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>>GOOD MORNING

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>>WELL, THANK YOU VERY
MUCH FOR

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THE INVITATION TO SPEAK TODAY.

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I AM REALLY HAPPY TO BE HERE AT

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SUCH A WONDERFUL VENUE.

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I WILL TALK TO YOU TODAY ABOUT

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THE WORK WE'VE BEEN DOING FOR

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THE LAST 2 CAREERS, BUILDING UP

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TO SOMETHING I THINK WILL BE

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VERY EXCITING, FOR PRECISION

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DOSING, CUSTOM DOSING AND

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INVESTIGATE MECHANISM IMAGING,

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TRIAL DATA, SO, YOU'VE HEARD BY

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THIS POINT AT THE CONFERENCE

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ABOUT WHAT IS TDS, I DON'T HAVE

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TO LABOR THIS SLIDE.

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TDCS, SHOWS A LOT OF PROMISE, IT

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GENERATES 1-2-AMPS TO THE FIELD

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TO TISSUE, LOTS OF POTENTIAL

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APPLICATIONS, LOTS OF POTENTIAL

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PROMISE BUT I WILL ARGUE THAT

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THE FULL PROMISE OF THIS

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TECHNIQUE IS FAR FROM REALIZED

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AND THERE'S WORK WE CAN DO TO

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GET THERE SO WHAT ARE THE

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CHALLENGES PREVENTING US FROM

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REALIZING THIS PROMISE OF THIS

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TECHNIQUE?

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WELL LIKE ANY METHOD OF

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TREATMENT, INTERVENTION OR WHAT

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HAVE YOU, THERE'S VARIABILITY IN

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THE RESPONSE.

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NOW THAT IS TO BE EXPECTED.

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NOT ALL PHARMACEUTICALS ARE

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EFFECTIVE, NOT ALL BRAIN

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STIMULATORS ARE EFFECTIVE IN

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EVERY PERSON, FINE.

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BUT THERE ARE REASONS WHY IT'S

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NOT EFFECTIVE IN INDIVIDUALS AND

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WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND THAT

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BETTER.

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SOME OF THE KEY CHARACTERISTICS

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WE KNOW PLAY A ROLE IN THIS

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INVOLVE CURRENT DOSE.

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SO WE WOULD ARGUE THAT'S A KEY

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PLAYER.

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HOW MUCH CURRENT WE PUT INTO THE

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BRAIN AND WHERE WE PUT IT IN THE

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BRAIN HAS AN IMPACT ON THE

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EFFICACY ON THE STIMULATION OF

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THE TREATMENTS.

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YOU HEARD COMMENTS EARLIER IN

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THE CONFERENCE THAT ARE CHANGING

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THE FIELD REGARDING IN VIVO

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MEASURES WHICH ARE INCREDIBLY

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IMPORTANT TO PROGRESS AT

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PRESIDENT THOUGH, IT HAS BEEN

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FOR MRI DERIVED MODELS THAT CAN

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AT LEAST GIVE US A CLEAR

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ESTIMATE OF CURRENT AND CURRENT

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DELIVERY IN THE BRAIN, BUT I

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WOULD SAY, OUR BIGGEST CHALLENGE

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IN THIS FIELD THUS FAR IS THE

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CONTINUED RELIANCE ON A 1 DOSE

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FITS ALL MODEL MEANING THAT IN A

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PARTICULAR STUDY, PARTICIPANTS

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RECEIVED THE SAME DOSE ACROSS

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ALL PARTICIPANTS, 2 MILLI AMPS

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FOR A SPECIFIC LOITION, SPECIFIC

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AMOUNT OF TIME, ET CETERA.

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ET CETERA.

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NOW WERE WE TO TAKE YOUR

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FAVORITE BLOOD PRESSURE

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MEDICATION AND APPLY IT TO THE

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SAME DOSE IRRESPECTIVE OF THE

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SAME PERSON, YOU CAN IMAGINE HOW

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MUCH EFFICACY WOULD DECREASE, IF

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YOU DIDN'T TAKE INTO,A COUNT

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METABOLIC STATE, HEIGHT, WEIGHT,

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ET CETERA, ET CETERA.

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WELL IT URN ITS OUT WE CAN DO

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SOMETHING VERY SIMILAR TO THAT,

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USING IMAGING AND MODELING AND

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OTHER METHODS TO ATTEMPT TO

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CUSTOMIZE OUR DOSE, TAKE

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SOMETHING THAT'S DOSED OR NEAR

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PRECISELY DOSED AND IMAGINE THE

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DIFFERENCE IN EFFICACY, I THINK

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THOSE CAN BE QUITE BIG.

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WE DON'T KNOW YET BUT THAT'S THE

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WORK WE'RE TRYING TO ACHIEVE.

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NOW WHAT ARE SOME OF OUR BIGGEST

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PROBLEMS WE KNOW?

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WE KNOW THAT EVERY BRAIN IS

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UNIQUE, IT IS A FINGERPRINT.

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WHILE IT IS SIMILAR, IT IS

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SUBTLEY DIFFERENT, WE ALSO KNOW

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AS WE AGE BRAIN CHANGES IN WAYS

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THAT VERY WELL CLASSIFIED OVER

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THE LAST FEW DECADES.

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AT THIS BOTTOM, YOU CAN SEE A

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FIGURE EXTRACTED FROM 1 OF OUR

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PAPERS IN 2019 THAT RESTATES

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WHAT'S BEEN SHOWN SINCE THE

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ADVENT OF MRI, THAT THERE ARE

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CHANGES IN THE WHOLE BRAIN

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LEVEL, IN GRAY MATTER THAT

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HAPPEN OVER THE LIFE SPAN BUT AT

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THE WHOLE BRAIN LEVEL, WHITE

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MATTER IS A BIT MORE STABLE, YET

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IF YOU MOVE TO THE TOP OF THE

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SCREEN, YOU SEE HERE AN EXAMPLE

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OF THESE 3-CENTIMETER ROIs

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FROM ANTERIOR VERSUS POST ERIOR

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REGIONS, AND IF YOU LOOK OVER TO

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THE LEFT, YOU SEE VERY DIFFERENT

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PATTERNS OF CHANGE PARTICULARLY

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IN THE WHITE MATTER WHICH IS IN

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BLUE DEPENDING ON WHERE YOU ARE

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IN THE BRAIN.

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SO THIS MEANS THERE ARE REGION

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SPECIFIC DEFENSES IMPACTED BY

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AGE.

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AND WE'VE DONE STUDIES AND I

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WILL SHOW YOU THESE IN A FEW

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SLIDES, THAT DEMONSTRATE THE

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POTENTIAL IMPACT OF ATROPHY

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ALONE MUCH LESS INDIVIDUAL

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VARIABILITY OF OTHER LEVELS

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RELATIVE TO DIFFERENCES IN

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ADIPOSE TISSUE, DIFFERENCE IN

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SKULL THICKNESS, ET CETERA THAT

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CAN IMPACT HOW MUCH CURRENT

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REACHES THE BRAIN AND WHERE THAT

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CURRENT GOES.

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NOW HOW DO WE DERIVE THIS

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INFORMATION?

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I TALKED ABOUT THIS A BIT.

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THERE ARE NEWER MOTHERS FOR IN

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VIVO MEASUREMENT THAT ARE VERY

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EXCITING BUT OUR STANDARD HAS

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BEEN USING THESE FINITE ELEMENT

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COMPUTATIONAL MODELING, IN THIS

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CASE, T1 WEIGHTED IMAGES AND IN

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THE PAST, 15 YEARS AGO, THIS WAS

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NOT A VERY ACCESSIBLE TECHNIQUE

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BUT WITH THE ADVENT OF WONDERFUL

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OPEN ACCESS SOFTWARE LIKE SIM

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NIBS OR ROAST, THIS IS A MUCH

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MORE ACCESSIBLE TOOL FOR BASIC

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MODELING APPROACHES AND WITH

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THIS INCREASE IN ACCESSIBILITY,

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WE HAVE POTENTIAL FOR DOING

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INDIVIDUAL MODELS IN MUCH LARGER

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POPULATION, MUCH MORE QUICKLY

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THAN IN THE PAST WHERE A SINGLE

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BRAIN MIGHT TAKE 6 WEEKS FROM

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FROM AN EXPERT SEGMENTER TO GET

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A SINGLE MODEL WE CAN DO THESE

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IN MUCH, MUCH ISSUES FASTER

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TIMES WITHIN THE SAME DAY THAT

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THE PARTICIPANT COMES INTO THE

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CLINIC OR THE LAB.

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BUT FOR US MORE IMPORTANTLY

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THESE TYPES OF MODELS GIVE US

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INSIGHT INTO DIFFERENCES BETWEEN

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BRAINS WHICH WE THINK AS I SAID

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IS VERY IMPORTANT.

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NOW THIS IS A MASSIVE

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EVERYSIMPLIFICATION OF THE

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PIPELINE THAT INVOLVE SAYS T1

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WEIGHTED IMAGE AT A MINIMUM,

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VOLUME MESSAGING, FINITE AND

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ESTIMATE OF CURRENT DENSITY

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DISTRIBUTION.

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THIS IS A STUDY THAT WAS LED BY

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A FORMER POST DOC IN MY LAB AND

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NOW A BRILLIANT POST DOC,OOSE A

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CITY FROM 587 OLDER ADULTS WITH

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IMAGES AND IMAGES FROM THE

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STUDY.

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THE GOAL WAS TO EVALUATE HOW AGE

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AND ATROPHY IMPACT CURRENT

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DENSITY DISTRIBUTION USING A FEW

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MODIFICATIONS, ANDLET MORE

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CLASSIC M1 SO MONTAGE IN THE

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LITERATURE.

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NOW TO THE EYE, YOU CAN SEE

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CHANGES AS WE MOVE THROUGH THE

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DECADES OF LIFE, THAT ARE EVEN

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OBVIOUS AT THIS POINT.

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BUT WHEN WE MOVE TO EVALUATE

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THESE AT A LARGER LEVEL, WE CAN

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ACTUALLY SEE THESE TRAJECTORIES

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OF CHANGE AND REALLY WHAT THIS

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FIGURE SHOWS, IS THAT AS BRAIN

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ATROPHY INCREASES, CURRENT

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DENSITY DELIVERED TO THE BRAIN

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DECREASES AND THE LARGE PART OF

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THAT IS AN INCREASED AMOUNT OF

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CSF WHICH DISTRIBUTES CURRENT

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VERY WELL ACROSS THE BRAIN BUT

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DISTRIBUTES IT IN A WAY

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TAKEN--THEY DILUTES THE OVERAWE

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DENSITY DELIVERED TO THE TISSUE

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IN ADDITION TO ITS DEPTH.

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SO THESE FACTORS ALONE CAN

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IMPACT.

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THERE'S ALSO SO MANY INDIVIDUAL

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VARIABILITY COMOPPOSITE

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BEHAVIORIAL PHENOTYPENTS AS I

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MENTIONED REGARDING ADIPOSE

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TISSUE, FATTY TISSUE ON THE HEAD

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AS WELL AS DIFFERENT TYPES OF

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BONE, CANC CELLUS AND

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NONCANCELUS, SO WE HAVE THESE

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DIFFERENT COMPONENTS.

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TURNS OUT OUT WE CAN ESTIMATE

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THOSE USING COMPUTATIONAL

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MODELS, AND IF WE CAN ESTIMATE

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THOSE THEN WE CAN ASK, THEY THEY

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PREDICT BEHAVIOR?

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CAN THEY PREDICT CHANGES IN THE

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BRAIN AND I'LL ARGUE THAT IF

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THEY CAN, THERE MAY BE VALUE IN

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PREDICTING OTHER COMPONENTS LIKE

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RESPONSE.

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SO LET'S DO A USE CASE AND IN A

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FORMER STUDY WE RAN AND A

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GRADUATE STUDENT OF MY NICONTROL

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NEESOME PUBLISHED IN 2019

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INVOLVED A TDS STUDY LOOKING AT

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APPLICATIONS OF TDCS OVER F3 AND

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F4 AT 2 MILLI AMPS IN THE MRI

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ENVIRONMENT BEFORE, DURING

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AND--DURING ACTUAL PERFORMANCE

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OF A WORKING MEMORY TASK.

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AND WE MEASURED THIS WORKING

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MEMORY TASK FUNCTIONAL

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ACTIVATION, BEFORE, DURING AND

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AFTER EITHER ACTIVE STIMULATION

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OR SHAM STIMULATION WITH A 2

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WEEK WASH OUT PERIOD.

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IN THIS, WHAT WE FOUND IN THAT

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PRIME STUDY IS AN INCREASE IN

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CONNECTIVITY FROM LEFT TO VLPC

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TO DURING STIMULATION VERSUS

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BEFORE OR AFTER DISP WHAT WE ASK

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IN THIS STUDY, AGAIN LED BY THE

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DOCTOR, IS WHETHER OR NOT WITH A

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HYPER SEGMENTED MODEL OF 10

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TISSUE TYPES, THIS WAS ACTUALLY

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A HIGH FIDELITY MODELING

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APPROACH THAT IS OUTSIDE OF

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ROAST OR SIM NIB OR OTHER

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SOFTWARES USING MORE CLASSIC

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TECHNIQUES AND WHAT WE ATTEMPTED

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TO TO DO WAS TO CREATE THE BEST

259
00:09:00,800 --> 00:09:02,440
OVERALL MODEL POSSIBLE IN AN

260
00:09:02,440 --> 00:09:04,600
ATTEMPT TO PREDICT THOSE

261
00:09:04,600 --> 00:09:07,840
CURRENT, THOSE CHANGES IN BETA

262
00:09:07,840 --> 00:09:09,360
VALUES OR FUNCTIONAL

263
00:09:09,360 --> 00:09:10,080
CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN THESE 2

264
00:09:10,080 --> 00:09:11,160
REGIONS IN THE SAMPLE AND HERE

265
00:09:11,160 --> 00:09:12,680
YOU CAN SEE WE WERE RABBLE TO

266
00:09:12,680 --> 00:09:14,800
ESTIMATE FROM THE MRIsS EXACT

267
00:09:14,800 --> 00:09:16,640
POSITIONING OF THE ELECTRODES,

268
00:09:16,640 --> 00:09:18,640
WE ACTUALLY THINK THESE SUBTLE

269
00:09:18,640 --> 00:09:19,960
DIFFERENCES AND ELECTRODE

270
00:09:19,960 --> 00:09:21,320
PLACEMENTS CAN PLAY A MAJOR ROLE

271
00:09:21,320 --> 00:09:23,200
IN OUR ABILITY TO ACCURATELY

272
00:09:23,200 --> 00:09:25,280
REDICT WHAT THE CURRENT IS DOING

273
00:09:25,280 --> 00:09:27,960
AND WHAT IT'S RELATED TO.

274
00:09:27,960 --> 00:09:29,800
AND THESE 15 PARTICIPANTS, YOU

275
00:09:29,800 --> 00:09:31,960
CAN SEE HERE OUR OVERALL

276
00:09:31,960 --> 00:09:33,120
ELECTRIC FIELD DISTRIBUTION.

277
00:09:33,120 --> 00:09:36,880
YOU CAN SEE TOLET EYE THE

278
00:09:36,880 --> 00:09:38,160
SOWBTLE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EACH

279
00:09:38,160 --> 00:09:40,200
THESE INDIVIDUALS, HERE YOU GET

280
00:09:40,200 --> 00:09:41,760
THE CURRENT DENSITY DISTRIBUTION

281
00:09:41,760 --> 00:09:43,200
PATTERN AGAIN CROSS THESE 15

282
00:09:43,200 --> 00:09:44,560
PARTICIPANTS EVEN TO THE EYE,

283
00:09:44,560 --> 00:09:46,800
YOU CAN SEE THESE ARE NOT 1 AND

284
00:09:46,800 --> 00:09:47,680
THE SAME.

285
00:09:47,680 --> 00:09:49,040
WHICH FOR A ONE-SIZE-FITS-ALL

286
00:09:49,040 --> 00:09:50,880
MODEL THEY NEED TO BE 1 AND THE

287
00:09:50,880 --> 00:09:51,640
SAME.

288
00:09:51,640 --> 00:09:54,200
BUT NOT SURPRISING THEY ARE IN

289
00:09:54,200 --> 00:09:54,840
FACT, DIFFERENT.

290
00:09:54,840 --> 00:09:56,000
MORE IMPORTANTLY I WILL ARGUE

291
00:09:56,000 --> 00:09:57,640
THESE APPROACHES CAN GIVE US

292
00:09:57,640 --> 00:09:59,080
INSIGHT INTEREST WHAT TACTUALLY

293
00:09:59,080 --> 00:10:00,920
IN THE BRAIN IS CHANGING THAT

294
00:10:00,920 --> 00:10:02,080
RELATES TO THE OVERALL

295
00:10:02,080 --> 00:10:04,800
BEHAVIORIAL OR OTHER CHANGES

296
00:10:04,800 --> 00:10:06,800
WE'RE MEASURING FROM TDCS, IN

297
00:10:06,800 --> 00:10:08,360
THIS CASE, TO BREAK DOWN THESE

298
00:10:08,360 --> 00:10:09,760
MEASURES VERY QUICKLY FOR THE

299
00:10:09,760 --> 00:10:11,960
SAKE OF TIME, WE FOUND THE

300
00:10:11,960 --> 00:10:14,440
CURRENT DENSITY IN THE LEFT

301
00:10:14,440 --> 00:10:18,680
DLPC, BUT NOT THE LEFT VLPC WERE

302
00:10:18,680 --> 00:10:19,600
SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH

303
00:10:19,600 --> 00:10:22,640
THE BETA VALUE CHAIMPLES IN

304
00:10:22,640 --> 00:10:23,640
FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN

305
00:10:23,640 --> 00:10:25,440
THESE 2 LOCATIONS MEANING THAT

306
00:10:25,440 --> 00:10:27,840
THE CURRENT DENSITY IN DLPFC WAS

307
00:10:27,840 --> 00:10:29,480
ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGE AND THIS

308
00:10:29,480 --> 00:10:32,840
APPEARS TO JUST BE DRIVING THE

309
00:10:32,840 --> 00:10:35,400
CHANGE FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY

310
00:10:35,400 --> 00:10:38,920
OVERALL VERSUS CURRENT DENSITY

311
00:10:38,920 --> 00:10:40,600
IN THE VLPFC, WHICH IS EXCITING

312
00:10:40,600 --> 00:10:41,680
BUT MORE IMPORTANTLY FOR MY

313
00:10:41,680 --> 00:10:43,760
TALK, IT SHOWS THAT THESE VALUES

314
00:10:43,760 --> 00:10:46,160
CAN PREDICT CHANGES IN THE BRAIN

315
00:10:46,160 --> 00:10:47,640
AND WE'VE SHOWN SEPARATELY

316
00:10:47,640 --> 00:10:49,160
PREDICT CHANGES IN BEHAVIOR.

317
00:10:49,160 --> 00:10:51,880
SO THERE'S POTENTIAL VALUE HERE.

318
00:10:51,880 --> 00:10:54,320
NOW THIS IS WHERE WE INTRODUCED

319
00:10:54,320 --> 00:10:56,440
THE APPLICATION OF DIFFERENT AI

320
00:10:56,440 --> 00:10:56,760
APPROACHES.

321
00:10:56,760 --> 00:10:58,000
IN THIS CASE I WILL TALK ABOUT

322
00:10:58,000 --> 00:10:59,640
MACHINE LEARNING AND LATER I

323
00:10:59,640 --> 00:11:05,000
WILL TALK ABOUT SINGLE AND

324
00:11:05,000 --> 00:11:06,080
MULTIVARIANT GALSIAN FITTING

325
00:11:06,080 --> 00:11:06,800
USING OTHER APPROACHES BUT AT

326
00:11:06,800 --> 00:11:08,920
THE END OF THE DAY WE WENT IN A

327
00:11:08,920 --> 00:11:10,320
DIFFERENT DIRECTION FOR AI FOR A

328
00:11:10,320 --> 00:11:12,200
REASON AND WE'RE DEALING WITH A

329
00:11:12,200 --> 00:11:13,880
MULTIVARIANT DATA STRUCTURE THAT

330
00:11:13,880 --> 00:11:16,280
IS HYPER COMPLEX, YOU HAVE

331
00:11:16,280 --> 00:11:18,160
CURRENT DENSITY IN 3 DIMENSIONS,

332
00:11:18,160 --> 00:11:19,760
X, Y, Z SPECIAL WE HAVE

333
00:11:19,760 --> 00:11:21,000
DIRECTION AND INTENSITY OF

334
00:11:21,000 --> 00:11:21,240
CURRENT.

335
00:11:21,240 --> 00:11:24,040
THAT VECTOR INFORMATION IS

336
00:11:24,040 --> 00:11:25,000
COMPLEX, IT IS ALSO THROUGHOUT

337
00:11:25,000 --> 00:11:27,120
THE BRAIN AND WE HAVE A FOURTH

338
00:11:27,120 --> 00:11:30,120
DIMENSION OF INFORMATION WHICH

339
00:11:30,120 --> 00:11:30,640
IS TREATMENT RESPONSE.

340
00:11:30,640 --> 00:11:34,240
SO WHEN YOU HAVE HYPER COMPLEX

341
00:11:34,240 --> 00:11:36,880
DATA, STANDARD ANALYTICAL

342
00:11:36,880 --> 00:11:38,720
APPROACHES WORK FAIRLY POORLY.

343
00:11:38,720 --> 00:11:41,920
IN ADDITION, IN A CASE WHERE YOU

344
00:11:41,920 --> 00:11:44,520
UNDERSTAND MECHANISM FROM A DATA

345
00:11:44,520 --> 00:11:45,560
PROVIDING NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO

346
00:11:45,560 --> 00:11:48,520
THE OVERALL REASONS THAT THESE

347
00:11:48,520 --> 00:11:49,680
TREATMENT RESPONSES ARE THERE.

348
00:11:49,680 --> 00:11:51,640
AND SO WE CHOSE TO GO IN THIS

349
00:11:51,640 --> 00:11:52,960
DIRECTION EXPW TO DO THIS, WE

350
00:11:52,960 --> 00:11:55,160
TOOK AS PROOF OF PRINCIPLE DATA

351
00:11:55,160 --> 00:11:57,400
FROM ANOTHER 1 OF OUR RECENT

352
00:11:57,400 --> 00:11:59,280
TRIALS, WELL, RECENT AT THE

353
00:11:59,280 --> 00:12:01,840
TIME, 2019, AGAIN, THIS WAS A 28

354
00:12:01,840 --> 00:12:03,840
PERSON COGNITIVE TRAINING TRIAL

355
00:12:03,840 --> 00:12:06,320
IN OLDER ADULTS WHERE THIS PILOT

356
00:12:06,320 --> 00:12:08,440
TRIAL LOOKED AT COGNITIVE

357
00:12:08,440 --> 00:12:11,840
TRAINING PAIRED WITH TDCS, OR

358
00:12:11,840 --> 00:12:14,280
SHAM FOR A 10 DAY PERIOD.

359
00:12:14,280 --> 00:12:16,000
WE MEASURED PREAND POST CHANGES

360
00:12:16,000 --> 00:12:17,720
IN WORKING MEMORY AND FUNCTIONAL

361
00:12:17,720 --> 00:12:19,080
ACTIVITY AND A VARIETY OF OTHER

362
00:12:19,080 --> 00:12:19,680
MEASURES.

363
00:12:19,680 --> 00:12:21,960
IN THIS CASE, WE SAW NICE CHANGE

364
00:12:21,960 --> 00:12:23,600
IN WORKING MEMORY PERFORMANCE ON

365
00:12:23,600 --> 00:12:25,720
A 2 BACK TARGET ACCURACY FOR 1

366
00:12:25,720 --> 00:12:29,800
OF OUR OUTCOME TASKS AND FOR

367
00:12:29,800 --> 00:12:32,400
THIS WE THEN SEGMENTED EACH

368
00:12:32,400 --> 00:12:34,360
BRAIN INDIVIDUALLY ACROSS EACH

369
00:12:34,360 --> 00:12:37,040
SESSION AND PERFORMED THESE SAME

370
00:12:37,040 --> 00:12:39,200
BASIC ANALYTICS TO DERIVE THESE

371
00:12:39,200 --> 00:12:41,480
FINITE MODELS ACROSS ALL

372
00:12:41,480 --> 00:12:42,440
PARTICIPANTS THAT RECEIVE

373
00:12:42,440 --> 00:12:45,320
STIMULATION AND THEN APPLYING

374
00:12:45,320 --> 00:12:46,360
MACHINE LEARNING APPROACHES, SO

375
00:12:46,360 --> 00:12:48,800
IN THIS CASE, SUPPORT MACHINE

376
00:12:48,800 --> 00:12:49,720
VECTOR APPROACHES, WE TEND TO

377
00:12:49,720 --> 00:12:51,840
ASK THE QUESTION OF WHICH

378
00:12:51,840 --> 00:12:53,720
PATTERNS OF CURRENT DENSITY

379
00:12:53,720 --> 00:12:57,760
ACROSS THE PARTICIPANTS

380
00:12:57,760 --> 00:12:58,960
RECEIVING ACTIVE STIMULATION

381
00:12:58,960 --> 00:13:00,120
WERE MOST STRONGLY ASSOCIATED

382
00:13:00,120 --> 00:13:01,080
WITH TREATMENT RESPONSE SO

383
00:13:01,080 --> 00:13:03,800
CHANGE IN WORKING MEMORY

384
00:13:03,800 --> 00:13:05,800
PERFORMANCE AND SO WITH THIS,

385
00:13:05,800 --> 00:13:07,000
THESE AMALSIS PRODUCED A MODEL

386
00:13:07,000 --> 00:13:08,800
THAT OVERALL IN THE SMALL SAMPLE

387
00:13:08,800 --> 00:13:12,320
AND WE WERE USING 10 K FOLD

388
00:13:12,320 --> 00:13:13,480
ACROSS VALIDATION BECAUSE OF THE

389
00:13:13,480 --> 00:13:15,680
SMALL SAMPLE SIZE AND 86%

390
00:13:15,680 --> 00:13:17,600
RACKERACY AND AUC OF 80% BUT

391
00:13:17,600 --> 00:13:19,040
THAT'S NOT PERFECT BUT IN A

392
00:13:19,040 --> 00:13:20,680
SMALL SAMPLE SIZE THAT SHOWS

393
00:13:20,680 --> 00:13:21,120
PROMISE.

394
00:13:21,120 --> 00:13:22,760
WE NEED LARGER DATA TO REALLY

395
00:13:22,760 --> 00:13:24,440
DRIVE THROUGH, BUT IMPORTANTLY,

396
00:13:24,440 --> 00:13:25,200
THERE'S INFORMATION, IN ADDITION

397
00:13:25,200 --> 00:13:27,000
TO THE FACT THAT WE CAN REDICT

398
00:13:27,000 --> 00:13:30,760
FROM A T1 WEIGHTED IMAGE WHO

399
00:13:30,760 --> 00:13:32,160
RESPONDED TO TREATMENT VERSUS

400
00:13:32,160 --> 00:13:34,160
NOT, WE CAN ALSO GAIN INSIGHT

401
00:13:34,160 --> 00:13:35,680
INTO THESE REGIONS THAT WERE

402
00:13:35,680 --> 00:13:37,440
IDENTIFIED AS BEING THE BEST

403
00:13:37,440 --> 00:13:39,520
PREDICTORS OF TREATMENT RESPONSE

404
00:13:39,520 --> 00:13:40,720
VERSUS TREATMENT NONRESPONSE AND

405
00:13:40,720 --> 00:13:42,240
GAIN INSIGHT INTO WHAT'S

406
00:13:42,240 --> 00:13:43,400
HAPPENING OR WHAT'S BEING

407
00:13:43,400 --> 00:13:44,800
DELIVERED TO THOSE PARTICULAR

408
00:13:44,800 --> 00:13:45,080
REAMINGIONS.

409
00:13:45,080 --> 00:13:46,760
AND WHAT WE FIND WHEN WE

410
00:13:46,760 --> 00:13:47,840
INVESTIGATE THIS, IS THAT BY AND

411
00:13:47,840 --> 00:13:50,760
LARGE WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE

412
00:13:50,760 --> 00:13:51,960
RESPONDER PROFILE VERSUS

413
00:13:51,960 --> 00:13:53,360
NONRESPONDER PROFILE, THOSE ARE

414
00:13:53,360 --> 00:13:55,240
THE RESPONDERS IN THESE REGIONS

415
00:13:55,240 --> 00:13:56,440
THAT BEST PREDICTED TREATMENT

416
00:13:56,440 --> 00:13:57,800
RESPONSE, WE'RE SEEING MORE

417
00:13:57,800 --> 00:14:00,320
CURRENT WITHIN THESE REGIONS,

418
00:14:00,320 --> 00:14:00,800
THAN THE NONRESPONDERS.

419
00:14:00,800 --> 00:14:02,520
NOW THIS IS FROM A PAPER LED BY

420
00:14:02,520 --> 00:14:05,960
1 OF MY GRADUATE STUDENTS IN A

421
00:14:05,960 --> 00:14:08,000
COLLABORATION ACROSS A LAB AND

422
00:14:08,000 --> 00:14:09,880
BY O MEDICAL ENGINEERING LED BY

423
00:14:09,880 --> 00:14:12,080
[INDISCERNIBLE] AND BY ME AND

424
00:14:12,080 --> 00:14:12,600
DR. [INDISCERNIBLE].

425
00:14:12,600 --> 00:14:14,400
THIS ACTUALLY GAVE US SOME

426
00:14:14,400 --> 00:14:17,360
REALLY NICE INSIGHT INTO THESE

427
00:14:17,360 --> 00:14:18,080
CHARACTERISTICS, GREAT,

428
00:14:18,080 --> 00:14:19,840
WONDERFUL, MORE CURRENT IN THESE

429
00:14:19,840 --> 00:14:21,280
REGIONS IS BETTER.

430
00:14:21,280 --> 00:14:22,560
YEAH, PROTEIN COMPLEX NOT MORE

431
00:14:22,560 --> 00:14:23,840
SURPRISING BUT WE ALSO ARGUE

432
00:14:23,840 --> 00:14:25,640
THAT MORE CURRENT IS NOT

433
00:14:25,640 --> 00:14:26,440
NECESSARILY ALWAYS BETTER, IT'S

434
00:14:26,440 --> 00:14:27,320
JUST DIFFERENT AND WE NEED TO

435
00:14:27,320 --> 00:14:28,920
HAPPENED WHAT THE CURRENT IS

436
00:14:28,920 --> 00:14:29,120
DOING.

437
00:14:29,120 --> 00:14:29,920
NOW WHAT'S REALLY IMPORTANT IS

438
00:14:29,920 --> 00:14:32,000
WE KNOW WHERE IT WAS SUPPOSEDLY

439
00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:33,880
IMPORTANT AND WE KNOW HOW MUCH

440
00:14:33,880 --> 00:14:34,960
CURRENT IS SUPPOSEDLY IMPORTANT

441
00:14:34,960 --> 00:14:36,160
FOR TREATMENT RESPONSE IN THIS

442
00:14:36,160 --> 00:14:37,880
PARADIGM AND IF WE KNOW THOSE

443
00:14:37,880 --> 00:14:39,040
THINGS, WE'RE 1 STEP OFF FROM

444
00:14:39,040 --> 00:14:42,240
BEING ABLE TO DIVE INTO THESE

445
00:14:42,240 --> 00:14:44,200
DAT AND ARGUE THAT THERE ARE

446
00:14:44,200 --> 00:14:45,760
SPECIFIC REGIONS THAT WE SHOULD

447
00:14:45,760 --> 00:14:47,600
FOCUS ON STIMULATING AT A

448
00:14:47,600 --> 00:14:50,320
SPECIFIC LEVEL OF CURRENT, FOR A

449
00:14:50,320 --> 00:14:51,840
SPECIFIC DIRECTION OF FLOW OF

450
00:14:51,840 --> 00:14:53,040
CURRENT THROUGH THOSE BRAIN

451
00:14:53,040 --> 00:14:53,400
REGIONS.

452
00:14:53,400 --> 00:14:55,200
AND IN FACT, THAT'S THE PREMISE

453
00:14:55,200 --> 00:14:56,480
BEHIND THE OVERALL APPROACH.

454
00:14:56,480 --> 00:14:59,880
WE STARTED TO FOR YEARS AGO, OF

455
00:14:59,880 --> 00:15:00,840
TAKING TDCS, TRAINING DATA BUT

456
00:15:00,840 --> 00:15:02,840
THIS CAN BE ANY PARADIGM WE'RE

457
00:15:02,840 --> 00:15:04,240
LOOKING AT BEHAVIOR CHANGE OR

458
00:15:04,240 --> 00:15:07,120
TREATMENT RESPONSE WITH TDCS,

459
00:15:07,120 --> 00:15:09,760
ACQUIRING T1 WEIGHTED MRIs,

460
00:15:09,760 --> 00:15:10,920
FINDING ELEMENT MODELING,

461
00:15:10,920 --> 00:15:13,360
TRAINING A CLASSIFIER, TAKING

462
00:15:13,360 --> 00:15:14,160
THAT RESPONDER CLASSIFIER

463
00:15:14,160 --> 00:15:15,680
SOLUTION AND THEN ULTIMATELY

464
00:15:15,680 --> 00:15:18,360
FITTING IT INTO A NEW BRAIN, TO

465
00:15:18,360 --> 00:15:20,560
THEN DETERMINE A PRECISION DOSE

466
00:15:20,560 --> 00:15:22,560
OF SPECIFIC ELECTRODE LOCATIONS

467
00:15:22,560 --> 00:15:23,840
AND SPECIFIC ELECTRODE INTENSITY

468
00:15:23,840 --> 00:15:27,040
TO DELIVER TO TRY TO DELIVER THE

469
00:15:27,040 --> 00:15:28,680
TREATMENT RESPONDER PROFILE OF

470
00:15:28,680 --> 00:15:31,680
CURRENT INTO THIS NEW BRAIN WE

471
00:15:31,680 --> 00:15:32,560
HAVEN'T SEEN BEFORE.

472
00:15:32,560 --> 00:15:34,400
SO THIS OVERALL APPROACH LOOKS

473
00:15:34,400 --> 00:15:35,120
SOMETHING LIKE THIS.

474
00:15:35,120 --> 00:15:37,080
WE HAVE THESE MRIs FROM THESE

475
00:15:37,080 --> 00:15:41,720
DATA SETS, WE FIT THE BRAIN WITH

476
00:15:41,720 --> 00:15:44,360
AN FEM AND THEN IDENTIFY FROM

477
00:15:44,360 --> 00:15:45,760
OUR PRIOR TRAINING DATA THESE

478
00:15:45,760 --> 00:15:46,560
REGIONS OF SPECIFIC INTEREST

479
00:15:46,560 --> 00:15:48,800
WHERE WE NEED TO DELIVER A

480
00:15:48,800 --> 00:15:50,840
SPECIFIC AMOUNT OF CURRENT AND

481
00:15:50,840 --> 00:15:53,200
THEN WE PERFORM A SINGLE GALSIAN

482
00:15:53,200 --> 00:15:54,720
FITTING ACROSS THE BRAIN USING

483
00:15:54,720 --> 00:15:57,520
EVERY POSSIBLE COMP BINNATION OF

484
00:15:57,520 --> 00:15:59,240
CURRENT LOCATIONS AND INTENSITY

485
00:15:59,240 --> 00:16:02,560
DELIVERED TO IDENTIFY THE

486
00:16:02,560 --> 00:16:03,560
SPECIFIC MONTAGE AND INTENSITY

487
00:16:03,560 --> 00:16:06,080
SO DOSE THAT BEST MATCHES THE

488
00:16:06,080 --> 00:16:06,720
TREATMENT RESPONDER PROFILE.

489
00:16:06,720 --> 00:16:08,840
ON THE RIGHT YOU CAN SEE A GROUP

490
00:16:08,840 --> 00:16:10,440
LEVEL TREATMENT RESPONDER

491
00:16:10,440 --> 00:16:11,600
PROFILE THAT WE THEN ATTEMPT TO

492
00:16:11,600 --> 00:16:13,360
FIT INTO A NEW BRAIN.

493
00:16:13,360 --> 00:16:16,040
WE ARE USING THE SINGLE GALSIAN

494
00:16:16,040 --> 00:16:18,720
AND OTHER WORK IS USING

495
00:16:18,720 --> 00:16:20,160
MULTIGALSIAN APPROACHES FOR

496
00:16:20,160 --> 00:16:22,000
FITTING AND WE SPEEDING

497
00:16:22,000 --> 00:16:22,880
PROCESSING TIME FELT.

498
00:16:22,880 --> 00:16:25,320
IN THE EARLY DAYS IT WOULD TAKE

499
00:16:25,320 --> 00:16:27,680
SICK WEEKS TO FIT A BRAIN, NOW

500
00:16:27,680 --> 00:16:32,640
IT'S DOWN TO 6 MINUTES SO WE'VE

501
00:16:32,640 --> 00:16:34,400
HAD IMPROVEMENT ON THAT FRONT

502
00:16:34,400 --> 00:16:38,200
BECAUSE 6 WEEKS IS WAY TOO LONG

503
00:16:38,200 --> 00:16:38,640
TO WAIT.

504
00:16:38,640 --> 00:16:40,080
AT THE END OF THE DAY, THIS IS

505
00:16:40,080 --> 00:16:42,080
CASE DAILY BASIS THEA WHERE WE

506
00:16:42,080 --> 00:16:43,360
TOOK THE NONRESPONDERS FROM IT

507
00:16:43,360 --> 00:16:45,560
AND ATTEMPTED TO REFIT THE DATA

508
00:16:45,560 --> 00:16:47,200
TOI DENTIFY WHAT THE APPROPRIATE

509
00:16:47,200 --> 00:16:48,000
DOSE FOR RESPONDER

510
00:16:48,000 --> 00:16:48,880
CHARACTERISTICS AND THEN HERE

511
00:16:48,880 --> 00:16:51,240
YOU CAN SEE THE 95% CONFIDENCE

512
00:16:51,240 --> 00:16:53,920
LIMITS OF THE TREATMENT RESPONSE

513
00:16:53,920 --> 00:16:56,640
PROFILE, THESE ARE THE

514
00:16:56,640 --> 00:16:57,960
PRETREATMENT NONRESPONTDER, OR

515
00:16:57,960 --> 00:16:59,760
THESE ARE THE NONRESPONDERS

516
00:16:59,760 --> 00:17:00,480
BEFORE MODIFICATION TO THEIR

517
00:17:00,480 --> 00:17:02,760
DOSE AND THIS IS MOW MODIFIED

518
00:17:02,760 --> 00:17:03,040
DOSE.

519
00:17:03,040 --> 00:17:05,040
NOW THIS IS STILL THEORETICAL,

520
00:17:05,040 --> 00:17:06,240
WE HAVEN'T BROUGHT THESE BACK

521
00:17:06,240 --> 00:17:07,960
AND STIMULATED THEM TO TRY TO

522
00:17:07,960 --> 00:17:09,480
CHANGE THEIR BEHAVIOR, WE HAVE A

523
00:17:09,480 --> 00:17:10,840
COUPLE OF PILOT TRIALS GETTING

524
00:17:10,840 --> 00:17:12,760
OFF THE GROUND SO WE DEMONSTRATE

525
00:17:12,760 --> 00:17:15,040
THIS DIRECTLY IN TERMS OF

526
00:17:15,040 --> 00:17:16,720
POTENTIAL SUPERIOR EFFECTS FROM

527
00:17:16,720 --> 00:17:17,880
PRECISION DOSING.

528
00:17:17,880 --> 00:17:19,480
AT THIS POINT IT'S BEEN

529
00:17:19,480 --> 00:17:20,840
PRIMARILY COMPUTATIONAL IN

530
00:17:20,840 --> 00:17:21,960
NATURE, AND NOW WE'RE ATTEMPTING

531
00:17:21,960 --> 00:17:23,760
TO DETERMINE WHETHER THIS IS

532
00:17:23,760 --> 00:17:25,200
SPECIFICALLY GOING TO BE

533
00:17:25,200 --> 00:17:25,600
EFFECTIVE.

534
00:17:25,600 --> 00:17:27,400
IN ADDITION, THIS TECHNIQUE IS

535
00:17:27,400 --> 00:17:29,840
DRIVEN BY THE NEEDS FOR LARGE

536
00:17:29,840 --> 00:17:30,600
AMOUNTS OF DATA.

537
00:17:30,600 --> 00:17:32,560
THE MORE DATA WE CAN HAVE ON

538
00:17:32,560 --> 00:17:33,880
TREATMENT RESPONSE AND T1

539
00:17:33,880 --> 00:17:36,320
WEIGHTED IMAGES TO TRAIN THESE

540
00:17:36,320 --> 00:17:38,240
CLASSIFIERS, THE BETTER WE CAN

541
00:17:38,240 --> 00:17:39,720
BE AT IDENTIFYING DOSE TO

542
00:17:39,720 --> 00:17:40,920
ACCURATELY LEAD TO BETTER

543
00:17:40,920 --> 00:17:43,680
PERFORMANCE AND WE RECENTLY

544
00:17:43,680 --> 00:17:45,880
COMPLETED THE AUGMENTIVE

545
00:17:45,880 --> 00:17:49,760
COGNITIVE TRAINING IN ADULTS, 3

546
00:17:49,760 --> 00:17:51,920
IS A 379 PERSON TRIAL, IT SHOULD

547
00:17:51,920 --> 00:17:53,920
BE RF1, THIS IS THE RO-1 THAT

548
00:17:53,920 --> 00:17:55,440
FOUNDED THIS TRIAL AND WE ALSO

549
00:17:55,440 --> 00:17:59,120
HAVE AN RF1 TO DO SECONDARY DATA

550
00:17:59,120 --> 00:18:01,600
ANALYSIS AND CREATING

551
00:18:01,600 --> 00:18:02,960
COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS ON 11

552
00:18:02,960 --> 00:18:04,960
DIFFERENT INDIVIDUALS AND 11

553
00:18:04,960 --> 00:18:05,640
DIFFERENT TYPES OF HIGH

554
00:18:05,640 --> 00:18:07,640
DEFINITION MODELS AND THIS RF1

555
00:18:07,640 --> 00:18:08,720
IS GEARED TOWARD DIVING AND

556
00:18:08,720 --> 00:18:11,040
RUNNING AND ALL THESE METHODS TO

557
00:18:11,040 --> 00:18:12,240
DERIVE DOSING BASED ON

558
00:18:12,240 --> 00:18:13,240
CHAISKTISTICS OF RESPONSE AND

559
00:18:13,240 --> 00:18:15,320
TREATMENTS IN THIS LARGE TRIAL

560
00:18:15,320 --> 00:18:16,920
WHICH WAS RECENTLY COMPLETED.

561
00:18:16,920 --> 00:18:19,320
IF THERE'S ANY OTHER TRIALS OF

562
00:18:19,320 --> 00:18:22,320
THIS TYPE WHETHER IT'S

563
00:18:22,320 --> 00:18:23,840
DEPRESSION, ANXIETY OR WHAT HAVE

564
00:18:23,840 --> 00:18:25,280
YOU, AS LONG AS THERE ARE

565
00:18:25,280 --> 00:18:26,200
TREATMENT AND OUTCOME DATA WE

566
00:18:26,200 --> 00:18:28,400
CAN WORK CAN WITH IT, TO DERIVE

567
00:18:28,400 --> 00:18:30,360
DOSING TO PUT BACK INTO THE

568
00:18:30,360 --> 00:18:32,480
COMMUNITY TO TRIEF THIS FIELD

569
00:18:32,480 --> 00:18:35,400
AWAY FROM ONE-SIZE-FITS-ALL TO

570
00:18:35,400 --> 00:18:36,600
BRAIN SPECIFIC, PERSON SPECIFIC

571
00:18:36,600 --> 00:18:36,960
MODELS.

572
00:18:36,960 --> 00:18:38,480
SO I WILL END THERE AND I WILL

573
00:18:38,480 --> 00:18:40,720
NOTE WE HAVE STWO NIH FUNDED

574
00:18:40,720 --> 00:18:42,720
POST DOC POSITIONS IN THE LAB AT

575
00:18:42,720 --> 00:18:44,440
PRESENT AND A RESEARCH SCIENTIST

576
00:18:44,440 --> 00:18:45,240
POSITION, THE RESEARCH SCIENTIST

577
00:18:45,240 --> 00:18:46,600
POSITION WILL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR

578
00:18:46,600 --> 00:18:50,600
MANAGEMENT OF TRIALS IN THE LAB.

579
00:18:50,600 --> 00:18:52,880
WE HAVE 4 NIH TRIALS,

580
00:18:52,880 --> 00:18:54,640
INDIVIDUALS WILL WORK WITH ME

581
00:18:54,640 --> 00:18:55,840
AND DR. [INDISCERNIBLE] ON A

582
00:18:55,840 --> 00:18:56,880
NUMBER OF INTERESTING THINGS.

583
00:18:56,880 --> 00:18:58,360
IF YOU KNOW PEOPLE INTERESTED

584
00:18:58,360 --> 00:18:59,480
SEND AN E-MAIL AND THANK YOU FOR

585
00:18:59,480 --> 00:19:00,880
YOUR TIME AND THE VERY MANY

586
00:19:00,880 --> 00:19:03,640
PEOPLE THAT MADE THESE STUDIES

587
00:19:03,640 --> 00:19:05,040
POSSIBLE AND ESPECIALLY OUR

588
00:19:05,040 --> 00:19:06,200
FUNDING AGENCY, THE NATIONAL

589
00:19:06,200 --> 00:19:11,000
INSTITUTE ON AGING.

590
00:19:11,000 --> 00:19:11,320
[ APPLAUSE ]

591
00:19:11,320 --> 00:19:11,840
>>THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

592
00:19:11,840 --> 00:19:18,360
WE HAVE TIME FOR PROBABLY 2-3

593
00:19:18,360 --> 00:19:18,800
QUESTIONS.

594
00:19:18,800 --> 00:19:20,120
>> THANK YOU FOR A GREAT
TALK

595
00:19:20,120 --> 00:19:21,560
AND GREAT WAY TO START THE DAY.

596
00:19:21,560 --> 00:19:23,080
WITH REGARD TO MACHINE LEARNING

597
00:19:23,080 --> 00:19:25,400
PORTION, I WAS CURIOUS WHAT YOUR

598
00:19:25,400 --> 00:19:30,120
NOTION OR MAYBE YOU HAVE DATA ON

599
00:19:30,120 --> 00:19:32,280
ITS EFFICACY WITH REGARD TO MORE

600
00:19:32,280 --> 00:19:34,240
VARIABLE BRAINS AND I HAVE IN

601
00:19:34,240 --> 00:19:35,400
MIND STROKE BRAIN, I CAN SEE

602
00:19:35,400 --> 00:19:36,960
WHERE THIS WOULD BE BETTER OR

603
00:19:36,960 --> 00:19:38,280
WORSE, SO I WOULD LIKE TO HEAR

604
00:19:38,280 --> 00:19:40,720
WHAT YOU THINK ABOUT THAT?

605
00:19:40,720 --> 00:19:44,480
>>GREAT QUESTION.

606
00:19:44,480 --> 00:19:46,000
WE'RE--THE REALITY IS THE

607
00:19:46,000 --> 00:19:47,200
MODELING APPROACH IS ONLY AS

608
00:19:47,200 --> 00:19:48,840
GOOD AS THE DATA WE PUT IN.

609
00:19:48,840 --> 00:19:50,400
STROKE HAS BEEN 1 OF THE MOST

610
00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:51,640
COMPLEX APPROACHES FOR US AND

611
00:19:51,640 --> 00:19:52,960
MOST DIFFICULT TO MODEL.

612
00:19:52,960 --> 00:19:54,800
THERE'S GREAT PEOPLE OUT THERE

613
00:19:54,800 --> 00:19:56,120
DOING WORK WHERE THEY'RE SHOWING

614
00:19:56,120 --> 00:19:58,160
REALLY NICE, VERY ACCURATE

615
00:19:58,160 --> 00:19:58,840
MODELS WITH STROKE.

616
00:19:58,840 --> 00:20:01,840
IN THIS CASE, IF WE CAN DERIVE

617
00:20:01,840 --> 00:20:03,280
THE ELEMENT MODEL THAT'S

618
00:20:03,280 --> 00:20:04,520
RELATIVELY ACCURATE TO GEF US,

619
00:20:04,520 --> 00:20:08,080
YOU KNOW PERSON BY PERSON DATA

620
00:20:08,080 --> 00:20:09,520
WE CAN APPLY THESE SAME

621
00:20:09,520 --> 00:20:11,040
TECHNIQUES BUT AS YOU'RE

622
00:20:11,040 --> 00:20:12,080
SUGGESTING, THE MORE NOISE

623
00:20:12,080 --> 00:20:14,600
YOU'RE CREATE IN THE SYSTEM, THE

624
00:20:14,600 --> 00:20:16,000
LESS EFFICACIOUS IT VERY LIKELY

625
00:20:16,000 --> 00:20:19,120
WILL BE, HOWEVER WE'VE BEEN

626
00:20:19,120 --> 00:20:20,480
WORKING SEPARATELY BOTH WITH

627
00:20:20,480 --> 00:20:22,800
VIDEO AND TEAMS WITH A DIFFERENT

628
00:20:22,800 --> 00:20:24,440
DIFFERENT LABS AT UF TO IMPROVE

629
00:20:24,440 --> 00:20:26,560
AND CREATE SOME VERY AUTOMATED

630
00:20:26,560 --> 00:20:27,840
APPROACHES FOR SEGMENTATION

631
00:20:27,840 --> 00:20:29,000
ACROSS HIGHLY VARIABLE BRAINS.

632
00:20:29,000 --> 00:20:30,000
NONAPOPTOTIC YOU WE'RE STARTING

633
00:20:30,000 --> 00:20:31,480
WITH THE SIMPLE 1S LIKE, YOU

634
00:20:31,480 --> 00:20:33,280
KNOW ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN OR

635
00:20:33,280 --> 00:20:34,480
WITH ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE WHERE

636
00:20:34,480 --> 00:20:37,280
YOU HAVE HYPER ATROPHY OR

637
00:20:37,280 --> 00:20:38,760
HIPPOCAMPUS SCLEROSIS, IN

638
00:20:38,760 --> 00:20:40,160
VARIOUS OTHER CHANGES AND

639
00:20:40,160 --> 00:20:42,520
REGIONS AND TRYING TO CREATE AN

640
00:20:42,520 --> 00:20:43,760
APPROACH THAT WILL ALLOW US TO

641
00:20:43,760 --> 00:20:45,400
OWG MENTORSHIP SKILL AND MODEL

642
00:20:45,400 --> 00:20:47,080
THAT DATA WITH VERY LITTLE INN

643
00:20:47,080 --> 00:20:48,680
PUT BUT ALSO DIRECTLY GENERATE

644
00:20:48,680 --> 00:20:51,120
FROM THE RAW DATA THESE JMAPS OR

645
00:20:51,120 --> 00:20:54,080
ELECTRIC FIELD MAPS BUT GET THAT

646
00:20:54,080 --> 00:20:55,440
IN SOMETHING COMPLEX AS STROKE

647
00:20:55,440 --> 00:20:57,240
WILL TAKE QUITE A BIT OF WORK.

648
00:20:57,240 --> 00:20:58,800
SO, YEAH, GREAT QUESTION.

649
00:20:58,800 --> 00:21:00,560
>>THANKS VERY INTERESTING
TALK.

650
00:21:00,560 --> 00:21:03,320
I AM WONDERING, SO THERE'S A BIG

651
00:21:03,320 --> 00:21:04,400
DISCUSSION IN MACHINE LEARNING

652
00:21:04,400 --> 00:21:06,200
AND IF YOU GO APPROXIMATE THERE

653
00:21:06,200 --> 00:21:07,920
FROM HIGH DIMENSIONAL DATA YOU

654
00:21:07,920 --> 00:21:09,560
PREDICT A SINGLE OUTPUT.

655
00:21:09,560 --> 00:21:11,000
LOOKING AT THESE PARAMETER MAPS

656
00:21:11,000 --> 00:21:12,520
OR FEATURE MAPS IS NOT SIMPLE.

657
00:21:12,520 --> 00:21:14,640
THERE MIGHT BE CORRELATION TO

658
00:21:14,640 --> 00:21:15,800
INPUT DATA AND CERTAIN AREAS

659
00:21:15,800 --> 00:21:18,120
LIGHT UP JUST BECAUSE OF THOSE

660
00:21:18,120 --> 00:21:19,160
CORRELATIONS.

661
00:21:19,160 --> 00:21:19,880
SO I'M WONDERING, YOU DIDN'T

662
00:21:19,880 --> 00:21:21,600
SHOW THE DATA WHEN YOU BRING THE

663
00:21:21,600 --> 00:21:23,200
PEOPLE BACK IN WITH THE MONTAGES

664
00:21:23,200 --> 00:21:24,960
BUT IF YOU LOOK AT THOSE FEATURE

665
00:21:24,960 --> 00:21:26,360
MAPS YOU DO YOU SEE AREAS THAT

666
00:21:26,360 --> 00:21:28,640
LIGHT UP THAT MAKE SENSE YORE,

667
00:21:28,640 --> 00:21:31,480
YOU KNOW THEY REQUIRE SORT OF

668
00:21:31,480 --> 00:21:32,600
PATCHY THESE [INDISCERNIBLE]

669
00:21:32,600 --> 00:21:32,960
YOU'RE SHOWING?

670
00:21:32,960 --> 00:21:34,640
>>YEAH, WE SAW THAT MAP,
I WAS

671
00:21:34,640 --> 00:21:36,080
LIKE OH GREAT, THIS LOOKS LIKE

672
00:21:36,080 --> 00:21:37,320
NOISE AND SO THEN WE LOOKED

673
00:21:37,320 --> 00:21:38,640
INSIDE OF THAT AND I THINK PART

674
00:21:38,640 --> 00:21:40,560
OF THE PROBLEM WE HAVE IS IT WAS

675
00:21:40,560 --> 00:21:41,840
A SMALL DATA SET OF THE ALSO

676
00:21:41,840 --> 00:21:43,080
WE'RE TRYING TO MOVE COGNITION

677
00:21:43,080 --> 00:21:46,800
IN THESE DATA SETS WHICH IS

678
00:21:46,800 --> 00:21:48,440
HYPER DISTRIBUTED AND PROBABLY

679
00:21:48,440 --> 00:21:50,320
THE HARDEST TEST CASE WE COULD

680
00:21:50,320 --> 00:21:51,400
POSSIBLY HAVE PICKED.

681
00:21:51,400 --> 00:21:52,960
IN CONTRAST, WE'VE BEEN WORKING

682
00:21:52,960 --> 00:21:57,400
WITH ANDRE OUT OF SAO P A OLO,

683
00:21:57,400 --> 00:21:58,880
AND WORKING WITH HIS UNIVERSITY

684
00:21:58,880 --> 00:22:01,120
AND DATA WITH DEPRESSION SO

685
00:22:01,120 --> 00:22:01,920
CLINICALLY DEPRESSED PATIENTS

686
00:22:01,920 --> 00:22:05,840
AND IN CONTRAST WE USED A SMALL

687
00:22:05,840 --> 00:22:07,720
SAMPLE OF HIS DATA WITH T1S AND

688
00:22:07,720 --> 00:22:09,440
THIS APPROACH AND IT ALMOST

689
00:22:09,440 --> 00:22:11,960
LOOKS LIKE AN FMRI OUTPUT WHAT

690
00:22:11,960 --> 00:22:12,680
WE'RE FIND FREE RADICALS

691
00:22:12,680 --> 00:22:14,800
GENERATED HIS DATA AND MAPPED ON

692
00:22:14,800 --> 00:22:16,120
TO DEPRESSION REALLY, REALLY

693
00:22:16,120 --> 00:22:16,320
WELL.

694
00:22:16,320 --> 00:22:18,440
IN THIS WE SHOULD PICK A TEST

695
00:22:18,440 --> 00:22:21,120
CASE VERSUS COGNITION, BUT I'M A

696
00:22:21,120 --> 00:22:21,840
COGNITIVE AGING GUY.

697
00:22:21,840 --> 00:22:22,880
SO YOU'RE EXACTLY RIGHT.

698
00:22:22,880 --> 00:22:24,440
WHAT WE'RE SEEING AS WE ADVANCE

699
00:22:24,440 --> 00:22:25,760
AND GET MORE DATA FROM TRIALS,

700
00:22:25,760 --> 00:22:27,840
WE ARE STARTING TO SEE THESE

701
00:22:27,840 --> 00:22:29,840
PATTERNS THAT LOOK MORE LIKE THE

702
00:22:29,840 --> 00:22:31,200
IMAGING PATTERNS WE WOULD EXPECT

703
00:22:31,200 --> 00:22:32,480
AND I SHOULD PROBABLY PICK

704
00:22:32,480 --> 00:22:34,280
SOMETHING OTHER THAN COGNITION

705
00:22:34,280 --> 00:22:35,560
TO STUDY ON THIS.

706
00:22:35,560 --> 00:22:36,720
>>I AM LOOKING FORWARD TO
THE

707
00:22:36,720 --> 00:22:38,440
DATA WHEN YOU BRING IT BACK.

708
00:22:38,440 --> 00:22:41,840
>>YEAH, THANKS.

709
00:22:41,840 --> 00:22:44,880
>>HEY, ADAM, GREAT WORK.

710
00:22:44,880 --> 00:22:47,000
YOUR COGNITIVE TRAINING IS BEING

711
00:22:47,000 --> 00:22:49,240
DONE SIMULTANEOUS WITH THE

712
00:22:49,240 --> 00:22:50,520
APPLICATION FOR TDCS, IS THAT

713
00:22:50,520 --> 00:22:50,920
CORRECT?

714
00:22:50,920 --> 00:22:52,320
>>THAT IS CORRECT, THE
FIRST

715
00:22:52,320 --> 00:22:54,320
TWEBT MENCHUTES OF TRAINING, THE

716
00:22:54,320 --> 00:22:56,120
FESTER 20 MACHINEUTES THEY

717
00:22:56,120 --> 00:22:57,200
RECEIVE STIMULATION AND THEN

718
00:22:57,200 --> 00:22:59,280
THEY CONTINUE DOING TRAINING

719
00:22:59,280 --> 00:23:01,480
AFTER 20 MINUTES OF STIMULATION.

720
00:23:01,480 --> 00:23:01,760
>>GREAT.

721
00:23:01,760 --> 00:23:03,480
SO MY QUESTION IS YOU BUFULLY

722
00:23:03,480 --> 00:23:05,360
DESCRIBED HOW 1 MIGHT GO ABOUT

723
00:23:05,360 --> 00:23:06,640
INDIVIDUALIZING THE DOSE OF PART

724
00:23:06,640 --> 00:23:08,280
OF YOUR INTERVENTION WHICH IS

725
00:23:08,280 --> 00:23:11,400
THE TDCS, HOW DO YOU GO

726
00:23:11,400 --> 00:23:12,000
INDIVIDUALIZING OR QUANTIFYING

727
00:23:12,000 --> 00:23:14,000
THE DOSE OF THE COGNITIVE PART

728
00:23:14,000 --> 00:23:16,720
AND HOW THEY--HOW THE 2

729
00:23:16,720 --> 00:23:17,880
INTERACT?

730
00:23:17,880 --> 00:23:18,920
>>YEAH, ABSOLUTELY
BECAUSE

731
00:23:18,920 --> 00:23:20,320
AGAIN IN THE COGNITIVE TRAINING

732
00:23:20,320 --> 00:23:21,920
APPROACH WE HAVE A FIXED DOSE OF

733
00:23:21,920 --> 00:23:24,920
3 MONTHS OF TRAINING AT 40 MINS

734
00:23:24,920 --> 00:23:26,120
A DAY FOR 5 DAYS A WEEK EMPLOY

735
00:23:26,120 --> 00:23:27,400
BUT YOUR QUESTION IS GREAT

736
00:23:27,400 --> 00:23:29,120
BECAUSE IT WE CAN GO BACK AND

737
00:23:29,120 --> 00:23:30,880
USE THE VARIABILITY OF THE DATA

738
00:23:30,880 --> 00:23:32,400
OF WHAT THEY DID RELATIVE TO

739
00:23:32,400 --> 00:23:34,520
THEIR RESPONSE TO BASE LINE

740
00:23:34,520 --> 00:23:35,440
CHARACTERISTICS RUN THESE SAME

741
00:23:35,440 --> 00:23:37,400
TYPE MODELS TO PREDICT TREATMENT

742
00:23:37,400 --> 00:23:39,040
RESPONSE AND THE APPROPRIATE

743
00:23:39,040 --> 00:23:40,440
DOSING OF TRAINING AND AS THESE

744
00:23:40,440 --> 00:23:42,240
LARGER AND LARGER TRIEMS ARE

745
00:23:42,240 --> 00:23:42,840
COMPLETED.

746
00:23:42,840 --> 00:23:45,160
IN FACT, THERE'S AN ONCATEGORY

747
00:23:45,160 --> 00:23:47,200
7600 PERSON TRIAL CALLED THE PAC

748
00:23:47,200 --> 00:23:48,840
TRIAL WHICH WE'RE A PART OF IN

749
00:23:48,840 --> 00:23:51,080
OLDER ADULTS THAT WOULD BE

750
00:23:51,080 --> 00:23:52,680
DELIVERING DOSING OF ABOUT THE

751
00:23:52,680 --> 00:23:54,840
SEAM 3 MONTHS IN VERY SIMILAR

752
00:23:54,840 --> 00:23:55,520
COGNITIVE TRAINING APPROACHES

753
00:23:55,520 --> 00:23:57,720
THAT UPON WE USED AND THAT SIZE

754
00:23:57,720 --> 00:24:00,640
OF DATA WE COULD DO SOME COOL

755
00:24:00,640 --> 00:24:01,800
ANALYSIS REGUARDING TREATMENT

756
00:24:01,800 --> 00:24:02,880
RESPONSE AND CUSTOMIZING THAT

757
00:24:02,880 --> 00:24:03,080
DOSE.

758
00:24:03,080 --> 00:24:05,880
AT THIS POINT WE HAVE NOT TRIED

759
00:24:05,880 --> 00:24:07,360
TO CUSTOMIZE OR SPECIFICALLY

760
00:24:07,360 --> 00:24:08,800
DOSE THE COGNITIVE TRAINING SIDE

761
00:24:08,800 --> 00:24:09,680
BUT YOU'RE RIGHT.

762
00:24:09,680 --> 00:24:11,320
THAT'S A CERTAIN COMPONENT WE

763
00:24:11,320 --> 00:24:12,880
ALSO HAVE TO CONTROL VERSUS SOME

764
00:24:12,880 --> 00:24:15,120
OF THESE APPROACHES WHERE TDCS

765
00:24:15,120 --> 00:24:16,160
IS THE PRIMARY INTERVENTION LIKE

766
00:24:16,160 --> 00:24:19,040
IN DEPRESSION FOR EXAMPLE, OR IN

767
00:24:19,040 --> 00:24:20,880
CHRONIC PAIN, WHERE WE WOULD

768
00:24:20,880 --> 00:24:22,520
ONLY NEED TO DOSE THAT

769
00:24:22,520 --> 00:24:22,880
COMPONENT.

770
00:24:22,880 --> 00:24:28,880
YEAH, IT'S A GREAT QUESTION.

771
00:24:28,880 --> 00:24:29,520
>>THANK YOU.

772
00:24:29,520 --> 00:24:29,920
>>THANK YOU.

773
00:24:29,920 --> 00:24:31,080
IF THERE IS NO OTHER QUESTION,

774
00:24:31,080 --> 00:24:32,360
WE WILL MOVE ON TO THE IN

775
00:24:32,360 --> 00:24:35,880
ACCIDENT SPEAKER, WHICH IS

776
00:24:35,880 --> 00:24:40,360
DR. --[ APPLAUSE ]

777
00:24:40,360 --> 00:24:41,680
--DR. SILVE NA, HOROVE TZ, FROM

778
00:24:41,680 --> 00:24:43,880
THE NATIONAL INNSITUTE OF

779
00:24:43,880 --> 00:24:45,200
NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND

780
00:24:45,200 --> 00:24:45,680
STROKE.

781
00:24:45,680 --> 00:24:47,800
>>HI, GOOD MORNING
EVERYBODY.

782
00:24:47,800 --> 00:24:53,440
IT'S GREAT TO BE AT HOME IN A

783
00:24:53,440 --> 00:24:54,640
MEETING IN PERSON.

784
00:24:54,640 --> 00:24:56,880
SO THANK YOU FOR INVITING ME AND

785
00:24:56,880 --> 00:25:03,600
LET ME TALK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT

786
00:25:03,600 --> 00:25:14,080
OUR WORK ON TMS AND FMRI IN

787
00:25:21,080 --> 00:25:21,600
MOVEMENT DISORDERS.

788
00:25:21,600 --> 00:25:23,240
I DON'T HAVE ANY CONFLICTS TO

789
00:25:23,240 --> 00:25:25,440
DECLARE, SO WHAT I WILL PRESENT

790
00:25:25,440 --> 00:25:27,600
TODAY IS WHY WE THINK IT'S

791
00:25:27,600 --> 00:25:30,680
IMPORTANT TO COMBINE TMS AND

792
00:25:30,680 --> 00:25:32,040
FMRI IN MOVEMENT DISORDERS AND

793
00:25:32,040 --> 00:25:35,320
THEN GO THROUGH A FEW WAYS TO

794
00:25:35,320 --> 00:25:37,680
COMBINE THAT SOME SOME HAVE BEEN

795
00:25:37,680 --> 00:25:41,360
MENTIONED ON OTHER TALKS BUT NOT

796
00:25:41,360 --> 00:25:41,960
APPLIED TO MOVEMENT DISORDERS

797
00:25:41,960 --> 00:25:51,880
AND I WILL TRY TO GO IN MORE

798
00:25:51,880 --> 00:25:52,120
DETAILS.

799
00:25:52,120 --> 00:25:54,480
SO YEAH, HOW WE CAN COMBINE THE

800
00:25:54,480 --> 00:25:56,040
FMRI AND THE MEDS AND HOW THEY

801
00:25:56,040 --> 00:25:59,080
CAN INFORM EACH OTHER.

802
00:25:59,080 --> 00:26:01,120
SO WE MOVE, RIGHT?

803
00:26:01,120 --> 00:26:03,320
WE TALK AND WE MOVE PARTS OF THE

804
00:26:03,320 --> 00:26:09,160
BODY, ANY FUNCTION THAT WE DO,

805
00:26:09,160 --> 00:26:09,920
WILL MOVE SOMETHING.

806
00:26:09,920 --> 00:26:11,680
SO UNDERSTANDING HOW WE CONTROL

807
00:26:11,680 --> 00:26:14,400
THE MOVEMENTS AND WHAT IS

808
00:26:14,400 --> 00:26:17,680
EFFECTIVE IN THE DISEASE IS

809
00:26:17,680 --> 00:26:19,000
IMPORTANT AND WE CAN--THE WAY

810
00:26:19,000 --> 00:26:23,520
THAT WE THINK ABOUT THE

811
00:26:23,520 --> 00:26:24,480
MOVEMENTS IS THROUGH THE

812
00:26:24,480 --> 00:26:26,440
MOVEMENT, WE THINK ABOUT THE

813
00:26:26,440 --> 00:26:29,720
SYSTEM, DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE

814
00:26:29,720 --> 00:26:31,560
BRAIN THAT INTERACT THAT WILL

815
00:26:31,560 --> 00:26:33,200
PRODUCE THE MOTOR OUTPUT THAT

816
00:26:33,200 --> 00:26:36,360
WILL GO TO THE PERIPHERY.

817
00:26:36,360 --> 00:26:40,680
SORRY, I'M HAVING ISSUES WITH

818
00:26:40,680 --> 00:26:51,160
THE ADVANCE OF THE SLIDES.

819
00:26:54,360 --> 00:26:56,000
>>OKAY, SO, SOME OF THESE

820
00:26:56,000 --> 00:27:01,520
DISEASES WERE MENTIONED IN THE

821
00:27:01,520 --> 00:27:04,160
[INDISCERNIBLE], PARKINSON'S

822
00:27:04,160 --> 00:27:06,640
DISEASE, DYSTONIA, SOCIAL TREMOR

823
00:27:06,640 --> 00:27:08,200
AND ALL THESE DISORDERS, AND YOU

824
00:27:08,200 --> 00:27:10,160
HAVE SOMETHING IN THE BASAL

825
00:27:10,160 --> 00:27:12,680
GANGLIA, SOME DEEP STRUCTURES

826
00:27:12,680 --> 00:27:16,600
AND SOME CORTICALE AREAS BUT WE

827
00:27:16,600 --> 00:27:19,640
KNOW THAT THEIR ARE SYSTEMS THAT

828
00:27:19,640 --> 00:27:23,800
INTERACT AND SO THAT'S WHAT WE

829
00:27:23,800 --> 00:27:25,480
WANT TO STUDY.

830
00:27:25,480 --> 00:27:26,640
HOW THIS DISORDER PRESENT, HOW

831
00:27:26,640 --> 00:27:29,400
WE CAN SEE THEM WITH FMRI AND

832
00:27:29,400 --> 00:27:32,400
WHAT PART OF THE CIRCUITS ARE

833
00:27:32,400 --> 00:27:36,960
AFFECTED OR HOW WE CAN ALTER

834
00:27:36,960 --> 00:27:37,200
THEM.

835
00:27:37,200 --> 00:27:39,640
SO WHAT WE GAIN FROM COMBINING

836
00:27:39,640 --> 00:27:42,280
THE FMRI AND THE TMS, IS THAT WE

837
00:27:42,280 --> 00:27:44,800
KNOW THAT FMRI ALLOWS FOR

838
00:27:44,800 --> 00:27:45,880
OBSERVATION OF NETWORKS UNDER

839
00:27:45,880 --> 00:27:47,960
INTERNATIONS, THAT'S SOMETHING

840
00:27:47,960 --> 00:27:49,520
THAT HAVE BEEN A GROWN FIELD IN

841
00:27:49,520 --> 00:27:54,000
THE LAST 15 YEARS OR SO.

842
00:27:54,000 --> 00:27:57,440
AND WITH TMS, WE HAVE THE CHANCE

843
00:27:57,440 --> 00:28:00,240
TO PERTURB THESE NETWORKS AND

844
00:28:00,240 --> 00:28:03,080
THEN OBSERVE CONSEQUENCES IN THE

845
00:28:03,080 --> 00:28:05,440
SHORT OR LONG-TERM AND THAT'S

846
00:28:05,440 --> 00:28:06,280
ALLOWED US TO REALLY STUDY

847
00:28:06,280 --> 00:28:07,600
WHAT'S GOING ON IN THE DIFFERENT

848
00:28:07,600 --> 00:28:09,320
PARTS OR AT LEAST THE PARTS THAT

849
00:28:09,320 --> 00:28:15,200
CAN ACCESS IN THE SYSTEM DOWN

850
00:28:15,200 --> 00:28:15,440
STREAM.

851
00:28:15,440 --> 00:28:16,080
SO THE FIRST TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

852
00:28:16,080 --> 00:28:20,440
I WANT TO MENTION IS SIMILAR TO

853
00:28:20,440 --> 00:28:24,000
THINGS THAT HAVE BEEN PRESENTED

854
00:28:24,000 --> 00:28:26,720
IN WAYS THAT WE CAN PROVE WHAT

855
00:28:26,720 --> 00:28:28,480
IS OUR SIMULATION IS DOG.

856
00:28:28,480 --> 00:28:32,960
SO WE USE FMRI TO OBSERVE, WHAT

857
00:28:32,960 --> 00:28:34,480
IS THE MECHANISM BEHIND THE

858
00:28:34,480 --> 00:28:38,560
STIMULATION, AND THIS IS THE

859
00:28:38,560 --> 00:28:41,400
STUDY THAT WAS [INDISCERNIBLE]

860
00:28:41,400 --> 00:28:43,080
AND CENSOR, IN THE GROUP THAT WE

861
00:28:43,080 --> 00:28:47,600
WORKED TOGETHER ON AND IN THE

862
00:28:47,600 --> 00:28:49,360
STUDY WE HAVE A SEQUENCE WHERE

863
00:28:49,360 --> 00:28:52,120
THE SUBJECT NEEDS TO MEMORIZE A

864
00:28:52,120 --> 00:28:52,600
TASK.

865
00:28:52,600 --> 00:28:56,720
BEFORE THAT DID WE DID A BASE

866
00:28:56,720 --> 00:28:58,120
LINE FMRI FOR RESTING STATE ASK

867
00:28:58,120 --> 00:29:00,920
THEN WE CAN DO OTHER FMRI

868
00:29:00,920 --> 00:29:04,200
RESTING ESTATE AFTER THEY LEARN

869
00:29:04,200 --> 00:29:14,680
THESE SEQUENCES AND THEN WE

870
00:29:15,200 --> 00:29:16,640
APPLY TMS INTERFERENCE OR

871
00:29:16,640 --> 00:29:17,840
[INDISCERNIBLE] AND SUBJECTS GO

872
00:29:17,840 --> 00:29:19,200
TO SLEEP AT THEIR HOUSE AND COME

873
00:29:19,200 --> 00:29:25,200
BACK, AND THEN WE DO

874
00:29:25,200 --> 00:29:27,000
PRERETESTING AND ANOTHER RETEST

875
00:29:27,000 --> 00:29:29,560
TRIAL AND ALSO TEST FMRI.

876
00:29:29,560 --> 00:29:34,600
SO WHAT WE FIND IS OF COURSE IN

877
00:29:34,600 --> 00:29:38,440
BEHAVIOR THAT APPLY THE TMS

878
00:29:38,440 --> 00:29:39,200
DURING REACTIVATION, REDOUSES

879
00:29:39,200 --> 00:29:40,720
THE LEARNING THAT THEY HAVE, IF

880
00:29:40,720 --> 00:29:42,960
YOU LOOK HERE, THE CONTROL IN

881
00:29:42,960 --> 00:29:45,280
THE SESSION THAT WILL BE HERE,

882
00:29:45,280 --> 00:29:49,400
THERE IS A BIG IMPROVEMENT IN

883
00:29:49,400 --> 00:29:52,680
THE PERFORMANCE THAT IS NOT SEEN

884
00:29:52,680 --> 00:29:58,960
WHEN AT THE TIME OF

885
00:29:58,960 --> 00:30:00,320
REACTIVATION, THE CONSIDERATION

886
00:30:00,320 --> 00:30:01,880
TIME THE SUBJECT IS QUESTIONED.

887
00:30:01,880 --> 00:30:03,520
THE QUESTION IS WHY DID THIS

888
00:30:03,520 --> 00:30:05,640
HAPPEN, THAT IS WE CAN EXPLORE

889
00:30:05,640 --> 00:30:09,080
WITH THE FMRI, AND SO WE USE A

890
00:30:09,080 --> 00:30:13,960
SEED IN THE MODEL CORTEX AND CAN

891
00:30:13,960 --> 00:30:16,000
LOOK AT HOW THE CONNECTIVITY

892
00:30:16,000 --> 00:30:18,240
GOES IN THE DIFFERENT CASES AND

893
00:30:18,240 --> 00:30:19,520
THE DIFFERENT CONDITIONS AND

894
00:30:19,520 --> 00:30:23,640
WAWE SEE IS THAT WHILE SUBJECTS

895
00:30:23,640 --> 00:30:25,480
IN THE PREAND POST TESTING

896
00:30:25,480 --> 00:30:31,720
BEFORE ANY INTERVENTION IN BOTH

897
00:30:31,720 --> 00:30:32,520
GROUP HAVE INTERCONNECTIVITYS

898
00:30:32,520 --> 00:30:35,720
BETWEEN THE MOTOR AREA AND THE

899
00:30:35,720 --> 00:30:40,800
BASAL GANGLIA, ONCE WE APPLY THE

900
00:30:40,800 --> 00:30:42,760
DIFFERENCE AND WE TEST THEM

901
00:30:42,760 --> 00:30:43,840
AFTER CONSOLIDATION TIME IN THE

902
00:30:43,840 --> 00:30:45,720
SLEEP, THERE IS A DIFFERENCE

903
00:30:45,720 --> 00:30:47,760
WHERE THE GROUP IS NOT AFFECTED

904
00:30:47,760 --> 00:30:51,600
GETS AN IMPROVEMENT WHILE THE

905
00:30:51,600 --> 00:30:53,240
GROUP AFFECTED DOESN'T.

906
00:30:53,240 --> 00:30:56,280
SO WHAT FMRI ALLOW US HERE IS

907
00:30:56,280 --> 00:30:57,000
UNDERSTANDING WHAT IS BEHIND THE

908
00:30:57,000 --> 00:30:59,840
EFFECT THAT WE HAVE IN THE

909
00:30:59,840 --> 00:31:02,800
SIMULATION AND WE CAN SEE THAT

910
00:31:02,800 --> 00:31:05,320
THE MODIFICATION OF THE MEMORY

911
00:31:05,320 --> 00:31:06,960
CORRELATES WITH THESE CHANGES IN

912
00:31:06,960 --> 00:31:09,040
CORRELATION, SO IT'S A GOOD

913
00:31:09,040 --> 00:31:12,320
EXAMPLE OF HOW WE CAN LOOK AT

914
00:31:12,320 --> 00:31:13,880
THE 2 BRAINS.

915
00:31:13,880 --> 00:31:15,760
SO THIS IS CONTROLS OF SIMILAR

916
00:31:15,760 --> 00:31:20,560
THINGS COULD BE APPLIED IN

917
00:31:20,560 --> 00:31:21,160
PATIENTS OF COURSE.

918
00:31:21,160 --> 00:31:22,640
ANOTHER STUDY NOW IN PATIENTS,

919
00:31:22,640 --> 00:31:26,720
WE TRIED TO SEE, TO UNDERSTAND

920
00:31:26,720 --> 00:31:32,400
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE

921
00:31:32,400 --> 00:31:33,880
[INDISCERNIBLE] FOR DYSTONIA,

922
00:31:33,880 --> 00:31:35,400
FOCAL HAND DYSTONIA WAS THE

923
00:31:35,400 --> 00:31:37,120
TOPIC OF A HAND YESTERDAY SO

924
00:31:37,120 --> 00:31:41,320
THOSE THAT WERE ALREADY HEARD

925
00:31:41,320 --> 00:31:44,200
IS--DISEASE WHERE THE PATIENTS

926
00:31:44,200 --> 00:31:46,000
HAVE A PROBLEM IN A FINE

927
00:31:46,000 --> 00:31:47,520
CONTROL, VERY SPECIFIC FOR

928
00:31:47,520 --> 00:31:51,600
EXAMPLE, A PERSON COULD HAVE A

929
00:31:51,600 --> 00:31:54,560
DEFICIT IN WRITING THAT'S MORE

930
00:31:54,560 --> 00:31:56,840
COMMON, WRITER CRAMPS AND SO

931
00:31:56,840 --> 00:31:58,840
ONLY HAVE THESE CO CONTRAKSZ IN

932
00:31:58,840 --> 00:32:00,920
THE FINGERS AT THE TIME OF

933
00:32:00,920 --> 00:32:02,640
WRITING BUT NOT THAT MATCH ANY

934
00:32:02,640 --> 00:32:05,480
OTHER ACTIVITIES.

935
00:32:05,480 --> 00:32:07,800
SO THE CONTROL NETWORK THAT WE

936
00:32:07,800 --> 00:32:11,960
CALL FOR THESE, WE KNOW IT

937
00:32:11,960 --> 00:32:14,400
INVOLVES THE DARSAL AND VENTRAL

938
00:32:14,400 --> 00:32:24,960
MOTOR OF THE DORSAL AND INTORIOR

939
00:32:29,280 --> 00:32:31,760
INFERIOR PARRY ET AL LOBULE.

940
00:32:31,760 --> 00:32:33,960
SO THE LOBULE WILL BE THE 1S

941
00:32:33,960 --> 00:32:36,040
AFFECTED SO WE TRIED TO SEE

942
00:32:36,040 --> 00:32:40,040
WHETHER WE CAN INTERVENE WITH

943
00:32:40,040 --> 00:32:41,240
TMS, SIMULATED DIFFERENT AREAS

944
00:32:41,240 --> 00:32:43,280
AND UNDERSTAND WHAT'S HAPPENING

945
00:32:43,280 --> 00:32:45,280
IN THESE CONNECTIONS IN THE

946
00:32:45,280 --> 00:32:47,080
PATIENT'S DIFFERENT THAN THE

947
00:32:47,080 --> 00:32:47,520
CONTROLS.

948
00:32:47,520 --> 00:32:52,680
OF COURSE, WE KNOW AND PROBABLY

949
00:32:52,680 --> 00:32:54,200
ARE FAMILIAR WITH THAT DEPENDING

950
00:32:54,200 --> 00:32:55,920
ON WHERE YOU STIMULATE, IT COULD

951
00:32:55,920 --> 00:32:56,560
BE DIFFERENT RESULTS.

952
00:32:56,560 --> 00:33:04,360
IT WAS A NICE DEMONSTRATION IN A

953
00:33:04,360 --> 00:33:07,200
STUDY BY VERY CLOSE OF THE

954
00:33:07,200 --> 00:33:09,040
PARIETAL CORTEX PRODUCE VERY,

955
00:33:09,040 --> 00:33:10,480
VERY DIFFERENT RESULTS, SO WE

956
00:33:10,480 --> 00:33:11,640
KNOW ALREADY THAT IT IS VERY

957
00:33:11,640 --> 00:33:15,440
IMPORTANT AND THIS IS JUST ON A

958
00:33:15,440 --> 00:33:16,840
STRUCTURAL T1 SO FOR US IT WAS

959
00:33:16,840 --> 00:33:21,160
VERY IMPORTANT TO BE ABLE TO

960
00:33:21,160 --> 00:33:22,120
DISTINGUISH THIS SURFACE, THE

961
00:33:22,120 --> 00:33:25,320
DORSAL OF THE VENTRAL PATHWAYS

962
00:33:25,320 --> 00:33:29,360
IN THE PREMOTOR AND THE PARIETAL

963
00:33:29,360 --> 00:33:32,680
CORTEX, SO FOR THAT WE CHOOSE TO

964
00:33:32,680 --> 00:33:35,920
USE FMRI AND I KNOW THIS IS A

965
00:33:35,920 --> 00:33:38,200
CROWDED SLIDE BUT I MAINLY, THIS

966
00:33:38,200 --> 00:33:42,720
IS THE IDEA THAT WE USE FIRST

967
00:33:42,720 --> 00:33:43,840
IMANNUALING PARADIGM THAT

968
00:33:43,840 --> 00:33:45,480
INCLUDE OTHER THINGS, FOR THIS,

969
00:33:45,480 --> 00:33:48,040
BUT WE HAVE RESTING STATE THAT

970
00:33:48,040 --> 00:33:50,360
WILL ALLOW US TO STUDY

971
00:33:50,360 --> 00:33:53,240
CONNECTIVITY FOR THE FMRI TASK

972
00:33:53,240 --> 00:33:57,240
THAT WILL ALLOW US TO IDENTIFY

973
00:33:57,240 --> 00:33:58,280
THE DIFFERENT REEJIOKNOWS

974
00:33:58,280 --> 00:33:59,480
RELEVANT FOR PERFORMING THE

975
00:33:59,480 --> 00:34:07,520
TASK, THE FINE CONTROL TASK AND

976
00:34:07,520 --> 00:34:10,840
THEN WE CAN USE THIS INFORMATION

977
00:34:10,840 --> 00:34:12,040
FOR THE STUDY, WE SEE WHAT WILL

978
00:34:12,040 --> 00:34:15,720
HAPPEN AND WE COULD COMPARE WITH

979
00:34:15,720 --> 00:34:18,920
THE TMS RESULTS WITH THE GROUP

980
00:34:18,920 --> 00:34:20,200
LEVEL, BUT ALSO WE CAN USE THIS

981
00:34:20,200 --> 00:34:21,800
TASK TO LIMITED PARTNERSHIP

982
00:34:21,800 --> 00:34:23,880
ABOUT THE SPECIFIC AREA FOR EACH

983
00:34:23,880 --> 00:34:26,960
INDIVIDUAL ON HOW TO APPLY THE

984
00:34:26,960 --> 00:34:28,720
SIMULATION, SO IF YOU'RE

985
00:34:28,720 --> 00:34:32,000
GOINGANNA TOMICALLY, THIS WILL

986
00:34:32,000 --> 00:34:33,520
BE THE SEEDS LIKE THESE LITTLE

987
00:34:33,520 --> 00:34:39,120
DOTS LIKE WE WOULD PUT THE TMS

988
00:34:39,120 --> 00:34:39,360
PROCEED.

989
00:34:39,360 --> 00:34:41,360
HOIR WE CAN LEARN MORE AND FOR

990
00:34:41,360 --> 00:34:42,840
THE SPECIFIC SUGJECT, THE WAY WE

991
00:34:42,840 --> 00:34:46,080
DID WAS TO FIND ANATOMICAL

992
00:34:46,080 --> 00:34:48,160
REGIONS THAT THEN LOOK FOR THE

993
00:34:48,160 --> 00:34:50,720
VOXEL IN EACH SUBJECT THAT HAD

994
00:34:50,720 --> 00:34:52,560
THE HIGHERACIVATION TO SEE THE

995
00:34:52,560 --> 00:34:55,600
INTEREST AS YOU CAN SEE HERE

996
00:34:55,600 --> 00:34:56,360
THERE ARE SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT

997
00:34:56,360 --> 00:34:58,520
THAT ARE FINE BUT THE OTHER

998
00:34:58,520 --> 00:35:00,160
REGIONS YOU MAY NOT HAVE THE

999
00:35:00,160 --> 00:35:02,240
PEAK AT THE SAME PLACE THAT YOU

1000
00:35:02,240 --> 00:35:04,000
WILL BE IN ANATOMY AND WE WILL

1001
00:35:04,000 --> 00:35:08,280
GET BECOME TO THAT IN OTHER

1002
00:35:08,280 --> 00:35:08,640
STUDIESAs WELL.

1003
00:35:08,640 --> 00:35:10,640
SO THEN WE CAN USE NAVIGATION

1004
00:35:10,640 --> 00:35:13,760
BUT PUT THE COIL IN THE RIGHT

1005
00:35:13,760 --> 00:35:16,960
LOCATION BASED ON THE ACTUAL

1006
00:35:16,960 --> 00:35:18,360
ACTIVATION FOR THAT TASK FOR

1007
00:35:18,360 --> 00:35:21,800
THAT PEASHT THAT WILL PROBABLY

1008
00:35:21,800 --> 00:35:28,440
YIELD THE MORE EFFECTS FOR

1009
00:35:28,440 --> 00:35:29,800
AFFECTING THAT PARTICULAR TASK

1010
00:35:29,800 --> 00:35:32,800
SO WHAT WE OBSERVE HERE IS THAT

1011
00:35:32,800 --> 00:35:37,920
THE PMB TO 1 IS NOT THE REGION

1012
00:35:37,920 --> 00:35:42,320
AFFECTED AND THE IMBALANCE WAS

1013
00:35:42,320 --> 00:35:43,440
IN THE PARIETAL REGIONS.

1014
00:35:43,440 --> 00:35:46,360
SO 1 OF THE THINGS THAT 1 OF THE

1015
00:35:46,360 --> 00:35:52,600
CONCEPTS THAT THROUGH MANY TMS

1016
00:35:52,600 --> 00:35:53,640
STUDIES COME REGULARLY IS THE

1017
00:35:53,640 --> 00:35:57,680
IDEA OF LACK OF SURROUNDING

1018
00:35:57,680 --> 00:35:59,240
[INDISCERNIBLE] IN THE PATIENTS.

1019
00:35:59,240 --> 00:36:04,120
THERE IS NO SIGNAL GOING TO

1020
00:36:04,120 --> 00:36:04,960
BLOCK THE CENTER OF THE FINGER

1021
00:36:04,960 --> 00:36:07,920
YOU WANT TO USE AND THEN PRESS

1022
00:36:07,920 --> 00:36:12,600
OUT TO THE NEIGHBOR FINGERS

1023
00:36:12,600 --> 00:36:18,520
THAT'S WORK IN TMS DONE BY ABOUT

1024
00:36:18,520 --> 00:36:20,360
THE CONDITIONING AND SO WE WENT

1025
00:36:20,360 --> 00:36:22,760
OVER OTHER THINGS I WANT TO SHOW

1026
00:36:22,760 --> 00:36:25,520
IS WE CAN SOMETIMES LEARN

1027
00:36:25,520 --> 00:36:27,160
SOMETHING ON TMS AND THEN GO TO

1028
00:36:27,160 --> 00:36:28,880
A VERY DIFFERENT TECHNIQUE AND

1029
00:36:28,880 --> 00:36:32,240
TRY TO MOVE FORWARD, RIGHT?

1030
00:36:32,240 --> 00:36:34,120
SO THESE THAT I'M SHOWING HERE

1031
00:36:34,120 --> 00:36:37,800
IS COMPLIMENTARY INFORMATION TO

1032
00:36:37,800 --> 00:36:41,680
THAT, BUT THIS IS VASO FMRI AT 7

1033
00:36:41,680 --> 00:36:43,320
TESLA, WE DON'T HAVE A

1034
00:36:43,320 --> 00:36:44,360
SIMULATION HERE BUT WHAT WE CAN

1035
00:36:44,360 --> 00:36:47,240
DO IS NOW AT A VERY HIGH

1036
00:36:47,240 --> 00:36:49,680
RESOLUTION AND FMRI TRY TO

1037
00:36:49,680 --> 00:36:51,600
UNDERSTAND WHAT IS HAPPENING IN

1038
00:36:51,600 --> 00:36:54,040
THE BRAIN OF THESE PATIENTS,

1039
00:36:54,040 --> 00:36:55,680
THIS IS DATA FROM PATIENTS BUT

1040
00:36:55,680 --> 00:36:59,600
WE CAN SEE INDEED THAT THIS IS

1041
00:36:59,600 --> 00:37:03,440
THE FIGURE REPRESENTATION FOR

1042
00:37:03,440 --> 00:37:05,880
THE HEALTHY ATMOSHPHERE OR MORE

1043
00:37:05,880 --> 00:37:06,960
HEALTHY ATMOSPHERE, WE KNOW

1044
00:37:06,960 --> 00:37:10,920
THERE IS SOME CROSS OVER IN

1045
00:37:10,920 --> 00:37:12,440
DYSTONIA, BUT WE CAN SAY THAT

1046
00:37:12,440 --> 00:37:18,200
THIS IS THE HAND THAT IS

1047
00:37:18,200 --> 00:37:19,000
PROPERLY DISTRIBUTED HOWEVER IN

1048
00:37:19,000 --> 00:37:23,200
THE PATIENT, IN THE AFFECTED

1049
00:37:23,200 --> 00:37:25,080
VARIANT, SO IT'S HERE WE DON'T

1050
00:37:25,080 --> 00:37:26,840
HAVE THE CLEAN REPRESENTATION OF

1051
00:37:26,840 --> 00:37:27,960
THE FINGER WHICH SUPPORTS THE

1052
00:37:27,960 --> 00:37:30,280
WHYED THAT WE'RE NOT INHIBITING

1053
00:37:30,280 --> 00:37:32,160
OR SEPARATING THE ACTIVATION.

1054
00:37:32,160 --> 00:37:37,720
AND WHEN WE LOOK AT THE LAYERS,

1055
00:37:37,720 --> 00:37:39,240
WE CAN SEE THAT THEY'RE AFFECTED

1056
00:37:39,240 --> 00:37:40,760
HERE SHOWN IN GROWN AND THEY'RE

1057
00:37:40,760 --> 00:37:44,040
AFFECTED IN PLURIBU, THERE IS A

1058
00:37:44,040 --> 00:37:45,040
BIG DIFFERENCE INTO THE

1059
00:37:45,040 --> 00:37:47,680
INCREASING THE PATIENTS IN THE

1060
00:37:47,680 --> 00:37:50,320
SUPERFICIAL LEVELS WHILE

1061
00:37:50,320 --> 00:37:52,080
DECREASED ACTIVITY IN THE DEEPER

1062
00:37:52,080 --> 00:37:56,920
LAYERS IN THE BRAIN THAT COULD

1063
00:37:56,920 --> 00:38:00,640
BE WHAT IS INDEED CAUSING OR

1064
00:38:00,640 --> 00:38:02,400
THIS LACK OF INHIBITION AROUND

1065
00:38:02,400 --> 00:38:05,200
AND WE SEE THESE DIFFERENCES IN

1066
00:38:05,200 --> 00:38:10,000
THE VASOSIGNAL BUT ALSO IN THE

1067
00:38:10,000 --> 00:38:11,240
[INDISCERNIBLE] FMRI, SO MOVING

1068
00:38:11,240 --> 00:38:12,000
TO ANOTHER STUDY.

1069
00:38:12,000 --> 00:38:14,440
WE MENTIONED THAT IN THE

1070
00:38:14,440 --> 00:38:17,000
PREVIOUS STUDY IS THAT I SHOWED

1071
00:38:17,000 --> 00:38:24,360
THAT WE CAN USE THE TMS TO

1072
00:38:24,360 --> 00:38:26,400
LOCALIZE,--I MEAN THE FMRI TO

1073
00:38:26,400 --> 00:38:27,920
LOCALIZE THE STIMULATION IN

1074
00:38:27,920 --> 00:38:31,960
PLACE BY DOING ACTEST.

1075
00:38:31,960 --> 00:38:35,600
BUT SOMETIMES THE DESIRED TARGET

1076
00:38:35,600 --> 00:38:37,840
IS NOT CORTICALE AND WE KNOW

1077
00:38:37,840 --> 00:38:39,720
THAT TMS CAN ONLY BE APPLIED TO

1078
00:38:39,720 --> 00:38:41,680
THE CERTAIN DEPTH OF MANY OF YOU

1079
00:38:41,680 --> 00:38:43,840
ARE EXPERTS ON THAT OF THE

1080
00:38:43,840 --> 00:38:44,840
MODELING THAT I'M GETTING INTO

1081
00:38:44,840 --> 00:38:48,440
BUT WE KNOW WE CAN'T GET IT SO 1

1082
00:38:48,440 --> 00:38:52,880
OF THE WAYS THAT WE CAN GO IS BY

1083
00:38:52,880 --> 00:38:57,360
USING INFORMATION FROM FMRI, AND

1084
00:38:57,360 --> 00:38:57,720
CONNECTIVITY.

1085
00:38:57,720 --> 00:39:01,120
SO MAINLY IN THIS CASE, WHAT WE

1086
00:39:01,120 --> 00:39:04,360
DID IS USING RESTING STATE OF

1087
00:39:04,360 --> 00:39:06,680
FMRI FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL

1088
00:39:06,680 --> 00:39:08,800
SUBJECT, AND STRUCTURAL DATA

1089
00:39:08,800 --> 00:39:11,720
WHERE WE HAD DEFINED ARK MIG

1090
00:39:11,720 --> 00:39:14,800
DUALA DUALA REGION, EXTRACTED

1091
00:39:14,800 --> 00:39:17,240
TIMES FROM THE AMYGDALA AND THEN

1092
00:39:17,240 --> 00:39:18,520
LOOK AT THE FUNCTIONAL

1093
00:39:18,520 --> 00:39:19,640
CONNECTIVITY AND THEN IF WE HAVE

1094
00:39:19,640 --> 00:39:22,760
A TARGET AREA IN OUR CASE, THE

1095
00:39:22,760 --> 00:39:24,080
DORSAL LATERAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX

1096
00:39:24,080 --> 00:39:25,880
AND WE CAN FIND WHICH AREA

1097
00:39:25,880 --> 00:39:27,720
WITHIN THE DORSAL LATERAL WE

1098
00:39:27,720 --> 00:39:29,280
PREFER THE CORTEX AND WE KNOW

1099
00:39:29,280 --> 00:39:31,000
IT'S A PRETTY LARGENNA TOMICAL

1100
00:39:31,000 --> 00:39:33,320
REGION IS THE 1 THAT CORRELATES

1101
00:39:33,320 --> 00:39:34,880
MORE WITH THE AMYGDALA AND WILL

1102
00:39:34,880 --> 00:39:37,440
GOVERN US A BETTER CHANCE TO

1103
00:39:37,440 --> 00:39:48,000
MODIFY THE AMYGDALA ACTIVATION.

1104
00:39:48,440 --> 00:39:50,520
AND AS WE SEE HERE, THIS IS A

1105
00:39:50,520 --> 00:39:51,520
PILOT STUDY, THIS IS DIFFERENT

1106
00:39:51,520 --> 00:39:52,920
SECTIONS AND I WILL SHOW YOU THE

1107
00:39:52,920 --> 00:39:54,040
PARADIGM IN THE NEXT SLIDE BUT

1108
00:39:54,040 --> 00:39:55,880
WHAT I WANT TO POINT HERE IS

1109
00:39:55,880 --> 00:39:59,160
THAT WHILE MOST SUBJECT HAVE A

1110
00:39:59,160 --> 00:40:00,560
VERY CLOSE HIGHER CONNECTIVITY

1111
00:40:00,560 --> 00:40:02,920
POINT, IT'S NOT EXACTLY THE SAME

1112
00:40:02,920 --> 00:40:05,920
ON EVERYBODY. 

1113
00:40:05,920 --> 00:40:07,480
AND THEN, OF COURSE 1 IS LOOKING

1114
00:40:07,480 --> 00:40:09,560
AT THE SUBJECT AND YOU CAN SEE

1115
00:40:09,560 --> 00:40:11,080
WHETHER THESE ARE THE SAME

1116
00:40:11,080 --> 00:40:13,360
RESULTS OR NOT BUT MAINLY EVEN

1117
00:40:13,360 --> 00:40:15,640
WITH THESE LITTLE GROUP FOR DOGS

1118
00:40:15,640 --> 00:40:17,000
THAT ARE VERY CLOSE TOGETHER,

1119
00:40:17,000 --> 00:40:21,880
THEY ARE NOT EXACTLY IN THE SAME

1120
00:40:21,880 --> 00:40:22,080
POINT.

1121
00:40:22,080 --> 00:40:23,640
SO THE PROGRAM WE HAVE AND THIS

1122
00:40:23,640 --> 00:40:27,680
WAS PROOF OF CONCEPT TREATMENT

1123
00:40:27,680 --> 00:40:32,800
IS, WELL, WE FIRST DO THE

1124
00:40:32,800 --> 00:40:34,760
RESTING STATE, FMRI, TO FIND OUR

1125
00:40:34,760 --> 00:40:37,160
TARGET REGION AND THEN WE CAN GO

1126
00:40:37,160 --> 00:40:44,320
THROUGH THE STIMULATION THAT WE

1127
00:40:44,320 --> 00:40:45,560
DO INTERMITTENT STIMULATION AND

1128
00:40:45,560 --> 00:40:49,120
WE CAN DO IN THIS TASK, WHEN WE

1129
00:40:49,120 --> 00:40:51,240
ARE LOOKING THE AMYGDALA HAS

1130
00:40:51,240 --> 00:40:52,800
HYPER-ACTIVITY IN THE PATIENTS

1131
00:40:52,800 --> 00:40:57,160
SO WE WANT TO SEE RESPONSES TO

1132
00:40:57,160 --> 00:40:59,040
FACES AND HAPPY AND POSITIVE AND

1133
00:40:59,040 --> 00:41:01,720
NEGATIVE BALANCE AND THEN WE CAN

1134
00:41:01,720 --> 00:41:03,480
SEE WHAT HAPPENED AFTER THESE

1135
00:41:03,480 --> 00:41:05,640
SERIES OF STIMULATIONS THAT WERE

1136
00:41:05,640 --> 00:41:07,280
DONE WITH CONSECUTIVE BASE AND

1137
00:41:07,280 --> 00:41:10,920
WE DO NOT DO TMS IN THE SCANNER

1138
00:41:10,920 --> 00:41:11,720
THAT'S TECHNOLOGICALLY MORE

1139
00:41:11,720 --> 00:41:15,600
DEMANDING AND SOMETIMES WITH

1140
00:41:15,600 --> 00:41:18,160
PATIENTS THAT MOVE AND BECOME

1141
00:41:18,160 --> 00:41:21,240
VERY TRICKY, RIGHT WHEN TRYING

1142
00:41:21,240 --> 00:41:22,320
TO BE VERY PRECISE IN THE

1143
00:41:22,320 --> 00:41:24,000
STIMULATION AND THEN THE SUBJECT

1144
00:41:24,000 --> 00:41:26,160
WILL MOVE IN THE SCANNER IS

1145
00:41:26,160 --> 00:41:30,000
SOMETHING THAT REQUIRES ANOTHER

1146
00:41:30,000 --> 00:41:30,640
LAYER OF CARE.

1147
00:41:30,640 --> 00:41:33,840
SO ANYWAYS, THIS IS DONE VERY

1148
00:41:33,840 --> 00:41:35,880
TIMELY WHERE WE HAVE THE

1149
00:41:35,880 --> 00:41:38,520
BEHAVIORIAL TASK, WE APPLY TMS,

1150
00:41:38,520 --> 00:41:41,880
WE GO RIGHT TO THE SCANNER, THEN

1151
00:41:41,880 --> 00:41:43,080
WE DO ANOTHER ITERATION AND WE

1152
00:41:43,080 --> 00:41:46,560
DO THAT A FEW TIMES.

1153
00:41:46,560 --> 00:41:48,320
AND WE DO OBSERVE THAT INDEED

1154
00:41:48,320 --> 00:41:52,160
THROUGH THE DIFFERENT VISITS,

1155
00:41:52,160 --> 00:41:53,600
OVER ALL CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN

1156
00:41:53,600 --> 00:41:56,960
THE AMYGDALA AND THE DORSAL

1157
00:41:56,960 --> 00:42:02,200
PREFRONTAL CORTEX TARGET, CHANGE

1158
00:42:02,200 --> 00:42:03,320
THE CASE OVER TIME BUT ALSO WE

1159
00:42:03,320 --> 00:42:07,800
SEE THAT THE BEHAVIOR CHANGE SO

1160
00:42:07,800 --> 00:42:09,240
NEGATIVE BALANCE DECREASE AND

1161
00:42:09,240 --> 00:42:19,760
THE POSITIVE BALANCE INCREASE SO

1162
00:42:20,000 --> 00:42:23,760
IT HAS THE WANTED EEIVET ON THE

1163
00:42:23,760 --> 00:42:25,080
PATIENTS.

1164
00:42:25,080 --> 00:42:27,720
SO THESE ARE 1 OF THE

1165
00:42:27,720 --> 00:42:28,000
TREATMENTS.

1166
00:42:28,000 --> 00:42:30,400
WE NOW TO MOVE TO DO THAT STUDY

1167
00:42:30,400 --> 00:42:32,560
AS RUN THE MICE DOUBLE BLIND

1168
00:42:32,560 --> 00:42:33,720
PATHWAY GIVES SEEB O CONTROL

1169
00:42:33,720 --> 00:42:35,520
TRIAL, IT'S A SMALL TRIAL WE'RE

1170
00:42:35,520 --> 00:42:39,600
RUNNING HERE AT NINDS AND I ALSO

1171
00:42:39,600 --> 00:42:41,040
TRY TO FIND STUDIES FROM OTHER

1172
00:42:41,040 --> 00:42:43,000
GROUPS OF CLINICAL TRIALS, THERE

1173
00:42:43,000 --> 00:42:46,280
ARE A LOT MORE IN THE

1174
00:42:46,280 --> 00:42:48,520
PSYCHIATRIC THAT IN THE

1175
00:42:48,520 --> 00:42:51,360
NEUROLOGY, ESPECIALLY MOVEMENT

1176
00:42:51,360 --> 00:42:52,200
DISORDERS, THERE IS ANOTHER

1177
00:42:52,200 --> 00:42:54,000
STUDY BEING RUP NOW IN CANADA

1178
00:42:54,000 --> 00:42:58,400
DAILY BASIS AT TITANS AND

1179
00:42:58,400 --> 00:43:01,800
INTERESTINGLY, THESE 2 STUDIES

1180
00:43:01,800 --> 00:43:05,000
OF FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT DISORDERS

1181
00:43:05,000 --> 00:43:07,000
HAVE DISORDERS, [INDISCERNIBLE]

1182
00:43:07,000 --> 00:43:11,040
ALSO WITH DISORDERS, RIGHT?

1183
00:43:11,040 --> 00:43:14,040
THERE ARE OTHER STUDIES FROM THE

1184
00:43:14,040 --> 00:43:17,360
LITERATURE THAT HAVE DONE TMS

1185
00:43:17,360 --> 00:43:19,840
AND LOOKING AT DEFECT IN

1186
00:43:19,840 --> 00:43:20,880
CONNECTIVITY IN PATIENTS WITH

1187
00:43:20,880 --> 00:43:22,040
DIFFERENT LEVELS OF EFFECT BUT

1188
00:43:22,040 --> 00:43:22,880
HOWEVER, 1 OF THE TECHNOLOGY

1189
00:43:22,880 --> 00:43:26,080
TRANSFERS I WANT TO POINT IS

1190
00:43:26,080 --> 00:43:30,920
LIKE FOR EXAMPLE THESE

1191
00:43:30,920 --> 00:43:33,360
CEREBELLAR TMS, THAT CHANGE

1192
00:43:33,360 --> 00:43:35,280
FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY IN

1193
00:43:35,280 --> 00:43:41,520
CANNED WHAT, SOME STUDIES IN

1194
00:43:41,520 --> 00:43:43,920
TINITUS, AND STUDIES ON

1195
00:43:43,920 --> 00:43:45,120
PARKINSONS PATIENTS AND

1196
00:43:45,120 --> 00:43:46,440
DYSTONIA, ALL THESE STUDIES ARE

1197
00:43:46,440 --> 00:43:47,680
ABOUT 10 YEARINGS OLD AND DIDN'T

1198
00:43:47,680 --> 00:43:50,600
MOVE TO CLINIC SO A LOT OF THESE

1199
00:43:50,600 --> 00:43:52,120
ARE PROOF OF CONCEPT AND VERY

1200
00:43:52,120 --> 00:43:54,760
HARD TO GET ALL THESE THINGS

1201
00:43:54,760 --> 00:43:56,200
TOGETHER, IT'S HARD TO SCAN THE

1202
00:43:56,200 --> 00:43:59,760
PATIENTS, IT'S HARD TO HAVE THE

1203
00:43:59,760 --> 00:44:01,040
TMSOT PATIENTS AND IT IS EVEN

1204
00:44:01,040 --> 00:44:04,880
HARDER TO TRY TO DO EVERYTHING

1205
00:44:04,880 --> 00:44:07,880
WITHIN THE TIME THAT YOU CAN

1206
00:44:07,880 --> 00:44:09,160
MONITOR THAT THINGS ARE

1207
00:44:09,160 --> 00:44:09,560
CHANGING.

1208
00:44:09,560 --> 00:44:12,240
SO I THINK UNTIL WE KNOW FOR

1209
00:44:12,240 --> 00:44:14,680
EXAMPLE, IF YOU LIKE TMS, HOW

1210
00:44:14,680 --> 00:44:16,320
LONG THE TREATMENT WILL LAST IS

1211
00:44:16,320 --> 00:44:18,200
IMPORTANT TO TIME WHEN YOU ARE

1212
00:44:18,200 --> 00:44:21,400
COLLECTING YOUR FMRI IF YOU ARE

1213
00:44:21,400 --> 00:44:22,560
TRYING TO SEE WHETHER THERE IS

1214
00:44:22,560 --> 00:44:23,880
AN EFFECT OR WHAT IS THE

1215
00:44:23,880 --> 00:44:34,400
MECHANISM OF EFFECT OR THE TMS. 

1216
00:44:37,160 --> 00:44:41,880
SO IN SUMMARY, WE'VE SEEN THAT

1217
00:44:41,880 --> 00:44:43,200
TMS AND FMRI ARE USED TOGETHER

1218
00:44:43,200 --> 00:44:45,920
TO GET AN IMPROVEMENT ON HOW WE

1219
00:44:45,920 --> 00:44:47,680
APPLY TMS AND WHAT WE LEARN

1220
00:44:47,680 --> 00:44:52,800
ABOUT TMS BY ADDING THE MRI

1221
00:44:52,800 --> 00:44:56,040
COMPONENT AND THEY CAN HELP US

1222
00:44:56,040 --> 00:44:58,880
UNDERSTAND MOVEMENT DISORDERS,

1223
00:44:58,880 --> 00:44:59,480
HOPEFULLY EVENTUALLY BECOME

1224
00:44:59,480 --> 00:45:01,440
TREATMENT FOR SOME OF THEM.

1225
00:45:01,440 --> 00:45:05,320
SO WHAT I HAVE SHOWN IS THAT

1226
00:45:05,320 --> 00:45:08,720
FMRI CAN BE USED TO PROBE TMS,

1227
00:45:08,720 --> 00:45:11,920
CAN HELP FIND THE LOCATIONS, NOT

1228
00:45:11,920 --> 00:45:15,200
ONLY BY POINTING TOWARDS THE

1229
00:45:15,200 --> 00:45:17,720
BEST SPOT CORTEX BUT ALSO

1230
00:45:17,720 --> 00:45:20,640
BECAUSE WE KNOW THAT THE BRAIN

1231
00:45:20,640 --> 00:45:22,600
FUNCTION AS NETWORKS AND

1232
00:45:22,600 --> 00:45:23,360
DEFINITELY MOVEMENT DISORDERS

1233
00:45:23,360 --> 00:45:26,040
YOU CAN HAVE THIS EFFECT BY

1234
00:45:26,040 --> 00:45:28,200
HAVING DIFFERENT NODES AFFECTED,

1235
00:45:28,200 --> 00:45:30,280
FOR EXAMPLE, THERE WAS SOME

1236
00:45:30,280 --> 00:45:31,560
TALKS YESTERDAY ABOUT DEEP BRAIN

1237
00:45:31,560 --> 00:45:33,480
STIMULATION AND YOU CAN HAVE THE

1238
00:45:33,480 --> 00:45:37,680
SAME EFFECT OF DISEASE MODIFYING

1239
00:45:37,680 --> 00:45:38,840
EFFECTS BY APPLYING STIMULATION

1240
00:45:38,840 --> 00:45:40,320
IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BRAIN

1241
00:45:40,320 --> 00:45:41,480
WITH DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION THAT

1242
00:45:41,480 --> 00:45:45,040
WE HOPE THAT THE SAME COULD BE

1243
00:45:45,040 --> 00:45:48,720
HAPPENING BY AFFECTING THIS

1244
00:45:48,720 --> 00:45:52,560
NETWORKS, WITH TMS, SO,

1245
00:45:52,560 --> 00:45:55,760
CONNECTIVITY COULD BE THE GUIDE

1246
00:45:55,760 --> 00:46:01,960
TO OUR DOOR TO BE ABLE TO TMS IN

1247
00:46:01,960 --> 00:46:05,000
AFFECTING DEEP STRUCTURES AND OF

1248
00:46:05,000 --> 00:46:06,480
COURSE AGGREGATING INFORMATION

1249
00:46:06,480 --> 00:46:09,360
WOULD IMPROVE OUR KNOWLEDGE.

1250
00:46:09,360 --> 00:46:11,720
SO WITH THIS, I WOULD LIKE TO

1251
00:46:11,720 --> 00:46:13,680
ACKNOWLEDGE THE COLLABORATORS IN

1252
00:46:13,680 --> 00:46:18,000
PARTICULAR,  [INDISCERNIBLE] WHO

1253
00:46:18,000 --> 00:46:22,400
LED MOST OF THESE TMS STUDIES

1254
00:46:22,400 --> 00:46:23,400
THAT I PRESENTED.

1255
00:46:23,400 --> 00:46:28,000
AND THE REST OF THE TEAM THAT I

1256
00:46:28,000 --> 00:46:29,800
WANT TO POINT OUT WERE HERE AT

1257
00:46:29,800 --> 00:46:31,240
THE NOOH H AND PARTICIPATE

1258
00:46:31,240 --> 00:46:33,560
INDEED THE STUDIES THAT I'VE

1259
00:46:33,560 --> 00:46:38,480
SHOWN YOU. 

1260
00:46:38,480 --> 00:46:38,720
THANK YOU.

1261
00:46:38,720 --> 00:46:39,040
[ APPLAUSE ]

1262
00:46:39,040 --> 00:46:40,000
>>THANK YOU FOR THE GRAT
TALK

1263
00:46:40,000 --> 00:46:41,480
AND NOW IF THERE'S A FEW

1264
00:46:41,480 --> 00:46:46,120
QUESTIONS WE HAVE TIME
FOR QUESTIONS

1265
00:46:46,120 --> 00:46:49,440
>>IF YOU ARE RELYING  ON

1266
00:46:49,440 --> 00:46:51,320
ADMISSION FROM THE CORTEX TO THE

1267
00:46:51,320 --> 00:46:53,160
AMYGDALA DO YOU THINK IT'S ALSO

1268
00:46:53,160 --> 00:46:55,680
IN THE LOCATION OF OF THE

1269
00:46:55,680 --> 00:46:56,480
CORTICALE STIMULATION WILL ALSO

1270
00:46:56,480 --> 00:46:57,920
GIVE YOU A VERY DIFFERENT RESULT

1271
00:46:57,920 --> 00:47:02,600
IN TERMS OF YOUR THERAPEUTIC

1272
00:47:02,600 --> 00:47:06,920
EFFECTIVENESS.

1273
00:47:06,920 --> 00:47:09,040
>>YES. 

1274
00:47:09,040 --> 00:47:11,720
SO YOU NEED TO BE SURE THAT YOU

1275
00:47:11,720 --> 00:47:14,720
ARE STIMULATING AN AREA THAT

1276
00:47:14,720 --> 00:47:18,720
WILL BE RELATED TO YOUR TARGET

1277
00:47:18,720 --> 00:47:21,400
SO THERE ARE WAYS TO DO IT, IT

1278
00:47:21,400 --> 00:47:23,560
COULD BE STRUCTURAL OR

1279
00:47:23,560 --> 00:47:23,880
FUNCTIONAL.

1280
00:47:23,880 --> 00:47:26,760
SO 1 OPTION WOULD BE TO DO

1281
00:47:26,760 --> 00:47:34,440
DIFFUSION AND FIND OUT WHAT IS

1282
00:47:34,440 --> 00:47:36,640
THE ACTUAL PATHWAY SO MANY GET

1283
00:47:36,640 --> 00:47:38,960
IN THE WHITE MATTER STIMULATED

1284
00:47:38,960 --> 00:47:40,160
CLOSE WHITE MATTER AND GET THAT

1285
00:47:40,160 --> 00:47:43,200
AND THE OTHER IS LOOKING AT

1286
00:47:43,200 --> 00:47:44,280
FUNCTIONAL WHERE IT IS

1287
00:47:44,280 --> 00:47:47,120
STIMULATED IN ANOTHER PLACE IN

1288
00:47:47,120 --> 00:47:48,360
THE DORSAL POSITIONOLOGICAL

1289
00:47:48,360 --> 00:47:51,520
FRONTAL CORTEX IT MAY NOT GO TO

1290
00:47:51,520 --> 00:47:52,520
THE AMYGDALA RIGHT?

1291
00:47:52,520 --> 00:47:54,560
IT MAY GO TO OTHER REGIONS OF

1292
00:47:54,560 --> 00:48:01,000
THE DORSAL POSITION AT LATERAL

1293
00:48:01,000 --> 00:48:02,520
CORTEX CONNECTS WITH ITS HIGH

1294
00:48:02,520 --> 00:48:03,600
CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE BRAIN.

1295
00:48:03,600 --> 00:48:05,360
SO IF YOU DON'T FOCUS ON THAT,

1296
00:48:05,360 --> 00:48:14,840
YOU MAY OR MAY NOT REACH THE

1297
00:48:14,840 --> 00:48:15,440
AMYGDALA.

1298
00:48:15,440 --> 00:48:18,560
>>VERY NICE DATA,
INTERESTING

1299
00:48:18,560 --> 00:48:21,320
THE VASOLAMINA PROFILE YOU

1300
00:48:21,320 --> 00:48:22,680
SHOWED, SEEMS UNAFFECTED, THAT

1301
00:48:22,680 --> 00:48:25,120
HAVE NOT AS CLEAN SEPARATION

1302
00:48:25,120 --> 00:48:32,640
BETWEEN THE DEEP AND SUPERFICIAL

1303
00:48:32,640 --> 00:48:34,880
LAYERS COMPARED TO THE AFFECT TD

1304
00:48:34,880 --> 00:48:36,440
[INDISCERNIBLE], THE AFFECTED

1305
00:48:36,440 --> 00:48:40,360
[INDISCERNIBLE] WAS CLEANER

1306
00:48:40,360 --> 00:48:40,640
ACTUALLY.

1307
00:48:40,640 --> 00:48:40,880
>>YES.

1308
00:48:40,880 --> 00:48:42,920
SO THE NONAFFECTED PROFILE, THIS

1309
00:48:42,920 --> 00:48:46,600
IS ONLY DATA FROM 4 SUBJEKS THAT

1310
00:48:46,600 --> 00:48:49,600
WE COLLECTED HERE BEFORE THE

1311
00:48:49,600 --> 00:48:50,760
SCANNER WAS SWAPPED BUT THERE'S

1312
00:48:50,760 --> 00:48:55,000
A LOT OF DATA COLLECTED FROM THE

1313
00:48:55,000 --> 00:48:59,960
SAME SCANNER WITH SAME SEQUENCE

1314
00:48:59,960 --> 00:49:00,440
WITH HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS.

1315
00:49:00,440 --> 00:49:01,760
WHAT WE SEE IN THE NONAFFECT

1316
00:49:01,760 --> 00:49:03,480
SIDE WHAT YOU EXPECT.

1317
00:49:03,480 --> 00:49:07,240
YOU EXPECT A BUMP IN THE UPPER

1318
00:49:07,240 --> 00:49:10,760
LAYERS AND A LITTLE BUMP IN THE

1319
00:49:10,760 --> 00:49:12,160
LOWER, DEEPER LAYERS BUT THEY

1320
00:49:12,160 --> 00:49:13,840
SHOULD HAVE SIMILAR PATTERN,

1321
00:49:13,840 --> 00:49:14,040
RIGHT?

1322
00:49:14,040 --> 00:49:16,240
IN THE PATIENTS WE HAVE MORE OF

1323
00:49:16,240 --> 00:49:18,880
AN IMBALANCE OF AN INCREASE IN

1324
00:49:18,880 --> 00:49:21,120
THE SUPERFICIAL LAYERS AND THE

1325
00:49:21,120 --> 00:49:22,680
DECREASE, THAT'S WHY--I MEAN

1326
00:49:22,680 --> 00:49:24,760
THERE'S DIFFERENCES IN BOTH

1327
00:49:24,760 --> 00:49:27,680
SIDES. 

1328
00:49:27,680 --> 00:49:30,120
THAT'S WHAT MAKES IT KIND OF

1329
00:49:30,120 --> 00:49:31,120
MORE LIKE MUCH DIFFERENT BECAUSE

1330
00:49:31,120 --> 00:49:32,880
1 IS DECREASED AND THE OTHER IS

1331
00:49:32,880 --> 00:49:36,920
DECREASED FROM THE MIDDLE THAT

1332
00:49:36,920 --> 00:49:40,200
ARE TIERS IN THE CONTRA LATERAL

1333
00:49:40,200 --> 00:49:46,440
ATMOSPHERE SEEN IN THE PATIENTS.

1334
00:49:46,440 --> 00:49:47,040
>>THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

1335
00:49:47,040 --> 00:49:48,680
NOW WE CAN MOVE TO THE NEXT

1336
00:49:48,680 --> 00:49:48,920
SPEAKER.

1337
00:49:48,920 --> 00:49:51,880
THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

1338
00:49:51,880 --> 00:49:54,680
[ APPLAUSE ]

1339
00:49:54,680 --> 00:49:59,120
OUR SPEAKER WILL BE DR. LI-MIN

1340
00:49:59,120 --> 00:50:03,120
CHEN TALKING ABOUT MRI GUIDED

1341
00:50:03,120 --> 00:50:10,760
FOCUS ULTRASOUND FROM VANDERBILT

1342
00:50:10,760 --> 00:50:11,200
UNIVERSITY.

1343
00:50:11,200 --> 00:50:12,880
>>THANK YOU FOR
INVITINGITOUS

1344
00:50:12,880 --> 00:50:13,520
PARTICIPATE IN IF WORKSHOP AND

1345
00:50:13,520 --> 00:50:14,840
THANK YOU FOR THE OPPORTUNITY TO

1346
00:50:14,840 --> 00:50:16,840
SHARE OUR DATA, I WILL TALK

1347
00:50:16,840 --> 00:50:18,600
ABOUT MRI GUIDED FOCUS ON

1348
00:50:18,600 --> 00:50:19,440
ULTRASOUND STIMULATION, AND I

1349
00:50:19,440 --> 00:50:23,280
HAVE NO FINE ASH INTEREST TO

1350
00:50:23,280 --> 00:50:26,080
DECLARE AND FOR BY NOW, SO WE

1351
00:50:26,080 --> 00:50:28,640
PROBABLY HEARD A LOT ABOUT, YOU

1352
00:50:28,640 --> 00:50:30,120
KNOW THE ADVANTAGES OR THE

1353
00:50:30,120 --> 00:50:32,280
BENEFITS OF USING ULTRASOUND AS

1354
00:50:32,280 --> 00:50:36,800
A STIMULATION TOOL AND WE'RE

1355
00:50:36,800 --> 00:50:41,920
MOTIVATED TO COMBINE IMAGING MI

1356
00:50:41,920 --> 00:50:43,320
WITH NEURAL, WITH FOCUSED

1357
00:50:43,320 --> 00:50:44,440
ULTRASOUND SO WE HAVE BEEN

1358
00:50:44,440 --> 00:50:47,480
WORKING ON A FEW ASPECT.

1359
00:50:47,480 --> 00:50:50,600
AND 1 IS A REALTIME VERIFICATION

1360
00:50:50,600 --> 00:50:54,960
OF THE THE ULTRASOUND BEAM

1361
00:50:54,960 --> 00:50:57,240
LOCATION WITH MRI ARFI, SO AS

1362
00:50:57,240 --> 00:50:58,600
YOU PROBABLY HEARD THE

1363
00:50:58,600 --> 00:51:00,240
FUNCTIONAL IMAGING PROVIDE US A

1364
00:51:00,240 --> 00:51:04,960
TOOL TO REALLY MONITORING THE

1365
00:51:04,960 --> 00:51:07,120
ULTRASOUND MODULATION EFFECTS.

1366
00:51:07,120 --> 00:51:09,280
I KNOW WE GAIN MECHANISTIC

1367
00:51:09,280 --> 00:51:10,760
UNDERSTANDING OF THE NEURAL

1368
00:51:10,760 --> 00:51:11,960
MODULATION AND MOST IMPORTANTLY,

1369
00:51:11,960 --> 00:51:15,040
NOT JUST AT THE TARGETED BRAIN

1370
00:51:15,040 --> 00:51:16,760
REGION, AND ALSO OFFTARGET IN

1371
00:51:16,760 --> 00:51:18,920
THE ENTIRE NETWORKS, SO, I

1372
00:51:18,920 --> 00:51:20,800
PROBABLY WILL TOUCH ON

1373
00:51:20,800 --> 00:51:21,400
SEVERAL--FROM SEVERAL ASPECT,

1374
00:51:21,400 --> 00:51:24,400
WOKNOW IS WE WILL SHOW THE BRAIN

1375
00:51:24,400 --> 00:51:26,000
STAY DEPENDENT BY DIRECTIONAL

1376
00:51:26,000 --> 00:51:26,720
STIMULATION OF THE ULTRASOUND

1377
00:51:26,720 --> 00:51:31,400
AND WE LOOK AT THE FIRST DOSE

1378
00:51:31,400 --> 00:51:32,720
RESPONSE AND I WILL ALSO SHOW

1379
00:51:32,720 --> 00:51:34,680
YOU SOME OF THE EXAMPLES WE HAVE

1380
00:51:34,680 --> 00:51:37,760
BEEN STUDYING THAT'S THE SENSORY

1381
00:51:37,760 --> 00:51:38,840
INDEPENDENT NETWORK IN NONHUMAN

1382
00:51:38,840 --> 00:51:40,040
PRIMATE MODEL AND IN THE END, I

1383
00:51:40,040 --> 00:51:44,840
WILL SHOW YOU SOME OF OUR NEWER

1384
00:51:44,840 --> 00:51:48,160
DATA SUGGEST THE MODERATOR--THE

1385
00:51:48,160 --> 00:51:50,720
ULTRASOUND CAN ALTER THAT WILL

1386
00:51:50,720 --> 00:51:52,480
AMILLIOEC CONNECTING NETWORK AND

1387
00:51:52,480 --> 00:51:53,200
RESTING STATE NETWORK.

1388
00:51:53,200 --> 00:51:55,560
SO IN THE END I WILL ALSO TOUCH

1389
00:51:55,560 --> 00:51:58,160
ON 2 OF THE FACTORS, THAT ARE

1390
00:51:58,160 --> 00:51:59,640
RELEVANT TO ULTRASOUND

1391
00:51:59,640 --> 00:52:03,680
STIMULATION, 1 IS THE

1392
00:52:03,680 --> 00:52:04,440
TEMPERATURE CONFOUND SO WE

1393
00:52:04,440 --> 00:52:07,880
DEVELOP A NEW METHOD TO LOOK AT

1394
00:52:07,880 --> 00:52:09,080
TEMPERATURE MONITORING USING MRI

1395
00:52:09,080 --> 00:52:10,720
DATA AND IN THE END I WILL TOUCH

1396
00:52:10,720 --> 00:52:14,280
ON SOME OF OUR DATA TO MONITOR

1397
00:52:14,280 --> 00:52:20,320
THE SAFETY OF THE ULTRASOUND.

1398
00:52:20,320 --> 00:52:23,440
SO OUR OVERALL APPROACH IS USED

1399
00:52:23,440 --> 00:52:25,080
COMBINED IMAGING AT THE 7 T OR 3

1400
00:52:25,080 --> 00:52:27,640
T, I HAVE DATA FROM BOTH

1401
00:52:27,640 --> 00:52:29,880
SCANNERS IN A MA CABBING MONKEY.

1402
00:52:29,880 --> 00:52:32,440
AND WE ALSO COLLECT DATA WITH A

1403
00:52:32,440 --> 00:52:38,680
SINGLE TRANSDUCER ULTRA SOUND

1404
00:52:38,680 --> 00:52:40,200
AND 128 CHANNEL TRANSDUCER.

1405
00:52:40,200 --> 00:52:42,680
SO THIS IS OUR OVERALL DATA

1406
00:52:42,680 --> 00:52:43,520
STRATEGY.

1407
00:52:43,520 --> 00:52:45,520
SO WE HAVE 6 MONKEYS, BEFORE WE

1408
00:52:45,520 --> 00:52:47,040
DO ANY ULTRASOUND STIMULATION,

1409
00:52:47,040 --> 00:52:49,560
WE USUALLY REQUIRE AC1 IS HIGH

1410
00:52:49,560 --> 00:52:50,440
RESOLUTION, T1 WEIGHTED

1411
00:52:50,440 --> 00:52:56,040
STRUCTURE IMAGE THAT WILL ALLOW

1412
00:52:56,040 --> 00:52:58,920
US TO ALIGN FUNCTIONAL DATA TO

1413
00:52:58,920 --> 00:53:01,960
THE MA CABBING ATLAS AND WE ALSO

1414
00:53:01,960 --> 00:53:05,240
APPLY FUNCTIONAL DATA TO EITHER

1415
00:53:05,240 --> 00:53:07,040
TACTILE STIMULATION OF THE HAND

1416
00:53:07,040 --> 00:53:08,600
OR HEAT STIMULATION OF THE HAND

1417
00:53:08,600 --> 00:53:11,000
TO IDENTIFY BRAIN REGIONS THAT

1418
00:53:11,000 --> 00:53:13,680
WE CAN TARGET FOR ULTRASOUND

1419
00:53:13,680 --> 00:53:14,080
NEUROMODDULATION.

1420
00:53:14,080 --> 00:53:16,080
SO WHERE YOU DO FUNCTIONAL MRI

1421
00:53:16,080 --> 00:53:18,840
AS A LOCALIZER TO IDENTIFY THE

1422
00:53:18,840 --> 00:53:21,720
REGION AND ONCE WE HAVE THOSE

1423
00:53:21,720 --> 00:53:24,640
DATA, AND WE FIRST OF ALL

1424
00:53:24,640 --> 00:53:26,280
ACQUIRE T1 WEIGHTED.

1425
00:53:26,280 --> 00:53:28,960
THIS IS 1 SCAN, AND LASTS ABOUT

1426
00:53:28,960 --> 00:53:33,160
7 HOURS AND WE FIRST OF ALL

1427
00:53:33,160 --> 00:53:41,240
ACQUIRE T1 IMAGE AND SIMI

1428
00:53:41,240 --> 00:53:42,840
RESOLUTION IMAGE AND THEN

1429
00:53:42,840 --> 00:53:44,640
RESTING STATE FMRI AND THEN FOR

1430
00:53:44,640 --> 00:53:47,440
7 HOURS WE OOH QUIRE FUNCTIONAL

1431
00:53:47,440 --> 00:53:49,280
MRI DATA AND WE PRODUCE A

1432
00:53:49,280 --> 00:53:52,080
POSITIVE OR ACTIVE CONTROL BY

1433
00:53:52,080 --> 00:53:54,200
USING EITHER TACTILE STIMULATION

1434
00:53:54,200 --> 00:53:55,280
OR HEAT STIMULATION.

1435
00:53:55,280 --> 00:53:56,920
NOW AFTER THE SESSION, WE ALSO

1436
00:53:56,920 --> 00:53:59,080
APPLY A RESTING STATE MRI DATA

1437
00:53:59,080 --> 00:54:01,840
DP IN THE END WE WILL ACQUIRE

1438
00:54:01,840 --> 00:54:02,640
SAFETY MRI DATA.

1439
00:54:02,640 --> 00:54:05,160
AND HERE'S THE DETAILS OF THE

1440
00:54:05,160 --> 00:54:05,480
DATA.

1441
00:54:05,480 --> 00:54:09,600
SO, I WANT TO POINT OUT IS THE

1442
00:54:09,600 --> 00:54:12,600
ANIMALS UNDERLIGHT ANESTHESIA,

1443
00:54:12,600 --> 00:54:14,880
AND WE USE EITHER A SINGLE

1444
00:54:14,880 --> 00:54:16,680
SURFACE COIL AT THE 70 OR A PAIR

1445
00:54:16,680 --> 00:54:21,400
OF FLEX COIL AT THE 3 T FOR

1446
00:54:21,400 --> 00:54:22,560
IMAGING DATA OPTIMIZATION AND

1447
00:54:22,560 --> 00:54:24,800
EACH IMAGING RUN IS ABOUT 10

1448
00:54:24,800 --> 00:54:27,680
MINUTES AND OVER 300 VOLUME.

1449
00:54:27,680 --> 00:54:30,720
WE DO STANDARD MRI ANALYSIS.

1450
00:54:30,720 --> 00:54:32,120
SO FIRST OF ALL I WANT TO SHOW

1451
00:54:32,120 --> 00:54:34,200
YOU OUR EFFORT TO TRY TO

1452
00:54:34,200 --> 00:54:37,160
OPTIMIZE THE RF AND THE REDUCE

1453
00:54:37,160 --> 00:54:41,600
THE TIME AND OUR ARFI IS OPTICAL

1454
00:54:41,600 --> 00:54:43,080
TRACKING TBIEDED IS SIMILAR TO

1455
00:54:43,080 --> 00:54:45,680
NEURAL NAVIGATION AND THIS IS

1456
00:54:45,680 --> 00:54:48,640
THE WORK DONE BY [INDISCERNIBLE]

1457
00:54:48,640 --> 00:54:48,880
GROUP.

1458
00:54:48,880 --> 00:54:52,920
SO YOU CAN SEE THIS IS THE

1459
00:54:52,920 --> 00:54:54,440
MARKERS, AND WE--THIS IS THE

1460
00:54:54,440 --> 00:54:56,280
MONKEY STILL TEXT BEING FRAME,

1461
00:54:56,280 --> 00:54:58,800
THIS IS THE TRANSDUCER, AND WE

1462
00:54:58,800 --> 00:55:03,920
HAVE THIS MARKER WE CAN USE THAT

1463
00:55:03,920 --> 00:55:08,280
FOR OPTICAL TRACKING AND THIS IS

1464
00:55:08,280 --> 00:55:08,680
THE ILLUSTRATION.

1465
00:55:08,680 --> 00:55:11,960
SO WHEN WE HAVE THE MONKEY HERE,

1466
00:55:11,960 --> 00:55:15,720
AND YOU CAN SEE HERE, THIS IS

1467
00:55:15,720 --> 00:55:17,800
MONKEY BRAIN WITH THE MI DATA

1468
00:55:17,800 --> 00:55:21,520
AND THEN THIS OPTICAL SIMULATED

1469
00:55:21,520 --> 00:55:22,720
TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH JUDGE

1470
00:55:22,720 --> 00:55:24,680
ECTOMYOSINRY OF THE ULTRASOUND

1471
00:55:24,680 --> 00:55:25,000
THEME.

1472
00:55:25,000 --> 00:55:27,240
I FORGOT TO MENTION 1 THING IS

1473
00:55:27,240 --> 00:55:28,960
BEFORE EACH ANIMAL ENTER

1474
00:55:28,960 --> 00:55:30,480
ULTRASOUND STIMULATION, WE WILL

1475
00:55:30,480 --> 00:55:37,080
ALSO REQUIRE SAFETY DATA AND SO

1476
00:55:37,080 --> 00:55:38,560
CHARLES' GROUP COMBINED THIS FOR

1477
00:55:38,560 --> 00:55:39,760
THE TRAJECTORY FOR THE

1478
00:55:39,760 --> 00:55:40,120
TARGETING.

1479
00:55:40,120 --> 00:55:42,760
SO THIS IS OPTICAL TRACKING

1480
00:55:42,760 --> 00:55:43,080
TRAJECTORY.

1481
00:55:43,080 --> 00:55:48,640
AND THIS IS JUST SHOWING YOU, WE

1482
00:55:48,640 --> 00:55:49,320
HAVE SUCCESSFULLY TARGETED, THIS

1483
00:55:49,320 --> 00:55:53,560
IS THE AREA, AND YOU CAN SEE

1484
00:55:53,560 --> 00:55:54,680
WHEN WE INCREASE THE PRESSURE

1485
00:55:54,680 --> 00:55:58,560
AND THEN THE TRANSDUCER

1486
00:55:58,560 --> 00:55:59,360
INTRODUCED THE DISPLACEMENT,

1487
00:55:59,360 --> 00:56:07,600
ALSO INCREASE, THIS IS A DOSE

1488
00:56:07,600 --> 00:56:09,680
RESPONSE TO SHOWING METHOD TO

1489
00:56:09,680 --> 00:56:11,480
DETECT THE PULSES EMPLOY AND

1490
00:56:11,480 --> 00:56:13,400
IMAGE, I SHOW YOU AND WHY

1491
00:56:13,400 --> 00:56:14,960
OPTICAL TRACK SUGGEST IMPORTANT

1492
00:56:14,960 --> 00:56:15,560
BECAUSE OPTICAL IMAGESERAL

1493
00:56:15,560 --> 00:56:19,520
TRACKING ALLOW US TO DO REDUCE

1494
00:56:19,520 --> 00:56:24,600
THE ARFI AND THAT CAN SAVE TIME

1495
00:56:24,600 --> 00:56:26,360
AND ALSO MINIMIZE THE ULTRASOUND

1496
00:56:26,360 --> 00:56:29,680
EXPOSURE AND WE HAVE RECENTLY

1497
00:56:29,680 --> 00:56:32,760
DEVELOPED A NEW METHOD, THIS IS

1498
00:56:32,760 --> 00:56:40,840
BY WILL GRIS ORDER OF MICRONS'

1499
00:56:40,840 --> 00:56:42,000
GROUP AND BY GRADUATE STUDENT

1500
00:56:42,000 --> 00:56:43,120
LAURA AND SHE DESEENED THIS

1501
00:56:43,120 --> 00:56:45,760
METHOD, CAN YOU DO REDUCED FIELD

1502
00:56:45,760 --> 00:56:50,760
OF VIEW ARFI AND FOR VERY HIGH

1503
00:56:50,760 --> 00:56:53,160
RESOLUTION IT'S ABOUT

1504
00:56:53,160 --> 00:56:56,800
2-MILLIMETER CUBIC SIZE BUT IN 2

1505
00:56:56,800 --> 00:56:57,240
MINUTES.

1506
00:56:57,240 --> 00:56:59,120
SOPHISTICATED THIS IS A VERY

1507
00:56:59,120 --> 00:57:00,640
FAST ARFI IMAGE AND HERE THE

1508
00:57:00,640 --> 00:57:03,800
IDEA IS WE ARE TRYING TO MEN

1509
00:57:03,800 --> 00:57:05,000
MYSELF ARFI EXPOSURE AND THE

1510
00:57:05,000 --> 00:57:06,280
PAPER JUST PUBLISHED IF YOU ARE

1511
00:57:06,280 --> 00:57:10,760
INTERESTED, YOU CAN TAKE A LOOK

1512
00:57:10,760 --> 00:57:14,320
AND THEN, WE WENT OUT, SO WHEN

1513
00:57:14,320 --> 00:57:16,800
WE KNOW ARFI BY WHEN WE USE ARFI

1514
00:57:16,800 --> 00:57:20,400
TO VERIFY THE TARGET IS AT OUR

1515
00:57:20,400 --> 00:57:21,600
INTENDED LOCATION AND THEN WE

1516
00:57:21,600 --> 00:57:23,520
WILL DO FUNCTIONAL MRI

1517
00:57:23,520 --> 00:57:23,960
EXPERIMENTS.

1518
00:57:23,960 --> 00:57:28,520
SO OUR FUNCTIONAL MRI EXPERIMENT

1519
00:57:28,520 --> 00:57:29,800
IS INTERLINKED EXPERIMENT

1520
00:57:29,800 --> 00:57:32,000
CONDITION, SO WHAT DO I MEAN BY

1521
00:57:32,000 --> 00:57:32,200
THAT?

1522
00:57:32,200 --> 00:57:35,200
SO WE USUALLY ALWAYS HAVE A

1523
00:57:35,200 --> 00:57:37,680
BUILDING FUNCTIONAL, LIKE

1524
00:57:37,680 --> 00:57:38,080
POSITIVE CONTROL.

1525
00:57:38,080 --> 00:57:39,720
SO IN THIS CASE WE HAVE A

1526
00:57:39,720 --> 00:57:41,080
TACTILE STIMMULES OF THE MONKEY

1527
00:57:41,080 --> 00:57:43,280
HAND AND THEN WE INTRODUCE

1528
00:57:43,280 --> 00:57:48,240
ULTRASOUND STIMULATION SO WE

1529
00:57:48,240 --> 00:57:50,320
HAVE AN INTERLEAVED SESSION, WE

1530
00:57:50,320 --> 00:57:56,440
HAVE A TACTILE, PLUS ULTRASOUND.

1531
00:57:56,440 --> 00:57:57,760
AND THE TRACKING THE TRAJECTORY,

1532
00:57:57,760 --> 00:58:00,840
AND THIS IS THE ARFI DATA SO

1533
00:58:00,840 --> 00:58:02,240
THEY ALIGNED PRETTY WELL AND SO

1534
00:58:02,240 --> 00:58:04,120
HERE BOTTOM SHOWING YOU, THIS IS

1535
00:58:04,120 --> 00:58:07,800
THE FUNCTIONAL MRI MAP,

1536
00:58:07,800 --> 00:58:08,440
INTRODUCED BY TACTILE

1537
00:58:08,440 --> 00:58:11,000
STIMULATION AND YOU CAN SEE THE

1538
00:58:11,000 --> 00:58:13,360
C, THIS IS THE C WITH FUNCTIONAL

1539
00:58:13,360 --> 00:58:16,680
ADENTIFIED SO WE WERE ABLE TO

1540
00:58:16,680 --> 00:58:18,520
OVERLAY THE ARFI, THE ULTRASOUND

1541
00:58:18,520 --> 00:58:24,760
BEAM AFTER THE TARGET VERIFIED

1542
00:58:24,760 --> 00:58:25,040
BOY ARFI.

1543
00:58:25,040 --> 00:58:27,600
AND AND SO WHAT WE SEE, WITH

1544
00:58:27,600 --> 00:58:29,840
THIS DATA, SO HERE YOU CAN SEE

1545
00:58:29,840 --> 00:58:32,000
THE TOP 1 WHEN WE DELIVERED A

1546
00:58:32,000 --> 00:58:33,320
TACTILE STIMULATION TO THE HAND,

1547
00:58:33,320 --> 00:58:35,000
WE SEE ACTIVATION IN THAT AREA

1548
00:58:35,000 --> 00:58:37,840
WE EXPECT.

1549
00:58:37,840 --> 00:58:40,440
FOR EXAMPLE, THE SENSORY SYSTEM,

1550
00:58:40,440 --> 00:58:49,160
THE MEDIAL PC C AREA IN THE

1551
00:58:49,160 --> 00:58:51,800
CORTEX AND WHEN WE DELIVER THE

1552
00:58:51,800 --> 00:58:55,120
FIRST STIMULATION AT THE C, THIS

1553
00:58:55,120 --> 00:58:58,400
IS AREA 3 A, 3 B, EQUIVALENT TO

1554
00:58:58,400 --> 00:59:01,720
THE MONKEY--I'M SORRY THE RODENT

1555
00:59:01,720 --> 00:59:02,200
PRIMARY SENSORY CORTEX.

1556
00:59:02,200 --> 00:59:05,520
AND YOU CAN SEE, WE SEE SIMILAR

1557
00:59:05,520 --> 00:59:06,800
ACTIVATION AND WHEN WE LOOK AT

1558
00:59:06,800 --> 00:59:08,640
THE TIME COURSE, YOU CAN SEE THE

1559
00:59:08,640 --> 00:59:11,960
FIRST IS THE BLUE TIME COURSE,

1560
00:59:11,960 --> 00:59:13,800
THE BACKGROUND IS THE STIMULUS

1561
00:59:13,800 --> 00:59:24,320
ON AND OFF BOX DESIGN AND USING

1562
00:59:27,480 --> 00:59:29,360
THE 2 KILOPACIFIC AT

1563
00:59:29,360 --> 00:59:31,400
STIMULATION, IT LOOKED QUITE

1564
00:59:31,400 --> 00:59:33,360
COMPARABLE BOTH SIGNAL CHANGE

1565
00:59:33,360 --> 00:59:35,120
WITHIN THE SENSORY SYSTEM IN THE

1566
00:59:35,120 --> 00:59:37,360
ON TARGET AND OFF TARGET REGION

1567
00:59:37,360 --> 00:59:38,400
AND HERE'S SHOWING YOU THE TIME

1568
00:59:38,400 --> 00:59:40,600
COURSE, CAN YOU SEE THE TIME

1569
00:59:40,600 --> 00:59:43,760
COURSE, THIS IS OUR TARGET,

1570
00:59:43,760 --> 00:59:45,640
OFFTARGET REGION, PRETTY ROBUST

1571
00:59:45,640 --> 00:59:47,400
SIGNAL CHANGE.

1572
00:59:47,400 --> 00:59:49,160
AND THEN WHAT WE DID NEXT IS WE

1573
00:59:49,160 --> 00:59:53,120
BASED ON THE SIMULATION AND THEN

1574
00:59:53,120 --> 01:00:03,680
WHEN WE LOWER THE THRESHOLD BUT

1575
01:00:04,360 --> 01:00:08,120
WHY LOWER INTENSITY TO THE

1576
01:00:08,120 --> 01:00:08,560
[INDISCERNIBLE].

1577
01:00:08,560 --> 01:00:11,800
SO THE SEE THE TACTILE

1578
01:00:11,800 --> 01:00:13,320
SIMULATION ALONE AND THIS IS THE

1579
01:00:13,320 --> 01:00:15,400
WHOLE NETWORK SLIDING UP AND

1580
01:00:15,400 --> 01:00:21,440
WHEN WE HAVE A MODERATING TEST

1581
01:00:21,440 --> 01:00:24,320
SOWBD AND YOU ALSO SEE

1582
01:00:24,320 --> 01:00:27,080
ACTIVATION, AND SBA IS THIS 1,

1583
01:00:27,080 --> 01:00:31,520
SO WHEN WE HAVE COMBINED THE

1584
01:00:31,520 --> 01:00:33,160
TACTILE WITH THE MODERN

1585
01:00:33,160 --> 01:00:34,920
INTENSITY ULTRASOUND AND YOU CAN

1586
01:00:34,920 --> 01:00:36,920
SEE THE AGHTIVATION PRETTY MUCH

1587
01:00:36,920 --> 01:00:40,600
SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED AND WE

1588
01:00:40,600 --> 01:00:41,880
HAVE--I GENERATE CONTRAST MAP,

1589
01:00:41,880 --> 01:00:45,080
THE CONTRAST MAP IS THE 1

1590
01:00:45,080 --> 01:00:46,320
CONDITION SUBTRACT ANOTHER

1591
01:00:46,320 --> 01:00:49,000
CONDITION SO THE PLURIBU VOXELS

1592
01:00:49,000 --> 01:00:51,200
BASICALLY TELLS YOU WHERE WHICH

1593
01:00:51,200 --> 01:00:59,080
REGIONS HAVE BEEN SUPPRESSED AND

1594
01:00:59,080 --> 01:01:00,960
TO SUPPORT THIS SO THIS IS TIME

1595
01:01:00,960 --> 01:01:02,800
FOR ANALYSIS, YOU CAN SEE HERE,

1596
01:01:02,800 --> 01:01:06,320
THE BLUE IS COMBINED TACTILE

1597
01:01:06,320 --> 01:01:07,920
WITH MODERATE ULTRASOUND IS

1598
01:01:07,920 --> 01:01:09,720
PRETTY MUCH SUPPRESSED NOT ONLY

1599
01:01:09,720 --> 01:01:12,800
AT THE TARGET BUT ALSO THE OFF

1600
01:01:12,800 --> 01:01:13,200
TARGET RENALLION.

1601
01:01:13,200 --> 01:01:14,840
WE HAVE A CONTROL ROI, THIS IS

1602
01:01:14,840 --> 01:01:16,680
THE WHITE MATTER YOU DON'T SEE

1603
01:01:16,680 --> 01:01:24,600
THAT MUCH SIGNAL CHANGE.

1604
01:01:24,600 --> 01:01:31,160
SO AND THEN, WE--NOW WE HAVE 1

1605
01:01:31,160 --> 01:01:33,320
HIGH TEST, LOW IPT GREATER

1606
01:01:33,320 --> 01:01:37,080
TENSITY RANGE AND WE LOOK AT, WE

1607
01:01:37,080 --> 01:01:38,880
HAVE ACTIVATION WITH 2-5 AND WE

1608
01:01:38,880 --> 01:01:42,480
HAVE SUPPRESSION WITH THE 425

1609
01:01:42,480 --> 01:01:44,960
AND THEN WE SAY WHAT IS THE DOSE

1610
01:01:44,960 --> 01:01:45,360
RESPONSE?

1611
01:01:45,360 --> 01:01:47,520
CAN WE LEARN ANYTHING BY LOOKING

1612
01:01:47,520 --> 01:01:48,280
AT THE DOSE RESPONSE?

1613
01:01:48,280 --> 01:01:50,280
I WANT YOU TO LOOK AT OUR

1614
01:01:50,280 --> 01:01:50,720
DESIGN.

1615
01:01:50,720 --> 01:01:51,920
WE HAVE ULTRASOUND WITH 3

1616
01:01:51,920 --> 01:01:55,120
DIFFERENT DOSES AND THEN WE HAVE

1617
01:01:55,120 --> 01:01:57,440
A TACTILE ACTIVATION, TACTILE

1618
01:01:57,440 --> 01:01:57,680
CONTROL.

1619
01:01:57,680 --> 01:01:59,000
SO WHAT DO WE SEE HERE, I WANT

1620
01:01:59,000 --> 01:02:01,440
TO YOU LOOK AT THIS MAP.

1621
01:02:01,440 --> 01:02:04,880
OKAY, SO, HERE, THIS IS OUR

1622
01:02:04,880 --> 01:02:05,160
TARGET.

1623
01:02:05,160 --> 01:02:07,280
BASICALLY WHEN WE LOWER

1624
01:02:07,280 --> 01:02:09,400
INTENSITY OF THE ULTRASOUND BEAM

1625
01:02:09,400 --> 01:02:13,920
AND THEN AS YOU EXPECTED THE

1626
01:02:13,920 --> 01:02:15,120
PERCENTAGES BOTH SIGNAL CHANGE

1627
01:02:15,120 --> 01:02:17,480
IN DECREASES AS IT'S A LINEAR

1628
01:02:17,480 --> 01:02:18,880
DEKREEZING AND THIS IS THE

1629
01:02:18,880 --> 01:02:20,160
TARGET AND THIS IS THE WHOLE

1630
01:02:20,160 --> 01:02:25,040
TIME COURSE AND THEN, THIS OTHER

1631
01:02:25,040 --> 01:02:26,320
AREAS ARE INTERCONNECTED, BRAIN

1632
01:02:26,320 --> 01:02:29,200
REGIONS TO THIS AREA, 3 A AND 3

1633
01:02:29,200 --> 01:02:30,320
B MONKEYS.

1634
01:02:30,320 --> 01:02:33,880
AND WHAT'S INTERESTING IS THIS

1635
01:02:33,880 --> 01:02:34,240
1.

1636
01:02:34,240 --> 01:02:36,000
SO WHEN WE COMBINE THE FIRST

1637
01:02:36,000 --> 01:02:38,080
WITH TACTILE TOGETHER AND

1638
01:02:38,080 --> 01:02:39,480
COMPARE WITH TACTILE ALONE AND

1639
01:02:39,480 --> 01:02:42,560
THEN, YOU CAN SEE AT THE TARGET,

1640
01:02:42,560 --> 01:02:48,120
THE RESPONSE DIFFERED HERE.

1641
01:02:48,120 --> 01:02:53,320
HIGH INTENSITY IS NO EFFECT ON

1642
01:02:53,320 --> 01:02:55,720
THE TACTILE RESPONSE BUT THE

1643
01:02:55,720 --> 01:02:57,200
MODERATOR AS WE SHUOF THE SHOWED

1644
01:02:57,200 --> 01:03:01,240
YOU BUT WE HAVE SUPPRESSION, WE

1645
01:03:01,240 --> 01:03:02,640
LOWER INTENSITY TO 200

1646
01:03:02,640 --> 01:03:04,480
KILOPACIFICCAL INTENSITY AND WE

1647
01:03:04,480 --> 01:03:06,000
SEE EVEN LESS, LESS INHIBITION,

1648
01:03:06,000 --> 01:03:10,000
SO IT'S NOW SHOWING A

1649
01:03:10,000 --> 01:03:10,360
[INDISCERNIBLE].

1650
01:03:10,360 --> 01:03:17,840
SO HERE GIVE YOU A BETTER IDEA.

1651
01:03:17,840 --> 01:03:19,640
SO, THE LINE DOSE CONDITION, THE

1652
01:03:19,640 --> 01:03:21,600
3 DOSES, THEN THE GREEN LIGHT

1653
01:03:21,600 --> 01:03:24,160
THIS IS THE V-SHAPE AND WHEN WE

1654
01:03:24,160 --> 01:03:25,600
HAVE THE ULTRASOUND PLUS DACTILE

1655
01:03:25,600 --> 01:03:27,560
STIMULATION, SO THE WHYEDS WE'RE

1656
01:03:27,560 --> 01:03:29,800
TRYING TO USE ULTRASOUND TO

1657
01:03:29,800 --> 01:03:37,000
MODULATE THE TACTILE RESPONSE

1658
01:03:37,000 --> 01:03:38,840
AND SO YOU CAN SEE WHEN THE

1659
01:03:38,840 --> 01:03:39,800
BRAIN IS IN DIFFERENT STATE.

1660
01:03:39,800 --> 01:03:43,480
WHAT DO I MEAN BY STATE.

1661
01:03:43,480 --> 01:03:45,080
SO THE BRAIN IS NOT ENGEAJING

1662
01:03:45,080 --> 01:03:48,600
ANY TASK AND WHEN WE REDUCE THE

1663
01:03:48,600 --> 01:03:51,040
INTENSITY OF THE FIRST AND THE

1664
01:03:51,040 --> 01:03:51,520
BOLD SIGNAL DECREASES.

1665
01:03:51,520 --> 01:03:54,880
WHEN WE HAVE THE AREAS ACTIVATED

1666
01:03:54,880 --> 01:03:57,840
BY TACTILE STIMULATION, NOW THE

1667
01:03:57,840 --> 01:03:59,000
CONCURRENT DELIVERY NOW HAVE

1668
01:03:59,000 --> 01:04:01,120
INTRODUCED THE VERY BEST

1669
01:04:01,120 --> 01:04:02,560
RESPONSE FUNCTION.

1670
01:04:02,560 --> 01:04:04,200
IT'S A VSHAPE.

1671
01:04:04,200 --> 01:04:05,640
IT'S SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED AT

1672
01:04:05,640 --> 01:04:09,680
THE MODERATE THE INTENSITY.

1673
01:04:09,680 --> 01:04:13,440
IF YOU LOOK AT OFFTARGET

1674
01:04:13,440 --> 01:04:15,680
REGIONS, HOW THEY ARE FOLLOWING

1675
01:04:15,680 --> 01:04:16,880
WHAT'S CHANGING AT THE TARGET SO

1676
01:04:16,880 --> 01:04:18,960
WE DID A VERY SIMPLE CORRELATION

1677
01:04:18,960 --> 01:04:22,200
ANALYSIS AND HERE YOU CAN SEE AT

1678
01:04:22,200 --> 01:04:25,400
THE RESTING STATE, THE TOP 1S

1679
01:04:25,400 --> 01:04:29,120
FIRST ALONE AND THEN THE

1680
01:04:29,120 --> 01:04:32,040
CORRELATION IS PRETTY AND THEN

1681
01:04:32,040 --> 01:04:32,640
OFFTARGET REGION.

1682
01:04:32,640 --> 01:04:35,160
IN OTHER WORDS RESTING STATE

1683
01:04:35,160 --> 01:04:36,120
OFFTARGET RATE FOLLOW WHAT

1684
01:04:36,120 --> 01:04:37,960
HAPPENED WITH THE TARGETED

1685
01:04:37,960 --> 01:04:39,600
STIMULATED AREA BUT INTERESTING

1686
01:04:39,600 --> 01:04:41,920
IS THIS FINDING SO WHEN WE HAVE

1687
01:04:41,920 --> 01:04:45,680
ULTRASOUND INTERACTING WITH THE

1688
01:04:45,680 --> 01:04:46,760
ACTIVATED BRAIN WHERE THE NEURON

1689
01:04:46,760 --> 01:04:50,960
IS WORKING HARD AND THEN WE SEE

1690
01:04:50,960 --> 01:04:52,600
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CORTICALE

1691
01:04:52,600 --> 01:04:54,200
REGIONS AND THEN THE THALAMUS

1692
01:04:54,200 --> 01:04:55,960
REGION SO YOU SEE THERE'S

1693
01:04:55,960 --> 01:04:58,880
ACTUALLY NEGATIVE CORRELATION TO

1694
01:04:58,880 --> 01:05:01,520
THE VPL NUCLEI OF THE THALAMUS.

1695
01:05:01,520 --> 01:05:05,920
SO OUR DATA INDICATE ACTUALLY.

1696
01:05:05,920 --> 01:05:07,320
THE ULTRASOUND INTERACTING THE

1697
01:05:07,320 --> 01:05:10,360
CORTEX, THE INTERACTION SEEMS

1698
01:05:10,360 --> 01:05:12,240
VARIED BETWEEN CORTICALE,

1699
01:05:12,240 --> 01:05:14,200
CORTICALE CONNECTIONS VERSUS

1700
01:05:14,200 --> 01:05:14,800
CORTICALE THALAMIC CONNECTIONS

1701
01:05:14,800 --> 01:05:16,320
AND WEB CONNECTED HAVE A

1702
01:05:16,320 --> 01:05:19,400
HYPOTHESIS WE THINK IS PROBABLY

1703
01:05:19,400 --> 01:05:22,400
REAL RELATED TO THE FEET FORWARD

1704
01:05:22,400 --> 01:05:23,880
AND FEEDBACK CONNECTIONS SPRINTS

1705
01:05:23,880 --> 01:05:27,480
BETWEEN DIFFERENT AREA, THAT'S

1706
01:05:27,480 --> 01:05:28,080
OUR HYPOTHESIS.

1707
01:05:28,080 --> 01:05:37,520
AND THEN I WANT TO MOVE ON TO

1708
01:05:37,520 --> 01:05:39,760
INTRODUCE SO NOW WE HAVE THE

1709
01:05:39,760 --> 01:05:41,960
ARFI IN PLACE, SO WE WANT TO

1710
01:05:41,960 --> 01:05:42,920
EXTEND THE ABILITY FOR

1711
01:05:42,920 --> 01:05:44,760
APPLICATION IN MUSEUM MAN, IS IF

1712
01:05:44,760 --> 01:05:47,160
IN CASE THE ULTRASOUND BEAM IS

1713
01:05:47,160 --> 01:05:50,600
OFF TARGET LIPID, CAN WE USE

1714
01:05:50,600 --> 01:05:51,200
ELECTRICAL STEERING ABILITY AND

1715
01:05:51,200 --> 01:05:52,040
TRY TO MOVE IT BACK.

1716
01:05:52,040 --> 01:05:54,720
SO THIS IS WHAT WE TRIED WITH

1717
01:05:54,720 --> 01:05:59,400
THE 128 ELEMENTS OF FIRST ARRAY.

1718
01:05:59,400 --> 01:06:01,840
SO HERE I'M SHOWING YOU, WE CAN

1719
01:06:01,840 --> 01:06:02,800
USE ELECTRIC STEERING TO MOVE

1720
01:06:02,800 --> 01:06:04,760
THE TARGET FROM THE THALAMUS

1721
01:06:04,760 --> 01:06:07,520
TARGET TO THE INSULAR CORTEX AND

1722
01:06:07,520 --> 01:06:10,720
AND HAVE THIS DOWN RANGE ABOUT 2

1723
01:06:10,720 --> 01:06:12,160
SEBT METERS SO THAT COVERED A

1724
01:06:12,160 --> 01:06:13,360
PRETTY GOOD RANGE AND WHAT WE

1725
01:06:13,360 --> 01:06:13,720
CAN DO.

1726
01:06:13,720 --> 01:06:18,080
AND HERE WE HAVE 1 PROJECT

1727
01:06:18,080 --> 01:06:20,520
SUPPORTED BY HEAL INITIATIVE, SO

1728
01:06:20,520 --> 01:06:22,400
THE IDEA IS DEVELOP THIS MRI

1729
01:06:22,400 --> 01:06:25,160
GUIDED SYSTEM THAT WILL ALLOW US

1730
01:06:25,160 --> 01:06:27,440
TO INTRODUCE PAIN RELIEVE IN

1731
01:06:27,440 --> 01:06:28,480
CHRONIC PAIN PATIENTS.

1732
01:06:28,480 --> 01:06:30,440
AND CAN WE INTRODUCE ANY

1733
01:06:30,440 --> 01:06:31,240
SUPPRESSIVE EFFECT WITH

1734
01:06:31,240 --> 01:06:31,600
ULTRASOUND.

1735
01:06:31,600 --> 01:06:33,240
SO BASED ON THE DATA WE HAVE,

1736
01:06:33,240 --> 01:06:34,480
NOW WE DESIGN THIS EXPERIMENT TO

1737
01:06:34,480 --> 01:06:36,160
LOOK AT 3 DIFFERENT BRAIN

1738
01:06:36,160 --> 01:06:42,600
REGIONS HAS BEEN TARGETED IN DBS

1739
01:06:42,600 --> 01:06:43,880
STUDIES FOR PAIN RELIEF, SO

1740
01:06:43,880 --> 01:06:46,640
THESE ARE 3 AREAS WE DESIGN, 1

1741
01:06:46,640 --> 01:06:47,360
ISAN TERIOR SINGULAR CORTEX AND

1742
01:06:47,360 --> 01:06:49,800
THE OTHER IS WE LOOK AT THALAMUS

1743
01:06:49,800 --> 01:06:52,320
AND ALSO THE PARADACTYL GRAY.

1744
01:06:52,320 --> 01:06:55,880
SO THESE 3 AREAS ARE REP ARE

1745
01:06:55,880 --> 01:06:57,080
SENTATIVE IN TERMS OF THEIR

1746
01:06:57,080 --> 01:06:59,560
LOCATION IN THE BRAIN, IT'S

1747
01:06:59,560 --> 01:07:01,200
SUPERFICIAL IN THE DEEPER IN THE

1748
01:07:01,200 --> 01:07:03,320
BRAIN AND SO, HERE, WE'RE

1749
01:07:03,320 --> 01:07:05,960
SHOWING OUR ARFI DATA SO YOU CAN

1750
01:07:05,960 --> 01:07:07,480
SEE, WE CAN RELIABLY TARGET THIS

1751
01:07:07,480 --> 01:07:11,640
AREA WITH NO PROBLEM WITH THE

1752
01:07:11,640 --> 01:07:12,440
CHANNEL ARRAY.

1753
01:07:12,440 --> 01:07:14,520
SO I'M GOING TO SHOW YOU SOME OF

1754
01:07:14,520 --> 01:07:18,040
OUR FUNCTIONAL DATA FROM THE

1755
01:07:18,040 --> 01:07:18,520
THALAMUS STIMULATION.

1756
01:07:18,520 --> 01:07:22,440
SO AND HERE AGAIN, WE TRY TO USE

1757
01:07:22,440 --> 01:07:24,840
THE MODERATE PHOTON TO SUPPRESS

1758
01:07:24,840 --> 01:07:27,760
THE HEAT RESPONSE, THE IDEA IS

1759
01:07:27,760 --> 01:07:30,120
MAYBE IT CAN REDUCE PAIN.

1760
01:07:30,120 --> 01:07:32,320
SO THIS 1 IS WHEN WE STIMULATE

1761
01:07:32,320 --> 01:07:34,520
WITH HEAT WITH A TEMPERATURE

1762
01:07:34,520 --> 01:07:36,520
THAT CAN ELICIT BURNING

1763
01:07:36,520 --> 01:07:39,000
SENSATION IN HUMANS WE CAN LIGHT

1764
01:07:39,000 --> 01:07:41,240
UP THE ENTIRE NETWORK AND THIS

1765
01:07:41,240 --> 01:07:42,720
IS VERY CONSISTENT OR SIMILAR TO

1766
01:07:42,720 --> 01:07:45,320
WHAT WE REPORT IN A HUMAN

1767
01:07:45,320 --> 01:07:46,840
LITULATURE WHEN YOU GIVE THE

1768
01:07:46,840 --> 01:07:48,280
SAME STIMULUS TO THE HUMANS AND

1769
01:07:48,280 --> 01:07:50,320
THIS IS SHOWING ACTIVATIONOT

1770
01:07:50,320 --> 01:07:50,800
INFLATE OF THE BRAIN.

1771
01:07:50,800 --> 01:07:54,240
SO MEN WITH HIGHER WE HAVE THE

1772
01:07:54,240 --> 01:07:56,360
FIRST ADDED TO THE HEAT

1773
01:07:56,360 --> 01:08:00,200
STIMULATION, AT THE THALAMUS

1774
01:08:00,200 --> 01:08:01,640
NUCLEUS, AND SOME AREAS

1775
01:08:01,640 --> 01:08:03,440
INHIBITED, THIS IS THE LIST OF

1776
01:08:03,440 --> 01:08:04,280
AREA BEING SUPPRESSED BUT

1777
01:08:04,280 --> 01:08:07,240
INTERESTINGLY WE ALSO HAVE THE

1778
01:08:07,240 --> 01:08:08,480
AREA ACTUALLY GETTINGS

1779
01:08:08,480 --> 01:08:10,800
ADDITIONAL RESPONSE, WE CALL IT

1780
01:08:10,800 --> 01:08:15,760
EXCITED, SO, WE DON'T KNOW WHY

1781
01:08:15,760 --> 01:08:17,520
IS THIS CASE, SO THIS IS OUR

1782
01:08:17,520 --> 01:08:18,080
OBSERVATION.

1783
01:08:18,080 --> 01:08:19,120
SO HERE'S SHOWING YOU THE

1784
01:08:19,120 --> 01:08:19,400
CONCOURSE.

1785
01:08:19,400 --> 01:08:22,000
SO THE RED IS THE HEAT RESPONSE

1786
01:08:22,000 --> 01:08:23,840
AT EACH INDIVIDUAL ROI WAS

1787
01:08:23,840 --> 01:08:25,720
SELECTED FOR THIS ANALYSIS AND

1788
01:08:25,720 --> 01:08:28,720
THE BLUE CURVE IS THE HEAT

1789
01:08:28,720 --> 01:08:31,360
PLASMAS AND DELIVERED AT THE

1790
01:08:31,360 --> 01:08:32,640
THALAMUS, SO GENERALLY YOU CAN

1791
01:08:32,640 --> 01:08:35,840
SEE, WE SEE DRASTIC SIGNIFICANT

1792
01:08:35,840 --> 01:08:38,560
REDUCTION IN THE PERCENTAGE BOLT

1793
01:08:38,560 --> 01:08:40,680
SIGNAL CHANGE AT EACH FMRI, I DO

1794
01:08:40,680 --> 01:08:43,440
WANT TO TELL YOU WE DO SEE SOME

1795
01:08:43,440 --> 01:08:44,840
AREAS ACTUAL RESPONSE GET

1796
01:08:44,840 --> 01:08:50,040
ENHANCED BUT I'M NOT SHOWING THE

1797
01:08:50,040 --> 01:08:50,880
TIME COURSE HERE.

1798
01:08:50,880 --> 01:08:54,400
THE NEXT AS WE PROBABLY

1799
01:08:54,400 --> 01:08:55,880
APPRECIATE FOR CHRONIC PAIN

1800
01:08:55,880 --> 01:08:57,400
NETWORK SO IT'S PROBABLY A

1801
01:08:57,400 --> 01:08:59,840
CIRCUIT PROBLEM, 1 IDEA IS TO

1802
01:08:59,840 --> 01:09:00,600
UNDERSTAND ULTRASOUND MECHANISM,

1803
01:09:00,600 --> 01:09:02,640
WE WANT TO ELECTRIC AT WITH WE

1804
01:09:02,640 --> 01:09:04,720
SUPPRESS THE THALAMUS RESPONSE,

1805
01:09:04,720 --> 01:09:07,840
YOU KNOW WHETHER WHAT IT DOES TO

1806
01:09:07,840 --> 01:09:08,800
THE ENTIRE--SO THE ANALYSIS WE

1807
01:09:08,800 --> 01:09:16,320
COME UP TO LOOK AT IS WE CALLED

1808
01:09:16,320 --> 01:09:18,760
EFFECTIVE CONNECTIVITY ANALYSIS,

1809
01:09:18,760 --> 01:09:20,640
THE PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION

1810
01:09:20,640 --> 01:09:20,880
ANALYSIS.

1811
01:09:20,880 --> 01:09:23,080
SO ANALYSIS ALLOW US TO LOOK AT

1812
01:09:23,080 --> 01:09:25,360
THE TASK OF SPECIFIC INTERACTION

1813
01:09:25,360 --> 01:09:26,560
TBEEN BRAIN REGIONS ARE INVOLVED

1814
01:09:26,560 --> 01:09:29,680
IN THE SAME TASK, SO HERE, WE

1815
01:09:29,680 --> 01:09:33,000
FOCUSED ON THALAMUS BECAUSE THIS

1816
01:09:33,000 --> 01:09:34,720
IS WHERE WE'RE PERTURBATING AND

1817
01:09:34,720 --> 01:09:36,160
HAD IS DURING THE HEAT

1818
01:09:36,160 --> 01:09:37,680
STIMULATION AND THEN WE

1819
01:09:37,680 --> 01:09:39,560
IDENTIFIED THIS AND WE EXTRACTED

1820
01:09:39,560 --> 01:09:42,200
THE BOLD SIGNAL AND WE USE THIS

1821
01:09:42,200 --> 01:09:44,560
SIGNAL AS A REPRESSOR TO FIND

1822
01:09:44,560 --> 01:09:47,920
WHERE IN THE BRAIN THOSE AREA

1823
01:09:47,920 --> 01:09:50,120
ACTUALLY--STRONGLY CONNECTED TO

1824
01:09:50,120 --> 01:09:52,320
THIS THALAMUS NUCLIER DOING THE

1825
01:09:52,320 --> 01:09:52,960
PAINFUL STIMULATION PROCESSING.

1826
01:09:52,960 --> 01:09:55,720
SO WE CALLED IT THE THALAMUS

1827
01:09:55,720 --> 01:09:59,040
EFFECTIVE CONNECTIVE FOAT WORK. 

1828
01:09:59,040 --> 01:09:59,880
SO WHAT HAPPENS?

1829
01:09:59,880 --> 01:10:03,160
SO HERE IS THE THALAMUS PET

1830
01:10:03,160 --> 01:10:04,120
NETWORK SO THIS IS DIFFERENT

1831
01:10:04,120 --> 01:10:08,400
THAN WHAT WE HAVE JUST SEEN THE

1832
01:10:08,400 --> 01:10:10,360
NATURAL PAIN NETWORK THIS IS THE

1833
01:10:10,360 --> 01:10:11,680
SIDE VIEW AND CENTER VIEW AND

1834
01:10:11,680 --> 01:10:14,280
THIS IS ALL AREAS CONNECTED AND

1835
01:10:14,280 --> 01:10:16,840
PART OF THE PAIN NETWORK FOR

1836
01:10:16,840 --> 01:10:18,600
EXAMPLE, THE MOTOR CORTEX AND

1837
01:10:18,600 --> 01:10:24,040
THE SENSORY CORTEX AND WHEN WE

1838
01:10:24,040 --> 01:10:25,680
HAVE THE THALAMUS MODULATED BY

1839
01:10:25,680 --> 01:10:26,520
FIRST AND PROBABLY YOU CAN SEE

1840
01:10:26,520 --> 01:10:29,720
SOME OF THE AREAS HAVE MORE

1841
01:10:29,720 --> 01:10:32,320
CHANGES THAN OTHER AND FOR

1842
01:10:32,320 --> 01:10:34,120
EXAMPLE, THE POSTERIOR INSULAR

1843
01:10:34,120 --> 01:10:38,960
CORTEX RESPONSE IS NOW SHOWING

1844
01:10:38,960 --> 01:10:43,360
UP WHEN WE WHEN WE PERTURBATED

1845
01:10:43,360 --> 01:10:43,880
OUR RESPONSE.

1846
01:10:43,880 --> 01:10:47,840
AND SO, THAT'S THE MAP AND THEN

1847
01:10:47,840 --> 01:10:50,200
WE DID PAIR WISE, THE RI BASED

1848
01:10:50,200 --> 01:10:53,040
ANALYSIS, SO THIS IS THE METRIC

1849
01:10:53,040 --> 01:10:55,360
SHOWING YOU ALL THE RIs HAVE A

1850
01:10:55,360 --> 01:10:57,400
STRONG CONNECTION TO THE

1851
01:10:57,400 --> 01:10:59,480
THALAMUS NUCLEAR AND THEN IN 2

1852
01:10:59,480 --> 01:11:02,680
CONDITION, HERE LEFT METRICS,

1853
01:11:02,680 --> 01:11:05,920
THIS IS THE HEAT PLOT FIRST, THE

1854
01:11:05,920 --> 01:11:07,920
FIRST IS INTRODUCED TO SUPPRESS

1855
01:11:07,920 --> 01:11:09,320
THE THALAMUS RESPONSE AND

1856
01:11:09,320 --> 01:11:10,960
PROBABLY YOU CAN PROASHT AFTER

1857
01:11:10,960 --> 01:11:15,920
THE THALAMUS SUPPRESSION, THE

1858
01:11:15,920 --> 01:11:17,000
OVERALL CONNECTIVITY PATH AND

1859
01:11:17,000 --> 01:11:17,240
CHANGE.

1860
01:11:17,240 --> 01:11:20,800
AND ALSO SOME OF THE AREAS ARE

1861
01:11:20,800 --> 01:11:21,400
SIGNIFICANTLY SUPPRESSED.

1862
01:11:21,400 --> 01:11:25,440
SO THE STAR, YOU SEE HERE THAT

1863
01:11:25,440 --> 01:11:27,840
THOSE ARE SIGNIFICANTLY CHANGED

1864
01:11:27,840 --> 01:11:29,400
THE PAIRS.

1865
01:11:29,400 --> 01:11:34,160
AND THIS IS THE BETA CO

1866
01:11:34,160 --> 01:11:36,880
EFFICIENT IN BETWEEN THE

1867
01:11:36,880 --> 01:11:38,880
THALAMUS SEED AND THE ROI WE

1868
01:11:38,880 --> 01:11:39,920
CHOOSE TO PLOT HERE.

1869
01:11:39,920 --> 01:11:43,480
SO THE MESSAGE IS, WHEN WE

1870
01:11:43,480 --> 01:11:45,360
SUPPRESS THE THALAMUS HEAT

1871
01:11:45,360 --> 01:11:46,760
RESPONSE REGION, THE CONNECTION

1872
01:11:46,760 --> 01:11:48,480
BETWEEN OTHER AREAS FOR THE

1873
01:11:48,480 --> 01:11:51,640
CONNECTION SAMPLES ALSO MOST OF

1874
01:11:51,640 --> 01:11:52,760
THEM ARE SUPPRESSED.

1875
01:11:52,760 --> 01:11:55,640
AND WE ALSO PERFORMED THE

1876
01:11:55,640 --> 01:11:56,240
HIERARCHICAL CLUSTER ANALYSIS,

1877
01:11:56,240 --> 01:11:59,160
THE WHYED IS WHEN WE SUPPRESS

1878
01:11:59,160 --> 01:12:00,640
THE NUCLEAR PAIN RESPONSE, WHAT

1879
01:12:00,640 --> 01:12:03,080
HAPPENED TO THE NETWORK

1880
01:12:03,080 --> 01:12:04,160
OPTIMIZATION, AND WHAT WE FOUND

1881
01:12:04,160 --> 01:12:06,480
IS, THIS IS THE HEAT NETWORK,

1882
01:12:06,480 --> 01:12:08,560
THOSE ARE THE AREAS ARE INVOLVED

1883
01:12:08,560 --> 01:12:11,160
AND WHEN WE DO HIERARCHICAL

1884
01:12:11,160 --> 01:12:12,800
ANALYSIS, CAN YOU SEE SOME AREAS

1885
01:12:12,800 --> 01:12:15,200
ARE CLUSTERED TOGETHER AND MEANS

1886
01:12:15,200 --> 01:12:16,320
THEY'RE FUNCTIONALLY MORE

1887
01:12:16,320 --> 01:12:19,720
SYNCHRONIZED AND THEN WE SAY WE

1888
01:12:19,720 --> 01:12:22,720
HAVE A PLURIBU NETWORK AND HAVE

1889
01:12:22,720 --> 01:12:23,120
A RED SUBNETWORK.

1890
01:12:23,120 --> 01:12:25,960
WHEN WE HAVE THE ULTRASOUND

1891
01:12:25,960 --> 01:12:26,680
SUPPRESSED, THE THALAMUS PAIN

1892
01:12:26,680 --> 01:12:29,680
RESPONSE AND YOU CAN SEE, THE

1893
01:12:29,680 --> 01:12:31,440
ORGANIZATION CHANGE, SO, AFTER

1894
01:12:31,440 --> 01:12:37,680
THE EXPOSURE, THE NETWORK

1895
01:12:37,680 --> 01:12:38,080
REORGANIZED.

1896
01:12:38,080 --> 01:12:41,840
AND SO NOW WE LOOK AT WHEN

1897
01:12:41,840 --> 01:12:43,520
WE--WE INTERESTINGLY, WHEN WE

1898
01:12:43,520 --> 01:12:44,720
INTRODUCE THE SAME ULTRASOUND

1899
01:12:44,720 --> 01:12:50,120
THEME TO THE ACCAND 2 OF THE

1900
01:12:50,120 --> 01:12:52,200
PVG, WE SEE ALSO REPRESSIVE

1901
01:12:52,200 --> 01:12:53,640
EFFECT SO THAT'S THE AREA WE'RE

1902
01:12:53,640 --> 01:12:56,080
SHOWING SO THE PARAMETER SEEMS

1903
01:12:56,080 --> 01:12:58,200
TO BE WORKING IN OUR EFFORT TO

1904
01:12:58,200 --> 01:13:01,000
SUPPRESS HEAT INDUCED RESPONSE. 

1905
01:13:01,000 --> 01:13:03,520
SO THE NEXT 1 I WANT TO SHOW

1906
01:13:03,520 --> 01:13:05,240
YOU, RESTING STATE IS ALSO

1907
01:13:05,240 --> 01:13:06,440
ANOTHER MEASUREMENTS MIGHT TELL

1908
01:13:06,440 --> 01:13:08,040
US ABOUT THE POST ULTRASOUND

1909
01:13:08,040 --> 01:13:10,640
EFFECT SO AS A THERAPY WE WANT

1910
01:13:10,640 --> 01:13:13,880
TO KNOW, WHAT--HOW LONG THE--YOU

1911
01:13:13,880 --> 01:13:15,160
KNOW THE PROTURBATION OR

1912
01:13:15,160 --> 01:13:16,360
MODULATION LASTS, SO THE 1 WAY

1913
01:13:16,360 --> 01:13:17,880
WE TRY TO ELECTRIC AT IT IS WE

1914
01:13:17,880 --> 01:13:20,120
ARE LOOKING AT THE RESTING STATE

1915
01:13:20,120 --> 01:13:22,440
NETWORK CHANGE BEFORE AND AFTER

1916
01:13:22,440 --> 01:13:26,120
ULTRASOUND EXPOSURE AND THIS IS

1917
01:13:26,120 --> 01:13:29,400
THE MAP AND SO THIS 1 IS THE

1918
01:13:29,400 --> 01:13:31,360
BEFORE ULTRASOUND EXPOSURE, SO

1919
01:13:31,360 --> 01:13:34,400
THIS IS THE--THIS IS THE NETWORK

1920
01:13:34,400 --> 01:13:35,920
DEFINED BY RESPONSE TO THE

1921
01:13:35,920 --> 01:13:40,400
ENHANCED STIMULATION, WE CALL IT

1922
01:13:40,400 --> 01:13:41,120
THE NETWORK.

1923
01:13:41,120 --> 01:13:42,720
AND AFTER THE ULTRASOUND

1924
01:13:42,720 --> 01:13:45,320
SUPPRESSED THALAMUS AND YOU CAN

1925
01:13:45,320 --> 01:13:46,880
SEE, IT'S MUCH COOLER IN A

1926
01:13:46,880 --> 01:13:48,760
TEMPERATURE, THAT MEANS OVERALL,

1927
01:13:48,760 --> 01:13:50,720
OVERALL THE CONNECTIVITY IS

1928
01:13:50,720 --> 01:13:53,320
DECREASED, THIS IS AFTER THE

1929
01:13:53,320 --> 01:13:53,720
ULTRASOUND EXPOSURE.

1930
01:13:53,720 --> 01:13:58,880
BUT SOME OF THE AREAS, YOU CAN

1931
01:13:58,880 --> 01:14:01,560
SEE, IT GETS ENHANCED.

1932
01:14:01,560 --> 01:14:03,200
AND THIS IS OUR PLOT, SO THE

1933
01:14:03,200 --> 01:14:06,000
BLUE, THAT'S THE HEAT ALONE, AND

1934
01:14:06,000 --> 01:14:11,360
THE RED, THIS IS HEAT, PLUS

1935
01:14:11,360 --> 01:14:12,000
ULTRASOUND PLUS SUPPRESSION, SO

1936
01:14:12,000 --> 01:14:13,960
YOU CAN SEE THE ORE ALL

1937
01:14:13,960 --> 01:14:15,840
CORRELATION, THE OVERALL

1938
01:14:15,840 --> 01:14:22,560
INTENSITY DECREASED BUT 1 VERY

1939
01:14:22,560 --> 01:14:33,040
INTERESTING FINDING IS--I'M

1940
01:14:38,760 --> 01:14:46,480
SORRY, SOMEHOW--OH, GO BACK?

1941
01:14:46,480 --> 01:14:46,680
SORRY.

1942
01:14:46,680 --> 01:14:47,040
I APOLOGIZE.

1943
01:14:47,040 --> 01:14:51,320
THIS 1 IS SOMEHOW, THIS--THIS 1

1944
01:14:51,320 --> 01:14:54,160
DIDN'T WORK AND WE HAVE ALSO

1945
01:14:54,160 --> 01:14:57,280
TRIED THE SAME NETWORK BUT WHEN

1946
01:14:57,280 --> 01:14:59,720
WE SUPPRESS THE PVG, AND THEN

1947
01:14:59,720 --> 01:15:01,920
PVG HAS A VERY DIFFERENT EFFECT,

1948
01:15:01,920 --> 01:15:05,040
I'M SORRY THE PVG ALSO INDUCED

1949
01:15:05,040 --> 01:15:05,960
SAME SUPPRESSION, SO IN WORTH

1950
01:15:05,960 --> 01:15:07,560
ORDERS IF WE SHUT DOWN THE

1951
01:15:07,560 --> 01:15:09,960
THALAMUS OR THE PVG ACCIDENT THE

1952
01:15:09,960 --> 01:15:12,560
RESTING STATE PAIN NETWORK IS

1953
01:15:12,560 --> 01:15:15,880
THE CONNECTIVITY STRENGTHS ARE

1954
01:15:15,880 --> 01:15:17,000
REDUCED.

1955
01:15:17,000 --> 01:15:17,200
AND.

1956
01:15:17,200 --> 01:15:18,880
>>YOU HAVE 2 MINUTES.

1957
01:15:18,880 --> 01:15:22,840
>>SO THE TEMPERATURE
MONITORING

1958
01:15:22,840 --> 01:15:24,800
IS ANOTHER CONFOUND FOR AWLT

1959
01:15:24,800 --> 01:15:26,640
RASOUND STIMULATION SO IESM

1960
01:15:26,640 --> 01:15:29,200
SHOWING YOU THE 1 METHOD WE

1961
01:15:29,200 --> 01:15:32,120
DEVELOPED ACTUALLY WE'RE USING

1962
01:15:32,120 --> 01:15:35,040
WITHOUT APPLY ANYMORE DATA USING

1963
01:15:35,040 --> 01:15:35,920
FUNCTIONAL IMAGINGA TO MEASURE

1964
01:15:35,920 --> 01:15:36,240
THE PAPER.

1965
01:15:36,240 --> 01:15:38,120
SO THIS IS A NEW PAPER PUBLISHED

1966
01:15:38,120 --> 01:15:39,160
LAST MONTH AND IF YOU'RE

1967
01:15:39,160 --> 01:15:44,040
INTERESTED YOU CAN LOOK THE THIS

1968
01:15:44,040 --> 01:15:45,440
WORK BY [INDISCERNIBLE] AND HIS

1969
01:15:45,440 --> 01:15:47,560
STUDENTS AND WE'RE USING

1970
01:15:47,560 --> 01:15:48,800
FUNCTIONAL DATA TO MEASURE THE

1971
01:15:48,800 --> 01:15:50,720
TEMPERATURE AND I'M JUST SHOWING

1972
01:15:50,720 --> 01:15:52,720
YOU 1 DATA HERE AND THIS IS IN A

1973
01:15:52,720 --> 01:15:53,680
PUBLICATION IF YOU'RE

1974
01:15:53,680 --> 01:15:54,840
INTERESTED, WE HAVE A BETTER

1975
01:15:54,840 --> 01:15:56,240
CONTROLLED OPTICAL IMAGES O

1976
01:15:56,240 --> 01:15:58,240
GENETICS STUDY MODEL AND WE'RE

1977
01:15:58,240 --> 01:15:59,760
USING LASER TO DHAIMPLEG AND

1978
01:15:59,760 --> 01:16:01,960
STIMULATE AND HERE SHOWING YOU

1979
01:16:01,960 --> 01:16:03,880
WE CAN--WE CAN MEASURE THE

1980
01:16:03,880 --> 01:16:05,160
TEMPERATURE CHANGE AT THE PROBE,

1981
01:16:05,160 --> 01:16:08,920
AT THE TIP OF THE PROBE AND WITH

1982
01:16:08,920 --> 01:16:12,760
THE ACBEERACY OF .02-DEGREES.

1983
01:16:12,760 --> 01:16:14,600
SO IT'S VERY SENSITIVE TOGETHER.

1984
01:16:14,600 --> 01:16:16,280
I WOULD RECOMMEND IF YOU'RE

1985
01:16:16,280 --> 01:16:17,560
INTERESTED TO MONITOR, AND THEN

1986
01:16:17,560 --> 01:16:22,120
IN THE END, AS YOU SAY THE

1987
01:16:22,120 --> 01:16:24,080
SAFETY IS ALWAYS A CONCERN SO WE

1988
01:16:24,080 --> 01:16:25,600
ARE DEVELOPED THE PIPELINE TO

1989
01:16:25,600 --> 01:16:27,960
LOOK AT USING THE BEST IMAGING

1990
01:16:27,960 --> 01:16:29,960
TO MONITORING THE MI SAFETY, SO

1991
01:16:29,960 --> 01:16:31,480
HERE IS ALL THE METHOD AND JUST

1992
01:16:31,480 --> 01:16:33,480
SHOWING YOU SOME OF THE DATA WE

1993
01:16:33,480 --> 01:16:35,920
ACQUIRED AT THE END OF EACH

1994
01:16:35,920 --> 01:16:41,560
SESSION, TAKES ABOUT 30 MINUTES

1995
01:16:41,560 --> 01:16:43,760
AND WE--WE DO MAKE IT MORE

1996
01:16:43,760 --> 01:16:45,280
SENSITIVE AND HERE I GIVE AN

1997
01:16:45,280 --> 01:16:49,160
EXAMPLE, IF WE DO BBB OPENING WE

1998
01:16:49,160 --> 01:16:50,600
CAN DETECT THE SIGNAL AT THE

1999
01:16:50,600 --> 01:16:51,760
TARGETING SYSTEM THEET YEAH, SO

2000
01:16:51,760 --> 01:16:53,680
THIS IS JUST SUMMARIZE WHAT I

2001
01:16:53,680 --> 01:16:54,520
JUST DESCRIBED, YES, THANK YOU

2002
01:16:54,520 --> 01:16:57,800
SO MUCH AND THIS IS OUR--THIS IS

2003
01:16:57,800 --> 01:16:58,960
REALLY A MULTIDISCIPLINED TEAM

2004
01:16:58,960 --> 01:17:07,480
WORK AND 3 OF US AND OUR

2005
01:17:07,480 --> 01:17:10,880
COLLABORATOR, OUR DIRECTOR,

2006
01:17:10,880 --> 01:17:12,160
LEADER ISSUES EVERYONE IT'S

2007
01:17:12,160 --> 01:17:13,720
REALLY TEAM WORK ANDIME HONORED

2008
01:17:13,720 --> 01:17:14,760
TO BE PART OF IT.

2009
01:17:14,760 --> 01:17:16,040
THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

2010
01:17:16,040 --> 01:17:20,160
AND ALSO THANK YOU FOR THE

2011
01:17:20,160 --> 01:17:20,360
FUNDING.

2012
01:17:20,360 --> 01:17:21,160
[ APPLAUSE ]

2013
01:17:21,160 --> 01:17:29,200
>>WE CAN TAKE 1 OR 2
QUESTIONS.

2014
01:17:29,200 --> 01:17:31,440
>>BEAUTIFUL TALK, VERY
ROBUST

2015
01:17:31,440 --> 01:17:31,760
EFFECTS.

2016
01:17:31,760 --> 01:17:33,600
SO YOU IMAGE UP TO 7 HOURS, DO

2017
01:17:33,600 --> 01:17:37,040
YOU HAVE A SENSE OF HOW LONG

2018
01:17:37,040 --> 01:17:42,880
THESE CHANGES IF FUNCTIONAL

2019
01:17:42,880 --> 01:17:43,600
CONNECTIVITY LAST?

2020
01:17:43,600 --> 01:17:45,880
HOW LONG WAS IT PERFORMED AFTER

2021
01:17:45,880 --> 01:17:46,840
THE ULTRASOUND?

2022
01:17:46,840 --> 01:17:50,920
>>YEAH, SO OUR
MEASUREMENTS

2023
01:17:50,920 --> 01:17:55,800
BASICALLY TELL US LIKE 2 OR 3

2024
01:17:55,800 --> 01:17:58,360
HOURS AND WE,--YEAH, BASED ON

2025
01:17:58,360 --> 01:18:00,840
THE FULL DURATION HOW MUCH EACH

2026
01:18:00,840 --> 01:18:01,360
SESSION TAKES.

2027
01:18:01,360 --> 01:18:03,400
>>SO THAT BY ITSELF COULD
BE

2028
01:18:03,400 --> 01:18:05,720
USED AS A NEW TOOL FOR

2029
01:18:05,720 --> 01:18:06,560
DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS WITH

2030
01:18:06,560 --> 01:18:10,040
SUCH A HIGH SPATIAL PRECISION.

2031
01:18:10,040 --> 01:18:10,320
>>MM-HMM.

2032
01:18:10,320 --> 01:18:11,040
>>VERY EXCITING.

2033
01:18:11,040 --> 01:18:14,440
>>THANK YOU. 

2034
01:18:14,440 --> 01:18:15,080
THANK YOU.

2035
01:18:15,080 --> 01:18:16,360
>>SO AT THE END DID THE

2036
01:18:16,360 --> 01:18:17,680
TEMPERATURE GO UP OR DOES THE

2037
01:18:17,680 --> 01:18:21,280
TEMPERATURE NOT GO UP?

2038
01:18:21,280 --> 01:18:22,760
>>SO FOR THE ANSWERS, THE

2039
01:18:22,760 --> 01:18:26,160
TEMPERATURE DID NOT GO UP. 

2040
01:18:26,160 --> 01:18:27,920
SO THE IDEA IS I SHOW YOU DATA

2041
01:18:27,920 --> 01:18:29,440
WITH OPTICAL IMAGES O GENETIC

2042
01:18:29,440 --> 01:18:30,840
BECAUSE WE CAN REALLY RAMP UP

2043
01:18:30,840 --> 01:18:31,960
THE TEMPERATURE TO SEE, YOU KNOW

2044
01:18:31,960 --> 01:18:35,600
WHAT IS THE DETECTION THRESHOLD

2045
01:18:35,600 --> 01:18:37,840
AND WE CAN DETECT ROBUST SIGNAL

2046
01:18:37,840 --> 01:18:40,640
CHANGE ABOUT OUR OR 5-DEGREES,

2047
01:18:40,640 --> 01:18:42,040
SEE WITH HIGH INTENSITY WITH THE

2048
01:18:42,040 --> 01:18:46,240
LASER STIMULATION BUT FOR THE

2049
01:18:46,240 --> 01:18:47,080
ULTRASOUNDS, THE INTENSITY FOR

2050
01:18:47,080 --> 01:18:49,360
VERY LOW OPTICAL IMAGES O

2051
01:18:49,360 --> 01:18:50,640
GENETIC LASER, THERE'S NO

2052
01:18:50,640 --> 01:18:53,600
TEMPERATURE CHANGE, WE HAVE AN

2053
01:18:53,600 --> 01:18:55,400
ACRAZZY OF A POINT OR 2 FOR

2054
01:18:55,400 --> 01:18:55,640
DEGREES.

2055
01:18:55,640 --> 01:19:02,000
>>THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

2056
01:19:02,000 --> 01:19:02,400
>>[ APPLAUSE ]

2057
01:19:02,400 --> 01:19:04,160
SO NOW AS PART OF THE ORAL

2058
01:19:04,160 --> 01:19:10,400
SESSION, FIRST SPEAKER WILL BE

2059
01:19:10,400 --> 01:19:20,880
DR. KRISHNAMURTHY FROM EMORY

2060
01:19:25,080 --> 01:19:25,280
UNIVERSITY.

2061
01:19:25,280 --> 01:19:26,200
>>GOOD MORNING.

2062
01:19:26,200 --> 01:19:28,320
I WOULD LIKE TO THANK THE

2063
01:19:28,320 --> 01:19:29,160
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE FOR THE

2064
01:19:29,160 --> 01:19:30,000
OPPORTUNITY.

2065
01:19:30,000 --> 01:19:37,560
SO I HAVE--LET'S SEE.

2066
01:19:37,560 --> 01:19:48,040
I HAVE NOTHING TO DISCLOSE. 

2067
01:19:56,000 --> 01:19:57,640
>>ALL RIGHT, SO, MY
STUDIES

2068
01:19:57,640 --> 01:20:00,920
FOCUSED ON STROKE INDUCED

2069
01:20:00,920 --> 01:20:03,520
ASFACIA, PEOPLE THINK OF APHASIA

2070
01:20:03,520 --> 01:20:06,120
AS JUST A LANGUAGE DISORDER BUT

2071
01:20:06,120 --> 01:20:07,600
IT'S A COMMUNICATION DISORDER

2072
01:20:07,600 --> 01:20:11,280
AND IT PRESENTS IN UP TO 38% OF

2073
01:20:11,280 --> 01:20:13,120
ACUTE STROKE PATIENTS AND IT

2074
01:20:13,120 --> 01:20:14,560
PERSISTS EVEN IN CHRONIC STAGE

2075
01:20:14,560 --> 01:20:16,160
WHICH IS GREATER THAN 6 MONTHS

2076
01:20:16,160 --> 01:20:20,520
AND UP TO 60% OF THE

2077
01:20:20,520 --> 01:20:20,840
PARTICIPANTS.

2078
01:20:20,840 --> 01:20:23,640
SO IT'S NOT JUST AGAIN LIKE I

2079
01:20:23,640 --> 01:20:26,800
SAID LANGUAGE, IT AFFECTS

2080
01:20:26,800 --> 01:20:27,400
SPEAKING, SPEECH PRODUCTION,

2081
01:20:27,400 --> 01:20:28,240
COMP REHENGSZ WHICH IS

2082
01:20:28,240 --> 01:20:30,840
UNDERSTANDING AND ALSO READING

2083
01:20:30,840 --> 01:20:34,640
AND WRITING.

2084
01:20:34,640 --> 01:20:39,120
SO IT'S PRETTY DEBILITATING.

2085
01:20:39,120 --> 01:20:39,760
ALL RIGHT.

2086
01:20:39,760 --> 01:20:47,280
SO LET'S LOOK AT TDCS EVENTS IN

2087
01:20:47,280 --> 01:20:48,360
PATIENTS WITH APHASIA, THIS WAS

2088
01:20:48,360 --> 01:20:50,920
AN EARLY STUDY IN 2010, IT WAS

2089
01:20:50,920 --> 01:20:54,200
JUST 10 PARTICIPANTS AND I THINK

2090
01:20:54,200 --> 01:20:57,400
YOU FOUND IN SOMETHING IN HUMANS

2091
01:20:57,400 --> 01:20:59,560
AND INSPIRE HIM TO DO A LARGER

2092
01:20:59,560 --> 01:21:01,480
CLINICAL TRIAL AND THIS 1'S

2093
01:21:01,480 --> 01:21:04,800
PUBLISHED IN GERMANY IN 2018.

2094
01:21:04,800 --> 01:21:08,440
AND THIS 1 FOR THE ANALYSIS AND

2095
01:21:08,440 --> 01:21:11,520
AND THIS 1 IS TCS AS AN ADJUVANT

2096
01:21:11,520 --> 01:21:12,120
FOR SPEECH THIR ACTIVITIES AND

2097
01:21:12,120 --> 01:21:18,280
PROJECTS THAT'S ARE QUIRING MUCH

2098
01:21:18,280 --> 01:21:18,680
PROMISING RESULTS.

2099
01:21:18,680 --> 01:21:20,320
AND THEN THERE WAS ANOTHER PAPER

2100
01:21:20,320 --> 01:21:23,160
IN 2019 ON BRAIN STIMULATION

2101
01:21:23,160 --> 01:21:26,040
WHERE THEY ACTUALLY I THINK ON

2102
01:21:26,040 --> 01:21:30,440
THE SAME COHORT, 74% OF CHRONIC

2103
01:21:30,440 --> 01:21:37,720
APHASIA, SHOWED THAT TDCS, LEFT

2104
01:21:37,720 --> 01:21:39,160
TEMPERRAL LOCAL HAS SUPERIORITY

2105
01:21:39,160 --> 01:21:41,920
COMPARED TO THE SHAM.

2106
01:21:41,920 --> 01:21:44,240
SO AT THE END WOE DON'T HAVE

2107
01:21:44,240 --> 01:21:45,760
RANDOMIZED STUDIES OR TRIALS,

2108
01:21:45,760 --> 01:21:47,320
IT'S JUST MIXED RESULTS SO THAT

2109
01:21:47,320 --> 01:21:50,880
LEADS TO WHAT IS THE TDCS

2110
01:21:50,880 --> 01:21:52,960
MECHANISM WHICH IS STILL TRYING

2111
01:21:52,960 --> 01:21:53,920
TO UNDERSTAND.

2112
01:21:53,920 --> 01:21:56,000
WELL 1 CONCERNED WITH THE

2113
01:21:56,000 --> 01:22:00,160
REHABILITATION IS WE DO A

2114
01:22:00,160 --> 01:22:00,960
PRE POST DESIGN, BEHAVIORIAL,

2115
01:22:00,960 --> 01:22:03,920
POINT MEASURES, THEY'RE NOISY

2116
01:22:03,920 --> 01:22:06,480
AND THE PRE/POST DESIGN DOES

2117
01:22:06,480 --> 01:22:07,640
NONAPOPTOTIC THE CAPTURE THE

2118
01:22:07,640 --> 01:22:07,840
TIME.

2119
01:22:07,840 --> 01:22:10,160
AND ALSO WITH THE TDCS

2120
01:22:10,160 --> 01:22:11,800
INTERVENTION IS 20 MINUTES PER

2121
01:22:11,800 --> 01:22:16,080
DAY BUT THE PARTICIPANTS ARE

2122
01:22:16,080 --> 01:22:17,680
ACTIVELY DOING LANGUAGE IN 8 OR

2123
01:22:17,680 --> 01:22:19,320
9 HOURS SO THEY'RE DOING A LOT

2124
01:22:19,320 --> 01:22:20,840
OF DIFFERENT THINGS SO WE CAN'T

2125
01:22:20,840 --> 01:22:22,960
TRULY TELL WHAT IS THE TDCS

2126
01:22:22,960 --> 01:22:23,560
EFFECT.

2127
01:22:23,560 --> 01:22:26,560
SO 1 WAY THAT PEOPLE USE AND

2128
01:22:26,560 --> 01:22:27,480
NEUROIMAGING TO UNDERSTAND

2129
01:22:27,480 --> 01:22:31,000
MECHANISMS BUT WE KNOW THAT BOLD

2130
01:22:31,000 --> 01:22:32,440
IS NOT JUST [INDISCERNIBLE].

2131
01:22:32,440 --> 01:22:35,560
AND THE BIG QUESTION IS HOW DOES

2132
01:22:35,560 --> 01:22:39,600
THIS MONITOR EFFECTS IN BRAIN

2133
01:22:39,600 --> 01:22:40,280
PHYSIOLOGY INCLUDING

2134
01:22:40,280 --> 01:22:41,800
NEUROVASCULAR DISEASE WHICH IS

2135
01:22:41,800 --> 01:22:42,120
STROKE.

2136
01:22:42,120 --> 01:22:46,480
SO THE OBJECTIVE IS TO

2137
01:22:46,480 --> 01:22:49,200
INVESTIGATE THE MECHANISM AND

2138
01:22:49,200 --> 01:22:50,680
TARGETED ENGEAJMENT FOR

2139
01:22:50,680 --> 01:22:55,680
STIMULATION SITE AND THE

2140
01:22:55,680 --> 01:22:59,800
VASCULAR BIOMARKER IN POST

2141
01:22:59,800 --> 01:23:01,640
CHRONIC PATIENTS.

2142
01:23:01,640 --> 01:23:03,280
WE MONITOR EFFECTS, THE TARGET

2143
01:23:03,280 --> 01:23:05,000
ENGAGEMENT HERE FOR US WAS TO

2144
01:23:05,000 --> 01:23:07,120
UNDERSTAND WHEN WE HAVE A FIXED

2145
01:23:07,120 --> 01:23:11,280
STIMULATION SITE, AND WHEN THE

2146
01:23:11,280 --> 01:23:12,720
LESION IS HOW PROXIMAL IS THE

2147
01:23:12,720 --> 01:23:15,320
LESION AND HOW DOES IT IMPACT

2148
01:23:15,320 --> 01:23:18,440
THE MONITORED OUTCOMES AND

2149
01:23:18,440 --> 01:23:21,160
FINALLY PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKER CAN

2150
01:23:21,160 --> 01:23:24,240
BE USED CONCURRENT FMRIs FOR

2151
01:23:24,240 --> 01:23:27,440
DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS FOR

2152
01:23:27,440 --> 01:23:28,480
PREDICTION, RIGHT?

2153
01:23:28,480 --> 01:23:37,640
SO THIS WAS, YOU KNOW AS YOU CAN

2154
01:23:37,640 --> 01:23:38,960
SEE--

2155
01:23:38,960 --> 01:23:39,600
>>RECORDING:  PRESS YES.

2156
01:23:39,600 --> 01:23:40,840
>>I'M GOING THE WRONG
WAY.

2157
01:23:40,840 --> 01:23:42,120
THE POINTER IS NOT WORKING, SO

2158
01:23:42,120 --> 01:23:43,880
HERE YOU CAN SEE WE HAVE NOW THE

2159
01:23:43,880 --> 01:23:44,840
PARTIC PLAN TO ANALYZE BY AGE

2160
01:23:44,840 --> 01:23:46,680
LYING IN THE SCANNER, WE HAVE

2161
01:23:46,680 --> 01:23:51,920
THE PHOTO BOX INSIDE, IN HERE WE

2162
01:23:51,920 --> 01:23:54,400
DESIGN A TRAPEZOIDAL TO THE

2163
01:23:54,400 --> 01:23:57,840
PARADIGM, WE STIMULATED F7, F8,

2164
01:23:57,840 --> 01:23:59,680
THE FRONTAL GYRUS, THIS IS THE

2165
01:23:59,680 --> 01:24:02,880
SYSTEM, AND HERE IS OUR PROTOCOL

2166
01:24:02,880 --> 01:24:06,280
GENERAL STUDY DESIGN AND WE HAD

2167
01:24:06,280 --> 01:24:08,120
CROSS OVER, THE SAME DISCIPLINE

2168
01:24:08,120 --> 01:24:12,520
CAME ON 2 DIFFERENT DAYS AND IT

2169
01:24:12,520 --> 01:24:16,960
WAS PLIENDED, RANDOMIZED AND

2170
01:24:16,960 --> 01:24:19,280
COUNTER BALANCED ACROSS THE

2171
01:24:19,280 --> 01:24:19,840
PARTICIPANTS.

2172
01:24:19,840 --> 01:24:20,080
RIGHT?

2173
01:24:20,080 --> 01:24:23,520
SO WE DID AUDITORY DECISION

2174
01:24:23,520 --> 01:24:26,160
TASK, THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT FOR

2175
01:24:26,160 --> 01:24:27,680
THE SPOKEN WORD COMP REHENGSZ

2176
01:24:27,680 --> 01:24:30,680
WHICH IS VERY IMPORTANT IN TERMS

2177
01:24:30,680 --> 01:24:33,120
OF LANGUAGE GAINS, OR TREATMENT

2178
01:24:33,120 --> 01:24:34,800
GAINS IN THESE PARTICIPANTS AND

2179
01:24:34,800 --> 01:24:36,000
OF COURSE WITH APHASIA AND I

2180
01:24:36,000 --> 01:24:39,880
JUST WANT TO PLAY A QUICK

2181
01:24:39,880 --> 01:24:41,440
30-SECOND VIDEO HERE SO THAT YOU

2182
01:24:41,440 --> 01:24:52,000
GUYS CAN SEE HOW THE TASK WENT.

2183
01:25:01,440 --> 01:25:11,680
OKAY, HERE WE GO.

2184
01:25:42,960 --> 01:25:45,360
SO I CAN EXPLAIN, THIS IS A

2185
01:25:45,360 --> 01:25:47,440
DECISION AUDITORY TASK, IT'S THE

2186
01:25:47,440 --> 01:25:49,400
SOUND TO PRACTICE THE INDEX

2187
01:25:49,400 --> 01:25:51,160
FINGER IF THEY RECOGNIZE A REAL

2188
01:25:51,160 --> 01:25:54,720
WORLD AND WE OF COURSE HAVE

2189
01:25:54,720 --> 01:25:56,760
PSEUDOWORDS, AND WE KEEP SEEING

2190
01:25:56,760 --> 01:25:58,080
THE + SIGN AND KEEP THEIR EYES

2191
01:25:58,080 --> 01:26:07,200
OPEN IN THE CONDITION IN TERMS

2192
01:26:07,200 --> 01:26:08,840
OF STATE AND FOR THE PROPERTIES

2193
01:26:08,840 --> 01:26:12,760
THEIR VOICE WAS RECORDED WITH

2194
01:26:12,760 --> 01:26:15,560
THE FEMALE VOICE AND VERY

2195
01:26:15,560 --> 01:26:16,080
NEUTRAL MIDWEST ACCENT.

2196
01:26:16,080 --> 01:26:20,240
ALL RIGHT, SO LET'S JUST KEEP

2197
01:26:20,240 --> 01:26:20,480
MOVING.

2198
01:26:20,480 --> 01:26:22,880
NOW LET'S LOOK AT PARTICIPANTS.

2199
01:26:22,880 --> 01:26:25,800
OUR FIRST GUY IS 66 YEAR-OLD

2200
01:26:25,800 --> 01:26:28,640
LESION IN THE FRONTAL GYRUS, 14

2201
01:26:28,640 --> 01:26:29,880
MONTHS AFTER STROKE AND

2202
01:26:29,880 --> 01:26:32,080
RELATIVELY I WOULD SAY HI,

2203
01:26:32,080 --> 01:26:35,880
MODERATE APHASE IMRA SEVERITY,

2204
01:26:35,880 --> 01:26:38,040
DISP IF YOU LOOK AT THIS GUY,

2205
01:26:38,040 --> 01:26:41,360
HOW DID HE DO, FOR WORDS, AS YOU

2206
01:26:41,360 --> 01:26:45,160
CAN SEE HERE, THIS IS IN SCANNER

2207
01:26:45,160 --> 01:26:46,240
BEHAVIORIAL PERFORMANCE WITH THE

2208
01:26:46,240 --> 01:26:48,560
ACTIVE STIMULATION JUST OVER THE

2209
01:26:48,560 --> 01:26:49,560
LESION, THERE'S IMPROVED ACRAZZY

2210
01:26:49,560 --> 01:26:52,480
AND ALSO THE REACTION TIME IS

2211
01:26:52,480 --> 01:26:53,800
NOT THAT DIFFERENT COMPARED TO

2212
01:26:53,800 --> 01:26:57,080
SHAM BUT STILL IT'S BETTER. 

2213
01:26:57,080 --> 01:26:59,400
IN TERPS OF THE TASK ACTIVITY WE

2214
01:26:59,400 --> 01:27:00,680
SEE REALLY SUPPRESSED TASK

2215
01:27:00,680 --> 01:27:01,800
ACTIVITY, WE SEE INTERESTING

2216
01:27:01,800 --> 01:27:03,640
LANGUAGE AREAS, LEFT AND RIGHT,

2217
01:27:03,640 --> 01:27:09,320
AND BUT ANYWAY, SO, BUT IF YOU

2218
01:27:09,320 --> 01:27:13,760
LOOK AT VASCULAR AND NEURO, YOU

2219
01:27:13,760 --> 01:27:15,720
THIS DISPORTIONATE OF ACTORS SO

2220
01:27:15,720 --> 01:27:17,400
WE SEE THE CHANGES BUT MORE

2221
01:27:17,400 --> 01:27:18,560
IMPORTANTLY THE AREA IN THE

2222
01:27:18,560 --> 01:27:20,240
CURVE THAT IS THE BRAIN

2223
01:27:20,240 --> 01:27:22,000
ENERGETICS SO WE CAN SEE THAT IS

2224
01:27:22,000 --> 01:27:23,320
A SIGNIFICANT CHANGE FROM ACTIVE

2225
01:27:23,320 --> 01:27:25,960
TO SHAM, SO THE CONTRAST HERE IS

2226
01:27:25,960 --> 01:27:31,000
ACTIVE FOR SHAM FOR THE WORD

2227
01:27:31,000 --> 01:27:31,800
CONDITIONS.

2228
01:27:31,800 --> 01:27:33,040
WHAT ABOUT NONWORDS.

2229
01:27:33,040 --> 01:27:33,960
AGAIN, SAME GOI, PHYSIOLOGY IS

2230
01:27:33,960 --> 01:27:36,760
THE SAME BUT IN TERMS OF

2231
01:27:36,760 --> 01:27:38,320
BEHAVIORIAL PERFORMANCE WITH

2232
01:27:38,320 --> 01:27:42,360
THIS GUY, THE ACCURACY WAS NOT

2233
01:27:42,360 --> 01:27:44,080
THAT DIFFERENT DURING ACTIVE

2234
01:27:44,080 --> 01:27:47,680
STIMULATION BUT REACTION TIME

2235
01:27:47,680 --> 01:27:49,320
SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED.

2236
01:27:49,320 --> 01:27:52,360
OKAY, THEN WE TOOK, WE DID THE

2237
01:27:52,360 --> 01:27:53,800
RESTING STATE.

2238
01:27:53,800 --> 01:27:57,680
WE SEE THAT F7, F8 WHICH IS THE

2239
01:27:57,680 --> 01:27:58,600
ELECTORATE PLACEMENT AND ALSO AS

2240
01:27:58,600 --> 01:28:00,160
YOU TOOK THE GUY FROM THE

2241
01:28:00,160 --> 01:28:01,680
PREVIOUS 1, THE SIGNIFICANT

2242
01:28:01,680 --> 01:28:03,400
LANGUAGE ACTIVATION AREAS FROM

2243
01:28:03,400 --> 01:28:06,640
THE TASK AND WE TOOK THOSE SEED

2244
01:28:06,640 --> 01:28:08,160
AREAS WHERE WE SEEDED FROM THAT,

2245
01:28:08,160 --> 01:28:10,560
THOSE SEEDS AND THEN WE DID THE

2246
01:28:10,560 --> 01:28:11,240
CONNECTIVITY ANALYSIS, AGAIN,

2247
01:28:11,240 --> 01:28:15,720
YOU SEE THAT WE SEA SUPPRESS

2248
01:28:15,720 --> 01:28:17,160
CONNECTIVITY ESPECIALLY WHEN

2249
01:28:17,160 --> 01:28:19,120
YOU'RE STIMULATING RIGHT OVER

2250
01:28:19,120 --> 01:28:20,120
THE LESION.

2251
01:28:20,120 --> 01:28:20,480
OKAY?

2252
01:28:20,480 --> 01:28:24,040
SO NOW LET'S LOOK AT A DIFFERENT

2253
01:28:24,040 --> 01:28:26,640
PARTICIPANT, THIS GUY IS 59

2254
01:28:26,640 --> 01:28:27,960
YEAR-OLD NOW THE LESION IS STILL

2255
01:28:27,960 --> 01:28:30,480
IN FRONTAL BUT IT'S MORE IN THE

2256
01:28:30,480 --> 01:28:33,280
PRESENTERAL GYRUS, A BIT MORE

2257
01:28:33,280 --> 01:28:35,360
ANTERIOR, 13 MONTHS AFTER STROKE

2258
01:28:35,360 --> 01:28:37,240
BUT HE'S A REALLY HIGH

2259
01:28:37,240 --> 01:28:39,320
FUNCTIONING GUY, HE IS REALLY

2260
01:28:39,320 --> 01:28:39,760
HIGH FUNCTIONING.

2261
01:28:39,760 --> 01:28:41,600
SO IF WE LOOK AT THIS GUY, WE

2262
01:28:41,600 --> 01:28:44,880
LOOK AT THE BEHAVIORIAL

2263
01:28:44,880 --> 01:28:46,640
PERFORMANCE THE REACTION TIME TO

2264
01:28:46,640 --> 01:28:47,720
BE ACCURATE TO RESPONSE NOT THAT

2265
01:28:47,720 --> 01:28:50,480
DIFFERENT BUT IN THE ACCURACY,

2266
01:28:50,480 --> 01:28:54,280
TOO, IN TERMS OF THE PAST

2267
01:28:54,280 --> 01:28:55,720
ACTIVITY, AGAIN IT'S SUPPRESSED

2268
01:28:55,720 --> 01:28:58,720
DUE TO ACTIVE TDCS, BUT IF YOU

2269
01:28:58,720 --> 01:28:59,320
LOOK AT THE HEMODISCIPLINARY

2270
01:28:59,320 --> 01:29:01,160
MEDICARE AND MEDICAIDIC

2271
01:29:01,160 --> 01:29:03,360
RESPONSE, THERE'S A SIGNIFICANT

2272
01:29:03,360 --> 01:29:08,080
CHANGE IN THE DISTORTION, THE

2273
01:29:08,080 --> 01:29:09,800
[INDISCERNIBLE], YOU CAN CLEARLY

2274
01:29:09,800 --> 01:29:12,000
SEE HERE IN THE, IN HERE, TOO,

2275
01:29:12,000 --> 01:29:16,240
JUST BECOMING PRETTY FAST.

2276
01:29:16,240 --> 01:29:20,040
IF YOU LOOK AT THE NONWORDS FOR

2277
01:29:20,040 --> 01:29:21,680
THE SAME GUY IN TERMS OF

2278
01:29:21,680 --> 01:29:23,440
PHYSIOLOGY AGAIN IT'S THE FIRST

2279
01:29:23,440 --> 01:29:25,200
ACTIVITY FOR TASK, WE CAN SEE

2280
01:29:25,200 --> 01:29:28,040
THE LESION HERE BUT THEN AGAIN

2281
01:29:28,040 --> 01:29:38,520
THE FULL MAX MA, AGAIN IS A

2282
01:29:39,000 --> 01:29:41,160
SIGNIFICANT DECREASED WHICH IS A

2283
01:29:41,160 --> 01:29:42,200
DISPERSION PARAMETER BUT THE KEY

2284
01:29:42,200 --> 01:29:44,320
THING IS PETRESSABLE

2285
01:29:44,320 --> 01:29:45,680
HAIEVERRIALLY, THE ACCURACY IS

2286
01:29:45,680 --> 01:29:47,120
MORER LEFT THE SAME BUT THE

2287
01:29:47,120 --> 01:29:48,080
REACTION TIME IS REALLY GOING

2288
01:29:48,080 --> 01:29:51,720
DOWN IN RESPONSE TO THE ACTIVE

2289
01:29:51,720 --> 01:29:51,960
TDCS.

2290
01:29:51,960 --> 01:29:53,280
ALL RIGHT, SO IN THE END WE DID

2291
01:29:53,280 --> 01:29:58,720
THE SAME THINK THIS FOR RESTING

2292
01:29:58,720 --> 01:30:00,520
STATE CONNECTIVITY FROM F7, F8

2293
01:30:00,520 --> 01:30:03,000
AND LANGUAGE AREAS HERE WE SEE

2294
01:30:03,000 --> 01:30:04,000
INCREASED CONNECTIVITY WHICH WE

2295
01:30:04,000 --> 01:30:05,520
HAD SEEN BEFORE AND PREVIOUS

2296
01:30:05,520 --> 01:30:08,800
WORKS, TOO, WE EXPECT THAT WITH

2297
01:30:08,800 --> 01:30:10,240
ACTIVE TDCS INERTIA PRIME THE

2298
01:30:10,240 --> 01:30:12,080
NETWORK FOR THE TASK, BUT THE

2299
01:30:12,080 --> 01:30:14,280
INTERESTING PART IS THE TASK

2300
01:30:14,280 --> 01:30:15,680
ACTIVITY WAS SUPPRESSED IN

2301
01:30:15,680 --> 01:30:17,680
RESPONSE TO ACTIVE TDCS, BUT

2302
01:30:17,680 --> 01:30:21,840
THERE IS RESTING STATE ACTUALLY

2303
01:30:21,840 --> 01:30:27,120
INCREASED; OKAY, NOW MY LAST

2304
01:30:27,120 --> 01:30:29,920
PARTICIPANT HE HAD LESION IN THE

2305
01:30:29,920 --> 01:30:31,280
TEMPORAL GYRUS, 55 YEAR-OLD BUT

2306
01:30:31,280 --> 01:30:32,480
THIS GUY'S A LITTLE BIT ON THE

2307
01:30:32,480 --> 01:30:36,120
LOWER END OF THE MODERATE SIDE

2308
01:30:36,120 --> 01:30:37,960
OF THE EFFICIENT SEVERITY SO

2309
01:30:37,960 --> 01:30:38,800
HE'S HIGH FUNCTIONING, SO IF YOU

2310
01:30:38,800 --> 01:30:42,080
LOOK AT THIS GUY, WHEN WE

2311
01:30:42,080 --> 01:30:43,520
STIMULATE THE SAME F7, F8, NOW

2312
01:30:43,520 --> 01:30:45,600
THERE'S NOT MUCH DIFFERENCE IN

2313
01:30:45,600 --> 01:30:47,120
TERMS OF BEHAVIORIAL ACCURACY OF

2314
01:30:47,120 --> 01:30:54,360
THE REACTION TIME BUT THERE'S A

2315
01:30:54,360 --> 01:30:55,840
HUGE RESPONSE ACTIVITY IN

2316
01:30:55,840 --> 01:30:57,520
RESPONSE TO THE ACTIVE TRKTS

2317
01:30:57,520 --> 01:31:02,520
DCS, AND YOU CAN CLEARLY THAT

2318
01:31:02,520 --> 01:31:04,680
THE DIFFERENCE BUT THE VASCULAR

2319
01:31:04,680 --> 01:31:06,560
SIDE IS NOT CHANGING THAT MUCH.

2320
01:31:06,560 --> 01:31:11,320
OKAY, AND THE SAME GUY FOR THE

2321
01:31:11,320 --> 01:31:13,520
NONWORDS THE PHYSIOLOGY IS THE

2322
01:31:13,520 --> 01:31:14,400
SAME, PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE,

2323
01:31:14,400 --> 01:31:16,240
ACTIVITY, AGAIN THE AREA UNDER

2324
01:31:16,240 --> 01:31:18,120
THE CURVE IS SIGNIFICANTLY

2325
01:31:18,120 --> 01:31:19,080
CHANGING NOT THE VASCULAR SIDE

2326
01:31:19,080 --> 01:31:21,640
BUT THE INTERESTING PART IS THAT

2327
01:31:21,640 --> 01:31:25,080
THE BEHAVIORIAL SIDE, NOT MUCH

2328
01:31:25,080 --> 01:31:29,200
DIFFERENCE MAYBE THE SHAM WAS

2329
01:31:29,200 --> 01:31:30,880
BETTER FOR ACCURACY BUT

2330
01:31:30,880 --> 01:31:32,080
NONVERSUS HARDER SO HE TOOK

2331
01:31:32,080 --> 01:31:34,160
LONGER TIME TO GET C-TYPE

2332
01:31:34,160 --> 01:31:35,680
LECTINS ANDERATE RESPONSE

2333
01:31:35,680 --> 01:31:37,680
ESPECIALLY UNDER ACTIVE TDCS.

2334
01:31:37,680 --> 01:31:40,600
AND IF YOU LOOK AT THE RESTING

2335
01:31:40,600 --> 01:31:42,720
STATE, AGAIN WITH THIS GUY,

2336
01:31:42,720 --> 01:31:45,640
WHERE THE LESION WAS DISSAL FROM

2337
01:31:45,640 --> 01:31:47,520
THE STIMULATION SITE, AGAIN WE

2338
01:31:47,520 --> 01:31:48,600
SEE THESE INCREASED CONNECTIVITY

2339
01:31:48,600 --> 01:31:52,520
IN THE RESPONSE TO THE F7, F8

2340
01:31:52,520 --> 01:31:52,880
STIMULATION.

2341
01:31:52,880 --> 01:31:54,960
SO, THEN YOU WANTED TO LOOK AT

2342
01:31:54,960 --> 01:31:56,480
THE STATE IN ORDER OF EFFECT.

2343
01:31:56,480 --> 01:31:58,480
SO AGAIN, I'M KIND OF GOING BACK

2344
01:31:58,480 --> 01:32:00,440
TO OUR SET UP HERE, OUR STUDY

2345
01:32:00,440 --> 01:32:03,840
DESIGN SO WE HAD RESTING STATE

2346
01:32:03,840 --> 01:32:06,160
WITH NO TDCS, THE TDCS OFF ON

2347
01:32:06,160 --> 01:32:08,200
BOTH DAYS AND THEN WE HAD THE

2348
01:32:08,200 --> 01:32:09,600
RESTING STATE DURING TDCS, WHEN

2349
01:32:09,600 --> 01:32:11,480
WE WAS ON SHAM SO WE WANT TO

2350
01:32:11,480 --> 01:32:15,400
LOOK AT THE INTERCESSION AND

2351
01:32:15,400 --> 01:32:17,240
INTRA SESSION DIFFERENCES SO

2352
01:32:17,240 --> 01:32:22,880
BASICALLY HERE I'M SHOWING THE

2353
01:32:22,880 --> 01:32:24,800
ORDER, AND WE HAD 1 WITH SHAM,

2354
01:32:24,800 --> 01:32:28,600
WE HAD S3 WAS ACTIVE FOLLOWED BY

2355
01:32:28,600 --> 01:32:28,840
SHAM.

2356
01:32:28,840 --> 01:32:30,120
THE DAYS APART MAKERS AND A NOTE

2357
01:32:30,120 --> 01:32:32,600
THAT IT WAS ONLY 3 DAYS, SO WAWE

2358
01:32:32,600 --> 01:32:34,640
SEE HERE IS THAT MORE OR LESS, I

2359
01:32:34,640 --> 01:32:38,840
MEAN IT'S S2 AND S3, PROBABLY

2360
01:32:38,840 --> 01:32:40,400
S2, THERE'S NO SIGNIFICANCE BUT

2361
01:32:40,400 --> 01:32:42,680
WE SAW SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE

2362
01:32:42,680 --> 01:32:44,720
FOR S1 DURING THE--

2363
01:32:44,720 --> 01:32:48,120
>>MAYBE 2 MINUTES.

2364
01:32:48,120 --> 01:32:50,360
>>OKAY, AND AND S3, SO IF
YOU

2365
01:32:50,360 --> 01:32:52,000
LOOK AT THAT, SHOW OTHER

2366
01:32:52,000 --> 01:32:53,640
DIFFERENCES, SO WHAT WERE THE

2367
01:32:53,640 --> 01:32:55,160
SUMMARY OBSERVATIONS IN TERMS OF

2368
01:32:55,160 --> 01:32:58,880
MECHANISMS WE SEE THAT ACUTE

2369
01:32:58,880 --> 01:33:00,520
REALTIME TDCS STIMULATION DOES

2370
01:33:00,520 --> 01:33:02,240
NODULATE NEURAL AND VASCULAR

2371
01:33:02,240 --> 01:33:02,800
SIDE.

2372
01:33:02,800 --> 01:33:05,160
THE TYPE DOES INFLUENCE THE TDCS

2373
01:33:05,160 --> 01:33:06,480
EFFECTS BOTH IN PHYSIOLOGY AND

2374
01:33:06,480 --> 01:33:08,640
BEHAVIOR, WHAT WE ALSO SAW WHAT

2375
01:33:08,640 --> 01:33:10,240
WAS ORDER OF STIMULATION BETWEEN

2376
01:33:10,240 --> 01:33:12,680
ACTIVE AND SHAM AND BRAIN STATE,

2377
01:33:12,680 --> 01:33:16,720
DOESN'T GO WITH THE ACUTE TDCS

2378
01:33:16,720 --> 01:33:17,480
MODALATORY RESTING STATE.

2379
01:33:17,480 --> 01:33:19,240
IN TERMS OF TARGETING

2380
01:33:19,240 --> 01:33:20,480
ENGAGEMENT, PARTICULARLY FROM

2381
01:33:20,480 --> 01:33:21,880
S1, WE--YOU SAY THAT YOU KNOW

2382
01:33:21,880 --> 01:33:24,080
STIMULATING OVER THE LESION, IT

2383
01:33:24,080 --> 01:33:29,360
MIGHT BE BENEFICIAL ON MONDAY

2384
01:33:29,360 --> 01:33:30,840
DOCTOR [INDISCERNIBLE] SHOWED

2385
01:33:30,840 --> 01:33:32,360
THAT WITHLET DIFFERENT MODALITY

2386
01:33:32,360 --> 01:33:35,440
WHICH IS TMS, WHICH TOLD US THE

2387
01:33:35,440 --> 01:33:37,360
TIGR MRI, THIS IS THE

2388
01:33:37,360 --> 01:33:38,920
PREKAFITATIONAL AREAS, YOU KNOW

2389
01:33:38,920 --> 01:33:44,520
WE MAY NOT WANT TO ABOUT THE

2390
01:33:44,520 --> 01:33:49,320
TISSUE IN THE LESION, BUT THIS

2391
01:33:49,320 --> 01:33:51,480
LESION BASED ON BASE LINE

2392
01:33:51,480 --> 01:33:54,120
CHARACTERISTICS, SO IN TERMS OF

2393
01:33:54,120 --> 01:33:55,160
BIOMARKER DEVELOPMENT WE SEE

2394
01:33:55,160 --> 01:33:56,920
DISPERSION IN THE AREA WHICH

2395
01:33:56,920 --> 01:33:57,880
OCCUR PARAMETERS ARE PRETTY

2396
01:33:57,880 --> 01:33:59,400
SENSITIVE AND OF COURSE RESTING

2397
01:33:59,400 --> 01:34:01,240
STATE, TOO.

2398
01:34:01,240 --> 01:34:02,040
SO, MY LAST SLIDE.

2399
01:34:02,040 --> 01:34:03,560
WHAT ARE THE LIMITATIONS AND OUR

2400
01:34:03,560 --> 01:34:05,080
FUTURE WORK, SO THIS WAS A PILOT

2401
01:34:05,080 --> 01:34:06,880
AS YOU SAW, BUT THE APPROACH IS

2402
01:34:06,880 --> 01:34:08,760
PRETTY INFORMAIVE IT TOWARDS

2403
01:34:08,760 --> 01:34:09,680
PERSONALIZED APPROACH WHICH IS

2404
01:34:09,680 --> 01:34:12,000
VERY BIG IN STROKE

2405
01:34:12,000 --> 01:34:12,720
REHABILITATION.

2406
01:34:12,720 --> 01:34:15,160
THERE WAS JUST 3 DAYS IN BETWEEN

2407
01:34:15,160 --> 01:34:17,640
ACTIVE AND SHAM, PROCEEDING SHAM

2408
01:34:17,640 --> 01:34:20,320
IT MAY HAVE IT CLEARED OVER

2409
01:34:20,320 --> 01:34:22,080
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS DUE TO

2410
01:34:22,080 --> 01:34:23,000
POST INAPTAMERRIC INTEGRATION

2411
01:34:23,000 --> 01:34:24,000
TAKES TIME, AND MAYBE THAT'S WHY

2412
01:34:24,000 --> 01:34:24,960
YOU KNOW SOME OF THE STATE

2413
01:34:24,960 --> 01:34:26,640
EFFECTS THAT YOU SAW IN S3 COULD

2414
01:34:26,640 --> 01:34:30,480
BE COMING FROM THAT.

2415
01:34:30,480 --> 01:34:33,080
IN TERMS OF, YOU KNOW THE NEWER

2416
01:34:33,080 --> 01:34:34,400
METABOLITES, YOU KNOW WE

2417
01:34:34,400 --> 01:34:37,720
PUBLISHED EARLIER THIS SUMMER IN

2418
01:34:37,720 --> 01:34:38,640
AGINGSINGS THAT GABBA DPLIEWT

2419
01:34:38,640 --> 01:34:40,840
MATE HAS A STRONG INFLUENZ ON

2420
01:34:40,840 --> 01:34:42,720
THE NEURAL VASCULAR EFFECTS, OF

2421
01:34:42,720 --> 01:34:44,000
TASK, SO I THINK TESTIMONY BE

2422
01:34:44,000 --> 01:34:46,000
VERY INTERESTING TO LOOK AT

2423
01:34:46,000 --> 01:34:48,240
THAT, IN APHASIA AND ALSO IN

2424
01:34:48,240 --> 01:34:55,040
RESPONSE TO TDCS, PARTICULARLY

2425
01:34:55,040 --> 01:34:57,840
TDCS, AND OUR ELECTRODES WERE

2426
01:34:57,840 --> 01:35:01,960
PRETTY SUFFICIENT, AND I WILL

2427
01:35:01,960 --> 01:35:03,520
ALWAYS SHAMS AND ALSO THE TISSUE

2428
01:35:03,520 --> 01:35:05,120
WITHIN THE TISSUE AND I

2429
01:35:05,120 --> 01:35:07,920
MENTIONED THAT AND MAYBE DEVELOP

2430
01:35:07,920 --> 01:35:09,520
MORE SENSITIVE BIOMARKERS FOR

2431
01:35:09,520 --> 01:35:10,240
ACCOUNTING FOR EFFECTS.

2432
01:35:10,240 --> 01:35:10,520
OKAY.

2433
01:35:10,520 --> 01:35:14,160
WITH THAT I THANK YOU FOR YOUR

2434
01:35:14,160 --> 01:35:16,080
ATTENTION AND OUR FUNDING

2435
01:35:16,080 --> 01:35:16,360
SOURCE.

2436
01:35:16,360 --> 01:35:25,960
THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

2437
01:35:25,960 --> 01:35:26,880
>>[ APPLAUSE ]

2438
01:35:26,880 --> 01:35:30,200
WHY CAN TAKE 1 QUESTION.

2439
01:35:30,200 --> 01:35:31,720
>>DPRAIT TALK, IN OTHER
MODELS

2440
01:35:31,720 --> 01:35:33,040
I'M SEEING IN STROKE, THE TIME

2441
01:35:33,040 --> 01:35:34,720
WHEN IS YOU DO THE STIMULATION

2442
01:35:34,720 --> 01:35:37,440
RELATIVE TO THE INJURY AND

2443
01:35:37,440 --> 01:35:39,400
WONDERING IF YOU HAVE EXPLORED

2444
01:35:39,400 --> 01:35:42,360
THAT TIME PARAMETER FROM A BASIC

2445
01:35:42,360 --> 01:35:43,760
SCIENCE TIME POINT PLASTICITY

2446
01:35:43,760 --> 01:35:45,040
VERY SPECIFIC WHEN IT OPENS UP

2447
01:35:45,040 --> 01:35:46,440
POST INJURY SO LOOKING AT THAT

2448
01:35:46,440 --> 01:35:49,040
COULD HELP WITH AUG.

2449
01:35:49,040 --> 01:35:49,680
METROPOLITANNING THAT RESPONSE?

2450
01:35:49,680 --> 01:35:51,360
>>I AGREE WITH YOU AND

2451
01:35:51,360 --> 01:35:53,320
PARTICULARLY IN CHRONIC PHASE,

2452
01:35:53,320 --> 01:35:54,240
IT'S TYPICALLY CONSIDERED THE

2453
01:35:54,240 --> 01:35:56,360
WINDOW AND SMALL AND WE DID

2454
01:35:56,360 --> 01:35:58,200
RECORD HOW MANY MONTHS POST

2455
01:35:58,200 --> 01:35:59,400
STROKE, WE JUST HAVE TO CODE IT

2456
01:35:59,400 --> 01:36:01,080
OUT AND SEE HOW THE EFFECTS HAVE

2457
01:36:01,080 --> 01:36:07,200
CHANGED BUT THAT'S A REALLY GOOD

2458
01:36:07,200 --> 01:36:07,440
POINT.

2459
01:36:07,440 --> 01:36:09,560
>>GOOD, NOW WE CAN
MOVE--THANK

2460
01:36:09,560 --> 01:36:12,720
YOU VERY MUCH.

2461
01:36:12,720 --> 01:36:13,600
[ APPLAUSE ]

2462
01:36:13,600 --> 01:36:18,280
OUR NEXT SPEAKER IS GOING TO BE

2463
01:36:18,280 --> 01:36:26,960
DR. LIPENG, NING, FROM HARVARD.

2464
01:36:26,960 --> 01:36:32,040
>>THANK YOU FOR THE

2465
01:36:32,040 --> 01:36:32,480
INTRODUCTION.

2466
01:36:32,480 --> 01:36:36,280
I HAVE NOTHING TO DISCLOSE.

2467
01:36:36,280 --> 01:36:39,120
I THINK WE HAVE MANY PEOPLE TALK

2468
01:36:39,120 --> 01:36:44,240
ABOUT RTMS FOR DEPRESSION.

2469
01:36:44,240 --> 01:36:45,880
FMRI IS THE BASED WITH RESTING

2470
01:36:45,880 --> 01:36:49,560
STATE AND HAD BEEN USED FOR

2471
01:36:49,560 --> 01:36:51,280
FINDING TARGET FOR RTMS

2472
01:36:51,280 --> 01:36:51,560
TREATMENT.

2473
01:36:51,560 --> 01:36:56,120
CAN YOU SELECT ROI, OF THE

2474
01:36:56,120 --> 01:36:59,920
SINGULATE OR LABEL FOR A NETWORK

2475
01:36:59,920 --> 01:37:08,000
TO DEFUND THE FC MAP, THEN THE

2476
01:37:08,000 --> 01:37:10,920
BRAIN REGION, LIKE THE DLPFC,

2477
01:37:10,920 --> 01:37:13,680
WHICH IS IN THE NETWORK IS

2478
01:37:13,680 --> 01:37:14,960
FINDING THE TARGET.

2479
01:37:14,960 --> 01:37:18,720
THE TARGET FOUND THE GROUP

2480
01:37:18,720 --> 01:37:19,120
[INDISCERNIBLE].

2481
01:37:19,120 --> 01:37:20,040
THE UNDERLYING IDEA THAT THIS

2482
01:37:20,040 --> 01:37:23,120
CAN BE A WINDOW TO THE

2483
01:37:23,120 --> 01:37:28,440
UNDERLYING DEEP BRAIN REGION FOR

2484
01:37:28,440 --> 01:37:30,520
THE UNDERLYING NETWORK, BUT THEN

2485
01:37:30,520 --> 01:37:32,120
THE NEUTRAL PATHWAY HAS BEEN

2486
01:37:32,120 --> 01:37:35,360
[INDISCERNIBLE] NOT REAL LEGAL

2487
01:37:35,360 --> 01:37:36,000
WELL UNDERSTOOD.

2488
01:37:36,000 --> 01:37:39,400
SO WE LOOK INTO THIS PROBLEM

2489
01:37:39,400 --> 01:37:41,800
WITH THE WORK TRYING TO

2490
01:37:41,800 --> 01:37:43,560
UNDERSTAND THE STRUCTURE AMILLIO

2491
01:37:43,560 --> 01:37:45,480
POSSIBILITIES UNDERLYING GREATER

2492
01:37:45,480 --> 01:37:49,120
THAN THE RTMS ESTIMATION, SO

2493
01:37:49,120 --> 01:37:51,120
WITH [INDISCERNIBLE] BUNDLE THAT

2494
01:37:51,120 --> 01:37:53,760
CONNECT THE LATERAL PFC AND

2495
01:37:53,760 --> 01:37:56,760
ENTER MEDIAL PFC FOR THE

2496
01:37:56,760 --> 01:37:58,960
[INDISCERNIBLE] REGION,

2497
01:37:58,960 --> 01:37:59,560
[INDISCERNIBLE] AND THE FAB

2498
01:37:59,560 --> 01:38:00,840
RIDICULOUS GOES THROUGH THE

2499
01:38:00,840 --> 01:38:03,040
OTHER BRAIN [INDISCERNIBLE] AND

2500
01:38:03,040 --> 01:38:05,360
ALSO CONNECTION TO

2501
01:38:05,360 --> 01:38:06,160
[INDISCERNIBLE] SINGULATE.

2502
01:38:06,160 --> 01:38:10,560
I THINK THE LAST IS NOT REALLY

2503
01:38:10,560 --> 01:38:14,720
[INDISCERNIBLE] BUT THE LAST 1

2504
01:38:14,720 --> 01:38:15,720
THIS 1'S PRETTY INTERESTING.

2505
01:38:15,720 --> 01:38:20,520
AS CAN YOU SEE THERE'S NO

2506
01:38:20,520 --> 01:38:23,360
CONNECTION FROM THE DLPFC EVEN

2507
01:38:23,360 --> 01:38:25,520
THOUGH THERE'S STRONG FUNCTIONAL

2508
01:38:25,520 --> 01:38:26,000
CONNECTIVITY.

2509
01:38:26,000 --> 01:38:27,240
AND WE LOOKED AT THESE IN A LOT

2510
01:38:27,240 --> 01:38:31,240
OF DATA IN THE HIGH QUALITY

2511
01:38:31,240 --> 01:38:32,400
NECKANISM DATA, [INDISCERNIBLE]

2512
01:38:32,400 --> 01:38:38,240
AND THEN WE LOOK INTO THE

2513
01:38:38,240 --> 01:38:39,880
LITERATURE ABOUT TODAYS AND THEY

2514
01:38:39,880 --> 01:38:42,040
INJECT INTO THIS REGION AS A

2515
01:38:42,040 --> 01:38:44,240
SINGULAR SUBJECT UNIT.

2516
01:38:44,240 --> 01:38:46,440
AND WE STUDY [INDISCERNIBLE]

2517
01:38:46,440 --> 01:38:51,320
DATA AND BEFORE RTMS DATA FOR

2518
01:38:51,320 --> 01:38:58,120
ENTIRE SESSIONS AND I THINK IN

2519
01:38:58,120 --> 01:38:59,280
THE [INDISCERNIBLE].

2520
01:38:59,280 --> 01:39:02,040
I THINK THE MAJOR CHANGES ALL

2521
01:39:02,040 --> 01:39:05,560
CONNECT TO THE INTERMEDIATE PFC.

2522
01:39:05,560 --> 01:39:08,480
SO I THINK IT INCREASED

2523
01:39:08,480 --> 01:39:10,560
CONNECTION IN THESE CONNECTIONS

2524
01:39:10,560 --> 01:39:11,960
TO THE PFC AND ALSO INN CREASE

2525
01:39:11,960 --> 01:39:15,280
THAT WAY INTO MULTIPLE FIBERS

2526
01:39:15,280 --> 01:39:21,080
AND ALSO REDUCE THE

2527
01:39:21,080 --> 01:39:21,680
[INDISCERNIBLE].

2528
01:39:21,680 --> 01:39:24,480
SO AS INDICATE THAD MAYBE THE

2529
01:39:24,480 --> 01:39:27,320
PERIVASCULAR SPACE INCREASE FOR

2530
01:39:27,320 --> 01:39:29,360
THE [INDISCERNIBLE] THAT WAS

2531
01:39:29,360 --> 01:39:31,320
TALKED YESTERDAY AND MAYBE FIBER

2532
01:39:31,320 --> 01:39:34,240
INTEGRATED MEANS IT'S MAYBE OR

2533
01:39:34,240 --> 01:39:36,440
[INDISCERNIBLE] LEAD TO THE

2534
01:39:36,440 --> 01:39:37,920
INCREASE IN THE [INDISCERNIBLE].

2535
01:39:37,920 --> 01:39:40,720
AND ALSO WE FOUND THAT EVEN

2536
01:39:40,720 --> 01:39:42,560
THOUGH THE LATERAL CONNECTION,

2537
01:39:42,560 --> 01:39:44,200
IS LESS SIGNIFICANT CHANGES, BUT

2538
01:39:44,200 --> 01:39:46,080
THE CHANGES MORE RELEVANT TO

2539
01:39:46,080 --> 01:39:50,080
CLINICAL OUTCOME, IT MEANS THAT

2540
01:39:50,080 --> 01:39:55,080
MORE IMPROVEMENT IN THE LATERAL

2541
01:39:55,080 --> 01:39:56,880
CONNECTION TO LATERAL PFC

2542
01:39:56,880 --> 01:39:57,840
INDICATES BETTER TREATMENT AND

2543
01:39:57,840 --> 01:40:05,520
OUTCOME AND ALSO MORE REDUCTIONS

2544
01:40:05,520 --> 01:40:06,200
IN THE [INDISCERNIBLE].

2545
01:40:06,200 --> 01:40:07,920
SO THIS IS REALLY INTERESTING

2546
01:40:07,920 --> 01:40:11,520
BUT STILL NOT ANSWER THE

2547
01:40:11,520 --> 01:40:13,000
QUESTION FROM A CLINICAL

2548
01:40:13,000 --> 01:40:13,600
PRACTICAL POINT.

2549
01:40:13,600 --> 01:40:15,520
SO WE TARGET WHICH PATHWAY WOULD

2550
01:40:15,520 --> 01:40:16,800
WE USE AS A TARGET?

2551
01:40:16,800 --> 01:40:21,120
SO I THINK THIS STUDY, SO WE

2552
01:40:21,120 --> 01:40:26,280
LOOKED FURTHER INTO THE DATA

2553
01:40:26,280 --> 01:40:27,280
USING THE ELECTROFIELD MODELING,

2554
01:40:27,280 --> 01:40:29,200
SO THIS IS MORE DETAILS ABOUT

2555
01:40:29,200 --> 01:40:37,200
THE DATA APPLICATION, SO WE HAVE

2556
01:40:37,200 --> 01:40:40,760
21 PATIENT WHO SUBMIT WITH THE

2557
01:40:40,760 --> 01:40:45,440
OTHER AND THEY'RE ALSO WITH THE

2558
01:40:45,440 --> 01:40:47,440
FOOD SESSION 36 SESSION WITH THE

2559
01:40:47,440 --> 01:40:57,960
HIGH FREQUENCY TO THE LEFT AND

2560
01:40:59,600 --> 01:41:01,760
USING SUBJECT SPECIFIC ACTUALLY

2561
01:41:01,760 --> 01:41:03,880
USING SUBJECT WITH THIS, SO THIS

2562
01:41:03,880 --> 01:41:08,600
JUST INDICATES THAT THE REGION,

2563
01:41:08,600 --> 01:41:14,520
AND ALSO THIS IS SHOWING THE WAY

2564
01:41:14,520 --> 01:41:17,360
WE [INDISCERNIBLE] SIMILAR TO

2565
01:41:17,360 --> 01:41:18,160
[INDISCERNIBLE] PROPOSE THE

2566
01:41:18,160 --> 01:41:21,480
METHOD AND FUND TARGET FOR

2567
01:41:21,480 --> 01:41:22,000
[INDISCERNIBLE] SUBJECT.

2568
01:41:22,000 --> 01:41:28,360
THE BUT THE TARGET FOR THAT MAY

2569
01:41:28,360 --> 01:41:30,800
NOT BE THE TARGET THAT WE

2570
01:41:30,800 --> 01:41:34,280
ACTUALLY STIMULATE BECAUSE THE

2571
01:41:34,280 --> 01:41:37,680
DIFFERENT DISTRIBUTION FIELD TO

2572
01:41:37,680 --> 01:41:39,480
UNDERSTAND THE EFFECTIVE TARGET

2573
01:41:39,480 --> 01:41:45,640
THAT WE HAVE SO WE APPLY SIM NIB

2574
01:41:45,640 --> 01:41:47,120
TO SIMULATE ELECTRICAL FIELD

2575
01:41:47,120 --> 01:41:53,560
BASE EDUCATIONAL ON THE MRI, AND

2576
01:41:53,560 --> 01:41:56,600
THEN WE LOCALIZE THE ROSENT WITH

2577
01:41:56,600 --> 01:41:58,600
[INDISCERNIBLE] OF THE FIELD,

2578
01:41:58,600 --> 01:42:00,360
THAT'S CONSIDERED EFFECTIVE

2579
01:42:00,360 --> 01:42:02,840
SUBMISSION TARGET.

2580
01:42:02,840 --> 01:42:05,640
USING THE ALGORITHM WE CAN MAP

2581
01:42:05,640 --> 01:42:07,920
ALL THE TARGET THE SAME AND

2582
01:42:07,920 --> 01:42:10,680
OVERLAY ON TOP OF THE

2583
01:42:10,680 --> 01:42:11,720
[INDISCERNIBLE] AREA WHERE WE

2584
01:42:11,720 --> 01:42:12,800
SHOW THE DISTRIBUTION OF TARGET.

2585
01:42:12,800 --> 01:42:15,320
YOU CAN SEE THAT MULTIPLE TARGET

2586
01:42:15,320 --> 01:42:16,720
IS AROUND THE [INDISCERNIBLE],

2587
01:42:16,720 --> 01:42:19,840
THAT IS THE TRADITIONAL RPFC

2588
01:42:19,840 --> 01:42:23,400
REGION BUT SOME TARGETS WILL BE

2589
01:42:23,400 --> 01:42:25,360
FURTHER AWAY BECAUSE THE

2590
01:42:25,360 --> 01:42:31,000
INTERSUBJECT WHERE WE HAVE

2591
01:42:31,000 --> 01:42:31,560
[INDISCERNIBLE] THAT.

2592
01:42:31,560 --> 01:42:33,440
SO WE ALSO DISTRIBUTION OF THE

2593
01:42:33,440 --> 01:42:37,280
TARGETS FOR SOME OF THE ADVANCE

2594
01:42:37,280 --> 01:42:39,120
IN THE ISOTOPIC WALL HAVE EQUAL

2595
01:42:39,120 --> 01:42:42,360
DISTANCE TO THE FIBER, TO THE

2596
01:42:42,360 --> 01:42:43,360
TARGET.

2597
01:42:43,360 --> 01:42:49,920
SO THEN WE CALCULATED THE

2598
01:42:49,920 --> 01:42:51,280
CORRELATION FROM THE DISTANT OF

2599
01:42:51,280 --> 01:42:51,920
THE FIBERS [INDISCERNIBLE].

2600
01:42:51,920 --> 01:42:55,160
SO THIS IS THE MAIN RESUMMIT.

2601
01:42:55,160 --> 01:42:56,560
WE FOUND THAT SHOULDER DISTANCE

2602
01:42:56,560 --> 01:43:00,400
TO THE CONNECTION TO SUBUNIT

2603
01:43:00,400 --> 01:43:02,720
SINGULAR RUNNING 9, SO IT'S

2604
01:43:02,720 --> 01:43:04,600
BASICALLY TO THE MEDIAL PART AND

2605
01:43:04,600 --> 01:43:10,720
YOU GET BETTER THAN OTHERS SO

2606
01:43:10,720 --> 01:43:13,840
THE WAY WE DID IT IS USING

2607
01:43:13,840 --> 01:43:14,720
HIERARCHICAL ANALYSIS AND FORCED

2608
01:43:14,720 --> 01:43:17,360
TO A PORTION FROM THE SEVENTH

2609
01:43:17,360 --> 01:43:19,120
MAJOR FIBER BUNDLE AND DO THAT

2610
01:43:19,120 --> 01:43:22,320
TO THE SMALLER FIBER BUNDLE TO

2611
01:43:22,320 --> 01:43:25,320
LOCALIZE MORE SPECIAL FIBER,

2612
01:43:25,320 --> 01:43:29,160
BECAUSE THERE'S SO MANY OF

2613
01:43:29,160 --> 01:43:30,000
THESE, I THINK THE

2614
01:43:30,000 --> 01:43:31,320
[INDISCERNIBLE] IS INTERESTING

2615
01:43:31,320 --> 01:43:35,560
BUT NOT SIGNIFICANT ENOUGH TO

2616
01:43:35,560 --> 01:43:36,800
CLAIM IT TO SLIDE

2617
01:43:36,800 --> 01:43:38,200
[INDISCERNIBLE] BUT IT'S STILL

2618
01:43:38,200 --> 01:43:39,200
INTERESTING PERMITTING AND ALSO

2619
01:43:39,200 --> 01:43:41,600
I THINK SOME OF YOU MAY BE

2620
01:43:41,600 --> 01:43:43,960
INTERESTED IF THERE ARE

2621
01:43:43,960 --> 01:43:46,240
SIGNIFICANT CULTURE WITH IN

2622
01:43:46,240 --> 01:43:48,400
FIELD INTENSITY [INDISCERNIBLE]

2623
01:43:48,400 --> 01:43:51,760
WE DIDN'T FIND ANY INFORMATION

2624
01:43:51,760 --> 01:43:53,160
WITH THE INTENSITY SO WE

2625
01:43:53,160 --> 01:43:55,040
CALCULATE THE INTENSITY OF THE

2626
01:43:55,040 --> 01:43:56,320
FIBER BUNDLES AND ALSO AROUND

2627
01:43:56,320 --> 01:44:00,080
THE REGION BUT WE DIDN'T SPEND

2628
01:44:00,080 --> 01:44:02,720
ANY OR DATA AND SO THIS IS JUST

2629
01:44:02,720 --> 01:44:06,360
1 EXAMPLE OF HOW THIS CONNECTION

2630
01:44:06,360 --> 01:44:10,200
LOOKS LIKE FOR 1 SUBJECT.

2631
01:44:10,200 --> 01:44:13,200
I THINK THAT'S OUR MAJOR RESULT

2632
01:44:13,200 --> 01:44:15,000
SO BASICALLY WE DISCUSS

2633
01:44:15,000 --> 01:44:20,400
ULTIMATELY FUTURES IN MULTIPLE

2634
01:44:20,400 --> 01:44:22,680
FIBER PATHWAYS AND ALSO IF

2635
01:44:22,680 --> 01:44:24,280
YOU'RE MODELING AND WITH THE

2636
01:44:24,280 --> 01:44:24,800
TARGET.

2637
01:44:24,800 --> 01:44:29,520
AND THE TARGET, I THINK--SO

2638
01:44:29,520 --> 01:44:30,520
BEASKLY THE RESULTS FROM OUR

2639
01:44:30,520 --> 01:44:36,600
STUDY TO THE MEDIAL PART OF

2640
01:44:36,600 --> 01:44:39,560
[INDISCERNIBLE] BUT TALK THAT

2641
01:44:39,560 --> 01:44:41,640
DR. ELIZABETH PRESENTED ON

2642
01:44:41,640 --> 01:44:44,400
MONDAY THAT'S CONNECTION BETWEEN

2643
01:44:44,400 --> 01:44:46,800
SGC KD--SALLY BA AND SO THAT'S

2644
01:44:46,800 --> 01:44:50,240
FROM THIS PAPER, THIS IS JUST

2645
01:44:50,240 --> 01:44:51,840
THE COMPARISON BETWEEN THE 2

2646
01:44:51,840 --> 01:44:54,280
FIBERS SO THEY ARE REALLY

2647
01:44:54,280 --> 01:44:56,640
RELATED SO FOR 9 AND 10, NEXT TO

2648
01:44:56,640 --> 01:44:59,400
EACH OTHER AND ALSO CONNECTION

2649
01:44:59,400 --> 01:45:00,240
TO THE INTERMEDIAL PART.

2650
01:45:00,240 --> 01:45:03,440
AND ALSO WE LOOK INTO THE MONKEY

2651
01:45:03,440 --> 01:45:05,880
LITERATURE THAT THIS STUDY THAT

2652
01:45:05,880 --> 01:45:06,920
INJECT [INDISCERNIBLE] FROM

2653
01:45:06,920 --> 01:45:10,720
EITHER 9 OR 10, THEY OFFER TO

2654
01:45:10,720 --> 01:45:13,360
[INDISCERNIBLE] 25 SO I THINK

2655
01:45:13,360 --> 01:45:13,880
IT'S VERY INTERESTING.

2656
01:45:13,880 --> 01:45:16,000
BUT I THINK ALSO WE NEED TO

2657
01:45:16,000 --> 01:45:17,200
RETHINK THAT WE CLARIFY THE

2658
01:45:17,200 --> 01:45:20,160
FIBER BASED ON THE CENTRAL

2659
01:45:20,160 --> 01:45:21,120
ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURE OF THE

2660
01:45:21,120 --> 01:45:22,720
REGION BUT MAYBE IF THEY BELONG

2661
01:45:22,720 --> 01:45:24,840
TO THE SAME FUNCTION, THEY HAVE

2662
01:45:24,840 --> 01:45:25,640
THE SAME FUNCTIONAL, MAYBE CAN

2663
01:45:25,640 --> 01:45:30,240
YOU BE AT THE GROUP TARGET.

2664
01:45:30,240 --> 01:45:31,760
SO, BUT ALSO OUR STUDY IS ALSO

2665
01:45:31,760 --> 01:45:36,120
IMAGED BY THE NUMBER OF

2666
01:45:36,120 --> 01:45:36,560
SUBJECTS.

2667
01:45:36,560 --> 01:45:39,320
WE ARE LOOKING FOR MOST DATA, I

2668
01:45:39,320 --> 01:45:41,440
THINK MOST LIKELY KNOW IF WE

2669
01:45:41,440 --> 01:45:43,320
HAVE ANY DATA RELATED AND ALSO,

2670
01:45:43,320 --> 01:45:48,800
I THINK FROM THIS I SAW MANY

2671
01:45:48,800 --> 01:45:52,640
TALKS USING FMR, AND TO A LIST

2672
01:45:52,640 --> 01:45:54,160
OF [INDISCERNIBLE] FM R STUDY

2673
01:45:54,160 --> 01:45:57,760
BECAUSE IT DOES PROVIDE

2674
01:45:57,760 --> 01:46:00,240
DIFFERENT INFORMATION TO

2675
01:46:00,240 --> 01:46:00,880
UNDERSTAND UNDERLYING NETWORK.

2676
01:46:00,880 --> 01:46:01,960
THAT'S ALL FOR MY TALK.

2677
01:46:01,960 --> 01:46:04,080
CAN YOU E-MAIL ME IF YOU HAVE

2678
01:46:04,080 --> 01:46:06,800
ANYY REQUESTS. 

2679
01:46:06,800 --> 01:46:09,440
THANK YOU.

2680
01:46:09,440 --> 01:46:09,720
[ APPLAUSE ]

2681
01:46:09,720 --> 01:46:11,320
>>THANK YOU VERY MUCH, WE
CAN

2682
01:46:11,320 --> 01:46:14,280
TAKE 1, 2 QUESTIONS.

2683
01:46:14,280 --> 01:46:20,360
IF THERE IS A QUESTION.

2684
01:46:20,360 --> 01:46:23,160
>>OH, SORRY GO AHEAD.

2685
01:46:23,160 --> 01:46:26,680
>>VERY NICE WORK OF
COURSE THE

2686
01:46:26,680 --> 01:46:28,440
IT'S A VERY DIFFICULT PROBLEM.

2687
01:46:28,440 --> 01:46:30,640
WE CAN ALWAYS RELAX THE FIBER

2688
01:46:30,640 --> 01:46:31,800
PARAMETERS AND GET ARE DIRECT

2689
01:46:31,800 --> 01:46:33,080
CONNECTIONS ABOUT YOU DOESN'T

2690
01:46:33,080 --> 01:46:34,040
MEAN THERE'S ACTUALLY

2691
01:46:34,040 --> 01:46:35,320
CONNECTIONOT OTHER END YOU COULD

2692
01:46:35,320 --> 01:46:36,480
NOT FIND THOSE CONNECTIONS THAT

2693
01:46:36,480 --> 01:46:38,800
ALSO DOESN'T MEAN THAT THERE

2694
01:46:38,800 --> 01:46:43,120
AREN'T CONNECTIONS BUT YOU ALSO

2695
01:46:43,120 --> 01:46:45,000
WITH NEUROANATOMY SO WHAT IS

2696
01:46:45,000 --> 01:46:45,520
THEIR EXPECTATION?

2697
01:46:45,520 --> 01:46:48,080
DO THEY EXPECT A DIRECT

2698
01:46:48,080 --> 01:46:49,040
CONNECTION AS A POSSIBILITY?

2699
01:46:49,040 --> 01:46:51,240
SO IS THERE A LIKE A SEARCH

2700
01:46:51,240 --> 01:46:54,520
ACTUALLY TFERREDS THE DIRECTION

2701
01:46:54,520 --> 01:46:54,760
ALSO?

2702
01:46:54,760 --> 01:46:58,240
OR I MEAN LIKE A--IS

2703
01:46:58,240 --> 01:46:59,080
[INDISCERNIBLE] VALUABLE TO

2704
01:46:59,080 --> 01:47:01,680
ACTUALLY SPECULATE THAT THAT

2705
01:47:01,680 --> 01:47:04,600
COULD BE A DIRECT PATHWAY ALSO?

2706
01:47:04,600 --> 01:47:05,520
WHAT'S YOUR OPINION?

2707
01:47:05,520 --> 01:47:06,600
>>YOU MEAN THE DIRECT

2708
01:47:06,600 --> 01:47:08,120
CONNECTION FROM THE

2709
01:47:08,120 --> 01:47:09,480
[INDISCERNIBLE] TO SUBJECT

2710
01:47:09,480 --> 01:47:10,160
STIMULI?

2711
01:47:10,160 --> 01:47:10,440
>>YEAH.

2712
01:47:10,440 --> 01:47:14,520
>>OUR DATA WE DIDN'T FIND
THAT.

2713
01:47:14,520 --> 01:47:15,840
REALLY HIGH RESOLUTION MR AND

2714
01:47:15,840 --> 01:47:20,280
ALSO THE MONKEY LITERATURE, FOR

2715
01:47:20,280 --> 01:47:22,040
1 CITATION, THEY INJECT FROM THE

2716
01:47:22,040 --> 01:47:26,320
[INDISCERNIBLE] PROGRAM FOR THIS

2717
01:47:26,320 --> 01:47:28,040
AND DIDN'T GO TO [INDISCERNIBLE]

2718
01:47:28,040 --> 01:47:31,240
SO I THINK THAT'S VERY

2719
01:47:31,240 --> 01:47:33,560
CONSISTENT TO OUR RESULTS.

2720
01:47:33,560 --> 01:47:37,440
SO THESE ARE THE CONNECTIONS,

2721
01:47:37,440 --> 01:47:39,480
INDIRECT CONNECTION FROM OTHER

2722
01:47:39,480 --> 01:47:41,800
PATHWAYS OR FROM OTHER CORTICALE

2723
01:47:41,800 --> 01:47:44,600
TO CORTICALE PATHWAY THAT CAN

2724
01:47:44,600 --> 01:47:45,640
NOT BE [INDISCERNIBLE].

2725
01:47:45,640 --> 01:47:47,560
SO WE ALSO WORKING ON HIGH

2726
01:47:47,560 --> 01:47:49,640
RESOLUTION AND SUPER OFFICIAL

2727
01:47:49,640 --> 01:47:52,080
BUT TRACKING SO WE GET MORE

2728
01:47:52,080 --> 01:47:53,520
DETAILS NETWORK STRUCTURE FOR

2729
01:47:53,520 --> 01:47:55,880
THAT RETURN.

2730
01:47:55,880 --> 01:47:56,360
>>OKAY, THANK YOU.

2731
01:47:56,360 --> 01:48:00,000
>>MAYBE IF I CAN JUST ADD
1

2732
01:48:00,000 --> 01:48:00,680
COMMENT.

2733
01:48:00,680 --> 01:48:03,800
WHEN WE DO FOCUS ULTRASOUND

2734
01:48:03,800 --> 01:48:05,360
IMAGING IN THE INTERNAL CAPSULE,

2735
01:48:05,360 --> 01:48:07,000
WE DO ACTUALLY GET THE SAME

2736
01:48:07,000 --> 01:48:11,200
FIBERS YOU'RE GETTING TO 9 AND

2737
01:48:11,200 --> 01:48:13,000
10 EMPLOY I GUESS MOST PAPERS

2738
01:48:13,000 --> 01:48:14,480
ARE PREDICTING THE IMPROVEMENT.

2739
01:48:14,480 --> 01:48:16,400
SO LESIONING THE FIBERS GO IN

2740
01:48:16,400 --> 01:48:21,920
THERE ALSO WORKS, --I GUESS. 

2741
01:48:21,920 --> 01:48:22,240
>>THANKS.

2742
01:48:22,240 --> 01:48:22,440
OKAY.

2743
01:48:22,440 --> 01:48:28,000
>>THANK YOU AGAIN FOR THE
NICE

2744
01:48:28,000 --> 01:48:28,240
TALK.

2745
01:48:28,240 --> 01:48:28,640
>>[ APPLAUSE ]

2746
01:48:28,640 --> 01:48:33,880
AND THEN THE LAST SPEAKER WILL

2747
01:48:33,880 --> 01:48:36,560
BE DR. ZHAI FROM THE NATIONAL

2748
01:48:36,560 --> 01:48:40,720
INNSITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE.

2749
01:48:40,720 --> 01:48:41,920
YOU CAN STARLIGHT THE VIDEO.

2750
01:48:41,920 --> 01:48:43,240
>>I HAVE NOTHING TO
DISCLOSE

2751
01:48:43,240 --> 01:48:49,160
FOR MY TALK TODAY, HELLO I'M

2752
01:48:49,160 --> 01:48:50,480
TIANYE, ZHAI FROM THE NATIONAL

2753
01:48:50,480 --> 01:48:51,160
EN--STRATEGIESITUTE ON DRUG

2754
01:48:51,160 --> 01:48:54,080
ABUSE AND MY TALK TODAY IS

2755
01:48:54,080 --> 01:48:56,720
NEUROIMAGING BASED TARGET

2756
01:48:56,720 --> 01:48:57,840
PRESCREENING FOR TARGET DESIGN,

2757
01:48:57,840 --> 01:48:59,160
BASED ON YEARS OF HUMAN RESEARCH

2758
01:48:59,160 --> 01:49:01,120
ON THE HUMAN BRAIN, OR SO CALLED

2759
01:49:01,120 --> 01:49:04,960
READING FROM THE BRAIN, WE ARE

2760
01:49:04,960 --> 01:49:07,000
NOW ENTERING AN ERA OF BACK

2761
01:49:07,000 --> 01:49:07,960
TRANSTHRAIGZ TO THE HUMAN BRAIN

2762
01:49:07,960 --> 01:49:09,400
OR WRITING TO THE BRAIN WITH A

2763
01:49:09,400 --> 01:49:11,680
AID OF LIST OF TRANSCRANIAL

2764
01:49:11,680 --> 01:49:14,280
STIMULATION TECHNIQUES SUCH AS

2765
01:49:14,280 --> 01:49:16,840
THE TMS, TDCS, TACS, TAUS, ET

2766
01:49:16,840 --> 01:49:18,480
CETERA THAT WE HAVE BEEN TALKING

2767
01:49:18,480 --> 01:49:21,640
ABOUT OVER THE PAST FEW DAYS.

2768
01:49:21,640 --> 01:49:23,360
THE NAWP INVASIVE NATURE OF

2769
01:49:23,360 --> 01:49:24,480
THESE TECHNIQUES MADE THEM

2770
01:49:24,480 --> 01:49:25,560
PROMISING TOOLS TO TACKLE WITH

2771
01:49:25,560 --> 01:49:28,080
DIFFICULTIES IN A TREATMENT OF A

2772
01:49:28,080 --> 01:49:30,040
WIDE RANGE OF NEUROSICKIATRIC

2773
01:49:30,040 --> 01:49:34,000
DECS SUCH AS MAJOR DEPRESSIVE

2774
01:49:34,000 --> 01:49:34,840
DISORDER, OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE

2775
01:49:34,840 --> 01:49:36,120
DISORDER AND SUBSTANCE USE

2776
01:49:36,120 --> 01:49:36,520
DISORDER.

2777
01:49:36,520 --> 01:49:38,760
DUE TO THE OVERARCHING WROAL

2778
01:49:38,760 --> 01:49:41,800
ROLE IN GOVERNING MANY COGNITIVE

2779
01:49:41,800 --> 01:49:43,920
AND EFFECTIVE PROCESSES, THE

2780
01:49:43,920 --> 01:49:46,800
PRECORTEX, SUCH AS THE PFC, AND

2781
01:49:46,800 --> 01:49:51,760
THE OFC AND THE VFC HAS GAINED

2782
01:49:51,760 --> 01:49:53,560
ATTENTION AS TARGETS OF THE HOW

2783
01:49:53,560 --> 01:49:55,560
HOWEVER, LIKE THE HUMAN OFC,

2784
01:49:55,560 --> 01:49:58,200
THESE ARE USUALLY ANATOMICALLY

2785
01:49:58,200 --> 01:49:59,640
LARGE AND FUNCTIONALLY

2786
01:49:59,640 --> 01:50:00,680
HETEROGONEIOUS, THIS MEANS IF

2787
01:50:00,680 --> 01:50:01,960
YOU STIMULATE DIFFERENT REASON

2788
01:50:01,960 --> 01:50:03,720
YOJS, YOU'RE LIKELY TO,A CHIEF

2789
01:50:03,720 --> 01:50:05,560
DIFFERENT THINGS, ALTHOUGH

2790
01:50:05,560 --> 01:50:08,880
THEY'RE ALL CALLED

2791
01:50:08,880 --> 01:50:09,520
OFC STIMULATION.

2792
01:50:09,520 --> 01:50:10,560
IT HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATE THAD

2793
01:50:10,560 --> 01:50:16,600
EACH WITHIN THE CONCEPT OF

2794
01:50:16,600 --> 01:50:17,840
DFLCSOMULATIONS, DIFFERENT

2795
01:50:17,840 --> 01:50:19,480
ACTIONS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH

2796
01:50:19,480 --> 01:50:22,480
EFFICACY FOR DEPRESSION. 

2797
01:50:22,480 --> 01:50:25,640
AND WE KNOW THAT IN NONEVASIVE

2798
01:50:25,640 --> 01:50:26,680
STIMULATION, IT'S A CRUCIAL

2799
01:50:26,680 --> 01:50:28,760
DETERMINANT FOR THE TREATMENT

2800
01:50:28,760 --> 01:50:29,720
AND EFFECTIVENESS AMOUNT OF

2801
01:50:29,720 --> 01:50:32,120
PRIMER TO SPACE, BUT MANY

2802
01:50:32,120 --> 01:50:33,000
NEUROMODDULATION BASE AND

2803
01:50:33,000 --> 01:50:35,720
CLINICAL STUDIES LACK COMPELLING

2804
01:50:35,720 --> 01:50:37,880
JUSTIFICATIONS IN SELECTING THE

2805
01:50:37,880 --> 01:50:42,360
ACTUAL LOCUS OF A REGION FOR THE

2806
01:50:42,360 --> 01:50:42,760
STIMULATION TARGET.

2807
01:50:42,760 --> 01:50:47,160
WE HAVE 3 FOR THE DLPFC, AND

2808
01:50:47,160 --> 01:50:49,360
DRIVING FROM THE CLASSICAL 1020

2809
01:50:49,360 --> 01:50:51,600
SYSTEM OR SOMETIMES IT CAN BE

2810
01:50:51,600 --> 01:50:52,840
EVEN SIMPLER THAN THAT JUST TO

2811
01:50:52,840 --> 01:50:55,760
USE COORDINATES FROM A PREVIOUS

2812
01:50:55,760 --> 01:50:56,400
PUBLISHED LITERATURE.

2813
01:50:56,400 --> 01:50:57,880
IN SEARCHING FOR THE EFFECTIVE

2814
01:50:57,880 --> 01:51:00,280
TREATMENT TARGETS OF A SPECIFIC

2815
01:51:00,280 --> 01:51:02,040
DISORDER, THE MOST INTUITIVE WAY

2816
01:51:02,040 --> 01:51:03,880
IS TO SEARCH WITHIN INTERESTED

2817
01:51:03,880 --> 01:51:06,200
AREA DIRECTLY WITH THE CLINICAL

2818
01:51:06,200 --> 01:51:08,640
TRIALS IN THIS CASE, SAY WE HAVE

2819
01:51:08,640 --> 01:51:10,480
DIFFERENT BRAIN SIDES TO BE

2820
01:51:10,480 --> 01:51:12,440
TESTED FOR EFFICACY.

2821
01:51:12,440 --> 01:51:14,800
EACH SIDE REQUIRES A CLEANICAL

2822
01:51:14,800 --> 01:51:17,760
TRIAL WITHIN PARTICIPANTS, THAT

2823
01:51:17,760 --> 01:51:19,800
IS A TOTAL OF PARTICIPANTS

2824
01:51:19,800 --> 01:51:22,400
NEEDED TO EVALUATE THE

2825
01:51:22,400 --> 01:51:23,480
TREATMENT'VE CASSIE UNDER

2826
01:51:23,480 --> 01:51:24,040
CLINICAL SETTING.

2827
01:51:24,040 --> 01:51:26,400
PLUS THE OTHER FACTORS IN HUGE

2828
01:51:26,400 --> 01:51:28,480
PRIMARY SPACE, THIS DIRECT

2829
01:51:28,480 --> 01:51:30,040
STRATEGY IS FINANCIALLY COSTLY

2830
01:51:30,040 --> 01:51:32,560
AND TIME CONSUMING TO AN EXTENT

2831
01:51:32,560 --> 01:51:36,560
OF BEING VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE.

2832
01:51:36,560 --> 01:51:38,280
IT IS HOWEVER POSSIBLE TO USE

2833
01:51:38,280 --> 01:51:40,680
THE FUNCTIONAL IMAGING SUCH AS

2834
01:51:40,680 --> 01:51:42,720
FMRI TO CHARACTERIZE FUNCTIONAL

2835
01:51:42,720 --> 01:51:45,440
FEATURES OF MULTIPLE RIs TO

2836
01:51:45,440 --> 01:51:47,320
IDENTIFY LOCI AND FUNCTIONAL

2837
01:51:47,320 --> 01:51:49,600
SUCKERITS THAT ARE MOST RELEVANT

2838
01:51:49,600 --> 01:51:50,560
TO DISEASE RECOVER EXPE

2839
01:51:50,560 --> 01:51:53,640
TREATMENT, AND MIGHT BE

2840
01:51:53,640 --> 01:51:55,400
PRIORITIZED IN TESTING EFFICACY

2841
01:51:55,400 --> 01:51:57,200
IN CLIN CAM SETTINGS AS A

2842
01:51:57,200 --> 01:51:58,240
STIMULATION TARGET.

2843
01:51:58,240 --> 01:52:01,440
THEREFORE WE PROPOSE THE 2 STAGE

2844
01:52:01,440 --> 01:52:02,240
APPROACH FOR NEURAL MODULATION

2845
01:52:02,240 --> 01:52:04,240
BASED ON TRIM AND DEVELOPMENT, A

2846
01:52:04,240 --> 01:52:06,680
STAGE 1 THAT INVOLVES THE

2847
01:52:06,680 --> 01:52:07,760
EXPLORING RIs FOR THEIR

2848
01:52:07,760 --> 01:52:10,520
RELEVANCE TO A SPECIFIC DISEASE.

2849
01:52:10,520 --> 01:52:13,480
AND A STAGE 2 OF TESTING ONLY A

2850
01:52:13,480 --> 01:52:13,720
FEW.

2851
01:52:13,720 --> 01:52:14,880
MOST RELEVANT BRAIN LOCATIONS

2852
01:52:14,880 --> 01:52:16,920
WITH A CLINICAL TRIALS FOR

2853
01:52:16,920 --> 01:52:17,680
EFFICACY.

2854
01:52:17,680 --> 01:52:18,560
THIS WILL GREATLY REDUCE THE

2855
01:52:18,560 --> 01:52:21,240
TIME AND EFFORT NEEDED FOR

2856
01:52:21,240 --> 01:52:22,680
TARGET OPTIMIZATION, IN

2857
01:52:22,680 --> 01:52:23,840
NEUROMODDULATION BASED CLINICAL

2858
01:52:23,840 --> 01:52:25,480
INVESTIGATIONS TO A FEASIBLE

2859
01:52:25,480 --> 01:52:25,680
LEVEL.

2860
01:52:25,680 --> 01:52:29,000
SO NEXT I WILL BE FOCUSING ON

2861
01:52:29,000 --> 01:52:29,760
DEMONSTRATING THE NEUROIMAGING

2862
01:52:29,760 --> 01:52:31,800
BASE TO STAGE 1 WITH THE

2863
01:52:31,800 --> 01:52:35,640
EXEMPLAR OF THE OFC STIMULATION

2864
01:52:35,640 --> 01:52:37,440
FOR COCAINE DISORDER.

2865
01:52:37,440 --> 01:52:38,920
THE COCAINE USE DISORDER HAS

2866
01:52:38,920 --> 01:52:40,880
MANY OTHER FORMS OF ARK DICTION

2867
01:52:40,880 --> 01:52:42,960
IS A HIGHLY REFRACTORY

2868
01:52:42,960 --> 01:52:45,360
PSYCHIATRIC DISEASE WITH A

2869
01:52:45,360 --> 01:52:46,080
HIGHER LAPSE RATE POST TREATMENT

2870
01:52:46,080 --> 01:52:48,080
EACH FOR THE TREATMENT SEEKING

2871
01:52:48,080 --> 01:52:48,680
PATIENTS, THEREFORE OUR STAGE

2872
01:52:48,680 --> 01:52:52,360
GOAL HERE IS TO IDENTIFY LOW C 1

2873
01:52:52,360 --> 01:52:55,320
THE ROI THAT COVERS THE ENTIRE

2874
01:52:55,320 --> 01:52:57,200
OFC THAT RELATE THE MOST TO

2875
01:52:57,200 --> 01:52:57,640
COCAINE RELAPSE.

2876
01:52:57,640 --> 01:53:01,240
IN ORDER TO DO SO, 2 COHORTS

2877
01:53:01,240 --> 01:53:04,160
WERE INVOLVED COHORT 1

2878
01:53:04,160 --> 01:53:06,000
DISCOVERED AS A RESTING DATA

2879
01:53:06,000 --> 01:53:08,480
FROM 43 TREATMENT SEEKING CUD

2880
01:53:08,480 --> 01:53:11,040
PATIENTS WERE SCANNEDDA THE END

2881
01:53:11,040 --> 01:53:12,440
OF A 30 DAY PATIENTS SOCIAL

2882
01:53:12,440 --> 01:53:13,440
TREATMENT PROGRAM AND FOLLOWED

2883
01:53:13,440 --> 01:53:16,800
UP FOR UP TO 6 MONTHS.

2884
01:53:16,800 --> 01:53:19,480
ALSO INVOLVE SUGGEST A COHORT 2

2885
01:53:19,480 --> 01:53:21,200
OR INDEPENDENT VALIDATION

2886
01:53:21,200 --> 01:53:22,720
COHORT, SIMILARLY, THIS COHORT

2887
01:53:22,720 --> 01:53:24,120
OF A 36 PARTICIPANTS WERE

2888
01:53:24,120 --> 01:53:27,240
SCANNED AT THE END OF 2-4 WEEK

2889
01:53:27,240 --> 01:53:29,640
IN PATIENT TREATMENT PROGRAM FOR

2890
01:53:29,640 --> 01:53:32,080
RESTING STATE FMRI AND FOLLOWED

2891
01:53:32,080 --> 01:53:34,800
FOR UP TO 90 DAYS POST TREATMENT

2892
01:53:34,800 --> 01:53:35,680
FOR COCAINE RELAPSE.

2893
01:53:35,680 --> 01:53:37,160
REGARDLESS OF THE TECHNICAL

2894
01:53:37,160 --> 01:53:38,320
DETAILS GENERALLY WHAT WE DO IS

2895
01:53:38,320 --> 01:53:43,000
FOR EACH OF THE ROIs, WE

2896
01:53:43,000 --> 01:53:44,840
COMBINE WHOLE BRAIN FUNCTIONAL

2897
01:53:44,840 --> 01:53:46,040
CONNECTIVITY AND RELAPSED DATA

2898
01:53:46,040 --> 01:53:50,040
WITH THE MODELING TO GENERATE

2899
01:53:50,040 --> 01:53:51,480
PREDICTION MODELS, SIFORT WE

2900
01:53:51,480 --> 01:53:53,480
PREDICT ANALYSIS ON COHORT 1, ON

2901
01:53:53,480 --> 01:53:54,560
THE CROSS VALIDATION LOOP AND

2902
01:53:54,560 --> 01:54:00,400
THEN WE USE COHORT 2 BEFORE

2903
01:54:00,400 --> 01:54:01,440
EXTERNAL FOUNDATION.

2904
01:54:01,440 --> 01:54:04,760
THE ANALYSIS CONDUCTED FOR ALL

2905
01:54:04,760 --> 01:54:06,680
20 ROIs, FOR MEDIA TO

2906
01:54:06,680 --> 01:54:06,960
BILATERALLY.

2907
01:54:06,960 --> 01:54:10,600
TWO OUT OF THE 20 RIs WE

2908
01:54:10,600 --> 01:54:12,800
TESTED WERE IDENTIFY AS

2909
01:54:12,800 --> 01:54:13,600
SIGNIFICANTLY COCAINE RELAPSE

2910
01:54:13,600 --> 01:54:15,080
WITHOUT THEIR FUNCTIONAL

2911
01:54:15,080 --> 01:54:15,600
CIRCUITS.

2912
01:54:15,600 --> 01:54:17,480
BOTH ON THE LEFT LATERAL SIDE OF

2913
01:54:17,480 --> 01:54:17,960
THE OFC.

2914
01:54:17,960 --> 01:54:21,080
THESE ARE REFERRED TO AS

2915
01:54:21,080 --> 01:54:24,120
PREDICTIVE ROI 1 APPROXIMATE 2

2916
01:54:24,120 --> 01:54:24,480
HERE AND AFTER.

2917
01:54:24,480 --> 01:54:27,240
AFTER EACH OF THE ROIs, 2 SETS

2918
01:54:27,240 --> 01:54:29,400
OF FUNCTIONAL CIRCUITS THAT

2919
01:54:29,400 --> 01:54:31,120
UNIQUELY CONTINUED TO COCAINE

2920
01:54:31,120 --> 01:54:33,040
RELAPSE WERE ALSO IDENTIFIED, A

2921
01:54:33,040 --> 01:54:35,160
SET OF PROTECTIVE CIRCUITS WHICH

2922
01:54:35,160 --> 01:54:36,560
MEANS THE STRONGER FUNCTIONAL

2923
01:54:36,560 --> 01:54:38,360
CONNECTIVITY AND THE LESS

2924
01:54:38,360 --> 01:54:39,520
LIKELIHOOD OVERLAPS AND A SET OF

2925
01:54:39,520 --> 01:54:41,640
RISK CIRC ARE UTRS WHICH MEANS

2926
01:54:41,640 --> 01:54:43,000
THE STRONGER FUNCTIONAL

2927
01:54:43,000 --> 01:54:44,160
CONNECTIVITY, THE HIGHER

2928
01:54:44,160 --> 01:54:46,120
LIKELIHOOD OF RELAPSE, DURING

2929
01:54:46,120 --> 01:54:49,800
THE FOLLOW UP, BUT IN ORDER TO

2930
01:54:49,800 --> 01:54:51,640
MINIMIZE THE OVERLAPPED VARIANCE

2931
01:54:51,640 --> 01:54:53,960
EXPLAINED BETWEEN PREDICTION

2932
01:54:53,960 --> 01:54:56,520
MODELS FROM THE 2 ROIs, WE

2933
01:54:56,520 --> 01:54:58,840
COMBOYNE THOSE FROM THE ROIs

2934
01:54:58,840 --> 01:55:01,600
AND SELECTING TERMS IN THE

2935
01:55:01,600 --> 01:55:04,280
COMBINATION AND BUILD THE FINAL

2936
01:55:04,280 --> 01:55:05,880
PREDICTION MODEL THAT INCLUDE

2937
01:55:05,880 --> 01:55:08,520
THE RISK INDEX OF THE REDICTIVE

2938
01:55:08,520 --> 01:55:13,800
RO-1 AND THE BRO DICTIVE INDEX

2939
01:55:13,800 --> 01:55:16,400
OF ROIs 2 OF 91.4%.

2940
01:55:16,400 --> 01:55:18,400
WE THEN APPLY OUR REFINED FINAL

2941
01:55:18,400 --> 01:55:20,720
PREDICTION MODEL ON COHORT 2 FOR

2942
01:55:20,720 --> 01:55:22,240
INDEPENDENT VALIDATION WHICH

2943
01:55:22,240 --> 01:55:25,120
YIELDED REASONABLY ACCURATE

2944
01:55:25,120 --> 01:55:29,400
PREDICTION OF RELAPSE AT 75.9%

2945
01:55:29,400 --> 01:55:29,800
ACCURACY.

2946
01:55:29,800 --> 01:55:32,520
FINALLY WE ALSO CONDUCTED A POST

2947
01:55:32,520 --> 01:55:34,320
HOC ANALYSIS BY COMBINING ALL

2948
01:55:34,320 --> 01:55:36,000
DATA FROM 2 COHORTS AND

2949
01:55:36,000 --> 01:55:37,200
CLUSTERING THEM ON THE

2950
01:55:37,200 --> 01:55:41,720
PROTECTIVE RISK PLAYING FROM THE

2951
01:55:41,720 --> 01:55:42,560
FINAL PREDICTION MODEL.

2952
01:55:42,560 --> 01:55:45,040
SIX TYPES WERE IDENTIFIED.

2953
01:55:45,040 --> 01:55:46,320
FOR EXAMPLE, CLUSTER 1 AND 2 ON

2954
01:55:46,320 --> 01:55:48,400
THE LOWER CORNER AND HIGH

2955
01:55:48,400 --> 01:55:50,840
PROTECT AND I HAVE LOWER RISK

2956
01:55:50,840 --> 01:55:52,360
INDICES, WHICH IS THE LONGEST

2957
01:55:52,360 --> 01:55:54,000
BASE FOR RELAPSE AS SHOWNOT BAR

2958
01:55:54,000 --> 01:55:58,000
PLOT ON THE RIGHT.

2959
01:55:58,000 --> 01:56:01,040
FOR QUICK DISCUSSION USING FMRI

2960
01:56:01,040 --> 01:56:03,520
AND COST REGRESSION BASED

2961
01:56:03,520 --> 01:56:04,800
PREDICTION MODELS WE WERE ABLE

2962
01:56:04,800 --> 01:56:08,000
TO IGENETICALLYIFY 2 OUT OF

2963
01:56:08,000 --> 01:56:10,760
HUMAN, ROIs THAT ARE HIGHLY

2964
01:56:10,760 --> 01:56:11,840
RELEVANT TO COCAINE RELAPSE,

2965
01:56:11,840 --> 01:56:12,960
WITH THE FUNCTIONAL CIRCUIT.

2966
01:56:12,960 --> 01:56:15,040
THESE COULD BE TREATED AS

2967
01:56:15,040 --> 01:56:17,000
POTENTIAL STIMULATION TARGETS TO

2968
01:56:17,000 --> 01:56:19,080
BE FURTHER TESTED WITH CLINICAL

2969
01:56:19,080 --> 01:56:19,560
TRIALS.

2970
01:56:19,560 --> 01:56:21,080
THE IDENTIFIED FUCHGZAL CIRCUITS

2971
01:56:21,080 --> 01:56:22,880
SERVING RISK FACTORS WAS

2972
01:56:22,880 --> 01:56:25,040
RELAPSED NOT ONLY PROVIDE A

2973
01:56:25,040 --> 01:56:26,440
SYSTEM LEVEL NEURAL MECHANISM

2974
01:56:26,440 --> 01:56:28,440
FOR THEIR RELEVANCE TO COCAINE

2975
01:56:28,440 --> 01:56:33,200
RELAPSE BUT MAY ALSO SERVE AS A

2976
01:56:33,200 --> 01:56:35,080
POTENTIAL UNDERLYING MECHANISM

2977
01:56:35,080 --> 01:56:36,720
NEAR NEURAL MODULATION TREATMENT

2978
01:56:36,720 --> 01:56:37,160
TO TAKE EFFECT.

2979
01:56:37,160 --> 01:56:38,800
ONE THING THAT GAVE US MORE

2980
01:56:38,800 --> 01:56:40,680
CONFIDENCE IN THIS IS OUR

2981
01:56:40,680 --> 01:56:42,920
PREVIOUS STUDY USE UTILIZING A

2982
01:56:42,920 --> 01:56:46,240
SIMILAR MODELING TECHNIQUE

2983
01:56:46,240 --> 01:56:47,160
INVESTIGATED [INDISCERNIBLE] AND

2984
01:56:47,160 --> 01:56:52,000
IDENTIFIED AS 3 HIGHLY RED

2985
01:56:52,000 --> 01:56:53,680
ROIs, AND THE 1 ON THE LEFT IS

2986
01:56:53,680 --> 01:56:56,400
VIRTUALLY THE SAME AS THE ACTUAL

2987
01:56:56,400 --> 01:56:58,200
RTMS SIMULATION TARGET THAT

2988
01:56:58,200 --> 01:56:59,960
SHOWED PROMISING TREATMENT IN

2989
01:56:59,960 --> 01:57:03,240
THE ADVOCACY IN AN OPEN LABEL

2990
01:57:03,240 --> 01:57:04,680
PILOT STUDY TREATING COCAINE

2991
01:57:04,680 --> 01:57:05,640
ADDICTION, THIS IS THE PERFECT

2992
01:57:05,640 --> 01:57:08,520
EXAMPLE OF THE POTENTIAL

2993
01:57:08,520 --> 01:57:10,200
APPLICATION IN THE MODELING

2994
01:57:10,200 --> 01:57:12,400
APPROACH IN THE FIRST STAGE FOR

2995
01:57:12,400 --> 01:57:13,560
TARGET PRESCREENING WHICH CAN BE

2996
01:57:13,560 --> 01:57:14,960
USED TO GUIDE EXPERIMENTAL

2997
01:57:14,960 --> 01:57:16,360
DESIGNS IN THE SECOND STAGE FOR

2998
01:57:16,360 --> 01:57:20,600
VALIDATION WITH CLINICAL TRIALS.

2999
01:57:20,600 --> 01:57:22,440
AWLTS POTENTIAL SUBSTIEPS OF DEC

3000
01:57:22,440 --> 01:57:24,960
CAN BE CHARACTERIZED WHICH COULD

3001
01:57:24,960 --> 01:57:28,080
BE UNDERLYING A CALMLY OBSERVED

3002
01:57:28,080 --> 01:57:29,400
VARIANCE IN INDIVIDUAL

3003
01:57:29,400 --> 01:57:31,000
RESPONSIVENESS TO

3004
01:57:31,000 --> 01:57:31,800
NEUROMODDULATION TREATMENT.

3005
01:57:31,800 --> 01:57:33,280
THIS INFORMATION OF POTENTIAL

3006
01:57:33,280 --> 01:57:35,400
SUBTYPES COULD ALSO BE USED TO

3007
01:57:35,400 --> 01:57:36,680
GUIDE THE DESIGN EVER

3008
01:57:36,680 --> 01:57:37,760
PERSONALIZED TREATMENT FOR

3009
01:57:37,760 --> 01:57:39,640
EXAMPLE, TO PROMOTE THE

3010
01:57:39,640 --> 01:57:41,040
PROTECTIVE CIRCUITS FOR

3011
01:57:41,040 --> 01:57:43,440
PARTICIPANTS WITH A HIGHER RISK

3012
01:57:43,440 --> 01:57:44,640
OF CIRCUIT BUT WITHOUT THE

3013
01:57:44,640 --> 01:57:47,360
BALANCE OF THE PROTECTIVE

3014
01:57:47,360 --> 01:57:49,400
CIRCUIT LIKE CLUSTER 5 AT TOP

3015
01:57:49,400 --> 01:57:50,720
LEFT CORNER SHOWS.

3016
01:57:50,720 --> 01:57:53,880
SO TO SUM UP HERE WE PROMOZ A 2

3017
01:57:53,880 --> 01:57:56,040
STAGE TARGET PRESCREENING ANDEM

3018
01:57:56,040 --> 01:57:59,360
DIDON STRAIGHTED THE STAGE 1 IN

3019
01:57:59,360 --> 01:58:02,280
DETAILS THAT INVOLVES SYSTEMATIC

3020
01:58:02,280 --> 01:58:04,720
LOAMACYY COMPREHENSIVELY

3021
01:58:04,720 --> 01:58:06,080
EXPLORING ROIs FOR A SPECIFIC

3022
01:58:06,080 --> 01:58:07,400
DISEASE, THE INCOME STEP WOULD

3023
01:58:07,400 --> 01:58:08,960
BE TESTING THESE POTENTIAL

3024
01:58:08,960 --> 01:58:10,280
TACKERETS WITH CLINICAL TRIALS

3025
01:58:10,280 --> 01:58:12,840
FOR TARGET ENGAGEMENT AND

3026
01:58:12,840 --> 01:58:14,240
TREATMENT ADVOCACY.

3027
01:58:14,240 --> 01:58:15,800
EXAMPLES ARE 2 ONGOING CLINICAL

3028
01:58:15,800 --> 01:58:19,160
STUDIES HERE AT NIDA, BASED ON

3029
01:58:19,160 --> 01:58:20,200
THE INVOLVED MENTION SIMILAR

3030
01:58:20,200 --> 01:58:25,360
WORK ON THE HUMAN DLPC, 1 IS A

3031
01:58:25,360 --> 01:58:27,480
CONCURRENT STUDY LEAD BY

3032
01:58:27,480 --> 01:58:28,640
DR. [INDISCERNIBLE] STUDYING

3033
01:58:28,640 --> 01:58:30,800
TARGET ENGAGEMENT AND ACCURATE

3034
01:58:30,800 --> 01:58:32,960
EFFECT ON THE DPLC, WITH THE

3035
01:58:32,960 --> 01:58:35,360
HEALTHY PARTICIPANTS THE OTHER

3036
01:58:35,360 --> 01:58:38,000
IS AN OFFLINING EYE TBS

3037
01:58:38,000 --> 01:58:40,520
TREATMENT STUDY BY

3038
01:58:40,520 --> 01:58:41,560
DR. [INDISCERNIBLE], STUDYING

3039
01:58:41,560 --> 01:58:45,240
TREATMENT EFFICACY OF THE DLFPC

3040
01:58:45,240 --> 01:58:47,080
STIMULATION FOR TREATMENT FROM

3041
01:58:47,080 --> 01:58:47,600
SEEKING COCAINE USERS.

3042
01:58:47,600 --> 01:58:49,760
THIS IS ALL I WOULD LIKE TO

3043
01:58:49,760 --> 01:58:50,680
ACKNOWLEDGE MY SUPER VISOR

3044
01:58:50,680 --> 01:58:51,680
COLLEAGUES AND COLLABORATE OARS

3045
01:58:51,680 --> 01:58:54,080
AND MY INSTITUTE FOR MAKING THIS

3046
01:58:54,080 --> 01:58:55,120
STUDY POSSIBLE.

3047
01:58:55,120 --> 01:58:56,320
AND LAST BUT NOT LEAST DEPENDING

3048
01:58:56,320 --> 01:58:58,760
ON THE SET UP, I MAY OR MAY NOT

3049
01:58:58,760 --> 01:59:01,080
BE ABLE TO ANSWER YOUR QUESTIONS

3050
01:59:01,080 --> 01:59:02,120
BUT PLEASE FEEL FREE TO REACH

3051
01:59:02,120 --> 01:59:04,360
OUT TO ME SHOULD SHOULD YOU HAVE

3052
01:59:04,360 --> 01:59:04,720
ANY.

3053
01:59:04,720 --> 01:59:10,240
THANKS IF ARE YOUR ATTENTION.

3054
01:59:10,240 --> 01:59:10,560
[ APPLAUSE ]

3055
01:59:10,560 --> 01:59:11,920
, OKAY, THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR

3056
01:59:11,920 --> 01:59:12,800
ATTENDING THIS SESSION.

3057
01:59:12,800 --> 01:59:14,400
WE ARE A LITTLE BIT BEHIND THE

3058
01:59:14,400 --> 01:59:15,600
SCHEDULE SO IT WOULD BE NICE IF

3059
01:59:15,600 --> 01:59:17,720
YOU CAN BE BACK IN 15 MINUTES TO

3060
01:59:17,720 --> 01:59:24,680
START THE NEXT SESSION.

3061
01:59:24,680 --> 01:59:26,080
 SO LET'S
START

3062
01:59:26,080 --> 01:59:31,880
WITH THE FIRST SPEAKER,

3063
01:59:31,880 --> 01:59:32,560
DR. DESMOND OATHES, FROM THE

3064
01:59:32,560 --> 01:59:36,600
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

3065
01:59:36,600 --> 01:59:40,440
>>THANK YOU FOR STICKING
AROUND

3066
01:59:40,440 --> 01:59:41,600
AND LISTENING TO ME SHARE MY

3067
01:59:41,600 --> 01:59:43,840
WORK AND THE FOR THE INVITATION.

3068
01:59:43,840 --> 01:59:48,160
THIS IS A SUBTITLE FOR MY TALKS

3069
01:59:48,160 --> 01:59:49,960
TITLED THE ORIGINAL TITLE

3070
01:59:49,960 --> 01:59:52,160
BUILDINGA I DISCOVERY PIPELINE

3071
01:59:52,160 --> 01:59:54,160
AND HOPEFULLY I HAVE FLESHED OUT

3072
01:59:54,160 --> 01:59:55,520
AND PIQUED YOUR INTEREST.

3073
01:59:55,520 --> 01:59:57,440
I DON'T HAVE ANY DISCLOSURES, SO

3074
01:59:57,440 --> 02:00:00,200
THIS WAS MENTIONED ACTUALLY IN

3075
02:00:00,200 --> 02:00:02,880
THE LAST TALK ABOUT THE PATH TO

3076
02:00:02,880 --> 02:00:04,280
FINDING NEW TARGETS AND TESTING

3077
02:00:04,280 --> 02:00:05,840
THEM AND SLOW AND ARDUOUS AND

3078
02:00:05,840 --> 02:00:07,560
TRYING TO FIGURE OUT WAYS OF

3079
02:00:07,560 --> 02:00:09,160
SPEEDING UP THAT PROCESS WOULD

3080
02:00:09,160 --> 02:00:13,720
BE VERY WORTH WHILE SEE, LIKE

3081
02:00:13,720 --> 02:00:15,480
THE TYPICAL OLD STYLE OF DOING

3082
02:00:15,480 --> 02:00:17,320
OUR TREATMENT OR DEPRESSION

3083
02:00:17,320 --> 02:00:20,000
TAKES QUITE A WHILE, LIKE 4 TO 6

3084
02:00:20,000 --> 02:00:21,760
WEEKS, OF DAILY TREATMENT, IT

3085
02:00:21,760 --> 02:00:22,480
COSTS A LOT.

3086
02:00:22,480 --> 02:00:24,600
THERE'S A BIG BURDEN ON

3087
02:00:24,600 --> 02:00:26,000
PROVIDERS AND THE RESEARCHERS,

3088
02:00:26,000 --> 02:00:28,880
THE PATIENTS HAVE TO WAIT A

3089
02:00:28,880 --> 02:00:30,400
REALLY LONG TIME, NOT CLEAR WHAT

3090
02:00:30,400 --> 02:00:33,040
TO DO WITH THEM WHEN THEY DON'T

3091
02:00:33,040 --> 02:00:33,440
RESPOND.

3092
02:00:33,440 --> 02:00:35,240
WE FIND THAT IT DOES WORK ON

3093
02:00:35,240 --> 02:00:36,840
AVERAGE, WE DON'T KNOW WHY

3094
02:00:36,840 --> 02:00:38,320
TYPICALLY, YOU DON'T HAVE A

3095
02:00:38,320 --> 02:00:39,440
BRAIN RESPONSE OR ANYTHING THAT

3096
02:00:39,440 --> 02:00:41,160
YOU MEASURE, ASIDE FROM

3097
02:00:41,160 --> 02:00:44,880
SYMPTOMS, YOU JUST KIND OF

3098
02:00:44,880 --> 02:00:46,120
FIGURED THAT YOU CHANGED

3099
02:00:46,120 --> 02:00:47,560
SOMETHING AND THEN YOU HELP WITH

3100
02:00:47,560 --> 02:00:52,560
THE SYMPTOMS AND THAT'S ALL YOU

3101
02:00:52,560 --> 02:00:52,760
KNOW.

3102
02:00:52,760 --> 02:00:55,440
YOU DON'T KNOW WHY, WHAT PART OF

3103
02:00:55,440 --> 02:00:56,960
YOUR PROTOCOL REALLY WAS THE

3104
02:00:56,960 --> 02:00:59,680
MOST EFFECTIVE, THE DOSE TIMING,

3105
02:00:59,680 --> 02:01:01,000
THE TARGET, THERE'S USUALLY SO

3106
02:01:01,000 --> 02:01:02,600
MANY UNKNOWNS THAT COME OUT EVEN

3107
02:01:02,600 --> 02:01:04,000
WHEN THE CLINICAL EFFECT GOES.

3108
02:01:04,000 --> 02:01:05,600
WHY SHOULD YOU CARE WHY IT

3109
02:01:05,600 --> 02:01:08,680
WORKS, IF IT, WOS THEN JUST DO

3110
02:01:08,680 --> 02:01:08,960
IT, RIGHT?

3111
02:01:08,960 --> 02:01:10,000
BUT IF YOU UNDERSTAND A LITTLE

3112
02:01:10,000 --> 02:01:13,280
BIT MORE ABOUT WHY IT WORKS,

3113
02:01:13,280 --> 02:01:14,480
THERE'S THE PERSPECTIVE OF

3114
02:01:14,480 --> 02:01:16,480
UNDERSTANDING, LEARNING A LITTLE

3115
02:01:16,480 --> 02:01:17,920
BIT MORE MENTAL ILLNESS ISSUES

3116
02:01:17,920 --> 02:01:19,920
ET CETERA, THAT'S BEEN IN A LOT

3117
02:01:19,920 --> 02:01:22,480
OF OUR IMAGING GRANTS FOR MANY

3118
02:01:22,480 --> 02:01:23,760
DECADES AND UNFORTUNATELY IT

3119
02:01:23,760 --> 02:01:25,120
HASN'T TRANSLATED INTO MUCH OF A

3120
02:01:25,120 --> 02:01:27,480
CLINICAL BENEFIT BUT I STILL

3121
02:01:27,480 --> 02:01:28,920
THINK UNDERSTANDING IS IMPORTANT

3122
02:01:28,920 --> 02:01:31,840
BUT MAYBE MORE DIRECTLY

3123
02:01:31,840 --> 02:01:33,240
APPLICABLE AND PRAGMATIC IS TO

3124
02:01:33,240 --> 02:01:34,000
FURTHER OPTIMIZE WHAT THEY'RE

3125
02:01:34,000 --> 02:01:36,560
DOING AND MAKE THE TARGETS AND

3126
02:01:36,560 --> 02:01:41,200
TREATMENT PROTOCOLS EVEN BETTER.

3127
02:01:41,200 --> 02:01:42,480
SO YOU GET THESE SITUATIONS

3128
02:01:42,480 --> 02:01:43,920
WHERE A SIMULATION PROTOCOL

3129
02:01:43,920 --> 02:01:45,400
WORKS FOR SOME PEOPLE AND IT

3130
02:01:45,400 --> 02:01:48,240
DOESN'T WORK FOR OTHER PATES.

3131
02:01:48,240 --> 02:01:50,600
YOU HAVE A PATIENT THAT COMES IN

3132
02:01:50,600 --> 02:01:53,040
DISTRESSED ON THE LEFT SIDE, YOU

3133
02:01:53,040 --> 02:01:55,680
APPLY TMS SOMEWHERE, USUALLY

3134
02:01:55,680 --> 02:01:56,960
DLPFC AND SOME PEOPLE GET

3135
02:01:56,960 --> 02:02:00,960
BETTER, SOME PEOPLE DON'T HAVE

3136
02:02:00,960 --> 02:02:02,440
ANY CHANGE, OTHER PEOPLE GET A

3137
02:02:02,440 --> 02:02:02,920
LITTLE WORSE.

3138
02:02:02,920 --> 02:02:08,600
WE HAVE NO IDEA, WHY, RIGHT?

3139
02:02:08,600 --> 02:02:09,600
AND ESPECIALLY FOR THESE POOR

3140
02:02:09,600 --> 02:02:11,800
FOLKS WHO ARE NOT RESPONDERS,

3141
02:02:11,800 --> 02:02:12,840
YOU PROBABLY HAD 1 MAIN

3142
02:02:12,840 --> 02:02:14,040
TREATMENT AND IT DIDN'T WORK FOR

3143
02:02:14,040 --> 02:02:15,880
THOSE GUYS AND NOW YOU WASTED A

3144
02:02:15,880 --> 02:02:17,240
LOT OF TIME AND YOU DON'T KNOW

3145
02:02:17,240 --> 02:02:20,760
WHAT TO DO WITH THE PATIENT.

3146
02:02:20,760 --> 02:02:27,360
SO IN MY LAB WE DO A LOT OF

3147
02:02:27,360 --> 02:02:29,120
TMS/FMRI, SO WE ISSUE BRAIN

3148
02:02:29,120 --> 02:02:29,360
RESPONSES.

3149
02:02:29,360 --> 02:02:30,120
ONE OF THE CONVENIENT THINGS

3150
02:02:30,120 --> 02:02:31,840
ABOUT THAT IS THE BOLD RESPONSE

3151
02:02:31,840 --> 02:02:33,480
IS SLOW SO CAN YOU PING A

3152
02:02:33,480 --> 02:02:36,680
CIRCUIT AND YOU CAN CAPTURE THE

3153
02:02:36,680 --> 02:02:39,120
DOWN STREAM EFFECTS CAUSED BY

3154
02:02:39,120 --> 02:02:40,000
THE STIMULATION THROUGHOUT THE

3155
02:02:40,000 --> 02:02:41,440
BRAIN, CAN YOU MEASURE THESE

3156
02:02:41,440 --> 02:02:42,840
RESPONSES AND YOU AVERAGE THEM

3157
02:02:42,840 --> 02:02:45,280
FOR MANY TRIALS JUST LIKE ANY

3158
02:02:45,280 --> 02:02:47,040
OTHER EVENT RELATED FNRI DESIGN

3159
02:02:47,040 --> 02:02:48,680
AND YOU CAN SEE WHERE DOES THE

3160
02:02:48,680 --> 02:02:49,840
COMMUNICATION GO WHEN YOU

3161
02:02:49,840 --> 02:02:52,680
STIMULATE A PARTICULAR CIRCUIT.

3162
02:02:52,680 --> 02:02:54,760
AND SO WE'RE VERY INTERESTED IN

3163
02:02:54,760 --> 02:02:57,400
MY LAB AND I BE THIS IS

3164
02:02:57,400 --> 02:02:58,640
CONSISTENT WITH WHAT A LOT OF

3165
02:02:58,640 --> 02:03:00,960
YOU GUYS ARE DOING IN DEVELOPING

3166
02:03:00,960 --> 02:03:05,160
A NEUROMODDULATION DISCOVERY

3167
02:03:05,160 --> 02:03:07,040
PIPELINE, USING TMS FMRI, MAYBE

3168
02:03:07,040 --> 02:03:09,360
WE CAN USE IT IN A WAY THAT WILL

3169
02:03:09,360 --> 02:03:11,480
SPEED UP THE PROCESS, TEST

3170
02:03:11,480 --> 02:03:13,240
HYPOTHESIS ABOUT BRAIN CIRCUITRY

3171
02:03:13,240 --> 02:03:14,720
AND HOW RESPONSIVE IT IS TO

3172
02:03:14,720 --> 02:03:17,040
STIMULATION AND MAYBE EVEN IN

3173
02:03:17,040 --> 02:03:19,520
SOME WAYS RESCUE NEUROIMAGING

3174
02:03:19,520 --> 02:03:23,520
FOR THE USE IN PSYCHIATRY EVEN

3175
02:03:23,520 --> 02:03:24,920
WHEN THERE ARE THESE COUNTER

3176
02:03:24,920 --> 02:03:26,120
EXAMPLES OUT IN THE LITERATURE

3177
02:03:26,120 --> 02:03:27,480
THAT PEOPLE ARE VERY CONCERNED

3178
02:03:27,480 --> 02:03:31,320
WITH TRYING TO DETECT

3179
02:03:31,320 --> 02:03:31,880
ABNORMALITIES, ET CETERA.

3180
02:03:31,880 --> 02:03:33,080
SO THE FIRST THING YOU CAN DO IS

3181
02:03:33,080 --> 02:03:34,920
YOU START WITH IN THE PIPELINE

3182
02:03:34,920 --> 02:03:36,120
MAKING A NEW TARGET.

3183
02:03:36,120 --> 02:03:37,560
THIS IS YOUR HYPOTHESIS, YOU

3184
02:03:37,560 --> 02:03:39,440
SAY, HEY, I THINK I HAVE A NEW

3185
02:03:39,440 --> 02:03:42,520
CLEVER WAY OF MEASURING BRAIN

3186
02:03:42,520 --> 02:03:45,200
AND I WANT TO AND I WANT TO TRY

3187
02:03:45,200 --> 02:03:46,240
STIMULATING THAT PATHWAY AND SEE

3188
02:03:46,240 --> 02:03:48,360
WHAT IT DOES, AND IT DOESN'T

3189
02:03:48,360 --> 02:03:52,080
HAVE TO BE CONFINED TO 1

3190
02:03:52,080 --> 02:03:54,360
PARTICULAR KIND OF  THEORETICAL

3191
02:03:54,360 --> 02:03:55,360
BEND IN WHAT YOU THINK IS THE

3192
02:03:55,360 --> 02:03:57,960
BEST WAY TO TARGET, YOU CAN TEST

3193
02:03:57,960 --> 02:03:58,400
THEM ALL.

3194
02:03:58,400 --> 02:04:00,200
SO IF YOU HAVE 1 BASED ON METE

3195
02:04:00,200 --> 02:04:03,040
YORK DISCIPLINARY AM NAICS OR

3196
02:04:03,040 --> 02:04:06,640
THEORY, GRAFT THEORY BASED ON

3197
02:04:06,640 --> 02:04:07,720
DTI, IN EFIELDS, COMBINE THIS

3198
02:04:07,720 --> 02:04:09,200
THEM HOWEVER YOU WANT TO THESE

3199
02:04:09,200 --> 02:04:10,320
ARE ALL PROMISING THINGS WE

3200
02:04:10,320 --> 02:04:11,960
SHOULD BE TRYING IN VARIOUS

3201
02:04:11,960 --> 02:04:12,360
WAYS.

3202
02:04:12,360 --> 02:04:16,160
BUT THE NEXT STEP IS A LITTLE

3203
02:04:16,160 --> 02:04:20,400
TRICKIER WITH TARGET ENGAGEMENT.

3204
02:04:20,400 --> 02:04:23,240
YOU DO A LITTLE RTMS ON A

3205
02:04:23,240 --> 02:04:25,200
DEPRESSED PATIENT AND THEY DON'T

3206
02:04:25,200 --> 02:04:26,720
SAY THAT FEEL BETTER AND THEY

3207
02:04:26,720 --> 02:04:28,920
SAY OW, THAT HURTS, AND YOU SAY

3208
02:04:28,920 --> 02:04:30,400
YOU NEED TO COME BACK FOR A LOT

3209
02:04:30,400 --> 02:04:32,040
OF SESSIONS BEFORE WE SEE

3210
02:04:32,040 --> 02:04:32,520
ANYTHING CONCONVENIENT.

3211
02:04:32,520 --> 02:04:34,120
SO IT WOULD BE CONCONVENIENT AND

3212
02:04:34,120 --> 02:04:35,720
USEFUL IF YOU CAN SHOW THEM SOME

3213
02:04:35,720 --> 02:04:37,640
WAY TO ENGEAJ THEM AS A CIRCUIT

3214
02:04:37,640 --> 02:04:38,920
AS A PROOF THAT YOU'RE AIMING

3215
02:04:38,920 --> 02:04:41,120
FOR SOMETHING AND TMS CAN

3216
02:04:41,120 --> 02:04:46,080
ACTUALLY DO SOMETHING TO THAT

3217
02:04:46,080 --> 02:04:46,320
CIRCUIT.

3218
02:04:46,320 --> 02:04:51,400
SO IF YOU THROW IN THE TMS FMRI,

3219
02:04:51,400 --> 02:04:52,840
YOU CAN STIMULATE THESE

3220
02:04:52,840 --> 02:04:53,840
CIRCUITS, MULTIPLE PLACES AND

3221
02:04:53,840 --> 02:04:57,040
YOU CAN GET A RESPONSE IN THE

3222
02:04:57,040 --> 02:04:59,160
PLACE I WAS TRYING TO GET AN

3223
02:04:59,160 --> 02:05:00,360
EVOKED RESPONSE ISSUES YOU GET A

3224
02:05:00,360 --> 02:05:01,920
LOT OF MAP OUT SO YOU GET A LOT

3225
02:05:01,920 --> 02:05:03,080
OF INFORMATION FOR DOING THIS

3226
02:05:03,080 --> 02:05:06,320
AND YOU DO ENGAGEMENTS.

3227
02:05:06,320 --> 02:05:07,920
ALL RIGHT SO IN MY LAB WE DO

3228
02:05:07,920 --> 02:05:08,760
SOMETHING LIKE THIS.

3229
02:05:08,760 --> 02:05:13,320
THESE ARE THE LITTLE BLUE ARE

3230
02:05:13,320 --> 02:05:15,160
THE SPECIFIC TRs, AND YOU GET

3231
02:05:15,160 --> 02:05:18,840
A RESPONSE FROM AND SO, WE HAD

3232
02:05:18,840 --> 02:05:20,680
GAPS, ACTUALLY BETWEEN EACH TR

3233
02:05:20,680 --> 02:05:24,160
AND THE NEXT IN WHICH WE APPLY A

3234
02:05:24,160 --> 02:05:27,400
SIPPINGLE PULSE TMS, SO IT'S NOT

3235
02:05:27,400 --> 02:05:29,280
NEUROMODDULATION, IT'S PROBING,

3236
02:05:29,280 --> 02:05:33,960
MAPPING, ENGAGE BEING CIRCUITS.

3237
02:05:33,960 --> 02:05:36,200
AND THROUGH THAT WE DEVELOPED

3238
02:05:36,200 --> 02:05:37,160
THIS CAUSAL MAP.

3239
02:05:37,160 --> 02:05:40,160
STIMULATE HERE WHERE DOES THE

3240
02:05:40,160 --> 02:05:41,440
ACTIVITY PROP GATE?

3241
02:05:41,440 --> 02:05:43,880
ON THE TIME SCALE OF AN FMRI

3242
02:05:43,880 --> 02:05:44,400
RESPONSE, RADIOIT?

3243
02:05:44,400 --> 02:05:45,920
AND SO WE'VE BEEN DOING THIS FOR

3244
02:05:45,920 --> 02:05:48,920
A VERY LONG TIME AND WE START

3245
02:05:48,920 --> 02:05:50,200
WIDE CONONICLE RESTING STATE

3246
02:05:50,200 --> 02:05:51,520
NEST WORKS AND HEALTHY CONTROLS

3247
02:05:51,520 --> 02:05:54,440
AND WE CAN ENGAGE NETWORKS BY

3248
02:05:54,440 --> 02:05:56,760
STIMULATING NOTE NODES ON THE

3249
02:05:56,760 --> 02:05:58,760
NETWORK AND USING THE READ OUT

3250
02:05:58,760 --> 02:06:01,240
OF FMRI TO TELL YOU THAT YES

3251
02:06:01,240 --> 02:06:02,600
INDEED, YOU FOCUSED ON A

3252
02:06:02,600 --> 02:06:04,360
SPECIFIC NETWORK, YOU PING IT,

3253
02:06:04,360 --> 02:06:06,600
WITH THE SINGLE PULSES AND YOU

3254
02:06:06,600 --> 02:06:08,040
CAPTURE AN EVOKED RESPONSE IN

3255
02:06:08,040 --> 02:06:09,520
THE BRAIN NETWORK AND SAY, OKAY,

3256
02:06:09,520 --> 02:06:11,520
WE'RE ON TO SOMETHING, I THINK

3257
02:06:11,520 --> 02:06:13,160
WITH THIS PROBING ENGAGEMENT

3258
02:06:13,160 --> 02:06:17,080
STUFF, LET'S KEEP GOING WITH IT.

3259
02:06:17,080 --> 02:06:22,160
SO I DID THIS WITH USING RESTING

3260
02:06:22,160 --> 02:06:24,280
FMRI TO PERSONALIZE TARGETING OF

3261
02:06:24,280 --> 02:06:27,400
TMS, SO COLLECT A BASE LINE

3262
02:06:27,400 --> 02:06:29,960
SESSION, RESTING FMRI, BASIC

3263
02:06:29,960 --> 02:06:30,880
BASE CONNECKATIVITY, LOOK FOR

3264
02:06:30,880 --> 02:06:32,880
HOT SPOTS ON THE SURFACE OF THE

3265
02:06:32,880 --> 02:06:34,440
BRAIN, STIMULATE THEM FOR AN

3266
02:06:34,440 --> 02:06:36,600
AMIC DUALA TARGET AND A SINGULAR

3267
02:06:36,600 --> 02:06:38,840
TARGET RELATIVE TO ANXIOUS AND

3268
02:06:38,840 --> 02:06:40,600
DEPRESSION AND SAY, WHEN CAN CAN

3269
02:06:40,600 --> 02:06:42,160
WE ENGAGE THESE CIRCUITS?

3270
02:06:42,160 --> 02:06:43,640
LET'S TRY THESE CIRCUITS.

3271
02:06:43,640 --> 02:06:47,600
THEY'RE REMOTE PRESIDENT 

3272
02:06:47,600 --> 02:06:49,840
CIRCUITS OF BRAIN AND IF WE CAN

3273
02:06:49,840 --> 02:06:51,440
ENGAGE THEM, THEY WOULD BE

3274
02:06:51,440 --> 02:06:52,280
USEFUL AND THEY'RE INTERESTING

3275
02:06:52,280 --> 02:06:54,920
FOR WHAT TARGET YOU ARE CHASING

3276
02:06:54,920 --> 02:06:56,480
AND WHAT BRAIN REGION YOU'RE

3277
02:06:56,480 --> 02:06:58,480
STIMULATING SO THERE WAS

3278
02:06:58,480 --> 02:07:00,600
DISCUSSION EARLIER ABOUT AMIG

3279
02:07:00,600 --> 02:07:01,960
DUALA TIEWLA PATHWAYS, DIRECT,

3280
02:07:01,960 --> 02:07:03,720
INDIRECT, THIS IS A WAY OF

3281
02:07:03,720 --> 02:07:04,640
SHOWING THAT ENGAGING THE

3282
02:07:04,640 --> 02:07:06,280
CIRCUIT CAN BE DONE IF IT'S

3283
02:07:06,280 --> 02:07:07,960
INTERACTING AND IN OUR INITIAL

3284
02:07:07,960 --> 02:07:13,640
FORAY INTO THESE CIRCUITS WE

3285
02:07:13,640 --> 02:07:15,400
FOUND THAT LOOKING AT FUNCTIONAL

3286
02:07:15,400 --> 02:07:17,240
PEAKS THIS FOR MATTER, IT DIDN'T

3287
02:07:17,240 --> 02:07:18,520
MATTER WHAT YOU WERE STIMMULING

3288
02:07:18,520 --> 02:07:22,200
AS LONG AS IT'S A HIGH

3289
02:07:22,200 --> 02:07:22,880
CONNECTING.

3290
02:07:22,880 --> 02:07:26,240
SO THE AMYGDALA IT SEEMED TO

3291
02:07:26,240 --> 02:07:28,880
MACK A DIFFERENCE IN THE EVOKED

3292
02:07:28,880 --> 02:07:29,600
RESPONSE.

3293
02:07:29,600 --> 02:07:32,040
SO THE DLCP, THEY TENDED TO SHOW

3294
02:07:32,040 --> 02:07:33,680
A POSITIVE EVOKED RESPONSE

3295
02:07:33,680 --> 02:07:36,360
WHEREAS MOTOR CORTEX AND DLPFC

3296
02:07:36,360 --> 02:07:38,000
HAD A NEGATIVE INVOKED RESPONSE

3297
02:07:38,000 --> 02:07:43,520
WHICH WE ARE THINKING MAYBE THE

3298
02:07:43,520 --> 02:07:45,880
DIRECTION THAT WE WANT SO THE

3299
02:07:45,880 --> 02:07:47,040
SINGULATE WE REPLICATED A MUCH

3300
02:07:47,040 --> 02:07:49,760
LARGER SAMPLE AND SHOWED WE GET

3301
02:07:49,760 --> 02:07:50,720
CONSISTENT EVOKED RESPONSES IN

3302
02:07:50,720 --> 02:07:52,480
THE NEGATIVE DIRECTION WHICH IS

3303
02:07:52,480 --> 02:07:53,280
DIFFERENT ACTUALLY THAN THE

3304
02:07:53,280 --> 02:07:56,880
PAPER THAT WAS MENTIONED EARLIER

3305
02:07:56,880 --> 02:07:58,880
FROM BRUCE AND HOLLY, THEY'RE

3306
02:07:58,880 --> 02:08:00,120
SHOWING A POSITIVE EVOKED

3307
02:08:00,120 --> 02:08:01,520
RESPONSE SO IT'S NICE THAT

3308
02:08:01,520 --> 02:08:03,200
THERE'S ACTUALLY DIFFERENT

3309
02:08:03,200 --> 02:08:06,360
CIRCUITS THAT CAN BE--THAT CAN

3310
02:08:06,360 --> 02:08:09,200
ENGAGE THE DOWN STREAM BRAIN

3311
02:08:09,200 --> 02:08:10,920
AREA, DIFFERENTIALLY EMPLOY SO

3312
02:08:10,920 --> 02:08:13,880
WE DID OUR SIMILAR DESIGN PAIR

3313
02:08:13,880 --> 02:08:15,520
WITH THE INTERLEAVE AND IT ALSO

3314
02:08:15,520 --> 02:08:18,240
MATTERED SO THIS IS A MUCH

3315
02:08:18,240 --> 02:08:19,240
BIGGER SAMPLE, 78 HEALTHY

3316
02:08:19,240 --> 02:08:21,080
CONTROL ASKS WHEN WE ELECTRIC AT

3317
02:08:21,080 --> 02:08:24,240
ANTICORRELATED LIKE THE POPULAR

3318
02:08:24,240 --> 02:08:25,440
1, VERSUS POSITIVATIVELY

3319
02:08:25,440 --> 02:08:26,520
CORRELATED SPOTS AND HEALTHY

3320
02:08:26,520 --> 02:08:28,040
CONTROLS, BOTH OF THEM DID

3321
02:08:28,040 --> 02:08:28,880
PRETTY WELL.

3322
02:08:28,880 --> 02:08:30,400
THEY ENGAGED THE CIRCUIT AND

3323
02:08:30,400 --> 02:08:31,920
SHOWED A NEGATIVE EVOKED

3324
02:08:31,920 --> 02:08:35,120
RESPONSE BUT ACTUALLY IN THE

3325
02:08:35,120 --> 02:08:36,760
PATIENT, SOMETHING DIFFERENT

3326
02:08:36,760 --> 02:08:38,000
HAPPENED, THE ANTICORRELATED DID

3327
02:08:38,000 --> 02:08:40,160
ENGAGE THE CIRCUIT, BUT THE

3328
02:08:40,160 --> 02:08:41,240
POSITIVELY CORRELATED SPOTS

3329
02:08:41,240 --> 02:08:42,360
ACTUALLY ENGAGED IT BETTER.

3330
02:08:42,360 --> 02:08:43,760
SO IF WHAT WE'RE REALLY TRYING

3331
02:08:43,760 --> 02:08:45,560
TO DO IS ENGAGE WITH THAT

3332
02:08:45,560 --> 02:08:48,400
CIRCUIT AND IT'S MECHANISTICALLY

3333
02:08:48,400 --> 02:08:49,400
IMPORTANT FOR DEPRESSION

3334
02:08:49,400 --> 02:08:51,400
TREATMENT, WE MIGHT TRY THE

3335
02:08:51,400 --> 02:08:54,600
POSITIVELY CORRELATED SPOTS IF

3336
02:08:54,600 --> 02:08:55,840
THAT'S REALLY--IF WE'RE REALLY

3337
02:08:55,840 --> 02:08:56,800
UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISM

3338
02:08:56,800 --> 02:08:58,200
WE'RE AIMING FOR.

3339
02:08:58,200 --> 02:09:01,000
ALSO THERE WAS DISCUSSION OF

3340
02:09:01,000 --> 02:09:02,080
AMYGDALA EVOKED RESPONSE SO I

3341
02:09:02,080 --> 02:09:03,680
SHOW THAT SMALL STUDY INITIALLY

3342
02:09:03,680 --> 02:09:05,000
AND WE ACTUALLY REPLICATED THAT

3343
02:09:05,000 --> 02:09:08,560
EFFECT IN A MUCH LARGER COHORT,

3344
02:09:08,560 --> 02:09:11,560
AND SHOWED A CONSISTENT ARK MIG

3345
02:09:11,560 --> 02:09:14,440
DUALA DUALA EVOKED RESPONSE

3346
02:09:14,440 --> 02:09:18,200
THROUGH VLPC PATHWAYS, SO VPLC,

3347
02:09:18,200 --> 02:09:19,800
AND SO WAS COMPLETELY CONSISTENT

3348
02:09:19,800 --> 02:09:22,680
WITH OUR SMALLER PILOT STUDY, WE

3349
02:09:22,680 --> 02:09:24,360
ALSO DID DTI AT BASE LINE AND

3350
02:09:24,360 --> 02:09:28,800
LOOKED TO SEE IF WE DID

3351
02:09:28,800 --> 02:09:31,000
[INDISCERNIBLE] THROUGH PUTATIVE

3352
02:09:31,000 --> 02:09:34,200
PATHWAY, CONNECTING THE VLPFC TO

3353
02:09:34,200 --> 02:09:35,480
THE AMYGDALA NETWORK AND FOUND

3354
02:09:35,480 --> 02:09:38,400
THERE IS AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN

3355
02:09:38,400 --> 02:09:40,040
THE AMYGDALA EVOKED RESPONSE AND

3356
02:09:40,040 --> 02:09:42,920
FIBER DENSITY IN THAT AMYGDALA

3357
02:09:42,920 --> 02:09:45,240
PATHWAY SO WE KNOW TMS LIKES TO

3358
02:09:45,240 --> 02:09:46,440
FOLLOW WHITE PARTY PATHWAYS,

3359
02:09:46,440 --> 02:09:50,040
THIS IS KIND OF REASONABLE BUT

3360
02:09:50,040 --> 02:09:51,880
AGAIN MORE SUPPORT FOR THE

3361
02:09:51,880 --> 02:09:53,000
EVOKED RESPONSES TELLING US

3362
02:09:53,000 --> 02:09:55,920
SOMETHING INTERESTING ABOUT THE

3363
02:09:55,920 --> 02:09:56,160
CIRCUIT.

3364
02:09:56,160 --> 02:09:58,520
BACK TO THIS PIPELINE.

3365
02:09:58,520 --> 02:10:00,640
WE SHOWED EVIDENCE OF MAKING A

3366
02:10:00,640 --> 02:10:02,040
TARGET, ENGAGING THE TARGET,

3367
02:10:02,040 --> 02:10:03,560
THOSE THINGS SEEM TO BE WORKING,

3368
02:10:03,560 --> 02:10:07,640
NEXT WE WANT TO SEE, OKAY, WELL,

3369
02:10:07,640 --> 02:10:08,240
ENGAGING CIRCUITS THAT'S

3370
02:10:08,240 --> 02:10:10,840
INTERESTING BUT IS IT AT ALL

3371
02:10:10,840 --> 02:10:12,480
RELEVANT TO ACTUALLY BEHAVIORIAL

3372
02:10:12,480 --> 02:10:20,920
CHANGES YOU WOULD SEE WITH

3373
02:10:20,920 --> 02:10:23,360
REPETITIVE TMS, SO WE DESIGN

3374
02:10:23,360 --> 02:10:24,640
THIS AND CAPTURE AND SPEED UP

3375
02:10:24,640 --> 02:10:26,400
THE PROCESS OF TESTING CIRCUITS

3376
02:10:26,400 --> 02:10:27,480
AND THE MODULATION, TRYING TO

3377
02:10:27,480 --> 02:10:29,720
SAY WHAT IS KIND OF THE MINIMAL

3378
02:10:29,720 --> 02:10:30,920
DOSE WHERE WE PRETTY

3379
02:10:30,920 --> 02:10:35,320
CONSISTENTLY IN THE LITERATURE

3380
02:10:35,320 --> 02:10:37,560
SEE RTMS INDUCED DEPRESSION

3381
02:10:37,560 --> 02:10:38,160
CHANGES.

3382
02:10:38,160 --> 02:10:39,640
SO IT'S SOMEWHERE AROUND THIS

3383
02:10:39,640 --> 02:10:41,000
TIME PERIOD OF

3384
02:10:41,000 --> 02:10:41,560
TROUGH--TROJANOWSKIITATIONAL

3385
02:10:41,560 --> 02:10:43,040
PROTOCOL AFTER A COUPLE WEEKS

3386
02:10:43,040 --> 02:10:45,000
AND SEWE SAID, OKAY, WE'LL MAKE

3387
02:10:45,000 --> 02:10:46,400
THIS DOSE ABOUT THAT BIG AND WE

3388
02:10:46,400 --> 02:10:49,160
THINK WE WILL MOVE DEPRESSION

3389
02:10:49,160 --> 02:10:53,160
AND WE'LL LOOK AT THE BRAIN

3390
02:10:53,160 --> 02:10:56,960
RESPONSES TO TMS FMRI AND SEE IF

3391
02:10:56,960 --> 02:10:59,000
THERE'S RELEVANCE THERE, AGAIN

3392
02:10:59,000 --> 02:11:01,000
NOT TRYING TO MOVE THAT THIS IS

3393
02:11:01,000 --> 02:11:03,480
TRYING TO QUICKLY ITERATE

3394
02:11:03,480 --> 02:11:05,120
THROUGH SHORT DIRECTION KIND OF

3395
02:11:05,120 --> 02:11:06,400
SMALL INTERVENTIONS WE THINK ARE

3396
02:11:06,400 --> 02:11:09,000
ENOUGH TO MOVE SYMPTOMS, MOVE

3397
02:11:09,000 --> 02:11:10,960
THE CIRCUIT AND DEMONSTRATE THE

3398
02:11:10,960 --> 02:11:12,320
RELEVANCE OF TMS THERE.

3399
02:11:12,320 --> 02:11:13,880
SO NEXT WE WANT TO MAKERS AND

3400
02:11:13,880 --> 02:11:24,240
SURE WE MODULATE THE

3401
02:11:26,040 --> 02:11:27,440
TARGETTINGLY SENGULATE RELATED

3402
02:11:27,440 --> 02:11:28,920
TMS FMRI AND MAPPING BEFORE HAND

3403
02:11:28,920 --> 02:11:32,120
AND THEN WE HAVE THIS 3 DAY

3404
02:11:32,120 --> 02:11:33,200
MINIINTERVENTION AND THEN DO THE

3405
02:11:33,200 --> 02:11:38,000
PING OF THE CIRCUIT AGAIN AND

3406
02:11:38,000 --> 02:11:38,680
SEE WHAT CHANGED.

3407
02:11:38,680 --> 02:11:40,400
THIS IS OUR SCAN PROTOCOL SO WE

3408
02:11:40,400 --> 02:11:42,520
WERE DOING A BASE LINE TO

3409
02:11:42,520 --> 02:11:43,440
DETERMINE THE CONNECTIVITY

3410
02:11:43,440 --> 02:11:46,280
TARGETS BUT THEN WHEN WE DO THE

3411
02:11:46,280 --> 02:11:48,840
TMS FMRI SESSION WE DID THE

3412
02:11:48,840 --> 02:11:51,880
PROBE INTERLEAVE AND AROUND,

3413
02:11:51,880 --> 02:11:53,560
SHORT ROUND OF DATA BURST IN THE

3414
02:11:53,560 --> 02:11:53,800
SCANNER.

3415
02:11:53,800 --> 02:11:55,720
WHEN THEY'RE OUTSIDE OF THE

3416
02:11:55,720 --> 02:11:56,440
SCANNER GETTING OUR INTERVENTION

3417
02:11:56,440 --> 02:11:58,960
THEY COME BACK FOR 3 DAYS, THEY

3418
02:11:58,960 --> 02:12:01,360
GET 2400 PULSE TRIPLETS OF ITBS

3419
02:12:01,360 --> 02:12:02,840
THROUGH THEIR [INDISCERNIBLE]

3420
02:12:02,840 --> 02:12:04,120
PATHWAY, AND INDEED WE FOUND

3421
02:12:04,120 --> 02:12:11,280
THERE WAS A CHANGE IN THE VERSUS

3422
02:12:11,280 --> 02:12:13,480
POST TMIs AND WE GOT SOMETHING

3423
02:12:13,480 --> 02:12:15,240
STRONGER IN RESPONSE TO THE

3424
02:12:15,240 --> 02:12:15,840
DEMONSTRATION.

3425
02:12:15,840 --> 02:12:18,040
SOPHISTICATEDY WE DEMONSTRATED

3426
02:12:18,040 --> 02:12:18,800
TARGET, ENGAGEMENT MODULATION,

3427
02:12:18,800 --> 02:12:21,280
SO FAR SO GOOD.

3428
02:12:21,280 --> 02:12:23,080
WHAT YOU REALLY WANT KNOW IS

3429
02:12:23,080 --> 02:12:25,120
WHAT THAT RELEVANT TO THEIR

3430
02:12:25,120 --> 02:12:27,200
SYMPTOM CHANGES, FERS IT RELATED

3431
02:12:27,200 --> 02:12:28,400
DID ANYTHING HAPPEN TO THE

3432
02:12:28,400 --> 02:12:29,840
CIRCUIT THAT SHOWS THE

3433
02:12:29,840 --> 02:12:30,120
ASSOCIATION.

3434
02:12:30,120 --> 02:12:35,240
WE REALLY WANT THAT TO HAPPEN

3435
02:12:35,240 --> 02:12:36,120
PROBABLY WOULDN'T BE STANDING

3436
02:12:36,120 --> 02:12:36,960
HERE TALKING ABOUT THE WORK BUT

3437
02:12:36,960 --> 02:12:38,800
THIS IS THE PING OF THE CIRCUIT

3438
02:12:38,800 --> 02:12:40,240
BEFORE IT, SO YOU SAY ALL RIGHT,

3439
02:12:40,240 --> 02:12:43,240
IS A MEASURE OF THE CIRCUMSTANCE

3440
02:12:43,240 --> 02:12:45,520
UTR'S INTEGRITY THE EVOKED

3441
02:12:45,520 --> 02:12:46,640
RESPONSE DOWN STREAM ACTUALLY

3442
02:12:46,640 --> 02:12:48,120
TELL YOU ANYTHING ABOUT HOW WELL

3443
02:12:48,120 --> 02:12:48,960
THE INTERVENTION THROUGH THAT

3444
02:12:48,960 --> 02:12:50,160
SAME PATHWAY WILL WORK AND IT

3445
02:12:50,160 --> 02:12:51,680
LOOKS LIKE IT DID SO IF YOU HAVE

3446
02:12:51,680 --> 02:12:54,480
A STRONGER ESCROAKED RESPONSE IN

3447
02:12:54,480 --> 02:12:55,120
YOUR SUBGENERATEDDULE TO THAT

3448
02:12:55,120 --> 02:12:56,960
PLACE WHERE WE WILL DO THE

3449
02:12:56,960 --> 02:12:58,120
INTERVENTION, YOU WILL

3450
02:12:58,120 --> 02:12:59,520
EXPERIENCE MORE BENEFIT, FROM

3451
02:12:59,520 --> 02:13:04,040
THE INTERVENTION THROUGH THAT

3452
02:13:04,040 --> 02:13:04,600
SAME PATHWAY.

3453
02:13:04,600 --> 02:13:07,600
ALL RIGHT, SO, WE ALSO FOUND--SO

3454
02:13:07,600 --> 02:13:09,800
WE FOUND THIS TARGET ENGAGEMENT,

3455
02:13:09,800 --> 02:13:10,040
RIGHT.

3456
02:13:10,040 --> 02:13:17,040
IT'S RELATED TO SYMPTOM CHANGE.

3457
02:13:17,040 --> 02:13:18,720
TMS, FMRI TELLS YOU SOMETHING.

3458
02:13:18,720 --> 02:13:20,920
THAT'S GREAT. 

3459
02:13:20,920 --> 02:13:23,000
ANOTHER PIECE IS THAT--SORRY

3460
02:13:23,000 --> 02:13:24,120
HPV-YOU MAY ALSO WANT TO KNOW

3461
02:13:24,120 --> 02:13:26,440
WELL WHAT DID THE PING LOOK LIKE

3462
02:13:26,440 --> 02:13:28,800
DIFFERENT, DIFFERENTLY FROM THE

3463
02:13:28,800 --> 02:13:29,760
PRETO POST INTERVENTION.

3464
02:13:29,760 --> 02:13:30,880
SO THERE'S A CHARGE IN THE

3465
02:13:30,880 --> 02:13:32,480
CIRCUIT ON AVERAGE IT BECOMES

3466
02:13:32,480 --> 02:13:33,600
NEGATIVE, BUT ACTUALLY TO THE

3467
02:13:33,600 --> 02:13:35,520
DEGREE THAT IT SHIFTS IN THE

3468
02:13:35,520 --> 02:13:38,560
OTHER DIRECTION, TOWARDS

3469
02:13:38,560 --> 02:13:41,680
POSITIVE DIRECTION IT SHOWS AN

3470
02:13:41,680 --> 02:13:42,760
ASSOCIATION WITH BETTER RESPONSE

3471
02:13:42,760 --> 02:13:43,840
TO THE INTERVENTION.

3472
02:13:43,840 --> 02:13:46,200
SO YOU SAY, AH, THAT'S REALLY

3473
02:13:46,200 --> 02:13:47,640
INTERESTING, CAN WE THROW A

3474
02:13:47,640 --> 02:13:51,000
DIFFERENT KIND OF RTMS PROTOCOL

3475
02:13:51,000 --> 02:13:51,200
AT THEM.

3476
02:13:51,200 --> 02:13:52,320
TO RELIABLE PUSH THAT IN THE

3477
02:13:52,320 --> 02:13:53,520
OTHER DIRECTION, IT HOPES UP A

3478
02:13:53,520 --> 02:13:55,640
BUNCH OF NEW THINGS TO

3479
02:13:55,640 --> 02:13:56,720
POTENTIALLY TEST.

3480
02:13:56,720 --> 02:13:57,840
BUT WE'RE ESTABLISHING LONG

3481
02:13:57,840 --> 02:13:59,840
ALONG THE WAY LIKE THIS PIPELINE

3482
02:13:59,840 --> 02:14:03,480
ENGAGING THE TARGET, MAKING YOUR

3483
02:14:03,480 --> 02:14:05,360
TARGET, MODULATING IT, SHOWING

3484
02:14:05,360 --> 02:14:07,920
IT WITH ASSOCIATION OF SYMPTOMS,

3485
02:14:07,920 --> 02:14:09,000
KIND OF BRINGING EVERYTHING ALL

3486
02:14:09,000 --> 02:14:10,320
TOGETHER BUT SINCE WE COLLECTED

3487
02:14:10,320 --> 02:14:11,520
THIS RICH DATA SO, THERE ARE

3488
02:14:11,520 --> 02:14:13,000
MORE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFERS WE CAN

3489
02:14:13,000 --> 02:14:15,680
LOOK AT SO STIMULATING MULTIPLE

3490
02:14:15,680 --> 02:14:17,680
PATHWAYS HOW IMPORTANT IS THAT

3491
02:14:17,680 --> 02:14:18,520
PATHWAY, THE EVOKED RESPONSE

3492
02:14:18,520 --> 02:14:20,320
THROUGH THIS SPOT VERSUS ANOTHER

3493
02:14:20,320 --> 02:14:21,840
LIKE ACTIVE CONTROL SITE.

3494
02:14:21,840 --> 02:14:23,320
DOES IT MATTER, THAT THIS IS THE

3495
02:14:23,320 --> 02:14:25,240
SAME SAME 1 YOU DID THE

3496
02:14:25,240 --> 02:14:26,760
INTERVENTION ON VERSUS THE

3497
02:14:26,760 --> 02:14:28,400
EVOKED RESPONSE IN THE DOWN

3498
02:14:28,400 --> 02:14:29,600
STREAM AREA BUT THROUGH THE

3499
02:14:29,600 --> 02:14:31,400
PATHWAY WE DIDN'T APPLY THE

3500
02:14:31,400 --> 02:14:31,840
INTERVENTION TO.

3501
02:14:31,840 --> 02:14:33,160
SO WE LOOKED AT THAT AND FOUND

3502
02:14:33,160 --> 02:14:34,920
THAT OHM THROUGH THE PATHWAY

3503
02:14:34,920 --> 02:14:38,320
THAT WE STIMULATED, THERE'S A

3504
02:14:38,320 --> 02:14:39,920
RELIABLE ASSOCIATION WITH

3505
02:14:39,920 --> 02:14:41,080
DEPRESSION CHANGE AND THAT IT'S

3506
02:14:41,080 --> 02:14:46,600
SPECIFIC TO DEPRESSION AND NOT

3507
02:14:46,600 --> 02:14:50,560
TO ANXIETY ON THE DES21.

3508
02:14:50,560 --> 02:14:51,880
SO WE ARE INTRIGUED BY THIS,

3509
02:14:51,880 --> 02:14:54,080
MAYBE THIS IS HIGHLY RELEVANT TO

3510
02:14:54,080 --> 02:14:54,920
DEPRESSION, MAYBE LESS REEL

3511
02:14:54,920 --> 02:14:56,400
KEEPSAKES VABT TO ANXIETY AND

3512
02:14:56,400 --> 02:14:57,800
THERE'S ALSO THE FC STORY THAT'S

3513
02:14:57,800 --> 02:15:00,560
OUT THERE, RIGHT WITH THE

3514
02:15:00,560 --> 02:15:01,680
ANTICORRELATION AND WHAT WE

3515
02:15:01,680 --> 02:15:03,440
FOUND IS ACTUALLY THE BASE LINE

3516
02:15:03,440 --> 02:15:04,760
SESSION WE COLLECTED ON AVERAGE

3517
02:15:04,760 --> 02:15:06,400
10 DAYS BEFORE THE INTERVENTION

3518
02:15:06,400 --> 02:15:08,120
STARTED WAS NOT A PREDICTOR OF

3519
02:15:08,120 --> 02:15:15,920
HOW WELL PEOPLE ARE GOING TO

3520
02:15:15,920 --> 02:15:17,120
RESPOND TO THE STIMULATION

3521
02:15:17,120 --> 02:15:17,440
PROVIDED.

3522
02:15:17,440 --> 02:15:19,600
BUT IF YOU COLLECT FC CLOSER TO

3523
02:15:19,600 --> 02:15:21,640
IN TIME TO THE INTERVENTION WE

3524
02:15:21,640 --> 02:15:24,160
DID ISSUES ISSUES THIS WAS A

3525
02:15:24,160 --> 02:15:25,800
PREDICTOR AND NOT ASSOCIATION OF

3526
02:15:25,800 --> 02:15:28,080
THE LITERATURE ISSUES THE IN THE

3527
02:15:28,080 --> 02:15:29,920
POSITIVELY CORRELATED SPOT, THE

3528
02:15:29,920 --> 02:15:31,320
STRONGER THE POSITIVE

3529
02:15:31,320 --> 02:15:33,440
CORRELATION, THE BETTER THE

3530
02:15:33,440 --> 02:15:34,240
PATIENTS RESPONDED TO TREATMENT

3531
02:15:34,240 --> 02:15:36,320
SO IT THROWS UP A WHOLE BUNCH OF

3532
02:15:36,320 --> 02:15:41,680
NEW THINGS, A LITTLE LIKE--A

3533
02:15:41,680 --> 02:15:44,040
LITTLE ROCK IN THE RENCH OF

3534
02:15:44,040 --> 02:15:45,320
GEARS OF SAYING, OKAY BEING WE

3535
02:15:45,320 --> 02:15:47,920
HAVE IT ALL FIGURED OUT NOW WHAT

3536
02:15:47,920 --> 02:15:51,120
THE BEST PATHWAY IS, AND

3537
02:15:51,120 --> 02:15:53,360
RETREATING PATIENTS, MAYBE NOT,

3538
02:15:53,360 --> 02:15:57,000
BUT LEARNING FROM IMAGING AND

3539
02:15:57,000 --> 02:15:58,080
THERE'S MORE DATA SO AS I

3540
02:15:58,080 --> 02:15:59,400
MENTIONED WE COLLECT THE WHOLE

3541
02:15:59,400 --> 02:16:02,000
BRAIN DATA AND WE WANT TO KNOW

3542
02:16:02,000 --> 02:16:02,800
IS THERE ANYTHING ELSE

3543
02:16:02,800 --> 02:16:03,920
INTERESTING IN THERE AND HERE'S

3544
02:16:03,920 --> 02:16:06,040
ANOTHER PIECE OF THE EXTRAS THAT

3545
02:16:06,040 --> 02:16:11,040
COULD FEED THE NEXT PLANNED

3546
02:16:11,040 --> 02:16:11,280
TARGET.

3547
02:16:11,280 --> 02:16:12,480
AND SO WE LOOK AT WHAT OTHER

3548
02:16:12,480 --> 02:16:14,240
AREA IN THE BRAIN DO WE SEE THE

3549
02:16:14,240 --> 02:16:18,000
CHANGE FROM THE EVOKED RESPONSE

3550
02:16:18,000 --> 02:16:19,520
FROM PRE TO POST THAT ARE

3551
02:16:19,520 --> 02:16:20,320
ASSOCIATE WIDE SYMPTOM

3552
02:16:20,320 --> 02:16:23,960
IMPROVEMENT AND THE THIS POPPED

3553
02:16:23,960 --> 02:16:26,080
UP AS A WITHIN THE WHOLE BRAIN

3554
02:16:26,080 --> 02:16:27,760
KIND OF APPROACH AS A PLACE THAT

3555
02:16:27,760 --> 02:16:28,640
RESPONDED WELL ASSOCIATED WITH

3556
02:16:28,640 --> 02:16:29,880
THE OUTCOME BUT THERE ARE A

3557
02:16:29,880 --> 02:16:34,280
BUNCH OF OTHER SPOTS, TOO,

3558
02:16:34,280 --> 02:16:36,600
PERIHIPPO CHAMPAL GYRUS AND

3559
02:16:36,600 --> 02:16:37,520
POSTERIOR SINGULATE, AND ANXIETY

3560
02:16:37,520 --> 02:16:38,640
DID IMPROVE THROUGH THE CIRCUIT

3561
02:16:38,640 --> 02:16:41,120
IT WAS JUST NOT RELATED TO THE

3562
02:16:41,120 --> 02:16:41,920
GENERAL EVOKED RESPONSE.

3563
02:16:41,920 --> 02:16:43,840
WHAT ARE THE PLACES THAT ANXIETY

3564
02:16:43,840 --> 02:16:45,040
IS SOCKED WITH CHANGE IN

3565
02:16:45,040 --> 02:16:46,080
COMMUNICATION THROUGH THE

3566
02:16:46,080 --> 02:16:46,280
CIRCUIT.

3567
02:16:46,280 --> 02:16:48,880
AND THERE ARE AREAS, SO THERE'S

3568
02:16:48,880 --> 02:16:52,320
A NEARBY REGION AT THE MPSC, THE

3569
02:16:52,320 --> 02:16:54,920
1 IN THE AMYGDALA SUGGESTING

3570
02:16:54,920 --> 02:16:56,000
THAT MAYBE FUNCTIONAL

3571
02:16:56,000 --> 02:16:57,560
CONNECTIVITY THORS THOSE IF THEY

3572
02:16:57,560 --> 02:16:58,880
CANNOT RESPOND TO ANXIETY OR

3573
02:16:58,880 --> 02:16:59,960
ANXIETY IS THE PRIMARY SYMPTOM

3574
02:16:59,960 --> 02:17:05,400
YOU WILL TRY TO SHOOT FOR.

3575
02:17:05,400 --> 02:17:11,040
SO THAT'S PART OF FEEDING THE

3576
02:17:11,040 --> 02:17:14,480
NEXT PIPELINE AND THE EVOKED

3577
02:17:14,480 --> 02:17:15,600
RESPONSE WITH IMAGING MODALITY

3578
02:17:15,600 --> 02:17:17,720
IT'S A RESPONSE TO TMS, DIRECT

3579
02:17:17,720 --> 02:17:18,840
RESPONSE TO TMS, SO YOU SAY,

3580
02:17:18,840 --> 02:17:20,880
OKAY IF YOU WANT TO ENGAGE A

3581
02:17:20,880 --> 02:17:24,120
CIRCUIT WITH TMS, YOU CAN DO

3582
02:17:24,120 --> 02:17:27,280
THIS TMS FMRI IT'S ESPECIALLY

3583
02:17:27,280 --> 02:17:29,680
RELEVANT TO WHETHER THE

3584
02:17:29,680 --> 02:17:30,400
NEUROMODDULATION PROTOCOL

3585
02:17:30,400 --> 02:17:34,240
THROUGH THAT CIRCUIT WILL BE

3586
02:17:34,240 --> 02:17:34,440
THERE.

3587
02:17:34,440 --> 02:17:36,000
OTHER THINGS WE CAN DO

3588
02:17:36,000 --> 02:17:38,080
POTENTIALLY, IN THE FUTURE IS

3589
02:17:38,080 --> 02:17:44,360
WHAT IF YOU MULTIPLE THEORIES

3590
02:17:44,360 --> 02:17:47,640
ABOUT HOW TO PROPERLY TARGET A

3591
02:17:47,640 --> 02:17:48,240
SPECIFIC PATHWAY.

3592
02:17:48,240 --> 02:17:50,240
I WILL USE THIS ATLAS, I WILL

3593
02:17:50,240 --> 02:17:52,480
USE THIS PARTIAL SCHEME, I WILL

3594
02:17:52,480 --> 02:17:54,480
USE DTI, I WILL USE MULTIECHO

3595
02:17:54,480 --> 02:17:55,360
RESTING STATE, WHATEVER YOU

3596
02:17:55,360 --> 02:17:56,080
WANT, RIGHT?

3597
02:17:56,080 --> 02:17:57,520
YOU CAN GENERATE MULTIPLE

3598
02:17:57,520 --> 02:17:58,440
TARGETS FROM ANY BISE LINE

3599
02:17:58,440 --> 02:18:01,040
SESSION YOU WANT AND YOU CAN

3600
02:18:01,040 --> 02:18:02,600
PING EACH 1 OF THOSE AND SAY,

3601
02:18:02,600 --> 02:18:04,840
WHAT I CARE ABOUT IS THE CANNED

3602
02:18:04,840 --> 02:18:05,960
WHAT OR AMYGDALA OR THE NETWORK

3603
02:18:05,960 --> 02:18:07,800
AND YOU CAN PING IT IN THE

3604
02:18:07,800 --> 02:18:09,160
SCANNER, PING MULTIPLE SPOTS AND

3605
02:18:09,160 --> 02:18:11,600
SAY WHEN 1 OF THESE ACTUALLY

3606
02:18:11,600 --> 02:18:13,320
GIVES YOU THE BEST INVOKED

3607
02:18:13,320 --> 02:18:15,040
RESPONSE IN THAT NETWORK OR

3608
02:18:15,040 --> 02:18:16,320
REGION OF INTEREST FOR THAT

3609
02:18:16,320 --> 02:18:17,920
PATIENT THROUGH THAT TARGET.

3610
02:18:17,920 --> 02:18:20,880
AND WE THINK BASED ON THIS

3611
02:18:20,880 --> 02:18:21,480
ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE, RIGHT?

3612
02:18:21,480 --> 02:18:23,000
THAT YOU CAN USE THAT CLINICALLY

3613
02:18:23,000 --> 02:18:24,520
TO SAY, FOR THIS PATIENT SHOULD

3614
02:18:24,520 --> 02:18:26,240
BE HERE, FOR THIS PATIENT IT

3615
02:18:26,240 --> 02:18:27,000
SHOULD BE THERE.

3616
02:18:27,000 --> 02:18:30,680
AND HOPEFULLY WE WILL SPEED UP

3617
02:18:30,680 --> 02:18:33,600
THE RESPONSIVENESS TO TREATMENT

3618
02:18:33,600 --> 02:18:36,040
AND LEAD TO NEW CONSTANT

3619
02:18:36,040 --> 02:18:36,720
TARGETS.

3620
02:18:36,720 --> 02:18:39,160
SO QUESTION IS, ARE WE MAKING

3621
02:18:39,160 --> 02:18:40,000
PROGRESS THEN KNOWING WHAT IN

3622
02:18:40,000 --> 02:18:41,440
THE WORLD IS HAPPENING IN

3623
02:18:41,440 --> 02:18:43,400
RESPONSE TO TMS WHEN WE APPLY IT

3624
02:18:43,400 --> 02:18:46,280
TO VARIOUS PLACES ON THE SCALP

3625
02:18:46,280 --> 02:18:48,800
AND NOT KNOWING EXACTLY WHAT'S

3626
02:18:48,800 --> 02:18:49,400
HAPPENING UNDERNEATH?

3627
02:18:49,400 --> 02:18:51,000
WE THINK THAT HOPEFULLY, WE ARE

3628
02:18:51,000 --> 02:18:54,040
START NOTHING THAT DIRECTION.

3629
02:18:54,040 --> 02:18:56,240
AND CONSISTENT WITH THIS

3630
02:18:56,240 --> 02:18:58,120
PIPELINE, WE MADE A TARGET, 2

3631
02:18:58,120 --> 02:19:00,000
DIFFERENT TARGETS, THEY SEEM TO

3632
02:19:00,000 --> 02:19:02,000
ENGAGE THE CIRCUIT, WE

3633
02:19:02,000 --> 02:19:03,160
DEMONSTRATED THE ENGAGEMENT OF

3634
02:19:03,160 --> 02:19:04,920
THE CIRCUIT WITH THE SINGLE

3635
02:19:04,920 --> 02:19:05,160
PULSES.

3636
02:19:05,160 --> 02:19:06,680
WE DID A BRIEF INTERVENTION

3637
02:19:06,680 --> 02:19:08,760
PROTOCOL TO SHOW WE CAN MODULATE

3638
02:19:08,760 --> 02:19:11,760
THESE THINGS, WE SAW A CHANGE IN

3639
02:19:11,760 --> 02:19:12,960
THEM, SIGNIFICANT CHANGE AND WE

3640
02:19:12,960 --> 02:19:15,160
BUILT THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN

3641
02:19:15,160 --> 02:19:17,080
THOSE PINGS TO MEASURES BEFORE

3642
02:19:17,080 --> 02:19:19,040
THE TREATMENT, AND IN RESPONSE

3643
02:19:19,040 --> 02:19:21,000
TO THE INTERVENTION RELATED TO

3644
02:19:21,000 --> 02:19:22,440
THE SYMPTOM CHANGE AND THEN

3645
02:19:22,440 --> 02:19:24,200
THROWING IN EXTRAS, WE'RE NOT

3646
02:19:24,200 --> 02:19:24,840
DONE INTEGGIC--STRATEGICIGATING

3647
02:19:24,840 --> 02:19:26,240
THE DATA SET, THERE ARE OTHER

3648
02:19:26,240 --> 02:19:29,560
THINGS WE CAN EXPLORE.

3649
02:19:29,560 --> 02:19:32,440
SO SO IN THE FUTURE, I MENTION

3650
02:19:32,440 --> 02:19:35,120
THIS BEFORE, BUT YOU CAN USE

3651
02:19:35,120 --> 02:19:36,280
OTHER IMAGING MODALITIES, OTHER

3652
02:19:36,280 --> 02:19:37,800
APPROACHES TO DECIDE WHAT THE

3653
02:19:37,800 --> 02:19:39,800
BEST TARGET IS AND TEST THEM.

3654
02:19:39,800 --> 02:19:42,120
ALSO OF COURSE, WE WANT TO TAKE

3655
02:19:42,120 --> 02:19:44,200
THE MOST PROMISING 1S AND MOVE

3656
02:19:44,200 --> 02:19:47,760
THEM INTO A LONGER OR HIGHER

3657
02:19:47,760 --> 02:19:50,040
DOSE STIMULATION PROTOCOL AND

3658
02:19:50,040 --> 02:19:52,160
SAY, ARE THESE STILL LIKE THE

3659
02:19:52,160 --> 02:19:55,160
MOST EFFECTIVE THINGS WE CAN BE

3660
02:19:55,160 --> 02:19:56,000
DOING, SHAM CONTROL, THIS IS

3661
02:19:56,000 --> 02:20:00,240
PART OF THE PROCESS OF REALLY

3662
02:20:00,240 --> 02:20:00,960
LAUNCHING A NEW--MAKING A CLAIM

3663
02:20:00,960 --> 02:20:03,360
THAT YOU HAVE A NEW TREATMENT

3664
02:20:03,360 --> 02:20:04,280
TARGET, RIGHT?

3665
02:20:04,280 --> 02:20:05,200
THAT'S ESSENTIAL WORK.

3666
02:20:05,200 --> 02:20:06,600
THE PIPELINE GETS YOU THERE, BUT

3667
02:20:06,600 --> 02:20:09,080
THEN YOU REALLY HAVE TO VALIDATE

3668
02:20:09,080 --> 02:20:13,000
THAT THIS IS, YOU KNOW COULD BE

3669
02:20:13,000 --> 02:20:15,320
BE SHAM AND THERE'S OTHER WORK

3670
02:20:15,320 --> 02:20:16,960
IN MY LAB WHERE WE'RE TRYING TO

3671
02:20:16,960 --> 02:20:18,760
UNDERSTAND BETTER THE TMS

3672
02:20:18,760 --> 02:20:20,040
REVOKED RESPONSE, HOW TO OOH

3673
02:20:20,040 --> 02:20:21,240
QUIRE THE DATA BETTER AND

3674
02:20:21,240 --> 02:20:23,920
ANALYZE IT BETTER AND I HAVE A

3675
02:20:23,920 --> 02:20:25,880
WONDERFUL TEAM OF COLLABORATORS

3676
02:20:25,880 --> 02:20:29,120
AND FOLKS IN THE LAB FUNDING

3677
02:20:29,120 --> 02:20:30,920
AGENCIES HAVE BEEN VERY GENEROUS

3678
02:20:30,920 --> 02:20:34,440
TO US, ESPECIALLY AT NIH.

3679
02:20:34,440 --> 02:20:44,880
AND AND THANK YOU FOR YOUR

3680
02:20:58,880 --> 02:20:59,120
ATTENTION.

3681
02:20:59,120 --> 02:21:01,200
I HAD A QUESTION, SO THE DATA

3682
02:21:01,200 --> 02:21:02,680
YOU ARE SHOWING IS DIFFERENT

3683
02:21:02,680 --> 02:21:04,200
THAN THE OTHER CORRELATION, SO I

3684
02:21:04,200 --> 02:21:10,640
TEND TO BELIEVE ALL DATA

3685
02:21:10,640 --> 02:21:12,720
AGNOSTICALLY THAT I'M NOT SAYING

3686
02:21:12,720 --> 02:21:15,080
1 IS WRITE OR WRONG BUT WHAT

3687
02:21:15,080 --> 02:21:15,760
MAKES THE DIFFERENCE?

3688
02:21:15,760 --> 02:21:17,880
THE OTHERS THAT ARE FINDING

3689
02:21:17,880 --> 02:21:19,120
ANTICORRELATION, WHERE ARE THEY

3690
02:21:19,120 --> 02:21:23,120
FINDING THE OPPOSITE AND SOME OF

3691
02:21:23,120 --> 02:21:24,520
THE THINGS I'VE THOUGHT ABOUT IN

3692
02:21:24,520 --> 02:21:26,920
TERMS OF VARIABILITY AND DATA

3693
02:21:26,920 --> 02:21:28,960
AND/OR DATA ANALYSIS MIGHT HAVE

3694
02:21:28,960 --> 02:21:31,040
TO DO WITH HOW DATA IS BEING

3695
02:21:31,040 --> 02:21:31,320
PROCESSED.

3696
02:21:31,320 --> 02:21:33,280
YOU KNOW I KNOW THERE'S THIS

3697
02:21:33,280 --> 02:21:34,560
GLOBAL REGRESSION DEBATE AND

3698
02:21:34,560 --> 02:21:35,520
WHETHER IT WANTS YOU TO TAKE

3699
02:21:35,520 --> 02:21:40,880
THAT OUT OR NOT, AND ALSO

3700
02:21:40,880 --> 02:21:42,160
DIFFERENCES RELATED TO AGE,

3701
02:21:42,160 --> 02:21:44,120
RELATED TO SYMPTOM PRESENTATION.

3702
02:21:44,120 --> 02:21:46,080
YOU KNOW MAYBE IT'S BEST

3703
02:21:46,080 --> 02:21:48,600
FOR--THIS 1 IS GOOD FOR

3704
02:21:48,600 --> 02:21:49,640
ANADONNIC DEPRESSION, THIS IS

3705
02:21:49,640 --> 02:21:51,160
BEST FOR SOME OTHER FORM OR

3706
02:21:51,160 --> 02:21:55,520
FLAVOR AND SO, I GUESS JUST YOUR

3707
02:21:55,520 --> 02:21:57,040
THOUGHTS IN TERMS OF WHAT IS

3708
02:21:57,040 --> 02:22:00,840
DRIVING THE DIFFERENCES AND THE

3709
02:22:00,840 --> 02:22:06,640
FINDINGS AND I GUESS, MY THOUGHT

3710
02:22:06,640 --> 02:22:08,600
IS IT'S PERHAPS BOTH BUT FOR

3711
02:22:08,600 --> 02:22:09,800
DIFFERENT PEOPLE OR DIFFERENT

3712
02:22:09,800 --> 02:22:11,120
WAYS YOU ANALYZE IT OR I DON'T

3713
02:22:11,120 --> 02:22:14,760
KNOW WHAT'S YOUR THOUGHT ON

3714
02:22:14,760 --> 02:22:15,760
THAT?

3715
02:22:15,760 --> 02:22:17,600
>>EXACTLY THE SAME
QUESTION.

3716
02:22:17,600 --> 02:22:19,560
I FOUND YOUR BRAIN BEHAVIOR

3717
02:22:19,560 --> 02:22:22,480
CORRELATION TO BE THE MOST

3718
02:22:22,480 --> 02:22:22,760
IMPRESSIVE.

3719
02:22:22,760 --> 02:22:25,440
MY QUESTION--LET ME KEEP IT

3720
02:22:25,440 --> 02:22:25,760
SHORT.

3721
02:22:25,760 --> 02:22:30,920
SUPPOSE YOU CHANGE THE FMRI

3722
02:22:30,920 --> 02:22:31,880
REPROCESSING PIPELINE, RIGHT, DO

3723
02:22:31,880 --> 02:22:34,080
A DIFFERENT SET OF PARAMETERS,

3724
02:22:34,080 --> 02:22:36,160
DOES THAT CORRELATION CHANGE.

3725
02:22:36,160 --> 02:22:39,600
HAVE YOU LOOKED INTO HA?

3726
02:22:39,600 --> 02:22:49,560
>>I HAVE ONLY PLAYED
AROUND

3727
02:22:49,560 --> 02:22:52,680
WITH GLOBAL WITH THE RESPONSE

3728
02:22:52,680 --> 02:22:53,120
STAYING CONSISTENT.

3729
02:22:53,120 --> 02:22:54,840
SO AS TO THE BROADER KEOF WHY

3730
02:22:54,840 --> 02:22:57,080
DOEUR DATA LOOK LOOK THEY MIGHT

3731
02:22:57,080 --> 02:22:58,920
BE INCONSISTENT, THERE ARE A LOT

3732
02:22:58,920 --> 02:23:00,080
OF ANSWERS TO THAT.

3733
02:23:00,080 --> 02:23:03,040
ONE EVER THEM, I THINK THE

3734
02:23:03,040 --> 02:23:05,320
EASIEST 1 IS TO SAY THAT OTHER

3735
02:23:05,320 --> 02:23:08,160
FOLKS HAVEN'T LOOKED WIDELY

3736
02:23:08,160 --> 02:23:09,920
ENOUGH WITHIN FC, IF YOU SEE THE

3737
02:23:09,920 --> 02:23:11,640
RANGES WHEN THERE'S ASSOCIATION

3738
02:23:11,640 --> 02:23:13,000
WITH OUTCOME BETWEEN THE

3739
02:23:13,000 --> 02:23:15,240
ANTICORRELATION AND THE OUTCOME,

3740
02:23:15,240 --> 02:23:16,440
THEY'RE USUALLY VERY LIMITED ON

3741
02:23:16,440 --> 02:23:18,800
THE SIDE OF POSITIVE

3742
02:23:18,800 --> 02:23:19,120
CONNECTIVITY.

3743
02:23:19,120 --> 02:23:21,280
I THINK IT HASN'T BEEN EXAMINED

3744
02:23:21,280 --> 02:23:21,720
CLOSELY ENOUGH.

3745
02:23:21,720 --> 02:23:24,040
I WILL ALSO SAY THAT IN OUR DATA

3746
02:23:24,040 --> 02:23:26,360
IT DIDN'T LOOK LIKE THE

3747
02:23:26,360 --> 02:23:28,280
ANTICORRELATED SPOT DIDN'T

3748
02:23:28,280 --> 02:23:29,280
ENGAGE THE SUBGENERATEDDULE, IT

3749
02:23:29,280 --> 02:23:31,720
LOOKED LIKE IN PATIENTS WHO ARE

3750
02:23:31,720 --> 02:23:34,640
UNMEDICATED IN MY CASE, ANOTHER

3751
02:23:34,640 --> 02:23:36,680
VARIABLE, RIGHT, THE POSITIVELY

3752
02:23:36,680 --> 02:23:41,280
CORRELATED SPOT JUST BETTER AT

3753
02:23:41,280 --> 02:23:42,160
ENGAGING THE SUBGANNAULE, SO IF

3754
02:23:42,160 --> 02:23:44,000
YOU DID A TREATMENT THROUGH THE

3755
02:23:44,000 --> 02:23:45,520
ANTICORRELATED SPOT, MAYBE IT

3756
02:23:45,520 --> 02:23:48,400
WOULD WORK IF WE ASSUME THAT

3757
02:23:48,400 --> 02:23:49,120
SUBGRANNULES IS WHAT YOU'RE

3758
02:23:49,120 --> 02:23:50,560
AFTER BUT MAYBE IT WOULD BE

3759
02:23:50,560 --> 02:23:52,880
FASTER AND BESTER IF YOU WENT

3760
02:23:52,880 --> 02:23:54,240
THROUGH POSITIVE LOW CORRELATED

3761
02:23:54,240 --> 02:23:56,240
SPOTS SO WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU GO

3762
02:23:56,240 --> 02:23:57,560
OVER A INTENSIVE PROTOCOL

3763
02:23:57,560 --> 02:23:59,800
THROUGH MANY, MANY SESSIONS THAT

3764
02:23:59,800 --> 02:24:01,680
PERHAPS WEEKER ENGAGED

3765
02:24:01,680 --> 02:24:02,160
ANTICORRELATED TARGET.

3766
02:24:02,160 --> 02:24:05,000
IT MAY BE THE CLINICAL EFFECT IS

3767
02:24:05,000 --> 02:24:06,520
STILL PRETTY ROBUST TO THAT EVEN

3768
02:24:06,520 --> 02:24:09,040
THOUGH IT'S A BIT WEEKER BUT

3769
02:24:09,040 --> 02:24:11,200
MAYBE LIKE IT COULD BE FASTER OR

3770
02:24:11,200 --> 02:24:12,880
MORE ROBUST OR LAST LONGER IF WE

3771
02:24:12,880 --> 02:24:14,560
ABOUT THROUGH THE POSITIVELY

3772
02:24:14,560 --> 02:24:15,760
CORRELATED SPOT.

3773
02:24:15,760 --> 02:24:16,960
WE DON'T KNOW.

3774
02:24:16,960 --> 02:24:20,280
WE JUST INVITE ALL OF THOSE

3775
02:24:20,280 --> 02:24:23,920
SUGGESTIONS AS TO PEOPLE'S IDEAS

3776
02:24:23,920 --> 02:24:25,720
AND I THINK WORTH PURSUING THEM,

3777
02:24:25,720 --> 02:24:28,000
I'M HOPING TO SHIFT PEOPLE'S

3778
02:24:28,000 --> 02:24:29,240
CONSCIOUSNESS OFF OF THE IDEA

3779
02:24:29,240 --> 02:24:31,600
THAT WE HAVE IT FIGURED OUT,

3780
02:24:31,600 --> 02:24:33,280
THAT THE CORRELATED SPOT IS IT,

3781
02:24:33,280 --> 02:24:35,480
THEREFORE DONE, WE KNOW HOW TO

3782
02:24:35,480 --> 02:24:40,240
FIX IT, JUST INVITE MORE KIND OF

3783
02:24:40,240 --> 02:24:47,520
FOLKS TRYING OUT OTHER TYPES.

3784
02:24:47,520 --> 02:24:49,360
>>SORRY, JUST IT FOLLOW
UP ON

3785
02:24:49,360 --> 02:24:52,040
THAT HOW FAR AWAY IN BRAIN

3786
02:24:52,040 --> 02:24:53,920
GEOGRAPHY IS THE ANTICORRELATED

3787
02:24:53,920 --> 02:24:55,120
TO THE POSITIVELY CORRELATED ARE

3788
02:24:55,120 --> 02:24:57,080
WE TALKING ABOUT A PRETTY DARN

3789
02:24:57,080 --> 02:24:59,160
CLOSE SPOT THAT IF YOU WITH A

3790
02:24:59,160 --> 02:25:00,440
NORMAL COIL, SOMEONE NOT SUPER

3791
02:25:00,440 --> 02:25:05,440
PRECISE THAT YOU WOULD HIT BOTH

3792
02:25:05,440 --> 02:25:07,160
OR EITHER OR EITHER OR HOW FAR

3793
02:25:07,160 --> 02:25:11,720
AWAY ARE THESE SPOTS FROM EACH

3794
02:25:11,720 --> 02:25:12,320
OTHER TYPICALLY.

3795
02:25:12,320 --> 02:25:14,520
>>SO THE WAY WE TARGET
OUR SPOT

3796
02:25:14,520 --> 02:25:16,840
SYSTEM TO FIND HIGHLY HOMOGENOUS

3797
02:25:16,840 --> 02:25:19,640
REGIONS FOR AT LEFT A COUPLE

3798
02:25:19,640 --> 02:25:20,800
CENTIMETERS IN ALL DIRECTIONS

3799
02:25:20,800 --> 02:25:22,920
THERE'S ALSO NOT A HIGH NEGATIVE

3800
02:25:22,920 --> 02:25:23,840
PEAK BECAUSE WE'RE TRYING TO

3801
02:25:23,840 --> 02:25:25,160
SUPPORT THE IDEA THAT THE

3802
02:25:25,160 --> 02:25:27,400
POSITIVE PEOPLE WORK BUT IF YOU

3803
02:25:27,400 --> 02:25:30,040
LOOK JUST ON MMNI SPACE ACROSS

3804
02:25:30,040 --> 02:25:32,000
ALL THE PLACES WE STIMULATE THEY

3805
02:25:32,000 --> 02:25:33,440
DON'T LOOK VERY DIFFERENT FROM

3806
02:25:33,440 --> 02:25:34,480
THE ANTICORRELATED SPOT FIST YOU

3807
02:25:34,480 --> 02:25:36,240
DO THE SAME THING BUT AT THE

3808
02:25:36,240 --> 02:25:37,320
INDIVIDUAL SUBJECT LEVEL, RIGHT,

3809
02:25:37,320 --> 02:25:39,080
THERE ARE THESE BEAUTIFUL

3810
02:25:39,080 --> 02:25:41,560
ISLANDS OF POSITIVE CORRELATION

3811
02:25:41,560 --> 02:25:45,480
THAT ARE ROBUSTLY THERE IN

3812
02:25:45,480 --> 02:25:46,320
DLPFCKISH TERRITORY FOR EVERY

3813
02:25:46,320 --> 02:25:47,840
PATIENT WE LOOKED AT, EVERY

3814
02:25:47,840 --> 02:25:50,680
HEALTHY SUBSCRECT WE LOOKED AT.

3815
02:25:50,680 --> 02:25:51,240
THEY'RE CONSISTENTLY THERE.

3816
02:25:51,240 --> 02:25:52,560
IF YOU ELECTRIC AT THE AVERAGE

3817
02:25:52,560 --> 02:25:53,960
THEY WASH OUT OF IT AND THERE'S

3818
02:25:53,960 --> 02:25:55,520
NOT MUCH GOING ON OZATIVELY BUT

3819
02:25:55,520 --> 02:25:57,280
AT THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL, THEY'RE

3820
02:25:57,280 --> 02:25:59,120
VERY, VERY CLEANLY THERE, AND

3821
02:25:59,120 --> 02:26:03,040
EVERYBODY THAT WE'VE LOOKED AT

3822
02:26:03,040 --> 02:26:05,160
SO FAR. 

3823
02:26:05,160 --> 02:26:06,840
>>OKAY, THANK YOU.

3824
02:26:06,840 --> 02:26:07,280
[ APPLAUSE ]

3825
02:26:07,280 --> 02:26:14,120
>>SO THE NEXT SPEAKER IS
ANDY

3826
02:26:14,120 --> 02:26:18,880
HORN FROM HARVARD.

3827
02:26:18,880 --> 02:26:20,400
MANY OF YOU COURSE KNOW THESE

3828
02:26:20,400 --> 02:26:22,480
VIDEOS CAN BE HIGHLY EFKEASHES

3829
02:26:22,480 --> 02:26:25,280
IN SOME PATIENTS WE ALL KNOW

3830
02:26:25,280 --> 02:26:26,400
THAT.

3831
02:26:26,400 --> 02:26:28,400
IN THIS PATIENT FOR EXAMPLE IT

3832
02:26:28,400 --> 02:26:31,080
IS WITHOUT [INDISCERNIBLE], WE

3833
02:26:31,080 --> 02:26:32,360
SEE MARKED DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

3834
02:26:32,360 --> 02:26:34,880
SAME TIME, SAME DAY STIMULATION

3835
02:26:34,880 --> 02:26:36,080
VERSUS OFF VERSUS OFF ON THE AND

3836
02:26:36,080 --> 02:26:38,280
OFF ON THE LEFT AND ON ON THE

3837
02:26:38,280 --> 02:26:41,800
RIGHT, BUT AS MANY YOU KNOW THE

3838
02:26:41,800 --> 02:26:45,360
TREATMENT OUTCOME IS NOT ALWAYS

3839
02:26:45,360 --> 02:26:46,080
AS OPTIMAL.

3840
02:26:46,080 --> 02:26:47,360
ONE KEY QUESTION IS TARGETING

3841
02:26:47,360 --> 02:26:50,000
AND WE I THINK BY NOW ALL AGREE

3842
02:26:50,000 --> 02:26:52,800
THAT OPTIMAL BRAIN CIRCUITS NEED

3843
02:26:52,800 --> 02:26:54,560
TO BE MODULATED BY DEEP BRAIN

3844
02:26:54,560 --> 02:26:54,840
STIMULATION.

3845
02:26:54,840 --> 02:26:56,640
SO FIRST OF ALL THE QUESTION IS

3846
02:26:56,640 --> 02:26:58,560
WHICH ARE THE OPTIMAL BRAIN

3847
02:26:58,560 --> 02:27:01,640
CIRCUITS AND HOW TO BEST TARGET

3848
02:27:01,640 --> 02:27:02,560
AND ENGAGE THEM.

3849
02:27:02,560 --> 02:27:05,560
THE SAME APPLIES TO TRANSCRANIAL

3850
02:27:05,560 --> 02:27:06,480
MAGNETIC STIMULATION AS WELL SO

3851
02:27:06,480 --> 02:27:10,400
AGAIN WE ARE LOOKING AT DEFINING

3852
02:27:10,400 --> 02:27:11,920
OPTIMAL BRAIN CIRCUITS AND THEN

3853
02:27:11,920 --> 02:27:14,920
USING TMS TO TREAT THEM.

3854
02:27:14,920 --> 02:27:16,920
SO THE QUESTION IS HOW DO WE

3855
02:27:16,920 --> 02:27:17,880
DEFINE THESE CIRCUITS, RIGHT?

3856
02:27:17,880 --> 02:27:19,120
OF COURSE THERE ARE ANIMAL

3857
02:27:19,120 --> 02:27:21,000
MODELS WITH THE TRANSLATIONAL

3858
02:27:21,000 --> 02:27:22,400
VALUE MODEL REMAINS UNCLEAR AND

3859
02:27:22,400 --> 02:27:24,880
THEN OF COURSE FUNCTIONAL MRI OR

3860
02:27:24,880 --> 02:27:26,080
FUNCTIONAL IMAGING, WE COULD

3861
02:27:26,080 --> 02:27:29,520
LACK AT PASHTS AND COMPARED FOR

3862
02:27:29,520 --> 02:27:31,040
EXAMPLE, PATIENTS OR TASKS

3863
02:27:31,040 --> 02:27:31,840
VERSUS HEALTHY CONTROLS AND

3864
02:27:31,840 --> 02:27:33,840
TASKS AND WE SEE NETWORKS BUT

3865
02:27:33,840 --> 02:27:35,720
THE QUESTION IS ALWAYS A

3866
02:27:35,720 --> 02:27:38,760
THERAPEUTIC NETWORK WE'RE SEEING

3867
02:27:38,760 --> 02:27:40,880
OR COMPENSATORY NETWORK AND THE

3868
02:27:40,880 --> 02:27:42,120
SAM WITH ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, THE

3869
02:27:42,120 --> 02:27:43,680
QUESTION WILL REMAIN IS IT

3870
02:27:43,680 --> 02:27:44,160
CAUSAL TO TREATMENT?

3871
02:27:44,160 --> 02:27:47,000
SO AT THE CENTER OF BRAIN

3872
02:27:47,000 --> 02:27:47,960
CIRCUIT THERAPEUTICS WHEN

3873
02:27:47,960 --> 02:27:52,640
WORKING RIGHT NOW IN BOSTON, WE

3874
02:27:52,640 --> 02:27:53,960
CAME UP WITH A DIFFERENT

3875
02:27:53,960 --> 02:27:54,680
TECHNIQUE TO REVERSE THE

3876
02:27:54,680 --> 02:27:56,880
QUESTION AND WE ALSO USE BRAIN

3877
02:27:56,880 --> 02:27:59,040
LESIONS TO INFORM THE OPTIMAL

3878
02:27:59,040 --> 02:28:01,040
BRAIN SUCKER UTR SO WE WANT TO

3879
02:28:01,040 --> 02:28:01,680
USE THESE CAUSAL INTERVENTIONS

3880
02:28:01,680 --> 02:28:03,440
TO THE BRAIN TO DEFEIGN THE

3881
02:28:03,440 --> 02:28:06,280
OPTIMAL BRAIN CIRCUITS AND THEN

3882
02:28:06,280 --> 02:28:08,240
THE DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION, THE

3883
02:28:08,240 --> 02:28:09,680
QUESTION IS SIMPLE WHICH

3884
02:28:09,680 --> 02:28:10,640
CONNECTION IS OPTIMAL, WHICH

3885
02:28:10,640 --> 02:28:12,040
TARGET DO WE NEED TO STIMULATE.

3886
02:28:12,040 --> 02:28:15,680
WE CAN LOOK AT THAT BY USING THE

3887
02:28:15,680 --> 02:28:18,080
VARIANTS IN THREEMENT AND IN

3888
02:28:18,080 --> 02:28:19,360
ELECTROPLACEMENT AND LOOKING AT

3889
02:28:19,360 --> 02:28:20,800
WHICH CIRCUITS WERE ENGAGED BY

3890
02:28:20,800 --> 02:28:22,240
THE PATIENTS THAT DID REALLY

3891
02:28:22,240 --> 02:28:29,520
WELL VERSUS THE 1S THAT DID NOT

3892
02:28:29,520 --> 02:28:30,360
DO REALLY WELL.

3893
02:28:30,360 --> 02:28:32,520
WE'VE DONE THIS IN MANY

3894
02:28:32,520 --> 02:28:34,200
INDICATIONS BY NOW, AND I WANT

3895
02:28:34,200 --> 02:28:36,040
TO TALK ABOUT THIS FOR OCD,

3896
02:28:36,040 --> 02:28:37,560
BECAUSE START WITH THIS SLIDE

3897
02:28:37,560 --> 02:28:40,240
BECAUSE THIS IS AN ONGOING

3898
02:28:40,240 --> 02:28:43,040
PROJECT IN MY LAB WHERE WE LOOK

3899
02:28:43,040 --> 02:28:44,480
AT DBS IN 4 DIFFERENT DISEASES

3900
02:28:44,480 --> 02:28:45,880
THAT INVOLVES A LOT OF

3901
02:28:45,880 --> 02:28:49,680
COLLABORATIONS WITH A LOT OF

3902
02:28:49,680 --> 02:28:49,920
CENTERS.

3903
02:28:49,920 --> 02:28:51,280
WHERE WE LOOK AT WHICH TRACTS

3904
02:28:51,280 --> 02:28:53,680
WERE IN EACH OF THESE DISEASES,

3905
02:28:53,680 --> 02:28:54,240
ASSOCIATED WITH OPTIMAL

3906
02:28:54,240 --> 02:29:00,200
RESPONSE, AS YOU KNOW THE

3907
02:29:00,200 --> 02:29:03,640
SUBTHALAMIC SKULL KUS HAS A

3908
02:29:03,640 --> 02:29:05,280
BROAD AREA AREA IN THE FRONTAL

3909
02:29:05,280 --> 02:29:09,320
CORTEX SO WE SEE HERE THAT IN

3910
02:29:09,320 --> 02:29:11,920
OCD, THERE'S MORE A TRACT THAT

3911
02:29:11,920 --> 02:29:13,760
SEEMS CRITICAL VERSUS IN

3912
02:29:13,760 --> 02:29:17,760
DYSTONIA WITH MORE SENSORY AND

3913
02:29:17,760 --> 02:29:19,800
SENSORY MOTOR TRACK FOR DREADS

3914
02:29:19,800 --> 02:29:21,280
DISEASE AND PARKINSON'S DISEASE.

3915
02:29:21,280 --> 02:29:23,400
SO AS I MENTIONED, I WANT TO

3916
02:29:23,400 --> 02:29:24,880
FOCUS ON THIS SPECIFIC TRACT

3917
02:29:24,880 --> 02:29:29,120
HERE WE FIRST DISCOVERED IN 2019

3918
02:29:29,120 --> 02:29:32,040
WORK BY [INDISCERNIBLE], THIS

3919
02:29:32,040 --> 02:29:35,800
WAS TAKEN UP BY NING FEI, LI IN

3920
02:29:35,800 --> 02:29:36,800
MY TRACK, SO THE KEY THING IS

3921
02:29:36,800 --> 02:29:40,400
THAT ALL OF YOU KNOW IS WE HAVE

3922
02:29:40,400 --> 02:29:41,880
MULTIPLE TARGETS TO MULTIPLE

3923
02:29:41,880 --> 02:29:45,440
TARGETS THAT SEEM TO BE

3924
02:29:45,440 --> 02:29:46,960
PROMISING INCLUDING THE BCBS

3925
02:29:46,960 --> 02:29:50,240
REGION, SO THE VENTRAL CAPSULE

3926
02:29:50,240 --> 02:29:53,840
TRIAT UMKC, WHICH HAS DIFFERENT

3927
02:29:53,840 --> 02:29:55,520
TARGETS INCLUDED LIKE THE DID

3928
02:29:55,520 --> 02:29:58,800
YOU KUS CUM BENS PROPER, THE

3929
02:29:58,800 --> 02:29:59,320
VENTRAL [INDISCERNIBLE].

3930
02:29:59,320 --> 02:30:03,400
AND THEN WE HAVE THE REACH AND

3931
02:30:03,400 --> 02:30:06,840
THE 4 BRAIN BUNDLE TARGET IS

3932
02:30:06,840 --> 02:30:07,520
CLOSE BY.

3933
02:30:07,520 --> 02:30:13,600
SO WE WERE SUPER FORTUNATE TO BE

3934
02:30:13,600 --> 02:30:14,800
COLLABORATING WITH

3935
02:30:14,800 --> 02:30:16,600
[INDISCERNIBLE] LED BY

3936
02:30:16,600 --> 02:30:17,240
[INDISCERNIBLE] AND SPEARHEADED

3937
02:30:17,240 --> 02:30:22,800
BI CAD 

3938
02:30:22,800 --> 02:30:28,440
BI--BY [INDISCERNIBLE], AND

3939
02:30:28,440 --> 02:30:33,120
THENLESS ALSO SPEARHEADED BY

3940
02:30:33,120 --> 02:30:37,120
MIRCEA POLOSAN, AND ASTROORK

3941
02:30:37,120 --> 02:30:38,760
D KIBLEUR, AND IF YOU ELECTRIC

3942
02:30:38,760 --> 02:30:40,720
AT THE SCIENCE SHOWN IN GREEN,

3943
02:30:40,720 --> 02:30:42,480
WE GET DIFFERENT RESULTS RIGHT

3944
02:30:42,480 --> 02:30:44,440
SO THE STN AS YOU'VE SEEN BEFORE

3945
02:30:44,440 --> 02:30:46,520
OF COURSE CONNECTED TO A LOT OF

3946
02:30:46,520 --> 02:30:48,720
FRONT CORTEX IS OF COURSE THIS

3947
02:30:48,720 --> 02:30:52,440
IS A DIFFERENT CONNECTIVITY AS

3948
02:30:52,440 --> 02:30:54,520
WELL BUT WE IF USE STATISTICS

3949
02:30:54,520 --> 02:30:57,080
AND USE THESE BUNDLES WE SEE BY

3950
02:30:57,080 --> 02:31:01,680
THEIR ABILITY TO ABILITY

3951
02:31:01,680 --> 02:31:03,600
DISCRIMINATE OPTIMAL RESPONDING

3952
02:31:03,600 --> 02:31:04,480
PATIENTS AND NONOPTIMAL

3953
02:31:04,480 --> 02:31:05,560
RESPONDING PATIENTS WE FIND A

3954
02:31:05,560 --> 02:31:07,320
SIMILAR TRACT IN BOTH OF THESE

3955
02:31:07,320 --> 02:31:07,840
TARGETS, RIGHT?

3956
02:31:07,840 --> 02:31:10,840
SO YOU SEE HERE THAT THE STAIM

3957
02:31:10,840 --> 02:31:12,480
TRACT JUST CALCULATED ON THE

3958
02:31:12,480 --> 02:31:15,440
PEASHS EMERGES AS THE 1

3959
02:31:15,440 --> 02:31:16,840
CALCULATED FROM THE STN PATIENTS

3960
02:31:16,840 --> 02:31:20,600
THAT I'VE SHOWN YOU ALSO BEFORE.

3961
02:31:20,600 --> 02:31:22,120
SO WE WERE SUPER EXCITED BY THIS

3962
02:31:22,120 --> 02:31:24,200
BECAUSE THAT WAS THE FIRST TIME

3963
02:31:24,200 --> 02:31:26,000
WE COULD LINK DIFFERENT SURGICAL

3964
02:31:26,000 --> 02:31:27,600
TARGETS FOR THE SAME INDICATION

3965
02:31:27,600 --> 02:31:29,680
TO A COMMON TRACT TARGET.

3966
02:31:29,680 --> 02:31:31,600
AND WE THOUGHT, OKAY, CAN WE NOW

3967
02:31:31,600 --> 02:31:34,240
CLALCULATE THIS TRACT ON THE

3968
02:31:34,240 --> 02:31:36,960
ALICK PATIENTS AND OVERLAY THE

3969
02:31:36,960 --> 02:31:39,920
STN OF THE COHORT, SOME OF THESE

3970
02:31:39,920 --> 02:31:41,640
STIMULATIONS WOULD REACH THE

3971
02:31:41,640 --> 02:31:43,240
TRACT MORE STRONGLY, OTHERS

3972
02:31:43,240 --> 02:31:45,400
WOULD MISS THE AND WE USE THAT

3973
02:31:45,400 --> 02:31:47,600
TO CROSS ESTIMATE SO TO ESTIMATE

3974
02:31:47,600 --> 02:31:49,360
THE OUTCOMES, AGAIN THAT WAS

3975
02:31:49,360 --> 02:31:50,920
CALCULATED ONLY ON THE COHORT

3976
02:31:50,920 --> 02:31:53,600
AND THEN THE AIM WAS TO PREDICT

3977
02:31:53,600 --> 02:31:55,520
THE OUTCOMES OR THE RANKS OF THE

3978
02:31:55,520 --> 02:31:57,920
OUTCOMES IN THE STN PATIENTS SO

3979
02:31:57,920 --> 02:32:00,440
YOU SEE THESE 2 EXAMPLES HERE,

3980
02:32:00,440 --> 02:32:02,400
DID NOT REACH THE TRACT MATCH,

3981
02:32:02,400 --> 02:32:05,680
HAD A LOW FIBER SCORE WE CALL IT

3982
02:32:05,680 --> 02:32:07,560
AND THEN THIS HAD A VERY HIGH

3983
02:32:07,560 --> 02:32:10,480
FIBER SCORE, YOU KNOW HIT THE

3984
02:32:10,480 --> 02:32:11,520
TRACK QUITE RECISELY.

3985
02:32:11,520 --> 02:32:15,360
AND THAT CORRELATED WITH

3986
02:32:15,360 --> 02:32:16,000
CLINICAL IMPROVEMENT YOU CAN

3987
02:32:16,000 --> 02:32:18,640
ALSO DO IT THE OTHER WAY AROUND.

3988
02:32:18,640 --> 02:32:22,160
THIS TIME WE ONLY CALCULATE

3989
02:32:22,160 --> 02:32:24,760
BASED ON STN WE SEE

3990
02:32:24,760 --> 02:32:25,400
NONESSENTIALICAL CLAYINGS HERE

3991
02:32:25,400 --> 02:32:28,120
THAT ARE NOT IMPORTANT AND WE

3992
02:32:28,120 --> 02:32:29,400
OVERLAY THE COHORTS AND SOME HIT

3993
02:32:29,400 --> 02:32:32,240
THE TRACK AND MISS THE TRACK,

3994
02:32:32,240 --> 02:32:34,640
SAME THING HERE, THIS FEATURE

3995
02:32:34,640 --> 02:32:36,080
COMPLETELY MISSED THE TRACT, HAD

3996
02:32:36,080 --> 02:32:37,840
A POOR RESPONSE, THIS DID

3997
02:32:37,840 --> 02:32:39,680
PARTIALLY CAPTURE THE TRACT AND

3998
02:32:39,680 --> 02:32:42,960
HAS ADEQUATE GOOD RESPONSE.

3999
02:32:42,960 --> 02:32:44,240
LOOKING AT OTHER INDICATIONS

4000
02:32:44,240 --> 02:32:49,960
FROM THE LITERATURE, YOU SEE

4001
02:32:49,960 --> 02:32:51,440
THAT THESE SEEM AROUND THE TRACT

4002
02:32:51,440 --> 02:32:52,920
SO THESE TARPGETS STICK UP

4003
02:32:52,920 --> 02:32:54,680
THAT'S WHY THEY ARE A BIT MORE

4004
02:32:54,680 --> 02:32:56,520
VENTRAL TO THIS AND WE COULD

4005
02:32:56,520 --> 02:32:57,720
EVEN CALCULATE THE DISTANCE

4006
02:32:57,720 --> 02:32:58,800
BETWEEN THE TARGET SIDES WITH

4007
02:32:58,800 --> 02:33:00,800
THE TRACT AND CORRELATE THAT

4008
02:33:00,800 --> 02:33:01,840
WITH THE REPORTED AVERAGE

4009
02:33:01,840 --> 02:33:05,040
OUTCOME IN EACH OF THESE STUDIES

4010
02:33:05,040 --> 02:33:06,920
SHOWING THAT AGAIN, THIS WAS A

4011
02:33:06,920 --> 02:33:08,080
CLEAR RELATIONSHIP, THE CLOSER

4012
02:33:08,080 --> 02:33:11,200
YOU WERE, THE TARGET WAS TO THAT

4013
02:33:11,200 --> 02:33:15,720
TRACT, THE BETTER THE OWM COME

4014
02:33:15,720 --> 02:33:16,480
AND THE STUDY.

4015
02:33:16,480 --> 02:33:18,320
SO WE PRESENTED THIS WORK AT

4016
02:33:18,320 --> 02:33:19,520
CONFERENCES AND WE'RE QUITE

4017
02:33:19,520 --> 02:33:22,200
FORTUNATE THAT THE T-FROM LONDON

4018
02:33:22,200 --> 02:33:24,160
AND THE TEAM FROM MADRID PITCHED

4019
02:33:24,160 --> 02:33:26,760
IN TO ADD ADDITIONAL DATA TO

4020
02:33:26,760 --> 02:33:28,240
THIS, TO VALIDATE IT FURTHER

4021
02:33:28,240 --> 02:33:29,520
SOPHISTICATEDY WE ADD 2 MORE

4022
02:33:29,520 --> 02:33:30,720
CORHOTTERS, THIS TIME CALCULATE

4023
02:33:30,720 --> 02:33:32,440
THE TRACT BASED ON THE FIRST 2

4024
02:33:32,440 --> 02:33:34,480
COHORTS AND THE SAME THING

4025
02:33:34,480 --> 02:33:36,720
EMERGES NOW A BIT MORE CRYSTAL

4026
02:33:36,720 --> 02:33:40,680
CLEAR, A PRECISE AND WE AGAIN

4027
02:33:40,680 --> 02:33:42,040
NOW OVERLAY THE SIMULATION

4028
02:33:42,040 --> 02:33:43,480
VOLUMES FROM THE OTHER 2 COHORTS

4029
02:33:43,480 --> 02:33:46,040
AND THE MORE THEY HIT THE RED

4030
02:33:46,040 --> 02:33:48,040
TRACK, THE BETTER WAS THE

4031
02:33:48,040 --> 02:33:52,400
IMPROVEMENT, A VERY SIGNIFICANT

4032
02:33:52,400 --> 02:33:55,520
CORRELATION AND THIS WAS REALLY

4033
02:33:55,520 --> 02:33:59,760
I REPRINT WITH THE 2 COHORTS AND

4034
02:33:59,760 --> 02:34:01,400
WE FINE GOT THE LAST COHORTS SO

4035
02:34:01,400 --> 02:34:03,280
WE GOT THEM ONCE THE TRACT WAS

4036
02:34:03,280 --> 02:34:03,560
ESTABLISHED.

4037
02:34:03,560 --> 02:34:05,520
SO THAT WAS SUPER REWARDING TO

4038
02:34:05,520 --> 02:34:07,800
SEE THIS CHECKS OUT IN UNDEAN

4039
02:34:07,800 --> 02:34:09,600
DATA AS WELL, BUT WHAT WAS MORE

4040
02:34:09,600 --> 02:34:11,560
EXCITING IS THAT OTHER PEOPLE

4041
02:34:11,560 --> 02:34:13,800
HAVE REPLICATE THE FIEBDINGS

4042
02:34:13,800 --> 02:34:15,280
WELL, WE PUBLISHED WITHIN GBS

4043
02:34:15,280 --> 02:34:17,040
THAT'S OPEN AND AVAILABLE,

4044
02:34:17,040 --> 02:34:19,960
EVERYBODY CAN DOWNLOAD THE EXACT

4045
02:34:19,960 --> 02:34:22,280
TRACT DEFINITION AND AT THE MT.

4046
02:34:22,280 --> 02:34:24,320
SINAI GROUP OF HELEN AND

4047
02:34:24,320 --> 02:34:28,880
[INDISCERNIBLE] DID SO AND THEY

4048
02:34:28,880 --> 02:34:30,160
DID OVERLAY THE VOLUMES OF

4049
02:34:30,160 --> 02:34:32,000
THEIREN IT PATIENTS AND AGAIN

4050
02:34:32,000 --> 02:34:34,080
THE MORE TRACT WAS MODULATED,

4051
02:34:34,080 --> 02:34:39,960
THE BETTER THESE PATIENTS DID.

4052
02:34:39,960 --> 02:34:42,720
IN FACT 4 TOTAL REPLICATIONS

4053
02:34:42,720 --> 02:34:44,280
CAME WITHIN THE FIRST 6 MONTHS.

4054
02:34:44,280 --> 02:34:46,640
SO THERE'S THE PAPER I JUST

4055
02:34:46,640 --> 02:34:48,240
MENTIONED MY SMITH ET ALAND

4056
02:34:48,240 --> 02:34:50,440
THERE WAS ANOTHER REPLICATION IN

4057
02:34:50,440 --> 02:34:52,920
[INDISCERNIBLE] WITH 8 PATIENTS

4058
02:34:52,920 --> 02:34:54,560
SHOWING THE SAME TRACT VERY

4059
02:34:54,560 --> 02:34:58,120
CLEAR CORRELATION WITH OVERLAPS

4060
02:34:58,120 --> 02:35:02,200
AND THEN THERE WAS A STUDY FROM

4061
02:35:02,200 --> 02:35:06,040
[INDISCERNIBLE] IN BRISBANE, AND

4062
02:35:06,040 --> 02:35:07,920
YOU SEE THIS TRACT EMERGE HERE

4063
02:35:07,920 --> 02:35:10,200
AND THE OVERLAP WITH OUR

4064
02:35:10,200 --> 02:35:13,160
PUBLISHED TRACK WAS NOT

4065
02:35:13,160 --> 02:35:14,080
SIGNATURESSATIVE CANT BUT WAS

4066
02:35:14,080 --> 02:35:15,200
ASSOCIATE WIDE OUTCOMES AND

4067
02:35:15,200 --> 02:35:17,680
FINALLY WHAT I FIND MOST

4068
02:35:17,680 --> 02:35:21,080
INTERESTING IS THAT KAREN

4069
02:35:21,080 --> 02:35:21,920
JOHNSON, [INDISCERNIBLE] LOOKED

4070
02:35:21,920 --> 02:35:25,240
AT 28 PEASHTS WITH 5 CENTERS

4071
02:35:25,240 --> 02:35:27,320
WITH TOURETS SYNDROME BUT WITH

4072
02:35:27,320 --> 02:35:30,840
OCD IN THE GPIs TO GET ANOTHER

4073
02:35:30,840 --> 02:35:32,520
TARGET AND THE OUR TRACT WAS

4074
02:35:32,520 --> 02:35:35,160
MODULATED AT THE BETTER

4075
02:35:35,160 --> 02:35:37,120
IMPROVEMENT SIGNIFICANTLY IN

4076
02:35:37,120 --> 02:35:40,480
THESE TOWERET PATIENTS IN THE

4077
02:35:40,480 --> 02:35:42,280
OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE BEHAVIOR.

4078
02:35:42,280 --> 02:35:45,040
SO THIS IS GREAT.

4079
02:35:45,040 --> 02:35:46,800
NEXT STEPS TO FURTHER VALIDATE

4080
02:35:46,800 --> 02:35:48,560
IS TO DO IT BLINDEDLY.

4081
02:35:48,560 --> 02:35:53,480
SO I WAS QUITE EXCITED THAT

4082
02:35:53,480 --> 02:35:54,680
SAMIR, [INDISCERNIBLE] WAS OPEN

4083
02:35:54,680 --> 02:35:56,640
FOR SUCH A COLLABORATION AT PAY

4084
02:35:56,640 --> 02:35:57,160
LORA RODRIGUEZ UNIVERSITY.

4085
02:35:57,160 --> 02:35:58,080
SO THEY HAVE 10 ADDITIONAL

4086
02:35:58,080 --> 02:35:58,840
PATIENTS NONAPOPTOTIC THE SEEN

4087
02:35:58,840 --> 02:36:02,800
AT ALL BY NOW FROM THIS PROJECT

4088
02:36:02,800 --> 02:36:06,000
AND THEY SENT US THE

4089
02:36:06,000 --> 02:36:07,040
NEUROIMANNUALING AND SIMULATION

4090
02:36:07,040 --> 02:36:09,400
PARAMETERS IN A PLIENDED

4091
02:36:09,400 --> 02:36:09,640
PACKAGE.

4092
02:36:09,640 --> 02:36:11,280
WE DID NOT KNOW HOW THESE

4093
02:36:11,280 --> 02:36:13,680
PATIENTS DID, ALL WE HAVE THE

4094
02:36:13,680 --> 02:36:15,240
IMAGING AND WE RAN THEM THROUGH

4095
02:36:15,240 --> 02:36:17,120
THE TRACK MODEL AND PREDICKED

4096
02:36:17,120 --> 02:36:18,200
THE CLINICAL OUTCOMES AND WE

4097
02:36:18,200 --> 02:36:22,440
SENT BACK THE PREDICTIONS, AND

4098
02:36:22,440 --> 02:36:24,240
THEN, SMIR'S TEAM KNEW THE

4099
02:36:24,240 --> 02:36:26,120
ACTUAL CLINICAL OUTCOMES AND

4100
02:36:26,120 --> 02:36:27,760
COULD CORRELATE THE 2 AND VOILÀ,

4101
02:36:27,760 --> 02:36:29,600
IT IS REALLY EXCITING THAT THIS

4102
02:36:29,600 --> 02:36:30,480
WORKED, RIGHT?

4103
02:36:30,480 --> 02:36:31,480
THIS WAS REALLY PLIENDED.

4104
02:36:31,480 --> 02:36:35,040
WE HAD TO PUT OUR NICKEL DOWN,

4105
02:36:35,040 --> 02:36:36,480
WE HAD TO SEND OUR PREDICTIONS

4106
02:36:36,480 --> 02:36:41,520
TO PAY LORA RODRIGUEZ AND IT DID

4107
02:36:41,520 --> 02:36:41,720
WORK.

4108
02:36:41,720 --> 02:36:43,840
HE USED THEIR PATIENTS, THIS IS

4109
02:36:43,840 --> 02:36:45,760
OUR TRACT AND YOU REPLICATE THE

4110
02:36:45,760 --> 02:36:47,960
SAME WITH THE 10 NEW PATIENTS

4111
02:36:47,960 --> 02:36:49,560
FROM BAYLOR, YOU GET EXACTLY THE

4112
02:36:49,560 --> 02:36:52,640
SAME TRACT AGAIN WITH THE SAME

4113
02:36:52,640 --> 02:36:53,120
METHOD.

4114
02:36:53,120 --> 02:36:55,680
WE ALSO LOOKED AT FUNCTIONAL

4115
02:36:55,680 --> 02:36:57,440
CONNECTIONS LOOKINGA THE MORE

4116
02:36:57,440 --> 02:37:00,440
SYNAPTIC NETWORKS WITH THE SAME

4117
02:37:00,440 --> 02:37:09,680
TECHNIQUE USING FUNCTIONAL

4118
02:37:09,680 --> 02:37:15,000
CONNECT OMES, NOW AND CONNECTED

4119
02:37:15,000 --> 02:37:17,320
IN THE OCDDBS, AND THAT COULD BE

4120
02:37:17,320 --> 02:37:19,200
CRUCIAL FOR TRANSLATING FINDINGS

4121
02:37:19,200 --> 02:37:20,200
INTO THE NONINVASIVE STIMULATION

4122
02:37:20,200 --> 02:37:21,920
AROUND WHICH HAS BEEN

4123
02:37:21,920 --> 02:37:24,120
SUCCESSFULLY DONE IN GBS FOR

4124
02:37:24,120 --> 02:37:25,720
DEPRESSION AND TMS FOR

4125
02:37:25,720 --> 02:37:30,840
DEPRESSION AND BUT NOT YET FOR

4126
02:37:30,840 --> 02:37:31,240
OCD.

4127
02:37:31,240 --> 02:37:33,200
WE WROTE A REVIEW ON THIS ASK

4128
02:37:33,200 --> 02:37:35,440
LOOKED AT ALL THE DATA THAT IS

4129
02:37:35,440 --> 02:37:39,680
OUT THERE AND ATOMICAL ADULTS IN

4130
02:37:39,680 --> 02:37:40,720
NEUROMODDULATION AND FORMS, IT

4131
02:37:40,720 --> 02:37:44,080
TURNS OUT THAT THIS TRACT SEEMS

4132
02:37:44,080 --> 02:37:47,560
TO LINK DIFFERENT THERAPIES THAT

4133
02:37:47,560 --> 02:37:49,840
WE KNOW LIKE CAPSULEOT ME, AND

4134
02:37:49,840 --> 02:37:53,120
TMS, AND SO THIS SEEMS TO BE A

4135
02:37:53,120 --> 02:37:56,360
UNIFYING STRATEGIC BUNDLE THAT

4136
02:37:56,360 --> 02:37:56,840
IS HELPFUL.

4137
02:37:56,840 --> 02:37:58,960
AS NEXT STEPS THIS IS ONGOING

4138
02:37:58,960 --> 02:37:59,920
WORK NOW, QUITE PRELIMINARY AND

4139
02:37:59,920 --> 02:38:01,640
THIS IS WORK BY BARBARA

4140
02:38:01,640 --> 02:38:03,160
[INDISCERNIBLE] WHO IS A ROCK

4141
02:38:03,160 --> 02:38:05,880
STAR Ph.D. STUDENT IN MY LAB

4142
02:38:05,880 --> 02:38:06,440
IN BERLIN.

4143
02:38:06,440 --> 02:38:08,960
I WANT ON TO BRIEFLY SHOW IT.

4144
02:38:08,960 --> 02:38:10,960
WE EXTENDED TO COHORT, THERE ARE

4145
02:38:10,960 --> 02:38:15,680
SO MANY GREAT COLLEAGUES THAT

4146
02:38:15,680 --> 02:38:17,080
HELP WITH THIS I DID NOT HAVE

4147
02:38:17,080 --> 02:38:18,400
THE SPACE TO PUT PICTURES OF

4148
02:38:18,400 --> 02:38:20,640
EVERYBODY ON HERE BUT THIS IS A

4149
02:38:20,640 --> 02:38:21,520
GREAT COLLABORATIVE EFFORT

4150
02:38:21,520 --> 02:38:23,880
BETWEEN OUR MUCH BIGGER

4151
02:38:23,880 --> 02:38:24,200
COLLABORATION.

4152
02:38:24,200 --> 02:38:28,040
AND WE HAVE THE ELECTRODES

4153
02:38:28,040 --> 02:38:28,880
LOCALIZATIONS AND DIFFERENT

4154
02:38:28,880 --> 02:38:30,960
TARGETS NOW WITH THE A MUCH

4155
02:38:30,960 --> 02:38:33,040
BIGGER POWER HERE, THESE ARE THE

4156
02:38:33,040 --> 02:38:35,120
DIFFERENT COHORTS WE'RE

4157
02:38:35,120 --> 02:38:37,080
INCLUDING AND THESE ARE THE

4158
02:38:37,080 --> 02:38:38,680
ACTIVE SIMULATION SIDES, AND NOW

4159
02:38:38,680 --> 02:38:41,640
THE IDEA IS TO SEGREGATE THIS

4160
02:38:41,640 --> 02:38:43,240
TRACT INTO SPECIFIC SYMPTOMS,

4161
02:38:43,240 --> 02:38:43,440
RIGHT?

4162
02:38:43,440 --> 02:38:49,000
THE IDEA IS TO LOOK AT--JUST THE

4163
02:38:49,000 --> 02:38:50,880
GENERAL WIDE BOX TRACK BUT IF WE

4164
02:38:50,880 --> 02:38:54,640
LOOK AT SPECIFIC SYSTEMS CAN WE

4165
02:38:54,640 --> 02:39:00,040
FIND SPECIFIC CONDITIONS,

4166
02:39:00,040 --> 02:39:01,320
ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, GLOBAL

4167
02:39:01,320 --> 02:39:03,280
FUNCTIONING, SO HERE IT DOES

4168
02:39:03,280 --> 02:39:04,560
BETTER DEGRADATION GREEN CELLS

4169
02:39:04,560 --> 02:39:05,640
GET--I SO WE FIND DIFFERENT

4170
02:39:05,640 --> 02:39:09,840
PARTS OF IT TO RESPOND BET TORE

4171
02:39:09,840 --> 02:39:17,400
DIFFERENT SUBSYMPTOMS OF A OCD.

4172
02:39:17,400 --> 02:39:20,080
IT HAS SPECIFIC NETWORKING FOR

4173
02:39:20,080 --> 02:39:21,960
SUCCESSION ARE KIND OF LINING

4174
02:39:21,960 --> 02:39:23,520
WITH THE ORIGINAL TRACT WHILE

4175
02:39:23,520 --> 02:39:26,320
OBSESSION SEEM TO BE A BIT MORE

4176
02:39:26,320 --> 02:39:28,360
DAUNTLY CONNECTED AND THEN WE DO

4177
02:39:28,360 --> 02:39:33,440
SEE IN DEPRESSION, CRITICALLY

4178
02:39:33,440 --> 02:39:36,960
ALSO THE PROPER MEDIA FOREBRAIN

4179
02:39:36,960 --> 02:39:39,600
BUNDLE AND ALSO A BIT OR VENTAL

4180
02:39:39,600 --> 02:39:41,720
SESSIONS AND PLOABAL FUNCTIONING

4181
02:39:41,720 --> 02:39:45,480
IN GENERAL BEING THE MOST

4182
02:39:45,480 --> 02:39:46,000
VENTRAL CONNECTION HERE.

4183
02:39:46,000 --> 02:39:49,480
SO THE NEXT STEPS WILL NOW BE TO

4184
02:39:49,480 --> 02:39:51,320
USE IN INFORMATION TO

4185
02:39:51,320 --> 02:39:52,240
PERSONALIZE DEEP BRAIN

4186
02:39:52,240 --> 02:39:52,760
STIMULATION, RIGHT?

4187
02:39:52,760 --> 02:39:56,320
WE WANT TO DEFINE AND VALIDATE

4188
02:39:56,320 --> 02:39:58,520
THESE SYMPTOM NETWORKS THAT I'VE

4189
02:39:58,520 --> 02:40:00,720
SHOWN YOU FURTHER, ONCE WE HAVE

4190
02:40:00,720 --> 02:40:02,560
THEM, WE HAVE--WE HAVE

4191
02:40:02,560 --> 02:40:03,880
ESSENTIALLY A LIBRARY OF THESE

4192
02:40:03,880 --> 02:40:06,080
METE YORKS IN THE TEMPLATE SPACE

4193
02:40:06,080 --> 02:40:08,320
AND IF A NEW PATIENT COMES IN,

4194
02:40:08,320 --> 02:40:10,320
THIS IS A SLIDE FOR PARKINSON'S

4195
02:40:10,320 --> 02:40:11,520
DISOAZ WHERE WE ARE ALSO DOING

4196
02:40:11,520 --> 02:40:13,800
THE SAME THING, THAT PATIENT

4197
02:40:13,800 --> 02:40:15,200
COULD HAVE DIFFERENT SYMPTOM

4198
02:40:15,200 --> 02:40:16,920
INTENSITIES IN THIS CASE,

4199
02:40:16,920 --> 02:40:18,360
[INDISCERNIBLE], CAN YOU THINK

4200
02:40:18,360 --> 02:40:19,760
OF OCD OF COURSE, SOMEBODY WITH

4201
02:40:19,760 --> 02:40:21,800
A LOT OF ANXIOUS AND A LOT OF

4202
02:40:21,800 --> 02:40:24,200
OBSESSIONS BUT MAYBE NO

4203
02:40:24,200 --> 02:40:25,160
COMPULSES OR SIMILAR

4204
02:40:25,160 --> 02:40:26,640
DISTRIBUTIONS OF SIM TOMS, WE

4205
02:40:26,640 --> 02:40:29,160
CAN ALSO ASK THE PATIENT, WHAT

4206
02:40:29,160 --> 02:40:32,200
IS THE MOST ANNOYING SYMPTOM,

4207
02:40:32,200 --> 02:40:33,760
PARKINSON THAT IS EASIER, THERE

4208
02:40:33,760 --> 02:40:36,400
ARE SOMETIMES PATES THAT WOULD

4209
02:40:36,400 --> 02:40:38,040
CLEARLY SAY MY TREMOR IS LEADING

4210
02:40:38,040 --> 02:40:39,720
TO THE MOST BURDEN FOR ME VERSUS

4211
02:40:39,720 --> 02:40:44,520
YOU KNOW I CAN LIVE WITH

4212
02:40:44,520 --> 02:40:46,600
[INDISCERNIBLE] KINNIESIA AND WE

4213
02:40:46,600 --> 02:40:48,680
CAN MULTIPLY AND GET TO A

4214
02:40:48,680 --> 02:40:49,760
FUNCTION OF TARGETS WHICH

4215
02:40:49,760 --> 02:40:52,720
CIRCUITS WE WANT TO MODULATE

4216
02:40:52,720 --> 02:40:53,240
MOST.

4217
02:40:53,240 --> 02:40:56,040
NOW WE CAN AGGREGATE THESE

4218
02:40:56,040 --> 02:40:58,880
NETWORKS FOR EACH SYMPTOM FOR

4219
02:40:58,880 --> 02:41:00,720
THE PASHT AND PROJECT THEM TO

4220
02:41:00,720 --> 02:41:02,680
THEIR BRAIN AS A STEP IN

4221
02:41:02,680 --> 02:41:04,320
BETWEEN, WE CAN EVEN USE THE

4222
02:41:04,320 --> 02:41:06,520
PROFUSION DATA OF THAT PATIENT,

4223
02:41:06,520 --> 02:41:09,520
TO REFINE, YOU KNOW THE

4224
02:41:09,520 --> 02:41:10,720
PERSONALIZED TRACTS IN THAT

4225
02:41:10,720 --> 02:41:13,000
PATIENT'S BRAIN AND NOW WE CAN

4226
02:41:13,000 --> 02:41:17,200
SEE ONCE THE ELECTRODE IS

4227
02:41:17,200 --> 02:41:18,960
IMPLANTED WHICH CONTACTS

4228
02:41:18,960 --> 02:41:20,680
AUTOMATICALLY TO ENGAGE THE BEST

4229
02:41:20,680 --> 02:41:22,080
SYMPTOM SPECIFIC NETWORK FOR

4230
02:41:22,080 --> 02:41:23,000
THAT PATIENT.

4231
02:41:23,000 --> 02:41:26,240
WE CAN DO THE SAME WITH FMRI AS

4232
02:41:26,240 --> 02:41:27,800
WELL AND OF COURSE IT'S ALSO

4233
02:41:27,800 --> 02:41:31,760
USED EVEN TO IMFORP AND GUIDE

4234
02:41:31,760 --> 02:41:35,160
TARGETING TO REALLY DERIVE AT A

4235
02:41:35,160 --> 02:41:39,400
PERSONALIZED DEEP BRAIN

4236
02:41:39,400 --> 02:41:40,560
STIMULATION FOR EACH PATIENT

4237
02:41:40,560 --> 02:41:41,560
DEPENDING ON THEIR SYMPTOMS.

4238
02:41:41,560 --> 02:41:43,320
SO I WANT TO CONCLUDE AND I WILL

4239
02:41:43,320 --> 02:41:45,760
SAY THAT THE BRAIN NETWORKING

4240
02:41:45,760 --> 02:41:49,000
MAPPING CAN BEY PREDICTIVE OF

4241
02:41:49,000 --> 02:41:50,760
THE DBS OUTCOME AND I'VE SHOWN

4242
02:41:50,760 --> 02:41:51,960
THAT ACROSS MODELS AND OUTCOMES

4243
02:41:51,960 --> 02:41:53,160
AND TARGETS AND CENTERS.

4244
02:41:53,160 --> 02:41:55,400
IT CANNOT BE USED TO SEGGREGATE

4245
02:41:55,400 --> 02:41:56,640
THE HUMAN CHRONIC

4246
02:41:56,640 --> 02:41:57,000
[INDISCERNIBLE].

4247
02:41:57,000 --> 02:42:00,880
SO THE FIRST SLIDE I SHOWED

4248
02:42:00,880 --> 02:42:01,840
USING DBS ACROSS DIFFERENT

4249
02:42:01,840 --> 02:42:02,920
DISEASES AND DIFFERENT TRACTS, I

4250
02:42:02,920 --> 02:42:06,480
THINK IS ALSO JUST FROM A BASIC

4251
02:42:06,480 --> 02:42:07,800
SCIENCE PERSPECTIVE, WITH GREAT

4252
02:42:07,800 --> 02:42:08,920
TECHNIQUE THAT CAN HELP US

4253
02:42:08,920 --> 02:42:10,560
UNDERSTAND THE BRAIN BETTER, AND

4254
02:42:10,560 --> 02:42:13,120
THEN, LAST I SHOWED THAT SYMPTOM

4255
02:42:13,120 --> 02:42:15,160
NETWORK PLENDING COULD BE USED

4256
02:42:15,160 --> 02:42:17,400
TO PERSONALIZE DEEP BRAIN

4257
02:42:17,400 --> 02:42:17,720
STIMULATION.

4258
02:42:17,720 --> 02:42:19,320
AND MY PERSONAL AIM IS REALLY TO

4259
02:42:19,320 --> 02:42:24,160
LOOK CLIN CAM TRANSLATIONS, I

4260
02:42:24,160 --> 02:42:26,720
THINK ESPECIALLY THE WIDE BOX

4261
02:42:26,720 --> 02:42:29,000
TRACK, I THINK THE IT HAS BEEN

4262
02:42:29,000 --> 02:42:30,400
REPLICATED SO OFTEN NOW THAT IT

4263
02:42:30,400 --> 02:42:32,320
WOULD BE GREAT TO GO PROSPECTIVE

4264
02:42:32,320 --> 02:42:35,600
AND USE IT FOR SURGICAL PLANNING

4265
02:42:35,600 --> 02:42:37,440
TO TENTIALLY OR FOR

4266
02:42:37,440 --> 02:42:38,360
REPROGRAMMING TRIALS, SO, IF

4267
02:42:38,360 --> 02:42:40,760
THERE IS INTEREST THERE, PLEASE

4268
02:42:40,760 --> 02:42:42,960
DO REACH OUT.

4269
02:42:42,960 --> 02:42:44,760
I WOULD LOVE TO BE INVOLVED IN

4270
02:42:44,760 --> 02:42:46,160
SUCH A PROJECT AND WITH THAT I

4271
02:42:46,160 --> 02:42:46,800
WANT TO END.

4272
02:42:46,800 --> 02:42:49,520
THIS IS MY GROUP.

4273
02:42:49,520 --> 02:42:52,240
MY LABORATORY IS SPLIT BETWEEN

4274
02:42:52,240 --> 02:42:53,560
BERLIN AND BOSTON WITH, THIS IS

4275
02:42:53,560 --> 02:42:56,240
THE BOSTON TEAM AND THE BERLIN

4276
02:42:56,240 --> 02:42:57,160
TEAM WHILE [INDISCERNIBLE], THE

4277
02:42:57,160 --> 02:43:00,400
TEAM MOVE WITH ME, AND THERE'S

4278
02:43:00,400 --> 02:43:02,040
IF YOU ARE INTERESTED IN THESE

4279
02:43:02,040 --> 02:43:04,360
THINGS, THERE'S A NEW BOOK OUT

4280
02:43:04,360 --> 02:43:05,520
CALLED CONNECT TELOMERIC DEEP

4281
02:43:05,520 --> 02:43:06,480
BRAIN STIMULATION WITH ALL OF

4282
02:43:06,480 --> 02:43:08,320
THE METHODS WE USE FOR THIS

4283
02:43:08,320 --> 02:43:09,840
GREAT COLLABORATIVE EFFORT THAT

4284
02:43:09,840 --> 02:43:14,200
I HAD THE JOY OF EDITING.

4285
02:43:14,200 --> 02:43:15,600
THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR YOUR

4286
02:43:15,600 --> 02:43:15,880
ATTENTION.

4287
02:43:15,880 --> 02:43:18,600
I THINK THERE WILL BE NO ROOM

4288
02:43:18,600 --> 02:43:19,880
FOR QUESTIONS UNFORTUNATELY BUT

4289
02:43:19,880 --> 02:43:22,320
FEEL FREE TO REACH OUT VIA

4290
02:43:22,320 --> 02:43:23,040
E-MAIL OR TWITTER AND THANK YOU

4291
02:43:23,040 --> 02:43:33,560
VERY MUCH FOR YOUR ATTENTION.

4292
02:43:50,240 --> 02:43:51,040
[ APPLAUSE ]

4293
02:43:51,040 --> 02:43:53,000
>>[INDISCERNIBLE] TALKING
ABOUT

4294
02:43:53,000 --> 02:43:58,640
CONCURRENT TMS AND MI IN DRUG

4295
02:43:58,640 --> 02:44:00,280
ADDICTION APPLICATIONS.

4296
02:44:00,280 --> 02:44:00,520
NTHANKS.

4297
02:44:00,520 --> 02:44:02,000
>>THANKS ALL FOR STICK TO
THE

4298
02:44:02,000 --> 02:44:02,520
LAST TALK.

4299
02:44:02,520 --> 02:44:07,360
I KNOW IT'S A LONG WORKSHOP.

4300
02:44:07,360 --> 02:44:10,600
HOPEFULLY, PEOPLE WOULD ENJOY

4301
02:44:10,600 --> 02:44:11,880
MOST OF THAT.

4302
02:44:11,880 --> 02:44:13,800
SO, YEAH, JUST KIND OF FOLLOWING

4303
02:44:13,800 --> 02:44:17,280
THE PREVENTIVUOUS 2 SPEAKERS

4304
02:44:17,280 --> 02:44:19,400
ABOUT THE PACKET IDENTIFICATION

4305
02:44:19,400 --> 02:44:22,640
AND HERE I'M GOING TO TALK

4306
02:44:22,640 --> 02:44:24,600
ABOUT, THE IDENTIFYING THE

4307
02:44:24,600 --> 02:44:35,000
TARGETS IN SUBSTANCE USE

4308
02:44:46,000 --> 02:44:48,400
DISORDER OR ADDICTION, OKAY,

4309
02:44:48,400 --> 02:44:50,720
OKAY GREAT.

4310
02:44:50,720 --> 02:44:53,040
SO SUD FROM NEUROCIRCUITRY

4311
02:44:53,040 --> 02:44:54,440
PERSPECTIVE IT'S REALLY A

4312
02:44:54,440 --> 02:44:56,000
DISRUPTION OF MULTIPLE BRAIN

4313
02:44:56,000 --> 02:44:58,520
CIRCUITS OR NETWORKS UNDERLYING

4314
02:44:58,520 --> 02:44:59,920
THE VERY COMPLEX ADDITIONAL

4315
02:44:59,920 --> 02:45:01,680
BEHAVIORS AND THE ANIMAL MODEL

4316
02:45:01,680 --> 02:45:04,120
ALSO OFFERS A LOT OF OPPORTUNITY

4317
02:45:04,120 --> 02:45:06,160
TO UNDERSTAND THE DISEASE.

4318
02:45:06,160 --> 02:45:09,720
BECAUSE, FOR EXAMPLE, RATS HAVE

4319
02:45:09,720 --> 02:45:14,240
VERY ANALOGOUS BRAIN CIRCUITS,

4320
02:45:14,240 --> 02:45:15,080
BRAIN REGIONS.

4321
02:45:15,080 --> 02:45:19,960
AND ALSO FROM A LITTLE BIT OF A

4322
02:45:19,960 --> 02:45:21,240
MORE BROADER PERSPECTIVE S. U.

4323
02:45:21,240 --> 02:45:25,560
D. INVOLVES IN MULTIPLE STAGES

4324
02:45:25,560 --> 02:45:29,360
AND SUCH AS PINCHING,

4325
02:45:29,360 --> 02:45:31,800
INTOXICATION, WITHDRAWAL AND

4326
02:45:31,800 --> 02:45:36,000
EFFECTIVE NEGATIVE EFFECT AND

4327
02:45:36,000 --> 02:45:37,120
PREOCCUPATION AND ANTICIPATION.

4328
02:45:37,120 --> 02:45:40,960
SO IT'S VERY TRICKY FOR THE

4329
02:45:40,960 --> 02:45:42,440
TREATMENT NEUROMODDULATION BASED

4330
02:45:42,440 --> 02:45:42,960
TREATMENT.

4331
02:45:42,960 --> 02:45:47,000
SO FIRST WHERE TO STIMULATE AND

4332
02:45:47,000 --> 02:45:50,600
AT WHAT STAGE FOR EXAMPLE?

4333
02:45:50,600 --> 02:45:53,160
SO, THE TREATMENT FOR THE S. U.

4334
02:45:53,160 --> 02:45:56,840
D IS VERY CHALLENGING AS SHOWN

4335
02:45:56,840 --> 02:45:59,240
HERE, FOR THE PSYCHOSOCIAL

4336
02:45:59,240 --> 02:45:59,680
INTERVENTIONS.

4337
02:45:59,680 --> 02:46:06,480
YOU CAN SAY FOR DIFFERENT TYPE

4338
02:46:06,480 --> 02:46:08,680
OF SUDs, THE DROP OUT IS VERY

4339
02:46:08,680 --> 02:46:11,120
HIGH, 35% AND THE RELAPSE RATE

4340
02:46:11,120 --> 02:46:12,960
AFTER TREATMENT RESULTS VERY

4341
02:46:12,960 --> 02:46:16,480
HIGH, LIKE 70%.

4342
02:46:16,480 --> 02:46:24,400
SO, SO AS WE SEE IN THIS

4343
02:46:24,400 --> 02:46:24,880
WORKSHOP SEVERAL

4344
02:46:24,880 --> 02:46:28,840
NEUROMODDULATION APPROACH BEING

4345
02:46:28,840 --> 02:46:31,360
DEVELOPED AND IN PARTICULAR TMS

4346
02:46:31,360 --> 02:46:35,040
HAS BEEN APPROVED BY FDA FOR THE

4347
02:46:35,040 --> 02:46:41,760
DEPRESSION XREEMENT AND FOR OCD

4348
02:46:41,760 --> 02:46:42,040
TREATMENT.

4349
02:46:42,040 --> 02:46:44,600
SO STILL A CHALLENGE IN THE TMS

4350
02:46:44,600 --> 02:46:47,520
BASED TREATMENT FOR SUD AS I

4351
02:46:47,520 --> 02:46:50,200
MENTIONED, YEAH, SO 1 IS WHERE,

4352
02:46:50,200 --> 02:46:52,000
WHERE TO FIND THE OTHER TARGETS

4353
02:46:52,000 --> 02:46:55,600
IN THE BRAIN BECAUSE THERE'S

4354
02:46:55,600 --> 02:46:59,040
NUMEROUS POTENTIAL REGIONS SUCH

4355
02:46:59,040 --> 02:47:02,400
AS DLPC, MEDIAL PFC, OFC INSULAR

4356
02:47:02,400 --> 02:47:03,880
AND SO ON, ALSO VERY IMPORTANT

4357
02:47:03,880 --> 02:47:07,480
IN EACH OF THOSE REGIONS, THE

4358
02:47:07,480 --> 02:47:09,000
HETEROGENERATED AITY IS PRETTY

4359
02:47:09,000 --> 02:47:09,240
HIGH.

4360
02:47:09,240 --> 02:47:12,520
SO I WILL SHOW YOU A LITTLE BIT

4361
02:47:12,520 --> 02:47:15,200
IN A LATER SLIDES.

4362
02:47:15,200 --> 02:47:17,080
AND ANOTHER CHALLENGE IS IN THE

4363
02:47:17,080 --> 02:47:19,760
TMS SPACE, THERE ARE SO MANY

4364
02:47:19,760 --> 02:47:22,640
PARAMETERS SUCH AS FREQUENCY,

4365
02:47:22,640 --> 02:47:23,560
INTENSITY, DURATION, TEMPORAL

4366
02:47:23,560 --> 02:47:28,760
PATTERNS, AND SO ON.

4367
02:47:28,760 --> 02:47:32,400
AND ALSO AS I BRIEFLY MENTIONED,

4368
02:47:32,400 --> 02:47:33,840
WHERE TO STIMULATE, YOU KNOW

4369
02:47:33,840 --> 02:47:38,240
DURING THE DIFFERENT BRAIN

4370
02:47:38,240 --> 02:47:38,680
STATES.

4371
02:47:38,680 --> 02:47:41,880
SO IN THE SUD, THERE ARE AT

4372
02:47:41,880 --> 02:47:44,040
LEAST 3 STAGES IN THE CYCLE SO

4373
02:47:44,040 --> 02:47:47,760
WHERE TO STIMULATE IS VERY

4374
02:47:47,760 --> 02:47:48,440
IMPORTANT.

4375
02:47:48,440 --> 02:47:51,200
SO, YE, WITH THOSE KIND OF

4376
02:47:51,200 --> 02:47:52,960
BACKGROUND, SO I JUST WANT TO

4377
02:47:52,960 --> 02:47:56,120
TELL YOU OUR RECENT EFFORTS IN

4378
02:47:56,120 --> 02:47:57,640
THIS DIRECTION AND SOME ARE

4379
02:47:57,640 --> 02:48:04,640
BEING PUBLISHED, SOME ARE STILL

4380
02:48:04,640 --> 02:48:06,640
ONGOING, SO THE FIRST 1 IERK

4381
02:48:06,640 --> 02:48:09,080
DENTIFY TARGETS BASED ON

4382
02:48:09,080 --> 02:48:10,720
NEUROIMAGING AND DISEASE RELATE

4383
02:48:10,720 --> 02:48:14,400
TD BEHAVIOR, IN THIS CASE, DRUG

4384
02:48:14,400 --> 02:48:14,640
RELAPSE.

4385
02:48:14,640 --> 02:48:17,960
SO AS WE KNOW, THIS IS A STUDY

4386
02:48:17,960 --> 02:48:21,120
IN DEPRESSION AND WE KNOW THAT

4387
02:48:21,120 --> 02:48:24,120
EVEN WITH THE DLPC FR EXAMPLE,

4388
02:48:24,120 --> 02:48:27,480
THE TREATMENT IS HETEROGEANIOUS,

4389
02:48:27,480 --> 02:48:29,760
AS THE PREVIOUS SPEAKER

4390
02:48:29,760 --> 02:48:34,400
MENTIONED, THE ANTICORRELATION

4391
02:48:34,400 --> 02:48:35,440
WITH [INDISCERNIBLE] INDICATES

4392
02:48:35,440 --> 02:48:40,240
SOME TREATMENT EFFICACY IN

4393
02:48:40,240 --> 02:48:41,880
DEPRESSION.

4394
02:48:41,880 --> 02:48:44,440
SO, YEAH, DEPRESSION IS

4395
02:48:44,440 --> 02:48:46,480
RELATIVELY KNOWN FOR SOME

4396
02:48:46,480 --> 02:48:48,680
REGIONS, BUT FOR SUD IT'S MUCH

4397
02:48:48,680 --> 02:48:49,880
LESS NOW.

4398
02:48:49,880 --> 02:48:51,000
SO WHERE TO STIMULATE?

4399
02:48:51,000 --> 02:48:55,120
IF WEB CONNECTED DO A VERY

4400
02:48:55,120 --> 02:48:59,320
SYSTEMATIC SEARCH, FOR OPTIMAL

4401
02:48:59,320 --> 02:49:01,560
TARGETS WOULD IT BE FINANCIALLY

4402
02:49:01,560 --> 02:49:01,920
COSTLY.

4403
02:49:01,920 --> 02:49:05,000
LIKE SAY IF IT'S A HUNDRED

4404
02:49:05,000 --> 02:49:05,960
POTENTIAL SITES IT'S ALMOST

4405
02:49:05,960 --> 02:49:08,080
IMPOSSIBLE TO DO THAT SO WE

4406
02:49:08,080 --> 02:49:11,040
PROPOSE A 2 STAGE APPROACH.

4407
02:49:11,040 --> 02:49:13,720
THE FIRST STAGE WE

4408
02:49:13,720 --> 02:49:15,840
SYSTEMATICALLY OR COMPREHENSIVE

4409
02:49:15,840 --> 02:49:17,600
EXPLORATION FOR THE REGION FOR

4410
02:49:17,600 --> 02:49:20,280
INSURANCE AND RELATED TO THE

4411
02:49:20,280 --> 02:49:21,920
DISEASE AND SECOND STAGE

4412
02:49:21,920 --> 02:49:23,840
HOPEFULLY WE CAN NAIL DOWN ONLY

4413
02:49:23,840 --> 02:49:26,480
A FEW POTENTIAL TARGETS.

4414
02:49:26,480 --> 02:49:27,000
SOPHISTICATED THAT'S THE

4415
02:49:27,000 --> 02:49:30,120
STRATEGY WE ARE USING.

4416
02:49:30,120 --> 02:49:31,960
SO THIS STUDY ALREADY PUB LESHED

4417
02:49:31,960 --> 02:49:35,760
SO THIS--THIS WAY IS A FOCUSING

4418
02:49:35,760 --> 02:49:41,840
ON A DPLC, AND BASICALLY,

4419
02:49:41,840 --> 02:49:45,640
THE--THERE'S A COHORT OF COCAINE

4420
02:49:45,640 --> 02:49:50,040
TREATMENTS, YOU KNOW SEEKING

4421
02:49:50,040 --> 02:49:50,400
COCAINE USERS.

4422
02:49:50,400 --> 02:49:54,680
SO AFTER A FEW WEEKS OF

4423
02:49:54,680 --> 02:49:55,880
PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, DID FMRI

4424
02:49:55,880 --> 02:49:59,520
AND THEN FOLLOW UP ABOUT 24

4425
02:49:59,520 --> 02:50:01,440
WEEKS FOR THE RELAPSE.

4426
02:50:01,440 --> 02:50:03,320
SO JUST KEEPING IN MIND THERE'S

4427
02:50:03,320 --> 02:50:08,240
NO TMS HERE, IT'S JUST MORE

4428
02:50:08,240 --> 02:50:09,320
CONVENTIONAL PSYCHOSOCIAL

4429
02:50:09,320 --> 02:50:09,560
TREATMENT.

4430
02:50:09,560 --> 02:50:15,400
BUT  WHAT WE TRY TO DID IS FIND

4431
02:50:15,400 --> 02:50:16,680
THE CIRCUITS AND TREME THEM AS

4432
02:50:16,680 --> 02:50:18,120
OUTCOME AND USE THEM AS TARGET

4433
02:50:18,120 --> 02:50:18,560
FOR THE TREATMENT.

4434
02:50:18,560 --> 02:50:26,120
SO AS CAN YOU SEE FROM THIS

4435
02:50:26,120 --> 02:50:28,880
SURVE BASICALLY IS A REMAINING

4436
02:50:28,880 --> 02:50:29,400
[INDISCERNIBLE] AFTER THE

4437
02:50:29,400 --> 02:50:31,160
TREATMENT SO YOU CAN SEE

4438
02:50:31,160 --> 02:50:32,320
FOLLOWING ABOUT 24 WEEKS AND

4439
02:50:32,320 --> 02:50:36,320
THEY ARE DROPPING TO ABOUT LEAK

4440
02:50:36,320 --> 02:50:38,560
ABOUT 20% REMAINING, SO YOU CAN

4441
02:50:38,560 --> 02:50:40,760
VIEW THIS AS KIND OF A SURVIVE

4442
02:50:40,760 --> 02:50:42,720
CURVE IN CLINICAL SETTINGS.

4443
02:50:42,720 --> 02:50:46,440
SO, THEN, BASED ON THAT, WE

4444
02:50:46,440 --> 02:50:50,880
CAN--WE DEVELOPED A MODEL

4445
02:50:50,880 --> 02:50:55,440
LOOKING AT TO LINK THE

4446
02:50:55,440 --> 02:50:56,640
FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY AND THE

4447
02:50:56,640 --> 02:50:57,080
TREATMENT OUTCOME.

4448
02:50:57,080 --> 02:51:00,280
SO IN THIS CASE, WE ARE USING

4449
02:51:00,280 --> 02:51:02,400
THE REGRESSION MODEL WHICH IS A

4450
02:51:02,400 --> 02:51:09,120
REVENTIVE TR THE SURVIVAL

4451
02:51:09,120 --> 02:51:14,680
BEHAVIOR, SO,--SO, HERE, NOW,

4452
02:51:14,680 --> 02:51:17,200
WE--WE PUT IT, IT SEEMS WE DON'T

4453
02:51:17,200 --> 02:51:19,920
KNOW WHERE IN THE DPLC WOULD BE

4454
02:51:19,920 --> 02:51:21,800
OPTIMAL FOR SUD TREATMENT, SO WE

4455
02:51:21,800 --> 02:51:25,320
PUT IT ABOUT A HUNDRED REGION WE

4456
02:51:25,320 --> 02:51:29,160
CHOSE OVER THERE AND WE JUST

4457
02:51:29,160 --> 02:51:34,160
GONE THROUGH THIS AND WITH VERY

4458
02:51:34,160 --> 02:51:35,800
STATISTICAL CORRECTIONS FOR THE

4459
02:51:35,800 --> 02:51:37,720
MULTIPLE COMPARISON AND WE FOUND

4460
02:51:37,720 --> 02:51:42,520
ONLY 3 OUT OF A HUNDRED REGIONS

4461
02:51:42,520 --> 02:51:46,480
SHOWING SIGNIFICANT PREDICTION

4462
02:51:46,480 --> 02:51:48,600
FOR THE RELAPSE AND THEN WE LOOK

4463
02:51:48,600 --> 02:51:50,360
AT 1 REGION ACTUALLY ON THE LEFT

4464
02:51:50,360 --> 02:51:54,280
SIDE OF THE DPLC, AND WE CHECK

4465
02:51:54,280 --> 02:52:04,840
THE LITERATURE AND FIND IT VERY

4466
02:52:16,040 --> 02:52:18,240
INTERESTING THIS SIDE, AND THIS

4467
02:52:18,240 --> 02:52:19,680
AREA OF INTEREST, IMAIF USA I

4468
02:52:19,680 --> 02:52:23,560
LET OF CONFIDENCE THAT THIS

4469
02:52:23,560 --> 02:52:24,720
METHOD MAY WORK.

4470
02:52:24,720 --> 02:52:26,720
ANDY SHOWED A LOT ON THE RIGHT

4471
02:52:26,720 --> 02:52:28,800
SIDE OF DPLC, WHICH WE SEARCH

4472
02:52:28,800 --> 02:52:31,880
LITERATURE NEVER BEEN USED FOR

4473
02:52:31,880 --> 02:52:34,000
THE ADDICTION SO IT COULD BE

4474
02:52:34,000 --> 02:52:40,400
POETIC TEBTIAL SITES FOR THE

4475
02:52:40,400 --> 02:52:40,680
TREATMENT.

4476
02:52:40,680 --> 02:52:44,600
SO IF WE WANT TO GO LOOK IN

4477
02:52:44,600 --> 02:52:46,720
DETAIL, WHAT'S--WHAT KIND OF

4478
02:52:46,720 --> 02:52:47,920
BRAIN CIRCUITS INVOLVED IN THIS

4479
02:52:47,920 --> 02:52:50,600
FIRST AREA OF INTEREST,

4480
02:52:50,600 --> 02:52:52,000
BASICALLY, THEY WOULD SHOW

4481
02:52:52,000 --> 02:52:54,360
PROTECTIVE CIRCUITS AND THE

4482
02:52:54,360 --> 02:52:56,760
RISKS CIRCUITS PROTECTIVE MEANS

4483
02:52:56,760 --> 02:52:58,280
STRONGER CONNECTIVITY, IT WOULD

4484
02:52:58,280 --> 02:53:03,240
HAVE, IT WOULD HAVE A LONGER I

4485
02:53:03,240 --> 02:53:05,280
MEEP ABSTINENCE TIME AND RISK

4486
02:53:05,280 --> 02:53:06,800
CIRCUITS WILL BE UP THE OTHER

4487
02:53:06,800 --> 02:53:08,000
WAY,A ROUND SO THE PROTECTIVE

4488
02:53:08,000 --> 02:53:09,280
SECOND QUARTER UTRS BASICALLY

4489
02:53:09,280 --> 02:53:12,160
INVOLVED IN THIS EXECUTED

4490
02:53:12,160 --> 02:53:15,160
CONTROL NETWORK, WHICH WE

4491
02:53:15,160 --> 02:53:17,280
BELIEVE IS INVOLVED IN

4492
02:53:17,280 --> 02:53:19,760
CONNECTIVE CONTROL AND THE RISKS

4493
02:53:19,760 --> 02:53:22,720
CIRCUITS IS MORE INVOLVED IN THE

4494
02:53:22,720 --> 02:53:25,520
INFORMAL NETWORK, AND WE BELIEVE

4495
02:53:25,520 --> 02:53:26,760
THAT'S PROBABLY SERVING AS THE

4496
02:53:26,760 --> 02:53:34,280
KIND OF DRIVE CIRCUITS, DRIVE

4497
02:53:34,280 --> 02:53:35,800
FOR THE [INDISCERNIBLE].

4498
02:53:35,800 --> 02:53:39,320
SO, YEAH, WE ARE--WE ARE STILL

4499
02:53:39,320 --> 02:53:41,960
WORKING ON THAT, AS YOU SEE IN A

4500
02:53:41,960 --> 02:53:43,160
PREVIOUS TALK, I THINK THE TALK

4501
02:53:43,160 --> 02:53:46,560
IN THE PREVENTIVE YOIS SESSION

4502
02:53:46,560 --> 02:53:49,040
WE MOVED THIS TO OTHER BRAIN

4503
02:53:49,040 --> 02:53:51,520
REGIONS LIKE OFC AND OTHER

4504
02:53:51,520 --> 02:53:56,320
INSULAR OR SOME OTHER REGIONS.

4505
02:53:56,320 --> 02:53:59,880
SO SECOND PROJECT WE ARE DOING

4506
02:53:59,880 --> 02:54:01,760
IS, THIS IS NOT NOT BEEN

4507
02:54:01,760 --> 02:54:03,440
PUBLISHED YET, I JUST WANT TO

4508
02:54:03,440 --> 02:54:05,400
SHOW YOU SOME--YEAH, SO THIS

4509
02:54:05,400 --> 02:54:09,240
IS--THIS IS BASED ON THE

4510
02:54:09,240 --> 02:54:13,360
META-ANALYSIS, SO THE CONCEPT IS

4511
02:54:13,360 --> 02:54:15,680
TO TARGETING THE ENTIRE

4512
02:54:15,680 --> 02:54:20,680
PATHOLOGICAL NETWORK, SO, FROM

4513
02:54:20,680 --> 02:54:21,880
A--FROM A MECHANISM, TYPICALLY

4514
02:54:21,880 --> 02:54:24,960
YOU SEE A SET OF BRAIN REGIONS,

4515
02:54:24,960 --> 02:54:25,920
IT'S ALTERED FROM THE HEALTHY

4516
02:54:25,920 --> 02:54:29,080
CONTROL OR SOMETHING LIKE THAT,

4517
02:54:29,080 --> 02:54:32,440
SO, HOW CAN YOU TAKE CARE OF

4518
02:54:32,440 --> 02:54:35,840
THIS MULTIPLE REGIONS INTO YOU

4519
02:54:35,840 --> 02:54:38,760
KNOW YOUR TARGET IDENTIFICATION.

4520
02:54:38,760 --> 02:54:41,120
SO HERE, I JUST GIVE YOU

4521
02:54:41,120 --> 02:54:42,240
EXAMPLE.

4522
02:54:42,240 --> 02:54:44,360
THIS IS THE META-ANALYSIS FOR

4523
02:54:44,360 --> 02:54:46,560
DEPRESSION AND IT'S SHOWING

4524
02:54:46,560 --> 02:54:52,560
MULTIPLE REGIONS, YOU KNOW,

4525
02:54:52,560 --> 02:54:53,080
HYPER OR HYPOACTIVATED.

4526
02:54:53,080 --> 02:55:00,960
SO THEN THE GOAL IS TO FIND A SO

4527
02:55:00,960 --> 02:55:01,720
CALLED MODLATTORY NETWORK.

4528
02:55:01,720 --> 02:55:04,240
SO HERE JUST GIVE YOU EXAMPLE,

4529
02:55:04,240 --> 02:55:08,320
HOW DO WE DERIVE THIS AND DEFINE

4530
02:55:08,320 --> 02:55:09,400
THIS MODLATTORY NETWORK.

4531
02:55:09,400 --> 02:55:18,800
SO FOR EXAMPLE, YOU PUT A TMS

4532
02:55:18,800 --> 02:55:20,640
COIL SOMEWHERE HERE AND WITH

4533
02:55:20,640 --> 02:55:23,240
POSITIONING AND ORIENTATION, AND

4534
02:55:23,240 --> 02:55:31,720
WE CAN SIMULATE THE EFIELD AND

4535
02:55:31,720 --> 02:55:34,520
HOW DO YOU FEEL WILL GENERALLY

4536
02:55:34,520 --> 02:55:38,480
EFFECTS PROPAGATE TO THE WHOLE

4537
02:55:38,480 --> 02:55:41,480
BRAIN, AND ANAPOISE THIS

4538
02:55:41,480 --> 02:55:42,200
STIMULATION NETWORK.

4539
02:55:42,200 --> 02:55:43,920
SO THIS IS A LOT OF WAYS TO DO,

4540
02:55:43,920 --> 02:55:46,400
AND WE CAN USE FOR EXAMPLE,

4541
02:55:46,400 --> 02:55:48,160
STRUCTURAL CONNECTIVITY, AND WE

4542
02:55:48,160 --> 02:55:49,160
CAN USE FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY

4543
02:55:49,160 --> 02:55:51,960
AND WE CAN USE INDIVIDUALIZED

4544
02:55:51,960 --> 02:55:54,320
CONNECTIVITY OR WE CAN USE GROUP

4545
02:55:54,320 --> 02:55:56,240
CONNECTIVITY, RIGHT?

4546
02:55:56,240 --> 02:55:58,760
SO, IT JUST AS A FIRST STAGE, WE

4547
02:55:58,760 --> 02:56:03,000
JUST USED A GROUP LEVEL RESTING

4548
02:56:03,000 --> 02:56:04,640
STAGE FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY AS

4549
02:56:04,640 --> 02:56:11,880
ESTIMATE FOR THIS PROPAGATION

4550
02:56:11,880 --> 02:56:12,920
NETWORK.

4551
02:56:12,920 --> 02:56:15,800
SO 1--SORRY, SO ONCE WE HAVE

4552
02:56:15,800 --> 02:56:18,560
THESE 2 NETWORKS PATHODPLOJ

4553
02:56:18,560 --> 02:56:20,680
LOGICAL NETWORK AND MODLATTORY

4554
02:56:20,680 --> 02:56:25,200
NETWORK, THEN WE--OUR NETWORK OF

4555
02:56:25,200 --> 02:56:28,200
TARGETING IS BASKLY TO LET THE

4556
02:56:28,200 --> 02:56:30,160
MODLATTORY NETWORK KIND OF

4557
02:56:30,160 --> 02:56:31,560
COMPARE ON THE PATHOLOGICAL

4558
02:56:31,560 --> 02:56:37,200
NETWORK, SO FOR EXAMPLE, A

4559
02:56:37,200 --> 02:56:39,280
PATHOLOGICAL NETWORK IF IT'S

4560
02:56:39,280 --> 02:56:41,200
HYPER ACTIVATED WE BRING TO BING

4561
02:56:41,200 --> 02:56:43,760
IT DOWN, SO IF IT'S HYPOWE TRY

4562
02:56:43,760 --> 02:56:47,120
TO BRING IT UP, SO THAT IS A

4563
02:56:47,120 --> 02:56:48,520
MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR THAT SO I

4564
02:56:48,520 --> 02:56:53,680
WON'T GO THROUGH THAT.

4565
02:56:53,680 --> 02:56:56,280
SOPHISTICATED WITH THAT METHOD,

4566
02:56:56,280 --> 02:56:58,760
CAN YOU IMAGINE JUST ON A COHORT

4567
02:56:58,760 --> 02:57:01,120
OF SUBJEKS, THE WAYS TMS FOR

4568
02:57:01,120 --> 02:57:03,840
EXAMPLE, TMS TREATMENT AT

4569
02:57:03,840 --> 02:57:05,440
DIFFERENT LOCATIONS, YOU WILL

4570
02:57:05,440 --> 02:57:07,600
SEE, THEY WILL GENERATE

4571
02:57:07,600 --> 02:57:09,080
DIFFERENT MODLATTORY NETWORK AND

4572
02:57:09,080 --> 02:57:10,880
THEY WOULD END UP WITH DIFFERENT

4573
02:57:10,880 --> 02:57:13,320
EFFICACYS IN THE TREATMENT.

4574
02:57:13,320 --> 02:57:16,200
AND SO, IN THIS CASE, YOU KNOW

4575
02:57:16,200 --> 02:57:22,760
HOPEFULLY, WE WILL ANAPOISE THIS

4576
02:57:22,760 --> 02:57:24,880
KIND OF SITUATION SO WE HAVE

4577
02:57:24,880 --> 02:57:29,320
THIS SO CALLED NETWORK OF

4578
02:57:29,320 --> 02:57:30,600
TRACKING ACCURACY BASICALLY IT'S

4579
02:57:30,600 --> 02:57:33,360
JUST A DEGREE OF MODLATTORY

4580
02:57:33,360 --> 02:57:37,280
NETWORK OF CONTACTS ON A

4581
02:57:37,280 --> 02:57:38,400
PATHOLOGICAL NETWORK.

4582
02:57:38,400 --> 02:57:39,960
SO HOPEFULLY THIS NETWORK OF

4583
02:57:39,960 --> 02:57:41,120
TARGETING ACCURACY WOULD BE

4584
02:57:41,120 --> 02:57:43,080
CORRELATED WITH A CLINICAL

4585
02:57:43,080 --> 02:57:45,640
TREATMENT AND EFFICACY HERE.

4586
02:57:45,640 --> 02:57:48,120
SO THIS IS JUST ALL HYPOTHESIS

4587
02:57:48,120 --> 02:57:48,720
OR MODELING, RIGHT?

4588
02:57:48,720 --> 02:57:52,480
SO THEN WE JUST MOVE ON TO GET

4589
02:57:52,480 --> 02:57:56,160
US ON EXISTING DATA SO WE--YEAH,

4590
02:57:56,160 --> 02:58:01,480
WE FOUND 1 PAPER FROM A FRENCH

4591
02:58:01,480 --> 02:58:03,000
GROUP, THEY NICELY, THEY HAVE

4592
02:58:03,000 --> 02:58:05,240
THE TREATMENT, TMS TREATMENT AND

4593
02:58:05,240 --> 02:58:06,520
THEY HAVE FOR INDIVIDUAL

4594
02:58:06,520 --> 02:58:11,800
SUBJECTS, THEY HAVE A LOCATION,

4595
02:58:11,800 --> 02:58:13,680
AND ORIENTATION AND SO ON, IT'S

4596
02:58:13,680 --> 02:58:14,000
EVERYTHING.

4597
02:58:14,000 --> 02:58:15,360
SO THIS IS THE PERFECT PLACE TO

4598
02:58:15,360 --> 02:58:17,480
KIND OF TEST OUT THIS METHOD.

4599
02:58:17,480 --> 02:58:19,920
SOPHISTICATEDY IN THIS CASE, WE

4600
02:58:19,920 --> 02:58:21,880
HAVE TWEIVE SUBJECTS AND AS I

4601
02:58:21,880 --> 02:58:22,920
MENTIONED DIFFERENT LOCATIONS

4602
02:58:22,920 --> 02:58:25,280
AND DIFFERENT ORIENTATION FOR

4603
02:58:25,280 --> 02:58:27,360
THE TMS COIL.

4604
02:58:27,360 --> 02:58:30,400
SO THEN WE JUST, YOU KNOW PUT IT

4605
02:58:30,400 --> 02:58:37,000
OUT VARIOUS INFORMATION IN THE

4606
02:58:37,000 --> 02:58:46,280
MODEL AND WE SEE CORRELATED BUT

4607
02:58:46,280 --> 02:58:47,280
SPECIFICALLY EXPLAIN THE

4608
02:58:47,280 --> 02:58:49,880
VARIANTS SO IT'S SOMETHING

4609
02:58:49,880 --> 02:58:51,560
THERE, RIGHT?

4610
02:58:51,560 --> 02:58:53,200
THEN WE--WE TRIED TO DO ANOTHER

4611
02:58:53,200 --> 02:58:54,720
DAT SITE, THE SAME GROUP IN THE

4612
02:58:54,720 --> 02:58:58,320
FRENCH GROUP, THEY DID THE TMS

4613
02:58:58,320 --> 02:59:03,880
TREATMENT ON THE AUDITORY ON THE

4614
02:59:03,880 --> 02:59:07,040
HALLUCINATION PATIENT, THE

4615
02:59:07,040 --> 02:59:08,840
SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS, AUDITORY

4616
02:59:08,840 --> 02:59:11,000
HALLUCINATION, SO THEY HAVE A 15

4617
02:59:11,000 --> 02:59:13,200
SUBJECT, AGAIN THEY HAVE THE

4618
02:59:13,200 --> 02:59:16,400
LOCATION, AND ORIENTATION OF THE

4619
02:59:16,400 --> 02:59:18,600
TMS COILS AND WE PLUG INTO OUR

4620
02:59:18,600 --> 02:59:22,040
MODEL AND WE FOUND THAL CASE,

4621
02:59:22,040 --> 02:59:23,560
EXPLAINS EVEN MORE VARIANTS

4622
02:59:23,560 --> 02:59:25,440
ABOUT 30% OF THE VARIANTS.

4623
02:59:25,440 --> 02:59:30,080
SO I THINK IT'S ENCOURAGING AND

4624
02:59:30,080 --> 02:59:32,760
IF WE HAVE A LARGER DATA SET AND

4625
02:59:32,760 --> 02:59:34,080
WE WILL BE--WE WILL BE VERY

4626
02:59:34,080 --> 02:59:35,920
HAPPY TO TEST THIS OUT TO SEE

4627
02:59:35,920 --> 02:59:39,960
HOW THIS MODEL WORKS.

4628
02:59:39,960 --> 02:59:43,280
ADDITIONALLY, YEAH, THIS MODEL

4629
02:59:43,280 --> 02:59:46,040
CAN ALSO PREDICT IN THIS

4630
02:59:46,040 --> 02:59:50,680
HALLUCINATION PATIENTS WE CAN

4631
02:59:50,680 --> 02:59:53,560
PETITION THE BEHAVIOR, IN THESE

4632
02:59:53,560 --> 02:59:53,840
PATIENTS.

4633
02:59:53,840 --> 02:59:57,640
SO YEAH, THIS IS THE ONGOING AND

4634
02:59:57,640 --> 02:59:58,680
NOT PUBLISHING YET, WE'RE STILL

4635
02:59:58,680 --> 03:00:01,920
WORKING ON THAT AND THE OTHER

4636
03:00:01,920 --> 03:00:05,280
PROJECT I WANT TALK ALSO IS AN

4637
03:00:05,280 --> 03:00:05,840
ONGOING PROJECT.

4638
03:00:05,840 --> 03:00:12,520
SO THIS IS TO IDENTIFY THE NEW

4639
03:00:12,520 --> 03:00:14,520
MODULATION SITES BASED ON ANNUAL

4640
03:00:14,520 --> 03:00:16,400
MODELS, YOU WANT TO SAY ARE YOU

4641
03:00:16,400 --> 03:00:18,560
A LITTLE BIT CRAZY ABOUT THIS

4642
03:00:18,560 --> 03:00:21,200
BECAUSE WE'RE WORKING ON HUMANS

4643
03:00:21,200 --> 03:00:22,480
BUT ANIMAL MODELS, THE RAT

4644
03:00:22,480 --> 03:00:24,680
MODELS CAN GET A PRETTY GOOD

4645
03:00:24,680 --> 03:00:27,240
BEHAVIOR FEATURES OF THE DISEASE

4646
03:00:27,240 --> 03:00:29,880
AND ALSO HAVE VERY

4647
03:00:29,880 --> 03:00:30,720
[INDISCERNIBLE] BRAIN REGIONS

4648
03:00:30,720 --> 03:00:32,280
AND CIRCUITS SO I THINK IT'S NOT

4649
03:00:32,280 --> 03:00:35,760
TOO CRAZY TO DO THIS.

4650
03:00:35,760 --> 03:00:41,480
SO 1 WAY TO DO THIS IS AS YOU

4651
03:00:41,480 --> 03:00:43,360
KNOW THE SUD INVOLVES KEY

4652
03:00:43,360 --> 03:00:45,560
FEATURES AND ARK DICTION IS

4653
03:00:45,560 --> 03:00:48,680
COMPULSIVE DRUG TAKING, SO WE

4654
03:00:48,680 --> 03:00:50,080
PUBLISHED A PAPER BY USING

4655
03:00:50,080 --> 03:00:52,640
ANIMAL MODEL TO MIMIC THISY

4656
03:00:52,640 --> 03:00:53,680
ABOUT HAIEVER, COMPULSIVE DRUG

4657
03:00:53,680 --> 03:00:56,760
BEHAVIOR, SO HERE WE HAVE RATS

4658
03:00:56,760 --> 03:01:01,080
AND WE TRAIN THEM TO

4659
03:01:01,080 --> 03:01:02,720
ADMINISTRATE DRUG AND THEN

4660
03:01:02,720 --> 03:01:03,720
AFTERWARDS WE GIVE THEM

4661
03:01:03,720 --> 03:01:05,760
PUNISHMENT, IN THIS CASE,

4662
03:01:05,760 --> 03:01:11,080
INCREASE THE CURRENT OF THE FOOT

4663
03:01:11,080 --> 03:01:14,640
SHOCK, SO, NOW WE--WE WILL SEE

4664
03:01:14,640 --> 03:01:16,360
BEHAVIOR WISE, AND WHEN YOU

4665
03:01:16,360 --> 03:01:18,360
TRAIN THEM TO DO SELF-NUTRITION,

4666
03:01:18,360 --> 03:01:21,560
SO THEY ARE TAKING DRUG MORE AND

4667
03:01:21,560 --> 03:01:23,400
MORE BUT GETTING TO STATUS STATE

4668
03:01:23,400 --> 03:01:25,160
AND THEN YOU GIVE THEM FOOT

4669
03:01:25,160 --> 03:01:27,640
SHOCK AND ALSO INCREASE THE

4670
03:01:27,640 --> 03:01:28,800
STRENGTHS.

4671
03:01:28,800 --> 03:01:32,120
SO YOU WILL SEE OVERALL, THEY

4672
03:01:32,120 --> 03:01:34,320
WERE REDUCED THE DRUG TAKING AND

4673
03:01:34,320 --> 03:01:38,080
FROM THIS CURVE WE CAN DEFINE

4674
03:01:38,080 --> 03:01:40,120
THE SO CALLED COMPULSIVITY

4675
03:01:40,120 --> 03:01:40,400
INDEX.

4676
03:01:40,400 --> 03:01:42,120
SO BASICALLY JUST THE DRUG

4677
03:01:42,120 --> 03:01:44,600
TAKING IN THE END OF THE

4678
03:01:44,600 --> 03:01:45,600
PUNISHMENT PHASE NORMALIZED BY

4679
03:01:45,600 --> 03:01:49,400
THE DRUG TAKING IN THE END OF

4680
03:01:49,400 --> 03:01:50,240
THE SELF-ADMINISTRATION PHASE,

4681
03:01:50,240 --> 03:01:52,440
SO IT'S VERY SIMPLE INDEX, FOR

4682
03:01:52,440 --> 03:01:58,600
THIS INDEX, YOU SEE, FOR RATS,

4683
03:01:58,600 --> 03:02:01,240
WITH THE HIGH COMPULSIVITY THEY

4684
03:02:01,240 --> 03:02:03,920
WILL HAVE HIGH CI, BASICALLY.

4685
03:02:03,920 --> 03:02:06,680
SO, OKAY, SO, THIS IS JUST

4686
03:02:06,680 --> 03:02:10,840
AVERAGE CURVE FOR A GROUP OF

4687
03:02:10,840 --> 03:02:13,120
RATS BUT IF WE LOOK AT

4688
03:02:13,120 --> 03:02:17,840
CAREFULLY, WE KIND 2 SUBGROUPS

4689
03:02:17,840 --> 03:02:19,640
HERE SOY 1 GROUP IS RESISTANT OF

4690
03:02:19,640 --> 03:02:21,640
THE FOOT SHOCK SO EVEN THOUGH

4691
03:02:21,640 --> 03:02:24,200
THEY FACE PUNISH AM, THEY KEEP

4692
03:02:24,200 --> 03:02:25,600
TAKING DRUG, THIS IS THE ORANGE

4693
03:02:25,600 --> 03:02:26,800
GROUP, THE OTHER GROUP IS THE

4694
03:02:26,800 --> 03:02:29,680
BLUE GROUP.

4695
03:02:29,680 --> 03:02:34,240
SO THEY JUST GIVE UP TAKING

4696
03:02:34,240 --> 03:02:34,440
DRUGS.

4697
03:02:34,440 --> 03:02:36,920
YES, TO THE PUNISHMENT, SO WE

4698
03:02:36,920 --> 03:02:39,920
LOOK AT THE BRAIN CIRCUITS, WE

4699
03:02:39,920 --> 03:02:42,240
DID FMRI ON THESE RATS AND LOOK

4700
03:02:42,240 --> 03:02:45,720
AT BRAIN CIRCUITS AND WE FUNDED

4701
03:02:45,720 --> 03:02:50,120
BASICALLY 2 CIRCUITS, 1 IS

4702
03:02:50,120 --> 03:02:52,760
CALLED GOLD CIRCUITS IT'S FROM

4703
03:02:52,760 --> 03:02:55,360
OFC TO THE STRIATAL, SO

4704
03:02:55,360 --> 03:02:57,640
BASICALLY THEY ARE INCREASING,

4705
03:02:57,640 --> 03:03:00,200
THE CONNECTIVITY IS INCREASING

4706
03:03:00,200 --> 03:03:02,560
AFTER SELF-ADMACHINEISTRATION

4707
03:03:02,560 --> 03:03:04,280
AND SLIGHTLY DECREASED AFTER

4708
03:03:04,280 --> 03:03:05,880
PUNISHMENT BUT NOT MUCH

4709
03:03:05,880 --> 03:03:06,720
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THESE 2

4710
03:03:06,720 --> 03:03:07,080
GROUPS.

4711
03:03:07,080 --> 03:03:08,440
THE OTHER CIRCUMSTANCE UTRS

4712
03:03:08,440 --> 03:03:10,280
WOULD CALL THE STOP CIRCUITS OR

4713
03:03:10,280 --> 03:03:15,280
KIND OF A CONTROL CIRCUITS IT'S

4714
03:03:15,280 --> 03:03:18,120
FROM A PRELIMBIC TO STRIATAL.

4715
03:03:18,120 --> 03:03:21,120
SO THESE 2 CIRCUITS DECREASED

4716
03:03:21,120 --> 03:03:22,600
DECREASED AFTER CONNECTIVITY OF

4717
03:03:22,600 --> 03:03:25,120
THIS CIRC UT DECREASED AFTER

4718
03:03:25,120 --> 03:03:26,880
SELF-ADMINISTRATION TRAIPING BUT

4719
03:03:26,880 --> 03:03:31,040
YOU KNOW, INTERESTINGLY, AFTER

4720
03:03:31,040 --> 03:03:34,680
THE PUNISHMENT, THE RESISTANT

4721
03:03:34,680 --> 03:03:36,320
GROUP IS KEEPING DECREASING BUT

4722
03:03:36,320 --> 03:03:42,000
THE SENSITIVE GROUP COMES BACK A

4723
03:03:42,000 --> 03:03:43,400
LITTLEIT SO WE CAN ALSO PUT THEM

4724
03:03:43,400 --> 03:03:44,920
TOGETHER TO LOOK AT THE BALANCE

4725
03:03:44,920 --> 03:03:48,440
OF THESE 2 CIRCUITS SO WE SEE

4726
03:03:48,440 --> 03:03:53,280
AGAIN, THESE 2 RATS COMPARED TO

4727
03:03:53,280 --> 03:03:55,120
THE SALIENT GROUP THAT DEVIATED

4728
03:03:55,120 --> 03:03:57,280
QUITE A BIT AFTER

4729
03:03:57,280 --> 03:03:59,200
SELF-ADMINISTRATION BUT AFTER

4730
03:03:59,200 --> 03:04:01,280
THE PUNISHMENT, THE RESISTANT

4731
03:04:01,280 --> 03:04:04,440
GROUP JUST KEEP THE SAME, KEEP

4732
03:04:04,440 --> 03:04:05,600
DEVIATED BUT THE SENSITIVE GROUP

4733
03:04:05,600 --> 03:04:07,640
IS KIND OF COMING BACK A LITTLE

4734
03:04:07,640 --> 03:04:07,800
BIT.

4735
03:04:07,800 --> 03:04:09,400
ALSO, WE CAN LOOK AT THE

4736
03:04:09,400 --> 03:04:11,560
BEHAVIOR WISE, AS I MENTIONED,

4737
03:04:11,560 --> 03:04:15,040
WE DEVELOPED A SO CALLED

4738
03:04:15,040 --> 03:04:20,480
COMPULSIVITY INDEX, CI, SO, ONLY

4739
03:04:20,480 --> 03:04:22,120
THIS RESISTANT GROUP THE IMAGING

4740
03:04:22,120 --> 03:04:23,760
CORRELATED WITH THE BEHAVIOR,

4741
03:04:23,760 --> 03:04:24,600
NOT THE SENSITIVE GROUP.

4742
03:04:24,600 --> 03:04:27,720
SO I THINK THIS IS A NICE MODEL

4743
03:04:27,720 --> 03:04:30,560
AND SPEAKS TO THE INDIVIDUAL

4744
03:04:30,560 --> 03:04:34,760
DIFFERENCES, IN DRUG ADDICTION.

4745
03:04:34,760 --> 03:04:37,560
AND THEN, SO, JUST BACK TO THE

4746
03:04:37,560 --> 03:04:41,800
MODULATION, SO HOW DO WE DO

4747
03:04:41,800 --> 03:04:44,000
THIS, WITH GO IN WITH STOP

4748
03:04:44,000 --> 03:04:44,320
CIRCUITS.

4749
03:04:44,320 --> 03:04:47,200
AND 1 WAY WE CAN DO IT IS WE'RE

4750
03:04:47,200 --> 03:04:48,960
USING CHEMO GENETIC OR OPTICAL

4751
03:04:48,960 --> 03:04:51,080
IMAGES O GENETIC STIMULATION AND

4752
03:04:51,080 --> 03:04:54,360
WE TRY TO UNDERSTAND A MORE KIND

4753
03:04:54,360 --> 03:04:55,560
OF CELLULAR MECHANISM.

4754
03:04:55,560 --> 03:04:58,280
IN THIS CASE I GIVE EXAMPLE

4755
03:04:58,280 --> 03:05:01,920
USING CHEMO GENETICS AND SO WE

4756
03:05:01,920 --> 03:05:06,240
CAN TRY TO ENACTIVATE THIS ORC

4757
03:05:06,240 --> 03:05:09,360
CIRCUITS BUT KIND OF SUPPRESS

4758
03:05:09,360 --> 03:05:11,640
THE ORC CIRCUITS BUT BRING UP

4759
03:05:11,640 --> 03:05:18,280
THE PRELIMBIC CIRCUITS IF WE CAN

4760
03:05:18,280 --> 03:05:18,760
DO THAT.

4761
03:05:18,760 --> 03:05:20,200
SO THEN WE CAN ASK SOME

4762
03:05:20,200 --> 03:05:24,480
QUESTIONS HERE SO WE CAN ALTER

4763
03:05:24,480 --> 03:05:26,480
THE CIRCUITS BE RESTORED AFTER

4764
03:05:26,480 --> 03:05:27,600
THIS NEUROMODDULATION, CAN THE

4765
03:05:27,600 --> 03:05:31,280
BEHAVIOR, WITH THE DRUG TAKING

4766
03:05:31,280 --> 03:05:33,680
BEHAVIOR BE ELIMINATED AND IF,

4767
03:05:33,680 --> 03:05:36,760
OH YES, THEN WHAT IS OPTIMAL

4768
03:05:36,760 --> 03:05:39,040
NEURAL MODULATION PROT COLFOR

4769
03:05:39,040 --> 03:05:41,760
THE TREATMENT.

4770
03:05:41,760 --> 03:05:46,080
SO, AS YOU SEE IN THE FIRST DAY

4771
03:05:46,080 --> 03:05:47,720
[INDISCERNIBLE] SHOWED A VERY

4772
03:05:47,720 --> 03:05:51,240
NICE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOCUS

4773
03:05:51,240 --> 03:05:53,480
TMS ON RAT BRAIN SO THE NEXT

4774
03:05:53,480 --> 03:05:55,200
STEP, OBVIOUSLY, WE WILL MOVE TO

4775
03:05:55,200 --> 03:05:59,040
MORE KIND OF TRANSLATIONAL

4776
03:05:59,040 --> 03:05:59,440
NEUROMODDULATION.

4777
03:05:59,440 --> 03:06:01,520
OBVIOUSLY THE CHEMO GENETIC BE

4778
03:06:01,520 --> 03:06:03,280
DIFFICULT TO DO ON HUMANS SO WE

4779
03:06:03,280 --> 03:06:07,680
TRY TO USE TMS, FOCAL TMS AND

4780
03:06:07,680 --> 03:06:13,560
TRY TO ANSWER THE SAME

4781
03:06:13,560 --> 03:06:13,960
QUESTIONS, HERE.

4782
03:06:13,960 --> 03:06:15,480
AND THAT'S--ALSO THE ONGOING,

4783
03:06:15,480 --> 03:06:18,480
IT'S NOT PUBLISHED YET.

4784
03:06:18,480 --> 03:06:20,560
SO IT'S JUST BRIEFLY SUMMARIZE,

4785
03:06:20,560 --> 03:06:24,320
SO I THINK I IDENTIFY THE NEW

4786
03:06:24,320 --> 03:06:25,560
INSIGHT SYSTEM VERY IMPORTANT

4787
03:06:25,560 --> 03:06:28,960
STEP FOR THE SUCCESS OF THE

4788
03:06:28,960 --> 03:06:32,720
TREATMENT IN THE SECOND OF--FOR

4789
03:06:32,720 --> 03:06:33,600
PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS INCLUDING

4790
03:06:33,600 --> 03:06:36,680
ADDICTION AND JUST FOR SOME

4791
03:06:36,680 --> 03:06:39,520
DISEASE WITH VERY LIMITED

4792
03:06:39,520 --> 03:06:42,280
KNOWLEDGE OF THE TARGETS, SUCH

4793
03:06:42,280 --> 03:06:44,720
AS ARK DICTION, SO WE PROPOSE

4794
03:06:44,720 --> 03:06:46,720
SOME STRATEGIES TO FIND A

4795
03:06:46,720 --> 03:06:49,960
POTENTIAL TARGETS ON THAT.

4796
03:06:49,960 --> 03:06:51,120
SO JUST SUMMARIZED HERE THE

4797
03:06:51,120 --> 03:06:55,040
FIRST IS TO USE NEUROIMAGING AND

4798
03:06:55,040 --> 03:06:57,000
A DISEASE-RELEVANT SYMPTOMS OR

4799
03:06:57,000 --> 03:06:57,280
BEHAVIOR.

4800
03:06:57,280 --> 03:07:01,680
THE SECOND IS TARGETING THE

4801
03:07:01,680 --> 03:07:03,080
ENTIRE PATHOLOGICAL NETWORK FROM

4802
03:07:03,080 --> 03:07:04,600
BASED ON THE META-ANALYSIS, AND

4803
03:07:04,600 --> 03:07:08,960
THE THIRD 1 IS ANIMAL MODELS

4804
03:07:08,960 --> 03:07:09,840
WITH TRANSLATIONAL POTENTIALS.

4805
03:07:09,840 --> 03:07:10,560
THAT'S ALL I HAVE.

4806
03:07:10,560 --> 03:07:20,960
THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 

4807
03:07:29,600 --> 03:07:31,600
[ APPLAUSE ]

4808
03:07:31,600 --> 03:07:32,640
NTHAT WAS REALLY INTERESTING.

4809
03:07:32,640 --> 03:07:34,520
YOU KNOW, CAN YOU SAY ANYTHING

4810
03:07:34,520 --> 03:07:38,600
MORE ABOUT THE PUNISHMENT

4811
03:07:38,600 --> 03:07:39,800
RESISTANT TYPE AS WELL IS

4812
03:07:39,800 --> 03:07:42,080
SOMETHING YOU CAN USE AS A

4813
03:07:42,080 --> 03:07:43,240
PREDICTOR OR IS THERE EVIDENCE

4814
03:07:43,240 --> 03:07:47,920
THAT THEY DON'T FEEL THE

4815
03:07:47,920 --> 03:07:48,480
STIMULUS AS WELL?

4816
03:07:48,480 --> 03:07:52,360
ANYTHING MORE TO UNPACK IN TERMS

4817
03:07:52,360 --> 03:07:54,880
OF WHICH ANIMALS ARE FALLING

4818
03:07:54,880 --> 03:07:56,960
INTO THAT CATEGORY?

4819
03:07:56,960 --> 03:07:57,400
>>SORRY.

4820
03:07:57,400 --> 03:07:59,080
SORRY SOME ECHOES WOULD YOU

4821
03:07:59,080 --> 03:08:00,800
REPEAT THE LITTLE BIT YOUR

4822
03:08:00,800 --> 03:08:01,800
QUESTION?

4823
03:08:01,800 --> 03:08:02,160
>>SURE.

4824
03:08:02,160 --> 03:08:03,960
I WAS JUST WONDERING IF THERE'S

4825
03:08:03,960 --> 03:08:06,360
SOMETHING SPECIAL ABOUT THE RATS

4826
03:08:06,360 --> 03:08:13,120
THAT ARE RESISTANT TO

4827
03:08:13,120 --> 03:08:14,240
PUNISHMENT?

4828
03:08:14,240 --> 03:08:15,600
>>YEAH.

4829
03:08:15,600 --> 03:08:18,080
WE DON'T KNOW WHY, THEY ARE JUST

4830
03:08:18,080 --> 03:08:21,720
COUSINS, THEY ARE SHOWING QUITE

4831
03:08:21,720 --> 03:08:22,800
DIFFERENT BEHAVIORS AND THAT IS

4832
03:08:22,800 --> 03:08:27,840
PRETTY WELL TO HUMANS ABOUT

4833
03:08:27,840 --> 03:08:30,080
MAYBE 20% OF THE PEOPLE USING

4834
03:08:30,080 --> 03:08:33,840
DRUG END UP DEVELOPED INTO

4835
03:08:33,840 --> 03:08:37,680
DEPENDENCE OF DRUG.

4836
03:08:37,680 --> 03:08:38,640
SO, YEAH, WE REALLY DON'T KNOW

4837
03:08:38,640 --> 03:08:42,440
THE CAUSE OF THAT, BUT YEAH, WE

4838
03:08:42,440 --> 03:08:44,320
FOUND--WE FOUND THIS KIND OF

4839
03:08:44,320 --> 03:08:46,440
SUBGROUPS, SO IT DEPENDS ON

4840
03:08:46,440 --> 03:08:48,400
MANIPULATIONS FOR EXAMPLE, YOU

4841
03:08:48,400 --> 03:08:49,360
CAN MANIPULATE THE STRENGTH OF

4842
03:08:49,360 --> 03:08:51,200
THE CURRENT FOR THE FULL SHOCK

4843
03:08:51,200 --> 03:08:53,440
AND YOU CAN--CAN YOU HAVE 20% OR

4844
03:08:53,440 --> 03:08:58,840
80%, YOU CAN HAVE 50%, SO, BUT I

4845
03:08:58,840 --> 03:09:05,800
THINK INTERESTINGLY, THEY--YEAH,

4846
03:09:05,800 --> 03:09:08,200
LOOKS LIKE BESIDES THE BRAIN

4847
03:09:08,200 --> 03:09:09,840
DEHAIEVER DISRCHES THEY'RE ALSO

4848
03:09:09,840 --> 03:09:11,480
SHOWING BRAIN CIRCUIT

4849
03:09:11,480 --> 03:09:12,120
CONNECTIVITY DIFFERENCE.

4850
03:09:12,120 --> 03:09:13,400
SO YEAH, THAT'S SOMETHING VERY

4851
03:09:13,400 --> 03:09:16,880
INTERESTING FOR US AND ALSO

4852
03:09:16,880 --> 03:09:22,680
MIGHT BE USEFUL TO GUIDE THIS

4853
03:09:22,680 --> 03:09:23,760
TREATMENT.

4854
03:09:23,760 --> 03:09:24,880
FOR EXAMPLE, THE TREATMENT

4855
03:09:24,880 --> 03:09:25,960
SEEKING PATIENT COMES INTO THE

4856
03:09:25,960 --> 03:09:27,720
CLINIC IF WE CAN MEASURE THEIR

4857
03:09:27,720 --> 03:09:31,920
CONNECTIVITY OR SOME TASK OR

4858
03:09:31,920 --> 03:09:35,880
WHATEVER, THEN IF WE HAVE CAREER

4859
03:09:35,880 --> 03:09:42,200
IF AN IDEA CAN SEPARATE THE

4860
03:09:42,200 --> 03:09:42,920
PATIENTS INTO SUBGROUPS.

4861
03:09:42,920 --> 03:09:45,760
ONE GROUP SUCH AS MAYBE NOT A

4862
03:09:45,760 --> 03:09:48,360
GOOD CANDIDATE FOR SOME

4863
03:09:48,360 --> 03:09:49,800
TREATMENT, BUT IT COULD BE GOOD

4864
03:09:49,800 --> 03:09:51,240
FOR OTHER TREATMENT, FOR EXAMPLE

4865
03:09:51,240 --> 03:09:57,280
IN YOUR CASE, YOU FIND

4866
03:09:57,280 --> 03:09:58,320
[INDISCERNIBLE] AMYGDALA, SMAIB

4867
03:09:58,320 --> 03:09:59,840
SOME PATIENTS WOULD BE JUST GOOD

4868
03:09:59,840 --> 03:10:01,160
FOR 1 OF THEM.

4869
03:10:01,160 --> 03:10:01,960
>>YEAH, YEAH.

4870
03:10:01,960 --> 03:10:04,920
>>SO, IT'S OBVIOUSLY IT'S
A

4871
03:10:04,920 --> 03:10:06,840
LONG WAY FOR PARTICULAR ANIMAL

4872
03:10:06,840 --> 03:10:10,480
MODELS, IT'S A LONG WAY TO

4873
03:10:10,480 --> 03:10:14,000
GETTING TO KREK THE SITUATION.

4874
03:10:14,000 --> 03:10:14,840
>>AWESOME, THANK YOU.

4875
03:10:14,840 --> 03:10:17,480
>>THAT'S GREAT, SO I HAVE
A

4876
03:10:17,480 --> 03:10:18,760
GENERAL QUESTION, SO YOU

4877
03:10:18,760 --> 03:10:21,600
PRESENTED THE VERY NORMAL WAY TO

4878
03:10:21,600 --> 03:10:23,960
IDENTIFY THOSE THERAPEUTIC

4879
03:10:23,960 --> 03:10:24,200
TARGETS.

4880
03:10:24,200 --> 03:10:26,160
AND YOU KNOW FROM THE PATIENT

4881
03:10:26,160 --> 03:10:28,320
PERSPECTIVE, FROM THE ANIMAL, MY

4882
03:10:28,320 --> 03:10:31,840
QUESTION IS WHAT IS YOUR IDEA

4883
03:10:31,840 --> 03:10:34,920
ABOUT HOW YOU CAN EPITHELIAL

4884
03:10:34,920 --> 03:10:36,200
GREAT ALL THE INFORMATION AND

4885
03:10:36,200 --> 03:10:37,240
YOU KNOW FROM DIFFERENT LEVEL

4886
03:10:37,240 --> 03:10:40,320
AND THEN BECAUSE IF YOU WANT TO,

4887
03:10:40,320 --> 03:10:42,120
LIKE EACH PATHWAY OR EACH--IT'S

4888
03:10:42,120 --> 03:10:43,960
GOING TO INVOLVE A LOT OF WORK

4889
03:10:43,960 --> 03:10:46,160
SO AND FROM YOUR POINT OF VIEW,

4890
03:10:46,160 --> 03:10:48,280
HOW YOU CAN BRING THE ANIMAL

4891
03:10:48,280 --> 03:10:50,120
DATA TO HELP WITH THE CLINICAL

4892
03:10:50,120 --> 03:10:53,400
OR HOW YOU INTEGRATE ALL THE

4893
03:10:53,400 --> 03:10:54,920
INFORMATION.

4894
03:10:54,920 --> 03:10:56,520
>>YEAH, YEAH, THANKS.

4895
03:10:56,520 --> 03:10:57,680
YEAH.

4896
03:10:57,680 --> 03:10:58,320
>>YEAH, SIMILARLY,
AS--IT'S

4897
03:10:58,320 --> 03:11:01,960
ALONG WAY TO GO, ANIMAL MODELS,

4898
03:11:01,960 --> 03:11:03,680
WE USE THE [INDISCERNIBLE], I'M

4899
03:11:03,680 --> 03:11:06,640
NOT ANIMAL MODEL GUY, BUT NIDA

4900
03:11:06,640 --> 03:11:09,400
HAS SOME VERY GREAT ANIMAL

4901
03:11:09,400 --> 03:11:10,240
BEHAVIOR MODEL GUY.

4902
03:11:10,240 --> 03:11:15,560
SO ALAN [INDISCERNIBLE] IS NOW

4903
03:11:15,560 --> 03:11:17,480
ANIMAL MODEL IS PERFECT.

4904
03:11:17,480 --> 03:11:19,400
CANNED WHAT AND THAT'S TYPICALLY

4905
03:11:19,400 --> 03:11:21,400
TALK ABOUT HIM.

4906
03:11:21,400 --> 03:11:27,080
SO YEAH, ANIMAL MODELS, I THINK

4907
03:11:27,080 --> 03:11:28,720
TYPICALLY TO MIMIC THE IMPORTANT

4908
03:11:28,720 --> 03:11:30,040
HUMAN DISEASE BEHAVIOR, RIGHT?

4909
03:11:30,040 --> 03:11:31,880
SO IN THIS CASE FOR EXAMPLE,

4910
03:11:31,880 --> 03:11:33,040
IT'S COMPULSIVE DRUG TAKING

4911
03:11:33,040 --> 03:11:34,720
BEHAVIOR, SO WE ARE USE ALSO

4912
03:11:34,720 --> 03:11:36,560
USING OTHER MODELS IF ARE

4913
03:11:36,560 --> 03:11:38,760
EXAMPLE, THE RELAPSE MODELS TO

4914
03:11:38,760 --> 03:11:42,400
MIMIC THE RELAPSE BEHAVIOR.

4915
03:11:42,400 --> 03:11:47,720
SO, YEAH, IT'S A--TO BE HONEST,

4916
03:11:47,720 --> 03:11:50,560
I ALSO STUDIED THIS A FEWIERS

4917
03:11:50,560 --> 03:11:55,600
AGO, BUT --I THINK IT'S PRETTY

4918
03:11:55,600 --> 03:12:00,080
PROMISING AT LEAST YOU KNOW

4919
03:12:00,080 --> 03:12:00,520
CURRENT PROGRESS.

4920
03:12:00,520 --> 03:12:03,000
BUT I THINK IT'S STILL, IT'S A

4921
03:12:03,000 --> 03:12:07,680
LONG WAY TO GO FROM RODENTS TO

4922
03:12:07,680 --> 03:12:09,680
HUMANS AND PROBABLY IF POSSIBLE,

4923
03:12:09,680 --> 03:12:13,360
WE COULD DO SOME MONKEYS, YOU

4924
03:12:13,360 --> 03:12:16,120
KNOW BETWEEN AND KIND OF

4925
03:12:16,120 --> 03:12:17,720
GRADUALLY TRANSLATE THIS

4926
03:12:17,720 --> 03:12:18,960
KNOWLEDGE INTO THE

4927
03:12:18,960 --> 03:12:19,320
[INDISCERNIBLE].

4928
03:12:19,320 --> 03:12:21,880
SO THE CHALLENGE FOR SOME

4929
03:12:21,880 --> 03:12:23,400
DISEASE, LIKE ADDICTION OR MAYBE

4930
03:12:23,400 --> 03:12:26,040
SOME OTHERS, YOU DON'T HAVE ANY

4931
03:12:26,040 --> 03:12:29,520
IDEA, YOU KNOW WHERE, OR HOW TO

4932
03:12:29,520 --> 03:12:32,440
DO THIS MODULATION, PEOPLE JUST

4933
03:12:32,440 --> 03:12:36,360
LIKE TO TRIAL AND ERROR AND HEY,

4934
03:12:36,360 --> 03:12:37,520
SOMETIMES THEY'RE LUCKY ENOUGH

4935
03:12:37,520 --> 03:12:41,440
TO BE VERY SUCCESSFUL, BUT A LOT

4936
03:12:41,440 --> 03:12:42,600
OF UNSUCCESSFUL PEOPLE DO

4937
03:12:42,600 --> 03:12:44,040
STUDIES THAT PROBABLY NOT

4938
03:12:44,040 --> 03:12:47,360
PUBLISHED. 

4939
03:12:47,360 --> 03:12:49,120
SO YEAH, SO, YEAH I DON'T KNOW

4940
03:12:49,120 --> 03:12:50,680
IF I ANSWER YOUR QUESTION BUT I

4941
03:12:50,680 --> 03:12:53,040
THINK, YEAH, IT'S A LONG WAY BUT

4942
03:12:53,040 --> 03:13:00,400
HOPEFULLY WE ARE MOVING TOWARDS

4943
03:13:00,400 --> 03:13:00,600
THAT.

4944
03:13:00,600 --> 03:13:03,000
>>OKAY, SO NOW WE END THE
PANEL

4945
03:13:03,000 --> 03:13:03,920
DISCUSSION SESSION.

4946
03:13:03,920 --> 03:13:14,440
CAN THE PANELISTS COME TO THE

4947
03:13:15,200 --> 03:13:16,360
PODIUM, DR. WOODS,

4948
03:13:16,360 --> 03:13:17,480
DR. [INDISCERNIBLE] AND 2

4949
03:13:17,480 --> 03:13:28,000
INDUSTRY REPRESENTATIVE AND ALSO

4950
03:13:50,120 --> 03:13:52,920
NIH [INDISCERNIBLE]. 

4951
03:13:52,920 --> 03:13:55,920
>>I THINK WE HEARD A LOT
OF

4952
03:13:55,920 --> 03:13:59,320
DEVELOPMENT IN ACADEMIA, AS I

4953
03:13:59,320 --> 03:14:01,120
THINK WE WILL HAVE 2

4954
03:14:01,120 --> 03:14:06,000
REPRESENTATIVES HERE FROM

4955
03:14:06,000 --> 03:14:07,280
INDUSTRY, [INDISCERNIBLE].

4956
03:14:07,280 --> 03:14:16,000
AND NIH DR. [INDISCERNIBLE].

4957
03:14:16,000 --> 03:14:26,480
OKAY, AND THAT'S IT AND THERE

4958
03:14:27,720 --> 03:14:29,280
ARE [INDISCERNIBLE] SO I THINK

4959
03:14:29,280 --> 03:14:31,520
WE WILL START WITH NIH

4960
03:14:31,520 --> 03:14:32,680
PERSPECTIVE BECAUSE YOU KNOW I

4961
03:14:32,680 --> 03:14:35,160
THINK NE H HAS A LOT OF RFAs

4962
03:14:35,160 --> 03:14:41,400
THAT EVERYBODY'S VERY

4963
03:14:41,400 --> 03:14:43,360
INTERESTED.

4964
03:14:43,360 --> 03:14:43,800
>>ACTUALLY DOCTOR

4965
03:14:43,800 --> 03:14:46,120
[INDISCERNIBLE] SHE'S THE P. O.

4966
03:14:46,120 --> 03:14:49,280
SHE'S THE BOSS OF ALL THE

4967
03:14:49,280 --> 03:14:50,560
NEUROEMAGING PROGRAMS, YEAH IT

4968
03:14:50,560 --> 03:14:54,480
WAS WONDERFUL TO HEAR YOU TALK.

4969
03:14:54,480 --> 03:14:59,040
CAN YOU OFFERER SPECTIVE?

4970
03:14:59,040 --> 03:15:02,120
>>YEAH, SO I WOULD WOULD
SAY IT

4971
03:15:02,120 --> 03:15:06,680
WAS LONG BUT I DO HAVE A COUPLE

4972
03:15:06,680 --> 03:15:08,400
OF IDEAS ABOUT SOME REALLY

4973
03:15:08,400 --> 03:15:10,640
RELEVANT PROGRAMS FOR THIS SPACE

4974
03:15:10,640 --> 03:15:14,400
IN TERMS OF NIMH PROGRAM, WE

4975
03:15:14,400 --> 03:15:17,240
JUST LAUNCHED A NEW PROGRAM THAT

4976
03:15:17,240 --> 03:15:19,640
I'M RUNNING CALLED THE

4977
03:15:19,640 --> 03:15:20,240
MULTIMODAL NEURAL THERAPIES

4978
03:15:20,240 --> 03:15:21,600
PROGRAM THAT WAS JUDGE UOF THE

4979
03:15:21,600 --> 03:15:23,440
LAUNCHED THIS SPRING AND I THINK

4980
03:15:23,440 --> 03:15:25,200
IT'S REALLY RELEVANT FOR A LOT

4981
03:15:25,200 --> 03:15:28,440
OF WHAT'S BEEN DISCUSSED TODAY

4982
03:15:28,440 --> 03:15:30,880
INCLUDING DEVICE SPACE

4983
03:15:30,880 --> 03:15:32,960
INTERVENTIONS IN COMBINATION

4984
03:15:32,960 --> 03:15:35,800
WITH IMAGING MODALITIES AND JUST

4985
03:15:35,800 --> 03:15:37,480
APPROXIMATE MULTIPLE POETIC

4986
03:15:37,480 --> 03:15:38,240
DALLASCOWBOYS.COMITYS IN

4987
03:15:38,240 --> 03:15:40,240
COMBINATION AND IN ORDER TO

4988
03:15:40,240 --> 03:15:42,000
UNDERSTAND VARIOUS SORTS OF

4989
03:15:42,000 --> 03:15:44,080
POSITIVE SYNERGYS THAT CAN

4990
03:15:44,080 --> 03:15:45,280
HAPPEN ACROSS MODALITIES IN

4991
03:15:45,280 --> 03:15:47,160
TERMS OF STIMULATION BUT ALSO IN

4992
03:15:47,160 --> 03:15:49,400
TERMS OF BIOMARKER DEVELOPMENT

4993
03:15:49,400 --> 03:15:52,400
ISSUE UNDERSTANDING HOW WE CAN

4994
03:15:52,400 --> 03:15:54,240
ENGAGE THE TARGET MORE RECISELY

4995
03:15:54,240 --> 03:15:58,760
AND UNDERSTAND TARGET ENGAGEMENT

4996
03:15:58,760 --> 03:15:59,280
IN NEW WAYS.

4997
03:15:59,280 --> 03:16:00,680
THE OTHER THING I WANT TO TALK

4998
03:16:00,680 --> 03:16:04,680
ABOUT IS, I DID NOTICE THAT

4999
03:16:04,680 --> 03:16:05,400
THERE WAS SOME REALLY

5000
03:16:05,400 --> 03:16:08,720
INTERESTING WORK HERE LOOKING AT

5001
03:16:08,720 --> 03:16:12,080
IMAGING IN COMBINATION WITH

5002
03:16:12,080 --> 03:16:12,720
INVASIVE STIMULATION MODALITIES,

5003
03:16:12,720 --> 03:16:15,360
WE ALSO HAVE A NEW FUNDING

5004
03:16:15,360 --> 03:16:17,640
OPPORTUNITY THROUGH THE BRAIN

5005
03:16:17,640 --> 03:16:21,400
INITIATIVE CALLED BRAIN BEHAVIOR

5006
03:16:21,400 --> 03:16:22,640
QUANTIFICATION AND AND I'M ALSO

5007
03:16:22,640 --> 03:16:24,280
FAMOUS FOR THAT PROGRAM AND WHAT

5008
03:16:24,280 --> 03:16:28,320
WE'RE LOOKING TO DO THERE IS USE

5009
03:16:28,320 --> 03:16:30,800
MULTIMODAL COMBINATIONS TO

5010
03:16:30,800 --> 03:16:33,920
REALLY CAPTURE BEHAVIOR AND LINK

5011
03:16:33,920 --> 03:16:35,800
IT SIMULTANEOUSLY TO LINK IT TO

5012
03:16:35,800 --> 03:16:42,040
BRAINS IN HUMANS AND THAT IS NOT

5013
03:16:42,040 --> 03:16:44,320
NIMH SPECIFIC THAT CAN BE IN ANY

5014
03:16:44,320 --> 03:16:45,720
DISEASE POPULATION AND A RANGE

5015
03:16:45,720 --> 03:16:48,280
OF PATIENTS ACROSS HEALTH

5016
03:16:48,280 --> 03:16:48,520
STATES.

5017
03:16:48,520 --> 03:16:50,160
IT IS LASTER TECHNOLOGY

5018
03:16:50,160 --> 03:16:51,280
ORGANIZATION I WANT TO MENTION,

5019
03:16:51,280 --> 03:16:53,360
DISCIPLINARY NOTICE THAT THERE

5020
03:16:53,360 --> 03:16:59,600
WERE MANY ENGINEERING REORIENTED

5021
03:16:59,600 --> 03:17:02,640
TALKS HERE AND IN TERMS OF

5022
03:17:02,640 --> 03:17:03,920
DEVICE DEVELOPMENT, I JUST

5023
03:17:03,920 --> 03:17:06,680
WANTED TO PLUG OUR NEWLY

5024
03:17:06,680 --> 03:17:07,640
LAUNCHED BLUE MED TECH PROGRAM,

5025
03:17:07,640 --> 03:17:11,600
THIS IS ALSO A TRANSNIH EFFORT.

5026
03:17:11,600 --> 03:17:14,520
THE GOAL HERE IS TO TAKE A NEWLY

5027
03:17:14,520 --> 03:17:19,000
DEVELOPED TECHNOLOGIES AND

5028
03:17:19,000 --> 03:17:20,360
ADVANCE THEM OREAC CELLERATE

5029
03:17:20,360 --> 03:17:22,360
THEM INTO A PROGRAM INTO FIRST

5030
03:17:22,360 --> 03:17:24,360
AND HUMAN NEWS TRANSLATION AND

5031
03:17:24,360 --> 03:17:26,400
GOING FROM PROTOTYPES ALL THE

5032
03:17:26,400 --> 03:17:28,960
WAY UP INTO FIRST IN HUMAN

5033
03:17:28,960 --> 03:17:31,120
TRANSLATION AND THERE ARE A

5034
03:17:31,120 --> 03:17:34,080
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF ICs

5035
03:17:34,080 --> 03:17:37,240
CURRENTLY FOUND IN THAT SPACE

5036
03:17:37,240 --> 03:17:40,760
INCLUDING NIMH BUT ALSO NIDA,

5037
03:17:40,760 --> 03:17:44,280
NIBIB, NICHD, AMONG OTHERS, SO

5038
03:17:44,280 --> 03:17:46,640
REALLY EXCITING STUFF, I'M ALSO

5039
03:17:46,640 --> 03:17:49,000
CURRENTLY SERVING AS THE INTERIM

5040
03:17:49,000 --> 03:17:50,640
CONTACT FOR THE BLUEPRINT MED

5041
03:17:50,640 --> 03:17:51,920
TECH PROGRAM, ANY FOLKS HERE WHO

5042
03:17:51,920 --> 03:17:53,320
ARE INTERESTED IN ANY OF THESE

5043
03:17:53,320 --> 03:17:55,560
PROGRAMS PLEASE REACH OUT TO ME

5044
03:17:55,560 --> 03:17:59,280
I DON'T HAVE A CARD WITH ME BUT

5045
03:17:59,280 --> 03:18:00,720
YOU CAN FIND MY NAME IN THE

5046
03:18:00,720 --> 03:18:03,920
PROGRAM AND JUST GOOGLE AND IT

5047
03:18:03,920 --> 03:18:05,200
YOU WILL SEE--YOU WILL FIND ME

5048
03:18:05,200 --> 03:18:09,000
BECAUSE MY NAME IS PRETTY

5049
03:18:09,000 --> 03:18:18,480
DISTINCT.

5050
03:18:18,480 --> 03:18:28,640
THANK YOU.

5051
03:18:32,280 --> 03:18:33,040
>>[INDISCERNIBLE]--HOW DO
YOU

5052
03:18:33,040 --> 03:18:38,040
START WHICH 1 MOST PROMISE TO

5053
03:18:38,040 --> 03:18:44,640
TRANSLATE, I KNOW TO TRANSLATE

5054
03:18:44,640 --> 03:18:46,960
FROM DBS, TO SURE, SO THE WAY I

5055
03:18:46,960 --> 03:18:49,680
THINK ABOUT IT, WELL, MAYBE A

5056
03:18:49,680 --> 03:18:53,280
LITTLE BIT INTRODUCTION WAS ALSO

5057
03:18:53,280 --> 03:18:58,520
GIVEN BACKGROUND, I GOT MY

5058
03:18:58,520 --> 03:19:03,280
PPh.D., PENN STATE, I AM PART

5059
03:19:03,280 --> 03:19:04,760
OF THE COMMUNITY BUT AFTER THAT

5060
03:19:04,760 --> 03:19:06,560
I JOINED MED TRONNIC TO WORK ON

5061
03:19:06,560 --> 03:19:17,080
MI --SO ABOUT 3 YEARS AGO JOINED

5062
03:19:19,840 --> 03:19:20,880
ABNORMALITIES SOT BUT DOING THE

5063
03:19:20,880 --> 03:19:21,480
SAME TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER BUT

5064
03:19:21,480 --> 03:19:23,280
MORE ON THE MANAGEMENT SIDE NOW,

5065
03:19:23,280 --> 03:19:30,280
SO THAT'S A LITTLE BACKGROUND.

5066
03:19:30,280 --> 03:19:34,760
THIS IS REALLY 2 ROIs IN THE

5067
03:19:34,760 --> 03:19:35,560
SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY WE TALK

5068
03:19:35,560 --> 03:19:37,920
ABOUT WHICH 1 I WANT TO TARGET

5069
03:19:37,920 --> 03:19:39,760
FOR THIS DISEASE, RIGHT AND THEN

5070
03:19:39,760 --> 03:19:40,880
THERE'S ALSO ROI FOR BUSINESS

5071
03:19:40,880 --> 03:19:48,240
WHICH IS RETURN ON INVESTMENT

5072
03:19:48,240 --> 03:19:48,520
RIGHT?

5073
03:19:48,520 --> 03:19:51,440
FROM PRETTY MUCH ALL COMPANIES

5074
03:19:51,440 --> 03:19:55,880
THAT'S A BIG ROIs, OKAY, SO

5075
03:19:55,880 --> 03:19:57,480
BUSINESSES HAVE TO HAVE THE

5076
03:19:57,480 --> 03:19:59,040
MONEY TO SURVIVE, RIGHT, SO WHEN

5077
03:19:59,040 --> 03:20:00,800
WE HAVE THESE 2 ROI OVERLAP AS

5078
03:20:00,800 --> 03:20:04,000
MUCH AS POSSIBLE, THAT'S THAT'S

5079
03:20:04,000 --> 03:20:05,480
WHERE THE OPPORTUNITY ARE.

5080
03:20:05,480 --> 03:20:15,840
SO THINK ABOUT HOW FOR

5081
03:20:35,240 --> 03:20:36,320
EXAMPLE,--IF THEY DON'T HAVE

5082
03:20:36,320 --> 03:20:40,880
INVESTED IN THAT NEW DEVICE IT'S

5083
03:20:40,880 --> 03:20:42,840
JUST FOR EXAMPLE, IF WE TAKE

5084
03:20:42,840 --> 03:20:44,040
EXISTING DEVISITING, JUST MOVE

5085
03:20:44,040 --> 03:20:48,000
TO A SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT TARGET.

5086
03:20:48,000 --> 03:20:49,720
THAT PHYSICIAN SURGEON STILL

5087
03:20:49,720 --> 03:20:50,800
FEEL VERY COMFORTABLE TO DO, SO

5088
03:20:50,800 --> 03:20:52,120
YOU DON'T HAVE TO CHANGE THE

5089
03:20:52,120 --> 03:20:55,560
DEVISITING, YOU DON'T HAVE THE

5090
03:20:55,560 --> 03:20:56,920
CHANGE THE PROCEDURE THAT

5091
03:20:56,920 --> 03:20:58,920
DRASTICALLY BUT YOU CAN TREAT A

5092
03:20:58,920 --> 03:21:09,320
BIG DISEASE FOR EXAMPLE,

5093
03:21:10,120 --> 03:21:11,440
DEPRESSION, YOU KNOW, BACK IF

5094
03:21:11,440 --> 03:21:13,280
THEY HAVE TO CHANGE IF THEY FIND

5095
03:21:13,280 --> 03:21:16,800
A GREAT TARGET BUT THEN, YOU

5096
03:21:16,800 --> 03:21:19,840
HAVE TO CHANGE SAY PROCEDURE,

5097
03:21:19,840 --> 03:21:21,360
IMPLANT PROCEDURE OR YOU HAVE TO

5098
03:21:21,360 --> 03:21:24,560
CHANGE IT TO HARDWARE, RIGHT THE

5099
03:21:24,560 --> 03:21:26,880
SYSTEM ON OR SOFTWARE THEN THE

5100
03:21:26,880 --> 03:21:28,640
COSTS BECOME MORE TO RETURN, YOU

5101
03:21:28,640 --> 03:21:31,480
KNOW ON THE INVESTMENT IS A

5102
03:21:31,480 --> 03:21:34,400
LITTLE BIT LESS. 

5103
03:21:34,400 --> 03:21:37,480
SO, WHEN YOU GUYS DO, WHEN THE

5104
03:21:37,480 --> 03:21:39,840
COMMUNITY ESPECIALLY LIKE MED

5105
03:21:39,840 --> 03:21:42,200
TECH, IT IS PROBABLY HELPFUL TO

5106
03:21:42,200 --> 03:21:43,560
THINK ABOUT 2 IOIs.

5107
03:21:43,560 --> 03:21:45,520
I KNOW YOU ARE REALLY GOOD AT

5108
03:21:45,520 --> 03:21:47,560
YOU KNOW FIRST ROI, BUT ALSO

5109
03:21:47,560 --> 03:21:50,320
THINK ABOUT FROM THE BUSINESS

5110
03:21:50,320 --> 03:21:52,760
POINT YOUR ROI THAT'S GOING TO

5111
03:21:52,760 --> 03:21:55,120
HELP MAYBE, I DON'T KNOW, MAYBE

5112
03:21:55,120 --> 03:22:00,240
EVEN HELP YOU SELECT ALL THESE

5113
03:22:00,240 --> 03:22:04,120
DIFFERENT TARGETS, NETWORKS. 

5114
03:22:04,120 --> 03:22:05,680
>>HOW CAN YOU--YOU GUYS
THOUGHT

5115
03:22:05,680 --> 03:22:07,440
OR HAVE ACADEMICS CALL YOU SAY,

5116
03:22:07,440 --> 03:22:10,560
I HAVE A GREAT TARGET, A GREAT

5117
03:22:10,560 --> 03:22:11,680
TRIAL.

5118
03:22:11,680 --> 03:22:12,880
>>COULD YOU PLEASE
IDENTIFY

5119
03:22:12,880 --> 03:22:14,600
YOURSELF BY NAME AFTER YOU

5120
03:22:14,600 --> 03:22:18,040
SPEAK, THERE'S NO NAME TITLES OR

5121
03:22:18,040 --> 03:22:19,560
ANYTHING HERE.

5122
03:22:19,560 --> 03:22:20,120
>>HMM?

5123
03:22:20,120 --> 03:22:21,160
>>CAN YOU IESHES DENTIFY

5124
03:22:21,160 --> 03:22:23,240
YOURSELF BY NAME WHEN YOU SPEAK.

5125
03:22:23,240 --> 03:22:25,160
>>YEAH, SORRY.

5126
03:22:25,160 --> 03:22:25,480
>>YEAH,.

5127
03:22:25,480 --> 03:22:28,000
>>MY MAIM IS
[INDISCERNIBLE].

5128
03:22:28,000 --> 03:22:37,000
SO I'M SENIOR R&D MANAGER
WITH

5129
03:22:37,000 --> 03:22:40,320
THE ABBOT NEUROMODDULATION.

5130
03:22:40,320 --> 03:22:43,720
>>[INDISCERNIBLE] SCOTT,
TARGET

5131
03:22:43,720 --> 03:22:49,440
ACADEMIC PROPOSE TO YOU, YOU

5132
03:22:49,440 --> 03:22:50,320
SHOULD TRANSLATE THIS.

5133
03:22:50,320 --> 03:22:51,240
>>PROBABLY WOULD START
WITH THE

5134
03:22:51,240 --> 03:22:52,960
MARKET SIZE, RIGHT IF YOU TALK

5135
03:22:52,960 --> 03:22:55,360
ABOUT DEPRESSION OR TALK ABOUT

5136
03:22:55,360 --> 03:22:58,920
IF IT'S A VERY SMALL OFTEN

5137
03:22:58,920 --> 03:22:59,800
DISEASE, PROBABLY COMPANIES

5138
03:22:59,800 --> 03:23:01,160
WOULD BT EVEN LOOK AT IT.

5139
03:23:01,160 --> 03:23:02,800
IF THE MARKET IS BIG ENOUGH,

5140
03:23:02,800 --> 03:23:06,120
THEN SAY, OKAY, WHERE ARE YOU

5141
03:23:06,120 --> 03:23:06,560
AT?

5142
03:23:06,560 --> 03:23:06,760
RIGHT?

5143
03:23:06,760 --> 03:23:09,600
IF IT'S STILL IN THE LAB

5144
03:23:09,600 --> 03:23:11,840
TESTING, THAT'S A HARD FOR

5145
03:23:11,840 --> 03:23:12,240
COMPANY TO SPONSOR.

5146
03:23:12,240 --> 03:23:15,120
IF HEY, I HAVE A SMALL

5147
03:23:15,120 --> 03:23:16,920
VISIBILITY STUDY IN HAD YOU

5148
03:23:16,920 --> 03:23:20,240
MANS, THE RESULTS REAL

5149
03:23:20,240 --> 03:23:22,320
PROMISING, THEN, THAT'S PROBABLY

5150
03:23:22,320 --> 03:23:23,560
WORTH THE TALK START THEN COME

5151
03:23:23,560 --> 03:23:25,680
DOWN TO OKAY, HOW MUCH MONEY YOU

5152
03:23:25,680 --> 03:23:27,240
NEED, WHAT KIND OF OUTCOME, HOW

5153
03:23:27,240 --> 03:23:32,760
LONG IT'S GOING TO TAKE, IT

5154
03:23:32,760 --> 03:23:33,600
ALWAYS HELPS TO HAVE SOMEBODY IN

5155
03:23:33,600 --> 03:23:34,920
THE COMPANY THAT YOU KNOW,

5156
03:23:34,920 --> 03:23:35,120
RIGHT?

5157
03:23:35,120 --> 03:23:37,640
LIKE IF I DON'T KNOW YOU, THEN

5158
03:23:37,640 --> 03:23:38,760
OF COURSE I PROBABLY WON'T BE

5159
03:23:38,760 --> 03:23:41,240
ABLE TO SIT HERE, RIGHT SO HUMAN

5160
03:23:41,240 --> 03:23:42,480
CONNECTION WITHIN THE COMPANY,

5161
03:23:42,480 --> 03:23:43,320
ALWAYS HELP.

5162
03:23:43,320 --> 03:23:45,480
SO IT'S NOT INDUSTRY IS NOT YOU

5163
03:23:45,480 --> 03:23:48,480
KNOW JUST BLACK BOXES.

5164
03:23:48,480 --> 03:23:49,760
COME DOWN DEPENDING ON EACH

5165
03:23:49,760 --> 03:23:51,920
INDIVIDUAL COMPANY AND THEIR

5166
03:23:51,920 --> 03:23:55,000
STRATEGY AND KNOWING SOMEBODY

5167
03:23:55,000 --> 03:23:56,720
INSIDE ALWAYS HELPS.

5168
03:23:56,720 --> 03:23:57,840
NTHANK YOU, DO YOU WANT TO

5169
03:23:57,840 --> 03:23:59,480
COMMENT BECAUSE YOU ARE MORE IN

5170
03:23:59,480 --> 03:24:00,040
BETWEEN, RIGHT?

5171
03:24:00,040 --> 03:24:02,960
YOU ARE MORE THE RESEARCH

5172
03:24:02,960 --> 03:24:03,200
PRODUCTS?

5173
03:24:03,200 --> 03:24:04,000
>>THAT'S RIGHT.

5174
03:24:04,000 --> 03:24:05,560
YEAH, SO OUR COLLEAGUES AT ABBOT

5175
03:24:05,560 --> 03:24:07,960
ARE KIND OF COVERING THIS SPACE

5176
03:24:07,960 --> 03:24:09,400
AND I AM HENRY--

5177
03:24:09,400 --> 03:24:17,440
>>YOU NEED TO TURN ON.

5178
03:24:17,440 --> 03:24:18,800
>>SO, SORRY.

5179
03:24:18,800 --> 03:24:19,080
>>HELLO.

5180
03:24:19,080 --> 03:24:22,520
YEAH, SO OOM HENRY I'M THE

5181
03:24:22,520 --> 03:24:24,160
SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR FOR ROGUE

5182
03:24:24,160 --> 03:24:24,640
RESEARCH.

5183
03:24:24,640 --> 03:24:26,840
MANY OF YOU KNOW US AS SORT OF A

5184
03:24:26,840 --> 03:24:28,720
COMPANY THAT BUILDS TOOLS FOR

5185
03:24:28,720 --> 03:24:31,000
THOSE INVOLVED IN NONENVASIVE

5186
03:24:31,000 --> 03:24:32,680
BRAIN STIMULATION, WE'RE BASED

5187
03:24:32,680 --> 03:24:35,800
IN MONTREAL, SORT OF A SPINOFF

5188
03:24:35,800 --> 03:24:37,200
OF THE MONTREAL NEUROLOGICAL

5189
03:24:37,200 --> 03:24:40,080
INNSITUTE AND THE FUNDAMENTALS

5190
03:24:40,080 --> 03:24:41,800
OF COMPANY SPEAK TO YOUR

5191
03:24:41,800 --> 03:24:43,600
QUESTION WHEN YOU SPEAK TO

5192
03:24:43,600 --> 03:24:44,800
TARGETING ENGAGEMENT SORE

5193
03:24:44,800 --> 03:24:48,880
SELECTING WHAT PATHWAYS TO

5194
03:24:48,880 --> 03:24:49,320
PURSUE COMMERCIALLY.

5195
03:24:49,320 --> 03:24:53,920
OUR METHODOLOGY HAS BEEN TO

5196
03:24:53,920 --> 03:24:56,040
BUILD TOOLEDS IN CONJUNCTION

5197
03:24:56,040 --> 03:24:56,840
WITH RESEARCHERS, EVERYTHING WE

5198
03:24:56,840 --> 03:24:59,080
DO IS A REQUEST BY A RESEARCHER

5199
03:24:59,080 --> 03:25:00,920
OR REQUEST BY THE FIELD AT LARGE

5200
03:25:00,920 --> 03:25:02,800
AND THEN AS THOSE TOOLS MATURE

5201
03:25:02,800 --> 03:25:04,240
SO DOES OUR OUTLOOK, OUR

5202
03:25:04,240 --> 03:25:06,200
TECHNOLOGY AND OUR DIRECTION.

5203
03:25:06,200 --> 03:25:09,440
SO, HISTORICALLY, WE'VE ALSO

5204
03:25:09,440 --> 03:25:11,000
PROVIDED PROVIDED RESEARCH TOOLS

5205
03:25:11,000 --> 03:25:12,040
BECAUSE THE FIELD WAS PERHAPS

5206
03:25:12,040 --> 03:25:14,560
NOT SET ON THE TARGET AND THE

5207
03:25:14,560 --> 03:25:15,800
METHODOLOGY AND WE PREFER NOT TO

5208
03:25:15,800 --> 03:25:17,840
GET YOU TO THE WRONG PLACE

5209
03:25:17,840 --> 03:25:18,480
CONSISTENTLY EVERY TIME, THAT

5210
03:25:18,480 --> 03:25:20,800
WOULD BE SORT OF ILL USE OF THE

5211
03:25:20,800 --> 03:25:21,040
TOOLS.

5212
03:25:21,040 --> 03:25:23,040
NOW, AS THE FIELD HAS MATURED

5213
03:25:23,040 --> 03:25:25,680
AND THINGS LIKE RESTING STATE

5214
03:25:25,680 --> 03:25:27,800
MRI CONNECTIVITY ANALYSIS, HAVE

5215
03:25:27,800 --> 03:25:29,880
SORT OF PROVIDED UTILITY FOR

5216
03:25:29,880 --> 03:25:32,160
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS, NOW WE'RE

5217
03:25:32,160 --> 03:25:33,280
DEVELOPING THE TOOLS, AND YOU

5218
03:25:33,280 --> 03:25:34,520
KNOW FOLLOWING THE FIELD,

5219
03:25:34,520 --> 03:25:35,520
FOLLOWING OUR CUSTOMERS THAT WE

5220
03:25:35,520 --> 03:25:38,280
WELCOMERRED WITH ALL THIS TIME,

5221
03:25:38,280 --> 03:25:39,920
TO YOU KNOW WE'RE THE SIDE THAT

5222
03:25:39,920 --> 03:25:42,160
DEVELOPS THE TOOLS, SO, IN TERMS

5223
03:25:42,160 --> 03:25:44,360
OF RESTING STATE MRI, DEVELOPING

5224
03:25:44,360 --> 03:25:46,560
SORT OF A CLINICAL ORIENTATION

5225
03:25:46,560 --> 03:25:48,280
WHERE PEOPLE CAN MAKE USE OF

5226
03:25:48,280 --> 03:25:49,240
THAT INFORMATION, SEND THAT

5227
03:25:49,240 --> 03:25:51,000
INFORMATION IN TERMS OF

5228
03:25:51,000 --> 03:25:51,520
MULTISITE STUDIES DOING

5229
03:25:51,520 --> 03:25:54,160
EVERYTHING THAT WE CAN TO REDUCE

5230
03:25:54,160 --> 03:25:55,200
VARIABILITY ACROSS STUDIES WHICH

5231
03:25:55,200 --> 03:25:57,640
SEEMS TO BE, YOU KNOW 1 THING

5232
03:25:57,640 --> 03:26:00,920
CAN AFFECT THINGS QUITE I BIT.

5233
03:26:00,920 --> 03:26:04,640
SO, YOU KNOW, BUILDING A ROBOTIC

5234
03:26:04,640 --> 03:26:06,880
HOLDER FOR FOCUSED ULTRASOUND OR

5235
03:26:06,880 --> 03:26:09,400
FOR TMS TO REDUCE SORT OF

5236
03:26:09,400 --> 03:26:11,480
OPERATOR VARIABILITY, PARTNERING

5237
03:26:11,480 --> 03:26:13,800
WITH COLUMBIA DUKE UNIVERSITY

5238
03:26:13,800 --> 03:26:15,240
PRODUCE NEXT GENERATION TMS

5239
03:26:15,240 --> 03:26:17,000
DEVICE THAT CONTROLS FOR

5240
03:26:17,000 --> 03:26:18,640
PARAMETER THAT VARIES ACROSS

5241
03:26:18,640 --> 03:26:21,400
DEVICES, THE PULSE SHAPE AND THE

5242
03:26:21,400 --> 03:26:21,840
PULSE WHIP.

5243
03:26:21,840 --> 03:26:24,040
AND YOU KNOW THE MULTIMODAL

5244
03:26:24,040 --> 03:26:27,400
APPROACH WE'VE SEEN HERE WITH

5245
03:26:27,400 --> 03:26:28,680
PEOPLE INTEGRATING EEG, ET

5246
03:26:28,680 --> 03:26:31,480
CETERA WE'RE AWZ WORRY BODY

5247
03:26:31,480 --> 03:26:32,880
NEURONAVIGATION AND TMS, NOW

5248
03:26:32,880 --> 03:26:35,080
NEXT GENERATION MAY INTEGRATE

5249
03:26:35,080 --> 03:26:39,560
EEG CHANNELS, WE'RE NOT AN E, G

5250
03:26:39,560 --> 03:26:40,760
COMPANY BUT THE RESEARCH HAS

5251
03:26:40,760 --> 03:26:42,320
PUSHED US TOWARD THE APPROACH SO

5252
03:26:42,320 --> 03:26:43,280
I THINK IT'S JUST IMPORTANT FOR

5253
03:26:43,280 --> 03:26:45,120
US TO HAVE AN EAR ON THE GROUND

5254
03:26:45,120 --> 03:26:46,440
TAKEN--THEY TO BE VERY TIED TO

5255
03:26:46,440 --> 03:26:47,280
THE RESEARCHERS TO UNDERSTAND

5256
03:26:47,280 --> 03:26:51,320
WHAT TOOLS THAT I NEED AND TO

5257
03:26:51,320 --> 03:26:52,640
UNDERSTAND THAT WHERE THEY ARE

5258
03:26:52,640 --> 03:26:55,400
IN THAT SORT OF RESEARCH TO

5259
03:26:55,400 --> 03:26:56,120
CLINICAL TRANSLATION PATHWAY.

5260
03:26:56,120 --> 03:26:57,240
WE ALSO HAVE A VETERINARY SIDE

5261
03:26:57,240 --> 03:26:58,880
OF THE COMPANY WHERE WE PAIK USE

5262
03:26:58,880 --> 03:27:00,480
OF THESE KIND EVER TRANSLATION

5263
03:27:00,480 --> 03:27:01,000
COMOPPOSITE BEHAVIORIAL

5264
03:27:01,000 --> 03:27:05,600
PHENOTYPENTS AND IF WE TELL

5265
03:27:05,600 --> 03:27:07,600
WHERE OUR CUSTOMERS ARE IN THEIR

5266
03:27:07,600 --> 03:27:09,080
RESEARCH AND UNDERSTANDING THEN

5267
03:27:09,080 --> 03:27:10,920
WE CAN PROVIDE THE BEST RESEARCH

5268
03:27:10,920 --> 03:27:12,560
TOOLS OR MAKE THAT LEAP WITH

5269
03:27:12,560 --> 03:27:15,720
THEM TO THE CLINICAL SPACE

5270
03:27:15,720 --> 03:27:16,480
TOGETHER.

5271
03:27:16,480 --> 03:27:17,520
>>YOU ARE MORE FLEXIBLE,
YOU

5272
03:27:17,520 --> 03:27:20,400
ARE WILLING TO SERVE THE SMALLER

5273
03:27:20,400 --> 03:27:20,960
COMMUNITY?

5274
03:27:20,960 --> 03:27:21,480
>>YEAH THAT'S RIGHT.

5275
03:27:21,480 --> 03:27:23,440
THAT'S WHAT I MEAN BY OUR WHY

5276
03:27:23,440 --> 03:27:25,200
COMPANY, THE REASON FOR EXISTING

5277
03:27:25,200 --> 03:27:28,120
IS TO DO COOL NEUROSCIENCE TO

5278
03:27:28,120 --> 03:27:29,160
HELP OUR CUSTOMERS, ACCOMPLISH

5279
03:27:29,160 --> 03:27:30,880
THEIR GOALS, TO HAVE A GOOD TIME

5280
03:27:30,880 --> 03:27:32,040
SOLVING THESE COMPLEX AND

5281
03:27:32,040 --> 03:27:34,080
INTERESTING PROBLEMS SO WE DON'T

5282
03:27:34,080 --> 03:27:37,800
REALLY SEE OURSELVES AS A

5283
03:27:37,800 --> 03:27:38,720
NEURONAVIGATION OR TMS COMPANY,

5284
03:27:38,720 --> 03:27:41,880
WE TRY TO BE FLEXIBILITY AS THE

5285
03:27:41,880 --> 03:27:43,280
RESEARCHERS ARE FLEXIBLE, AS

5286
03:27:43,280 --> 03:27:44,880
OPPORTUNITIES RISE OR FALL AS

5287
03:27:44,880 --> 03:27:46,040
MODALITIES MAKE THEMSELVES MORE

5288
03:27:46,040 --> 03:27:48,280
USEFUL, PARTICULARLY IN THE

5289
03:27:48,280 --> 03:27:50,520
SPACE OF BIOMARKER IDENT ISKSZ

5290
03:27:50,520 --> 03:27:51,840
AND PERHAPS SOFTWARE TOOLS WE

5291
03:27:51,840 --> 03:27:53,480
CAN BE FLEXIBLE FOR WHAT'S

5292
03:27:53,480 --> 03:27:54,440
SERVING THE RESEARCHER THE MOST.

5293
03:27:54,440 --> 03:27:57,080
SO THAT KIND OF FLEXIMENT,

5294
03:27:57,080 --> 03:27:58,760
WILLINGNESS TO MOVE QUICKLY.

5295
03:27:58,760 --> 03:27:59,560
THERE ARE BUSINESS DECISIONS

5296
03:27:59,560 --> 03:28:01,000
THAT GO INTO THAT FOR EXAMPLE,

5297
03:28:01,000 --> 03:28:03,360
KEEPING OUR RESEARCH AND SORT OF

5298
03:28:03,360 --> 03:28:04,800
THE CLINICAL ASSPIRRATION

5299
03:28:04,800 --> 03:28:06,760
SEPARATE WE FOUND THAT WHEN

5300
03:28:06,760 --> 03:28:09,360
COMPANIES IN THE NONINVASIVE

5301
03:28:09,360 --> 03:28:11,240
SPHERE MAY LEAN HEAVILY

5302
03:28:11,240 --> 03:28:12,840
CLINICALLY, THE RESOURCES BECOME

5303
03:28:12,840 --> 03:28:15,280
DIVERTED FROM RESEARCH AND THE

5304
03:28:15,280 --> 03:28:15,880
INFORMATION THEY'RE GATHERING

5305
03:28:15,880 --> 03:28:16,280
FROM THERE.

5306
03:28:16,280 --> 03:28:18,200
SO FROM A BUSINESS PERSPECTIVE

5307
03:28:18,200 --> 03:28:20,280
WE MAKE A DECISION TO SILO THOSE

5308
03:28:20,280 --> 03:28:22,280
OFF TOW WE CAN REMAIN

5309
03:28:22,280 --> 03:28:23,560
FLEXIBILITY FROM THE RESEARCH

5310
03:28:23,560 --> 03:28:25,080
SIDE WHILE CREATING THE CLINICAL

5311
03:28:25,080 --> 03:28:26,360
TOOLS THAT OUR CUSTOMERS FEEL

5312
03:28:26,360 --> 03:28:27,920
ARE READY FOR DEPLOYMENT AND

5313
03:28:27,920 --> 03:28:36,360
READY FOR PRIME TIME. 

5314
03:28:36,360 --> 03:28:39,480
>>AUDIENCE WANTS TO ASK
THE

5315
03:28:39,480 --> 03:28:49,880
PANEL SOME QUESTIONS.

5316
03:28:51,280 --> 03:28:52,440
>>HI, I WAS WONDERING IF
FOLKS

5317
03:28:52,440 --> 03:28:53,960
ON THE PANEL THOUGHT WHAT WE

5318
03:28:53,960 --> 03:28:56,280
SHOULD BE CHASING FOR NEURAL

5319
03:28:56,280 --> 03:28:59,040
MODULATION TO REALLY OPTIMIZE

5320
03:28:59,040 --> 03:28:59,360
OUR OUTCOMES?

5321
03:28:59,360 --> 03:29:02,040
SO WHAT IF IT'S THE CASE THAT

5322
03:29:02,040 --> 03:29:04,960
THERE'S NOT GOING TO BE A REALLY

5323
03:29:04,960 --> 03:29:07,120
CLEAN BIOMARKER FOR SOMETHING,

5324
03:29:07,120 --> 03:29:08,320
AN ABNORMALITY THAT WE CAN

5325
03:29:08,320 --> 03:29:11,200
DETECT AT THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL

5326
03:29:11,200 --> 03:29:13,000
BUT NEVERTHELESS WE'RE BUILDING

5327
03:29:13,000 --> 03:29:14,400
UP NEUROMODDULATION EVIDENCE

5328
03:29:14,400 --> 03:29:17,160
THAT CERTAIN SYMPTOMS MOVE AND

5329
03:29:17,160 --> 03:29:20,040
WE THINK WE HAVE TRACTABLE

5330
03:29:20,040 --> 03:29:22,880
TARGETS FOR THAT SIMILAR TO WHAT

5331
03:29:22,880 --> 03:29:25,440
ANDY WAS SUGGESTING IN HIS TALK

5332
03:29:25,440 --> 03:29:28,280
THAT MAYBE YOU START WITH ASKING

5333
03:29:28,280 --> 03:29:31,160
THE PATIENT, YOU SAY WHAT DO YOU

5334
03:29:31,160 --> 03:29:32,240
THINK IS BOTHERING YOU THE MOST

5335
03:29:32,240 --> 03:29:34,000
AND IF WE HAVE EVIDENCE FOR

5336
03:29:34,000 --> 03:29:35,320
MODULATING THAT, THAT'S WHAT WE

5337
03:29:35,320 --> 03:29:37,320
SHOULD FOLLOW INSTEAD OF

5338
03:29:37,320 --> 03:29:38,240
KEEPING, CHASING THESE

5339
03:29:38,240 --> 03:29:39,960
BIOMARKERS THAT ARE JUST SO

5340
03:29:39,960 --> 03:29:42,480
ELUSIVE BUT, AS ALL OF US ARE

5341
03:29:42,480 --> 03:29:44,080
WORKING ON NEUROMODDULATION,

5342
03:29:44,080 --> 03:29:47,640
EVEN IF IT'S AN ANIMAL MODEL OR

5343
03:29:47,640 --> 03:29:48,960
FOR A DIFFERENT DISORDER AND YOU

5344
03:29:48,960 --> 03:29:50,400
SAY OOH, WE'RE TRYING TO

5345
03:29:50,400 --> 03:29:51,800
STIMULATE HERE FOR PARKINS SONS

5346
03:29:51,800 --> 03:29:54,360
AND WE SHIFTED MOOD, LET'S TRY

5347
03:29:54,360 --> 03:29:57,800
THAT NOW, IF WE'RE A MOOD SORT

5348
03:29:57,800 --> 03:30:00,200
OF TARGET, DO YOU GUYS THINK

5349
03:30:00,200 --> 03:30:02,600
THAT THAT'S MORE TRACTABLE AND

5350
03:30:02,600 --> 03:30:05,840
SHOULD BE OUR FOCUS OR ARE WE

5351
03:30:05,840 --> 03:30:09,160
JUST NEEDING TO REFINE AND

5352
03:30:09,160 --> 03:30:10,960
FURTHER IMPROVE AND SUBTYPE AND

5353
03:30:10,960 --> 03:30:21,440
FURTHER CHASE IMAGING BASED

5354
03:30:24,440 --> 03:30:25,520
ABNORMALITY?

5355
03:30:25,520 --> 03:30:25,840
>>SURE.

5356
03:30:25,840 --> 03:30:26,720
I'LL GO FIRST.

5357
03:30:26,720 --> 03:30:28,280
I THINK IT'S A PHENOMENAL

5358
03:30:28,280 --> 03:30:29,280
QUESTION AND I DON'T THINK WE

5359
03:30:29,280 --> 03:30:30,680
HAVE A CLUE WHAT WE'RE CHASING

5360
03:30:30,680 --> 03:30:32,880
RIGHT NOW IF I'M BEING HONEST.

5361
03:30:32,880 --> 03:30:36,440
I THINK WE'RE ALL TAKING STABS

5362
03:30:36,440 --> 03:30:40,200
IN THE DARK AND I THINK DR. YANG

5363
03:30:40,200 --> 03:30:42,320
SAID WE'RE FIRING OFF RANDOMLY

5364
03:30:42,320 --> 03:30:43,360
ATTEMPTING TO FIND SOMETHING

5365
03:30:43,360 --> 03:30:43,760
THAT WORKS.

5366
03:30:43,760 --> 03:30:44,960
AND WHEN FACED WITH THAT I THINK

5367
03:30:44,960 --> 03:30:46,960
IT'S NOT GOING TO BE A MAGIC

5368
03:30:46,960 --> 03:30:48,480
BULLET, IT WON'T BE 1 THING, WE

5369
03:30:48,480 --> 03:30:50,000
ULTIMATELY KNOW IT WILL NOT BE 1

5370
03:30:50,000 --> 03:30:51,200
MARKER TO RULE THEM ALL.

5371
03:30:51,200 --> 03:30:53,200
I THINK WE NEED TO HAVE ROBUST

5372
03:30:53,200 --> 03:30:54,240
APPROACHES AND I ALSO THINK WE

5373
03:30:54,240 --> 03:30:56,400
NEED TO HAVE BETTER DAILY BASIS

5374
03:30:56,400 --> 03:30:57,040
THEA SHARING APPROACHES.

5375
03:30:57,040 --> 03:30:58,440
WE STRUGGLE WHERE WE CAN RUN A

5376
03:30:58,440 --> 03:31:00,640
TRIAL, IT CAN TAKE US 5 YEARS TO

5377
03:31:00,640 --> 03:31:01,840
FINISH THAT TRIAL ASK THEN

5378
03:31:01,840 --> 03:31:03,840
SOMEONE ELSE RUNS A TRIAL BUT WE

5379
03:31:03,840 --> 03:31:05,280
CAN'T ACCESS THE DATA AND YET WE

5380
03:31:05,280 --> 03:31:07,520
COULD ANSWER ALL THESE QUESTIONS

5381
03:31:07,520 --> 03:31:10,040
CAN NOT WASTE ANOTHER

5382
03:31:10,040 --> 03:31:12,040
$10 MILLION ON THAT TRIAL IF 5

5383
03:31:12,040 --> 03:31:15,280
YEARS IF WE COULD ONLY ACCESS

5384
03:31:15,280 --> 03:31:16,600
THE T1, OUTCOMES, ET CETERA.

5385
03:31:16,600 --> 03:31:18,440
SO EFFORTS ACROSS FIELDS TO

5386
03:31:18,440 --> 03:31:19,400
CREATE UNIFIED FIELD DATA

5387
03:31:19,400 --> 03:31:21,200
SHARING SO WORK LIKE THIS IS

5388
03:31:21,200 --> 03:31:23,280
HAPPENING IN THE ENIGMA WORKING

5389
03:31:23,280 --> 03:31:25,960
GROUPS BUT IT'S VERY INFANTILE

5390
03:31:25,960 --> 03:31:27,600
IN THE PROGRESSION AND BETTER

5391
03:31:27,600 --> 03:31:28,800
SUPPORT FROM NIH, INDUSTRY AND

5392
03:31:28,800 --> 03:31:30,240
ARES FOR THESE KINDS OF

5393
03:31:30,240 --> 03:31:33,040
APPROACHES, I THINK WILL HELP US

5394
03:31:33,040 --> 03:31:35,520
IESHES DENTIFY WHAT THE BEST

5395
03:31:35,520 --> 03:31:37,720
TARGET IS SOY DON'T KNOW THAT WE

5396
03:31:37,720 --> 03:31:39,080
ACTUALLY KNOW IN ANY TARGET AT

5397
03:31:39,080 --> 03:31:39,680
THIS POINT.

5398
03:31:39,680 --> 03:31:41,720
WE HAVE GOOD HINTS, BUT WE NEED

5399
03:31:41,720 --> 03:31:43,720
MORE SCIENCE AND WE NEED MORE

5400
03:31:43,720 --> 03:31:50,840
DATA. 

5401
03:31:50,840 --> 03:31:51,680
JUST MY OPINION.

5402
03:31:51,680 --> 03:31:53,360
>>IS THIS ON?

5403
03:31:53,360 --> 03:32:01,160
OKAY, SO, I WANT TO GIVE SOME

5404
03:32:01,160 --> 03:32:02,440
PERSPECTIVE WORKING ANN ENGINEER

5405
03:32:02,440 --> 03:32:03,400
IN SOLVING ANY PROBLEM.

5406
03:32:03,400 --> 03:32:05,480
I THINK THE GOAL HERE IS TO

5407
03:32:05,480 --> 03:32:08,280
UNDERSTAND BRAIN AND

5408
03:32:08,280 --> 03:32:10,280
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND FROM THE

5409
03:32:10,280 --> 03:32:11,400
ENGINEER'S PERSPECTIVE WE DON'T

5410
03:32:11,400 --> 03:32:14,560
UNDERSTAND SOMETHING UNLESS WE

5411
03:32:14,560 --> 03:32:16,200
CAN BUILD IT.

5412
03:32:16,200 --> 03:32:17,600
AND SO, YOU KNOW IT'S ALWAYS

5413
03:32:17,600 --> 03:32:21,800
BEEN MY DREAM TO BUILD A MODEL

5414
03:32:21,800 --> 03:32:23,760
OF THE BRAIN, EITHER HARDWARE OR

5415
03:32:23,760 --> 03:32:27,240
SOFTWARE AND BE ABLE TO SIMULATE

5416
03:32:27,240 --> 03:32:29,000
THESE DIFFERENT CONDITIONS,

5417
03:32:29,000 --> 03:32:29,720
SIMULATE DIFFERENT STIMULATION

5418
03:32:29,720 --> 03:32:34,560
CONDITIONS ON TOP OF A HEALTHY

5419
03:32:34,560 --> 03:32:35,040
OR PATHOLOGICAL BRAIN.

5420
03:32:35,040 --> 03:32:36,360
AND WE'RE NOT THERES ARE YET,

5421
03:32:36,360 --> 03:32:40,400
WE'RE NOT EVEN CLOSE TO HAVING A

5422
03:32:40,400 --> 03:32:44,080
VERY REALISTIC MODEL OF THE

5423
03:32:44,080 --> 03:32:45,480
BRAIN ON A NEURON LEVEL BUT

5424
03:32:45,480 --> 03:32:49,520
THERE ARE ONGOING EFFORTS. 

5425
03:32:49,520 --> 03:32:52,040
FOR EXAMPLE, FROM THE CELL ATLAS

5426
03:32:52,040 --> 03:32:53,880
PROJECTS AND THE ALAN

5427
03:32:53,880 --> 03:32:54,920
EN--STRATEGIESITUTE IS PUTTING

5428
03:32:54,920 --> 03:32:56,000
TOGETHER AND CATALOGING ALL OF

5429
03:32:56,000 --> 03:32:57,360
THE CELL TYPES IN THE BRAIN TO

5430
03:32:57,360 --> 03:33:00,720
SOME OF THE EUROPEAN BRAIP

5431
03:33:00,720 --> 03:33:04,040
PROJECTS THAT ARE TRYING TO USE

5432
03:33:04,040 --> 03:33:06,280
FUNCTIONAL DATA USING STRUCTURAL

5433
03:33:06,280 --> 03:33:10,400
DATA TO INFORM A VIRTUAL BRAIN

5434
03:33:10,400 --> 03:33:10,640
MODEL.

5435
03:33:10,640 --> 03:33:12,600
THIS IS THE VIRTUAL BRAIN

5436
03:33:12,600 --> 03:33:17,040
PROJECT THAT THE EUROPEAN, SOME

5437
03:33:17,040 --> 03:33:20,240
OF THE INITIATIVES THERE IS

5438
03:33:20,240 --> 03:33:20,480
STARTING.

5439
03:33:20,480 --> 03:33:24,720
AND SO, FOR ME, I'M INTERESTED

5440
03:33:24,720 --> 03:33:26,720
IN SHIFTING AT LEAST OUR

5441
03:33:26,720 --> 03:33:29,720
RESEARCH IN THAT DIRECTION IS

5442
03:33:29,720 --> 03:33:32,560
BEING ABLE TO BUILD A BRAIN AND

5443
03:33:32,560 --> 03:33:41,360
MANIPULATE IT STARTING WITH

5444
03:33:41,360 --> 03:33:41,800
SIMULATIONS.

5445
03:33:41,800 --> 03:33:43,880
>>WELL I WILL JUST SAY
VERY

5446
03:33:43,880 --> 03:33:46,040
BRIEFLY, IS THIS ON, IS THIS, I

5447
03:33:46,040 --> 03:33:47,560
WILL SAY BREFLY THAT OUR

5448
03:33:47,560 --> 03:33:49,800
ULTRASOUND BEING SORT OF THE NEW

5449
03:33:49,800 --> 03:33:51,520
KID ON THE PLOK HERE THAT IN

5450
03:33:51,520 --> 03:33:53,760
MANY WAYS IT'S EASIER FOR US

5451
03:33:53,760 --> 03:33:55,440
WATCHING THE OTHER MODALITIES

5452
03:33:55,440 --> 03:33:56,960
AND LEARNING AND SEEING WHERE DO

5453
03:33:56,960 --> 03:34:01,080
WE NEED TO GO, BUT IN MANY WAYS

5454
03:34:01,080 --> 03:34:04,000
- IT IS HARDER FOR US BECAUSE WE

5455
03:34:04,000 --> 03:34:05,840
NEED TO IDENTIFY WHAT'S OUR

5456
03:34:05,840 --> 03:34:07,520
ADDED VALUE THAT, IS NEW OVER

5457
03:34:07,520 --> 03:34:12,000
THE OTHER MODALITIES SO I THINK

5458
03:34:12,000 --> 03:34:12,800
THAT'S PRETTY IMPORTANT FOR US

5459
03:34:12,800 --> 03:34:15,120
WHERE WE NEED TO GO.

5460
03:34:15,120 --> 03:34:16,200
>>FOLLOWING THE
DISCUSSION THAT

5461
03:34:16,200 --> 03:34:19,640
YOU ALREADY HAVE, I THINK THAT

5462
03:34:19,640 --> 03:34:21,440
WE ALL HERE ARE LOOKING FOR THE

5463
03:34:21,440 --> 03:34:22,400
SAME BASICALLY QUESTION AND THAT

5464
03:34:22,400 --> 03:34:24,360
WE ARE TRYING TO SEE, WHATEE CAN

5465
03:34:24,360 --> 03:34:27,360
DO AND EACH OF US IN OUR LABS,

5466
03:34:27,360 --> 03:34:28,920
WE ARE TRYING TO FIND KIND OF

5467
03:34:28,920 --> 03:34:33,480
TARGETS AND WE ARE TRYING TO

5468
03:34:33,480 --> 03:34:34,560
VALIDATE THEM, BUT THE QUESTION

5469
03:34:34,560 --> 03:34:36,320
I HAVE IS BEYOND WHAT WE ARE

5470
03:34:36,320 --> 03:34:38,400
DOING BEYOND WHAT WE ARE DOING

5471
03:34:38,400 --> 03:34:39,560
IN OUR INDIVIDUAL LAB, THE

5472
03:34:39,560 --> 03:34:41,400
QUESTION IS HOW CAN WE DO

5473
03:34:41,400 --> 03:34:42,680
SOMETHING ON AT THE COMMUNITY

5474
03:34:42,680 --> 03:34:42,880
LEVEL.

5475
03:34:42,880 --> 03:34:44,800
THIS IS WHAT WE TRY TO DO

5476
03:34:44,800 --> 03:34:46,720
TOGETHER, THE LAST 3 DAYS,

5477
03:34:46,720 --> 03:34:48,160
GETTING TGHTS, DISCUSSING WHAT

5478
03:34:48,160 --> 03:34:49,040
OTHER DIFFERENT LABS ARE DOING

5479
03:34:49,040 --> 03:34:50,520
AND THE REQUESTY IS WHAT IS

5480
03:34:50,520 --> 03:34:53,600
GOING TO HAPPEN AFTER THIS

5481
03:34:53,600 --> 03:34:54,400
MEETING?

5482
03:34:54,400 --> 03:34:56,400
WHAT ARE THE POTENTIAL KIND OF

5483
03:34:56,400 --> 03:34:58,080
BENEFITS WE CAN MAKE FROM THESE

5484
03:34:58,080 --> 03:34:59,760
NETWORKING ACTIVITIES THAT WE

5485
03:34:59,760 --> 03:35:00,200
ARE DOING HERE?

5486
03:35:00,200 --> 03:35:02,360
I WILL ASK A QUESTION FROM

5487
03:35:02,360 --> 03:35:06,120
PEOPLE HERE, HOW MANY OF YOU

5488
03:35:06,120 --> 03:35:09,120
WOULD BE INTERESTED TO ATTEND

5489
03:35:09,120 --> 03:35:10,720
THIS MEETING IN 2 YEARS SAME

5490
03:35:10,720 --> 03:35:14,920
TIME, HERE IN NIH?

5491
03:35:14,920 --> 03:35:17,320
JUST RAISE YOUR HANDS.

5492
03:35:17,320 --> 03:35:19,880
SO, SO THAT IS KIND OF AN

5493
03:35:19,880 --> 03:35:21,640
ONGOING DISCUSSION NERMALS

5494
03:35:21,640 --> 03:35:23,400
OF--AND COMPARED TO MANY OTHER

5495
03:35:23,400 --> 03:35:25,400
MEETINGS WE ATTENDED IN THE LAST

5496
03:35:25,400 --> 03:35:28,080
COUPLE OF YEARS, I THINK THAT

5497
03:35:28,080 --> 03:35:30,280
KIND OF THE UNIQUE FEATURE OF

5498
03:35:30,280 --> 03:35:31,680
THIS MEETING THAT WE HAVE ALWAYS

5499
03:35:31,680 --> 03:35:32,640
BEEN DISCUSSING ABOUT THE

5500
03:35:32,640 --> 03:35:34,320
CENTRAL CORE OF BASICALLY MRI,

5501
03:35:34,320 --> 03:35:38,320
AS BEING IN THE CENTER OF THE

5502
03:35:38,320 --> 03:35:39,720
DISCUSSIONS, AND DIFFERENT

5503
03:35:39,720 --> 03:35:40,920
MODALITIES AROUND MRI TRYING TO

5504
03:35:40,920 --> 03:35:43,120
SEE HOW WE CAN LEARN FROM EACH

5505
03:35:43,120 --> 03:35:44,560
OTHER, AS KIM MENTIONED HOW WE

5506
03:35:44,560 --> 03:35:47,120
CAN LEARN FROM OTHER MODALITIES.

5507
03:35:47,120 --> 03:35:48,640
WHAT PEOPLEY IN OTHER MODALITIES

5508
03:35:48,640 --> 03:35:49,840
ARE DOING AND THE REQUESTY IS

5509
03:35:49,840 --> 03:35:53,480
OKAY, HOW WE CAN GO BEYOND THAT?

5510
03:35:53,480 --> 03:35:55,040
IS THERE ANY CHANCE WE CAN

5511
03:35:55,040 --> 03:35:56,080
CONTINUE THE DISCUSSION, IS

5512
03:35:56,080 --> 03:35:59,920
THERE ANY CHANCE WE CAN START TO

5513
03:35:59,920 --> 03:36:01,720
EVEN WRITE PAPERS, MAKE NOTES

5514
03:36:01,720 --> 03:36:04,120
ABOUT THE TAXONOMY, ABOUT THE

5515
03:36:04,120 --> 03:36:05,560
TERMINOLOGIES THAT YOU HAVE BEEN

5516
03:36:05,560 --> 03:36:06,400
DISCUSSING ABOUT CURING LAST

5517
03:36:06,400 --> 03:36:08,280
COUPLE OF DAYS WE HAVE BEEN

5518
03:36:08,280 --> 03:36:10,480
DISCUSSING ABOUT THOSE DOSE

5519
03:36:10,480 --> 03:36:10,920
RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP.

5520
03:36:10,920 --> 03:36:12,880
BUT WE HAVE DIFFERENT MEANINGS

5521
03:36:12,880 --> 03:36:14,520
FOR WHAT WE CALL DOSE AND WHAT

5522
03:36:14,520 --> 03:36:15,720
WE CALL RESPONSE AND IS THERE

5523
03:36:15,720 --> 03:36:18,360
ANY CHANCE WE CAN GET TOGETHER

5524
03:36:18,360 --> 03:36:21,240
IS KIND OF DEFINE THE SPACE

5525
03:36:21,240 --> 03:36:22,800
AROUND DOSE RESPONSE OR OTHER

5526
03:36:22,800 --> 03:36:24,240
TECHNICAL DETAILS WE ARE

5527
03:36:24,240 --> 03:36:24,600
INTERESTED.

5528
03:36:24,600 --> 03:36:26,760
WHAT ARE THE KIND OF CROSS TALKS

5529
03:36:26,760 --> 03:36:28,240
BETWEEN DIFFERENT MODALITIES

5530
03:36:28,240 --> 03:36:30,440
THAT WE HAVE IN A FEW YEARS

5531
03:36:30,440 --> 03:36:32,440
FOCUS ULTRASOUND BUT WE HAVE IN

5532
03:36:32,440 --> 03:36:34,400
TMS HOW WE CAN LEARN FROM EACH

5533
03:36:34,400 --> 03:36:36,480
OTHER AND CAN WE CONTINUE

5534
03:36:36,480 --> 03:36:37,200
DISCUSSION BEYOND WHAT WE ARE

5535
03:36:37,200 --> 03:36:39,360
DOING HERE AND THAT IS SOMETHING

5536
03:36:39,360 --> 03:36:42,320
INTERESTING TO SEE HOW WE CAN GO

5537
03:36:42,320 --> 03:36:44,880
BEYOND THAT.

5538
03:36:44,880 --> 03:36:45,720
>>THAT'S EXACTLY THE NEXT
STEP

5539
03:36:45,720 --> 03:36:48,360
WE WANT TO TALK ABOUT, DO WE

5540
03:36:48,360 --> 03:36:49,480
WANT TO CONTINUE THIS MOMENTUM

5541
03:36:49,480 --> 03:36:55,400
TO HAVE THIS MEETING LIKE EVERY

5542
03:36:55,400 --> 03:36:56,920
OTHER YEAR, NOT EVERY OTHER DAY,

5543
03:36:56,920 --> 03:37:00,440
BUT THE TOPIC CAN BE CHANGED

5544
03:37:00,440 --> 03:37:01,960
SLIGHTLY ALONG THE DEVELOPMENT

5545
03:37:01,960 --> 03:37:04,640
OF THE FIELD, BUT IN GENERAL, I

5546
03:37:04,640 --> 03:37:05,960
THINK IMAGING NEUROMODDULATION

5547
03:37:05,960 --> 03:37:08,240
AND TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT AND

5548
03:37:08,240 --> 03:37:09,440
CLINICAL APPLICATION, THOSE ARE

5549
03:37:09,440 --> 03:37:12,440
THE KEY WORDS, YEAH, I'M, YEAH.

5550
03:37:12,440 --> 03:37:17,240
A LOT OF WORK I'M PRETTY SURE.

5551
03:37:17,240 --> 03:37:19,120
IF SOMEONE WANTS TO TACK A

5552
03:37:19,120 --> 03:37:22,640
LEADER FOR IT, BUT I'M HAPPY TO,

5553
03:37:22,640 --> 03:37:24,080
IF NOBODY WANTS TO, I AM HAPPY

5554
03:37:24,080 --> 03:37:27,560
TO DO IT AGAIN, BUT YEAH, YEAH,

5555
03:37:27,560 --> 03:37:31,280
I THINK THAT'S SOMETHING WE

5556
03:37:31,280 --> 03:37:34,560
SHOULD THINK ABOUT.

5557
03:37:34,560 --> 03:37:35,200
>>SO WE WILL--

5558
03:37:35,200 --> 03:37:37,440
>>FOR PEOPLE IN
AUDIENCE,.

5559
03:37:37,440 --> 03:37:38,840
>>HI, SO I JUST WANTED TO
ADD

5560
03:37:38,840 --> 03:37:41,480
TO THAT I THINK THERE HAS BEEN

5561
03:37:41,480 --> 03:37:42,960
SIMILAR KIND OF CONFERENCES THAT

5562
03:37:42,960 --> 03:37:44,720
START WITH AN IDEA AND BUILD,

5563
03:37:44,720 --> 03:37:46,840
AND SO JUST TO KIND OF GIVE A

5564
03:37:46,840 --> 03:37:49,280
PARALLEL EXAMPLE, I THINK THE

5565
03:37:49,280 --> 03:37:50,680
DBS THINK TANK SORT OF STARTED

5566
03:37:50,680 --> 03:37:51,720
THIS WAY WHERE THERE WERE A

5567
03:37:51,720 --> 03:37:53,880
GROUP OF PEOPLE WITH A SPECIFIC

5568
03:37:53,880 --> 03:37:55,000
NICHE INTERESTED IN DEVELOPING

5569
03:37:55,000 --> 03:37:57,320
TARGETS AND THEY GOT TOGETHER AT

5570
03:37:57,320 --> 03:37:59,160
OAKINS UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA AND

5571
03:37:59,160 --> 03:37:59,760
EVENTUALLY THEY

5572
03:37:59,760 --> 03:38:00,560
CERTAINLY--CERTAINLY VOLVED THAT

5573
03:38:00,560 --> 03:38:02,800
FROM EACH MEETING AND EACH

5574
03:38:02,800 --> 03:38:04,400
ADVANCEMENT, THEY WOULD PUB LESH

5575
03:38:04,400 --> 03:38:06,520
A GROUP PAPER ON WHAT IS THE

5576
03:38:06,520 --> 03:38:07,560
MOST UPDATED INFORMATION THAT

5577
03:38:07,560 --> 03:38:10,040
PEOPLE IN THE COMMUNITY COULD

5578
03:38:10,040 --> 03:38:10,640
USE.

5579
03:38:10,640 --> 03:38:12,440
SO JUST THINKING SIMILARLY,

5580
03:38:12,440 --> 03:38:14,280
EITHER A COMMUNITY SO GROUP

5581
03:38:14,280 --> 03:38:15,640
CONFERENCE PAPER TO SAY THIS IS

5582
03:38:15,640 --> 03:38:17,680
WHAT WE ARE ACHIEVINGAs A

5583
03:38:17,680 --> 03:38:20,680
FIELD AT THIS TIME VERSUS AN

5584
03:38:20,680 --> 03:38:22,440
OPEN PLATFORM AS STEVE WAS

5585
03:38:22,440 --> 03:38:24,160
SUGGESTING WHERE WE ARE

5586
03:38:24,160 --> 03:38:25,000
CONTRIBUTING COLLECTIVELY TO AN

5587
03:38:25,000 --> 03:38:27,640
AREA WHERE WE CAN COLLECTIVELY

5588
03:38:27,640 --> 03:38:29,600
PUT THE TAGHTA TOGETHER WHETHER

5589
03:38:29,600 --> 03:38:31,120
POSITIVE FINDINGS OR NEGATIVE SO

5590
03:38:31,120 --> 03:38:32,560
WE DON'T, YOU KNOW WASTE MONEY

5591
03:38:32,560 --> 03:38:34,920
OVER AND OVER AGAIN AND I THINK

5592
03:38:34,920 --> 03:38:36,600
AS COME OUT AS SAYING WE'RE ALL

5593
03:38:36,600 --> 03:38:37,920
DOING A VERY SIMILAR THING AND

5594
03:38:37,920 --> 03:38:39,560
LEARNING FROM EACH OTHER AND SO

5595
03:38:39,560 --> 03:38:41,720
PROBLEM SOLVING PROBLEMS A LOT

5596
03:38:41,720 --> 03:38:43,520
EASIER WHEN WE ACROSS DISEASES

5597
03:38:43,520 --> 03:38:44,120
ARE ASKING SIMILAR APPROACHES

5598
03:38:44,120 --> 03:38:46,320
AND CAN COME UP WITH A MORE

5599
03:38:46,320 --> 03:38:48,520
UNIFORM PIPELINE TO OPTIMIZE AND

5600
03:38:48,520 --> 03:38:49,960
IMPROVE EFFICIENCY, REALLY IN

5601
03:38:49,960 --> 03:38:50,680
ADVANCING DISEASES.

5602
03:38:50,680 --> 03:38:53,760
SO, JUST THINKING ABOUT HOW TO

5603
03:38:53,760 --> 03:38:57,600
BUILD BETWEEN CONFERENCES.

5604
03:38:57,600 --> 03:38:59,640
>>SORRY, THAT'S EXACTLY
WHAT

5605
03:38:59,640 --> 03:39:01,280
ANDY HAVE BEEN THINKING ABOUT,

5606
03:39:01,280 --> 03:39:02,680
TALKING ABOUT, IS THE 1

5607
03:39:02,680 --> 03:39:06,280
POSSIBILITY IS TO FORM A STUDY

5608
03:39:06,280 --> 03:39:09,720
GROUP FOR EXAMPLE IN ISMRM, IT

5609
03:39:09,720 --> 03:39:12,240
HAS SEVERAL STUDY SITE GROUPS

5610
03:39:12,240 --> 03:39:14,640
AND THAT'S 1 POSSIBILITY,

5611
03:39:14,640 --> 03:39:17,760
ANOTHER IS TO PROPOSE SYMPOSIUMS

5612
03:39:17,760 --> 03:39:21,720
IN CONFERENCES, IN OHPM, ISMRM,

5613
03:39:21,720 --> 03:39:23,880
OR BRAIN STIMULATION AND SO ON.

5614
03:39:23,880 --> 03:39:26,800
SO, YOU KNOW PAST COUPLE YEARS,

5615
03:39:26,800 --> 03:39:30,680
DANNY AND I PROPOSED A COUPLE IN

5616
03:39:30,680 --> 03:39:31,840
OHPM AND ISMRM BUT WE WILL BE

5617
03:39:31,840 --> 03:39:35,440
HAPPY TO DO IT AGAIN, I GUESS.

5618
03:39:35,440 --> 03:39:42,960
YEAH, SO THOSE ARE THE THINKINGS

5619
03:39:42,960 --> 03:39:43,680
THAT WE HAVE.

5620
03:39:43,680 --> 03:39:46,600
>>SO I THINK WE SEND OUT
AURE

5621
03:39:46,600 --> 03:39:48,760
VEY, TOGETHER WITH THE NICE

5622
03:39:48,760 --> 03:39:51,840
GROUP PICTURE WE TOOK ON MONDAY.

5623
03:39:51,840 --> 03:39:55,560
YOU WILL RECEIVE A SURVEY TO

5624
03:39:55,560 --> 03:39:58,960
BRAINSTORM IDEAS WE WANT TO HEAR

5625
03:39:58,960 --> 03:40:01,280
BACK FROM THEM, YEAH, IT'S A

5626
03:40:01,280 --> 03:40:03,760
COMMUNITY EFFORT.

5627
03:40:03,760 --> 03:40:05,600
YEAH, OKAY.

5628
03:40:05,600 --> 03:40:07,320
>>I JUST WANT TO COMMENT
ON

5629
03:40:07,320 --> 03:40:09,640
YOUR PREVIOUS QUESTION, I REALLY

5630
03:40:09,640 --> 03:40:14,640
LIKE YOUR BLACK BOX DIAGRAM.

5631
03:40:14,640 --> 03:40:17,360
I THINK TRIAL AND ERROR, THAT'S

5632
03:40:17,360 --> 03:40:21,200
HOW HUMANS LEARN, RIGHT?

5633
03:40:21,200 --> 03:40:24,160
WE HAVE--WE CAN TAKE LIKE A

5634
03:40:24,160 --> 03:40:25,920
DIFFERENT TIERS TO ME IS HOW I

5635
03:40:25,920 --> 03:40:28,400
THINK ABOUT RIGHT, THE KEY ARE

5636
03:40:28,400 --> 03:40:29,120
THESE FOR BUSINESS?

5637
03:40:29,120 --> 03:40:33,080
CAN YOU PROVE IT WORKS, RIGHT?

5638
03:40:33,080 --> 03:40:36,680
IF YOU CAN, IT WORKS, THEN YOU

5639
03:40:36,680 --> 03:40:38,840
CAN HAND IT TO BUSINESS, GO MAKE

5640
03:40:38,840 --> 03:40:39,640
IT, MAKE A PRODUCT.

5641
03:40:39,640 --> 03:40:45,920
I KNOW IT WORKS, NOW YOU GO  MAE

5642
03:40:45,920 --> 03:40:46,200
IT, RIGHT?

5643
03:40:46,200 --> 03:40:47,800
BUT THEN YOU GO INTO THE BLACK

5644
03:40:47,800 --> 03:40:50,720
BOX AND YOU ASK ALL THE WHYs,

5645
03:40:50,720 --> 03:40:52,880
SO IT'S VERY IMPORTANT FOR

5646
03:40:52,880 --> 03:40:53,920
RESEARCH AND THEN ONCE THEY

5647
03:40:53,920 --> 03:40:56,240
ANSWER ALL THE WHYs YOU DO

5648
03:40:56,240 --> 03:41:00,040
NEXT GENERATION OR BRAND NEW

5649
03:41:00,040 --> 03:41:02,640
STEPS BUT FIRST STEP IF IT COMES

5650
03:41:02,640 --> 03:41:05,440
FROM WORK, THAT'S HOW DBS, NOW

5651
03:41:05,440 --> 03:41:09,680
99% SURE IT'S GOING TO WORK,

5652
03:41:09,680 --> 03:41:11,160
THEN THAT'S BASICALLY, YOU'VE

5653
03:41:11,160 --> 03:41:14,160
DONE MOST HEAVY LEFTINGS' DONE

5654
03:41:14,160 --> 03:41:16,000
THEN THE TREY, ASSUME MARKET IS

5655
03:41:16,000 --> 03:41:18,760
BIG ENOUGH THEN I'M SURE

5656
03:41:18,760 --> 03:41:19,560
INDUSTRY, COMPANIES THE FIND A

5657
03:41:19,560 --> 03:41:25,080
WAY TO MAKE IT INTO PRODUCT.

5658
03:41:25,080 --> 03:41:26,840
>>OKAY, WE HAVE THE LAST
ITEM.

5659
03:41:26,840 --> 03:41:29,920
PANEL PLEASE STAY, I THINK WE

5660
03:41:29,920 --> 03:41:34,840
HAVE,A WARDS CEREMONY?

5661
03:41:34,840 --> 03:41:37,000
YOU GUYS [INDISCERNIBLE] TO HAVE

5662
03:41:37,000 --> 03:41:37,360
YOU HERE.

5663
03:41:37,360 --> 03:41:43,800
SO WE HAVE 3 AWARDS TO GIVE TO

5664
03:41:43,800 --> 03:41:45,520
THE OTHER PRESENTATIONS, IT

5665
03:41:45,520 --> 03:41:51,320
COMES OUT VERY COMPETITIVE,

5666
03:41:51,320 --> 03:41:51,960
VERY, YEAH, [INDISCERNIBLE]

5667
03:41:51,960 --> 03:41:53,320
>>I WOULD LIKE TO SAY A
FEW

5668
03:41:53,320 --> 03:41:54,720
WORDS ABOUT THE AWARDS FIRST OF

5669
03:41:54,720 --> 03:41:56,680
ALL THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR

5670
03:41:56,680 --> 03:41:57,040
PRESENTATIONS.

5671
03:41:57,040 --> 03:41:59,440
I LEARNED A LOT, I HOPE YOU ALSO

5672
03:41:59,440 --> 03:42:01,840
LEARNED AND ENJOYED THE

5673
03:42:01,840 --> 03:42:02,080
WORKSHOP.

5674
03:42:02,080 --> 03:42:03,720
THIS WAS SO HARD, ALL THE

5675
03:42:03,720 --> 03:42:05,800
PRESENTATIONS ARE VERY GOOD.

5676
03:42:05,800 --> 03:42:13,760
I JUST WANT TO SAY THAT

5677
03:42:13,760 --> 03:42:17,640
INNOVATION, SCIENTIFIC QUALITY

5678
03:42:17,640 --> 03:42:19,520
AND PRESENTATION, AND MAYBE WE

5679
03:42:19,520 --> 03:42:21,160
CAN ANNOUNCE THE WINNERS.

5680
03:42:21,160 --> 03:42:21,560
>>YOU CAN.

5681
03:42:21,560 --> 03:42:28,520
>>ALL RIGHT.

5682
03:42:28,520 --> 03:42:31,160
ALL RIGHT.

5683
03:42:31,160 --> 03:42:34,720
SO WE HAVE LI-PANG NI, COMPUTER

5684
03:42:34,720 --> 03:42:36,440
MODELING MY IEE, AUDIENCE

5685
03:42:36,440 --> 03:42:39,640
DENTIFY TARGET FIST ARE ATTENT

5686
03:42:39,640 --> 03:42:49,960
DEPRESS ANT RTMS.

5687
03:42:54,000 --> 03:42:54,320
[ APPLAUSE ]

5688
03:42:54,320 --> 03:43:04,840
>>PLEASE POSE FOR A
PICTURE.

5689
03:43:11,440 --> 03:43:11,640
[LAUGHTER]

5690
03:43:11,640 --> 03:43:12,040
>>[ APPLAUSE ]

5691
03:43:12,040 --> 03:43:13,720
>>SECOND PLACE WE HAVE

5692
03:43:13,720 --> 03:43:16,040
[INDISCERNIBLE] MR DUST

5693
03:43:16,040 --> 03:43:17,320
IMPLANTABLE NEUROINTERFACE WITH

5694
03:43:17,320 --> 03:43:27,800
DATA COMMUNICATION VIA MRI.

5695
03:43:52,880 --> 03:43:53,120
[ APPLAUSE ]

5696
03:43:53,120 --> 03:43:55,920
[ APPLAUSE ]

5697
03:43:55,920 --> 03:44:01,480
>>AND NUMBER 1 AREA BANKS
MRI

5698
03:44:01,480 --> 03:44:02,560
FOCUSED CIRCUITRY FOR

5699
03:44:02,560 --> 03:44:13,000
ANESTHETICS IN THE BRAIN.

5700
03:44:24,720 --> 03:44:25,680
[ APPLAUSE ]

5701
03:44:25,680 --> 03:44:35,960
[ APPLAUSE ] 

5702
03:44:37,080 --> 03:44:37,480
[LAUGHTER]

5703
03:44:37,480 --> 03:44:41,400
YEAH, SO THANK YOU ALL FOR STAY

5704
03:44:41,400 --> 03:44:42,240
SO LONG.

5705
03:44:42,240 --> 03:44:43,440
WE ARE REALEE GLAD TO BRING

5706
03:44:43,440 --> 03:44:46,840
TOGETHER EVERYBODY AND HOPEFULLY

5707
03:44:46,840 --> 03:44:48,920
THIS IS A START.

5708
03:44:48,920 --> 03:44:52,040
>>YEAH, I JUST WANT TO
THANK

5709
03:44:52,040 --> 03:44:55,560
DANNY AND [INDISCERNIBLE] FOR

5710
03:44:55,560 --> 03:44:57,960
HAVING ME HERE.

5711
03:44:57,960 --> 03:44:59,200
I KNOW--E-MAILED ME PROBABLY IN

5712
03:44:59,200 --> 03:45:01,280
THE MIDDLE OF THE PANDEMIC ABOUT

5713
03:45:01,280 --> 03:45:02,880
A YEAR AND HALF AGO.

5714
03:45:02,880 --> 03:45:04,400
>>YEAH, IT TOOK A LONG
TIME

5715
03:45:04,400 --> 03:45:05,920
IT'S A GRASS ROOTS.

5716
03:45:05,920 --> 03:45:07,280
IT'S A TRULY GRASS ROOT

5717
03:45:07,280 --> 03:45:07,800
ACTIVITY.

5718
03:45:07,800 --> 03:45:10,200
>>THIS IS THE FIRST 1.

5719
03:45:10,200 --> 03:45:10,920
>>IT'S ALWAYS HARDER.

5720
03:45:10,920 --> 03:45:14,040
>>IT TURNED INTO A
MOVEMENT.

5721
03:45:14,040 --> 03:45:14,320
>>YEAH.

5722
03:45:14,320 --> 03:45:15,680
>>JUST REALLY APPRECIATE
A LOT

5723
03:45:15,680 --> 03:45:19,080
OF HARD WORK INVOEVERLED.

5724
03:45:19,080 --> 03:45:19,440
>>THANK YOU.

5725
03:45:19,440 --> 03:45:21,960
LOOK FORWARD IT SEEING YOU IN

5726
03:45:21,960 --> 03:45:25,200
THE FUTURE AND WE WILL SEND YOU

5727
03:45:25,200 --> 03:45:27,840
SURSURVEYS TO LOOK FOR IT IN

5728
03:45:27,840 --> 03:45:28,120
YOUR E-MAIL.

5729
03:45:28,120 --> 03:45:38,320
[APPLAUSE ]