1 00:00:11,320 --> 00:00:16,040 I WILL BE YOUR MODERATOR FOR 2 00:00:16,040 --> 00:00:22,040 THE SESSION. 3 00:00:22,040 --> 00:00:32,520 SO OUR FIRST SPEAKER IS 4 00:00:33,280 --> 00:00:34,400 Dr THIELSCHER 5 00:00:34,400 --> 00:00:44,760 AND HE WILL TALK ABOUT 6 00:00:44,760 --> 00:00:45,400 IMAGING. 7 00:00:45,400 --> 00:00:53,120 >>THANK YOU AND GOOD MORNING, 8 00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:53,480 EVERYBODY. 9 00:00:53,480 --> 00:01:02,480 [ NOT SPEAKING DIRECTLY IN MIC 10 00:01:02,480 --> 00:01:03,080 ] 11 00:01:03,080 --> 00:01:06,800 AND AS AN AGENT OF BASE AND 12 00:01:06,800 --> 00:01:08,800 THE SUBSET -- 13 00:01:08,800 --> 00:01:11,480 [INDISCERNIBLE] 14 00:01:11,480 --> 00:01:22,040 ONE IMPORTANT THING HERE IS TO 15 00:01:37,080 --> 00:01:38,320 REALIZE THAT -- 16 00:01:38,320 --> 00:01:38,760 [INDISCERNIBLE] 17 00:01:38,760 --> 00:01:41,720 AND THERE ARE QUITE A FEW 18 00:01:41,720 --> 00:01:43,120 SOURCES OF ERRORS THAT CAN 19 00:01:43,120 --> 00:01:52,560 MAKE THAT BAD IN A WAY. 20 00:01:52,560 --> 00:02:02,920 ONE THING IS THE. 21 00:02:03,440 --> 00:02:04,240 [INDISCERNIBLE] 22 00:02:04,240 --> 00:02:08,360 AND MOST LIKELY THE ONE WITH 23 00:02:08,360 --> 00:02:11,480 THE BETTER SKULL -- AND OFTEN 24 00:02:11,480 --> 00:02:17,920 IT WILL HAVE MORE BIASES WHICH 25 00:02:17,920 --> 00:02:21,760 ARE REALLY DIFFICULT AND TO 26 00:02:21,760 --> 00:02:26,160 KNOW WHAT IS BETTER AND THERE 27 00:02:26,160 --> 00:02:29,200 ARE ALSO SOME SERIES ON 28 00:02:29,200 --> 00:02:30,440 PROTOCOL AND AN IMPORTANT 29 00:02:30,440 --> 00:02:33,600 TOPIC IS THE POINT OF 30 00:02:33,600 --> 00:02:34,280 CONDUCTIVITY. 31 00:02:34,280 --> 00:02:36,200 THEY ARE NOT ACTUALLY VERY 32 00:02:36,200 --> 00:02:41,200 WELL-KNOWN AND I WANT TO GIVE 33 00:02:41,200 --> 00:02:42,480 ONE EXAMPLE HERE, THE 34 00:02:42,480 --> 00:02:44,240 SUBJECTS, ONE WITH A THINNER 35 00:02:44,240 --> 00:02:46,320 SKULL, THE OTHER WITH A 36 00:02:46,320 --> 00:02:50,320 THICKER SKULL BUT THAT IS NOT 37 00:02:50,320 --> 00:02:52,680 THE ONLY THING. 38 00:02:52,680 --> 00:02:55,080 THE THINNER SKULL IS MUCH 39 00:02:55,080 --> 00:03:00,760 DARKER WHICH MEANS A HIGHER 40 00:03:00,760 --> 00:03:03,920 FEROCITY, LESS ENTITY AND THEN 41 00:03:03,920 --> 00:03:05,800 THE THICKER SKULL, YOU SEE THE 42 00:03:05,800 --> 00:03:12,240 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THIS SKULL 43 00:03:12,240 --> 00:03:15,600 AND THAT SKULL. 44 00:03:15,600 --> 00:03:20,440 [INDISCERNIBLE] 45 00:03:20,440 --> 00:03:22,480 HOW TO VALIDATE, THIS IS ONLY 46 00:03:22,480 --> 00:03:23,320 POSSIBLE IN ANIMAL MODELS AND 47 00:03:23,320 --> 00:03:33,880 YOU HAVE TO BE VERY ACCURATE. 48 00:03:56,880 --> 00:03:59,640 AND IN TOTAL, YOU CAN MIX THIS 49 00:03:59,640 --> 00:04:05,560 OUT WHICH IS WHY INTERESTING, 50 00:04:05,560 --> 00:04:09,640 FOR SOME WITH SIMULATIONS, THE 51 00:04:09,640 --> 00:04:12,200 OTHERS NOT SO THAT POINTS TO 52 00:04:12,200 --> 00:04:15,840 THE NEED TO IMPROVE ON THE 53 00:04:15,840 --> 00:04:21,280 MEDIUM MODEL AND THAT IS WHERE 54 00:04:21,280 --> 00:04:27,120 THIS COMES IN, THE PRINCIPLE 55 00:04:27,120 --> 00:04:30,160 VERY SIMPLE. 56 00:04:30,160 --> 00:04:40,600 AND WE CALL THAT THE 57 00:04:44,200 --> 00:04:45,000 CURRENT-INDUCED MAGNETIC 58 00:04:45,000 --> 00:04:46,040 FIELD. 59 00:04:46,040 --> 00:04:48,120 IT IS NONINVASIVE, REPEATABLE 60 00:04:48,120 --> 00:04:49,600 AND SELF VALIDATING WHICH I 61 00:04:49,600 --> 00:04:52,840 WILL COVER LATER AND THEN 62 00:04:52,840 --> 00:04:54,200 POTENTIALLY DENSER 63 00:04:54,200 --> 00:05:02,120 MEASUREMENTS COMPARED TO 64 00:05:02,120 --> 00:05:05,880 INVASIVE RECORDINGS. 65 00:05:05,880 --> 00:05:14,360 SO WE HAVE THE R & L AND THEY 66 00:05:14,360 --> 00:05:16,200 GO ONE WAY INTO THE HEAD AND 67 00:05:16,200 --> 00:05:19,080 THE OTHER WAY IN THE HEAD AND 68 00:05:19,080 --> 00:05:21,960 IT SHOWS SLIDES OF THE IMAGES 69 00:05:21,960 --> 00:05:23,440 BY TAKING THE DINNERS BETWEEN 70 00:05:23,440 --> 00:05:25,760 THOSE IMAGES, YOU CAN 71 00:05:25,760 --> 00:05:29,560 RECONSTRUCT THE CURRENT 72 00:05:29,560 --> 00:05:30,600 INDUCED MAGNETIC FIELD AND 73 00:05:30,600 --> 00:05:41,080 FROM THAT TIE TO RECONSTRUCT 74 00:05:41,080 --> 00:05:42,600 THE CURRENT FLOW THROUGH THE 75 00:05:42,600 --> 00:05:45,200 EYE AND YOU HAVE TWO PARTS, 76 00:05:45,200 --> 00:05:51,640 THE MEASUREMENT AND THE 77 00:05:51,640 --> 00:05:57,040 RECONSTRUCTION. 78 00:05:57,040 --> 00:05:59,080 AND THE MEASUREMENTS -- 79 00:05:59,080 --> 00:05:59,600 [INDISCERNIBLE] 80 00:05:59,600 --> 00:06:05,200 MEANING YOU WANT TO MEASURE 81 00:06:05,200 --> 00:06:10,960 THE HIGH SENSITIVITY AND IMAGE 82 00:06:10,960 --> 00:06:18,880 QUALITY, AND HAVE A DIFFERENCE 83 00:06:18,880 --> 00:06:23,600 OF ONE MILLIMETER WHICH IS 84 00:06:23,600 --> 00:06:24,920 DIFFICULT TO BE DONE AND AT 85 00:06:24,920 --> 00:06:28,400 THE SAME TIME YOU WANT TO 86 00:06:28,400 --> 00:06:28,840 REDUCE BIASES. 87 00:06:28,840 --> 00:06:31,040 BEFORE I COME TO MEASUREMENT 88 00:06:31,040 --> 00:06:32,400 TECHNIQUES WHICH WE HAVE BEEN 89 00:06:32,400 --> 00:06:34,000 DEVELOPING, I WANT TO SAY A 90 00:06:34,000 --> 00:06:44,400 FEW WORDS ABOUT THE 91 00:06:44,840 --> 00:06:47,920 MEASUREMENT SETUP, THAT IS HOW 92 00:06:47,920 --> 00:06:49,960 IT LOOKS HERE, YOU HAVE SOME 93 00:06:49,960 --> 00:06:51,440 MEASUREMENTS ON THE SIDE OF 94 00:06:51,440 --> 00:06:56,320 THE HEAD AND THE CABLE CREATE 95 00:06:56,320 --> 00:06:59,960 MAGNETIC FIELD AND THIS HAS 96 00:06:59,960 --> 00:07:02,000 BEEN SUPER IMPOSED ACTUALLY 97 00:07:02,000 --> 00:07:02,520 THROUGH METAL. 98 00:07:02,520 --> 00:07:08,840 SO IN A SIMULATED SITUATION, 99 00:07:08,840 --> 00:07:11,360 YOU HAVE THE SKIN WITH THE 100 00:07:11,360 --> 00:07:15,680 ELECTRODES, THE YELLOW THING 101 00:07:15,680 --> 00:07:17,160 HERE, THE SLIDE AND YOU SEE 102 00:07:17,160 --> 00:07:20,760 THE CABLES HERE AND BY 103 00:07:20,760 --> 00:07:22,560 ELEVATING THEM, THEY APPEAR 104 00:07:22,560 --> 00:07:26,320 QUITE STRONG AND THEN WHEN 105 00:07:26,320 --> 00:07:29,840 ELEVATING THEM THROUGH SIMILAR 106 00:07:29,840 --> 00:07:31,400 MAGNETIC FIELDS, THEY ARE 107 00:07:31,400 --> 00:07:33,840 VERY, VERY SIMILAR. 108 00:07:33,840 --> 00:07:43,320 SO HERE YOU SEE THE CURRENT 109 00:07:43,320 --> 00:07:45,480 WITH CALCULATED LEAD STRAY 110 00:07:45,480 --> 00:07:49,960 FIELDS AND HERE WE HAVE THE 111 00:07:49,960 --> 00:07:52,200 MEASURED CALCULATIONS OF THE 112 00:07:52,200 --> 00:07:52,520 HEAD. 113 00:07:52,520 --> 00:07:56,760 SO LONG STORY SHORT, THE 114 00:07:56,760 --> 00:07:58,680 MAGNETIC FIELDS OF THOSE 115 00:07:58,680 --> 00:08:03,200 CABLES DON'T HAVE A STRONG 116 00:08:03,200 --> 00:08:08,600 SATURATION BY WHICH THEY ARE 117 00:08:08,600 --> 00:08:10,320 MEASURED IN IMAGE 2 AND AS 118 00:08:10,320 --> 00:08:12,880 THEY ARE IMPROVED, WE GET VERY 119 00:08:12,880 --> 00:08:13,560 DIFFERENT MEASUREMENTS. 120 00:08:13,560 --> 00:08:19,320 WHAT WE CAN DO AS WE CALCULATE 121 00:08:19,320 --> 00:08:24,000 SOME FIELDS, WE CAN GET 122 00:08:24,000 --> 00:08:28,400 UNBIASED MANIPULATION OF THE 123 00:08:28,400 --> 00:08:28,960 CABLE INDUCED FIELD. 124 00:08:28,960 --> 00:08:39,560 IT IS NOT ONLY THAT WITH THE 125 00:08:39,920 --> 00:08:40,920 CABLE-INDUCED FIELD BUT WE ARE 126 00:08:40,920 --> 00:08:44,120 ABLE TO MAKE SOME VERY NICE 127 00:08:44,120 --> 00:08:51,280 RESIDUALS SO HERE YOU HAVE THE 128 00:08:51,280 --> 00:08:59,880 CABLE AND WE COMPARE THEM TO 129 00:08:59,880 --> 00:09:00,360 SEE -- 130 00:09:00,360 --> 00:09:01,000 [INDISCERNIBLE] 131 00:09:01,000 --> 00:09:04,000 SO HERE YOU HAVE THE STRONG 132 00:09:04,000 --> 00:09:07,320 FIELDS AND COME FIRE 133 00:09:07,320 --> 00:09:09,040 MEASUREMENTS XYZ, YOU CAN SEE 134 00:09:09,040 --> 00:09:10,360 THE DIFFERENCE ALONG THIS 135 00:09:10,360 --> 00:09:10,640 LINE. 136 00:09:10,640 --> 00:09:12,840 SO BASICALLY IT IS A NICE WAY 137 00:09:12,840 --> 00:09:15,040 OF VALIDATING YOUR 138 00:09:15,040 --> 00:09:17,680 MEASUREMENTS TO SHOW THEY ARE 139 00:09:17,680 --> 00:09:19,080 UNBIASED AND RELIABLE. 140 00:09:19,080 --> 00:09:29,600 THIS IS AN EXAMPLE WE FOUND 141 00:09:30,720 --> 00:09:38,520 THAT SHOWS THE PROBLEM AND YOU 142 00:09:38,520 --> 00:09:41,040 CAN SEE THAT THE RF IS NOT 143 00:09:41,040 --> 00:09:41,600 THERE. 144 00:09:41,600 --> 00:09:43,840 SO I THINK EVERYBODY DOING 145 00:09:43,840 --> 00:09:44,960 THIS EXPERIMENT NEEDS TO LOOK 146 00:09:44,960 --> 00:09:47,240 AROUND TO MAKE SURE THE 147 00:09:47,240 --> 00:09:49,880 MEASUREMENTS ARE WORKING OUT 148 00:09:49,880 --> 00:09:58,480 AND TO GET A GOOD ESTIMATE. 149 00:09:58,480 --> 00:10:01,480 SO I HAVE A FEW SLIDES ABOUT 150 00:10:01,480 --> 00:10:03,160 THE OPTIMIZATION AS WELL. 151 00:10:03,160 --> 00:10:05,840 IT IS QUITE ANOTHER THING TO 152 00:10:05,840 --> 00:10:07,640 MEASURE MAGNETIC FIELDS SO 153 00:10:07,640 --> 00:10:10,760 WHAT WE DID IS TO TRY TO 154 00:10:10,760 --> 00:10:13,440 OPTIMIZE THE EFFICIENCY OF THE 155 00:10:13,440 --> 00:10:15,000 SEQUENCES, BASICALLY HOW MUCH 156 00:10:15,000 --> 00:10:16,600 SNR YOU GET THROUGH A PERIOD 157 00:10:16,600 --> 00:10:17,600 OF TIME. 158 00:10:17,600 --> 00:10:20,520 WE STARTED BY, YEAH, SCREENING 159 00:10:20,520 --> 00:10:31,080 SOME SEQUENCES SO SELECTING 160 00:10:34,560 --> 00:10:37,640 THE MOST IMPROVED ONE AND YOU 161 00:10:37,640 --> 00:10:41,720 CAN DO THAT SYSTEMATICALLY 162 00:10:41,720 --> 00:10:45,680 BOTH IN SIMULATIONS AND THEY 163 00:10:45,680 --> 00:10:46,960 MEASURE QUITE NICELY HERE, 164 00:10:46,960 --> 00:10:49,240 THEY HAVE A SWEET SPOT AROUND 165 00:10:49,240 --> 00:10:52,880 HERE THAT IS RELATIVELY SHORT 166 00:10:52,880 --> 00:11:00,880 SNR AND THIS IS DOMINATED BY 167 00:11:00,880 --> 00:11:02,360 THE TISSUE PROPERTIES -- 168 00:11:02,360 --> 00:11:04,640 [INDISCERNIBLE] 169 00:11:04,640 --> 00:11:15,160 AND THIS ALSO MEANS WHEN YOU 170 00:11:18,560 --> 00:11:21,800 HAVE THE DOPED SALINE WITHIN 171 00:11:21,800 --> 00:11:26,360 THE PARAMETERS, YOU HAVE 172 00:11:26,360 --> 00:11:27,040 REDUCED SNR. 173 00:11:27,040 --> 00:11:37,600 WE ALSO HAVE IMPROVED ON THE 174 00:11:38,800 --> 00:11:40,880 ROBUSTNESS AND SNR R AND 175 00:11:40,880 --> 00:11:42,800 IMPROVED READOUT SO AT THE 176 00:11:42,800 --> 00:11:45,320 END, YOU CAN GET VITAL 177 00:11:45,320 --> 00:11:48,560 ESTIMATES OR MEASUREMENTS OF 178 00:11:48,560 --> 00:11:52,280 THE CURRENT INDUCED MAGNETIC 179 00:11:52,280 --> 00:11:53,480 FIELD. 180 00:11:53,480 --> 00:11:55,640 THIS WOULD BE A LARGE 181 00:11:55,640 --> 00:12:03,400 MEASUREMENT FOR THE SCAN SO 182 00:12:03,400 --> 00:12:05,280 TALKING REALLY ABOUT A SINGLE 183 00:12:05,280 --> 00:12:07,480 SLIDE PER MINUTE AND YOU SEE 184 00:12:07,480 --> 00:12:08,880 THE MEASUREMENT GETTING A VERY 185 00:12:08,880 --> 00:12:12,720 NICE AND STABLE PATTERN AND WE 186 00:12:12,720 --> 00:12:14,840 START ACTUALLY SEEING EFFECTS 187 00:12:14,840 --> 00:12:16,040 OF THE MEASUREMENTS. 188 00:12:16,040 --> 00:12:17,880 THESE CURVES HERE COME FROM 189 00:12:17,880 --> 00:12:22,840 THE FACT THAT WE HAVE 190 00:12:22,840 --> 00:12:24,160 VENTRICLES WHICH ARE SHUNT A 191 00:12:24,160 --> 00:12:29,040 LITTLE BIT AND THAT SHOWS UP 192 00:12:29,040 --> 00:12:30,800 IN THE MICROMEASUREMENTS. 193 00:12:30,800 --> 00:12:33,440 LAST THING WE SEE IS INCLUDING 194 00:12:33,440 --> 00:12:36,480 VOLUME COVERAGE GOING FROM ONE 195 00:12:36,480 --> 00:12:44,120 SLIDE TO SEVERAL SLIDES AND ON 196 00:12:44,120 --> 00:12:46,280 SNS AND MODEL POSITION, THEY 197 00:12:46,280 --> 00:12:50,480 ARE QUITE GOOD QUALITY IN TEN 198 00:12:50,480 --> 00:12:53,880 MINUTES AND GET SENSITIVITY 199 00:12:53,880 --> 00:13:02,240 INCREASE COMPARED TO WHERE YOU 200 00:13:02,240 --> 00:13:02,920 HAVE -- 201 00:13:02,920 --> 00:13:03,520 [INDISCERNIBLE] 202 00:13:03,520 --> 00:13:05,760 ON THIS SLIDE YOU SEE THEY ARE 203 00:13:05,760 --> 00:13:07,840 ACTUALLY QUITE GOOD AND BY 204 00:13:07,840 --> 00:13:09,240 REPEATING THE SLIDE A NUMBER 205 00:13:09,240 --> 00:13:12,360 OF TIMES, YOU CAN SEE THE SNR 206 00:13:12,360 --> 00:13:14,880 IS QUITE A BIT BIGGER. 207 00:13:14,880 --> 00:13:16,600 WITH THAT I THINK WE ARE QUITE 208 00:13:16,600 --> 00:13:20,720 GOOD ON THE MEASUREMENT SIDE 209 00:13:20,720 --> 00:13:23,480 AND WE CAN SEE THE 210 00:13:23,480 --> 00:13:27,640 MEASUREMENTS WORK OUT 211 00:13:27,640 --> 00:13:29,760 RELIABLY, AND WHAT CAN WE DO 212 00:13:29,760 --> 00:13:30,600 WITH THE DATA. 213 00:13:30,600 --> 00:13:41,200 NOW WE WANT TO RECONSTRUCT THE 214 00:13:54,080 --> 00:13:56,120 FIELD AND IF RECONSTRUCTION OF 215 00:13:56,120 --> 00:13:59,360 CURRENT FLOW AND 216 00:13:59,360 --> 00:14:00,160 CONDUCTIVITIES, IT IS 217 00:14:00,160 --> 00:14:02,000 DIFFICULT BECAUSE WE DON'T 218 00:14:02,000 --> 00:14:04,440 HAVE THE DATA, WE HAVE 219 00:14:04,440 --> 00:14:07,600 RELATIVELY LOW SNR AND 220 00:14:07,600 --> 00:14:12,880 INCOMPLETE DATA WITH NO FULL 221 00:14:12,880 --> 00:14:18,040 3D COVERAGE. 222 00:14:18,040 --> 00:14:19,000 SO-- 223 00:14:19,000 --> 00:14:20,160 [INDISCERNIBLE] 224 00:14:20,160 --> 00:14:27,160 SO FAR IN HUMANS, WE HAVE THE 225 00:14:27,160 --> 00:14:29,400 VOXELWISE AND THAT WOULD BE 226 00:14:29,400 --> 00:14:32,760 THE INPUT MEASUREMENT AND IT 227 00:14:32,760 --> 00:14:33,320 LOOKS LIKE THAT. 228 00:14:33,320 --> 00:14:35,240 FOR EXAMPLE, HERE ON THE 229 00:14:35,240 --> 00:14:39,440 SLIDES, WE DON'T SEE ANY 230 00:14:39,440 --> 00:14:40,800 MEASUREMENTS OF THE VENTRICLES 231 00:14:40,800 --> 00:14:42,360 SO WE BETTER UNDERSTAND WHAT 232 00:14:42,360 --> 00:14:46,280 WENT WRONG IN THIS TYPE OF 233 00:14:46,280 --> 00:14:49,360 APPROACH AND THERE WE START 234 00:14:49,360 --> 00:14:59,920 WITH A SIMPLE CASE THIS, DATA 235 00:15:01,640 --> 00:15:03,840 HAS MODELS AND IN THE CURRENT 236 00:15:03,840 --> 00:15:10,160 FLOW, WE CALCULATE THE 237 00:15:10,160 --> 00:15:14,200 MAGNETIC FIELD AND CONSTRUCT 238 00:15:14,200 --> 00:15:15,400 THE ALGORITHM. 239 00:15:15,400 --> 00:15:22,880 SO WITH VALIDATION OF THE 240 00:15:22,880 --> 00:15:25,880 SIMULATED B2 FIELDS, IT WORKS 241 00:15:25,880 --> 00:15:27,360 OUT NICELY AS YOU SEE THERE. 242 00:15:27,360 --> 00:15:30,760 I DON'T WANT TO GO TOO MUCH 243 00:15:30,760 --> 00:15:36,280 INTO THE ALGORITHM BUT YOU CAN 244 00:15:36,280 --> 00:15:46,800 SEE THAT THIS WORKS WELL AND 245 00:15:47,800 --> 00:15:55,240 THEY ARE UNIFORM ALONG THE Z 246 00:15:55,240 --> 00:15:56,160 AXIS. 247 00:15:56,160 --> 00:15:57,920 SO LOOKING AT THIS 248 00:15:57,920 --> 00:15:59,640 RECONSTRUCTION, YOU CAN SEE IT 249 00:15:59,640 --> 00:16:01,080 IS DIFFERENT THAN THE 250 00:16:01,080 --> 00:16:02,800 MEASUREMENTS GIVEN TO US BY 251 00:16:02,800 --> 00:16:03,840 THE ORIGINAL ONE. 252 00:16:03,840 --> 00:16:06,200 THE FLOW IN THE VENT CALL IS 253 00:16:06,200 --> 00:16:07,920 MUCH REDUCED AND ALSO THIS 254 00:16:07,920 --> 00:16:10,880 DOESN'T REALLY FIT WITH WHAT 255 00:16:10,880 --> 00:16:12,400 WE HAVE GONE THROUGH. 256 00:16:12,400 --> 00:16:14,440 SO HERE YOU HAVE THE SALINE 257 00:16:14,440 --> 00:16:19,440 AND WHEN YOU LOOK INTO THE 258 00:16:19,440 --> 00:16:21,720 SPACE, THE TERMS WHICH THE 259 00:16:21,720 --> 00:16:22,600 ALGORITHM HAS TO CONNECT 260 00:16:22,600 --> 00:16:25,000 BECAUSE THEY ARE NOT MEASURED 261 00:16:25,000 --> 00:16:26,920 AND SUDDENLY NOT VERY STRONG 262 00:16:26,920 --> 00:16:34,480 SO THAT MAKES THIS VERY STRONG 263 00:16:34,480 --> 00:16:36,280 CURRENT IN THE RECONSTRUCTION. 264 00:16:36,280 --> 00:16:45,920 SO THIS IS NOT A VERY GOOD ONE 265 00:16:45,920 --> 00:16:55,280 BUT YOU CAN SIMULATE THE 266 00:16:55,280 --> 00:16:58,400 MODELS AND THIS IS ACTUALLY 267 00:16:58,400 --> 00:16:59,320 QUITE NICE. 268 00:16:59,320 --> 00:17:00,840 THEY HAVE GOOD CORRESPONDENCE 269 00:17:00,840 --> 00:17:02,440 BETWEEN OUR SIMULATIONS AND 270 00:17:02,440 --> 00:17:04,680 OUR MEASUREMENTS BOTH IN TERMS 271 00:17:04,680 --> 00:17:06,560 OF ABSOLUTE STRENGTH OF THE 272 00:17:06,560 --> 00:17:15,160 CURRENTS OR MAGNETIC FIELD OF 273 00:17:15,160 --> 00:17:16,960 THE CURRENTS -- 274 00:17:16,960 --> 00:17:17,440 [INDISCERNIBLE] 275 00:17:17,440 --> 00:17:18,680 WITH THE CURRENTS WE HAVE FROM 276 00:17:18,680 --> 00:17:21,200 LEFT TO RIGHT AND HERE YOU CAN 277 00:17:21,200 --> 00:17:25,200 SEE THE MEASUREMENTS ARE MUCH 278 00:17:25,200 --> 00:17:27,280 MORE WITH IMPROVED SIMULATION. 279 00:17:27,280 --> 00:17:28,400 SO BASICALLY THAT MEANS WITH 280 00:17:28,400 --> 00:17:30,480 THE ACCURACY OF THE SIMULATED 281 00:17:30,480 --> 00:17:32,800 FIELDS AND THE MODEL OF THE 282 00:17:32,800 --> 00:17:43,360 HEAD AS WE HAVE HERE, YOU CAN 283 00:17:49,320 --> 00:17:52,720 SEE WE CAN GET DIFFERENT 284 00:17:52,720 --> 00:17:53,280 MODELS. 285 00:17:53,280 --> 00:17:56,280 SO BASICALLY HERE YOU LOOK AT 286 00:17:56,280 --> 00:17:57,800 THE ELECTRODES, IT IS THINNER 287 00:17:57,800 --> 00:18:01,200 THAN IN THIS CASE SO YOU CAN 288 00:18:01,200 --> 00:18:03,760 TRY TO OPTIMIZE THE 289 00:18:03,760 --> 00:18:05,720 CONNECTIVITY TO SEE IF WE CAN 290 00:18:05,720 --> 00:18:07,960 MAKE THE SIMULATION BETTER TO 291 00:18:07,960 --> 00:18:08,840 THE MEASUREMENT. 292 00:18:08,840 --> 00:18:17,080 SO WHAT WE HAVE HERE IN THIS 293 00:18:17,080 --> 00:18:18,920 ONE EXAMPLE, WE HAVE LESS 294 00:18:18,920 --> 00:18:23,240 CURRENT FLOW AND THEN START 295 00:18:23,240 --> 00:18:27,560 OPTIMIZEING THE VOLUME 296 00:18:27,560 --> 00:18:35,760 CONDUCTOR OF HEAD MODELS,. 297 00:18:35,760 --> 00:18:37,400 [INDISCERNIBLE] 298 00:18:37,400 --> 00:18:39,240 AND THEN ADDING SKULL VOLUME 299 00:18:39,240 --> 00:18:42,040 AND YOU START TO SEE WHEN 300 00:18:42,040 --> 00:18:52,440 OPTIMIZING THE THE 301 00:18:55,680 --> 00:19:00,000 CONDUCTIVITIES, YOU GET THE 302 00:19:00,000 --> 00:19:03,760 CURRENT INDUCED FLOW AND SO 303 00:19:03,760 --> 00:19:06,200 THIS IS WHAT YOU USE FOR SKULL 304 00:19:06,200 --> 00:19:07,960 AND EVERYTHING INSIDE THE HEAD 305 00:19:07,960 --> 00:19:16,520 IS NOT REALLY THE BEST AND YOU 306 00:19:16,520 --> 00:19:22,400 CAN'T OPERATE ON THAT. 307 00:19:22,400 --> 00:19:24,000 WITH MORE SIGNIFICANT 308 00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:27,560 STRAPPING, YOU GET A IMPROVED 309 00:19:27,560 --> 00:19:32,760 MODEL WITH MEASUREMENT AND 310 00:19:32,760 --> 00:19:34,160 THEN EVEN BETTER 311 00:19:34,160 --> 00:19:34,600 CORRESPONDENCE. 312 00:19:34,600 --> 00:19:36,360 JUST TO POINT OUT THEN THIS 313 00:19:36,360 --> 00:19:42,040 HAS A CONSEQUENCE ON WHAT THE 314 00:19:42,040 --> 00:19:43,280 CURRENT LOOKS LIKE, THIS ONE 315 00:19:43,280 --> 00:19:53,160 HERE, THIS IS BASED ON THE 316 00:19:53,160 --> 00:19:57,720 OPTIMIZED CONDUCTIVE -- 317 00:19:57,720 --> 00:20:03,680 CONDUCTIVITIES AND WHAT WE SEE 318 00:20:03,680 --> 00:20:10,280 HERE, YOU HAVE THE SINGLE 319 00:20:10,280 --> 00:20:11,800 SLICE MEASUREMENT FROM LEFT TO 320 00:20:11,800 --> 00:20:18,160 RIGHT ON THE SUBJECT AND 321 00:20:18,160 --> 00:20:22,320 PROBABLY TOO THIS CURRENT 322 00:20:22,320 --> 00:20:26,880 INDICES IS GENERALIZED ON THIS 323 00:20:26,880 --> 00:20:28,760 WORK BUT THEN -- 324 00:20:28,760 --> 00:20:29,240 [INDISCERNIBLE] 325 00:20:29,240 --> 00:20:30,560 AND THIS IS WHAT WE ARE 326 00:20:30,560 --> 00:20:35,920 WORKING ON AT THE MOMENT. 327 00:20:35,920 --> 00:20:39,120 THEN WE HAVE SLIGHTLY 328 00:20:39,120 --> 00:20:40,560 DIFFERENT SITUATION GIVEN WE 329 00:20:40,560 --> 00:20:42,640 HAVE SEVERAL MEASUREMENTS FROM 330 00:20:42,640 --> 00:20:45,040 FIVE SUBJECTS AND SINGLE MON 331 00:20:45,040 --> 00:20:54,600 AGE, CAN WE FIND ONE SET OF 332 00:20:54,600 --> 00:20:56,240 CONDUCTIVITIES THAT WE HAVE 333 00:20:56,240 --> 00:21:00,920 WITH THE CURRENT INDUCED 334 00:21:00,920 --> 00:21:02,280 MAGNETIC FIELD, YOU HAVE ONE 335 00:21:02,280 --> 00:21:06,320 THAT FITS TO THE GROUP DATA 336 00:21:06,320 --> 00:21:13,960 HERE, YOU SEE THE DATA FOR ONE 337 00:21:13,960 --> 00:21:17,960 SUBJECT WITH IMPROVED CONCEPT 338 00:21:17,960 --> 00:21:20,120 BUT THE CONSEQUENCE WITH THIS 339 00:21:20,120 --> 00:21:26,920 SUBJECT HERE, YOU GET VERY 340 00:21:26,920 --> 00:21:30,480 DIFFERENT MEASUREMENT INSIDE 341 00:21:30,480 --> 00:21:30,840 HERE. 342 00:21:30,840 --> 00:21:36,160 SO THE NEXT THING IS TO 343 00:21:36,160 --> 00:21:41,720 INCLUDE LARGE DATA IN MONTAGES 344 00:21:41,720 --> 00:21:44,880 TO ESTIMATE THE CONDUCTIVITIES 345 00:21:44,880 --> 00:21:49,400 THAT WE CAN USE IN THE GROUP 346 00:21:49,400 --> 00:21:51,600 LEVEL FOR STANDARD 347 00:21:51,600 --> 00:21:52,960 CONDUCTIVITY AND I WOULD LIKE 348 00:21:52,960 --> 00:21:54,600 TO THANK YOU FOR YOUR 349 00:21:54,600 --> 00:21:58,400 ATTENTION AND THANK MY 350 00:21:58,400 --> 00:22:01,160 COWORKERS WORKING ON THIS 351 00:22:01,160 --> 00:22:06,800 TOPIC FOR A LONG TIME. 352 00:22:06,800 --> 00:22:10,520 AND THIS WORK IS SUPPORTED BY 353 00:22:10,520 --> 00:22:12,040 SDC. 354 00:22:12,040 --> 00:22:13,360 THANK YOU. 355 00:22:13,360 --> 00:22:13,720 [APPLAUSE] 356 00:22:13,720 --> 00:22:15,120 >>THANK YOU, WE WILL HAVE TWO 357 00:22:15,120 --> 00:22:17,520 MINUTES FOR QUESTIONS FROM THE 358 00:22:17,520 --> 00:22:17,920 AUDIENCE. 359 00:22:17,920 --> 00:22:28,360 ANY QUESTIONS FROM THE 360 00:22:29,800 --> 00:22:30,440 AUDIENCE? 361 00:22:30,440 --> 00:22:31,720 >>HELLO. 362 00:22:31,720 --> 00:22:32,200 VERY NICE TALK. 363 00:22:32,200 --> 00:22:35,680 I HAVE A QUESTION ON THE 364 00:22:35,680 --> 00:22:41,680 CALCULATION OF THE ELECTRICAL 365 00:22:41,680 --> 00:22:47,680 CURRENT, YOU ASSUME THE XY 366 00:22:47,680 --> 00:22:50,200 PLANE, HOW MUCH DO YOU PLACE 367 00:22:50,200 --> 00:22:54,840 ON ACCURACY, MY FIRST 368 00:22:54,840 --> 00:22:58,560 QUESTION, SECOND THE -- 369 00:22:58,560 --> 00:23:00,240 [INDISCERNIBLE] 370 00:23:00,240 --> 00:23:02,240 WHICH IS SLOW SO JUST WANT TO 371 00:23:02,240 --> 00:23:03,880 HEAR YOUR COMMENTS. 372 00:23:03,880 --> 00:23:05,800 THANK YOU. 373 00:23:05,800 --> 00:23:12,680 >>SO OF COURSE WE YOU ARE A 374 00:23:12,680 --> 00:23:13,880 THE VOXELWISE RECONSTRUCTION, 375 00:23:13,880 --> 00:23:18,280 THE FIRST ONE FROM THE XY 376 00:23:18,280 --> 00:23:22,880 ALGORITHMS AND I THINK IT IS 377 00:23:22,880 --> 00:23:26,520 REALLY LOW AND IF YOU USE THIS 378 00:23:26,520 --> 00:23:29,040 TYPE OF ALGORITHM IT WILL WORK 379 00:23:29,040 --> 00:23:31,880 NICE FOR EXTREMITIES THAT ARE 380 00:23:31,880 --> 00:23:37,120 ALONG THAT BUT WHEN YOU HAVE 381 00:23:37,120 --> 00:23:38,680 BRAIN ALGORITHM, IT HAS TOO 382 00:23:38,680 --> 00:23:39,880 MUCH ERROR RATE. 383 00:23:39,880 --> 00:23:45,680 THE ECHO IS SLOW BUT STILL NOW 384 00:23:45,680 --> 00:23:47,320 THERE ARE ITERATES WE CAN GET 385 00:23:47,320 --> 00:23:49,720 AND IT IS ALL ABOUT HOW MUCH 386 00:23:49,720 --> 00:23:54,160 DATA YOU CAN GET OUT OF THE 387 00:23:54,160 --> 00:23:54,520 SLICE. 388 00:23:54,520 --> 00:23:56,840 AND I THINK WITH THREE SLICES 389 00:23:56,840 --> 00:24:04,360 WITH MEASUREMENT OF VERY GOOD 390 00:24:04,360 --> 00:24:06,000 QUALITY, YOU CAN GET QUITE 391 00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:06,920 GOOD LEVELS. 392 00:24:06,920 --> 00:24:09,800 IT IS REALLY DIFFICULT -- I 393 00:24:09,800 --> 00:24:11,600 MEAN OBVIOUSLY WE CAN TALK 394 00:24:11,600 --> 00:24:14,160 ABOUT OTHER METHODS OTHER THAN 395 00:24:14,160 --> 00:24:21,880 SMS BUT THEY COME WITH A VERY 396 00:24:21,880 --> 00:24:22,200 HIGH -- 397 00:24:22,200 --> 00:24:23,320 [INDISCERNIBLE] 398 00:24:23,320 --> 00:24:32,200 TO GO TO APPLY SNR AGAINST 399 00:24:32,200 --> 00:24:33,160 THESE HERE. 400 00:24:33,160 --> 00:24:34,200 >>VERY NICE TALK. 401 00:24:34,200 --> 00:24:36,640 I HAVE A QUESTION REGARDING 402 00:24:36,640 --> 00:24:37,320 THE PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION. 403 00:24:37,320 --> 00:24:41,080 SO YOU HAD A NICE DIAGRAM WITH 404 00:24:41,080 --> 00:24:49,760 YOU SHOWED THE SNR WITH A 405 00:24:49,760 --> 00:24:50,360 VARIETY OF TRS AND WITH 406 00:24:50,360 --> 00:24:51,000 CERTAIN TRS, YOU HAD A LOW 407 00:24:51,000 --> 00:24:51,240 SNR. 408 00:24:51,240 --> 00:24:51,800 I HAVE A QUESTION. 409 00:24:51,800 --> 00:24:54,160 DID YOU KEEP THE SAME 410 00:24:54,160 --> 00:25:00,600 COMPARISON ANGLE FOR ALL THE 411 00:25:00,600 --> 00:25:04,040 SLIDES OR DID YOU TRY TO 412 00:25:04,040 --> 00:25:04,440 OPTIMIZE -- 413 00:25:04,440 --> 00:25:10,280 >>YES, WE TRIED TO OPTIMIZE 414 00:25:10,280 --> 00:25:15,960 YEAH AND IT STILL LANDS IN THE 415 00:25:15,960 --> 00:25:17,360 SNR RANGE -- 416 00:25:17,360 --> 00:25:18,000 [INDISCERNIBLE] 417 00:25:18,000 --> 00:25:19,160 SO THE OPTIMAL DOESN'T LOOK 418 00:25:19,160 --> 00:25:22,120 VERY DIFFERENT THAN WHAT I 419 00:25:22,120 --> 00:25:27,360 SHOWED HERE WITH ANGLES AND 420 00:25:27,360 --> 00:25:27,640 RTE. 421 00:25:27,640 --> 00:25:33,800 >>YOU WEREN'T ABLE TO REDUCE 422 00:25:33,800 --> 00:25:40,320 THE ANGLE BY COMPARING SNR? 423 00:25:40,320 --> 00:25:40,920 [INDISCERNIBLE] 424 00:25:40,920 --> 00:25:44,080 >>SO IF YOU REDUCED THE ANGLE 425 00:25:44,080 --> 00:25:46,800 OF SNR, WERE YOU ABLE TO 426 00:25:46,800 --> 00:25:48,960 SHOW -- 427 00:25:48,960 --> 00:25:49,400 [INDISCERNIBLE] 428 00:25:49,400 --> 00:25:50,600 >>WE OPTIMIZED ALL ACROSS THE 429 00:25:50,600 --> 00:25:53,320 COMPLETE RANGE AND THE OPTIMAL 430 00:25:53,320 --> 00:25:59,000 RANGE THEN WAS AROUND 100, 120 431 00:25:59,000 --> 00:26:00,720 MILLISECONDS AND WHEN YOU GO 432 00:26:00,720 --> 00:26:04,680 AWAY FROM THAT, IT IS VERB AS 433 00:26:04,680 --> 00:26:07,360 VERY MUCH AS SHOWN IN THE 434 00:26:07,360 --> 00:26:09,920 GRAPH -- 435 00:26:09,920 --> 00:26:10,720 [INDISCERNIBLE] 436 00:26:10,720 --> 00:26:21,040 >>THANK YOU. 437 00:26:21,960 --> 00:26:35,880 [APPLAUSE] 438 00:26:35,880 --> 00:26:37,960 >>SUBJECT SPECIFIC LOW 439 00:26:37,960 --> 00:26:40,200 DENSITY AND FIELDS VERY 440 00:26:40,200 --> 00:26:46,800 RELEVANT IN UNDERSTANDING AND 441 00:26:46,800 --> 00:26:47,680 DESIGNING NEUROMODULATION 442 00:26:47,680 --> 00:26:50,120 TREATMENTS AND ALSO IMPORTANT 443 00:26:50,120 --> 00:26:51,080 IN UNDERSTANDING BETTER WHERE 444 00:26:51,080 --> 00:26:53,560 SOURCES ARE LOCATED IN THE EEG 445 00:26:53,560 --> 00:26:55,880 INVERSE PROBLEM. 446 00:26:55,880 --> 00:26:57,400 THAT SUBJECT REMAINS A LITTLE 447 00:26:57,400 --> 00:26:59,800 OUTSIDE THE SCOPE OF THIS 448 00:26:59,800 --> 00:27:00,680 TALK. 449 00:27:00,680 --> 00:27:03,920 IN THIS CONTEXT, IN 450 00:27:03,920 --> 00:27:04,920 TRANSCRANIAL STIMULATION 451 00:27:04,920 --> 00:27:07,800 CONTEXT, IT IS ALWAYS 452 00:27:07,800 --> 00:27:15,440 IMPORTANT TO MINIMIZE IMAGING 453 00:27:15,440 --> 00:27:18,720 TIME AND BECAUSE IT IS VERY 454 00:27:18,720 --> 00:27:22,040 FATIGUING, IT IS IMPORTANT TO 455 00:27:22,040 --> 00:27:25,960 MINIMIZE THE SUBJECT 456 00:27:25,960 --> 00:27:26,840 DISCOMFORT. 457 00:27:26,840 --> 00:27:30,320 ALSO THE SYNERGY WITH 458 00:27:30,320 --> 00:27:32,120 TREATMENTS FOR TRANSCRANIAL OR 459 00:27:32,120 --> 00:27:36,600 DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION TO SHOW 460 00:27:36,600 --> 00:27:38,400 THE TYPE OF DATA YOU ARE 461 00:27:38,400 --> 00:27:39,440 INTERESTED IN. 462 00:27:39,440 --> 00:27:43,480 IT IS ALSO IMPORTANT HOW WE 463 00:27:43,480 --> 00:27:50,640 CAN USE THE DATA TO MEASURE 464 00:27:50,640 --> 00:27:52,680 MAGNETIC FIELDS. 465 00:27:52,680 --> 00:27:58,560 AS WE KNOW, LOW FREQUENCY 466 00:27:58,560 --> 00:28:02,720 CREATES A MAGNETIC FIELD AND 467 00:28:02,720 --> 00:28:06,560 ONE COMPONENT OF THAT CAN BE 468 00:28:06,560 --> 00:28:15,240 MEASURED IN THE MR PHASE 469 00:28:15,240 --> 00:28:16,040 IMAGES. 470 00:28:16,040 --> 00:28:22,920 WE KNOW BY AMPERE'S LAW THAT 471 00:28:22,920 --> 00:28:26,920 THE CURRENT DENSITY IS 472 00:28:26,920 --> 00:28:33,280 MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY AND IN 473 00:28:33,280 --> 00:28:41,800 OHM'S LAW, WE KNOW THE 474 00:28:41,800 --> 00:28:44,160 CONDUCTIVITY AND ELECTRIC 475 00:28:44,160 --> 00:28:46,320 FIELD AND WE KNOW ABOVE THE 476 00:28:46,320 --> 00:28:50,600 CURRENT FLOW WE WILL SEE MORE 477 00:28:50,600 --> 00:28:51,440 NEGATIVE VALUES. 478 00:28:51,440 --> 00:28:53,480 AN EXAMPLE OF THE REAL WORD IS 479 00:28:53,480 --> 00:28:54,680 ON THE NEXT SLIDE. 480 00:28:54,680 --> 00:28:56,080 WE HAVE FOUR INJECTION POINTS 481 00:28:56,080 --> 00:28:58,720 AND IN THIS CASE, WE ARE JUST 482 00:28:58,720 --> 00:29:01,480 INJECTING FROM LEFT TO RIGHT 483 00:29:01,480 --> 00:29:02,640 ACROSS THE PHANTOM WHICH 484 00:29:02,640 --> 00:29:04,200 EXISTS OF A GEL BACKGROUND 485 00:29:04,200 --> 00:29:07,560 WITH TISSUE IN THE MIDDLE. 486 00:29:07,560 --> 00:29:10,080 THE MEASURED IMAGE ON THE 487 00:29:10,080 --> 00:29:11,200 LEFT, THE OTHER ON THE RIGHT 488 00:29:11,200 --> 00:29:13,640 AND YOU CAN SEE THE CURRENT 489 00:29:13,640 --> 00:29:14,800 DOESN'T FLOW EXACTLY IN A 490 00:29:14,800 --> 00:29:19,040 STRAIGHT LINE BUT YOU CAN SEE 491 00:29:19,040 --> 00:29:21,560 THE TENDENCY OR POSITIVE VALUE 492 00:29:21,560 --> 00:29:23,640 PHASE TO BE ABOVE THE CURRENT 493 00:29:23,640 --> 00:29:29,480 FLOW LINE AND THE MORE 494 00:29:29,480 --> 00:29:32,440 NEGATIVE VALUE PHASE TO BE 495 00:29:32,440 --> 00:29:33,800 BELOW THE CURRENT LINE. 496 00:29:33,800 --> 00:29:36,800 SO WHAT WE PROPOSE TO DO IS 497 00:29:36,800 --> 00:29:43,200 HAVE NOT ONE BUT TWO CURRENT 498 00:29:43,200 --> 00:29:46,640 FLOWS THROUGH THIS EXAMPLE AND 499 00:29:46,640 --> 00:29:51,240 THEN WE CAN RECONSTRUCT A 500 00:29:51,240 --> 00:29:51,760 UNIQUE CONDUCTIVITY 501 00:29:51,760 --> 00:29:52,200 DISTRIBUTION. 502 00:29:52,200 --> 00:29:54,640 THIS IS WHAT YOU SAW BEFORE 503 00:29:54,640 --> 00:29:56,400 AND WHEN WE RECONSTRUCT THE 504 00:29:56,400 --> 00:29:57,680 CONNECTIVITY, YOU CAN SEE 505 00:29:57,680 --> 00:29:59,080 INSTEAD OF ONE SINGLE PIECE OF 506 00:29:59,080 --> 00:30:01,680 TISSUE IN THE MIDDLE, THERE IS 507 00:30:01,680 --> 00:30:08,520 A DISTINCT GRADE GRADATION 508 00:30:08,520 --> 00:30:11,240 WITHIN THE MASS AND THAT IS 509 00:30:11,240 --> 00:30:14,320 BECAUSE IT INCLUDES SOME 510 00:30:14,320 --> 00:30:16,400 TURKEY MUSCLE AND PORK MUSCLE 511 00:30:16,400 --> 00:30:21,720 IN THE BACKGROUND AND YOU CAN 512 00:30:21,720 --> 00:30:29,680 SEE THAT THE MR IMAGE CANNOT 513 00:30:29,680 --> 00:30:31,880 DO THAT, WITH THE CONDUCTIVITY 514 00:30:31,880 --> 00:30:34,440 IMAGE, IT CAN DO IT VERY WELL. 515 00:30:34,440 --> 00:30:36,840 SO NEXT WE LOOK AT 516 00:30:36,840 --> 00:30:38,120 CONDUCTIVITY CAUSED BY CURRENT 517 00:30:38,120 --> 00:30:38,400 FLOW. 518 00:30:38,400 --> 00:30:40,400 WE BREAK IT OUT IN INDIVIDUAL 519 00:30:40,400 --> 00:30:43,360 COMPONENTS, WE CAN SEE THE 520 00:30:43,360 --> 00:30:46,560 INFORMATION WE COLLECT IS ONLY 521 00:30:46,560 --> 00:30:47,720 PARTIALLY AVAILABLE, IN 522 00:30:47,720 --> 00:30:49,600 PARTICULAR, THE PART 523 00:30:49,600 --> 00:30:50,360 HIGHLIGHTED IN RED. 524 00:30:50,360 --> 00:30:53,360 AS LONG AS THE CURRENT IS 525 00:30:53,360 --> 00:30:56,880 TRANSVERSE, THAT IS IN AN 526 00:30:56,880 --> 00:30:58,440 AXIAL PLANE, ACTUALLY THESE 527 00:30:58,440 --> 00:31:00,960 COMPONENTS THAT WE ARE NOT 528 00:31:00,960 --> 00:31:05,960 ABLE TO MEASURE, THE X & BY 529 00:31:05,960 --> 00:31:08,160 ARE NOT VERY IMPORTANT BUT AS 530 00:31:08,160 --> 00:31:10,040 WE GO OFFLINE, THE MORE 531 00:31:10,040 --> 00:31:10,720 IMPORTANT THEY BECOME. 532 00:31:10,720 --> 00:31:13,440 SO WHAT IS THE BEST EXAMPLE OF 533 00:31:13,440 --> 00:31:14,920 THE CURRENT DENSITY WE CAN 534 00:31:14,920 --> 00:31:16,560 RECOVER USING THIS 535 00:31:16,560 --> 00:31:16,960 INFORMATION? 536 00:31:16,960 --> 00:31:19,360 WELL IT IS TYPICALLY CALLED 537 00:31:19,360 --> 00:31:20,480 THE PROJECTED CURRENT DENSITY 538 00:31:20,480 --> 00:31:21,880 AND WHAT IT IS IS BASICALLY 539 00:31:21,880 --> 00:31:24,880 THE PARTS WE CAN GET TO USING 540 00:31:24,880 --> 00:31:28,320 THIS SINGLE MEASURED 541 00:31:28,320 --> 00:31:30,000 PARAMETER, THE BX. 542 00:31:30,000 --> 00:31:32,520 SO THE DENSITY IS DERIVED 543 00:31:32,520 --> 00:31:36,800 DIRECTLY FROM THE CURRENT 544 00:31:36,800 --> 00:31:38,960 INDUCED FIELD, BZ, IN 545 00:31:38,960 --> 00:31:40,920 COMBINATION WITH THE MODEL YOU 546 00:31:40,920 --> 00:31:42,080 WOULD HAVE IMAGED. 547 00:31:42,080 --> 00:31:44,320 TYPICALLY WHAT ONE WOULD DO IS 548 00:31:44,320 --> 00:31:48,040 MAKE A UNIFORM MODEL WITH THE 549 00:31:48,040 --> 00:31:50,320 SAME GEOMETRY OF THE OBJECT 550 00:31:50,320 --> 00:31:57,960 YOU HAVE FURNISHED AND THEN 551 00:31:57,960 --> 00:31:59,440 HAVE THE MODELING CREATED BY 552 00:31:59,440 --> 00:32:02,400 THE SHAPE AND THEN WE CAN 553 00:32:02,400 --> 00:32:08,640 CALCULATE THE FULL DENSITY BY 554 00:32:08,640 --> 00:32:11,400 COMBINING THE J0 AND B0 IN 555 00:32:11,400 --> 00:32:12,520 GREEN INTO THIS HERE. 556 00:32:12,520 --> 00:32:14,280 YOU NOTICE WE HAVE THE ABILITY 557 00:32:14,280 --> 00:32:19,440 TO CORRECT THE BZ BASED ON THE 558 00:32:19,440 --> 00:32:25,360 CURRENT DENSITY. 559 00:32:25,360 --> 00:32:35,960 THE ERROR DEPENDS ON HOW BIG J 560 00:32:36,960 --> 00:32:39,240 AND BZ IS. 561 00:32:39,240 --> 00:32:41,240 THE CURRENT, WE ARE FOUR 562 00:32:41,240 --> 00:32:43,680 CURRENTS HERE FLOWING AND THE 563 00:32:43,680 --> 00:32:47,280 CURRENT DENSITIES SHOWN IN THE 564 00:32:47,280 --> 00:32:51,920 TWO CENTRAL COLUMNS COMPARED 565 00:32:51,920 --> 00:32:55,760 TO THE CENTRAL SIMULATION ON 566 00:32:55,760 --> 00:32:56,280 THE LEFT. 567 00:32:56,280 --> 00:33:02,360 WE USE A TECHNIQUE CALLED DT 568 00:33:02,360 --> 00:33:05,560 MR EIT. 569 00:33:05,560 --> 00:33:16,080 THE CONDUCTIVITY BETWEEN THE 570 00:33:17,080 --> 00:33:20,480 CONDUCTIVITY STENSOR, C EQUALS 571 00:33:20,480 --> 00:33:29,600 ND AND WE CAN ARRIVE AT THE 572 00:33:29,600 --> 00:33:31,520 RESULT HERE USING TWO 573 00:33:31,520 --> 00:33:32,280 INDEPENDENT INJECTIONS. 574 00:33:32,280 --> 00:33:34,760 SO ON THE RIGHT YOU SEE THE 575 00:33:34,760 --> 00:33:40,680 EXAMPLE OF THE POSITION 576 00:33:40,680 --> 00:33:42,400 DEPENDENT USING DT-MR EIT. 577 00:33:42,400 --> 00:33:44,960 BASICALLY THE FORM OF THESE 578 00:33:44,960 --> 00:33:45,600 RECONSTRUCTIONS ARE VERY 579 00:33:45,600 --> 00:33:46,680 SIMILAR TO THE ONE YOU MIGHT 580 00:33:46,680 --> 00:33:52,280 HAVE SEEN IN THE' EQUATION 581 00:33:52,280 --> 00:33:54,480 FROM THE PREVIOUS SLIDE FOR 582 00:33:54,480 --> 00:33:55,920 THE ALGORITHM BUT NOW INSTEAD 583 00:33:55,920 --> 00:33:58,360 OF USING THE BZ DATA ITSELF, 584 00:33:58,360 --> 00:34:08,920 YOU HAVE THIS FACTOR HERE, D 585 00:34:09,440 --> 00:34:12,440 IN IJ IS THE PSEUDO CURRENT. 586 00:34:12,440 --> 00:34:14,480 HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF THE 587 00:34:14,480 --> 00:34:15,640 CURRENT IN TWO INDIVIDUALS. 588 00:34:15,640 --> 00:34:21,560 ON THE LEFT YOU CAN SEE THE 589 00:34:21,560 --> 00:34:23,280 DATA, THE MAGNITUDE AND MASKS 590 00:34:23,280 --> 00:34:26,400 USED AND THE BZ DATA COLLECTED 591 00:34:26,400 --> 00:34:28,000 FROM THE TWO INDEPENDENT 592 00:34:28,000 --> 00:34:29,320 ADMINISTRATIONS SHOWING ON THE 593 00:34:29,320 --> 00:34:31,920 RIGHT ALONG WITH THE PROJECTED 594 00:34:31,920 --> 00:34:33,640 CURRENT DENSITY FROM EACH OF 595 00:34:33,640 --> 00:34:36,960 THOSE ADMINISTRATIONS AND 596 00:34:36,960 --> 00:34:42,280 USING THE DT-MR EIT ALGORITHM, 597 00:34:42,280 --> 00:34:44,000 WE'RE ABLE TO PRODUCE THE 598 00:34:44,000 --> 00:34:45,800 SCALING FACTOR FOR EACH OF THE 599 00:34:45,800 --> 00:34:46,360 PARTICIPANTS. 600 00:34:46,360 --> 00:34:48,520 SO YOU SEE THE SCALING FACTOR 601 00:34:48,520 --> 00:34:50,920 HERE ON THE SECOND COLUMN AND 602 00:34:50,920 --> 00:34:54,720 THE INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS OF 603 00:34:54,720 --> 00:34:56,360 THE CONDUCTIVITY TENSOR ON THE 604 00:34:56,360 --> 00:34:57,280 RIGHT. 605 00:34:57,280 --> 00:34:59,080 WHEN WE COMPARED THE VALUES 606 00:34:59,080 --> 00:35:00,840 THAT WE GOT FROM THE LOW 607 00:35:00,840 --> 00:35:05,520 CONDUCTIVITY OF THE WAY FROM 608 00:35:05,520 --> 00:35:15,920 AND WHITE BRAIN MATTER, WE 609 00:35:15,920 --> 00:35:16,680 FOUND -- 610 00:35:16,680 --> 00:35:17,160 [INDISCERNIBLE] 611 00:35:17,160 --> 00:35:19,240 SO NOW WE TALK ABOUT THE USE 612 00:35:19,240 --> 00:35:19,680 OF DATA SETS. 613 00:35:19,680 --> 00:35:21,320 IT IS IMPORTANT TO GET THE 614 00:35:21,320 --> 00:35:23,720 DATA AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE, 615 00:35:23,720 --> 00:35:25,360 WHETHER TO MINIMIZE SUBJECT 616 00:35:25,360 --> 00:35:26,440 BURDEN OR COLLECT MORE 617 00:35:26,440 --> 00:35:27,080 AVERAGES. 618 00:35:27,080 --> 00:35:29,800 IN THIS CASE, WE WOULD LIKE TO 619 00:35:29,800 --> 00:35:32,080 EXERCISE SYNERGIES WITH THE 620 00:35:32,080 --> 00:35:33,400 NEUROMODULATION TREATMENT AND 621 00:35:33,400 --> 00:35:38,480 WE ALSO SEE THAT MOST TDCS AND 622 00:35:38,480 --> 00:35:39,360 TACS PROTOCOLS USUALLY INVOLVE 623 00:35:39,360 --> 00:35:41,040 JUST A SINGLE ELECTRODE PAIR 624 00:35:41,040 --> 00:35:43,840 AND MOST OF THOSE INVOLVE 625 00:35:43,840 --> 00:35:46,120 SIGNIFICANT OFFPLANE CURRENT 626 00:35:46,120 --> 00:35:46,560 FLOW. 627 00:35:46,560 --> 00:35:49,440 IF WE JUST ARE ATTEMPTING TO 628 00:35:49,440 --> 00:35:50,680 RECONSTRUCT CONDUCTIVITY FROM 629 00:35:50,680 --> 00:35:53,080 A SINGLE CURRENT 630 00:35:53,080 --> 00:35:54,440 ADMINISTRATION, THIS PRESENTS 631 00:35:54,440 --> 00:35:56,280 PROBLEMS BECAUSE A CURRENT 632 00:35:56,280 --> 00:35:59,040 THAT IS FLOWING PERPENDICULAR 633 00:35:59,040 --> 00:36:00,600 TO A CONDUCTIVITY BOUNDARY 634 00:36:00,600 --> 00:36:01,840 CANNOT SEE THAT BOUNDARY VERY 635 00:36:01,840 --> 00:36:03,480 WELL AND I WILL SHOW YOU SOME 636 00:36:03,480 --> 00:36:05,640 EXAMPLES OF THAT IN A FEW 637 00:36:05,640 --> 00:36:06,480 SLIDES' TIME. 638 00:36:06,480 --> 00:36:08,080 SO THE MEASUREMENT OF COURSE 639 00:36:08,080 --> 00:36:10,360 INCREASES WITH THE AMOUNT OF 640 00:36:10,360 --> 00:36:11,120 OFFPLANE CURRENT 641 00:36:11,120 --> 00:36:13,920 ADMINISTRATION SO WE STILL 642 00:36:13,920 --> 00:36:16,880 CANNOT ESTIMATE THE JZ 643 00:36:16,880 --> 00:36:17,480 DIRECTLY. 644 00:36:17,480 --> 00:36:19,880 SO WHAT APPROACHES HAVE PEOPLE 645 00:36:19,880 --> 00:36:21,400 TAKEN TO REDUCING MEASUREMENT 646 00:36:21,400 --> 00:36:24,240 TIME AND TRYING TO RECONSTRUCT 647 00:36:24,240 --> 00:36:26,560 JUST USING A CANDIDATE MONTAGE 648 00:36:26,560 --> 00:36:33,000 FOR A NEUROMODULATION STUDY? 649 00:36:33,000 --> 00:36:34,000 WELL, ONE APPROACH WE HAVE 650 00:36:34,000 --> 00:36:36,880 USED TO TRY AND REDUCE THE 651 00:36:36,880 --> 00:36:39,440 MEASUREMENT OF TIME IS TAKE 652 00:36:39,440 --> 00:36:41,400 ADVANTAGE OF PARALLEL IMAGING. 653 00:36:41,400 --> 00:36:45,320 SO WE ALREADY HAVE USED A 654 00:36:45,320 --> 00:36:46,800 MULTIFACTOR OF 8 WHICH ALLOWS 655 00:36:46,800 --> 00:36:49,120 US TO CAPTURE THE ENTIRE FRAME 656 00:36:49,120 --> 00:36:52,520 DATA IN SIX MINUTES WITH SIX 657 00:36:52,520 --> 00:36:54,960 AVERAGES THAT IMPROVES GREATLY 658 00:36:54,960 --> 00:36:57,040 ON A PREVIOUS PROTOCOL WE HAD 659 00:36:57,040 --> 00:36:59,400 WHERE IT TOOK US SIX MINUTES 660 00:36:59,400 --> 00:37:01,640 TO GET JUST DATA ON ONE AND A 661 00:37:01,640 --> 00:37:03,960 HALF CENTIMETERS OF THE BRAIN 662 00:37:03,960 --> 00:37:08,480 USING A SIMILAR TECHNIQUE. 663 00:37:08,480 --> 00:37:13,800 AS THE CURRENT INJECTION IS 664 00:37:13,800 --> 00:37:19,120 READILY PERCEIVED AND USING 665 00:37:19,120 --> 00:37:23,360 10HZ, IT IS VERY -- SKIPPING 666 00:37:23,360 --> 00:37:25,360 SPACE LINES, YOU WILL REDUCE 667 00:37:25,360 --> 00:37:27,080 FOLDING AND WHAT WE CAN SEE 668 00:37:27,080 --> 00:37:33,200 HERE IN THE EXAMPLE FROM THE 669 00:37:33,200 --> 00:37:34,520 PAPER, HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF 670 00:37:34,520 --> 00:37:38,320 ONE OF OUR CURRENT INJECTIONS 671 00:37:38,320 --> 00:37:46,360 IN THE HEAD OF THE PHANTOM, IN 672 00:37:46,360 --> 00:37:48,840 THE OTHER PHANTOM AND HERE IS 673 00:37:48,840 --> 00:37:51,440 THE DATA CREATED FROM THAT 674 00:37:51,440 --> 00:37:55,320 IMAGE USING 2 SKIPPED, TAKING 675 00:37:55,320 --> 00:37:57,320 EVERY SECOND OF LINE K SPACE 676 00:37:57,320 --> 00:37:59,960 AND WHAT WE DID WAS SEGMENT 677 00:37:59,960 --> 00:38:02,680 THAT IMAGE AND REVERSE THE 678 00:38:02,680 --> 00:38:03,000 FOLDING. 679 00:38:03,000 --> 00:38:05,000 YOU CAN STILL SEE A LITTLE 680 00:38:05,000 --> 00:38:07,600 ARTIFACT THERE BUT WE WERE 681 00:38:07,600 --> 00:38:10,600 ABLE TO EASILY RECONSTRUCT THE 682 00:38:10,600 --> 00:38:12,200 CONDUCTIVITY IN THE PHANTOM 683 00:38:12,200 --> 00:38:14,640 AND IN A REAL OBJECT USING 684 00:38:14,640 --> 00:38:16,120 THIS METHOD. 685 00:38:16,120 --> 00:38:17,640 ANOTHER METHOD WE CAME UP WITH 686 00:38:17,640 --> 00:38:21,640 A COUPLE OF YEARS LATER 687 00:38:21,640 --> 00:38:24,760 INVOLVED USING AN ITERATIVE 688 00:38:24,760 --> 00:38:27,960 VERSION OF THE ALGORITHM. 689 00:38:27,960 --> 00:38:30,080 WE COMPARED IT WITH A METHOD I 690 00:38:30,080 --> 00:38:32,120 WILL DESCRIBE IN THE NEXT 691 00:38:32,120 --> 00:38:32,480 SLIDE. 692 00:38:32,480 --> 00:38:37,400 THE TOP HERE, YOU CAN SEE DUAL 693 00:38:37,400 --> 00:38:39,480 LOOP RECONSTRUCTIONS OF 694 00:38:39,480 --> 00:38:41,200 HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL DATA 695 00:38:41,200 --> 00:38:46,680 AND RECONSTRUCTIONS USING THE 696 00:38:46,680 --> 00:38:48,560 ITERATIVE HBZ ALGORITHM AND ON 697 00:38:48,560 --> 00:38:50,800 THE LEFT, 3 AND 4. 698 00:38:50,800 --> 00:38:52,680 YOU CAN SEE FOR THE HORACE 699 00:38:52,680 --> 00:38:56,960 SANTA WILL FLOW, WE CAN'T SEE 700 00:38:56,960 --> 00:39:00,880 THE VERTICAL EDGES AND ON THE 701 00:39:00,880 --> 00:39:03,360 VERTICAL, WE CAN'T SEE THE 702 00:39:03,360 --> 00:39:03,920 HORIZONTAL EDGES. 703 00:39:03,920 --> 00:39:05,520 THAT IS WHAT I MENTIONED 704 00:39:05,520 --> 00:39:06,960 BEFORE, THAT WE MISS THOSE. 705 00:39:06,960 --> 00:39:13,000 AND HERE YOU CAN SEE THE DATA 706 00:39:13,000 --> 00:39:14,400 USING FULL RECONSTRUCTION AND 707 00:39:14,400 --> 00:39:15,680 HALF THE NUMBER OF AVERAGES. 708 00:39:15,680 --> 00:39:17,560 WE SEE FOR THE VERTICAL 709 00:39:17,560 --> 00:39:19,920 CURRENT FLOW IN THE PROFILE 710 00:39:19,920 --> 00:39:21,600 LINE LOOKS VERY MUCH LIKE THE 711 00:39:21,600 --> 00:39:24,520 VERSION THAT WE SEE FOR THE 712 00:39:24,520 --> 00:39:25,400 FULL RECONSTRUCTION. 713 00:39:25,400 --> 00:39:27,800 SO IT DOES SEEM LIKE A 714 00:39:27,800 --> 00:39:30,120 PROMISING METHOD TO USE TO 715 00:39:30,120 --> 00:39:32,760 RECONSTRUCT SINGLE CURRENTS 716 00:39:32,760 --> 00:39:43,200 BUT STILL IN PLANE. 717 00:39:46,480 --> 00:39:56,880 NOW WE GO TO THE SINGLE 718 00:39:57,120 --> 00:39:58,760 CURRENT DT-MR EIT AND YOU CAN 719 00:39:58,760 --> 00:40:04,600 SEE THIS IS A DUAL LOOP METHOD 720 00:40:04,600 --> 00:40:05,480 BASED ON LEE. 721 00:40:05,480 --> 00:40:07,880 THIS HAS THE SAME UNIT AS THE 722 00:40:07,880 --> 00:40:09,800 ELECTRIC FIELD AND THAT WE DO 723 00:40:09,800 --> 00:40:17,800 HERE IS SET UP TWO 724 00:40:17,800 --> 00:40:18,720 S IMULTANEOUSEQUATIONS BASED 725 00:40:18,720 --> 00:40:22,120 ON TWO LOOPS AND BASICALLY 726 00:40:22,120 --> 00:40:25,320 SAYING THIS QUANTITY, D1J IS 727 00:40:25,320 --> 00:40:27,720 CONSERVED AROUND EACH OF THESE 728 00:40:27,720 --> 00:40:31,280 LOOPS AND WE SAW UNIQUELY FOR 729 00:40:31,280 --> 00:40:38,920 THAT DEFINING THE TWO SETS OF 730 00:40:38,920 --> 00:40:45,360 LOOPS AND ALSO THE ITA. 731 00:40:45,360 --> 00:40:51,760 YOU CAN SEE THAT THE DUAL LOOP 732 00:40:51,760 --> 00:40:55,360 IS VERY STREAKY BUT WE CAN FIX 733 00:40:55,360 --> 00:40:55,640 THAT. 734 00:40:55,640 --> 00:40:57,200 HERE IS THE BASIC INPUT. 735 00:40:57,200 --> 00:41:00,480 WE HAVE A PHANTOM IN GEL. 736 00:41:00,480 --> 00:41:04,600 WE PLACED SOME CHICK MUSCLE 737 00:41:04,600 --> 00:41:06,520 ORIENTED IN THREE DIFFERENT 738 00:41:06,520 --> 00:41:11,040 DIRECTIONS, X, Y AND Z AND 739 00:41:11,040 --> 00:41:13,800 ALSO A ISOTROPIC TISSUE WHICH 740 00:41:13,800 --> 00:41:17,960 IS A PIECE OF POTATO AND HERE 741 00:41:17,960 --> 00:41:19,680 ARE THE FLOWS WITH THE 742 00:41:19,680 --> 00:41:22,840 VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL AND 743 00:41:22,840 --> 00:41:29,600 THE MAIN DIFFICULT 744 00:41:29,600 --> 00:41:31,640 DIFFUSIVITY OF THE DATA. 745 00:41:31,640 --> 00:41:40,040 SO THAT IS THE PHANTOM 746 00:41:40,040 --> 00:41:41,440 APPROACH. 747 00:41:41,440 --> 00:41:45,880 FOR THE GRNN SETUP, WE HAVE 748 00:41:45,880 --> 00:41:52,000 THE SINGLE CURRENT DT '-MR 749 00:41:52,000 --> 00:41:55,560 EIT, WE RECONSTRUCT THE DATA 750 00:41:55,560 --> 00:41:58,160 IN A DUAL LOOP WITH THE GRNN 751 00:41:58,160 --> 00:42:00,200 AND ULTIMATELY GET THE OUTPUT 752 00:42:00,200 --> 00:42:03,080 THAT WE HOPE IS AN UNSTREAKY 753 00:42:03,080 --> 00:42:05,760 RESULT AND FROM THAT ITA, WE 754 00:42:05,760 --> 00:42:09,640 CAN GET THE CONDUCTIVITY IT 755 00:42:09,640 --> 00:42:11,600 ITA AND FROM THE FORWARD 756 00:42:11,600 --> 00:42:13,720 SIMULATION WE CAN GET THE 757 00:42:13,720 --> 00:42:15,400 ELECTRIC FIELD. 758 00:42:15,400 --> 00:42:17,800 SO THE RESULTS IN THE PHANTOM 759 00:42:17,800 --> 00:42:21,520 LOOK LIKE THIS, YOU SAW THE 760 00:42:21,520 --> 00:42:22,680 FOUR STREAKY DUAL LOOP RESULTS 761 00:42:22,680 --> 00:42:25,120 AND IN THE NETWORK, THEY LOOK 762 00:42:25,120 --> 00:42:27,880 VERY NICE, THEY AGREE WITH 763 00:42:27,880 --> 00:42:29,760 EACH OTHER, VERTICAL AND 764 00:42:29,760 --> 00:42:32,040 HORIZONTAL AND AGREE WELL WITH 765 00:42:32,040 --> 00:42:33,800 THE TWO CURRENT RECONSTRUCTION 766 00:42:33,800 --> 00:42:35,200 USING THE TRADITIONAL 767 00:42:35,200 --> 00:42:35,560 ALGORITHM. 768 00:42:35,560 --> 00:42:38,440 WE ALSO DID THIS IN A HUMAN. 769 00:42:38,440 --> 00:42:39,880 SO SIMILARLY HERE ARE THE 770 00:42:39,880 --> 00:42:50,360 INPUT DATA USED FOR THE 771 00:42:51,440 --> 00:42:52,720 RECONSTRUCTION, THE PROJECTED 772 00:42:52,720 --> 00:42:56,160 DENSITIES FOR THE CURRENT WE 773 00:42:56,160 --> 00:42:58,760 USE, THE SCALING ITA FOR EACH 774 00:42:58,760 --> 00:43:09,320 OF THE CURRENT PROJECTIONS, 775 00:43:13,240 --> 00:43:15,480 THE OZ AND YOU CAN SEE THESE 776 00:43:15,480 --> 00:43:19,480 AGREE VERY WELL WITH EACH 777 00:43:19,480 --> 00:43:23,800 OTHER AND WITH THE SINGLE 778 00:43:23,800 --> 00:43:24,440 CURRENT RECONSTRUCTIONS. 779 00:43:24,440 --> 00:43:25,920 NOW WE HAVE EXTENDED THIS 780 00:43:25,920 --> 00:43:28,240 METHOD TO DEEP LEARNING USING 781 00:43:28,240 --> 00:43:29,960 A UNIT WITH VERY SIMILAR 782 00:43:29,960 --> 00:43:32,960 ARCHITECTURE TO THE GRNN 783 00:43:32,960 --> 00:43:33,280 SETUP. 784 00:43:33,280 --> 00:43:36,160 LOOKING AT THE PHANTOM RESULTS 785 00:43:36,160 --> 00:43:41,040 FOR THE DDL, WHAT WE SEE ARE, 786 00:43:41,040 --> 00:43:43,760 AS BEFORE, THE PROJECTED 787 00:43:43,760 --> 00:43:48,000 CURRENT DENSITY, THE STREAKY 788 00:43:48,000 --> 00:43:51,920 DUAL LOOP RECONSTRUCTION AND 789 00:43:51,920 --> 00:43:54,480 THE CORRECTIONS WE SEE USING 790 00:43:54,480 --> 00:43:56,720 THE DEEP LEARNING ALGORITHM. 791 00:43:56,720 --> 00:43:58,720 AND HERE ARE SOME 792 00:43:58,720 --> 00:44:00,280 RECONSTRUCTIONS SHOWING THREE 793 00:44:00,280 --> 00:44:02,560 COMPONENTS OF THE CONDUCTIVITY 794 00:44:02,560 --> 00:44:05,560 TENS OR IN THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 795 00:44:05,560 --> 00:44:07,960 COMPARISONS WITH THE 796 00:44:07,960 --> 00:44:08,760 INDEPENDENTLY MEASURED DATA 797 00:44:08,760 --> 00:44:11,240 ARE VERY GOOD COMPARED TO THE 798 00:44:11,240 --> 00:44:14,800 TWO CURRENT INJECTION DT-MR 799 00:44:14,800 --> 00:44:15,400 EIT ALGORITHM. 800 00:44:15,400 --> 00:44:18,720 WE ALSO DID THE DL USING THE 801 00:44:18,720 --> 00:44:19,440 HUMAN DATA. 802 00:44:19,440 --> 00:44:22,320 AGAIN, YOU CAN SEE THE 803 00:44:22,320 --> 00:44:29,400 STREAKING DUAL LOOP DATA AND 804 00:44:29,400 --> 00:44:31,200 THE RECONSTRUCTED SCAN AFFECT 805 00:44:31,200 --> 00:44:33,320 HERE COMPARED TO THE 806 00:44:33,320 --> 00:44:34,360 RECONSTRUCTION FIELD ON THE 807 00:44:34,360 --> 00:44:37,400 BOTTOM AND YOU CAN SEE THE 808 00:44:37,400 --> 00:44:41,240 RECONSTRUCTION WE GET FROM THE 809 00:44:41,240 --> 00:44:41,520 DBL. 810 00:44:41,520 --> 00:44:47,960 AND HERE - - D D L. 811 00:44:47,960 --> 00:44:50,040 SO HERE YOU CAN SEE FROM THE 812 00:44:50,040 --> 00:44:51,520 FRONT TO BACK CURRENT 813 00:44:51,520 --> 00:44:56,480 ADMINISTRATION AND COMPARED TO 814 00:44:56,480 --> 00:44:59,840 THE TWO-CURRENT RECONSTRUCTION 815 00:44:59,840 --> 00:45:01,680 CONDUCTIVITY TENSOR ON THE 816 00:45:01,680 --> 00:45:02,040 RIGHT. 817 00:45:02,040 --> 00:45:03,400 AND THERE ARE OTHER APPROACHES 818 00:45:03,400 --> 00:45:06,760 THAT CAN BE USED TO 819 00:45:06,760 --> 00:45:09,040 RECONSTRUCT THE DT-MR EIT. 820 00:45:09,040 --> 00:45:17,800 ONE METHOD THAT CAME OUT LAST 821 00:45:17,800 --> 00:45:21,200 YEAR INVOLVED RECONSTRUCTION 822 00:45:21,200 --> 00:45:27,120 ON THE DT-MR EIT ELEMENTS, WE 823 00:45:27,120 --> 00:45:29,240 COMPARED THIS TO OUR DDL 824 00:45:29,240 --> 00:45:31,520 RECONSTRUCTION AND YOU CAN SEE 825 00:45:31,520 --> 00:45:34,400 FROM THE RESULT, THIS IS THE 826 00:45:34,400 --> 00:45:35,520 RECONSTRUCTION, THE L1 RESULT 827 00:45:35,520 --> 00:45:37,160 IS ON THE SECOND COLUMN. 828 00:45:37,160 --> 00:45:39,720 WE SEE SOME ARTIFACT CREATED 829 00:45:39,720 --> 00:45:40,920 THERE. 830 00:45:40,920 --> 00:45:44,160 IN TERMS OF THE DDL 831 00:45:44,160 --> 00:45:47,640 RECONSTRUCTIONS, HERE IS THE 832 00:45:47,640 --> 00:45:50,080 STREAKING DUAL LOOP AND ON THE 833 00:45:50,080 --> 00:45:51,920 RIGHT, THE OUTPUT WHICH 834 00:45:51,920 --> 00:45:56,560 COMPARES VERY NICELY TO THE 835 00:45:56,560 --> 00:45:58,080 TWO CURRENT REFERENCES FOR 836 00:45:58,080 --> 00:45:59,440 THIS PARTICULAR PROBLEM. 837 00:45:59,440 --> 00:46:01,160 IN CONCLUSION, I HOPE I HAVE 838 00:46:01,160 --> 00:46:02,160 SHOWN IN THIS PRESENTATION 839 00:46:02,160 --> 00:46:12,640 THAT IT IS POSSIBLE TO 840 00:46:20,760 --> 00:46:22,360 RECONSTRUCT STABLE AND-- 841 00:46:22,360 --> 00:46:25,200 CONDUCTIVITY FROM A SINGLE 842 00:46:25,200 --> 00:46:29,000 CURRENT DATA AND THAT THESE 843 00:46:29,000 --> 00:46:35,360 METHODS MAY BE USEFUL FOR 844 00:46:35,360 --> 00:46:38,560 MONITORING THE ELECTROMAGNETIC 845 00:46:38,560 --> 00:46:39,840 FIELD DISTRIBUTION AND WE ARE 846 00:46:39,840 --> 00:46:42,600 PRESENTLY TESTING THE DDL 847 00:46:42,600 --> 00:46:47,160 METHOD TO RECONSTRUCT THE 848 00:46:47,160 --> 00:46:48,760 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD FOR 849 00:46:48,760 --> 00:46:51,400 DISTRIBUTION OF F3 AND 4 AND 850 00:46:51,400 --> 00:46:53,080 OTHER MODES AS WELL. 851 00:46:53,080 --> 00:46:54,840 SO HERE ARE THE 852 00:46:54,840 --> 00:46:55,680 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND IF YOU 853 00:46:55,680 --> 00:46:56,800 HAVE ANY QUESTIONS ABOUT THE 854 00:46:56,800 --> 00:46:58,640 MATERIAL I HAVE PREPARED, 855 00:46:58,640 --> 00:46:59,800 PLEASE DON'T HESITATE TO 856 00:46:59,800 --> 00:47:01,200 CONTACT ME, MY E-MAIL ADDRESS 857 00:47:01,200 --> 00:47:02,920 IS HERE AND THANK YOU VERY 858 00:47:02,920 --> 00:47:07,240 MUCH FOR YOUR ATTENTION. 859 00:47:07,240 --> 00:47:12,240 >>ALL RIGHT, THANK YOU, Dr. 860 00:47:12,240 --> 00:47:17,520 SADLEIR FOR A VERY INTERESTING 861 00:47:17,520 --> 00:47:18,200 TALK. 862 00:47:18,200 --> 00:47:19,960 SINCE SHE CANNOT ANSWER ANY 863 00:47:19,960 --> 00:47:21,240 QUESTIONS, PLEASE FEEL FREE TO 864 00:47:21,240 --> 00:47:23,160 REACH OUT TO HER BY E-MAIL. 865 00:47:23,160 --> 00:47:26,520 AND WE ARE RIGHT ON TIME TO GO 866 00:47:26,520 --> 00:47:32,200 TO OUR NEXT SPEAKER, Dr. 867 00:47:32,200 --> 00:47:34,240 DANNY WANG FROM UNIVERSITY OF 868 00:47:34,240 --> 00:47:35,840 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AND HIS 869 00:47:35,840 --> 00:47:43,240 TALK IS ABOUT MAG AT THE TIME 870 00:47:43,240 --> 00:47:51,040 TICK -- MAGNETIC FIELD 871 00:47:51,040 --> 00:47:51,840 MAPPING. 872 00:47:51,840 --> 00:47:54,240 >>HELLO, EVERYONE, THANK YOU 873 00:47:54,240 --> 00:47:57,040 FOR ATTENDING THIS TALK. 874 00:47:57,040 --> 00:48:06,400 FIRST I WOULD LIKE TO LAY THE 875 00:48:06,400 --> 00:48:06,920 FOUNDATION OF TDCS. 876 00:48:06,920 --> 00:48:14,840 I WILL CONTINUE TALKING USING 877 00:48:14,840 --> 00:48:20,680 TRANSLATION AND FIRST I HAVE 878 00:48:20,680 --> 00:48:31,240 NOTHING TO CONFIRM FOR THIS 879 00:48:35,960 --> 00:48:46,440 PART -- OKAY, SO TDCS, WE KNOW 880 00:48:47,360 --> 00:48:50,040 IT IS NONINVASIVE, LOW COST 881 00:48:50,040 --> 00:48:52,080 AND WITH MINIMAL SIDE TEXTS. 882 00:48:52,080 --> 00:48:55,640 IT HAS POTENTIAL TO ALLEVIATE 883 00:48:55,640 --> 00:48:58,160 SYMPTOMS IN NEURALLIC AND 884 00:48:58,160 --> 00:49:00,400 PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AS A 885 00:49:00,400 --> 00:49:00,960 PROMISING THERAPY. 886 00:49:00,960 --> 00:49:05,360 SO I HAVE SHOWN HERE THIS 887 00:49:05,360 --> 00:49:09,920 EXPONENTIAL GROWTH OF THE 888 00:49:09,920 --> 00:49:15,800 PAPERS OVER THE TEN YEARS NOW, 889 00:49:15,800 --> 00:49:24,760 TDCS AND TDCS PLUS MRI. 890 00:49:24,760 --> 00:49:27,680 AND I THINK THE MAIN BARRIER 891 00:49:27,680 --> 00:49:31,200 IS THE INDIVIDUAL BARRIER AS 892 00:49:31,200 --> 00:49:35,720 YOU SEE DIFFERENT RESULTS FROM 893 00:49:35,720 --> 00:49:37,040 STUDIES BASED ON THE 894 00:49:37,040 --> 00:49:39,720 INDIVIDUAL SO I THINK THE HOLY 895 00:49:39,720 --> 00:49:46,200 GRAIL IS TO DO 896 00:49:46,200 --> 00:49:47,560 PERSONALIZED TDCS TREATMENT. 897 00:49:47,560 --> 00:49:51,960 AND TO TRY IMAGING APPROACH 898 00:49:51,960 --> 00:49:58,040 FOR CONCURRENTLY MAPPING THE 899 00:49:58,040 --> 00:50:01,680 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AS WELL 900 00:50:01,680 --> 00:50:12,120 AS THE NEUROPHYSICAL 901 00:50:19,160 --> 00:50:28,400 PHYSIOLOGICAL APPROACH. 902 00:50:28,400 --> 00:50:32,880 THE PERSONALIZED TDCS 903 00:50:32,880 --> 00:50:34,040 TREATMENT, THE CURRENT HERE IS 904 00:50:34,040 --> 00:50:38,720 VERY LOW AND HE WHAT WE WERE 905 00:50:38,720 --> 00:50:49,280 DOING IS USING THIS SEQUENCE 906 00:50:51,600 --> 00:50:51,880 IMAGE. 907 00:50:51,880 --> 00:51:02,440 THE PHASE HERE USING TDCS-MRI 908 00:51:03,240 --> 00:51:08,920 SETUP TO GET THE ACQUIRED MR 909 00:51:08,920 --> 00:51:09,280 SIGNAL. 910 00:51:09,280 --> 00:51:17,080 TO GET TO THE PHYSICAL 911 00:51:17,080 --> 00:51:18,720 EFFECTS, THE CARRIER IS AROUND 912 00:51:18,720 --> 00:51:29,400 BZ ONLY BUT YOU ALSO GET THE P 913 00:51:34,760 --> 00:51:38,520 -- PHYSIOLO GICAL APPROACH SO 914 00:51:38,520 --> 00:51:40,840 WITH THE TRANSITION OF THE 915 00:51:40,840 --> 00:51:51,400 CURRENT MAPPING, WE BASICALLY 916 00:51:56,160 --> 00:52:03,320 DID -- MANIPULATE THE CURRENT 917 00:52:03,320 --> 00:52:11,600 BASED ON AMPERE'S INDUCED 918 00:52:11,600 --> 00:52:15,080 MAGNETIC FIELD.WHICH IS 919 00:52:15,080 --> 00:52:16,480 PROPORTIONAL TO THE 920 00:52:16,480 --> 00:52:19,120 ELECTROCURRENT AND BECAUSE OF 921 00:52:19,120 --> 00:52:29,680 TDCS, YOU CAN CROSS OUT THE 922 00:52:34,000 --> 00:52:35,200 TIME DEPENDENT FILM AND BASED 923 00:52:35,200 --> 00:52:37,360 ON THE CURRENT ITERATION. 924 00:52:37,360 --> 00:52:40,720 WE DIDN'T TRY TO SOLVE THE 925 00:52:40,720 --> 00:52:43,240 MAGNET TIM FIELD BECAUSE OF 926 00:52:43,240 --> 00:52:45,120 THE COMPLEX ISSUES YOU HAVE 927 00:52:45,120 --> 00:52:55,560 HEARD AND THIS IS OUR 928 00:52:57,760 --> 00:53:02,000 VALIDATION STUDY -- 929 00:53:02,000 --> 00:53:04,320 [INDISCERNIBLE] 930 00:53:04,320 --> 00:53:07,280 AND WE HAVE THE WIRE ON THE 931 00:53:07,280 --> 00:53:16,640 CURRENT PATH AND YOU WILL SEE 932 00:53:16,640 --> 00:53:17,680 THIS PATHBE INCREASED WHERE 933 00:53:17,680 --> 00:53:19,880 THE PATH WILL BE DECREASED AND 934 00:53:19,880 --> 00:53:26,520 THIS IS BASED ON SIMULATION 935 00:53:26,520 --> 00:53:29,920 AND THIS IS WHAT WE MEASURED 936 00:53:29,920 --> 00:53:38,800 AND YOU WILL EXPECT TO SEE THE 937 00:53:38,800 --> 00:53:39,440 DISTRIBUTION OF THE MAGNETIC 938 00:53:39,440 --> 00:53:45,840 FIELD WHICH IS THE CASE AND IF 939 00:53:45,840 --> 00:53:56,400 YOU APPLY SHAM, YOU SEE THE 940 00:54:01,640 --> 00:54:02,920 REDUCED FIELD. 941 00:54:02,920 --> 00:54:05,400 IN THE SIMULATION AND ACTIVE 942 00:54:05,400 --> 00:54:07,040 IT IS TRACKING THE FIELD VERY 943 00:54:07,040 --> 00:54:08,920 WELL AND IN THE SHAM, YOU 944 00:54:08,920 --> 00:54:10,240 DON'T SEE MUCH VARIATION AND 945 00:54:10,240 --> 00:54:12,120 JUST LOOKING AT THE 946 00:54:12,120 --> 00:54:14,200 CORRELATION BETWEEN THE 947 00:54:14,200 --> 00:54:17,040 SIMULATION AND ACTIVE AND THE 948 00:54:17,040 --> 00:54:18,240 SHAM MAGNETIC FIELD, BASED ON 949 00:54:18,240 --> 00:54:23,400 THE SIZE OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD 950 00:54:23,400 --> 00:54:27,680 THAT WE MEASURED, WE DON'T 951 00:54:27,680 --> 00:54:30,520 WANT SOME VARIANCE WITH A HIGH 952 00:54:30,520 --> 00:54:33,920 MAGNETIC FIELD BUT EVEN WITH A 953 00:54:33,920 --> 00:54:35,320 POSITIVE AND ACTIVE ONES YOU 954 00:54:35,320 --> 00:54:38,520 STILL GET A VERY NICE 955 00:54:38,520 --> 00:54:40,360 CORRELATION BETWEEN GETTING 956 00:54:40,360 --> 00:54:44,240 THIS SIMULATION AND THE 957 00:54:44,240 --> 00:54:48,520 EXPERIMENTAL MEASURE WHICH 958 00:54:48,520 --> 00:54:59,080 MEANS THE SENSITIVITY IS -- 959 00:55:01,320 --> 00:55:02,600 [INDISCERNIBLE] 960 00:55:02,600 --> 00:55:09,920 SO WE DID MAPPING OF THIS TDCS 961 00:55:09,920 --> 00:55:10,920 INDUCED MAGNETIC FIELD, YOU 962 00:55:10,920 --> 00:55:16,520 HAVE VERY NICE MATCHING AND IT 963 00:55:16,520 --> 00:55:24,160 IS MODERATE, ABOVE 0.57, AND 964 00:55:24,160 --> 00:55:29,200 YOU HEARD FROM ANOTHER TALK, 965 00:55:29,200 --> 00:55:39,720 YOU HAVE THE MAGNETIC FIELD 966 00:55:42,520 --> 00:55:43,960 WITH INVIVO OPTIMIZED VALUE. 967 00:55:43,960 --> 00:55:47,600 SO ONE OF THE CAVEATS WE KNOW 968 00:55:47,600 --> 00:55:58,120 ALSO WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE 969 00:55:58,440 --> 00:56:01,600 MAGNET -- MAGNITUDE OF 970 00:56:01,600 --> 00:56:03,400 TDCS-INDUCED BOLD, YOU SEE IT 971 00:56:03,400 --> 00:56:05,000 IS VERY CLOSE TO THE Y. 972 00:56:05,000 --> 00:56:07,880 AWAY FROM THE Y, YOU SEE 973 00:56:07,880 --> 00:56:15,160 ALMOST NOTHING SO BOLD IS ALSO 974 00:56:15,160 --> 00:56:19,160 SENSITIVE TO BOLD AND MAGNETIC 975 00:56:19,160 --> 00:56:26,000 FIELD CLOSE TO Y. 976 00:56:26,000 --> 00:56:29,640 AND I THINK TEN YEARS AGO WITH 977 00:56:29,640 --> 00:56:34,320 A CADAVER IT WAS REPORTED BOLD 978 00:56:34,320 --> 00:56:37,240 SIGNAL CHANGES FROM ELECTRODES 979 00:56:37,240 --> 00:56:38,000 ON THE SCALP. 980 00:56:38,000 --> 00:56:44,520 AND SO ONCE YOU HAVE THE 981 00:56:44,520 --> 00:56:55,120 MAGNITUDE IMAGES, YOU CAN SEE 982 00:56:56,480 --> 00:56:59,440 THE TDCS INDUCED BOLD CHANGES 983 00:56:59,440 --> 00:57:03,000 IN FC AND YOU CAN INTRODUCE IT 984 00:57:03,000 --> 00:57:07,840 IN THE NECESSARY WORK SO YOU 985 00:57:07,840 --> 00:57:13,840 HAVE THE TEST NETWORK AND 986 00:57:13,840 --> 00:57:17,040 FRONTAL AND ALSO THE TEST AND 987 00:57:17,040 --> 00:57:18,160 RETEST VARIABILITY. 988 00:57:18,160 --> 00:57:21,920 YOU WILL NOTICE THERE'S TWO 989 00:57:21,920 --> 00:57:29,560 COMPONENTS ON THE ANODES AND 990 00:57:29,560 --> 00:57:30,800 ELECTRODES AND ESPECIALLY 991 00:57:30,800 --> 00:57:33,120 WHERE THE SIGNAL IS CORRELATED 992 00:57:33,120 --> 00:57:34,120 WITH THE CURRENT. 993 00:57:34,120 --> 00:57:37,560 SO THAT IS OUR FINDING. 994 00:57:37,560 --> 00:57:43,880 ESPECIALLY HEALTHY SUBJECTS, 995 00:57:43,880 --> 00:57:47,800 WE SAW MORE ON THE TEST VERSUS 996 00:57:47,800 --> 00:57:50,760 THE ANODES AND SO ANOTHER 997 00:57:50,760 --> 00:57:54,920 TECHNIQUE, I THINK YESTERDAY 998 00:57:54,920 --> 00:58:02,000 TWO GROUPS PRESENTED THE 999 00:58:02,000 --> 00:58:07,560 LABELING AND INVOLVING 1000 00:58:07,560 --> 00:58:09,360 MEASUREMENTS OF TRACER AND 1001 00:58:09,360 --> 00:58:19,920 THIS IS WORK DONE BY SEVERAL 1002 00:58:31,040 --> 00:58:33,200 DOCTORS, THE ZHENG ET AL GROUP 1003 00:58:33,200 --> 00:58:41,080 AND BASICALLY WITH ANODAL 1004 00:58:41,080 --> 00:58:46,200 STIMULATION INDUCED17. 1005 00:58:46,200 --> 00:58:55,960 1 PERCENT CBF INCREASE AND SO 1006 00:58:55,960 --> 00:58:59,680 THIS GROUP IN 2020 DID A LONG 1007 00:58:59,680 --> 00:59:01,440 SCAN, BASICALLY 20 MINUTE 1008 00:59:01,440 --> 00:59:11,960 ADMINISTRATION AND THIS IS 1009 00:59:14,800 --> 00:59:16,120 ANODAL STIMULATION AND THIS IS 1010 00:59:16,120 --> 00:59:19,200 THE ELECTRODES AND THE GREEN 1011 00:59:19,200 --> 00:59:25,480 LINE IS THE CONTROL LINE SO IF 1012 00:59:25,480 --> 00:59:29,200 YOU USE CATHODAL, YOU WILL SEE 1013 00:59:29,200 --> 00:59:33,600 VERY SMALL MANIPULATION OF THE 1014 00:59:33,600 --> 00:59:37,120 BASELINE AND CONTROL ROI. 1015 00:59:37,120 --> 00:59:42,960 SO WITH ALL THIS, WE HAVE THE 1016 00:59:42,960 --> 00:59:50,400 BOLD, WE HAVE ASL AND WE CAN 1017 00:59:50,400 --> 00:59:56,600 ALSO DO ELECTROMAPPING AND AS 1018 00:59:56,600 --> 01:00:01,520 YOU HEARD YESTERDAY, FOR A 1019 01:00:01,520 --> 01:00:03,280 VERY PREVALENT DISORDER IN A 1020 01:00:03,280 --> 01:00:06,320 SIGNIFICANT PART OF THE 1021 01:00:06,320 --> 01:00:08,160 POPULATION AND IN THE 1022 01:00:08,160 --> 01:00:09,800 LITERATURE, THERE HAVE BEEN 1023 01:00:09,800 --> 01:00:12,080 CONTROVERSIAL FINDINGS IN BOTH 1024 01:00:12,080 --> 01:00:20,880 THE POSITIVE AND THE NEGATIVE. 1025 01:00:20,880 --> 01:00:31,480 SO IN THIS STUDY BY BR UNONI, 1026 01:00:32,200 --> 01:00:41,600 YOU CAN FIND WITH ELECT 1027 01:00:41,600 --> 01:00:46,040 TODAY'S WITH TDCS ON THE 1028 01:00:46,040 --> 01:00:49,000 PLACEBO AND THEN WE DID A 1029 01:00:49,000 --> 01:00:50,160 SMALL STUDY OF MAJOR 1030 01:00:50,160 --> 01:00:51,800 DEPRESSION USING THE 1031 01:00:51,800 --> 01:00:53,400 TECHNIQUES WE JUST DESCRIBED. 1032 01:00:53,400 --> 01:00:58,240 SO THERE IS ACTUALLY THREE 1033 01:00:58,240 --> 01:01:08,840 ARMS, THERE IS ABOUT 20 EACH, 1034 01:01:12,120 --> 01:01:16,040 X AND YAXIS AND THEN THERE IS 1035 01:01:16,040 --> 01:01:19,360 THE PLACEBO SHAM GROUP DIVIDED 1036 01:01:19,360 --> 01:01:24,760 IN CONVENTIONAL AND HD AND 1037 01:01:24,760 --> 01:01:26,640 THERE ARE 12 TREATMENT 1038 01:01:26,640 --> 01:01:31,840 SESSIONS DONE IN TWO WAYS, 1039 01:01:31,840 --> 01:01:37,960 RANDOMIZED IN A WAY TO ALLOW 1040 01:01:37,960 --> 01:01:42,240 YOU TO DO SEVERAL BLINDS AND 1041 01:01:42,240 --> 01:01:48,920 THE TREATMENT FREQUENCY IS TWO 1042 01:01:48,920 --> 01:01:50,880 PER 20 MINUTES AND THIS ALLOWS 1043 01:01:50,880 --> 01:01:55,400 US TO VERIFY THE ELECTRODE 1044 01:01:55,400 --> 01:02:00,040 POSITION AND THE MRI, PRE- AND 1045 01:02:00,040 --> 01:02:00,600 POST. 1046 01:02:00,600 --> 01:02:11,200 SO THIS IS MONTAGE, THIS IS HD 1047 01:02:12,120 --> 01:02:22,560 FOR ANODAL AND SHOULD BE ONE 1048 01:02:23,520 --> 01:02:24,160 ANODE AND CONVENTIONAL. 1049 01:02:24,160 --> 01:02:34,720 THIS IS THE MI PROTOCOL WITH 1050 01:02:37,640 --> 01:02:46,480 SCALP PROJECTION WITH THE DLP 1051 01:02:46,480 --> 01:02:49,280 AND WE DETERMINED THE 1052 01:02:49,280 --> 01:02:52,520 ELECTRODE PLACEMENT. 1053 01:02:52,520 --> 01:03:02,560 THIS IS THE POSITION OF HUMAN 1054 01:03:02,560 --> 01:03:07,040 SITE AND PLACED ON THE SCALE. 1055 01:03:07,040 --> 01:03:09,560 SO HERE IS THE CONVENTIONAL, 1056 01:03:09,560 --> 01:03:12,320 THIS IS THE SHAM SO YOU KNOW 1057 01:03:12,320 --> 01:03:22,120 THIS IS MAGNETIC FIELD AND YOU 1058 01:03:22,120 --> 01:03:31,000 CAN SEE THE TDCS-INDUCED AND 1059 01:03:31,000 --> 01:03:36,160 YOU CAN SEE THE CONVENTIONAL 1060 01:03:36,160 --> 01:03:39,160 WHICH IS SWITCHING THROUGH THE 1061 01:03:39,160 --> 01:03:43,160 FRONTAL CORTEX AND SO OUR HIGH 1062 01:03:43,160 --> 01:03:46,760 SHAM IS BASICALLY NO CHANGE 1063 01:03:46,760 --> 01:03:49,840 WHICH IS GOOD. 1064 01:03:49,840 --> 01:03:53,160 SO OUR HYPOTHESIS IS REALLY 1065 01:03:53,160 --> 01:03:55,760 TWO RANGES, ONE THE ACTIVE 1066 01:03:55,760 --> 01:03:57,280 CONVENTIONAL AS YOU SEE AND 1067 01:03:57,280 --> 01:03:59,600 THE OTHER IN THE SHAM IN TWO 1068 01:03:59,600 --> 01:04:00,720 RANGES. 1069 01:04:00,720 --> 01:04:04,040 SO WHEN WE COMPARE THESE THREE 1070 01:04:04,040 --> 01:04:05,560 CONDITIONS TOGETHER WITHIN AN 1071 01:04:05,560 --> 01:04:07,160 HOUR, WE SAW SIGNIFICANT 1072 01:04:07,160 --> 01:04:09,080 CHANGE IN BOTH REGIONS. 1073 01:04:09,080 --> 01:04:14,560 BUT IF YOU LOOK MORE 1074 01:04:14,560 --> 01:04:22,920 CAREFULLY, THE HD INDUCED 1075 01:04:22,920 --> 01:04:29,560 BOLD, YOU SAW THE RELATIONSHIP 1076 01:04:29,560 --> 01:04:32,560 TO HD AND THE CONVENTIONAL, A 1077 01:04:32,560 --> 01:04:35,440 LITTLE WEAKER THAN HD. 1078 01:04:35,440 --> 01:04:39,560 SO BASICALLY WE DID THE BOLD 1079 01:04:39,560 --> 01:04:40,760 SIGNAL ANALYSIS AND THERE IS 1080 01:04:40,760 --> 01:04:44,080 ONE NODE THAT IS VERY 1081 01:04:44,080 --> 01:04:45,800 SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH 1082 01:04:45,800 --> 01:04:52,720 THE TDCS CURRENT AND ONLY IN 1083 01:04:52,720 --> 01:04:56,400 THE HD STIMULATION SESSION, A 1084 01:04:56,400 --> 01:05:00,600 CHANGE IN THE CONVENTIONAL AND 1085 01:05:00,600 --> 01:05:04,040 THE TDCS ALSO VERIFIED OUR 1086 01:05:04,040 --> 01:05:04,440 HYPOTHESIS. 1087 01:05:04,440 --> 01:05:07,280 SO IT IS BEAUTIFUL DATA AND WE 1088 01:05:07,280 --> 01:05:17,840 ONLY HAVE VERY SMALL AMOUNT OF 1089 01:05:22,000 --> 01:05:25,880 CLUSTERS, ONE THE LATTER, THE 1090 01:05:25,880 --> 01:05:30,240 OTHER THE HD, AGAIN THE HD IS 1091 01:05:30,240 --> 01:05:33,040 THE TREND IN THE CONVENTIONAL 1092 01:05:33,040 --> 01:05:34,560 METHOD AND BEAUTIFUL DATA 1093 01:05:34,560 --> 01:05:42,200 BECAUSE IN HD, WE ALSO SEE THE 1094 01:05:42,200 --> 01:05:43,120 SUBGENITAL ACC INCREASE AND 1095 01:05:43,120 --> 01:05:46,240 THIS IS ONLY IN HD SECTION. 1096 01:05:46,240 --> 01:05:48,040 SO THIS PAPER WAS PUBLISHED 1097 01:05:48,040 --> 01:05:50,200 LAST YEAR. 1098 01:05:50,200 --> 01:05:54,400 IN TERMS OF BEHAVIOR, WE 1099 01:05:54,400 --> 01:05:59,720 DIDN'T SEE SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS 1100 01:05:59,720 --> 01:06:02,960 IN THE SCORES BUT WE DO SEE 1101 01:06:02,960 --> 01:06:08,640 THIS EFFECT IN SHAPS. 1102 01:06:08,640 --> 01:06:13,080 SO IN BOLD, THERE IS 1103 01:06:13,080 --> 01:06:15,800 SIGNIFICANT SHAPS SKULL 1104 01:06:15,800 --> 01:06:18,320 CHANGE. 1105 01:06:18,320 --> 01:06:19,480 SO YEAH, ANOTHER DIRECTION WE 1106 01:06:19,480 --> 01:06:21,320 HAVE BEEN TAKING IS REALLY 1107 01:06:21,320 --> 01:06:25,280 TRYING TO UNDERSTAND THE 1108 01:06:25,280 --> 01:06:28,680 MECHANISM OF THE TDCS EFFECTS 1109 01:06:28,680 --> 01:06:39,240 ON IN VIVO IMAGING AND THIS 1110 01:06:56,880 --> 01:07:02,520 PAPER, NOT GOING IN DETAIL BUT 1111 01:07:02,520 --> 01:07:05,040 ONE HAS THE BRIEF SLIDE, THE 1112 01:07:05,040 --> 01:07:07,240 OTHER A CLINICAL STUDY THAT 1113 01:07:07,240 --> 01:07:11,440 WHEN YOU AFFECT THE CURRENT, 1114 01:07:11,440 --> 01:07:15,960 YOU APPLY THE CURRENT 1115 01:07:15,960 --> 01:07:20,200 POTENTIAL ACROSS EPITHELIAL 1116 01:07:20,200 --> 01:07:20,720 CELLS -- 1117 01:07:20,720 --> 01:07:22,320 [INDISCERNIBLE] 1118 01:07:22,320 --> 01:07:24,760 SO THIS STUDY WAS ACTUALLY 1119 01:07:24,760 --> 01:07:29,320 PERFORMED BY GRADUATE STUDENTS 1120 01:07:29,320 --> 01:07:39,840 AND THE PAIRED DIME WAS WE 1121 01:07:44,600 --> 01:07:46,480 USED EXPERIMENT AL PROTOCOL 1122 01:07:46,480 --> 01:07:47,880 WITH CONTRAST AGENT AND I WILL 1123 01:07:47,880 --> 01:07:49,480 NOT GO INTO THE DETAIL OF THE 1124 01:07:49,480 --> 01:07:51,000 SEQUENCE BUT THE PARADIGM WAS 1125 01:07:51,000 --> 01:08:01,560 WE HAVE A BASELINE AND THEN 20 1126 01:08:10,920 --> 01:08:14,560 MINUTES OF SIMULATION AND UP 1127 01:08:14,560 --> 01:08:18,160 TO 20 MINUTES SIMULATION AND 1128 01:08:18,160 --> 01:08:21,000 IN THREE SECTIONS, THE 20 1129 01:08:21,000 --> 01:08:24,960 MINUTES SHOOTS MORE IN 1130 01:08:24,960 --> 01:08:28,360 PREFRONTAL CORD TECHS SO THIS 1131 01:08:28,360 --> 01:08:31,360 HAS NOT BEEN PUBLISHED AS WE 1132 01:08:31,360 --> 01:08:34,200 ARE STILL DOING ANALYSIS BUT 1133 01:08:34,200 --> 01:08:36,920 FIRST LOOKING AT THE 1134 01:08:36,920 --> 01:08:40,280 TEST-RETEST BECAUSE EACH 1135 01:08:40,280 --> 01:08:41,480 SUBJECT HAS MULTIPLE 1136 01:08:41,480 --> 01:08:44,840 MANIPULATIONS AND LOOKING AT 1137 01:08:44,840 --> 01:08:55,400 THE WHOLE BRAIN, CBF AND KW, 1138 01:08:57,680 --> 01:09:04,120 WE HAVE THE WHOLE BRAIN, THE 1139 01:09:04,120 --> 01:09:10,080 SD WAS VERY WELL, THE ICC WAS 1140 01:09:10,080 --> 01:09:12,560 MODERATE, .84 AND .64 AND THIS 1141 01:09:12,560 --> 01:09:13,840 IS STILL GOING UNDER ANALYSIS. 1142 01:09:13,840 --> 01:09:18,840 I AM JUST SHOWING PRELIMINARY 1143 01:09:18,840 --> 01:09:20,000 RESULT. 1144 01:09:20,000 --> 01:09:30,520 SO WE DID MRI MASKING UNDER 1145 01:09:30,920 --> 01:09:32,720 ELECTRODE AND THIS BASICALLY 1146 01:09:32,720 --> 01:09:34,920 SHOWS THE RESULTS FROM TWO 1147 01:09:34,920 --> 01:09:36,200 MILLION TO FOUR MILLION UNDER 1148 01:09:36,200 --> 01:09:39,160 SHAM SO WHAT WE FOUND IS 1149 01:09:39,160 --> 01:09:49,760 ACTUALLY ON THE CATHODE, THERE 1150 01:09:50,920 --> 01:09:53,840 IS BETWEEN 0 AND 4 DECREASE 1151 01:09:53,840 --> 01:10:03,120 BUT NOT UNDER THE ANODE. 1152 01:10:03,120 --> 01:10:11,920 THIS IS HEALTHY SUBJECTS WITH 1153 01:10:11,920 --> 01:10:14,200 MAINLY THE CATHODES, WE SAW 1154 01:10:14,200 --> 01:10:17,080 THE SIGNAL MODULATION BUT NOT 1155 01:10:17,080 --> 01:10:19,480 IN THE ANODES SO MAYBE THERE 1156 01:10:19,480 --> 01:10:23,200 IS SOME DIFFERENT EFFECTS ON 1157 01:10:23,200 --> 01:10:29,360 HOW MUCH YOU CAN REALLY GET ON 1158 01:10:29,360 --> 01:10:35,240 EXCITATION OF THE ANODE. 1159 01:10:35,240 --> 01:10:39,280 SO TO CONCLUDE, WE SHOW IT IS 1160 01:10:39,280 --> 01:10:41,760 FEASIBLE TO CONCURRENTLY MAP 1161 01:10:41,760 --> 01:10:43,600 MAGNETIC FIELDS. 1162 01:10:43,600 --> 01:10:45,240 WE HAVEN'T GOT MUCH INTO THE 1163 01:10:45,240 --> 01:10:48,800 CURRENT MAPPING WE CAN DO BUT 1164 01:10:48,800 --> 01:10:51,640 NEVERTHELESS, WE CAN DO THE 1165 01:10:51,640 --> 01:10:57,920 BOLD AND CBF AND BBB EXCHANGES 1166 01:10:57,920 --> 01:10:58,760 IN VIVO. 1167 01:10:58,760 --> 01:11:01,520 AND ON THE SMALL SCALE TRIAL 1168 01:11:01,520 --> 01:11:06,240 WITH DEPRESSION, WE SAW 1169 01:11:06,240 --> 01:11:08,640 SIGNIFICANT TDCS INDUCED 1170 01:11:08,640 --> 01:11:11,240 MAGNETIC FIELD CHANGES FOR 1171 01:11:11,240 --> 01:11:18,960 BOTH HD AND CONVENTIONAL 1172 01:11:18,960 --> 01:11:29,520 TARGETS AND SO WE ARE GOING TO 1173 01:11:30,120 --> 01:11:38,520 DO MORE ANALYSIS ON THE 1174 01:11:38,520 --> 01:11:41,640 SIGNIFICANT LONGITUDINAL CBF 1175 01:11:41,640 --> 01:11:42,280 SITUATION. 1176 01:11:42,280 --> 01:11:46,320 FOR BOTH HD AND CONVENTIONAL 1177 01:11:46,320 --> 01:11:52,040 MON TANKS BUT AT ACC FOR TDCS. 1178 01:11:52,040 --> 01:12:02,560 IN CLOSING, I WOULD LIKE TO 1179 01:12:02,560 --> 01:12:04,320 ACKNOWLEDGE AND THANK THESE 1180 01:12:04,320 --> 01:12:04,920 INDIVIDUALS. 1181 01:12:04,920 --> 01:12:06,040 THANK YOU. 1182 01:12:06,040 --> 01:12:06,440 [APPLAUSE] 1183 01:12:06,440 --> 01:12:08,960 >>THANK YOU Dr. WANG FOR A 1184 01:12:08,960 --> 01:12:09,680 WONDERFUL TALK. 1185 01:12:09,680 --> 01:12:11,760 THANK YOU FOR THE BEAUTIFUL 1186 01:12:11,760 --> 01:12:12,720 TALK. 1187 01:12:12,720 --> 01:12:14,920 I HAVE A QUESTION ABOUT THE 1188 01:12:14,920 --> 01:12:16,560 DEPRESSION TRIAL DATA YOU 1189 01:12:16,560 --> 01:12:17,080 REPORTED. 1190 01:12:17,080 --> 01:12:20,320 SO IT SEEMS LIKE THE SHAM 1191 01:12:20,320 --> 01:12:21,840 GROUP OUTPERFORMED BOTH ACTIVE 1192 01:12:21,840 --> 01:12:25,080 GROUPS IN TERMS OF 1193 01:12:25,080 --> 01:12:26,480 ANTIDEPRESSANT OUTCOME USING 1194 01:12:26,480 --> 01:12:28,400 THE HAMILTON RATING SCALE. 1195 01:12:28,400 --> 01:12:30,840 THIS REMINDS ME OF THE 1196 01:12:30,840 --> 01:12:32,720 INTERNATIONAL TDCS TRIAL THAT 1197 01:12:32,720 --> 01:12:34,600 WAS PUBLISHED BY LU IN 2018 1198 01:12:34,600 --> 01:12:37,200 THAT THE SHAM GROUP ALSO 1199 01:12:37,200 --> 01:12:39,680 OUTPERFORMED THE ACTIVE USING 1200 01:12:39,680 --> 01:12:42,240 BOTH UNILATERAL AND BILATERAL 1201 01:12:42,240 --> 01:12:44,080 ELECTRODE PLACEMENT FOR TDCS. 1202 01:12:44,080 --> 01:12:45,680 IS THERE SOMETHING IN THE SHAM 1203 01:12:45,680 --> 01:12:47,760 MEASUREMENT THAT YOU SAW THAT 1204 01:12:47,760 --> 01:12:49,120 WOULD EXPLAIN SUCH AN EFFECT 1205 01:12:49,120 --> 01:12:51,880 OR IS IT THAT THE ACTIVE 1206 01:12:51,880 --> 01:12:58,880 STIMULATION SOMEHOW IS 1207 01:12:58,880 --> 01:13:01,440 DETRIMENTAL TO THE 1208 01:13:01,440 --> 01:13:02,600 ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT? 1209 01:13:02,600 --> 01:13:04,920 >>WE ACTUALLY I THINK GOT 1210 01:13:04,920 --> 01:13:10,000 POSITIVE RESULTS ESPECIALLY 1211 01:13:10,000 --> 01:13:13,640 WITH NEUROIMAGINING, WE SAW 1212 01:13:13,640 --> 01:13:16,040 POSITIVE CHANGE IN ACTIVE 1213 01:13:16,040 --> 01:13:16,440 SIMULATION. 1214 01:13:16,440 --> 01:13:20,080 I THINK IF YOU ARE TALKING 1215 01:13:20,080 --> 01:13:22,000 ABOUT THE WHATEVER FOR 1216 01:13:22,000 --> 01:13:26,120 HAMILTON, IT WAS ACTUALLY IN 1217 01:13:26,120 --> 01:13:27,640 THE CONVENTIONAL WORSE THAN 1218 01:13:27,640 --> 01:13:30,160 SHAM BUT HD WAS NOT WORSE. 1219 01:13:30,160 --> 01:13:38,440 BUT THEN WE DID THE SHAPS AND 1220 01:13:38,440 --> 01:13:41,320 SHOWED IMPROVING. 1221 01:13:41,320 --> 01:13:45,240 SO YEAH, I THINK OFTEN, THIS 1222 01:13:45,240 --> 01:13:47,280 IS TWO WAYS. 1223 01:13:47,280 --> 01:13:49,680 THE ONGOING TRIAL, I BELIEVE, 1224 01:13:49,680 --> 01:14:00,280 IS FOUR WEEK AND ALSO WE ONLY 1225 01:14:05,160 --> 01:14:05,920 DO HD. 1226 01:14:05,920 --> 01:14:08,120 SO WITH THE VARIABILITY, THE 1227 01:14:08,120 --> 01:14:10,520 QUESTION IS HOW DO WE DEAL 1228 01:14:10,520 --> 01:14:16,720 WITH IT BUT WE ARE ONE STEP 1229 01:14:16,720 --> 01:14:21,200 CLOSER AND MORE FOCAL BUT HAVE 1230 01:14:21,200 --> 01:14:28,720 NOT REALLY REACHED A LAB THAT 1231 01:14:28,720 --> 01:14:30,320 IS CUSTOMIZED AND -- [ 1232 01:14:30,320 --> 01:14:33,640 INDISCERNIBLE ] WE USED THE 1233 01:14:33,640 --> 01:14:40,240 METAANALYSIS CARDS FOR THE HD. 1234 01:14:40,240 --> 01:14:43,760 SO I THINK THIS IS 1235 01:14:43,760 --> 01:14:44,160 IMPROVEMENT. 1236 01:14:44,160 --> 01:14:47,760 WE'RE ONE STEP CLOSER AND IT 1237 01:14:47,760 --> 01:14:49,640 IS ONGOING. 1238 01:14:49,640 --> 01:14:50,280 >>THANK YOU. 1239 01:14:50,280 --> 01:14:51,800 FOR THE SAKE OF TIME, WE HAVE 1240 01:14:51,800 --> 01:15:02,280 TO MOVE ON TO THE NEXT 1241 01:15:03,680 --> 01:15:05,160 SPEAKER, Dr. HAMID -- 1242 01:15:05,160 --> 01:15:06,040 [INDISCERNIBLE] 1243 01:15:06,040 --> 01:15:16,600 , SORRY IF I MISPRONOUNCE, SAY 1244 01:15:34,320 --> 01:15:37,920 YOUR NAME WRONG. 1245 01:15:37,920 --> 01:15:48,360 AND HE WILL TALK ON 1246 01:16:06,040 --> 01:16:10,680 INTEGRATING TES AND F MRI, 1247 01:16:10,680 --> 01:16:13,120 POTENTIALS AND CHALLENGES. 1248 01:16:13,120 --> 01:16:15,480 >>HELLO, I FIRST LIKE TO 1249 01:16:15,480 --> 01:16:21,800 THANK DANNY FOR PUTTING THIS 1250 01:16:21,800 --> 01:16:22,320 TOGETHER. 1251 01:16:22,320 --> 01:16:22,680 [APPLAUSE] 1252 01:16:22,680 --> 01:16:25,920 >> SO FIRST WE WILL TALK 1253 01:16:25,920 --> 01:16:32,640 ABOUT WHAT IS TES, COMBINING 1254 01:16:32,640 --> 01:16:36,760 TES AND MRI ONLINE AND 1255 01:16:36,760 --> 01:16:41,880 OFFLINE, MRI INFORMED TES 1256 01:16:41,880 --> 01:16:43,400 TARGET OPTIMIZATION, DOSE 1257 01:16:43,400 --> 01:16:46,800 RESPONSE MEASUREMENT IN TE S, 1258 01:16:46,800 --> 01:16:48,400 NOISE AND QUALITY CONTROL, 1259 01:16:48,400 --> 01:16:57,080 TALK A LITTLE ABOUT THAT AND 1260 01:16:57,080 --> 01:17:05,880 ALSO METHODOLOGICAL. 1261 01:17:05,880 --> 01:17:09,280 AND SO WE HAVE THE NONINVASIVE 1262 01:17:09,280 --> 01:17:12,680 STIMULATION IN THE LAB. 1263 01:17:12,680 --> 01:17:15,440 ONE OF THE REASONS I LIKE THIS 1264 01:17:15,440 --> 01:17:18,600 TECHNOLOGY, IT IS REALLY 1265 01:17:18,600 --> 01:17:20,760 INEXPENSIVE TECHNOLOGY AND IT 1266 01:17:20,760 --> 01:17:31,280 IT WORKS, WILL REALLY BE 1267 01:17:33,960 --> 01:17:35,200 TRANSFORMATIVE IN PROVIDING 1268 01:17:35,200 --> 01:17:37,480 SOMETHING NICE FOR PEOPLE AND 1269 01:17:37,480 --> 01:17:39,840 ALSO SOMETHING WE CAN DO AT 1270 01:17:39,840 --> 01:17:40,240 HOME. 1271 01:17:40,240 --> 01:17:43,200 SO WE CAN HAVE OUR PATIENTS BE 1272 01:17:43,200 --> 01:17:45,480 IN THE TRIAL WITHOUT HAVING TO 1273 01:17:45,480 --> 01:17:49,480 SEE THEM AND SO THIS IS 1274 01:17:49,480 --> 01:17:52,200 PROVIDING SOME EXCITING 1275 01:17:52,200 --> 01:17:54,200 POTENTIAL. 1276 01:17:54,200 --> 01:18:02,280 BUT WHY COMBINE THE TDCS AND 1277 01:18:02,280 --> 01:18:02,680 TES? 1278 01:18:02,680 --> 01:18:07,600 SO ONE OF THE SPEAKERS 1279 01:18:07,600 --> 01:18:09,120 MENTIONED THE MECHANISTIC 1280 01:18:09,120 --> 01:18:11,160 EXPERIMENTS, WE DO MRI BEFORE 1281 01:18:11,160 --> 01:18:13,160 AND AFTER AND HAVE DONE OTHER 1282 01:18:13,160 --> 01:18:17,040 STUDIES IN TERMS OF HOW TES IS 1283 01:18:17,040 --> 01:18:18,520 CHANGING BRAIN CONNECTIVITY OR 1284 01:18:18,520 --> 01:18:27,720 HOW WE CAN USE FRMI IN THE 1285 01:18:27,720 --> 01:18:28,920 ALARMR SCALE TRIALS. 1286 01:18:28,920 --> 01:18:32,240 BUT BEYOND THAT, THERE ARE 1287 01:18:32,240 --> 01:18:42,760 SOME POTENTIAL USING FRMI 1288 01:18:47,360 --> 01:18:50,520 IMAGING AND THE RESPONSE. 1289 01:18:50,520 --> 01:18:52,040 WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT 1290 01:18:52,040 --> 01:18:54,320 INTEGRATION OF THESE TWO 1291 01:18:54,320 --> 01:18:55,920 TECHNOLOGIES, ONE WAY IS 1292 01:18:55,920 --> 01:19:00,360 BASICALLY WHAT WE CALL 1293 01:19:00,360 --> 01:19:02,240 OFFLINE, DURING F MRI BEFORE 1294 01:19:02,240 --> 01:19:02,840 AND AFTER. 1295 01:19:02,840 --> 01:19:04,960 AND THEN THERE IS THE 1296 01:19:04,960 --> 01:19:07,520 POTENTIAL FOR ONLINE FMRI SO 1297 01:19:07,520 --> 01:19:13,040 WE CAN DO THE FRMI WHILE WE 1298 01:19:13,040 --> 01:19:14,800 ARE DOING TES INSIDE THE 1299 01:19:14,800 --> 01:19:15,400 SCANNER. 1300 01:19:15,400 --> 01:19:21,120 IF YOU ARE ASKING ME ABOUT THE 1301 01:19:21,120 --> 01:19:25,960 NUMBER OF MRI IN THESE TWO 1302 01:19:25,960 --> 01:19:28,520 TYPE MODALITIES, THIS IS BY 1303 01:19:28,520 --> 01:19:33,360 END OF FEBRUARY SO YOU HAVE 1304 01:19:33,360 --> 01:19:35,200 JUST SIX MONTHS AND THE 1305 01:19:35,200 --> 01:19:38,320 NUMBERS ARE ACTUALLY MORE THAN 1306 01:19:38,320 --> 01:19:45,920 THIS BUT YOU HAVE THIS MANY 1307 01:19:45,920 --> 01:19:48,000 ONLINE AND THEN OFFLINE YOU 1308 01:19:48,000 --> 01:19:50,280 HAVE THIS AMOUNT HERE. 1309 01:19:50,280 --> 01:19:52,800 ABLE TO LOOK AT THE TECHNICAL 1310 01:19:52,800 --> 01:19:54,280 DETAILS ON THE TRIALS WE HAVE 1311 01:19:54,280 --> 01:20:03,320 DONE SO FAR, THE CHALLENGING 1312 01:20:03,320 --> 01:20:06,720 PART IS WITH 240 TRIALS IT IS 1313 01:20:06,720 --> 01:20:09,080 REALLY LARD TO FIND STUDIES 1314 01:20:09,080 --> 01:20:10,720 THAT REPLICATED SOMETHING 1315 01:20:10,720 --> 01:20:12,160 ACROSS ALL THE LABS. 1316 01:20:12,160 --> 01:20:14,000 REALLY HARD TO FIND TWO 1317 01:20:14,000 --> 01:20:15,960 STUDIES THAT HAVE THE SAME 1318 01:20:15,960 --> 01:20:19,400 KIND OF PROTOCOL WHICH IS 1319 01:20:19,400 --> 01:20:20,560 CONFUSING AND FRUSTRATING SO 1320 01:20:20,560 --> 01:20:25,040 WE START TO THINK ABOUT HOW WE 1321 01:20:25,040 --> 01:20:34,520 CAN BRING PEOPLE TOGETHER AND 1322 01:20:34,520 --> 01:20:37,240 SEE IF WE CAN REPLICATE THAT 1323 01:20:37,240 --> 01:20:39,280 IN THE LAB SO HERE ARE THE 1324 01:20:39,280 --> 01:20:44,720 PEOPLE WORKING IN TES-F MRI 1325 01:20:44,720 --> 01:20:47,640 NETWORK AND WE ARE WORKING ON 1326 01:20:47,640 --> 01:20:50,800 PUTTING THEM TOGETHER FOR 1327 01:20:50,800 --> 01:20:51,440 COLLABORATIVE PURPOSE. 1328 01:20:51,440 --> 01:20:56,760 SO WITH THE FRMI, THERE ARE 1329 01:20:56,760 --> 01:20:57,280 SOME POTENTIAL. 1330 01:20:57,280 --> 01:21:01,200 FOR EXAMPLE, THIS IS A TRIAL 1331 01:21:01,200 --> 01:21:11,760 WE ARE DOING FOR FRONTAL MODE 1332 01:21:11,760 --> 01:21:14,720 STIMULATION AND WE START TO 1333 01:21:14,720 --> 01:21:15,760 THINK ABOUT GOING THROUGH 1334 01:21:15,760 --> 01:21:18,320 NETWORK AND AS YOU CAN SEE IN 1335 01:21:18,320 --> 01:21:23,160 THE BRAIN, THERE ARE MANY 1336 01:21:23,160 --> 01:21:26,520 PARTS IN THE FRONTAL AND 1337 01:21:26,520 --> 01:21:27,680 PARIETAL CORTEX AND REALLY 1338 01:21:27,680 --> 01:21:30,240 HARD TO SAY ARE WE TARGETING 1339 01:21:30,240 --> 01:21:31,920 THE RIGHT PART. 1340 01:21:31,920 --> 01:21:35,640 SO WE BASICALLY EXTENDED THIS 1341 01:21:35,640 --> 01:21:36,920 MODELING AND REALIZED THAT 1342 01:21:36,920 --> 01:21:39,200 THERE IS THIS IMPORTANT 1343 01:21:39,200 --> 01:21:41,600 MEASURE FOR DRUG ADDICTION AND 1344 01:21:41,600 --> 01:21:42,720 REALIZED IN THE CONVENTION 1345 01:21:42,720 --> 01:21:45,400 MODELS WE HAVE BEEN USING, WE 1346 01:21:45,400 --> 01:21:55,600 DON'T HAVE ANY ENGAGEMENT OF 1347 01:21:55,600 --> 01:21:56,520 THE SUBPARIETAL NODE. 1348 01:21:56,520 --> 01:22:00,560 SO WE START TO LOOK INTO 1349 01:22:00,560 --> 01:22:04,040 DETAILS DO WE HAVE ANY 1350 01:22:04,040 --> 01:22:07,960 ENGAGEMENT WITH THE DRUG CUE 1351 01:22:07,960 --> 01:22:08,560 REACTIVITY. 1352 01:22:08,560 --> 01:22:10,960 YES, THERE IS ENGAGEMENT BUT 1353 01:22:10,960 --> 01:22:12,240 NOT NECESSARILY THE LOCATION 1354 01:22:12,240 --> 01:22:15,200 WE HAVE BEEN LOOKING FOR SO WE 1355 01:22:15,200 --> 01:22:21,120 REALIZE WE NEED TO CHANGE THE 1356 01:22:21,120 --> 01:22:24,400 MONTAGE AND BASICALLY NEEDED 1357 01:22:24,400 --> 01:22:26,240 TO OPTIMIZE THE MONTAGE THAT 1358 01:22:26,240 --> 01:22:29,640 WE HAVE AND THIS AND THAT 1359 01:22:29,640 --> 01:22:33,760 MONTAGE, WE HAVE THE PARIETAL 1360 01:22:33,760 --> 01:22:35,200 NODE ENGAGEMENT. 1361 01:22:35,200 --> 01:22:38,800 THEN WE REALIZED BASICALLY WE 1362 01:22:38,800 --> 01:22:41,520 HAVE BEEN PUTTING SOME 1363 01:22:41,520 --> 01:22:42,680 ELECTRODES ON EACH NODE AND 1364 01:22:42,680 --> 01:22:45,760 YOU CAN SEE THERE IS A 1365 01:22:45,760 --> 01:22:51,600 VARIATION WITH THE AMOUNT OF 1366 01:22:51,600 --> 01:22:57,200 CURRENT WE SEE IN THE 1367 01:22:57,200 --> 01:22:57,720 SUBPARIETAL. 1368 01:22:57,720 --> 01:23:04,240 BUT IF YOU CHANGED THAT, WE 1369 01:23:04,240 --> 01:23:09,840 REALIZED THAT IT WOULD NOT BE 1370 01:23:09,840 --> 01:23:10,160 EQUAL. 1371 01:23:10,160 --> 01:23:14,960 SO THIS IS HOW PROBABLY THE 1372 01:23:14,960 --> 01:23:17,960 MRI INFORM THE FRONTAL AND 1373 01:23:17,960 --> 01:23:20,800 SUBPARIETAL AND PUT THAT IN A 1374 01:23:20,800 --> 01:23:25,560 PAPER WHERE YOU CAN FIND THAT. 1375 01:23:25,560 --> 01:23:28,080 AND THEN THERE WAS THE 1376 01:23:28,080 --> 01:23:31,920 QUESTION HOW CAN WE IMPROVE 1377 01:23:31,920 --> 01:23:42,400 RESPONSE MEASUREMENT. 1378 01:23:45,120 --> 01:23:54,040 IN MRI TDCS, WE SEE THE QUEUE 1379 01:23:54,040 --> 01:23:55,680 TASK THERE BUT THERE IS 1380 01:23:55,680 --> 01:23:57,400 VARIATION IN THE RESPONSE SO 1381 01:23:57,400 --> 01:23:59,240 WE START TO LOOK INTO DETAILS 1382 01:23:59,240 --> 01:24:02,880 AND AS YOU CAN SEE, THE 1383 01:24:02,880 --> 01:24:04,840 VARIATIONS SO WE TRY TO SEE IF 1384 01:24:04,840 --> 01:24:06,680 WE CAN FIND A REASONABLE 1385 01:24:06,680 --> 01:24:08,400 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE 1386 01:24:08,400 --> 01:24:12,960 RESPONSE AND WHAT WE HAVE IN 1387 01:24:12,960 --> 01:24:17,120 ELECTROFIELD MODELING AND 1388 01:24:17,120 --> 01:24:25,000 THERE YOU SEE THE RESPONSE OF 1389 01:24:25,000 --> 01:24:27,080 THE NEUROMODULATION THEY 1390 01:24:27,080 --> 01:24:29,800 RECEIVED AND BASICALLY THE 1391 01:24:29,800 --> 01:24:31,400 AMOUNT OF CURRENT WE HAVE TO 1392 01:24:31,400 --> 01:24:34,200 THE AREA IS RELATED TO THE 1393 01:24:34,200 --> 01:24:37,720 RESPONSE OF MRI. 1394 01:24:37,720 --> 01:24:45,920 SO WE EXTENDED THAT TO LARGER 1395 01:24:45,920 --> 01:24:48,400 TRIAL WITH PEOPLE WITH THIS 1396 01:24:48,400 --> 01:24:50,600 DISORDER AND REALIZED THERE 1397 01:24:50,600 --> 01:24:52,080 ARE MULTIPLE LEVELS OF 1398 01:24:52,080 --> 01:24:55,480 CONNECTING DOSE TO RESPONSE. 1399 01:24:55,480 --> 01:24:58,880 IF YOU CONSIDER THE BOLD TO 1400 01:24:58,880 --> 01:25:03,840 THE RESPONSE OF MRI, WE CAN DO 1401 01:25:03,840 --> 01:25:06,320 THAT IN THE BOLD LEVEL, THE 1402 01:25:06,320 --> 01:25:08,520 ACTIVE CLUSTER, THERE ARE 1403 01:25:08,520 --> 01:25:10,320 MULTIPLE VALUES WE CAN 1404 01:25:10,320 --> 01:25:10,680 EXPLORE. 1405 01:25:10,680 --> 01:25:13,360 IT MIGHT BE INTERESTING THAT 1406 01:25:13,360 --> 01:25:15,320 IN THE VOXEL LEVEL, WE HAVE 1407 01:25:15,320 --> 01:25:20,680 NOT BEEN ABLE TO FIND ANY 1408 01:25:20,680 --> 01:25:25,000 REASONABLE CORRELATION BETWEEN 1409 01:25:25,000 --> 01:25:31,080 EF AND MRI ASSOCIATION IN THE 1410 01:25:31,080 --> 01:25:32,040 WHOLE BRAIN RESPONSE. 1411 01:25:32,040 --> 01:25:38,840 SO THEN WE START TO LOOK ON 1412 01:25:38,840 --> 01:25:40,520 THE DOSE AND RESPONSE AND 1413 01:25:40,520 --> 01:25:45,720 DON'T WORRY AS WE WILL HAVE 1414 01:25:45,720 --> 01:25:49,160 ANOTHER WEBINAR HAPPENING 1415 01:25:49,160 --> 01:25:49,600 NOVEMBER 10TH. 1416 01:25:49,600 --> 01:25:56,200 SO WE WILL TALK ABOUT THE DOSE 1417 01:25:56,200 --> 01:25:58,800 RESPONSE NOT ONLY IN THIS 1418 01:25:58,800 --> 01:26:00,880 ORCHESTRATION BUT ALSO OTHER 1419 01:26:00,880 --> 01:26:03,720 VALUES AND PROVIDE A FRAMEWORK 1420 01:26:03,720 --> 01:26:06,000 ON HOW WE COULD THIS AND ASK 1421 01:26:06,000 --> 01:26:08,280 OTHERS TO DO THE SAME LEVEL 1422 01:26:08,280 --> 01:26:11,120 ANALYSIS TO MAKE A LEVEL OF 1423 01:26:11,120 --> 01:26:17,320 HARMONY INSIDE THE FIELD. 1424 01:26:17,320 --> 01:26:26,440 GOING TO ANOTHER LEVEL, THERE 1425 01:26:26,440 --> 01:26:32,040 IS THE CONCURRENT ONLINE 1426 01:26:32,040 --> 01:26:34,040 TES FMRI AND WE GO THROUGH THE 1427 01:26:34,040 --> 01:26:36,760 TECHNICAL DETAILS OF HOW TO DO 1428 01:26:36,760 --> 01:26:39,680 THE OUTCOMES. 1429 01:26:39,680 --> 01:26:42,440 THERE ARE SOME VALUES MONTAGE 1430 01:26:42,440 --> 01:26:45,200 THAT PEOPLE NEED TO CONSIDER. 1431 01:26:45,200 --> 01:26:53,560 SO WE LOOK AT THOSE DOING THE 1432 01:26:53,560 --> 01:27:02,480 MODEL OF MRI AND AS YOU SEE 1433 01:27:02,480 --> 01:27:04,880 HERE, MANY PEOPLE HAVE BEEN 1434 01:27:04,880 --> 01:27:06,520 INVOLVED IN THIS STEERING 1435 01:27:06,520 --> 01:27:06,880 COMMITTEE. 1436 01:27:06,880 --> 01:27:09,200 AND WE TRY TO SEE HOW WE MIGHT 1437 01:27:09,200 --> 01:27:14,720 DO IT IN A RIGOROUS WAY SO WE 1438 01:27:14,720 --> 01:27:19,120 STARTED TO THINK THAT TO 1439 01:27:19,120 --> 01:27:20,720 DESIGN SOME SORT OF CHECKLIST, 1440 01:27:20,720 --> 01:27:22,280 IT IS NOT JUST ME AND MY 1441 01:27:22,280 --> 01:27:25,680 FRIEND AND THE FRIEND OF MY 1442 01:27:25,680 --> 01:27:28,280 FRIEND TO SCORE AND GET 1443 01:27:28,280 --> 01:27:28,880 TOGETHER THIS CHECKLIST. 1444 01:27:28,880 --> 01:27:30,960 SO WE HAVE BEEN THINKING ABOUT 1445 01:27:30,960 --> 01:27:34,800 HOW WE DO THIS IN A 1446 01:27:34,800 --> 01:27:39,520 SIMILARATIC WAY AND WE START 1447 01:27:39,520 --> 01:27:41,840 TO SEE THE PUBLICATION AND 1448 01:27:41,840 --> 01:27:43,200 INVITED THOSE WHO PUBLISH IN 1449 01:27:43,200 --> 01:27:45,560 THE FIELD, WE PUT THEM IN 1450 01:27:45,560 --> 01:27:47,840 EXPERT PANEL, WE HAVE MULTIPLE 1451 01:27:47,840 --> 01:27:49,320 DISCUSSIONS WEBINAR AND TRY TO 1452 01:27:49,320 --> 01:27:50,600 COME UP WITH INITIAL VERSION 1453 01:27:50,600 --> 01:27:52,880 OF THE CHECKLIST AND THEN ASK 1454 01:27:52,880 --> 01:27:54,720 PEOPLE TO RATE THE IMPORTANT 1455 01:27:54,720 --> 01:27:57,120 DIFFERENT ITEMS IN THE 1456 01:27:57,120 --> 01:28:00,120 CHECKLIST AND ALSO WHAT WE 1457 01:28:00,120 --> 01:28:01,200 CALL CONTEST CHECKLIST. 1458 01:28:01,200 --> 01:28:06,480 IT HAS A SHORT FORM AND ALSO 1459 01:28:06,480 --> 01:28:11,880 HAS A LONG FORM AND IT IS 1460 01:28:11,880 --> 01:28:12,840 CALLED CONTES CHECKLIST AND 1461 01:28:12,840 --> 01:28:16,480 YOU CAN USE IT FOR EVERY MRI 1462 01:28:16,480 --> 01:28:18,280 THAT THE STEERING EMPLOYMENT 1463 01:28:18,280 --> 01:28:18,800 SHOULD REPORT. 1464 01:28:18,800 --> 01:28:21,880 AND THEN WE WENT THROUGH THE 1465 01:28:21,880 --> 01:28:22,720 PUBLICATIONS AND REALIZED MANY 1466 01:28:22,720 --> 01:28:24,680 OF THOSE ITEMS ARE REALLY 1467 01:28:24,680 --> 01:28:26,760 UNDER REPORTED IN WHAT WE 1468 01:28:26,760 --> 01:28:28,120 PUBLISHED BEFORE AND MANY OF 1469 01:28:28,120 --> 01:28:29,640 THE ITEMS ARE IMPORTANT IF YOU 1470 01:28:29,640 --> 01:28:32,160 WANT TO REPLICATE THE STUDY. 1471 01:28:32,160 --> 01:28:34,560 WE NEED THOSE ITEMS TO BE IN 1472 01:28:34,560 --> 01:28:37,960 THE STUDY SO YOU ARE BASICALLY 1473 01:28:37,960 --> 01:28:39,480 ENCOURAGING THE STEERING 1474 01:28:39,480 --> 01:28:45,360 COMMITTEE TO INCLUDE THAT 1475 01:28:45,360 --> 01:28:46,400 CHECKLIST WITH THE CURRENT 1476 01:28:46,400 --> 01:28:47,760 ITEMS IN THE FIELD. 1477 01:28:47,760 --> 01:28:49,600 SO YOU SEE WE HAVE 60 PERCENT 1478 01:28:49,600 --> 01:28:51,360 OF CHECK LISTS SO WE HOPE TO 1479 01:28:51,360 --> 01:28:53,520 COME BACK IN TEN YEARS AND 1480 01:28:53,520 --> 01:28:55,400 HAVE A BETTER RESULT IN TEN 1481 01:28:55,400 --> 01:28:55,680 YEARS. 1482 01:28:55,680 --> 01:28:58,600 SO WE ESTABLISHED THE PROTOCOL 1483 01:28:58,600 --> 01:29:02,040 AND ANNOUNCED THE PACK CAGES 1484 01:29:02,040 --> 01:29:03,960 ARE AVAILABLE TO ASSESS THE 1485 01:29:03,960 --> 01:29:04,880 STATEMENT. 1486 01:29:04,880 --> 01:29:12,960 WE ARE ALSO TRYING TO COME UP 1487 01:29:12,960 --> 01:29:13,800 WITH CONSENSUS STATEMENT AND 1488 01:29:13,800 --> 01:29:15,320 THESE ARE THE PEOPLE WORKING 1489 01:29:15,320 --> 01:29:19,160 TO MAKE THAT HAPPEN. 1490 01:29:19,160 --> 01:29:21,360 THEN WE TRY TO SET UP A 1491 01:29:21,360 --> 01:29:24,280 QUALITY AND NOISE CONTROL 1492 01:29:24,280 --> 01:29:26,040 PROTOCOL AND HOW YOU CAN 1493 01:29:26,040 --> 01:29:29,280 COLLECT SOME BASELINE DATA AND 1494 01:29:29,280 --> 01:29:30,600 MAKE SURE THAT THE DATA YOU 1495 01:29:30,600 --> 01:29:32,080 HAVE, THERE IS NOT SIGNIFICANT 1496 01:29:32,080 --> 01:29:34,520 AMOUNT OF NOISE IN YOUR 1497 01:29:34,520 --> 01:29:35,160 RECORDING PROCESS. 1498 01:29:35,160 --> 01:29:37,520 SO YOU GO THROUGH A SPECIFIC 1499 01:29:37,520 --> 01:29:39,000 PROTOCOL AND YOU ARE ASKING 1500 01:29:39,000 --> 01:29:40,880 OTHER LABS TO COLLECT ONE SET 1501 01:29:40,880 --> 01:29:43,040 OF DATA AND COMPARING THE 1502 01:29:43,040 --> 01:29:45,160 RESULT YOU HAVE ACROSS 1503 01:29:45,160 --> 01:29:45,600 DIFFERENT LABS. 1504 01:29:45,600 --> 01:29:48,080 THIS IS OPEN CALL FOR LABS 1505 01:29:48,080 --> 01:29:58,640 INTERESTED TO DO TES AND FDMI 1506 01:29:59,000 --> 01:30:01,800 AND DO PUBLISH MULTIPLES, WE 1507 01:30:01,800 --> 01:30:04,160 HAVEN'T DONE THAT YET BUT WE 1508 01:30:04,160 --> 01:30:06,120 HAVE GROUPS WHO WILL BE PART 1509 01:30:06,120 --> 01:30:10,120 OF THE STUDY AND THEN WE HAVE 1510 01:30:10,120 --> 01:30:11,800 A NUMBER OF VARIOUS CHANNELS 1511 01:30:11,800 --> 01:30:16,440 AND YOU CAN FIND US ON YOUTUBE 1512 01:30:16,440 --> 01:30:19,320 OR THE NETWORK. 1513 01:30:19,320 --> 01:30:21,880 THEN THE LAST PART WE TALK 1514 01:30:21,880 --> 01:30:26,440 ABOUT CLOSING THE LOOP BETWEEN 1515 01:30:26,440 --> 01:30:27,040 TES AND FMRI. 1516 01:30:27,040 --> 01:30:28,760 IS THERE ANY CHANCE WE CAN 1517 01:30:28,760 --> 01:30:31,320 HAVE A LOIN LINE MEASUREMENT 1518 01:30:31,320 --> 01:30:37,880 OF FRMI OF THE TARGET 1519 01:30:37,880 --> 01:30:40,200 ENGAGEMENT AND LOOK INTO THE 1520 01:30:40,200 --> 01:30:41,000 STIMULATION METER AND 1521 01:30:41,000 --> 01:30:44,160 BASICALLY CLOSE THE LOOP, 1522 01:30:44,160 --> 01:30:46,800 OPTIMIZE THE STIMULATION ON 1523 01:30:46,800 --> 01:30:47,600 EACH AVAILABLE LEVEL AND THAT 1524 01:30:47,600 --> 01:30:49,160 IS WHAT WE ARE TRYING TO DO 1525 01:30:49,160 --> 01:30:49,600 RIGHT NOW. 1526 01:30:49,600 --> 01:30:51,720 SO TO BE ABLE TO DO THAT, WE 1527 01:30:51,720 --> 01:30:56,400 HAVE TO BE SETTING UP IN MY 1528 01:30:56,400 --> 01:31:00,520 LAB THE CLOSED LOOP FOR TE 1529 01:31:00,520 --> 01:31:02,400 S FRMI WITH A WATERMELON AND 1530 01:31:02,400 --> 01:31:04,680 THERE YOU SEE WE ARE 1531 01:31:04,680 --> 01:31:06,880 CONTROLLING FOR THE SIGNAL AND 1532 01:31:06,880 --> 01:31:09,080 NOISE AND OTHER THINGS AND YOU 1533 01:31:09,080 --> 01:31:14,040 CAN SEE THE WATERMELON AND THE 1534 01:31:14,040 --> 01:31:24,760 THING WE PUT IN THE SCANNER, 1535 01:31:24,760 --> 01:31:27,400 THE PR WE PUT IN THE SCANNER 1536 01:31:27,400 --> 01:31:29,440 AND WE REALIZE THERE ARE 1537 01:31:29,440 --> 01:31:32,000 CHALLENGES TO MAKE OUR OWN SET 1538 01:31:32,000 --> 01:31:33,800 OF ELECTRODES TO MAKE THINGS 1539 01:31:33,800 --> 01:31:35,440 HAPPEN IN TERMS OF HOW TO 1540 01:31:35,440 --> 01:31:38,040 CLOSE THE LOOP BUT JUST FEW 1541 01:31:38,040 --> 01:31:39,960 DAYS AGO, WE PUBLISHED 1542 01:31:39,960 --> 01:31:42,040 TECHNICAL REPORT ON HOW TO DO 1543 01:31:42,040 --> 01:31:44,000 THAT AND IF YOU ARE INTERESTED 1544 01:31:44,000 --> 01:31:49,400 IN KNOWING THE TECHNICAL 1545 01:31:49,400 --> 01:31:59,400 DETAILS OF THIS ONLINE CLOSED 1546 01:31:59,400 --> 01:32:03,120 LOOP REALTIME TES FMRI, YOU 1547 01:32:03,120 --> 01:32:04,400 CAN VIEW THE TECHNICAL REPORT 1548 01:32:04,400 --> 01:32:05,880 THAT IS ONLINE RIGHT NOW. 1549 01:32:05,880 --> 01:32:09,000 AND WE HAVE BEEN SUCCESSFUL IN 1550 01:32:09,000 --> 01:32:11,200 COLLECTING ONE SET OF PILOT 1551 01:32:11,200 --> 01:32:21,720 DATA, 20 ACTIVE PARTICIPANTS 1552 01:32:22,680 --> 01:32:24,400 IN TWO GROUPS. 1553 01:32:24,400 --> 01:32:25,920 SO BASICALLY WE HAVE BEEN ABLE 1554 01:32:25,920 --> 01:32:28,680 TO PUT PEOPLE INSIDE THE 1555 01:32:28,680 --> 01:32:30,960 SCANNER, RECORDING AND TRYING 1556 01:32:30,960 --> 01:32:32,360 TO OPTIMIZE THE SENSATION 1557 01:32:32,360 --> 01:32:34,120 INSIDE THE SCANNER AND AS YOU 1558 01:32:34,120 --> 01:32:38,200 CAN SEE HERE, PEOPLE HAVE BEEN 1559 01:32:38,200 --> 01:32:40,240 PRETTY MUCH BLINDED IN TERMS 1560 01:32:40,240 --> 01:32:43,640 OF THE EFFECT AND MOST 1561 01:32:43,640 --> 01:32:47,640 SIGNIFICANT WAS THE SLEEPINESS 1562 01:32:47,640 --> 01:32:49,240 IN BOTH GROUPS SO THAT IS 1563 01:32:49,240 --> 01:32:50,560 SOMETHING THAT IS TECHNICAL 1564 01:32:50,560 --> 01:32:53,920 FEASIBLE BUT WHAT IS THE RIGHT 1565 01:32:53,920 --> 01:32:55,920 WINDOW OF STIMULATION AND 1566 01:32:55,920 --> 01:33:01,760 RECORDING, SO THERE ARE MANY 1567 01:33:01,760 --> 01:33:06,480 TECHNICAL DETAILS THAT WE CAN 1568 01:33:06,480 --> 01:33:06,800 DISCUSS. 1569 01:33:06,800 --> 01:33:09,880 AND THEN WE HAVE THE 1570 01:33:09,880 --> 01:33:12,280 APPLICATION AND DOING THAT 1571 01:33:12,280 --> 01:33:15,480 WHILE WE EXPOSE DROP CUES 1572 01:33:15,480 --> 01:33:22,360 INSIDE THE SCANNER SO 1573 01:33:22,360 --> 01:33:24,800 HOPEFULLY IF WE GET TOGETHER 1574 01:33:24,800 --> 01:33:27,600 IN ONE YEAR, I CAN SHOW YOU 1575 01:33:27,600 --> 01:33:35,280 THAT SLIDE. 1576 01:33:35,280 --> 01:33:37,760 SO NOW WE HAVE THE 1577 01:33:37,760 --> 01:33:42,800 INTERNATIONAL NETWORK OF 1578 01:33:42,800 --> 01:33:43,840 NEUROMODULATION NEUROIMAGING, 1579 01:33:43,840 --> 01:33:47,840 TO PROMOTE COLLABORATION, 1580 01:33:47,840 --> 01:33:49,840 DIVERSITY, REPRESENT 1581 01:33:49,840 --> 01:33:54,320 SENTIVENESS AND TRANSPARENCY 1582 01:33:54,320 --> 01:33:56,480 AND METHODO LOGICAL RIGOR IN 1583 01:33:56,480 --> 01:33:57,160 THIS GROUP. 1584 01:33:57,160 --> 01:34:01,440 IF YOU ARE INTERESTED, YOU CAN 1585 01:34:01,440 --> 01:34:03,920 SCAN THE CODE AND JOIN WHAT WE 1586 01:34:03,920 --> 01:34:06,200 HAVE MADE AND THAT IS A WAY 1587 01:34:06,200 --> 01:34:06,800 FOR COMMUNICATION. 1588 01:34:06,800 --> 01:34:08,760 WE HAVE STARTED TO THINK ABOUT 1589 01:34:08,760 --> 01:34:10,960 PUTTING TOGETHER A FEW 1590 01:34:10,960 --> 01:34:11,480 SYMPOSIUMS. 1591 01:34:11,480 --> 01:34:13,600 YOU KNOW THE TIME HAS CHANGED 1592 01:34:13,600 --> 01:34:17,200 THIS YEAR, IT IS GOING TO 1593 01:34:17,200 --> 01:34:20,640 HAPPEN IN JULY SO IN TERMS OF 1594 01:34:20,640 --> 01:34:24,040 ABSTRACT, WE ARE THINKING OF 1595 01:34:24,040 --> 01:34:24,960 PUTTING THE SYMPOSIUM IN THERE 1596 01:34:24,960 --> 01:34:26,760 SO IF YOU WANT TO PUT 1597 01:34:26,760 --> 01:34:28,080 SOMETHING TOGETHER, YOU ARE 1598 01:34:28,080 --> 01:34:33,600 INVITED TO DO THAT AND THEN 1599 01:34:33,600 --> 01:34:36,920 DANNY WILL ALSO DO SOMETHING 1600 01:34:36,920 --> 01:34:39,920 IN THE HBM GROUP, MAYBE 1601 01:34:39,920 --> 01:34:41,360 PUTTING SOME PEOPLE TOGETHER 1602 01:34:41,360 --> 01:34:43,800 AND MAKE THAT COLLABORATION 1603 01:34:43,800 --> 01:34:44,280 HAPPEN TOGETHER. 1604 01:34:44,280 --> 01:34:46,560 SO TAKE A LOOK. 1605 01:34:46,560 --> 01:34:48,960 SO WE HAVE THE POTENTIAL 1606 01:34:48,960 --> 01:34:59,080 ONLINE AND OFFLINE, HOW PEOPLE 1607 01:34:59,080 --> 01:35:04,720 ARE RESPONDING, HOW TO HAVE 1608 01:35:04,720 --> 01:35:08,600 DID NOT METHODS, HOW PEOPLE 1609 01:35:08,600 --> 01:35:10,760 RESPOND DIFFERENTLY, THE BRAIN 1610 01:35:10,760 --> 01:35:11,920 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION THAT 1611 01:35:11,920 --> 01:35:17,360 MATTERS AND ARE FRMI HOW IT 1612 01:35:17,360 --> 01:35:23,120 CAN INFORM MONTAGE SELECTION 1613 01:35:23,120 --> 01:35:30,920 AND ALSO OPTIMIZE DOSING AND 1614 01:35:30,920 --> 01:35:32,200 STANDARDS AND POTENTIAL 1615 01:35:32,200 --> 01:35:40,760 MULTISITE COLLABORATION, THANK 1616 01:35:40,760 --> 01:35:41,640 YOU VERY MUCH. 1617 01:35:41,640 --> 01:35:43,400 >>WE HAVE TIME FOR QUESTIONS. 1618 01:35:43,400 --> 01:35:47,920 >>HOW DID THE TES 1619 01:35:47,920 --> 01:35:49,160 STIMULATIONS TASTE? 1620 01:35:49,160 --> 01:35:54,960 DID THEY TASTE BETTER? 1621 01:35:54,960 --> 01:35:55,320 [LAUGHTER] 1622 01:35:55,320 --> 01:35:57,920 OKAY, I HAVE A GENERAL 1623 01:35:57,920 --> 01:35:58,800 QUESTION, RIGHT. 1624 01:35:58,800 --> 01:36:01,760 FOR EXAMPLE CLOSED LOOP IS 1625 01:36:01,760 --> 01:36:03,720 FUNCTION MI OR MI IMAGING TO 1626 01:36:03,720 --> 01:36:09,080 PROVE THE FACT OF THIS 1627 01:36:09,080 --> 01:36:10,560 THERAPY, THE THERAPY STUFF IS 1628 01:36:10,560 --> 01:36:11,680 VERY SIMPLE. 1629 01:36:11,680 --> 01:36:15,400 IF YOU USE MI, IT IS KIND OF 1630 01:36:15,400 --> 01:36:17,920 EXPENSIVE ON PATIENTS SO YOU 1631 01:36:17,920 --> 01:36:21,640 USE AN EXPENSIVE CAMERA TO 1632 01:36:21,640 --> 01:36:23,480 IMPROVE A VERY SIMPLE THERAPY, 1633 01:36:23,480 --> 01:36:28,160 WHAT KIND OF COST OR RETURN ON 1634 01:36:28,160 --> 01:36:28,560 INVESTMENT? 1635 01:36:28,560 --> 01:36:30,000 ALSO OPTIMIZATION, HOW MUCH 1636 01:36:30,000 --> 01:36:30,520 YOU CAN OPTIMIZE. 1637 01:36:30,520 --> 01:36:32,920 IF I DON'T HAVE MI AT ALL, I 1638 01:36:32,920 --> 01:36:35,560 DON'T HAVE THAT CAMERA, I JUST 1639 01:36:35,560 --> 01:36:37,360 GO DO IT, IS THAT GOOD ENOUGH? 1640 01:36:37,360 --> 01:36:37,880 THANK YOU. 1641 01:36:37,880 --> 01:36:40,040 >>THAT IS A REALLY GOOD 1642 01:36:40,040 --> 01:36:40,520 QUESTION. 1643 01:36:40,520 --> 01:36:42,680 THAT IS A REALLY GOOD QUESTION 1644 01:36:42,680 --> 01:36:45,480 IN TERMS OF COST EFFECTIVENESS 1645 01:36:45,480 --> 01:36:47,120 OF USING THAT EXPENSIVE 1646 01:36:47,120 --> 01:36:47,440 CAMERA. 1647 01:36:47,440 --> 01:36:49,680 AND FIRST OF ALL, I DO NOT 1648 01:36:49,680 --> 01:36:52,320 THINK THAT THAT CAMERA IS THAT 1649 01:36:52,320 --> 01:36:52,720 EXPENSIVE. 1650 01:36:52,720 --> 01:36:55,280 I MEAN YOU MAY FEEL IT IS TOO 1651 01:36:55,280 --> 01:36:58,600 EXPENSIVE BUT I MEAN IT IS 1652 01:36:58,600 --> 01:37:03,720 NOT -- I MEAN IN THE FIELD, IN 1653 01:37:03,720 --> 01:37:05,400 PATIENTS LIKE WHO NEEDLE -- 1654 01:37:05,400 --> 01:37:08,040 YOU SEE THE PATIENT FOR ONE 1655 01:37:08,040 --> 01:37:09,760 SINGLE TIME AND DO NOTHING FOR 1656 01:37:09,760 --> 01:37:13,280 THE PATIENT, YOU ARE SPENDING 1657 01:37:13,280 --> 01:37:14,600 $2000 A NIGHT. 1658 01:37:14,600 --> 01:37:17,080 AND SOMETIMES WE KEEP PATIENTS 1659 01:37:17,080 --> 01:37:21,960 IN FOR LIKE 0 60 DAYS. 1660 01:37:21,960 --> 01:37:25,400 SO THE COST OF MENTAL HEALTH 1661 01:37:25,400 --> 01:37:26,640 ISSUES IS UNBELIEVABLE AND 1662 01:37:26,640 --> 01:37:28,360 THERE ARE FAMILIES -- 1663 01:37:28,360 --> 01:37:29,360 BASICALLY YOU ARE SAVING LIVES 1664 01:37:29,360 --> 01:37:31,760 SO IF YOU CAN FIND SOMETHING 1665 01:37:31,760 --> 01:37:33,880 TO CONTROL THE LEVEL OF 1666 01:37:33,880 --> 01:37:36,080 DEPRESSION, WE ARE BASICALLY 1667 01:37:36,080 --> 01:37:37,440 SAVING LIVES. 1668 01:37:37,440 --> 01:37:38,920 YOU CANNOT PUT ANY PARTICULAR 1669 01:37:38,920 --> 01:37:41,800 PRICE TAG ON THAT. 1670 01:37:41,800 --> 01:37:47,920 AND WE ALREADY HAVE ONE 1671 01:37:47,920 --> 01:37:52,840 EXAMPLE, ONE GOOD EXAMPLE FOR 1672 01:37:52,840 --> 01:37:54,480 FRMI APPLICATION THAT RECEIVED 1673 01:37:54,480 --> 01:37:55,840 FDA APPROVAL AND I AM PRETTY 1674 01:37:55,840 --> 01:37:57,760 MUCH HOPEFUL THAT WILL BE THE 1675 01:37:57,760 --> 01:37:59,720 NEW FUTURE OF NEUROMODULATION 1676 01:37:59,720 --> 01:38:03,160 IN TERMS OF OPTIMIZATION 1677 01:38:03,160 --> 01:38:05,200 BECAUSE IF YOU DO 1678 01:38:05,200 --> 01:38:06,800 NEUROMODULATION EVEN FOR THE 1679 01:38:06,800 --> 01:38:08,400 FIRST FEW YEARS, YOU REALIZE 1680 01:38:08,400 --> 01:38:09,240 THAT PEOPLE ARE QUITE 1681 01:38:09,240 --> 01:38:12,560 DIFFERENT AND WE CANNOT JUST 1682 01:38:12,560 --> 01:38:14,440 DO ONE SIZE FITS ALL PROTOCOLS 1683 01:38:14,440 --> 01:38:16,360 FOR EVERYBODY AND I AM REALLY 1684 01:38:16,360 --> 01:38:18,680 HOPEFUL THAT WILL BE A PART OF 1685 01:38:18,680 --> 01:38:21,840 THE CLINICAL PRACTICE OF 1686 01:38:21,840 --> 01:38:25,040 NEUROMODULATION AND YEAH, I AM 1687 01:38:25,040 --> 01:38:30,360 HOPEFUL TO SEE THAT IN MY 1688 01:38:30,360 --> 01:38:32,600 PRACTICE IN THE NEXT 20, 30, 1689 01:38:32,600 --> 01:38:33,440 40 YEARS. 1690 01:38:33,440 --> 01:38:35,520 THE LOGIC IS GOOD SO 1691 01:38:35,520 --> 01:38:37,000 HOPEFULLY, YEAH. 1692 01:38:37,000 --> 01:38:40,200 >>THANKS, VERY NICE TO 1693 01:38:40,200 --> 01:38:46,760 ORGANIZE THIS COMMUNITY 1694 01:38:46,760 --> 01:38:47,240 EFFORT. 1695 01:38:47,240 --> 01:38:52,640 FURTHER ON PROTOCOL RELATING 1696 01:38:52,640 --> 01:38:54,160 TO YOUR EXPERIMENT, I THINK 1697 01:38:54,160 --> 01:39:00,280 THERE ARE A LOT OF STUDIES 1698 01:39:00,280 --> 01:39:04,920 USING FENTON, THE KNOWN 1699 01:39:04,920 --> 01:39:06,320 CONDUCTIVITY AS IN YOUR TALK 1700 01:39:06,320 --> 01:39:14,400 SO I THINK MAYBE YOU CAN 1701 01:39:14,400 --> 01:39:17,640 IMPOSE SOME FENTON WITH SOME 1702 01:39:17,640 --> 01:39:19,520 CONDUCTIVITY SIGNAL TO NOISE 1703 01:39:19,520 --> 01:39:22,800 RATIO, THAT IS MY SUGGESTION. 1704 01:39:22,800 --> 01:39:24,360 >>ABSOLUTELY, I AGREE. 1705 01:39:24,360 --> 01:39:26,280 THE BEST CASE SCENARIO WOULD 1706 01:39:26,280 --> 01:39:28,600 BE HAVING THE TIME TO JUST 1707 01:39:28,600 --> 01:39:29,680 TRAVEL TO DIFFERENT LABS AND 1708 01:39:29,680 --> 01:39:32,080 MAKE SURE WE ARE USING THE 1709 01:39:32,080 --> 01:39:34,800 SAME TYPE OF -- YES, 1710 01:39:34,800 --> 01:39:44,440 DEFINITELY SOMETHING TO 1711 01:39:44,440 --> 01:39:46,960 STARTIZE THAT DOWN BUT THAT IS 1712 01:39:46,960 --> 01:39:48,600 THE STARTING POINT AND YOU 1713 01:39:48,600 --> 01:39:59,120 GUYS ARE DOING THAT SORT OF 1714 01:40:00,280 --> 01:40:02,840 LEVELS THAT YOU GUYS ARE DOING 1715 01:40:02,840 --> 01:40:05,400 ACROSS DIFFERENT LABS. 1716 01:40:05,400 --> 01:40:07,200 >> WE THANK THE DOCTOR AGAIN 1717 01:40:07,200 --> 01:40:08,840 FOR HIS TALK. 1718 01:40:08,840 --> 01:40:09,720 >>THANK YOU. 1719 01:40:09,720 --> 01:40:12,160 [APPLAUSE] 1720 01:40:12,160 --> 01:40:22,720 >>OUR NEXT SPEAKER WILL BE 1721 01:40:36,600 --> 01:40:37,320 ANDREW MITTIGAR. 1722 01:40:37,320 --> 01:40:47,920 >>HELLO EVERYONE, I AM ANDREW 1723 01:40:49,160 --> 01:40:52,160 MITTIGAR AND -- MINAFAR AND I 1724 01:40:52,160 --> 01:40:58,600 WOULD LIKE TO TALK ABOUT THE 1725 01:40:58,600 --> 01:41:06,680 MRI NEUROMODULATION OF THE 1726 01:41:06,680 --> 01:41:07,040 BRAIN. 1727 01:41:07,040 --> 01:41:08,280 FOR MANY DECADES, THERE HAS 1728 01:41:08,280 --> 01:41:11,320 BEEN DISCUSSION OF HOW THE 1729 01:41:11,320 --> 01:41:14,680 BRAIN IS CLEARED OF WHAT IT 1730 01:41:14,680 --> 01:41:15,480 RECEIVES IN AWAKE FUNCTIONS 1731 01:41:15,480 --> 01:41:21,760 AND THIS IS AN IMPORTANT PART 1732 01:41:21,760 --> 01:41:32,360 BECAUSE THE BRAIN IS AN ACTIVE 1733 01:41:35,960 --> 01:41:37,520 FUNCTION. 1734 01:41:37,520 --> 01:41:43,480 SO WE LOOKED AT THE GLYMPHATIC 1735 01:41:43,480 --> 01:41:45,680 SYSTEM AND IT IS ONLY ACTIVE 1736 01:41:45,680 --> 01:41:51,360 DURING SLEEP AND THE REASON IT 1737 01:41:51,360 --> 01:41:55,000 IS CALLED GLYMPHATIC SYSTEM IS 1738 01:41:55,000 --> 01:41:59,360 IT IS EMPHASIZED BY GLIA. 1739 01:41:59,360 --> 01:42:06,360 AND DOCTORS AN ACHIEVEMENT OF 1740 01:42:06,360 --> 01:42:09,840 END FEET AND IN BETWEEN THE 1741 01:42:09,840 --> 01:42:17,240 END FEET AND VESSEL WALL IS 1742 01:42:17,240 --> 01:42:20,280 THIS CONDUIT THAT AIDS IN 1743 01:42:20,280 --> 01:42:20,840 FLOW. 1744 01:42:20,840 --> 01:42:22,240 AND ANOTHER PHYSICAL LOGICAL 1745 01:42:22,240 --> 01:42:24,840 CONNECTION BETWEEN THE TWO IS 1746 01:42:24,840 --> 01:42:28,400 CSF FLOW HAS BEEN FOUND TO BE 1747 01:42:28,400 --> 01:42:36,360 DEPENDENT ON PULSATILE 1748 01:42:36,360 --> 01:42:37,600 CARDIAC CONTRACTIONS SO THERE 1749 01:42:37,600 --> 01:42:43,160 IS AN IMPORTANCE BETWEEN BLOOD 1750 01:42:43,160 --> 01:42:44,480 FLOW AND PULSATILE FLOW. 1751 01:42:44,480 --> 01:42:49,120 WE KNOW THERE ARE A HALLMARK 1752 01:42:49,120 --> 01:42:51,280 OF DISORDERS, SPECIFICALLY 1753 01:42:51,280 --> 01:42:53,520 CEREBRAL SMALL VESSEL DISEASE 1754 01:42:53,520 --> 01:43:00,440 AND POTENTIALLY ALZHEIMER'S 1755 01:43:00,440 --> 01:43:01,240 DISEASE. 1756 01:43:01,240 --> 01:43:03,960 THE HALL MARK OF THESE AGE 1757 01:43:03,960 --> 01:43:08,880 RELATED DISORDERS LEADS TO 1758 01:43:08,880 --> 01:43:10,880 DECREASED CSF PER FUSION 1759 01:43:10,880 --> 01:43:12,200 PRESSURE AND MORE AND MORE 1760 01:43:12,200 --> 01:43:16,600 THERE IS MORE WASTE LEFT 1761 01:43:16,600 --> 01:43:19,920 BEHIND EVERY NIGHT WHEN THE 1762 01:43:19,920 --> 01:43:20,640 BRAIN IS CLEARED. 1763 01:43:20,640 --> 01:43:23,080 AND PART OF THE RESEARCH MY 1764 01:43:23,080 --> 01:43:30,680 PROJECT IS TO ADDRESS IS WE 1765 01:43:30,680 --> 01:43:31,920 DON'T EXACTLY HAVE MUCH 1766 01:43:31,920 --> 01:43:34,560 INFORMATION ON HOW THE 1767 01:43:34,560 --> 01:43:35,680 NEUROMODULATION MAY EFFECT 1768 01:43:35,680 --> 01:43:36,400 LITTLE STUDIED AREAS AND 1769 01:43:36,400 --> 01:43:38,560 SYSTEMS OF THE BRAIN AND ONE 1770 01:43:38,560 --> 01:43:40,120 OF THE MAIN ONES I AM LOOKING 1771 01:43:40,120 --> 01:43:41,880 AT AND THINK SHOULD BE LOOKED 1772 01:43:41,880 --> 01:43:49,560 AT MORE OFTEN IS THE 1773 01:43:49,560 --> 01:43:50,680 GLYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND AN 1774 01:43:50,680 --> 01:43:52,240 IMPORTANT PART OF THIS IS THAT 1775 01:43:52,240 --> 01:44:00,760 WE COULD BE HARMING GLYNPHATIC 1776 01:44:00,760 --> 01:44:05,000 FUNCTION WITH THESE ELECTROOR 1777 01:44:05,000 --> 01:44:06,120 MAGNETIC SIMULATION 1778 01:44:06,120 --> 01:44:06,520 TECHNIQUES. 1779 01:44:06,520 --> 01:44:10,560 OBVIOUSLY EVERYONE IS FAMILIAR 1780 01:44:10,560 --> 01:44:13,920 WITH THE TRANSVAIN Y'ALL 1781 01:44:13,920 --> 01:44:15,520 DIRECT CURRENT STIMULATION 1782 01:44:15,520 --> 01:44:19,680 THAT MODULATES PARTS OF THE 1783 01:44:19,680 --> 01:44:21,960 BRAIN FOR CORTICO SPINAL 1784 01:44:21,960 --> 01:44:22,840 EXCITABILITY. 1785 01:44:22,840 --> 01:44:25,040 AND THIS IS VERY SLOW BECAUSE 1786 01:44:25,040 --> 01:44:35,560 THEY ARE COUNTING THE TPVS. 1787 01:44:41,440 --> 01:44:46,120 SO MY STUDY IDENTIFIED THIS 1788 01:44:46,120 --> 01:44:51,400 PVS IN TWO AXIOM AND LOOKED AT 1789 01:44:51,400 --> 01:44:53,520 THIS RESPONSE IN A CONTROL 1790 01:44:53,520 --> 01:44:55,400 GROUP AND THE HYPOTHESIS OF 1791 01:44:55,400 --> 01:44:59,200 THAT WAS DUE TO THE INCREASED 1792 01:44:59,200 --> 01:45:02,640 OR DECREASED NEURONAL ACTIVITY 1793 01:45:02,640 --> 01:45:04,440 RESULTING IN TDCS, BLOOD FLOW 1794 01:45:04,440 --> 01:45:05,720 PATTERNS WOULD CHANGE LEADING 1795 01:45:05,720 --> 01:45:09,640 TO CHANGES IN CSF FLOW DURING 1796 01:45:09,640 --> 01:45:12,480 PVS AND LEAD TO CHANGES IN THE 1797 01:45:12,480 --> 01:45:23,040 BRAIN SUCH AS WHITE MATTER AND 1798 01:45:24,000 --> 01:45:25,520 BASAL GANGLIA. 1799 01:45:25,520 --> 01:45:27,800 SO I TOOK 12 PATIENTS WHO WERE 1800 01:45:27,800 --> 01:45:29,360 SCANNED AND RESCANNED IN ONE 1801 01:45:29,360 --> 01:45:31,320 HOUR WITHOUT GOING THROUGH ANY 1802 01:45:31,320 --> 01:45:33,040 PROCEDURE OR CHANGE. 1803 01:45:33,040 --> 01:45:34,720 IN THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUP, 1804 01:45:34,720 --> 01:45:37,040 THERE WERE FIVE PATIENTS OF 1805 01:45:37,040 --> 01:45:39,880 SIMILAR AGE AND HEALTH STATUS 1806 01:45:39,880 --> 01:45:42,080 WHO ALSO UNDERWENT STRUCTURAL 1807 01:45:42,080 --> 01:45:43,640 MRI SCANS USING THE SAME TYPE 1808 01:45:43,640 --> 01:45:44,760 OF SCANNER. 1809 01:45:44,760 --> 01:45:45,960 BUT THE ONLY DIFFERENCE 1810 01:45:45,960 --> 01:45:48,000 BETWEEN THE CONTROL GROUP AND 1811 01:45:48,000 --> 01:45:49,760 EXPERIMENTAL GROUP IS PATIENTS 1812 01:45:49,760 --> 01:45:51,720 IN THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUP 1813 01:45:51,720 --> 01:45:55,880 UNDERWENT 20 MINUTES OF 1814 01:45:55,880 --> 01:45:57,400 ANODAL TDCS IN THE PRIMARY 1815 01:45:57,400 --> 01:45:58,800 MOTOR CORTEX BETWEEN THE SCAN 1816 01:45:58,800 --> 01:46:00,280 AND RESCAN. 1817 01:46:00,280 --> 01:46:10,880 SO THE STEPS, ONCE I ACQUIRED 1818 01:46:17,960 --> 01:46:25,360 THE PT MRI RATES, I WEIGHTED 1819 01:46:25,360 --> 01:46:28,400 THESE USING THE SKIMMER AND 1820 01:46:28,400 --> 01:46:30,720 THEN AVERAGED OUT THE NOISE 1821 01:46:30,720 --> 01:46:32,880 THAT EXCEEDED A GIVEN 1822 01:46:32,880 --> 01:46:35,520 THRESHOLD AND THEN ONE OF THE 1823 01:46:35,520 --> 01:46:39,840 NOVEL TECHNIQUES DEVELOPED 1824 01:46:39,840 --> 01:46:44,280 RECENTLY BY Dr. SEPERBAN AT 1825 01:46:44,280 --> 01:46:47,920 U.S.C. INSTITUTE IS BY 1826 01:46:47,920 --> 01:46:50,560 DIVIDING A THIRD IMAGE AND YOU 1827 01:46:50,560 --> 01:46:54,280 CAN SEE THE THIRD IMAGE KNOWN 1828 01:46:54,280 --> 01:47:00,160 AS THE ENHANCED PVS CONTRAST 1829 01:47:00,160 --> 01:47:02,800 IMAGE OR EPC CONTAINED MORE 1830 01:47:02,800 --> 01:47:06,240 CONTRAST AND WAS FOUND TO BE 1831 01:47:06,240 --> 01:47:11,560 MORE ACCURATE IN FORMULATING 1832 01:47:11,560 --> 01:47:17,240 THE PARADIGM IN THOSE IMAGES. 1833 01:47:17,240 --> 01:47:19,720 SO I LOOKED AT THE WHITE 1834 01:47:19,720 --> 01:47:22,600 MATTER AND PACE SALARY GANGLIA 1835 01:47:22,600 --> 01:47:33,160 MASKS OF THE EPC IMAGES AND 1836 01:47:38,200 --> 01:47:42,000 THE FRANGI FILTERERRING TO 1837 01:47:42,000 --> 01:47:45,000 DETERMINE PVS LOCATIONS. 1838 01:47:45,000 --> 01:47:47,680 THEN I CAME UP WITH A 1839 01:47:47,680 --> 01:47:50,960 COMPUTATION AND COMPARISON OF 1840 01:47:50,960 --> 01:47:54,920 PVS VOLUMES USING QUANTITATIVE 1841 01:47:54,920 --> 01:47:55,680 IMAGING TOOLKIT. 1842 01:47:55,680 --> 01:47:58,000 YOU CAN SEE THERE WAS NO 1843 01:47:58,000 --> 01:48:01,320 SIGNIFICANT CHANGE IN THE PVS 1844 01:48:01,320 --> 01:48:04,200 VOLUME AND ALSO A TREND IN THE 1845 01:48:04,200 --> 01:48:07,240 TOTAL WHITE MATTER VOLUME 1846 01:48:07,240 --> 01:48:13,120 WHICH DID NOT CHANGE WITHIN 1847 01:48:13,120 --> 01:48:17,560 THE TWO GROUPS. 1848 01:48:17,560 --> 01:48:25,040 BUT LOOKING AT THE PVS TEST, 1849 01:48:25,040 --> 01:48:32,320 YOU CAN SEE THE PVS VOLUME IN 1850 01:48:32,320 --> 01:48:35,160 BASE SALARY GANGLIA IS GREATER 1851 01:48:35,160 --> 01:48:37,880 AND THAT MEANS THEY NOT ONLY 1852 01:48:37,880 --> 01:48:40,160 HAVE A TOTAL GREATER VOLUME 1853 01:48:40,160 --> 01:48:44,720 BUT NOT LINKED TO HAVING 1854 01:48:44,720 --> 01:48:47,400 GREATER PVS IN THE BASE SALARY 1855 01:48:47,400 --> 01:48:49,920 GANGLIA SO IT MUST HAVE THIS 1856 01:48:49,920 --> 01:48:51,560 ON ITS OWN. 1857 01:48:51,560 --> 01:49:02,120 THEN I USED THIS ON THE DIES 1858 01:49:09,360 --> 01:49:11,760 COEFFICIENT OF PVS MASKS AND 1859 01:49:11,760 --> 01:49:14,480 WITHIN THE TWO CONTROL GROUPS, 1860 01:49:14,480 --> 01:49:16,760 IT WAS BASICALLY THE SAME BUT 1861 01:49:16,760 --> 01:49:27,080 IN THE BASAL GANGLIA, THE PVS 1862 01:49:27,080 --> 01:49:28,720 MASKS WERE MUCH LESS SIMILAR 1863 01:49:28,720 --> 01:49:31,840 TO THE CONTROL GROUP AND 1864 01:49:31,840 --> 01:49:34,920 LASTLY I USED IMAGE J TO SEE 1865 01:49:34,920 --> 01:49:37,520 HOW DILATED THE PVS WERE TO 1866 01:49:37,520 --> 01:49:39,800 SCAN AND RESCAN IN BOTH GROUPS 1867 01:49:39,800 --> 01:49:46,560 AND I FOUND OUT THAT THE 1868 01:49:46,560 --> 01:49:48,720 AVERAGE DILATION BETWEEN PVS 1869 01:49:48,720 --> 01:49:51,600 AND WHITE MATTER WAS NOT 1870 01:49:51,600 --> 01:49:55,800 SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT BUT IN 1871 01:49:55,800 --> 01:50:01,080 THE PVS GROUP, THERE WAS A 1872 01:50:01,080 --> 01:50:02,280 DILATION COMPARED TO THE 1873 01:50:02,280 --> 01:50:02,880 CONTROL GROUP. 1874 01:50:02,880 --> 01:50:05,080 WHAT DOES THIS MEAN? 1875 01:50:05,080 --> 01:50:08,880 THIS IS A POTENTIAL LINK 1876 01:50:08,880 --> 01:50:16,880 BETWEEN TDCS AND BASAL GANGIA 1877 01:50:16,880 --> 01:50:18,080 MORBIDOLOGY PROOF. 1878 01:50:18,080 --> 01:50:26,680 THIS COULD BE A DISCUSSION 1879 01:50:26,680 --> 01:50:28,600 THAT THE INDUCED SIGNIFICANT 1880 01:50:28,600 --> 01:50:35,880 CHANGES IN THE PVS AND PVS, 1881 01:50:35,880 --> 01:50:37,920 THAT MIGHT BE A FUTURE 1882 01:50:37,920 --> 01:50:44,560 DIRECTION TO PURSUE BUT THIS 1883 01:50:44,560 --> 01:50:46,080 IS THE FIRST CONCLUSION AND 1884 01:50:46,080 --> 01:50:47,560 WILL BE INTERESTING RESEARCH 1885 01:50:47,560 --> 01:50:50,080 IN FUTURE DIRECTIONS TO SEE IF 1886 01:50:50,080 --> 01:50:51,320 THIS IMPROVES IN OTHER AREAS 1887 01:50:51,320 --> 01:50:52,960 AND CLOSER TO THE SITE OF 1888 01:50:52,960 --> 01:50:53,440 ADMINISTRATION. 1889 01:50:53,440 --> 01:51:00,200 SO WITH THAT I WOULD LIKE TO 1890 01:51:00,200 --> 01:51:01,440 ACKNOWLEDGE MY MENTORS FOR 1891 01:51:01,440 --> 01:51:02,880 DEVELOPING MUCH OF THE 1892 01:51:02,880 --> 01:51:06,240 PROTOCOL FOR THE RESEARCH AND 1893 01:51:06,240 --> 01:51:10,120 ALSO SIMONE VE ALE AND OTHER 1894 01:51:10,120 --> 01:51:12,600 RAS FOR AIDING ME IN 1895 01:51:12,600 --> 01:51:13,320 CONDUCTING THIS RESEARCH. 1896 01:51:13,320 --> 01:51:14,760 >>WE ARE A LITTLE OVER TIME 1897 01:51:14,760 --> 01:51:25,360 SO LET'S MOVE TO OUR LAST TALK 1898 01:51:28,920 --> 01:51:39,120 FROM Dr. VACA. 1899 01:51:53,720 --> 01:51:54,480 >>HELLO EVERYONE, TODAY I 1900 01:51:54,480 --> 01:51:56,600 WILL TALK TO YOU ABOUT THE 1901 01:51:56,600 --> 01:51:59,640 MODULATION EFFECTS OF THE 1902 01:51:59,640 --> 01:52:00,720 TRANSCRANIAL DIRECT CURRENT 1903 01:52:00,720 --> 01:52:03,240 STIMULATION ON THE DORSAL 1904 01:52:03,240 --> 01:52:07,360 ATTENTION AND FRONTAL PARIETAL 1905 01:52:07,360 --> 01:52:13,480 NETWORKS AND ASSOCIATION WITH 1906 01:52:13,480 --> 01:52:14,160 THE PLACEBO EFFECT. 1907 01:52:14,160 --> 01:52:16,400 I HAVE NOTHING TO DECLARE AND 1908 01:52:16,400 --> 01:52:26,920 NOW WE ARE STUDYING HOW TO 1909 01:52:32,720 --> 01:52:35,400 INVESTIGATE HOW I THE 1910 01:52:35,400 --> 01:52:38,880 MULTISESSION TRAPS VAIN Y'ALL 1911 01:52:38,880 --> 01:52:41,160 DIRECT CURRENT STIMULATION ARE 1912 01:52:41,160 --> 01:52:46,360 DESIGNED AND HOW THE FUNCTION 1913 01:52:46,360 --> 01:52:51,920 OF CONNECTIVITY CHANGE MAY BE 1914 01:52:51,920 --> 01:52:54,800 MANIPULATED WITH THE PLACEBO 1915 01:52:54,800 --> 01:52:59,720 AND OTHER EFFECTS. 1916 01:52:59,720 --> 01:53:10,280 THE PLACEBO ANA LGESIA EFFECT, 1917 01:53:13,000 --> 01:53:15,080 RECENTLY BRAIN IMAGING HAS 1918 01:53:15,080 --> 01:53:24,000 BEEN WIDELY USED TO EXPLORE 1919 01:53:24,000 --> 01:53:34,480 THE PLACEBO AND NOCEBO 1920 01:53:38,960 --> 01:53:39,200 EFFECTS. 1921 01:53:39,200 --> 01:53:39,880 HOWEVER MOST OF THE CURRENT 1922 01:53:39,880 --> 01:53:41,840 STUDIES HAVE APPLIED 1923 01:53:41,840 --> 01:53:44,400 OBJECTIONIZATIONAL METHOD AND 1924 01:53:44,400 --> 01:53:48,520 SO WE WANT TO EXPLORE HOW 1925 01:53:48,520 --> 01:53:50,520 EXCITABILITY AND CONNECTIVITY 1926 01:53:50,520 --> 01:53:52,440 CHANGES OF CERTAIN BRAIN 1927 01:53:52,440 --> 01:53:55,840 REGISTER COULD MODULATE THE 1928 01:53:55,840 --> 01:53:59,160 PLACEBO AND NOCELO EFFECTS. 1929 01:53:59,160 --> 01:54:09,720 SO WE HAVE HEALTHY SUBJECTS 1930 01:54:16,200 --> 01:54:21,000 AND THEY WERE HAVING TDCS 1931 01:54:21,000 --> 01:54:23,160 APPLIED 20 MINUTES FOR THREE 1932 01:54:23,160 --> 01:54:23,640 CONSECUTIVE DAYS. 1933 01:54:23,640 --> 01:54:27,560 THEN THERE WAS A RESTING STATE 1934 01:54:27,560 --> 01:54:36,320 WHERE WE DID NOT HAVE ANY 1935 01:54:36,320 --> 01:54:39,800 SCANS FOR THAT DAY. 1936 01:54:39,800 --> 01:54:50,360 SO WE THEN MESH THE PLACEBO 1937 01:54:53,000 --> 01:54:56,040 AND NOCEBO EFFECTS. 1938 01:54:56,040 --> 01:54:59,520 AND ASSESSING FOR THE SUBJECT 1939 01:54:59,520 --> 01:55:05,200 BETWEEN EXPECTANCY AND 1940 01:55:05,200 --> 01:55:08,520 PLACEBO/NOWEBO AND HOW THEY 1941 01:55:08,520 --> 01:55:10,200 WOULD BE DIFFERENT. 1942 01:55:10,200 --> 01:55:14,080 AND THEN WE APPLIED THE SAME 1943 01:55:14,080 --> 01:55:24,800 MODEL IN TERMS OF EACH PAIN TO 1944 01:55:24,800 --> 01:55:30,440 LOOK AT THE SPECIFIC RESPONSE. 1945 01:55:30,440 --> 01:55:40,920 SO WE HAVE THIS HERE -- 1946 01:55:54,120 --> 01:55:54,480 [INDISCERNIBLE] 1947 01:55:54,480 --> 01:55:59,960 WE LOOK AT THE FINAL TREATMENT 1948 01:55:59,960 --> 01:56:10,440 ON DAY 3 AND THE TDCS ON 1949 01:56:11,480 --> 01:56:14,600 PREDAY 1. 1950 01:56:14,600 --> 01:56:20,920 AND WE FOUND THAT THERE WAS 1951 01:56:20,920 --> 01:56:27,600 SOME REACTION WITH THE PLACEBO 1952 01:56:27,600 --> 01:56:29,200 EFFECT. 1953 01:56:29,200 --> 01:56:30,200 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, OUR WORK 1954 01:56:30,200 --> 01:56:31,600 WHICH YOU CAN FIND AT THE 1955 01:56:31,600 --> 01:56:33,880 BOTTOM OF THIS SLIDE IS 1956 01:56:33,880 --> 01:56:44,400 COMPARED TO SHAM TDCS AND 1957 01:56:48,440 --> 01:56:51,080 CAN'T HODAL TDCS, 1958 01:56:51,080 --> 01:56:59,680 SIGNIFICANTLY BOOSTED WITH 1959 01:56:59,680 --> 01:57:03,520 PLACEBO ANA LGESIA AND -- 1960 01:57:03,520 --> 01:57:04,400 [INDISCERNIBLE] 1961 01:57:04,400 --> 01:57:07,720 AND YOU CAN SEE IN THE LEFT 1962 01:57:07,720 --> 01:57:10,120 THERE IS THE CORRELATION MASKS 1963 01:57:10,120 --> 01:57:14,320 WHITE ON THE RIGHT, YOU HAVE 1964 01:57:14,320 --> 01:57:18,160 OUR NETWORK THAT YOU SEE IN 1965 01:57:18,160 --> 01:57:24,280 GREEN AND IN THE PINK. 1966 01:57:24,280 --> 01:57:32,640 THIS IS WHERE WE CAN SEE THE 1967 01:57:32,640 --> 01:57:43,200 FUNCTION OF THE SUBPARIETAL 1968 01:57:48,080 --> 01:57:54,240 EFFECT OF THE NETWORK, THE 1969 01:57:54,240 --> 01:58:04,760 ANODAL SHAM AND THE CATHODAL 1970 01:58:06,520 --> 01:58:06,760 SHAM. 1971 01:58:06,760 --> 01:58:09,480 AND SO AT THIS POINT WE 1972 01:58:09,480 --> 01:58:13,880 EXTRACT THE SET OF VALUES FROM 1973 01:58:13,880 --> 01:58:19,560 EACH OF THESE PROCESS AND DO 1974 01:58:19,560 --> 01:58:22,920 THE CORRELATION AND WE 1975 01:58:22,920 --> 01:58:28,520 ACTUALLY FOUND THAT THE PLAQUE 1976 01:58:28,520 --> 01:58:31,640 FOUND IN THE NETWORK IN 1977 01:58:31,640 --> 01:58:40,720 COMPARISON TO THE CATHODAL. 1978 01:58:40,720 --> 01:58:45,680 AND NOT JUST IN THE NAME OF 1979 01:58:45,680 --> 01:58:56,280 TDCS BUT ALSO THE IMPULSE 3 -- 1980 01:58:58,080 --> 01:58:59,520 [INDISCERNIBLE] 1981 01:58:59,520 --> 01:59:03,760 SO AFTER THE DISCUSSION, NOT 1982 01:59:03,760 --> 01:59:07,200 ONLY THE NETWORK BUT ALSO 1983 01:59:07,200 --> 01:59:11,040 PRE-DAY 1, THE NETWORK WAS 1984 01:59:11,040 --> 01:59:15,360 INVOLVED IN SEVERAL DIFFERENT 1985 01:59:15,360 --> 01:59:15,920 CONSTRUCTION. 1986 01:59:15,920 --> 01:59:26,480 BOTH RECONNECT APPEARS TO BE 1987 01:59:30,120 --> 01:59:40,600 INVOLVED IN THE PROCESSING OF 1988 01:59:46,360 --> 01:59:53,160 THE SENSORY A MOTOR STIMULI 1989 01:59:53,160 --> 01:59:54,640 SUCH AS PAIN. 1990 01:59:54,640 --> 02:00:01,880 SO WE ALSO FOUND THE OPERCULUM 1991 02:00:01,880 --> 02:00:06,080 PLAYS A PIVOTAL ROLE IN 1992 02:00:06,080 --> 02:00:08,120 EXPERIMENTAL PAIN PERCEPTION 1993 02:00:08,120 --> 02:00:12,840 AND THAT TDCS MAY MODULATE THE 1994 02:00:12,840 --> 02:00:14,080 FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY IN THE 1995 02:00:14,080 --> 02:00:19,760 NETWORK AND IN PARTICULAR, MAY 1996 02:00:19,760 --> 02:00:25,000 MODULATE THE FUNCTIONAL 1997 02:00:25,000 --> 02:00:35,600 CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN THE RIGHT 1998 02:00:38,480 --> 02:00:39,040 OPERCULUM AND TDCS. 1999 02:00:39,040 --> 02:00:41,800 SO ALSO THERE IS A CORRELATION 2000 02:00:41,800 --> 02:00:47,240 THAT SHOWED THE INBOUND CREASE 2001 02:00:47,240 --> 02:00:54,160 BETWEEN TDCS AND THE RIGHT 2002 02:00:54,160 --> 02:00:58,320 OPERCULUM AND CORRELATED TO 2003 02:00:58,320 --> 02:01:00,800 PLACEBEEN O ANA LGESIA 2004 02:01:00,800 --> 02:01:01,240 EFFECTS. 2005 02:01:01,240 --> 02:01:09,120 I WOULD LIKE TO THANK THOSE 2006 02:01:09,120 --> 02:01:10,920 WHO HELPED ME AND THANK YOU 2007 02:01:10,920 --> 02:01:13,960 FOR YOUR ATTENTION. 2008 02:01:13,960 --> 02:01:14,320 [APPLAUSE] 2009 02:01:14,320 --> 02:01:15,280 >>WE'RE ACTUALLY OVER TIME SO 2010 02:01:15,280 --> 02:01:16,800 MAYBE WE CAN HAVE ONE 2011 02:01:16,800 --> 02:01:17,160 QUESTION. 2012 02:01:17,160 --> 02:01:21,800 ANY QUESTION FROM THE 2013 02:01:21,800 --> 02:01:24,480 AUDIENCE? 2014 02:01:24,480 --> 02:01:48,680 NO? 2015 02:01:48,680 --> 02:01:50,120 WE WILL HAVE A SHORT 2016 02:01:50,120 --> 02:01:55,160 SPEECH FROM THE DIRECTOR OF 2017 02:01:55,160 --> 02:01:55,480 NIDA 2018 02:01:55,480 --> 02:02:05,800 >>HELLO, EVERYONE, IT IS A 2019 02:02:05,800 --> 02:02:07,760 PLEASURE FOR ME TO BE GIVING 2020 02:02:07,760 --> 02:02:17,840 SOME REMARKS AT THE NIH 2021 02:02:17,840 --> 02:02:21,480 INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY AND IT 2022 02:02:21,480 --> 02:02:28,200 IS VERY EXCITING TIME TO BE 2023 02:02:28,200 --> 02:02:31,600 LOOKING AT NEUROMODULATION 2024 02:02:31,600 --> 02:02:33,640 TECHNIQUES AND BRAIN 2025 02:02:33,640 --> 02:02:35,680 STIMULATION WHICH HAS BECOME 2026 02:02:35,680 --> 02:02:38,320 VERY IMPORTANT TO THE STUDY OF 2027 02:02:38,320 --> 02:02:43,280 BRAIN FUNCTIONS AND ALSO HAVE 2028 02:02:43,280 --> 02:02:45,440 SHOWN THE POTENTIAL FOR SOME 2029 02:02:45,440 --> 02:02:47,720 DISEASES AND RESEARCH IS GOING 2030 02:02:47,720 --> 02:02:53,840 ON TO ACTUALLY DOCUMENT HOW WE 2031 02:02:53,840 --> 02:02:56,040 CAN USE THIS APPLICATION FOR 2032 02:02:56,040 --> 02:03:01,880 DISORDERS AND FOR TREATMENT. 2033 02:03:01,880 --> 02:03:06,400 ALSO IT ALLOWS US TO USE 2034 02:03:06,400 --> 02:03:10,480 MAGNETIC RESONANCE FOR 2035 02:03:10,480 --> 02:03:12,040 NEUROSTIMULATION AND THIS IS 2036 02:03:12,040 --> 02:03:13,600 AN AMAZING TOOL BECAUSE IT 2037 02:03:13,600 --> 02:03:17,080 ALLOWS US TO LOOK IN VIVO HOW 2038 02:03:17,080 --> 02:03:19,760 THE BRAIN IS AFFECTED BY THIS 2039 02:03:19,760 --> 02:03:22,400 AND HOW TO MANAGE THE DOSE IN 2040 02:03:22,400 --> 02:03:24,240 TERMS OF INTENSITY AND 2041 02:03:24,240 --> 02:03:25,840 FREQUENCY AND HOW MUCH 2042 02:03:25,840 --> 02:03:27,880 VIABILITY THERE MAY BE IN VIVO 2043 02:03:27,880 --> 02:03:30,840 WHILE AT THE SAME TIME 2044 02:03:30,840 --> 02:03:33,320 UNDERSTANDING HOW THESE 2045 02:03:33,320 --> 02:03:34,720 NEUROLOGICAL CHANGES HAPPEN IN 2046 02:03:34,720 --> 02:03:36,640 THE BODY AND GIVE DIFFERENT 2047 02:03:36,640 --> 02:03:38,720 RESPONSES. 2048 02:03:38,720 --> 02:03:43,080 SO THE TOPIC OF THIS 2049 02:03:43,080 --> 02:03:45,600 CONVENTION IS PERFECT AND IN 2050 02:03:45,600 --> 02:03:50,400 LINE WITH THE GOALS OF THE 2051 02:03:50,400 --> 02:03:53,280 NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH 2052 02:03:53,280 --> 02:03:59,280 ON CUTTING EDGE TOOLS TO 2053 02:03:59,280 --> 02:04:00,440 UNDERSTAND BRAIN FUNCTION. 2054 02:04:00,440 --> 02:04:04,480 THIS WILL BRING TOGETHER A 2055 02:04:04,480 --> 02:04:08,440 VERY GOOD GROUP OF SCIENTISTS 2056 02:04:08,440 --> 02:04:13,120 AND ALSO DEVELOPERS ON 2057 02:04:13,120 --> 02:04:20,120 TECHNIQUES ON MRI AND 2058 02:04:20,120 --> 02:04:23,600 NEUROMODULATION ON THE BRAIN. 2059 02:04:23,600 --> 02:04:28,680 WE EXPECT THIS WILL HAVE AN 2060 02:04:28,680 --> 02:04:31,880 IMPACT ON RESEARCH TO PUT IN 2061 02:04:31,880 --> 02:04:32,280 PRACTICE. 2062 02:04:32,280 --> 02:04:37,360 AND WE ALSO HOPE THAT THIS 2063 02:04:37,360 --> 02:04:39,120 WORKSHOP WILL FURTHER 2064 02:04:39,120 --> 02:04:43,080 DISCUSSION AND PARTNERSHIP AND 2065 02:04:43,080 --> 02:04:44,520 NETWORKING OPPORTUNITIES AND 2066 02:04:44,520 --> 02:04:48,240 ACCELERATE RESEARCH INTO THE 2067 02:04:48,240 --> 02:04:51,320 FUTURE. 2068 02:04:51,320 --> 02:04:54,840 THIS WORKSHOP IS BY Dr. WANG 2069 02:04:54,840 --> 02:04:56,920 OF CALIFORNIA AND Dr. YANG 2070 02:04:56,920 --> 02:04:59,200 FROM THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON 2071 02:04:59,200 --> 02:05:02,080 DRUG ABUSE AND SPONSORED BY 2072 02:05:02,080 --> 02:05:06,360 THE NIH AND SOCIETY FOR 2073 02:05:06,360 --> 02:05:07,160 MAGNETIC RESONANCE. 2074 02:05:07,160 --> 02:05:08,960 AND AGAIN THE PURPOSE OF THIS 2075 02:05:08,960 --> 02:05:14,040 WORKSHOP IS TO PROMOTE 2076 02:05:14,040 --> 02:05:16,440 COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH BETWEEN 2077 02:05:16,440 --> 02:05:17,840 INTRAMURAL INVESTIGATORS AND 2078 02:05:17,840 --> 02:05:19,000 EXTERNAL SCIENTISTS AND AS 2079 02:05:19,000 --> 02:05:21,360 ALWAYS, TO COME UP WITH NEW 2080 02:05:21,360 --> 02:05:23,120 IDEAS AND POTENTIAL FOR 2081 02:05:23,120 --> 02:05:25,800 TRANSLATION OF SOME OF THESE 2082 02:05:25,800 --> 02:05:31,960 TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES INTO 2083 02:05:31,960 --> 02:05:35,240 POTENTIAL TOOLS FOR THERAPIES. 2084 02:05:35,240 --> 02:05:40,880 SO I LOOK FORWARD TO HEARING 2085 02:05:40,880 --> 02:05:42,360 THE GOALS WE WOULD LIKE TO 2086 02:05:42,360 --> 02:05:43,080 ACHIEVE AND SUGGESTIONS AT THE 2087 02:05:43,080 --> 02:05:45,800 END OF THE MEETING SO THANKS 2088 02:05:45,800 --> 02:05:52,640 VERY MUCH FOR YOUR ATTENDANCE 2089 02:05:52,640 --> 02:05:53,440 AND PARTICIPATION. 2090 02:05:53,440 --> 02:05:53,800 [APPLAUSE] 2091 02:05:53,800 --> 02:05:56,760 >>THANK YOU AND AFTER THREE 2092 02:05:56,760 --> 02:06:01,520 YEARS OF ZOOM CALLS, I AM 2093 02:06:01,520 --> 02:06:05,160 GETTING USED TO THIS ALSO FROM 2094 02:06:05,160 --> 02:06:07,160 MY CHAIR. 2095 02:06:07,160 --> 02:06:12,280 WELCOME TO THE CONVENTION ON 2096 02:06:12,280 --> 02:06:14,880 NEUROMODULATION ON MRI AND THE 2097 02:06:14,880 --> 02:06:19,960 FIRST PRESENTATION WILL BE 2098 02:06:19,960 --> 02:06:22,000 GIVEN BY ALEXANDER FROM 2099 02:06:22,000 --> 02:06:32,600 UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO AND THE 2100 02:06:34,600 --> 02:06:36,160 TALK IS ABOUT -- 2101 02:06:36,160 --> 02:06:36,600 [INDISCERNIBLE] 2102 02:06:36,600 --> 02:06:46,760 SO THE STAGE IS YOURS. 2103 02:06:46,760 --> 02:06:53,600 >>THANK YOU FOR. 2104 02:06:53,600 --> 02:06:56,520 >>NOTE ALEXANDRE BOUTET, 2105 02:06:56,520 --> 02:07:06,320 STIMULATION AND PARKINSON'S 2106 02:07:06,320 --> 02:07:06,640 DISEASE. 2107 02:07:06,640 --> 02:07:12,600 >>HELLO, I HAVE NO FINANCIAL 2108 02:07:12,600 --> 02:07:15,240 INTERESTS TO DECLARE AND HERE 2109 02:07:15,240 --> 02:07:22,440 ARE A FEW ABBREVIATIONS FOR MY 2110 02:07:22,440 --> 02:07:23,000 TALK. 2111 02:07:23,000 --> 02:07:25,520 SO I DECIDE TO ADD THIS SLIDE 2112 02:07:25,520 --> 02:07:27,960 BECAUSE I AM THE FIRST TO TALK 2113 02:07:27,960 --> 02:07:28,920 ABOUT D BS. 2114 02:07:28,920 --> 02:07:31,200 SO PEOPLE KNOW WHAT D BS LOOKS 2115 02:07:31,200 --> 02:07:33,480 LIKE, IT IS LIKE A BRAIN 2116 02:07:33,480 --> 02:07:34,920 PACEMAKER THAT IS PLACED IN 2117 02:07:34,920 --> 02:07:43,600 THE BRAIN AND THERE IS A 2118 02:07:43,600 --> 02:07:44,960 BATTERY OR ELECTRODE CONNECTED 2119 02:07:44,960 --> 02:07:47,480 BY AN EXTENSION WIRE. 2120 02:07:47,480 --> 02:07:50,560 AND IF YOU LOOK AT THE 2121 02:07:50,560 --> 02:07:52,520 INTRODUCTION, YOU CAN SEE IT 2122 02:07:52,520 --> 02:07:59,920 STARTED IN THE 1990S FOR 2123 02:07:59,920 --> 02:08:01,320 PARKINSON'S DISEASE AND 2124 02:08:01,320 --> 02:08:07,640 INCLUDES A NUMBER OF TARGET 2125 02:08:07,640 --> 02:08:12,720 DEVICES BY FDA AND IT ALLOWS 2126 02:08:12,720 --> 02:08:16,160 US TO DELIVER IN A STANDARD 2127 02:08:16,160 --> 02:08:16,720 WAY NEUROMODULATION. 2128 02:08:16,720 --> 02:08:18,640 IF YOU LOOK AT THE TRIALS, YOU 2129 02:08:18,640 --> 02:08:21,320 CAN SEE IN THE LAST 15 YEARS 2130 02:08:21,320 --> 02:08:25,600 IT IS GROWING MAINLY DUE TO 2131 02:08:25,600 --> 02:08:27,160 ALZHEIMER'S AND PSYCHIATRIC 2132 02:08:27,160 --> 02:08:28,200 DISORDERS AND 15 PERCENT OF 2133 02:08:28,200 --> 02:08:31,760 THOSE TRIALS ARE LOOKING AT 2134 02:08:31,760 --> 02:08:33,040 NEUROIMAGING AS A PRIMARY 2135 02:08:33,040 --> 02:08:34,440 COULD YOU TELL I DON'T WANT. 2136 02:08:34,440 --> 02:08:36,120 SO THE MOST POPULAR ANALYSIS 2137 02:08:36,120 --> 02:08:39,360 RIGHT NOW IN THE FIELD IS 2138 02:08:39,360 --> 02:08:41,120 LOOKING AT ELECTRODE POSITION 2139 02:08:41,120 --> 02:08:48,200 AND GENERATING THE VOLUME OF 2140 02:08:48,200 --> 02:08:57,600 TISSUE ACTIVATED AND THESE 2141 02:08:57,600 --> 02:09:03,200 CAN SET A NORMATIVE CONNECTION 2142 02:09:03,200 --> 02:09:06,960 AND ALLOW IN RECEIVE VIS 2143 02:09:06,960 --> 02:09:08,360 FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2144 02:09:08,360 --> 02:09:08,720 IMAGING. 2145 02:09:08,720 --> 02:09:10,480 BUT TODAY, I WILL NOT BE 2146 02:09:10,480 --> 02:09:12,600 TALKING ABOUT THIS, I WILL 2147 02:09:12,600 --> 02:09:13,840 TALK ABOUT SOMETHING WE HAVE 2148 02:09:13,840 --> 02:09:17,760 BEEN DOING IN THE FIELD ON S 2149 02:09:17,760 --> 02:09:20,520 MRIS WHERE SEPARATORS A FULLY 2150 02:09:20,520 --> 02:09:23,800 ENACTED D BS IN THEIR BRAIN. 2151 02:09:23,800 --> 02:09:31,240 SO AS MOST OF YOU KNOW, S MRI, 2152 02:09:31,240 --> 02:09:33,760 OFTEN DONE WITH BOLD CONTRAST 2153 02:09:33,760 --> 02:09:35,600 AND MEASURES BRAIN ACTIVITY 2154 02:09:35,600 --> 02:09:37,840 AND MAPS THE BRAIN WITH WARM 2155 02:09:37,840 --> 02:09:38,600 AND COOL COLORS. 2156 02:09:38,600 --> 02:09:40,320 AS WE LOOK AT THE NUMBER OF 2157 02:09:40,320 --> 02:09:45,960 PICKUP PUBLICATIONS THAT ARE 2158 02:09:45,960 --> 02:09:50,720 DOING THIS SO CALLED IN VIVO 2159 02:09:50,720 --> 02:09:52,720 RESEARCH, IT IS MOSTLY IN THE 2160 02:09:52,720 --> 02:09:55,200 LAST FIVE TO SEVEN YEARS THAT 2161 02:09:55,200 --> 02:09:56,800 WE SEE THIS HAPPENING AND NOW 2162 02:09:56,800 --> 02:10:01,120 WE UNDERSTAND BETTER HOW TO 2163 02:10:01,120 --> 02:10:04,520 SCAN PATIENTS WITH F MRI. 2164 02:10:04,520 --> 02:10:07,480 SO AS WE LOOK AT THE BREAKDOWN 2165 02:10:07,480 --> 02:10:11,920 WHAT MOST PEOPLE HAVE STUDIED, 2166 02:10:11,920 --> 02:10:13,040 IT IS MOSTLY PARKINSON'S 2167 02:10:13,040 --> 02:10:14,720 DISEASE BUT THERE ARE A NUMBER 2168 02:10:14,720 --> 02:10:20,560 OF SUBJECTS YOU CAN STUDY WITH 2169 02:10:20,560 --> 02:10:25,400 F MRI FROM AGING DISORDERS TO 2170 02:10:25,400 --> 02:10:29,520 CHRONIC HEALTH OF THE BRAIN. 2171 02:10:29,520 --> 02:10:34,560 SO WE LOOK AT THE BREAKDOWN OF 2172 02:10:34,560 --> 02:10:40,720 DBV IN VIVO FOR F MRI, THE 2173 02:10:40,720 --> 02:10:41,560 PROGRAMMING, TECHNICAL 2174 02:10:41,560 --> 02:10:43,280 CHALLENGES OF TO GO THIS AND 2175 02:10:43,280 --> 02:10:45,440 OTHER D BS INDICATIONS. 2176 02:10:45,440 --> 02:10:47,560 SO WHAT ARE SOME OF THE THINGS 2177 02:10:47,560 --> 02:10:48,760 WE SEE? 2178 02:10:48,760 --> 02:10:51,880 SOME OF THE EARLIEST STUDIES 2179 02:10:51,880 --> 02:10:54,320 IN 2001, YOU CAN SEE ALL 2180 02:10:54,320 --> 02:10:57,320 PATIENTS WERE SCANNED WITH A F 2181 02:10:57,320 --> 02:10:59,400 MRI AND THE D BS WAS TURNED ON 2182 02:10:59,400 --> 02:11:03,440 AND YOU CAN SEE THE BLOCKS OF 2183 02:11:03,440 --> 02:11:05,440 COLOR ARE BOLDLY REPRESENTED 2184 02:11:05,440 --> 02:11:12,680 IN THE BASAL GANGLIA ON THE 2185 02:11:12,680 --> 02:11:14,720 LEFT AND THE RIGHT SIDE. 2186 02:11:14,720 --> 02:11:16,840 NOW, THERE WAS A STUDY ONE OR 2187 02:11:16,840 --> 02:11:19,120 TWO YEARS LATER THAT WAS VERY 2188 02:11:19,120 --> 02:11:20,640 INTERESTING WITH ONE PATIENT, 2189 02:11:20,640 --> 02:11:27,320 HIS RIGHT VENT CALL ELECTRODE 2190 02:11:27,320 --> 02:11:29,520 WAS NOT GIVING MUCH RESPONSE 2191 02:11:29,520 --> 02:11:32,400 AND THE LEFT ELECTRODE WAS 2192 02:11:32,400 --> 02:11:33,280 GIVING MOST BENEFIT. 2193 02:11:33,280 --> 02:11:38,440 SO YOU CAN SEE WHEN TURNED ON, 2194 02:11:38,440 --> 02:11:43,720 IT FEATURED BOLD CHANGES IN 2195 02:11:43,720 --> 02:11:50,800 THE MOTOR AREA. 2196 02:11:50,800 --> 02:12:01,360 WHEREAS THE RIGHT ELECTRODE 2197 02:12:06,400 --> 02:12:09,160 SHOWED DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN 2198 02:12:09,160 --> 02:12:09,960 NONMOTOR AREAS. 2199 02:12:09,960 --> 02:12:17,200 SO YOU CAN SEE AS A RESULT 2200 02:12:17,200 --> 02:12:23,280 WITH PARKINSON'S AND LEVODOPA, 2201 02:12:23,280 --> 02:12:26,920 THEY BOTH REQUIRED DIFFERENT 2202 02:12:26,920 --> 02:12:27,640 TESTS. 2203 02:12:27,640 --> 02:12:33,680 SO THIS WAS THE RESULT OF D BS 2204 02:12:33,680 --> 02:12:41,640 VERSUS LEVODOPA AND YOU ARE 2205 02:12:41,640 --> 02:12:45,320 GIVEN THE CHANGES WITH D BS IN 2206 02:12:45,320 --> 02:12:45,880 TREATMENT. 2207 02:12:45,880 --> 02:12:52,240 SO WE SORT OF OVERLAPPED THE 2208 02:12:52,240 --> 02:12:52,880 AREAS WITH INVESTIGATIVE 2209 02:12:52,880 --> 02:12:55,200 REPORTS AND YOU CAN SEE NOT 2210 02:12:55,200 --> 02:12:57,520 SURPRISINGLY, MOST OF THE 2211 02:12:57,520 --> 02:13:03,600 AREAS ARE MOTOR-RELATED AREAS 2212 02:13:03,600 --> 02:13:08,240 INCLUDING CEREBELLUM AND MOTOR 2213 02:13:08,240 --> 02:13:08,600 CORTEX. 2214 02:13:08,600 --> 02:13:11,360 SO WE DID THIS STUDY A FEW 2215 02:13:11,360 --> 02:13:13,880 YEARS BEFORE THAT LOOKS AT HOW 2216 02:13:13,880 --> 02:13:15,880 THE BRAIN CHANGES WITH D BS 2217 02:13:15,880 --> 02:13:19,240 TURNED ON AND OFF AND NOT 2218 02:13:19,240 --> 02:13:23,240 SURPRISINGLY, THERE IS A SORT 2219 02:13:23,240 --> 02:13:28,240 OF SIMILAR PATTERN WITH DEEP 2220 02:13:28,240 --> 02:13:30,600 STRUCTURE IN NONMOTOR 2221 02:13:30,600 --> 02:13:31,000 ACTIVITY. 2222 02:13:31,000 --> 02:13:34,200 SO WHAT HAPPENS TO THE BRAIN 2223 02:13:34,200 --> 02:13:42,560 OVER TIME, WE PERFORM D BS AT 2224 02:13:42,560 --> 02:13:44,120 TIME ZERO AND THEN EXAMINE THE 2225 02:13:44,120 --> 02:13:47,200 PATIENT A NUMB OF YEARS LATER 2226 02:13:47,200 --> 02:13:51,880 AND THE ACTIVITY IS ACTUALLY 2227 02:13:51,880 --> 02:13:53,960 QUITE DIFFERENT. 2228 02:13:53,960 --> 02:13:56,040 SO CLEARLY HERE WHILE I AM 2229 02:13:56,040 --> 02:13:58,120 TALKING ABOUT THE ACUTE CHANGE 2230 02:13:58,120 --> 02:13:59,480 WITH MRI, THERE IS DEFINITELY 2231 02:13:59,480 --> 02:14:01,600 A VALUE IN TRYING TO PERFORM 2232 02:14:01,600 --> 02:14:03,400 IT OVER TIME TO TRY TO 2233 02:14:03,400 --> 02:14:05,560 UNDERSTAND WHAT HAPPENED IN 2234 02:14:05,560 --> 02:14:07,760 TERMS OF' LASSIVITY IN THE 2235 02:14:07,760 --> 02:14:10,080 BRAIN OF THOSE PATIENTS OVER 2236 02:14:10,080 --> 02:14:14,000 TIME AS IDENTIFIED BY THE 2237 02:14:14,000 --> 02:14:14,600 STN-D BS STUDIES. 2238 02:14:14,600 --> 02:14:16,080 AND ONE OF THE THINGS WE 2239 02:14:16,080 --> 02:14:18,520 LOOKED AT WITH THE MRI IS CAN 2240 02:14:18,520 --> 02:14:21,920 WE AT LEAST HAVE THE SAME BOLD 2241 02:14:21,920 --> 02:14:25,000 PATTERN IN THE SAME PATIENT 30 2242 02:14:25,000 --> 02:14:25,760 MINUTES APART. 2243 02:14:25,760 --> 02:14:27,920 SO THIS WAS AN EXAMPLE OF ONE 2244 02:14:27,920 --> 02:14:33,280 PATIENT WE HAD WHERE WE 2245 02:14:33,280 --> 02:14:35,600 SCANNED, WADE 30 MINUTES AND 2246 02:14:35,600 --> 02:14:37,080 THEN RESCAN AND THIS TOLD US 2247 02:14:37,080 --> 02:14:39,680 WHAT WE ARE ACQUIRING IS 2248 02:14:39,680 --> 02:14:42,960 REPRODUCIBLE AND NOT JUST SOME 2249 02:14:42,960 --> 02:14:48,440 ARTIFACT OF THE D BS IN F MRI. 2250 02:14:48,440 --> 02:14:52,440 SO NOW WE FOCUS ON HOW CAN WE 2251 02:14:52,440 --> 02:14:55,000 USE D BS PROGRAMMING. 2252 02:14:55,000 --> 02:14:57,560 IT IS THAT PROCESS AFTER 2253 02:14:57,560 --> 02:15:00,840 SURGERY WHERE WE EXECUTE A 2254 02:15:00,840 --> 02:15:02,040 TAILORING FOR THE INDIVIDUAL 2255 02:15:02,040 --> 02:15:02,440 PATIENT. 2256 02:15:02,440 --> 02:15:06,720 THE GOAL IS TO MAXIMIZE 2257 02:15:06,720 --> 02:15:08,080 BENEFIT WHILE MINIMIZING 2258 02:15:08,080 --> 02:15:09,680 ADVERSE EFFECTS. 2259 02:15:09,680 --> 02:15:13,240 AND THIS IS DONE AT THE 2260 02:15:13,240 --> 02:15:14,640 CLINICIAN'S OFFICE. 2261 02:15:14,640 --> 02:15:18,640 IN THE TERMS OF PARKINSON'S 2262 02:15:18,640 --> 02:15:22,760 DISEASE, IT MAY TAKE UP TO TEN 2263 02:15:22,760 --> 02:15:24,880 WEEKS WITH EACH SESSION AN 2264 02:15:24,880 --> 02:15:26,600 HOUR OR TWO HOURS LONG AND SO 2265 02:15:26,600 --> 02:15:28,480 YOU CAN SEE THERE IS A LOT OF 2266 02:15:28,480 --> 02:15:29,760 TIME FOR EACH OF THESE 2267 02:15:29,760 --> 02:15:31,480 PATIENTS WHO ARE ARE FRAIL AND 2268 02:15:31,480 --> 02:15:33,640 NOT VERY MOBILE AND IT IS ALSO 2269 02:15:33,640 --> 02:15:35,640 COSTLY FOR THE MEDICAL SYSTEM. 2270 02:15:35,640 --> 02:15:39,480 SO THE IDEA HERE IS CAN WE 2271 02:15:39,480 --> 02:15:45,080 TAKE THIS CLINICAL AND 2272 02:15:45,080 --> 02:15:46,840 PROGRAMMING MECHANISM AND TEST 2273 02:15:46,840 --> 02:15:52,840 AGAINST EXPOSURE TO THE 2274 02:15:52,840 --> 02:16:03,360 RESPONSE AND THE 'EM DATA 2275 02:16:07,320 --> 02:16:09,400 SHOWS WE CAN USE OBJECTIVE 2276 02:16:09,400 --> 02:16:12,120 MARKER OF RESPONSE TO D BS. 2277 02:16:12,120 --> 02:16:14,240 YOU WILL HEAR MORE OF THIS IN 2278 02:16:14,240 --> 02:16:21,120 THE NEXT TALK BUT POTENTIALLY 2279 02:16:21,120 --> 02:16:26,240 SPEAKING, THERE ARE STRICT 2280 02:16:26,240 --> 02:16:28,840 GUIDELINES FOR D BS PATIENTS 2281 02:16:28,840 --> 02:16:36,160 OF 1.5 OR 3 TENS AND A LIMITED 2282 02:16:36,160 --> 02:16:40,240 AMOUNT OF ENERGY IS USED TORE 2283 02:16:40,240 --> 02:16:41,160 SCANNING. 2284 02:16:41,160 --> 02:16:44,080 AND WHAT IS CONFUSING IS EACH 2285 02:16:44,080 --> 02:16:44,840 VENDOR HAS SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT 2286 02:16:44,840 --> 02:16:47,080 GUIDELINES SO IF YOU DO THIS 2287 02:16:47,080 --> 02:16:48,360 IN PATIENTS, YOU HAVE TO BE 2288 02:16:48,360 --> 02:16:51,600 AWARE OF WHAT IS IN THE MODEL 2289 02:16:51,600 --> 02:16:53,120 THAT THE PATIENTS HAVE IN 2290 02:16:53,120 --> 02:16:54,680 TERMS OF D BS. 2291 02:16:54,680 --> 02:17:02,400 AND AS I WAS SAYING EARLIER, 2292 02:17:02,400 --> 02:17:04,800 THE GUIDELINES LAPSE IN WHAT 2293 02:17:04,800 --> 02:17:13,240 WE CAN DO WITH EACH OF THESE 2294 02:17:13,240 --> 02:17:16,840 PATIENTS AND IT IS ONLY 2295 02:17:16,840 --> 02:17:21,760 RECENTLY WE HAVE SELECTED D BS 2296 02:17:21,760 --> 02:17:24,120 MODELS MAKING ELIGIBLE FOR 3T 2297 02:17:24,120 --> 02:17:24,680 FOR PATIENTS. 2298 02:17:24,680 --> 02:17:27,880 THE IDEA WAS TO MINIMIZE THE 2299 02:17:27,880 --> 02:17:29,600 RISK AND IMPROVE THE OUTCOME 2300 02:17:29,600 --> 02:17:31,680 FOR PATIENTS WHO UNDERGO THE 2301 02:17:31,680 --> 02:17:33,040 SCANNING AND THESE WERE SOME 2302 02:17:33,040 --> 02:17:37,160 OF THE EARLIER TOOLS WE USED, 2303 02:17:37,160 --> 02:17:39,880 PROVIDING PATIENTS WITH D BS 2304 02:17:39,880 --> 02:17:42,040 AND MEASURE THE HEATING AT THE 2305 02:17:42,040 --> 02:17:44,000 TIP OF THE ELECTRODE WHICH IS 2306 02:17:44,000 --> 02:17:46,800 ALWAYS THE MAIN RISK WHEN 2307 02:17:46,800 --> 02:17:47,800 SCANNING THESE PATIENTS. 2308 02:17:47,800 --> 02:17:52,360 NOW, A LOT OF YOU ARE THINKING 2309 02:17:52,360 --> 02:17:57,480 HOW DO YOU DO THE MRI SEQUENCE 2310 02:17:57,480 --> 02:18:03,160 WITH METAL IN THE HEAD AS THE 2311 02:18:03,160 --> 02:18:05,920 BRAIN IS PARTICULARLY 2312 02:18:05,920 --> 02:18:09,960 SENSITIVE TO THESE METAL 2313 02:18:09,960 --> 02:18:15,200 ARTIFACTS. 2314 02:18:15,200 --> 02:18:24,200 SO THEY ARE ABOUT .1 IN VOLUME 2315 02:18:24,200 --> 02:18:29,840 AND WHILE IT IS NOT 2316 02:18:29,840 --> 02:18:33,280 ACCEPTABLE, IT IS NOT 2317 02:18:33,280 --> 02:18:35,320 PROHIBITIVE ACCOUNTING FOR A 2318 02:18:35,320 --> 02:18:36,720 SMALL NUMBER OF ARTIFACTS. 2319 02:18:36,720 --> 02:18:38,760 SO THIS IS HOW WE DID THE 2320 02:18:38,760 --> 02:18:39,480 EXPERIMENT. 2321 02:18:39,480 --> 02:18:43,440 ON THE LEFT SIDE YOU CAN SEE 2322 02:18:43,440 --> 02:18:45,040 THE SELECTION FOR PARKINSON'S 2323 02:18:45,040 --> 02:18:52,440 AND ON THE RIGHT, ALLOWS US TO 2324 02:18:52,440 --> 02:18:59,560 MAKE CONTACT AND DELIVER 2325 02:18:59,560 --> 02:19:00,480 ELECTROMAGNETIC FREQUENCY AND 2326 02:19:00,480 --> 02:19:04,800 THE ON THE TOP SIDE, YOU SEE 2327 02:19:04,800 --> 02:19:06,160 THE RECOMMENDED TODAY'S 2328 02:19:06,160 --> 02:19:09,640 IMPLANTED IN A PATIENT WITH 2329 02:19:09,640 --> 02:19:10,760 ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. 2330 02:19:10,760 --> 02:19:14,760 THEN THE ACTIVITY WAS TURN ON 2331 02:19:14,760 --> 02:19:16,320 AND OFF EVERY 30 MINUTES FOR 2332 02:19:16,320 --> 02:19:18,520 SIX AND A HALF MINUTES AND WE 2333 02:19:18,520 --> 02:19:20,040 DID THIS FOR EVERY PATIENT. 2334 02:19:20,040 --> 02:19:22,720 THE KEY HERE IS THESE PATIENTS 2335 02:19:22,720 --> 02:19:27,360 WERE A YEAR OUT OF SURGERY SO 2336 02:19:27,360 --> 02:19:32,280 WE KNEW BEFOREHAND WHAT IS THE 2337 02:19:32,280 --> 02:19:36,280 OPTIMAL OUTCOME AND CLINICAL 2338 02:19:36,280 --> 02:19:36,640 OUTCOME. 2339 02:19:36,640 --> 02:19:40,120 SO WE HAD A TOTAL OF 203 2340 02:19:40,120 --> 02:19:43,560 SESSIONS AND THE OTHER POINT 2341 02:19:43,560 --> 02:19:47,720 HERE IS WE USED THE LEFT ONLY 2342 02:19:47,720 --> 02:19:48,960 BECAUSE WE WANTED TO SEE THE 2343 02:19:48,960 --> 02:19:51,080 RIGHT SIDE OF THE BRAIN AS 2344 02:19:51,080 --> 02:19:52,360 CONTROL AND ALSO BECAUSE THE 2345 02:19:52,360 --> 02:19:53,800 EXTENSION WIRES ON THE RIGHT 2346 02:19:53,800 --> 02:20:04,200 SIDE OF THE HEAD. 2347 02:20:06,360 --> 02:20:14,360 SO THE F MRI STEP WE TOOK, 2348 02:20:14,360 --> 02:20:15,320 REGULAR MOTION CORRECTION, 2349 02:20:15,320 --> 02:20:18,040 NORMALIZATION OF THE DATA IN 2350 02:20:18,040 --> 02:20:18,960 EXTRACTING THE STATS. 2351 02:20:18,960 --> 02:20:29,480 AND THEN TO BUILD THE MODEL, 2352 02:20:32,800 --> 02:20:37,640 WE FOUND 16 ROIS WHICH WE 2353 02:20:37,640 --> 02:20:41,720 LOOKED AT TO FIND THE AREA 2354 02:20:41,720 --> 02:20:44,640 WITH THE MOST BENEFIT. 2355 02:20:44,640 --> 02:20:47,480 SO WITH SINGLE SUBJECT 2356 02:20:47,480 --> 02:20:51,400 ANALYSIS, WE LOOKED AGAIN AT 2357 02:20:51,400 --> 02:20:53,440 THE 16 ROIS. 2358 02:20:53,440 --> 02:20:58,640 THEN WE STARTED WITH A SIMPLE 2359 02:20:58,640 --> 02:20:59,800 MACHINE MANNERRING ANALYSIS 2360 02:20:59,800 --> 02:21:02,600 AND THEN WE FED IN THE TEST 2361 02:21:02,600 --> 02:21:08,920 DATA TO VALIDATE ITS MODELS. 2362 02:21:08,920 --> 02:21:11,280 SO HERE YOU CAN SEE ONE 2363 02:21:11,280 --> 02:21:17,760 PATIENT IN A AND ONE PATIENT 2364 02:21:17,760 --> 02:21:25,520 IN B WITH LEFT UNILATERAL 2365 02:21:25,520 --> 02:21:28,680 STIMULATION AND YOU CAN SEE 2366 02:21:28,680 --> 02:21:31,640 HERE THE MOST CHANGE IN THE 2367 02:21:31,640 --> 02:21:35,520 CORTEX AND AS YOU MOVED AWAY 2368 02:21:35,520 --> 02:21:38,560 FROM THAT, IT IS THE MIDDLE 2369 02:21:38,560 --> 02:21:46,840 PATTERN AND ARE ON THE RIGHT, 2370 02:21:46,840 --> 02:21:50,840 IT SHOWS MINIMUM ON THE RIGHT. 2371 02:21:50,840 --> 02:21:52,960 HIGH VOLTAGE IN THE BOTTOM 2372 02:21:52,960 --> 02:21:56,480 ROW, YOU SEE USING THE 2373 02:21:56,480 --> 02:21:58,360 STEREOTYPICAL PATIENT IT IS 2374 02:21:58,360 --> 02:21:59,880 HIGHER BUT SPILLS OVER IN 2375 02:21:59,880 --> 02:22:02,360 OTHER AREAS SO WHEN WE LOOKED 2376 02:22:02,360 --> 02:22:04,680 AT THIS, WE THOUGHT WE CAN 2377 02:22:04,680 --> 02:22:06,400 PROBABLY FIND OUT WHICH 2378 02:22:06,400 --> 02:22:08,000 PATTERN IS OPTIMAL BASED ON 2379 02:22:08,000 --> 02:22:09,960 THOSE THREE MAIN AREAS SO THIS 2380 02:22:09,960 --> 02:22:14,200 SUGGESTS TO US WE CAN TELL 2381 02:22:14,200 --> 02:22:17,920 FROM THE PATTERN WHAT IS THE 2382 02:22:17,920 --> 02:22:20,280 UPMODE OF PATTERN FOR EACH 2383 02:22:20,280 --> 02:22:21,680 PARTICULAR PATIENT. 2384 02:22:21,680 --> 02:22:27,280 AND WHEN WE DID THIS, WE CAME 2385 02:22:27,280 --> 02:22:37,760 UP WITH 88 PERCENT ACT AND 2386 02:22:44,000 --> 02:22:48,040 VOLTAGE DATA AND THE NORMAL AT 2387 02:22:48,040 --> 02:22:48,600 39. 2388 02:22:48,600 --> 02:22:50,640 THAT IS DATA SET 1. 2389 02:22:50,640 --> 02:22:53,560 THEN WHEN WE USED OUR 2390 02:22:53,560 --> 02:22:55,120 STIMULATION NAIVE, IT WAS DATA 2391 02:22:55,120 --> 02:22:55,560 SET 2. 2392 02:22:55,560 --> 02:22:57,280 THEY WERE SIX MONTHS AFTER 2393 02:22:57,280 --> 02:23:00,640 SURGERY PRIOR TO THEM GOING 2394 02:23:00,640 --> 02:23:01,920 INTO A NEUROLOGIST'S OFFICE. 2395 02:23:01,920 --> 02:23:04,560 SO WE HAD OUR MRI AND THEN 2396 02:23:04,560 --> 02:23:15,120 WHAT WOULD BE THEIR OPTIMAL 2397 02:23:16,000 --> 02:23:16,480 AMOUNT. 2398 02:23:16,480 --> 02:23:20,240 SO THE PATTERN PREDICTED TEN 2399 02:23:20,240 --> 02:23:24,640 MONTHS AHEAD OF TIME SHOWING 2400 02:23:24,640 --> 02:23:28,560 WHAT WE DO WITH A PATIENT NINE 2401 02:23:28,560 --> 02:23:29,200 MONTHS AFTER SURGERY. 2402 02:23:29,200 --> 02:23:31,120 AS FAR AS THE CLINICAL TRIAL, 2403 02:23:31,120 --> 02:23:36,240 YOU HAVE A PATIENT WHO IS OUT 2404 02:23:36,240 --> 02:23:40,080 OF SURGERY, THE MR I, THE 2405 02:23:40,080 --> 02:23:41,480 PATIENT GOES IN THE FIRST 2406 02:23:41,480 --> 02:23:46,040 CONTACT WITH THE HOPE WE WILL 2407 02:23:46,040 --> 02:23:47,800 IMPROVE CLINICAL OUTCOMES, 2408 02:23:47,800 --> 02:23:55,240 DECREASE THE TIME AND 2409 02:23:55,240 --> 02:23:56,760 THEREFORE SAVE MONEYFUL AND 2410 02:23:56,760 --> 02:24:03,800 WOO ON WILL WE'RE ALSO 2411 02:24:03,800 --> 02:24:07,040 LOOKING AT THE F MRI AND AS 2412 02:24:07,040 --> 02:24:09,400 FAR AS A MODEL, IT IS MORE 2413 02:24:09,400 --> 02:24:11,000 PROMISING AND MUCH MORE 2414 02:24:11,000 --> 02:24:13,080 FLEXIBLE AS YOU CAN SEE HERE. 2415 02:24:13,080 --> 02:24:16,080 NOW IF YOU ASK ABOUT OTHER 2416 02:24:16,080 --> 02:24:18,120 IMPLICATIONS, THE MAIN REASON 2417 02:24:18,120 --> 02:24:20,760 WE USE THIS IS THE NUMBER AT 2418 02:24:20,760 --> 02:24:21,400 FIRST. 2419 02:24:21,400 --> 02:24:23,320 THERE ARE JUST SO MANY MORE OF 2420 02:24:23,320 --> 02:24:26,240 THOSE PATIENTS, IT IS EASIER 2421 02:24:26,240 --> 02:24:27,240 TO DO THAT EXPERIMENT. 2422 02:24:27,240 --> 02:24:31,840 AND ALSO WHEN YOU TURN ON THE 2423 02:24:31,840 --> 02:24:35,600 D BS INDICATIONS LIKE FOR 2424 02:24:35,600 --> 02:24:38,200 PARKINSON'S, THERE IS AN 2425 02:24:38,200 --> 02:24:39,640 IMMEDIATE IMPACT. 2426 02:24:39,640 --> 02:24:44,960 BUT MOST OF THE INDICATIONS 2427 02:24:44,960 --> 02:24:47,040 SUCH AS ESTONIA, PSYCHIATRIC 2428 02:24:47,040 --> 02:24:48,720 DISORDER SORE DEPRESSION, 2429 02:24:48,720 --> 02:24:50,680 THERE IS NO FEEDBACK. 2430 02:24:50,680 --> 02:24:56,120 SO YOU CAN IMAGINE THIS IS 2431 02:24:56,120 --> 02:25:01,520 EVEN MORE MYSTERIOUS AND 2432 02:25:01,520 --> 02:25:02,600 INDIVIDUALLY BASED. 2433 02:25:02,600 --> 02:25:13,160 WE DID THIS WITH 17 PATIENTS, 2434 02:25:15,360 --> 02:25:16,880 DIFFERENT CIRCUITS, THE FIRST 2435 02:25:16,880 --> 02:25:19,640 THING WE NOTED WITH THE MRI IS 2436 02:25:19,640 --> 02:25:23,200 THE CHANGE WAS NOT 2437 02:25:23,200 --> 02:25:25,240 MOTOR-RELATED. 2438 02:25:25,240 --> 02:25:30,240 SO A VERY GOOD PROBABILITY 2439 02:25:30,240 --> 02:25:31,000 THAT -- 2440 02:25:31,000 --> 02:25:31,440 [INDISCERNIBLE] 2441 02:25:31,440 --> 02:25:38,040 AND THE MAIN WERE THE DORSAL 2442 02:25:38,040 --> 02:25:39,280 ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX. 2443 02:25:39,280 --> 02:25:43,760 WE TRIED TO USE THOSE PATTERNS 2444 02:25:43,760 --> 02:25:54,200 IN THE THREE AREAS FOR 2445 02:25:54,960 --> 02:25:55,680 SUBCALLOSAL CINGULATE AND YOU 2446 02:25:55,680 --> 02:25:56,960 SEE HERE THE IMMEDIATE PATTERN 2447 02:25:56,960 --> 02:26:02,000 WE HAVE ON THE F MRI PREDICTS 2448 02:26:02,000 --> 02:26:04,800 THE BEHAVIOR OF A WEAK SPACE 2449 02:26:04,800 --> 02:26:07,440 AND THIS MAINTAINS A SMALL 2450 02:26:07,440 --> 02:26:08,600 SAMPLE. 2451 02:26:08,600 --> 02:26:18,840 WE DID A SIMILAR EXERCISE WITH 2452 02:26:18,840 --> 02:26:27,240 THE SAME PATIENT AND THIS ONE 2453 02:26:27,240 --> 02:26:27,840 SHOWED NO CHANGE IN THE 2454 02:26:27,840 --> 02:26:28,880 SENSORY MOTOR AND SMA AREA. 2455 02:26:28,880 --> 02:26:33,640 YOU CAN ONCE AGAIN SEE THE F 2456 02:26:33,640 --> 02:26:37,160 MRI CHANGED WITH D BS TURNED 2457 02:26:37,160 --> 02:26:39,320 ON TO PREDICT A BEHAVIOR THAT 2458 02:26:39,320 --> 02:26:41,400 USUALLY TAKES WEEKS TO SHOW IN 2459 02:26:41,400 --> 02:26:42,240 THE CLINIC. 2460 02:26:42,240 --> 02:26:49,080 SO THIS WAS AGAIN A GOOD PROOF 2461 02:26:49,080 --> 02:26:51,040 OF PRINCIPLE ISSUE WHILE IT IS 2462 02:26:51,040 --> 02:26:53,480 HELPFUL FOR PATIENTS WITH 2463 02:26:53,480 --> 02:26:57,760 PARKINSON'S, IT CAN BE USED 2464 02:26:57,760 --> 02:26:59,720 FOR OTHER BEHAVIORS WITH 2465 02:26:59,720 --> 02:27:01,000 SIMILAR RESULTS. 2466 02:27:01,000 --> 02:27:04,520 SO IN CONCLUSION, I HOPE I 2467 02:27:04,520 --> 02:27:08,800 HAVE CONVINCED YOU THAT 2468 02:27:08,800 --> 02:27:10,840 PATIENTS WITH PARKINSON'S 2469 02:27:10,840 --> 02:27:15,600 DISEASE CAN BE BENEFITTED FOR 2470 02:27:15,600 --> 02:27:21,480 F MRI AND D BS BUT FIRST WE 2471 02:27:21,480 --> 02:27:24,000 MUST UNDERSTAND THE EFFECTS OF 2472 02:27:24,000 --> 02:27:25,960 D BS AND UNDERLYING MECHANISM 2473 02:27:25,960 --> 02:27:28,920 TO DO IT PROPERLY. 2474 02:27:28,920 --> 02:27:31,760 AND THERE IS ALSO A THOROUGH 2475 02:27:31,760 --> 02:27:34,240 SAFETY UNDERSTANDING AND 2476 02:27:34,240 --> 02:27:36,560 TESTING REQUIRED AND OBJECTIVE 2477 02:27:36,560 --> 02:27:39,800 AND RAPID BIOMARKERS OF D BS 2478 02:27:39,800 --> 02:27:42,600 EFFICIENCY FOR WHICH 2479 02:27:42,600 --> 02:27:46,440 PROGRAMMING IS EVEN MORE 2480 02:27:46,440 --> 02:27:46,920 DIFFICULT. 2481 02:27:46,920 --> 02:27:48,760 SO THIS IS MY THANK YOU AND 2482 02:27:48,760 --> 02:27:51,640 THIS IS MY E-MAIL AND THANK 2483 02:27:51,640 --> 02:27:54,000 YOU. 2484 02:27:54,000 --> 02:27:56,280 [APPLAUSE] 2485 02:27:56,280 --> 02:27:57,760 >>THANKS SO MUCH FOR THE 2486 02:27:57,760 --> 02:27:58,280 AWESOME TALK. 2487 02:27:58,280 --> 02:28:09,040 IS THERE ANY QUESTION FROM THE 2488 02:28:09,040 --> 02:28:09,320 AUDIENCE? 2489 02:28:09,320 --> 02:28:11,840 >>MY NAME IS WANG AND I AM 2490 02:28:11,840 --> 02:28:14,040 FROM ABBOTT AND WE MAKE D BS 2491 02:28:14,040 --> 02:28:18,680 DEVICES SO I CAN DO A DEMO 2492 02:28:18,680 --> 02:28:20,880 MAYBE DURING LUNCH TIME ON HOW 2493 02:28:20,880 --> 02:28:22,160 TO PHASE ALL THAT. 2494 02:28:22,160 --> 02:28:24,840 BUT MY QUESTION TO YOU IS WHEN 2495 02:28:24,840 --> 02:28:27,680 WE USE FUNCTION MRI TO LOOK TO 2496 02:28:27,680 --> 02:28:30,440 SEE HOW D BS PROGRAMMING IS 2497 02:28:30,440 --> 02:28:32,160 EFFECTIVE OR NOT, ARE WE JUST 2498 02:28:32,160 --> 02:28:34,000 LOOKING AT THE CHANGE OF THE 2499 02:28:34,000 --> 02:28:36,080 SIGNAL OR JUST LOOK HOW BRIGHT 2500 02:28:36,080 --> 02:28:38,840 THE SPOT IS OR ARE WE LOOKING 2501 02:28:38,840 --> 02:28:42,000 FOR SOMETHING ELSE, RIGHT, 2502 02:28:42,000 --> 02:28:45,880 LOOKING AT LOCATION OF THE 2503 02:28:45,880 --> 02:28:46,560 ELECTRODES? 2504 02:28:46,560 --> 02:28:48,200 >>OH, SO WHEN WE STARTED 2505 02:28:48,200 --> 02:28:49,920 THIS, WE HAD ABOUT 10 PATIENTS 2506 02:28:49,920 --> 02:28:53,240 AND I SAT THERE AND LOOKED 2507 02:28:53,240 --> 02:28:54,840 VISUALLY AT ALL THEIR PATTERNS 2508 02:28:54,840 --> 02:29:02,360 AND I COULD PROBABLY GET ABOUT 2509 02:29:02,360 --> 02:29:03,200 10 PERCENT RIGHT ON HOW WE 2510 02:29:03,200 --> 02:29:06,640 WOULD COME UP WITH THE DATA, 2511 02:29:06,640 --> 02:29:08,800 THEN THERE WAS EXCLUSIVE AREAS 2512 02:29:08,800 --> 02:29:10,120 WHERE THERE WERE SIDE EFFECTS. 2513 02:29:10,120 --> 02:29:16,400 SO THE IDEA IS WE WANT THE 2514 02:29:16,400 --> 02:29:19,560 SUPER HOT MOTOR EFFECTS BUT WE 2515 02:29:19,560 --> 02:29:22,120 CANNOT HAVE THIS NEGATIVELY 2516 02:29:22,120 --> 02:29:23,240 IMPACT THE PATIENT. 2517 02:29:23,240 --> 02:29:26,240 IT REQUIRES US TO FIND SOME OF 2518 02:29:26,240 --> 02:29:28,240 THIS DATA AND NOW LEARNING 2519 02:29:28,240 --> 02:29:32,040 DEEP LEARNING IN A WHOLE GRAIN 2520 02:29:32,040 --> 02:29:33,040 PATTERN, WE NOT ONLY 2521 02:29:33,040 --> 02:29:34,440 UNDERSTAND WHAT IS DRIVING IT 2522 02:29:34,440 --> 02:29:38,480 BUT THAT THE ACCURACY BE 2523 02:29:38,480 --> 02:29:39,040 99 PERCENT CORRECT. 2524 02:29:39,040 --> 02:29:41,320 SO YOU GO FROM FULLY 2525 02:29:41,320 --> 02:29:43,320 UNDERSTANDING THE DATA AND 2526 02:29:43,320 --> 02:29:45,760 ENSURING FOR YOU IT IS MORE 2527 02:29:45,760 --> 02:29:49,640 ACCURATE AND THEN DRIVING THE 2528 02:29:49,640 --> 02:29:50,000 RESULT. 2529 02:29:50,000 --> 02:29:51,960 >>AND ARE THERE DIFFERENT 2530 02:29:51,960 --> 02:29:53,960 MARKERS FOR DIFFERENT 2531 02:29:53,960 --> 02:29:56,400 DISEASES, FOR EXAMPLE, 2532 02:29:56,400 --> 02:29:58,640 DEPRESSION VERSUS ALZHEIMER'S 2533 02:29:58,640 --> 02:30:00,160 OR PARKINSON'S DISEASE, ARE 2534 02:30:00,160 --> 02:30:02,360 THERE DIFFERENCE IN PARTS OF 2535 02:30:02,360 --> 02:30:07,200 THE BRAIN OR PERHAPS THE 2536 02:30:07,200 --> 02:30:11,120 PATTERN OF THE BRAIN? 2537 02:30:11,120 --> 02:30:15,120 >>YES, WE LOOKED AT TEN 2538 02:30:15,120 --> 02:30:18,520 DIFFERENT PATIENTS AND WE 2539 02:30:18,520 --> 02:30:25,760 NEEDED TO SEE EACH PATTERN. 2540 02:30:25,760 --> 02:30:27,280 ON SOME PATIENTS WHERE THERE 2541 02:30:27,280 --> 02:30:33,200 WAS IMPAIRMENT IN THE 2542 02:30:33,200 --> 02:30:34,680 PARABELLUM, WE CAN GREEN LIGHT 2543 02:30:34,680 --> 02:30:38,520 AND SAY WELL AT LEAST THERE IS 2544 02:30:38,520 --> 02:30:39,600 A PATTERN. 2545 02:30:39,600 --> 02:30:42,760 AND THAT DEPENDS WHERE THE 2546 02:30:42,760 --> 02:30:43,600 ELECTRODE IS. 2547 02:30:43,600 --> 02:30:44,880 >>AND MY LAST QUESTION, I 2548 02:30:44,880 --> 02:30:47,640 THINK IT IMPORTANT TO BE ABLE 2549 02:30:47,640 --> 02:30:52,840 TO PREDICT WHICH PATIENTS GET 2550 02:30:52,840 --> 02:30:58,320 A RESPONSE ABOUT THE BRAIN 2551 02:30:58,320 --> 02:31:00,080 BEFORE WE STICK AN ELECTRODE 2552 02:31:00,080 --> 02:31:00,600 IS THE BRAIN. 2553 02:31:00,600 --> 02:31:07,440 CAN YOU DO THAT? 2554 02:31:07,440 --> 02:31:10,920 >>YES, SO THIS QUESTION IS 2555 02:31:10,920 --> 02:31:14,800 PROBABLY MORE RELEVANT FOR 2556 02:31:14,800 --> 02:31:22,640 DEPRESSION WHERE THE RATE IS 2557 02:31:22,640 --> 02:31:25,000 MUCH HIGHER SO WE HAVE AN 2558 02:31:25,000 --> 02:31:26,360 IMPLEMENTATION WHERE WE ARE 2559 02:31:26,360 --> 02:31:28,560 AIMING AND LOOKING AT BRAIN 2560 02:31:28,560 --> 02:31:30,240 SHAPE AND RELEVANT NETWORKS IN 2561 02:31:30,240 --> 02:31:32,240 THE BRAIN THAT WE MAY ACCESS 2562 02:31:32,240 --> 02:31:33,600 IN THOSE PATIENTS. 2563 02:31:33,600 --> 02:31:36,240 SO YES, DEPRESSION AND 2564 02:31:36,240 --> 02:31:37,720 PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER, THIS 2565 02:31:37,720 --> 02:31:42,040 QUESTION IS MORE RELEVANT BUT 2566 02:31:42,040 --> 02:31:43,520 FOR PARKINSON'S -- 2567 02:31:43,520 --> 02:31:44,000 [INDISCERNIBLE] 2568 02:31:44,000 --> 02:31:44,840 >>THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 2569 02:31:44,840 --> 02:31:52,760 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR THE 2570 02:31:52,760 --> 02:31:53,720 ANSWERS. 2571 02:31:53,720 --> 02:31:54,080 [APPLAUSE] 2572 02:31:54,080 --> 02:31:59,120 SO THE NETWORKS SPEAKER IS 2573 02:31:59,120 --> 02:32:04,320 FROM THE CLEVELAND 2574 02:32:04,320 --> 02:32:05,600 CLINIC-OHIO, Dr. KEN AND THE 2575 02:32:05,600 --> 02:32:12,320 TITLE OF THE TALK WILL BE DPS 2576 02:32:12,320 --> 02:32:21,280 TECHNICAL BASES AND SAFETY -- 2577 02:32:21,280 --> 02:32:24,240 BASIC SAFETY FOR REALTIME 2578 02:32:24,240 --> 02:32:26,200 ACTIVE D BS. 2579 02:32:26,200 --> 02:32:33,880 >>MY NAME IS Dr. 2580 02:32:33,880 --> 02:32:34,920 BHATTACHARYYA, KEN COULD NOT 2581 02:32:34,920 --> 02:32:36,840 BE HERE SO IF YOU LIKE 2582 02:32:36,840 --> 02:32:40,800 SOMETHING IN THE TALK, TELL I 2583 02:32:40,800 --> 02:32:41,120 AM. 2584 02:32:41,120 --> 02:32:46,680 FIRST WE WILL LOOK AT WHY YOU 2585 02:32:46,680 --> 02:32:49,840 WANT TO HAVE SAFETY FOR D BS 2586 02:32:49,840 --> 02:32:51,760 AND HERE ARE A FEW DETAILS 2587 02:32:51,760 --> 02:32:57,840 THAT ARE VERY INTERESTING. 2588 02:32:57,840 --> 02:33:06,760 HERE ARE F MRI RESPONSES IN 2589 02:33:06,760 --> 02:33:07,960 TWO PATIENTS. 2590 02:33:07,960 --> 02:33:09,680 ONE DID NOT RESPOND WELL AND 2591 02:33:09,680 --> 02:33:10,640 ONE RESPONDED VERY WELL. 2592 02:33:10,640 --> 02:33:12,600 WHAT I WOULD LIKE TO POINT OUT 2593 02:33:12,600 --> 02:33:15,640 ARE THAT YOU CAN SEE VERY 2594 02:33:15,640 --> 02:33:19,040 DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF 2595 02:33:19,040 --> 02:33:19,880 ACTIVATION AND DEACTIVATION IN 2596 02:33:19,880 --> 02:33:22,280 THE PERSON WHO RESPONDED WELL 2597 02:33:22,280 --> 02:33:24,480 AND WHO DID NOT RESPOND WELL. 2598 02:33:24,480 --> 02:33:26,280 THE OTHER THING I WOULD LIKE 2599 02:33:26,280 --> 02:33:29,600 TO APPOINTED OUT FROM A 2600 02:33:29,600 --> 02:33:32,080 NEUROSCIENTIFIC POINT OF VIEW, 2601 02:33:32,080 --> 02:33:41,120 THIS IS A VERY RICH SCHEME OF 2602 02:33:41,120 --> 02:33:42,560 NETWORKS BEING ACTIVATED. 2603 02:33:42,560 --> 02:33:46,600 SO YOU THINK ABOUT A STANDARD 2604 02:33:46,600 --> 02:33:48,480 FINGER TAPPING TEST, THAT IS 2605 02:33:48,480 --> 02:33:50,000 ACTIVATING ALL SORTS OF 2606 02:33:50,000 --> 02:33:52,240 NETWORKS IN YOUR BRAIN. 2607 02:33:52,240 --> 02:33:53,640 THIS IS MORE CONTROLLED IN A 2608 02:33:53,640 --> 02:33:55,200 SENSE AND ONE MORE THING I 2609 02:33:55,200 --> 02:33:58,440 WOULD LIKE TO POINT OUT IS YOU 2610 02:33:58,440 --> 02:34:04,120 SEE THIS DOWN REGULATION IN 2611 02:34:04,120 --> 02:34:05,080 CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID, I WILL 2612 02:34:05,080 --> 02:34:08,640 GET TO THAT IN A MOMENT, THAT 2613 02:34:08,640 --> 02:34:10,920 IS NOT REAL BUT HIGHLIGHTS WHY 2614 02:34:10,920 --> 02:34:12,560 WE WANT TO DO THIS WORK? 2615 02:34:12,560 --> 02:34:17,200 A. AND ONE OF THE OTHER CASE 2616 02:34:17,200 --> 02:34:27,680 BUILDING ON Dr. BATTA'S 2617 02:34:32,640 --> 02:34:38,320 WORK, YOU CAN LOOK AT THE 2618 02:34:38,320 --> 02:34:48,920 FREQUENCY, THE ON AND OFF OF 2619 02:34:58,280 --> 02:35:02,800 30 SECONDS AND THEN 2 SECONDS 2620 02:35:02,800 --> 02:35:05,840 ON AND 28 SECONDS OFF. 2621 02:35:05,840 --> 02:35:09,880 SO SOME INTERESTING RESULTS, 2622 02:35:09,880 --> 02:35:15,720 THE TORONTO GROUP IN 1999, I 2623 02:35:15,720 --> 02:35:19,040 WAS THERE FOR 3TS WHICH IS 2624 02:35:19,040 --> 02:35:20,840 SCARY TO BE AROUND. 2625 02:35:20,840 --> 02:35:22,920 THE SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS ARE 2626 02:35:22,920 --> 02:35:25,880 MIND BLOWING, THE MAIN 2627 02:35:25,880 --> 02:35:29,640 TAKEHOME MESSAGE, DON'T USE 2628 02:35:29,640 --> 02:35:31,880 INTERNAL 3T IF YOU CAN 2629 02:35:31,880 --> 02:35:32,840 POSSIBLY AVOID IT. 2630 02:35:32,840 --> 02:35:43,440 WHAT I MEAN BY INTERNALIZED GO 2631 02:35:45,080 --> 02:35:50,760 LEADS, WE HAD LEADS OUTSIDE 2632 02:35:50,760 --> 02:35:53,160 THE PATIENTS' HEADS AND THEN 2633 02:35:53,160 --> 02:35:56,560 PLACED THE PATIENT IN THE 2634 02:35:56,560 --> 02:36:00,400 CONTROL ROOM AND BACK IN THE 2635 02:36:00,400 --> 02:36:02,800 OLD DAYS, THEY WERE MAGNETIC 2636 02:36:02,800 --> 02:36:05,640 AND YOU COULDN'T USE THEM IN 2637 02:36:05,640 --> 02:36:06,960 THE MRI SAFELY BUT THERE IS A 2638 02:36:06,960 --> 02:36:08,840 LOT OF INTEREST AND IT CAN BE 2639 02:36:08,840 --> 02:36:09,160 DONE. 2640 02:36:09,160 --> 02:36:12,840 SO YOU NEED TO DO YOUR OWN DUE 2641 02:36:12,840 --> 02:36:13,240 DILIGENCE. 2642 02:36:13,240 --> 02:36:16,440 THE REASON WHY IS EVEN THOUGH 2643 02:36:16,440 --> 02:36:19,120 CERTAIN IMPLANTED D BS SYSTEMS 2644 02:36:19,120 --> 02:36:21,520 HAVE BEEN FDA APPROVED FOR 2645 02:36:21,520 --> 02:36:24,200 USE, THE APPROVAL IS ONLY 2646 02:36:24,200 --> 02:36:26,560 VERY, VERY LIMITED, THERE 2647 02:36:26,560 --> 02:36:29,160 UNDER CERTAIN POST SEQUENCES, 2648 02:36:29,160 --> 02:36:31,960 STAR LIMITS AND FIELDS THAT 2649 02:36:31,960 --> 02:36:39,040 ARE APPROVED AND PEOPLE HERE 2650 02:36:39,040 --> 02:36:41,520 PROBABLY TO WANT DO SOMETHING 2651 02:36:41,520 --> 02:36:42,560 MORE ENVELOPE-PUSHING THAN 2652 02:36:42,560 --> 02:36:44,520 WHAT IS ALLOWED BY THE FDA. 2653 02:36:44,520 --> 02:36:45,960 SO IF IT IS SOMETHING YOU 2654 02:36:45,960 --> 02:36:55,800 REALLY WANT TO DO, YOU MUST 2655 02:36:55,800 --> 02:36:59,480 EVALUATE SAFETY BEFOREHAND. 2656 02:36:59,480 --> 02:37:02,560 SO FOR THIS TALK, I WILL BREAK 2657 02:37:02,560 --> 02:37:04,560 DOWN THE SAFETY RISKS AND GO 2658 02:37:04,560 --> 02:37:06,000 THROUGH THEM STEP BY STEP. 2659 02:37:06,000 --> 02:37:07,480 THE FIRST ONE IS FORCES. 2660 02:37:07,480 --> 02:37:09,200 THIS IS THE MOST MANAGEABLE OF 2661 02:37:09,200 --> 02:37:10,640 THEM BUT FIRST I WANT TO POINT 2662 02:37:10,640 --> 02:37:12,960 OUT THAT ALL OF THESE 2663 02:37:12,960 --> 02:37:16,560 PROBLEMS, ALL OF THESE SAFETY 2664 02:37:16,560 --> 02:37:23,440 RISKS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ONE 2665 02:37:23,440 --> 02:37:27,920 AND THREE MAGNETIC FIELDS, 2666 02:37:27,920 --> 02:37:30,480 THERE IS GRADIENT 2667 02:37:30,480 --> 02:37:32,280 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AND 2668 02:37:32,280 --> 02:37:38,200 THERE IS A BIG FIELD, 4.75 AND 2669 02:37:38,200 --> 02:37:39,080 7 TESLA. 2670 02:37:39,080 --> 02:37:41,800 AND THEN POINT OUT THERE ARE 2671 02:37:41,800 --> 02:37:46,840 TWO TYPES OF MAGNETIZATION TO 2672 02:37:46,840 --> 02:37:49,600 WORRY ABOUT AND IT RELATES TO 2673 02:37:49,600 --> 02:37:54,080 MATERIALS OF THE IMPLANT. 2674 02:37:54,080 --> 02:38:01,640 AND MANY OF THESE IMPLANTS ARE 2675 02:38:01,640 --> 02:38:03,840 NOT COMPATIBLE WITH MRI AND 2676 02:38:03,840 --> 02:38:07,560 THE REASON I CHOSE THIS IMAGE 2677 02:38:07,560 --> 02:38:18,000 FROM GOOGLE IS THAT 2678 02:38:24,400 --> 02:38:24,920 FERROMAGNETISM -- 2679 02:38:24,920 --> 02:38:25,400 [INDISCERNIBLE] 2680 02:38:25,400 --> 02:38:30,440 , THIS IS AN ALUMINUM PIECE 2681 02:38:30,440 --> 02:38:32,840 AND I ENCOURAGE YOU TO DO THIS 2682 02:38:32,840 --> 02:38:33,520 IN YOUR LAB. 2683 02:38:33,520 --> 02:38:35,920 YOU TAKE A SHEET OF METAL, 2684 02:38:35,920 --> 02:38:39,000 WATCH IT SLOWLY DRIFT TO THE 2685 02:38:39,000 --> 02:38:42,080 GROUND, NOTHING MAGNETIC ABOUT 2686 02:38:42,080 --> 02:38:46,160 THE MATERIAL ITSELF BUT A 2687 02:38:46,160 --> 02:38:48,760 STRONG MAGNETIC CURRENT WILL 2688 02:38:48,760 --> 02:38:52,640 ALLOW IT TO FLOAT TO THE FLOOR 2689 02:38:52,640 --> 02:38:56,120 SO YOU REALLY HAVE TO DO YOUR 2690 02:38:56,120 --> 02:38:57,240 DUE DILIGENCE. 2691 02:38:57,240 --> 02:38:59,200 NOW, AGAIN WHEN YOU ARE 2692 02:38:59,200 --> 02:39:01,880 TALKING ABOUT FORCES, YOU ARE 2693 02:39:01,880 --> 02:39:04,800 PUSHING METAL INTO A REALLY 2694 02:39:04,800 --> 02:39:09,920 STRONG MAGNET AND THE RISK TO 2695 02:39:09,920 --> 02:39:12,080 WORRY ABOUT, PATIENTS MOVE AND 2696 02:39:12,080 --> 02:39:14,360 THAT CAN DAMAGE VERY SENSITIVE 2697 02:39:14,360 --> 02:39:14,800 TISSUE. 2698 02:39:14,800 --> 02:39:18,800 THERE ARE TWO FORCES TO WORRY 2699 02:39:18,800 --> 02:39:26,760 ABOUT, THE LAYER AND ROW -- 2700 02:39:26,760 --> 02:39:29,080 OHATIONAL FORCE AND MOST OF 2701 02:39:29,080 --> 02:39:31,960 THE TISSUE DAMAGE HAPPENS WHEN 2702 02:39:31,960 --> 02:39:42,520 YOU ARE PUSHING THE PATIENT AT 2703 02:39:43,400 --> 02:39:46,040 THE MAGNET. 2704 02:39:46,040 --> 02:39:56,240 NOW, YOU SUE ABLE -- YOU 2705 02:39:56,240 --> 02:39:58,120 SHOULD BE ABLE TO HAVE IT BE 2706 02:39:58,120 --> 02:39:59,400 SAFE FOR THE PATIENT. 2707 02:39:59,400 --> 02:40:02,440 NOW THIS IS AN INTERESTING 2708 02:40:02,440 --> 02:40:05,240 CLASS OF HOW IT CAUSES DAMAGE. 2709 02:40:05,240 --> 02:40:08,720 IF YOU PUT A PATIENT INTO THE 2710 02:40:08,720 --> 02:40:11,360 SCANNER AND YOU SCAN THEM WITH 2711 02:40:11,360 --> 02:40:14,240 D BS, THAT MEANS THAT THERE 2712 02:40:14,240 --> 02:40:15,720 ARE CERTAIN -- DEFINITELY 2713 02:40:15,720 --> 02:40:17,240 DON'T WANT THAT TO HAPPEN. 2714 02:40:17,240 --> 02:40:19,880 BUT THERE IS A RISK HERE IN 2715 02:40:19,880 --> 02:40:22,760 THE SCIENCE WHERE YOUR D BS AT 2716 02:40:22,760 --> 02:40:24,800 THE IMPACT POINT MAY NOT 2717 02:40:24,800 --> 02:40:27,920 BEHAVE WHEN THE SCANNER IS 2718 02:40:27,920 --> 02:40:28,600 RUNNING. 2719 02:40:28,600 --> 02:40:32,600 WE DID AN SW-G THING ON THE 2720 02:40:32,600 --> 02:40:38,840 RETINAL PROCESS -- DID 2721 02:40:38,840 --> 02:40:49,320 SOMETHING ON THE RETINAL 2722 02:40:57,800 --> 02:41:01,040 SCANNER EYE, THE RISKS 2723 02:41:01,040 --> 02:41:02,600 INVOLVED UNNECESSARY SURGERY, 2724 02:41:02,600 --> 02:41:03,800 SURPRISING BEHAVIOR OF THE 2725 02:41:03,800 --> 02:41:05,400 DEVICE IN ANY OF THE THREE 2726 02:41:05,400 --> 02:41:06,920 FIELDS AND IN THE EBBED, THIS 2727 02:41:06,920 --> 02:41:09,640 WAS HA HARD THING TO OVERCOME 2728 02:41:09,640 --> 02:41:13,880 BECAUSE YOU NEED BUY-IN FROM 2729 02:41:13,880 --> 02:41:16,080 THE MANUFACTURER TO DO THIS. 2730 02:41:16,080 --> 02:41:17,560 AFTER THE TESTING, YOU CAN'T 2731 02:41:17,560 --> 02:41:20,960 USE THEM IN A SURGERY TOWARDS 2732 02:41:20,960 --> 02:41:27,680 THERAPY SO THAT IS ABOUT A 2733 02:41:27,680 --> 02:41:36,120 MILLION DOLLAR OPT 2734 02:41:36,120 --> 02:41:40,640 OPPORTUNITY COST SO YOU REALLY 2735 02:41:40,640 --> 02:41:43,200 NEED A MANUFACTURER TO BE 2736 02:41:43,200 --> 02:41:46,440 COMMITTED TO THIS. 2737 02:41:46,440 --> 02:41:52,480 NOW, WE HAVE INDUCED VOLTAGES, 2738 02:41:52,480 --> 02:41:54,200 CREATES CURRENTS IN THE 2739 02:41:54,200 --> 02:41:57,920 CONDUCTOR AND EACH OF THE 2740 02:41:57,920 --> 02:41:58,680 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS CAN 2741 02:41:58,680 --> 02:42:01,560 CAUSE THIS SORT OF VOLTAGE AND 2742 02:42:01,560 --> 02:42:04,760 ONE IS THAT YOU CAN CREATE AN 2743 02:42:04,760 --> 02:42:06,000 ACTION POTENTIAL. 2744 02:42:06,000 --> 02:42:08,880 THERE IS A DOCUMENT CASE IN 2745 02:42:08,880 --> 02:42:10,520 2021 OF SIDE INFECTION AND 2746 02:42:10,520 --> 02:42:16,720 THIS IS A RADIO GRAPH OF THE 2747 02:42:16,720 --> 02:42:18,880 COILS FOR THE LOOPS AND EACH 2748 02:42:18,880 --> 02:42:22,760 OF THESE LITTLE LOOPS HERE IS 2749 02:42:22,760 --> 02:42:32,320 AN ANTENNA FOR CAPTURING 2750 02:42:32,320 --> 02:42:33,520 ACTIVITY. 2751 02:42:33,520 --> 02:42:35,560 THERE IS OTHER RESEARCH AND 2752 02:42:35,560 --> 02:42:41,920 THIS IS Dr. DAVIDSON'S PAPER 2753 02:42:41,920 --> 02:42:43,200 WITH ARTIFACTS AND THIS IS THE 2754 02:42:43,200 --> 02:42:46,000 PART OF THE BRAIN THAT YOU 2755 02:42:46,000 --> 02:42:50,800 REALLY CARE ABOUT, YOU HAVE TO 2756 02:42:50,800 --> 02:42:52,560 DO YOUR DUE DILIGENCE TO MAKE 2757 02:42:52,560 --> 02:42:54,560 SURE YOU WILL BE ABLE TO PULL 2758 02:42:54,560 --> 02:42:55,840 OFF THE EXPERIMENT. 2759 02:42:55,840 --> 02:42:58,560 AND FINALLY THIS IS THE SCARY 2760 02:42:58,560 --> 02:43:05,280 ONE, HEATING, THE ONE THAT 2761 02:43:05,280 --> 02:43:06,680 EVERYONE WORRIES ABOUT. 2762 02:43:06,680 --> 02:43:08,760 AND IT CONNECTS HOME BECAUSE 2763 02:43:08,760 --> 02:43:10,800 WE HAD A PATIENT LIKE THIS AT 2764 02:43:10,800 --> 02:43:11,200 OUR SITE. 2765 02:43:11,200 --> 02:43:13,640 WHAT IS INTERESTING IS THIS 2766 02:43:13,640 --> 02:43:21,760 PATIENT HAD A BILATERAL D BS 2767 02:43:21,760 --> 02:43:23,600 IMPLANT AND THE TREATMENT WENT 2768 02:43:23,600 --> 02:43:26,080 QUITE WELL BUT A FEW MONTHS 2769 02:43:26,080 --> 02:43:30,080 LATER, THE PATIENT WENT IN FOR 2770 02:43:30,080 --> 02:43:33,000 A REGULAR LUMBAR SPINE MRI, 2771 02:43:33,000 --> 02:43:39,320 HAD NOTHING TO DO WITH THE 2772 02:43:39,320 --> 02:43:41,480 PARKINSON'S AND AFTER THE 2773 02:43:41,480 --> 02:43:49,520 SCAM, THERE WAS AN EXAMPLE AND 2774 02:43:49,520 --> 02:43:50,960 FOUND A HEMORRHAGE. 2775 02:43:50,960 --> 02:43:54,240 SO THE SUBJECT WAS A HUNTER 2776 02:43:54,240 --> 02:44:04,840 AND SO THE PULSIMETER EYE WAS 2777 02:44:06,800 --> 02:44:17,280 PLAINS D IN AN UNUSUAL -- WAS 2778 02:44:17,280 --> 02:44:20,360 PLACED IN AN UNUSUAL PLACE. 2779 02:44:20,360 --> 02:44:24,680 SO THERE IS PHANTOM TESTING 2780 02:44:24,680 --> 02:44:27,000 WHERE YOU USE A GEL AND WHEN 2781 02:44:27,000 --> 02:44:28,840 YOU REMOVE THE GEL, YOU CAN 2782 02:44:28,840 --> 02:44:30,240 SEE WHAT IS UNDERNEATH. 2783 02:44:30,240 --> 02:44:35,880 YOU HAVE THE ELECTRODES, THE 2784 02:44:35,880 --> 02:44:40,840 FIBER-OPTIC PROBE AND USE THE 2785 02:44:40,840 --> 02:44:42,240 ELECTRICAL POINT CONTACT WHERE 2786 02:44:42,240 --> 02:44:48,280 THE MEASUREMENT IS DONE AND 2787 02:44:48,280 --> 02:44:50,760 THIS IS OVER WHERE YOU CAN SEE 2788 02:44:50,760 --> 02:44:52,680 AT THE TIPS USUALLY WHERE THE 2789 02:44:52,680 --> 02:44:54,040 PROBLEM IS, THERE IS A 2790 02:44:54,040 --> 02:44:54,760 REFERENCE TEMPERATURE AND YOU 2791 02:44:54,760 --> 02:44:57,360 WANT TO MAKE SURE THE 2792 02:44:57,360 --> 02:44:58,600 PROGRAMMABLE, THE PULSE 2793 02:44:58,600 --> 02:45:09,120 GENERATOR DOES NOT HEAT UP 2794 02:45:30,520 --> 02:45:31,200 EITHER. 2795 02:45:31,200 --> 02:45:35,040 SO IN THIS TEST FOR HEATING, 2796 02:45:35,040 --> 02:45:36,840 THE FIRST CASE THERE WAS NO 2797 02:45:36,840 --> 02:45:39,560 HEATING WHICH IS NOT TOO BAD 2798 02:45:39,560 --> 02:45:42,200 BECAUSE YOU WANT TO MAKE SURE 2799 02:45:42,200 --> 02:45:45,720 YOUR PROBES ARE WORKING. 2800 02:45:45,720 --> 02:45:47,720 SO YOU USE SAFE HEATING TO 2801 02:45:47,720 --> 02:45:52,040 MAKE SURE THE ELECTRICAL 2802 02:45:52,040 --> 02:45:53,520 PROBES ARE HEATING AND THEN 2803 02:45:53,520 --> 02:45:55,480 THERE IS UNSAFE HEATING, 2804 02:45:55,480 --> 02:45:57,440 REALTIME TEMPERATURE VERSUS 2805 02:45:57,440 --> 02:45:57,760 HIGH. 2806 02:45:57,760 --> 02:46:04,000 SO AS PULLS IS GOING -- AS THE 2807 02:46:04,000 --> 02:46:10,000 SPIN ECHO IS RUNNING, YOU CAN 2808 02:46:10,000 --> 02:46:14,720 SEE THIS DRAMATIC RISE, 2809 02:46:14,720 --> 02:46:17,480 BASICALLY A PHANTOM, NOT IN 2810 02:46:17,480 --> 02:46:20,440 VIVO BUT IF THERE WERE IN A 2811 02:46:20,440 --> 02:46:21,480 PERSON, YOU WOULD SMELL SMOKE 2812 02:46:21,480 --> 02:46:23,960 AND IT WOULD BE VERY DANGEROUS 2813 02:46:23,960 --> 02:46:27,960 SO WE DON'T DO THIS SEQUENCE 2814 02:46:27,960 --> 02:46:31,000 IN PATIENTS OR IN VIVO. 2815 02:46:31,000 --> 02:46:33,440 AND THIS IS ANOTHER REASON WHY 2816 02:46:33,440 --> 02:46:37,400 YOU DO TESTING AND A SLIGHT 2817 02:46:37,400 --> 02:46:38,440 CHANGE IN CONFIGURATION CAN 2818 02:46:38,440 --> 02:46:42,240 TAKE YOU FROM NO HEATING TO 2819 02:46:42,240 --> 02:46:44,640 DRAMATIC HEATING AND HERE ALL 2820 02:46:44,640 --> 02:46:50,560 THEY DID WAS DISCONNECT THE 2821 02:46:50,560 --> 02:46:53,320 HEATING IN POST ELECTRODES AND 2822 02:46:53,320 --> 02:46:55,160 THIS SHOWS YOU IF THE 2823 02:46:55,160 --> 02:46:57,360 INSULATION WAS FRAYED ON THE 2824 02:46:57,360 --> 02:47:07,840 ELECTED TODAY'S, YOU -- 2825 02:47:13,360 --> 02:47:17,800 ELECTRODES, YOU CAN GET UNSAFE 2826 02:47:17,800 --> 02:47:18,120 HEATING. 2827 02:47:18,120 --> 02:47:20,280 THIS SHOWS THERE WAS SOME 2828 02:47:20,280 --> 02:47:21,480 RESPONSE TO HEATING DURING 2829 02:47:21,480 --> 02:47:23,040 SHIM BUT NOT DURING THE COURSE 2830 02:47:23,040 --> 02:47:23,880 OF THE EVENT. 2831 02:47:23,880 --> 02:47:32,600 SO ALL THE STUFF THAT IS QUITE 2832 02:47:32,600 --> 02:47:34,560 ARDUOUS AND CURIOUS WITH 2833 02:47:34,560 --> 02:47:37,000 STIMULATION, THIS WAS DONE 2834 02:47:37,000 --> 02:47:40,200 WITH BOB BROWN TRYING TO FIND 2835 02:47:40,200 --> 02:47:41,480 SOME PRINCIPLES OF SAFETY AND 2836 02:47:41,480 --> 02:47:44,000 THIS IS THE ILLUSTRATION OF 2837 02:47:44,000 --> 02:47:45,040 THE CHALLENGE PHYSICALLY. 2838 02:47:45,040 --> 02:47:47,840 EVERY PATIENT WILL HAVE A 2839 02:47:47,840 --> 02:47:56,640 DIFFERENT CONFIGURATION OF 2840 02:47:56,640 --> 02:47:57,880 ELECTRODES AND LOOPING. 2841 02:47:57,880 --> 02:48:00,960 PRIOR YOU COULDN'T ALWAYS GET 2842 02:48:00,960 --> 02:48:05,280 THE CLINICIANS TO LAYOUT THE 2843 02:48:05,280 --> 02:48:06,200 WIRES FROM THE ELECTRIC 2844 02:48:06,200 --> 02:48:12,520 TODAY'S IN THE SAME POSITION 2845 02:48:12,520 --> 02:48:14,400 BUT UNIVERSALLY THIS MAKES 2846 02:48:14,400 --> 02:48:17,040 TESTS DIFFICULT TO DO. 2847 02:48:17,040 --> 02:48:19,880 SO YOU WANT SOME 2848 02:48:19,880 --> 02:48:27,640 STANDARDIZATION OF PLACEMENT 2849 02:48:27,640 --> 02:48:29,560 OF ELECTRODES FOR WORKFLOW, 2850 02:48:29,560 --> 02:48:31,840 YOU SHOULD ALWAYS READ THE 2851 02:48:31,840 --> 02:48:33,880 MANUAL. 2852 02:48:33,880 --> 02:48:35,600 EVERY GROUP HAS SAFETY 2853 02:48:35,600 --> 02:48:36,000 GUIDELINES. 2854 02:48:36,000 --> 02:48:41,040 THEN TEST EVERY MANAGEABLE 2855 02:48:41,040 --> 02:48:42,360 CONFIGURATION, SURVIVABILITY, 2856 02:48:42,360 --> 02:48:44,920 PHANTOM TESTING, CHECK YOUR 2857 02:48:44,920 --> 02:48:47,360 IMPEDE DANCES AND COMPUTATIONA 2858 02:48:47,360 --> 02:48:50,000 L MODERATE KEL DEL WHERE YOU 2859 02:48:50,000 --> 02:48:51,240 ARE MAKING ADVANCES BUT YOU 2860 02:48:51,240 --> 02:49:01,800 HAVE TO GO BACK TO BE SURE. 2861 02:49:04,280 --> 02:49:14,720 NOW YOU SHOULD TEST EVERY 2862 02:49:16,920 --> 02:49:18,400 IMAGINEABLE CONFIGURATION. 2863 02:49:18,400 --> 02:49:20,720 GENERALLY THE T/R COIL IS 2864 02:49:20,720 --> 02:49:23,000 SAFER THAN THE BODY COIL. 2865 02:49:23,000 --> 02:49:30,440 THE LOWER FIELD IS GENERALLY 2866 02:49:30,440 --> 02:49:33,080 SAFER AT LOW RESOLUTION. 2867 02:49:33,080 --> 02:49:39,400 IF YOU WANT TO GO TO HIGHER 2868 02:49:39,400 --> 02:49:41,320 FIELDS, GO TO 17, GUARANTEED 2869 02:49:41,320 --> 02:49:45,120 THERE ARE NO DEVICES FDA 2870 02:49:45,120 --> 02:49:51,400 APPROVED FOR 17 BUT 2871 02:49:51,400 --> 02:49:54,240 EXTERNALIZED LEADS SHOULD BE 2872 02:49:54,240 --> 02:49:56,920 AVOIDED ABSENT SAFETY TESTS. 2873 02:49:56,920 --> 02:50:04,920 AND NOW I WILL TAKE QUESTIONS. 2874 02:50:04,920 --> 02:50:06,600 >>THANK YOU FOR THE 2875 02:50:06,600 --> 02:50:07,400 INTERESTING TALK. 2876 02:50:07,400 --> 02:50:08,600 ANY QUESTIONS FROM THE 2877 02:50:08,600 --> 02:50:08,960 AUDIENCE? 2878 02:50:08,960 --> 02:50:10,760 >>I HAVE ONE QUESTION TO 2879 02:50:10,760 --> 02:50:11,320 START. 2880 02:50:11,320 --> 02:50:14,120 SO THERE ARE OBVIOUS 2881 02:50:14,120 --> 02:50:18,400 ADVANTAGES TO DOING 2882 02:50:18,400 --> 02:50:23,040 LONGITUDINAL STUDIES IN PEOPLE 2883 02:50:23,040 --> 02:50:25,120 WITH ADS TO UNDERSTAND THE 2884 02:50:25,120 --> 02:50:26,920 CHANGES IN TIME. 2885 02:50:26,920 --> 02:50:30,120 ARE THERE INCREASED RISKS WITH 2886 02:50:30,120 --> 02:50:30,800 REPEATED SCANNING IN 2887 02:50:30,800 --> 02:50:35,200 INDIVIDUALS OR IS IT CASE BY 2888 02:50:35,200 --> 02:50:35,680 CASE? 2889 02:50:35,680 --> 02:50:36,760 >> ALWAYS CASE BY CASE BUT I 2890 02:50:36,760 --> 02:50:40,040 THINK THE RISK IS MORE IN 2891 02:50:40,040 --> 02:50:40,880 SOMETHING CHANGED. 2892 02:50:40,880 --> 02:50:41,560 >>I SEE. 2893 02:50:41,560 --> 02:50:43,280 >>AND NOT JUST IN THE PATIENT 2894 02:50:43,280 --> 02:50:44,320 BUT THERE ARE INTERESTING 2895 02:50:44,320 --> 02:50:46,400 RESULTS THAT SHOW IF YOU GO 2896 02:50:46,400 --> 02:50:50,720 FROM ONE SCANNER TO ANOTHER, 2897 02:50:50,720 --> 02:50:54,760 BASICALLY THE SAME MODERATE 2898 02:50:54,760 --> 02:50:57,560 DEL THERE, SHOULD BE THE -- SO 2899 02:50:57,560 --> 02:51:01,640 WHEN YOU DO MRI YOU GET A 2900 02:51:01,640 --> 02:51:04,680 SPECIFIC BE A, SO RATE AND 2901 02:51:04,680 --> 02:51:09,840 MOST TVERDOVSKY MOST VENDORS 2902 02:51:09,840 --> 02:51:12,640 SAY IF THE SAR IS BELOW A 2903 02:51:12,640 --> 02:51:14,720 CERTAIN LEVEL, THAT IS OKAY. 2904 02:51:14,720 --> 02:51:16,480 BUT IT IS HARD TO GET THAT 2905 02:51:16,480 --> 02:51:18,360 INFORMATION FROM THE 2906 02:51:18,360 --> 02:51:18,800 MANUFACTURER. 2907 02:51:18,800 --> 02:51:20,280 SO YOU COULD SCAN THE SAME 2908 02:51:20,280 --> 02:51:23,280 PERSON ON THE SAME SCANNER BUT 2909 02:51:23,280 --> 02:51:26,600 HAVE A SOFTWARE UPGRADE IN 2910 02:51:26,600 --> 02:51:28,280 BETWEEN AND THE SAR 2911 02:51:28,280 --> 02:51:29,560 MEASUREMENT MAY BE TOTALLY 2912 02:51:29,560 --> 02:51:29,920 DIFFERENT. 2913 02:51:29,920 --> 02:51:32,280 SO THAT IS THE SORT OF THING I 2914 02:51:32,280 --> 02:51:32,960 WOULD WORRY ABOUT. 2915 02:51:32,960 --> 02:51:36,640 >>WHAT IS THE SOLUTION? 2916 02:51:36,640 --> 02:51:41,000 >>TO DO THE TESTING AND MAKE 2917 02:51:41,000 --> 02:51:46,640 SURE THE SAR IS ONE THAT HAS 2918 02:51:46,640 --> 02:51:57,200 BEEN TESTED BEFORE DOING IT 2919 02:52:02,480 --> 02:52:03,280 AGAIN. 2920 02:52:03,280 --> 02:52:05,440 >>I HAVE A QUESTION THAT YOU 2921 02:52:05,440 --> 02:52:07,520 PROBABLY HAVE HEARD MANY TIMES 2922 02:52:07,520 --> 02:52:07,880 NOW. 2923 02:52:07,880 --> 02:52:10,720 I HAVE HEARD PEOPLE SAY THAT 2924 02:52:10,720 --> 02:52:13,160 IS FROM 2005 AND NOW 2022, 2925 02:52:13,160 --> 02:52:17,040 THAT IS THE ONLY INJURY I HAVE 2926 02:52:17,040 --> 02:52:17,560 SEEN. 2927 02:52:17,560 --> 02:52:21,680 DOES THAT MEAN IT IS 2928 02:52:21,680 --> 02:52:23,280 PROACTIVELY SAFE TO SCAN 2929 02:52:23,280 --> 02:52:23,680 PATIENTS? 2930 02:52:23,680 --> 02:52:27,280 >>WELL, I WILL ADD TO THAT, 2931 02:52:27,280 --> 02:52:35,080 THAT IT SCARED THE BEJESUS OUT 2932 02:52:35,080 --> 02:52:40,280 OF PEOPLE SO THEY ARE VERY 2933 02:52:40,280 --> 02:52:42,160 CAREFUL WHEN THEY DO IT. 2934 02:52:42,160 --> 02:52:45,400 LIKE IT IS SAFE TO FLY BUT YOU 2935 02:52:45,400 --> 02:52:54,880 WANT TO STILL BE CAREFUL. 2936 02:52:54,880 --> 02:52:59,200 >>IT IS 1.5 TESLA, YES. 2937 02:52:59,200 --> 02:53:00,240 >>ONE LAST QUESTION? 2938 02:53:00,240 --> 02:53:01,680 >>A REACTION TO THE LAST 2939 02:53:01,680 --> 02:53:08,720 QUESTION, IT IS QUITE SAFE BUT 2940 02:53:08,720 --> 02:53:12,960 THESE PATIENTS WITH OFFLABEL, 2941 02:53:12,960 --> 02:53:17,040 DID NOT ABIDE BY MANUFACTURER 2942 02:53:17,040 --> 02:53:17,800 GUIDELINE. 2943 02:53:17,800 --> 02:53:20,480 SO IF YOU STAY WITHIN A 2944 02:53:20,480 --> 02:53:22,040 CERTAIN CONDITION, IT IS FINE. 2945 02:53:22,040 --> 02:53:26,480 >>OR YOU CAN AT LEAST BLAME 2946 02:53:26,480 --> 02:53:27,120 THE MANUFACTURER. 2947 02:53:27,120 --> 02:53:27,480 [LAUGHTER] 2948 02:53:27,480 --> 02:53:29,080 >>YEAH, I DON'T KNOW. 2949 02:53:29,080 --> 02:53:31,120 THE OTHER THING I WANTED TO 2950 02:53:31,120 --> 02:53:32,720 REACT TO IS THE PICTURE YOU 2951 02:53:32,720 --> 02:53:36,960 SHOWED AND I THINK IT WAS AN 2952 02:53:36,960 --> 02:53:44,640 MRI IMAGE CLOSER TO THE RI. 2953 02:53:44,640 --> 02:53:47,400 THE TESTING DONE WITH 3T, I 2954 02:53:47,400 --> 02:53:49,240 HAVE ACTUALLY DONE SOME LOOPS 2955 02:53:49,240 --> 02:53:50,800 OF TESTING AND MAINLY OF 2956 02:53:50,800 --> 02:53:53,280 INTEREST TO THE MANUFACTURER, 2957 02:53:53,280 --> 02:53:56,240 IT IS MAINLY DUE TO THE 2958 02:53:56,240 --> 02:53:59,560 CONNECTOR YOU FEED IN WITH THE 2959 02:53:59,560 --> 02:54:02,480 EXTENSION CABLE AND ALSO DUE 2960 02:54:02,480 --> 02:54:05,800 TO THE FIXATION GROUP WHICH IN 2961 02:54:05,800 --> 02:54:08,000 MY MIND REALLY DOESN'T HAVE TO 2962 02:54:08,000 --> 02:54:10,720 BE METAL, IT CAN BE SOME SORT 2963 02:54:10,720 --> 02:54:11,320 OF PLASTIC. 2964 02:54:11,320 --> 02:54:13,040 SO IT IS AN INTERESTING THING 2965 02:54:13,040 --> 02:54:15,120 BECAUSE YOU COULD CHARGE-BACK 2966 02:54:15,120 --> 02:54:17,560 THIS, NOT CHANGE AT ALL THE 2967 02:54:17,560 --> 02:54:28,080 LEAD SO YOU DON'T HAVE TO 2968 02:54:30,520 --> 02:54:37,000 REALLY GO BY THE -- 2969 02:54:37,000 --> 02:54:37,680 [INDISCERNIBLE] 2970 02:54:37,680 --> 02:54:38,400 >>VERY OBVIOUS CONTRIBUTORS 2971 02:54:38,400 --> 02:54:39,560 TO PROBLEMS THAT YOU ALWAYS 2972 02:54:39,560 --> 02:54:40,440 HAVE TO WORRY ABOUT. 2973 02:54:40,440 --> 02:54:43,280 >>THE THANK YOU SO MUCH, WE 2974 02:54:43,280 --> 02:54:45,320 ARE BEHIND TIME SO MAYBE WE 2975 02:54:45,320 --> 02:54:46,120 SHOULD CONTINUE THIS 2976 02:54:46,120 --> 02:54:50,760 DISCUSSION ARREST AFTER THE 2977 02:54:50,760 --> 02:54:52,520 TALK SO LET'S THANK THE 2978 02:54:52,520 --> 02:54:59,680 SPEAKER ONE MORE TIME. 2979 02:54:59,680 --> 02:55:09,960 [APPLAUSE] 2980 02:55:10,360 --> 02:55:15,320 >>THE NEXT TALK, D BS TARGETS 2981 02:55:15,320 --> 02:55:17,400 FROM NEURALLIC DISORDERS 2982 02:55:17,400 --> 02:55:26,280 EPILEPSY AND REALTIME BY Dr. 2983 02:55:26,280 --> 02:55:27,040 MID ERIK MIDDLEBROOKS. 2984 02:55:27,040 --> 02:55:34,560 >>THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 2985 02:55:34,560 --> 02:55:37,880 I HAVE SOME DISCLOSURES TO 2986 02:55:37,880 --> 02:55:38,640 MAKE. 2987 02:55:38,640 --> 02:55:41,880 THERE ARE VARIOUS METHODS TO 2988 02:55:41,880 --> 02:55:44,840 DO NEUROMODULATION, PROBABLY 2989 02:55:44,840 --> 02:55:48,240 THE MOST UTILIZED ARE 2990 02:55:48,240 --> 02:55:50,120 ESSENTIAL TREMORS AND 2991 02:55:50,120 --> 02:55:51,920 PARKINSON'S, INCLUDING O C D 2992 02:55:51,920 --> 02:55:57,560 AND EPILEPSY SO HE BUT COULD 2993 02:55:57,560 --> 02:55:59,160 BE OTHERS WITH RESEARCH THAT 2994 02:55:59,160 --> 02:56:03,560 COULD STAND TO GET APPROVAL BY 2995 02:56:03,560 --> 02:56:04,080 FDA. 2996 02:56:04,080 --> 02:56:07,760 SO FDS IS A GOLD STANDARD AND 2997 02:56:07,760 --> 02:56:11,720 A GOOD MODEL HOW IT IS 2998 02:56:11,720 --> 02:56:15,720 INTEREST GRADE INTO 2999 02:56:15,720 --> 02:56:16,200 NEUROMODULATION. 3000 02:56:16,200 --> 02:56:18,280 THE STEREOITAXY IS HOW WE 3001 02:56:18,280 --> 02:56:20,000 COORDINATED THE PATIENTS SO WE 3002 02:56:20,000 --> 02:56:27,520 USED SOME SORT OF DIRECT 3003 02:56:27,520 --> 02:56:28,200 STRUCTURAL TARGETING LIKE THE 3004 02:56:28,200 --> 02:56:30,040 AC-PC LINE AND WE COULD SEE 3005 02:56:30,040 --> 02:56:34,800 THE BOUNDARIES OF SOME OF THE 3006 02:56:34,800 --> 02:56:38,320 STRUCTURES WHERE WE ARE 3007 02:56:38,320 --> 02:56:39,040 INTEGRATING BETTER. 3008 02:56:39,040 --> 02:56:40,360 BUT I THINK MORE RECENTLY WE 3009 02:56:40,360 --> 02:56:43,120 HAVE SEEN A SHIFT TO DIRECT 3010 02:56:43,120 --> 02:56:44,720 FUNCTIONAL TARGETING WHERE 3011 02:56:44,720 --> 02:56:46,760 INSTEAD OF JUST SPEAKING IN 3012 02:56:46,760 --> 02:56:48,400 TERMS OF CERTAIN NUCLEI THAT 3013 02:56:48,400 --> 02:56:52,840 WE MAY OR MAY NOT SEE, LIKE 3014 02:56:52,840 --> 02:56:56,560 THE THALAMUS, WE MAY NOT SEE 3015 02:56:56,560 --> 02:56:58,400 THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE, BUT 3016 02:56:58,400 --> 02:57:02,600 LOOKING AT THE DIRECT 3017 02:57:02,600 --> 02:57:03,520 FUNCTIONAL TARGETING AND 3018 02:57:03,520 --> 02:57:06,640 FUNCTION AND HOW WE REGULATE 3019 02:57:06,640 --> 02:57:07,160 THEM. 3020 02:57:07,160 --> 02:57:13,200 SO PROBABLY THE MOST COMMON TO 3021 02:57:13,200 --> 02:57:15,240 BE UTILIZED, THERE ARE MANY 3022 02:57:15,240 --> 02:57:16,720 APPROVED METHODS. 3023 02:57:16,720 --> 02:57:22,080 YOU CAN SEE A BLOCK DESIGN 3024 02:57:22,080 --> 02:57:24,360 WHERE STIM EFFECTS ARE 3025 02:57:24,360 --> 02:57:25,640 MEASURED DURING SIMULATION OR 3026 02:57:25,640 --> 02:57:27,920 THERE COULD BE OTHER TASKS OF 3027 02:57:27,920 --> 02:57:29,320 INTEREST PERFORMED WITH AND 3028 02:57:29,320 --> 02:57:30,000 WITHOUT D BS. 3029 02:57:30,000 --> 02:57:33,560 THE SECOND IS RESTING STATE 3030 02:57:33,560 --> 02:57:37,440 ALTERATIONS AND THIS 3031 02:57:37,440 --> 02:57:39,280 COULDCOMPARED DURING STIN ON 3032 02:57:39,280 --> 02:57:45,400 AND OFF STAGE OR LOOK AS A 3033 02:57:45,400 --> 02:57:47,040 LONG-TERM SITUATION WHERE YOU 3034 02:57:47,040 --> 02:57:52,280 HAVE A STIM AFTER SURGE REAP 3035 02:57:52,280 --> 02:57:56,480 AND THEN COMPARE THE BASELINE 3036 02:57:56,480 --> 02:57:59,720 AND THE POST-OP AFTER 3037 02:57:59,720 --> 02:58:00,400 LONG-TERM STIMULATION. 3038 02:58:00,400 --> 02:58:01,880 SO AS YOU HAVE HEARD IN 3039 02:58:01,880 --> 02:58:03,640 PREVIOUS TALKS, THERE IS A LOT 3040 02:58:03,640 --> 02:58:10,280 OF DIFFERENT WAYS WE CAN LOOK 3041 02:58:10,280 --> 02:58:14,800 AT THIS MODEL. 3042 02:58:14,800 --> 02:58:16,840 SO WE MEASURE THE IN RECEIVE 3043 02:58:16,840 --> 02:58:19,360 VERY EFFECTS OF STIM SETTINGS 3044 02:58:19,360 --> 02:58:22,920 BUT IT IS QUITE THE COMPLEX 3045 02:58:22,920 --> 02:58:24,280 MODEL TO SIMULATE. 3046 02:58:24,280 --> 02:58:26,680 ADDITIONALLY WE SEE DEVICES OF 3047 02:58:26,680 --> 02:58:29,560 GREATER COMPLEXITY IN THE 3048 02:58:29,560 --> 02:58:31,400 PROGRAMMING OPTIONS INCLUDING 3049 02:58:31,400 --> 02:58:32,560 THINGS LIKES DIRECTIONAL 3050 02:58:32,560 --> 02:58:32,960 ELECTRODES. 3051 02:58:32,960 --> 02:58:37,360 AS WE SAW WITH OTHER FORMS OF 3052 02:58:37,360 --> 02:58:42,400 MODULATION, EVEN AN ODIC AND 3053 02:58:42,400 --> 02:58:43,560 CATHODIC STIMULATION CAN 3054 02:58:43,560 --> 02:58:46,600 PRODUCE A DIFFERENT EFFECT. 3055 02:58:46,600 --> 02:58:49,760 LASTLY CAN WE LOOK AT CLINICAL 3056 02:58:49,760 --> 02:58:52,240 BIOMARKERS AND WE HEARD A 3057 02:58:52,240 --> 02:58:54,040 LITTLE ABOUT THIS ALREADY AND 3058 02:58:54,040 --> 02:58:56,720 I THINK A NEW INDICATION FOR D 3059 02:58:56,720 --> 02:58:59,040 BS WHERE WE DON'T HAVE A 3060 02:58:59,040 --> 02:59:02,240 IMMEDIATE BIOMARKER SO THOSE 3061 02:59:02,240 --> 02:59:08,960 INCLUDE THINGS LIKE EPILEPSY, 3062 02:59:08,960 --> 02:59:15,280 DEPRESSION, DYSTONIA AND 3063 02:59:15,280 --> 02:59:19,720 DIMENSION WHERE YOU HAVE THE 3064 02:59:19,720 --> 02:59:20,760 IMMEDIATE CLINICAL BIOMARKER 3065 02:59:20,760 --> 02:59:24,600 LIKE IMMEDIATE CHANGE TO 3066 02:59:24,600 --> 02:59:28,280 FACIAL EXPRESSION. 3067 02:59:28,280 --> 02:59:30,720 SO WE WANT TO LOOK AT 3068 02:59:30,720 --> 02:59:32,320 IMPROVING THE UNDERSTANDING OF 3069 02:59:32,320 --> 02:59:37,120 THE MECHANISM AND CLINICAL 3070 02:59:37,120 --> 02:59:41,320 BIOMARKER WITH PARKINSON'S AND 3071 02:59:41,320 --> 02:59:41,760 EPILEPSY. 3072 02:59:41,760 --> 02:59:43,400 I WON'T SPEND A LOT OF TIME 3073 02:59:43,400 --> 02:59:45,760 BECAUSE WE HAVE MENTIONED THIS 3074 02:59:45,760 --> 02:59:49,080 EARLIER BUT IT IS THE LARGEST 3075 02:59:49,080 --> 02:59:54,560 STUDY WITH D BS F MRI AND WE 3076 02:59:54,560 --> 02:59:57,640 HAVE EXAMPLES ON HOW TO DO 3077 02:59:57,640 --> 03:00:01,360 THIS AND DISENTANK BELL SOME 3078 03:00:01,360 --> 03:00:04,960 ENTANGLE SOME OF THE CLINICAL 3079 03:00:04,960 --> 03:00:08,080 OPTIONS WE USED IN D BS. 3080 03:00:08,080 --> 03:00:10,240 OBVIOUSLY THERE IS SOME 3081 03:00:10,240 --> 03:00:11,600 VARIABILITY IN STUDIES AND TO 3082 03:00:11,600 --> 03:00:13,600 LOOK AT THE EXAMPLE STUDY TO 3083 03:00:13,600 --> 03:00:16,320 SEE WHAT I AM TALKING ABOUT, 3084 03:00:16,320 --> 03:00:18,480 IN THIS STUDY WE SEE 3085 03:00:18,480 --> 03:00:22,600 ACTIVATION IN THE M1 AND IN 3086 03:00:22,600 --> 03:00:31,400 THIS STUDY, WE SEE ACTIVATION 3087 03:00:31,400 --> 03:00:33,040 VERSUS DEACTIVATION IN THE M1 3088 03:00:33,040 --> 03:00:35,880 AND THEN FAILURE TO SEE 3089 03:00:35,880 --> 03:00:43,320 ACTIVATION IN GP AND 3090 03:00:43,320 --> 03:00:43,960 CEREBELLUM. 3091 03:00:43,960 --> 03:00:45,840 SO IF YOU LOOK AT THE FIRST 3092 03:00:45,840 --> 03:00:54,320 GROUP HERE, THESE ARE PATIENTS 3093 03:00:54,320 --> 03:00:58,760 WHO HAD S BS AND THESE 3094 03:00:58,760 --> 03:01:02,920 PATIENTS HAD STIMULUS IN THE 3095 03:01:02,920 --> 03:01:04,000 MOTOR CORTEX. 3096 03:01:04,000 --> 03:01:06,400 WHY ARE THESE DIFFERENT BASED 3097 03:01:06,400 --> 03:01:08,920 ON THE APPARENTLY POPULATION? 3098 03:01:08,920 --> 03:01:15,880 THE TREMOR POPULATION, WE KNOW 3099 03:01:15,880 --> 03:01:20,960 THEY HAVE THIS M1 AND WE CAN 3100 03:01:20,960 --> 03:01:26,720 HYPOTHESIZE THIS IS NORMALIZED 3101 03:01:26,720 --> 03:01:28,520 REACTING IN A REACTIVE 3102 03:01:28,520 --> 03:01:30,880 DEACTIVATION OF M1. 3103 03:01:30,880 --> 03:01:32,960 MEANWHILE WITH THE HYPERACTIVE 3104 03:01:32,960 --> 03:01:38,640 GROUP, WHEN WE NORMALIZE THE 3105 03:01:38,640 --> 03:01:40,400 INDIRECT PATHWAY, WE WIND UP 3106 03:01:40,400 --> 03:01:43,600 WITH A M1 ACTIVATION. 3107 03:01:43,600 --> 03:01:46,160 SO HOW DO WE EXPLAIN THIS 3108 03:01:46,160 --> 03:01:48,160 GROUP? 3109 03:01:48,160 --> 03:01:55,360 WE ACTUALLY SEE THE STN AND 3110 03:01:55,360 --> 03:01:56,760 GPI HAVE DIFFERENT EFFECTS. 3111 03:01:56,760 --> 03:01:59,320 SO IN THIS PATIENT, IT WAS 3112 03:01:59,320 --> 03:02:08,440 RESPONDED THE F GI NEEDED MORE 3113 03:02:08,440 --> 03:02:09,520 INSPECTION IN THIS GROUP BUT 3114 03:02:09,520 --> 03:02:14,000 THE QUESTION IS WHY ARE THERE 3115 03:02:14,000 --> 03:02:15,560 DIFFERENT SETTINGS? 3116 03:02:15,560 --> 03:02:21,320 SO ONE OF THE PATHWAYS ARE 3117 03:02:21,320 --> 03:02:31,040 THROUGH THE HYPER DIRECT 3118 03:02:31,040 --> 03:02:32,960 PATHWAY, WE CAN REDUCE INHIB 3119 03:02:32,960 --> 03:02:37,400 WAGES ON THE THALAMUS CAUSED 3120 03:02:37,400 --> 03:02:39,120 BY PPN. 3121 03:02:39,120 --> 03:02:41,720 THESE UNIQUE PATHWAYS MAY 3122 03:02:41,720 --> 03:02:46,640 EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 3123 03:02:46,640 --> 03:02:48,520 GPI STIN AND PIGD AND THAT IS 3124 03:02:48,520 --> 03:02:49,240 WHAT WE SEE. 3125 03:02:49,240 --> 03:02:52,440 SO TO SUMMARIZE THIS, THE 3126 03:02:52,440 --> 03:02:55,400 EFFECTS CAN VARY AND THIS CAN 3127 03:02:55,400 --> 03:02:57,680 RELATE TO STIMULATION AND 3128 03:02:57,680 --> 03:02:58,640 TARGETING FACTORS WHICH I WILL 3129 03:02:58,640 --> 03:03:00,600 TALK TO IN A MOMENT BUT JUST 3130 03:03:00,600 --> 03:03:05,400 HERE YOU CAN SEE THE SIMILAR 3131 03:03:05,400 --> 03:03:10,040 PHENOTYPES IN THE SAME DISEASE 3132 03:03:10,040 --> 03:03:13,160 PROCESS HAVE DIFFERENT 3133 03:03:13,160 --> 03:03:13,600 EFFECTS. 3134 03:03:13,600 --> 03:03:20,760 SO WE LOOK AT ACUTE 3135 03:03:20,760 --> 03:03:22,120 STIMULATION EFFECTS AND CAN BE 3136 03:03:22,120 --> 03:03:24,560 RELIED TO MANY STIMULATION AND 3137 03:03:24,560 --> 03:03:25,200 TARGETING FACTORS. 3138 03:03:25,200 --> 03:03:27,520 SO NEXT WE WILL TALK ABOUT 3139 03:03:27,520 --> 03:03:30,560 EPILEPSY AND THIS WAS THE MOST 3140 03:03:30,560 --> 03:03:36,520 RECENT APPROVAL AND WE FOCUSED 3141 03:03:36,520 --> 03:03:37,800 ON THE THALAMUS. 3142 03:03:37,800 --> 03:03:41,040 AND WHAT LED TO EVEN MORE 3143 03:03:41,040 --> 03:03:43,360 TRIALS WAS A SOMEWHAT MIXED 3144 03:03:43,360 --> 03:03:44,120 RESPONSE. 3145 03:03:44,120 --> 03:03:45,880 IT WAS SOMEWHAT IMPROVED OVER 3146 03:03:45,880 --> 03:03:50,400 THE LONG-TERM BUT LOOKING AT 3147 03:03:50,400 --> 03:03:52,240 THE PATIENTS ENROLLED OVER THE 3148 03:03:52,240 --> 03:03:54,320 STUDY, THE GREATEST RESPONSE 3149 03:03:54,320 --> 03:03:56,920 WERE THOSE WITH TEMPORAL LOBE 3150 03:03:56,920 --> 03:03:57,360 SEIZURES. 3151 03:03:57,360 --> 03:04:01,280 SO WHY DO SOME PEOPLE RESPOND 3152 03:04:01,280 --> 03:04:04,080 AND OTHERS DON'T RESPOND? 3153 03:04:04,080 --> 03:04:07,080 SO WE LOOKED AT ACTIVATION AND 3154 03:04:07,080 --> 03:04:11,640 DEACTIVATION IN THE NEURAL 3155 03:04:11,640 --> 03:04:14,960 NETWORKS TECHNIQUE THAT WAS 3156 03:04:14,960 --> 03:04:18,680 MENTIONED EARLIER, WE LOOK AT 3157 03:04:18,680 --> 03:04:21,560 THE VTA AND THE STIMULATION 3158 03:04:21,560 --> 03:04:24,600 VOLUME AND WHAT WE SEE IS THE 3159 03:04:24,600 --> 03:04:26,960 RESPONDERS HAVE POSITIVE 3160 03:04:26,960 --> 03:04:33,040 CORRELATION WITHIN THE LIMBIC 3161 03:04:33,040 --> 03:04:43,640 DEFAULT MODE AND STIMULATION 3162 03:04:46,640 --> 03:04:48,280 IN THE CORTICO NETWORK. 3163 03:04:48,280 --> 03:04:51,120 SO WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE 3164 03:04:51,120 --> 03:04:54,960 PARADIGM, WHAT YOU SEE IS THE 3165 03:04:54,960 --> 03:04:56,400 ACTIVATION IS IN THE NETWORKS 3166 03:04:56,400 --> 03:04:59,560 AND THEN YOU HAVE THE BROAD 3167 03:04:59,560 --> 03:05:00,480 DEACTIVATION AND THIS 3168 03:05:00,480 --> 03:05:02,200 CORRELATES WELL WITH WHAT WE 3169 03:05:02,200 --> 03:05:04,400 SUE AS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 3170 03:05:04,400 --> 03:05:06,120 THE RESPONDERS AND THE 3171 03:05:06,120 --> 03:05:06,560 NONRESPONDERS. 3172 03:05:06,560 --> 03:05:08,240 SO THE QUESTION IS, ARE YES, 3173 03:05:08,240 --> 03:05:12,120 THIS IS THE VIDEO SHOWING WHAT 3174 03:05:12,120 --> 03:05:13,200 IS HAPPENING STIMULATING ON 3175 03:05:13,200 --> 03:05:16,480 AND OFF BUT THE QUESTION IS 3176 03:05:16,480 --> 03:05:18,120 HOW DOES THAT EXPLAIN WHY WE 3177 03:05:18,120 --> 03:05:19,920 HAVE RESPONDERS AND ARE 3178 03:05:19,920 --> 03:05:20,640 NONRESPONDERS IF WE'RE 3179 03:05:20,640 --> 03:05:22,400 TARGETING IN THE SAME WAY? 3180 03:05:22,400 --> 03:05:24,000 SO IF YOU LOOK AT THE 3181 03:05:24,000 --> 03:05:25,840 INDIVIDUAL PATIENTS, I SHOW 3182 03:05:25,840 --> 03:05:30,480 YOU FIVE PATIENTS HERE AND 3183 03:05:30,480 --> 03:05:32,400 DESPITE SPAEURBTS 1, 3 AND 5 3184 03:05:32,400 --> 03:05:33,800 HAVE VERY SIMILAR PATTERNS, 3185 03:05:33,800 --> 03:05:36,760 YOU HAVE THIS CORTICO 3186 03:05:36,760 --> 03:05:38,040 DEACTIVATION AND THEN 3187 03:05:38,040 --> 03:05:40,080 ACTIVATIONS WITHIN THE 3188 03:05:40,080 --> 03:05:42,040 NETWORKS AND PATIENTS 2 AND 4, 3189 03:05:42,040 --> 03:05:49,240 VERY VERY DIFFERENT. 3190 03:05:49,240 --> 03:05:52,400 THEY DON'T HAVE ACTIVATION IN 3191 03:05:52,400 --> 03:05:55,240 THE SUBCORTICAL AND THEY DON'T 3192 03:05:55,240 --> 03:06:01,560 HAVE THE DEACTIVATION IN OTHER 3193 03:06:01,560 --> 03:06:01,880 AREAS. 3194 03:06:01,880 --> 03:06:06,680 SO WHY THE DIFFERENCE? 3195 03:06:06,680 --> 03:06:09,200 WE TESTED THIS AND PLACED 3196 03:06:09,200 --> 03:06:13,680 ELECTRODES IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS 3197 03:06:13,680 --> 03:06:16,080 AND STIMULATED THE ANTERO 3198 03:06:16,080 --> 03:06:17,960 NUCLEUS AND YOU CAN SEE THE 3199 03:06:17,960 --> 03:06:21,040 POTENTIAL IN THE HIPPO CAMPUS 3200 03:06:21,040 --> 03:06:22,960 IN THESE PATIENTS HOWEVER WE 3201 03:06:22,960 --> 03:06:23,880 DON'T MEASURE THAT. 3202 03:06:23,880 --> 03:06:32,040 SO IT TURNS OUT THESE PATIENTS 3203 03:06:32,040 --> 03:06:33,760 HAVE MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND 3204 03:06:33,760 --> 03:06:36,960 THIS HIGHLIGHTS DAMAGE IN ANY 3205 03:06:36,960 --> 03:06:38,920 NETWORKS MAY MINIMIZE THE 3206 03:06:38,920 --> 03:06:41,080 EFFECT OF STIMULATION 3207 03:06:41,080 --> 03:06:42,680 THROUGHOUT THE NETWORKS WHICH 3208 03:06:42,680 --> 03:06:45,040 EXPLAINS WHY WE SEE DIFFERENT 3209 03:06:45,040 --> 03:06:46,520 PATTERNS AND WHY PATIENTS 3210 03:06:46,520 --> 03:06:47,240 DON'T RESPOND. 3211 03:06:47,240 --> 03:06:49,520 SO ONE OF THE INTERESTING 3212 03:06:49,520 --> 03:06:53,120 QUESTIONS IS IF THAT IS TRUE, 3213 03:06:53,120 --> 03:06:56,920 CAN THIS DIRECT THE NETWORK 3214 03:06:56,920 --> 03:07:00,640 PATTERNS OF PATIENTS WHO DO 3215 03:07:00,640 --> 03:07:07,040 AND DON'T RESPOND TO 3216 03:07:07,040 --> 03:07:07,880 STIMULATION. 3217 03:07:07,880 --> 03:07:15,520 SO THIS STUDY INVOLVED THOSE 3218 03:07:15,520 --> 03:07:17,680 WITH TYPICALLY LIMBIC NETWORKS 3219 03:07:17,680 --> 03:07:19,840 AND WHY TARGET THE SAME 3220 03:07:19,840 --> 03:07:23,520 NUCLEUS FOR ALL FORMS OF 3221 03:07:23,520 --> 03:07:24,000 EPILEPSY. 3222 03:07:24,000 --> 03:07:26,280 THIS PARTICULAR TARGET OF 3223 03:07:26,280 --> 03:07:34,720 INTEREST IN EPILEPSY FOR 3224 03:07:34,720 --> 03:07:41,240 PATIENTS WHO HAVE 3225 03:07:41,240 --> 03:07:44,600 PERRY-ROLANDIC ACTIVITY, WE 3226 03:07:44,600 --> 03:07:46,800 HAVE A SLIDE MODEL OF THIS AND 3227 03:07:46,800 --> 03:07:50,240 WHAT WE SEE IS WHEN YOU 3228 03:07:50,240 --> 03:07:53,440 STIMULATE WITH HIGH FREQUENCY 3229 03:07:53,440 --> 03:07:55,200 SIMULATION, IT DOES ACTIVATE 3230 03:07:55,200 --> 03:07:57,480 AREAS OF THE CENTRAL MOTOR 3231 03:07:57,480 --> 03:08:05,200 NETWORK WHERE THE 3232 03:08:05,200 --> 03:08:09,760 PERERI-ROLANDIC, WE WILL SEE 3233 03:08:09,760 --> 03:08:11,160 SOME ACTIVATION IN SOME AND 3234 03:08:11,160 --> 03:08:11,840 NONE IN OTHERS. 3235 03:08:11,840 --> 03:08:14,160 SO THIS SUPPORTS THE CONCEPT 3236 03:08:14,160 --> 03:08:19,000 OF HAVING NETWORK SPECIFIC 3237 03:08:19,000 --> 03:08:21,040 TARGETING IN EPILEPSY D BS. 3238 03:08:21,040 --> 03:08:22,360 NOT ALL PATIENTS ARE EQUAL AND 3239 03:08:22,360 --> 03:08:24,080 WE HAVE TO CONSIDER THAT WHEN 3240 03:08:24,080 --> 03:08:25,040 WE CHOOSE THE TARGET. 3241 03:08:25,040 --> 03:08:27,320 SO ONE OF THE THINGS TO KEEP 3242 03:08:27,320 --> 03:08:29,720 IN MIND WITH EPILEPSY AS 3243 03:08:29,720 --> 03:08:31,920 OPPOSED TO OTHER NEURALLIC 3244 03:08:31,920 --> 03:08:35,240 ORDERS, THE GROUP MAY HAVE A 3245 03:08:35,240 --> 03:08:45,760 PATIENT VARIABILITY IN THE 3246 03:08:50,160 --> 03:08:51,280 NETWORK PATHO PHYSIOLOGY. 3247 03:08:51,280 --> 03:08:56,240 AND ONE OF THE QUESTIONS IS 3248 03:08:56,240 --> 03:09:00,440 CAN CM AND ANT HIGHLIGHTS HAVE 3249 03:09:00,440 --> 03:09:02,200 A POTENTIAL OF 3250 03:09:02,200 --> 03:09:05,560 NETWORK-SPECIFIC TARGETING. 3251 03:09:05,560 --> 03:09:09,080 YOU CAN SEE THAT THEY HAVE 3252 03:09:09,080 --> 03:09:10,520 THIS BROAD RS ACROSS THE AREA 3253 03:09:10,520 --> 03:09:12,520 AND SO THEY ARE NOT A GREAT 3254 03:09:12,520 --> 03:09:14,360 CANDIDATE BUT WHAT WE DID WAS 3255 03:09:14,360 --> 03:09:16,680 LOOK AT THE SAME GRID WHERE 3256 03:09:16,680 --> 03:09:21,320 THEY HAVE THE ONSET OF 3257 03:09:21,320 --> 03:09:22,800 SEIZURES AND CORRELATED THIS 3258 03:09:22,800 --> 03:09:28,640 WHOLE AREA AND PLANTED A 3259 03:09:28,640 --> 03:09:32,520 ELECTRODE WHERE THAT GRID WAS 3260 03:09:32,520 --> 03:09:35,040 AND THEN PUT A DEPTH ELECTRODE 3261 03:09:35,040 --> 03:09:37,080 WITHIN THIS AREA THAT WE 3262 03:09:37,080 --> 03:09:38,880 DETERMINED FROM THE RESTING 3263 03:09:38,880 --> 03:09:41,880 STATE NETWORK AND YOU CAN SEE 3264 03:09:41,880 --> 03:09:43,720 FROM THE RECORDINGS THAT WE 3265 03:09:43,720 --> 03:09:45,200 HAVE NEAR SIMULTANEOUS SPIKING 3266 03:09:45,200 --> 03:09:46,960 FROM THE CORTEX AND THE 3267 03:09:46,960 --> 03:09:47,320 SUBCORTEX. 3268 03:09:47,320 --> 03:09:50,160 SO THIS SHOWS THAT INDEED THE 3269 03:09:50,160 --> 03:09:51,400 RESTING STATE PREDICTED THIS 3270 03:09:51,400 --> 03:09:52,760 NETWORK THAT WE WERE TARGETING 3271 03:09:52,760 --> 03:09:54,960 AND THEN WE CAN SEE HERE ON 3272 03:09:54,960 --> 03:09:56,920 THE LONG-TERM OVER ONE YEAR, 3273 03:09:56,920 --> 03:09:59,400 THE MAGNET SWIPES ON THE 3274 03:09:59,400 --> 03:10:01,800 PATIENT WHEN HAVING SEIZURES 3275 03:10:01,800 --> 03:10:03,560 THAT THEY DECREASED OVER ONE 3276 03:10:03,560 --> 03:10:03,840 YEAR. 3277 03:10:03,840 --> 03:10:06,840 SO NOW I WILL SWITCH GEARS AND 3278 03:10:06,840 --> 03:10:12,360 TALK ABOUT MODEL STIMULATION 3279 03:10:12,360 --> 03:10:15,200 IN VIVO AND THE FREQUENT SEE 3280 03:10:15,200 --> 03:10:15,560 EFFECT. 3281 03:10:15,560 --> 03:10:16,600 THE RECOMMENDED STRODE HAVE 3282 03:10:16,600 --> 03:10:23,160 BEEN A GREAT THING TO HAVE IN 3283 03:10:23,160 --> 03:10:26,160 OUR ARSENAL FOR D BS AND WE 3284 03:10:26,160 --> 03:10:29,920 SEGMENT THEM IN INDIVIDUAL 3285 03:10:29,920 --> 03:10:31,320 CONTACTS OF VARYING GEOMETRY 3286 03:10:31,320 --> 03:10:34,160 THAT ALLOWS US TO DO RATHER 3287 03:10:34,160 --> 03:10:39,120 THAN MORE SPECIFIC CALL 3288 03:10:39,120 --> 03:10:49,720 STIMULATION VOLUMES, WE CAN DO 3289 03:10:50,120 --> 03:10:51,080 MORE SPECIFIC TESTING AND GO 3290 03:10:51,080 --> 03:10:54,680 PERFORM A FIELD THAT GOES TO 3291 03:10:54,680 --> 03:11:02,800 THE BOUND DREAMS A-- 3292 03:11:02,800 --> 03:11:05,320 BOUNDARIES TO THE STRUCTURE 3293 03:11:05,320 --> 03:11:10,280 AND IT PLAYS A HUGE ROLE IN 3294 03:11:10,280 --> 03:11:12,240 WHAT THE STUDY WILL BE. 3295 03:11:12,240 --> 03:11:15,520 SO THIS IS LOOKING AT THE 3296 03:11:15,520 --> 03:11:16,920 STIMULATION, ROTATING AROUND 3297 03:11:16,920 --> 03:11:19,320 THE ELECTRODE IN DIFFERENT 3298 03:11:19,320 --> 03:11:20,960 ANGLES AND WHAT THIS IS 3299 03:11:20,960 --> 03:11:23,320 ULTIMATELY DOING IS AFFECTING 3300 03:11:23,320 --> 03:11:24,840 THE VALUE OF THE ACTIVATION. 3301 03:11:24,840 --> 03:11:27,280 SO THIS IS WHERE THE 3302 03:11:27,280 --> 03:11:29,720 STIMULATION IS OCCURRING AND 3303 03:11:29,720 --> 03:11:30,840 INDEED ACROSS THE IMPLANTS, 3304 03:11:30,840 --> 03:11:33,120 THE STIMULATION PATTERN AS 3305 03:11:33,120 --> 03:11:43,640 THEY ROW ROTATED AROUND HAD 3306 03:11:44,800 --> 03:11:48,040 MEDIAL AND LATERAL POSTERIOR 3307 03:11:48,040 --> 03:11:48,320 AREAS. 3308 03:11:48,320 --> 03:11:52,320 SO IF WE KEEP THE POSITIONING 3309 03:11:52,320 --> 03:11:55,200 THE SAME BUT AFFECT THE 3310 03:11:55,200 --> 03:11:58,040 E-FILL, HOW DOES THAT STUDY 3311 03:11:58,040 --> 03:11:59,560 TURN OUT? 3312 03:11:59,560 --> 03:12:06,120 WELL, A GOOD ANSWER TO THAT, 3313 03:12:06,120 --> 03:12:10,720 IN STIMULATING THESE PATROLS 3314 03:12:10,720 --> 03:12:12,400 IN PARKINSON'S, WE CAN STAY 3315 03:12:12,400 --> 03:12:16,160 AWAY FROM THE ON TARGET SITES 3316 03:12:16,160 --> 03:12:17,280 LIKE CENTRAL NUCLEUS AND 3317 03:12:17,280 --> 03:12:19,680 CAPSULE AND WILL HAVE THIS 3318 03:12:19,680 --> 03:12:26,160 ORIENTATION OF THE TARGET BUT 3319 03:12:26,160 --> 03:12:29,720 IT CAN HAVE A HUGE DIFFERENCE 3320 03:12:29,720 --> 03:12:30,760 ON THE TRACT. 3321 03:12:30,760 --> 03:12:33,520 SO THIS WE SEE THE ANIMAL 3322 03:12:33,520 --> 03:12:37,960 MODEL AND WE SEE IN THE 3323 03:12:37,960 --> 03:12:39,200 CORTICO RECORDINGS, THE 3324 03:12:39,200 --> 03:12:41,680 CURRENT CHANGES TREKS AND 3325 03:12:41,680 --> 03:12:47,120 AFFECT ON THE NEURONS CHANGES. 3326 03:12:47,120 --> 03:12:50,000 SO STIMULATION VOLUME IS 3327 03:12:50,000 --> 03:12:52,520 SELECTIVELY THE SAME BUT WE 3328 03:12:52,520 --> 03:12:55,400 CAN USE THESE AS MODELS FOR 3329 03:12:55,400 --> 03:12:57,680 ROTATING THE CONTACTS AROUND 3330 03:12:57,680 --> 03:13:01,440 AND STIMULATING DIFFERENT AN 3331 03:13:01,440 --> 03:13:03,520 TOMMIC AREAS, KEEPING THE 3332 03:13:03,520 --> 03:13:05,520 CONTACTS THE SAME BUT CHANGING 3333 03:13:05,520 --> 03:13:06,720 THE LOCATION OF THE FIELDS AND 3334 03:13:06,720 --> 03:13:09,920 WHEN WE DO THAT, YOU CAN SEE 3335 03:13:09,920 --> 03:13:13,160 THE STIMULATION IN THE SAME 3336 03:13:13,160 --> 03:13:16,760 VOLUME OF TURN IT WILL CHANGE 3337 03:13:16,760 --> 03:13:21,320 THE EFFECT OF THE NETWORK 3338 03:13:21,320 --> 03:13:21,600 AREAS. 3339 03:13:21,600 --> 03:13:25,640 SO NOW I WANT TO TALK ABOUT 3340 03:13:25,640 --> 03:13:28,880 THE FREQUENCY EFFECTS AND 3341 03:13:28,880 --> 03:13:35,080 THERE IS STIMULATION DATA ON 3342 03:13:35,080 --> 03:13:36,920 STIMULATION FREQUENCY IN D BS 3343 03:13:36,920 --> 03:13:41,160 AND THIS IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. 3344 03:13:41,160 --> 03:13:45,080 THE SENSITIVITY OF GM VERSUS 3345 03:13:45,080 --> 03:13:47,600 WM STIMULATION FREQUENTLY IS 3346 03:13:47,600 --> 03:13:49,800 DEPENDENT AND BECAUSE OF THE 3347 03:13:49,800 --> 03:14:00,280 HIGH FIRING RATE AND SHORT 3348 03:14:04,360 --> 03:14:06,680 STIMULATION, THE LONG 3349 03:14:06,680 --> 03:14:08,480 FREQUENCY INDUCES LONG-LASTING 3350 03:14:08,480 --> 03:14:09,640 HYPER POLARIZATION WHICH 3351 03:14:09,640 --> 03:14:11,040 REDUCES THE OVERALL FIRING 3352 03:14:11,040 --> 03:14:12,760 RATE. 3353 03:14:12,760 --> 03:14:23,240 SO WE TALKED ABOUT 145 3354 03:14:28,320 --> 03:14:34,560 145-HERTZ AND WE ALSO SEE THIS 3355 03:14:34,560 --> 03:14:36,720 WITH THE 30-HERTZ STIMULATION. 3356 03:14:36,720 --> 03:14:39,360 IT HAD A SIMILAR EFFECT IN 3357 03:14:39,360 --> 03:14:43,760 BOTH HIGH AND LOW MOTOR 3358 03:14:43,760 --> 03:14:44,160 ACTIVATIONS. 3359 03:14:44,160 --> 03:14:48,000 YOU CAN SEE IN THIS ONE AND 3360 03:14:48,000 --> 03:14:49,840 THAT ONE, THE DIFFERENCE 3361 03:14:49,840 --> 03:14:56,800 BETWEEN THE TWO AND THE PF IS 3362 03:14:56,800 --> 03:14:59,800 MORE FREQUENCY DEPENDENT WITH 3363 03:14:59,800 --> 03:15:00,160 VARIATION. 3364 03:15:00,160 --> 03:15:03,920 SO WHEN YOU HAVE A GREATER 3365 03:15:03,920 --> 03:15:06,680 SENSORIMOTOR EFFECT WITH LFS 3366 03:15:06,680 --> 03:15:09,760 VERSUS THE GREATER LIMBIC 3367 03:15:09,760 --> 03:15:15,360 EFFECT WITH HFS, HOW DOES THIS 3368 03:15:15,360 --> 03:15:16,320 AFFECT THE PERI-ROLANDIC 3369 03:15:16,320 --> 03:15:17,320 NETWORK? 3370 03:15:17,320 --> 03:15:18,600 SO YOU CAN SEE BETWEEN THE 3371 03:15:18,600 --> 03:15:20,720 HIGH AND THE LOW FREQUENCY, 3372 03:15:20,720 --> 03:15:23,640 THE BLUE IS VERY DIFFERENT 3373 03:15:23,640 --> 03:15:28,800 WHILE THE RED IS WHERE MOST OF 3374 03:15:28,800 --> 03:15:31,320 THESE LOOK VERY SIMILAR. 3375 03:15:31,320 --> 03:15:37,440 SO IN SUMMARY, LOOKING AT 3376 03:15:37,440 --> 03:15:43,680 PATIENTS WITH PF VERSUS CN D 3377 03:15:43,680 --> 03:15:47,800 BS AND F MRI IS REALLY A 3378 03:15:47,800 --> 03:15:49,120 MARKER OF NEUROVASCULAR 3379 03:15:49,120 --> 03:15:50,920 RESPONSE SO YOU CANNOT EASILY 3380 03:15:50,920 --> 03:15:54,680 DETERMINE THE NET EFFECT OF 3381 03:15:54,680 --> 03:15:56,040 NEURONAL ACTIVITY. 3382 03:15:56,040 --> 03:16:01,960 SO FUTURE STUDIES INTEGRATING 3383 03:16:01,960 --> 03:16:05,120 ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY AND IN VIVO 3384 03:16:05,120 --> 03:16:07,520 EFFECTS OF D BS WILL HELP US 3385 03:16:07,520 --> 03:16:08,800 UNDERSTAND WHAT THE EFFECT 3386 03:16:08,800 --> 03:16:10,840 REALLY IS SO I WILL END THERE 3387 03:16:10,840 --> 03:16:11,960 AND ANSWER QUESTIONS. 3388 03:16:11,960 --> 03:16:12,320 [APPLAUSE] 3389 03:16:12,320 --> 03:16:13,560 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH, IS THERE 3390 03:16:13,560 --> 03:16:17,680 ANY QUESTIONS FROM THE 3391 03:16:17,680 --> 03:16:18,240 AUDIENCE? 3392 03:16:18,240 --> 03:16:19,720 OKAY, IF NOT, WE ARE RUNNING 3393 03:16:19,720 --> 03:16:22,800 OUT OF TIME SO THANK YOU AGAIN 3394 03:16:22,800 --> 03:16:24,480 AND MAYBE WE CAN MOVE FORWARD 3395 03:16:24,480 --> 03:16:27,440 WITH THE NEXT SPEAKER. 3396 03:16:27,440 --> 03:16:34,440 THE LAST SPEAKER OF THIS 3397 03:16:34,440 --> 03:16:39,000 SESSION IS Dr. CHOW, I HOPE 3398 03:16:39,000 --> 03:16:49,440 I PRONOUNCE THE NAME 3399 03:17:06,160 --> 03:17:13,720 CORRECTLY,. 3400 03:17:13,720 --> 03:17:16,600 >>THANK -- BIQI ZHAO. 3401 03:17:16,600 --> 03:17:20,360 >>IS HE THANK YOU FOR THE 3402 03:17:20,360 --> 03:17:25,480 INTRODUCTION, I HAVE SOME 3403 03:17:25,480 --> 03:17:26,280 DECLARATIONS. 3404 03:17:26,280 --> 03:17:29,760 THE BRAIN ACTIVITY RECORDING 3405 03:17:29,760 --> 03:17:38,160 ARE HIGH RESOLUTION AND WHOLE 3406 03:17:38,160 --> 03:17:41,400 BRAIN LEVEL, NONINVASIVE, HIGH 3407 03:17:41,400 --> 03:17:46,160 SPATIAL AND LOW SPATIAL 3408 03:17:46,160 --> 03:17:46,560 RESOLUTION. 3409 03:17:46,560 --> 03:17:51,640 SO PEOPLE HAVE BEEN LOOKING AT 3410 03:17:51,640 --> 03:18:01,200 THE POWER IMPLICATIONS ON THE 3411 03:18:01,200 --> 03:18:01,640 NODES. 3412 03:18:01,640 --> 03:18:06,720 THE CLASSES OF POWER AND DATA 3413 03:18:06,720 --> 03:18:11,840 LINK INCLUDE ELECTROMAGNETIC, 3414 03:18:11,840 --> 03:18:13,320 PIESOELECTRIC, NEAR INFRARED 3415 03:18:13,320 --> 03:18:14,520 AND BODY COUPLED. 3416 03:18:14,520 --> 03:18:17,920 HOWEVER, AS WE LOOK AT THE 3417 03:18:17,920 --> 03:18:21,520 IMPLANTATION DISTANCE, ALL OF 3418 03:18:21,520 --> 03:18:26,040 THESE SUFFER FROM POWER 3419 03:18:26,040 --> 03:18:28,080 DELIVERY AND RANGE DUE TO 3420 03:18:28,080 --> 03:18:32,080 ATTEN WAGES AND ALSO IF WAOUPT 3421 03:18:32,080 --> 03:18:36,240 TO RELATE TO IMPLANTS, WE WILL 3422 03:18:36,240 --> 03:18:37,320 HAVE DEVICE MANIPULATION. 3423 03:18:37,320 --> 03:18:40,840 SO WE PROPOSE A SOLUTION WITH 3424 03:18:40,840 --> 03:18:45,880 A SEPARATE POWER AND UPLINK. 3425 03:18:45,880 --> 03:18:48,040 WE FOCUSED ULTRASOUND AND 3426 03:18:48,040 --> 03:18:50,360 PROVIDE THE DOWN DATA LINK 3427 03:18:50,360 --> 03:18:51,400 WITH MRI. 3428 03:18:51,400 --> 03:19:01,800 WE CAN ACHIEVE THE 3429 03:19:05,680 --> 03:19:09,520 COMMUNICATION FROM DATA LINK 3430 03:19:09,520 --> 03:19:11,200 AND UPLINK. 3431 03:19:11,200 --> 03:19:16,760 WE CAN RECORD THE SIGNALS FROM 3432 03:19:16,760 --> 03:19:18,080 THEIMPLANTS FOR A SHORT PERIOD 3433 03:19:18,080 --> 03:19:19,160 OF TIME. 3434 03:19:19,160 --> 03:19:21,960 AFTER THAT, WE CAN STUDY THE D 3435 03:19:21,960 --> 03:19:24,600 BS ON PATIENTS OF INTEREST. 3436 03:19:24,600 --> 03:19:26,920 THEN WE RECORD THESE THROUGH 3437 03:19:26,920 --> 03:19:27,960 THE MRI SCAN. 3438 03:19:27,960 --> 03:19:29,680 IN PARTICULAR, WE'RE GOING TO 3439 03:19:29,680 --> 03:19:32,560 DO THIS BY MODULATING THE 3440 03:19:32,560 --> 03:19:34,760 SIGNAL INTENSITY ON AREAS OF 3441 03:19:34,760 --> 03:19:36,440 IMPLANT OVER TIME. 3442 03:19:36,440 --> 03:19:44,560 WE CAN THEN EXTRACT THE VISUAL 3443 03:19:44,560 --> 03:19:49,560 DATA SERIALLY AND RECORD THEM 3444 03:19:49,560 --> 03:19:52,080 BACK TO THE DATA RECORDED SO 3445 03:19:52,080 --> 03:19:58,400 WITH THIS WE CAN GET DIFFERENT 3446 03:19:58,400 --> 03:20:00,560 RATES OF ACTIVATION. 3447 03:20:00,560 --> 03:20:05,480 SO WE DO THIS A COUPLE OF 3448 03:20:05,480 --> 03:20:05,800 WAYS. 3449 03:20:05,800 --> 03:20:08,880 THE SIGNAL WILL BE RECEIVED 3450 03:20:08,880 --> 03:20:09,360 FROMULTRASOUND. 3451 03:20:09,360 --> 03:20:11,280 THEY WILL RECORD THE ACTIVITY 3452 03:20:11,280 --> 03:20:12,960 FOR SHORT PERIOD OF TIME AND 3453 03:20:12,960 --> 03:20:15,840 RECORD THE DATA ON THE DEVICE. 3454 03:20:15,840 --> 03:20:18,000 EVENTUALLY WHEN IT COMES TIME 3455 03:20:18,000 --> 03:20:20,240 TO EXPORT THE DATA OUT, WE 3456 03:20:20,240 --> 03:20:23,160 WILL ENCODE IT OVER TIME 3457 03:20:23,160 --> 03:20:27,520 THROUGH DYNAMIC MRI BY 3458 03:20:27,520 --> 03:20:30,200 MODULATING WITH A MICROCOIL. 3459 03:20:30,200 --> 03:20:40,800 SO WE ENVISION THIS DEVICE TO 3460 03:20:51,200 --> 03:20:54,720 BE IF 700UM, WE HAVE A CHIP 3461 03:20:54,720 --> 03:20:58,880 AND TINY DEVICE TO CONTROL THE 3462 03:20:58,880 --> 03:20:59,200 DATA. 3463 03:20:59,200 --> 03:21:01,960 NOW LET'S LOOK AT HOW WE USE 3464 03:21:01,960 --> 03:21:08,360 THIS TO RECORD THE 3465 03:21:08,360 --> 03:21:08,920 INFORMATION. 3466 03:21:08,920 --> 03:21:14,360 SO THIS WILL RECORD THE SIGNAL 3467 03:21:14,360 --> 03:21:15,960 AND IT WILL DROP THROUGH TIME. 3468 03:21:15,960 --> 03:21:19,680 IF WE PUT THE MICROCOIL INSIDE 3469 03:21:19,680 --> 03:21:21,080 THE VOXEL AND DRIVE CURRENT 3470 03:21:21,080 --> 03:21:30,760 THROUGH IT, IT WILL RECREATE A 3471 03:21:30,760 --> 03:21:32,760 MODEL ELECTRONIC FIELD. 3472 03:21:32,760 --> 03:21:35,640 THIS REDUCES THE SIGNAL 3473 03:21:35,640 --> 03:21:38,000 CREATING A CONTRAST IN THE 3474 03:21:38,000 --> 03:21:40,880 SIGNAL INTENSITY. 3475 03:21:40,880 --> 03:21:43,200 SO TO TRANSMIT ONE BIT DATA 3476 03:21:43,200 --> 03:21:45,040 FROM FRAME, WE CAN DRIVE 3477 03:21:45,040 --> 03:21:48,080 CURRENT THROUGH THE COIL WHEN 3478 03:21:48,080 --> 03:21:50,400 TRANSMITTING THE 1 AND NO 3479 03:21:50,400 --> 03:21:52,320 CURRENTS WHEN TRANSMITTING THE 3480 03:21:52,320 --> 03:21:56,640 0 IN THE SCAN. 3481 03:21:56,640 --> 03:22:03,480 HOWEVER, THE GRADE GRADIENT 3482 03:22:03,480 --> 03:22:08,760 ECHO EPI HAS TO COMPETE AND 3483 03:22:08,760 --> 03:22:15,560 THIS PRODUCES A LOW FNR. 3484 03:22:15,560 --> 03:22:21,560 HERE WE PREVENT THE COIL FROM 3485 03:22:21,560 --> 03:22:22,200 REFOCUSING. 3486 03:22:22,200 --> 03:22:32,680 SO WE TRANSMIT A SIGNAL 3487 03:22:35,880 --> 03:22:36,800 THROUGH THE COIL. 3488 03:22:36,800 --> 03:22:42,200 A COIL IS PLACED IN THE 3489 03:22:42,200 --> 03:22:46,000 PHANTOM AND POWERED BY A 3490 03:22:46,000 --> 03:22:46,800 NONMAGNETIC BATTERY. 3491 03:22:46,800 --> 03:22:50,480 IT IS PLACED IN A SHIELDED BOX 3492 03:22:50,480 --> 03:22:53,880 AND PLACED ON THE PATIENT'S 3493 03:22:53,880 --> 03:22:54,160 BED. 3494 03:22:54,160 --> 03:22:55,760 THE CONTROLLER RECEIVES A 3495 03:22:55,760 --> 03:22:57,920 SIGNAL FROM THE CONTROLLER 3496 03:22:57,920 --> 03:23:00,000 ROOM THROUGH A CABLE. 3497 03:23:00,000 --> 03:23:02,080 THE CABLE RECEIVES THE 3498 03:23:02,080 --> 03:23:06,920 IMPULSES AND THEN THE 3499 03:23:06,920 --> 03:23:08,200 MICROCONTROLLER NOTICES THE 3500 03:23:08,200 --> 03:23:10,720 SIGNAL AND CHANGES THE 3501 03:23:10,720 --> 03:23:12,440 DIRECTION IN THE COIL. 3502 03:23:12,440 --> 03:23:14,960 SO HERE WE SHOW THE RESULTS 3503 03:23:14,960 --> 03:23:17,000 WITH THE SAME CURRENT FLOWING 3504 03:23:17,000 --> 03:23:18,480 THROUGH THEM WITH DIFFERENT 3505 03:23:18,480 --> 03:23:20,000 ECHO TIMES. 3506 03:23:20,000 --> 03:23:23,280 IN THE PREVIOUS ECHO CASE, 3507 03:23:23,280 --> 03:23:27,240 BECAUSE OF THE WATER BASE, IT 3508 03:23:27,240 --> 03:23:32,680 MAKES IT DIFFICULT TO 3509 03:23:32,680 --> 03:23:34,120 DIFFERENTIATE THE CONTRAST 3510 03:23:34,120 --> 03:23:37,760 ACCESSIBILITY AND WE CAN SEE 3511 03:23:37,760 --> 03:23:43,160 THE CONTRAST ON THE LEFT. 3512 03:23:43,160 --> 03:23:45,360 THE SECOND TEST SHOWS THE 3513 03:23:45,360 --> 03:23:46,760 INTENSITY OF SIGNAL OVER TIME 3514 03:23:46,760 --> 03:23:50,000 AND AS WE DO THAT, WE GET A 3515 03:23:50,000 --> 03:23:51,720 LARGER SIGNAL OF CONTACT. 3516 03:23:51,720 --> 03:24:01,000 SO WE IMPROVED THIS IDEA USING 3517 03:24:01,000 --> 03:24:02,800 A CHIP WITH NANOTECHNOLOGY AS 3518 03:24:02,800 --> 03:24:04,880 STRIPED ABOVE. 3519 03:24:04,880 --> 03:24:09,400 SO WE ALSO AMENDED A RECOMMEND 3520 03:24:09,400 --> 03:24:11,920 FIRE AND DOWNLINK SYSTEM. 3521 03:24:11,920 --> 03:24:14,320 THIS CHIP IS CURRENTLY BEING 3522 03:24:14,320 --> 03:24:15,040 FABRICATED. 3523 03:24:15,040 --> 03:24:20,200 SO IN CONCLUSION, WE PROPOSE 3524 03:24:20,200 --> 03:24:22,200 WIRELESS DATA PLATFORM TO 3525 03:24:22,200 --> 03:24:25,400 IMPROVE BRAIN APPLICATION. 3526 03:24:25,400 --> 03:24:35,960 IT PROVIDES AN UPLINK DATA OF 3527 03:24:37,400 --> 03:24:37,560 MRI. 3528 03:24:37,560 --> 03:24:40,480 WE SUPPORT SAME MAIN CROSS 3529 03:24:40,480 --> 03:24:43,840 MULTIMODE COMMUNICATION IN THE 3530 03:24:43,840 --> 03:24:44,320 TYPE BRAIN. 3531 03:24:44,320 --> 03:24:46,880 WE WANT PROOF OF CONCEPT 3532 03:24:46,880 --> 03:24:50,920 DESIGN TESTED IN GE3T SCANNER 3533 03:24:50,920 --> 03:24:52,560 AND TAPED OUT INTEGRATION. 3534 03:24:52,560 --> 03:24:54,800 I WOULD LIKE TO THANK THOSE 3535 03:24:54,800 --> 03:24:59,320 WHO HELPED ME ON THE PROJECT. 3536 03:24:59,320 --> 03:24:59,680 [APPLAUSE] 3537 03:24:59,680 --> 03:25:00,720 >>VERY INTERESTING, I HAVE 3538 03:25:00,720 --> 03:25:03,200 ONE QUICK QUESTION. 3539 03:25:03,200 --> 03:25:06,160 HAVE YOU CHECKED THE ION STATE 3540 03:25:06,160 --> 03:25:10,000 OF THIS DEVICE IN 3T 3541 03:25:10,000 --> 03:25:10,400 SIMULATION? 3542 03:25:10,400 --> 03:25:13,080 >>SO WE HAVE NOT -- WE ARE 3543 03:25:13,080 --> 03:25:15,320 NOT GOING TO DO A SIMULATION 3544 03:25:15,320 --> 03:25:16,760 ON THE DEVICES. 3545 03:25:16,760 --> 03:25:18,920 WE HAVE EVALUATED THE SAFETY 3546 03:25:18,920 --> 03:25:21,120 OF THE COIL DURING THE DATA 3547 03:25:21,120 --> 03:25:23,680 TRANSMISSION SO THE FIELD THAT 3548 03:25:23,680 --> 03:25:29,480 IS CREATED IS NOT GOING TO 3549 03:25:29,480 --> 03:25:31,960 INDUCE ANY ADVERSE AFFECT. 3550 03:25:31,960 --> 03:25:35,680 WE HAVE ALSO STUDIED THE POWER 3551 03:25:35,680 --> 03:25:37,200 CONSUMPTION AND IT DOESN'T 3552 03:25:37,200 --> 03:25:40,840 CAUSE ANY FROM STIMULATION 3553 03:25:40,840 --> 03:25:43,080 WHEN EMPOWERING THE ULTRASOUND 3554 03:25:43,080 --> 03:25:46,880 BUT WE CAN REDUCE THE OPTION 3555 03:25:46,880 --> 03:25:47,160 POWER. 3556 03:25:47,160 --> 03:25:49,640 BUT AS FAR AS OUR SAFETY IS 3557 03:25:49,640 --> 03:25:55,560 CONCERNED BECAUSE THE DEVICES 3558 03:25:55,560 --> 03:26:05,160 ARELEFT WITH A MILLIMETER 3559 03:26:05,160 --> 03:26:05,760 INSIDE. 3560 03:26:05,760 --> 03:26:07,080 >>ANY OTHER QUESTIONS? 3561 03:26:07,080 --> 03:26:08,800 OKAY, THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR 3562 03:26:08,800 --> 03:26:11,920 YOUR QUESTIONS AND NOW WE CAN 3563 03:26:11,920 --> 03:26:13,320 ENTER THE SESSIONS. 3564 03:26:13,320 --> 03:26:13,720 THANK YOU. 3565 03:26:13,720 --> 03:26:15,240 >>WELCOME, EVERYBODY, 3566 03:26:15,240 --> 03:26:15,640 GOOD AFTERNOON. 3567 03:26:15,640 --> 03:26:19,880 SO I'M GOING TO START SESSION 7, 3568 03:26:19,880 --> 03:26:22,680 MY NAME IS LUCIESHESA, NAVARRO, 3569 03:26:22,680 --> 03:26:24,520 THEY WILL BE MODELING AND SAFETY 3570 03:26:24,520 --> 03:26:26,040 ISSUES OF MRI IN 3571 03:26:26,040 --> 03:26:26,720 NEUROMODDULATION AND OUR FIRST 3572 03:26:26,720 --> 03:26:34,480 SPEAKER WILL BE ANDY HUANG, FROM 3573 03:26:34,480 --> 03:26:44,800 SLOAN KETTERRING. 3574 03:26:45,200 --> 03:26:45,840 SO ANDY? 3575 03:26:45,840 --> 03:26:48,920 >>ALL RIGHT. 3576 03:26:48,920 --> 03:26:49,600 HELLO? 3577 03:26:49,600 --> 03:26:53,840 OKAY, GOOD AFTERNOON, EVERYONE. 3578 03:26:53,840 --> 03:26:57,080 THANKS FOR INVITING ME TO THIS 3579 03:26:57,080 --> 03:26:57,440 WONDERFUL EVENT. 3580 03:26:57,440 --> 03:27:00,160 AND I'M GOING TO TALK ABOUT THE 3581 03:27:00,160 --> 03:27:03,120 SOFTWARE I DEVELOPED OVER THE 3582 03:27:03,120 --> 03:27:04,200 YEARS CALLED ROAST, IT'S A FUNNY 3583 03:27:04,200 --> 03:27:09,560 NIEM AND I WILL SMAIN WHAT IT 3584 03:27:09,560 --> 03:27:09,760 MEANS. 3585 03:27:09,760 --> 03:27:11,440 AND ALSO I WILL TALK ABOUT THE 3586 03:27:11,440 --> 03:27:13,320 VALIDATION OF THIS SOFTWARE IN 3587 03:27:13,320 --> 03:27:14,920 COMPARISON WITH OTHER OPEN 3588 03:27:14,920 --> 03:27:17,560 SOURCE AND COMMERCIAL SOFTWARE 3589 03:27:17,560 --> 03:27:20,240 FOR CERTAINLY--CERTAINLY 3590 03:27:20,240 --> 03:27:21,840 LECTRICAL STIMULATION. 3591 03:27:21,840 --> 03:27:23,760 FIRST DISCLOSURE, THIS IS 3592 03:27:23,760 --> 03:27:29,080 AWARDED BY NIH GRAND AND SOTERIX 3593 03:27:29,080 --> 03:27:29,400 MEDICAL. 3594 03:27:29,400 --> 03:27:31,840 BECAUSE RECENTLY I DID THIS WHEN 3595 03:27:31,840 --> 03:27:35,160 I WAS AT SOTERIX, YEARS AGO 3596 03:27:35,160 --> 03:27:38,840 AFTER THAT I WENT TO MEMORIAL 3597 03:27:38,840 --> 03:27:40,280 SLOAN KETTERRING CENTER, AND 3598 03:27:40,280 --> 03:27:43,560 THAT RECENTLY I CHANGED MY JOB 3599 03:27:43,560 --> 03:27:45,080 BACK AGAIN TO SOTERIX SO I 3600 03:27:45,080 --> 03:27:47,000 DIDN'T HAVE A CHANCE TO UPDATE 3601 03:27:47,000 --> 03:27:48,000 THE PROGRAM BOOK. 3602 03:27:48,000 --> 03:27:49,280 SO FIRST BACKGROUND. 3603 03:27:49,280 --> 03:27:53,200 I THINK MOST OF YOU MUST HAVE 3604 03:27:53,200 --> 03:27:54,880 KNOWN THIS, ELECTRICAL 3605 03:27:54,880 --> 03:27:57,960 STIMULATION OR TS, TECHNIQUE TO 3606 03:27:57,960 --> 03:28:01,320 APPLY CURRENT ON THE SCALP TO 3607 03:28:01,320 --> 03:28:02,480 MODULATE THE BRAIN AND THERE'S A 3608 03:28:02,480 --> 03:28:04,880 LOT OF RESEARCH SHOWING THAT 3609 03:28:04,880 --> 03:28:09,320 THIS CAN IMPROVE COGNITIVE 3610 03:28:09,320 --> 03:28:10,880 FUNCTIONS AND ALSO EVEN TREAT 3611 03:28:10,880 --> 03:28:14,600 DECEASES, SO IN PRACTICE BECAUSE 3612 03:28:14,600 --> 03:28:17,000 WE DON'T--WE DON'T HAVE THE 3613 03:28:17,000 --> 03:28:19,120 ABILITY TO SEE OR VISUALIZE HOW 3614 03:28:19,120 --> 03:28:21,840 THE CURRENT FLOWS IN THE BRAIN 3615 03:28:21,840 --> 03:28:25,440 IN REALTIME SO WE WILL USE HEAVY 3616 03:28:25,440 --> 03:28:26,720 COMPUTATION MODELS TO PREVIEW 3617 03:28:26,720 --> 03:28:30,240 HOW THE ELECTRIC CURRENT WILL 3618 03:28:30,240 --> 03:28:31,280 FLOW UNDER 3619 03:28:31,280 --> 03:28:31,800 ELECTRO[INDISCERNIBLE]. 3620 03:28:31,800 --> 03:28:34,720 SO HOW COULD WE GET THIS 3621 03:28:34,720 --> 03:28:35,280 COMPUTATIONAL MODEL? 3622 03:28:35,280 --> 03:28:38,040 WHEN I STARTED WORKING IN THIS 3623 03:28:38,040 --> 03:28:42,720 AREA, OVER A DECADE AGO, THERE 3624 03:28:42,720 --> 03:28:43,960 WAS A PROTOTYPE IN THE WORK FLOW 3625 03:28:43,960 --> 03:28:48,320 TO CONFRUCT THIS COMPUTATION 3626 03:28:48,320 --> 03:28:51,440 MODEL FROM A MAGNETIC RESONANCE 3627 03:28:51,440 --> 03:28:53,040 IMAGE, IT'S CALLED TES MODELING, 3628 03:28:53,040 --> 03:28:57,160 SO HOW DO WE GET THE MODEL ON 3629 03:28:57,160 --> 03:28:57,600 THE RIGHT SIDE? 3630 03:28:57,600 --> 03:29:02,240 ALL THE WAY FROM THE IMAGE, ON 3631 03:29:02,240 --> 03:29:03,680 THE LEFT SIDE. 3632 03:29:03,680 --> 03:29:05,440 AND SO, FIRST OF ALL WE HAVE TO 3633 03:29:05,440 --> 03:29:07,280 SEPARATE DIFFERENT TISSUES OUT 3634 03:29:07,280 --> 03:29:09,080 BECAUSE DIFFERENT TISSUE HAVE 3635 03:29:09,080 --> 03:29:09,480 DIFFERENT ELECTRICAL 3636 03:29:09,480 --> 03:29:15,880 CONNECTIVITYS, SO WE WANT TO 3637 03:29:15,880 --> 03:29:16,560 ASSIGN DIFFERENT CONNECTIVITYS 3638 03:29:16,560 --> 03:29:18,400 TO DIFFERENT TISSUES THAT WE 3639 03:29:18,400 --> 03:29:19,560 CAN'T CAPTURE THROUGH THE 3640 03:29:19,560 --> 03:29:22,000 ELECTRICAL FIELD BASED ON THESE 3641 03:29:22,000 --> 03:29:25,640 CONNECTIVITYVILLEUES. 3642 03:29:25,640 --> 03:29:28,400 SO THIS IS CALLED IMAGE 3643 03:29:28,400 --> 03:29:31,440 [INDISCERNIBLE] SO WE USE SPM, 3644 03:29:31,440 --> 03:29:33,040 TO THIS SEGMENTATION, AND AFTER 3645 03:29:33,040 --> 03:29:36,360 THAT, THE SECOND STATE IS TO 3646 03:29:36,360 --> 03:29:37,880 PLACE VIRTUAL ELECTRODES ON THE 3647 03:29:37,880 --> 03:29:40,560 SCALP AND WE WANT TO 3648 03:29:40,560 --> 03:29:42,200 [INDISCERNIBLE] THIS ENTIRE 3649 03:29:42,200 --> 03:29:46,840 VOLUME INTO ELEMENTS SO THAT THE 3650 03:29:46,840 --> 03:29:47,520 COMPUTER CALCULATES THE 3651 03:29:47,520 --> 03:29:48,120 CERTAINLY--CERTAINLY LECT ROUGH 3652 03:29:48,120 --> 03:29:51,000 ATOM FIELD AND THIS NUMERICAL 3653 03:29:51,000 --> 03:29:51,840 TECHNIQUE IS CALLED 3654 03:29:51,840 --> 03:29:54,640 [INDISCERNIBLE] AND WE USED TO 3655 03:29:54,640 --> 03:29:58,320 USE THE COMMERCIAL SOFTWARE 3656 03:29:58,320 --> 03:30:00,200 CALLED SIMPLE WARE TO DO THIS 3657 03:30:00,200 --> 03:30:02,840 MESH AND ONCE WE HAVE THE MESH, 3658 03:30:02,840 --> 03:30:06,240 WE USE ANOTHER SOFTWARE ABACUS 3659 03:30:06,240 --> 03:30:11,280 TO CALCULATE UNDERLYING PHYSICS 3660 03:30:11,280 --> 03:30:12,680 FOR CURRENT ELECTRICAL 3661 03:30:12,680 --> 03:30:14,160 STIMULATION BECAUSE IT'S CURRENT 3662 03:30:14,160 --> 03:30:16,800 AND IT'S BELOW A HUNDRED HERTZ 3663 03:30:16,800 --> 03:30:22,560 SO AUTOIT IS EFAIGZS SO WE USE 3664 03:30:22,560 --> 03:30:24,440 ABACUS TO SOLVE THIS EQUATIONS 3665 03:30:24,440 --> 03:30:27,040 TO GET THE ELECTRICAL FIELD 3666 03:30:27,040 --> 03:30:27,480 DISTRIBUTION. 3667 03:30:27,480 --> 03:30:30,760 SO THIS IS A LONG WAY AND QUITE 3668 03:30:30,760 --> 03:30:32,320 COMPLICATED WITH AT LEAST 3 3669 03:30:32,320 --> 03:30:33,360 MAJOR SOFTWARE INVOLVED WITH A 3670 03:30:33,360 --> 03:30:36,960 LOT OF DIFFERENT ELEMENTS. 3671 03:30:36,960 --> 03:30:38,640 AND WITH EACH STATE, WE NEED A 3672 03:30:38,640 --> 03:30:43,040 LOT OF MANUEL LABOR TO CONVERT 3673 03:30:43,040 --> 03:30:46,120 AND IMPART INTO DIFFERENT 3674 03:30:46,120 --> 03:30:48,760 SOFTWARE AND INTERFACE DIFFERENT 3675 03:30:48,760 --> 03:30:49,040 SOFTWARE. 3676 03:30:49,040 --> 03:30:52,200 SO IT'S VERY LONG AND SLOW AND 3677 03:30:52,200 --> 03:30:53,520 NEEDUOUS AND ABOUT THAT TIME IT 3678 03:30:53,520 --> 03:30:57,240 TOOK 2 WEEKS TO BUILD 1 MODEL. 3679 03:30:57,240 --> 03:30:59,160 SO I SPENT MY Ph.D. AND SOME 3680 03:30:59,160 --> 03:31:02,800 OF MY POST DOC TIME TO TRY TO 3681 03:31:02,800 --> 03:31:05,240 AUTOMATE THE ENTIRE WORK FLOW. 3682 03:31:05,240 --> 03:31:08,360 AND YEARS LATER, I RELEASED 3683 03:31:08,360 --> 03:31:11,240 THOSE AND THIS ENTIRE PROCESS IS 3684 03:31:11,240 --> 03:31:16,160 FULLY AUTOMATED WITH A SINGLE 3685 03:31:16,160 --> 03:31:19,960 PACKAGE AND WITH OTHER MAJOR 3686 03:31:19,960 --> 03:31:23,360 STEPS USING OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE 3687 03:31:23,360 --> 03:31:24,120 AND THE ONLY COMMERCIAL THING 3688 03:31:24,120 --> 03:31:25,520 YOU NEED IS A [INDISCERNIBLE] 3689 03:31:25,520 --> 03:31:28,120 LICENSE AND SO GO TO THE WEBSITE 3690 03:31:28,120 --> 03:31:29,320 AND DOWNLOAD THIS PACKAGE AND 3691 03:31:29,320 --> 03:31:31,760 THEN YOU OPEN IT UP AND JUST 3692 03:31:31,760 --> 03:31:33,360 TYPE 1 SINGLE LINE OF COMMENT 3693 03:31:33,360 --> 03:31:35,400 AND YOU WAIT FOR LIKE 20 MINUTES 3694 03:31:35,400 --> 03:31:38,680 CAN YOU GET THE ELECTROFIELD, 3695 03:31:38,680 --> 03:31:40,480 THE MODEL FROM THE ELECTROFIELD 3696 03:31:40,480 --> 03:31:44,160 FROM THE MR IMAGE. 3697 03:31:44,160 --> 03:31:46,440 AND IT'S--IT'S FREE AND FULLY 3698 03:31:46,440 --> 03:31:47,760 AUTOMATED AND SUPER EASY TO USE. 3699 03:31:47,760 --> 03:31:52,800 AND I CAN SHOW YOU SOME EXAMPLE 3700 03:31:52,800 --> 03:31:54,160 USAGE OF THIS SOFTWARE, LIKE THE 3701 03:31:54,160 --> 03:31:57,800 FIRST 1 IS A BASIC SIMULATION, 3702 03:31:57,800 --> 03:31:59,440 SO RIGHT HERE I'M SHOWING THIS 3703 03:31:59,440 --> 03:32:04,560 EXAMPLE, WE ARE TRYING TO 3704 03:32:04,560 --> 03:32:06,360 STIMULATE AN ELECTRICAL FIELD ON 3705 03:32:06,360 --> 03:32:11,000 THIS SUBJECT 1 UNDER THE 3706 03:32:11,000 --> 03:32:11,200 EXAMPLE. 3707 03:32:11,200 --> 03:32:14,800 WE ARE TRYING TO ASK THOSE TO 3708 03:32:14,800 --> 03:32:17,440 CALCULATE ELECTRICAL FIELD ON 3709 03:32:17,440 --> 03:32:18,240 THIS ELECTRICAL MONTAGE. 3710 03:32:18,240 --> 03:32:23,600 WE WANT TO INJECT 3711 03:32:23,600 --> 03:32:26,000 [INDISCERNIBLE] FOLLOWING THE 3712 03:32:26,000 --> 03:32:27,280 INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AND .7 3713 03:32:27,280 --> 03:32:32,120 [INDISCERNIBLE] AT P2 AND WE 3714 03:32:32,120 --> 03:32:33,960 WANT THEM AT .6 MILLI AMP GOING 3715 03:32:33,960 --> 03:32:37,200 OUT AND THAT'S WITH 02 AND IT 3716 03:32:37,200 --> 03:32:38,960 WOULD GIVE YOU THE SIMULATION 3717 03:32:38,960 --> 03:32:40,960 TAG AND ONCE WE ENTER THIS, IT 3718 03:32:40,960 --> 03:32:44,120 WILL GENERATE THE MODEL OF THE 3719 03:32:44,120 --> 03:32:47,240 ELECTROFIELD FULLY AUTOMIGHTED 3720 03:32:47,240 --> 03:32:47,960 IN 15-20 MINUTES. 3721 03:32:47,960 --> 03:32:50,200 AND IF YOU DO WANT TO DO 3722 03:32:50,200 --> 03:32:51,760 SOMETHING FANCY LIKE TARGETED 3723 03:32:51,760 --> 03:32:52,600 STIMULATION, MEANING LIKE IF YOU 3724 03:32:52,600 --> 03:32:55,840 WANT TO TARGET SOME AREA, SAY, 3725 03:32:55,840 --> 03:32:56,800 THE MODEL [INDISCERNIBLE] AND 3726 03:32:56,800 --> 03:32:58,080 YOU WANT TO PRESS IT ON THE 3727 03:32:58,080 --> 03:33:01,400 SKULL SO THAT IT ACTUALLY, THE 3728 03:33:01,400 --> 03:33:02,880 CURRENT WILL TARGET THE MOTOR 3729 03:33:02,880 --> 03:33:05,800 CORTEX WITH THE HIGHEST POSSIBLE 3730 03:33:05,800 --> 03:33:07,360 INTENSITY, YOU NEED TO DO THIS 3731 03:33:07,360 --> 03:33:10,040 IN 2 STEPS, THE FIRST 1 YOU JUST 3732 03:33:10,040 --> 03:33:11,360 GENERATE THE LIT FIELD, LIT 3733 03:33:11,360 --> 03:33:13,640 FIELD IS SAY FANCY TERM FOR DATA 3734 03:33:13,640 --> 03:33:17,960 THAT NEEDED TO DO THIS TARGETED 3735 03:33:17,960 --> 03:33:18,400 STIMULATION. 3736 03:33:18,400 --> 03:33:22,120 SO ROAST, IN THE SAME SYNTAX YOU 3737 03:33:22,120 --> 03:33:23,640 TELL THOSE IN THE FIELD, ONCE 3738 03:33:23,640 --> 03:33:29,040 THIS IS DONE YOU DO DOSE TARGET. 3739 03:33:29,040 --> 03:33:32,080 YOU GIVE IT THE SAME MI DATA AND 3740 03:33:32,080 --> 03:33:34,400 THEN, YOU JUST TELL THOSE TOW 3741 03:33:34,400 --> 03:33:36,600 THAT THE LABEL OF THE LEAD FIELD 3742 03:33:36,600 --> 03:33:39,720 DATA AND YOU TELL THOSE TARGETS, 3743 03:33:39,720 --> 03:33:41,360 THE EXACT LOCATION WHERE WHERE 3744 03:33:41,360 --> 03:33:43,320 YOU WANT IT TO TARGET AND HERE 3745 03:33:43,320 --> 03:33:46,600 THIS IS, I BELIEVE THIS IS MRI 3746 03:33:46,600 --> 03:33:47,760 COORDINATES OF THE MODEL CURRENT 3747 03:33:47,760 --> 03:33:54,360 AND THEN YOU GIVE IT A 3748 03:33:54,360 --> 03:33:55,320 SIMULATION TAG. 3749 03:33:55,320 --> 03:33:58,040 SO THIS WILL HIT THE MODEL WITH 3750 03:33:58,040 --> 03:33:59,440 THE HIGHEST POSSIBLE INTENSITY. 3751 03:33:59,440 --> 03:34:04,840 SO EVERYTHING IS SIMPLE AND EASY 3752 03:34:04,840 --> 03:34:10,600 TO USE AND RIGHT NOW, ROAST IS 3753 03:34:10,600 --> 03:34:13,040 LIKE 5 YEARS OLD AND WE DID A 3754 03:34:13,040 --> 03:34:14,920 REVIEW OF THE USAGE AND 3755 03:34:14,920 --> 03:34:18,560 ADOPTIONS OF ROAST THIS YEAR AND 3756 03:34:18,560 --> 03:34:22,040 WE FOUND THAT IT'S BECOMING 3757 03:34:22,040 --> 03:34:26,040 POPULAR AND JUST LIKE SOME OF 3758 03:34:26,040 --> 03:34:27,320 THE USERS DOWNLOAD THIS 3759 03:34:27,320 --> 03:34:28,800 BASICALLY IT HAS BEEN ADOPTED 3760 03:34:28,800 --> 03:34:32,280 ALL OVER THE WORLD AND WE ALL 3761 03:34:32,280 --> 03:34:33,960 REVIEWED ALL THE ARTICLES THAT 3762 03:34:33,960 --> 03:34:37,600 ALL THE PUBLICATIONS THAT CITED 3763 03:34:37,600 --> 03:34:40,600 THOSE, WE REVEAL OF COURSE 125 3764 03:34:40,600 --> 03:34:43,680 ARTICLES, WE FOUND 94 3765 03:34:43,680 --> 03:34:44,720 PUBLICATIONS THAT BASICALLY, 3766 03:34:44,720 --> 03:34:46,320 THEY ARE ALL CLINICAL STUDIES 3767 03:34:46,320 --> 03:34:48,040 THAT USE THOSE TO BUILD 3768 03:34:48,040 --> 03:34:50,760 COMPUTATIONAL MODELS FOR THEM. 3769 03:34:50,760 --> 03:34:52,960 AND OUR OUR SURPRISE THERE, WE 3770 03:34:52,960 --> 03:34:57,720 FOUND THERE ARE OVER 800 3771 03:34:57,720 --> 03:35:00,000 INDIVIDUAL HEADS MODELED OVER 30 3772 03:35:00,000 --> 03:35:02,120 CLINICAL APPLICATIONS, SO THIS 3773 03:35:02,120 --> 03:35:03,880 MEANS THAT IF THERE WERE NO 3774 03:35:03,880 --> 03:35:07,880 ROAST, IT WOULD HAVE COST AT 3775 03:35:07,880 --> 03:35:09,960 LEAST 1800 WEEKS OR ROUGHLY 30 3776 03:35:09,960 --> 03:35:14,120 YEARS TO BUILD ALL THIS, FOR THE 3777 03:35:14,120 --> 03:35:16,280 TIME THAT'S SAVED, IT'S A LOT, 3778 03:35:16,280 --> 03:35:21,200 RIGHT NOW IT ONLY TAKES 800 3779 03:35:21,200 --> 03:35:23,000 TIMES 20 MINUTES, SOMETHING LIKE 3780 03:35:23,000 --> 03:35:29,560 THAT AND WE ALSO FOUND THAT VERY 3781 03:35:29,560 --> 03:35:30,400 SIMILAR ELECTROFIELD INTENSITY 3782 03:35:30,400 --> 03:35:31,920 HAVE FOUND BECAUSE OF THESE 3783 03:35:31,920 --> 03:35:33,560 DIFFERENT STUDIES AT THE SAME 3784 03:35:33,560 --> 03:35:41,040 BRAIN REGIONS, UNDER THE SAME OR 3785 03:35:41,040 --> 03:35:41,800 SIMILAR ELECTROMONTAGES. 3786 03:35:41,800 --> 03:35:43,520 SO YEAH, I'VE BEEN TALKING A LOT 3787 03:35:43,520 --> 03:35:46,000 ABOUT ROAST, SO KREBS CYCLE 3788 03:35:46,000 --> 03:35:47,680 ROAST SO THIS IS THE FULL NAME 3789 03:35:47,680 --> 03:35:49,400 OF ROAST, IT'S A LONG TIME BUT 3790 03:35:49,400 --> 03:35:54,320 THE KEY WORDS ARE THE FIRST 2 3791 03:35:54,320 --> 03:35:55,520 REALISTIC AND VOLUMEET RICK SO 3792 03:35:55,520 --> 03:35:57,240 LET ME TALK ABOUT THESE 2 KEY 3793 03:35:57,240 --> 03:36:01,120 WORDS AND WHAT THEY MEAN. 3794 03:36:01,120 --> 03:36:03,400 SO 1 MATRIX, SO I HAVE TO 3795 03:36:03,400 --> 03:36:05,000 INTRODUCE SOME HISTORY ABOUT 3796 03:36:05,000 --> 03:36:11,240 THIS MODELING FOR THE ELECTRICAL 3797 03:36:11,240 --> 03:36:11,640 STIMULATION. 3798 03:36:11,640 --> 03:36:12,840 WHEN I JUST STARTED WORKING IN 3799 03:36:12,840 --> 03:36:15,440 THIS AREA, THERE WAS ALREADY AN 3800 03:36:15,440 --> 03:36:19,480 OPEN SOURCE PACKAGE CALLED 3801 03:36:19,480 --> 03:36:22,640 SIMNIBS DEVELOPED BY DR. AXLE 3802 03:36:22,640 --> 03:36:23,600 THIELSCHER AND HIS GROUP. 3803 03:36:23,600 --> 03:36:25,560 I REMEMBER AT THAT TIME, THEY 3804 03:36:25,560 --> 03:36:27,960 CLAIM IT'S FULLY AUTOMATED. 3805 03:36:27,960 --> 03:36:29,600 I REMEMBER THERE ARE 2 STEPS, 3806 03:36:29,600 --> 03:36:31,600 THE FIRST STEP IS YOU ENTER 1 3807 03:36:31,600 --> 03:36:37,720 COMMENT, SO WE CAN GET A SECOND 3808 03:36:37,720 --> 03:36:39,680 COMMENT FOR THE IMAGE AND THEN 3809 03:36:39,680 --> 03:36:41,400 YOU ENTER A SECOND COMMENT TO 3810 03:36:41,400 --> 03:36:43,400 GET THE DISTRIBUTION. 3811 03:36:43,400 --> 03:36:46,320 YEAH, CORRECTORY IF I'M WRONG. 3812 03:36:46,320 --> 03:36:51,680 AND AT THAT TIME, THIS ENTIRE 3813 03:36:51,680 --> 03:36:54,600 PATTERN IS BASED ON ALL SOFTWARE 3814 03:36:54,600 --> 03:36:56,960 AND THE SEGMENTATION PART THEY 3815 03:36:56,960 --> 03:36:59,160 REUSE FOR FSL, THE STIMULATION 3816 03:36:59,160 --> 03:37:00,720 INSIDE THESE SOFTWARE IS BASED 3817 03:37:00,720 --> 03:37:03,120 ON A SO CALLED SURFACE APPROACH. 3818 03:37:03,120 --> 03:37:05,880 THE IDEA IS THORS GROW A POINT 3819 03:37:05,880 --> 03:37:14,320 INSIDE THE BRAIN TO MATCH THE 3820 03:37:14,320 --> 03:37:15,760 CORTICALE SURFACE OF THE BRAIN. 3821 03:37:15,760 --> 03:37:18,960 AND IT CAN TAKE UP TO 8 OR 9 3822 03:37:18,960 --> 03:37:22,440 HOURS TO CALCULATE A SINGLE 3823 03:37:22,440 --> 03:37:23,440 HEAD. 3824 03:37:23,440 --> 03:37:26,400 SO, AT THAT TIME WEB CONNECTED 3825 03:37:26,400 --> 03:37:29,680 USE SPM AND THIS BEHIND IT IS 3826 03:37:29,680 --> 03:37:32,120 BASED ON CLASSIC AVAILABILITY 3827 03:37:32,120 --> 03:37:33,080 INFERENCE APPROACH WHICH IS 3828 03:37:33,080 --> 03:37:36,280 BASED ON THE VOXEL VARIABLE AND 3829 03:37:36,280 --> 03:37:38,720 THE PROFILE OF THE INTENSITY FOR 3830 03:37:38,720 --> 03:37:42,320 DISTRIBUTION. 3831 03:37:42,320 --> 03:37:43,440 SO THAT'S COMPUTATIONALLY 3832 03:37:43,440 --> 03:37:48,760 INTENSIVE SO IT'S MUCH FASTER SO 3833 03:37:48,760 --> 03:37:51,520 SPM TAKES ABOUT 10, AT MOST 10 3834 03:37:51,520 --> 03:37:55,520 MINUTES TO RUN FOR A SINGLE 3835 03:37:55,520 --> 03:37:55,920 HEAD. 3836 03:37:55,920 --> 03:37:58,960 BECAUSE THE [INDISCERNIBLE] ON 3837 03:37:58,960 --> 03:38:01,120 THIS VOLUMEETIC APPROACH, THAT'S 3838 03:38:01,120 --> 03:38:04,440 WHY I USE VOLUMETRIC IN THE NAME 3839 03:38:04,440 --> 03:38:10,680 OF ROAST, AND ALSO THE SECOND 3840 03:38:10,680 --> 03:38:13,600 VERSION OF SIMNIBS, ALSO ADOPTED 3841 03:38:13,600 --> 03:38:16,000 THE SECOND IMAGING AND ROAST AND 3842 03:38:16,000 --> 03:38:17,080 SIMNIB SYSTEM ALMOST THE SAME IN 3843 03:38:17,080 --> 03:38:23,680 TERMS OF THE PACKAGE THEY 3844 03:38:23,680 --> 03:38:23,960 UTILIZE. 3845 03:38:23,960 --> 03:38:27,520 EXCEPT WHAT DIFFERS IS THE 3846 03:38:27,520 --> 03:38:28,160 SECOND PATIENT DETAILS. 3847 03:38:28,160 --> 03:38:30,280 SO HERE I'M SHOWING THE 3848 03:38:30,280 --> 03:38:32,600 SEGMENTATION DATA IN THE MIDDLE 3849 03:38:32,600 --> 03:38:34,800 OF THE PIPELINE IN BOTH OF THOSE 3850 03:38:34,800 --> 03:38:39,200 AND SIMNIBS AND IF WE VISUALIZE 3851 03:38:39,200 --> 03:38:40,520 THE--SO HERE'S THE SECOND IMAGE 3852 03:38:40,520 --> 03:38:42,480 OF THE SKULL, YOU VISUALIZE THE 3853 03:38:42,480 --> 03:38:45,120 SKULLS, WE FOUND THAT THE THIS 3854 03:38:45,120 --> 03:38:48,640 IS CONTAINED FROM SPM AND 3855 03:38:48,640 --> 03:38:49,760 MODELED BY THE VOLUME BETWEEN 2 3856 03:38:49,760 --> 03:38:52,000 LAYERS AND YOU CAN SEE HERE, WE 3857 03:38:52,000 --> 03:38:53,080 CAN SEE CLEARLY 2 LAYS AND ALSO 3858 03:38:53,080 --> 03:38:58,040 YOU CAN SEE THE OPENINGOT SKULL. 3859 03:38:58,040 --> 03:38:59,840 FOR EXAMPLE, THE OPENING GOES 3860 03:38:59,840 --> 03:39:02,240 THROUGH AND YOU ALSO NEUTRALIZE 3861 03:39:02,240 --> 03:39:04,400 THE SECOND FSL, YOU CAN ONLY SEE 3862 03:39:04,400 --> 03:39:08,880 A SINGLE LAYER AND IT'S 3863 03:39:08,880 --> 03:39:10,400 COMPLETELY CLOSED. 3864 03:39:10,400 --> 03:39:12,760 SO BASICALLY, YOU COMPARE THE 3865 03:39:12,760 --> 03:39:13,920 SEGMENTATION FROM SKULL, 3866 03:39:13,920 --> 03:39:17,520 SECONDLY FROM SPM IS MORE 3867 03:39:17,520 --> 03:39:19,760 REALISTIC THAN FROM FSL. 3868 03:39:19,760 --> 03:39:21,720 AND ALSO INTERESTINGLY, IF YOU 3869 03:39:21,720 --> 03:39:24,560 VISUALIZE THE SAME SEGMENTATION, 3870 03:39:24,560 --> 03:39:27,200 FOR IN THE MIDDLE OF SIMNIBS, 3871 03:39:27,200 --> 03:39:31,040 YOU ALSO SEE A SINGER LAYER AND 3872 03:39:31,040 --> 03:39:31,440 IT'S ALSO CLOSED. 3873 03:39:31,440 --> 03:39:33,640 I'M NOT SURE IF THIS IS THE 3874 03:39:33,640 --> 03:39:36,760 SKILL THAT'S CATCHING THE LATEST 3875 03:39:36,760 --> 03:39:38,280 SIMNIBS BUT IT'S NOT SOMETHING I 3876 03:39:38,280 --> 03:39:40,000 FULLY UNDERSTAND WHY, IT'S FULLY 3877 03:39:40,000 --> 03:39:46,200 CLOSED SO IN THAT SENSE, I 3878 03:39:46,200 --> 03:39:47,600 REALIZE THE SIMULATION ROAST IS 3879 03:39:47,600 --> 03:39:49,160 MORE REALISTIC AND THAT'S WHY I 3880 03:39:49,160 --> 03:39:55,840 CALL IT REALISTIC IN THE NAME. 3881 03:39:55,840 --> 03:39:57,680 BUT DO ALL THESE DETAILS MATTER? 3882 03:39:57,680 --> 03:40:01,400 SO HERE I'M COMPARING THE FINAL 3883 03:40:01,400 --> 03:40:04,640 COMPUTED ELECTROFIELD BETWEEN 3884 03:40:04,640 --> 03:40:05,080 ALL THESE SOFTWARE. 3885 03:40:05,080 --> 03:40:06,920 SEE ON THE LEFT SIDE, YOU FORM 3886 03:40:06,920 --> 03:40:09,040 NUMBER 1 TO NUMBER 4. 3887 03:40:09,040 --> 03:40:10,640 SO THAT'S ROAST AND IT'S 3888 03:40:10,640 --> 03:40:13,280 DIFFERENT VARIANTS AND HERE, AND 3889 03:40:13,280 --> 03:40:16,120 BASICALLY JUST THE REPLACING THE 3890 03:40:16,120 --> 03:40:16,960 OPEN SOURCE PACKAGES WITH 3891 03:40:16,960 --> 03:40:18,800 COMMERCIAL SOFTWARE AND WE DON'T 3892 03:40:18,800 --> 03:40:21,960 SEE MUCH DIFFERENCE IF WE 3893 03:40:21,960 --> 03:40:25,280 COMPARE ROAST AND IT'S VARIANTS 3894 03:40:25,280 --> 03:40:28,000 AND WE ALSO DON'T SEE MUCH 3895 03:40:28,000 --> 03:40:28,840 DIFFERENCE FOR DIFFERENT 3896 03:40:28,840 --> 03:40:30,800 VERSIONS OF SIERK MNIBS, BUT 3897 03:40:30,800 --> 03:40:33,240 WHEN WE COMPARE THOSE IN SIMNIBS 3898 03:40:33,240 --> 03:40:36,440 WE SEE A RELATIVELY HIGHER 3899 03:40:36,440 --> 03:40:40,960 DIFFERENCE AND WE COULD EXPLAIN 3900 03:40:40,960 --> 03:40:44,200 THIS AS THE DETAILS OF 3901 03:40:44,200 --> 03:40:47,880 COMPUTATION IN THE SKULL FOR 3902 03:40:47,880 --> 03:40:50,160 EXAMPLE, BUT THESE ARE ALL JUST 3903 03:40:50,160 --> 03:40:51,240 COMPUTED IN COMPUTATIONAL MODELS 3904 03:40:51,240 --> 03:40:59,040 SO WE STILL DON'T KNOW IF 3905 03:40:59,040 --> 03:41:05,920 THE--HITTING THIS UNLESS WE 3906 03:41:05,920 --> 03:41:07,520 RECORD IT AFTER THESE. 3907 03:41:07,520 --> 03:41:10,480 SO WE HAVE TO COMPARE IT WITH 3908 03:41:10,480 --> 03:41:11,440 THE ACCURATE RECORDINGS AND 3909 03:41:11,440 --> 03:41:13,760 LUCKILY WE HAD THE DETAILSA FROM 3910 03:41:13,760 --> 03:41:15,120 THE INTRA CRANIAL RECORDINGS 3911 03:41:15,120 --> 03:41:15,560 FROM THE PATIENTS. 3912 03:41:15,560 --> 03:41:18,080 SO HERE WE ARE WORKING WITH NYU 3913 03:41:18,080 --> 03:41:21,240 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND THEY HAVE 3914 03:41:21,240 --> 03:41:26,080 ACCESS TO OVER 10 PATIENTS, 3915 03:41:26,080 --> 03:41:27,760 PATIENTS UNDER THE INTERCRANIAL 3916 03:41:27,760 --> 03:41:30,160 EEG MONITORING AND FOR EACH 3917 03:41:30,160 --> 03:41:34,040 PATIENT THERE ARE OVER A HUNDRED 3918 03:41:34,040 --> 03:41:35,560 CRANIAL ELECTRODES IMPLANTED SO 3919 03:41:35,560 --> 03:41:36,960 WE JUST APPLY THE ELECTRICAL 3920 03:41:36,960 --> 03:41:38,400 STIMULATION AND THEN WE DO THE 3921 03:41:38,400 --> 03:41:43,440 RECORDING AT THE SAME TIME. 3922 03:41:43,440 --> 03:41:45,040 I HAVE A VIDEO, I WANT TO SHOW 3923 03:41:45,040 --> 03:41:46,560 THE VIDEO BUT IT'S NOT WORKING 3924 03:41:46,560 --> 03:41:54,080 FOR SOME REASON HERE. 3925 03:41:54,080 --> 03:41:57,080 SO BASICALLY THIS IS A THE 3926 03:41:57,080 --> 03:41:58,720 RECORDING AND THE MODEL FROM THE 3927 03:41:58,720 --> 03:42:03,640 FIRST SUBJECT AND AS CAN YOU 3928 03:42:03,640 --> 03:42:05,440 SEE, SO BASICALLY EACH SINGLE 3929 03:42:05,440 --> 03:42:06,280 DOT REFERENCE 1 SINGLE 3930 03:42:06,280 --> 03:42:06,920 CERTAINLY--CERTAINLY LECT RODE 3931 03:42:06,920 --> 03:42:11,720 AND WE CAN SEE THAT THE 3932 03:42:11,720 --> 03:42:15,520 RECORDING AND THE MODEL, THEY 3933 03:42:15,520 --> 03:42:19,840 CORRELATE PRETTY WELL WITH THE 3934 03:42:19,840 --> 03:42:21,320 ELECTROFIELD AND THE MODEL 3935 03:42:21,320 --> 03:42:23,840 OVERESTIMATE A LITTLE BIT OF THE 3936 03:42:23,840 --> 03:42:25,080 RECORDINGS FOR BOTH THE VOLTAGE 3937 03:42:25,080 --> 03:42:26,680 AND THE ELECTRICAL FIELD. 3938 03:42:26,680 --> 03:42:31,120 SO THIS TELLS US THAT THE 3939 03:42:31,120 --> 03:42:32,720 PATIENT MOLL MODELS ARE DOING A 3940 03:42:32,720 --> 03:42:35,320 PRETTY GOOD JOB IN PREDICTING 3941 03:42:35,320 --> 03:42:37,080 THE ELECTROFIELD AND ALSO THE 3942 03:42:37,080 --> 03:42:38,640 EXTRA FIELD IS CALCULATED HERE 3943 03:42:38,640 --> 03:42:40,600 ONLY ALONG THE RECORDING, THE 3944 03:42:40,600 --> 03:42:43,160 ACTUAL LIKE, AS YOU CAN SEE, 3945 03:42:43,160 --> 03:42:44,400 THIS SCREEN STRIP HERE AND THIS 3946 03:42:44,400 --> 03:42:49,400 IS THE FIRST TIME VALIDATION OF 3947 03:42:49,400 --> 03:42:51,640 THE TS MODEL SO WITH THIS 3948 03:42:51,640 --> 03:42:53,520 RECARDING WE CAN ASK WHICH IS 3949 03:42:53,520 --> 03:42:54,600 HORMONE ACCURATE FOR THOSE 3950 03:42:54,600 --> 03:42:55,800 SIMULATORS AND IT TURNS OUT 3951 03:42:55,800 --> 03:42:58,080 THEY'RE PRETTY MUCH THE SAME, 3952 03:42:58,080 --> 03:42:58,880 THERE'S NO SIGNIFICANT 3953 03:42:58,880 --> 03:43:02,440 DIFFERENCE BASED ON THIS 3954 03:43:02,440 --> 03:43:02,920 RECORDED DATA. 3955 03:43:02,920 --> 03:43:05,400 SO I THINK I'M RUNNING OUT OF 3956 03:43:05,400 --> 03:43:08,760 TIME, SO THE FUTURE DIRECTION OF 3957 03:43:08,760 --> 03:43:13,320 ROAST IS TO ADD MORE FEATURES, 3958 03:43:13,320 --> 03:43:16,960 SO THAT USERS CAN ENTER THE 3959 03:43:16,960 --> 03:43:21,440 INTEREST OF [INDISCERNIBLE] TO 3960 03:43:21,440 --> 03:43:22,240 RESPOND WITH [INDISCERNIBLE] AND 3961 03:43:22,240 --> 03:43:24,800 WE WANT TO OPEN WITH OPEN SOURCE 3962 03:43:24,800 --> 03:43:28,240 SOFTWARE SUCH AS BRAINSTORM FOR 3963 03:43:28,240 --> 03:43:29,960 SOURCE LOCALIZATION AND WE ALSO 3964 03:43:29,960 --> 03:43:32,400 WANT TO COMBINE WITH FREE SURFER 3965 03:43:32,400 --> 03:43:34,080 BECAUSE THERE ARE ADVANTAGE OF 3966 03:43:34,080 --> 03:43:40,240 SURFACE APPROACH TO MODEL THE 3967 03:43:40,240 --> 03:43:41,120 DETAILED GYRATION OF THE 3968 03:43:41,120 --> 03:43:41,680 [INDISCERNIBLE]. 3969 03:43:41,680 --> 03:43:43,720 AND WE ALSO WANT TO INTERFACE TO 3970 03:43:43,720 --> 03:43:45,440 ALLOW USERS TO INCORPORATE THEIR 3971 03:43:45,440 --> 03:43:48,840 CUSTOMIZED VERSION OF 3972 03:43:48,840 --> 03:43:52,240 SEGMENTATION AND ALSO, TO AT THE 3973 03:43:52,240 --> 03:43:54,280 DEEP LEARNING, ANSWER FOR 3974 03:43:54,280 --> 03:43:56,800 SEGMENTING HEADS WITH LIKE 3975 03:43:56,800 --> 03:43:58,240 LESIONS OR OTHER PATHOLOGIES. 3976 03:43:58,240 --> 03:44:03,560 WE ALSO WANT TO ADD A FEATURE OF 3977 03:44:03,560 --> 03:44:07,040 PLATFORM SOFTWARE SO USERS CAN 3978 03:44:07,040 --> 03:44:08,560 CALIBRATE THE ACTIVITY DOWN TO 3979 03:44:08,560 --> 03:44:11,640 YOUR ACTUAL RECORDINGS SAY LIKE 3980 03:44:11,640 --> 03:44:15,400 INTRA CRANE RECORDINGS OR EVEN 3981 03:44:15,400 --> 03:44:17,120 THE CURRENT AND DENSITY MAPPING 3982 03:44:17,120 --> 03:44:20,120 AS WELL WE DISCUSS THIS MORNING. 3983 03:44:20,120 --> 03:44:21,560 AND HERE ARE SOME RESOURCES 3984 03:44:21,560 --> 03:44:25,000 ABOUT THIS SOFTWARE, THE CODE, 3985 03:44:25,000 --> 03:44:27,360 THE DOCUMENTATION AND JUST 3986 03:44:27,360 --> 03:44:29,520 [INDISCERNIBLE] AND REALLY 3987 03:44:29,520 --> 03:44:29,880 [INDISCERNIBLE]. 3988 03:44:29,880 --> 03:44:31,200 SO I'M HOPE TO TAKE QUESTIONS 3989 03:44:31,200 --> 03:44:33,680 BUT I DON'T THINK I HAVE TIME. 3990 03:44:33,680 --> 03:44:34,680 >>YOU DO, YOU DO. 3991 03:44:34,680 --> 03:44:39,440 >>IS THERE ANY QUESTIONS? 3992 03:44:39,440 --> 03:44:40,160 >>[ APPLAUSE ] 3993 03:44:40,160 --> 03:44:42,960 >>IF THERE ANY QUESTIONS? 3994 03:44:42,960 --> 03:44:46,400 IT'S OPEN TO QUESTIONS, YEAH? 3995 03:44:46,400 --> 03:44:50,040 >>SO THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR 3996 03:44:50,040 --> 03:44:51,600 THE OPEN SOURCE ROAST, I AM ALSO 3997 03:44:51,600 --> 03:44:53,720 USING IT SO I WILL PRESENTING IT 3998 03:44:53,720 --> 03:44:55,880 IN A FEW MINUTES. 3999 03:44:55,880 --> 03:45:05,760 MY QUESTION IS ROAST USERS NIFT 4000 03:45:05,760 --> 03:45:07,480 INPUTS FOR IMAGE FOR 4001 03:45:07,480 --> 03:45:09,160 SEGMENTATION PURPOSES OR FOR 4002 03:45:09,160 --> 03:45:11,080 MULTIPLE COMBINATION OF 4003 03:45:11,080 --> 03:45:13,640 DIFFERENT ANATOPICAL IMAGE SO 4004 03:45:13,640 --> 03:45:16,400 HOW THE PERFORMANCE OF NIFT THE 4005 03:45:16,400 --> 03:45:18,280 FILES EFFECTS THE PERFORMANCE OF 4006 03:45:18,280 --> 03:45:18,520 ROAST. 4007 03:45:18,520 --> 03:45:21,320 SO DO WE HAVE ANY COMMENTS ON OR 4008 03:45:21,320 --> 03:45:23,160 EXPERIENCE FOR EXAMPLE, IF YOU 4009 03:45:23,160 --> 03:45:25,000 USE [INDISCERNIBLE] IMAGE FOR 4010 03:45:25,000 --> 03:45:27,440 SEGMENTATION WITH NIFTY CROSS 4011 03:45:27,440 --> 03:45:29,920 FIELD TRANSSTATE ALL THESE MAPS 4012 03:45:29,920 --> 03:45:31,000 TO REALISTIC MODELS MORE EASILY 4013 03:45:31,000 --> 03:45:36,800 OR IF YOU USE ANOTHER KIND OF MR 4014 03:45:36,800 --> 03:45:42,040 IMAGE THEN THE NIFTs, WILL 4015 03:45:42,040 --> 03:45:42,640 GENERATED RETIRED BETTER ROAST 4016 03:45:42,640 --> 03:45:44,960 SO DO YOU HAVE ANY EXPERIENCE ON 4017 03:45:44,960 --> 03:45:47,960 THE MRI INPUT REQUIREMENTS? 4018 03:45:47,960 --> 03:45:51,000 >>ARE YOU ASKING ABOUT INPUT P1 4019 03:45:51,000 --> 03:45:54,960 ONLY OR T1 AND T2, WHICH 1 IS 4020 03:45:54,960 --> 03:45:55,840 BETTER? 4021 03:45:55,840 --> 03:45:56,440 >>YES, FOR EXAMPLE. 4022 03:45:56,440 --> 03:46:00,760 >>BASED ON MY EXPERIENCE, T1 IS 4023 03:46:00,760 --> 03:46:03,280 GOOD ENOUGH, BESIDES T1 HAS 1 4024 03:46:03,280 --> 03:46:05,920 MILLIMETER RESOLUTION AND NO 4025 03:46:05,920 --> 03:46:10,200 ARTIFACTS OR ANY BIOSPHERE OR 4026 03:46:10,200 --> 03:46:10,600 LIKE DISTORTION. 4027 03:46:10,600 --> 03:46:13,600 AS FAR AS I KNOW, IF YOU ADD T2, 4028 03:46:13,600 --> 03:46:15,200 THAT HELPS A LITTLE BIT BUT NOT 4029 03:46:15,200 --> 03:46:19,840 THAT MUCH, NOT SIGNIFICANTLY. 4030 03:46:19,840 --> 03:46:20,280 >>THANK YOU. 4031 03:46:20,280 --> 03:46:23,360 >>ANY OTHER QUESTIONS FROM THE 4032 03:46:23,360 --> 03:46:23,640 AUDIENCE? 4033 03:46:23,640 --> 03:46:26,120 I DO HAVE A QUESTION. 4034 03:46:26,120 --> 03:46:27,920 O DO YOU USE OR THE PAPERS THAT 4035 03:46:27,920 --> 03:46:30,800 YOU SHOWED, DO THEY USE IT IN A 4036 03:46:30,800 --> 03:46:33,240 CLINICAL SETTINGS, DID THEY USE 4037 03:46:33,240 --> 03:46:35,120 IT TO DETERMINE WHERE TO PUT THE 4038 03:46:35,120 --> 03:46:36,200 ELECTRODES OR IS THIS THE WAY 4039 03:46:36,200 --> 03:46:38,720 THEY ARE USING IT? 4040 03:46:38,720 --> 03:46:41,200 >>YOU MEAN IN THE--IN THE 4041 03:46:41,200 --> 03:46:41,600 ACTUAL RECORDING? 4042 03:46:41,600 --> 03:46:44,200 >>NO, WHAT I MEAN IS YOU SAID 4043 03:46:44,200 --> 03:46:46,840 THERE WERE PAPERS THAT USE YOUR 4044 03:46:46,840 --> 03:46:48,040 METHODS TO THE CLINICAL SETTING, 4045 03:46:48,040 --> 03:46:49,560 DO THEY USE IT TO DETERMINE 4046 03:46:49,560 --> 03:46:52,280 WHERE TO PUT THE ELECTRODES? 4047 03:46:52,280 --> 03:46:53,680 >>NO, I THINK MOST OF THE 4048 03:46:53,680 --> 03:46:55,440 PAPER, THE ONLY USE THE BASIC 4049 03:46:55,440 --> 03:46:56,880 VERSION OF ROAST, SO THEY KNOW 4050 03:46:56,880 --> 03:46:58,400 WHERE TO PLACE THE ELECTRODES, 4051 03:46:58,400 --> 03:47:01,080 THEY JUST WANT TO KNOW THE EXTRA 4052 03:47:01,080 --> 03:47:01,880 FIELD. 4053 03:47:01,880 --> 03:47:07,000 >>SO IT'S MORE POST ANALYSIS. 4054 03:47:07,000 --> 03:47:07,320 >>RIGHT. 4055 03:47:07,320 --> 03:47:09,160 I DON'T THINK ANY PAPER HAS USED 4056 03:47:09,160 --> 03:47:11,200 THE TARGET FEATURE OF ROAST. 4057 03:47:11,200 --> 03:47:12,000 >>OKAY. 4058 03:47:12,000 --> 03:47:13,120 >>YEAH,. 4059 03:47:13,120 --> 03:47:13,480 >>THANK YOU. 4060 03:47:13,480 --> 03:47:16,120 THANK YOU. 4061 03:47:16,120 --> 03:47:21,440 >>SO NOW WE WILL--THANK YOU FOR 4062 03:47:21,440 --> 03:47:23,240 YOUR PRESENTATION AGAIN, AND WE 4063 03:47:23,240 --> 03:47:25,320 ARE GOING TO SPAP NOW SPEEMERS 4064 03:47:25,320 --> 03:47:27,880 IF YOU DON'T MIND BECAUSE I 4065 03:47:27,880 --> 03:47:29,000 TALKED YESTERDAY WITH 4066 03:47:29,000 --> 03:47:29,840 [INDISCERNIBLE] AND OLA AND THEY 4067 03:47:29,840 --> 03:47:33,200 WANTED FOR THE SAKE OF INTEREST, 4068 03:47:33,200 --> 03:47:34,920 TO SWAP THE PRESENTATIONS SO 4069 03:47:34,920 --> 03:47:37,720 FIRST WE WILL ON OULA, PUONTI, 4070 03:47:37,720 --> 03:47:43,760 AND HE WILL TALK ABOUT SIM NIBS, 4071 03:47:43,760 --> 03:47:46,600 SORRY, I ALSO SAY IT WRONG, AND 4072 03:47:46,600 --> 03:47:57,120 IT'S WRONG IN THE PROGRAM, SO 4073 03:47:59,400 --> 03:48:09,640 SORRY ABOUT THAT. 4074 03:48:19,760 --> 03:48:21,640 I HOPE EVERYTHING IS READY NOW, 4075 03:48:21,640 --> 03:48:22,680 YEAH? 4076 03:48:22,680 --> 03:48:23,640 >>ALL RIGHT, YEAH, SO I AM 4077 03:48:23,640 --> 03:48:28,400 GOING TO TALK ABOUT THE OTHER 4078 03:48:28,400 --> 03:48:29,880 SIMULATION TOOL CALLS SIM NIBS 4079 03:48:29,880 --> 03:48:33,280 SO FOR THE FAST FEW YEARS WE 4080 03:48:33,280 --> 03:48:35,320 WORKED HARD TO UPDATE TO THE NEW 4081 03:48:35,320 --> 03:48:36,520 VERSION AND SO I WILL GIVE YOU A 4082 03:48:36,520 --> 03:48:41,120 LITTLE BIT OF A TOUR ON THE NEW 4083 03:48:41,120 --> 03:48:44,320 FEATURES WE ADDED AND THE 4084 03:48:44,320 --> 03:48:44,720 STIMULATION. 4085 03:48:44,720 --> 03:48:46,200 I WON'T GO INTO TECHNICAL 4086 03:48:46,200 --> 03:48:49,040 DETAILS BUT I'M HAPPY TO 4087 03:48:49,040 --> 03:48:53,960 [INDISCERNIBLE] IN MORE DETAIL. 4088 03:48:53,960 --> 03:48:55,160 --ALL RIGHT. 4089 03:48:55,160 --> 03:48:59,280 SO ANDY ALSO SHOWED 4090 03:48:59,280 --> 03:48:59,920 THIS--SORRY--ELECTRICAL 4091 03:48:59,920 --> 03:49:00,480 STIMULATION PIPELINE SO WE 4092 03:49:00,480 --> 03:49:02,720 USUALLY START OUT WITH THE 4093 03:49:02,720 --> 03:49:06,840 IMAGES OF T1, T2, AND THE FIRST 4094 03:49:06,840 --> 03:49:09,960 TO DO SEGMENTATION AND ARE AFTER 4095 03:49:09,960 --> 03:49:12,840 THAT YOU DERIVE THAT AND SIGN 4096 03:49:12,840 --> 03:49:15,240 CONNECTIVITY ISSUES, THIS IS THE 4097 03:49:15,240 --> 03:49:16,640 SAME WORK FOR SIM NIBS AND ONCE 4098 03:49:16,640 --> 03:49:18,640 YOU HAVE THE FINITE 4099 03:49:18,640 --> 03:49:20,920 CONNECTIVITY, YOU CAN START 4100 03:49:20,920 --> 03:49:22,080 DOING ELECTRICAL FIELD 4101 03:49:22,080 --> 03:49:22,400 STIMULATIONS. 4102 03:49:22,400 --> 03:49:26,840 SO HERE I'M JUST SHOWING THE 4103 03:49:26,840 --> 03:49:29,400 MONTAGE WHERE YOU PUSH IN THE 4104 03:49:29,400 --> 03:49:30,520 CURRENT FROM THE ELECTRODE AND 4105 03:49:30,520 --> 03:49:32,560 YOU TAKE IT OUT THROUGH THE 4106 03:49:32,560 --> 03:49:35,080 ELECTRODES, NOW YOU HAVE AN 4107 03:49:35,080 --> 03:49:38,200 ELECTRIC FIELD VECTORING EACH 4108 03:49:38,200 --> 03:49:41,080 ELEMENT OF THIS MESH. 4109 03:49:41,080 --> 03:49:42,880 AND THEN YOU CAN INTERKD--SALLY 4110 03:49:42,880 --> 03:49:46,040 THESE VALUES TO DIFFERENT SPACES 4111 03:49:46,040 --> 03:49:48,240 SO YOU CAN INTERPPOETICALATE IT 4112 03:49:48,240 --> 03:49:49,640 TO THE NORMAL CENTERS IF YOU 4113 03:49:49,640 --> 03:49:52,200 WANT TO LOOK AT NORMAL COMPONENT 4114 03:49:52,200 --> 03:49:53,720 OR CENTRAL COMPONENT OF THE 4115 03:49:53,720 --> 03:49:54,760 ELECTRICAL FIELD OR PUT 4116 03:49:54,760 --> 03:49:58,280 APPROXIMATE BACK TO THE ORIGINAL 4117 03:49:58,280 --> 03:50:00,200 VOLUNTEERSUMENT. 4118 03:50:00,200 --> 03:50:00,720 VOLUNTEERSUMENT--VOLUME. 4119 03:50:00,720 --> 03:50:01,320 YOU CAN ALSO LIKE WITH THE 4120 03:50:01,320 --> 03:50:03,320 AVERAGE IF YOU WANT TO DO BROAD 4121 03:50:03,320 --> 03:50:05,680 BASED ANALYSIS OR LOOK AT THE 4122 03:50:05,680 --> 03:50:07,040 ELECTROFIELD OF THE GROUP OF 4123 03:50:07,040 --> 03:50:09,800 SUBJECTS OR AT ELECTRIC FIELD 4124 03:50:09,800 --> 03:50:12,400 THROUGH THE MNI TEMPLATE IF 4125 03:50:12,400 --> 03:50:16,840 YOU'RE USING A METRIC ANALYSIS. 4126 03:50:16,840 --> 03:50:21,320 SO AS ANDY SAID, WE USED THIS TO 4127 03:50:21,320 --> 03:50:22,520 DO SEGMENTATION, WE'VE SINCE 4128 03:50:22,520 --> 03:50:24,520 WITH THE SEGMENTATION PIPELINE 4129 03:50:24,520 --> 03:50:26,840 TO ADD MORE TISSUES AND 4130 03:50:26,840 --> 03:50:30,160 HOPEFULLY SORT OF BE A BIT MORE 4131 03:50:30,160 --> 03:50:31,320 ACCURATE IN THAT SENSE. 4132 03:50:31,320 --> 03:50:34,000 SO HERE YOU CAN ALREADY SEE THAT 4133 03:50:34,000 --> 03:50:37,400 WE'VE ADDED SORT OF THE 4134 03:50:37,400 --> 03:50:40,840 COMPARTMENT, THE COMPACT, NOW OF 4135 03:50:40,840 --> 03:50:41,560 THINGS AND HARVESTING DIFFERENT 4136 03:50:41,560 --> 03:50:44,800 TISSUE SO I WILL TALK ABOUT HOW 4137 03:50:44,800 --> 03:50:46,040 THIS SEGMENTATION WORKS WITH SIM 4138 03:50:46,040 --> 03:50:46,640 NIBS NOW. 4139 03:50:46,640 --> 03:50:48,120 SO THE FIRST THING WE DID WAS 4140 03:50:48,120 --> 03:50:49,680 TO,A QUIRE TRAINING DATA, 4141 03:50:49,680 --> 03:50:51,720 BECAUSE WE WANTED TO ADD MORE 4142 03:50:51,720 --> 03:50:52,320 TISSUES. 4143 03:50:52,320 --> 03:50:54,400 SO WE ACQUIRED A DAT SET OF 20 4144 03:50:54,400 --> 03:50:56,320 SUBJECTS WHERE THE AGE RANGES 4145 03:50:56,320 --> 03:50:59,960 FROM 20 YEAR-OLDS TO 50 4146 03:50:59,960 --> 03:51:01,000 YEAR-OLDS, IT'S AN EVENT SPLIT 4147 03:51:01,000 --> 03:51:02,680 BETWEEN MALES AND FEMALES AND WE 4148 03:51:02,680 --> 03:51:03,840 ALSO HAVE SUBJECTS SO WE SHOULD 4149 03:51:03,840 --> 03:51:05,840 HAVE A GOOD VARIATION OF THE 4150 03:51:05,840 --> 03:51:09,160 HEAD ANATOMY AND THIS DATA SET. 4151 03:51:09,160 --> 03:51:09,880 AND THE SUBJECTS WENT THROUGH 4152 03:51:09,880 --> 03:51:11,920 QUITE A LOT OF SCANS SO WE HAD 4153 03:51:11,920 --> 03:51:15,440 THE STANDARD MR SCANS T1, T2. 4154 03:51:15,440 --> 03:51:18,080 WE HAVE MD DIXON BORDER SCAN, 4155 03:51:18,080 --> 03:51:20,080 PET SCAN AND CT AND ALSO 4156 03:51:20,080 --> 03:51:20,440 [INDISCERNIBLE]. 4157 03:51:20,440 --> 03:51:23,760 SO THE IDEA WAS TO,A WIRE A 4158 03:51:23,760 --> 03:51:24,600 DIFFERENT CONTRAST, DIFFERENT 4159 03:51:24,600 --> 03:51:25,840 INTERESTS SO WE CAN SEE ALL THE 4160 03:51:25,840 --> 03:51:29,720 TISSUES WE'RE INTERESTED IN. 4161 03:51:29,720 --> 03:51:31,160 WE THEN SHIFTED THIS ON THESE 4162 03:51:31,160 --> 03:51:34,480 SCANS SO NOW WE HAVE TISSUES 4163 03:51:34,480 --> 03:51:36,160 LIKE THE SPINE, THE VISUAL 4164 03:51:36,160 --> 03:51:39,840 NERVE, EYEBALLS, EYE MUSCLES, 4165 03:51:39,840 --> 03:51:44,880 ARTERIES AND VEINS, CSF AND THE 4166 03:51:44,880 --> 03:51:47,160 [INDISCERNIBLE] AND THE BONUS IN 4167 03:51:47,160 --> 03:51:47,840 BETWEEN AND THE SOFTTISSUE 4168 03:51:47,840 --> 03:51:49,720 OUTSIDE OF THE HEAD AND FROM 4169 03:51:49,720 --> 03:51:52,280 THEZ TRAINING DATA WE GENERATE A 4170 03:51:52,280 --> 03:51:55,640 NEW TISSUE ATLAS WHICH WE USE 4171 03:51:55,640 --> 03:51:56,680 FOR SEGMENTATION. 4172 03:51:56,680 --> 03:51:59,080 SO SENSE THEN WE'VE ADDED MORE 4173 03:51:59,080 --> 03:52:02,840 DETAIL ON THE BRAIN SIDE SO 4174 03:52:02,840 --> 03:52:05,480 THESE ARE ANATOMICAL 4175 03:52:05,480 --> 03:52:06,120 SEGMENTATIONS MANUELLY DONE FROM 4176 03:52:06,120 --> 03:52:06,800 40 DIFFERENT STRUCTURES IN THE 4177 03:52:06,800 --> 03:52:07,240 HEAD. 4178 03:52:07,240 --> 03:52:09,200 THESE ARE THE SAME SEGMENTATION 4179 03:52:09,200 --> 03:52:13,040 THERE USED TO TRAIN THE ATLAS SO 4180 03:52:13,040 --> 03:52:14,440 WE NOW HAVE HIPPOCAMPUS, 4181 03:52:14,440 --> 03:52:15,480 THALAMUS AND SO FORTH. 4182 03:52:15,480 --> 03:52:17,720 AND WE TOOK THIS BRAIN 4183 03:52:17,720 --> 03:52:19,000 SEGMENTATIONS AND PUT THEM 4184 03:52:19,000 --> 03:52:21,120 TOGETHER WITH THE HEAD 4185 03:52:21,120 --> 03:52:22,280 SEGMENTATIONS WE HAD PREVIOUSLY 4186 03:52:22,280 --> 03:52:24,440 AND WE CAN AUTOMATICALLY SEGMENT 4187 03:52:24,440 --> 03:52:27,840 QUITE A FEW STRUCTURES FROM A 4188 03:52:27,840 --> 03:52:29,280 T1, TO T2, AND WE DON'T OF 4189 03:52:29,280 --> 03:52:30,680 COURSE USE ALL THESE STRUCTURES 4190 03:52:30,680 --> 03:52:32,000 IN THE SIMULATIONS BECAUSE MANY 4191 03:52:32,000 --> 03:52:35,200 OF THE STRUCTURES LIKELY HAVE 4192 03:52:35,200 --> 03:52:36,120 SIMILAR ELECTRIC CONNECTIVITYS 4193 03:52:36,120 --> 03:52:38,200 BUT THIS IS OUT WITH THESE 4194 03:52:38,200 --> 03:52:39,880 SEGMENTATION METHODS AS WELL SO 4195 03:52:39,880 --> 03:52:43,320 IT'S INTERESTING, THE 4196 03:52:43,320 --> 03:52:44,760 CORRELATING [INDISCERNIBLE] WITH 4197 03:52:44,760 --> 03:52:48,920 THE MAGNETIC FIELD, WE CAN DO 4198 03:52:48,920 --> 03:52:50,000 THAT. 4199 03:52:50,000 --> 03:52:53,800 SO, AS SBM, THIS NEW 4200 03:52:53,800 --> 03:52:54,440 SEGMENTATION METHOD, WE HAVEN'T 4201 03:52:54,440 --> 03:52:56,320 SEEN THIS, SO WE CAN USE A T1 4202 03:52:56,320 --> 03:52:56,560 INPUT. 4203 03:52:56,560 --> 03:52:59,080 YOU CAN USE A T1, T2 INPUT, YOU 4204 03:52:59,080 --> 03:53:01,280 CAN EVEN USE A CT, IF YOU SORT 4205 03:53:01,280 --> 03:53:02,720 OF MORE INTERESTED IN THE SKULL 4206 03:53:02,720 --> 03:53:04,480 AND COMBINING THAT WITH THE T1, 4207 03:53:04,480 --> 03:53:09,320 YOU WOULD GET BRAIN CONTRAST AND 4208 03:53:09,320 --> 03:53:09,960 ALSO SKULL CONTRAST. 4209 03:53:09,960 --> 03:53:12,320 IF YOU DON'T HAVE T1, YOU CAN 4210 03:53:12,320 --> 03:53:15,280 PUT IT T2 MAYBE NOT THE MOST 4211 03:53:15,280 --> 03:53:16,360 OPTIMAL SITUATION BUT YOU CAN DO 4212 03:53:16,360 --> 03:53:18,600 IT, YOU CAN ALSO SEE THE BRAIN 4213 03:53:18,600 --> 03:53:20,200 CONTRAST HERE, NOT SO GOOD BUT 4214 03:53:20,200 --> 03:53:22,680 IF YOU WANT TO MORPHOLOGICALLY 4215 03:53:22,680 --> 03:53:24,760 QUANTIFY THE SKULL SHAPES, IT 4216 03:53:24,760 --> 03:53:25,920 MIGHT BE AN IDEA. 4217 03:53:25,920 --> 03:53:27,240 SO I HAVE A LITTLE BIT OF A 4218 03:53:27,240 --> 03:53:30,480 DIFFERENT TAKE ON THE T1, T2 4219 03:53:30,480 --> 03:53:30,680 THING. 4220 03:53:30,680 --> 03:53:32,120 SO EVEN THOUGH CAN YOU PUSH 4221 03:53:32,120 --> 03:53:33,200 THESE SCANS THROUGH THE 4222 03:53:33,200 --> 03:53:34,720 SEGMENTATION AND GET A 4223 03:53:34,720 --> 03:53:36,800 SEGMENTATION OUT, THE IS SORT OF 4224 03:53:36,800 --> 03:53:38,480 OLD ADAGE OF TRASH IN TRASH OUT 4225 03:53:38,480 --> 03:53:40,160 STILL APPLIES SO MAKE SURE YOUR 4226 03:53:40,160 --> 03:53:43,160 INPUT SCANS ARE GOOD. 4227 03:53:43,160 --> 03:53:46,720 SO HERE I'M SHOWING A RESFERENCE 4228 03:53:46,720 --> 03:53:48,000 SEGMENTATION FROM THE CANNED 4229 03:53:48,000 --> 03:53:49,680 WHAT FOUNDATION AND I CREATED 4230 03:53:49,680 --> 03:53:51,320 THE HEAD MOLD FROM THIS 4231 03:53:51,320 --> 03:53:54,400 SEGMENTATION AND RAN A STANDARD 4232 03:53:54,400 --> 03:53:56,240 TDCS SIMULATION ON THIS AND 4233 03:53:56,240 --> 03:53:58,800 HERE'S HOW THE MAGNITUDE OF THE 4234 03:53:58,800 --> 03:54:01,000 FIELD ON THE CORTEX LOOKS LIKE. 4235 03:54:01,000 --> 03:54:02,520 I THEN RAN THIS USING A 4236 03:54:02,520 --> 03:54:04,080 SEGMENTATION WHICH IS JUST A T1 4237 03:54:04,080 --> 03:54:05,880 INPUT AND IF YOU VISUALLY LOOK 4238 03:54:05,880 --> 03:54:07,640 AT THIS SEGMENTATION, IT LOOKS 4239 03:54:07,640 --> 03:54:09,040 OKAY, THERE'S NO CLEAR 4240 03:54:09,040 --> 03:54:10,160 DEVIATIONS FROM THE ANATOMICS 4241 03:54:10,160 --> 03:54:12,480 SHOWN ON THE MR SCAN, BUT IF YOU 4242 03:54:12,480 --> 03:54:15,480 LOOK AT THIS IN A BIT MORE 4243 03:54:15,480 --> 03:54:17,040 DETAIL, THE WAY THIS PARAMETERS 4244 03:54:17,040 --> 03:54:20,240 AT THE MR SCANNER IS SET UP, WE 4245 03:54:20,240 --> 03:54:22,200 HAVE THIS BATCH OF ARTIFACTS SO 4246 03:54:22,200 --> 03:54:23,320 THIS BROAD LAYER HERE SHOULD BE 4247 03:54:23,320 --> 03:54:25,360 A BIT HIGHER HERE WHICH MAKES 4248 03:54:25,360 --> 03:54:27,200 THE SKULL LOOK THINNER THAN IT 4249 03:54:27,200 --> 03:54:27,680 IS IN ACTUALITY. 4250 03:54:27,680 --> 03:54:29,400 SO HERE IN RED, I'M SHOWING THE 4251 03:54:29,400 --> 03:54:32,560 TISSUE BORDERS FROM THE 4252 03:54:32,560 --> 03:54:33,240 REFERENCE SEGMENTATION, AND I'M 4253 03:54:33,240 --> 03:54:35,280 SHOWING THE TISSUE OF COURSE FOR 4254 03:54:35,280 --> 03:54:36,000 THE ULTIMATE SEGMENTATION, SO WE 4255 03:54:36,000 --> 03:54:38,680 HAVE A BIT OF AN UNDERESTIMATION 4256 03:54:38,680 --> 03:54:41,040 OF THE SKULL THICKNESS HERE AND 4257 03:54:41,040 --> 03:54:42,360 THAT RESULTS IN 30% DIFFERENCE 4258 03:54:42,360 --> 03:54:44,520 IN THE ELECTED FIELD MAGNITUDE 4259 03:54:44,520 --> 03:54:45,720 COMPARED TO THE REFERENCE 4260 03:54:45,720 --> 03:54:49,240 SIMULATION, IF YOU ADD T2 4261 03:54:49,240 --> 03:54:50,960 BECAUSE OF CSF LINES UP, YOU CAN 4262 03:54:50,960 --> 03:54:53,280 SEE THE INNER SKULL BETTER, YOU 4263 03:54:53,280 --> 03:54:55,200 CAN GETTER ESTIMATION OF THE 4264 03:54:55,200 --> 03:54:56,400 SKULL THICKNESS AND YOU REDUCE 4265 03:54:56,400 --> 03:54:58,280 THIS DIFFERENCE A BIT. 4266 03:54:58,280 --> 03:55:01,520 SO WE HAVE RECOMMENDATION ON THE 4267 03:55:01,520 --> 03:55:02,720 SIM NIB WEBSITE ON HOW TO SET 4268 03:55:02,720 --> 03:55:04,280 THESE UP SO YOU SHOULD KEEP IN 4269 03:55:04,280 --> 03:55:05,640 MIND THAT INPUT DATA MATTERS 4270 03:55:05,640 --> 03:55:12,200 HERE, JUST DON'T USE IT 4271 03:55:12,200 --> 03:55:12,560 PLIENDLY. 4272 03:55:12,560 --> 03:55:14,840 AND ANDY ALSO MENTIONED THAT WE 4273 03:55:14,840 --> 03:55:15,840 USE THE SURFACE BASED MESHING 4274 03:55:15,840 --> 03:55:17,840 AND IT WAS PROHIBITED ESPECIALLY 4275 03:55:17,840 --> 03:55:20,720 NOW THAT WE ADDED MORE TISSUE, 4276 03:55:20,720 --> 03:55:22,840 PREVIOUSLY WE HAD TO NEST THE 4277 03:55:22,840 --> 03:55:24,520 TISSUES, SO THAT GREAT MATTER 4278 03:55:24,520 --> 03:55:26,760 AND WHITE MATTER WERE WITH THE 4279 03:55:26,760 --> 03:55:28,920 CSF AND THEY WOULD FILL IN THE 4280 03:55:28,920 --> 03:55:30,160 SURFACES WITH THESE VOLUME 4281 03:55:30,160 --> 03:55:31,800 ELEMENTS AND NOW THAT WE HAVE 4282 03:55:31,800 --> 03:55:33,000 TISSUES THAT BECOME PROBLEMATIC 4283 03:55:33,000 --> 03:55:34,800 BECAUSE WE UPDATE THIS NEOF THED 4284 03:55:34,800 --> 03:55:38,880 HIERARCHY, SO WE ALSO MOVE TO 4285 03:55:38,880 --> 03:55:41,600 VOLUME BASED MESHING CANNED 4286 03:55:41,600 --> 03:55:41,840 WHAT. 4287 03:55:41,840 --> 03:55:44,440 WE DO SOME FREE PROCESSING TO 4288 03:55:44,440 --> 03:55:46,080 MAKE SURE THE OUTPUT MEASURES 4289 03:55:46,080 --> 03:55:48,480 ARE GOOD, SO WE FIRST UPSAMPLE 4290 03:55:48,480 --> 03:55:50,000 THE TISSUE LABELING TO DOUBLE 4291 03:55:50,000 --> 03:55:52,120 THE RESOLUTION OF THE SCAN TO,A 4292 03:55:52,120 --> 03:55:53,880 VOID STAIR CASING ISSUES, AND 4293 03:55:53,880 --> 03:55:57,320 THEN WE ALSO DO MORPH LOGICAL 4294 03:55:57,320 --> 03:55:58,880 OPERATIONS TO CLEAN THE 4295 03:55:58,880 --> 03:56:00,160 SEGMENTATION, SO HERE'S THE RAW 4296 03:56:00,160 --> 03:56:01,640 INPUT ON HERE AND HERE'S THE 4297 03:56:01,640 --> 03:56:04,040 CLEAN 1. 4298 03:56:04,040 --> 03:56:05,160 IT DOESN'T REALLY SHOW--YOU 4299 03:56:05,160 --> 03:56:06,000 DON'T SEE THE DIFFERENCE IN 4300 03:56:06,000 --> 03:56:07,960 THOSE BUT IF I SORT OF SWITCH 4301 03:56:07,960 --> 03:56:11,440 AROUND HERE, CAN YOU SEE THAT WE 4302 03:56:11,440 --> 03:56:12,840 OPEN UP THE [INDISCERNIBLE] AND 4303 03:56:12,840 --> 03:56:13,440 LOOKS LIKE THEY'RE STICKING 4304 03:56:13,440 --> 03:56:15,880 TOGETHER SO WE TRY TO OPEN UP TO 4305 03:56:15,880 --> 03:56:17,560 MAKE IT MORE BETTER FOR THE 4306 03:56:17,560 --> 03:56:19,080 ANATOMY AND ALSO REMOVE NOISY 4307 03:56:19,080 --> 03:56:22,240 BITS OF THE SEGMENTATION IF 4308 03:56:22,240 --> 03:56:24,120 THERE'S SOME SMALL LABELING 4309 03:56:24,120 --> 03:56:24,680 ERRORS. 4310 03:56:24,680 --> 03:56:28,040 THEN WE PUT THAT TISSUE LABELING 4311 03:56:28,040 --> 03:56:31,480 INTO THE MESHING, WE SEE MESHING 4312 03:56:31,480 --> 03:56:33,360 TOOLS HERE, 1 THING I WOULD LIKE 4313 03:56:33,360 --> 03:56:36,480 TO JUST MENTION IS THAT THIS 4314 03:56:36,480 --> 03:56:37,960 ALLOWS US TO USE SIZING FIELDS 4315 03:56:37,960 --> 03:56:40,880 SO WE CAN ADAPTIVELY CHANGE THE 4316 03:56:40,880 --> 03:56:43,000 SIZE OF THE MESH LET'S SAY ON 4317 03:56:43,000 --> 03:56:43,720 TISSUE THICKNESS SORE HERE IN 4318 03:56:43,720 --> 03:56:46,840 THE NECK WE HAVE A LOT OF SCALP 4319 03:56:46,840 --> 03:56:48,600 TISSUE SO WE CAN USE LARGER 4320 03:56:48,600 --> 03:56:50,560 ELEMENTS THERE AND THEN WHEN YOU 4321 03:56:50,560 --> 03:56:55,240 GO TO THINNER TISSUES, WE USE 4322 03:56:55,240 --> 03:56:58,680 MORE [INDISCERNIBLE] TO 4323 03:56:58,680 --> 03:57:00,200 STIMULATE MORE ACCURATELY. 4324 03:57:00,200 --> 03:57:02,720 THE ROLL OUT FROM SEEINGLE WAS 4325 03:57:02,720 --> 03:57:04,720 NOT NICE WE FOUND OUT SO IF YOU 4326 03:57:04,720 --> 03:57:06,960 LOOK AT THE SURFACE IT'S FAIRLY 4327 03:57:06,960 --> 03:57:08,560 SPIKING, I'M ALSO SHOWING 4328 03:57:08,560 --> 03:57:10,360 SURFACE HERE SO THESE SPIKE FIST 4329 03:57:10,360 --> 03:57:11,080 DO YOU SIMULATIONS IN THIS KIND 4330 03:57:11,080 --> 03:57:17,640 OF MESH YOU WOULD GET THIS HIGH 4331 03:57:17,640 --> 03:57:18,240 EFIELD VALUES. 4332 03:57:18,240 --> 03:57:20,920 SO WE CLEAN THAT OUT TO MAKE THE 4333 03:57:20,920 --> 03:57:22,360 MESHES NICER AND SMOOTHER AND 4334 03:57:22,360 --> 03:57:26,600 BETTER SUITED FOR SIMULATION. 4335 03:57:26,600 --> 03:57:28,320 THE OTHER ADDED BENEFIT FOR 4336 03:57:28,320 --> 03:57:30,000 DOING VOLUME BASED SEGMENTATION 4337 03:57:30,000 --> 03:57:31,240 IS PREVIOUSLY THEY WANT US TO 4338 03:57:31,240 --> 03:57:32,120 INTERACT WITH THE SEGMENTATION 4339 03:57:32,120 --> 03:57:34,040 AND THE MESH IS QUITE HARD IN 4340 03:57:34,040 --> 03:57:35,000 IMAGE 3. 4341 03:57:35,000 --> 03:57:36,960 SO LET'S SAY HAVE YOU SUBJECTS 4342 03:57:36,960 --> 03:57:38,480 OR PASHTS WITH PATHOLOGIES SUCH 4343 03:57:38,480 --> 03:57:39,880 AS TUMORS OR LESIONS AND YOU 4344 03:57:39,880 --> 03:57:42,960 WANT TO EDIT CERTAIN REGION IN 4345 03:57:42,960 --> 03:57:43,480 THE BRAIN SCAN. 4346 03:57:43,480 --> 03:57:44,360 IT WAS QUITE DIFFICULT. 4347 03:57:44,360 --> 03:57:47,520 NOW YOU CAN DO MANUEL EDIT, AND 4348 03:57:47,520 --> 03:57:49,040 I'M THINKING YOU CAN REALIGN THE 4349 03:57:49,040 --> 03:57:52,480 MESHING TO GET THOSE INTO THE 4350 03:57:52,480 --> 03:57:54,000 MESH SO THAT'S QUITE NICE. 4351 03:57:54,000 --> 03:57:56,000 IF YOU HAVE OTHER SEGMENTATIONS 4352 03:57:56,000 --> 03:57:57,760 OF ANIMALS OR EVEN FANDOMS, YOU 4353 03:57:57,760 --> 03:58:00,480 CAN USE THE MESHING PIPELINE TO 4354 03:58:00,480 --> 03:58:04,480 PUT THOSE WELL AND GET THE 4355 03:58:04,480 --> 03:58:06,240 MEASURES OF LET'S SAY MA 4356 03:58:06,240 --> 03:58:08,160 CABBINGS OR RATS WE DON'T HAVE A 4357 03:58:08,160 --> 03:58:09,040 SECOND PLATFORM FOR ANIMALS 4358 03:58:09,040 --> 03:58:14,920 ABOUT YOU YOU CAN USE IT TO DO 4359 03:58:14,920 --> 03:58:15,440 A--CREATE MEASURES. 4360 03:58:15,440 --> 03:58:16,880 ONCE QUIEWF DONE THE 4361 03:58:16,880 --> 03:58:17,720 SEGMENTATION, YOU'VE DONE THE 4362 03:58:17,720 --> 03:58:19,600 MESHING, YOU GET TO THE 4363 03:58:19,600 --> 03:58:20,880 SIMULATION PART WHICH MAY BE THE 4364 03:58:20,880 --> 03:58:23,800 MOST INTERESTING PART FOR MOST 4365 03:58:23,800 --> 03:58:25,400 OF YOU. 4366 03:58:25,400 --> 03:58:29,880 SO YOU CAN DO SIMULATION OF THE 4367 03:58:29,880 --> 03:58:31,280 TES, THERE'S CENTERS AROUND 4368 03:58:31,280 --> 03:58:33,360 BRAIN MONTAGE FOR EXAMPLE, IS 4369 03:58:33,360 --> 03:58:36,480 TMS AS WELL, THERE'S AN EXAMPLE 4370 03:58:36,480 --> 03:58:39,320 OF SIMULATION OF THAT MOTOR 4371 03:58:39,320 --> 03:58:39,880 CORTEX STIMULATION. 4372 03:58:39,880 --> 03:58:41,040 I WILL JUST SHOW THIS VIDEO 4373 03:58:41,040 --> 03:58:43,280 QUICKLY OF HOW TO SET UP, SO YOU 4374 03:58:43,280 --> 03:58:45,560 CAN USE A GUI BASED WAY OF 4375 03:58:45,560 --> 03:58:46,920 SETTING UP THE BASED SIMULATION 4376 03:58:46,920 --> 03:58:50,640 SO YOU LOAD IN THE HEAD MODEL 4377 03:58:50,640 --> 03:58:51,760 AND CHOOSE DIFFERENT LOCATIONS 4378 03:58:51,760 --> 03:58:56,280 TO SET UP YOUR TEST ELECTRODES 4379 03:58:56,280 --> 03:58:58,160 AND YOU CAN CHANGE THE SHAPE AND 4380 03:58:58,160 --> 03:58:59,720 THINGS, I AM PLAYING THIS AT 3 4381 03:58:59,720 --> 03:59:01,360 TIMES THE SPEED SO IT DOESN'T 4382 03:59:01,360 --> 03:59:03,440 TAKE 5 MINUTES BUT CAN YOU LOOK 4383 03:59:03,440 --> 03:59:05,800 AT THE LOOP AND YOU CAN SET UP A 4384 03:59:05,800 --> 03:59:06,600 TMS IMPEDIMENTSULATION IF YOU 4385 03:59:06,600 --> 03:59:07,560 WANT TO AND PRESS ROWN. 4386 03:59:07,560 --> 03:59:09,600 IT WILL RUN IT, IT TAKES A BIT 4387 03:59:09,600 --> 03:59:11,160 OF TIME, IF YOU DON'T WANT TO 4388 03:59:11,160 --> 03:59:12,440 USE THE GUI AND YOU HAVE A LOT 4389 03:59:12,440 --> 03:59:15,800 OF SUBJEKS CAN YOU ALSO INTERACT 4390 03:59:15,800 --> 03:59:19,240 WITH SIM NIBS AND USING STRIPS 4391 03:59:19,240 --> 03:59:21,000 THIS OUR MAT LAB, IT IS A STAND 4392 03:59:21,000 --> 03:59:22,680 OWN SO YOU DON'T EACH 4393 03:59:22,680 --> 03:59:24,040 [INDISCERNIBLE] OR SBM, BUT CAN 4394 03:59:24,040 --> 03:59:27,560 YOU STILL DO SCRIPTING IN MAT 4395 03:59:27,560 --> 03:59:29,080 LAB IF YOU'RE MORE FAMILIAR WITH 4396 03:59:29,080 --> 03:59:29,320 THAT. 4397 03:59:29,320 --> 03:59:30,600 ONCE THE STIMULATION HAS RUN, IT 4398 03:59:30,600 --> 03:59:32,040 WILL POP OUT A VISUALIZATION OF 4399 03:59:32,040 --> 03:59:35,240 THE ELECTRIC FIELD LOOKS LIKE 4400 03:59:35,240 --> 03:59:37,000 FOR POST SIMULATIONS, AND IT 4401 03:59:37,000 --> 03:59:47,520 WILL TAKE JUST A LITTLE BIT. 4402 03:59:49,520 --> 03:59:49,960 NOW SOLVING IT. 4403 03:59:49,960 --> 03:59:52,040 AND I THINK THE VISUALIZATIONS 4404 03:59:52,040 --> 03:59:52,440 COMING UP NOW. 4405 03:59:52,440 --> 03:59:54,880 SO YOU CAN SEE WHAT THE 4406 03:59:54,880 --> 03:59:56,520 VISUALIZATION CORTEX LOOKS LIKE 4407 03:59:56,520 --> 03:59:59,320 AND WHAT THESE ARE. 4408 03:59:59,320 --> 04:00:01,120 AND ONCE IT'S CLOSE WE WILL GO 4409 04:00:01,120 --> 04:00:03,600 TO TMS AND DO THE SAME THING AND 4410 04:00:03,600 --> 04:00:04,520 THEN ALSO [INDISCERNIBLE]. 4411 04:00:04,520 --> 04:00:05,880 THESE ARE IN THE DISK SO CAN YOU 4412 04:00:05,880 --> 04:00:12,160 LOOK AT IT LATER AND ANALYZE THE 4413 04:00:12,160 --> 04:00:13,720 DATA AFTERWARDS. 4414 04:00:13,720 --> 04:00:15,000 VISUALIZATION IS COMING NOW. 4415 04:00:15,000 --> 04:00:16,480 SO CAN YOU SEE THE ELECTRIC 4416 04:00:16,480 --> 04:00:18,120 FIELD ON THIS AND THEN THE TMS 4417 04:00:18,120 --> 04:00:21,840 AS WELL, SO YOU SEE WHERE YOU 4418 04:00:21,840 --> 04:00:23,480 PUT IT. 4419 04:00:23,480 --> 04:00:23,920 ALL RIGHT. 4420 04:00:23,920 --> 04:00:26,960 AS IN ROAST AS WELL, CAN YOU DO 4421 04:00:26,960 --> 04:00:28,280 OPTIMIZATION, SO HERE DEFINE A 4422 04:00:28,280 --> 04:00:30,560 TARGET ON THE CORTEX HERE, AND 4423 04:00:30,560 --> 04:00:33,800 THEN YOU CAN TRY TO HIT THAT 4424 04:00:33,800 --> 04:00:36,200 TARGET FOLKALLY SO MAXIMIZE THE 4425 04:00:36,200 --> 04:00:37,400 TARGET, MINIMIZE THE OTHER SIDE 4426 04:00:37,400 --> 04:00:39,440 OF THE TARGET AND YOU CAN USE 4427 04:00:39,440 --> 04:00:41,440 DIFFERENT ELEKD RODE LAY OUTS 4428 04:00:41,440 --> 04:00:42,960 FOR THIS OPTIMIZATION AND THEN 4429 04:00:42,960 --> 04:00:44,760 OPTIMIZE THE INPUT CURRENT FOR 4430 04:00:44,760 --> 04:00:46,080 EACH ELECTRODE. 4431 04:00:46,080 --> 04:00:47,280 YOU CAN ALSO DO SORT OF TRYING 4432 04:00:47,280 --> 04:00:50,280 TO HIT A TARGET MAXIMIZE, SO 4433 04:00:50,280 --> 04:00:51,560 MAXIMIZE THE ELECTRIC FIELD OF 4434 04:00:51,560 --> 04:00:51,880 THE TARGET. 4435 04:00:51,880 --> 04:00:53,920 SO HERE THE TARGETS IS KIENTD OF 4436 04:00:53,920 --> 04:00:55,200 THE SAME PLACE BUT NOW HERE WE 4437 04:00:55,200 --> 04:00:57,920 TRY TO HIT IT AS HARD FOR INPUT 4438 04:00:57,920 --> 04:00:58,800 CURRENTS THAT WE'RE ALLOWED TO 4439 04:00:58,800 --> 04:01:01,320 USE SO WE WOULD GET SOME 4440 04:01:01,320 --> 04:01:02,640 ELECTRODES DIRECTLY OVER THE 4441 04:01:02,640 --> 04:01:03,560 TARGET AND OTHER ELECTRODES ON 4442 04:01:03,560 --> 04:01:04,880 THE OTHER SIDE OF THE HEAD JUST 4443 04:01:04,880 --> 04:01:06,240 TO DRIVE AS MUCH CURRENT THROUGH 4444 04:01:06,240 --> 04:01:08,160 THE TARGET AS POSSIBLE. 4445 04:01:08,160 --> 04:01:09,600 YOU CAN ALSO DO NETWORK 4446 04:01:09,600 --> 04:01:14,040 OPTIMIZATION SO HERE ON THE 4447 04:01:14,040 --> 04:01:16,840 LEFT, I'M SHOWING A MAP DERIVED 4448 04:01:16,840 --> 04:01:18,160 FROM FMRI ANALYSIS SO WE HAVE 4449 04:01:18,160 --> 04:01:20,560 VALUES CLOSE TO 1 IN RED, WE 4450 04:01:20,560 --> 04:01:22,440 TROO TO OPTIMIZE THE FIELD 4451 04:01:22,440 --> 04:01:23,760 COMPONENT SO THE COMPONENT 4452 04:01:23,760 --> 04:01:25,720 POINTS INTO THE CORTEX SO IT 4453 04:01:25,720 --> 04:01:27,760 MATCHES THE MAP AND WHERE WE 4454 04:01:27,760 --> 04:01:29,600 HAVE VALUES CLOSE TO 1, WE ARE 4455 04:01:29,600 --> 04:01:30,520 TRYING TO OPTIMIZE THE POINTS 4456 04:01:30,520 --> 04:01:31,320 OUT OF THE CORTEX. 4457 04:01:31,320 --> 04:01:33,840 AND HERE IS THE RESULT OF THE 4458 04:01:33,840 --> 04:01:35,360 OPTIMIZATION, SO HERE WE HAVE 4459 04:01:35,360 --> 04:01:37,360 RED VALUES AND THIS IS POINTING 4460 04:01:37,360 --> 04:01:38,960 IN AND WHERE WE HAVE BLUE IT'S 4461 04:01:38,960 --> 04:01:42,480 POINTING OUT SO WE'RE TRYING TO 4462 04:01:42,480 --> 04:01:45,400 MATCH THIS NETWORK BASED 4463 04:01:45,400 --> 04:01:45,640 MAPPING. 4464 04:01:45,640 --> 04:01:47,040 EE ALSO DO [INDISCERNIBLE] 4465 04:01:47,040 --> 04:01:48,160 OPTIMIZATION SO HERE DEFINE A 4466 04:01:48,160 --> 04:01:50,120 TARGET ON THE CORTEX, MAYBE THE 4467 04:01:50,120 --> 04:01:51,240 MOTOR CORTEX FOR EXAMPLE AND 4468 04:01:51,240 --> 04:01:54,280 THEN WE CAN SEARCH THROUGH 4469 04:01:54,280 --> 04:01:55,040 DIFFERENT CORRELATE LOCATIONS 4470 04:01:55,040 --> 04:01:56,880 AND HERE IN DIFFERENT LOCATIONS, 4471 04:01:56,880 --> 04:01:58,840 THE COLOR CODES HOW STRONG THE 4472 04:01:58,840 --> 04:02:00,520 ELECTRIC FIELD HOW STRONG THE 4473 04:02:00,520 --> 04:02:02,400 TARGET IS AND HIS SPIKES SHOW 4474 04:02:02,400 --> 04:02:03,720 THE ORIENTATIONS AND YOU CAN SEE 4475 04:02:03,720 --> 04:02:06,040 WHERE THE PLACE THE COIL TO SORT 4476 04:02:06,040 --> 04:02:07,600 OF MAXIMIZE THE ELECTRIC FIELD 4477 04:02:07,600 --> 04:02:12,400 AT THAT CORTICALE LOCATION. 4478 04:02:12,400 --> 04:02:14,600 WE'VE ADDED MORE MODELS IN THIS 4479 04:02:14,600 --> 04:02:18,280 NEW VERSION, SO WE NOW HAVE 25 4480 04:02:18,280 --> 04:02:19,880 NEW CORALS, SO YEAH, DIFFERENT 4481 04:02:19,880 --> 04:02:20,440 MANUFACTURES AND DIFFERENT 4482 04:02:20,440 --> 04:02:22,440 MODELS AND HERE I'M JUST SHOWING 4483 04:02:22,440 --> 04:02:24,160 HOW THE ELECTRIC FIELD ON THE 4484 04:02:24,160 --> 04:02:28,160 CORTEX LOOKS LIKE FROM THESE 4485 04:02:28,160 --> 04:02:28,520 DIFFERENT COILS. 4486 04:02:28,520 --> 04:02:30,080 YEAH, FINALLY YOU CAN DO GROUP 4487 04:02:30,080 --> 04:02:33,080 ANALYSIS HERE AROUND THE SAME 4488 04:02:33,080 --> 04:02:34,360 TDCS MONTAGE FOR 5 DIFFERENT 4489 04:02:34,360 --> 04:02:36,440 HEADS, MAP THE FIELD 4490 04:02:36,440 --> 04:02:37,160 MANAGENITUDEOT CENTRAL SURFACE 4491 04:02:37,160 --> 04:02:40,920 AND THEN MAP THAT TO THE 4492 04:02:40,920 --> 04:02:43,200 AVERAGE, HERE IS THE AVERAGE 4493 04:02:43,200 --> 04:02:45,120 FIELD MAGNITUDE OVER THESE 5 4494 04:02:45,120 --> 04:02:46,240 SUBJECTS DISPLAYED OVER THE 4495 04:02:46,240 --> 04:02:50,160 AVERAGE AND HERE'S STANDARD 4496 04:02:50,160 --> 04:02:51,000 DEVIATION AND YOU CAN DO THE 4497 04:02:51,000 --> 04:02:57,000 SAME AS YOU DO FOR FMRI 4498 04:02:57,000 --> 04:02:58,360 ANALYSIS, PERMMENTATION, 4499 04:02:58,360 --> 04:03:00,080 EMPHASIS THERE, OR DO STANDARD 4500 04:03:00,080 --> 04:03:03,960 PROOF AFLAL SIS STUFF, OR 4501 04:03:03,960 --> 04:03:04,520 BASICALLY INTERESTED. 4502 04:03:04,520 --> 04:03:08,080 SO IN SUMMARY WE TRY TO WORK 4503 04:03:08,080 --> 04:03:09,320 HARD TO MAKE THIS BETTER, WE 4504 04:03:09,320 --> 04:03:10,880 WORKED ON THE SEGMENTATION, WE 4505 04:03:10,880 --> 04:03:13,480 WORKED ON MAKING THE EDITS TO 4506 04:03:13,480 --> 04:03:14,880 THESE SEGMENTATIONS EASIER FOR 4507 04:03:14,880 --> 04:03:17,000 USERS AND MAKE THE MESH NOR 4508 04:03:17,000 --> 04:03:18,160 FLEXIBLE AND ALSO ON THE 4509 04:03:18,160 --> 04:03:20,000 SAMULATION SIDE, WE TRY TO ROUGH 4510 04:03:20,000 --> 04:03:22,080 ATOM VIED TOOLS THAT ARE EASY TO 4511 04:03:22,080 --> 04:03:24,760 USE FOR OPTIMIZATION OR THE TDCS 4512 04:03:24,760 --> 04:03:30,560 AND TMS AND INCLUDE MODELS AND 4513 04:03:30,560 --> 04:03:31,520 HERE, ALWAYS DEVELOPING NEW 4514 04:03:31,520 --> 04:03:32,640 FEATURES AS A NEED FOR THOSE AND 4515 04:03:32,640 --> 04:03:36,480 I WOULD LIKE TO THANK OF COURSE 4516 04:03:36,480 --> 04:03:37,320 THE [INDISCERNIBLE] PI AND ALL 4517 04:03:37,320 --> 04:03:39,240 THE OTHER PEOPLE IN OUR CENTER, 4518 04:03:39,240 --> 04:03:42,360 WHO PROVIDED A LOT OF HELP AND 4519 04:03:42,360 --> 04:03:44,480 ON THE SOFTWARE SIDE OF THIS WHO 4520 04:03:44,480 --> 04:03:49,160 HELPED WITH THE 4521 04:03:49,160 --> 04:03:51,520 SIGNATURESMENTATION AND 4522 04:03:51,520 --> 04:03:53,240 DR. GREVE FROM THE MARTIN OS 4523 04:03:53,240 --> 04:03:55,560 CENTER WHO PROVIDED US WITH THEZ 4524 04:03:55,560 --> 04:03:57,520 SEGMENTATIONS. 4525 04:03:57,520 --> 04:03:58,200 THANK YOU. 4526 04:03:58,200 --> 04:03:59,400 >>ANY QUESTIONS, PLEASE GO,A 4527 04:03:59,400 --> 04:03:59,760 HEAD. 4528 04:03:59,760 --> 04:04:02,200 >>THANK YOU FOR THE NICE 4529 04:04:02,200 --> 04:04:03,680 PRESENTATION, YOU SAID AT SOME 4530 04:04:03,680 --> 04:04:07,080 POINT YOU DON'T HAVE ANY MORE 4531 04:04:07,080 --> 04:04:08,520 MET LAB DEPENDENCY? 4532 04:04:08,520 --> 04:04:13,600 >>YEAH, IT'S A STAND ALONE 4533 04:04:13,600 --> 04:04:13,960 PACKAGE NOW. 4534 04:04:13,960 --> 04:04:15,920 >>SO THIS IS GREAT. 4535 04:04:15,920 --> 04:04:17,600 SECOND QUESTION. 4536 04:04:17,600 --> 04:04:19,080 WHEN YOU TRY TO OPTIMIZE 4537 04:04:19,080 --> 04:04:21,960 CURRENTS BASED ON THE TARGET, DO 4538 04:04:21,960 --> 04:04:24,040 YOU HAVE TO SPECIFY, LET'S SAY 1 4539 04:04:24,040 --> 04:04:26,800 OR A LIST OF TARGET OR COULD YOU 4540 04:04:26,800 --> 04:04:28,560 ALSO SPECIFY A MAP OF THE BRAIN 4541 04:04:28,560 --> 04:04:33,760 WHICH COULD BE DERIVED OR BASED 4542 04:04:33,760 --> 04:04:35,840 ON FUNCTIONAL MRI. 4543 04:04:35,840 --> 04:04:37,880 >>SO WE HAVE THIS SORT OF 4544 04:04:37,880 --> 04:04:39,120 NETWORK OPTIMIZATION AS WE 4545 04:04:39,120 --> 04:04:40,480 SHOWED WITH THE GRIEWBTED 4546 04:04:40,480 --> 04:04:42,720 ORGANIZATION INSIDE A CORTICALE 4547 04:04:42,720 --> 04:04:42,960 TARGET. 4548 04:04:42,960 --> 04:04:44,200 YOU COULD DEFINE MULTIPLE 4549 04:04:44,200 --> 04:04:47,440 TARGETS TO TRY TO HIT THOSE SORT 4550 04:04:47,440 --> 04:04:50,280 OF LOCATIONS FOR EXAMPLE. 4551 04:04:50,280 --> 04:04:55,240 SO THAT'S POSSIBLE. 4552 04:04:55,240 --> 04:04:55,560 >>THANKS. 4553 04:04:55,560 --> 04:04:58,760 HELLO, THANKS FOR THE TALK, SO 4554 04:04:58,760 --> 04:05:01,000 FIRST QUESTION IS, WHAT KIND OF 4555 04:05:01,000 --> 04:05:05,240 MEASURING PACKAGES DID YOU USE 4556 04:05:05,240 --> 04:05:06,880 IN YOUR [INDISCERNIBLE]? 4557 04:05:06,880 --> 04:05:08,080 >>SEGUL MISSION LAB ARRA 4558 04:05:08,080 --> 04:05:13,440 TOATORY SO WE TOOK THE SEGUL 4559 04:05:13,440 --> 04:05:15,200 LIBRARY AND USED THEM TO MEASURE 4560 04:05:15,200 --> 04:05:18,880 THE TOOLS TOUE KNOW MOVE FROM 4561 04:05:18,880 --> 04:05:20,880 SERVICE-BASED MESH TO CANNED 4562 04:05:20,880 --> 04:05:22,480 WHAT MESH. 4563 04:05:22,480 --> 04:05:24,520 I SHOULD MENTION ALSO ALSO USED 4564 04:05:24,520 --> 04:05:26,960 IN THE BACK END, SEGUL. 4565 04:05:26,960 --> 04:05:28,760 >>SO NOW YOU DON'T CLOSE THE 4566 04:05:28,760 --> 04:05:29,080 OPENING. 4567 04:05:29,080 --> 04:05:30,480 >>YEAH, EXACTLY YEAH, WE DO 4568 04:05:30,480 --> 04:05:31,160 MORPH LOGICAL OPERATIONS TO 4569 04:05:31,160 --> 04:05:33,200 CLEAN OUT THE SEGMENTATION SO 4570 04:05:33,200 --> 04:05:35,640 THERE IS NO SORT OF NOISY BITS 4571 04:05:35,640 --> 04:05:37,160 THAT END UP IN THE FINAL MESH 4572 04:05:37,160 --> 04:05:39,000 BUT THERE'S NO NEED ANYMORE TO 4573 04:05:39,000 --> 04:05:40,280 DO THIS ARTIFICIAL SORT OF 4574 04:05:40,280 --> 04:05:42,800 CLOSING OF THE CIRCUITS THAT'S 4575 04:05:42,800 --> 04:05:43,040 CORRECT. 4576 04:05:43,040 --> 04:05:45,440 >>MY FINAL QUESTION IS, SO YOU 4577 04:05:45,440 --> 04:05:47,240 MENTIONED TRAINING DATA FOR THE 4578 04:05:47,240 --> 04:05:48,480 SEGMENTATION, IS THAT A DEEP 4579 04:05:48,480 --> 04:05:50,440 LEARNING APPROACH OR THE 4580 04:05:50,440 --> 04:05:50,760 CONVENTIONAL? 4581 04:05:50,760 --> 04:05:53,720 >>THIS IS VERY CONVENTIONAL, WE 4582 04:05:53,720 --> 04:05:54,760 ARE THINKING ABOUT DEEP LEARNING 4583 04:05:54,760 --> 04:05:57,080 AS WELL YOU ABOUT MY EXPERIENCE 4584 04:05:57,080 --> 04:05:59,560 IS THAT ALTHOUGH YOU NOW HAVE 4585 04:05:59,560 --> 04:06:01,040 AUGMENTATION METHODS TO MAKE IT 4586 04:06:01,040 --> 04:06:04,040 WORK ACROSS DIFFERENT SEQUENCES 4587 04:06:04,040 --> 04:06:05,880 AND MODALITIES, USERS TRY TO PUT 4588 04:06:05,880 --> 04:06:07,200 ALL KINDS OF WEIRD DATA INTO 4589 04:06:07,200 --> 04:06:11,120 THESE THINGS SO AT LEAST NOW, I 4590 04:06:11,120 --> 04:06:11,840 WOULDN'T MOVE DIRECTLY INTO 4591 04:06:11,840 --> 04:06:13,440 LEARNING SO I THINK IT'S 4592 04:06:13,440 --> 04:06:15,080 FLEXIBILITY BECAUSE WE CAN NOW 4593 04:06:15,080 --> 04:06:17,680 INTERACT WITH THE SEGMENTATION 4594 04:06:17,680 --> 04:06:18,040 QUITE NICELY. 4595 04:06:18,040 --> 04:06:20,760 BUT IT'S AN IDEA TO HAVE AT 4596 04:06:20,760 --> 04:06:21,840 LEAST ACCELERATED SEGMENTATION 4597 04:06:21,840 --> 04:06:23,840 WITH DEEP LEARNING AT SOME POINT 4598 04:06:23,840 --> 04:06:24,680 IN TIME. 4599 04:06:24,680 --> 04:06:25,320 >>OKAY, THANK YOU. 4600 04:06:25,320 --> 04:06:25,640 >>THANKS. 4601 04:06:25,640 --> 04:06:26,400 >>APPROXIMATE ANY OTHER 4602 04:06:26,400 --> 04:06:26,680 QUESTIONS? 4603 04:06:26,680 --> 04:06:30,080 I DO HAVE A QUESTION. 4604 04:06:30,080 --> 04:06:31,560 YOU SHOW US THAT THERE IS LIKE 4605 04:06:31,560 --> 04:06:33,760 THE SIMULATION AND YOU CAN SHOW 4606 04:06:33,760 --> 04:06:35,320 HOW IT CHANGED THE FIELD 4607 04:06:35,320 --> 04:06:38,160 DEPENDING ON THE DIRECTION OF 4608 04:06:38,160 --> 04:06:40,800 THE TMS COIL, COULD YOU SHOW US 4609 04:06:40,800 --> 04:06:41,960 OR TELL US? 4610 04:06:41,960 --> 04:06:43,120 >>YEAH, IT'S--WELL, NOW THE 4611 04:06:43,120 --> 04:06:45,480 OTHER PRESENTATION IS GONE. 4612 04:06:45,480 --> 04:06:45,920 >>OKAY,. 4613 04:06:45,920 --> 04:06:46,200 >>OKAY. 4614 04:06:46,200 --> 04:06:48,800 >>OKAY, SO WE WILL CONTINUE. 4615 04:06:48,800 --> 04:06:49,520 THEN. 4616 04:06:49,520 --> 04:06:53,560 WE HAVE NOW--THANK YOU. 4617 04:06:53,560 --> 04:06:55,320 [ APPLAUSE ] 4618 04:06:55,320 --> 04:07:02,520 WE HAVE NOW, ZHI-DE DENG, FROM 4619 04:07:02,520 --> 04:07:04,360 THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL 4620 04:07:04,360 --> 04:07:04,600 HEALTH. 4621 04:07:04,600 --> 04:07:10,440 HE WILL TALK ABOUT THE MODELING 4622 04:07:10,440 --> 04:07:20,600 OF TMS. 4623 04:07:37,200 --> 04:07:37,400 >>HELLO. 4624 04:07:37,400 --> 04:07:38,280 OKAY, CONTINUING THE GREAT PANEL 4625 04:07:38,280 --> 04:07:41,760 AND FIRST I WANT TO THANK ANDY 4626 04:07:41,760 --> 04:07:43,720 AND OULA AND AXEL FOR DEVELOPING 4627 04:07:43,720 --> 04:07:45,440 THESE EASY TO USE SIMULATION 4628 04:07:45,440 --> 04:07:49,720 PACKAGES AND I CERTAINLY USE SIM 4629 04:07:49,720 --> 04:07:51,920 NIBS IN MY WORK A LOT BUT I WILL 4630 04:07:51,920 --> 04:07:53,800 TALK ABOUT CORNER CASES NOW 4631 04:07:53,800 --> 04:07:55,400 WHERE PERHAPS OTHER TOOLS MIGHT 4632 04:07:55,400 --> 04:07:59,120 BE USEFUL AS WELL IN MODELING OF 4633 04:07:59,120 --> 04:07:59,360 TMS. 4634 04:07:59,360 --> 04:08:01,680 BUT FIRST, SOME WORK ON 4635 04:08:01,680 --> 04:08:03,080 ULTRASOUND BECAUSE THERE'S A LOT 4636 04:08:03,080 --> 04:08:06,320 OF INTEREST IN ULTRASOUND, AND 4637 04:08:06,320 --> 04:08:09,000 SO, THIS IS SOME EXPERIMENT I 4638 04:08:09,000 --> 04:08:11,280 DID WITH POTATOES, SO FIRST THE 4639 04:08:11,280 --> 04:08:14,280 EXPERIMENT IS I CUT UP THE 4640 04:08:14,280 --> 04:08:17,000 POTATOES INTO RECTANGULAR BLOCKS 4641 04:08:17,000 --> 04:08:18,760 AND THEY WERE THEN STEAMED TO 4642 04:08:18,760 --> 04:08:20,200 GET THE INSIDE VERY SOFT. 4643 04:08:20,200 --> 04:08:23,040 THEY WERE PUT INTO AN ULTRA 4644 04:08:23,040 --> 04:08:25,040 SONIC WATER BATH TO TREAT FOR 40 4645 04:08:25,040 --> 04:08:28,240 MINUTES AND THAT THEY WERE FRIED 4646 04:08:28,240 --> 04:08:30,840 AND DOUBLE FRYING TECHNIQUES 4647 04:08:30,840 --> 04:08:31,800 STANDARD FOR COOKING FRENCH 4648 04:08:31,800 --> 04:08:32,120 FRIES. 4649 04:08:32,120 --> 04:08:34,360 AND WHAT THE ULTRASOUND DOES TO 4650 04:08:34,360 --> 04:08:36,440 THE POTATO IS THAT IT WOULD 4651 04:08:36,440 --> 04:08:37,960 CRACK THE SURFACE OF THE POTATO 4652 04:08:37,960 --> 04:08:40,600 TO CREATE THESE BLISTERS AND 4653 04:08:40,600 --> 04:08:41,800 CRASHES SUCH THAT WHEN FRY THEM 4654 04:08:41,800 --> 04:08:43,560 IN THE OIL, THERE'S MORE SURFACE 4655 04:08:43,560 --> 04:08:46,680 AREA IN CONTACT WITH THE OIL 4656 04:08:46,680 --> 04:08:48,800 MAKING THE FRIES MORE CRISPY. 4657 04:08:48,800 --> 04:08:50,520 SO THIS IS THE PICTURE, THE 4658 04:08:50,520 --> 04:08:52,360 OUTCOME OF THE EXPERIMENT, ON 4659 04:08:52,360 --> 04:08:54,920 THE RIGHT THERE'S A STACK OF THE 4660 04:08:54,920 --> 04:08:57,120 ULTRA SONIC TREATED FRIES, AND 4661 04:08:57,120 --> 04:08:59,320 THEN ALSO I HAVE SOME CONTROL 4662 04:08:59,320 --> 04:09:02,200 FRIELS THAT ARE OVER HERE ON 4663 04:09:02,200 --> 04:09:03,880 THE--IT'S A CONTROLLED 4664 04:09:03,880 --> 04:09:04,200 EXPERIMENT. 4665 04:09:04,200 --> 04:09:05,800 AND INDEED YOU SEE THE CRACKS 4666 04:09:05,800 --> 04:09:08,480 AND BLISTERS THAT MAKES THE FRY 4667 04:09:08,480 --> 04:09:09,040 SO TASTY. 4668 04:09:09,040 --> 04:09:10,920 AND SO THAT'S MY WORK ON 4669 04:09:10,920 --> 04:09:13,560 ULTRASOUND, I THOUGHT YOU GUYS 4670 04:09:13,560 --> 04:09:14,800 WOULD HAVE ENJOYED THAT, AND 4671 04:09:14,800 --> 04:09:25,280 BACK TO MODELING OF TMS, AND 4672 04:09:38,240 --> 04:09:38,880 MODELING IN GENERAL. 4673 04:09:38,880 --> 04:09:41,960 -OF AND TO BENCHMARK TECHNOLOGY 4674 04:09:41,960 --> 04:09:43,480 TO SEE HOW DEEP DIFFERENT COIL 4675 04:09:43,480 --> 04:09:44,440 STIMULATE AND SO ON. 4676 04:09:44,440 --> 04:09:46,800 THE SECOND REASON FOR RUNNING 4677 04:09:46,800 --> 04:09:50,120 COMPUTATIONAL MODELS FOR ME IS 4678 04:09:50,120 --> 04:09:52,040 TO QUANTIFY DOSING IN 4679 04:09:52,040 --> 04:09:53,400 INDIVIDUALS TO STUDY INTRA 4680 04:09:53,400 --> 04:09:55,160 INDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY TO ARK 4681 04:09:55,160 --> 04:09:56,000 ASSESSES TARGET ENGAGEMENT 4682 04:09:56,000 --> 04:09:59,520 WHETHER YOU HAVE STIMULATED THE 4683 04:09:59,520 --> 04:10:00,800 TARGET OR NOT AND THE THIRD 4684 04:10:00,800 --> 04:10:02,560 REASON IS TO GUIDE TECHNOLOGY 4685 04:10:02,560 --> 04:10:05,760 DEVELOPMENT TO USE THESE 4686 04:10:05,760 --> 04:10:16,280 COMPUTATIONAL MODELS TO REFINE 4687 04:10:21,520 --> 04:10:24,120 TECHNOLOGY OR WITH THE TMS, COIL 4688 04:10:24,120 --> 04:10:26,360 AND SO IN THE ORIGINAL 4689 04:10:26,360 --> 04:10:30,360 EXPERIMENT, HE TOOK A PRIMARY 4690 04:10:30,360 --> 04:10:33,080 COIL A AND VICINITY WITH A 4691 04:10:33,080 --> 04:10:34,080 SECONDARY COIL SPOOL OF WINDING 4692 04:10:34,080 --> 04:10:36,760 B AND HE WILL RUN A TIME VARYING 4693 04:10:36,760 --> 04:10:38,240 CURRENT IN THE PRIMARY COIL TO 4694 04:10:38,240 --> 04:10:41,640 INDUCE AN ELECTRIC CURRENT IN 4695 04:10:41,640 --> 04:10:45,000 THE SECONDARY COIL AND DHS 4696 04:10:45,000 --> 04:10:46,440 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION FORMS 4697 04:10:46,440 --> 04:10:49,800 THE BASIS FOR TRANSCRANIAL 4698 04:10:49,800 --> 04:10:50,720 INDUCTION TODAY. 4699 04:10:50,720 --> 04:10:53,760 BUT SOME SOME OF FARADAYS 4700 04:10:53,760 --> 04:10:55,640 EXPERIMENTS HE WOULD REPLIES THE 4701 04:10:55,640 --> 04:10:59,080 PRIMARY COIL A WITH A PERMANENT 4702 04:10:59,080 --> 04:11:02,080 BAR OF MEG NET AND HE WOULD TAKE 4703 04:11:02,080 --> 04:11:03,360 THIS PERMANENT MAGNET AND MOVE 4704 04:11:03,360 --> 04:11:04,920 IT PHYSICALLY IN AND OUT OF THE 4705 04:11:04,920 --> 04:11:07,600 SECONDARY WINDING TO CREATE THIS 4706 04:11:07,600 --> 04:11:08,280 CURRENT FLOW. 4707 04:11:08,280 --> 04:11:10,760 AND IN FACT, THIS IS--THIS 4708 04:11:10,760 --> 04:11:13,560 TECHNIQUE HAS BEEN PROPOSED IN 4709 04:11:13,560 --> 04:11:14,760 SEVERAL DIFFERENT SYSTEMS FOR 4710 04:11:14,760 --> 04:11:17,200 TREATMENT OF NEUROLOGICAL AND 4711 04:11:17,200 --> 04:11:17,680 PSYCHIATRIC CONDITIONS. 4712 04:11:17,680 --> 04:11:21,360 THE 1 ON THE LEFT IS USING 4713 04:11:21,360 --> 04:11:26,200 MULTIPLE MAGNETS THAT AMOUNTED 4714 04:11:26,200 --> 04:11:29,280 ON A CAP AND TREATMENT SYSTEMS 4715 04:11:29,280 --> 04:11:30,880 FOR DEPRESSION AND I'LL SHOW YOU 4716 04:11:30,880 --> 04:11:35,600 SIMULATIONS OF EACH 1 OF THESE. 4717 04:11:35,600 --> 04:11:37,480 FIRST THE TRANSCRANIAL ROTATING 4718 04:11:37,480 --> 04:11:38,880 MAGNET STIMULATION, THE 1 THAT 4719 04:11:38,880 --> 04:11:41,280 WE'RE SHOWING ON THE CAP ON THE 4720 04:11:41,280 --> 04:11:45,560 LEFT, THEY'RE USED AXIALLY 4721 04:11:45,560 --> 04:11:46,560 MAGNETIZED CYLINDRICAL VERY 4722 04:11:46,560 --> 04:11:48,960 STRONG MAGNETS, THEY ARE QUITE 4723 04:11:48,960 --> 04:11:51,880 SMALL, THEY'RE ABOUT THE SIZE OF 4724 04:11:51,880 --> 04:11:54,440 YOUR PINKY, QUITE STRONG SURFACE 4725 04:11:54,440 --> 04:11:56,880 ELECTRIC FIELD WITH MAGNETIC 4726 04:11:56,880 --> 04:11:58,680 FIELD RATHER WITH REMANENT 4727 04:11:58,680 --> 04:12:01,840 SURFACE MAGNETIC FIELD UPWARDS 4728 04:12:01,840 --> 04:12:03,920 OF 1.4 A TESLA AND THE MAGNET 4729 04:12:03,920 --> 04:12:06,840 ARE BEING SPUN, ROTATED 4730 04:12:06,840 --> 04:12:10,960 PERPENDICULAR TO THE SCALP AT A 4731 04:12:10,960 --> 04:12:12,440 SPEED UPWARDS OF 24,000 RPM. 4732 04:12:12,440 --> 04:12:15,960 NOW THIS MAY SEEM LIKE A VERY 4733 04:12:15,960 --> 04:12:18,600 FAST ROTATION SPEED BUT IT'S 4734 04:12:18,600 --> 04:12:21,440 REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE SO IT'S 4735 04:12:21,440 --> 04:12:23,800 ACTUALLY ONLY ABOUT 400-HERTZ, 4736 04:12:23,800 --> 04:12:25,560 COMPARED THAT TO THE FREQUENCY 4737 04:12:25,560 --> 04:12:28,880 OF A TMS PULSE WHICH IS ABOUT 5 4738 04:12:28,880 --> 04:12:30,960 KILOHERTZ WHICH IS ALREADY AN 4739 04:12:30,960 --> 04:12:33,040 ORDER OF MAGNITUDE SLOWER USING 4740 04:12:33,040 --> 04:12:34,200 THIS PHYSICALLY ROTATING SYSTEM. 4741 04:12:34,200 --> 04:12:36,720 IN TERMS OF THE STIMULATION, THE 4742 04:12:36,720 --> 04:12:38,760 PHYSICS OF IT IS THAT THE 4743 04:12:38,760 --> 04:12:40,840 CONDUCTING PARTS OF THE ROTOR, 4744 04:12:40,840 --> 04:12:44,040 THE PART THAT'S MOVING IS 4745 04:12:44,040 --> 04:12:45,960 MODELED USING AMPIERS LAW AND 4746 04:12:45,960 --> 04:12:47,120 THE NONCONDUCTIVE PARTS OF THE 4747 04:12:47,120 --> 04:12:49,640 ROTOR AND THE STATER, STATER IS 4748 04:12:49,640 --> 04:12:55,840 THE PART THAT'S STATIONARY HAD 4749 04:12:55,840 --> 04:12:57,440 IS MAGNETICKER POTENTIAL AND YOU 4750 04:12:57,440 --> 04:12:59,560 SEE HERE, THE GEOMETRY KRAWN, 4751 04:12:59,560 --> 04:13:01,680 THE SOFTWARE USED HERE IS 4752 04:13:01,680 --> 04:13:05,080 CONSOLE AND YOU CAN SEE THAT 4753 04:13:05,080 --> 04:13:06,520 INSIDE THE CYLINDRICAL MAGNET 4754 04:13:06,520 --> 04:13:08,440 BUT THEN YOU ALSO HAVE TO DRAW 4755 04:13:08,440 --> 04:13:09,840 AN AIR BOX AROUND IT THAT 4756 04:13:09,840 --> 04:13:10,920 ROTATES WITH THE MAGNET. 4757 04:13:10,920 --> 04:13:14,200 THE REASON FOR DOING THIS IS 4758 04:13:14,200 --> 04:13:15,600 THAT IS ACTUALLY A MOVING MESH 4759 04:13:15,600 --> 04:13:20,200 SO IT'S A TIME DEPENDENT SYSTEM, 4760 04:13:20,200 --> 04:13:22,520 3D PROBLEM THAT INVOLVES 4761 04:13:22,520 --> 04:13:24,000 ROTATION OF THE MAGNET SO THE 4762 04:13:24,000 --> 04:13:25,400 WHOLE MESH IS MOVING AND WHEN 4763 04:13:25,400 --> 04:13:26,840 YOU HAVE A MOVING MESH, YOU HAVE 4764 04:13:26,840 --> 04:13:30,600 TO MAKE SURE THAT EVERY STEP OF 4765 04:13:30,600 --> 04:13:33,560 THE ROTATION, THE CUT INTERFACE, 4766 04:13:33,560 --> 04:13:35,880 ROTATING INTERFACE MATCH AS YOU 4767 04:13:35,880 --> 04:13:36,120 ROTATE. 4768 04:13:36,120 --> 04:13:39,040 SO HENS, YOU HAVE TO ROTATE ALSO 4769 04:13:39,040 --> 04:13:41,520 SOME AIR AROUND IT. 4770 04:13:41,520 --> 04:13:44,720 SO AGAIN, THESE MAGNETS ARE 4771 04:13:44,720 --> 04:13:48,360 AXIALLY POLARIZED AND THE AXIS 4772 04:13:48,360 --> 04:13:50,440 OF ROTATION IS ALWAYS PARALLEL 4773 04:13:50,440 --> 04:13:53,400 TO THE HEAD IN THIS PARTICULAR 4774 04:13:53,400 --> 04:13:58,160 SITUATION, THE AXIS OF ROTATION 4775 04:13:58,160 --> 04:14:05,240 IS PERPENDICULAR TO THE AXIS OF 4776 04:14:05,240 --> 04:14:07,120 MEASUREMENT, YOU SEE THE 4777 04:14:07,120 --> 04:14:07,960 SPHEREICAL SURFACE THAT 4778 04:14:07,960 --> 04:14:08,920 REPRESENTS THE KD--SALLY THAT'S 4779 04:14:08,920 --> 04:14:10,560 CLOSER TO THE MAGNET IS MORE 4780 04:14:10,560 --> 04:14:12,440 FINELY MESH BECAUSE YOU WANT TO 4781 04:14:12,440 --> 04:14:17,080 GET AN ACCURATE SOLUTION THERE. 4782 04:14:17,080 --> 04:14:18,160 SO THIS IS AN ANIMATION OF WHAT 4783 04:14:18,160 --> 04:14:19,240 THE ELECTRIC FIELD ON THE 4784 04:14:19,240 --> 04:14:22,080 SURFACE OF THE HEAD WOULD LOOK 4785 04:14:22,080 --> 04:14:24,560 LIKE AS THE MAGNET IS ROTATING, 4786 04:14:24,560 --> 04:14:27,840 SO YOU CAN SEE THAT AS THE 4787 04:14:27,840 --> 04:14:30,520 MAGNET IS SPINNING, IT ACTUALLY 4788 04:14:30,520 --> 04:14:32,640 CREATES QUITE AN INTERESTING 4789 04:14:32,640 --> 04:14:33,640 FIELD PATTERN UNDERNEATH, IT 4790 04:14:33,640 --> 04:14:36,120 SWITCHES FROM WHAT LOOKS LIKE A 4791 04:14:36,120 --> 04:14:38,240 FIGURE OF 8 COIL TMS COIL TO 4792 04:14:38,240 --> 04:14:41,080 SOMETHING THAT IS CIRCULAR. 4793 04:14:41,080 --> 04:14:43,920 SO YOU HAVE THAT FIELD PATTERN. 4794 04:14:43,920 --> 04:14:47,160 THE OTHER SYSTEM THAT'S--THAT 4795 04:14:47,160 --> 04:14:49,960 WE'RE STUDYING HERE IS CALLED TO 4796 04:14:49,960 --> 04:14:54,360 SYNCHRONIZED TMS OR STMS, IT WAS 4797 04:14:54,360 --> 04:14:56,400 PRACTICES POSED BY 4798 04:14:56,400 --> 04:14:57,400 [INDISCERNIBLE] FROM UCLA A 4799 04:14:57,400 --> 04:14:59,040 COUPLE YEARS AGO IN WHICH HE WAS 4800 04:14:59,040 --> 04:15:00,800 TRYING TO TREAT THE PROBLEM OF 4801 04:15:00,800 --> 04:15:03,840 DEPRESSION AND HE WAS LOOKING 4802 04:15:03,840 --> 04:15:06,760 FOR A WAY TO TRAIN CORTICALE 4803 04:15:06,760 --> 04:15:08,800 OSCILLATORS, AND USING ROTATING 4804 04:15:08,800 --> 04:15:10,760 MAGNETIC FIELD AND PROPOSED THAT 4805 04:15:10,760 --> 04:15:12,840 BY PLACING MAGNETS ALONG THE 4806 04:15:12,840 --> 04:15:14,840 FROBTAL POLAR REGION, ALSO 4807 04:15:14,840 --> 04:15:17,880 MIDLINE FRONTAL AND ALSO PART OF 4808 04:15:17,880 --> 04:15:19,680 THE PARIETAL REGION, AND TRAIN 4809 04:15:19,680 --> 04:15:21,720 THE OSCILLATORS, USING ROTATING 4810 04:15:21,720 --> 04:15:24,240 MAGNETS, YOU WOULD RESET SOME OF 4811 04:15:24,240 --> 04:15:27,760 THESE CORTICALE THALAMIC 4812 04:15:27,760 --> 04:15:30,800 OSCILLATORS AND THAT WOULD 4813 04:15:30,800 --> 04:15:35,240 SOMEHOW RELIEVE DEPRESSIVE 4814 04:15:35,240 --> 04:15:35,520 SYMPTOMS. 4815 04:15:35,520 --> 04:15:37,480 THE BIOLOGY I DON'T KNOW SO 4816 04:15:37,480 --> 04:15:39,600 WELL, BUT ANYWAY, SO A SYSTEM 4817 04:15:39,600 --> 04:15:41,360 WAS ABOUTLET FOR THIS PURPLES 4818 04:15:41,360 --> 04:15:43,040 AND THESE ARE SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT 4819 04:15:43,040 --> 04:15:44,880 MAGNETS THAT ARE A LITTLE BIT 4820 04:15:44,880 --> 04:15:45,120 BIGGER. 4821 04:15:45,120 --> 04:15:47,120 THEY'RE ABOUT 1 INCH IN DIAMETER 4822 04:15:47,120 --> 04:15:50,160 WITH A HEIGHT AND A SLIGHTLY 4823 04:15:50,160 --> 04:15:51,920 LOWER SURFACE FIELD OF .64 4824 04:15:51,920 --> 04:15:57,360 TESLA, AND THEY'RE ROTATED QUITE 4825 04:15:57,360 --> 04:15:57,720 SLOWLY. 4826 04:15:57,720 --> 04:15:59,120 THE ENTRAINMENT PROCESS HAS TO 4827 04:15:59,120 --> 04:16:01,120 DO WITH MATCHING THE SPEED OF 4828 04:16:01,120 --> 04:16:05,360 ROTATION OF THE MAGNET, TO 4829 04:16:05,360 --> 04:16:06,520 INDIVIDUALIZED ALPHA FREQUENCIES 4830 04:16:06,520 --> 04:16:08,880 SO EEG WOULD BE MEASURED FROM 4831 04:16:08,880 --> 04:16:09,800 THE OCCIPITAL LOBE IN THE HEAD 4832 04:16:09,800 --> 04:16:15,000 AND YOU PICK OUT THE PEAK 4833 04:16:15,000 --> 04:16:15,480 ALPHAFREQUENCY FOR THAT 4834 04:16:15,480 --> 04:16:16,520 INDIVIDUAL AND THEN YOU WOULD 4835 04:16:16,520 --> 04:16:19,320 SET THE ROTATION OF THE MAGNET, 4836 04:16:19,320 --> 04:16:25,200 SYNCHRONIZED, HENS THE NAME, 4837 04:16:25,200 --> 04:16:26,720 SYNCHRONIZED TMS, SYNCHRONIZE TO 4838 04:16:26,720 --> 04:16:28,200 THE OSCILLATION BUT 10-HERTZ IS 4839 04:16:28,200 --> 04:16:30,160 ACTUALLY VERY SLOW FOR THIS 4840 04:16:30,160 --> 04:16:30,440 PURPOSE. 4841 04:16:30,440 --> 04:16:32,720 THIS IS WHAT IT WOULD LOOK LIKE. 4842 04:16:32,720 --> 04:16:35,760 OH THESE MAGNETS ARE 4843 04:16:35,760 --> 04:16:36,680 DIAMETRICALLY MAGNETIZED AND 4844 04:16:36,680 --> 04:16:40,200 THEY ARE ALSO ROTATING PARALLEL 4845 04:16:40,200 --> 04:16:42,080 TO THE HEAD AND SO ACTUALLY WHAT 4846 04:16:42,080 --> 04:16:43,880 YOU END UP WITH IS A FIELD 4847 04:16:43,880 --> 04:16:45,280 PATTERN THAT LOOKS PRETTY MUCH 4848 04:16:45,280 --> 04:16:47,320 EXACTLY THE SAME AS THE SMALLER 4849 04:16:47,320 --> 04:16:53,320 MAGNET WHEN IT'S SPINNING 4850 04:16:53,320 --> 04:16:54,040 PERPENDICULAR. 4851 04:16:54,040 --> 04:16:54,480 INTERESTING TO WATCH. 4852 04:16:54,480 --> 04:16:55,800 AND THIS IS THE SIMULATION OF 4853 04:16:55,800 --> 04:16:59,160 THE HOST SET UP WITH THE 3 4854 04:16:59,160 --> 04:17:00,960 MAGNETS, FRONTAL POLE, MIDLINE, 4855 04:17:00,960 --> 04:17:02,520 AND PARIETAL REGION AND HAD IS 4856 04:17:02,520 --> 04:17:10,760 THE SIMULATION OF THE WHOLE 4857 04:17:10,760 --> 04:17:12,360 SYSTEM. 4858 04:17:12,360 --> 04:17:13,600 THERE'S A HYPNOTIC EFFECT TO IT. 4859 04:17:13,600 --> 04:17:14,320 THERE'S SOMETHING ABOUT THIS 4860 04:17:14,320 --> 04:17:16,320 THAT MAKES YOU WANT TO WATCH IT 4861 04:17:16,320 --> 04:17:16,920 ALL DAY. 4862 04:17:16,920 --> 04:17:20,360 SOMETIMES I DO. 4863 04:17:20,360 --> 04:17:20,840 [LAUGHTER] 4864 04:17:20,840 --> 04:17:22,040 BUT THE MORE BENCH ANT OF YOU 4865 04:17:22,040 --> 04:17:23,040 WOULD NOTICE THE SCALE ON THE 4866 04:17:23,040 --> 04:17:24,360 RIGHT, YOU SEE THE ELECTRIC 4867 04:17:24,360 --> 04:17:25,840 FIELD INDUCED ON THE SURFACE OF 4868 04:17:25,840 --> 04:17:29,480 THE HEAD IS QUITE LOW ON THE 4869 04:17:29,480 --> 04:17:32,280 ORDER OF .06 BOLTS PER METER. 4870 04:17:32,280 --> 04:17:36,400 SO THIS IS ABOUT AN ORDER OF 4871 04:17:36,400 --> 04:17:38,160 MAGNITUDE LOWER COMPARED TO 4872 04:17:38,160 --> 04:17:41,200 SOMETHING LIKE TADS, OR TDCS 4873 04:17:41,200 --> 04:17:41,720 CONVENTIONAL STRENGTHS. 4874 04:17:41,720 --> 04:17:44,880 THIS IS A PICTURE IN CASE MY 4875 04:17:44,880 --> 04:17:45,520 ANIMATION FAILS. 4876 04:17:45,520 --> 04:17:48,400 SUBSEQUENTLY THERE WAS A PAPER 4877 04:17:48,400 --> 04:17:50,120 RETIRED WITHEN ABOUT TRYING TO 4878 04:17:50,120 --> 04:17:52,000 PREDICT RESPONSE TO THE 4879 04:17:52,000 --> 04:17:52,880 SYNCHRONIZED TMS FORM FOR 4880 04:17:52,880 --> 04:17:54,480 TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION AND 4881 04:17:54,480 --> 04:17:57,560 AMONG MANY PREDICTERS IT WAS 4882 04:17:57,560 --> 04:18:00,160 FOUND THAT LOWER IAF, THAT'S THE 4883 04:18:00,160 --> 04:18:02,880 INDIVIDUAL ALPHA FREQUENCY 4884 04:18:02,880 --> 04:18:04,120 PREDICTED POORER RESPONSE. 4885 04:18:04,120 --> 04:18:07,720 NOW, REMEMBER I SAID THE MAGNET 4886 04:18:07,720 --> 04:18:09,800 IS SYNCHRON ICED TO IAF, IT 4887 04:18:09,800 --> 04:18:10,920 TURNS OUT THAT THE ELECTRIC 4888 04:18:10,920 --> 04:18:12,600 FIELD STRENGTH THAT IS INDUCED 4889 04:18:12,600 --> 04:18:13,560 IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE 4890 04:18:13,560 --> 04:18:16,280 ROTATIONAL SPEED OF THE MAGNET. 4891 04:18:16,280 --> 04:18:20,720 SO IF A SUBJECT HAS LOWER, THIS 4892 04:18:20,720 --> 04:18:21,560 ALPHA FREQUENCY, THE MAGNET 4893 04:18:21,560 --> 04:18:28,640 WOULD ALSO BE ROTATING SLOWLY, 4894 04:18:28,640 --> 04:18:30,240 SLOWER AND SO THE DOZE THAT 4895 04:18:30,240 --> 04:18:32,360 ENDED UP ON THE BRAIN IS ALSO 4896 04:18:32,360 --> 04:18:33,880 LOWER WHICH CREATES A COMPOUND 4897 04:18:33,880 --> 04:18:36,320 FOR SUCH A MOVING MAGNET SYSTEM, 4898 04:18:36,320 --> 04:18:41,440 THAT THERE'S NOT A WAY TO 4899 04:18:41,440 --> 04:18:42,680 INDEPENDENTLY SEPARATE THE 4900 04:18:42,680 --> 04:18:44,120 FREQUENCY EFFECT VERSUS THE 4901 04:18:44,120 --> 04:18:50,040 FIELD STRENGTH AND PERHAPS IF WE 4902 04:18:50,040 --> 04:18:52,360 WERE TO BUILD THIS SYSTEM AGAIN, 4903 04:18:52,360 --> 04:18:53,360 AN ALTERNATIVE WATO BUILD IT 4904 04:18:53,360 --> 04:18:55,560 WOULD BE TO REMOVE MAGNETS 4905 04:18:55,560 --> 04:18:56,880 RATHER THAN PERMANENT WE 4906 04:18:56,880 --> 04:18:58,400 REMOVING MAGNETS USE AG I 3 4907 04:18:58,400 --> 04:18:59,800 PHASE MOTOR FOR EXAMPLE, AND YOU 4908 04:18:59,800 --> 04:19:01,600 HAVE A SIMPLE VERSION OF THE 3 4909 04:19:01,600 --> 04:19:05,240 PHASE MOTOR IN WHICH YOU HAVE 3 4910 04:19:05,240 --> 04:19:08,240 PAIRS OF WINDINGS THAT ARE 4911 04:19:08,240 --> 04:19:09,680 ALTERNATING IN CURRENT AND WHAT 4912 04:19:09,680 --> 04:19:11,840 HAVE YOU AIAN ROTATING MAGNETIC 4913 04:19:11,840 --> 04:19:16,240 FIELD VECTOR INSIDE THE MOTOR. 4914 04:19:16,240 --> 04:19:17,640 SO THIS SYSTEM AT LEAST WILL 4915 04:19:17,640 --> 04:19:19,520 ALLOW YOU TO CONTROL THE 4916 04:19:19,520 --> 04:19:20,560 AMPLITUDE VERSUS THE FREQUENCY 4917 04:19:20,560 --> 04:19:29,600 SO THAT YOU DON'T HAVE TO 4918 04:19:29,600 --> 04:19:32,480 COMPOUND. 4919 04:19:32,480 --> 04:19:34,640 SO THIS IS AN EXAMPLE THROUGH 4920 04:19:34,640 --> 04:19:35,320 COMPUTATIONAL MODELS HOW IT 4921 04:19:35,320 --> 04:19:38,000 WOULD HELP YOU FIND THE NEXT 4922 04:19:38,000 --> 04:19:38,280 ITERATION. 4923 04:19:38,280 --> 04:19:40,760 NEXT TECHNOLOGY STICKING WITH 4924 04:19:40,760 --> 04:19:45,880 THE THEME OF LOW FIELD, THIS WAS 4925 04:19:45,880 --> 04:19:50,520 LMS DISCOVERED BY ACCIDENT AT 4926 04:19:50,520 --> 04:19:53,760 MCLEAN HOSPITAL UP IN BOSTON. 4927 04:19:53,760 --> 04:19:55,160 MICHAEL ROHAN WAS SCANNING 4928 04:19:55,160 --> 04:19:56,720 PATIENTS USING A NEW EPI 4929 04:19:56,720 --> 04:19:57,960 SEQUENCE THAT LOOKS LIKE THIS 4930 04:19:57,960 --> 04:20:00,600 AND THESE PATIENTS CAME OUT UTR 4931 04:20:00,600 --> 04:20:01,680 OF SCANNA PREPORTEDLY FEELING 4932 04:20:01,680 --> 04:20:04,000 BETTER ABOUT THEIR SYMPTOMS SO 4933 04:20:04,000 --> 04:20:14,480 DR. ROHAN SAID THERE MUST BE 4934 04:20:16,280 --> 04:20:17,640 THAT SOMEHOW STIMULATED THE 4935 04:20:17,640 --> 04:20:19,280 WEEKLY, THE PATIENTS WITH 4936 04:20:19,280 --> 04:20:23,320 SYMPTOM RELIEVE AND SO A COMPANY 4937 04:20:23,320 --> 04:20:25,560 WAS FORM PFED AROUND LMS 4938 04:20:25,560 --> 04:20:27,200 TECHNOLOGYNOLOGY TO TRY TO USE 4939 04:20:27,200 --> 04:20:28,480 THIS COUNTER TOP COIL TO TREAT 4940 04:20:28,480 --> 04:20:32,880 DEPRESSION AND THIS IS THE WAY 4941 04:20:32,880 --> 04:20:34,880 WAVE FORNL FOR THE FIELD AND 4942 04:20:34,880 --> 04:20:36,280 LOOKED LIKE ECT PULSES BUT 4943 04:20:36,280 --> 04:20:38,400 FASTER BUT ALSO AT A VERY LOW 4944 04:20:38,400 --> 04:20:42,640 STRENGTH BECAUSE THE CURRENT IS 4945 04:20:42,640 --> 04:20:42,960 VERY LOW. 4946 04:20:42,960 --> 04:20:44,960 THESE ARE THE KRINICAL RESULTS 4947 04:20:44,960 --> 04:20:46,480 DONE IN CORNELL, THEY ARE 4948 04:20:46,480 --> 04:20:47,880 COLLECTED AT CORNELL AND YOU CAN 4949 04:20:47,880 --> 04:20:49,840 SEE THAT IN THIS VISUAL AN LOG 4950 04:20:49,840 --> 04:20:57,560 SCALE OF MOOD RATINGS THAT AS 4951 04:20:57,560 --> 04:20:59,760 SHORT AS COUPLE OF SESSIONS 4952 04:20:59,760 --> 04:21:01,080 BETWEEN ACTIVE AND SHAM GROUPS 4953 04:21:01,080 --> 04:21:05,160 SO THERE'S SOME PROMISE THERE. 4954 04:21:05,160 --> 04:21:06,840 THE COIL ITSELF IS VERY BIG, 4955 04:21:06,840 --> 04:21:08,800 IT'S AN MRI GRADIENT COIL AND IT 4956 04:21:08,800 --> 04:21:10,560 STIMULATES A LOT OF BRAIN 4957 04:21:10,560 --> 04:21:13,400 REGIONS IN A VERY WEEK ELECTRIC 4958 04:21:13,400 --> 04:21:15,960 FIELD MOST STRONGLY THE FRONTAL 4959 04:21:15,960 --> 04:21:18,280 POLAR REGION, THE LINED FRONTAL 4960 04:21:18,280 --> 04:21:20,880 REGIONS ARE BROADLY STIMULATED 4961 04:21:20,880 --> 04:21:21,680 USING THIS COIL. 4962 04:21:21,680 --> 04:21:23,360 COIL CURRENT IS QUITE LOW, NOT 4963 04:21:23,360 --> 04:21:25,480 MORE THAN 30-AMPS OR SO BUT THE 4964 04:21:25,480 --> 04:21:28,920 COIL IS SO BIG AND SO FAR AWAY 4965 04:21:28,920 --> 04:21:31,480 THATS NOT VERY EFFICIENT AND SO, 4966 04:21:31,480 --> 04:21:34,960 THE COMPANY CONTRACTED OUR TEAM 4967 04:21:34,960 --> 04:21:36,360 TO ACTUALLY REDESIGN THIS COIL 4968 04:21:36,360 --> 04:21:39,680 TO MAKE SOMETHING MORE ENERGY 4969 04:21:39,680 --> 04:21:43,040 EFFICIENT AND MORE PORTABLE, AND 4970 04:21:43,040 --> 04:21:50,800 THE WAY WE DID IT IS--FIRST, WE 4971 04:21:50,800 --> 04:21:52,720 USE A SPHEREICAL HARMONICS 4972 04:21:52,720 --> 04:21:53,520 COMPOSITION OF THE ELECTRIC 4973 04:21:53,520 --> 04:21:56,280 FIELD AND SO BASICALLY THE IDEA 4974 04:21:56,280 --> 04:21:59,120 IS IT'S KIND OF LIKE A 4975 04:21:59,120 --> 04:21:59,600 DECOMPOSITION, RIGHT? 4976 04:21:59,600 --> 04:22:02,600 SO YOU HAVE A SET OF BASIS 4977 04:22:02,600 --> 04:22:04,680 FUNCTIONS WHICH YOU ADD UP TO 4978 04:22:04,680 --> 04:22:06,520 FORM AN ARBITRARY WAVE FORM. 4979 04:22:06,520 --> 04:22:08,360 IN 3 DIMENSIONS IN ON THE 4980 04:22:08,360 --> 04:22:10,760 SURFACE FEAR, YOU HAVE THESE 4981 04:22:10,760 --> 04:22:13,120 HARMONICS SO CROSS SPHEREICAL 4982 04:22:13,120 --> 04:22:15,040 HARMONICS WITH DIFFERENT SPATIAL 4983 04:22:15,040 --> 04:22:17,600 REFREQUENCIES AND WHEN YOU SUM 4984 04:22:17,600 --> 04:22:19,400 UP A NUMBER OF OF THESE BASIS 4985 04:22:19,400 --> 04:22:24,360 FUNCTIONS YOU CAN ARRIVE IN AN 4986 04:22:24,360 --> 04:22:25,040 ARBITRARY ELECTRIC FIELD. 4987 04:22:25,040 --> 04:22:27,000 AND SO THAT'S THE CONCEPT AND SO 4988 04:22:27,000 --> 04:22:29,400 YOU WOULD HAVE THIS SPHEREICAL 4989 04:22:29,400 --> 04:22:30,240 HARMONICS EXPANSION AND THEN 4990 04:22:30,240 --> 04:22:33,040 HAVE YOU AN ELECTRIC FIELD THAT 4991 04:22:33,040 --> 04:22:34,720 YOU WANT TO ACHIEVE BECAUSE WE 4992 04:22:34,720 --> 04:22:37,960 HAVE SIMULATED WHAT THE ACTUAL 4993 04:22:37,960 --> 04:22:39,640 LFMS COIL IS AND SO YOU WOULD 4994 04:22:39,640 --> 04:22:44,520 BASICALLY RUN A MINIMIZATION 4995 04:22:44,520 --> 04:22:45,680 PROBLEM, MINIMIZING THE 4996 04:22:45,680 --> 04:22:48,000 DIFFERENCE DESIRABLE ELECTRIC 4997 04:22:48,000 --> 04:22:51,000 FIELD, THE ELFMS, AND ALSO THE 4998 04:22:51,000 --> 04:22:51,520 SPHEREICAL HARMONIC 4999 04:22:51,520 --> 04:22:53,640 DECOMPOSITION FORNL OF THE 5000 04:22:53,640 --> 04:22:54,880 ELECTRIC FIELD. 5001 04:22:54,880 --> 04:22:56,040 WITH THIS MINIMIZATION FRAMEWORK 5002 04:22:56,040 --> 04:22:58,480 YOU CAN ALSO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT 5003 04:22:58,480 --> 04:23:00,400 SOME CONSTRAINTS SUCH AS ENERGY 5004 04:23:00,400 --> 04:23:01,880 CONSTRAINTS WHICH YOU MED LIKE 5005 04:23:01,880 --> 04:23:04,120 TO MEN MYSELF OR ALSO PLACEMENTS 5006 04:23:04,120 --> 04:23:05,640 OF THESE STREAM FUNCTIONS, SO 5007 04:23:05,640 --> 04:23:07,320 FOR EXAMPLE, YOU DON'T WANT TO 5008 04:23:07,320 --> 04:23:11,320 END UP WITH COIL WINDINGS THAT 5009 04:23:11,320 --> 04:23:13,160 ARE BELOW THE TOP HEMISPHERE 5010 04:23:13,160 --> 04:23:14,160 LIKE CUTTING INTO THE NECK FOR 5011 04:23:14,160 --> 04:23:16,160 EXAMPLE, THAT WOULD BE UNSAFE. 5012 04:23:16,160 --> 04:23:18,280 AND YOU CAN ALSO LIMIT TD NUMBER 5013 04:23:18,280 --> 04:23:20,200 OF TERMS IN YOUR SPHEREICAL 5014 04:23:20,200 --> 04:23:22,760 HARMONICS EXPANSION FOR THIS 5015 04:23:22,760 --> 04:23:23,240 APPROXIMATION. 5016 04:23:23,240 --> 04:23:30,800 SO THE RESULT IN COIL, I LOST 5017 04:23:30,800 --> 04:23:33,800 THE NEXT SLIDE, BUT OKAY, THE 5018 04:23:33,800 --> 04:23:36,520 RESULTING COIL IS WHAT YOU SEE 5019 04:23:36,520 --> 04:23:39,280 ON THE LOWER LEFT WHICH IS MORE 5020 04:23:39,280 --> 04:23:41,320 COMPACT COIL THAT WOULD PRO DUCE 5021 04:23:41,320 --> 04:23:42,680 A SIMILAR ELECTRIC FIELD 5022 04:23:42,680 --> 04:23:46,960 COMPARED TO THE LFMS COIL. 5023 04:23:46,960 --> 04:23:49,080 THE NEXT SLIDE WAS SUPPOSED TO 5024 04:23:49,080 --> 04:23:50,160 SHOW THAT DIFFERENCE BUT SOMEHOW 5025 04:23:50,160 --> 04:23:52,280 THAT'S NOT SHOWING UP. 5026 04:23:52,280 --> 04:23:52,960 NEITHER IS THIS 1. 5027 04:23:52,960 --> 04:23:56,040 WHICH I WAS GOING TO TALK ABOUT 5028 04:23:56,040 --> 04:23:57,400 LOW FIELD MAGNETIC STIMULATION 5029 04:23:57,400 --> 04:24:00,200 IN THE RODENT MODEL BECAUSE 5030 04:24:00,200 --> 04:24:01,800 RODENTS HAVE SMALLER BRAINS SO 5031 04:24:01,800 --> 04:24:04,080 IT'S DIFFICULT TO GENERATE A 5032 04:24:04,080 --> 04:24:05,040 HIGH ELECTRIC FIELD IN THEIR 5033 04:24:05,040 --> 04:24:07,080 BRAIN AND SO WHAT YOU END UP 5034 04:24:07,080 --> 04:24:11,880 DOING WITH ANY COIL DESIGN IS IN 5035 04:24:11,880 --> 04:24:22,360 EFFECT LOW FIELD STIMULATION. 5036 04:24:24,040 --> 04:24:25,000 OH THIS IS NOT GOOD. 5037 04:24:25,000 --> 04:24:25,960 THIS IS NOT GOOD. 5038 04:24:25,960 --> 04:24:27,680 YOU HAVE TO USE YOUR IMAGINE 5039 04:24:27,680 --> 04:24:29,320 WHILE EYE DESCRIBE WHAT'S 5040 04:24:29,320 --> 04:24:29,680 HAPPENING HERE. 5041 04:24:29,680 --> 04:24:31,320 SO THIS IS AN EXPERIMENT THAT 5042 04:24:31,320 --> 04:24:34,280 WAS DONE IN RODENTS USING A 5043 04:24:34,280 --> 04:24:36,000 MINIATURE TMS COIL TO STIMULATE 5044 04:24:36,000 --> 04:24:36,400 THEIR CEREBELLUM. 5045 04:24:36,400 --> 04:24:37,800 THIS IS AN EXPERIMENT IN 5046 04:24:37,800 --> 04:24:40,200 COLLABORATION WITH THE LAB IN 5047 04:24:40,200 --> 04:24:42,560 FRANCE WITH RACHEL'S LAB AND 5048 04:24:42,560 --> 04:24:43,760 IT'S A CLEVER EXPERIMENT IN 5049 04:24:43,760 --> 04:24:46,360 WHICH THEY WENT INTO THE MOUSE 5050 04:24:46,360 --> 04:24:49,120 AND PERFORMED SURGERY ON THEM TO 5051 04:24:49,120 --> 04:24:50,920 REMOVE THE WHITE MATTER 5052 04:24:50,920 --> 04:24:55,360 CONNECTION BETWEEN THE INFERIOR 5053 04:24:55,360 --> 04:24:57,320 [INDISCERNIBLE] AND CONNECTING 5054 04:24:57,320 --> 04:24:59,640 TO THE CEREBELLUM, BUT ONLY 5055 04:24:59,640 --> 04:25:00,200 UNILATERAL. 5056 04:25:00,200 --> 04:25:02,000 SO ONLY ON 1 SIDE, THE RIGHT 5057 04:25:02,000 --> 04:25:03,200 SIDE IS INTACT FOR THE CONTROL 5058 04:25:03,200 --> 04:25:06,080 AND THEN THEY WOULD APPLY THIS 5059 04:25:06,080 --> 04:25:07,880 LOW FIELD STIMULATION IN THE 5060 04:25:07,880 --> 04:25:11,560 MOUSE FOR 2 WEEKS AND WHAT YOU 5061 04:25:11,560 --> 04:25:13,200 WOULD SEE ON THE SCREEN IS THAT 5062 04:25:13,200 --> 04:25:15,280 AFTER 2 WEEKS OF ACTIVE 5063 04:25:15,280 --> 04:25:17,480 STIMULATION, AT THE WHITE MATTER 5064 04:25:17,480 --> 04:25:22,480 FIBER ATTRACTS THE AXON STARTS 5065 04:25:22,480 --> 04:25:26,680 TO GROW BACK CONNECTING THE 5066 04:25:26,680 --> 04:25:28,160 INFERIOR [INDISCERNIBLE] TO THE 5067 04:25:28,160 --> 04:25:29,560 EXPERIMENT, SO SOMEHOW AT EVEN 5068 04:25:29,560 --> 04:25:31,760 AT VERY LOW MAGNETIC FIELD AND 5069 04:25:31,760 --> 04:25:33,480 ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTHS, IT'S 5070 04:25:33,480 --> 04:25:39,720 HAVING THIS NERVE REGENERATION 5071 04:25:39,720 --> 04:25:41,640 PROPERTY: THIS IS--THIS SLIDE 5072 04:25:41,640 --> 04:25:42,440 SURVIVED. 5073 04:25:42,440 --> 04:25:46,320 THIS IS AN INVITRO EXPERIMENT, 5074 04:25:46,320 --> 04:25:49,280 PART OF USING A BRAIN SLICE, SO 5075 04:25:49,280 --> 04:25:51,440 HAVE YOU THE INFERIOR OLIVE OVER 5076 04:25:51,440 --> 04:25:53,760 HERE, THE CEREBELLUM WHICH IS 5077 04:25:53,760 --> 04:25:54,360 NORMAL INNERIVATING AND THEN 5078 04:25:54,360 --> 04:25:57,960 WHAT YOU DO IS YOU WOULD GRAPH 5079 04:25:57,960 --> 04:25:59,960 ON TO THIS PIECE OF TISSUE, 5080 04:25:59,960 --> 04:26:01,680 ANOTHER PIECE OF CEREBELLUM ON 5081 04:26:01,680 --> 04:26:05,880 TOP OF THE CEREBELLUM AND USING 5082 04:26:05,880 --> 04:26:07,160 STIMULATION, EXTERNALLY, YOU 5083 04:26:07,160 --> 04:26:09,760 WOULD TRY TO PROMOTE THE GROWTH 5084 04:26:09,760 --> 04:26:11,680 OF THE AXON FROM THE INTACT 5085 04:26:11,680 --> 04:26:14,760 PIECE TO THE GRAFTED PIECE OF 5086 04:26:14,760 --> 04:26:15,520 CEREBELLUM. 5087 04:26:15,520 --> 04:26:17,440 AND FROM THE SIMULATIONS OF THIS 5088 04:26:17,440 --> 04:26:21,640 WORK, THE ELECTRIC FIELD THAT IS 5089 04:26:21,640 --> 04:26:24,480 ACHIEVED ON THE SLICE IS ON THE 5090 04:26:24,480 --> 04:26:26,320 ORDER OF 5-VOLTS PERMETER SO 5091 04:26:26,320 --> 04:26:27,720 VERY, VERY LOW ELECTRIC AND 5092 04:26:27,720 --> 04:26:30,640 MAGNETIC FIELD AND ACTUALLY WHAT 5093 04:26:30,640 --> 04:26:35,760 WE FOUND FROM THE IMMUNO 5094 04:26:35,760 --> 04:26:38,160 IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY AND THAT 5095 04:26:38,160 --> 04:26:42,320 THE NUMBER OF CPH OS CELLS THAT 5096 04:26:42,320 --> 04:26:45,040 WERE IMAGED DOUBLED USING THIS 5097 04:26:45,040 --> 04:26:47,640 BIOMETRIC HIGH FREQUENCY 5098 04:26:47,640 --> 04:26:51,040 STIMULATION. 5099 04:26:51,040 --> 04:26:55,120 NOW THIS BIOMETRIC HIGH 5100 04:26:55,120 --> 04:26:55,960 FREQUENCY STIMULATION USES 5101 04:26:55,960 --> 04:26:57,320 NEUROWN ACTIVITY SO IT'S A POST 5102 04:26:57,320 --> 04:26:59,040 SEQUENCE THAT IS A MIXTURE OF 5103 04:26:59,040 --> 04:27:01,720 HIGH AND LOW FREQUENCY 5104 04:27:01,720 --> 04:27:02,000 STIMULATION. 5105 04:27:02,000 --> 04:27:04,040 AND IT SEEMS TO BE WORKING 5106 04:27:04,040 --> 04:27:05,280 BETTER COMPARED TO SOME OTHER 5107 04:27:05,280 --> 04:27:07,800 PROTOCOLS THAT ARE FIXED 5108 04:27:07,800 --> 04:27:09,920 REQUENCY EVEN BURT PROTOCOLS 5109 04:27:09,920 --> 04:27:15,760 LIKE TBS, SO THIS IS SHOWING 5110 04:27:15,760 --> 04:27:17,680 THERE'S SOME LEVEL OF ACTIVATION 5111 04:27:17,680 --> 04:27:18,920 WITH HIGH FREQUENCY STIMULATION. 5112 04:27:18,920 --> 04:27:19,880 THIS IS AN INTERESTING 5113 04:27:19,880 --> 04:27:21,640 EXPERIMENT, IT WAS A KNOCK OUT 5114 04:27:21,640 --> 04:27:23,360 EXPERIMENT, IN WHICH THEY 5115 04:27:23,360 --> 04:27:27,960 KNOCKED OUT THE QUICK 1 AND 2 5116 04:27:27,960 --> 04:27:28,160 GENES. 5117 04:27:28,160 --> 04:27:32,120 IN MICE, YOU CAN SEE THAT THE 5118 04:27:32,120 --> 04:27:32,840 WILD-TYPE, RECEIVING SHAM 5119 04:27:32,840 --> 04:27:35,080 STIMULATION, VERY LOW LEVEL OF 5120 04:27:35,080 --> 04:27:35,520 CELLULAR ACTIVATION. 5121 04:27:35,520 --> 04:27:38,520 SO THIS IS AN IMAGE OF THE 5122 04:27:38,520 --> 04:27:40,960 GLUTAMATE TRANSPORTER SO YOU SEE 5123 04:27:40,960 --> 04:27:43,000 THAT IN SHAM SIMULATION, IT'S 5124 04:27:43,000 --> 04:27:44,080 VERY LOW LEVEL, SO NOTHING 5125 04:27:44,080 --> 04:27:49,680 HAPPENS IN THE WILD-TYPE 5126 04:27:49,680 --> 04:27:50,040 RECEIVING SHAM. 5127 04:27:50,040 --> 04:27:53,680 WILD-TYPE MOUSE GETTING THIS 5128 04:27:53,680 --> 04:27:54,240 BIOPNEUMATIC HIGH FREQUENCY 5129 04:27:54,240 --> 04:27:54,560 STIMULATION. 5130 04:27:54,560 --> 04:27:56,040 YOU START TO SEE THE CULTURE 5131 04:27:56,040 --> 04:28:02,080 GROWING AGAIN. 5132 04:28:02,080 --> 04:28:05,320 SO YOU HAVE THIS REINNERVATION 5133 04:28:05,320 --> 04:28:07,680 BETWEEN THE OLIVE AND THE MOUSE. 5134 04:28:07,680 --> 04:28:10,120 BUT THEN IN THE KNOCK OUT MOUSE 5135 04:28:10,120 --> 04:28:11,920 IT COMPLETELY ABOLISHED IN THE 5136 04:28:11,920 --> 04:28:13,560 DOUBLE STIMULATION, SO THE 5137 04:28:13,560 --> 04:28:15,640 DOUBLE KNOCK OUT IN THE THIRD 5138 04:28:15,640 --> 04:28:16,960 BAR THERE APPLYING HIGH 5139 04:28:16,960 --> 04:28:19,000 FREQUENCY STIMULATION AND IN A 5140 04:28:19,000 --> 04:28:20,680 MOUSE THAT DOES NONAPOPTOTIC THE 5141 04:28:20,680 --> 04:28:23,320 HAVE THIS QUICK 12 GENE, 5142 04:28:23,320 --> 04:28:24,320 COMPLETELY ABOLISHED THE 5143 04:28:24,320 --> 04:28:26,160 RESPONSE TO MAGNETIC 5144 04:28:26,160 --> 04:28:26,440 STIMULATION. 5145 04:28:26,440 --> 04:28:29,080 BUT IS IT BECAUSE YOU HAVE 5146 04:28:29,080 --> 04:28:31,160 KNOCKED OUT THE AXON 5147 04:28:31,160 --> 04:28:31,720 REGENERATION MACHINERY. 5148 04:28:31,720 --> 04:28:32,120 NO. 5149 04:28:32,120 --> 04:28:35,720 BECAUSE WHEN YOU APPLY BDNF TO 5150 04:28:35,720 --> 04:28:38,800 THAT KNOCK OUT, SAMPLE, THE 5151 04:28:38,800 --> 04:28:42,760 AXONS START TO GROW BACK AGAIN. 5152 04:28:42,760 --> 04:28:47,640 SO THE GENE SEEMS TO BE A 5153 04:28:47,640 --> 04:28:49,960 SPECIFIC MAGNETIC RESPONSE AND 5154 04:28:49,960 --> 04:28:53,880 IN CERTAIN SPECIES, THE GENE WAS 5155 04:28:53,880 --> 04:28:55,800 THOUGHT TO CODE FOR MAGNETO 5156 04:28:55,800 --> 04:28:59,160 RECEPTION SO THAT'S VERY 5157 04:28:59,160 --> 04:29:02,000 INTERESTING. 5158 04:29:02,000 --> 04:29:04,720 IN HUMAN THE CRY 12 GENES 5159 04:29:04,720 --> 04:29:06,240 LICENSE ACTIVITY SO WE STILL 5160 04:29:06,240 --> 04:29:07,520 QUESTION WHAT THE TRANSLATION IS 5161 04:29:07,520 --> 04:29:09,960 BETWEEN THE MOUSE AND THE HUMAN 5162 04:29:09,960 --> 04:29:10,280 MODEL. 5163 04:29:10,280 --> 04:29:11,480 BUT VERY INTERESTING EXPERIMENT 5164 04:29:11,480 --> 04:29:17,680 THAT WE FOUND THIS SORT OF 5165 04:29:17,680 --> 04:29:18,200 MAGNETO RECEPTION EFFECT. 5166 04:29:18,200 --> 04:29:20,760 OKAY, SO A LOT OF THESE MOUSE 5167 04:29:20,760 --> 04:29:24,720 EXPERIMENTS ARE USING VERY BASIC 5168 04:29:24,720 --> 04:29:28,120 SOLENOID COILS AND THIS IS VERY 5169 04:29:28,120 --> 04:29:29,720 OTHER PROPOSALS TO MANUFACTURE 5170 04:29:29,720 --> 04:29:31,360 THESE MICROTMS COILS FOR ULTRA 5171 04:29:31,360 --> 04:29:33,640 FOCAL BRAIN STIMULATION AND 5172 04:29:33,640 --> 04:29:37,160 THESE MIKE RODES ARE--THESE 5173 04:29:37,160 --> 04:29:37,720 COILS ARE MICROFABRICATED. 5174 04:29:37,720 --> 04:29:39,920 THEY'RE VERY SMALL AND SOME 5175 04:29:39,920 --> 04:29:41,680 PROPOSE TO DO TRANSCRANIAL 5176 04:29:41,680 --> 04:29:44,080 STIMULATION WITH THEM AND 5177 04:29:44,080 --> 04:29:45,840 THERE'S THE STRUCTURE IS 5178 04:29:45,840 --> 04:29:47,320 BASICALLY JUST A SOLENOID AND 5179 04:29:47,320 --> 04:29:48,120 THEY WOULD COMPENSATE WITH THE 5180 04:29:48,120 --> 04:29:49,960 FACT THAT THE COILS ARE VERY 5181 04:29:49,960 --> 04:29:52,600 SMALL, BY ADDING NUMBER OF TURNS 5182 04:29:52,600 --> 04:29:53,920 TO THE COIL. 5183 04:29:53,920 --> 04:29:55,360 SO THESE COILS OFTEN WOULD END 5184 04:29:55,360 --> 04:29:57,640 UP WITH HUNDREDS OF TURNS, SO 5185 04:29:57,640 --> 04:30:02,520 THEY WOULD TELL ME, THE SFR 5186 04:30:02,520 --> 04:30:03,320 CERTAINLY--CERTAINLY QUAIGZ 5187 04:30:03,320 --> 04:30:04,320 WOULD PREDICT AS YOU INCREASE 5188 04:30:04,320 --> 04:30:06,280 THE NUMBER OF TURNS IN YOUR 5189 04:30:06,280 --> 04:30:07,840 COIL, YOU WOULD ALSO INCREASE 5190 04:30:07,840 --> 04:30:10,800 THE MAGNETIC FIELD THAT IS 5191 04:30:10,800 --> 04:30:12,440 INDUCED IN THE SOLENOID. 5192 04:30:12,440 --> 04:30:14,760 CORRECT. 5193 04:30:14,760 --> 04:30:16,280 BUT WHEN YOU PACK THE FEBRUARY 5194 04:30:16,280 --> 04:30:18,160 OF TURNS AND MAKE THE COIL VERY, 5195 04:30:18,160 --> 04:30:20,400 VERY TALL, YOU SEE THAT THIS 5196 04:30:20,400 --> 04:30:21,200 EQUATION AND INVERTLY PROPORTION 5197 04:30:21,200 --> 04:30:22,480 AT TO THE HEIGHT OF THE COIL, SO 5198 04:30:22,480 --> 04:30:26,640 WHEN YOU BUILD A VERY LONG AND 5199 04:30:26,640 --> 04:30:27,760 TALL COIL, IT'S ACTUALLY 5200 04:30:27,760 --> 04:30:38,120 DECREASING IT HAS A 5201 04:30:45,680 --> 04:30:46,000 COUNTERACKING. 5202 04:30:46,000 --> 04:30:47,880 IT IS ELECTRIC FIELD IS 5203 04:30:47,880 --> 04:30:48,520 INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO THE 5204 04:30:48,520 --> 04:30:50,160 NUMBER OF TURNS IN THE COIL. 5205 04:30:50,160 --> 04:30:54,400 SO BY INCREASING THE NUMBER OF 5206 04:30:54,400 --> 04:30:56,400 TURNS, YOU HAD ACTUALLY REDUCED 5207 04:30:56,400 --> 04:30:57,960 THE ELECTRIC FIELD RATHER THAN 5208 04:30:57,960 --> 04:31:03,880 ACHIEVING A HIGHER FIELD OF 5209 04:31:03,880 --> 04:31:04,240 STRENGTH. 5210 04:31:04,240 --> 04:31:06,000 SO THE LESSON HERE IS THAT 1 5211 04:31:06,000 --> 04:31:09,280 DOES NOT SIMPLY INCREASE THE 5212 04:31:09,280 --> 04:31:10,000 NUMBER OF TURNS. 5213 04:31:10,000 --> 04:31:11,280 NOT WITHOUT DOING MORE STUFF TO 5214 04:31:11,280 --> 04:31:13,600 YOUR COIL, RIGHT? 5215 04:31:13,600 --> 04:31:18,920 SO THE COIL FOR EXAMPLE, THAT 5216 04:31:18,920 --> 04:31:20,320 THEY PRESENTED YESTERDAY HAS 5217 04:31:20,320 --> 04:31:23,360 MORE TURNS AND IT'S A VERY TALL 5218 04:31:23,360 --> 04:31:29,880 COIL BUT INSIDE THIS IS A FLUX 5219 04:31:29,880 --> 04:31:32,120 HIGHWAY, AND WE'RE NOW WRITING 5220 04:31:32,120 --> 04:31:34,080 SOFTWARE TO SIMULATE THESE COILS 5221 04:31:34,080 --> 04:31:36,160 WITH MAGNETIC MATERIAL TO SEE 5222 04:31:36,160 --> 04:31:37,920 HOW WELL THESE NONLITIGATING 5223 04:31:37,920 --> 04:31:40,360 MATERIAL CAN HELP WITH IMPROVING 5224 04:31:40,360 --> 04:31:45,200 THE EFFICIENCY OF TMS COILS AND 5225 04:31:45,200 --> 04:31:45,840 SO ON. 5226 04:31:45,840 --> 04:31:50,200 SO THIS IS IN COLLABORATION WITH 5227 04:31:50,200 --> 04:31:51,840 [INDISCERNIBLE] AT MPh, AND 5228 04:31:51,840 --> 04:31:52,640 WE'RE WRITING SOFTWARE THAT 5229 04:31:52,640 --> 04:31:54,880 WOULD ALLOW TO YOU DRAW AND COIL 5230 04:31:54,880 --> 04:31:57,080 GEOMETRY IN BOTH ANIMAL MODELS 5231 04:31:57,080 --> 04:31:58,920 AND HUMAN MODELS SO SUCH THAT 5232 04:31:58,920 --> 04:32:04,320 YOU CAN START TO LOOK AT AND THE 5233 04:32:04,320 --> 04:32:12,200 CONTRIBUTION OF THIS NONLINEAR 5234 04:32:12,200 --> 04:32:12,480 MATERIAL. 5235 04:32:12,480 --> 04:32:12,760 [LAUGHTER] 5236 04:32:12,760 --> 04:32:14,200 SO SOMEHOW MY SLIDES ARE NOT 5237 04:32:14,200 --> 04:32:15,400 SHOWING UP BUT IN THE INTEREST 5238 04:32:15,400 --> 04:32:17,200 OF TIME WHY DON'T I JUST SKIP 5239 04:32:17,200 --> 04:32:22,680 ALL THE WAY TO THE END COLLECT 5240 04:32:22,680 --> 04:32:24,600 200 THERE IS AND GO TO MY 5241 04:32:24,600 --> 04:32:25,640 CONCLUSIONS SLIDE FOR THE 5242 04:32:25,640 --> 04:32:26,560 INTEREST OF TIME. 5243 04:32:26,560 --> 04:32:28,240 SO IN THIS TALK, I HOPE THAT 5244 04:32:28,240 --> 04:32:32,040 I'VE SHOWN YOU SOME EXAMPLES OF 5245 04:32:32,040 --> 04:32:34,680 HOW COMPUTATIONAL MODELS CAN BE 5246 04:32:34,680 --> 04:32:37,920 USEFUL IN A VARIETY OF WAYS 5247 04:32:37,920 --> 04:32:39,640 INCLUDING STUDYING DOSING, 5248 04:32:39,640 --> 04:32:41,560 STUDYING THE PHYSICS OF THE 5249 04:32:41,560 --> 04:32:44,040 STIMULATION, AND HOW TO USE 5250 04:32:44,040 --> 04:32:46,720 THESE COMPUTATIONAL MODELS TO 5251 04:32:46,720 --> 04:32:50,800 DEVELOP NEW TECHNOLOGY AND I'VE 5252 04:32:50,800 --> 04:32:53,320 SHOWN YOU EXAMPLES WITH MAGNETIC 5253 04:32:53,320 --> 04:32:54,640 STIMULATION IN DIFFERENT SPECIES 5254 04:32:54,640 --> 04:32:56,800 OF ANIMAL AND ALSO VERY 5255 04:32:56,800 --> 04:32:59,400 DIFFERENT RANGE OF ELECTRIC 5256 04:32:59,400 --> 04:33:00,800 FIELD STRENGTHS AND SO 5257 04:33:00,800 --> 04:33:02,840 HOPEFULLY, YOU HAVE AN 5258 04:33:02,840 --> 04:33:05,280 APPRECIATION OF THE POWER OF 5259 04:33:05,280 --> 04:33:08,400 THESE COMPUTATIONAL MODELS AND 5260 04:33:08,400 --> 04:33:11,920 WITH THAT, YOU GUYS HAVE BEEN 5261 04:33:11,920 --> 04:33:12,880 WONDERFUL AUDIENCE THAT STAYED 5262 04:33:12,880 --> 04:33:23,040 WITH ME. 5263 04:33:32,320 --> 04:33:32,520 THANK YOU. 5264 04:33:32,520 --> 04:33:32,840 [ APPLAUSE ] 5265 04:33:32,840 --> 04:33:34,600 >>THANK YOU, I HAVE QUESTIONS. 5266 04:33:34,600 --> 04:33:36,440 >>CAN YOU GO CLOSER TO THE 5267 04:33:36,440 --> 04:33:37,560 MICROPHONE. 5268 04:33:37,560 --> 04:33:38,000 >>PUSH IT DOWN. 5269 04:33:38,000 --> 04:33:38,360 >>THANK YOU. 5270 04:33:38,360 --> 04:33:41,880 SO THANK YOU FOR PRESENTATION. 5271 04:33:41,880 --> 04:33:43,720 I HAVE A QUESTION ABOUT YOUR 5272 04:33:43,720 --> 04:33:47,080 REAL MODEL IN [INDISCERNIBLE]. 5273 04:33:47,080 --> 04:33:52,280 SO DO YOU HAVE REAL LIKE BRAIN 5274 04:33:52,280 --> 04:33:54,640 MODEL OR IS IT JUST A SCHEME? 5275 04:33:54,640 --> 04:33:56,120 , YEAH, SO TALKING ABOUT THE 5276 04:33:56,120 --> 04:33:58,360 ROTATING MAGNETS BECAUSE I KNOW 5277 04:33:58,360 --> 04:34:00,400 IT'S DIFFICULT TO IMPORT REAL 5278 04:34:00,400 --> 04:34:01,160 MODELING [INDISCERNIBLE] AND IF 5279 04:34:01,160 --> 04:34:04,120 YOU WANT TO GO WITH GRAY MATTER, 5280 04:34:04,120 --> 04:34:05,640 WHITE MATTER, SO MANY LAYERS 5281 04:34:05,640 --> 04:34:07,640 MESHING SO I HAVE A QUESTION 5282 04:34:07,640 --> 04:34:07,920 ABOUT THAT. 5283 04:34:07,920 --> 04:34:10,960 >>WE HAVEN'T DONE THAT. 5284 04:34:10,960 --> 04:34:12,720 WE HAVE IMPORTED A UNIFORM MODEL 5285 04:34:12,720 --> 04:34:14,720 THAT HAS A HEAD SHAPE TO IT. 5286 04:34:14,720 --> 04:34:16,760 THAT'S AS FAR AS WE'VE GONE AND 5287 04:34:16,760 --> 04:34:18,800 BECAUSE IT WASN'T THE GOAL TO 5288 04:34:18,800 --> 04:34:22,960 REALLY SIMULATE THIS TECHNOLOGY 5289 04:34:22,960 --> 04:34:24,960 ON INDIVIDUAL BRAINS IT WAS MORE 5290 04:34:24,960 --> 04:34:27,720 OF AN EXPLORATION OF WHAT IS 5291 04:34:27,720 --> 04:34:31,000 EVEN THE ORDER OF MAGNITUDE OF 5292 04:34:31,000 --> 04:34:33,360 THIS SYSTEM SO THE--WE HAVEN'T 5293 04:34:33,360 --> 04:34:35,840 GONE TO THE LENGTH OF IMPORTING 5294 04:34:35,840 --> 04:34:39,320 A MULTISHELL MODEL YET. 5295 04:34:39,320 --> 04:34:42,760 THAT IS A CHALLENGE. 5296 04:34:42,760 --> 04:34:44,520 I STARTED EXPLORING THAT FOR 5297 04:34:44,520 --> 04:34:45,720 EXAMPLE, ALREADY INCORPORATING 5298 04:34:45,720 --> 04:34:47,440 THE MESH OF THE MAGNET, ALREADY 5299 04:34:47,440 --> 04:34:48,360 IN THE SEGMENTATION, THAT 5300 04:34:48,360 --> 04:34:49,240 DOESN'T TURN OUT BECAUSE YOU 5301 04:34:49,240 --> 04:34:51,120 NEED A MESH TO BE MOVING, SO 5302 04:34:51,120 --> 04:34:55,760 THATIA DIFFICULT THING TO DO. 5303 04:34:55,760 --> 04:34:57,560 IT'S A VERY CHALLENGING PROBLEM, 5304 04:34:57,560 --> 04:35:01,200 I DON'T KNOW OF ANY GOOD WAY OF 5305 04:35:01,200 --> 04:35:03,800 DOING IT IN CONSULT, FOR ANY 5306 04:35:03,800 --> 04:35:04,120 SOFTWARE. 5307 04:35:04,120 --> 04:35:06,600 >>OKAY, SO IT'S JUST THE SCHEME 5308 04:35:06,600 --> 04:35:08,960 AND IT'S LIKE MRI? 5309 04:35:08,960 --> 04:35:11,120 >>YEAH, IT'S UNIFORMLY 5310 04:35:11,120 --> 04:35:12,680 CONDUCTING HEAD MODEL, UNFORM 5311 04:35:12,680 --> 04:35:14,880 CONNECTIVITY WHICH MAY BE OKAY 5312 04:35:14,880 --> 04:35:16,760 FOR MEG NATTIC STIMULATION. 5313 04:35:16,760 --> 04:35:17,760 >>YEAH, OKAY. 5314 04:35:17,760 --> 04:35:25,480 OKAY, THANK YOU. 5315 04:35:25,480 --> 04:35:25,920 >>THANK YOU. 5316 04:35:25,920 --> 04:35:26,480 YES, SIR. 5317 04:35:26,480 --> 04:35:35,680 YES, SIR, TALK LOUDER. 5318 04:35:35,680 --> 04:35:37,200 >>OKAY, [INAUDIBLE QUESTION 5319 04:35:37,200 --> 04:35:38,800 FROM AUDIENCE ] 5320 04:35:38,800 --> 04:35:40,320 >>IT REMAINED CRISPY FOR MUCH 5321 04:35:40,320 --> 04:35:45,520 LONGER IT'S ACTUALLY A GREAT 5322 04:35:45,520 --> 04:35:45,840 EXPERIENCE. 5323 04:35:45,840 --> 04:35:48,480 IT'S ACTUALLY ALREADY A PATENTED 5324 04:35:48,480 --> 04:35:49,680 TECHNIQUE. 5325 04:35:49,680 --> 04:35:52,960 IT WAS PATENTED BY A GAME NAMED 5326 04:35:52,960 --> 04:35:55,120 NATHAN MERFEL WHO WAS THE FORMER 5327 04:35:55,120 --> 04:35:59,760 CTO OF MICROSOFT. 5328 04:35:59,760 --> 04:36:02,960 >>DO WE HAVE ANYMORE QUESTIONS? 5329 04:36:02,960 --> 04:36:06,360 I THINK WE WILL SAY THANK YOU 5330 04:36:06,360 --> 04:36:11,240 ZHI FOR YOUR PRESENTATION. 5331 04:36:11,240 --> 04:36:11,800 [ APPLAUSE ] 5332 04:36:11,800 --> 04:36:13,240 >>SO THE NEXT SPEAKER WILL BE 5333 04:36:13,240 --> 04:36:15,920 THE NEXT PRESENTATION WILL BE 5334 04:36:15,920 --> 04:36:19,400 DELIVERING A RECORDING, IT'S 5335 04:36:19,400 --> 04:36:22,920 FRANK FROM USC STEPHEN'S 5336 04:36:22,920 --> 04:36:24,440 NEUROIMAGING AND INFORMATICS 5337 04:36:24,440 --> 04:36:27,280 INSTITUTE FROM THE KKS ECK 5338 04:36:27,280 --> 04:36:28,200 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY 5339 04:36:28,200 --> 04:36:29,360 OF SORGTERN CALIFORNIA, IF YOU 5340 04:36:29,360 --> 04:36:33,320 COULD START THE PRESENTATION, 5341 04:36:33,320 --> 04:36:34,000 PLEASE? 5342 04:36:34,000 --> 04:36:35,200 >>HELLO, EVERYONE MY 5343 04:36:35,200 --> 04:36:36,360 PRESENTATION IS FOCUSED ON THE 5344 04:36:36,360 --> 04:36:39,040 IMPORTANT TOPIC OF THE MRI 5345 04:36:39,040 --> 04:36:45,480 RELATED SAFETY ISSUES FOR 5346 04:36:45,480 --> 04:36:47,600 NEUROMODDULATION SYSTEMS. 5347 04:36:47,600 --> 04:36:48,440 NEUROMODULATION UTILIZEs A 5348 04:36:48,440 --> 04:36:50,840 MEDICAL DEVICE TO RELIEVE 5349 04:36:50,840 --> 04:36:53,840 SYMPTOMS THROUGH ALTERATION OR 5350 04:36:53,840 --> 04:36:54,840 MODULATION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM 5351 04:36:54,840 --> 04:36:56,240 FUNCTION VIA THE TARGETED 5352 04:36:56,240 --> 04:36:59,440 DELIVERY OF A STIMULUS SUCH AS 5353 04:36:59,440 --> 04:37:01,120 ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OR A 5354 04:37:01,120 --> 04:37:02,920 CHEMICAL AGENT TO A SPECIFIC 5355 04:37:02,920 --> 04:37:12,800 NEUROLOGICAL SITE IN THE BODY. 5356 04:37:12,800 --> 04:37:13,720 NEUROMODULATION THERAPIES HAVE 5357 04:37:13,720 --> 04:37:14,800 BEEN AVAILABLE SINCE THE 1960S 5358 04:37:14,800 --> 04:37:17,720 AND ARE AN ESSENTIAL TOOL FOR 5359 04:37:17,720 --> 04:37:18,560 HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS. 5360 04:37:18,560 --> 04:37:23,480 THE FIELD OF NEUROMODDULATION 5361 04:37:23,480 --> 04:37:25,720 ENCOMPASSES A WIDE RAIRVELG OF 5362 04:37:25,720 --> 04:37:26,360 THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS FROM 5363 04:37:26,360 --> 04:37:28,120 CHRONIC PAIN TO NUROLOGICAL 5364 04:37:28,120 --> 04:37:30,520 CONDITIONS SUCH AS EPILEPSY, 5365 04:37:30,520 --> 04:37:31,360 DYSTONIA AND PARKINSON'S DISEASE 5366 04:37:31,360 --> 04:37:34,280 WITH THE GOAL OF SUPPORTING THE 5367 04:37:34,280 --> 04:37:36,440 RECOVERY OF ABILITIES SUCH AS 5368 04:37:36,440 --> 04:37:39,160 HEARING, VISUAL AND MOBILITY, AS 5369 04:37:39,160 --> 04:37:46,800 WELL AS THE CONTROL OF PLATTER 5370 04:37:46,800 --> 04:37:48,320 AND BOWEL FUNCTION. 5371 04:37:48,320 --> 04:37:49,960 TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN 5372 04:37:49,960 --> 04:37:50,960 NEUROSCIENCE COMBINED WITH 5373 04:37:50,960 --> 04:37:53,000 NEURAL MODULATION SYSTEMS THAT 5374 04:37:53,000 --> 04:37:55,480 WERE MIN RATTURIZED TO FEASIBLY 5375 04:37:55,480 --> 04:37:57,000 PRESENT INFORMATION CONTRIBUTED 5376 04:37:57,000 --> 04:37:59,640 TO THE EXPONENTIAL GROWTH OF 5377 04:37:59,640 --> 04:38:00,360 NEUROMODDULATION APPLICATIONS 5378 04:38:00,360 --> 04:38:02,560 INCLUDING THOSE USED FOR DEEP 5379 04:38:02,560 --> 04:38:05,040 BRAIN STIMULATION, PERIPHERAL 5380 04:38:05,040 --> 04:38:06,600 NERVE STIMULATION, SPINAL CORD 5381 04:38:06,600 --> 04:38:09,880 STIMULATION, SAN FRANCISCO KRAL 5382 04:38:09,880 --> 04:38:11,040 NERVE STIMULATION, VAGUS NERVE 5383 04:38:11,040 --> 04:38:12,480 STIMULATION AS WELL AS 5384 04:38:12,480 --> 04:38:19,920 ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS FOR PAIN 5385 04:38:19,920 --> 04:38:20,320 MANAGEMENT. 5386 04:38:20,320 --> 04:38:20,840 NOTABLY NEURAL MODULATION 5387 04:38:20,840 --> 04:38:23,440 SYSTEMS ARE THE FASTEST GROWING 5388 04:38:23,440 --> 04:38:30,080 SEGMENT OF THE THE MEDICAL 5389 04:38:30,080 --> 04:38:31,080 DEVICE INDUSTRY. 5390 04:38:31,080 --> 04:38:33,560 THE PRESENTATION OF A SAFE MRI 5391 04:38:33,560 --> 04:38:34,880 ENVIRONMENT REQUIRES HEALTHCARE 5392 04:38:34,880 --> 04:38:36,200 PROFESSIONALS TO BE PARTICULARLY 5393 04:38:36,200 --> 04:38:38,480 ATTENTIVE TO THE MANAGEMENT OF 5394 04:38:38,480 --> 04:38:41,160 PATIENT WHORS HAVE METAL 5395 04:38:41,160 --> 04:38:43,320 IMPLANTS FOR THIS PART THE 5396 04:38:43,320 --> 04:38:44,000 PROCEDURE INVOLVES IDENTIFYING 5397 04:38:44,000 --> 04:38:45,480 THE PRESENCE OF THESE DEVICES 5398 04:38:45,480 --> 04:38:47,600 AND THAT INCLUDING ACTIVE 5399 04:38:47,600 --> 04:38:51,960 IMPLANTS SUCH AS NEURAL 5400 04:38:51,960 --> 04:38:53,160 MODULATION SYSTEMS. 5401 04:38:53,160 --> 04:38:55,000 VORCE MRI RELATED ISSUES CAN 5402 04:38:55,000 --> 04:38:57,440 IMPACT NEURAL MODULATION SYSTEMS 5403 04:38:57,440 --> 04:38:59,840 AND THAT INCLUDES THOSE 5404 04:38:59,840 --> 04:39:01,720 ASSOCIATED WITH MAGNETIC FIELD 5405 04:39:01,720 --> 04:39:03,480 INTERACTIONS NAMELY FORCE AND 5406 04:39:03,480 --> 04:39:05,880 TORQUE ACTING ON IMPLANTABLE 5407 04:39:05,880 --> 04:39:08,440 PULSE GENERATORS OR LEADS AND 5408 04:39:08,440 --> 04:39:08,880 ELECTRODES. 5409 04:39:08,880 --> 04:39:11,080 MRI RELATED RF OR GRADIENT 5410 04:39:11,080 --> 04:39:13,760 INDUCED HEATING CAN GENERATE 5411 04:39:13,760 --> 04:39:15,040 SUBSTANTIAL TEMPERATURE 5412 04:39:15,040 --> 04:39:18,120 ELEVATIONS RESULTING IN PATIENT 5413 04:39:18,120 --> 04:39:19,320 BURN INJURIES. 5414 04:39:19,320 --> 04:39:22,120 IN DUCE CURRENTS THAT CAUSE 5415 04:39:22,120 --> 04:39:23,040 UNINTENDED FER DELETERIOUS 5416 04:39:23,040 --> 04:39:25,360 STIMULATION MAY ALSO OCCUR. 5417 04:39:25,360 --> 04:39:27,400 AND GREATIEND INDUCED VIBRATION 5418 04:39:27,400 --> 04:39:29,200 OF THEP IMPLANTED COMPONENTS 5419 04:39:29,200 --> 04:39:30,760 MAINLY THE PULSE GENERATORS MAY 5420 04:39:30,760 --> 04:39:39,440 RESULT IN TISSUE DAMAGE. 5421 04:39:39,440 --> 04:39:40,560 THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS 5422 04:39:40,560 --> 04:39:42,760 UTILIZED DURING MRI CAN 5423 04:39:42,760 --> 04:39:44,200 POTENTIAL CHANGE THE OPERATIONAL 5424 04:39:44,200 --> 04:39:46,600 ASPECTS OF A NEURAL MODULATION 5425 04:39:46,600 --> 04:39:48,320 SYSTEM CAUSING THE FUNCTION TO 5426 04:39:48,320 --> 04:39:50,720 BE ALTERED TEMPORARILY AND 5427 04:39:50,720 --> 04:39:51,040 PERMANENTLY. 5428 04:39:51,040 --> 04:39:52,000 FINALLY ARTIFACTS SOSHTED WITH 5429 04:39:52,000 --> 04:39:55,840 THE PRESENCE OF A 5430 04:39:55,840 --> 04:39:57,120 NEUROMODDULATION SYSTEM MAY 5431 04:39:57,120 --> 04:40:02,160 COMPROMISE THE DIAGNOSTIC USE OF 5432 04:40:02,160 --> 04:40:02,320 MRI. 5433 04:40:02,320 --> 04:40:04,160 IN CONSIDERATION OF THE VARIOUS 5434 04:40:04,160 --> 04:40:05,920 FACTORS THAT CAN POTENTIALLY 5435 04:40:05,920 --> 04:40:07,520 IMPACT A NEURAL MODULATION 5436 04:40:07,520 --> 04:40:08,360 SYSTEM, SPECIALIZED TEST 5437 04:40:08,360 --> 04:40:10,120 PROCEDURES HAD BEEN DEVELOPED 5438 04:40:10,120 --> 04:40:12,840 TO,A ASSESSES THE VARIOUS 5439 04:40:12,840 --> 04:40:13,600 AFOREMENTIONED MRI RELATED 5440 04:40:13,600 --> 04:40:14,840 SAFETY ISSUES FOR THESE ACTIVE 5441 04:40:14,840 --> 04:40:17,480 IMPLANTS WHICH ARE DESCRIBED IN 5442 04:40:17,480 --> 04:40:24,480 THE ISO TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION 5443 04:40:24,480 --> 04:40:24,680 10974. 5444 04:40:24,680 --> 04:40:26,640 AS SUCH THERE ARE A TEST TO 5445 04:40:26,640 --> 04:40:28,360 CHARACTER MAGNETIC RELATED FORCE 5446 04:40:28,360 --> 04:40:31,440 AND TORQUE RF AND GRADIENT 5447 04:40:31,440 --> 04:40:35,000 INDUCED HEATING AND GRADIENT 5448 04:40:35,000 --> 04:40:35,560 INDUCED VIBRATION, EXTRENSIC 5449 04:40:35,560 --> 04:40:37,400 POTENT WRAL THAT RESULT INDEED 5450 04:40:37,400 --> 04:40:38,600 UNINTENDED STIMULATION AND TO 5451 04:40:38,600 --> 04:40:40,680 ASSESS THE COMBINED EFFECTS OF 5452 04:40:40,680 --> 04:40:42,680 THE STATIC, GRADIENT AND RF 5453 04:40:42,680 --> 04:40:47,040 FIELDS, WITH RESPECT TO POSSIBLY 5454 04:40:47,040 --> 04:40:55,320 CAUSING DEVICE MALFUNCTION OR 5455 04:40:55,320 --> 04:40:55,600 DAMAGE. 5456 04:40:55,600 --> 04:40:57,480 THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE IN THE 5457 04:40:57,480 --> 04:40:59,200 PRODUCT MANUEL FOR THE 5458 04:40:59,200 --> 04:41:00,520 NEUROMODDULATION SYSTEM MUST 5459 04:41:00,520 --> 04:41:05,960 ALWAYS BE CAREFULLY FOLLOWED 5460 04:41:05,960 --> 04:41:07,040 WITHOUT DEVIATIONS. 5461 04:41:07,040 --> 04:41:08,600 FOR EXAMPLE, YOU MAY NEED TO 5462 04:41:08,600 --> 04:41:09,600 FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS WITH REGARD 5463 04:41:09,600 --> 04:41:11,600 TO THE ACCEPTABLE STATIC 5464 04:41:11,600 --> 04:41:12,560 MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH, THE 5465 04:41:12,560 --> 04:41:14,400 TYPE OF TRANSMITTER RF COIL THAT 5466 04:41:14,400 --> 04:41:16,680 MUST BE USED, THE SPECIFIC 5467 04:41:16,680 --> 04:41:17,440 OBLIGATIONS SORPTION RATE HA 5468 04:41:17,440 --> 04:41:19,080 MUST NOT BE EXCEEDED DURING THE 5469 04:41:19,080 --> 04:41:23,280 EXAM OR IN SOME CASES A B1 PLUS 5470 04:41:23,280 --> 04:41:26,640 GROUP MEANS SQUARE OR BMS VALUE 5471 04:41:26,640 --> 04:41:27,280 AS SPECIFIED. 5472 04:41:27,280 --> 04:41:29,440 THERE MAY BE TIME ISSUE FOR 5473 04:41:29,440 --> 04:41:30,320 GRADIENT FIELDS THAT IS 5474 04:41:30,320 --> 04:41:31,840 ACCEPTABLE AND THERE MAY BE 5475 04:41:31,840 --> 04:41:35,000 OTHER CONDITIONS TO FOLLOW AS 5476 04:41:35,000 --> 04:41:35,760 WELL. 5477 04:41:35,760 --> 04:41:38,640 IN ARK DITION, A PARTICULAR 5478 04:41:38,640 --> 04:41:40,080 IMPLANTATION CONFIGURURATION OR 5479 04:41:40,080 --> 04:41:41,720 PLACEMENT SCENARIO AS WELL AS 5480 04:41:41,720 --> 04:41:42,760 SPECIAL PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTIONS 5481 04:41:42,760 --> 04:41:44,200 FOR THE DEVICE MIGHT BE 5482 04:41:44,200 --> 04:41:44,480 REQUIRED. 5483 04:41:44,480 --> 04:41:46,760 AS YOU CAN SEE, THERE ARE MANY 5484 04:41:46,760 --> 04:41:49,440 FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN 5485 04:41:49,440 --> 04:41:51,160 SCANNING PATIENTS WITH 5486 04:41:51,160 --> 04:41:56,000 NEUROMODDULATION SYSTEMS AND MRI 5487 04:41:56,000 --> 04:41:57,840 TECHNOLOGISTS, RAIDIOGRAPHERS, 5488 04:41:57,840 --> 04:41:59,040 AND RAYINGIOLOGYISTS FACE CHAL 5489 04:41:59,040 --> 04:41:59,960 ERVELGS WHEN MEETING 5490 04:41:59,960 --> 04:42:02,520 REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MRI 5491 04:42:02,520 --> 04:42:03,080 PARAMETERS. 5492 04:42:03,080 --> 04:42:05,720 TO HELP WITH THESE CHALLENGES, 5493 04:42:05,720 --> 04:42:07,520 THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE FOR A 5494 04:42:07,520 --> 04:42:08,760 NEURAL MODULATION SYSTEM 5495 04:42:08,760 --> 04:42:10,840 TYPICALLY PROVIDES A TECH LIST 5496 04:42:10,840 --> 04:42:12,160 OR A PATIENT ELIGE INLT FORM 5497 04:42:12,160 --> 04:42:14,600 THAT SHOULD ALSO BE USED TO 5498 04:42:14,600 --> 04:42:16,400 VERIFY AND DOCUMENT THAT ALL 5499 04:42:16,400 --> 04:42:17,320 CONDITIONS ARE CAREFULLY 5500 04:42:17,320 --> 04:42:19,600 FOLLOWED FOR THE DEVICE IN ORDER 5501 04:42:19,600 --> 04:42:20,280 TO INSURE PATIENT SAFETY 5502 04:42:20,280 --> 04:42:27,040 RELATIVE TO THE USE OF MRI. 5503 04:42:27,040 --> 04:42:28,920 IT'S FORTUNATE NOTE THAT THE 5504 04:42:28,920 --> 04:42:30,120 LABELING FOR CERTAIN NEURAL 5505 04:42:30,120 --> 04:42:32,280 MODULATION SYSTEMS MAY HAVE 5506 04:42:32,280 --> 04:42:34,720 SPECIFIC SAER OR B1 + RMS 5507 04:42:34,720 --> 04:42:37,640 RESTRICTIONS FOR A PARTICULAR 5508 04:42:37,640 --> 04:42:38,840 LANDMARKING POSITION OR ANATOMIC 5509 04:42:38,840 --> 04:42:40,200 ZONE OF THE PATIENT. 5510 04:42:40,200 --> 04:42:42,440 THEREFORE, IT IS IMPORTANT TO 5511 04:42:42,440 --> 04:42:44,240 BECOME FAMILIAR WITH THE MRI 5512 04:42:44,240 --> 04:42:45,800 RELATED INFORMATION FOR SOME OF 5513 04:42:45,800 --> 04:42:48,920 THE MORE COMMON AS WELL AS NOT 5514 04:42:48,920 --> 04:42:49,800 SO COMMON NEUROMODDULATION 5515 04:42:49,800 --> 04:42:51,160 SYSTEMS IN ORDER TO BE BEST 5516 04:42:51,160 --> 04:42:53,200 PREPARE WHD A PATIENT RESEBTS TO 5517 04:42:53,200 --> 04:42:58,840 YOUR FACILITY WITH 1 OF THESE 5518 04:42:58,840 --> 04:42:59,280 DEVICES. 5519 04:42:59,280 --> 04:43:01,040 THE DEVICES USED FOR NEURAL 5520 04:43:01,040 --> 04:43:02,680 MODULATION TEND TO HAVE 2 5521 04:43:02,680 --> 04:43:03,960 DIFFERENT PLATFORMS ISSUES THE 5522 04:43:03,960 --> 04:43:06,360 FIRST 1 INVOLVINGS AN 5523 04:43:06,360 --> 04:43:09,000 IMPLANTABLE PULSE GENERATOR OR 5524 04:43:09,000 --> 04:43:10,440 IPG, IMPLANTABLE LEAD EXTENSIONS 5525 04:43:10,440 --> 04:43:12,920 OR LEADS WITH 1 OR MORE 5526 04:43:12,920 --> 04:43:16,760 ELECTRODES LOCATED AT THE ENDS 5527 04:43:16,760 --> 04:43:18,040 OF THE LEADS. 5528 04:43:18,040 --> 04:43:19,960 THE SECOND CONFIGURURATION 5529 04:43:19,960 --> 04:43:21,040 THAT'S USED FOR NEURAL 5530 04:43:21,040 --> 04:43:22,840 MODULATION SYSTEMS IS THAT WHICH 5531 04:43:22,840 --> 04:43:25,360 INVOLVES AN EXTERNAL POWER AND 5532 04:43:25,360 --> 04:43:26,880 STIMULATION SOURCE ALONG WITH 5533 04:43:26,880 --> 04:43:28,080 IMPLANTED LEADS AND ELECTRODES. 5534 04:43:28,080 --> 04:43:30,120 NOTE THAT THE LEAD ELECTRODE 5535 04:43:30,120 --> 04:43:31,600 COMPONENT USED FOR THIS 5536 04:43:31,600 --> 04:43:33,440 PARTICULAR CONFIGURURATION IS 5537 04:43:33,440 --> 04:43:34,880 RELATIVELY SHORT COMPARED TO 5538 04:43:34,880 --> 04:43:37,520 WHAT IS USED FOR THE PREVIOUSLY 5539 04:43:37,520 --> 04:43:43,680 DESCRIBED TYPE OF NEURAL 5540 04:43:43,680 --> 04:43:44,440 MODULATION SYSTEMS. 5541 04:43:44,440 --> 04:43:47,120 IN THIS INSTANCE THE PREDOMINANT 5542 04:43:47,120 --> 04:43:48,360 MRI RELATED ISSUES INCLUDE 5543 04:43:48,360 --> 04:43:51,000 MOVEMENT OR DISLAGEMENT OF THE 5544 04:43:51,000 --> 04:43:51,760 IMPLANTED LEAD ELECTRODE, 5545 04:43:51,760 --> 04:43:54,200 HEATING OF THE IMPLANTED WELLED 5546 04:43:54,200 --> 04:43:56,000 AND ELECTRODE AND UNINTENTIONAL 5547 04:43:56,000 --> 04:43:59,000 STIMULATION OF THE DEVICE. 5548 04:43:59,000 --> 04:43:59,840 AN EXTREMELY AND IMPORTANT THING 5549 04:43:59,840 --> 04:44:02,640 TO NOTE ABOUT THIS 5550 04:44:02,640 --> 04:44:03,600 CONFIGURURATION USED FOR 5551 04:44:03,600 --> 04:44:06,320 NEUROMODDULATION DEVICE SYSTEM 5552 04:44:06,320 --> 04:44:07,840 THAT THE EXTERNAL COMPONENTS 5553 04:44:07,840 --> 04:44:08,760 MUST BE REMOVED FROM THE 5554 04:44:08,760 --> 04:44:15,680 PATIENTS PRIOR TO MRI. 5555 04:44:15,680 --> 04:44:18,320 NOW I WILL PRESENT SELECTED MRI 5556 04:44:18,320 --> 04:44:19,280 LABELING FOR VARIOUS MODULATION 5557 04:44:19,280 --> 04:44:20,960 SYSTEMS TO ILLUSTRATE THE 5558 04:44:20,960 --> 04:44:21,760 COMPLEXITY OF INFORMATION THAT 5559 04:44:21,760 --> 04:44:24,360 MUST BE FOLLOWED TO INSURE 5560 04:44:24,360 --> 04:44:25,760 PATIENT SAFETY RELATIVE TO THE 5561 04:44:25,760 --> 04:44:29,800 USE OF MRI TECHNOLOGY. 5562 04:44:29,800 --> 04:44:32,400 HERE'S AN EXAMPLE OF 1 OF THE 5563 04:44:32,400 --> 04:44:34,640 MORE ELABORATE NEUROSTIMMULATION 5564 04:44:34,640 --> 04:44:35,280 SYSTEMS THAT EXIST. 5565 04:44:35,280 --> 04:44:37,600 THIS IMPLANT IS USED FOR DEEP 5566 04:44:37,600 --> 04:44:41,000 BRAIN STIMULATION OR DBS. 5567 04:44:41,000 --> 04:44:43,360 THE COMPONENTS INCLOOD A SINGLE 5568 04:44:43,360 --> 04:44:48,440 IMPLANTABLE PULSE GENERATOR OR 5569 04:44:48,440 --> 04:44:49,720 BILATERAL I PGs, LEAD 5570 04:44:49,720 --> 04:44:50,920 EXTENSIONS, LEADS AND 5571 04:44:50,920 --> 04:44:51,280 ELECTRODES. 5572 04:44:51,280 --> 04:44:53,800 THE ELEBD RODES ARE PLACED IN 5573 04:44:53,800 --> 04:44:55,520 DEEP PRAIN POSITIONS, THIS DEEP 5574 04:44:55,520 --> 04:44:57,160 BRAIN STIMULATION DEVICE HAS 5575 04:44:57,160 --> 04:44:58,720 BEEN ASSESSED USING 5576 04:44:58,720 --> 04:45:00,760 COMPREHENSIVE TESTING 5577 04:45:00,760 --> 04:45:03,080 TECHNIQUES, TO EVALUATE MAGNETIC 5578 04:45:03,080 --> 04:45:04,920 FIELD INTERACTIONS, HEATING 5579 04:45:04,920 --> 04:45:07,280 INDUCED CURRENTS, ARTIFACTS AND 5580 04:45:07,280 --> 04:45:08,360 PROGRAMMING ALTERATIONS AND 5581 04:45:08,360 --> 04:45:13,040 OTHER POSSIBLE MRI SAFETY 5582 04:45:13,040 --> 04:45:13,720 ISSUES. 5583 04:45:13,720 --> 04:45:15,680 IN 2002, THE NEUROSURGEON ALI 5584 04:45:15,680 --> 04:45:18,560 [INDISCERNIBLE] AND OUR PULTY 5585 04:45:18,560 --> 04:45:21,480 DISCIPLINARY GROUP BASED AT THE 5586 04:45:21,480 --> 04:45:23,160 LEAVE CLAPPED CLINIC CONDUCKED 5587 04:45:23,160 --> 04:45:24,040 NUMEROUS INVESTIGATIONS 5588 04:45:24,040 --> 04:45:26,720 CHARACTER IETIONZING DEEP BRAIN 5589 04:45:26,720 --> 04:45:27,120 STIMULATION SYSTEMS. 5590 04:45:27,120 --> 04:45:30,520 THIS RESEARCH, CONTRIBUTED TO 5591 04:45:30,520 --> 04:45:33,120 THE FIRST SUCCESSFUL MR LABELING 5592 04:45:33,120 --> 04:45:34,560 FOR ACTIVE IMPLANT. 5593 04:45:34,560 --> 04:45:38,400 THE DBS SYSTEM FROM MED TRONNIC 5594 04:45:38,400 --> 04:45:46,160 WHICH OCCURRED NEARLY 2 DECADES 5595 04:45:46,160 --> 04:45:46,320 AGO. 5596 04:45:46,320 --> 04:45:47,800 UNFORTUNATELY, 2 SERIES INJURIES 5597 04:45:47,800 --> 04:45:51,800 HAVE OCCURRED IN PATIENTS WITH 5598 04:45:51,800 --> 04:45:55,600 DBS, WITH MRIs, THESE PATIENTS 5599 04:45:55,600 --> 04:45:56,760 UNDERWENT MRI PROCEDURES UNDER 5600 04:45:56,760 --> 04:46:00,000 CONDITIONS THAT DID NOT FOLLOW 5601 04:46:00,000 --> 04:46:02,840 THE MRI LABELING. 5602 04:46:02,840 --> 04:46:04,600 HERE'S A TRANSAXIEL MRI OBTAINED 5603 04:46:04,600 --> 04:46:05,800 IN THE PATIENTS WHICH SHOWS THE 5604 04:46:05,800 --> 04:46:08,640 DAMAGE IN RELATION TO THE DEEP 5605 04:46:08,640 --> 04:46:10,080 BRAIN STIMULATION ELECTRODE. 5606 04:46:10,080 --> 04:46:12,520 THIS SUBSTANTIAL INJURY RESULTED 5607 04:46:12,520 --> 04:46:14,240 IN A PERMANENT NEUROLOGICAL 5608 04:46:14,240 --> 04:46:17,480 DEFICIT IN THE PATIENT. 5609 04:46:17,480 --> 04:46:19,880 IN BOTH CASES, THE PATIENTS WERE 5610 04:46:19,880 --> 04:46:22,840 SCANNED AT 1 TESLA, 42 MEGAHERTZ 5611 04:46:22,840 --> 04:46:24,920 AND OTHER DEVIATIONS FROM THE 5612 04:46:24,920 --> 04:46:26,200 GUIDELINES EMPHASIZING THE 5613 04:46:26,200 --> 04:46:27,280 IMPORTANCE OF CAREFULLY 5614 04:46:27,280 --> 04:46:30,080 FOLLOWING EVERY ASPECT OF THE MR 5615 04:46:30,080 --> 04:46:30,920 CONDITIONAL LABELING WHEN 5616 04:46:30,920 --> 04:46:38,240 SCANNING PATIENTS WITH ACTIVE 5617 04:46:38,240 --> 04:46:38,720 DEVICES. 5618 04:46:38,720 --> 04:46:40,400 MED TRONNIC PRESENTLY HAS 5619 04:46:40,400 --> 04:46:41,520 SEVERAL DIFFERENT DEEP BRAIN 5620 04:46:41,520 --> 04:46:43,080 STIMULATION SYSTEMS THAT ARE 5621 04:46:43,080 --> 04:46:44,440 LABELED MR CONDITIONAL INCLUDING 5622 04:46:44,440 --> 04:46:46,600 THE FIRST 1 THAT IS APPROVED AT 5623 04:46:46,600 --> 04:46:51,240 BOTH 1.5 AND 3 TESLA, WHICH IS 5624 04:46:51,240 --> 04:46:57,920 THE PERCEPT PC NEUROSTIMMULATOR 5625 04:46:57,920 --> 04:46:58,760 MODEL B35 WO00. 5626 04:46:58,760 --> 04:47:00,840 THIS DEVICE HAS FULL BODY 5627 04:47:00,840 --> 04:47:02,680 ELIGIBILITY LABELING THAT 5628 04:47:02,680 --> 04:47:04,760 INCLUDES LABELING FOR A LEAD 5629 04:47:04,760 --> 04:47:06,920 ONLY SYSTEM WHICH IS A FULLY 5630 04:47:06,920 --> 04:47:08,360 IMPLANTED LEAD THAT IS 5631 04:47:08,360 --> 04:47:11,280 INTERNALIZED AND HAS NO OTHER 5632 04:47:11,280 --> 04:47:12,160 IMPLANTED CONNEBTED COMPONENTS 5633 04:47:12,160 --> 04:47:14,720 OTHER THAN THE LEAD CAP AND 5634 04:47:14,720 --> 04:47:19,200 BURHOLE COVER TO MAINTAIN THE 5635 04:47:19,200 --> 04:47:19,720 LEAD POSITION. 5636 04:47:19,720 --> 04:47:23,160 SIMILAR TO OTHER ACTIVE 5637 04:47:23,160 --> 04:47:24,840 IMPLANTS, THE PRECEPT, 5638 04:47:24,840 --> 04:47:25,640 NEUROSTIMMULATOR DBS SYSTEM HAS 5639 04:47:25,640 --> 04:47:28,040 A PATIENT CHECK LIST OR 5640 04:47:28,040 --> 04:47:32,080 ELIGIBILITY FORM SO THAT MRI 5641 04:47:32,080 --> 04:47:33,840 PROFESSIONALS CAN DOCUMENT THAT 5642 04:47:33,840 --> 04:47:35,240 ALL CRITICAL INFORMATION IS 5643 04:47:35,240 --> 04:47:38,840 ADHERED TO IN ORDER TO INSURE A 5644 04:47:38,840 --> 04:47:39,880 PATIENT'S SAFETY. 5645 04:47:39,880 --> 04:47:42,120 THE DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION 5646 04:47:42,120 --> 04:47:43,960 SYSTEM FROM ABBOT ST. JUDE 5647 04:47:43,960 --> 04:47:47,880 MEDICAL HAS MRI RELATED LABELING 5648 04:47:47,880 --> 04:47:49,200 INFORMATION FOR LEAD ONLY AND 5649 04:47:49,200 --> 04:47:52,200 FULL SYSTEM VERSIONS OF THEIR 5650 04:47:52,200 --> 04:47:52,440 DEVICE. 5651 04:47:52,440 --> 04:47:54,960 THE CONDITIONS APPLY TO THE USE 5652 04:47:54,960 --> 04:47:57,520 OF A 1.5 TESLA SCANNER OHM AND 5653 04:47:57,520 --> 04:47:59,720 REQUIRE HIGHLY SPECIFIC TYPES OF 5654 04:47:59,720 --> 04:48:01,080 LEADS, AND PULSE GENERATORS TO 5655 04:48:01,080 --> 04:48:03,600 BE PRESENT IN THE PATIENT IN 5656 04:48:03,600 --> 04:48:06,480 ORDER TO INSURE SAFETY. 5657 04:48:06,480 --> 04:48:08,680 THE NEXT MR CONDITIONAL DEEP 5658 04:48:08,680 --> 04:48:11,120 BRAIN STIMULATION SYSTEM IS FROM 5659 04:48:11,120 --> 04:48:13,120 BOSTON SCIENTIFIC AND IT ALSO 5660 04:48:13,120 --> 04:48:14,920 HAS LABELING INFORMATION FOR 5661 04:48:14,920 --> 04:48:17,240 LEAD ONLY AND FULL SYSTEM 5662 04:48:17,240 --> 04:48:18,760 VERSIONS OF THE DEVICE. 5663 04:48:18,760 --> 04:48:20,040 SIMILAR TO THE INFORMATION FOR 5664 04:48:20,040 --> 04:48:21,960 THE PRIOR DBS SYSTEM, THE 5665 04:48:21,960 --> 04:48:25,520 CONDITIONS APPLY TO THE USE OF A 5666 04:48:25,520 --> 04:48:27,600 1.5 TESLA MR SYSTEM ONLY AND 5667 04:48:27,600 --> 04:48:29,400 ALSO REQUIRE SPECIFIC LEADS AND 5668 04:48:29,400 --> 04:48:30,760 POST GENERATORS TO INSURE THE 5669 04:48:30,760 --> 04:48:31,280 SAFE USE OF MREFRESH YOUR 5670 04:48:31,280 --> 04:48:33,440 RECOLLECTION I IN THE PATIENT. 5671 04:48:33,440 --> 04:48:35,480 THE LABELING DOCUMENTATION WITH 5672 04:48:35,480 --> 04:48:36,680 THIS NEURAL MODULATION SYSTEM 5673 04:48:36,680 --> 04:48:42,080 ALSO HAS A CHECK LIST THAT CAN 5674 04:48:42,080 --> 04:48:43,560 BE USED TO ESTABLISH THE 5675 04:48:43,560 --> 04:48:44,840 PATIENT'S ELIGIBILITY FOR AN MRI 5676 04:48:44,840 --> 04:48:45,240 EXAM. 5677 04:48:45,240 --> 04:48:47,880 THIS IS AN EXTREMELY UNIQUE TYPE 5678 04:48:47,880 --> 04:48:50,640 OF NEURAL MODULATION SYSTEM, 5679 04:48:50,640 --> 04:48:57,400 IT'S CALLED A RESPONSIVE 5680 04:48:57,400 --> 04:48:59,240 NEUROSTIMMULATION SYSTEMS OR RNS 5681 04:48:59,240 --> 04:49:01,200 CONSISTS OF A SMALL 5682 04:49:01,200 --> 04:49:02,960 NEUROMODDULATION DEVICE THAT IS 5683 04:49:02,960 --> 04:49:04,360 IMPLANTED IN THE SKULL THAT 5684 04:49:04,360 --> 04:49:05,440 DELIVERS STIMULATION TO BRAIN 5685 04:49:05,440 --> 04:49:08,040 SITES AND IS ACTIVATED WHEN 5686 04:49:08,040 --> 04:49:09,280 SENSING LEADS DETECT BRAIN 5687 04:49:09,280 --> 04:49:14,080 ACTIVITY THAT IS PREDICTIVE OF 5688 04:49:14,080 --> 04:49:15,040 IMPENDING SEIZURE ACTIVITY. 5689 04:49:15,040 --> 04:49:16,920 ON THIS LADERAL VIEW X-RAY, NOTE 5690 04:49:16,920 --> 04:49:18,560 THE PULSE GENERATOR IMPLANTED IN 5691 04:49:18,560 --> 04:49:20,120 THE PATIENT'S SKULL AND THE 5692 04:49:20,120 --> 04:49:21,680 LEADS ASSOCIATE WIFED THIS 5693 04:49:21,680 --> 04:49:21,920 DEVICE. 5694 04:49:21,920 --> 04:49:24,560 THE EARLIER VERSION OF THIS 5695 04:49:24,560 --> 04:49:25,960 TECHNOLOGY FROM NEUROPACE 5696 04:49:25,960 --> 04:49:29,760 CORPORATION, THAT IS, THE MODEL 5697 04:49:29,760 --> 04:49:33,480 3 NS-300 M IS LABELED MR-UNSAFE. 5698 04:49:33,480 --> 04:49:36,680 THE MORE RECENT VERSION, THE 5699 04:49:36,680 --> 04:49:40,360 MODEL THE RNS-320 IS 1.5 TESLA 5700 04:49:40,360 --> 04:49:42,480 FULL BODY ELIGIBLE WITH DEFINED 5701 04:49:42,480 --> 04:49:43,840 CONDITIONS OF SCANNING, THUS 5702 04:49:43,840 --> 04:49:45,680 PERMITTING PATIENTS TO BENEFIT 5703 04:49:45,680 --> 04:49:55,520 FROM THE DIAGNOSTIC CAPABILITIES 5704 04:49:55,520 --> 04:49:56,160 AFFORDED BY MRI. 5705 04:49:56,160 --> 04:49:57,640 PLEASE NOTE THAT THE RESPONSIVE 5706 04:49:57,640 --> 04:49:59,520 SYSTEM COMES WITH A CHECK LIST 5707 04:49:59,520 --> 04:50:02,800 AND WHEN TO BE USED, 1 TO USED 5708 04:50:02,800 --> 04:50:04,800 BY NEUROLOGY AND THE OTHER TO BE 5709 04:50:04,800 --> 04:50:06,880 USED BY RADIOLOGY, THE USE OF 5710 04:50:06,880 --> 04:50:08,480 THESE CHECK LISTS INSURE THAT 5711 04:50:08,480 --> 04:50:11,400 THE PATIENT IS ELIGIBLE TO 5712 04:50:11,400 --> 04:50:14,280 UNDERGO MRI AND THERE IS 5713 04:50:14,280 --> 04:50:15,800 COMPLIANCE WITH MRI RELATED 5714 04:50:15,800 --> 04:50:17,680 CONDITIONS FOR PATIENT SAFETY. 5715 04:50:17,680 --> 04:50:19,320 MED TRONNIC HAD THE FIRST FINE 5716 04:50:19,320 --> 04:50:22,320 SALIVA--SALIVA CORD STIMULATION 5717 04:50:22,320 --> 04:50:23,920 OR SCS DEVICES ON THE MARKET. 5718 04:50:23,920 --> 04:50:25,560 THESE EARLY DEVICES WERE LIMITED 5719 04:50:25,560 --> 04:50:28,840 TO US USE OF 1.5 TESLA ONLY AND 5720 04:50:28,840 --> 04:50:33,280 USING A TRANSMIT RECEIVE HEAD 5721 04:50:33,280 --> 04:50:34,680 COIL ONLY. 5722 04:50:34,680 --> 04:50:35,600 TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES HAVE 5723 04:50:35,600 --> 04:50:37,480 RESULTED IN POST GENERATOR, 5724 04:50:37,480 --> 04:50:38,800 LEADS ELECTRODES AND PROGRAMMERS 5725 04:50:38,800 --> 04:50:40,600 THAT ARE ARE USED FOR NEURAL 5726 04:50:40,600 --> 04:50:41,760 STIMULATION SYSTEMS WHICH IS 5727 04:50:41,760 --> 04:50:43,120 PERMITTED AND EXPANSION IN THE 5728 04:50:43,120 --> 04:50:44,240 TYPES OF MRI EXAMS THAT ARE 5729 04:50:44,240 --> 04:50:47,520 POSSIBLE FOR PATIENTS WITH THESE 5730 04:50:47,520 --> 04:50:48,720 ACTIVE DEVICES. 5731 04:50:48,720 --> 04:50:50,880 FOR EXAMPLE, THE SURE SCAN MRI 5732 04:50:50,880 --> 04:50:52,560 PLATFORM FROM MED TRONNIC THAT 5733 04:50:52,560 --> 04:50:54,840 IS USED FOR SPINAL CORD 5734 04:50:54,840 --> 04:50:55,800 STIMULATION SYSTEMS INCORPORATES 5735 04:50:55,800 --> 04:50:58,760 A FEATURE REFERRED TO AS FULL 5736 04:50:58,760 --> 04:51:00,560 BODY ELIGIBLE THAT ENABLES MRI 5737 04:51:00,560 --> 04:51:02,640 TO BE PERFORMED USING THE 5738 04:51:02,640 --> 04:51:03,960 TRANSMIT BODY COIL SO THAT ALL 5739 04:51:03,960 --> 04:51:08,880 BODY PARTS OF THE PATIENTS MAY 5740 04:51:08,880 --> 04:51:10,000 UNDERGO MRI EXAMS. 5741 04:51:10,000 --> 04:51:11,280 SPINAL CORD STIMULATION SYSTEMS 5742 04:51:11,280 --> 04:51:14,360 FROM OTHER COMPANIES SUCH AS 5743 04:51:14,360 --> 04:51:15,200 BOSTON SCIENTIFIC, NEVRO, 5744 04:51:15,200 --> 04:51:18,760 ST. JUDE MEDICAL OR ABBOT 5745 04:51:18,760 --> 04:51:21,080 SIMILARLY HAVE DEVICES LABELED 5746 04:51:21,080 --> 04:51:23,080 MARE RI CONDITIONAL IN FACT SOME 5747 04:51:23,080 --> 04:51:23,880 OF THESE HAVE LABELING THAT 5748 04:51:23,880 --> 04:51:29,240 PERMIT THE USE OF 3 TESLA 5749 04:51:29,240 --> 04:51:29,600 SCANNERS. 5750 04:51:29,600 --> 04:51:32,600 BOSTON SCIENTIFIC USES THE SO 5751 04:51:32,600 --> 04:51:34,800 CALLED IMAGE READY PLATFORM FOR 5752 04:51:34,800 --> 04:51:37,120 MR CONDITIONAL SPINAL CORD 5753 04:51:37,120 --> 04:51:37,560 STIMULATION SYSTEMS. 5754 04:51:37,560 --> 04:51:40,120 BEFORE SCANNING THE PATIENT AT 5755 04:51:40,120 --> 04:51:41,560 1.5 TESLA, THERE MUST BE 5756 04:51:41,560 --> 04:51:44,400 CONFIRMATION OF THE ACCEPTABLE 5757 04:51:44,400 --> 04:51:45,480 PULSE GENERATOR, EXTENSIONS, AND 5758 04:51:45,480 --> 04:51:47,400 LTD.S WHICH CAN BE FACILITATED 5759 04:51:47,400 --> 04:51:50,160 BY USING THE CHECK LIST PROVIDED 5760 04:51:50,160 --> 04:51:55,440 IN THE PRODUCT LABELING. 5761 04:51:55,440 --> 04:51:56,880 THE [INDISCERNIBLE] STIMULATION 5762 04:51:56,880 --> 04:51:58,280 SYSTEM HAS SPINAL CORD 5763 04:51:58,280 --> 04:52:00,080 STIMULATION AS WELL AS 5764 04:52:00,080 --> 04:52:02,000 PERIPHERAL NERVE STIMULATION IN 5765 04:52:02,000 --> 04:52:03,440 ORDER TO TREAT CHRONIC PAIN. 5766 04:52:03,440 --> 04:52:05,400 IT HAS IMPLANTED LEADS AND AN 5767 04:52:05,400 --> 04:52:06,240 EXTERNAL POWER AND STIMULATION 5768 04:52:06,240 --> 04:52:06,520 SOURCE. 5769 04:52:06,520 --> 04:52:08,400 THE PATIENT CAN BE SCANNED AT 5770 04:52:08,400 --> 04:52:11,120 1.5 OR 3 TESLA, AND THE 5771 04:52:11,120 --> 04:52:12,560 ACCEPTABLE WHOLE BODY SAR 5772 04:52:12,560 --> 04:52:15,720 DEPENDS ON THE PERIOD PART 5773 04:52:15,720 --> 04:52:16,320 THAT'S UNDERGOING IMAGING. 5774 04:52:16,320 --> 04:52:18,400 AS FAR AS THE MR CONDITIONING 5775 04:52:18,400 --> 04:52:20,240 LABELING IS CONCERNED, THERE'S 5776 04:52:20,240 --> 04:52:21,880 AN INDICATION THAT THE TEX 5777 04:52:21,880 --> 04:52:23,040 TERNAL COMPONENT MUST BE 5778 04:52:23,040 --> 04:52:23,320 REMOVED. 5779 04:52:23,320 --> 04:52:24,960 NO PART OF THE IMPLANT IS 5780 04:52:24,960 --> 04:52:26,440 ALLOWED WITHIN THE TRANSMITTED 5781 04:52:26,440 --> 04:52:28,320 RF ENEMBRYONIC STEMY AND THE 5782 04:52:28,320 --> 04:52:30,680 PEASHT MUST BE CONSCIOUS TO 5783 04:52:30,680 --> 04:52:32,360 NOTIFY THE TECHNOLOGIST IF 5784 04:52:32,360 --> 04:52:34,360 THERA'S ANY PROBLEM OR 5785 04:52:34,360 --> 04:52:37,080 UNDESIRABLE SENSATION FELT BY 5786 04:52:37,080 --> 04:52:37,880 THE INDIVIDUAL. 5787 04:52:37,880 --> 04:52:41,560 NOW LET'S TAKE A LACK AT A 5788 04:52:41,560 --> 04:52:42,240 DIFFERENT NEUROMODDULATION 5789 04:52:42,240 --> 04:52:43,000 CONFIGURURATION, NAMELY THE 5790 04:52:43,000 --> 04:52:46,520 VERSION THAT USES AN EXTERNAL 5791 04:52:46,520 --> 04:52:48,640 STIMULATION AND POWER SOURCE IN 5792 04:52:48,640 --> 04:52:52,000 COMBINATION WITH AN IMPLANTED 5793 04:52:52,000 --> 04:52:52,200 LEAD. 5794 04:52:52,200 --> 04:52:54,400 AN ADVANTAGE OF USING THIS 5795 04:52:54,400 --> 04:52:55,240 STRATEGY FOR NEUROMODDULATION IS 5796 04:52:55,240 --> 04:52:57,120 A FACT THAT CERTAIN COMPONENTS 5797 04:52:57,120 --> 04:52:59,000 ARE ELIMINATED SUCH AS IMPLANTED 5798 04:52:59,000 --> 04:53:00,800 POST GENERATORS AND LEAD 5799 04:53:00,800 --> 04:53:02,080 EXTENSIONS, PLUS, LONGER LEADS 5800 04:53:02,080 --> 04:53:04,480 ARE TYPICALLY NOT REQUIRED. 5801 04:53:04,480 --> 04:53:06,840 THESE FEATURES DECREASE 5802 04:53:06,840 --> 04:53:07,680 IMPLANTATION PROCEDURAL TIME 5803 04:53:07,680 --> 04:53:10,280 LOWER THE RISK OF INFECTION, AND 5804 04:53:10,280 --> 04:53:12,120 REDUCE THE OVERALL COSTS 5805 04:53:12,120 --> 04:53:19,160 COMPARED TO A CONVENTIONAL 5806 04:53:19,160 --> 04:53:21,280 NEURAL MODULATION SYSTEM. 5807 04:53:21,280 --> 04:53:22,560 CONVENTIONAL NEURAL MODULATION 5808 04:53:22,560 --> 04:53:24,400 SYSTEMS USED FOR FINE 5809 04:53:24,400 --> 04:53:26,080 SALIVA--SALIVA CORD STIMULATION 5810 04:53:26,080 --> 04:53:27,440 TYPICALLY HAVE IMPLANTED POST 5811 04:53:27,440 --> 04:53:29,400 GENERATORS WHICH ARE RATHER 5812 04:53:29,400 --> 04:53:30,600 BULKY AND MAY CAUSE TISSUE 5813 04:53:30,600 --> 04:53:32,360 DAMAGE AND OTHER PROBLEMS. 5814 04:53:32,360 --> 04:53:33,800 NEW TECHNOLOGY HAS BEEN 5815 04:53:33,800 --> 04:53:35,600 DEVELOPED FOR FINE SPAL CORD 5816 04:53:35,600 --> 04:53:37,800 STIMULATION THAT ALLOWS THE USE 5817 04:53:37,800 --> 04:53:39,480 OF AN EXTERNAL WEARABLE ANTENNA 5818 04:53:39,480 --> 04:53:41,480 AND POWER SOURCE THAT 5819 04:53:41,480 --> 04:53:44,760 COMMUNICATES WIRELESSLY WITH THE 5820 04:53:44,760 --> 04:53:46,320 RELATIVELY SHORT LEAD. 5821 04:53:46,320 --> 04:53:48,120 THIS UNIQUELY DESIGNED ACTIVE 5822 04:53:48,120 --> 04:53:51,000 DEVICE CALLED THE FREEDOM FOR 5823 04:53:51,000 --> 04:53:53,080 SCS SYSTEM IS FROM STIMWAVE AND 5824 04:53:53,080 --> 04:53:55,760 IT IS LABELED MR CONDITIONAL AT 5825 04:53:55,760 --> 04:54:03,160 1.5 AND 3 TESLA. 5826 04:54:03,160 --> 04:54:04,560 A NEURAL MODULATION SYSTEM 5827 04:54:04,560 --> 04:54:09,560 DESIGNED TO TREAT THREAP APNEA 5828 04:54:09,560 --> 04:54:11,080 IS DESIGNED FROM 5829 04:54:11,080 --> 04:54:11,440 [INDISCERNIBLE]. 5830 04:54:11,440 --> 04:54:12,680 THEY STIMULATE THE NERVE IN AN 5831 04:54:12,680 --> 04:54:14,920 AIR WAY IN AN OPEN POSITION 5832 04:54:14,920 --> 04:54:18,440 WHILE THE PATIENT SLEEPS. 5833 04:54:18,440 --> 04:54:20,200 IT'S IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT THE 5834 04:54:20,200 --> 04:54:21,680 APPROVED LABELING IS DIFFERENT 5835 04:54:21,680 --> 04:54:23,640 IN THE US VERSUS OUTSIDE THE 5836 04:54:23,640 --> 04:54:25,560 U.S., LET'S TAKE A LOOK AT THE 5837 04:54:25,560 --> 04:54:27,360 MR CONDITIONAL LABELING FOR THE 5838 04:54:27,360 --> 04:54:30,000 U.S., FIRST, STIMULAR TO OTHER 5839 04:54:30,000 --> 04:54:31,880 NEUROMODDULATION SYSTEMS WITH 5840 04:54:31,880 --> 04:54:33,080 EXTERNAL COMPONENTS, THE TEX 5841 04:54:33,080 --> 04:54:35,400 ERNETAL PARTS NAMELY THE 5842 04:54:35,400 --> 04:54:37,240 ACTIVATION CHIP AND DISPOSABLE 5843 04:54:37,240 --> 04:54:38,760 PATCH ARE NOT ALLOWED TO BE IN 5844 04:54:38,760 --> 04:54:43,880 CONTACT WITH THE PATIENT DURING 5845 04:54:43,880 --> 04:54:45,080 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING. 5846 04:54:45,080 --> 04:54:47,880 MRI XASMS CAN BE PERFORMED AT 5847 04:54:47,880 --> 04:54:50,200 EITHER 1.5 OR 3 TESLA, DIFFERENT 5848 04:54:50,200 --> 04:54:52,000 WHOLE BODY SARs AND SCANNER 5849 04:54:52,000 --> 04:54:52,880 ITERATIONS ARE USED DEPENDING ON 5850 04:54:52,880 --> 04:54:55,000 THE BODY PART THAT IS UNDERGOING 5851 04:54:55,000 --> 04:54:55,800 IMAGING AND IT'S IMPORTANT TO 5852 04:54:55,800 --> 04:54:59,320 NOTE THAT THE LABELING HAS A 5853 04:54:59,320 --> 04:55:02,280 POST OP WAIT PERIOD OF 6 WEEKS 5854 04:55:02,280 --> 04:55:04,800 AFTER IMPLANTATION OF THE 5855 04:55:04,800 --> 04:55:09,240 STIMULATOR THAT NEEDS TO 5856 04:55:09,240 --> 04:55:10,440 TRANSPIRE BEFORE PERFORMING MRI 5857 04:55:10,440 --> 04:55:11,440 ON THE PATIENT. 5858 04:55:11,440 --> 04:55:13,360 FINALLY AN EXTREMELY INTERESTING 5859 04:55:13,360 --> 04:55:15,360 NEUROMODDULATION SYSTEM WITH AN 5860 04:55:15,360 --> 04:55:17,080 IMPORTANT CLINICAL APPLICATION 5861 04:55:17,080 --> 04:55:22,000 IS THE ECOIN PERIPHERAL NEURAL 5862 04:55:22,000 --> 04:55:23,640 STIMULATOR FROM [INDISCERNIBLE] 5863 04:55:23,640 --> 04:55:25,520 TECHNOLOGIES, THIS DEVICE 5864 04:55:25,520 --> 04:55:27,640 PROVIDES STIMULATION OF THE 5865 04:55:27,640 --> 04:55:29,520 TIBIAL NERVE VIA A COIN SHAPED 5866 04:55:29,520 --> 04:55:33,720 IMPLANT AND USED TO TREAT 5867 04:55:33,720 --> 04:55:34,440 URGENCIUREINARY INCONTINENCE OR 5868 04:55:34,440 --> 04:55:38,320 UIIIN PATIENT WHO IS HAVE HAD 5869 04:55:38,320 --> 04:55:41,320 INADEQUATE RESPONSES TO OTHER 5870 04:55:41,320 --> 04:55:42,440 REGIMEN SPECS. 5871 04:55:42,440 --> 04:55:44,080 THE MRI LABELING FOR THE ECOIN 5872 04:55:44,080 --> 04:55:47,360 STATES IT IS UNSAVE TO HAVE THE 5873 04:55:47,360 --> 04:55:48,640 PATIENTS LOWER LEG WITH THE 5874 04:55:48,640 --> 04:55:51,440 IMPLANT PLACED IN THE MR SYSTEM. 5875 04:55:51,440 --> 04:55:54,480 NOTABLY, THE ECOIN MUST BE 5876 04:55:54,480 --> 04:55:55,400 POSITIONED AT LEAST 5877 04:55:55,400 --> 04:55:56,200 20-CENTIMETERS FROM THE EDGE OF 5878 04:55:56,200 --> 04:56:01,040 THE BORE OF THE SCANNER TO 5879 04:56:01,040 --> 04:56:01,840 INSURE PATIENT SAFETY. 5880 04:56:01,840 --> 04:56:03,160 FURTHER MORE THE IFU INDICATES 5881 04:56:03,160 --> 04:56:05,560 THAT THE EFFECT OF THE ECOINOT 5882 04:56:05,560 --> 04:56:07,400 OPERATION OF OTHER IMPLANTED 5883 04:56:07,400 --> 04:56:10,080 DEVICES SUCH AS CARDIAC 5884 04:56:10,080 --> 04:56:11,320 IMPLANTS, OTHER NEURAL 5885 04:56:11,320 --> 04:56:12,920 MODULATION SYSTEMS, AND 5886 04:56:12,920 --> 04:56:14,360 IMPLANTABLE DRUG PUMPS IS 5887 04:56:14,360 --> 04:56:21,200 UNKNOWN AND THERE MAY BE POETIC 5888 04:56:21,200 --> 04:56:22,560 TEBTIAL INTERFERENCE ISSUES. 5889 04:56:22,560 --> 04:56:23,720 THIS CONCLUDES MY PRESENTATION, 5890 04:56:23,720 --> 04:56:25,960 THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR 5891 04:56:25,960 --> 04:56:26,240 ATTENTION. 5892 04:56:26,240 --> 04:56:29,000 I LOOK FORWARD TO OUR UPCOMING 5893 04:56:29,000 --> 04:56:35,320 QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION. 5894 04:56:35,320 --> 04:56:39,360 >>SO THIS WAS THE PRESENTATION 5895 04:56:39,360 --> 04:56:40,520 FROM DR. SHELLOCK, HE DIDN'T 5896 04:56:40,520 --> 04:56:42,400 WRITE HIS E-MAIL BUT YOU CAN 5897 04:56:42,400 --> 04:56:43,960 FIND IT IN THE PROGRAM. 5898 04:56:43,960 --> 04:56:47,440 SO NOW WE ARE GOING TO GO 5899 04:56:47,440 --> 04:56:48,880 FORWARD WITH THE ORAL SESSION 5900 04:56:48,880 --> 04:56:50,240 FOR THE ABSTRACTS. 5901 04:56:50,240 --> 04:56:54,280 SO THE FIRST IS GRANT BAKER FROM 5902 04:56:54,280 --> 04:56:57,400 THE MED INSTITUTE IN WEST 5903 04:56:57,400 --> 04:56:58,840 LAFAYETTE, INDIANA AND THE TITLE 5904 04:56:58,840 --> 04:57:04,040 IS FEASIBILITY OF A SIMPLIFIED 5905 04:57:04,040 --> 04:57:09,880 VIRTUAL HUMAN ANATOMY FOR 5906 04:57:09,880 --> 04:57:11,800 DETERMINING RF-INDUCED HEATING 5907 04:57:11,800 --> 04:57:13,040 ACTIVE IMPLANTABLE MEDICAL 5908 04:57:13,040 --> 04:57:13,280 DEVICES. 5909 04:57:13,280 --> 04:57:13,760 >>THANK YOU FOR THE 5910 04:57:13,760 --> 04:57:14,120 INTRODUCTION. 5911 04:57:14,120 --> 04:57:23,440 CAN YOU HEAR ME OKAY. THERE 5912 04:57:23,440 --> 04:57:25,000 HAVE BEEN A COUPLE TALKS TODAY 5913 04:57:25,000 --> 04:57:27,040 THAT HAVE TALKED ABOUT DEVICES 5914 04:57:27,040 --> 04:57:28,440 SPECIFICALLY IN NEURAL 5915 04:57:28,440 --> 04:57:29,640 MODULATION AND THE DOCTOR'S TALK 5916 04:57:29,640 --> 04:57:31,280 THAT I THINK WAS JUST PRESENTED 5917 04:57:31,280 --> 04:57:32,840 THERE, GAVE A PRETTY GOOD 5918 04:57:32,840 --> 04:57:33,120 BACKGROUND. 5919 04:57:33,120 --> 04:57:34,840 I THOUGHT I WOULD START WITH A 5920 04:57:34,840 --> 04:57:37,840 LITTLE BIT OF A BACKGROUND AS 5921 04:57:37,840 --> 04:57:38,200 WELL. 5922 04:57:38,200 --> 04:57:40,320 THERE'S 2 MAIN CATEGORIES OF 5923 04:57:40,320 --> 04:57:42,440 IMPLANTED DEVICES IN TERMS OF 5924 04:57:42,440 --> 04:57:45,960 MRI SAFETY, THE FIRST 1 IS 5925 04:57:45,960 --> 04:57:47,160 PASSIVE IMPLANTABLE MEDICAL 5926 04:57:47,160 --> 04:57:49,400 DEVICES THOSE CAN BE ANYTHING 5927 04:57:49,400 --> 04:57:51,480 FROM CARDIOVASCULAR STINTS AND 5928 04:57:51,480 --> 04:57:55,840 HEART VALVES TO YOUR LARGER 5929 04:57:55,840 --> 04:57:59,320 ORTHOPEDIC DEVICES LIKE BONES R 5930 04:57:59,320 --> 04:58:01,520 SCREWS OR FULL HIP PROSTHESIS 5931 04:58:01,520 --> 04:58:03,080 AND THESE HAVE 4 MAIN SAFETY 5932 04:58:03,080 --> 04:58:05,280 CONCERNS WITH THOSE DEVICES, 5933 04:58:05,280 --> 04:58:09,000 BASICALLY THE DEVICE WILL MOVE 5934 04:58:09,000 --> 04:58:10,440 AS IT GOES THROUGH THE SCANNER 5935 04:58:10,440 --> 04:58:12,040 OR WILL IT TRY TO ORIENT WITH 5936 04:58:12,040 --> 04:58:15,680 BEING OUT IN THE FIELD WHEN IT'S 5937 04:58:15,680 --> 04:58:17,160 AN ISO CENTER, MRIMMAGE ARTIFACT 5938 04:58:17,160 --> 04:58:19,760 WHICH IS NOT A DIRECT PATIENT 5939 04:58:19,760 --> 04:58:22,360 SAFETY CONCERN BUT MORE OF A 5940 04:58:22,360 --> 04:58:24,360 SOMETHING TO KNOW FOR PHYSICIAN 5941 04:58:24,360 --> 04:58:26,800 LOOKING AT THE IMAGE, HOW MUCH 5942 04:58:26,800 --> 04:58:29,360 IT WILL DISTORT THE IMAGE AND 5943 04:58:29,360 --> 04:58:31,560 THEN RF INDUCED HEATING WHICH IS 5944 04:58:31,560 --> 04:58:33,120 THE RF COIL, OR THE RADIO FREE 5945 04:58:33,120 --> 04:58:35,560 RADICALS IMENSY COIL OR THE 5946 04:58:35,560 --> 04:58:37,680 SCANNER WILL CREATE AN ELECTRIC 5947 04:58:37,680 --> 04:58:39,880 FIELD THAT MIGHT FEED A TISSUE 5948 04:58:39,880 --> 04:58:40,840 SURROUNDING THE DEVICES. 5949 04:58:40,840 --> 04:58:44,240 SO THE SECOND CATEGORIES IS 5950 04:58:44,240 --> 04:58:47,160 ACTIVE IMPLANTABLE MEDICAL 5951 04:58:47,160 --> 04:58:48,280 DEVICES OR AIMS, AND THOSE ARE 5952 04:58:48,280 --> 04:58:50,520 THE SAME SAFETY CONCERNS AS 5953 04:58:50,520 --> 04:58:52,520 PASSIVE DEVICES ALONG WITH 5954 04:58:52,520 --> 04:58:53,120 ADDITIONAL 1S YOU SLEEP APNEA 5955 04:58:53,120 --> 04:58:54,960 AND OBESITYY AT THE BOTTOM 5956 04:58:54,960 --> 04:58:57,400 THERE, MAINLY DOING WITH 5957 04:58:57,400 --> 04:58:58,440 UNINTENDED STIMULATION AND 5958 04:58:58,440 --> 04:58:59,800 DEVICE MALFUNCTION BUT FOR THIS 5959 04:58:59,800 --> 04:59:02,200 TALK, I WILL FOCUS ON RF INDUCED 5960 04:59:02,200 --> 04:59:03,480 HEATING BECAUSE AS SOME OF THE 5961 04:59:03,480 --> 04:59:05,040 TALKS EARLIER HAVE HIGHLIGHTED, 5962 04:59:05,040 --> 04:59:06,640 IT'S A VERY INVOLVED TEST METHOD 5963 04:59:06,640 --> 04:59:10,360 AND IT BE VERY EXPENSIVE FOR 5964 04:59:10,360 --> 04:59:18,760 DEVICE MANUFACTURES TO EVALUATE. 5965 04:59:18,760 --> 04:59:25,040 SO FOR RF INDUCED HEATING AND 5966 04:59:25,040 --> 04:59:26,360 MANAGEMENT, THEY'VE MADE THIS A 5967 04:59:26,360 --> 04:59:28,360 FAIRLY STRAIGHT FORWARD PROCESS, 5968 04:59:28,360 --> 04:59:29,800 TAKE THE PROSTHESIS ON THENY ON 5969 04:59:29,800 --> 04:59:33,200 THE LEFT FOR EXAMPLE, WHERE 5970 04:59:33,200 --> 04:59:33,720 THERE'S MULTIPLE 5971 04:59:33,720 --> 04:59:35,000 CONFIGURURATIONS ON THE 5972 04:59:35,000 --> 04:59:35,240 PORTFOLIO. 5973 04:59:35,240 --> 04:59:38,440 SIMULATION ALLOWS TO YOU 5974 04:59:38,440 --> 04:59:39,440 UVALENTINEDUATE HUNDREDS OF 5975 04:59:39,440 --> 04:59:40,480 DIFFERENT PERMIAITATIONS OF THAT 5976 04:59:40,480 --> 04:59:41,560 DEVICE IN THAT PRODUCT BEFORE 5977 04:59:41,560 --> 04:59:43,400 YOU TO SEE WHAT THE WORST CASE 5978 04:59:43,400 --> 04:59:44,360 HEATING WOULD GIVE YOU AND THEN 5979 04:59:44,360 --> 04:59:50,120 YOU CAN TEST THAT AT 1 5980 04:59:50,120 --> 04:59:51,920 CONFIGURURATION IN A GEL F2182 5981 04:59:51,920 --> 04:59:53,400 AND THEN REPORT THOSE RESULTS 5982 04:59:53,400 --> 04:59:56,400 BUT IT'S NOT AS STRAIGHT FORWARD 5983 04:59:56,400 --> 05:00:00,560 FOR ACTIVE DERICES RICES--DEVICD 5984 05:00:00,560 --> 05:00:03,600 THAT IS FOR 2 MAIN REASONS, 1 5985 05:00:03,600 --> 05:00:06,240 IT'S CHALLENGING THROUGH MODEL 5986 05:00:06,240 --> 05:00:09,960 HIGH FIDELITY LEAD LIGHTERS IN 5987 05:00:09,960 --> 05:00:10,720 AIMDs, AND THAT IS BECAUSE YOU 5988 05:00:10,720 --> 05:00:15,400 HAVE A LOT OF MOVING PIECES IN 5989 05:00:15,400 --> 05:00:16,480 YOUR SIMULATION LARGE HERE AND 5990 05:00:16,480 --> 05:00:18,360 THE LEAD WIRES MAKE IT DIFFICULT 5991 05:00:18,360 --> 05:00:20,000 TO ACCURATELY MODEL THAT 5992 05:00:20,000 --> 05:00:24,360 EXCLUSIVELY AND THE SECOND 5993 05:00:24,360 --> 05:00:26,080 REASON IS THAT THE TANGENTIAL 5994 05:00:26,080 --> 05:00:27,640 FIELD OF EPHASE EFFECTS CAN 5995 05:00:27,640 --> 05:00:30,560 CAUSE THE HEATING OF AN AIMD ON 5996 05:00:30,560 --> 05:00:32,360 THE LEAD PATH THE LEAD WIRE 5997 05:00:32,360 --> 05:00:35,040 TAKES SO DEPENDING ON IF IT'S 5998 05:00:35,040 --> 05:00:36,400 STRAIGHT OR CURVED THIS CAN 5999 05:00:36,400 --> 05:00:36,920 CAUSE THE PHASE CENTER FOR 6000 05:00:36,920 --> 05:00:40,200 EXCELLENCE ON AGINGS CAN CAUSE 6001 05:00:40,200 --> 05:00:41,840 ADDITIVE HEATING OR IN SOME 6002 05:00:41,840 --> 05:00:43,280 INSTANCES CAN BE DESTRUCTIVE 6003 05:00:43,280 --> 05:00:44,840 HEATING THAT DECREASES THE 6004 05:00:44,840 --> 05:00:47,320 HEATING WHEREAS FOR A PASSIVE 6005 05:00:47,320 --> 05:00:48,600 DEVICE, YOU KNOW YOUR STRAIGHT 6006 05:00:48,600 --> 05:00:51,880 LONG THIN WIRE WILL BE YOUR 6007 05:00:51,880 --> 05:00:52,160 WORST CASE. 6008 05:00:52,160 --> 05:00:55,080 SO TO TACKLE THIS THERE'S A 6009 05:00:55,080 --> 05:00:56,520 COMBINED APPROACH OF PHYSICAL 6010 05:00:56,520 --> 05:00:58,160 MEASUREMENTSAs WELL AS 6011 05:00:58,160 --> 05:01:00,600 COMPUTATIONAL MODELS TO EVALUATE 6012 05:01:00,600 --> 05:01:01,600 HEATING OF AIMDs. 6013 05:01:01,600 --> 05:01:05,640 SO THIS IS CAUSE A TIER 3 OF THE 6014 05:01:05,640 --> 05:01:08,040 ISO 10974 DOCUMENT THAT $SHELL 6015 05:01:08,040 --> 05:01:09,680 COGNITIVE MENTIONED IN THE 6016 05:01:09,680 --> 05:01:11,440 PREVIOUS TALK AND THERE ARE 4 6017 05:01:11,440 --> 05:01:12,600 MAIN STEPS TO THIS. 6018 05:01:12,600 --> 05:01:14,960 SO THE FIRST STEP IS TO DEVELOP 6019 05:01:14,960 --> 05:01:17,280 AN ULTRA MAGNETIC MODEL OF THE 6020 05:01:17,280 --> 05:01:18,560 AIMD WIRE AND THAT'S WHAT YOU 6021 05:01:18,560 --> 05:01:19,560 SEE ON THE RIGHT. 6022 05:01:19,560 --> 05:01:23,440 IN THAT INSTITUTE WE USED THE 6023 05:01:23,440 --> 05:01:26,760 PROCESS OUTLINED BY ARC AND 6024 05:01:26,760 --> 05:01:27,360 DR. JOHN [INDISCERNIBLE] WHERE 6025 05:01:27,360 --> 05:01:30,200 YOU TAKE THE LEAD WIRE IN A LAG 6026 05:01:30,200 --> 05:01:31,520 ENVIRONMENT AND YOU EMIT A 6027 05:01:31,520 --> 05:01:35,200 FREQUENCY OF THE SCANNER OF 6028 05:01:35,200 --> 05:01:37,960 INTEREST, SO 1.5 OR TF3, OR 5, 6029 05:01:37,960 --> 05:01:40,360 OR 128, ALONG THE LEPGHT OF THAT 6030 05:01:40,360 --> 05:01:43,200 LEAD WIRE, AND IT INDUCES THE 6031 05:01:43,200 --> 05:01:43,800 TANGENTIAL ELECTRIC FIELD AND 6032 05:01:43,800 --> 05:01:47,280 YOU HAVE A PATROL THAT MEASURES 6033 05:01:47,280 --> 05:01:57,840 THE SCATTERED FIELD RESPONSE TO 6034 05:02:06,680 --> 05:02:08,160 THAT INDUCED FIELD. 6035 05:02:08,160 --> 05:02:10,040 --IN THE PHANTOM SO ON THE RIGHT 6036 05:02:10,040 --> 05:02:11,160 THERE YOU SEE 3 DIFFERENT PATHS 6037 05:02:11,160 --> 05:02:14,920 AND THOSE WOULD GIVE YOU KIND OF 6038 05:02:14,920 --> 05:02:16,760 A RANGE OF LOW TO HIGH 6039 05:02:16,760 --> 05:02:17,600 TEMPERATURE BECAUSE OF THOSE 6040 05:02:17,600 --> 05:02:19,040 PHASE EFFECTS THAT I MENTIONED, 6041 05:02:19,040 --> 05:02:22,720 AND THEN STEP 2 OF THAT IS YOU 6042 05:02:22,720 --> 05:02:23,800 WANT TO DIRECTLY RECREATE THOSE 6043 05:02:23,800 --> 05:02:25,520 LEAD PATHS YOU MEASURED IN 6044 05:02:25,520 --> 05:02:27,680 PERSON, OR IN PHYSICAL 6045 05:02:27,680 --> 05:02:29,480 EXPERIMENTATION IN A SIMULATION 6046 05:02:29,480 --> 05:02:33,520 SOFTWARE, WE USE COMPS, AND YOU 6047 05:02:33,520 --> 05:02:35,360 CAN IN MODELING THAT, CAN YOU 6048 05:02:35,360 --> 05:02:38,040 GET ANY POINT ON, THAT LEAD 6049 05:02:38,040 --> 05:02:40,440 WIRE, THE TANGENTIAL ELECTRIC 6050 05:02:40,440 --> 05:02:41,120 FIELD BACKGROUND TANGENTIAL 6051 05:02:41,120 --> 05:02:45,680 ELECTRIC FIELD IN THE PHANTOM 6052 05:02:45,680 --> 05:02:47,280 AND THEN COMBINING THOSE 6053 05:02:47,280 --> 05:02:49,160 MEASUREMENTS WITH THAT MODEL YOU 6054 05:02:49,160 --> 05:02:50,160 CALCULATE A PREDICT TD 6055 05:02:50,160 --> 05:02:54,840 TEMPERATURIZE AND YOU COMPARE 6056 05:02:54,840 --> 05:02:57,040 THAT PREDICTED TEMPERATURIZE 6057 05:02:57,040 --> 05:02:58,440 WITH YOUR PHANTOM 6058 05:02:58,440 --> 05:03:01,640 TEMPERATURIZES, AND THEN GET AN 6059 05:03:01,640 --> 05:03:02,720 AGREEMENT THAT VALIDATES YOUR 6060 05:03:02,720 --> 05:03:03,720 MODEL FROM STEP 1. 6061 05:03:03,720 --> 05:03:06,640 SO STEP 3 IS YOU WANT TO GET 6062 05:03:06,640 --> 05:03:07,960 HIGH WORST CASE FEEDING IN A 6063 05:03:07,960 --> 05:03:09,800 PHANTOM SO YOU WANT TO SEE WHAT 6064 05:03:09,800 --> 05:03:12,560 THE HEATINGS LIKE IN CLINICALLY 6065 05:03:12,560 --> 05:03:13,520 RELEVANT LEAD WIRE PATHS AND 6066 05:03:13,520 --> 05:03:16,760 THAT CAN BE EXTREMELY TIME 6067 05:03:16,760 --> 05:03:19,600 CONSUMING AND COMPUTATIONALLY 6068 05:03:19,600 --> 05:03:20,840 EXPENSIVE BECAUSE MOSTLY A LOT 6069 05:03:20,840 --> 05:03:24,000 OF DEVICES WILL HAVE SEVERAL 6070 05:03:24,000 --> 05:03:26,000 DIFFERENT CLIBICALLY USED LEAD 6071 05:03:26,000 --> 05:03:27,000 PATHS DEPENDING ON HOW MUCH 6072 05:03:27,000 --> 05:03:28,400 SLACK IS NEEDED OR WHAT 6073 05:03:28,400 --> 05:03:31,200 PHYSICIANS TEND TO LIKE TO USE 6074 05:03:31,200 --> 05:03:31,600 IT LIKE. 6075 05:03:31,600 --> 05:03:33,960 AND THEN YOU HAVE TO LOOK AT A 6076 05:03:33,960 --> 05:03:35,640 MULTITUDE OF DIFFERENT LANDMARKS 6077 05:03:35,640 --> 05:03:37,320 WITHIN THE SCALPER, MOVING THE 6078 05:03:37,320 --> 05:03:38,760 PATIENT THROUGHOUT ISO CENTER 6079 05:03:38,760 --> 05:03:41,120 AND EVALUATE SAFETY IN ALL THOSE 6080 05:03:41,120 --> 05:03:41,360 MARKS. 6081 05:03:41,360 --> 05:03:46,640 AND THEN STEP FOR IS JUST TAKING 6082 05:03:46,640 --> 05:03:47,560 THOSE MEASUREMENTSIC LOAMACY YOU 6083 05:03:47,560 --> 05:03:49,320 DID IN STEP 2 AND USING IT TO 6084 05:03:49,320 --> 05:03:52,640 CALCULATE IN VIVO HEATING SO 6085 05:03:52,640 --> 05:03:54,520 WHAT WE WANTED TO TO SEE IS CAN 6086 05:03:54,520 --> 05:03:58,000 WE KIND OF CUT DOWN THE TIME AND 6087 05:03:58,000 --> 05:03:58,600 COMPUTATIONAL EXPERIENCE THROUGH 6088 05:03:58,600 --> 05:04:03,240 3 SO THAT IT'S A QUICKER MORE 6089 05:04:03,240 --> 05:04:04,840 STREAMLINE PROCESS TO EVALUATE 6090 05:04:04,840 --> 05:04:05,560 AMP HEATING. 6091 05:04:05,560 --> 05:04:07,640 SO WHAT WE DID TO STUDY THIS IS 6092 05:04:07,640 --> 05:04:09,560 WE USED A DUKE VIRTUAL HUMAN 6093 05:04:09,560 --> 05:04:11,640 ANATOMY FROM THE [INDISCERNIBLE] 6094 05:04:11,640 --> 05:04:14,480 FOUNDATION AND WHAT YOU SEE ON 6095 05:04:14,480 --> 05:04:18,600 THE LEFT HERE IS THE FULLY 6096 05:04:18,600 --> 05:04:21,240 FEATURED DUDE WITH ALL ISES HIS 6097 05:04:21,240 --> 05:04:22,800 BONES, AND ORGANS, ET CETERA AND 6098 05:04:22,800 --> 05:04:24,360 EACH HAS ITS OWN MAGNETIC 6099 05:04:24,360 --> 05:04:25,880 PROPERTIES AND THEN YOU CAN SEE 6100 05:04:25,880 --> 05:04:29,800 WE MODELED A SPINAL CORD NEURAL 6101 05:04:29,800 --> 05:04:31,520 STIMULATOR DEVICE HERE IN THE 6102 05:04:31,520 --> 05:04:33,000 DUKE ANATOMY AND THEN WE TOOK 6103 05:04:33,000 --> 05:04:35,720 OUT ALL THE INTERNAL ORGANS AND 6104 05:04:35,720 --> 05:04:37,240 JUST HAD PLAIN GENERIC TISSUE ON 6105 05:04:37,240 --> 05:04:39,880 THE RIGHT AND THEN ASSIGN THAT 6106 05:04:39,880 --> 05:04:41,360 THE AVERAGE TISSUEOT MAGNETIC 6107 05:04:41,360 --> 05:04:43,800 PROPERTIES THAT YOU WOULD SEE IN 6108 05:04:43,800 --> 05:04:45,920 THE PHANTOM SO YOU'RE 4.7-METER 6109 05:04:45,920 --> 05:04:48,080 AND THEN PUT THAT SAME EXACT 6110 05:04:48,080 --> 05:04:51,000 LEAD PATH IN THAT VIRTUAL HUMAN 6111 05:04:51,000 --> 05:04:57,440 ANATOMY AND THEN WE LIKE STEP 3 6112 05:04:57,440 --> 05:05:00,680 HERE, MODELED THAT IN A COIL AND 6113 05:05:00,680 --> 05:05:02,760 COUNTED MULTIPHYSICS AND 6114 05:05:02,760 --> 05:05:04,360 MEASURED THE E10 MAGNITUDE AND 6115 05:05:04,360 --> 05:05:07,280 THE ETAN PHASE LONG THOSE PATHS 6116 05:05:07,280 --> 05:05:07,680 IN BOTH MODELS. 6117 05:05:07,680 --> 05:05:09,000 SO FOR THE RESULTS YOU CAN SEE 6118 05:05:09,000 --> 05:05:12,560 HERE ON THE LEFT, THE MAGNITUDE 6119 05:05:12,560 --> 05:05:15,280 OF ETAN AND THENOT RIGHT THE 6120 05:05:15,280 --> 05:05:17,200 PHASE OF ETAN, THE LEFT IS THE 6121 05:05:17,200 --> 05:05:19,600 FULLY FEATURED DUDE WITH ALL HIS 6122 05:05:19,600 --> 05:05:23,040 ORGANS AND THE THEN YOU HAVE 6123 05:05:23,040 --> 05:05:24,760 DUKE WITHOUT ANY INTERNAL ORGANS 6124 05:05:24,760 --> 05:05:26,320 YOU CAN SEE THEY HAVE GOOD 6125 05:05:26,320 --> 05:05:28,360 AGREEMENT AND WITHOUT INTERNAL 6126 05:05:28,360 --> 05:05:29,320 MORG ATS SIMPLIFIED MODEL 6127 05:05:29,320 --> 05:05:32,560 APPEARS TO BE A FILTERED VERSION 6128 05:05:32,560 --> 05:05:33,520 OF WITH INTERNAL ORGANS AND THE 6129 05:05:33,520 --> 05:05:35,360 REASON YOU SEE THAT IS BECAUSE, 6130 05:05:35,360 --> 05:05:38,640 BONE AS A MUCH LOWER ELECTRICAL 6131 05:05:38,640 --> 05:05:40,360 CONNECTIVITY THAN, YOU KNOW YOUR 6132 05:05:40,360 --> 05:05:41,360 AVERAGE TISSUE PROPERTIES SO YOU 6133 05:05:41,360 --> 05:05:43,280 KIND OF SEE THAT FLUCTUATION 6134 05:05:43,280 --> 05:05:44,920 BECAUSE THE FULLY FEATURED PATH 6135 05:05:44,920 --> 05:05:46,880 IS A LOT OF BONE WHEREAS THE 6136 05:05:46,880 --> 05:05:48,160 OTHER PATH IS NOT. 6137 05:05:48,160 --> 05:05:51,880 AND THEN, WE CALCULATED 6138 05:05:51,880 --> 05:05:53,080 TEMPERATURES LIKE YOU SEE FROM 6139 05:05:53,080 --> 05:05:54,720 THE STEP 2 AND APPROXIMATE 4 OF 6140 05:05:54,720 --> 05:05:56,920 WHEN I WENT OVER EARLIER. 6141 05:05:56,920 --> 05:05:58,760 AND YOU GET, YOU KNOW ONLY A 6142 05:05:58,760 --> 05:06:00,120 DEGREE AND A HALF DIFFERENCE 6143 05:06:00,120 --> 05:06:01,720 BETWEEN THE 2 MODELS AND I WANT 6144 05:06:01,720 --> 05:06:05,760 IT HIGHLIGHT THAT THESE AREN'T 6145 05:06:05,760 --> 05:06:06,800 NECESSARILY REALISTIC 6146 05:06:06,800 --> 05:06:08,840 TEMPERATURE RISES, WE USE THESE 6147 05:06:08,840 --> 05:06:11,240 ETAN MAGNITUDE VALUES WITH A 6148 05:06:11,240 --> 05:06:11,800 PREVIOUS VALIDATED TRANSFER 6149 05:06:11,800 --> 05:06:14,560 FUNCTION THAT WERE MEASURED FROM 6150 05:06:14,560 --> 05:06:16,680 THE COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE 6151 05:06:16,680 --> 05:06:17,080 NEUROSTIMMULATOR. 6152 05:06:17,080 --> 05:06:19,280 SO WHAT ARE THE TAKE AWAYS FROM 6153 05:06:19,280 --> 05:06:19,560 THAT? 6154 05:06:19,560 --> 05:06:21,480 AS SHOWNOT PREVIOUS SLIDE, YOU 6155 05:06:21,480 --> 05:06:23,440 HAD VERY GOOD AGREEMENT BETWEEN 6156 05:06:23,440 --> 05:06:25,440 THE 2, TEMPERATURE RISES, FAIRLY 6157 05:06:25,440 --> 05:06:27,720 SIMILAR AND IN THE FUTURE WE CAN 6158 05:06:27,720 --> 05:06:31,440 KIND OF LOOK AT MULTIPLE, 6159 05:06:31,440 --> 05:06:32,760 MULTITUDE OF DIFFERENT PATHS AND 6160 05:06:32,760 --> 05:06:34,400 LANDMARKS TO MAKE SURE YOU STILL 6161 05:06:34,400 --> 05:06:35,360 GET THE SAME AGREEMENT. 6162 05:06:35,360 --> 05:06:39,320 SO WHAT DOES THAT MEAN GOING 6163 05:06:39,320 --> 05:06:39,640 FORWARD? 6164 05:06:39,640 --> 05:06:41,760 WE THINK IN THAT INSTANCE HERE 6165 05:06:41,760 --> 05:06:44,360 THAT THE SIMPLIFIED VIRTUAL 6166 05:06:44,360 --> 05:06:47,040 ANATOMY CAN BE USEDsA A 6167 05:06:47,040 --> 05:06:48,120 PRELIMINARY RESULTS, SO LIKE I 6168 05:06:48,120 --> 05:06:51,000 SAID, YOU'VE GOT A MULTITUDE OF 6169 05:06:51,000 --> 05:06:52,520 DIFFERENT LEAD PATHS AND 6170 05:06:52,520 --> 05:06:53,480 LANDMARKS THAT YOU NEED TO LOOK 6171 05:06:53,480 --> 05:06:56,680 AT SO MAB YOU START WITH YOUR 6172 05:06:56,680 --> 05:06:58,440 SIMPLIFIED HUMAN MODEL, TO LOOK 6173 05:06:58,440 --> 05:07:00,080 AT THE TEMPERATURE IN ALL OF 6174 05:07:00,080 --> 05:07:01,520 THOSE, YOU KNOW YOU PICK OUT A 6175 05:07:01,520 --> 05:07:03,160 HANDFUL OF YOUR HIGHEST 6176 05:07:03,160 --> 05:07:04,600 TEMPERATURE RISES AND THEN RERUN 6177 05:07:04,600 --> 05:07:06,720 THEM WITH THE FULL FEATURED 6178 05:07:06,720 --> 05:07:08,960 HUMAN ANATOMY AND IT WILL CUT 6179 05:07:08,960 --> 05:07:12,960 DOWN ON TIME AND COMPUTATIONAL 6180 05:07:12,960 --> 05:07:13,960 EXPENSE, WHILE STILL CAPTURING 6181 05:07:13,960 --> 05:07:17,920 THE HEATING AND THIS WILL KIND 6182 05:07:17,920 --> 05:07:20,280 OF LOWER THE BAR OR MAKE IT 6183 05:07:20,280 --> 05:07:22,320 EASIER FOR DEVICE MANUFACTURES 6184 05:07:22,320 --> 05:07:25,160 OF NEUROSTIMMULATORS AND OTHER 6185 05:07:25,160 --> 05:07:27,160 AIMS TO, YOU KNOW FOR THE DEVICE 6186 05:07:27,160 --> 05:07:28,600 BECAUSE IT WILL CUT DOWN ON COST 6187 05:07:28,600 --> 05:07:32,440 FOR THE TESTING HOUSES. 6188 05:07:32,440 --> 05:07:34,520 SO IF ANYBODY HAS ANY QUESTIONS 6189 05:07:34,520 --> 05:07:36,160 PLEASE REACH OUT TO ME, AT OUR 6190 05:07:36,160 --> 05:07:37,840 INSTITUTE WE DO A LOT OF SAFETY 6191 05:07:37,840 --> 05:07:38,800 EVALUATIONS SO I WOULD BE HAPPY 6192 05:07:38,800 --> 05:07:40,400 TO TALK TO YOU AND ANSWER ANY 6193 05:07:40,400 --> 05:07:40,840 QUESTIONS YOU HAVE. 6194 05:07:40,840 --> 05:07:48,960 THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME. 6195 05:07:48,960 --> 05:07:49,920 >>[ APPLAUSE ] 6196 05:07:49,920 --> 05:07:52,200 >>SO ARE THERE ANY QUESTIONS? 6197 05:07:52,200 --> 05:07:56,040 SO I WILL ASK YOU SOMETHING, SO 6198 05:07:56,040 --> 05:08:00,640 WHY DO YOU WANT TO REDUCE THE 6199 05:08:00,640 --> 05:08:02,040 AMOUNT--I GET IT'S IMPORTANT FOR 6200 05:08:02,040 --> 05:08:03,480 THE CALCULATION, DO YOU NEEZ 6201 05:08:03,480 --> 05:08:05,120 THESE CALCULATIONS OR VALUES 6202 05:08:05,120 --> 05:08:07,840 ONLINE OR IN REALTIME BEFORE YOU 6203 05:08:07,840 --> 05:08:09,880 DO ANY SCANS OR WHAT IS THE 6204 05:08:09,880 --> 05:08:10,160 MOTIVATION? 6205 05:08:10,160 --> 05:08:11,080 I DIDN'T UNDERSTAND THE 6206 05:08:11,080 --> 05:08:12,600 MOTIVATION FOR YOURICISM 6207 05:08:12,600 --> 05:08:13,720 LIIFYING THE MODEL WHEN IS THE 6208 05:08:13,720 --> 05:08:15,760 PEOPLE HAVE TRIED SO HARD ALWAYS 6209 05:08:15,760 --> 05:08:18,040 TO MAKE THEM EVEN CLOSER TO 6210 05:08:18,040 --> 05:08:18,280 THE-- 6211 05:08:18,280 --> 05:08:21,960 >>NO, THAT'S A GOOD QUESTION. 6212 05:08:21,960 --> 05:08:25,200 SO, AS YOU BRING UP THE FULL 6213 05:08:25,200 --> 05:08:26,960 FEATURED HUMAN ANATOMY MODEL IS 6214 05:08:26,960 --> 05:08:34,440 DEFINITELY THE BETTER PREDICTOR 6215 05:08:34,440 --> 05:08:37,080 OF WHAT HEATING WHICH AUTOMORE 6216 05:08:37,080 --> 05:08:39,440 FOR USE OF GETTING THIS 6217 05:08:39,440 --> 05:08:42,240 MULTITUDE OF SIMULATIONS AND 6218 05:08:42,240 --> 05:08:44,320 EVALUATIONS AS WAS BROUGHT UP IN 6219 05:08:44,320 --> 05:08:46,920 A PREVIOUS TALK IT'S A VERY 6220 05:08:46,920 --> 05:08:48,720 EXTENSIVE PROCESS, LOOK HOW TO 6221 05:08:48,720 --> 05:08:52,600 INDUCE HEATING SO TO KIND OF TO 6222 05:08:52,600 --> 05:08:53,960 QUICKEN THAT PROCESS SO THAT 6223 05:08:53,960 --> 05:08:58,160 IT'S CHEAPER FOR THESE DEVICE 6224 05:08:58,160 --> 05:09:02,200 MANUFACTURES AND DEVICES AND GET 6225 05:09:02,200 --> 05:09:03,720 LABELING DOWN WITHOUT 6226 05:09:03,720 --> 05:09:04,640 COMPROMISING THE RESULTS OF 6227 05:09:04,640 --> 05:09:08,680 THAT, BUT THEN YOU DON'T HAVE 6228 05:09:08,680 --> 05:09:11,600 SOME EXACT VALUES OR MAYBE VERY, 6229 05:09:11,600 --> 05:09:13,800 VERY SAFETY VALUES BUT THEY ARE 6230 05:09:13,800 --> 05:09:14,880 MAYBE TOO RESTRICTED AND THEN 6231 05:09:14,880 --> 05:09:16,080 SOME PEOPLE MIGHT NOT BE ABLE TO 6232 05:09:16,080 --> 05:09:18,720 GET A SCAN BECAUSE OF THOSE 6233 05:09:18,720 --> 05:09:19,160 VALUES. 6234 05:09:19,160 --> 05:09:20,640 EVEN SO THEY ARE NOT KIDDING SO 6235 05:09:20,640 --> 05:09:22,520 MUCH SO I GET IT THAT IT'S 6236 05:09:22,520 --> 05:09:26,800 IMPORTANT FOR THE COMPANIES BUT 6237 05:09:26,800 --> 05:09:29,240 I THINK TO GIVE ACCESS TO THE 6238 05:09:29,240 --> 05:09:30,800 FEEM WITH THE MRMAY NOT BE AS 6239 05:09:30,800 --> 05:09:32,800 GOOD BUT I DON'T KNOW THAT'S 6240 05:09:32,800 --> 05:09:34,200 JUST MY THEORY OF COURSE. 6241 05:09:34,200 --> 05:09:34,440 , YEAH. 6242 05:09:34,440 --> 05:09:45,000 >>SO I THINK THERE IS ANOTHER 6243 05:09:52,280 --> 05:09:52,480 QUESTION. 6244 05:09:52,480 --> 05:09:52,760 >>SORRY. 6245 05:09:52,760 --> 05:09:53,480 >>[INAUDIBLE QUESTION FROM 6246 05:09:53,480 --> 05:10:03,640 AUDIENCE ] 6247 05:10:07,920 --> 05:10:09,600 >>SO YOU'RE SAYING IN THE LEAD 6248 05:10:09,600 --> 05:10:11,000 TECH GOES THROUGH DIFFERENT 6249 05:10:11,000 --> 05:10:12,480 TISSUES AND NOT NECESSARILY 6250 05:10:12,480 --> 05:10:15,520 SURROUNDED BY DIFFERENT TISSUES? 6251 05:10:15,520 --> 05:10:16,880 >>[INAUDIBLE RESPONSE PRACTICES 6252 05:10:16,880 --> 05:10:17,280 AUDIENCE ] 6253 05:10:17,280 --> 05:10:21,440 >>SO THE LEAD PATH THAT WE LAID 6254 05:10:21,440 --> 05:10:23,440 OUT IN THE FULLY FEATURES KIND 6255 05:10:23,440 --> 05:10:25,320 OF GOES THROUGH THE SPINAL CORD 6256 05:10:25,320 --> 05:10:27,040 SURROUNDED BY THE VERTEBRAE 6257 05:10:27,040 --> 05:10:30,440 WHEREAS THE OTHER 1 WAS JUST 6258 05:10:30,440 --> 05:10:31,800 THROUGH AVERAGE TISSUE SO THESE 6259 05:10:31,800 --> 05:10:33,600 RESULTS SHOW THE COMPARISON OF 6260 05:10:33,600 --> 05:10:36,760 AIR DEVICE OR LEAD PATH THAT IS 6261 05:10:36,760 --> 05:10:38,760 SURROUNDED OR NOT SURROUNDED BY 6262 05:10:38,760 --> 05:10:41,200 A DIFFERENT TYPE OF TISSUE WE 6263 05:10:41,200 --> 05:10:43,080 DIDN'T LOOK AT A LEAD PATH THAT 6264 05:10:43,080 --> 05:10:44,200 WENT THROUGH A DIFFERENT TYPES 6265 05:10:44,200 --> 05:10:45,040 OF TISSUES BUT WE'RE NOT 6266 05:10:45,040 --> 05:10:47,640 FAMILIAR WITH A TON OF DIFFERENT 6267 05:10:47,640 --> 05:10:50,040 NEUROMODDULATION DEVISITINGS 6268 05:10:50,040 --> 05:10:54,080 THAT GO THROUGH BONE OR THROUGH 6269 05:10:54,080 --> 05:11:00,760 FAT, THROUGH FAT, OR THROUGH 6270 05:11:00,760 --> 05:11:02,960 BONE A GUESS, IT'S KIND OF 6271 05:11:02,960 --> 05:11:07,840 CAPTURED BY THE AFTERERAGE 6272 05:11:07,840 --> 05:11:12,160 TISSUE, SORRY THE QUESTION CAME 6273 05:11:12,160 --> 05:11:17,840 UP, THIS IS PRETTY GOOD. 6274 05:11:17,840 --> 05:11:22,440 KIND OF PRACTICAL OBSERVATION IS 6275 05:11:22,440 --> 05:11:23,720 LET'S TAKE TIME, WHAT'S A LONG 6276 05:11:23,720 --> 05:11:27,960 PROCESS FOR US IS PUT THE LEAD 6277 05:11:27,960 --> 05:11:31,520 PATH IN THE MODEL SNOT SO MUCH 6278 05:11:31,520 --> 05:11:32,480 ABOUT SIMULATION, BECAUSE 6279 05:11:32,480 --> 05:11:34,760 SIMULATION WANTS TO RUN LIKE 6280 05:11:34,760 --> 05:11:36,440 STAY THERE, 1.5, COUPLE COILS 6281 05:11:36,440 --> 05:11:38,800 THAT STAY THERE FOREVER, YOU GET 6282 05:11:38,800 --> 05:11:40,200 TO EXTRACT EFIELD, YOU DON'T 6283 05:11:40,200 --> 05:11:42,280 HAVE TO RERUN AGAIN AND AGAIN 6284 05:11:42,280 --> 05:11:43,600 BUT FOR THE LEAD PATHWAY, WE 6285 05:11:43,600 --> 05:11:46,560 HAVE TO BECAUSE YOU HAVE TO KNOW 6286 05:11:46,560 --> 05:11:51,600 THAT THE ANATOMY IS WITH THEM 6287 05:11:51,600 --> 05:11:52,440 SEGMENTED FULL MODEL BEFORE WE 6288 05:11:52,440 --> 05:11:57,760 CAN PUT THE LEAD PATHWAY IN, 6289 05:11:57,760 --> 05:11:58,840 OTHERWISE HOMOGENOUS LEAD 6290 05:11:58,840 --> 05:12:03,120 PATHWAY SO YOU START WITH A FULL 6291 05:12:03,120 --> 05:12:04,720 FULL MODEL IF YOU RUN SIMULATION 6292 05:12:04,720 --> 05:12:11,160 SO CAN YOU HAVE THAT SIMULATION 6293 05:12:11,160 --> 05:12:21,600 AND UNLESS YOU WANT TO DO 6294 05:12:22,000 --> 05:12:24,120 ONLINE, WHAT YOU THOUGHT? 6295 05:12:24,120 --> 05:12:25,840 >>YOU BRING UP A GOOD POINT, 6296 05:12:25,840 --> 05:12:27,840 FRAMING UP THE FULLY FEATURED 6297 05:12:27,840 --> 05:12:28,600 SIMULATIONS TAKE ANYWHERE FROM 6298 05:12:28,600 --> 05:12:36,760 DOUBLE TO TRIPLE THE TIME OF THE 6299 05:12:36,760 --> 05:12:40,880 JUST A MODERN SIMULATION, I 6300 05:12:40,880 --> 05:12:42,840 GUESS IF YOU OPEN UP THE 6301 05:12:42,840 --> 05:12:43,880 LANDMARKS AND EVERYTHING YOU 6302 05:12:43,880 --> 05:12:45,400 LOOK AT IT CAN TAKE MORE TIME SO 6303 05:12:45,400 --> 05:12:48,000 WE WERE JUST TRYING TO DECREASE 6304 05:12:48,000 --> 05:12:50,800 OVER ALL TIME IN COMPUTATIONAL 6305 05:12:50,800 --> 05:12:55,080 EXPENSE IN THAT WAY WITHOUT COMP 6306 05:12:55,080 --> 05:12:55,520 PROMISING RESULTS. 6307 05:12:55,520 --> 05:12:58,160 >>SO WE HAVE TO MOVE ON TO KEEP 6308 05:12:58,160 --> 05:13:00,840 THE PERFECT TIMES THAT WE HAVE 6309 05:13:00,840 --> 05:13:01,760 BEEN HAVING. 6310 05:13:01,760 --> 05:13:09,160 SO OUR NEXT SPEAKER IS DR. SAYIM 6311 05:13:09,160 --> 05:13:11,200 GOKYAR, HIS PRESENTATION IS 6312 05:13:11,200 --> 05:13:14,120 CNN-BASED RF SAFETY ANALYSIS OF 6313 05:13:14,120 --> 05:13:15,520 PASSIVE NEUROMODDULATION 6314 05:13:15,520 --> 05:13:16,960 IMPLANTS FOR PARALLEL 6315 05:13:16,960 --> 05:13:18,560 TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS AT 7 T. 6316 05:13:18,560 --> 05:13:19,640 >>HELLO, THANK YOU VERY MUCH 6317 05:13:19,640 --> 05:13:23,800 FOR THE KIND INTRODUCTION, THIS 6318 05:13:23,800 --> 05:13:25,480 IS SAYIM FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF 6319 05:13:25,480 --> 05:13:25,920 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 6320 05:13:25,920 --> 05:13:32,440 I HAVE NOTHING TO DECLARE. 6321 05:13:32,440 --> 05:13:34,240 WHICH ALSO ALLOWS FOR HIGHER 6322 05:13:34,240 --> 05:13:36,560 SPATIAL OR TEMPORAL RESOLUTION. 6323 05:13:36,560 --> 05:13:43,960 AND HOWEVER IT COMES WITH 6324 05:13:43,960 --> 05:13:45,040 REACHES THE MORE FREQUENCY, 6325 05:13:45,040 --> 05:13:49,560 BEYOND THAT THERE IS ALSO A 6326 05:13:49,560 --> 05:13:51,440 HIGHER PLUGS AND SEGBREIGATION 6327 05:13:51,440 --> 05:13:52,800 FROM THE MAGNETIC SPHWRIEWKS 6328 05:13:52,800 --> 05:13:55,760 VARIATION DUE TO WAVE LENGTH 6329 05:13:55,760 --> 05:13:57,840 EFFECT BECAUSE AT 7 T STUFF FOR 6330 05:13:57,840 --> 05:13:59,800 EXAMPLE, WE HAVE GONE UP TO 6331 05:13:59,800 --> 05:14:02,720 12-CENTIMETERS FOR INVIEF O 6332 05:14:02,720 --> 05:14:05,760 APPLICATIONS, AND HIRE THE FIELD 6333 05:14:05,760 --> 05:14:08,960 STRENGTH USUALLY PERCEIVED FOR 6334 05:14:08,960 --> 05:14:12,080 IMPLANTS, BUT FOR DBS STUDIES WE 6335 05:14:12,080 --> 05:14:17,920 HAVE SOME RECENT LITERATURE BUT 6336 05:14:17,920 --> 05:14:19,440 COULD BE SOMETHING DANGEROUS AS 6337 05:14:19,440 --> 05:14:19,640 WELL. 6338 05:14:19,640 --> 05:14:21,560 SO AT THIS PONT WE ASK THE 6339 05:14:21,560 --> 05:14:22,160 FOLLOWING RESEARCH QUESTION, 6340 05:14:22,160 --> 05:14:25,160 WOULD IT BE POSSIBLE TO PREDICT 6341 05:14:25,160 --> 05:14:27,440 THE LOCAL DISTRIBUTION OR LOCAL 6342 05:14:27,440 --> 05:14:31,240 SIDE VARIATION FROM CLINICALLY 6343 05:14:31,240 --> 05:14:33,200 IN CASE OF DATA IMPLANTS WHAT I 6344 05:14:33,200 --> 05:14:38,400 MEAN BY CLINICAL DAT IS THE B1 + 6345 05:14:38,400 --> 05:14:45,520 DISTRIBUTIONS OR IMAGING AGAIN, 6346 05:14:45,520 --> 05:14:46,640 THERE ARE--SORRY DISTRIBUTION, 6347 05:14:46,640 --> 05:14:48,280 THE FIRST IS THE METHOD ACTUALLY 6348 05:14:48,280 --> 05:14:51,280 IN WHICH MOST SCANNERS IMP 6349 05:14:51,280 --> 05:14:53,040 KREMENTED FALL THE OBSERVATION 6350 05:14:53,040 --> 05:14:54,640 POINTS, IT CALCULATES THIS 6351 05:14:54,640 --> 05:15:01,240 MAXIMUM OF THE LOCAL SIZE 6352 05:15:01,240 --> 05:15:03,600 VARIATION FOR SOME ESTIMATION 6353 05:15:03,600 --> 05:15:06,600 PENALTY BUT IT DOESN'T GIVE YOU 6354 05:15:06,600 --> 05:15:07,240 ANY LOCAL DISTRIBUTION. 6355 05:15:07,240 --> 05:15:08,640 THE OTHER TEAM METHODS PROVIDE 6356 05:15:08,640 --> 05:15:11,120 SOME USE OF PREDICTION MAPS, THE 6357 05:15:11,120 --> 05:15:13,480 SECOND 1 USES B1 MAPS, THE 6358 05:15:13,480 --> 05:15:16,320 FOURTH 1 REQUIRES SOME MR IMAGE 6359 05:15:16,320 --> 05:15:21,400 SINCE IT'S ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE TO 6360 05:15:21,400 --> 05:15:23,280 LOCAL IRBs ARE YOUR PATIENTS 6361 05:15:23,280 --> 05:15:25,600 AND WEICIDED TO TEST THE SEC 6362 05:15:25,600 --> 05:15:27,440 SECOND METHOD BY USING 6363 05:15:27,440 --> 05:15:28,480 SIMULATION METHODS SO WHAT WE 6364 05:15:28,480 --> 05:15:32,040 HAD DONE IS WE HAD PARTICIPANTS 6365 05:15:32,040 --> 05:15:33,800 WE SCANNED THEM BY USING 1 METER 6366 05:15:33,800 --> 05:15:37,240 RELIEWGZ AND WE USE OF COURSE 6367 05:15:37,240 --> 05:15:40,160 SPN CALLED BY THE TOOL BOX, THE 6368 05:15:40,160 --> 05:15:43,240 TOOL BOX AND WE USE THE BRAIN 6369 05:15:43,240 --> 05:15:45,880 CSF AND EXTRACT OF THOSE TOOL 6370 05:15:45,880 --> 05:15:49,640 BOXES WE THEN SEGMENTED TO OTHER 6371 05:15:49,640 --> 05:15:52,280 IMPORTANT TISSUES MAN YELLLY, MY 6372 05:15:52,280 --> 05:15:53,520 FIRST SEGMENTATION TOO TOOK ME 2 6373 05:15:53,520 --> 05:15:54,920 WEEKS SINCE I DON'T HAVE MEDICAL 6374 05:15:54,920 --> 05:15:56,760 BACKGROUND I HAD TO GO THROUGH 6375 05:15:56,760 --> 05:15:58,120 ALL THE BRAIN [INDISCERNIBLE]. 6376 05:15:58,120 --> 05:15:59,920 AND NOW DAYS I CAN FINISH IT IN 6377 05:15:59,920 --> 05:16:02,240 1 OR 2 DAYS BUT THE MANUEL 6378 05:16:02,240 --> 05:16:03,280 SEGMENTATION IS STILL NOT 6379 05:16:03,280 --> 05:16:04,560 PERFECT BUT THIS IS THE ONLY 2 I 6380 05:16:04,560 --> 05:16:06,880 CAN DO AT THE MOMENT. 6381 05:16:06,880 --> 05:16:09,840 AND THEN I GO BACK TO THE 6382 05:16:09,840 --> 05:16:11,360 SOFTTISSUE MASK AND SEGMENTED 6383 05:16:11,360 --> 05:16:13,080 EFFECT AND MUSCLE, HERE THE 6384 05:16:13,080 --> 05:16:16,400 CRITICAL THING TO SOME TISSUES 6385 05:16:16,400 --> 05:16:18,240 HAVE REALLY HIGH CONNECTIVITY 6386 05:16:18,240 --> 05:16:20,280 SUCH AS CSF AND BLOOD, THEY PLAY 6387 05:16:20,280 --> 05:16:23,800 A CRITICAL ROLE IN THIS 6388 05:16:23,800 --> 05:16:25,640 DISTRIBUTION BECAUSE SAR IS 6389 05:16:25,640 --> 05:16:27,640 STRONGLY CORRELATED TO THE 6390 05:16:27,640 --> 05:16:28,680 TISSUE PARAMETERS AS WELL. 6391 05:16:28,680 --> 05:16:30,640 SO HERE ARE THE SEGMENTED 6392 05:16:30,640 --> 05:16:31,920 ANALYSIS FROM THE TOOL BOX THAT 6393 05:16:31,920 --> 05:16:34,920 WE HAVE IN THE SIM 4 LIFE 6394 05:16:34,920 --> 05:16:36,280 SIMULATION SOFTWARE AND THE 6395 05:16:36,280 --> 05:16:37,400 FIRST MOMENT IN THIS 6396 05:16:37,400 --> 05:16:39,680 PRESENTATION, THIS IS THE 6397 05:16:39,680 --> 05:16:41,760 GENERATED 3D HEAD MODEL, AND IT 6398 05:16:41,760 --> 05:16:45,040 SHOULD LOOK LIKE ME. 6399 05:16:45,040 --> 05:16:48,360 THIS IS MY DATA AND I HOPE IT'S 6400 05:16:48,360 --> 05:16:48,680 TRUE. 6401 05:16:48,680 --> 05:16:50,480 WE DON'T PUT THESE HEAD MODELS 6402 05:16:50,480 --> 05:16:52,600 INTO THE MRI COILS THAT WE HAVE 6403 05:16:52,600 --> 05:16:57,760 DESIGNED FOR 7 TESLA, AND OF 6404 05:16:57,760 --> 05:16:59,080 COURSE, SIMULATE THEM. 6405 05:16:59,080 --> 05:17:00,440 THEY WILL ALSO INTRODUCE OUR 6406 05:17:00,440 --> 05:17:06,040 SUPER STARS OF THE SAFETY FIELD 6407 05:17:06,040 --> 05:17:09,120 ELA AND DUKE THESE 2 MODELS ARE 6408 05:17:09,120 --> 05:17:10,760 QUITE COMMON, WE ALWAYS START 6409 05:17:10,760 --> 05:17:14,520 OUR EXPERIMENTS WITH THESE 2, WE 6410 05:17:14,520 --> 05:17:17,000 PLACED THEM CLOSE AS A PERFECT 6411 05:17:17,000 --> 05:17:18,640 CONDUCTORS JUST TO SIMPLIFY 6412 05:17:18,640 --> 05:17:19,920 CALCULATIONS, ALSO THE IPG 6413 05:17:19,920 --> 05:17:22,760 SPECIAL MODELED AS A RECTANGULAR 6414 05:17:22,760 --> 05:17:26,720 PEC WHICH ALSO SHOWS THE DBS 6415 05:17:26,720 --> 05:17:27,840 ELECTRODES ACTUALLY AND CLOSE 6416 05:17:27,840 --> 05:17:29,880 PLACED TO THE CHEST UNDER THE 6417 05:17:29,880 --> 05:17:30,320 SKIN. 6418 05:17:30,320 --> 05:17:32,080 WE REPEATED THIS FOR OTHER 6419 05:17:32,080 --> 05:17:33,160 SUBJECT DATA AS WELL. 6420 05:17:33,160 --> 05:17:33,960 THE GOOD TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER WAS 6421 05:17:33,960 --> 05:17:36,200 WE HAD THE MRI FOR OUR SUBJECTS, 6422 05:17:36,200 --> 05:17:38,720 THAT'S WHY IT WAS MUCH EASIER TO 6423 05:17:38,720 --> 05:17:41,400 FIND THE THALAMUS AND TRACE THE 6424 05:17:41,400 --> 05:17:43,200 WIRES, DECIDE ON THE TRAJECTORY. 6425 05:17:43,200 --> 05:17:45,200 NOW WHAT WE HAVE DONE OF COURSE 6426 05:17:45,200 --> 05:17:48,920 IS WE RUN MAGNETIC STIMULATIONS, 6427 05:17:48,920 --> 05:17:51,240 WE GENERATED, B1 PLUS MAPS GIVEN 6428 05:17:51,240 --> 05:17:54,640 FACE CONFIGURURATION AND THEN WE 6429 05:17:54,640 --> 05:17:56,640 CALCULATED THIS 10 PRM AVERAGE 6430 05:17:56,640 --> 05:17:58,400 [INDISCERNIBLE] AS CAN YOU SEE 6431 05:17:58,400 --> 05:18:00,760 WE REPEATED THIS FOR DIFFERENT 6432 05:18:00,760 --> 05:18:02,440 SUBJECTS, WITH DIFFERENT COIL 6433 05:18:02,440 --> 05:18:02,800 ARCHITECTURES. 6434 05:18:02,800 --> 05:18:07,280 SO HERE, EITHER WE USED AN HNPTX 6435 05:18:07,280 --> 05:18:10,400 COIL OF ELEMENTS OR FOR EXAMPLE, 6436 05:18:10,400 --> 05:18:13,120 SOMETIMES WE USE HNO DRIVEN 6437 05:18:13,120 --> 05:18:13,720 [INDISCERNIBLE] OR THIS 1. 6438 05:18:13,720 --> 05:18:17,280 AS YOU CAN SEE, FOR SOME PHASE 6439 05:18:17,280 --> 05:18:20,080 SETTINGS AND SOME SUBJECTS WE 6440 05:18:20,080 --> 05:18:24,200 CAN SEE CLEAR DEPLETING OF TPS 6441 05:18:24,200 --> 05:18:25,680 ELECTRODES HOWEVER FOR SOME 6442 05:18:25,680 --> 05:18:27,000 CONDITIONS WE DON'T SEE 6443 05:18:27,000 --> 05:18:28,760 COMPETING CLEARLY AND WE HAVE 6444 05:18:28,760 --> 05:18:31,440 THE HOT SPOT SLOWSURE TO THE 6445 05:18:31,440 --> 05:18:33,880 SKIN, SO PTX INDUCES GREATER 6446 05:18:33,880 --> 05:18:35,600 FLEXIBILITY FOR PEELED 6447 05:18:35,600 --> 05:18:37,360 UNIFORMITY ALSO IT HAS SOME 6448 05:18:37,360 --> 05:18:41,320 COMPLEXITY, WHAT WE HAVE DONE IS 6449 05:18:41,320 --> 05:18:43,440 WE REPEATED THIS STIMULATIONS, 6450 05:18:43,440 --> 05:18:44,920 BUT ITERATIONS FOR 200 RANDOM 6451 05:18:44,920 --> 05:18:46,040 MACHINE SETTINGS AND WE 6452 05:18:46,040 --> 05:18:48,920 GENERATED A DATA SET OF OVER 6453 05:18:48,920 --> 05:18:51,800 1000 DATA. 6454 05:18:51,800 --> 05:18:52,760 ON THE CONVOLUNTEERSUTIONAL 6455 05:18:52,760 --> 05:18:54,480 NEURAL NETWORK SIDE, WE CONTHAT 6456 05:18:54,480 --> 05:18:56,600 THE CONVENTIONAL 2 D STRUCTURES 6457 05:18:56,600 --> 05:18:59,600 PROCESS INPUT IMAGE THROUGH THE 6458 05:18:59,600 --> 05:19:01,600 SLICES AND TRY TO PREDICT 6459 05:19:01,600 --> 05:19:04,160 CORRESPONDING THROUGH THE SAR, 6460 05:19:04,160 --> 05:19:06,240 BUT WE STARTED WITH THESE BUT 6461 05:19:06,240 --> 05:19:07,440 THERE WERE INHERENT CHALLENGES 6462 05:19:07,440 --> 05:19:09,200 SO WE DOWN SHIFT TO THE PICTURES 6463 05:19:09,200 --> 05:19:13,000 AS YOU CAN SEE, THE NETWORKS 6464 05:19:13,000 --> 05:19:14,400 PROCESS THE WHOLE DATA AT ONCE 6465 05:19:14,400 --> 05:19:15,760 SO IT CAN CORRELATE THE 6466 05:19:15,760 --> 05:19:18,760 DISTRIBUTIONS IN 3 DIMENSIONS, 6467 05:19:18,760 --> 05:19:21,640 IT DOESN'T HAVE TO SOMEHOW TRY 6468 05:19:21,640 --> 05:19:24,160 TO CORRELATE THE [INDISCERNIBLE] 6469 05:19:24,160 --> 05:19:24,440 DEVICES. 6470 05:19:24,440 --> 05:19:26,000 IT IS ALSO QUITE FAST BECAUSE 6471 05:19:26,000 --> 05:19:27,680 THEY'RE DONE ON GPUs, IT 6472 05:19:27,680 --> 05:19:29,360 DOESN'T HAVE TO READ AND WRITE 6473 05:19:29,360 --> 05:19:31,240 EVERY SLICE FOR EVERY ITERATION. 6474 05:19:31,240 --> 05:19:33,960 DURING TRAINING WE HAVE SEEN 30 6475 05:19:33,960 --> 05:19:36,760 TIMES ACCELERATION AND ALMOST 6476 05:19:36,760 --> 05:19:47,080 INTERESTING 10 TIMES 6477 05:19:53,320 --> 05:19:55,320 [INDISCERNIBLE]. 6478 05:19:55,320 --> 05:20:00,520 SO RESULTS ARE OVER 90%, THESE 6479 05:20:00,520 --> 05:20:02,160 ARE IMPRESS OF IF YOU ARE NOT 6480 05:20:02,160 --> 05:20:04,520 FROM A COMPUTER DOMAIN, THEN WE 6481 05:20:04,520 --> 05:20:05,600 SWITCHED OUR MODELS AND REPEATED 6482 05:20:05,600 --> 05:20:08,000 ALL THE TESTS AND WE HAVE SEEN 6483 05:20:08,000 --> 05:20:09,200 THAT THE STRUCTURAL INDEX MATRIX 6484 05:20:09,200 --> 05:20:11,640 AND WE TESTED SOME OTHER 6485 05:20:11,640 --> 05:20:12,640 COMPUTER VISION FEATURES, WE 6486 05:20:12,640 --> 05:20:15,840 HAVE SEEN THAT THESE RESULTS ARE 6487 05:20:15,840 --> 05:20:17,000 EVEN MORE IMPRESSIVE, 95%, BUT 6488 05:20:17,000 --> 05:20:19,480 WHAT WE HAVE DONE IS WE ARE 6489 05:20:19,480 --> 05:20:22,720 LIMITED OUR FIELD TO ONLY 6490 05:20:22,720 --> 05:20:24,320 CATAREGION, SO, WE JUST REMOVE 6491 05:20:24,320 --> 05:20:25,760 THE BACKGROUND SINCE IT DOESN'T 6492 05:20:25,760 --> 05:20:26,280 INCLUDE ANY DATA. 6493 05:20:26,280 --> 05:20:27,880 WE ARE SEEING THAT STRUCTURAL 6494 05:20:27,880 --> 05:20:33,760 SIMILARITY IN THE METRIC IS 6495 05:20:33,760 --> 05:20:34,880 DECREASING SOPHISTICATED WE HAVE 6496 05:20:34,880 --> 05:20:37,560 FOUND THAT 1 WAY TO INCREASE THE 6497 05:20:37,560 --> 05:20:38,760 DATA IS INCLUDE BACKGROUND. 6498 05:20:38,760 --> 05:20:40,040 SO IT WILL JUST GO UP EVEN 6499 05:20:40,040 --> 05:20:41,920 THOUGH YOU ARE NOT PREDICTING 6500 05:20:41,920 --> 05:20:45,600 THE RESULTS QUITE WELL, AND HENS 6501 05:20:45,600 --> 05:20:47,280 OUR FIRST CONCLUSION COMES AT 6502 05:20:47,280 --> 05:20:47,920 THIS POINT. 6503 05:20:47,920 --> 05:20:49,720 WE THINK THAT THE FEATURE FOR 6504 05:20:49,720 --> 05:20:52,360 THE METRIC IS RELIABLE AND MORE 6505 05:20:52,360 --> 05:20:53,640 ROBUST, BECAUSE IT'S INDEPENDENT 6506 05:20:53,640 --> 05:20:56,640 FROM THE BACKGROUND AND AS CAN 6507 05:20:56,640 --> 05:20:59,040 YOU SEE FOR VOXEL OR FOR 3D DATA 6508 05:20:59,040 --> 05:21:01,840 ALMOST ALL OF THE PIXELS ARE 6509 05:21:01,840 --> 05:21:02,120 EMPTY. 6510 05:21:02,120 --> 05:21:05,480 SO, THIS IS 1 OF OUR CONCLUSION. 6511 05:21:05,480 --> 05:21:08,800 AND THE LAST MOMENT OF TRUTH, IF 6512 05:21:08,800 --> 05:21:10,080 YOU ARE PREDICTING LOCAL SIDE 6513 05:21:10,080 --> 05:21:11,560 DISTRIBUTION THEN YOU SHOULD BE 6514 05:21:11,560 --> 05:21:13,640 ABLE TO PREDICT MAX MULL VALUES 6515 05:21:13,640 --> 05:21:17,000 OF EACH ITERATION AS WELL AS 6516 05:21:17,000 --> 05:21:18,080 INDICATES OF MUTUAL OBSERVATION 6517 05:21:18,080 --> 05:21:18,320 POINTS. 6518 05:21:18,320 --> 05:21:22,400 AS CAN YOU SEE IN THIS HERE, OUR 6519 05:21:22,400 --> 05:21:24,080 FINDINGS, THIS SAYS THAT WE CAN 6520 05:21:24,080 --> 05:21:26,840 PREDICT THE INPUT VALUE, WHICH 6521 05:21:26,840 --> 05:21:31,520 ALMOST 99% ACCURACY, BUT, THIS 6522 05:21:31,520 --> 05:21:33,680 IS ALSO YOU KNOW MISLEADING AS 6523 05:21:33,680 --> 05:21:35,760 YOU SEE, THE COENTIOUS FICIENT 6524 05:21:35,760 --> 05:21:37,440 IS 0.75. 6525 05:21:37,440 --> 05:21:41,680 FOR EXAMPLE, FOR A STOP VALUE OF 6526 05:21:41,680 --> 05:21:43,280 0.8-WATTS PERKILOGRAM VALUE, WE 6527 05:21:43,280 --> 05:21:45,320 MAY PREDICT THE MAXIMUM VALUE OF 6528 05:21:45,320 --> 05:21:48,160 0 PBT 7 OR SOMETIMES MAYBE 1 SO 6529 05:21:48,160 --> 05:21:50,280 WE MIGHT BE OVERESTIMATING OR 6530 05:21:50,280 --> 05:21:50,960 UNDERESTIMATING THE RESULT. 6531 05:21:50,960 --> 05:21:53,320 THIS TELLS US THERE IS STILL 6532 05:21:53,320 --> 05:21:55,760 SOME WAY OR THERE IS STILL SOME 6533 05:21:55,760 --> 05:21:56,720 ENERGY TO BE SPEND ON THE 6534 05:21:56,720 --> 05:21:58,800 RESEARCH WORK AS WELL. 6535 05:21:58,800 --> 05:22:01,600 SO IN CONCLUSION, WE HAVE SEEN 6536 05:22:01,600 --> 05:22:04,560 THAT THE CNN BASED MODELS CAN BE 6537 05:22:04,560 --> 05:22:05,440 USED TO PREDICT DISTRIBUTION 6538 05:22:05,440 --> 05:22:08,400 EVEN WHEN YOU HAVE DBS 6539 05:22:08,400 --> 05:22:10,920 ELECTRODES AND THEY ARE QUITE 6540 05:22:10,920 --> 05:22:11,120 FAST. 6541 05:22:11,120 --> 05:22:13,360 ENTIOUS SPECIALLY IF YOU USE 3D 6542 05:22:13,360 --> 05:22:15,320 METHODS AND FEATURE STIMULATING 6543 05:22:15,320 --> 05:22:18,280 METRIC IS MORE ROW BUST AND 6544 05:22:18,280 --> 05:22:19,720 RELIABILITY THAN THE SECURITY 6545 05:22:19,720 --> 05:22:21,200 METRIC BUT WE STILL HAVE BASE TO 6546 05:22:21,200 --> 05:22:26,760 GO BECAUSE I HAVE THE NEED TO 6547 05:22:26,760 --> 05:22:27,840 INCREASE OUR RELIABILITY OF OUR 6548 05:22:27,840 --> 05:22:29,440 REDICTIONS AND THERE ARE 6549 05:22:29,440 --> 05:22:32,440 LIMITATIONS OF COURSE, IT'S 6550 05:22:32,440 --> 05:22:34,680 ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE TO CONVINCE 6551 05:22:34,680 --> 05:22:39,680 LOCAL IRBs NOWADAYS AT LEAST 6552 05:22:39,680 --> 05:22:40,360 FOR SCANNING LIMITATIONS FOR 6553 05:22:40,360 --> 05:22:41,640 DAILY BASIS AT SCANS. 6554 05:22:41,640 --> 05:22:43,280 ALSO WE CAN'T GENERATE TRAINING 6555 05:22:43,280 --> 05:22:44,840 DATA FROM THE B1 MAPS FOR THE 6556 05:22:44,840 --> 05:22:46,880 SAME REASON, THE LAST THING IS 6557 05:22:46,880 --> 05:22:51,320 ACTUALLY DEPENDENCY OF SAR, 6558 05:22:51,320 --> 05:22:53,200 SAR IS NOT DEPEND TONIGHT B1, 6559 05:22:53,200 --> 05:22:56,800 BUT IT'S CALCULATED BY USING 6560 05:22:56,800 --> 05:22:59,840 TISSUE PROPERTIES MULTIBIED BY 6561 05:22:59,840 --> 05:23:03,400 ELECTRICAL TISSUES AND THE FIELD 6562 05:23:03,400 --> 05:23:04,800 CAN BE CORRELATED UP TO CERTAIN 6563 05:23:04,800 --> 05:23:06,600 DEGREE, THAT'S WHY WE HAD SOME 6564 05:23:06,600 --> 05:23:09,480 LIMITATIONS ON THAT PART AS 6565 05:23:09,480 --> 05:23:10,480 WELL, B1 + IS ON THE FIELD WE 6566 05:23:10,480 --> 05:23:11,680 CAN GET FROM THE SCANNER. 6567 05:23:11,680 --> 05:23:13,720 OF COURSE WE ARE TRYING 6568 05:23:13,720 --> 05:23:16,240 DIFFERENT COIL TYPES AND 6569 05:23:16,240 --> 05:23:17,520 DIFFERENT LANDMARKED LOCATIONS 6570 05:23:17,520 --> 05:23:18,600 FOR THE PATIENT AND THESE ARE 6571 05:23:18,600 --> 05:23:20,760 THINGS THAT SHOULD BE STUDIED. 6572 05:23:20,760 --> 05:23:24,080 WITH IT BEING SAID, I WOULD LIKE 6573 05:23:24,080 --> 05:23:26,760 TO ALSO ACKNOWLEDGE THE GROUP 6574 05:23:26,760 --> 05:23:28,840 MEMBERS OF OUR [INDISCERNIBLE] 6575 05:23:28,840 --> 05:23:29,800 AND OUR FUNDING RESOURCES AND 6576 05:23:29,800 --> 05:23:31,720 THANK YOU FOR JOINING ME ON THIS 6577 05:23:31,720 --> 05:23:32,880 PRESENTATION AND I WILL BE HAPPY 6578 05:23:32,880 --> 05:23:35,560 TO ANSWER ANY QUESTIONS THAT YOU 6579 05:23:35,560 --> 05:23:40,480 MAY HAVE. 6580 05:23:40,480 --> 05:23:40,800 THANK YOU. 6581 05:23:40,800 --> 05:23:41,080 [ APPLAUSE ] 6582 05:23:41,080 --> 05:23:44,920 >>I SEE THERE ARE QUESTIONS 6583 05:23:44,920 --> 05:23:47,960 THERE, PLEASE? 6584 05:23:47,960 --> 05:23:49,040 >>THE [INDISCERNIBLE], IS THAT 6585 05:23:49,040 --> 05:23:57,000 MEASURED AT LOCAL SAR AROUND 6586 05:23:57,000 --> 05:24:01,160 ELECTRODE, WHAT IS THE 6587 05:24:01,160 --> 05:24:01,720 [INDISCERNIBLE]? 6588 05:24:01,720 --> 05:24:02,160 >>SIMULATIONS 3D 6589 05:24:02,160 --> 05:24:03,160 SAR DISTRIBUTION FOR THE MODEL, 6590 05:24:03,160 --> 05:24:06,520 FOR A GIVEN PHASE SETTINGS, SO 6591 05:24:06,520 --> 05:24:08,320 YOU USE THAT DISTRIBUTION AS THE 6592 05:24:08,320 --> 05:24:10,160 GROUND PUT AND YOU NETWORK TO 6593 05:24:10,160 --> 05:24:12,600 PREDICT THAT BY LOOKING AT THE 6594 05:24:12,600 --> 05:24:13,200 B1 + ONLY. 6595 05:24:13,200 --> 05:24:16,600 SO FOR EXAMPLE, HERE, THE GROUND 6596 05:24:16,600 --> 05:24:18,360 FRUIT MEANS THAT NOT JUST FOR 6597 05:24:18,360 --> 05:24:21,440 THIS SLICE, BUT FOR ALL THE 6598 05:24:21,440 --> 05:24:28,760 SLICES OF THIS MODEL AT THIS 6599 05:24:28,760 --> 05:24:33,320 PHASE FEEDING SCHEME AND LAYOUT 6600 05:24:33,320 --> 05:24:35,200 AND WE ARE TRYING TO PREDICT 6601 05:24:35,200 --> 05:24:37,160 EACH AND EVERY SLICE. 6602 05:24:37,160 --> 05:24:39,360 >>BASED ON SEGMENTATION OR 6603 05:24:39,360 --> 05:24:39,640 SIMULATIONS? 6604 05:24:39,640 --> 05:24:43,440 >>YES, THESE ARE SIMULATIONS OF 6605 05:24:43,440 --> 05:24:43,680 COURSE. 6606 05:24:43,680 --> 05:24:44,040 , OKAY. 6607 05:24:44,040 --> 05:24:46,840 >>INTERESTING TALK, SO I HAVE 6608 05:24:46,840 --> 05:24:47,440 QUICK TECHNICAL QUESTION. 6609 05:24:47,440 --> 05:24:50,080 SO WHEN YOU WERE TRAINING YOUR 6610 05:24:50,080 --> 05:24:53,280 DEEP NETWORK, YOU SAY IT'S 6611 05:24:53,280 --> 05:24:55,600 [INDISCERNIBLE] SO DID YOU SOW 6612 05:24:55,600 --> 05:24:57,720 IN THE ENTIRE 3D IMAGE OR DID 6613 05:24:57,720 --> 05:25:01,920 YOU DO A SAMPLE PATCH BECAUSE MY 6614 05:25:01,920 --> 05:25:03,760 EXPERIENCE YOU KOOBT HOLD THE 6615 05:25:03,760 --> 05:25:05,360 ENTIRE IMAGE. 6616 05:25:05,360 --> 05:25:08,480 >>FOR 1 IMAGE ACTUAL WE JUST 6617 05:25:08,480 --> 05:25:11,640 CONVERTED THEM TO NIFSI, AND WE 6618 05:25:11,640 --> 05:25:13,880 HAVE A 64 BY 64 RESLIEWGZ SO THE 6619 05:25:13,880 --> 05:25:19,240 GP I USED WAS THE TI, 1660. 6620 05:25:19,240 --> 05:25:22,520 IT'S NOT THE HIGH END STUFF BUT 6621 05:25:22,520 --> 05:25:26,120 IT WAS ABLE TO COMPUTE THIS. 6622 05:25:26,120 --> 05:25:28,640 HOWEVER I WASN'T ABLE TO COMPUTE 6623 05:25:28,640 --> 05:25:29,760 1 MILLIMETER VOXEL RESOLUTION 6624 05:25:29,760 --> 05:25:33,160 FOR A RESPONSE TO 128 BY 128, BY 6625 05:25:33,160 --> 05:25:33,480 128. 6626 05:25:33,480 --> 05:25:34,800 IT WAS QUITE MUCH. 6627 05:25:34,800 --> 05:25:39,680 >>SO YOU CAN A LITTLE BIT. 6628 05:25:39,680 --> 05:25:42,120 >>YEAH, JUST DOWN SAMPLED TO 6629 05:25:42,120 --> 05:25:42,400 64. 6630 05:25:42,400 --> 05:25:43,120 >>OH BY 64. 6631 05:25:43,120 --> 05:25:44,760 >>YEAH, IT WAS 64, BY 64, BY 6632 05:25:44,760 --> 05:25:46,960 EXPOR AND IT WAS STILL WORKING 6633 05:25:46,960 --> 05:25:47,640 GREAT. 6634 05:25:47,640 --> 05:25:47,920 >>OKAY. 6635 05:25:47,920 --> 05:25:49,640 >>THE AFTERERAGE STAR HAS A 6636 05:25:49,640 --> 05:25:52,440 VOXEL SIDE SIZE OF AROUND 6637 05:25:52,440 --> 05:25:53,480 2-CENTIMETER FOR A 10-GRAM 6638 05:25:53,480 --> 05:25:55,120 TISSUE, SO RESOLUTION OF 6639 05:25:55,120 --> 05:25:57,720 2-MILLIMETER IS STYLE QUITE GOOD 6640 05:25:57,720 --> 05:25:58,360 TO PREDICT ASAR. 6641 05:25:58,360 --> 05:26:01,520 >>GOOD TO KNOW, THANK YOU. 6642 05:26:01,520 --> 05:26:04,440 >>DO WE HAVE ANYMORE QUESTIONS? 6643 05:26:04,440 --> 05:26:07,640 I'M JUST GOING TO ASK A INQUIRY 6644 05:26:07,640 --> 05:26:07,920 SHORT 1. 6645 05:26:07,920 --> 05:26:11,240 IF YOU WANT TO HAVE THE B1 6646 05:26:11,240 --> 05:26:12,320 PLASMA INPUT INTO YOUR MODEL AND 6647 05:26:12,320 --> 05:26:14,760 YOU WILL HAVE TO NEED TO SCAN 6648 05:26:14,760 --> 05:26:17,080 THE PEOPLE AND IF IT'S NOT SAFE 6649 05:26:17,080 --> 05:26:19,240 THEN HOW ARE YOU GOING TO SOLVE 6650 05:26:19,240 --> 05:26:20,840 THAT PROBLEM. 6651 05:26:20,840 --> 05:26:21,640 >>ACTUALLY, ORIGINALLY WE ARE 6652 05:26:21,640 --> 05:26:23,840 DEVELOPING THIS PROBLEM FOR THE 6653 05:26:23,840 --> 05:26:25,480 REGULAR CLINICAL USE SO DBS WAS 6654 05:26:25,480 --> 05:26:27,640 JUST SOMETHING WE WANT TO 6655 05:26:27,640 --> 05:26:29,560 INVESTIGATE, IF IT'S POSSIBLE 6656 05:26:29,560 --> 05:26:32,440 AND IT SEEMS THAT OUR FINDINGS 6657 05:26:32,440 --> 05:26:35,160 SUPPORT IDEA THAT FIRST THE 7 6658 05:26:35,160 --> 05:26:37,760 TEST MIGHT NOT BE AS DANGEROUS 6659 05:26:37,760 --> 05:26:39,240 AS OPPOSED TO PERCEIVED 6660 05:26:39,240 --> 05:26:40,960 PROBLEMS, THE SECOND 1 IS 1 DAY 6661 05:26:40,960 --> 05:26:42,960 IF WE CAN SCAN PATIENTS WITH 6662 05:26:42,960 --> 05:26:47,320 DBS, THERE MIGHT BE A WAY TO 6663 05:26:47,320 --> 05:26:49,360 REDICT LOCAL SAR WITH OUT THESE 6664 05:26:49,360 --> 05:26:52,240 SEGMENTATIONS, A COUPLE HOURS OF 6665 05:26:52,240 --> 05:26:53,240 STIMULATION AND UNDERSTAND IF 6666 05:26:53,240 --> 05:26:54,640 IT'S SAFE OR NOT AND KAN--KANA 6667 05:26:54,640 --> 05:26:56,600 THE PATIENTS TO DO REALLY 6668 05:26:56,600 --> 05:26:58,360 SEQUENCE FOR THE HIGHER 6669 05:26:58,360 --> 05:27:00,480 LIMITATION AND THEN IS A KIND OF 6670 05:27:00,480 --> 05:27:02,320 WORKING PROGRESS AND PROOF OF 6671 05:27:02,320 --> 05:27:02,560 CONCEPT. 6672 05:27:02,560 --> 05:27:04,080 >>SO IF THERE ARE NO MORE 6673 05:27:04,080 --> 05:27:04,920 QUESTIONS I WILL CLOSE THE 6674 05:27:04,920 --> 05:27:06,800 SESSION AND THANK YOU FOR YOUR 6675 05:27:06,800 --> 05:27:08,560 ATTENTION AND WE WILL SEE EACH 6676 05:27:08,560 --> 05:27:12,800 OTHER, I THINK IT'S AT--IN HALF 6677 05:27:12,800 --> 05:27:18,040 AN HOUR, ABOUT HALF AN HOUR, 5 6678 05:27:18,040 --> 05:27:18,480 TO 4. 6679 05:27:18,480 --> 05:28:40,040 THANK YOU. 6680 05:28:40,040 --> 05:28:41,240 OR INTERMITTENT STIMULATION, 6681 05:28:41,240 --> 05:28:43,160 ARE THOUGHT TO IMPACT THIS 6682 05:28:43,160 --> 05:28:44,720 EXCITATORY INHIBITORY BALANCE IN 6683 05:28:44,720 --> 05:28:47,280 DIFFERENT WAYS. 6684 05:28:47,280 --> 05:28:49,600 PROTON MAGNETIC RESONANCE 6685 05:28:49,600 --> 05:28:51,560 SPECTROSCOPY IS ONE TOOL THAT 6686 05:28:51,560 --> 05:28:52,880 HAS BEEN USED TO CHARACTERIZE 6687 05:28:52,880 --> 05:28:54,840 CHANGES IN NEUROMETABOLITE 6688 05:28:54,840 --> 05:28:55,720 CONCENTRATIONS IN SPECIFIC 6689 05:28:55,720 --> 05:28:56,720 REGIONS OF INTEREST. 6690 05:28:56,720 --> 05:29:02,680 EARLIER THIS YEAR, A GREAT 6691 05:29:02,680 --> 05:29:04,240 SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF RTS 6692 05:29:04,240 --> 05:29:07,440 STUDIES, RTMS SPECTROSCOPY 6693 05:29:07,440 --> 05:29:08,440 STUDIES IN PATIENTS WITH 6694 05:29:08,440 --> 05:29:09,760 DEPRESSION. 6695 05:29:09,760 --> 05:29:11,920 FOR OUR STUDY, OUR GOAL WAS TO 6696 05:29:11,920 --> 05:29:13,040 SYNTHESIZE A BROADER COLLECTION 6697 05:29:13,040 --> 05:29:15,120 OF LITERATURE IN A QUANTITATIVE 6698 05:29:15,120 --> 05:29:15,600 WAY. 6699 05:29:15,600 --> 05:29:16,880 WE WANTED TO LOOK AT STUDIES 6700 05:29:16,880 --> 05:29:18,800 THAT PERFORMED SPECTROSCOPY 6701 05:29:18,800 --> 05:29:22,720 BEFORE AND AFTER AN RTMS OR TBS 6702 05:29:22,720 --> 05:29:23,960 INTERVENTION IN PATIENT 6703 05:29:23,960 --> 05:29:27,720 POPULATIONS OR HEALTHY CONTROLS. 6704 05:29:27,720 --> 05:29:28,880 FOR DATA COLLECTION, WE 6705 05:29:28,880 --> 05:29:31,600 INITIALLY IDENTIFIED OVER 300 6706 05:29:31,600 --> 05:29:32,520 PAPERS, THEN SCREENED FOR 6707 05:29:32,520 --> 05:29:34,360 STUDIES THAT INCLUDED AN MRS 6708 05:29:34,360 --> 05:29:37,040 SCAN BEFORE AND AFTER THE TMS 6709 05:29:37,040 --> 05:29:38,440 INTERVENTION. 6710 05:29:38,440 --> 05:29:40,560 BEFORE ANALYSIS, WE ALSO 6711 05:29:40,560 --> 05:29:41,640 EXCLUDED EFFECTS OF METABOLITES 6712 05:29:41,640 --> 05:29:43,880 WITH FEWER THAN FIVE EFFECTS. 6713 05:29:43,880 --> 05:29:47,480 WE ENDED UP WITH A DATASET OF 23 6714 05:29:47,480 --> 05:29:51,720 STUDIES AND 115 EFFECTS WITH A 6715 05:29:51,720 --> 05:29:53,240 TOTAL OF 374 PARTICIPANTS, ABOUT 6716 05:29:53,240 --> 05:29:55,280 HALF OF WHOM WERE FEMALE AND AN 6717 05:29:55,280 --> 05:29:57,560 AVERAGE AGE OF 36 YEARS. 6718 05:29:57,560 --> 05:29:59,160 TODAY I'M GOING TO FOCUS ON THE 6719 05:29:59,160 --> 05:30:01,680 EXCITATORY AND INHIBITORY 6720 05:30:01,680 --> 05:30:05,120 NEUROTRANSMITTER RESULTS. 6721 05:30:05,120 --> 05:30:08,880 SO FIRST, THIS IS A PLOT OF GABA 6722 05:30:08,880 --> 05:30:11,080 EFFECTS SEPARATED BY A STANDARD 6723 05:30:11,080 --> 05:30:13,240 RTMS PROTOCOLS AT THE TOP AND 6724 05:30:13,240 --> 05:30:16,560 TBS PROTOCOLS AT THE BOTTOM. 6725 05:30:16,560 --> 05:30:18,560 WE CHOSE TO SEPARATE BY TMS 6726 05:30:18,560 --> 05:30:19,720 PROTOCOL BECAUSE THE BASIC 6727 05:30:19,720 --> 05:30:21,280 FEATURES SUCH AS SCAN TIME ARE 6728 05:30:21,280 --> 05:30:22,040 QUITE DIFFERENT AND THE 6729 05:30:22,040 --> 05:30:29,360 MECHANISM OF ACTION OF THAT I DA 6730 05:30:29,360 --> 05:30:34,400 BURST IS DIFFERENT. 6731 05:30:34,400 --> 05:30:35,560 WE HIGHLIGHT THE MAIN EFFECT FOR 6732 05:30:35,560 --> 05:30:36,320 GABA AT THE BOTTOM. 6733 05:30:36,320 --> 05:30:39,000 YOU CAN SEE GABA IS NOMINALLY 6734 05:30:39,000 --> 05:30:42,480 ELEVATED AFTER STANDARD RTMS 6735 05:30:42,480 --> 05:30:44,680 INTERVENTION BUT NOT AFTER TMS. 6736 05:30:44,680 --> 05:30:46,720 FOUR OF OUR 5TBS EFFECTS HERE 6737 05:30:46,720 --> 05:30:48,920 ARE ACTUALLY FROM THE SAME 6738 05:30:48,920 --> 05:30:51,800 PAPER, AND I ALSO LUMPED 6739 05:30:51,800 --> 05:30:53,320 TOGETHER INTERMITTENT AND 6740 05:30:53,320 --> 05:30:54,840 CONTINUOUS TBS DUE TO LIMITED 6741 05:30:54,840 --> 05:30:57,680 SAMPLE SIZE. 6742 05:30:57,680 --> 05:31:00,320 THIS NEXT PLOT SHOWS ANALYSIS 6743 05:31:00,320 --> 05:31:03,160 RESULTS FOR GLUTAMATE PLUS GLX. 6744 05:31:03,160 --> 05:31:05,360 GLX IS A COMBINED SIGNAL OF 6745 05:31:05,360 --> 05:31:06,760 GLUTAMATE AND GLUTAMINE. 6746 05:31:06,760 --> 05:31:08,480 SO I LUMPED THEM TOGETHER JUST 6747 05:31:08,480 --> 05:31:12,120 TO GET A STRONGER SIGNAL FOR THE 6748 05:31:12,120 --> 05:31:14,920 EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMITTER 6749 05:31:14,920 --> 05:31:15,200 GLUTAMATE. 6750 05:31:15,200 --> 05:31:16,600 YOU CAN SEE HERE THERE'S A 6751 05:31:16,600 --> 05:31:18,960 MARGINAL ELEVATION OF GLUTAMATE 6752 05:31:18,960 --> 05:31:21,120 PLUS GLX AFTER STANDARD RTMS 6753 05:31:21,120 --> 05:31:25,040 SIMILAR TO GABA, BUT THERE ARE 6754 05:31:25,040 --> 05:31:30,600 NO SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS AFTER TBS 6755 05:31:30,600 --> 05:31:30,960 INTERVENTION. 6756 05:31:30,960 --> 05:31:32,160 YOU CAN ALSO SEE AT THE VERY 6757 05:31:32,160 --> 05:31:35,120 BOTTOM THAT THERE'S AN EFFECT 6758 05:31:35,120 --> 05:31:37,520 TRENDING TOWARDS SIGNIFICANCE 6759 05:31:37,520 --> 05:31:41,000 FOR THE OVERALL MAIN EFFECT FOR 6760 05:31:41,000 --> 05:31:42,560 GLUTAMATE PLUS GLX. 6761 05:31:42,560 --> 05:31:43,800 SO HERE I JUST WANTED TO 6762 05:31:43,800 --> 05:31:45,400 HIGHLIGHT THOSE SUMMARY EFFECTS 6763 05:31:45,400 --> 05:31:47,880 FOR CONVENTIONAL RTMS VERSUS 6764 05:31:47,880 --> 05:31:48,360 TBS. 6765 05:31:48,360 --> 05:31:51,440 WE SEE THAT AFTER THAT AS 6766 05:31:51,440 --> 05:31:53,840 MEASURED BY SPECTROSCOPY AT 3T 6767 05:31:53,840 --> 05:31:56,200 AS ALL THESE STUDIES WERE DONE, 6768 05:31:56,200 --> 05:31:57,600 BOTH GLUTAMATE AND GABA ARE 6769 05:31:57,600 --> 05:31:59,680 ELEVATED AFTER CONVENTIONAL RTMS 6770 05:31:59,680 --> 05:32:02,360 PROTOCOLS BUT NOT AFTER TBS. 6771 05:32:02,360 --> 05:32:04,840 SO WE CAN SPECULATE AS TO THE 6772 05:32:04,840 --> 05:32:06,800 CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF THIS 6773 05:32:06,800 --> 05:32:07,120 EFFECT. 6774 05:32:07,120 --> 05:32:08,880 IT MAY HAVE SOMETHING TO DO WITH 6775 05:32:08,880 --> 05:32:11,960 UPREGULATION OF ENZYMES IN THE 6776 05:32:11,960 --> 05:32:14,000 GLUTAMATE GABA PATH CYCLE BUT 6777 05:32:14,000 --> 05:32:15,280 I'D LOVE TO HEAR YOUR THOUGHTS 6778 05:32:15,280 --> 05:32:16,560 AS TO WHY THIS MIGHT BE 6779 05:32:16,560 --> 05:32:20,200 HAPPENING TOO. 6780 05:32:20,200 --> 05:32:22,000 THIS NEXT RESULT COMPARES 6781 05:32:22,000 --> 05:32:23,720 SUMMARY EFFECT SIZES FOR GABA 6782 05:32:23,720 --> 05:32:29,320 AND GLUTAMATE PLUS GLX AT THE 6783 05:32:29,320 --> 05:32:33,480 TMS STIM SITE IN ORANGE AND THEN 6784 05:32:33,480 --> 05:32:35,400 AT ROIs DOWNSTREAM IN THIS 6785 05:32:35,400 --> 05:32:36,040 GREY COLOR. 6786 05:32:36,040 --> 05:32:39,680 SO WE CAN SEE THAT WHEN 6787 05:32:39,680 --> 05:32:40,720 SPECTROSCOPY WAS MEASURED AT 6788 05:32:40,720 --> 05:32:42,280 SITES OTHER THAN THE TMS STIM 6789 05:32:42,280 --> 05:32:45,160 SITE, WE SEE A SIGNIFICANT 6790 05:32:45,160 --> 05:32:48,840 ELEVATION FOR THE GLUTAMATE PLUS 6791 05:32:48,840 --> 05:32:50,160 GLS SIGNAL, AND THIS IS TELLING 6792 05:32:50,160 --> 05:32:53,760 US THAT THERE IS SIGNIFICANT 6793 05:32:53,760 --> 05:32:54,960 INDUCTION OF -- THERE'S A 6794 05:32:54,960 --> 05:32:58,360 SIGNIFICANT INDUCTION OF 6795 05:32:58,360 --> 05:32:59,960 NEUROEXCITATION AT SITES 6796 05:32:59,960 --> 05:33:04,680 DOWNSTREAM OF THE TMS STIM SITE. 6797 05:33:04,680 --> 05:33:05,400 SO FUTURE DIRECTIONS. 6798 05:33:05,400 --> 05:33:06,800 THERE IS A LOT MORE I WANT TO DO 6799 05:33:06,800 --> 05:33:08,280 WITH THE CURRENT DATASET. 6800 05:33:08,280 --> 05:33:10,000 FIRST OF ALL I WANT TO 6801 05:33:10,000 --> 05:33:11,120 INCORPORATE BEHAVIORAL DATA AND 6802 05:33:11,120 --> 05:33:14,720 SEE IF BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES 6803 05:33:14,720 --> 05:33:16,320 CORRELATE SYSTEMATICALLY WITH 6804 05:33:16,320 --> 05:33:17,040 NEUROMETABOLITE CHANGES. 6805 05:33:17,040 --> 05:33:18,400 THERE ARE ALSO A LOT OF 6806 05:33:18,400 --> 05:33:20,680 PARAMETERS I WANT TO CONTROL FOR 6807 05:33:20,680 --> 05:33:22,400 OR PERFORM ADDITIONAL MODERATOR 6808 05:33:22,400 --> 05:33:24,760 ANALYSES ON, LIKE TMS INTENSITY, 6809 05:33:24,760 --> 05:33:28,800 NUMBER OF PULSES, SPEC TROS SPEY 6810 05:33:28,800 --> 05:33:29,800 SCAN TIME IS ALSO A REALLY 6811 05:33:29,800 --> 05:33:30,920 IMPORTANT VARIABLE I WANT TO 6812 05:33:30,920 --> 05:33:32,040 TAKE INTO ACCOUNT BECAUSE SOME 6813 05:33:32,040 --> 05:33:33,800 OF THESE STUDIES ARE MEASURING 6814 05:33:33,800 --> 05:33:35,360 ACUTE EFFECTS AND OTHERS ARE 6815 05:33:35,360 --> 05:33:39,280 SUBACUTE OR EVEN CHRONIC. 6816 05:33:39,280 --> 05:33:40,880 IN THE LONGER TERM FUTURE 6817 05:33:40,880 --> 05:33:42,160 DIRECTION FOR MY THESIS PROJECT, 6818 05:33:42,160 --> 05:33:44,800 I'M HOPING TO PERFORM A STUDY 6819 05:33:44,800 --> 05:33:47,040 MEASURING THE EFFECTS OF RTMS 6820 05:33:47,040 --> 05:33:50,560 USING THREE-DIMENSIONAL IMAGING. 6821 05:33:50,560 --> 05:33:55,040 THIS IS GLUTAMATE CHEMICAL 6822 05:33:55,040 --> 05:33:57,760 EXCHANGE SATURATE TRANSFER AND 6823 05:33:57,760 --> 05:33:59,560 IT HAS SEVEN FOLD SENSITIVITY 6824 05:33:59,560 --> 05:34:01,160 COMPARED TO CONVENTIONAL 6825 05:34:01,160 --> 05:34:01,600 SPECTROSCOPY. 6826 05:34:01,600 --> 05:34:03,360 IT'S ONLY LOOKING AT GLUTAMATE, 6827 05:34:03,360 --> 05:34:03,840 THOUGH. 6828 05:34:03,840 --> 05:34:09,120 SO WE'RE HOPING TO MEASURE 3D 6829 05:34:09,120 --> 05:34:12,040 GUSES BEFORE TMS TO GET A VOLUME 6830 05:34:12,040 --> 05:34:13,080 HE TRICK PICTURE OF WHAT'S 6831 05:34:13,080 --> 05:34:15,040 HAPPENING TO GLUTAMATE AFTER 6832 05:34:15,040 --> 05:34:16,440 THIS CLINICAL PROTOCOL. 6833 05:34:16,440 --> 05:34:22,680 AND CEMBER ET AL. PUBLISHED A 6834 05:34:22,680 --> 05:34:24,000 PAPER EARLIER THIS YEAR LOOKING 6835 05:34:24,000 --> 05:34:26,800 AT GUSES AFTER TMS. 6836 05:34:26,800 --> 05:34:27,000 OKAY. 6837 05:34:27,000 --> 05:34:29,600 SO I'D LIKE TO THANK MY ADVISORS 6838 05:34:29,600 --> 05:34:31,840 AND MY LAB MEMBERS. 6839 05:34:31,840 --> 05:34:34,440 I ALSO WANT TO THANK THE ISMRM 6840 05:34:34,440 --> 05:34:36,120 FOR PROVIDING SOME FUNDING SO I 6841 05:34:36,120 --> 05:34:37,240 COULD HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO 6842 05:34:37,240 --> 05:34:38,720 TALK TODAY, AND I LOOK FORWARD 6843 05:34:38,720 --> 05:34:39,840 TO YOUR QUESTIONS. 6844 05:34:39,840 --> 05:34:49,240 [APPLAUSE] 6845 05:34:49,240 --> 05:34:51,560 >>YES, GO AHEAD. 6846 05:34:51,560 --> 05:34:52,880 >>HELLO? 6847 05:34:52,880 --> 05:34:54,360 HI. 6848 05:34:54,360 --> 05:34:55,840 I APOLOGIZE IF I MISSED THIS, 6849 05:34:55,840 --> 05:34:58,960 BUT IS THIS A MIXTURE OF 6850 05:34:58,960 --> 05:35:01,080 DIFFERENT RTMS PROTOCOLS OR JUST 6851 05:35:01,080 --> 05:35:04,560 10 HERTZ OR WHAT SPECIFIC RTMS 6852 05:35:04,560 --> 05:35:08,160 PROTOCOLS WAS THIS DATA BASED 6853 05:35:08,160 --> 05:35:08,880 ON? 6854 05:35:08,880 --> 05:35:10,040 >>THAT'S A GOOD QUESTION. 6855 05:35:10,040 --> 05:35:11,480 IT'S ALL DIFFERENT RTMS 6856 05:35:11,480 --> 05:35:11,840 PROTOCOLS. 6857 05:35:11,840 --> 05:35:13,200 MOST OF THEM WERE DONE AT 10 6858 05:35:13,200 --> 05:35:15,440 HERTZ BUT THERE WERE A FEW 6859 05:35:15,440 --> 05:35:20,080 1 HERTZ AND I THINK A COUPLE 6860 05:35:20,080 --> 05:35:22,880 2 OR 5 HERTZ AS WELL. 6861 05:35:22,880 --> 05:35:26,000 >>I HAVE A QUESTION HERE. 6862 05:35:26,000 --> 05:35:29,760 HOW MUCH OF THIS DATA IS 7 TESLA 6863 05:35:29,760 --> 05:35:31,360 AND HOW MUCH IS 3 TESLA? 6864 05:35:31,360 --> 05:35:33,600 >>THE DATA I PRESENTED HERE WAS 6865 05:35:33,600 --> 05:35:36,120 ALL DONE AT 3T. 6866 05:35:36,120 --> 05:35:40,960 I HAVEN'T IDENTIFIED A 7T STUDY 6867 05:35:40,960 --> 05:35:42,880 THAT FITS OUR CRITERIA, BUT 6868 05:35:42,880 --> 05:35:45,000 THERE ARE A FEW 1.5T THAT I 6869 05:35:45,000 --> 05:35:51,200 HAVEN'T INCLUDED YET. 6870 05:35:51,200 --> 05:35:52,480 >>I HAVE A QUICK QUESTION. 6871 05:35:52,480 --> 05:35:54,240 SO YOU MENTIONED THAT THE GABA 6872 05:35:54,240 --> 05:35:57,720 WAS ELEVATED ONLY IN ITMS. 6873 05:35:57,720 --> 05:36:00,400 DO YOU THINK THAT'S AN ACTUAL 6874 05:36:00,400 --> 05:36:01,080 CONSEQUENCE OF THE DIFFERENCE 6875 05:36:01,080 --> 05:36:02,360 BETWEEN MODALITY AND IF SO, I 6876 05:36:02,360 --> 05:36:04,320 KNOW YOU HINTED AS IT'S AN OPEN 6877 05:36:04,320 --> 05:36:05,400 QUESTION, BUT I'D LOVE TO HEAR 6878 05:36:05,400 --> 05:36:07,080 YOU TAKE A STAB AT IT. 6879 05:36:07,080 --> 05:36:08,200 >>YEAH. 6880 05:36:08,200 --> 05:36:09,960 I PERSONALLY DON'T THINK IT'S A 6881 05:36:09,960 --> 05:36:11,160 REAL EFFECT, AND WE DEFINITELY 6882 05:36:11,160 --> 05:36:13,200 DON'T HAVE ENOUGH POWER TO SAY 6883 05:36:13,200 --> 05:36:16,040 THAT IT IS. 6884 05:36:16,040 --> 05:36:18,720 I READ A PAPER DONE IN MICE, I 6885 05:36:18,720 --> 05:36:23,120 THINK, THAT FOUND THAT CTBS 6886 05:36:23,120 --> 05:36:25,360 PROTOCOLS UPREGULATE GAD, WHICH 6887 05:36:25,360 --> 05:36:27,720 IS -- WHICH PRECEDED INCREASE IN 6888 05:36:27,720 --> 05:36:29,320 GABA AT THE TMS SITE. 6889 05:36:29,320 --> 05:36:32,200 SO I THINK THAT TBS PROBABLY 6890 05:36:32,200 --> 05:36:34,320 ALSO UPREGULATES GABA, BUT I 6891 05:36:34,320 --> 05:36:36,360 DON'T THINK WE CAN DRAW ANY 6892 05:36:36,360 --> 05:36:37,640 CONCLUSIONS FROM THIS DATA. 6893 05:36:37,640 --> 05:36:40,800 AND ALSO MY INKLING IS BASED ON 6894 05:36:40,800 --> 05:36:42,240 A FEW SCATTERED FINDINGS THAT 6895 05:36:42,240 --> 05:36:44,080 I'VE READ ABOUT, SO I'M NOT 6896 05:36:44,080 --> 05:36:45,600 REALLY SURE WHAT'S HAPPENING. 6897 05:36:45,600 --> 05:36:48,000 >>OKAY, THANK YOU. 6898 05:36:48,000 --> 05:36:54,120 [APPLAUSE] 6899 05:36:54,120 --> 05:36:57,800 >>OKAY, SO THE NEXT SPEAKER IS 6900 05:36:57,800 --> 05:36:59,040 LORAINE FRANKE FROM THE 6901 05:36:59,040 --> 05:37:00,160 UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS ON 6902 05:37:00,160 --> 05:37:02,920 AUGMENTED REALITY VISUALIZATION 6903 05:37:02,920 --> 05:37:05,760 OF TMS WITH 3D SLICER AND WEB 6904 05:37:05,760 --> 05:37:15,840 XR. 6905 05:37:19,120 --> 05:37:20,200 >>THANK YOU FOR THE 6906 05:37:20,200 --> 05:37:20,640 INTRODUCTION. 6907 05:37:20,640 --> 05:37:24,800 I WORK TOGETHER WITH MY 6908 05:37:24,800 --> 05:37:26,160 COLLEAGUES FROM BRIGHAM AND 6909 05:37:26,160 --> 05:37:28,040 WOMEN'S HOSPITAL AND HARVARD 6910 05:37:28,040 --> 05:37:28,840 MEDICAL SCHOOL, AND OUR PROJECT 6911 05:37:28,840 --> 05:37:31,080 IS CALLED AUGMENTED REALITY 6912 05:37:31,080 --> 05:37:34,480 VISUALIZATION OF TMS WITH 6913 05:37:34,480 --> 05:37:38,720 3DSLICER AND WEBXR. 6914 05:37:38,720 --> 05:37:40,360 SO JUST A DECLARATION FOR 6915 05:37:40,360 --> 05:37:41,200 FINANCIAL INTEREST. 6916 05:37:41,200 --> 05:37:43,560 WE ARE FUNDED BY AN NIH GRANT 6917 05:37:43,560 --> 05:37:48,720 THAT WE GOT IN 2021. 6918 05:37:48,720 --> 05:37:49,680 SO SOME BACKGROUND, WE HAVE 6919 05:37:49,680 --> 05:37:52,520 HEARD A LOT ABOUT IT. MS 6920 05:37:52,520 --> 05:37:57,000 ALREABOUT IT. MSALREADY. 6921 05:37:57,000 --> 05:37:58,400 IT'S SUPER IMPORTANT TO IMPROVE 6922 05:37:58,400 --> 05:37:59,800 THE OVERALL COMPUTATION METHODS 6923 05:37:59,800 --> 05:38:03,640 AND NEW NAVIGATION OF SOFTWARE 6924 05:38:03,640 --> 05:38:05,840 FOR TMS TREATMENT AND ALSO TO 6925 05:38:05,840 --> 05:38:11,440 PLAN TMS TO MAKE IT MORE 6926 05:38:11,440 --> 05:38:12,040 EFFECTIVE. 6927 05:38:12,040 --> 05:38:16,160 WE BELIEVE TMS CAN BE LEVERAGED 6928 05:38:16,160 --> 05:38:18,680 BY AUGMENTED REALITY AND BY 6929 05:38:18,680 --> 05:38:19,880 USING FAST REALTIME 6930 05:38:19,880 --> 05:38:21,200 VISUALIZATIONS TO IMPROVE 6931 05:38:21,200 --> 05:38:23,920 OVERALL USER INTERACTION THAT A 6932 05:38:23,920 --> 05:38:25,600 USER CAN BETTER INTERACT WITH 6933 05:38:25,600 --> 05:38:26,960 THE ENVIRONMENT AND ALSO IMPROVE 6934 05:38:26,960 --> 05:38:34,320 THE TREATMENT OF THE PATIENT. 6935 05:38:34,320 --> 05:38:36,440 SO HERE YOU CAN SEE THE PROCESS 6936 05:38:36,440 --> 05:38:38,040 HOW OUR WHOLE SOFTWARE MODULE 6937 05:38:38,040 --> 05:38:39,160 WILL BE DEVELOPED OR IS 6938 05:38:39,160 --> 05:38:39,880 CURRENTLY IN DEVELOPMENT. 6939 05:38:39,880 --> 05:38:43,680 WE HAVE AN ELECTRIC FIELD. 6940 05:38:43,680 --> 05:38:44,800 IT'S A DEEP NEURAL NETWORK. 6941 05:38:44,800 --> 05:38:46,360 WE HAVE ALREADY HEARD SOME TALKS 6942 05:38:46,360 --> 05:38:47,040 ABOUT THAT. 6943 05:38:47,040 --> 05:38:49,920 YOU CAN FIND THE REFERENCES 6944 05:38:49,920 --> 05:38:50,360 BELOW. 6945 05:38:50,360 --> 05:38:56,560 SO BASICALLY WHAT WE RECEIVE IS 6946 05:38:56,560 --> 05:38:58,840 DATA FROM A NEURAL NETWORK WHICH 6947 05:38:58,840 --> 05:39:00,600 IS TRANSFERRED INTO THE NEW 6948 05:39:00,600 --> 05:39:05,400 NAVIGATION SOFTWARE SLICER, 3D 6949 05:39:05,400 --> 05:39:08,360 SLICER VIA CONNECTION THAT IS 6950 05:39:08,360 --> 05:39:09,720 CALLED OPEN IGT LINK. 6951 05:39:09,720 --> 05:39:11,320 THEN WE HAVE THE WHOLE 6952 05:39:11,320 --> 05:39:15,320 VISUALIZATION MODULE INSIDE 3D 6953 05:39:15,320 --> 05:39:17,520 SLICER, AND OUR GOAL IS ALSO TO 6954 05:39:17,520 --> 05:39:21,840 BE ABLE TO CONNECT THIS WHOLE 6955 05:39:21,840 --> 05:39:23,080 VISUALIZATION TO WEB BROWSER AND 6956 05:39:23,080 --> 05:39:25,760 RUNNING THIS WHOLE THING IN VR, 6957 05:39:25,760 --> 05:39:27,920 SO THE USER ONLY NEEDS TO START 6958 05:39:27,920 --> 05:39:32,640 A BROWSER, AND RUN THE MOBILE 6959 05:39:32,640 --> 05:39:33,760 APPLICATION AND SEE HOW HE CAN 6960 05:39:33,760 --> 05:39:34,400 TREAT HIS PATIENTS WITH 6961 05:39:34,400 --> 05:39:40,880 TESTIMONIES. 6962 05:39:40,880 --> 05:39:43,920 MOST OF YOU MIGHT HAVE HEARD OF 6963 05:39:43,920 --> 05:39:44,200 3DSLICER. 6964 05:39:44,200 --> 05:39:51,160 IT'S AN OPEN SOURCE PLATFORM, IT 6965 05:39:51,160 --> 05:39:52,240 HAS A LARGE COMMUNITY, A LOT OF 6966 05:39:52,240 --> 05:39:53,640 PEOPLE ARE WORKING WITH IT, ALSO 6967 05:39:53,640 --> 05:39:57,520 OTHER PARTS NOT ONLY IN 6968 05:39:57,520 --> 05:39:58,640 NEUROMODULATION, SO WE ARE 6969 05:39:58,640 --> 05:39:59,360 DEVELOPING EVERYTHING INSIDE 6970 05:39:59,360 --> 05:40:04,600 THIS MODULE, INSIDE THE SOFTWARE 6971 05:40:04,600 --> 05:40:07,160 AND IT'S BASED ON THE BDK 6972 05:40:07,160 --> 05:40:08,880 FRAMEWORK WHICH IS PRETTY FAST 6973 05:40:08,880 --> 05:40:13,560 BECAUSE IT'S BASED ON C++ AND WE 6974 05:40:13,560 --> 05:40:15,360 CAN ACHIEVE FAST RENDERINGS 6975 05:40:15,360 --> 05:40:16,240 INSIDE 3DSLICER. 6976 05:40:16,240 --> 05:40:17,680 SO FIRST WE TRANSFER OUR DATA 6977 05:40:17,680 --> 05:40:22,520 WHICH WE RECEIVE FROM THE DEEP 6978 05:40:22,520 --> 05:40:24,440 LEARNING MODEL INSIDE SLICER SO 6979 05:40:24,440 --> 05:40:26,520 WE NEED TO INSTALL A PLUGGER 6980 05:40:26,520 --> 05:40:32,160 CALLED OPEN ITT LINK, AND THIS 6981 05:40:32,160 --> 05:40:33,160 PLUG-IN WILL TO THE WHOLE 6982 05:40:33,160 --> 05:40:34,240 COMMUNICATION WITH THE DEEP 6983 05:40:34,240 --> 05:40:37,040 NEURAL NETWORK AND WE CAN DO 6984 05:40:37,040 --> 05:40:40,400 SOME NEURAL NETWORK TRANSFER OF 6985 05:40:40,400 --> 05:40:41,920 THE NFT FILES WHILE RUNNING 6986 05:40:41,920 --> 05:40:43,120 EVERYTHING IN REALTIME SO IT'S 6987 05:40:43,120 --> 05:40:46,640 PRETTY FAST, AND WE CAN ALSO 6988 05:40:46,640 --> 05:40:50,880 IMPORT THE POSITION, LINEAR 6989 05:40:50,880 --> 05:40:51,920 TRANSFORMS AND OTHER DATA WE 6990 05:40:51,920 --> 05:40:56,480 RECEIVE FROM OUTSIDE OF THE 6991 05:40:56,480 --> 05:40:57,360 PROGRAM. 6992 05:40:57,360 --> 05:40:59,400 A CHALLENGE WE HAD TO OVERCOME 6993 05:40:59,400 --> 05:41:00,840 IS DEFINITELY THE TRANSFORMS. 6994 05:41:00,840 --> 05:41:03,800 SO WE RECEIVED NFT FORMS, 6995 05:41:03,800 --> 05:41:07,360 USUALLY IN -- SO IT ALWAYS 6996 05:41:07,360 --> 05:41:09,720 DEPENDS AND SLICER IS USUALLY 6997 05:41:09,720 --> 05:41:12,280 USING THE RAS COORDINATE SYSTEM 6998 05:41:12,280 --> 05:41:13,640 SO WE ALWAYS HAVE TO MAKE SURE 6999 05:41:13,640 --> 05:41:17,560 THAT EVERYTHING MATCHES AND ALL 7000 05:41:17,560 --> 05:41:18,600 THE MATCHES AND FILES WE 7001 05:41:18,600 --> 05:41:20,440 RECEIVE, WE HAVE TO TRANSFORM 7002 05:41:20,440 --> 05:41:25,080 THEM INSIDE THE MODULE. 7003 05:41:25,080 --> 05:41:27,040 SO HERE YOU CAN SEE THE WHOLE 7004 05:41:27,040 --> 05:41:28,840 DEVELOPMENT OF THE SYSTEM. 7005 05:41:28,840 --> 05:41:33,440 SO WE HAVE THE NFT FILE THAT IS 7006 05:41:33,440 --> 05:41:35,480 COMING INSIDE SLICER AND THEN WE 7007 05:41:35,480 --> 05:41:37,840 HAVE THE VECTOR FIELD COMING 7008 05:41:37,840 --> 05:41:41,600 FROM THE TMS, AND WE ALSO HAVE 7009 05:41:41,600 --> 05:41:43,480 OUR MAGNETIC COIL THAT IS MOVED 7010 05:41:43,480 --> 05:41:45,800 ON THE PATIENT'S BRAIN. 7011 05:41:45,800 --> 05:41:49,000 AND WE HAVE TO RESAMPLE THEM AND 7012 05:41:49,000 --> 05:41:50,120 PUT THEM TOGETHER AND OVERLAY 7013 05:41:50,120 --> 05:41:51,440 THEM WITH THE BRAIN MESH. 7014 05:41:51,440 --> 05:41:52,800 THE WHOLE THING NEEDS TO BE 7015 05:41:52,800 --> 05:41:56,000 ADJUSTED TO SLICER TO THE RAS 7016 05:41:56,000 --> 05:41:57,440 SPACE AND THEN WE HAVE THE 7017 05:41:57,440 --> 05:42:01,280 OVERLAY ON TO THE BRAIN SURFACE. 7018 05:42:01,280 --> 05:42:04,160 AND WE RECEIVE THIS NICE 7019 05:42:04,160 --> 05:42:07,520 BEAUTIFUL TEXTURE ON THE BRAIN 7020 05:42:07,520 --> 05:42:08,600 SURFACE WHICH WE HAVE ALREADY 7021 05:42:08,600 --> 05:42:10,560 SEEN TODAY, AND ON THE RIGHT 7022 05:42:10,560 --> 05:42:11,880 SIDE YOU CAN ALSO SEE THAT WE 7023 05:42:11,880 --> 05:42:14,720 HAVE THE TMS COIL, WHICH IS THEN 7024 05:42:14,720 --> 05:42:17,160 INTERACTIVELY USED BY THE USER 7025 05:42:17,160 --> 05:42:20,520 AND MOVED, AND SO IT CHANGES ITS 7026 05:42:20,520 --> 05:42:23,200 POSITION AND WE HAVE TO RESEND 7027 05:42:23,200 --> 05:42:24,840 THE POSITION BACK TO THE NEURAL 7028 05:42:24,840 --> 05:42:27,280 NETWORK. 7029 05:42:27,280 --> 05:42:31,840 SO I WILL SHOW YOU A DEMO OF OUR 7030 05:42:31,840 --> 05:42:33,040 CURRENT VERSION WE HAVE INSIDE 7031 05:42:33,040 --> 05:42:33,440 SLICER. 7032 05:42:33,440 --> 05:42:34,920 IT'S A PROTOTYPE SO WE'RE STILL 7033 05:42:34,920 --> 05:42:35,840 WORKING ON THAT. 7034 05:42:35,840 --> 05:42:38,400 IT'S CURRENTLY SHOWING THE 7035 05:42:38,400 --> 05:42:40,280 MAGNETIC FIELD AND YOU CAN SEE 7036 05:42:40,280 --> 05:42:44,480 THAT THE USER CAN DRAG AND DROP 7037 05:42:44,480 --> 05:42:46,320 EVERYTHING AROUND, HE CAN ADD 7038 05:42:46,320 --> 05:42:49,080 HIS OWN NIFTI FILES CURRENTLY, 7039 05:42:49,080 --> 05:42:50,560 AND IT'S UPDATING PRETTY FAST, 7040 05:42:50,560 --> 05:42:55,600 WHICH WE NEED ALSO FOR THE 7041 05:42:55,600 --> 05:43:06,080 VISUALIZATION INSIDE THE FORM. 7042 05:43:07,760 --> 05:43:09,080 THE NEXT STEP IS THAT WE NEED TO 7043 05:43:09,080 --> 05:43:12,480 TRANSFER THE DATA TO THE FORM. 7044 05:43:12,480 --> 05:43:15,960 SO BASICALLY A DOCTOR CAN SEE 7045 05:43:15,960 --> 05:43:19,920 THE PATIENT IN PERSON AND CAN 7046 05:43:19,920 --> 05:43:21,160 ALREADY TEST THE SOFTWARE JUST 7047 05:43:21,160 --> 05:43:22,960 BY USING A MOBILE PHONE. 7048 05:43:22,960 --> 05:43:25,400 SO WE'RE USING THE API CALLED 7049 05:43:25,400 --> 05:43:28,160 WEBXR, SO BASICALLY WITH WEBXR, 7050 05:43:28,160 --> 05:43:31,000 YOU CAN CREATE AUGMENTED REALITY 7051 05:43:31,000 --> 05:43:35,240 ENVIRONMENTS INSIDE YOUR PHONE. 7052 05:43:35,240 --> 05:43:37,640 WE NEED A SECURE PROTOCOL SO 7053 05:43:37,640 --> 05:43:39,120 THIS MEANS WE HAVE A CONNECTION 7054 05:43:39,120 --> 05:43:43,040 OPEN ALL THE TIME BETWEEN SLICER 7055 05:43:43,040 --> 05:43:46,960 AND OUR BROWSER. 7056 05:43:46,960 --> 05:43:49,120 THAT'S A NICE PICTURE OF ME. 7057 05:43:49,120 --> 05:43:51,080 SO BASICALLY WHAT WILL HAPPEN IS 7058 05:43:51,080 --> 05:43:53,960 THAT THE USER WILL HOLD -- THE 7059 05:43:53,960 --> 05:43:58,640 CLINICIAN WILL HOLD THE PHONE ON 7060 05:43:58,640 --> 05:44:00,560 HIS PATIENT, AND WE ALSO 7061 05:44:00,560 --> 05:44:02,360 INTEGRATED FACE TRACKING WITH 7062 05:44:02,360 --> 05:44:03,680 JAVASCRIPT, SO I JUST HOLD THE 7063 05:44:03,680 --> 05:44:06,440 PHONE ON THE PATIENT AND I CAN 7064 05:44:06,440 --> 05:44:08,720 SEE THE BRAIN IN A FIXED 7065 05:44:08,720 --> 05:44:10,360 POSITION AND I CAN MOVE THE 7066 05:44:10,360 --> 05:44:15,560 PHONE AROUND AND GET THE 7067 05:44:15,560 --> 05:44:16,280 COORDINATES OF THE PHONE WHICH 7068 05:44:16,280 --> 05:44:17,800 WILL BE THE COIL IN THE END. 7069 05:44:17,800 --> 05:44:19,160 YOU CAN SEE THAT'S A BIT SMALL. 7070 05:44:19,160 --> 05:44:21,160 SO SINCE IT'S STILL A PROTOTYPE, 7071 05:44:21,160 --> 05:44:23,720 IN THE END WE WILL SEE ON THE 7072 05:44:23,720 --> 05:44:31,360 BRAIN PLESH THE MESH THE TMS FIO 7073 05:44:31,360 --> 05:44:33,000 THE USER CAN SEE EVERYTHING IN 7074 05:44:33,000 --> 05:44:35,640 REALTIME ON THE PHONE. 7075 05:44:35,640 --> 05:44:37,560 WE HAVE A FEW CHALLENGES 7076 05:44:37,560 --> 05:44:39,040 TRANSFERRING LARGE DATA IN 7077 05:44:39,040 --> 05:44:40,200 REALTIME, WE HAD A LOT OF 7078 05:44:40,200 --> 05:44:41,760 TESTING GOING ON AND WE HAD TO 7079 05:44:41,760 --> 05:44:45,120 GO BACK AND FORTH TO TEST 7080 05:44:45,120 --> 05:44:46,640 METHODS TO HAVE LIKE A REALLY 7081 05:44:46,640 --> 05:44:50,720 FAST RENDERING OF THE WHOLE 7082 05:44:50,720 --> 05:44:51,920 SCENE, THE DIFFERENT COORDINATE 7083 05:44:51,920 --> 05:44:53,880 SYSTEMS AND ALSO THAT WEBXR IS 7084 05:44:53,880 --> 05:44:55,640 STILL A VERY NEW TECHNOLOGY, SO 7085 05:44:55,640 --> 05:44:58,040 FACE TRACKING IS BASICALLY 7086 05:44:58,040 --> 05:45:00,560 NON-EXISTENT YET SO WE ONLY USE 7087 05:45:00,560 --> 05:45:01,960 JAVASCRIPT, AND YEAH, SO NEXT 7088 05:45:01,960 --> 05:45:04,160 STEP WILL BE TO FURTHER INCREASE 7089 05:45:04,160 --> 05:45:05,720 THE WHOLE VISUALIZATION PROCESS, 7090 05:45:05,720 --> 05:45:08,840 MAKE IT FASTER, IMPROVE THE USER 7091 05:45:08,840 --> 05:45:11,160 INTERFACE ON THE PHONE, AND WE 7092 05:45:11,160 --> 05:45:14,320 ALSO PLAN FOR PUBLICATION AND 7093 05:45:14,320 --> 05:45:18,920 EXPERT STUDY WITH OUR MODULE. 7094 05:45:18,920 --> 05:45:20,040 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION. 7095 05:45:20,040 --> 05:45:21,960 IF YOU'RE INTERESTED, YOU CAN 7096 05:45:21,960 --> 05:45:24,360 CHECK OUT GITHUB AND TEST OUR 7097 05:45:24,360 --> 05:45:26,480 MODULE, AND WE ALSO BROUGHT A 7098 05:45:26,480 --> 05:45:27,640 LAPTOP IF YOU WANT TO SEE IT 7099 05:45:27,640 --> 05:45:29,120 LIVE WITH THE NEW NETWORK 7100 05:45:29,120 --> 05:45:31,400 BECAUSE THE ONE I SHOWED IS ONLY 7101 05:45:31,400 --> 05:45:33,280 THE MAGNETIC FIELD ON THE BRAIN, 7102 05:45:33,280 --> 05:45:34,600 SO FEEL FREE TO REACH OUT. 7103 05:45:34,600 --> 05:45:36,120 THANK YOU. 7104 05:45:36,120 --> 05:45:41,800 [APPLAUSE] 7105 05:45:41,800 --> 05:45:42,400 >>THANK YOU. 7106 05:45:42,400 --> 05:45:43,560 DO WE HAVE ANY QUESTIONS FROM 7107 05:45:43,560 --> 05:45:45,840 THE AUDIENCE? 7108 05:45:45,840 --> 05:45:49,600 I HAVE ONE MAYBE TO START. 7109 05:45:49,600 --> 05:45:52,080 WHAT'SGOING TO BE THE FIRST 7110 05:45:52,080 --> 05:45:52,680 APPLICATIONS OF THIS? 7111 05:45:52,680 --> 05:45:55,080 >>SO IT'S BASICALLY -- SO THE 7112 05:45:55,080 --> 05:45:57,400 AIM FOR THIS WHOLE THING IS JUST 7113 05:45:57,400 --> 05:45:59,960 TO BE ABLE TO TREAT -- TO MAKE 7114 05:45:59,960 --> 05:46:02,800 THE TREATMENT PLANNING OF THE 7115 05:46:02,800 --> 05:46:04,840 PATIENT TO SEE HOW -- BECAUSE 7116 05:46:04,840 --> 05:46:06,160 OTHERWISE WE WILL NEED TO SCAN 7117 05:46:06,160 --> 05:46:07,720 THE PATIENT AGAIN AND AGAIN. 7118 05:46:07,720 --> 05:46:10,920 AND WITH THAT, WE CAN ALREADY 7119 05:46:10,920 --> 05:46:12,640 PLAN THE WHOLE TREATMENT, HOW IT 7120 05:46:12,640 --> 05:46:14,280 WILL BE, WE CAN DO SOME 7121 05:46:14,280 --> 05:46:16,320 PRECISION TARGETING OF SPECIFIC 7122 05:46:16,320 --> 05:46:19,520 BRAIN AREAS, AND ALSO REDUCE 7123 05:46:19,520 --> 05:46:29,280 COST OF THE WHOLE TREATMENT. 7124 05:46:29,280 --> 05:46:30,120 >>QUICK QUESTION. 7125 05:46:30,120 --> 05:46:31,720 SO DOES IT WORK WITH JUST ONE 7126 05:46:31,720 --> 05:46:33,520 SPECIFIC TMS COIL OR ARE THERE A 7127 05:46:33,520 --> 05:46:34,600 VARIETY OF COILS THAT YOU CAN -- 7128 05:46:34,600 --> 05:46:39,000 >>SO RIGHT NOW WE HAVE THE TWO 7129 05:46:39,000 --> 05:46:40,560 DONUTS, WHICH I JUST ADDED TO 7130 05:46:40,560 --> 05:46:43,800 THE SCENE SO THE USER IS FREE TO 7131 05:46:43,800 --> 05:46:45,240 ADD ANY OTHER TYPE OF COIL. 7132 05:46:45,240 --> 05:46:48,360 SO BASICALLY WE HAVE THE NIFTI 7133 05:46:48,360 --> 05:46:51,440 IMAGES FROM THE DONUT COIL, TWO 7134 05:46:51,440 --> 05:46:52,560 CIRCLES, BUT IT'S COMPLETELY 7135 05:46:52,560 --> 05:46:53,520 FLEXIBLE, SO WE CAN ADD ANY 7136 05:46:53,520 --> 05:46:58,160 OTHER TYPE OF COIL AS WELL. 7137 05:46:58,160 --> 05:47:02,640 >>COULD THIS ALSO BE EXTENDED 7138 05:47:02,640 --> 05:47:07,400 TO VISUALIZE MAYBE AN ADDITIONAL 7139 05:47:07,400 --> 05:47:10,040 INFORMATION LIKE TRACTOGRAPHY OR 7140 05:47:10,040 --> 05:47:13,080 THESE TYPE OF THINGS? 7141 05:47:13,080 --> 05:47:15,040 >>WHAT YOU WANT TO ADD IS MAYBE 7142 05:47:15,040 --> 05:47:16,200 SOME FIBER TRACKING THAT WE HAVE 7143 05:47:16,200 --> 05:47:18,400 ALSO SHOWING DIRECTIONS OF THE 7144 05:47:18,400 --> 05:47:24,240 FIBERS AND ALSO SHOWING THE TMS 7145 05:47:24,240 --> 05:47:26,520 MAYBE THE TARGET ON THE FIBERS 7146 05:47:26,520 --> 05:47:29,520 LIKE THE TRACTOGRAPHY DATA NEXT 7147 05:47:29,520 --> 05:47:36,200 STEPS WE ARE PLANNING. 7148 05:47:36,200 --> 05:47:38,400 >>[INAUDIBLE] 7149 05:47:38,400 --> 05:47:42,760 >>YES, SO I'M MAINLY FOCUSING 7150 05:47:42,760 --> 05:47:44,960 ON THE VISUALIZATION PLOT SO I 7151 05:47:44,960 --> 05:47:48,560 HAVE DATA FROM THIS NEW NETWORK 7152 05:47:48,560 --> 05:47:50,040 TRAINED ON A SPECIFIC COIL WITH 7153 05:47:50,040 --> 05:47:54,120 SPECIFIC IMAGES, BUT IF THE USER 7154 05:47:54,120 --> 05:47:55,520 WANTS TO DO THAT, THERE'S NO 7155 05:47:55,520 --> 05:47:56,600 RESTRICTION ADDING ANOTHER ONE, 7156 05:47:56,600 --> 05:47:59,040 SO IT ALL DEPENDS ON THE NIFTI 7157 05:47:59,040 --> 05:48:09,280 FILE WE HAVE. 7158 05:48:09,680 --> 05:48:10,640 >>OKAY, THANK YOU. 7159 05:48:10,640 --> 05:48:20,800 [APPLAUSE] 7160 05:48:27,600 --> 05:48:31,840 OUR NEXT SPEAKER IS HIEU NGUYEN, 7161 05:48:31,840 --> 05:48:33,480 HE WILL BE SPEAKING ON ENHANCING 7162 05:48:33,480 --> 05:48:35,120 THE EFFICIENCY OF FOCAL TMS 7163 05:48:35,120 --> 05:48:39,880 COILS WITH MAG NE TICS COR MAGN. 7164 05:48:39,880 --> 05:48:41,040 >>GOOD AFTERNOON. 7165 05:48:41,040 --> 05:48:43,840 I'M FIRST YEAR POSTDOC IN THE 7166 05:48:43,840 --> 05:48:46,880 NEUROIMAGING RESEARCH BRANCH. 7167 05:48:46,880 --> 05:48:49,920 TOPIC I WOULD LIKE TO PRESENT 7168 05:48:49,920 --> 05:48:51,560 TODAY, ENHANCING THE EFFICIENCY 7169 05:48:51,560 --> 05:48:53,960 OF THE FOCAL TMS COIL WITH 7170 05:48:53,960 --> 05:48:54,760 MAGNETIC CORE. 7171 05:48:54,760 --> 05:48:56,880 THIS IS AN OUTLINE OF MY TALK, 7172 05:48:56,880 --> 05:49:00,200 I'LL GIVE YOU SOME INFORMATION 7173 05:49:00,200 --> 05:49:04,040 ABOUT TMS COIL AND THE NEXT ONE 7174 05:49:04,040 --> 05:49:09,040 A RECENT DEVELOPMENT -- WE FIND 7175 05:49:09,040 --> 05:49:12,960 SOMETHING INTERESTING AND RELATE 7176 05:49:12,960 --> 05:49:15,680 TO -- AND MY TALK WITH SOME 7177 05:49:15,680 --> 05:49:19,120 CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION. 7178 05:49:19,120 --> 05:49:29,800 SO WE KNOW THAT TMS -- BRAIN AND 7179 05:49:29,800 --> 05:49:37,440 HUMAN TMS -- 1.5 TESLA, 100 -- 7180 05:49:37,440 --> 05:49:45,080 STIMULATE THE BRAIN REGION. 7181 05:49:45,080 --> 05:49:51,160 THE INDUCTANCE -- CANNOT BE TOO 7182 05:49:51,160 --> 05:49:55,360 HIGH OR TOO LOW BECAUSE IF IT IS 7183 05:49:55,360 --> 05:49:58,680 TOO HIGH IT WOULD PROVIDE LOW 7184 05:49:58,680 --> 05:50:01,520 INTENSITY BUT WHAT IF THE 7185 05:50:01,520 --> 05:50:07,880 INDUCTANCE BE L IS L IS TOO LOWE 7186 05:50:07,880 --> 05:50:11,680 CORE HEATING. 7187 05:50:11,680 --> 05:50:18,520 IN THE TRANSLATION OF TMS COIL 7188 05:50:18,520 --> 05:50:20,760 IS 30, TO UNDERSTAND THE 7189 05:50:20,760 --> 05:50:24,560 MECHANISM OF TMS CURRENTLY WE 7190 05:50:24,560 --> 05:50:31,160 WERE TRYING TO REPLICATE -- 7191 05:50:31,160 --> 05:50:37,280 HUMAN TMS COIL TO THE -- WE 7192 05:50:37,280 --> 05:50:43,840 CANNOT USE THE HUMAN TMS COIL TO 7193 05:50:43,840 --> 05:50:46,960 THE RODENT BRAIN BECAUSE THE 7194 05:50:46,960 --> 05:50:52,160 BRAIN SIZE. 7195 05:50:52,160 --> 05:50:58,640 ABOUT 3 TO 4 SPECIFIC TMS COIL, 7196 05:50:58,640 --> 05:51:02,960 BUT WE HAVE LIMITATION THEY ONLY 7197 05:51:02,960 --> 05:51:07,000 PASS ON THE -- ON THE FEM MODEL, 7198 05:51:07,000 --> 05:51:11,200 AND IF THEY HAVE A STIMULATOR ON 7199 05:51:11,200 --> 05:51:13,360 THE COIL THEY CAN ONLY INDUCE A 7200 05:51:13,360 --> 05:51:14,640 LOW STIMULATION INTENSITY. 7201 05:51:14,640 --> 05:51:18,600 AND THE LAST REASON RELEVANT TO 7202 05:51:18,600 --> 05:51:25,720 MY TOPIC TODAY WITH LACK OF 7203 05:51:25,720 --> 05:51:27,040 NON-LINEAR STUDY AT THE HIGH 7204 05:51:27,040 --> 05:51:29,000 CURRENT, WE WILL HAVE A CORE 7205 05:51:29,000 --> 05:51:32,240 SATURATION. 7206 05:51:32,240 --> 05:51:34,600 SO WE DEVELOPED A 7207 05:51:34,600 --> 05:51:35,920 RODENT-SPECIFIC COIL WITH OUR 7208 05:51:35,920 --> 05:51:46,400 2-MILLIMETER FOCAL -- TMS -- 7209 05:51:46,400 --> 05:51:48,560 ANGLE SO DIFFERENT INDUCTANCE SO 7210 05:51:48,560 --> 05:51:53,040 WE USE THE SER METER TO MEASURE 7211 05:51:53,040 --> 05:51:56,840 THE INDUCTANCE AND ALSO WE USE 7212 05:51:56,840 --> 05:52:05,080 METER TO MEASURE -- HIGH 7213 05:52:05,080 --> 05:52:07,960 INDUCTANCE COIL NUMBER 4 WE ALSO 7214 05:52:07,960 --> 05:52:12,120 SAW THE HIGH -- SO IN ORDER TO 7215 05:52:12,120 --> 05:52:17,920 DRIVE THIS WE DEVELOP OUR -- 7216 05:52:17,920 --> 05:52:23,560 DELIVER MAXIMUM -- UP TO 7217 05:52:23,560 --> 05:52:24,840 6,000 -- IN THE PICTURE YOU CAN 7218 05:52:24,840 --> 05:52:28,160 SEE WE PUT DRY ICE AROUND THE 7219 05:52:28,160 --> 05:52:28,480 COIL. 7220 05:52:28,480 --> 05:52:32,320 WE CAN PUT IT RIGHT AROUND -- ON 7221 05:52:32,320 --> 05:52:35,400 TOP OF A COIL IF WE RUN THE HIGH 7222 05:52:35,400 --> 05:52:37,680 FREQUENCY TMS. 7223 05:52:37,680 --> 05:52:39,080 IN ORDER TO TEST THE EFFICIENCY 7224 05:52:39,080 --> 05:52:43,360 OF THE COIL, WE PASS IT UNDER 7225 05:52:43,360 --> 05:52:52,720 A -- WE TARGET THE -- BEFORE. 7226 05:52:52,720 --> 05:52:55,040 TO MOVE THE -- OF THE COIL TO 7227 05:52:55,040 --> 05:53:01,480 THE CORRECT MOTOR CORTEX WE NEED 7228 05:53:01,480 --> 05:53:02,720 IMPLEMENTATION WITH THE OFFSET 7229 05:53:02,720 --> 05:53:06,520 AND THICKNESS OF THE COIL GUIDE. 7230 05:53:06,520 --> 05:53:11,840 LATER WHEN WE TRY TO INSERT A 7231 05:53:11,840 --> 05:53:21,600 RELIABLE MEASURE THE SIGNAL 7232 05:53:21,600 --> 05:53:25,800 WE -- OF THE EMG -- ON THE 7233 05:53:25,800 --> 05:53:26,360 HINDLIMB MUSCLE. 7234 05:53:26,360 --> 05:53:33,360 AND BASED ON THE RESULT WE -- 7235 05:53:33,360 --> 05:53:37,520 ANALYSIS, WE -- THE COIL 7236 05:53:37,520 --> 05:53:38,760 NUMBER -- MORE EFFICIENT MOTOR 7237 05:53:38,760 --> 05:53:40,680 THRESHOLD BUT THIS ONE WAS ALSO 7238 05:53:40,680 --> 05:53:44,440 A LITTLE BIT BECAUSE IT AGAIN IS 7239 05:53:44,440 --> 05:53:48,000 THE RELATION BETWEEN THE -- AND 7240 05:53:48,000 --> 05:53:55,240 INDUCTANCE -- SO WE ADOPT 7241 05:53:55,240 --> 05:53:58,600 LITERATURE -- TMS SO THE LOOKED 7242 05:53:58,600 --> 05:54:08,440 LIKE IF WE TRY TO -- 7243 05:54:08,440 --> 05:54:09,080 INDUCTANCE -- FIELD TO THE 7244 05:54:09,080 --> 05:54:12,160 BRAIN. 7245 05:54:12,160 --> 05:54:18,240 AND IF WE HAVE -- POSITIVE AND 7246 05:54:18,240 --> 05:54:22,080 THE NEGATIVE -- WE GET MOST OF 7247 05:54:22,080 --> 05:54:23,040 THE PARAMETER IN THE EQUATION 7248 05:54:23,040 --> 05:54:27,160 AND WE ONLY CHANGE THE 7249 05:54:27,160 --> 05:54:31,480 INDUCTANCE -- MEASUREMENT. 7250 05:54:31,480 --> 05:54:34,200 SO FOR THE SIMULATION WE SAW -- 7251 05:54:34,200 --> 05:54:39,720 WE CAN SEE THAT THE HIGH 7252 05:54:39,720 --> 05:54:43,880 INDUCTANCE COIL ACTUALLY HAS A 7253 05:54:43,880 --> 05:54:48,160 LONGER -- BUT ALLOW LOW 7254 05:54:48,160 --> 05:54:51,440 INDUCTANCE COIL ACTUALLY PROVIDE 7255 05:54:51,440 --> 05:54:54,520 STRONGER CURRENT AND STRONGER 7256 05:54:54,520 --> 05:54:55,480 E-FIELD AT VERY BEGINNING, BUT 7257 05:54:55,480 --> 05:55:00,960 IN GENERAL, WHEN WE COMPUTE THE 7258 05:55:00,960 --> 05:55:04,720 AREA ON THE CURVE, WE ACTUALLY 7259 05:55:04,720 --> 05:55:06,880 SEE THAT HIGH INDUCTANCE -- COIL 7260 05:55:06,880 --> 05:55:11,560 NUMBER 4 ACTUALLY HAVE A HIGHER 7261 05:55:11,560 --> 05:55:15,280 AREA IN THE CURVE COMPARED TO 7262 05:55:15,280 --> 05:55:24,600 LOW INDUCTANCE COIL. 7263 05:55:24,600 --> 05:55:29,320 SO -- BY THE CURVE AND FOR THIS 7264 05:55:29,320 --> 05:55:36,920 SLIDE WE -- GROUP. 7265 05:55:36,920 --> 05:55:42,200 AND WE TRY TO MODEL THE REAL 7266 05:55:42,200 --> 05:55:44,000 CORE THAT'S WHY WE PUT SOME OF 7267 05:55:44,000 --> 05:55:50,720 THE REAL PARAMETER -- SO -- 7268 05:55:50,720 --> 05:55:57,920 100 100LITZ WIRES -- THE TMS 7269 05:55:57,920 --> 05:56:01,240 APPLICATION SO THAT CAN SHOW YOU 7270 05:56:01,240 --> 05:56:03,720 THAT THE INDUCTANCE WITH SOME 7271 05:56:03,720 --> 05:56:09,480 SMALL ERROR. 7272 05:56:09,480 --> 05:56:12,600 AT THE HIGH CURRENT OR HIGH -- 7273 05:56:12,600 --> 05:56:16,320 FIELD, IT WOULD REDUCE THE LOW 7274 05:56:16,320 --> 05:56:21,920 AVERAGE PRP -- INDUCTANCE, SO ON 7275 05:56:21,920 --> 05:56:27,960 THE TABLE BELOW YOU CAN SEE THAT 7276 05:56:27,960 --> 05:56:30,640 1,000 -- THE INDUCTANCE -- IS 7277 05:56:30,640 --> 05:56:33,280 ALREADY REDUCED TO SIGNIFICANT 7278 05:56:33,280 --> 05:56:34,320 NUMBERS. 7279 05:56:34,320 --> 05:56:37,960 HOWEVER, WHEN WE TEST THE -- 7280 05:56:37,960 --> 05:56:42,360 FIELD AT 1 CENTIMETER BELOW 7281 05:56:42,360 --> 05:56:44,960 THE -- THE CAN SHOW YOU THAT THE 7282 05:56:44,960 --> 05:56:46,320 FIELD OF THE HIGH INDUCTANCE 7283 05:56:46,320 --> 05:56:48,280 COIL ACTUALLY A LITTLE BIT 7284 05:56:48,280 --> 05:56:51,640 HIGHER COMPARED TO LOW 7285 05:56:51,640 --> 05:56:53,920 INDUCTANCE COIL. 7286 05:56:53,920 --> 05:56:57,000 SO IN CONCLUSION, WE HAVE 7287 05:56:57,000 --> 05:56:59,280 DEVELOPED A NUMBER OF -- WITH 7288 05:56:59,280 --> 05:57:03,320 MAGNETIC CORE AND THEN WE USE 7289 05:57:03,320 --> 05:57:12,160 LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR -- TO -- 7290 05:57:12,160 --> 05:57:14,840 TMS -- IT CAN ALSO EXPLAIN A 7291 05:57:14,840 --> 05:57:22,480 LITTLE BIT BY -- THE EXPERIMENT 7292 05:57:22,480 --> 05:57:26,200 WE -- WE SAW LONGER PULSE WIDTH 7293 05:57:26,200 --> 05:57:34,760 AND WITH THE LONGER PULSE WE CAN 7294 05:57:34,760 --> 05:57:37,080 REDUCE -- FABRICATED -- 7295 05:57:37,080 --> 05:57:40,320 TIME-CONSUMING SO -- CAN WE FIND 7296 05:57:40,320 --> 05:57:42,360 THE OPTIMAL PARAMETER BETWEEN 7297 05:57:42,360 --> 05:57:49,000 THE INDUCTANCE -- B, THERE WOULD 7298 05:57:49,000 --> 05:57:51,440 BE A TRADEOFF BETWEEN THE B, L 7299 05:57:51,440 --> 05:57:53,960 AND E IN TERM OF COIL EFFICIENCY 7300 05:57:53,960 --> 05:57:56,320 AND ALSO IN THE EXPERIMENT WE 7301 05:57:56,320 --> 05:58:01,040 ALSO -- THE HIGH INDUCTANCE CORE 7302 05:58:01,040 --> 05:58:04,160 ACTUALLY CAN AFFECT -- HARDWARE 7303 05:58:04,160 --> 05:58:06,560 IF WE'D RUN THE HIGH FREQUENCY 7304 05:58:06,560 --> 05:58:13,720 TMS SUCH AS RTMS OR RTBS --. 7305 05:58:13,720 --> 05:58:14,520 SO THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION. 7306 05:58:14,520 --> 05:58:16,080 I WOULD LIKE TO THANK YOUR 7307 05:58:16,080 --> 05:58:19,760 SUPPORT FROM OUR INVESTIGATOR 7308 05:58:19,760 --> 05:58:23,840 AND COLLABORATORS. 7309 05:58:23,840 --> 05:58:29,120 [APPLAUSE] 7310 05:58:29,120 --> 05:58:31,000 >>IS THERE ANY QUESTION? 7311 05:58:31,000 --> 05:58:32,040 >>I HAVE ONE. 7312 05:58:32,040 --> 05:58:37,840 DID YOU ALSO CHARACTERIZE THE 7313 05:58:37,840 --> 05:58:40,800 FOCALLITY OF THE COIL? 7314 05:58:40,800 --> 05:58:43,560 >>YES, LIKE I THINK FOUR YEARS 7315 05:58:43,560 --> 05:58:48,320 AGO, THE FOCALLITY IS AROUND 7316 05:58:48,320 --> 05:58:50,240 2-MILLIMETER. 7317 05:58:50,240 --> 05:58:52,080 SO PREVIOUSLY WE USE A CORE 7318 05:58:52,080 --> 05:58:55,440 GUIDE WITH THE OFFSETS AND EVERY 7319 05:58:55,440 --> 05:58:58,120 TIME WE MOVE THE LEFT RIGHT -- 7320 05:58:58,120 --> 05:59:00,200 EVERY TIME 1-MILLIMETER TO SEE 7321 05:59:00,200 --> 05:59:04,000 WHICH ONE WOULD PRODUCE A BIG 7322 05:59:04,000 --> 05:59:04,400 MEP. 7323 05:59:04,400 --> 05:59:06,560 AND ALSO WE CAN ALSO USE THE -- 7324 05:59:06,560 --> 05:59:09,520 WE THOUGHT WE USE REVERSE -- TO 7325 05:59:09,520 --> 05:59:11,680 MEASURE WHAT IS THE HOT SPOTS OF 7326 05:59:11,680 --> 05:59:13,960 THE COIL AND WITH THAT HOT SPOT 7327 05:59:13,960 --> 05:59:16,560 WE CAN USE A COIL GUIDE TO MAP 7328 05:59:16,560 --> 05:59:23,160 IT. 7329 05:59:23,160 --> 05:59:24,240 >>ARE THERE ANY OTHER 7330 05:59:24,240 --> 05:59:27,400 QUESTIONS? 7331 05:59:27,400 --> 05:59:29,320 IF NOT, THANK THE SPEAKER AGAIN. 7332 05:59:29,320 --> 05:59:35,040 [APPLAUSE] 7333 05:59:35,040 --> 05:59:40,040 THE NEXT SPEAKER IS CHARLOTTE 7334 05:59:40,040 --> 05:59:41,040 KIONG LI FROM THE NATIONAL 7335 05:59:41,040 --> 05:59:42,920 INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE IN 7336 05:59:42,920 --> 05:59:46,760 BALTIMORE ON HIGH-DENSITY THETA 7337 05:59:46,760 --> 05:59:48,760 BURST PARADIGM AUGUSTMENTS THE 7338 05:59:48,760 --> 05:59:50,760 AFTER EFFECT OF TRANS CRANIAL 7339 05:59:50,760 --> 06:00:00,800 MAGNETIC STIMULATION IN RODENTS. 7340 06:00:00,800 --> 06:00:03,720 >>HELLO, EVERYONE GOOD 7341 06:00:03,720 --> 06:00:03,960 AFTERNOON. 7342 06:00:03,960 --> 06:00:05,120 TODAY I'M GOING TO TALK ABOUT 7343 06:00:05,120 --> 06:00:14,240 THE HIGH-DENSITY THETA BURST 7344 06:00:14,240 --> 06:00:15,840 PARADIGM AND THE AFTER EFFECTS 7345 06:00:15,840 --> 06:00:16,640 OF TMS. 7346 06:00:16,640 --> 06:00:19,800 TODAY IN THIS TALK, I'M GOING TO 7347 06:00:19,800 --> 06:00:21,360 INTRODUCE THE MOTIVATION THAT 7348 06:00:21,360 --> 06:00:24,040 YOU INCREASE THE THERAPEUTIC 7349 06:00:24,040 --> 06:00:25,200 EFFICIENT IN TMS. 7350 06:00:25,200 --> 06:00:27,760 CURRENTLY TMS IS NOW USED IN 7351 06:00:27,760 --> 06:00:31,760 TREATMENT OF THE DEPRESSION, 7352 06:00:31,760 --> 06:00:33,240 DEPRESSION DISEASE, AND 7353 06:00:33,240 --> 06:00:36,960 CURRENTLY IT CAN ONLY INTRODUCE 7354 06:00:36,960 --> 06:00:40,960 A MODEST EFFECT. 7355 06:00:40,960 --> 06:00:43,800 SO WE ARE AIMING TO INTRODUCE A 7356 06:00:43,800 --> 06:00:46,400 NEW PARADIGM THAT SHOWING THE 7357 06:00:46,400 --> 06:00:48,400 HIGH FREQUENCY AND HIGH 7358 06:00:48,400 --> 06:00:49,160 THERAPEUTIC EFFICIENCY. 7359 06:00:49,160 --> 06:00:51,160 SO IN THIS TALK I'M GOING TO 7360 06:00:51,160 --> 06:00:52,400 EXPLAIN IN THREE ASPECTS. 7361 06:00:52,400 --> 06:00:55,120 THE FIRST IS HOW THIS IDEA COMES 7362 06:00:55,120 --> 06:00:56,960 AND SECOND IS HOW WE OPTIMIZE 7363 06:00:56,960 --> 06:00:58,280 THE SYSTEM AND THEN AFTER 7364 06:00:58,280 --> 06:01:02,920 EFFECTS OF THIS NEW PARADIGM. 7365 06:01:02,920 --> 06:01:08,240 EARLY IN 1986, THE STIMULATION 7366 06:01:08,240 --> 06:01:11,120 ON THE HIPPOCAMPUS SLICE IN 7367 06:01:11,120 --> 06:01:13,400 DIFFERENT FREQUENCY, AND HE 7368 06:01:13,400 --> 06:01:15,400 FOUND DIFFERENT FREQUENCY WILL 7369 06:01:15,400 --> 06:01:21,880 RESULT IN DIFFERENT AFTER 7370 06:01:21,880 --> 06:01:23,240 EFFECTS. 7371 06:01:23,240 --> 06:01:26,480 THEY FOUND .2 SECONDS BETWEEN 7372 06:01:26,480 --> 06:01:27,480 EACH PULSE. 7373 06:01:27,480 --> 06:01:28,480 THE AFTER EFFECTS CAN ACHIEVE 7374 06:01:28,480 --> 06:01:30,080 THE HIGHEST. 7375 06:01:30,080 --> 06:01:33,280 HOWEVER, WHEN THE INTERVAL IS 7376 06:01:33,280 --> 06:01:35,520 2 SECONDS, THE AFTER EFFECTS IS 7377 06:01:35,520 --> 06:01:37,040 THE LOWEST. 7378 06:01:37,040 --> 06:01:40,080 .2 SECONDS INTERVAL STAYS AT 7379 06:01:40,080 --> 06:01:48,160 5 HERTZ FREQUENCY WHICH IS -- 7380 06:01:48,160 --> 06:01:48,920 SERTA ACTIVITY. 7381 06:01:48,920 --> 06:01:51,600 LATER ON IN 2005, THERE IS A 7382 06:01:51,600 --> 06:01:53,520 BREAKTHROUGH DEVELOPMENT IN THE 7383 06:01:53,520 --> 06:01:57,240 TMS PARADIGM. 7384 06:01:57,240 --> 06:02:01,160 KWAN'S GROUP HAS FOUND THAT TMS 7385 06:02:01,160 --> 06:02:05,040 APPLIED IN 20 CYCLE OF 2 SECONDS 7386 06:02:05,040 --> 06:02:07,720 ON 2 SECONDS OFF PATTERN AND 7387 06:02:07,720 --> 06:02:10,480 WITH TAM BURSTS -- 5 HERTZ CAN 7388 06:02:10,480 --> 06:02:15,800 ACHIEVE THE SAME EFFECTS AS THE 7389 06:02:15,800 --> 06:02:17,520 CONVENTIONAL 10 HURTS -- TMS. 7390 06:02:17,520 --> 06:02:20,080 HOWEVER IT IS IN A MUCH HIGHER 7391 06:02:20,080 --> 06:02:22,600 TIME EFFICIENCY. 7392 06:02:22,600 --> 06:02:28,040 SO THIS MEANS THE THETA BURST 7393 06:02:28,040 --> 06:02:29,160 STIMULATION IS OPTIMIZED 7394 06:02:29,160 --> 06:02:31,320 FREQUENCY THAT CAN INDUCE THE 7395 06:02:31,320 --> 06:02:32,560 HIGH THERAPEUTIC EFFICIENCY. 7396 06:02:32,560 --> 06:02:37,280 HOW TO INCREASE THE THERAPEUTIC 7397 06:02:37,280 --> 06:02:43,000 EFFICIENCY FURTHER, COLE IN 2020 7398 06:02:43,000 --> 06:02:44,280 STATES THAT THE FDA MIGHT ONLY 7399 06:02:44,280 --> 06:02:49,560 APPROVE THE PARADIGM THAT 7400 06:02:49,560 --> 06:02:52,000 SHOWS -- THAT SHOWS HIGH SAFETY 7401 06:02:52,000 --> 06:02:54,720 RANGE, SHOWS HIGH SAFETY THAT IN 7402 06:02:54,720 --> 06:02:57,240 THE LOW END, OR THE MIDDLE RANGE 7403 06:02:57,240 --> 06:02:57,840 OF THE SAFETY. 7404 06:02:57,840 --> 06:03:01,520 SO WE CAN INCREASE THE DOSE OF 7405 06:03:01,520 --> 06:03:04,520 THE STIMULATION. 7406 06:03:04,520 --> 06:03:11,360 SO COLE'S GROUP DEVELOPED 7407 06:03:11,360 --> 06:03:16,320 PARADIGM WHICH -- THEY FIRST 7408 06:03:16,320 --> 06:03:21,560 INCREASE THE ITBS SESSION, AND 7409 06:03:21,560 --> 06:03:23,160 THEN THEY DO 10 SESSIONS PER DAY 7410 06:03:23,160 --> 06:03:29,200 FOR CONTINUOUS FIVE DAYS. 7411 06:03:29,200 --> 06:03:34,040 AND THIS PARADIGM HAVE ACHIEVED 7412 06:03:34,040 --> 06:03:39,040 VERY HIGH RESPONSE RATE THAT WAS 7413 06:03:39,040 --> 06:03:39,760 OVER90.48. 7414 06:03:39,760 --> 06:03:43,920 HOWEVER, FOR THE BIG SHAM EFFECT 7415 06:03:43,920 --> 06:03:46,520 IN THE TMS STUDY, THIS STUDY 7416 06:03:46,520 --> 06:03:50,400 HAVE DONE NO SHAM CONTROL, WHICH 7417 06:03:50,400 --> 06:03:51,680 MEANS -- WHICH PUT A LARGE 7418 06:03:51,680 --> 06:03:59,040 QUESTION MARK ON THIS STUDY. 7419 06:03:59,040 --> 06:04:01,800 HOWEVER, WE CANNOT THINK 7420 06:04:01,800 --> 06:04:03,320 INCREASE THE DOSE CAN DIRECTLY 7421 06:04:03,320 --> 06:04:05,480 RESULT IN THE INCREASE AFTER 7422 06:04:05,480 --> 06:04:07,600 EFFECTS. 7423 06:04:07,600 --> 06:04:09,400 IN 2010, A GERMAN GROUP HAVE 7424 06:04:09,400 --> 06:04:13,760 DOUBLED THE DOSE OF THE ITBS AND 7425 06:04:13,760 --> 06:04:17,280 THEN FOUND WHY ITBS ITSELF WILL 7426 06:04:17,280 --> 06:04:19,240 HAVE ECK EYE TAITION EFFECT ON 7427 06:04:19,240 --> 06:04:20,200 THE CORTEX DOUBLE THE EFFECTS 7428 06:04:20,200 --> 06:04:22,440 WILL HAVE INHIBITORY EFFECTS ON 7429 06:04:22,440 --> 06:04:24,040 THE CORTEX LEVEL. 7430 06:04:24,040 --> 06:04:26,920 AND THEN THEY DOUBLED THE -- 7431 06:04:26,920 --> 06:04:29,840 DOUBLED ANOTHER PARADIGM CALLED 7432 06:04:29,840 --> 06:04:32,800 CONTINUOUS TBS WHICH WOULD 7433 06:04:32,800 --> 06:04:35,000 RESULT IN THE INCUBATION EFFECT 7434 06:04:35,000 --> 06:04:37,400 ON THE CORTEX, HOWEVER, WHEN 7435 06:04:37,400 --> 06:04:41,240 DOUBLED IT RESULTED IN AN 7436 06:04:41,240 --> 06:04:44,640 EXCITATORY EFFECT ON THE CORTEX. 7437 06:04:44,640 --> 06:04:46,960 THIS STUDY SHOWS THAT INCREASE 7438 06:04:46,960 --> 06:04:52,360 THE DOSE OF STIMULATION IS -- 7439 06:04:52,360 --> 06:04:54,400 HAVE A VERY COMPLEX MECHANISM 7440 06:04:54,400 --> 06:04:58,960 UNDERLYING IT, AND OUR 7441 06:04:58,960 --> 06:05:00,880 PURPOSE -- TIME EFFICIENCY WHILE 7442 06:05:00,880 --> 06:05:02,960 INCREASING THERAPEUTIC VALUE SO 7443 06:05:02,960 --> 06:05:04,000 WE RAISE OUR IDEA THAT INCREASE 7444 06:05:04,000 --> 06:05:06,200 THE NUMBER OF PULSES IN EACH 7445 06:05:06,200 --> 06:05:06,520 BURST. 7446 06:05:06,520 --> 06:05:12,400 THAT IS THE HIGH-DENSITY 7447 06:05:12,400 --> 06:05:12,840 STIMULATION. 7448 06:05:12,840 --> 06:05:14,280 NOW WE HAVE THE IDEA WE NEED TO 7449 06:05:14,280 --> 06:05:18,280 OPTIMIZE THE SYSTEM TO -- IN 7450 06:05:18,280 --> 06:05:22,800 ORDER TO COMPLEMENT THE IDEA. 7451 06:05:22,800 --> 06:05:27,960 SO MY COLLEAGUE HAVE DEVELOPED A 7452 06:05:27,960 --> 06:05:30,960 STIMULATOR WHICH HAS HIGH POWER 7453 06:05:30,960 --> 06:05:32,280 UNIT ON THE PCB. 7454 06:05:32,280 --> 06:05:34,920 THIS COMPONENT ENABLE TO SEND 7455 06:05:34,920 --> 06:05:36,840 THE 4.5 KILOVOLT IN A VERY 7456 06:05:36,840 --> 06:05:41,240 STABLE MANNER. 7457 06:05:41,240 --> 06:05:44,360 HERE IS PROCESS 200 MILLISECONDS 7458 06:05:44,360 --> 06:05:49,040 AND WE CAN SE SEE THE FIRST PULE 7459 06:05:49,040 --> 06:05:52,320 HAVE THE MAGNITUDE OF THE 7460 06:05:52,320 --> 06:06:02,120 CURRENT FOR 3 KILLIAMP, 9.42KA 7461 06:06:02,120 --> 06:06:05,000 AND THE DIFFERENCE IS ONLY 4% 7462 06:06:05,000 --> 06:06:07,600 WHICH SUGGESTS VERY HIGH 7463 06:06:07,600 --> 06:06:10,800 STABILITY OF THE -- VERY HIGH 7464 06:06:10,800 --> 06:06:15,480 STABILITY OF THE STIMULATOR. 7465 06:06:15,480 --> 06:06:18,280 ALSO FOR THE HUMAN STUDY, WE 7466 06:06:18,280 --> 06:06:20,680 ALWAYS MEASURE THE MEP 7467 06:06:20,680 --> 06:06:21,200 RECORDING. 7468 06:06:21,200 --> 06:06:24,360 WE ALWAYS MEASURE THE MEP TO USE 7469 06:06:24,360 --> 06:06:28,280 AT THE OUTPUT OF THE -- AT THE 7470 06:06:28,280 --> 06:06:30,440 STIMULATION. 7471 06:06:30,440 --> 06:06:33,280 HOWEVER, IN ANIMALS, THE MEP 7472 06:06:33,280 --> 06:06:34,360 RECORDING IS NOT ALWAYS 7473 06:06:34,360 --> 06:06:34,720 STRAIGHTFORWARD. 7474 06:06:34,720 --> 06:06:36,320 WE HAVE TRIED DIFFERENT METHODS, 7475 06:06:36,320 --> 06:06:39,600 AND LATER WE FOUND THAT TO PUT 7476 06:06:39,600 --> 06:06:42,120 TWO ELECTRODES IN DIFFERENT 7477 06:06:42,120 --> 06:06:44,880 MUSCLE GROUPS IN THE RAT HIN 7478 06:06:44,880 --> 06:06:46,440 HINDLIMB CAN CAUSE VERY STABLE 7479 06:06:46,440 --> 06:06:48,920 RESULTS AND WE CONNECTED THAT -- 7480 06:06:48,920 --> 06:06:53,160 TO THE COMPUTER. 7481 06:06:53,160 --> 06:06:55,960 HERE IS THE RESULT SHOWS 7482 06:06:55,960 --> 06:06:57,720 CONSISTENCY OF THE MEP 7483 06:06:57,720 --> 06:06:58,160 MEASUREMENT. 7484 06:06:58,160 --> 06:07:00,680 WE HAVE FIVE RATS AND MEP SIGNAL 7485 06:07:00,680 --> 06:07:03,160 MEASURED IN DAY ONE AND DAY SIX. 7486 06:07:03,160 --> 06:07:07,240 WE CAN FIND THE PATTERN OF THE 7487 06:07:07,240 --> 06:07:08,520 MEP SIGNAL ARE VERY SIMILAR TO 7488 06:07:08,520 --> 06:07:10,920 EACH OTHER IN THE MAGNITUDE AND 7489 06:07:10,920 --> 06:07:13,920 THE PATTERN SHAPE. 7490 06:07:13,920 --> 06:07:18,600 AFTER WE ACHIEVE THE SYSTEM AND 7491 06:07:18,600 --> 06:07:20,960 OUTPUT, AFTER WE OPTIMIZE THE 7492 06:07:20,960 --> 06:07:25,160 SYSTEM AND OUTPUT, HERE WE 7493 06:07:25,160 --> 06:07:27,280 RECORDED THE -- HERE WE RECORDED 7494 06:07:27,280 --> 06:07:33,080 THE MEP SIGNAL AFTER THE FIVE 7495 06:07:33,080 --> 06:07:35,160 MINUTES, 10 MINUTES, 15 MINUTES, 7496 06:07:35,160 --> 06:07:37,000 20 MINUTES, AND UP TO 35 MINUTES 7497 06:07:37,000 --> 06:07:39,520 AFTER THE APPLICATION OF THE 7498 06:07:39,520 --> 06:07:41,680 ITBS. 7499 06:07:41,680 --> 06:07:43,480 SO OUR PARADIGM, THE DIFFERENCE 7500 06:07:43,480 --> 06:07:47,080 BETWEEN OUR PARADIGM WITH THE 7501 06:07:47,080 --> 06:07:50,160 CONVENTIONAL THETA BURST 7502 06:07:50,160 --> 06:07:51,440 PARADIGM IS WE INCREASE THE 7503 06:07:51,440 --> 06:07:54,800 NUMBER OF PROCESS IN THE BURSTS, 7504 06:07:54,800 --> 06:07:57,080 IN A SINGLE BURST. 7505 06:07:57,080 --> 06:08:00,520 SO IN KWAN'S PARADIGM, WE ONLY 7506 06:08:00,520 --> 06:08:02,440 HAVE THREE PROCESS. 7507 06:08:02,440 --> 06:08:03,440 HOWEVER, WE TRIED FOUR 7508 06:08:03,440 --> 06:08:03,800 CONDITIONS. 7509 06:08:03,800 --> 06:08:05,920 THAT IS THREE, FOUR, FIVE, SIX 7510 06:08:05,920 --> 06:08:09,320 PULSES IN A SINGLE BURST. 7511 06:08:09,320 --> 06:08:11,760 WE HAVE TESTED IT ON 15 RATS AND 7512 06:08:11,760 --> 06:08:15,240 IT'S VERY EXCITING TO NOTICE 7513 06:08:15,240 --> 06:08:17,600 THAT NO SEIZURE INDUCED. 7514 06:08:17,600 --> 06:08:21,200 HERE IS OUR RESULTS. 7515 06:08:21,200 --> 06:08:24,600 SO THE LEFT PANEL SHOWS THE RAW 7516 06:08:24,600 --> 06:08:25,240 DATA HISTOGRAM. 7517 06:08:25,240 --> 06:08:30,480 WE CAN SEW THE RAW DATA ACTUALLY 7518 06:08:30,480 --> 06:08:33,640 SHOWS NOT NORMALLY DISTRIBUTED. 7519 06:08:33,640 --> 06:08:39,440 THUS WE CANNOT USE THE 7520 06:08:39,440 --> 06:08:40,800 PARAMETRIC METHOD TO TEST THE 7521 06:08:40,800 --> 06:08:41,560 DIFFERENCE. 7522 06:08:41,560 --> 06:08:45,600 SO WE FIRST USED THE BOX -- 7523 06:08:45,600 --> 06:08:49,560 TRANSFORMATION TO TRANSFER THE 7524 06:08:49,560 --> 06:08:51,760 NON-DISTRIBUTED RAW DATA TO 7525 06:08:51,760 --> 06:08:53,320 NORMALIZE THE RAW DATA. 7526 06:08:53,320 --> 06:08:57,000 AND THEN LATER ON, WE USE THE 7527 06:08:57,000 --> 06:09:02,160 TWO WAY REPEAT MEASURE INOVA THE 7528 06:09:02,160 --> 06:09:05,000 PARAMETRIC METHOD TO TEST TIME 7529 06:09:05,000 --> 06:09:06,840 AND PULSE TYPE INTERACTION, AND 7530 06:09:06,840 --> 06:09:11,280 WE FOUND THE TIME IS -- HAVE 7531 06:09:11,280 --> 06:09:13,800 SIGNIFICANT RESULTS IN THE MEP 7532 06:09:13,800 --> 06:09:18,680 SIGNAL, AND THE PULSE TYPE ALSO 7533 06:09:18,680 --> 06:09:20,840 HAVE SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON THE 7534 06:09:20,840 --> 06:09:22,920 MEP SIGNAL. 7535 06:09:22,920 --> 06:09:24,120 HOWEVER, THERE IS NO EFFECT 7536 06:09:24,120 --> 06:09:25,480 BETWEEN TIME AND INTERACTION 7537 06:09:25,480 --> 06:09:29,560 WITH THE PULSE TYPE. 7538 06:09:29,560 --> 06:09:32,000 WE FURTHER ANALYZE THE MEP 7539 06:09:32,000 --> 06:09:34,760 ACROSS TIME, NORMALIZE TO THE 7540 06:09:34,760 --> 06:09:35,320 BASELINE. 7541 06:09:35,320 --> 06:09:38,680 SO WE REGARD THE BASELINE TO ONE 7542 06:09:38,680 --> 06:09:41,360 AND THEN WE DRAW THE LINE CHECK 7543 06:09:41,360 --> 06:09:43,720 UNDER FOUR DIFFERENT CONDITION, 7544 06:09:43,720 --> 06:09:47,920 AND THE BLUE LINE IS THE PULSE 7545 06:09:47,920 --> 06:09:50,040 AND ORANGE LINE IS 4 PULSE AND 7546 06:09:50,040 --> 06:09:51,800 GREEN LINE IS 5 PULSE AND 7547 06:09:51,800 --> 06:09:53,240 THERE'S LIKE RED LINE 6 PULSE. 7548 06:09:53,240 --> 06:09:55,440 AND WE CAN FIND THE 6 PULSE HAVE 7549 06:09:55,440 --> 06:10:01,720 A VERY SIGNIFICANT HIGHER EFFECT 7550 06:10:01,720 --> 06:10:02,960 HOWEVER THE FOURTH AND FIFTH 7551 06:10:02,960 --> 06:10:07,440 LINE DIDN'T SHOW A VERY OBVIOUS 7552 06:10:07,440 --> 06:10:12,840 PATTERN SO WE NEXT DRAW ANOTHER 7553 06:10:12,840 --> 06:10:15,960 RESULTS USING -- UNDER THE CURVE 7554 06:10:15,960 --> 06:10:17,200 OF EACH CONDITION. 7555 06:10:17,200 --> 06:10:19,480 AND COMPARE THEM USING THE 7556 06:10:19,480 --> 06:10:20,160 NON-PARAMETRIC TEST. 7557 06:10:20,160 --> 06:10:23,280 WE FOUND THE RESULTS IS VERY 7558 06:10:23,280 --> 06:10:24,480 SIGNIFICANT. 7559 06:10:24,480 --> 06:10:27,720 THE 5 PULSE INCREASE THE -- 7560 06:10:27,720 --> 06:10:29,760 INCREASE AFTER EFFECTS FOR 57% 7561 06:10:29,760 --> 06:10:32,760 AND THE 6 PULSE EVEN HIGHER 7562 06:10:32,760 --> 06:10:36,160 INCREASED THE -- INCREASED THE 7563 06:10:36,160 --> 06:10:38,400 AFTER EFFECTS FOR 92% COMPARED 7564 06:10:38,400 --> 06:10:42,520 TO THE -- COMPARED TO THE 7565 06:10:42,520 --> 06:10:44,840 CONVENTIONAL 3 PULSE -- 3 PULSE. 7566 06:10:44,840 --> 06:10:47,720 AND THIS PART -- AND NOW THE 7567 06:10:47,720 --> 06:10:50,160 RESULT SHOWS THAT THE 7568 06:10:50,160 --> 06:10:51,000 HIGH-DENSITIES THAT HAVE 7569 06:10:51,000 --> 06:10:52,680 REVERSED PARADIGM CAN RESULT 7570 06:10:52,680 --> 06:10:56,080 IN -- CAN HAVE THE HIGH 7571 06:10:56,080 --> 06:10:57,800 THERAPEUTIC -- MAY HAVE HIGH 7572 06:10:57,800 --> 06:11:01,360 THERAPEUTIC VALUE AND ALSO IT 7573 06:11:01,360 --> 06:11:02,680 SHOWS A VERY HIGH TIME 7574 06:11:02,680 --> 06:11:03,920 EFFICIENCY. 7575 06:11:03,920 --> 06:11:07,160 NOW IT'S TIME AND HERE'S THE 7576 06:11:07,160 --> 06:11:07,840 TAKEHOME MESSAGE. 7577 06:11:07,840 --> 06:11:09,600 SO IN THIS STUDY WE PROPOSED AND 7578 06:11:09,600 --> 06:11:12,400 IMPLEMENTED A HIGH-DENSITY THETA 7579 06:11:12,400 --> 06:11:14,600 BURST PAIR TIME AND THIS 7580 06:11:14,600 --> 06:11:16,960 HIGH-DENSITY THETA BURST 7581 06:11:16,960 --> 06:11:19,760 PARADIGM WAS SUCCESSFULLY -- RAT 7582 06:11:19,760 --> 06:11:21,360 AND NO SEIZURE INDUCED. 7583 06:11:21,360 --> 06:11:22,960 WE FOUND THERE'S ENHANCED AFTER 7584 06:11:22,960 --> 06:11:24,520 EFFECTS COMPARED WITH 7585 06:11:24,520 --> 06:11:27,240 CONVENTIONAL THETA BURST. 7586 06:11:27,240 --> 06:11:29,480 I WOULD WANT TO SHOW GREAT 7587 06:11:29,480 --> 06:11:32,960 THANKS TO MY SUPERVISOR, DR. LIU 7588 06:11:32,960 --> 06:11:34,520 AND -- FOR THEIR GENEROUS 7589 06:11:34,520 --> 06:11:35,360 SUPPORT ON EVERYTHING. 7590 06:11:35,360 --> 06:11:37,160 AND I ALSO WANT TO THANK TO MY 7591 06:11:37,160 --> 06:11:47,640 LAB MATES AND COLLABORATORS. 7592 06:11:49,880 --> 06:11:50,200 FOR 7593 06:11:50,200 --> 06:11:50,880 THEIR HELP AND SUPPORT. 7594 06:11:50,880 --> 06:11:52,000 THANK YOU SO MUCH. 7595 06:11:52,000 --> 06:11:57,560 [APPLAUSE] 7596 06:11:57,560 --> 06:11:58,440 >>THANK YOU. 7597 06:11:58,440 --> 06:11:59,520 DO WE HAVE ANY QUESTIONS FROM 7598 06:11:59,520 --> 06:12:05,280 THE AUDIENCE? 7599 06:12:05,280 --> 06:12:08,960 I HAVE ONE WHICH IS, NOW THAT 7600 06:12:08,960 --> 06:12:11,480 YOU'VE SEEN THAT 6 PULSE WORKED 7601 06:12:11,480 --> 06:12:12,840 BETTER, DO YOU INTEND TO GO EVEN 7602 06:12:12,840 --> 06:12:13,440 BEYOND THAT? 7603 06:12:13,440 --> 06:12:16,760 WHERE DO WE STOP? 7604 06:12:16,760 --> 06:12:21,200 >>I THINK WE HAVEN'T TESTED THE 7605 06:12:21,200 --> 06:12:21,760 PROCESS BEYOND THAT. 7606 06:12:21,760 --> 06:12:23,480 MAYBE THE SYSTEM HAS THE 7607 06:12:23,480 --> 06:12:24,400 LIMITATION. 7608 06:12:24,400 --> 06:12:27,480 BUT I'M NOT WORKING ON THE 7609 06:12:27,480 --> 06:12:29,440 SYSTEM, SO MAYBE WE CAN DISCUSS 7610 06:12:29,440 --> 06:12:31,640 WITH COLLABORATOR AFTER THAT. 7611 06:12:31,640 --> 06:12:34,600 >>AND DOES IT HAVE AN IMPACT ON 7612 06:12:34,600 --> 06:12:37,080 THE COIL HEATING? 7613 06:12:37,080 --> 06:12:44,520 >>WE DON'T HAVE ANY LIMIT ON 7614 06:12:44,520 --> 06:12:47,360 THE COIL HEATING, WE'RE NORMALLY 7615 06:12:47,360 --> 06:12:50,440 USING DRY ICE, AND IT CAN REDUCE 7616 06:12:50,440 --> 06:12:53,240 THE HEAT OF THE COIL AND IT'S 7617 06:12:53,240 --> 06:12:54,720 SAFELY SURVIVED DURING THE WHOLE 7618 06:12:54,720 --> 06:12:59,600 EXPERIMENT. 7619 06:12:59,600 --> 06:13:04,640 ANY OTHER QUESTIONS? 7620 06:13:04,640 --> 06:13:06,680 >>OKAY, WE'RE RUNNING A LITTLE 7621 06:13:06,680 --> 06:13:09,080 BIT BEHIND TIME, SO IF WE CAN 7622 06:13:09,080 --> 06:13:12,080 THANK THE SPEAKER ONCE MORE. 7623 06:13:12,080 --> 06:13:22,240 [APPLAUSE] 7624 06:13:25,920 --> 06:13:33,560 OUR LAST SPEAKER TODAY IS NOREEN 7625 06:13:33,560 --> 06:13:34,600 BUKHARI-PARLAKTURK, ENTITLED 7626 06:13:34,600 --> 06:13:40,920 TASK FMRI IDENTIFIES 7627 06:13:40,920 --> 06:13:41,840 STATE-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN 7628 06:13:41,840 --> 06:13:44,280 BRAINNET WORKS IN WC DYSTONIA: 7629 06:13:44,280 --> 06:13:46,000 IMPLICATIONS FOR TRANSCRANIAL 7630 06:13:46,000 --> 06:13:47,280 MAGNETIC STIMULATION TARGETING. 7631 06:13:47,280 --> 06:13:49,440 >>I GUESS THIS IS THE LAST 7632 06:13:49,440 --> 06:13:50,600 TALK, SO THANKS FOR STAYING AND 7633 06:13:50,600 --> 06:13:51,960 MAYBE STAYING AWAKE. 7634 06:13:51,960 --> 06:13:53,600 I'M NOT NOREEN. 7635 06:13:53,600 --> 06:13:54,720 NOREEN IS ACTUALLY IN THE 7636 06:13:54,720 --> 06:13:55,240 AUDIENCE. 7637 06:13:55,240 --> 06:13:58,240 SHE'S THE P.I. OF THE PROFNLG. 7638 06:13:58,240 --> 06:14:00,080 PROJECT. 7639 06:14:00,080 --> 06:14:01,000 I'M ANDREW MICHAEL AND I'M 7640 06:14:01,000 --> 06:14:05,960 PRESENTING ON BEHALF OF NOREEN. 7641 06:14:05,960 --> 06:14:07,640 SO THIS PROJECT IS ACTUALLY A 7642 06:14:07,640 --> 06:14:10,640 LARGE PROJECT THAT HAS TMS AT 7643 06:14:10,640 --> 06:14:12,920 DIFFERENT TIME POINTS, AND ALSO 7644 06:14:12,920 --> 06:14:16,040 MULTIPLE FMRI ACQUISITIONS. 7645 06:14:16,040 --> 06:14:17,680 TODAY'S RESULTS ARE BASED ONLY 7646 06:14:17,680 --> 06:14:20,920 ON THE BASELINE FMRI, SO THERE'S 7647 06:14:20,920 --> 06:14:24,920 NO STIMULATION IN THE WHOLE 7648 06:14:24,920 --> 06:14:25,760 STUDY ON THIS FINDING. 7649 06:14:25,760 --> 06:14:27,040 SO WHAT WE'RE TRYING TO DO HERE 7650 06:14:27,040 --> 06:14:29,960 IS BASICALLY SEE IF WE CAN APPLY 7651 06:14:29,960 --> 06:14:33,400 A DATA-DRIVEN MECHANISM TO 7652 06:14:33,400 --> 06:14:35,720 IDENTIFY ALTERED BRAINNET WORKS 7653 06:14:35,720 --> 06:14:45,920 IN DYSTONIA. 7654 06:14:47,920 --> 06:14:50,000 SO A LITTLE BIT OF BACKGROUND 7655 06:14:50,000 --> 06:14:51,640 ABOUT WRITER'S CRAMP DYSTONIA. 7656 06:14:51,640 --> 06:14:53,280 AS YOU CAN SEE IN THE PICTURE, 7657 06:14:53,280 --> 06:14:55,240 THE PATIENTS WHO HAVE WRITER'S 7658 06:14:55,240 --> 06:14:56,760 CRAMP DYSTONIA, THEY BASICALLY 7659 06:14:56,760 --> 06:14:57,680 CRAMP UP WHEN THEY WANT TO 7660 06:14:57,680 --> 06:15:00,080 WRITE. 7661 06:15:00,080 --> 06:15:01,320 DYSTONIA GENERALLY IS A 7662 06:15:01,320 --> 06:15:03,360 DISABLING BRAIN DISORDER OF 7663 06:15:03,360 --> 06:15:06,320 NORMAL AND PAINFUL POSTURES, 7664 06:15:06,320 --> 06:15:08,000 SYMPTOMS OF DYSTONIA. 7665 06:15:08,000 --> 06:15:09,600 IT MANIFESTS IN TWO DIFFERENT 7666 06:15:09,600 --> 06:15:11,200 FORMS, THE GENERALIZED VERSUS 7667 06:15:11,200 --> 06:15:12,600 THE FOCAL. 7668 06:15:12,600 --> 06:15:17,280 THE GENERALIZED MANIFESTS OVER 7669 06:15:17,280 --> 06:15:19,320 THE WHOLE BODY, THE FOCAL IS 7670 06:15:19,320 --> 06:15:21,200 ISOLATED TO A SINGLE LIMB. 7671 06:15:21,200 --> 06:15:22,680 DYSTONIA, THE NEUROIMAGING 7672 06:15:22,680 --> 06:15:24,680 STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THE DYSTONIA 7673 06:15:24,680 --> 06:15:27,920 IS A DISORDER OF BRAINNET WORK 7674 06:15:27,920 --> 06:15:28,480 DISRUPTIONS. 7675 06:15:28,480 --> 06:15:31,480 SO IF YOU LOOK AT PREVIOUS TASK 7676 06:15:31,480 --> 06:15:34,200 FMRI STUDIES IN DYSTONIA, 7677 06:15:34,200 --> 06:15:36,040 THEY'RE PRIMARILY 7678 06:15:36,040 --> 06:15:36,680 HYPOTHESIS-DRIVEN, MEANING THEY 7679 06:15:36,680 --> 06:15:38,800 ARE LIMITED TO REGIONS OF 7680 06:15:38,800 --> 06:15:40,480 INTEREST, AND TYPICALLY APPLY 7681 06:15:40,480 --> 06:15:43,400 LINEAR MODELING APPROACHES. 7682 06:15:43,400 --> 06:15:46,280 IN ADDITION, THEY ALSO ASSUME 7683 06:15:46,280 --> 06:15:48,840 THE EXACT SAME HEMODYNAMIC 7684 06:15:48,840 --> 06:15:50,320 RESPONSE FUNCTION ACROSS ALL 7685 06:15:50,320 --> 06:15:52,720 SUBJECTS, TASKS AND BRAIN 7686 06:15:52,720 --> 06:15:53,320 REGIONS. 7687 06:15:53,320 --> 06:15:55,240 AND THIS IS A HUGE ASSUMPTION 7688 06:15:55,240 --> 06:15:56,120 BECAUSE THERE COULD BE CHANGES 7689 06:15:56,120 --> 06:15:59,000 IN THE HEMODYNAMIC RESPONSE 7690 06:15:59,000 --> 06:15:59,600 FUNCTION. 7691 06:15:59,600 --> 06:16:01,120 ALSO WITH THAT APPROACH, IT'S 7692 06:16:01,120 --> 06:16:03,840 DIFFICULT TO CAPTURE ACCURATELY 7693 06:16:03,840 --> 06:16:06,400 THE ACTIVATION DELAYS AND 7694 06:16:06,400 --> 06:16:09,200 PATTERNS OF ACTIVATIONS THROUGH 7695 06:16:09,200 --> 06:16:11,160 THE TYPICAL CONVENTIONAL 7696 06:16:11,160 --> 06:16:14,640 HYPOTHESIS-DRIVEN APPROACH. 7697 06:16:14,640 --> 06:16:16,240 SO IN THIS STUDY, WHAT WE'RE 7698 06:16:16,240 --> 06:16:19,120 DOING IS WE'RE USING A 7699 06:16:19,120 --> 06:16:20,520 DATA-DRIVEN METHOD TO IDENTIFY 7700 06:16:20,520 --> 06:16:23,240 FUNCTIONAL NETWORKS. 7701 06:16:23,240 --> 06:16:25,560 SO WE'RE USING INDEPENDENT 7702 06:16:25,560 --> 06:16:27,560 COMPONENT ANALYSIS OR ICA. 7703 06:16:27,560 --> 06:16:32,320 THEY DO NOT REQUIRE A PRIORI 7704 06:16:32,320 --> 06:16:36,040 ROIs, AND MAKE NO ASSUMPTIONS 7705 06:16:36,040 --> 06:16:37,080 ABOUT THE HRF. 7706 06:16:37,080 --> 06:16:39,800 SO IN THE PICTURE, SOME OF THE 7707 06:16:39,800 --> 06:16:40,960 NETWORKS FROM A PREVIOUS STUDY, 7708 06:16:40,960 --> 06:16:44,760 YOU CAN SEE YOU CAN IDENTIFY 7709 06:16:44,760 --> 06:16:46,440 SPATIALLY DISTRIBUTED NETWORKS 7710 06:16:46,440 --> 06:16:51,360 THAT HAVE TEMPORAL COHERENCE. 7711 06:16:51,360 --> 06:16:55,040 SO THIS PARTICULAR STUDY HAVE 12 7712 06:16:55,040 --> 06:16:56,280 DYSTONIA PARTICIPANTS. 7713 06:16:56,280 --> 06:17:00,400 ALL HAD RIGHT HAND DOMINANT 7714 06:17:00,400 --> 06:17:00,840 DYSTONIA. 7715 06:17:00,840 --> 06:17:03,080 DIAGNOSIS WAS MADE BY A MOVEMENT 7716 06:17:03,080 --> 06:17:06,400 DISORDER SPECIALIST, AND WE ALSO 7717 06:17:06,400 --> 06:17:07,800 HAD 12 AGE MATCHED HEALTHY 7718 06:17:07,800 --> 06:17:09,080 CONTROLS, AND THEY WERE ALSO 7719 06:17:09,080 --> 06:17:10,280 RIGHT HAND DOMINANT. 7720 06:17:10,280 --> 06:17:11,760 AND THE CONTROLS DID NOT HAVE 7721 06:17:11,760 --> 06:17:13,080 ANY BRAIN OR PSYCHIATRIC 7722 06:17:13,080 --> 06:17:18,680 DISORDERS. 7723 06:17:18,680 --> 06:17:19,640 MORE DEMOGRAPHICS ON SUBJECTS. 7724 06:17:19,640 --> 06:17:22,640 AS I SAID, 12 IN EACH GROUP. 7725 06:17:22,640 --> 06:17:26,000 THE AGE WAS AROUND 54 YEARS. 7726 06:17:26,000 --> 06:17:28,320 THE DYSTONIA PATIENTS HAD THE 7727 06:17:28,320 --> 06:17:31,640 WRITER'S CRAMP DYSTONIA, 7728 06:17:31,640 --> 06:17:34,520 DURATION WAS ABOUT 9 1/2 YEARS. 7729 06:17:34,520 --> 06:17:36,840 IN THE FMRI PARADIGM, WE HAD 7730 06:17:36,840 --> 06:17:38,480 THREE DIFFERENT TASKS, WRITING, 7731 06:17:38,480 --> 06:17:39,360 TAPPING AND EXTEND. 7732 06:17:39,360 --> 06:17:42,160 THERE WAS NO MOTION DIFFERENCES 7733 06:17:42,160 --> 06:17:44,520 BETWEEN THE TWO GROUPS. 7734 06:17:44,520 --> 06:17:46,760 HOWEVER, AS YOU WOULD EXPECT, 7735 06:17:46,760 --> 06:17:47,920 THERE WERE BEHAVIORAL MEASURES 7736 06:17:47,920 --> 06:17:49,280 THAT WERE SIGNIFICANTLY 7737 06:17:49,280 --> 06:17:51,920 DIFFERENT BETWEEN THE TWO 7738 06:17:51,920 --> 06:17:52,600 GROUPS. 7739 06:17:52,600 --> 06:17:54,400 SO THESE ARE THOSE BEHAVIORAL 7740 06:17:54,400 --> 06:17:58,000 MEASURES. 7741 06:17:58,000 --> 06:17:59,480 SO THREE DIFFERENT TASKS WE USED 7742 06:17:59,480 --> 06:18:03,000 WERE WRITING, TAPPING AND 7743 06:18:03,000 --> 06:18:03,240 EXTEND. 7744 06:18:03,240 --> 06:18:05,040 THE TAPPING AND EXTEND TASKS 7745 06:18:05,040 --> 06:18:08,520 WERE USED TO SERVE AS CONTROLS, 7746 06:18:08,520 --> 06:18:11,600 BASICALLY NON-DYSTONIC CONTROL 7747 06:18:11,600 --> 06:18:11,800 TASK. 7748 06:18:11,800 --> 06:18:14,000 IT WAS EXTREMELY SIM PEM, IT WAS 7749 06:18:14,000 --> 06:18:15,720 AN ON OFF BLOCK DESIGN, 20 7750 06:18:15,720 --> 06:18:17,520 MINUTES OF TASK, 16 SECONDS OF 7751 06:18:17,520 --> 06:18:18,480 REST. 7752 06:18:18,480 --> 06:18:21,320 AND THE TOTAL TASK DURATION WAS 7753 06:18:21,320 --> 06:18:27,480 ABOUT 7 1/2 MINUTES. 7754 06:18:27,480 --> 06:18:31,080 SO WE GAVE THE FMRI, THE TASK 7755 06:18:31,080 --> 06:18:33,560 FMRI DATA, FED IT INTO THE 7756 06:18:33,560 --> 06:18:34,840 ALGORITHM ACROSS ALL THREE 7757 06:18:34,840 --> 06:18:39,280 TASKS, AND ALSO THE TWO GROUPS. 7758 06:18:39,280 --> 06:18:41,520 WHEN WE REMOVED THE NOISY 7759 06:18:41,520 --> 06:18:42,960 COMPONENTS AND ALSO THE 7760 06:18:42,960 --> 06:18:45,800 PHYSIOLOGICAL COMPONENTS, AND 7761 06:18:45,800 --> 06:18:47,400 ALSO WHEN WE LOOKED AT WHICH 7762 06:18:47,400 --> 06:18:49,080 COMPONENTS WERE -- OR WHICH 7763 06:18:49,080 --> 06:18:51,800 NETWORKS WERE TASK HA-RELEVANT,E 7764 06:18:51,800 --> 06:18:53,360 ENDED UP WITH THESE EIGHT 7765 06:18:53,360 --> 06:18:54,800 NETWORKS, AND THEY ARE THE 7766 06:18:54,800 --> 06:18:57,800 SENSORY MOTOR NETWORK LEFT, THE 7767 06:18:57,800 --> 06:18:59,360 PARTICIPANTS WERE USING THEIR 7768 06:18:59,360 --> 06:19:02,400 RIGHT HAND TO PERFORM THE TASK, 7769 06:19:02,400 --> 06:19:05,840 THE LEFT NETWORK SHOWED UP AS 7770 06:19:05,840 --> 06:19:06,640 PERMANENT. 7771 06:19:06,640 --> 06:19:12,040 THE LEFT NETWORK VISION NETWORK, 7772 06:19:12,040 --> 06:19:18,200 THE CEREBELLUM, BASAL GANGLION, 7773 06:19:18,200 --> 06:19:22,000 RIGHT, FRONTAL CORTEX AND DMN. 7774 06:19:22,000 --> 06:19:23,480 SO WE WERE LOOKING AT THESE 7775 06:19:23,480 --> 06:19:24,320 EIGHT NETWORKS IN PARTICULAR. 7776 06:19:24,320 --> 06:19:26,240 SO THE FIRST ANALYSIS WE DID WAS 7777 06:19:26,240 --> 06:19:28,560 WE ASKED THE QUESTION, HOW DO 7778 06:19:28,560 --> 06:19:34,600 THESE NETWORKS CORRELATE WITH 7779 06:19:34,600 --> 06:19:35,840 TASK PRESENTATION, RIGHT? 7780 06:19:35,840 --> 06:19:37,280 HOW RELEVANTLY ARE THEY 7781 06:19:37,280 --> 06:19:39,560 ACTIVATING ACCORDING TO THE 7782 06:19:39,560 --> 06:19:39,880 TASK? 7783 06:19:39,880 --> 06:19:42,240 SO THIS IS THE CORRELATION, AND 7784 06:19:42,240 --> 06:19:47,200 AS YOU WOULD EXPECT, BOTH -- I 7785 06:19:47,200 --> 06:19:52,520 SHOULDN'T SAY BOTH BUT A VERY 7786 06:19:52,520 --> 06:19:53,880 HIGH CORRELATION IN THE SENSORY 7787 06:19:53,880 --> 06:19:55,240 MOTOR NETWORK LEFT, BUT THE 7788 06:19:55,240 --> 06:19:56,600 PATIENTS ALSO HAD A VERY HIGH 7789 06:19:56,600 --> 06:20:00,800 CORRELATION IN THIS PARTICULAR 7790 06:20:00,800 --> 06:20:01,200 NETWORK. 7791 06:20:01,200 --> 06:20:02,240 WHAT WAS INTERESTING WAS, IN 7792 06:20:02,240 --> 06:20:06,400 SOME NETWORKS, FOR EXAMPLE, THE 7793 06:20:06,400 --> 06:20:07,680 CEREBELLUM, THEY BOTH SHOW A 7794 06:20:07,680 --> 06:20:08,680 POSITIVE CORRELATION BUT THE 7795 06:20:08,680 --> 06:20:11,760 PATIENTS HAD A HIGHER VARIANCE. 7796 06:20:11,760 --> 06:20:15,520 NOW, WHEN IT COMES TO THE BASAL 7797 06:20:15,520 --> 06:20:18,480 GANGLION, THE CONTROLS HAD 7798 06:20:18,480 --> 06:20:19,600 AVERAGE POSITIVE CORRELATION, 7799 06:20:19,600 --> 06:20:21,280 BUT THE PATIENT HAD AN AVERAGE 7800 06:20:21,280 --> 06:20:23,800 NEGATIVE CORRELATION. 7801 06:20:23,800 --> 06:20:26,760 YOU ALSO SEE SIGNIFICANT 7802 06:20:26,760 --> 06:20:28,000 DIFFERENCES IN THE ORBITAL 7803 06:20:28,000 --> 06:20:30,520 FRONTAL CORTEX, AND AS YOU WOULD 7804 06:20:30,520 --> 06:20:32,560 EXPECT, WE ALSO SEE A HIGH 7805 06:20:32,560 --> 06:20:36,520 NEGATIVE CORRELATION IN THE 7806 06:20:36,520 --> 06:20:40,240 DEFAULT MODE NETWORK. 7807 06:20:40,240 --> 06:20:42,000 THEN WE ASKED, OKAY, IS THERE 7808 06:20:42,000 --> 06:20:43,400 ANY DIFFERENCE IN TERMS OF THE 7809 06:20:43,400 --> 06:20:45,880 ACTIVATION PATTERN OF THE 7810 06:20:45,880 --> 06:20:46,280 NETWORK. 7811 06:20:46,280 --> 06:20:48,600 SO WE AVERAGED ALL THESE 7812 06:20:48,600 --> 06:20:51,240 ACTIVATIONS INTO AN AVERAGE 7813 06:20:51,240 --> 06:20:56,080 BLOCK, MEANING EACH BLOCK WAS 7814 06:20:56,080 --> 06:20:57,760 AVERAGED OVER AGAIN AND ALSO 7815 06:20:57,760 --> 06:20:58,280 ACROSS SUBJECTS. 7816 06:20:58,280 --> 06:21:00,320 WHAT WE SEE IS THAT IN THE 7817 06:21:00,320 --> 06:21:02,360 SENSORY MOTOR NETWORK LEFT, 7818 06:21:02,360 --> 06:21:04,320 THERE ISN'T ANY SIGNIFICANT 7819 06:21:04,320 --> 06:21:06,840 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO 7820 06:21:06,840 --> 06:21:07,840 GROUPS. 7821 06:21:07,840 --> 06:21:09,400 WHEREAS IN THE BASAL GANGLIA, 7822 06:21:09,400 --> 06:21:11,920 THERE ARE SIGNIFICANT 7823 06:21:11,920 --> 06:21:12,560 DIFFERENCES. 7824 06:21:12,560 --> 06:21:14,800 THE PATIENTS ARE A LITTLE 7825 06:21:14,800 --> 06:21:19,640 DELAYED IN RAMPING THE NETWORK 7826 06:21:19,640 --> 06:21:21,160 AND ALSO THERE IS AN OVERSHOOT 7827 06:21:21,160 --> 06:21:22,520 AND THEY DON'T COME BACK TO THE 7828 06:21:22,520 --> 06:21:24,280 BASELINE AS QUICKLY AS THE 7829 06:21:24,280 --> 06:21:31,480 CONTROLS. 7830 06:21:31,480 --> 06:21:33,160 I'M NOT SURE WHAT'S GOING ON 7831 06:21:33,160 --> 06:21:34,200 THERE. 7832 06:21:34,200 --> 06:21:40,280 SO BASICALLY WHEN WE LOOKED AT 7833 06:21:40,280 --> 06:21:41,720 THE FUNCTIONAL NETWORK 7834 06:21:41,720 --> 06:21:42,360 CONNECTIVITY MEANING HOW ARE 7835 06:21:42,360 --> 06:21:46,240 THESE NETWORKS TALKING TO EACH 7836 06:21:46,240 --> 06:21:49,840 OTHER, WHAT WE SAW WAS THAT THE 7837 06:21:49,840 --> 06:21:51,440 SENSORY MOTOR LEFT NETWORK AND 7838 06:21:51,440 --> 06:21:53,000 THE BASAL GANGLIA WERE TALKING 7839 06:21:53,000 --> 06:21:56,280 IN A POSITIVE WAY IN CONTROLS, 7840 06:21:56,280 --> 06:21:57,480 BUT THEY WERE NEGATIVELY 7841 06:21:57,480 --> 06:22:01,240 CORRELATED IN PATIENTS, AND THAT 7842 06:22:01,240 --> 06:22:02,640 RESULT WAS SIGNIFICANTLY 7843 06:22:02,640 --> 06:22:02,880 DIFFERENT. 7844 06:22:02,880 --> 06:22:04,720 THERE WERE ALSO SOME OTHER 7845 06:22:04,720 --> 06:22:06,480 NETWORKS, THE PARIETAL AND THE 7846 06:22:06,480 --> 06:22:06,840 OFC. 7847 06:22:06,840 --> 06:22:10,840 THE WAY THEY WERE COMMUNICATING 7848 06:22:10,840 --> 06:22:13,000 TO OTHER NETWORKS WERE ALSO 7849 06:22:13,000 --> 06:22:15,160 SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT. 7850 06:22:15,160 --> 06:22:17,240 SO IN CONCLUSION, WE BASICALLY 7851 06:22:17,240 --> 06:22:20,200 SAW THAT THE FUNCTIONAL 7852 06:22:20,200 --> 06:22:21,400 CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN THE SENSORY 7853 06:22:21,400 --> 06:22:25,160 NETWORK AND BASAL GANGLIA IS 7854 06:22:25,160 --> 06:22:28,040 ALTERED IN WRITER'S CRAMP 7855 06:22:28,040 --> 06:22:28,280 DYSTONIA. 7856 06:22:28,280 --> 06:22:30,640 WE ALSO UNCOVERED THE ORBITAL 7857 06:22:30,640 --> 06:22:32,600 FRONTAL AND SUPRAPARIETAL 7858 06:22:32,600 --> 06:22:35,800 NETWORKS TO BE ALTERED AND WE 7859 06:22:35,800 --> 06:22:37,960 DID THE ANALYSIS IN A 7860 06:22:37,960 --> 06:22:41,480 DATA-DRIVEN MANNER, AND I DID 7861 06:22:41,480 --> 06:22:42,520 NOT PRESENT THESE RESULTS 7862 06:22:42,520 --> 06:22:43,520 BECAUSE OF THE TIME CONSTRAINT, 7863 06:22:43,520 --> 06:22:45,320 BUT THESE DIFFERENCES WERE NOT 7864 06:22:45,320 --> 06:22:47,960 SEEN DURING THE TAPPING OR THE 7865 06:22:47,960 --> 06:22:48,320 EXTENSION TASKS. 7866 06:22:48,320 --> 06:22:49,800 SO WE SAW THESE ONLY IN THE 7867 06:22:49,800 --> 06:22:52,800 WRITING TASK. 7868 06:22:52,800 --> 06:22:54,640 FINDINGS NEED TO BE REPLICATED 7869 06:22:54,640 --> 06:22:56,400 WITH THE LARGER SAMPLE SIZE. 7870 06:22:56,400 --> 06:22:59,000 WE HAVE 24 SUBJECTS IN OUR STUDY 7871 06:22:59,000 --> 06:22:59,360 SO FAR. 7872 06:22:59,360 --> 06:23:04,000 I MEAN NOT SO FAR BUT I THINK WE 7873 06:23:04,000 --> 06:23:05,720 HAVE ABOUT 50 SUBJECTS NOW. 7874 06:23:05,720 --> 06:23:07,520 AND THEN THROUGH A DATA-DRIVEN 7875 06:23:07,520 --> 06:23:08,600 ICA APPROACH, WE ALSO SHOWED 7876 06:23:08,600 --> 06:23:10,600 THAT WE CAN IDENTIFY 7877 06:23:10,600 --> 06:23:14,440 TASK-RELEVANT NETWORKS, AND THIS 7878 06:23:14,440 --> 06:23:16,920 PROCESS CAN BASICALLY UNCOVER 7879 06:23:16,920 --> 06:23:19,200 NOVEL NETWORKS, YOU KNOW, THAT 7880 06:23:19,200 --> 06:23:21,160 MAY BE ALTERED IN DIFFERENT 7881 06:23:21,160 --> 06:23:23,600 DISEASES. 7882 06:23:23,600 --> 06:23:26,600 SO THIS GENERAL APPROACH CAN BE 7883 06:23:26,600 --> 06:23:31,240 USEFUL TO INFORM NEUROMODULATION 7884 06:23:31,240 --> 06:23:32,600 TARGETING, BECAUSE YOU'RE NOT 7885 06:23:32,600 --> 06:23:34,600 MAKING ANY ASSUMPTIONS ON THE 7886 06:23:34,600 --> 06:23:37,760 DEEP NETWORKS THAT MAY BE 7887 06:23:37,760 --> 06:23:38,040 INFLUENCING. 7888 06:23:38,040 --> 06:23:39,480 AND THEN YOU CAN ALSO EVALUATE 7889 06:23:39,480 --> 06:23:42,360 HOW THESE NETWORKS ARE CHANGING 7890 06:23:42,360 --> 06:23:45,280 WITH TMS. 7891 06:23:45,280 --> 06:23:48,360 SO THAT'S ABOUT IT. 7892 06:23:48,360 --> 06:23:49,320 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, WE WOULD LIKE 7893 06:23:49,320 --> 06:23:51,040 TO THANK ALL THE PARTICIPANTS, 7894 06:23:51,040 --> 06:23:53,440 AND THEN NOREEN'S LAB MEMBERS 7895 06:23:53,440 --> 06:23:55,080 AND COLLABORATORS, AND ALL THE 7896 06:23:55,080 --> 06:23:57,720 DIFFERENT FUNDING AGENCIES. 7897 06:23:57,720 --> 06:23:59,720 THIS IS MY EMAIL IF YOU HAVE ANY 7898 06:23:59,720 --> 06:24:01,000 QUESTIONS ABOUT THIS METHOD OR 7899 06:24:01,000 --> 06:24:02,440 HOW TO APPLY IT. 7900 06:24:02,440 --> 06:24:04,800 I'M HAPPY TO HELP. 7901 06:24:04,800 --> 06:24:07,520 WITH THAT, I CONCLUDE. 7902 06:24:07,520 --> 06:24:14,280 [APPLAUSE] 7903 06:24:14,280 --> 06:24:15,720 >>ARE THERE ANY QUESTIONS FROM 7904 06:24:15,720 --> 06:24:19,360 THE AUDIENCE? 7905 06:24:19,360 --> 06:24:20,800 >>I HAVE SOME. 7906 06:24:20,800 --> 06:24:23,520 SO WITH THIS TYPE OF PARADIGM, 7907 06:24:23,520 --> 06:24:26,400 BLOCK DESIGN, IT VERY EASY TO 7908 06:24:26,400 --> 06:24:31,520 HAVE SOME CONTRIBUTIONS FROM -- 7909 06:24:31,520 --> 06:24:34,200 OR RESPIRATORY CYCLE, IF YOU 7910 06:24:34,200 --> 06:24:35,520 SOMEHOW ARE LUCKY AND THEN WITH 7911 06:24:35,520 --> 06:24:37,400 THE FREQUENCY IT FALLS BACK INTO 7912 06:24:37,400 --> 06:24:38,080 YOUR DATA. 7913 06:24:38,080 --> 06:24:40,720 DID YOU MEASURE FOR THESE 7914 06:24:40,720 --> 06:24:41,800 CONFOUNDS TO CORRECT FOR IT? 7915 06:24:41,800 --> 06:24:45,800 >>YES, SO YOU COULD -- THE 7916 06:24:45,800 --> 06:24:47,040 RESPIRATION AND CARDIAC CYCLES 7917 06:24:47,040 --> 06:24:50,480 FROM THE DATA BEFORE YOU FEED 7918 06:24:50,480 --> 06:24:51,920 INTO THE ICA ALGORITHM. 7919 06:24:51,920 --> 06:24:56,080 BUT IN ADDITION, WHEN YOU DO 7920 06:24:56,080 --> 06:24:57,880 ICA -- THE ALGORITHM ALSO FINDS 7921 06:24:57,880 --> 06:25:01,240 THE NETWORKS THAT CORRESPOND TO 7922 06:25:01,240 --> 06:25:02,800 RESPIRATION AND BLOOD FLOW. 7923 06:25:02,800 --> 06:25:04,760 SO THAT IS ANOTHER ADVANTAGE OF 7924 06:25:04,760 --> 06:25:09,480 USING ICAs, THAT YOU CAN KIND 7925 06:25:09,480 --> 06:25:13,640 OF SEPARATE OUT THE 7926 06:25:13,640 --> 06:25:14,600 CONTRIBUTIONS OF THOSE THROUGH 7927 06:25:14,600 --> 06:25:19,360 THE ICA PROCESS. 7928 06:25:19,360 --> 06:25:20,000 BECAUSE TEMPORAL PATTERNS ARE 7929 06:25:20,000 --> 06:25:20,880 DIFFERENT IN THOSE NETWORKS. 7930 06:25:20,880 --> 06:25:23,080 >>AND MY SECOND QUESTION WAS, 7931 06:25:23,080 --> 06:25:24,800 DID YOU TRY TO APPLY 7932 06:25:24,800 --> 06:25:29,000 CONVENTIONAL TASK FMRA ANALYSIS 7933 06:25:29,000 --> 06:25:31,440 DAY TO REPRODUCE WHAT WAS 7934 06:25:31,440 --> 06:25:32,280 ALREADY IN THE LITERATURE? 7935 06:25:32,280 --> 06:25:36,720 >>SO THE USUAL SENSORY MOTOR 7936 06:25:36,720 --> 06:25:38,160 REGIONS DIDN'T LIGHT UP, BUT 7937 06:25:38,160 --> 06:25:39,480 WITH THAT APPROACH, YOU CANNOT 7938 06:25:39,480 --> 06:25:42,600 DO KIND OF A NETWORK-LEVEL 7939 06:25:42,600 --> 06:25:45,240 ANALYSIS, SO WE WANTED TO 7940 06:25:45,240 --> 06:25:46,480 INVESTIGATE WHAT DOES THE DATA 7941 06:25:46,480 --> 06:25:46,880 TELL. 7942 06:25:46,880 --> 06:25:50,880 SO THAT'S WHY WE USED THE IC 7943 06:25:50,880 --> 06:25:51,800 APPROACH. 7944 06:25:51,800 --> 06:25:53,080 TYPICALLY IC IS APPLIED TO 7945 06:25:53,080 --> 06:25:55,240 RESTING STATE FMRI, VERY OFTEN, 7946 06:25:55,240 --> 06:25:57,680 BUT YOU CAN ALSO EASILY APPLY TO 7947 06:25:57,680 --> 06:25:59,760 TASK FMRI AND GET VERY GOOD 7948 06:25:59,760 --> 06:26:04,920 RESULTS. 7949 06:26:04,920 --> 06:26:07,200 >>ARE THERE ANY OTHER QUESTIONS 7950 06:26:07,200 --> 06:26:10,120 FROM THE AUDIENCE? 7951 06:26:10,120 --> 06:26:11,680 >>ONE LAST QUESTION. 7952 06:26:11,680 --> 06:26:14,360 SO YOU MENTIONED THAT THERE ARE 7953 06:26:14,360 --> 06:26:16,960 IMPLICATIONS FOR HOW TO BEST 7954 06:26:16,960 --> 06:26:18,880 INFORM NEUROSTIMULATION. 7955 06:26:18,880 --> 06:26:22,440 WHAT WOULD YOU SUGGEST IN BASAL 7956 06:26:22,440 --> 06:26:24,960 GANGLIA NETWORKS OR WHAT TO 7957 06:26:24,960 --> 06:26:28,880 TARGET FOR NEXT STEPS? 7958 06:26:28,880 --> 06:26:31,120 >>I GUESS YOU CAN UNCOVER IN 7959 06:26:31,120 --> 06:26:34,120 THESE TASK FMRI PARADIGMS WHAT 7960 06:26:34,120 --> 06:26:35,920 ADDITIONAL NETWORKS MAY BE 7961 06:26:35,920 --> 06:26:39,120 CORRELATED THAT YOU MIGHT MISS 7962 06:26:39,120 --> 06:26:42,160 IN THE USUAL CONVENTIONAL TASK 7963 06:26:42,160 --> 06:26:43,360 FMRI ANALYSIS, BUT THE 7964 06:26:43,360 --> 06:26:46,880 APPLICATION OF TMS COMES INTO 7965 06:26:46,880 --> 06:26:48,600 PLAY NOT IN TERMS OF IDENTIFYING 7966 06:26:48,600 --> 06:26:52,320 THE TARGET LOCATIONS, BUT IN 7967 06:26:52,320 --> 06:26:54,160 EVALUATING HOW THESE DEEP 7968 06:26:54,160 --> 06:26:57,120 NETWORKS MAY BE CHANGING AFTER 7969 06:26:57,120 --> 06:26:59,560 TMS, AND YOU KNOW, IF YOU HAVE 7970 06:26:59,560 --> 06:27:02,280 TWO GROUPS, THEN YOU CAN EASILY 7971 06:27:02,280 --> 06:27:03,520 CHECK WHETHER THE DISEASE GROUP 7972 06:27:03,520 --> 06:27:07,240 IS COMING CLOAER CLOSER TO THE L 7973 06:27:07,240 --> 06:27:07,840 GROUP. 7974 06:27:07,840 --> 06:27:08,880 SO IN THAT WAY, IT IS 7975 06:27:08,880 --> 06:27:11,320 INFORMATIVE. 7976 06:27:11,320 --> 06:27:12,800 COSDOES THAT MAKE SENSE? 7977 06:27:12,800 --> 06:27:13,200 >>ABSOLUTELY. 7978 06:27:13,200 --> 06:27:18,560 SO IT'S MORE LIKE A MARKER OF AN 7979 06:27:18,560 --> 06:27:18,880 INTERVENTION. 7980 06:27:18,880 --> 06:27:20,280 >>BY CHANGING JUST, FOR 7981 06:27:20,280 --> 06:27:21,720 EXAMPLE, THE BASAL BEGAN GLIAL 7982 06:27:21,720 --> 06:27:24,280 A, THAT'S KNOWN TO BE 7983 06:27:24,280 --> 06:27:27,280 DYSFUNCTIONAL IN DYSTONIA, BUT 7984 06:27:27,280 --> 06:27:29,840 IN ADDITION TO THAT, IS TMS 7985 06:27:29,840 --> 06:27:31,880 AFFECTING OTHER HIDDEN NETWORKS 7986 06:27:31,880 --> 06:27:37,120 THAT WERE PREVIOUSLY NOT KNOWN. 7987 06:27:37,120 --> 06:27:37,840 >>THANK YOU. 7988 06:27:37,840 --> 06:27:39,760 ANY OTHER QUESTIONS? 7989 06:27:39,760 --> 06:27:41,600 ALL RIGHT. 7990 06:27:41,600 --> 06:27:43,440 LET'S THANK OUR SPEAKER ONE LAST 7991 06:27:43,440 --> 06:27:43,800 TIME. 7992 06:27:43,800 --> 06:27:48,280 [APPLAUSE] 7993 06:27:48,280 --> 00:00:00,000 THAT CONCLUDES OUR SESSION