1 00:00:05,760 --> 00:00:06,920 >>GOOD MORNING. 2 00:00:06,920 --> 00:00:10,480 THANK YOU FOR JOINING US. 3 00:00:10,480 --> 00:00:15,000 I'M HOWARD CHANG, A CO-CHAIR OF 4 00:00:15,000 --> 00:00:16,280 THE WORKING GROUP. 5 00:00:16,280 --> 00:00:19,600 WE'RE EXCITED TO HAVE A BROAD 6 00:00:19,600 --> 00:00:20,800 HOST OF GUESTS TO INFORM THE 7 00:00:20,800 --> 00:00:22,400 ADVISORY COMMITTEE TO THE 8 00:00:22,400 --> 00:00:25,320 DIRECTOR'S WORKING GROUP ON THE 9 00:00:25,320 --> 00:00:26,160 UPCOMING REPORT ON CATALYZING 10 00:00:26,160 --> 00:00:30,000 DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF NOVEL 11 00:00:30,000 --> 00:00:35,160 ALTERNATIVE METHODS, NAMs. , 12 00:00:35,160 --> 00:00:38,120 THIS WILL INFORM HOW NIH INVESTS 13 00:00:38,120 --> 00:00:43,800 MOVING FORWARD. 14 00:00:43,800 --> 00:00:53,200 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 15 00:00:53,200 --> 00:00:56,800 ACHIEVEING SCIENTIFIC 16 00:00:56,800 --> 00:00:58,320 BREAKTHROUGH REQUIRES CONTINUOUS 17 00:00:58,320 --> 00:01:00,200 DEVELOPMENT VALIDATION AND 18 00:01:00,200 --> 00:01:03,040 ADOPTION OF TECHNOLOGIES AND 19 00:01:03,040 --> 00:01:03,320 TECHNIQUES. 20 00:01:03,320 --> 00:01:06,960 ANIMAL RESEARCH CONTINUES TO BE 21 00:01:06,960 --> 00:01:07,960 NECESSARY FOR UNDERSTANDING 22 00:01:07,960 --> 00:01:09,600 HUMAN DISEASE AND DEVELOPMENT OF 23 00:01:09,600 --> 00:01:12,240 TREATMENTS, WE'VE SEEN THAT 24 00:01:12,240 --> 00:01:13,760 SO-CALLED NOVEL ALTERNATIVE 25 00:01:13,760 --> 00:01:15,200 METHODS, NAMs, HOLD TREMENDOUS 26 00:01:15,200 --> 00:01:20,360 PROMISE FOR INCREASING TOOLS 27 00:01:20,360 --> 00:01:22,440 AVAILABLE TO ACCOMPLISH NIH'S 28 00:01:22,440 --> 00:01:28,240 MISSION TO ADVANCE HUMAN. 29 00:01:28,240 --> 00:01:30,080 ADDITIONALLY, THEY OPEN THE 30 00:01:30,080 --> 00:01:32,720 DOORS FOR NEW SCIENTIFIC 31 00:01:32,720 --> 00:01:33,520 APPROACHING INCLUDING 32 00:01:33,520 --> 00:01:34,080 COMPLEMENTARY AND SOMETIMES 33 00:01:34,080 --> 00:01:36,200 ABILITY TO ANSWER NEW SETS OF 34 00:01:36,200 --> 00:01:40,160 QUESTIONS FROM THOSE BEST SUITED 35 00:01:40,160 --> 00:01:42,000 FOR ANIMAL-BASED APPROACHES. 36 00:01:42,000 --> 00:01:43,120 THEREFORE WHILE TRADITIONAL 37 00:01:43,120 --> 00:01:45,400 ANIMAL MODELS CONTINUE TO BE 38 00:01:45,400 --> 00:01:47,200 VITAL TO ADVANCE SCIENTIFIC 39 00:01:47,200 --> 00:01:48,800 KNOWLEDGE, DIFFERENT MODELS 40 00:01:48,800 --> 00:01:51,000 OFFER UNIQUE STRENGTHS THAT WHEN 41 00:01:51,000 --> 00:01:53,720 UTILIZED CORRECTLY OR IN 42 00:01:53,720 --> 00:01:55,680 COMBINATION CAN EXPAND 43 00:01:55,680 --> 00:01:58,200 RESEARCHERS TOOLBOXS OR ANSWER 44 00:01:58,200 --> 00:01:59,000 PREVIOUSLY NOT ANSWERABLE 45 00:01:59,000 --> 00:01:59,880 BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH QUESTIONS. 46 00:01:59,880 --> 00:02:04,080 AT A TIME WHEN TECHNOLOGIES ARE 47 00:02:04,080 --> 00:02:05,480 CHANGING IT'S IMPORTANT TO 48 00:02:05,480 --> 00:02:07,680 CONSIDER HOW TO SUPPORT GROWTH 49 00:02:07,680 --> 00:02:10,200 AND MAXIMIZE THE VALUE IN 50 00:02:10,200 --> 00:02:14,040 EQUITABLE AND ACCESSIBLE WAY. 51 00:02:14,040 --> 00:02:15,360 NEXT PLEASE. 52 00:02:15,360 --> 00:02:16,440 WHILE THERE'S A BROAD AND 53 00:02:16,440 --> 00:02:18,120 DIVERSE SET OF TOOLS AND 54 00:02:18,120 --> 00:02:19,600 TECHNIQUES THAT COULD FALL UNDER 55 00:02:19,600 --> 00:02:21,240 THE UMBRELLA OF NOVEL 56 00:02:21,240 --> 00:02:22,600 ALTERNATIVE METHODS, FOR THE 57 00:02:22,600 --> 00:02:24,760 PURPOSE OF OUR WORKING GROUP 58 00:02:24,760 --> 00:02:28,600 WE'LL NARROW THE SCOPE TO THE 59 00:02:28,600 --> 00:02:30,840 RAPIDLY CHANGING TECHNIQUES 60 00:02:30,840 --> 00:02:31,880 COMPLEMENTARY TO TRADITIONAL 61 00:02:31,880 --> 00:02:32,280 ANIMAL MODELS. 62 00:02:32,280 --> 00:02:34,200 IN PARTICULAR, OUR WORKING GROUP 63 00:02:34,200 --> 00:02:40,600 HAS FOCUSED ON IN CHEMICAL, IN 64 00:02:40,600 --> 00:02:51,120 VITRO USING CELL TECHNIQUES . 65 00:02:54,640 --> 00:02:56,960 WE SAW A FEW QUESTIONS FROM 66 00:02:56,960 --> 00:02:59,560 REGISTRANTS ABOUT RESEARCH USING 67 00:02:59,560 --> 00:03:01,000 INVERTEBRATES SUCH AS DROSOPHILA 68 00:03:01,000 --> 00:03:04,040 OR THE FRUIT FLY. 69 00:03:04,040 --> 00:03:06,560 RESEARCH CONTINUES TO ADVANCE 70 00:03:06,560 --> 00:03:07,520 BIOMEDICAL INVESTIGATION AND 71 00:03:07,520 --> 00:03:15,120 HAVE LED TO 14 PRIZES TO DATE. 72 00:03:15,120 --> 00:03:16,440 NIH VALUES OUR INVESTMENT BUT 73 00:03:16,440 --> 00:03:17,760 COULD HAVE HAD MULTIPLE 74 00:03:17,760 --> 00:03:27,600 WORKSHOPS ON THAT TOPIC ALONE. 75 00:03:27,600 --> 00:03:28,600 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 76 00:03:28,600 --> 00:03:29,920 TO IDENTIFY AND ADVISE PRIORITY 77 00:03:29,920 --> 00:03:32,560 AREAS IN THE BEST WAYS WHICH NIH 78 00:03:32,560 --> 00:03:34,640 CAN SUPPORT AND PROMOTE NOVEL 79 00:03:34,640 --> 00:03:38,840 ALTERNATIVE METHODS, DR. LARRY 80 00:03:38,840 --> 00:03:41,000 TABAK, NIH ACTING DIRECTOR, GAVE 81 00:03:41,000 --> 00:03:43,280 MYSELF AND DR. LYRIC JORGENSON 82 00:03:43,280 --> 00:03:47,800 THE HONOR OF CO-CHAIRING THIS 83 00:03:47,800 --> 00:03:49,560 COMMITTEE TO THE WORKING GROUP 84 00:03:49,560 --> 00:03:50,960 ON CATALYZING DEVELOPMENT AND 85 00:03:50,960 --> 00:03:52,760 USE OF NOVEL ALTERNATIVE METHODS 86 00:03:52,760 --> 00:03:54,040 TO ADVANCE BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH. 87 00:03:54,040 --> 00:03:57,960 WE CONVENED A GROUP OF EXPERTS 88 00:03:57,960 --> 00:03:59,720 FROM DIVERSE BACKGROUNDS, 89 00:03:59,720 --> 00:04:00,800 SECTORS, FIELDS, INCLUDING 90 00:04:00,800 --> 00:04:06,200 INDUSTRY, ACADEMIA AND SISTER 91 00:04:06,200 --> 00:04:07,840 AGENCIES LISTED HERE. 92 00:04:07,840 --> 00:04:08,960 NEXT PLEASE. 93 00:04:08,960 --> 00:04:12,880 IN JANUARY OF 2023 DR. TABAK 94 00:04:12,880 --> 00:04:15,280 CHARGED A WORKING GROUP TO 95 00:04:15,280 --> 00:04:16,880 ASSESS LANDSCAPE OF ALTERNATIVE 96 00:04:16,880 --> 00:04:18,160 METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL INCLUDING 97 00:04:18,160 --> 00:04:19,720 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF 98 00:04:19,720 --> 00:04:22,960 DIFFERENT METHODS IN DIFFERENT 99 00:04:22,960 --> 00:04:23,320 APPLICATIONS. 100 00:04:23,320 --> 00:04:24,960 THIS ANALYSIS WILL HELP THE 101 00:04:24,960 --> 00:04:27,160 WORKING GROUP IDENTIFY HIGH 102 00:04:27,160 --> 00:04:29,960 PRIORITY AREAS FOR NIH 103 00:04:29,960 --> 00:04:31,840 INVESTMENT TO CATAPULT PROGRESS 104 00:04:31,840 --> 00:04:33,920 IN UNDERSTANDING BIOMEDICAL 105 00:04:33,920 --> 00:04:35,440 PROCESSES AND ENHANCED 106 00:04:35,440 --> 00:04:44,040 CAPABILITIES TO FORM BIOMEDICAL 107 00:04:44,040 --> 00:04:44,280 RESEARCH. 108 00:04:44,280 --> 00:04:46,760 TO ACCOMPLISH THIS THE WORKING 109 00:04:46,760 --> 00:04:48,440 GROUP IS CONSULTING WITH EXPERTS 110 00:04:48,440 --> 00:04:49,880 IN THE COMMUNITY DURING THIS 111 00:04:49,880 --> 00:04:52,480 REGULAR MEETINGS AND PROVIDE 112 00:04:52,480 --> 00:04:54,440 UPDATE TO OUR PROGRESS TO THE 113 00:04:54,440 --> 00:04:58,160 ACD JUST THIS PAST JUNE. 114 00:04:58,160 --> 00:05:00,360 WE'RE SET TO PROVIDE 115 00:05:00,360 --> 00:05:01,600 RECOMMENDATIONS IN A REPORT TO 116 00:05:01,600 --> 00:05:08,000 THE ACD AT THE END OF THE YEAR. 117 00:05:08,000 --> 00:05:08,680 NEXT PLEASE. 118 00:05:08,680 --> 00:05:10,640 TO ENSURE WE HEAR FROM VOICES OF 119 00:05:10,640 --> 00:05:13,720 EVERYONE WE PUBLISH A REQUEST 120 00:05:13,720 --> 00:05:15,840 FOR INFORMATION, RFI, ON JUNE 12 121 00:05:15,840 --> 00:05:18,000 TO INVITE PUBLIC FEEDBACK TO 122 00:05:18,000 --> 00:05:20,080 CONFIRM THE WORKING GROUP'S 123 00:05:20,080 --> 00:05:20,480 RECOMMENDATIONS. 124 00:05:20,480 --> 00:05:22,480 THE RFI WAS ORIGINALLY SET TO 125 00:05:22,480 --> 00:05:24,800 CLOSE THE WEEK OF AUGUST 16, 126 00:05:24,800 --> 00:05:28,080 HOWEVER TO ALLOW MORE TIME FOR 127 00:05:28,080 --> 00:05:29,720 RESPONSE FOLLOWING THIS MEETING 128 00:05:29,720 --> 00:05:33,080 THE DEADLINE WAS EXTENDED TO 129 00:05:33,080 --> 00:05:34,520 SEPTEMBER 5. 130 00:05:34,520 --> 00:05:37,680 WE ENCOURAGE EVERYONE TO SHARE 131 00:05:37,680 --> 00:05:39,000 THOUGHTS TO HELP INFORM AND 132 00:05:39,000 --> 00:05:40,320 SHAPE OUR FINAL REPORT. 133 00:05:40,320 --> 00:05:43,160 SO FAR WE'VE RECEIVED THOUGHTFUL 134 00:05:43,160 --> 00:05:44,360 FEEDBACK TO ADD NICELY TO THE 135 00:05:44,360 --> 00:05:45,120 CONVERSATIONS THE WORKING GROUP 136 00:05:45,120 --> 00:05:46,440 HAS BEEN HAVING. 137 00:05:46,440 --> 00:05:49,480 WE'RE HEARING ABOUT DATA, BENCH 138 00:05:49,480 --> 00:05:51,880 MARKING, THE IMPORTANCE OF 139 00:05:51,880 --> 00:05:52,280 CROSS-DISCIPLINARY 140 00:05:52,280 --> 00:05:54,600 COLLABORATION, ALL COMMENTS WILL 141 00:05:54,600 --> 00:05:58,640 BE POSTED. 142 00:05:58,640 --> 00:06:00,320 NEXT PLEASE. 143 00:06:00,320 --> 00:06:01,480 SO THE WORKING GROUP DISCUSSION 144 00:06:01,480 --> 00:06:09,200 TODAY A KEY THEME EMERGED, THE 145 00:06:09,200 --> 00:06:15,000 POWER OF INTERDISCIPLINARY 146 00:06:15,000 --> 00:06:16,600 WORK, TRANSLATING KNOWLEDGE INTO 147 00:06:16,600 --> 00:06:21,080 PRODUCTS OR PRACTICES RELYING ON 148 00:06:21,080 --> 00:06:24,240 BRINGING TOGETHER DISCIPLINES, 149 00:06:24,240 --> 00:06:25,640 TECHNOLOGY, DATA. 150 00:06:25,640 --> 00:06:26,320 COLLABORATION DRIVES INNOVATION, 151 00:06:26,320 --> 00:06:29,280 AND TEAMS OF PEOPLE FROM 152 00:06:29,280 --> 00:06:33,680 DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES AND 153 00:06:33,680 --> 00:06:34,880 BACKGROUNDS CAN CREATE 154 00:06:34,880 --> 00:06:36,840 OUT-OF-THE-BOX SOLUTIONS. 155 00:06:36,840 --> 00:06:42,840 EACH SECTOR HAS A POTENTIAL ROLE 156 00:06:42,840 --> 00:06:43,840 TO PLAY. 157 00:06:43,840 --> 00:06:45,520 BY INTEGRATING EARLY IN 158 00:06:45,520 --> 00:06:47,480 TECHNOLOGY CONCEPTION 159 00:06:47,480 --> 00:06:49,120 RESEARCHERS CAN DEVELOP NAMs 160 00:06:49,120 --> 00:06:53,600 THAT PROVIDE HIGH QUALITY 161 00:06:53,600 --> 00:06:55,840 FINDINGS REPRODUCEIBLE FINDINGS. 162 00:06:55,840 --> 00:06:59,440 TODAY'S MEETING WE HOPE TO LEARN 163 00:06:59,440 --> 00:07:01,480 MORE ABOUT A THE COMMUNITY 164 00:07:01,480 --> 00:07:03,120 THOUGHTS ON OVERCOMING BARRIERS 165 00:07:03,120 --> 00:07:06,240 AND DRIVE FORWARD PROGRESS IN 166 00:07:06,240 --> 00:07:08,080 NAMs DEVELOPMENT AND USE 167 00:07:08,080 --> 00:07:11,360 THROUGH DIVERSE TEAMS. 168 00:07:11,360 --> 00:07:12,240 NEXT PLEASE. 169 00:07:12,240 --> 00:07:14,200 SO WITH THAT, THOSE GOALS IN 170 00:07:14,200 --> 00:07:19,400 MIND, WE HAVE AN EXCITING AGENDA 171 00:07:19,400 --> 00:07:20,800 MODERATEED BY OUR WORKING GROUP 172 00:07:20,800 --> 00:07:21,640 MEMBERS. 173 00:07:21,640 --> 00:07:24,080 WE'LL HAVE TWO SESSIONS, FROM 174 00:07:24,080 --> 00:07:27,920 9:15 TO 10:30 OPPORTUNITIES AND 175 00:07:27,920 --> 00:07:33,840 CHALLENGES FOR NAMs BY DR. 176 00:07:33,840 --> 00:07:35,880 NANCY LANE, THEN CROSS-SECTOR 177 00:07:35,880 --> 00:07:39,120 APPROACHES FOR DRIVING NAMs 178 00:07:39,120 --> 00:07:45,800 USE, MODERATEED BY DR. DAN 179 00:07:45,800 --> 00:07:48,120 TAGLE, FOLLOWED BY QUESTIONS. 180 00:07:48,120 --> 00:07:58,640 WE'LL HAVE THREE PANEL SESSIONS 181 00:08:03,720 --> 00:08:08,680 1-2 P.M., THEN LEVERAGING 182 00:08:08,680 --> 00:08:14,080 DATASETS MODERATEED BY DR. 183 00:08:14,080 --> 00:08:15,640 NOVAKAVIC. 184 00:08:15,640 --> 00:08:17,320 3:30 TO 4:30 EQUITABLE 185 00:08:17,320 --> 00:08:18,440 DEPLOYMENT OF ROBUST AND 186 00:08:18,440 --> 00:08:20,200 RELIABLE NAMs INTO PRACTICE 187 00:08:20,200 --> 00:08:24,800 MODERATEED BY DR. TONY BAINES. 188 00:08:24,800 --> 00:08:32,560 REGISTRANTS ARE INVITED TO 189 00:08:32,560 --> 00:08:34,440 PROVIDE QUESTIONS, AND WE'RE 190 00:08:34,440 --> 00:08:36,280 HAPPY TO SHARE WITH MODERATORS 191 00:08:36,280 --> 00:08:41,000 TO CHOOSE FROM. 192 00:08:41,000 --> 00:08:42,520 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 193 00:08:42,520 --> 00:08:43,600 BEFORE WE START THE FIRST 194 00:08:43,600 --> 00:08:45,280 SESSION I THANK THE WORKING 195 00:08:45,280 --> 00:08:48,680 GROUP MEMBERS, SPEAKERS AND ALL 196 00:08:48,680 --> 00:08:51,280 OF YOU FOR PARTICIPATING IN THIS 197 00:08:51,280 --> 00:08:52,280 MEETING, VIEWPOINTS ARE CRITICAL 198 00:08:52,280 --> 00:08:54,800 FOR MAKING A CYCLE WHEREBY 199 00:08:54,800 --> 00:08:55,680 RESEARCH CONDUCTED WITH NAMs 200 00:08:55,680 --> 00:08:58,520 INFORM WORK IN OTHER MODELS 201 00:08:58,520 --> 00:08:59,600 WHICH INFORMS HUMAN HEALTH IN 202 00:08:59,600 --> 00:09:04,760 THE FORM OF BIOMEDICAL DATA THAT 203 00:09:04,760 --> 00:09:06,440 FURTHER IMPROVES MODELS USED IN 204 00:09:06,440 --> 00:09:07,840 RESEARCH AND INVESTIGATORS CAN 205 00:09:07,840 --> 00:09:10,320 UTILIZE -- COMBINE TOOLS IN A 206 00:09:10,320 --> 00:09:12,960 BEST WAYS TO ANSWER THEIR 207 00:09:12,960 --> 00:09:14,200 ULTIMATE QUESTIONS TO UNDERSTAND 208 00:09:14,200 --> 00:09:16,040 AND IMPROVE HUMAN HEALTH. 209 00:09:16,040 --> 00:09:18,520 SO THANK YOU, EVERYBODY. 210 00:09:18,520 --> 00:09:21,080 THE FIRST SESSION MODERATEED BY 211 00:09:21,080 --> 00:09:28,080 WORKING GROUP MEMBER DR. NANCY 212 00:09:28,080 --> 00:09:31,800 LANE NCY LANE WILL GET US 213 00:09:31,800 --> 00:09:32,240 STARTED. 214 00:09:32,240 --> 00:09:34,640 I'LL HAND IT OVER TO DR. LANE 215 00:09:34,640 --> 00:09:35,000 PLEASE. 216 00:09:35,000 --> 00:09:35,920 >>GOOD MORNING. 217 00:09:35,920 --> 00:09:38,280 I'M DR. NANCY LANE FROM THE 218 00:09:38,280 --> 00:09:39,640 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT 219 00:09:39,640 --> 00:09:42,280 DAVIS, AND THIS MORNING WE'RE 220 00:09:42,280 --> 00:09:45,200 GOING TO TALK ABOUT THE 221 00:09:45,200 --> 00:09:47,080 OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES OF 222 00:09:47,080 --> 00:09:49,920 NOVEL ALTERNATIVE METHODS IN 223 00:09:49,920 --> 00:09:51,680 BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH. 224 00:09:51,680 --> 00:09:59,320 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 225 00:09:59,320 --> 00:10:09,800 , THIS SESSION WILL FOCUS ON 226 00:10:11,800 --> 00:10:13,800 SUCCESSFUL DEPLOYMENT OF NAMs 227 00:10:13,800 --> 00:10:16,560 WHETHER FOR CONDUCTING BASIC 228 00:10:16,560 --> 00:10:18,160 RESEARCH, UNCOVERING DISEASE 229 00:10:18,160 --> 00:10:20,040 MECHANISMS OR TRANSLATING 230 00:10:20,040 --> 00:10:21,680 KNOWLEDGE INTO PRODUCTS OR 231 00:10:21,680 --> 00:10:25,800 PRACTICE, RELIES HEAVILY ON 232 00:10:25,800 --> 00:10:27,320 BRINGING TOGETHER DISCIPLINES, 233 00:10:27,320 --> 00:10:29,320 TECHNOLOGIES, AND DATA. 234 00:10:29,320 --> 00:10:32,160 THIS SESSION WILL FOCUS ON 235 00:10:32,160 --> 00:10:34,560 RESEARCH AREAS FOR WHICH NAMs 236 00:10:34,560 --> 00:10:36,920 HAVE BEEN IMPACTFUL TO IDENTIFY 237 00:10:36,920 --> 00:10:42,120 BEST PRACTICES FOR LEVERAGING 238 00:10:42,120 --> 00:10:43,440 THESE APPROACHES. 239 00:10:43,440 --> 00:10:46,040 NOW, WE HAVE FOUR OUTSTANDING 240 00:10:46,040 --> 00:10:47,120 PRESENTERS THIS MORNING. 241 00:10:47,120 --> 00:10:51,440 OUR FIRST ONE WILL BE DR. NATHAN 242 00:10:51,440 --> 00:10:55,800 PRICE WHO IS AT THE THORNE 243 00:10:55,800 --> 00:11:04,120 HEALTH TECH AND ON LEAVE FROM 244 00:11:04,120 --> 00:11:05,880 THE INSTITUTE OF SYSTEMS 245 00:11:05,880 --> 00:11:06,280 BIOLOGY. 246 00:11:06,280 --> 00:11:08,480 HE IS EXPERT ON PRECISION HEALTH 247 00:11:08,480 --> 00:11:11,120 AND WILL SHARE WITH US SOME 248 00:11:11,120 --> 00:11:14,640 NOVEL WORK THEY ARE DOING THERE. 249 00:11:14,640 --> 00:11:18,000 ALSO HAVE THOMAS HARTUNG FROM 250 00:11:18,000 --> 00:11:20,080 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, AND HE 251 00:11:20,080 --> 00:11:26,640 IS AN INTERNATIONAL EXPERT ON 252 00:11:26,640 --> 00:11:29,840 TRANSLATIONAL/PRODUCT 253 00:11:29,840 --> 00:11:35,160 DEVELOPMENT. 254 00:11:35,160 --> 00:11:38,560 NICOLE KLEINSTREUER, DIRECTOR OF 255 00:11:38,560 --> 00:11:39,200 NATIONAL TOXICITY PROGRAM 256 00:11:39,200 --> 00:11:42,080 INTERAGENCY CENTER FOR 257 00:11:42,080 --> 00:11:44,360 EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE 258 00:11:44,360 --> 00:11:45,560 TOXICOLOGYIC METHODS AND ADJUNCT 259 00:11:45,560 --> 00:11:48,520 ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AT THE YALE 260 00:11:48,520 --> 00:11:50,040 SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH. 261 00:11:50,040 --> 00:12:00,480 HER RESEARCH FOCUSS ON 262 00:12:00,760 --> 00:12:04,560 BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS AND 263 00:12:04,560 --> 00:12:10,560 SUSCEPTIBLEIBILITY TO 264 00:12:10,560 --> 00:12:11,400 PERTURBATIONS. 265 00:12:11,400 --> 00:12:13,720 AND THEN CHIRAG PATEL FROM 266 00:12:13,720 --> 00:12:17,120 HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL, 267 00:12:17,120 --> 00:12:17,840 INFORMATICS, DISSECTING 268 00:12:17,840 --> 00:12:20,600 DIFFERENCES THROUGH DATA SOURCES 269 00:12:20,600 --> 00:12:21,840 THAT CAPTURE THE COMPREHENSIVE 270 00:12:21,840 --> 00:12:23,040 CLINICAL EXPERIENCE. 271 00:12:23,040 --> 00:12:25,440 SO WE'RE HONORED TO HAVE BOTH -- 272 00:12:25,440 --> 00:12:27,200 ALL OF THEM TODAY. 273 00:12:27,200 --> 00:12:30,480 NOW, ALL OUR SPEAKERS WILL GIVE 274 00:12:30,480 --> 00:12:33,200 A SHORT 10-MINUTE PRESENTATION, 275 00:12:33,200 --> 00:12:37,120 AND AFTERWARDS WE'LL SPEND TIME 276 00:12:37,120 --> 00:12:38,880 AS A PANEL DISCUSSING SOME 277 00:12:38,880 --> 00:12:41,080 PERTINENT QUESTIONS WHICH I WILL 278 00:12:41,080 --> 00:12:44,560 SHOW YOU AFTER OUR SPEAKERS GIVE 279 00:12:44,560 --> 00:12:46,400 THEIR PRESENTATIONS. 280 00:12:46,400 --> 00:12:50,040 SO THE FIRST ONE TODAY WILL BE 281 00:12:50,040 --> 00:12:50,720 NATHAN PRICE. 282 00:12:50,720 --> 00:13:01,080 WELCOME, DR. PRICE. 283 00:13:02,600 --> 00:13:04,000 >>WELL, GOOD MORNING, EVERYONE. 284 00:13:04,000 --> 00:13:06,320 IT'S A PLEASURE TO BE HERE, I'M 285 00:13:06,320 --> 00:13:08,320 LOOKING FORWARD TO AN INTRIGUING 286 00:13:08,320 --> 00:13:08,640 DAY. 287 00:13:08,640 --> 00:13:12,040 TODAY I'M GOING TO TALK ABOUT IN 288 00:13:12,040 --> 00:13:14,800 PARTICULAR DIGITAL TWINS AND 289 00:13:14,800 --> 00:13:16,320 ALTERNATIVE CLINICAL TRIAL 290 00:13:16,320 --> 00:13:16,560 DESIGNS. 291 00:13:16,560 --> 00:13:18,600 SO, THE WAY I'M COMING INTO THIS 292 00:13:18,600 --> 00:13:20,240 HAS BEEN A REAL INTEREST OVER 293 00:13:20,240 --> 00:13:23,880 THE LAST DECADE OR SO ON WAYS 294 00:13:23,880 --> 00:13:26,160 THAT WE APPROACH NOT ONLY LATE 295 00:13:26,160 --> 00:13:28,800 STAGE DISEASE BUT THINKING MORE 296 00:13:28,800 --> 00:13:31,640 ABOUT EARLY DETECTION AND WAYS 297 00:13:31,640 --> 00:13:33,720 THAT WE CAN LEVERAGE A LOT MORE 298 00:13:33,720 --> 00:13:36,280 DENSE DATA STARTING FROM THE 299 00:13:36,280 --> 00:13:42,080 PERIOD OF WELLNESS MOVEING INTO 300 00:13:42,080 --> 00:13:44,240 LATER AREAS. 301 00:13:44,240 --> 00:13:47,880 MOST INTRIGUEING IS NON-ACUTE 302 00:13:47,880 --> 00:13:50,160 TOXINS OVER THE COURSE OF 303 00:13:50,160 --> 00:13:51,680 DECADES, THEY WON'T GIVE US A 304 00:13:51,680 --> 00:13:52,880 DISEASE TOMORROW BUT DO 305 00:13:52,880 --> 00:13:53,960 EVENTUALLY AS WELL AS POSITIVE 306 00:13:53,960 --> 00:13:56,480 SIDE WE'RE TRYING TO AIM FOR 307 00:13:56,480 --> 00:13:57,160 PREVENTION, INCREASING HEALTH 308 00:13:57,160 --> 00:13:58,880 SPAN, THINGS OF THIS NATURE, 309 00:13:58,880 --> 00:14:00,000 INTERVENTIONS MAY TAKE A PERIOD 310 00:14:00,000 --> 00:14:03,280 OF TIME, HOW DO WE THINK ABOUT 311 00:14:03,280 --> 00:14:04,280 THAT DIFFERENTLY, WE WROTE A 312 00:14:04,280 --> 00:14:09,720 BOOK ON THIS A FEW MONTHS AGO 313 00:14:09,720 --> 00:14:12,360 WITH LEROY HOOD. 314 00:14:12,360 --> 00:14:13,840 I'LL TALK ABOUT ALZHEIMER'S 315 00:14:13,840 --> 00:14:16,280 DISEASE, ONE OF THE GREAT 316 00:14:16,280 --> 00:14:19,160 CHALLENGES WE HAVE. 317 00:14:19,160 --> 00:14:19,920 TREATMENT IS INCREDIBLY 318 00:14:19,920 --> 00:14:20,920 DIFFICULT, BUT AIMING AT 319 00:14:20,920 --> 00:14:23,400 PREVENTION IS A MUCH EASIER 320 00:14:23,400 --> 00:14:23,680 CHALLENGE. 321 00:14:23,680 --> 00:14:25,080 THIS IS FOR OBVIOUS REASONS. 322 00:14:25,080 --> 00:14:26,800 ONCE YOUR NEURONS HAVE DIED AND 323 00:14:26,800 --> 00:14:30,080 YOU LOST A TON OF SYNAPSES TRY 324 00:14:30,080 --> 00:14:32,800 TO REGROW THOSE WITH A SMALL 325 00:14:32,800 --> 00:14:42,160 MOLECULE IS VERY CHALLENGING 326 00:14:42,160 --> 00:14:43,920 ENDEAVOR, MAYBE FANCIFUL. 327 00:14:43,920 --> 00:14:44,920 PREVENTION IS MUCH SIMPLER. 328 00:14:44,920 --> 00:14:46,520 I DID WRITE ABOUT THIS IN THE 329 00:14:46,520 --> 00:14:51,240 L.A. TIMES A MONTH AGO. 330 00:14:51,240 --> 00:14:53,680 ALSO, "THE LANCET" CAME OUT WITH 331 00:14:53,680 --> 00:14:55,960 RECOMMENDATIONS IN 2020 AROUND A 332 00:14:55,960 --> 00:14:57,520 BUNCH OF DIFFERENT FACTORS 333 00:14:57,520 --> 00:14:58,560 MODIFIABLE, SO THINGS YOU CAN 334 00:14:58,560 --> 00:15:01,400 MODIFY TO CHANGE YOUR RISK OF 335 00:15:01,400 --> 00:15:02,560 ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE OVER TIME. 336 00:15:02,560 --> 00:15:03,840 I'LL POINT AT THIS BECAUSE I'M 337 00:15:03,840 --> 00:15:06,160 VERY MUCH IN FAVOR OF THE 338 00:15:06,160 --> 00:15:07,000 RECOMMENDATIONS PUT OUT. 339 00:15:07,000 --> 00:15:08,240 I THINK THEY LEFT SOME THINGS 340 00:15:08,240 --> 00:15:09,520 OUT THAT SHOULD HAVE BEEN 341 00:15:09,520 --> 00:15:11,720 INCLUDED OR THAT WE COULD AT 342 00:15:11,720 --> 00:15:14,280 LEAST ARGUE SHOULD BE INCLUDED, 343 00:15:14,280 --> 00:15:16,080 AN EXAMPLE WITH DIGITAL TWINS 344 00:15:16,080 --> 00:15:16,960 AND ALTERNATIVE CLINICAL TRIALS 345 00:15:16,960 --> 00:15:18,480 ABOUT WHY I THINK THAT IS AND 346 00:15:18,480 --> 00:15:22,000 WHAT WE CAN DO ABOUT IT. 347 00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:23,480 SO, TO JUMP IN, I'M GOING TO 348 00:15:23,480 --> 00:15:25,800 GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF A DIGITAL 349 00:15:25,800 --> 00:15:28,240 TWIN MODEL WE SPENT THE LAST 350 00:15:28,240 --> 00:15:30,200 THREE YEARS DEVELOPING, WHICH IS 351 00:15:30,200 --> 00:15:32,400 A MODEL OF HOW THE BRAIN 352 00:15:32,400 --> 00:15:35,680 MAINTAINS HEALTH. 353 00:15:35,680 --> 00:15:40,200 HIS AN ODE-BASED MODEL WITH A 354 00:15:40,200 --> 00:15:41,640 BAYESIAN OVERLAY, I WON'T HAVE 355 00:15:41,640 --> 00:15:46,640 TIME TO GO INTO DETAIL. 356 00:15:46,640 --> 00:15:49,160 THIS LEVERAGES DATA FROM A 357 00:15:49,160 --> 00:15:51,800 THOUSAND PAPERS THAT ARE IN THE 358 00:15:51,800 --> 00:15:54,080 LITERATURE, SO THIS WOULD 359 00:15:54,080 --> 00:15:56,080 INCLUDE KINETIC BINDING RATES 360 00:15:56,080 --> 00:15:57,400 AND FEEDBACK LOOP CYCLES AND SO 361 00:15:57,400 --> 00:15:57,600 FORTH 362 00:15:57,600 --> 00:15:59,800 WHAT THIS HAS DONE FOR ME HAS 363 00:15:59,800 --> 00:16:01,120 GIVEN ME A DIFFERENT VIEW OF 364 00:16:01,120 --> 00:16:02,600 WHAT I THINK IS DRIVING 365 00:16:02,600 --> 00:16:02,920 ALZHEIMER'S. 366 00:16:02,920 --> 00:16:04,600 WE CAN TALK ABOUT THAT 367 00:16:04,600 --> 00:16:05,120 SEPARATELY. 368 00:16:05,120 --> 00:16:07,560 FOR THE PURPOSES OF TODAY, WHAT 369 00:16:07,560 --> 00:16:09,120 THIS MODEL REPRESENTS OR ANY 370 00:16:09,120 --> 00:16:12,040 DIGITAL TWIN MODEL SINCE WE'RE 371 00:16:12,040 --> 00:16:14,440 TALKING GENERALLY TODAY IS A 372 00:16:14,440 --> 00:16:18,720 COMPLEX TESTABLE HIGH POTENTIAL 373 00:16:18,720 --> 00:16:21,120 HYPOTHESIS HOW YOU MAINTAIN 374 00:16:21,120 --> 00:16:22,800 HEALTH, LAYER ON INFORMATION, 375 00:16:22,800 --> 00:16:24,000 HOW DISEASE INITIATES, 376 00:16:24,000 --> 00:16:24,880 PROGRESSES, KILLS, THINKING 377 00:16:24,880 --> 00:16:27,080 ABOUT CLINICAL TRIALS IN A 378 00:16:27,080 --> 00:16:29,920 DIFFERENT WAY WHEN WE HAVE THIS 379 00:16:29,920 --> 00:16:31,320 KIND OF CAPABILITY. 380 00:16:31,320 --> 00:16:33,080 I'M LEAVING OUT A LOT BUT I'VE 381 00:16:33,080 --> 00:16:33,920 GOT TO GO QUICKLY TODAY 382 00:16:33,920 --> 00:16:36,800 WHAT THIS LET US DO IS DIGITAL 383 00:16:36,800 --> 00:16:38,240 TWIN SIMULATION. 384 00:16:38,240 --> 00:16:41,400 THIS IS ON A PER-PATIENT BASIS 385 00:16:41,400 --> 00:16:42,920 SO I'LL GIVE AN EXAMPLE. 386 00:16:42,920 --> 00:16:45,200 IN THIS CASE WE WOULD BE LOOKING 387 00:16:45,200 --> 00:16:47,080 AT AN INDIVIDUAL, HAPPENS TO BE 388 00:16:47,080 --> 00:16:51,120 A MAN AGE 50, TWO COPIES OF THE 389 00:16:51,120 --> 00:16:52,440 APOE4 GENE, A NUMBER OF 390 00:16:52,440 --> 00:16:55,600 MEASUREMENTS OUT OF THE BLOOD OR 391 00:16:55,600 --> 00:16:57,040 COGNITIVE ASSESSMENTS, DIFFERENT 392 00:16:57,040 --> 00:16:58,800 RISK FACTORS AT PLAY. 393 00:16:58,800 --> 00:17:01,840 WE USE THIS IN A WAY TO MODEL 394 00:17:01,840 --> 00:17:03,360 THE UNCERTAINTY THAT'S THERE AND 395 00:17:03,360 --> 00:17:06,120 WE CAN BUILD A PROBABILISTIC 396 00:17:06,120 --> 00:17:07,200 FUTURE OF WHAT WE WOULD EXPECT 397 00:17:07,200 --> 00:17:11,600 TO BE THE AGE OF DIAGNOSIS FOR 398 00:17:11,600 --> 00:17:13,000 SOMEONE GIVEN THESE 399 00:17:13,000 --> 00:17:13,360 MEASUREMENTS. 400 00:17:13,360 --> 00:17:14,680 WE WOULD EXPECT THE MOST LIKELY 401 00:17:14,680 --> 00:17:17,920 AGE OF DIAGNOSIS TO BE 61, WE 402 00:17:17,920 --> 00:17:20,800 BELIEVE THERE WOULD BE A 99% 403 00:17:20,800 --> 00:17:22,760 PROBABILITY THIS INDIVIDUAL 404 00:17:22,760 --> 00:17:24,160 WITHOUT CHANGES WOULD HAVE 405 00:17:24,160 --> 00:17:26,440 DEMENTIA BY AGE 68 BASEED ON 406 00:17:26,440 --> 00:17:27,760 THIS SIMULATION OF BRAIN 407 00:17:27,760 --> 00:17:28,080 PHYSIOLOGY. 408 00:17:28,080 --> 00:17:31,080 WE ALSO ARE GOING THROUGH A 409 00:17:31,080 --> 00:17:31,680 NUMBER OF POTENTIAL 410 00:17:31,680 --> 00:17:33,120 INTERVENTIONS, THINGS THEY COULD 411 00:17:33,120 --> 00:17:34,480 DO TO HAVE AN EFFECT. 412 00:17:34,480 --> 00:17:37,320 WHAT YOU'LL NOTICE IF YOU LOOK 413 00:17:37,320 --> 00:17:41,000 FROM THE BOTTOM IS -- THIS IS 414 00:17:41,000 --> 00:17:43,760 ALL GEARED TOWARDS NATURAL 415 00:17:43,760 --> 00:17:44,480 PRODUCTS OR LIFESTYLE 416 00:17:44,480 --> 00:17:46,040 INTERVENTIONS, YOU CAN DO THIS 417 00:17:46,040 --> 00:17:47,800 FOR DRUGS, THERE'S A FASCINATING 418 00:17:47,800 --> 00:17:48,800 STORY AROUND STATINS THAT I 419 00:17:48,800 --> 00:17:50,560 DON'T HAVE TIME TO GET INTO. 420 00:17:50,560 --> 00:17:52,200 BASICALLY WHAT YOU'LL SEE FROM 421 00:17:52,200 --> 00:17:54,400 THE BOTTOM IS AT AN INDIVIDUAL 422 00:17:54,400 --> 00:17:56,120 LEVEL MOST THINGS SHOW NO 423 00:17:56,120 --> 00:17:56,680 EFFECT. 424 00:17:56,680 --> 00:17:59,080 IF YOU LOOK UP HERE AT THE ALL, 425 00:17:59,080 --> 00:18:01,920 I'M USING ALL FOR BREVITY'S 426 00:18:01,920 --> 00:18:04,480 SAKE, WE CALCULATE ALL POSSIBLE 427 00:18:04,480 --> 00:18:07,080 COMBINATIONS, THERE EXIST AS 428 00:18:07,080 --> 00:18:08,640 COMBINATION TO EXPECT A DELAY IN 429 00:18:08,640 --> 00:18:09,720 ONSET OF ALZHEIMER'S FOR 6 YEARS 430 00:18:09,720 --> 00:18:10,720 IN THIS PERSON. 431 00:18:10,720 --> 00:18:12,440 TO GET A SENSE HOW MUCH THIS 432 00:18:12,440 --> 00:18:15,080 CHANGES PERSON TO PERSON I'LL 433 00:18:15,080 --> 00:18:17,480 SHOW THIS JUST A VIDEO TO CYCLE 434 00:18:17,480 --> 00:18:20,040 THROUGH, THIS WILL GIVE VERY 435 00:18:20,040 --> 00:18:21,440 BRIEFLY -- I KNOW WE'RE ZIPING 436 00:18:21,440 --> 00:18:23,400 THROUGH A LOT OF STUFF HERE, BUT 437 00:18:23,400 --> 00:18:25,280 BASICALLY WHAT THIS GIVES IS A 438 00:18:25,280 --> 00:18:26,480 SENSE FOR HOW DIFFERENT IT IS 439 00:18:26,480 --> 00:18:28,800 PERSON TO PERSON, HOW CAN YOU DO 440 00:18:28,800 --> 00:18:30,240 PERSONALIZEED RECOMMENDATIONS 441 00:18:30,240 --> 00:18:30,840 AND SO FORTH. 442 00:18:30,840 --> 00:18:32,400 ONE INTERESTING THING OF THESE 443 00:18:32,400 --> 00:18:36,240 MODELS IS THAT YOU CAN DO IT FOR 444 00:18:36,240 --> 00:18:37,040 PERSONALIZEED RECOMMENDATIONS, 445 00:18:37,040 --> 00:18:39,520 ALSO SIMULATE ENTIRE POPULATIONS 446 00:18:39,520 --> 00:18:41,280 ANNUAL EXPECTATIONS ACROSS 447 00:18:41,280 --> 00:18:42,000 POPULATIONS FOR INTERVENTION 448 00:18:42,000 --> 00:18:45,000 STANDINGS OF STRATEGY AND 449 00:18:45,000 --> 00:18:46,560 SIMULATES COGNITION OVER COURSE 450 00:18:46,560 --> 00:18:46,960 OF LIFE. 451 00:18:46,960 --> 00:18:50,560 YOU CAN ASK QUESTIONS WHAT CAN 452 00:18:50,560 --> 00:18:52,800 YOU DO EVEN IF YOUR EFFECT TAKES 453 00:18:52,800 --> 00:18:54,640 A WHILE TO MANIFEST. 454 00:18:54,640 --> 00:18:56,840 THAT'S WHAT I WANT TO TALK ABOUT 455 00:18:56,840 --> 00:18:57,240 TODAY. 456 00:18:57,240 --> 00:19:00,560 SO IN TERMS OF DATA, TO GIVE A 457 00:19:00,560 --> 00:19:04,240 BRIEF OVERVIEW, THESE ARE ALL 458 00:19:04,240 --> 00:19:05,440 GENETIC AND KNOWN HAZARD RATES 459 00:19:05,440 --> 00:19:06,640 IN THE LITERATURE THAT WE HAVE 460 00:19:06,640 --> 00:19:08,440 DATA ON FOR WHEN PEOPLE GET 461 00:19:08,440 --> 00:19:09,200 ALZHEIMER'S DIAGNOSIS. 462 00:19:09,200 --> 00:19:14,200 WHAT WE DID FROM THIS 463 00:19:14,200 --> 00:19:14,720 FUNDAMENTAL MECHANISM IS 464 00:19:14,720 --> 00:19:15,440 SIMULATE 10 MILLION DIGITAL 465 00:19:15,440 --> 00:19:16,960 TWINS, HOW WELL DOES THAT 466 00:19:16,960 --> 00:19:18,040 REPRESENT THE POPULATION WE'RE 467 00:19:18,040 --> 00:19:18,600 AIMING FOR? 468 00:19:18,600 --> 00:19:21,200 SO WHEN WE DO THAT, THESE ARE 469 00:19:21,200 --> 00:19:22,440 THE PREDICTIONs THAT COME OUT. 470 00:19:22,440 --> 00:19:24,400 WHAT YOU'LL SEE IS THAT YOU'RE 471 00:19:24,400 --> 00:19:27,480 ABLE TO THROUGH A COMMON COMPLEX 472 00:19:27,480 --> 00:19:28,880 HYPOTHESIS LEVERAGING A HUGE 473 00:19:28,880 --> 00:19:30,760 AMOUNT OF MOLECULAR DATA AS WELL 474 00:19:30,760 --> 00:19:32,680 AS 30 CLINICAL TRIALS AND 475 00:19:32,680 --> 00:19:35,880 RESEARCH STUDIES, THAT YOU CAN 476 00:19:35,880 --> 00:19:37,040 GET GOOD EXPLANATORY POWER FOR 477 00:19:37,040 --> 00:19:39,440 AGES WHICH YOU SEE PEOPLE GET 478 00:19:39,440 --> 00:19:40,440 DIAGNOSED WITH DEMENTIA, AND 479 00:19:40,440 --> 00:19:41,560 FACTORS THAT RELATE TO THAT. 480 00:19:41,560 --> 00:19:43,240 I'M GOING TO TALK ABOUT THAT 481 00:19:43,240 --> 00:19:45,680 HERE IN JUST A MOMENT. 482 00:19:45,680 --> 00:19:49,320 SO WHAT DOES THIS MEAN FOR NOVEL 483 00:19:49,320 --> 00:19:49,920 ALTERNATIVE METHODS, THE SUBJECT 484 00:19:49,920 --> 00:19:51,520 WE'RE HERE TO TALK ABOUT TODAY? 485 00:19:51,520 --> 00:19:55,760 WHAT I WANT TO FOCUS ON IS THE 486 00:19:55,760 --> 00:19:59,080 WAY DIGITAL TWINS ENABLE 487 00:19:59,080 --> 00:20:00,600 PERSONALIZEED EVIDENCE-BASED 488 00:20:00,600 --> 00:20:01,000 MEDICINE. 489 00:20:01,000 --> 00:20:02,360 THIS ENTAILS THINKING ABOUT HOW 490 00:20:02,360 --> 00:20:04,560 DO WE GENERATE VERY GOOD HIGH 491 00:20:04,560 --> 00:20:07,240 QUALITY DATA USING DIGITAL TWINS 492 00:20:07,240 --> 00:20:10,600 WHERE WE'RE INTERVENING IN 493 00:20:10,600 --> 00:20:12,880 PERSONALIZED WAYS WITH DIFFERENT 494 00:20:12,880 --> 00:20:13,280 INDIVIDUALS. 495 00:20:13,280 --> 00:20:16,920 I'M GOING TO GIVE AN EXAMPLE, 496 00:20:16,920 --> 00:20:18,560 COMMON COMPOUND, VITAMIN D, 497 00:20:18,560 --> 00:20:19,480 BASIC THAT EVERYONE KNOWS ABOUT. 498 00:20:19,480 --> 00:20:21,200 ONE OF THE REASONS I BRING IT UP 499 00:20:21,200 --> 00:20:24,920 IS IF YOU LOOK AT OBSERVATIONAL 500 00:20:24,920 --> 00:20:27,000 DATA, HAVING LOW VITAMIN D IS 501 00:20:27,000 --> 00:20:32,480 ASSOCIATED WITH A VERY HIGH 502 00:20:32,480 --> 00:20:38,400 INCREASED RISK FOR ALZHEIMER'S 503 00:20:38,400 --> 00:20:42,120 DISEASE, HAZARD RATIO IS .23, 504 00:20:42,120 --> 00:20:44,840 YOU'RE ONLY 23% AS LIKELY TO 505 00:20:44,840 --> 00:20:46,360 HAVE ALZHEIMER'S. 506 00:20:46,360 --> 00:20:47,040 CAUSATION VERSUS CORRELATION, SO 507 00:20:47,040 --> 00:20:49,640 THERE HAVE BEEN A SET OF 508 00:20:49,640 --> 00:20:51,680 RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS DONE 509 00:20:51,680 --> 00:20:54,120 ON VITAMIN D, AND THOSE TRIALS 510 00:20:54,120 --> 00:20:55,960 ARE NOT COME OUT STRONGLY, WE'VE 511 00:20:55,960 --> 00:20:59,480 SEEN THIS STORY MANY TIMES. 512 00:20:59,480 --> 00:21:01,200 THE QUESTION IS WE THROW THIS 513 00:21:01,200 --> 00:21:05,160 AWAY, WE DO NOT INCLUDE VITAMIN 514 00:21:05,160 --> 00:21:07,160 D IN THE RECOMMENDATIONS IN " 515 00:21:07,160 --> 00:21:09,160 THE LANCET" FOR 2024 516 00:21:09,160 --> 00:21:10,200 ALZHEIMER'S, DESPITE THE FACT 517 00:21:10,200 --> 00:21:11,400 THE APPARENT EFFECT WOULD BE ONE 518 00:21:11,400 --> 00:21:14,480 OF THE LARGEST THAT'S KNOWN. 519 00:21:14,480 --> 00:21:16,680 ONE OF THE THINGS CAN YOU DO 520 00:21:16,680 --> 00:21:19,280 WITH DIGITAL TWINS IS SIMULATE 521 00:21:19,280 --> 00:21:21,160 IN DETAIL CLINICAL TRIALS AROUND 522 00:21:21,160 --> 00:21:22,800 A GIVEN MECHANISM, THE WAY YOU 523 00:21:22,800 --> 00:21:28,360 DO THAT IS BECAUSE YOU CAN 524 00:21:28,360 --> 00:21:29,280 ACTUALLY ENROLL PEOPLE OF 525 00:21:29,280 --> 00:21:30,920 EXACTLY THE AGES THAT COME INTO 526 00:21:30,920 --> 00:21:32,200 THE TRIAL AND SIMULATE EFFECTS 527 00:21:32,200 --> 00:21:33,520 FOR THE MECHANISM AT EXACTLY THE 528 00:21:33,520 --> 00:21:34,840 LEVEL THAT YOU BELIEVE IT'S AT 529 00:21:34,840 --> 00:21:36,360 AND THAT YOU HAVE FROM THE 530 00:21:36,360 --> 00:21:38,040 LITERATURE AND ASK THE SIMPLE 531 00:21:38,040 --> 00:21:40,920 QUESTION WHAT WE EXPECT TO SEE A 532 00:21:40,920 --> 00:21:41,920 POSITIVE RESULT? 533 00:21:41,920 --> 00:21:43,080 AND SO CONDENSING DOWN A HUGE 534 00:21:43,080 --> 00:21:44,600 AMOUNT OF WORK HERE WHAT YOU CAN 535 00:21:44,600 --> 00:21:47,600 DO IS LOOK AT THEN THE PREDICTED 536 00:21:47,600 --> 00:21:50,280 DIFFERENCE IN -- THIS IS A 537 00:21:50,280 --> 00:21:51,400 COGNITIVE TEST, MMSE, THAT YOU 538 00:21:51,400 --> 00:21:52,840 WOULD EXPECT, HOW LONG WOULD YOU 539 00:21:52,840 --> 00:21:55,880 HAVE TO FOLLOW PEOPLE OF A 540 00:21:55,880 --> 00:21:57,640 DIFFERENT AGE TO SEE A SIDE? 541 00:21:57,640 --> 00:21:58,920 IF YOU PLOT THE CLINICAL TRIALS 542 00:21:58,920 --> 00:22:00,880 DONE, THE REASONS WE DON'T 543 00:22:00,880 --> 00:22:02,120 INCLUDE VITAMIN D IN 544 00:22:02,120 --> 00:22:04,640 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE DELAY OF 545 00:22:04,640 --> 00:22:05,600 ALZHEIMER'S, THEY ALL APPEAR 546 00:22:05,600 --> 00:22:05,840 HERE. 547 00:22:05,840 --> 00:22:08,160 IN OTHER WORDS, IF WE SIMULATE 548 00:22:08,160 --> 00:22:11,520 THE MECHANISM WE FIGURED OUT BY 549 00:22:11,520 --> 00:22:13,720 PUTTING THIS MODEL TOGETHER THAT 550 00:22:13,720 --> 00:22:17,800 MECHANISMS IN THE LITERATURE, 551 00:22:17,800 --> 00:22:18,640 BASICALLY THAT VITAMIN D 552 00:22:18,640 --> 00:22:21,480 CONTROLS NOISE OVER TIME WITH 553 00:22:21,480 --> 00:22:22,280 THE CHOLESTEROL TRAFFICKING IN 554 00:22:22,280 --> 00:22:29,120 THE BRAIN, WHEN WE PUT THAT IN 555 00:22:29,120 --> 00:22:32,320 THE DIGITAL TWINS THE LOWERING 556 00:22:32,320 --> 00:22:35,280 OF THE VARIABILITY WILL GIVE 557 00:22:35,280 --> 00:22:39,880 THOSE -- THOSE PEOPLE WILL GET 558 00:22:39,880 --> 00:22:41,520 ALZHEIMER'S AT 25% THE RATE. 559 00:22:41,520 --> 00:22:43,480 THIS IS THROWN AWAY IN THE 560 00:22:43,480 --> 00:22:44,240 COMMUNITY BECAUSE OF THIS 561 00:22:44,240 --> 00:22:48,520 CLINICAL TRIAL DESIGN. 562 00:22:48,520 --> 00:22:49,960 OBSERVED TRIALS ARE LONG ENOUGH 563 00:22:49,960 --> 00:22:51,480 TO SEE THE EFFECT. 564 00:22:51,480 --> 00:22:55,080 THE ARGUMENT IS THAT WE MAY BE 565 00:22:55,080 --> 00:22:56,200 OVERTHROWING AWAY INFORMATION 566 00:22:56,200 --> 00:22:57,200 BECAUSE OF THE WAY CLINICAL 567 00:22:57,200 --> 00:22:59,560 TRIALS ARE SET UP. 568 00:22:59,560 --> 00:23:01,000 SO, THE CURRENT PARADIGM WE ALL 569 00:23:01,000 --> 00:23:01,320 KNOW. 570 00:23:01,320 --> 00:23:05,360 I'M RUNNING OUT OF TIME. 571 00:23:05,360 --> 00:23:06,920 NOVEL ALTERNATIVE METHOD HERE 572 00:23:06,920 --> 00:23:09,120 YOU STILL RUN A BLINDED 573 00:23:09,120 --> 00:23:12,600 RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL BUT 574 00:23:12,600 --> 00:23:16,360 NOW YOU'LL TEST A DIGITAL TWIN 575 00:23:16,360 --> 00:23:18,080 MODEL, PERSONALIZED MULTI-FACTOR 576 00:23:18,080 --> 00:23:18,440 RECOMMENDATION. 577 00:23:18,440 --> 00:23:19,600 THE DIFFERENCE IS ONE OF THE 578 00:23:19,600 --> 00:23:22,120 REASONS YOU DON'T SEE EFFECT IN 579 00:23:22,120 --> 00:23:23,200 SHORT TERM WITH A SINGLE 580 00:23:23,200 --> 00:23:26,280 COMPOUND ALMOST EVERYONE IS A 581 00:23:26,280 --> 00:23:28,480 NON-RESPONDER BECAUSE YOU'RE 582 00:23:28,480 --> 00:23:31,760 HOPEING FOR RANDOM CHANCE TO 583 00:23:31,760 --> 00:23:32,840 TELL YOU FOR THE VITAMIN D OR 584 00:23:32,840 --> 00:23:33,960 WHATEVER TO BE THE FINAL PIECE 585 00:23:33,960 --> 00:23:43,360 OF THE PUZZLE. 586 00:23:43,360 --> 00:23:45,040 IF YOU DO MULTI-FACTORIAL 587 00:23:45,040 --> 00:23:46,440 DIGITAL TWIN-BASED SIMULATION 588 00:23:46,440 --> 00:23:47,640 YOU THEN TAKE MEASUREMENTS, 589 00:23:47,640 --> 00:23:49,720 APPLY THE MODEL, GIVE A 590 00:23:49,720 --> 00:23:51,480 DIFFERENT INTERVENTION FOR EVERY 591 00:23:51,480 --> 00:23:53,640 PERSON, HIGHER EFFECT SIZE, YOU 592 00:23:53,640 --> 00:23:55,720 NEED LOWER N, MOST PARTICIPANTS 593 00:23:55,720 --> 00:23:57,600 BECOME RESPONDERS BECAUSE YOU'RE 594 00:23:57,600 --> 00:23:58,600 DOING A COMBINATION THAT'S 595 00:23:58,600 --> 00:23:59,560 PERSONALIZEED TO THEM. 596 00:23:59,560 --> 00:24:01,640 YOU END UP WITH SOMETHING MUCH 597 00:24:01,640 --> 00:24:03,400 MORE ECONOMICALLY VIABLE AND YOU 598 00:24:03,400 --> 00:24:12,760 GET A DIFFERENT PATH INTO THIS 599 00:24:12,760 --> 00:24:16,040 CAUSATION VERSUS CORRELATION 600 00:24:16,040 --> 00:24:16,640 ISSUE. 601 00:24:16,640 --> 00:24:17,440 WE CAN THINK DIFFERENTLY ABOUT 602 00:24:17,440 --> 00:24:19,000 CLINICAL TRIALS, TO GET TO A 603 00:24:19,000 --> 00:24:22,160 PLACE WE CAN DO MUCH MORE WITH 604 00:24:22,160 --> 00:24:23,720 PREVENTIVE FROM STANDPOINT OF 605 00:24:23,720 --> 00:24:24,920 THINGS LIKE THE SIMPLE VITAMIN D 606 00:24:24,920 --> 00:24:26,880 CASE THAT MIGHT BE PREVENTIVE AS 607 00:24:26,880 --> 00:24:28,160 WELL AS LOOKING AT TOXICOLOGY 608 00:24:28,160 --> 00:24:29,480 OVER THE COURSE OF TIME. 609 00:24:29,480 --> 00:24:31,480 WITH THAT I WILL END. 610 00:24:31,480 --> 00:24:38,480 THANK YOU. 611 00:24:38,480 --> 00:24:38,760 [APPLAUSE] 612 00:24:38,760 --> 00:24:42,440 >>WHAT A TREAT FOR BEING ON 613 00:24:42,440 --> 00:24:42,760 TIME. 614 00:24:42,760 --> 00:24:44,160 DO WE HAVE TIME FOR A QUESTION 615 00:24:44,160 --> 00:24:54,680 OR TWO OR DO WE NEED TO MOVE? 616 00:24:56,720 --> 00:24:59,080 DOES ANYBODY FROM THE ROOM OR 617 00:24:59,080 --> 00:25:01,040 ONLINE HAVE ANY QUESTIONS, ONE 618 00:25:01,040 --> 00:25:07,800 OR TWO WE CAN TAKE FOR DR. 619 00:25:07,800 --> 00:25:09,240 PRICE? 620 00:25:09,240 --> 00:25:10,960 >>JUST SO I'M CLEAR WITH THE 621 00:25:10,960 --> 00:25:15,640 DIGITAL TWIN MOD EL WHAT I'M 622 00:25:15,640 --> 00:25:16,880 SEEING FROM THE PRESENTATION ONE 623 00:25:16,880 --> 00:25:19,440 OF THE KEY ATTRIBUTES HAVE YOU 624 00:25:19,440 --> 00:25:21,480 DECREASED VARIABILITY, AND 625 00:25:21,480 --> 00:25:23,800 THAT'S OBVIOUSLY SOMETHING 626 00:25:23,800 --> 00:25:24,440 THAT'S DESIRED. 627 00:25:24,440 --> 00:25:26,720 BUT, AGAIN, SHOWING THAT YOU 628 00:25:26,720 --> 00:25:28,280 DECREASE VARIABILITY THROUGH A 629 00:25:28,280 --> 00:25:30,360 MODEL THAT SIMULATES THE EXACT 630 00:25:30,360 --> 00:25:33,640 SAME PERSON IS DIFFERENT FROM 631 00:25:33,640 --> 00:25:34,880 HAVING POPULATION VARIABILITY 632 00:25:34,880 --> 00:25:36,480 BUILT INTO THE ASSESSMENT. 633 00:25:36,480 --> 00:25:38,800 SO I'M JUST TO GET A HANDLE ON 634 00:25:38,800 --> 00:25:39,360 THAT. 635 00:25:39,360 --> 00:25:44,680 >>LET ME CLARIFY THAT. 636 00:25:44,680 --> 00:25:45,040 >>OKAY. 637 00:25:45,040 --> 00:25:47,560 >>SO I'M NOT TALKING ABOUT 638 00:25:47,560 --> 00:25:48,080 DECREASING VARIABILITY IN 639 00:25:48,080 --> 00:25:50,080 SIMULATION OF A PERSON. 640 00:25:50,080 --> 00:25:52,080 THERE'S MASSIVE INTERPERSONAL 641 00:25:52,080 --> 00:25:52,480 VARIABILITY. 642 00:25:52,480 --> 00:25:54,480 WHEN WE SIMULATE THE TWINS WE'RE 643 00:25:54,480 --> 00:25:57,840 SIMULATEING ALL KINDS OF 644 00:25:57,840 --> 00:26:00,360 DIVERSITY ENSURES IN GENETICS, 645 00:26:00,360 --> 00:26:01,240 PERSONAL BEHAVIOR, NUTRITION, 646 00:26:01,240 --> 00:26:03,760 ALL KINDS OF THINGS, A HUGE 647 00:26:03,760 --> 00:26:05,080 AMOUNT OF VARIABILITY IS BUILT 648 00:26:05,080 --> 00:26:05,280 IN. 649 00:26:05,280 --> 00:26:07,240 THE THING WHICH WAS TOO MUCH 650 00:26:07,240 --> 00:26:08,800 DETAIL WAS THE MECHANISM WE USE 651 00:26:08,800 --> 00:26:09,800 FOR VITAMIN D. 652 00:26:09,800 --> 00:26:12,400 FOR THE PURPOSE OF THIS 653 00:26:12,400 --> 00:26:14,440 AUDIENCE, THAT'S WHEN I SAID 654 00:26:14,440 --> 00:26:15,080 DECREASED VARIABILITY, THAT'S 655 00:26:15,080 --> 00:26:16,320 WHAT I WAS REFERRING TO, TOO 656 00:26:16,320 --> 00:26:17,840 MUCH DETAIL TO PUT IN. 657 00:26:17,840 --> 00:26:20,160 THE POINT THERE IS JUST THAT IN 658 00:26:20,160 --> 00:26:21,920 THE DIGITAL TWIN MODEL BECAUSE 659 00:26:21,920 --> 00:26:24,320 WE KNOW, WE HAVE A MECHANISM FOR 660 00:26:24,320 --> 00:26:25,920 WHAT VITAMIN D DOES OVER THE 661 00:26:25,920 --> 00:26:31,000 COURSE OF TIME AND CAN SIMULATE 662 00:26:31,000 --> 00:26:36,040 EFFECT OVER DECADES, EFFECT ON 663 00:26:36,040 --> 00:26:38,000 NEURONAL DEATH, VERY SMALL IN 664 00:26:38,000 --> 00:26:38,560 ACCRUING. 665 00:26:38,560 --> 00:26:39,880 YOU CAN IDENTIFY THAT THAT 666 00:26:39,880 --> 00:26:43,040 MECHANISM IS EFFICIENT TO 667 00:26:43,040 --> 00:26:44,480 EXPLAIN THE INCREDIBLE OBSERVED 668 00:26:44,480 --> 00:26:48,720 HAZARD RATIO IN A WAY THAT'S 669 00:26:48,720 --> 00:26:49,000 PLAUSIBLE. 670 00:26:49,000 --> 00:26:50,040 AND SO FOR MY MONEY FOR EXAMPLE 671 00:26:50,040 --> 00:26:52,280 I WOULD SAY THE EVIDENCE BEHIND 672 00:26:52,280 --> 00:26:54,440 LIKE VITAMIN D THAT SHOULD BE IN 673 00:26:54,440 --> 00:26:55,280 THE RECOMMENDATIONS, TO ME IT'S 674 00:26:55,280 --> 00:26:57,400 STRONG ENOUGH THAT I WOULD 675 00:26:57,400 --> 00:27:00,240 INCLUDE IT, UNLESS LIKE A 676 00:27:00,240 --> 00:27:01,080 WELL-POWERED CLINICAL TRIAL SAID 677 00:27:01,080 --> 00:27:01,880 NOT TO. 678 00:27:01,880 --> 00:27:04,920 THE ONES DONE SO FAR AS I SHOWED 679 00:27:04,920 --> 00:27:05,600 WHEN YOU SIMULATE THOSE CLINICAL 680 00:27:05,600 --> 00:27:07,000 TRIALS IT SHOWS THAT YOU WOULD 681 00:27:07,000 --> 00:27:08,640 EXPECT TO SEE EXACTLY WHAT WAS 682 00:27:08,640 --> 00:27:10,080 SEEN BECAUSE THOSE THINGS ONLY 683 00:27:10,080 --> 00:27:11,400 FOLLOWED PEOPLE FOR SIX MONTHS, 684 00:27:11,400 --> 00:27:13,800 THREE YEARS AT THE MAX. 685 00:27:13,800 --> 00:27:17,840 AND THE THREE-YEAR FOLLOW-UP WAS 686 00:27:17,840 --> 00:27:19,000 DONE IN FAIRLY YOUNG PEOPLE. 687 00:27:19,000 --> 00:27:23,560 FOR EFFECT THEY WERE MEASUREING 688 00:27:23,560 --> 00:27:24,360 IT'S BASICALLY AN UNDERPOWERED 689 00:27:24,360 --> 00:27:26,280 ARGUMENT THAT THEY DON'T HAVE 690 00:27:26,280 --> 00:27:27,960 ANY CHANCE OF SEEING THIS SUBTLE 691 00:27:27,960 --> 00:27:29,800 EFFECT OVER THAT SMALL AMOUNT OF 692 00:27:29,800 --> 00:27:35,800 TIME EVEN THOUGH THE AGGREGATE 693 00:27:35,800 --> 00:27:37,680 IS VERY LARGE. 694 00:27:37,680 --> 00:27:38,880 IT GIVES A DIFFERENT PARADIGM 695 00:27:38,880 --> 00:27:40,080 THINK HOW LONG YOU GO ABOUT A 696 00:27:40,080 --> 00:27:41,400 CLINICAL TRIAL BY MOVING AWAY 697 00:27:41,400 --> 00:27:44,480 FROM THIS, HEY, WE'RE TESTING 698 00:27:44,480 --> 00:27:46,640 ONE COMPOUND TO WE'RE TESTING 699 00:27:46,640 --> 00:27:48,960 COMBINATIONS OF THINGS TOGETHER. 700 00:27:48,960 --> 00:27:51,360 SO THAT YOU -- I MEAN AT THE 701 00:27:51,360 --> 00:27:52,640 CENTERPIECE, IF YOU'RE RUNNING A 702 00:27:52,640 --> 00:27:54,840 TRIAL WHERE 2% OF PEOPLE ARE 703 00:27:54,840 --> 00:27:56,480 RESPONDERS YOU NEED A LARGE N. 704 00:27:56,480 --> 00:27:59,040 IF YOU RUN A TRIAL WHERE 70% ARE 705 00:27:59,040 --> 00:28:02,280 RESPONDERS YOU CAN GET IT WITH A 706 00:28:02,280 --> 00:28:03,920 SMALLER N, FROM PERSONALIZATION 707 00:28:03,920 --> 00:28:06,560 IN DOING IT DIFFERENTLY. 708 00:28:06,560 --> 00:28:08,080 >>THANK YOU. 709 00:28:08,080 --> 00:28:10,840 AS EACH SPEAKER, PLEASE IDENTIFY 710 00:28:10,840 --> 00:28:11,120 YOURSELF. 711 00:28:11,120 --> 00:28:13,000 WE'RE JUST GETTING INTO THIS, 712 00:28:13,000 --> 00:28:18,320 IT'S OKAY. 713 00:28:18,320 --> 00:28:21,200 YES, WE'RE GOOD. 714 00:28:21,200 --> 00:28:24,480 >>DOES THAT WORK? 715 00:28:24,480 --> 00:28:24,960 >>YES. 716 00:28:24,960 --> 00:28:26,800 >>ARNOLD FROM UCSF. 717 00:28:26,800 --> 00:28:30,280 CURIOUS ABOUT MODEL FOR YOUR 718 00:28:30,280 --> 00:28:32,280 DIGITAL TWIN, NOTION 719 00:28:32,280 --> 00:28:33,800 COMBINATORIAL FACTORS MIGHT HAVE 720 00:28:33,800 --> 00:28:37,200 OVERLAPING MECHANISMS THAT MAY 721 00:28:37,200 --> 00:28:37,880 NOT BE ADDITIVE. 722 00:28:37,880 --> 00:28:43,120 HOW DO YOU DISENTANGLE THAT? 723 00:28:43,120 --> 00:28:45,840 >>WHEN YOU BUILD A MODEL YOU 724 00:28:45,840 --> 00:28:51,440 HAVE REGULATORY FEEDBACK LOOPS, 725 00:28:51,440 --> 00:28:53,720 S CURVE, THIS ISN'T LIKE A 726 00:28:53,720 --> 00:28:55,080 LINEAR EQUATION MODEL. 727 00:28:55,080 --> 00:28:57,680 IT REPRESENTS MECHANISM. 728 00:28:57,680 --> 00:29:00,760 YOU CAN GET VERY NON-LINEAR 729 00:29:00,760 --> 00:29:01,720 EFFECTS, THAT'S WHAT'S 730 00:29:01,720 --> 00:29:02,160 SIMULATEED. 731 00:29:02,160 --> 00:29:04,560 WE CAN GO THROUGH AND WHEN WE DO 732 00:29:04,560 --> 00:29:05,480 THE PERSONALIZED RECOMMENDATIONS 733 00:29:05,480 --> 00:29:10,680 CAN LOOK AT THE THINGS THAT ARE 734 00:29:10,680 --> 00:29:12,560 ADDITIVE OR SUPER OR SUBADDITIVE 735 00:29:12,560 --> 00:29:14,960 AND CAN YOU EVALUATE THAT. 736 00:29:14,960 --> 00:29:17,360 YEAH, THAT'S ALL BUILT INTO JUST 737 00:29:17,360 --> 00:29:27,480 DOING IT AS A COMPLEX MODEL. 738 00:29:27,480 --> 00:29:30,960 >>I'M NOT SURE HOW YOU CAN DO 739 00:29:30,960 --> 00:29:31,160 THAT. 740 00:29:31,160 --> 00:29:33,200 >>IF HAVE YOU AN ODE MODEL 741 00:29:33,200 --> 00:29:35,200 THERE'S NO REASON TO THINK THAT 742 00:29:35,200 --> 00:29:36,320 WOULD BE LINEAR. 743 00:29:36,320 --> 00:29:38,840 IT'S NOT A LINEAR MODEL. 744 00:29:38,840 --> 00:29:41,240 THERE WOULD BE THRESHOLD 745 00:29:41,240 --> 00:29:42,320 EFFECTS. 746 00:29:42,320 --> 00:29:44,720 THERE WOULD BE HYSTERESIS IN 747 00:29:44,720 --> 00:29:45,520 SOME CASES. 748 00:29:45,520 --> 00:29:47,040 THERE WOULD BE, YEAH, NO 749 00:29:47,040 --> 00:29:48,800 EXPECTATION -- IT'S NOT A LINEAR 750 00:29:48,800 --> 00:29:53,360 MODEL SO THERE'S NO EXPECTATION 751 00:29:53,360 --> 00:29:54,360 IT WOULD BE ADDITIVE. 752 00:29:54,360 --> 00:29:58,360 >>BUT IS IT SOMEHOW VALIDATED 753 00:29:58,360 --> 00:29:59,720 EMPIRICALLY, THESE COMBINATIONS 754 00:29:59,720 --> 00:30:01,320 THAT ARE NOT ADDITIVE? 755 00:30:01,320 --> 00:30:04,880 >>YOU'RE RUNNING A -- YOU'RE 756 00:30:04,880 --> 00:30:07,960 BUILDING A MODEL, SO YOU'RE 757 00:30:07,960 --> 00:30:09,600 TAKING A THOUSAND PAPERS I 758 00:30:09,600 --> 00:30:11,120 MENTIONED, YOU'RE BUILDING A 759 00:30:11,120 --> 00:30:11,840 MECHANISM. 760 00:30:11,840 --> 00:30:14,960 AND SO FOR THE VITAMIN D 761 00:30:14,960 --> 00:30:18,880 EXAMPLE, VITAMIN D BINDS TO A 762 00:30:18,880 --> 00:30:22,160 VITAMIN D RECEPTOR, HAS A ROLE 763 00:30:22,160 --> 00:30:24,560 IN THE REGULATION OF 764 00:30:24,560 --> 00:30:25,680 CHOLESTEROL, IN CHOLESTEROL 765 00:30:25,680 --> 00:30:26,680 TRANSPORT PATHWAY. 766 00:30:26,680 --> 00:30:28,880 THAT BECOMES LESS NOISY OVER 767 00:30:28,880 --> 00:30:33,760 TIME. 768 00:30:33,760 --> 00:30:36,800 YOU'RE SIMULATEING THE EFFECT -- 769 00:30:36,800 --> 00:30:39,040 IT'S COMPLICATED. 770 00:30:39,040 --> 00:30:40,920 YOU'RE SUMMING ABILITY FOR 771 00:30:40,920 --> 00:30:41,960 NEURONS TO MAINTAIN POSITIVE 772 00:30:41,960 --> 00:30:42,640 ENERGY BALANCE, SO THAT 773 00:30:42,640 --> 00:30:44,400 CHOLESTEROL TURNS OUT TO BE VERY 774 00:30:44,400 --> 00:30:45,280 IMPORTANT FOR THAT. 775 00:30:45,280 --> 00:30:47,240 THIS IS BECAUSE IT TURNS OUT YOU 776 00:30:47,240 --> 00:30:50,000 WANT TO KEEP CONCENTRATION OF 777 00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:53,840 CHOLESTEROL LOW IN ASTROCYTES TO 778 00:30:53,840 --> 00:30:57,480 KEEP GENERATION OF NEURONS HIGH 779 00:30:57,480 --> 00:30:58,320 IN LOW OXIDATEIVE CONDITIONS, A 780 00:30:58,320 --> 00:31:00,120 LOT TO WALK THROUGH WHAT THAT 781 00:31:00,120 --> 00:31:00,440 IS. 782 00:31:00,440 --> 00:31:03,280 BASICALLY WHAT YOU DO BY 783 00:31:03,280 --> 00:31:05,360 SOLVEING THAT EQUATION AND 784 00:31:05,360 --> 00:31:08,120 SIMULATEING DECADES OF A 785 00:31:08,120 --> 00:31:09,400 PERSON'S LIFE, THOSE TIMES WHEN 786 00:31:09,400 --> 00:31:12,000 YOU GET THAT HIGH AMOUNT OF 787 00:31:12,000 --> 00:31:15,760 VARIABILITY AND REGULATION AT A 788 00:31:15,760 --> 00:31:16,520 CERTAIN PROBABILITY RATE CAUSES 789 00:31:16,520 --> 00:31:18,280 ENOUGH OF A PROBLEM THAT AN 790 00:31:18,280 --> 00:31:19,600 EXTRA NEURON WILL DIE. 791 00:31:19,600 --> 00:31:20,920 NOT VERY OFTEN BUT IT HAPPENS A 792 00:31:20,920 --> 00:31:21,240 LITTLE BIT. 793 00:31:21,240 --> 00:31:23,320 AS DO YOU A SIMULATION OVER THE 794 00:31:23,320 --> 00:31:25,840 COURSE OF TIME, YOU FIND THAT 795 00:31:25,840 --> 00:31:28,800 EXTRA AMOUNT OF NEURONAL DEPTH 796 00:31:28,800 --> 00:31:34,560 AS IT ADDS UP CHANGES THE 797 00:31:34,560 --> 00:31:35,720 DIAGNOSTIC RATE AT DIFFERENT 798 00:31:35,720 --> 00:31:36,760 AGES FOR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. 799 00:31:36,760 --> 00:31:40,560 WHAT WE FIND IS THAT MECHANISM 800 00:31:40,560 --> 00:31:43,120 WHEN SIMULATED QUANTITATIVELY 801 00:31:43,120 --> 00:31:44,760 GIVES US BACK PLAUSIBLEY ABOUT 802 00:31:44,760 --> 00:31:49,000 THE RATE THAT IS OBSERVEED IN 803 00:31:49,000 --> 00:31:49,320 LITERATURE. 804 00:31:49,320 --> 00:31:53,960 IT'S A COMPLEX -- IT'S A COMPLEX 805 00:31:53,960 --> 00:31:55,160 STYLE MODEL THAT INCLUDES ALL OF 806 00:31:55,160 --> 00:31:56,440 THOSE KIND OF THINGS IN IT. 807 00:31:56,440 --> 00:31:58,200 >>I APPRECIATE THAT QUESTION 808 00:31:58,200 --> 00:32:00,280 BECAUSE IT DOES TALK ABOUT THE 809 00:32:00,280 --> 00:32:01,280 COMPLEXITIES OF MANY THINGS 810 00:32:01,280 --> 00:32:11,480 WE'RE GOING TO TALK ABOUT TODAY. 811 00:32:11,480 --> 00:32:13,440 >>WONDERFUL TO HEAR ABOUT THIS. 812 00:32:13,440 --> 00:32:16,800 A COUPLE QUESTIONS. 813 00:32:16,800 --> 00:32:17,920 CLEARLY YOU MENTIONED 814 00:32:17,920 --> 00:32:20,000 NON-LINEAR, IT'S MICRO TO 815 00:32:20,000 --> 00:32:22,640 SYSTEMS LEVEL, SO YOU NEED 816 00:32:22,640 --> 00:32:26,880 EMPIRICAL DATA AT SOME POINT TO 817 00:32:26,880 --> 00:32:28,520 HAVE STARTED FROM THE 818 00:32:28,520 --> 00:32:28,880 (INDISCERNIBLE). 819 00:32:28,880 --> 00:32:29,400 >>YEAH, YEAH. 820 00:32:29,400 --> 00:32:31,480 >>INDIVIDUAL STUDIES ARE NOT 821 00:32:31,480 --> 00:32:32,800 SCALING THE WHOLE DATASET. 822 00:32:32,800 --> 00:32:35,480 THEY MAY BE JUST DOING THE 823 00:32:35,480 --> 00:32:36,640 MOLECULAR STUFF, SOMEBODY ELSE 824 00:32:36,640 --> 00:32:38,360 MIGHT BE DOING SYSTEMS LEVEL 825 00:32:38,360 --> 00:32:38,920 STUFF. 826 00:32:38,920 --> 00:32:44,640 HOW DO YOU SEE SOME KIND OF A 827 00:32:44,640 --> 00:32:46,840 VALIDATION OF THIS PATHWAY, 828 00:32:46,840 --> 00:32:48,360 DEVELOPING THIS COMPLEX -- 829 00:32:48,360 --> 00:32:49,000 >>OKAY, NATHAN, SHORT ANSWER. 830 00:32:49,000 --> 00:32:51,240 >>THIS IS ONE OF THE THINGS I 831 00:32:51,240 --> 00:32:55,200 THINK THAT DIGITAL TWIN MODELING 832 00:32:55,200 --> 00:32:57,720 IS POWERFUL FOR BECAUSE THE 833 00:32:57,720 --> 00:32:58,360 DISCIPLINE IS WHAT YOU'RE 834 00:32:58,360 --> 00:32:59,240 TALKING ABOUT. 835 00:32:59,240 --> 00:33:01,560 YOU HAVE ALL THE DATA ACROSS 836 00:33:01,560 --> 00:33:02,840 DIFFERENT SCALES, ONE OF THE 837 00:33:02,840 --> 00:33:05,080 OTHER BEAUTIFUL THINGS ABOUT IT, 838 00:33:05,080 --> 00:33:06,040 YOU CAN TAKE DIFFERENT CLINICAL 839 00:33:06,040 --> 00:33:07,520 TRIALS AND FIT THEM INTO 840 00:33:07,520 --> 00:33:09,520 DIFFERENT PIECES OF THE MODEL. 841 00:33:09,520 --> 00:33:11,280 SOME ARE LIKE LONG OBSERVATIONAL 842 00:33:11,280 --> 00:33:13,120 TRIALS OVER MANY YEARS. 843 00:33:13,120 --> 00:33:14,000 SOME ARE ACUTE INTERVENTIONS FOR 844 00:33:14,000 --> 00:33:17,360 A SHORT PERIOD OF TIME. 845 00:33:17,360 --> 00:33:19,800 YOU FIT THOSE IN THE SIMULATIONS 846 00:33:19,800 --> 00:33:20,800 IN DIFFERENT WAYS. 847 00:33:20,800 --> 00:33:23,200 YOU HAVE TO COMPARE MOLECULAR 848 00:33:23,200 --> 00:33:24,840 DATA THAT YOU HAVE, AND WHEN YOU 849 00:33:24,840 --> 00:33:26,400 PUT THAT TOGETHER YOU MAKE 850 00:33:26,400 --> 00:33:27,800 PREDICTIONS AT THE POPULATION 851 00:33:27,800 --> 00:33:28,360 LEVEL. 852 00:33:28,360 --> 00:33:29,560 THAT'S ALL THE EMPIRICAL DATA WE 853 00:33:29,560 --> 00:33:31,200 HAVE TO GO TO. 854 00:33:31,200 --> 00:33:32,440 SO THE SLIDES I SHOWED, FOR 855 00:33:32,440 --> 00:33:36,800 EXAMPLE, AT THE AGE AT WHICH ALL 856 00:33:36,800 --> 00:33:47,320 THE PEOPLE WITH APOE2 22, OR 3, 857 00:33:50,000 --> 00:33:54,080 3 OR 4-4 GETS ALZHEIMER'S. 858 00:33:54,080 --> 00:33:55,720 WHAT YOU DO IS SEGMENT SOME OF 859 00:33:55,720 --> 00:33:57,240 THAT OUT. 860 00:33:57,240 --> 00:33:58,600 SOME IS USED FOR CALIBRATION, 861 00:33:58,600 --> 00:34:01,640 OTHER IS USED FOR PREDICTION. 862 00:34:01,640 --> 00:34:03,720 YOU HAVE TO ITERATE. 863 00:34:03,720 --> 00:34:06,280 IT IS A COMPLEX PROCESS. 864 00:34:06,280 --> 00:34:07,680 >>SOUNDS WE'LL HAVE SOME GOOD 865 00:34:07,680 --> 00:34:10,000 DISCUSSION TODAY. 866 00:34:10,000 --> 00:34:15,560 I NEED TO MOVE ON AND I NOW 867 00:34:15,560 --> 00:34:16,120 WELCOME THOMAS HARTUNG FROM 868 00:34:16,120 --> 00:34:18,520 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY TO TALK 869 00:34:18,520 --> 00:34:20,520 ABOUT TRANSLATIONAL PRODUCT 870 00:34:20,520 --> 00:34:25,200 DEVELOPMENT IN MICROPHYSIOLOGIC 871 00:34:25,200 --> 00:34:25,520 SYSTEMS. 872 00:34:25,520 --> 00:34:25,760 THANK YOU. 873 00:34:25,760 --> 00:34:26,880 >>THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 874 00:34:26,880 --> 00:34:28,680 IN THE INTEREST OF TIME I'LL 875 00:34:28,680 --> 00:34:32,320 SKIP CONFLICT OF INTEREST 876 00:34:32,320 --> 00:34:34,600 ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND SO ON BECAUSE 877 00:34:34,600 --> 00:34:37,880 I THINK IN 10 MINUTES CANNOT 878 00:34:37,880 --> 00:34:40,040 ASSUME ANY POSSIBLE OF CONFLICT 879 00:34:40,040 --> 00:34:42,600 OF INTEREST GETTING ALTERNATIVE 880 00:34:42,600 --> 00:34:43,080 METHODS MOVING FORWARD. 881 00:34:43,080 --> 00:34:46,400 WE'RE HERE ON A TOPIC WHERE WE 882 00:34:46,400 --> 00:34:49,600 ARE VERY MUCH WITH SOCIETAL 883 00:34:49,600 --> 00:34:50,240 NEEDS. 884 00:34:50,240 --> 00:34:52,200 MAJORITY OF CITIZENS IS 885 00:34:52,200 --> 00:34:54,600 INCREASINGLY OBJECTING TO ANIMAL 886 00:34:54,600 --> 00:34:56,040 TESTING. 887 00:34:56,040 --> 00:34:59,640 NUMBERS HERE 70 TO 80% IF IT IS 888 00:34:59,640 --> 00:35:01,080 ABOUT COSMETIC TESTING. 889 00:35:01,080 --> 00:35:05,440 THE CONSEQUENCE IN BOTH SIDES OF 890 00:35:05,440 --> 00:35:06,800 THE ATLANTIC INCREASINGLY 891 00:35:06,800 --> 00:35:09,000 LEGISLATION PRODUCED IS IMPETUS 892 00:35:09,000 --> 00:35:11,280 TO REPLACE ANIMAL TESTING. 893 00:35:11,280 --> 00:35:19,880 AT THE SAME TIME WE IDENTIFIED 894 00:35:19,880 --> 00:35:22,160 NEED FOR BIOMEDICINE. 895 00:35:22,160 --> 00:35:24,760 SIMPLY SAID, WE'RE NOT 896 00:35:24,760 --> 00:35:25,160 70-KILOGRAM RATS. 897 00:35:25,160 --> 00:35:26,440 THAT SUMMARIZES A LOT OF THE 898 00:35:26,440 --> 00:35:29,640 PROBLEMS SO WE NEED HUMAN 899 00:35:29,640 --> 00:35:29,880 MODELS. 900 00:35:29,880 --> 00:35:34,120 A LOT OF THE WORK ON WHAT WE NOW 901 00:35:34,120 --> 00:35:39,040 CALL NEW APPROACH METHODS, 902 00:35:39,040 --> 00:35:40,920 ALTERNATIVE METHODS HAVE BEEN 903 00:35:40,920 --> 00:35:45,760 DONE TRADITIONAL, USING 10% OF 904 00:35:45,760 --> 00:35:50,280 ANIMALS ACCORDING TO EUROPEAN 905 00:35:50,280 --> 00:35:53,080 DATA HAVE TO ASSUME NUMBERS ARE 906 00:35:53,080 --> 00:35:56,320 NOT MUCH DIFFERENT, MUCH WORK 907 00:35:56,320 --> 00:35:57,720 BEING DONE IN TOXICOLOGY. 908 00:35:57,720 --> 00:35:59,680 WE HAVE DIRECT COMPARISON 909 00:35:59,680 --> 00:36:02,320 BECAUSE WE WANT TO REPLACE 910 00:36:02,320 --> 00:36:05,520 ANIMAL EXPERIMENT, WHILE OTHER 911 00:36:05,520 --> 00:36:06,240 AREAS OF BIOMEDICINE HAVE 912 00:36:06,240 --> 00:36:16,800 BROUGHT ALLS -- BROAD USE OF IN 913 00:36:17,200 --> 00:36:20,000 VITRO, NATURAL GROWTH, OFTEN 914 00:36:20,000 --> 00:36:22,360 DON'T REFER AS ALTERNATIVE. 915 00:36:22,360 --> 00:36:25,320 IF YOU TAKE TOXICOLOGY AS A TEST 916 00:36:25,320 --> 00:36:28,160 CASE, TOXICOLOGY SHOULD BE THE 917 00:36:28,160 --> 00:36:28,640 BEST POSSIBLE ANIMAL 918 00:36:28,640 --> 00:36:30,360 EXPERIMENTS, FOR MANY REASONS. 919 00:36:30,360 --> 00:36:32,440 IT IS DONE UNDER HIGH QUALITY 920 00:36:32,440 --> 00:36:35,800 STANDARDS, DONE WITH HIGH DOSES, 921 00:36:35,800 --> 00:36:38,040 YOU DON'T NEED A DISEASE MODEL. 922 00:36:38,040 --> 00:36:40,960 THESE ARE YOUNG HEALTHY ANIMALS 923 00:36:40,960 --> 00:36:41,760 HIGHLY STANDARDIZED. 924 00:36:41,760 --> 00:36:48,920 THIS IS A STUDY WE DID ON 2800 925 00:36:48,920 --> 00:36:59,400 CHEMICALS, AROUND 100 REPEAT 926 00:36:59,400 --> 00:37:01,880 STUDIES, 81% REPRODUCE ON 927 00:37:01,880 --> 00:37:04,120 AVERAGE, IDENTIFICATION OF TOXIC 928 00:37:04,120 --> 00:37:06,120 SUBSTANCES, THE PURPOSE, WAS 929 00:37:06,120 --> 00:37:08,520 ACHIEVED IN 69% OF THESE. 930 00:37:08,520 --> 00:37:10,800 THAT'S THE SENSITIVITY OF THESE 931 00:37:10,800 --> 00:37:11,800 METHODS. 932 00:37:11,800 --> 00:37:13,960 THIS ALONE SHOULD OPEN BROADLY 933 00:37:13,960 --> 00:37:16,600 FOR NEW APPROACH METHODS, 934 00:37:16,600 --> 00:37:17,960 DEMONSTRATING THAT WE HAVE 935 00:37:17,960 --> 00:37:19,160 REPRODUCIBILITY ISSUES IN THESE 936 00:37:19,160 --> 00:37:19,400 THINGS. 937 00:37:19,400 --> 00:37:23,400 AND IF YOU GO FOR THE MORE 938 00:37:23,400 --> 00:37:24,840 COMPLEX TOXICITIES WE DON'T HAVE 939 00:37:24,840 --> 00:37:27,400 THE TRUTH BUT CAN COMPARE, FOR 940 00:37:27,400 --> 00:37:30,080 EXAMPLE, MICE AND RATS, RATS AND 941 00:37:30,080 --> 00:37:30,520 RABBITS. 942 00:37:30,520 --> 00:37:33,800 WE SEE ONLY 60% INTERSPECIES 943 00:37:33,800 --> 00:37:34,440 CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN DIFFERENT 944 00:37:34,440 --> 00:37:37,320 ANIMAL SPECIES IF YOU DO THINGS 945 00:37:37,320 --> 00:37:41,920 LIKE CANCER OR REPRODUCTIVE 946 00:37:41,920 --> 00:37:45,080 TOXICITY, REPEAT THOSE. 947 00:37:45,080 --> 00:37:46,560 TO BE CLEAR CELL CULTURES ARE NO 948 00:37:46,560 --> 00:37:49,360 BETTER BECAUSE THEY ARE MORE 949 00:37:49,360 --> 00:37:50,480 ETHICAL. 950 00:37:50,480 --> 00:37:53,800 WE HAVE SIMILAR PROBLEMS HERE, 951 00:37:53,800 --> 00:37:55,840 ABOUT 25% OF CELL LINES USED IN 952 00:37:55,840 --> 00:37:58,600 ACADEMIC RESEARCH APPEAR TO BE 953 00:37:58,600 --> 00:38:01,040 MISIDENTIFIED, NOT THE RIGHT 954 00:38:01,040 --> 00:38:03,280 SPECIES, NOT THE RIGHT ORGAN, 955 00:38:03,280 --> 00:38:05,880 NOT THE RIGHT SEX. 956 00:38:05,880 --> 00:38:13,320 10 TO 25% OF CELLS ARE 957 00:38:13,320 --> 00:38:14,640 MYCOPLASMA ISSUE EFFECTED, 25% 958 00:38:14,640 --> 00:38:20,360 OF GENOME LOST, OTHER PARTS HAVE 959 00:38:20,360 --> 00:38:21,760 BEEN MULTIPLIED USING TUMOR CELL 960 00:38:21,760 --> 00:38:22,160 LINES. 961 00:38:22,160 --> 00:38:25,600 I DON'T HAVE THE TIME TO TALK 962 00:38:25,600 --> 00:38:27,240 ABOUT CULTURE ARTIFACTS. 963 00:38:27,240 --> 00:38:31,200 I'M HAPPY TO PRODUCE MY SLIDES, 964 00:38:31,200 --> 00:38:32,400 PROVIDE MY SLIDES, I WANT TO GET 965 00:38:32,400 --> 00:38:34,600 MANY THINGS ON THE RECORD HERE. 966 00:38:34,600 --> 00:38:35,760 NOW IT'S NOT MOVING FORWARD. 967 00:38:35,760 --> 00:38:36,440 OKAY. 968 00:38:36,440 --> 00:38:40,280 WE HAVE A GAME CHANGEER IN CELL 969 00:38:40,280 --> 00:38:44,960 CULTURE AT LEAST WITH STEM CELLS 970 00:38:44,960 --> 00:38:45,520 AND BIOENGINEERING 971 00:38:45,520 --> 00:38:47,720 MICROPHYSIOLOGIC SYSTEMS, TRYING 972 00:38:47,720 --> 00:38:52,840 TO NOT JUST KEEP CELL ALIVE AND 973 00:38:52,840 --> 00:38:54,520 INTERROGATE FUNCTIONALITY BUT 974 00:38:54,520 --> 00:38:56,800 PRODUCING ARCHITECTURE AND 975 00:38:56,800 --> 00:38:58,120 FUNCTIONALITY OF THESE SYSTEMS. 976 00:38:58,120 --> 00:39:00,520 AND THIS HAS BEEN COVERED IN A 977 00:39:00,520 --> 00:39:03,680 NUMBER OF OUR WORKSHOPS WHERE WE 978 00:39:03,680 --> 00:39:04,800 BROUGHT TOGETHER OPINION 979 00:39:04,800 --> 00:39:09,480 LEADERS, OVER THE LAST 10 YEARS, 980 00:39:09,480 --> 00:39:12,320 DEMONSTRATING THIS EVOLUTION AND 981 00:39:12,320 --> 00:39:13,520 OPPORTUNITIES FOR TECHNOLOGYIC 982 00:39:13,520 --> 00:39:15,480 DEVELOPMENT FOR SCIENCE AND 983 00:39:15,480 --> 00:39:15,720 BUSINESS. 984 00:39:15,720 --> 00:39:18,320 AS A RESULT OF THE SECOND OF THE 985 00:39:18,320 --> 00:39:20,000 WORKSHOPS THIS PAPER IN 986 00:39:20,000 --> 00:39:22,760 "SCIENCE" WAS PUBLISHED WHICH IS 987 00:39:22,760 --> 00:39:25,040 A MORE READABLE SUMMARIZED 988 00:39:25,040 --> 00:39:26,720 VERSION WHERE WE SPECIFICALLY 989 00:39:26,720 --> 00:39:34,600 FOCUS ON SYSTEMS FOR DRUG 990 00:39:34,600 --> 00:39:35,200 DEVELOPMENT, DRIVING THIS AREA. 991 00:39:35,200 --> 00:39:37,840 AS A RESULT OF THIS SECOND 992 00:39:37,840 --> 00:39:41,440 WORKSHOP WE WERE ABLE TO START A 993 00:39:41,440 --> 00:39:45,640 SERIES OF WORLD SUMMITS ON 994 00:39:45,640 --> 00:39:47,600 MICROPHYSIOLOGIC SYSTEMS, YOU 995 00:39:47,600 --> 00:39:51,120 SEE HERE SUZIE FITZPATRICK AND 996 00:39:51,120 --> 00:39:52,520 DON INGBER, THE STRONG 997 00:39:52,520 --> 00:39:55,240 ENGAGEMENT OF FDA IS CRITICAL 998 00:39:55,240 --> 00:39:56,680 FOR PROGRESS IN MICROPHYSIOLOGIC 999 00:39:56,680 --> 00:40:01,280 SYSTEMS, SO IS THE MASSIVE 1000 00:40:01,280 --> 00:40:03,560 SUPPORT BY THE NCATS FOR THIS 1001 00:40:03,560 --> 00:40:06,040 CONFERENCE SERIES. 1002 00:40:06,040 --> 00:40:07,800 LAST YEAR IN NEW ORLEANS 52 1003 00:40:07,800 --> 00:40:10,640 ORGANIZATIONS TEAMED UP WITH US 1004 00:40:10,640 --> 00:40:14,200 AND WE HAD 665 REGISTRANTS, 65 1005 00:40:14,200 --> 00:40:18,480 COMING FROM THE FDA 1006 00:40:18,480 --> 00:40:19,440 DEMONSTRATING ENORMOUS INTEREST. 1007 00:40:19,440 --> 00:40:21,240 THIS YEAR IN JUNE WE CARRIED OUT 1008 00:40:21,240 --> 00:40:23,520 THE SECOND OF THESE WORLD 1009 00:40:23,520 --> 00:40:23,760 SUMMITS. 1010 00:40:23,760 --> 00:40:25,720 WE HAD TO STOP ADVERTISEMENT IN 1011 00:40:25,720 --> 00:40:28,080 FEBRUARY BECAUSE WE REACHED OUR 1012 00:40:28,080 --> 00:40:32,480 CAP OF 1,300 ATTENDANCE, WAITING 1013 00:40:32,480 --> 00:40:33,720 LIST, DEMONSTRATING NORMAL 1014 00:40:33,720 --> 00:40:35,360 GROWTH TRAJECTORY OF THESE 1015 00:40:35,360 --> 00:40:35,800 EVENTS. 1016 00:40:35,800 --> 00:40:37,960 THESE ARE THE HOSTS OF LAST 1017 00:40:37,960 --> 00:40:41,240 YEAR, AND WE'RE GOING NOW TO 1018 00:40:41,240 --> 00:40:43,080 SEATTLE, WE'LL MEET MIDDLE OF 1019 00:40:43,080 --> 00:40:44,840 JUNE NEXT YEAR FOR THE THIRD 1020 00:40:44,840 --> 00:40:47,360 WORLD SUMMIT. 1021 00:40:47,360 --> 00:40:52,640 ONE IMPORTANT ASPECT WE CREATED 1022 00:40:52,640 --> 00:40:54,160 THIS SEWED, IF YOU'RE INTERESTED 1023 00:40:54,160 --> 00:40:56,160 TO JOIN THIS RAPIDLY GROWING 1024 00:40:56,160 --> 00:40:57,560 COMMUNITY PLEASE SIGN UP. 1025 00:40:57,560 --> 00:40:59,720 IT'S ALL ABOUT QUALITY OF THESE 1026 00:40:59,720 --> 00:41:02,800 SYSTEMS, IF YOU WANT TO REPLACE 1027 00:41:02,800 --> 00:41:04,480 CREDIBLEY TRADITIONAL TEST 1028 00:41:04,480 --> 00:41:04,720 METHODS. 1029 00:41:04,720 --> 00:41:07,960 ONE ASPECT IS WE DEVELOPED OVER 1030 00:41:07,960 --> 00:41:17,440 THE LAST 8 YEARS GUIDEANCE 1031 00:41:17,440 --> 00:41:20,800 TISSUE CULTURE PRACTICE, WE'RE 1032 00:41:20,800 --> 00:41:22,880 ABOUT TO PUBLISH A DRAFT WHICH 1033 00:41:22,880 --> 00:41:25,000 INCLUDES THESE AND THINKING HOW 1034 00:41:25,000 --> 00:41:29,360 TO MOVE TO VALIDATION OF THESE 1035 00:41:29,360 --> 00:41:32,600 SYSTEMS CRITICAL FOR REGULATORY 1036 00:41:32,600 --> 00:41:33,000 USE. 1037 00:41:33,000 --> 00:41:38,160 OUR OWN WORK LED BY LENA 1038 00:41:38,160 --> 00:41:41,200 SMIRNOVA AND MY TEAM AROUND 1039 00:41:41,200 --> 00:41:42,760 BRAIN ORGANOIDS. 1040 00:41:42,760 --> 00:41:45,600 I USE THIS TO ILLUSTRATE THE 1041 00:41:45,600 --> 00:41:48,800 BROAD VARIETY OF APPLICATIONS. 1042 00:41:48,800 --> 00:41:53,120 THESE ARE STANDARDIZED HUMAN 3D 1043 00:41:53,120 --> 00:41:54,640 SYSTEMS BASED ON INDUCED 1044 00:41:54,640 --> 00:41:56,480 PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. 1045 00:41:56,480 --> 00:42:02,480 THESE PERFECTLY ROUND BALLS ARE 1046 00:42:02,480 --> 00:42:03,480 VERY WELL STANDARDIZE, PRODUCE 1047 00:42:03,480 --> 00:42:06,840 1200 IN ONE SIX WELL PLATE, NOT 1048 00:42:06,840 --> 00:42:08,600 REALLY COSTLY EXERCISE TO 1049 00:42:08,600 --> 00:42:09,920 PRODUCE SUCH THINGS. 1050 00:42:09,920 --> 00:42:13,080 THEY CAN BE DONE BY DIFFERENT 1051 00:42:13,080 --> 00:42:16,800 GENETIC BACKGROUNDS, IN DISEASE 1052 00:42:16,800 --> 00:42:18,560 PHENOTYPES, YOU CAN INTRODUCE 1053 00:42:18,560 --> 00:42:20,320 CRISPR/Cas RISK GENES, REPAIR 1054 00:42:20,320 --> 00:42:22,360 GENES YOU'RE INTERESTED IN, ALSO 1055 00:42:22,360 --> 00:42:27,400 MODIFY WITH REPORTER GENES, FOR 1056 00:42:27,400 --> 00:42:28,040 EXAMPLE, LIKE DEVELOPMENT LINES 1057 00:42:28,040 --> 00:42:29,680 OF DIFFERENT CELL TYPES. 1058 00:42:29,680 --> 00:42:34,000 THEY INCLUDE NOT ONLY VARIOUS 1059 00:42:34,000 --> 00:42:38,040 NEURONS BUT ALSO GLIOCELLS, 1060 00:42:38,040 --> 00:42:39,440 OLIGODENDROCYTES, ASTROCYTES, IN 1061 00:42:39,440 --> 00:42:44,040 THE MEANTIME PROTOCOLS BRING 1062 00:42:44,040 --> 00:42:47,120 THEM TO PHYSIOLOGICAL ALMOST 1063 00:42:47,120 --> 00:42:52,000 50%, ADD GLIAL CELLS TO MAKE 1064 00:42:52,000 --> 00:42:55,400 IMMUNOCOMPETENT. 1065 00:42:55,400 --> 00:42:57,680 MODELS FOR INFECTION, PUBLISHED 1066 00:42:57,680 --> 00:42:59,120 IN THESE MODELS SHOWING 1067 00:42:59,120 --> 00:43:02,040 APPLICABLE TO A BROAD VARIETY OF 1068 00:43:02,040 --> 00:43:03,360 DISEASE CASES. 1069 00:43:03,360 --> 00:43:04,280 GENE ENVIRONMENT STUDIES ALLOWED 1070 00:43:04,280 --> 00:43:13,360 US TO SHOW THE FIRST RISK PAIR 1071 00:43:13,360 --> 00:43:23,920 FOR AUTISM, AND NOW A STUDY WITH 1072 00:43:25,240 --> 00:43:27,160 175,000 CHILDREN LOOKING FOR 1073 00:43:27,160 --> 00:43:28,880 GENE/ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION. 1074 00:43:28,880 --> 00:43:30,760 FUNCTIONAL ENDPOINTS ALLOW MORE 1075 00:43:30,760 --> 00:43:33,160 MEANINGFUL THINGS THAN TESTING 1076 00:43:33,160 --> 00:43:36,560 FOR CYTOTOXICITY TO CERTAIN CELL 1077 00:43:36,560 --> 00:43:37,280 TYPES. 1078 00:43:37,280 --> 00:43:40,080 IMPRESSIVELY LATELY BY TACKLEING 1079 00:43:40,080 --> 00:43:43,560 THE CHALLENGE OF STUDYING MEMORY 1080 00:43:43,560 --> 00:43:52,240 AND LEARNING IN THESE SYSTEMS, 1081 00:43:52,240 --> 00:43:53,320 ORGANOID INTELLIGENCE, O.I. 1082 00:43:53,320 --> 00:43:56,080 YOU MAY HAVE HEARD LAST NOVEMBER 1083 00:43:56,080 --> 00:43:58,400 ABOUT THE NEURON CULTURES AND 1084 00:43:58,400 --> 00:43:59,600 SIMILAR TYPE OF ARTIFICIAL 1085 00:43:59,600 --> 00:44:00,800 ENVIRONMENTS AT THE MOMENT BEING 1086 00:44:00,800 --> 00:44:04,520 USED IN OUR O.I. RESEARCH 1087 00:44:04,520 --> 00:44:05,520 COMMUNITY, IN ORDER TO 1088 00:44:05,520 --> 00:44:08,360 DEMONSTRATE NOT ONLY SHORT TERM 1089 00:44:08,360 --> 00:44:09,560 BUT ALSO LONG TERM LEARNING 1090 00:44:09,560 --> 00:44:10,440 EFFECTS CAN BE LEARN. 1091 00:44:10,440 --> 00:44:16,560 THIS IS A PAPER FROM A YEAR AGO 1092 00:44:16,560 --> 00:44:17,800 DEVELOPING AN EEG SHOWING 1093 00:44:17,800 --> 00:44:19,800 TECHNOLOGICAL OPPORTUNITIES 1094 00:44:19,800 --> 00:44:23,360 MOVING THIS TOWARDS MEANINGFUL 1095 00:44:23,360 --> 00:44:29,160 ENDPOINTS. 1096 00:44:29,160 --> 00:44:31,360 ORGANOID INTELLIGENCE WAS 1097 00:44:31,360 --> 00:44:33,800 PRESENTED IN FEBRUARY, WE HAD 1098 00:44:33,800 --> 00:44:35,560 600 PRESS HITS, THE FIRST 1099 00:44:35,560 --> 00:44:39,400 WORKSHOP, AND THIS IS MOVING 1100 00:44:39,400 --> 00:44:40,440 FORWARD NOW THE NATIONAL SCIENCE 1101 00:44:40,440 --> 00:44:42,320 FOUNDATION IS GOING TO ANNOUNCE 1102 00:44:42,320 --> 00:44:43,720 FUNDING FOR THIS. 1103 00:44:43,720 --> 00:44:45,600 IN GENERAL, A.I. IS AT THE 1104 00:44:45,600 --> 00:44:47,680 MOMENT THE PARTNER FOR MANY OF 1105 00:44:47,680 --> 00:44:49,960 THESE DEVELOPMENTS BECAUSE OF 1106 00:44:49,960 --> 00:44:51,720 ITS TREMENDOUS SYNERGY OF DATA 1107 00:44:51,720 --> 00:44:53,040 PRODUCTION, COMPUTING POWER, AND 1108 00:44:53,040 --> 00:44:55,120 THE NEW A.I. ALGORITHMS. 1109 00:44:55,120 --> 00:44:56,880 I DON'T NEED TO TELL YOU HOW 1110 00:44:56,880 --> 00:44:58,400 MUCH DISRUPTION AT THE MOMENT IS 1111 00:44:58,400 --> 00:45:00,320 TAKING PLACE IN OUR LIVES 1112 00:45:00,320 --> 00:45:01,240 BECAUSE OF A.I. 1113 00:45:01,240 --> 00:45:03,240 IT'S THE END OF THE WORLD AS WE 1114 00:45:03,240 --> 00:45:06,320 KNOW IT, AND I FEEL FINE, MY 1115 00:45:06,320 --> 00:45:08,200 PERSONAL SUMMARY FOR THIS. 1116 00:45:08,200 --> 00:45:10,680 ALREADY IN 2018 SIMPLE FORMS OF 1117 00:45:10,680 --> 00:45:12,800 A.I. ALLOWED US TO SHOW LARGE 1118 00:45:12,800 --> 00:45:15,840 NUMBERS OF PREDICTIONS COULD BE 1119 00:45:15,840 --> 00:45:19,320 DONE WITH PRECISION BETTER THAN 1120 00:45:19,320 --> 00:45:20,240 RESPECTIVE ANIMAL TEST 1121 00:45:20,240 --> 00:45:22,120 REPRODUCIBILITY, IN THE MEANTIME 1122 00:45:22,120 --> 00:45:29,320 WE'VE SHOWN THIS IS ALSO IN PART 1123 00:45:29,320 --> 00:45:31,520 APPLICABLE TO HUMAN DATA AND 1124 00:45:31,520 --> 00:45:34,560 WE'RE SUMMING UP FOR CANCER OR 1125 00:45:34,560 --> 00:45:35,920 REPRODUCTIVE PREDICTIONS, REALLY 1126 00:45:35,920 --> 00:45:38,080 AN OPPORTUNITY FOR PREDICTING 1127 00:45:38,080 --> 00:45:39,000 ANIMAL TESTING. 1128 00:45:39,000 --> 00:45:41,200 IT IS ALSO POSSIBILITY NOW TO 1129 00:45:41,200 --> 00:45:42,840 MOVE THESE METHODS INTO OTHER 1130 00:45:42,840 --> 00:45:43,720 AREAS. 1131 00:45:43,720 --> 00:45:45,400 FOR EXAMPLE, TO FRONT LOAD TOX, 1132 00:45:45,400 --> 00:45:50,520 WHY ONLY AT THE END OF PRODUCT 1133 00:45:50,520 --> 00:45:55,840 DEVELOPMENT, GREEN TECHNOLOGY, 1134 00:45:55,840 --> 00:45:58,520 AND ALEX MAARTENS WROTE THE 1135 00:45:58,520 --> 00:45:59,840 FIRST TEXT BOOK. 1136 00:45:59,840 --> 00:46:01,560 WE'VE HAD A WORKSHOP, CALLING 1137 00:46:01,560 --> 00:46:05,360 FOR HUMAN EXPOSE HOME PROJECT. 1138 00:46:05,360 --> 00:46:06,480 THIS PROJECT IS ACTUALLY 1139 00:46:06,480 --> 00:46:08,840 SUGGESTED TO GIVE MORE RELEVANCE 1140 00:46:08,840 --> 00:46:11,320 TO EXPOSURE AND EMBRACE THESE 1141 00:46:11,320 --> 00:46:14,680 NEW TECHNOLOGIES, A.I., MPS, 1142 00:46:14,680 --> 00:46:19,520 OTHERS, INTEGRATE EVIDENCES. 1143 00:46:19,520 --> 00:46:20,840 THE EXPOSOME IS COMPLEMENTARY 1144 00:46:20,840 --> 00:46:23,560 HUMAN GENOME PROJECT TO CATALOG 1145 00:46:23,560 --> 00:46:28,160 THIS EVEN MORE IMPACTFUL PART OF 1146 00:46:28,160 --> 00:46:29,360 HUMAN DISEASE ETIOLOGY. 1147 00:46:29,360 --> 00:46:32,840 THIS IS PART ALSO OF THE 1148 00:46:32,840 --> 00:46:33,920 EXPOSOMEICS APPROACHES, THIS IS 1149 00:46:33,920 --> 00:46:36,120 A PAPER SUMMARIZING SOME OF 1150 00:46:36,120 --> 00:46:38,440 THESE IDEAS, ALSO HERE AGAIN 1151 00:46:38,440 --> 00:46:40,280 A.I. EMERGED AS THE NATURAL 1152 00:46:40,280 --> 00:46:44,000 PARTNER, WHAT WE CALL EXPOSOME 1153 00:46:44,000 --> 00:46:44,600 INTELLIGENCE. 1154 00:46:44,600 --> 00:46:45,640 THE CHALLENGE IS FROM MY POINT 1155 00:46:45,640 --> 00:46:47,520 OF VIEW AT THE MOMENT FIRST OF 1156 00:46:47,520 --> 00:46:54,720 ALL TO COMBINE THESE VARIOUS NEW 1157 00:46:54,720 --> 00:46:56,480 METHODOLOGIES, DATA INTEGRATION, 1158 00:46:56,480 --> 00:46:58,560 SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, RISK 1159 00:46:58,560 --> 00:46:59,680 ASSESSMENT, STRATEGY USING 1160 00:46:59,680 --> 00:47:00,280 DIFFERENT APPROACHES. 1161 00:47:00,280 --> 00:47:09,120 AGAIN A PAPER HERE ON INTEGRATED 1162 00:47:09,120 --> 00:47:11,360 STRATEGY, IN VITRO, IN VITRO, IN 1163 00:47:11,360 --> 00:47:13,200 SILICO COMBINED I CALL IT. 1164 00:47:13,200 --> 00:47:15,400 AN INTERESTING ASPECT IS 1165 00:47:15,400 --> 00:47:16,840 EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE IS 1166 00:47:16,840 --> 00:47:18,600 GUIDING US TOWARDS 1167 00:47:18,600 --> 00:47:20,240 EVIDENCE-BASED APPROACHES ALSO 1168 00:47:20,240 --> 00:47:23,440 IN THE PRE-CLINICAL SCIENCES. 1169 00:47:23,440 --> 00:47:24,280 THE EVIDENCE-BASED TOXICOLOGY 1170 00:47:24,280 --> 00:47:27,800 MOVEMENT IS ONE WE HAVE BEEN 1171 00:47:27,800 --> 00:47:29,840 PARTICULARLY PUSHING OVER THE 1172 00:47:29,840 --> 00:47:30,960 LAST 20 YEARS ALMOST. 1173 00:47:30,960 --> 00:47:35,000 AND YOU SEE HERE THE ENORMOUS 1174 00:47:35,000 --> 00:47:37,920 UPTICK THE SYSTEM REVIEWS WHICH 1175 00:47:37,920 --> 00:47:39,400 WE OBSERVED WHILE PROMOTING 1176 00:47:39,400 --> 00:47:41,880 THESE TYPE OF EFFECTS. 1177 00:47:41,880 --> 00:47:43,880 SO, IN SHORT, SUMMARIZING UP, I 1178 00:47:43,880 --> 00:47:45,840 THINK OUR TRADITIONAL WAY OF 1179 00:47:45,840 --> 00:47:47,480 DOING BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH WHICH 1180 00:47:47,480 --> 00:47:50,200 IS BASED ON MOVING THROUGH 1181 00:47:50,200 --> 00:47:51,080 HYPOTHESIS TO CAUSATION AND 1182 00:47:51,080 --> 00:47:53,200 PROOF AT THE MOMENT IS BEING 1183 00:47:53,200 --> 00:47:54,800 COMPLEMENTED BY TWO VERY 1184 00:47:54,800 --> 00:47:56,640 IMPORTANT APPROACHES. 1185 00:47:56,640 --> 00:47:58,240 ONE IS EVIDENCE-BASED 1186 00:47:58,240 --> 00:47:59,520 APPROACHES, WHICH IS THE 1187 00:47:59,520 --> 00:48:01,040 IDENTIFYING THE MOST RELEVANT 1188 00:48:01,040 --> 00:48:02,360 STUDIES AND DATA, THE BEST 1189 00:48:02,360 --> 00:48:04,120 HUMANS CAN DO. 1190 00:48:04,120 --> 00:48:05,760 AND MACHINE LEARNING, WHICH IS 1191 00:48:05,760 --> 00:48:07,160 TRYING TO GO THROUGH BIG DATA 1192 00:48:07,160 --> 00:48:10,000 AND COMING TO EVIDENCE IN A 1193 00:48:10,000 --> 00:48:12,120 DIFFERENT WAY OF EVIDENCE 1194 00:48:12,120 --> 00:48:12,520 INTEGRATION. 1195 00:48:12,520 --> 00:48:14,520 WITH THIS, I WOULD LIKE TO 1196 00:48:14,520 --> 00:48:14,720 CLOSE. 1197 00:48:14,720 --> 00:48:18,680 I SHOWED YOU A.I., 1198 00:48:18,680 --> 00:48:19,400 MICROPHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS, 1199 00:48:19,400 --> 00:48:21,280 GREEN TECHNOLOGY, INTEGRATED 1200 00:48:21,280 --> 00:48:22,360 TESTING, EVIDENCE-BASED 1201 00:48:22,360 --> 00:48:23,400 APPROACHES AS EMERGING 1202 00:48:23,400 --> 00:48:25,560 TECHNOLOGYS TO SUBSTITUTE FOR 1203 00:48:25,560 --> 00:48:27,600 ANIMAL TESTING. 1204 00:48:27,600 --> 00:48:29,640 THE SMART WAY FORWARD WILL BE 1205 00:48:29,640 --> 00:48:31,560 OPEN ACCESS PUBLISHING, FAIR 1206 00:48:31,560 --> 00:48:37,720 ACCESSIBLE DATA, EXPLAINABLE 1207 00:48:37,720 --> 00:48:39,040 A.I., MECHANISTIC VALIDATION AND 1208 00:48:39,040 --> 00:48:41,640 THE HUMAN EXPOSOME PROJECT. 1209 00:48:41,640 --> 00:48:43,640 THANKS A LOT. 1210 00:48:43,640 --> 00:48:43,920 [APPLAUSE] 1211 00:48:43,920 --> 00:48:46,720 >>WE'RE GOING TO HOLD QUESTIONS 1212 00:48:46,720 --> 00:48:48,120 FOR DR. HARTUNG TILL THE BREAK 1213 00:48:48,120 --> 00:48:50,760 SO THAT WE CAN HEAR FROM OUR 1214 00:48:50,760 --> 00:48:52,960 OTHER SPEAKERS AND SPEND SOME 1215 00:48:52,960 --> 00:48:57,880 TIME AS A PANEL DISCUSSING SOME 1216 00:48:57,880 --> 00:49:00,280 OF OUR LARGE QUESTIONS. 1217 00:49:00,280 --> 00:49:03,480 I'D LIKE TO INTRODUCE NICOLE 1218 00:49:03,480 --> 00:49:04,880 KLEINSTREUER, FROM THE U.S. NIH, 1219 00:49:04,880 --> 00:49:09,040 WHO IS GOING TO TALK ABOUT THE 1220 00:49:09,040 --> 00:49:13,880 REGULATORY PROCESSES, EVALUATION 1221 00:49:13,880 --> 00:49:16,040 OF ALTERNATIVE TOXICOLOGYIC 1222 00:49:16,040 --> 00:49:16,360 METHODS. 1223 00:49:16,360 --> 00:49:19,120 NICOLE COMES VIRTUALLY TODAY. 1224 00:49:19,120 --> 00:49:19,840 WELCOME, NICOLE. 1225 00:49:19,840 --> 00:49:20,960 >>THANK YOU, NANCY. 1226 00:49:20,960 --> 00:49:22,080 THANK YOU, LYRIC AND HOWARD AND 1227 00:49:22,080 --> 00:49:23,480 ALL OF THE WORK GROUP MEMBERS 1228 00:49:23,480 --> 00:49:24,360 FOR THE OPPORTUNITY. 1229 00:49:24,360 --> 00:49:26,480 I'M VERY SAD NOT TO BE THERE 1230 00:49:26,480 --> 00:49:27,800 WITH YOU IN PERSON. 1231 00:49:27,800 --> 00:49:30,080 BUT I'M SURE YOU ARE ALL NOT SAD 1232 00:49:30,080 --> 00:49:33,280 TO SHARE THE COVID THAT I 1233 00:49:33,280 --> 00:49:35,200 CURRENTLY HAVE RIGHT NOW. 1234 00:49:35,200 --> 00:49:38,720 SO I'M GOING TO JUMP RIGHT INTO 1235 00:49:38,720 --> 00:49:38,920 THIS. 1236 00:49:38,920 --> 00:49:42,560 SO, I THINK MANY OF YOU MIGHT BE 1237 00:49:42,560 --> 00:49:50,000 FAMILIAR WITH NICEATM AND 1238 00:49:50,000 --> 00:49:51,520 ICCVAM, HOW WE CAN BRIDGE 1239 00:49:51,520 --> 00:49:53,520 EFFORTS WE'VE PUT FORTH IN 1240 00:49:53,520 --> 00:49:55,480 TOXICOLOGY TO THE SPACE AND 1241 00:49:55,480 --> 00:49:56,160 BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH. 1242 00:49:56,160 --> 00:49:58,120 WE'RE THE U.S. FEDERAL RESOURCE 1243 00:49:58,120 --> 00:50:01,720 FOR ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL 1244 00:50:01,720 --> 00:50:03,600 TESTING, NICEATM HOUSED WITHIN 1245 00:50:03,600 --> 00:50:04,880 NIEHS PROVIDES SCIENTIFIC AND 1246 00:50:04,880 --> 00:50:07,280 OPERATIONAL SUPPORT TO A 1247 00:50:07,280 --> 00:50:07,800 CONGRESSIONALLY MANDATED 1248 00:50:07,800 --> 00:50:09,160 COMMITTEE OF 17 U.S. FEDERAL 1249 00:50:09,160 --> 00:50:10,880 AGENCIES, YOU CAN SEE THEM ON 1250 00:50:10,880 --> 00:50:12,760 THE SCREEN HERE. 1251 00:50:12,760 --> 00:50:13,840 EVENLY DIVIDED BETWEEN 1252 00:50:13,840 --> 00:50:15,480 REGULATORY AND RESEARCH 1253 00:50:15,480 --> 00:50:16,480 AGENCIES. 1254 00:50:16,480 --> 00:50:17,920 THESE ARE ALL AGENCIES THAT 1255 00:50:17,920 --> 00:50:18,840 REQUIRE OR CONSIDER CHEMICAL 1256 00:50:18,840 --> 00:50:24,280 SAFETY DATA, ARE INTERESTED IN 1257 00:50:24,280 --> 00:50:26,920 MOVEING TO HUMAN RELEVANT 1258 00:50:26,920 --> 00:50:28,760 TESTING APPROACHES. 1259 00:50:28,760 --> 00:50:31,480 AND WE DEVELOP DATASETS, MODELS, 1260 00:50:31,480 --> 00:50:33,240 NAMs THAT REALLY FOLLOW THIS 1261 00:50:33,240 --> 00:50:37,840 CYCLICAL PROCESS THAT YOU SEE ON 1262 00:50:37,840 --> 00:50:39,800 THE SLIDE. 1263 00:50:39,800 --> 00:50:41,200 ITERATIVE APPROACH, ALONG THIS 1264 00:50:41,200 --> 00:50:46,840 CONTINUUM OF USING BIG DATA, 1265 00:50:46,840 --> 00:50:48,680 PREDICTIVE MODELS WITH THE GOAL 1266 00:50:48,680 --> 00:50:51,920 OF GENERATING HUMAN RELEVANT 1267 00:50:51,920 --> 00:50:53,600 INSIGHTS INTO DISEASE PROCESSS 1268 00:50:53,600 --> 00:50:54,920 THAT SUPPORT EFFECTIVE 1269 00:50:54,920 --> 00:50:57,240 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 1270 00:50:57,240 --> 00:51:02,560 AND PROTECT SENSITIVE AND 1271 00:51:02,560 --> 00:51:03,760 SUSCEPTIBLE POPULATIONS. 1272 00:51:03,760 --> 00:51:05,000 I'M GOING TO TALK AT A HIGH 1273 00:51:05,000 --> 00:51:08,640 LEVEL ABOUT THE CONCEPTS OF 1274 00:51:08,640 --> 00:51:10,400 VALIDATION AND HOW THEY ARE 1275 00:51:10,400 --> 00:51:10,960 EVOLVING. 1276 00:51:10,960 --> 00:51:13,120 FIVE YEARS AGO, WE PUBLISHED A 1277 00:51:13,120 --> 00:51:14,560 STRATEGIC ROADMAP THAT 1278 00:51:14,560 --> 00:51:16,400 REPRESENTS A CONSENSUS ACROSS 1279 00:51:16,400 --> 00:51:18,920 THESE 17 AGENCIES, AND DESCRIBES 1280 00:51:18,920 --> 00:51:19,800 THREE FUNDAMENTAL PROCESSES THAT 1281 00:51:19,800 --> 00:51:22,440 ARE REALLY CRITICAL TO ENSURING 1282 00:51:22,440 --> 00:51:24,280 NAMs ARE BEING DEVELOPED THAT 1283 00:51:24,280 --> 00:51:26,800 ARE FIRST TAILORED TO MEET 1284 00:51:26,800 --> 00:51:29,000 REGULATORY NEEDS, SO HELPING END 1285 00:51:29,000 --> 00:51:30,880 USERS GUIDE DEVELOPMENT OF 1286 00:51:30,880 --> 00:51:33,520 NAMs, THAT USE EFFICIENT AND 1287 00:51:33,520 --> 00:51:34,920 FLEXIBLE APPROACHES TO ESTABLISH 1288 00:51:34,920 --> 00:51:37,320 CONFIDENCE IN NEW METHODS, TO 1289 00:51:37,320 --> 00:51:39,960 ENSURE ULTIMATELY THESE NEW 1290 00:51:39,960 --> 00:51:41,560 METHODS WILL BE ADOPTED AND PUT 1291 00:51:41,560 --> 00:51:43,640 IN USE BY REGULATED INDUSTRY AND 1292 00:51:43,640 --> 00:51:44,760 FEDERAL AGENCIES. 1293 00:51:44,760 --> 00:51:46,800 SO, THE ROADMAP IS AVAILABLE 1294 00:51:46,800 --> 00:51:47,480 ONLINE. 1295 00:51:47,480 --> 00:51:49,880 IT'S ALSO PAIRED WITH 1296 00:51:49,880 --> 00:51:50,880 IMPLEMENTATION PLANS THAT ARE 1297 00:51:50,880 --> 00:51:52,520 TRACKED AND PUBLICLY REPORTED. 1298 00:51:52,520 --> 00:51:55,600 I ENCOURAGE YOU TO LOOK AT THOSE 1299 00:51:55,600 --> 00:51:55,960 DOCUMENTS. 1300 00:51:55,960 --> 00:51:57,400 ONE THING THAT BECAME APPARENT 1301 00:51:57,400 --> 00:51:58,880 DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE 1302 00:51:58,880 --> 00:52:00,560 ROADMAP IS THERE'S REALLY NO 1303 00:52:00,560 --> 00:52:03,480 SUCH THING AS A 1304 00:52:03,480 --> 00:52:05,680 ONE-SIZE-FITS-ALL APPROACH TO 1305 00:52:05,680 --> 00:52:06,320 VALIDATION. 1306 00:52:06,320 --> 00:52:09,480 HERE IS ONE EXAMPLE OF TWO 1307 00:52:09,480 --> 00:52:10,560 DIFFERENT ICCVAM REGULATORY 1308 00:52:10,560 --> 00:52:12,120 AGENCIES, THE BIGGEST PLAYERS IN 1309 00:52:12,120 --> 00:52:14,400 THE REGULATORY SPACE, FDA AND 1310 00:52:14,400 --> 00:52:17,320 EPA, AND HOW MANY DIFFERENT 1311 00:52:17,320 --> 00:52:19,000 CENTERS AND OFFICES THERE ARE IN 1312 00:52:19,000 --> 00:52:21,080 EACH OF THOSE AGENCIES. 1313 00:52:21,080 --> 00:52:23,200 YOU HAVE EVERYTHING RANGING FROM 1314 00:52:23,200 --> 00:52:26,000 SMALL MOLECULE DRUGS TO DEVICES 1315 00:52:26,000 --> 00:52:27,520 TO FOOD ADDITIVES TO 1316 00:52:27,520 --> 00:52:29,400 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS LIKE 1317 00:52:29,400 --> 00:52:30,080 INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS OR 1318 00:52:30,080 --> 00:52:31,600 PESTICIDES, AND EACH OF THESE 1319 00:52:31,600 --> 00:52:34,560 OFFICES AND CENTERS HAVE THEIR 1320 00:52:34,560 --> 00:52:35,960 OWN DEDICATED NEEDS AND 1321 00:52:35,960 --> 00:52:36,640 REGULATORY DECISION FRAMEWORKS 1322 00:52:36,640 --> 00:52:40,120 THAT NEED TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN 1323 00:52:40,120 --> 00:52:41,120 DEVELOPING NEW APPROACH 1324 00:52:41,120 --> 00:52:42,680 METHODOLOGIES TO ASSESS THE 1325 00:52:42,680 --> 00:52:44,880 CHEMISTRIES THEY CARE ABOUT. 1326 00:52:44,880 --> 00:52:47,440 AS A FOLLOW-UP TO THE U.S. 1327 00:52:47,440 --> 00:52:48,200 STRATEGIC ROADMAP, ICCVAM HAS 1328 00:52:48,200 --> 00:52:51,080 BEEN WORKING HARD OVER THE LAST 1329 00:52:51,080 --> 00:52:56,120 COUPLE YEARS ON A NEW REPORT, 1330 00:52:56,120 --> 00:52:57,240 VALIDATION, QUALIFY INDICATION 1331 00:52:57,240 --> 00:52:58,760 AND LEAGUEER TO ACCEPTANCE, 1332 00:52:58,760 --> 00:53:00,200 CURRENTLY OPEN FOR PUBLIC 1333 00:53:00,200 --> 00:53:00,440 COMMENT. 1334 00:53:00,440 --> 00:53:05,760 YOU CAN ACCESS THROUGH THE QR 1335 00:53:05,760 --> 00:53:06,280 CODE. 1336 00:53:06,280 --> 00:53:08,640 HERE I'M SUMMARIZING SOME OF THE 1337 00:53:08,640 --> 00:53:10,920 KEY CONCEPTS TO CONSIDER DURING 1338 00:53:10,920 --> 00:53:12,720 THE DEVELOPMENT AND 1339 00:53:12,720 --> 00:53:14,200 IMPLEMENTATION OF FLEXIBLE FIT 1340 00:53:14,200 --> 00:53:15,640 FOR PURPOSE VALIDATION STRATEGY 1341 00:53:15,640 --> 00:53:16,280 FOR NAMs. 1342 00:53:16,280 --> 00:53:18,240 THOSE COVER THINGS LIKE THE 1343 00:53:18,240 --> 00:53:21,360 CONTEXT OF USE, SO WHAT 1344 00:53:21,360 --> 00:53:24,960 REGULATORY STATUTE DATA ARE 1345 00:53:24,960 --> 00:53:25,960 INTENDED TO COMPLY WITH, WHETHER 1346 00:53:25,960 --> 00:53:27,920 IT'S MEANT TO BE USED FOR 1347 00:53:27,920 --> 00:53:30,520 SCREENING AND PRIORITIZATION OR 1348 00:53:30,520 --> 00:53:31,840 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION OR 1349 00:53:31,840 --> 00:53:35,440 QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT. 1350 00:53:35,440 --> 00:53:36,040 BIOLOGICAL RELEVANCE, POSSIBLY 1351 00:53:36,040 --> 00:53:37,720 THE MOST IMPORTANT OF THE KEY 1352 00:53:37,720 --> 00:53:39,640 CONCEPTS, MAKING SURE THAT THE 1353 00:53:39,640 --> 00:53:43,480 TEST SYSTEM THAT'S BEING 1354 00:53:43,480 --> 00:53:46,520 DEVELOPED IS REALLY REPLICATEING 1355 00:53:46,520 --> 00:53:47,520 PHYSIOLOGY, BIOLOGY INTENDED, 1356 00:53:47,520 --> 00:53:50,360 HAS HUMAN RELEVANCE. 1357 00:53:50,360 --> 00:53:52,760 THE TECHNICAL CHARACTERIZEATION 1358 00:53:52,760 --> 00:53:55,160 OF METHODS, WE'LL HEAR MORE FROM 1359 00:53:55,160 --> 00:53:57,280 ELIJAH PETERSON. 1360 00:53:57,280 --> 00:54:00,080 DATA INTEGRITY AND INFORMATION 1361 00:54:00,080 --> 00:54:01,600 TRANSPARENCY, AND INDEPENDENT 1362 00:54:01,600 --> 00:54:02,600 REVIEW. 1363 00:54:02,600 --> 00:54:04,480 I'M GOING TO FOCUS ON IN 1364 00:54:04,480 --> 00:54:06,560 PARTICULAR THIS CONCEPT OF 1365 00:54:06,560 --> 00:54:07,760 BIOLOGICAL AND MECHANISTIC 1366 00:54:07,760 --> 00:54:12,920 RELEVANCE AND HOW THAT REALLY IS 1367 00:54:12,920 --> 00:54:14,120 CRUCIAL TO SUPPORT REGULATORY 1368 00:54:14,120 --> 00:54:16,920 TRANSLATION AND APPLICATION. 1369 00:54:16,920 --> 00:54:18,200 THESE CONCEPTS MAY SEEM 1370 00:54:18,200 --> 00:54:19,400 INTUITIVE BUT REPRESENT A 1371 00:54:19,400 --> 00:54:20,840 FUNDAMENTAL SHIFT HOW WE'VE BEEN 1372 00:54:20,840 --> 00:54:22,600 THINKING ABOUT VALIDATION AND 1373 00:54:22,600 --> 00:54:23,280 ESTABLISHING SCIENTIFIC 1374 00:54:23,280 --> 00:54:25,160 CONFIDENCE IN NAMs. 1375 00:54:25,160 --> 00:54:28,840 SO WE'RE MOVING BEYOND AN 1376 00:54:28,840 --> 00:54:31,160 EXCLUSIVE RELYANCE ON COMPARING 1377 00:54:31,160 --> 00:54:34,000 TO EXISTING HISTORICAL REFERENCE 1378 00:54:34,000 --> 00:54:36,000 ANIMAL DATA, AT BEST A SURROGATE 1379 00:54:36,000 --> 00:54:37,280 FOR HUMAN RESPONSE, OPENING THE 1380 00:54:37,280 --> 00:54:38,480 DOOR TO THE POSSIBILITY THAT 1381 00:54:38,480 --> 00:54:40,480 METHODS THAT ARE BASED ON HUMAN 1382 00:54:40,480 --> 00:54:42,040 BIOLOGY MAY NOT ALWAYS AGREE 1383 00:54:42,040 --> 00:54:43,000 WITH THE ANIMAL TEST BECAUSE 1384 00:54:43,000 --> 00:54:45,640 THEY ARE IN FACT DOING A BETTER 1385 00:54:45,640 --> 00:54:47,480 JOB OF REPRESENTING THE HUMAN 1386 00:54:47,480 --> 00:54:47,880 RESPONSE. 1387 00:54:47,880 --> 00:54:49,760 AND SO IN THE VALIDATION WORK 1388 00:54:49,760 --> 00:54:52,080 GROUP REPORT WE HAVE MULTIPLE 1389 00:54:52,080 --> 00:54:56,000 EXAMPLES OF HOW USING HUMAN 1390 00:54:56,000 --> 00:54:58,760 BIOLOGICAL AND MECHANISTIC 1391 00:54:58,760 --> 00:55:01,240 RELEVANCE AS THE ANCHOR HAS BEEN 1392 00:55:01,240 --> 00:55:04,360 SUCCESSFUL AND THESE COVER 1393 00:55:04,360 --> 00:55:05,440 ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION, 1394 00:55:05,440 --> 00:55:06,840 DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOX, 1395 00:55:06,840 --> 00:55:07,880 RESPIRATORY IRRITATION. 1396 00:55:07,880 --> 00:55:11,040 I'M GOING TO FOCUS ON SKIN 1397 00:55:11,040 --> 00:55:12,680 SENSITIZEATION AS THE EXEMPLAR 1398 00:55:12,680 --> 00:55:15,080 OF HUMAN BIOLOGY-BASED STRATEGY 1399 00:55:15,080 --> 00:55:17,480 THAT GAINED ACCEPTANCE. 1400 00:55:17,480 --> 00:55:19,920 SO, THE ORGANIZATION FOR 1401 00:55:19,920 --> 00:55:21,240 ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND 1402 00:55:21,240 --> 00:55:23,520 DEVELOPMENT PUBLISHED GUIDEANCE 1403 00:55:23,520 --> 00:55:26,160 DOCUMENTS ON ADVERSE OUTCOME 1404 00:55:26,160 --> 00:55:29,320 FRAMEWORK, AN ORGANIZATIONAL 1405 00:55:29,320 --> 00:55:32,520 STRUCTURE TO BREAK DOWN HOW 1406 00:55:32,520 --> 00:55:33,800 EXOGENOUS INFLUENCES LIKE 1407 00:55:33,800 --> 00:55:36,680 CHEMICAL EXPOSURE INTERACT ON 1408 00:55:36,680 --> 00:55:40,800 MOLECULAR LEVEL RESULTING IN 1409 00:55:40,800 --> 00:55:41,800 CASCADE, RESULTING IN ADVERSITY 1410 00:55:41,800 --> 00:55:43,200 ON A POPULATION LEVEL. 1411 00:55:43,200 --> 00:55:45,520 THIS IS A HELPFUL FRAMEWORK TO 1412 00:55:45,520 --> 00:55:51,440 DEVELOP TESTING STRATEGY TO 1413 00:55:51,440 --> 00:55:53,760 PROVIDE COVERAGE AS IN THE CASE 1414 00:55:53,760 --> 00:55:55,600 OF SKIN SENSITIZEATION, SO HERE 1415 00:55:55,600 --> 00:55:58,000 YOU HAVE THE AOP FOR SKIN 1416 00:55:58,000 --> 00:56:00,120 SENSITIZEATION STARTING WITH THE 1417 00:56:00,120 --> 00:56:02,360 FIRST MOLECULAR INITIATING EVENT 1418 00:56:02,360 --> 00:56:09,160 BINDING TO SKIN PROTEINS, 1419 00:56:09,160 --> 00:56:09,720 ACTIVATING INFLAMMATORY 1420 00:56:09,720 --> 00:56:12,360 PROCESSES, KERATINOCYTES, T CELL 1421 00:56:12,360 --> 00:56:15,000 PROLIFERATION, ULTIMATELY THIS 1422 00:56:15,000 --> 00:56:16,280 ADVERSE OUTCOME OF INFLAMMATION. 1423 00:56:16,280 --> 00:56:19,560 AND A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT TEST 1424 00:56:19,560 --> 00:56:22,960 METHODS, MANY APPEAR IN OECD 1425 00:56:22,960 --> 00:56:26,520 TEST GUIDELINES MAPPED TO KEY 1426 00:56:26,520 --> 00:56:29,960 EVENTS RANGEING FROM IN SILICO 1427 00:56:29,960 --> 00:56:31,720 COMPUTATIONAL PREDICTIONS TO IN 1428 00:56:31,720 --> 00:56:32,520 CHEMICO CELL FREE REACTIVITY 1429 00:56:32,520 --> 00:56:34,640 ASSAYS TO IN VITRO CELL-BASED 1430 00:56:34,640 --> 00:56:37,400 METHODS TO IN VIVO TESTS THAT 1431 00:56:37,400 --> 00:56:40,040 MEASURE THE APICAL OR SUBAPICAL 1432 00:56:40,040 --> 00:56:40,360 ENDPOINTS. 1433 00:56:40,360 --> 00:56:43,320 WHAT'S UNDERSTOOD HERE IS THAT 1434 00:56:43,320 --> 00:56:44,120 THE INDIVIDUAL NAMs THAT 1435 00:56:44,120 --> 00:56:45,760 MEASURE EACH OF THOSE KEY EVENTS 1436 00:56:45,760 --> 00:56:48,240 MAY NOT BE ABLE TO BE USED ON 1437 00:56:48,240 --> 00:56:50,840 THEIR OWN TO DETERMINE SKIN 1438 00:56:50,840 --> 00:56:52,800 SENSITIZEATION HAZARD, BUT IF 1439 00:56:52,800 --> 00:56:55,920 YOU COMBINE THEM IN DEFINED 1440 00:56:55,920 --> 00:56:57,880 APPROACHES, THEN YOU ENSURE 1441 00:56:57,880 --> 00:56:59,520 SUFFICIENT COVERAGE OF BIOLOGY 1442 00:56:59,520 --> 00:57:01,840 AND MECHANISM THAT YOU CAN 1443 00:57:01,840 --> 00:57:03,320 ACTUALLY RELIABLY PREDICT THAT 1444 00:57:03,320 --> 00:57:04,520 ADVERSE OUTCOME. 1445 00:57:04,520 --> 00:57:09,800 SO TO MAKE A LONG STORY VERY 1446 00:57:09,800 --> 00:57:12,400 SHORT, NUMBER OF YEARS AND 1447 00:57:12,400 --> 00:57:13,640 DECADES ESTABLISHED CONFIDENCE 1448 00:57:13,640 --> 00:57:16,480 IN THESE DEFINED APPROACHS THAT 1449 00:57:16,480 --> 00:57:17,240 COMBINE THESE HUMAN 1450 00:57:17,240 --> 00:57:19,360 BIOLOGY-BASED TEST METHODS IN 1451 00:57:19,360 --> 00:57:20,560 VARIOUS COMBINATIONS, AND IN 1452 00:57:20,560 --> 00:57:22,880 THIS CASE WE HAD HUMAN REFERENCE 1453 00:57:22,880 --> 00:57:24,840 DATA TO COMPARE TO. 1454 00:57:24,840 --> 00:57:30,080 AND SO THIS IS A REALLY LANDMARK 1455 00:57:30,080 --> 00:57:32,480 INTERNATIONALLY HARMONIZED TEST 1456 00:57:32,480 --> 00:57:33,640 GUIDELINE ADOPTED WHO YEARS AGO 1457 00:57:33,640 --> 00:57:37,200 THAT SHOWS WHEN YOU HAVE TESTING 1458 00:57:37,200 --> 00:57:40,520 STRATEGY THAT COMBINE THESE IN 1459 00:57:40,520 --> 00:57:43,200 VITRO AND IN SILICO AND IN 1460 00:57:43,200 --> 00:57:44,960 CHEMICO METHODS, YOU OUTPERFORM 1461 00:57:44,960 --> 00:57:47,480 THE ANIMAL TEST WHEN COMPARED TO 1462 00:57:47,480 --> 00:57:48,480 HUMAN REFERENCE DATA. 1463 00:57:48,480 --> 00:57:50,640 AND WHILE THERE ARE MULTIPLE 1464 00:57:50,640 --> 00:57:53,400 METHODS AVAILABLE THAT COVER 1465 00:57:53,400 --> 00:57:55,920 EACH KEY EVENT MANY REQUIRE 1466 00:57:55,920 --> 00:57:57,120 SPECIALIZEED INSTRUMENTATION AND 1467 00:57:57,120 --> 00:57:58,440 MIGHT BE LOWER THROUGHPUT SO 1468 00:57:58,440 --> 00:58:01,480 WE'RE ALWAYS TRYING TO INCREASE 1469 00:58:01,480 --> 00:58:02,840 ACCESSIBILITY, ENCOURAGE BROADER 1470 00:58:02,840 --> 00:58:03,040 UPTAKE. 1471 00:58:03,040 --> 00:58:04,880 ONE EXAMPLE OF HOW WE'RE 1472 00:58:04,880 --> 00:58:07,400 APPLYING KEY CONCEPTS IN THE 1473 00:58:07,400 --> 00:58:10,120 VALIDATION WORK GROUP REPORT IS 1474 00:58:10,120 --> 00:58:13,720 NICEATM PARTNERED WITH THE FDA 1475 00:58:13,720 --> 00:58:20,960 AND CPSC AND NIST TO APPLY THESE 1476 00:58:20,960 --> 00:58:22,840 HIGHER THROUGHPUT PROTOCOLS SO 1477 00:58:22,840 --> 00:58:27,960 THIS IS AGAIN AN ASSAY THAT 1478 00:58:27,960 --> 00:58:29,280 MEASURES PROTEIN REACTIVITY, 1479 00:58:29,280 --> 00:58:32,600 INITIAL EVENT, ALSO ENDPOINT 1480 00:58:32,600 --> 00:58:33,240 APPLICABLE TO IMMUNOLOGICAL 1481 00:58:33,240 --> 00:58:36,280 CASCADES, THE RESULT OF THE 1482 00:58:36,280 --> 00:58:38,480 VALIDATION STUDY WILL BE 1483 00:58:38,480 --> 00:58:40,320 SUBMITTED TO THE OECD LATER THIS 1484 00:58:40,320 --> 00:58:40,880 YEAR. 1485 00:58:40,880 --> 00:58:42,720 IN NAM APPLICATION IN REGULATORY 1486 00:58:42,720 --> 00:58:43,720 DECISION MAKING IT'S FAIR TO 1487 00:58:43,720 --> 00:58:46,120 SARASOTA THE U.S. IS LEAD -- 1488 00:58:46,120 --> 00:58:48,200 FAIR TO SAY THE U.S. IS LEADING 1489 00:58:48,200 --> 00:58:53,240 THE CHARGE GOING FURTHER THAN 1490 00:58:53,240 --> 00:58:54,440 OECD GUIDELINES WORKING TO APPLY 1491 00:58:54,440 --> 00:58:56,080 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND 1492 00:58:56,080 --> 00:58:57,520 MACHINE LEARNING-BASED MODELS 1493 00:58:57,520 --> 00:58:58,720 LIKE ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS 1494 00:58:58,720 --> 00:59:02,440 TO INTEGRATE NAM DATA AND DERIVE 1495 00:59:02,440 --> 00:59:05,760 POINTS OF DEPARTURE FOR RISK 1496 00:59:05,760 --> 00:59:07,800 ASSESSMENT, THIS IS RECENT WHERE 1497 00:59:07,800 --> 00:59:10,520 THE EPA NOTED IN VITRO AND IN 1498 00:59:10,520 --> 00:59:13,480 CHEMICO STUDIES PROVIDE 1499 00:59:13,480 --> 00:59:14,120 INFORMATION THAT'S MORE 1500 00:59:14,120 --> 00:59:15,240 RELIABLE, REPRODUCEIBLE, HUMAN 1501 00:59:15,240 --> 00:59:16,440 RELEVANT THAN EXISTING ANIMAL 1502 00:59:16,440 --> 00:59:18,640 TESTS, THIS IS THE FIRST USE OF 1503 00:59:18,640 --> 00:59:20,600 SUCH INFORMATION IN REGULATORY 1504 00:59:20,600 --> 00:59:21,120 RISK ASSESSMENT. 1505 00:59:21,120 --> 00:59:24,440 AND OUR GROUP IS TAKING THIS A 1506 00:59:24,440 --> 00:59:31,560 STEP FURTHER, APPLYING BAYESIAN 1507 00:59:31,560 --> 00:59:37,360 PROBABLYABLEISTIC MODELS TO 1508 00:59:37,360 --> 00:59:38,640 CONSIDER VARIABILITY ACROSS 1509 00:59:38,640 --> 00:59:40,720 POPULATIONS, USED TO FACILITATE 1510 00:59:40,720 --> 00:59:43,440 DECISIONS ON CONSUMER SAFETY 1511 00:59:43,440 --> 00:59:44,800 USING BAYESIAN STATISTICS TO 1512 00:59:44,800 --> 00:59:48,240 INFER THIS HUMAN RELEVANT METRIC 1513 00:59:48,240 --> 00:59:50,520 OF POTENCY ACROSS A POPULATION. 1514 00:59:50,520 --> 00:59:52,040 WE'VE PARTNERED WITH UNILEVER TO 1515 00:59:52,040 --> 00:59:53,720 EXPAND THIS DATABASE AND MAKE 1516 00:59:53,720 --> 00:59:54,680 THIS MODEL OPEN SOURCE. 1517 00:59:54,680 --> 00:59:58,280 THIS IS ALSO ON THE OECD WORK 1518 00:59:58,280 --> 01:00:01,920 PLAN FOR INCLUSION IN THE 1519 01:00:01,920 --> 01:00:03,760 DEFINED APPROACH GUIDELINES. 1520 01:00:03,760 --> 01:00:05,400 I'LL FINISH AND DRAW YOUR 1521 01:00:05,400 --> 01:00:07,400 ATTENTION TO A REPORT THAT LOOKS 1522 01:00:07,400 --> 01:00:10,640 AT USE OF ANIMALS ACROSS BOTH 1523 01:00:10,640 --> 01:00:11,960 BASIC RESEARCH AND REGULATORY 1524 01:00:11,960 --> 01:00:12,440 APPLICATIONS. 1525 01:00:12,440 --> 01:00:14,040 I THINK IT'S CRITICAL THAT THE 1526 01:00:14,040 --> 01:00:16,440 ACD WORKING GROUP TURNED THE 1527 01:00:16,440 --> 01:00:19,400 FOCUS TO NAMs AND BIOMEDICAL 1528 01:00:19,400 --> 01:00:20,680 RESEARCH WHERE THE VAST MAJORITY 1529 01:00:20,680 --> 01:00:23,800 ARE USED BUT THERE'S A FALSE 1530 01:00:23,800 --> 01:00:25,120 DISTINCTION BETWEEN TOXICOLOGY 1531 01:00:25,120 --> 01:00:26,200 AND BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH, AND 1532 01:00:26,200 --> 01:00:27,720 THERE'S SO MUCH THESE FIELDS CAN 1533 01:00:27,720 --> 01:00:31,000 LEARN FROM EACH OTHER AND BY 1534 01:00:31,000 --> 01:00:32,560 BRIDGING OUR APPROACHES BECAUSE 1535 01:00:32,560 --> 01:00:33,760 ULTIMATELY EFFECTIVE REGULATORY 1536 01:00:33,760 --> 01:00:35,800 DECISION MAKING ACTUALLY RELIES 1537 01:00:35,800 --> 01:00:37,160 UPON EFFECTIVE RESEARCH TO 1538 01:00:37,160 --> 01:00:38,680 DEVELOP METHODS THAT CAN ANSWER 1539 01:00:38,680 --> 01:00:39,880 CRITICAL QUESTIONS ABOUT HUMAN 1540 01:00:39,880 --> 01:00:41,840 HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT. 1541 01:00:41,840 --> 01:00:43,840 AND NAMs ARE FUNDAMENTAL TO 1542 01:00:43,840 --> 01:00:45,160 THIS UNDERSTANDING, SO I'M VERY 1543 01:00:45,160 --> 01:00:47,120 EXCITED TO SEE ENGAGEMENT OF 1544 01:00:47,120 --> 01:00:49,640 BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH COMMUNITY SO 1545 01:00:49,640 --> 01:00:53,120 WE CAN CONTINUE TO DEVELOP 1546 01:00:53,120 --> 01:00:54,240 SUCCESSFUL NAMs ULTIMATELY 1547 01:00:54,240 --> 01:00:55,960 TRANSLATED INTO REGULATORY USE. 1548 01:00:55,960 --> 01:00:57,600 I'LL STOP THERE AND THANK MY 1549 01:00:57,600 --> 01:01:01,320 AMAZING GROUP AND POINT YOU TO 1550 01:01:01,320 --> 01:01:03,000 SEVERAL OTHER RESOURCES ONLINE. 1551 01:01:03,000 --> 01:01:05,480 >>THANK YOU, NICOLE, VERY MUCH. 1552 01:01:05,480 --> 01:01:05,760 [APPLAUSE] 1553 01:01:05,760 --> 01:01:07,800 AND WE'LL GIVE YOU A FEW MINUTES 1554 01:01:07,800 --> 01:01:09,840 OFF AND WE'LL COME BACK TO YOU 1555 01:01:09,840 --> 01:01:11,760 FOR THE PANEL. 1556 01:01:11,760 --> 01:01:12,080 OKAY. 1557 01:01:12,080 --> 01:01:16,000 NEXT WE'LL HEAR FROM CHIRAG 1558 01:01:16,000 --> 01:01:18,640 PATEL, WHO FOCUSS ON 1559 01:01:18,640 --> 01:01:23,360 INTER-INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 1560 01:01:23,360 --> 01:01:25,880 THROUGH INTEGRATED DATA SOURCES 1561 01:01:25,880 --> 01:01:26,360 THAT CAPTURE CLINICAL 1562 01:01:26,360 --> 01:01:26,680 EXPERIENCE. 1563 01:01:26,680 --> 01:01:27,880 >>THANK YOU FOR HAVING ME. 1564 01:01:27,880 --> 01:01:30,280 IT'S A PLEASURE AND HONOR TO BE 1565 01:01:30,280 --> 01:01:31,720 HERE AMONGST SUCH A FANTASTIC 1566 01:01:31,720 --> 01:01:34,120 PANEL AND TO LEARN ABOUT HOW TO 1567 01:01:34,120 --> 01:01:34,960 INTEGRATE NAMs INTO SOMETHING 1568 01:01:34,960 --> 01:01:36,600 YOU ALREADY SAW THIS MORNING. 1569 01:01:36,600 --> 01:01:38,280 FOR THOSE HERE, AS YOU WALKED UP 1570 01:01:38,280 --> 01:01:40,360 THE STAIRS TO WILSON HALL 1571 01:01:40,360 --> 01:01:42,080 THERE'S AN ADVERTISEMENT, IF YOU 1572 01:01:42,080 --> 01:01:49,320 WILL, FOR THE "ALL OF US" STUDY 1573 01:01:49,320 --> 01:01:53,400 WHICH IS ALLOWING US TO ACCRUE 1574 01:01:53,400 --> 01:01:54,440 DATA AT AN UNPRECEDENTED SCALE 1575 01:01:54,440 --> 01:01:57,440 FOR US TO DO THESE SORT OF 1576 01:01:57,440 --> 01:01:58,160 EXPERIMENTS. 1577 01:01:58,160 --> 01:02:00,920 MY QUESTION TODAY IS HOW DO WE 1578 01:02:00,920 --> 01:02:01,680 INTEGRATE BIOBANK SAMPLES INTO 1579 01:02:01,680 --> 01:02:04,880 THE WORLD OF NAMs? 1580 01:02:04,880 --> 01:02:08,360 FOR U.S., INFORMATICS, IT'S BEEN 1581 01:02:08,360 --> 01:02:10,880 POSSIBLE TO ESTABLISH NEW 1582 01:02:10,880 --> 01:02:11,680 EXPOSURES. 1583 01:02:11,680 --> 01:02:15,920 EXAMPLES FROM LIFE LINES IN THE 1584 01:02:15,920 --> 01:02:21,040 NETHERLANDS, U.K. BIOBANK 1585 01:02:21,040 --> 01:02:21,760 UNPRECEDENTED OUTPUT, AND NOW 1586 01:02:21,760 --> 01:02:25,640 THE "ALL OF US" STUDIES. 1587 01:02:25,640 --> 01:02:27,280 THEY ARE OBSERVATIONAL, 1588 01:02:27,280 --> 01:02:28,480 NON-RANDOMIZED, CONVENIENT, 1589 01:02:28,480 --> 01:02:31,920 OFTEN PEOPLE SELF-SELECT FOR 1590 01:02:31,920 --> 01:02:33,520 THESE STUDIES, AND THEY ARE 1591 01:02:33,520 --> 01:02:34,200 SINGLE COHORT. 1592 01:02:34,200 --> 01:02:38,120 HOW DO WE USE DATA ACROSS THE 1593 01:02:38,120 --> 01:02:42,600 DIFFERENT MODALITYS TO GET 1594 01:02:42,600 --> 01:02:42,920 CAUSEALITY? 1595 01:02:42,920 --> 01:02:45,000 THE SPEAKERS, WE CAN JUMP IN AND 1596 01:02:45,000 --> 01:02:47,360 START TO LEVERAGE THESE DATA AT 1597 01:02:47,360 --> 01:02:50,800 SCALE TO DO DISCOVERY. 1598 01:02:50,800 --> 01:02:54,080 WE HAVE BIOSAMPLES TO DO 1599 01:02:54,080 --> 01:02:55,000 MEASUREMENTS, AND WHERE 1600 01:02:55,000 --> 01:02:57,600 INDIVIDUALS LIVE TO GET ANOTHER 1601 01:02:57,600 --> 01:02:59,040 SENSE OF DIGITAL BIOMARKER OF 1602 01:02:59,040 --> 01:03:00,000 THEIR EXPOSURES. 1603 01:03:00,000 --> 01:03:02,960 I'LL TALK ABOUT LEARNINGS FROM 1604 01:03:02,960 --> 01:03:07,880 SOME PAPERS THAT WE'VE 1605 01:03:07,880 --> 01:03:10,720 PUBLISHED, BUT FIRST TO IDENTIFY 1606 01:03:10,720 --> 01:03:13,040 GENETIC BASIC OF VARIATION THE 1607 01:03:13,040 --> 01:03:14,560 BIOBANK HAS BEEN HUGE ADVANCE 1608 01:03:14,560 --> 01:03:15,120 FOR US. 1609 01:03:15,120 --> 01:03:18,840 IN A FEW YEARS SINCE THE BIOBANK 1610 01:03:18,840 --> 01:03:22,560 ERA STARTED, ALMOST DOUBLING OF 1611 01:03:22,560 --> 01:03:23,960 NUMBER OF PUBLICATIONS, THESE 1612 01:03:23,960 --> 01:03:25,280 ARE ESSENTIALLY A WELCOME 1613 01:03:25,280 --> 01:03:26,640 ADDITION TO THE OLD CANDIDATE 1614 01:03:26,640 --> 01:03:37,000 GENE ERA OF THE PAST, SCALED FOR 1615 01:03:37,000 --> 01:03:37,960 DISCOVERY, REPRODUCEIBLE, 1616 01:03:37,960 --> 01:03:39,200 NEGLIGIBLE FOUNDING, ZERO 1617 01:03:39,200 --> 01:03:40,080 REVERSE CAUSEALITY. 1618 01:03:40,080 --> 01:03:41,600 THE CHALLENGES TO ADDRESS NOW 1619 01:03:41,600 --> 01:03:43,800 HOW TO ADDRESS VARIATION COMING 1620 01:03:43,800 --> 01:03:45,120 FROM MULTIPLE ANCESTRY GROUPS, 1621 01:03:45,120 --> 01:03:46,600 MULTIPLE RACE GROUPS, AND HOW TO 1622 01:03:46,600 --> 01:03:49,720 USE THIS IN A TRANSLATIONAL 1623 01:03:49,720 --> 01:03:51,680 CAPACITY TO GET TO PREDICTION. 1624 01:03:51,680 --> 01:03:53,560 SO FAR IN MY OPINION THERE'S 1625 01:03:53,560 --> 01:03:54,400 LITTLE PREDICTION CAPABILITY. 1626 01:03:54,400 --> 01:03:57,400 SO WE NEED TO START INTEGRATING 1627 01:03:57,400 --> 01:03:59,000 DATA ACROSS THE GENOME AND 1628 01:03:59,000 --> 01:04:01,200 EXPOSOME WHICH IS THE SYSTEMATIC 1629 01:04:01,200 --> 01:04:05,000 EXPOSURES ACROSS DOMAINS AND 1630 01:04:05,000 --> 01:04:06,240 MODALITYS WHICH DR. HARTUNG 1631 01:04:06,240 --> 01:04:09,160 TALKED ABOUT. 1632 01:04:09,160 --> 01:04:11,280 HERE IS AN ESSAY TO SUGGEST WE 1633 01:04:11,280 --> 01:04:21,440 NEED A WAY OF TAXONOMIZING 1634 01:04:21,440 --> 01:04:22,320 EXPOSURES, ESSENTIALLY TO PUT 1635 01:04:22,320 --> 01:04:25,160 THESE TOGETHER IN A SINGLE 1636 01:04:25,160 --> 01:04:27,600 DATASET TO START ANALYZING 1637 01:04:27,600 --> 01:04:31,400 SYSTEMATICALLY AND 1638 01:04:31,400 --> 01:04:32,280 CONCEPTUALIZEING HOW EACH FACTOR 1639 01:04:32,280 --> 01:04:33,160 PLAYS A ROLE. 1640 01:04:33,160 --> 01:04:35,800 AND IF THE ENVIRONMENT OR 1641 01:04:35,800 --> 01:04:37,640 EXPOSOME IS CAUSAL WE NEED WAYS 1642 01:04:37,640 --> 01:04:40,240 OF MEASUREING OUTPUT, CONNECTING 1643 01:04:40,240 --> 01:04:43,040 THAT TO CLINICAL OUTCOMES. 1644 01:04:43,040 --> 01:04:45,280 EXPOSOME IS CAUSAL THEY MUST 1645 01:04:45,280 --> 01:04:45,960 INDUCE BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE, WE 1646 01:04:45,960 --> 01:04:47,840 MUST BE ABLE TO MEASURE, MY 1647 01:04:47,840 --> 01:04:57,760 HYPOTHESIS WE COULD DO THIS WITH 1648 01:04:57,760 --> 01:05:00,080 BIOBANK SAMPLES. 1649 01:05:00,080 --> 01:05:02,800 CHANGES IN OMICS RESPONSE AS WAS 1650 01:05:02,800 --> 01:05:04,680 IN THIS PAPER. 1651 01:05:04,680 --> 01:05:07,800 THE KEY QUESTION IN DOING 1652 01:05:07,800 --> 01:05:09,240 EXPOSOMEIC RESEARCH IS HOW MUCH 1653 01:05:09,240 --> 01:05:12,120 VARIATION CAN WE ATTRIBUTE TO 1654 01:05:12,120 --> 01:05:14,840 EXPOSOME IN DISEASE, A SENSE OF 1655 01:05:14,840 --> 01:05:16,160 POWER AND SPACE WE NEED TO 1656 01:05:16,160 --> 01:05:16,400 EXPLORE. 1657 01:05:16,400 --> 01:05:21,840 IF YOU COULD THINK OF PHENOTYPIC 1658 01:05:21,840 --> 01:05:24,800 VARIATION AS A PIE, VARIATION 1659 01:05:24,800 --> 01:05:27,800 DUE TO GENETICS, SHARED 1660 01:05:27,800 --> 01:05:28,720 ENVIRONMENT, INTERACTION, WHAT 1661 01:05:28,720 --> 01:05:30,160 EXPLAINS WHAT? 1662 01:05:30,160 --> 01:05:30,920 BUILDING THE PREDICTIVE MODEL 1663 01:05:30,920 --> 01:05:33,240 AND SCALING UP TO DO EXPOSOME 1664 01:05:33,240 --> 01:05:35,080 WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES, WHAT 1665 01:05:35,080 --> 01:05:35,960 FACTORINGS ARE ASSOCIATED, HOW 1666 01:05:35,960 --> 01:05:39,000 DO THEY ADD UP IN AGGREGATE AND 1667 01:05:39,000 --> 01:05:41,000 FIGURE OUT THE RIGHT MODEL. 1668 01:05:41,000 --> 01:05:43,280 FOR EXAMPLE, IN GENETICS WE HAVE 1669 01:05:43,280 --> 01:05:46,880 THE GENOTYPE AS MODALITY BY 1670 01:05:46,880 --> 01:05:50,480 WHICH WE'RE TESTING, WHAT IS 1671 01:05:50,480 --> 01:05:51,280 EXPOSOME ARCHITECTURE, MULTIPLE 1672 01:05:51,280 --> 01:05:54,320 FACTORS OF SMALL EFFECTS OR FEW 1673 01:05:54,320 --> 01:05:57,080 FACTORS WITH LARGE EFFECTS SUCH 1674 01:05:57,080 --> 01:06:01,120 AS SMOKING OR COPD. 1675 01:06:01,120 --> 01:06:04,960 WE PUT TOGETHER A LARGE TWINS 1676 01:06:04,960 --> 01:06:11,400 DATASET USING SAMPLES, IN NATURE 1677 01:06:11,400 --> 01:06:15,360 GENETICS, ESTIMATED SHARED 1678 01:06:15,360 --> 01:06:16,880 EXPOSE UP ON, NON-SHARED 1679 01:06:16,880 --> 01:06:17,160 EXPOSOME. 1680 01:06:17,160 --> 01:06:21,120 WE CONCLUDED THERE'S A LOT OF 1681 01:06:21,120 --> 01:06:22,440 VARIATION YET TO BE EXPLAINED, 1682 01:06:22,440 --> 01:06:24,720 THAT CANNOT BE EXPLAINED BY 1683 01:06:24,720 --> 01:06:26,280 GENETICS OR SHARED ENVIRONMENT 1684 01:06:26,280 --> 01:06:28,600 SO WHERE IS THIS VARIATION? 1685 01:06:28,600 --> 01:06:30,680 THIS IS WHERE THE EXPOSOME-WIDE 1686 01:06:30,680 --> 01:06:33,160 ASSOCIATION IDEA COULD COME INTO 1687 01:06:33,160 --> 01:06:33,360 PLAY. 1688 01:06:33,360 --> 01:06:34,720 THE DIFFICULTY IN BIOBANK 1689 01:06:34,720 --> 01:06:35,840 SAMPLES, THERE'S A HUGE 1690 01:06:35,840 --> 01:06:39,840 OPPORTUNITY PULMONARY -- 1691 01:06:39,840 --> 01:06:43,040 OPPORTUNITY BUT WE NEED TO 1692 01:06:43,040 --> 01:06:44,800 INTEGRATE ACROSS MODALITYS, 1693 01:06:44,800 --> 01:06:47,640 GEOSPATIAL MARKERS, HOW TO 1694 01:06:47,640 --> 01:06:49,280 MEASURE INFORMATION SUCH AS AIR 1695 01:06:49,280 --> 01:06:51,480 POLLUTION, HAVE TO DEAL WITH 1696 01:06:51,480 --> 01:06:53,120 SELF-REPORTED QUESTIONNAIRES AND 1697 01:06:53,120 --> 01:06:59,080 BEHAVIORAL TYPES OF INFORMATION 1698 01:06:59,080 --> 01:07:01,160 SUCH AS RECALLS, UNTARGETED MASS 1699 01:07:01,160 --> 01:07:01,720 SPECTROMETRY, UNDERSTANDING 1700 01:07:01,720 --> 01:07:03,560 BLACK MATTER IF YOU WILL AND 1701 01:07:03,560 --> 01:07:05,240 FIGURING OUT HOW TO ANNOTATE 1702 01:07:05,240 --> 01:07:07,160 THOSE MARKERS COMING OUT OF 1703 01:07:07,160 --> 01:07:09,600 THOSE MODALITYS, THE NEXT STEP 1704 01:07:09,600 --> 01:07:12,160 FOR US, AND SENSOR-BASED 1705 01:07:12,160 --> 01:07:13,280 BEHAVIORAL INFORMATION. 1706 01:07:13,280 --> 01:07:16,720 THINK ABOUT THIS INFORMATION 1707 01:07:16,720 --> 01:07:18,160 THAT INFLUENCES THE EXPOSOME HOW 1708 01:07:18,160 --> 01:07:19,840 TO WE PUT THIS TOGETHER TO 1709 01:07:19,840 --> 01:07:22,600 UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF THE 1710 01:07:22,600 --> 01:07:24,080 EXPOSOME WRIT LARGE ON 1711 01:07:24,080 --> 01:07:24,360 PHENOTYPE. 1712 01:07:24,360 --> 01:07:28,440 HERE IS A PAPER WE PUBLISHED IN 1713 01:07:28,440 --> 01:07:31,080 JAMA A LONG TIME AGO SHOWING 1714 01:07:31,080 --> 01:07:33,040 EXTENT OF COMPLEXITY DEALING 1715 01:07:33,040 --> 01:07:34,200 WITH MULTIPLE EXPOSURES. 1716 01:07:34,200 --> 01:07:38,840 IF YOU TAKE, FOR EXAMPLE, 1717 01:07:38,840 --> 01:07:41,680 METABOLITE OF NICOTINE, ASK THE 1718 01:07:41,680 --> 01:07:47,560 QUESTION ACROSS A REPRESENTED 1719 01:07:47,560 --> 01:07:49,120 SAMPLE WHAT IS CORRELATED, 1720 01:07:49,120 --> 01:07:54,600 ACROSS THE BOARD OTHER 1721 01:07:54,600 --> 01:07:57,000 POLLUTANTS, STRONGLY CORRELATED. 1722 01:07:57,000 --> 01:07:59,520 YOU CAN DO THIS EXERCISE ACROSS 1723 01:07:59,520 --> 01:08:00,720 EXPOSURES AND SEE UNLIKE 1724 01:08:00,720 --> 01:08:04,680 GENETICS WORLD YOU HAVE DENSE 1725 01:08:04,680 --> 01:08:07,160 CORRELATION TO DEAL WITH WHEN 1726 01:08:07,160 --> 01:08:08,160 ANALYZING WRIT LARGE. 1727 01:08:08,160 --> 01:08:10,360 IF YOU LOOK AT LITERATURE FOR 1728 01:08:10,360 --> 01:08:13,960 INDIVIDUALS WHO HAVE DONE 1729 01:08:13,960 --> 01:08:15,320 DOMAIN-WIDE OR EXPOSOME-WIDE 1730 01:08:15,320 --> 01:08:17,120 ASSOCIATION STUDIES, UNLIKE IN 1731 01:08:17,120 --> 01:08:20,960 GENETICS WORLD YOU HAVE DIVERSE 1732 01:08:20,960 --> 01:08:21,920 ASSOCIATION SIZE, NATHAN WAS 1733 01:08:21,920 --> 01:08:24,600 GETTING TO THAT EARLIER TODAY, 1734 01:08:24,600 --> 01:08:26,360 IN CLINICAL PHENOTYPE. 1735 01:08:26,360 --> 01:08:29,320 YOU HAVE EVERYTHING FROM ODDS 1736 01:08:29,320 --> 01:08:33,160 RATIOS THAT RANGE FROM .9 TO 1737 01:08:33,160 --> 01:08:35,840 1.3, FOR EXAMPLE, FOR DEPTH BUT 1738 01:08:35,840 --> 01:08:39,480 ON THE OTHER SIDE EXPLAINING 1739 01:08:39,480 --> 01:08:41,120 LIPID LEVELS OR CHOLESTEROL, DUE 1740 01:08:41,120 --> 01:08:51,680 TO HIGH RISK FOR CARDIOVASCULAR 1741 01:08:54,560 --> 01:08:57,360 DISEASE, R SQUARED, CHIPPING 1742 01:08:57,360 --> 01:08:58,200 AWAY. 1743 01:08:58,200 --> 01:09:00,600 SO WAYS TO DEAL WITH CORRELATION 1744 01:09:00,600 --> 01:09:03,120 AND HETEROGENEITY OF THESE 1745 01:09:03,120 --> 01:09:04,440 EXPOSURES, WE'VE TRIED TO 1746 01:09:04,440 --> 01:09:07,400 DEVELOP ALL EXPOSURE RISK 1747 01:09:07,400 --> 01:09:09,240 SCORES, SO WE TOOK TOGETHER THE 1748 01:09:09,240 --> 01:09:10,760 BEHAVIORS THAT COULD BE 1749 01:09:10,760 --> 01:09:12,120 CORRELATED WITH EXPOSURES, PUT 1750 01:09:12,120 --> 01:09:15,080 THEM TOGETHER IN THE SCORE, 1751 01:09:15,080 --> 01:09:16,280 ATTEMPTED TO VALIDATE THEM IN 1752 01:09:16,280 --> 01:09:19,760 THE U.K. BIOBANK. 1753 01:09:19,760 --> 01:09:21,840 OTHERS VALIDATED OTHER COHORTS 1754 01:09:21,840 --> 01:09:24,440 SUCH AS THE PEGS COHORT, AN 1755 01:09:24,440 --> 01:09:25,760 NIH-FUNDED COHORT. 1756 01:09:25,760 --> 01:09:27,760 THE KEY TAKEAWAY IS EXPOSURES 1757 01:09:27,760 --> 01:09:30,920 PLAY A ROLE, IT'S COMPLEMENTARY 1758 01:09:30,920 --> 01:09:32,240 TO CLINICAL RISK SCORE, THE WAY 1759 01:09:32,240 --> 01:09:34,600 WE NEED TO THINK ABOUT 1760 01:09:34,600 --> 01:09:37,800 VALIDATEING THESE SCORES. 1761 01:09:37,800 --> 01:09:40,280 IT'S NOT IS IT BETTER, WHAT 1762 01:09:40,280 --> 01:09:41,640 WE'RE CAPTIVATEED BY ARTIFICIAL 1763 01:09:41,640 --> 01:09:43,160 INTELLIGENCE, BUT DOES IT ADD TO 1764 01:09:43,160 --> 01:09:43,960 ANYTHING WHEN WE'RE TALKING 1765 01:09:43,960 --> 01:09:45,880 ABOUT A DECISION TO BE MADE AT 1766 01:09:45,880 --> 01:09:46,320 THE BEDSIDE. 1767 01:09:46,320 --> 01:09:50,080 TO DO THIS WE USED THE 1768 01:09:50,080 --> 01:09:50,720 CLASSIFICATION INDEX, ASKING THE 1769 01:09:50,720 --> 01:09:52,760 QUESTION IF YOU HAVE A CLINICAL 1770 01:09:52,760 --> 01:09:54,520 RISK SCORE, FOR EXAMPLE, FOR 1771 01:09:54,520 --> 01:09:56,720 DIABETES, LOOKING AT FAMILY 1772 01:09:56,720 --> 01:09:57,720 HISTORY, LIPIDS, GLUCOSE, BLOOD 1773 01:09:57,720 --> 01:10:02,520 PRESSURE, DO THESE NEW MEASURES 1774 01:10:02,520 --> 01:10:05,400 SUCH AS POLYGENIC RISK SCORE, 1775 01:10:05,400 --> 01:10:07,440 EXPOSURE SCORE WHICH SEEMS TO BE 1776 01:10:07,440 --> 01:10:08,400 VALID IN RECLASSIFYING 1777 01:10:08,400 --> 01:10:08,840 INDIVIDUALS. 1778 01:10:08,840 --> 01:10:10,240 IF YOU'RE ABLE TO DEPLOY THIS 1779 01:10:10,240 --> 01:10:13,240 EARLY SUCH AS, FOR EXAMPLE, 1780 01:10:13,240 --> 01:10:14,720 DIGITAL TOOL, HOW DO YOU GET 1781 01:10:14,720 --> 01:10:16,640 PEOPLE TO COME TO THE DOCTOR TO 1782 01:10:16,640 --> 01:10:18,160 GET DIAGNOSED? 1783 01:10:18,160 --> 01:10:20,040 SO THAT'S ONE POTENTIAL UTILITY 1784 01:10:20,040 --> 01:10:22,600 FOR POPULATION SCREENING IS TRY 1785 01:10:22,600 --> 01:10:26,600 TO GET TO UNDIAGNOSED CASES. 1786 01:10:26,600 --> 01:10:29,080 SO WHAT WE'RE DEALING WITH THE 1787 01:10:29,080 --> 01:10:30,760 ENVIRONMENT, HUGE MODALITY OF 1788 01:10:30,760 --> 01:10:31,840 THE EXPOSOME, THINGS THAT NEED 1789 01:10:31,840 --> 01:10:33,480 TO BE DONE IN TERMS OF DECISION 1790 01:10:33,480 --> 01:10:35,440 MAKING AT THE FEDERAL OR PUBLIC 1791 01:10:35,440 --> 01:10:38,960 POLICY LEVEL, EVEN THE 1792 01:10:38,960 --> 01:10:43,880 INDIVIDUAL LEVEL, WE'RE USING 1793 01:10:43,880 --> 01:10:45,240 THIS BRADFORD HILL CRITERION, IS 1794 01:10:45,240 --> 01:10:47,480 IT RELEVANT IN THIS ERA, AND WE 1795 01:10:47,480 --> 01:10:49,800 GET A SENSE THAT SOME OF THESE 1796 01:10:49,800 --> 01:10:53,200 NEED TO BE REFRESHED, STRENGTH 1797 01:10:53,200 --> 01:10:54,280 OF ASSOCIATION, MANY EXPOSURES I 1798 01:10:54,280 --> 01:10:56,280 SAY WITH THE EXEMPTION OF THINGS 1799 01:10:56,280 --> 01:10:59,520 LIKE SMOKING OR CERTAIN 1800 01:10:59,520 --> 01:11:00,640 LIFESTYLES HELD IN AGGREGATE 1801 01:11:00,640 --> 01:11:03,600 HAVE SMALL RISK. 1802 01:11:03,600 --> 01:11:09,040 HAVE YOU HETEROGENEITY, SOME 1803 01:11:09,040 --> 01:11:10,160 LARGE, SOME SMALL. 1804 01:11:10,160 --> 01:11:12,360 CONSISTENCY OF ASSOCIATION WE 1805 01:11:12,360 --> 01:11:14,400 COULD TRIANGULATE TO ASSESS 1806 01:11:14,400 --> 01:11:14,720 CONSISTENCY. 1807 01:11:14,720 --> 01:11:19,560 AFTER THAT, IT'S REALLY OUT 1808 01:11:19,560 --> 01:11:21,840 THERE IN TERMS OF WHETHER 1809 01:11:21,840 --> 01:11:23,280 BRADFORD HILL OR RELEVANT OR WE 1810 01:11:23,280 --> 01:11:28,280 NEED TO IMPROVE. 1811 01:11:28,280 --> 01:11:32,560 FOR EXAMPLE, BIOLOGICAL 1812 01:11:32,560 --> 01:11:34,520 GRADIENT, PLAUSIBILITY. 1813 01:11:34,520 --> 01:11:36,840 MUNAFOO AND SMITH, AS THE PANELS 1814 01:11:36,840 --> 01:11:40,200 WERE TALKING EARLY, TRYING TO 1815 01:11:40,200 --> 01:11:41,640 MOVE BEYOND REPRODUCIBILITY BUT 1816 01:11:41,640 --> 01:11:43,840 ALSO THINKING ABOUT TESTING 1817 01:11:43,840 --> 01:11:45,600 UNDER DIFFERENT ASSUMPTION. 1818 01:11:45,600 --> 01:11:48,000 SO WHEN LOOKING AT SMOKING 1819 01:11:48,000 --> 01:11:50,600 CAUSING AN OUTCOME, YOU MIGHT 1820 01:11:50,600 --> 01:11:51,960 LOOK AT THIS CORRELATION, 1821 01:11:51,960 --> 01:11:53,800 EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY, ALSO LOOK 1822 01:11:53,800 --> 01:11:55,080 AT INSTRUMENTAL VARIABLE 1823 01:11:55,080 --> 01:11:59,040 ANALYSES YOU COULD BE DOING IN 1824 01:11:59,040 --> 01:11:59,840 ECONOMICS BASED STUDY LIKE 1825 01:11:59,840 --> 01:12:05,400 SMOKING TAX ACE. 1826 01:12:05,400 --> 01:12:07,720 TO-- TAXATION. 1827 01:12:07,720 --> 01:12:09,040 USING GENETIC INTER-INDIVIDUAL 1828 01:12:09,040 --> 01:12:15,360 VARIATION AS A RANDOMIZED 1829 01:12:15,360 --> 01:12:15,760 TRIAL. 1830 01:12:15,760 --> 01:12:16,760 YOU TAKE GENOTYPES, RANDOMIZED 1831 01:12:16,760 --> 01:12:20,560 AT BIRTH, AND LOOK AT THOSE AS 1832 01:12:20,560 --> 01:12:22,840 YOUR INSTRUMENT BY WHICH YOU 1833 01:12:22,840 --> 01:12:27,840 LOOK AT EXPOSURE AND CAUSEALITY, 1834 01:12:27,840 --> 01:12:30,480 GENE-ENVIRONMENT, TAKE GENETIC 1835 01:12:30,480 --> 01:12:33,080 VARIANTS AS PROXY FOR EXPOSURES, 1836 01:12:33,080 --> 01:12:36,280 CORRELATE WITH OUTCOMES. 1837 01:12:36,280 --> 01:12:37,440 IN CONCLUSION, GUIDING 1838 01:12:37,440 --> 01:12:39,040 QUESTIONS, WE NEED REAL WORLD 1839 01:12:39,040 --> 01:12:39,720 SURVEILLANCE 1840 01:12:39,720 --> 01:12:41,120 WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANT EXPOSURES 1841 01:12:41,120 --> 01:12:45,280 WE SHOULD BE PAYING ATTENTION 1842 01:12:45,280 --> 01:12:48,000 TO AND HOW DO THEY CORRELATE? 1843 01:12:48,000 --> 01:12:49,960 THAT GUIDES OUR QUESTIONS TO ASK 1844 01:12:49,960 --> 01:12:50,520 NEXT. 1845 01:12:50,520 --> 01:12:52,800 ALSO WITH THESE BIOBANK SCALE 1846 01:12:52,800 --> 01:12:55,200 ANALYSES COMES WITH BUGS AND 1847 01:12:55,200 --> 01:12:58,720 FEATURES, I HOPE I ILLUSTRATED, 1848 01:12:58,720 --> 01:13:03,000 WITH HIGH-THROUGHPUT 1849 01:13:03,000 --> 01:13:06,280 EPIDEMIOLOGY OUR CURRENT 1850 01:13:06,280 --> 01:13:08,880 HUERISTICS ARE APPLICABLE? 1851 01:13:08,880 --> 01:13:10,760 CAN WE MAKE A STATEMENT ABOUT 1852 01:13:10,760 --> 01:13:12,400 BIOLOGY INFLUENCED BY EXPOSURES 1853 01:13:12,400 --> 01:13:14,600 USEING NEW OMICS TYPE OF 1854 01:13:14,600 --> 01:13:15,200 READOUTS? 1855 01:13:15,200 --> 01:13:25,560 AND ARE THESE MULTIPLE OMIC 1856 01:13:25,560 --> 01:13:26,520 READOUTS RELEVANT. 1857 01:13:26,520 --> 01:13:29,240 I THANK MY COLLABORATORS AND MY 1858 01:13:29,240 --> 01:13:30,280 GROUP AND OUR FUNDING. 1859 01:13:30,280 --> 01:13:32,160 HAPPY TO TAKE QUESTIONS WITH THE 1860 01:13:32,160 --> 01:13:33,040 ESTEEMED PANEL. 1861 01:13:33,040 --> 01:13:33,640 THANK YOU. 1862 01:13:33,640 --> 01:13:35,920 [APPLAUSE] 1863 01:13:35,920 --> 01:13:39,000 1864 01:13:39,000 --> 01:13:40,960 >>THANK YOU ALL VERY MUCH. 1865 01:13:40,960 --> 01:13:43,680 THAT'S REALLY QUITE A NICE 1866 01:13:43,680 --> 01:13:46,880 OVERVIEW AS TO WHERE WE ARE AND 1867 01:13:46,880 --> 01:13:48,520 WHAT TOOLS ARE AVAILABLE TO US 1868 01:13:48,520 --> 01:13:49,800 TO START THINKING ABOUT. 1869 01:13:49,800 --> 01:13:52,200 SO LET ME START OUT. 1870 01:13:52,200 --> 01:13:55,520 WE'VE GOT ABOUT 15 MINUTES TO 1871 01:13:55,520 --> 01:13:58,360 HAVE JUST -- JUST DISCUSS THINGS 1872 01:13:58,360 --> 01:14:00,880 AS A PANEL. 1873 01:14:00,880 --> 01:14:03,600 LET ME ASK NICOLE, ARE THERE 1874 01:14:03,600 --> 01:14:07,440 LESSONS LEARNED IN TERMS OF 1875 01:14:07,440 --> 01:14:08,240 TECHNOLOGICAL READINESS, CHOICE 1876 01:14:08,240 --> 01:14:10,600 OF HYPOTHESIS TO APPLY TO THE 1877 01:14:10,600 --> 01:14:12,080 SYSTEM THAT WOULD BE SCALEABLE 1878 01:14:12,080 --> 01:14:19,400 TO OTHER NAMs EFFORTS FOCUSED 1879 01:14:19,400 --> 01:14:19,960 ON SUSCEPTIBILITY? 1880 01:14:19,960 --> 01:14:23,480 >>I SHORT ANSWER IS YES. 1881 01:14:23,480 --> 01:14:25,640 THERE'S A NUMBER OF LESSONS 1882 01:14:25,640 --> 01:14:26,960 LEARNED PARTICULARLY STARTING 1883 01:14:26,960 --> 01:14:29,160 WITH HUMAN BIOLOGY BASED 1884 01:14:29,160 --> 01:14:30,760 FRAMEWORK TO DEVELOPING NAMs 1885 01:14:30,760 --> 01:14:34,520 THAT COVER THE KEY ASPECTS OF 1886 01:14:34,520 --> 01:14:36,680 MOLECULAR CELLULAR AND TISSUE 1887 01:14:36,680 --> 01:14:38,560 LEVEL EVENTS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO 1888 01:14:38,560 --> 01:14:39,080 ADVERSE OUTCOMES. 1889 01:14:39,080 --> 01:14:41,280 AND I THINK THERE'S A TREMENDOUS 1890 01:14:41,280 --> 01:14:44,600 AMOUNT OF POTENTIAL IN THE FIELD 1891 01:14:44,600 --> 01:14:49,400 OF NAMs TO REPRESENT HUMAN 1892 01:14:49,400 --> 01:14:50,280 VARIABILITY AND SUSCEPTIBILITY 1893 01:14:50,280 --> 01:14:52,720 ACROSS POPULATIONS IN A WAY THAT 1894 01:14:52,720 --> 01:14:54,120 ISN'T SCALEABLE OR FEASIBLE TO 1895 01:14:54,120 --> 01:14:58,160 DO WITH IN VIVO TRADITIONAL 1896 01:14:58,160 --> 01:14:58,560 MAMMALIAN MODELS. 1897 01:14:58,560 --> 01:15:01,000 I THINK THERE'S A LOT OF 1898 01:15:01,000 --> 01:15:04,960 EXCITING WORK THAT'S ONGOING, 1899 01:15:04,960 --> 01:15:07,120 USING THINGS LIKE 1900 01:15:07,120 --> 01:15:09,440 PATIENT-DERIVED INDUCED 1901 01:15:09,440 --> 01:15:11,200 PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL MODELS, 1902 01:15:11,200 --> 01:15:11,760 MICROPHYSIOLOGIC SYSTEMS, 1903 01:15:11,760 --> 01:15:13,240 INTEGRATING TESTING STRATEGY. 1904 01:15:13,240 --> 01:15:15,160 SO THERE'S A LOT OF WORK 1905 01:15:15,160 --> 01:15:16,040 UNDERWAY, THERE'S A LOT OF WORK 1906 01:15:16,040 --> 01:15:18,200 THAT NEEDS TO BE DONE. 1907 01:15:18,200 --> 01:15:19,080 THIS REPRESENTS A REAL 1908 01:15:19,080 --> 01:15:22,600 OPPORTUNITY FOR NIH TO STEP IN 1909 01:15:22,600 --> 01:15:28,120 AND REALLY PROVIDE AN INFLUX OF 1910 01:15:28,120 --> 01:15:31,760 RESOURCE IN THIS SPACE TO 1911 01:15:31,760 --> 01:15:34,280 SUPPORT FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF 1912 01:15:34,280 --> 01:15:34,680 THOSE APPROACHES. 1913 01:15:34,680 --> 01:15:39,800 >>OTHER PANELISTS, WHAT DO YOU 1914 01:15:39,800 --> 01:15:41,160 THINK? 1915 01:15:41,160 --> 01:15:43,240 LET'S SEE, GO TO THE MIDDLE ONE 1916 01:15:43,240 --> 01:15:48,720 I THINK. 1917 01:15:48,720 --> 01:15:49,360 >>OKAY. 1918 01:15:49,360 --> 01:15:50,680 NICOLE SAID IT. 1919 01:15:50,680 --> 01:15:52,680 THERE'S NO WAY OF REPLICATEING 1920 01:15:52,680 --> 01:15:54,280 HUMAN DIVERSITY IN ANIMALS, BUT 1921 01:15:54,280 --> 01:15:57,120 THERE'S TONS OF OPPORTUNITIES 1922 01:15:57,120 --> 01:15:59,120 WITH PATIENT-DERIVED GENETIC 1923 01:15:59,120 --> 01:16:04,560 BACKGROUND TO STEM CELLS iPSC, 1924 01:16:04,560 --> 01:16:07,400 THAT'S THE WAY FORWARD, VERY FEW 1925 01:16:07,400 --> 01:16:07,920 OTHER OPPORTUNITIES. 1926 01:16:07,920 --> 01:16:10,560 >>YEAH, THAT'S AN EXCITING 1927 01:16:10,560 --> 01:16:13,680 PIECE OF THE FIELD. 1928 01:16:13,680 --> 01:16:16,600 CHIRAG, HOW WOULD YOU START THIS 1929 01:16:16,600 --> 01:16:18,440 PROCESS? 1930 01:16:18,440 --> 01:16:19,040 WHAT DO YOU THINK? 1931 01:16:19,040 --> 01:16:21,920 >>I THINK THAT AS I WAS SAYING 1932 01:16:21,920 --> 01:16:24,880 EARLIER THAT HAVING A WAY OF 1933 01:16:24,880 --> 01:16:26,400 ASSESSING THESE INDIVIDUALS AT 1934 01:16:26,400 --> 01:16:28,800 BIOBANK SCALE, THAT'S THE FIRST 1935 01:16:28,800 --> 01:16:29,040 STEP. 1936 01:16:29,040 --> 01:16:31,880 THEN ALSO HAVING STEPS IN PLACE 1937 01:16:31,880 --> 01:16:32,400 TO POTENTIALLY RECALL 1938 01:16:32,400 --> 01:16:34,360 PARTICIPANTS BY WHICH WE CAN DO 1939 01:16:34,360 --> 01:16:35,480 THESE EXPERIMENTS THAT WE'RE 1940 01:16:35,480 --> 01:16:36,360 TALKING ABOUT. 1941 01:16:36,360 --> 01:16:39,120 SO ALL OF A SUDDEN WE HAVE ALL 1942 01:16:39,120 --> 01:16:40,600 THIS INFORMATION THAT WE'VE 1943 01:16:40,600 --> 01:16:43,080 COLLECTED ON PARTICIPANTS ON THE 1944 01:16:43,080 --> 01:16:45,440 POPULATION LEVEL, AND NOW WE 1945 01:16:45,440 --> 01:16:49,360 HAVE A MECHANISM BY WHICH WE CAN 1946 01:16:49,360 --> 01:16:52,160 RECALL INDIVIDUALS BACK TO DO 1947 01:16:52,160 --> 01:16:53,600 FURTHER TESTING, EVALUATE SOME 1948 01:16:53,600 --> 01:16:54,560 TECHNOLOGIES WE TALKED ABOUT. 1949 01:16:54,560 --> 01:16:56,440 >>AND THEN TRANSLATE THOSE 1950 01:16:56,440 --> 01:16:58,560 FACTORS INTO THE LABORATORY TO 1951 01:16:58,560 --> 01:17:02,240 THE iPS AND WORK FROM THERE. 1952 01:17:02,240 --> 01:17:04,400 >>EXACTLY. 1953 01:17:04,400 --> 01:17:05,520 >>EXCELLENT. 1954 01:17:05,520 --> 01:17:05,720 NATE? 1955 01:17:05,720 --> 01:17:13,240 >>SO, I THINK IT'S BEEN SAID 1956 01:17:13,240 --> 01:17:13,440 WELL. 1957 01:17:13,440 --> 01:17:16,120 I THINK, YEAH, ABILITY TO FOLLOW 1958 01:17:16,120 --> 01:17:17,760 PEOPLE FOR MUCH LONGER PERIODS 1959 01:17:17,760 --> 01:17:20,360 OF TIME IS RADICALLY BETTER 1960 01:17:20,360 --> 01:17:21,600 BECAUSE OF TECHNOLOGY. 1961 01:17:21,600 --> 01:17:24,760 AND SO THAT ABILITY TO COME BACK 1962 01:17:24,760 --> 01:17:28,160 TO HAVE MORE INPUT, I THINK JUST 1963 01:17:28,160 --> 01:17:29,960 LETTING -- THINKING ABOUT HOW WE 1964 01:17:29,960 --> 01:17:34,080 HARNESS MORE OF A LOT OF THE 1965 01:17:34,080 --> 01:17:37,480 PEOPLE INFORMATION PEOPLE ARE 1966 01:17:37,480 --> 01:17:39,520 GETING NOW WITH WEARABLES AND 1967 01:17:39,520 --> 01:17:39,760 DEVICES. 1968 01:17:39,760 --> 01:17:41,160 THERE'S A LOT OF INTEREST 1969 01:17:41,160 --> 01:17:43,920 BECAUSE IT OPENS SO MANY ASPECTS 1970 01:17:43,920 --> 01:17:45,880 OF LONG-TERM EFFECTS ON HEALTH 1971 01:17:45,880 --> 01:17:47,840 THAT YOU JUST ARE INVISIBLE FOR 1972 01:17:47,840 --> 01:17:49,960 THE LONGEST TIME, DON'T HAVE TO 1973 01:17:49,960 --> 01:17:52,720 BE TOTALLY INVISIBLE ANYMORE. 1974 01:17:52,720 --> 01:17:56,240 >>MEASURE IT, WE GET MORE DATA. 1975 01:17:56,240 --> 01:17:57,160 GOOD, GOOD. 1976 01:17:57,160 --> 01:17:58,440 WE'VE ALSO COVERED OUR SECOND 1977 01:17:58,440 --> 01:18:01,400 QUESTION BUT I'M GOING TO ASK 1978 01:18:01,400 --> 01:18:05,120 THOMAS, HOW DID INTEGRATION OF 1979 01:18:05,120 --> 01:18:05,600 TECHNOLOGIES STANDARDS 1980 01:18:05,600 --> 01:18:08,400 DISCIPLINES DATA ET CETERA 1981 01:18:08,400 --> 01:18:11,240 ADVANCE YOUR PROJECTS, WERE 1982 01:18:11,240 --> 01:18:13,000 THERE CHALLENGES AND HOW DID YOU 1983 01:18:13,000 --> 01:18:14,520 OVERCOME THEM? 1984 01:18:14,520 --> 01:18:18,360 WE HAVE TO, IF YOU WILL, WRITE A 1985 01:18:18,360 --> 01:18:20,360 MANUAL AT SOME POINT ON HOW TO 1986 01:18:20,360 --> 01:18:26,240 DO THIS, WHAT YOU'VE DONE. 1987 01:18:26,240 --> 01:18:29,560 >>YOU NEED COMMUNICATION 1988 01:18:29,560 --> 01:18:32,280 BETWEEN DATA SCIENTISTS, 1989 01:18:32,280 --> 01:18:34,880 INFORMATICIANS, ENGINEERS, 1990 01:18:34,880 --> 01:18:35,800 BIOLOGYISTS, CLINICIANS, ALL 1991 01:18:35,800 --> 01:18:38,000 STILL TALKING DIFFERENT WAYS. 1992 01:18:38,000 --> 01:18:41,680 IF YOU SAW THE VARIANTS FROM 1993 01:18:41,680 --> 01:18:43,680 NON-ANIMAL TO NOVEL APPROACH, 1994 01:18:43,680 --> 01:18:45,920 NEW APPROACH, AND WHATEVER, THIS 1995 01:18:45,920 --> 01:18:47,240 IS ILLUSTRATING THAT WE DON'T 1996 01:18:47,240 --> 01:18:48,360 HAVE A STANDARD. 1997 01:18:48,360 --> 01:18:50,640 THERE'S NOT MANY PEOPLE WHO CAN 1998 01:18:50,640 --> 01:18:54,720 BRIDGE BETWEEN THESE MANY AREAS. 1999 01:18:54,720 --> 01:18:57,640 AND THIS IS ON A BIG CHALLENGE 2000 01:18:57,640 --> 01:18:58,920 THAT WE HAVE TO GENERATE. 2001 01:18:58,920 --> 01:19:01,160 >>HOW HAVE YOU STARTED TO WORK 2002 01:19:01,160 --> 01:19:01,760 ON THAT? 2003 01:19:01,760 --> 01:19:07,760 >>FIRST IN MY OWN LIFE I DID 2004 01:19:07,760 --> 01:19:11,880 STUDY BIOCHEMISTRY, MEDICINE, 2005 01:19:11,880 --> 01:19:12,800 MATHEMATICS INFORMATICS, SPREAD 2006 01:19:12,800 --> 01:19:14,000 MYSELF THINLY AND BROADLY TO 2007 01:19:14,000 --> 01:19:15,200 PRODUCE THESE TYPE OF STUDENTS. 2008 01:19:15,200 --> 01:19:18,200 AT THE MOMENT THE FIELD IS 2009 01:19:18,200 --> 01:19:20,040 EXPOSEING, KNOWLEDGE IN LIFE 2010 01:19:20,040 --> 01:19:21,240 SCIENCE DOUBLING EVERY TWO TO 2011 01:19:21,240 --> 01:19:23,440 THREE YEARS NOW. 2012 01:19:23,440 --> 01:19:25,720 WE'RE TENDING TO PRODUCE HIGHER 2013 01:19:25,720 --> 01:19:27,040 SPECIALIZEED PEOPLE WHO KNOW 2014 01:19:27,040 --> 01:19:28,960 MORE ABOUT ESSENTIALLY NOTHING. 2015 01:19:28,960 --> 01:19:30,560 >>BUT, THOMAS, WE CAN'T CLONE 2016 01:19:30,560 --> 01:19:30,720 YOU. 2017 01:19:30,720 --> 01:19:31,040 >>NO, NO. 2018 01:19:31,040 --> 01:19:35,160 >>TALK TO ME ABOUT THE TEAM 2019 01:19:35,160 --> 01:19:37,320 THAT YOU NEED TO BUILD TO BE 2020 01:19:37,320 --> 01:19:41,560 ABLE TO ADVANCE THIS TECHNOLOGY? 2021 01:19:41,560 --> 01:19:43,120 >>ATTRACT MANY PEOPLE, 2022 01:19:43,120 --> 01:19:44,760 DISCIPLINES, START HAVING THEM 2023 01:19:44,760 --> 01:19:46,080 TALK THROUGH WORKSHOPS, WORKING 2024 01:19:46,080 --> 01:19:47,080 GROUPS, OUTREACH. 2025 01:19:47,080 --> 01:19:49,120 WE NEED TO ASSEMBLE THESE PEOPLE 2026 01:19:49,120 --> 01:19:53,200 AND OFTEN THIS IS ABOUT SHARING 2027 01:19:53,200 --> 01:19:59,200 THE FUNDAMENTALS, DEVELOPING 2028 01:19:59,200 --> 01:20:05,360 ONTOLOGYS, DEVELOPING SO 2029 01:20:05,360 --> 01:20:05,640 VOCABULARYS. 2030 01:20:05,640 --> 01:20:08,800 THROUGH A.I. A LOT OF THINGS ARE 2031 01:20:08,800 --> 01:20:12,320 ACCESSIBLE, TRANSLATABLE, TONS 2032 01:20:12,320 --> 01:20:13,640 OF DOCUMENTS WHICH MAKE US DRAWN 2033 01:20:13,640 --> 01:20:15,400 INFORMATION IN RECENT YEARS 2034 01:20:15,400 --> 01:20:18,560 SUDDENLY BEING CONDENSED IN 2035 01:20:18,560 --> 01:20:20,200 PRETTY GOOD FORM AND WE HAVE 2036 01:20:20,200 --> 01:20:24,120 ACCESS THEM MORE EASILY. 2037 01:20:24,120 --> 01:20:27,640 I'M VERY OPTIMISTIC ABOUT 2038 01:20:27,640 --> 01:20:28,400 TRANSFORMATIVE CHARACTER OF 2039 01:20:28,400 --> 01:20:29,280 HANDING INFORMATION THROUGH A.I. 2040 01:20:29,280 --> 01:20:33,560 BUT NEED TO LEARN HOW TO WORK 2041 01:20:33,560 --> 01:20:34,600 WITH THIS ALSO. 2042 01:20:34,600 --> 01:20:36,960 >>GOOD. 2043 01:20:36,960 --> 01:20:40,240 THANK YOU, THANK YOU. 2044 01:20:40,240 --> 01:20:41,680 CHIRAG, MUST HAVE SIMILAR 2045 01:20:41,680 --> 01:20:42,080 CHALLENGES? 2046 01:20:42,080 --> 01:20:44,480 YOU ALL HAVE SIMILAR CHALLENGES. 2047 01:20:44,480 --> 01:20:47,040 >>YEAH, I REALLY THINK, TO 2048 01:20:47,040 --> 01:20:49,040 REITERATE WHAT DR. HARTUNG SAID, 2049 01:20:49,040 --> 01:20:50,880 THE KEY IS TRAINING AND GETTING 2050 01:20:50,880 --> 01:20:53,720 OUR STUDENTS EXPOSED TO THESE 2051 01:20:53,720 --> 01:20:55,680 NEW TOOLS THAT SEEM TO HAVE BUGS 2052 01:20:55,680 --> 01:20:59,880 AND FEATURES SUCH AS ADVANCES IN 2053 01:20:59,880 --> 01:21:00,040 A.I. 2054 01:21:00,040 --> 01:21:02,600 AND GETTING THEM AT THE BEDSIDE 2055 01:21:02,600 --> 01:21:02,840 SOONER. 2056 01:21:02,840 --> 01:21:06,160 SO AT OUR INSTITUTE WE HAVE THIS 2057 01:21:06,160 --> 01:21:09,840 FANTASTIC Ph.D. PROGRAM WHERE 2058 01:21:09,840 --> 01:21:12,720 STUDENTS NEED TO PAY -- GO TO 2059 01:21:12,720 --> 01:21:15,120 THE HOSPITAL AND BE AT BEDSIDE, 2060 01:21:15,120 --> 01:21:17,120 I THINK THAT'S VERY IMPORTANT. 2061 01:21:17,120 --> 01:21:21,640 THE SECOND THING ARE THE DATA. 2062 01:21:21,640 --> 01:21:25,240 I THINK THAT BRINGS STUDENTS AND 2063 01:21:25,240 --> 01:21:25,680 COLLABORATORS TOGETHER 2064 01:21:25,680 --> 01:21:25,960 NATURALLY. 2065 01:21:25,960 --> 01:21:28,680 I THINK EVEN IN THE NEW AGE OF 2066 01:21:28,680 --> 01:21:31,840 CLOUD COMPUTING AND A.I. WE HAVE 2067 01:21:31,840 --> 01:21:33,320 DATA SILOS WE NEED TO BREAK. 2068 01:21:33,320 --> 01:21:35,520 THE VERY SIMPLE THINGS LIKE 2069 01:21:35,520 --> 01:21:38,360 GETTING CLINICAL TRIAL DATA OUT 2070 01:21:38,360 --> 01:21:41,840 AND PUBLICLY AVAILABLE NOW ARE 2071 01:21:41,840 --> 01:21:43,680 VERY, VERY IMPORTANT. 2072 01:21:43,680 --> 01:21:44,480 >>VERY GOOD POINT. 2073 01:21:44,480 --> 01:21:47,760 >>I BELIEVE NICOLE HAS A HAND 2074 01:21:47,760 --> 01:21:47,960 UP. 2075 01:21:47,960 --> 01:21:51,040 NICOLE ALSO HAS HER HAND UP. 2076 01:21:51,040 --> 01:21:51,480 >>NICOLE, SORRY. 2077 01:21:51,480 --> 01:21:55,000 >>NO WORRIES. 2078 01:21:55,000 --> 01:21:56,640 CHIRAG SAID WHAT I WAS GOING TO 2079 01:21:56,640 --> 01:22:00,040 SAY BY I'LL EXPAND AND ADD MY 2080 01:22:00,040 --> 01:22:03,000 TWO CENTS AS A FOUNDATIONAL 2081 01:22:03,000 --> 01:22:03,640 STRUCTURE THAT'S REALLY 2082 01:22:03,640 --> 01:22:07,320 ESSENTIAL TO BE ABLE TO BUILD 2083 01:22:07,320 --> 01:22:09,520 INTEGRATED SYSTEMS MODELS THAT 2084 01:22:09,520 --> 01:22:12,720 BRING IN IN VITRO, IN SILICO, IN 2085 01:22:12,720 --> 01:22:14,800 CHEMICO APPROACHES THAT ARE 2086 01:22:14,800 --> 01:22:18,320 PARTNERED WITH A.I. THAT CAN 2087 01:22:18,320 --> 01:22:24,440 SUBSUME ALL OF THAT DATA AND 2088 01:22:24,440 --> 01:22:25,960 GENERATE TESTABLE HYPOTHESES TO 2089 01:22:25,960 --> 01:22:29,240 FEED IN AND BE FED BACK INTO 2090 01:22:29,240 --> 01:22:31,240 ITERATIVELY IMPROVEING A.I. 2091 01:22:31,240 --> 01:22:32,520 MODELS SO INVESTING IN DATA 2092 01:22:32,520 --> 01:22:35,160 INFRASTRUCTURE IN A WAY THAT 2093 01:22:35,160 --> 01:22:38,520 PRODUCES BOTH UNSTRUCTURED AND 2094 01:22:38,520 --> 01:22:39,520 STRUCTURED WELL-ANNOTATEED 2095 01:22:39,520 --> 01:22:40,520 DATASETS THAT CREATE THAT 2096 01:22:40,520 --> 01:22:42,520 ECOSYSTEM IS GOING TO BE 2097 01:22:42,520 --> 01:22:43,920 FUNDAMENTAL TO SUPPORTING THE 2098 01:22:43,920 --> 01:22:47,080 DEVELOPMENT OF MORE EFFECTIVE 2099 01:22:47,080 --> 01:22:47,320 MODELS. 2100 01:22:47,320 --> 01:22:54,600 >>THANK YOU FOR THAT COMMENT. 2101 01:22:54,600 --> 01:22:58,120 COHORTS LIKE THE U.K. BIOBANK 2102 01:22:58,120 --> 01:22:59,840 THAT HAVE GENETICS HAVE BEEN 2103 01:22:59,840 --> 01:23:00,120 WONDERFUL. 2104 01:23:00,120 --> 01:23:01,400 HOWEVER A LOT OF TRIALS THAT 2105 01:23:01,400 --> 01:23:04,240 HAVE BEEN DONE UP UNTIL RECENTLY 2106 01:23:04,240 --> 01:23:06,000 WE'VE NOT BEEN ABLE TO GET THAT 2107 01:23:06,000 --> 01:23:07,880 DATA AND THERE'S A LOT OF GOOD 2108 01:23:07,880 --> 01:23:09,400 DATA MINING IN THAT AND 2109 01:23:09,400 --> 01:23:12,560 HOPEFULLY THAT CAN BE BROUGHT 2110 01:23:12,560 --> 01:23:15,000 TOGETHER WITH ALL THE 2111 01:23:15,000 --> 01:23:18,040 DE-IDENTIFICATION THAT'S DONE 2112 01:23:18,040 --> 01:23:18,320 NOW. 2113 01:23:18,320 --> 01:23:19,440 HOPEFULLY WE CAN GET SOME OF 2114 01:23:19,440 --> 01:23:20,960 THAT VERY IMPORTANT DATA ALSO. 2115 01:23:20,960 --> 01:23:22,080 THANK YOU. 2116 01:23:22,080 --> 01:23:24,360 THE LAST QUESTION IN THE LAST 2117 01:23:24,360 --> 01:23:26,880 FEW MINUTES WE HAVE IS, NATHAN, 2118 01:23:26,880 --> 01:23:29,400 I DIDN'T FORGET YOU. 2119 01:23:29,400 --> 01:23:30,400 WHAT KIND OF INFRASTRUCTURE, 2120 01:23:30,400 --> 01:23:32,240 PHYSICAL OR INTELLECTUAL, IS 2121 01:23:32,240 --> 01:23:35,840 NEEDED TO REPLICATE SUCCESS AND 2122 01:23:35,840 --> 01:23:39,600 ADDRESS THE CHALLENGES, THE 2123 01:23:39,600 --> 01:23:39,960 INFRASTRUCTURE? 2124 01:23:39,960 --> 01:23:40,480 >>YEAH, THERE'S A LOT OF 2125 01:23:40,480 --> 01:23:42,680 DIFFERENT THINGS WE NEED ON 2126 01:23:42,680 --> 01:23:43,040 INFRASTRUCTURE. 2127 01:23:43,040 --> 01:23:48,560 ONE IS -- IF WE'RE TRYING TO USE 2128 01:23:48,560 --> 01:23:50,320 A.I. BROADLY ACROSS, AND 2129 01:23:50,320 --> 01:23:51,560 COMPUTATIONAL METHODS, PARTLY 2130 01:23:51,560 --> 01:23:52,760 WHAT'S NECESSARY THERE IS SOME 2131 01:23:52,760 --> 01:23:58,200 SORT OF STRUCTURE SO WE HAVE 2132 01:23:58,200 --> 01:23:59,000 MORE INTEROPERABILITY AMONGST 2133 01:23:59,000 --> 01:24:00,800 THESE THINGS, THAT COMES DOWN TO 2134 01:24:00,800 --> 01:24:01,240 STANDARDS. 2135 01:24:01,240 --> 01:24:02,480 THAT BECOMES CHALLENGING BECAUSE 2136 01:24:02,480 --> 01:24:04,560 YOU DON'T WANT TO STIFLE 2137 01:24:04,560 --> 01:24:05,440 INNOVATION OF DIFFERENT GROUPS 2138 01:24:05,440 --> 01:24:07,440 AND SO FORTH BUT DEFINING WHAT 2139 01:24:07,440 --> 01:24:10,800 THE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ARE IN 2140 01:24:10,800 --> 01:24:13,440 TERMS OF TALKING, WE'VE DONE 2141 01:24:13,440 --> 01:24:14,200 THIS IN SOME MODELING 2142 01:24:14,200 --> 01:24:16,520 COMMUNITIES I'VE BEEN IN OVER 2143 01:24:16,520 --> 01:24:17,080 TIME DECIDING STANDARDS. 2144 01:24:17,080 --> 01:24:19,120 A LOT OF THESE GROUPS GET PUT 2145 01:24:19,120 --> 01:24:19,760 TOGETHER. 2146 01:24:19,760 --> 01:24:24,520 I THINK THAT'S ONE PIECE. 2147 01:24:24,520 --> 01:24:26,160 SECOND OBVIOUSLY ON ALL THE 2148 01:24:26,160 --> 01:24:29,560 APPROACHES THAT WE'RE LOOKING AT 2149 01:24:29,560 --> 01:24:31,160 FOR THESE NON-ALTERNATIVE 2150 01:24:31,160 --> 01:24:32,800 METHODS REALLY HAVING PLACES 2151 01:24:32,800 --> 01:24:34,840 THAT YOU CAN GO TO FOR 2152 01:24:34,840 --> 01:24:35,880 REPRESENTING THOSE MECHANISMS, I 2153 01:24:35,880 --> 01:24:39,840 THINK WE NEED AN INITIATIVE 2154 01:24:39,840 --> 01:24:41,920 AROUND THESE STYLE DIGITAL TWINS 2155 01:24:41,920 --> 01:24:44,440 AROUND MANY AREAS, I'M NOT A 2156 01:24:44,440 --> 01:24:48,360 HUGE PROPONENT FOR THE FULL 2157 01:24:48,360 --> 01:24:49,240 VIRTUAL HUMAN, WHICH IS 2158 01:24:49,240 --> 01:24:53,160 SURPRISING BECAUSE I LOVE 2159 01:24:53,160 --> 01:24:54,080 AUDACIOUS THINGS. 2160 01:24:54,080 --> 01:24:58,640 YOU CAN'T HAVE ALL THAT DENSELY 2161 01:24:58,640 --> 01:25:02,040 DOUBLEED, NOT YET, BUT 2162 01:25:02,040 --> 01:25:04,920 STRATIFYING INTO PIECES DENSELY 2163 01:25:04,920 --> 01:25:06,120 COUPLED AND LOOSE COUPLING IS 2164 01:25:06,120 --> 01:25:08,000 NECESSARY AT LEAST FOR CURRENT 2165 01:25:08,000 --> 01:25:08,280 FRAMEWORKS. 2166 01:25:08,280 --> 01:25:12,440 ONE OTHER THING I'LL SAY AND LET 2167 01:25:12,440 --> 01:25:14,640 THE OTHERS JUMP IN, IN TERMS OF 2168 01:25:14,640 --> 01:25:16,520 ALSO INFRASTRUCTURE FOR JUST 2169 01:25:16,520 --> 01:25:17,920 UNDERSTANDING EACH OTHER ACROSS 2170 01:25:17,920 --> 01:25:20,880 DOMAINS, BUT ALSO OUT INTO THE 2171 01:25:20,880 --> 01:25:22,400 PUBLIC AND TO, YOU KNOW, THE 2172 01:25:22,400 --> 01:25:24,400 PEOPLE THAT FUND US AND SO 2173 01:25:24,400 --> 01:25:27,480 FORTH, ONE OF THE AREAS THAT'S 2174 01:25:27,480 --> 01:25:30,400 INCREDIBLY EXCITING IS WITH THE 2175 01:25:30,400 --> 01:25:32,080 LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS WE'RE 2176 01:25:32,080 --> 01:25:33,400 FAMILIAR WITH, A FRAMING TO THE 2177 01:25:33,400 --> 01:25:35,160 PUBLIC I THINK WOULD BE 2178 01:25:35,160 --> 01:25:36,000 INCREDIBLY USEFUL BECAUSE I 2179 01:25:36,000 --> 01:25:38,720 THINK THERE'S A VERY STRONG 2180 01:25:38,720 --> 01:25:41,360 ARGUMENT THAT A LOT OF THE 2181 01:25:41,360 --> 01:25:44,960 OUTPUT OF SCIENCE THAT PEOPLE 2182 01:25:44,960 --> 01:25:47,600 PAID, SOCIETY PAYS BILLIONS OF 2183 01:25:47,600 --> 01:25:51,080 DOLLARS FOR NOT ACCESSIBLE. 2184 01:25:51,080 --> 01:25:52,640 IT'S BEHIND PAY WALLS, WE'VE 2185 01:25:52,640 --> 01:25:53,880 MADE STRIDES AGAINST THAT OVER 2186 01:25:53,880 --> 01:25:56,800 THE LAST SEVERAL YEARS. 2187 01:25:56,800 --> 01:25:58,280 BUT EVEN STILL IF IT'S IN A 2188 01:25:58,280 --> 01:25:59,840 PAPER THEY CAN'T UNDERSTAND AND 2189 01:25:59,840 --> 01:26:02,360 HAS A BIG TROUBLE AT MANIFESTING 2190 01:26:02,360 --> 01:26:04,520 IN THE PUBLIC DISCOURSE, AND FOR 2191 01:26:04,520 --> 01:26:06,520 PEOPLE TO UTILIZE A LOT OF THIS 2192 01:26:06,520 --> 01:26:08,480 STUFF WE'VE DONE, AND SO ONE OF 2193 01:26:08,480 --> 01:26:11,120 THE OTHER THINGS I WANT TO POINT 2194 01:26:11,120 --> 01:26:13,640 OUT IS THAT THE LARGE LANGUAGE 2195 01:26:13,640 --> 01:26:14,760 MODELS ESPECIALLY WITH 2196 01:26:14,760 --> 01:26:15,600 INVESTMENT IN INFRASTRUCTURE 2197 01:26:15,600 --> 01:26:17,680 THAT ALLOWS THAT TO BE HIGH 2198 01:26:17,680 --> 01:26:19,000 QUALITY ACCESSIBLE IN A WAY 2199 01:26:19,000 --> 01:26:21,920 PEOPLE CAN GET ACCESS TO, IT'S 2200 01:26:21,920 --> 01:26:23,400 NOW POSSIBLE FOR, YOU KNOW, A 2201 01:26:23,400 --> 01:26:25,280 THIRD GREAT STUDENT TO ASK A 2202 01:26:25,280 --> 01:26:27,200 QUESTION INTO THE SCIENTIFIC 2203 01:26:27,200 --> 01:26:28,600 LITERATURE AND GET AN ANSWER 2204 01:26:28,600 --> 01:26:29,960 EXPLAINED BACK IN A LANGUAGE SHE 2205 01:26:29,960 --> 01:26:30,840 CAN UNDERSTAND. 2206 01:26:30,840 --> 01:26:35,040 SO I THINK THAT HELPS BOTH IN 2207 01:26:35,040 --> 01:26:36,120 TERMS OF MULTI-DISCIPLINEARITY 2208 01:26:36,120 --> 01:26:37,880 TO GET ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS. 2209 01:26:37,880 --> 01:26:39,080 I'VE HAD STUDENTS ASK 2210 01:26:39,080 --> 01:26:40,400 STATISTICAL QUESTIONS HOW DO I 2211 01:26:40,400 --> 01:26:43,120 DO THIS, WHY SHOULD I DO THAT, 2212 01:26:43,120 --> 01:26:44,760 THE ABILITY TO EXPLAIN BACK IS 2213 01:26:44,760 --> 01:26:46,400 INCREDIBLE BUT I WANTED TO PUT 2214 01:26:46,400 --> 01:26:47,920 IN THE PLUG FOR OUR 2215 01:26:47,920 --> 01:26:50,000 RESPONSIBILITY BACK TO THE 2216 01:26:50,000 --> 01:26:50,240 PUBLIC. 2217 01:26:50,240 --> 01:26:51,000 IT'S PROBABLY THE FIRST TIME 2218 01:26:51,000 --> 01:26:54,720 THEY HAVE BEEN ABLE TO HAVE 2219 01:26:54,720 --> 01:26:56,440 ROBUST ACCESS TO A REAL DEPTH OF 2220 01:26:56,440 --> 01:26:57,760 INFORMATION WE'RE PRESENTING. 2221 01:26:57,760 --> 01:27:02,680 THAT'S A HUGE OPPORTUNITY FOR 2222 01:27:02,680 --> 01:27:03,440 THE BIOMEDICAL COMMUNITY. 2223 01:27:03,440 --> 01:27:03,680 >>OKAY. 2224 01:27:03,680 --> 01:27:05,760 >>I JUST WANTED TO ADD ONE 2225 01:27:05,760 --> 01:27:07,400 POINT QUICKLY, IT'S NOT ONLY 2226 01:27:07,400 --> 01:27:08,760 ABOUT DATA ACCESSIBILITY. 2227 01:27:08,760 --> 01:27:10,160 IT'S ALSO ABOUT SCIENTIFIC 2228 01:27:10,160 --> 01:27:10,520 KNOWLEDGE. 2229 01:27:10,520 --> 01:27:11,280 IT'S ABOUT OPEN ACCESS 2230 01:27:11,280 --> 01:27:13,160 PUBLISHING IN THE MACHINE 2231 01:27:13,160 --> 01:27:14,280 READABLE FORMAT. 2232 01:27:14,280 --> 01:27:17,400 THIS IS SOMETHING WHICH WOULD 2233 01:27:17,400 --> 01:27:21,600 REALLY SUIT THE NIH ALSO TO 2234 01:27:21,600 --> 01:27:24,280 FOSTER THIS. 2235 01:27:24,280 --> 01:27:26,480 >>IF I MAY ADD ONE ADDITIONAL 2236 01:27:26,480 --> 01:27:28,600 POINT. 2237 01:27:28,600 --> 01:27:30,080 I AGREE WITH EVERYTHING SAID BUT 2238 01:27:30,080 --> 01:27:32,200 THERE'S A REAL OPPORTUNITY THAT 2239 01:27:32,200 --> 01:27:33,920 HASN'T BEEN CAPITALIZEED ON 2240 01:27:33,920 --> 01:27:35,240 EFFECTIVELY YET, TO APPLY 2241 01:27:35,240 --> 01:27:37,880 FEDERATED DATA SHARING AND MODEL 2242 01:27:37,880 --> 01:27:38,640 BUILDING APPROACHES SO I THINK 2243 01:27:38,640 --> 01:27:40,280 THE REALITY OF THE SITUATION IS 2244 01:27:40,280 --> 01:27:42,520 THAT THERE IS QUITE A LOT OF 2245 01:27:42,520 --> 01:27:43,960 PROPRIETARY DATA THAT, YOU KNOW, 2246 01:27:43,960 --> 01:27:45,640 OUT OF NECESSITY, OUT OF 2247 01:27:45,640 --> 01:27:48,480 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, WILL 2248 01:27:48,480 --> 01:27:52,080 CONTINUE TO REMAIN PRIVATE BUT 2249 01:27:52,080 --> 01:27:54,400 THERE'S ENCRYPTION TECHNOLOGIES 2250 01:27:54,400 --> 01:27:55,280 USED AND FEDERATED MODEL 2251 01:27:55,280 --> 01:27:59,760 BUILDING APPROACHES WHERE 2252 01:27:59,760 --> 01:28:02,160 MODELS ARE SHARED, IMPROVED 2253 01:28:02,160 --> 01:28:04,320 INTERNALLY, DATA CAN REMAIN 2254 01:28:04,320 --> 01:28:06,280 PROPRIETARY BUT THAT MODEL GETS 2255 01:28:06,280 --> 01:28:08,480 SHARED EXTERNALLY SO I THINK 2256 01:28:08,480 --> 01:28:12,440 THERE'S A REAL OPPORTUNITY THERE 2257 01:28:12,440 --> 01:28:13,720 TO BUILD CONSORTIUMS, THAT NIH 2258 01:28:13,720 --> 01:28:18,600 CAN PLAY A BIG ROLE IN. 2259 01:28:18,600 --> 01:28:20,400 >>VERY GOOD POINTS, HOW WE CAN 2260 01:28:20,400 --> 01:28:22,560 WORK TOGETHER TO MOVE THE 2261 01:28:22,560 --> 01:28:22,960 NEEDLE. 2262 01:28:22,960 --> 01:28:25,440 I WANT TO THANK ALL OF MY 2263 01:28:25,440 --> 01:28:28,400 PANELISTS FOR STARTING US OFF 2264 01:28:28,400 --> 01:28:31,000 THIS MORNING AND REALLY WORKING 2265 01:28:31,000 --> 01:28:33,320 AND DESCRIBING THE OPPORTUNITIES 2266 01:28:33,320 --> 01:28:35,840 AND CHALLENGES FOR NAMs IN 2267 01:28:35,840 --> 01:28:36,400 BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH. 2268 01:28:36,400 --> 01:28:40,000 THANK YOU ALL. 2269 01:28:40,000 --> 01:28:41,760 AND FOR ALL YOUR HARD WORK AND 2270 01:28:41,760 --> 01:28:44,480 FOR THIS VERY EXCITING TIME. 2271 01:28:44,480 --> 01:28:45,280 THANK YOU, THANK YOU. 2272 01:28:45,280 --> 01:28:48,320 [APPLAUSE] 2273 01:28:48,320 --> 01:28:50,840 >>THANK YOU, NANCY, FOR 2274 01:28:50,840 --> 01:28:51,280 MODERATEING. 2275 01:28:51,280 --> 01:29:04,960 WE'LL TAKE A 15-MINUTE BREAK. 2276 01:29:04,960 --> 01:29:05,760 >>WELCOME BACK. 2277 01:29:05,760 --> 01:29:11,360 I WANT TO INTRODUCE OUR SECOND 2278 01:29:11,360 --> 01:29:14,560 SESSION, WITH DR. DAN TAGLE, HOW 2279 01:29:14,560 --> 01:29:15,960 DIFFERENT SECTORS CAN WORK 2280 01:29:15,960 --> 01:29:21,360 TOGETHER CATALYZING USE OF 2281 01:29:21,360 --> 01:29:21,680 NAMs. 2282 01:29:21,680 --> 01:29:24,080 WE DON'T HAVE AN INDUSTRY 2283 01:29:24,080 --> 01:29:28,160 PRESENTER BUT SPECIAL THANKS TO 2284 01:29:28,160 --> 01:29:29,360 DR. MYRTLE DAVIS, PARTICIPATING 2285 01:29:29,360 --> 01:29:31,000 TO PROVIDE HER INDUSTRY 2286 01:29:31,000 --> 01:29:31,280 PERSPECTIVE. 2287 01:29:31,280 --> 01:29:34,280 I'LL HAND IT OVER TO DR. TAGLE 2288 01:29:34,280 --> 01:29:38,960 TO CHAIR THE NEXT SESSION 2289 01:29:38,960 --> 01:29:39,200 PLEASE. 2290 01:29:39,200 --> 01:29:40,320 >>ALL RIGHT. 2291 01:29:40,320 --> 01:29:41,720 THANK YOU, DR. THANK. 2292 01:29:41,720 --> 01:29:42,320 GOOD MORNING, EVERYONE. 2293 01:29:42,320 --> 01:29:48,320 GOOD MORNING TO THE SPEAKERS, 2294 01:29:48,320 --> 01:29:51,000 MODERATORS AND MEMBERS OF THE 2295 01:29:51,000 --> 01:29:53,000 WORKING GROUP ON NAMs. 2296 01:29:53,000 --> 01:29:55,280 WE'RE AT WILSON HALL AT THE NIH, 2297 01:29:55,280 --> 01:29:57,920 AND I THINK WELCOME ALSO TO THE 2298 01:29:57,920 --> 01:30:03,000 MORE THAN 500 REGISTRANTS WHO 2299 01:30:03,000 --> 01:30:04,400 ARE TUNING IN VIRTUALLY. 2300 01:30:04,400 --> 01:30:12,080 A PLEASANT GOOD MORNING TO ALL. 2301 01:30:12,080 --> 01:30:16,200 I'M DAN TAGLE AT NCATS AT THE 2302 01:30:16,200 --> 01:30:16,360 NIH. 2303 01:30:16,360 --> 01:30:18,080 ALSO THE EX OFFICIO MEMBER OF 2304 01:30:18,080 --> 01:30:25,600 THE ACD WORKING GROUP ON NAMs. 2305 01:30:25,600 --> 01:30:27,400 SESSION 2 IS CROSS-SECTOR 2306 01:30:27,400 --> 01:30:28,400 APPROACHES FOR DRIVING NAMs 2307 01:30:28,400 --> 01:30:33,480 USE AND DEVELOPMENT. 2308 01:30:33,480 --> 01:30:34,840 FOUR SECTORS ARE REPRESENTED, 2309 01:30:34,840 --> 01:30:36,880 BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH ENTERPRISE 2310 01:30:36,880 --> 01:30:38,000 AND ROLES IN CATALYZING 2311 01:30:38,000 --> 01:30:40,400 DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF NAMs. 2312 01:30:40,400 --> 01:30:42,880 THIS SESSION FOCUSS ON THE 2313 01:30:42,880 --> 01:30:45,880 UNIQUE AND COMPLEMENTARY EFFORTS 2314 01:30:45,880 --> 01:30:47,600 UNDERWAY REPRESENTED IN EACH 2315 01:30:47,600 --> 01:30:52,440 SECTOR AND SEEKS TO IDENTIFY 2316 01:30:52,440 --> 01:30:53,640 SYNERGYS AND NEEDS FOR 2317 01:30:53,640 --> 01:30:54,120 COLLABORATION. 2318 01:30:54,120 --> 01:30:55,360 WE HAVE THE PRIVILEGE THIS 2319 01:30:55,360 --> 01:31:01,320 MORNING TO WELCOME FOUR PANEL 2320 01:31:01,320 --> 01:31:03,560 MEMBERS, EACH PRESENTING A KEY 2321 01:31:03,560 --> 01:31:05,440 STAKEHOLDER IN DEVELOPMENT AN 2322 01:31:05,440 --> 01:31:11,160 ADAPTION OF NAMs. 2323 01:31:11,160 --> 01:31:12,800 FIRST DR. ALEX CARLISLE, 2324 01:31:12,800 --> 01:31:15,080 FOUNDER, CHAIRMAN, CEO OF THE 2325 01:31:15,080 --> 01:31:17,400 NATIONAL ALLIANCE AGAINST 2326 01:31:17,400 --> 01:31:21,480 DISPARITIES IN PATIENT HEALTH, 2327 01:31:21,480 --> 01:31:23,120 NADPH, A NON-PROFIT HEALTH 2328 01:31:23,120 --> 01:31:26,080 RESEARCH ORGANIZATION APPLYING 2329 01:31:26,080 --> 01:31:27,520 SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND 2330 01:31:27,520 --> 01:31:29,680 TECHNOLOGY, COMMUNITY EDUCATION, 2331 01:31:29,680 --> 01:31:31,760 OUTREACH AND ADVOCACY TO REDUCE 2332 01:31:31,760 --> 01:31:32,960 HEALTH DISPARITIES AND IMPROVE 2333 01:31:32,960 --> 01:31:35,720 PUBLIC HEALTH OUTCOMES FOR OUR 2334 01:31:35,720 --> 01:31:36,400 NATION. 2335 01:31:36,400 --> 01:31:38,840 DR. CARLISLE HAS OVER 30 YEARS 2336 01:31:38,840 --> 01:31:40,640 OF EXPERIENCE IN HEALTH CARE, 2337 01:31:40,640 --> 01:31:43,280 BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH, B.A. IN 2338 01:31:43,280 --> 01:31:48,280 BIOLOGY FROM FISK UNIVERSITY, 2339 01:31:48,280 --> 01:31:49,600 DOCTORATE IN BIOCHEMISTRY FROM 2340 01:31:49,600 --> 01:31:50,600 HOWARD UNIVERSITY, POSTDOCTORAL 2341 01:31:50,600 --> 01:31:53,760 TRAINING AT NCI AS PART OF THE 2342 01:31:53,760 --> 01:31:55,120 CANCER GENOME ANATOMY PROJECT 2343 01:31:55,120 --> 01:31:56,760 AND WORKED ON PARKINSON'S 2344 01:31:56,760 --> 01:31:59,240 DISEASE AT NINDS. 2345 01:31:59,240 --> 01:32:01,640 HE HAS LED RESEARCH EFFORTS AT 2346 01:32:01,640 --> 01:32:03,840 SEVERAL TOP ACADEMIC MEDICAL 2347 01:32:03,840 --> 01:32:06,360 CENTERS INCLUDING FOX CHASE 2348 01:32:06,360 --> 01:32:09,840 CANCER CENTER, CHILDREN'S 2349 01:32:09,840 --> 01:32:18,440 HOSPITAL OF PHILADELPHIA AND 2350 01:32:18,440 --> 01:32:28,840 ENOVA FAIRFAX HOSPITAL. 2351 01:32:30,240 --> 01:32:30,800 >>GOOD DAY. 2352 01:32:30,800 --> 01:32:33,360 THANK YOU FOR HAVING ME HERE. 2353 01:32:33,360 --> 01:32:35,840 TEN YEARS AGO, MY PRESENTATION 2354 01:32:35,840 --> 01:32:37,200 WOULD HAVE PROBABLY LOOKED A LOT 2355 01:32:37,200 --> 01:32:40,360 LIKE MOST OF THE PRESENTATIONS 2356 01:32:40,360 --> 01:32:42,200 THAT WE'VE SEEN TODAY. 2357 01:32:42,200 --> 01:32:45,840 BUT TODAY I'M ACTUALLY GOING TO 2358 01:32:45,840 --> 01:32:48,520 FOCUS ON ANOTHER CRITICAL ASPECT 2359 01:32:48,520 --> 01:32:53,680 TO REALLY GETTING THE NOVEL 2360 01:32:53,680 --> 01:32:56,680 TECHNOLOGIES, NOVEL ALTERNATIVE 2361 01:32:56,680 --> 01:32:59,440 METHODS DEVELOPED TO ENSURE 2362 01:32:59,440 --> 01:33:02,120 BROAD EFFICACY, USAGE, AND 2363 01:33:02,120 --> 01:33:03,440 ETHICAL AND EQUITABLE FASHION. 2364 01:33:03,440 --> 01:33:05,560 SO I'M GOING TO JUST TAKE A FEW 2365 01:33:05,560 --> 01:33:07,840 SLIDES TO TALK ABOUT SOME 2366 01:33:07,840 --> 01:33:08,800 FUNDAMENTAL POINTS THAT I THINK 2367 01:33:08,800 --> 01:33:09,800 ACTUALLY HAVE BEEN TOUCHED ON A 2368 01:33:09,800 --> 01:33:11,440 LITTLE BIT TODAY AND I WAS 2369 01:33:11,440 --> 01:33:13,520 PLEASED TO HEAR SOME OF THE 2370 01:33:13,520 --> 01:33:15,000 COMMENTS FROM SOME PREVIOUSLY 2371 01:33:15,000 --> 01:33:21,200 PANELISTS WHO TALKED ABOUT THE 2372 01:33:21,200 --> 01:33:23,480 NEED FOR ENSURING ACCESS AND 2373 01:33:23,480 --> 01:33:23,800 TRANSLATION. 2374 01:33:23,800 --> 01:33:25,400 I'M CERTAINLY GOING TO HIGHLIGHT 2375 01:33:25,400 --> 01:33:26,040 THAT AGAIN. 2376 01:33:26,040 --> 01:33:29,200 YOU'LL GET A BREAK HERE, NOT AN 2377 01:33:29,200 --> 01:33:30,200 OVERLY TECHNICAL PRESENTATION 2378 01:33:30,200 --> 01:33:33,240 HERE BUT, AGAIN, THE POINT IS TO 2379 01:33:33,240 --> 01:33:36,320 REALLY HIGHLIGHT SOME VERY 2380 01:33:36,320 --> 01:33:37,000 CRITICAL FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS 2381 01:33:37,000 --> 01:33:38,600 THAT NEED TO BE CONSIDERED IN 2382 01:33:38,600 --> 01:33:40,040 THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANY 2383 01:33:40,040 --> 01:33:42,560 TECHNOLOGY TO MAKE SURE, AGAIN, 2384 01:33:42,560 --> 01:33:53,080 THAT TECHNOLOGY IS EQUITABLE AND 2385 01:33:59,800 --> 01:33:59,960 ETHICAL. 2386 01:33:59,960 --> 01:34:01,680 AS MENTIONED EARLIER I SPENT 2387 01:34:01,680 --> 01:34:04,960 TIME AT NIH WITH NCI, NINDS, 2388 01:34:04,960 --> 01:34:15,400 PART OF THE CANCER GENOME 2389 01:34:16,080 --> 01:34:22,080 AANATOMY PROJECT, REALLY THE 2390 01:34:22,080 --> 01:34:24,920 BEGINNING OF BIG DATA 2391 01:34:24,920 --> 01:34:27,000 GENERATION, CREATING HIGH 2392 01:34:27,000 --> 01:34:28,120 CONTENT, HIGH-THROUGHPUT GENOMIC 2393 01:34:28,120 --> 01:34:29,960 INTERROGATION PLATFORMS WHICH 2394 01:34:29,960 --> 01:34:35,440 LED TO TRANSLATION OR GENERATION 2395 01:34:35,440 --> 01:34:39,360 OF A LOT OF DATA, AND HELPING 2396 01:34:39,360 --> 01:34:40,240 DEVELOP EARLY BIOINFORMATIC 2397 01:34:40,240 --> 01:34:41,440 ANALYSES PACKAGE FOR THAT, AS 2398 01:34:41,440 --> 01:34:45,600 YOU CAN IMAGINE WITH THE 2399 01:34:45,600 --> 01:34:47,680 GENERATION OF THAT DATA, THERE 2400 01:34:47,680 --> 01:34:48,320 CAME REAL COMPUTATIONAL 2401 01:34:48,320 --> 01:34:51,200 CHALLENGES IN TERMS OF HOW TO 2402 01:34:51,200 --> 01:34:55,800 STORE THAT DATA, MORE 2403 01:34:55,800 --> 01:34:58,640 IMPORTANTLY ANALYZE IT, WORKING 2404 01:34:58,640 --> 01:35:00,200 WITH PETER AT CIT TO HELP 2405 01:35:00,200 --> 01:35:05,960 DEVELOP SCANS AND OTHER THINGS. 2406 01:35:05,960 --> 01:35:08,400 I SPENT TIME AT NORTHROP GRUMMON 2407 01:35:08,400 --> 01:35:09,480 AS WELL. 2408 01:35:09,480 --> 01:35:13,640 ONE OF THE LESSONS LEARNED THAT 2409 01:35:13,640 --> 01:35:14,960 WE TYPICALLY APPROACH TECHNOLOGY 2410 01:35:14,960 --> 01:35:17,920 GENERATION OR DEVELOPMENT FROM A 2411 01:35:17,920 --> 01:35:19,000 TOP-DOWN PERSPECTIVE, RIGHT? 2412 01:35:19,000 --> 01:35:21,640 AND IT MAKES SENSE. 2413 01:35:21,640 --> 01:35:22,280 SUBJECT MATTER EXPERTS, YOU 2414 01:35:22,280 --> 01:35:26,000 KNOW, WE HAVE THE MINDSET, HEY, 2415 01:35:26,000 --> 01:35:27,560 WE HAVE SCIENCE, UNDERSTAND 2416 01:35:27,560 --> 01:35:29,200 TECHNOLOGY, WE'RE THE BEST 2417 01:35:29,200 --> 01:35:33,680 QUALIFIED OR EQUIPPED TO DESIGN 2418 01:35:33,680 --> 01:35:34,800 AND DEVELOP TECHNOLOGY. 2419 01:35:34,800 --> 01:35:36,440 HOWEVER, WHAT HAPPENS IS TAKING 2420 01:35:36,440 --> 01:35:40,600 THAT APPROACH YOU GET VERY 2421 01:35:40,600 --> 01:35:43,040 NUANCED, THINGS THAT COME OUT OF 2422 01:35:43,040 --> 01:35:44,880 IT REQUIRE EXPERTISE IN TERMS OF 2423 01:35:44,880 --> 01:35:46,280 BEING ABLE TO UNDERSTAND AND 2424 01:35:46,280 --> 01:35:47,120 NAVIGATE THAT. 2425 01:35:47,120 --> 01:35:50,520 SO WHAT YOU SEE RIGHT HERE 2426 01:35:50,520 --> 01:35:53,960 REALLY IS DOCUMENTATION OF THE 2427 01:35:53,960 --> 01:35:57,400 FIRST NATURE PUBLICATION FROM 2428 01:35:57,400 --> 01:36:00,960 2021 WHICH DOCUMENTS IN THE 2429 01:36:00,960 --> 01:36:03,840 ACADEMIC SPACE, YOU KNOW, FROM 2430 01:36:03,840 --> 01:36:06,520 WHAT WOULD BE CONSIDERED SOME 2431 01:36:06,520 --> 01:36:07,160 WELL-RESOURCEED INSTITUTIONS AND 2432 01:36:07,160 --> 01:36:08,400 SCIENTISTS THAT ARE THERE ARE 2433 01:36:08,400 --> 01:36:10,360 REAL CHALLENGES TO BEING ABLE TO 2434 01:36:10,360 --> 01:36:11,800 USE SOME OF THE TECHNOLOGY 2435 01:36:11,800 --> 01:36:12,680 THAT'S BEEN DEVELOPED. 2436 01:36:12,680 --> 01:36:16,480 I THINK I HEARD A COMMENT FROM 2437 01:36:16,480 --> 01:36:17,720 THE PREVIOUS SPEAKER, PUBLIC 2438 01:36:17,720 --> 01:36:19,120 KNOWLEDGE, RIGHT? 2439 01:36:19,120 --> 01:36:21,600 TREMENDOUS AMOUNTS OF INVESTMENT 2440 01:36:21,600 --> 01:36:25,840 TO CREATE THESE RESOURCES, 2441 01:36:25,840 --> 01:36:29,800 INFRASTRUCTURE, DATA RESOURCES, 2442 01:36:29,800 --> 01:36:32,880 AND SHOULD NOT BE IVORY PALACE. 2443 01:36:32,880 --> 01:36:36,040 THIS IS TECHNOLOGY THAT SHOULD 2444 01:36:36,040 --> 01:36:40,640 HAVE BROAD ACCESS AND 2445 01:36:40,640 --> 01:36:41,760 APPLICABILITY, USEABILITY, FOR 2446 01:36:41,760 --> 01:36:42,880 NOT ONLY RESEARCH COMMUNITY BUT 2447 01:36:42,880 --> 01:36:45,080 BROADER COMMUNITY AS WELL. 2448 01:36:45,080 --> 01:36:48,680 WE'RE SEEING A LOT OF THIS COME 2449 01:36:48,680 --> 01:36:50,200 THROUGH COMMISSION REPORTS, 2450 01:36:50,200 --> 01:36:51,400 WHICH ARE REALLY STATEING THAT 2451 01:36:51,400 --> 01:36:54,560 WE HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO MAKE 2452 01:36:54,560 --> 01:36:56,880 SURE THAT THIS WORK, MUCH OF IT 2453 01:36:56,880 --> 01:36:59,560 WHICH IS GENERATED FROM PATIENT 2454 01:36:59,560 --> 01:37:01,880 SAMPLES OR DATA, TO BE ABLE TO 2455 01:37:01,880 --> 01:37:10,040 TRANSLATE THAT VALUE BACK TO 2456 01:37:10,040 --> 01:37:10,480 THAT COMMUNITY. 2457 01:37:10,480 --> 01:37:17,280 THAT NEEDS TO BE FACTORED INTO 2458 01:37:17,280 --> 01:37:18,240 ANY TECHNOLOGY BEING DEVELOPED. 2459 01:37:18,240 --> 01:37:21,280 THE SECOND WAY IS MAKING SURE 2460 01:37:21,280 --> 01:37:24,040 THE TECHNOLOGY BEING DEVELOPED 2461 01:37:24,040 --> 01:37:26,000 IS WELL INFORMED AND, AGAIN, IS 2462 01:37:26,000 --> 01:37:27,240 ROBUST IN ITS ABILITY TO MAKE 2463 01:37:27,240 --> 01:37:29,400 SURE THAT IT'S GOING TO BE 2464 01:37:29,400 --> 01:37:30,080 ETHICAL AND EQUITABLE. 2465 01:37:30,080 --> 01:37:33,760 ONE OF THE WAYS THAT YOU DO 2466 01:37:33,760 --> 01:37:36,160 THAT, IT'S A SIMPLE CONCEPT, 2467 01:37:36,160 --> 01:37:37,400 AGAIN I THINK -- AND I'VE BEEN 2468 01:37:37,400 --> 01:37:38,680 THERE, YOU KNOW, AS SUBJECT 2469 01:37:38,680 --> 01:37:40,800 MATTER EXPERTS, YOU KNOW, WHEN 2470 01:37:40,800 --> 01:37:41,800 WE'RE AMONGST OURSELVES IT'S 2471 01:37:41,800 --> 01:37:43,960 DIFFICULT TO BRING THAT PURVIEW 2472 01:37:43,960 --> 01:37:47,160 TO THE TABLE. 2473 01:37:47,160 --> 01:37:51,200 AND SO HAVING HUMAN DESIGN 2474 01:37:51,200 --> 01:37:53,040 EXPERTS OR TEAMS SKILLED AND 2475 01:37:53,040 --> 01:37:54,120 UNDERSTAND IMPORTANCE OF 2476 01:37:54,120 --> 01:37:56,960 ENGAGING WITH THE END USER, 2477 01:37:56,960 --> 01:37:59,920 CUSTOMER, THAT'S A VERY CRITICAL 2478 01:37:59,920 --> 01:38:01,120 COMPONENT TO THIS. 2479 01:38:01,120 --> 01:38:02,720 SO, AGAIN, THIS IS SOMETHING 2480 01:38:02,720 --> 01:38:05,280 THAT WE NEED TO STAY COGNIZANT 2481 01:38:05,280 --> 01:38:07,360 OF AND MAKE SURE AS WE'RE 2482 01:38:07,360 --> 01:38:11,000 DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGIES THAT 2483 01:38:11,000 --> 01:38:12,640 WE'RE ACTUALLY INCLUDING THE 2484 01:38:12,640 --> 01:38:13,720 FOLKS THESE TECHNOLOGIES ARE 2485 01:38:13,720 --> 01:38:20,200 INTENDED TO BENEFIT OR TO BE 2486 01:38:20,200 --> 01:38:20,440 USED BY. 2487 01:38:20,440 --> 01:38:30,920 SO, ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WE 2488 01:38:31,640 --> 01:38:33,520 DO, IT'S A BIG PART OF WHAT WE 2489 01:38:33,520 --> 01:38:33,880 DO. 2490 01:38:33,880 --> 01:38:36,280 OUR ROLE, OUR MISSION IS REALLY 2491 01:38:36,280 --> 01:38:38,680 TO MAKE SURE AS THESE ADVANCES 2492 01:38:38,680 --> 01:38:41,640 IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TAKE 2493 01:38:41,640 --> 01:38:44,480 PLACE, THAT WE ARE OCCUPYING 2494 01:38:44,480 --> 01:38:47,000 SPACE TO HELP TRANSLATE AND MAKE 2495 01:38:47,000 --> 01:38:51,040 SURE IN ITS APPLICATION IT'S 2496 01:38:51,040 --> 01:38:54,880 SERVING COMMUNITIES GENERALLY 2497 01:38:54,880 --> 01:39:01,600 MARGINALIZEED, UNDERRESOURCED 2498 01:39:01,600 --> 01:39:02,360 AND DON'T BENEFIT. 2499 01:39:02,360 --> 01:39:04,920 AND SO A BIG PART OF OUR DOING 2500 01:39:04,920 --> 01:39:07,520 THAT WORK IS WORKING WITH 2501 01:39:07,520 --> 01:39:11,240 ORGANIZATIONS LIKE THE ROBERT 2502 01:39:11,240 --> 01:39:12,000 WOOD JOHNSON FOUNDATION 2503 01:39:12,000 --> 01:39:14,960 PCORI, CDC, NIH AND OTHERS TO 2504 01:39:14,960 --> 01:39:16,800 MAKE SURE THAT QUALITATIVE 2505 01:39:16,800 --> 01:39:19,160 COMPONENT, WE'VE HEARD ABOUT THE 2506 01:39:19,160 --> 01:39:20,440 QUANTITATIVE SCIENCE TODAY, BUT 2507 01:39:20,440 --> 01:39:21,760 THERE IS REALLY A FUNDAMENTAL 2508 01:39:21,760 --> 01:39:27,800 EQUAL AT THAT TIME -- 2509 01:39:27,800 --> 01:39:28,760 QUALITATIVE COMPONENT WE NEED TO 2510 01:39:28,760 --> 01:39:29,440 CONSIDER. 2511 01:39:29,440 --> 01:39:32,360 WHAT WE FOUND BY PARTICIPATING 2512 01:39:32,360 --> 01:39:33,480 IN STAKEHOLDER COMMUNITY EFFORTS 2513 01:39:33,480 --> 01:39:35,080 IS THAT FOLKS MAKE THE MISTAKE 2514 01:39:35,080 --> 01:39:38,400 THEY ARE DOING IT AND GETTING IT 2515 01:39:38,400 --> 01:39:40,240 AND DON'T REALLY TAKE THE TIME 2516 01:39:40,240 --> 01:39:41,680 TO MAKE THE INVESTMENT TO DO 2517 01:39:41,680 --> 01:39:42,520 THAT RIGHT. 2518 01:39:42,520 --> 01:39:45,720 YOU KNOW, AGAIN, WE'RE SEEING 2519 01:39:45,720 --> 01:39:46,760 THIS WITH PHARMACEUTICAL 2520 01:39:46,760 --> 01:39:47,880 COMPANIES AND OTHER TECHNOLOGY 2521 01:39:47,880 --> 01:39:52,720 COMPANIES WHERE, AGAIN, THEY ARE 2522 01:39:52,720 --> 01:39:54,600 JUST NOT TAKING THAT TIME TO 2523 01:39:54,600 --> 01:40:03,440 INVEST IN THE COMMUNITY AND DO 2524 01:40:03,440 --> 01:40:04,880 DEEP QUALITATIVE. 2525 01:40:04,880 --> 01:40:10,120 HERE IS THE WORK WE'VE DONE, 2526 01:40:10,120 --> 01:40:13,960 RWJ, PLEASE FEEL FREE TO TAKE A 2527 01:40:13,960 --> 01:40:14,520 LOOK. 2528 01:40:14,520 --> 01:40:16,920 THROUGH THESE CONVENEINGS, WE DO 2529 01:40:16,920 --> 01:40:18,360 DEEP QUALITATIVE WORK AND 2530 01:40:18,360 --> 01:40:19,400 UNDERSTAND FUNDAMENTALLY WHAT 2531 01:40:19,400 --> 01:40:21,520 VIEWS ARE ABOUT TECHNOLOGY, WHAT 2532 01:40:21,520 --> 01:40:22,800 THE BARRIERS AND FACILITATORS 2533 01:40:22,800 --> 01:40:23,800 MIGHT BE WITHIN THOSE 2534 01:40:23,800 --> 01:40:25,680 COMMUNITIES IN TERMS OF 2535 01:40:25,680 --> 01:40:29,040 INTERACTING WITH TECHNOLOGY, AND 2536 01:40:29,040 --> 01:40:31,240 TRYING TO REALLY ASSESS WHAT 2537 01:40:31,240 --> 01:40:33,240 THAT VALUE PROPOSITION IS TO 2538 01:40:33,240 --> 01:40:37,440 UNDERSTAND, AGAIN, POTENTIAL FOR 2539 01:40:37,440 --> 01:40:39,280 HARM, POTENTIAL FOR GOOD, SO WE 2540 01:40:39,280 --> 01:40:41,240 CAN COME UP WITH GUIDING 2541 01:40:41,240 --> 01:40:42,640 PRINCIPLES TO MAKE SURE 2542 01:40:42,640 --> 01:40:46,800 TECHNOLOGY IS GOING TO BE 2543 01:40:46,800 --> 01:40:48,000 APPLIED THE RIGHT WAY. 2544 01:40:48,000 --> 01:40:50,120 SO YOU MIGHT HAVE NOTICED IN THE 2545 01:40:50,120 --> 01:40:50,760 INTRODUCTORY SLIDE THAT IN 2546 01:40:50,760 --> 01:40:56,400 ADDITION TO BEING THE CHAIR AND 2547 01:40:56,400 --> 01:40:59,720 CEO OF NADPH, GIVEN MY ACADEMIC 2548 01:40:59,720 --> 01:41:02,120 BACKGROUND, I'M ALSO THE LEAD 2549 01:41:02,120 --> 01:41:04,560 MPI ON AIM AHEAD DATA 2550 01:41:04,560 --> 01:41:05,000 INFRASTRUCTURE CORE. 2551 01:41:05,000 --> 01:41:08,040 SO THIS IS AN INITIATIVE THAT 2552 01:41:08,040 --> 01:41:11,320 REALLY IS IN LINE WITH OUR 2553 01:41:11,320 --> 01:41:13,160 NATIONAL STRATEGY WHICH IS ABOUT 2554 01:41:13,160 --> 01:41:15,560 TRYING TO ACCELERATE AROUND 2555 01:41:15,560 --> 01:41:17,120 INNOVATION AND TYPES OF 2556 01:41:17,120 --> 01:41:18,520 TECHNOLOGY WE HAVE HEARD ABOUT 2557 01:41:18,520 --> 01:41:18,840 TODAY. 2558 01:41:18,840 --> 01:41:20,920 IT'S NO SECRET THE U.S. IS 2559 01:41:20,920 --> 01:41:22,520 CERTAINLY LOSING SOME OF ITS 2560 01:41:22,520 --> 01:41:24,440 COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE IN TERMS 2561 01:41:24,440 --> 01:41:26,560 OF TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION, AND SO 2562 01:41:26,560 --> 01:41:27,840 WE'RE SEEING TREMENDOUS 2563 01:41:27,840 --> 01:41:30,240 INVESTMENT ALSO, A NUMBER OF 2564 01:41:30,240 --> 01:41:32,120 INITIATIVES ON WAYS TO RESTORE 2565 01:41:32,120 --> 01:41:33,200 THAT, RECLAIM THAT. 2566 01:41:33,200 --> 01:41:35,920 ONE OF THE THINGS THAT HAS 2567 01:41:35,920 --> 01:41:38,680 REALLY COME OUT OF A NUMBER OF 2568 01:41:38,680 --> 01:41:40,000 THINK TANKS AND NATIONAL 2569 01:41:40,000 --> 01:41:41,320 ACADEMYS BEING ONE OF THOSE IS 2570 01:41:41,320 --> 01:41:46,360 WE NEED TO DO A BETTER JOB 2571 01:41:46,360 --> 01:41:47,120 INVESTING IN UNDERREPRESENTED 2572 01:41:47,120 --> 01:41:47,440 COMMUNITIES. 2573 01:41:47,440 --> 01:41:49,880 THERE'S A WEALTH OF TALENT IN 2574 01:41:49,880 --> 01:41:51,960 THESE COMMUNITIES, AND IN ORDER 2575 01:41:51,960 --> 01:41:55,040 TO GET THE INNOVATION, WE NEED 2576 01:41:55,040 --> 01:41:56,720 THAT DIVERSITY OF THOUGHT. 2577 01:41:56,720 --> 01:41:59,160 IT'S GREAT A LOT OF INNOVATION 2578 01:41:59,160 --> 01:42:00,480 COMES FROM THE HARVARDS AND 2579 01:42:00,480 --> 01:42:02,120 STANFORDs OF THE WORLD BUT WE 2580 01:42:02,120 --> 01:42:05,200 ALSO NEED THEM TO COME FROM THE 2581 01:42:05,200 --> 01:42:07,200 HOWARDS, MOREHOUSES, AND OTHER 2582 01:42:07,200 --> 01:42:07,440 PLACES. 2583 01:42:07,440 --> 01:42:15,960 AIM AHEAD IS ONE OF THOSE 2584 01:42:15,960 --> 01:42:17,240 INITIATIVES FOR DEVELOPING AND 2585 01:42:17,240 --> 01:42:17,880 APPLYING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 2586 01:42:17,880 --> 01:42:18,480 IN THOSE COMMUNITIES. 2587 01:42:18,480 --> 01:42:20,680 I'M HAPPY TO BE PART OF THAT 2588 01:42:20,680 --> 01:42:23,280 INITIATIVE, THAT PROGRAM, TO 2589 01:42:23,280 --> 01:42:24,400 LEAD INFRASTRUCTURE CORE WHERE, 2590 01:42:24,400 --> 01:42:27,040 YOU KNOW, MUCH OF WHAT I SAID 2591 01:42:27,040 --> 01:42:28,680 EARLIER, THAT'S THE APPROACH 2592 01:42:28,680 --> 01:42:30,640 WE'RE USING IN OUR APPROACH TO 2593 01:42:30,640 --> 01:42:32,600 HELP BUILD THIS CAPACITY AND 2594 01:42:32,600 --> 01:42:35,360 THOSE INSTITUTIONS. 2595 01:42:35,360 --> 01:42:36,960 WHAT THAT MEANS IS HEY WE'RE NOT 2596 01:42:36,960 --> 01:42:39,200 JUST GOING TO INTRODUCE EXISTING 2597 01:42:39,200 --> 01:42:40,040 TECHNOLOGY AT CURRENT STATE IT 2598 01:42:40,040 --> 01:42:41,680 IS BUT HAVE TAKEN THE FIRST YEAR 2599 01:42:41,680 --> 01:42:44,080 OR TWO OF THE PROGRAM TO ENGAGE 2600 01:42:44,080 --> 01:42:47,360 ACROSS THE ENTIRETY OF THE 2601 01:42:47,360 --> 01:42:47,920 STAKEHOLDER COMMUNITY TO 2602 01:42:47,920 --> 01:42:49,560 UNDERSTAND WHAT IS YOUR BASIC 2603 01:42:49,560 --> 01:42:51,000 CAPACITY AS IT EXISTS RIGHT NOW? 2604 01:42:51,000 --> 01:42:57,760 WHAT DO YOU WANT DO WITH THE 2605 01:42:57,760 --> 01:42:58,080 TECHNOLOGY? 2606 01:42:58,080 --> 01:43:00,320 WE MAKE ASSUMPTIONS THIS GREAT 2607 01:43:00,320 --> 01:43:02,080 TECHNOLOGY IS DESIRED, OF VALUE, 2608 01:43:02,080 --> 01:43:03,920 BUT WE HAVEN'T TAKEN THE TIME TO 2609 01:43:03,920 --> 01:43:05,000 EVALUATE AND INTERACT WITH 2610 01:43:05,000 --> 01:43:06,320 COMMUNITIES TO SEE IF THAT'S 2611 01:43:06,320 --> 01:43:06,760 ACTUALLY THE CASE. 2612 01:43:06,760 --> 01:43:09,280 THAT'S ONE OF THE THINGS, I'M 2613 01:43:09,280 --> 01:43:11,160 PROUD TO SAY WE FOCUSED ON. 2614 01:43:11,160 --> 01:43:15,760 A LOT OF THAT HAS CENTERED 2615 01:43:15,760 --> 01:43:17,480 AROUND ETHICS AND EQUITY, SO 2616 01:43:17,480 --> 01:43:19,160 WE'RE APPLYING LESSONS LEARNED 2617 01:43:19,160 --> 01:43:29,600 FROM WORKING WITH ORGANIZATIONS, 2618 01:43:29,600 --> 01:43:31,440 COLLABORATEING WITH GREAT 2619 01:43:31,440 --> 01:43:31,760 INSTITUTIONS. 2620 01:43:31,760 --> 01:43:33,320 A COLLEAGUE AT VANDERBILT, 2621 01:43:33,320 --> 01:43:34,840 AGAIN, BRINGING OUR COLLECTIVE 2622 01:43:34,840 --> 01:43:37,680 EXPERTISE IN THE SPACE TO REALLY 2623 01:43:37,680 --> 01:43:38,680 ENGAGE COMMUNITIES AND COME 2624 01:43:38,680 --> 01:43:42,160 FORTH WITH A SET OF PRINCIPLES 2625 01:43:42,160 --> 01:43:48,400 TO GUIDE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS 2626 01:43:48,400 --> 01:43:49,400 TECHNOLOGY. 2627 01:43:49,400 --> 01:43:52,040 SO, ONE OF THE OTHER THINGS 2628 01:43:52,040 --> 01:43:54,560 THAT'S REALLY IMPORTANT IS, 2629 01:43:54,560 --> 01:43:57,840 AGAIN, A SIMPLE CONCEPT, ONE 2630 01:43:57,840 --> 01:44:00,480 THAT I'M NOT ASHAMED TO SAY I 2631 01:44:00,480 --> 01:44:03,000 OVERLOOKED FROM MY CAREER, MUCH 2632 01:44:03,000 --> 01:44:04,520 OF MY ACADEMIC CAREER, IT WASN'T 2633 01:44:04,520 --> 01:44:07,800 UNTIL I GOT TO NORTHROP GRUMMON, 2634 01:44:07,800 --> 01:44:10,960 HEAD OF PRECISION MEDICINE 2635 01:44:10,960 --> 01:44:14,560 BUSINESS UNIT, ASPIRATIONAL UNIT 2636 01:44:14,560 --> 01:44:16,560 WITHIN NORTHROP GRUMMAN. 2637 01:44:16,560 --> 01:44:18,600 I CAME TO THIS PLACES LIKE THIS 2638 01:44:18,600 --> 01:44:21,480 TO SPEAK, IMMEDIATELY WHAT ARE 2639 01:44:21,480 --> 01:44:22,480 YOU DOING HERE? 2640 01:44:22,480 --> 01:44:23,960 YOU'RE BUILDING BOMBS AND 2641 01:44:23,960 --> 01:44:25,440 MISSILES, NOTHING TO DO WITH 2642 01:44:25,440 --> 01:44:26,840 LIFE, YOU KNOW, WHY ARE YOU 2643 01:44:26,840 --> 01:44:28,240 HERE? 2644 01:44:28,240 --> 01:44:29,960 HERE I AM AN ACADEMIC SCIENTIST, 2645 01:44:29,960 --> 01:44:32,240 TRYING TO LEAD THIS GROUP OF 2646 01:44:32,240 --> 01:44:33,560 SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS AND 2647 01:44:33,560 --> 01:44:35,880 ENGINEERS, HEY GUY, YOU'VE BEEN 2648 01:44:35,880 --> 01:44:38,720 ANALYZING ELECTRONIC AND ALL 2649 01:44:38,720 --> 01:44:40,240 THESE OTHER SIGNALS BUT I WANT 2650 01:44:40,240 --> 01:44:41,880 YOU TO UNDERSTAND BIOLOGIC 2651 01:44:41,880 --> 01:44:45,360 SIGNALS, HEY, THIS IS THE LEGACY 2652 01:44:45,360 --> 01:44:47,960 CAPABILITY, CAN BE APPLIED TO DO 2653 01:44:47,960 --> 01:44:48,560 GOOD HERE. 2654 01:44:48,560 --> 01:44:49,840 SO UNFORTUNATELY NORTHROP DIDN'T 2655 01:44:49,840 --> 01:44:53,040 ONE TO GO THE FULL DISTANCE TO 2656 01:44:53,040 --> 01:44:55,320 MAKE THOSE INVESTMENTS DESPITE 2657 01:44:55,320 --> 01:45:01,120 GETTING PROOF OF CONCEPTS WITHIN 2658 01:45:01,120 --> 01:45:03,520 NCI ACTUALLY, SO WE DEVELOPED 2659 01:45:03,520 --> 01:45:04,640 PREDICTIVE ONTOLOGY PLATFORM 2660 01:45:04,640 --> 01:45:06,000 THAT WORKED WELL, NCI ASKED US 2661 01:45:06,000 --> 01:45:07,440 TO PUT SOMEBODY IN THE 2662 01:45:07,440 --> 01:45:11,080 LABORATORY FOR A YEAR TO 2663 01:45:11,080 --> 01:45:13,360 CUSTOMIZE THAT AND IT WOULD HAVE 2664 01:45:13,360 --> 01:45:15,920 TAKEN ONE FTE, BUT THAT'S 2665 01:45:15,920 --> 01:45:16,920 ANOTHER STORY. 2666 01:45:16,920 --> 01:45:20,080 BUT HERE, WHAT I WANTED TO POINT 2667 01:45:20,080 --> 01:45:22,360 OUT IS THE ENTIRETY OF THE 2668 01:45:22,360 --> 01:45:23,760 DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE, RIGHT? 2669 01:45:23,760 --> 01:45:25,440 AND SO THIS IS BACK TO THE POINT 2670 01:45:25,440 --> 01:45:28,080 THAT I MADE EARLIER IN TERMS OF 2671 01:45:28,080 --> 01:45:31,800 REALLY BEING VERY SINCERE, VERY 2672 01:45:31,800 --> 01:45:35,920 AUTHENTIC AND GENUINE, AND 2673 01:45:35,920 --> 01:45:37,880 ABILITY AND WILLINGNESS TO 2674 01:45:37,880 --> 01:45:41,200 ENGAGE, YOU KNOW, THE BROADER 2675 01:45:41,200 --> 01:45:42,920 COMMUNITY BECAUSE IT'S NOT A 2676 01:45:42,920 --> 01:45:44,040 SIMPLE ONE-OFF. 2677 01:45:44,040 --> 01:45:45,920 YOU HAVE TO BE EMBED AND INCLUDE 2678 01:45:45,920 --> 01:45:46,320 THEM. 2679 01:45:46,320 --> 01:45:47,760 IN ADDITION WE HAVE TO BE 2680 01:45:47,760 --> 01:45:48,720 WILLING TO TAKE OURSELVES OUT OF 2681 01:45:48,720 --> 01:45:49,160 THE EQUATION. 2682 01:45:49,160 --> 01:45:50,720 ONE OF THE THINGS THAT I CAN 2683 01:45:50,720 --> 01:45:53,120 TELL YOU FROM DOING THIS WORK 2684 01:45:53,120 --> 01:45:56,960 FOR THE LAST DECADE IS A POWER 2685 01:45:56,960 --> 01:45:59,240 DYNAMIC, YOU CAN PUT US IN A 2686 01:45:59,240 --> 01:46:04,920 ROOM BUT INEVITABLY WHAT 2687 01:46:04,920 --> 01:46:06,280 HAPPENS, THEY WILL ACQUIESCE AND 2688 01:46:06,280 --> 01:46:08,280 YOU MAY HAVE ONE OR TWO THAT ARE 2689 01:46:08,280 --> 01:46:11,800 A BIT BOISTEROUS AND WILL DO SO 2690 01:46:11,800 --> 01:46:14,000 IN A VERY NARROW FASHION, BUT WE 2691 01:46:14,000 --> 01:46:15,760 TAKE OVER THE ROOM, SO WE'RE 2692 01:46:15,760 --> 01:46:18,040 MISSING THE OPPORTUNITY TO 2693 01:46:18,040 --> 01:46:19,560 REALLY CAPTURE THAT CRITICAL 2694 01:46:19,560 --> 01:46:19,920 INPUT. 2695 01:46:19,920 --> 01:46:22,440 AND THAT WAS POINT I WAS MAKING 2696 01:46:22,440 --> 01:46:22,800 EARLIER. 2697 01:46:22,800 --> 01:46:24,840 A SIMPLE CONCEPT IF YOU'RE GOING 2698 01:46:24,840 --> 01:46:26,240 TO BUILD SOMETHING FOR SOMEBODY 2699 01:46:26,240 --> 01:46:29,000 TO USE, WHETHER TRYING TO SELL 2700 01:46:29,000 --> 01:46:30,480 IT OR WHATEVER, WHY DON'T YOU 2701 01:46:30,480 --> 01:46:32,720 ASK THEM WHAT IS IT YOU WANT TO 2702 01:46:32,720 --> 01:46:33,800 USE THIS FOR? 2703 01:46:33,800 --> 01:46:37,200 IS THIS OF VALUE, RIGHT? 2704 01:46:37,200 --> 01:46:39,920 IN ACADEMIA I THINK WE MISS THE 2705 01:46:39,920 --> 01:46:40,880 MARK ON THAT. 2706 01:46:40,880 --> 01:46:43,640 WE GET IT ON THE TECHNOLOGY SIDE 2707 01:46:43,640 --> 01:46:45,200 IN TERMS OF INDUSTRY SO THERE'S 2708 01:46:45,200 --> 01:46:47,400 A LOT OF INVESTMENT IN PRODUCT 2709 01:46:47,400 --> 01:46:48,160 DEVELOPMENT AND CONSUMER 2710 01:46:48,160 --> 01:46:53,640 PSYCHOLOGY AND THINGS LIKE THAT. 2711 01:46:53,640 --> 01:46:55,360 ENGAGING WITH PERSONS WITH LIVED 2712 01:46:55,360 --> 01:46:59,320 EXPERIENCE, THIS IS A VERY 2713 01:46:59,320 --> 01:47:04,040 POWERFUL MODEL, PWLE MODEL, THAT 2714 01:47:04,040 --> 01:47:05,200 WE EMPLOY AT NADPH. 2715 01:47:05,200 --> 01:47:06,640 WHO IS GOING TO KNOW BETTER THAN 2716 01:47:06,640 --> 01:47:08,200 THE FOLKS WITH THAT DISEASE OR 2717 01:47:08,200 --> 01:47:10,480 CONDITION, SO WE HAVE TO ENGAGE 2718 01:47:10,480 --> 01:47:16,480 THEM AND IT HAS TO BE 2719 01:47:16,480 --> 01:47:17,400 C ONTINUOUSNESS, CONTINUITY OF 2720 01:47:17,400 --> 01:47:20,800 THE LIFE CYCLE. 2721 01:47:20,800 --> 01:47:21,960 THIS IS DEMONSTRATING THE WORK 2722 01:47:21,960 --> 01:47:23,160 FLOW. 2723 01:47:23,160 --> 01:47:26,120 WE HAVE A ROBUST CONCIERGE 2724 01:47:26,120 --> 01:47:26,440 SERVICE. 2725 01:47:26,440 --> 01:47:31,760 I CAN TELL YOU BECAUSE WE'RE 2726 01:47:31,760 --> 01:47:33,640 JUST GETTING FRESH OFF WORKING 2727 01:47:33,640 --> 01:47:35,080 WITH FOLKS, IT TAKES A LOT OF 2728 01:47:35,080 --> 01:47:35,320 TIME. 2729 01:47:35,320 --> 01:47:37,160 I CAN'T TELL YOU THE MAN AND 2730 01:47:37,160 --> 01:47:40,120 WOMAN HOURS WE PUT INTO 2731 01:47:40,120 --> 01:47:41,040 HAND-HOLDING STAKEHOLDERS 2732 01:47:41,040 --> 01:47:45,880 THROUGH EVERY COMPONENT OF THIS. 2733 01:47:45,880 --> 01:47:50,520 I'VE HAD SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS, 2734 01:47:50,520 --> 01:47:52,600 CLOUD ARCHITECTS, ON CALLS WITH 2735 01:47:52,600 --> 01:47:54,040 STAKEHOLDERS TO MAKE SURE HEY, 2736 01:47:54,040 --> 01:47:55,800 DO YOU UNDERSTAND THIS DATA, 2737 01:47:55,800 --> 01:47:56,440 RIGHT? 2738 01:47:56,440 --> 01:47:58,880 LET US HELP YOU REFINE YOUR 2739 01:47:58,880 --> 01:47:59,600 QUESTION, REFINE YOUR HYPOTHESIS 2740 01:47:59,600 --> 01:48:01,960 BECAUSE THE WAY YOU HAVE IT 2741 01:48:01,960 --> 01:48:03,120 FORMULATED NOW YOU'RE NOT SET UP 2742 01:48:03,120 --> 01:48:04,440 TO ANSWER THAT QUESTION, RIGHT? 2743 01:48:04,440 --> 01:48:06,760 SO THIS IS WHAT WE'RE 2744 01:48:06,760 --> 01:48:07,760 ENCOUNTERING AT AIM AHEAD. 2745 01:48:07,760 --> 01:48:10,920 IT TAKES A LOT OF INVESTMENT TO 2746 01:48:10,920 --> 01:48:11,840 DO THAT. 2747 01:48:11,840 --> 01:48:13,480 THE REALITY IS NOT MANY FOLKS 2748 01:48:13,480 --> 01:48:14,800 ARE ALWAYS WILLING TO DO THAT. 2749 01:48:14,800 --> 01:48:16,880 WE WANT TO GET TO THE GOOD 2750 01:48:16,880 --> 01:48:17,080 STUFF. 2751 01:48:17,080 --> 01:48:19,520 I JUST WANTED TO POINT THAT OUT 2752 01:48:19,520 --> 01:48:22,160 AND MAKE SURE THAT'S SOMETHING 2753 01:48:22,160 --> 01:48:24,320 WE STAY COGNIZANT OF. 2754 01:48:24,320 --> 01:48:27,640 AND THEN FINALLY ON MY LAST 2755 01:48:27,640 --> 01:48:30,360 SLIDE, NO GROUP IS HOMOGENOUS. 2756 01:48:30,360 --> 01:48:31,000 THERE'S TREMENDOUS AMOUNT OF 2757 01:48:31,000 --> 01:48:31,320 HETEROGENEITY. 2758 01:48:31,320 --> 01:48:34,760 ONE OF THE THINGS WE LEARNED IN 2759 01:48:34,760 --> 01:48:38,560 WORKING WITH THIS STAKEHOLDER 2760 01:48:38,560 --> 01:48:40,760 COMMUNITY IS THAT TREMENDOUS 2761 01:48:40,760 --> 01:48:43,800 STRATIFICATION, WE'VE PUT 2762 01:48:43,800 --> 01:48:44,400 INVESTMENT INTO DEVELOPING 2763 01:48:44,400 --> 01:48:45,000 SELF-ASSESSMENT TOOL, SO THEY 2764 01:48:45,000 --> 01:48:47,560 WERE ABLE TO GO IN AND ANSWER 2765 01:48:47,560 --> 01:48:49,640 SOME BASIC QUESTIONS, THESE 2766 01:48:49,640 --> 01:48:51,240 QUESTIONS, AGAIN, WERE INFORMED 2767 01:48:51,240 --> 01:48:52,680 BY ALL OF THAT HARD WORK I 2768 01:48:52,680 --> 01:48:54,000 TALKED ABOUT. 2769 01:48:54,000 --> 01:48:59,600 SO WE'RE TALKING ABOUT SURVEYS, 2770 01:48:59,600 --> 01:49:00,880 INTERVIEWS, AND CONVENEINGS TO 2771 01:49:00,880 --> 01:49:02,760 GET AT WHAT THE THEMES ARE, 2772 01:49:02,760 --> 01:49:04,720 TIMES OF QUESTIONS WE NEED TO 2773 01:49:04,720 --> 01:49:05,040 ASK. 2774 01:49:05,040 --> 01:49:09,640 SO IN DOING THAT WE CAME ONE A 2775 01:49:09,640 --> 01:49:11,160 MATURITY MODEL, GO IN, ASK BASIC 2776 01:49:11,160 --> 01:49:13,040 QUESTIONS ABOUT ARTIFICIAL 2777 01:49:13,040 --> 01:49:14,440 INTELLIGENCE CAPACITY, AND FROM 2778 01:49:14,440 --> 01:49:16,200 THAT WE'RE ABLE TO GIVE THEM A 2779 01:49:16,200 --> 01:49:16,960 SCORE. 2780 01:49:16,960 --> 01:49:22,440 WITH THAT SCORE IT ALLOWS US TO 2781 01:49:22,440 --> 01:49:23,560 STAGE APPROPRIATELY RESOURCES 2782 01:49:23,560 --> 01:49:25,520 THEY NEED TO MATURE FROM CURRENT 2783 01:49:25,520 --> 01:49:26,720 STATE TO SOME DESIRED FUTURE 2784 01:49:26,720 --> 01:49:27,040 STATE. 2785 01:49:27,040 --> 01:49:29,560 AGAIN, THIS IS A RESULT OF THAT 2786 01:49:29,560 --> 01:49:31,240 ENGAGEMENT AND THE TAKEHOME 2787 01:49:31,240 --> 01:49:33,400 MESSAGE FROM THAT IS THAT, HEY, 2788 01:49:33,400 --> 01:49:37,960 YOU ALL MIGHT BE HBCUs OR 2789 01:49:37,960 --> 01:49:39,720 HISPANIC-SERVING INSTITUTIONS, 2790 01:49:39,720 --> 01:49:43,320 BUT GUESS WHAT, YOUR NEEDS COULD 2791 01:49:43,320 --> 01:49:45,200 BE DIFFERENT, RIGHT? 2792 01:49:45,200 --> 01:49:48,840 SO HOW WE DEVELOP THINGS, YOU 2793 01:49:48,840 --> 01:49:50,160 HAVE TO TAKE INTO CONSIDERATION. 2794 01:49:50,160 --> 01:49:53,760 IT'S NO DIFFERENT THAN WE LOOK 2795 01:49:53,760 --> 01:49:55,920 AT DEMOGRAPHIC SUBPOPULATIONS 2796 01:49:55,920 --> 01:49:57,000 FROM CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE. 2797 01:49:57,000 --> 01:49:59,320 HISPANIC COMMUNITIES, A GREAT 2798 01:49:59,320 --> 01:50:02,160 EXAMPLE WHERE WE'RE SEEING 2799 01:50:02,160 --> 01:50:02,720 TREMENDOUS STATIFICATION AND 2800 01:50:02,720 --> 01:50:03,800 DIVERSITY IN THE COMMUNITY. 2801 01:50:03,800 --> 01:50:06,320 SO WE CAN'T TREAT A PARTICULAR 2802 01:50:06,320 --> 01:50:08,160 DEMOGRAPHIC GROUP AS A 2803 01:50:08,160 --> 01:50:09,400 HOMOGENOUS MONOLITHTIC GROUP. 2804 01:50:09,400 --> 01:50:11,480 WE NEED TO BE COGNIZANT OF THAT. 2805 01:50:11,480 --> 01:50:13,640 I THINK THAT'S ALL I WANTED TO 2806 01:50:13,640 --> 01:50:14,240 COVER TODAY. 2807 01:50:14,240 --> 01:50:16,600 AGAIN, THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 2808 01:50:16,600 --> 01:50:19,040 [APPLAUSE] 2809 01:50:19,040 --> 01:50:20,360 2810 01:50:20,360 --> 01:50:23,160 >>THANK YOU, DR. CARLISLE. 2811 01:50:23,160 --> 01:50:29,880 NEXT PRESENTER IS DR. ELIJAH 2812 01:50:29,880 --> 01:50:33,040 PETERSEN, AT THE U.S. NATIONAL 2813 01:50:33,040 --> 01:50:37,240 INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND 2814 01:50:37,240 --> 01:50:40,880 TECHNOLOGY, RESEARCH FOCUSES OF 2815 01:50:40,880 --> 01:50:43,160 IN VITRO ASSAYS, INTERLABORATORY 2816 01:50:43,160 --> 01:50:45,320 AGREEMENT OF THE ASSAY RESULTS, 2817 01:50:45,320 --> 01:50:48,080 A B.S. AND M.S. IN CIVIL 2818 01:50:48,080 --> 01:50:50,760 ENGINEERING, B.A. IN PSYCHOLOGY 2819 01:50:50,760 --> 01:50:53,000 FROM CASE CASE WESTERN RESERVE 2820 01:50:53,000 --> 01:50:55,400 UNIVERSITY AND Ph.D. FROM 2821 01:50:55,400 --> 01:50:56,600 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, 2822 01:50:56,600 --> 01:51:02,200 RECIPIENT OF FULBRIGHT 2823 01:51:02,200 --> 01:51:02,800 SCHOLARSHIP FOR POSTDOCTORAL 2824 01:51:02,800 --> 01:51:05,280 RESEARCH AT A UNIVERSITY IN 2825 01:51:05,280 --> 01:51:05,520 FINLAND. 2826 01:51:05,520 --> 01:51:08,240 >>THANK YOU FOR THIS 2827 01:51:08,240 --> 01:51:10,120 OPPORTUNITY TO SHARE A BIT ABOUT 2828 01:51:10,120 --> 01:51:12,080 A GREAT INTERAGENCY EFFORT IN 2829 01:51:12,080 --> 01:51:15,560 THE LAST FEW YEARS. 2830 01:51:15,560 --> 01:51:18,000 I'LL FOCUS MORE FOCUSED ON A 2831 01:51:18,000 --> 01:51:19,720 TOPIC UNDERPINNING DATA GOING TO 2832 01:51:19,720 --> 01:51:21,760 DIFFERENT MODELS AND A.I. AND SO 2833 01:51:21,760 --> 01:51:23,080 FORTH EVERYONE HAS BEEN TALKING 2834 01:51:23,080 --> 01:51:23,520 ABOUT. 2835 01:51:23,520 --> 01:51:25,800 THE QUESTION IS HOW CAN WE GET 2836 01:51:25,800 --> 01:51:30,320 THOSE GOOD QUALITY DATA GOING IN 2837 01:51:30,320 --> 01:51:32,720 SO WHEN COMPUTATION MODELS ARE 2838 01:51:32,720 --> 01:51:39,680 YIELDING RESULTS WE'RE 2839 01:51:39,680 --> 01:51:40,960 EXPECTING. 2840 01:51:40,960 --> 01:51:43,080 THIS EFFORT IN PARTICULAR, I'LL 2841 01:51:43,080 --> 01:51:46,160 BE TALKING ABOUT TODAY FROM THE 2842 01:51:46,160 --> 01:51:47,880 MULTI-GOVERNMENT AGENCY EFFORT, 2843 01:51:47,880 --> 01:51:50,840 YOU CAN SEE NICOLE WAS A MEMBER, 2844 01:51:50,840 --> 01:52:01,360 JOHN GORDON FROM THE CPSC, EMILY 2845 01:52:02,880 --> 01:52:04,880 REINKE FROM DoD. 2846 01:52:04,880 --> 01:52:05,560 THERE'S APPROACH METHODS, 2847 01:52:05,560 --> 01:52:07,760 THOUSAND CAN WE HAVE GREATER 2848 01:52:07,760 --> 01:52:11,440 MEASUREMENT ASSURANCE IN THEM? 2849 01:52:11,440 --> 01:52:13,640 IT'S A COMPLICATED QUESTION BUT 2850 01:52:13,640 --> 01:52:15,520 WE CAME OUT WITH HELPFUL IDEAS. 2851 01:52:15,520 --> 01:52:17,360 ONE OF THE VALUABLE THINGS ABOUT 2852 01:52:17,360 --> 01:52:19,680 THIS GROUP, ALSO IN VALIDATION 2853 01:52:19,680 --> 01:52:21,080 WORK GROUP NICOLE DISCUSSED 2854 01:52:21,080 --> 01:52:23,080 EARLIER, PEOPLE FROM DIFFERENT 2855 01:52:23,080 --> 01:52:24,720 AGENCIES BRING DIFFERENT 2856 01:52:24,720 --> 01:52:25,720 VIEWPOINTS AND EXPERTISE. 2857 01:52:25,720 --> 01:52:31,080 FOR US AT NIST WE'RE ALSO 2858 01:52:31,080 --> 01:52:32,520 FOCUSED ON TECHNICAL QUALITY, 2859 01:52:32,520 --> 01:52:33,560 HOW TO UNDERSTAND UNCERTAINTY 2860 01:52:33,560 --> 01:52:38,000 AND SOME OF THOSE NUANCES. 2861 01:52:38,000 --> 01:52:41,800 CPSC IS A REGULATORY AGENCY, 2862 01:52:41,800 --> 01:52:46,480 JOHN HAD EXPERIENCE IN INDUSTRY 2863 01:52:46,480 --> 01:52:48,040 TO DEVELOP ASSAYS. 2864 01:52:48,040 --> 01:52:50,760 A BROAD RANGE OF EXPERTISE, SOME 2865 01:52:50,760 --> 01:52:51,720 PEOPLE UNDERSTAND MEASUREMENT 2866 01:52:51,720 --> 01:52:52,680 QUALITY. 2867 01:52:52,680 --> 01:52:53,920 OTHER PEOPLE ARE PERFORMING 2868 01:52:53,920 --> 01:52:55,120 LABS, PERSPECTIVE OF WHAT WOULD 2869 01:52:55,120 --> 01:52:58,400 IT BE LIKE TO BE A TECHNICIAN 2870 01:52:58,400 --> 01:53:01,280 DOING IT MORE FREQUENTLY, OTHER 2871 01:53:01,280 --> 01:53:06,520 PEOPLE HAVE PERSPECTIVE HOW TO 2872 01:53:06,520 --> 01:53:14,600 BRING ASSAYS TO FRUITION AS A 2873 01:53:14,600 --> 01:53:14,880 STANDARD. 2874 01:53:14,880 --> 01:53:20,280 IN THIS PARTICULAR PROJECT TO 2875 01:53:20,280 --> 01:53:21,600 YIELD THIS REPRODUCE NAMs, 2876 01:53:21,600 --> 01:53:22,840 LIKE IF YOU'RE BUILDING A CAR 2877 01:53:22,840 --> 01:53:25,040 THERE'S BASIC QUALITY TOOLS AND 2878 01:53:25,040 --> 01:53:26,560 APPROACHES YOU CAN USE TO GET 2879 01:53:26,560 --> 01:53:30,160 THE SAME THING EVERY TIME. 2880 01:53:30,160 --> 01:53:33,880 WE PUT THESE IN USE AND ONCE YOU 2881 01:53:33,880 --> 01:53:35,840 GET THESE RESULTS FROM 2882 01:53:35,840 --> 01:53:38,240 CONCEPTUAL AND EXPERIMENTAL 2883 01:53:38,240 --> 01:53:41,560 ANALYSES, YOU CAN BUILT 2884 01:53:41,560 --> 01:53:43,400 STATISTICAL MODELS AND HAVE 2885 01:53:43,400 --> 01:53:44,360 RESPONSE AND ALSO CONFIDENCE 2886 01:53:44,360 --> 01:53:45,800 ABOUT WHETHER THERE MIGHT BE A 2887 01:53:45,800 --> 01:53:48,040 FALSE POSITIVE OR FALSE NEGATIVE 2888 01:53:48,040 --> 01:53:48,760 RESULT. 2889 01:53:48,760 --> 01:53:50,200 IT SHOULD BE POINTED OUT THERE 2890 01:53:50,200 --> 01:53:51,200 MAY BE TRADEOFFS. 2891 01:53:51,200 --> 01:53:53,920 FOR SOME ASSAYS YOU MAY NOT NEED 2892 01:53:53,920 --> 01:53:56,080 AS MANY CONTROLS, IF IT'S A 2893 01:53:56,080 --> 01:53:57,520 FIRST SCREENING FOR EXAMPLE, IF 2894 01:53:57,520 --> 01:54:00,080 YOU'RE TRYING TO HAVE SOMETHING 2895 01:54:00,080 --> 01:54:01,280 WITH SIMILAR RESULT TO IMPORTANT 2896 01:54:01,280 --> 01:54:05,000 IN VIVO TEST RESULT YOU MAY NEED 2897 01:54:05,000 --> 01:54:06,640 MORE CONTROLS WHICH COULD 2898 01:54:06,640 --> 01:54:07,360 INCREASE COST OR DECREASE 2899 01:54:07,360 --> 01:54:07,840 THROUGHPUT. 2900 01:54:07,840 --> 01:54:09,960 I'M GOING TO TALK ABOUT 2901 01:54:09,960 --> 01:54:11,440 INCREASING CONTROLS BUT IN THE 2902 01:54:11,440 --> 01:54:12,760 CONSENSUS PROCESS THERE MAY BE 2903 01:54:12,760 --> 01:54:14,960 CHOICE OF, WELL, DO WE REALLY 2904 01:54:14,960 --> 01:54:16,680 NEED THAT? 2905 01:54:16,680 --> 01:54:19,000 IF WE DIDN'T HAVE THAT, WE CAN 2906 01:54:19,000 --> 01:54:21,520 DO THIS OR THAT BETTER, 2907 01:54:21,520 --> 01:54:22,280 DIFFERENT CRITERIA. 2908 01:54:22,280 --> 01:54:26,000 SO THIS IS THE GENERAL FRAMEWORK 2909 01:54:26,000 --> 01:54:26,840 HERE. 2910 01:54:26,840 --> 01:54:28,640 THE KEY QUESTION, WHEN DO YOU 2911 01:54:28,640 --> 01:54:31,840 TAKE AN ASSAY THROUGH THIS 2912 01:54:31,840 --> 01:54:32,280 PROCESS? 2913 01:54:32,280 --> 01:54:33,800 ONE OF THE KEY QUESTIONS AT THE 2914 01:54:33,800 --> 01:54:35,440 BEGINNING IS THERE BIOLOGICAL 2915 01:54:35,440 --> 01:54:37,200 RELEVANCE, THIS GETS INTO THINGS 2916 01:54:37,200 --> 01:54:39,160 NICOLE WAS TALKING ABOUT EARLIER 2917 01:54:39,160 --> 01:54:41,920 WITH VALIDATION WORK GROUP, 2918 01:54:41,920 --> 01:54:44,400 PILLARS FOR LOOKING AT IS THIS 2919 01:54:44,400 --> 01:54:45,960 NAMs SOMETHING THAT COULD FILL 2920 01:54:45,960 --> 01:54:48,760 FULL A KEY TESTING NEED. 2921 01:54:48,760 --> 01:54:50,320 THERE'S ALSO A CAPACITY TO -- IF 2922 01:54:50,320 --> 01:54:52,200 YOU PUT EFFORT IN, COULDN'T YOU 2923 01:54:52,200 --> 01:54:54,480 GET THE QUALITY TO BE AT 2924 01:54:54,480 --> 01:54:56,000 SUFFICIENTLY HIGH LEVEL, FOR 2925 01:54:56,000 --> 01:54:58,440 SOME MAYBE YOU DON'T HAVE THE -- 2926 01:54:58,440 --> 01:54:59,320 MAYBE TECHNOLOGY HASN'T BEEN 2927 01:54:59,320 --> 01:55:00,760 DEVELOPED ENOUGH OR THERE'S SOME 2928 01:55:00,760 --> 01:55:01,960 OTHER FACTORS, EVEN IF YOU PUT 2929 01:55:01,960 --> 01:55:03,240 EFFORT IN YOU MAY NEVER GET TO 2930 01:55:03,240 --> 01:55:05,800 THE LEVEL YOU HOPED FOR IT TO BE 2931 01:55:05,800 --> 01:55:07,080 FOR FULFILLING KEY TESTING 2932 01:55:07,080 --> 01:55:07,760 NEEDS. 2933 01:55:07,760 --> 01:55:09,520 THEN ONCE YOU HAVE AN ASSAY THAT 2934 01:55:09,520 --> 01:55:11,280 YOU THINK WILL MEET CRITERIA, 2935 01:55:11,280 --> 01:55:12,520 YOU FIND AT THE END IT DOESN'T 2936 01:55:12,520 --> 01:55:13,680 BUT AT THE BEGINNING YOU THINK 2937 01:55:13,680 --> 01:55:17,320 YOU HAVE A GOOD ASSAY, THEN YOU 2938 01:55:17,320 --> 01:55:19,280 FIRST APPLY CONCEPTUAL TOOLS 2939 01:55:19,280 --> 01:55:24,400 I'LL DESCRIBE ON THE NEXT FEW 2940 01:55:24,400 --> 01:55:26,720 SLIDES, SOURCES OF VARIABILITY, 2941 01:55:26,720 --> 01:55:27,720 INTENDED CONTROL MEASUREMENTS, 2942 01:55:27,720 --> 01:55:28,920 MOVE TO WITHIN LABORATORY 2943 01:55:28,920 --> 01:55:30,440 TESTING WHERE YOU'RE GETTING 2944 01:55:30,440 --> 01:55:31,760 HANDS DIRTY AND YOU THINK THESE 2945 01:55:31,760 --> 01:55:32,960 ARE KEY THINGS BUT MAYBE THEY 2946 01:55:32,960 --> 01:55:33,720 ARE NOT. 2947 01:55:33,720 --> 01:55:35,040 MAYBE THERE'S SOMETHING YOU 2948 01:55:35,040 --> 01:55:37,240 HADN'T THOUGHT ABOUT THAT YOU 2949 01:55:37,240 --> 01:55:38,320 UNCOVER LATER, OH, YOU NEED TO 2950 01:55:38,320 --> 01:55:41,360 KEEP AN EYE ON THAT. 2951 01:55:41,360 --> 01:55:43,120 THAT BUILDING TOGETHER INTO A 2952 01:55:43,120 --> 01:55:43,560 STATISTICAL MODEL. 2953 01:55:43,560 --> 01:55:47,520 YOU MAY OR MAY NOT NEED 2954 01:55:47,520 --> 01:55:48,480 TRANSFERABILITY OR INTERLAB 2955 01:55:48,480 --> 01:55:50,120 TESTING, WHATEVER YOUR OUTPUT IS 2956 01:55:50,120 --> 01:55:52,120 AS STAND ORDER. 2957 01:55:52,120 --> 01:55:53,760 NICOLE SAID NO ONE-SIZE-FITS-ALL 2958 01:55:53,760 --> 01:55:54,040 MODEL. 2959 01:55:54,040 --> 01:55:55,600 SOME CASES MAY NEED THIS, OTHER 2960 01:55:55,600 --> 01:55:57,680 CASES YOU MAY NOT. 2961 01:55:57,680 --> 01:55:58,360 THAT'S CONTEXT SPECIFIC. 2962 01:55:58,360 --> 01:56:01,040 ON THE RIGHT SIDE YOU'LL SEE 2963 01:56:01,040 --> 01:56:01,720 DOTTED LINES. 2964 01:56:01,720 --> 01:56:03,800 THAT SUGGESTS THIS ISN'T JUST A 2965 01:56:03,800 --> 01:56:05,040 LINEAR PROCESS. 2966 01:56:05,040 --> 01:56:07,200 ONE, TWO, THREE, FOUR. 2967 01:56:07,200 --> 01:56:09,400 OFTEN MAY BE THAT YOU GET 2968 01:56:09,400 --> 01:56:11,040 INFORMATION FROM LATER STEP THAT 2969 01:56:11,040 --> 01:56:12,240 CAUSES YOU TO REINTERPRET WHAT 2970 01:56:12,240 --> 01:56:14,080 YOU DO AT EARLIER STEP. 2971 01:56:14,080 --> 01:56:16,280 WE HAD A CASE WITH INTERLAB 2972 01:56:16,280 --> 01:56:20,880 TESTING, HAD IT SET, GO BACK TO 2973 01:56:20,880 --> 01:56:22,240 CONCEPTAL ANALYSIS, OH, WE 2974 01:56:22,240 --> 01:56:25,600 DIDN'T THINK WAS KEY TO MEASURE 2975 01:56:25,600 --> 01:56:27,720 BUT WE SHOULD MEASURE THAT. 2976 01:56:27,720 --> 01:56:31,000 YOU NEED TO DO ANOTHER ROUND TO 2977 01:56:31,000 --> 01:56:32,760 ADD CONFIDENCE, AT THE END HAVE 2978 01:56:32,760 --> 01:56:35,800 A ROBUST METHOD MEETING YOUR 2979 01:56:35,800 --> 01:56:36,440 NEED. 2980 01:56:36,440 --> 01:56:37,680 I'LL GIVE SPECIFIC EXAMPLES WHAT 2981 01:56:37,680 --> 01:56:41,960 TOOLS COULD LOOK LIKE IN 2982 01:56:41,960 --> 01:56:42,400 PROCESS. 2983 01:56:42,400 --> 01:56:49,160 THIS IS A FISH BONE DIAGRAM. 2984 01:56:49,160 --> 01:56:50,280 YOU HAVE A SENSE OF THINGS I 2985 01:56:50,280 --> 01:56:52,920 NEED TO WATCH OUT FOR, GETTING 2986 01:56:52,920 --> 01:56:57,520 THINGS FROM YOU KNOW TO BE TRUE 2987 01:56:57,520 --> 01:56:59,680 TO DIFFERENT PEOPLE CAN DISCUSS 2988 01:56:59,680 --> 01:57:04,960 OR OTHER PEOPLE HAD DIFFERENT 2989 01:57:04,960 --> 01:57:05,400 EXPERIENCE. 2990 01:57:05,400 --> 01:57:08,680 EACH LINE IS KEY SOURCE OF 2991 01:57:08,680 --> 01:57:11,080 UNCERTAINTY, WITH SUBRANGES OFF 2992 01:57:11,080 --> 01:57:11,320 EACH. 2993 01:57:11,320 --> 01:57:13,720 THIS COULD -- IF I UNDERSTAND 2994 01:57:13,720 --> 01:57:24,280 THESE, THE IDEA YOU HAVE A GOOD 2995 01:57:35,800 --> 01:57:35,960 HANDLE. 2996 01:57:35,960 --> 01:57:38,160 IF YOU HAD A GOOD UNDERSTANDING 2997 01:57:38,160 --> 01:57:40,680 WHERE THE KEY SOURCE WAS, 2998 01:57:40,680 --> 01:57:42,760 ANOTHER ASSAY COULD USE THAT, 2999 01:57:42,760 --> 01:57:44,840 LIKE A LEGO SET, NOT LIKE YOU 3000 01:57:44,840 --> 01:57:46,240 NEED TO REDO THIS. 3001 01:57:46,240 --> 01:57:48,040 THERE'S ITERATIVE THINGS TO 3002 01:57:48,040 --> 01:57:49,440 BUILD ON EACH OTHER. 3003 01:57:49,440 --> 01:57:52,080 IT GETS EASIER WITH TIME AND YOU 3004 01:57:52,080 --> 01:57:53,240 HAVE MORE EXPERIENCE. 3005 01:57:53,240 --> 01:57:57,400 ANOTHER KEY THING THAT WE 3006 01:57:57,400 --> 01:57:59,280 RECOMMEND IS CONCEPTUAL TOOL, 3007 01:57:59,280 --> 01:58:01,840 FLOWCHART, WHAT ARE THE KEY 3008 01:58:01,840 --> 01:58:02,120 STEPS? 3009 01:58:02,120 --> 01:58:04,160 DO I HAVE A CONTROL MEASUREMENT 3010 01:58:04,160 --> 01:58:04,840 THAT COVERS EACH STEP? 3011 01:58:04,840 --> 01:58:07,360 IF YOU DON'T HAVE A CONTROL 3012 01:58:07,360 --> 01:58:08,240 MEASUREMENT THAT'S MONITORING, 3013 01:58:08,240 --> 01:58:12,760 THAT MAY GO HAYWIRE, YOU'RE 3014 01:58:12,760 --> 01:58:15,040 WONDERING WHAT HAPPENED 3015 01:58:15,040 --> 01:58:15,560 AFTERWARDS. 3016 01:58:15,560 --> 01:58:17,000 IT COULD BE SOME CONTROL 3017 01:58:17,000 --> 01:58:18,880 MEASUREMENT COULD COVER MULTIPLE 3018 01:58:18,880 --> 01:58:20,080 STEPS OR CONTROL MEASUREMENTS 3019 01:58:20,080 --> 01:58:22,840 COULD COVER SINGLE STEP. 3020 01:58:22,840 --> 01:58:23,800 KEY THING INSIGHT INTO EVERY 3021 01:58:23,800 --> 01:58:25,760 STEP TO MAKE SURE IT'S WORKING 3022 01:58:25,760 --> 01:58:28,080 AS YOU'RE EXPECTING. 3023 01:58:28,080 --> 01:58:29,800 THIS COULD INFLUENCE YOUR PLATE 3024 01:58:29,800 --> 01:58:33,240 DESIGN, I DON'T NEED TO GET INTO 3025 01:58:33,240 --> 01:58:33,520 SPECIFICS. 3026 01:58:33,520 --> 01:58:35,920 THIS IS FROM THE SCREENING ASSAY 3027 01:58:35,920 --> 01:58:38,680 NICOLE TALKED ABOUT EARLIER. 3028 01:58:38,680 --> 01:58:40,840 WE'RE LOOKING AT WELLS FOR 3029 01:58:40,840 --> 01:58:43,720 INTERFERENCE, WELLS FOR NEGATIVE 3030 01:58:43,720 --> 01:58:44,280 CONTROL, POSITIVE CONTROL, 3031 01:58:44,280 --> 01:58:44,800 SOLVENT SYSTEM. 3032 01:58:44,800 --> 01:58:47,400 WE CAN ALSO LOOK AT HOW 3033 01:58:47,400 --> 01:58:51,360 PIPETTEING IS GOING, IN COME UP 3034 01:58:51,360 --> 01:58:55,040 2 ONE SINGLE STEP, AND THEN ON 3035 01:58:55,040 --> 01:58:58,360 COLUMNS 2-9 IN ROW A WE CAN SEE 3036 01:58:58,360 --> 01:59:02,400 IS THERE A GRADIENT, IT SHOULD 3037 01:59:02,400 --> 01:59:04,520 BE A-9 IS THE SAME AS COLUMN 2 3038 01:59:04,520 --> 01:59:06,480 BUT SOMETIMES IT'S NOT. 3039 01:59:06,480 --> 01:59:08,880 WE FOUND AN EXAMPLE, DEGRADATION 3040 01:59:08,880 --> 01:59:09,920 OF PROBE AMONG PIPETTEING STEPS 3041 01:59:09,920 --> 01:59:11,440 WHICH WE DIDN'T THINK THAT WAS 3042 01:59:11,440 --> 01:59:12,840 THE CASE BEFOREHAND. 3043 01:59:12,840 --> 01:59:13,960 NOTHING IN THE LITERATURE 3044 01:59:13,960 --> 01:59:16,000 SUGGESTED THAT WOULD HAPPEN. 3045 01:59:16,000 --> 01:59:17,680 SO THE KEY THING HERE IS YOU'RE 3046 01:59:17,680 --> 01:59:19,760 ENCODING QUALITY INTO THE ASSAY 3047 01:59:19,760 --> 01:59:21,720 SO SOMEONE ELSE IS USING IT, 3048 01:59:21,720 --> 01:59:23,240 THEY DON'T NEED TO THINK IS 3049 01:59:23,240 --> 01:59:24,880 EVERYTHING COVERED, HOW DO I 3050 01:59:24,880 --> 01:59:26,440 HAVE CONFIDENCE, EVERYTHING IS 3051 01:59:26,440 --> 01:59:27,000 ALREADY THERE. 3052 01:59:27,000 --> 01:59:32,280 THEY NEED TO RUN IT AND FROM THE 3053 01:59:32,280 --> 01:59:33,120 DIFFERENT OUTPUTS CAN 3054 01:59:33,120 --> 01:59:34,320 UNDERSTAND, DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA 3055 01:59:34,320 --> 01:59:38,520 FOR HOW THE ASSAY IS GOING. 3056 01:59:38,520 --> 01:59:41,320 THIS IS AN EXAMPLE, YOU CAN GET 3057 01:59:41,320 --> 01:59:42,640 CONTROL CHARTING RESULTS FOR 3058 01:59:42,640 --> 01:59:44,080 SOME CONTROL MEASUREMENT HOW 3059 01:59:44,080 --> 01:59:45,080 IT'S WORKING. 3060 01:59:45,080 --> 01:59:46,480 THESE ARE THREE EXAMPLES OF 3061 01:59:46,480 --> 01:59:47,560 THINGS NOT GOING WELL. 3062 01:59:47,560 --> 01:59:49,200 THIS IS HAPPENING, GO BACK AND 3063 01:59:49,200 --> 01:59:50,480 LOOK AT SOMETHING, SOMETHING'S 3064 01:59:50,480 --> 01:59:51,160 NOT WORKING. 3065 01:59:51,160 --> 01:59:53,400 PART A YOU'RE SEEING THE MEAN IS 3066 01:59:53,400 --> 01:59:54,680 DECREASING ACROSS TIME. 3067 01:59:54,680 --> 01:59:57,400 FOR B YOU'RE SEEING THE 3068 01:59:57,400 --> 01:59:59,040 VARIABILITY IS INCREASING ACROSS 3069 01:59:59,040 --> 02:00:00,920 TIME, BIGGER ERROR BARS. 3070 02:00:00,920 --> 02:00:05,200 FOR C THERE'S A STEP CHANGE, 3071 02:00:05,200 --> 02:00:06,720 MAYBE YOU CHANGED AGENTS, YOUR 3072 02:00:06,720 --> 02:00:10,240 AGENT IS CHANGING IN WAYS YOU 3073 02:00:10,240 --> 02:00:11,080 DIDN'T EXPECT. 3074 02:00:11,080 --> 02:00:13,160 BY MONITORING YOU CAN HAVE 3075 02:00:13,160 --> 02:00:14,280 CONFIDENCE ACROSS TIME THINGS 3076 02:00:14,280 --> 02:00:16,720 ARE WORKING WELL AT LEAST WITHIN 3077 02:00:16,720 --> 02:00:18,760 YOUR LABORATORY. 3078 02:00:18,760 --> 02:00:20,080 ANOTHER POWERFUL TOOL SCATTER 3079 02:00:20,080 --> 02:00:22,960 PLOTS, YOU WANT ALL THE CONTROL 3080 02:00:22,960 --> 02:00:23,560 MEASUREMENTS BE INDEPENDENT, 3081 02:00:23,560 --> 02:00:26,440 THAT'S WHERE YOU HAVE IN PART A 3082 02:00:26,440 --> 02:00:36,400 ON THE Y-AXIS THAT'S THE MEAN 3083 02:00:36,400 --> 02:00:42,200 OD, AND ON THE X-AXIS IS OUR 3084 02:00:42,200 --> 02:00:42,960 CONTROL CADMIUM SULFATE, NO 3085 02:00:42,960 --> 02:00:45,720 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUMBER OF 3086 02:00:45,720 --> 02:00:46,440 CELLS AND CADMIUM SULFATE 3087 02:00:46,440 --> 02:00:48,560 RESULTS AS LONG AS YOU'RE ABOVE 3088 02:00:48,560 --> 02:00:49,520 1.5 OR SO. 3089 02:00:49,520 --> 02:00:53,360 IF YOU LOOK AT PART B HERE YOU 3090 02:00:53,360 --> 02:00:55,760 CAN SEE NUMBER OF CELLS REALLY 3091 02:00:55,760 --> 02:00:57,200 INFLUENCES YOUR RESULTS. 3092 02:00:57,200 --> 02:00:58,400 YOU COULD THINK THINGS ARE 3093 02:00:58,400 --> 02:00:59,760 DIFFERENT BUT IT'S JUST A 3094 02:00:59,760 --> 02:01:00,960 FUNCTION HOW YOU PERFORMED THE 3095 02:01:00,960 --> 02:01:03,800 ASSAY ONE TIME AND HOW MANY 3096 02:01:03,800 --> 02:01:05,560 CELLS ARE THERE. 3097 02:01:05,560 --> 02:01:08,400 SPECIFICATION THING ABOVE 1.5 OR 3098 02:01:08,400 --> 02:01:09,680 1.4, OTHERWISE YOU CAN'T TRUST 3099 02:01:09,680 --> 02:01:13,880 YOUR RESULTS IN THE SAME WAY AS 3100 02:01:13,880 --> 02:01:15,200 YOU'RE EXPECTING. 3101 02:01:15,200 --> 02:01:16,200 HISTOGRAMS ARE IMPORTANT, NOT 3102 02:01:16,200 --> 02:01:17,400 ASSUME THEY ARE GAUSSIAN. 3103 02:01:17,400 --> 02:01:21,360 THIS IS FROM A COMET ASSAY, 3104 02:01:21,360 --> 02:01:24,320 CLEARLY NOT A GOOD GAUSSIAN 3105 02:01:24,320 --> 02:01:24,840 DISTRIBUTION. 3106 02:01:24,840 --> 02:01:27,360 I THINK THIS IS EXAMPLE OF WHAT 3107 02:01:27,360 --> 02:01:28,560 GOVERNMENT AGENCIES CAN DO, 3108 02:01:28,560 --> 02:01:30,120 WHERE WE PUT IN FOUNDATIONAL 3109 02:01:30,120 --> 02:01:31,880 PIECES THAT OTHER PEOPLE CAN 3110 02:01:31,880 --> 02:01:33,400 BUILD UPON AND SUPPORT 3111 02:01:33,400 --> 02:01:34,800 INNOVATION TO THRIVE IN 3112 02:01:34,800 --> 02:01:38,000 DIFFERENT AREAS, SO MANY NAMs, 3113 02:01:38,000 --> 02:01:39,200 SO MUCH COMPLEXITY, TO HAVE 3114 02:01:39,200 --> 02:01:42,360 CONFIDENCE WE THOUGHT IT WOULD 3115 02:01:42,360 --> 02:01:47,520 BE HELPFUL TO HAVE STEPS TO 3116 02:01:47,520 --> 02:01:48,160 IMPROVE CONFIDENCE. 3117 02:01:48,160 --> 02:01:50,800 HOPEFULLY THIS COULD SUPPORT 3118 02:01:50,800 --> 02:01:51,480 STANDARDIZEATION AND BROADER 3119 02:01:51,480 --> 02:01:53,960 ADOPTION OF NAMs. 3120 02:01:53,960 --> 02:01:57,720 THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME. 3121 02:01:57,720 --> 02:01:57,960 [APPLAUSE] 3122 02:01:57,960 --> 02:02:02,960 >>THANK YOU, DR. PETERSEN. 3123 02:02:02,960 --> 02:02:06,920 NEXT SPEAKER AND PANEL MEMBER 3124 02:02:06,920 --> 02:02:09,600 DR. YVETTE SEGER, DIRECTOR OF 3125 02:02:09,600 --> 02:02:10,520 SCIENCE POLICY, DEPUTY DIRECTOR 3126 02:02:10,520 --> 02:02:13,680 OF OFFICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS, 3127 02:02:13,680 --> 02:02:15,160 DIRECTOR OF STRATEGIC SCIENTIFIC 3128 02:02:15,160 --> 02:02:16,240 PROGRAM ADVANCEMENT, AND MEMBER 3129 02:02:16,240 --> 02:02:19,160 OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS FOR 3130 02:02:19,160 --> 02:02:21,280 CENTER FOR OPEN SCIENCE AT THE 3131 02:02:21,280 --> 02:02:25,120 FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SOCIETIES 3132 02:02:25,120 --> 02:02:25,960 FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY, FASEB, 3133 02:02:25,960 --> 02:02:29,000 WHICH HAS BEEN AROUND SINCE 3134 02:02:29,000 --> 02:02:30,520 1912, FEDERATION OF SCIENTIFIC 3135 02:02:30,520 --> 02:02:33,160 SOCIETIES THAT ADVANCES HEALTH 3136 02:02:33,160 --> 02:02:34,360 AND WELL-BEING BY PROMOTING 3137 02:02:34,360 --> 02:02:36,760 RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN 3138 02:02:36,760 --> 02:02:41,400 BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL 3139 02:02:41,400 --> 02:02:42,120 SCIENCES THROUGH COLLABORATIVE 3140 02:02:42,120 --> 02:02:43,320 ADVOCACY AND SERVICE TO 3141 02:02:43,320 --> 02:02:45,520 SOCIETIES AND MEMBERS. 3142 02:02:45,520 --> 02:02:49,160 FASEB IS THE LARGEST BIOLOGIC 3143 02:02:49,160 --> 02:02:51,040 COALITION AND POLICY VOICE, 3144 02:02:51,040 --> 02:02:52,440 BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL 3145 02:02:52,440 --> 02:02:52,720 RESEARCHERS. 3146 02:02:52,720 --> 02:02:55,400 DR. SEGER HOLDS A B.A. IN 3147 02:02:55,400 --> 02:02:57,560 ZOOLOGY, ALSO IN POLITICS AND 3148 02:02:57,560 --> 02:02:59,120 GOVERNMENT FROM OHIO WESLEY AN 3149 02:02:59,120 --> 02:03:03,520 UNIVERSITY, RECEIVED Ph.D. IN 3150 02:03:03,520 --> 02:03:05,120 GENETICS FROM STONY BROOK 3151 02:03:05,120 --> 02:03:07,960 UNIVERSITY, PRIOR TO JOINING 3152 02:03:07,960 --> 02:03:15,960 FASEB WAS A A FELLOW AT 3153 02:03:15,960 --> 02:03:19,040 NATIONAL ACADEMYS, SENIOR POLICY 3154 02:03:19,040 --> 02:03:21,240 ANALYST AT NIH AND SENIOR 3155 02:03:21,240 --> 02:03:21,880 ANALYST AT DISCOVERY LOGIC. 3156 02:03:21,880 --> 02:03:22,760 >>THANK YOU. 3157 02:03:22,760 --> 02:03:25,160 I'M SORRY YOU HAVE TO READ MY 3158 02:03:25,160 --> 02:03:25,480 BIO. 3159 02:03:25,480 --> 02:03:26,680 IT'S A PLEASURE TO BE HERE. 3160 02:03:26,680 --> 02:03:28,760 I'M GOING TO LIFT THINGS UP A 3161 02:03:28,760 --> 02:03:31,280 LITTLE BIT TO A DIFFERENT LEVEL 3162 02:03:31,280 --> 02:03:33,560 BECAUSE WE'RE TALKING ABOUT 3163 02:03:33,560 --> 02:03:35,000 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT HERE AND 3164 02:03:35,000 --> 02:03:36,400 SO THERE'S NO SCIENCE IN THIS 3165 02:03:36,400 --> 02:03:39,160 PRESENTATION BUT I WILL BE 3166 02:03:39,160 --> 02:03:41,680 TALKING A LOT ABOUT SCIENTISTS. 3167 02:03:41,680 --> 02:03:43,960 SO AS YOU HEARD IN THE 3168 02:03:43,960 --> 02:03:45,280 INTRODUCTION, I'M REPRESENTING 3169 02:03:45,280 --> 02:03:54,680 THE FEDERATION OF AMERICAN 3170 02:03:54,680 --> 02:03:56,960 SOCIETIES FOR EXPERIMENT 3171 02:03:56,960 --> 02:04:03,800 BIOLOGY, 26 SOCIETIES, 110,000 3172 02:04:03,800 --> 02:04:04,080 SCIENTIST. 3173 02:04:04,080 --> 02:04:07,480 THERE SEEMS TO BE AN ARTIFICIAL 3174 02:04:07,480 --> 02:04:09,480 FIRE WALL BETWEEN TOXICOLOGY 3175 02:04:09,480 --> 02:04:12,840 TESTING AND BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH 3176 02:04:12,840 --> 02:04:15,680 AS DR. KLEINSTREUER SAID. 3177 02:04:15,680 --> 02:04:18,120 I'VE GOT 110,000 RESEARCHERS, WE 3178 02:04:18,120 --> 02:04:20,000 DON'T REPRESENT ALL SOCIETIES IN 3179 02:04:20,000 --> 02:04:21,400 BIOLOGY AND BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH. 3180 02:04:21,400 --> 02:04:24,000 AS YOU CAN SEE BY LOOKING AT THE 3181 02:04:24,000 --> 02:04:27,960 LOGOS WE REPRESENT THE BREADTH 3182 02:04:27,960 --> 02:04:29,720 OF BIOLOGY AND BIOMEDICAL 3183 02:04:29,720 --> 02:04:30,880 RESEARCH, MOST OF OUR 3184 02:04:30,880 --> 02:04:32,880 RESEARCHERS ARE ENGAGED IN BASIC 3185 02:04:32,880 --> 02:04:35,400 RESEARCH BUT WE DO HAVE SOME 3186 02:04:35,400 --> 02:04:38,280 SOCIETIES THAT START TO BRIDGE 3187 02:04:38,280 --> 02:04:39,120 THE CLINICAL RESEARCH, AND ONE 3188 02:04:39,120 --> 02:04:41,520 THING THAT YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT 3189 02:04:41,520 --> 02:04:42,720 SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES THAT'S VERY 3190 02:04:42,720 --> 02:04:45,960 IMPORTANT IS THAT REQUEST FOR 3191 02:04:45,960 --> 02:04:47,440 INFORMATION ARE LOVE LANGUAGE. 3192 02:04:47,440 --> 02:04:49,160 ANYTIME YOU WANT TO ENGAGE 3193 02:04:49,160 --> 02:04:50,280 STAKEHOLDERS, ISSUE A REQUEST 3194 02:04:50,280 --> 02:04:52,360 FOR INFORMATION BECAUSE YOU WILL 3195 02:04:52,360 --> 02:04:53,680 HEAR THROUGHOUT MY PRESENTATION 3196 02:04:53,680 --> 02:04:56,400 WHAT WE LIKE TO DO IS WE LIKE TO 3197 02:04:56,400 --> 02:04:57,400 SHARE OUR THOUGHTS. 3198 02:04:57,400 --> 02:04:59,920 WE LIKE TO USE OUR SCIENTISTS TO 3199 02:04:59,920 --> 02:05:02,320 COME TOGETHER FOR A CONSENSUS 3200 02:05:02,320 --> 02:05:06,480 OPINION, NATION -- ANYTHING 3201 02:05:06,480 --> 02:05:08,800 ISSUED BY FASEB IS NOT ME 3202 02:05:08,800 --> 02:05:09,880 WRITING SOMETHING BUT BRINGING 3203 02:05:09,880 --> 02:05:14,880 TOGETHER A REPRESENTATION OF OUR 3204 02:05:14,880 --> 02:05:15,520 MEMBER SCIENTISTS USUALLY ABOUT 3205 02:05:15,520 --> 02:05:17,560 ONE TO TEN PERCENT TO COME 3206 02:05:17,560 --> 02:05:18,520 TOGETHER IN TERMS OF WHAT 3207 02:05:18,520 --> 02:05:20,200 COMMENTS ARE GOING TO BE IN 3208 02:05:20,200 --> 02:05:24,160 RESPONSE TO REQUEST FOR 3209 02:05:24,160 --> 02:05:24,560 INFORMATION. 3210 02:05:24,560 --> 02:05:32,120 AND SO RELYING ON REQUEST FOR 3211 02:05:32,120 --> 02:05:33,240 INFORMATION FASEB SUBMITTED 3212 02:05:33,240 --> 02:05:33,600 COMMENTS. 3213 02:05:33,600 --> 02:05:35,440 THANK YOU FOR ENGAGING US IN 3214 02:05:35,440 --> 02:05:37,280 THAT MANNER AND ALSO EXTENDING 3215 02:05:37,280 --> 02:05:39,280 THE DEADLINE TO ALLOW OTHERS WHO 3216 02:05:39,280 --> 02:05:41,240 MIGHT HAVE NOT HAD ALL THE 3217 02:05:41,240 --> 02:05:43,080 RESOURCES THAT MY TEAM HAD TO 3218 02:05:43,080 --> 02:05:44,200 PULL THIS TOGETHER. 3219 02:05:44,200 --> 02:05:46,240 AND SO LOOKING AT SOME OF THE 3220 02:05:46,240 --> 02:05:48,720 STRENGTHS AND ECHOES WHAT WE HAD 3221 02:05:48,720 --> 02:05:51,880 IN OUR COMMENTS, WHAT ARE THE 3222 02:05:51,880 --> 02:06:01,400 STRENGTHS IN ADVANCING NAMs? 3223 02:06:01,400 --> 02:06:02,400 SO SUCCESSFUL ADVANCEMENTS 3224 02:06:02,400 --> 02:06:04,800 DEPENDS ON ITERATIVE APPROACH TO 3225 02:06:04,800 --> 02:06:05,800 INFORM DECISION MAKING. 3226 02:06:05,800 --> 02:06:08,480 WE HEARD THIS IN THE FIRST 3227 02:06:08,480 --> 02:06:11,040 PANEL, OTHER PANELISTS HERE, 3228 02:06:11,040 --> 02:06:13,080 ECHOED IN OUR COMMENTS. 3229 02:06:13,080 --> 02:06:14,200 SOME POTENTIAL BARRIERS, YOU 3230 02:06:14,200 --> 02:06:17,240 HAVE STRENGTHS BUT YOU ALSO HAVE 3231 02:06:17,240 --> 02:06:18,920 THE BARRIERS. 3232 02:06:18,920 --> 02:06:20,080 CHALLENGES TO ADVANCING NAMs 3233 02:06:20,080 --> 02:06:22,520 INCLUDE LACK OF FUNDING 3234 02:06:22,520 --> 02:06:24,040 MECHANISMS TO FACILITATE 3235 02:06:24,040 --> 02:06:24,920 CHARACTERIZEATION OF NOVEL 3236 02:06:24,920 --> 02:06:26,560 TECHNOLOGIES AND LACK OF 3237 02:06:26,560 --> 02:06:28,320 MECHANISMS TO FOSTER 3238 02:06:28,320 --> 02:06:29,520 COLLABORATION BETWEEN ANIMAL 3239 02:06:29,520 --> 02:06:31,160 RESEARCHERS AND NAMs 3240 02:06:31,160 --> 02:06:31,440 DEVELOPERS. 3241 02:06:31,440 --> 02:06:33,440 I WANT TO HONE IN ON THE FIRST 3242 02:06:33,440 --> 02:06:36,400 PART OF WHAT WE FOCUSED ON IS, 3243 02:06:36,400 --> 02:06:39,680 AGAIN, THINK OF MY CONSTITUENTS. 3244 02:06:39,680 --> 02:06:40,600 THEY ARE UNIVERSITY-BASED 3245 02:06:40,600 --> 02:06:41,440 RESEARCHERS, FOR THE MOST PART. 3246 02:06:41,440 --> 02:06:43,040 THEY ARE GOING TO ENGAGE IN 3247 02:06:43,040 --> 02:06:44,600 RESEARCH FOR WHICH THEY HAVE 3248 02:06:44,600 --> 02:06:44,840 FUNDING. 3249 02:06:44,840 --> 02:06:47,400 AND SO I THINK THROUGHOUT THE 3250 02:06:47,400 --> 02:06:48,280 WORKING GROUP DELIBERATIONS, 3251 02:06:48,280 --> 02:06:49,200 THIS IS SOMETHING REALLY 3252 02:06:49,200 --> 02:06:51,840 IMPORTANT TO KEEP IN MIND IS 3253 02:06:51,840 --> 02:06:53,360 THAT RESEARCHERS AREN'T 3254 02:06:53,360 --> 02:06:54,920 NECESSARILY RETICENT TO PURSUE 3255 02:06:54,920 --> 02:06:56,520 THIS LINE OF RESEARCH, IT'S MORE 3256 02:06:56,520 --> 02:06:58,960 THAT THERE IS A NEED TO HAVE THE 3257 02:06:58,960 --> 02:07:00,840 FINANCIAL SUPPORT TO PURSUE IT. 3258 02:07:00,840 --> 02:07:04,560 SO WHETHER THAT COMES FROM NIH 3259 02:07:04,560 --> 02:07:05,320 DIRECTLY OR THROUGH PARTNERSHIP, 3260 02:07:05,320 --> 02:07:06,960 THIS IS SOMETHING THAT YOU WILL 3261 02:07:06,960 --> 02:07:11,400 HEAR OVER AND OVER AGAIN FROM 3262 02:07:11,400 --> 02:07:13,040 FASEB CONSTITUENTS BEING A KEY 3263 02:07:13,040 --> 02:07:14,400 BARRIER, IF YOU UNLOCK THAT GATE 3264 02:07:14,400 --> 02:07:16,920 YOU WILL HAVE A LOT MORE 3265 02:07:16,920 --> 02:07:21,080 INTEREST TO PURSUE THE 3266 02:07:21,080 --> 02:07:22,600 DEVELOPMENT OF NAMs. 3267 02:07:22,600 --> 02:07:26,240 SOME OF THE BEST PRACTICES YOU 3268 02:07:26,240 --> 02:07:26,760 HEARD THROUGHOUT THE 3269 02:07:26,760 --> 02:07:30,920 PRESENTATION IN THE FIRST PANEL, 3270 02:07:30,920 --> 02:07:32,560 EVEN MY CO-PANELIST, THERE'S A 3271 02:07:32,560 --> 02:07:34,320 LOT OF EXISTING RESOURCES BUT 3272 02:07:34,320 --> 02:07:36,320 WITH LENS OF BIOMEDICAL 3273 02:07:36,320 --> 02:07:36,960 RESEARCHERS FASEB REPRESENTS AND 3274 02:07:36,960 --> 02:07:39,920 I DON'T THINK WE'RE UNIQUE IN 3275 02:07:39,920 --> 02:07:41,320 SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES, THEY ARE 3276 02:07:41,320 --> 02:07:43,320 USEFUL BUT THERE'S LIMITED 3277 02:07:43,320 --> 02:07:44,200 COMMUNITY AWARENESS. 3278 02:07:44,200 --> 02:07:45,720 SO IN THE TOXICOLOGY FIELD, 3279 02:07:45,720 --> 02:07:48,280 THERE'S A LOT OF AWARENESS BUT 3280 02:07:48,280 --> 02:07:51,480 MAKING THAT BRIDGE TO THE BASIC 3281 02:07:51,480 --> 02:07:52,280 BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH COMMUNITY 3282 02:07:52,280 --> 02:07:52,840 ISN'T ALWAYS THERE. 3283 02:07:52,840 --> 02:07:55,240 YOU HAVE TO HAVE SOMEBODY THAT'S 3284 02:07:55,240 --> 02:07:57,640 LOOKING FOR IT. 3285 02:07:57,640 --> 02:07:59,400 SIMILARLY THESE RESOURCES STILL 3286 02:07:59,400 --> 02:08:03,240 HAVE GAPS THAT THEY DO NOT 3287 02:08:03,240 --> 02:08:05,200 DIRECTLY ADDRESS RIGOR AND 3288 02:08:05,200 --> 02:08:05,760 REPRODUCIBILITY CHALLENGES 3289 02:08:05,760 --> 02:08:06,880 ASSOCIATED WITH NAMs. 3290 02:08:06,880 --> 02:08:08,720 AGAIN, WE'RE WITH A COMMUNITY 3291 02:08:08,720 --> 02:08:11,000 LOOKING SPECIFICALLY TO 3292 02:08:11,000 --> 02:08:13,760 TRANSITION FROM ANIMAL MODELS TO 3293 02:08:13,760 --> 02:08:15,720 ADOPTING NAMs AND THEIR 3294 02:08:15,720 --> 02:08:16,960 CONCERNS ABOUT UNDERSTANDING 3295 02:08:16,960 --> 02:08:18,200 RIGOR AND REPRODUCIBILITY. 3296 02:08:18,200 --> 02:08:20,760 THOSE ARE HIGHLIGHTS FROM OUR 3297 02:08:20,760 --> 02:08:22,400 RFI COMMENTS FOR THOSE WHO 3298 02:08:22,400 --> 02:08:24,360 HAVEN'T SEEN THEM YET, THEY ARE 3299 02:08:24,360 --> 02:08:26,680 POSTED ON THE FASEB WEBSITE AND 3300 02:08:26,680 --> 02:08:29,720 THE WORKING GROUP WILL RECEIVE A 3301 02:08:29,720 --> 02:08:31,280 COPY AS WELL. 3302 02:08:31,280 --> 02:08:33,800 SO WHY I'M HERE, HOW CAN 3303 02:08:33,800 --> 02:08:35,560 SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES HELP? 3304 02:08:35,560 --> 02:08:37,880 ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WE'RE 3305 02:08:37,880 --> 02:08:40,280 VERY GOOD AT, ESPECIALLY I WOULD 3306 02:08:40,280 --> 02:08:44,640 SAY FASEB EXCELS AT BECAUSE WE 3307 02:08:44,640 --> 02:08:47,720 REMEMBER AT ANY GIVEN TIME WE'VE 3308 02:08:47,720 --> 02:08:49,480 REPRESENTED 25 TO 35 SCIENTIFIC 3309 02:08:49,480 --> 02:08:51,200 SOCIETIES, SOME COME, SOME GO, 3310 02:08:51,200 --> 02:08:53,560 BUT WE REPRESENT A LOT OF 3311 02:08:53,560 --> 02:08:54,760 SOCIETIES, WE'RE GOOD AT 3312 02:08:54,760 --> 02:08:55,480 CONVENING. 3313 02:08:55,480 --> 02:08:56,840 JUST LIKE THIS WORKING GROUP HAS 3314 02:08:56,840 --> 02:08:58,640 CONVENED ALL OF YOU HERE, THIS 3315 02:08:58,640 --> 02:09:01,640 IS WHAT FASEB HAS TO DO AS PART 3316 02:09:01,640 --> 02:09:03,920 OF ITS GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE TO 3317 02:09:03,920 --> 02:09:07,960 HAVE STATEMENTS THAT REPRESENT 3318 02:09:07,960 --> 02:09:09,600 ALL THE SOCIETIES. 3319 02:09:09,600 --> 02:09:12,120 SO SOME THINGS THAT WE DO I 3320 02:09:12,120 --> 02:09:15,080 WOULD SAY PRETTY WELL IS THAT WE 3321 02:09:15,080 --> 02:09:17,360 ORGANIZE AND PARTICIPATE IN 3322 02:09:17,360 --> 02:09:18,240 STAKEHOLDER MEETINGS. 3323 02:09:18,240 --> 02:09:20,440 SO, YOU KNOW, JUST EVEN WITHIN 3324 02:09:20,440 --> 02:09:22,760 OUR OWN MEMBERSHIP BUT ALSO 3325 02:09:22,760 --> 02:09:26,040 EXPANDING WE LIKE TO ENGAGE THE 3326 02:09:26,040 --> 02:09:27,680 COMMUNITY, FOSTER DIALOGUE, 3327 02:09:27,680 --> 02:09:28,880 INCREASE COORDINATION BETWEEN 3328 02:09:28,880 --> 02:09:29,760 STAKEHOLDERS. 3329 02:09:29,760 --> 02:09:31,280 WE'LL HAVE CLOSED DOOR FASEB 3330 02:09:31,280 --> 02:09:33,280 FAMILY MEETINGS, SO THAT WE CAN 3331 02:09:33,280 --> 02:09:34,760 TALK ABOUT WHAT'S REALLY 3332 02:09:34,760 --> 02:09:38,680 BOTHERING US, AND THEN A LOT OF 3333 02:09:38,680 --> 02:09:41,080 TIMES WE'LL HAVE PUBLIC FORA, IN 3334 02:09:41,080 --> 02:09:42,920 THE FORM OF VIRTUAL MEETINGS, 3335 02:09:42,920 --> 02:09:45,800 SOMETIMES WE OPEN THE DOORS TO 3336 02:09:45,800 --> 02:09:47,760 BROADER STAKEHOLDERS TO 3337 02:09:47,760 --> 02:09:50,720 PARTICIPATE IN OUR CONVENING. 3338 02:09:50,720 --> 02:09:52,000 ANOTHER THING RELATED TO THAT WE 3339 02:09:52,000 --> 02:09:55,520 HAVE A DEEP NETWORK OF 3340 02:09:55,520 --> 02:09:56,560 SCIENTISTS EAGER TO VOLUNTEER 3341 02:09:56,560 --> 02:09:59,440 FOR EFFORTS THAT ADVANCE 3342 02:09:59,440 --> 02:09:59,680 SCIENCE. 3343 02:09:59,680 --> 02:10:03,400 OUR VOLUNTEERS THAT WORK WITH 3344 02:10:03,400 --> 02:10:06,680 FASEB AMAZE ME. 3345 02:10:06,680 --> 02:10:07,880 THEY ARE SO PASSIONATE ABOUT THE 3346 02:10:07,880 --> 02:10:09,960 WORK THEY DO MAKING SURE THAT 3347 02:10:09,960 --> 02:10:11,480 RESEARCHERS HAVE RESOURCES THAT 3348 02:10:11,480 --> 02:10:14,720 ARE AVAILABLE TO THEM, SO AGAIN 3349 02:10:14,720 --> 02:10:16,840 I REPRESENT 110,000 SCIENTISTS, 3350 02:10:16,840 --> 02:10:19,240 AND MAJORITY OF THEM WHEN CALLED 3351 02:10:19,240 --> 02:10:20,680 TO SERVE, WILL SERVE. 3352 02:10:20,680 --> 02:10:24,280 AND THEY ARE EAGER TO SHARE 3353 02:10:24,280 --> 02:10:26,160 THEIR INPUT. 3354 02:10:26,160 --> 02:10:28,360 ANOTHER THING THAT FASEB DOES 3355 02:10:28,360 --> 02:10:30,600 REALLY WELL OR SCIENTIFIC 3356 02:10:30,600 --> 02:10:32,080 SOCIETIES GENERALLY IS 3357 02:10:32,080 --> 02:10:33,600 AMPLIFYING COMMUNICATIONS OF 3358 02:10:33,600 --> 02:10:34,680 RESOURCE OPPORTUNITIES AND 3359 02:10:34,680 --> 02:10:36,000 COLLABORATIVE PARTNERSHIPS. 3360 02:10:36,000 --> 02:10:37,960 YOU CAN JUST SAY AMPLIFYING 3361 02:10:37,960 --> 02:10:39,080 COMMUNICATION. 3362 02:10:39,080 --> 02:10:41,360 ONE OF THE THINGS THAT OUR 3363 02:10:41,360 --> 02:10:43,120 MEMBERS RELY UPON IS THEY DON'T 3364 02:10:43,120 --> 02:10:46,160 DO WHAT MY TEAM DOES. 3365 02:10:46,160 --> 02:10:49,320 IT MIGHT BE ODD BUT I LOVE TO 3366 02:10:49,320 --> 02:10:52,400 READ THE FEDERAL REGISTER, THE 3367 02:10:52,400 --> 02:10:53,360 NIH GUIDE. 3368 02:10:53,360 --> 02:10:54,720 THAT'S NOT EVERYONE'S CUP OF TEA 3369 02:10:54,720 --> 02:10:58,360 BUT IT IS THE START OF MY DAY. 3370 02:10:58,360 --> 02:10:59,880 SO WE CAN HELP. 3371 02:10:59,880 --> 02:11:00,840 YES, THERE ARE COMMUNICATIONS 3372 02:11:00,840 --> 02:11:03,280 COMING OUT OF NIH ABOUT THIS 3373 02:11:03,280 --> 02:11:04,600 WORKING GROUP, THE BLOG, THEY 3374 02:11:04,600 --> 02:11:06,240 MIGHT TAKE LONGER. 3375 02:11:06,240 --> 02:11:08,240 WE HAVE MORE FLEXIBILITY TO GO 3376 02:11:08,240 --> 02:11:11,560 OUT AND START COMMUNICATING. 3377 02:11:11,560 --> 02:11:13,280 HEY, DID YOU KNOW A WORKING 3378 02:11:13,280 --> 02:11:15,480 GROUP THAT IS A REQUEST FOR 3379 02:11:15,480 --> 02:11:16,280 INFORMATION? 3380 02:11:16,280 --> 02:11:18,480 NEXT, HEY THAT RFI, DID YOU MISS 3381 02:11:18,480 --> 02:11:19,240 THAT DEADLINE? 3382 02:11:19,240 --> 02:11:20,520 IT WAS EXTENDED TO SEPTEMBER 5 3383 02:11:20,520 --> 02:11:22,480 SO YOU STILL HAVE THE 3384 02:11:22,480 --> 02:11:22,760 OPPORTUNITY. 3385 02:11:22,760 --> 02:11:24,760 DON'T UNDERESTIMATE THE ABILITY 3386 02:11:24,760 --> 02:11:28,520 OF THAT TELEPHONE GAME THAT 3387 02:11:28,520 --> 02:11:29,920 SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES CAN PROVIDE 3388 02:11:29,920 --> 02:11:31,760 BECAUSE SOMETIMES AS MANY 3389 02:11:31,760 --> 02:11:34,080 CHANNELS AS THE FEDERAL AGENCIES 3390 02:11:34,080 --> 02:11:35,280 CAN HAVE OUT THERE, SOMETIMES 3391 02:11:35,280 --> 02:11:39,080 THEY WANT TO HEAR FROM THEIR 3392 02:11:39,080 --> 02:11:39,680 PEERS. 3393 02:11:39,680 --> 02:11:41,520 THEY DON'T THINK IT'S PERTINENT 3394 02:11:41,520 --> 02:11:43,840 UNTIL THEY HEAR IT FROM THEIR 3395 02:11:43,840 --> 02:11:44,040 PEERS. 3396 02:11:44,040 --> 02:11:47,960 WE CAN DO THAT RAISING 3397 02:11:47,960 --> 02:11:48,680 AWARENESS. 3398 02:11:48,680 --> 02:11:49,480 SO HIGHLIGHTING THE 3399 02:11:49,480 --> 02:11:51,240 OPPORTUNITIES WE ALSO HAVE 3400 02:11:51,240 --> 02:11:52,960 ACTIVE ENGAGEMENT OF EARLY 3401 02:11:52,960 --> 02:11:54,200 CAREER RESEARCHERS, SO, YOU 3402 02:11:54,200 --> 02:11:56,800 KNOW, HAVING ACCESS NOT ONLY TO 3403 02:11:56,800 --> 02:11:57,720 ESTABLISHED INVESTIGATORS WHO 3404 02:11:57,720 --> 02:12:00,880 CAN HELP TURN THE TIDE ON 3405 02:12:00,880 --> 02:12:02,280 CERTAIN ASPECTS OR TOPICS EARLY 3406 02:12:02,280 --> 02:12:03,960 CAREER RESEARCHERS ARE ALWAYS 3407 02:12:03,960 --> 02:12:05,000 LOOKING TO SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES 3408 02:12:05,000 --> 02:12:11,400 FOR WAYS TO ENGAGE AND EXPAND 3409 02:12:11,400 --> 02:12:14,240 THEIR INVOLVEMENT. 3410 02:12:14,240 --> 02:12:19,040 SO JUST TO REITERATE, IT'S 3411 02:12:19,040 --> 02:12:22,440 CONVENING WEBINARS, DIGITAL 3412 02:12:22,440 --> 02:12:26,480 MEETINGS, IN-PERSON MEETINGS, 3413 02:12:26,480 --> 02:12:28,320 CONVENEINGS, BRINGING 3414 02:12:28,320 --> 02:12:29,320 STAKEHOLDERS TOGETHER THROUGH 3415 02:12:29,320 --> 02:12:30,720 GOVERNANCE PROCESS OR MEETINGS 3416 02:12:30,720 --> 02:12:32,480 WE CONVENE ON BEHALF OF THE 3417 02:12:32,480 --> 02:12:32,880 OPPORTUNITY. 3418 02:12:32,880 --> 02:12:34,720 EVEN SOCIETIES THAT ARE NOT 3419 02:12:34,720 --> 02:12:36,640 MEMBERS OF FASEB LOOK TO PARTNER 3420 02:12:36,640 --> 02:12:38,840 WITH US BECAUSE WE'RE ALL DOING 3421 02:12:38,840 --> 02:12:40,800 ONE IMPORTANT THING, AMPLIFYING 3422 02:12:40,800 --> 02:12:41,520 THE VOICE OF SCIENTISTS. 3423 02:12:41,520 --> 02:12:44,760 AT THE END OF THE DAY THAT'S 3424 02:12:44,760 --> 02:12:46,040 WHAT'S MOST IMPORTANT TO US. 3425 02:12:46,040 --> 02:12:48,800 WE'VE HEARD A LOT ABOUT 3426 02:12:48,800 --> 02:12:50,560 DEVELOPING GUIDEANCE. 3427 02:12:50,560 --> 02:12:53,960 WHENEVER I'M GIVING A 3428 02:12:53,960 --> 02:12:56,240 POLICY-ORIENTED TALK ABOUT WHO 3429 02:12:56,240 --> 02:12:57,120 DRIVES POLICY DEVELOPMENT, 3430 02:12:57,120 --> 02:12:58,280 SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES ARE A BIG 3431 02:12:58,280 --> 02:12:59,880 PLAYER IN THAT GAME AS WELL. 3432 02:12:59,880 --> 02:13:01,920 SOMETIMES WE WILL TAKE AN ISSUE 3433 02:13:01,920 --> 02:13:04,120 THAT WE THINK IS IMPORTANT TO 3434 02:13:04,120 --> 02:13:06,240 OUR CONSTITUENTS AND WE WILL 3435 02:13:06,240 --> 02:13:07,440 WRITE A REPORT AND 3436 02:13:07,440 --> 02:13:10,360 RECOMMENDATIONS WITH ALL THE 3437 02:13:10,360 --> 02:13:11,960 DIFFERENT STAKEHOLDERS, ACADEMIC 3438 02:13:11,960 --> 02:13:13,000 INSTITUTIONS, FEDERAL AGENCIES, 3439 02:13:13,000 --> 02:13:15,400 AND SO THOSE BECOME CONSENSUS 3440 02:13:15,400 --> 02:13:18,400 DOCUMENTS OUT OF OUR PROCESS AS 3441 02:13:18,400 --> 02:13:18,600 WELL. 3442 02:13:18,600 --> 02:13:21,120 AND GETTING BACK TO BRIDGEING 3443 02:13:21,120 --> 02:13:23,440 THE COMMUNICATIONS, NOT ONLY 3444 02:13:23,440 --> 02:13:25,400 WITH SCIENTISTS, WHICH IS A 3445 02:13:25,400 --> 02:13:27,280 STRENGTH, BUT GETTING BACK TO 3446 02:13:27,280 --> 02:13:29,320 WHAT OTHER PANELISTS HAVE SAID 3447 02:13:29,320 --> 02:13:31,520 IS WE DO HAVE A AGREEMENT TO 3448 02:13:31,520 --> 02:13:33,160 COMMUNICATE WITH THE PUBLIC. 3449 02:13:33,160 --> 02:13:35,600 SO, AGAIN, WE'VE SEEN SOME 3450 02:13:35,600 --> 02:13:38,400 REALLY NICE BOILED DOWN 3451 02:13:38,400 --> 02:13:39,400 TECHNICAL BUT STILL TECHNICAL 3452 02:13:39,400 --> 02:13:40,880 TALKS, EVEN JUST TODAY, AND 3453 02:13:40,880 --> 02:13:42,720 SOMETIMES YOU JUST NEED A FACT 3454 02:13:42,720 --> 02:13:44,880 SHEET TO GET THE INFORMATION OUT 3455 02:13:44,880 --> 02:13:45,160 THERE. 3456 02:13:45,160 --> 02:13:48,080 YOU NEED TO SIMPLIFY SO THE 3457 02:13:48,080 --> 02:13:49,080 PUBLIC UNDERSTANDS, SOMEONE WHO 3458 02:13:49,080 --> 02:13:50,720 ISN'T WORKING IN YOUR SPECIFIC 3459 02:13:50,720 --> 02:13:52,600 DISCIPLINE CAN UNDERSTAND IT. 3460 02:13:52,600 --> 02:13:54,960 SO WE HAVE EXAMPLES OF 3461 02:13:54,960 --> 02:13:56,280 FACTSHEETS, THESE ARE ANOTHER 3462 02:13:56,280 --> 02:13:59,480 BREAD AND BUTTER WHEN WE'RE NOT 3463 02:13:59,480 --> 02:14:00,760 READING THE FEDERAL REGISTER OR 3464 02:14:00,760 --> 02:14:03,400 NIH GUIDE, WE'RE MAKING A FACT 3465 02:14:03,400 --> 02:14:03,600 SHEET. 3466 02:14:03,600 --> 02:14:05,560 HOW TO COMMUNICATE IN THE 3467 02:14:05,560 --> 02:14:06,840 SIMPLEST TERMS SO WE GET 3468 02:14:06,840 --> 02:14:09,640 SCIENTISTS AND MEMBERS OF THE 3469 02:14:09,640 --> 02:14:11,120 PUBLIC EXCITED ABOUT THIS. 3470 02:14:11,120 --> 02:14:13,240 THOSE ARE MY HIGH LEVEL 3471 02:14:13,240 --> 02:14:13,520 COMMENTS. 3472 02:14:13,520 --> 02:14:14,880 I'M LOOKING FORWARD TO 3473 02:14:14,880 --> 02:14:15,760 DISCUSSION. 3474 02:14:15,760 --> 02:14:19,720 I WANTED TO GIVE SOME 3475 02:14:19,720 --> 02:14:22,560 ACKNOWLEDGMENT TO MY TEAM, NAOMI 3476 02:14:22,560 --> 02:14:24,760 IS MY ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR FOR 3477 02:14:24,760 --> 02:14:27,920 SCIENCE POLICY AND OUR ANIMALS 3478 02:14:27,920 --> 02:14:30,440 IN RESEARCH COMMITTEE WITH 3479 02:14:30,440 --> 02:14:31,640 NAOMI'S GUIDEANCE, THIS GROUP 3480 02:14:31,640 --> 02:14:35,160 HELPS COME UP WITH INITIAL 3481 02:14:35,160 --> 02:14:36,680 DOCUMENTATION FOR RESPONSE. 3482 02:14:36,680 --> 02:14:40,880 SO I LOOK FORWARD TO THE 3483 02:14:40,880 --> 02:14:41,520 CONVERSATION. 3484 02:14:41,520 --> 02:14:42,520 THANK YOU. 3485 02:14:42,520 --> 02:14:42,760 [APPLAUSE] 3486 02:14:42,760 --> 02:14:46,880 >>THANK YOU, DR. SEGER. 3487 02:14:46,880 --> 02:14:49,960 AS DR. CHANG MENTIONED, OUR 3488 02:14:49,960 --> 02:14:51,680 CO-CHAIR, OUR INDUSTRY 3489 02:14:51,680 --> 02:14:53,240 REPRESENTATIVE FELL THROUGH BUT 3490 02:14:53,240 --> 02:14:54,760 DR. MYRTLE DAVIS WAS GRACIOUS 3491 02:14:54,760 --> 02:14:59,920 ENOUGH TO STEP IN AND ENTER THAT 3492 02:14:59,920 --> 02:15:00,360 ROLE. 3493 02:15:00,360 --> 02:15:03,280 SO DR. MYRTLE IS A MEMBER OF THE 3494 02:15:03,280 --> 02:15:10,000 ACD WORKING GROUPS ON NAMs. 3495 02:15:10,000 --> 02:15:16,040 DR. DAVIS IS IS FROM BMS, A 3496 02:15:16,040 --> 02:15:18,640 GLOBAL COMPANY TO DELIVER 3497 02:15:18,640 --> 02:15:20,040 INNOVATEIVE MEDICINES TO HELP 3498 02:15:20,040 --> 02:15:21,720 PATIENTS PREVAIL OVER SERIOUS 3499 02:15:21,720 --> 02:15:22,360 DISEASES. 3500 02:15:22,360 --> 02:15:24,880 REACHED A BACHELOR'S DEGREE IN 3501 02:15:24,880 --> 02:15:29,880 CHEMISTRY, DOCTOR OF VETERINARY 3502 02:15:29,880 --> 02:15:31,000 MEDICINE FROM TUSKEGEE 3503 02:15:31,000 --> 02:15:31,400 UNIVERSITY, Ph.D. IN 3504 02:15:31,400 --> 02:15:36,120 TOXICOLOGY FROM UNIVERSITY OF 3505 02:15:36,120 --> 02:15:37,840 ILLINOIS, POSTDOCTORAL TRAINING 3506 02:15:37,840 --> 02:15:38,520 IN TOXICOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, 3507 02:15:38,520 --> 02:15:40,280 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND, WHERE 3508 02:15:40,280 --> 02:15:42,280 SHE WAS ALSO ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR 3509 02:15:42,280 --> 02:15:46,120 IN DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY. 3510 02:15:46,120 --> 02:15:52,320 PRIOR TO JOINING BMS WAS AT NCI 3511 02:15:52,320 --> 02:15:55,520 AND ELI LILLY, PRESIDENT OF THE 3512 02:15:55,520 --> 02:15:58,160 SOCIETY OF TOXICOLOGY IN 2021. 3513 02:15:58,160 --> 02:16:00,120 DR. DAVIS DOESN'T HAVE ANY 3514 02:16:00,120 --> 02:16:01,520 FORMAL PRESENTATION BUT WAS 3515 02:16:01,520 --> 02:16:02,760 WONDERING IF YOU HAVE SOME 3516 02:16:02,760 --> 02:16:05,240 REMARKS YOU WANT TO KICK US OFF? 3517 02:16:05,240 --> 02:16:06,040 >>SURE. 3518 02:16:06,040 --> 02:16:10,640 IT'S A PLEASURE TO STEP IN. 3519 02:16:10,640 --> 02:16:13,040 I'M RELUCTANT TO SAY I REPRESENT 3520 02:16:13,040 --> 02:16:14,160 THE ENTIRE PHARMACEUTICAL 3521 02:16:14,160 --> 02:16:15,520 INDUSTRY TODAY BUT WHAT I WILL 3522 02:16:15,520 --> 02:16:18,360 DO IS PROVIDE SOME PERSPECTIVE 3523 02:16:18,360 --> 02:16:20,040 THAT I THINK MY COLLEAGUES WHO 3524 02:16:20,040 --> 02:16:23,320 ARE ALL WORKING IN THE SAME WAY 3525 02:16:23,320 --> 02:16:25,120 TO PROVIDE SAFE AND EFFECTIVE 3526 02:16:25,120 --> 02:16:26,720 MEDICINES TO PATIENTS ON A DAILY 3527 02:16:26,720 --> 02:16:28,440 BASIS, WHAT WE THINK ABOUT 3528 02:16:28,440 --> 02:16:30,520 INTERFACE WAS WHAT THIS GROUP IS 3529 02:16:30,520 --> 02:16:32,400 THINKING ABOUT WITH REGARD TO 3530 02:16:32,400 --> 02:16:34,240 NEW APPROACHES AND METHODS. 3531 02:16:34,240 --> 02:16:36,440 SO, ONE THING THAT HAS BEEN 3532 02:16:36,440 --> 02:16:39,480 REALLY FRUITFUL WITH REGARD TO 3533 02:16:39,480 --> 02:16:41,240 THE CONVERSATIONS BEING 3534 02:16:41,240 --> 02:16:43,040 INCLUSIVE OF INDUSTRY PARTNERS 3535 02:16:43,040 --> 02:16:44,440 SUCH AS PHARMA IS THAT WE'RE 3536 02:16:44,440 --> 02:16:45,640 STARTING TO LEARN MORE ABOUT 3537 02:16:45,640 --> 02:16:48,360 EACH OTHER AND WHAT TYPES OF 3538 02:16:48,360 --> 02:16:50,240 SCIENTIFIC QUESTIONS WE ALL HAVE 3539 02:16:50,240 --> 02:16:52,400 WITH REGARD TO WHAT WE DO. 3540 02:16:52,400 --> 02:16:54,920 I KNOW WHEN WE FIRST STARTED OUT 3541 02:16:54,920 --> 02:16:55,920 DISCUSSING NEW APPROACH METHODS 3542 02:16:55,920 --> 02:16:58,440 THERE WERE LOTS OF ASSUMPTION 3543 02:16:58,440 --> 02:17:00,960 ABOUT OUR FOCUS ON REGULATORY 3544 02:17:00,960 --> 02:17:03,360 EXPECTATIONS, AND I WILL SAY AS 3545 02:17:03,360 --> 02:17:04,760 A LEADER IN THE DISCOVERY SPACE 3546 02:17:04,760 --> 02:17:07,400 THERE ARE SO MANY MORE QUESTIONS 3547 02:17:07,400 --> 02:17:10,480 THAT WE HAVE, QUITE FRANKLY WE 3548 02:17:10,480 --> 02:17:13,640 CAN -- WOULD LOVE TO ANSWER WITH 3549 02:17:13,640 --> 02:17:16,400 MANY DIFFERENT APPROACHES, AND 3550 02:17:16,400 --> 02:17:18,160 THE EXCITEMENT THAT WE ALL SHARE 3551 02:17:18,160 --> 02:17:20,360 WITH REGARD TO ANY NEW METHOD IS 3552 02:17:20,360 --> 02:17:22,240 THE ABILITY TO SEE HOW IT WOULD 3553 02:17:22,240 --> 02:17:25,480 HELP US TO ANSWER QUESTIONS THAT 3554 02:17:25,480 --> 02:17:29,240 WE CAN'T ANSWER CURRENTLY, OR 3555 02:17:29,240 --> 02:17:32,120 QUITE FRANKLY THAT WE'RE JUST 3556 02:17:32,120 --> 02:17:32,480 CURIOUS ABOUT. 3557 02:17:32,480 --> 02:17:33,840 THAT SCIENTIFIC CURIOSITY AND 3558 02:17:33,840 --> 02:17:35,760 NEED IS NOT ENDEMIC TO THE 3559 02:17:35,760 --> 02:17:38,120 ACADEMIC COMMUNITY, NOR IS IT 3560 02:17:38,120 --> 02:17:39,320 ENDEMIC TO THE GOVERNMENT 3561 02:17:39,320 --> 02:17:40,400 COMMUNITY. 3562 02:17:40,400 --> 02:17:42,160 IT'S ALSO PART OF OUR COMMUNITY. 3563 02:17:42,160 --> 02:17:44,000 AND FOR THAT REASON WE HAVE A 3564 02:17:44,000 --> 02:17:44,800 LOT IN COMMON. 3565 02:17:44,800 --> 02:17:48,200 THE OTHER THING WE HAVE IN 3566 02:17:48,200 --> 02:17:50,480 COMMON IS AN EXPECTATION TO ONLY 3567 02:17:50,480 --> 02:17:51,880 USE ANIMALS WHEN ABSOLUTELY 3568 02:17:51,880 --> 02:17:52,160 NECESSARY. 3569 02:17:52,160 --> 02:17:54,720 THIS IS SOMETHING THAT WE HAVE 3570 02:17:54,720 --> 02:17:56,920 TO CONTINUE TO REPEAT BECAUSE, 3571 02:17:56,920 --> 02:18:00,640 AGAIN, PEOPLE HAVE SOME IDEAS 3572 02:18:00,640 --> 02:18:01,560 ABOUT REGULATORY EXPECTATIONS 3573 02:18:01,560 --> 02:18:03,360 DRIVING A NEED TO USE ANIMALS IN 3574 02:18:03,360 --> 02:18:04,360 RESEARCH. 3575 02:18:04,360 --> 02:18:05,480 AND I WILL OBVIOUSLY SPEAK A 3576 02:18:05,480 --> 02:18:07,560 LITTLE BIT FOR MY COLLEAGUES AT 3577 02:18:07,560 --> 02:18:09,400 FDA AND SAYING THERE'S NEVER 3578 02:18:09,400 --> 02:18:12,920 BEEN ANY TYPE OF REGULATORY 3579 02:18:12,920 --> 02:18:14,760 REQUIREMENT FOR USE OF ANIMALS 3580 02:18:14,760 --> 02:18:16,200 IN OUR WORK. 3581 02:18:16,200 --> 02:18:17,720 WE USE THE BEST SYSTEMS 3582 02:18:17,720 --> 02:18:18,680 NECESSARY TO ANSWER THE 3583 02:18:18,680 --> 02:18:21,440 QUESTIONS THAT HELP US TO 3584 02:18:21,440 --> 02:18:23,200 UNDERSTAND HUMAN RISK, AND TRY 3585 02:18:23,200 --> 02:18:25,600 TO PUT INTO PERSPECTIVE HOW WE 3586 02:18:25,600 --> 02:18:27,320 MIGHT ADMINISTER MOLECULES TO 3587 02:18:27,320 --> 02:18:30,400 PATIENTS SAFELY. 3588 02:18:30,400 --> 02:18:32,560 IF THAT IS AN ALTERNATIVE THAT 3589 02:18:32,560 --> 02:18:33,720 DOES NOT INCLUDE ANIMALS THAT 3590 02:18:33,720 --> 02:18:38,920 WOULD BE ABSOLUTELY WONDERFUL. 3591 02:18:38,920 --> 02:18:41,360 WHAT I HEARD FROM FOLKS ON THIS 3592 02:18:41,360 --> 02:18:43,400 PANEL, ALSO NICOLE AND OTHERS, 3593 02:18:43,400 --> 02:18:44,800 HOW THAT'S BEEN VALIDATED WELL 3594 02:18:44,800 --> 02:18:46,560 ENOUGH TO BE CONFIDENT IN DATA 3595 02:18:46,560 --> 02:18:46,960 IT PRODUCES. 3596 02:18:46,960 --> 02:18:49,800 AT THE END OF THE DAY I THINK AS 3597 02:18:49,800 --> 02:18:51,240 SCIENTISTS ALL OF US WANT TO BE 3598 02:18:51,240 --> 02:18:53,240 CONFIDENT IN DATA SO WHEN WE 3599 02:18:53,240 --> 02:18:54,960 DRAW CONCLUSIONS WE CAN DRAW 3600 02:18:54,960 --> 02:18:56,400 THEM WITH CONFIDENCE KNOWING THE 3601 02:18:56,400 --> 02:18:58,560 SYSTEM WE USE WAS APPROPRIATE 3602 02:18:58,560 --> 02:19:00,960 AND VALID FOR THE QUESTION WE 3603 02:19:00,960 --> 02:19:01,160 ASKED. 3604 02:19:01,160 --> 02:19:03,160 SO WITH THAT, I THINK WE HAVE SO 3605 02:19:03,160 --> 02:19:05,280 MUCH IN COMMON, I'M LOOKING 3606 02:19:05,280 --> 02:19:07,040 FORWARD TO THE QUESTIONS. 3607 02:19:07,040 --> 02:19:09,000 DAN ALWAYS HAS CHALLENGING 3608 02:19:09,000 --> 02:19:10,200 QUESTIONS SO I'M ASSUMING WE'LL 3609 02:19:10,200 --> 02:19:13,960 HEAR SOME OF THOSE TODAY. 3610 02:19:13,960 --> 02:19:17,080 AGAIN, THANK YOU FOR 3611 02:19:17,080 --> 02:19:19,160 REPURPOSEING ME FOR THIS ROLE AS 3612 02:19:19,160 --> 02:19:22,560 WELL AS THE ROLE ON THE COUNCIL. 3613 02:19:22,560 --> 02:19:27,840 >>THANK YOU, DR. DAVIS. 3614 02:19:27,840 --> 02:19:29,440 [APPLAUSE] 3615 02:19:29,440 --> 02:19:30,760 TO START US OFF, CERTAINLY WE'VE 3616 02:19:30,760 --> 02:19:35,120 HEARD A LOT FROM OUR PANEL 3617 02:19:35,120 --> 02:19:37,000 MEMBERS ABOUT THEIR VARIOUS 3618 02:19:37,000 --> 02:19:37,480 STRENGTHS. 3619 02:19:37,480 --> 02:19:40,520 COULD YOU REEMPHASIZE WHAT YOUR 3620 02:19:40,520 --> 02:19:41,480 VARIOUS ORGANIZATIONS OR SECTORS 3621 02:19:41,480 --> 02:19:44,520 HAVE IN TERMS OF STRENGTH IN 3622 02:19:44,520 --> 02:19:46,600 ADVANCING NAMs AND THEN ALSO 3623 02:19:46,600 --> 02:19:48,600 ELABORATE IN TERMS OF WHAT TYPES 3624 02:19:48,600 --> 02:19:49,480 OF CROSS-SECTOR COLLABORATIONS 3625 02:19:49,480 --> 02:19:51,960 ARE NEEDED TO HAVE THE GREATEST 3626 02:19:51,960 --> 02:19:54,520 IMPACT IF WE ARE TO ACHIEVE 3627 02:19:54,520 --> 02:19:55,840 SOMETHING MEANINGFUL AND 3628 02:19:55,840 --> 02:19:57,040 IMPACTFUL IN RELATIVELY SHORTER 3629 02:19:57,040 --> 02:19:58,680 PERIOD OF TIME. 3630 02:19:58,680 --> 02:20:02,480 DR. CARLISLE, CAN YOU KICK US 3631 02:20:02,480 --> 02:20:02,720 OFF? 3632 02:20:02,720 --> 02:20:03,920 >>THANK YOU. 3633 02:20:03,920 --> 02:20:06,760 AND THEN FOR THOSE KEEPING 3634 02:20:06,760 --> 02:20:09,960 SCORE, THERE'S AN L MISSING, 3635 02:20:09,960 --> 02:20:14,120 CARLISLE, L BETWEEN THE S AND E. 3636 02:20:14,120 --> 02:20:19,280 I THINK -- FOR OUR ORGANIZATION, 3637 02:20:19,280 --> 02:20:21,160 WE'RE GOOD AT A LOT OF THINGS 3638 02:20:21,160 --> 02:20:23,880 BUT TWO THINGS WE'RE STRONG AT, 3639 02:20:23,880 --> 02:20:26,280 THAT BALANCE EACH OTHER OUT, ONE 3640 02:20:26,280 --> 02:20:27,920 I TALKED ABOUT EARLIER IS 3641 02:20:27,920 --> 02:20:28,960 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH. 3642 02:20:28,960 --> 02:20:34,800 WE HAVE A WORLD CLASS 3643 02:20:34,800 --> 02:20:36,280 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DIVISION, 3644 02:20:36,280 --> 02:20:40,080 FOLKS MADE A TREMENDOUS AMOUNT 3645 02:20:40,080 --> 02:20:40,480 OF INVESTMENT. 3646 02:20:40,480 --> 02:20:41,720 RWJF, I'D LIKE TO ACKNOWLEDGE 3647 02:20:41,720 --> 02:20:44,400 THEM AND THEIR INVESTMENT IN US, 3648 02:20:44,400 --> 02:20:46,200 OPERATIONALLY, BASED ON THE WORK 3649 02:20:46,200 --> 02:20:47,720 WE'VE DONE, IN SUPPORT OF 3650 02:20:47,720 --> 02:20:49,600 INITIATIVES THEY HAVE, AN THEN 3651 02:20:49,600 --> 02:20:50,160 OTHERS. 3652 02:20:50,160 --> 02:20:54,760 I'D LIKE TO ALSO JUST 3653 02:20:54,760 --> 02:21:00,520 ACKNOWLEDGE DR. RACHEL HENDRICKS 3654 02:21:00,520 --> 02:21:02,800 STIRUPS, WE DO THAT REALLY WELL. 3655 02:21:02,800 --> 02:21:05,000 IN TERMS OF TAKING THIS MODEL, 3656 02:21:05,000 --> 02:21:07,200 PERSONS WITH LIVED EXPERIENCE 3657 02:21:07,200 --> 02:21:10,480 MODEL, AND TAKING THE RIGHT 3658 02:21:10,480 --> 02:21:12,240 APPROACHES TO ENGAGE COMMUNITIES 3659 02:21:12,240 --> 02:21:17,920 IN A VERY TRUSTED SINCERE MANNER 3660 02:21:17,920 --> 02:21:20,560 TO UNDERSTAND HOW TECHNOLOGY 3661 02:21:20,560 --> 02:21:23,160 IMPACTS THEM AND WORKING WITH 3662 02:21:23,160 --> 02:21:25,800 THEM TO MAXIMIZE THE VALUE 3663 02:21:25,800 --> 02:21:26,920 PROPOSITION THAT SCIENCE AND 3664 02:21:26,920 --> 02:21:28,960 TECHNOLOGY CAN HAVE IN THOSE 3665 02:21:28,960 --> 02:21:29,280 COMMUNITIES. 3666 02:21:29,280 --> 02:21:31,840 ON THE OTHER SIDE, I'M JUST 3667 02:21:31,840 --> 02:21:36,120 COMING FROM A -- JUST EXPLAINING 3668 02:21:36,120 --> 02:21:40,400 THIS TO PCORI REVIEW TEAM, WE'VE 3669 02:21:40,400 --> 02:21:42,880 GOT THIS DICHOTOMY BECAUSE WE'RE 3670 02:21:42,880 --> 02:21:44,280 STRONG ON QUANTITATIVE SIDE, 3671 02:21:44,280 --> 02:21:46,280 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY. 3672 02:21:46,280 --> 02:21:48,920 I WAS FORTUNATE TO BRING LEAD 3673 02:21:48,920 --> 02:21:50,880 TECHNOLOGYISTS HAVE ME FROM 3674 02:21:50,880 --> 02:21:52,960 NORTHROP GRUMMON ONCE THE HEALTH 3675 02:21:52,960 --> 02:21:54,400 DIVISION WAS SOLD AND FOLKS 3676 02:21:54,400 --> 02:21:55,080 MOVED AROUND A BIT. 3677 02:21:55,080 --> 02:21:56,720 WE'RE GOOD AT BUILDING THAT. 3678 02:21:56,720 --> 02:21:58,760 AIM AHEAD, WE'VE GOT A 3679 02:21:58,760 --> 02:22:02,840 CLOUD-BASED INFRASTRUCTURE FOR 3680 02:22:02,840 --> 02:22:04,040 DATA ANALYTICS, COMMUNITY 3681 02:22:04,040 --> 02:22:05,000 ENGAGEMENT, DISSEMINATEING DATA 3682 02:22:05,000 --> 02:22:05,280 RESOURCES. 3683 02:22:05,280 --> 02:22:07,760 WE'RE GOOD AT A.I. AND DOING 3684 02:22:07,760 --> 02:22:10,000 THAT STUFF. 3685 02:22:10,000 --> 02:22:12,000 WHAT WE SAY, HOWEVER, IS THAT IT 3686 02:22:12,000 --> 02:22:14,640 CAN'T BE FOR THE SAKE OF THE 3687 02:22:14,640 --> 02:22:15,640 TECHNOLOGY AND A.I. 3688 02:22:15,640 --> 02:22:18,680 WE HAVE TO MAKE SURE THAT WE'RE 3689 02:22:18,680 --> 02:22:19,680 HITTING THE RIGHT VALUE. 3690 02:22:19,680 --> 02:22:24,840 ONE OF THE THINGS THAT I THINK 3691 02:22:24,840 --> 02:22:26,240 HAS CERTAINLY BEEN IMPLICIT IN 3692 02:22:26,240 --> 02:22:28,840 ALL THE PRESENTATIONS BUT I 3693 02:22:28,840 --> 02:22:33,360 DON'T THINK WE'VE REALLY 3694 02:22:33,360 --> 02:22:35,440 PUNCTUATED ON THAT, MY COLLEAGUE 3695 02:22:35,440 --> 02:22:40,000 HERE CAN UNDERSTAND, WE'RE 3696 02:22:40,000 --> 02:22:41,880 TALKING ABOUT LEVERAGING DATA 3697 02:22:41,880 --> 02:22:43,520 INFORMATION, YOU KNOW, RESOURCES 3698 02:22:43,520 --> 02:22:47,880 THAT ARE LARGELY BEING DERIVED 3699 02:22:47,880 --> 02:22:49,120 FROM, AGAIN, PEOPLE. 3700 02:22:49,120 --> 02:22:51,960 SO IT'S IMPORTANT TO MAKE SURE 3701 02:22:51,960 --> 02:22:55,800 THAT WHETHER IT BE IN EFFORTS TO 3702 02:22:55,800 --> 02:22:57,960 DIVERSIFY CLINICAL TRIALS, 3703 02:22:57,960 --> 02:22:59,160 RIGHT, YOU KNOW, INCREASE 3704 02:22:59,160 --> 02:23:01,480 REPRESENTATION OF DATA, THAT IN 3705 02:23:01,480 --> 02:23:03,320 OUR QUEST TO DO THAT, AND I 3706 02:23:03,320 --> 02:23:06,800 THINK AGAIN IT'S VERY TIMELY, 3707 02:23:06,800 --> 02:23:08,480 THE WHOLE SITUATION WITH 3708 02:23:08,480 --> 02:23:10,120 HENRIETTA LACKS IS, AGAIN, NOT 3709 02:23:10,120 --> 02:23:12,520 AS THOUGH THERE IS A MALICIOUS 3710 02:23:12,520 --> 02:23:15,160 INTENT, BECAUSE I THINK FOR ALL 3711 02:23:15,160 --> 02:23:18,440 OF US, RIGHT, AGAIN THE MORAL 3712 02:23:18,440 --> 02:23:20,080 COMPULSION IS THERE. 3713 02:23:20,080 --> 02:23:23,160 BUT IT'S DIFFICULT SOMETIMES TO 3714 02:23:23,160 --> 02:23:24,480 BE FULLY COGNIZANT THAT, HEY, 3715 02:23:24,480 --> 02:23:26,880 AND I KNOW THIS, AGAIN I'VE BEEN 3716 02:23:26,880 --> 02:23:28,960 A CANCER BIOLOGIST FOR MUCH OF 3717 02:23:28,960 --> 02:23:30,680 MY CAREER, AND WE WEAR THAT 3718 02:23:30,680 --> 02:23:31,680 BADGE OF HONOR, FIGHTING THE 3719 02:23:31,680 --> 02:23:32,680 GOOD FIGHT, RIGHT? 3720 02:23:32,680 --> 02:23:34,520 SO WE FEEL LIKE, HEY, IF WE'RE 3721 02:23:34,520 --> 02:23:36,520 IN A LABORATORY TRYING TO CURE 3722 02:23:36,520 --> 02:23:37,920 CANCER, WHATEVER WE'RE DOING IS 3723 02:23:37,920 --> 02:23:40,760 GOOD AND SORT OF IMPLICIT IS 3724 02:23:40,760 --> 02:23:41,120 TRUST. 3725 02:23:41,120 --> 02:23:44,400 AGAIN, WE HAVE TO TAKE THOSE 3726 02:23:44,400 --> 02:23:46,080 THINGS INTO CONSIDERATION. 3727 02:23:46,080 --> 02:23:48,600 AND SO AS WE, YOU KNOW, WHETHER 3728 02:23:48,600 --> 02:23:50,680 IT'S DIGITAL TWINS, AGAIN A.I., 3729 02:23:50,680 --> 02:23:53,080 ALL OF THESE THINGS, THE 3730 02:23:53,080 --> 02:23:54,280 UNDERLYING RESOURCE OR DRIVER IS 3731 02:23:54,280 --> 02:23:54,640 DATA. 3732 02:23:54,640 --> 02:23:56,600 WE HAVE TO BE VERY CAREFUL 3733 02:23:56,600 --> 02:23:59,520 AROUND THAT IN TERMS OF THE 3734 02:23:59,520 --> 02:24:02,600 POLICIES AROUND THAT TO MAKE 3735 02:24:02,600 --> 02:24:04,160 SURE THAT WE ARE ENSURING THAT 3736 02:24:04,160 --> 02:24:06,000 THE RIGHT ETHICS AND EQUITY IS 3737 02:24:06,000 --> 02:24:06,680 IN THAT. 3738 02:24:06,680 --> 02:24:08,200 IN ADDITION TO SOMETHING ELSE WE 3739 02:24:08,200 --> 02:24:16,600 HAVEN'T TALKED ABOUT IS HUGE, 3740 02:24:16,600 --> 02:24:18,680 HUGE, COMMODITIZATION. 3741 02:24:18,680 --> 02:24:27,160 HENRIETTA LACKS'S EXAMPLE, 3742 02:24:27,160 --> 02:24:29,120 BIOLOGY SAMPLE WAS A COMMODITY. 3743 02:24:29,120 --> 02:24:31,200 WE SHOULD BE RESPECTFUL AS WE 3744 02:24:31,200 --> 02:24:32,960 EXTRACT AND THINK ABOUT, AGAIN, 3745 02:24:32,960 --> 02:24:35,880 WHAT THE PROPER INCENTIVES ARE. 3746 02:24:35,880 --> 02:24:36,800 YOU KNOW, COMPENSATION 3747 02:24:36,800 --> 02:24:37,200 MECHANISMS. 3748 02:24:37,200 --> 02:24:38,880 IT WAS ALWAYS SOMETHING WE 3749 02:24:38,880 --> 02:24:40,400 DIDN'T WANT TO TALK ABOUT, 3750 02:24:40,400 --> 02:24:42,040 DISCUSSION WE WERE RETICENT TO 3751 02:24:42,040 --> 02:24:44,120 HAVE, PARTICULARLY IN THE 3752 02:24:44,120 --> 02:24:45,200 ACADEMIC COMMUNITY, BUT, AGAIN, 3753 02:24:45,200 --> 02:24:46,760 WE'RE BEGINNING TO BROACH THAT. 3754 02:24:46,760 --> 02:24:49,360 IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT. 3755 02:24:49,360 --> 02:24:51,880 THOSE ARE THE TWO THINGS OUR 3756 02:24:51,880 --> 02:24:54,080 ORGANIZATION IS STRONG. 3757 02:24:54,080 --> 02:24:57,760 AS FAR AS ADVANCING, OBVIOUSLY, 3758 02:24:57,760 --> 02:25:00,960 YOU KNOW, THE ARRAY OF DATA 3759 02:25:00,960 --> 02:25:02,600 MODALITYS, WE REALLY WANT TO 3760 02:25:02,600 --> 02:25:04,040 POSITION OURSELVES TO CAPTURE 3761 02:25:04,040 --> 02:25:06,880 EVERY TYPE OF DATA THERE IS AND 3762 02:25:06,880 --> 02:25:08,440 MODEL AROUND THAT, BE VERY 3763 02:25:08,440 --> 02:25:09,640 ROBUST ABOUT THE DATA. 3764 02:25:09,640 --> 02:25:13,000 I THINK WHAT'S GOING TO BE VERY 3765 02:25:13,000 --> 02:25:14,640 CRITICAL, AND WE'VE HEARD 3766 02:25:14,640 --> 02:25:16,160 THROUGH CONVERSATIONS, GETTING 3767 02:25:16,160 --> 02:25:19,360 TO THE RIGHT METRICS SO ROBUST 3768 02:25:19,360 --> 02:25:22,200 METRICS, WE START TALKING ABOUT 3769 02:25:22,200 --> 02:25:25,280 EXPOSURES, ENVIRONMENT, I THINK 3770 02:25:25,280 --> 02:25:35,800 ABOUT SOMETHING, A CONCEPT IN 3771 02:25:38,360 --> 02:25:41,800 TERMS OF GENERATIONAL. 3772 02:25:41,800 --> 02:25:44,480 IMPACT ON GENOMES, THINGS 3773 02:25:44,480 --> 02:25:45,280 TRANSMITTED, WHAT'S THE 3774 02:25:45,280 --> 02:25:48,680 BIOLOGICAL IMPACT OF STRESS? 3775 02:25:48,680 --> 02:25:50,200 WE HAVEN'T ARRIVED THEY ROBUST 3776 02:25:50,200 --> 02:25:52,080 METRICS QUANTITATIVELY TO DO 3777 02:25:52,080 --> 02:26:01,240 THAT SO I THINK BETTER METRICS 3778 02:26:01,240 --> 02:26:04,080 BUT STANDARDIZEATION IS CRITICAL 3779 02:26:04,080 --> 02:26:06,280 AS WE EXPAND AROUND THESE 3780 02:26:06,280 --> 02:26:07,600 MODALITYS OF DATA. 3781 02:26:07,600 --> 02:26:10,360 >>DR. PETERSEN, DO YOU HAVE 3782 02:26:10,360 --> 02:26:11,280 ANYTHING TO ADD? 3783 02:26:11,280 --> 02:26:11,840 >>SURE. 3784 02:26:11,840 --> 02:26:14,920 TO REITERATE A BIT FROM WHAT I 3785 02:26:14,920 --> 02:26:17,440 WAS SAYING FOR MY PRESENTATION, 3786 02:26:17,440 --> 02:26:19,960 I THINK IN THE GOVERNMENT SPACE 3787 02:26:19,960 --> 02:26:21,280 THERE'S SOME REAL ADVANTAGES, 3788 02:26:21,280 --> 02:26:25,320 THAT WE CAN BE A CONVENEER IN 3789 02:26:25,320 --> 02:26:26,760 THE PRE-COMPETITIVE SPACE, WE 3790 02:26:26,760 --> 02:26:30,720 DON'T HAVE A LOSSER -- HORSE IN 3791 02:26:30,720 --> 02:26:32,440 THE RACE, WHICH TECHNOLOGY IS 3792 02:26:32,440 --> 02:26:35,080 GOING TO BE MOST COMPETITIVE AT 3793 02:26:35,080 --> 02:26:36,240 THE END, BUILDING INFRASTRUCTURE 3794 02:26:36,240 --> 02:26:40,440 THROUGH EFFORTS SUCH AS WHAT I 3795 02:26:40,440 --> 02:26:42,400 DISCUSSED IN TERMS OF VALIDATION 3796 02:26:42,400 --> 02:26:45,120 WORK GROUP, THAT REPORT THAT'S 3797 02:26:45,120 --> 02:26:47,000 OUT NOW, THERE'S REALLY -- WE 3798 02:26:47,000 --> 02:26:49,320 CAN HELP BUILD A FOUNDATION TO 3799 02:26:49,320 --> 02:26:50,600 SUPPORT EVERYONE. 3800 02:26:50,600 --> 02:26:53,320 AS A CONVENEER WE CAN BRING 3801 02:26:53,320 --> 02:26:54,440 TOGETHER DISPARATE GROUPS, 3802 02:26:54,440 --> 02:26:57,280 SOMETHING THAT'S BEEN VERY 3803 02:26:57,280 --> 02:26:59,000 INTERESTING, YOU COULD HAVE 3804 02:26:59,000 --> 02:26:59,880 INDUSTRY, ACADEMIC, NON-PROFIT 3805 02:26:59,880 --> 02:27:01,520 AND SO FORTH FOR DIFFERENT 3806 02:27:01,520 --> 02:27:04,600 EFFORTS, MUCH LIKE WE'RE DOING 3807 02:27:04,600 --> 02:27:05,040 TODAY. 3808 02:27:05,040 --> 02:27:05,960 GOVERNMENT-SUPPORTED EFFORT. 3809 02:27:05,960 --> 02:27:10,280 THE THIRD THING I'LL SAY THAT AT 3810 02:27:10,280 --> 02:27:20,360 LEAST THE CURRENT STRUCTURE, 3811 02:27:20,360 --> 02:27:23,400 THERE'S NOT AS MUCH SUPPORT AT 3812 02:27:23,400 --> 02:27:26,920 THE MOMENT FOR TAKING SOME OF 3813 02:27:26,920 --> 02:27:27,920 THOSE INTO BECOMING STANDARDS, 3814 02:27:27,920 --> 02:27:31,400 SO A LOT OF GOVERNMENT 3815 02:27:31,400 --> 02:27:32,920 SCIENTISTS, FOR MY AGENCY 3816 02:27:32,920 --> 02:27:36,440 STANDARDS, OMISSIONS, WE DO THAT 3817 02:27:36,440 --> 02:27:37,360 CARRYING FROM THE INNOVATION TO 3818 02:27:37,360 --> 02:27:39,360 THE -- YOU KNOW, 3819 02:27:39,360 --> 02:27:40,600 STANDARDIZEATION AND HAVE THAT 3820 02:27:40,600 --> 02:27:45,600 BE READY AND GO THROUGH NUANCES 3821 02:27:45,600 --> 02:27:56,080 AND WHAT CAN BE A PAINFUL 3822 02:27:58,080 --> 02:27:58,240 PROCESS. 3823 02:27:58,240 --> 02:27:59,680 >>DR. SEGER? 3824 02:27:59,680 --> 02:28:01,720 >>THINKING ABOUT SCIENTIFIC 3825 02:28:01,720 --> 02:28:02,240 SOCIETIES SPECIFICALLY, 3826 02:28:02,240 --> 02:28:03,720 OBVIOUSLY WE BRING TOGETHER THE 3827 02:28:03,720 --> 02:28:05,320 SCIENTISTS BUT IT'S CONVENING 3828 02:28:05,320 --> 02:28:07,960 AND CONSENSUS SO THINKING ABOUT 3829 02:28:07,960 --> 02:28:10,880 THE NEED FOR GUIDELINES, 3830 02:28:10,880 --> 02:28:12,760 STANDARDS, WE LOVE TO BE PART OF 3831 02:28:12,760 --> 02:28:17,720 THOSE CONVERSATIONS. 3832 02:28:17,720 --> 02:28:19,200 WE HAVE THE GOVERNANCE 3833 02:28:19,200 --> 02:28:21,240 STRUCTURES TO SUPPORT THAT, 3834 02:28:21,240 --> 02:28:21,880 BRINGING TO FEDERAL AGENCIES 3835 02:28:21,880 --> 02:28:23,760 WHAT WILL BE ADAPTED BY THE 3836 02:28:23,760 --> 02:28:25,160 BROADER COMMUNITY IS SOMETHING 3837 02:28:25,160 --> 02:28:27,600 WE'RE REALLY STRONG AT DOING, 3838 02:28:27,600 --> 02:28:31,400 AND CERTAINLY LIKE TO BE LEANED 3839 02:28:31,400 --> 02:28:31,840 UPON. 3840 02:28:31,840 --> 02:28:35,120 I FORGET WHO BROUGHT IT UP, NO 3841 02:28:35,120 --> 02:28:36,440 ONE LIKES TOP-DOWN. 3842 02:28:36,440 --> 02:28:38,280 AND ONE OF THE THINGS IS IF YOU 3843 02:28:38,280 --> 02:28:40,560 GET THINGS TO BUBBLE UP AND THE 3844 02:28:40,560 --> 02:28:42,440 COMMUNITY AGREES AS THEY ARE 3845 02:28:42,440 --> 02:28:44,400 MOVING FORWARD YOU'RE MORE 3846 02:28:44,400 --> 02:28:46,960 LIKELY TO HAVE THE ADOPTION, 3847 02:28:46,960 --> 02:28:49,600 MORE LIKELY TO HAVE A LOT OF 3848 02:28:49,600 --> 02:28:50,920 ENERGY AND POSITIVE ACTIVITY 3849 02:28:50,920 --> 02:28:58,640 TOWARDS THAT GOAL, DEVELOPING 3850 02:28:58,640 --> 02:28:58,840 NAMs. 3851 02:28:58,840 --> 02:28:59,160 >>DR. DAVIS? 3852 02:28:59,160 --> 02:29:05,280 >>IF WE'RE DOING WHAT WE SHOULD 3853 02:29:05,280 --> 02:29:07,920 BE DOING WELL, WITHIN THE 3854 02:29:07,920 --> 02:29:08,880 PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY, WE 3855 02:29:08,880 --> 02:29:13,400 TRULY APPRECIATE THE NEED TO 3856 02:29:13,400 --> 02:29:14,160 UNDERSTAND BASIC DISEASE 3857 02:29:14,160 --> 02:29:16,440 MECHANISMS WELL. 3858 02:29:16,440 --> 02:29:20,200 IT'S FINE TO HAVE INSIGHT, 3859 02:29:20,200 --> 02:29:22,080 RESULTED IN A WONDERFUL 3860 02:29:22,080 --> 02:29:23,240 PUBLICATION OF SORTS. 3861 02:29:23,240 --> 02:29:25,520 BUT TO REPRODUCE THAT AND TO 3862 02:29:25,520 --> 02:29:28,320 DEFINE IT AS TRULY CAUSAL OR 3863 02:29:28,320 --> 02:29:29,600 IMPORTANT TO THE DISEASE IS 3864 02:29:29,600 --> 02:29:31,240 WHERE THE RUBBER MEETS THE ROAD. 3865 02:29:31,240 --> 02:29:36,480 AND IF WE GO DOWN THAT ROAD 3866 02:29:36,480 --> 02:29:37,480 WITHOUT AN APPRECIATION FOR 3867 02:29:37,480 --> 02:29:38,880 MECHANISM WE'LL END UP WITH 3868 02:29:38,880 --> 02:29:40,560 MOLECULES THAT DON'T FUNCTION AS 3869 02:29:40,560 --> 02:29:42,120 WELL AS WE WOULD LIKE. 3870 02:29:42,120 --> 02:29:44,160 WE'VE WASTEED A LOT OF TIME, 3871 02:29:44,160 --> 02:29:46,360 EFFORT, AND MONEY IN TESTING 3872 02:29:46,360 --> 02:29:48,360 THESE THINGS SO SCIENTIFIC RIGOR 3873 02:29:48,360 --> 02:29:50,560 NEEDED IN THE SCIENTIFIC 3874 02:29:50,560 --> 02:29:52,840 COMMUNITY TO UNDERSTAND DISEASE 3875 02:29:52,840 --> 02:29:55,240 MECHANISMS, I CAN EXPAND TO SAY 3876 02:29:55,240 --> 02:29:57,200 TOXICOLOGY AS WELL, 3877 02:29:57,200 --> 02:29:58,920 UNDERSTANDING MECHANISMS OF 3878 02:29:58,920 --> 02:29:59,200 TOXICITY. 3879 02:29:59,200 --> 02:30:00,160 THIS IS GOLD. 3880 02:30:00,160 --> 02:30:03,760 I MEAN, WE'RE TALKING ABOUT 3881 02:30:03,760 --> 02:30:04,840 INVESTING IN TECHNOLOGY, WHICH 3882 02:30:04,840 --> 02:30:07,080 IS GREAT. 3883 02:30:07,080 --> 02:30:09,280 BUT I DON'T THINK THAT, YOU 3884 02:30:09,280 --> 02:30:13,640 KNOW, WE SHOULD JUST FOCUS 3885 02:30:13,640 --> 02:30:15,400 MAINLY ON TECHNOLOGY BUT AN 3886 02:30:15,400 --> 02:30:17,240 UNDER PINNING OF BASIC 3887 02:30:17,240 --> 02:30:17,880 MECHANISTIC UNDERSTAND, I HEARD 3888 02:30:17,880 --> 02:30:20,320 NICOLE SAY THAT WAS THE BASIS OF 3889 02:30:20,320 --> 02:30:21,400 ALL HER MODEL. 3890 02:30:21,400 --> 02:30:24,560 I HEARD A FOCUS ON KNOWING WHAT 3891 02:30:24,560 --> 02:30:25,760 VITAMIN D IS DOING FOR 3892 02:30:25,760 --> 02:30:28,760 CHOLESTEROL WHICH RESULTED IN A 3893 02:30:28,760 --> 02:30:29,520 MODEL FOCUS. 3894 02:30:29,520 --> 02:30:30,600 AGAIN, ASSOCIATIONS WITH GREAT 3895 02:30:30,600 --> 02:30:32,480 BUT WE NEED THAT BASIC 3896 02:30:32,480 --> 02:30:34,000 UNDERSTANDING AND THAT 3897 02:30:34,000 --> 02:30:34,280 INVESTMENT. 3898 02:30:34,280 --> 02:30:37,400 I THINK FOR PHARMA WE UNDERSTAND 3899 02:30:37,400 --> 02:30:38,920 THAT MORE INFORMATION, THE MORE 3900 02:30:38,920 --> 02:30:40,120 INFORMATION WE HAVE ON 3901 02:30:40,120 --> 02:30:42,680 MECHANISM, THE MORE WE CAN DO. 3902 02:30:42,680 --> 02:30:44,960 WE ALSO UNDERSTAND THE 3903 02:30:44,960 --> 02:30:45,920 APPRECIATION FOR SPEED. 3904 02:30:45,920 --> 02:30:49,120 SO THE SECOND THING WE DO WELL 3905 02:30:49,120 --> 02:30:52,840 IS WE MOVE THAT, WE HAVE TO FOR 3906 02:30:52,840 --> 02:30:54,840 LOTS OF REASONS. 3907 02:30:54,840 --> 02:30:56,880 AND WE UNDERSTAND THAT YOU CAN 3908 02:30:56,880 --> 02:30:59,800 MAKE DECISIONS ABOUT WHAT YOU 3909 02:30:59,800 --> 02:31:04,000 CAN AND CANNOT DO BASED ON LACK 3910 02:31:04,000 --> 02:31:05,240 OF ABSOLUTE UNDERSTANDING. 3911 02:31:05,240 --> 02:31:06,480 THAT'S SOMETHING WE DO VERY 3912 02:31:06,480 --> 02:31:06,720 WELL. 3913 02:31:06,720 --> 02:31:08,480 WE DON'T NECESSARILY HAVE THE 3914 02:31:08,480 --> 02:31:10,200 LUXURY OF WAITING FOR EVERY 3915 02:31:10,200 --> 02:31:11,560 SINGLE DATA POINT TO BE 3916 02:31:11,560 --> 02:31:12,720 UNDERSTOOD BEFORE WE MAKE 3917 02:31:12,720 --> 02:31:14,600 DECISIONS, AND WE HAVE TO MAKE 3918 02:31:14,600 --> 02:31:17,680 DECISIONS BASED ON INFORMATION 3919 02:31:17,680 --> 02:31:20,400 THAT WE HAVE AND RIGOR BY WHICH 3920 02:31:20,400 --> 02:31:22,120 IT WAS GENERATED. 3921 02:31:22,120 --> 02:31:24,680 TO YOUR POINT, ALEX, WE CONNECT 3922 02:31:24,680 --> 02:31:25,320 WITH PATIENTS. 3923 02:31:25,320 --> 02:31:26,400 WE UNDERSTAND WHAT PATIENTS ARE 3924 02:31:26,400 --> 02:31:27,600 GOING THROUGH. 3925 02:31:27,600 --> 02:31:29,800 EVERY PHARMA HAS THE EQUIVALENT 3926 02:31:29,800 --> 02:31:31,240 OF A PATIENT WEEK, PEOPLE COME 3927 02:31:31,240 --> 02:31:33,520 IN AND TALK WITH YOU ABOUT WHAT 3928 02:31:33,520 --> 02:31:35,200 THEY ARE EXPERIENCING. 3929 02:31:35,200 --> 02:31:37,360 MY DRIVER EVERY DAY AS A 3930 02:31:37,360 --> 02:31:38,360 TOXICOLOGYIST UNDERSTANDING MY 3931 02:31:38,360 --> 02:31:39,640 GOAL IS TO DECREASE THE END OF 3932 02:31:39,640 --> 02:31:40,440 THAT COMMERCIAL. 3933 02:31:40,440 --> 02:31:42,640 I DON'T WANT TO HEAR SIDE 3934 02:31:42,640 --> 02:31:43,840 EFFECTS OF THE END. 3935 02:31:43,840 --> 02:31:46,000 I'D LIKE THEM TO NOT BE THERE. 3936 02:31:46,000 --> 02:31:48,200 WHEN I HEAR A PATIENT SAY I'M 3937 02:31:48,200 --> 02:31:50,080 TAKING YOUR DRUG AND I FEEL 3938 02:31:50,080 --> 02:31:52,800 BETTER THAN I DID BEFORE, NOT 3939 02:31:52,800 --> 02:31:54,120 WORSE, THAT'S WHAT SHOWS WE'RE 3940 02:31:54,120 --> 02:31:56,000 DOING OUR JOB WELL. 3941 02:31:56,000 --> 02:31:58,840 SO I THINK THAT CONNECTIVITY 3942 02:31:58,840 --> 02:32:01,440 WITH THE PATIENT, CONNECTIVITY 3943 02:32:01,440 --> 02:32:02,680 WITH MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING, 3944 02:32:02,680 --> 02:32:03,560 CONNECTION WITH SPEED AND 3945 02:32:03,560 --> 02:32:12,000 DECISION MAKING IS SOMETHING WE 3946 02:32:12,000 --> 02:32:12,200 DO WELL. 3947 02:32:12,200 --> 02:32:14,680 >>WE HEARD ABOUT LACK OF 3948 02:32:14,680 --> 02:32:16,240 MECHANISMS, PERHAPS BARRIERS TO 3949 02:32:16,240 --> 02:32:17,880 MAKE COLLABORATIONS HAPPEN. 3950 02:32:17,880 --> 02:32:22,120 CAN YOU IDENTIFY OTHER BARRIERS 3951 02:32:22,120 --> 02:32:25,440 THAT POTENTIALLY EXIST WITH AN 3952 02:32:25,440 --> 02:32:26,520 INTERDISCIPLINARY AND 3953 02:32:26,520 --> 02:32:27,720 CROSS-SECTOR COLLABORATIONS, 3954 02:32:27,720 --> 02:32:28,560 WHAT ADDITIONAL INCENTIVES MIGHT 3955 02:32:28,560 --> 02:32:31,760 TAKE PLACE OTHER THAN LACK OF 3956 02:32:31,760 --> 02:32:32,000 FUNDING? 3957 02:32:32,000 --> 02:32:32,600 OR BESIDES. 3958 02:32:32,600 --> 02:32:36,040 >>THAT'S MY TYPICAL ANSWER. 3959 02:32:36,040 --> 02:32:40,400 NO, I THINK IT'S HAVING ACCESS 3960 02:32:40,400 --> 02:32:43,240 TO THE RIGHT PARTNERSHIPS, 3961 02:32:43,240 --> 02:32:45,800 KNOWING HOW TO PARTNER WITH 3962 02:32:45,800 --> 02:32:47,720 INDUSTRY, HAVING THE TECHNOLOGY 3963 02:32:47,720 --> 02:32:52,040 THAT'S AVAILABLE TOO. 3964 02:32:52,040 --> 02:32:53,320 I THINK THE INTEREST IS ALWAYS 3965 02:32:53,320 --> 02:32:53,520 THERE. 3966 02:32:53,520 --> 02:32:55,000 MONEY IS ALWAYS A LIMITING 3967 02:32:55,000 --> 02:32:58,280 FACTOR BUT HOW DO I DO THIS 3968 02:32:58,280 --> 02:32:58,600 RIGHT? 3969 02:32:58,600 --> 02:33:00,560 IN THE FIRST PANEL THERE WAS 3970 02:33:00,560 --> 02:33:01,880 DISCUSSION OF BUILDING THE RIGHT 3971 02:33:01,880 --> 02:33:03,400 TEAMS, SO YOU'RE NOT GOING TO 3972 02:33:03,400 --> 02:33:05,560 BUILD THE RIGHT TEAM JUST OUT OF 3973 02:33:05,560 --> 02:33:08,640 ACADEMIC MEDICINE. 3974 02:33:08,640 --> 02:33:11,040 IT'S GOING TO REQUIRE ADDITIONAL 3975 02:33:11,040 --> 02:33:13,240 RESOURCES, THOSE WHO ARE 3976 02:33:13,240 --> 02:33:15,320 FAMILIAR WITH HOW INDUSTRY 3977 02:33:15,320 --> 02:33:17,080 PROCESSES WORK, SPEED, THINKING 3978 02:33:17,080 --> 02:33:18,600 MORE PROJECT MANAGEMENT. 3979 02:33:18,600 --> 02:33:21,840 SO, YOU KNOW, THINKING ABOUT 3980 02:33:21,840 --> 02:33:23,240 SCIENCE MORE HOLEISTICALLY 3981 02:33:23,240 --> 02:33:23,840 INSTEAD OF MECHANISTICALLY WOULD 3982 02:33:23,840 --> 02:33:34,360 BE WHAT I WOULD ADD ULD ADD TO 3983 02:33:43,760 --> 02:33:44,480 THAT COMMENTARY. 3984 02:33:44,480 --> 02:33:45,720 >>THERE ARE TREMENDOUS 3985 02:33:45,720 --> 02:33:48,600 PRESSURES WE FACE IN ACADEMIA, 3986 02:33:48,600 --> 02:33:49,800 INDUSTRY, AROUND INTELLECTUAL 3987 02:33:49,800 --> 02:33:53,480 PROPERTY, THE NEED TO PUBLISH, 3988 02:33:53,480 --> 02:33:58,080 IN MY OPINION ARE BARRIERS OR 3989 02:33:58,080 --> 02:33:59,800 IMPEDIMENTS TO COLLABORATION, 3990 02:33:59,800 --> 02:34:03,480 AND CERTAINLY, YOU KNOW, AGAIN, 3991 02:34:03,480 --> 02:34:05,000 DATA INTEROPERABILITY. 3992 02:34:05,000 --> 02:34:07,840 I'LL NEVER FORGET DURING THE 3993 02:34:07,840 --> 02:34:13,640 CANCER MOONSHOT INITIATIVE BEING 3994 02:34:13,640 --> 02:34:17,280 AT ASCO WITH VICE PRESIDENT 3995 02:34:17,280 --> 02:34:18,800 BIDEN ADMONISHING SCIENTISTS, 3996 02:34:18,800 --> 02:34:22,000 YOU HAVE TO DO A BETTER JOB 3997 02:34:22,000 --> 02:34:23,320 LIBERATEING AND SHARING DATA. 3998 02:34:23,320 --> 02:34:24,200 WE FELT THAT GESTALT. 3999 02:34:24,200 --> 02:34:27,000 WHEN YOU GO HOME TO YOUR 4000 02:34:27,000 --> 02:34:27,880 INSTITUTIONS YOU'RE FACED WITH 4001 02:34:27,880 --> 02:34:29,440 PRESSURES OF THINGS YOU HAVE TO 4002 02:34:29,440 --> 02:34:31,080 DO TO COMPETE. 4003 02:34:31,080 --> 02:34:32,880 SO REALLY COMING TOGETHER 4004 02:34:32,880 --> 02:34:34,840 COLLECTIVELY TO FIND THE RIGHT 4005 02:34:34,840 --> 02:34:35,800 PRE-COMPETITIVE MODELS THAT 4006 02:34:35,800 --> 02:34:39,960 ENABLE US TO COLLABORATE AND 4007 02:34:39,960 --> 02:34:41,520 SHARE WITHOUT VACATING OR, YOU 4008 02:34:41,520 --> 02:34:44,000 KNOW, AGAIN, SORT OF LOSING HOLD 4009 02:34:44,000 --> 02:34:46,320 OF THINGS THAT YOU REALLY NEED 4010 02:34:46,320 --> 02:34:48,680 THAT ARE THE ACADEMIC OR 4011 02:34:48,680 --> 02:34:50,600 INDUSTRIAL SORT OF, YOU KNOW, 4012 02:34:50,600 --> 02:34:54,760 LIFE BLOOD FOR INDUSTRY. 4013 02:34:54,760 --> 02:34:55,600 I THINK THAT'S IMPORTANT. 4014 02:34:55,600 --> 02:34:59,520 >>OTHERS CARE TO ADD TO THOSE? 4015 02:34:59,520 --> 02:35:00,200 >>SURE. 4016 02:35:00,200 --> 02:35:02,520 I THINK ONE THING WE'RE TRYING 4017 02:35:02,520 --> 02:35:03,720 TO ADDRESS THROUGH VALIDATION 4018 02:35:03,720 --> 02:35:07,680 WORK GROUP, HOW DO YOU VALIDATE 4019 02:35:07,680 --> 02:35:08,600 NAMs, AND UPDATING GUIDEANCE 4020 02:35:08,600 --> 02:35:11,480 THAT WAS LAST, I DON'T KNOW, IS 4021 02:35:11,480 --> 02:35:16,680 IT 25 YEARS OLD, SOME DINOSAUR, 4022 02:35:16,680 --> 02:35:18,400 IT'S BEEN HERE FOR AGES. 4023 02:35:18,400 --> 02:35:22,680 I THINK THAT'S ONE THING AS A 4024 02:35:22,680 --> 02:35:23,840 NEW GOVERNMENT-WIDE TO REMOVE 4025 02:35:23,840 --> 02:35:24,080 BARRIER. 4026 02:35:24,080 --> 02:35:26,480 I CAN'T SPEAK FOR OTHER 4027 02:35:26,480 --> 02:35:26,760 AGENCIES. 4028 02:35:26,760 --> 02:35:35,160 IF YOU LOOK AT THE ICCVAM 4029 02:35:35,160 --> 02:35:38,320 MEETINGS, HERE IS WHAT WE NEED, 4030 02:35:38,320 --> 02:35:40,680 SOME CONSIDERATIONS WE HAVE TO 4031 02:35:40,680 --> 02:35:42,280 USE THIS FOR SOME DECISION 4032 02:35:42,280 --> 02:35:42,520 MAKING. 4033 02:35:42,520 --> 02:35:50,560 I WOULD SAY A BIT OF NIST BIAS 4034 02:35:50,560 --> 02:35:52,440 HERE BUT I THINK THERE'S MORE 4035 02:35:52,440 --> 02:35:55,160 KNOWN FOR INNOVATION, OFTEN IT'S 4036 02:35:55,160 --> 02:35:58,760 NOT AS APPRECIATED TO UNDERSTAND 4037 02:35:58,760 --> 02:36:00,880 ASSAYS WELL OR TO UNDERSTAND 4038 02:36:00,880 --> 02:36:06,000 WHAT CAN GO WRONG AS WE PUBLISH 4039 02:36:06,000 --> 02:36:07,120 EXCITING FINDINGS AND MOVE ON. 4040 02:36:07,120 --> 02:36:09,720 THE GAP WE'RE TRYING TO FULFILL 4041 02:36:09,720 --> 02:36:13,240 BETWEEN INNOVATION AND THEN 4042 02:36:13,240 --> 02:36:15,080 APPLYING FOR A COMPANY MAKING 4043 02:36:15,080 --> 02:36:15,960 DECISION OR REGULATORY DECISION 4044 02:36:15,960 --> 02:36:19,240 OR SOME OF THAT. 4045 02:36:19,240 --> 02:36:21,640 THERE'S A WINDOW THAT IS -- 4046 02:36:21,640 --> 02:36:27,920 THERE COULD BE MORE SUPPORT FOR. 4047 02:36:27,920 --> 02:36:28,680 >>ALL RIGHT. 4048 02:36:28,680 --> 02:36:34,600 APPRECIATE THE THOUGHT ON HAVING 4049 02:36:34,600 --> 02:36:35,360 TO BALANCE THAT. 4050 02:36:35,360 --> 02:36:38,360 I THINK GOING BACK TO YOU, DR. 4051 02:36:38,360 --> 02:36:41,000 PETERSEN, YOU MENTIONED A NUMBER 4052 02:36:41,000 --> 02:36:42,440 OF COLLABORATIONS ACROSS VARIOUS 4053 02:36:42,440 --> 02:36:43,120 FEDERAL AGENCIES. 4054 02:36:43,120 --> 02:36:46,040 DID YOU FIND ANY BEST PRACTICES 4055 02:36:46,040 --> 02:36:47,880 FOR SHARING INFORMATION ACROSS 4056 02:36:47,880 --> 02:36:52,360 THOSE DIFFERENT ORGANIZATIONS OR 4057 02:36:52,360 --> 02:36:54,960 SECTORS THAT WOULD HELP DRIVE 4058 02:36:54,960 --> 02:36:55,960 NAMs DEVELOPMENT, ESPECIALLY 4059 02:36:55,960 --> 02:36:57,720 IN TERMS OF APPLICATION TO HUMAN 4060 02:36:57,720 --> 02:37:05,360 OR MAKING IT MORE HUMAN 4061 02:37:05,360 --> 02:37:05,640 RELEVANT? 4062 02:37:05,640 --> 02:37:09,120 >>ONE OF THE BEST PRACTICES IN 4063 02:37:09,120 --> 02:37:10,960 GENERAL THERE'S A LOT OF WORK 4064 02:37:10,960 --> 02:37:13,240 WITH ICCVAM TRYING TO HAVE 4065 02:37:13,240 --> 02:37:13,600 TRANSPARENCY. 4066 02:37:13,600 --> 02:37:15,800 THERE'S ALL THESE ASSAYS. 4067 02:37:15,800 --> 02:37:17,080 WHAT ARE REGULATORS WANTING AND 4068 02:37:17,080 --> 02:37:17,480 NEEDING? 4069 02:37:17,480 --> 02:37:21,480 YOU WOULD NOT BELIEVE HOW MANY 4070 02:37:21,480 --> 02:37:25,440 CALLS OR HOURS. 4071 02:37:25,440 --> 02:37:26,840 YOU NEED ECOTOXICITY, OR 4072 02:37:26,840 --> 02:37:29,360 SENSITIZEATION, WHAT DO YOU 4073 02:37:29,360 --> 02:37:29,560 NEED? 4074 02:37:29,560 --> 02:37:30,120 THERE'S DOCUMENTS, PEOPLE 4075 02:37:30,120 --> 02:37:33,080 OUTSIDE THE AGENCIES CAN 4076 02:37:33,080 --> 02:37:34,840 UNDERSTAND WHAT'S HAPPENING, 4077 02:37:34,840 --> 02:37:35,800 SOMETIMES MULTIPLE WAYS FROM 4078 02:37:35,800 --> 02:37:37,760 OUTSIDE YOU WOULD HAVE NO IDEA 4079 02:37:37,760 --> 02:37:39,840 IT'S BEING DONE THAT WAY. 4080 02:37:39,840 --> 02:37:44,200 IN TERMS OF -- THAT WOULD BE ONE 4081 02:37:44,200 --> 02:37:45,120 BEST PRACTICE. 4082 02:37:45,120 --> 02:37:47,200 WE TALKED ABOUT REACHING OUT TO 4083 02:37:47,200 --> 02:37:48,040 PATIENTS, UNDERSTANDING THEM, 4084 02:37:48,040 --> 02:37:50,600 BUT THERE'S ALSO A LOT OF 4085 02:37:50,600 --> 02:37:52,640 UNDERSTANDING EACH OTHER, 4086 02:37:52,640 --> 02:37:59,000 DIFFERENT AGENCIES, NICOLE HAD A 4087 02:37:59,000 --> 02:38:00,760 PRESENTATION ABOUT CENTERS, EPA, 4088 02:38:00,760 --> 02:38:02,440 NEEDS, REALLY THE DIALOGUE 4089 02:38:02,440 --> 02:38:03,640 BETWEEN UNDERSTANDING WHAT 4090 02:38:03,640 --> 02:38:05,120 AGENCIES ARE NEEDING, WHAT THEY 4091 02:38:05,120 --> 02:38:08,680 ARE DOING, EVEN WITHIN THE 4092 02:38:08,680 --> 02:38:09,160 GOVERNMENT. 4093 02:38:09,160 --> 02:38:11,840 ALSO THERE COULD BE INTERESTING 4094 02:38:11,840 --> 02:38:13,080 PERSPECTIVES FROM INDUSTRY, 4095 02:38:13,080 --> 02:38:15,360 ACADEMIA THAT COMPLEMENT. 4096 02:38:15,360 --> 02:38:20,880 OH, YEAH, WE ALSO WANT THIS, FOR 4097 02:38:20,880 --> 02:38:22,920 OUR OWN DECISION MAKING, IF WE 4098 02:38:22,920 --> 02:38:25,640 HAD CONFIDENCE IN IT, IT COULD 4099 02:38:25,640 --> 02:38:26,920 BENEFIT US. 4100 02:38:26,920 --> 02:38:29,040 I THINK DISCUSSIONS AND 4101 02:38:29,040 --> 02:38:31,440 TRANSPARENCY AND PROMOTING THAT 4102 02:38:31,440 --> 02:38:32,520 GOES A LONG WAY. 4103 02:38:32,520 --> 02:38:33,640 >>THANK YOU. 4104 02:38:33,640 --> 02:38:36,160 DR. SEGER, WHEN YOU WORKED WITH 4105 02:38:36,160 --> 02:38:38,120 VARIOUS SOCIETIES, IS THERE 4106 02:38:38,120 --> 02:38:39,560 SOMETHING THAT YOU APPLY IN 4107 02:38:39,560 --> 02:38:43,800 TERMS OF BEST WAY TO APPROACH 4108 02:38:43,800 --> 02:38:44,000 THEM? 4109 02:38:44,000 --> 02:38:45,560 >>IT'S A GOOD QUESTION. 4110 02:38:45,560 --> 02:38:47,560 IT REALLY IS FIGURING OUT WHAT 4111 02:38:47,560 --> 02:38:49,520 ARE THE BIGGEST PAIN POINTS, IF 4112 02:38:49,520 --> 02:38:53,240 THERE ARE SOLUTIONS TO ADDRESS 4113 02:38:53,240 --> 02:38:55,000 THOSE, NOT SWEAT THE SMALL 4114 02:38:55,000 --> 02:38:55,320 STUFF. 4115 02:38:55,320 --> 02:38:59,360 YOU KNOW, IT SOUNDS SIMPLE BUT 4116 02:38:59,360 --> 02:39:01,440 WHAT ARE THE BIG THINGS THAT OUR 4117 02:39:01,440 --> 02:39:02,680 GROUP NEEDS TO TACKLE, WHAT 4118 02:39:02,680 --> 02:39:04,920 RESOURCES NEED TO BE THERE AND 4119 02:39:04,920 --> 02:39:06,120 FOCUS ON THOSE. 4120 02:39:06,120 --> 02:39:08,320 AND STICK TO OUR STRENGTHS. 4121 02:39:08,320 --> 02:39:11,400 SO A LOT OF TIMES THINKING ABOUT 4122 02:39:11,400 --> 02:39:13,120 RFIS WE DON'T RESPOND TO EVERY 4123 02:39:13,120 --> 02:39:15,240 QUESTION IF THEY ARE NOT 4124 02:39:15,240 --> 02:39:18,080 APPLICABLE OR WE DON'T HAVE THE 4125 02:39:18,080 --> 02:39:19,360 EXPERTISE, WE DON'T HAVE IT BUT 4126 02:39:19,360 --> 02:39:20,840 YOU MIGHT WANT TO LOOK AT THIS 4127 02:39:20,840 --> 02:39:21,800 OTHER GROUP. 4128 02:39:21,800 --> 02:39:25,120 THAT'S A LEVEL OF HUMILITY THE 4129 02:39:25,120 --> 02:39:26,400 COMMUNITY NEEDS TO HAVE, JUST 4130 02:39:26,400 --> 02:39:29,240 THINKING ABOUT I DON'T HAVE ALL 4131 02:39:29,240 --> 02:39:31,280 THE PIECES TO THIS NAMs PUZZLE 4132 02:39:31,280 --> 02:39:33,120 BUT I'VE GOT TO WORK WITH 4133 02:39:33,120 --> 02:39:34,880 EVERYONE ON THIS PANEL TO FIGURE 4134 02:39:34,880 --> 02:39:37,480 OUT WHAT WE'RE GOING TO AGREE 4135 02:39:37,480 --> 02:39:42,120 UPON, YOU KNOW, WE MIGHT BE 4136 02:39:42,120 --> 02:39:47,680 SAYING THE SAME THING IN A 4137 02:39:47,680 --> 02:39:48,560 DIFFERENT LANGUAGE, SO 4138 02:39:48,560 --> 02:39:49,960 STANDARDIZEING IS HELPFUL. 4139 02:39:49,960 --> 02:39:52,720 WE HAVE TO STANDARDIZE ACROSS 4140 02:39:52,720 --> 02:39:54,880 MEMBER SOCIETIES, WE FALL INTO 4141 02:39:54,880 --> 02:40:01,680 JARGON, SOMETHING WE WATCH FOR. 4142 02:40:01,680 --> 02:40:04,720 >>IN THE REMAINING FOUR MINUTES 4143 02:40:04,720 --> 02:40:07,040 CAN YOU SPEAK TO WHAT YOUR 4144 02:40:07,040 --> 02:40:14,840 ORGANIZATION IS DOING TO ADVANCE 4145 02:40:14,840 --> 02:40:16,360 TRAINING NEXT GENERATION 4146 02:40:16,360 --> 02:40:16,680 SCIENTISTS. 4147 02:40:16,680 --> 02:40:19,800 WE'LL START WITH DR. SEGER. 4148 02:40:19,800 --> 02:40:22,960 >>SO MANY QUESTIONS. 4149 02:40:22,960 --> 02:40:24,920 NO, SO, YEAH, I MEAN TRAINING 4150 02:40:24,920 --> 02:40:27,880 THE NEXT GENERATION IS VERY 4151 02:40:27,880 --> 02:40:29,200 IMPORTANT TO ALL SCIENTIFIC 4152 02:40:29,200 --> 02:40:30,280 SOCIETIES. 4153 02:40:30,280 --> 02:40:34,120 WE RECOGNIZE WE'RE THE STANDARD 4154 02:40:34,120 --> 02:40:36,840 BEARERS FOR DISCIPLINES SO 4155 02:40:36,840 --> 02:40:41,040 RECOGNIZING AND BUILDING 4156 02:40:41,040 --> 02:40:42,080 RESOURCES FOR INTERDISCIPLINARY 4157 02:40:42,080 --> 02:40:43,960 RESEARCH, RECOGNIZING A LOT OF 4158 02:40:43,960 --> 02:40:46,280 OUR SENIOR LEADERSHIP, THAT THE 4159 02:40:46,280 --> 02:40:47,600 SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY, THE WAY 4160 02:40:47,600 --> 02:40:49,240 SCIENCE IS DONE IS A LOT 4161 02:40:49,240 --> 02:40:51,960 DIFFERENT FROM WHEN THEY WERE 4162 02:40:51,960 --> 02:40:55,040 GRAD STUDENTS OR POSTDOCS, SO 4163 02:40:55,040 --> 02:40:57,160 PARTNERS CREATEIVELY, THINKING 4164 02:40:57,160 --> 02:40:59,120 HOW WE USE CONFERENCES TO BE THE 4165 02:40:59,120 --> 02:41:02,720 BEST PLACE TO BRING TOGETHER 4166 02:41:02,720 --> 02:41:03,400 DIFFERENT STAKEHOLDERS, AND ALSO 4167 02:41:03,400 --> 02:41:06,800 A LOT OF OUR SOCIETIES ARE 4168 02:41:06,800 --> 02:41:08,880 THINKING HOW DO THEY -- I ASK 4169 02:41:08,880 --> 02:41:09,960 FOR FUNDING BUT SOME SOCIETIES 4170 02:41:09,960 --> 02:41:13,920 WILL GIVE THE FUNDING OR WILL 4171 02:41:13,920 --> 02:41:15,000 OFFER COURSES AND WORKSHOPS, 4172 02:41:15,000 --> 02:41:16,320 THOSE OPPORTUNITIES TO DEVELOP 4173 02:41:16,320 --> 02:41:17,880 SKILLS, RECOGNIZING THAT IT'S 4174 02:41:17,880 --> 02:41:20,160 NOT EVERYONE GOING TO P.I., 4175 02:41:20,160 --> 02:41:23,120 ACADEMIC P.I. SCHOOL, THAT WE 4176 02:41:23,120 --> 02:41:32,200 HAVE TO DEVELOP MORE SKILLS 4177 02:41:32,200 --> 02:41:32,440 BEYOND. 4178 02:41:32,440 --> 02:41:34,520 >>THE LAST POINT WAS POIGNANT. 4179 02:41:34,520 --> 02:41:36,480 WE'VE BEEN LOOKING TO DEVELOP 4180 02:41:36,480 --> 02:41:38,200 STRONG RELATIONSHIPS AT THE 4181 02:41:38,200 --> 02:41:40,000 COMMUNITY COLLEGE LEVEL, AND 4182 02:41:40,000 --> 02:41:43,360 WORK WITH SOME OF THOSE LIKE 4183 02:41:43,360 --> 02:41:44,040 NORTHERN VIRGINIA COMMUNITY 4184 02:41:44,040 --> 02:41:47,520 COLLEGE, IN ADDITION TO SOME OF 4185 02:41:47,520 --> 02:41:50,680 THE OTHER UNDERRESOURCE 4186 02:41:50,680 --> 02:41:52,680 INSTITUTIONS, ACADEMIC 4187 02:41:52,680 --> 02:41:55,160 INSTITUTIONS, WORKING THROUGH 4188 02:41:55,160 --> 02:41:57,160 INTERNSHIP PROGRAMS, BRINGING 4189 02:41:57,160 --> 02:41:58,240 THEM ON FULL-YEAR COOPERATIVE 4190 02:41:58,240 --> 02:42:01,320 PROGRAMS, WAYS TO TIE THAT WORK 4191 02:42:01,320 --> 02:42:03,600 INTO ACTUAL CREDIT SO THEY CAN 4192 02:42:03,600 --> 02:42:05,760 HELP ADVANCE THROUGH THEIR 4193 02:42:05,760 --> 02:42:07,560 ACADEMIC PROGRAMS, SO THAT'S 4194 02:42:07,560 --> 02:42:08,760 ESSENTIALLY THE WAYS WE'RE GOING 4195 02:42:08,760 --> 02:42:10,280 ABOUT DOING THAT. 4196 02:42:10,280 --> 02:42:12,680 MOST OF THE FOCUS BASED ON HOW 4197 02:42:12,680 --> 02:42:15,640 WE'RE BUILT IS, AGAIN, AROUND 4198 02:42:15,640 --> 02:42:16,960 THE DATA SCIENCE PIECE. 4199 02:42:16,960 --> 02:42:22,960 WE DO HAVE A VERY STRONG 4200 02:42:22,960 --> 02:42:24,920 ACADEMIC FACULTY, ADPH, WE'VE 4201 02:42:24,920 --> 02:42:30,440 GOT SOMEBODY HERE FROM ISB, ROB 4202 02:42:30,440 --> 02:42:32,520 MOREOWITZ IS A FACULTY MEMBER AT 4203 02:42:32,520 --> 02:42:34,240 ISB SO WE'RE PROUD ABOUT THAT. 4204 02:42:34,240 --> 02:42:37,760 SO MOST OF OUR WORK IS VIRTUAL 4205 02:42:37,760 --> 02:42:38,720 IN SILICO. 4206 02:42:38,720 --> 02:42:43,520 WE DID HAVE CARD CARRYING NADPH 4207 02:42:43,520 --> 02:42:45,080 IN SOME TOP MEDICAL CENTERS IN 4208 02:42:45,080 --> 02:42:47,160 THE COUNTRY SO WE'RE LOOKING AT 4209 02:42:47,160 --> 02:42:49,360 WAYS TO ALSO -- THAT'S A 4210 02:42:49,360 --> 02:42:50,960 CRITICAL PIECE. 4211 02:42:50,960 --> 02:42:52,440 WE NEED TO BE COGNIZANT, MUCH OF 4212 02:42:52,440 --> 02:42:55,800 THE STUFF WE'RE TALKING ABOUT 4213 02:42:55,800 --> 02:42:56,800 HERE, VIRTUAL OR DIGITAL, THE 4214 02:42:56,800 --> 02:42:58,640 CHALLENGE TO MAKE SURE WE 4215 02:42:58,640 --> 02:42:59,760 FUNCTIONALLY VALIDATE THOSE 4216 02:42:59,760 --> 02:43:02,520 THINGS, AGAIN USING NOVEL 4217 02:43:02,520 --> 02:43:03,520 ALTERNATIVE METHODS AND OTHERS 4218 02:43:03,520 --> 02:43:04,360 TO DO THAT. 4219 02:43:04,360 --> 02:43:06,680 SO WE HAVE THOSE RELATIONSHIPS 4220 02:43:06,680 --> 02:43:08,440 AS WELL. 4221 02:43:08,440 --> 02:43:08,760 >>THANK YOU. 4222 02:43:08,760 --> 02:43:09,360 DR. DAVIS? 4223 02:43:09,360 --> 02:43:12,040 >>YES, SO ONE OF THE JOYS THAT 4224 02:43:12,040 --> 02:43:14,200 WE ALL EXPERIENCE IN THE SUMMER 4225 02:43:14,200 --> 02:43:19,240 IS HAVING TONS OF SUMMER INTERNS 4226 02:43:19,240 --> 02:43:20,960 AT BRISTOL MYERS SQUIBB, WHO 4227 02:43:20,960 --> 02:43:25,840 COME IN, NOT JUST TO WATCH. 4228 02:43:25,840 --> 02:43:29,360 WE HAVE RIGOROUS REVIEW OF 4229 02:43:29,360 --> 02:43:30,880 PROPOSALS FROM SCIENTISTS EVERY 4230 02:43:30,880 --> 02:43:31,960 YEAR, THEY WILL HAVE AN ACTUAL 4231 02:43:31,960 --> 02:43:33,680 PROJECT THAT CAN RESULT IN 4232 02:43:33,680 --> 02:43:35,920 DEEPER UNDERSTANDING OF A NEW 4233 02:43:35,920 --> 02:43:36,920 METHOD, OR BETTER YET, 4234 02:43:36,920 --> 02:43:40,320 UNDERSTANDING HOW TO TEST WITH 4235 02:43:40,320 --> 02:43:42,040 RIGOR AND HYPOTHESIS AND GET THE 4236 02:43:42,040 --> 02:43:44,120 ANSWERS THAT MATTER. 4237 02:43:44,120 --> 02:43:48,480 THE OTHER THING WE DID WITH 4238 02:43:48,480 --> 02:43:49,360 BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB, WE 4239 02:43:49,360 --> 02:43:53,320 PARTNERED WITH THE SOCIETY OF 4240 02:43:53,320 --> 02:43:55,640 TOXICOLOGY TO FUND A STUDENT 4241 02:43:55,640 --> 02:43:56,160 AWARD. 4242 02:43:56,160 --> 02:43:58,160 WE FOUND EVEN WITHIN THE SOCIETY 4243 02:43:58,160 --> 02:44:00,880 OF TOXICOLOGY THERE WAS LOTS OF 4244 02:44:00,880 --> 02:44:01,760 FUNDING FOR UNDERGRADUATES BUT A 4245 02:44:01,760 --> 02:44:05,120 REAL GAP WITH REGARD TO GRADUATE 4246 02:44:05,120 --> 02:44:05,400 STUDENTS. 4247 02:44:05,400 --> 02:44:07,120 AND THE ONE THING THAT MADE OUR 4248 02:44:07,120 --> 02:44:09,960 AWARD A LITTLE DIFFERENT IS THAT 4249 02:44:09,960 --> 02:44:13,520 WE REALLY WANTED TO IDENTIFY 4250 02:44:13,520 --> 02:44:14,560 FACULTY MEMBERS WE COULD 4251 02:44:14,560 --> 02:44:14,960 SUPPORT. 4252 02:44:14,960 --> 02:44:16,760 MONEY DOES NOT GO TO GRADUATE 4253 02:44:16,760 --> 02:44:17,080 STUDENT. 4254 02:44:17,080 --> 02:44:20,280 IT GOES TO FACULTY MEMBER SO 4255 02:44:20,280 --> 02:44:21,800 RESEARCH PROGRAM BY WHICH THE 4256 02:44:21,800 --> 02:44:24,320 STUDENT IS MATRICULATING TO 4257 02:44:24,320 --> 02:44:26,200 Ph.D. IS SUPPORTED THROUGH THE 4258 02:44:26,200 --> 02:44:28,920 FUNDS BMS PROVIDES. 4259 02:44:28,920 --> 02:44:30,800 WE DO NOT MAKE STIPULATION 4260 02:44:30,800 --> 02:44:32,960 RESEARCH HAD TO BE RELEVANT TO 4261 02:44:32,960 --> 02:44:34,760 BMS, JUST RIGOROUS WITH REGARD 4262 02:44:34,760 --> 02:44:36,080 TO HYPOTHESIS TESTING. 4263 02:44:36,080 --> 02:44:37,480 THAT'S SOMETHING WE PUT OUR 4264 02:44:37,480 --> 02:44:39,880 MONEY WHERE OUR MOUTHS WERE ON 4265 02:44:39,880 --> 02:44:40,880 THAT ONE. 4266 02:44:40,880 --> 02:44:43,320 AND, AGAIN, PARTNERING WITH 4267 02:44:43,320 --> 02:44:45,280 ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS IN GENERAL 4268 02:44:45,280 --> 02:44:47,280 JUST TO TRY TO FIND HOW WE HELP 4269 02:44:47,280 --> 02:44:49,240 STUDENTS UNDERSTAND WHAT WE CAN 4270 02:44:49,240 --> 02:44:51,320 DO, LOTS WANT US TO TALK ABOUT 4271 02:44:51,320 --> 02:44:53,520 JOBS BUT WE QUICKLY TURN THE 4272 02:44:53,520 --> 02:44:54,800 CONVERSATION TO WHAT IS YOUR 4273 02:44:54,800 --> 02:44:57,320 RESEARCH AND HOW ARE YOU EXCITED 4274 02:44:57,320 --> 02:44:58,800 ABOUT SCIENCE. 4275 02:44:58,800 --> 02:45:00,400 SO THAT'S SOMETHING WE DID. 4276 02:45:00,400 --> 02:45:07,720 >>THANK YOU. 4277 02:45:07,720 --> 02:45:09,680 >>WE HAVE INTERNSHIP PROGRAMS 4278 02:45:09,680 --> 02:45:10,080 AT NIST. 4279 02:45:10,080 --> 02:45:13,080 ANOTHER THING WE DO TO GIVE 4280 02:45:13,080 --> 02:45:15,080 TALKS AT PLACES PEOPLE ASK US. 4281 02:45:15,080 --> 02:45:18,800 I COULD TALK ABOUT QUALITY ALL 4282 02:45:18,800 --> 02:45:21,560 DAY LONG, PEOPLE ARE INTERESTED 4283 02:45:21,560 --> 02:45:23,960 HOW THIS IS WITH NAMs, PLEASE 4284 02:45:23,960 --> 02:45:26,160 REACH OUT, I'M HAPPY TO DISCUSS 4285 02:45:26,160 --> 02:45:26,840 FURTHER IN DIFFERENT VENUES. 4286 02:45:26,840 --> 02:45:28,360 >>I THINK WE'RE AT THE TOP OF 4287 02:45:28,360 --> 02:45:29,520 THE HOUR. 4288 02:45:29,520 --> 02:45:34,320 SO LET'S THANK OUR PANEL MEMBERS 4289 02:45:34,320 --> 02:45:35,320 FOR THE ACTIVITY SESSION. 4290 02:45:35,320 --> 02:45:35,680 [APPLAUSE] 4291 02:45:35,680 --> 02:45:41,360 I BELIEVE WE HAVE A LUNCH BREAK. 4292 02:45:41,360 --> 02:45:42,120 >>THANKS, EVERYONE. 4293 02:45:42,120 --> 02:45:53,400 WE'LL BE BACK AT 1:00. 4294 02:45:53,400 --> 02:45:53,800 >>OKAY, WELCOME BACK,EVERYBODY. 4295 02:45:53,800 --> 02:45:59,880 FOR THE AFTERNOON SESSION, WE'RE 4296 02:45:59,880 --> 02:46:02,200 BRINGING LEADERS IN THEIR FIELDS 4297 02:46:02,200 --> 02:46:03,280 TO CONVERSATION ABOUT HIGH 4298 02:46:03,280 --> 02:46:05,120 PRIORITY NEEDS THAT CROSS 4299 02:46:05,120 --> 02:46:05,800 DISCIPLINES, TECHNIQUES, 4300 02:46:05,800 --> 02:46:06,920 SECTORS. 4301 02:46:06,920 --> 02:46:14,360 WE'LL START THE WORKING GROUP 4302 02:46:14,360 --> 02:46:17,040 WITH MEMBER SZCZEPAN BARAN. 4303 02:46:17,040 --> 02:46:27,600 DR. BARAN, THE FLOOR IS YOURS. 4304 02:46:54,600 --> 02:46:58,480 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR HAVING 4305 02:46:58,480 --> 02:47:00,680 US PARTICIPATE IN THIS SESSION. 4306 02:47:00,680 --> 02:47:03,080 AGAIN, THE TITLE IS DEVELOPING 4307 02:47:03,080 --> 02:47:05,600 INTEGRATED AND MULTI-SYSTEM 4308 02:47:05,600 --> 02:47:07,600 MODELS. 4309 02:47:07,600 --> 02:47:16,440 SO MY NAME IS DR. BARAN, AT 4310 02:47:16,440 --> 02:47:20,160 VERISIM LIFE, BEFORE THAT AT 4311 02:47:20,160 --> 02:47:21,040 NOVARTIS HEADING UP EMERGING 4312 02:47:21,040 --> 02:47:24,000 TECHNOLOGIES FOR ALMOST A 4313 02:47:24,000 --> 02:47:25,280 DECADE. 4314 02:47:25,280 --> 02:47:27,600 TO SET THE STAGE FOR THIS 4315 02:47:27,600 --> 02:47:29,680 SESSION, WE'RE GOING TO TALK 4316 02:47:29,680 --> 02:47:32,960 ABOUT HOW WE CAN INTEGRATE 4317 02:47:32,960 --> 02:47:34,200 VARIOUS TECHNOLOGIES, VARIOUS 4318 02:47:34,200 --> 02:47:36,680 NAMs TOGETHER FOR THE MORE 4319 02:47:36,680 --> 02:47:38,040 POWERFUL IMPACT ON DRUG 4320 02:47:38,040 --> 02:47:39,000 DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT, BUT 4321 02:47:39,000 --> 02:47:44,600 ALSO WE WANT TO LOOK AT OTHER 4322 02:47:44,600 --> 02:47:47,640 INDUSTRIES AS WELL, BROUGHT UP 4323 02:47:47,640 --> 02:47:49,160 EARLIER, HOW SILOED WE ARE. 4324 02:47:49,160 --> 02:47:50,600 SO HERE ALSO WHEN WE'RE GOING TO 4325 02:47:50,600 --> 02:47:52,760 BE TALKING ABOUT THE QUESTIONS 4326 02:47:52,760 --> 02:47:55,080 THAT WE HAVE, WE'RE GOING TO TRY 4327 02:47:55,080 --> 02:47:57,280 TO ADDRESS IT FROM HOW CAN WE 4328 02:47:57,280 --> 02:48:00,320 LEARN FROM VARIOUS INDUSTRIES, 4329 02:48:00,320 --> 02:48:03,840 NOT JUST PHARMACEUTICAL BUT ALSO 4330 02:48:03,840 --> 02:48:05,280 HYDROCHEMICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, 4331 02:48:05,280 --> 02:48:06,240 AND OTHERS. 4332 02:48:06,240 --> 02:48:08,360 THERE'S DEFINITELY A NEED FOR 4333 02:48:08,360 --> 02:48:08,560 THAT. 4334 02:48:08,560 --> 02:48:15,880 AGAIN, I THINK THE ADDITIVE 4335 02:48:15,880 --> 02:48:18,120 ASPECT LIKE IN SILICO, IN VITRO 4336 02:48:18,120 --> 02:48:22,480 AND IN VIVO, THE CALL TALKED 4337 02:48:22,480 --> 02:48:24,000 ABOUT SKIN SENSITIZEATION ASSAY, 4338 02:48:24,000 --> 02:48:34,160 BROUGHT TOGETHER TO TOGETHER TO 4339 02:48:34,160 --> 02:48:35,360 DEVELOP OECD GUIDELINE. 4340 02:48:35,360 --> 02:48:37,240 TODAY THE QUESTIONS ARE FROM 4341 02:48:37,240 --> 02:48:37,880 THAT PERSPECTIVE. 4342 02:48:37,880 --> 02:48:40,720 ALSO TODAY I'M NOT GOING TO 4343 02:48:40,720 --> 02:48:43,120 INTRODUCE EACH PANELIST HERE. 4344 02:48:43,120 --> 02:48:45,200 I'LL ASK THEM TO INTRODUCE SO 4345 02:48:45,200 --> 02:48:48,680 I'M NOT JUST READING FROM A 4346 02:48:48,680 --> 02:48:49,000 PAGE. 4347 02:48:49,000 --> 02:48:52,880 I'M GOING TO KICK OFF TO GRACA 4348 02:48:52,880 --> 02:48:55,160 TO KICK OFF WITH AN 4349 02:48:55,160 --> 02:48:57,560 INTRODUCTION. 4350 02:48:57,560 --> 02:49:03,600 4351 02:49:03,600 --> 02:49:06,560 4352 02:49:06,560 --> 02:49:08,200 >>THANK YOU. 4353 02:49:08,200 --> 02:49:11,600 GOOD AFTERNOON. 4354 02:49:11,600 --> 02:49:13,160 I'M GRACA ALMEIDA-PORADA, 4355 02:49:13,160 --> 02:49:14,120 PROFESSOR OF REGENERATIVE 4356 02:49:14,120 --> 02:49:16,640 MEDICINE AT WAKE FOREST 4357 02:49:16,640 --> 02:49:17,840 INSTITUTE FOR REGENERATIVE 4358 02:49:17,840 --> 02:49:18,320 MEDICINE. 4359 02:49:18,320 --> 02:49:21,480 I'D LIKE TO THANK NIH AND THE 4360 02:49:21,480 --> 02:49:23,880 ORGANIZERS FOR INVITING ME TO 4361 02:49:23,880 --> 02:49:25,720 PARTICIPATE IN THIS SYMPOSIUM. 4362 02:49:25,720 --> 02:49:28,720 I'M VERY HAPPY TO BE HERE 4363 02:49:28,720 --> 02:49:30,560 BECAUSE I THINK THERE'S HIGH 4364 02:49:30,560 --> 02:49:33,280 PRIORITY NEED TO DEVELOP AND 4365 02:49:33,280 --> 02:49:36,240 VALIDATE MULTI-SYSTEM APPROACHES 4366 02:49:36,240 --> 02:49:38,280 THAT RELIABLY REPRODUCE HUMAN 4367 02:49:38,280 --> 02:49:38,760 BIOLOGY. 4368 02:49:38,760 --> 02:49:41,160 THE FOCUS OF MY RESEARCH IS TO 4369 02:49:41,160 --> 02:49:46,520 DEVELOP CELL AND GENE THERAPY 4370 02:49:46,520 --> 02:49:48,960 PLATFORMS TO TREAT PATIENTS WITH 4371 02:49:48,960 --> 02:49:51,680 DISORDERS, TO THAT END I USE 4372 02:49:51,680 --> 02:49:53,280 ANIMAL MODELS, I USE IN SILICO 4373 02:49:53,280 --> 02:49:57,080 AND I USE IN VITRO MODELS. 4374 02:49:57,080 --> 02:50:00,680 SO, TO GIVE YOU A LITTLE BIT OF 4375 02:50:00,680 --> 02:50:02,320 AN IDEA HOW I'VE USED THESE 4376 02:50:02,320 --> 02:50:03,640 TECHNOLOGIES, OF COURSE I'M NOT 4377 02:50:03,640 --> 02:50:05,160 GOING TO TALK ABOUT THE IN VIVO 4378 02:50:05,160 --> 02:50:06,800 MODELS BECAUSE IT'S NOT WHAT 4379 02:50:06,800 --> 02:50:12,040 WE'RE HERE FOR, BUT USING IN 4380 02:50:12,040 --> 02:50:13,280 SILICO MODELS AND COOPERATING 4381 02:50:13,280 --> 02:50:15,560 WITH EXPERTS IN THE FIELD OF 4382 02:50:15,560 --> 02:50:17,080 MOLECULAR DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS WE 4383 02:50:17,080 --> 02:50:21,160 HAVE BEEN ABLE TO INSERT 4384 02:50:21,160 --> 02:50:23,040 MUTATION IN THE -- THE SAME 4385 02:50:23,040 --> 02:50:25,640 MUTATION THAT OCCURS IN SICKLE 4386 02:50:25,640 --> 02:50:29,360 CELL PATIENTS IN SILICO, IN 4387 02:50:29,360 --> 02:50:34,920 SHEEP, AND PREDICT THAT MUTATION 4388 02:50:34,920 --> 02:50:37,000 WOULD CAUSE WHAT OCCURS IN HUMAN 4389 02:50:37,000 --> 02:50:38,000 PATIENTS. 4390 02:50:38,000 --> 02:50:40,520 FROM THAT DATA WE COLLABORATED 4391 02:50:40,520 --> 02:50:42,280 WITH OTHER INVESTIGATORS, 4392 02:50:42,280 --> 02:50:45,000 EXPERTS AT MAKING MODELS, AND 4393 02:50:45,000 --> 02:50:45,640 THROUGH CRISPR/Cas TECHNOLOGY 4394 02:50:45,640 --> 02:50:49,040 THEY WERE ABLE TO ACTUALLY 4395 02:50:49,040 --> 02:50:51,640 CREATE AN ANIMAL MODEL OF SICKLE 4396 02:50:51,640 --> 02:50:54,200 CELL DISEASE. 4397 02:50:54,200 --> 02:50:56,240 MOVING INTO INTEGRATED 4398 02:50:56,240 --> 02:51:03,600 MULTI-ORGANS ON A CHIP, WE USE 4399 02:51:03,600 --> 02:51:05,240 THESE SYSTEMS WITH ORGANOIDS TO 4400 02:51:05,240 --> 02:51:09,840 ADDRESS ASPECTS OF GENE THERAPY, 4401 02:51:09,840 --> 02:51:12,160 CURRENTLY FOCUSED IN STUDYING 4402 02:51:12,160 --> 02:51:15,200 AAV GENE THERAPY USING DIFFERENT 4403 02:51:15,200 --> 02:51:17,480 SEROTYPES, AND SO USE THESE 4404 02:51:17,480 --> 02:51:19,600 MULTI-SYSTEM ORGANOIDS TO 4405 02:51:19,600 --> 02:51:22,200 PREDICT TOXICITY AND EFFICACY, 4406 02:51:22,200 --> 02:51:25,040 AND WE HAVE -- BECAUSE WE ARE 4407 02:51:25,040 --> 02:51:27,560 DOING THESE IN VITRO MODELS AND 4408 02:51:27,560 --> 02:51:29,120 IN VIVO MODELS, WE HOPE WE CAN 4409 02:51:29,120 --> 02:51:30,520 COMPARE THE RESULTS THAT WE'RE 4410 02:51:30,520 --> 02:51:33,920 GETTING WITH OUR IN VITRO MODELS 4411 02:51:33,920 --> 02:51:35,120 USING THE MULTI-SYSTEM 4412 02:51:35,120 --> 02:51:36,440 APPROACHES TO WHAT WE'RE GETTING 4413 02:51:36,440 --> 02:51:40,720 INTO OUR IN VIVO MODELS AND 4414 02:51:40,720 --> 02:51:43,480 COMPARE TO WHAT PATIENTS OR 4415 02:51:43,480 --> 02:51:48,160 WHAT'S BEEN REPORTED IN CLINICAL 4416 02:51:48,160 --> 02:51:51,440 TRIALS USING AAV. 4417 02:51:51,440 --> 02:51:55,480 SO, SO FAR WE'VE GOTTEN VERY 4418 02:51:55,480 --> 02:51:58,240 INTERESTING DATA, AND ALSO 4419 02:51:58,240 --> 02:52:05,120 ANOTHER ASPECT THAT WE ARE 4420 02:52:05,120 --> 02:52:08,920 ADDRESSING IS TO TEST THE OTHERS 4421 02:52:08,920 --> 02:52:12,680 THAT ASTRONAUTS MAY -- OR 4422 02:52:12,680 --> 02:52:14,960 STRESSORS THAT ASTRONAUTS MAY 4423 02:52:14,960 --> 02:52:16,800 ENCOUNTER WHILE IN DEEP SPACE. 4424 02:52:16,800 --> 02:52:23,080 SO, WE USE THESE ORGANOIDS TO 4425 02:52:23,080 --> 02:52:25,040 NOT ONLY ADDRESS PROBLEMS THAT 4426 02:52:25,040 --> 02:52:33,800 THEY CAN ENCOUNTER SUCH AS 4427 02:52:33,800 --> 02:52:37,400 RADIATION, VLCs, THAT CAN BE 4428 02:52:37,400 --> 02:52:40,360 HARMFUL FOR THE ASTRONAUTS AND 4429 02:52:40,360 --> 02:52:43,080 DEVELOP COUNTERMEASURES USING 4430 02:52:43,080 --> 02:52:44,200 ORGANOIDS OR MULTI-SYSTEM 4431 02:52:44,200 --> 02:52:47,080 ORGANOIDS SO THAT WE CAN FIND 4432 02:52:47,080 --> 02:52:49,360 THOSE COUNTERMEASURES AND USE 4433 02:52:49,360 --> 02:52:53,720 THEM TO PREVENT THOSE HAZARDS IN 4434 02:52:53,720 --> 02:52:58,560 THE FUTURE FOR THOSE DOING SPACE 4435 02:52:58,560 --> 02:53:00,000 TRAVEL. 4436 02:53:00,000 --> 02:53:02,360 I THINK THAT IDEALLY WITH THE 4437 02:53:02,360 --> 02:53:05,440 SYMPOSIUM WE CAN FIND COMMON 4438 02:53:05,440 --> 02:53:07,520 GROUND AND MOVE FORWARD TO 4439 02:53:07,520 --> 02:53:09,280 DEVELOP THESE TECHNOLOGIES THAT 4440 02:53:09,280 --> 02:53:13,240 I THINK WILL BE PRICELESS IN 4441 02:53:13,240 --> 02:53:15,640 TERMS OF FINDING BETTER 4442 02:53:15,640 --> 02:53:18,240 SOLUTIONS FOR THE PATIENTS AND 4443 02:53:18,240 --> 02:53:19,680 HAVING BETTER ANSWERS THAN THOSE 4444 02:53:19,680 --> 02:53:24,920 THAT WE FIND NOW USING JUST 4445 02:53:24,920 --> 02:53:25,720 ANIMAL MODELS. 4446 02:53:25,720 --> 02:53:26,680 THANK YOU. 4447 02:53:26,680 --> 02:53:28,880 >>THANK YOU, GRACA. 4448 02:53:28,880 --> 02:53:33,680 DO WE HAVE FOLKS ONLINE? 4449 02:53:33,680 --> 02:53:36,600 BLANCA, CAN WE PASS TO YOU FOR 4450 02:53:36,600 --> 02:53:36,920 INTRODUCTION? 4451 02:53:36,920 --> 02:53:37,920 >>HI. 4452 02:53:37,920 --> 02:53:41,240 CAN YOU HEAR ME? 4453 02:53:41,240 --> 02:53:41,840 >>YES, WE CAN. 4454 02:53:41,840 --> 02:53:43,920 >>THANK YOU. 4455 02:53:43,920 --> 02:53:46,360 WELL, I'M BLANCA RODRIGUEZ, I'M 4456 02:53:46,360 --> 02:53:50,440 A PROFESSOR OF COMPUTATIONAL 4457 02:53:50,440 --> 02:53:52,280 MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. 4458 02:53:52,280 --> 02:53:54,360 OUR SPECIALTY IN MY TEAM IS 4459 02:53:54,360 --> 02:53:58,960 DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTATIONAL 4460 02:53:58,960 --> 02:54:00,560 METHODS FOR UNDERSTANDING 4461 02:54:00,560 --> 02:54:02,000 HEARTS, WE FOCUS SPECIFICALLY ON 4462 02:54:02,000 --> 02:54:03,320 THE HEART OWN THOUGH WE'VE MADE 4463 02:54:03,320 --> 02:54:06,400 SOME WORK ALSO IN OTHER ORGANS. 4464 02:54:06,400 --> 02:54:10,480 OUR MAIN GOAL IS TO DEVELOP THE 4465 02:54:10,480 --> 02:54:16,560 TWO PARADIGMS OF IN SILICO 4466 02:54:16,560 --> 02:54:19,840 TRIALS, DEVELOPMENT OF NEW 4467 02:54:19,840 --> 02:54:23,240 THERAPIES, HUMAN-BASED MODEL AND 4468 02:54:23,240 --> 02:54:27,080 SIMULATION BASED TECHNOLOGY, AND 4469 02:54:27,080 --> 02:54:28,240 OTHER COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES 4470 02:54:28,240 --> 02:54:33,080 TO MIMIC WHAT IS DONE IN 4471 02:54:33,080 --> 02:54:34,520 CLINICAL TRIALS BUT USING 4472 02:54:34,520 --> 02:54:34,800 SIMULATIONS. 4473 02:54:34,800 --> 02:54:38,920 WE INTERACT QUITE A BIT WITH 4474 02:54:38,920 --> 02:54:39,760 EXPERIMENTALISTS AND CLINICIANS 4475 02:54:39,760 --> 02:54:41,400 THAT GATHER DATA THAT ARE 4476 02:54:41,400 --> 02:54:42,840 COMPLEMENTARY TO OUR APPROACHES 4477 02:54:42,840 --> 02:54:46,120 SO WE USE EXPERIMENTAL AND 4478 02:54:46,120 --> 02:54:51,800 CLINICAL DATA TO BUILD OUR 4479 02:54:51,800 --> 02:54:52,800 VIRTUAL ORGANS AND VALIDATE 4480 02:54:52,800 --> 02:54:54,360 RESULT OF OUR SIMULATIONS SO 4481 02:54:54,360 --> 02:54:58,720 CREDIBILITY OF MODELING AND 4482 02:54:58,720 --> 02:55:00,040 SIMULATIONS FOR THEIR UPTAKE, 4483 02:55:00,040 --> 02:55:03,680 NOT ONLY IN ACADEMIA BUT ALSO IN 4484 02:55:03,680 --> 02:55:06,160 INDUSTRY AND REGULATORY 4485 02:55:06,160 --> 02:55:06,960 SETTINGS. 4486 02:55:06,960 --> 02:55:08,480 WE COLLABORATE QUITE A BIT WITH 4487 02:55:08,480 --> 02:55:10,240 INDUSTRY AND WE HAVE BEEN 4488 02:55:10,240 --> 02:55:12,560 WORKING ALSO IN THE REPLACEMENT 4489 02:55:12,560 --> 02:55:15,960 OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS IN THIS 4490 02:55:15,960 --> 02:55:18,640 CONTEXT USING HUMAN-BASED 4491 02:55:18,640 --> 02:55:22,920 MODELS. 4492 02:55:22,920 --> 02:55:24,120 THE INTERNATIONAL PRIZE FOR 4493 02:55:24,120 --> 02:55:30,160 STUDIES IN A HAVE POTENTIAL TO 4494 02:55:30,160 --> 02:55:34,200 REPLACE ANIMALS, AND I HAVE ALSO 4495 02:55:34,200 --> 02:55:36,720 COLLABORATED IN DEVELOPING THE 4496 02:55:36,720 --> 02:55:38,800 FRAMEWORK, THE CONCEPTUAL 4497 02:55:38,800 --> 02:55:40,240 FRAMEWORK FOR REGULATORY USE OF 4498 02:55:40,240 --> 02:55:43,280 THESE TECHNOLOGIES BOTH WITH THE 4499 02:55:43,280 --> 02:55:48,000 FDA AND THE EUROPEAN AGENCY. 4500 02:55:48,000 --> 02:55:49,520 THANK YOU. 4501 02:55:49,520 --> 02:55:50,200 >>GREAT. 4502 02:55:50,200 --> 02:55:51,080 THANKS, BLANCA. 4503 02:55:51,080 --> 02:55:53,240 IF YOU'RE NOT AWARE, YOUR VIDEO 4504 02:55:53,240 --> 02:55:54,600 IS NOT SHOWING UP, IF YOU WANT 4505 02:55:54,600 --> 02:55:57,720 TO TRY TO ADDRESS THAT WHILE WE 4506 02:55:57,720 --> 02:56:01,800 GO THROUGH INTRODUCTIONs, THAT 4507 02:56:01,800 --> 02:56:04,960 WOULD BE FANTASTIC. 4508 02:56:04,960 --> 02:56:05,200 ROSEER? 4509 02:56:05,200 --> 02:56:07,120 >>THANK YOU FOR THE INVITATION. 4510 02:56:07,120 --> 02:56:08,560 SORRY I CANNOT JOIN IN PERSON, 4511 02:56:08,560 --> 02:56:13,840 BUT IT'S A PLEASURE TO BE HERE. 4512 02:56:13,840 --> 02:56:17,200 I AM ROSER VINTO, GROUP LEADER 4513 02:56:17,200 --> 02:56:21,480 IN CAMBRIDGE IN THE U.K., WITH 4514 02:56:21,480 --> 02:56:24,520 TEAM INTEREST IS IN THE 4515 02:56:24,520 --> 02:56:26,520 DEVELOPMENT, REGENERATION AND 4516 02:56:26,520 --> 02:56:29,440 FUNCTION OF CAUSAL LYMPHOID 4517 02:56:29,440 --> 02:56:32,560 TISSUES, USING QUANTITATIVE 4518 02:56:32,560 --> 02:56:35,280 TOOLS, SO WE USE, DEVELOP, 4519 02:56:35,280 --> 02:56:38,920 DIFFERENT STATE OF TECHNOLOGIES, 4520 02:56:38,920 --> 02:56:40,960 GENOMICS, BIOINFORMATICS AND 4521 02:56:40,960 --> 02:56:42,200 ALSO GENETIC EDITING AND 4522 02:56:42,200 --> 02:56:44,600 BIOENGINEERING TOOLS. 4523 02:56:44,600 --> 02:56:46,680 SO, WE HAVE BEEN USING NAMs 4524 02:56:46,680 --> 02:56:49,320 SINCE WE STARTED THE TEAM. 4525 02:56:49,320 --> 02:56:52,920 I WILL FOCUS ON OUR WORK IN THE 4526 02:56:52,920 --> 02:56:57,800 UTERUS BECAUSE IT IS ONE OF THE 4527 02:56:57,800 --> 02:56:59,320 MOST STUDIES TISSUES. 4528 02:56:59,320 --> 02:57:02,320 WE HAVE BENEFIT A LOT FROM THE 4529 02:57:02,320 --> 02:57:02,520 NAMs. 4530 02:57:02,520 --> 02:57:05,920 IT IS FASCINATING TISSUE BECAUSE 4531 02:57:05,920 --> 02:57:08,000 IT REGENERATES MORE THAN 400 4532 02:57:08,000 --> 02:57:10,200 TIMES IN WOMEN'S LIFETIME, IT'S 4533 02:57:10,200 --> 02:57:13,920 A PERFECT REGENERATION, WITHOUT 4534 02:57:13,920 --> 02:57:17,520 THE SCARRING, INVOLVES IN A LOT 4535 02:57:17,520 --> 02:57:20,800 OF DISEASES INCLUDING PROBLEMS 4536 02:57:20,800 --> 02:57:21,800 WITH MENSTRUAL CYCLE, 4537 02:57:21,800 --> 02:57:22,880 ENDOMETRIOSIS WHICH AFFECT MORE 4538 02:57:22,880 --> 02:57:26,280 THAN 30% OF WOMEN WORLDWIDE. 4539 02:57:26,280 --> 02:57:27,800 AND THIS IS QUITE DIFFERENT IN 4540 02:57:27,800 --> 02:57:28,000 MOUSE. 4541 02:57:28,000 --> 02:57:35,400 WE HAD TO USE NAMs ALSO FOR 4542 02:57:35,400 --> 02:57:36,080 THIS REASON. 4543 02:57:36,080 --> 02:57:37,880 BASICALLY THE WAY WE'VE GONE 4544 02:57:37,880 --> 02:57:39,920 THROUGH IT FIRST FOCUSING ON IN 4545 02:57:39,920 --> 02:57:42,840 VIVO DATA, MAKING IN SILICO 4546 02:57:42,840 --> 02:57:44,320 MODELS, AND FOR THESE WHAT WE'VE 4547 02:57:44,320 --> 02:57:47,640 BEEN DOING IS TO TAKE 4548 02:57:47,640 --> 02:57:48,640 MEASUREMENTS OF INDIVIDUALS 4549 02:57:48,640 --> 02:57:56,080 ACROSS THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND 4550 02:57:56,080 --> 02:57:58,160 THESE MEASUREMENTS INCLUDED 4551 02:57:58,160 --> 02:57:58,920 TRANSCRIPTOME, EPIGENOME, 4552 02:57:58,920 --> 02:57:59,920 BIOINFORMATICS AND MACHINE 4553 02:57:59,920 --> 02:58:01,320 LEARNING TO INTEGRATE THE DATA 4554 02:58:01,320 --> 02:58:03,760 AND BUILD A MODEL. 4555 02:58:03,760 --> 02:58:10,440 HERE WE HAVE ALSO BEEN BUILDING 4556 02:58:10,440 --> 02:58:12,840 BIOINFORMATIC TOOLS, INCLUDING 4557 02:58:12,840 --> 02:58:16,280 USING ALL THESE MULTI-MODAL 4558 02:58:16,280 --> 02:58:24,200 INFORMATION TO STUDY CELL-CELL 4559 02:58:24,200 --> 02:58:24,880 COMMUNICATION. 4560 02:58:24,880 --> 02:58:26,400 A MAIN INTEREST, LIKE GOOGLE 4561 02:58:26,400 --> 02:58:28,360 MAPS OF TISSUE, IN THIS CASE 4562 02:58:28,360 --> 02:58:31,200 UTERUS, HAS BEEN TO BENCHMARK 4563 02:58:31,200 --> 02:58:34,120 AND ALSO IMPROVE THE CURRENT IN 4564 02:58:34,120 --> 02:58:35,800 VITRO MODELS AND IN PARTICULAR 4565 02:58:35,800 --> 02:58:39,200 ORGANOIDS, AND FOR THIS WE HAVE 4566 02:58:39,200 --> 02:58:41,920 BEEN TAKING THE SINGLE CELL 4567 02:58:41,920 --> 02:58:43,880 MEASUREMENTS IN IN VITRO MODELS 4568 02:58:43,880 --> 02:58:52,720 AND THEN USE AND DEVELOP 4569 02:58:52,720 --> 02:58:55,160 BIOINFORMATICS TO COMPARE IN 4570 02:58:55,160 --> 02:59:05,720 VITRO MODELS, IN VIVO YOU HAVE 4571 02:59:12,120 --> 02:59:13,440 INHIBITION IN REGENERATION, BY 4572 02:59:13,440 --> 02:59:15,640 ADDING INHIBITOR MOLECULE IN THE 4573 02:59:15,640 --> 02:59:18,280 ORGANOIDS WE COULD IMPROVE THEM, 4574 02:59:18,280 --> 02:59:21,480 AND WE'RE ALSO NOW DOING ON 4575 02:59:21,480 --> 02:59:23,080 THESE ALSO SIMILAR COMPARISONS 4576 02:59:23,080 --> 02:59:26,240 TO ALSO UNDERSTAND HOW WELL THE 4577 02:59:26,240 --> 02:59:29,120 DISEASE IS RECAPITULATED IN 4578 02:59:29,120 --> 02:59:31,400 VITRO, OR SPECIFIC PERTURBATION 4579 02:59:31,400 --> 02:59:33,040 WILL BE RECAPITULATED, I FOCUS 4580 02:59:33,040 --> 02:59:38,120 ON THE WORK IN THE UTERUS, ALSO 4581 02:59:38,120 --> 02:59:44,240 STRONG INTEREST IN IMMUNE SIDE, 4582 02:59:44,240 --> 02:59:48,800 SIMILAR APPROACH OF IN VITRO/IN 4583 02:59:48,800 --> 02:59:50,160 VIVO APPROACH. 4584 02:59:50,160 --> 02:59:50,680 THANK YOU. 4585 02:59:50,680 --> 02:59:52,360 >>THANK YOU. 4586 02:59:52,360 --> 02:59:52,560 TERRY? 4587 02:59:52,560 --> 02:59:54,680 >>IT'S A PLEASURE TO BE HERE 4588 02:59:54,680 --> 02:59:55,560 AND HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO 4589 02:59:55,560 --> 02:59:58,720 CONTRIBUTE A LITTLE BIT TO THIS 4590 02:59:58,720 --> 03:00:01,000 NOBLE EFFORT. 4591 03:00:01,000 --> 03:00:06,160 I'M CURRENTLY SERVING AS THE 4592 03:00:06,160 --> 03:00:16,000 HEAD INVESTIGATIVE TOXICOLOGY AT 4593 03:00:16,000 --> 03:00:25,760 ABBVIE, ESSENTIALLY WORK CLOSELY 4594 03:00:25,760 --> 03:00:29,480 WITH DISCOVERY BUILDING FIT FOR 4595 03:00:29,480 --> 03:00:32,120 PURPOSE, WE DO IN VITRO ASSAYS, 4596 03:00:32,120 --> 03:00:33,960 WE HELP TO ESTABLISH A COMPLEX 4597 03:00:33,960 --> 03:00:38,160 IN VITRO MODELS GROUP WITH 4598 03:00:38,160 --> 03:00:39,040 EXPERTISE IN CHARACTERIZING 4599 03:00:39,040 --> 03:00:42,280 MODELS, WE BUILT OUR OWN MODELS 4600 03:00:42,280 --> 03:00:43,800 IN MANY CASES BUT PREFER WITH 4601 03:00:43,800 --> 03:00:47,000 THE TIME WE HAVE AND RESOURCES 4602 03:00:47,000 --> 03:00:49,400 IT'S MUCH MORE EFFICIENT TO 4603 03:00:49,400 --> 03:00:52,360 CONTRACT OR BRING THAT 4604 03:00:52,360 --> 03:00:54,240 TECHNOLOGY IN, THAT WOULD BE THE 4605 03:00:54,240 --> 03:00:55,240 MOST PREFERRED. 4606 03:00:55,240 --> 03:00:56,520 BUT THROUGH THIS PROCESS WE'VE 4607 03:00:56,520 --> 03:00:58,280 GAINED A LOT OF EXPERIENCE IN 4608 03:00:58,280 --> 03:01:00,720 WHAT IT TAKES TO BUILD AND 4609 03:01:00,720 --> 03:01:02,040 MAINTAIN THESE MODELS. 4610 03:01:02,040 --> 03:01:04,520 WHAT SOME STRENGTHS AND 4611 03:01:04,520 --> 03:01:06,320 WEAKNESSES ARE. 4612 03:01:06,320 --> 03:01:08,160 IT'S BEEN REALLY VALUABLE. 4613 03:01:08,160 --> 03:01:09,600 I ALSO HAD THE OPPORTUNITY 4614 03:01:09,600 --> 03:01:13,480 RELATED TO THIS TO SERVE AS THE 4615 03:01:13,480 --> 03:01:19,560 CHAIR FOR THE IQMPS AFFILIATE IN 4616 03:01:19,560 --> 03:01:20,640 THE PAST, QUITE REWARDING, 4617 03:01:20,640 --> 03:01:23,920 HELPED ME TO UNDERSTAND A 4618 03:01:23,920 --> 03:01:25,320 BROADER INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE 4619 03:01:25,320 --> 03:01:26,160 REALLY FROM PHARMACEUTICAL 4620 03:01:26,160 --> 03:01:29,000 COMPANIES AS TO HOW THEY ARE 4621 03:01:29,000 --> 03:01:35,120 APPLYING NAMs IN THEIR SAFETY 4622 03:01:35,120 --> 03:01:36,120 ASSESSMENTS, CHALLENGES THEY ARE 4623 03:01:36,120 --> 03:01:36,480 FACING. 4624 03:01:36,480 --> 03:01:38,120 I'M PROUD OF WHAT THE GROUP IS 4625 03:01:38,120 --> 03:01:39,640 DOING, NO LONGER WORKING CLOSELY 4626 03:01:39,640 --> 03:01:43,480 WITH THEM BUT I THINK THEIR 4627 03:01:43,480 --> 03:01:50,240 TALLY IS UP TO 15 PUBLICATIONS 4628 03:01:50,240 --> 03:01:55,200 SINCE 2018, 2019. 4629 03:01:55,200 --> 03:01:56,040 UNPRECEDENTED ENGAGEMENT IN 4630 03:01:56,040 --> 03:01:58,440 INDUSTRY REGARDING A NEW 4631 03:01:58,440 --> 03:01:58,880 TECHNOLOGY. 4632 03:01:58,880 --> 03:02:02,760 ANOTHER MAJOR EFFORT I'VE 4633 03:02:02,760 --> 03:02:04,040 UNDERTAKEN AT ABBVIE, 4634 03:02:04,040 --> 03:02:04,760 ESTABLISHED A COMPUTATIONAL 4635 03:02:04,760 --> 03:02:09,720 TOXICOLOGY GROUP. 4636 03:02:09,720 --> 03:02:12,920 I'M A TOXICOLOGYIST BY TRAINING 4637 03:02:12,920 --> 03:02:16,640 BUT I HAVE MACHINE EXPERTS IN 4638 03:02:16,640 --> 03:02:18,280 THE GROUP, THIS IS REALLY 4639 03:02:18,280 --> 03:02:20,240 OPENING OUR EYES TO THE NEED FOR 4640 03:02:20,240 --> 03:02:24,280 DATA AND STRUCTURE OF DATA WHICH 4641 03:02:24,280 --> 03:02:29,480 IS CRITICAL TO APPLYING ANY 4642 03:02:29,480 --> 03:02:32,600 ADVANCED ANALYTICS. 4643 03:02:32,600 --> 03:02:36,640 I THINK THIS HAS GIVEN ME A 4644 03:02:36,640 --> 03:02:37,960 BROAD EXPOSURE TO NAMs. 4645 03:02:37,960 --> 03:02:40,600 I'M FORTUNATE TO BE THERE 4646 03:02:40,600 --> 03:02:43,440 APPLYING THEM, TO SOLVE 4647 03:02:43,440 --> 03:02:46,400 PROBLEMS, TO HELP PRIORITIZE AND 4648 03:02:46,400 --> 03:02:56,920 HOPEFULLY PROGRESS THE SAFEST 4649 03:02:58,400 --> 03:02:58,800 COMPOUNDS FORWARD. 4650 03:02:58,800 --> 03:02:59,960 >>THANKS FOR SHARING YOUR 4651 03:02:59,960 --> 03:03:02,360 KNOWLEDGE. 4652 03:03:02,360 --> 03:03:04,120 NOW THE FUN PART, THE QUESTIONS. 4653 03:03:04,120 --> 03:03:05,840 TERRY, WE'LL START WITH YOU. 4654 03:03:05,840 --> 03:03:08,040 WHAT BARRIERS ARE THERE TO THE 4655 03:03:08,040 --> 03:03:10,120 USE OF HYBRID MODELS? 4656 03:03:10,120 --> 03:03:17,080 BY HYBRID I MEAN AGAIN COMBINING 4657 03:03:17,080 --> 03:03:20,520 IN SILICO, IN VITRO, IN VIVO, 4658 03:03:20,520 --> 03:03:23,240 AND WHAT ARE CHALLENGES AND 4659 03:03:23,240 --> 03:03:26,640 INCENTIVES NEEDED TO OVERCOME 4660 03:03:26,640 --> 03:03:27,600 THE SPECIFIC CHALLENGES? 4661 03:03:27,600 --> 03:03:29,760 >>CHALLENGES ARE SIGNIFICANT IN 4662 03:03:29,760 --> 03:03:30,720 SOME CASES. 4663 03:03:30,720 --> 03:03:32,600 THERE ARE LOTS OF DIFFERENT 4664 03:03:32,600 --> 03:03:35,200 KINDS OF DATA, YOU JUST WENT 4665 03:03:35,200 --> 03:03:38,000 OVER THERE . 4666 03:03:38,000 --> 03:03:40,040 A LOT OF IN VITRO DATA IS 4667 03:03:40,040 --> 03:03:41,800 CONSISTENTLY KEPT. 4668 03:03:41,800 --> 03:03:43,320 MOST COMPANIES, AND THERE'S 4669 03:03:43,320 --> 03:03:45,200 INSTITUTIONS, PUBLIC DATABASES 4670 03:03:45,200 --> 03:03:46,400 THAT HAVE THAT INFORMATION. 4671 03:03:46,400 --> 03:03:49,480 HOPEFULLY THOSE CAN BE LINKED TO 4672 03:03:49,480 --> 03:03:50,440 MOLECULES OF INTEREST, LIKE 4673 03:03:50,440 --> 03:03:52,320 PHARMACEUTICALS OR IN SOME CASES 4674 03:03:52,320 --> 03:03:53,080 COULD BE CHEMICALS. 4675 03:03:53,080 --> 03:03:56,760 WE WANTED TO BRING THE CHEMICAL 4676 03:03:56,760 --> 03:03:57,880 INDUSTRY IN AS WELL. 4677 03:03:57,880 --> 03:04:01,040 SO HAVING THE RIGHT DATA IN THE 4678 03:04:01,040 --> 03:04:03,240 RIGHT FORMAT IS CRITICAL. 4679 03:04:03,240 --> 03:04:05,960 WE'RE LACKING I THINK 4680 03:04:05,960 --> 03:04:07,400 SIGNIFICANTLY IN SOME CASES IN 4681 03:04:07,400 --> 03:04:09,360 HAVING THE RIGHT DATABASES. 4682 03:04:09,360 --> 03:04:11,080 WE HAVE A LOT, BUT I THINK 4683 03:04:11,080 --> 03:04:15,800 THAT'S A GREAT PLACE FOR FUTURE 4684 03:04:15,800 --> 03:04:16,120 INVESTMENT. 4685 03:04:16,120 --> 03:04:17,800 ALSO LEARNED QUITE A BIT ABOUT 4686 03:04:17,800 --> 03:04:21,160 IN VIVO DATA, GETTING 4687 03:04:21,160 --> 03:04:22,600 TRANSLATION PIECE, YOU KNOW. 4688 03:04:22,600 --> 03:04:24,200 CLINICAL DATA IS IN A GOOD STATE 4689 03:04:24,200 --> 03:04:26,080 I WOULD SAY, YOU KNOW, AS FAR AS 4690 03:04:26,080 --> 03:04:29,560 ITS CONDITION. 4691 03:04:29,560 --> 03:04:31,680 IT USES CONSISTENT TERMS, MEDRA 4692 03:04:31,680 --> 03:04:33,360 TERMS ARE APPLIED. 4693 03:04:33,360 --> 03:04:35,800 PRE-CLINICAL DATA ON THE OTHER 4694 03:04:35,800 --> 03:04:38,200 HAND IS DIFFERENT. 4695 03:04:38,200 --> 03:04:42,400 PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES HAVE 4696 03:04:42,400 --> 03:04:43,600 LARGE DATABASES OF PRE-CLINICAL 4697 03:04:43,600 --> 03:04:45,120 DATA THEY HAVE GENERATED OVER 4698 03:04:45,120 --> 03:04:45,640 TIME. 4699 03:04:45,640 --> 03:04:47,520 THERE'S A LOT OF EXTRA STRUGGLES 4700 03:04:47,520 --> 03:04:51,480 TO TRY TO USE THAT DATA, TERMS 4701 03:04:51,480 --> 03:04:52,480 ARE DIFFERENT. 4702 03:04:52,480 --> 03:04:54,520 PATHOLOGISTS MAY NOT USE THE 4703 03:04:54,520 --> 03:04:58,240 SAME TERM TO DESCRIBE LESIONSS. 4704 03:04:58,240 --> 03:04:59,320 TRANSLATING FROM PRE-CLINICAL TO 4705 03:04:59,320 --> 03:05:00,520 CLINICAL IS QUITE DIFFERENT 4706 03:05:00,520 --> 03:05:05,360 BECAUSE THE DATA THEMSELVES ARE 4707 03:05:05,360 --> 03:05:06,400 VERY DIFFERENT. 4708 03:05:06,400 --> 03:05:10,400 , YOU KNOW, PRE-CLINICAL DATA IS 4709 03:05:10,400 --> 03:05:12,680 ESSENTIALLY HISTOLOGY, RIGHT? 4710 03:05:12,680 --> 03:05:16,400 WHEREAS CLINICALLY YOU HAVE 4711 03:05:16,400 --> 03:05:17,280 HISTOPATHOLOGY -- EXCUSE ME, 4712 03:05:17,280 --> 03:05:18,200 CLINICAL PATHOLOGY IS CONSISTENT 4713 03:05:18,200 --> 03:05:20,440 BUT YOU WOULDN'T HAVE HISTOLOGY 4714 03:05:20,440 --> 03:05:23,440 DATA. 4715 03:05:23,440 --> 03:05:25,280 YOU'D HAVE GENERALLY SYMPTOMS OR 4716 03:05:25,280 --> 03:05:27,280 OTHER TYPES OF TERMS DESCRIBING 4717 03:05:27,280 --> 03:05:28,560 A PATIENT'S CONDITION THAT 4718 03:05:28,560 --> 03:05:31,160 REALLY AREN'T APPLICABLE TO 4719 03:05:31,160 --> 03:05:31,680 ANIMALS. 4720 03:05:31,680 --> 03:05:33,320 YOU CAN'T GET INFORMATION ABOUT 4721 03:05:33,320 --> 03:05:34,680 NAUSEA FROM ANIMALS, FOR 4722 03:05:34,680 --> 03:05:35,520 EXAMPLE, RIGHT? 4723 03:05:35,520 --> 03:05:37,880 SO THERE ARE SOME CHALLENGES 4724 03:05:37,880 --> 03:05:39,160 THERE IN DOING THAT. 4725 03:05:39,160 --> 03:05:42,560 BUT I THINK EFFORTS IN THAT AREA 4726 03:05:42,560 --> 03:05:45,600 WOULD REALLY BEAR SOME FRUIT IN 4727 03:05:45,600 --> 03:05:47,160 CONSISTENTLY BEING ABLE TO, YOU 4728 03:05:47,160 --> 03:05:51,000 KNOW, LINK TERMS THAT MIGHT BE 4729 03:05:51,000 --> 03:05:52,000 ASSOCIATED WITH EACH OTHER. 4730 03:05:52,000 --> 03:05:53,640 THOSE ARE SOME OF THE MAIN 4731 03:05:53,640 --> 03:05:57,760 BARRIERS I SEE THERE. 4732 03:05:57,760 --> 03:05:58,520 SO INCENTIVES WOULD BE 4733 03:05:58,520 --> 03:06:00,280 OPPORTUNITIES TO SHARE DATA. 4734 03:06:00,280 --> 03:06:08,480 IF THERE WERE WAYS TO DO THAT, 4735 03:06:08,480 --> 03:06:09,760 AUTONOMOUSLY, ANONYMOUSLY, 4736 03:06:09,760 --> 03:06:11,880 EXCUSE ME, IF THERE WERE 4737 03:06:11,880 --> 03:06:13,600 OPPORTUNITIES TO SHARE DATA, 4738 03:06:13,600 --> 03:06:14,960 THAT WERE APPROPRIATE, THAT 4739 03:06:14,960 --> 03:06:18,200 WOULD BE GREAT. 4740 03:06:18,200 --> 03:06:19,520 SOMEONE EARLIER MENTIONED 4741 03:06:19,520 --> 03:06:20,200 FEDERATED DATABASES. 4742 03:06:20,200 --> 03:06:22,920 THAT WOULD REALLY HELP TO 4743 03:06:22,920 --> 03:06:24,240 PROGRESS INTEGRATED MODELS. 4744 03:06:24,240 --> 03:06:25,840 AND THEN, YOU KNOW, YOU COULD 4745 03:06:25,840 --> 03:06:28,040 HAVE THE CONNECTION BETWEEN IN 4746 03:06:28,040 --> 03:06:29,560 VITRO TO PRE-CLINICAL OR EVEN 4747 03:06:29,560 --> 03:06:29,840 CLINICAL. 4748 03:06:29,840 --> 03:06:33,280 I THINK MANY OF THE IN VITRO 4749 03:06:33,280 --> 03:06:36,600 SYSTEMS ARE ACTUALLY HUMAN 4750 03:06:36,600 --> 03:06:37,160 BASED. 4751 03:06:37,160 --> 03:06:39,000 SO, MIGHT ACTUALLY MAKE THE MOST 4752 03:06:39,000 --> 03:06:42,720 SENSE TO TRY TO CONNECT THE IN 4753 03:06:42,720 --> 03:06:52,680 VITRO, THE COMPLEX MODELS TO THE 4754 03:06:52,680 --> 03:06:53,000 HUMAN DATA. 4755 03:06:53,000 --> 03:06:54,200 >>THANKS, TERRY. 4756 03:06:54,200 --> 03:06:54,440 BLANCA? 4757 03:06:54,440 --> 03:06:55,640 >>CAN YOU SEE ME NOW? 4758 03:06:55,640 --> 03:06:58,920 I DON'T KNOW WHAT HAPPENED WITH 4759 03:06:58,920 --> 03:07:00,240 MY CAMERA BEFORE. 4760 03:07:00,240 --> 03:07:03,160 FOR ME, THE MAIN BARRIERS ARE 4761 03:07:03,160 --> 03:07:05,080 TWO DIFFERENT TYPES. 4762 03:07:05,080 --> 03:07:08,320 THE FIRST ONE IS RELATED TO 4763 03:07:08,320 --> 03:07:11,840 MANAGEMENT AND HOW MUCH 4764 03:07:11,840 --> 03:07:14,600 MANAGEMENT IS WILLING TO INVEST 4765 03:07:14,600 --> 03:07:18,080 TO UPTAKE THESE NEW 4766 03:07:18,080 --> 03:07:18,440 TECHNOLOGIES. 4767 03:07:18,440 --> 03:07:20,480 AND THAT COMES FROM MANAGEMENT 4768 03:07:20,480 --> 03:07:22,240 BUY-IN, COMES FROM TWO MAIN 4769 03:07:22,240 --> 03:07:23,560 ASPECTS, IN MY OPINION. 4770 03:07:23,560 --> 03:07:26,600 THE FIRST ONE IS HAVING CLEAR 4771 03:07:26,600 --> 03:07:30,000 BENEFITS, DEFINING WHAT ARE THE 4772 03:07:30,000 --> 03:07:32,520 BENEFITS OF USING NEW 4773 03:07:32,520 --> 03:07:35,480 APPROACHES, WHETHER THEY ARE 4774 03:07:35,480 --> 03:07:38,880 ECONOMICS OR BASED ON HEALTH 4775 03:07:38,880 --> 03:07:41,280 ECONOMICS OR BASED ON ANY OTHER 4776 03:07:41,280 --> 03:07:43,360 BENEFITS, ETHICAL, FOR EXAMPLE. 4777 03:07:43,360 --> 03:07:46,640 AND THE OTHER ONE IS TRUST. 4778 03:07:46,640 --> 03:07:47,920 AND TRUST IN THESE TECHNOLOGIES 4779 03:07:47,920 --> 03:07:50,120 IS A BIG TOPIC AS WELL, REALLY 4780 03:07:50,120 --> 03:07:52,640 IMPORTANT TO GET MANAGEMENT 4781 03:07:52,640 --> 03:07:52,960 SUPPORT. 4782 03:07:52,960 --> 03:07:54,320 IT COMES FROM -- AT LEAST TWO 4783 03:07:54,320 --> 03:07:56,280 DIFFERENT THINGS. 4784 03:07:56,280 --> 03:07:58,600 ONE IS EVIDENCE, SCIENTIFIC 4785 03:07:58,600 --> 03:08:01,840 EVIDENCE OF THE VALIDITY OR 4786 03:08:01,840 --> 03:08:02,560 CREDIBILITY OF METHODOLOGIES, 4787 03:08:02,560 --> 03:08:04,400 BUT ALSO THERE'S SOMETHING MORE 4788 03:08:04,400 --> 03:08:06,360 EMOTIONAL ABOUT IT. 4789 03:08:06,360 --> 03:08:09,280 IT'S HOW PEOPLE RELATE TO THESE 4790 03:08:09,280 --> 03:08:09,640 TECHNOLOGIES. 4791 03:08:09,640 --> 03:08:11,400 IN MY EXPERIENCE, A LOT OF 4792 03:08:11,400 --> 03:08:12,680 SKEPTICISM IS JUST IGNORANCE 4793 03:08:12,680 --> 03:08:15,080 ABOUT WHAT THE NEW TECHNOLOGIES 4794 03:08:15,080 --> 03:08:15,880 CAN BRING. 4795 03:08:15,880 --> 03:08:19,520 SO THAT'S THE FIRST SET OF 4796 03:08:19,520 --> 03:08:22,520 BARRIERS THAT I HAVE EXPERIENCED 4797 03:08:22,520 --> 03:08:24,520 IN TERMS OF GETTING MANAGEMENT 4798 03:08:24,520 --> 03:08:28,360 SUPPORT, TO GET THE RIGHT SORT 4799 03:08:28,360 --> 03:08:30,760 OF FINANCIAL SUPPORT, TO 4800 03:08:30,760 --> 03:08:32,560 IMPLEMENT THESE TECHNOLOGIES, AT 4801 03:08:32,560 --> 03:08:34,400 LEAST EXPLORE THESE 4802 03:08:34,400 --> 03:08:34,720 TECHNOLOGIES. 4803 03:08:34,720 --> 03:08:41,400 OTHER BEARERS ARE OPERATION -- 4804 03:08:41,400 --> 03:08:43,160 OTHER BARRIERS ARE OPERATIONAL, 4805 03:08:43,160 --> 03:08:45,880 WHETHER DATA ARE QUALITY, 4806 03:08:45,880 --> 03:08:47,960 QUANTITY TO CONSTRUCT THE NEW 4807 03:08:47,960 --> 03:08:49,760 METHODOLOGIES AND VALIDATE THEM, 4808 03:08:49,760 --> 03:08:52,560 BUT ALSO IN TERMS OF OPERATIONAL 4809 03:08:52,560 --> 03:08:55,320 BARRIERS, WHETHER THE TEAM HAS 4810 03:08:55,320 --> 03:08:57,480 THE RIGHT EXPERTISE AND TRAINING 4811 03:08:57,480 --> 03:09:01,880 TO WORK TOGETHER WITH THE 4812 03:09:01,880 --> 03:09:02,200 APPROACHES. 4813 03:09:02,200 --> 03:09:02,960 SO INTERDISCIPLINARY, THERE'S 4814 03:09:02,960 --> 03:09:06,360 NOT A SINGLE PERSON ABLE TO 4815 03:09:06,360 --> 03:09:08,640 CONTROL OR HANDLE OR UNDERSTAND 4816 03:09:08,640 --> 03:09:10,200 ALL THE ASPECTS OF HYBRID 4817 03:09:10,200 --> 03:09:12,840 SYSTEMS SO THIS IS ABOUT TEAMS 4818 03:09:12,840 --> 03:09:14,240 WORKING TOGETHER. 4819 03:09:14,240 --> 03:09:15,320 AND AGAIN, LEADERSHIP NEEDS TO 4820 03:09:15,320 --> 03:09:17,960 BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND THE 4821 03:09:17,960 --> 03:09:18,920 COMPLEMENTARYITY OF THE 4822 03:09:18,920 --> 03:09:21,560 APPROACHES, AND THIS IS ANOTHER 4823 03:09:21,560 --> 03:09:23,760 SOURCE OF POTENTIAL BARRIERS 4824 03:09:23,760 --> 03:09:24,200 THERE. 4825 03:09:24,200 --> 03:09:27,040 SO THOSE ARE MY TWO CENTS. 4826 03:09:27,040 --> 03:09:28,120 >>THANKS, BLANCA. 4827 03:09:28,120 --> 03:09:29,440 WHAT ARE SOME INCENTIVES THAT 4828 03:09:29,440 --> 03:09:32,360 YOU THINK YOU WOULD BE ABLE TO 4829 03:09:32,360 --> 03:09:34,960 ADDRESS THOSE BARRIERS WITH? 4830 03:09:34,960 --> 03:09:37,800 >>WELL, I MEAN, A LOT OF -- SO 4831 03:09:37,800 --> 03:09:39,600 WHETHER YOU'RE TALKING DIGITAL 4832 03:09:39,600 --> 03:09:43,280 HEALTH, THE BARRIERS ARE VERY 4833 03:09:43,280 --> 03:09:43,520 SIMILAR. 4834 03:09:43,520 --> 03:09:45,680 SO THERE NEEDS TO BE INCENTIVE 4835 03:09:45,680 --> 03:09:48,120 THAT COMES VERY OFTEN FROM 4836 03:09:48,120 --> 03:09:49,440 EITHER GOVERNMENT OR REGULATORY 4837 03:09:49,440 --> 03:09:54,680 AGENCIES, PEOPLE WHO HAVE THE 4838 03:09:54,680 --> 03:09:59,040 POWER TO REALLY PUT THE CARROT 4839 03:09:59,040 --> 03:10:00,280 IF NOT SOMETHING ELSE IN FRONT 4840 03:10:00,280 --> 03:10:02,320 OF PEOPLE TO CHANGE. 4841 03:10:02,320 --> 03:10:04,320 SO CHANGE TAKES A LOT OF ENERGY. 4842 03:10:04,320 --> 03:10:05,600 AND THE INCENTIVES NEED TO BE 4843 03:10:05,600 --> 03:10:09,680 VERY, VERY CLEAR. 4844 03:10:09,680 --> 03:10:11,600 FOR EXAMPLE, WHEN IN 2013 THE 4845 03:10:11,600 --> 03:10:15,480 FDA ANNOUNCEED THEY WERE GOING 4846 03:10:15,480 --> 03:10:17,000 TO BE CONSIDERING HUMAN-BASED 4847 03:10:17,000 --> 03:10:19,200 METHODOLOGIES RATHER THAN 4848 03:10:19,200 --> 03:10:24,680 CLINICAL TRIALS, OR CLINICAL 4849 03:10:24,680 --> 03:10:27,320 STUDIES IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS, 4850 03:10:27,320 --> 03:10:28,440 THAT WAS A HUGE INCENTIVE. 4851 03:10:28,440 --> 03:10:30,720 IF THE FDA SAYS WE'LL BE USING 4852 03:10:30,720 --> 03:10:34,040 THE NEW METHODS, WE'LL BE 4853 03:10:34,040 --> 03:10:35,320 ACCEPTING THEM IN SUBMISSIONS, 4854 03:10:35,320 --> 03:10:37,200 OR EVEN WORSE WHAT HAPPENED 4855 03:10:37,200 --> 03:10:39,600 WITH -- OR EVEN BETTER, SORRY, 4856 03:10:39,600 --> 03:10:41,160 WHAT HAPPENED IN CHEMICAL 4857 03:10:41,160 --> 03:10:43,000 TOXICITY WHEN ANIMAL METHODS 4858 03:10:43,000 --> 03:10:49,480 HAVE BEEN BANED. BANED -- 4859 03:10:49,480 --> 03:10:49,720 BANNED. 4860 03:10:49,720 --> 03:10:51,200 THAT'S VERY POWERFUL. 4861 03:10:51,200 --> 03:10:51,920 WITHOUT THAT INCENTIVE, THE 4862 03:10:51,920 --> 03:11:02,480 CHANGE IS GOING TO BE VERY SLOW 4863 03:11:03,560 --> 03:11:05,680 AND OFTEN SKEPTICISM IS JUST AN 4864 03:11:05,680 --> 03:11:07,680 EXCUSE FOR CHANGE BECAUSE CHANGE 4865 03:11:07,680 --> 03:11:08,600 TAKES ENERGY AND RESOURCES, AND 4866 03:11:08,600 --> 03:11:11,040 THERE NEEDS TO BE A VERY CLEAR 4867 03:11:11,040 --> 03:11:13,000 REASON TO DO IT. 4868 03:11:13,000 --> 03:11:15,960 AND SO I THINK GOVERNMENT AND 4869 03:11:15,960 --> 03:11:17,040 REGULATORY AGENCIES HOLD THE 4870 03:11:17,040 --> 03:11:21,360 POWER FOR A LOT OF THIS. 4871 03:11:21,360 --> 03:11:26,440 >>THANKS, BLANCA. 4872 03:11:26,440 --> 03:11:26,640 ROSER? 4873 03:11:26,640 --> 03:11:28,840 >>YES, BUILDING ON THIS, I WAS 4874 03:11:28,840 --> 03:11:30,440 ALSO THINKING ABOUT QUANTITATIVE 4875 03:11:30,440 --> 03:11:31,880 MEASUREMENTS THAT WE'RE SAYING, 4876 03:11:31,880 --> 03:11:35,400 AND I THINK IT'S A PROBLEM ALSO 4877 03:11:35,400 --> 03:11:38,320 WITH THE DATABASES, ONE OF THE 4878 03:11:38,320 --> 03:11:39,960 ISSUES AS WELL IS IT'S KIND OF 4879 03:11:39,960 --> 03:11:41,640 EASY TO GET FUNDING FOR THINGS 4880 03:11:41,640 --> 03:11:45,560 THAT ARE NEW BUT NOT THAT MUCH 4881 03:11:45,560 --> 03:11:47,320 FOR MAINTAINING SOMETHING THAT 4882 03:11:47,320 --> 03:11:48,600 IS ALREADY THERE. 4883 03:11:48,600 --> 03:11:50,360 THAT SOMETIMES CREATES A 4884 03:11:50,360 --> 03:11:53,000 PROBLEM, KIND OF MAINTAINING 4885 03:11:53,000 --> 03:11:55,520 SOMETHING AND THEN USE THAT 4886 03:11:55,520 --> 03:11:55,840 DATA. 4887 03:11:55,840 --> 03:12:02,240 YEAH, I WOULD ALSO SAY THAT 4888 03:12:02,240 --> 03:12:04,120 ANOTHER BARRIER WILL BE STARTING 4889 03:12:04,120 --> 03:12:06,080 ALSO LINKING TO THE FIDELITY 4890 03:12:06,080 --> 03:12:10,880 WILL BE TO VALIDATE, TO MAKE A 4891 03:12:10,880 --> 03:12:12,000 GOOD FUNCTIONAL VALIDATION, WHAT 4892 03:12:12,000 --> 03:12:13,320 IS FUNCTIONAL, WHAT IS A 4893 03:12:13,320 --> 03:12:15,480 REFERENCE, AND I GUESS THERE ARE 4894 03:12:15,480 --> 03:12:17,240 A LOT OF OPPORTUNITIES HERE NOW 4895 03:12:17,240 --> 03:12:19,200 THAT WE CAN MAKE ALL THESE 4896 03:12:19,200 --> 03:12:23,800 MEASUREMENTS BOTH IN VIVO AND IN 4897 03:12:23,800 --> 03:12:26,880 VITRO, TO START CONVINCING THE 4898 03:12:26,880 --> 03:12:29,800 AGENCIES THAT MAYBE THERE'S NOT 4899 03:12:29,800 --> 03:12:33,120 A MODEL THAT IS RIGHT BUT IS 4900 03:12:33,120 --> 03:12:33,720 RIGHT FOR THIS PURPOSE. 4901 03:12:33,720 --> 03:12:38,280 AND SO I THINK THERE'S A LOT OF 4902 03:12:38,280 --> 03:12:39,680 OPPORTUNITIES ON THAT, YEAH, I 4903 03:12:39,680 --> 03:12:42,080 WILL ECHO THE OTHER WORDS THAT 4904 03:12:42,080 --> 03:12:50,680 MY COLLEAGUES HAVE SAID ABOUT 4905 03:12:50,680 --> 03:12:54,320 STANDARDIZEING STANDARDIZING 4906 03:12:54,320 --> 03:12:55,040 MEASUREMENTS AS WELL. 4907 03:12:55,040 --> 03:12:58,000 >>WHAT ARE LIMITING FACTORS TO 4908 03:12:58,000 --> 03:12:59,560 MAKING HYBRID MODELS MOST USEFUL 4909 03:12:59,560 --> 03:13:03,240 FOR STUDYING HUMAN CONDITIONS, 4910 03:13:03,240 --> 03:13:04,240 DEPLOYING FIRST-IN-HUMAN 4911 03:13:04,240 --> 03:13:04,800 ADVANCES? 4912 03:13:04,800 --> 03:13:06,120 THINKING ABOUT THE LIMITING 4913 03:13:06,120 --> 03:13:07,440 FACTORS, IF YOU COULD ALSO 4914 03:13:07,440 --> 03:13:09,280 ADDRESS HOW CAN WE ADDRESS THOSE 4915 03:13:09,280 --> 03:13:11,920 LIMITING FACTORS AND IF YOU HAVE 4916 03:13:11,920 --> 03:13:13,880 SOME SPECIFIC EXAMPLES THAT 4917 03:13:13,880 --> 03:13:16,000 WOULD BE HELPFUL. 4918 03:13:16,000 --> 03:13:18,000 GRACA, MAYBE WE CAN KICK OFF 4919 03:13:18,000 --> 03:13:18,280 WITH YOU. 4920 03:13:18,280 --> 03:13:21,760 >>SURE, THANK YOU. 4921 03:13:21,760 --> 03:13:25,360 SO, I BELIEVE THERE'S TWO 4922 03:13:25,360 --> 03:13:27,160 PATHWAYS FOR THESE HYBRID 4923 03:13:27,160 --> 03:13:27,560 MODELS. 4924 03:13:27,560 --> 03:13:29,880 ONE IS DISCOVERY AND INNOVATION, 4925 03:13:29,880 --> 03:13:32,840 THE OTHER IS QUALIFICATION THAT 4926 03:13:32,840 --> 03:13:36,360 CAN THEN USE IN -- FOR THE FDA. 4927 03:13:36,360 --> 03:13:37,880 I THINK WE CANNOT DISREGARD ONE 4928 03:13:37,880 --> 03:13:40,720 OR THE OTHER. 4929 03:13:40,720 --> 03:13:45,720 WE HAVE TO CONTINUE TO INNOVATE 4930 03:13:45,720 --> 03:13:47,280 IN ORDER TO FEED, TO 4931 03:13:47,280 --> 03:13:49,200 QUALIFICATION AND VALIDATION OF 4932 03:13:49,200 --> 03:13:52,280 THOSE SYSTEMS, SO THAT WE CAN 4933 03:13:52,280 --> 03:13:54,880 TAKE THEM TO THE CLINIC. 4934 03:13:54,880 --> 03:13:58,040 SO I THINK WE STILL HAVE A LOT 4935 03:13:58,040 --> 03:14:01,880 OF LIMITING FACTORS BECAUSE THEY 4936 03:14:01,880 --> 03:14:04,960 COME FROM THE MULTI-SYSTEMS 4937 03:14:04,960 --> 03:14:06,000 ITSELF, EITHER BIOLOGICAL 4938 03:14:06,000 --> 03:14:11,200 COMPONENTS OR A.I. COMPONENTS OR 4939 03:14:11,200 --> 03:14:14,040 THE OTHER COMPONENTS THAT WE 4940 03:14:14,040 --> 03:14:17,160 WANT TO ADD TO THOSE 4941 03:14:17,160 --> 03:14:18,280 MULTI-SYSTEM APPROACHES. 4942 03:14:18,280 --> 03:14:20,800 I THINK ONE THING THAT IS 4943 03:14:20,800 --> 03:14:22,600 MISSING IS TALKING BETWEEN 4944 03:14:22,600 --> 03:14:26,800 PEOPLE THAT A.I. OR MACHINE 4945 03:14:26,800 --> 03:14:29,000 LEARNING OR EVEN REGULATORS FROM 4946 03:14:29,000 --> 03:14:32,960 THE BEGINNING TO KNOW WHAT IS 4947 03:14:32,960 --> 03:14:36,120 THAT THEY NEED FROM THOSE 4948 03:14:36,120 --> 03:14:36,320 NAMs. 4949 03:14:36,320 --> 03:14:37,320 THAT'S BEEN ADDRESSED TO A 4950 03:14:37,320 --> 03:14:39,160 CERTAIN WAY THAT THE FDA HAS 4951 03:14:39,160 --> 03:14:43,360 TAKEN LEAD AND SO HAS THE EPA 4952 03:14:43,360 --> 03:14:51,760 BUT WE NEED MORE, WE NEED A 4953 03:14:51,760 --> 03:14:54,200 BROADER INTEREST AND MORE 4954 03:14:54,200 --> 03:14:55,600 TALKING BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT 4955 03:14:55,600 --> 03:14:57,160 PEOPLE THAT ARE CONTRIBUTING TO 4956 03:14:57,160 --> 03:14:58,800 THOSE NAMs. 4957 03:14:58,800 --> 03:15:01,000 AND THE TRUTH IS THAT THOSE OF 4958 03:15:01,000 --> 03:15:03,520 US LIKE ME, BIOLOGY, WE DON'T 4959 03:15:03,520 --> 03:15:06,160 SPEAK THE SAME LANGUAGE AS 4960 03:15:06,160 --> 03:15:07,360 PEOPLE IN BIOINFORMATICS OR A.I. 4961 03:15:07,360 --> 03:15:08,760 WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND THE 4962 03:15:08,760 --> 03:15:10,760 LANGUAGE TO BE PRODUCTIVE 4963 03:15:10,760 --> 03:15:11,160 TOGETHER. 4964 03:15:11,160 --> 03:15:13,480 SO STARTING WITH TEAMS FROM THE 4965 03:15:13,480 --> 03:15:14,240 BEGINNING, I THINK THAT'S 4966 03:15:14,240 --> 03:15:16,080 ESSENTIAL. 4967 03:15:16,080 --> 03:15:19,920 FOR INSTANCE IN TERMS OF THE 4968 03:15:19,920 --> 03:15:22,360 MULTI-ORGAN ON A CHIP 4969 03:15:22,360 --> 03:15:23,000 TECHNOLOGIES, WE ARE 4970 03:15:23,000 --> 03:15:23,640 PROGRESSING, AND I BELIEVE THAT 4971 03:15:23,640 --> 03:15:28,680 THIS IS THE WAY TO GO. 4972 03:15:28,680 --> 03:15:30,520 THEN YOU ASSOCIATE MACHINE 4973 03:15:30,520 --> 03:15:33,600 LEARNING OR BIOINFORMATICS, WHAT 4974 03:15:33,600 --> 03:15:36,120 WE CAN AGAINST SENSORS THAT CAN 4975 03:15:36,120 --> 03:15:38,640 IN REAL TIME MEASURE WHAT'S 4976 03:15:38,640 --> 03:15:39,840 HAPPENING INTO THOSE SYSTEMS. 4977 03:15:39,840 --> 03:15:42,040 BUT FOR INSTANCE I SEE THE MORE 4978 03:15:42,040 --> 03:15:46,560 I USE THESE SYSTEMS AND MORE I 4979 03:15:46,560 --> 03:15:48,080 SAY WE'RE GETTING ACTUALLY A 4980 03:15:48,080 --> 03:15:50,040 GOOD RESPONSE, I THINK THERE'S 4981 03:15:50,040 --> 03:15:53,800 ALSO A NEED TO DEVELOP BETTER 4982 03:15:53,800 --> 03:15:54,640 SYSTEMS. 4983 03:15:54,640 --> 03:15:56,600 FOR INSTANCE, THOSE ORGANOIDS OR 4984 03:15:56,600 --> 03:15:59,560 THOSE ISSUES, WHAT DO THEY 4985 03:15:59,560 --> 03:15:59,840 REPRODUCE? 4986 03:15:59,840 --> 03:16:03,160 DO WE MAKE THEM FROM iPS 4987 03:16:03,160 --> 03:16:04,480 CELLS? 4988 03:16:04,480 --> 03:16:07,120 iPS CELLS IF WE DRIVE THEM 4989 03:16:07,120 --> 03:16:10,360 THROUGH DIFFERENCE SOURCES DO 4990 03:16:10,360 --> 03:16:12,200 THEY RETAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF 4991 03:16:12,200 --> 03:16:14,000 VARIETY OF DONORS IN TERMS OF 4992 03:16:14,000 --> 03:16:20,000 ETHNICITY BECAUSE EACH TIME YOU 4993 03:16:20,000 --> 03:16:21,560 CULTURE CELLS IN VITRO THINGS 4994 03:16:21,560 --> 03:16:22,320 CHANGE. 4995 03:16:22,320 --> 03:16:25,080 IF YOU USE PRIMARY CELLS, WHERE 4996 03:16:25,080 --> 03:16:28,600 DO THE PRIMARY CELLS COME FROM? 4997 03:16:28,600 --> 03:16:29,560 WE'RE HAVING DIFFICULTIES 4998 03:16:29,560 --> 03:16:30,960 FINDING SOURCES OF PRIMARY 4999 03:16:30,960 --> 03:16:34,080 CELLS, TO MAKE ORGANOIDS DO YOU 5000 03:16:34,080 --> 03:16:35,560 USE FROM SINGLE DONOR OR 5001 03:16:35,560 --> 03:16:36,080 MULTIPLE DONORS? 5002 03:16:36,080 --> 03:16:38,080 SO FAR THEY ARE WORKING WELL 5003 03:16:38,080 --> 03:16:39,840 FROM MULTIPLE DONORS BUT WOULD 5004 03:16:39,840 --> 03:16:43,360 WE GET BETTER RESPONSES IF WE 5005 03:16:43,360 --> 03:16:46,960 WERE USING FOR INSTANCE ORGANOID 5006 03:16:46,960 --> 03:16:50,360 IN WHICH WE HAVE KUPFFER CELLS 5007 03:16:50,360 --> 03:16:52,400 AND HEPATOCYTES FROM THE SAME 5008 03:16:52,400 --> 03:16:55,120 DONOR, PRIMARY CELLS, SO WE CAN 5009 03:16:55,120 --> 03:16:57,320 TEST DRUGS OR TEST GENE THERAPY 5010 03:16:57,320 --> 03:17:02,840 OR TEST WHATEVER WE WANT TO 5011 03:17:02,840 --> 03:17:03,160 TEST. 5012 03:17:03,160 --> 03:17:07,200 IF YOU WANT TO USE THESE SYSTEMS 5013 03:17:07,200 --> 03:17:09,680 WITH DIFFERENT ORGANS, A BRAIN 5014 03:17:09,680 --> 03:17:13,520 ORGANOID OR YOU HAVE LUNG 5015 03:17:13,520 --> 03:17:14,960 ORGANOID, OR LUNG TISSUE, HOW 5016 03:17:14,960 --> 03:17:16,080 ARE YOU USING JUST THE SAME 5017 03:17:16,080 --> 03:17:22,400 DONOR OR CAN YOU USE DIFFERENT 5018 03:17:22,400 --> 03:17:22,760 DONORS? 5019 03:17:22,760 --> 03:17:24,280 FOR INSTANCE, IF AN AGENCY COULD 5020 03:17:24,280 --> 03:17:25,160 COLLECT THESE TISSUES AND 5021 03:17:25,160 --> 03:17:26,480 PROVIDE THEM TO THE 5022 03:17:26,480 --> 03:17:28,400 INVESTIGATORS SO THAT WE 5023 03:17:28,400 --> 03:17:30,400 ACTUALLY COULD MATCH TISSUES 5024 03:17:30,400 --> 03:17:35,760 FROM THE SAME DONOR WOULD BE 5025 03:17:35,760 --> 03:17:36,760 VERY USEFUL. 5026 03:17:36,760 --> 03:17:37,640 WE HAVE DEVELOPED UNIVERSAL 5027 03:17:37,640 --> 03:17:40,960 MEDIA SO WE CAN HAVE MULTIPLE 5028 03:17:40,960 --> 03:17:43,520 ORGANOIDS AND HAVE THEM GROW FOR 5029 03:17:43,520 --> 03:17:44,960 CONSIDERABLE NUMBER OF TIME 5030 03:17:44,960 --> 03:17:47,360 USING THE SAME MEDIA. 5031 03:17:47,360 --> 03:17:51,080 BECAUSE IF THE ORGANOIDS NEED 5032 03:17:51,080 --> 03:17:53,960 DIFFERENT MEDIA, THEN YOU CAN'T 5033 03:17:53,960 --> 03:17:55,920 USE THEM IN CONJUNCTION. 5034 03:17:55,920 --> 03:18:01,200 BUT STILL IF YOU ARE USING TOX 5035 03:18:01,200 --> 03:18:04,240 OR TOX STUDIES YOU'RE 5036 03:18:04,240 --> 03:18:08,040 APPROACHING PLASMA, HOW DO WE 5037 03:18:08,040 --> 03:18:11,040 ADDRESS THAT, HOW CAN WE GIVE 5038 03:18:11,040 --> 03:18:14,880 SOMETHING THAT IS ON FLOW, THE 5039 03:18:14,880 --> 03:18:18,800 PLASMA COMPONENT OF THE 5040 03:18:18,800 --> 03:18:19,920 INDIVIDUAL. 5041 03:18:19,920 --> 03:18:22,520 FOR INSTANCE, EXTRACELLULAR 5042 03:18:22,520 --> 03:18:25,720 MATRIX COMPOSITIONS, ARE WE 5043 03:18:25,720 --> 03:18:27,720 MIMICKING MECHANICAL FORCES THAT 5044 03:18:27,720 --> 03:18:29,000 EXIST IN THE ORGANOIDS, 5045 03:18:29,000 --> 03:18:31,840 VASCULARIZATION, MOST OF THESE 5046 03:18:31,840 --> 03:18:33,480 ORGANOIDS, THEY ARE GIVING VERY 5047 03:18:33,480 --> 03:18:36,200 GOOD RESULTS AND WE'RE GETTING 5048 03:18:36,200 --> 03:18:37,560 PROMISING RESULTS BUT WOULD BE 5049 03:18:37,560 --> 03:18:39,720 BETTER TO HAVE THE CORRECT 5050 03:18:39,720 --> 03:18:42,120 VASCULARIZATION IN THESE TISSUES 5051 03:18:42,120 --> 03:18:49,880 BECAUSE EACH CELL IS DIFFERENT 5052 03:18:49,880 --> 03:18:51,520 IN EACH DIFFERENT TISSUE. 5053 03:18:51,520 --> 03:18:52,840 WE NEED TO THINK ABOUT THE 5054 03:18:52,840 --> 03:18:53,320 PROBLEMS. 5055 03:18:53,320 --> 03:18:57,880 WE NEED THE IMMUNE SYSTEM GOING 5056 03:18:57,880 --> 03:18:59,320 INTO THESE MULTI-SYSTEM 5057 03:18:59,320 --> 03:19:05,440 ORGANOIDS SO THAT WE CAN ADDRESS 5058 03:19:05,440 --> 03:19:08,960 TOXICITY AND IMMUNE RESPONSES. 5059 03:19:08,960 --> 03:19:11,560 THERE'S A NEED FOR INNOVATION IN 5060 03:19:11,560 --> 03:19:12,880 THE BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS. 5061 03:19:12,880 --> 03:19:16,160 THERE'S WITHIN THESE SINGLE 5062 03:19:16,160 --> 03:19:18,040 ORGANOIDS WE MAY HAVE RESOURCES 5063 03:19:18,040 --> 03:19:20,440 THAT WE CAN USE FOR 5064 03:19:20,440 --> 03:19:23,840 QUALIFICATION AND VALIDATION FOR 5065 03:19:23,840 --> 03:19:25,560 END USER, SO TRANSLATE THOSE TO 5066 03:19:25,560 --> 03:19:27,080 THE CLINIC IN A SHORT PERIOD OF 5067 03:19:27,080 --> 03:19:27,280 TIME. 5068 03:19:27,280 --> 03:19:30,520 AT THE SAME TIME WE COULD 5069 03:19:30,520 --> 03:19:33,280 BENEFIT FROM MACHINE LEARNING, 5070 03:19:33,280 --> 03:19:35,960 A.I., AND OF COURSE 5071 03:19:35,960 --> 03:19:36,880 BIOINFORMATICS AND GENOMIC 5072 03:19:36,880 --> 03:19:41,160 ANALYSIS, THE OMICS ANALYSIS OF 5073 03:19:41,160 --> 03:19:43,120 THESE ORGANOIDS, ALL TOGETHER TO 5074 03:19:43,120 --> 03:19:44,800 GET A BIG PICTURE OF WHAT'S 5075 03:19:44,800 --> 03:19:48,280 HAPPEN AND MAKE THE DATA THAT 5076 03:19:48,280 --> 03:19:52,680 WE'RE GETTING MORE USEFUL AND 5077 03:19:52,680 --> 03:19:55,880 MORE COMPLETE. 5078 03:19:55,880 --> 03:19:58,680 >>SO THANKS, GRACA. 5079 03:19:58,680 --> 03:20:00,320 TO FOLLOW UP, AT WAKE FOREST 5080 03:20:00,320 --> 03:20:02,080 HAVE YOU STANDARDIZED WHAT KIND 5081 03:20:02,080 --> 03:20:06,680 OF METADATA IS BEING COLLECTED 5082 03:20:06,680 --> 03:20:07,360 WITH, FOR EXAMPLE, ORGANOID 5083 03:20:07,360 --> 03:20:09,480 EXPERIMENTS, AND SECOND PART OF 5084 03:20:09,480 --> 03:20:10,960 THE QUESTION, IS THERE DATABASE 5085 03:20:10,960 --> 03:20:13,960 AT WAKE FOREST WHERE ALL OF THAT 5086 03:20:13,960 --> 03:20:17,000 DATA IS COMING IN, STILL SILOED 5087 03:20:17,000 --> 03:20:20,840 LIKE RESEARCHER OR THERAPEUTIC 5088 03:20:20,840 --> 03:20:21,040 AREA? 5089 03:20:21,040 --> 03:20:23,800 >>I BELIEVE WE'RE THROWING 5090 03:20:23,800 --> 03:20:28,280 EXACTLY TO GET THE DATA, ALL 5091 03:20:28,280 --> 03:20:29,480 TOGETHER, AND WORKING 5092 03:20:29,480 --> 03:20:31,680 COLLECTIVELY TO COLLECT ALL THAT 5093 03:20:31,680 --> 03:20:32,760 DATA. 5094 03:20:32,760 --> 03:20:37,360 AND FROM WHAT I HEAR, SOMETIMES 5095 03:20:37,360 --> 03:20:37,760 IT'S CHALLENGING. 5096 03:20:37,760 --> 03:20:39,360 >>THANK YOU. 5097 03:20:39,360 --> 03:20:39,560 TERRY? 5098 03:20:39,560 --> 03:20:42,840 >>YEAH, I'M JEALOUS OF THAT. 5099 03:20:42,840 --> 03:20:45,040 I WISH WE HAD CONSISTENT DATA 5100 03:20:45,040 --> 03:20:45,360 COLLECTION. 5101 03:20:45,360 --> 03:20:46,800 ALL THE MODELS WE USE ARE SO 5102 03:20:46,800 --> 03:20:48,560 DIFFERENT THAT MAKES IT A REAL 5103 03:20:48,560 --> 03:20:50,840 CHALLENGE TO HAVE ENOUGH DATA TO 5104 03:20:50,840 --> 03:20:51,800 APPLY ANALYTICS. 5105 03:20:51,800 --> 03:20:56,320 ONE THING YOU SAID THAT STRUCK A 5106 03:20:56,320 --> 03:20:58,160 CHORD WAS CELL SOURCES. 5107 03:20:58,160 --> 03:21:00,680 SOMEONE MENTIONED 25% OF CELL 5108 03:21:00,680 --> 03:21:02,240 TYPES WERE MISIDENTIFIED, AND 5109 03:21:02,240 --> 03:21:03,240 PART OF THE CHARACTERIZEATION 5110 03:21:03,240 --> 03:21:05,400 PROCESS WE GO THROUGH WHEN WE 5111 03:21:05,400 --> 03:21:07,520 BRING CELLS IN AND CHARACTERIZE 5112 03:21:07,520 --> 03:21:09,680 IN VITRO MODELS, WE DO APPLY 5113 03:21:09,680 --> 03:21:10,760 NEXT GEN SEQUENCING TO THOSE 5114 03:21:10,760 --> 03:21:12,000 CELL TYPES. 5115 03:21:12,000 --> 03:21:13,080 WE FOUND THE SAME, YOU KNOW, 5116 03:21:13,080 --> 03:21:15,040 FAIR NUMBER OF THOSE ARE THE 5117 03:21:15,040 --> 03:21:19,160 WRONG CELL OR THE WRONG SPECIES. 5118 03:21:19,160 --> 03:21:22,280 AND SO HAVING A QUALITY SOURCE 5119 03:21:22,280 --> 03:21:25,440 OR SOURCE OF VERIFIED CELL TYPES 5120 03:21:25,440 --> 03:21:28,200 WOULD BE FANTASTIC STEP FORWARD 5121 03:21:28,200 --> 03:21:30,240 I THINK. 5122 03:21:30,240 --> 03:21:32,360 I ALSO REALLY WOULD LIKE TO 5123 03:21:32,360 --> 03:21:34,440 REPEAT THE COMMENT ABOUT 5124 03:21:34,440 --> 03:21:35,080 UNIVERSAL MEDIA, THAT'S A 5125 03:21:35,080 --> 03:21:37,600 CHALLENGE, YOU KNOW, WHEN YOU'RE 5126 03:21:37,600 --> 03:21:40,360 GOING TO GET INTO MULTI-ORGAN 5127 03:21:40,360 --> 03:21:41,480 SYSTEMS THAT ARE CONNECTED, I 5128 03:21:41,480 --> 03:21:43,120 THINK ONE THING THAT'S ALSO 5129 03:21:43,120 --> 03:21:44,280 SOMETIMES CONSIDERED AND CAN BE 5130 03:21:44,280 --> 03:21:46,360 A LITTLE BIT OF A CHALLENGE 5131 03:21:46,360 --> 03:21:47,360 THERE IS SIZE, RIGHT? 5132 03:21:47,360 --> 03:21:50,360 AT THIS POINT THEY ARE ALL 5133 03:21:50,360 --> 03:21:51,720 ESSENTIALLY THE SAME SIZE. 5134 03:21:51,720 --> 03:21:54,040 THAT'S NOT EXACTLY HOW THAT IS 5135 03:21:54,040 --> 03:21:54,920 PHYSIOLOGICALLY OR ANATOMICALLY 5136 03:21:54,920 --> 03:21:56,360 I GUESS I SHOULD SAY. 5137 03:21:56,360 --> 03:21:59,640 SO THAT NEEDS TO BE CONSIDERED 5138 03:21:59,640 --> 03:21:59,960 ALSO. 5139 03:21:59,960 --> 03:22:02,160 BUT ALL OF THIS REALLY, YOU 5140 03:22:02,160 --> 03:22:04,440 KNOW, HELPS THE CONFIDENCE PART. 5141 03:22:04,440 --> 03:22:06,640 AND I'D SAY THAT THAT'S THE 5142 03:22:06,640 --> 03:22:08,680 BIGGEST -- MAYBE ONE OF THE 5143 03:22:08,680 --> 03:22:10,000 BIGGEST BARRIERS, HAVING 5144 03:22:10,000 --> 03:22:11,560 CONFIDENCE TO MAKE DECISIONS ON 5145 03:22:11,560 --> 03:22:12,440 THE DATA. 5146 03:22:12,440 --> 03:22:16,040 WE SEE IN VITRO TO IN VIVO 5147 03:22:16,040 --> 03:22:16,840 TRANSLATION DIFFERENCES, OR 5148 03:22:16,840 --> 03:22:17,920 CHALLENGES, ALL THE TIME. 5149 03:22:17,920 --> 03:22:20,880 AND SO WE HAVE TO KNOW THAT 5150 03:22:20,880 --> 03:22:23,920 THESE SYSTEMS, THESE IN VITRO 5151 03:22:23,920 --> 03:22:26,120 SYSTEMS, TRANSLATE BETTER. 5152 03:22:26,120 --> 03:22:30,280 THAT TAKES SOME TIME TO DEVELOP, 5153 03:22:30,280 --> 03:22:33,040 BUT, YOU KNOW, I THINK 5154 03:22:33,040 --> 03:22:34,320 UNDERSTANDING THE SYSTEM BETTER, 5155 03:22:34,320 --> 03:22:37,280 HAVING GOOD SOURCE OF CELLS, 5156 03:22:37,280 --> 03:22:39,680 GOOD VALIDATION, THOSE THINGS 5157 03:22:39,680 --> 03:22:42,240 WILL HELP CONSIDERABLY, BUT THE 5158 03:22:42,240 --> 03:22:44,480 HIGHEST BARRIER REALLY IS 5159 03:22:44,480 --> 03:22:46,360 CONFIDENCE, I THINK, TO CONVINCE 5160 03:22:46,360 --> 03:22:49,120 AT LEAST IN MY -- FROM MY 5161 03:22:49,120 --> 03:22:50,120 PERSPECTIVE WHERE I SIT 5162 03:22:50,120 --> 03:22:51,400 CONVINCING PEOPLE TO MAKE 5163 03:22:51,400 --> 03:22:52,800 DECISIONS REGARDING PATIENT 5164 03:22:52,800 --> 03:22:56,960 SAFETY ON AN IN VITRO MODEL IS 5165 03:22:56,960 --> 03:22:57,440 TOUGH. 5166 03:22:57,440 --> 03:22:59,320 SO WE NEED CORROBORATEING 5167 03:22:59,320 --> 03:23:00,800 EVIDENCE, SOME WAY TO BUILD UP 5168 03:23:00,800 --> 03:23:05,080 THAT CONFIDENCE SO WE CAN DO 5169 03:23:05,080 --> 03:23:05,280 THAT. 5170 03:23:05,280 --> 03:23:07,160 >>SO MAYBE I CAN PUSH YOU. 5171 03:23:07,160 --> 03:23:11,640 CAN YOU GIVE US AN EXAMPLE OF, 5172 03:23:11,640 --> 03:23:13,480 YOU KNOW, HOW -- WHAT DO YOU 5173 03:23:13,480 --> 03:23:15,680 MEAN BY CONFIDENCE? 5174 03:23:15,680 --> 03:23:17,080 IN YOUR SITUATION, SOMETHING 5175 03:23:17,080 --> 03:23:18,960 MADE THAT DIFFERENCE AND MADE 5176 03:23:18,960 --> 03:23:21,280 YOUR LEADERSHIP TO ENGAGE WITH 5177 03:23:21,280 --> 03:23:21,480 THAT? 5178 03:23:21,480 --> 03:23:23,800 >>YEAH, IF YOU HAVE A SAFETY 5179 03:23:23,800 --> 03:23:26,520 SIGNAL IN ANIMALS, YOU KNOW, AND 5180 03:23:26,520 --> 03:23:27,640 HAVE OTHER MATERIAL THAT'S GOING 5181 03:23:27,640 --> 03:23:29,480 TO STOP, RIGHT? 5182 03:23:29,480 --> 03:23:32,240 YOU SWITCH TO NEW MATERIALS. 5183 03:23:32,240 --> 03:23:34,120 BUT IF YOU HAD SOME 5184 03:23:34,120 --> 03:23:35,760 CORROBORATEING EVIDENCE, YOU 5185 03:23:35,760 --> 03:23:38,600 KNOW, LET'S SAY YOU HAD SOME OF 5186 03:23:38,600 --> 03:23:40,240 THESE COMPLEX MODELS 5187 03:23:40,240 --> 03:23:41,640 REPRESENTING THAT SPECIES, 5188 03:23:41,640 --> 03:23:43,320 REPRODUCE THE RESULT, HUMAN 5189 03:23:43,320 --> 03:23:46,120 MODELS SHOWED A DIFFERENT RESULT 5190 03:23:46,120 --> 03:23:47,240 THAT WOULD PROVIDE CONFIDENCE 5191 03:23:47,240 --> 03:23:51,080 THAT YOU HAD WHAT YOU NEEDED TO 5192 03:23:51,080 --> 03:23:52,160 REPRODUCE EFFECT, YOU SAW 5193 03:23:52,160 --> 03:23:55,440 SOMETHING DIFFERENT, THEN YOU 5194 03:23:55,440 --> 03:23:57,520 COULD INVEST SOME RESOURCE INTO 5195 03:23:57,520 --> 03:24:01,760 SHOWING THAT SOMEHOW WITH SOME 5196 03:24:01,760 --> 03:24:02,760 EXTENDED INVESTIGATEIVE STUDIES 5197 03:24:02,760 --> 03:24:03,040 POTENTIALLY. 5198 03:24:03,040 --> 03:24:13,280 >>THANK YOU. 5199 03:24:14,200 --> 03:24:14,360 BLANCA? 5200 03:24:14,360 --> 03:24:16,280 >>I WANTED TO TOUCH ON OTHER 5201 03:24:16,280 --> 03:24:17,160 ASPECTS. 5202 03:24:17,160 --> 03:24:19,480 IF WE HAD DONE EVERYTHING THAT 5203 03:24:19,480 --> 03:24:20,560 GRACA AND TERRY WERE TALKING 5204 03:24:20,560 --> 03:24:23,400 ABOUT, IF WE HAVE A REALLY GOOD 5205 03:24:23,400 --> 03:24:27,760 SYSTEM, THAT IS CREDIBLE, WHERE 5206 03:24:27,760 --> 03:24:31,800 WE SHOW EVIDENCE OF CREDIBILITY 5207 03:24:31,800 --> 03:24:34,000 AND BEYOND WHAT HAS BEEN 5208 03:24:34,000 --> 03:24:36,400 ACCOMPLISHED WITH ANIMAL 5209 03:24:36,400 --> 03:24:39,600 STUDIES, FOR EXAMPLE, AND WE 5210 03:24:39,600 --> 03:24:43,760 WOULD STILL HAVE ISSUES WITH 5211 03:24:43,760 --> 03:24:45,040 UPTAKE OF THESE METHODOLOGIES, 5212 03:24:45,040 --> 03:24:47,600 EVEN WITH EVIDENCE BACKING US 5213 03:24:47,600 --> 03:24:48,080 UP. 5214 03:24:48,080 --> 03:24:53,920 AND ONE OF THE BIG PROBLEMS I 5215 03:24:53,920 --> 03:24:55,480 THINK IS THE ESTABLISHING -- SO 5216 03:24:55,480 --> 03:24:59,480 A LOT OF THE METHODS THAT HAVE 5217 03:24:59,480 --> 03:25:01,560 DEVELOPED IN ACADEMIA AND ARE 5218 03:25:01,560 --> 03:25:03,320 DEVELOPED IN THAT WAY DIE IN THE 5219 03:25:03,320 --> 03:25:05,080 VALLEY OF DEATH, RIGHT? 5220 03:25:05,080 --> 03:25:08,680 SO THEY DON'T REALLY FOLLOW 5221 03:25:08,680 --> 03:25:10,000 THROUGH TO WHAT'S IMPACTED, THEY 5222 03:25:10,000 --> 03:25:12,080 ARE NOT IMPLEMENTED IN 5223 03:25:12,080 --> 03:25:14,960 INDUSTRIAL SETTINGS, DON'T 5224 03:25:14,960 --> 03:25:15,600 REPLACE ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS. 5225 03:25:15,600 --> 03:25:17,800 AND ONE OF THE BIG PROBLEMS IS 5226 03:25:17,800 --> 03:25:19,520 THAT THE CYCLE OF THE WORK IS 5227 03:25:19,520 --> 03:25:21,840 VERY LONG. 5228 03:25:21,840 --> 03:25:26,960 SO YOU NEED TEN YEARS OF 5229 03:25:26,960 --> 03:25:29,680 VALIDATION STUDIES OF DIFFERENT 5230 03:25:29,680 --> 03:25:31,880 TYPES OF STUDIES AND DIFFERENT 5231 03:25:31,880 --> 03:25:36,400 TYPE OF WORK THAT REQUIRE MANY, 5232 03:25:36,400 --> 03:25:39,240 MANY YEARS TO PROGRESS THESE NEW 5233 03:25:39,240 --> 03:25:41,080 METHODOLOGIES TOWARDS IMPACT. 5234 03:25:41,080 --> 03:25:42,840 AND USUALLY THE FUNDING CYCLES 5235 03:25:42,840 --> 03:25:49,200 ARE SHORTER THAN WHAT IS 5236 03:25:49,200 --> 03:25:53,680 REQUIRED. 5237 03:25:53,680 --> 03:25:56,440 SO, HAVING LONGER FOR FUNDING 5238 03:25:56,440 --> 03:25:57,720 RESOURCES FOR FUNDING 5239 03:25:57,720 --> 03:25:58,320 METHODOLOGIES THAT PROGRESS 5240 03:25:58,320 --> 03:25:59,680 METHODOLOGY FROM DEVELOPMENT TO 5241 03:25:59,680 --> 03:26:02,000 THE VALIDATION, TO THE 5242 03:26:02,000 --> 03:26:04,280 IMPLEMENTATION, IS VERY 5243 03:26:04,280 --> 03:26:04,720 IMPORTANT. 5244 03:26:04,720 --> 03:26:08,000 EVEN FOR STARTUPS, THE 5245 03:26:08,000 --> 03:26:11,720 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 5246 03:26:11,720 --> 03:26:13,200 METHODOLOGY IS -- REQUIRES 5247 03:26:13,200 --> 03:26:17,200 RESOURCES THAT ARE NOT EASILY 5248 03:26:17,200 --> 03:26:18,000 OBTAINABLE. 5249 03:26:18,000 --> 03:26:20,520 SO, THINKING THROUGH WHAT IS 5250 03:26:20,520 --> 03:26:24,160 REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE IMPACT, 5251 03:26:24,160 --> 03:26:25,360 BEYOND INNOVATION, BEYOND 5252 03:26:25,360 --> 03:26:26,440 CREDIBILITY, BEYOND THE 5253 03:26:26,440 --> 03:26:30,480 DEVELOPMENT AND HOW THEY WOULD 5254 03:26:30,480 --> 03:26:32,560 BE IMPLEMENTED TO DELIVER ACT IS 5255 03:26:32,560 --> 03:26:34,200 VERY IMPORTANT, THERE AREN'T 5256 03:26:34,200 --> 03:26:36,400 THAT MANY FUNDING TEAMS THAT 5257 03:26:36,400 --> 03:26:38,880 ALLOW TO SUPPORT THAT PROCESS, 5258 03:26:38,880 --> 03:26:39,920 EVEN FOR STARTUPS. 5259 03:26:39,920 --> 03:26:42,360 SO, I THINK THAT'S REALLY, 5260 03:26:42,360 --> 03:26:43,960 REALLY IMPORTANT. 5261 03:26:43,960 --> 03:26:47,080 AND THE OTHER ONE IS IN THAT 5262 03:26:47,080 --> 03:26:49,560 CYCLE, QUALIFICATION OF THE NEW 5263 03:26:49,560 --> 03:26:54,600 METHODOLOGIES CAN BE IMPORTANT, 5264 03:26:54,600 --> 03:26:56,000 ESPECIALLY FOR CLINICAL USE, 5265 03:26:56,000 --> 03:26:59,000 PROBABLY MORE THAN FOR INDUSTRY. 5266 03:26:59,000 --> 03:27:00,960 BUT THAT'S DEBATABLE. 5267 03:27:00,960 --> 03:27:04,560 AND WHETHER OR NOT THE AGENCIES 5268 03:27:04,560 --> 03:27:07,080 THAT PROVIDE THIS QUALIFICATION 5269 03:27:07,080 --> 03:27:10,240 HAVE ENOUGH RESOURCES, ENOUGH 5270 03:27:10,240 --> 03:27:12,080 EXPERTISE FOR HYBRID SYSTEMS IS 5271 03:27:12,080 --> 03:27:13,880 DEBATABLE AS WELL. 5272 03:27:13,880 --> 03:27:16,520 SO, I'VE HEARD THAT SOME 5273 03:27:16,520 --> 03:27:18,320 AGENCIES ARE NOT WELL STAFFED, 5274 03:27:18,320 --> 03:27:23,160 AND THAT'S ONE OF THE LIMITING 5275 03:27:23,160 --> 03:27:26,400 FACTORS IN THE QUALIFICATION OF 5276 03:27:26,400 --> 03:27:29,560 NEW METHODOLOGIES. 5277 03:27:29,560 --> 03:27:33,480 SO REALLY THINKING ABOUT HOW THE 5278 03:27:33,480 --> 03:27:38,960 REGULATORY AGENCIES CAN BE 5279 03:27:38,960 --> 03:27:40,040 PROPERLY RESOURCED AGENCIES SO 5280 03:27:40,040 --> 03:27:42,360 AGE LIST THAT DEAL WITH HYBRID 5281 03:27:42,360 --> 03:27:46,920 ARE WELL RESOURCED IN TERMS OF 5282 03:27:46,920 --> 03:27:50,280 PEOPLE, NUMBERS, ALSO EXPERTISE 5283 03:27:50,280 --> 03:27:51,600 IS VERY IMPORTANT. 5284 03:27:51,600 --> 03:27:54,040 I DO THINK THOSE WHO ASPECTS ARE 5285 03:27:54,040 --> 03:27:58,360 REALLY IMPORTANT, VERY LONG 5286 03:27:58,360 --> 03:28:00,800 CYCLES INVOLVED IN THE 5287 03:28:00,800 --> 03:28:03,800 IMPLEMENTATION OF NOVEL 5288 03:28:03,800 --> 03:28:05,960 METHODOLOGIES BEYOND THEIR 5289 03:28:05,960 --> 03:28:11,080 DEVELOPMENT, AND WELL RESOURCED 5290 03:28:11,080 --> 03:28:13,080 QUALIFICATIONS THAT HAVE 5291 03:28:13,080 --> 03:28:15,040 APPROPRIATE TRAINING, ESPECIALLY 5292 03:28:15,040 --> 03:28:17,320 TALKING HYBRID SYSTEMS THAT 5293 03:28:17,320 --> 03:28:18,760 INVOLVE COMPUTATIONAL AND 5294 03:28:18,760 --> 03:28:20,400 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS FOR 5295 03:28:20,400 --> 03:28:24,680 CLINICAL IMPACT, IT'S QUITE A 5296 03:28:24,680 --> 03:28:28,360 BIG INTERDISCIPLINARY ASK. 5297 03:28:28,360 --> 03:28:28,600 THANKS. 5298 03:28:28,600 --> 03:28:28,880 >>THANKS. 5299 03:28:28,880 --> 03:28:32,320 ROSER, WOULD YOU LIKE TO ADD 5300 03:28:32,320 --> 03:28:32,560 ANYTHING? 5301 03:28:32,560 --> 03:28:34,200 >>YES, I WANTED TO ADD TWO 5302 03:28:34,200 --> 03:28:34,560 THINGS. 5303 03:28:34,560 --> 03:28:39,120 MAYBE FIRST I THINK IT'S 5304 03:28:39,120 --> 03:28:40,000 IMPORTANT THAT WE 5305 03:28:40,000 --> 03:28:41,080 QUANTITATEIVELY SERVE THE 5306 03:28:41,080 --> 03:28:42,480 FIDELITY OF THE MODELS, ALSO 5307 03:28:42,480 --> 03:28:43,920 AGAIN BUILDING ON THE FACT WE 5308 03:28:43,920 --> 03:28:47,200 NEED TO COME TOGETHER AS A 5309 03:28:47,200 --> 03:28:49,080 MULTI-DISCIPLINARY TEAM TO ALSO 5310 03:28:49,080 --> 03:28:52,680 ESTABLISH STANDARDS OF WHAT WE 5311 03:28:52,680 --> 03:28:54,840 CONSIDER GOOD PARAMETERS TO 5312 03:28:54,840 --> 03:28:58,920 COMPARE THE DATA, AND, AGAIN, 5313 03:28:58,920 --> 03:29:01,520 MAKING SURE THEY ARE 5314 03:29:01,520 --> 03:29:01,840 QUANTITATIVE. 5315 03:29:01,840 --> 03:29:03,040 IT'S IMPORTANT TO MOVE THE 5316 03:29:03,040 --> 03:29:05,160 FIELD, AND I THINK IT'S A 5317 03:29:05,160 --> 03:29:08,560 BARRIER AT THE MOMENT. 5318 03:29:08,560 --> 03:29:11,600 AND THAT ALSO INVOLVES WHEN WE 5319 03:29:11,600 --> 03:29:16,760 VALIDATE SOMETHING, WE ARE NOT 5320 03:29:16,760 --> 03:29:17,320 THEY ARE CHERRY-PICKING BUT 5321 03:29:17,320 --> 03:29:19,040 MAKING SURE WE HAVE A BROAD 5322 03:29:19,040 --> 03:29:21,560 VALIDATION OF THE SYSTEM AND, 5323 03:29:21,560 --> 03:29:23,440 AGAIN, FOR THESE, IT'S IMPORTANT 5324 03:29:23,440 --> 03:29:26,840 WHAT WE WERE DISCUSSING AS A 5325 03:29:26,840 --> 03:29:28,360 TEAM, WE NEED MULTI-DISCIPLINARY 5326 03:29:28,360 --> 03:29:33,160 TEAM OF PEOPLE COMING TOGETHER 5327 03:29:33,160 --> 03:29:35,400 AND BRINGING IDEAS, HAVE 5328 03:29:35,400 --> 03:29:36,240 QUANTITATIVE MEASURES LOOKS 5329 03:29:36,240 --> 03:29:36,440 LIKE. 5330 03:29:36,440 --> 03:29:40,320 I THINK THE OTHER THING THAT IS 5331 03:29:40,320 --> 03:29:42,160 LIMITATION IS SIMPLICITY OF THE 5332 03:29:42,160 --> 03:29:45,000 MODELS, WHICH OF COURSE IS AN 5333 03:29:45,000 --> 03:29:48,840 ADVANTAGE BECAUSE YOU CAN LOOK 5334 03:29:48,840 --> 03:29:51,440 FOR INDIVIDUAL ASPECTS, SEPARATE 5335 03:29:51,440 --> 03:29:52,040 THEM, STUDY THEM 5336 03:29:52,040 --> 03:29:54,680 MECHANICISTICALLY BUT AT THE 5337 03:29:54,680 --> 03:29:56,480 SAME TIME IT'S A LIMITATION 5338 03:29:56,480 --> 03:30:00,800 BECAUSE, FOR EXAMPLE, WE HAVE 5339 03:30:00,800 --> 03:30:01,920 IMMUNE CELLS, VASCULATURE ON 5340 03:30:01,920 --> 03:30:04,880 TISSUES, A LOT OF THESE MODELS 5341 03:30:04,880 --> 03:30:07,360 DO NOT HAVE THEM, AND THE SAME 5342 03:30:07,360 --> 03:30:11,760 WHEN WE DO IN SILICO MODELING, 5343 03:30:11,760 --> 03:30:14,480 IT'S VERY SNAPSHOT, WE DON'T 5344 03:30:14,480 --> 03:30:16,480 HAVE FULL RECAPITULATION OF 5345 03:30:16,480 --> 03:30:18,200 DYNAMIC MEASUREMENT, AND I DO 5346 03:30:18,200 --> 03:30:22,040 FEEL WE NEED TO INVEST ON MAKING 5347 03:30:22,040 --> 03:30:25,840 ALL THESE MODELS MORE COMPLEX SO 5348 03:30:25,840 --> 03:30:28,720 THEY DO RECAPITULATE THE HUMAN 5349 03:30:28,720 --> 03:30:30,880 PHYSIOLOGY AND THE OTHER THING 5350 03:30:30,880 --> 03:30:35,520 WILL ALSO BE TO MAKE THEM FOR 5351 03:30:35,520 --> 03:30:38,360 ADAPTABLE FOR STUDYING LONG-TERM 5352 03:30:38,360 --> 03:30:40,200 RESPONSES WHICH WE ARE WORSE AT 5353 03:30:40,200 --> 03:30:47,320 PREDICTING I THINK. 5354 03:30:47,320 --> 03:30:48,080 THANK YOU. 5355 03:30:48,080 --> 03:30:50,280 >>ONE OF THE THINGS, BRING 5356 03:30:50,280 --> 03:30:51,160 DIFFERENT STAKEHOLDERS INTO 5357 03:30:51,160 --> 03:30:53,040 THAT, INTO THE CONVERSATION, THE 5358 03:30:53,040 --> 03:30:54,120 SUBJECT MATTER EXPERTS. 5359 03:30:54,120 --> 03:30:56,280 I GUESS THAT MAKES ME THINK 5360 03:30:56,280 --> 03:30:59,120 ABOUT COMPUTATIONAL TEAM THAT 5361 03:30:59,120 --> 03:31:00,240 YOU GUYS STARTED 5362 03:31:00,240 --> 03:31:01,640 TERRY, COMMENT ON HOW WAS THE 5363 03:31:01,640 --> 03:31:03,400 TEAM BUILT AND DOES THE TEAM, 5364 03:31:03,400 --> 03:31:04,920 FOR EXAMPLE, NOW ENGAGE WITH 5365 03:31:04,920 --> 03:31:15,400 SOME OF THE FOLKS FROM THAT 5366 03:31:18,800 --> 03:31:20,160 SYSTEM YOU HAVE? 5367 03:31:20,160 --> 03:31:21,800 >>THAT WAS FORMED TO LEVERAGE 5368 03:31:21,800 --> 03:31:23,400 HISTORIC DATA INITIALLY. 5369 03:31:23,400 --> 03:31:25,400 SO IT TURNED OUT TO BE A MUCH 5370 03:31:25,400 --> 03:31:27,960 BIGGER CHALLENGE TO MAKE THAT 5371 03:31:27,960 --> 03:31:29,040 DATA USABLE. 5372 03:31:29,040 --> 03:31:32,640 MAKE IT -- PUT IT IN A FORMAT 5373 03:31:32,640 --> 03:31:35,640 THAT COULD BE CONNECTED TO OTHER 5374 03:31:35,640 --> 03:31:37,600 DATA, AND THEN USED WITH 5375 03:31:37,600 --> 03:31:38,880 ANALYTICS FOR SOME REASONS I 5376 03:31:38,880 --> 03:31:39,600 TALKED ABOUT. 5377 03:31:39,600 --> 03:31:43,720 BUT IT'S ACTUALLY HAD A REALLY 5378 03:31:43,720 --> 03:31:44,840 BIG IMPACT ALREADY. 5379 03:31:44,840 --> 03:31:47,680 WE DON'T YET HAVE ENOUGH DATA 5380 03:31:47,680 --> 03:31:49,200 FROM THE MICROPHYSIOLOGICAL 5381 03:31:49,200 --> 03:31:50,760 SYSTEMS TO ADD, AND I WOULD JUST 5382 03:31:50,760 --> 03:31:51,840 ADD THOUGH THAT I GUESS WE 5383 03:31:51,840 --> 03:31:56,120 TALKED A LITTLE BIT ABOUT THE 5384 03:31:56,120 --> 03:31:57,760 BAR FOR CONFIDENCE. 5385 03:31:57,760 --> 03:31:59,720 THOSE SYSTEMS ARE BEING APPLIED 5386 03:31:59,720 --> 03:31:59,960 NOW. 5387 03:31:59,960 --> 03:32:01,240 I DON'T WANT TO MAKE IT SOUND 5388 03:32:01,240 --> 03:32:03,560 LIKE THEY ARE NOT BEING USED. 5389 03:32:03,560 --> 03:32:06,880 THEY ARE BEING APPLIED, IN 5390 03:32:06,880 --> 03:32:10,880 SPECIFIC CASES, WHERE THEY HAVE 5391 03:32:10,880 --> 03:32:12,880 BEEN QUALIFIED AND DO PROVIDE 5392 03:32:12,880 --> 03:32:14,600 GREAT INFORMATION. 5393 03:32:14,600 --> 03:32:18,120 WE'VE USED MULTIPLE ORGAN ON A 5394 03:32:18,120 --> 03:32:21,600 CHIP TO ANSWER QUESTIONS, OR 5395 03:32:21,600 --> 03:32:23,440 ORGANS ON CHIPS TO ANSWER 5396 03:32:23,440 --> 03:32:23,720 QUESTIONS. 5397 03:32:23,720 --> 03:32:24,480 BUT IF YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT, YOU 5398 03:32:24,480 --> 03:32:26,400 KNOW, THE HIGHER GOAL OF 5399 03:32:26,400 --> 03:32:28,000 REPLACING ANIMALS, THAT'S A MUCH 5400 03:32:28,000 --> 03:32:28,960 DIFFERENT BAR. 5401 03:32:28,960 --> 03:32:32,800 THAT'S WHERE THAT CONFIDENCE 5402 03:32:32,800 --> 03:32:34,360 FACTOR REALLY MATTERS. 5403 03:32:34,360 --> 03:32:35,640 THERE'S STILL SOME THINGS TO DO. 5404 03:32:35,640 --> 03:32:37,040 BUT FOR THAT REASON WE DON'T 5405 03:32:37,040 --> 03:32:38,600 HAVE ENOUGH DATA REALLY TO APPLY 5406 03:32:38,600 --> 03:32:39,480 A LOT. 5407 03:32:39,480 --> 03:32:42,480 WE'RE GETTING THERE WITH THINGS 5408 03:32:42,480 --> 03:32:43,880 LIKE SPHEROIDS RAPIDLY. 5409 03:32:43,880 --> 03:32:46,280 THOSE MODELS ARE ALSO EXCELLENT. 5410 03:32:46,280 --> 03:32:52,000 YOU SEE SOME WORK DONE, REPORTED 5411 03:32:52,000 --> 03:32:54,760 BY GENENTECH OR ASTRAZENECA, 5412 03:32:54,760 --> 03:32:57,720 GREAT SUCCESS IN PREDICTING 5413 03:32:57,720 --> 03:32:58,680 ORGAN TOXICITIES USING 5414 03:32:58,680 --> 03:32:58,960 SPHEROIDS. 5415 03:32:58,960 --> 03:33:00,880 SO THERE'S A LOT MORE THAT CAN 5416 03:33:00,880 --> 03:33:02,520 BE DONE, A LOT OF COMPANIES ARE 5417 03:33:02,520 --> 03:33:05,880 WORKING HARD TO GET THERE, WITH 5418 03:33:05,880 --> 03:33:07,000 REALLY ADVANCED SYSTEMS WE DON'T 5419 03:33:07,000 --> 03:33:10,240 HAVE ENOUGH DATA YET SO WE'RE 5420 03:33:10,240 --> 03:33:12,240 WORKING TOWARDS THAT BUT ONE OF 5421 03:33:12,240 --> 03:33:13,800 THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 5422 03:33:13,800 --> 03:33:15,160 WITH THOSE SYSTEMS IS THEY LIVE 5423 03:33:15,160 --> 03:33:17,920 A LONG TIME, THEY HAVE A LOT OF 5424 03:33:17,920 --> 03:33:20,680 VIABILITY, BUT IT ALSO TAKES 5425 03:33:20,680 --> 03:33:23,160 LONGER TO GENERATE DATA BECAUSE 5426 03:33:23,160 --> 03:33:23,960 EXPERIMENTS ARE MUCH LONGER. 5427 03:33:23,960 --> 03:33:28,560 SO I THINK WE'LL GET THERE BUT 5428 03:33:28,560 --> 03:33:32,240 THAT'S WHERE WE ARE RIGHT NOW. 5429 03:33:32,240 --> 03:33:37,080 >>SO GRACA, FOR YOU AT WAKE 5430 03:33:37,080 --> 03:33:41,240 FOREST, SO LIKE FOR 5431 03:33:41,240 --> 03:33:43,960 PHYSIOLOGICAL AND IN VITRO 5432 03:33:43,960 --> 03:33:46,920 SYSTEMS, WE FOUND OUT THAT YOU 5433 03:33:46,920 --> 03:33:48,400 GOT TO QUALIFY OR VALIDATE 5434 03:33:48,400 --> 03:33:50,440 WHATEVER TERMINOLOGY YOU WANT TO 5435 03:33:50,440 --> 03:33:52,720 USE FOR SPECIFIC CONTEXT OF USE. 5436 03:33:52,720 --> 03:33:54,600 FOR THE IN SILICO TOOLS YOU'RE 5437 03:33:54,600 --> 03:33:55,800 USING AT WAKE FOREST DO YOU SEE 5438 03:33:55,800 --> 03:33:58,400 IT'S THE SAME THING THAT YOU 5439 03:33:58,400 --> 03:34:00,480 HAVE TO QUALIFY FOR A SPECIFIC 5440 03:34:00,480 --> 03:34:05,960 QUESTIONS, CONTEXT OF USE OR CAN 5441 03:34:05,960 --> 03:34:06,600 YOU GENERALIZE MORE? 5442 03:34:06,600 --> 03:34:09,520 >>WE GENERALIZE A LITTLE BIT 5443 03:34:09,520 --> 03:34:11,600 MORE, RIGHT? 5444 03:34:11,600 --> 03:34:14,400 WE ARE INNOVATION AND DISCOVERY, 5445 03:34:14,400 --> 03:34:16,400 ALTHOUGH TERRY SAID THESE 5446 03:34:16,400 --> 03:34:18,480 SYSTEMS ARE BEING USED IN THE 5447 03:34:18,480 --> 03:34:20,560 CLINIC, BUT I THINK IN ACADEMIA 5448 03:34:20,560 --> 03:34:25,160 WE REACH OUT TO COLLABORATORS 5449 03:34:25,160 --> 03:34:28,240 AND START THE PROCESS OF -- I 5450 03:34:28,240 --> 03:34:32,120 DON'T DO IN SILICO MOLECULAR 5451 03:34:32,120 --> 03:34:32,720 DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS, I DON'T 5452 03:34:32,720 --> 03:34:35,000 KNOW HOW TO DO IT, SO I REACH 5453 03:34:35,000 --> 03:34:36,760 OUT TO A COLLABORATOR AND 5454 03:34:36,760 --> 03:34:38,080 TOGETHER HE UNDERSTANDS MY 5455 03:34:38,080 --> 03:34:39,160 LANGUAGE, I UNDERSTAND HIS 5456 03:34:39,160 --> 03:34:43,640 LANGUAGE, AND WE PUT A PROJECT 5457 03:34:43,640 --> 03:34:45,280 TOGETHER TO SOLVE QUESTIONS. 5458 03:34:45,280 --> 03:34:49,880 SO AT LEAST ON MY PART, BECAUSE 5459 03:34:49,880 --> 03:34:54,360 I CANNOT SPEAK ON THE INSTITUTE 5460 03:34:54,360 --> 03:34:56,760 ITSELF, BUT WE TRY TO 5461 03:34:56,760 --> 03:34:58,480 COLLABORATE WITH PEOPLE FROM 5462 03:34:58,480 --> 03:35:01,920 DIFFERENT BACKGROUNDS SO THAT WE 5463 03:35:01,920 --> 03:35:06,080 CAN SEE IF THAT PIECE OF 5464 03:35:06,080 --> 03:35:06,560 INFORMATION OTHERWISE. 5465 03:35:06,560 --> 03:35:09,240 BUT I THINK THERE'S A TREND TO 5466 03:35:09,240 --> 03:35:15,160 TRY TO -- ESPECIALLY WITH THE 5467 03:35:15,160 --> 03:35:15,920 MULTI-SYSTEMS TO STANDARDIZE TO 5468 03:35:15,920 --> 03:35:17,240 GET IT THE NEXT LEVEL. 5469 03:35:17,240 --> 03:35:19,840 ONE THING I WOULD LIKE TO 5470 03:35:19,840 --> 03:35:22,720 REITERATE, YOU KNOW, ANY 5471 03:35:22,720 --> 03:35:24,240 CLINICAL PRODUCT, IT TAKES 10 OR 5472 03:35:24,240 --> 03:35:27,520 15 YEARS TO GO FROM BENCH TO 5473 03:35:27,520 --> 03:35:27,760 CLINIC. 5474 03:35:27,760 --> 03:35:33,360 SO I KNOW THESE MULTI-SYSTEMS 5475 03:35:33,360 --> 03:35:35,320 HAVE BEEN BUILT AND USED FOR A 5476 03:35:35,320 --> 03:35:36,640 WHILE, BUT WE CANNOT EXPECT THAT 5477 03:35:36,640 --> 03:35:40,760 WE'RE GOING TO GET ALL THE 5478 03:35:40,760 --> 03:35:42,680 RESULTS TOMORROW. 5479 03:35:42,680 --> 03:35:43,360 THESE ARE LONG-TERM INVESTMENTS, 5480 03:35:43,360 --> 03:35:48,360 AND THEY ARE FOR THE BEST BUT 5481 03:35:48,360 --> 03:35:49,440 MEETINGS LIKE THIS ARE IMPORTANT 5482 03:35:49,440 --> 03:35:53,600 SO WE CAN PUT ALL THIS TOGETHER 5483 03:35:53,600 --> 03:35:55,800 SO WE KNOW, INTERACT WITH 5484 03:35:55,800 --> 03:35:57,520 PEOPLE, TO OTHER TYPES OF 5485 03:35:57,520 --> 03:36:00,480 SCIENCE SO WE CAN INTEGRATE 5486 03:36:00,480 --> 03:36:02,680 THOSE. 5487 03:36:02,680 --> 03:36:06,400 5488 03:36:06,400 --> 03:36:08,360 5489 03:36:08,360 --> 03:36:10,440 SO THAT WE CAN SPEAK -- 5490 03:36:10,440 --> 03:36:16,680 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH. 5491 03:36:16,680 --> 03:36:17,000 BLANCA? 5492 03:36:17,000 --> 03:36:20,720 >>I JUST WANTED TO COMMENT ON 5493 03:36:20,720 --> 03:36:23,800 THE ISSUE OF QUALIFICATION OF IN 5494 03:36:23,800 --> 03:36:24,160 SILICO METHODS. 5495 03:36:24,160 --> 03:36:26,520 AND SO THE REQUEST IS TO QUALIFY 5496 03:36:26,520 --> 03:36:29,120 THEM FOR VERY SPECIFIC CONTEXT 5497 03:36:29,120 --> 03:36:30,440 OF USE. 5498 03:36:30,440 --> 03:36:35,680 AND THAT CREATES SOME PROBLEMS 5499 03:36:35,680 --> 03:36:37,360 BECAUSE THE -- SO IN SILICO 5500 03:36:37,360 --> 03:36:38,880 METHODS ARE UPDATED QUITE 5501 03:36:38,880 --> 03:36:41,400 QUICKLY, ESPECIALLY IF YOU HAVE 5502 03:36:41,400 --> 03:36:45,640 MORE DATA, AND IT POSES A BIT OF 5503 03:36:45,640 --> 03:36:47,640 A PROBLEM, IF THE QUALIFICATION 5504 03:36:47,640 --> 03:36:50,800 SLOWS DOWN THE PROCESS AND IT'S 5505 03:36:50,800 --> 03:36:53,560 VERY EXPENSIVE, FOR VERY 5506 03:36:53,560 --> 03:36:54,760 SPECIFIC CONTEXT OF USE. 5507 03:36:54,760 --> 03:36:58,920 IT NEEDS TO BE DONE EVERY TIME 5508 03:36:58,920 --> 03:37:01,520 THE METHOD IS UPDATED, FOR 5509 03:37:01,520 --> 03:37:02,080 CERTAIN APPLICATIONS. 5510 03:37:02,080 --> 03:37:05,720 SO IT CREATES A BIT OF DIFFERENT 5511 03:37:05,720 --> 03:37:08,440 SCENARIO TO THE IN VITRO 5512 03:37:08,440 --> 03:37:08,760 SYSTEMS. 5513 03:37:08,760 --> 03:37:13,120 AND IT NEEDS TO BE VERY DYNAMIC, 5514 03:37:13,120 --> 03:37:15,440 I WOULD THINK, PROBABLY 5515 03:37:15,440 --> 03:37:17,920 INCORPORATE THOSE SECOND OR 5516 03:37:17,920 --> 03:37:19,600 THIRD GENERATION ALGORITHMS IN 5517 03:37:19,600 --> 03:37:21,680 THE PROCESS. 5518 03:37:21,680 --> 03:37:22,760 CERTAINLY MODELING AND 5519 03:37:22,760 --> 03:37:25,160 SIMULATION POSES A PROBLEM 5520 03:37:25,160 --> 03:37:26,280 BECAUSE THE QUALIFICATIONS CAN 5521 03:37:26,280 --> 03:37:28,360 TAKE MUCH LONGER THAN THE UPDATE 5522 03:37:28,360 --> 03:37:30,800 OF THE MODEL. 5523 03:37:30,800 --> 03:37:33,480 SO, IT'S A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IN 5524 03:37:33,480 --> 03:37:34,400 SILICO AND INDIVIDUAL SYSTEM, 5525 03:37:34,400 --> 03:37:36,600 ONE THAT NEEDS TO BE TAKEN IN 5526 03:37:36,600 --> 03:37:38,440 CONSIDERATION IN THE 5527 03:37:38,440 --> 03:37:38,760 QUALIFICATION. 5528 03:37:38,760 --> 03:37:39,240 >>GREAT. 5529 03:37:39,240 --> 03:37:41,080 THANK YOU SO MUCH. 5530 03:37:41,080 --> 03:37:43,240 AND SO WE HAVE ABOUT EIGHT 5531 03:37:43,240 --> 03:37:44,480 MINUTES LEFT OR SO. 5532 03:37:44,480 --> 03:37:50,120 I DID WANT TO THROW OUT A THIRD 5533 03:37:50,120 --> 03:37:51,560 QUESTION HERE BECAUSE AS OTHERS 5534 03:37:51,560 --> 03:37:53,320 HAVE SAID RIGHT NOW WE'RE NOT 5535 03:37:53,320 --> 03:37:55,520 READY TO REPLACE OUR TRADITIONAL 5536 03:37:55,520 --> 03:37:58,560 MODELS, AT LEAST NOT YET. 5537 03:37:58,560 --> 03:38:01,520 SO, WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES OF 5538 03:38:01,520 --> 03:38:05,520 INTEGRATING NAMs WITH OUR 5539 03:38:05,520 --> 03:38:07,800 TRADITIONAL METHODOLOGIES 5540 03:38:07,800 --> 03:38:08,680 ALONGSIDE THEM? 5541 03:38:08,680 --> 03:38:12,200 AND HOW CAN WE ADDRESS THOSE 5542 03:38:12,200 --> 03:38:12,480 CHALLENGES? 5543 03:38:12,480 --> 03:38:14,280 WITH THAT, MAYBE ROSER, WE CAN 5544 03:38:14,280 --> 03:38:16,240 START WITH YOU. 5545 03:38:16,240 --> 03:38:17,440 >>YEAH, SURE. 5546 03:38:17,440 --> 03:38:21,800 I WAS THINKING OF CHALLENGES. 5547 03:38:21,800 --> 03:38:23,480 ONE WILL BE TRADITIONALLY WE'VE 5548 03:38:23,480 --> 03:38:29,280 NOT DONE THAT MANY SYSTEMATIC OR 5549 03:38:29,280 --> 03:38:30,160 STANDARDIZED QUANTITATIVE 5550 03:38:30,160 --> 03:38:31,160 MEASUREMENTS, AND ON ONE HAND 5551 03:38:31,160 --> 03:38:32,680 THAT'S SOMETHING THAT WILL NEED 5552 03:38:32,680 --> 03:38:37,680 TO BE CHANGED, IN MY VIEW, AND 5553 03:38:37,680 --> 03:38:41,000 LOOKING FOR WAYS TO HARMONIZE 5554 03:38:41,000 --> 03:38:43,560 THESE METADATA OR THESE -- ALL 5555 03:38:43,560 --> 03:38:45,160 THESE MEASUREMENTS, THAT WE 5556 03:38:45,160 --> 03:38:48,680 HAVE, AND, AGAIN, I THINK 5557 03:38:48,680 --> 03:38:50,680 HARMONIZEATION OF ALL THE 5558 03:38:50,680 --> 03:38:52,520 METADATA COLLECTED WILL BE BIG 5559 03:38:52,520 --> 03:38:54,920 STEPS, THEN WE CAN INCORPORATE 5560 03:38:54,920 --> 03:38:59,520 THEM IN OUR IN SILICO MODELS, 5561 03:38:59,520 --> 03:39:00,960 AND LIKEWISE ADAPTING IN SILICO 5562 03:39:00,960 --> 03:39:03,800 MODELS TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THAT 5563 03:39:03,800 --> 03:39:08,800 DATA, THAT IS NOT QUANTITATE 5564 03:39:08,800 --> 03:39:10,600 QUANTITATIVE AS OTHER 5565 03:39:10,600 --> 03:39:12,640 MEASUREMENTS, WE CAN BE DOING 5566 03:39:12,640 --> 03:39:15,960 NOW IN MORE ADVANCED NAMs 5567 03:39:15,960 --> 03:39:16,280 TECHNOLOGIES. 5568 03:39:16,280 --> 03:39:20,560 I GUESS THE OTHER THING WILL BE 5569 03:39:20,560 --> 03:39:22,680 KIND OF TRANSLATION BETWEEN MICE 5570 03:39:22,680 --> 03:39:26,360 AND HUMANS, A LOT OF WORK, WHEN 5571 03:39:26,360 --> 03:39:29,640 USED IN MICE, AND THERE I THINK 5572 03:39:29,640 --> 03:39:35,000 AGAIN WE CAN TAKE ADVANTAGE OF 5573 03:39:35,000 --> 03:39:36,760 COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS TO MAKE THIS 5574 03:39:36,760 --> 03:39:37,760 TRANSLATION OR TRANSITION, WE 5575 03:39:37,760 --> 03:39:39,360 KNOW THIS IS DIFFERENT BETWEEN 5576 03:39:39,360 --> 03:39:42,680 HUMAN AND MICE, THEN WE CAN TAKE 5577 03:39:42,680 --> 03:39:45,600 INTO CONSIDERATION IN OUR MODEL 5578 03:39:45,600 --> 03:39:48,240 TO TRANSLATE A RESULT, BUT 5579 03:39:48,240 --> 03:39:51,840 OBVIOUSLY THAT WILL BE A 5580 03:39:51,840 --> 03:39:52,200 CHALLENGE. 5581 03:39:52,200 --> 03:39:55,800 THE OTHER I THINK IT WILL ALSO 5582 03:39:55,800 --> 03:39:59,400 BE THE FACT THAT WE NEED TO 5583 03:39:59,400 --> 03:40:02,240 ADAPT ALSO THE NAMs FOR 5584 03:40:02,240 --> 03:40:03,760 RECAPITULATEING MORE LONG-TERM 5585 03:40:03,760 --> 03:40:05,160 RESPONSES SINCE I WAS MENTIONING 5586 03:40:05,160 --> 03:40:08,720 BEFORE, WHICH CAN BE DONE IN 5587 03:40:08,720 --> 03:40:09,560 MORE TRADITIONAL SYSTEMS WITH A 5588 03:40:09,560 --> 03:40:12,760 LOT OF CURRENT MODELS WILL NOT 5589 03:40:12,760 --> 03:40:15,400 TAKE INTO ACCOUNT MORE LONG-TERM 5590 03:40:15,400 --> 03:40:18,000 RESPONSES WHICH ARE REQUIRED, 5591 03:40:18,000 --> 03:40:21,400 ANYWAYS, AND I THINK THOSE ARE 5592 03:40:21,400 --> 03:40:25,080 KIND OF THREE CHALLENGES THAT I 5593 03:40:25,080 --> 03:40:27,320 HAVE THOUGHT ABOUT AND OF COURSE 5594 03:40:27,320 --> 03:40:29,480 IN ITS COMPLEXITY. 5595 03:40:29,480 --> 03:40:30,120 >>GREAT. 5596 03:40:30,120 --> 03:40:31,120 THANKS. 5597 03:40:31,120 --> 03:40:32,680 BLANCA, JUMPING TO YOU, IN 90 5598 03:40:32,680 --> 03:40:35,640 SECONDS IF YOU CAN ANSWER THAT 5599 03:40:35,640 --> 03:40:36,000 QUESTION. 5600 03:40:36,000 --> 03:40:39,520 >>I WOULD SAY THAT THINKING 5601 03:40:39,520 --> 03:40:41,320 ABOUT IMPLEMENTATION FROM THE 5602 03:40:41,320 --> 03:40:42,960 OUTSET, AND CONTEXT OF USE OF 5603 03:40:42,960 --> 03:40:47,640 THE METHODOLOGY FROM THE OUTSET, 5604 03:40:47,640 --> 03:40:50,600 ENGAGING WITH PEOPLE WHO WILL BE 5605 03:40:50,600 --> 03:40:52,160 USING THE METHODOLOGY FOR THE 5606 03:40:52,160 --> 03:40:53,120 DECISION MAKING FROM THE 5607 03:40:53,120 --> 03:40:55,080 BEGINNING AND MAYBE A BROAD 5608 03:40:55,080 --> 03:40:56,960 RANGE OF THEM FROM THE BEGINNING 5609 03:40:56,960 --> 03:40:59,680 OF THE DEVELOPMENT IS QUITE 5610 03:40:59,680 --> 03:41:01,120 USEFUL. 5611 03:41:01,120 --> 03:41:03,200 AND WOULD ENABLE A BROADER 5612 03:41:03,200 --> 03:41:06,360 IMPACT OF THE METHODOLOGY. 5613 03:41:06,360 --> 03:41:07,040 5614 03:41:07,040 --> 03:41:09,320 >>GREAT. 5615 03:41:09,320 --> 03:41:10,120 THANKS, BLANCA. 5616 03:41:10,120 --> 03:41:10,320 GRACA? 5617 03:41:10,320 --> 03:41:12,600 >>I AGREE WITH ROSER AND 5618 03:41:12,600 --> 03:41:18,920 BLANCA, I WOULD LIKE TO ADD THAT 5619 03:41:18,920 --> 03:41:20,920 AS FAR AS ACADEMIA, SOMEONE SAID 5620 03:41:20,920 --> 03:41:22,640 THIS MORNING THAT WE GET FUNDED 5621 03:41:22,640 --> 03:41:25,280 AND WE CAN WORK ON A PROJECT 5622 03:41:25,280 --> 03:41:27,040 WHILE WE ARE FUNDING, RIGHT? 5623 03:41:27,040 --> 03:41:29,320 IF THE PANELS THAT ARE 5624 03:41:29,320 --> 03:41:30,440 EVALUATING THE APPLICATIONS THAT 5625 03:41:30,440 --> 03:41:32,840 WE WRITE DON'T HAVE CONFIDENCE 5626 03:41:32,840 --> 03:41:34,680 IN THOSE MODELS, THEN WE ARE NOT 5627 03:41:34,680 --> 03:41:37,800 GOING TO BE ABLE TO WORK. 5628 03:41:37,800 --> 03:41:43,120 SO, EVEN FOR THOSE THAT ARE 5629 03:41:43,120 --> 03:41:44,440 USING MULTI-SYSTEMS, THEY MAY 5630 03:41:44,440 --> 03:41:47,000 NOT GET THE FUNDS THAT THEY NEED 5631 03:41:47,000 --> 03:41:50,360 TO BRING IT TO MORE TRADITIONAL 5632 03:41:50,360 --> 03:41:52,680 BIOMEDICAL -- TO INTEGRATE WITH 5633 03:41:52,680 --> 03:41:53,840 MORE TRADITIONAL BIOMEDICAL 5634 03:41:53,840 --> 03:41:54,560 RESEARCH APPROACHES. 5635 03:41:54,560 --> 03:41:57,040 ONE THING THAT I WOULD ALSO LIKE 5636 03:41:57,040 --> 03:41:59,360 TO SAY IS LONGEVITY OF THE 5637 03:41:59,360 --> 03:42:03,840 SYSTEMS, AT LEAST BIOLOGICAL 5638 03:42:03,840 --> 03:42:05,040 SYSTEMS WITH MULTI-SYSTEM 5639 03:42:05,040 --> 03:42:06,680 APPROACHES THAT MANY PEOPLE THAT 5640 03:42:06,680 --> 03:42:08,080 WORK WITH ANIMAL MODELS SAY, 5641 03:42:08,080 --> 03:42:10,080 WELL, WE HAVE THREE MONTHS, WE 5642 03:42:10,080 --> 03:42:12,920 HAVE A YEAR, AND WE'RE NOT THERE 5643 03:42:12,920 --> 03:42:17,760 YET WITH THIS TYPE OF -- I THINK 5644 03:42:17,760 --> 03:42:20,080 THAT ALSO CREATES DIFFICULT 5645 03:42:20,080 --> 03:42:23,240 INTEGRATION IN WHAT OUR CONCEPTS 5646 03:42:23,240 --> 03:42:28,240 ARE OF RESEARCH OR WHAT WE WANT 5647 03:42:28,240 --> 03:42:33,080 TO GET FROM A SPECIFIC -- IN 5648 03:42:33,080 --> 03:42:37,880 TERMS OF LONGEVITY AND EFFECT. 5649 03:42:37,880 --> 03:42:39,640 I THINK THERE'S INTEGRATION IS 5650 03:42:39,640 --> 03:42:44,480 POSSIBLE AND I THINK EVERYONE IS 5651 03:42:44,480 --> 03:42:45,760 EITHER -- WE NEED 12 APPROACH 5652 03:42:45,760 --> 03:42:48,920 TEAMS THAT UNDERSTAND THESE 5653 03:42:48,920 --> 03:42:52,000 SYSTEMS AND CAN GET THIS AND 5654 03:42:52,000 --> 03:42:53,840 WORK LONG TERM, APPROACH WITH 5655 03:42:53,840 --> 03:42:54,840 COMPANIES, WITH ACADEMIA AND SO 5656 03:42:54,840 --> 03:42:55,080 FORTH. 5657 03:42:55,080 --> 03:42:58,760 I DON'T KNOW WHAT THE BEST 5658 03:42:58,760 --> 03:43:00,480 APPROACH WOULD BE BUT SOMETHING 5659 03:43:00,480 --> 03:43:01,960 THAT ALLOWS US TO WORK LONG TIME 5660 03:43:01,960 --> 03:43:05,800 TO GET THESE DATA TO TRANSLATE, 5661 03:43:05,800 --> 03:43:10,440 WHAT WE KNOW RIGHT NOW FROM 5662 03:43:10,440 --> 03:43:13,240 ANIMAL MODELS AND FROM RESEARCH 5663 03:43:13,240 --> 03:43:14,200 THAT IS MORE TRADITIONAL. 5664 03:43:14,200 --> 03:43:17,280 >>GREAT. 5665 03:43:17,280 --> 03:43:18,280 THANK YOU. 5666 03:43:18,280 --> 03:43:18,480 TERRY. 5667 03:43:18,480 --> 03:43:20,560 >>YEAH, I THINK ONE THING WE 5668 03:43:20,560 --> 03:43:22,680 HAVEN'T REALLY TALKED ABOUT IN 5669 03:43:22,680 --> 03:43:24,840 THIS DISCUSSION THAT MIGHT BE 5670 03:43:24,840 --> 03:43:26,280 PERTINENT HERE IN INTEGRATING 5671 03:43:26,280 --> 03:43:29,280 NAMs MORE FULLY INTO THE 5672 03:43:29,280 --> 03:43:32,280 PROCESS IS, YOU KNOW, ONE OF THE 5673 03:43:32,280 --> 03:43:35,720 THINGS THE IQMPS HAS TALKED 5674 03:43:35,720 --> 03:43:38,000 ABOUT SINCE 2014 I THINK AT 5675 03:43:38,000 --> 03:43:41,520 LEAST OFF AND ON SOME IS THE 5676 03:43:41,520 --> 03:43:44,680 NEED FOR ANIMAL CELL-BASED 5677 03:43:44,680 --> 03:43:49,200 MODELS AS WELL TO HELP MAKE THE 5678 03:43:49,200 --> 03:43:49,720 COMPARISON, UNDERSTAND 5679 03:43:49,720 --> 03:43:50,440 TRANSLATION. 5680 03:43:50,440 --> 03:43:54,200 I THINK EFFORTS HAVE FOCUSED ON 5681 03:43:54,200 --> 03:43:54,960 HUMANS, RIGHTLY SO. 5682 03:43:54,960 --> 03:43:56,200 BUT THAT'S SOMETHING TO CONSIDER 5683 03:43:56,200 --> 03:43:58,640 DOWN THE ROAD THAT MAY ACTUALLY 5684 03:43:58,640 --> 03:44:00,920 HELP AT LEAST IN THE AREA OF 5685 03:44:00,920 --> 03:44:01,160 SAFETY. 5686 03:44:01,160 --> 03:44:02,560 I'M NOT SURE, I THINK THAT'S THE 5687 03:44:02,560 --> 03:44:08,360 MAIN AREA IT WOULD HELP, HAVING 5688 03:44:08,360 --> 03:44:09,280 COUNTERPART MODELS. 5689 03:44:09,280 --> 03:44:10,520 I ALSO THINK ONE INTERESTING 5690 03:44:10,520 --> 03:44:13,480 THING I'VE BEEN SEEING OVER TIME 5691 03:44:13,480 --> 03:44:17,960 IS MORE AND MORE NEW BIOLOGIC 5692 03:44:17,960 --> 03:44:20,480 PLATFORM DRUGS COMING INTO 5693 03:44:20,480 --> 03:44:22,080 PIPELINES, AND AS THEY COME THEY 5694 03:44:22,080 --> 03:44:24,080 ARE VERY DIFFERENT FROM 5695 03:44:24,080 --> 03:44:25,320 TRADITIONAL SMALL MOLECULE DRUGS 5696 03:44:25,320 --> 03:44:29,480 WHETHER WE HAVE REALLY NEEDED TO 5697 03:44:29,480 --> 03:44:30,880 LOOK FOR INTEGRATED RESPONSES, 5698 03:44:30,880 --> 03:44:32,720 MUCH MORE SELECTIVE, AND THIS 5699 03:44:32,720 --> 03:44:34,360 REALLY I THINK WILL NATURALLY 5700 03:44:34,360 --> 03:44:41,720 HELP US TO DRIFT MORE TO NAMs 5701 03:44:41,720 --> 03:44:42,360 USE. 5702 03:44:42,360 --> 03:44:44,000 MAYBE NOT ONLY ADVANCED MODELS 5703 03:44:44,000 --> 03:44:47,440 BUT MORE IN VITRO SYSTEMS TO 5704 03:44:47,440 --> 03:44:49,360 ASSESS SAFETY OVER TIME. 5705 03:44:49,360 --> 03:44:51,560 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH. 5706 03:44:51,560 --> 03:44:53,640 AND SO WE HAVE A MINUTE AND A 5707 03:44:53,640 --> 03:44:58,000 HALF LEFT. 5708 03:44:58,000 --> 03:45:00,080 I'M GOING TO QUICKLY IN TEN 5709 03:45:00,080 --> 03:45:06,200 SECONDS, IF YOU HAD A MAGIC WAND 5710 03:45:06,200 --> 03:45:08,520 AN UNLIMITED FUNDING WHAT CHANGE 5711 03:45:08,520 --> 03:45:11,800 WOULD YOU MAKE HAPPEN. 5712 03:45:11,800 --> 03:45:15,720 ROSER, WE'LL START WITH YOU. 5713 03:45:15,720 --> 03:45:16,040 YOU'RE MUTED. 5714 03:45:16,040 --> 03:45:16,880 >>SORRY. 5715 03:45:16,880 --> 03:45:21,840 I THINK ONE OF THE IMPORTANT 5716 03:45:21,840 --> 03:45:22,640 THINGS TO INCREASE COMPLEXITY 5717 03:45:22,640 --> 03:45:24,520 FOR ME OF THE NAMs, THAT'S 5718 03:45:24,520 --> 03:45:31,680 SOMETHING I WILL INVEST IN. 5719 03:45:31,680 --> 03:45:37,120 >>BLANCA? 5720 03:45:37,120 --> 03:45:43,800 >>LONGER FUNDING CYCLES. 5721 03:45:43,800 --> 03:45:44,160 IMPLEMENTATION. 5722 03:45:44,160 --> 03:45:44,440 >>GRACA? 5723 03:45:44,440 --> 03:45:47,760 >>I WOULD GET A TEAM OF PEOPLE 5724 03:45:47,760 --> 03:45:50,600 FROM DIFFERENT SECTORS TOGETHER, 5725 03:45:50,600 --> 03:46:00,120 INCLUDING AGENCIES FROM THE 5726 03:46:00,120 --> 03:46:01,200 GOVERNMENT, FROM COMPANIES, 5727 03:46:01,200 --> 03:46:03,080 ACADEMIA, AND WOULD DEVELOP 5728 03:46:03,080 --> 03:46:09,520 THESE SYSTEMS SIDE BY SIDE WITH 5729 03:46:09,520 --> 03:46:10,600 THE DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES 5730 03:46:10,600 --> 03:46:14,640 TALKING TOGETHER, AND OF COURSE 5731 03:46:14,640 --> 03:46:19,040 THE BIOLOGY HAS TO BE IMPROVED 5732 03:46:19,040 --> 03:46:21,040 BUT IN PARALLEL WITH BIG TEAMS 5733 03:46:21,040 --> 03:46:23,320 MOVING THE FIELD FORWARD, EVEN 5734 03:46:23,320 --> 03:46:26,320 IF IT'S NOT TO GET A CLINICAL 5735 03:46:26,320 --> 03:46:27,960 RESPONSE OR TO A CLINICAL POINT 5736 03:46:27,960 --> 03:46:29,360 RIGHT NOW. 5737 03:46:29,360 --> 03:46:31,120 BUT FIRST TO UNDERSTAND HOW WE 5738 03:46:31,120 --> 03:46:34,080 CAN BENEFIT FROM ALL THE SOURCES 5739 03:46:34,080 --> 03:46:36,600 THAT WE HAVE TO GET SOMETHING, 5740 03:46:36,600 --> 03:46:40,200 THAT THEN CAN BE MEANINGFUL IN 5741 03:46:40,200 --> 03:46:40,480 THE FUTURE. 5742 03:46:40,480 --> 03:46:42,560 >>TERRY? 5743 03:46:42,560 --> 03:46:47,680 >>I WOULD LIKE TO SEE LARGE 5744 03:46:47,680 --> 03:46:51,920 BLINDED OR ANONYMOUS DATABASES, 5745 03:46:51,920 --> 03:46:56,400 YOU KNOW, COMPILED THAT REALLY 5746 03:46:56,400 --> 03:46:58,560 INCREASE THE POWER OF THE NEW 5747 03:46:58,560 --> 03:47:01,000 ADVANCED ANALYTICS WHERE PEOPLE 5748 03:47:01,000 --> 03:47:03,480 COULD SHARE INFORMATION, AT 5749 03:47:03,480 --> 03:47:04,360 LEAST THE PRE-COMPETITIVE 5750 03:47:04,360 --> 03:47:05,240 INFORMATION, AND I THINK SAFETY 5751 03:47:05,240 --> 03:47:10,440 IS ONE OF THOSE AREAS WHERE -- 5752 03:47:10,440 --> 03:47:11,480 IT'S PRE-COMPETITIVE, AND I 5753 03:47:11,480 --> 03:47:13,120 THINK THAT WOULD HELP ADVANCE 5754 03:47:13,120 --> 03:47:13,360 THINGS. 5755 03:47:13,360 --> 03:47:14,960 I'VE SEEN A LOT OF IMPACT, YOU 5756 03:47:14,960 --> 03:47:16,840 KNOW, IN THE COMPUTATIONAL AREA, 5757 03:47:16,840 --> 03:47:21,000 I THINK IN SILICO IS REALLY A 5758 03:47:21,000 --> 03:47:23,640 GREAT AREA TO FOCUS. 5759 03:47:23,640 --> 03:47:25,480 >>THANK YOU ARE SO MUCH. 5760 03:47:25,480 --> 03:47:27,240 I WOULD LIKE TO THANK ALL FOUR 5761 03:47:27,240 --> 03:47:29,400 OF YOU FOR PARTICIPATING IN THIS 5762 03:47:29,400 --> 03:47:29,840 PANEL. 5763 03:47:29,840 --> 03:47:31,400 I KNOW THE COMMITTEE IS 5764 03:47:31,400 --> 03:47:33,920 DEFINITELY GOING TO END UP 5765 03:47:33,920 --> 03:47:36,080 UTILIZING INFORMATION YOU SHARED 5766 03:47:36,080 --> 03:47:37,520 AND EXPERTISE YOU SHARED PULLING 5767 03:47:37,520 --> 03:47:38,960 INTO OUR REPORT WHICH IS COMING 5768 03:47:38,960 --> 03:47:39,880 OUT LATER THIS YEAR. 5769 03:47:39,880 --> 03:47:41,800 AGAIN, THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR 5770 03:47:41,800 --> 03:47:42,360 YOUR TIME. 5771 03:47:42,360 --> 03:47:48,560 [APPLAUSE] 5772 03:47:48,560 --> 03:47:51,520 >>THANK YOU. 5773 03:47:51,520 --> 03:47:57,200 BYE-BYE. 5774 03:47:57,200 --> 03:47:59,400 WELCOME BACK. 5775 03:47:59,400 --> 03:48:07,960 OUR WORKING GROUP MEMBER, DR. 5776 03:48:07,960 --> 03:48:09,360 NOVAKOVIC WILL LEAD THIS 5777 03:48:09,360 --> 03:48:10,160 SESSION. 5778 03:48:10,160 --> 03:48:11,800 PLEASE TAKE IT AWAY. 5779 03:48:11,800 --> 03:48:13,560 >>THANK YOU, HOWARD. 5780 03:48:13,560 --> 03:48:18,600 GOOD AFTERNOON FROM ME TOO. 5781 03:48:18,600 --> 03:48:19,120 I'M GORDANA, PROFESSOR AT 5782 03:48:19,120 --> 03:48:21,520 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, AND MY LAB 5783 03:48:21,520 --> 03:48:23,400 IS INTERESTED IN ENGINEERING 5784 03:48:23,400 --> 03:48:25,160 HUMAN TISSUES FOR MEDICAL 5785 03:48:25,160 --> 03:48:25,600 IMPACT. 5786 03:48:25,600 --> 03:48:28,520 A LARGE PART OF THIS EFFORT IS 5787 03:48:28,520 --> 03:48:30,280 THE DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANS ON A 5788 03:48:30,280 --> 03:48:33,000 CHIP AND THEIR UTILIZEATION IN 5789 03:48:33,000 --> 03:48:35,080 MODELING DISEASE, INJURY, AND 5790 03:48:35,080 --> 03:48:37,360 THERAPEUTIC MODALITYS IN A 5791 03:48:37,360 --> 03:48:38,800 PATIENT-SPECIFIC FASHION. 5792 03:48:38,800 --> 03:48:40,680 SO, I WOULD LIKE TO WELCOME YOU 5793 03:48:40,680 --> 03:48:44,080 TO PANEL 4, WHICH IS ABOUT 5794 03:48:44,080 --> 03:48:46,560 LEVERAGING DIVERSE DATASETS FOR 5795 03:48:46,560 --> 03:48:49,000 MAXIMAL USE FOR NAMs. 5796 03:48:49,000 --> 03:48:50,720 WE'RE ASSEMBLED AN OUTSTANDING 5797 03:48:50,720 --> 03:48:53,160 GROUP OF FIVE PANELISTS, TO 5798 03:48:53,160 --> 03:48:55,360 PROVIDE PERSPECTIVE ON VARIOUS 5799 03:48:55,360 --> 03:49:02,800 ASPECTS OF THIS TOPIC. 5800 03:49:02,800 --> 03:49:04,240 EACH PANELIST WILL MAKE 5801 03:49:04,240 --> 03:49:06,520 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS WITHIN 5802 03:49:06,520 --> 03:49:08,800 ABOUT FIVE MINUTES, AND THEN 5803 03:49:08,800 --> 03:49:11,520 WE'LL FOLLOW BY 30 MINUTES OF 5804 03:49:11,520 --> 03:49:11,840 DISCUSSION. 5805 03:49:11,840 --> 03:49:14,160 I'M GRATEFUL TO THE ORGANIZERS 5806 03:49:14,160 --> 03:49:17,440 FOR PUTTING TOGETHER THIS 5807 03:49:17,440 --> 03:49:18,960 IMPORTANT AND TIMELY WORKSHOP. 5808 03:49:18,960 --> 03:49:20,520 ALSO FOR INVITING US TO BE PART 5809 03:49:20,520 --> 03:49:21,640 OF IT. 5810 03:49:21,640 --> 03:49:24,160 AS YOU SEE HERE ON THE SCREEN, 5811 03:49:24,160 --> 03:49:26,560 STARTING FROM THE LEFT, OUR 5812 03:49:26,560 --> 03:49:32,640 FIRST PANELIST IS IVAN RUSYN, 5813 03:49:32,640 --> 03:49:34,200 PROFESSOR OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 5814 03:49:34,200 --> 03:49:41,880 AND PHARMACOLOGY AT TEXAS A & M 5815 03:49:41,880 --> 03:49:43,720 AND INVESTIGATOR USING 5816 03:49:43,720 --> 03:49:45,280 MICROPHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS FOR 5817 03:49:45,280 --> 03:49:45,880 DRUG TESTING. 5818 03:49:45,880 --> 03:49:48,520 IVAN WILL SPEAK ABOUT DATA 5819 03:49:48,520 --> 03:49:51,280 ANALYSIS APPROACHES TO ESTABLISH 5820 03:49:51,280 --> 03:49:52,800 ROBUSTNESS AND REPRODUCIBILITY 5821 03:49:52,800 --> 03:49:54,240 OF NAMs. 5822 03:49:54,240 --> 03:49:57,840 THE NEXT PANELIST IS DONNA 5823 03:49:57,840 --> 03:49:59,720 MENDRICK, WITH THE FDA, 5824 03:49:59,720 --> 03:50:01,600 ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR OF REGULATORY 5825 03:50:01,600 --> 03:50:03,840 ACTIVITIES, IN THE OFFICE OF THE 5826 03:50:03,840 --> 03:50:05,200 CENTER DIRECTOR. 5827 03:50:05,200 --> 03:50:08,240 DONNA WILL SPEAK ABOUT THE 5828 03:50:08,240 --> 03:50:11,640 APPROACHES TO BUILDING 5829 03:50:11,640 --> 03:50:15,480 CONFIDENCE INTO NAMs. 5830 03:50:15,480 --> 03:50:19,520 THE THIRD PANELIST IS ANN ERIC 5831 03:50:19,520 --> 03:50:21,720 GOURMELON, JOINING FROM PARIS, 5832 03:50:21,720 --> 03:50:23,720 FRANCE, PRINCIPAL ADMINISTRATOR 5833 03:50:23,720 --> 03:50:26,640 IN TEST GUIDELINES PROGRAM AT 5834 03:50:26,640 --> 03:50:26,920 OECD. 5835 03:50:26,920 --> 03:50:30,600 AND SHE WILL SPEAK TO US ABOUT 5836 03:50:30,600 --> 03:50:32,000 BUILDING MINIMUM CONSENSUS 5837 03:50:32,000 --> 03:50:36,040 DATABASES AND DATA TESTING 5838 03:50:36,040 --> 03:50:36,400 METHODS. 5839 03:50:36,400 --> 03:50:40,080 AFTER ANNE WE'LL HAVE JAMES ZOU, 5840 03:50:40,080 --> 03:50:41,960 STANFORD UNIVERSITY WHERE HE'S 5841 03:50:41,960 --> 03:50:43,920 AN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF 5842 03:50:43,920 --> 03:50:45,560 BIOMEDICAL DATA SCIENCE, AND 5843 03:50:45,560 --> 03:50:49,400 HE'S ALSO THE FACULTY DIRECTOR 5844 03:50:49,400 --> 03:50:52,800 OF THE UNIVERSITY-WIDE STANFORD 5845 03:50:52,800 --> 03:50:53,760 DATA HEALTH HUB. 5846 03:50:53,760 --> 03:50:54,920 HE'S EXPERTISE IN ARTIFICIAL 5847 03:50:54,920 --> 03:50:57,600 INTELLIGENCE, HE WILL SPEAK 5848 03:50:57,600 --> 03:50:59,520 ABOUT THE ARTIFICIAL 5849 03:50:59,520 --> 03:51:01,840 INTELLIGENCE METHODS THAT ARE 5850 03:51:01,840 --> 03:51:03,560 ENABLING IN SILICO NAMs. 5851 03:51:03,560 --> 03:51:07,280 AND OUR LAST PANELIST IS JOHN 5852 03:51:07,280 --> 03:51:07,480 BURKE. 5853 03:51:07,480 --> 03:51:11,760 JOHN IS THE CO-FOUNDER, 5854 03:51:11,760 --> 03:51:16,080 PRESIDENT, CEO OF APPLIED 5855 03:51:16,080 --> 03:51:18,680 BIOMATH, TWO DECADES OF 5856 03:51:18,680 --> 03:51:20,200 EXPERIENCE IN MATHEMATICAL 5857 03:51:20,200 --> 03:51:21,840 MODELING IN LIFE SCIENCES, AND 5858 03:51:21,840 --> 03:51:27,840 IN BIOLOGY, AND ALSO IN 5859 03:51:27,840 --> 03:51:28,960 PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOLOGY 5860 03:51:28,960 --> 03:51:29,560 RESEARCH. 5861 03:51:29,560 --> 03:51:31,800 JOHN WILL SPEAK ON INTEGRATING 5862 03:51:31,800 --> 03:51:35,120 DISPARATE TYPES OF DATA AND THIS 5863 03:51:35,120 --> 03:51:38,520 WILL BE A GREAT TRANSITION INTO 5864 03:51:38,520 --> 03:51:41,200 DISCUSSION PART OF OUR PANEL. 5865 03:51:41,200 --> 03:51:46,040 NOW LET US MOVE TO IVAN RUSYN'S 5866 03:51:46,040 --> 03:51:46,520 REMARKS. 5867 03:51:46,520 --> 03:51:48,040 I THINK YOU CAN REMOVE THIS 5868 03:51:48,040 --> 03:51:50,840 SLIDE NOW SO PEOPLE CAN SEE 5869 03:51:50,840 --> 03:51:55,320 PARTICIPANTS. 5870 03:51:55,320 --> 03:51:59,280 >>THANK YOU, GORDANA FOR THE 5871 03:51:59,280 --> 03:52:00,160 KIND INTRODUCTION AND TO MEMBERS 5872 03:52:00,160 --> 03:52:02,440 OF THE PANEL FOR HAVING US AND 5873 03:52:02,440 --> 03:52:04,520 THIS IMPORTANT WORKSHOP. 5874 03:52:04,520 --> 03:52:06,280 AS WAS MENTIONED, MY LABORATORY 5875 03:52:06,280 --> 03:52:09,560 HAS BEEN INVOLVED IN A VARIETY 5876 03:52:09,560 --> 03:52:12,800 OF LARGE AND SMALL AND 5877 03:52:12,800 --> 03:52:13,920 CONSORTIUM-BASED EXPERIMENTS 5878 03:52:13,920 --> 03:52:15,040 WHERE NEW APPROACH METHODS HAVE 5879 03:52:15,040 --> 03:52:18,880 BEEN TESTED IN A VARIETY OF 5880 03:52:18,880 --> 03:52:21,640 CONTEXTS, AND MORE RECENTLY 5881 03:52:21,640 --> 03:52:24,360 PERHAPS MORE RELEVANT TO THIS 5882 03:52:24,360 --> 03:52:27,240 PARTICULAR MEETING IS MY LAB'S 5883 03:52:27,240 --> 03:52:31,480 EXPERTISE IN TESTING TISSUE 5884 03:52:31,480 --> 03:52:33,680 CHIPS ON MICROPHYSIOLOGIC 5885 03:52:33,680 --> 03:52:38,480 SYSTEMS ORIGINALLY WITH FUNDING 5886 03:52:38,480 --> 03:52:39,920 FROM DAN TAGLE'S SHOP FROM NCATS 5887 03:52:39,920 --> 03:52:44,960 AND FOR THE LAST FOUR YEARS AS A 5888 03:52:44,960 --> 03:52:46,240 CONSORTIUM OF PHARMACEUTICAL 5889 03:52:46,240 --> 03:52:48,440 COMPANIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, 5890 03:52:48,440 --> 03:52:50,640 TRADE ASSOCIATION, AND ALSO A 5891 03:52:50,640 --> 03:52:52,600 CONSUMER GOODS COMPANY. 5892 03:52:52,600 --> 03:52:53,960 AND WHAT WE'VE BEEN DOING FOR 5893 03:52:53,960 --> 03:52:56,000 THE LAST 3 1/2 YEARS AS PART OF 5894 03:52:56,000 --> 03:52:57,680 THE THIS CONSORTIUM IS DEFINING 5895 03:52:57,680 --> 03:52:59,160 WHAT SHOULD BE TESTED EVERY YEAR 5896 03:52:59,160 --> 03:53:00,720 AND WHICH MODELS SHOULD BE 5897 03:53:00,720 --> 03:53:03,800 TESTED, ALSO HOW THE DATA SHOULD 5898 03:53:03,800 --> 03:53:06,640 BE COLLECTED AND SHARED. 5899 03:53:06,640 --> 03:53:09,760 THE RESULT OF THAT HAS BEEN ON 5900 03:53:09,760 --> 03:53:10,920 AVERAGE EVERY YEAR 2,000 TISSUE 5901 03:53:10,920 --> 03:53:16,000 CHIPS AND A LARGER NUMBER OF IN 5902 03:53:16,000 --> 03:53:18,120 VITRO 96 OR 384 WELL PLATE 5903 03:53:18,120 --> 03:53:18,760 MODELS. 5904 03:53:18,760 --> 03:53:20,960 FROM THE VERY BEGINNING OF MY 5905 03:53:20,960 --> 03:53:22,240 TIME IN TOXICOLOGY, ESPECIALLY 5906 03:53:22,240 --> 03:53:24,120 IN WORKING ON IN VITRO METHODS, 5907 03:53:24,120 --> 03:53:27,320 AND HOW THEY COMPARE TO HUMAN 5908 03:53:27,320 --> 03:53:28,840 TOXICOLOGY OR ANIMAL MODELS, THE 5909 03:53:28,840 --> 03:53:29,960 TRANSPARENCY OF THE DATA AND 5910 03:53:29,960 --> 03:53:32,120 SHARING OF THE DATA HAS BEEN 5911 03:53:32,120 --> 03:53:33,880 MOST IMPORTANT COMPONENT TO US. 5912 03:53:33,880 --> 03:53:36,520 THIS IS NOT A NEW PROBLEM, SOME 5913 03:53:36,520 --> 03:53:44,600 OF THE ORIGINAL ADVOCATES FOR 5914 03:53:44,600 --> 03:53:45,720 REPLACEMENT OF ANIMALS HAVE 5915 03:53:45,720 --> 03:53:51,400 BEENED A ROW INDICATING AS 5916 03:53:51,400 --> 03:53:53,160 EARLY -- ADVOCATING 200 YEARS 5917 03:53:53,160 --> 03:53:55,000 AGO, FULL AND DETAILED 5918 03:53:55,000 --> 03:53:56,240 PUBLICATION OF THE RESULTS IS 5919 03:53:56,240 --> 03:53:57,200 KEY TO ESTABLISHING CONFIDENCE 5920 03:53:57,200 --> 03:53:59,400 IN THESE MODELS. 5921 03:53:59,400 --> 03:54:01,160 I AGREE WITH NCATS ORIGINAL IDEA 5922 03:54:01,160 --> 03:54:05,440 OF FUNDING A DATABASE TO HOUSE 5923 03:54:05,440 --> 03:54:07,400 TISSUE CHIP DATA, QUIPING NOT 5924 03:54:07,400 --> 03:54:09,040 ENOUGH DATA TO HOUSE, DAN TAGLE 5925 03:54:09,040 --> 03:54:10,480 AND COLLEAGUES PERSEVERED AND 5926 03:54:10,480 --> 03:54:12,640 FUNDED A DATABASE CENTER AND 5927 03:54:12,640 --> 03:54:14,720 ACTUALLY THAT'S BEEN PROVEN 5928 03:54:14,720 --> 03:54:15,720 TREMENDOUSLY USEFUL, BECAUSE NOT 5929 03:54:15,720 --> 03:54:17,240 ONLY WE BUT ALSO OTHERS HAVE 5930 03:54:17,240 --> 03:54:19,520 BEEN PUTTING DATA IN THERE, AND 5931 03:54:19,520 --> 03:54:21,520 I LOOKED AT THE NUMBERS A YEAR 5932 03:54:21,520 --> 03:54:24,400 AGO, AND DATA FROM OUR CENTER 5933 03:54:24,400 --> 03:54:26,440 WAS 85% OF ALL OF THE DATA IN 5934 03:54:26,440 --> 03:54:27,520 DATABASE AT THAT TIME. 5935 03:54:27,520 --> 03:54:28,960 AND I ASKED MY COLLEAGUES AT THE 5936 03:54:28,960 --> 03:54:30,920 DATABASE TO PULL THE DATA LAST 5937 03:54:30,920 --> 03:54:34,000 WEEK AND I'M NOW GLAD TO SEE 5938 03:54:34,000 --> 03:54:36,240 WE'RE ONLY ABOUT 35% BECAUSE 5939 03:54:36,240 --> 03:54:38,400 NCATS HAS BEEN ENCOURAGING 5940 03:54:38,400 --> 03:54:39,280 GRANTEES TO DEPOSIT INFORMATION, 5941 03:54:39,280 --> 03:54:40,920 AND IT'S NOT JUST SIMPLY ANY 5942 03:54:40,920 --> 03:54:43,000 INFORMATION BUT IT'S HIGHLY 5943 03:54:43,000 --> 03:54:44,640 STRUCTURED INFORMATION, AND THE 5944 03:54:44,640 --> 03:54:45,400 STRUCTUREDNESS OF THAT 5945 03:54:45,400 --> 03:54:47,280 INFORMATION REALLY IS THE DOOR 5946 03:54:47,280 --> 03:54:50,960 TO THE FUTURE ANALYSIS USING ANY 5947 03:54:50,960 --> 03:54:53,080 TYPES OF MACHINE LEARNING OR 5948 03:54:53,080 --> 03:54:54,600 A.I. APPROACHES. 5949 03:54:54,600 --> 03:54:55,800 NOW, JUST TO CONCLUDE, I THINK 5950 03:54:55,800 --> 03:54:58,760 HOPEFULLY WHAT WE'RE GOING TO 5951 03:54:58,760 --> 03:54:59,640 TALK ABOUT TODAY IS WHETHER OR 5952 03:54:59,640 --> 03:55:01,040 NOT NAMs REALLY ARE A SOURCE 5953 03:55:01,040 --> 03:55:05,560 OF BIG ENOUGH DATA FOR US TO 5954 03:55:05,560 --> 03:55:06,840 REALLY BRING THEM INTO THE 5955 03:55:06,840 --> 03:55:09,440 CONTEXT OF LARGE SCALE MODELING 5956 03:55:09,440 --> 03:55:10,480 OR NOT. 5957 03:55:10,480 --> 03:55:14,200 I'M NOT YET SURE THAT TRULY 5958 03:55:14,200 --> 03:55:15,920 COMPLEX NAMs HAVE PROVIDED A 5959 03:55:15,920 --> 03:55:17,360 LOT OF INFORMATION BECAUSE IN 5960 03:55:17,360 --> 03:55:20,080 THE DATABASE RIGHT NOW THERE'S 5961 03:55:20,080 --> 03:55:22,600 ABOUT 450,000 DATA POINTS, FROM, 5962 03:55:22,600 --> 03:55:25,560 YOU KNOW, DOZENS OF TISSUE CHIP 5963 03:55:25,560 --> 03:55:26,440 CENTERS. 5964 03:55:26,440 --> 03:55:29,520 THAT DOESN'T INCLUDE MICROARRAYS 5965 03:55:29,520 --> 03:55:31,600 OR RNAseq BUT IT'S REALLY 5966 03:55:31,600 --> 03:55:34,000 BIOCHEMICAL ASSAYS OR OTHER 5967 03:55:34,000 --> 03:55:36,200 TIMES OF ASSAYS THAT WE'RE 5968 03:55:36,200 --> 03:55:37,400 PHENOTYPEING THESE MODELS ON. 5969 03:55:37,400 --> 03:55:39,040 IN MY OPINION WE NEED MORE DATA, 5970 03:55:39,040 --> 03:55:41,440 WE ALSO NEED TO REALLY WORK WITH 5971 03:55:41,440 --> 03:55:43,280 THE DEVELOPERS TO MAKE SURE THEY 5972 03:55:43,280 --> 03:55:44,480 UNDERSTAND WHY THEY ARE 5973 03:55:44,480 --> 03:55:45,600 DEVELOPING CERTAIN MODELS 5974 03:55:45,600 --> 03:55:46,520 BECAUSE WE CAN HAVE A LOT OF 5975 03:55:46,520 --> 03:55:47,760 DATA BUT WE NEED TO HAVE THE 5976 03:55:47,760 --> 03:55:49,880 RIGHT KIND OF DATA FOR THESE 5977 03:55:49,880 --> 03:55:50,240 ANALYSES. 5978 03:55:50,240 --> 03:55:51,840 WITH THAT I'LL YIELD THE FLOOR 5979 03:55:51,840 --> 03:55:53,160 TO MY COLLEAGUES, AND LOOKING 5980 03:55:53,160 --> 03:55:58,000 FOR FORWARD TO THE DISCUSSION. 5981 03:55:58,000 --> 03:55:59,320 >>TERRIFIC. 5982 03:55:59,320 --> 03:56:00,960 THANK YOU SO MUCH. 5983 03:56:00,960 --> 03:56:02,360 DONNA, YOU WILL BE NEXT PLEASE. 5984 03:56:02,360 --> 03:56:02,800 >>OKAY. 5985 03:56:02,800 --> 03:56:04,320 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 5986 03:56:04,320 --> 03:56:05,400 THANK YOU FOR THE INVITATION. 5987 03:56:05,400 --> 03:56:07,480 I WANT TO START BY SAYING A 5988 03:56:07,480 --> 03:56:10,800 DISCLAIMER THAT I'M SPEAKING FOR 5989 03:56:10,800 --> 03:56:13,520 MYSELF, NOT THE FDA. 5990 03:56:13,520 --> 03:56:16,920 ALONG WITH SUZIE FITZPATRICK WE 5991 03:56:16,920 --> 03:56:18,880 CHAIR THE ALTERNATIVE METHODS 5992 03:56:18,880 --> 03:56:21,160 WORKING GROUP, I HOPE YOU'LL 5993 03:56:21,160 --> 03:56:21,840 SEARCH GOOGLE FDA ALTERNATIVES 5994 03:56:21,840 --> 03:56:24,720 YOU'LL PULL UP THE WEBSITE. 5995 03:56:24,720 --> 03:56:27,080 WE TALK ABOUT THE WORK, HAVE 5996 03:56:27,080 --> 03:56:28,920 EXAMPLES OF PEER-REVIEWED 5997 03:56:28,920 --> 03:56:29,600 PUBLICATIONS, SOME 5998 03:56:29,600 --> 03:56:30,720 PRESENTATIONS, WE'RE TRYING TO 5999 03:56:30,720 --> 03:56:31,560 INCREASE TRANSPARENCY BECAUSE 6000 03:56:31,560 --> 03:56:33,760 THE FDA IS WORKING HARD ON 6001 03:56:33,760 --> 03:56:33,960 NAMs. 6002 03:56:33,960 --> 03:56:36,600 WE HAVE A LOT OF PEOPLE WORKING 6003 03:56:36,600 --> 03:56:42,320 ON IN SILICO MODELING, ALMOST 6004 03:56:42,320 --> 03:56:43,720 EVERY CENTER HAS VARIOUS NAMs, 6005 03:56:43,720 --> 03:56:44,920 WE'RE DOING A LOT OF WORK AND 6006 03:56:44,920 --> 03:56:46,160 CAN'T SEEM TO GET THAT MESSAGE 6007 03:56:46,160 --> 03:56:47,240 OUT VERY WELL. 6008 03:56:47,240 --> 03:56:50,720 SO PLEASE LOOK AT THAT WEBSITE. 6009 03:56:50,720 --> 03:56:55,000 I HAVE A VERY ECLECTIC 6010 03:56:55,000 --> 03:56:55,960 BACKGROUND IN ACADEMIC 6011 03:56:55,960 --> 03:56:56,600 BIOTECHNOLOGY, EXPERIENCE IN IN 6012 03:56:56,600 --> 03:57:02,000 VITRO AND IN VIVO AND IN SILICO 6013 03:57:02,000 --> 03:57:02,240 MODELS. 6014 03:57:02,240 --> 03:57:05,360 I TENDS TO UNDERSTAND POSITIVE 6015 03:57:05,360 --> 03:57:07,160 AND NEGATIVES OF BOTH, I KNOW 6016 03:57:07,160 --> 03:57:13,600 IT'S OBVIOUS BUT I WANT TO MAKE 6017 03:57:13,600 --> 03:57:16,640 SURE WE NEED TO APPROACH 6018 03:57:16,640 --> 03:57:17,520 (INDISCERNIBLE) ONE THING THAT 6019 03:57:17,520 --> 03:57:21,360 BOTHERS ME IN VITRO SYSTEMS 6020 03:57:21,360 --> 03:57:22,560 PEOPLE USE TOXIC MOLECULES BUT 6021 03:57:22,560 --> 03:57:23,560 NEGATIVE CONTROL IS MEDIA. 6022 03:57:23,560 --> 03:57:25,840 THAT IS NOT CORRECT. 6023 03:57:25,840 --> 03:57:28,360 YOU NEED NEGATIVE -- USUALLY 6024 03:57:28,360 --> 03:57:30,320 COMPOUNDS DON'T CAUSE TOXICITY 6025 03:57:30,320 --> 03:57:33,720 YOU'RE LOOKING AT BECAUSE 6026 03:57:33,720 --> 03:57:35,680 OTHERWISE YOU'RE SHORT-SHIFTING 6027 03:57:35,680 --> 03:57:35,960 YOURSELF. 6028 03:57:35,960 --> 03:57:37,160 WE NEED MULTIPLE DONORS, YOU 6029 03:57:37,160 --> 03:57:39,120 KNOW, IT CAN BE HARD TO FIND 6030 03:57:39,120 --> 03:57:41,360 SOME CELLS THAT WORK IN AN MPS 6031 03:57:41,360 --> 03:57:43,240 SYSTEM, YOU MIGHT BE STUCK WITH 6032 03:57:43,240 --> 03:57:45,120 ONE OR TWO DONORS, MY CONCERN 6033 03:57:45,120 --> 03:57:47,520 ARE YOU REALLY LOOKING AT ONE 6034 03:57:47,520 --> 03:57:48,600 PERSON'S RESPONSE VERSUS 6035 03:57:48,600 --> 03:57:49,840 MULTIPLE PEOPLE, AND YOU WOULD 6036 03:57:49,840 --> 03:57:56,600 NEVER DO AN ANIMAL STUDY WITH 6037 03:57:56,600 --> 03:57:58,480 ONE ANIMAL. 6038 03:57:58,480 --> 03:58:00,160 WE NEED MULTIPLE DONORS TO 6039 03:58:00,160 --> 03:58:06,560 REFLECT ETHNICITYS, THAT CAN BE 6040 03:58:06,560 --> 03:58:07,680 DIFFICULT BECAUSE SOMETIMES, WE 6041 03:58:07,680 --> 03:58:12,360 NEED TO GO IN THAT DIRECTION. 6042 03:58:12,360 --> 03:58:14,000 YOU SEE WITH IN SILICO 6043 03:58:14,000 --> 03:58:16,400 APPROACHES WE NEED THE BEST 6044 03:58:16,400 --> 03:58:17,280 TRAINING AND TEST AVAILABLE, 6045 03:58:17,280 --> 03:58:18,160 HIGH QUALITY DATA, BUT 6046 03:58:18,160 --> 03:58:19,000 PARTICULARLY IT'S IMPORTANT HOW 6047 03:58:19,000 --> 03:58:20,680 YOU TRAIN AND TEST YOUR MODEL. 6048 03:58:20,680 --> 03:58:24,920 YOU DON'T WANT TO OVERFIT AND 6049 03:58:24,920 --> 03:58:25,400 OVERPROMISE. 6050 03:58:25,400 --> 03:58:27,240 PEOPLE ASK ABOUT STANDARDS. 6051 03:58:27,240 --> 03:58:28,360 STANDARDS ARE IMPORTANT BUT IT'S 6052 03:58:28,360 --> 03:58:29,080 ALWAYS A BALANCING ACT. 6053 03:58:29,080 --> 03:58:31,640 IF YOU PUT THEM IN PLACE TOO 6054 03:58:31,640 --> 03:58:32,680 SOON, YOU STIFLE INNOVATION. 6055 03:58:32,680 --> 03:58:33,680 IF YOU DON'T PUT SOMETHING IN 6056 03:58:33,680 --> 03:58:35,440 PLACE AT THE RIGHT TIME PEOPLE 6057 03:58:35,440 --> 03:58:35,880 CAN'T OPERATE. 6058 03:58:35,880 --> 03:58:40,720 SO IT'S ALWAYS A QUESTION WHEN 6059 03:58:40,720 --> 03:58:43,120 DO YOU SET STANDARDS. 6060 03:58:43,120 --> 03:58:44,120 INTEGRATING NAMs CAN BE 6061 03:58:44,120 --> 03:58:44,600 DIFFICULT. 6062 03:58:44,600 --> 03:58:47,800 AT THE END OF THE DAY IT WON'T 6063 03:58:47,800 --> 03:58:50,240 BE ONE MPS SYSTEMS, IT WILL BE 6064 03:58:50,240 --> 03:58:53,000 MULTIPLE, HOW YOU INTEGRATE THAT 6065 03:58:53,000 --> 03:58:55,280 DATA AND HOW YOU -- WITH FIRE 6066 03:58:55,280 --> 03:58:56,840 WALLS, FDA, IT CAN BE DIFFICULT 6067 03:58:56,840 --> 03:59:00,080 TO BRING DATA IN, ET CETERA, FOR 6068 03:59:00,080 --> 03:59:01,200 VARIOUS REASONS. 6069 03:59:01,200 --> 03:59:04,480 WHOLE DATA EXCHANGE CAN BE 6070 03:59:04,480 --> 03:59:04,800 PROBLEMATIC. 6071 03:59:04,800 --> 03:59:08,400 USERS DO NOT LIKE BLACK BOXINGS. 6072 03:59:08,400 --> 03:59:10,600 WITH A.I. MODELS, WHAT DATA, HOW 6073 03:59:10,600 --> 03:59:12,560 DID YOU TRAIN, WHAT WAS YOUR 6074 03:59:12,560 --> 03:59:13,240 ACCURACY? 6075 03:59:13,240 --> 03:59:15,600 SAME WITH IN VITRO SYSTEMS. 6076 03:59:15,600 --> 03:59:16,880 WE PROVIDED AS MUCH DATA AS YOU 6077 03:59:16,880 --> 03:59:21,000 CAN, YOU NEED TO BUILD 6078 03:59:21,000 --> 03:59:21,360 CONFIDENCE. 6079 03:59:21,360 --> 03:59:23,800 AND PEOPLE ARE HARD WIRED NOT TO 6080 03:59:23,800 --> 03:59:25,080 ACCEPT CHANGE. 6081 03:59:25,080 --> 03:59:29,400 I THINK SCIENTISTS ARE SUPPOSED 6082 03:59:29,400 --> 03:59:31,040 TO BE MORE OPEN BUT WE'RE 6083 03:59:31,040 --> 03:59:32,200 PEOPLE, IT'S THE SAME WITH US. 6084 03:59:32,200 --> 03:59:34,600 YOU HAVE TO WIN HEARTS AND 6085 03:59:34,600 --> 03:59:34,800 MINDS. 6086 03:59:34,800 --> 03:59:37,680 AS TERRY MENTIONED EARLIER ONE 6087 03:59:37,680 --> 03:59:44,040 OF THE THINGS WE HEATHER FROM 6088 03:59:44,040 --> 03:59:44,760 VARIOUS PHARMACEUTICAL 6089 03:59:44,760 --> 03:59:46,520 COMPANIES, IN THE RAD SYSTEM YOU 6090 03:59:46,520 --> 03:59:50,480 HAVE A LOT OF IN VIVO DATA, AN 6091 03:59:50,480 --> 03:59:53,560 IDEA OF TIMING, DOSE, RESPONSES, 6092 03:59:53,560 --> 03:59:55,520 HISTOPATHOLOGY, IN HUMAN EVEN IF 6093 03:59:55,520 --> 03:59:57,440 HAVE YOU ADVERSE EVENT, IN A 6094 03:59:57,440 --> 03:59:59,200 CLINIC, YOU RARELY DO A BIOPSY 6095 03:59:59,200 --> 04:00:01,080 SO YOU DON'T UNDERSTAND A LOT OF 6096 04:00:01,080 --> 04:00:02,400 WHAT DAMAGE IT CAUSED. 6097 04:00:02,400 --> 04:00:04,600 SO PEOPLE THINK YOU CAN JUST GO 6098 04:00:04,600 --> 04:00:06,560 FROM HUMAN MPS TO HUMAN IN VIVO 6099 04:00:06,560 --> 04:00:08,840 BUT A LOT OF PEOPLE ARE 6100 04:00:08,840 --> 04:00:10,280 EXPRESSING THE FACT THEY ARE NOT 6101 04:00:10,280 --> 04:00:12,800 GOING TO HAVE CONFIDENCE IF THEY 6102 04:00:12,800 --> 04:00:14,200 CAN'T COMPLETE THE PARALLELOGRAM 6103 04:00:14,200 --> 04:00:18,480 AND LOOK AT CONCORDANCE BETWEEN 6104 04:00:18,480 --> 04:00:24,360 RATS AND IN VIVO AND IN VITRO. 6105 04:00:24,360 --> 04:00:25,600 ANIMAL MSS ARE NEEDED, THE 6106 04:00:25,600 --> 04:00:27,760 CHALLENGE IS NO ONE IS FUNDING 6107 04:00:27,760 --> 04:00:28,760 ANIMAL VERSION, WE NEED TO FIND 6108 04:00:28,760 --> 04:00:32,400 SOME WAY TO FUND ANIMAL VERSIONS 6109 04:00:32,400 --> 04:00:35,000 TO SERVE PURPOSES BUT HELP BUILD 6110 04:00:35,000 --> 04:00:36,000 CONFIDENCE IN HUMAN MPS IF 6111 04:00:36,000 --> 04:00:38,520 YOU'RE GOING TO MAKE THAT 6112 04:00:38,520 --> 04:00:40,840 CONCORDANCE. 6113 04:00:40,840 --> 04:00:42,440 AGAIN, I DON'T THINK IT HAS TO 6114 04:00:42,440 --> 04:00:45,200 BE DONE FOR EVERY SCENARIO BUT 6115 04:00:45,200 --> 04:00:47,200 YOU NEED SOME DATA N HUMAN 6116 04:00:47,200 --> 04:00:54,720 DELIVER WITH A HUMAN MPS, FOR 6117 04:00:54,720 --> 04:00:57,160 EXAMPLE, SHOW ALL TYPES YOU SEE 6118 04:00:57,160 --> 04:00:59,120 IN THE CLINIC. 6119 04:00:59,120 --> 04:01:01,440 I'VE BEEN INVOLVED IN DISRUPTIVE 6120 04:01:01,440 --> 04:01:03,080 TECHNOLOGY FOR MANY YEARS. 6121 04:01:03,080 --> 04:01:05,480 WHAT I CONTINUALLY SEE IS PEOPLE 6122 04:01:05,480 --> 04:01:05,800 OVERSELL. 6123 04:01:05,800 --> 04:01:10,200 AND I KNOW WHY YOU OVERSELL AT 6124 04:01:10,200 --> 04:01:11,720 THE BEGINNING TRYING TO BUILD 6125 04:01:11,720 --> 04:01:12,920 P.R. AND GET FUNDING BUT THAT 6126 04:01:12,920 --> 04:01:17,280 COMES BACK AND STOPS THE WHOLE 6127 04:01:17,280 --> 04:01:18,280 FIELD, NOTHING IS 100% PERFECT 6128 04:01:18,280 --> 04:01:22,280 AND WILL SOLVE ALL THE NEEDS, 6129 04:01:22,280 --> 04:01:23,520 PEOPLE GET DISENFRANCHISED WITH 6130 04:01:23,520 --> 04:01:24,960 YOUR APPROACH AND IT CAN TAKE 6131 04:01:24,960 --> 04:01:26,400 DECADES TO COME BACK OUT. 6132 04:01:26,400 --> 04:01:30,480 WE NEED TO FIND WAYS TO 6133 04:01:30,480 --> 04:01:31,960 UNDERSELL AND OVERDELIVER, THE 6134 04:01:31,960 --> 04:01:35,280 ONLY WAY WE'RE MOVING FORWARD. 6135 04:01:35,280 --> 04:01:39,640 I'LL END WITH THAT. 6136 04:01:39,640 --> 04:01:40,560 >>OKAY. 6137 04:01:40,560 --> 04:01:42,160 THANKS SO MUCH, DONNA. 6138 04:01:42,160 --> 04:01:43,800 IT WAS GREAT. 6139 04:01:43,800 --> 04:01:47,200 ANNE, YOU WOULD BE NEXT. 6140 04:01:47,200 --> 04:01:49,400 >>HELLO. 6141 04:01:49,400 --> 04:01:53,240 GOOD AFTERNOON, I GUESS. 6142 04:01:53,240 --> 04:01:56,080 I'M ANNE GOURMELON, I COME FROM 6143 04:01:56,080 --> 04:01:59,120 THE SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT CONTEXT 6144 04:01:59,120 --> 04:02:04,360 OF WORK WHERE AT OECD WE DEAL 6145 04:02:04,360 --> 04:02:08,160 WITH SETTING STANDARDS FOR 6146 04:02:08,160 --> 04:02:09,760 TESTING -- WELL, METHODOLOGIES 6147 04:02:09,760 --> 04:02:15,800 TO TEST AND ASSESS CHEMICALS. 6148 04:02:15,800 --> 04:02:20,720 AND MOSTLY BY CHEMICALS WE MEAN 6149 04:02:20,720 --> 04:02:22,680 PESTICIDES, INDUSTRIAL 6150 04:02:22,680 --> 04:02:24,480 CHEMICALS, NANOMATERIALS, 6151 04:02:24,480 --> 04:02:29,640 COSMETICS, BUT NOT NECESSARILY 6152 04:02:29,640 --> 04:02:30,240 PHARMACEUTICAL DRUGS. 6153 04:02:30,240 --> 04:02:34,920 AND THIS COMES WITH THE 6154 04:02:34,920 --> 04:02:37,560 CHALLENGE OF HAVING LIMITED DATA 6155 04:02:37,560 --> 04:02:42,040 TO BUILD THOSE STANDARDS, AND TO 6156 04:02:42,040 --> 04:02:44,960 REACH REGULATORY ACCEPTANCE OF 6157 04:02:44,960 --> 04:02:45,920 THE METHODS. 6158 04:02:45,920 --> 04:02:49,680 SO REALLY HAVE TWO POINTS. 6159 04:02:49,680 --> 04:02:51,920 ONE OF THE CHALLENGES I SEE IN 6160 04:02:51,920 --> 04:02:54,960 THE CASE OF NAMs FOR CHEMICAL 6161 04:02:54,960 --> 04:02:58,080 SAFETY TESTING AS I SAID IS THE 6162 04:02:58,080 --> 04:03:01,480 LACK OF OR LIMITED DATA 6163 04:03:01,480 --> 04:03:02,480 AVAILABLE, ESPECIALLY FROM 6164 04:03:02,480 --> 04:03:04,520 HUMAN, WHICH IS THE TARGET 6165 04:03:04,520 --> 04:03:05,400 SPECIES, RIGHT? 6166 04:03:05,400 --> 04:03:08,680 AND THEREFORE THERE'S REALLY A 6167 04:03:08,680 --> 04:03:12,840 STRONG NEED TO BUILD CONSENSUS 6168 04:03:12,840 --> 04:03:16,800 DATABASES TOGETHER THAT CAN BE 6169 04:03:16,800 --> 04:03:17,680 AUGMENTED AS EXPERIENCE IS 6170 04:03:17,680 --> 04:03:26,240 GAINED AND ALTERNATIVE DATA IS 6171 04:03:26,240 --> 04:03:26,480 GENERATED. 6172 04:03:26,480 --> 04:03:30,040 BUT STRUCTURED DATABASES THAT 6173 04:03:30,040 --> 04:03:33,560 WOULD IDEALLY ALSO ENCOMPASS 6174 04:03:33,560 --> 04:03:35,960 PREPARATORY DATA, WE'VE HEARD 6175 04:03:35,960 --> 04:03:40,240 EARLIER TODAY FROM NICOLE AND 6176 04:03:40,240 --> 04:03:42,840 FROM OTHERS, I THINK TERRY WAS 6177 04:03:42,840 --> 04:03:45,560 MENTIONING ALSO ENCRYPTION OF 6178 04:03:45,560 --> 04:03:49,960 DATA, OR WAYS TO PROTECT THE 6179 04:03:49,960 --> 04:03:51,920 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OF THOSE 6180 04:03:51,920 --> 04:03:54,560 WHO HAVE GENERATED THOSE DATA OF 6181 04:03:54,560 --> 04:03:59,400 COURSE, BUT IT'S REALLY 6182 04:03:59,400 --> 04:04:03,880 IMPORTANT TO HAVE CONSENSUS 6183 04:04:03,880 --> 04:04:04,720 DATABASES THAT ALL OPERATORS CAN 6184 04:04:04,720 --> 04:04:07,160 USE TO PUT THEM ON ALMOST EQUAL 6185 04:04:07,160 --> 04:04:08,680 FOOTING BECAUSE THEN WHEN 6186 04:04:08,680 --> 04:04:11,200 PUTTING THEM ON EQUAL FOOTING 6187 04:04:11,200 --> 04:04:13,920 YOU ALSO INCREASE THE 6188 04:04:13,920 --> 04:04:14,880 COMPETITION AMONG THEM, WITH THE 6189 04:04:14,880 --> 04:04:20,520 VIEW TO HAVE, YOU KNOW, THE BEST 6190 04:04:20,520 --> 04:04:24,600 AVAILABLE METHODOLOGIES AMONG 6191 04:04:24,600 --> 04:04:27,760 ALL THOSE EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, 6192 04:04:27,760 --> 04:04:30,240 AND IT'S PRETTY IMPORTANT TO 6193 04:04:30,240 --> 04:04:32,520 HAVE THESE CONSENSUS DATABASES. 6194 04:04:32,520 --> 04:04:33,920 WE HAVE SEEN, FOR INSTANCE, 6195 04:04:33,920 --> 04:04:36,040 NICOLE AND OTHERS WERE 6196 04:04:36,040 --> 04:04:37,680 MENTIONING THIS MORNING THE WORK 6197 04:04:37,680 --> 04:04:42,280 THAT HAS BEEN DONE ON SKIN 6198 04:04:42,280 --> 04:04:44,840 SENSITIZATION, AND PEOPLE THAT 6199 04:04:44,840 --> 04:04:46,920 NICOLE MAY KNOW VERY WELL THAT 6200 04:04:46,920 --> 04:04:52,600 PRIOR TO DIVING INTO 6201 04:04:52,600 --> 04:04:54,520 INTEGRATION OF NAMs, THE 6202 04:04:54,520 --> 04:05:00,280 DIFFERENT IN VITRO, IN CHEMICO, 6203 04:05:00,280 --> 04:05:02,480 IN SILICO METHODS TO MAKE SENSE 6204 04:05:02,480 --> 04:05:07,200 OF THEM FOR SPECIFIC USE 6205 04:05:07,200 --> 04:05:09,160 CONTEXT, IT HAS BEEN ESSENTIAL 6206 04:05:09,160 --> 04:05:14,880 TO COME TO SOME AGREEMENT WITH 6207 04:05:14,880 --> 04:05:16,160 THE REGULATORS ON CONSENSUS 6208 04:05:16,160 --> 04:05:18,560 DATABASE OF SUFFICIENT NUMBER OF 6209 04:05:18,560 --> 04:05:21,400 CHEMICALS INCLUDING THE 6210 04:05:21,400 --> 04:05:21,960 NEGATIVES. 6211 04:05:21,960 --> 04:05:26,440 IT'S VERY DIFFICULT TO FIND AND 6212 04:05:26,440 --> 04:05:29,160 FIND NEGATIVE DATA, TRULY 6213 04:05:29,160 --> 04:05:32,680 NEGATIVE DATA, AND VERY OFTEN 6214 04:05:32,680 --> 04:05:35,200 DATABASES WILL BE SKEWED TOWARDS 6215 04:05:35,200 --> 04:05:38,400 POSITIVE CHEMICALS, AND WE KNOW 6216 04:05:38,400 --> 04:05:42,440 VERY WELL THAT FOR MODELS TO 6217 04:05:42,440 --> 04:05:46,160 BE -- MODELS, METHODS, TO BE 6218 04:05:46,160 --> 04:05:48,960 TRUSTED, THEY HAVE TO EQUALLY 6219 04:05:48,960 --> 04:05:51,720 PREDICT A RANGE OF POSSIBLE 6220 04:05:51,720 --> 04:05:52,920 RESPONSES AND NOT ONLY THE -- 6221 04:05:52,920 --> 04:05:57,520 YOU KNOW, THE POSITIVE OR THE 6222 04:05:57,520 --> 04:05:59,760 STRONGEST ACTIVE SUBSTANCES. 6223 04:05:59,760 --> 04:06:02,960 SO, THAT WAS ONE OF MY POINTS. 6224 04:06:02,960 --> 04:06:05,040 THE OTHER ONE, YEAH, AND ALSO 6225 04:06:05,040 --> 04:06:07,160 THE DATABASES NEED TO BE PUBLIC, 6226 04:06:07,160 --> 04:06:08,240 OF COURSE. 6227 04:06:08,240 --> 04:06:11,000 ANOTHER POINT I WANTED TO MAKE 6228 04:06:11,000 --> 04:06:18,000 IS THAT IN -- ESPECIALLY IN 6229 04:06:18,000 --> 04:06:20,880 CHEMICAL SAFETY TESTING, 6230 04:06:20,880 --> 04:06:22,120 REGULATORY PURPOSES, WE NEED TO 6231 04:06:22,120 --> 04:06:30,240 BE A LITTLE BIT BETTER AT 6232 04:06:30,240 --> 04:06:31,560 UNDERSTANDING, UNDERSTANDING AND 6233 04:06:31,560 --> 04:06:36,240 USING IN A COMPREHENSIVE MANNER 6234 04:06:36,240 --> 04:06:38,440 DIVERSITY OF MATHEMATICAL 6235 04:06:38,440 --> 04:06:41,480 APPROACHES, STATISTICAL 6236 04:06:41,480 --> 04:06:45,440 APPROACHES, THAT HELP US, I 6237 04:06:45,440 --> 04:06:52,800 WOULD SAY, FILL THE GAP OF THESE 6238 04:06:52,800 --> 04:06:56,120 LIMITED DATA AVAILABLE, SO BY 6239 04:06:56,120 --> 04:06:58,920 DOING SIMULATIONS, THERE ARE ALL 6240 04:06:58,920 --> 04:07:00,520 KINDS OF APPROACHES, 6241 04:07:00,520 --> 04:07:01,200 BOOTSTRAPING, CROSS-VALIDATION, 6242 04:07:01,200 --> 04:07:03,280 A LOT OF DIFFERENT METHODS FOR 6243 04:07:03,280 --> 04:07:05,640 DIFFERENT PURPOSES, OF COURSE, 6244 04:07:05,640 --> 04:07:09,440 BUT THEY REALLY HELP IN THE CASE 6245 04:07:09,440 --> 04:07:12,600 OF LIMITED DATASETS, ESPECIALLY 6246 04:07:12,600 --> 04:07:14,480 WHEN DATASETS FOR TRAINING AND 6247 04:07:14,480 --> 04:07:17,320 FOR TEST -- FOR METHOD 6248 04:07:17,320 --> 04:07:19,080 VALIDATION ARE A BIT OVERLAPING. 6249 04:07:19,080 --> 04:07:21,600 IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT TO BE ABLE 6250 04:07:21,600 --> 04:07:25,960 TO USE OTHER APPROACHES AND TO 6251 04:07:25,960 --> 04:07:27,920 GUIDE REGULATORS TO MAKE THEM 6252 04:07:27,920 --> 04:07:29,800 UNDERSTAND, SO TO SPEND A LOT OF 6253 04:07:29,800 --> 04:07:32,000 TIME WITH THEM, TRAINING THEM, 6254 04:07:32,000 --> 04:07:34,600 MAKING THEM UNDERSTAND WHAT ALL 6255 04:07:34,600 --> 04:07:40,080 THESE MATHEMATICAL APPROACHES 6256 04:07:40,080 --> 04:07:42,360 ARE ABOUT, AND RECENTLY AT AN 6257 04:07:42,360 --> 04:07:44,680 OECD MEETING OF THE CHEMICALS 6258 04:07:44,680 --> 04:07:46,800 AND BIOTECHNOLOGY COMMITTEE, 6259 04:07:46,800 --> 04:07:48,480 EARLY JULY, FOR THE FIRST TIME 6260 04:07:48,480 --> 04:07:52,320 MEMBER COUNTRIES HAVE SAID THAT 6261 04:07:52,320 --> 04:07:55,640 THEY REALLY NEED -- THEY SEE 6262 04:07:55,640 --> 04:08:01,640 A.I. A ONE OF THESE BIG DATA, 6263 04:08:01,640 --> 04:08:03,360 BIG TECHNOLOGY WHERE THEY DON'T 6264 04:08:03,360 --> 04:08:05,640 HAVE CAPACITY AT NATIONAL LEVEL 6265 04:08:05,640 --> 04:08:09,320 TO REALLY APPROACH A.I., AND 6266 04:08:09,320 --> 04:08:14,000 HAVE THE CONFIDENCE NEEDED TO 6267 04:08:14,000 --> 04:08:16,200 UPTAKE A.I. AS, YOU KNOW, A 6268 04:08:16,200 --> 04:08:18,200 METHOD OR TECHNOLOGY TO 6269 04:08:18,200 --> 04:08:19,400 INTEGRATE ALL DATA AVAILABLE, SO 6270 04:08:19,400 --> 04:08:23,840 I THINK IT'S REALLY CRITICAL TO 6271 04:08:23,840 --> 04:08:28,040 ADDRESS THESE NEEDS. 6272 04:08:28,040 --> 04:08:30,440 IT'S ABOUT DATA, LEVERAGING 6273 04:08:30,440 --> 04:08:31,480 DIVERSE DATASETS FOR MAXIMALLY 6274 04:08:31,480 --> 04:08:32,760 USED NAMs, RIGHT? 6275 04:08:32,760 --> 04:08:37,240 THAT'S THE THEME OF OUR SESSION. 6276 04:08:37,240 --> 04:08:40,920 THESE WERE MY TWO KEY MESSAGES. 6277 04:08:40,920 --> 04:08:41,880 MIND THE TECHNOLOGICAL GAP. 6278 04:08:41,880 --> 04:08:44,960 >>THANKS SO MUCH, ANNE. 6279 04:08:44,960 --> 04:08:45,760 JAMES, YOU'RE NEXT. 6280 04:08:45,760 --> 04:08:46,000 >>GREAT. 6281 04:08:46,000 --> 04:08:48,280 THANK YOU VERY MUCH TO THE 6282 04:08:48,280 --> 04:08:50,760 ORGANIZERS AND EXCITED TO BE 6283 04:08:50,760 --> 04:08:53,000 ABLE TO PARTICIPATE. 6284 04:08:53,000 --> 04:08:56,240 I'LL BE TALKING ABOUT A.I. 6285 04:08:56,240 --> 04:08:57,440 ENABLEED IN SILICO APPROACHES, 6286 04:08:57,440 --> 04:09:00,400 IN SILICO DATA, AS RESOURCE FOR 6287 04:09:00,400 --> 04:09:00,840 NAM. 6288 04:09:00,840 --> 04:09:04,800 AND A.I. HAS BEEN -- ESPECIALLY 6289 04:09:04,800 --> 04:09:07,200 GENERATIVE MAKING ADVANCES 6290 04:09:07,200 --> 04:09:07,760 RECENTLY. 6291 04:09:07,760 --> 04:09:10,600 YOU'VE BEEN USING CHAT GPT AND 6292 04:09:10,600 --> 04:09:10,960 LANGUAGE MODELS. 6293 04:09:10,960 --> 04:09:13,760 WE'RE IN AN INTERESTING TIME 6294 04:09:13,760 --> 04:09:15,920 WHERE A.I. APPROACHES CAN BE 6295 04:09:15,920 --> 04:09:18,240 USED TO GENERATE IN SILICO DATA 6296 04:09:18,240 --> 04:09:19,680 FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH 6297 04:09:19,680 --> 04:09:21,640 ESPECIALLY IN SETTINGS WHERE 6298 04:09:21,640 --> 04:09:23,280 EXPERIMENTS ARE NOT FEASIBLE OR 6299 04:09:23,280 --> 04:09:25,280 JUST TOO EXPENSIVE TO PERFORM. 6300 04:09:25,280 --> 04:09:28,000 IN SILICO APPROACHES CAN HELP US 6301 04:09:28,000 --> 04:09:29,640 GENERATE SOME INITIAL 6302 04:09:29,640 --> 04:09:30,840 PRELIMINARY INSIGHTS. 6303 04:09:30,840 --> 04:09:33,640 I WANT TO ILLUSTRATE BY GIVING 6304 04:09:33,640 --> 04:09:36,880 THREE QUICK EXAMPLES TO MAKE IT 6305 04:09:36,880 --> 04:09:39,040 CONCRETE OF HOW GENERATIVE A.I. 6306 04:09:39,040 --> 04:09:41,440 CAN HELP US APPROACH NAM. 6307 04:09:41,440 --> 04:09:44,080 FIRST EXAMPLE USING PROTEIN 6308 04:09:44,080 --> 04:09:46,800 LANGUAGE MODELS, APPROACH FOR IN 6309 04:09:46,800 --> 04:09:49,680 SILICO DATA FOR VARIANT 6310 04:09:49,680 --> 04:09:50,120 INTERPRETATION. 6311 04:09:50,120 --> 04:09:50,960 THERE'S BEEN EXCITING 6312 04:09:50,960 --> 04:09:55,680 DEVELOPMENT BASED ON TRAINING 6313 04:09:55,680 --> 04:09:58,840 LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS, PROTEIN 6314 04:09:58,840 --> 04:10:00,720 IMMUNOASSAY DATA, TO PREDICT 6315 04:10:00,720 --> 04:10:02,440 PROTEIN STRUCTURE, ALPHA FOLD IS 6316 04:10:02,440 --> 04:10:04,760 ONE EXAMPLE, BECOMING A POWERFUL 6317 04:10:04,760 --> 04:10:07,200 RESOURCE FOR IN SILICO VARIANT 6318 04:10:07,200 --> 04:10:07,840 INTERPRETATION, BASICALLY ONE 6319 04:10:07,840 --> 04:10:09,240 THING PEOPLE CAN DO NOW IS LOOK 6320 04:10:09,240 --> 04:10:11,680 AT IF YOU HAVE A PARTICULAR 6321 04:10:11,680 --> 04:10:13,760 CODING MUTATION YOU CAN 6322 04:10:13,760 --> 04:10:19,000 INTRODUCE THAT IN IN SILICO INTO 6323 04:10:19,000 --> 04:10:22,720 PROTEIN SEQUENCE, HOW DOES THAT 6324 04:10:22,720 --> 04:10:23,800 AFFECT THE LANGUAGE MODELS, TO 6325 04:10:23,800 --> 04:10:30,160 ASSESS ALL THE POSSIBLE CODING 6326 04:10:30,160 --> 04:10:31,760 MUTATIONS TO ANNOTATE FUNCTIONAL 6327 04:10:31,760 --> 04:10:32,280 VARIATIONS. 6328 04:10:32,280 --> 04:10:36,840 WE STILL NEED TO VALIDATE THIS 6329 04:10:36,840 --> 04:10:38,360 USING DATA FROM THE SCAN BUT 6330 04:10:38,360 --> 04:10:41,640 IT'S A POWERFUL RESOURCE FOR THE 6331 04:10:41,640 --> 04:10:42,760 COMMUNITY. 6332 04:10:42,760 --> 04:10:44,080 SECOND EXAMPLE IS USING 6333 04:10:44,080 --> 04:10:52,280 GENERATIVE A.I. MODELS TO 6334 04:10:52,280 --> 04:10:53,160 GENERATE SYNTHETIC DATA, MAYBE 6335 04:10:53,160 --> 04:10:55,880 BECAUSE IT'S TOO EXPENSIVE. 6336 04:10:55,880 --> 04:10:58,080 ONE EXAMPLE IS ONE AREA WE'VE 6337 04:10:58,080 --> 04:10:59,720 BEEN EXPLORING RECENTLY TO 6338 04:10:59,720 --> 04:11:05,960 BASICALLY USE A.I. TO 6339 04:11:05,960 --> 04:11:06,800 COMPUTATIONAL GENERATE SPATIAL 6340 04:11:06,800 --> 04:11:08,240 TRANSCRIPTOMICS AND POET QUOTEIC 6341 04:11:08,240 --> 04:11:11,520 DATA FROM WIDELY AVAILABLE 6342 04:11:11,520 --> 04:11:12,280 HISTOLOGY IMAGES, ROUTINELY 6343 04:11:12,280 --> 04:11:22,840 COLLECTED C OLLECTED IN CLINICAL 6344 04:11:38,600 --> 04:11:38,800 WORKFLOWS. 6345 04:11:38,800 --> 04:11:39,600 THAT PROVIDES RICHER INFORMATION 6346 04:11:39,600 --> 04:11:46,480 BEYOND WHAT PEOPLE CAN NORMALLY 6347 04:11:46,480 --> 04:11:46,920 OBTAIN. 6348 04:11:46,920 --> 04:11:48,040 THIRD IS USING SYNTHETIC DATA 6349 04:11:48,040 --> 04:11:49,360 FOR CLINICAL TRIALS, ESPECIALLY 6350 04:11:49,360 --> 04:11:51,680 BY COMBINING A.I. WITH LARGE 6351 04:11:51,680 --> 04:11:53,480 SCALE DATA FROM ELECTRONIC 6352 04:11:53,480 --> 04:11:54,160 HEALTH RECORDS. 6353 04:11:54,160 --> 04:11:56,640 THIS IS ALSO A REALLY EXCITING 6354 04:11:56,640 --> 04:12:01,160 AREA OF A.I.-BASED IN SILICO 6355 04:12:01,160 --> 04:12:02,400 APPROACHES, SO ONE AREA PEOPLE 6356 04:12:02,400 --> 04:12:07,000 ARE USING THIS TO HELP US 6357 04:12:07,000 --> 04:12:09,760 UNDERSTAND EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT 6358 04:12:09,760 --> 04:12:11,800 OFF-LABEL USAGES, DRUGS APPROVED 6359 04:12:11,800 --> 04:12:13,200 FOR ONE INDICATION BUT USED 6360 04:12:13,200 --> 04:12:15,000 OFF-LABEL IN OTHER INDICATIONS 6361 04:12:15,000 --> 04:12:16,040 TO -- INSTEAD OF RUNNING A 6362 04:12:16,040 --> 04:12:18,040 CLINICAL TRIAL TO TEST OFF-LABEL 6363 04:12:18,040 --> 04:12:22,080 USAGES WHICH CAN BE VERY 6364 04:12:22,080 --> 04:12:26,240 EXPENSIVE PEOPLE CAN JUST LOOK 6365 04:12:26,240 --> 04:12:32,920 AT REAL WORLD DATA FROM THE 6366 04:12:32,920 --> 04:12:37,080 CHART, 6367 04:12:37,080 --> 04:12:37,920 [AUDIO DISTORTION] 6368 04:12:37,920 --> 04:12:38,800 BASEED ON CONTROL ARMS. 6369 04:12:38,800 --> 04:12:41,560 IT GIVES A FAST WAY TO PROVIDE 6370 04:12:41,560 --> 04:12:44,840 INSIGHT INTO EFFICACY AND SAFETY 6371 04:12:44,840 --> 04:12:46,040 OF THESE OFF-LABEL USAGES. 6372 04:12:46,040 --> 04:12:48,240 SIMILAR PEOPLE ARE USING A.I. TO 6373 04:12:48,240 --> 04:12:50,000 GENERATE SYNTHETIC CONTROL ARMS 6374 04:12:50,000 --> 04:12:54,240 THAT CAN THEN BE HELPED TO 6375 04:12:54,240 --> 04:12:56,440 AUGMENT CONTROL ARMS OF THEIR 6376 04:12:56,440 --> 04:12:57,520 ACTUAL CLINICAL TRIALS. 6377 04:12:57,520 --> 04:12:59,080 I THINK GOING FORWARD THERE'S 6378 04:12:59,080 --> 04:13:00,600 ALSO A LOT OF POTENTIAL 6379 04:13:00,600 --> 04:13:05,600 OPPORTUNITIES FOR USING THINGS 6380 04:13:05,600 --> 04:13:07,360 LIKE CHATGPT TO HELP US ORGANIZE 6381 04:13:07,360 --> 04:13:13,520 AND INDEX COMPLEX BIOMEDICAL 6382 04:13:13,520 --> 04:13:16,440 DATA, ESPECIALLY FOR NAMs. 6383 04:13:16,440 --> 04:13:18,000 DATABASES, IT'S HARDER TO WORK 6384 04:13:18,000 --> 04:13:19,960 WITH DIFFERENT DATABASES FROM 6385 04:13:19,960 --> 04:13:20,880 DIFFERENT SOURCES, AND LANGUAGE 6386 04:13:20,880 --> 04:13:24,120 MODELS CAN BE A WAY TO PROVIDE 6387 04:13:24,120 --> 04:13:24,960 MORE NATURAL LANGUAGE 6388 04:13:24,960 --> 04:13:26,840 INTERFACES, HOW TO HELP OTHER 6389 04:13:26,840 --> 04:13:28,840 RESEARCHERS ACCESS AND TO WORK 6390 04:13:28,840 --> 04:13:30,440 WITH THESE DIVERSE NAMs 6391 04:13:30,440 --> 04:13:34,960 RESOURCES. 6392 04:13:34,960 --> 04:13:36,280 >>THANK YOU, JAMES. 6393 04:13:36,280 --> 04:13:38,120 JOHN, YOU'RE NEXT AND LAST 6394 04:13:38,120 --> 04:13:40,520 BEFORE WE SWITCH TO QUESTIONS. 6395 04:13:40,520 --> 04:13:41,600 >>THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 6396 04:13:41,600 --> 04:13:44,680 I ALSO WOULD LIKE TO THANK THE 6397 04:13:44,680 --> 04:13:47,560 ORGANIZERS FOR INVITEING ME TO 6398 04:13:47,560 --> 04:13:47,880 CONTRIBUTE. 6399 04:13:47,880 --> 04:13:50,400 THIS IS A VERY EXCITING 6400 04:13:50,400 --> 04:13:52,200 OPPORTUNITY FOR US AS A SOCIETY 6401 04:13:52,200 --> 04:13:53,120 AND SCIENCE. 6402 04:13:53,120 --> 04:13:53,640 SO THANK YOU. 6403 04:13:53,640 --> 04:13:55,960 I'D LIKE TO START BY SAYING THAT 6404 04:13:55,960 --> 04:13:59,440 I'M PRETTY PASSIONATE ABOUT 6405 04:13:59,440 --> 04:14:07,240 USING SYSTEMS MODELING, FRANKLY 6406 04:14:07,240 --> 04:14:08,880 HELPING PATIENTS, IT'S EXCITING 6407 04:14:08,880 --> 04:14:11,840 TO USE MATHEMATICS AND 6408 04:14:11,840 --> 04:14:14,560 SIMULATION, WHETHER YOU'RE A 6409 04:14:14,560 --> 04:14:16,960 PHYSICIST, BIOLOGIST, COMPUTER 6410 04:14:16,960 --> 04:14:19,720 SCIENTIST, TO HELP PATIENTS 6411 04:14:19,720 --> 04:14:22,440 DESIGN BETTER THERAPYS OR STOP 6412 04:14:22,440 --> 04:14:24,200 THERAPYS THAT SHOULD NOT WORK, 6413 04:14:24,200 --> 04:14:25,200 SAVING TIME AND MONEY. 6414 04:14:25,200 --> 04:14:27,360 I LIKE TO COMPARE THIS TO PRETTY 6415 04:14:27,360 --> 04:14:30,000 MUCH ANY OTHER KIND OF 6416 04:14:30,000 --> 04:14:33,400 ENGINEERING IN OTHER FIELDS, 6417 04:14:33,400 --> 04:14:35,040 WHETHER COMPUTER ENGINEER, 6418 04:14:35,040 --> 04:14:35,880 ARTICLE ENGINEER, CHEMICAL 6419 04:14:35,880 --> 04:14:37,520 ENGINEER, WHERE YOU WORK ON THE 6420 04:14:37,520 --> 04:14:38,680 INTERFACE OF HUMANITY AND 6421 04:14:38,680 --> 04:14:41,680 PRODUCTS AND TRYING TO MAKE 6422 04:14:41,680 --> 04:14:42,360 THINGS BETTER, OPTIMIZATION, 6423 04:14:42,360 --> 04:14:45,880 WE'RE DOING THE VERY SAME THING 6424 04:14:45,880 --> 04:14:47,040 HERE USING SYSTEMS APPROACHES. 6425 04:14:47,040 --> 04:14:49,800 TO BE CLEAR A LOT OF HYBRID 6426 04:14:49,800 --> 04:14:53,520 APPROACHES, WHEN I SAY SYSTEMS I 6427 04:14:53,520 --> 04:14:55,960 MEAN ORDER DIFFERENTIAL 6428 04:14:55,960 --> 04:14:58,800 EQUATIONS, SOMETIMES HYBRID 6429 04:14:58,800 --> 04:14:59,560 APPROACHES, SYSTEMS OF 6430 04:14:59,560 --> 04:15:01,840 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH 6431 04:15:01,840 --> 04:15:02,800 MACHINE LEARNING, WHICH I HOPE 6432 04:15:02,800 --> 04:15:06,560 I'LL HAVE TIME TO GET INTO. 6433 04:15:06,560 --> 04:15:09,640 BUT WE FOCUS ON THIS, TO YOUR 6434 04:15:09,640 --> 04:15:12,360 POINT, WHERE NOBODY LIKES BLACK 6435 04:15:12,360 --> 04:15:13,360 BOXES. 6436 04:15:13,360 --> 04:15:21,040 IF YOU TAKE STANDARD PK PT 6437 04:15:21,040 --> 04:15:23,200 MODELING, THERE'S A LOT KNOWN, 6438 04:15:23,200 --> 04:15:26,080 WE NEED THAT, WHEN I TALK ABOUT 6439 04:15:26,080 --> 04:15:27,160 SYSTEMS MODELING EVERYONE IN 6440 04:15:27,160 --> 04:15:29,680 THEIR MIND HAS A PICTURE HOW A 6441 04:15:29,680 --> 04:15:31,400 DISEASE WORKS. 6442 04:15:31,400 --> 04:15:32,320 BIOLOGY IS COMPLEX. 6443 04:15:32,320 --> 04:15:36,560 WE HAVE A PICTURE OF HOW THERAPY 6444 04:15:36,560 --> 04:15:39,760 WORKS, WHETHER IT'S A 6445 04:15:39,760 --> 04:15:40,720 TETRAVALENT BINDER, YOU'RE DOING 6446 04:15:40,720 --> 04:15:44,440 THIS BECAUSE YOU WANT TO GO TO A 6447 04:15:44,440 --> 04:15:45,760 CERTAIN TISSUE, SPARE OTHERS, OR 6448 04:15:45,760 --> 04:15:47,640 A GENE THERAPY OF SOME KIND. 6449 04:15:47,640 --> 04:15:49,880 THIS IS A REASON WHY. 6450 04:15:49,880 --> 04:15:52,520 AND THEN TYPICALLY AT LEAST WHEN 6451 04:15:52,520 --> 04:15:54,920 I'M DOING THESE SYSTEMS MODELING 6452 04:15:54,920 --> 04:15:56,360 APPROACHES YOU CONVERT THESE 6453 04:15:56,360 --> 04:15:58,680 PICTURES INTO A SYSTEM OF 6454 04:15:58,680 --> 04:15:59,440 BIOCHEMICAL EQUATIONS BECAUSE 6455 04:15:59,440 --> 04:16:00,400 THEY MEAN SOMETHING. 6456 04:16:00,400 --> 04:16:02,920 THEY ARE TRANSPARENT. 6457 04:16:02,920 --> 04:16:03,960 THEY ARE CLEAR. 6458 04:16:03,960 --> 04:16:07,200 THIS ARROW MEANS THIS IS A K ON 6459 04:16:07,200 --> 04:16:12,640 AND K OFF BETWEEN LIGAND AND 6460 04:16:12,640 --> 04:16:14,280 RECEPTOR, I WANT TO TARGET A 6461 04:16:14,280 --> 04:16:16,480 DRUG TO MANAGE THAT SO IT'S AN 6462 04:16:16,480 --> 04:16:19,760 ENGINEERING APPROACH USING MATH 6463 04:16:19,760 --> 04:16:20,760 AND COMPUTER SCIENCE FOR 6464 04:16:20,760 --> 04:16:21,080 SIMULATION. 6465 04:16:21,080 --> 04:16:24,280 THAT'S WHAT I MEAN BY SYSTEMS 6466 04:16:24,280 --> 04:16:26,560 APPROACHES, WHERE NOW THIS 6467 04:16:26,560 --> 04:16:29,080 MATHEMATICAL MODEL CAN ACT AS A 6468 04:16:29,080 --> 04:16:30,720 CENTRAL REPOSITORY OF DATA, WE 6469 04:16:30,720 --> 04:16:32,280 HAVE HYPOTHESES, AND WE CAN 6470 04:16:32,280 --> 04:16:37,280 INCLUDE MORE THAN ONE HIGH 6471 04:16:37,280 --> 04:16:40,080 POTENTIAL APPROACHES 'TIS AND 6472 04:16:40,080 --> 04:16:46,200 MODEL -- ONE HYPOTHESIS AND 6473 04:16:46,200 --> 04:16:46,880 MODEL IT. 6474 04:16:46,880 --> 04:16:50,200 IF YOU HAVE MORE THAN ONE IN 6475 04:16:50,200 --> 04:16:54,040 VITRO ASSAY, IF YOU HAVE AN IN 6476 04:16:54,040 --> 04:16:56,000 VITRO ASSAY, A COMPETITOR, 6477 04:16:56,000 --> 04:16:57,720 CLINICAL DATA YOU'RE USING TO 6478 04:16:57,720 --> 04:16:59,080 INFORM YOUR SYSTEM, WELL, THIS 6479 04:16:59,080 --> 04:17:01,920 ONE MODEL YOU'D LIKE TO BELIEVE 6480 04:17:01,920 --> 04:17:03,880 WILL RECAPITULATE A LOT, I WON'T 6481 04:17:03,880 --> 04:17:05,640 SAY ALL, BUT A LOT OF THIS DATA 6482 04:17:05,640 --> 04:17:07,960 BUT HELPS YOU FIND OUT WHERE 6483 04:17:07,960 --> 04:17:10,360 YOUR UNDERSTANDING IS BROKEN. 6484 04:17:10,360 --> 04:17:11,640 OH, I CAN'T RECAPITULATE THIS, 6485 04:17:11,640 --> 04:17:20,840 WHAT AM I MISSING? 6486 04:17:20,840 --> 04:17:21,720 MAYBE I'M OVERSIMPLIFYING. 6487 04:17:21,720 --> 04:17:23,280 WE WORK WITH PHARMA AND BIOTECH, 6488 04:17:23,280 --> 04:17:25,160 WE HAVE TO WORK ON PROJECT 6489 04:17:25,160 --> 04:17:26,800 TIMELINES WITH DATA THAT'S 6490 04:17:26,800 --> 04:17:27,240 AVAILABLE. 6491 04:17:27,240 --> 04:17:29,200 WE HAVE TO INFORM VERY IMPORTANT 6492 04:17:29,200 --> 04:17:29,800 DECISIONS. 6493 04:17:29,800 --> 04:17:31,160 WE HAVE TO USE THE RIGHT SIZE 6494 04:17:31,160 --> 04:17:35,640 MODEL AT THE RIGHT TIME. 6495 04:17:35,640 --> 04:17:37,160 IT'S DIFFERENT RETURN OF 6496 04:17:37,160 --> 04:17:37,480 INVESTMENT. 6497 04:17:37,480 --> 04:17:39,480 THIS IS WHERE FOR EXAMPLE THE 6498 04:17:39,480 --> 04:17:41,120 NEW TARGET STAGE, YOU MIGHT 6499 04:17:41,120 --> 04:17:44,520 HAVE -- IN YOU'RE A BIOTECH, TEN 6500 04:17:44,520 --> 04:17:46,240 TARGETS YOU'RE GOING AFTER, ON 6501 04:17:46,240 --> 04:17:48,240 PAPER THEY ALL LOOK EQUALLY 6502 04:17:48,240 --> 04:17:49,520 EFFICACIOUS, BIOLOGY IS COMPLEX, 6503 04:17:49,520 --> 04:17:49,720 RIGHT? 6504 04:17:49,720 --> 04:17:54,440 SO IT'S IMPORTANT TO HAVE THE 6505 04:17:54,440 --> 04:17:55,120 BIOLOGY COMPLEXITY, ALSO 6506 04:17:55,120 --> 04:17:56,440 MECHANISM OF ACTION OF THERAPY, 6507 04:17:56,440 --> 04:17:59,720 YOU GOT YOUR MONEY FROM A VC 6508 04:17:59,720 --> 04:18:01,240 BECAUSE HAVE YOU EXCITING IP 6509 04:18:01,240 --> 04:18:03,200 HERE AND YOU WANT IT TO WORK. 6510 04:18:03,200 --> 04:18:08,480 WELL, NOW USING DYNAMIC SYSTEMS 6511 04:18:08,480 --> 04:18:13,960 APPROACH CAN YOU DO LITERALLY 6512 04:18:13,960 --> 04:18:15,800 MILLIONS OF PK/PD SIMULATIONS, 6513 04:18:15,800 --> 04:18:18,400 CELL TYPE ONE LOW TO HIGH, K ON 6514 04:18:18,400 --> 04:18:21,280 K OFF, ET CETERA, ALL OF THESE 6515 04:18:21,280 --> 04:18:21,600 PARAMETERS. 6516 04:18:21,600 --> 04:18:24,120 AND SO THESE TEN TARGETS YOU 6517 04:18:24,120 --> 04:18:26,240 MIGHT FIND THREE YOU'RE LIKE, 6518 04:18:26,240 --> 04:18:28,280 YOU KNOW, FOR A MAJORITY OF 6519 04:18:28,280 --> 04:18:29,360 PARAMETERS THIS LOOKS FEASIBLE. 6520 04:18:29,360 --> 04:18:31,120 I CAN MAKE A DRUG FOR IT. 6521 04:18:31,120 --> 04:18:33,440 I'M NOT TALKING ABOUT EFFICACY. 6522 04:18:33,440 --> 04:18:36,680 I'M TALKING ABOUT TARGET 6523 04:18:36,680 --> 04:18:37,240 COVERAGE, DEVELOPABILITY. 6524 04:18:37,240 --> 04:18:38,480 THERE MIGHT BE ANOTHER SET 6525 04:18:38,480 --> 04:18:40,240 WHERE, MAN, I NEED A TIGHT 6526 04:18:40,240 --> 04:18:42,520 BINDER, A REALLY LONG HALF-LIFE, 6527 04:18:42,520 --> 04:18:43,720 PUTTING THOSE TOGETHER TAKES 6528 04:18:43,720 --> 04:18:47,760 MORE TIME, COSTS MORE MONEY, 6529 04:18:47,760 --> 04:18:49,160 MAYBE MORE SENSITIVE PARAMETERS. 6530 04:18:49,160 --> 04:18:50,600 IN REALITY WE DON'T HAVE THE 6531 04:18:50,600 --> 04:18:55,200 SAME NUMBER OF T CELLS, B CELLS, 6532 04:18:55,200 --> 04:18:57,080 SITE PER CELL. 6533 04:18:57,080 --> 04:19:00,680 WE ALL HAVE VARIABILITY EVEN IF 6534 04:19:00,680 --> 04:19:03,320 WE'RE ALL HEALTHY. 6535 04:19:03,320 --> 04:19:05,400 WITH PATIENT POPULATIONS, THOSE 6536 04:19:05,400 --> 04:19:06,400 DISTRIBUTIONS OF PARAMETER 6537 04:19:06,400 --> 04:19:09,360 NUMBERS, SITES, NUMBER OF CELL, 6538 04:19:09,360 --> 04:19:12,120 ARE DIFFERENT WITH INDICATIONS, 6539 04:19:12,120 --> 04:19:12,560 SUBINDICATIONS, ACROSS 6540 04:19:12,560 --> 04:19:13,200 INDICATIONS, EVEN IF THEY ARE 6541 04:19:13,200 --> 04:19:14,080 THE SAME. 6542 04:19:14,080 --> 04:19:16,360 NOW YOU MIGHT SAY SO MY 6543 04:19:16,360 --> 04:19:18,560 GOODNESS, THESE NEXT THREE OR 6544 04:19:18,560 --> 04:19:20,240 FOUR THERE'S SEVEN SENSITIVE 6545 04:19:20,240 --> 04:19:21,960 MODEL PARAMETERS, MAYBE IN THE 6546 04:19:21,960 --> 04:19:23,560 FIRST THREE THERE'S ONLY ONE OR 6547 04:19:23,560 --> 04:19:24,160 TWO. 6548 04:19:24,160 --> 04:19:26,040 THE ONES WITH FEWER SENSITIVE 6549 04:19:26,040 --> 04:19:29,040 MODEL PARAMETERS MEANS I HAVE 6550 04:19:29,040 --> 04:19:31,120 FEWER EXPERIMENTS, FEWER -- LESS 6551 04:19:31,120 --> 04:19:32,240 UNCERTAINTY, MAYBE THEY ARE 6552 04:19:32,240 --> 04:19:35,040 EASIER TO DEVELOP BUT THERE'S A 6553 04:19:35,040 --> 04:19:36,680 MODEL THAT SAYS, WELL, I MIGHT 6554 04:19:36,680 --> 04:19:38,240 HAVE TO CREATE A DRUG I DON'T 6555 04:19:38,240 --> 04:19:40,000 HAVE THE TECHNOLOGY WHERE EVERY 6556 04:19:40,000 --> 04:19:40,960 PARAMETER IS UNCERTAIN, DOESN'T 6557 04:19:40,960 --> 04:19:42,160 MEAN YOU DON'T WORK ON THEM. 6558 04:19:42,160 --> 04:19:45,920 MAYBE YOU HAVE TO GET MORE 6559 04:19:45,920 --> 04:19:47,320 MONEY, CHANGE THE TPP, A 6560 04:19:47,320 --> 04:19:50,520 SYSTEMATIC WAY TO ARGUE AND 6561 04:19:50,520 --> 04:19:51,360 UNDERSTAND THIS DATA 6562 04:19:51,360 --> 04:19:51,960 HOLISTICALLY. 6563 04:19:51,960 --> 04:19:52,640 THEN AS THE PROGRAM CONTINUES IF 6564 04:19:52,640 --> 04:19:54,120 YOU WANT TO BE FAST IN THE FIRST 6565 04:19:54,120 --> 04:19:56,080 PROGRAM, YOU GOT TO BE FAST, 6566 04:19:56,080 --> 04:19:56,840 HELPING MAKE DECISIONS. 6567 04:19:56,840 --> 04:20:00,000 NOW YOU MIGHT HAVE TO ADD MORE 6568 04:20:00,000 --> 04:20:01,120 BIOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY BECAUSE 6569 04:20:01,120 --> 04:20:03,760 NOW YOU'RE THINKING ABOUT 6570 04:20:03,760 --> 04:20:04,720 REGENERATION, THINKING ABOUT 6571 04:20:04,720 --> 04:20:05,240 THERAPEUTIC INDEX. 6572 04:20:05,240 --> 04:20:09,000 SAY FOR INSTANCE YOU'RE MAKING A 6573 04:20:09,000 --> 04:20:12,280 GENE THERAPY OR A MULTI-SPECIFIC 6574 04:20:12,280 --> 04:20:13,920 IMMUNE CELL CANCER CELL 6575 04:20:13,920 --> 04:20:14,800 INHIBITOR, THINKING ABOUT 6576 04:20:14,800 --> 04:20:18,840 SOMETHING IN I AND I, 6577 04:20:18,840 --> 04:20:21,600 BALANCINGING THE TREG KEY 6578 04:20:21,600 --> 04:20:25,760 EFFECTOR RATIO TO RATIO AND 6579 04:20:25,760 --> 04:20:27,160 FEEDBACK OF CYTOKINES, 6580 04:20:27,160 --> 04:20:29,480 DEPENDENTING ON CONTEXT OF 6581 04:20:29,480 --> 04:20:30,880 CYTOKINE SYNTHESIS, FEEDBACK 6582 04:20:30,880 --> 04:20:34,280 STRENGTH, THE NUMBERS OF TREG F 6583 04:20:34,280 --> 04:20:35,280 EFFECTOR CELLS WILL IMPACT 6584 04:20:35,280 --> 04:20:37,200 EFFICACY AND SAFETY. 6585 04:20:37,200 --> 04:20:39,000 YOU WANT TO THINK WHAT DRUG 6586 04:20:39,000 --> 04:20:40,520 PARAMETERS WILL MAKE THIS SAFE 6587 04:20:40,520 --> 04:20:41,280 AND EFFICACIOUS BECAUSE ONCE 6588 04:20:41,280 --> 04:20:43,440 YOU'RE IN THE CLINIC IT'S A 6589 04:20:43,440 --> 04:20:45,680 FOREGONE CONCLUSION, RIGHT? 6590 04:20:45,680 --> 04:20:47,640 IT'S HARD TO CHANGE THERAPEUTIC 6591 04:20:47,640 --> 04:20:48,640 INDEXES, MAY BE TOO LATE. 6592 04:20:48,640 --> 04:20:50,720 THIS IS WHERE DOING THIS 6593 04:20:50,720 --> 04:20:52,480 CONSTANT FORWARD AND BACKWARD 6594 04:20:52,480 --> 04:20:54,880 TRANSLATION TO FIGURE OUT WHAT 6595 04:20:54,880 --> 04:20:57,080 IS OPTIMAL IN THE CLINIC, WHAT 6596 04:20:57,080 --> 04:20:59,440 IS THE PRE-CLINICAL EXPERIMENT 6597 04:20:59,440 --> 04:21:06,400 LOOKING LIKE, WHEN YOU HAVE 6598 04:21:06,400 --> 04:21:07,680 BIPHASIC CURVE, IT'S IMPORTANT, 6599 04:21:07,680 --> 04:21:10,800 ARE YOU PUTTING TOO MUCH DRUGN 6600 04:21:10,800 --> 04:21:12,440 LOSING EFFICACY, THIS COULD HELP 6601 04:21:12,440 --> 04:21:13,520 AT PRE-CLINICAL STAGE AND THEN 6602 04:21:13,520 --> 04:21:17,120 FIGURING OUT IN THE CLINIC WHERE 6603 04:21:17,120 --> 04:21:19,080 THE POTENTIAL UNCERTAINTY IS, 6604 04:21:19,080 --> 04:21:21,280 AND INFLECTION POINTS ARE FOR 6605 04:21:21,280 --> 04:21:22,840 MULTIPLE SIMULATED PATIENTS, FOR 6606 04:21:22,840 --> 04:21:24,840 EFFICACY AND SAFETY, SO WHEN YOU 6607 04:21:24,840 --> 04:21:27,120 BACK TRANSLATE THESE ARE THE 6608 04:21:27,120 --> 04:21:27,680 PRE-CLINICAL EXPERIMENTS YOU 6609 04:21:27,680 --> 04:21:29,160 HOPE TO DO, SOMETIMES YOU CAN'T, 6610 04:21:29,160 --> 04:21:30,920 BUT THIS IS WHERE MODELING CAN 6611 04:21:30,920 --> 04:21:34,120 HELP US BECAUSE YOU'RE NOT 6612 04:21:34,120 --> 04:21:35,520 REGENERATING HYPOTHESES AND 6613 04:21:35,520 --> 04:21:36,520 RISKY THIS IS, I THINK THIS IS 6614 04:21:36,520 --> 04:21:41,520 WHY THE FDA LIKES THESE 6615 04:21:41,520 --> 04:21:42,400 APPROACHES, BECAUSE IT ALLOWS 6616 04:21:42,400 --> 04:21:43,600 THE WHAT IFs. 6617 04:21:43,600 --> 04:21:45,920 WHAT IF MY TARGET EXPRESSION IS 6618 04:21:45,920 --> 04:21:47,680 TEN-FOLD HIGHER, IF MY SYNTHESIS 6619 04:21:47,680 --> 04:21:54,040 RATE IS HIGHER, MORE CRITICAL 6620 04:21:54,040 --> 04:22:00,520 FOR THEMES. 6621 04:22:00,520 --> 04:22:01,080 THERAPIES. 6622 04:22:01,080 --> 04:22:06,400 IN VITRO ASSAYS ARE IMPORTANT, 6623 04:22:06,400 --> 04:22:08,200 IN ANIMAL MODELS, YES, THERE'S A 6624 04:22:08,200 --> 04:22:13,440 LOT OF HIGH HYPOTHESES WE MAY 6625 04:22:13,440 --> 04:22:15,000 NOT UNDERSTAND BUT THEY ARE 6626 04:22:15,000 --> 04:22:16,240 ALIVE. 6627 04:22:16,240 --> 04:22:17,880 THERE'S A LOT OF REASONS TO STAY 6628 04:22:17,880 --> 04:22:19,320 AWAY FROM THEM BUT THE 6629 04:22:19,320 --> 04:22:20,840 COMPLEXITY IS WHAT MAKES THINGS 6630 04:22:20,840 --> 04:22:22,840 DIFFICULT AND THIS IS WHERE 6631 04:22:22,840 --> 04:22:24,120 SYSTEMS MODELING HELPS OUT, THIS 6632 04:22:24,120 --> 04:22:26,080 IS PRECISELY THE FUTURE OF 6633 04:22:26,080 --> 04:22:30,040 NAMs WHERE I CAN PUT IN THE 6634 04:22:30,040 --> 04:22:31,320 RIGHT BIOLOGY TO GENERATE THE 6635 04:22:31,320 --> 04:22:32,680 RIGHT DATA UNDER THE RIGHT 6636 04:22:32,680 --> 04:22:35,160 CONTEXT WITH THE RIGHT SYSTEMS 6637 04:22:35,160 --> 04:22:36,920 AND DYNAMICS AND TIME POINTS, 6638 04:22:36,920 --> 04:22:40,960 AND AS THESE SYSTEMS GET MORE 6639 04:22:40,960 --> 04:22:49,320 AND MORE COMPLEX THE 6640 04:22:49,320 --> 04:22:50,400 COMBINATORICS ARE EXPENSIVE. 6641 04:22:50,400 --> 04:22:53,160 THESE ARE THE TWO TO CHANGE, 6642 04:22:53,160 --> 04:22:54,600 IT'S MOST INFORMATIVE ON BEING A 6643 04:22:54,600 --> 04:22:59,880 SUCCESSFUL BEST IN CLASS DRUG IN 6644 04:22:59,880 --> 04:23:00,560 THE CLINIC. 6645 04:23:00,560 --> 04:23:03,280 YOU DID THIS AT NAMs, 6646 04:23:03,280 --> 04:23:04,280 BACKWARDS AND FORWARD. 6647 04:23:04,280 --> 04:23:06,320 IT DOES HELP, LIKE ANY 6648 04:23:06,320 --> 04:23:07,320 ENGINEERING DOES, DOES TAKE 6649 04:23:07,320 --> 04:23:08,640 TIME, I DO HAVE HAZARDS. 6650 04:23:08,640 --> 04:23:11,560 ONE IS THERE'S NO SUCH THING AS 6651 04:23:11,560 --> 04:23:12,240 MATH MAGIC. 6652 04:23:12,240 --> 04:23:15,280 YOU STILL HAVE TO DO THE WORK, 6653 04:23:15,280 --> 04:23:17,040 GENERATE DATA, MAKE DIFFICULT 6654 04:23:17,040 --> 04:23:20,400 DECISIONS WITH INCOMPLETE DATA 6655 04:23:20,400 --> 04:23:21,080 AND KNOWLEDGE. 6656 04:23:21,080 --> 04:23:22,200 NAMs CAN HELP BUT WON'T SOLVE 6657 04:23:22,200 --> 04:23:22,960 ALL YOUR PROBLEMS. 6658 04:23:22,960 --> 04:23:24,480 THERE'S A LOT OF DATA OUT THERE. 6659 04:23:24,480 --> 04:23:26,440 WE NEED THE RIGHT DATA, NEED TO 6660 04:23:26,440 --> 04:23:29,320 UNDERSTAND IT, MAKE SURE WE 6661 04:23:29,320 --> 04:23:32,680 UNDERSTAND THE CONTEXT, AND LIKE 6662 04:23:32,680 --> 04:23:34,000 MATH MODELS DATA DOESN'T APPLY 6663 04:23:34,000 --> 04:23:36,680 TO ALL ISSUES. 6664 04:23:36,680 --> 04:23:38,400 THIS MATH MODEL MIGHT ANSWER 6665 04:23:38,400 --> 04:23:39,840 CERTAIN QUESTIONS, DOESN'T 6666 04:23:39,840 --> 04:23:40,720 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS. 6667 04:23:40,720 --> 04:23:43,640 I THINK THAT'S REALLY ALL I WANT 6668 04:23:43,640 --> 04:23:45,080 TO START OFF WITH. 6669 04:23:45,080 --> 04:23:45,360 THANK YOU. 6670 04:23:45,360 --> 04:23:46,360 >>OKAY. 6671 04:23:46,360 --> 04:23:47,480 THANK YOU, JOHN. 6672 04:23:47,480 --> 04:23:48,920 THANK YOU ALL. 6673 04:23:48,920 --> 04:23:50,720 SO COULD YOU PLEASE PUT UP THE 6674 04:23:50,720 --> 04:23:52,280 SECOND SLIDE WHICH IS THE SLIDE 6675 04:23:52,280 --> 04:23:54,400 WITH THE QUESTIONS SO WE CAN 6676 04:23:54,400 --> 04:23:58,520 LOOK INTO THEM WHILE WE'RE 6677 04:23:58,520 --> 04:23:59,200 HAVING DISCUSSION. 6678 04:23:59,200 --> 04:24:02,160 THE NEXT ONE. 6679 04:24:02,160 --> 04:24:02,680 PERFECT. 6680 04:24:02,680 --> 04:24:03,880 THANK YOU. 6681 04:24:03,880 --> 04:24:07,840 OOPS, OKAY. 6682 04:24:07,840 --> 04:24:08,280 OKAY. 6683 04:24:08,280 --> 04:24:09,880 SO, GREAT POINTS. 6684 04:24:09,880 --> 04:24:13,680 AND MAYBE WE CAN START WITH A 6685 04:24:13,680 --> 04:24:14,920 QUESTION ONE. 6686 04:24:14,920 --> 04:24:18,440 IT IS ABOUT THE DATA, MODELS, 6687 04:24:18,440 --> 04:24:20,640 AND THOUGHTS, EXPERIMENTAL AND 6688 04:24:20,640 --> 04:24:23,720 ANALYTICAL, THAT WOULD 6689 04:24:23,720 --> 04:24:25,040 EFFECTIVELY DRIVE NAM RESEARCH, 6690 04:24:25,040 --> 04:24:27,360 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND 6691 04:24:27,360 --> 04:24:27,640 TRANSLATION. 6692 04:24:27,640 --> 04:24:32,160 I WONDER, DONNA, IF YOU WOULD 6693 04:24:32,160 --> 04:24:34,800 REFLECT A LITTLE BIT ON MODELS 6694 04:24:34,800 --> 04:24:36,760 THAT YOU THINK WOULD BE 6695 04:24:36,760 --> 04:24:38,720 PARTICULARLY EFFECTIVE, OR EVEN 6696 04:24:38,720 --> 04:24:42,120 JUST GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF WHAT IS 6697 04:24:42,120 --> 04:24:46,760 IN YOUR OPINION MOST EFFECTIVE 6698 04:24:46,760 --> 04:24:47,040 APPROACH. 6699 04:24:47,040 --> 04:24:49,320 >>I'D LIKE TO FOCUS ON THREE 6700 04:24:49,320 --> 04:24:52,560 THINGS, I WILL KEEP IT BRIEF. 6701 04:24:52,560 --> 04:24:53,080 FUNDING, UNDERSTANDING THE 6702 04:24:53,080 --> 04:24:56,760 CURRENT STATE OF THE ART, AND 6703 04:24:56,760 --> 04:24:59,200 HOW WE CAN LEAD TO ADOPTION. 6704 04:24:59,200 --> 04:25:00,200 ACADEMIC LABS NEED FUNDING. 6705 04:25:00,200 --> 04:25:01,680 WHAT A LOT OF PEOPLE DON'T THINK 6706 04:25:01,680 --> 04:25:04,000 ABOUT IS A LOT OF COMPANIES ARE 6707 04:25:04,000 --> 04:25:05,440 DEVELOPING PLATFORMS ARE SMALL 6708 04:25:05,440 --> 04:25:08,160 COMPANIES, THEY NEED FUNDING. 6709 04:25:08,160 --> 04:25:10,120 AND FOR DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGY TO 6710 04:25:10,120 --> 04:25:11,120 BE ACCEPTED, MENTIONED EARLIER, 6711 04:25:11,120 --> 04:25:13,200 CAN TAKE A DECADE OR MORE. 6712 04:25:13,200 --> 04:25:14,480 SOME COMPANIES MAY FOLD IF THEY 6713 04:25:14,480 --> 04:25:15,600 CAN'T STAY IN BUSINESS LONG 6714 04:25:15,600 --> 04:25:15,920 ENOUGH. 6715 04:25:15,920 --> 04:25:17,720 I DON'T HAVE THE ANSWER BUT IT'S 6716 04:25:17,720 --> 04:25:18,880 SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT. 6717 04:25:18,880 --> 04:25:20,640 WE COULD SPEND TIME WORKING ON A 6718 04:25:20,640 --> 04:25:24,040 PARTICULAR PLATFORM, THE COMPANY 6719 04:25:24,040 --> 04:25:26,760 GOES UNDER. 6720 04:25:26,760 --> 04:25:27,760 IT'S IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THE 6721 04:25:27,760 --> 04:25:28,760 STATE OF THE ART. 6722 04:25:28,760 --> 04:25:32,440 IF YOU'RE TRYING TO REPLACE OR 6723 04:25:32,440 --> 04:25:33,640 AUGMENT AND ANIMAL TEST, HIGHEST 6724 04:25:33,640 --> 04:25:34,760 BAR, IT'S IMPORTANT TO 6725 04:25:34,760 --> 04:25:36,960 UNDERSTAND STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS 6726 04:25:36,960 --> 04:25:38,680 OF CURRENT ANIMAL APPROACH AND 6727 04:25:38,680 --> 04:25:40,120 ANY ALTERNATIVE APPROACH. 6728 04:25:40,120 --> 04:25:41,440 SOME PEOPLE THINK ANIMALS 6729 04:25:41,440 --> 04:25:43,640 PROVIDE NO VALUE, THAT'S 6730 04:25:43,640 --> 04:25:44,440 INCORRECT. 6731 04:25:44,440 --> 04:25:45,680 SOME PEOPLE THINK, OH, HUMAN 6732 04:25:45,680 --> 04:25:47,560 CELLS IN VITRO SOLVES 6733 04:25:47,560 --> 04:25:47,880 EVERYTHING. 6734 04:25:47,880 --> 04:25:49,320 THAT'S NOT CORRECT EITHER. 6735 04:25:49,320 --> 04:25:51,520 AGAIN, YOU'RE WORKING WITH 6736 04:25:51,520 --> 04:25:53,040 GENERALLY ONE PERSON, ONE 6737 04:25:53,040 --> 04:25:55,320 PERSON'S CELLS, YOU DON'T HAVE 6738 04:25:55,320 --> 04:25:57,960 ALL THE DIFFERENT CLINICAL 6739 04:25:57,960 --> 04:25:58,960 PARAMETERS GOING ON. 6740 04:25:58,960 --> 04:26:04,000 A LOT OF MPSs HAVE ONE CELL 6741 04:26:04,000 --> 04:26:04,600 TYPE. 6742 04:26:04,600 --> 04:26:10,560 YOU CAN GET MISLED BY THE 6743 04:26:10,560 --> 04:26:11,400 TERMINOLOGY. 6744 04:26:11,400 --> 04:26:12,240 YOU HAVE TO UNDERSTAND WHAT 6745 04:26:12,240 --> 04:26:13,520 VALUE THEY ARE PROVIDING. 6746 04:26:13,520 --> 04:26:14,400 YOU HAVE TO UNDERSTAND 6747 04:26:14,400 --> 04:26:14,800 LANDSCAPE. 6748 04:26:14,800 --> 04:26:18,880 NO ONE IS GOING TO ACCEPT 6749 04:26:18,880 --> 04:26:20,000 ALTERNATIVE THAT DOESN'T PROVIDE 6750 04:26:20,000 --> 04:26:21,960 AT LEAST DATA PROVIDED BY ANIMAL 6751 04:26:21,960 --> 04:26:22,160 STUDY. 6752 04:26:22,160 --> 04:26:25,000 YOU NEED A CERTAIN LEVEL OF 6753 04:26:25,000 --> 04:26:26,480 CONFIDENCE THAT ALTERNATIVE WILL 6754 04:26:26,480 --> 04:26:28,760 HAVE THE SAME -- AT LEAST THE 6755 04:26:28,760 --> 04:26:35,640 SAME ACCURACY AS MAIN. 6756 04:26:35,640 --> 04:26:38,520 AS THE ANIMAL MODEL MAL MODEL. 6757 04:26:38,520 --> 04:26:40,240 I'VE TALKED ABOUT MPS TRYING TO 6758 04:26:40,240 --> 04:26:43,640 BUILD AN ANIMAL VERSION TO BUILD 6759 04:26:43,640 --> 04:26:43,960 CONFIDENCE. 6760 04:26:43,960 --> 04:26:46,160 THE OTHER THING IS I FIND OUT 6761 04:26:46,160 --> 04:26:47,360 FROM PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES 6762 04:26:47,360 --> 04:26:48,440 SOME PROVIDERS ARE APPROACHING 6763 04:26:48,440 --> 04:26:50,440 THEM SAYING DON'T WORRY, WE'LL 6764 04:26:50,440 --> 04:26:51,520 QUALIFY ALL OUR PLATFORMS. 6765 04:26:51,520 --> 04:26:53,600 AND THEY ARE SAYING, YOU DON'T 6766 04:26:53,600 --> 04:26:54,600 HAVE TO DO THAT. 6767 04:26:54,600 --> 04:26:57,000 YOU KNOW, IF YOU'RE USING IT IN 6768 04:26:57,000 --> 04:26:58,320 EARLY STAGE SCREENING, YOU DON'T 6769 04:26:58,320 --> 04:27:02,720 HAVE TO HAVE AN FDA-QUALIFIED 6770 04:27:02,720 --> 04:27:04,360 PLATFORM, IF YOU'RE USING FOR 6771 04:27:04,360 --> 04:27:05,240 DECISION MAKING, YOU MAY NOT 6772 04:27:05,240 --> 04:27:06,880 HAVE TO HAVE THAT FOR EFFICACY 6773 04:27:06,880 --> 04:27:07,160 EITHER. 6774 04:27:07,160 --> 04:27:09,720 COMPANIES THINK THEY WILL GET A 6775 04:27:09,720 --> 04:27:10,960 FREE PASS IF THEY QUALIFY, 6776 04:27:10,960 --> 04:27:12,400 THAT'S NOT THE ROAD TO GO DOWN, 6777 04:27:12,400 --> 04:27:14,400 WON'T GET THEM WHERE THEY THINK 6778 04:27:14,400 --> 04:27:15,400 THEY ARE. 6779 04:27:15,400 --> 04:27:18,640 IN ANY NEW APPROACH TALK TO THE 6780 04:27:18,640 --> 04:27:19,640 END USERS. 6781 04:27:19,640 --> 04:27:21,600 ONE THING THAT'S IMPORTANT IN 6782 04:27:21,600 --> 04:27:22,880 THE MPS FIELD FDA HAS BEEN 6783 04:27:22,880 --> 04:27:24,880 INVOLVED EARLY ON. 6784 04:27:24,880 --> 04:27:27,920 WHATEVER THE END USER, WHETHER 6785 04:27:27,920 --> 04:27:28,520 CLINICIAN, REGULATORY CENTER, 6786 04:27:28,520 --> 04:27:30,320 TALK UP FRONT AND UNDERSTAND 6787 04:27:30,320 --> 04:27:31,760 WHAT THEY NEED TO GET THERE. 6788 04:27:31,760 --> 04:27:34,040 I WILL STOP ARE THAT. 6789 04:27:34,040 --> 04:27:37,560 >>YEAH, THANK YOU, DONNA. 6790 04:27:37,560 --> 04:27:38,440 THIS IS GREAT. 6791 04:27:38,440 --> 04:27:41,960 THIS TIES BACK TO YOUR AND OTHER 6792 04:27:41,960 --> 04:27:43,160 PEOPLE'S REMARKS. 6793 04:27:43,160 --> 04:27:45,440 I WONDER, JAMES, IF YOU COULD 6794 04:27:45,440 --> 04:27:46,040 EXPAND ABOUT ANALYTICAL 6795 04:27:46,040 --> 04:27:48,040 APPROACHES BECAUSE A.I. WAS 6796 04:27:48,040 --> 04:27:49,680 MENTIONED MULTIPLE TIMES, NOT 6797 04:27:49,680 --> 04:27:52,120 ONLY IN THIS SECTION, AND THEN 6798 04:27:52,120 --> 04:27:55,520 ONE OF THE QUESTIONS THAT WAS 6799 04:27:55,520 --> 04:27:57,840 BROUGHT UP IS LIKE WHAT SHOULD 6800 04:27:57,840 --> 04:28:04,040 BE DONE IN TERMS OF APPROACH, 6801 04:28:04,040 --> 04:28:04,680 INFRASTRUCTURE STANDARDIZEATION 6802 04:28:04,680 --> 04:28:08,960 TO HAVE A BROADER ADOPTION OF 6803 04:28:08,960 --> 04:28:10,840 A.I. METHODS. 6804 04:28:10,840 --> 04:28:12,080 YOU GAVE EXAMPLES FOR IN SILICO 6805 04:28:12,080 --> 04:28:13,760 BUT THE ISSUE IS MUCH BROADER 6806 04:28:13,760 --> 04:28:24,200 THAN WE TALKED ABOUT NAMs. 6807 04:28:27,440 --> 04:28:30,360 >>THE THING THAT WOULD MAKE THE 6808 04:28:30,360 --> 04:28:32,440 BIGGEST DIFFERENCE IF WE COULD 6809 04:28:32,440 --> 04:28:35,480 TIE THE A.I. BASED IN SILICO 6810 04:28:35,480 --> 04:28:37,800 APPROACH WAS VERY TARGETED 6811 04:28:37,800 --> 04:28:38,680 EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATIONS AND 6812 04:28:38,680 --> 04:28:40,400 FOLLOW-UPS, SO I THINK THAT'S 6813 04:28:40,400 --> 04:28:42,160 OFTEN THE BIGGEST GAP IN 6814 04:28:42,160 --> 04:28:44,000 ADOPTING A.I. ACROSS MANY 6815 04:28:44,000 --> 04:28:45,680 DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS. 6816 04:28:45,680 --> 04:28:48,160 FOR EXAMPLE, I GIVE THE EXAMPLE, 6817 04:28:48,160 --> 04:28:51,480 ALPHA FOLD AND PROTEIN LANGUAGE 6818 04:28:51,480 --> 04:28:53,680 MODELS IN SILICO INTERPRETATION, 6819 04:28:53,680 --> 04:28:55,800 THAT COULD BE DONE IN SILICO 6820 04:28:55,800 --> 04:28:57,840 QUICKLY FOR MANY MILLIONS OF 6821 04:28:57,840 --> 04:28:59,520 MUTATIONS, BUT OFTEN THE BIGGEST 6822 04:28:59,520 --> 04:29:01,600 GAP IS WE DON'T KNOW FOR WHICH 6823 04:29:01,600 --> 04:29:03,800 OF THOSE PREDICTIONS, WHICH OF 6824 04:29:03,800 --> 04:29:05,080 THESE MUTATIONS THIS A.I. 6825 04:29:05,080 --> 04:29:07,480 PREDICTION IS RELIABLE AND WHICH 6826 04:29:07,480 --> 04:29:08,920 MUTATIONS PREDICTIONS ARE LESS 6827 04:29:08,920 --> 04:29:09,560 RELIABLE. 6828 04:29:09,560 --> 04:29:10,920 IT'S OFTEN THE BIGGEST CHALLENGE 6829 04:29:10,920 --> 04:29:12,880 WITH USING A.I. MODELS. 6830 04:29:12,880 --> 04:29:15,920 TO ASSESS THAT THEN IDEALLY WE 6831 04:29:15,920 --> 04:29:20,560 WANT TO HAVE SOME MORE TARGETED 6832 04:29:20,560 --> 04:29:24,680 SMALLER SCALE BUT EXPERIMENTAL 6833 04:29:24,680 --> 04:29:27,280 FOLLOW-UPS TO TEST TO ASSESS 6834 04:29:27,280 --> 04:29:27,560 VALIDITY. 6835 04:29:27,560 --> 04:29:29,960 I THINK BEING ABLE TO CLOSE THAT 6836 04:29:29,960 --> 04:29:32,040 GAP, ITERATIVE LOOP WHERE A.I. 6837 04:29:32,040 --> 04:29:36,080 WILL MAKE PREDICTIONS, AND THEN 6838 04:29:36,080 --> 04:29:37,280 SUGGEST AND RECOMMEND, DESIGN 6839 04:29:37,280 --> 04:29:42,280 EXPERIMENTS AND HAVE THE 6840 04:29:42,280 --> 04:29:42,880 EXPERIMENTAL FOLLOW-UPS TO 6841 04:29:42,880 --> 04:29:48,000 VALIDATE HOPEFULLY IN A RAPID 6842 04:29:48,000 --> 04:29:50,320 MANNER, THAT WOULD BE USEFUL IN 6843 04:29:50,320 --> 04:29:52,960 ADOPTION OF A.I. METHODS. 6844 04:29:52,960 --> 04:29:55,200 >>THANK YOU, JAMES. 6845 04:29:55,200 --> 04:29:57,120 LET'S MOVE TO QUESTION 2, IF WE 6846 04:29:57,120 --> 04:29:58,760 HAVE TIME REMAINING WE CAN 6847 04:29:58,760 --> 04:30:00,280 ALWAYS GO BACK. 6848 04:30:00,280 --> 04:30:03,080 SO, THIS IS ABOUT HOW CAN WE 6849 04:30:03,080 --> 04:30:05,640 BEST MAINTAIN CONFIDENCE IN THE 6850 04:30:05,640 --> 04:30:06,840 DATA? 6851 04:30:06,840 --> 04:30:12,560 SO MAYBE IVAN CAN YOU START AND 6852 04:30:12,560 --> 04:30:14,160 EXPAND ON POINTS YOU DR. MADE. 6853 04:30:14,160 --> 04:30:17,040 >>YES, THANK YOU, GORDANA. 6854 04:30:17,040 --> 04:30:19,760 THIS REALLY IS A QUESTION THAT 6855 04:30:19,760 --> 04:30:22,320 IS MULTI-DIMENSIONAL, BUT IT'S 6856 04:30:22,320 --> 04:30:25,000 NOT TOO LARGE FOR IT NOT TO HAVE 6857 04:30:25,000 --> 04:30:28,560 A SOLUTION, AND IN THIS REGARD, 6858 04:30:28,560 --> 04:30:29,960 I'D LIKE ACD PANEL TO TAKE A 6859 04:30:29,960 --> 04:30:36,400 LOOK AT THE RECENT NATIONAL 6860 04:30:36,400 --> 04:30:37,000 ACADEMY REPORT, BUILDING 6861 04:30:37,000 --> 04:30:37,280 CONFIDENCE 6862 04:30:37,280 --> 04:30:47,720 AND JUST CAME OUT IN JULY, 6863 04:30:48,000 --> 04:30:51,840 PROVIDES SOLUTIONS, WHETHER OR 6864 04:30:51,840 --> 04:30:53,680 NOT ANIMAL OR CLINICAL DATA IS 6865 04:30:53,680 --> 04:30:55,680 THE RIGHT BENCHMARK. 6866 04:30:55,680 --> 04:30:57,520 ONE OF THE SOLUTIONS THAT IS 6867 04:30:57,520 --> 04:31:01,480 OFFERED IN THAT REPORT IS 6868 04:31:01,480 --> 04:31:03,320 ACTUALLY TRYING TO BRING THE 6869 04:31:03,320 --> 04:31:05,840 DEVELOPERS OF TECHNOLOGY AND 6870 04:31:05,840 --> 04:31:07,800 USERS OF TECHNOLOGY, USERS BEING 6871 04:31:07,800 --> 04:31:10,560 REGULATORY AND COMPANIES WHO MAY 6872 04:31:10,560 --> 04:31:13,200 WISH TO USE THESE METHODS IN 6873 04:31:13,200 --> 04:31:16,240 THEIR OWN WORK, THROUGH REALLY 6874 04:31:16,240 --> 04:31:18,600 ALIGNING THE TARGET HUMAN 6875 04:31:18,600 --> 04:31:23,480 POPULATION WITH THE TEST METHODS 6876 04:31:23,480 --> 04:31:29,720 EXPECTATIONS IN WHEN KNOWN AS 6877 04:31:29,720 --> 04:31:30,840 SYSTEMATIC REVIEW, POPULATION 6878 04:31:30,840 --> 04:31:32,720 EXPOSURE COMPARATOR AND OUTCOME 6879 04:31:32,720 --> 04:31:34,240 STATEMENTS, WE'RE THINKING ABOUT 6880 04:31:34,240 --> 04:31:36,320 THE HUMAN POPULATION AND OUTCOME 6881 04:31:36,320 --> 04:31:38,800 OF PARTICULAR DISEASE, BUT IT IS 6882 04:31:38,800 --> 04:31:41,680 POSSIBLE TO ALIGN MULTIPLE NEW 6883 04:31:41,680 --> 04:31:44,200 APPROACH METHODS TO TEST METHOD 6884 04:31:44,200 --> 04:31:45,720 PICO TO MAKE THE DEVELOPERS 6885 04:31:45,720 --> 04:31:47,800 THINK BEFORE THEY ACTUALLY COME 6886 04:31:47,800 --> 04:31:49,120 UP WITH THE SOLUTION OR 6887 04:31:49,120 --> 04:31:51,520 POTENTIALLY WHAT THEY THINK IS A 6888 04:31:51,520 --> 04:31:53,640 SOLUTION, TRYING TO UNDERSTAND 6889 04:31:53,640 --> 04:31:54,920 WHAT IS THE POPULATION THEY ARE 6890 04:31:54,920 --> 04:31:56,880 ATTEMPTING TO MODEL AND WHETHER 6891 04:31:56,880 --> 04:31:59,520 IT'S A PARTICULAR DISEASE 6892 04:31:59,520 --> 04:32:00,840 POPULATION OR TOMORROW HUMAN 6893 04:32:00,840 --> 04:32:03,120 POPULATION, HOW THEY ACTUALLY GO 6894 04:32:03,120 --> 04:32:04,880 INTO DO EXPOSURES, IS IT 6895 04:32:04,880 --> 04:32:06,760 POSSIBLE TO TRANSLATE WHAT'S 6896 04:32:06,760 --> 04:32:07,960 HAPPENING IN HUMANS, AND WHAT 6897 04:32:07,960 --> 04:32:10,280 THAT I OF MAY CAUSE DISEASE, HOW 6898 04:32:10,280 --> 04:32:11,760 THE DRUG WILL BE DELIVERED IN 6899 04:32:11,760 --> 04:32:14,760 THAT MODEL SYSTEM, WHAT IS THE 6900 04:32:14,760 --> 04:32:15,080 COMPARATOR? 6901 04:32:15,080 --> 04:32:17,040 DONNA SAID DON'T JUST USE MEDIA 6902 04:32:17,040 --> 04:32:18,920 AS YOUR VEHICLE. 6903 04:32:18,920 --> 04:32:19,600 HAVE APPROPRIATE 6904 04:32:19,600 --> 04:32:20,880 POSITIVE/NEGATIVE CONTROLS IN 6905 04:32:20,880 --> 04:32:23,280 THE SYSTEM AND THE OUTCOME BE 6906 04:32:23,280 --> 04:32:24,400 TRANSPARENT ARE YOU MODELING THE 6907 04:32:24,400 --> 04:32:25,600 WHOLE DISEASE OR JUST PART OF 6908 04:32:25,600 --> 04:32:27,760 THE DISEASE OR ONLY PART OF THE 6909 04:32:27,760 --> 04:32:28,000 TISSUE. 6910 04:32:28,000 --> 04:32:32,040 SO I THINK CONFIDENCE WILL START 6911 04:32:32,040 --> 04:32:32,800 PRIMARILY FROM EVERYONE ALIGNING 6912 04:32:32,800 --> 04:32:35,000 ON THE REASONS FOR WHY WE HAVE 6913 04:32:35,000 --> 04:32:36,720 THIS PARTICULAR METHOD, AND WHAT 6914 04:32:36,720 --> 04:32:39,800 THAT METHOD CAN DELIVER WITHOUT 6915 04:32:39,800 --> 04:32:42,320 OVERSELLING, AND THE DATA, THE 6916 04:32:42,320 --> 04:32:43,280 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES 6917 04:32:43,280 --> 04:32:46,160 AND OTHER THINGS WILL IN SOME 6918 04:32:46,160 --> 04:32:48,120 WAYS ARE ALMOST SECONDARY TO 6919 04:32:48,120 --> 04:32:49,080 JUST HAVING THE UNDERLYING 6920 04:32:49,080 --> 04:32:50,600 PURPOSE FOR WHY THAT TEST 6921 04:32:50,600 --> 04:32:53,920 EXISTS, AND WHAT THAT TEST IS 6922 04:32:53,920 --> 04:32:55,680 MEANT TO REPLACE OR DELIVER. 6923 04:32:55,680 --> 04:32:57,760 SO, WE AND OUR COLLEAGUES HAVE 6924 04:32:57,760 --> 04:32:59,720 BEEN TRYING TO APPLY THIS IN THE 6925 04:32:59,720 --> 04:33:01,600 WAY IN WHICH WE'RE TESTING 6926 04:33:01,600 --> 04:33:02,800 VARIOUS IN VITRO SYSTEMS, AND I 6927 04:33:02,800 --> 04:33:04,440 CAN TELL YOU FROM EXPERIENCE IT 6928 04:33:04,440 --> 04:33:09,120 MAKES IT MUCH EASIER TO 6929 04:33:09,120 --> 04:33:10,360 COMMUNICATE TO FUTURE 6930 04:33:10,360 --> 04:33:11,560 PERSPECTIVE USERS CONFIDENCE 6931 04:33:11,560 --> 04:33:15,040 RATHER THAN TECHNICAL DETAILS OF 6932 04:33:15,040 --> 04:33:17,160 THE MODEL. 6933 04:33:17,160 --> 04:33:17,760 >>TERRIFIC. 6934 04:33:17,760 --> 04:33:20,640 ANNE, ARE THERE ANY COMMENTS YOU 6935 04:33:20,640 --> 04:33:23,480 WOULD LIKE TO ADD, LIKE FROM THE 6936 04:33:23,480 --> 04:33:25,520 PERSPECTIVE OF DATABASES THAT 6937 04:33:25,520 --> 04:33:29,240 YOU DISCUSSED, AND ALSO FROM THE 6938 04:33:29,240 --> 04:33:30,240 PERSPECTIVE OF COLLABORATEIVE 6939 04:33:30,240 --> 04:33:33,080 EFFORTS, ALL THIS IS HAPPENING 6940 04:33:33,080 --> 04:33:36,200 IN DIVERSE COLLABORATEIVE TEAMS, 6941 04:33:36,200 --> 04:33:39,240 TRAINING IS HAPPENING IN DIVERSE 6942 04:33:39,240 --> 04:33:46,320 AND COLLABORATEIVE TEAMS, 6943 04:33:46,320 --> 04:33:48,640 THERE'S COLLABORATIVE TEAMS, 6944 04:33:48,640 --> 04:33:50,800 THERE'S THIS HUGE COMPLEXITY. 6945 04:33:50,800 --> 04:33:53,200 WHAT ARE IMPORTANT THINGS TO 6946 04:33:53,200 --> 04:33:54,840 BUILD INTO CONFIDENCE INTO THE 6947 04:33:54,840 --> 04:33:56,040 DATA WE HAVE HAVING AND 6948 04:33:56,040 --> 04:33:56,360 COLLECTING. 6949 04:33:56,360 --> 04:33:57,800 >>THANK YOU. 6950 04:33:57,800 --> 04:34:01,840 I WOULD AGREE WITH EVERYTHING 6951 04:34:01,840 --> 04:34:02,840 THAT IVAN SAID. 6952 04:34:02,840 --> 04:34:08,440 I WOULD ADD MAYBE A COUPLE OF 6953 04:34:08,440 --> 04:34:10,280 THE REMARKS, IVAN MENTIONED 6954 04:34:10,280 --> 04:34:15,000 TRANSPARENCY, AND I THINK IT'S 6955 04:34:15,000 --> 04:34:18,600 QUITE CRITICAL THAT AT LEAST A 6956 04:34:18,600 --> 04:34:20,360 CERTAIN DEGREE OF TRANSPARENCY 6957 04:34:20,360 --> 04:34:26,720 IS AVAILABLE TO THE USERS, 6958 04:34:26,720 --> 04:34:31,760 EITHER UPON REQUEST IN REVIEW 6959 04:34:31,760 --> 04:34:34,800 PANELS OR UP FRONT, AS MINIMUM 6960 04:34:34,800 --> 04:34:37,320 REQUIRED LEVEL OF TRANSPARENCY 6961 04:34:37,320 --> 04:34:42,200 FOR THE USERS TO HAVE AN 6962 04:34:42,200 --> 04:34:43,480 UNDERSTANDING, HAVE 6963 04:34:43,480 --> 04:34:47,280 ACCESSIBILITY TO THE SPECIFIC 6964 04:34:47,280 --> 04:34:50,560 TECHNOLOGY THAT IS PROPOSED, SO 6965 04:34:50,560 --> 04:34:54,200 THAT THEY CAN ADOPT IT. 6966 04:34:54,200 --> 04:34:57,600 AND UNDERSTAND HOW IT CAN BE 6967 04:34:57,600 --> 04:35:01,600 USED OR USEFUL IN THEIR SPECIFIC 6968 04:35:01,600 --> 04:35:04,240 CONTEXT OF USE, AND SO I WOULD 6969 04:35:04,240 --> 04:35:06,360 SAY, YEAH, TRANSPARENCY TO A 6970 04:35:06,360 --> 04:35:09,440 CERTAIN DEGREE, EITHER UP FRONT 6971 04:35:09,440 --> 04:35:13,680 OR UPON REQUEST IS REALLY 6972 04:35:13,680 --> 04:35:15,000 CRITICAL. 6973 04:35:15,000 --> 04:35:19,040 THEN I WOULD SAY ALSO, YEAH, 6974 04:35:19,040 --> 04:35:23,640 HAVING -- SETTING UP PEER REVIEW 6975 04:35:23,640 --> 04:35:26,160 PANELS, OF PEOPLE WHO HAVE 6976 04:35:26,160 --> 04:35:32,720 SUFFICIENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE 6977 04:35:32,720 --> 04:35:34,680 SPECIFIC TECHNOLOGY, TO ASK 6978 04:35:34,680 --> 04:35:36,320 QUESTIONS, PEER REVIEWERS NEED 6979 04:35:36,320 --> 04:35:39,600 TO BE SUPPORTED BY REGULATORS, 6980 04:35:39,600 --> 04:35:43,360 BY THE FUTURE USERS, OF THE 6981 04:35:43,360 --> 04:35:44,440 TECHNOLOGY SO THAT CONCLUSIONS 6982 04:35:44,440 --> 04:35:48,840 OF PEER REVIEW PANEL CAN BE 6983 04:35:48,840 --> 04:35:51,520 TRUSTED AND FOR WHAT IT IS AND 6984 04:35:51,520 --> 04:35:54,400 FOR WHAT THE TECHNOLOGY, WHAT 6985 04:35:54,400 --> 04:35:58,040 THE CLAIMS ARE OF A PARTICULAR 6986 04:35:58,040 --> 04:36:02,280 APPROACH, NEW APPROACH METHODS. 6987 04:36:02,280 --> 04:36:07,400 AND IN TERMS OF SOLUTIONS ALSO I 6988 04:36:07,400 --> 04:36:10,400 WAS THINKING WHAT ROLE MAYBE 6989 04:36:10,400 --> 04:36:12,120 SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES, WE HEARD 6990 04:36:12,120 --> 04:36:14,240 EARLIER TODAY THE ROLE OF 6991 04:36:14,240 --> 04:36:15,440 SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES, I WAS 6992 04:36:15,440 --> 04:36:23,720 THINKING THEY ARE AT REALY AN 6993 04:36:23,720 --> 04:36:24,480 INTERSECT BETWEEN RESEARCHERS, I 6994 04:36:24,480 --> 04:36:26,120 WOULD SAY A COMMUNITY OF 6995 04:36:26,120 --> 04:36:28,320 RESEARCHERS, RIGHT? 6996 04:36:28,320 --> 04:36:31,280 THERE IS REALLY COLLECTIVE 6997 04:36:31,280 --> 04:36:32,680 INTELLIGENCE AND KNOWLEDGE IN 6998 04:36:32,680 --> 04:36:33,520 SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES, AND I 6999 04:36:33,520 --> 04:36:37,680 THINK ONE ROLE IS THEY COULD 7000 04:36:37,680 --> 04:36:40,280 PLAY IS TO FACILITATE ACCESS TO 7001 04:36:40,280 --> 04:36:43,560 NEW TECHNOLOGIES, TO NAMs, FOR 7002 04:36:43,560 --> 04:36:47,000 THE USERS DEVELOPING, YOU KNOW, 7003 04:36:47,000 --> 04:36:47,640 TRAINING, EDUCATIONAL MATERIAL, 7004 04:36:47,640 --> 04:36:51,880 AND I THINK ALL OF THESE 7005 04:36:51,880 --> 04:36:53,760 TOGETHER WOULD HELP MAINTAIN 7006 04:36:53,760 --> 04:36:55,880 CONFIDENCE IN THE METHODOLOGIES, 7007 04:36:55,880 --> 04:36:59,160 TECHNOLOGIES, AND ULTIMATELY THE 7008 04:36:59,160 --> 04:36:59,920 DATA GENERATED. 7009 04:36:59,920 --> 04:37:01,040 >>THAT'S GREAT. 7010 04:37:01,040 --> 04:37:02,120 THANK YOU. 7011 04:37:02,120 --> 04:37:05,600 SO, LET'S TURN TO QUESTION 3, 7012 04:37:05,600 --> 04:37:07,480 REALLY THE MOST COMPREHENSIVE 7013 04:37:07,480 --> 04:37:08,880 AND SOMEHOW INTEGRATING ALSO 7014 04:37:08,880 --> 04:37:11,760 SOME ASPECTS OF THE FIRST TWO. 7015 04:37:11,760 --> 04:37:18,000 WHAT APPROACH DO WE RECOMMEND 7016 04:37:18,000 --> 04:37:18,760 FOR MAINTAINING, SHARING, 7017 04:37:18,760 --> 04:37:20,280 INTEGRATING NAM DATA. 7018 04:37:20,280 --> 04:37:26,400 SO, JOHN, IF YOU WOULD START 7019 04:37:26,400 --> 04:37:26,840 PLEASE. 7020 04:37:26,840 --> 04:37:27,120 JOHN BURKE? 7021 04:37:27,120 --> 04:37:28,360 >>YES, IT'S A DOOZY. 7022 04:37:28,360 --> 04:37:31,080 I'M GOING TO TRY TO STAY CALM. 7023 04:37:31,080 --> 04:37:33,400 FIRST AND FOREMOST WE HAVE TO 7024 04:37:33,400 --> 04:37:35,360 HAVE TRUST IN THE SYSTEM. 7025 04:37:35,360 --> 04:37:37,680 AND THERE HAS TO BE 7026 04:37:37,680 --> 04:37:38,360 TRANSPARENCY. 7027 04:37:38,360 --> 04:37:39,000 AND THIS IS OBVIOUS, RIGHT? 7028 04:37:39,000 --> 04:37:40,960 WE HAVE TO TRUST THE DATA, IT'S 7029 04:37:40,960 --> 04:37:42,800 HIGH QUALITY DATA, WE HAVE THE 7030 04:37:42,800 --> 04:37:44,040 RIGHT CONTROLS. 7031 04:37:44,040 --> 04:37:47,000 BUT WHEN YOU GET DOWN INTO THE 7032 04:37:47,000 --> 04:37:49,400 DATA MANAGEMENT, NOT ONLY DO WE 7033 04:37:49,400 --> 04:37:51,480 HAVE TO SAVE THE DATA, BUT I 7034 04:37:51,480 --> 04:37:55,560 THINK WE HAVE TO HAVE TECHNOLOGY 7035 04:37:55,560 --> 04:37:57,280 TO UNDERSTAND THE MACRO 7036 04:37:57,280 --> 04:38:01,880 CONSTANTS OR MACRO DATA, LIKE 7037 04:38:01,880 --> 04:38:09,320 WHY DID I CHOOSE TO SET MY MODEL 7038 04:38:09,320 --> 04:38:13,920 ARE MENTAL HEALTH OR NEURONAL 7039 04:38:13,920 --> 04:38:14,600 TISSUE, ENDOMETRIOSIS, WHATEVER 7040 04:38:14,600 --> 04:38:15,800 SYSTEM I'M WORKING ON, THIS IS 7041 04:38:15,800 --> 04:38:18,160 THE FUTURE, IT'S VERY, VERY 7042 04:38:18,160 --> 04:38:20,280 COMPLEX, THERE'S A LOT OF 7043 04:38:20,280 --> 04:38:25,240 POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK 7044 04:38:25,240 --> 04:38:25,600 SYSTEMS. 7045 04:38:25,600 --> 04:38:28,920 WHY DID I SET UP TO HAVE THIS 7046 04:38:28,920 --> 04:38:30,440 MANY CELLS, THERE HAS TO BE A 7047 04:38:30,440 --> 04:38:30,920 REASON. 7048 04:38:30,920 --> 04:38:32,760 SCIENTIST WHO MAY NOT BE 7049 04:38:32,760 --> 04:38:37,240 MATHEMATICIAN OR ENGINEER OR 7050 04:38:37,240 --> 04:38:39,080 BIOLOGIST OR PROTEIN ENGINEER, 7051 04:38:39,080 --> 04:38:40,840 OR MEDICINAL CHEMIST, WE LOOK AT 7052 04:38:40,840 --> 04:38:42,160 THINGS DIFFERENTLY. 7053 04:38:42,160 --> 04:38:43,360 I CAN POKE INTO THIS DATA AND 7054 04:38:43,360 --> 04:38:45,000 SAY THIS CAME FROM THIS PIECE OF 7055 04:38:45,000 --> 04:38:46,560 LITERATURE, THIS CAME FROM THIS 7056 04:38:46,560 --> 04:38:47,400 CERTAIN DATA. 7057 04:38:47,400 --> 04:38:50,160 I CHOSE THIS PATHWAY IN ESSENCE 7058 04:38:50,160 --> 04:38:53,080 BECAUSE THIS IS A VERY ITERATIVE 7059 04:38:53,080 --> 04:38:55,040 APPROACH, WHERE MAYBE RIGHT FROM 7060 04:38:55,040 --> 04:38:57,680 THE GET-GO THERE WAS A LARGE 7061 04:38:57,680 --> 04:38:59,560 MACHINE LEARNING ANALYSIS ON A 7062 04:38:59,560 --> 04:39:02,160 CORPUS OF DATA THAT SAID THESE 7063 04:39:02,160 --> 04:39:04,160 FIVE PATHWAYS ARE THE MOST 7064 04:39:04,160 --> 04:39:05,120 IMPORTANT PATHWAYS FOR MY 7065 04:39:05,120 --> 04:39:05,840 INDICATION. 7066 04:39:05,840 --> 04:39:07,080 AND THESE ARE THE TEN REASONS 7067 04:39:07,080 --> 04:39:09,160 WHY, THE TEN PIECES OF DATA THAT 7068 04:39:09,160 --> 04:39:10,480 I THINK ARE MOST IMPORTANT. 7069 04:39:10,480 --> 04:39:13,880 BUT THEN THE NEXT STEP IS WE 7070 04:39:13,880 --> 04:39:14,960 CONVERT THIS SYSTEMATICALLY INTO 7071 04:39:14,960 --> 04:39:22,400 A SYSTEM OF ORDINARY 7072 04:39:22,400 --> 04:39:25,240 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS. 7073 04:39:25,240 --> 04:39:26,360 BECAUSE IT'S NON-LINEAR SOME 7074 04:39:26,360 --> 04:39:28,160 PARAMETERS I CAN CHANGE, IT 7075 04:39:28,160 --> 04:39:31,520 WON'T CHANGE THE PK/PD TOO MUCH, 7076 04:39:31,520 --> 04:39:31,960 PATIENT VARIABILITY. 7077 04:39:31,960 --> 04:39:36,760 SOME PARAMETERS, IF I CHANGE A 7078 04:39:36,760 --> 04:39:45,080 WEE BIT IT COULD GO BONKERS, 7079 04:39:45,080 --> 04:39:46,520 BECAUSE OF SENSITIVITY, 7080 04:39:46,520 --> 04:39:47,200 ANALYSIS, POTENTIAL VARIABILITY. 7081 04:39:47,200 --> 04:39:48,480 YOU HAVE TO UNDERSTAND DIGGING 7082 04:39:48,480 --> 04:39:50,000 DOWN INTO DATA WHY DECISIONS 7083 04:39:50,000 --> 04:39:51,640 WERE MADE, RIGHT? 7084 04:39:51,640 --> 04:39:53,240 NOW YOU DO THE EXPERIMENT WITH 7085 04:39:53,240 --> 04:39:56,240 NAMs, THAT'S PART OF THE DATA 7086 04:39:56,240 --> 04:39:59,000 BECAUSE IT'S MORE BIOLOGY, MORE 7087 04:39:59,000 --> 04:40:00,720 INTERACTIONS, MORE COMPLEXITY, 7088 04:40:00,720 --> 04:40:01,760 BUT WE SYSTEMATICALLY FIGURE OUT 7089 04:40:01,760 --> 04:40:02,680 WHAT WE'RE GOING TO CHANGE 7090 04:40:02,680 --> 04:40:04,880 BECAUSE WE DON'T HAVE THIS IN 7091 04:40:04,880 --> 04:40:08,360 TIME AND MONEY, HOW IS THIS 7092 04:40:08,360 --> 04:40:12,920 INTEGRATED WITH STANDARD IN 7093 04:40:12,920 --> 04:40:14,280 VITRO ASSAYS, ANIMAL MODELS, TO 7094 04:40:14,280 --> 04:40:18,120 ENTER GET FROM ANY KIND OF 7095 04:40:18,120 --> 04:40:19,440 SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND TO START 7096 04:40:19,440 --> 04:40:20,440 HAVE SCIENTIFIC DISCUSSIONS WITH 7097 04:40:20,440 --> 04:40:22,080 TEAMMATES, NOW WE CAN LOOK AT A 7098 04:40:22,080 --> 04:40:23,800 PICTURE OF THIS IS HOW WE THINK 7099 04:40:23,800 --> 04:40:25,760 THE DISEASE WORKS, THIS IS WHERE 7100 04:40:25,760 --> 04:40:27,640 THE MODEL ISN'T WORKING. 7101 04:40:27,640 --> 04:40:29,040 I WOULD DO EXPERIMENTS AROUND 7102 04:40:29,040 --> 04:40:29,440 THIS. 7103 04:40:29,440 --> 04:40:31,000 THIS IS WHERE IT'S WORKING VERY 7104 04:40:31,000 --> 04:40:31,200 WELL. 7105 04:40:31,200 --> 04:40:32,120 THIS IS GREAT. 7106 04:40:32,120 --> 04:40:33,560 THIS PART I TRUST. 7107 04:40:33,560 --> 04:40:35,400 THIS DATA I DON'T TRUST. 7108 04:40:35,400 --> 04:40:38,600 SO IT ENABLES A REAL SYSTEMATIC 7109 04:40:38,600 --> 04:40:41,080 DISCUSSION THAT'S ALWAYS BASED 7110 04:40:41,080 --> 04:40:42,520 ON THE COMPLEXITY OF BIOLOGY AT 7111 04:40:42,520 --> 04:40:43,920 THE RIGHT TIME. 7112 04:40:43,920 --> 04:40:47,680 I ALSO LIKE WHAT WAS BROUGHT UP, 7113 04:40:47,680 --> 04:40:50,080 THE CUSTOMER IS ALWAYS VERY 7114 04:40:50,080 --> 04:40:50,600 IMPORTANT. 7115 04:40:50,600 --> 04:40:55,520 I KNOW THAT MIGHT SOUND GROSS, 7116 04:40:55,520 --> 04:40:56,840 BUT IF YOU'RE WORKING, FOR 7117 04:40:56,840 --> 04:40:57,840 EXAMPLE, WHETHER YOU'RE INSIDE 7118 04:40:57,840 --> 04:41:02,520 LARGE PHARMA OR IN A BIOTECH, 7119 04:41:02,520 --> 04:41:03,840 THERE'S OFTEN DISCUSSIONS ON 7120 04:41:03,840 --> 04:41:05,160 KILLING PROJECTS OR NOT, IT'S 7121 04:41:05,160 --> 04:41:06,680 HARD TO KILL A PROJECT. 7122 04:41:06,680 --> 04:41:10,520 IF YOU CAN WORK WITH THE CSO OR 7123 04:41:10,520 --> 04:41:15,440 VP OR HEAD OF DISCOVERY, AND TO 7124 04:41:15,440 --> 04:41:17,560 USE THIS LOGICALLY TO JUSTIFY 7125 04:41:17,560 --> 04:41:19,440 KILLING A PROGRAM THAT'S 7126 04:41:19,440 --> 04:41:20,920 ACTUALLY VERY GOOD, RIGHT? 7127 04:41:20,920 --> 04:41:22,880 NOW WE'RE NOT LOSING 7128 04:41:22,880 --> 04:41:25,080 OPPORTUNITY, TIME, MONEY, 7129 04:41:25,080 --> 04:41:26,080 BECAUSE THESE PROGRAMS TAKE 15 7130 04:41:26,080 --> 04:41:27,400 YEARS TO SEE PATIENTS, WE ONLY 7131 04:41:27,400 --> 04:41:29,920 HAVE SO MUCH TIME OR MONEY AND 7132 04:41:29,920 --> 04:41:33,840 HOW CAN WE USE THIS NAMs DATA 7133 04:41:33,840 --> 04:41:35,800 ITERATIVELY TO MAYBE DESIGN THE 7134 04:41:35,800 --> 04:41:37,880 TPP OR LEAD GENERATION STRATEGY 7135 04:41:37,880 --> 04:41:39,760 OR HOW TO PRIORITIZE EXPERIMENTS 7136 04:41:39,760 --> 04:41:43,480 SO WHEN WE GET TO IND WE HAVE 7137 04:41:43,480 --> 04:41:47,200 THE MOST INFORMATIVE DATA, SO WE 7138 04:41:47,200 --> 04:41:50,040 CAN MAKE OUR BEST FIRST TUMOR 7139 04:41:50,040 --> 04:41:51,360 DOSE PREDICTION, MAYBE TO SAVE 7140 04:41:51,360 --> 04:41:53,520 TIME, A DOSE OR TWO IN THE 7141 04:41:53,520 --> 04:41:55,000 CLINIC, BETTER FOR PATIENTS, 7142 04:41:55,000 --> 04:41:56,600 BETTER FOR THE COMPANY. 7143 04:41:56,600 --> 04:41:57,920 MAYBE IT'S BEST IN CLASS. 7144 04:41:57,920 --> 04:42:00,920 MAYBE THERE'S A WAY YOU CAN DO 7145 04:42:00,920 --> 04:42:03,920 SOMETHING IN SILICO TO SAY THIS 7146 04:42:03,920 --> 04:42:06,360 IS GOING TO BE THIS DRUG, WHAT'S 7147 04:42:06,360 --> 04:42:08,160 COMING OUT IN FIVE YEARS, IMPACT 7148 04:42:08,160 --> 04:42:08,560 DECISION MAKERS. 7149 04:42:08,560 --> 04:42:13,640 THIS IS GOING TO BE WORTH A $20 7150 04:42:13,640 --> 04:42:14,640 MILLION PHASE I OR PHASE II 7151 04:42:14,640 --> 04:42:15,640 STUDY BUT YOU WANT TO MAKE SURE 7152 04:42:15,640 --> 04:42:17,440 YOU HAVE THE RIGHT DATA TO 7153 04:42:17,440 --> 04:42:20,240 REDUCE LATE STAGE, YOU KNOW, 7154 04:42:20,240 --> 04:42:21,600 CLINICAL FAILURE RATE. 7155 04:42:21,600 --> 04:42:22,880 HOPEFULLY IT'S FIRST IN CLASS, 7156 04:42:22,880 --> 04:42:24,760 BEST IN CLASS, WE HAVE THAT 7157 04:42:24,760 --> 04:42:27,040 RIGHT DATA. 7158 04:42:27,040 --> 04:42:29,080 SO IT'S -- TO RECOMMEND 7159 04:42:29,080 --> 04:42:29,800 MANAGING, SHARING, INTEGRATING, 7160 04:42:29,800 --> 04:42:31,480 YEAH, WE NEED GOOD SCIENCE BUT 7161 04:42:31,480 --> 04:42:33,120 HAVE TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTIONS 7162 04:42:33,120 --> 04:42:35,880 THAT REALLY MATTER I THINK. 7163 04:42:35,880 --> 04:42:36,920 >>OKAY. 7164 04:42:36,920 --> 04:42:37,880 THAT'S GREAT. 7165 04:42:37,880 --> 04:42:40,440 WE DO HAVE A FEW MORE MINUTES, 7166 04:42:40,440 --> 04:42:44,920 EVEN I WAS WONDERING IF YOU CAN 7167 04:42:44,920 --> 04:42:50,920 ADD YOUR PERSPECTIVE, SAME 7168 04:42:50,920 --> 04:42:51,400 QUESTION, IVAN. 7169 04:42:51,400 --> 04:42:55,120 >>SIX OR SEVEN YEARS AGO I WAS 7170 04:42:55,120 --> 04:42:57,840 SKEPTICAL WHETHER COMPLEX NEW 7171 04:42:57,840 --> 04:42:58,480 APPROACH METHODS, 7172 04:42:58,480 --> 04:42:59,240 MICROPHYSIOLOGIC SYSTEMS WOULD 7173 04:42:59,240 --> 04:43:01,320 DELIVER ENOUGH DATA BUT ALSO 7174 04:43:01,320 --> 04:43:03,320 THERE HAS BEEN A GREAT SUPPORT 7175 04:43:03,320 --> 04:43:06,280 FROM THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL 7176 04:43:06,280 --> 04:43:09,560 TOXICOLOGY TO LARGE SCALE DATA 7177 04:43:09,560 --> 04:43:11,960 COLLECTION PROGRAMS THAT ARE A 7178 04:43:11,960 --> 04:43:17,120 PARTNERSHIP OF NIEHS, NCATS, 7179 04:43:17,120 --> 04:43:21,480 EPA, TOX CAST, TOX21 PROGRAMS. 7180 04:43:21,480 --> 04:43:23,680 THE DASHBOARD BUILT, INTEGRATED 7181 04:43:23,680 --> 04:43:26,520 CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENTS HOUSED IN 7182 04:43:26,520 --> 04:43:30,840 DR. KLEINSTREUER'S OFFICE OR EPA 7183 04:43:30,840 --> 04:43:33,800 TOX CAST DASHBOARD, THEY ARE 7184 04:43:33,800 --> 04:43:35,960 TREMENDOUS REPOSITORYS OF 7185 04:43:35,960 --> 04:43:38,720 SYSTEMATICALLY COLLECTED AND 7186 04:43:38,720 --> 04:43:40,040 PARSED AND OUT AND DEPOSITED 7187 04:43:40,040 --> 04:43:41,120 INFORMATION THAT STARTS FROM 7188 04:43:41,120 --> 04:43:42,640 QUALITY OF THE CHEMICAL THAT 7189 04:43:42,640 --> 04:43:44,800 WENT INTO THOSE TESTS TO THE 7190 04:43:44,800 --> 04:43:46,800 ACTUAL CONDITIONS, TO THE 7191 04:43:46,800 --> 04:43:49,680 OUTCOMES, TO ACTUALLY THEN 7192 04:43:49,680 --> 04:43:50,960 LINKAGE TO ANIMAL RESULTS 7193 04:43:50,960 --> 04:43:52,400 BECAUSE AGAIN EPA AND OTHERS 7194 04:43:52,400 --> 04:43:55,800 HAVE DONE WONDERFUL JOB OF 7195 04:43:55,800 --> 04:43:57,320 PUTTING ANIMAL STUDIES TOGETHER. 7196 04:43:57,320 --> 04:44:00,280 THE GREAT THING IS A LOT OF THAT 7197 04:44:00,280 --> 04:44:02,440 INFORMATION IS PUBLIC, WAS 7198 04:44:02,440 --> 04:44:05,880 MENTIONED A LOT OF PHARMA DATA 7199 04:44:05,880 --> 04:44:07,360 IS NOT PUBLIC, PRE OR POST 7200 04:44:07,360 --> 04:44:08,720 COMPETITIVE SPACE, GOING TO HELP 7201 04:44:08,720 --> 04:44:10,040 US INTERPRET INFORMATION BUT WE 7202 04:44:10,040 --> 04:44:13,640 ALL NEED TO BE OPEN ABOUT 7203 04:44:13,640 --> 04:44:15,080 DELIVERING ALL OF OUR 7204 04:44:15,080 --> 04:44:19,000 INFORMATION, IN MORE THAN JUST 7205 04:44:19,000 --> 04:44:20,960 EXCEL SPREADSHEETS, AS 7206 04:44:20,960 --> 04:44:25,680 SUPPLEMENTAL DATA TO 7207 04:44:25,680 --> 04:44:26,000 PUBLICATIONS. 7208 04:44:26,000 --> 04:44:28,400 MICROPHYSIOLOGICAL 7209 04:44:28,400 --> 04:44:29,720 SYSTEMS/DATABASE AT NCATS, A 7210 04:44:29,720 --> 04:44:33,120 GREAT EXAMPLE OF HOW THAT CAN BE 7211 04:44:33,120 --> 04:44:34,960 DONE. 7212 04:44:34,960 --> 04:44:36,480 I'M A BRIG PROPONENT OF 7213 04:44:36,480 --> 04:44:37,600 DATABASES WITH PERSONAL 7214 04:44:37,600 --> 04:44:38,800 COMMITMENT FROM RESEARCHERS TO 7215 04:44:38,800 --> 04:44:39,800 DELIVER THAT INFORMATION. 7216 04:44:39,800 --> 04:44:42,400 AND TAKE THE TIME TO ACTUALLY 7217 04:44:42,400 --> 04:44:45,560 PUT IT IN BECAUSE IT'S A 7218 04:44:45,560 --> 04:44:48,320 THANKLESS JOB TO ACTUALLY PUT IT 7219 04:44:48,320 --> 04:44:48,720 IN. 7220 04:44:48,720 --> 04:44:50,600 IT'S MORE INTERESTING TO 7221 04:44:50,600 --> 04:44:51,160 ACTUALLY DO THE EXPERIMENTS. 7222 04:44:51,160 --> 04:44:52,800 >>I THINK THIS IS A TERRIFIC 7223 04:44:52,800 --> 04:44:53,360 DISCUSSION. 7224 04:44:53,360 --> 04:44:56,600 I WOULD LIKE TO PROPOSE WE HAVE 7225 04:44:56,600 --> 04:44:58,560 LIKE THREE MINUTES REMAINING, 7226 04:44:58,560 --> 04:45:01,880 CAN EACH OF YOU MAKE ONE 7227 04:45:01,880 --> 04:45:03,080 SENTENCE STATEMENT ABOUT 7228 04:45:03,080 --> 04:45:04,200 SOMETHING YOU WOULD LIKE TO 7229 04:45:04,200 --> 04:45:06,600 HAPPEN OVER THE NEXT YEAR OR SO 7230 04:45:06,600 --> 04:45:08,440 THAT WOULD REALLY MOVE THE 7231 04:45:08,440 --> 04:45:10,320 NEEDLE IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION, 7232 04:45:10,320 --> 04:45:13,720 THAT WE TRY TO DEFINE TODAY. 7233 04:45:13,720 --> 04:45:16,480 SO, LET'S SAY START WITH YOU, 7234 04:45:16,480 --> 04:45:18,520 DONNA, JUST AN EXAMPLE, I MEAN 7235 04:45:18,520 --> 04:45:19,960 DOESN'T HAVE TO BE 7236 04:45:19,960 --> 04:45:21,840 COMPREHENSIVE, WHAT WOULD YOU 7237 04:45:21,840 --> 04:45:23,600 LIKE TO SEE HAPPENING SOON IN 7238 04:45:23,600 --> 04:45:24,520 THIS SPACE? 7239 04:45:24,520 --> 04:45:25,880 >>I WOULD LIKE TO SEE MEETINGS 7240 04:45:25,880 --> 04:45:27,760 LIKE THIS WHERE WE TALK OPENLY 7241 04:45:27,760 --> 04:45:28,960 ABOUT NAMs, ALSO THE GOOD NEWS 7242 04:45:28,960 --> 04:45:33,440 AND BAD NEWS. 7243 04:45:33,440 --> 04:45:35,080 AGAIN, PEOPLE PUBLISHING 7244 04:45:35,080 --> 04:45:36,600 NEGATIVE FINDINGS, TO UNDERSTAND 7245 04:45:36,600 --> 04:45:37,920 HOW SYSTEMS ARE OPERATING WE 7246 04:45:37,920 --> 04:45:44,040 NEED TO TALK ABOUT BOTH SIDES. 7247 04:45:44,040 --> 04:45:44,720 >>TERRIFIC. 7248 04:45:44,720 --> 04:45:44,920 ANNE? 7249 04:45:44,920 --> 04:45:50,400 >>I WOULD SAY THAT I'D LIKE TO 7250 04:45:50,400 --> 04:45:55,000 SEE MORE CONSENSUS DATABASES OF 7251 04:45:55,000 --> 04:45:59,800 CURATEED HIGHLY STRUCTURED DATA 7252 04:45:59,800 --> 04:46:01,560 MADE PUBLICLY AVAILABLE FOR MORE 7253 04:46:01,560 --> 04:46:05,280 ADVERSE EFFECTS, ADVERSE HEALTH 7254 04:46:05,280 --> 04:46:08,920 EFFECTS, SO THAT IT'S AVAILABLE 7255 04:46:08,920 --> 04:46:11,840 TO ALL POTENTIAL METHOD 7256 04:46:11,840 --> 04:46:12,160 DEVELOPERS. 7257 04:46:12,160 --> 04:46:12,440 >>SUPER. 7258 04:46:12,440 --> 04:46:12,640 JAMES? 7259 04:46:12,640 --> 04:46:14,040 >>I THINK IT WOULD BE HELPFUL 7260 04:46:14,040 --> 04:46:19,720 TO HAVE MORE RESOURCES AND MORE 7261 04:46:19,720 --> 04:46:21,440 EFFORTS IN CREATING TARGETED 7262 04:46:21,440 --> 04:46:27,960 VALIDATION DATA FOR A.I. 7263 04:46:27,960 --> 04:46:29,360 >>OKAY. 7264 04:46:29,360 --> 04:46:29,560 IVAN? 7265 04:46:29,560 --> 04:46:31,560 >>I'D LIKE THE NAM DEVELOPERS 7266 04:46:31,560 --> 04:46:35,600 TO REALLY THINK HARD AND LONG 7267 04:46:35,600 --> 04:46:37,360 ABOUT THEIR HAMMERS BEFORE THEY 7268 04:46:37,360 --> 04:46:38,680 BUILD THEM, TO UNDERSTAND WHERE 7269 04:46:38,680 --> 04:46:40,520 THE NAILS ARE, AND TO GIVE KUDOS 7270 04:46:40,520 --> 04:46:42,720 TO OUR COLLEAGUES AT THE FDA. 7271 04:46:42,720 --> 04:46:44,440 THEY HAVE PUBLISHED RECENTLY A 7272 04:46:44,440 --> 04:46:46,120 COUPLE PAPERS WHERE THEY ARE 7273 04:46:46,120 --> 04:46:47,640 VERY, VERY SPECIFIC ABOUT WHAT 7274 04:46:47,640 --> 04:46:49,040 PROBLEMS THEY HAVE AND WHAT 7275 04:46:49,040 --> 04:46:50,600 SOLUTIONS THEY ARE LOOKING FOR. 7276 04:46:50,600 --> 04:46:53,880 SO I THINK WE HAVE TO START FROM 7277 04:46:53,880 --> 04:46:55,480 THE PROBLEMS, AND DEFINE THEM, 7278 04:46:55,480 --> 04:46:56,840 AND THEN BUILD SOLUTIONS FOR 7279 04:46:56,840 --> 04:46:58,200 THEM RATHER THAN OFFER SOLUTIONS 7280 04:46:58,200 --> 04:47:03,440 AND SEE IF THERE ARE ANY 7281 04:47:03,440 --> 04:47:03,720 PROBLEMS. 7282 04:47:03,720 --> 04:47:05,840 >>GREAT. 7283 04:47:05,840 --> 04:47:08,360 JOHN? 7284 04:47:08,360 --> 04:47:08,840 SUPER BRIEFLY. 7285 04:47:08,840 --> 04:47:09,880 >>YES, BRIEFLY. 7286 04:47:09,880 --> 04:47:13,200 MORE VACATION TIME. 7287 04:47:13,200 --> 04:47:14,880 NO, I THINK I WOULD -- IT'S NOT 7288 04:47:14,880 --> 04:47:16,440 GOING TO HAPPEN OVER THE NEXT 7289 04:47:16,440 --> 04:47:19,080 YEAR OR TWO BUT I THINK IT WOULD 7290 04:47:19,080 --> 04:47:21,960 HAPPEN IN VALID BENCHMARKING, 7291 04:47:21,960 --> 04:47:25,680 TRUSTING THIS ANALYSIS, IF WE 7292 04:47:25,680 --> 04:47:28,160 HAD NAMs SYSTEMS AROUND 7293 04:47:28,160 --> 04:47:30,240 RELEVANT ANIMAL MODELS AND 7294 04:47:30,240 --> 04:47:30,840 DIFFERENT HUMAN INDICATIONS, 7295 04:47:30,840 --> 04:47:35,840 THAT WOULD ENABLE BACKWARDS AND 7296 04:47:35,840 --> 04:47:37,040 FORWARDS TRANSLATION, AND 7297 04:47:37,040 --> 04:47:40,120 UNDERSTAND WHAT THESE ASSAYS MAY 7298 04:47:40,120 --> 04:47:42,520 LOOK LIKE FOR LEAD SELECTION AND 7299 04:47:42,520 --> 04:47:47,080 THEN TRANSLATING INTO THE HUMAN, 7300 04:47:47,080 --> 04:47:48,200 IT'S DIFFICULT. 7301 04:47:48,200 --> 04:47:52,000 YOU HAVE TO TRUST THESE ANIMAL 7302 04:47:52,000 --> 04:47:52,240 MODELS. 7303 04:47:52,240 --> 04:47:53,560 >>THESE ARE TERRIFIC 7304 04:47:53,560 --> 04:47:53,920 RECOMMENDATIONS. 7305 04:47:53,920 --> 04:47:56,040 THANK YOU FOR THE SESSIONS. 7306 04:47:56,040 --> 04:48:07,080 AND WE'RE FINISHING AT 3:15 7307 04:48:07,080 --> 04:48:09,520 >>GOOD AFTERNOON, WELCOME BACK 7308 04:48:09,520 --> 04:48:11,640 TO OUR LAST SESSION. 7309 04:48:11,640 --> 04:48:13,560 OUR WORKING GROUP LEADER MEMBER, 7310 04:48:13,560 --> 04:48:19,720 WORKING GROUP MEMBER DR. TONY 7311 04:48:19,720 --> 04:48:21,240 BAINES, WILL MODERATE. 7312 04:48:21,240 --> 04:48:24,840 DR. BAINES, TAKE IT AWAY. 7313 04:48:24,840 --> 04:48:26,440 >>THANK YOU, HOWARD. 7314 04:48:26,440 --> 04:48:30,680 I WANT TO SAY GOOD AFTERNOON, 7315 04:48:30,680 --> 04:48:32,000 GOOD MORNING, GOOD NIGHT, 7316 04:48:32,000 --> 04:48:36,280 DEPENDING WHERE YOU ARE. 7317 04:48:36,280 --> 04:48:37,920 AGAIN, I'M TONY BAINES, 7318 04:48:37,920 --> 04:48:38,880 ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AT NORTH 7319 04:48:38,880 --> 04:48:40,720 CAROLINA CENTRAL UNIVERSITY IN 7320 04:48:40,720 --> 04:48:42,320 DURHAM, NORTH CAROLINA. 7321 04:48:42,320 --> 04:48:46,000 I'M ALSO ADJUNCT ASSOCIATE 7322 04:48:46,000 --> 04:48:47,760 PROFESSOR IN PHARMACOLOGY, ALSO 7323 04:48:47,760 --> 04:48:48,640 TOXICOLOGY ENVIRONMENTAL 7324 04:48:48,640 --> 04:48:49,240 MEDICINE AT UNC-CHAPEL HILL, 7325 04:48:49,240 --> 04:48:50,480 VERY HAPPY TO BE HERE. 7326 04:48:50,480 --> 04:48:53,600 I WANT TO FIRST THANK THE NIH 7327 04:48:53,600 --> 04:48:57,080 FOR HOSTING THIS CONVERSATION. 7328 04:48:57,080 --> 04:48:58,480 IT'S A VERY IMPORTANT 7329 04:48:58,480 --> 04:48:59,360 CONVERSATION TALKING ABOUT 7330 04:48:59,360 --> 04:49:00,680 BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH WE'VE HEARD 7331 04:49:00,680 --> 04:49:02,440 THROUGHOUT THIS WHOLE DAY. 7332 04:49:02,440 --> 04:49:04,400 I'M HONORED TO BE ON THE 7333 04:49:04,400 --> 04:49:06,280 ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR THE 7334 04:49:06,280 --> 04:49:08,080 DIRECTOR AS RELATES TO NAMs. 7335 04:49:08,080 --> 04:49:12,120 I'M ON A PANEL OF VERY SMART AND 7336 04:49:12,120 --> 04:49:13,240 INTELLIGENT AND PASSIONATE 7337 04:49:13,240 --> 04:49:14,920 FOLKS, SO I'M HONORED TO WORK 7338 04:49:14,920 --> 04:49:17,080 WITH EVERYBODY ON THE COMMITTEE. 7339 04:49:17,080 --> 04:49:20,560 I WANT TO THANK EVERYBODY HERE, 7340 04:49:20,560 --> 04:49:22,560 PHYSICALLY IN THE WILSON ROOM, 7341 04:49:22,560 --> 04:49:25,760 AS WELL AS THOSE OUT VIRTUALLY. 7342 04:49:25,760 --> 04:49:26,800 I APPRECIATE YOU HANGING OUT 7343 04:49:26,800 --> 04:49:28,440 WITH US, IF YOU'VE BEEN HERE ALL 7344 04:49:28,440 --> 04:49:29,560 DAY THANK YOU. 7345 04:49:29,560 --> 04:49:31,240 IF YOU'RE JUST JOINING US, 7346 04:49:31,240 --> 04:49:31,760 WELCOME, WELCOME. 7347 04:49:31,760 --> 04:49:36,040 WE WANT TO TRY TO HAVE A VERY 7348 04:49:36,040 --> 04:49:36,880 FRUITFUL AND ENGAGING 7349 04:49:36,880 --> 04:49:39,960 CONVERSATION ABOUT THIS VERY 7350 04:49:39,960 --> 04:49:41,840 IMPORTANT TOPIC CALLED EQUITABLY 7351 04:49:41,840 --> 04:49:43,680 DEPLOYING ROBUST AND RELIABLE 7352 04:49:43,680 --> 04:49:44,320 NAMs INTO PRACTICE. 7353 04:49:44,320 --> 04:49:46,520 SO WHEN I THINK ABOUT THAT 7354 04:49:46,520 --> 04:49:48,600 TITLE, I KIND OF BREAK IT UP 7355 04:49:48,600 --> 04:49:50,480 INTO KEY WORDS. 7356 04:49:50,480 --> 04:49:52,200 FIRST THING IS NAMs INTO 7357 04:49:52,200 --> 04:49:52,680 PRACTICE. 7358 04:49:52,680 --> 04:49:54,840 I THINK ABOUT APPLICATION. 7359 04:49:54,840 --> 04:49:58,120 AT THE END OF THE DAY, GREAT 7360 04:49:58,120 --> 04:49:58,720 CONVERSATIONS, GREAT PANELS, 7361 04:49:58,720 --> 04:50:01,760 DISCUSSION ON A LOT OF THE 7362 04:50:01,760 --> 04:50:02,600 CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT THEORY 7363 04:50:02,600 --> 04:50:04,600 BUT HOW DO WE PUT THIS IN 7364 04:50:04,600 --> 04:50:06,440 PRACTICE, LEAVE HERE AND MAKE 7365 04:50:06,440 --> 04:50:09,960 SURE THIS IS NOT JUST ANOTHER 7366 04:50:09,960 --> 04:50:11,080 SESSION THAT WE'VE HAD, ANOTHER 7367 04:50:11,080 --> 04:50:15,240 GREAT SESSION, BUT HOW CAN WE 7368 04:50:15,240 --> 04:50:17,000 MAKE SURE IT DOES PRACTICE WITH 7369 04:50:17,000 --> 04:50:17,960 NAMs, THE KEY WORDS. 7370 04:50:17,960 --> 04:50:22,120 ANOTHER SET OF KEY WORDS I THINK 7371 04:50:22,120 --> 04:50:23,440 ABOUT, ROBUST AND RELIABLE. 7372 04:50:23,440 --> 04:50:25,080 THAT MAKES ME THINK ABOUT 7373 04:50:25,080 --> 04:50:27,280 VALIDATION, HOW DO WE MAKE 7374 04:50:27,280 --> 04:50:29,960 MODELS, WITH ANY MODELS, I 7375 04:50:29,960 --> 04:50:33,080 REMEMBER BEING TRAINED AS A GRAD 7376 04:50:33,080 --> 04:50:35,720 STUDENT, THERE'S NO PERFECT 7377 04:50:35,720 --> 04:50:35,960 MODEL. 7378 04:50:35,960 --> 04:50:37,800 THERE'S BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS 7379 04:50:37,800 --> 04:50:38,680 WITH EVERY MODEL. 7380 04:50:38,680 --> 04:50:40,560 HOW DO WE MAKE SURE THEY ARE 7381 04:50:40,560 --> 04:50:41,920 VALIDATED TO WHERE WE HAVE 7382 04:50:41,920 --> 04:50:43,760 CONFIDENCE USING THEM. 7383 04:50:43,760 --> 04:50:48,480 LASTLY I THINK ABOUT EQUITABLE. 7384 04:50:48,480 --> 04:50:51,120 EQUITABLEY USING THESE RELIABLE 7385 04:50:51,120 --> 04:50:52,640 MODELS, THINKING ABOUT 7386 04:50:52,640 --> 04:50:53,320 ACCESSIBILITY, AVAILABILITY, 7387 04:50:53,320 --> 04:50:55,560 USAGE FOR ALL AND TO ALL. 7388 04:50:55,560 --> 04:50:57,440 SO THOSE ARE THE KEY POINTS THAT 7389 04:50:57,440 --> 04:50:59,320 I THINK ABOUT FROM THAT TITLE. 7390 04:50:59,320 --> 04:51:02,640 SO I'M VERY HAPPY TO HAVE THIS 7391 04:51:02,640 --> 04:51:04,720 VERY DISTINGUISHED PANEL THAT WE 7392 04:51:04,720 --> 04:51:07,680 HAVE HERE, AS WELL AS VIRTUAL, 7393 04:51:07,680 --> 04:51:10,880 GLAD NICHOLAS COULD JOIN US 7394 04:51:10,880 --> 04:51:11,120 VIRTUAL. 7395 04:51:11,120 --> 04:51:11,960 I'M GOING TO BRIEFLY INTRODUCE 7396 04:51:11,960 --> 04:51:16,160 EVERYBODY, THEY ARE DO A BETTER 7397 04:51:16,160 --> 04:51:17,360 JOB INTRODUCEING THEMSELVES. 7398 04:51:17,360 --> 04:51:19,440 I'LL LET THEM INTRODUCE 7399 04:51:19,440 --> 04:51:21,920 THEMSELVES, YOU KNOW, IN MORE 7400 04:51:21,920 --> 04:51:22,280 DEPTH. 7401 04:51:22,280 --> 04:51:24,120 ALSO GIVE INITIAL THOUGHTS WHEN 7402 04:51:24,120 --> 04:51:25,760 THEY THINK ABOUT OUR TITLE THAT 7403 04:51:25,760 --> 04:51:29,720 WE'VE BEEN LABELED WITH IN TERMS 7404 04:51:29,720 --> 04:51:34,640 OF EQUITABLY DEPLOYING REBUST 7405 04:51:34,640 --> 04:51:36,520 AND RELIABLE NAMs INTO 7406 04:51:36,520 --> 04:51:37,280 PRACTICE. 7407 04:51:37,280 --> 04:51:39,120 THANKS TO OUR INTERPRETER FOR 7408 04:51:39,120 --> 04:51:42,640 BEING HER. 7409 04:51:42,640 --> 04:51:45,840 FIRST JESSE CARDER, USDA, U.S. 7410 04:51:45,840 --> 04:51:47,240 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AND 7411 04:51:47,240 --> 04:51:48,520 IN ANIMAL WELFARE AND 7412 04:51:48,520 --> 04:51:51,160 INFORMATION CENTER, SHE HAS MANY 7413 04:51:51,160 --> 04:51:53,360 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE AS RELATES 7414 04:51:53,360 --> 04:52:03,880 TO RELATES TO ANIMAL HANDLING, 7415 04:52:07,760 --> 04:52:13,360 BEHAVIOR, WELFARE, WE HAVE MEGAN 7416 04:52:13,360 --> 04:52:14,560 LA FOLLETTE, THREE Rs 7417 04:52:14,560 --> 04:52:16,720 COLLABORATE A ACTIVE, MAKING 7418 04:52:16,720 --> 04:52:22,440 SURE ANIMALS ARE CONSIDERING 7419 04:52:22,440 --> 04:52:23,840 WITH REDUCING, REPLACING, 7420 04:52:23,840 --> 04:52:24,280 REFINING. 7421 04:52:24,280 --> 04:52:27,040 MICHAEL MOORE IS A PROFESSOR AND 7422 04:52:27,040 --> 04:52:30,440 CHAIR AT TULANE UNIVERSITY, 7423 04:52:30,440 --> 04:52:31,400 DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL 7424 04:52:31,400 --> 04:52:33,040 ENGINEERING, HE ALSO IS I THINK 7425 04:52:33,040 --> 04:52:34,920 A SCIENTIST, CHIEF SCIENTIFIC 7426 04:52:34,920 --> 04:52:43,720 OFFICER OF A COMPANY, CRO CALLED 7427 04:52:43,720 --> 04:52:44,360 AXOSIM FOCUSED ON 7428 04:52:44,360 --> 04:52:47,320 NEURODISCOVERY, LOOK FORWARD TO 7429 04:52:47,320 --> 04:52:49,920 HEARING WHAT HE'S DOING. 7430 04:52:49,920 --> 04:52:58,680 WE HAVE MANU PLATT, DIRECTOR OF 7431 04:52:58,680 --> 04:52:59,480 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING. 7432 04:52:59,480 --> 04:53:01,720 BEFORE HERE HE WAS AT GEORGIA 7433 04:53:01,720 --> 04:53:06,720 TECH, WHERE I KNEW HIM, 7434 04:53:06,720 --> 04:53:07,480 DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL 7435 04:53:07,480 --> 04:53:10,360 ENGINEERING, HE WORKS ON HIV AND 7436 04:53:10,360 --> 04:53:11,560 SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, STROKE AND 7437 04:53:11,560 --> 04:53:12,080 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES. 7438 04:53:12,080 --> 04:53:14,480 HAPPY FOR HIM TO BE HERE, ALSO 7439 04:53:14,480 --> 04:53:17,920 HERE AT NIH AS ASSOCIATE 7440 04:53:17,920 --> 04:53:18,400 DIRECTOR FOR SCIENTIFIC 7441 04:53:18,400 --> 04:53:19,800 DIVERSITY, EQUITY, AND 7442 04:53:19,800 --> 04:53:20,800 INCLUSION. 7443 04:53:20,800 --> 04:53:26,280 LAST BUT NOT LEAST NICHOLAS 7444 04:53:26,280 --> 04:53:29,560 TATONETTI, WHO IS VIRTUAL, AND 7445 04:53:29,560 --> 04:53:31,760 HE'S AT COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, 7446 04:53:31,760 --> 04:53:34,600 CHIEF OFFICER FOR CAMPUS DATA 7447 04:53:34,600 --> 04:53:39,080 SCIENCE AT CAMPUS CENTER AT 7448 04:53:39,080 --> 04:53:41,160 COLUMBIA, INVOLVED IN SYSTEMS 7449 04:53:41,160 --> 04:53:42,040 POLLING, DRUG SAFETY, DRUG 7450 04:53:42,040 --> 04:53:43,760 SURVEILLANCE, ET CETERA. 7451 04:53:43,760 --> 04:53:46,200 I'M HAPPY HE'S HERE, AS WELL. 7452 04:53:46,200 --> 04:53:48,000 AGAIN, I THANK ALL THE PANELISTS 7453 04:53:48,000 --> 04:53:49,040 FOR TAKING TIME OUT. 7454 04:53:49,040 --> 04:53:50,720 I KNOW EVERYBODY IS BUSY, TAKING 7455 04:53:50,720 --> 04:53:53,200 TIME OUT OF YOUR BUSY SCHEDULE 7456 04:53:53,200 --> 04:53:54,200 TO HAVE A CONVERSATION, I WANT 7457 04:53:54,200 --> 04:53:55,760 THIS TO BE A CONVERSATION 7458 04:53:55,760 --> 04:53:57,040 RELATEED TO OUR TOPIC. 7459 04:53:57,040 --> 04:53:59,440 HOW ABOUT WE GET STARTED. 7460 04:53:59,440 --> 04:54:05,680 HOW ABOUT WE START WITH MANU IN 7461 04:54:05,680 --> 04:54:07,480 TERMS OF A LITTLE BIT MORE 7462 04:54:07,480 --> 04:54:08,680 INTRODUCTION OF YOURSELF, MAKE 7463 04:54:08,680 --> 04:54:11,720 SURE FOLKS KNOW WHO YOU ARE AND 7464 04:54:11,720 --> 04:54:14,680 JUST INITIAL THOUGHTS, BRIEF 7465 04:54:14,680 --> 04:54:17,760 INITIAL THOUGHTS ABOUT OUR TOPIC 7466 04:54:17,760 --> 04:54:22,320 IN TERMS OF EQUITABLE ROBUST AND 7467 04:54:22,320 --> 04:54:23,880 RELIABLE NAMs PRACTICE, NAMs 7468 04:54:23,880 --> 04:54:24,400 INTO PRACTICE. 7469 04:54:24,400 --> 04:54:25,400 >>SOUNDS GOOD. 7470 04:54:25,400 --> 04:54:26,400 THANKS FOR HAVING ME. 7471 04:54:26,400 --> 04:54:29,360 THANKS TO THE WORKING GROUP FOR 7472 04:54:29,360 --> 04:54:30,560 HAVING US WITH THIS 7473 04:54:30,560 --> 04:54:30,880 CONVERSATION. 7474 04:54:30,880 --> 04:54:32,000 I LEARNED QUITE A BIT TODAY. 7475 04:54:32,000 --> 04:54:33,440 GREAT TO TUNE IN ALL DAY AND 7476 04:54:33,440 --> 04:54:35,240 THEN COMMENT AT THE END, SO MY 7477 04:54:35,240 --> 04:54:37,040 THOUGHTS CONTINUE TO GROW 7478 04:54:37,040 --> 04:54:42,280 THROUGHOUT THE DAY, I'M SURE AS 7479 04:54:42,280 --> 04:54:45,720 THE OTHER PANELISTS DID. 7480 04:54:45,720 --> 04:54:50,360 I DID MY UNDERGRADUATE AT 7481 04:54:50,360 --> 04:54:51,160 MOREHOUSE COLLEGE. 7482 04:54:51,160 --> 04:54:54,240 I THINK ABOUT EQUITY AND ACCESS 7483 04:54:54,240 --> 04:54:55,120 TO RESEARCH, RESEARCH PLATFORMS, 7484 04:54:55,120 --> 04:54:57,160 OVER THE COURSE OF MY CAREER AS 7485 04:54:57,160 --> 04:54:59,760 MENTIONED IN THE INTRODUCTION 7486 04:54:59,760 --> 04:55:02,640 OUR WORK FOCUSED ON RACIAL 7487 04:55:02,640 --> 04:55:05,160 HEALTH DISPARITIES, SICKLE CELL 7488 04:55:05,160 --> 04:55:06,920 IS A MAJOR FOCUS, PREDOMINANTLY 7489 04:55:06,920 --> 04:55:07,680 AFFECTS AFRICAN AMERICANS, I 7490 04:55:07,680 --> 04:55:09,120 USED TO WORK WITH HIV AND 7491 04:55:09,120 --> 04:55:10,520 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE WHICH 7492 04:55:10,520 --> 04:55:11,760 TOOK ME TO LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, 7493 04:55:11,760 --> 04:55:14,080 WE DID A LOT OF WORK IN SOUTH 7494 04:55:14,080 --> 04:55:15,160 AFRICA, ETHIOPIA. 7495 04:55:15,160 --> 04:55:17,280 I COME TO BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 7496 04:55:17,280 --> 04:55:18,320 FROM THE BIOLOGY SIDE BUT 7497 04:55:18,320 --> 04:55:20,120 STARTED TO APPRECIATE WHAT 7498 04:55:20,120 --> 04:55:25,440 ENGINEERS CAN BRING, MAKING 7499 04:55:25,440 --> 04:55:27,760 THINGS SIMPLER, FASTER, CHEAPER 7500 04:55:27,760 --> 04:55:28,760 TO MOVE TECHNOLOGY, DIAGNOSTICS, 7501 04:55:28,760 --> 04:55:31,080 HEALTH CARE. 7502 04:55:31,080 --> 04:55:33,120 ONE OF THE BIG FINDINGS THAT 7503 04:55:33,120 --> 04:55:35,280 I'LL BRING UP ABOUT NAMs, WHEN 7504 04:55:35,280 --> 04:55:36,800 MY LAB BEGAN TO WORK IN SOUTH 7505 04:55:36,800 --> 04:55:38,480 AFRICA WE HAVE IDEAS AND 7506 04:55:38,480 --> 04:55:39,240 TECHNOLOGY THAT WORKED REALLY 7507 04:55:39,240 --> 04:55:41,240 WELL HERE IN THE UNITED STATES 7508 04:55:41,240 --> 04:55:42,840 AND CAMPUS AT GEORGIA TECH AND 7509 04:55:42,840 --> 04:55:46,040 WHEN WE WOULD GO OVERSEAS THE 7510 04:55:46,040 --> 04:55:47,000 SCIENCE WOULD WORK BUT OTHER 7511 04:55:47,000 --> 04:55:48,640 SMALL THINGS WOULD MAKE IT MORE 7512 04:55:48,640 --> 04:55:50,160 CHALLENGING TO IMPLEMENT OVER 7513 04:55:50,160 --> 04:55:50,520 THERE. 7514 04:55:50,520 --> 04:55:53,240 I WORK WITH MY COLLABORATORS WHO 7515 04:55:53,240 --> 04:55:54,480 WOULD TALK ABOUT DIFFICULTIES IN 7516 04:55:54,480 --> 04:55:57,120 A RURAL CLINIC OR SOMEWHERE 7517 04:55:57,120 --> 04:55:58,240 ELSE, YOU WANT TO IMPLEMENT 7518 04:55:58,240 --> 04:55:59,480 TECHNOLOGY OR MAKE IT AVAILABLE 7519 04:55:59,480 --> 04:56:01,360 TO MORE, IT BEGAN TO TRAIN MY 7520 04:56:01,360 --> 04:56:03,560 STUDENTS AND ME ON HOW WE NEED 7521 04:56:03,560 --> 04:56:05,960 TO THINK ABOUT THINGS, WORKING 7522 04:56:05,960 --> 04:56:08,040 IN SIMPLER FASTER WAYS, IN A 7523 04:56:08,040 --> 04:56:10,360 VARIETY OF CONDITIONS, WHAT IF 7524 04:56:10,360 --> 04:56:12,200 ELECTRICITY IS NOT ON ALL NIGHT, 7525 04:56:12,200 --> 04:56:15,480 WHAT IF FREEZERS ARE NOT 7526 04:56:15,480 --> 04:56:16,680 RELIABLE, AND MAKING SCIENCE 7527 04:56:16,680 --> 04:56:19,080 ACCESSIBLE TO ALL NOT JUST 7528 04:56:19,080 --> 04:56:19,480 WEALTHIER COUNTRIES. 7529 04:56:19,480 --> 04:56:20,200 THERE'S SOMETHING ABOUT 7530 04:56:20,200 --> 04:56:20,840 DEVELOPING UNDER THESE 7531 04:56:20,840 --> 04:56:22,080 ENVIRONMENTS BUT WE SHOULD BE 7532 04:56:22,080 --> 04:56:23,360 THINKING ON THE GROUND FLOOR 7533 04:56:23,360 --> 04:56:24,320 EARLIER ABOUT HOW TO TRANSLATE 7534 04:56:24,320 --> 04:56:26,120 THAT TO OTHER GROUPS AND OTHER 7535 04:56:26,120 --> 04:56:26,440 PEOPLE. 7536 04:56:26,440 --> 04:56:31,920 AS PART OF MY NEW JOB WITH THE 7537 04:56:31,920 --> 04:56:35,080 NIH CENTER, HOUSEED IN NIBIB, 7538 04:56:35,080 --> 04:56:35,840 OTHERS ARE DEVELOPING 7539 04:56:35,840 --> 04:56:37,040 TECHNOLOGIES THESE ARE SOME 7540 04:56:37,040 --> 04:56:37,800 THINGS WE ENCOURAGE PEOPLE TO 7541 04:56:37,800 --> 04:56:39,800 BEGIN TO THINK ABOUT AND LOOKING 7542 04:56:39,800 --> 04:56:42,960 FORWARD TO CONTINUING THOSE 7543 04:56:42,960 --> 04:56:45,240 CONVERSATIONS. 7544 04:56:45,240 --> 04:56:45,480 7545 04:56:45,480 --> 04:56:46,880 >>THANKS. 7546 04:56:46,880 --> 04:56:48,600 MICHAEL IS NEXT. 7547 04:56:48,600 --> 04:56:50,240 >>YEAH, THANKS. 7548 04:56:50,240 --> 04:56:52,280 AS TONY MENTIONED EARLIER, I'M A 7549 04:56:52,280 --> 04:56:55,200 PROFESSOR AND CHAIR IN 7550 04:56:55,200 --> 04:56:55,720 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 7551 04:56:55,720 --> 04:56:56,400 DEPARTMENT, TULANE UNIVERSITY IN 7552 04:56:56,400 --> 04:56:57,520 NEW ORLEANS. 7553 04:56:57,520 --> 04:56:58,400 I JUMPED AT THE CHANCE TO COME 7554 04:56:58,400 --> 04:57:04,080 TO WASHINGTON, D.C. WHERE IT'S 7555 04:57:04,080 --> 04:57:04,960 ONLY 93 DEGREES TODAY. 7556 04:57:04,960 --> 04:57:05,600 [LAUGHTER] 7557 04:57:05,600 --> 04:57:07,880 JUST A BEAUTIFUL DAY OUTSIDE, 7558 04:57:07,880 --> 04:57:09,520 ALMOST FREE OF HUMIDITY COMING 7559 04:57:09,520 --> 04:57:13,440 FROM WHERE I'M COMING FROM. 7560 04:57:13,440 --> 04:57:16,720 AND SO I STARTED A COMPANY VERY 7561 04:57:16,720 --> 04:57:18,040 EARLY ACTUALLY IN THE 7562 04:57:18,040 --> 04:57:19,120 DEVELOPMENT OF THIS TECHNOLOGY 7563 04:57:19,120 --> 04:57:25,160 THAT WE SPUN OUT OF MY LAB WHICH 7564 04:57:25,160 --> 04:57:26,880 WAS PERIPHERAL NERVE 7565 04:57:26,880 --> 04:57:27,680 MICROPHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS. 7566 04:57:27,680 --> 04:57:32,160 ONE REASON WE WERE ABLE TO 7567 04:57:32,160 --> 04:57:34,600 COMMERCIALIZE TECHNOLOGY WHEN IT 7568 04:57:34,600 --> 04:57:35,920 WAS YOUNG THERE WASN'T ANYTHING 7569 04:57:35,920 --> 04:57:37,680 ELSE OUT THERE FOR 7570 04:57:37,680 --> 04:57:38,960 PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES LOOKING 7571 04:57:38,960 --> 04:57:39,840 TO TEST. 7572 04:57:39,840 --> 04:57:42,480 MOSTLY THEY TEST ONCOLOGY DRUGS 7573 04:57:42,480 --> 04:57:43,560 ON OUR TISSUE. 7574 04:57:43,560 --> 04:57:44,880 AND PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY IS A 7575 04:57:44,880 --> 04:57:52,560 VERY KNOWN SIDE EFFECT OF CANCER 7576 04:57:52,560 --> 04:57:54,280 DRUGS, CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS, WE GOT 7577 04:57:54,280 --> 04:57:58,360 EARLY ADOPTERS BEFORE IT WAS 7578 04:57:58,360 --> 04:57:59,680 COMMERCIALLY READY, IN A 7579 04:57:59,680 --> 04:58:00,480 COMMERCIAL SETTING BECAUSE THERE 7580 04:58:00,480 --> 04:58:01,880 WAS NOTHING ELSE THERE. 7581 04:58:01,880 --> 04:58:03,200 SOME LESSONS THAT I WAS FORCED 7582 04:58:03,200 --> 04:58:05,480 TO LEARN HAVING ONE FOOT IN 7583 04:58:05,480 --> 04:58:07,760 ACADEMIA AND ONE FOOT IN THE 7584 04:58:07,760 --> 04:58:08,960 COMMERCIAL SECTOR, ALSO SOMEBODY 7585 04:58:08,960 --> 04:58:12,160 MENTIONED EARLIER IN ONE OF THE 7586 04:58:12,160 --> 04:58:13,360 EARLIER PANELS HAVING THE 7587 04:58:13,360 --> 04:58:15,960 CONTEXT OF USE IN MIND DURING 7588 04:58:15,960 --> 04:58:17,080 THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS, WE WERE 7589 04:58:17,080 --> 04:58:19,920 FORCED TO DO THAT BECAUSE WE 7590 04:58:19,920 --> 04:58:23,080 STARTED THIS COMPANY SO EARLY. 7591 04:58:23,080 --> 04:58:26,680 AND SO THESE KIND OF THINGS HAVE 7592 04:58:26,680 --> 04:58:28,440 GIVEN ME A PERSPECTIVE IN THE 7593 04:58:28,440 --> 04:58:30,240 TENSIONS THAT THERE ARE BETWEEN 7594 04:58:30,240 --> 04:58:33,600 LET'S SAY ACADEMIA AND 7595 04:58:33,600 --> 04:58:35,120 COMMERCIAL SECTOR, INCENTIVE 7596 04:58:35,120 --> 04:58:36,040 STRUCTURES ARE DIFFERENT, 7597 04:58:36,040 --> 04:58:40,160 PRIORITIES ARE DIFFERENT. 7598 04:58:40,160 --> 04:58:44,760 AND ALSO, YOU KNOW, ACADEMIA AND 7599 04:58:44,760 --> 04:58:47,040 COMMERCIAL SECTOR, BETWEEN WHAT 7600 04:58:47,040 --> 04:58:49,480 COMPANIES WANT VERSUS WHAT YOU 7601 04:58:49,480 --> 04:58:51,200 AS TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT PERSON 7602 04:58:51,200 --> 04:58:52,400 WANTS TO ACHIEVE THERE'S A 7603 04:58:52,400 --> 04:58:53,760 TENSION BETWEEN THOSE THINGS. 7604 04:58:53,760 --> 04:58:55,720 THERE'S A TENSION BETWEEN SORT 7605 04:58:55,720 --> 04:58:57,680 OF REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF 7606 04:58:57,680 --> 04:58:58,800 THINGS AND SCIENTIFIC FRAMEWORK, 7607 04:58:58,800 --> 04:59:00,720 SO LIVING BETWEEN THESE TENSIONS 7608 04:59:00,720 --> 04:59:02,240 IS I THINK SOMETHING THAT MORE 7609 04:59:02,240 --> 04:59:05,120 OF US NEED TO DO. 7610 04:59:05,120 --> 04:59:06,000 IT'S VERY TRICKY THOUGH. 7611 04:59:06,000 --> 04:59:07,520 THAT'S ONE OF THE THINGS WE'LL 7612 04:59:07,520 --> 04:59:08,880 BRING UP TODAY. 7613 04:59:08,880 --> 04:59:13,440 THERE'S A TENSION BETWEEN THE 7614 04:59:13,440 --> 04:59:14,840 BIOLOGICAL NECESSITYS AND 7615 04:59:14,840 --> 04:59:16,480 ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT, AND SO 7616 04:59:16,480 --> 04:59:22,400 AGAIN JUST LIVING BETWEEN THESE 7617 04:59:22,400 --> 04:59:23,280 WORDS THAT OFTEN DON'T 7618 04:59:23,280 --> 04:59:25,800 COMMUNICATE HAS FORCED ME TO 7619 04:59:25,800 --> 04:59:26,400 LEARN HARD LESSONS, HOPEFULLY 7620 04:59:26,400 --> 04:59:28,400 SOME OF THOSE WE'LL TALK ABOUT 7621 04:59:28,400 --> 04:59:29,000 TODAY. 7622 04:59:29,000 --> 04:59:29,200 THANKS. 7623 04:59:29,200 --> 04:59:29,840 >>THANK, MICHAEL. 7624 04:59:29,840 --> 04:59:32,640 MEGAN, HOW ABOUT YOU GOING NEXT, 7625 04:59:32,640 --> 04:59:34,840 AND AFTER MEGAN WE'LL HAVE 7626 04:59:34,840 --> 04:59:35,120 NICHOLAS. 7627 04:59:35,120 --> 04:59:35,440 >>AWESOME. 7628 04:59:35,440 --> 04:59:38,440 THANK YOU FOR HAVING ME. 7629 04:59:38,440 --> 04:59:40,120 I'M EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR AT THE 7630 04:59:40,120 --> 04:59:41,200 THREE Rs COLLABORATIVE. 7631 04:59:41,200 --> 04:59:42,880 I COME FROM DENVER, COLORADO, SO 7632 04:59:42,880 --> 04:59:46,120 I DIDN'T REALLY COME HERE FOR 7633 04:59:46,120 --> 04:59:47,240 THE WEATHER. 7634 04:59:47,240 --> 04:59:48,880 BUT CERTAINLY IT'S BEEN REALLY 7635 04:59:48,880 --> 04:59:50,960 INSPIRING TO SEE THE SCIENTIFIC 7636 04:59:50,960 --> 04:59:52,160 EXPERTISE AND COLLABORATION AND 7637 04:59:52,160 --> 04:59:55,440 JUST ALL OF THE DIVERSE OPINIONS 7638 04:59:55,440 --> 04:59:55,880 HERE. 7639 04:59:55,880 --> 04:59:57,840 REALLY WHAT MY NON-PROFIT DOES 7640 04:59:57,840 --> 04:59:59,720 IS ABOUT ADVANCING BETTER 7641 04:59:59,720 --> 05:00:02,560 SCIENCE FOR BOTH PEOPLE AND 7642 05:00:02,560 --> 05:00:04,080 ANIMALS, THAT SCIENCE PIECE IS 7643 05:00:04,080 --> 05:00:05,640 REALLY AT THE FOREFRONT, AND 7644 05:00:05,640 --> 05:00:07,600 THAT'S OUR GOAL. 7645 05:00:07,600 --> 05:00:08,680 AND CERTAINLY NAMs ARE A 7646 05:00:08,680 --> 05:00:10,840 CRITICAL PART OF THE THREE Rs, 7647 05:00:10,840 --> 05:00:13,840 WE WANT TO WORK TO ACCELERATE 7648 05:00:13,840 --> 05:00:15,840 THEIR DEPLOYMENT INTO EVERYDAY 7649 05:00:15,840 --> 05:00:16,640 PRACTICE. 7650 05:00:16,640 --> 05:00:18,240 MY BACKGROUND IS THAT I HAVE A 7651 05:00:18,240 --> 05:00:19,960 Ph.D. IN RESEARCH ANIMAL 7652 05:00:19,960 --> 05:00:22,320 WELFARE AND BEHAVIOR, BUT I 7653 05:00:22,320 --> 05:00:24,280 ACTUALLY SPECIFICALLY FOCUS ON 7654 05:00:24,280 --> 05:00:25,800 THE IDEA OF IMPLEMENTATION, 7655 05:00:25,800 --> 05:00:27,880 PUTTING THE THREE Rs INTO 7656 05:00:27,880 --> 05:00:28,640 PRACTICE. 7657 05:00:28,640 --> 05:00:30,080 CAN WE FIND THREE Rs 7658 05:00:30,080 --> 05:00:31,280 TECHNIQUES THAT ARE 7659 05:00:31,280 --> 05:00:32,920 EVIDENCE-BASED, DO PEOPLE USE 7660 05:00:32,920 --> 05:00:33,400 THEM? 7661 05:00:33,400 --> 05:00:34,360 NOT ALWAYS. 7662 05:00:34,360 --> 05:00:36,000 HOW DO WE UNDERSTAND WHY THEY DO 7663 05:00:36,000 --> 05:00:38,720 OR DO NOT USE THEM AND THEN 7664 05:00:38,720 --> 05:00:40,680 ACCELERATE THE IMPLEMENTATION BY 7665 05:00:40,680 --> 05:00:41,640 DIRECTLY ADDRESSING THOSE 7666 05:00:41,640 --> 05:00:42,160 BARRIERS. 7667 05:00:42,160 --> 05:00:43,680 AND IT'S BEEN REALLY EXCITING 7668 05:00:43,680 --> 05:00:45,920 NOW WITH THE THREE Rs 7669 05:00:45,920 --> 05:00:47,360 COLLABORATIVE TO EXPAND MY WORK 7670 05:00:47,360 --> 05:00:50,200 AND MY Ph.D. TO ALL SORTS OF 7671 05:00:50,200 --> 05:00:51,720 PARTICULAR TOPICS AND WE'VE GOT 7672 05:00:51,720 --> 05:00:53,720 SEVEN PARTICULAR TOPICS AT THE 7673 05:00:53,720 --> 05:00:57,000 COLLABORATIVE, ONE OF THEM IS 7674 05:00:57,000 --> 05:01:01,160 FOCUSED ON MICROPHYSIOLOGIC 7675 05:01:01,160 --> 05:01:02,040 SYSTEMS. 7676 05:01:02,040 --> 05:01:04,040 WE LEAD AN INITIATIVE COMPOSED 7677 05:01:04,040 --> 05:01:04,720 OF COMMERCIAL TECHNOLOGY 7678 05:01:04,720 --> 05:01:05,880 PROVIDERS BECAUSE WE DO SEE IN 7679 05:01:05,880 --> 05:01:06,960 TERMS OF PUTTING NAMs INTO 7680 05:01:06,960 --> 05:01:09,440 PRACTICE THEY HAVE A LOT OF 7681 05:01:09,440 --> 05:01:10,800 EXPERTISE, THEY HAVE A LOT OF 7682 05:01:10,800 --> 05:01:12,640 MORE DEVELOPMENT OF THESE 7683 05:01:12,640 --> 05:01:14,640 SYSTEMS, AND WE'RE ABOUT TO 7684 05:01:14,640 --> 05:01:16,640 LAUNCH AN ARTIFICIAL 7685 05:01:16,640 --> 05:01:18,160 INTELLIGENCE INITIATIVE AS WELL, 7686 05:01:18,160 --> 05:01:19,800 SO THAT'S MY BACKGROUND. 7687 05:01:19,800 --> 05:01:21,760 AND THEN, YOU KNOW, THINKING 7688 05:01:21,760 --> 05:01:23,880 ABOUT, YOU KNOW, OUR PANEL 7689 05:01:23,880 --> 05:01:26,040 SESSION TODAY, PUTTING NAMs 7690 05:01:26,040 --> 05:01:27,720 INTO PRACTICE, WE REALLY SEE A 7691 05:01:27,720 --> 05:01:29,520 COUPLE DIFFERENT THINGS THAT ARE 7692 05:01:29,520 --> 05:01:29,760 NEEDED. 7693 05:01:29,760 --> 05:01:31,760 SO AS MANY OF THE OTHER SESSIONS 7694 05:01:31,760 --> 05:01:34,560 HAVE TALKED ABOUT IS THAT 7695 05:01:34,560 --> 05:01:37,080 INVESTMENT INTO THE INDEPENDENT 7696 05:01:37,080 --> 05:01:38,080 CHARACTERIZEATION AND 7697 05:01:38,080 --> 05:01:39,600 VALIDATION, AND I WILL JUST PUT 7698 05:01:39,600 --> 05:01:41,360 IN A PLUG ESPECIALLY FOR 7699 05:01:41,360 --> 05:01:42,560 COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE SYSTEMS 7700 05:01:42,560 --> 05:01:45,720 BECAUSE IF WE THINK ABOUT THE 7701 05:01:45,720 --> 05:01:48,920 FASTEST WAYS TO GET THINGS INTO 7702 05:01:48,920 --> 05:01:49,760 PRACTICE NOT EVERYBODY GOING TO 7703 05:01:49,760 --> 05:01:51,040 BE AN EXPERT ON THESE. 7704 05:01:51,040 --> 05:01:53,200 IF WE CAN TRAIN PEOPLE TO BE 7705 05:01:53,200 --> 05:01:55,280 EXPERTS AND THEN INCREASE OUR 7706 05:01:55,280 --> 05:01:58,120 ACCESS TO THOSE EXPERTS, WE CAN 7707 05:01:58,120 --> 05:01:59,440 INCREASE NAMs IN PRACTICE. 7708 05:01:59,440 --> 05:02:02,040 AND THE SECOND THING THAT I'D 7709 05:02:02,040 --> 05:02:03,240 LIKE TO EMPHASIZE IS KIND OF THE 7710 05:02:03,240 --> 05:02:06,960 TYPE OF WORK WE DO AT THE 7711 05:02:06,960 --> 05:02:08,360 COLLABORATIVE WHERE WE'RE REALLY 7712 05:02:08,360 --> 05:02:10,560 THINKING ABOUT, YOU KNOW, LIKE 7713 05:02:10,560 --> 05:02:12,240 MY NON-PROFIT, OTHER SCIENTIFIC 7714 05:02:12,240 --> 05:02:13,160 SOCIETIES WHERE WE'RE SPANNING 7715 05:02:13,160 --> 05:02:14,840 ACROSS THE INDUSTRY, WE WORK IN 7716 05:02:14,840 --> 05:02:17,160 ACADEMIA, WE WORK WITH 7717 05:02:17,160 --> 05:02:18,600 PHARMACEUTICALS, WORK WITH 7718 05:02:18,600 --> 05:02:21,000 BIOTECHNOLOGIES, AND WE'RE 7719 05:02:21,000 --> 05:02:22,440 THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE-BASED, 7720 05:02:22,440 --> 05:02:23,520 EVIDENCE-BASED SCIENCE 7721 05:02:23,520 --> 05:02:25,720 COMMUNICATION AND DISSEMINATION. 7722 05:02:25,720 --> 05:02:26,800 AND THAT INVOLVES UNDERSTANDING 7723 05:02:26,800 --> 05:02:29,720 WHERE WE ARE AT THE STATUS QUO, 7724 05:02:29,720 --> 05:02:32,720 AND THEN WORKING ON REALLY 7725 05:02:32,720 --> 05:02:33,440 CAREFULLY CRAFTED MESSAGING 7726 05:02:33,440 --> 05:02:35,440 THAT'S LOOKING AT WHY PEOPLE 7727 05:02:35,440 --> 05:02:35,680 CHANGE. 7728 05:02:35,680 --> 05:02:38,560 I THINK I REALLY LIKED WHAT 7729 05:02:38,560 --> 05:02:42,680 DONNA SAID, DONNA MENDRICK SAID 7730 05:02:42,680 --> 05:02:43,960 EARLIER, SCIENTISTS ARE PEOPLE. 7731 05:02:43,960 --> 05:02:45,960 CHANGE IS HARD. 7732 05:02:45,960 --> 05:02:48,440 AND I SOMETIMES WORRY IN THIS 7733 05:02:48,440 --> 05:02:49,560 FIELD THAT IF ALL WE'RE DOING 7734 05:02:49,560 --> 05:02:52,320 WITH NAMs ARE IF OUR PRIMARY 7735 05:02:52,320 --> 05:02:54,200 FOCUS IS PUTTING DOWN ANIMAL 7736 05:02:54,200 --> 05:02:57,680 RESEARCH, SO THAT WE LIFT UP 7737 05:02:57,680 --> 05:02:59,000 NAMs, THAT'S -- WE'RE 7738 05:02:59,000 --> 05:02:59,760 ALIENATEING THE PEOPLE WHOSE 7739 05:02:59,760 --> 05:03:01,440 HEARTS AND MINDS WE'RE TRYING TO 7740 05:03:01,440 --> 05:03:01,720 CHANGE. 7741 05:03:01,720 --> 05:03:03,600 AND SO WHAT WE DO AT THE 7742 05:03:03,600 --> 05:03:08,400 COLLABORATIVE IS REALLY WORK TO 7743 05:03:08,400 --> 05:03:09,600 HAVE BALANCEED MESSAGING, 7744 05:03:09,600 --> 05:03:11,040 EVIDENCE-BASED MESSAGING THAT'S 7745 05:03:11,040 --> 05:03:12,920 CHAMPIONING EARLY ADOPTERS, 7746 05:03:12,920 --> 05:03:13,560 TALKING ABOUT SUCCESSS, 7747 05:03:13,560 --> 05:03:14,560 CHALLENGES, ET CETERA, THAT'S 7748 05:03:14,560 --> 05:03:16,800 LOOKING AT THE EVIDENCE BASE, 7749 05:03:16,800 --> 05:03:17,800 TALKING ABOUT -- THERE MIGHT BE 7750 05:03:17,800 --> 05:03:19,680 EVIDENCE FOR THIS, MIGHT NOT BE 7751 05:03:19,680 --> 05:03:21,320 EVIDENCE FOR THAT. 7752 05:03:21,320 --> 05:03:23,080 INCREASING CONFIDENCE BY 7753 05:03:23,080 --> 05:03:24,480 TRAINING AND REALLY HAVING THIS 7754 05:03:24,480 --> 05:03:27,360 INFORMATION IN A WAY THAT PEOPLE 7755 05:03:27,360 --> 05:03:29,440 CAN UNDERSTAND, BUT THAT IS 7756 05:03:29,440 --> 05:03:29,760 APPROACHABLE. 7757 05:03:29,760 --> 05:03:37,000 SO THAT PEOPLE DON'T IMMEDIATELY 7758 05:03:37,000 --> 05:03:40,840 THEIR COGNITIVE BIAS TURNS ON, 7759 05:03:40,840 --> 05:03:42,040 COGNITIVE DISSONANCE, AND THEY 7760 05:03:42,040 --> 05:03:44,000 FEEL ATTACKED. 7761 05:03:44,000 --> 05:03:46,320 IF WE WANT THESE TO BE 7762 05:03:46,320 --> 05:03:47,960 WIDESPREAD WE NEED TO BE CAREFUL 7763 05:03:47,960 --> 05:03:50,640 ABOUT COMMUNICATIONS AND OUR 7764 05:03:50,640 --> 05:03:50,920 MESSAGING. 7765 05:03:50,920 --> 05:03:52,840 >>THANK YOU. 7766 05:03:52,840 --> 05:03:53,360 NEXT, NICHOLAS? 7767 05:03:53,360 --> 05:03:54,920 >>YES, THANK YOU. 7768 05:03:54,920 --> 05:03:56,600 SO SORRY I CAN'T BE THERE TODAY. 7769 05:03:56,600 --> 05:03:59,440 SOUNDS LIKE IT'S BEEN A GREAT 7770 05:03:59,440 --> 05:03:59,920 DISCUSSION. 7771 05:03:59,920 --> 05:04:02,160 AND I'VE ACTUALLY RECENTLY MOVED 7772 05:04:02,160 --> 05:04:03,720 FROM COLUMBIA, FROM NEW YORK TO 7773 05:04:03,720 --> 05:04:06,240 LOS ANGELES, WHERE I'M NOW THE 7774 05:04:06,240 --> 05:04:09,840 ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AND VICE 7775 05:04:09,840 --> 05:04:10,400 CHAIR OF COMPUTATIONAL 7776 05:04:10,400 --> 05:04:12,360 BIOMEDICAL HERE, AND IN L.A. THE 7777 05:04:12,360 --> 05:04:14,880 HURRICANE HAS PASSED, AND IT IS 7778 05:04:14,880 --> 05:04:19,040 ACTUALLY QUITE A BEAUTIFUL DAY. 7779 05:04:19,040 --> 05:04:21,480 SO, WITH THAT IN MIND, I'D LIKE 7780 05:04:21,480 --> 05:04:23,880 TO JUST GIVE YOU A LITTLE BIT OF 7781 05:04:23,880 --> 05:04:26,200 BACKGROUND ON ME, AND THEN HOW I 7782 05:04:26,200 --> 05:04:28,880 VIEW NAMs AND THEIR POTENTIAL. 7783 05:04:28,880 --> 05:04:31,560 MY EXPERTISE IS IN THE USE OF 7784 05:04:31,560 --> 05:04:32,640 OBSERVATIONAL REAL WORLD DATA 7785 05:04:32,640 --> 05:04:35,520 FOR DRUG SAFETY AND DRUG 7786 05:04:35,520 --> 05:04:36,600 TOXICITY STUDIES. 7787 05:04:36,600 --> 05:04:38,560 FIGURING OUT HOW TO LEVERAGE THE 7788 05:04:38,560 --> 05:04:40,320 POWER OF BILLIONS OF DATA POINTS 7789 05:04:40,320 --> 05:04:42,840 THAT WE COLLECT EVERY DAY AND 7790 05:04:42,840 --> 05:04:44,600 EVERY YEAR IN HOSPITALS ACROSS 7791 05:04:44,600 --> 05:04:48,320 THE COUNTRY TO ADDRESS ISSUES OF 7792 05:04:48,320 --> 05:04:51,040 UNEXPECTED ADVERSE DRUG 7793 05:04:51,040 --> 05:04:51,560 REACTIONS, DRUG-DRUG 7794 05:04:51,560 --> 05:04:53,760 INTERACTIONS, HOW THOSE ARE 7795 05:04:53,760 --> 05:04:56,400 DISTRIBUTEED LARGELY INEQUITABLY 7796 05:04:56,400 --> 05:04:57,400 ACROSS DIFFERENT DEMOGRAPHIC 7797 05:04:57,400 --> 05:04:58,080 POPULATIONS. 7798 05:04:58,080 --> 05:04:59,920 I THINK THESE DATA REPRESENT 7799 05:04:59,920 --> 05:05:01,120 HUGE POTENTIAL TO ADDRESS 7800 05:05:01,120 --> 05:05:02,440 INEQUITIES IN HEALTH CARE, 7801 05:05:02,440 --> 05:05:04,080 ESPECIALLY AS RELATED TO DRUG 7802 05:05:04,080 --> 05:05:07,600 EFFECTS, AND COULD HAVE REALLY 7803 05:05:07,600 --> 05:05:09,240 SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS AT REDUCING 7804 05:05:09,240 --> 05:05:10,560 RELYANCE ON ANIMAL SYSTEMS. 7805 05:05:10,560 --> 05:05:13,080 ONE OF THE THINGS WE PRACTICE IN 7806 05:05:13,080 --> 05:05:17,640 MY LAB IS WHAT WE CALL REVERSE 7807 05:05:17,640 --> 05:05:18,960 TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE WHICH IS 7808 05:05:18,960 --> 05:05:22,040 WE USE PATIENT DATA, HUMAN DATA, 7809 05:05:22,040 --> 05:05:24,560 TO MAKE DISCOVERIES, TO GENERATE 7810 05:05:24,560 --> 05:05:26,880 HYPOTHESES BY TRAINING LARGE 7811 05:05:26,880 --> 05:05:28,000 SCALE DATA MINING AND ARTIFICIAL 7812 05:05:28,000 --> 05:05:29,160 INTELLIGENCE ALGORITHMS, AND 7813 05:05:29,160 --> 05:05:31,680 THEN WE VALIDATE THOSE IN VERY 7814 05:05:31,680 --> 05:05:33,560 SIMPLE MODEL SYSTEMS OFTEN IN 7815 05:05:33,560 --> 05:05:34,720 VITRO. 7816 05:05:34,720 --> 05:05:36,480 OR USING DIFFERENT TYPES OF 7817 05:05:36,480 --> 05:05:37,280 ORGANOIDS OR MORE ADVANCED 7818 05:05:37,280 --> 05:05:38,440 THINGS THAT PEOPLE HAVE BEEN 7819 05:05:38,440 --> 05:05:39,680 COMING OUT WITH. 7820 05:05:39,680 --> 05:05:44,720 WHAT THIS ALLOWS US TO DO IS TO 7821 05:05:44,720 --> 05:05:45,680 DISCOVER A PARTICULAR EFFECT OF 7822 05:05:45,680 --> 05:05:46,840 A DRUG IN POPULATION THAT 7823 05:05:46,840 --> 05:05:49,200 MATTERS AND TO DO IT IN 7824 05:05:49,200 --> 05:05:49,920 DIFFERENT SUBPOPULATIONS SO WE 7825 05:05:49,920 --> 05:05:50,960 KNOW WHAT THE DIFFERENCE IS. 7826 05:05:50,960 --> 05:05:52,360 WE KNOW THEY ARE CLINICALLY 7827 05:05:52,360 --> 05:05:53,040 SIGNIFICANT BECAUSE WE 7828 05:05:53,040 --> 05:05:55,000 DISCOVERED THEM IN HUMANS. 7829 05:05:55,000 --> 05:05:57,760 AND THEN WE TACK ON A SIMPLE 7830 05:05:57,760 --> 05:05:59,280 EXPERIMENT AND AT THE END TO 7831 05:05:59,280 --> 05:06:01,360 PROVE CAUSEALITY, THE ONE THING 7832 05:06:01,360 --> 05:06:03,640 THAT THESE OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES 7833 05:06:03,640 --> 05:06:06,920 REALLY CAN'T ACHIEVE IS 7834 05:06:06,920 --> 05:06:10,200 ESTABLISHING CAUSEALITY BUT WITH 7835 05:06:10,200 --> 05:06:11,240 SIMPLE PROSPECTIVE EXPERIMENT 7836 05:06:11,240 --> 05:06:12,080 YOU CAN. 7837 05:06:12,080 --> 05:06:13,440 THIS REVERSE TRANSLATIONAL LOOP 7838 05:06:13,440 --> 05:06:15,040 IS ALTERNATIVE WAY TO GENERATE 7839 05:06:15,040 --> 05:06:17,240 EVIDENCE THAT WE CAN USE AND 7840 05:06:17,240 --> 05:06:19,000 MAKES EVERYTHING A LITTLE BIT 7841 05:06:19,000 --> 05:06:20,640 FASTER AND A LITTLE BIT EASIER. 7842 05:06:20,640 --> 05:06:23,160 OF COURSE THERE ARE SOME 7843 05:06:23,160 --> 05:06:23,760 LIMITATIONS TOO. 7844 05:06:23,760 --> 05:06:24,840 BUT THE ADVANTAGES ARE THAT WE 7845 05:06:24,840 --> 05:06:26,480 GET TO LOOK AT HOW DRUGS ARE 7846 05:06:26,480 --> 05:06:28,120 USED IN THE POPULATION THAT THEY 7847 05:06:28,120 --> 05:06:30,880 ARE ACTUALLY USED IN WITH ALL 7848 05:06:30,880 --> 05:06:31,600 THE MESSYNESS INVOLVED, 7849 05:06:31,600 --> 05:06:32,840 COMORBIDITYS, OTHER DRUGS THAT 7850 05:06:32,840 --> 05:06:34,000 PATIENTS ARE TAKING. 7851 05:06:34,000 --> 05:06:36,440 AND THE DIFFERENCE IS IN 7852 05:06:36,440 --> 05:06:37,320 DEMOGRAPHICS BETWEEN WAYS DRUGS 7853 05:06:37,320 --> 05:06:39,800 ARE USED AND HOW THEY MAY HAVE 7854 05:06:39,800 --> 05:06:41,240 BEEN STUDIED IN CLINICAL TRIALS. 7855 05:06:41,240 --> 05:06:46,200 I'M LOOKING FORWARD TO A VIBRANT 7856 05:06:46,200 --> 05:06:48,440 DISCUSSION TODAY. 7857 05:06:48,440 --> 05:06:50,800 >>THANK YOU, NICHOLAS. 7858 05:06:50,800 --> 05:06:51,800 YOU'RE LEARNING ABOUT NAMs AND 7859 05:06:51,800 --> 05:06:55,160 THE WEATHER AS WELL. 7860 05:06:55,160 --> 05:06:58,800 LAST BUT NOT LEAST, JESSIE. 7861 05:06:58,800 --> 05:07:00,240 >>HI, EVERYONE. 7862 05:07:00,240 --> 05:07:02,640 I WANT TO THANK THE WORKSHOP FOR 7863 05:07:02,640 --> 05:07:06,920 INVITEING ME TO COME SPEAK. 7864 05:07:06,920 --> 05:07:08,200 WE'LL HAD A PRODUCTIVE 7865 05:07:08,200 --> 05:07:09,520 CONVERSATION, AND I'M THANKFUL 7866 05:07:09,520 --> 05:07:10,160 TO PARTAKE. 7867 05:07:10,160 --> 05:07:12,400 I'M ONE OF MAYBE THE LOCAL, 7868 05:07:12,400 --> 05:07:13,880 LUCKY ONES, I'M LOCAL TO THE 7869 05:07:13,880 --> 05:07:17,080 AREA SO I'M USED TO THIS WHAT I 7870 05:07:17,080 --> 05:07:18,760 WAS CONSIDERING HOT AND HUMID 7871 05:07:18,760 --> 05:07:20,160 WEATHER BUT THANKFUL I'M NOT IN 7872 05:07:20,160 --> 05:07:20,840 NEW ORLEANS. 7873 05:07:20,840 --> 05:07:22,440 LIKE TONY SAID, I'M FROM THE 7874 05:07:22,440 --> 05:07:23,800 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF 7875 05:07:23,800 --> 05:07:25,320 AGRICULTURE, SPECIFICALLY WITH 7876 05:07:25,320 --> 05:07:30,800 THE ANIMAL WELFARE INFORMATION 7877 05:07:30,800 --> 05:07:34,920 CENTER, AWIC, MIXED UP WITH THE 7878 05:07:34,920 --> 05:07:36,160 REGULATING ARM, ANIMAL PLANT 7879 05:07:36,160 --> 05:07:41,720 HEALTH INFECTION AS MUCH AS -- 7880 05:07:41,720 --> 05:07:42,240 HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE. 7881 05:07:42,240 --> 05:07:44,720 A LOT OF WORK IS TO PROVIDE 7882 05:07:44,720 --> 05:07:46,880 INFORMATION ON THE CARE AND USE 7883 05:07:46,880 --> 05:07:49,720 OF ANIMALS, SPECIFICALLY 7884 05:07:49,720 --> 05:07:50,240 RESEARCH ANIMALS. 7885 05:07:50,240 --> 05:07:52,640 AND SO IN MORE SPECIFICALLY, WE 7886 05:07:52,640 --> 05:07:54,160 PROVIDE INFORMATION ON WHAT THE 7887 05:07:54,160 --> 05:07:56,520 REGULATIONS ARE IN THE ANIMAL 7888 05:07:56,520 --> 05:07:57,840 WELFARE ACT AS PERTAIN TO 7889 05:07:57,840 --> 05:07:58,840 ANIMALS IN RESEARCH AND ALSO 7890 05:07:58,840 --> 05:08:01,560 HELP P.I.s OR SCIENTISTS FIND 7891 05:08:01,560 --> 05:08:03,320 THAT INFORMATION IN THE 7892 05:08:03,320 --> 05:08:04,280 LITERATURE BECAUSE INFORMATION 7893 05:08:04,280 --> 05:08:05,720 ON NAMs AND ANIMAL USE 7894 05:08:05,720 --> 05:08:07,120 ALTERNATIVES WHILE IT MIGHT SEEM 7895 05:08:07,120 --> 05:08:08,480 LIKE IT'S COMMON SENSE AND EASY 7896 05:08:08,480 --> 05:08:11,320 TO FIND, IT'S NOT ALWAYS THE 7897 05:08:11,320 --> 05:08:12,520 CASE BECAUSE IT'S NOT EXPLICITLY 7898 05:08:12,520 --> 05:08:15,360 WRITTEN ABOUT IN THE LITERATURE. 7899 05:08:15,360 --> 05:08:17,000 SO WHILE WE DON'T CONDUCT 7900 05:08:17,000 --> 05:08:19,000 RESEARCH ON NAMs OR ANY 7901 05:08:19,000 --> 05:08:21,040 SPECIFIC AREA OF SCIENCE, WE 7902 05:08:21,040 --> 05:08:23,200 KNOW A LOT A LITTLE BIT ABOUT A 7903 05:08:23,200 --> 05:08:25,240 LOT OF NAMs AND THOSE TYPES OF 7904 05:08:25,240 --> 05:08:27,520 TECHNOLOGIES AND MODELS BECAUSE 7905 05:08:27,520 --> 05:08:28,640 WE'RE CONSTANTLY LOOKING THROUGH 7906 05:08:28,640 --> 05:08:29,440 LITERATURE, PROVIDING 7907 05:08:29,440 --> 05:08:33,680 INFORMATION TO P. P.I.s 7908 05:08:33,680 --> 05:08:35,240 CONSIDERING USING NAMs AND 7909 05:08:35,240 --> 05:08:36,720 SYNTHESIZEING TO SEE IF IT'S THE 7910 05:08:36,720 --> 05:08:38,600 RIGHT FIT FOR THEIR RESEARCH. 7911 05:08:38,600 --> 05:08:40,760 I'M EXCITED TO BE ON THIS PANEL 7912 05:08:40,760 --> 05:08:42,120 IN PARTICULAR BECAUSE I THINK IT 7913 05:08:42,120 --> 05:08:44,960 GETS US PAST SOME OF THE MORE 7914 05:08:44,960 --> 05:08:45,800 GENERAL AND OBVIOUS 7915 05:08:45,800 --> 05:08:47,560 CONVERSATIONS ON BARRIERS TO 7916 05:08:47,560 --> 05:08:49,520 IMPLEMENTATION OF NAMs WHERE 7917 05:08:49,520 --> 05:08:52,520 WE GET THE APPLICATION PROCESS 7918 05:08:52,520 --> 05:08:54,160 LIKE TONY MENTIONED, SO HOW CAN 7919 05:08:54,160 --> 05:08:57,280 WE MAKE THEM EQUITABLE, HOW CAN 7920 05:08:57,280 --> 05:08:59,400 WE MAKE THEM AFFORD AND AND 7921 05:08:59,400 --> 05:09:00,480 ACCESSIBLE TO EVERYONE. 7922 05:09:00,480 --> 05:09:02,800 I WAS THINKING HOW CAN WE MAKE 7923 05:09:02,800 --> 05:09:05,520 THESE ACCESSIBLE TO BIG NAME 7924 05:09:05,520 --> 05:09:06,280 UNIVERSITIES WITH FUNDING, 7925 05:09:06,280 --> 05:09:08,480 HARVARD OR M.I.T., BUT MANU 7926 05:09:08,480 --> 05:09:11,440 MENTIONED A GOOD POINT, MAKE 7927 05:09:11,440 --> 05:09:12,720 THEM ACCESSIBLE EVEN OUTSIDE THE 7928 05:09:12,720 --> 05:09:14,520 COUNTRY, TO OTHER AREAS OR 7929 05:09:14,520 --> 05:09:15,520 COUNTRIES THAT DON'T HAVE 7930 05:09:15,520 --> 05:09:17,280 RESOURCES OR WEALTH THAT THE 7931 05:09:17,280 --> 05:09:18,680 UNITED STATES MIGHT HAVE. 7932 05:09:18,680 --> 05:09:20,760 I'M EXCITED TO TALK ABOUT SOME 7933 05:09:20,760 --> 05:09:23,160 OF THESE APPLICATIONS AND 7934 05:09:23,160 --> 05:09:26,200 BARRIERS, AND LOOKING FORWARD TO 7935 05:09:26,200 --> 05:09:28,200 PROLIFIC DISCUSSION. 7936 05:09:28,200 --> 05:09:28,400 THANKS. 7937 05:09:28,400 --> 05:09:30,240 >>I WANT TO THANK PANELISTS FOR 7938 05:09:30,240 --> 05:09:31,040 THE INTRODUCTION, INITIAL 7939 05:09:31,040 --> 05:09:33,640 THOUGHTS ABOUT OUR TOPIC. 7940 05:09:33,640 --> 05:09:35,320 I FORGOT TO MENTION MY TRAINING 7941 05:09:35,320 --> 05:09:38,480 IS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND 7942 05:09:38,480 --> 05:09:40,000 TOXICOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGYIST, 7943 05:09:40,000 --> 05:09:42,200 TOXICOLOGIST BY TRAINING, STUDY 7944 05:09:42,200 --> 05:09:43,520 PANCREATIC CANCER, MORE 7945 05:09:43,520 --> 05:09:45,480 SPECIFICALLY I'M INTERESTED IN 7946 05:09:45,480 --> 05:09:47,680 TRYING TO VALIDATE NOVEL DRUG 7947 05:09:47,680 --> 05:09:50,320 TARGETS, IN THE TARGETED THERAPY 7948 05:09:50,320 --> 05:09:52,240 SPACE OF PANCREATIC CANCER, I'VE 7949 05:09:52,240 --> 05:09:55,000 USED ANIMAL MODELS, IN VITRO 7950 05:09:55,000 --> 05:09:56,440 MODELS, SPHEROIDS, DEFINITELY 7951 05:09:56,440 --> 05:09:57,040 APPRECIATE THIS CONVERSATION 7952 05:09:57,040 --> 05:09:57,400 WE'RE HAVING. 7953 05:09:57,400 --> 05:10:01,400 AS YOU CAN SEE WE HAVE A 7954 05:10:01,400 --> 05:10:02,600 TALENTED PANEL SO I'M LOOKING 7955 05:10:02,600 --> 05:10:04,200 FORWARD TO HAVING FUN AS 7956 05:10:04,200 --> 05:10:05,440 MODERATOR, ASKING QUESTIONS. 7957 05:10:05,440 --> 05:10:07,400 WHOEVER WANTS TO GRAB IT, FEEL 7958 05:10:07,400 --> 05:10:07,640 FREE. 7959 05:10:07,640 --> 05:10:08,840 MEGAN SAID SOMETHING THAT MADE 7960 05:10:08,840 --> 05:10:11,520 ME CHANGE UP MY ORDER OF 7961 05:10:11,520 --> 05:10:11,840 QUESTIONING. 7962 05:10:11,840 --> 05:10:14,480 HOW ABOUT WE START WITH THIS 7963 05:10:14,480 --> 05:10:15,040 QUESTION FIRST. 7964 05:10:15,040 --> 05:10:17,680 WHICH I THINK IS A VERY VALID 7965 05:10:17,680 --> 05:10:17,920 QUESTION. 7966 05:10:17,920 --> 05:10:20,640 WHEN WE TALK ABOUT NAMs, WE 7967 05:10:20,640 --> 05:10:22,840 GET INTO THE SPACE WHERE THEY 7968 05:10:22,840 --> 05:10:25,000 ARE REPLACING ANIMAL RESEARCH, 7969 05:10:25,000 --> 05:10:27,560 CAN WE DO IT, PEOPLE GET 7970 05:10:27,560 --> 05:10:27,960 UNCOMFORTABLE. 7971 05:10:27,960 --> 05:10:29,960 I WOULD LOVE TO HEAR PEOPLE'S 7972 05:10:29,960 --> 05:10:31,920 THOUGHTS CAN WE BE COMFORTABLE 7973 05:10:31,920 --> 05:10:35,000 IN TERMS OF BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH 7974 05:10:35,000 --> 05:10:35,960 BEING BIOMEDICAL RESEARCHERS OR 7975 05:10:35,960 --> 05:10:38,040 IN THAT SPACE CAN WE BE 7976 05:10:38,040 --> 05:10:39,600 COMFORTABLE TALKING ABOUT ANIMAL 7977 05:10:39,600 --> 05:10:43,200 RESEARCH IN NAMs, CURIOUS TO 7978 05:10:43,200 --> 05:10:46,160 HEAR PEOPLE'S THOUGHTS, ARE WE 7979 05:10:46,160 --> 05:10:47,480 TRYING TO REPLACE, SUPPLEMENT, 7980 05:10:47,480 --> 05:10:47,800 COMPLEMENT? 7981 05:10:47,800 --> 05:10:49,520 PEOPLE'S FEELINGS ABOUT THAT AND 7982 05:10:49,520 --> 05:10:54,680 HOW CAN WE BE COMFORTABLE, BE 7983 05:10:54,680 --> 05:10:55,880 COMFORTABLE WITH BOTH OF THOSE 7984 05:10:55,880 --> 05:10:57,040 THINGS HAPPENING MAYBE AT ONCE. 7985 05:10:57,040 --> 05:11:00,360 >>I CAN START ON THIS TOPIC, 7986 05:11:00,360 --> 05:11:02,320 IT'S ONE MY ORGANIZATION DEALS 7987 05:11:02,320 --> 05:11:07,920 WITH A LOT. 7988 05:11:07,920 --> 05:11:09,600 WE SPAN THREE RS, REFINEMENT 7989 05:11:09,600 --> 05:11:12,520 SUCH AS REFINED MOUSE HANDLING 7990 05:11:12,520 --> 05:11:13,960 TO NPS AND ARTIFICIAL 7991 05:11:13,960 --> 05:11:16,120 INTELLIGENCE INITIATIVES SO 7992 05:11:16,120 --> 05:11:17,120 WE'RE CERTAINLY EXPERTS AT 7993 05:11:17,120 --> 05:11:19,000 BALANCING THAT USE. 7994 05:11:19,000 --> 05:11:20,520 WHAT WE -- WHAT OUR MESSAGING 7995 05:11:20,520 --> 05:11:22,480 IS, WHAT WE TALK ABOUT, IT'S 7996 05:11:22,480 --> 05:11:24,360 ABOUT THE BEST SCIENCE, BEST 7997 05:11:24,360 --> 05:11:26,840 MODEL FOR THE PARTICULAR 7998 05:11:26,840 --> 05:11:27,880 QUESTION, OR PARTICULAR CONTEXT 7999 05:11:27,880 --> 05:11:28,720 OF USE. 8000 05:11:28,720 --> 05:11:30,600 THERE MAY BE PARTICULAR CONTEXT 8001 05:11:30,600 --> 05:11:33,240 OF USE OR PARTICULAR QUESTIONS, 8002 05:11:33,240 --> 05:11:35,160 OR IF WE THINK ABOUT -- OFTEN I 8003 05:11:35,160 --> 05:11:38,400 TALK TO PEOPLE, YOU THINK ABOUT 8004 05:11:38,400 --> 05:11:39,480 THE ENTIRE SCIENTIFIC PIPELINE, 8005 05:11:39,480 --> 05:11:41,400 RIGHT NOW, YOU KNOW, IF WE'RE 8006 05:11:41,400 --> 05:11:42,400 THINKING ABOUT DRUG DEVELOPMENT, 8007 05:11:42,400 --> 05:11:44,160 YOU'RE GOING TO NEED TO USE AN 8008 05:11:44,160 --> 05:11:49,280 ANIMAL MODEL -- AN ANIMAL AT 8009 05:11:49,280 --> 05:11:49,960 SOME POINT. 8010 05:11:49,960 --> 05:11:52,600 CAN YOU USE A NAM EARLIER IN THE 8011 05:11:52,600 --> 05:11:55,760 DRUG DEVELOPMENT PIPELINE WHERE 8012 05:11:55,760 --> 05:12:00,480 YOU'RE LOOKING AT DISCOVERY, 8013 05:12:00,480 --> 05:12:01,040 LEAD OPTIMIZATION, RULING 8014 05:12:01,040 --> 05:12:02,320 CERTAIN COMPOUNDS OUT OR 8015 05:12:02,320 --> 05:12:03,520 DETERMINING THIS ONE IS BETTER 8016 05:12:03,520 --> 05:12:05,200 IN THIS PARTICULAR ANIMAL 8017 05:12:05,200 --> 05:12:06,280 SPECIES, THIS PARTICULAR ANIMAL 8018 05:12:06,280 --> 05:12:08,160 MODEL FOR A PARTICULAR REASON, 8019 05:12:08,160 --> 05:12:10,320 MAYBE YOU'RE USING IT THERE. 8020 05:12:10,320 --> 05:12:12,080 WE ALSO CERTAINLY HAVE 8021 05:12:12,080 --> 05:12:15,360 COMMERCIAL PROVIDERS THAT ARE 8022 05:12:15,360 --> 05:12:19,000 DOING PERSONALIZED MEDICINE THAT 8023 05:12:19,000 --> 05:12:21,720 ARE ACTUALLY TAKING TISSUES FROM 8024 05:12:21,720 --> 05:12:23,440 PATIENTS, DOING WORK NOT DONE IN 8025 05:12:23,440 --> 05:12:24,360 ANIMAL MODELS. 8026 05:12:24,360 --> 05:12:26,000 THERE'S ALSO PLACES IN THE 8027 05:12:26,000 --> 05:12:27,320 RESEARCH WHERE THERE'S NOT GOOD 8028 05:12:27,320 --> 05:12:32,560 ANIMAL MODELS, NOT A MODEL THAT 8029 05:12:32,560 --> 05:12:33,120 TRANSLATES. 8030 05:12:33,120 --> 05:12:34,760 WE MIGHT NOT BE REPLACING THE 8031 05:12:34,760 --> 05:12:35,960 ANIMALS BECAUSE THERE'S NOT 8032 05:12:35,960 --> 05:12:37,840 ANIMALS USED IN THAT SENSE BUT 8033 05:12:37,840 --> 05:12:40,240 IT DOESN'T MEAN IT'S NOT 8034 05:12:40,240 --> 05:12:40,560 WORTHWHILE. 8035 05:12:40,560 --> 05:12:42,840 NAMs ARE GREAT FOR THE 8036 05:12:42,840 --> 05:12:43,840 SCIENCE, GREAT WHEN THEY REPLACE 8037 05:12:43,840 --> 05:12:45,920 AT LEAST A PORTION OF THE 8038 05:12:45,920 --> 05:12:47,240 ANIMALS OR REDUCE THEIR NUMBERS 8039 05:12:47,240 --> 05:12:48,440 BY, YOU KNOW, ESTABLISHING THE 8040 05:12:48,440 --> 05:12:51,200 FIRST DOSE TO PUT INTO ANIMALS. 8041 05:12:51,200 --> 05:12:53,680 YOU CAN DO REDUCTION, REDUCE 8042 05:12:53,680 --> 05:12:54,880 THAT STUDY DESIGN, REFINEMENT BY 8043 05:12:54,880 --> 05:12:59,280 SEEING THESE ARE THE TOXICITIES 8044 05:12:59,280 --> 05:13:08,920 WE EXPECT. 8045 05:13:08,920 --> 05:13:09,920 COMPLEMENTARY, SUPPLEMENTAL. 8046 05:13:09,920 --> 05:13:14,040 I THINK FOR THE FASTEST 8047 05:13:14,040 --> 05:13:16,360 PROGRESS, TALKING ABOUT THEM IN 8048 05:13:16,360 --> 05:13:17,760 COMBINATION IS GOING TO GET MORE 8049 05:13:17,760 --> 05:13:20,080 PEOPLE TO USE THEM SOONER 8050 05:13:20,080 --> 05:13:22,040 BECAUSE, AGAIN, I THINK THAT 8051 05:13:22,040 --> 05:13:25,880 RELATIONSHIP BUILDING AND 8052 05:13:25,880 --> 05:13:28,960 BALANCED MESSAGEING IS REALLY 8053 05:13:28,960 --> 05:13:29,240 IMPORTANT. 8054 05:13:29,240 --> 05:13:30,400 >>PHYSIOLOGY WAS THE BEST 8055 05:13:30,400 --> 05:13:31,920 BIOLOGY CLASS I EVER TOOK. 8056 05:13:31,920 --> 05:13:34,120 THE WAY IT SHOWED ALL THE 8057 05:13:34,120 --> 05:13:35,360 DIFFERENCE SYSTEMS. 8058 05:13:35,360 --> 05:13:37,600 >>AND THE TOUGHEST. 8059 05:13:37,600 --> 05:13:38,200 PRETTY TOUGH. 8060 05:13:38,200 --> 05:13:40,040 >>AND ALSO HAD ENGINEERING 8061 05:13:40,040 --> 05:13:41,320 ELEMENTS TOO, QUITE FANTASTIC. 8062 05:13:41,320 --> 05:13:43,320 SEEING ALL THOSE ORGAN SYSTEMS 8063 05:13:43,320 --> 05:13:44,600 CONNECTED CHANGED THE WAY YOU 8064 05:13:44,600 --> 05:13:46,280 COULD THINK ABOUT HITTING ONE 8065 05:13:46,280 --> 05:13:47,000 TARGET OR NOT. 8066 05:13:47,000 --> 05:13:49,440 AND SO I THINK THAT'S WHY I 8067 05:13:49,440 --> 05:13:50,960 THINK THAT ANIMAL MODELS DO 8068 05:13:50,960 --> 05:13:53,880 SERVE A PLACE BECAUSE ALL OF 8069 05:13:53,880 --> 05:13:58,520 PHYSIOLOGY IS HARD TO 8070 05:13:58,520 --> 05:14:00,680 RECAPITULATE AND CAPTURE. 8071 05:14:00,680 --> 05:14:02,440 WHAT IS THE ACTUAL QUESTION ONE 8072 05:14:02,440 --> 05:14:04,200 IS ASKING, WHAT DATA DOES ONE 8073 05:14:04,200 --> 05:14:05,520 NEED TO GET FROM THAT? 8074 05:14:05,520 --> 05:14:10,760 I'VE BEEN A PART OF NSF 8075 05:14:10,760 --> 05:14:15,360 OFFICERS, I'VE SEEN IT FROM, YOU 8076 05:14:15,360 --> 05:14:19,320 KNOW, MIX A MATRIX, PUT CELLS 8077 05:14:19,320 --> 05:14:21,400 ON, TO COMPLICATEED DESIGN. 8078 05:14:21,400 --> 05:14:22,800 WHAT DO YOU NEED TO GET THE 8079 05:14:22,800 --> 05:14:26,320 ANSWER TO THE QUESTION? 8080 05:14:26,320 --> 05:14:27,200 ANIMAL MODELS CAN CHANGE, THE 8081 05:14:27,200 --> 05:14:28,920 BEST ANIMAL MODEL CAN CHANGE, 8082 05:14:28,920 --> 05:14:30,440 WE'VE BEEN ON STUDY SECTION, 8083 05:14:30,440 --> 05:14:31,480 WATCHED THAT WAVE MOVE, IF 8084 05:14:31,480 --> 05:14:33,640 YOU'VE BEEN WORKING ON THE OLD 8085 05:14:33,640 --> 05:14:34,640 ANIMAL MODEL WHAT HAPPENS TO THE 8086 05:14:34,640 --> 05:14:36,240 REST OF YOUR WORK WHEN YOU WANT 8087 05:14:36,240 --> 05:14:38,560 TO PUBLISH OR GET IT MOVED 8088 05:14:38,560 --> 05:14:38,800 FORWARD? 8089 05:14:38,800 --> 05:14:40,520 I WONDER HOW THAT'S GOING TO 8090 05:14:40,520 --> 05:14:42,280 LOOK WITH NAMs. 8091 05:14:42,280 --> 05:14:43,600 WHAT BECOMES THE STANDARD NAM 8092 05:14:43,600 --> 05:14:45,000 AND IS IT ACCESSIBLE TO EVERYONE 8093 05:14:45,000 --> 05:14:47,400 TO GET THE TYPE OF DATA THAT 8094 05:14:47,400 --> 05:14:49,600 WILL GET THEM THE GRANT, 8095 05:14:49,600 --> 05:14:50,720 PUBLICATION, OUTSIDE OF THE DATA 8096 05:14:50,720 --> 05:14:53,200 THEY NEED TO HELP PATIENTS AND 8097 05:14:53,200 --> 05:14:53,720 FOR THEIR COMPANY. 8098 05:14:53,720 --> 05:14:57,360 SO I THINK AS LONG AS WE TAKE A 8099 05:14:57,360 --> 05:14:59,560 MEASURED APPROACH AND PHASING 8100 05:14:59,560 --> 05:15:01,400 ONE OUT, SETTING UP STANDARDS 8101 05:15:01,400 --> 05:15:06,880 AND GUIDELINES IN THE FIELDS, WE 8102 05:15:06,880 --> 05:15:08,080 COULD THINK ABOUT IT IN THE 8103 05:15:08,080 --> 05:15:09,800 EQUITABLE SENSE AND NOT JUST 8104 05:15:09,800 --> 05:15:11,680 KNOCK PEOPLE OUT OF THE BOX. 8105 05:15:11,680 --> 05:15:13,320 >>APPRECIATE THAT. 8106 05:15:13,320 --> 05:15:14,880 ANY OTHER THOUGHTS? 8107 05:15:14,880 --> 05:15:15,120 COOL. 8108 05:15:15,120 --> 05:15:16,400 NICHOLAS, RAISE YOUR HAND. 8109 05:15:16,400 --> 05:15:18,720 WE SEE YOU, IF YOU WANT TO SPEAK 8110 05:15:18,720 --> 05:15:22,640 UP JUST RAISE YOUR HAND. 8111 05:15:22,640 --> 05:15:25,080 NEXT QUESTION, WE'VE HEARD THIS 8112 05:15:25,080 --> 05:15:26,920 IN OTHER PACKAGE SESSIONS ABOUT 8113 05:15:26,920 --> 05:15:27,960 THE DIFFERENT PLAYERS THAT ARE 8114 05:15:27,960 --> 05:15:29,760 AT THE TABLE WHEN IT COMES TO 8115 05:15:29,760 --> 05:15:33,400 NAMs, WE TALK ABOUT 8116 05:15:33,400 --> 05:15:34,600 BIOLOGISTS, ENGINEERS, COMPUTER 8117 05:15:34,600 --> 05:15:35,680 SCIENTISTS, MATHEMATICIANS, A 8118 05:15:35,680 --> 05:15:37,120 WHOLE BUNCH OF FOLKS. 8119 05:15:37,120 --> 05:15:41,920 WANTED TO ASK THOUGHTS FROM 8120 05:15:41,920 --> 05:15:43,560 PANELISTS, DO YOU SEE EXPERTISE 8121 05:15:43,560 --> 05:15:45,880 GAPS WITH NAMs? 8122 05:15:45,880 --> 05:15:47,880 DO YOU SEE NAMs BEING LIKE 8123 05:15:47,880 --> 05:15:49,040 SLOWED DOWN BECAUSE WE JUST 8124 05:15:49,040 --> 05:15:50,320 DON'T HAVE EVERYBODY AT THE 8125 05:15:50,320 --> 05:15:52,240 TABLE THAT NEEDS TO BE AT THE 8126 05:15:52,240 --> 05:15:54,520 TABLE TO PUSH THIS TECHNOLOGY 8127 05:15:54,520 --> 05:15:54,960 ALONG. 8128 05:15:54,960 --> 05:15:57,600 CURIOUS TO HEAR PEOPLE'S 8129 05:15:57,600 --> 05:16:00,600 THOUGHTS, ARE THERE EXPERTISE 8130 05:16:00,600 --> 05:16:02,320 GAPS, YOU KNOW, THAT'S NEEDED 8131 05:16:02,320 --> 05:16:04,800 AND WHAT DO YOU SUGGEST WE DO TO 8132 05:16:04,800 --> 05:16:05,920 HELP FILL THOSE GAPS? 8133 05:16:05,920 --> 05:16:08,080 >>YEAH, I CAN START ON THIS. 8134 05:16:08,080 --> 05:16:09,400 I DO STILL THINK THERE'S SOME 8135 05:16:09,400 --> 05:16:11,400 EXPERTISE GAPS IN TERMS OF WHEN 8136 05:16:11,400 --> 05:16:12,480 WE'RE DEVELOPING THESE 8137 05:16:12,480 --> 05:16:12,840 TECHNOLOGIES. 8138 05:16:12,840 --> 05:16:15,480 I THINK A LOT OF THE DEVELOPERS 8139 05:16:15,480 --> 05:16:17,040 ARE ENGINEERS AND THAT'S WHERE 8140 05:16:17,040 --> 05:16:20,400 THEIR BACKGROUND AND FOCUS IS, 8141 05:16:20,400 --> 05:16:21,640 AND MAYBE THOSE CONVERSATIONS 8142 05:16:21,640 --> 05:16:25,680 AREN'T HAD WITH THE P.I.s AND 8143 05:16:25,680 --> 05:16:26,440 BIOLOGISTS AND EXPERTS IN 8144 05:16:26,440 --> 05:16:26,960 SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY. 8145 05:16:26,960 --> 05:16:29,160 THERE NEEDS TO BE BETTER WORKING 8146 05:16:29,160 --> 05:16:30,240 GROUPS AND CONVERSATIONS THERE. 8147 05:16:30,240 --> 05:16:33,000 AS WELL AS INVOLVING OTHER 8148 05:16:33,000 --> 05:16:34,560 STAKEHOLDERS, LIKE THE 8149 05:16:34,560 --> 05:16:36,160 REGULATORS AS WELL AS ACADEMIA 8150 05:16:36,160 --> 05:16:36,960 AND INDUSTRY, AND EVERYONE WHO 8151 05:16:36,960 --> 05:16:40,800 IS GOING TO HAVE A BUY-IN OR 8152 05:16:40,800 --> 05:16:44,040 SOME SAY OR APPLICATION IN USING 8153 05:16:44,040 --> 05:16:44,400 NAMs. 8154 05:16:44,400 --> 05:16:45,480 I THINK INDUSTRY OR THE 8155 05:16:45,480 --> 05:16:46,480 COMPANIES THAT ARE DEVELOPING 8156 05:16:46,480 --> 05:16:48,880 THESE NAMs CAN GET SO FOCUSED 8157 05:16:48,880 --> 05:16:50,440 AND DEVELOPING A PRODUCT, BUT 8158 05:16:50,440 --> 05:16:51,920 THEY SOMETIMES DON'T ALWAYS 8159 05:16:51,920 --> 05:16:54,480 REMEMBER THE INTENDED USE OF THE 8160 05:16:54,480 --> 05:16:55,520 METHOD OR TECHNOLOGY, WHEN THEY 8161 05:16:55,520 --> 05:16:57,640 ARE DEVELOPING, AND I THINK 8162 05:16:57,640 --> 05:16:58,240 THAT'S WHERE DONNA MENTIONED, 8163 05:16:58,240 --> 05:16:59,840 YOU KNOW, WE GET INTO 8164 05:16:59,840 --> 05:17:01,680 OVERPROMISING ON THESE NAMs. 8165 05:17:01,680 --> 05:17:03,200 THAT GETS US NOWHERE. 8166 05:17:03,200 --> 05:17:05,800 THE RELIABILITY AND TRUST ISN'T 8167 05:17:05,800 --> 05:17:08,320 THERE WHEN THE P.I.s SEE IT IN 8168 05:17:08,320 --> 05:17:08,920 THAT SCOPE. 8169 05:17:08,920 --> 05:17:13,600 I THINK THERE'S BARRIERS, WE 8170 05:17:13,600 --> 05:17:15,680 WANT TO MAKE SURE ALL PARTIES 8171 05:17:15,680 --> 05:17:17,120 ARE INVOLVED IN CONVERSATIONS 8172 05:17:17,120 --> 05:17:17,520 DEVELOPING THESE. 8173 05:17:17,520 --> 05:17:19,720 >>I'LL ADD. 8174 05:17:19,720 --> 05:17:22,440 THIS IS A VERY ACUTE -- IN MY 8175 05:17:22,440 --> 05:17:23,240 EXPERIENCE, I'VE TRIED MANY 8176 05:17:23,240 --> 05:17:28,480 TIMES TO REACH OUT TO 8177 05:17:28,480 --> 05:17:29,120 NEUROSCIENTISTS COLLABORATORS, 8178 05:17:29,120 --> 05:17:30,600 AND I THINK I COME TO THEM WITH 8179 05:17:30,600 --> 05:17:31,720 A LOT OF EXCITEMENT. 8180 05:17:31,720 --> 05:17:33,000 HEY, WE BUILT THIS MODEL, 8181 05:17:33,000 --> 05:17:34,200 WOULDN'T IT BE GREAT TO USE IT 8182 05:17:34,200 --> 05:17:36,360 FOR WHATEVER IT IS YOU'RE 8183 05:17:36,360 --> 05:17:38,560 WORKING ON, THEIR EYES GLOSS 8184 05:17:38,560 --> 05:17:39,000 OVER. 8185 05:17:39,000 --> 05:17:43,080 THEY JUST GO, YEAH, YEAH, THAT 8186 05:17:43,080 --> 05:17:44,440 WOULD PROBABLY BE GOOD AND 8187 05:17:44,440 --> 05:17:45,520 NOTHING HAPPENS. 8188 05:17:45,520 --> 05:17:47,240 I THINK THERE'S -- THIS IS A 8189 05:17:47,240 --> 05:17:49,760 REAL CHALLENGE, I THINK. 8190 05:17:49,760 --> 05:17:51,720 THERE'S-- THIS IS A TWO-WAY 8191 05:17:51,720 --> 05:17:52,840 STREET. 8192 05:17:52,840 --> 05:17:57,840 ON ONE HAND YOU HAVE SOME 8193 05:17:57,840 --> 05:17:58,920 BIOLOGISTS WHO SOMETIMES THEIR 8194 05:17:58,920 --> 05:18:04,320 WHOLE CAREER WAS BUILT ON A 8195 05:18:04,320 --> 05:18:04,920 CERTAIN MODEL, CERTAIN ANIMAL 8196 05:18:04,920 --> 05:18:06,200 MODEL, HOW ARE YOU GOING TO ASK 8197 05:18:06,200 --> 05:18:08,520 THEM TO TRY SOMETHING WITH STEM 8198 05:18:08,520 --> 05:18:10,720 CELLS, WIRES AND TUBES COMING 8199 05:18:10,720 --> 05:18:12,080 OUT OF IT, I DON'T KNOW WHERE 8200 05:18:12,080 --> 05:18:12,960 I'M GOING TO START. 8201 05:18:12,960 --> 05:18:15,240 THE REASON IT'S A TWO-WAY STREET 8202 05:18:15,240 --> 05:18:17,760 YOU HAVE BIOLOGISTS WHO LOOK AT 8203 05:18:17,760 --> 05:18:19,200 NAMs AS ENGINEERING PROJECTS, 8204 05:18:19,200 --> 05:18:21,160 YOU KNOW, DATA SCIENCE, THEY 8205 05:18:21,160 --> 05:18:22,720 DON'T KNOW ANYTHING, IT'S 8206 05:18:22,720 --> 05:18:25,000 ENGINEERING, THEY DON'T KNOW 8207 05:18:25,000 --> 05:18:27,480 ABOUT WIRES, CABLES, TUBES. 8208 05:18:27,480 --> 05:18:29,160 I THINK BIOLOGISTS ARE VERY 8209 05:18:29,160 --> 05:18:30,960 SMART PEOPLE. 8210 05:18:30,960 --> 05:18:31,720 I'M AN ENGINEER. 8211 05:18:31,720 --> 05:18:32,960 >>WE APPRECIATE THAT. 8212 05:18:32,960 --> 05:18:33,680 >>YEAH, YEAH. 8213 05:18:33,680 --> 05:18:37,080 I'M AN ENGINEER SO I CAN SAY 8214 05:18:37,080 --> 05:18:38,120 THIS, I'M BEING SERIOUS. 8215 05:18:38,120 --> 05:18:41,440 I DON'T THINK I'M SMART ENOUGH 8216 05:18:41,440 --> 05:18:42,960 TO BE A MOLECULAR BIOLOGIST. 8217 05:18:42,960 --> 05:18:44,520 WHAT ENGINEERS HAVE TO DEVELOP, 8218 05:18:44,520 --> 05:18:46,440 SOMETIMES ENGINEERS NEED TO BE 8219 05:18:46,440 --> 05:18:48,400 TAKEN DOWN A PEG WITH EGOS, 8220 05:18:48,400 --> 05:18:48,880 EVERYBODY KNOWS THAT. 8221 05:18:48,880 --> 05:18:53,240 ONE OF THE THINGS THAT I THINK 8222 05:18:53,240 --> 05:18:54,800 WE ENGINEERS NEED TO REALIZE, IF 8223 05:18:54,800 --> 05:18:56,200 YOU DON'T MAKE SOMETHING EASY TO 8224 05:18:56,200 --> 05:18:58,040 USE NOBODY WILL USE IT. 8225 05:18:58,040 --> 05:19:01,320 IF YOU DON'T MAKE SOMETHING 8226 05:19:01,320 --> 05:19:03,280 THAT'S SO EASY TO USE THAT IT'S 8227 05:19:03,280 --> 05:19:05,400 A KIT, YOU OPEN THE WRAPPER, PUT 8228 05:19:05,400 --> 05:19:07,360 IT ON THE PLATE, IT ROCKS, WHO 8229 05:19:07,360 --> 05:19:10,080 IS GOING TO USE IT AND LEARN HOW 8230 05:19:10,080 --> 05:19:12,120 TO, YOU KNOW, PLUG IN TUBES, 8231 05:19:12,120 --> 05:19:13,520 WIRES, THINGS LIKE THAT. 8232 05:19:13,520 --> 05:19:15,040 SO THAT'S SOMETHING THAT 8233 05:19:15,040 --> 05:19:19,400 ENGINEERS NEED TO THINK MORE 8234 05:19:19,400 --> 05:19:19,960 ABOUT. 8235 05:19:19,960 --> 05:19:24,200 THAT'S WHAT MAKES - STEVE JOBS, 8236 05:19:24,200 --> 05:19:30,600 WHEN APPLE WAS GETTING GOING, 8237 05:19:30,600 --> 05:19:35,360 WHAT MADEED SUCCESSFUL. 8238 05:19:35,360 --> 05:19:36,040 WHEN THE MacINTOSH CAME OUT, 8239 05:19:36,040 --> 05:19:39,200 BEFORE THAT YOU HAD TO TYPE 8240 05:19:39,200 --> 05:19:41,600 CODE, I'M A NERD BUT MOST KIDS 8241 05:19:41,600 --> 05:19:43,600 AND MOST GROWNUPS IN THE 1980s 8242 05:19:43,600 --> 05:19:45,080 DIDN'T LIKE TO TYPE CODE. 8243 05:19:45,080 --> 05:19:47,120 SO VERY FEW PEOPLE USED 8244 05:19:47,120 --> 05:19:49,160 COMPUTERS AT HOME AND THE 8245 05:19:49,160 --> 05:19:50,120 MacINTOSH COMES OUT, NOW WE 8246 05:19:50,120 --> 05:19:53,760 VULNERABILITY A -- NOW WE HAVE 8247 05:19:53,760 --> 05:19:54,760 COMPUTERS IN OUR POCKET. 8248 05:19:54,760 --> 05:19:56,840 ENGINEERS NEED TO THINK IN THOSE 8249 05:19:56,840 --> 05:19:57,040 TERMS. 8250 05:19:57,040 --> 05:19:58,720 IF YOU WANT PEOPLE TO USE THE 8251 05:19:58,720 --> 05:19:59,800 THING YOU'RE DEVELOPING, YOU'VE 8252 05:19:59,800 --> 05:20:04,280 GOT TO DO TWO THINGS, MAKE IT 8253 05:20:04,280 --> 05:20:05,840 USEFUL, PRACTICAL, EASY TO USE, 8254 05:20:05,840 --> 05:20:07,680 AND THE OTHER THING THAT IS 8255 05:20:07,680 --> 05:20:09,320 IMPORTANT, WE HAVE TO STOP 8256 05:20:09,320 --> 05:20:10,640 DEVELOPING AT SOME POINT. 8257 05:20:10,640 --> 05:20:12,360 THIS IS A REALLY DIFFICULT THING 8258 05:20:12,360 --> 05:20:13,920 FOR ENGINEERS TO DO BECAUSE 8259 05:20:13,920 --> 05:20:15,040 WE'RE ALWAYS LIKE TRYING TO -- 8260 05:20:15,040 --> 05:20:16,000 YOU KNOW, I'M GUILTY. 8261 05:20:16,000 --> 05:20:18,280 I GET INTERESTED IN THE NEXT 8262 05:20:18,280 --> 05:20:18,480 TOOL. 8263 05:20:18,480 --> 05:20:20,800 I WANT TO BUILD THE NEXT HAMMER, 8264 05:20:20,800 --> 05:20:23,920 BEFORE THE FIRST HAMMER IS BEING 8265 05:20:23,920 --> 05:20:25,040 DEMONSTRATED AND IN USE BY 8266 05:20:25,040 --> 05:20:31,320 PEOPLE WHO WANT TO USE I'M 8267 05:20:31,320 --> 05:20:32,400 DEVELOPING THE NEXT HAMMER, OR 8268 05:20:32,400 --> 05:20:33,600 MAYBE THE WRENCH. 8269 05:20:33,600 --> 05:20:34,200 IT'S A CRITICAL CHALLENGE. 8270 05:20:34,200 --> 05:20:36,480 I DON'T KNOW HOW TO CHANGE THAT 8271 05:20:36,480 --> 05:20:36,800 CULTURE. 8272 05:20:36,800 --> 05:20:39,760 I GUESS I HAVE TWO IDEAS BUT 8273 05:20:39,760 --> 05:20:41,160 I'VE BEEN TALKING A LOT SO I'LL 8274 05:20:41,160 --> 05:20:44,440 TRY TO BE REAL QUICK. 8275 05:20:44,440 --> 05:20:48,600 ONE IDEA IS FUNDING AGENCIES CAN 8276 05:20:48,600 --> 05:20:50,560 GET CREATIVE WITH 8277 05:20:50,560 --> 05:20:52,880 INCENTIVIZEING, NIBIB PUT FORTH 8278 05:20:52,880 --> 05:20:55,520 GRANT MECHANISMS SPECIFICALLY TO 8279 05:20:55,520 --> 05:20:58,120 HAVE ENGINEERS WORK WITH 8280 05:20:58,120 --> 05:20:59,240 BIOLOGISTS, ENGINEERS AND 8281 05:20:59,240 --> 05:21:00,560 PHYSICISTS, MATHEMATICIANS 8282 05:21:00,560 --> 05:21:01,560 WORKING WITH BIOLOGISTS, MAYBE 8283 05:21:01,560 --> 05:21:02,960 MORE WOULD BE HELPFUL. 8284 05:21:02,960 --> 05:21:04,680 THERE'S A NEW ASSISTANT 8285 05:21:04,680 --> 05:21:05,480 PROFESSOR AT TULANE UNIVERSITY, 8286 05:21:05,480 --> 05:21:07,120 NOT IN MY DEPARTMENT, AT ANOTHER 8287 05:21:07,120 --> 05:21:08,320 DEPARTMENT, I WON'T MENTION HER 8288 05:21:08,320 --> 05:21:11,160 NAME, I DIDN'T TELL HER I WAS 8289 05:21:11,160 --> 05:21:14,240 TALKING ABOUT HER, SHE'S A 8290 05:21:14,240 --> 05:21:15,080 BIOLOGIST, CARD-CARRYING WORKS 8291 05:21:15,080 --> 05:21:16,720 WITH MOUSE KNOCKOUTS AND 8292 05:21:16,720 --> 05:21:17,040 EVERYTHING. 8293 05:21:17,040 --> 05:21:20,120 SHE DID A POSTDOC IN A 8294 05:21:20,120 --> 05:21:21,040 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING LAB TO 8295 05:21:21,040 --> 05:21:22,920 LEARN HOW TO USE 8296 05:21:22,920 --> 05:21:23,800 MICROPHYSIOLOGIC SYSTEMS TO 8297 05:21:23,800 --> 05:21:26,120 APPLY THOSE TO HER RESEARCH, TO 8298 05:21:26,120 --> 05:21:27,720 HER BASIC RESEARCH. 8299 05:21:27,720 --> 05:21:29,280 I THINK TRAINING MECHANISMS LIKE 8300 05:21:29,280 --> 05:21:30,320 THIS COULD BE POWERFUL, AND THIS 8301 05:21:30,320 --> 05:21:33,560 COULD BE DONE I DON'T KNOW IF 8302 05:21:33,560 --> 05:21:35,280 IT'S EARLY, GRADUATE LEVEL, 8303 05:21:35,280 --> 05:21:36,560 MAYBE POSTDOC IS MORE 8304 05:21:36,560 --> 05:21:40,640 APPROPRIATE BUT YOU COULD 8305 05:21:40,640 --> 05:21:41,480 SPECIFICALLY TARGET BIOLOGISTS 8306 05:21:41,480 --> 05:21:44,280 WHO WANT TO DO BASIC BIOLOGY AND 8307 05:21:44,280 --> 05:21:45,600 YOU COULD GIVE THEM TRAINING 8308 05:21:45,600 --> 05:21:46,840 OPPORTUNITIES TO GET TRAINING IN 8309 05:21:46,840 --> 05:21:48,240 MACHINE LEARNING, TO GET 8310 05:21:48,240 --> 05:21:49,640 TRAINING IN DATA SCIENCE, 8311 05:21:49,640 --> 05:21:54,680 TRAINING IN STATISTICS, TRAINING 8312 05:21:54,680 --> 05:21:55,280 IN MICROPHYSIOLOGIC SYSTEMS, 8313 05:21:55,280 --> 05:22:00,640 THAT WOULD BE ONE WAY FUNDING 8314 05:22:00,640 --> 05:22:02,800 AGENCIES CAN INCENTIVIZE THINGS 8315 05:22:02,800 --> 05:22:03,080 LIKE THAT. 8316 05:22:03,080 --> 05:22:06,040 >>NICHOLAS, DO YOU WANT TO 8317 05:22:06,040 --> 05:22:06,400 CHIME IN? 8318 05:22:06,400 --> 05:22:07,760 >>YEAH, THAT WAS SPOT ON. 8319 05:22:07,760 --> 05:22:09,760 IN OUR EXPERIENCE IN TRANSLATING 8320 05:22:09,760 --> 05:22:11,880 A.I. MODELS WE FACE A LOT OF THE 8321 05:22:11,880 --> 05:22:13,160 SAME ISSUES. 8322 05:22:13,160 --> 05:22:14,760 THEY ARE NOT WIRES STICKING OUT 8323 05:22:14,760 --> 05:22:16,040 BUT THEY ARE CONFUSING, AND THEY 8324 05:22:16,040 --> 05:22:18,600 REQUIRE A LOT OF EXPERTISE TO 8325 05:22:18,600 --> 05:22:18,800 USE. 8326 05:22:18,800 --> 05:22:20,440 AND IT REALLY -- I LOVE WHAT YOU 8327 05:22:20,440 --> 05:22:22,240 SAID, YOU HAVE TO MAKE IT EASY, 8328 05:22:22,240 --> 05:22:28,080 THAT'S 100 100% TRUE. 8329 05:22:28,080 --> 05:22:30,080 IT HAS TO PASS THE SNIFF TEST. 8330 05:22:30,080 --> 05:22:33,120 IF YOU HAND SOMEBODY A MODEL 8331 05:22:33,120 --> 05:22:35,720 SYSTEM, WHETHER A.I. OR IN A 8332 05:22:35,720 --> 05:22:38,640 DISH WITH WIRES, NEEDS TO 8333 05:22:38,640 --> 05:22:40,720 PRODUCE RESULTS THAT MAKE SENSE 8334 05:22:40,720 --> 05:22:43,120 AT FIRST PASS OR PEOPLE WILL 8335 05:22:43,120 --> 05:22:43,920 DISMISS THAT QUICKLY. 8336 05:22:43,920 --> 05:22:45,280 YOU HAVE TO MEET THEM WHERE THEY 8337 05:22:45,280 --> 05:22:47,160 ARE USING METHODS THEY LIKE TO 8338 05:22:47,160 --> 05:22:49,560 USE, SEEING THE RESULTS THEY 8339 05:22:49,560 --> 05:22:51,200 LIKE TO SEE, TO BUILD THAT TYPE 8340 05:22:51,200 --> 05:22:53,080 OF TRUST IN THESE NEW TYPE OF 8341 05:22:53,080 --> 05:22:55,240 MODELS. 8342 05:22:55,240 --> 05:22:56,640 8343 05:22:56,640 --> 05:22:58,520 >>YEAH, I THINK NOT ONLY MAKING 8344 05:22:58,520 --> 05:23:03,120 IT EASY FOR END USERS IS HUGE 8345 05:23:03,120 --> 05:23:05,000 BUT LIKE MICHAEL SAID GETTING 8346 05:23:05,000 --> 05:23:06,640 TRAINING, HOW CAN WE INCENTIVIZE 8347 05:23:06,640 --> 05:23:09,400 USE OF NAMs, AND ONE WORKING 8348 05:23:09,400 --> 05:23:11,840 GROUP THAT I'M ON ICCVAM, 8349 05:23:11,840 --> 05:23:12,640 CONSIDERATION OF ALTERNATIVE 8350 05:23:12,640 --> 05:23:19,240 METHODS, ONE OF OUR CHARGES IS 8351 05:23:19,240 --> 05:23:20,800 TO IDENTIFY INCENTIVES TO 8352 05:23:20,800 --> 05:23:24,280 UTILIZE NAMs, AND ONE OUTLET 8353 05:23:24,280 --> 05:23:26,480 WE'RE ENCOURAGING IS GETTING 8354 05:23:26,480 --> 05:23:28,440 LARGER FUNDING AGENCIES TO PUT 8355 05:23:28,440 --> 05:23:30,840 MONEY TOWARDS SPECIFICALLY NOT 8356 05:23:30,840 --> 05:23:32,280 ONLY DEVELOPING NAMs BUT 8357 05:23:32,280 --> 05:23:33,680 VALIDATEING THEM OR MONEY HAVING 8358 05:23:33,680 --> 05:23:36,120 SOMEONE TRAIN ON HOW TO USE 8359 05:23:36,120 --> 05:23:36,320 THESE. 8360 05:23:36,320 --> 05:23:37,680 LIKE MICHAEL SAID, IT'S THE CART 8361 05:23:37,680 --> 05:23:40,160 BEFORE THE HORSE WHERE WE KEEP 8362 05:23:40,160 --> 05:23:43,920 DEVELOPING BEFORE WE HAVE 8363 05:23:43,920 --> 05:23:45,200 CONFIDENCE AND A NAME THAT'S 8364 05:23:45,200 --> 05:23:46,000 DEVELOPER ESTABLISHED. 8365 05:23:46,000 --> 05:23:48,520 HOW CAN WE IDENTIFY OR PUT 8366 05:23:48,520 --> 05:23:49,160 TOGETHER TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES 8367 05:23:49,160 --> 05:23:51,240 FOR GRAD OPPORTUNITIES OR 8368 05:23:51,240 --> 05:23:54,080 POSTDOCS OR EVEN THE YOUNGER 8369 05:23:54,080 --> 05:23:55,400 P.I.s AND SCIENTISTS TO CHANGE 8370 05:23:55,400 --> 05:23:58,160 THAT MINDSET AND GET THEM 8371 05:23:58,160 --> 05:23:58,880 COMFORTABLE USING THESE 8372 05:23:58,880 --> 05:23:59,640 DIFFERENT NAMs. 8373 05:23:59,640 --> 05:24:05,120 SOME DOES FALL ON THE FUNDING 8374 05:24:05,120 --> 05:24:07,120 AGENCIES, BECAUSE MONEY TALKS. 8375 05:24:07,120 --> 05:24:10,480 >>SO KEEPING THAT IN THE 8376 05:24:10,480 --> 05:24:11,880 FOREFRONT ABOUT THE CHANGING OF 8377 05:24:11,880 --> 05:24:14,520 TRAINING, WHAT ARE YOUR THOUGHTS 8378 05:24:14,520 --> 05:24:15,640 ABOUT IMPACTING VARIOUS TRAINEES 8379 05:24:15,640 --> 05:24:17,640 AT THE UNDERGRAD LEVEL, GRAD 8380 05:24:17,640 --> 05:24:19,280 LEVEL, POSTDOC LEVEL, BECAUSE 8381 05:24:19,280 --> 05:24:21,320 YOU JUST THINK, I'M BEING REAL, 8382 05:24:21,320 --> 05:24:25,720 A LOT OF P.I.s, SCIENTISTS, 8383 05:24:25,720 --> 05:24:31,200 ENGINEERS, WHATEVER, AS THEY GET 8384 05:24:31,200 --> 05:24:32,400 MORE MATURE, THE CHANGE IS GOING 8385 05:24:32,400 --> 05:24:34,480 TO BECOME LESS IN TERMS OF THEM 8386 05:24:34,480 --> 05:24:36,120 BEING WILLING TO LEARN NEW 8387 05:24:36,120 --> 05:24:36,960 THINGS SOMETIMES. 8388 05:24:36,960 --> 05:24:38,760 THE IDEA I SOMETIMES THINK ABOUT 8389 05:24:38,760 --> 05:24:42,280 MIGHT NEED TO IMPACT UPCOMING 8390 05:24:42,280 --> 05:24:43,480 GENERATION, CURIOUS TO HEAR 8391 05:24:43,480 --> 05:24:46,960 PEOPLE'S THOUGHTS ABOUT HOW CAN 8392 05:24:46,960 --> 05:24:52,360 WE IMPLEMENT NAMs AND TRAINING 8393 05:24:52,360 --> 05:24:55,960 OF THE NEXT GENERATION OF 8394 05:24:55,960 --> 05:24:56,840 ENGINEERS, BIOLOGISTS, COMPUTER 8395 05:24:56,840 --> 05:24:58,080 SCIENTISTS, ALL THOSE FOLKS. 8396 05:24:58,080 --> 05:25:05,520 >>NOT TO PLUG MY FORMER 8397 05:25:05,520 --> 05:25:07,160 INSTITUTION BUT GEORGIA TECH 8398 05:25:07,160 --> 05:25:08,440 DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING, I WAS 8399 05:25:08,440 --> 05:25:10,160 IN THE SECOND CLASS, TO AGE 8400 05:25:10,160 --> 05:25:12,840 MYSELF, MENTION WAS TO TAKE LIFE 8401 05:25:12,840 --> 05:25:16,760 SCIENTIST STUDENTS, TRADITIONAL 8402 05:25:16,760 --> 05:25:18,480 ENGINEERS, IN CLASS TOGETHER, 8403 05:25:18,480 --> 05:25:20,600 MAKE THEM INTEGRATE, BROUGHT IN 8404 05:25:20,600 --> 05:25:22,320 ANTHROPOLOGY PERSON WHO WATCHS 8405 05:25:22,320 --> 05:25:25,080 PEOPLE TO STUDY US AND THE 8406 05:25:25,080 --> 05:25:26,920 CURRICULUM TO MAKE SURE THAT THE 8407 05:25:26,920 --> 05:25:27,760 MONKEYS FROM THIS SIDE WERE 8408 05:25:27,760 --> 05:25:29,480 HANGING OUT WITH THE MONKEYS 8409 05:25:29,480 --> 05:25:30,880 FROM THIS SIDE AND PLAYING NICE, 8410 05:25:30,880 --> 05:25:31,960 LEARNING IN CLASS TOGETHER. 8411 05:25:31,960 --> 05:25:35,560 SO THAT HAS LED TO SUCCESS. 8412 05:25:35,560 --> 05:25:37,760 I KNOW AT M.I.T. ENGINEERING 8413 05:25:37,760 --> 05:25:39,440 DEPARTMENT THEY TAKE THAT MODEL. 8414 05:25:39,440 --> 05:25:41,160 WE PUT LABELS ON SCIENTISTS, 8415 05:25:41,160 --> 05:25:45,080 BIOLOGY BIOLOGIST, ENGINEER. 8416 05:25:45,080 --> 05:25:48,080 YOU HAVE TO FOLLOW THAT, GET A 8417 05:25:48,080 --> 05:25:48,960 DEGREE. 8418 05:25:48,960 --> 05:25:50,120 BUT WHEN I CAME INTO BIOMEDICAL 8419 05:25:50,120 --> 05:25:51,240 ENGINEERING FROM BIOLOGY I 8420 05:25:51,240 --> 05:25:53,200 THOUGHT WE WERE ALL SCIENTISTS. 8421 05:25:53,200 --> 05:25:56,360 I WAS CORRECTED IN THE LAB. 8422 05:25:56,360 --> 05:25:58,920 MY SECOND YEAR. 8423 05:25:58,920 --> 05:26:00,200 SOMEONE SAID, OH, YOU'RE A 8424 05:26:00,200 --> 05:26:03,600 SCIENTIST, WELL, I'M AN 8425 05:26:03,600 --> 05:26:03,880 ENGINEER. 8426 05:26:03,880 --> 05:26:05,000 I REALIZE ENGINEERS MAKE MORE 8427 05:26:05,000 --> 05:26:07,000 MONEY, I'M AN ENGINEER TOO. 8428 05:26:07,000 --> 05:26:09,200 IF WE HAVE ARTIFICIAL BOXES A 8429 05:26:09,200 --> 05:26:11,480 BIOLOGIST CAN'T LEARN TO 8430 05:26:11,480 --> 05:26:12,440 ENGINEER NAMs, THEY THINK 8431 05:26:12,440 --> 05:26:14,000 THAT'S OVER THERE, I WILL NEVER 8432 05:26:14,000 --> 05:26:15,560 GO OVER THERE BUT IF AN ENGINEER 8433 05:26:15,560 --> 05:26:17,480 SAYS I CAN'T TALK TO THAT 8434 05:26:17,480 --> 05:26:18,880 BIOCHEMIST BECAUSE I'M NOT GOING 8435 05:26:18,880 --> 05:26:20,320 TO LEARN THE PATHWAYS THEY HAVE 8436 05:26:20,320 --> 05:26:22,160 LEARNED WHEN I THINK ALL OF 8437 05:26:22,160 --> 05:26:23,280 THESE INDIVIDUALS AS WE'VE SAID 8438 05:26:23,280 --> 05:26:25,480 HAD SMART PEOPLE AND SO WITH US 8439 05:26:25,480 --> 05:26:27,880 LEARNING THE RIGHT LANGUAGE TO 8440 05:26:27,880 --> 05:26:28,560 COMMUNICATE ACROSS OUR BARRIERS 8441 05:26:28,560 --> 05:26:31,600 THAT'S WHEN YOU CAN BRING THE 8442 05:26:31,600 --> 05:26:33,040 WHOLE TEAM TOGETHER. 8443 05:26:33,040 --> 05:26:34,400 I THINK IF ENGINEERS DEPARTMENTS 8444 05:26:34,400 --> 05:26:35,960 ARE WILLING TO TAKE IN LIFE 8445 05:26:35,960 --> 05:26:37,960 SCIENCES STUDENTS WHO GOT A 8446 05:26:37,960 --> 05:26:40,200 BACHELORS IN LIFE SCIENCE BUT 8447 05:26:40,200 --> 05:26:41,040 HAVE SOME QUANTITATIVE SKILLS 8448 05:26:41,040 --> 05:26:43,280 THEY CAN BE THERE AND BIOLOGY IS 8449 05:26:43,280 --> 05:26:44,880 MOVING QUANTITATIVE EVEN AS A 8450 05:26:44,880 --> 05:26:45,960 BIOLOGY CURRICULUM AND SO 8451 05:26:45,960 --> 05:26:48,480 PROGRAMS ARE HAVING THEM TAKE 8452 05:26:48,480 --> 05:26:49,600 COMPUTER SCIENCE AND HEAVYER 8453 05:26:49,600 --> 05:26:49,840 MATH. 8454 05:26:49,840 --> 05:26:51,520 THAT'S HOW WE START TO GET 8455 05:26:51,520 --> 05:26:53,400 EVERYBODY LEARNING WITH A FOCUS 8456 05:26:53,400 --> 05:26:55,480 BUT ABLE TO TRANSLATE FOR EACH 8457 05:26:55,480 --> 05:26:55,680 OTHER. 8458 05:26:55,680 --> 05:26:57,680 AND THEN THE BARRIERS ARE DOWN 8459 05:26:57,680 --> 05:26:59,720 FOR THE FUTURE GENERATION, JUST 8460 05:26:59,720 --> 05:27:00,960 AS OLD HANDS HAVE TO ADAPT. 8461 05:27:00,960 --> 05:27:04,760 >>DO YOU CALL YOURSELF A 8462 05:27:04,760 --> 05:27:05,280 SCIENTIST OR ENGINEER? 8463 05:27:05,280 --> 05:27:07,320 >>WHEN I'M ON A PLANE AND 8464 05:27:07,320 --> 05:27:09,160 SOMEONE ASKS, I'M A SCIENTIST. 8465 05:27:09,160 --> 05:27:12,240 AND THEN AS OTHER PEOPLE ASK ME, 8466 05:27:12,240 --> 05:27:14,880 I SAY BIOMEDICAL ENGINEER. 8467 05:27:14,880 --> 05:27:16,200 >>OKAY. 8468 05:27:16,200 --> 05:27:17,280 BACK AND FORTH, GOTCHA. 8469 05:27:17,280 --> 05:27:21,680 ANY OTHER THOUGHTS BEFORE I MOVE 8470 05:27:21,680 --> 05:27:21,840 ON? 8471 05:27:21,840 --> 05:27:26,040 >>I'LL ADD SINCE I'M IN 8472 05:27:26,040 --> 05:27:28,880 EDUCATION INSTITUTION, I TEACH 8473 05:27:28,880 --> 05:27:29,400 NEURAL MICROENGINEERING, 8474 05:27:29,400 --> 05:27:31,400 RESTRICTED TO A CERTAIN NUMBER 8475 05:27:31,400 --> 05:27:31,960 OF ENGINEERING GRADUATE 8476 05:27:31,960 --> 05:27:33,600 STUDENTS, OPEN TO A CERTAIN 8477 05:27:33,600 --> 05:27:35,440 NUMBER OF NEUROSCIENCE GRADUATE 8478 05:27:35,440 --> 05:27:35,720 STUDENTS. 8479 05:27:35,720 --> 05:27:37,320 I WAS SHOCKED THE FIRST TIMING I 8480 05:27:37,320 --> 05:27:39,160 OFFERED THAT COURSE THAT NO 8481 05:27:39,160 --> 05:27:41,240 NEUROSCIENTISTS SIGNED UP FOR 8482 05:27:41,240 --> 05:27:41,880 IT. 8483 05:27:41,880 --> 05:27:43,200 I WAS SCRATCHING MY HEAD. 8484 05:27:43,200 --> 05:27:45,320 AND I REALIZED THAT THE COURSE 8485 05:27:45,320 --> 05:27:47,600 DESCRIPTION WAS TALKING ABOUT 8486 05:27:47,600 --> 05:27:49,480 THIS ENGINEERING TOOLS, SO I 8487 05:27:49,480 --> 05:27:51,440 MADE TWO COURSE DESCRIPTIONS FOR 8488 05:27:51,440 --> 05:27:53,520 THE TWO LISTINGS, I HAD NO 8489 05:27:53,520 --> 05:27:54,240 PREREQUISITES. 8490 05:27:54,240 --> 05:27:55,600 I WAS ABLE TO GET STUDENTS TO 8491 05:27:55,600 --> 05:27:56,560 SIGN UP. 8492 05:27:56,560 --> 05:27:57,880 THEN IT WAS BEAUTIFUL ACTUALLY 8493 05:27:57,880 --> 05:27:59,680 BECAUSE WE HAVE BIOMEDICAL 8494 05:27:59,680 --> 05:28:00,880 ENGINEERS AND NEUROSCIENTISTS IN 8495 05:28:00,880 --> 05:28:02,480 THIS CLASS, THEY WOULD READ 8496 05:28:02,480 --> 05:28:05,120 PAPERS AND THEY WOULD GIVE 8497 05:28:05,120 --> 05:28:06,040 LECTURES TO EACH OTHER, THEN 8498 05:28:06,040 --> 05:28:08,960 THEY WOULD MIX THEM UP, 8499 05:28:08,960 --> 05:28:10,840 NEUROSCIENCE AND ENGINEERS, AND 8500 05:28:10,840 --> 05:28:12,560 WOULD TEACH EACH OTHER DIFFERENT 8501 05:28:12,560 --> 05:28:14,200 CONCEPTS RELATED TO THE FIELD. 8502 05:28:14,200 --> 05:28:17,040 AND IT WOULD BE AMAZING TO SEE 8503 05:28:17,040 --> 05:28:17,720 EYES OPEN, NEUROSCIENCE GRAD 8504 05:28:17,720 --> 05:28:20,120 STUDENTS I REMEMBER ONE TIME ONE 8505 05:28:20,120 --> 05:28:22,200 OF THE STUDENTS SAID, I GAVE 8506 05:28:22,200 --> 05:28:24,800 THIS ASSIGNMENT, THEY HAD TO 8507 05:28:24,800 --> 05:28:27,240 DESIGN SYSTEM TO ADDRESS 8508 05:28:27,240 --> 05:28:28,320 HYPOTHESIS, ONE NEUROSCIENTISTS 8509 05:28:28,320 --> 05:28:30,040 SAID, OH, YOU CAN BUILD 8510 05:28:30,040 --> 05:28:30,320 SOMETHING? 8511 05:28:30,320 --> 05:28:31,920 LIKE IT WAS JUST -- I THINK THAT 8512 05:28:31,920 --> 05:28:35,640 WAS REALLY EYE OPENING FOR THAT 8513 05:28:35,640 --> 05:28:36,320 STUDENT BECAUSE BEFORE THAT 8514 05:28:36,320 --> 05:28:38,400 ENGINEERING WAS TAKING MATH AND 8515 05:28:38,400 --> 05:28:38,720 STUFF. 8516 05:28:38,720 --> 05:28:40,800 ENGINEERING IS ABOUT DESIGN AND 8517 05:28:40,800 --> 05:28:42,200 ANALYSIS, AND MATH IS IN THE 8518 05:28:42,200 --> 05:28:42,640 BACKGROUND. 8519 05:28:42,640 --> 05:28:43,640 MOST OF US KNOW THIS IN 8520 05:28:43,640 --> 05:28:44,960 ENGINEERING BUT I DON'T EVER 8521 05:28:44,960 --> 05:28:48,400 COMMUNICATE IT THAT WAY. 8522 05:28:48,400 --> 05:28:49,960 I THINK THIS ACCESSIBILITY, 8523 05:28:49,960 --> 05:28:51,880 MAKING PEOPLE UNDERSTAND THAT 8524 05:28:51,880 --> 05:28:52,560 WORKING TOGETHER JUST REQUIRES 8525 05:28:52,560 --> 05:28:55,400 YOU TO BE ABLE TO COMMUNICATE, A 8526 05:28:55,400 --> 05:28:57,120 LOT REALLY IS JUST 8527 05:28:57,120 --> 05:28:57,600 COMMUNICATION. 8528 05:28:57,600 --> 05:29:00,320 >>ONE MORE THING OUT THERE TOO. 8529 05:29:00,320 --> 05:29:03,040 YOU SAID SOMETHING GREAT. 8530 05:29:03,040 --> 05:29:04,240 I THINK ABOUT NAMs, 8531 05:29:04,240 --> 05:29:05,440 MATHEMATICAL MODEL. 8532 05:29:05,440 --> 05:29:07,000 WHEN I STARTED GRADUATE SCHOOL 8533 05:29:07,000 --> 05:29:08,720 THAT'S WHAT I WAS MOST RESISTANT 8534 05:29:08,720 --> 05:29:10,600 TO APPRECIATEING THAT YOU COULD 8535 05:29:10,600 --> 05:29:12,040 APPLY MATH TO BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 8536 05:29:12,040 --> 05:29:13,280 THAT WE DID NOT HAVE ALL THE 8537 05:29:13,280 --> 05:29:14,320 ANSWERS TO. 8538 05:29:14,320 --> 05:29:16,520 I THINK THAT'S ANOTHER TRAINING 8539 05:29:16,520 --> 05:29:17,720 OPPORTUNITY FOR THE 8540 05:29:17,720 --> 05:29:18,360 UNDERGRADUATE BIOLOGIC 8541 05:29:18,360 --> 05:29:21,320 CURRICULUM TO GET TO UNDERSTAND 8542 05:29:21,320 --> 05:29:22,320 HOW PREDICTED MATH MODELING 8543 05:29:22,320 --> 05:29:24,040 DOESN'T TELL YOU ALL THE THE 8544 05:29:24,040 --> 05:29:25,560 ANSWERS BUT FOR ME, IT WILL SAVE 8545 05:29:25,560 --> 05:29:27,400 YOU SOME EXPERIMENTS, IT CAN 8546 05:29:27,400 --> 05:29:30,520 TELL YOU THE REALM OF WHAT MAY 8547 05:29:30,520 --> 05:29:38,960 BE POSSIBLE, WHAT'S NOT. 8548 05:29:38,960 --> 05:29:41,760 SOME MAJORS STOP AT CALC 1. 8549 05:29:41,760 --> 05:29:48,040 >>FOR TRAINING THE NEXT 8550 05:29:48,040 --> 05:29:48,720 GENERATION, TO SWITCH 8551 05:29:48,720 --> 05:29:49,560 METHODOLOGIES, ONE THING WE'RE 8552 05:29:49,560 --> 05:29:54,960 WORKING ON AT THREE Rs, 8553 05:29:54,960 --> 05:29:56,880 CREATING ACCESSIBLE VIRTUAL 8554 05:29:56,880 --> 05:29:58,440 SELF--BASED ONLINE TRAINING 8555 05:29:58,440 --> 05:30:00,360 MODULE THAT PUTS THREE Rs IN 8556 05:30:00,360 --> 05:30:03,280 PRACTICE, ONE FOR EACH R, IN 8557 05:30:03,280 --> 05:30:06,440 REPLACEMENT SECTION GOING INTO 8558 05:30:06,440 --> 05:30:08,640 THINGS LIKE MPS, IN SILICO, HIGH 8559 05:30:08,640 --> 05:30:09,840 LEVEL BUT AT LEAST GETTING, AND 8560 05:30:09,840 --> 05:30:11,800 OUR DREAM WOULD BE THAT 8561 05:30:11,800 --> 05:30:13,680 EVERYBODY WHO IS AN ANIMAL 8562 05:30:13,680 --> 05:30:15,760 RESEARCHER, WHO IS GOING INTO 8563 05:30:15,760 --> 05:30:19,560 THE LAB, WOULD IDEAL I -- 8564 05:30:19,560 --> 05:30:22,000 IDEALLY HAVE TO TAKE THIS, NOT 8565 05:30:22,000 --> 05:30:24,400 TOO INTENSIVE BUT GETS SOME 8566 05:30:24,400 --> 05:30:27,920 LEVEL OF EXPOSURE, A WAY THEY 8567 05:30:27,920 --> 05:30:29,200 CAN UNDERSTAND TO START THINKING 8568 05:30:29,200 --> 05:30:31,080 ABOUT IT BECAUSE, AGAIN, 8569 05:30:31,080 --> 05:30:35,680 EVERYBODY HERE HAS AT LEAST A 8570 05:30:35,680 --> 05:30:38,160 PRETTY DECENT GRASP, ON THE 8571 05:30:38,160 --> 05:30:39,840 CONCEPTS, SO MANY PEOPLE HEARDED 8572 05:30:39,840 --> 05:30:42,000 WORD ORGAN ON A CHIP, HAVE NO 8573 05:30:42,000 --> 05:30:43,440 IDEA WHAT IT MEANS, DON'T KNOW 8574 05:30:43,440 --> 05:30:46,080 HOW TO APPLY, AREN'T AWARE OF 8575 05:30:46,080 --> 05:30:56,120 THE VALIDATION EFFORTS THAT 8576 05:30:56,120 --> 05:30:58,080 HAPPENED, SUCCESS STORIES. 8577 05:30:58,080 --> 05:30:59,240 HIGH LEVEL WOULD SPARK THINKING 8578 05:30:59,240 --> 05:31:03,440 MAYBE I CAN USE THIS TO 8579 05:31:03,440 --> 05:31:04,880 SUPPLEMENT, REPLACE. 8580 05:31:04,880 --> 05:31:08,280 IN THIS WORLD POST-COVID, THE 8581 05:31:08,280 --> 05:31:09,160 VIRTUAL EDUCATION HAVING 8582 05:31:09,160 --> 05:31:10,240 WELL-DESIGNED ONLINE TRAINING 8583 05:31:10,240 --> 05:31:11,880 MODULES CAN BE REALLY ACCESSIBLE 8584 05:31:11,880 --> 05:31:13,640 AND IF WE'RE THINKING ABOUT 8585 05:31:13,640 --> 05:31:15,760 EQUITY THAT IS GOING TO BE A 8586 05:31:15,760 --> 05:31:17,680 REAL HUGE WIN FOR NAMs, FOR 8587 05:31:17,680 --> 05:31:22,840 ALL SORTS OF DIFFERENT THINGS. 8588 05:31:22,840 --> 05:31:27,000 >>MEGAN AND I WILL TALKING 8589 05:31:27,000 --> 05:31:27,720 EARLIER, THERE'S NOT 8590 05:31:27,720 --> 05:31:28,440 CENTRALIZEED TRAININGS AVAILABLE 8591 05:31:28,440 --> 05:31:30,720 THAT FOCUS ON NAMs OR ANIMAL 8592 05:31:30,720 --> 05:31:32,480 USE ALTERNATIVES, FOR AN 8593 05:31:32,480 --> 05:31:34,480 UPCOMING SCIENTIST WHAT ARE 8594 05:31:34,480 --> 05:31:35,200 REQUIRED TRAININGS? 8595 05:31:35,200 --> 05:31:36,560 ALAF HAS ONE, WHAT ELSE DO THEY 8596 05:31:36,560 --> 05:31:39,560 HAVE TO TAKE TO GAIN EXPOSURE TO 8597 05:31:39,560 --> 05:31:40,160 THESE TOPICS? 8598 05:31:40,160 --> 05:31:42,200 I THINK IT'S VERY EASY FOR NEW 8599 05:31:42,200 --> 05:31:44,320 SCIENTISTS TO BECOME SILOED AT 8600 05:31:44,320 --> 05:31:45,960 THEIR OWN UNIVERSITY, RESOURCES 8601 05:31:45,960 --> 05:31:47,160 ONLY AVAILABLE THERE. 8602 05:31:47,160 --> 05:31:49,840 AND SO, AGAIN, LIKE STANFORD, 8603 05:31:49,840 --> 05:31:52,200 HARVARD, M.I.T. OTHER NAMES WITH 8604 05:31:52,200 --> 05:31:52,880 RESOURCES OR TECHNOLOGIES 8605 05:31:52,880 --> 05:31:54,760 AVAILABLE IS GREAT, BUT HOW CAN 8606 05:31:54,760 --> 05:31:58,120 WE SPREAD THE WORD AND GET 8607 05:31:58,120 --> 05:32:00,760 PEOPLE INTERESTED FROM THE EARLY 8608 05:32:00,760 --> 05:32:02,720 STAGES AND MORE EQUALLY. 8609 05:32:02,720 --> 05:32:11,240 I THINK HONEING IN ON FORMALIZED 8610 05:32:11,240 --> 05:32:16,680 TRAININGS WOULD BE A GOOD INTRO. 8611 05:32:16,680 --> 05:32:20,880 >>ANOTHER QUESTION, SO IN TERMS 8612 05:32:20,880 --> 05:32:23,080 OF NAMs AS IT RELATES TO, YOU 8613 05:32:23,080 --> 05:32:25,040 KNOW, CAN WE USE THIS, IS THERE 8614 05:32:25,040 --> 05:32:27,840 ANYBODY ON THE PANEL THAT CAN 8615 05:32:27,840 --> 05:32:29,120 TALK SPECIFICALLY ABOUT EXAMPLES 8616 05:32:29,120 --> 05:32:31,080 OF NAMs THAT HAVE BEEN 8617 05:32:31,080 --> 05:32:31,440 VALIDATED? 8618 05:32:31,440 --> 05:32:35,320 WE HEARD EARLIER TODAY ABOUT 8619 05:32:35,320 --> 05:32:37,200 FROM NICOLE ABOUT HOW SKIN 8620 05:32:37,200 --> 05:32:39,960 SENSITIVITY ASSAY SEEMED TO BE 8621 05:32:39,960 --> 05:32:42,000 GREAT, GOTTEN FDA APPROVAL FOR 8622 05:32:42,000 --> 05:32:44,760 THAT SPACE IN TERMS OF SKIN 8623 05:32:44,760 --> 05:32:46,080 ALLERGIES AND STUFF. 8624 05:32:46,080 --> 05:32:47,720 HELPING HOPEFULLY TO DETERMINE 8625 05:32:47,720 --> 05:32:48,000 TOXICITY. 8626 05:32:48,000 --> 05:32:49,680 ARE THERE ANY OTHER EXAMPLES 8627 05:32:49,680 --> 05:32:54,760 THAT WE CAN GIVE THE VIRTUAL 8628 05:32:54,760 --> 05:32:56,720 AUDIENCE OF NAMs VALIDATED OR 8629 05:32:56,720 --> 05:32:59,120 CLOSE TO VALIDATION THAT YOU 8630 05:32:59,120 --> 05:33:00,240 KNEW HAVE BEEN WORKING, IF 8631 05:33:00,240 --> 05:33:01,960 ANYBODY CAN TALK ABOUT THAT REAL 8632 05:33:01,960 --> 05:33:03,600 QUICK, THAT WOULD BE GREAT, JUST 8633 05:33:03,600 --> 05:33:07,120 TO SHARE SOME OF THAT. 8634 05:33:07,120 --> 05:33:08,640 WE SAID SKIN EARLIER. 8635 05:33:08,640 --> 05:33:11,880 ANY OTHER EXAMPLES OR CURRENTLY 8636 05:33:11,880 --> 05:33:12,080 DOING? 8637 05:33:12,080 --> 05:33:15,360 YOU MENTIONED NERVE ON A CHIP, 8638 05:33:15,360 --> 05:33:18,840 MICHAEL. 8639 05:33:18,840 --> 05:33:20,040 ANY THOUGHTS ABOUT THAT? 8640 05:33:20,040 --> 05:33:23,840 >>YEAH, IN VITRO SECTOR QUITE A 8641 05:33:23,840 --> 05:33:26,240 BIT OF SUCCESS WITH LIVER 8642 05:33:26,240 --> 05:33:27,920 MODELS, KIDNEY MODELS, SOME 8643 05:33:27,920 --> 05:33:28,680 FIRST ONES. 8644 05:33:28,680 --> 05:33:31,440 AND WHEN I SAY SUCCESS I THINK 8645 05:33:31,440 --> 05:33:35,960 WHAT I MEAN IS MULTIPLE CELL 8646 05:33:35,960 --> 05:33:40,120 TYPES, CELLS FROM MULTIPLE 8647 05:33:40,120 --> 05:33:41,560 DONORS SHOWING SOME BIOLOGICAL 8648 05:33:41,560 --> 05:33:43,320 VARIABILITY WHICH YOU EXPECT BUT 8649 05:33:43,320 --> 05:33:44,840 ALSO SHOWING THE SAME KIND OF 8650 05:33:44,840 --> 05:33:46,480 ESPECIALLY IN THE TOXICITY 8651 05:33:46,480 --> 05:33:48,440 FIELD, WHERE WE FIRST STARTED 8652 05:33:48,440 --> 05:33:49,440 DOING ALL THIS, SHOWING 8653 05:33:49,440 --> 05:33:51,280 TOXICITIES THAT YOU WOULD 8654 05:33:51,280 --> 05:33:51,760 EXPECT. 8655 05:33:51,760 --> 05:33:53,240 AT THIS POINT HUNDREDS OF DRUGS 8656 05:33:53,240 --> 05:33:54,920 HAVE BEEN PUT THROUGH THOSE 8657 05:33:54,920 --> 05:33:56,560 MODELS IN ORDER TO VALIDATE 8658 05:33:56,560 --> 05:33:57,320 THEM. 8659 05:33:57,320 --> 05:33:58,760 SEEM MORE MATURE MODELS LIKE 8660 05:33:58,760 --> 05:33:58,960 LIVER. 8661 05:33:58,960 --> 05:34:01,160 HUNDREDS OF DRUGS HAVE BEEN 8662 05:34:01,160 --> 05:34:04,400 TESTED, AND WE'RE STARTING TO 8663 05:34:04,400 --> 05:34:05,960 SEE THE DIFFERENCES WHEN YOU 8664 05:34:05,960 --> 05:34:07,760 POOL CELLS FROM DIFFERENT 8665 05:34:07,760 --> 05:34:10,520 DONORS, VERSUS WHEN YOU KEEP THE 8666 05:34:10,520 --> 05:34:11,760 CELLS SEPARATE AND YOU TREAT 8667 05:34:11,760 --> 05:34:12,960 THEM LIKE THEY ARE DIFFERENT 8668 05:34:12,960 --> 05:34:15,040 PEOPLE, YOU CAN SEE THE 8669 05:34:15,040 --> 05:34:15,480 VARIABILITY. 8670 05:34:15,480 --> 05:34:17,000 I THINK THE NERVOUS SYSTEMS HAS 8671 05:34:17,000 --> 05:34:18,960 A LONG WAY TO GO FRANKLY BEFORE 8672 05:34:18,960 --> 05:34:20,840 WE'RE AT A POINT LIKE THAT. 8673 05:34:20,840 --> 05:34:23,760 THAT'S ONE OF THE DIFFICULT 8674 05:34:23,760 --> 05:34:26,080 CHALLENGES IS TO BE HONEST JUST 8675 05:34:26,080 --> 05:34:27,400 HAVING ACCESS TO HIGH QUALITY 8676 05:34:27,400 --> 05:34:27,840 CELLS. 8677 05:34:27,840 --> 05:34:30,000 I MEAN IN THE IN VITRO SECTOR, 8678 05:34:30,000 --> 05:34:31,640 LET'S BE HONEST, WE CAN BUILD 8679 05:34:31,640 --> 05:34:33,240 WHATEVER YOU WANT TO BUILD, BUT 8680 05:34:33,240 --> 05:34:34,000 CELLS DO THE WORK. 8681 05:34:34,000 --> 05:34:37,400 SO IF YOU DON'T HAVE A HIGH 8682 05:34:37,400 --> 05:34:40,880 QUALITY CELL SOURCE YOU WON'T GO 8683 05:34:40,880 --> 05:34:41,280 ANYWHERE. 8684 05:34:41,280 --> 05:34:42,160 IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM THERE'S 8685 05:34:42,160 --> 05:34:44,680 BEEN A LOT OF WORK DONE IN THE 8686 05:34:44,680 --> 05:34:47,240 BRAIN BUT PEOPLE AND COMPANIES, 8687 05:34:47,240 --> 05:34:48,640 IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVE WHERE I 8688 05:34:48,640 --> 05:34:51,080 SPEND MY TIME THERE'S BEEN VERY 8689 05:34:51,080 --> 05:34:54,240 LITTLE DONE, SO THERE'S 8690 05:34:54,240 --> 05:35:00,920 LITERALLY LIKE ONE -- I WORK 8691 05:35:00,920 --> 05:35:02,000 WITH SENSORY NEURONS, THERE'S 8692 05:35:02,000 --> 05:35:05,080 BEEN ONE DONOR THAT CAME, THAT'S 8693 05:35:05,080 --> 05:35:06,440 BEEN REALLY, REALLY WELL 8694 05:35:06,440 --> 05:35:08,200 CHARACTERIZED, TWO OR THREE 8695 05:35:08,200 --> 05:35:09,680 CELLS LINES, BUT THAT'S IT. 8696 05:35:09,680 --> 05:35:12,440 TWO OR THREE CELL LINES REALLY 8697 05:35:12,440 --> 05:35:14,080 WELL VALIDATED, REALLY WELL 8698 05:35:14,080 --> 05:35:14,480 CHARACTERIZED. 8699 05:35:14,480 --> 05:35:15,480 AND SO SOMEBODY MENTIONED 8700 05:35:15,480 --> 05:35:17,560 EARLIER IMAGINE DOING A CLINICAL 8701 05:35:17,560 --> 05:35:19,720 TRIAL WITH THREE PEOPLE. 8702 05:35:19,720 --> 05:35:21,160 AND SO THAT'S AN ENORMOUS 8703 05:35:21,160 --> 05:35:21,720 CHALLENGE. 8704 05:35:21,720 --> 05:35:23,760 LIKE I SAID IN THE CELL CULTURE 8705 05:35:23,760 --> 05:35:25,320 FIELD THERE'S BEEN A LOT MORE 8706 05:35:25,320 --> 05:35:27,760 ADVANCE IN OTHER AREAS. 8707 05:35:27,760 --> 05:35:30,040 YOU MENTIONED SKIN EARLIER. 8708 05:35:30,040 --> 05:35:31,800 LIVER AND KIDNEY IN PARTICULAR. 8709 05:35:31,800 --> 05:35:33,680 FOR THE IN VITRO WORLD WE HAVE A 8710 05:35:33,680 --> 05:35:37,600 LONG WAY TO GO BEFORE THIS -- 8711 05:35:37,600 --> 05:35:39,000 THERE'S ENOUGH CELL TYPES, IT'S 8712 05:35:39,000 --> 05:35:40,440 NOT ONLY CELL TYPES, THAT'S VERY 8713 05:35:40,440 --> 05:35:43,400 IMPORTANT TOO BUT YOU HAVE TO 8714 05:35:43,400 --> 05:35:44,280 HAVE ENOUGH DONORS, LIKE CELL 8715 05:35:44,280 --> 05:35:46,560 LINES THAT HAVE BEEN TAKEN FROM 8716 05:35:46,560 --> 05:35:48,000 DIFFERENT DONORS, IF THEY ARE 8717 05:35:48,000 --> 05:35:49,000 PRIMARILY CELLS, THAT'S GOING TO 8718 05:35:49,000 --> 05:35:51,160 BE A SIGNIFICANT CHALLENGE AND I 8719 05:35:51,160 --> 05:35:54,120 THINK GETTING BACK TO THE 8720 05:35:54,120 --> 05:35:54,720 REPRODUCIBILITY, THE 8721 05:35:54,720 --> 05:35:55,760 RELIABILITY, HAVING PEOPLE BE 8722 05:35:55,760 --> 05:35:57,640 ABLE TO TRUST THESE MODEL 8723 05:35:57,640 --> 05:36:01,680 SYSTEMS, WE'RE GOING TO HAVE TO 8724 05:36:01,680 --> 05:36:02,680 DEMONSTRATE VALIDATION IS VERY 8725 05:36:02,680 --> 05:36:03,360 IMPORTANT. 8726 05:36:03,360 --> 05:36:06,600 IT'S HARD TO GET R01s TO 8727 05:36:06,600 --> 05:36:08,680 VALIDATE SOMETHING THAT'S 8728 05:36:08,680 --> 05:36:09,320 ALREADY BEEN DEVELOPED. 8729 05:36:09,320 --> 05:36:12,960 AND ONE OF THE REASONS FOR THAT 8730 05:36:12,960 --> 05:36:14,240 IS REVIEWERS HAVE TO -- I'VE 8731 05:36:14,240 --> 05:36:15,480 REVIEWED MANY GRANTS. 8732 05:36:15,480 --> 05:36:17,760 WE HAVE TO REVIEW INNOVATION. 8733 05:36:17,760 --> 05:36:21,720 IF SOMEBODY COMES ALONG, WELL, 8734 05:36:21,720 --> 05:36:23,600 WE'VE DEVELOPED THIS 8735 05:36:23,600 --> 05:36:24,160 MICROPHYSIOLOGIC SYSTEMS, 8736 05:36:24,160 --> 05:36:25,920 PUBLISHED SEVEN OR EIGHT PAPERS, 8737 05:36:25,920 --> 05:36:28,000 NOW WE NEED TO VALIDATE IT, 8738 05:36:28,000 --> 05:36:29,000 THAT'S NOT INNOVATIVE. 8739 05:36:29,000 --> 05:36:30,400 AS A REVIEWER YOU GIVE THAT A 8740 05:36:30,400 --> 05:36:35,000 BAD SCORE BECAUSE IT'S NOT 8741 05:36:35,000 --> 05:36:35,320 INNOVATIVE. 8742 05:36:35,320 --> 05:36:36,760 THAT'S REALLY TOUGH BECAUSE 8743 05:36:36,760 --> 05:36:37,280 VALIDATION IS EXTREMELY 8744 05:36:37,280 --> 05:36:38,800 IMPORTANT IN ORDER FOR THESE TO 8745 05:36:38,800 --> 05:36:39,360 BECOME USEFUL. 8746 05:36:39,360 --> 05:36:41,920 THAT'S ONE OF THOSE TENSIONS 8747 05:36:41,920 --> 05:36:43,840 BETWEEN ACADEMIA AND COMMERCIAL 8748 05:36:43,840 --> 05:36:44,880 SECTOR WHERE THE INCENTIVE 8749 05:36:44,880 --> 05:36:46,400 STRUCTURES AND PRIORITIES ARE 8750 05:36:46,400 --> 05:36:47,040 EXTREMELY DIFFERENT AND THESE 8751 05:36:47,040 --> 05:36:48,560 ARE THINGS THAT WE HAVE TO 8752 05:36:48,560 --> 05:36:54,560 ADDRESS. 8753 05:36:54,560 --> 05:36:57,800 >>SO -- GO FOR IT. 8754 05:36:57,800 --> 05:37:00,560 >>SO, I DON'T HAVE A TON OF 8755 05:37:00,560 --> 05:37:02,240 EXPERIENCE WITH MODELS AVAILABLE 8756 05:37:02,240 --> 05:37:04,320 NOW ON THE ENGINEERING SIDE BUT 8757 05:37:04,320 --> 05:37:06,600 WANT TO TALK ABOUT A.I.-BASED 8758 05:37:06,600 --> 05:37:12,080 MODELS THAT COULD EXIST. 8759 05:37:12,080 --> 05:37:13,800 MEGAN, I'D LOVE TO HEAR YOUR 8760 05:37:13,800 --> 05:37:14,080 THOUGHTS. 8761 05:37:14,080 --> 05:37:16,360 THERE'S POTENTIAL FOR A.I. 8762 05:37:16,360 --> 05:37:17,320 MODELS TO EVENTUALLY STAND IN AS 8763 05:37:17,320 --> 05:37:18,560 NAMs AS WELL. 8764 05:37:18,560 --> 05:37:19,760 NOW, THE DISTANCE BETWEEN WHERE 8765 05:37:19,760 --> 05:37:22,840 WE ARE NOW AND WHERE THEY WILL 8766 05:37:22,840 --> 05:37:23,840 BE, DEFINITELY NOT AVAILABLE 8767 05:37:23,840 --> 05:37:26,400 NOW, IT WILL BE A WHILE, BUT YOU 8768 05:37:26,400 --> 05:37:29,280 CAN IMAGINE AN A.I. SYSTEMS 8769 05:37:29,280 --> 05:37:31,360 COULD HAVE COMPLEXITY, COULD 8770 05:37:31,360 --> 05:37:33,000 HAVE BEHAVIORS, AND COULD 8771 05:37:33,000 --> 05:37:34,720 REPRESENT THE DIVERSITY THAT WAS 8772 05:37:34,720 --> 05:37:37,800 REQUIRED TO BE A GOOD NAM, EVEN 8773 05:37:37,800 --> 05:37:39,120 THE REPRODUCIBILITY AND RIGOR. 8774 05:37:39,120 --> 05:37:40,880 NOW, GETTING THERE IS GOING TO 8775 05:37:40,880 --> 05:37:41,960 BE A BIG CHALLENGE, GOING TO BE 8776 05:37:41,960 --> 05:37:43,600 ABOUT GETTING CLEVER ABOUT HOW 8777 05:37:43,600 --> 05:37:45,680 TO USE DATA, HAVING THE RIGHT 8778 05:37:45,680 --> 05:37:47,000 DATASETS AVAILABLE TO TRAIN 8779 05:37:47,000 --> 05:37:50,600 THOSE A.I. ALGORITHMS ON, SO 8780 05:37:50,600 --> 05:37:52,800 SUCCESSS THAT WE'VE SEEN FROM 8781 05:37:52,800 --> 05:37:54,640 TRANSFORMER MODELS AND LARGE 8782 05:37:54,640 --> 05:37:57,200 LANGUAGE MODELS IS THAT WE NEED 8783 05:37:57,200 --> 05:38:02,000 TO GIVE COMPLEXITY, BUILD 8784 05:38:02,000 --> 05:38:03,320 GENERAL KNOWLEDGE A.I., WHILE WE 8785 05:38:03,320 --> 05:38:06,600 GIGED A TRIAL OF THREE PEOPLE IS 8786 05:38:06,600 --> 05:38:07,520 RIDICULOUS IN THE FUTURE THAT 8787 05:38:07,520 --> 05:38:08,920 MIGHT NOT BE. 8788 05:38:08,920 --> 05:38:10,440 IT USED TO BE RIDICULOUS TO 8789 05:38:10,440 --> 05:38:19,520 TRAIN MACHINE LEARNING WITH A 8790 05:38:19,520 --> 05:38:21,200 FEW EXAMPLES AND NOW ROUTINE. 8791 05:38:21,200 --> 05:38:22,400 IT'S AN EXCITING OPPORTUNITY TO 8792 05:38:22,400 --> 05:38:24,480 THINK ABOUT WAYS WE COULD REDUCE 8793 05:38:24,480 --> 05:38:26,520 OR REPLACE A LOT OF POTENTIAL 8794 05:38:26,520 --> 05:38:28,960 ANIMAL MODELS. 8795 05:38:28,960 --> 05:38:31,160 8796 05:38:31,160 --> 05:38:33,000 >>I'M ACTUALLY GOING TO TAKE 8797 05:38:33,000 --> 05:38:34,440 THE QUESTION AND MODIFY IT A 8798 05:38:34,440 --> 05:38:35,640 LITTLE BIT. 8799 05:38:35,640 --> 05:38:37,520 YOU ASKED ABOUT EXAMPLES OF 8800 05:38:37,520 --> 05:38:40,160 NAMs THAT ARE VALIDATED. 8801 05:38:40,160 --> 05:38:42,680 ONE THING THAT I AND WE AT THE 8802 05:38:42,680 --> 05:38:43,680 THREE Rs COLLABORATIVE FOCUS 8803 05:38:43,680 --> 05:38:47,160 ON IS NOT GETTING OVERLY FOCUSED 8804 05:38:47,160 --> 05:38:48,840 ON THIS VALIDATION OR 8805 05:38:48,840 --> 05:38:49,600 QUALIFICATION PIECE. 8806 05:38:49,600 --> 05:38:52,200 CERTAINLY IF WE WANT TO HAVE 8807 05:38:52,200 --> 05:38:53,960 REALLY WIDESPREAD USE ESPECIALLY 8808 05:38:53,960 --> 05:38:55,800 IN THE SAFETY SPACE, THAT'S 8809 05:38:55,800 --> 05:38:57,240 REALLY IMPORTANT BUT THERE'S A 8810 05:38:57,240 --> 05:38:59,080 LOT OF WAYS TO USE NAMs RIGHT 8811 05:38:59,080 --> 05:39:05,040 NOW WHERE NAMs ARE USED 8812 05:39:05,040 --> 05:39:06,040 PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES AND 8813 05:39:06,040 --> 05:39:08,240 OTHERS TO MAKE DECISIONS HELPING 8814 05:39:08,240 --> 05:39:10,520 REPLACE ANIMALS EVEN THOUGH THE 8815 05:39:10,520 --> 05:39:12,920 SYSTEM IS NOT QUALIFIED PER SE, 8816 05:39:12,920 --> 05:39:15,160 AND FDA IS ACCEPTING THIS DATA 8817 05:39:15,160 --> 05:39:17,960 NOW, THEY HAD IN THE PAST, 8818 05:39:17,960 --> 05:39:19,360 BEFORE THE FDA MODERNIZATION 8819 05:39:19,360 --> 05:39:22,160 ACT, WE KNOW THEY HAVE USED IT 8820 05:39:22,160 --> 05:39:24,960 TO EXPAND LABEL EXPANSION FOR 8821 05:39:24,960 --> 05:39:27,400 EFFICACY, WE KNOW MPS DATA IS 8822 05:39:27,400 --> 05:39:29,000 BEING INCLUDED IN IND 8823 05:39:29,000 --> 05:39:31,440 SUBMISSIONS, SO THIS IS EXAMPLES 8824 05:39:31,440 --> 05:39:35,760 OF NAMs, YEAH, WHETHER LIVER, 8825 05:39:35,760 --> 05:39:39,680 WHETHER, YOU KNOW, CYSTIC 8826 05:39:39,680 --> 05:39:40,760 FIBROSIS, SEVERAL EXAMPLES OF 8827 05:39:40,760 --> 05:39:41,520 NAMs BEING USED. 8828 05:39:41,520 --> 05:39:44,160 YOU KNOW, WE HAVE TO HAVE THAT 8829 05:39:44,160 --> 05:39:45,880 CONFIDENCE IN THEM AND USE THEM 8830 05:39:45,880 --> 05:39:48,120 FOR DECISION MAKING. 8831 05:39:48,120 --> 05:39:49,880 SO THAT'S MY FLIP ON THE 8832 05:39:49,880 --> 05:39:52,080 QUESTION, IS THAT YOU DON'T HAVE 8833 05:39:52,080 --> 05:39:53,480 TO VALIDATE NECESSARILY. 8834 05:39:53,480 --> 05:39:55,600 YOU DON'T HAVE TO QUALIFY. 8835 05:39:55,600 --> 05:39:57,560 SOMETIMES, YOU KNOW, WE'RE 8836 05:39:57,560 --> 05:39:59,280 PUSHING FOR MORE DEVELOPMENT, 8837 05:39:59,280 --> 05:40:00,600 OUR MODELS ARE INCREASING, 8838 05:40:00,600 --> 05:40:01,800 GETTING MORE COMPLEX, SO BY THE 8839 05:40:01,800 --> 05:40:05,000 TIME WE QUALIFY THIS MODEL, IS 8840 05:40:05,000 --> 05:40:06,200 THE MODEL NOW HERE AND SO THEN 8841 05:40:06,200 --> 05:40:08,680 ALL THAT TIME WE SPENT ON THE 8842 05:40:08,680 --> 05:40:11,000 QUALIFICATION REALLY THIS IS A 8843 05:40:11,000 --> 05:40:14,160 BETTER MODEL, AND SO WE NEED 8844 05:40:14,160 --> 05:40:18,320 THAT FLEXIBILITY, CERTAINLY NEED 8845 05:40:18,320 --> 05:40:18,960 STANDARDIZATION, THAT 8846 05:40:18,960 --> 05:40:20,320 VALIDATION, IN SAFETY SPACE AND 8847 05:40:20,320 --> 05:40:21,920 TOXICOLOGY SPACE IS IMPORTANT, 8848 05:40:21,920 --> 05:40:24,480 ESPECIALLY FOR EFFICACY, THERE'S 8849 05:40:24,480 --> 05:40:26,440 MORE FLEXIBILITY THERE, THE 8850 05:40:26,440 --> 05:40:26,720 BIOLOGICS. 8851 05:40:26,720 --> 05:40:29,600 WE'VE HAD SOME OF OUR PHARMA 8852 05:40:29,600 --> 05:40:30,960 PARTNERS TODAY TALK ABOUT THEIR 8853 05:40:30,960 --> 05:40:32,560 WAYS THEY ARE USING NAMs RIGHT 8854 05:40:32,560 --> 05:40:32,720 NOW. 8855 05:40:32,720 --> 05:40:34,640 I THINK THERE'S WAYS TO USE THEM 8856 05:40:34,640 --> 05:40:36,520 QUITE WELL. 8857 05:40:36,520 --> 05:40:37,640 BUT THERE DOES OF COURSE NEED TO 8858 05:40:37,640 --> 05:40:40,680 BE EXPANSION, NEED TO BE 8859 05:40:40,680 --> 05:40:41,280 VALIDATION, CHARACTERIZEATION, 8860 05:40:41,280 --> 05:40:42,440 THOSE ARE IMPORTANT. 8861 05:40:42,440 --> 05:40:43,840 BUT DON'T LET THE IMPORTANCE OF 8862 05:40:43,840 --> 05:40:45,840 THAT MAKE YOU LOSE SIGHT OF THE 8863 05:40:45,840 --> 05:40:47,040 WAYS YOU CAN SUCCESSFULLY USE 8864 05:40:47,040 --> 05:40:47,400 THEM NOW. 8865 05:40:47,400 --> 05:40:50,200 >>YOU MAKE THE CASE THAT MORE 8866 05:40:50,200 --> 05:40:51,600 OF A GRAY AREA. 8867 05:40:51,600 --> 05:40:53,040 >>YEAH, WELL -- 8868 05:40:53,040 --> 05:40:54,920 >>NOW IT'S BLACK AND WHITE. 8869 05:40:54,920 --> 05:40:57,640 >>YES, AND THAT I THINK USING 8870 05:40:57,640 --> 05:41:01,240 THE NAMs IN THIS EARLIER DRUG 8871 05:41:01,240 --> 05:41:05,960 DISCOVERY LEAD OPTIMIZATION 8872 05:41:05,960 --> 05:41:08,360 PIECE BUILDS CONFIDENCE TO MOVE 8873 05:41:08,360 --> 05:41:09,000 TOWARDS VALIDATION AND 8874 05:41:09,000 --> 05:41:10,400 CHARACTERIZEATION SO USING IT 8875 05:41:10,400 --> 05:41:11,760 HERE IS GREAT. 8876 05:41:11,760 --> 05:41:14,360 WE CAN REPLACE A LOT OF ANIMALS 8877 05:41:14,360 --> 05:41:20,120 IN DRUG DISCOVERY AND BASIC 8878 05:41:20,120 --> 05:41:22,480 RESEARCH AND NOT USE ASSAYS 8879 05:41:22,480 --> 05:41:23,320 FORMERLY QUALIFIED OR VALIDATED, 8880 05:41:23,320 --> 05:41:25,080 WE DON'T NEED THAT FOR THE 8881 05:41:25,080 --> 05:41:28,800 POERPGS -- PORTION OF THE 8882 05:41:28,800 --> 05:41:29,800 BIOMEDICAL FIELD. 8883 05:41:29,800 --> 05:41:32,320 DON'T OVERLOOK THE IMPORTANCE OF 8884 05:41:32,320 --> 05:41:33,120 NAMs IN THESE FIELDS 8885 05:41:33,120 --> 05:41:34,960 >>THE PIECE I STILL THINK OF 8886 05:41:34,960 --> 05:41:38,880 THE PROMISE OF NAMs, 8887 05:41:38,880 --> 05:41:39,360 PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, 8888 05:41:39,360 --> 05:41:41,320 N-of-1, WHICH, YOU KNOW, I 8889 05:41:41,320 --> 05:41:42,200 THINK THAT RECREATING ARM, ONE 8890 05:41:42,200 --> 05:41:44,800 OF THE THINGS I STUDY, SICKLE 8891 05:41:44,800 --> 05:41:47,000 CELL DISEASE, BONE MARROW 8892 05:41:47,000 --> 05:41:50,680 TRANSPLANTS WILL BE THE 8893 05:41:50,680 --> 05:41:52,000 FUNCTIONAL CURE, WHETHER GENOME 8894 05:41:52,000 --> 05:41:55,960 EDITED OR NOT, WHICH WILL HAVE 8895 05:41:55,960 --> 05:41:57,360 GvHD, TRANSPLANT DOCTORS DO 8896 05:41:57,360 --> 05:41:59,480 THE BEST WITH MATCHING BUT IS 8897 05:41:59,480 --> 05:42:01,520 THERE A NAM THAT WOULD TAKE 8898 05:42:01,520 --> 05:42:03,320 CELLS AND GIVE YOU THAT ANSWER 8899 05:42:03,320 --> 05:42:04,960 FASTER BEFORE YOU ACTUALLY PUT 8900 05:42:04,960 --> 05:42:06,040 THAT INTO THE PATIENT. 8901 05:42:06,040 --> 05:42:08,360 I THINK THERE'S SEVERAL OTHER 8902 05:42:08,360 --> 05:42:09,440 WAYS THAT THE N-of-1, BECAUSE 8903 05:42:09,440 --> 05:42:12,080 IF YOU DO THIS FOR A LARGE NONE 8904 05:42:12,080 --> 05:42:12,800 OF POPULATIONS, THAT'S GREAT, 8905 05:42:12,800 --> 05:42:14,600 BUT FIT DOESN'T WORK FOR ME, 8906 05:42:14,600 --> 05:42:16,000 DON'T CARE WHO ELSE IT WORKS 8907 05:42:16,000 --> 05:42:16,320 FOR. 8908 05:42:16,320 --> 05:42:18,000 THERE'S A LOT OF POTENTIAL THAT 8909 05:42:18,000 --> 05:42:22,120 MAY NOT BE AGAIN FULLY VALIDATED 8910 05:42:22,120 --> 05:42:23,320 SYSTEM BUT RECREATING SPECIFIC 8911 05:42:23,320 --> 05:42:29,000 QUESTIONS WE CAN TAKE PATIENT 8912 05:42:29,000 --> 05:42:30,320 CELLS AND APPLY AND GET ANSWER 8913 05:42:30,320 --> 05:42:31,280 ANSWER, THAT'S A WIN. 8914 05:42:31,280 --> 05:42:33,320 >>WE HAVE A COMMERCIAL MEMBER 8915 05:42:33,320 --> 05:42:35,360 ON OUR INITIATIVE THAT IS DOING 8916 05:42:35,360 --> 05:42:36,920 THAT SUCCESSFULLY RIGHT NOW, 8917 05:42:36,920 --> 05:42:39,840 THAT IS TAKING TUMOR CELLS FROM 8918 05:42:39,840 --> 05:42:42,080 PATIENTS, TESTING DIFFERENT DRUG 8919 05:42:42,080 --> 05:42:43,280 MODALITYS ON THEM, DETERMINING 8920 05:42:43,280 --> 05:42:45,960 WHICH CANCER DRUG IS BEST FOR 8921 05:42:45,960 --> 05:42:47,640 THAT PATIENT, AND EXTENDING 8922 05:42:47,640 --> 05:42:49,160 THEIR SURVIVAL TIME BY LIKE 8923 05:42:49,160 --> 05:42:51,160 SEVEN MONTHS, BY A LONG TIME 8924 05:42:51,160 --> 05:42:52,880 THAT MATTERS TO PEOPLE. 8925 05:42:52,880 --> 05:42:55,520 AND SO, YOU KNOW, THAT IS 8926 05:42:55,520 --> 05:42:57,920 CERTAINLY A SUCCESS FOR THOSE 8927 05:42:57,920 --> 05:42:59,120 PEOPLE, FOR THOSE INDIVIDUALS, 8928 05:42:59,120 --> 05:43:00,880 IF WE'RE THINKING ABOUT EQUITY, 8929 05:43:00,880 --> 05:43:02,640 MAYBE THAT I DON'T KNOW HOW MANY 8930 05:43:02,640 --> 05:43:04,480 PEOPLE CAN AFFORD TO HAVE THAT 8931 05:43:04,480 --> 05:43:05,600 PRECISION MEDICINE RIGHT NOW BUT 8932 05:43:05,600 --> 05:43:07,320 MAYBE THERE'S A WAY TO EXPAND 8933 05:43:07,320 --> 05:43:07,640 THAT. 8934 05:43:07,640 --> 05:43:10,400 AND I CERTAINLY THINK THAT THAT, 8935 05:43:10,400 --> 05:43:11,600 YEAH, THE N-of-1, THERE'S 8936 05:43:11,600 --> 05:43:14,160 SUCCESS OF THAT RIGHT NOW BEING 8937 05:43:14,160 --> 05:43:15,680 USED IN THE CLINIC. 8938 05:43:15,680 --> 05:43:17,520 >>OKAY, OKAY. 8939 05:43:17,520 --> 05:43:18,840 ACTUALLY KIND OF JUST REAL QUICK 8940 05:43:18,840 --> 05:43:21,080 QUESTION THAT GOES WITH WHAT WE 8941 05:43:21,080 --> 05:43:23,320 WERE TALKING ABOUT, DO YOU 8942 05:43:23,320 --> 05:43:25,840 CONSIDER 3D CELL CULTURE TO BE 8943 05:43:25,840 --> 05:43:27,640 THE GOLD STANDARD FOR 8944 05:43:27,640 --> 05:43:29,520 ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL MODELS AT 8945 05:43:29,520 --> 05:43:31,240 THIS TIME? 8946 05:43:31,240 --> 05:43:33,840 DO YOU CONSIDER 3D CELL CULTURE 8947 05:43:33,840 --> 05:43:35,800 TO BE THE GOLD STANDARD FOR 8948 05:43:35,800 --> 05:43:40,120 ANIMAL MODELS AT THIS TIME, 8949 05:43:40,120 --> 05:43:42,120 CURIOUS YOUR THOUGHTS ON THAT. 8950 05:43:42,120 --> 05:43:44,760 >>I'LL SAY IT RIGHT NOW. 8951 05:43:44,760 --> 05:43:48,560 I DON'T BUILD MICROPHYSIOLOGIC 8952 05:43:48,560 --> 05:43:52,360 SYSTEMS, I'VE WORKED WITH 8953 05:43:52,360 --> 05:43:56,080 PEOPLE HAVE THAT. 8954 05:43:56,080 --> 05:43:57,720 THERE'S BEEN GREAT TISSUE 8955 05:43:57,720 --> 05:43:58,680 ENGINEERS MODELS THAT ALLOW 8956 05:43:58,680 --> 05:44:01,640 PATIENT DERIVED CELLS TO BE USED 8957 05:44:01,640 --> 05:44:03,000 WITH CERTAIN CELL LINES. 8958 05:44:03,000 --> 05:44:03,520 >>ORGANOIDS AND STUFF. 8959 05:44:03,520 --> 05:44:04,640 >>RIGHT. 8960 05:44:04,640 --> 05:44:07,120 IF IT'S ALL BEEN 8961 05:44:07,120 --> 05:44:09,000 PRE-CHARACTERIZED, IF WE TALK 8962 05:44:09,000 --> 05:44:10,440 ABOUT RIGOR AND REPRODUCIBILITY 8963 05:44:10,440 --> 05:44:12,280 DESPITE PATIENT TO PATIENT 8964 05:44:12,280 --> 05:44:13,720 VARIABILITY THEY STILL DO SOME 8965 05:44:13,720 --> 05:44:14,240 NICE THINGS. 8966 05:44:14,240 --> 05:44:16,320 I DON'T KNOW IF THOSE ARE USED 8967 05:44:16,320 --> 05:44:19,280 TO MAKE CLINICAL DECISIONS BUT 8968 05:44:19,280 --> 05:44:22,000 USED TO HELP IDENTIFY TARGETS 8969 05:44:22,000 --> 05:44:23,640 AND SIGNALING PATHWAYS TO 8970 05:44:23,640 --> 05:44:23,880 DISRUPT. 8971 05:44:23,880 --> 05:44:25,400 I'M STILL A FAN OF THOSE, 8972 05:44:25,400 --> 05:44:26,720 ALTHOUGH I HAVE MY ANIMAL MODELS 8973 05:44:26,720 --> 05:44:28,920 AND MY OTHER THINGS BUT I THINK 8974 05:44:28,920 --> 05:44:30,560 THEY WILL STILL TELL ME QUITE A 8975 05:44:30,560 --> 05:44:32,000 LOT OF INFORMATION. 8976 05:44:32,000 --> 05:44:34,360 YOU CAN VISUALIZE, SEE IT, WATCH 8977 05:44:34,360 --> 05:44:36,560 THEM MOVE, A LOT YOU CAN LEARN, 8978 05:44:36,560 --> 05:44:39,080 SKIN OF THE ANIMAL, DEEP INTO -- 8979 05:44:39,080 --> 05:44:42,000 YOU CAN'T QUITE GET TO. 8980 05:44:42,000 --> 05:44:42,880 >>OKAY, COOL. 8981 05:44:42,880 --> 05:44:45,200 THERE'S BEEN A BIG PUSH RECENTLY 8982 05:44:45,200 --> 05:44:48,360 BY NIH TO MAKE SURE THAT FOR NOW 8983 05:44:48,360 --> 05:44:50,000 CLINICAL TRIALS ARE MORE DIVERSE 8984 05:44:50,000 --> 05:44:51,400 THAN THEY USED TO BE, AND ALSO 8985 05:44:51,400 --> 05:44:54,520 WHEN IT COMES TO CELL LINES 8986 05:44:54,520 --> 05:44:56,360 MAJORITY OF CELL LINES FROM YOUR 8987 05:44:56,360 --> 05:44:59,840 APPEARANCE AND NOT MORE DIVERSE, 8988 05:44:59,840 --> 05:45:01,520 SO THOSE MANDATES TO MAKE THINGS 8989 05:45:01,520 --> 05:45:03,800 BETTER HAVE COME OUT RECENTLY. 8990 05:45:03,800 --> 05:45:06,600 WHAT CAN WE DO TO MAKE SURE WE 8991 05:45:06,600 --> 05:45:07,960 DON'T HAVE THIS CONVERSATION 8992 05:45:07,960 --> 05:45:09,920 YEARS LATER WHERE A MANDATE HAS 8993 05:45:09,920 --> 05:45:18,040 TO MAKE SURE NAMs ARE MORE 8994 05:45:18,040 --> 05:45:19,000 ETHNICALLY DIVERSE, WHAT HAS TO 8995 05:45:19,000 --> 05:45:22,520 HAPPEN TO MAKE SURE WE DON'T 8996 05:45:22,520 --> 05:45:24,920 HAVE THE SAME AROUND-THE-CIRCLE 8997 05:45:24,920 --> 05:45:25,680 CONVERSATION AGAIN, OH, 8998 05:45:25,680 --> 05:45:29,080 HOMOGENOUS, YOU KNOW, WE GOT TO 8999 05:45:29,080 --> 05:45:29,560 MAKE CHANGES. 9000 05:45:29,560 --> 05:45:31,680 >>I DON'T MEAN TO TALK TOO MUCH 9001 05:45:31,680 --> 05:45:35,000 BUT ONE THING THAT CAME UP 9002 05:45:35,000 --> 05:45:38,000 RECENTLY WAS COVID, YOU KEPT 9003 05:45:38,000 --> 05:45:41,720 SEEING ON THE NEWS, CAN'T FIND 9004 05:45:41,720 --> 05:45:42,360 PEOPLE TO PARTICIPATE IN 9005 05:45:42,360 --> 05:45:44,320 CLINICAL TRIALS. 9006 05:45:44,320 --> 05:45:46,960 I WAS CONVINCING MY FAMILY TO 9007 05:45:46,960 --> 05:45:50,040 SIGN UP BUT NO ONE CONTACTED 9008 05:45:50,040 --> 05:45:50,560 THEM. 9009 05:45:50,560 --> 05:45:52,680 I HAD THE TARGET AUDIENCE, I WAS 9010 05:45:52,680 --> 05:45:54,720 NOT CONTACTED EITHER. 9011 05:45:54,720 --> 05:45:57,360 I'VE BEEN IN OTHER CONVERSATIONS 9012 05:45:57,360 --> 05:45:58,120 WITH GEORGIA CANCER COALITION, 9013 05:45:58,120 --> 05:46:00,200 THERE WERE A LARGE NUMBER OF 9014 05:46:00,200 --> 05:46:00,840 PATIENTS, BLACK PATIENTS, 9015 05:46:00,840 --> 05:46:06,360 WILLING TO PARENTS PATE -- 9016 05:46:06,360 --> 05:46:07,160 PARTICIPATE BUT CLINICIANS WERE 9017 05:46:07,160 --> 05:46:08,000 NOT ASKING THEM. 9018 05:46:08,000 --> 05:46:14,480 I WORK WITH SICKLE CELL, MOSTLY 9019 05:46:14,480 --> 05:46:16,560 BLACK, ALL HAVE BEEN IN CLINICAL 9020 05:46:16,560 --> 05:46:17,760 TRIALS, THAT'S THE TARGET 9021 05:46:17,760 --> 05:46:18,320 POPULATION. 9022 05:46:18,320 --> 05:46:19,520 OTHER GROUPS STARTED TO STATE 9023 05:46:19,520 --> 05:46:22,680 THIS. 9024 05:46:22,680 --> 05:46:23,560 CLINICAL TRAINING HAS TO BE 9025 05:46:23,560 --> 05:46:26,320 ABOUT ASKING ALL YOUR PATIENTS, 9026 05:46:26,320 --> 05:46:30,360 NOT BEING AFRAID, BARRIERS TO 9027 05:46:30,360 --> 05:46:32,440 CONVERSATIONS WITH PATIENTS FROM 9028 05:46:32,440 --> 05:46:34,680 UNDERSERVED GROUPS. 9029 05:46:34,680 --> 05:46:36,520 SOME ARE SCARED, THAT MAY BE A 9030 05:46:36,520 --> 05:46:37,880 MYTH BUT IF THE DOCTOR EXPLAINS 9031 05:46:37,880 --> 05:46:40,120 THE RISK, SEEMS LIKE THE NEWEST 9032 05:46:40,120 --> 05:46:42,280 BEST GREATEST THING IF EXPLAINED 9033 05:46:42,280 --> 05:46:47,120 THAT WAY, A LOT OF PEOPLE, 9034 05:46:47,120 --> 05:46:48,240 FAMILY MEMBERS WOULD TRY THINGS 9035 05:46:48,240 --> 05:46:49,480 BUT ARE NOT OFFERED. 9036 05:46:49,480 --> 05:46:52,120 THE CONVERSATION HAS TO GET DOWN 9037 05:46:52,120 --> 05:46:53,360 TO PATIENT, CLINIC, OFFICE, ARE 9038 05:46:53,360 --> 05:46:54,560 YOU HAVING THAT CONVERSATION TO 9039 05:46:54,560 --> 05:46:57,720 INTRODUCE THEM TO THE TRIAL. 9040 05:46:57,720 --> 05:47:01,400 9041 05:47:01,400 --> 05:47:02,880 >>I'LL SPEAK BRIEFLY TO THIS. 9042 05:47:02,880 --> 05:47:05,360 I THINK THERE IS A REAL 9043 05:47:05,360 --> 05:47:07,760 OPPORTUNITY HERE TO LEARN FROM 9044 05:47:07,760 --> 05:47:10,640 SOME OF THE SHORTCOMINGS WITH 9045 05:47:10,640 --> 05:47:13,240 ANIMAL MODELS AND CLINICAL 9046 05:47:13,240 --> 05:47:14,440 TRIALS, WITH OTHER FIELDS, TRY 9047 05:47:14,440 --> 05:47:16,760 TO BUILD IN SOME EQUITY AND SOME 9048 05:47:16,760 --> 05:47:18,840 OF THESE BEST PRACTICES IN FROM 9049 05:47:18,840 --> 05:47:22,240 THE GET-GO, WHETHER IT'S 9050 05:47:22,240 --> 05:47:24,760 REPORTING STANDARDS, WHETHER 9051 05:47:24,760 --> 05:47:27,400 IT'S THIS BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT 9052 05:47:27,400 --> 05:47:31,800 VARIABILITY, I DO THINK LIKE 9053 05:47:31,800 --> 05:47:33,120 WHAT MICHAEL SAID, CELL 9054 05:47:33,120 --> 05:47:34,520 SOURCEING IS AN ISSUE. 9055 05:47:34,520 --> 05:47:36,200 I THINK IT'S AN ISSUE WITHOUT 9056 05:47:36,200 --> 05:47:38,360 THE EQUITY PIECE IN THERE. 9057 05:47:38,360 --> 05:47:40,760 SO I, TO BE HONEST, I DON'T KNOW 9058 05:47:40,760 --> 05:47:44,040 WHAT THE SOLUTION IS TO THAT BUT 9059 05:47:44,040 --> 05:47:46,360 HAVING SOME INVESTMENT ON THAT 9060 05:47:46,360 --> 05:47:49,080 CELL SOURCEING, THAT TAKES 9061 05:47:49,080 --> 05:47:51,400 EQUITY, THAT TAKES DIVERSITY OF 9062 05:47:51,400 --> 05:47:53,880 THE HUMAN POPULATION, INTO 9063 05:47:53,880 --> 05:47:55,760 ACCOUNT, AND ALSO I THINK THE 9064 05:47:55,760 --> 05:47:59,320 OTHER THING TO ADDRESS IS A LOT 9065 05:47:59,320 --> 05:48:01,760 OF US SCIENTISTS, I'M NOT AN 9066 05:48:01,760 --> 05:48:02,480 ENGINEER, ALTHOUGH MAYBE I 9067 05:48:02,480 --> 05:48:04,080 SHOULD HAVE PAID ATTENTION TO 9068 05:48:04,080 --> 05:48:07,240 THAT PAYMENT STRUCTURE IN GRAD 9069 05:48:07,240 --> 05:48:07,680 SCHOOL. 9070 05:48:07,680 --> 05:48:07,960 [LAUGHTER] 9071 05:48:07,960 --> 05:48:09,720 BUT I THINK SOME OF US IN 9072 05:48:09,720 --> 05:48:10,920 SCIENCE, YOU KNOW, YOU'RE 9073 05:48:10,920 --> 05:48:12,800 DRILLED IN PRETTY EARLY THAT 9074 05:48:12,800 --> 05:48:15,640 VARIABILITY IS BAD, THAT YOU'RE 9075 05:48:15,640 --> 05:48:17,080 TRYING TO MINIMIZE VARIABILITY, 9076 05:48:17,080 --> 05:48:19,680 AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE, SIGNAL TO 9077 05:48:19,680 --> 05:48:22,080 NOISE RATIO, THESE ARE IMPORTANT 9078 05:48:22,080 --> 05:48:23,760 CONCEPTS BUT I THINK WE NEED TO 9079 05:48:23,760 --> 05:48:27,360 START EARLY IN OUR TRAINING TO 9080 05:48:27,360 --> 05:48:30,520 THINK ABOUT THAT VARIABILITY 9081 05:48:30,520 --> 05:48:32,400 BEING PURPOSEFUL AND SOME 9082 05:48:32,400 --> 05:48:34,880 VARIABILITY IS TRUE AND WHERE -- 9083 05:48:34,880 --> 05:48:37,960 CAN WE SOMEHOW GET THAT ENTIRE 9084 05:48:37,960 --> 05:48:41,920 TRAINING MODULE EARLIER FOR ALL 9085 05:48:41,920 --> 05:48:42,560 RESEARCHERS, ANIMAL RESEARCHERS 9086 05:48:42,560 --> 05:48:45,400 INCLUDED BASS THERE'S ISSUES 9087 05:48:45,400 --> 05:48:46,800 WITH NOT HAVING PURPOSEFUL 9088 05:48:46,800 --> 05:48:48,360 VARIABILITY, ALSO FOR IN VITRO, 9089 05:48:48,360 --> 05:48:49,360 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, I'M 9090 05:48:49,360 --> 05:48:53,600 STILL LEARNING ABOUT THAT FIELD, 9091 05:48:53,600 --> 05:48:55,720 SO MAYBE NICHOLAS CAN TELL US 9092 05:48:55,720 --> 05:48:56,160 ABOUT THAT. 9093 05:48:56,160 --> 05:48:59,240 >>I MEAN, I CAN JUST AGREE WITH 9094 05:48:59,240 --> 05:49:01,880 THESE COMMENTS, THEY ARE 9095 05:49:01,880 --> 05:49:02,240 FANTASTIC. 9096 05:49:02,240 --> 05:49:05,280 I THINK THE IMPORTANT THING IS 9097 05:49:05,280 --> 05:49:07,600 BUILDING IN THESE -- MEASUREING 9098 05:49:07,600 --> 05:49:09,680 INEQUITIES WHEN WE CAN. 9099 05:49:09,680 --> 05:49:11,880 SO TO THE EXTENT THAT THESE 9100 05:49:11,880 --> 05:49:17,840 MODELS ARE EVEN NOW VALIDATED OR 9101 05:49:17,840 --> 05:49:18,400 EVALUATEED AGAINST DIFFERENT 9102 05:49:18,400 --> 05:49:19,480 EQUITY TRANSLATIONAL EQUITY 9103 05:49:19,480 --> 05:49:22,200 BASICALLY DO THEY TRANSLATE THE 9104 05:49:22,200 --> 05:49:23,080 SAME FOR DIFFERENT POPULATIONS 9105 05:49:23,080 --> 05:49:24,400 IS JUST THE FIRST STEP. 9106 05:49:24,400 --> 05:49:25,720 IF WE CAN'T MEASURE AND DON'T 9107 05:49:25,720 --> 05:49:27,600 HAVE METHODS TO MEASURE, NOW 9108 05:49:27,600 --> 05:49:28,800 THERE'S A BIG LITERATURE, 9109 05:49:28,800 --> 05:49:29,800 BECAUSE OF HOW SCARY AND 9110 05:49:29,800 --> 05:49:31,760 POWERFUL A.I. CAN BE THERE'S A 9111 05:49:31,760 --> 05:49:33,160 VERY LARGE LITERATURE ABOUT HOW 9112 05:49:33,160 --> 05:49:39,720 THEY CAN BE APPLIED AND 9113 05:49:39,720 --> 05:49:40,480 EVALUATED EQUITABLY OR WHERE 9114 05:49:40,480 --> 05:49:41,600 BIASES CAN BE IDENTIFIED, THAT 9115 05:49:41,600 --> 05:49:42,560 COULD TRANSLATE HERE. 9116 05:49:42,560 --> 05:49:44,440 THERE'S A LOT OF LITERATURE AND 9117 05:49:44,440 --> 05:49:45,720 RESOURCES, THAT'S ALWAYS THE 9118 05:49:45,720 --> 05:49:48,520 FIRST STEP, JUST MEASUREING. 9119 05:49:48,520 --> 05:49:51,320 >>I'LL PUT A FINE POINT ON WHAT 9120 05:49:51,320 --> 05:49:53,080 NICHOLAS SAID BY SAYING THAT IT 9121 05:49:53,080 --> 05:49:56,680 WOULD BE VERY, VERY EXPENSIVE TO 9122 05:49:56,680 --> 05:49:58,440 HAVE CELL LINES THAT 9123 05:49:58,440 --> 05:50:00,160 REPRESENTATIVE, YOU KNOW, 9124 05:50:00,160 --> 05:50:02,920 HUMANITY, THE SPECTRUM OF 9125 05:50:02,920 --> 05:50:03,200 HUMANITY. 9126 05:50:03,200 --> 05:50:05,320 THAT'S WHERE I THINK ARTIFICIAL 9127 05:50:05,320 --> 05:50:06,200 INTELLIGENCE, THE DIGITAL TWINS 9128 05:50:06,200 --> 05:50:07,760 BROUGHT UP EARLIER COULD HELP US 9129 05:50:07,760 --> 05:50:11,120 OUT BECAUSE WE MIGHT BE ABLE TO 9130 05:50:11,120 --> 05:50:13,000 SPOT CHECK THE -- WELL, TWO 9131 05:50:13,000 --> 05:50:13,880 WAYS. 9132 05:50:13,880 --> 05:50:16,920 YOU COULD SPOT CHECK THE 9133 05:50:16,920 --> 05:50:18,480 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MODELS 9134 05:50:18,480 --> 05:50:20,080 BY TESTING, YOU KNOW, IN 9135 05:50:20,080 --> 05:50:21,520 PARALLEL WITH A FEW CELL LINES, 9136 05:50:21,520 --> 05:50:23,280 YOU MIGHT BE ABLE TO AUGMENT 9137 05:50:23,280 --> 05:50:25,480 WHAT YOU CAN DO WITH CELL LINES 9138 05:50:25,480 --> 05:50:26,680 BY SIMULATION SO I THINK THOSE 9139 05:50:26,680 --> 05:50:27,880 TWO COULD GO HAND IN HAND 9140 05:50:27,880 --> 05:50:30,160 BECAUSE IF YOU NEEDED TO HAVE A 9141 05:50:30,160 --> 05:50:32,800 THOUSAND CELL LINES FOR A SINGLE 9142 05:50:32,800 --> 05:50:35,400 CONTEXT OF USE, I THINK IT'S 9143 05:50:35,400 --> 05:50:36,200 PROHIBITIVELY EXPENSIVE TO 9144 05:50:36,200 --> 05:50:37,200 QUALIFY THAT NUMBER OF CELL 9145 05:50:37,200 --> 05:50:37,600 LINES. 9146 05:50:37,600 --> 05:50:39,120 I THINK THIS IS WHERE WE JUST 9147 05:50:39,120 --> 05:50:46,880 HAVE TO TURN TO MODELING AND 9148 05:50:46,880 --> 05:50:47,200 SIMULATION. 9149 05:50:47,200 --> 05:50:50,640 >>SPEAKING AS A FORMER GRAD 9150 05:50:50,640 --> 05:50:52,840 STUDENT, YOU UNDERSTAND. 9151 05:50:52,840 --> 05:50:54,560 SO WE'RE SLOWLY WRAPPING UP. 9152 05:50:54,560 --> 05:50:56,720 I WANT TO TACKLE THIS QUESTION. 9153 05:50:56,720 --> 05:51:00,120 WE'VE SAID A LOT THAT TALKS TO 9154 05:51:00,120 --> 05:51:01,160 OUR FELLOW SCIENTISTS, 9155 05:51:01,160 --> 05:51:02,680 ENGINEERS, BUT IT'S IMPORTANT TO 9156 05:51:02,680 --> 05:51:03,880 CONNECT WITH PUBLIC AS WELL. 9157 05:51:03,880 --> 05:51:05,160 I WOULD LIKE TO ASK THE QUESTION 9158 05:51:05,160 --> 05:51:07,160 HOW DO YOU HOPE TO ENGAGE THE 9159 05:51:07,160 --> 05:51:10,000 PUBLIC IN CONSIDERING AND 9160 05:51:10,000 --> 05:51:12,760 UNDERSTANDING ROAD MAP AHEAD TO 9161 05:51:12,760 --> 05:51:17,560 NAMs AND KEY OPPORTUNITIES FOR 9162 05:51:17,560 --> 05:51:19,000 PUBLIC EDUCATION TO ADVANCE THE 9163 05:51:19,000 --> 05:51:19,200 FIELD. 9164 05:51:19,200 --> 05:51:20,880 WE'VE BEEN TALKING TO FELLOW 9165 05:51:20,880 --> 05:51:23,680 COLLEAGUES IN THE SCIENCE AND 9166 05:51:23,680 --> 05:51:24,560 ENGINEERING FIELD BUT IN TERMS 9167 05:51:24,560 --> 05:51:26,960 OF THE PUBLIC HOW DO YOU ENGAGE 9168 05:51:26,960 --> 05:51:29,520 THE PUBLIC TO HELP THEM CONSIDER 9169 05:51:29,520 --> 05:51:31,160 IMPORTANCE IN USAGE OF NAMs, 9170 05:51:31,160 --> 05:51:32,240 WHAT DOES THAT LOOK LIKE AND 9171 05:51:32,240 --> 05:51:37,080 WHAT CAN BE DONE AS RELATES TO 9172 05:51:37,080 --> 05:51:38,560 PUBLIC EDUCATION IN GENERAL? 9173 05:51:38,560 --> 05:51:38,920 FOR ANYBODY. 9174 05:51:38,920 --> 05:51:41,160 >>I CAN START OFF. 9175 05:51:41,160 --> 05:51:44,600 I HAVE A COUPLE IDEAS FLOATING 9176 05:51:44,600 --> 05:51:45,200 AROUND. 9177 05:51:45,200 --> 05:51:46,680 DEALING WITH THE PUBLIC IN 9178 05:51:46,680 --> 05:51:49,120 PARTICULAR IT'S IMPORTANT TO BE 9179 05:51:49,120 --> 05:51:50,840 TRANSPARENT, AS TRANSPARENT AS 9180 05:51:50,840 --> 05:51:52,480 POSSIBLE ABOUT NAMs AND 9181 05:51:52,480 --> 05:51:54,800 LIMITATIONS AND REALLY EDUCATING 9182 05:51:54,800 --> 05:51:57,760 THEM ON WHY, MY PERSONAL UPON, 9183 05:51:57,760 --> 05:52:00,960 NOT THE USDA, WHY WE'RE NOT IN A 9184 05:52:00,960 --> 05:52:02,760 PARTICULAR PLACE TO, YOU KNOW, 9185 05:52:02,760 --> 05:52:04,920 NOT USE ANY ANIMALS IN RESEARCH. 9186 05:52:04,920 --> 05:52:08,480 I PERSONALLY DON'T THINK WE'RE 9187 05:52:08,480 --> 05:52:10,360 THERE YET AND THINK EDUCATION IS 9188 05:52:10,360 --> 05:52:10,680 KEY. 9189 05:52:10,680 --> 05:52:13,520 FROM AN OUTSIDER, PUBLIC AND 9190 05:52:13,520 --> 05:52:17,240 SOCIETY THINK IT'S EASY, WHY ARE 9191 05:52:17,240 --> 05:52:18,800 WE USING ANIMALS WHEN IT'S 21ST 9192 05:52:18,800 --> 05:52:24,600 CENTURY AND WE HAVE TECHNOLOGY. 9193 05:52:24,600 --> 05:52:28,640 WE'RE NOT COMMUNICATING OUR 9194 05:52:28,640 --> 05:52:30,120 GO-TO IS BECOME CLOSED OFF AND 9195 05:52:30,120 --> 05:52:34,080 NOT SAY THE WRONG THING. 9196 05:52:34,080 --> 05:52:38,280 WORKSHOPS AND SYMPOSIA LIKE 9197 05:52:38,280 --> 05:52:39,560 THIS, FORMING THE LINE OF 9198 05:52:39,560 --> 05:52:40,560 COMMUNICATION IS HUGE. 9199 05:52:40,560 --> 05:52:43,520 SOCIETY HAS A LOT OF SAY IN 9200 05:52:43,520 --> 05:52:45,160 FUTURE REGULATIONS AND POLICIES, 9201 05:52:45,160 --> 05:52:46,760 AND I THINK WE'RE BETTER OFF 9202 05:52:46,760 --> 05:52:48,640 GETTING AHEAD AND EDUCATING UP 9203 05:52:48,640 --> 05:52:50,520 FRONT VERSUS WAITING FOR THE 9204 05:52:50,520 --> 05:52:53,160 BACKLASH. 9205 05:52:53,160 --> 05:52:57,200 9206 05:52:57,200 --> 05:52:58,400 >>YES, I THINK CONVERSATION 9207 05:52:58,400 --> 05:53:01,160 WITH THE PUBLIC IS FANTASTIC. 9208 05:53:01,160 --> 05:53:02,680 I THINK SCIENTIFIC DEMOS, 9209 05:53:02,680 --> 05:53:03,880 ESPECIALLY WITH YOUNG PEOPLE 9210 05:53:03,880 --> 05:53:05,200 ALWAYS HELPS. 9211 05:53:05,200 --> 05:53:07,080 I THINK THE COMPUTATION MODELING 9212 05:53:07,080 --> 05:53:08,800 AND A.I. PART OF NAMs IS GOING 9213 05:53:08,800 --> 05:53:10,880 TO SCARE THE GENERAL PUBLIC. 9214 05:53:10,880 --> 05:53:12,520 A.I. HAS ALREADY BEGUN TO SCARE 9215 05:53:12,520 --> 05:53:14,520 THE GENERAL PUBLIC. 9216 05:53:14,520 --> 05:53:17,440 AND WHEN I THINK THERE'S A 9217 05:53:17,440 --> 05:53:19,240 CONCERN IF YOU CAN APPLY THAT TO 9218 05:53:19,240 --> 05:53:21,800 MY OWN HEALTH, YOU KNOW, I HAVE 9219 05:53:21,800 --> 05:53:23,320 A FAMILY FULL OF CONSPIRACY 9220 05:53:23,320 --> 05:53:24,440 THINKERS, I ALREADY KNOW WHERE 9221 05:53:24,440 --> 05:53:26,400 THEY WOULD GO WITH THAT 9222 05:53:26,400 --> 05:53:26,760 CONVERSATION. 9223 05:53:26,760 --> 05:53:29,160 AND SO I THINK IT HAS TO BE -- 9224 05:53:29,160 --> 05:53:30,320 SOME CONVERSATION WE'VE HAD 9225 05:53:30,320 --> 05:53:32,040 HERE, WHAT ARE PROS AND 9226 05:53:32,040 --> 05:53:34,080 BENEFITS, AND THEN WHAT ARE SOME 9227 05:53:34,080 --> 05:53:35,200 LIMITATIONS AND WHY DO WE THINK 9228 05:53:35,200 --> 05:53:36,680 IT'S A PLACE THAT CAN BE 9229 05:53:36,680 --> 05:53:37,040 HELPFUL. 9230 05:53:37,040 --> 05:53:38,680 I THINK WHEN YOU START TALKING 9231 05:53:38,680 --> 05:53:40,320 ABOUT COST, THE CONVERSATION WE 9232 05:53:40,320 --> 05:53:41,640 CANNOT SIMULATE A THOUSAND TYPES 9233 05:53:41,640 --> 05:53:44,520 OF HUMANS IN A LAB, IT'S 9234 05:53:44,520 --> 05:53:45,680 EXPENSIVE, BUT A COMPUTER CAN, 9235 05:53:45,680 --> 05:53:46,960 PEOPLE DIDN'T GET HARMED IN 9236 05:53:46,960 --> 05:53:48,440 THOSE STUDIES SO THIS IS 9237 05:53:48,440 --> 05:53:48,680 ETHICAL. 9238 05:53:48,680 --> 05:53:50,520 I THINK IT'S GOING TO BE A 9239 05:53:50,520 --> 05:53:51,360 DIFFERENT EXPLANATION FOR 9240 05:53:51,360 --> 05:53:52,760 DIFFERENT AUDIENCES. 9241 05:53:52,760 --> 05:53:58,560 I THINK THE SCIENTISTS MUST BE 9242 05:53:58,560 --> 05:54:00,880 AWARE THERE MUST BE MULTIPLE 9243 05:54:00,880 --> 05:54:04,960 AUDIENCES IN THE ROOM, SOME PRO 9244 05:54:04,960 --> 05:54:07,480 A I, SOME AGAINST IT, SOME 9245 05:54:07,480 --> 05:54:08,560 SAYING KILL THE ANIMALS IN THE 9246 05:54:08,560 --> 05:54:12,160 GOATS TO MAKE ME BETTER. 9247 05:54:12,160 --> 05:54:18,080 SLIDE ABOUT HUMANS NOT A MON HE 9248 05:54:18,080 --> 05:54:20,120 -- MONOLITH, WE NEED TO HAVE 9249 05:54:20,120 --> 05:54:21,080 RESPONSES, BECAUSE WE'LL CUT OUT 9250 05:54:21,080 --> 05:54:24,160 ONE WHOLE SIDE OF THE AUDIENCE. 9251 05:54:24,160 --> 05:54:28,440 >>THAT WAS BEAUTIFULLY SAID, 9252 05:54:28,440 --> 05:54:29,880 WOULD JUST ADD ONE OF THE WAYS 9253 05:54:29,880 --> 05:54:31,760 WE ADDRESS THIS IS BY MAKING 9254 05:54:31,760 --> 05:54:33,960 SURE THAT IT'S A CONVERSATION. 9255 05:54:33,960 --> 05:54:36,360 WE'RE NOT OUT -- WE NEED TO 9256 05:54:36,360 --> 05:54:37,560 EDUCATE BUT BE EDUCATED BY THE 9257 05:54:37,560 --> 05:54:39,000 COMMUNITY AS WELL. 9258 05:54:39,000 --> 05:54:41,280 SO WE HAVE THESE COMMUNITY 9259 05:54:41,280 --> 05:54:44,840 ADVISORY BOARDS THAT WE HAVE 9260 05:54:44,840 --> 05:54:47,080 THAT GUIDE US IN RESEARCH AND 9261 05:54:47,080 --> 05:54:48,520 TRIALS, WE CONTINUALLY GO BACK 9262 05:54:48,520 --> 05:54:50,280 TO THEM AND THESE GROUPS. 9263 05:54:50,280 --> 05:54:54,200 SOME ARE FOCUSED ON PARTICULAR 9264 05:54:54,200 --> 05:54:55,520 DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS, WE HAVE 9265 05:54:55,520 --> 05:54:56,640 LGBTQ PANELS, FOR EXAMPLE, THAT 9266 05:54:56,640 --> 05:54:58,800 WE GO BACK TO DO, A LOT OF 9267 05:54:58,800 --> 05:54:59,560 RESEARCH WITH. 9268 05:54:59,560 --> 05:55:01,200 THEY ADVISE US ON THE WORK THAT 9269 05:55:01,200 --> 05:55:02,000 WE'RE DOING. 9270 05:55:02,000 --> 05:55:04,400 AND SO JUST MAKING SURE THAT 9271 05:55:04,400 --> 05:55:06,400 THERE IS A WAY TO COMMUNICATE 9272 05:55:06,400 --> 05:55:09,320 BACK AND THAT WE ENGAGE IN 9273 05:55:09,320 --> 05:55:11,760 CONVERSATIONS IS REALLY 9274 05:55:11,760 --> 05:55:17,520 IMPORTANT. 9275 05:55:17,520 --> 05:55:20,360 >>I'LL JUST POP IN REAL QUICK 9276 05:55:20,360 --> 05:55:22,560 ECHOES WHAT JESSIE SAID, IT'S 9277 05:55:22,560 --> 05:55:24,200 REALLY IMPORTANT THAT WHEN WE'RE 9278 05:55:24,200 --> 05:55:26,400 EDUCATING THE PUBLIC WE NEED TO 9279 05:55:26,400 --> 05:55:27,600 REMEMBER THAT OUR FELLOW 9280 05:55:27,600 --> 05:55:29,120 SCIENTISTS SEE THAT 9281 05:55:29,120 --> 05:55:30,440 COMMUNICATION AS WELL. 9282 05:55:30,440 --> 05:55:31,560 AND SO SOMETIMES, AGAIN, I THINK 9283 05:55:31,560 --> 05:55:33,280 THERE IS SOME OF THIS 9284 05:55:33,280 --> 05:55:36,360 OVERPROMISING OR TRYING TO SWAY 9285 05:55:36,360 --> 05:55:37,400 PUBLIC OPINION AGAINST ANIMAL 9286 05:55:37,400 --> 05:55:39,960 RESEARCH SO THAT WE CHANGE THE 9287 05:55:39,960 --> 05:55:42,400 POLICY TO KIND OF PUSH, AND 9288 05:55:42,400 --> 05:55:45,000 WHILE CERTAINLY THERE MAY BE 9289 05:55:45,000 --> 05:55:46,440 MERITS AND COUNTER CULTURES, ET 9290 05:55:46,440 --> 05:55:48,720 CETERA, I THINK THAT CAN 9291 05:55:48,720 --> 05:55:54,680 SOMETIMES AGAIN ALIENATE THE 9292 05:55:54,680 --> 05:55:56,200 SCIENTISTS TRYING TO HAVE MORE 9293 05:55:56,200 --> 05:55:59,360 ENGAGEMENT IN NAMs. 9294 05:55:59,360 --> 05:56:00,720 THAT BALANCEED COMMUNICATION, 9295 05:56:00,720 --> 05:56:02,320 ALSO TRAINING MORE SCIENTISTS IN 9296 05:56:02,320 --> 05:56:03,760 SCIENCE COMMUNICATION GENERALLY 9297 05:56:03,760 --> 05:56:07,760 IS A SKILL THAT OFTEN GETS 9298 05:56:07,760 --> 05:56:12,720 OVERLOOKED IN SO MANY GRADUATE 9299 05:56:12,720 --> 05:56:13,000 PROGRAMS. 9300 05:56:13,000 --> 05:56:14,680 SOME SCIENTISTS STRUGGLE TO 9301 05:56:14,680 --> 05:56:16,520 COMMUNICATE TO FELLOW 9302 05:56:16,520 --> 05:56:17,760 SCIENTISTS, OR IN AN ADJACENT 9303 05:56:17,760 --> 05:56:18,760 FIELD, LET ALONE THE PUBLIC. 9304 05:56:18,760 --> 05:56:21,600 THERE COULD BE A LOT MORE 9305 05:56:21,600 --> 05:56:23,120 TRAINING BUT ALSO ENGAGING IN 9306 05:56:23,120 --> 05:56:25,440 EXPERTS, WE DON'T ALL HAVE TO BE 9307 05:56:25,440 --> 05:56:27,360 AN EXPERT IN EVERYTHING. 9308 05:56:27,360 --> 05:56:30,000 SOME PEOPLE ARE, YOU KNOW, MAY 9309 05:56:30,000 --> 05:56:32,200 BE MORE ATTUNED TO EDUCATION, TO 9310 05:56:32,200 --> 05:56:33,600 TRAINING, SOME NOT. 9311 05:56:33,600 --> 05:56:36,480 SO I THINK RELYING ON THE 9312 05:56:36,480 --> 05:56:39,120 EXPERTISE OF OTHERS TO TRANSLATE 9313 05:56:39,120 --> 05:56:40,840 KIND OF COMPLEX IDEAS TO THE 9314 05:56:40,840 --> 05:56:42,280 PUBLIC TO OTHER STAKEHOLDERS IN 9315 05:56:42,280 --> 05:56:45,200 A WAY THAT IS UNDERSTANDABLE, 9316 05:56:45,200 --> 05:56:48,080 TRANSPARENT, ALSO JUST HONEST 9317 05:56:48,080 --> 05:56:48,760 AND REALISTIC. 9318 05:56:48,760 --> 05:56:49,640 >>OKAY, OKAY. 9319 05:56:49,640 --> 05:56:51,720 THANK YOU. 9320 05:56:51,720 --> 05:56:52,600 SO AWESOME PANEL. 9321 05:56:52,600 --> 05:56:54,280 WE HAVE LESS THAN TEN MINUTES. 9322 05:56:54,280 --> 05:56:56,680 WE DON'T HAVE TO STAY THE ENTIRE 9323 05:56:56,680 --> 05:56:56,880 TIME. 9324 05:56:56,880 --> 05:56:58,840 I KNOW PEOPLE HAVE BEEN HERE ALL 9325 05:56:58,840 --> 05:57:00,280 DAY, THEY ARE GETTING TIRED. 9326 05:57:00,280 --> 05:57:07,160 IF YOU CAN JUST EACH OF YOU GIVE 9327 05:57:07,160 --> 05:57:09,160 YOUR LASTING THOUGHTS, BRIEFLY, 9328 05:57:09,160 --> 05:57:10,120 LASTING THOUGHTS THAT YOU WANT 9329 05:57:10,120 --> 05:57:12,320 TO LEAVE WITH THE VIRTUAL 9330 05:57:12,320 --> 05:57:13,400 AUDIENCE AND AUDIENCE IN THE 9331 05:57:13,400 --> 05:57:15,760 ROOM AS RELATED TO OUR TOPIC, I 9332 05:57:15,760 --> 05:57:19,640 WOULD APPRECIATE IT. 9333 05:57:19,640 --> 05:57:21,200 LASTING THOUGHTS, A COUPLE 9334 05:57:21,200 --> 05:57:22,480 SENTENCES WHAT YOU THINK ARE 9335 05:57:22,480 --> 05:57:25,560 TAKEAWAYS THAT WE WANT FOLKS TO 9336 05:57:25,560 --> 05:57:28,160 REMEMBER AS THIS DAY ENDS. 9337 05:57:28,160 --> 05:57:32,120 HOW ABOUT WE START BACK ON THIS 9338 05:57:32,120 --> 05:57:32,800 END, WITH JESSIE. 9339 05:57:32,800 --> 05:57:34,640 >>SURE. 9340 05:57:34,640 --> 05:57:36,320 TO START OUT I THINK SOMETHING I 9341 05:57:36,320 --> 05:57:37,680 WANT TO LEAVE THE AUDIENCE WITH 9342 05:57:37,680 --> 05:57:38,960 IS THAT WE'RE DOING GREAT WORK 9343 05:57:38,960 --> 05:57:40,280 IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NAMs AND 9344 05:57:40,280 --> 05:57:45,200 HAVING THESE TYPES OF WORKSHOPS 9345 05:57:45,200 --> 05:57:51,680 AND SYMPOSIA TO TALK ABOUT 9346 05:57:51,680 --> 05:57:52,800 NAMs, BARRIERS, INCENTIVES. 9347 05:57:52,800 --> 05:57:54,240 HOW CAN WE APPLY AND MAKE CHANGE 9348 05:57:54,240 --> 05:57:57,160 ON THE GROUND LEVEL? 9349 05:57:57,160 --> 05:57:59,440 HOW CAN WE INCENTIVIZE NAMs? 9350 05:57:59,440 --> 05:58:04,440 SHOULD FUNDING AGENCIES INVEST 9351 05:58:04,440 --> 05:58:06,120 IN NAMs, BECAUSE MONEY TALKS 9352 05:58:06,120 --> 05:58:09,320 AND THAT'S GETS P.I.S, MORE 9353 05:58:09,320 --> 05:58:11,720 SEASONED ONES, TO MAKE THE 9354 05:58:11,720 --> 05:58:12,320 CHANGE. 9355 05:58:12,320 --> 05:58:14,160 WE TALK ABOUT TRAININGS, GETTING 9356 05:58:14,160 --> 05:58:15,040 EXPOSURE AND EDUCATION, WHO ARE 9357 05:58:15,040 --> 05:58:25,560 THE ONES THAT CAN MAKE THAT 9358 05:58:27,000 --> 05:58:33,840 CHANGE, MAYBE THREE Rs OR 9359 05:58:33,840 --> 05:58:34,520 AWIC. 9360 05:58:34,520 --> 05:58:35,280 THESE CONVERSATIONS AND 9361 05:58:35,280 --> 05:58:38,480 WORKSHOPS MOVE THE NEEDLE IN 9362 05:58:38,480 --> 05:58:39,120 THAT DIRECTION. 9363 05:58:39,120 --> 05:58:41,320 >>SO MY TAKEAWAY IS THAT I'D 9364 05:58:41,320 --> 05:58:42,920 LIKE TO LEAVE THE AUDIENCE, 9365 05:58:42,920 --> 05:58:45,040 FIRST OF ALL, POWER OF 9366 05:58:45,040 --> 05:58:46,000 COLLABORATION, WE'RE ALL DOING 9367 05:58:46,000 --> 05:58:47,120 IT TODAY, IT'S WHAT MY 9368 05:58:47,120 --> 05:58:48,040 ORGANIZATION IS ABOUT. 9369 05:58:48,040 --> 05:58:49,640 I THINK THAT GETTING INTO ROOMS 9370 05:58:49,640 --> 05:58:51,520 LIKE THIS, TALKING TO EACH 9371 05:58:51,520 --> 05:58:54,360 OTHER, LEARNING FROM EACH OTHER, 9372 05:58:54,360 --> 05:58:56,320 HAVING THESE OPEN CONVERSATIONS 9373 05:58:56,320 --> 05:58:59,160 IS TRULY REALLY IMPORTANT. 9374 05:58:59,160 --> 05:59:04,200 ALSO, YOU KNOW, WE ALSO 9375 05:59:04,200 --> 05:59:06,840 SUBMITTED TO THE RFI, OUR TWO 9376 05:59:06,840 --> 05:59:09,240 CORE MESSAGES, FIRST LIKE OTHER 9377 05:59:09,240 --> 05:59:10,880 PANELISTS HAVE SAID, INVESTMENT 9378 05:59:10,880 --> 05:59:12,720 AND VALIDATION AND 9379 05:59:12,720 --> 05:59:13,920 CHARACTERIZEATION OF THE MODELS 9380 05:59:13,920 --> 05:59:15,520 WE CURRENTLY HAVE, WE'VE GOT 9381 05:59:15,520 --> 05:59:17,880 MODELS, THEY NEED TO BE PUT INTO 9382 05:59:17,880 --> 05:59:19,520 PRACTICE MORE. 9383 05:59:19,520 --> 05:59:22,040 AND SECONDLY, KIND OF THE 9384 05:59:22,040 --> 05:59:25,560 INVESTMENT IN KIND OF THESE 9385 05:59:25,560 --> 05:59:27,080 RELATIONSHIP BUILDING, MESSAGES, 9386 05:59:27,080 --> 05:59:29,280 CHANGING THE SCIENTIFIC MIND AND 9387 05:59:29,280 --> 05:59:32,840 HOW SCIENTISTS PIECE THINGS. 9388 05:59:32,840 --> 05:59:34,960 SO THAT NAMs ARE APPROACH 9389 05:59:34,960 --> 05:59:36,480 ACKNOWLEDGE, THEY THINK NAMs 9390 05:59:36,480 --> 05:59:38,800 ARE GOOD, THEY SEE THERE IS 9391 05:59:38,800 --> 05:59:39,760 PROFESSIONAL PRESSURES, EVEN IF 9392 05:59:39,760 --> 05:59:44,360 IT'S VIEWING THE EARLY ADOPTERS, 9393 05:59:44,360 --> 05:59:46,320 VIEWING SUCCESS OF THAT, MAKING 9394 05:59:46,320 --> 05:59:49,280 IT EASIER TO ENGAGE, PROVIDING 9395 05:59:49,280 --> 05:59:50,480 TRAINING, CONNECTING THEM WITH 9396 05:59:50,480 --> 05:59:51,240 COMMERCIAL PARTNERS TO RUN 9397 05:59:51,240 --> 05:59:53,920 ASSAYS FOR THEM SO THEY DON'T 9398 05:59:53,920 --> 05:59:55,960 HAVE TO BE AN EXPERT IN THAT 9399 05:59:55,960 --> 05:59:56,280 ASSAY. 9400 05:59:56,280 --> 06:00:00,160 ALL OF THESE CAN HELP ADVANCE 9401 06:00:00,160 --> 06:00:01,640 NAMs AND I'LL JUST SAY 9402 06:00:01,640 --> 06:00:03,560 CONNECTING WITH PEOPLE WHO ARE 9403 06:00:03,560 --> 06:00:04,640 CURRENTLY DOING ANIMAL RESEARCH 9404 06:00:04,640 --> 06:00:06,640 BECAUSE ULTIMATELY THOSE ARE THE 9405 06:00:06,640 --> 06:00:08,360 PEOPLE THAT WE WANT TO START 9406 06:00:08,360 --> 06:00:11,760 WORKING WITH NAMs EVEN MORE. 9407 06:00:11,760 --> 06:00:15,120 9408 06:00:15,120 --> 06:00:16,480 >>YEAH, I WOULD JUST SUGGEST 9409 06:00:16,480 --> 06:00:19,280 THAT WE NEED TO BE VERY MINDFUL 9410 06:00:19,280 --> 06:00:20,480 ABOUT THESE TENSIONS I BROUGHT 9411 06:00:20,480 --> 06:00:23,560 UP AT THE BEGINNING BETWEEN 9412 06:00:23,560 --> 06:00:24,920 INCENTIVE STRUCTURES AND 9413 06:00:24,920 --> 06:00:27,520 PRIORITIES OF ACADEMIC SECTOR, 9414 06:00:27,520 --> 06:00:31,160 COMMERCIAL SECTOR, BIOLOGY 9415 06:00:31,160 --> 06:00:32,960 VERSUS ENGINEERING, AND ALSO 9416 06:00:32,960 --> 06:00:34,720 APPLICATION, END USER VERSUS 9417 06:00:34,720 --> 06:00:35,400 DEVELOPMENT. 9418 06:00:35,400 --> 06:00:37,680 I THINK FUNDING AGENCIES AND 9419 06:00:37,680 --> 06:00:39,640 REGULATORY AGENCIES, NIST, I'M 9420 06:00:39,640 --> 06:00:41,440 GLAD NIST WAS REPRESENTED 9421 06:00:41,440 --> 06:00:45,880 EARLIER, THEY NEED TO STEP IN AT 9422 06:00:45,880 --> 06:00:48,280 DIFFERENT PLACES ALONG THE 9423 06:00:48,280 --> 06:00:51,760 SPECTRUM OF THESE PARADIGMS. 9424 06:00:51,760 --> 06:00:54,480 ONE EXAMPLE OF THAT OUR START-UP 9425 06:00:54,480 --> 06:00:56,120 COMPANY HAS GOTTEN SBIR GRANTS, 9426 06:00:56,120 --> 06:01:00,800 INNOVATION SHOULD NOT BE A 9427 06:01:00,800 --> 06:01:03,560 REVIEW CRITERION FOR SBIR GRANT. 9428 06:01:03,560 --> 06:01:05,280 THINK ABOUT IT. THE DEVELOPMENT 9429 06:01:05,280 --> 06:01:06,800 HAS DONE, IT'S NOT INNOVATIVE 9430 06:01:06,800 --> 06:01:07,280 ANYMORE. 9431 06:01:07,280 --> 06:01:09,360 YOU'RE TRYING TO MAKE THIS THING 9432 06:01:09,360 --> 06:01:12,760 INVENTED IN A LAB OR MAYBE STTR, 9433 06:01:12,760 --> 06:01:16,240 LET'S SAY, WHY IS INNOVATION A 9434 06:01:16,240 --> 06:01:16,640 REVIEW CRITERION? 9435 06:01:16,640 --> 06:01:18,240 THOSE ARE THE THINGS WE NEED TO 9436 06:01:18,240 --> 06:01:19,640 BE VERY MINDFUL OF. 9437 06:01:19,640 --> 06:01:21,480 THINK ABOUT WHAT THE TARGET 9438 06:01:21,480 --> 06:01:23,240 AUDIENCE IS FOR THIS INCENTIVE 9439 06:01:23,240 --> 06:01:24,240 VERSUS THAT INCENTIVE, THIS 9440 06:01:24,240 --> 06:01:26,200 PRIORITY VERSUS THAT PRIORITY. 9441 06:01:26,200 --> 06:01:27,720 THE TENSION THAT EXISTS BETWEEN 9442 06:01:27,720 --> 06:01:28,560 THESE PARADIGMS. 9443 06:01:28,560 --> 06:01:30,240 I THINK THAT'S SOMETHING THAT 9444 06:01:30,240 --> 06:01:36,080 ALL OF US ARE GOING TO HAVE TO 9445 06:01:36,080 --> 06:01:37,160 PAY ATTENTION TO. 9446 06:01:37,160 --> 06:01:38,560 >>NICHOLAS IS NEXT, MANU LAST 9447 06:01:38,560 --> 06:01:40,680 >>I WANT TO REMIND EVERYBODY 9448 06:01:40,680 --> 06:01:42,000 ABOUT ENORMOUS AMOUNT OF DATA WE 9449 06:01:42,000 --> 06:01:43,200 GENERATE EVERY DAY THROUGH 9450 06:01:43,200 --> 06:01:43,960 PRACTICE OF MEDICINE. 9451 06:01:43,960 --> 06:01:46,040 EVERY DAY MILLIONS OF PATIENTS 9452 06:01:46,040 --> 06:01:49,400 ARE PRESCRIBED MEDICINES, AND 9453 06:01:49,400 --> 06:01:51,840 THEY ARE UNIQUE IN THE 9454 06:01:51,840 --> 06:01:53,480 MEDICATIONS AND COMORBIDITYS AND 9455 06:01:53,480 --> 06:01:54,600 BACKGROUNDS AND ENVIRONMENTAL 9456 06:01:54,600 --> 06:01:55,320 EXPOSURES. 9457 06:01:55,320 --> 06:02:00,680 AND IT MAKES THEM UNIQUE AND 9458 06:02:00,680 --> 06:02:03,120 AVAILABLE DATA POINT USED TO 9459 06:02:03,120 --> 06:02:06,280 ENHANCE MODELS, TO AUGMENT AND 9460 06:02:06,280 --> 06:02:07,960 CREATE NEW ONES, I WANT TO 9461 06:02:07,960 --> 06:02:11,360 HIGHLIGHT THAT TO CONTINUE. 9462 06:02:11,360 --> 06:02:11,680 THANK YOU. 9463 06:02:11,680 --> 06:02:12,840 >>I'D LIKE TO THINK ABOUT THE 9464 06:02:12,840 --> 06:02:15,160 LONG GAME FOR NAMs. 9465 06:02:15,160 --> 06:02:17,440 IF WE'RE THINKING ABOUT SOCIETY 9466 06:02:17,440 --> 06:02:19,000 UPTAKE, PATIENT UPTAKE, CULTURAL 9467 06:02:19,000 --> 06:02:21,160 UPTAKE, TO HAVE THE WORKFORCE 9468 06:02:21,160 --> 06:02:22,360 THAT WOULD CONTINUE DEVELOPMENT, 9469 06:02:22,360 --> 06:02:23,640 FEDERAL AGENCIES WE'VE BEEN 9470 06:02:23,640 --> 06:02:25,640 TALKING ABOUT ALL HAVE EDUCATION 9471 06:02:25,640 --> 06:02:27,840 ARMS AND/OR FUND TRAINING 9472 06:02:27,840 --> 06:02:28,080 PROGRAMS. 9473 06:02:28,080 --> 06:02:29,480 THE EARLIER THEY FUND TRAINING 9474 06:02:29,480 --> 06:02:34,720 PROGRAMS INTO UNDERGRAD GRADUATE 9475 06:02:34,720 --> 06:02:37,120 INSTITUTIONS, EVEN DOWN INTO 9476 06:02:37,120 --> 06:02:38,680 HIGH SCHOOLS, YOUNG PEOPLE TELL 9477 06:02:38,680 --> 06:02:39,880 FAMILY MEMBERS I LEARNED ABOUT 9478 06:02:39,880 --> 06:02:43,280 THIS ON A CHIP TODAY IN CLASS, 9479 06:02:43,280 --> 06:02:44,040 WHEN TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPED 9480 06:02:44,040 --> 06:02:45,760 SUFFICIENTLY WHERE IT'S NOW IN 9481 06:02:45,760 --> 06:02:46,640 PRACTICE, EVERYONE'S BEING ASKED 9482 06:02:46,640 --> 06:02:49,720 TO ON AS IT, IT LOWERS THAT 9483 06:02:49,720 --> 06:02:49,960 BARRIER. 9484 06:02:49,960 --> 06:02:59,680 AGAIN, MAKING SURE TO REACH ALL 9485 06:02:59,680 --> 06:03:01,960 SELL. -- ALL SEGMENT OF THE 9486 06:03:01,960 --> 06:03:02,280 POPULATION. 9487 06:03:02,280 --> 06:03:03,880 >>THANK YOU. 9488 06:03:03,880 --> 06:03:06,680 WE APPRECIATE THE FEEDBACK. 9489 06:03:06,680 --> 06:03:07,320 HOPEFULLY SOMETHING FROM WHAT 9490 06:03:07,320 --> 06:03:10,520 YOU SAID WILL BE TAKEN BY THE 9491 06:03:10,520 --> 06:03:11,720 AUDIENCE. 9492 06:03:11,720 --> 06:03:13,800 BACK TO YOU, HOWARD. 9493 06:03:13,800 --> 06:03:15,760 >>THANK YOU, DR. BAINES. 9494 06:03:15,760 --> 06:03:18,160 AS WE WRAP UP TODAY'S WORKSHOP 9495 06:03:18,160 --> 06:03:21,000 WE WANT TO THANK ALL THE 9496 06:03:21,000 --> 06:03:22,680 PRESENTERS AND PANELISTS WHO 9497 06:03:22,680 --> 06:03:24,320 SHARED VIEWS TODAY, OUR 9498 06:03:24,320 --> 06:03:26,400 MODERATORS AROUND WORKING GROUP 9499 06:03:26,400 --> 06:03:30,040 MEMBERS AND ALL OF YOU JOINING 9500 06:03:30,040 --> 06:03:30,640 US ONLINE. 9501 06:03:30,640 --> 06:03:31,880 THE PURPOSE HAS BEEN TO 9502 06:03:31,880 --> 06:03:32,840 HIGHLIGHT CURRENT STATE OF 9503 06:03:32,840 --> 06:03:38,680 NAMs AND HEAR FROM EXPERTS ON 9504 06:03:38,680 --> 06:03:41,520 CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PROMISES. 9505 06:03:41,520 --> 06:03:43,400 WE APPRECIATE HEARING FROM ALL 9506 06:03:43,400 --> 06:03:46,680 GUEST SPEAKERS, FEEDBACK FROM 9507 06:03:46,680 --> 06:03:47,760 THE WORKSHOP AND RESPONSE RFI 9508 06:03:47,760 --> 06:03:50,280 WILL PLAY A VALUABLE ROLE IN 9509 06:03:50,280 --> 06:03:52,960 INFORMING WORKING GROUP AS WE 9510 06:03:52,960 --> 06:03:54,800 MAKE OUR FINAL DECISION. 9511 06:03:54,800 --> 06:03:57,520 AS WE WRAP UP I OFFER A FEW 9512 06:03:57,520 --> 06:03:58,480 PRELIMINARY INTERIM REFLECTIONS 9513 06:03:58,480 --> 06:03:59,920 ON THE DAY. 9514 06:03:59,920 --> 06:04:02,440 WE'VE HEARD SO MUCH, IT'S A LOT 9515 06:04:02,440 --> 06:04:03,640 TO THINK ABOUT. 9516 06:04:03,640 --> 06:04:05,960 IN SESSION 1 WE HEARD ABOUT HOW 9517 06:04:05,960 --> 06:04:09,560 NAMs ARE BEING UTILIZEED IN 9518 06:04:09,560 --> 06:04:10,760 DIFFERENT FIELDS AND SECTORS, 9519 06:04:10,760 --> 06:04:13,840 EMPHASIZES IMPORTANCE OF PUTTING 9520 06:04:13,840 --> 06:04:14,560 TOGETHER DIVERSE 9521 06:04:14,560 --> 06:04:15,160 MULTI-DISCIPLINARY TEAMS WITH 9522 06:04:15,160 --> 06:04:18,720 THE RIGHT KNOWLEDGE. 9523 06:04:18,720 --> 06:04:23,680 AND BREAKING DOWN SILOS, CREATE 9524 06:04:23,680 --> 06:04:24,640 BE COLLABORATORIES BETWEEN 9525 06:04:24,640 --> 06:04:30,800 GROUPS, CREATING STANDARD 9526 06:04:30,800 --> 06:04:33,000 LANGUAGE AND INFRASTRUCTURE TO 9527 06:04:33,000 --> 06:04:34,080 FOSTER INTEROPERABILITY AND 9528 06:04:34,080 --> 06:04:34,600 MODELS. 9529 06:04:34,600 --> 06:04:36,840 WE HEARD ABOUT CHALLENGES WITH 9530 06:04:36,840 --> 06:04:38,640 REPRODUCIBILITY IN SOME CURRENT 9531 06:04:38,640 --> 06:04:41,320 MODELS AND OPPORTUNITIES OF 9532 06:04:41,320 --> 06:04:43,120 NAMs OR COMBINATIONS OF NAMs 9533 06:04:43,120 --> 06:04:44,800 TO FILL GAPS, IN PARTICULAR 9534 06:04:44,800 --> 06:04:47,440 NAMs MAY REPRESENT HUMAN 9535 06:04:47,440 --> 06:04:49,920 DIVERSITY AND VARIABILITY, IT 9536 06:04:49,920 --> 06:04:52,560 DOES NOT -- NOT POSSIBLE, OUR 9537 06:04:52,560 --> 06:04:53,760 TRADITIONAL ANIMAL MODELS, THIS 9538 06:04:53,760 --> 06:04:56,520 IS REALLY POTENTIALLY A GREAT 9539 06:04:56,520 --> 06:04:56,800 OPPORTUNITY. 9540 06:04:56,800 --> 06:04:59,440 IN SESSION 2 THE ROLE OF 9541 06:04:59,440 --> 06:05:01,520 DIFFERENT SECTORS COULD PLAY IN 9542 06:05:01,520 --> 06:05:05,000 USE AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAMs 9543 06:05:05,000 --> 06:05:06,600 WAS HIGHLIGHTED, AND THIS 9544 06:05:06,600 --> 06:05:08,000 DISCUSSION I THINK COMING ACROSS 9545 06:05:08,000 --> 06:05:10,200 STRONGLY WAS THE THEME TO THINK 9546 06:05:10,200 --> 06:05:12,040 ABOUT ALL THE STAKEHOLDER GROUPS 9547 06:05:12,040 --> 06:05:15,280 THROUGH THE ENTIRE LIFE CYCLE OF 9548 06:05:15,280 --> 06:05:17,280 NAMs DEVELOPMENT AND USE, 9549 06:05:17,280 --> 06:05:18,920 INCLUDING SCIENTIST, INDUSTRY 9550 06:05:18,920 --> 06:05:19,880 PARTNERS USING THEM, REGULATORS 9551 06:05:19,880 --> 06:05:21,600 WHO MIGHT BE EVALUATING THEM AND 9552 06:05:21,600 --> 06:05:28,120 USING THEM TO MAKE DECISIONS, A 9553 06:05:28,120 --> 06:05:30,960 COMMUNITIES INFORMED BY THEM, A 9554 06:05:30,960 --> 06:05:32,600 THEME ABOUT ENGAGING EARLY ON TO 9555 06:05:32,600 --> 06:05:34,800 SEE HOW THEY WOULD LIKE THIS 9556 06:05:34,800 --> 06:05:37,440 TECHNOLOGY TO BE USED. 9557 06:05:37,440 --> 06:05:38,800 THESE EFFORTS WILL REQUIRE 9558 06:05:38,800 --> 06:05:40,760 SPECIAL ATTENTION TO 9559 06:05:40,760 --> 06:05:42,400 COMMUNICATION, OUTREACH, 9560 06:05:42,400 --> 06:05:42,840 LANGUAGE, THE NEED, 9561 06:05:42,840 --> 06:05:43,680 INTERPRETATIONS OF THE PROBLEM. 9562 06:05:43,680 --> 06:05:46,520 AND THIS IS A RECURRING THEME, 9563 06:05:46,520 --> 06:05:48,640 WE NEED TO BRING MANY PEOPLE 9564 06:05:48,640 --> 06:05:49,480 FROM PREVIOUSLY SILOED AREAS 9565 06:05:49,480 --> 06:05:50,480 TOGETHER TO MAKE SOMETHING 9566 06:05:50,480 --> 06:05:53,200 THAT'S GREATER THAN THE SUM OF 9567 06:05:53,200 --> 06:05:54,480 ITS PARTS. 9568 06:05:54,480 --> 06:05:55,840 THE SPEAKERS FROM SESSION 3 9569 06:05:55,840 --> 06:05:57,560 DISCUSSED HIGH PRIORITY NEEDS 9570 06:05:57,560 --> 06:05:59,640 FOR INTEGRATED AND MULTI-SYSTEM 9571 06:05:59,640 --> 06:05:59,920 MODELS. 9572 06:05:59,920 --> 06:06:02,600 AND ONE MAJOR THEME THAT EMERGED 9573 06:06:02,600 --> 06:06:05,240 WAS NEED TO BUILD CONFIDENCE, IN 9574 06:06:05,240 --> 06:06:06,080 THE COMMUNITY, SCIENTIFIC 9575 06:06:06,080 --> 06:06:08,040 COMMUNITY FOR USE, THEIR USE, TO 9576 06:06:08,040 --> 06:06:10,280 MAKE DECISIONS BASED ON THESE 9577 06:06:10,280 --> 06:06:10,800 MODELS. 9578 06:06:10,800 --> 06:06:15,640 SO THIS INCLUDES NEED FOR 9579 06:06:15,640 --> 06:06:16,320 VALIDATION, QUALIFICATION 9580 06:06:16,320 --> 06:06:17,080 ASSISTANCE, THINKING 9581 06:06:17,080 --> 06:06:17,960 IMPLEMENTATION AND END USERS 9582 06:06:17,960 --> 06:06:22,320 NEEDS FROM THE BEGINNING OF 9583 06:06:22,320 --> 06:06:22,880 DEVELOPMENT. 9584 06:06:22,880 --> 06:06:24,120 ANOTHER TOPIC BROUGHT UP WAS 9585 06:06:24,120 --> 06:06:27,120 MOVING TECHNOLOGY FROM BENCH TO 9586 06:06:27,120 --> 06:06:29,120 BROAD USE REQUIRES LONG-TERM 9587 06:06:29,120 --> 06:06:31,520 INVESTMENTS HAVING A COMMON 9588 06:06:31,520 --> 06:06:34,040 LANGUAGE, THE RIGHT CROSS-SECTOR 9589 06:06:34,040 --> 06:06:35,960 TEAMS IN PLACE TO BRING THESE 9590 06:06:35,960 --> 06:06:39,400 PEOPLE TOGETHER FROM THE 9591 06:06:39,400 --> 06:06:39,960 BEGINNING. 9592 06:06:39,960 --> 06:06:41,480 ANOTHER IMPORTANT POINT IS THAT 9593 06:06:41,480 --> 06:06:42,800 WHILE THERE'S TREMENDOUS 9594 06:06:42,800 --> 06:06:44,200 PROMISE, THE GROUP ACKNOWLEDGED 9595 06:06:44,200 --> 06:06:46,640 THAT WE'RE NOT READY AT THIS 9596 06:06:46,640 --> 06:06:48,040 POINT TO GET RID OF ANIMAL 9597 06:06:48,040 --> 06:06:48,480 MODELS. 9598 06:06:48,480 --> 06:06:50,120 IN PARTICULAR CURRENT NAMs ARE 9599 06:06:50,120 --> 06:06:53,520 NOT ABLE TO FULLY REPRESENT 9600 06:06:53,520 --> 06:06:55,480 HUMAN COMPLEXITY, LOOKING FOR 9601 06:06:55,480 --> 06:06:57,880 LONGER TERM EFFECTS, AND ONE 9602 06:06:57,880 --> 06:06:59,320 LIMITATIONS SOME OF THE NAMs 9603 06:06:59,320 --> 06:07:01,520 MAYBE DERIVED FROM SMALL NUMBER 9604 06:07:01,520 --> 06:07:03,080 OF INDIVIDUALS, CELL SOURCE, 9605 06:07:03,080 --> 06:07:04,800 MUCH BETTER COMPARISON BETWEEN 9606 06:07:04,800 --> 06:07:07,000 ANIMAL MODELS AND NAMs AND 9607 06:07:07,000 --> 06:07:10,520 HUMANS ARE NEEDED TO FIGURE OUT 9608 06:07:10,520 --> 06:07:13,360 DIFFERENCES IN SYSTEM OF 9609 06:07:13,360 --> 06:07:13,680 TRANSLATION. 9610 06:07:13,680 --> 06:07:16,280 SESSION 4 WE HEARD FROM SPEAKERS 9611 06:07:16,280 --> 06:07:17,920 ABOUT ADDRESSING NEEDS TO 9612 06:07:17,920 --> 06:07:22,520 LEVERAGE LARGE DIVERSITY, TO 9613 06:07:22,520 --> 06:07:27,800 MAXIMIZE -- MAXIMUM USEFUL 9614 06:07:27,800 --> 06:07:31,600 NAMs, BEST MODELS TO ANSWER 9615 06:07:31,600 --> 06:07:32,200 RESEARCH QUESTIONS, DIFFERENT 9616 06:07:32,200 --> 06:07:33,600 QUESTIONS DEMAND DIFFERENT 9617 06:07:33,600 --> 06:07:34,600 MODELS AND TECHNOLOGIES. 9618 06:07:34,600 --> 06:07:38,320 WE HEARD ABOUT THE NEED FOR HIGH 9619 06:07:38,320 --> 06:07:39,840 QUALITY DATA AND, AGAIN, THAT 9620 06:07:39,840 --> 06:07:41,360 SHOULD COME FROM NAM DEVELOPERS 9621 06:07:41,360 --> 06:07:44,360 WHO HAVE A DEEP UNDERSTANDING OF 9622 06:07:44,360 --> 06:07:46,400 THE MODELS USED AND ALSO 9623 06:07:46,400 --> 06:07:48,280 IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING END 9624 06:07:48,280 --> 06:07:51,120 USER NEED, WHETHER IT'S A 9625 06:07:51,120 --> 06:07:54,280 PATIENT, A PHYSICIAN, RESEARCHER 9626 06:07:54,280 --> 06:07:56,360 OR PHARMACEUTICAL DEVELOPER, AND 9627 06:07:56,360 --> 06:08:00,280 WE HEARD ABOUT HAVING FEDERATED 9628 06:08:00,280 --> 06:08:03,240 DATA, THIS IS DIRECTLY TO THE 9629 06:08:03,240 --> 06:08:04,560 NEXT POINT, TRANSPARENCY IS 9630 06:08:04,560 --> 06:08:05,000 CRITICAL, ESPECIALLY 9631 06:08:05,000 --> 06:08:07,520 TRANSPARENCY ABOUT WHAT IS BEING 9632 06:08:07,520 --> 06:08:09,920 MODELS AND WHAT THAT COULD 9633 06:08:09,920 --> 06:08:12,120 PREVENT OVERSELLING OF THESE 9634 06:08:12,120 --> 06:08:13,000 TECHNOLOGIES. 9635 06:08:13,000 --> 06:08:15,960 AND IT WAS NOTED OVERSELLING THE 9636 06:08:15,960 --> 06:08:18,280 PROMISE OF NOVEL METHODS COULD 9637 06:08:18,280 --> 06:08:22,520 SET BACK THE FIELD BY 9638 06:08:22,520 --> 06:08:23,400 POTENTIALLY LEADING TO 9639 06:08:23,400 --> 06:08:24,400 DISAPPOINTMENT AND LOWER 9640 06:08:24,400 --> 06:08:26,400 CONFIDENCE AND MISTRUST, 9641 06:08:26,400 --> 06:08:28,800 SOMETHING TO STRIKE BALANCE ON. 9642 06:08:28,800 --> 06:08:30,200 SPEAKERS ALSO DISCUSSED HOW 9643 06:08:30,200 --> 06:08:31,720 COMPUTATIONAL MODELS CAN BE USED 9644 06:08:31,720 --> 06:08:35,120 TO EVALUATE NAMs AND HELP 9645 06:08:35,120 --> 06:08:36,000 INFORM OPTIMAL DESIGN 9646 06:08:36,000 --> 06:08:40,080 EXPERIMENT, A VERY GOOD USE OF 9647 06:08:40,080 --> 06:08:40,600 POTENTIAL ARTIFICIAL 9648 06:08:40,600 --> 06:08:41,720 INTELLIGENCE BECAUSE POTENTIAL 9649 06:08:41,720 --> 06:08:43,520 SEARCH SPACE FOR OPTIMAL DESIGNS 9650 06:08:43,520 --> 06:08:46,840 IS BASICALLY VERY LARGE SO THIS 9651 06:08:46,840 --> 06:08:49,240 IS A GOOD APPLICATION OR 9652 06:08:49,240 --> 06:08:49,760 COMPUTATION. 9653 06:08:49,760 --> 06:08:53,080 AND FINALLY IN THIS LAST SESSION 9654 06:08:53,080 --> 06:08:56,440 WE HEARD ABOUT HOW TO EQUITABLY 9655 06:08:56,440 --> 06:08:58,320 DEPLOY ROBUST AND RELIABLE 9656 06:08:58,320 --> 06:08:59,760 NAMs, DISCUSSING NEED TO THINK 9657 06:08:59,760 --> 06:09:02,040 ABOUT EQUITY, ACCESS TO 9658 06:09:02,040 --> 06:09:04,120 TECHNOLOGY FROM EARLY IN 9659 06:09:04,120 --> 06:09:04,760 DEVELOPMENT PROCESS, INVOLVING 9660 06:09:04,760 --> 06:09:06,720 MAKING THEM ABLE TO BE USED BY 9661 06:09:06,720 --> 06:09:09,040 PEOPLE IN LOW RESOURCE AREAS, 9662 06:09:09,040 --> 06:09:11,120 MAKE IT EASY TO USE AND ACCESS. 9663 06:09:11,120 --> 06:09:13,280 WE HEARD ABOUT VERY GOOD IDEAS 9664 06:09:13,280 --> 06:09:15,160 ABOUT WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT THAT 9665 06:09:15,160 --> 06:09:18,120 WE COULD TRAIN ADDITIONAL USERS 9666 06:09:18,120 --> 06:09:19,520 TO CATALYZE DISSEMINATION AND 9667 06:09:19,520 --> 06:09:21,720 UPTAKE OF NAMs AND THIS THEN 9668 06:09:21,720 --> 06:09:24,240 SPEAKS TO THE POINT ABOUT THERE 9669 06:09:24,240 --> 06:09:26,640 SHOULD BE MULTIPLE ENTRY POINTS 9670 06:09:26,640 --> 06:09:27,840 FOR ENGINEERS, BIOLOGISTS, 9671 06:09:27,840 --> 06:09:32,000 SCIENTISTS WITH BACKGROUNDS NOT 9672 06:09:32,000 --> 06:09:34,400 PREVIOUSLY INVOLVED, COULD GET 9673 06:09:34,400 --> 06:09:37,280 IN TRYING, DEPLOY NAMs. 9674 06:09:37,280 --> 06:09:38,680 FINALLY WE HEARD ABOUT 9675 06:09:38,680 --> 06:09:42,280 INTEGRATING NAMs EARLIER ON 9676 06:09:42,280 --> 06:09:44,040 DRUG DEVELOPMENT PROCESS, AND 9677 06:09:44,040 --> 06:09:45,560 THERE'S THIS PROMISE THAT RELIES 9678 06:09:45,560 --> 06:09:48,080 ON THE POSSIBILITY THAT NAMs 9679 06:09:48,080 --> 06:09:50,120 WILL PERHAPS IN THE FUTURE 9680 06:09:50,120 --> 06:09:52,520 REFLECT DIVERSITY OF PATIENT 9681 06:09:52,520 --> 06:09:53,720 POPULATIONS, ALSO AGAIN THE 9682 06:09:53,720 --> 06:09:55,760 THEME THAT THERE COULD BE A 9683 06:09:55,760 --> 06:09:59,320 VIRTUOUS LOOP OF DIFFERENT 9684 06:09:59,320 --> 06:10:01,280 MODELS, WHERE DIFFERENT MODELS 9685 06:10:01,280 --> 06:10:06,200 COMING IN, WHERE DATA FROM 9686 06:10:06,200 --> 06:10:08,040 PATIENTS ARE USED TO GENERATE 9687 06:10:08,040 --> 06:10:13,960 HIGH HYPOTHESES AND LARGE SCALE 9688 06:10:13,960 --> 06:10:14,200 MODELS. 9689 06:10:14,200 --> 06:10:19,880 IT'S BEEN AN INCREDIBLE DAY, 9690 06:10:19,880 --> 06:10:21,720 SOME IDEAS HOW NIH COULD HELP 9691 06:10:21,720 --> 06:10:23,280 ACCELERATE THE DEVELOPMENT AND 9692 06:10:23,280 --> 06:10:25,320 USE OF NAMs. 9693 06:10:25,320 --> 06:10:26,680 OUR WORKING GROUP WILL CONSIDER 9694 06:10:26,680 --> 06:10:28,640 ALL THE IDEAS AND PERSPECTIVES 9695 06:10:28,640 --> 06:10:30,400 THAT WERE RAISED TODAY. 9696 06:10:30,400 --> 06:10:33,760 AND THROUGH AN RFI TO INFORM NIH 9697 06:10:33,760 --> 06:10:34,680 ON INVESTMENTS THAT COULD BE 9698 06:10:34,680 --> 06:10:36,120 MADE TO PROVIDE THE GREATEST 9699 06:10:36,120 --> 06:10:38,800 BANK FOR THE BUCK IN THE FIELD 9700 06:10:38,800 --> 06:10:40,240 AND THESE TECHNOLOGIES, ULTIMATE 9701 06:10:40,240 --> 06:10:43,520 GOAL TO ACCELERATE PROGRESS AND 9702 06:10:43,520 --> 06:10:47,120 UNDERSTANDING AND IMPROVING 9703 06:10:47,120 --> 06:10:47,480 HUMAN HEALTH. 9704 06:10:47,480 --> 06:10:50,080 IF ANYONE IS INTERESTED IN 9705 06:10:50,080 --> 06:10:50,640 SUBMITTING WRITTEN PUBLIC 9706 06:10:50,640 --> 06:10:51,720 COMMENTS, IF YOU WANT THEM 9707 06:10:51,720 --> 06:10:53,280 CONSIDERED AS WE PREPARE FINAL 9708 06:10:53,280 --> 06:10:54,280 REPORT FROM THESE PROCEEDINGS, 9709 06:10:54,280 --> 06:10:56,760 WE WOULD BE GRATEFUL TO HAVE YOU 9710 06:10:56,760 --> 06:10:59,400 SUBMIT YOUR RESPONSE TO OUR RFI 9711 06:10:59,400 --> 06:11:01,400 REQUEST FOR INFORMATION BY 9712 06:11:01,400 --> 06:11:02,240 SEPTEMBER 5. 9713 06:11:02,240 --> 06:11:05,720 I THANK DR. SEGER FOR HER 9714 06:11:05,720 --> 06:11:06,280 ENTHUSIASTIC ENDORSEMENT AND 9715 06:11:06,280 --> 06:11:07,320 PARTICIPATION IN THIS PROCESS 9716 06:11:07,320 --> 06:11:09,360 AND A LINK TO THE RFI IS 9717 06:11:09,360 --> 06:11:12,000 AVAILABLE ON THE REGISTRATION 9718 06:11:12,000 --> 06:11:13,960 SITE FOR THIS EVENT. 9719 06:11:13,960 --> 06:11:17,560 ALSO I'LL POINT OUT THE 9720 06:11:17,560 --> 06:11:19,440 RECORDING WILL BE AVAILABLE ON 9721 06:11:19,440 --> 06:11:20,520 THE NIH VIDEOCAST WEBSITE WITHIN 9722 06:11:20,520 --> 06:11:21,920 THE NEXT WEEK OR SO. 9723 06:11:21,920 --> 06:11:25,920 STAY TUNED FOR MORE OUTPUTS 9724 06:11:25,920 --> 06:11:27,160 BASED ON TODAY'S DISCUSSION. 9725 06:11:27,160 --> 06:11:28,920 TO END, I WANT TO THANK A LARGE 9726 06:11:28,920 --> 06:11:31,240 GROUP OF PEOPLE WHO MADE THIS 9727 06:11:31,240 --> 06:11:31,920 SPECIAL DAY POSSIBLE. 9728 06:11:31,920 --> 06:11:35,200 FIRST I WANT TO THANK THE 9729 06:11:35,200 --> 06:11:36,520 MODERATORS FOR GUIDING 9730 06:11:36,520 --> 06:11:38,800 DISCUSSIONS, KEEPING US ON TIME 9731 06:11:38,800 --> 06:11:41,400 AND TO SPEAKERS FOR SHARING 9732 06:11:41,400 --> 06:11:42,320 VALUABLE INSIGHTS. 9733 06:11:42,320 --> 06:11:43,600 THERE'S A TEAM OF PEOPLE BEHIND 9734 06:11:43,600 --> 06:11:50,640 THE SCENES WHO THAT -- WHO MADE 9735 06:11:50,640 --> 06:11:55,440 THIS POSSIBLE, EXECUTIVE 9736 06:11:55,440 --> 06:11:58,160 SECRETARYS AND CONTRACTORS, 9737 06:11:58,160 --> 06:12:00,280 STAFF SUPPORT, AND VIDEOCAST AND 9738 06:12:00,280 --> 06:12:01,560 EVENT MANAGEMENT TEAMS. 9739 06:12:01,560 --> 06:12:04,320 WE ALSO WOULD LIKE TO SHARE 9740 06:12:04,320 --> 06:12:06,360 APPRECIATION FOR THE ASL 9741 06:12:06,360 --> 06:12:07,960 INTERPRETERS, MAJOR THING TODAY 9742 06:12:07,960 --> 06:12:09,560 WAS HOW COMPLEX THE LINGO 9743 06:12:09,560 --> 06:12:14,720 BETWEEN SECTORS IS A BEARER TO 9744 06:12:14,720 --> 06:12:15,400 COLLABORATIONS, OUR INTERPRETERS 9745 06:12:15,400 --> 06:12:17,240 HAD TO HANDLE THAT ON THE FLY 9746 06:12:17,240 --> 06:12:17,800 TODAY. 9747 06:12:17,800 --> 06:12:21,400 I WANT TO THANK MY CO-CHAIR DR. 9748 06:12:21,400 --> 06:12:26,560 LYRIC JORGENSON, A A WORKSHOP 9749 06:12:26,560 --> 06:12:31,840 IS A HUGE PRIORITY, 9750 06:12:31,840 --> 06:12:33,040 UNFORTUNATELY NOT ABLE TO ATTEND 9751 06:12:33,040 --> 06:12:34,120 AND SORRY TO MISS TODAY. 9752 06:12:34,120 --> 06:12:37,720 I WOULD LIKE TO THANK EVERYONE 9753 06:12:37,720 --> 06:12:38,920 FOR PARTICIPATING AND WATCHING 9754 06:12:38,920 --> 06:12:40,280 VIA VIDEOCAST. 9755 06:12:40,280 --> 06:12:40,720 WE'RE NOW ADJOURNED. 9756 06:12:40,720 --> 00:00:00,000 THANK YOU SO MUCH.