --> 00:48:09,702
SO WE WROTE UP OUR STUDIES OF

1065
00:48:09,702 --> 00:48:10,436
OCT MORPHOLOGY AND LIVING

1066
00:48:10,436 --> 00:48:12,104
TISSUES ISSUES THIS WAS IN

1067
00:48:12,104 --> 00:48:14,807
LIVING PRIMATE EYE, NOT IN DEAD

1068
00:48:14,807 --> 00:48:18,044
EYE, BUT I WAS HOOKED BECAUSE MY

1069
00:48:18,044 --> 00:48:21,681
FIRST EXPOSURE TO OCT WAS INTRA

1070
00:48:21,681 --> 00:48:22,281
OPERATIVE USE.

1071
00:48:22,281 --> 00:48:23,916
SO THERE WE WERE SHOOTING A

1072
00:48:23,916 --> 00:48:26,919
LASER AT THE RETINA AND WATCHING

1073
00:48:26,919 --> 00:48:30,122
FROM BASE LINE 13-SECONDS LATER,

1074
00:48:30,122 --> 00:48:33,893
THE AND 18 MINUTES LATER, THE

1075
00:48:33,893 --> 00:48:35,194
LASER LESION PLOOMING IN LIVING

1076
00:48:35,194 --> 00:48:38,898
TISSUE AS WE WERE TREATING.

1077
00:48:38,898 --> 00:48:42,568
AND THAT WAS LIKE--THAT CHANGED

1078
00:48:42,568 --> 00:48:43,135
MY LIFE.

1079
00:48:43,135 --> 00:48:45,838
I HAVE NO ENGINEERING

1080
00:48:45,838 --> 00:48:46,138
BACKGROUND.

1081
00:48:46,138 --> 00:48:48,741
I AM JUST A VERY FORTUNATE

1082
00:48:48,741 --> 00:48:50,209
PURPOSE WHO RECOGNIZES AND LOVES

1083
00:48:50,209 --> 00:48:53,312
THIS TECHNOLOGY THAT WE'VE BEEN

1084
00:48:53,312 --> 00:48:54,080
HANDED.

1085
00:48:54,080 --> 00:48:58,317
SO WE HAD JOE IZAT CAME TO DUKE

1086
00:48:58,317 --> 00:49:00,419
IN 2001, HE DEVELOPED A HANDLE

1087
00:49:00,419 --> 00:49:03,289
OCT AND THIS WAS BEING USED FOR

1088
00:49:03,289 --> 00:49:03,823
ANIMAL RESEARCH.

1089
00:49:03,823 --> 00:49:06,459
THEY ALSO HAD A TABLE TOP UNIT

1090
00:49:06,459 --> 00:49:09,328
THAT GAVE US ACCESS TO THE RAW

1091
00:49:09,328 --> 00:49:12,632
OCT DATA SO I COULDN'T GO TO ANY

1092
00:49:12,632 --> 00:49:13,933
OF THE OTHER INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS

1093
00:49:13,933 --> 00:49:16,269
AND GET OUT THE RAW OCT SCANS,

1094
00:49:16,269 --> 00:49:19,472
WE COULD WITH THIS AND WE USED

1095
00:49:19,472 --> 00:49:25,077
IT IN THE ANCILLARY STUDY, EMILY

1096
00:49:25,077 --> 00:49:26,178
[INDISCERNIBLE] ALLOWED US TO

1097
00:49:26,178 --> 00:49:30,750
PARTNER AT 4 OF THE SITES AND

1098
00:49:30,750 --> 00:49:32,518
GENENTECH AND OPTICAL IMAGES GEN

1099
00:49:32,518 --> 00:49:34,387
ALLOWED US TO DO THIS.

1100
00:49:34,387 --> 00:49:39,625
SO HERE WE WERE EXAMINING THE

1101
00:49:39,625 --> 00:49:40,259
[INDISCERNIBLE] AND YOU HEARD

1102
00:49:40,259 --> 00:49:42,295
ABOUT A LOT OF THIS YESTERDAY,

1103
00:49:42,295 --> 00:49:46,866
THAT LED UP TO DEEP LEARNING

1104
00:49:46,866 --> 00:49:47,833
ALGORITHMS, ET CETERA AND OUR

1105
00:49:47,833 --> 00:49:48,868
LAB IS CONTINUING THAT WORK.

1106
00:49:48,868 --> 00:49:51,537
AT THE SAME TIMEIO WAS

1107
00:49:51,537 --> 00:49:53,406
DEVELOPING WITH US HIGH SPEED

1108
00:49:53,406 --> 00:49:55,808
OCT, SO THE SPECTRAL DOMAIN AND

1109
00:49:55,808 --> 00:49:59,312
SWEPT SOURCE ALOUD US TO BRING

1110
00:49:59,312 --> 00:50:02,648
OCT 3D IN THE O. R. IN REALTIME

1111
00:50:02,648 --> 00:50:04,116
AND THIS WAS 4 D.

1112
00:50:04,116 --> 00:50:06,085
THIS WAS 1 OF OUR PET PROGECS

1113
00:50:06,085 --> 00:50:10,089
FROM THE BEGINNING WAS TRYING TO

1114
00:50:10,089 --> 00:50:11,157
DO INTERRAOPERATIVE OCT, MANY

1115
00:50:11,157 --> 00:50:12,692
FAILURES EARLY ON BUT IT HASS

1116
00:50:12,692 --> 00:50:13,693
BEEN A FANTASTIC RIDE.

1117
00:50:13,693 --> 00:50:16,228
BUT I'M NOT TALKING ABOUT

1118
00:50:16,228 --> 00:50:17,363
INTEROPERATIVE OCT TODAY, I'M

1119
00:50:17,363 --> 00:50:18,631
GOING TO TALK ABOUT GOING BACK

1120
00:50:18,631 --> 00:50:21,434
TO THE NURSERY AND THERE WE WERE

1121
00:50:21,434 --> 00:50:23,369
USING THE TECHNIQUES OF HAND

1122
00:50:23,369 --> 00:50:26,906
HELDS AND SCAPENS WITH THE

1123
00:50:26,906 --> 00:50:30,209
INDIRECT LIGHT SHINING INTO THE

1124
00:50:30,209 --> 00:50:31,777
CHILD'S LIGHT, ANYONE WHO'S HAD

1125
00:50:31,777 --> 00:50:33,312
AN EYE EXAMINE KNOWS.

1126
00:50:33,312 --> 00:50:35,481
AND IN FACT, RECEIPTLY A TBROWP

1127
00:50:35,481 --> 00:50:38,918
OF PEOPLE DID ROP EXAMS ON EACH

1128
00:50:38,918 --> 00:50:41,220
OTHER LIKE THEY WOULD DO ON THE

1129
00:50:41,220 --> 00:50:44,223
INFANTS WHILE THEY SAID THE LID

1130
00:50:44,223 --> 00:50:47,426
SPEC LUMAND THE LENS IS MILD,

1131
00:50:47,426 --> 00:50:51,063
THE RETINAL PHOTOGRAPHY IS

1132
00:50:51,063 --> 00:50:52,798
INTENSE AND AMPLIFIES THE IMPACT

1133
00:50:52,798 --> 00:50:54,100
OF THE DEPRESSION EMPLOY IT WAS

1134
00:50:54,100 --> 00:50:57,570
THAT SAME SPEED THAT ALLOWED US

1135
00:50:57,570 --> 00:50:59,472
TO DO INTEROPERATIVE OCT THAT

1136
00:50:59,472 --> 00:51:01,073
ALLOWED US TO GO TO SKIDS

1137
00:51:01,073 --> 00:51:02,541
BECAUSE A SINGLE SLICE WOULD NOT

1138
00:51:02,541 --> 00:51:05,044
TELL US WHETHER WE HAD AN

1139
00:51:05,044 --> 00:51:11,017
INHERITED DEC, THIS WAS A KID

1140
00:51:11,017 --> 00:51:12,485
WITH HER MANS SKI SIN TROAM OR

1141
00:51:12,485 --> 00:51:15,755
WHETHER YOU COULD DO A STRAIGHT

1142
00:51:15,755 --> 00:51:16,188
LINE SCAN.

1143
00:51:16,188 --> 00:51:19,658
I LOVE THE NIH LOGO WITH THE ARK

1144
00:51:19,658 --> 00:51:21,293
ASK IMAGES AND IT SHOWS THE HEAD

1145
00:51:21,293 --> 00:51:23,429
AND THE CHIN WITH THE CHIN REST,

1146
00:51:23,429 --> 00:51:27,166
THERE ARE A LOT OF PEOPLE WHO

1147
00:51:27,166 --> 00:51:28,501
CAN'T, INFANTS, CHILDREN AND

1148
00:51:28,501 --> 00:51:30,169
THOSE THAT CAN'T COOPERATE, MY

1149
00:51:30,169 --> 00:51:32,371
GOAL IS TO GET THEM ACCESS THAT

1150
00:51:32,371 --> 00:51:34,440
WE USE IN PATE WHO IS CAPTAIN

1151
00:51:34,440 --> 00:51:35,074
COOPERATE.

1152
00:51:35,074 --> 00:51:38,611
SO WE STARTED USING THE ARMATURE

1153
00:51:38,611 --> 00:51:40,913
SYSTEM, GOT RID OF QUICKLY AND

1154
00:51:40,913 --> 00:51:45,117
BY 2012 THE FDA APPROVED BI

1155
00:51:45,117 --> 00:51:46,552
OPTICAL IMAGES GEN IN KIDS AND

1156
00:51:46,552 --> 00:51:49,121
NEOINATES AND WE WENT ON TOIO

1157
00:51:49,121 --> 00:51:51,657
AND HIS STUDENTS, DEVELOPED

1158
00:51:51,657 --> 00:51:53,292
MULTIPLE SWEPT SOURCE SYSTEMS

1159
00:51:53,292 --> 00:51:55,594
THAT WENT FROM 100 UP TO 400

1160
00:51:55,594 --> 00:51:58,898
KILOHERTZ AND WE NOW HAVE A 1.6

1161
00:51:58,898 --> 00:51:59,865
KILOHERTZ SYSTEM.

1162
00:51:59,865 --> 00:52:02,234
WE'VE BEEN USING THIS THEN IN

1163
00:52:02,234 --> 00:52:05,337
THE BABY STEP STUDY AND THIS IS

1164
00:52:05,337 --> 00:52:06,439
SHOWING THE 400 KILOHERTZ

1165
00:52:06,439 --> 00:52:08,908
SYSTEM, AND BABY STEPS TARTED 8

1166
00:52:08,908 --> 00:52:11,944
YEARS AGO TO CHARACTERIZE FROM

1167
00:52:11,944 --> 00:52:13,112
BEDSIDE OCT IMAGING, EARLY

1168
00:52:13,112 --> 00:52:16,715
INDICATORS OF ON R. O. P., POOR

1169
00:52:16,715 --> 00:52:18,017
BRAIN VISION, ABNORMALITIES AND

1170
00:52:18,017 --> 00:52:18,851
POOR NEUROLOGICAL DEVELOP AM AND

1171
00:52:18,851 --> 00:52:20,853
SO WEB CONNECTED ENROLLED, WE

1172
00:52:20,853 --> 00:52:25,491
GOT HEALTH DATA, OCT, THE EXAM,

1173
00:52:25,491 --> 00:52:28,594
MRI IN A SELECT GROUP, VISUAL

1174
00:52:28,594 --> 00:52:30,729
ACUITY AND NEURAL DEVELOPMENT.

1175
00:52:30,729 --> 00:52:32,698
THEN IN BABY STEPS 2, NOT ONLY

1176
00:52:32,698 --> 00:52:34,300
ARE WE ENROLLING A SECOND

1177
00:52:34,300 --> 00:52:35,901
COHORT, SO WE HAVE ENOUGH TO GO

1178
00:52:35,901 --> 00:52:37,803
ON TO R. O. P., WE'RE ALSO

1179
00:52:37,803 --> 00:52:40,973
FOLLOWING THEM UP TO 5 YEARS.

1180
00:52:40,973 --> 00:52:43,275
SO 118 INFANTS ENROLLED IN THE

1181
00:52:43,275 --> 00:52:46,679
FIRST GROUP. 

1182
00:52:46,679 --> 00:52:49,949
102 IMAGED FOVIA SUCCESSFULLY

1183
00:52:49,949 --> 00:52:50,716
CAPTURED, RETINAL THICKNESS

1184
00:52:50,716 --> 00:52:50,983
CAPTURED.

1185
00:52:50,983 --> 00:52:53,018
WHY DO I THINK THIS WILL BE A

1186
00:52:53,018 --> 00:52:54,386
BREAK THROUGH IN PEDIATRICS,

1187
00:52:54,386 --> 00:52:55,154
BECAUSE THE STRESS IN THE

1188
00:52:55,154 --> 00:52:56,822
NURSERY AND THE CHILDREN EXPOSED

1189
00:52:56,822 --> 00:52:58,757
TO THE FREIGHTEST LEVEL OF PAIN

1190
00:52:58,757 --> 00:53:01,026
AND STRESS HAVE HIGH CORTISOL

1191
00:53:01,026 --> 00:53:04,430
LEVELS AND AIVETTED HYPER

1192
00:53:04,430 --> 00:53:05,531
THALAMIC PITUE TARY ADRENAL

1193
00:53:05,531 --> 00:53:07,933
ACCESS THAT RELATES TO THEIR

1194
00:53:07,933 --> 00:53:08,200
BEHAVIOR.

1195
00:53:08,200 --> 00:53:11,103
SO WE DID A STRESS STUDY, WE

1196
00:53:11,103 --> 00:53:12,938
COMPARED OCT TO THE INDIRECT

1197
00:53:12,938 --> 00:53:14,173
OPERATING GLOBALLY THAT WILL MA

1198
00:53:14,173 --> 00:53:15,708
SCOPE EARLY, LATE, THE WHITE

1199
00:53:15,708 --> 00:53:20,646
BARS ARE THE OCT, NO CHANGE IN

1200
00:53:20,646 --> 00:53:21,413
STRESS BEHAVIOR.

1201
00:53:21,413 --> 00:53:23,149
THE RED BARS ARE FACIAL

1202
00:53:23,149 --> 00:53:25,084
EXPRESSION CHANGE AND CRYING

1203
00:53:25,084 --> 00:53:26,418
SEVERITY CHANGE IN A SERIES AND

1204
00:53:26,418 --> 00:53:28,854
THIS WAS CAPTURED BY A SEPARATE

1205
00:53:28,854 --> 00:53:31,123
INDIVIDUAL, NOT THE PEOPLE DOING

1206
00:53:31,123 --> 00:53:33,492
THE OCT OR INCORRECT EXAMS, WE

1207
00:53:33,492 --> 00:53:37,663
HAVE NURSES DOING THAT NOW FOR

1208
00:53:37,663 --> 00:53:39,298
OCT AND RETCAM STUDY EMPLOY AS

1209
00:53:39,298 --> 00:53:45,738
HAS BEEN SHOWN WITH THE EYE CROP

1210
00:53:45,738 --> 00:53:47,706
TBROWP, ET CETERA, OCT HELPS US

1211
00:53:47,706 --> 00:53:50,509
IDENTIFY IS IT A 4 YEAR, 5 YEAR,

1212
00:53:50,509 --> 00:53:55,881
IS THERE A PHOBIA, BUT CHEN HAS

1213
00:53:55,881 --> 00:53:57,616
REALLY LOOKED AT WORKING ON

1214
00:53:57,616 --> 00:54:01,187
NEUROVASCULAR DEVELOP AM, WE CAN

1215
00:54:01,187 --> 00:54:02,121
VISUALIZE THE VASCULAR,

1216
00:54:02,121 --> 00:54:02,988
AVASCULAR JUNCTION OTHERS

1217
00:54:02,988 --> 00:54:04,757
CATEGORIZE IT AND BECAUSE OF

1218
00:54:04,757 --> 00:54:06,625
OTA, WITH OUR SPEED WERE ABLE TO

1219
00:54:06,625 --> 00:54:08,060
OBTAIN WITH THE SYSTEM, WE CAN

1220
00:54:08,060 --> 00:54:10,596
SEE THE SHEETS OFNY O

1221
00:54:10,596 --> 00:54:11,897
VASCULARIZATION BUT AS SHE JUST

1222
00:54:11,897 --> 00:54:14,567
REPORTED THIS YEAR, WE CAN SEE

1223
00:54:14,567 --> 00:54:16,569
THE SPLITTING OF CAP NORMAL

1224
00:54:16,569 --> 00:54:18,704
VASCULAR DEVELOPMENT SPLIT

1225
00:54:18,704 --> 00:54:20,806
BETWEEN THE NERVE FIBER MEMBRANE

1226
00:54:20,806 --> 00:54:22,208
AND LIMITING BEFORE IN THE TOP

1227
00:54:22,208 --> 00:54:23,509
MIDDLE WHERE THE PHOBIA AND THEN

1228
00:54:23,509 --> 00:54:25,844
AFTER AND HAD IS FOLLOWING THE

1229
00:54:25,844 --> 00:54:27,012
SAME CHILD SEQUENTIALLY WEEK TO

1230
00:54:27,012 --> 00:54:31,317
WEEK AS THESE BUDS DEVELOP.

1231
00:54:31,317 --> 00:54:33,185
WE CAN SEE RESPONSE TO ANTIVEG F

1232
00:54:33,185 --> 00:54:36,622
THR ACTIVITIES  ACTIVITIES AND

1233
00:54:36,622 --> 00:54:37,690
PROJECTS--THERAPY AND THE DEC

1234
00:54:37,690 --> 00:54:39,325
EMPLOY WITH THE WAY OF SHADOWING

1235
00:54:39,325 --> 00:54:41,360
THE VIEW, A WAY OF PROCESSING

1236
00:54:41,360 --> 00:54:44,930
THE OCT, WE CAN EXTRACT A HIGH

1237
00:54:44,930 --> 00:54:46,165
CONTRAST RETINAL VASCULAR VIEW

1238
00:54:46,165 --> 00:54:50,636
WHICH IS USEFUL BY CLINICIANS,

1239
00:54:50,636 --> 00:54:51,937
COMPARING 1 TO ANOTHER THAT THEY

1240
00:54:51,937 --> 00:54:54,607
CAN DETERMINE THE RELATIVE

1241
00:54:54,607 --> 00:54:56,842
SEVERITY RANKING OF THE R. O. P.

1242
00:54:56,842 --> 00:54:58,544
WITH GOOD AGREEMENT AND R. O. P.

1243
00:54:58,544 --> 00:55:01,113
TOOL, 1 OF THE EARLY COMPUTER

1244
00:55:01,113 --> 00:55:04,383
ASSISTED ANALYSIS TOOLINGS IS

1245
00:55:04,383 --> 00:55:07,119
ALSO APPLICABLE TO OCT IMAGES.

1246
00:55:07,119 --> 00:55:09,388
PETE CAMPBELL AND MICHAEL CHANG

1247
00:55:09,388 --> 00:55:15,861
AND THE IROP TBROWP --GROUP HAVE

1248
00:55:15,861 --> 00:55:17,730
SHOWN WITH THE COLOR PHOTO, YOU

1249
00:55:17,730 --> 00:55:20,899
WILL HAVE THE CHALLENGE OF THE

1250
00:55:20,899 --> 00:55:23,135
HAYES AND PERIPHERY AND

1251
00:55:23,135 --> 00:55:24,270
PREDICTIONS AND IT DOESN'T HAVE

1252
00:55:24,270 --> 00:55:27,072
THE COLORING IN THE WINDOW HAS

1253
00:55:27,072 --> 00:55:28,374
THAT REMOVES THESE REFLECTIONS.

1254
00:55:28,374 --> 00:55:31,176
SO WITH COLOR PHOTO THEY CAN

1255
00:55:31,176 --> 00:55:33,379
SKELETONIZE AND BIENARRIZE AND

1256
00:55:33,379 --> 00:55:36,582
EXTRACT THE VESSEL TRACINGS,

1257
00:55:36,582 --> 00:55:41,153
FEATURES AND IDENTIFY A SEVERITY

1258
00:55:41,153 --> 00:55:42,755
SCORE, OCT ADDS THE THIRD

1259
00:55:42,755 --> 00:55:44,390
DIMENSION, SO NOT ONLY DO WE

1260
00:55:44,390 --> 00:55:46,025
HAVE THE VESSEL INFORMATION ON

1261
00:55:46,025 --> 00:55:48,127
FOS, WE HAVE THE THICKNESS AND

1262
00:55:48,127 --> 00:55:50,396
NOTE THAT PLUS DEC, RETINAL

1263
00:55:50,396 --> 00:55:54,033
VESSEL IS NOT JUST LATERAL,

1264
00:55:54,033 --> 00:55:56,168
IT'SAXIAL SO WE CAN SEE THE

1265
00:55:56,168 --> 00:55:57,536
VESSELS BULGING OUT OF THE

1266
00:55:57,536 --> 00:55:59,772
RETINA IN ADDITION TO THE

1267
00:55:59,772 --> 00:56:00,606
NEOVASCULARRIZATION THAT WE SEE

1268
00:56:00,606 --> 00:56:02,941
UP IN THE CORNER, SO OCT IS

1269
00:56:02,941 --> 00:56:04,410
LIKELY TO BE USEFUL IN THE

1270
00:56:04,410 --> 00:56:07,613
FUTURE OF R. O. P. KREENING.

1271
00:56:07,613 --> 00:56:09,648
LOW INFANT STRESS, INFRAREDS THE

1272
00:56:09,648 --> 00:56:12,484
CHILD DOESN'T SEE THE LIGHT,

1273
00:56:12,484 --> 00:56:15,821
FUNGUS INDEPENDENT, IT RECORDS

1274
00:56:15,821 --> 00:56:17,222
RECORDING FOR SCREENING AND

1275
00:56:17,222 --> 00:56:18,624
MANAGE AM, THERE'S HIGH POSITION

1276
00:56:18,624 --> 00:56:19,792
AGREEMENT ON VASCULAR SEVERE

1277
00:56:19,792 --> 00:56:21,960
MITRAL IRITY AND IT CAN FEED

1278
00:56:21,960 --> 00:56:23,829
INTO AI ANALYSIS FOR SESEVERE

1279
00:56:23,829 --> 00:56:24,163
MITRAL ERITY.

1280
00:56:24,163 --> 00:56:27,633
BUT I FEEL LIKE A GINSU KNIVES

1281
00:56:27,633 --> 00:56:29,134
COMMERCIAL, BECAUSE I'M INTO

1282
00:56:29,134 --> 00:56:31,737
THIS IF YOU VBT GOTTEN IT.

1283
00:56:31,737 --> 00:56:33,472
THERE'S MORE EMPLOY SO AT SCHOOL

1284
00:56:33,472 --> 00:56:36,041
INCAS WHEN WE EXAMINE PEOPLE WHO

1285
00:56:36,041 --> 00:56:38,110
WERE BORN PRETERM THAT THEIR

1286
00:56:38,110 --> 00:56:39,978
PHOBIAS ARE OFTEN ABNORMAL.

1287
00:56:39,978 --> 00:56:41,747
THEY HAVE PERSISTENCE OF THE

1288
00:56:41,747 --> 00:56:43,682
RETINAL VASCULAR LAYERS AND

1289
00:56:43,682 --> 00:56:44,950
INE-PRESCRIBING LAYERS, WHEN

1290
00:56:44,950 --> 00:56:45,517
DOES THAT OCCUR?

1291
00:56:45,517 --> 00:56:53,025
WE FOUND THAT AT 36 WEEKS,

1292
00:56:53,025 --> 00:56:56,095
POORER FOVEALL DEVELOPMENT WITH

1293
00:56:56,095 --> 00:56:56,562
LOWER GA.

1294
00:56:56,562 --> 00:57:04,970
THEY SAW HA AND RECOGNIZED THAT

1295
00:57:04,970 --> 00:57:07,039
FOVEALL WAS ARRESTED EARLIER IN

1296
00:57:07,039 --> 00:57:08,040
THE KIDS BORN PRETERM.

1297
00:57:08,040 --> 00:57:11,276
NOT ONLY THAT BUT IT IS EXISTING

1298
00:57:11,276 --> 00:57:14,079
WITH R. O. P. STAGE, BUT NOT

1299
00:57:14,079 --> 00:57:17,316
WITH THE + DEC, WITH OCT,

1300
00:57:17,316 --> 00:57:19,251
REMEMBER WE WERE TALKING ABOUT

1301
00:57:19,251 --> 00:57:20,652
THIS OXYGEN SINK AND SUPPLY, SO

1302
00:57:20,652 --> 00:57:22,955
NOW WE'RE NOT JUST LOOKING AT

1303
00:57:22,955 --> 00:57:27,960
RETINAL VASCULATURE, NOW WOE

1304
00:57:27,960 --> 00:57:29,795
FOLLOW THE CHOROID IN THESE

1305
00:57:29,795 --> 00:57:32,297
CHILDREN, THIS IS ACROSS THE

1306
00:57:32,297 --> 00:57:35,000
CENTRAL MACULAR, DON'T ASK ME

1307
00:57:35,000 --> 00:57:36,034
ABOUT MACULAR EDEMA, WE DIDN'T

1308
00:57:36,034 --> 00:57:38,570
KNOW WHAT'S GOING ON, THINKING

1309
00:57:38,570 --> 00:57:40,572
IT'S AN IMBALANCE THE RETINA IS

1310
00:57:40,572 --> 00:57:41,173
TWEPPING NOT RELATE OFFICE OF

1311
00:57:41,173 --> 00:57:42,775
DIVERSITY R. O. P.

1312
00:57:42,775 --> 00:57:44,643
OF THE INFANTS YOU CAN SEE THE

1313
00:57:44,643 --> 00:57:47,880
TRANSITION ZONE AT 39 WEEKS, SO

1314
00:57:47,880 --> 00:57:53,051
CHOROID INCREASES IN THICKNESS

1315
00:57:53,051 --> 00:57:55,220
AND STABILIZES OFF LATER IN LIFE

1316
00:57:55,220 --> 00:57:57,656
AND IT'S DELAYED AND LOWER IN

1317
00:57:57,656 --> 00:57:59,458
FROAGHT IN KIDS THAT ARE XREAMLY

1318
00:57:59,458 --> 00:58:03,262
LOW BIRTH WAY AND AGE, CORROIDAL

1319
00:58:03,262 --> 00:58:04,430
CHANGES THERE'S THINNING IS

1320
00:58:04,430 --> 00:58:08,500
ASSOCIATE WIDE PLUS DEC BUT NOT

1321
00:58:08,500 --> 00:58:10,936
WITH STAGE OF R. O. P. WITH

1322
00:58:10,936 --> 00:58:12,304
MACULAR EDEMA.

1323
00:58:12,304 --> 00:58:17,075
SO UNRELATED BUT NOW WE STARTED

1324
00:58:17,075 --> 00:58:18,811
LOOKING AT STEROIDAL FACTORS AND

1325
00:58:18,811 --> 00:58:20,279
THE FIBROID, UNLIKE WHAT I WAS

1326
00:58:20,279 --> 00:58:23,715
TALKING ABOUT AND OTHER RETINAL

1327
00:58:23,715 --> 00:58:24,683
CHANGES, THE CHOROID PULL MONEY

1328
00:58:24,683 --> 00:58:26,251
LINKED TO THE DECS IN THE KIDS.

1329
00:58:26,251 --> 00:58:29,755
YOU CAN SEE IN THE BLUE, THAT'S

1330
00:58:29,755 --> 00:58:30,823
DISPLASSIA, PIE, ONOXIEN AT 36

1331
00:58:30,823 --> 00:58:33,525
WEEKS OR AT THE TIME OF THE OCT

1332
00:58:33,525 --> 00:58:34,226
IMAGING.

1333
00:58:34,226 --> 00:58:35,861
AND WITH LOWER GROWTH VELOCITY,

1334
00:58:35,861 --> 00:58:40,632
SO ALL OF THESE ARE LINKED TO

1335
00:58:40,632 --> 00:58:41,533
THE THINNER CHOROID.

1336
00:58:41,533 --> 00:58:43,535
SO NOW WE SWITCH FROM CHOROID,

1337
00:58:43,535 --> 00:58:45,771
THAT'S JUST THE BEGINNING.

1338
00:58:45,771 --> 00:58:48,340
BIRTH WAY IS PREDICTIVE OF NERVE

1339
00:58:48,340 --> 00:58:51,810
FIBER LAYER ON THE LEFT, EVERY

1340
00:58:51,810 --> 00:58:52,878
250-GRAM INCREASE IN A CHILD'S

1341
00:58:52,878 --> 00:58:54,847
BIRTH WAY IS SOCIETIED WITH A

1342
00:58:54,847 --> 00:58:58,016
LITTLE OVER A 5-MICRON INCREASE

1343
00:58:58,016 --> 00:59:00,719
IN THE RML THICKNESS SO THIS MAY

1344
00:59:00,719 --> 00:59:01,653
BE REFRECTING INUTERO

1345
00:59:01,653 --> 00:59:02,554
DEVELOPMENT AND POSSIBLY INJURY,

1346
00:59:02,554 --> 00:59:04,823
REMEMBER WE'RE NOT LOOKING AT

1347
00:59:04,823 --> 00:59:05,724
THESE KIDS IMMEDIATELY AFTER

1348
00:59:05,724 --> 00:59:07,693
BIRTH, WE SEE THEM AFTER THEY

1349
00:59:07,693 --> 00:59:10,329
REACH ABOUT 30 WEEKS

1350
00:59:10,329 --> 00:59:11,530
GUESTATIONAL OF POST MENSTRUAL

1351
00:59:11,530 --> 00:59:11,730
AGE.

1352
00:59:11,730 --> 00:59:13,465
MANY OF THEM ARE BORN A MONTH,

1353
00:59:13,465 --> 00:59:19,805
TO A MONTH AND A HALF BEFORE.

1354
00:59:19,805 --> 00:59:23,742
WE ALSO CAN FOLLOW INTERESTING

1355
00:59:23,742 --> 00:59:25,844
BI PHASIC CHANGE IN THE BIRTH

1356
00:59:25,844 --> 00:59:28,180
AND UP SLOPE AND DOWN SLOPE

1357
00:59:28,180 --> 00:59:30,148
WHICH WE OFTEN LEARNED ABOUT AS

1358
00:59:30,148 --> 00:59:32,584
THERE'S QUOTE PRUNING GOING ON

1359
00:59:32,584 --> 00:59:34,720
IN THE RNFL AND SO WE CAN SEE

1360
00:59:34,720 --> 00:59:36,355
THESE CHANGES IN OUR KIDS AS WE

1361
00:59:36,355 --> 00:59:40,225
FOLLOW THROUGH A LARGE COHORT.

1362
00:59:40,225 --> 00:59:43,629
THE KIDS THAT HAVE SEPSIS AND

1363
00:59:43,629 --> 00:59:45,731
NECK ROUGH ATOMITIZING

1364
00:59:45,731 --> 00:59:46,832
INTERCOLITIS, THIS IS

1365
00:59:46,832 --> 00:59:48,934
INDEPENDENTLY SOC WIDE THE

1366
00:59:48,934 --> 00:59:49,668
THINNER RETINAL NERVE FIBER

1367
00:59:49,668 --> 00:59:52,004
LAYER EMPLOY SO WE HAVE A LOT OF

1368
00:59:52,004 --> 00:59:53,605
CONFOUNDING FACERS.

1369
00:59:53,605 --> 00:59:55,908
WE HAVE THE LOW BIRTH RATE, R.

1370
00:59:55,908 --> 00:59:58,544
O. P. HAS AN IMPACT AND THEN

1371
00:59:58,544 --> 01:00:08,387
ESPECIALLY WE HAVE SEPSIS

1372
01:00:08,387 --> 01:00:09,254
INTERCOLITIS WITH RNFL.

1373
01:00:09,254 --> 01:00:12,190
SO IN STUDIES IN SWEDEN, KOREA

1374
01:00:12,190 --> 01:00:14,259
AND LOS ANGELES, THESE ARE ALL

1375
01:00:14,259 --> 01:00:15,427
2018 AND AFTERWARDS THEY HAVE

1376
01:00:15,427 --> 01:00:19,131
ALL  SHOWN THAT THE

1377
01:00:19,131 --> 01:00:19,965
NEURODEVELOPMENT FOR INFANT

1378
01:00:19,965 --> 01:00:21,733
SCREEN IS LOW, THAT IS LOWER

1379
01:00:21,733 --> 01:00:23,468
THAN THE OTHER PRETERM

1380
01:00:23,468 --> 01:00:25,704
POPULATION AND LOWER CERTAINLY

1381
01:00:25,704 --> 01:00:28,206
THAN TERM. 

1382
01:00:28,206 --> 01:00:33,679
SO THESE TESTS OF

1383
01:00:33,679 --> 01:00:35,547
NEURODEVELOPMENT ARE NORMALIZED

1384
01:00:35,547 --> 01:00:38,150
AT 100 AND SO YOU CAN SEE THE

1385
01:00:38,150 --> 01:00:42,020
LOW SCORES ACROSS THE BOARD FOR

1386
01:00:42,020 --> 01:00:43,722
THESE.

1387
01:00:43,722 --> 01:00:46,058
SO WE STUDIED 2 YEAR

1388
01:00:46,058 --> 01:00:46,825
NEURODEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOME ANDS

1389
01:00:46,825 --> 01:00:49,428
FOUND THAT THEIR TBRAITER NERVE

1390
01:00:49,428 --> 01:00:50,829
FIBER LAYER THICKNESS, EVERY

1391
01:00:50,829 --> 01:00:52,864
10-MICRON OF INCREASE IS

1392
01:00:52,864 --> 01:00:54,399
ASSOCIATE WIDE A 7-POINT OR

1393
01:00:54,399 --> 01:00:57,970
GREATER HIGHER MOTOR SCORE AND

1394
01:00:57,970 --> 01:00:59,237
HIGHER COGNITIVE SCORES.

1395
01:00:59,237 --> 01:01:00,405
IN ADDITION WE FOUND, ALTHOUGH

1396
01:01:00,405 --> 01:01:03,809
IT WAS A SMALL NUMBER OF

1397
01:01:03,809 --> 01:01:05,644
PATIENTS, A LOWER AUTISM RISK

1398
01:01:05,644 --> 01:01:06,311
SCORE.

1399
01:01:06,311 --> 01:01:07,879
WE ALSO CORRECTED FOR

1400
01:01:07,879 --> 01:01:10,182
GESTATIONAL AGE AND MOTHERS

1401
01:01:10,182 --> 01:01:11,783
EDUCATIONAL LEVEL, TRYING TO PUT

1402
01:01:11,783 --> 01:01:14,586
IN SOME FACTOR THAT ALLOWS FOR

1403
01:01:14,586 --> 01:01:16,355
SOCIOECONOMIC AND IT STILL ENDS

1404
01:01:16,355 --> 01:01:17,990
UP HOLDING UP AS A PREDICTER

1405
01:01:17,990 --> 01:01:19,958
EMPLOY SO NOW WE'RE LOOKING IN

1406
01:01:19,958 --> 01:01:21,560
THE NURSERY BEFORE THE TIME THE

1407
01:01:21,560 --> 01:01:22,894
CHILD SHOULD HAVE BEEN BORN, I

1408
01:01:22,894 --> 01:01:24,830
CAN LOOK AT THE NERVE FIBER

1409
01:01:24,830 --> 01:01:27,599
LAYER AND GIVE YOU A FACTOR THAT

1410
01:01:27,599 --> 01:01:29,935
YOU CAN NOW FOLLOW IN THIS

1411
01:01:29,935 --> 01:01:33,572
CHILD, AND THAT RELATES TO THEIR

1412
01:01:33,572 --> 01:01:33,972
NEURODEVELOPMENT.

1413
01:01:33,972 --> 01:01:38,010
IN ADDITION IT ALSO RELATES

1414
01:01:38,010 --> 01:01:40,212
GREATER RNFL THICKNESS WITH

1415
01:01:40,212 --> 01:01:42,981
BETTER VISUAL ACUITY OUT COMES

1416
01:01:42,981 --> 01:01:47,352
BY THE VISUAL CUITY AT 9 MONTHS.

1417
01:01:47,352 --> 01:01:49,221
FIVE YEAR DATA YET TO COME.

1418
01:01:49,221 --> 01:01:50,989
WHY DOES THIS MATTER IN I WAS

1419
01:01:50,989 --> 01:01:53,325
EXCITED ABOUT THE FINDING WE

1420
01:01:53,325 --> 01:01:56,662
FOWBD WITH ROTHMAN IN 2015, WE

1421
01:01:56,662 --> 01:01:58,063
USED A DEFICIENT HANDLE OCT

1422
01:01:58,063 --> 01:01:59,698
SYSTEM, AND IT WAS IN A

1423
01:01:59,698 --> 01:02:02,334
DIFFERENT GROUP OF INFANTS SO WE

1424
01:02:02,334 --> 01:02:03,535
ALSO FOUND INCREASED COGNITIVE

1425
01:02:03,535 --> 01:02:06,571
AND MOTOR WITH INCREASED RNFL

1426
01:02:06,571 --> 01:02:06,872
THICKNESS.

1427
01:02:06,872 --> 01:02:08,006
WE WENT TO LOOK FOR THEM, SINCE

1428
01:02:08,006 --> 01:02:10,442
WE HAVE A SYSTEM THAT'S USE

1429
01:02:10,442 --> 01:02:11,843
INDEED INFRARED, IT DOESN'T

1430
01:02:11,843 --> 01:02:13,145
CONFRICT THE PUPIL, THERE'S NO

1431
01:02:13,145 --> 01:02:13,545
VISIBLE LIGHT.

1432
01:02:13,545 --> 01:02:19,851
WE TOOK IT TO INFANTS WITH

1433
01:02:19,851 --> 01:02:20,919
HIPOXIC ISOTOPE CHEEMIC INSEVERE

1434
01:02:20,919 --> 01:02:21,553
MITRAL LOP RAGHTY.

1435
01:02:21,553 --> 01:02:22,387
TO LOOK AT IS THERE RETINAL

1436
01:02:22,387 --> 01:02:24,656
LOCATION NUMBER OF PATIENTSATHY

1437
01:02:24,656 --> 01:02:27,559
IN MOST PEOPLE DON'T DILATE THE

1438
01:02:27,559 --> 01:02:34,166
PUPILS BECAUSE THESE KID ARE IN

1439
01:02:34,166 --> 01:02:36,234
SEIZURE WATCH, AND WHAT DID WE

1440
01:02:36,234 --> 01:02:39,571
FIND THAT WAS PRESENT?

1441
01:02:39,571 --> 01:02:41,339
RNFL WAS PRESENT 1 AND HALF DAYS

1442
01:02:41,339 --> 01:02:43,842
AFTER BIRTH, SO IS SOME OF THIS

1443
01:02:43,842 --> 01:02:46,211
MORE CHRONIC IN UTERO IN

1444
01:02:46,211 --> 01:02:49,247
CHILDREN, RATHER THAN ACUTE RIKE

1445
01:02:49,247 --> 01:02:51,216
AN UMBILLICICAL CHORD AROUND THE

1446
01:02:51,216 --> 01:02:51,416
NECK.

1447
01:02:51,416 --> 01:02:52,818
SO WE ALSO FOUND ACUTE RETINAL

1448
01:02:52,818 --> 01:02:54,419
LOCATION NUMBER OF PATIENTSATHY

1449
01:02:54,419 --> 01:02:56,054
WITH A CHILD WITH SMALL CHANGES

1450
01:02:56,054 --> 01:02:57,122
IN THE BRAIN.

1451
01:02:57,122 --> 01:02:59,791
SO HANDLE OCT GIVES INSIGHT BO

1452
01:02:59,791 --> 01:03:00,592
DEPRIVATIONMENT, MALDEVELOPMENT

1453
01:03:00,592 --> 01:03:01,126
DISEASE AND INJURY OF THE

1454
01:03:01,126 --> 01:03:02,060
RETINAL LOCATION MA AND SOME OF

1455
01:03:02,060 --> 01:03:04,796
IT IS ASSOCIATE WIDE

1456
01:03:04,796 --> 01:03:05,197
NEURODEVELOPMENT.

1457
01:03:05,197 --> 01:03:08,467
THE WORLD OF R. O. P. HAS

1458
01:03:08,467 --> 01:03:10,569
CHANGED SINCE 2007 SINCE WE

1459
01:03:10,569 --> 01:03:11,737
STARRED ANTIVEG F ECTENDED THE

1460
01:03:11,737 --> 01:03:13,472
RISK PERIOD FOR RECURRENCE AND

1461
01:03:13,472 --> 01:03:14,806
THIS HAS INCREASED THE BURDEN

1462
01:03:14,806 --> 01:03:16,475
AND DURATION OF MONITORING AND

1463
01:03:16,475 --> 01:03:17,943
THERE ARE MULTIPLE THERAPIES

1464
01:03:17,943 --> 01:03:19,845
UNDER EVALUATION, I THINK A

1465
01:03:19,845 --> 01:03:21,379
PERIPHERAL VIEW MAY BE NEEDED,

1466
01:03:21,379 --> 01:03:22,447
RETINAL LOCATION CAM I SHOWED

1467
01:03:22,447 --> 01:03:24,916
YOU HAS THE PROBLEM, OCT CAN GET

1468
01:03:24,916 --> 01:03:27,686
AROUND THAT SO THEA IMAGING

1469
01:03:27,686 --> 01:03:31,223
STARTED BY CHRISTIAN VELAND,

1470
01:03:31,223 --> 01:03:31,923
[INDISCERNIBLE] AND MYSELF, OUR

1471
01:03:31,923 --> 01:03:33,425
KNOLL IS TO MAKE IMAGING

1472
01:03:33,425 --> 01:03:35,761
DISCIPLINARY NAG NUMBER OF

1473
01:03:35,761 --> 01:03:37,863
THETICS TO POPULATIONS UNABLE TO

1474
01:03:37,863 --> 01:03:40,932
ACCESS THE CONVENGAL TABLE TOP

1475
01:03:40,932 --> 01:03:41,500
IMAGING.

1476
01:03:41,500 --> 01:03:43,235
THE CHALLENGES IS THE HANDLE OCT

1477
01:03:43,235 --> 01:03:44,903
THAT WAS OUT THERE THEY STOPPED

1478
01:03:44,903 --> 01:03:50,609
PRODUCING SO IT'S NO LONGER

1479
01:03:50,609 --> 01:03:51,109
AVAILABLE.

1480
01:03:51,109 --> 01:03:54,479
WE HAVE A NONCONTACT SYSTEM FOR

1481
01:03:54,479 --> 01:03:55,313
THOSE UNABLE TO PARTICIPATE IN

1482
01:03:55,313 --> 01:03:57,282
TABLE ON TOP CAN WE HAVE A WIDE

1483
01:03:57,282 --> 01:03:58,450
FIELD CONTEXT SYSTEM AND THAT'S

1484
01:03:58,450 --> 01:04:00,652
FOR KID FIST THE NURSERY TO GIVE

1485
01:04:00,652 --> 01:04:04,289
US THE WIDE FIELD OF VIEW.

1486
01:04:04,289 --> 01:04:05,223
IT'S GREATER THAN THE RETINAL

1487
01:04:05,223 --> 01:04:06,725
LOCATION CAM FIELD OF VIEW AND

1488
01:04:06,725 --> 01:04:08,326
IT HAS A MORE USEFUL FIELD OF

1489
01:04:08,326 --> 01:04:11,029
VIEW AS CAN YOU SEE IN THE SAME

1490
01:04:11,029 --> 01:04:13,665
EYE IMAGES WITH BOTH SYSTEMS.

1491
01:04:13,665 --> 01:04:15,834
PETE CAMPBELL AND HIS GROUP HAVE

1492
01:04:15,834 --> 01:04:18,537
ALSO BEEN STRONG PROPONENTS OF

1493
01:04:18,537 --> 01:04:20,071
WIDE FIELD OCT IMAGING AS YOU

1494
01:04:20,071 --> 01:04:22,507
SAW EARLIER AND WE'VE SEGMENTED

1495
01:04:22,507 --> 01:04:25,277
THE VOLUMES TO ISOLATE THE

1496
01:04:25,277 --> 01:04:26,444
CORROIDAL VASCULAR PATTERN WHICH

1497
01:04:26,444 --> 01:04:28,513
CAN BE CONFUSING FROM THE

1498
01:04:28,513 --> 01:04:29,548
RETINAL VASCULAR PATTERN, IN

1499
01:04:29,548 --> 01:04:31,216
THIS SLIDE WITH RETINAL VASCULAR

1500
01:04:31,216 --> 01:04:32,184
DISEASE AND NORMAL RETINA.

1501
01:04:32,184 --> 01:04:37,522
SO I THINK THE FUTURE IS STRONG.

1502
01:04:37,522 --> 01:04:41,393
DIGITAL CAMERA AND OCT ARE GREAT

1503
01:04:41,393 --> 01:04:45,397
FOR STUDYING OCT, BUT HANDLE IS

1504
01:04:45,397 --> 01:04:46,431
BETTER FOR MONITORING THIS WIDE

1505
01:04:46,431 --> 01:04:48,567
RANGE I TOLD BUT I WON'T REPEAT

1506
01:04:48,567 --> 01:04:48,867
AGAIN.

1507
01:04:48,867 --> 01:04:50,435
AND I THINK WE NEED TO REMEMBER

1508
01:04:50,435 --> 01:04:51,870
THAT KIDS ARE PEOPLE TOO AND

1509
01:04:51,870 --> 01:04:53,438
THEY DESERVE ACCESS TO THE SAME

1510
01:04:53,438 --> 01:04:54,739
TECHNOLOGIES WE PROVIDE FOR

1511
01:04:54,739 --> 01:04:57,509
ADULT PATESENTIOUS SPECIALLY FOR

1512
01:04:57,509 --> 01:04:57,943
SENIOR PATIENTS.

1513
01:04:57,943 --> 01:04:59,144
I WANT TO ACKNOWLEDGE MY TEAM

1514
01:04:59,144 --> 01:05:00,245
AND THOSE WHO HAVE SUPPORTED US

1515
01:05:00,245 --> 01:05:03,181
AND THANK YOU FOR THE

1516
01:05:03,181 --> 01:05:04,716
OPPORTUNITY TO CELEBRATE THIS

1517
01:05:04,716 --> 01:05:05,917
TECHNOLOGY THAT'S BEEN A GIFT TO

1518
01:05:05,917 --> 01:05:08,920
ALL OF US IN OPHTHALMOLOGY.

1519
01:05:08,920 --> 01:05:19,130
[ APPLAUSE ]

1520
01:05:20,799 --> 01:05:22,667
>> THANK YOU SO MUCH
CYNTHIA AND

1521
01:05:22,667 --> 01:05:25,971
THE NEXT SPEAKER NEEDS NO

1522
01:05:25,971 --> 01:05:30,909
EMERGENCY, HE IS A PROFESSOR OF

1523
01:05:30,909 --> 01:05:32,143
OPHTHALMOLOGY AND BIOMECHANICAL

1524
01:05:32,143 --> 01:05:32,444
ENGINEERING.

1525
01:05:32,444 --> 01:05:34,145
HE'S BEEN PUSHING THE BOUNDARIES

1526
01:05:34,145 --> 01:05:36,948
HE'S DEVELOPED THE CIRCULAR RNFL

1527
01:05:36,948 --> 01:05:38,550
SCAN WHICH CONTINUES TO BE THE

1528
01:05:38,550 --> 01:05:39,918
CORNER TONE OF DPLAW COMA

1529
01:05:39,918 --> 01:05:41,186
MONITORING AND HE WILL TELL US

1530
01:05:41,186 --> 01:05:44,089
ABOUT HOW HE'S PUSHING THE

1531
01:05:44,089 --> 01:05:44,823
BOUNDARIES FURTHER. 

1532
01:05:44,823 --> 01:05:51,596
THANK YOU JOEL.

1533
01:05:51,596 --> 01:05:53,832
>> THANKS AMANI, AND
EVERYBODY,

1534
01:05:53,832 --> 01:05:58,870
THANKS FOR HAVING LASKER-FEST,

1535
01:05:58,870 --> 01:06:02,807
AND CONGRATTULESS, I DIDN'T MEAN

1536
01:06:02,807 --> 01:06:03,742
AND DAVID.

1537
01:06:03,742 --> 01:06:05,577
THIS IS A FANTASTIC CONFERENCE

1538
01:06:05,577 --> 01:06:07,579
AND I'VE LEARNED SO MUCH BEING

1539
01:06:07,579 --> 01:06:09,214
HERE AND ENJOYED MEETING SO MANY

1540
01:06:09,214 --> 01:06:12,918
PEOPLE INTERESTED IN THE FIELD.

1541
01:06:12,918 --> 01:06:15,720
I'M GOING TO TALK ABOUT CLINICAL

1542
01:06:15,720 --> 01:06:17,822
APPLICATIONS OF OCT AND DPLAW

1543
01:06:17,822 --> 01:06:18,523
COMA DETECTION, IDENTIFICATION

1544
01:06:18,523 --> 01:06:23,028
OF CHANGE AND PREDICTING

1545
01:06:23,028 --> 01:06:23,495
PROGRESSION.

1546
01:06:23,495 --> 01:06:29,668
THESE ARE MY FINANCIAL

1547
01:06:29,668 --> 01:06:30,602
DISCLOSURES EMPLOY SO I'M GOING

1548
01:06:30,602 --> 01:06:33,038
TO TALK ABOUT AS I SAID FLAW

1549
01:06:33,038 --> 01:06:34,205
COMA DETECTION, I'M ALSO GOING

1550
01:06:34,205 --> 01:06:36,508
TO TALK ABOUT VISIBLE LIGHT OCT,

1551
01:06:36,508 --> 01:06:39,277
WHICH YOU'VE HEARD ABOUT

1552
01:06:39,277 --> 01:06:42,013
YESTERDAY, IT'S AN INNOVATION IN

1553
01:06:42,013 --> 01:06:44,683
DPLAW COMA DETECTION, ADDING A

1554
01:06:44,683 --> 01:06:46,484
COUPLE OF POTENTIAL NEW

1555
01:06:46,484 --> 01:06:48,853
BIOMARKERS FOR DPLAW COMA, WE

1556
01:06:48,853 --> 01:06:50,555
WILL TALK ABOUT PROGRESSION

1557
01:06:50,555 --> 01:06:54,025
DETECTION AND PROGRESSION

1558
01:06:54,025 --> 01:06:54,459
PREDICTION.

1559
01:06:54,459 --> 01:07:02,033
SO I GOT INTERESTED IN FINDING A

1560
01:07:02,033 --> 01:07:05,136
WAY TO DO OBJECTIVE QUANTITATIVE

1561
01:07:05,136 --> 01:07:15,580
ASSESSMENT OF PEOPLE WITH

1562
01:07:23,888 --> 01:07:24,923
GLAUCOMA.

1563
01:07:24,923 --> 01:07:27,258
--TO LOOK AT THE OPTIC NERVE AND

1564
01:07:27,258 --> 01:07:30,161
IF AN EXPERT SAID THAT THERE WAS

1565
01:07:30,161 --> 01:07:33,231
AN ABNORMALITY DAMAGE TO THE

1566
01:07:33,231 --> 01:07:35,567
OPTIC NERVE, THEN THAT PERSON

1567
01:07:35,567 --> 01:07:36,001
MIGHT HAVE GLAUCOMA.

1568
01:07:36,001 --> 01:07:38,069
BUT IT WAS A VERY SUBJECTIVE

1569
01:07:38,069 --> 01:07:39,371
ASSESSMENT RIGHT FROM THE

1570
01:07:39,371 --> 01:07:40,305
BEGENERATEDDING TO THE END

1571
01:07:40,305 --> 01:07:42,841
EXCEPT FOR THE INTRA OCULAR

1572
01:07:42,841 --> 01:07:43,775
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT WHICH TURNS

1573
01:07:43,775 --> 01:07:48,346
OUT IS NOT A DPRAIT WAY OF

1574
01:07:48,346 --> 01:07:51,049
DETECTING DISEAZ.

1575
01:07:51,049 --> 01:07:52,751
AND THE ARK ASSESSESMENT OF THE

1576
01:07:52,751 --> 01:07:56,454
OPTIC NERVE HEAD WAS SORT OF THE

1577
01:07:56,454 --> 01:07:57,155
CORNERSTONE OF GLAUCOMA

1578
01:07:57,155 --> 01:08:01,326
DIAGNOSIS AND YET THIS

1579
01:08:01,326 --> 01:08:02,927
SUBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT WAS VERY

1580
01:08:02,927 --> 01:08:05,263
VARIABLE, NOT ONLY FROM OBSERVER

1581
01:08:05,263 --> 01:08:06,598
TO OBLIGATIONS OBSERVER BUT

1582
01:08:06,598 --> 01:08:11,936
WITHIN A GIIVE OBSERVER TRUSTEES

1583
01:08:11,936 --> 01:08:12,270
TIME TO TIME.

1584
01:08:12,270 --> 01:08:13,905
AND WHAT I'M SHOWING IS A PAPER

1585
01:08:13,905 --> 01:08:16,875
FROM VICTOR WHICH WAS FROM THE

1586
01:08:16,875 --> 01:08:17,509
AMERICAN OPERATING GLOBALLY THAT

1587
01:08:17,509 --> 01:08:20,011
WILL MODEL CITIZEN LOGICAL

1588
01:08:20,011 --> 01:08:22,480
SOCIETY THESIS SHOWING THERE'S

1589
01:08:22,480 --> 01:08:24,416
VERY HIGH VARIABILITY AND KISS

1590
01:08:24,416 --> 01:08:25,817
AGREEMENT WITHIN AND BETWEEN

1591
01:08:25,817 --> 01:08:28,253
OBSERVERS. 

1592
01:08:28,253 --> 01:08:32,590
A NUMBER OF TECHNOLOGIES WERE

1593
01:08:32,590 --> 01:08:35,427
DEVELOPED DURING THE MEAN 80S

1594
01:08:35,427 --> 01:08:37,228
THAT WERE DESIGNED TO DO THIS

1595
01:08:37,228 --> 01:08:39,164
SORT OF OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT OF

1596
01:08:39,164 --> 01:08:44,402
THE OPTIC NERVE HEAD.

1597
01:08:44,402 --> 01:08:46,004
THERE WASSTERIOGRAPHY, THERE WAS

1598
01:08:46,004 --> 01:08:51,709
THE CONFOCAL SCANNING LASER AND

1599
01:08:51,709 --> 01:08:52,944
LASER POLARIZEDDER

1600
01:08:52,944 --> 01:08:53,645
IMPEDIMENTSAGERIE, OUR C-CURVE

1601
01:08:53,645 --> 01:08:54,846
WAS TYPICAL OF THE KIND OF

1602
01:08:54,846 --> 01:08:56,347
THINGS WIEW WOULD SEE DURING

1603
01:08:56,347 --> 01:09:01,453
THAT TIME OR ACTUALLY A LITTLE

1604
01:09:01,453 --> 01:09:03,788
LATER IN THE 90S WAS FROM THE

1605
01:09:03,788 --> 01:09:07,292
ADVANCED IMAGING FLAW COMA STUDY

1606
01:09:07,292 --> 01:09:09,761
THAT WAS LED BY DAVID WONG WHERE

1607
01:09:09,761 --> 01:09:12,163
WE LOOKED AT DIFFERENT

1608
01:09:12,163 --> 01:09:15,834
TECHNOLOGIES FOR ASSESSING

1609
01:09:15,834 --> 01:09:18,336
GLAUCOMA AND IN THIS CASE WE'RE

1610
01:09:18,336 --> 01:09:20,872
COMPARING OCT VERSUS THE SCANNER

1611
01:09:20,872 --> 01:09:25,643
LASER POLAR IMPEDIMENTS TERAND A

1612
01:09:25,643 --> 01:09:26,244
COUPLE DIFFERENT ITERERATIONS

1613
01:09:26,244 --> 01:09:28,446
AND YOU CAN SEE THAT OCT HAS A

1614
01:09:28,446 --> 01:09:30,281
DIFFERENT AREA UNDER THE

1615
01:09:30,281 --> 01:09:32,784
OPERATOR CURVE THAN SKIN AND

1616
01:09:32,784 --> 01:09:40,225
LASER POLAR IMAGERY AT .91.

1617
01:09:40,225 --> 01:09:41,726
O THIS IS PRETTY MUCH WHAT WE

1618
01:09:41,726 --> 01:09:44,195
HAVE NOW IN DOING CLINICAL OCT.

1619
01:09:44,195 --> 01:09:45,930
WE HEARD A TREMENDOUS AMOUNT

1620
01:09:45,930 --> 01:09:48,099
ABOUT WHAT'S GOING ON IN THE LAB

1621
01:09:48,099 --> 01:09:49,467
RATOREXPE IT'S INCREDIBLE

1622
01:09:49,467 --> 01:09:50,435
LOAMACYY EXCITING AND IT CAN'T

1623
01:09:50,435 --> 01:09:55,573
WAIT FOR IT TO BE TRANSLATED TO

1624
01:09:55,573 --> 01:09:56,474
CLINICAL PRACTICE BUT THIS IS

1625
01:09:56,474 --> 01:09:59,144
WHAT WE HAVE NOW AND SO THESE

1626
01:09:59,144 --> 01:10:01,146
ARE PROBABLY THE MOST COMMONLY

1627
01:10:01,146 --> 01:10:02,046
USED DEVICES IN CLINICAL

1628
01:10:02,046 --> 01:10:11,289
PRACTICE IN THE U.S., AND SO

1629
01:10:11,289 --> 01:10:12,957
THAT INCLUDES THE

1630
01:10:12,957 --> 01:10:15,860
ZEICIRCUMSTANCE CIRCUMSTANCE AND

1631
01:10:15,860 --> 01:10:18,163
NOW THE VISITINGIONICS AND THE

1632
01:10:18,163 --> 01:10:20,031
TRITON FROM TOP CON, THERE'S

1633
01:10:20,031 --> 01:10:26,337
ALSO THE MAESTRO FROM TOP CON.

1634
01:10:26,337 --> 01:10:29,574
THIS THESE ARE DOMAIN, TRITON IS

1635
01:10:29,574 --> 01:10:33,978
SWEPT SOURCE AND WE GET A PRINT

1636
01:10:33,978 --> 01:10:38,349
OUT THAT SHOWS US--OFTEN SHOWS

1637
01:10:38,349 --> 01:10:42,987
THE THUMB NAILINGS OF THE OCT,

1638
01:10:42,987 --> 01:10:44,289
CAPILLARY SCAN AND ALSO CROSS

1639
01:10:44,289 --> 01:10:46,658
SECTIONS OF THE OPTIC NERVE AND

1640
01:10:46,658 --> 01:10:48,626
THE CERTAIN PAPILLARY SCAN IS

1641
01:10:48,626 --> 01:10:51,729
BEING SHOWN ON EEP OF THESE

1642
01:10:51,729 --> 01:10:52,797
UNITS--EACH OF THESE UNITS.

1643
01:10:52,797 --> 01:10:57,268
THE WAY WE CAME UP WITH THE WAY

1644
01:10:57,268 --> 01:10:59,804
OF DOING CERTAIN CIRRUS APPLIED

1645
01:10:59,804 --> 01:11:01,906
ILLEGALSARY SCAN WAS INITIALLY

1646
01:11:01,906 --> 01:11:03,074
BEFORE DAVID EVENT CAME UP WITH

1647
01:11:03,074 --> 01:11:08,846
THE IDEA OF SCANNING THE OCT

1648
01:11:08,846 --> 01:11:11,482
BEAM WHICH IT WAS STILL OPTICAL

1649
01:11:11,482 --> 01:11:13,685
IMAGES COCO HERE ENSEL REFLECT

1650
01:11:13,685 --> 01:11:14,285
O--METABOLIZEDETRY, WE THOUGHT

1651
01:11:14,285 --> 01:11:16,554
MAYBE WE COULD DO A A-KAN--KANA

1652
01:11:16,554 --> 01:11:18,189
AT EACH CLOCK HOUR AROUND THE

1653
01:11:18,189 --> 01:11:19,691
OPTIC NERVE AND IT TOOK A LONG

1654
01:11:19,691 --> 01:11:23,328
TIME EVEN THEN TO DO ANY SCAN.

1655
01:11:23,328 --> 01:11:30,401
AND WE WOULD CATCH THE AXONS

1656
01:11:30,401 --> 01:11:32,203
THEY WERE COMING IN TO MAKE UP

1657
01:11:32,203 --> 01:11:34,839
THE OPTIC NERVE, AND WE GOT 48

1658
01:11:34,839 --> 01:11:36,040
SCANS PER SECOND OF THE

1659
01:11:36,040 --> 01:11:37,008
PROTOTYPE AUTOPSY SERIES SO 2

1660
01:11:37,008 --> 01:11:39,944
AND HALF SECONDS TO DO A HUNDRED

1661
01:11:39,944 --> 01:11:41,346
A-SCANS WHICH IS WHAT MADE UP

1662
01:11:41,346 --> 01:11:41,980
THE CIRCLE.

1663
01:11:41,980 --> 01:11:43,381
WE FIGURED WELL, WITH THE CIRCLE

1664
01:11:43,381 --> 01:11:45,083
WE WILL CATCH ALL THE AXONS

1665
01:11:45,083 --> 01:11:46,117
PRETTY MUCH THAT ARE GOING TO

1666
01:11:46,117 --> 01:11:48,453
MAKE UP THE OPTIC NERVE AND THEN

1667
01:11:48,453 --> 01:11:51,122
WE WERE TRYING TO FIGURE OUT,

1668
01:11:51,122 --> 01:11:53,992
WELL, YOU KNOW, HOW BIG SHOULD

1669
01:11:53,992 --> 01:11:59,030
THE CIRCLE BE? 

1670
01:11:59,030 --> 01:12:00,999
AND I THOUGHT OF THE OPTIC NERVE

1671
01:12:00,999 --> 01:12:02,634
HEAD AS A POINT SOURCE SO I

1672
01:12:02,634 --> 01:12:05,036
THOUGHT WE SHOULD HAVE THE

1673
01:12:05,036 --> 01:12:06,137
STANDARD SIZED CIRCLE AS OPPOSE

1674
01:12:06,137 --> 01:12:08,206
TO MAKING THE CIRCLE RELATIVE TO

1675
01:12:08,206 --> 01:12:10,275
THE DIAMETER OF THE OPTIC NERVE,

1676
01:12:10,275 --> 01:12:11,709
BUT BIG ENOUGH SO THAT YOU WOULD

1677
01:12:11,709 --> 01:12:14,812
BE OUTSIDE THE AREA OF

1678
01:12:14,812 --> 01:12:15,613
PERIAPPLIED ILLEGALSARY ATROPHY

1679
01:12:15,613 --> 01:12:19,017
AND ALMOST ALL OPTIC NERVES AND

1680
01:12:19,017 --> 01:12:23,454
SO WE DIDN'T EXPERIMENT WITHIO

1681
01:12:23,454 --> 01:12:25,690
IZATT, AND WE LOOKED AT

1682
01:12:25,690 --> 01:12:27,425
DIFFERENT VOLTAGES, BECAUSE THE

1683
01:12:27,425 --> 01:12:31,129
VOWEL VOLTAGE CONTROLLED THE

1684
01:12:31,129 --> 01:12:33,331
CIRCLE SIZE AND SO IT TURNED OUT

1685
01:12:33,331 --> 01:12:35,166
THAT RELATIVELY EVEN VOLTAGE

1686
01:12:35,166 --> 01:12:39,871
GAVE US A VARIETY OF USEFUL

1687
01:12:39,871 --> 01:12:44,075
CIRCLE SIZES AND THAT

1688
01:12:44,075 --> 01:12:51,849
3.4-MILLIMETER CIRCLE WAS

1689
01:12:51,849 --> 01:12:52,083
OPTIMAL.

1690
01:12:52,083 --> 01:12:54,052
THREE PBT 37 ACTUALLY AND WE

1691
01:12:54,052 --> 01:12:56,754
LOOKED AT LATER, WHY IS THIS

1692
01:12:56,754 --> 01:12:59,190
TURNING OUT TO BE OPTIMAL, LEAST

1693
01:12:59,190 --> 01:13:00,391
VARIABLE AND GIVE US GOOD DATA

1694
01:13:00,391 --> 01:13:03,261
AND IT TURNS OUT THAT IT'S AT A

1695
01:13:03,261 --> 01:13:06,097
PLATEAU IN THE RETINAL NERVE

1696
01:13:06,097 --> 01:13:07,999
FIEBILE LAYER AS IT GOES INTO

1697
01:13:07,999 --> 01:13:11,436
THE OPTIC NERVE, SO THAT

1698
01:13:11,436 --> 01:13:13,271
EXPLAINS THE LOWER VARIABILITY

1699
01:13:13,271 --> 01:13:14,906
OF THAT CIRCLE DIAMETER EMPLOY

1700
01:13:14,906 --> 01:13:20,011
IN ANY EVENT, THE SCANNING

1701
01:13:20,011 --> 01:13:21,312
CIRCLE GIVES YOU DATA AND YOU

1702
01:13:21,312 --> 01:13:23,481
CAN PRESENT THAT IN A NUMBER OF

1703
01:13:23,481 --> 01:13:28,119
WAYS, THERE'S A CHART, AN RNFL

1704
01:13:28,119 --> 01:13:29,020
THICKNESS PROFILE AND QUARANT

1705
01:13:29,020 --> 01:13:31,222
AND CLOCK HOURS AND THEN THERE

1706
01:13:31,222 --> 01:13:32,990
ARE THESE THUMB NAILS THAT ALLOW

1707
01:13:32,990 --> 01:13:34,092
THE USER, CLINICIAN TO LOOK AT

1708
01:13:34,092 --> 01:13:39,664
THE QUALITY OF THE SCAN AND YOU

1709
01:13:39,664 --> 01:13:42,767
CAN SEE THAT ON THE SPECTRALIS

1710
01:13:42,767 --> 01:13:44,535
AND OTHERS, SO THEY ALL GIVE YOU

1711
01:13:44,535 --> 01:13:47,004
QUANTITATIVE DATA THAT YOU CAN

1712
01:13:47,004 --> 01:13:49,841
USE, AND THAT--THOSE 4 IMAGES

1713
01:13:49,841 --> 01:13:51,409
WERE ALL IN SINGLE HEALTHY

1714
01:13:51,409 --> 01:13:53,211
PATIENT'S EYES, THE SCAN ON THE

1715
01:13:53,211 --> 01:13:54,812
SAME DAY ON THE EACH OF THE

1716
01:13:54,812 --> 01:13:57,715
DIFFERENT UNITS SO HERE'S A

1717
01:13:57,715 --> 01:13:58,549
GLAUCOMA PATIENT WHO SCAN OFFICE

1718
01:13:58,549 --> 01:13:59,784
OF DIVERSITY EACH OF THOSE

1719
01:13:59,784 --> 01:14:01,686
DIFFERENT UNITS ON THE SAME DAY,

1720
01:14:01,686 --> 01:14:05,823
AND YOU CAN SEE THAT THERE ARE

1721
01:14:05,823 --> 01:14:06,791
DIFFERENCES HERE BETWEEN THE

1722
01:14:06,791 --> 01:14:10,495
NORMALS THAT I SHOWED YOU, THE

1723
01:14:10,495 --> 01:14:14,298
HEALTHYS AND THE GLAUCOMA AND SO

1724
01:14:14,298 --> 01:14:15,600
HERE YOU HAVE A DIFFERENT FROM

1725
01:14:15,600 --> 01:14:18,302
THE EXPECTED SO THAT'S BASED ON

1726
01:14:18,302 --> 01:14:19,704
ENORMATIVE DATABASE, EACH OF

1727
01:14:19,704 --> 01:14:21,406
THESE DEVICES HAVE DIFFERENT

1728
01:14:21,406 --> 01:14:22,039
NORMATIVE DATABASES AND IF YOU

1729
01:14:22,039 --> 01:14:24,909
WANT TO GET TO THE DATA, THE RAW

1730
01:14:24,909 --> 01:14:27,011
DATA ON EACH OF THESE DEVICES,

1731
01:14:27,011 --> 01:14:30,548
WELL THAT'S DARN NEAR

1732
01:14:30,548 --> 01:14:30,948
IMPOSSIBLE.

1733
01:14:30,948 --> 01:14:32,316
SO HA IS 1 OF THE AREAS THAT I

1734
01:14:32,316 --> 01:14:36,654
THINK WE NEED TO FOCUS ON AS

1735
01:14:36,654 --> 01:14:40,057
BOTH THOSE RESEARCHERS AND AS

1736
01:14:40,057 --> 01:14:41,459
CLINICIANS IN TERMS OF BEING

1737
01:14:41,459 --> 01:14:43,561
ABLE TO ACCESS THE DATA THAT

1738
01:14:43,561 --> 01:14:45,263
WE'RE RETRIEVING FROM OUR

1739
01:14:45,263 --> 01:14:47,365
PATIENTS AND THEN USE IT EITHER

1740
01:14:47,365 --> 01:14:54,405
FOR GIVEN PATIENT OR FOR THE

1741
01:14:54,405 --> 01:14:55,173
POPULATION IN RESEARCH.

1742
01:14:55,173 --> 01:14:57,341
SO WHAT YOU SEE IS A THINNING OR

1743
01:14:57,341 --> 01:15:01,078
DECREASED THICKNESS IN THE

1744
01:15:01,078 --> 01:15:04,449
RETINAL NERVE FIEB RILE AREA

1745
01:15:04,449 --> 01:15:05,116
WITH GLAUCOMA DISPLAYED IN

1746
01:15:05,116 --> 01:15:06,784
VARIOUS WAYS AND WE CAN ALSO

1747
01:15:06,784 --> 01:15:08,886
LOOK AT THE MACKULA AND MEASURE

1748
01:15:08,886 --> 01:15:11,689
GLAUCOMA AND THAT WAS AN IDEA

1749
01:15:11,689 --> 01:15:17,995
THAT RON ZEIMER HAD AND RON RON

1750
01:15:17,995 --> 01:15:20,298
IS RETIRED BUT HE'S A FIZZIST

1751
01:15:20,298 --> 01:15:22,333
THAT YOU CAN MEASURE THE

1752
01:15:22,333 --> 01:15:24,802
GLAUCOMA WHICH WAS HERETICAL AT

1753
01:15:24,802 --> 01:15:31,342
THE TIME BECAUSE YOU KNOW,

1754
01:15:31,342 --> 01:15:33,511
BECAUSE GLAUCOMA DOESN'T AFFECT

1755
01:15:33,511 --> 01:15:34,312
THE RETINA RIGHT?

1756
01:15:34,312 --> 01:15:35,746
AND THAT'S WHAT WE THOUGHT WHEN

1757
01:15:35,746 --> 01:15:37,949
THE ONLY TOOL WE HAD WAS TELLING

1758
01:15:37,949 --> 01:15:40,184
US THAT THE MACK LA WASN'T

1759
01:15:40,184 --> 01:15:41,819
REALLY AFFECTED IN GLAUCOMA BUT

1760
01:15:41,819 --> 01:15:43,554
RON SHOWED USING A DEVICE THAT

1761
01:15:43,554 --> 01:15:46,157
HE CREATED THAT MACULAR

1762
01:15:46,157 --> 01:15:48,726
THICKNESS IN FACT WAS REDUCED IN

1763
01:15:48,726 --> 01:15:50,094
PEOPLE WITH GLAUCOMA, AND HE

1764
01:15:50,094 --> 01:15:52,296
REASONED THAT SINCE THE CELL

1765
01:15:52,296 --> 01:15:55,099
BODIES ARE 20 TIMES THE DIAMETER

1766
01:15:55,099 --> 01:15:57,368
OF THEIRAXONS THAT IT WOULD

1767
01:15:57,368 --> 01:15:59,103
ACTUALLY BE EASIER TO PICK UP

1768
01:15:59,103 --> 01:16:02,073
GLAUCOMA IN THE MACK LA THAN IN

1769
01:16:02,073 --> 01:16:03,741
THE RETINAL NERVE FIEB RILE

1770
01:16:03,741 --> 01:16:07,445
LAYER AND THAT TURNS OUT TO BE

1771
01:16:07,445 --> 01:16:10,181
SORT OF TRUE IN SOME CASES, BUT

1772
01:16:10,181 --> 01:16:13,150
YOU CAN CERTAINLY PICK UP FLAW

1773
01:16:13,150 --> 01:16:14,919
COMA'S DAMAGE IN THE MACK LAS.

1774
01:16:14,919 --> 01:16:16,988
YOU SEE HERE IN THIS PERSON'S

1775
01:16:16,988 --> 01:16:18,823
LEFT EYE ON THE DEVIATION MAP

1776
01:16:18,823 --> 01:16:21,225
WHICH IS SHOWING AN ABNORMALITY

1777
01:16:21,225 --> 01:16:27,198
AND IN THE THICKNESS MAP WHERE

1778
01:16:27,198 --> 01:16:32,870
YOU CAN SEE THIS  TEMPORAL DEFET

1779
01:16:32,870 --> 01:16:37,408
WHICH IS SHOWS IN THE FIELD.

1780
01:16:37,408 --> 01:16:39,544
THIS IS RTVIEW, AND THEN THE

1781
01:16:39,544 --> 01:16:41,746
TRITEON YOU HAVE THE HOOD REPORT

1782
01:16:41,746 --> 01:16:45,917
AND THEN THE HOOD REPORT IS FOR

1783
01:16:45,917 --> 01:16:55,226
DON HOOD WHICH DEVELOPED THIS

1784
01:16:55,226 --> 01:16:59,063
CONCEPT OF MAPPING THE THINNESS

1785
01:16:59,063 --> 01:17:01,599
OR THE RETINAL FIEB RILE LAYER

1786
01:17:01,599 --> 01:17:04,535
TO THE RECEPTIVE FIELD IN THE

1787
01:17:04,535 --> 01:17:06,037
AND THEN TO WHAT WOULD BE

1788
01:17:06,037 --> 01:17:07,238
EXPECTED ON THE VISUAL FIELD

1789
01:17:07,238 --> 01:17:11,876
TEST SO SHOWING A CLINICIAN

1790
01:17:11,876 --> 01:17:15,980
VISUALLY, WHAT THAT STRUCTURAL

1791
01:17:15,980 --> 01:17:18,349
ABNORMALITY WOULD LOOK LIKEOT

1792
01:17:18,349 --> 01:17:19,550
FUNCTIONAL EXAMINATION AND IN

1793
01:17:19,550 --> 01:17:22,486
FACT, AS YOU CAN SEE IN THIS

1794
01:17:22,486 --> 01:17:31,062
PATIENT, THERE'S VERY GOOD

1795
01:17:31,062 --> 01:17:31,462
STRUCTURE FUNCTION

1796
01:17:31,462 --> 01:17:31,829
CORRESPONDENCE.

1797
01:17:31,829 --> 01:17:32,563
THIS IS CO TRANSACTIVATOR WAY OF

1798
01:17:32,563 --> 01:17:35,666
LOOKING AT THE DATA FROM THE OCT

1799
01:17:35,666 --> 01:17:41,572
THIS, IS DEVELOPED BY CHRISTEN

1800
01:17:41,572 --> 01:17:46,477
HUNG, IT'S CALLED ROTA,

1801
01:17:46,477 --> 01:17:47,311
RNFL OPTICAL TEXTURE ANALYSIS,

1802
01:17:47,311 --> 01:17:49,413
THESE ARE DEFECTS IN THE RETINAL

1803
01:17:49,413 --> 01:17:51,882
LAYER, THESE ARE OCT IMAGES THAT

1804
01:17:51,882 --> 01:17:53,884
HAVE BEEN PROCESSED WITH THE

1805
01:17:53,884 --> 01:17:55,720
ROTA ALGORITHM AND THEN YOU CAN

1806
01:17:55,720 --> 01:17:58,022
SEE THE STANDARD STRUCTURAL OCT

1807
01:17:58,022 --> 01:18:00,324
PRIBT OUTS AND VISUAL FIELDS

1808
01:18:00,324 --> 01:18:03,661
THAT CORRESPOND WITH THESE EYES

1809
01:18:03,661 --> 01:18:06,530
AND SO ROTA AGAIN VISUALLY TELLS

1810
01:18:06,530 --> 01:18:09,934
THE CLINICIAN WHERE THE

1811
01:18:09,934 --> 01:18:17,041
ABNORMALITIES ARE AND TO SOME

1812
01:18:17,041 --> 01:18:21,278
EXTENT THE DENSITY OR THE

1813
01:18:21,278 --> 01:18:23,581
SEVERITY YOU DPETOT MAP, THE

1814
01:18:23,581 --> 01:18:27,551
DEVIATION IS TELLING YOU NORMAL

1815
01:18:27,551 --> 01:18:28,886
BORDER LINE OR ABNORMAL IN THE

1816
01:18:28,886 --> 01:18:31,389
KACCTA SET THAT'S USED FOR THE

1817
01:18:31,389 --> 01:18:33,357
NORMATIVE DATA.

1818
01:18:33,357 --> 01:18:34,458
THIS IS A PATIENT OF MINE AND

1819
01:18:34,458 --> 01:18:37,595
WHAT YOU SLEEP APNEA AND

1820
01:18:37,595 --> 01:18:38,896
 SLEEP APNEA AND

1821
01:18:38,896 --> 01:18:40,598
OBESITY--SEE IS A PROGRESSION OF

1822
01:18:40,598 --> 01:18:42,833
TIME IN THE VISUAL, AND THIS

1823
01:18:42,833 --> 01:18:43,801
PERSON'S GLAUCOMA IS GETTING

1824
01:18:43,801 --> 01:18:46,337
WORSE AND IF YOU DO A TREND

1825
01:18:46,337 --> 01:18:47,872
ANALYSIS, YOU CAN SEE THAT THE

1826
01:18:47,872 --> 01:18:49,040
VISUAL FIELD INDEX WHICH IS 1 OF

1827
01:18:49,040 --> 01:18:52,143
THE MEASURES THAT WE CAN USE TO

1828
01:18:52,143 --> 01:18:53,010
MEASURE GLAUCOMA IS GETTING

1829
01:18:53,010 --> 01:18:56,881
WORSE AND THIS IS THE GPA, THE

1830
01:18:56,881 --> 01:19:02,987
EVENT,INAL SIS, AND HERE THAT

1831
01:19:02,987 --> 01:19:05,823
CORRESPONDS TO THIS ABNORMALITY

1832
01:19:05,823 --> 01:19:07,758
ON THE PROGRESSION MAP AND IT

1833
01:19:07,758 --> 01:19:09,060
ALSO CORRESPONDS HERE BUT WE

1834
01:19:09,060 --> 01:19:11,362
DON'T REALLY SEE A CHANGE IN THE

1835
01:19:11,362 --> 01:19:12,430
RETINAL NERVE FIBER LAYER

1836
01:19:12,430 --> 01:19:15,032
BECAUSE THIS PERSON REACHED THE

1837
01:19:15,032 --> 01:19:16,801
FLOOR OF WHAT THE OCT IS ABLE TO

1838
01:19:16,801 --> 01:19:19,904
MEASURE IN THE RETINAL FIBER

1839
01:19:19,904 --> 01:19:21,405
LAYER, SO EVEN THOUGH THEY'RE

1840
01:19:21,405 --> 01:19:23,908
WORSE IN THAT EYE, YOU'RE NOT

1841
01:19:23,908 --> 01:19:25,176
DETECTING IT.

1842
01:19:25,176 --> 01:19:27,378
THIS PERSON ALSO HAS WORSE

1843
01:19:27,378 --> 01:19:29,146
GLAUCOMA IN THE OTHER EYE, AND

1844
01:19:29,146 --> 01:19:31,115
HERE CAN YOU SEE THE

1845
01:19:31,115 --> 01:19:31,816
CORRESPONDING ABNORMALITIES IN

1846
01:19:31,816 --> 01:19:33,718
THE MAP, AND HERE IS THE

1847
01:19:33,718 --> 01:19:37,021
ABNORMALITY SHOWING UP AS

1848
01:19:37,021 --> 01:19:37,488
GETTING WORSE.

1849
01:19:37,488 --> 01:19:43,294
AND SO BECAUSE OF THAT

1850
01:19:43,294 --> 01:19:48,265
FLOUR EFFECT, THIS IS AN AREA

1851
01:19:48,265 --> 01:19:50,468
WHERE OCT GPA MIGHT BE HELPFUL

1852
01:19:50,468 --> 01:19:51,635
IN PEOPLE WHO HAVE FLAW COMA

1853
01:19:51,635 --> 01:19:55,306
EMPLOY I WANT TO TALK ABOUT

1854
01:19:55,306 --> 01:19:56,507
VISUALIZE OCT, YOU HEARD ABOUT

1855
01:19:56,507 --> 01:19:57,441
THE TECHNOLOGY YESTERDAY, WE CAN

1856
01:19:57,441 --> 01:19:59,844
USE IT TO GET HIGH RESOLUTION

1857
01:19:59,844 --> 01:20:04,014
OCT IMAGING AND WE CAN ALSO LOOK

1858
01:20:04,014 --> 01:20:08,085
AT OXYGENATION IN RETINAL

1859
01:20:08,085 --> 01:20:11,222
VESSELS SO HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF

1860
01:20:11,222 --> 01:20:15,993
REPRODUCIBLE AND A MEASUREMENT

1861
01:20:15,993 --> 01:20:17,094
OF OXYGEN SATTURATION AND WE DID

1862
01:20:17,094 --> 01:20:19,063
A STUDY WHERE WE LOOKED AT

1863
01:20:19,063 --> 01:20:20,631
GLAUCOMA IN HEALTHY PATIENTS AND

1864
01:20:20,631 --> 01:20:24,735
IT TURNED OUT THERE WAS A HIGHER

1865
01:20:24,735 --> 01:20:26,704
VENUS SATURATION OF OXYGEN IN

1866
01:20:26,704 --> 01:20:28,305
PEOPLE WITH GLAUCOMA WHICH WAS

1867
01:20:28,305 --> 01:20:30,274
CONFUSING AT FETTER BUT WE

1868
01:20:30,274 --> 01:20:32,042
REASONED THAT IT'S LIKELY

1869
01:20:32,042 --> 01:20:34,178
THERE'S LESS TISSUE METABOLISM,

1870
01:20:34,178 --> 01:20:40,484
IN THESE PEOPLE WITH GLAUCOMA

1871
01:20:40,484 --> 01:20:41,552
AND THEREFORE LESSOXIEN

1872
01:20:41,552 --> 01:20:41,886
COMSUMPTION.

1873
01:20:41,886 --> 01:20:42,887
AND THAT'S WHAT WE THINK WE ARE

1874
01:20:42,887 --> 01:20:45,823
SEEING AND THERE WAS A GOOD

1875
01:20:45,823 --> 01:20:47,591
CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE VNL 2

1876
01:20:47,591 --> 01:20:50,361
AND THE GIPC L, WE ALSO LOOK AT

1877
01:20:50,361 --> 01:20:55,933
SPECKLE, SO SPECKLE NOISE COULD

1878
01:20:55,933 --> 01:20:57,968
BE REDUCED USING US ON MODULATED

1879
01:20:57,968 --> 01:21:01,305
SCAN PATTERN AND YOU CAN SEE

1880
01:21:01,305 --> 01:21:02,940
IT'S LIKE AND NOT EXACTLY THIS

1881
01:21:02,940 --> 01:21:05,342
ALOOED US US TO REDUCE THE

1882
01:21:05,342 --> 01:21:11,215
SPECKLE AND THIS IS REALLY WORK

1883
01:21:11,215 --> 01:21:12,183
BY [INDISCERNIBLE] AND HIS

1884
01:21:12,183 --> 01:21:12,516
GROUP.

1885
01:21:12,516 --> 01:21:14,819
AND THEN WE LOOKED AT THE IRPT

1886
01:21:14,819 --> 01:21:16,020
FLEXY FORM LAYER WHICH LOOKS

1887
01:21:16,020 --> 01:21:21,458
LIKE A SINGLE LAYER ON STANDARD

1888
01:21:21,458 --> 01:21:23,260
CLINICAL OCT BUT WITH THE VERY

1889
01:21:23,260 --> 01:21:25,596
HIGH RESOLUTION YOU CAN GET WITH

1890
01:21:25,596 --> 01:21:26,931
THE VISIBLE LIGHT OCT, CAN YOU

1891
01:21:26,931 --> 01:21:30,267
SEE THERE ARE 5 LAYERS THAT ARE

1892
01:21:30,267 --> 01:21:32,369
DISCERNIBLE IN THE INTERPLEXUS

1893
01:21:32,369 --> 01:21:34,271
FORM LAYER AND WE LOOK AT THAT

1894
01:21:34,271 --> 01:21:37,741
IN RELATION TO TBLAW COMA AND IT

1895
01:21:37,741 --> 01:21:39,043
TURNED OUT THAT--GLAUCOMA AND IT

1896
01:21:39,043 --> 01:21:41,679
TURNED OUT YOU CAN MEASURE THAT

1897
01:21:41,679 --> 01:21:43,948
DAMAGE IN THE INNER FLEXUS FORM

1898
01:21:43,948 --> 01:21:46,383
LAYER SPECIFICALLY AND WE BEING

1899
01:21:46,383 --> 01:21:49,053
THAT THAT MIGHT BE A USEFUL

1900
01:21:49,053 --> 01:21:49,920
BIOMARKER FOR GLAUCOMA AS WELL.

1901
01:21:49,920 --> 01:21:52,423
AND THEN I JUST WANT TO TOUCH ON

1902
01:21:52,423 --> 01:21:53,057
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, I KNOW

1903
01:21:53,057 --> 01:21:54,658
WE HAVE A SECTION COMING UP

1904
01:21:54,658 --> 01:21:59,597
THAT'S TALKING ABOUT THAT IN A

1905
01:21:59,597 --> 01:22:00,998
MOMENT BUT THE COLLABORATIVE,

1906
01:22:00,998 --> 01:22:03,767
AND PLEASE LOOK AT AI FLAW COMA

1907
01:22:03,767 --> 01:22:05,035
DETECTION AND THINGS LOAMACYIC

1908
01:22:05,035 --> 01:22:08,505
KREENING PROGRAMS AND WE THOUGHT

1909
01:22:08,505 --> 01:22:09,673
THAT--IT'S VERY HARD FOR

1910
01:22:09,673 --> 01:22:11,041
SPECIALISTS TO AGREE ON WHAT

1911
01:22:11,041 --> 01:22:18,315
FLAW COMA IS AND SOPHISTICATED

1912
01:22:18,315 --> 01:22:21,085
LOOKING FOR MANIFEST FLAW COMA

1913
01:22:21,085 --> 01:22:23,587
WITH OCT WOULD BE A REASONABLE

1914
01:22:23,587 --> 01:22:25,990
APPROACH FOR FLAW COMA KREENING.

1915
01:22:25,990 --> 01:22:29,560
IT TURNS OUT THAT YOU CAN DETECT

1916
01:22:29,560 --> 01:22:31,862
FLAW COMA USING AI WITH OOH CT

1917
01:22:31,862 --> 01:22:34,565
WELL, AND CAN YOU DO BETTER

1918
01:22:34,565 --> 01:22:37,468
USING DEEP LEARNING, THIS WHERE

1919
01:22:37,468 --> 01:22:40,304
THE CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK

1920
01:22:40,304 --> 01:22:45,743
AND WE FOUND THAT YOU COULD DO

1921
01:22:45,743 --> 01:22:47,144
SIGNIFICANTLY BETTER WITH DEEP

1922
01:22:47,144 --> 01:22:48,345
LEARNING THAN WITHSTAND ARD

1923
01:22:48,345 --> 01:22:52,883
SORTS OF TECHNIQUES AND MACHINE

1924
01:22:52,883 --> 01:22:54,151
LEARNING TECHNIQUES AND IN

1925
01:22:54,151 --> 01:22:55,419
ADDITION YOU COULD PREDICT

1926
01:22:55,419 --> 01:22:57,288
PROGRESSION OF THE DEC, SO FOR

1927
01:22:57,288 --> 01:22:59,456
INITANCE IN THIS STUDY, THE

1928
01:22:59,456 --> 01:23:00,758
AUTHORS WERE LOOKING AT WHO

1929
01:23:00,758 --> 01:23:04,161
WOULD GO ON TO HAVE SURGERY AND

1930
01:23:04,161 --> 01:23:08,198
YOU COULD PREDICT THAT USING

1931
01:23:08,198 --> 01:23:09,934
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE USING

1932
01:23:09,934 --> 01:23:11,969
OCT, IT'S ESTIMATED YOU COULD

1933
01:23:11,969 --> 01:23:13,037
PREDICT VISUAL FIELD LOSS UP TO

1934
01:23:13,037 --> 01:23:15,639
5 AND HALF YEARS IN ADVANCE FROM

1935
01:23:15,639 --> 01:23:20,177
A SINGLE STARTING POINT USING AI

1936
01:23:20,177 --> 01:23:22,479
WITH OCT AND THAT WOULD ALLOW

1937
01:23:22,479 --> 01:23:26,016
PEOPLE TO TREAT MORE OR LESS

1938
01:23:26,016 --> 01:23:27,084
INTENSIVELY BASED ON WHAT A

1939
01:23:27,084 --> 01:23:29,820
PATIENT IS LIKELY TO DO.

1940
01:23:29,820 --> 01:23:35,426
AND YOU CAN ALSO FORECAST

1941
01:23:35,426 --> 01:23:36,260
WHAT--AROUND THE RETINAL FIBER

1942
01:23:36,260 --> 01:23:37,695
LAYER WILL BE AND YOU CAN DO

1943
01:23:37,695 --> 01:23:40,431
THAT BETTER THAN THE STANDARD

1944
01:23:40,431 --> 01:23:45,402
METHODS LIKE THE GPA AND HERE

1945
01:23:45,402 --> 01:23:48,472
HERE LOOKING AT THE GROUP IN

1946
01:23:48,472 --> 01:23:52,009
GLAUCOMA GROUP USING DEEP

1947
01:23:52,009 --> 01:23:53,877
LEARNING VERSUS USING THE

1948
01:23:53,877 --> 01:23:55,379
STANDARD GPA EMPLOY FINAL 1 OF

1949
01:23:55,379 --> 01:24:00,150
THE MAJOR ISSUES AS I ALLUDED TO

1950
01:24:00,150 --> 01:24:01,852
IS DIFFERENCES IN THE OUTPUTS OF

1951
01:24:01,852 --> 01:24:03,587
THE DIFFERENT DEVICE ANDS IT HAS

1952
01:24:03,587 --> 01:24:08,459
TO DO WITH THE SIGNAL PROFILES

1953
01:24:08,459 --> 01:24:10,794
AS WELL AS A NUMBER OF OTHER OS

1954
01:24:10,794 --> 01:24:17,201
SPECS OF HOW THE DEVICES GATHER

1955
01:24:17,201 --> 01:24:19,203
THEIR DATA AND THE--WHAT WE NEED

1956
01:24:19,203 --> 01:24:22,406
REALLY IS A STANDARDIZATION THAT

1957
01:24:22,406 --> 01:24:25,142
WOULD ENABLE THE ABILITY OF SCAN

1958
01:24:25,142 --> 01:24:28,812
DATA ACROSS PLATFORMS BOTH FOR

1959
01:24:28,812 --> 01:24:30,614
RESEARCH AND CLINICAL USE FOR

1960
01:24:30,614 --> 01:24:33,350
ACCESS TO PROVIDERS AND

1961
01:24:33,350 --> 01:24:33,684
INSTITUTIONS.

1962
01:24:33,684 --> 01:24:35,986
AND THAT INFORMATION SHARING IS

1963
01:24:35,986 --> 01:24:37,254
REALLY FUNDAMENTAL TO RESEARCH

1964
01:24:37,254 --> 01:24:40,758
AND ALSO CLINICAL CARE DELIVERY.

1965
01:24:40,758 --> 01:24:43,427
THERE ARE A VARIETY OF DIFFERENT

1966
01:24:43,427 --> 01:24:44,294
SEGMENTATIONS METHODS USED BY

1967
01:24:44,294 --> 01:24:45,229
THE DIFFERENT MANUFACTURES OF

1968
01:24:45,229 --> 01:24:46,830
THESE DEVICES AND HAVING A

1969
01:24:46,830 --> 01:24:50,501
UNIFORM WAY OF SEGMENTING THE

1970
01:24:50,501 --> 01:24:52,269
IMAGES AND SHARED NORMATIVE

1971
01:24:52,269 --> 01:24:54,605
DATABASE WOULD ENHANCE THE DATA

1972
01:24:54,605 --> 01:24:57,441
SHARING, PARTICULARLY AT A

1973
01:24:57,441 --> 01:24:58,042
CLINICAL LEVEL.

1974
01:24:58,042 --> 01:25:01,111
AND YOU COULD DO SEGMENTATION

1975
01:25:01,111 --> 01:25:03,814
DRIVEN ASSESSMENT USING AI OR

1976
01:25:03,814 --> 01:25:05,449
MACHINE LEARNING, WHICH WOULD

1977
01:25:05,449 --> 01:25:07,885
REDUCE THE COST OF MANUEL

1978
01:25:07,885 --> 01:25:09,953
LABELING FOR INSTANCE AND

1979
01:25:09,953 --> 01:25:10,621
INCORPORATE ANATOMIC INFORMATION

1980
01:25:10,621 --> 01:25:14,358
OR YOU COULD DO FEATURE AGNOSTIC

1981
01:25:14,358 --> 01:25:17,294
ASSESSMENT LOOKING AT OCT

1982
01:25:17,294 --> 01:25:18,362
VOLUMES AND THAT ACTUALLY

1983
01:25:18,362 --> 01:25:24,568
CONTAINS A LOT MORE INFORMATION

1984
01:25:24,568 --> 01:25:26,437
THAN THE SEGMENT SCANNED.

1985
01:25:26,437 --> 01:25:28,238
SO BEING ABLE TO LOOK AT THE RAW

1986
01:25:28,238 --> 01:25:30,774
DATA AND DO THIS WITH AI I THINK

1987
01:25:30,774 --> 01:25:39,683
WOULD BE MORE ROBUST THAN

1988
01:25:39,683 --> 01:25:40,184
SEGMENTATION.

1989
01:25:40,184 --> 01:25:43,253
SO TO CONCLUDE I THINK WE SEE

1990
01:25:43,253 --> 01:25:45,055
ARTIFICIAL INTELIENCE AND FLAW

1991
01:25:45,055 --> 01:25:45,989
COMA IDENTIFICATION AND

1992
01:25:45,989 --> 01:25:48,926
PROGRESSION AS GREAT POTENTIAL,

1993
01:25:48,926 --> 01:25:51,361
THE DEFINITIONS OF THE

1994
01:25:51,361 --> 01:25:53,797
PARAMETERS REQUIRE CONSENSUS AND

1995
01:25:53,797 --> 01:25:55,666
THE UTILITY OF ARTIFICIAL

1996
01:25:55,666 --> 01:25:57,468
INTELIENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING

1997
01:25:57,468 --> 01:25:59,670
APPROACHES CAN BE ESPECIALLY

1998
01:25:59,670 --> 01:26:06,710
USEFUL IN UNDERSERVED AREAS, IT

1999
01:26:06,710 --> 01:26:08,045
DESKILLS THE DISEASE AND ITSELF

2000
01:26:08,045 --> 01:26:10,948
PROGRESSION AND THAT INCREASES

2001
01:26:10,948 --> 01:26:11,982
PATIENT ACCESS POTENTIALLY AND

2002
01:26:11,982 --> 01:26:14,184
REDUCES COST SO I THINK THAT WE

2003
01:26:14,184 --> 01:26:16,019
MAY HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO

2004
01:26:16,019 --> 01:26:19,556
REALLY FLATTEN THE FLOAB IN

2005
01:26:19,556 --> 01:26:21,158
TERMS OF ACCESS TO CARE EMPLOY I

2006
01:26:21,158 --> 01:26:24,495
WANT TO THANK MY COLLABORATORS

2007
01:26:24,495 --> 01:26:29,600
ESPECIALLY JIM FUYI MOTO AND

2008
01:26:29,600 --> 01:26:31,335
DAVID AND I ALSO WANT TO THANK

2009
01:26:31,335 --> 01:26:33,437
DAVID IN TERMS OF THE ADVANCED

2010
01:26:33,437 --> 01:26:36,740
IMAGING FLAW COMA GROUP AND I

2011
01:26:36,740 --> 01:26:37,374
WANT TO THANK--FLAW COMA GROUP

2012
01:26:37,374 --> 01:26:42,212
AND I WANT TO THANK MY OWN GROUP

2013
01:26:42,212 --> 01:26:46,416
WHO IS--WHO ARE GROWING AT MY

2014
01:26:46,416 --> 01:26:48,452
NEW HOME AT WILLS EYE HOSPITAL.

2015
01:26:48,452 --> 01:26:50,320
THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

2016
01:26:50,320 --> 01:27:00,531
[ APPLAUSE ]

2017
01:27:03,767 --> 01:27:04,601
>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH
JOE, I AM

2018
01:27:04,601 --> 01:27:07,671
HAPPY KNOW THAT MACULAR

2019
01:27:07,671 --> 01:27:08,906
DEGENERATION AND ALSO A DEC, AND

2020
01:27:08,906 --> 01:27:11,074
I AM HAPPY TO LEARN THAT.

2021
01:27:11,074 --> 01:27:14,111
OUR NEXT SPEAKER IS PUSHING THE

2022
01:27:14,111 --> 01:27:16,647
BOWPPEDRIRYS TO AI, AND MACULAR

2023
01:27:16,647 --> 01:27:18,849
DEGENERATION FOR AMD, AND HER

2024
01:27:18,849 --> 01:27:20,184
SOFTWARE IS INCORPORATED IN A

2025
01:27:20,184 --> 01:27:21,051
COMMERCIAL PLATFORM.

2026
01:27:21,051 --> 01:27:23,053
I THINK SHE WAS FIRST TO SEE

2027
01:27:23,053 --> 01:27:24,321
THAT LOOKING AT FLUID COMPART

2028
01:27:24,321 --> 01:27:26,657
AMS IN THE RETINA IS VERY

2029
01:27:26,657 --> 01:27:28,192
IMPORTANT IN AMD AND SHE WILL

2030
01:27:28,192 --> 01:27:31,428
TELL US ABOUT AN APPLICATION FOR

2031
01:27:31,428 --> 01:27:35,032
GEOGRAPHIC ATROPHY WHICH IS

2032
01:27:35,032 --> 01:27:35,399
FUNDAMENTAL.

2033
01:27:35,399 --> 01:27:37,301
URULEA IS IN VIENNA WHERE

2034
01:27:37,301 --> 01:27:38,101
PROFESSOR [INDISCERNIBLE] WAS,

2035
01:27:38,101 --> 01:27:40,771
SHE WAS ALSO THERE WHERE ALL IT

2036
01:27:40,771 --> 01:27:43,974
ALL BEGAN IN A LAB THAT'S IN A

2037
01:27:43,974 --> 01:27:46,777
SORT OF IN A DEPARTMENT WHERE

2038
01:27:46,777 --> 01:27:50,948
OCT WAS ACTUALLY INVENTED AS

2039
01:27:50,948 --> 01:27:56,420
WELL. 

2040
01:27:56,420 --> 01:27:57,254
WELCOME, URSULA.

2041
01:27:57,254 --> 01:28:00,557
>> SO THANK SO MUCH FOR
THIS

2042
01:28:00,557 --> 01:28:04,328
MAGNIFICENT INVITATION TO JOIN

2043
01:28:04,328 --> 01:28:09,299
IN AND CELEBRATE THE AWARDEES,

2044
01:28:09,299 --> 01:28:10,367
VERY ENGAGED AND BRILLIANT

2045
01:28:10,367 --> 01:28:12,769
PEOPLE THAT WE ALL KNOW.

2046
01:28:12,769 --> 01:28:15,339
XI THINK THAT IT COMES WITH A

2047
01:28:15,339 --> 01:28:17,174
LOT OF OPTIMISM THAT THERE ARE

2048
01:28:17,174 --> 01:28:21,211
PEOPLE LIKE THAT WHO CAN BRUCE

2049
01:28:21,211 --> 01:28:22,446
PARADIGM SHIFTING SCIENCE.

2050
01:28:22,446 --> 01:28:23,847
PARADIGM SHIFTING MEDICINE AND

2051
01:28:23,847 --> 01:28:25,682
IT'S NOT THE ONLY THEIR

2052
01:28:25,682 --> 01:28:27,351
BRILLIANCE, IT'S ALSO THEIR

2053
01:28:27,351 --> 01:28:29,686
WILLINGNESS TO DEDICATE THEIR

2054
01:28:29,686 --> 01:28:31,421
WHOLE LIFETIME TO DO WHAT THEY

2055
01:28:31,421 --> 01:28:33,090
DO AND THEY DON'T DO IT JUST FOR

2056
01:28:33,090 --> 01:28:34,925
THEMSELVES, THEY DO IT FOR ALL

2057
01:28:34,925 --> 01:28:35,425
OF US.

2058
01:28:35,425 --> 01:28:38,762
AND THEY DO IT FOR THE PATIENTS

2059
01:28:38,762 --> 01:28:43,100
AND A LOT OF HUMAN BEINGS,

2060
01:28:43,100 --> 01:28:43,900
BENEFIT FROM IT.

2061
01:28:43,900 --> 01:28:48,238
SO IT'S ALSO GET TOGETHER, TOO,

2062
01:28:48,238 --> 01:28:50,374
AMONG LIKE MINDED PEOPLE LIKE US

2063
01:28:50,374 --> 01:28:52,009
WHO ARE A COMMUNITY THAT IS

2064
01:28:52,009 --> 01:28:55,579
ATTRACTED BY SUCH A MIND SET AND

2065
01:28:55,579 --> 01:28:56,980
THAT TRIES TO CONTRIBUTE IN

2066
01:28:56,980 --> 01:28:58,415
ADDITION AND IS INSPIRED AND

2067
01:28:58,415 --> 01:29:00,384
TAKEN AWAY AND ALSO TRIES TO DO

2068
01:29:00,384 --> 01:29:02,986
A LITTLE BIT OF WHAT THE

2069
01:29:02,986 --> 01:29:03,620
AWARDEES HAVE DONE.

2070
01:29:03,620 --> 01:29:09,559
AND THEN TO FIND A PLATFORM LIKE

2071
01:29:09,559 --> 01:29:13,530
THE NEI, WHO WAS MADE TO BRING

2072
01:29:13,530 --> 01:29:15,299
KNOWLEDGE, EXPERTISE AND

2073
01:29:15,299 --> 01:29:19,102
ADVANCES TO THE COMMUNITY, THIS

2074
01:29:19,102 --> 01:29:21,772
IS A MOST FANTASTIC AND MOST

2075
01:29:21,772 --> 01:29:25,375
INSPIRING REASON TO GET

2076
01:29:25,375 --> 01:29:25,676
TOGETHER.

2077
01:29:25,676 --> 01:29:33,517
SO LET ME ADD A LITTLE BIT FROM

2078
01:29:33,517 --> 01:29:34,818
MY SIDE TO--FOR SOME MORE

2079
01:29:34,818 --> 01:29:36,887
ENTERTAINMENT FOR YOU EMPLOY SO

2080
01:29:36,887 --> 01:29:42,693
MY TOPIC IS AI-BASED MANAGEMENT

2081
01:29:42,693 --> 01:29:44,594
OF GERIATRIC ATROPHY WHICH WOULD

2082
01:29:44,594 --> 01:29:45,395
INCLUDE SCREENING, MONITORING

2083
01:29:45,395 --> 01:29:47,898
AND PREDICTION EMPLOY THESE ARE

2084
01:29:47,898 --> 01:29:48,765
MY DISCLOSURES.

2085
01:29:48,765 --> 01:29:52,436
SO THE CHALLENGE IS HUGE AS WE

2086
01:29:52,436 --> 01:29:54,271
ALL KNOW BECAUSE THE WORLD

2087
01:29:54,271 --> 01:29:55,672
POPULATION IS AGING RELENTLESSLY

2088
01:29:55,672 --> 01:29:57,607
AND WE HAVE TO TAKE CARE OF

2089
01:29:57,607 --> 01:29:58,742
MILLION AND IN ILLEGALSION OF

2090
01:29:58,742 --> 01:30:01,578
PEOPLE WHO WERE SUFFER

2091
01:30:01,578 --> 01:30:04,781
AGE-RELATED DEC, PARTICULARLY

2092
01:30:04,781 --> 01:30:05,282
REGARDING THEIR VISION.

2093
01:30:05,282 --> 01:30:09,820
WE ARE TRYING TO DO OUR BEST,

2094
01:30:09,820 --> 01:30:12,456
NEVERTHELESS, WORLD WIDE VISION

2095
01:30:12,456 --> 01:30:15,292
WAS INCREASED BY 23% IN THE AGE

2096
01:30:15,292 --> 01:30:19,696
OF OCT AND IN THE AGE OF RETINAL

2097
01:30:19,696 --> 01:30:20,630
LOCATION NONAPOPTOTIC

2098
01:30:20,630 --> 01:30:21,798
PHARMACOTHERAPY, THAT'S A

2099
01:30:21,798 --> 01:30:22,165
WARNING.

2100
01:30:22,165 --> 01:30:23,834
SO GA STRONGLY AFFECTS

2101
01:30:23,834 --> 01:30:24,901
VISION-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE

2102
01:30:24,901 --> 01:30:26,303
IN MANY ASSPECS WE KNOW THAT

2103
01:30:26,303 --> 01:30:27,270
ALREADY WE ALWAYS FEEL IT SLOW

2104
01:30:27,270 --> 01:30:29,139
AND WE HAVE A LOT OF TIME, BUT

2105
01:30:29,139 --> 01:30:30,907
THERE ISN'T SO MUCH TIME IF YOU

2106
01:30:30,907 --> 01:30:32,976
LOOK AT THE STATISTICS AND SEE

2107
01:30:32,976 --> 01:30:36,613
THAT 2/3RDS OF PATIENTS WITH

2108
01:30:36,613 --> 01:30:38,682
BILATERAL GA BECAME INELIGIBLE

2109
01:30:38,682 --> 01:30:41,852
TO DRIVE BY A MEDIAN TIME OF 1.6

2110
01:30:41,852 --> 01:30:42,052
YEARS.

2111
01:30:42,052 --> 01:30:45,555
THAT'S NOT A LOT OF TIME.

2112
01:30:45,555 --> 01:30:47,324
SO THE FIRST THING ALWAYS IS

2113
01:30:47,324 --> 01:30:49,192
BEFORE YOU DO SOMETHING, BEFORE

2114
01:30:49,192 --> 01:30:50,627
ACTIVITY COMES IN, UNDERSTANDING

2115
01:30:50,627 --> 01:30:53,630
MUST COME IN, SO UNDERSTANDING

2116
01:30:53,630 --> 01:30:57,200
GEOGRAPHIC ATROPHY MEANS THAT

2117
01:30:57,200 --> 01:30:58,602
THE MARKERS ARE SUBCLINICAL AND

2118
01:30:58,602 --> 01:31:00,237
THEY ARE HIDDEN UNDERNEATH THE

2119
01:31:00,237 --> 01:31:03,540
RETINA AND JUST TO LOOK ON AN F.

2120
01:31:03,540 --> 01:31:04,975
A. F., LIKE DEFECT DOESN'T

2121
01:31:04,975 --> 01:31:05,642
HELPITOUS UNDERSTAND WHAT

2122
01:31:05,642 --> 01:31:08,412
HAPPENS AT THE LEVEL OF THE RPE

2123
01:31:08,412 --> 01:31:12,282
AND THE PHOTO RECEPTORS WHICH

2124
01:31:12,282 --> 01:31:13,717
ARE THE MAJOR LAYERS HERE.

2125
01:31:13,717 --> 01:31:17,320
SO WE NEED TOOLS. 

2126
01:31:17,320 --> 01:31:18,989
ONE TOOL IS CERTAINLY AN EYE

2127
01:31:18,989 --> 01:31:22,359
BASED RECOGNITION OF RPE LOSS,

2128
01:31:22,359 --> 01:31:24,961
AND THIS COMING FROM AN OCT

2129
01:31:24,961 --> 01:31:27,164
BECAUSE WE KNOW THAT THE

2130
01:31:27,164 --> 01:31:28,598
MANAGEMENT OF AMD, IS DRIVEN BY

2131
01:31:28,598 --> 01:31:32,936
OCT AND IT MAKES NO SENSE TO GET

2132
01:31:32,936 --> 01:31:33,970
OUT ANOTHER COMER FROM THE

2133
01:31:33,970 --> 01:31:36,173
POCKET WHICH IS CALLED F. A. F.

2134
01:31:36,173 --> 01:31:38,942
AND THEN TAKE PHOTOS AND THEN

2135
01:31:38,942 --> 01:31:40,811
SOMEHOW TRY TO INTEGRATE IT INTO

2136
01:31:40,811 --> 01:31:42,779
OUR DAILY ROUTINE WHICH IS ALL

2137
01:31:42,779 --> 01:31:44,614
OCT BASED EMPLOY SO THE FIRST

2138
01:31:44,614 --> 01:31:47,384
THING WE DID IS WE INTRODUCED

2139
01:31:47,384 --> 01:31:49,286
OCT BASED EYE ANALYSIS OF THE

2140
01:31:49,286 --> 01:31:50,954
RPE LAYER, THAT WAS RATHER

2141
01:31:50,954 --> 01:31:57,127
SIMPLY, WE SET UP A 3D, TO 2 D

2142
01:31:57,127 --> 01:31:58,662
SEMANTIC SEGMENTATION, AFTER 3

2143
01:31:58,662 --> 01:32:05,702
DIMENSION IN VOLUME. 

2144
01:32:05,702 --> 01:32:07,337
IT'S A COMPLOAT LOSS SO THIS IS

2145
01:32:07,337 --> 01:32:09,539
WHAT CAN KEEP UP WITH FUNDERS

2146
01:32:09,539 --> 01:32:10,607
AUTOPLEUR ESTIMATE THAD ENSEL

2147
01:32:10,607 --> 01:32:11,942
NICELY, OF COURSE WE ARE TO

2148
01:32:11,942 --> 01:32:12,342
PROVE THIS.

2149
01:32:12,342 --> 01:32:17,914
WE HAD TO COME UP WITH GROUND

2150
01:32:17,914 --> 01:32:20,016
TOOLS, HUMANS GRADING THE RPE

2151
01:32:20,016 --> 01:32:22,452
LOSS AND ON OCT THIS, IS

2152
01:32:22,452 --> 01:32:24,221
COMPARED TO F. A. F. WHICH IS

2153
01:32:24,221 --> 01:32:25,522
COMPARED TO AUTOMATED AND MANUEL

2154
01:32:25,522 --> 01:32:28,191
AND WE FOUND THAT THIS IS TRULY

2155
01:32:28,191 --> 01:32:28,658
CONSISTENT.

2156
01:32:28,658 --> 01:32:31,127
SO YES, THE FIRST STEP HAD BEEN

2157
01:32:31,127 --> 01:32:31,528
DONE.

2158
01:32:31,528 --> 01:32:34,731
WE CAN USE OCT INSTEAD OF FAF

2159
01:32:34,731 --> 01:32:37,667
AND THAT ALLOWED US TO LOOK ON

2160
01:32:37,667 --> 01:32:39,202
THE DATA OF THE FIRST CLINICAL

2161
01:32:39,202 --> 01:32:43,373
PHASE 3 TRIAL THAT CAME THRU

2162
01:32:43,373 --> 01:32:44,641
POSITIVE AND THIS IS

2163
01:32:44,641 --> 01:32:47,978
[INDISCERNIBLE] AND DERBY SO WE

2164
01:32:47,978 --> 01:32:49,379
USE THIS ALGORITHM TO LOOK AT

2165
01:32:49,379 --> 01:32:50,914
THE LEVEL OF THE RPE, WHICH IS

2166
01:32:50,914 --> 01:32:53,250
THERE BUT IT'S RATHER MODERATE.

2167
01:32:53,250 --> 01:32:57,988
SO THE SECOND TOOL THAT WE

2168
01:32:57,988 --> 01:32:58,855
INTRODUCED EASE EZ-LOSS

2169
01:32:58,855 --> 01:32:59,923
MEASUREMENT WHICH IS CONSISTENT

2170
01:32:59,923 --> 01:33:02,025
WITH THE OUTER SEGMENT OF THE

2171
01:33:02,025 --> 01:33:06,096
PHOTO RECEPTORS ALSO PART OF THE

2172
01:33:06,096 --> 01:33:06,930
MITOCHONDRIA BODY.

2173
01:33:06,930 --> 01:33:09,599
SO THIS IS VERY TRICKY, SO THIS

2174
01:33:09,599 --> 01:33:14,571
A THIN LAYER, GROUND TOOLS NOT

2175
01:33:14,571 --> 01:33:15,238
SO EASILY PROVIDED.

2176
01:33:15,238 --> 01:33:16,540
A SIMPLE OLYMPIC GOR RHYTHM

2177
01:33:16,540 --> 01:33:19,209
WOULDN'T DO IT SO WE CAME UP

2178
01:33:19,209 --> 01:33:24,281
WITH A COMPOSITE OF 4 DIFFERENT

2179
01:33:24,281 --> 01:33:24,881
COMPUTATIONAL, CONVOLUTIONAL

2180
01:33:24,881 --> 01:33:25,882
NETWORKS AND THEY WERE BROUGHT

2181
01:33:25,882 --> 01:33:27,183
TOGETHER AND THEY WERE BROUGHT

2182
01:33:27,183 --> 01:33:29,519
IN TON TEXT, ALSO THE CONTEXT OF

2183
01:33:29,519 --> 01:33:31,988
THE RETINA, AND THAT IT ENABLING

2184
01:33:31,988 --> 01:33:35,258
US TO, BASED ON AN ASCAN LEVEL,

2185
01:33:35,258 --> 01:33:37,227
REACH PIXEL LEVEL PRECISION.

2186
01:33:37,227 --> 01:33:39,062
THAT IS VERY IMPORTANT BECAUSE

2187
01:33:39,062 --> 01:33:43,300
HERE, THE LAYER IS TINY, THE

2188
01:33:43,300 --> 01:33:44,868
BIOMARKER IS VERY SENSITIVE BUT

2189
01:33:44,868 --> 01:33:46,469
IT IS MOST IMPORTANT.

2190
01:33:46,469 --> 01:33:50,507
OF COURSE HIGH ACCURACY AND

2191
01:33:50,507 --> 01:33:51,708
RELIABLE REPRODUCIBILITY IS A

2192
01:33:51,708 --> 01:33:54,210
MUST ASK WEB CONNECTED WENT

2193
01:33:54,210 --> 01:33:57,514
THROUGH A LOT OF HARDWARE, HOME

2194
01:33:57,514 --> 01:34:01,251
WORK TO IDENTIFY WHETHER THIS

2195
01:34:01,251 --> 01:34:03,887
CAN BE PROVIDED EMPLOY WE

2196
01:34:03,887 --> 01:34:06,089
ACHIEVED A DICE SCORE OF .99

2197
01:34:06,089 --> 01:34:09,626
WHICH IS THE HIGHEST YOU CAN GET

2198
01:34:09,626 --> 01:34:10,493
REGARDING PRECISION AND

2199
01:34:10,493 --> 01:34:12,829
REPEATABILITY AND WE ALSO LOOKED

2200
01:34:12,829 --> 01:34:15,932
ON AGREEMENT BETWEEN DIFFERENT

2201
01:34:15,932 --> 01:34:17,968
READERS AND AGREEMENT BETWEEN

2202
01:34:17,968 --> 01:34:19,402
DIFFERENT IMAGES TAKEN IN

2203
01:34:19,402 --> 01:34:20,070
DIFFERENT TIME INTERVALS, THIS

2204
01:34:20,070 --> 01:34:21,204
IS ALL THE THINGS THAT YOU NEED

2205
01:34:21,204 --> 01:34:23,306
TO DO TO MAKE SURE THAT PEOPLE

2206
01:34:23,306 --> 01:34:25,675
BELIEVE YOU, THAT WHAT YOU DO IS

2207
01:34:25,675 --> 01:34:27,410
REALLY MEASURING WHAT IT IS

2208
01:34:27,410 --> 01:34:30,847
SUPPOSED TO BE TO MEASURE EMPLOY

2209
01:34:30,847 --> 01:34:32,549
AND IT IS ALSO MOST IMPORTANT TO

2210
01:34:32,549 --> 01:34:35,852
USE THIS IN A REALTIME MANNER.

2211
01:34:35,852 --> 01:34:38,288
THERE IS NO HELP FROM SUCH A

2212
01:34:38,288 --> 01:34:40,256
TOOL IF HUMAN EXPERTS FROM A

2213
01:34:40,256 --> 01:34:42,292
READING CENTER THEN HAVE TO

2214
01:34:42,292 --> 01:34:43,793
CONTROL AND SMOOTHEN AND POLISH

2215
01:34:43,793 --> 01:34:45,228
IT BECAUSE THIS HAS TO BE

2216
01:34:45,228 --> 01:34:47,530
DELIVERED TO THE CLINICIANS, THE

2217
01:34:47,530 --> 01:34:49,032
MOMENT THEY SEE THE PATIENT.

2218
01:34:49,032 --> 01:34:51,534
SO REALTIME IS MOST IMPORTANT.

2219
01:34:51,534 --> 01:34:54,437
AUTOMOST IMPORTANT FOR CLINICAL

2220
01:34:54,437 --> 01:34:55,705
TRIALS, BECAUSE IF CLINICAL

2221
01:34:55,705 --> 01:34:57,707
TRIALS, MOST OF THE IMAGES,

2222
01:34:57,707 --> 01:35:00,243
ASSERT ACTUALLY, CAN NOT BE USED

2223
01:35:00,243 --> 01:35:03,546
BECAUSE PATIENTS CANNOT FIXATE

2224
01:35:03,546 --> 01:35:05,649
WITH GA AND MOSTLY THE OPERATOR

2225
01:35:05,649 --> 01:35:07,584
DOESN'T SEE THE IMAGE BEFORE

2226
01:35:07,584 --> 01:35:08,885
IT'S SENT OUT TO A READING

2227
01:35:08,885 --> 01:35:10,520
CENTER, SO THEN THE PATIENT GOES

2228
01:35:10,520 --> 01:35:13,390
HOME, HE HAS TO WAIT, 3 OR 5

2229
01:35:13,390 --> 01:35:14,791
WORKING DAYS AND THEN THE

2230
01:35:14,791 --> 01:35:16,559
PATIENT COMES BACK, BUT HERE

2231
01:35:16,559 --> 01:35:18,061
NOW, AN IMAGE CAN BE TAKEN WITH

2232
01:35:18,061 --> 01:35:20,296
HIGHEST QUALITY FROM THE

2233
01:35:20,296 --> 01:35:23,266
BEGINNING. 

2234
01:35:23,266 --> 01:35:25,769
AND THIS ALLOWS US TO NOW ADD

2235
01:35:25,769 --> 01:35:27,871
THE PHOTO RECEPTOR COMPONENT TO

2236
01:35:27,871 --> 01:35:29,839
THE ANALYSIS OF SUCH A HUGE AND

2237
01:35:29,839 --> 01:35:32,909
VERY IMPORTANT PHASE 3 TRIAL AND

2238
01:35:32,909 --> 01:35:36,379
THIS IS HERE AS YOU CAN SEE OAKS

2239
01:35:36,379 --> 01:35:38,214
AND DERBY AND THERE'S A HUGE

2240
01:35:38,214 --> 01:35:39,282
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE

2241
01:35:39,282 --> 01:35:40,450
THERAPEUTIC EFFECT AT THE LEVEL

2242
01:35:40,450 --> 01:35:42,986
OF THE PHOTO RECEPTORS AS

2243
01:35:42,986 --> 01:35:45,855
MEASURED BY THE EZ-LAYER, MUCH

2244
01:35:45,855 --> 01:35:51,327
BIGGER THAN SAVING ONLY THE

2245
01:35:51,327 --> 01:35:52,696
[INDISCERNIBLE] RPE AS I HAD

2246
01:35:52,696 --> 01:35:53,663
HEARD MANY TIMES FROM OTHER

2247
01:35:53,663 --> 01:35:55,832
COLLEAGUES BECAUSE THIS IS A

2248
01:35:55,832 --> 01:35:58,101
TRUE THERAPEUTIC BENEFIT THAT

2249
01:35:58,101 --> 01:36:01,404
CAN BE SEEN FROM THE FIRST

2250
01:36:01,404 --> 01:36:01,771
MONTHS ON.

2251
01:36:01,771 --> 01:36:03,740
SO IT MAKES NO SENSE TO SEND THE

2252
01:36:03,740 --> 01:36:07,510
PATIENTS HOME AND SAY, I WILL

2253
01:36:07,510 --> 01:36:09,245
WAIT FOR DECLINE IN VISION, THEN

2254
01:36:09,245 --> 01:36:13,983
I UPON  THAT YOUR LESION IS

2255
01:36:13,983 --> 01:36:15,652
ADVANCING, YOU HAVE TO TREATMENT

2256
01:36:15,652 --> 01:36:18,121
IMMEDIATELY BECAUSE VISION LOSS

2257
01:36:18,121 --> 01:36:19,756
IS IRREVERSIBLE AND BY LOOKING

2258
01:36:19,756 --> 01:36:21,491
AT THIS FOR EZ-LOSS YOU CAN AND

2259
01:36:21,491 --> 01:36:25,028
YOU MA HAVE NOTED THE P-VALUE

2260
01:36:25,028 --> 01:36:25,462
HERE IS .0001.

2261
01:36:25,462 --> 01:36:29,999
SO THIS IS NOT JUST A BORDER

2262
01:36:29,999 --> 01:36:31,401
LINE RESULT.

2263
01:36:31,401 --> 01:36:33,670
THIS MADE US UNDERSTAND AND I

2264
01:36:33,670 --> 01:36:34,504
VISUALIZE THIS YEAR MAYBE

2265
01:36:34,504 --> 01:36:36,473
BECAUSE I'M A RETINA PERSON, I

2266
01:36:36,473 --> 01:36:38,441
LIKE VISION, I LIKE TO VISUALIZE

2267
01:36:38,441 --> 01:36:43,313
FEATURES TO UNDERSTAND THEM.

2268
01:36:43,313 --> 01:36:46,015
SO, BLUE IS RPE LOSS, IN GREEN

2269
01:36:46,015 --> 01:36:48,351
IS EZ LOSS, THIS IS A VISION WE

2270
01:36:48,351 --> 01:36:50,987
FOLLOWED OUT FOR 2 YEAR ANDS IT

2271
01:36:50,987 --> 01:36:52,622
SUCH A [INDISCERNIBLE] TYPE OF

2272
01:36:52,622 --> 01:36:56,993
LESION, IT IS SUCH A PROGRESS

2273
01:36:56,993 --> 01:36:59,629
NUMBER OF THETIC LESION GROWTH

2274
01:36:59,629 --> 01:37:00,764
INTO ATROPHY, THE PHOTOGRAPH

2275
01:37:00,764 --> 01:37:02,298
ALWAYS PRECEDES AND EXCEEDS THE

2276
01:37:02,298 --> 01:37:04,400
RPE LOSS AND THE RPE LOSS JUST

2277
01:37:04,400 --> 01:37:04,667
FILLS IN.

2278
01:37:04,667 --> 01:37:08,071
THIS HAS BEEN SEEN IN EVERY

2279
01:37:08,071 --> 01:37:10,273
SINGLE PATIENT WHETHER HERE OR

2280
01:37:10,273 --> 01:37:11,541
SHE CAME FROM A CLINICAL TRIAL

2281
01:37:11,541 --> 01:37:13,176
OR THE REAL WORLD AND THIS ALONE

2282
01:37:13,176 --> 01:37:16,446
IS A VERY IMPORTANT PIECE OF

2283
01:37:16,446 --> 01:37:16,780
EVIDENCE.

2284
01:37:16,780 --> 01:37:20,550
THEN OF COURSE, I HAVE TO ANSWER

2285
01:37:20,550 --> 01:37:22,085
THE QUESTION, YOU SHOW BEAUTIFUL

2286
01:37:22,085 --> 01:37:23,353
AREAS BUT DO THEY HAVE ANY

2287
01:37:23,353 --> 01:37:26,990
MEANING FOR THE PATIENT, MEANING

2288
01:37:26,990 --> 01:37:28,458
VISUAL ACUITY, WHEN WE DID A

2289
01:37:28,458 --> 01:37:30,960
POINT TO POINT EVALUATION OF

2290
01:37:30,960 --> 01:37:34,164
180,000 SPOTS THAT WERE TESTED

2291
01:37:34,164 --> 01:37:35,265
BY MICRO  PERIMPEDIMENTSETRY AND

2292
01:37:35,265 --> 01:37:40,370
SUPER IMPOSE THEM ON TO THE

2293
01:37:40,370 --> 01:37:42,272
ADJACENT IMAGE ON THE OCT, WE

2294
01:37:42,272 --> 01:37:44,941
COULD CLEARLY SEE THERE'S A

2295
01:37:44,941 --> 01:37:46,576
LINEAR CORRELATION BETWEEN EZ

2296
01:37:46,576 --> 01:37:49,979
THICKNESS AND THE FUNCTION IN

2297
01:37:49,979 --> 01:37:52,715
TERMS OF THE DECIBEL, SO YES,

2298
01:37:52,715 --> 01:37:56,619
THE GREEN LAYER HAS AN

2299
01:37:56,619 --> 01:37:57,120
IMPORTANCE FOR FUNCTION.

2300
01:37:57,120 --> 01:37:59,455
SO NOW WE CAN START SCREENING,

2301
01:37:59,455 --> 01:38:00,924
MONITORING AND PREDICTION EMPLOY

2302
01:38:00,924 --> 01:38:03,126
SO KREENING MEANS GA MANAGEMENT,

2303
01:38:03,126 --> 01:38:04,994
HAS TO BE DONE IN A SINGLE

2304
01:38:04,994 --> 01:38:06,429
PATIENT OF COURSE, PATIENT COMES

2305
01:38:06,429 --> 01:38:09,032
IN, GETS AN OCT, THE OCT, IS

2306
01:38:09,032 --> 01:38:11,301
THEN SENT TO THE CLOUD AND

2307
01:38:11,301 --> 01:38:12,735
ANALYZED IN A STANDARDIZED

2308
01:38:12,735 --> 01:38:15,405
MANNER AND THEN THE DOCTOR CAN

2309
01:38:15,405 --> 01:38:16,706
MAKE AN EDCUEICATED DECISION

2310
01:38:16,706 --> 01:38:19,576
ABOUT TREATING ON OR NOT TO

2311
01:38:19,576 --> 01:38:19,809
TREAT.

2312
01:38:19,809 --> 01:38:20,743
THIS IS VERY CLEAR WHEN

2313
01:38:20,743 --> 01:38:22,145
INDIVIDUALS CAN AM IN THAT HAVE

2314
01:38:22,145 --> 01:38:23,780
A VISUAL OOH CUITY ISSUE,

2315
01:38:23,780 --> 01:38:25,148
HOWEVER MOST OF THE PEOPLE DON'T

2316
01:38:25,148 --> 01:38:27,083
COME IN BECAUSE THE LESIONS

2317
01:38:27,083 --> 01:38:28,952
START OUTSIDE OF THE PHOBIA

2318
01:38:28,952 --> 01:38:30,386
INISH PATIENTS DO NOT NOTICE,

2319
01:38:30,386 --> 01:38:32,121
THEY'RE NOT PATES, THEY'RE JUST

2320
01:38:32,121 --> 01:38:32,922
PEOPLE.

2321
01:38:32,922 --> 01:38:35,658
SO THERE IS A RISK GROUP IN

2322
01:38:35,658 --> 01:38:40,063
WHOSE EYES, IS THE DEC IS

2323
01:38:40,063 --> 01:38:41,030
BECOMING ESTABLISHED AND IS

2324
01:38:41,030 --> 01:38:41,364
PROGRESSING.

2325
01:38:41,364 --> 01:38:44,734
IT IS VERY, VERY ASSURING IN

2326
01:38:44,734 --> 01:38:46,269
GEOGRAPHIC ATROPHY THAT IT IS A

2327
01:38:46,269 --> 01:38:47,804
SLOW PROCESS BUT CAN BE CAPTURED

2328
01:38:47,804 --> 01:38:49,973
IN THE BEGINNING BEFORE THERE'S

2329
01:38:49,973 --> 01:38:51,941
ANY CLINICAL SIGNS SEEN.

2330
01:38:51,941 --> 01:38:55,044
SO, WE FOLLOWED THIS OUT OVER 3

2331
01:38:55,044 --> 01:38:56,145
YEARS AND WE COULD CLEARLY COME

2332
01:38:56,145 --> 01:38:58,681
UP WITH A SERIES OF EVENTS.

2333
01:38:58,681 --> 01:39:00,516
FIRST THERE'S OUTER NUCLEAR

2334
01:39:00,516 --> 01:39:03,753
LAYER THINNING, THEN THERE IS

2335
01:39:03,753 --> 01:39:05,755
PHOTO RECEPTOR THINNING, THEN

2336
01:39:05,755 --> 01:39:08,458
MUCH LATER COMES DRUSEN

2337
01:39:08,458 --> 01:39:10,526
RESOLUTION AND EVEN MUCHALATER

2338
01:39:10,526 --> 01:39:13,463
THE BAR CODE OF CHOROIDAL HYPER

2339
01:39:13,463 --> 01:39:13,796
TRANSMISSION.

2340
01:39:13,796 --> 01:39:15,431
AND WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE LOWER

2341
01:39:15,431 --> 01:39:18,301
RIGHT SIDE, YOU SEE HOW LUMPY,

2342
01:39:18,301 --> 01:39:24,707
BUMPY THE AREA IS AND HOW

2343
01:39:24,707 --> 01:39:26,409
PRECISE AN ALGORITHM EZ MEASURE

2344
01:39:26,409 --> 01:39:27,377
LINE IS TO BE.

2345
01:39:27,377 --> 01:39:29,279
THE POINT IS HERE, WE HAVE TIME

2346
01:39:29,279 --> 01:39:31,915
BUT WE ARE ALSO ABLE TO SEE THE

2347
01:39:31,915 --> 01:39:34,317
FIRST SIGNS THAT ARE

2348
01:39:34,317 --> 01:39:35,885
IRREVERSIBLE AND IT DEFINITELY

2349
01:39:35,885 --> 01:39:37,253
LEAD TO DISEASE MORE THAN A YEAR

2350
01:39:37,253 --> 01:39:39,389
BEFORE EMPLOY SO THIS COMES FROM

2351
01:39:39,389 --> 01:39:40,757
PINNACLE AND PINNACLE IN AN

2352
01:39:40,757 --> 01:39:42,125
OBSERVATION TRIAL THAT IS

2353
01:39:42,125 --> 01:39:43,426
SPONSORED BY THE WELCOME TRUST

2354
01:39:43,426 --> 01:39:46,429
WE ARE NOW IN HERE, IN NUMBER 4,

2355
01:39:46,429 --> 01:39:52,135
ALREADY, WE HAVE LOOKED AT 580

2356
01:39:52,135 --> 01:39:56,606
PATIENTS OVER TIME, NON

2357
01:39:56,606 --> 01:39:57,307
INTERVENTIONAL STUDY AND WE

2358
01:39:57,307 --> 01:39:59,142
COULD SEE THAT BI FAR THE

2359
01:39:59,142 --> 01:40:01,577
LEADING FEATURE IS OUTER NUCLEAR

2360
01:40:01,577 --> 01:40:04,013
LAYER AND PHOTO RECEPTOR LOSS.

2361
01:40:04,013 --> 01:40:05,882
AND THIS IS SEEN BEFORE A SINGLE

2362
01:40:05,882 --> 01:40:07,183
RPE CELL IS GOING ARK WIMBERLY,

2363
01:40:07,183 --> 01:40:08,952
YOU WILL ALSO SEE THIS UP HERE

2364
01:40:08,952 --> 01:40:11,487
IN THE MULTIFOCAL LESION WHICH

2365
01:40:11,487 --> 01:40:13,990
IS A VERY RELIABLE SIGN,

2366
01:40:13,990 --> 01:40:21,064
THEREFORE PREDICTION OF

2367
01:40:21,064 --> 01:40:21,497
CONVERSION.

2368
01:40:21,497 --> 01:40:23,466
CONVERSION AND PROGRESSION ARE

2369
01:40:23,466 --> 01:40:24,767
DIFFERENT THINGS SO WHEN WE LOOK

2370
01:40:24,767 --> 01:40:26,169
AT CONVERSION, THIS IS WHERE THE

2371
01:40:26,169 --> 01:40:29,472
FIRST STAGE OF DISEASE, WE SET

2372
01:40:29,472 --> 01:40:33,176
UP A SPATIAL TEMPORAL ATLAS OF

2373
01:40:33,176 --> 01:40:34,444
INTERMEDIATE AMD CONVERTING AND

2374
01:40:34,444 --> 01:40:37,213
WE TARTED WITH 1 FEATURE THAT

2375
01:40:37,213 --> 01:40:39,248
WAS CHOSEN HERE AND WE LOOK AT

2376
01:40:39,248 --> 01:40:41,484
THE DEVELOPMENT IN A FEW HUNDRED

2377
01:40:41,484 --> 01:40:42,652
PATIENTS OVER 3 YEARS AND WE

2378
01:40:42,652 --> 01:40:47,090
COULD SEE THAT PATIENTS THAT

2379
01:40:47,090 --> 01:40:52,128
DEVELOPED MNV OR GA AS COMPARED

2380
01:40:52,128 --> 01:40:53,763
TO NONCONVERTERS DID HAVE A LOT

2381
01:40:53,763 --> 01:40:57,166
OF BI MOW MARKER MOVEMENT AND

2382
01:40:57,166 --> 01:40:58,634
DRUSEN WERE INCREASE NOTHING

2383
01:40:58,634 --> 01:41:02,005
BOTH TYPES OF LATE AMD, MNV AND

2384
01:41:02,005 --> 01:41:02,638
GA.

2385
01:41:02,638 --> 01:41:04,240
THAT WAS EACH MORE ENHANCED AND

2386
01:41:04,240 --> 01:41:06,042
MORE LEANING TOWARDS THE

2387
01:41:06,042 --> 01:41:09,879
PREDICTION OF GA WHEN WE LOOKED

2388
01:41:09,879 --> 01:41:11,314
ON HYPER REFLECTIVE FOCI AS YOU

2389
01:41:11,314 --> 01:41:14,450
CAN SEE HERE, HYPER REFLECTIVE

2390
01:41:14,450 --> 01:41:15,651
FOCI REALLY INCREASED

2391
01:41:15,651 --> 01:41:18,621
SIGNIFICANTLY IN GA MORE SO THAN

2392
01:41:18,621 --> 01:41:21,557
IN MNV AND SIGNIFICANTLY MORE IN

2393
01:41:21,557 --> 01:41:22,959
NONCONVERTERS, SO HYPER

2394
01:41:22,959 --> 01:41:25,161
REFLECTIVE FOCI PLAY A ROLE.

2395
01:41:25,161 --> 01:41:29,399
WE USE MACHINE LEARNING FOR

2396
01:41:29,399 --> 01:41:31,234
EVALUATING THE PROGRESSION OF

2397
01:41:31,234 --> 01:41:33,469
INTERMEDIATE AMD BASED ON OCT

2398
01:41:33,469 --> 01:41:35,772
IMAGING AND FOUND VERY CLEARLY

2399
01:41:35,772 --> 01:41:38,341
THAT IT WAS CHARGED IN THE

2400
01:41:38,341 --> 01:41:41,677
SENSORY LAYERS MOSTLY STAINING,

2401
01:41:41,677 --> 01:41:44,480
DRUSEN TRAINING AND MIGRATION

2402
01:41:44,480 --> 01:41:45,048
THAT PREDICTED DISEASE

2403
01:41:45,048 --> 01:41:47,150
CONVERSION JUST LIKE THIS

2404
01:41:47,150 --> 01:41:49,485
WITHOUT ANY OTHER BIOMARKERS

2405
01:41:49,485 --> 01:41:51,120
ADDED, WE HAVE JUST NOW STARTED

2406
01:41:51,120 --> 01:41:54,524
A HUGE GRANT WHICH IS CALLED EYE

2407
01:41:54,524 --> 01:41:55,792
SCREEN WHERE WE'RE SCREENING ON

2408
01:41:55,792 --> 01:41:58,261
A COMMUNITY BASE TOGETHER WITH

2409
01:41:58,261 --> 01:41:59,328
OPTOMETRIST ANDS OPTICAL

2410
01:41:59,328 --> 01:42:01,197
IMAGESITITIONS THAT WERE SPREAD

2411
01:42:01,197 --> 01:42:02,698
INTERNATIONALLY THROUGH EUROPE.

2412
01:42:02,698 --> 01:42:05,902
WE WILL INCLUDE 5000 PATIENTS

2413
01:42:05,902 --> 01:42:08,571
AND LINGS A PAN-EUROPEAN GUIDED

2414
01:42:08,571 --> 01:42:10,540
OCT NETWORK FOR KREENING AND

2415
01:42:10,540 --> 01:42:13,776
RISK ASSESSMENT OF AMD, THIS IS

2416
01:42:13,776 --> 01:42:14,644
WELL ORGANIZED OF COURSE WE CAN

2417
01:42:14,644 --> 01:42:19,015
SEE HERE AND WE WILL CATCH A LOT

2418
01:42:19,015 --> 01:42:20,349
OF ORM GAs AND WHY WE ARE

2419
01:42:20,349 --> 01:42:24,053
DOING THIS AND THAT BRINGS ME

2420
01:42:24,053 --> 01:42:24,420
MONITORING.

2421
01:42:24,420 --> 01:42:25,588
AND MONITORING IS VERY IMPORTANT

2422
01:42:25,588 --> 01:42:29,592
BECAUSE WE ARE DOING VERY

2423
01:42:29,592 --> 01:42:30,626
INVASIVE EXPENSIVE TREATMENT TO

2424
01:42:30,626 --> 01:42:31,594
THOUSANDS AND THOUSANDS OF

2425
01:42:31,594 --> 01:42:32,562
INDIVIDUALS SO THERE MUST BE A

2426
01:42:32,562 --> 01:42:34,397
REASON TO DO THIS.

2427
01:42:34,397 --> 01:42:38,768
ALSO THINK OF US AS DOCTORS, WE

2428
01:42:38,768 --> 01:42:43,239
ARE GIVING MILLIONS OF INTER

2429
01:42:43,239 --> 01:42:44,874
VEAL INYEKSS THIS WILL INCREASE,

2430
01:42:44,874 --> 01:42:46,742
NOT ONLY SUBSTANCES NOT ONLY

2431
01:42:46,742 --> 01:42:47,777
COMPLEMENT INHIBITION WHICH WILL

2432
01:42:47,777 --> 01:42:48,878
INCREASE THAT NUMBER AND IT WILL

2433
01:42:48,878 --> 01:42:50,847
NOT INCREASE THE NUMBER OF EYE

2434
01:42:50,847 --> 01:42:55,084
DOCTORS AT THE SAME TOKEN SO WE

2435
01:42:55,084 --> 01:42:56,252
NEED TO EMPOWER THE HUMAN AND

2436
01:42:56,252 --> 01:42:58,321
HOW CAN YOU DO THIS OBVIOUSLY

2437
01:42:58,321 --> 01:43:00,957
WITH AI PARTICULARLY DEEP

2438
01:43:00,957 --> 01:43:04,393
LEARNING WHERE NO HUMAN BEING

2439
01:43:04,393 --> 01:43:11,434
NEEDS TO BE ABUSED AS A SLAVE

2440
01:43:11,434 --> 01:43:12,001
FOR IMAGE ANNOTATION.

2441
01:43:12,001 --> 01:43:13,736
BECAUSE THIS IS DONE BY A MOUSE

2442
01:43:13,736 --> 01:43:16,405
CLICK ON THE REGULAR OCT, THIS

2443
01:43:16,405 --> 01:43:19,509
IS THE SPECTRALIS, THIS IS THE

2444
01:43:19,509 --> 01:43:20,843
FIRST DEVICE WE STARTED WITH

2445
01:43:20,843 --> 01:43:21,644
BECAUSE SO MANY DATA WERE

2446
01:43:21,644 --> 01:43:25,448
AVAILABLE AND WE COULD TRAIN THE

2447
01:43:25,448 --> 01:43:25,948
ALGORITHM IMMEDIATELY.

2448
01:43:25,948 --> 01:43:28,784
SO WHAT DOES IT MEAN, YOU SELECT

2449
01:43:28,784 --> 01:43:30,186
THE IMAGE YOU WOULD LIKE TO KNOW

2450
01:43:30,186 --> 01:43:31,587
MORE ABOUT IT, YOU BRENG IT TO

2451
01:43:31,587 --> 01:43:33,723
THE CLOUD AND THIS IS THE REPORT

2452
01:43:33,723 --> 01:43:35,625
THAT YOU GET AFTER 1-2 MINUTES.

2453
01:43:35,625 --> 01:43:38,494
SO THIS IS DEFINITELY MORE THAN

2454
01:43:38,494 --> 01:43:42,265
YOU CAN SEE ON AN FAF IMAGE.

2455
01:43:42,265 --> 01:43:43,766
IT'S ALSO FULLY AUTOMATED, IT AM

2456
01:43:43,766 --> 01:43:45,601
CANS IN REALTIME BY THE CLOUD

2457
01:43:45,601 --> 01:43:49,272
FROM A STANDARD OCT, IT OFFERS

2458
01:43:49,272 --> 01:43:50,006
VISUALIZATION, THAT IS MOST

2459
01:43:50,006 --> 01:43:51,641
IMPORTANT SO YOU SEE THE BLUE

2460
01:43:51,641 --> 01:43:53,409
AREA, THIS IS RPE LOSS, YOU WILL

2461
01:43:53,409 --> 01:43:56,879
SEE THE GREEN AREA, THIS IS EZ

2462
01:43:56,879 --> 01:43:58,714
LOSS, PHOTO RECEPTOR DAMAGE, I

2463
01:43:58,714 --> 01:44:00,483
REMIND YOU THIS IS IRRERERSIBLE

2464
01:44:00,483 --> 01:44:03,953
AND THEN CAN YOU DO AN OVERLAY

2465
01:44:03,953 --> 01:44:06,989
AND THE VISUALIZATION IS NOT A

2466
01:44:06,989 --> 01:44:08,558
CALCULATION.

2467
01:44:08,558 --> 01:44:11,561
IT IS THE CONDITION AS IT IS AT

2468
01:44:11,561 --> 01:44:12,762
FIRST PRESENTATION WITH ANY

2469
01:44:12,762 --> 01:44:13,429
GIVEN PATIENT.

2470
01:44:13,429 --> 01:44:14,897
YOU KNOW IMMEDIATELY WHERE THE

2471
01:44:14,897 --> 01:44:18,100
LESION IS GOING TO.

2472
01:44:18,100 --> 01:44:19,835
THIS IS MDR APPROVED IN EUROPE,

2473
01:44:19,835 --> 01:44:23,306
IN THE U.S. YOU CAN USE IT ON AN

2474
01:44:23,306 --> 01:44:24,240
INVESTIGATION AND BASE, YOU HAVE

2475
01:44:24,240 --> 01:44:25,908
TO INFORM YOUR IRB, THAT'S IT.

2476
01:44:25,908 --> 01:44:27,877
SO THIS IS A FOLLOW UP OF A

2477
01:44:27,877 --> 01:44:29,512
PATIENT WHO WAS NOT TREATED AND

2478
01:44:29,512 --> 01:44:32,415
YOU SEE BASE LINE MONTH, 2

2479
01:44:32,415 --> 01:44:36,819
MONTHS, 12, A CLEAR PROGRESSION

2480
01:44:36,819 --> 01:44:38,521
AND VERY PREDICTABLE.

2481
01:44:38,521 --> 01:44:41,424
SO A NEW ERA HAS BEGUN WHEN THE

2482
01:44:41,424 --> 01:44:43,492
FDA RECOGNIZED THIS AND IT'S

2483
01:44:43,492 --> 01:44:50,866
EASY LOSS, FIRST OUTCOME MEASURE

2484
01:44:50,866 --> 01:44:57,306
FROM [INDISCERNIBLE], SO IT'S

2485
01:44:57,306 --> 01:44:59,809
THE NEW KIDOT PLOK AND IT RELYS

2486
01:44:59,809 --> 01:45:02,845
ON EZ LOSS AND OCT-BASED AI.

2487
01:45:02,845 --> 01:45:05,047
SO THIS IS THE BEST TOOL TO HELP

2488
01:45:05,047 --> 01:45:08,584
YOUR PATIENT BECAUSE YOU'RE

2489
01:45:08,584 --> 01:45:10,987
INTERVENING WHEN THERE IS NO

2490
01:45:10,987 --> 01:45:11,887
IRREVERSIBLE TISSUE CULTURE

2491
01:45:11,887 --> 01:45:12,655
MEDIA THAT ALREADY OCCURRED

2492
01:45:12,655 --> 01:45:14,857
EMPLOY SO WE DID THE PREDICTING

2493
01:45:14,857 --> 01:45:17,059
ALGORITHM ALREADY AT THIS STAGE

2494
01:45:17,059 --> 01:45:19,595
OF THE DATA THAT WAS THE PHASE 2

2495
01:45:19,595 --> 01:45:22,865
TRIAL AND WE LOOKED ON LOCAL

2496
01:45:22,865 --> 01:45:23,266
PROGRESSION RATE.

2497
01:45:23,266 --> 01:45:25,167
ONE HAS TO UNDERSTAND THAT

2498
01:45:25,167 --> 01:45:26,369
LESIONS DO NOT ENLARGE

2499
01:45:26,369 --> 01:45:27,837
EVERYWHERE, ABOUT THE SAME BUT

2500
01:45:27,837 --> 01:45:31,507
THAT THERE ARE HOT SPOTS, SO,

2501
01:45:31,507 --> 01:45:34,076
AND HERE THE LESION GROWS IN

2502
01:45:34,076 --> 01:45:35,278
OTHER SPOTS, IT DOESN'T GROW.

2503
01:45:35,278 --> 01:45:37,346
SO WHAT WE FOUND AFTER THE

2504
01:45:37,346 --> 01:45:43,519
METICULOUS WORK OF CORRELATING

2505
01:45:43,519 --> 01:45:45,288
MORE THAN 30,000 GA MARKER

2506
01:45:45,288 --> 01:45:47,523
LOCATIONS IS THAT IT WAS REALLY

2507
01:45:47,523 --> 01:45:50,026
EZ THINNING THAT WAS DRIVING THE

2508
01:45:50,026 --> 01:45:53,529
PROCESS AND HAD BY FAR THE

2509
01:45:53,529 --> 01:45:54,563
HIGHEST PREDICTIVE VALUE.

2510
01:45:54,563 --> 01:45:58,100
SO LET'S GET OUT THEN OF F. A.

2511
01:45:58,100 --> 01:46:01,003
F., EVERYBODY HEARD ABOUT THESE

2512
01:46:01,003 --> 01:46:02,271
PERILESIONONNAL PATTERNS THAT

2513
01:46:02,271 --> 01:46:04,874
HAD VERY FUNNY NAMES, POETIC,

2514
01:46:04,874 --> 01:46:06,475
WHENEVER IT BECOMES POET IN LIFE

2515
01:46:06,475 --> 01:46:07,343
SCIENCES YOU SHOULD RUN

2516
01:46:07,343 --> 01:46:09,545
AWIMBERLY AND SAY, I WANT

2517
01:46:09,545 --> 01:46:10,246
NUMBERS.

2518
01:46:10,246 --> 01:46:14,083
SO HERE ARE 2 DARK AREAS, THEY

2519
01:46:14,083 --> 01:46:15,651
LOOK EXACTLY THE SAME.

2520
01:46:15,651 --> 01:46:18,321
ON FAF, HOWEVER, YOU DO OCT SCAN

2521
01:46:18,321 --> 01:46:19,722
AND OCT ANALIS, YOU SEE THAT

2522
01:46:19,722 --> 01:46:22,391
THESE LESIONS ARE BY FAR NOT THE

2523
01:46:22,391 --> 01:46:22,625
SAME.

2524
01:46:22,625 --> 01:46:25,027
ONE HAS A LARGE ACTIVITY ZONE OF

2525
01:46:25,027 --> 01:46:27,363
EZ LOSS EMPLOY WE DID A

2526
01:46:27,363 --> 01:46:30,499
SYSTEMATIC CORRELATION OF FAF.

2527
01:46:30,499 --> 01:46:32,368
WITH PROGRESSION OF THE LESIONS

2528
01:46:32,368 --> 01:46:36,539
IN THE CENTER, THERE WAS NO

2529
01:46:36,539 --> 01:46:36,906
CORRELATION.

2530
01:46:36,906 --> 01:46:38,207
EVERYTHING WAS VARIABLE TO SAY

2531
01:46:38,207 --> 01:46:40,509
THE LEAST AND I JUST WANT TO

2532
01:46:40,509 --> 01:46:45,147
SHOW THIS TO YOU SO THIS IS THE

2533
01:46:45,147 --> 01:46:45,781
[INDISCERNIBLE] PROGRESSION

2534
01:46:45,781 --> 01:46:48,584
BASED ON F. A. F.

2535
01:46:48,584 --> 01:46:49,952
OVER TIME YOU SEE ONLY THE

2536
01:46:49,952 --> 01:46:52,188
TBREEN LINE AND THIS IS THE

2537
01:46:52,188 --> 01:46:53,823
TRICKLED PATTERN, WE ONLY HAD 13

2538
01:46:53,823 --> 01:46:55,124
PATIENTS WITH THE TRICKLE

2539
01:46:55,124 --> 01:46:57,326
PATTERN, WE HAD SOME

2540
01:46:57,326 --> 01:46:58,361
PRODUCTIVITY BUT ONLY ON THE

2541
01:46:58,361 --> 01:47:00,096
LEVEL OF THE RPE THAT WAS

2542
01:47:00,096 --> 01:47:01,530
IMMEDIATELY GONE WHEN YOU

2543
01:47:01,530 --> 01:47:05,267
BROUGHT PHOTO RECEPTORS ON, IN,

2544
01:47:05,267 --> 01:47:06,535
SO NOTHING PREDICTIVE.

2545
01:47:06,535 --> 01:47:09,004
SO WE SUGGEST INSTEAD TO USE THE

2546
01:47:09,004 --> 01:47:14,243
PHOTO RECEPTOR RPE RATIO OR EC,

2547
01:47:14,243 --> 01:47:15,411
RPE RATIO, BECAUSE WE COULD SHOW

2548
01:47:15,411 --> 01:47:18,781
THAT WHEN YOU HAVE NO SUCH GREEN

2549
01:47:18,781 --> 01:47:19,682
MARGIN LESIONS HARDLY MOVE,

2550
01:47:19,682 --> 01:47:21,884
HOWEVER WHEN THE MARGIN IS BIG,

2551
01:47:21,884 --> 01:47:26,655
THEY GROW LIKE CRAZY, WE LOOK @

2552
01:47:26,655 --> 01:47:28,791
THE DIFFERENT QUAR TILES OF

2553
01:47:28,791 --> 01:47:33,195
THIS, THE PRESENCE OF SUCH AN

2554
01:47:33,195 --> 01:47:35,631
EASE ZONE, THE LOWEST 84 TILE

2555
01:47:35,631 --> 01:47:38,134
WITH THE LOWEST ZONE HAS NO DEC

2556
01:47:38,134 --> 01:47:39,435
ACTIVITY, BUT DECK TASTE IS

2557
01:47:39,435 --> 01:47:41,470
IMPORTANT, LESIONS THAT DO NOT

2558
01:47:41,470 --> 01:47:43,205
MOVE WILL NOT SHOW ANY

2559
01:47:43,205 --> 01:47:44,039
THERAPEUTIC EFFECT.

2560
01:47:44,039 --> 01:47:46,375
THE SAME RATIO IS ALSO HIGHLY

2561
01:47:46,375 --> 01:47:49,211
PREDICTIVE FOR TREATMENT, HE IS

2562
01:47:49,211 --> 01:47:50,613
A FELLOW EYE PATE ISSUES AND

2563
01:47:50,613 --> 01:47:52,715
STUDY EYE SAME PATIENT AND YOU

2564
01:47:52,715 --> 01:47:55,484
SEE, HOW--WHAT THE MECHANISM OF

2565
01:47:55,484 --> 01:47:57,853
THERAPY IS, AND IF YOU THEN LOOK

2566
01:47:57,853 --> 01:48:00,189
ON THE PREDICTION OF THIS RATIO

2567
01:48:00,189 --> 01:48:03,359
AND RPE LOSS, YOU WILL SEE A

2568
01:48:03,359 --> 01:48:04,627
CLEAR DEFERENTIATION BETWEEN THE

2569
01:48:04,627 --> 01:48:07,596
4 QUAR TILES AND THIS IS EVEN

2570
01:48:07,596 --> 01:48:10,800
MORE SO FOR PHOTO RECEPTOR LOSS.

2571
01:48:10,800 --> 01:48:13,669
SO, YES, NOT EVERYTHING WORKS

2572
01:48:13,669 --> 01:48:15,237
FOR EVERYBODY, IF YOU HAVE A

2573
01:48:15,237 --> 01:48:16,372
HAMMER NOT EVERY GASHINGA LESION

2574
01:48:16,372 --> 01:48:18,140
IS A NAIL EMPLOY ITENTIFY THE

2575
01:48:18,140 --> 01:48:22,711
PATES THAT WILL BENEFIT AND THEN

2576
01:48:22,711 --> 01:48:24,146
YOU CAN WEIGH OUT RISK AND

2577
01:48:24,146 --> 01:48:24,980
BENEFIT.

2578
01:48:24,980 --> 01:48:29,118
WE DO SRO A LOT OF CLINICAL AND

2579
01:48:29,118 --> 01:48:33,956
OFTEFFECTABILITY IN GA WHERE NO

2580
01:48:33,956 --> 01:48:35,891
VISION IS IMPROVING IS IMPORTANT

2581
01:48:35,891 --> 01:48:37,193
AND WE HAVE THE DOCTORS AND WE

2582
01:48:37,193 --> 01:48:38,594
DO NEED TO TAKE TEEM FOR

2583
01:48:38,594 --> 01:48:40,129
PATIENTS TO EXPLAIN THEM, WHAT A

2584
01:48:40,129 --> 01:48:41,197
TERRIBLE DISEASE THEY HAVE.

2585
01:48:41,197 --> 01:48:42,932
THIS IS MY CONCLUSION, I DON'T

2586
01:48:42,932 --> 01:48:45,134
THINK I NEED TO READ IT AGAIN TO

2587
01:48:45,134 --> 01:48:45,601
YOU.

2588
01:48:45,601 --> 01:48:47,670
IT IS CLEAR THAT RESEARCH INTO

2589
01:48:47,670 --> 01:48:49,772
THE CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF

2590
01:48:49,772 --> 01:48:52,007
BLINDNESS IS A MULTIDISCIPLINARY

2591
01:48:52,007 --> 01:48:54,777
EXERCISE, SO WE CAME FROM THE

2592
01:48:54,777 --> 01:48:56,412
BIOLOGIC MECHANISMS, WE FOLLOWED

2593
01:48:56,412 --> 01:48:58,380
EARLY CONVERSION, WE CONSIDERED

2594
01:48:58,380 --> 01:49:00,716
REAL WORLD OUTCOMES, EXPLORED

2595
01:49:00,716 --> 01:49:04,553
NEW THERAPEUTIC MECHANISMS,

2596
01:49:04,553 --> 01:49:05,654
PROVIDED INTERDISCIPLINARY AI

2597
01:49:05,654 --> 01:49:10,292
EXPERTISE, CLOUD SHARING IS MOST

2598
01:49:10,292 --> 01:49:11,794
IMPORTANT, AND WE INTRODUCE

2599
01:49:11,794 --> 01:49:12,895
REALTIME INTO CLINICAL TRIAL

2600
01:49:12,895 --> 01:49:13,929
PLATFORMS AND THIS IS THE WAY

2601
01:49:13,929 --> 01:49:17,533
HOW TO BRING THE TECHNOLOGY TO

2602
01:49:17,533 --> 01:49:17,933
THE DOCTORS.

2603
01:49:17,933 --> 01:49:20,236
THAIRNG YOU SO MUCH FOR YOUR

2604
01:49:20,236 --> 01:49:21,036
INTEREST.

2605
01:49:21,036 --> 01:49:22,872
AND CONGRTULATIONS GENERATED TO

2606
01:49:22,872 --> 01:49:25,741
THE 1S THAT MADE ALL OF THIS

2607
01:49:25,741 --> 01:49:29,245
POSSIBLE BY COMING UP WITH OCT.

2608
01:49:29,245 --> 01:49:39,455
[ APPLAUSE ]

2609
01:49:41,357 --> 01:49:42,458
>> QUESTIONS, IF SOMEONE
IN THE

2610
01:49:42,458 --> 01:49:45,427
AUDIENCE HAS 1, I WOULD MAYBE

2611
01:49:45,427 --> 01:49:49,231
START WITH URSULA, HOW SOON, WE

2612
01:49:49,231 --> 01:49:50,566
TALK ABOUT HARMONIZATION AND

2613
01:49:50,566 --> 01:49:51,166
STANDARDIZATION AND BRINGING

2614
01:49:51,166 --> 01:49:53,102
THOSE TO THE WIDER APPLICATIONS,

2615
01:49:53,102 --> 01:49:55,437
SO HOW SOON DO YOU THINK YOUR

2616
01:49:55,437 --> 01:49:59,475
SOFTWARE WILL BE IMPORTABLE AND

2617
01:49:59,475 --> 01:50:01,277
ON DEVICES BECAUSE YOU KNOW, YOU

2618
01:50:01,277 --> 01:50:03,913
SHOWED US THE VALUE OF TAKING

2619
01:50:03,913 --> 01:50:05,781
THESE VALUE METRIC OCTs AND

2620
01:50:05,781 --> 01:50:09,852
TURNING THEM INTO SORT OF

2621
01:50:09,852 --> 01:50:11,353
PHYSIOLOGICALLY AND

2622
01:50:11,353 --> 01:50:12,288
PATHOLOGICALLY RELEVANT

2623
01:50:12,288 --> 01:50:14,056
VISUALIZATIONS SO HOW SOON CAN

2624
01:50:14,056 --> 01:50:16,692
WE EXPECT SIMILAR SOFTWARE TO BE

2625
01:50:16,692 --> 01:50:18,327
SORT OF WIDELY APPLICABLE NSO

2626
01:50:18,327 --> 01:50:21,330
THE LAUNCH FOR THE SPECTRALIS

2627
01:50:21,330 --> 01:50:23,232
DEVICE BY MDR APPROVING WHICH IS

2628
01:50:23,232 --> 01:50:25,301
THE ONLY EXTERNAL CERTIFICATION

2629
01:50:25,301 --> 01:50:27,736
AND NOT MDD WHICH IS LIKE A

2630
01:50:27,736 --> 01:50:31,607
LABELING THAT JUST HAPPENED LAST

2631
01:50:31,607 --> 01:50:32,341
YEAR IN NOVEMBER.

2632
01:50:32,341 --> 01:50:35,878
SO WE TALK ABOUT REALLY WARM

2633
01:50:35,878 --> 01:50:43,118
BREAD AND THERE IS A VERY 

2634
01:50:43,118 --> 01:50:44,453
SIGNIFICANT UPTAKE IN EUROPE,

2635
01:50:44,453 --> 01:50:45,621
IT'S NOT APPROVED BUT YOU CAN

2636
01:50:45,621 --> 01:50:47,356
USE IT BY RESEARCH AGREEMENT AND

2637
01:50:47,356 --> 01:50:49,525
MAKING YOUR OWN MEASUREMENTS.

2638
01:50:49,525 --> 01:50:53,195
THIS IS NOT MEANT TO BE DEVICE

2639
01:50:53,195 --> 01:50:56,265
BEPENDENT OF COURSE, OF COURSE

2640
01:50:56,265 --> 01:50:58,267
SPACTERAL SIS WERE ABUNDANTLY

2641
01:50:58,267 --> 01:51:03,238
PRESENT BUT WE'RE ALSO PROVYING

2642
01:51:03,238 --> 01:51:04,740
TOOLS FOR MAESTRO AND OTHERS BUT

2643
01:51:04,740 --> 01:51:06,875
IT HAS TO GO TEP BY TEP, THE

2644
01:51:06,875 --> 01:51:08,177
FIRST STEP TOOK US 10 YEAR ANDS

2645
01:51:08,177 --> 01:51:09,812
THE NEXT STEPS WERE FASTER NSO

2646
01:51:09,812 --> 01:51:11,013
PEOPLE CAN E-MAIL YOU TO GET

2647
01:51:11,013 --> 01:51:14,049
ACCESS TO THE RESEARCH

2648
01:51:14,049 --> 01:51:14,350
APPLICATION?

2649
01:51:14,350 --> 01:51:14,850
NCAN IN.

2650
01:51:14,850 --> 01:51:19,054
>> CAN PEOPLE  REACH OUT
TO YOUR

2651
01:51:19,054 --> 01:51:20,856
GROUP TO GET ACCESS TO THE

2652
01:51:20,856 --> 01:51:21,156
INFORMATION?

2653
01:51:21,156 --> 01:51:21,523
>> OF COURSE.

2654
01:51:21,523 --> 01:51:22,257
OF COURSE.

2655
01:51:22,257 --> 01:51:24,093
IT FLIES AROUND THE DPLOAB.

2656
01:51:24,093 --> 01:51:26,295
>> WE WE HAVE ANOTHER
QUESTION

2657
01:51:26,295 --> 01:51:27,029
FROM THE AUDIENCE IN NTHANK YOU

2658
01:51:27,029 --> 01:51:29,131
SO UPON FOR YOUR WONDERFUL

2659
01:51:29,131 --> 01:51:30,232
TALKS, THIS IS A QUESTION FOR

2660
01:51:30,232 --> 01:51:32,668
YOU, SO YOU SHOWED THE VISIBLE

2661
01:51:32,668 --> 01:51:35,104
IMAGES OF THE LIGHT OCT OF THE

2662
01:51:35,104 --> 01:51:35,471
INNER RETINA.

2663
01:51:35,471 --> 01:51:37,306
HOW DO YOU THINK THAT WILL

2664
01:51:37,306 --> 01:51:39,608
CHANGE OUR ABILITY TO MANAGE

2665
01:51:39,608 --> 01:51:41,477
GLAUCOMA IN HAVING HIGHER ARE

2666
01:51:41,477 --> 01:51:42,111
PRODUCIBILITY OF MEASURE UPON

2667
01:51:42,111 --> 01:51:43,846
ANDS ALSO THE NUMBER OF STEPS TO

2668
01:51:43,846 --> 01:51:46,982
THE FLOOR WHICH WE HAVE ISSUES

2669
01:51:46,982 --> 01:51:48,817
WITH OCT AND RNFL?

2670
01:51:48,817 --> 01:51:50,786
>> I THINK THOSE ARE BOTH
GOOD

2671
01:51:50,786 --> 01:51:51,854
AND IMPORTANT QUESTIONS THAT WE

2672
01:51:51,854 --> 01:51:54,790
DON'T HAVE ANSWERS TO.

2673
01:51:54,790 --> 01:51:58,827
IT'S STILL VERY EARLY IN

2674
01:51:58,827 --> 01:52:00,029
MEASURING IPL.

2675
01:52:00,029 --> 01:52:01,263
AND WE'RE LOOKING AT THICKNESSS

2676
01:52:01,263 --> 01:52:02,564
IN THE VARIOUS LAYERS BUT I

2677
01:52:02,564 --> 01:52:04,400
THINK THAT IT'S GOING TO TAKE A

2678
01:52:04,400 --> 01:52:07,269
BIT MORE TIME TO FIGURE OUT HOW

2679
01:52:07,269 --> 01:52:09,371
THOSE LAYERS CHANGE OVER THE

2680
01:52:09,371 --> 01:52:11,440
COURSE OF THE DEC.

2681
01:52:11,440 --> 01:52:12,608
THEORETICALLY, WE THINK THAT

2682
01:52:12,608 --> 01:52:14,109
WILL WE WILL PICK UP EARLIER

2683
01:52:14,109 --> 01:52:17,646
DISEASE BY LOOKING IN THE IPL,

2684
01:52:17,646 --> 01:52:23,552
BUT WE JUST DON'T KNOW YET.

2685
01:52:23,552 --> 01:52:25,721
>> THANK YOU.

2686
01:52:25,721 --> 01:52:28,190
>> QUESTION TO URSULA,
REGARDING

2687
01:52:28,190 --> 01:52:29,224
THE [INDISCERNIBLE] INHIBITION.

2688
01:52:29,224 --> 01:52:32,361
SO WHICH COMPLEMENT TO YOUR

2689
01:52:32,361 --> 01:52:32,728
[INDISCERNIBLE]?

2690
01:52:32,728 --> 01:52:35,698
AND WHAT IS THE OUTCOME?

2691
01:52:35,698 --> 01:52:40,035
>> ME PERSONALLY, I AM NOT

2692
01:52:40,035 --> 01:52:40,736
[INDISCERNIBLE] COMPLEMENT BUT

2693
01:52:40,736 --> 01:52:45,307
THE QUESTION IS WHICH PATHWAY,

2694
01:52:45,307 --> 01:52:47,443
WHICH THERAPEUTIC TARGET IS

2695
01:52:47,443 --> 01:52:49,445
THERE, SO IT'S TARGETS C3, OR

2696
01:52:49,445 --> 01:52:51,480
NEXT 1 IS TARGETING C5, AND THE

2697
01:52:51,480 --> 01:52:53,515
NEXT 1 IS TARGETING C1 CAN THEY

2698
01:52:53,515 --> 01:52:57,119
ALL HAVE AN EFFECT ON THE PHOTO

2699
01:52:57,119 --> 01:53:00,689
RECEPTORS, WE WILL SEE TO WHICH

2700
01:53:00,689 --> 01:53:01,990
EXTENT IT WILL VARY.

2701
01:53:01,990 --> 01:53:04,660
MOST OTHER TARGETS ALSO DO THIS.

2702
01:53:04,660 --> 01:53:06,428
SO THIS BIOMARKER HAS NOTHING TO

2703
01:53:06,428 --> 01:53:11,300
DO WITH COMPLEMENT INHIBITION,

2704
01:53:11,300 --> 01:53:11,767
SPECIFICALLY.

2705
01:53:11,767 --> 01:53:13,435
IT JUST SEEMS TO BE A BIOMARKER

2706
01:53:13,435 --> 01:53:16,305
THAT IS LIKE THE END STAGE OF

2707
01:53:16,305 --> 01:53:19,475
PHOTO RECEPTOR MAINTENANCE OR

2708
01:53:19,475 --> 01:53:23,912
DAMAGE, NOT JUST SPECIFIC FOR

2709
01:53:23,912 --> 01:53:24,213
COMPLEMENT.

2710
01:53:24,213 --> 01:53:24,513
NTHANK YOU.

2711
01:53:24,513 --> 01:53:26,048
>> THANK YOU SO I HAVE A

2712
01:53:26,048 --> 01:53:26,482
QUESTION FOR CINDY.

2713
01:53:26,482 --> 01:53:28,450
WHAT IS THE BIGGEST BARRIER TO

2714
01:53:28,450 --> 01:53:32,054
US USING OCT IN THE NICU AND FOR

2715
01:53:32,054 --> 01:53:33,989
ADOPTION OF THIS TECHNOLOGY IN

2716
01:53:33,989 --> 01:53:38,861
THE WIDER PEDIATRIC POPULATION?

2717
01:53:38,861 --> 01:53:41,163
>> HAVING A COMMERCIAL
SYSTEM.

2718
01:53:41,163 --> 01:53:41,864
I HAVE BIAS.

2719
01:53:41,864 --> 01:53:43,766
BUT IF THERE'S NOT A DEVICE OUT

2720
01:53:43,766 --> 01:53:45,067
THERE, THAT'S OUR BIGGEST

2721
01:53:45,067 --> 01:53:49,571
BARRIER RIGHT NOW AND I THINK

2722
01:53:49,571 --> 01:53:53,909
THE REASON, THE PEDIATRIC

2723
01:53:53,909 --> 01:53:54,977
POPULATION IS NOT WELL FUNDED,

2724
01:53:54,977 --> 01:53:57,379
YOU KNOW THIS IS NOT A MEDICARE

2725
01:53:57,379 --> 01:54:00,482
POPULATION, THIS IS MEDICAID.

2726
01:54:00,482 --> 01:54:02,684
THESE ARE IN PRIVATE INSURANCE

2727
01:54:02,684 --> 01:54:05,320
ISSUES OF GETTING KIDS AND

2728
01:54:05,320 --> 01:54:08,924
GETTING ACCESS SO I THINK THAT

2729
01:54:08,924 --> 01:54:10,359
IMPACTED THE FIRST COMPANY

2730
01:54:10,359 --> 01:54:11,193
INVOLVED WITH A SYSTEM AND I

2731
01:54:11,193 --> 01:54:14,663
THINK IT'S GOING TO DEPEND ON A

2732
01:54:14,663 --> 01:54:16,498
COMMERCIALLY VIABLE MODEL COMING

2733
01:54:16,498 --> 01:54:17,666
OUT THE NEXT TIME.

2734
01:54:17,666 --> 01:54:20,536
>> SO YOU DON'T THINK THAT

2735
01:54:20,536 --> 01:54:21,670
NURSES AND PHYSICIANS USING IT

2736
01:54:21,670 --> 01:54:23,338
IS GOING TO BE A BARRIER, YOU

2737
01:54:23,338 --> 01:54:27,943
THINK IT'S MORE THE MODEL FOR

2738
01:54:27,943 --> 01:54:28,410
SURVIVAL?

2739
01:54:28,410 --> 01:54:28,710
>> SORRY.

2740
01:54:28,710 --> 01:54:31,146
I WILL TAKE BACK, SO I ALSO

2741
01:54:31,146 --> 01:54:33,382
BEING THAT THE CHANGES OF 1212

2742
01:54:33,382 --> 01:54:35,050
IT WAS TIME DOMAIN, THIS WAS

2743
01:54:35,050 --> 01:54:36,218
SPECTRAL DOMAIN BUT IT WAS STILL

2744
01:54:36,218 --> 01:54:38,554
WE WERE TALKING ABOUT LIKE THAT

2745
01:54:38,554 --> 01:54:39,721
SYSTEM IS 30 KILOHERTZ.

2746
01:54:39,721 --> 01:54:43,625
SO WHEN WE'RE TALKING ABOUT NOW,

2747
01:54:43,625 --> 01:54:45,260
300 KILOHERTZ, THE ABILITY TO

2748
01:54:45,260 --> 01:54:46,461
CAPTURE RAPID IMAGE AND THEN THE

2749
01:54:46,461 --> 01:54:48,096
OTHER 1 WAS PAYING ATTENTION TO

2750
01:54:48,096 --> 01:54:51,600
ALL THE NURSES COMPLAINING ABOUT

2751
01:54:51,600 --> 01:54:52,768
THE RISK CHALLENGE AND ALL

2752
01:54:52,768 --> 01:54:54,570
EMPLOY SO A LIGHT SYSTEM THAT'S

2753
01:54:54,570 --> 01:54:55,037
RAPID AND EASY.

2754
01:54:55,037 --> 01:54:57,206
I THINK WE HAVE THAT BARRIER

2755
01:54:57,206 --> 01:54:57,406
DONE.

2756
01:54:57,406 --> 01:54:58,974
I THINK THAT I DON'T SEE AS A

2757
01:54:58,974 --> 01:55:03,312
PROBLEM RIGHT NOW AND NOW

2758
01:55:03,312 --> 01:55:04,880
AUTOLIKE OH, WE HAVE TO POP ON

2759
01:55:04,880 --> 01:55:08,317
THE EYE READY TO GO N1 LAST

2760
01:55:08,317 --> 01:55:09,017
QUESTIONS PERHAPS BECAUSE--

2761
01:55:09,017 --> 01:55:10,886
>> MY QUICK QUESTION IS,
THANK

2762
01:55:10,886 --> 01:55:13,288
YOU FOR AGAIN, AS A COMMENT,

2763
01:55:13,288 --> 01:55:16,525
THANK YOU FOR ALL THE VERY

2764
01:55:16,525 --> 01:55:17,192
INTERESTING TALKS.

2765
01:55:17,192 --> 01:55:18,994
WOULD YOU CONSIDER A BASE LINE

2766
01:55:18,994 --> 01:55:21,430
OCT AT ANY TIME POINT AS BEING

2767
01:55:21,430 --> 01:55:23,465
SOMETHING THAT WOULD BE

2768
01:55:23,465 --> 01:55:24,633
IMPORTANT DOWN THE LINE FOR THE

2769
01:55:24,633 --> 01:55:28,770
FOLLOW UP OF A PATIENT GIVEN HOW

2770
01:55:28,770 --> 01:55:29,771
AVAILABLE OCT TECHNOLOGY HAS

2771
01:55:29,771 --> 01:55:31,506
BECOME AND AT WHAT AGE SHOULD

2772
01:55:31,506 --> 01:55:33,609
THAT BASE LINE BE OBTAINED AND

2773
01:55:33,609 --> 01:55:34,776
MAYBE HANDED TO THE PATIENT SO

2774
01:55:34,776 --> 01:55:39,514
THAT THEY HAVE IT FOR REFERENCE?

2775
01:55:39,514 --> 01:55:41,917
>> IT'S A GREAT, GREAT,
QUESTION

2776
01:55:41,917 --> 01:55:43,886
BECAUSE WE TEST HEARING IN EVERY

2777
01:55:43,886 --> 01:55:45,254
INFANT BEFORE THEY LEAVE THE

2778
01:55:45,254 --> 01:55:48,490
HOSPITAL AND YET THE TEST FOR

2779
01:55:48,490 --> 01:55:51,360
VISION IN INFANTS IS A PEN LIGHT

2780
01:55:51,360 --> 01:55:52,494
FROM A PHYSICIAN.

2781
01:55:52,494 --> 01:55:55,364
SO I THINK OCT AT BIRTH AS PART

2782
01:55:55,364 --> 01:55:57,199
OF UNIVERSAL SCREENING MAY WELL

2783
01:55:57,199 --> 01:55:58,367
BE A CONSIDERATION AND CERTAINLY

2784
01:55:58,367 --> 01:56:00,969
SHOULD BE FOR THE KIDS AT

2785
01:56:00,969 --> 01:56:02,905
GREATEST RISK.

2786
01:56:02,905 --> 01:56:04,172
WE'VE IDENTIFIED CATARACT IN

2787
01:56:04,172 --> 01:56:06,441
FACT THROUGH OCT SCREENING THAT

2788
01:56:06,441 --> 01:56:08,176
WAS MISSED BY PEDIATRICIANS.

2789
01:56:08,176 --> 01:56:09,745
>> AND IN ADULTS I WOULD
SAY

2790
01:56:09,745 --> 01:56:11,179
IT'S ALSO VERY IMPORTANT

2791
01:56:11,179 --> 01:56:13,348
ESPECIALLY WITH THE USE OF AI

2792
01:56:13,348 --> 01:56:16,718
CAN USING A SINGLE SCAN TO

2793
01:56:16,718 --> 01:56:18,520
PREDICT FUTURE TRAJECTORIES.

2794
01:56:18,520 --> 01:56:20,389
SO I THINK THAT, YOU KNOW HAVING

2795
01:56:20,389 --> 01:56:23,392
AN ADULT SCAN WOULD BE WORTH

2796
01:56:23,392 --> 01:56:26,528
WHILE,IME NOT SURE WHAT AGE, 40?

2797
01:56:26,528 --> 01:56:27,062
>> VERY, VERY COOL.

2798
01:56:27,062 --> 01:56:29,631
I THINK FOR THAT, AND I THINK TO

2799
01:56:29,631 --> 01:56:32,834
KEEP US ALL ON TIME, THANK YOU

2800
01:56:32,834 --> 01:56:34,636
TO MY SPEAKERS FOR REALLY

2801
01:56:34,636 --> 01:56:36,171
ENGAGING AND AMAZING TALK ANDS I

2802
01:56:36,171 --> 01:56:38,507
THANKS TO THE AUDIENCE FOR

2803
01:56:38,507 --> 01:56:38,974
ENGAGING.

2804
01:56:38,974 --> 01:56:39,942
THANK YOU. 

2805
01:56:39,942 --> 01:56:44,179
KD--SALLY ARK PLAWZ [ APPLAUSE ]

2806
01:56:44,179 --> 01:56:50,452
[ APPLAUSE ] 

2807
01:56:50,452 --> 01:56:52,321
>> OKAY, THANKS SO MUCH
FOR

2808
01:56:52,321 --> 01:56:53,989
KEEPING ON TIME AMANI AND

2809
01:56:53,989 --> 01:56:55,290
SPEAKERS LET'S TAKE A 10 MINUTE

2810
01:56:55,290 --> 01:56:57,726
BREAK AND BE BACK HERE AT 10:37

2811
01:56:57,726 --> 01:57:08,286
FOR THE LAST SESSION.

2812
01:57:08,286 --> 01:57:09,387
OKEY SO LET'S GET GOING

2813
01:57:09,387 --> 01:57:12,390
WITH THE LAST SESSION, AI AND

2814
01:57:12,390 --> 01:57:14,459
DATA STANDARDIZATION AND IT'S A

2815
01:57:14,459 --> 01:57:16,161
PLEASURE TO INTRODUCE AARON LEE

2816
01:57:16,161 --> 01:57:17,996
WHO IS WITH THE UNIVERSITY OF

2817
01:57:17,996 --> 01:57:22,567
WASHINGTON AND HE WILL  WILL MOE

2818
01:57:22,567 --> 01:57:23,268
THIS SESSION.

2819
01:57:23,268 --> 01:57:24,035
>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

2820
01:57:24,035 --> 01:57:25,704
I HOPE YOU CAN FIND YOUR SEATS

2821
01:57:25,704 --> 01:57:26,972
QUICKLY, I WAS JUST REFLECTING

2822
01:57:26,972 --> 01:57:28,673
ON THE LAST SESSION, I WAS

2823
01:57:28,673 --> 01:57:30,842
WONDERING IF THAT SESSION SHOULD

2824
01:57:30,842 --> 01:57:32,244
HAVE BEEN CALLED AI AND OCT

2825
01:57:32,244 --> 01:57:33,578
BECAUSE THERE WAS QUITE A BIT OF

2826
01:57:33,578 --> 01:57:34,746
AI IN THAT SESSION, BUT THIS

2827
01:57:34,746 --> 01:57:45,257
SESSION IS SORT OF GOING TO BE

2828
01:57:46,324 --> 01:57:46,825
FOCUSED.

2829
01:57:46,825 --> 01:57:48,560
AND HOW WE MUCH PUSH THE FIELD

2830
01:57:48,560 --> 01:57:51,763
FORWARD AND NOW WE HAVE THIS

2831
01:57:51,763 --> 01:57:53,198
AMEASING TECHNOLOGIES IN OUR

2832
01:57:53,198 --> 01:57:55,433
CLINICS. 

2833
01:57:55,433 --> 01:57:57,369
THE FIRST SPEAKER IS AND THEY

2834
01:57:57,369 --> 01:58:00,038
WILL TALK ABOUT THE PUSHING THE

2835
01:58:00,038 --> 01:58:01,539
UBIQUITOUS OF THESE DEVICES TO A

2836
01:58:01,539 --> 01:58:03,909
WHOLE OTHER LEVEL AND BRINGING

2837
01:58:03,909 --> 01:58:07,746
THISEM INTO THE HOMES OF AND IF

2838
01:58:07,746 --> 01:58:18,290
YOU COULD COME UP HERE AND GIVE

2839
01:58:24,930 --> 01:58:26,531
YOUR TALK.

2840
01:58:26,531 --> 01:58:27,832
>> THANK YOU AARON AND I
WILL

2841
01:58:27,832 --> 01:58:35,173
TALK ABOUT CORRELATED CT AT

2842
01:58:35,173 --> 01:58:38,410
HOME. 

2843
01:58:38,410 --> 01:58:39,544
HERE THE DISCLOSURES, AND

2844
01:58:39,544 --> 01:58:42,480
EVERYTHING I WILL BE PRESENTING

2845
01:58:42,480 --> 01:58:48,219
IS DONE THRU A LOT OF HARD WORK

2846
01:58:48,219 --> 01:58:50,422
FROM THE NOTALL TEAM, MANY OF

2847
01:58:50,422 --> 01:58:51,723
THEM HAVE WORKED VERY HARD TO

2848
01:58:51,723 --> 01:58:53,458
MAKE THIS POSSIBLE, BUT I MUST

2849
01:58:53,458 --> 01:58:54,859
ALSO SAY THAT THIS HAS BEEN MADE

2850
01:58:54,859 --> 01:58:56,494
POSSIBLE BY ALL THE HARD WORK

2851
01:58:56,494 --> 01:58:59,197
WHICH HAS BEEN DONE BY THE OCT

2852
01:58:59,197 --> 01:58:59,998
COMMITTEE OVER THE USE AND

2853
01:58:59,998 --> 01:59:07,238
THAT'S WHAT WE ARE HERE TO

2854
01:59:07,238 --> 01:59:12,110
CELEBRATE EMPLOY DR. FUJIMOTO,

2855
01:59:12,110 --> 01:59:13,178
DR. SWANSEN, IF YOU WANT TO SEE

2856
01:59:13,178 --> 01:59:15,046
THE EFFECTS WE CAN LOOK AT THE

2857
01:59:15,046 --> 01:59:17,382
ROOM, THE COMPANIES HERE, THE

2858
01:59:17,382 --> 01:59:18,216
ORGANIZATIONS HERE ARE

2859
01:59:18,216 --> 01:59:19,751
INFLUENCED BECAUSE OF OCT AND A

2860
01:59:19,751 --> 01:59:23,321
LOT OF CARRIERS INCLUDING MYSELF

2861
01:59:23,321 --> 01:59:24,889
WERE INFLUENCED BECAUSE OF OCT,

2862
01:59:24,889 --> 01:59:26,891
SO THAT SHOWS THE TRUE IMPACT OF

2863
01:59:26,891 --> 01:59:29,928
WHAT OCT HAS HAD.

2864
01:59:29,928 --> 01:59:30,695
IN THIS PRESENTATION WE WILL

2865
01:59:30,695 --> 01:59:35,367
TALK ABOUT THE CONCEPT OF AT

2866
01:59:35,367 --> 01:59:38,269
HOME OCT, AND WHAT IS REQUIRED

2867
01:59:38,269 --> 01:59:38,970
FOR HOME OCT.

2868
01:59:38,970 --> 01:59:40,538
WHAT ARE THE TECHNICAL

2869
01:59:40,538 --> 01:59:42,207
CHALLENGES BEHIND IT, AND WHAT

2870
01:59:42,207 --> 01:59:45,877
IS THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL

2871
01:59:45,877 --> 01:59:49,147
INTELIENCE BEHIND IT AND HOW WE

2872
01:59:49,147 --> 01:59:50,148
CAN MAKE IT A REALITY.

2873
01:59:50,148 --> 01:59:55,320
SO WE LOOK AT THE GROWTH OF HOME

2874
01:59:55,320 --> 01:59:57,622
OCT, THIS IS FROM A PAPER IN

2875
01:59:57,622 --> 02:00:00,892
2017 AND UNTIL ABOUT 2001, WE

2876
02:00:00,892 --> 02:00:02,360
HAD 400 UNITS INSTALLED.

2877
02:00:02,360 --> 02:00:05,196
THERE WAS AN INFLECTION POINT

2878
02:00:05,196 --> 02:00:06,564
AROUND 2006 THAT MOVES US

2879
02:00:06,564 --> 02:00:08,366
TOWARDS THOUSANDS OF UNIT XTION

2880
02:00:08,366 --> 02:00:11,970
WE WERE SOMEWHERE BETWEEN

2881
02:00:11,970 --> 02:00:13,471
10-20,000 UNITS FOR OCT NOW.

2882
02:00:13,471 --> 02:00:16,708
SO WHEN IS THE NECKS INFLECTION

2883
02:00:16,708 --> 02:00:16,908
POINT?

2884
02:00:16,908 --> 02:00:19,244
IF YOU LOOK IT IS MOSTLY USE

2885
02:00:19,244 --> 02:00:19,744
INDEED OPHTHALMOLOGY AND

2886
02:00:19,744 --> 02:00:21,746
CARDIOLOGY BY THE SPECIALIST.

2887
02:00:21,746 --> 02:00:24,115
IT'S MOVING MORE TOWARDS THE

2888
02:00:24,115 --> 02:00:25,050
PRIMARY CARE,

2889
02:00:25,050 --> 02:00:26,217
DR. [INDISCERNIBLE] TALKED ABOUT

2890
02:00:26,217 --> 02:00:28,086
USING IT AT POINT OF CARE, THERE

2891
02:00:28,086 --> 02:00:30,822
IS AN NDA CLEARED DEVICE FOR

2892
02:00:30,822 --> 02:00:33,291
USING O, KREBS CYCLE T FOR EAR

2893
02:00:33,291 --> 02:00:34,459
INFECTION DIAGNOSIS BUT GOING

2894
02:00:34,459 --> 02:00:36,428
FURTHER FROM THAT, CAN OCT BE

2895
02:00:36,428 --> 02:00:38,730
USED AT HOME SO EACH INDIVIDUAL

2896
02:00:38,730 --> 02:00:40,265
HAS AN OCT AT HOME.

2897
02:00:40,265 --> 02:00:42,033
OF COURSE NOT ALL OF US WILL BE

2898
02:00:42,033 --> 02:00:46,004
BUT THE PATIENTS WHO ARE IN NEED

2899
02:00:46,004 --> 02:00:47,705
OF IT CAN POTENTIALLY USE IT AT

2900
02:00:47,705 --> 02:00:49,574
HOME AND THAT WILL TRULY

2901
02:00:49,574 --> 02:00:50,508
INCREASE ITS IMPACT.

2902
02:00:50,508 --> 02:00:52,577
WHAT DOES OCT AT HOME LOOK LIKE?

2903
02:00:52,577 --> 02:00:53,745
IT'S OF COURSE, THE POINT OF

2904
02:00:53,745 --> 02:00:55,547
HAVING IT AT HOME IS TO ACQUIRE

2905
02:00:55,547 --> 02:00:59,617
DATA AT A VERY HIGH FREQUENCY

2906
02:00:59,617 --> 02:01:02,487
AND HAVING SOME BIOMARKERS

2907
02:01:02,487 --> 02:01:04,823
TACKED AT THAT HIGH THROUGH

2908
02:01:04,823 --> 02:01:06,191
FREQUENCY ACQUISITION AND HAVING

2909
02:01:06,191 --> 02:01:07,959
THAT PLOTTED AS A FUNCTION OF

2910
02:01:07,959 --> 02:01:09,727
TIME.

2911
02:01:09,727 --> 02:01:11,963
SO 30 YEARS AGO OKRRK T GAVE US

2912
02:01:11,963 --> 02:01:12,964
CAPABILITY TO ELECTRIC AT THE

2913
02:01:12,964 --> 02:01:14,666
THIRD DIMENSION OF THE EYE, NOT

2914
02:01:14,666 --> 02:01:18,002
JUST THE SURFACE BUT WHAT LIES

2915
02:01:18,002 --> 02:01:18,703
BEHIND.

2916
02:01:18,703 --> 02:01:20,772
HOME OCT PROMISES US TO SHOW US

2917
02:01:20,772 --> 02:01:22,507
THE FOURTH DIMENSION OF TIME.

2918
02:01:22,507 --> 02:01:24,976
CAN WE TRACT THE BIOMARKERS AT A

2919
02:01:24,976 --> 02:01:26,878
HIGH TEMPERATURE FREQUENCY AND

2920
02:01:26,878 --> 02:01:28,179
SEE HOW THEY CHANGE OVER TIME IS

2921
02:01:28,179 --> 02:01:28,913
NOT JUST IN SPACE.

2922
02:01:28,913 --> 02:01:32,817
AND WHAT IS THE NEED FOR THAT?

2923
02:01:32,817 --> 02:01:34,853
THE NEED WE WILL FOCUS ON IS

2924
02:01:34,853 --> 02:01:36,354
AMD, WHICH IS THE LEADING CAUSE

2925
02:01:36,354 --> 02:01:38,756
OF PLIENDNESS IN THE UNITED

2926
02:01:38,756 --> 02:01:39,691
STATES.

2927
02:01:39,691 --> 02:01:43,361
AS DR. HUANG MENTIONED IT WAS

2928
02:01:43,361 --> 02:01:45,563
GREATLY IMPACTED WITH THE ADVENT

2929
02:01:45,563 --> 02:01:46,831
OF ANTIVEG F, IT DOES NOT

2930
02:01:46,831 --> 02:01:48,133
ANYMORE MEAN THAT THE PATES ARE

2931
02:01:48,133 --> 02:01:49,767
GOING TO GO BLIND.

2932
02:01:49,767 --> 02:01:51,503
IT'S NOT A 1 WAY STREET BUT

2933
02:01:51,503 --> 02:01:53,138
THEIR VEGZ CAN ACTUALLY BE

2934
02:01:53,138 --> 02:01:55,340
PROTECTED AND REGAINED FROM THE

2935
02:01:55,340 --> 02:01:55,807
TIME OF DIAGNOSIS.

2936
02:01:55,807 --> 02:01:58,343
HAD IS HOW THE YOWRNY OF AN AMD

2937
02:01:58,343 --> 02:02:02,313
PEASHT LOOKS LIKE, WHEN YOU HAVE

2938
02:02:02,313 --> 02:02:03,648
INTERMEDIATE AMD, THERE'S A

2939
02:02:03,648 --> 02:02:05,950
SIGNATURES 95 LOSS OF VISION,

2940
02:02:05,950 --> 02:02:07,452
PIVOTAL TRIAL SHOWED THAT

2941
02:02:07,452 --> 02:02:08,553
ANTIVEG F CAN ACTUALLY REVOAEVER

2942
02:02:08,553 --> 02:02:12,056
SOME OF THAT VISION AND

2943
02:02:12,056 --> 02:02:13,725
STABILIZE IT.

2944
02:02:13,725 --> 02:02:15,793
ALL THE PIVOTAL TRIALS DONE WERE

2945
02:02:15,793 --> 02:02:18,363
AT A FIXED DOSING REGIMEN, SO

2946
02:02:18,363 --> 02:02:19,998
WERE GETTING MONTHLY AND FOR THE

2947
02:02:19,998 --> 02:02:21,399
NEXT GENERATION DRUGS BI MONTHLY

2948
02:02:21,399 --> 02:02:22,934
TREATMENT AND THAT SHOWED VERY

2949
02:02:22,934 --> 02:02:23,902
GOOD RESULTS.

2950
02:02:23,902 --> 02:02:26,871
THIS WASN'T REALLY POSSIBLE IN

2951
02:02:26,871 --> 02:02:28,106
REAL LIFE.

2952
02:02:28,106 --> 02:02:29,874
AND TO TREAT PATIENTS EVERY

2953
02:02:29,874 --> 02:02:31,476
SIPPINGLE MONTH.

2954
02:02:31,476 --> 02:02:32,977
SO THERE ARE 2 PROMINENT

2955
02:02:32,977 --> 02:02:34,345
REGIMENS ARE TREATING PATIENTS 1

2956
02:02:34,345 --> 02:02:34,913
IS CALLED PREFRESH YOUR

2957
02:02:34,913 --> 02:02:36,514
RECOLLECTION N, WHERE WE LOOK AT

2958
02:02:36,514 --> 02:02:38,616
THE IMPAG IS THERE NO HIGH

2959
02:02:38,616 --> 02:02:39,918
REFLECTIVE AREA OF FLUID IN THE

2960
02:02:39,918 --> 02:02:40,885
IMAGE THAT MEANS THAT THE

2961
02:02:40,885 --> 02:02:42,220
PATIENT WILL NOT BE TREATED, IF

2962
02:02:42,220 --> 02:02:45,123
THERE IS A HYPER AREY FLECTIVE

2963
02:02:45,123 --> 02:02:47,192
AREA WHICH INDICATES PRESENCE OF

2964
02:02:47,192 --> 02:02:49,527
FLUID THEN THE PATIENT WILL BE

2965
02:02:49,527 --> 02:02:49,994
TREATED.

2966
02:02:49,994 --> 02:02:52,797
NOW THIS--NOW THIS REDUCES THE

2967
02:02:52,797 --> 02:02:54,899
BURDEN OF DRUG USE BUT DOES NOT

2968
02:02:54,899 --> 02:02:55,934
REDUCE THE BURDENOT PATIENT,

2969
02:02:55,934 --> 02:02:57,835
THEY HAVE TO COME AT VERY

2970
02:02:57,835 --> 02:03:00,271
REGULAR INTERVALS TO HAVE THEIR

2971
02:03:00,271 --> 02:03:02,540
RETINAS BE IMPAGGED ON OCT, THE

2972
02:03:02,540 --> 02:03:04,108
OTHER IS AN EXTENT TO WHERE A

2973
02:03:04,108 --> 02:03:06,878
PEESHT IS REESHTED ON EVERY

2974
02:03:06,878 --> 02:03:10,648
SINGLE VISITIT BUT IF THERE'S NO

2975
02:03:10,648 --> 02:03:12,317
FLUID SEEN, OR MAINTAINED, IF

2976
02:03:12,317 --> 02:03:14,252
THE FLUID IS SEEN, THEY PATIENT

2977
02:03:14,252 --> 02:03:15,920
IS BROUGHT IN SOONER UNTIL A

2978
02:03:15,920 --> 02:03:16,588
CERTAIN LIMIT.

2979
02:03:16,588 --> 02:03:18,890
IT'S IMPORTANT TO SEE ALL THESE

2980
02:03:18,890 --> 02:03:21,559
DECISIONS ARE BASED ON OCT AND

2981
02:03:21,559 --> 02:03:23,194
THIS IS WHERE OCT IS THE FLOWER

2982
02:03:23,194 --> 02:03:25,296
TO THE BEE, SO WOTHAT, YOU

2983
02:03:25,296 --> 02:03:27,131
CANNOT PLAN YOUR TREATMENT

2984
02:03:27,131 --> 02:03:28,066
REGIMENS AND THIS IS MEN AND

2985
02:03:28,066 --> 02:03:31,903
WOMEN HAS MADE OCT DIAGNOSTIC

2986
02:03:31,903 --> 02:03:33,605
COMPANIONS TO AMD TREATMENT.

2987
02:03:33,605 --> 02:03:37,542
THE CHALLENGE HAS BEEN THAT WITH

2988
02:03:37,542 --> 02:03:39,510
THIS TYPE OF REGIMEN WE'RE STILL

2989
02:03:39,510 --> 02:03:40,478
MAKING A GUESS ON WHAT THE

2990
02:03:40,478 --> 02:03:44,115
PATIENT IS GOING TO REACTIVATE

2991
02:03:44,115 --> 02:03:44,315
NEXT.

2992
02:03:44,315 --> 02:03:46,784
AND THIS ALSO LEADS TO A LOT OF

2993
02:03:46,784 --> 02:03:48,052
TREATMENTS IMIVEN WHEN THE

2994
02:03:48,052 --> 02:03:49,787
PATIENT MAY NOT NEED IT BECAUSE

2995
02:03:49,787 --> 02:03:50,888
THEY MAY COMPLETELY HAVE NO

2996
02:03:50,888 --> 02:03:52,290
SEENS OF DEC AT THAT MOMENT.

2997
02:03:52,290 --> 02:03:55,393
SO IF YOU LOOK AT WHAT HAPPENS

2998
02:03:55,393 --> 02:03:57,061
AT THE SNAPSHOT IMAGES, I AM

2999
02:03:57,061 --> 02:03:58,830
GIVING YOU AN EXAMPLE OF 2

3000
02:03:58,830 --> 02:04:01,032
AISLES WITH 2 NAP SHOTS BEING

3001
02:04:01,032 --> 02:04:02,734
ACHEN ON THE DAYS THE PATIENT IS

3002
02:04:02,734 --> 02:04:03,468
IN CLINIC.

3003
02:04:03,468 --> 02:04:06,838
IN BOTH CASES THE GREEN HERE

3004
02:04:06,838 --> 02:04:08,072
REPRESENTS PRESENCE OF

3005
02:04:08,072 --> 02:04:08,606
SUBRETINAL FLUID.

3006
02:04:08,606 --> 02:04:10,275
IT SEEMS LIKE THE PATIENT IS NOT

3007
02:04:10,275 --> 02:04:11,909
RESPONDING TO THE DRUG, YOU HAD

3008
02:04:11,909 --> 02:04:12,710
THIS IN THIS IPT GREATER ANNUAL

3009
02:04:12,710 --> 02:04:14,379
AND THEN THE PATIENT CAM BACK

3010
02:04:14,379 --> 02:04:15,413
INTO THE CLINIC AFTER THE

3011
02:04:15,413 --> 02:04:17,248
TREATMENT AND STILL HAD

3012
02:04:17,248 --> 02:04:17,982
SUBRETINAL FLUID EMPLOY HOWEVER

3013
02:04:17,982 --> 02:04:19,517
IF WE LOOK AT IMAGE IT IS IN

3014
02:04:19,517 --> 02:04:21,853
BETWEEN, 1 OF THESE EYES HAD

3015
02:04:21,853 --> 02:04:22,553
COMPLOATLY DRIED OUT BROADER

3016
02:04:22,553 --> 02:04:24,489
IMPACTS OTHER HAD SHOWN NOT MUCH

3017
02:04:24,489 --> 02:04:25,156
RESPONSE TO THERAPY.

3018
02:04:25,156 --> 02:04:27,058
THESE PATIENTS WERE BEING IMAGED

3019
02:04:27,058 --> 02:04:28,693
ON HOMOCT AND HAD IS HOW THE

3020
02:04:28,693 --> 02:04:29,394
TROUGH--TROJANOWSKI YECTRY LOOK

3021
02:04:29,394 --> 02:04:29,627
LIKE.

3022
02:04:29,627 --> 02:04:34,365
SO THE ENGINEERS IN THE AUDIENCE

3023
02:04:34,365 --> 02:04:35,366
WILL TALK ABOUT HOW SOMETHING

3024
02:04:35,366 --> 02:04:38,369
HAS THIS MUCH IN THE SIGNAL AND

3025
02:04:38,369 --> 02:04:40,038
WE ARE SAMPLING ONCE A MONTH, WE

3026
02:04:40,038 --> 02:04:43,141
ARE MISSING A LOT OF DATA, THIS

3027
02:04:43,141 --> 02:04:44,175
IS SEEMS ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE TO

3028
02:04:44,175 --> 02:04:47,145
TRACK A DEC WHICH IS SO DYNAMIC

3029
02:04:47,145 --> 02:04:50,248
WITH JUST SUCH SPARSE SAMPLES.

3030
02:04:50,248 --> 02:04:51,983
AND WE HAVE RESULTS TO PROVE

3031
02:04:51,983 --> 02:04:53,284
THAT IN REAL WORLD PATIENTS DO

3032
02:04:53,284 --> 02:04:55,820
NOT SEE THE SAME GAINS WHICH ARE

3033
02:04:55,820 --> 02:04:57,322
SEEN WITH MONTHLY CLINICAL TRIAL

3034
02:04:57,322 --> 02:04:58,790
TREATMENT.

3035
02:04:58,790 --> 02:05:00,391
THIS IS A REAL UNIVERSITY

3036
02:05:00,391 --> 02:05:01,926
STARTED THAT SHOWS THAT PATIENTS

3037
02:05:01,926 --> 02:05:04,796
DO NOT ON AN AVERAGE GAIN VISION

3038
02:05:04,796 --> 02:05:08,733
BUT MOSTLY JUST STABILIZE IT AT

3039
02:05:08,733 --> 02:05:10,034
1 YEAR TIME POINT.

3040
02:05:10,034 --> 02:05:13,137
REAL WORLD AMD CAUSES 10 BILLION

3041
02:05:13,137 --> 02:05:14,405
DOLLARS TO U.S. HEALTH SYSTEM

3042
02:05:14,405 --> 02:05:20,044
JUST IN DRUG COSTS AND ANTIVEG F

3043
02:05:20,044 --> 02:05:21,446
TREATMENTS ARE PART OF MEDICARE

3044
02:05:21,446 --> 02:05:22,880
PART B, WHICH IS WHEN ALL THE

3045
02:05:22,880 --> 02:05:25,350
DRUGS ARE USED AT THE CLINIC,

3046
02:05:25,350 --> 02:05:26,584
ENDOCRINOLOGY, EVERYTHING PUT

3047
02:05:26,584 --> 02:05:29,454
TOGETHER, THESE 2 DRUGS COST 10%

3048
02:05:29,454 --> 02:05:32,590
OF THE BUDGET, THAT SHOWS THE

3049
02:05:32,590 --> 02:05:33,458
BURDENOT HELT CARE SYSTEM.

3050
02:05:33,458 --> 02:05:34,859
THERE IS A HUGE BURDEN ON THE

3051
02:05:34,859 --> 02:05:36,427
PATIENT WITH THE FREQUENT

3052
02:05:36,427 --> 02:05:38,396
VISITSAs WELL AS INCLUDING

3053
02:05:38,396 --> 02:05:38,696
CAREGIVERS.

3054
02:05:38,696 --> 02:05:40,832
PATIENTS SHOWS IT TAKES 12 HOURS

3055
02:05:40,832 --> 02:05:44,635
FOR PATIENTS TO RECOVER FROM

3056
02:05:44,635 --> 02:05:45,536
THESE TREATMENT VISITS, 59% OF

3057
02:05:45,536 --> 02:05:49,707
THOSE GO OVER THE CAREGIVER, AND

3058
02:05:49,707 --> 02:05:50,541
ESTIMATES OTHERS SHOWN AT

3059
02:05:50,541 --> 02:05:52,043
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF RETINA

3060
02:05:52,043 --> 02:05:54,879
SPECIALISTS SHOW THAT IT COSTS

3061
02:05:54,879 --> 02:05:56,514
U.S. PRODUCTIVITY LOSS OF 1

3062
02:05:56,514 --> 02:05:57,415
BILLION DOLLARS EVERY YEAR

3063
02:05:57,415 --> 02:06:01,886
BECAUSE OF THE WET AMD TREATMENT

3064
02:06:01,886 --> 02:06:02,120
VISITS.

3065
02:06:02,120 --> 02:06:03,788
TO ADDRESS THESE THERE ARE NEW

3066
02:06:03,788 --> 02:06:05,656
THERAPIES WHICH HAVE BEEN

3067
02:06:05,656 --> 02:06:11,462
APPROVED BY FDA, TO EXTEND THE

3068
02:06:11,462 --> 02:06:12,130
TREATMENT INTERVALS,

3069
02:06:12,130 --> 02:06:14,165
[INDISCERNIBLE] HAVE SHOWN IN

3070
02:06:14,165 --> 02:06:16,501
CLINICAL TRIALS THEY CAN EXTEND

3071
02:06:16,501 --> 02:06:17,435
PATIENTS FURTHER.

3072
02:06:17,435 --> 02:06:20,605
ALTHOUGH SOME PATIENTS CAN GO UP

3073
02:06:20,605 --> 02:06:22,373
TO 16 WEEKS, MANY GO TO 12 WEEKS

3074
02:06:22,373 --> 02:06:24,809
BUT IT IS STILL A HETEROGENIUS

3075
02:06:24,809 --> 02:06:27,111
DISEASE, NOT EVERY PATIENT IS

3076
02:06:27,111 --> 02:06:28,679
EXTENDED AND THAT'S WHERE THE

3077
02:06:28,679 --> 02:06:30,214
RULE OF PERSONALIZATION COMES

3078
02:06:30,214 --> 02:06:30,882
INTO PICTURE.

3079
02:06:30,882 --> 02:06:33,851
WITH THESE NEW DRUGS WE ARE IN

3080
02:06:33,851 --> 02:06:35,820
NEW ERA OF AMD TREATMENT, SO THE

3081
02:06:35,820 --> 02:06:38,423
QUESTION IS ARE WE IN A NEW ERA

3082
02:06:38,423 --> 02:06:39,390
OF DIAGNOSTICS AS WELL.

3083
02:06:39,390 --> 02:06:41,559
SO TBENT YEARS AGO WHEN THE

3084
02:06:41,559 --> 02:06:43,227
FIRST ANTIVEG F TREATMENTS

3085
02:06:43,227 --> 02:06:46,931
RESUMMIT INDEED A LAUNCH OF OCT,

3086
02:06:46,931 --> 02:06:49,267
INTO MAIN STREAM, HOW DO THE NEW

3087
02:06:49,267 --> 02:06:50,735
TREATMENTS IMPACT THE NEXT

3088
02:06:50,735 --> 02:06:51,335
GENERATION OF DIAGNOSTICS AND

3089
02:06:51,335 --> 02:06:53,838
THIS IS WHERE THE REAL UNMET

3090
02:06:53,838 --> 02:06:55,506
NEED COMES INTO THE PICTURE AND

3091
02:06:55,506 --> 02:06:57,708
WE REALLY NEED INDIVIDUALIZED

3092
02:06:57,708 --> 02:06:58,776
HIGH FREQUENCY INFORMATION

3093
02:06:58,776 --> 02:06:59,677
WITHOUT INCREASING BURDEN ON

3094
02:06:59,677 --> 02:07:00,745
PATIENT ANDS THE HELT CARE

3095
02:07:00,745 --> 02:07:03,748
SYSTEM AND THAT'S WHAT HOMOCT

3096
02:07:03,748 --> 02:07:05,750
PROMISES TO DO BUT TO BE ABLE TO

3097
02:07:05,750 --> 02:07:07,285
MAKE IT FEASIBLE, WE NEED 3

3098
02:07:07,285 --> 02:07:07,919
THINGS TO HAPPEN, PATIENT HEAT

3099
02:07:07,919 --> 02:07:09,287
SHOCK SYSTEM BE ABLE TO TAKE THE

3100
02:07:09,287 --> 02:07:10,955
SCANS AT THE HOME BY THEMSELVES,

3101
02:07:10,955 --> 02:07:13,825
THERE SHOULD BE AI TO AUTOMATE

3102
02:07:13,825 --> 02:07:14,459
RELEVANT BIOMARKER ANDS THEN

3103
02:07:14,459 --> 02:07:16,227
PATIENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO DO IT

3104
02:07:16,227 --> 02:07:19,430
OVER AN EXTENDED PERIOD,

3105
02:07:19,430 --> 02:07:21,432
SOMETIMES FOR YEARS TO MAKE IT

3106
02:07:21,432 --> 02:07:21,799
REALISTIC.

3107
02:07:21,799 --> 02:07:24,368
SO THAT'S THE TECHNOLOGY THAT

3108
02:07:24,368 --> 02:07:27,038
HAS MADE HOME OCT POSSIBLE,

3109
02:07:27,038 --> 02:07:29,407
HERE'S THE DISCIPLINARY VIS,

3110
02:07:29,407 --> 02:07:33,811
UNDER THE SPECERAL DO DOMAIN

3111
02:07:33,811 --> 02:07:36,681
WITH 300 BY 300 PICTURE AND 500

3112
02:07:36,681 --> 02:07:38,616
BY 500 KAN--KANAS TAKEN.

3113
02:07:38,616 --> 02:07:40,384
THE GOAL S&P THAT SOMEHOW WE

3114
02:07:40,384 --> 02:07:42,854
HAVE TO MAKE THE PUPIL IN THE

3115
02:07:42,854 --> 02:07:44,121
RIGHT XYZ LOCATION, THAT IS WHAT

3116
02:07:44,121 --> 02:07:46,123
WE KNOW TO GET A GOOD

3117
02:07:46,123 --> 02:07:46,424
SELF-IMAGE.

3118
02:07:46,424 --> 02:07:48,459
THIS IS DONE THROUGH PATIENTS

3119
02:07:48,459 --> 02:07:49,827
ALIGNING THESE 2 CROSSES, WHITE

3120
02:07:49,827 --> 02:07:51,562
AND THE RED 1S MUCH.

3121
02:07:51,562 --> 02:07:53,397
THE PATIENT MOVES THEIR FOREHEAD

3122
02:07:53,397 --> 02:07:55,032
UNTIL THE WHITE CROSS COMES OVER

3123
02:07:55,032 --> 02:07:56,100
TO THE RED 1.

3124
02:07:56,100 --> 02:07:57,468
THIS BRINGS THE PUPIL IN THE

3125
02:07:57,468 --> 02:07:59,237
CORRECT POSITION AND USING THE

3126
02:07:59,237 --> 02:08:00,938
ALIGNMENT PROBLEM FOR THE

3127
02:08:00,938 --> 02:08:01,973
SOLUTION IS VERY IMPORTANT

3128
02:08:01,973 --> 02:08:03,841
BECAUSE EVEN THE PATIENTS WHO

3129
02:08:03,841 --> 02:08:07,545
HAVE VERY POOR VISION, WE ARE

3130
02:08:07,545 --> 02:08:08,713
TALKING OF 23-20, THEY ARE ABLE

3131
02:08:08,713 --> 02:08:11,282
TO DO THIS ALIGNMENT EXERCISE.

3132
02:08:11,282 --> 02:08:13,551
I CAN TAKE OFF MY CONTACT LENSES

3133
02:08:13,551 --> 02:08:15,219
AND STILL BE ABLE TO DO IT.

3134
02:08:15,219 --> 02:08:18,623
I SEE THESE AS HUGE PLUS.

3135
02:08:18,623 --> 02:08:20,258
SO ARE THERE CLINICAL STUDIES TO

3136
02:08:20,258 --> 02:08:23,361
SHOW THAT THIS PROCESS ACTUALLY

3137
02:08:23,361 --> 02:08:23,561
WORKS?

3138
02:08:23,561 --> 02:08:25,796
YOU'DY KIM CAME IN AND DID A

3139
02:08:25,796 --> 02:08:27,198
STUDY WITH OVER 290 SUBJECTS AND

3140
02:08:27,198 --> 02:08:28,833
500 EYES WHERE PATIENTS WERE NOT

3141
02:08:28,833 --> 02:08:30,735
GIVEN ANY ASHES CYSTANCE WITH

3142
02:08:30,735 --> 02:08:32,403
THE TECHNICIANS, AND THEY ONLY

3143
02:08:32,403 --> 02:08:34,505
SAW A 2 MINUTE VIDEO TUTORIAL

3144
02:08:34,505 --> 02:08:37,275
AND THEN THEY HAD TO SELF-IMAGE,

3145
02:08:37,275 --> 02:08:39,210
THEY WERE TO SEE IF THE RESULTS

3146
02:08:39,210 --> 02:08:39,777
ACTUALLY MATCH.

3147
02:08:39,777 --> 02:08:41,412
THESE ARE ACTUAL PATIENTS,

3148
02:08:41,412 --> 02:08:45,116
MEDIAN AGE OF FEAT YEARS, 91% OF

3149
02:08:45,116 --> 02:08:46,851
SUBRECYCLINGS WERE WERE ABLE TO

3150
02:08:46,851 --> 02:08:47,919
SUCCESSFULLY SCAN.

3151
02:08:47,919 --> 02:08:50,021
THERE NOT A HUGE TEPENDENT ON

3152
02:08:50,021 --> 02:08:52,156
THE PATES FOR SELF-SCANNING

3153
02:08:52,156 --> 02:08:57,862
UNTIL IT FELL BELOW 23, 20.

3154
02:08:57,862 --> 02:09:00,631
THERE WAS STRONG AGREEMENT WITH

3155
02:09:00,631 --> 02:09:05,570
THE IN-OFFICE HOME OCT AS FAR AS

3156
02:09:05,570 --> 02:09:06,003
DETECTORS OF FLUID.

3157
02:09:06,003 --> 02:09:08,639
NEXT IS THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL

3158
02:09:08,639 --> 02:09:10,074
INTELIENCE AS DR. ROSEN SAID

3159
02:09:10,074 --> 02:09:11,275
YESTERDAY, THE CLINICIANS HAVE A

3160
02:09:11,275 --> 02:09:12,243
MICROSECOND WITH THE PATIENTS

3161
02:09:12,243 --> 02:09:13,945
AND THAT'S PROBABLY ON A SLOW

3162
02:09:13,945 --> 02:09:15,546
DAY, WE CANNOT BURDEN CLINICIANS

3163
02:09:15,546 --> 02:09:17,815
WITH MORE DATA AND THIS IS WHERE

3164
02:09:17,815 --> 02:09:19,417
THE ROLE OF AI COMES BO THE

3165
02:09:19,417 --> 02:09:21,519
PICTURE, THE AI SHOULD BE ABLE

3166
02:09:21,519 --> 02:09:23,354
TO DETECT BIOMARKERS AND

3167
02:09:23,354 --> 02:09:24,288
PROTENTIALLY PROVIDE A TRIGGER

3168
02:09:24,288 --> 02:09:26,390
TO THE POSITION THAT ADVANTAGED

3169
02:09:26,390 --> 02:09:28,626
THE RIGHT TIME TO EVALUATE THE

3170
02:09:28,626 --> 02:09:29,060
DATA.

3171
02:09:29,060 --> 02:09:31,996
SO DR. KIM'S STUDY USE OF DEEP

3172
02:09:31,996 --> 02:09:33,864
LEARNING ALGORITHM, FOR OCT

3173
02:09:33,864 --> 02:09:37,635
ANALYZER TO QUANTIFY FLUID IN

3174
02:09:37,635 --> 02:09:38,502
THE OCT SCANS.

3175
02:09:38,502 --> 02:09:41,572
AND THEY FOUND STRONG

3176
02:09:41,572 --> 02:09:43,741
CORRELATION BETWEEN THE HUMAN

3177
02:09:43,741 --> 02:09:46,177
GREATERS AND THE DEEP LEARNING

3178
02:09:46,177 --> 02:09:48,546
ALGORITHM WITH THE VERY SMALL

3179
02:09:48,546 --> 02:09:56,420
MAIN DIFFERENCE DUE IN THE PELT

3180
02:09:56,420 --> 02:10:05,296
AND ULTIMATE ANALYSIS

3181
02:10:05,296 --> 02:10:05,963
EMPLOY--THROUGH OUR OTHER

3182
02:10:05,963 --> 02:10:07,598
EXPERIENCES WE KNOW IT'S NOT.

3183
02:10:07,598 --> 02:10:11,235
EVEN THOUGH YOU GIVE A PERFECT

3184
02:10:11,235 --> 02:10:13,838
TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTION, THERE IS

3185
02:10:13,838 --> 02:10:14,405
TEST, COMPLIANCE, SUPPORT,

3186
02:10:14,405 --> 02:10:15,473
ANXIETY OF THE PATIENTS,

3187
02:10:15,473 --> 02:10:19,110
FINANCES AND THIS IS WHY AT

3188
02:10:19,110 --> 02:10:21,212
NOTALL, WE UNDERSTAND WE HAVE TO

3189
02:10:21,212 --> 02:10:23,280
PROVIDE A FULL CONCEPT SOLUTION

3190
02:10:23,280 --> 02:10:25,349
AND WE HAVE PROVIDED A CENTER

3191
02:10:25,349 --> 02:10:28,452
THAT IS LED BY OPHTHALMOLOGISTS

3192
02:10:28,452 --> 02:10:29,620
AND STARTS WITH OPHTHALMIC

3193
02:10:29,620 --> 02:10:30,655
PROFESSIONAL ANDS MANY OF THEM

3194
02:10:30,655 --> 02:10:32,523
TRAIN WITH HOW TO WORK IN

3195
02:10:32,523 --> 02:10:33,724
PATIENT IN A CLINICAL SETTING.

3196
02:10:33,724 --> 02:10:36,160
THEY TAKE CARE OF ALL THE LODGE

3197
02:10:36,160 --> 02:10:38,396
LARGER DETAILS WHICH IS NOT AS

3198
02:10:38,396 --> 02:10:39,697
GLAMOROUS AS AI BUT ARE ESSENT

3199
02:10:39,697 --> 02:10:42,767
YELL TO MAKE THE CARE A REALITY.

3200
02:10:42,767 --> 02:10:45,436
NOW THE QUESTION IS, JUST THIS

3201
02:10:45,436 --> 02:10:47,338
NEW PARTAKEN--THEY DIME, DO SRO

3202
02:10:47,338 --> 02:10:48,906
DAT TO SUPPORT IT ACTUALLY

3203
02:10:48,906 --> 02:10:50,508
WORKS, ANOTHER DEVICE WHICH IS

3204
02:10:50,508 --> 02:10:52,143
USED TO DETECT CONVERSION FROM

3205
02:10:52,143 --> 02:10:55,780
WET TO DRY AMD, THERE IS A TINY

3206
02:10:55,780 --> 02:10:56,847
RETROSPECTIVE DATA ON PATIENT

3207
02:10:56,847 --> 02:10:57,915
COMPLIANCE AND PATIENTS ON THIS

3208
02:10:57,915 --> 02:11:00,151
PROGRAM HAD A TESTING FREQUENCY

3209
02:11:00,151 --> 02:11:01,652
OF 5.2 TESTS PER WEEK, PROBABLY

3210
02:11:01,652 --> 02:11:03,421
A VERY HIGH COMPLIANCE OF A

3211
02:11:03,421 --> 02:11:04,588
PATIENT WHO'S NOT GOING INTO

3212
02:11:04,588 --> 02:11:05,990
OFFICE AND NOT BEING TOLD BOY A

3213
02:11:05,990 --> 02:11:07,825
DOCTOR WHAT TO DO.

3214
02:11:07,825 --> 02:11:11,529
WE TRY TO SEE IF THIS MODEL

3215
02:11:11,529 --> 02:11:13,864
WORKS FOR HOMOCT IN A

3216
02:11:13,864 --> 02:11:15,366
LONGITUDINAL STUDY, THAT WAS

3217
02:11:15,366 --> 02:11:18,335
UNDER PROTOCOL AK FUNDED BY NEI,

3218
02:11:18,335 --> 02:11:23,074
THE 6 MONTH FOLLOW UP TODAY ON

3219
02:11:23,074 --> 02:11:25,576
HOME OCT, WITH PATIENTS FROM

3220
02:11:25,576 --> 02:11:28,045
2020 TO 20/32, HAD OVER 2000

3221
02:11:28,045 --> 02:11:29,480
SCANS AQUAR QUIRED AT A HIGH

3222
02:11:29,480 --> 02:11:32,149
SUCCESS RATE WITH A PATIENT

3223
02:11:32,149 --> 02:11:33,918
SHOWING ADHERENCE OF 3.6 STAN

3224
02:11:33,918 --> 02:11:34,485
SCANS PER WEEK.

3225
02:11:34,485 --> 02:11:35,686
SO THEY'RE ALMOST DOING THE SCAN

3226
02:11:35,686 --> 02:11:36,721
EVERY DAY.

3227
02:11:36,721 --> 02:11:39,156
THE MEDIAN TIME FOR ACQUISITION

3228
02:11:39,156 --> 02:11:40,958
WAS 47-SECONDS AND THAT INCLUDES

3229
02:11:40,958 --> 02:11:43,294
PATIENTS ALIGNING THEM AND

3230
02:11:43,294 --> 02:11:47,865
ACQUIRING THE IMAGE. 

3231
02:11:47,865 --> 02:11:49,734
ALL SCANS REPORTED MATCH WITH

3232
02:11:49,734 --> 02:11:51,268
THE EXPERT GREATER ASSESSMENT OF

3233
02:11:51,268 --> 02:11:53,971
FLUID PRESENCE OR ABSENCE.

3234
02:11:53,971 --> 02:11:56,607
HADDA IS ALSO INTERESTING TO SEE

3235
02:11:56,607 --> 02:11:59,944
ARE THE FLUID VOLUME PROJECTRYS

3236
02:11:59,944 --> 02:12:01,145
WHICH ARE NOW PUBLISHED.

3237
02:12:01,145 --> 02:12:04,949
WE CAN SEE THE HETEROGENEITY IN

3238
02:12:04,949 --> 02:12:06,217
THE THESE PATES, NONE OF THEM

3239
02:12:06,217 --> 02:12:08,552
LOOK THE SAME AS EACH OTHER.

3240
02:12:08,552 --> 02:12:10,121
ANOTHER LONGITUDIAL STUDY DONE

3241
02:12:10,121 --> 02:12:14,558
BY DR. JEFF HAI AND NALSY

3242
02:12:14,558 --> 02:12:17,194
HOLCOMB SHOWED EXPERIENCE IN THE

3243
02:12:17,194 --> 02:12:20,664
PATIENT WITH HUGE HETEROGENEITY

3244
02:12:20,664 --> 02:12:21,365
IN THESE TRAJECTORIES.

3245
02:12:21,365 --> 02:12:22,299
PATIENT SATISFACTION IS A HUGE

3246
02:12:22,299 --> 02:12:25,136
FACTOR IF YOU WANT THEM TO DO

3247
02:12:25,136 --> 02:12:27,671
THESE TESTS IN THE--AT THEIR

3248
02:12:27,671 --> 02:12:29,240
HOME AND ON A REGULAR BASIS.

3249
02:12:29,240 --> 02:12:30,908
SO PATES WERE ASKED A NUMBER OF

3250
02:12:30,908 --> 02:12:32,443
QUESTIONS, I THINK 2 OF THE MOST

3251
02:12:32,443 --> 02:12:34,178
IMPORTANT 1S WERE EASE OF USE

3252
02:12:34,178 --> 02:12:36,046
AND CONVENIENCE OF DAILY

3253
02:12:36,046 --> 02:12:36,981
IMAGING.

3254
02:12:36,981 --> 02:12:37,815
NINETY-SEVEN% OF RESPONDENTS

3255
02:12:37,815 --> 02:12:39,917
GAVE A POSITIVE, A CORE OF 4 OR

3256
02:12:39,917 --> 02:12:42,887
5 ON GRADING FROM 1 TO 5.

3257
02:12:42,887 --> 02:12:45,022
SO THIS SHOWS THAT THE PATIENTS

3258
02:12:45,022 --> 02:12:47,625
DO FEEL COMFORTABLE USING THIS

3259
02:12:47,625 --> 02:12:50,027
DEVICE AT HOME, AN AN ECTOMYOSIN

3260
02:12:50,027 --> 02:12:52,663
DID HE TELLAL EXPERIENCE THAT

3261
02:12:52,663 --> 02:12:53,564
THE PATIENTS SHARES THAT GOES

3262
02:12:53,564 --> 02:12:56,033
FROM GOING TO THE CLINIC ALL THE

3263
02:12:56,033 --> 02:12:57,668
TIME, IT'S DEFINITELY MORE CALM

3264
02:12:57,668 --> 02:13:00,204
BY DOING THE 40-SECOND SCAN AT

3265
02:13:00,204 --> 02:13:00,404
HOME.

3266
02:13:00,404 --> 02:13:02,339
ANOTHER QUESTION IS THIS CAN BE

3267
02:13:02,339 --> 02:13:04,375
ACQUIRED, DOES IT IMPACT

3268
02:13:04,375 --> 02:13:05,910
CLINICAL DECISION MAKING IN WILL

3269
02:13:05,910 --> 02:13:07,645
IT HAVE ANY CHANGE IN HOW THE

3270
02:13:07,645 --> 02:13:08,746
PATIENTS ARE MANAGED IN SO TO

3271
02:13:08,746 --> 02:13:12,416
UNDERSTAND THAT, WE SHOWED

3272
02:13:12,416 --> 02:13:12,983
PATIENT--PHYSICIANS HOME OCT

3273
02:13:12,983 --> 02:13:14,318
DATA OF THE PATES WHEN WERE

3274
02:13:14,318 --> 02:13:15,986
MANAGED IN THE CLINIC USING

3275
02:13:15,986 --> 02:13:19,256
STANDARD OF CARE, AND WE ASKED

3276
02:13:19,256 --> 02:13:20,658
THEM WOULD YOU CHANGE YOUR

3277
02:13:20,658 --> 02:13:22,860
DECISION BASED ON THAT, THEY

3278
02:13:22,860 --> 02:13:24,094
WERE MASKED TO THE ACTUAL

3279
02:13:24,094 --> 02:13:26,831
DECISION THAT WERE MADE IN

3280
02:13:26,831 --> 02:13:27,298
CLINIC.

3281
02:13:27,298 --> 02:13:27,965
IN FROM--INTEGRATION PASSPORT 7%

3282
02:13:27,965 --> 02:13:31,335
OF THE CASES WHEN THE--42.7% OF

3283
02:13:31,335 --> 02:13:34,004
THE CASES IN THE CLINIC,

3284
02:13:34,004 --> 02:13:35,406
PHYSICIANS DECIDED NOT TO TREAT

3285
02:13:35,406 --> 02:13:39,210
AND GIVE HOME OCT DATA.

3286
02:13:39,210 --> 02:13:41,245
THIS SHOULDN'T BE SURPRISING

3287
02:13:41,245 --> 02:13:42,446
BECAUSE HOME PATIENTS ARE OFTEN

3288
02:13:42,446 --> 02:13:45,216
BEING TREATED IN A PREVENTIVE

3289
02:13:45,216 --> 02:13:45,449
FASHION.

3290
02:13:45,449 --> 02:13:46,650
ALTHOUGH, IN 2/3RD OF THE CASES

3291
02:13:46,650 --> 02:13:48,619
WHEN THE PHYSICIAN DID MAKE A

3292
02:13:48,619 --> 02:13:50,454
DECISION TO TREAT, THEY MADE A

3293
02:13:50,454 --> 02:13:52,189
DECISION TO TREAT THE PATIENT 1

3294
02:13:52,189 --> 02:13:53,457
WEEK BEFORE THEY WERE ACTUALLY

3295
02:13:53,457 --> 02:13:54,124
BEING TREATED.

3296
02:13:54,124 --> 02:13:55,626
THESE ARE EARLY RESULTS BUT

3297
02:13:55,626 --> 02:13:57,661
THESE POINT TO 2 OF THE BIGGEST

3298
02:13:57,661 --> 02:14:00,764
CHALLENGES WE FACE, 1 IS THAT

3299
02:14:00,764 --> 02:14:02,299
PASHTS DON'T GET TREATA THE

3300
02:14:02,299 --> 02:14:04,869
RIGHT TIME, SO EVENTUALLY POORER

3301
02:14:04,869 --> 02:14:06,036
OUTCOMES, SECOND PATIENTS ARE

3302
02:14:06,036 --> 02:14:07,104
TREATED WHEN THEY DID NOT NEED

3303
02:14:07,104 --> 02:14:08,873
TO BE TREATED AND THAT PROBABLY

3304
02:14:08,873 --> 02:14:09,840
INCREASES THE BURDEN AND THE

3305
02:14:09,840 --> 02:14:13,244
COST BURDEN ON THE  HEALTHCARE

3306
02:14:13,244 --> 02:14:13,577
SYSTEM.

3307
02:14:13,577 --> 02:14:16,680
SO OUR FINDING SHOWS THAT IT HAS

3308
02:14:16,680 --> 02:14:18,082
IGF 95 CANT IMPACT ON THE

3309
02:14:18,082 --> 02:14:19,149
DECISION MAKING, WE HAVE ALSO

3310
02:14:19,149 --> 02:14:23,854
SEE IN THIS AN INTERVENTIONAL

3311
02:14:23,854 --> 02:14:26,023
TRIAL IN PUBLICATION WITH

3312
02:14:26,023 --> 02:14:26,257
RETINAL.

3313
02:14:26,257 --> 02:14:28,926
THIS IS WHERE HOME OCT STANDS

3314
02:14:28,926 --> 02:14:29,126
TODAY.

3315
02:14:29,126 --> 02:14:32,796
OVER 1800 PATIENT EYES, NOT

3316
02:14:32,796 --> 02:14:34,031
TESTING, NOT QA ALL PATIENTS

3317
02:14:34,031 --> 02:14:37,401
EYES HAVE BEEN TESTED.

3318
02:14:37,401 --> 02:14:40,404
78,000 VOLUMES,A QUIRED,

3319
02:14:40,404 --> 02:14:44,575
5 MILLION B SCANS, GENERATING

3320
02:14:44,575 --> 02:14:46,343
93,000 GIGA BYTES OF DATA.

3321
02:14:46,343 --> 02:14:51,548
THAT I THINK BRINGS UP TO A BIG

3322
02:14:51,548 --> 02:14:53,817
NUMBER DATA, AND AS OF FRIDAY,

3323
02:14:53,817 --> 02:15:00,157
THE PATIENT IS SCANNING EVERY

3324
02:15:00,157 --> 02:15:01,759
COUPLE DAYS, SO IT IS GENERATED

3325
02:15:01,759 --> 02:15:02,293
IN REALTIME.

3326
02:15:02,293 --> 02:15:05,129
WE HAVE STARTED WITH THE CONFORM

3327
02:15:05,129 --> 02:15:06,530
ABTS THAT'S WHEN WE WORK WITH

3328
02:15:06,530 --> 02:15:07,631
OUR SPONSORS OF THE CLINICAL

3329
02:15:07,631 --> 02:15:11,201
STUDIES SO FAR TO HAVE ACCESS TO

3330
02:15:11,201 --> 02:15:12,036
THOSE CONFORMATIVE IMAGES SO

3331
02:15:12,036 --> 02:15:14,338
THEN, IT IS AN EXAMPLE OF

3332
02:15:14,338 --> 02:15:15,739
BRINGING MEDICAL NEED,

3333
02:15:15,739 --> 02:15:16,640
TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTION AND

3334
02:15:16,640 --> 02:15:18,509
COMPASSIONATE CARE TOGETHER TO

3335
02:15:18,509 --> 02:15:19,410
ACTUALLY BRING THIS TECHNOLOGY

3336
02:15:19,410 --> 02:15:21,011
TO HUNDREDS AND THOUSANDS IF NOT

3337
02:15:21,011 --> 02:15:24,315
MILLIONS OF PATIENTS IN THE

3338
02:15:24,315 --> 02:15:30,988
FUTURE.

3339
02:15:30,988 --> 02:15:34,758
THANK YOU. 

3340
02:15:34,758 --> 02:15:35,859
[ APPLAUSE ]

3341
02:15:35,859 --> 02:15:39,563
>> UP NEXT WE HAVE AMITHA
WHO

3342
02:15:39,563 --> 02:15:40,998
WILL TALK ABOUT DATA

3343
02:15:40,998 --> 02:15:46,070
STANDARDIZATION IN CLINICAL

3344
02:15:46,070 --> 02:15:48,138
TRIALS. 

3345
02:15:48,138 --> 02:15:49,640
>> THANK YOU TO NEI FOR
THIS

3346
02:15:49,640 --> 02:15:51,508
AMAZING TIEWPT TO CELEBRATE A

3347
02:15:51,508 --> 02:15:53,711
GREAT INVENTION AND THANK YOU TO

3348
02:15:53,711 --> 02:15:55,879
THE KEY NOTE SPEAKERS YESTERDAY

3349
02:15:55,879 --> 02:16:00,751
AND TODAY, FOR ARK MAZING TALKS,

3350
02:16:00,751 --> 02:16:02,553
I WILL TALK ABOUT DATA

3351
02:16:02,553 --> 02:16:04,621
STANDARDIZE WITH RESPECT TO 2

3352
02:16:04,621 --> 02:16:06,357
ASPECTS, CLINICAL TRIALS AND

3353
02:16:06,357 --> 02:16:09,827
IMAGE CURATION FOR AI.

3354
02:16:09,827 --> 02:16:11,395
RETINAL IMAGES, JUST 50 YEARS

3355
02:16:11,395 --> 02:16:15,733
AGO WAS STILL PAPER BASED.

3356
02:16:15,733 --> 02:16:17,368
ARTISTIC DOCUMENTATION ON PAPER

3357
02:16:17,368 --> 02:16:18,435
OF VESSELS, LESIONS, THINGS LIKE

3358
02:16:18,435 --> 02:16:19,803
THIS AND AT THE READING CENTER,

3359
02:16:19,803 --> 02:16:24,675
WE STILL HAVE A FEW OF THESE

3360
02:16:24,675 --> 02:16:27,311
LYING AROUND SOMEWHERE.

3361
02:16:27,311 --> 02:16:30,247
AND IT WASN'T UNTIL THE 80S THAT

3362
02:16:30,247 --> 02:16:31,215
PHOTOGRAPHY BECAME MAIN STREAM

3363
02:16:31,215 --> 02:16:33,050
IN CLINICAL TRIALS ABOUT YOU IT

3364
02:16:33,050 --> 02:16:36,020
WAS STILL FILM IMAGING AND THESE

3365
02:16:36,020 --> 02:16:36,854
WERE FILM PHOTOGRAPHS THAT WOULD

3366
02:16:36,854 --> 02:16:38,489
COME TO US IN THESE SLEEVES AND

3367
02:16:38,489 --> 02:16:43,060
WE HAD TO LOG AND USE LIGHT

3368
02:16:43,060 --> 02:16:46,196
BOXES AND STEREO VIEWERS TO LOOK

3369
02:16:46,196 --> 02:16:47,731
AT THEM.

3370
02:16:47,731 --> 02:16:50,601
BY THE 2000S, EVERYTHING BECAME

3371
02:16:50,601 --> 02:16:52,703
DIGITAL, AND EXPANDED BEYOND

3372
02:16:52,703 --> 02:16:55,439
FUNDERS PHOTOGRAPHY TO OCT

3373
02:16:55,439 --> 02:16:56,373
IMANNUALING AND ULTRA WIDE FIELD

3374
02:16:56,373 --> 02:16:58,575
AND EVERYTHING ELSE STARTED

3375
02:16:58,575 --> 02:17:05,549
EXPLODING WITH IMAGING AND SOON

3376
02:17:05,549 --> 02:17:07,985
ENOUGH WE HAD ARTIFICIAL

3377
02:17:07,985 --> 02:17:10,087
INTELLIGENCE COMING IN AND OCT

3378
02:17:10,087 --> 02:17:11,588
IN A BIG WAY.

3379
02:17:11,588 --> 02:17:14,258
SO IT'S A SHORT JOURNEY BUT AN

3380
02:17:14,258 --> 02:17:16,326
MAISHZING JOURNEY THAT WE'VE HAD

3381
02:17:16,326 --> 02:17:17,895
IN RETINAL IMAGING.

3382
02:17:17,895 --> 02:17:20,998
SO THE FUNDUS PHOTOGRAPH READING

3383
02:17:20,998 --> 02:17:22,266
CENTER WAS ESTABLISHED 50 YEARS

3384
02:17:22,266 --> 02:17:26,270
AGO WITH THE NEI AND NIDDK, WITH

3385
02:17:26,270 --> 02:17:30,574
SIM NOAL TRIALS AND SINCE THEN

3386
02:17:30,574 --> 02:17:32,443
WE'VE HAD MANY BEAUTIFUL READING

3387
02:17:32,443 --> 02:17:41,585
CENTERS FOR RETINAL IMAGING AND

3388
02:17:41,585 --> 02:17:42,352
ACROSS THE WORLD.

3389
02:17:42,352 --> 02:17:44,888
THESE ARE ALL FOR CHEMICAL

3390
02:17:44,888 --> 02:17:52,162
TRIALS AND WE'RE NOW CALLED THE

3391
02:17:52,162 --> 02:17:52,663
READING CENTER.

3392
02:17:52,663 --> 02:17:54,765
AND ALL HAVE A STANDARDIZED

3393
02:17:54,765 --> 02:17:56,600
GROAL AND READING TERMINALLING

3394
02:17:56,600 --> 02:18:04,675
AND TERMINOLOGY FOR CLINICAL

3395
02:18:04,675 --> 02:18:04,908
TRIALS.

3396
02:18:04,908 --> 02:18:06,977
THIS IS BY THE TANNED ARD

3397
02:18:06,977 --> 02:18:09,580
CERTIFICATION PROCESS WHERE WE

3398
02:18:09,580 --> 02:18:10,681
CREATE GUIDELINES ON HOW IT'S

3399
02:18:10,681 --> 02:18:12,382
TAKEN, WHAT IS THE ACCEPTABLE

3400
02:18:12,382 --> 02:18:16,386
EQUIPMENT AND WHAT IS THE SCAN

3401
02:18:16,386 --> 02:18:18,288
PROTOCOL AND THESE ARE TESTED ON

3402
02:18:18,288 --> 02:18:19,289
SUBMISSIONS, QUALITY IS MONITORS

3403
02:18:19,289 --> 02:18:21,625
AND THAT'S HOW THE IMAGING

3404
02:18:21,625 --> 02:18:27,498
ACQUISITION IS STANDARDIZED IN A

3405
02:18:27,498 --> 02:18:28,265
CLINICAL TRIAL.

3406
02:18:28,265 --> 02:18:29,566
FOR THE END POINTS THERE ARE

3407
02:18:29,566 --> 02:18:31,902
READER WHO IS ARE NOT

3408
02:18:31,902 --> 02:18:33,237
OPHTHALMOLOGISTS USUALLY, THEY

3409
02:18:33,237 --> 02:18:36,340
ARE TRAIN INDEED GRADING

3410
02:18:36,340 --> 02:18:37,975
PROTOCOLS AND CERTIFIED, EACH

3411
02:18:37,975 --> 02:18:40,043
TRAINER AND TRAINED IN A CERTAIN

3412
02:18:40,043 --> 02:18:41,245
PROTOCOL SO THEY'RE ALMOST LIKE

3413
02:18:41,245 --> 02:18:43,580
A HUMAN FORM OF AI BECAUSE IF A

3414
02:18:43,580 --> 02:18:46,350
GRADER IS TRAIN INDEED DIABETIC

3415
02:18:46,350 --> 02:18:47,618
RETINAL LOCATION NUMBER OF

3416
02:18:47,618 --> 02:18:49,353
PATIENTSATHY COLOR, THAT'S ALL

3417
02:18:49,353 --> 02:18:50,888
THEY DO, THEY ARE NOT TRAIN

3418
02:18:50,888 --> 02:18:53,357
INDEED OCT, AND IF THEY ARE

3419
02:18:53,357 --> 02:18:55,993
TRAINED IN OCT, THEY CANNOT

3420
02:18:55,993 --> 02:18:57,594
INTERPRET COLORS UNLESS THEY'RE

3421
02:18:57,594 --> 02:18:58,896
CROSS DOMAIN TRAINED, AND ALL

3422
02:18:58,896 --> 02:19:03,700
PATIENT HISTORY SO IT'S JUST

3423
02:19:03,700 --> 02:19:05,169
OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT UNLIKE

3424
02:19:05,169 --> 02:19:07,104
CLINICAL INTERPRETATION AND THEY

3425
02:19:07,104 --> 02:19:09,173
GO THROUGH RIGOROUS INTEGRATOR

3426
02:19:09,173 --> 02:19:18,182
AGREEMENT THAT IS CONTINUOUSLY

3427
02:19:18,182 --> 02:19:18,982
MONITORS.

3428
02:19:18,982 --> 02:19:21,084
THIS IS CALLED CLINICAL TRIAL

3429
02:19:21,084 --> 02:19:23,921
IMAGES AND POINT PROCESS AND

3430
02:19:23,921 --> 02:19:25,822
THIS IS THE GUIDANCE DOCUMENT WE

3431
02:19:25,822 --> 02:19:29,259
ALL FOLLOW, IT TELLS YOU HOW

3432
02:19:29,259 --> 02:19:31,128
CERTIFICATION IS DONE, IMAGES

3433
02:19:31,128 --> 02:19:35,499
RECEIVED, GRADED, IT'S ALL

3434
02:19:35,499 --> 02:19:36,600
OUTLINES HERE.

3435
02:19:36,600 --> 02:19:38,902
DESPITE IN ENTIRE INDUSTRY OF

3436
02:19:38,902 --> 02:19:39,603
STANDARDIZATION OF CLINICAL

3437
02:19:39,603 --> 02:19:44,141
TRIALS THERE ARE LOTS OF

3438
02:19:44,141 --> 02:19:44,942
PROBLEMS.

3439
02:19:44,942 --> 02:19:47,010
AND AND THESE ARE DUE TO

3440
02:19:47,010 --> 02:19:55,519
VARIABLE, AND WHEN YOU HAVE AND

3441
02:19:55,519 --> 02:19:58,388
WHEN DATA POOLING IS VASKTED,

3442
02:19:58,388 --> 02:20:00,023
THE OVER ALL STUDY IS AFFECTED

3443
02:20:00,023 --> 02:20:00,958
AND THE HEART OF THE STUDY IS

3444
02:20:00,958 --> 02:20:02,292
THE HEART OF THE CLINICAL TRIAL

3445
02:20:02,292 --> 02:20:03,694
AND IF THAT'S AFFECTED THEN

3446
02:20:03,694 --> 02:20:06,730
EVERYTHING ELSE IS LOST.

3447
02:20:06,730 --> 02:20:08,799
AND TO PUT THINGS AT A VERY

3448
02:20:08,799 --> 02:20:09,833
SIMPLE PERSPECTIVE, WE ALL KNOW

3449
02:20:09,833 --> 02:20:13,537
ABOUT THE DIFFERENCES IN

3450
02:20:13,537 --> 02:20:14,972
SEGMENTATION AND ALL THE OCT

3451
02:20:14,972 --> 02:20:19,676
MACHINES AND THAT LOS ANGELESS

3452
02:20:19,676 --> 02:20:22,212
TO A VERY BASIC ISSUE FOR TRIALS

3453
02:20:22,212 --> 02:20:23,380
WHERE CENTRAL FOR FIELDS OF

3454
02:20:23,380 --> 02:20:26,483
THICKNESS IS A PROOMARY, SECOND

3455
02:20:26,483 --> 02:20:28,352
AREAY POINT IN CLINICAL TRIALS.

3456
02:20:28,352 --> 02:20:31,321
THOSE MATTERS MANAGE SO MUCH,

3457
02:20:31,321 --> 02:20:34,491
MOVING UP OR DOWN CHANGES

3458
02:20:34,491 --> 02:20:36,593
THICKNESS AND IF CHANGING

3459
02:20:36,593 --> 02:20:38,195
EQUIPMENT MADE WAY TO THE TRIAL

3460
02:20:38,195 --> 02:20:41,531
COULD GIVE FALSE EFFICACY ON A

3461
02:20:41,531 --> 02:20:43,133
PATIENT UNDERGOING THERAPEUTIC

3462
02:20:43,133 --> 02:20:44,768
AND TRIALS, AND 20% CHANGE IN

3463
02:20:44,768 --> 02:20:47,204
THICKNESS COULD HAPPEN JUST BY

3464
02:20:47,204 --> 02:20:57,748
SWITCHING FROM ZEIS TO A HIDELE

3465
02:21:00,417 --> 02:21:00,784
BERG INSTRUMENT.

3466
02:21:00,784 --> 02:21:02,586
WE MOVE THE LINES UP AND DOWN TO

3467
02:21:02,586 --> 02:21:06,923
MAKE IT ALL STANDARDIZED AND WE

3468
02:21:06,923 --> 02:21:09,259
USE REGRESSION FORMULAS LIKE

3469
02:21:09,259 --> 02:21:11,862
DRCR NET DOES USE REGRESSION

3470
02:21:11,862 --> 02:21:16,633
FORMULAS TO USE STANDARDIZED

3471
02:21:16,633 --> 02:21:17,367
MEASUREMENTS ACROSS MACHINES

3472
02:21:17,367 --> 02:21:18,402
SOPHISTICATED THESE ARE ALL WORK

3473
02:21:18,402 --> 02:21:19,803
AROUNDS THAT ARE USED AND JUST

3474
02:21:19,803 --> 02:21:21,338
WHEN WE THOUGHT WE HAVE A WORK

3475
02:21:21,338 --> 02:21:25,242
ARK ROUND FOR OCT, OCT

3476
02:21:25,242 --> 02:21:26,443
ANGIOGRAPHY COMES ALONG AND WE

3477
02:21:26,443 --> 02:21:27,978
HAVE THE MEASUREMENTS ON VESSEL

3478
02:21:27,978 --> 02:21:30,614
DENSITY WHICH ARE REPORTED IN

3479
02:21:30,614 --> 02:21:31,982
PERCENTAGE OR PERMANENT UNIT

3480
02:21:31,982 --> 02:21:33,984
TWHAS CANNOT BE PULLED SO THE

3481
02:21:33,984 --> 02:21:44,528
SAME DATA PULLING ISSUE BACK AT

3482
02:21:44,828 --> 02:21:45,762
IT AGAIN.

3483
02:21:45,762 --> 02:21:47,631
OKAY, SO FOR MANY YEARS IT USED

3484
02:21:47,631 --> 02:21:48,832
TO BE THICKNESS AND THAT'S ALL

3485
02:21:48,832 --> 02:21:51,034
BUT MOW WE HAVE ARK MAZING END

3486
02:21:51,034 --> 02:21:53,303
POINTS, RESEARCH THAT IS BEING

3487
02:21:53,303 --> 02:21:58,308
DONE IN END POINTS AND THERE'S A

3488
02:21:58,308 --> 02:22:00,544
LOT MORE LAYER BASED SUBJECTIVE,

3489
02:22:00,544 --> 02:22:01,511
OBJECTIVE QUANTITATIVE MEASURE

3490
02:22:01,511 --> 02:22:02,479
AMS, MANY MORE DETAIL

3491
02:22:02,479 --> 02:22:03,780
MEASUREMENTS THAT ARE BEING

3492
02:22:03,780 --> 02:22:06,216
DONE, YOU SAW THAT IN THE

3493
02:22:06,216 --> 02:22:08,218
PREVIOUS TALKS, DRILL,

3494
02:22:08,218 --> 02:22:10,954
INTEGRITY, THICKNESS, FLUID

3495
02:22:10,954 --> 02:22:21,431
QUANTIFICATION, QUANTIFYING

3496
02:22:24,000 --> 02:22:24,868
HYPER REFLECTIVE FOCI, YOU ABOUT

3497
02:22:24,868 --> 02:22:27,537
MOST OF THESE HAVE BEEN

3498
02:22:27,537 --> 02:22:29,005
SENSITIVE, THEY ARE DIFFICULT,

3499
02:22:29,005 --> 02:22:30,574
THEY NEED AI AND WHEN YOU HAVE

3500
02:22:30,574 --> 02:22:36,513
AI, YOU NEED STANDARD EYATION TO

3501
02:22:36,513 --> 02:22:37,981
GO BEYOND JUST HAVING, YOU KNOW

3502
02:22:37,981 --> 02:22:39,049
THE SAME EQUIPMENT, WITHIN THE

3503
02:22:39,049 --> 02:22:41,485
EQUIPMENT, YOU HAVE THE SAME

3504
02:22:41,485 --> 02:22:43,053
SCAN DENSITY, RESOLUTION, AREA

3505
02:22:43,053 --> 02:22:44,554
OF IMAGING, PATTERN, ALL THAT

3506
02:22:44,554 --> 02:22:44,788
MATTERS.

3507
02:22:44,788 --> 02:22:54,865
IF YOU HAVE A FLUID

3508
02:22:54,865 --> 02:22:55,699
QUANTIFICATION ALGORITHM AND AND

3509
02:22:55,699 --> 02:22:57,734
THE OTHER, IT WILL NOT BE

3510
02:22:57,734 --> 02:22:58,034
EQUIPULENT.

3511
02:22:58,034 --> 02:22:59,669
AND THERE ARE MANY DETAILS THAT

3512
02:22:59,669 --> 02:23:10,213
NEED TO BE ADHERED TO SO THIS IS

3513
02:23:11,081 --> 02:23:13,550
AT 2 SCANS, INCREASE IT TO 14

3514
02:23:13,550 --> 02:23:15,852
SCAN, THE VISIBLE IMPROVES,

3515
02:23:15,852 --> 02:23:17,854
MAYBE THE THICKNESS IMPROVES A

3516
02:23:17,854 --> 02:23:18,221
BIT.

3517
02:23:18,221 --> 02:23:21,091
CHANGE IT TO 25, IT CHANGES EACH

3518
02:23:21,091 --> 02:23:22,659
MORE SO THERE ARE THESE FINE

3519
02:23:22,659 --> 02:23:25,162
DETAILS WE NEED TO PAY ATTENTION

3520
02:23:25,162 --> 02:23:26,963
TO WHEN IT COMES TO THESE

3521
02:23:26,963 --> 02:23:28,698
ADVANCED IMAGING AND THE AI.

3522
02:23:28,698 --> 02:23:38,175
WHEN THE FDA CLEARS AI MODELS

3523
02:23:38,175 --> 02:23:39,443
FOR OR IMAGING FOR EXAMPLE FOR

3524
02:23:39,443 --> 02:23:40,710
RETINAL LOCATION NUMBER OF

3525
02:23:40,710 --> 02:23:41,778
PATIENTSATHY, THE REFERENCE

3526
02:23:41,778 --> 02:23:43,213
STANDARDS ARE USUALLY READINGS

3527
02:23:43,213 --> 02:23:44,948
AND ARE GENERATED DATA SO HUMAN

3528
02:23:44,948 --> 02:23:49,686
LABEL VERSUS,A I AND COMPARED TO

3529
02:23:49,686 --> 02:23:52,489
AND THE DEVICE IS--THE ALGORITHM

3530
02:23:52,489 --> 02:23:54,991
IS CLEARED FOR SPECIFIC DISEASE

3531
02:23:54,991 --> 02:23:56,393
AND RAM RABUT FUND PHOTOGRAPHS

3532
02:23:56,393 --> 02:23:58,261
WHICH IS CLEARANCE AND

3533
02:23:58,261 --> 02:23:59,763
OPHTHALMOLOGY FOR, IT'S EASY

3534
02:23:59,763 --> 02:24:02,833
ENOUGH, CAN YOU SAY, YOU KNOW

3535
02:24:02,833 --> 02:24:05,569
LIKE HERE, I ARK LABEL FOR

3536
02:24:05,569 --> 02:24:07,003
CANNON, THEY HAVE EXPANDED

3537
02:24:07,003 --> 02:24:10,474
FURTHER NOW BUT 1 OF THE FIRST

3538
02:24:10,474 --> 02:24:12,175
1S WAS CANON, AND HAD IS EASY

3539
02:24:12,175 --> 02:24:14,344
BECAUSE THIS IS EASY BECAUSE IT

3540
02:24:14,344 --> 02:24:16,546
IS RETINAL IMAGING FOR FUNDUS

3541
02:24:16,546 --> 02:24:17,714
PHOTOGRAPHY AND SEE THE DEVICE

3542
02:24:17,714 --> 02:24:19,749
AND BE DONE WITH IT BUT WHEN YOU

3543
02:24:19,749 --> 02:24:21,585
HAVE ADVANCED HIMMAGING LIKE ANY

3544
02:24:21,585 --> 02:24:22,686
LASER OR AVAILABLE AND GUIDED

3545
02:24:22,686 --> 02:24:23,854
THERE'S SO MUCH MORE TO SAY.

3546
02:24:23,854 --> 02:24:34,364
YOU CAN'T JUST SAY, I HAVE IT

3547
02:24:37,033 --> 02:24:39,603
NEEDS MORE WITH MACULAR CUBE,

3548
02:24:39,603 --> 02:24:42,005
CUBE SCANNING AND ALL THOSE ARE

3549
02:24:42,005 --> 02:24:46,076
IMPORTANT METRICS TO ADHERE TO.

3550
02:24:46,076 --> 02:24:48,478
AND WHEN WE TALK ABOUT AI, WHERE

3551
02:24:48,478 --> 02:24:56,820
DOES ALL THIS END POINT, ALL

3552
02:24:56,820 --> 02:24:59,222
THIS SPECIFICATION COME FROM WE

3553
02:24:59,222 --> 02:25:00,624
ALL TALK ABOUT IMAGE CURATION

3554
02:25:00,624 --> 02:25:02,592
WHICH IS SUCH AN IMPORTANT PART

3555
02:25:02,592 --> 02:25:10,333
FOR ACHIEVING THESE HIGH IMPACT

3556
02:25:10,333 --> 02:25:13,203
INFORMATION AND IT HAS A LOT OF

3557
02:25:13,203 --> 02:25:13,937
LABELS, FORMAT, ANNOTATIONS,

3558
02:25:13,937 --> 02:25:15,205
OVERLAYS AND AS READING CENTERS

3559
02:25:15,205 --> 02:25:17,007
WE USED TO DO CLINICAL TRIALS

3560
02:25:17,007 --> 02:25:22,045
BUT NOW THERE'S ANOTHER SITE TO

3561
02:25:22,045 --> 02:25:23,980
IT WHERE MANY COLLABORATORS,

3562
02:25:23,980 --> 02:25:28,451
INDUSTRY SPONSORS COME TO US AND

3563
02:25:28,451 --> 02:25:30,554
ASK US TO CURATE IMAGES AND MAKE

3564
02:25:30,554 --> 02:25:32,556
THEM AI READY AND IT'S A TIME

3565
02:25:32,556 --> 02:25:33,290
CONSUMING INTENSE YOB AND SO

3566
02:25:33,290 --> 02:25:35,859
MUCH SO THAT IN THE LIFE CYCLE

3567
02:25:35,859 --> 02:25:37,627
IMAGE CURATION TAKES NEARLY 80%

3568
02:25:37,627 --> 02:25:48,138
OF THE TIME INVOLVED IN MODEL

3569
02:25:52,809 --> 02:25:53,310
DEVELOPMENT.

3570
02:25:53,310 --> 02:25:57,113
WE ARE VERY EXCITED ABOUT THE

3571
02:25:57,113 --> 02:25:57,514
TOMMOLOGY PROGRAM.

3572
02:25:57,514 --> 02:25:58,648
SO ABOUT 5 YEARS AGO, WE WERE

3573
02:25:58,648 --> 02:26:00,283
LOOKING AT WHEN WE REWERE

3574
02:26:00,283 --> 02:26:03,219
CEIVING THIS REQUEST TO CURATE

3575
02:26:03,219 --> 02:26:06,289
IMAGES FOR ALGORITHMS SO WE HAD

3576
02:26:06,289 --> 02:26:11,595
THESE FUNDUS PHOTOGRAPHS,

3577
02:26:11,595 --> 02:26:12,762
RETINAL IMAGES, ALL FILE NAMES

3578
02:26:12,762 --> 02:26:14,197
LIKE THIS, THERE WAS NO WAY TO

3579
02:26:14,197 --> 02:26:15,999
KNOW WHAT DOES THIS IMAGE BELONG

3580
02:26:15,999 --> 02:26:17,934
TO, YES, THERE'S A SUBJECT

3581
02:26:17,934 --> 02:26:20,503
FOLDER, WE KNOW IT BELONGS TO

3582
02:26:20,503 --> 02:26:23,506
SUBJECT XYZ, BUT IS IT THE RIGHT

3583
02:26:23,506 --> 02:26:24,307
EYE, LEFT EYE?

3584
02:26:24,307 --> 02:26:25,508
THERE'S NO WAY TO KNOW FROM THE

3585
02:26:25,508 --> 02:26:27,377
IMAGE UNTIL YOU OPEN IT AND THAT

3586
02:26:27,377 --> 02:26:30,180
WHEN WE REALIZED OH MY GOD THIS

3587
02:26:30,180 --> 02:26:30,580
METADATA MATTERS.

3588
02:26:30,580 --> 02:26:32,782
THERE'S NO WAY TO TELL FROM THIS

3589
02:26:32,782 --> 02:26:34,317
IMAGE WHAT THIS BELONGS TO.

3590
02:26:34,317 --> 02:26:36,519
AND WHEN YOU TALK ABOUT 7 FIELD

3591
02:26:36,519 --> 02:26:40,924
IMAGES WHICH IS WHAT MOST

3592
02:26:40,924 --> 02:26:43,193
CLINICAL TRIALS USE WE HAVE

3593
02:26:43,193 --> 02:26:44,260
SPREADSHEETS, WE COULD CONVERT

3594
02:26:44,260 --> 02:26:45,195
THESE INTO DISCIPLINARY COM, WE

3595
02:26:45,195 --> 02:26:47,764
COULD GET THE SUBJECT ID, PHOTO

3596
02:26:47,764 --> 02:26:53,470
DATE OR MANUELLY KIND OF SOMEHOW

3597
02:26:53,470 --> 02:26:54,537
INCORPORATE IT INTO METADATA BUT

3598
02:26:54,537 --> 02:26:56,606
THINGS LIKE WHICH EYE THE IMAGE

3599
02:26:56,606 --> 02:26:58,808
WAS OR WHICH ANATOMICAL

3600
02:26:58,808 --> 02:27:00,076
LOCATION, THE RETINA, THESE WERE

3601
02:27:00,076 --> 02:27:03,647
NOT THINGS THAT COULD BE RELATED

3602
02:27:03,647 --> 02:27:05,248
BETWEEN AN IMAGE AND A

3603
02:27:05,248 --> 02:27:10,420
SPREADSHEET BECAUSE THAT DATA

3604
02:27:10,420 --> 02:27:10,887
DIDN'T EXIST.

3605
02:27:10,887 --> 02:27:12,756
THERE WAS NO NEED TO HAVE THAT

3606
02:27:12,756 --> 02:27:14,624
DATA AND HUMANS DON'T NEED THAT

3607
02:27:14,624 --> 02:27:15,992
AND HUMAN DON'T NEED TO BE TOLD

3608
02:27:15,992 --> 02:27:17,327
WHICH PART OF THE RETINA THIS IS

3609
02:27:17,327 --> 02:27:19,896
FROM, SO WE HAD TO BUILD AI FOR

3610
02:27:19,896 --> 02:27:22,332
AI, SO WE WERE BUILT AN AI THAT

3611
02:27:22,332 --> 02:27:24,300
COULD SAY, WHICH EYE THIS WAS

3612
02:27:24,300 --> 02:27:28,338
FROM, WHICH FIELD OF THE RETINA,

3613
02:27:28,338 --> 02:27:29,406
SO THIS ALEGORITHMS COULD LOOK

3614
02:27:29,406 --> 02:27:30,740
AT IMAGE AND SAY, THIS IS FIELD

3615
02:27:30,740 --> 02:27:34,310
1 AND WE ADDED A CONFIDENCE

3616
02:27:34,310 --> 02:27:39,949
FIELD TO IT, 99% CONFIDENT THIS

3617
02:27:39,949 --> 02:27:42,485
IS THE FIELD 1 AND 65.8%

3618
02:27:42,485 --> 02:27:44,821
CONFIDENT THIS IS FIELD 5 AND WE

3619
02:27:44,821 --> 02:27:46,556
GEPPED A WORK FLOW BECAUSE IN

3620
02:27:46,556 --> 02:27:48,091
THE READING CENTER THOUSANDS OF

3621
02:27:48,091 --> 02:27:52,829
IMAGES GO THROUGH THE DAY, SO,

3622
02:27:52,829 --> 02:27:54,464
WE NEEDED A STRONG WORK FLOW AND

3623
02:27:54,464 --> 02:27:56,599
PROCESS TO USE THIS AI FOR

3624
02:27:56,599 --> 02:27:57,067
LABELING.

3625
02:27:57,067 --> 02:27:59,602
AND THIS FIELD DETECTOR WE SAID,

3626
02:27:59,602 --> 02:28:03,707
WELL, IF IT'S 99% CONFIDENT, WE

3627
02:28:03,707 --> 02:28:05,642
WILL LET IT GO BUT IF IT WAS

3628
02:28:05,642 --> 02:28:07,444
UNDER THAT THEN A HUMAN HAD TO

3629
02:28:07,444 --> 02:28:13,516
CHECK THE IMAGES AND ABOUT 80%

3630
02:28:13,516 --> 02:28:16,853
OF THE TIME THE AI DETECTOR

3631
02:28:16,853 --> 02:28:18,788
COULD HAVE 99% CONTIARAS DENSE,

3632
02:28:18,788 --> 02:28:20,457
SO IT WAS OHM OCCASIONALLY WE

3633
02:28:20,457 --> 02:28:21,891
NEEDED A CHECK, SO WHEN WE LOOK

3634
02:28:21,891 --> 02:28:24,594
AT THIS, IT WAS DARK IMAGES OR

3635
02:28:24,594 --> 02:28:25,762
THE FIELD WASN'T IDENTIFIED AND

3636
02:28:25,762 --> 02:28:27,797
WHEN WE GRANTED THE FIRST TIME,

3637
02:28:27,797 --> 02:28:30,133
ABOUT 11,000 IMANNUALS, IT TOOK

3638
02:28:30,133 --> 02:28:32,102
12 MINUTES TO LABEL ALL THESE

3639
02:28:32,102 --> 02:28:32,736
AND CURATE THEM AND ORGANIZE

3640
02:28:32,736 --> 02:28:34,504
THEM AND IF YOU HAD A HUMAN

3641
02:28:34,504 --> 02:28:42,011
DOING THAT, OUR CALCULATION WAS

3642
02:28:42,011 --> 02:28:42,378
86 HOURS.

3643
02:28:42,378 --> 02:28:44,514
SO THAT WAS SAVED FOR CURATING,

3644
02:28:44,514 --> 02:28:46,349
AT THE SAME TEE WOO DID A

3645
02:28:46,349 --> 02:28:47,517
HUNDRED THOUSAND IMAGES AND IT

3646
02:28:47,517 --> 02:28:48,952
TOOK ABOUT HALF AN HOUR TO

3647
02:28:48,952 --> 02:28:56,693
CURATE THE WHOLE DATA SET.

3648
02:28:56,693 --> 02:28:58,795
WITH RETINAL AGAIN, THERE ARE A

3649
02:28:58,795 --> 02:29:01,231
LOT IMANNUALS AND IF YOU GET TO

3650
02:29:01,231 --> 02:29:03,199
OR T, THERE ARE LOTS OF THEM.

3651
02:29:03,199 --> 02:29:05,568
HOW ARE THEY BUILDING AI ON

3652
02:29:05,568 --> 02:29:07,203
THESE OCTs, WHAT PROCESS ARE

3653
02:29:07,203 --> 02:29:08,905
BEING USED FOR IMAGE CURATION,

3654
02:29:08,905 --> 02:29:10,039
SOME USE SPORTS BA UNITED STATES

3655
02:29:10,039 --> 02:29:12,175
THEY'RE MORE AVAILABLE ON THE

3656
02:29:12,175 --> 02:29:16,312
NEWER SYSTEMS WITH HEIDELBERG,

3657
02:29:16,312 --> 02:29:18,548
SOME OF THEM HAVE THE

3658
02:29:18,548 --> 02:29:19,382
DISCIPLINARY COMCONVERTER, THERE

3659
02:29:19,382 --> 02:29:21,918
ARE FEW, THERE ARE OPEN SOURCE

3660
02:29:21,918 --> 02:29:23,987
CRYPTS TO CONVERT IMAGES TO

3661
02:29:23,987 --> 02:29:25,188
DISCIPLINARY COM, THERE ARE

3662
02:29:25,188 --> 02:29:26,256
INDIVIDUAL SCANS, EACH KAN--KANA

3663
02:29:26,256 --> 02:29:29,726
IS EXPORTED AS A 2 D IMAGE SO

3664
02:29:29,726 --> 02:29:31,795
YOU GET 1282 D JPEGS TO DEAL

3665
02:29:31,795 --> 02:29:33,329
WITH, SOME PEOPLE ARE USING

3666
02:29:33,329 --> 02:29:34,864
SCREEN SHOTS, YES, THERE ARE

3667
02:29:34,864 --> 02:29:44,174
PUBLICATIONS WITH SCREEN SHOTS

3668
02:29:44,174 --> 02:29:46,743
OF OCT, WE DON'T KNOW HOW MOST

3669
02:29:46,743 --> 02:29:49,078
PEOPLE ARE PUTTING THEM INTO AI

3670
02:29:49,078 --> 02:29:50,413
AND DEVELOPING MODELS.

3671
02:29:50,413 --> 02:29:51,981
SO FOR CURATION, OF OCTs WE

3672
02:29:51,981 --> 02:29:56,886
HAVE A LOT MORE OF DETAILS WE

3673
02:29:56,886 --> 02:29:58,221
HAVE TO ADHERE TO WHEN WE'RE

3674
02:29:58,221 --> 02:30:00,623
BRINGING THOSE TOGETHER BUT WHEN

3675
02:30:00,623 --> 02:30:02,859
CONVERTING THE DISCIPLINARY

3676
02:30:02,859 --> 02:30:04,160
DICOM, THE METADATA NEEDS TO

3677
02:30:04,160 --> 02:30:05,929
INVOLVE TONS OF DETAILS TO MAKE

3678
02:30:05,929 --> 02:30:07,130
SHOULDURE THAT WHAT THE MODEL IS

3679
02:30:07,130 --> 02:30:08,998
TRAINED ON IS WHAT IT'S BEING

3680
02:30:08,998 --> 02:30:14,470
DEPLOYED ON.

3681
02:30:14,470 --> 02:30:15,638
BECAUSE DEPLOYMENT IS A WHOLE

3682
02:30:15,638 --> 02:30:20,844
AND OTHER DIMENSION OF AI,

3683
02:30:20,844 --> 02:30:26,549
BECAUSE WHEN YOU DEPLOY AI, YOU

3684
02:30:26,549 --> 02:30:28,084
ARE DEALING WITH HUMANS, AND

3685
02:30:28,084 --> 02:30:29,953
WHEN YOU REALIZE QUICKLY IS THAT

3686
02:30:29,953 --> 02:30:30,787
YOU'RE DEALING WITH HUMAN

3687
02:30:30,787 --> 02:30:33,022
SPECIES WHEN YOU DEPLOY AI.

3688
02:30:33,022 --> 02:30:38,494
IT'S NOT OCT BASED, IT'S

3689
02:30:38,494 --> 02:30:40,430
AUTOFLUORESCENCE, BUT IT WAS

3690
02:30:40,430 --> 02:30:41,831
INSTALLED IN CLINICS FOR

3691
02:30:41,831 --> 02:30:42,932
SCREENING PATIENTS FOR GA

3692
02:30:42,932 --> 02:30:44,334
BECAUSE CLINICAL TRIALS USE AN

3693
02:30:44,334 --> 02:30:46,002
AREA LIMIT, THEY SAY, YOU KNOW I

3694
02:30:46,002 --> 02:30:51,407
WANT A GA ON AUTOFLUORESCENCE TO

3695
02:30:51,407 --> 02:30:53,409
BE 2.5 TO 19 SQUARE MILLIMETERS

3696
02:30:53,409 --> 02:30:56,145
SO THIS RUNS JUST THE PATIENT

3697
02:30:56,145 --> 02:30:59,282
FALLS IN THAT RANGE AND THEN,

3698
02:30:59,282 --> 02:31:02,719
CLINICS CAN TAKE FURTHER IMAGES

3699
02:31:02,719 --> 02:31:05,154
LIKE OCT, FA, DO ALL THE

3700
02:31:05,154 --> 02:31:06,456
REQUIRED TESTS RATHER THAN PUT

3701
02:31:06,456 --> 02:31:10,927
THE BURDEN RIGHT AWAY.

3702
02:31:10,927 --> 02:31:14,864
ASK WE GET A CALL, ALGORITHM NOT

3703
02:31:14,864 --> 02:31:15,331
WORKING.

3704
02:31:15,331 --> 02:31:18,001
WHAT HAPPENED OUR HEIDELBERG WAS

3705
02:31:18,001 --> 02:31:19,669
TOO BUSY SO WE TOOK ON SOMETHING

3706
02:31:19,669 --> 02:31:19,869
ELSE.

3707
02:31:19,869 --> 02:31:20,904
YOU CAN'T DO THAT.

3708
02:31:20,904 --> 02:31:24,641
YOU HAVE TO DO HEIDELBERG ONLY,

3709
02:31:24,641 --> 02:31:25,408
IT'S TRAINED FOR.

3710
02:31:25,408 --> 02:31:28,344
WE GET A CALL AGAIN, THE ALLEGOR

3711
02:31:28,344 --> 02:31:29,712
RIG IMPEDIMENTS NOT LOOKING,

3712
02:31:29,712 --> 02:31:30,046
WHAT HAPPENED.

3713
02:31:30,046 --> 02:31:32,448
TAKE A ELECTRIC AT IT, THERE'S A

3714
02:31:32,448 --> 02:31:34,884
GRID ON THE IMAGE, TAKE THE GRID

3715
02:31:34,884 --> 02:31:36,653
OFF, BECAUSE AI CAN'T SEE IF

3716
02:31:36,653 --> 02:31:37,320
THERE'S A GRID.

3717
02:31:37,320 --> 02:31:38,888
YOU TAKE THE GRID OFF,

3718
02:31:38,888 --> 02:31:41,224
MEASUREMENTS COME, SO EVERY

3719
02:31:41,224 --> 02:31:43,059
SINGLE DETAIL MATTERS,

3720
02:31:43,059 --> 02:31:44,694
ESPECIALLY WHEN YOU'RE

3721
02:31:44,694 --> 02:31:45,295
PROSPECTIVELY DEPLOYING THESE

3722
02:31:45,295 --> 02:31:46,963
FOR USE AND HANDING IT OUT TO

3723
02:31:46,963 --> 02:31:54,671
THE PUBLIC FOR USE EMPLOY SO TO

3724
02:31:54,671 --> 02:31:57,073
SUMMARIZE CURATION IS THE

3725
02:31:57,073 --> 02:31:58,274
CORNERSTONE OF AI MODEL

3726
02:31:58,274 --> 02:31:58,975
DEVELOPMENT, WITHOUT WHICH IT

3727
02:31:58,975 --> 02:32:00,009
WILL BE VERY DIFFICULT TO

3728
02:32:00,009 --> 02:32:02,712
PROGRESS IN THE FIELD, IT'S NOT

3729
02:32:02,712 --> 02:32:04,981
ALL APPLES, TO APPLES EACH WITH

3730
02:32:04,981 --> 02:32:09,919
OCTs, THERE'S A LOT MORE

3731
02:32:09,919 --> 02:32:11,020
DETAILS WE NEED TO TALK ABOUT

3732
02:32:11,020 --> 02:32:15,858
AND I THINK I WILL PUT A SPEECH

3733
02:32:15,858 --> 02:32:17,293
FOR CARRY GATES WHO TALK ABOUT

3734
02:32:17,293 --> 02:32:18,728
ALL THE SOLUTIONS, I SAID I HAVE

3735
02:32:18,728 --> 02:32:20,897
THE PROBLEMS AND SHE HAS THE

3736
02:32:20,897 --> 02:32:21,364
SOLUTIONS. 

3737
02:32:21,364 --> 02:32:21,764
THANK YOU.

3738
02:32:21,764 --> 02:32:32,008
[ APPLAUSE ] 

3739
02:32:33,142 --> 02:32:38,881
>> THANK YOU, SHE DID MY
JOB FOR

3740
02:32:38,881 --> 02:32:42,018
ME BUT NEXT IS KERRY GOETZ, SHE

3741
02:32:42,018 --> 02:32:45,822
WILL TALK ABOUT NEI EFFORTS FOR

3742
02:32:45,822 --> 02:32:47,023
ADVANCING OCULAR IMAGING

3743
02:32:47,023 --> 02:32:47,290
STANDARDS.

3744
02:32:47,290 --> 02:32:48,891
>> THANK YOU FOR HAVING ME
I'M

3745
02:32:48,891 --> 02:32:51,894
EXCITE TO BE AT OCT FEST, OVER

3746
02:32:51,894 --> 02:32:53,930
THE PAST FEW YEARS I'VE BEEN

3747
02:32:53,930 --> 02:32:54,764
ENAMORED WITH THE TECHNOLOGY AND

3748
02:32:54,764 --> 02:32:56,532
THE OFFICE I RUN AT THE

3749
02:32:56,532 --> 02:32:58,368
NCEREBELLUMS I, THE OFFICE OF

3750
02:32:58,368 --> 02:32:59,669
DATA SCIENCE AND HEALTH

3751
02:32:59,669 --> 02:33:01,104
INFORMATIC SYSTEM VERY MUCH

3752
02:33:01,104 --> 02:33:02,372
INVOLVED IN SHARING STORIES

3753
02:33:02,372 --> 02:33:04,007
ABOUT HOW THIS KIND OF

3754
02:33:04,007 --> 02:33:11,881
TECHNOLOGY CAN BE TRANSFORMATIVE

3755
02:33:11,881 --> 02:33:12,215
TO HEALTHCARE.

3756
02:33:12,215 --> 02:33:13,616
JUST WANT TO SAY ABOUT MY

3757
02:33:13,616 --> 02:33:14,917
OFFICE, WE USE OUR NEW PLAN

3758
02:33:14,917 --> 02:33:16,786
WHICH HAS A CROSS CUTTING DATA

3759
02:33:16,786 --> 02:33:18,154
SCIENCE OF EMPHASIS AS OUR

3760
02:33:18,154 --> 02:33:19,122
GUIDING LIGHT.

3761
02:33:19,122 --> 02:33:21,524
AND WE ARE REALLY FOCUSED ON

3762
02:33:21,524 --> 02:33:25,261
MAKING THINGS FAIR IN 2 WAYS, SO

3763
02:33:25,261 --> 02:33:26,295
FINDABLE, ACCESSIBLE,

3764
02:33:26,295 --> 02:33:27,363
INTEROPERABLE AND REUSABLE BUT

3765
02:33:27,363 --> 02:33:28,731
ALSO FULLY AI READY AND I THINK

3766
02:33:28,731 --> 02:33:36,539
THAT'S REALLY WHERE THIS IMAGING

3767
02:33:36,539 --> 02:33:37,173
HAS GREAT POTENTIAL.

3768
02:33:37,173 --> 02:33:40,176
SO WE TALKED ABOUT THE LAST 2

3769
02:33:40,176 --> 02:33:41,377
DAYS ABOUT RETINALPPLICATION,

3770
02:33:41,377 --> 02:33:42,979
IDENTIFYING EVERYTHING FROM

3771
02:33:42,979 --> 02:33:44,380
OCULAR CONDITIONS TO GLAUCOMA,

3772
02:33:44,380 --> 02:33:46,716
CAT RACK, ALL THOSE THINGS BUT

3773
02:33:46,716 --> 02:33:49,318
ALSO NONOCULAR THINGS, HEART

3774
02:33:49,318 --> 02:33:54,357
DISEASE, ALZHEIMERS, METABOLIC

3775
02:33:54,357 --> 02:33:57,760
DISORDERS, WE HAVE THE TRULY

3776
02:33:57,760 --> 02:34:00,530
AMAZING ADVANTAGE THAT THESE ARE

3777
02:34:00,530 --> 02:34:02,965
NONIMAGED AND THEY ARE DONE BY

3778
02:34:02,965 --> 02:34:04,467
NONTRAINED PROVIDERS, THEY CAN

3779
02:34:04,467 --> 02:34:06,335
BE DONE BY THE SELF, AND VERY

3780
02:34:06,335 --> 02:34:06,569
QUICKLY.

3781
02:34:06,569 --> 02:34:15,144
SO IT'S A FABULOUS WAY FOR US TO

3782
02:34:15,144 --> 02:34:17,046
BUILD OUT APPLICATIONS FOR

3783
02:34:17,046 --> 02:34:17,647
SUBTLE HEALTH REFLECTIVE

3784
02:34:17,647 --> 02:34:17,947
TECHNOLOGY.

3785
02:34:17,947 --> 02:34:20,550
SO IN THIS CASE, SOME PEOPLE ARE

3786
02:34:20,550 --> 02:34:23,686
USING OCULAR IMAGING TO CREATE

3787
02:34:23,686 --> 02:34:25,488
HEALTH SCORES, THESE CAN BE

3788
02:34:25,488 --> 02:34:27,023
SCORES FOR CARDIAC HEALTH, THESE

3789
02:34:27,023 --> 02:34:28,925
CAN BE A GENERALIZED HEALTH

3790
02:34:28,925 --> 02:34:30,393
SCORE, LIKE TODAY, I DIDN'T GET

3791
02:34:30,393 --> 02:34:31,794
MUCH SLEEP LAST NIGHT AND I WILL

3792
02:34:31,794 --> 02:34:38,301
GET A HEALTH SCORE THAT WILL

3793
02:34:38,301 --> 02:34:40,269
TELL ME MY SLEEPLESS SCORE, MAKE

3794
02:34:40,269 --> 02:34:42,705
SURE YOU'RE DOING BETTER TO

3795
02:34:42,705 --> 02:34:44,173
SLEEP BETTER, THOSE SUBTLE

3796
02:34:44,173 --> 02:34:45,808
NUDGES TO HELP BEHAVIOR.

3797
02:34:45,808 --> 02:34:47,877
AND WE HAVE THESE TECHNOLOGIES,

3798
02:34:47,877 --> 02:34:49,979
I'VE BEEN FASCINATED IN SHARING

3799
02:34:49,979 --> 02:34:52,782
WITH THE PUBLIC ABOUT THAT--DO

3800
02:34:52,782 --> 02:34:53,816
THIS NONINVASIVELY IN THE HOME

3801
02:34:53,816 --> 02:35:01,290
AND WE'VE HEARD ABOUT THOSE

3802
02:35:01,290 --> 02:35:01,524
ALREADY.

3803
02:35:01,524 --> 02:35:03,559
I REALLY SEE WHERE THIS KIND OF

3804
02:35:03,559 --> 02:35:05,695
DEVICE IS BIG, IT'S A PLP

3805
02:35:05,695 --> 02:35:07,363
READING CUFF THAT EXISTING IN

3806
02:35:07,363 --> 02:35:08,898
NATCHER WHICH IS HERE IN CAMPUS,

3807
02:35:08,898 --> 02:35:10,566
CAN YOU WALK UP TO 1 OF THESE,

3808
02:35:10,566 --> 02:35:12,168
SIT IN FRONT OF IT, PUSH A

3809
02:35:12,168 --> 02:35:16,973
BUTTON AND BE ABLE TO GET SOME

3810
02:35:16,973 --> 02:35:21,210
INFORMATION RISK ANALYSIS, NOT

3811
02:35:21,210 --> 02:35:23,079
DIAGNOSTICS PER SE BUT

3812
02:35:23,079 --> 02:35:23,813
SUBSIDIARILE INFORMATION ABOUT

3813
02:35:23,813 --> 02:35:25,481
YOUR LIFESTYLE AND HABITS.

3814
02:35:25,481 --> 02:35:25,915
JUST LIKE THIS.

3815
02:35:25,915 --> 02:35:28,417
SO HAVE YOU AN INTERESTING BLOOD

3816
02:35:28,417 --> 02:35:29,619
PRESSURE READING, WHAT MIGHT YOU

3817
02:35:29,619 --> 02:35:31,687
WANT TO CHANGE, MAYBE YOU NEED

3818
02:35:31,687 --> 02:35:35,258
TO EAT MORE STARCHY VEGETABLES,

3819
02:35:35,258 --> 02:35:36,325
GREEN VEGETABLES, MAYBE YOU NEED

3820
02:35:36,325 --> 02:35:37,793
TO WALK MORE, GET MORE SLEEP, I

3821
02:35:37,793 --> 02:35:41,864
REALLY THINK THIS IS POSSIBLE.

3822
02:35:41,864 --> 02:35:45,067
AND WITH THE ADVANCES WITNESS

3823
02:35:45,067 --> 02:35:46,369
HOME AND TECHNOLOGIES, AS I WAS

3824
02:35:46,369 --> 02:35:48,237
SET UP NICELY FOR, THESE CAN BE

3825
02:35:48,237 --> 02:35:50,339
THINGS IF PEOPLE ARE A HIGH RISK

3826
02:35:50,339 --> 02:35:52,208
CONDITION THAT THEY'RE DOING

3827
02:35:52,208 --> 02:35:54,076
REPEATED APPLICATIONS AS WE

3828
02:35:54,076 --> 02:35:54,343
SAID.

3829
02:35:54,343 --> 02:35:55,845
WE TO HAVE THESE REPEATED

3830
02:35:55,845 --> 02:36:01,751
MEASURES JUST LIKE IN-HOME BLOOD

3831
02:36:01,751 --> 02:36:02,251
FLUICOSE MONITORING.

3832
02:36:02,251 --> 02:36:06,556
SX HEAT I HAD THE PLEASURE

3833
02:36:06,556 --> 02:36:09,659
OF---AND I HAD THE PLEASURE OF

3834
02:36:09,659 --> 02:36:11,327
SHARING THESE STORIES, INSIGHTS

3835
02:36:11,327 --> 02:36:13,062
INFORMATION WITH HIGH LEVEL

3836
02:36:13,062 --> 02:36:14,230
GOVERNMENT FOLKS ADVOCATE ANDS

3837
02:36:14,230 --> 02:36:18,267
PEOPLE IN THE HEALTHCARE SPACE,

3838
02:36:18,267 --> 02:36:20,203
SO I HAD THE GREAT OPPORTUNITY

3839
02:36:20,203 --> 02:36:21,704
TO PRESENT OCT IMAGING AT A

3840
02:36:21,704 --> 02:36:23,139
WHITE HOUSE EEIVET THAT WAS

3841
02:36:23,139 --> 02:36:24,807
ATTENDED BY PRESIDENT BIDEN, I

3842
02:36:24,807 --> 02:36:27,009
YOLK THAT THIS WAS LIKE ADULT

3843
02:36:27,009 --> 02:36:30,846
SCIENCE FAIR WITH THE PRESIDENT

3844
02:36:30,846 --> 02:36:32,448
AS THE JUDGE, WE DID NOT WIN TOP

3845
02:36:32,448 --> 02:36:34,116
3 BUT WE WERE VERY CLOSE AND

3846
02:36:34,116 --> 02:36:35,551
EVERYONE WHO CAME TO OUR BOOTH,

3847
02:36:35,551 --> 02:36:38,888
I WAS ACTUALLY DOING OCTs, ON

3848
02:36:38,888 --> 02:36:40,690
INDIVIDUALS AT THIS EVENT,

3849
02:36:40,690 --> 02:36:44,660
MYSELF, I'M A DATA SCIENTIST, SO

3850
02:36:44,660 --> 02:36:47,997
THAT'S WITH SHARED EASE OF USE,

3851
02:36:47,997 --> 02:36:49,398
AND EVERYONE WAS FLOORED.

3852
02:36:49,398 --> 02:36:55,171
THEY WERE LIKE WHY, WHY IS THIS

3853
02:36:55,171 --> 02:36:55,972
NOT AVAILABLE.

3854
02:36:55,972 --> 02:36:58,274
TWO QUESTIONS I GOT:  WHERE CAN

3855
02:36:58,274 --> 02:36:59,208
I IMET THIS DONE?

3856
02:36:59,208 --> 02:37:01,043
AND WHY IS THIS NOT POSSIBLE IN

3857
02:37:01,043 --> 02:37:01,644
OUR COMMUNITY?

3858
02:37:01,644 --> 02:37:03,546
WHY CAN'T I JUST ROLL UP AND GET

3859
02:37:03,546 --> 02:37:08,851
AN OCT AT MY PHARMACY?

3860
02:37:08,851 --> 02:37:10,386
AND THE REASONS ARE REALLY MANY

3861
02:37:10,386 --> 02:37:11,921
AND WE HIGHLIGHT TD A LOT OF

3862
02:37:11,921 --> 02:37:12,822
THOSE.

3863
02:37:12,822 --> 02:37:15,124
SO WE NEEDED INTEROPERABILITY,

3864
02:37:15,124 --> 02:37:16,492
CONNECTING IMAGING DEVICES TO

3865
02:37:16,492 --> 02:37:21,464
OUR ECOSYSTEM OF HELT CARE RIGHT

3866
02:37:21,464 --> 02:37:24,367
NOW THEY LIVE ON DEVICES, THEY

3867
02:37:24,367 --> 02:37:25,901
LIVE ON PROPRIETARY SYSTEMS, WE

3868
02:37:25,901 --> 02:37:27,637
NEED TO CONNECT ALL THOSE SO WE

3869
02:37:27,637 --> 02:37:29,305
CAN START USING TECHNIQUES AND

3870
02:37:29,305 --> 02:37:30,273
FINDING PRESIDENTERNS AND

3871
02:37:30,273 --> 02:37:31,440
LOOKING AT PROGRESSION.

3872
02:37:31,440 --> 02:37:33,376
WE NEED STANDARDS, WE NEED

3873
02:37:33,376 --> 02:37:35,211
TANNED ORDERS IN ON TWO-CENTS OF

3874
02:37:35,211 --> 02:37:37,313
THE WAY AND I WILL SHARE IT IN A

3875
02:37:37,313 --> 02:37:39,448
MINUE BUT JUST TO SAY WE NEED

3876
02:37:39,448 --> 02:37:40,449
STANDARDS OF REPRESENTATION OF

3877
02:37:40,449 --> 02:37:43,252
THE MEASURES AND THE METADATA SO

3878
02:37:43,252 --> 02:37:45,121
FOR INITANCE LIKE AMITHA WAS

3879
02:37:45,121 --> 02:37:47,657
SAYING, WE ARE ALWAYS KNOWING

3880
02:37:47,657 --> 02:37:50,159
EYE WAS IMAGES AND ARE WE

3881
02:37:50,159 --> 02:37:51,827
REPRESENTING THAT EYE AS OS OR

3882
02:37:51,827 --> 02:37:53,329
L, WHAT ARE WE SAYING ABOUT IT

3883
02:37:53,329 --> 02:37:55,731
SO WE NEED TO HAVE CONSISTENCY

3884
02:37:55,731 --> 02:37:57,333
IN THAT REPRESENTATION FOR

3885
02:37:57,333 --> 02:38:07,810
MACHINE ACTIONABILITY AND WE

3886
02:38:09,812 --> 02:38:12,014
NEED INNOVATION, SO, BRIDGE TO

3887
02:38:12,014 --> 02:38:15,017
AI AND TOOLS TO ACCESS THESE AND

3888
02:38:15,017 --> 02:38:16,786
I THINK THE NEI IS REALLY

3889
02:38:16,786 --> 02:38:18,054
FOCUSED ON TRYING TO GET PEOPLE

3890
02:38:18,054 --> 02:38:26,028
INTO A SHARING CULTURE.

3891
02:38:26,028 --> 02:38:28,898
SO I'M SURE A FEW OF YOU

3892
02:38:28,898 --> 02:38:31,067
ATTENDED THIS WORKSHOP,S AS A

3893
02:38:31,067 --> 02:38:32,702
WORK CLOUD, BUT IT'S AN ASPECT

3894
02:38:32,702 --> 02:38:34,236
OF THE WORKSHOP THAT WHAT PEOPLE

3895
02:38:34,236 --> 02:38:36,872
WANTED FROM THE STANDARDS

3896
02:38:36,872 --> 02:38:38,741
ADOPTION METHOD AND DICOM IS THE

3897
02:38:38,741 --> 02:38:40,643
STABBED ARD FOR MEDICAL IMAGING

3898
02:38:40,643 --> 02:38:51,187
IS INTEROPERABILITY, ALL RIGHT,

3899
02:38:52,521 --> 02:38:54,223
SO, AND A FEW OTHERS HERE WROTE

3900
02:38:54,223 --> 02:38:57,460
AN ARTICLE IN ASRS ABOUT HOW WE

3901
02:38:57,460 --> 02:38:58,627
ENVISION INTERROPERABILITY WITH

3902
02:38:58,627 --> 02:39:00,429
IMAGING AND A LARGE PART OF

3903
02:39:00,429 --> 02:39:06,569
THAT, INVOLVES FIRE, SO THIS IS

3904
02:39:06,569 --> 02:39:08,304
THE FAST HEALTHCARE

3905
02:39:08,304 --> 02:39:09,271
INTERROPERABILITY RESOURCES,

3906
02:39:09,271 --> 02:39:10,639
INTERROPERABILITY USED IN MOST

3907
02:39:10,639 --> 02:39:11,941
ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD SYSTEMS

3908
02:39:11,941 --> 02:39:13,843
SO AGAIN, WE WANT TO BRING THOSE

3909
02:39:13,843 --> 02:39:15,010
INTO THE FIRE ECOSYSTEM AND WE

3910
02:39:15,010 --> 02:39:16,712
WANT TO CONNECK, WE WANT TO

3911
02:39:16,712 --> 02:39:19,115
CONNECT THE METADATA AND THE

3912
02:39:19,115 --> 02:39:22,418
IMAGE OBJECTS INTO THE

3913
02:39:22,418 --> 02:39:23,185
HEALTHCARE ECOSYSTEM.

3914
02:39:23,185 --> 02:39:24,620
SOPHISTICATEDY WE NEED STANDARDS

3915
02:39:24,620 --> 02:39:26,589
AND WE'VE BEEN, I THINK MIKE

3916
02:39:26,589 --> 02:39:27,790
SHOWED THIS EXACT SLIDE BUT I

3917
02:39:27,790 --> 02:39:29,759
THINK WE NEED TO BE ABLE TO

3918
02:39:29,759 --> 02:39:36,899
DEVELOP STANDARDS FOR

3919
02:39:36,899 --> 02:39:38,567
REPRESENTING THE IMAGE DATA A

3920
02:39:38,567 --> 02:39:40,936
LOT OF FOLKS, AMITHA WAS READY

3921
02:39:40,936 --> 02:39:43,739
TO SHOW THIS, THIS IS LOCKED

3922
02:39:43,739 --> 02:39:46,242
INTO THE PROPRIETARY SYSTEMS SO

3923
02:39:46,242 --> 02:39:48,010
WE CAN'T GET ACCESS INTO THOSE

3924
02:39:48,010 --> 02:39:50,846
FIELDS WE NEED IN BULK AND WE

3925
02:39:50,846 --> 02:39:53,549
NEED EXPORTABLE KOOM PEWTER

3926
02:39:53,549 --> 02:39:53,983
ACTIONABLE FORMATS.

3927
02:39:53,983 --> 02:39:55,818
SO WE HAD A WORKSHOP AGAIN, MOST

3928
02:39:55,818 --> 02:39:57,219
PEOPLE REALLY JUST, THEY WANT TO

3929
02:39:57,219 --> 02:39:57,953
SEE THIS IMAGING COME TOGETHER

3930
02:39:57,953 --> 02:40:02,491
WITH THE REST OF OUR SCIENCE AND

3931
02:40:02,491 --> 02:40:03,259
HEALTHCARE SPHERE.

3932
02:40:03,259 --> 02:40:04,493
THERE WAS BACK UP STATEMENTS,

3933
02:40:04,493 --> 02:40:06,495
TRYING TO GO QUICKLY SO WE CAN

3934
02:40:06,495 --> 02:40:12,668
HAVE GOOD DIALOGUE IN OUR OPEN

3935
02:40:12,668 --> 02:40:13,636
SESSION, BUT AFTERNOON AGROWS SO

3936
02:40:13,636 --> 02:40:15,171
THIS IS WHERE WE WANT TO GO.

3937
02:40:15,171 --> 02:40:17,139
HOW ELSE CAN WE DO THIS.

3938
02:40:17,139 --> 02:40:19,341
SO WE WROTE PAPERS, I'M AT THE

3939
02:40:19,341 --> 02:40:20,342
NATIONAL EYE INSTITUTE, WE

3940
02:40:20,342 --> 02:40:21,644
PARTNERED WITH THE F, DIDA AND

3941
02:40:21,644 --> 02:40:23,379
THE OFFICE OF NATIONAL

3942
02:40:23,379 --> 02:40:24,580
COORDINATOR OR ONC TO JUST SAY

3943
02:40:24,580 --> 02:40:27,483
WHAT KINDS OF THINGS CAN WE AS

3944
02:40:27,483 --> 02:40:28,918
FUNDING AGENCIES, AS POLICY

3945
02:40:28,918 --> 02:40:32,788
MAKERS DO TO ADVANCE

3946
02:40:32,788 --> 02:40:33,589
INTEROPERABILITY

3947
02:40:33,589 --> 02:40:35,991
STANDARDIZATION, FDA FORMALLY

3948
02:40:35,991 --> 02:40:37,960
RECOGNIZED DICOM, AS THE

3949
02:40:37,960 --> 02:40:40,696
STANDARD FOR OCULAR IMAGING AND

3950
02:40:40,696 --> 02:40:42,798
THIS HAS SEVERAL IMPLICATION AS

3951
02:40:42,798 --> 02:40:44,366
IN TERMS OF DEVICE SUBMISSION TO

3952
02:40:44,366 --> 02:40:50,506
THE F, DIDA AND ALSO AUDITING. 

3953
02:40:50,506 --> 02:40:53,642
ONC HAS LISTED DICOM AS A

3954
02:40:53,642 --> 02:40:55,044
STANDARD - ISA, WHICH IS A

3955
02:40:55,044 --> 02:40:56,779
FORMAL RECOGNITION OF THAT BEING

3956
02:40:56,779 --> 02:40:57,980
THE STANDARD AND THE NEED FOR IT

3957
02:40:57,980 --> 02:41:00,282
TO BE OPEN AND EXCHANGEABLE WITH

3958
02:41:00,282 --> 02:41:01,383
ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD SYSTEMS

3959
02:41:01,383 --> 02:41:03,953
AND THEN AT NEI, LIKE WE SAID,

3960
02:41:03,953 --> 02:41:06,322
WE WANT TO REALLY--WE HAVE THE

3961
02:41:06,322 --> 02:41:07,389
DATA MANAGEMENT AND SHARING

3962
02:41:07,389 --> 02:41:10,392
POLICY THAT CAME INTO EFFECT IN

3963
02:41:10,392 --> 02:41:12,094
2023, EARLY 2023 AND WE WANT TO

3964
02:41:12,094 --> 02:41:13,496
ENCOURAGE PEOPLE TO CONTINUE

3965
02:41:13,496 --> 02:41:15,331
USING STANDARDS IN AN OPEN

3966
02:41:15,331 --> 02:41:19,034
FASHION AND SHARE THOSE WITH

3967
02:41:19,034 --> 02:41:19,435
OTHER PEOPLE.

3968
02:41:19,435 --> 02:41:21,303
WE HAVE SO MUCH DATA AT OUR

3969
02:41:21,303 --> 02:41:23,606
HANDS AND THERE'S SO MUCH

3970
02:41:23,606 --> 02:41:25,341
POTENTIAL BUT IF EVERYONE HOLD

3971
02:41:25,341 --> 02:41:27,409
ITS NEAR AND DEAR, WE'RE

3972
02:41:27,409 --> 02:41:29,311
ANYTHING TO SLOW DOWN

3973
02:41:29,311 --> 02:41:30,212
INNOVATION, SOPHISTICATEDY WE

3974
02:41:30,212 --> 02:41:31,547
ALSO AGAIN NEED STANDARDS IN

3975
02:41:31,547 --> 02:41:33,516
TERMS OF OTHER DATA SO IT DID NO

3976
02:41:33,516 --> 02:41:36,318
GOOD IF WE HAVE STANDARDIZATION

3977
02:41:36,318 --> 02:41:39,188
AROUND OTHER IMAGING BUT STILL

3978
02:41:39,188 --> 02:41:40,789
NO STANDARDIZATION AROUND LIKE

3979
02:41:40,789 --> 02:41:43,726
VISUAL ICUITY, WHAT ABOUT LIKE

3980
02:41:43,726 --> 02:41:45,694
IOP, SO SALLY BAXTERS GROUP HAS

3981
02:41:45,694 --> 02:41:47,463
DONE WORK IN ACTUALLY LOOKING AT

3982
02:41:47,463 --> 02:41:50,699
THE EPIC CODES, SO EP IC EHR

3983
02:41:50,699 --> 02:41:51,901
WHICH IS WIDELY USED IN OUR

3984
02:41:51,901 --> 02:41:53,002
SPACE AND SEEING HOW MANY OF

3985
02:41:53,002 --> 02:41:54,436
THOSE MAPPED TO STANDARD

3986
02:41:54,436 --> 02:41:57,339
TERMINOLOGIES THAT ARE ACCEPTED

3987
02:41:57,339 --> 02:41:59,275
IN THE U.S. ELECTRONIC HEALTH

3988
02:41:59,275 --> 02:42:03,112
RECORDS AND HEALTHCARE SYSTEM.

3989
02:42:03,112 --> 02:42:05,214
AND WHEN WE FIND GAPS WE SUBMIT

3990
02:42:05,214 --> 02:42:07,416
THEM TO GOVERNING BODIES, WE

3991
02:42:07,416 --> 02:42:11,120
SUBMIT THEM TO STANDARDS LIKE

3992
02:42:11,120 --> 02:42:11,921
SNOMED AND LOINC, AND WE'RE

3993
02:42:11,921 --> 02:42:13,589
TRYING TO DO THE GAP ANALYSIS TO

3994
02:42:13,589 --> 02:42:15,824
FIND THE THINGS THAT AMITHA

3995
02:42:15,824 --> 02:42:18,160
NEEDS TO DO COMPUTING ON HER

3996
02:42:18,160 --> 02:42:19,495
STUDIES AND MAKE SURE THEY'RE

3997
02:42:19,495 --> 02:42:21,664
REPRESENTED AND WE ALSO HAVE

3998
02:42:21,664 --> 02:42:24,233
WORK WE'RE DOING WITH USEDI,

3999
02:42:24,233 --> 02:42:25,301
WHICH IS THE OFFICE OF THE

4000
02:42:25,301 --> 02:42:26,368
NATIONAL COORDINATOR SO WE WOULD

4001
02:42:26,368 --> 02:42:27,570
LIKE TO ELEVATE SOME OF THOSE

4002
02:42:27,570 --> 02:42:30,940
CODES TO THE POLICIES AROUND

4003
02:42:30,940 --> 02:42:32,942
WHAT NEEDS TO BE

4004
02:42:32,942 --> 02:42:33,542
INTEROPERABILITY WITHIN HELT

4005
02:42:33,542 --> 02:42:35,477
RECORD SYSTEMS AND WE HAVE NOW

4006
02:42:35,477 --> 02:42:38,781
ACTUALLY SOME POLICY THAT

4007
02:42:38,781 --> 02:42:40,416
REQUIRES THOSE SYSTEMS TO SUBMIT

4008
02:42:40,416 --> 02:42:41,383
SHARED DATA AMONG AND BETWEEN

4009
02:42:41,383 --> 02:42:44,153
THEMSELVES AND IF NOT THERE'S A

4010
02:42:44,153 --> 02:42:44,753
FINANCIAL PENALTIES THAT

4011
02:42:44,753 --> 02:42:45,955
ACCUMULATE BY DAY FOR THAT.

4012
02:42:45,955 --> 02:42:47,823
SO WE REALLY THINK THAT'S A HUGE

4013
02:42:47,823 --> 02:42:54,863
STUDENT FOR POLICY MAKING MUCH

4014
02:42:54,863 --> 02:42:56,098
SO AGAIN INMODEL CITIZENIVATION,

4015
02:42:56,098 --> 02:42:57,700
BECAUSE I THINK OTHER PEOPLE

4016
02:42:57,700 --> 02:43:00,436
MENTIONED IT, WE NEED DATA, THE

4017
02:43:00,436 --> 02:43:01,637
ABILITY FOR YOUNG PEOPLE, PEOPLE

4018
02:43:01,637 --> 02:43:04,173
WHO ARE JUST CURIOUS TO GET

4019
02:43:04,173 --> 02:43:07,042
THEIR HANDS ON DATA IN ITS

4020
02:43:07,042 --> 02:43:09,144
NATIVE FORMAT AND ITS STANDARD

4021
02:43:09,144 --> 02:43:11,914
FORMAT AND BE ABLE TO JUST SAND

4022
02:43:11,914 --> 02:43:12,681
BOX, PLAY AROUND.

4023
02:43:12,681 --> 02:43:14,016
I REALLY AM A CURIOUS PERSON

4024
02:43:14,016 --> 02:43:15,884
MYSELF SO IF I CAN GET MY HANDS

4025
02:43:15,884 --> 02:43:17,419
ON SOMETHING AND WITHOUT A LOT

4026
02:43:17,419 --> 02:43:22,958
OF BARRIERS THAT WILL REALLY YOU

4027
02:43:22,958 --> 02:43:24,026
KNOW HELP ADVANCE THE FIELD.

4028
02:43:24,026 --> 02:43:28,530
WE HAVE A BRIDGE AI PROJECT AND

4029
02:43:28,530 --> 02:43:30,566
AARON AND CECILIA WILL BE

4030
02:43:30,566 --> 02:43:31,967
SHARING INFORMATION ON A VERY

4031
02:43:31,967 --> 02:43:33,736
LOW BAR, SO THAT'S FABULOUS, WE

4032
02:43:33,736 --> 02:43:36,405
ARE ALSO WORKING WITH ALL OF US,

4033
02:43:36,405 --> 02:43:39,375
TO ADD OCULAR IMAGING TO THE ALL

4034
02:43:39,375 --> 02:43:40,776
OF US RESEARCH THEORY.

4035
02:43:40,776 --> 02:43:44,580
WE'RE CREATING A DATA SET SO

4036
02:43:44,580 --> 02:43:47,349
WE'RE TAKING IMAGES USING

4037
02:43:47,349 --> 02:43:50,119
SYNTHETIC IMAGING THAT WILL BE

4038
02:43:50,119 --> 02:43:50,819
FREELY OPENLY AVAILABLE, THAT

4039
02:43:50,819 --> 02:43:52,855
WILL NOT BE ACCURATE TO HUMAN

4040
02:43:52,855 --> 02:43:54,223
REPRESENTATION BUT IT GIVES US

4041
02:43:54,223 --> 02:43:55,391
SOMETHING TO WORK WITH AND

4042
02:43:55,391 --> 02:43:57,626
EDUCATE FOLKS ON AND IT WILL BE

4043
02:43:57,626 --> 02:43:59,962
IN A FHIR SERVER SO WE CAN BRING

4044
02:43:59,962 --> 02:44:03,632
IN THAT TECHNOLOGY, HOW DO YOU

4045
02:44:03,632 --> 02:44:06,935
IMPLEMENT SYSTEMS TO EXCHANGE

4046
02:44:06,935 --> 02:44:07,436
THOSE DATA POINTS.

4047
02:44:07,436 --> 02:44:08,504
>> SO WE'VE BEEN DOING
WORK WITH

4048
02:44:08,504 --> 02:44:11,073
COMMON DAILY BASIS THEA MODELS,

4049
02:44:11,073 --> 02:44:12,908
AS IN NEI, WE'RE FOCUSED ON

4050
02:44:12,908 --> 02:44:14,677
RESEARCH, SO LOADING THOSE LOCAL

4051
02:44:14,677 --> 02:44:15,477
CODES, MATCHING THOSE LOCAL

4052
02:44:15,477 --> 02:44:17,813
CODES TO A COMMON DATA MODEL SO

4053
02:44:17,813 --> 02:44:20,382
WE CAN DO OBSERVATIONAL HEALTH

4054
02:44:20,382 --> 02:44:21,750
STUDIES, WE ACTUALLY JUST

4055
02:44:21,750 --> 02:44:24,620
PUBLISHED, IT WAS JUST ACCEPTED

4056
02:44:24,620 --> 02:44:28,457
IN OPHTHALMOLOGY RETINA, A STUDY

4057
02:44:28,457 --> 02:44:31,760
THAT WAS LOOKING AT INTRA

4058
02:44:31,760 --> 02:44:33,062
VITREAL, ANTIVEG F AND KIDNEY

4059
02:44:33,062 --> 02:44:35,731
FAILURE AND THIS WAS LED BY

4060
02:44:35,731 --> 02:44:37,132
CINDY TAI FROM JOHNS HOPKINS AND

4061
02:44:37,132 --> 02:44:43,038
WE WERE ABLE TO LOOK AT ACROSS

4062
02:44:43,038 --> 02:44:44,139
12 DATABASES, 584 MILLION PEOPLE

4063
02:44:44,139 --> 02:44:46,108
AND CHECK FOR ADVERSE KIDNEY

4064
02:44:46,108 --> 02:44:49,812
EVENTS BASED ON THOSE

4065
02:44:49,812 --> 02:44:50,279
MEDICATIONS.

4066
02:44:50,279 --> 02:44:52,581
AND SO WE ALSO NEED INCENTIVES.

4067
02:44:52,581 --> 02:44:54,016
SO AGAIN, DR. CHANG HAS SAID

4068
02:44:54,016 --> 02:44:56,919
BEFORE, WE HAVE A LOT OF STICKS.

4069
02:44:56,919 --> 02:44:58,687
WE NEED CARROTS, WE NEED TO

4070
02:44:58,687 --> 02:45:00,122
INCENTIVIZE PEOPLE TO SHARE

4071
02:45:00,122 --> 02:45:00,823
DATA.

4072
02:45:00,823 --> 02:45:01,857
WE HAVE THE PUBLICATION TYPE

4073
02:45:01,857 --> 02:45:04,626
THAT WAS MEPGZED FROM TBST ABOUT

4074
02:45:04,626 --> 02:45:06,695
DATA TYPE WHICH IS HUGE FOR OUR

4075
02:45:06,695 --> 02:45:07,162
COMMUNITY.

4076
02:45:07,162 --> 02:45:10,132
WE'RE ALSO THINKING OF WAYS

4077
02:45:10,132 --> 02:45:12,501
WHERE WE CAN INCENTIVIZE AN

4078
02:45:12,501 --> 02:45:14,436
INDIVIDUAL'S EFFORT TOWARD GOOD

4079
02:45:14,436 --> 02:45:15,738
DATA SHARING AND YOU'LL HEAR

4080
02:45:15,738 --> 02:45:17,940
MORE ABOUT THAT IN COMING MONTHS

4081
02:45:17,940 --> 02:45:21,777
IF YOU FOLLOW NEIs X ACCOUNT,

4082
02:45:21,777 --> 02:45:23,011
I'M SURE.

4083
02:45:23,011 --> 02:45:24,880
SO JUST CONCLUDING THOUGHTS.

4084
02:45:24,880 --> 02:45:27,616
WITH ALL THESE ADVANCES, BOTH IN

4085
02:45:27,616 --> 02:45:30,719
THE TECHNOLOGY AND IN AI SPACE,

4086
02:45:30,719 --> 02:45:33,522
THIS COULD REALLY TRANSFORM

4087
02:45:33,522 --> 02:45:34,623
HEALTH.

4088
02:45:34,623 --> 02:45:37,392
I OFTEN FIELD WEIRD OVERSELLING

4089
02:45:37,392 --> 02:45:39,728
IT, OR I FEEL LIKE I'M

4090
02:45:39,728 --> 02:45:41,263
OVERSELLING IT AND BUT I DON'T

4091
02:45:41,263 --> 02:45:42,631
THINK I'M OVERSELLING IT AT ALL

4092
02:45:42,631 --> 02:45:43,866
BUT SITTING HERE THE LAST 2 DAYS

4093
02:45:43,866 --> 02:45:44,833
AND HEARING ABOUT THE WORK

4094
02:45:44,833 --> 02:45:46,235
THAT'S DONE AND FUTURE

4095
02:45:46,235 --> 02:45:47,770
INHOIVATIONS THIS, IS AN

4096
02:45:47,770 --> 02:45:48,570
OPPORTUNITY TO TRANSFORM HEALTH

4097
02:45:48,570 --> 02:45:51,173
EMPLOY BUT WE NEED DATA SHARING,

4098
02:45:51,173 --> 02:45:52,775
WE NEED COLLABORATION, WE FLEED

4099
02:45:52,775 --> 02:45:54,409
TO BUILD COMMUNITIES OF

4100
02:45:54,409 --> 02:45:55,811
STANDARDS BELLING GROUPS AND WE

4101
02:45:55,811 --> 02:46:00,883
NEED TO GET ONBOARD AND BUILD

4102
02:46:00,883 --> 02:46:01,316
THAT COOPERATION.

4103
02:46:01,316 --> 02:46:03,685
MY YOB IS TO TRY TO WORK WITH

4104
02:46:03,685 --> 02:46:04,953
THE STANDARDS AND

4105
02:46:04,953 --> 02:46:05,687
INTEROPERABILITY PIECE.

4106
02:46:05,687 --> 02:46:07,222
IT TAKES A VILLAGE.

4107
02:46:07,222 --> 02:46:08,290
I HAVE A VILLAGE.

4108
02:46:08,290 --> 02:46:09,591
I HAVE TECHNOLOGY I CAN

4109
02:46:09,591 --> 02:46:11,226
SHOWCASE, AND I JUST THINK, LIKE

4110
02:46:11,226 --> 02:46:13,562
THIS IS THE FUTURE, THIS IS

4111
02:46:13,562 --> 02:46:15,297
LITTLE--THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF A

4112
02:46:15,297 --> 02:46:17,366
STATION, YOU WALK UP TO IN A

4113
02:46:17,366 --> 02:46:19,001
GROCERY STORE OR PHARMAC EXPE

4114
02:46:19,001 --> 02:46:20,135
CHECK YOUR HEALTH IN MANY WAY

4115
02:46:20,135 --> 02:46:23,005
ANDS THIS IS DEFINITELY COULD BE

4116
02:46:23,005 --> 02:46:24,807
PART OF THAT IN THE VERY NEAR

4117
02:46:24,807 --> 02:46:25,040
FUTURE.

4118
02:46:25,040 --> 02:46:26,775
SO IF YOU WANT TO FOLLOW THE

4119
02:46:26,775 --> 02:46:29,778
OFFICE OF DATA AND SCIENCE

4120
02:46:29,778 --> 02:46:31,647
HEALTH INFORMATICS, WE DO TRY TO

4121
02:46:31,647 --> 02:46:33,615
POST ABOUT EVENTS SUCH AS THESE

4122
02:46:33,615 --> 02:46:35,450
ON OUR NEWS LETTER.

4123
02:46:35,450 --> 02:46:36,785
YOU CAN YOIN OUR COMMUNITY,

4124
02:46:36,785 --> 02:46:40,055
WE'RE VERY OPEN AND TRANSPARENT,

4125
02:46:40,055 --> 02:46:41,456
WE WANT EVERYONE ONBOARD AND I

4126
02:46:41,456 --> 02:46:43,859
WILL LEAVE IT WITH THAT.

4127
02:46:43,859 --> 02:46:50,566
[ APPLAUSE ]

4128
02:46:50,566 --> 02:46:52,000
>> ALL RIGHT, I WOULD LIKE
TO

4129
02:46:52,000 --> 02:46:53,669
THANK THE SPEAKERS FOR STAYINGON

4130
02:46:53,669 --> 02:46:55,838
TIME AND BEING A BIT EARLY SO WE

4131
02:46:55,838 --> 02:46:56,772
CAN HAVE A ROBUST DISCUSSION

4132
02:46:56,772 --> 02:46:58,006
EMPLOY IF YOU CAN MAKE YOUR WAY

4133
02:46:58,006 --> 02:46:58,473
TO THE STAGE.

4134
02:46:58,473 --> 02:47:01,076
WE WILL GET THE SEATS OUT HERE

4135
02:47:01,076 --> 02:47:10,018
AND SOME MICROPHONES.

4136
02:47:10,018 --> 02:47:12,688
AND I'M HOPING THAT ALL OF YOU

4137
02:47:12,688 --> 02:47:15,591
WILL HAVE QUESTIONS AND

4138
02:47:15,591 --> 02:47:15,858
COMMENTS.

4139
02:47:15,858 --> 02:47:17,326
FEEL PREE TO COME TO THE

4140
02:47:17,326 --> 02:47:17,626
MICROPHONES.

4141
02:47:17,626 --> 02:47:18,894
I WAS REFLECTING THAT MANY OF

4142
02:47:18,894 --> 02:47:20,362
YOU ARE USING AI AT SOME LEVEL

4143
02:47:20,362 --> 02:47:24,366
AND SO I'M SURE YOU HAVE SOME

4144
02:47:24,366 --> 02:47:28,670
THOUGHTS AND CONSIDERATIONS TO

4145
02:47:28,670 --> 02:47:31,740
BRING UP HERE.

4146
02:47:31,740 --> 02:47:33,876
OKAY, GREAT.

4147
02:47:33,876 --> 02:47:34,309
>> THANKS.

4148
02:47:34,309 --> 02:47:35,811
GREAT TALK.

4149
02:47:35,811 --> 02:47:40,115
ANY COMMENTS ON HOW EXACTLY THE

4150
02:47:40,115 --> 02:47:42,084
DATA STANDARDIZATION SHOULD BE

4151
02:47:42,084 --> 02:47:42,651
EXECUTED.

4152
02:47:42,651 --> 02:47:44,953
SO LET ME BE SPECIFIC.

4153
02:47:44,953 --> 02:47:47,356
OCT REGARDLESS OF THE WEB SOURCE

4154
02:47:47,356 --> 02:47:49,558
OR WIDE BAND START FROM A CASE

4155
02:47:49,558 --> 02:47:52,394
BASE AND EVERYBODY USING

4156
02:47:52,394 --> 02:47:53,462
DIFFERENT WAYS TO RECONSTRUCT

4157
02:47:53,462 --> 02:47:56,531
IMAGE AND THEN PEOPLE USE

4158
02:47:56,531 --> 02:47:58,734
DIFFERENT WAYS TO ENHANCE THE

4159
02:47:58,734 --> 02:48:01,270
IMPAG, ARE ALL THOSE THINGS PART

4160
02:48:01,270 --> 02:48:02,537
OF THE STANDARDIZATION OR IS

4161
02:48:02,537 --> 02:48:07,109
THAT PART OF THE DISCLOSURE?

4162
02:48:07,109 --> 02:48:16,551
>> I'M FLAD YOU ASKED THAT

4163
02:48:16,551 --> 02:48:20,155
QUESTION BECAUSE--[INAUDIBLE

4164
02:48:20,155 --> 02:48:21,890
]--I ADDED THIS SLIDE AT THE

4165
02:48:21,890 --> 02:48:23,358
LAST MINUTE AND I COULDN'TAD IT

4166
02:48:23,358 --> 02:48:24,526
SO MY FAULT FOR THAT.

4167
02:48:24,526 --> 02:48:27,195
BUT 1 THING WE WANT TO DO FOR

4168
02:48:27,195 --> 02:48:29,031
STANDARDIZATION IS THAT REASON,

4169
02:48:29,031 --> 02:48:30,999
THE DEVICE MANUFACTURES MEASURE

4170
02:48:30,999 --> 02:48:34,069
THINGS DIFFERENTLY, APPLY

4171
02:48:34,069 --> 02:48:35,037
TECHNIQUES DIFFERENTLY, WE ARE

4172
02:48:35,037 --> 02:48:38,807
ENGAGED WITH A FEW OTHER FOLKS

4173
02:48:38,807 --> 02:48:40,676
ACROSS NIH INCLUDING NIERK BIB,

4174
02:48:40,676 --> 02:48:42,878
AND ADVANCING THE IDEA OF

4175
02:48:42,878 --> 02:48:44,746
PHANTOMS SO IF WE COULD HAVE A

4176
02:48:44,746 --> 02:48:49,184
STANDARD THAT CAN BE APPLIED

4177
02:48:49,184 --> 02:48:50,953
LIKE, CERTIFIED BY SOMEONE SUCH

4178
02:48:50,953 --> 02:48:54,523
AS NIST AND APPLIED ACROSS THE

4179
02:48:54,523 --> 02:48:56,692
MACHINES, THAT WAY YOU KNOW,

4180
02:48:56,692 --> 02:49:01,530
THIS IS REPRESENTATIVE OF A

4181
02:49:01,530 --> 02:49:02,230
NORMALIZED STANDARD.

4182
02:49:02,230 --> 02:49:03,699
NAND JUST TO ADD TO THAT A

4183
02:49:03,699 --> 02:49:07,035
LITTLE BIT, I THINK THE DICOM

4184
02:49:07,035 --> 02:49:08,971
STANDARD IS MEANT FOR THE FINAL

4185
02:49:08,971 --> 02:49:10,739
END PRODUCT IN TERMS OF THE

4186
02:49:10,739 --> 02:49:12,841
B-SCAN IMAGE THAT CLINICIANS USE

4187
02:49:12,841 --> 02:49:14,009
AND VIEW TO MAKE MEDICAL

4188
02:49:14,009 --> 02:49:16,244
DECISIONS AND THAT'S GREAT FOR

4189
02:49:16,244 --> 02:49:17,179
AI ALGORITHMS THAT BUILT ON TOP

4190
02:49:17,179 --> 02:49:19,581
OF THAT BUT TO YOUR POINT WE

4191
02:49:19,581 --> 02:49:23,185
DON'T HAVE A RESEARCH STANDARD

4192
02:49:23,185 --> 02:49:25,921
FOR OCULAR INSTRUMENTS WHERE

4193
02:49:25,921 --> 02:49:27,456
THOSE MORE RAW DATA, LIKE THE

4194
02:49:27,456 --> 02:49:29,992
DATA COMING OFF THE SPECTROMETER

4195
02:49:29,992 --> 02:49:31,426
AND THE INTERMEDIATE PROCESSING

4196
02:49:31,426 --> 02:49:33,595
STEPS ARE NOT ENCODED IN ANY

4197
02:49:33,595 --> 02:49:34,463
STANDARD FORM YET BUT IT WOULD

4198
02:49:34,463 --> 02:49:36,498
BE NICE TO SEE THE RESEARCH

4199
02:49:36,498 --> 02:49:37,866
COMMUNITY COME FORWARD AND BRING

4200
02:49:37,866 --> 02:49:42,637
SOMETHING FORWARD FOR THAT.

4201
02:49:42,637 --> 02:49:42,938
>> GREAT.

4202
02:49:42,938 --> 02:49:44,740
THANK YOU ERCH FOR CONTINUING

4203
02:49:44,740 --> 02:49:47,175
THIS IMPORTANT DISCUSSION, AS I

4204
02:49:47,175 --> 02:49:50,979
CLINICAL RESEARCHER, I RECOGNIZE

4205
02:49:50,979 --> 02:50:01,289
THE IMPORTANCE OF

4206
02:50:06,361 --> 02:50:06,962
INTEROPERABILITY, AND--AND FROM

4207
02:50:06,962 --> 02:50:08,897
WHAT I UNDERSTAND YOU CAN USE

4208
02:50:08,897 --> 02:50:09,464
STANDARD MEASUREMENT TOOLS

4209
02:50:09,464 --> 02:50:13,402
REGARDLESS OF THE MACHINE, HOW

4210
02:50:13,402 --> 02:50:14,836
DID THEY COME TO THE AGREEMENT

4211
02:50:14,836 --> 02:50:16,405
IN TERMS OF HAVING AN IMAGING

4212
02:50:16,405 --> 02:50:17,906
STABBED ARD THAT COULD BE

4213
02:50:17,906 --> 02:50:26,748
MEASURED USING A COMMON TOOL.

4214
02:50:26,748 --> 02:50:35,257
I'LL SAY FROM TALKING ABOUT BUT

4215
02:50:35,257 --> 02:50:38,093
USUALLY THAT THEY NEEDED TO

4216
02:50:38,093 --> 02:50:41,596
REACH CONSENSUS AND IN, LIKE, CT

4217
02:50:41,596 --> 02:50:46,902
SCANS AND MRIs, THERE'S FEWER

4218
02:50:46,902 --> 02:50:48,570
MANUFACTURES, SO THEY DO KIND OF

4219
02:50:48,570 --> 02:50:49,838
HAVE SOME BENEFIT THERE, THEY

4220
02:50:49,838 --> 02:50:52,040
DON'T NEED TO BRING SO MANY

4221
02:50:52,040 --> 02:50:54,676
PEOPLE ONBOARD BUT AS YOU WILL

4222
02:50:54,676 --> 02:50:56,511
SEE TECHNOLOGIES IMPROVE AND

4223
02:50:56,511 --> 02:50:57,679
BECOME MORE STANDARD PRACTICE

4224
02:50:57,679 --> 02:50:59,414
THAT THOSE KINDS OF THINGS WILL

4225
02:50:59,414 --> 02:51:01,149
NEED TO HELP JUST BASED ON

4226
02:51:01,149 --> 02:51:05,554
MARKET INFLUENCE AND THE NEED

4227
02:51:05,554 --> 02:51:07,456
FOR CONNECTEDNESS.

4228
02:51:07,456 --> 02:51:09,224
SO HOPEFULLY, THERE'S BOTH

4229
02:51:09,224 --> 02:51:11,093
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL PRESSURES

4230
02:51:11,093 --> 02:51:11,293
THERE.

4231
02:51:11,293 --> 02:51:13,395
>> YEAH, I AGREE WITH
THAT.

4232
02:51:13,395 --> 02:51:14,996
I THINK HAVING JUST 3 BIG

4233
02:51:14,996 --> 02:51:17,165
COMPANIES TO START OFF WITH

4234
02:51:17,165 --> 02:51:20,068
RADIOLOGY AND A LOT OF

4235
02:51:20,068 --> 02:51:22,270
RADIOLOGISTS HAD A SAY IN HOW

4236
02:51:22,270 --> 02:51:25,407
DATA WAS PRESENT EARLY ON

4237
02:51:25,407 --> 02:51:26,775
WHEREAS FOR OPHTHALMOLOGY MOST

4238
02:51:26,775 --> 02:51:28,410
OF US JUST DIDN'T EACH KNOW HOW

4239
02:51:28,410 --> 02:51:31,213
TO ELECTRIC AT AN OCT SCAN, EACH

4240
02:51:31,213 --> 02:51:32,280
TODAY, MANY CLINICIANS JUST LOOK

4241
02:51:32,280 --> 02:51:34,583
AT THE REPORT AND THOSE 3

4242
02:51:34,583 --> 02:51:36,451
NUMBERS ARE JUST THE 1S SCANNED

4243
02:51:36,451 --> 02:51:38,487
WITH, IS THERE FLUID OR NOT,

4244
02:51:38,487 --> 02:51:39,521
THERE'S NOTHING MORE THAT'S

4245
02:51:39,521 --> 02:51:42,157
DONE, SO THE LEVEL OF

4246
02:51:42,157 --> 02:51:44,426
INTERPRETABILITY IS VERY

4247
02:51:44,426 --> 02:51:45,060
DIFFERENT.

4248
02:51:45,060 --> 02:51:46,862
>> I HAVE A QUESTION SINCE
WE

4249
02:51:46,862 --> 02:51:49,531
HAVE SO MANY OCT EXPERTS IN THE

4250
02:51:49,531 --> 02:51:50,732
AUDIENCE BUT WHEN YOU GET THE

4251
02:51:50,732 --> 02:51:52,667
RAW DATA BACK FROM THE OCT

4252
02:51:52,667 --> 02:51:54,836
SYSTEM, LIKE HOW SIMILAR IS THAT

4253
02:51:54,836 --> 02:51:57,405
BETWEEN DIFFERENT MACHINES? 

4254
02:51:57,405 --> 02:51:59,040
DO WE KNOW THAT AND IS THERE

4255
02:51:59,040 --> 02:52:04,679
LIKE A SOURCE THAT WE BEING --CD

4256
02:52:04,679 --> 02:52:06,348
START AND EVERYTHING IS MORE

4257
02:52:06,348 --> 02:52:06,581
SIMILAR.

4258
02:52:06,581 --> 02:52:09,985
NI THINK DAVID IS MOVING TO THE

4259
02:52:09,985 --> 02:52:10,152
MIC.

4260
02:52:10,152 --> 02:52:10,652
>> THANK YOU.

4261
02:52:10,652 --> 02:52:14,122
>> WELL I THINK, I WILL
POINT

4262
02:52:14,122 --> 02:52:15,624
OUT TO--THAT YOU ACTUALLY IN

4263
02:52:15,624 --> 02:52:16,925
YOUR PRESENTATION HAD A NICE

4264
02:52:16,925 --> 02:52:18,660
SLIDE WHERE YOU COMPARED THE

4265
02:52:18,660 --> 02:52:20,462
ANGLES, THE ANGLE MEASURES AND

4266
02:52:20,462 --> 02:52:21,630
THE CURVEATURE AND SO, I THINK

4267
02:52:21,630 --> 02:52:25,934
WE JUST NEED TO EXPLORE THAT

4268
02:52:25,934 --> 02:52:28,870
MORE AND AGAIN I'M VERY MUCH A

4269
02:52:28,870 --> 02:52:29,738
STORYTELLER AND LET'S SHOW

4270
02:52:29,738 --> 02:52:30,672
PEOPLE, THIS IS ACTUALLY THE

4271
02:52:30,672 --> 02:52:39,414
DIFFERENCE THAT WE SEE.

4272
02:52:39,414 --> 02:52:40,682
>> CHRISTINE
[INDISCERNIBLE] I

4273
02:52:40,682 --> 02:52:43,919
WOULD LIKE TO ADVOCATE FOR

4274
02:52:43,919 --> 02:52:44,953
ANATOMICAL STANDARDIZATION AS

4275
02:52:44,953 --> 02:52:46,588
PART OF THE INITIATIVE FOR MACK

4276
02:52:46,588 --> 02:52:48,590
LA RESEARCH, WE HAD A WORK GROUP

4277
02:52:48,590 --> 02:52:50,559
CALLED WHY THE MACULAR AND THERE

4278
02:52:50,559 --> 02:52:52,327
WAS A BIG DISCUSSION ABOUT WHAT

4279
02:52:52,327 --> 02:52:53,595
IS THE MACULAR, AND IT IS

4280
02:52:53,595 --> 02:52:55,697
POSSIBLE TO TRACK BACK THROUGH

4281
02:52:55,697 --> 02:52:56,298
NEUROANATOMY, LITERATE AND YOU

4282
02:52:56,298 --> 02:53:00,268
ARE COME UP WITH A SET OF

4283
02:53:00,268 --> 02:53:02,137
COACHING DEFINITIONS THAT HAVE

4284
02:53:02,137 --> 02:53:05,006
DEFINED NUMBER OF RODS, CONES

4285
02:53:05,006 --> 02:53:06,875
AND RPE CELLS AND WE PUT THIS IN

4286
02:53:06,875 --> 02:53:09,578
A REVIEW THAT CAME OUT A COUPLE

4287
02:53:09,578 --> 02:53:12,347
WEEKS AGO ADVOCATING FOR THE USE

4288
02:53:12,347 --> 02:53:14,182
OF THE MACULAR LUTIA WHICH WAS

4289
02:53:14,182 --> 02:53:18,853
THE FIRST NAME AND SO IF THE

4290
02:53:18,853 --> 02:53:22,924
DATA SCIENCE FOLKS COULD INCLUDE

4291
02:53:22,924 --> 02:53:26,995
PEOPLE WITH INTERESTS IN

4292
02:53:26,995 --> 02:53:28,797
NEUROANATOMY AND

4293
02:53:28,797 --> 02:53:29,931
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY, WE COULD, I

4294
02:53:29,931 --> 02:53:32,234
THINK REACH GOOD

4295
02:53:32,234 --> 02:53:32,834
STANDARDIZATION.

4296
02:53:32,834 --> 02:53:34,669
FORTUNATELY THERE ARE--YOU CAN

4297
02:53:34,669 --> 02:53:36,438
MEASURE 3-MILLIMETER MACK LA

4298
02:53:36,438 --> 02:53:37,639
LUTIA ON BOTH THE SECTIONAL

4299
02:53:37,639 --> 02:53:39,341
ANALYSISERAL SIS AND

4300
02:53:39,341 --> 02:53:40,575
[INDISCERNIBLE].

4301
02:53:40,575 --> 02:53:42,344
THAT'S GOOD, OKAY, BUT OCT

4302
02:53:42,344 --> 02:53:46,314
BECAUSE OF SIGNAL SOURCES ARE

4303
02:53:46,314 --> 02:53:49,284
SUBCELLULAR, WE NEED SOME

4304
02:53:49,284 --> 02:53:51,286
DEFINED, SOME DEFINITIONS OF THE

4305
02:53:51,286 --> 02:53:53,054
PARTS OF CELLS, ALTER

4306
02:53:53,054 --> 02:53:54,022
STRUCTURES, WHAT ORGANELLES ARE

4307
02:53:54,022 --> 02:53:55,357
INVOLVED SO I THINK THAT WILL BE

4308
02:53:55,357 --> 02:53:58,126
GOOD TO INCLUDE THIS IN THE

4309
02:53:58,126 --> 02:53:58,426
DISCUSSION.

4310
02:53:58,426 --> 02:53:59,394
THANK YOU.

4311
02:53:59,394 --> 02:54:04,633
>> I'LL JUST, TAG ON TO
YOUR

4312
02:54:04,633 --> 02:54:04,866
COMMENT.

4313
02:54:04,866 --> 02:54:06,034
SO I ATBREE HUNDRED PERCENT,

4314
02:54:06,034 --> 02:54:08,570
THAT'S SOME OF THE WORK WE'RE

4315
02:54:08,570 --> 02:54:11,273
DOING WITH FANDOMS IS ACTUALLY

4316
02:54:11,273 --> 02:54:13,375
HAVING A NORMALIZED

4317
02:54:13,375 --> 02:54:14,609
REPRESENTATIVE IN THESE MACHINES

4318
02:54:14,609 --> 02:54:15,677
TO MAKE SURE EVERYONE IS

4319
02:54:15,677 --> 02:54:16,778
MEASURING THINGS IN THE SAME

4320
02:54:16,778 --> 02:54:17,846
WAY, 1 OF THE STRUGGLES WITH

4321
02:54:17,846 --> 02:54:22,083
THAT IS TO FIGURE OUT LIKE WHAT

4322
02:54:22,083 --> 02:54:23,485
IS QUOTE-UNQUOTE NORMAL AND DO

4323
02:54:23,485 --> 02:54:27,322
WE NEED DIFFERENT TYPES OF

4324
02:54:27,322 --> 02:54:29,924
NORMAL BASED ON AGE AND GENDER

4325
02:54:29,924 --> 02:54:31,526
AND THINGS LIKE THAT, SO I'M

4326
02:54:31,526 --> 02:54:32,794
VERY INTERESTED IN YOUR PAPER

4327
02:54:32,794 --> 02:54:33,995
BECAUSE IT SOUNDS LIKE WE COULD

4328
02:54:33,995 --> 02:54:38,033
GET SOME OF THOSE NUMBERS,

4329
02:54:38,033 --> 02:54:39,000
RIGHT, THOSE MEASURES?

4330
02:54:39,000 --> 02:54:40,302
>> DAVID IN.

4331
02:54:40,302 --> 02:54:44,439
>> I HAVE SOME COMMENTS
ABOUT

4332
02:54:44,439 --> 02:54:46,341
STANDARDIZATION OF SIGNAL.

4333
02:54:46,341 --> 02:54:50,211
I THINK OCTs RELATIVELY SIMPLE

4334
02:54:50,211 --> 02:54:53,081
IN THAT ALTHOUGH THERE ARE MANY

4335
02:54:53,081 --> 02:54:55,283
LONG SCALES AND LINEAR SCALES,

4336
02:54:55,283 --> 02:54:59,120
THERE THEY ARE AT LEAST

4337
02:54:59,120 --> 02:54:59,921
INTERCONVERTIFICATION, EASILY,

4338
02:54:59,921 --> 02:55:04,693
AND YOU COULD STANDARDIZE, LIKE

4339
02:55:04,693 --> 02:55:05,960
THE [INDISCERNIBLE] UNIT IN CT,

4340
02:55:05,960 --> 02:55:09,998
YOU COULD HAVE A STANDARD UNIT

4341
02:55:09,998 --> 02:55:11,700
BUT OCT IN GEOGRAPHY MAY BE

4342
02:55:11,700 --> 02:55:17,572
QUITE DIFFICULT IN THE

4343
02:55:17,572 --> 02:55:19,974
DECORALATION BASED ON AMPLITUDE

4344
02:55:19,974 --> 02:55:24,612
OR COMPLEX AMPLITUDE OR FACE

4345
02:55:24,612 --> 02:55:26,147
VARIANTS REALLY BEHAVE QUITE

4346
02:55:26,147 --> 02:55:28,149
DIFFERENTLY AND THEY SCALE

4347
02:55:28,149 --> 02:55:29,317
DEFICIENTLY WITH SIGNATURES 95

4348
02:55:29,317 --> 02:55:29,651
STRENGTH.

4349
02:55:29,651 --> 02:55:31,419
THEY JUST HAVE VERY DIFFERENT

4350
02:55:31,419 --> 02:55:34,723
PROPERTIES SO UNLESS YOU HAVE

4351
02:55:34,723 --> 02:55:38,693
THE RAW SPECTRAL DATA OR RAW OCT

4352
02:55:38,693 --> 02:55:41,496
DATA, FROM WHICH FLOW SIGNAL IS

4353
02:55:41,496 --> 02:55:43,465
COMPUTED, YOU ALMOST CANNOT

4354
02:55:43,465 --> 02:55:44,299
POSSIBLY INTERCONVERT THEM.

4355
02:55:44,299 --> 02:55:49,804
SO, I'M NOT SURE HOW YOU WOULD

4356
02:55:49,804 --> 02:55:52,340
DEAL WITH THAT.

4357
02:55:52,340 --> 02:55:53,274
MAYBE THESE ALGORITHMS NEED TO

4358
02:55:53,274 --> 02:55:55,477
BE PUCK LICK SO THAT, YOU KNOW

4359
02:55:55,477 --> 02:55:57,245
AT THE SAME IMAGE CAN BE COATED

4360
02:55:57,245 --> 02:56:02,016
IN SEVERAL DIFFERENT WAYS SINCE

4361
02:56:02,016 --> 02:56:03,485
THEY ARE NOW INTERCONVERTIBLE.

4362
02:56:03,485 --> 02:56:05,920
THEY PROBABLY HAVE THE SAME

4363
02:56:05,920 --> 02:56:08,123
THING IN MRI SINCE PULSE

4364
02:56:08,123 --> 02:56:09,424
SEQUENCE GENERATE DIFFERENT DATA

4365
02:56:09,424 --> 02:56:12,861
THAT NOT REALLY, CANNOT BE

4366
02:56:12,861 --> 02:56:13,428
INTERCONVERTIBLE AFTERWARDS

4367
02:56:13,428 --> 02:56:14,929
SOPHISTICATED I DON'T KNOW HOW

4368
02:56:14,929 --> 02:56:16,631
THEY DEAL WITH THAT.

4369
02:56:16,631 --> 02:56:24,239
WE COULD PROBABLY BORROW FROM

4370
02:56:24,239 --> 02:56:24,773
THAT.

4371
02:56:24,773 --> 02:56:26,241
>> YEAH, NO, THANKS.

4372
02:56:26,241 --> 02:56:28,810
THAT IS INSIGHTFUL, RIGHT NOW

4373
02:56:28,810 --> 02:56:30,645
WITHY JUST PROPRIETARY SOFTWARE

4374
02:56:30,645 --> 02:56:32,580
METRICS, THAT'S THE WAY WE DO IT

4375
02:56:32,580 --> 02:56:33,281
FOR CLINICAL TRIALS.

4376
02:56:33,281 --> 02:56:36,885
THERE'S NO OTHER WAY.

4377
02:56:36,885 --> 02:56:40,455
NI HAVE A BIT OF A PET PEEVE

4378
02:56:40,455 --> 02:56:42,424
WITH OCT MANUFACTURES IMAGES

4379
02:56:42,424 --> 02:56:44,159
THAT THEY PRODUCE, BUT A ALWAYS

4380
02:56:44,159 --> 02:56:47,195
PUT A LINEAR SCALE LIKE

4381
02:56:47,195 --> 02:56:48,263
200-MICRONS ANDIME NOT SURE HOW

4382
02:56:48,263 --> 02:56:51,099
YOU DEAL WITH IT BUT THE FACT IS

4383
02:56:51,099 --> 02:56:52,867
THAT EYE SAYS HAVE DIFFERENT

4384
02:56:52,867 --> 02:56:56,070
LENGTH ANDS THAT COULD BE 20,

4385
02:56:56,070 --> 02:56:57,405
MAYBE 30% DIFFERENCES IN THE

4386
02:56:57,405 --> 02:57:01,576
SCALE OF THE IMAGES SO HOW DO WE

4387
02:57:01,576 --> 02:57:02,243
DEAL WITH THAT?

4388
02:57:02,243 --> 02:57:04,345
WHAT DO WE DO WITH INCASULAR

4389
02:57:04,345 --> 02:57:04,612
MEASURES?

4390
02:57:04,612 --> 02:57:06,481
BECAUSE THAT'S WHAT THE SYSTEM

4391
02:57:06,481 --> 02:57:09,751
IS CALIBRATED TO PRODUCE?

4392
02:57:09,751 --> 02:57:11,986
THAT IS A VERY GOOD POINT AND 1

4393
02:57:11,986 --> 02:57:15,023
OF THE DETAILS THAT IS EVEN MORE

4394
02:57:15,023 --> 02:57:17,225
DIFFICULT TO STANDARDIZE UNLESS

4395
02:57:17,225 --> 02:57:19,060
YOU'RE TAKING AXIAL LENS ON

4396
02:57:19,060 --> 02:57:19,994
EVERY PATIENT AND INCORPORATING

4397
02:57:19,994 --> 02:57:28,703
THAT AS PART OF METADATA ALSO,

4398
02:57:28,703 --> 02:57:29,370
THAT IS TRUE.

4399
02:57:29,370 --> 02:57:31,339
>> I JUST WANT TO, BEING
ARK

4400
02:57:31,339 --> 02:57:33,374
WARE OF THE DICOM, IS THE

4401
02:57:33,374 --> 02:57:35,143
PRECESS OF THE ORIGINAL DATA WE

4402
02:57:35,143 --> 02:57:38,179
CAPTURE, GOING BA TO WHAT DAVID

4403
02:57:38,179 --> 02:57:40,248
SAID, SO IT'S RELATIVE AT FIRST,

4404
02:57:40,248 --> 02:57:43,685
IT HAS 18 PARTS OF 1 STANDARD,

4405
02:57:43,685 --> 02:57:45,320
THAT NOT EVERYBODY'S FOLLOW

4406
02:57:45,320 --> 02:57:47,055
WITH, MAIORITY ARE NOT, WE TRIED

4407
02:57:47,055 --> 02:57:50,859
FOR 20 YEARS TO BRING DICOM

4408
02:57:50,859 --> 02:57:51,993
STANDARD TO OPHTHALMOLOGY, I'VE

4409
02:57:51,993 --> 02:57:55,396
GIVEN UP 15 YEARS AGO.

4410
02:57:55,396 --> 02:57:57,499
SO I WISH EVERYBODY ELSE GOOD

4411
02:57:57,499 --> 02:57:59,534
LUCK BUT PERHAPS WE SHOULD SAVE

4412
02:57:59,534 --> 02:58:00,935
EVERYTHING IN RAW DATA FORMAT

4413
02:58:00,935 --> 02:58:04,005
AND THEN IT'S MORE EXCHANGEABLE

4414
02:58:04,005 --> 02:58:10,378
BECAUSE IN OCT,  YOU HAVE

4415
02:58:10,378 --> 02:58:11,346
VARIATION OF B-SCALE AND WHICH 1

4416
02:58:11,346 --> 02:58:14,749
TO THE NEXT AND WHICH 1 WE

4417
02:58:14,749 --> 02:58:15,016
CHOOSE.

4418
02:58:15,016 --> 02:58:19,320
SOME AVERAGE HUNDRED FRAMES,

4419
02:58:19,320 --> 02:58:21,489
SOME AVERAGE 20 OR 50, SO UNLESS

4420
02:58:21,489 --> 02:58:22,590
YOU COMPARE ALL THOSE UNLESS YOU

4421
02:58:22,590 --> 02:58:30,665
HAVE THE RAW DATA WILL BE QUITE

4422
02:58:30,665 --> 02:58:31,132
CHALLENGING.

4423
02:58:31,132 --> 02:58:32,867
I THINK THERE'S SOMETHING TO BE

4424
02:58:32,867 --> 02:58:38,273
SAID ABOUT USABILITY OF THE DATA

4425
02:58:38,273 --> 02:58:39,173
ALSO WITH PRESENTATION.

4426
02:58:39,173 --> 02:58:40,141
ULTIMATELY THE MOST IMPORTANT

4427
02:58:40,141 --> 02:58:42,810
USER OFF THE DATA IS THE

4428
02:58:42,810 --> 02:58:43,411
OPHTHALMOLOGIST TREATING THE

4429
02:58:43,411 --> 02:58:46,614
PATIENT AND FOR THEM YOU NEED A

4430
02:58:46,614 --> 02:58:47,415
PRESENTABLE FORMAT.

4431
02:58:47,415 --> 02:58:51,085
AND RAW DATA IS EXCEL EPT FOR

4432
02:58:51,085 --> 02:58:51,886
RESEARCH AND ALGORITHM

4433
02:58:51,886 --> 02:58:53,655
DEVELOPMENT AND THAT'S WHAT WE

4434
02:58:53,655 --> 02:58:56,858
NEED, BUT NEEDS TO BE SOMETHING

4435
02:58:56,858 --> 02:58:58,726
SIMPLER AND PROBABLY DICOM IS

4436
02:58:58,726 --> 02:59:01,195
THE EASIEST WAY AND I WOULDN'T

4437
02:59:01,195 --> 02:59:03,598
SAY DICOM IS GIVEN UP BY KERRY'S

4438
02:59:03,598 --> 02:59:06,668
POSITION IS ALL ABOUT DICOM, SO

4439
02:59:06,668 --> 02:59:07,268
WE HAVE HOPE.

4440
02:59:07,268 --> 02:59:09,170
WE HAVE HOPE WITH THE NEI

4441
02:59:09,170 --> 02:59:11,606
BRINGING IT ALL BACK.

4442
02:59:11,606 --> 02:59:11,873
>> YEAH.

4443
02:59:11,873 --> 02:59:14,142
>> AND I'LL JUST MENTION
THAT

4444
02:59:14,142 --> 02:59:16,210
SINCE THE BRCA PROJECT CAME UP

4445
02:59:16,210 --> 02:59:17,979
QUITE A FEW TIMES, IN THAT

4446
02:59:17,979 --> 02:59:20,481
PROJECT WE WORKED WITH MANY OF

4447
02:59:20,481 --> 02:59:23,818
THE MANUFACTURES AND INSISTED ON

4448
02:59:23,818 --> 02:59:26,020
THEM CONVERRING THEIR DATA TO

4449
02:59:26,020 --> 02:59:27,789
DICOM AND THEY ALL AGREED.

4450
02:59:27,789 --> 02:59:29,724
SO NOW THEY HAVE THE ABILITY TO

4451
02:59:29,724 --> 02:59:32,760
TURN THEIR DATA FOR BOTH OCT,

4452
02:59:32,760 --> 02:59:37,732
AND OCTA  INTO THE PROPER

4453
02:59:37,732 --> 02:59:38,666
STANDARDS COMPLIANT NOW, THE

4454
02:59:38,666 --> 02:59:39,767
FUTURE IS SLOW LE CREEPING

4455
02:59:39,767 --> 02:59:41,869
FORWARD WHERE WE WILL HAVE

4456
02:59:41,869 --> 02:59:43,504
FINALLY HAVE DICOM IN THE FIELD

4457
02:59:43,504 --> 02:59:44,272
OF OPHTHALMOLOGY.

4458
02:59:44,272 --> 02:59:47,075
NAND I WILL JUST TAG THAT DICOM

4459
02:59:47,075 --> 02:59:52,847
WORKING GROUP 9 AND REACTIVATED

4460
02:59:52,847 --> 02:59:53,881
AND INVITE ANYONE WHO HAS

4461
02:59:53,881 --> 02:59:55,283
INTEREST TO YOIN THAT WORK

4462
02:59:55,283 --> 02:59:55,516
EMPLOY.

4463
02:59:55,516 --> 02:59:57,719
>> THANK YOU FOR ALL YOUR

4464
02:59:57,719 --> 02:59:59,487
WONDERFUL PRESENTATIONS I HAVE A

4465
02:59:59,487 --> 03:00:03,958
QUESTION FOR DR. MOHEM, I WAS

4466
03:00:03,958 --> 03:00:05,360
WONDERING THE APPROXIMATE COST

4467
03:00:05,360 --> 03:00:09,964
OF THE OCT DEVICE WAS FOR

4468
03:00:09,964 --> 03:00:10,398
PATIENTS?

4469
03:00:10,398 --> 03:00:12,967
>> SO--HOME OCT IS
PROVIDED AS A

4470
03:00:12,967 --> 03:00:13,868
SERVICE, NONAPOPTOTIC AS A

4471
03:00:13,868 --> 03:00:17,438
DEVICE SO THE CONCEPT WOULD BE

4472
03:00:17,438 --> 03:00:18,940
REIMBURSEMENT CODES AS ALWAYS IS

4473
03:00:18,940 --> 03:00:20,541
ASSOCIATE WIDE THE PATIENT, WILL

4474
03:00:20,541 --> 03:00:23,411
SCAN AT HOME, THE MONITORING

4475
03:00:23,411 --> 03:00:24,912
SERVICE, THEY WILL BILL MEDICARE

4476
03:00:24,912 --> 03:00:26,581
EVERY 30 DAYS FOR THE SERVICE

4477
03:00:26,581 --> 03:00:28,883
PROVIDED AND THE PHYSICIAN WHO

4478
03:00:28,883 --> 03:00:30,284
REVIEWS THE DATA WILL BILL

4479
03:00:30,284 --> 03:00:31,719
MEDICARE FOR REVIEW OF THE

4480
03:00:31,719 --> 03:00:32,286
RETURN.

4481
03:00:32,286 --> 03:00:33,221
SO PATIENTS TECHNICALLY SHOULD

4482
03:00:33,221 --> 03:00:35,523
HAVE NO COST IF MEDICARE WAS THE

4483
03:00:35,523 --> 03:00:35,890
SERVICE.

4484
03:00:35,890 --> 03:00:37,425
THEY WILL BE LIABLE FOR ANY

4485
03:00:37,425 --> 03:00:41,462
CO-PAY IF THEY DON'T HAVE

4486
03:00:41,462 --> 03:00:42,363
ADDITIONAL INSURANCE.

4487
03:00:42,363 --> 03:00:43,031
THAT'S THE MODEL.

4488
03:00:43,031 --> 03:00:44,899
IT'S NOT I PURCHASE A DEVICE AND

4489
03:00:44,899 --> 03:00:50,338
YOU KNOW YOU HAVE TO PAY FOR

4490
03:00:50,338 --> 03:00:52,840
THAT.

4491
03:00:52,840 --> 03:00:55,076
>> THANKS.

4492
03:00:55,076 --> 03:00:56,678
>> DR. FUYI MOTO.

4493
03:00:56,678 --> 03:00:57,612
>> MANUFACTURES HAVE
CHOSEN

4494
03:00:57,612 --> 03:00:59,380
DIFFERENT METHODS OF DISPLAY TO

4495
03:00:59,380 --> 03:01:00,314
ENHANCE THE VISIBLE, THE

4496
03:01:00,314 --> 03:01:04,318
PERCEPTION THAT THE IMAGE IS

4497
03:01:04,318 --> 03:01:07,422
GOOD, THAT IT HAS CONTINUITY OR

4498
03:01:07,422 --> 03:01:08,156
IMAGING DEPTH, LOG, SQUARE ROOT

4499
03:01:08,156 --> 03:01:10,692
AND SO FORTH AND THEN THIS

4500
03:01:10,692 --> 03:01:12,560
CONCEPT OF AVERAGING OF COURSE

4501
03:01:12,560 --> 03:01:14,429
IMPROVES THE APPEARANCE BUT

4502
03:01:14,429 --> 03:01:15,196
DESTROYS INFORMATION, VARIANTS

4503
03:01:15,196 --> 03:01:18,666
THAT WOULD YOU SEE BETWEEN THE

4504
03:01:18,666 --> 03:01:21,102
IMAGES BECOME CONTINUOUS BUT

4505
03:01:21,102 --> 03:01:21,703
BLURRED, RIGHT?

4506
03:01:21,703 --> 03:01:23,471
SO THE PREVIOUS COMMENT ABOUT

4507
03:01:23,471 --> 03:01:24,539
SAVING THE ORIGINAL DATA IS

4508
03:01:24,539 --> 03:01:27,975
ACTUALLY THE ONLY WAY TO

4509
03:01:27,975 --> 03:01:29,477
RELIABLY RECONSTRUCT EVERYTHING.

4510
03:01:29,477 --> 03:01:34,782
THERE'S TOO MANY STEPS, THAT

4511
03:01:34,782 --> 03:01:35,516
HAVE ADJUSTABLE PARAMETERS.

4512
03:01:35,516 --> 03:01:38,386
THE PROBLEM OF COURSE IS THAT IF

4513
03:01:38,386 --> 03:01:39,987
YOU AVERAGE 16 FRAMES, THEN YOU

4514
03:01:39,987 --> 03:01:42,857
HAVE TO TORE ALL OF THOSE FRAMES

4515
03:01:42,857 --> 03:01:47,228
OR IN OCTA, YOU'RE MULTISCANNING

4516
03:01:47,228 --> 03:01:49,530
THE DATA SETS GET VERY, VERY

4517
03:01:49,530 --> 03:01:53,634
LARGE BUT THAT UNFORTUNATELY IS

4518
03:01:53,634 --> 03:01:55,269
THE WAY TO PRESERVE THE

4519
03:01:55,269 --> 03:01:58,573
INFORMATION, EVERYTHING IS

4520
03:01:58,573 --> 03:02:01,342
DECIMATED NOW, LOG SCALE,

4521
03:02:01,342 --> 03:02:02,844
TYPICALLY 8 BIT, AND A LOT OF

4522
03:02:02,844 --> 03:02:05,847
INFORMATION IS LOST IN THE DATA.

4523
03:02:05,847 --> 03:02:07,014
>> I WAS DO AGREEN CELLS
WITH

4524
03:02:07,014 --> 03:02:08,349
THE COMMENT RAISED EARLIER THAT

4525
03:02:08,349 --> 03:02:11,519
PERHAPS THERE NEEDS TO BE

4526
03:02:11,519 --> 03:02:12,053
ANOTHER REPRESENTATIONAL

4527
03:02:12,053 --> 03:02:14,055
STANDARD FOR RESEARCH WHEN IT

4528
03:02:14,055 --> 03:02:15,623
COMES TO STORING THE RAW DATA

4529
03:02:15,623 --> 03:02:17,792
AND THE INTERMEDIATE FORMS OF

4530
03:02:17,792 --> 03:02:18,192
THAT DATA.

4531
03:02:18,192 --> 03:02:21,395
THE FIRST STEP IS, YOU KNOW

4532
03:02:21,395 --> 03:02:25,333
ENCODE ING THAT IN SOME CONSISTT

4533
03:02:25,333 --> 03:02:26,400
FASHION AMONG THE DEVICES AND

4534
03:02:26,400 --> 03:02:28,469
THE SECOND PART WOULD BE HOW TO

4535
03:02:28,469 --> 03:02:34,675
THINK ABOUT IT ACROSS DEVICES.

4536
03:02:34,675 --> 03:02:35,376
>> I TOTALLY APPRECIATE
THE

4537
03:02:35,376 --> 03:02:41,149
SERVICE THAT YOU'RE CREATING AT

4538
03:02:41,149 --> 03:02:42,884
NOTALL, BECAUSE MY MOTHER ALSO

4539
03:02:42,884 --> 03:02:46,087
HAS AMD AND SHE GOES EVERY 2

4540
03:02:46,087 --> 03:02:49,724
MONTHS TO THE OPTO PEOPLE AND

4541
03:02:49,724 --> 03:02:51,058
THIS WILL HELP BECAUSE SIT AT

4542
03:02:51,058 --> 03:02:54,929
HOME, SHE CAN BE ENGAGED ALMOST

4543
03:02:54,929 --> 03:02:56,831
DALE COMPETENT SO FORTH.

4544
03:02:56,831 --> 03:02:59,267
SO WHAT IS THE TIMELINE AT THIS

4545
03:02:59,267 --> 03:03:00,902
POINT?

4546
03:03:00,902 --> 03:03:03,204
ARE YOU RECRUITING OTHER

4547
03:03:03,204 --> 03:03:03,471
PATIENTS?

4548
03:03:03,471 --> 03:03:04,472
>> THAT'S A GOOD QUESTION.

4549
03:03:04,472 --> 03:03:05,940
SO WE HAVE MULTIPLE CLINICAL

4550
03:03:05,940 --> 03:03:08,242
TRIALS GOING ON, WE ARE WORKING

4551
03:03:08,242 --> 03:03:11,879
CLOSELY WITH FDA, SO WE

4552
03:03:11,879 --> 03:03:13,781
OBVIOUSLY CANNOT SAY ANYTHING

4553
03:03:13,781 --> 03:03:15,883
YOU KNOW CERTAINTY BUT

4554
03:03:15,883 --> 03:03:20,288
HOPEFULLY, THE DEVICE SHOULD BE

4555
03:03:20,288 --> 03:03:21,055
APPROVED FOR MARKETING SOMETIME

4556
03:03:21,055 --> 03:03:22,924
IN THE NEAR FUTURE BUT OF COURSE

4557
03:03:22,924 --> 03:03:25,026
TELL BE A PROCESS BEFORE IT CAN

4558
03:03:25,026 --> 03:03:26,661
REACH A LARGER POPULATION.

4559
03:03:26,661 --> 03:03:30,431
SO WE ARE DOING OUR BEST.

4560
03:03:30,431 --> 03:03:31,732
THE TEAM IS WORKING DAY IN AND

4561
03:03:31,732 --> 03:03:33,701
DAY OUT TO BRING IT TO AS MANY

4562
03:03:33,701 --> 03:03:34,969
PATIENTS AS POSSIBLE AND FOR

4563
03:03:34,969 --> 03:03:43,578
THOSE WHO NEED IT THE MOST. 

4564
03:03:43,578 --> 03:03:44,111
>> THANK YOU.

4565
03:03:44,111 --> 03:03:45,413
>> ALL RIGHT, I THINK
WE'RE

4566
03:03:45,413 --> 03:03:46,781
PRETTY MUCH AT TIME UNLESS

4567
03:03:46,781 --> 03:03:48,316
THERE'S ANY OTHER LAST MINUTE

4568
03:03:48,316 --> 03:03:48,583
QUESTIONS.

4569
03:03:48,583 --> 03:03:51,219
I THINK THE SPEAKERS AGAIN FOR

4570
03:03:51,219 --> 03:03:52,286
THE WONDERFUL TALKS AND GREAT

4571
03:03:52,286 --> 03:03:57,024
DISCUSSION THAT WE'VE HAD.

4572
03:03:57,024 --> 03:04:07,235
[ APPLAUSE ]

4573
03:04:19,380 --> 03:04:21,749
>> MY YOB IS BASICALLY TO
GIVE

4574
03:04:21,749 --> 03:04:23,818
CLOSING REMARKS HERE AND TRY TO

4575
03:04:23,818 --> 03:04:24,218
SYNTHESIZE THINGS.

4576
03:04:24,218 --> 03:04:25,887
I THINK THIS HAS BEEN AN AMAZING

4577
03:04:25,887 --> 03:04:27,188
2 DAYS OF SCIENCE THAT WE'RE

4578
03:04:27,188 --> 03:04:29,924
HEARING ABOUT, AND YOU KNOW THEY

4579
03:04:29,924 --> 03:04:31,292
ASKED ME TO TRY TO SYNTHESIZE

4580
03:04:31,292 --> 03:04:33,427
THIS AND I WILL DO MY BEST BUT

4581
03:04:33,427 --> 03:04:35,396
JUST TO THE DISCLAIMERS, WE

4582
03:04:35,396 --> 03:04:36,464
CAN'T GET EVERYTHING, BUT WHEN

4583
03:04:36,464 --> 03:04:37,698
WE HAVE SOMETHING THAT'S TOUGH,

4584
03:04:37,698 --> 03:04:40,134
YOU KNOW WHAT I TRY TO DO IS GO

4585
03:04:40,134 --> 03:04:41,936
BACK TO BASICS, YOU KNOW WHICH

4586
03:04:41,936 --> 03:04:43,671
IS OUR MISSION STATEMENT AT THE

4587
03:04:43,671 --> 03:04:45,206
NCEREBELLUMS I TO ELIMINATE

4588
03:04:45,206 --> 03:04:46,474
VISION LOSS AND IMPROVE QUALITY

4589
03:04:46,474 --> 03:04:47,842
OF LIFE THROUGH VISION RESEARCH

4590
03:04:47,842 --> 03:04:52,280
AND YOU KNOW I SEE MY JOB AS

4591
03:04:52,280 --> 03:04:53,214
TRYING TO HELP CREATE AN

4592
03:04:53,214 --> 03:04:54,382
ENVIRONMENT WHERE ALL OF YOU CAN

4593
03:04:54,382 --> 03:04:56,183
THRIVE AND DO THE BEST--DO THE

4594
03:04:56,183 --> 03:04:58,920
BEST RESEARCH TO ADVANCE THAT

4595
03:04:58,920 --> 03:04:59,153
MISSION.

4596
03:04:59,153 --> 03:05:01,022
AND YOU KNOW I THINK IT'S PRETTY

4597
03:05:01,022 --> 03:05:02,223
OVERWHELMING IN A WAY, IF YOU

4598
03:05:02,223 --> 03:05:04,025
STEP BACK, THERE ARE SOME OF THE

4599
03:05:04,025 --> 03:05:05,359
SMARTEST PEOPLE IN THE WORLD IN

4600
03:05:05,359 --> 03:05:07,795
THIS ROOM RIGHT NOW, AND I THINK

4601
03:05:07,795 --> 03:05:09,096
THAT YOU KNOW WAWE REALLY WANT

4602
03:05:09,096 --> 03:05:13,734
TO DO IS TO CREATE A MILIEU

4603
03:05:13,734 --> 03:05:15,002
WHERE THE WHOLE IS GREATER THAN

4604
03:05:15,002 --> 03:05:18,239
THE SUM OF THE PARTS AND WE

4605
03:05:18,239 --> 03:05:19,507
DEFINITELY DON'T WANT A WORLD

4606
03:05:19,507 --> 03:05:20,841
WHERE THE HOLE IS LESS THAN SOME

4607
03:05:20,841 --> 03:05:21,442
OF THE PARTS.

4608
03:05:21,442 --> 03:05:22,944
AND SO, I THINK THAT'S IMPORTANT

4609
03:05:22,944 --> 03:05:26,881
TO KEEP IN MIND.

4610
03:05:26,881 --> 03:05:29,583
I TOOK SOME MENTAL NOTES AS I

4611
03:05:29,583 --> 03:05:30,985
WAS LISTENING HERE XI THOUGHT I

4612
03:05:30,985 --> 03:05:32,320
WOULD SUMMARIZE THE POINTS I

4613
03:05:32,320 --> 03:05:34,088
TOOK AWAY, NUMBER 1, I WANT TO

4614
03:05:34,088 --> 03:05:38,693
START WITH WHAT  BROUGHT US HER.

4615
03:05:38,693 --> 03:05:40,828
JIM, DAVID AND ERIC, AMAZING

4616
03:05:40,828 --> 03:05:42,997
WORK AND 1 THING IS THAT THEY'RE

4617
03:05:42,997 --> 03:05:44,865
ALL ENGINEERS WHO GOT INTERESTED

4618
03:05:44,865 --> 03:05:46,067
IN THE VISION SPACE AS ARE MANY

4619
03:05:46,067 --> 03:05:48,903
OF YOU IN THE AUDIENCE, AND YOU

4620
03:05:48,903 --> 03:05:50,871
KNOW I THINK THAT YOU KNOW IN

4621
03:05:50,871 --> 03:05:55,076
THIS FIELD, WE NEED THAT

4622
03:05:55,076 --> 03:05:58,346
METHOLOGICAL EXPERTISE TO

4623
03:05:58,346 --> 03:05:59,380
ADDRESS PROBLEMS.

4624
03:05:59,380 --> 03:06:00,848
THE BEST ENGINEERS AND

4625
03:06:00,848 --> 03:06:03,751
METHODOLOGISTS ARE GOING TO WANT

4626
03:06:03,751 --> 03:06:04,518
TO DEVELOP INNOVATIVE

4627
03:06:04,518 --> 03:06:07,321
METHODOLOGIES NOT TO TAKE OFF

4628
03:06:07,321 --> 03:06:08,289
THE SHELF METHODOLOGIES AND AMRI

4629
03:06:08,289 --> 03:06:09,123
THEM TO THE EYE.

4630
03:06:09,123 --> 03:06:11,192
AND I THINK IT'S INCUMBENT UPON

4631
03:06:11,192 --> 03:06:12,393
US AS A COMMUNITY TO SHOW THAT

4632
03:06:12,393 --> 03:06:15,262
THE EYE IS A REMARKABLE ORGAN

4633
03:06:15,262 --> 03:06:19,000
AND THE VISUAL SYSTEM IS FOR

4634
03:06:19,000 --> 03:06:20,968
DEVELOPING THOSE METHOLOGICAL

4635
03:06:20,968 --> 03:06:22,036
ADVANCES, THAT'S HOW WE WILL

4636
03:06:22,036 --> 03:06:23,437
ATTRACT THE BEST PEOPLE AND

4637
03:06:23,437 --> 03:06:24,739
THAT'S HOW THIS FIELD WILL

4638
03:06:24,739 --> 03:06:24,972
THRIVE.

4639
03:06:24,972 --> 03:06:28,175
SO IF YOU HAVE IDEAS ABOUT HOW

4640
03:06:28,175 --> 03:06:30,211
WE CAN DO THAT BETTER, PLEASE

4641
03:06:30,211 --> 03:06:31,612
SORT OF LET US KNOW.

4642
03:06:31,612 --> 03:06:33,147
NUMBER 2, IS, YOU KNOW WE JUST

4643
03:06:33,147 --> 03:06:36,150
HEARD THIS DISCUSSION ABOUT THE

4644
03:06:36,150 --> 03:06:39,587
BENEFITS OF STANDARDIZATION, YOU

4645
03:06:39,587 --> 03:06:41,155
KNOW, CHRISTINE, AARON, YOU KNOW

4646
03:06:41,155 --> 03:06:44,959
HOW MANY OF YOU TALKED ABOUT

4647
03:06:44,959 --> 03:06:48,396
DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF

4648
03:06:48,396 --> 03:06:49,663
STANDARDIZATION, ANATOMY,

4649
03:06:49,663 --> 03:06:51,399
DIGITAL FORMATS, CLINICAL

4650
03:06:51,399 --> 03:06:52,666
STANDARDS, OTHER SEGMENTATION

4651
03:06:52,666 --> 03:06:55,669
METHODS AND I THINK THAT I LOVE

4652
03:06:55,669 --> 03:06:57,972
THAT, OF COURSE, AND I LOVE THAT

4653
03:06:57,972 --> 03:06:59,707
WHAT WE'RE DOING HERE TO TRY TO

4654
03:06:59,707 --> 03:07:02,309
ACHIEVE THAT.

4655
03:07:02,309 --> 03:07:03,778
YOU KNOW MY OBSERVATION

4656
03:07:03,778 --> 03:07:05,312
WITHSTAND ARD SYSTEM THAT

4657
03:07:05,312 --> 03:07:07,114
EVERYBODY LOVES IT, BUT WHY LOVE

4658
03:07:07,114 --> 03:07:09,450
IT MORE WHEN EVERYBODY FOLLOWS

4659
03:07:09,450 --> 03:07:12,420
MY STANDARD, YOU KNOW, NOT YOUR

4660
03:07:12,420 --> 03:07:12,720
STANDARD.

4661
03:07:12,720 --> 03:07:18,025
AND I THINK THAT TO MAKE THIS

4662
03:07:18,025 --> 03:07:19,560
WORK THEREY GOING TO HAVE TO BE

4663
03:07:19,560 --> 03:07:21,529
GIVE AND TAKE AND WE WILL HAVE

4664
03:07:21,529 --> 03:07:23,164
TO DEVELOP A STANDARD THAT

4665
03:07:23,164 --> 03:07:25,466
EVERYBODY'S HAPPY ENOUGH WITH

4666
03:07:25,466 --> 03:07:26,767
BUT PROBABLY NOBODY'S GOING TO

4667
03:07:26,767 --> 03:07:28,302
BE A HUNDRED% HAPPY AND I WOULD

4668
03:07:28,302 --> 03:07:28,903
CHALLENGE THIS COMMUNITY TO

4669
03:07:28,903 --> 03:07:30,838
THINK ABOUT THAT IN TERMS OF

4670
03:07:30,838 --> 03:07:33,707
DEVELOPING CREW COMMUNITY

4671
03:07:33,707 --> 03:07:33,974
STANDARDS.

4672
03:07:33,974 --> 03:07:37,211
YOU KNOW IN TERMS OF HOW TO DO

4673
03:07:37,211 --> 03:07:39,180
THAT, CINDY TOTH, AND PETE

4674
03:07:39,180 --> 03:07:40,347
CAMPBELL WERE INVOLVED WITH AN

4675
03:07:40,347 --> 03:07:43,851
R. O. P. PROJECT INVOLVING

4676
03:07:43,851 --> 03:07:44,718
STANDARDIZING CLINICAL

4677
03:07:44,718 --> 03:07:45,686
REPRESENTATION AND IT TOOK

4678
03:07:45,686 --> 03:07:47,021
MULTIPLE YEARS BUT IT WORKED IN

4679
03:07:47,021 --> 03:07:49,657
THE END, TALK TO THEM, OR MANY

4680
03:07:49,657 --> 03:07:51,258
OTHER PEOPLE WHO'VE SUFFERED

4681
03:07:51,258 --> 03:07:56,897
THROUGH THIS, BUT IT'S POSSIBLE.

4682
03:07:56,897 --> 03:07:58,766
YOU KNOW ANOTHER ISSUE, I WANT

4683
03:07:58,766 --> 03:08:00,101
TO PIGGYBACK, NUMBER THERE IS I

4684
03:08:00,101 --> 03:08:01,368
WANT TO PIGGYBACK ON SOMETHING

4685
03:08:01,368 --> 03:08:05,940
KERRY BROUGHT UP AND THATIOLE

4686
03:08:05,940 --> 03:08:07,541
AND AMITHA TALKED ABOUT HOW

4687
03:08:07,541 --> 03:08:09,076
ASKED THIS QUESTION ABOUT

4688
03:08:09,076 --> 03:08:10,711
REGARDING HOW THE OCT FIELD

4689
03:08:10,711 --> 03:08:12,413
WOULD BENEFIT FROM

4690
03:08:12,413 --> 03:08:14,648
STANDARDIZATION OF YOU KNOW

4691
03:08:14,648 --> 03:08:15,816
MEASUREMENTS, SEGMENTATION, YOU

4692
03:08:15,816 --> 03:08:16,984
KNOW THE TECHNICAL

4693
03:08:16,984 --> 03:08:18,152
ASSPECTRA PRESENTATIONS, YOU

4694
03:08:18,152 --> 03:08:22,089
KNOW SHARED NORMATIVE DATABASES

4695
03:08:22,089 --> 03:08:24,091
AND JUST TO DOUBLE DOWN ON THIS

4696
03:08:24,091 --> 03:08:25,926
THING KERRY MENTIONED THAT

4697
03:08:25,926 --> 03:08:26,861
THERE'S BEEN AN INITIATIVE THAT

4698
03:08:26,861 --> 03:08:31,799
I BELIEVE CAME OUT OF NIBIB, IT

4699
03:08:31,799 --> 03:08:33,434
WAS REALLY, I HEARD ABOUT IT

4700
03:08:33,434 --> 03:08:34,635
FROM BRUCE AND CANNED WHAT AND

4701
03:08:34,635 --> 03:08:36,737
THEY WERE WORKING WITH THE FDA,

4702
03:08:36,737 --> 03:08:38,672
AND FOLKS LIKE DAN HAMMER AND

4703
03:08:38,672 --> 03:08:41,175
GOT INTERNAL AUDIT VOLVED

4704
03:08:41,175 --> 03:08:43,344
THROUGH KERRY, USING DEVELOPING

4705
03:08:43,344 --> 03:08:44,812
FANDOM TO TRY TO ACHIEVE THIS.

4706
03:08:44,812 --> 03:08:46,380
AND YOU KNOW KERRY IS OUR

4707
03:08:46,380 --> 03:08:46,780
CONTACT FOR THAT.

4708
03:08:46,780 --> 03:08:48,682
IF YOU ARE INTERESTED AND

4709
03:08:48,682 --> 03:08:49,884
SERIOUS ABOUT THAT, PLEASE TALK

4710
03:08:49,884 --> 03:08:51,118
TO KERRY.

4711
03:08:51,118 --> 03:08:52,219
YOU KNOW DAVID, I APPRECIATE

4712
03:08:52,219 --> 03:08:55,089
YOUR THOUGHTS ABOUT OCT XOCT

4713
03:08:55,089 --> 03:09:00,694
ANGIOGRAPHY AND I THINK THAT

4714
03:09:00,694 --> 03:09:03,764
WILL BE, SCIENCE ANALOGY

4715
03:09:03,764 --> 03:09:05,199
DISCOVERY ARE A TEAM SPORT AND

4716
03:09:05,199 --> 03:09:06,567
THAT'S COME ACROSS HERE, IF WE

4717
03:09:06,567 --> 03:09:07,601
WANT TO SOLVE BIG PROBLEMS WE

4718
03:09:07,601 --> 03:09:09,737
WILL HAVE TO DO IT TOGETHER

4719
03:09:09,737 --> 03:09:11,105
THROUGH THINGS LIKE

4720
03:09:11,105 --> 03:09:11,705
STANDARDIZATION, NUMBER 4 IS

4721
03:09:11,705 --> 03:09:13,574
THAT MANY OF YOU TALKED ABOUT

4722
03:09:13,574 --> 03:09:14,909
DATA SHARING.

4723
03:09:14,909 --> 03:09:17,244
I THINK THAT IS AWESOME AND YOU

4724
03:09:17,244 --> 03:09:21,081
KNOW THE REALITY IS THAT, WELL,

4725
03:09:21,081 --> 03:09:22,516
I WILL GIVE YOU MY OPINION IS

4726
03:09:22,516 --> 03:09:25,452
THAT THE REALITY IS THAT OUR

4727
03:09:25,452 --> 03:09:28,756
CURRENT ACADEMIC SYSTEM IS BASED

4728
03:09:28,756 --> 03:09:30,591
ON THE PAPER AS THE CENTER OF

4729
03:09:30,591 --> 03:09:32,326
THE UNIVERSE AND OUR DAT ARE

4730
03:09:32,326 --> 03:09:34,061
SECONDAR TOW THAT PAPER, THEY'RE

4731
03:09:34,061 --> 03:09:36,630
KIND OF A TAG ALONG AND WE KNOW

4732
03:09:36,630 --> 03:09:37,898
THAT DIFFERENT PEOPLE ANALYZING

4733
03:09:37,898 --> 03:09:40,668
THE SAME DATA SET CAN COME UP

4734
03:09:40,668 --> 03:09:41,402
WITH DIFFERENT CONCLUSIONS AND

4735
03:09:41,402 --> 03:09:44,205
YOU KNOW ON TOP OF THAT, YOU

4736
03:09:44,205 --> 03:09:45,005
KNOW CHRISTINE, THEY TALKED

4737
03:09:45,005 --> 03:09:46,974
ABOUT THIS EXAMPLE OF THESE

4738
03:09:46,974 --> 03:09:49,009
WHITE DOTS AND WHAT ARE THEY,

4739
03:09:49,009 --> 03:09:50,544
AND THE REALITIES WE MAY NOT

4740
03:09:50,544 --> 03:09:51,912
KNOW BECAUSE THESE PEOPLE MAY

4741
03:09:51,912 --> 03:09:54,582
NOT HAVE ACCESS TO THAT RAW DATA

4742
03:09:54,582 --> 03:09:56,817
AND SO, THIS HAPPENS, ALL THE

4743
03:09:56,817 --> 03:10:02,590
TIME, AND I THINK THAT KNOWLEDGE

4744
03:10:02,590 --> 03:10:04,491
DISCOVERY WILL BENEFIT IF WE

4745
03:10:04,491 --> 03:10:06,460
HAVE LARGE DATA SETS, MAYBE

4746
03:10:06,460 --> 03:10:08,195
THEY'RE CENTRAL, MAYBE THEY'RE

4747
03:10:08,195 --> 03:10:09,063
FEDERATED DATA SETS WHERE

4748
03:10:09,063 --> 03:10:13,400
COMMUNITIES OF PEOPLE, I THINK

4749
03:10:13,400 --> 03:10:15,736
URSU LA YOU USED THIS PHRASE,

4750
03:10:15,736 --> 03:10:17,004
LIKE MINDED PEOPLE, IN YOUR

4751
03:10:17,004 --> 03:10:18,272
TALK, WHERE THESE LIKE MINDED

4752
03:10:18,272 --> 03:10:20,407
PEOPLE CAN MINE THESE LARGE DATA

4753
03:10:20,407 --> 03:10:21,442
SETS AND ITERATIVELY WORK WITH

4754
03:10:21,442 --> 03:10:22,843
EACH OTHER TO DISCOVER THE

4755
03:10:22,843 --> 03:10:23,077
TRUTH.

4756
03:10:23,077 --> 03:10:24,578
YOU KNOW WE'RE ALL GOING TO FEEL

4757
03:10:24,578 --> 03:10:26,680
DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE ELEPHANT

4758
03:10:26,680 --> 03:10:28,015
WHEN YOU ANALYZE THAT DATA SET

4759
03:10:28,015 --> 03:10:29,283
WHERE YOU WORK TOGETHER AND IF

4760
03:10:29,283 --> 03:10:30,584
YOU HAVE DIFFERENT CONCLUSIONS

4761
03:10:30,584 --> 03:10:31,986
WE'RE NOT RIGHT AND WRONG BUT

4762
03:10:31,986 --> 03:10:33,954
WE'RE WORKING TOGETHER TO

4763
03:10:33,954 --> 03:10:34,788
ITERATIVELY FIGURE OUT WHAT'S

4764
03:10:34,788 --> 03:10:36,757
GOING ON, I THINK THAT WILL

4765
03:10:36,757 --> 03:10:38,726
BENEFIT AND MAYBE WE NEED A NEW

4766
03:10:38,726 --> 03:10:39,927
PARADIGM FOR SCIENCE WHERE DATA

4767
03:10:39,927 --> 03:10:41,695
IS AT THE HUB AND PUBLICATIONS

4768
03:10:41,695 --> 03:10:43,097
COME OUT OF THE SAME DATA SETS

4769
03:10:43,097 --> 03:10:46,567
AND WE TRY TO FIGURE OUT TRUTH

4770
03:10:46,567 --> 03:10:47,801
BASED ON THAT.

4771
03:10:47,801 --> 03:10:48,836
AND I WOULD CHALLENGE THIS

4772
03:10:48,836 --> 03:10:49,737
COMMUNITY TO FIGURE OUT WHAT ARE

4773
03:10:49,737 --> 03:10:52,339
THE RULES OF THE GAME IF WE MOVE

4774
03:10:52,339 --> 03:10:53,040
IN THAT DIRECTION.

4775
03:10:53,040 --> 03:10:56,010
BECAUSE I THINK IT WOULD BE

4776
03:10:56,010 --> 03:10:56,710
GREAT FOR THAT.

4777
03:10:56,710 --> 03:10:58,312
OBVIOUSLY THE ENGINEERING AND

4778
03:10:58,312 --> 03:11:00,748
THE COMPUTER SCIENCE COMMUNITY

4779
03:11:00,748 --> 03:11:01,715
HAVE REALLY INNOVATED IN TERMS

4780
03:11:01,715 --> 03:11:02,783
OF THINKING THAT WAY AND MAYBE

4781
03:11:02,783 --> 03:11:05,219
WE CAN LEARN THINGS FROM THAT.

4782
03:11:05,219 --> 03:11:07,421
NUMBER 5, IS THAT, THIS ISSUE OF

4783
03:11:07,421 --> 03:11:10,257
TRANSLATION OF THE REAL WORLD,

4784
03:11:10,257 --> 03:11:11,692
OF RESEARCH INTO REAL WORLD PROD

4785
03:11:11,692 --> 03:11:12,092
UBIQUITINNATIONS.

4786
03:11:12,092 --> 03:11:13,460
YOU KNOW WE HAD A DISCUSSION

4787
03:11:13,460 --> 03:11:15,396
ABOUT THAT YOU KNOW JIM AND

4788
03:11:15,396 --> 03:11:16,397
DAVID, YOU BROUGHT OUT COMMENTS

4789
03:11:16,397 --> 03:11:18,065
THAT I'VE BEEN THINKING ABOUT

4790
03:11:18,065 --> 03:11:25,606
PRETTY MUCH ALL NIGHT ABOUT THE

4791
03:11:25,606 --> 03:11:26,240
IMPORTANCE OF INVOLVING

4792
03:11:26,240 --> 03:11:26,640
INDUSTRY.

4793
03:11:26,640 --> 03:11:29,777
AS I THINK ABOUT THAT, MAYBE THE

4794
03:11:29,777 --> 03:11:30,844
COMMUNITY WOULD BENEFIT FROM A

4795
03:11:30,844 --> 03:11:32,579
BIT OF GUIDANCE ABOUT HOW TO

4796
03:11:32,579 --> 03:11:35,215
DESIGN STUDIES LIKE WHAT STUDIES

4797
03:11:35,215 --> 03:11:36,950
TO   PERFORM HOW TO DESIGN THEM

4798
03:11:36,950 --> 03:11:40,354
AND WHAT END POINTS WOULD

4799
03:11:40,354 --> 03:11:41,755
INDUSTRY BE INTERESTED IN CAN

4800
03:11:41,755 --> 03:11:43,724
HOW WOULD WE YOU KNOW TEMON

4801
03:11:43,724 --> 03:11:44,892
STRAIGHT THAT POTENTIAL TO MAKE

4802
03:11:44,892 --> 03:11:46,493
IMPACT AND IT SHOULD BE

4803
03:11:46,493 --> 03:11:47,594
ATTRACTIVE TO PEOPLE AND MAYBE

4804
03:11:47,594 --> 03:11:50,030
THAT IS AN AREA WHERE NIH CAN BE

4805
03:11:50,030 --> 03:11:51,665
HELPFUL, YOU KNOW FOR EXAMPLE,

4806
03:11:51,665 --> 03:11:54,001
WORKING WITH FDA OR CMS OR WHO

4807
03:11:54,001 --> 03:11:57,638
THE PEOPLE ARE TO COME UP WITH

4808
03:11:57,638 --> 03:11:58,839
GUIDANCE ABOUT YOU KNOW WHAT

4809
03:11:58,839 --> 03:12:00,941
TYPES OF STUDIES WOULD BE NEEDED

4810
03:12:00,941 --> 03:12:02,209
BEFORE YOU DESIGN THEM AND DO

4811
03:12:02,209 --> 03:12:03,844
THEM, NOT AFTER THE FACT WHEN

4812
03:12:03,844 --> 03:12:05,846
YOU SHOW THEM YOUR DATA AND IT'S

4813
03:12:05,846 --> 03:12:06,313
NOT GOOD ENOUGH.

4814
03:12:06,313 --> 03:12:08,048
AND SO JUST IF YOU HAVE IDEAS

4815
03:12:08,048 --> 03:12:09,550
ABOUT THAT, JUST, YOU KNOW

4816
03:12:09,550 --> 03:12:11,085
PLEASE SORT OF LET US KNOW

4817
03:12:11,085 --> 03:12:11,885
BECAUSE I'VE BEEN WORKING

4818
03:12:11,885 --> 03:12:15,956
THROUGH OW WE CAN MAKE EVERYBODY

4819
03:12:15,956 --> 03:12:18,726
MORE EFFICIENT, AND ANOTHER

4820
03:12:18,726 --> 03:12:21,495
ISSUE, NUMBER 6 IS POPULATION

4821
03:12:21,495 --> 03:12:21,729
HEALTH.

4822
03:12:21,729 --> 03:12:23,931
SOME OF YOU TALKED ABOUT IN THE

4823
03:12:23,931 --> 03:12:25,666
END, YOU KNOW, CLEARLY IN THIS

4824
03:12:25,666 --> 03:12:27,267
COUNTRY AND WORLD NOT EVERYBODY

4825
03:12:27,267 --> 03:12:29,770
HAS EQUAL ACCESS TO CARE, AND

4826
03:12:29,770 --> 03:12:32,139
KERRY MENTIONED THIS THING ABOUT

4827
03:12:32,139 --> 03:12:33,207
THE CVS KIOSK AND MAYBE THERE

4828
03:12:33,207 --> 03:12:35,075
WILL BE WAYS TO USE THESE

4829
03:12:35,075 --> 03:12:38,112
TECHNOLOGIES TO INCREASE

4830
03:12:38,112 --> 03:12:39,113
ACCESSIBLE TO CARE AROUND THE

4831
03:12:39,113 --> 03:12:40,714
COUNTRY AND THE WORLD.

4832
03:12:40,714 --> 03:12:41,648
LOVE THOSE IDEAS.

4833
03:12:41,648 --> 03:12:42,850
AND LASTLY, I JUST WANT TO THANK

4834
03:12:42,850 --> 03:12:44,251
ALL THE PEOPLE WHO PUT THIS

4835
03:12:44,251 --> 03:12:44,651
EVENT TOGETHER.

4836
03:12:44,651 --> 03:12:45,919
YOU KNOW WE STARTED OFF BY

4837
03:12:45,919 --> 03:12:48,889
SAYING IT WAS DONE ON SHORT

4838
03:12:48,889 --> 03:12:50,324
NOTICE, BECAUSE OF THE LASKER

4839
03:12:50,324 --> 03:12:52,993
AND THE NATIONAL MEDAL OF

4840
03:12:52,993 --> 03:12:54,027
TECHNOLOGY AWARDS, AND SO THERE

4841
03:12:54,027 --> 03:12:58,599
WERE A LOT OF PEOPLE WHO PLANNED

4842
03:12:58,599 --> 03:13:00,234
THIS, CAPHILL, DAVID, OUR TEAM

4843
03:13:00,234 --> 03:13:01,402
AT THE NCEREBELLUMS I AND THEN

4844
03:13:01,402 --> 03:13:03,504
THE PEOPLE WHO SIT OUTSIDE,

4845
03:13:03,504 --> 03:13:05,906
MICAH, AMY AND A LOT OF PEOPLE,

4846
03:13:05,906 --> 03:13:06,774
THAT REALLY GOT US HERE.

4847
03:13:06,774 --> 03:13:09,476
AND YOU KNOW IT WAS TO THE POINT

4848
03:13:09,476 --> 03:13:10,511
WHERE,--AND THE OTHER THING I

4849
03:13:10,511 --> 03:13:17,618
WANT TO EMPHASIZE IS THAT WHEN

4850
03:13:17,618 --> 03:13:19,620
WE DID THIS, I THINK ALL OF YOU

4851
03:13:19,620 --> 03:13:23,991
NOTICED THAT IN THE BEGINNING

4852
03:13:23,991 --> 03:13:25,058
NOT EVERYTHING WAS PERFECT, YOU

4853
03:13:25,058 --> 03:13:26,727
KNOW WE HAD ISSUES WITH THE

4854
03:13:26,727 --> 03:13:28,495
TABLE BLOCKING THE DISPLAY AND

4855
03:13:28,495 --> 03:13:29,863
THE ECHOES THAT WE DIDN'T

4856
03:13:29,863 --> 03:13:31,665
RECOGNIZE BUT I JUST WANT TO

4857
03:13:31,665 --> 03:13:33,333
GIVE OUT THE TEAM IN THE BACK,

4858
03:13:33,333 --> 03:13:36,603
YOU KNOW FROM CAPITAL

4859
03:13:36,603 --> 03:13:37,805
CONSULTANTS WHO SORT OF

4860
03:13:37,805 --> 03:13:38,839
RECOGNIZED THOSE PROBLEM ANDS

4861
03:13:38,839 --> 03:13:41,642
TRIED TO FIX THEM IN REALTIME,

4862
03:13:41,642 --> 03:13:44,478
YOU KNOW TO THE POINT WHERE LIKE

4863
03:13:44,478 --> 03:13:46,580
DAVE AND CAPHILL WERE MOVING

4864
03:13:46,580 --> 03:13:48,182
CHAIRS AND TABLES TO GET STUFF

4865
03:13:48,182 --> 03:13:49,583
OUT OF THE WAY BECAUSE I THINK

4866
03:13:49,583 --> 03:13:51,251
LIKE IN A WAY, NOT EVERYTHING IS

4867
03:13:51,251 --> 03:13:53,187
LIFE IS PERFECT BUT TIMES WE'RE

4868
03:13:53,187 --> 03:13:55,756
DEFINED BY HOW WE RESPOND TO

4869
03:13:55,756 --> 03:14:01,628
THOSE IMPERFECTIONS, AND I HOPE

4870
03:14:01,628 --> 03:14:03,831
THAT'S A PARADIGM WE WANT AT

4871
03:14:03,831 --> 03:14:04,364
NEI.

4872
03:14:04,364 --> 03:14:05,332
WE'RE TRYING TO SOLVE BIG

4873
03:14:05,332 --> 03:14:06,166
PROBLEMS AND EVERYTHING WE DO

4874
03:14:06,166 --> 03:14:08,368
WILL NOT BE TO EVERY SINGLE

4875
03:14:08,368 --> 03:14:10,571
PERSON'S LIKING BUT I JUST HOPE

4876
03:14:10,571 --> 03:14:11,505
THAT YOU RECOGNIZE THAT WE'RE

4877
03:14:11,505 --> 03:14:14,608
TRYING AND WHAT WE'RE TRYING TO

4878
03:14:14,608 --> 03:14:16,243
DO IS ITERATIVELY FIGURING OUT

4879
03:14:16,243 --> 03:14:17,511
WHAT WE'RE TRYING TO DO AND DO

4880
03:14:17,511 --> 03:14:18,745
BETTER AND JUST DO THE BEST JOB

4881
03:14:18,745 --> 03:14:23,484
FOR ALL OF YOU. 

4882
03:14:23,484 --> 03:14:24,785
AND LAST THING I WANT TO SAY IS

4883
03:14:24,785 --> 03:14:26,220
THANKS TO ALL OF YOU FOR

4884
03:14:26,220 --> 03:14:30,257
ATTENDING. 

4885
03:14:30,257 --> 03:14:32,693
YOU KNOW THERE'S--I WANT TO

4886
03:14:32,693 --> 03:14:35,963
CONGRATULATE JIM, DAVID AND ERIC

4887
03:14:35,963 --> 03:14:38,832
WHO AREN'T HERE AND ALSO JUST AN

4888
03:14:38,832 --> 03:14:40,634
AMAZING SORT OF, YOU KNOW IT

4889
03:14:40,634 --> 03:14:42,169
HAPPENS EVERY FEW DECADES IN THE

4890
03:14:42,169 --> 03:14:43,837
VISION FIELD AND YOU KNOW THESE

4891
03:14:43,837 --> 03:14:45,205
ARE SORT OF LEGENDARY ARK

4892
03:14:45,205 --> 03:14:48,141
COMPLISHMENTS AND I JUST WANT TO

4893
03:14:48,141 --> 03:14:49,209
CALL THIS OUT.

4894
03:14:49,209 --> 03:14:49,910
AND THEY'RE--I WANT TO

4895
03:14:49,910 --> 03:14:51,311
ACKNOWLEDGE THAT THERE ARE A LOT

4896
03:14:51,311 --> 03:14:52,746
OF OTHER PEOPLE IN THE ROOM WHO

4897
03:14:52,746 --> 03:14:54,481
HAVE DONE AMAZING STUFF,

4898
03:14:54,481 --> 03:14:57,951
TOGETHER, IN SOME CASES WITH

4899
03:14:57,951 --> 03:15:00,053
THESE 3 AND YOU KNOW JOEL'S NAME

4900
03:15:00,053 --> 03:15:02,122
CAME UP QUITE A FEW TIMES IN

4901
03:15:02,122 --> 03:15:04,091
THESE SLIDES AND MANY OTHERS

4902
03:15:04,091 --> 03:15:06,693
HAVE DONE LOOK THE LINES OF

4903
03:15:06,693 --> 03:15:10,464
SCIENCE BEING A TEAM SPORT. 

4904
03:15:10,464 --> 03:15:13,066
AND YOU KNOW, CINDY TOTH USED

4905
03:15:13,066 --> 03:15:14,801
THIS PHRASE, OCT IS BEING AN

4906
03:15:14,801 --> 03:15:15,769
INCREDIBLE GIFT TO THE COMMUNITY

4907
03:15:15,769 --> 03:15:20,274
AND I JUST WANT TO CALL THAT

4908
03:15:20,274 --> 03:15:20,440
OUT.

4909
03:15:20,440 --> 03:15:23,010
SO JUST 1 THING I TOOK AWAY FROM

4910
03:15:23,010 --> 03:15:24,444
THIS IS THERE'S AN AMAZING CAST

4911
03:15:24,444 --> 03:15:25,746
BUT I THINK THERE'S A LOT OF

4912
03:15:25,746 --> 03:15:27,981
EVIDENT THAT THE FUTURE IS MORE

4913
03:15:27,981 --> 03:15:28,715
EXCITING THAN THE PAST.

4914
03:15:28,715 --> 03:15:30,784
SO WITH THAT, YOU KNOW I JUST

4915
03:15:30,784 --> 03:15:32,219
HOPE THAT YOU ENJOY THE REST OF

4916
03:15:32,219 --> 03:15:33,887
YOUR STAY HERE IN DC, YOU KNOW

4917
03:15:33,887 --> 03:15:35,622
TRY TO SEE THE CHERRY BLOSSOMS

4918
03:15:35,622 --> 03:15:37,991
IF YOU CAN AND JUST SAFE TRAVELS

4919
03:15:37,991 --> 03:15:40,027
BACK HOME, THANK YOU TO ALL THE

4920
03:15:40,027 --> 03:15:43,931
SPEAKERS. 

4921
03:15:43,931 --> 03:15:54,174
[ APPLAUSE ] 

4922
03:15:57,210 --> 03:15:58,679
JUST A QUICK FEW ANNOUNCE WANTS

4923
03:15:58,679 --> 03:16:00,681
IF THERE ARE SPEAKERS TRAVELING

4924
03:16:00,681 --> 03:16:02,983
TOA THE AIRPORTS AT THE SOUTH

4925
03:16:02,983 --> 03:16:05,052
SHUTTLES ARE, MEET AT THE SOUTH

4926
03:16:05,052 --> 03:16:06,386
ENTRANCE AT 12:15, THERE MAY BE

4927
03:16:06,386 --> 03:16:08,155
A COUPLE OTHER SPOTS FOR

4928
03:16:08,155 --> 03:16:11,224
NONSPEAKERS WHO ARE HEADING

4929
03:16:11,224 --> 03:16:14,828
THERE AS WELL, NUMBER 2 IF

4930
03:16:14,828 --> 03:16:15,829
ANYBODY LOST A METROSMART CARD

4931
03:16:15,829 --> 03:16:20,801
IT'S OUT IN THE LOBBY WITH 1 OF

4932
03:16:20,801 --> 03:16:22,336
THE STAFF, AND SAVE TRAVELS TO

4933
03:16:22,336 --> 03:16:32,813
EVERYBODY WHO'S GOING A FAR

4934
03:16:33,113 --> 03:27:55,044
DISTANCE.

4935
03:27:55,044 --> 03:28:05,088