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WELCOME TO THE FIRST EVER 

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WORKSHOP ON MRI OF 

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NEUROMODULATION.

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TARGET ENGAGEMENT, 

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NEUROMECHANISM AND BIOMARKER 

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DEVELOPMENT.

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I'M FROM BERKELEY AND VERY PROUD

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TO CO-CHAIR THIS WORKSHOP.

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THIS WORKSHOP, I'M A SCIENTIST, 

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TO THE BEST OF MY KNOWLEDGE 

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FIRST OF ITS KIND IN HUMAN 

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HISTORY.

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I THINK IT IS GREAT TO BE 

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SOMETHING, FIRST OFF, IN HUMAN 

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HISTORY, NO MATTER HOW SMALL OR 

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GREAT IT CAN BE.

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AND I'M ALSO VERY HONORED.

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THIS WORKSHOP WAS CO-SPONSORED 

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BY ISMRM AND ALSO NIH.

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NIH IS VERY GENEROUS TO PROVIDE 

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THIS VENUE AND THE MANY SUPPORT.

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YEAH, SO I WOULD SAY WE CAME A 

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LONG WAY FOR THIS WORKSHOP.

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IT STARTS WITH GRASSROOTS 

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ACTIVITY.

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SEVERAL OF US CALLED MEMBERS OF 

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THE ORGANIZING COMMUNITY, WE 

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ORGANIZED SOME MEMBER 

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INITIATIVES WORKSHOP A FEW YEARS

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AGO FOLLOWED BY OHBM SYMPOSIUM.

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WE FEEL THERE IS SOME ENERGY IN 

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THE COMMUNITY SO WE DISCUSSED 

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THIS IDEA.

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THEN WE POST ON SOCIAL MEDIA ON 

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LINKEDIN.

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WE GOT A LOT OF FANTASTIC ADVICE

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AND FEEDBACK ESPECIALLY FROM 

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MANY OF YOU GUYS.

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THAT LEADS TO THIS WORKSHOP AND 

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ORGANIZING COMMUNITIES.

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MANY PEOPLE CONTRIBUTED, SO 

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THANK YOU.

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ALSO WE GO THROUGH MANY 

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ITERATIONS WITH ISMRM.

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SO I WANT TO THANK THE 

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ORGANIZERS, ISMRM ANN MARIE AND 

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RIHANNA.

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SO WE ALSO SPONSORED BY 

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INDUSTRY.

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WE HAVE AN R-13 GRANT AND IBIB.

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AND WE HAVE THREE GENEROUS 

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INDUSTRY SPONSORS, ABBOTT, ROGUE

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AND MAGVENTURE.

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I DIDN'T SEE THE SETUP 

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EXHIBITION DESK YET.

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GO CHECK OUT EVEN IF YOU CANNOT 

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AFFORD TO BUY THIS DEVICE.

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SO I THINK EVERYBODY HERE ARE 

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PART OF THE COMMUNITY.

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WE ARE STARTING WITH 

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NEUROMODULATION IMAGES.

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I WANT TO SEE MORE AMBITIOUS 

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PEOPLE THAN A REGULAR 

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NEUROIMAGE.

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WE ARE NOT SATISFIED WITH AS A 

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BYSTANDER TO BRAIN ACTIVITY.

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WE WANT TO ALSO PARTICIPATION.

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WE ALSO WANT TO DERIVE A CAUSAL 

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RELATIONSHIP.

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SO THAT IS I THINK WHAT IS 

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TRENDING WITH A RANGE OF 

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NEUROMODULATION TACTICS FROM 

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ELECTRIC MAGNETISM, FROM 

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ULTRASOUND AND OPTICAL IMAGING.

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SO I THINK THIS IS JUST A 

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CONVERGING FIELD.

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AND IT ALSO NOT ONLY CROSSES 

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DIFFERENT MODALITIES, BUT 

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CROSSES DIFFERENT LEVELS FROM 

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BASIC SCIENCE TO IMAGING PHYSICS

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TO NEUROSCIENCE AND EVENTUALLY 

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TO INDUSTRY, TRY TO TRANSLATE 

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COMMERCIALIZATION.

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I THINK THAT IS WHAT WE ARE 

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STARTING ON, A MULTIDISCIPLINARY

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CROSS-LEVELS, CROSS-SKILLS.

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IF YOU LOOK AT THE PUBLICATION, 

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PUTTING PUBMED NEUROMODULATION, 

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IT IS CROSSING TO A THOUSAND 

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PEOPLE PER YEAR.

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IN 30 YEARS, STARTING FROM THE 

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1990s AND I THINK THE DROP IS 

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BECAUSE OF COVID, BUT I THINK 

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THE FIELD IS GROWING.

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I WOULD LIKE TO INVITE PROFESSOR

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YEN-YU.

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>>GOOD MORNING, EVERYONE,
HERE.

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AS WE HAVE 30% OF ATTENDEES 

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ONLINE, SO I WOULD JUST LIKE TO 

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SAY GOOD MORNING, GOOD 

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AFTERNOON, AND GOOD EVENING, 

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DEPENDING ON WHERE YOU ARE.

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I'M YIHONG YANG.

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AS THE CO-CHAIR OF THE WORKSHOP,

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ALSO ON BEHALF OF THE NIH HOSTS,

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I WANT TO WELCOME ALL OF YOU TO 

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THE WORKSHOP.

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AS YOU KNOW IT IS VERY DIFFICULT

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TO ORGANIZE SUCH A MEETING 

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DURING THE COVID.

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WE STARTED LIKE TWO YEARS AGO, 

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GOING THROUGH PROCEDURES AND 

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APPROVALS.

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FINALLY I WILL GET TO THE POINT 

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WE CAN ALL SIT DOWN AND HAVE 

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THIS WORKSHOP.

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THE TOPIC OF THIS WORKSHOP IS 

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INTEGRATION OF IMAGING AND 

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NEUROMODULATION.

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WE BRING THE EXPERTS IN THE 

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FIELD, FROM TECHNICAL 

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DEVELOPMENTS TO NEUROLOGICAL 

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PRESENTATIONS TO COME TOGETHER 

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AND HAVE A DISCUSSION.

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I HOPE EVERYONE CAN LEARN 

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SOMETHING NEW AND MAKE SOME NEW 

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FRIENDS AND ENJOY THE WORKSHOP 

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IN THE NEXT COUPLE OF DAYS.

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THANK YOU.

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[ APPLAUSE ]

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>>JUST A FEW LOGISTICS.

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I THINK ONLINE, WE STILL DON'T 

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HAVE THE CHAT.

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WE'RE STILL TRYING TO PUSH IT.

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TODAY I THINK BEFORE LUNCH WE 

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WILL TAKE A GROUP PICTURE 

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TOGETHER.

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>>ALSO ANOTHER QUICK 

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ANNOUNCEMENT.

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THE KEYNOTE LECTURE WILL START 

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FROM 10:15.

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SO IT WILL BE 15 MINUTES 

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EARLIER.

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ALL RIGHT, SO WITHOUT FURTHER 

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ADO, WE CAN START THE FIRST 

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SECTION.

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>>GOOD MORNING, EVERYONE.

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I WOULD LIKE TO WELCOME YOU TO 

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THE FIRST SESSION OF THIS 

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WORKSHOP, MRI FOR 

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NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL USING 

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NEUROMODULATION.

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I WOULD LIKE TO INTRODUCE YEN-YU

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SHIH.

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WELCOME.

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>>I DO HAVE A CONFLICT OF

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INTEREST TO DECLARE.

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I'M CONSULTING WITH -- SO WE 

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WANT TO LINK INFORMATION FROM 

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MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ASPECTS 

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TO BEHAVIOR.

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OFTENTIMES THE COMPLEX BEHAVIOR 

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IS NOT DIRECTLY REFLECTED BY 

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MOLECULAR ACTIVITY FROM A SINGLE

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BRAIN REGION.

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IN A FORM OF ORCHESTRATED 

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ACTIVITY FROM LARGER SCALES, 

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INCLUDING THE CIRCUIT AND 

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KNELTWORK OBSERVATIONS BY MRI.

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THERE ARE INCREASING STUDIES TO 

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USE METRICS TO SEE IF THEY SERVE

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AS A MEDIATOR FOR THIS 

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RELATIONSHIP AT THE BOTTOM.

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KNOWING THIS IS IMPORTANT 

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BECAUSE WE WAND TO PREDICT 

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BEHAVIOR.

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TO REACH THAT GOAL, THERE IS A 

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NEED TO BETTER UNDERSTAND HOW 

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FMRI SIGNAL IS FORMED.

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WHAT NEURAL EVENT IS CONTRIBUTES

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TO FMRI SIGNALS.

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WE WOULD LIKE TO READ 

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INFORMATION FROM THE BRAIN THE 

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FMRI.

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I WILL TOUCH ON 

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ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, AN ELECTRICAL

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CHEMICAL.

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AND YOU CAN GENETICALLY EXPRESS 

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TO ALLOW THE CELLS TO SHINE 

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LIGHTS AND USE MORE OPTICAL 

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FIBER TO PICK UP THOSE SIGNALS.

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WE ALSO WANT TO BETTER CONTROL 

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THE INFORMATION FLOW BY HAVING 

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THE ABILITY TO WRITE INFORMATION

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INTO THE BRAIN THIS CAN BE DONE 

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ELECTRICALLY AND GENETICALLY 

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USING OPTICAL OR CHEMICAL 

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APPROACHES.

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SO WE NEED TO BETTER UNDERSTAND 

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HOW AN F MRI SIGNAL IS FORMED.

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SPECIFICALLY, THE ASPROECH WE 

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USE IS SPECTRAL PHOTOMETRY.

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THESE ARE THE WAYS PEOPLE DO 

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FINSER PRINTING, THIS IS THE 

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OPTICAL VERSION OF IT.

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EACH ONE HAS ITS UNIQUE PATTERN.

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IF YOU CAN ACQUIRE DATA ACROSS A

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WIDE RANGE OF SPECTRUM, YOU CAN 

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TRY TOLL ATTACH THE SPECIFIC 

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PROFILE OF THE FINSER PRINT TO 

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EXTRACT THE CO-EFFICIENT OF THE 

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SENSOR ACTIVITIES.

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THERE ARE A LARGE NUMBER OF 

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SENSORS BEING DEVELOPED.

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GCAMP, CALCIUM ACTIVITY IN 

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GREEN, JRGECO CALCIUM ACTIVITY 

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IN RED.

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GLUTAMATE, GABA AND THE VIDEO ON

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THE RIGHT SHOWS THE SET UP WE 

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HAVE.

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THE GLUTAMATNERGIC SPECTRUM.

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IT IS A SINGLE FIBER WE CAN GET 

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INPUT AND OUTPUT ACTIVITY 

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SIMULTANEOUSLY.

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YOU DON'T HAVE TO USE TWO 

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FLUORESCENT SENSORS.

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YOU CAN USE THIS TO LOOK AT 

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CUPELING.

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FOR THIS SETUP WE EXPRESSED 

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GCAMP IN THE CORTEX OF THE RAT 

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AND INJECTED A RED FLUORESCENT 

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DYE.

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THIS IS A FLUORESCENT DYE THAT 

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WILL CIRCULATE IN YOUR BLOOD 

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STREAM.

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THOSE FAMILIAR WITH MEASURING 

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BLOOD VOLUME USING MRI, THIS IS 

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CONCEPTUALLY SIMILAR.

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WE CAN DO AN EXPERIMENT AND GET 

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THIS GCAMP ACTIVITIES, THE 

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PHOTOMERRY AT THE RIGHT VOLUME.

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SO THIS TYPE OF STUDY OR 

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INFORMATION DOESN'T NECESSARILY 

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HAVE TO COME FROM A STIMULUS 

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EVOKED EVENT.

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I'M SHOWING YOU EXAMPLES THAT WE

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CAN ACTUALLY PULL THE 

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INFORMATION OR THE RELATIONSHIP 

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NEURONAL.

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THIS IS THE RECORDED GCAMP 

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ACTIVITY FROM THE CELLS AND 

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USING THE CBV MEASURE.

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WE CAN EM PEERICALLY DERIVE A 

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RESPONSE FUNCTION.

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THIS IS TO CONVOLUTE THIS TO 

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PREDICT THE UNDERLYING CBV 

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CHANGES AND THE MEASURE OF CBV 

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IS SHOWN IN RED.

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THEY HAVE HIGH CORRELATIONS.

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THIS APPROACH IS PRETTY ROBUST.

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THIS VIDEO I'M SHOWING YOU WAS 

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FROM A SINGLE ANIMAL.

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THE FIBER PLUGGING INTO THE 

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BRAIN AND ACQUIRING THE NEURONAL

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AND VASCULAR SIGNAL 

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SIMULTANEOUSLY, BUT FEEDING THIS

267
00:14:28,200 --> 00:14:31,440
INFORMATION TO THE DECONVOLUTION

268
00:14:31,440 --> 00:14:31,680
PIPELINE.

269
00:14:31,680 --> 00:14:35,120
BEYOND ONE MINUTE WE CAN GET A 

270
00:14:35,120 --> 00:14:37,680
STABILIZE HRF PATTERN THAT 

271
00:14:37,680 --> 00:14:39,280
DESCRIBES THE RELATIONSHIP 

272
00:14:39,280 --> 00:14:41,480
BETWEEN NEURONAL AND VASCULAR 

273
00:14:41,480 --> 00:14:42,160
ACTIVITY HERE.

274
00:14:42,160 --> 00:14:44,920
WE SCALED THIS UP AND BUILT FOUR

275
00:14:44,920 --> 00:14:48,520
CHANNEL SYSTEMS THAT ALLOWS FOUR

276
00:14:48,520 --> 00:14:49,200
INDIVIDUAL FIBERS INTO DIFFERENT

277
00:14:49,200 --> 00:14:52,320
BRAIN AREAS AND MEASURE THE 

278
00:14:52,320 --> 00:14:54,520
SIGNAL SIMULTANEOUSLY.

279
00:14:54,520 --> 00:15:02,040
IN THIS PARTICULAR EXPERIMENT WE

280
00:15:02,040 --> 00:15:04,600
PUT IN THESE CORTICAL REGIONS.

281
00:15:04,600 --> 00:15:05,880
YOU CAN SEE THE CONSISTENT 

282
00:15:05,880 --> 00:15:07,680
PATTERN HERE, WHICH IS GOOD, 

283
00:15:07,680 --> 00:15:12,680
RIGHT, BECAUSE THAT MEANS FMRI 

284
00:15:12,680 --> 00:15:15,840
THE WAY WE INTERPRET FMRI DATA 

285
00:15:15,840 --> 00:15:18,320
HAS A REASONABLY SOLID 

286
00:15:18,320 --> 00:15:18,600
FOUNDATION.

287
00:15:18,600 --> 00:15:20,920
THERE MIGHT ALSO BE SOME 

288
00:15:20,920 --> 00:15:23,000
EXCEPTIONS WHERE NEUROVASCULAR 

289
00:15:23,000 --> 00:15:26,360
COUPLING RULES MAY NOT APPLY.

290
00:15:26,360 --> 00:15:28,120
WE RAN INTO THIS THROUGH A 

291
00:15:28,120 --> 00:15:29,160
DEVELOPMENT WITH OUR 

292
00:15:29,160 --> 00:15:33,800
COLLABORATORS A FEW YEARS AGO TO

293
00:15:33,800 --> 00:15:37,120
MAKE FOR STIMULATION RECORDINGS.

294
00:15:37,120 --> 00:15:39,000
TO WALK YOU THROUGH THE 

295
00:15:39,000 --> 00:15:39,480
DEVELOPMENT.

296
00:15:39,480 --> 00:15:41,760
WE HAD FLEXIBLE ELECTRODES AND 

297
00:15:41,760 --> 00:15:46,640
CONTACT LEADS MADE BY GOLD AND 

298
00:15:46,640 --> 00:15:52,160
COVERED WITH ORIDIUM OXIDES.

299
00:15:52,160 --> 00:15:55,240
THIS IS A MINIMUM INTENSITY 

300
00:15:55,240 --> 00:16:02,960
PROJECTION FROM A 3D SPINNING 

301
00:16:02,960 --> 00:16:03,760
DATA.

302
00:16:03,760 --> 00:16:09,120
THIS WE CAN PASS A QUITE HIGH 

303
00:16:09,120 --> 00:16:11,240
LEVEL OF THE CURRENTS FOR 

304
00:16:11,240 --> 00:16:12,920
MULTIPLE TIMES.

305
00:16:12,920 --> 00:16:17,120
AND ALSO IN VIVO, WE CAN PUT IT 

306
00:16:17,120 --> 00:16:19,160
IN ANIMAL BRAINS AND LOOK OVER 

307
00:16:19,160 --> 00:16:21,000
THE COURSE OF 50 DAYS.

308
00:16:21,000 --> 00:16:26,120
THIS PICTURE SHOWS WE ARE USING 

309
00:16:26,120 --> 00:16:29,240
A FORCEP TO PUT IT ON THE TABLE.

310
00:16:29,240 --> 00:16:31,360
IT COMES WITH A BENEFIT TO 

311
00:16:31,360 --> 00:16:33,360
REDUCE SCARS ONCE YOU IMPLANT 

312
00:16:33,360 --> 00:16:35,920
THIS INTO THE SUBJECT'S BRAINS.

313
00:16:35,920 --> 00:16:38,440
IN A FORM OF MRI COMES WITH AN 

314
00:16:38,440 --> 00:16:42,000
ADDED EXTRA BENEFIT YOU CAN BEND

315
00:16:42,000 --> 00:16:43,760
ELECTRODE AND USE ANY COIL 

316
00:16:43,760 --> 00:16:46,600
HOUSING TO DO YOUR EXPERIMENT.

317
00:16:46,600 --> 00:16:48,880
WE TRIED TO PASS CURRENTS TO 

318
00:16:48,880 --> 00:16:52,120
DIFFERENT LOCATIONS, DIFFERENT 

319
00:16:52,120 --> 00:16:58,720
ELECTRODES THAT HAVE BEEN 

320
00:16:58,720 --> 00:16:58,960
IMPLANTED.

321
00:16:58,960 --> 00:17:00,120
THESE CAN CAPTURE BETTER.

322
00:17:00,120 --> 00:17:02,080
WHEN WE ARE STIMULATING 

323
00:17:02,080 --> 00:17:04,400
DIFFERENT PORTION OF THE 

324
00:17:04,400 --> 00:17:06,760
ELECTRODES WE ARE GOING TO DRIVE

325
00:17:06,760 --> 00:17:09,640
DIFFERENT CORTICAL ACTIVATION 

326
00:17:09,640 --> 00:17:11,640
BECAUSE WE ARE RECRUITING 

327
00:17:11,640 --> 00:17:13,320
DIFFERENT FIBER GOING TO THE 

328
00:17:13,320 --> 00:17:13,560
CORTEX.

329
00:17:13,560 --> 00:17:16,080
THIS PROVIDES US THE ABILITY TO 

330
00:17:16,080 --> 00:17:19,280
DO STIMULUS EVOKED FUNCTIONAL 

331
00:17:19,280 --> 00:17:21,560
ACTIVITIES WITH A REASONABLY 

332
00:17:21,560 --> 00:17:24,240
HIGH THROUGHPUT COMPARED TO A 

333
00:17:24,240 --> 00:17:25,320
SINGLE ELECTRODE.

334
00:17:25,320 --> 00:17:27,600
THE PROBE CAN BE USED FOR 

335
00:17:27,600 --> 00:17:28,760
RECORDING.

336
00:17:28,760 --> 00:17:33,120
I'M SHOWING YOU A PROFILE 

337
00:17:33,120 --> 00:17:35,480
FOLLOWING DIFFERENT LAYERS AND 

338
00:17:35,480 --> 00:17:38,480
INSIDE A MRI TO CAPTURE SINGLE 

339
00:17:38,480 --> 00:17:40,280
UNIT ACTIVITY.

340
00:17:40,280 --> 00:17:41,960
WITH THIS PROBE OUR LAB WAS 

341
00:17:41,960 --> 00:17:43,640
INTERESTING NO KNOWING WHAT IS 

342
00:17:43,640 --> 00:17:48,280
THE SPATIAL TEMPORAL PATTERN IN 

343
00:17:48,280 --> 00:17:52,160
THE BRAIN REGIONS CLINICIANS ARE

344
00:17:52,160 --> 00:17:55,000
PICKING TO TREAT PARKINSON'S 

345
00:17:55,000 --> 00:17:56,840
DISEASE FOR EXAMPLE.

346
00:17:56,840 --> 00:18:00,080
WE DID THIS EXPERIMENT AND PUT 

347
00:18:00,080 --> 00:18:02,000
ELECTRODES IN THE RODENT BRAIN.

348
00:18:02,000 --> 00:18:04,960
STM IS A THIN STRUCTURE.

349
00:18:04,960 --> 00:18:07,920
THE AREAS ABOVE AND BELOW HAD 

350
00:18:07,920 --> 00:18:10,040
VERY DIFFERENT FIRING PATTERN.

351
00:18:10,040 --> 00:18:12,280
WE CAN USE THIS SAME ELECTRODE 

352
00:18:12,280 --> 00:18:15,280
TO PICK UP THE LOCATION OF THE 

353
00:18:15,280 --> 00:18:17,600
STN AND COVER THE SURGERY UP AND

354
00:18:17,600 --> 00:18:19,320
COME BACK TO THIS SAME LOCATION 

355
00:18:19,320 --> 00:18:22,040
AND AS YOU CAN SEE FROM THE 

356
00:18:22,040 --> 00:18:23,600
PICTURES ON THE RIGHT DERIVE A 

357
00:18:23,600 --> 00:18:24,440
PATTERN.

358
00:18:24,440 --> 00:18:27,680
WE ARE SEEING SOME RESPONSES 

359
00:18:27,680 --> 00:18:34,320
FROM THE RAPHE, CEREBELLUM AND 

360
00:18:34,320 --> 00:18:37,320
WE SAW THIS NEGATIVE EVOKED FMRI

361
00:18:37,320 --> 00:18:41,520
SPOBSS IN THE STRIDUM AREA.

362
00:18:41,520 --> 00:18:43,440
AT THE TIME WE DID NOT HAVE A 

363
00:18:43,440 --> 00:18:45,000
GOOD WAY TO EXPLAIN THOSE 

364
00:18:45,000 --> 00:18:45,520
RESULTS.

365
00:18:45,520 --> 00:18:51,480
IN A SEPARATE STUDY, INCLUDING 

366
00:18:51,480 --> 00:18:55,520
SUBSTANTIAL SNR IN THE EXTERNAL 

367
00:18:55,520 --> 00:18:55,880
GPE.

368
00:18:55,880 --> 00:18:58,440
SO KNOWING THAT ELECTRICALLY 

369
00:18:58,440 --> 00:19:02,480
STIMULATING THOSE REGIONS WILL 

370
00:19:02,480 --> 00:19:04,880
RECRUIT -- TO FIRE NEURONS WE 

371
00:19:04,880 --> 00:19:06,880
ARE INTERESTED IN KNOWING WHY 

372
00:19:06,880 --> 00:19:09,160
DRIVING THIS ACTIVITY WOULD LEAD

373
00:19:09,160 --> 00:19:12,440
TO A NEGATIVE FMRI RESPONSES.

374
00:19:12,440 --> 00:19:15,920
SO WE WENT ON TO ASK ANOTHER 

375
00:19:15,920 --> 00:19:16,280
QUESTION?

376
00:19:16,280 --> 00:19:18,800
CAN WE PROBE IN THE SOURCE OF 

377
00:19:18,800 --> 00:19:20,360
THIS NEGATIVE FMRI SIGNAL WITH A

378
00:19:20,360 --> 00:19:22,920
CELL TYPE OR PATHWAY SPECIFIC 

379
00:19:22,920 --> 00:19:27,000
STIMULATION AND IN RODENT MODEL,

380
00:19:27,000 --> 00:19:30,880
WE HAVE ACCESS TO A VERY 

381
00:19:30,880 --> 00:19:33,040
POWERFUL TOOL TO GENETICALLY 

382
00:19:33,040 --> 00:19:34,520
EXPRESS THIS ON CHANNELS AND 

383
00:19:34,520 --> 00:19:36,160
SOMETIMES IN THE FORM OF 

384
00:19:36,160 --> 00:19:39,720
RECEPTORS AND WHEN YOU SHINE THE

385
00:19:39,720 --> 00:19:41,560
LIGHT WITH APPROPRIATE 

386
00:19:41,560 --> 00:19:43,600
WAVELENGTHS, YOU CAN DRAW 

387
00:19:43,600 --> 00:19:45,640
ACTIVITIES FOR SPECIFIC CELLULAR

388
00:19:45,640 --> 00:19:46,440
POPULATION.

389
00:19:46,440 --> 00:19:48,360
INSIDE MRI THE SET UP IS 

390
00:19:48,360 --> 00:19:48,760
STRAIGHT FORWARD.

391
00:19:48,760 --> 00:19:50,000
BUILD A COIL.

392
00:19:50,000 --> 00:19:52,400
SO WE WENT ON TO INTERROGATE A 

393
00:19:52,400 --> 00:19:58,680
FEW CIRCUITRIES THAT ARE 

394
00:19:58,680 --> 00:20:09,320
RELEVANT TO THE STRIATUM, WERE 

395
00:20:12,080 --> 00:20:22,520
RECRUITING AS YOU CAN SEE FROM 

396
00:20:24,400 --> 00:20:24,960
THIS RESULT, WE ARE LEARNING 

397
00:20:24,960 --> 00:20:25,560
THAT FIRING EXCITERY INPUT 

398
00:20:25,560 --> 00:20:26,840
DOESN'T NECESSARILY ALWAYS LEAD 

399
00:20:26,840 --> 00:20:28,280
TO A POSITIVE FMRI RESPONSE.

400
00:20:28,280 --> 00:20:30,720
IN THIS CASE UNDER OUR 

401
00:20:30,720 --> 00:20:32,000
EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS IT CAN 

402
00:20:32,000 --> 00:20:34,200
LEAD TO NEGATIVE FMRI SIGNAL.

403
00:20:34,200 --> 00:20:37,160
MOVING ON WE ALSO DID THE SAME 

404
00:20:37,160 --> 00:20:44,920
TO DIRECTLY STIMULATE THE 

405
00:20:44,920 --> 00:20:45,960
STRIATUM NEURONS.

406
00:20:45,960 --> 00:20:51,600
WE STIMULATED THE GCE CELL BODY.

407
00:20:51,600 --> 00:20:53,920
BY DOING THIS EXPERIMENT WE 

408
00:20:53,920 --> 00:20:56,040
REALIZED THAT ACTIVATION OF 

409
00:20:56,040 --> 00:20:59,920
LOCAL STRIATUM NEURON CANS CAUSE

410
00:20:59,920 --> 00:21:01,240
THIS NEGATIVE FMRI RESPONSE.

411
00:21:01,240 --> 00:21:02,960
THERE IS ANOTHER INTERESTING 

412
00:21:02,960 --> 00:21:12,200
FINDING WHEN WE TRY TO TARGET 

413
00:21:12,200 --> 00:21:14,200
DOPAMINENERGIC NEURONS THAT SENT

414
00:21:14,200 --> 00:21:18,040
A LOT TO THE STRIATUM REGION AND

415
00:21:18,040 --> 00:21:19,360
SEEING POSITIVE INSTEAD OF 

416
00:21:19,360 --> 00:21:20,720
NEGATIVE RESPONSES.

417
00:21:20,720 --> 00:21:23,400
WE REPORTED THIS BY A PAPER IN 

418
00:21:23,400 --> 00:21:25,320
2016, BUT WE ARE NOT THE ONLY 

419
00:21:25,320 --> 00:21:27,160
GROUP THAT SAW THIS.

420
00:21:27,160 --> 00:21:32,520
THERE ARE OTHER PAPERS LISTED 

421
00:21:32,520 --> 00:21:40,000
HERE SEEING THE SAME THING.

422
00:21:40,000 --> 00:21:42,400
WE ARE TRYING TO FIND THE 

423
00:21:42,400 --> 00:21:44,360
UNDERLYING ACTIVITY.

424
00:21:44,360 --> 00:21:47,440
WE ARE TRYING TO MEASURE 

425
00:21:47,440 --> 00:21:49,600
POTENTIAL AND THE MULTIUNIT 

426
00:21:49,600 --> 00:21:50,760
ACTIVITY UNDER THE SAME 

427
00:21:50,760 --> 00:21:52,080
EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS WE 

428
00:21:52,080 --> 00:21:53,560
CREATED A NEGATIVE RESPONSE.

429
00:21:53,560 --> 00:21:55,920
INDEED WE ARE SEEING THE 

430
00:21:55,920 --> 00:21:58,920
INCREASES IN POWER AT A BAND WE 

431
00:21:58,920 --> 00:22:00,400
MODULATED AND INCREASING IN 

432
00:22:00,400 --> 00:22:02,320
SPIKING ACTIVITY.

433
00:22:02,320 --> 00:22:04,000
WE KNOW THIS VALIDATION IS NOT 

434
00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:04,320
ENOUGH.

435
00:22:04,320 --> 00:22:06,920
WE WANT TO DO MORE THOROUGH 

436
00:22:06,920 --> 00:22:07,840
INVESTIGATIONS OF THIS.

437
00:22:07,840 --> 00:22:10,920
THAT IS THE POINT WE BROUGHT 

438
00:22:10,920 --> 00:22:14,400
THIS FIBER PHOTOMETRY APPROACH.

439
00:22:14,400 --> 00:22:17,320
BY THE TIME WE WERE READY TO 

440
00:22:17,320 --> 00:22:19,800
LAUNCH THIS EXPERIMENT, THIS IS 

441
00:22:19,800 --> 00:22:21,320
SHOWING YOU THE CONTROL 

442
00:22:21,320 --> 00:22:27,280
EXPERIMENTS WHERE WE EXPRESS IN 

443
00:22:27,280 --> 00:22:33,120
THE PROTEIN INTO THE CORTICAL 

444
00:22:33,120 --> 00:22:34,640
ACTIVITIES.

445
00:22:34,640 --> 00:22:36,600
THIS PROTEIN'S INTENSITY OF 

446
00:22:36,600 --> 00:22:38,640
LIGHT HAS NOTHING DO WITH THE 

447
00:22:38,640 --> 00:22:38,920
ACTIVITY.

448
00:22:38,920 --> 00:22:40,960
WE ARE STILL SEEING CHANGES, A 

449
00:22:40,960 --> 00:22:42,920
DECREASE IN THE SIGNAL THAT WE 

450
00:22:42,920 --> 00:22:44,680
MEASURE BY THIS OPTICAL FIBER.

451
00:22:44,680 --> 00:22:45,480
SO WHY?

452
00:22:45,480 --> 00:22:47,480
WE WENT ON QUITE A BIT OF A 

453
00:22:47,480 --> 00:22:49,200
JOURNEY TO FIGURE OUT THE 

454
00:22:49,200 --> 00:22:50,600
UNDERLYING REASON AND WE FIGURED

455
00:22:50,600 --> 00:22:54,040
OUT THIS IS ACTUALLY BECAUSE THE

456
00:22:54,040 --> 00:22:55,920
HEMOGLOBIN CHANGES, OR THE 

457
00:22:55,920 --> 00:22:58,720
CONCENTRATION OR AMOUNT OF 

458
00:22:58,720 --> 00:23:00,880
HEMOGLOBIN CHANGES.

459
00:23:00,880 --> 00:23:02,360
HEMOGLOBIN IS VERY GOOD AT 

460
00:23:02,360 --> 00:23:03,080
STOPPING THE LIGHT.

461
00:23:03,080 --> 00:23:05,520
AS WE ARE OPERATING UNDER THE 

462
00:23:05,520 --> 00:23:10,440
RULE OF DRIVING ACTIVITIES, 

463
00:23:10,440 --> 00:23:13,000
FUNCTIONAL HYPER -- THE INCREASE

464
00:23:13,000 --> 00:23:15,440
IN HEMOGLOBIN WERE A SIGNATURE 

465
00:23:15,440 --> 00:23:16,960
CAL THAT CAN HAPPEN IN TWO 

466
00:23:16,960 --> 00:23:17,760
PHASES.

467
00:23:17,760 --> 00:23:19,800
THE LIGHT COMING OUT FROM THE 

468
00:23:19,800 --> 00:23:21,640
OPTICAL FIBER BEFORE IT REACHES 

469
00:23:21,640 --> 00:23:24,400
THE TARGETED CELLS AND THE 

470
00:23:24,400 --> 00:23:26,240
EMISSION LIGHT FROM THE CELLS 

471
00:23:26,240 --> 00:23:28,000
BEFORE IT GOES BACK TO THE 

472
00:23:28,000 --> 00:23:28,760
OPTICAL FIBER.

473
00:23:28,760 --> 00:23:30,960
WE KNOW THAT WE NEED TO SOLVE 

474
00:23:30,960 --> 00:23:31,760
THESE ISSUES.

475
00:23:31,760 --> 00:23:34,480
AND WE FIGURE OUT A WAY TO 

476
00:23:34,480 --> 00:23:36,600
ACTUALLY CORRECT THIS TYPE OF 

477
00:23:36,600 --> 00:23:36,920
CONTAMINATION.

478
00:23:36,920 --> 00:23:40,920
I'M NOT GOING TO GO INTO THE 

479
00:23:40,920 --> 00:23:41,840
DETAIL HERE.

480
00:23:41,840 --> 00:23:44,800
THE INFORMATION WAS IN THIS 

481
00:23:44,800 --> 00:23:48,680
PAPER PUBLISHED BY ZHANG, CELL 

482
00:23:48,680 --> 00:23:51,600
REPORTS METHODS THIS YEAR.

483
00:23:51,600 --> 00:23:56,800
OXY AND DEOXY HEMOGLOBIN OVER 

484
00:23:56,800 --> 00:24:02,880
TIME USING THE SPECTRAL 

485
00:24:02,880 --> 00:24:05,120
INFORMATION TO COLLECT THE 

486
00:24:05,120 --> 00:24:06,000
HEMOGLOBIN AND RESTORE THE 

487
00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:09,320
NEURAL ACTIVITY TO MAKE A STEP 

488
00:24:09,320 --> 00:24:11,360
CLOSER TO THE REAL UNDERLYING 

489
00:24:11,360 --> 00:24:11,560
EVENT.

490
00:24:11,560 --> 00:24:14,720
WE NEED TO GET THE ACCURATE 

491
00:24:14,720 --> 00:24:17,080
NEURONAL ACTIVITY AND TIME SCALE

492
00:24:17,080 --> 00:24:20,000
TO MODEL THE RELATIONSHIP.

493
00:24:20,000 --> 00:24:22,360
SO MOVING ON, WE DID AN 

494
00:24:22,360 --> 00:24:24,400
EXPERIMENT BY PUTTING AN 

495
00:24:24,400 --> 00:24:28,160
ELECTRODE TO STIMULATE THE 

496
00:24:28,160 --> 00:24:28,800
MULTICORTEX.

497
00:24:28,800 --> 00:24:31,440
MULTICORTICAL REGIONS PROVIDE 

498
00:24:31,440 --> 00:24:35,440
EXCITERY.

499
00:24:35,440 --> 00:24:37,280
LATERALLY TO THE STRIATUM.

500
00:24:37,280 --> 00:24:39,000
SO THOSE ARE THE TWO LOCATIONS 

501
00:24:39,000 --> 00:24:41,560
WHERE WE DID THIS FIBER 

502
00:24:41,560 --> 00:24:44,000
EXPERIMENT, WE PUT IN FIBER TO 

503
00:24:44,000 --> 00:24:45,160
MEASURE THEIR SIGNALS.

504
00:24:45,160 --> 00:24:47,920
BY STIMULATING THE UPSTREAM 

505
00:24:47,920 --> 00:24:51,280
MOTOR CORTEX WE CAN DETECT THE 

506
00:24:51,280 --> 00:24:53,840
DOWNSTREAM ACTIVITY SHOWN IN THE

507
00:24:53,840 --> 00:24:55,000
PANEL C AND D.

508
00:24:55,000 --> 00:24:56,680
YOU CAN SEE FROM THESE TWO 

509
00:24:56,680 --> 00:24:59,920
REGIONS WE ARE GETTING A SIMILAR

510
00:24:59,920 --> 00:25:04,480
PATTERN OF THE CELLULAR CALCIUM 

511
00:25:04,480 --> 00:25:05,800
EVENTS.

512
00:25:05,800 --> 00:25:11,680
THE ACCOMPANYING HEMODIE MA'AMIC

513
00:25:11,680 --> 00:25:13,040
RESPONSE IS VERY DIFFERENT.

514
00:25:13,040 --> 00:25:16,200
THE NEUROVASCULAR COUPLING SEEMS

515
00:25:16,200 --> 00:25:18,840
QUITE SIMILAR ACROSS CORTICAL 

516
00:25:18,840 --> 00:25:20,320
REASONS, BUT THERE MAY BE 

517
00:25:20,320 --> 00:25:21,800
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE CORTEX 

518
00:25:21,800 --> 00:25:24,560
AND THE STRIATUM.

519
00:25:24,560 --> 00:25:35,120
THAT EXPERIMENT WAS DONE ANIMALS

520
00:25:37,000 --> 00:25:38,280
WHO WERE UNDER ANESTHESIA.

521
00:25:38,280 --> 00:25:44,640
WE USED THE SAME APPROACH WITH 

522
00:25:44,640 --> 00:25:46,200
FOOTSHOCK, WHICH WOULD DRIVE THE

523
00:25:46,200 --> 00:25:48,240
ACTIVITY AND SAMPLING THE 

524
00:25:48,240 --> 00:25:50,480
SPONTANEOUS SPIKES FROM THIS 

525
00:25:50,480 --> 00:25:53,880
STRIATUM NEURONS.

526
00:25:53,880 --> 00:25:55,840
WHILE WE HAVE INCREASE IN 

527
00:25:55,840 --> 00:25:58,440
CALCIUM ACTIVITIES, THERE IS AN 

528
00:25:58,440 --> 00:26:01,000
ASSOCIATED TIME LOCKED CVV 

529
00:26:01,000 --> 00:26:04,160
CHANGES MEASURED BY THE FIBER.

530
00:26:04,160 --> 00:26:06,240
SO WHAT IS THE MECHANISM?

531
00:26:06,240 --> 00:26:10,280
COULD IT BE SOME NEURAL CHEMICAL

532
00:26:10,280 --> 00:26:12,600
INFLUENCES TO THESE SIGNALS?

533
00:26:12,600 --> 00:26:15,880
TO ADDRESS THIS WE COUPLED FMRI 

534
00:26:15,880 --> 00:26:20,880
WITH ADDITIONAL NEUROMODULATION 

535
00:26:20,880 --> 00:26:24,480
APPROACH WITH PHARMACOLOGY THAT 

536
00:26:24,480 --> 00:26:26,240
ALLOWS US TO INTERROGATE SOME OF

537
00:26:26,240 --> 00:26:27,880
THE MECHANISM RESPONSIBLE FOR 

538
00:26:27,880 --> 00:26:29,720
THIS NEGATIVE RESPONSE.

539
00:26:29,720 --> 00:26:31,640
THE SPECIFIC EXPERIMENT WE ARE 

540
00:26:31,640 --> 00:26:35,040
DOING HERE IS EXPRESSING VIRAL 

541
00:26:35,040 --> 00:26:37,400
VECTORS AND INJECTING INTO THE 

542
00:26:37,400 --> 00:26:39,080
DORSAL STRIATUM.

543
00:26:39,080 --> 00:26:43,560
INSTEAD OF STIMULATING THE 

544
00:26:43,560 --> 00:26:46,360
STRIDAL CELL BODIES, WE ARE 

545
00:26:46,360 --> 00:26:49,000
PUTTING THEM DOWNSTREAM TO ALLOW

546
00:26:49,000 --> 00:26:52,000
US TO REKREUTZ AND GO BACK AND 

547
00:26:52,000 --> 00:26:55,320
FIRE THE STRIADAL CELL BODIES.

548
00:26:55,320 --> 00:26:57,440
BY DOING THE EXPERIMENT WE ARE 

549
00:26:57,440 --> 00:27:01,360
NOT ADJUST AVOIDING THE HEATING 

550
00:27:01,360 --> 00:27:03,320
ART FACT THAT CAUSED BY THE 

551
00:27:03,320 --> 00:27:04,320
LIGHT REPORTED BY MANY 

552
00:27:04,320 --> 00:27:06,240
COLLEAGUES IN THE FIELD WE ARE 

553
00:27:06,240 --> 00:27:10,200
CREATING EXTRA SPACE TO PUT IN 

554
00:27:10,200 --> 00:27:12,640
INTRACRANIAL FUSION INTO THE 

555
00:27:12,640 --> 00:27:13,560
DORSAL STRIATUM.

556
00:27:13,560 --> 00:27:16,720
THESE ARE QUITE COMPLICATED 

557
00:27:16,720 --> 00:27:17,280
EXPERIMENTS.

558
00:27:17,280 --> 00:27:18,840
WE STRUGGLE QUITE A BIT TO GET 

559
00:27:18,840 --> 00:27:22,600
THIS TYPE OF STUDY LAUNCHED.

560
00:27:22,600 --> 00:27:24,640
EACH ANIMAL IS SCANNED FOR ABOUT

561
00:27:24,640 --> 00:27:25,840
TWO HOURS.

562
00:27:25,840 --> 00:27:28,520
DURING THAT PERIOD WE HAVE 

563
00:27:28,520 --> 00:27:33,160
REPEATED OPTICAL STIMULATION TO 

564
00:27:33,160 --> 00:27:37,480
SNR TO TRY THE STRIADAL 

565
00:27:37,480 --> 00:27:39,240
ACTIVITY.

566
00:27:39,240 --> 00:27:42,600
THE BLUE IS THE ACTIVITY.

567
00:27:42,600 --> 00:27:44,480
THE RESPONSE IS TIME LOCKED TO 

568
00:27:44,480 --> 00:27:44,880
THAT.

569
00:27:44,880 --> 00:27:47,640
THE PINKISH HORIZONTAL BAR AT 

570
00:27:47,640 --> 00:27:49,880
THE BOTTOM OF EACH GRAPH 

571
00:27:49,880 --> 00:27:51,000
INDICATES THE FLUIDS OR 

572
00:27:51,000 --> 00:27:52,600
COMPOUNDS WE ARE INFUSING.

573
00:27:52,600 --> 00:27:55,240
YOU CAN SEE FROM PANEL B, 

574
00:27:55,240 --> 00:27:57,600
INFUSION OF SALINE DOESN'T 

575
00:27:57,600 --> 00:27:58,280
AFFECT IT.

576
00:27:58,280 --> 00:28:01,880
THE STRIADAL RESPONSE, BUT 

577
00:28:01,880 --> 00:28:04,480
INFUSING LIDOCAINE, WHICH CAN 

578
00:28:04,480 --> 00:28:07,040
SUPPRESS THE ACTIVITY LOCALLY, 

579
00:28:07,040 --> 00:28:09,880
WE CAN USE THAT TO KNOCK OFF THE

580
00:28:09,880 --> 00:28:14,520
NEGATIVE SIGNALS.

581
00:28:14,520 --> 00:28:17,880
WE ALSO USED ACETYLCHOLINING A 

582
00:28:17,880 --> 00:28:23,160
NIS TO TARGET THE GI COUPLE 

583
00:28:23,160 --> 00:28:26,920
RECEPTOR HENCE SUPPRESSING THE 

584
00:28:26,920 --> 00:28:28,560
STRIADAL ACTIVITY.

585
00:28:28,560 --> 00:28:30,840
THIS NEGATIVE RESPONSE IS 

586
00:28:30,840 --> 00:28:32,720
RELATED TO THE LOCAL STRIATUM 

587
00:28:32,720 --> 00:28:32,960
NEURONS.

588
00:28:32,960 --> 00:28:35,760
WE TRIED TO LOOK INTO DIFFERENT 

589
00:28:35,760 --> 00:28:37,640
TYPE OF NEUROCHEMICAL SIGNAL 

590
00:28:37,640 --> 00:28:46,280
REPORTED TO BE RELATED TO THE 

591
00:28:46,280 --> 00:28:51,560
STRIDAL MICROCIRCUITRIES, 

592
00:28:51,560 --> 00:28:56,040
ACETYLCHOLINE, BRBB, 3226 AND 

593
00:28:56,040 --> 00:28:59,400
SHARING 22390 AND THESE ARE 

594
00:28:59,400 --> 00:29:04,720
DOPAMINE D5 AND D1D2ING A NIS 

595
00:29:04,720 --> 00:29:07,400
COCKTAILS, NONE OF WHICH 

596
00:29:07,400 --> 00:29:09,880
SUPPRESSED THE NEGATIVE RESPONSE

597
00:29:09,880 --> 00:29:10,440
SIGNIFICANTLY.

598
00:29:10,440 --> 00:29:20,960
HOWEVER, WHEN WE INFUSE NOR-BNI.

599
00:29:24,800 --> 00:29:27,080
WHEN WE CHECKED FOR THE OUTPUT 

600
00:29:27,080 --> 00:29:29,120
EXPRESSION, WE CAN SEE THE 

601
00:29:29,120 --> 00:29:32,880
EXPRESSION LOCATED CLOSE BY THE 

602
00:29:32,880 --> 00:29:34,640
STRIADAL MICROVESSELS.

603
00:29:34,640 --> 00:29:36,920
WE TOOK A STEP BACK AND BROUGHT 

604
00:29:36,920 --> 00:29:41,600
THINGS TO EXVIVO AND LOOKING AT 

605
00:29:41,600 --> 00:29:45,480
USING A TECHNIQUE MICOSCOPY TO 

606
00:29:45,480 --> 00:29:48,240
LOOK FOR THE CHANGES DIRECTLY.

607
00:29:48,240 --> 00:29:52,760
HERE WE HAD THE STRIDAL BRAIN 

608
00:29:52,760 --> 00:29:57,640
SLIDES, INFUSE WITH TXA2 AND 

609
00:29:57,640 --> 00:29:57,960
CSF.

610
00:29:57,960 --> 00:30:02,120
TO SEE WHICH BLOOD VESSELS ARE 

611
00:30:02,120 --> 00:30:02,400
RESPONSIVE.

612
00:30:02,400 --> 00:30:07,680
WHEN WE PROFUSE DADLE, A 

613
00:30:07,680 --> 00:30:10,840
CAFFEINE OPIOID RECEPTORING A 

614
00:30:10,840 --> 00:30:13,440
NIS, WE CAN FURTHER CONSTRICT 

615
00:30:13,440 --> 00:30:15,360
VESSELS IN THIS CASE.

616
00:30:15,360 --> 00:30:17,480
WHEN WE STOP THIS PER FUSION, 

617
00:30:17,480 --> 00:30:19,360
THE VESSEL DOESN'T RELAX AS YOU 

618
00:30:19,360 --> 00:30:20,640
CAN SEE FROM THE PICTURES ON THE

619
00:30:20,640 --> 00:30:23,800
RIGHT.

620
00:30:23,800 --> 00:30:28,880
THIS INDICATES OPIODNURGIC MAY 

621
00:30:28,880 --> 00:30:31,440
HAVING SOMETHING TO DO WITH THE 

622
00:30:31,440 --> 00:30:33,200
VASO CONSTRICTION IN THE AREA.

623
00:30:33,200 --> 00:30:34,360
THE POSITIVE RESPONSES.

624
00:30:34,360 --> 00:30:36,120
HERE THE PICTURES ON THE LEFT 

625
00:30:36,120 --> 00:30:45,280
SHOWS A SET UP WE TRIED TO MAKE,

626
00:30:45,280 --> 00:30:50,240
ELECTROCHEMICAL MEASURES OF -- 

627
00:30:50,240 --> 00:30:53,720
USING A FULL SELL SETTING AND 

628
00:30:53,720 --> 00:30:56,480
FOLLOWED BY IN VIVO EXPERIMENT.

629
00:30:56,480 --> 00:30:58,880
THIS CAN BE DONE WITH FMRI, A 

630
00:30:58,880 --> 00:31:00,960
SIMPLE IDEA WHERE WE INTERWEAVE 

631
00:31:00,960 --> 00:31:04,320
THE RECORDING TO MAKE IT AWAY 

632
00:31:04,320 --> 00:31:09,080
FROM THE PULSES OR EPI GRADIENT 

633
00:31:09,080 --> 00:31:09,360
SWITCHING.

634
00:31:09,360 --> 00:31:11,000
WITH THIS APPROACH WE CAME BACK 

635
00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:12,880
TO OUR QUESTION WHICH IS WHAT IS

636
00:31:12,880 --> 00:31:16,640
THE UNDERLYING EVENTS THAT IS 

637
00:31:16,640 --> 00:31:27,040
HAPPENING WHEN WE DRIVE 

638
00:31:28,840 --> 00:31:30,280
DOPAENERGIC.

639
00:31:30,280 --> 00:31:32,040
YOU CAN SEE IN PANEL C ON THE 

640
00:31:32,040 --> 00:31:34,640
RIGHT, WE ARE INVOKING THE 

641
00:31:34,640 --> 00:31:37,520
POSITIVE FMRI RESPONSES THROUGH 

642
00:31:37,520 --> 00:31:43,960
THIS MANIPULATION AND WHEN WE 

643
00:31:43,960 --> 00:31:50,280
UNCOUPLE THIS WITH SPECK  -- WE 

644
00:31:50,280 --> 00:31:52,280
ARE SEEING INCREASING IN 

645
00:31:52,280 --> 00:31:52,600
DOPAMINE.

646
00:31:52,600 --> 00:31:55,360
IN THE CASES WE SAW THE NEGATIVE

647
00:31:55,360 --> 00:31:57,840
RESPONSES, STIM LATING THE 

648
00:31:57,840 --> 00:32:00,240
THALAMUS, WE ARE NOT SEEING 

649
00:32:00,240 --> 00:32:01,200
DOPAMINE CHANGES.

650
00:32:01,200 --> 00:32:02,920
THIS HIGHLIGHTS THE POTENTIAL 

651
00:32:02,920 --> 00:32:04,320
INVOLVEMENT OF THIS 

652
00:32:04,320 --> 00:32:05,920
NEUROCHEMICAL SIGNALS IN 

653
00:32:05,920 --> 00:32:08,360
DICTATING THE VASCULAR RESPONSE 

654
00:32:08,360 --> 00:32:08,840
OUTCOMES.

655
00:32:08,840 --> 00:32:10,200
AFTER HAVING THESE FINDINGS WE 

656
00:32:10,200 --> 00:32:12,200
ARE INTERESTED IN KNOWING IF 

657
00:32:12,200 --> 00:32:15,120
THERE ARE OTHER NEUROCHEMICALS 

658
00:32:15,120 --> 00:32:17,800
THAT DISASSOCIATE NEURONAL AND 

659
00:32:17,800 --> 00:32:18,800
VASCULAR RESPONSES.

660
00:32:18,800 --> 00:32:23,200
WE USED A TECHNIQUE HERE 

661
00:32:23,200 --> 00:32:27,560
SIMILAR, BUT WE CAN EXPRESS THE 

662
00:32:27,560 --> 00:32:32,920
RECEPTOR OF DESINDER DRUGS, 

663
00:32:32,920 --> 00:32:33,160
DREADD.

664
00:32:33,160 --> 00:32:35,040
THIS RECEPTOR RESPONDS TO A 

665
00:32:35,040 --> 00:32:39,200
SPECIFIC DREAADD ACTIVATOR.

666
00:32:39,200 --> 00:32:41,560
YOU CAN INJECT THE DRUGS AND 

667
00:32:41,560 --> 00:32:44,120
MODULATE THE CELL ACTIVITY IN 

668
00:32:44,120 --> 00:32:46,760
THE MORE CHRONIC FASHION.

669
00:32:46,760 --> 00:32:50,040
SO WE HAVE ACCESS TO THESE 

670
00:32:50,040 --> 00:32:51,520
ANIMALS, TRANSGENETIC MOUSE 

671
00:32:51,520 --> 00:32:56,920
LINES THAT HAS THE DREADD 

672
00:32:56,920 --> 00:33:00,160
RECEPTORS EXPRESSED IN THE 

673
00:33:00,160 --> 00:33:02,640
NEURONS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE 

674
00:33:02,640 --> 00:33:04,280
MAJORITY OF NOREPINEPHRINE IN 

675
00:33:04,280 --> 00:33:04,800
THE BRAIN.

676
00:33:04,800 --> 00:33:12,000
WE KNOW IT IS A NEUROMODULATOR 

677
00:33:12,000 --> 00:33:18,200
AND A GOOD VASO CONSTRICTOR.

678
00:33:18,200 --> 00:33:20,320
WE EXPANDED THIS INTO THREE 

679
00:33:20,320 --> 00:33:20,640
BANDS.

680
00:33:20,640 --> 00:33:22,920
SO IN THE GREEN ZONE WE ARE 

681
00:33:22,920 --> 00:33:25,600
MEASURING THE NOREPINEPHRINE 

682
00:33:25,600 --> 00:33:29,760
RELEASE, IN THE RED LOCAL 

683
00:33:29,760 --> 00:33:32,360
NEURONAL ACTIVITIES, THE GRAY 

684
00:33:32,360 --> 00:33:36,560
ZONE WE ARE USING A RED DYE TO 

685
00:33:36,560 --> 00:33:38,560
MEASURE THE VASCULAR ACTIVITY AT

686
00:33:38,560 --> 00:33:39,360
THE SAME TIME.

687
00:33:39,360 --> 00:33:42,080
THIS EXPERIMENT YOU CAN SEE THE 

688
00:33:42,080 --> 00:33:45,400
RED VERTICAL BAR IS WHEN WE 

689
00:33:45,400 --> 00:33:48,560
INJECTED DREADD.

690
00:33:48,560 --> 00:33:51,640
SEE INCREASES IN CELL SPIKING 

691
00:33:51,640 --> 00:33:54,200
ACTIVITIES, CALCIUM ACTIVITIES 

692
00:33:54,200 --> 00:33:55,400
AND DECREASE IN BLOOD VOLUME.

693
00:33:55,400 --> 00:33:57,840
THIS IS A DISASSOCIATION BETWEEN

694
00:33:57,840 --> 00:34:00,400
THE NEURONAL ACTIVITY, COMPARED 

695
00:34:00,400 --> 00:34:02,960
TO THE EXPECTED NEURONAL AND 

696
00:34:02,960 --> 00:34:05,480
VASCULAR RELATIONSHIPS.

697
00:34:05,480 --> 00:34:09,280
SO AGAIN THESE FINDINGS WERE 

698
00:34:09,280 --> 00:34:10,720
CORROBORATED BY THE FMRI 

699
00:34:10,720 --> 00:34:11,080
OUTCOMES.

700
00:34:11,080 --> 00:34:12,680
I'M NOT GOING TO GO INTO THE 

701
00:34:12,680 --> 00:34:17,720
DETAIL HERE, BUT THE DREADD 

702
00:34:17,720 --> 00:34:20,440
MODLATOR CAN SUPPRESS THE CVV 

703
00:34:20,440 --> 00:34:23,360
CHANGES IN THE BRAIN AND 

704
00:34:23,360 --> 00:34:25,360
DOWNSTREAM NETWORK MODULATIONS.

705
00:34:25,360 --> 00:34:28,960
TO SUM UP, FMRI COUPLED WITH 

706
00:34:28,960 --> 00:34:30,200
NEURAL STIMULATION AND RECORDING

707
00:34:30,200 --> 00:34:33,440
TOOLS IN ANIMALS CAN GIVE US THE

708
00:34:33,440 --> 00:34:35,400
OPPORTUNITY TO DO MECHANICISTIC 

709
00:34:35,400 --> 00:34:37,040
STUDIES DIFFICULT TO IMPLEMENT 

710
00:34:37,040 --> 00:34:38,560
IN HUMAN SUBJECTS.

711
00:34:38,560 --> 00:34:42,480
THE HEMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS ARE 

712
00:34:42,480 --> 00:34:46,680
CONSISTENT ACROSS SEVERAL 

713
00:34:46,680 --> 00:34:48,200
CORTICAL REGIONS, HOWEVER THIS 

714
00:34:48,200 --> 00:34:49,600
RELATIONSHIP MIGHT NOT HOLD IN 

715
00:34:49,600 --> 00:34:52,160
SOME BRAIN REGIONS, FOR EXAMPLE 

716
00:34:52,160 --> 00:35:02,400
THE STRIATUM.

717
00:35:04,120 --> 00:35:06,400
WITH THE NEURAL ACTIVITIES IN 

718
00:35:06,400 --> 00:35:16,720
THE STRIATUM AND DOWNSTREAM 

719
00:35:16,720 --> 00:35:19,120
OPIODERGIC SIGNALLING RELATED TO

720
00:35:19,120 --> 00:35:22,920
NEGATIVE FMRI RESPONSES.

721
00:35:22,920 --> 00:35:26,520
NOREPINEPHRINE IS A STRONG 

722
00:35:26,520 --> 00:35:33,200
MODULATOR AND VASO CONSTRICTOR.

723
00:35:33,200 --> 00:35:38,000
DECREASE IN HEMO DYNAMIC FMRI 

724
00:35:38,000 --> 00:35:39,840
MEASURES DOES NOT NECESSARILY 

725
00:35:39,840 --> 00:35:42,000
TRANSLATE TO A SUPPRESSION OF 

726
00:35:42,000 --> 00:35:50,280
NURNL AL  -- NEURONAL ACTIVITY.

727
00:35:50,280 --> 00:35:53,680
A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE 

728
00:35:53,680 --> 00:35:57,840
FMRI SIGNAL HAVING THIS READ AND

729
00:35:57,840 --> 00:36:00,360
WRITE ABILITY WILL HELP BRIDGE 

730
00:36:00,360 --> 00:36:01,240
INFORMATION ACROSS TEMPORAL 

731
00:36:01,240 --> 00:36:05,720
SCALES AND SOMETIMES ACROSS 

732
00:36:05,720 --> 00:36:06,280
MODALITIES.

733
00:36:06,280 --> 00:36:10,120
PEOPLE WHOSE NAMES ARE 

734
00:36:10,120 --> 00:36:14,000
HIGHLIGHTED DID THE HARD WORK.

735
00:36:14,000 --> 00:36:15,240
WE THANK YOU NIH AND WE THANK 

736
00:36:15,240 --> 00:36:17,000
YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION.

737
00:36:17,000 --> 00:36:22,360
>>ANY QUESTIONS?

738
00:36:22,360 --> 00:36:23,680
I GUESS I WILL START.

739
00:36:23,680 --> 00:36:25,800
I THINK THAT IS QUITE 

740
00:36:25,800 --> 00:36:28,200
INTERESTING YOUR RESPONSES IN 

741
00:36:28,200 --> 00:36:31,400
THE STRIATUM FOR NEUROVASCULAR 

742
00:36:31,400 --> 00:36:34,120
COUPLING IS DIFFERENT FOR THE 

743
00:36:34,120 --> 00:36:34,480
CORTEX.

744
00:36:34,480 --> 00:36:37,000
DO YOU HAVE ANY IDEA BECAUSE OF 

745
00:36:37,000 --> 00:36:38,520
THE NEUROTRANSMITTER INVOLVEMENT

746
00:36:38,520 --> 00:36:40,640
OR NEUROVASCULAR ANATOMICAL 

747
00:36:40,640 --> 00:36:41,000
REASON?

748
00:36:41,000 --> 00:36:41,840
>>YEAH.

749
00:36:41,840 --> 00:36:47,040
SO THE AREA HAVE VERY DIFFERENT 

750
00:36:47,040 --> 00:36:47,840
ANATOMICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE 

751
00:36:47,840 --> 00:36:52,160
CELL TYPES AN DENSITY IN THE 

752
00:36:52,160 --> 00:36:53,680
CEREBRAL CORTEX.

753
00:36:53,680 --> 00:36:55,240
VASCULAR IS A LOT DIFFERENT.

754
00:36:55,240 --> 00:36:57,280
THERE IS A LOT OF WORK THAT 

755
00:36:57,280 --> 00:36:58,800
NEEDS TO BE DONE TO FURTHER 

756
00:36:58,800 --> 00:37:00,080
DISSECT THE INFORMATION WE HAVE 

757
00:37:00,080 --> 00:37:00,680
DONE.

758
00:37:00,680 --> 00:37:02,120
AGAIN, THIS IS GOING TO BE A 

759
00:37:02,120 --> 00:37:03,600
LONG JOURNEY TO FIGURE OUT, WE 

760
00:37:03,600 --> 00:37:06,360
HAVE TO HAVE THE ABILITY TO 

761
00:37:06,360 --> 00:37:07,720
CONTROL EACH FACTOR.

762
00:37:07,720 --> 00:37:11,920
AND PROBABLY TO ASK WHICH IS 

763
00:37:11,920 --> 00:37:14,440
NECESSITY FOR EACH TO GENERATE A

764
00:37:14,440 --> 00:37:16,240
SIGNAL AND THAT IS WHAT WE ARE 

765
00:37:16,240 --> 00:37:24,760
STILL ACTIVELY PURSUING.

766
00:37:24,760 --> 00:37:26,480
>>THAT IS GREAT WORK.

767
00:37:26,480 --> 00:37:28,920
OBVIOUSLY, TO LOOK AT THE 

768
00:37:28,920 --> 00:37:30,800
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FMRI 

769
00:37:30,800 --> 00:37:34,960
SIGNAL AND NEUROTRANSMISSION, 

770
00:37:34,960 --> 00:37:36,520
THAT IS -- FOR UNDERSTANDING OF 

771
00:37:36,520 --> 00:37:39,000
THE SIGNAL.

772
00:37:39,000 --> 00:37:41,160
NOW MOST OF THE WORK IS ON THE 

773
00:37:41,160 --> 00:37:41,400
SUBJECTS.

774
00:37:41,400 --> 00:37:43,680
WHAT IS FOR THE POPULATION, 

775
00:37:43,680 --> 00:37:44,200
DISEASE POPULATION, WHAT 

776
00:37:44,200 --> 00:37:45,600
HAPPENED?

777
00:37:45,600 --> 00:37:46,680
>>YEAH.

778
00:37:46,680 --> 00:37:49,600
WE HAVEN'T HONESTLY GOTTEN INTO 

779
00:37:49,600 --> 00:37:51,440
THE DISEASE MODEL JUST YET.

780
00:37:51,440 --> 00:37:52,880
THERE ARE ALREADY A WHOLE LOT OF

781
00:37:52,880 --> 00:37:54,240
THINGS THAT NEED TO BE BROUGHT 

782
00:37:54,240 --> 00:37:55,840
BACK TO THE FIRST QUESTION, 

783
00:37:55,840 --> 00:37:57,520
THERE ARE SO MANY THINGS WE NEED

784
00:37:57,520 --> 00:37:59,480
TO STUDY IN THE HEALTHY 

785
00:37:59,480 --> 00:37:59,760
CONDITION.

786
00:37:59,760 --> 00:38:01,760
I THINK WE NEED TO TAKE STEP BY 

787
00:38:01,760 --> 00:38:04,400
STEP AND OBVIOUSLY, THERE ARE 

788
00:38:04,400 --> 00:38:08,920
MANY DISORDERS WHERE THE 

789
00:38:08,920 --> 00:38:15,760
OPIOIDERGIC AND DOPAMINEERGIC 

790
00:38:15,760 --> 00:38:16,560
HAS BEEN AFFECTED.

791
00:38:16,560 --> 00:38:19,200
IN SOME OF THE EXPERIMENTS, THE 

792
00:38:19,200 --> 00:38:21,600
PILOT EXPERIMENT WE DID IN SORT 

793
00:38:21,600 --> 00:38:25,560
OF PARKINSON'S MIMICRY OF A 

794
00:38:25,560 --> 00:38:28,520
MOUSE MODEL, WE COULD SEE R 

795
00:38:28,520 --> 00:38:29,880
VERY, VERY BIG DIFFERENCES IN 

796
00:38:29,880 --> 00:38:32,280
THE DOPAMINE IN TERMS OF THE 

797
00:38:32,280 --> 00:38:32,560
RESPONSES.

798
00:38:32,560 --> 00:38:34,400
IT IS AN INTERESTING LINE TO 

799
00:38:34,400 --> 00:38:43,080
PURSUE FURTHER.

800
00:38:43,080 --> 00:38:44,800
[ INAUDIBLE ]

801
00:38:44,800 --> 00:38:45,320
>>SORRY.

802
00:38:45,320 --> 00:38:46,560
I CAN'T HEAR YOU.

803
00:38:46,560 --> 00:38:47,480
>>PROBABLY YOU WANT TO
USE THE 

804
00:38:47,480 --> 00:38:53,680
MICROPHONE.

805
00:38:53,680 --> 00:39:00,440
>>ARE THESE RESULTS
RECORDING 

806
00:39:00,440 --> 00:39:00,880
RESTING STATE?

807
00:39:00,880 --> 00:39:02,480
>>SOME OF THE EXPERIMENTS
I 

808
00:39:02,480 --> 00:39:04,080
SHARE WITH YOU WERE DONE IN THE 

809
00:39:04,080 --> 00:39:05,680
RESTING STATE SETTING.

810
00:39:05,680 --> 00:39:07,520
SOME WERE STIMULUS INVOKED 

811
00:39:07,520 --> 00:39:07,880
RESPONSES.

812
00:39:07,880 --> 00:39:10,080
THIS COULD BE DONE BOTH WAYS.

813
00:39:10,080 --> 00:39:14,120
>>AND ALSO FOR THE
NEGATIVE 

814
00:39:14,120 --> 00:39:17,360
RESPONSE, I SAW FOR THE SPATIAL 

815
00:39:17,360 --> 00:39:19,080
PATTERNS THERE IS SOME POSITIVE 

816
00:39:19,080 --> 00:39:20,680
RESPONSE VERY CLOSE TO IT.

817
00:39:20,680 --> 00:39:23,840
ARE THESE TWO MIGHT BE RELATED?

818
00:39:23,840 --> 00:39:25,360
LIKE EXAMINE THE RELATIONSHIP?

819
00:39:25,360 --> 00:39:26,200
>>RIGHT.

820
00:39:26,200 --> 00:39:28,280
THERE ARE SOME EXPERIMENTS THAT 

821
00:39:28,280 --> 00:39:32,160
WE, INDEED, SAW THE POSITIVE 

822
00:39:32,160 --> 00:39:32,440
RESPONSES.

823
00:39:32,440 --> 00:39:35,040
OBVIOUSLY, FOR EXAMPLE, WHEN WE 

824
00:39:35,040 --> 00:39:40,000
TRIED THE DOPAMENERGIC 

825
00:39:40,000 --> 00:39:40,280
RESPONSES.

826
00:39:40,280 --> 00:39:41,680
WE ARE SEEING A POCKET OF 

827
00:39:41,680 --> 00:39:43,920
RESPONSE IN THIS AREA THAT COMES

828
00:39:43,920 --> 00:39:45,720
WITH SURROUNDING NEGATIVE 

829
00:39:45,720 --> 00:39:45,960
SIGNALS.

830
00:39:45,960 --> 00:39:47,840
THAT IS AN INTERESTING PATTERN 

831
00:39:47,840 --> 00:39:49,600
WE NEED TO STUDY.

832
00:39:49,600 --> 00:39:52,840
TO SOME EXTENT WE ARE WORRIED 

833
00:39:52,840 --> 00:39:55,160
ABOUT POTENTIAL HEAT RELATED 

834
00:39:55,160 --> 00:39:55,600
COMPOUNDS.

835
00:39:55,600 --> 00:39:57,840
WHEN WE DELIVER LIGHT INTO THE 

836
00:39:57,840 --> 00:40:00,280
LOCAL AREA, MRI IS QUITE 

837
00:40:00,280 --> 00:40:02,680
SENSITIVE TO THOSE TEMPERATURE 

838
00:40:02,680 --> 00:40:04,080
RELATED SIGNAL CHANGES THAT 

839
00:40:04,080 --> 00:40:06,320
COULD CREATE A SIGNALLING 

840
00:40:06,320 --> 00:40:06,840
PATTERN.

841
00:40:06,840 --> 00:40:10,000
WE DON'T KNOW IF THAT IS 

842
00:40:10,000 --> 00:40:11,640
VASCULAR RELATED.

843
00:40:11,640 --> 00:40:16,440
THAT IS WHY WE WENT ON FOR 

844
00:40:16,440 --> 00:40:17,680
PHOTOMETRY TO CIRCUMVENT 

845
00:40:17,680 --> 00:40:17,920
PROBLEMS.

846
00:40:17,920 --> 00:40:18,720
>>OKAY.

847
00:40:18,720 --> 00:40:19,080
THANK YOU.

848
00:40:19,080 --> 00:40:23,320
>>ANY OTHER QUESTIONS?

849
00:40:23,320 --> 00:40:23,520
OKAY.

850
00:40:23,520 --> 00:40:24,000
THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

851
00:40:24,000 --> 00:40:24,240
>>YEAH.

852
00:40:24,240 --> 00:40:27,960
[ APPLAUSE ]

853
00:40:27,960 --> 00:40:29,720
>>ALL RIGHT.

854
00:40:29,720 --> 00:40:32,360
THE SECOND SPEAKER OF THE 

855
00:40:32,360 --> 00:40:36,800
SESSION IS DR. HANBING LU FROM 

856
00:40:36,800 --> 00:40:38,040
NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG 

857
00:40:38,040 --> 00:40:38,280
ABUSE.

858
00:40:38,280 --> 00:40:41,640
HE IS TALKING ABOUT FOCAL TMS ON

859
00:40:41,640 --> 00:40:51,880
RODENT MODELS.

860
00:40:57,720 --> 00:40:58,960
>>GOOD MORNING.

861
00:40:58,960 --> 00:41:03,440
GOOD AFTERNOON.

862
00:41:03,440 --> 00:41:06,320
SO I GUESS I WOULD LIKE TO START

863
00:41:06,320 --> 00:41:09,320
BY THANKING THE ORGANIZERS FOR 

864
00:41:09,320 --> 00:41:11,600
ORGANIZING THIS WORKSHOP AND FOR

865
00:41:11,600 --> 00:41:12,240
THE OPPORTUNITY TO PRESENT OUR 

866
00:41:12,240 --> 00:41:15,040
WORK.

867
00:41:15,040 --> 00:41:17,520
SO MY TALK IS AS FOLLOWS.

868
00:41:17,520 --> 00:41:21,800
I WILL GIVE BRIEF BACKGROUND ON 

869
00:41:21,800 --> 00:41:23,360
TMS AND AN IMPORTANT QUESTION 

870
00:41:23,360 --> 00:41:26,800
WHICH I THOUGHT WAS IMPORTANT.

871
00:41:26,800 --> 00:41:33,880
WHY IS THE EFFICACY OF TMS AND 

872
00:41:33,880 --> 00:41:38,960
BACK TRANSLATION OF STUDIES.

873
00:41:38,960 --> 00:41:41,760
WE WILL TOUCH ON TRANSLATIONAL 

874
00:41:41,760 --> 00:41:43,280
WORK FOR MECHANICISM AND 

875
00:41:43,280 --> 00:41:53,080
EFFICACY OF TMS IS THE PURPOSE.

876
00:41:53,080 --> 00:41:53,840
THE "NEW YORK TIMES" RAN THIS 

877
00:41:53,840 --> 00:42:00,200
ARTICLE IN 2018, THE TITLE OF 

878
00:42:00,200 --> 00:42:02,320
THIS ARTICLE WAS ONE SON, FOUR 

879
00:42:02,320 --> 00:42:04,240
OVERDOSES, SIX HOURS.

880
00:42:04,240 --> 00:42:05,800
THE IMPACT OF ADDICTION TO THE 

881
00:42:05,800 --> 00:42:10,920
INDIVIDUALS.

882
00:42:10,920 --> 00:42:12,640
AND TO FAMILIES.

883
00:42:12,640 --> 00:42:15,600
SO CONVENTIONAL ADDICTION 

884
00:42:15,600 --> 00:42:20,600
TREATMENT IS BASED ON PHARMACO 

885
00:42:20,600 --> 00:42:24,680
THERAPY.

886
00:42:24,680 --> 00:42:26,440
THE NEUROIMAGING FAILED MANY 

887
00:42:26,440 --> 00:42:31,360
PEOPLE.

888
00:42:31,360 --> 00:42:40,720
BRAIN CIRCUITS INDICATED DRUG 

889
00:42:40,720 --> 00:42:47,000
ADDICTION IN THIS CASE 

890
00:42:47,000 --> 00:42:49,080
IMPLICATING COCAINE DEPENDENCY 

891
00:42:49,080 --> 00:42:50,680
THROUGHOUT MODELS.

892
00:42:50,680 --> 00:42:56,840
SO WE ARE ASKING WHAT IT CAN DO 

893
00:42:56,840 --> 00:43:00,640
WITH THIS.

894
00:43:00,640 --> 00:43:02,600
USING TMS HAS BEEN APPROVED BY 

895
00:43:02,600 --> 00:43:08,280
FDA FOR DEPRESSION TREATMENT AND

896
00:43:08,280 --> 00:43:09,720
IT IS 

897
00:43:09,720 --> 00:43:16,440
[INDISCERNIBLE] TMS WORKS BY 

898
00:43:16,440 --> 00:43:20,880
APPLYING VARIOUS 2,000 VOLTS 

899
00:43:20,880 --> 00:43:24,000
WHICH WILL GENERATE HIGH 

900
00:43:24,000 --> 00:43:25,880
MAGNETIC FIELD, 1.5 TESLA OR 

901
00:43:25,880 --> 00:43:28,040
HIGHER.

902
00:43:28,040 --> 00:43:30,160
STIMULATES THE BRAIN.

903
00:43:30,160 --> 00:43:35,680
WE ARE HOPING TO -- AND IT 

904
00:43:35,680 --> 00:43:36,640
FAILED TO APPLY TO ADDICTION 

905
00:43:36,640 --> 00:43:41,920
TREATMENT.

906
00:43:41,920 --> 00:43:48,800
MOST WIDELY USED IS REPETITIVE 

907
00:43:48,800 --> 00:43:49,520
TMS.

908
00:43:49,520 --> 00:43:52,160
IN THIS PROTOCOL FOUR SECOND OR 

909
00:43:52,160 --> 00:43:53,760
20 SECOND.

910
00:43:53,760 --> 00:43:58,640
DURING THE FOUR SECOND PERIOD 

911
00:43:58,640 --> 00:44:02,440
TMS IS APPLIED AT 10 HERTZ.

912
00:44:02,440 --> 00:44:07,960
THE OTHER ONE IS A TWO SECOND 

913
00:44:07,960 --> 00:44:08,840
ARM PERIOD.

914
00:44:08,840 --> 00:44:12,200
BURSTS OF A PULSE ARE REPEATED.

915
00:44:12,200 --> 00:44:15,600
IN THIS CASE EACH BURST CONSISTS

916
00:44:15,600 --> 00:44:19,080
OF THREE PULSES, SEPARATED BY 

917
00:44:19,080 --> 00:44:21,120
50HERTZ.

918
00:44:21,120 --> 00:44:24,920
THE INTERVAL IS 200 MILLISECOND 

919
00:44:24,920 --> 00:44:29,680
OR 5 HERTZ.

920
00:44:29,680 --> 00:44:36,600
THIS IS A FREQUENCY RANGE.

921
00:44:36,600 --> 00:44:44,160
#  FOR CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT 

922
00:44:44,160 --> 00:44:54,560
37.5 MINUTE PR SESSION.

923
00:44:55,160 --> 00:44:56,000
[INDISCERNIBLE] SO THIS IS 

924
00:44:56,000 --> 00:45:04,800
REALLY REMARKABLE TO ME.

925
00:45:04,800 --> 00:45:06,840
HOW GOOD ARE EFFICACY?

926
00:45:06,840 --> 00:45:13,600
IT IS RELATIVELY MODEST.

927
00:45:13,600 --> 00:45:17,840
SUGGESTING THE EMISSION RATE 15%

928
00:45:17,840 --> 00:45:18,080
HIGH.

929
00:45:18,080 --> 00:45:21,120
AND THE RESPONSE RATE ABOUT 18% 

930
00:45:21,120 --> 00:45:27,760
HIGHER.

931
00:45:27,760 --> 00:45:32,440
ACTIVE V. SHAM RTMS 

932
00:45:32,440 --> 00:45:34,600
[INDISCERNIBLE] HOW TMS WORKS.

933
00:45:34,600 --> 00:45:37,200
WE DON'T KNOW WHY SOME PATIENT 

934
00:45:37,200 --> 00:45:39,400
RESPOND WELL, SOME PATIENT NOT.

935
00:45:39,400 --> 00:45:41,240
THERE COULD BE MANY REASONS.

936
00:45:41,240 --> 00:45:45,440
SO I WAS THINKING ABOUT MAYBE WE

937
00:45:45,440 --> 00:45:47,280
SHOULD DO SOME ANIMAL WORK TO 

938
00:45:47,280 --> 00:45:50,280
BACK TRANSLATE USING THE ANIMAL 

939
00:45:50,280 --> 00:45:54,120
MODEL TO MIMIC TMS CONDITIONS.

940
00:45:54,120 --> 00:45:56,160
IN THIS CASE I THOUGHT IT WOULD 

941
00:45:56,160 --> 00:46:00,160
BE IMPORTANT.

942
00:46:00,160 --> 00:46:00,640
THE SECOND WOULD BE 

943
00:46:00,640 --> 00:46:11,400
[INDISCERNIBLE] THINK ABOUT THE 

944
00:46:11,400 --> 00:46:19,280
TMS MULTICORTICAL EACH PASS 

945
00:46:19,280 --> 00:46:22,080
EVOKING A SIGNAL.

946
00:46:22,080 --> 00:46:28,400
THE SIZE OF THE COIL TO PRODUCE 

947
00:46:28,400 --> 00:46:30,320
SINGLE TWITCHES.

948
00:46:30,320 --> 00:46:33,160
WAY MUCH DOWN FROM HERE, FROM 

949
00:46:33,160 --> 00:46:35,720
MONKEY TO RAT BRAIN THERE IS 

950
00:46:35,720 --> 00:46:41,200
TREMENDOUS DIFFERENCE.

951
00:46:41,200 --> 00:46:42,880
SO WE 

952
00:46:42,880 --> 00:46:53,560
[INDISCERNIBLE] SO ONE QUESTION 

953
00:46:53,560 --> 00:46:56,440
IS THE RAT BRAIN, A LARGER ONE, 

954
00:46:56,440 --> 00:46:58,120
REGARD TO BRAIN SIZE.

955
00:46:58,120 --> 00:47:02,680
SO THE ANSWER IS NO.

956
00:47:02,680 --> 00:47:04,880
1991 PUBLISHED THIS PAPER.

957
00:47:04,880 --> 00:47:15,360
IN THIS PAPER SIMULATE A 5 

958
00:47:16,080 --> 00:47:25,840
CENTIMETER COIL AND REDUCED BY 

959
00:47:25,840 --> 00:47:27,720
25 TIMES.

960
00:47:27,720 --> 00:47:28,680
[INDISCERNIBLE] A TREMENDOUS 

961
00:47:28,680 --> 00:47:35,240
CHALLENGE IN ELECTROMAGNETIC 

962
00:47:35,240 --> 00:47:45,360
STRESS.

963
00:47:45,680 --> 00:47:46,200
THIS IS STATE OF THE ART.

964
00:47:46,200 --> 00:47:51,200
BUT LOOKING HERE, IT IS VERY 

965
00:47:51,200 --> 00:47:51,680
DIFFICULT TO IMAGINE 

966
00:47:51,680 --> 00:47:55,640
[INDISCERNIBLE] SO WE WORK ON 

967
00:47:55,640 --> 00:47:56,960
THIS PROBLEM ON AND OFF FOR 

968
00:47:56,960 --> 00:47:59,640
QUITE A FEW YEARS AND TRY 

969
00:47:59,640 --> 00:48:01,840
DIFFERENT METHODS.

970
00:48:01,840 --> 00:48:03,280
EVENTUALLY RELATIVELY THE SAME 

971
00:48:03,280 --> 00:48:09,800
PER METHOD.

972
00:48:09,800 --> 00:48:11,760
IN THIS CASE INSTEAD OF MAKING 

973
00:48:11,760 --> 00:48:14,880
THE COIL PRETTY THIN, WE MADE 

974
00:48:14,880 --> 00:48:17,520
THE COIL THICK AND THEN WE PUT 

975
00:48:17,520 --> 00:48:20,840
IT IN MAGNETIC CORE IN THE 

976
00:48:20,840 --> 00:48:21,400
MIDDLE.

977
00:48:21,400 --> 00:48:25,760
THE MAGNETIC CORE CAN ENHANCE, 

978
00:48:25,760 --> 00:48:27,640
GUIDE, AND FOCUS TO THE BOTTOM 

979
00:48:27,640 --> 00:48:29,760
REGION HERE.

980
00:48:29,760 --> 00:48:33,200
SO THAT IS WAS KIND OF A 

981
00:48:33,200 --> 00:48:34,280
CONCEPTIONAL IDEA.

982
00:48:34,280 --> 00:48:37,880
THIS IS A COIL WE BUILT.

983
00:48:37,880 --> 00:48:40,200
THIS IS CORE SIZE DISABILITY 

984
00:48:40,200 --> 00:48:43,120
MAYBE I CAN SAY.

985
00:48:43,120 --> 00:48:45,960
THIS IS FIRST PROTOTYPE COIL WE 

986
00:48:45,960 --> 00:48:46,280
BUILT.

987
00:48:46,280 --> 00:48:48,720
AND WE HAVE BUILT QUITE A FEW 

988
00:48:48,720 --> 00:48:49,000
AFTERWARDS.

989
00:48:49,000 --> 00:48:56,240
SO I WILL SHOW YOU ONE NICE 

990
00:48:56,240 --> 00:48:56,520
HERE.

991
00:48:56,520 --> 00:49:04,200
IN THIS MOUSE, YOU WILL NOTICE 

992
00:49:04,200 --> 00:49:14,720
THAT TMS -- SO IN THIS CASE TMS 

993
00:49:18,920 --> 00:49:24,360
CONNECT 

994
00:49:24,360 --> 00:49:34,640
[INDISCERNIBLE] 

995
00:49:46,240 --> 00:49:48,360
ANYWAY, IT IS A PROBLEM AND 

996
00:49:48,360 --> 00:49:49,520
UNFORTUNATELILY I WAITED TOO 

997
00:49:49,520 --> 00:49:59,280
MUCH TIME HERE.

998
00:49:59,280 --> 00:50:00,240
YEAH.

999
00:50:00,240 --> 00:50:04,000
ANYWAY, WHAT I CAN SAY IS WHEN 

1000
00:50:04,000 --> 00:50:06,440
TMS IS GIVEN, THIS BODY PART, 

1001
00:50:06,440 --> 00:50:06,680
THIS IDEA.

1002
00:50:06,680 --> 00:50:14,280
ANYWAY.

1003
00:50:14,280 --> 00:50:24,760
SO IT IS MORE EXCITING -- THE 

1004
00:50:32,160 --> 00:50:33,320
COIL AND THE POSITION IS 

1005
00:50:33,320 --> 00:50:34,360
CHALLENGING HERE.

1006
00:50:34,360 --> 00:50:37,200
IN THIS CASE WE COME UP WITH ONE

1007
00:50:37,200 --> 00:50:38,800
IDEA TO USE HEADPOST ON THE 

1008
00:50:38,800 --> 00:50:43,560
SCALP.

1009
00:50:43,560 --> 00:50:48,640
THE COIL GUIDE DESIGNED SO WE 

1010
00:50:48,640 --> 00:50:51,280
CAN PUT THE COIL TOWARDS THE 

1011
00:50:51,280 --> 00:50:53,720
TARGETED REGION IN RATS HERE.

1012
00:50:53,720 --> 00:51:00,760
SO THE COIL GUIDE IS DETACHABLE.

1013
00:51:00,760 --> 00:51:02,920
AND HERE IS THE COIL HERE.

1014
00:51:02,920 --> 00:51:08,800
AS YOU CAN IMAGINE, WE CAN THE 

1015
00:51:08,800 --> 00:51:17,480
COIL GUIDE IS THICKER TO WE CAN 

1016
00:51:17,480 --> 00:51:21,840
TARGET THE RIGHT REGIONS.

1017
00:51:21,840 --> 00:51:28,320
AGAIN, THE TMS CONDITIONS.

1018
00:51:28,320 --> 00:51:31,280
SO TYPICALLY MULTIVERSION IN 

1019
00:51:31,280 --> 00:51:41,440
[INDISCERNIBLE] YOU INPUT THE 

1020
00:51:41,440 --> 00:51:45,000
ELECTRODES INTO SPECIFIC MUSCLE 

1021
00:51:45,000 --> 00:51:47,320
AND THE RECORDING IS HERE.

1022
00:51:47,320 --> 00:51:51,000
THIS IS ONE PIECE OF DATA.

1023
00:51:51,000 --> 00:51:58,080
FROM ONE RAT.

1024
00:51:58,080 --> 00:52:03,320
[INDISCERNIBLE] WE CAN SAY THE 

1025
00:52:03,320 --> 00:52:10,160
MOTOR EVOKED POTENTIAL IS ONE 

1026
00:52:10,160 --> 00:52:11,960
MILLIMETER IS REDUCED 

1027
00:52:11,960 --> 00:52:12,280
DRAMATICALLY.

1028
00:52:12,280 --> 00:52:17,480
AND BASED ON THE EVIDENCE WE 

1029
00:52:17,480 --> 00:52:18,560
THINK IS HERE.

1030
00:52:18,560 --> 00:52:25,200
I WILL GIVE YOU AN EXAMPLE HERE.

1031
00:52:25,200 --> 00:52:35,720
[INDISCERNIBLE] UNFORTUNATELY, 

1032
00:52:39,480 --> 00:52:40,360
THE SONG IS NOT -- ANYWAY.

1033
00:52:40,360 --> 00:52:44,360
OKAY.

1034
00:52:44,360 --> 00:52:48,800
SEW THEN WE ASK THE QUESTION HOW

1035
00:52:48,800 --> 00:52:56,320
IS IT ACTIVATED BY TMS COIL.

1036
00:52:56,320 --> 00:53:04,880
IN THIS PART WE KIND OF USE 

1037
00:53:04,880 --> 00:53:09,640
GLUCOSE AS INDICATOR OF WHICH 

1038
00:53:09,640 --> 00:53:11,600
CORTICAL REJOON ACTIVATED BY 

1039
00:53:11,600 --> 00:53:13,240
TMS.

1040
00:53:13,240 --> 00:53:15,400
WE USED A FLUORESCENT INDICATOR.

1041
00:53:15,400 --> 00:53:21,080
IN THE IMAGING FIELD, THE 2NBDG 

1042
00:53:21,080 --> 00:53:22,840
WORKS.

1043
00:53:22,840 --> 00:53:27,760
IN THIS CASE IT IS GLUCOSE 

1044
00:53:27,760 --> 00:53:30,560
REPLACED WITH THE FLUORESCENT 

1045
00:53:30,560 --> 00:53:31,120
HERE.

1046
00:53:31,120 --> 00:53:35,040
OTHERWISE IT IS METABOLISM.

1047
00:53:35,040 --> 00:53:41,120
THIS IS FLUORESCENT ASSUMPTION.

1048
00:53:41,120 --> 00:53:47,560
THIS HAS BEEN APPLIED TO THE MAP

1049
00:53:47,560 --> 00:53:53,360
[INDISCERNIBLE] INCREASING 

1050
00:53:53,360 --> 00:53:56,160
UPTAKE WHICH YOU HAVE TO BE 

1051
00:53:56,160 --> 00:53:58,920
CAREFUL TO EMPHASIZE HERE.

1052
00:53:58,920 --> 00:54:01,840
WE USE A PRODUCT CODE DEVELOPED 

1053
00:54:01,840 --> 00:54:03,880
FROM THIS GROUP AND WE DID A 

1054
00:54:03,880 --> 00:54:14,440
HEAD IMPLANTATION, HABITUATION.

1055
00:54:16,720 --> 00:54:18,440
[INDISCERNIBLE] FOR ABOUT 20 

1056
00:54:18,440 --> 00:54:18,680
MINUTES.

1057
00:54:18,680 --> 00:54:29,080
TMS FOR 45 MINUTES AND 

1058
00:54:31,160 --> 00:54:37,280
[INDISCERNIBLE] I CHOSE THIS TO 

1059
00:54:37,280 --> 00:54:42,080
LOOK AT THIS REGION, THE 

1060
00:54:42,080 --> 00:54:43,240
DIFFERENT REGIONS I WILL SHOW 

1061
00:54:43,240 --> 00:54:50,440
YOU LATER.

1062
00:54:50,440 --> 00:54:54,480
YOU SEE THE ENHANCED REGION IN 

1063
00:54:54,480 --> 00:55:02,240
THIS REGION AND SOME WERE HERE.

1064
00:55:02,240 --> 00:55:03,000
AND 

1065
00:55:03,000 --> 00:55:10,800
[INDISCERNIBLE] THE SAME MODULE 

1066
00:55:10,800 --> 00:55:14,440
ON TOP.

1067
00:55:14,440 --> 00:55:21,360
SO THE SAME DATA 

1068
00:55:21,360 --> 00:55:26,960
[INDISCERNIBLE] THIS IS A 

1069
00:55:26,960 --> 00:55:28,200
PRIMARY MOTOR REGION.

1070
00:55:28,200 --> 00:55:35,160
THIS IS A PRIMARY -- SO IT 

1071
00:55:35,160 --> 00:55:36,720
COVERS THIS MUCH WE CAN CHECK 

1072
00:55:36,720 --> 00:55:47,000
OUT IN THE MAP.

1073
00:55:47,560 --> 00:55:51,600
WE DID 106% AND 110%.

1074
00:55:51,600 --> 00:55:59,160
ONE MILLIMETER APART.

1075
00:55:59,160 --> 00:56:04,320
IT IS SIGNIFICANT HERE, BUT 

1076
00:56:04,320 --> 00:56:06,960
OTHERWISE THERE WAS A 

1077
00:56:06,960 --> 00:56:12,240
MILLIMETERISH ACTIVATION HERE.

1078
00:56:12,240 --> 00:56:17,720
SO WITH THIS, ONE VERY NICE 

1079
00:56:17,720 --> 00:56:18,800
SIMULATION 

1080
00:56:18,800 --> 00:56:22,360
[INDISCERNIBLE] AND WHAT IN THIS

1081
00:56:22,360 --> 00:56:24,960
STUDY IS UNIQUE KIND OF 

1082
00:56:24,960 --> 00:56:30,760
CONSTRUCT A MODEL BASED ON 

1083
00:56:30,760 --> 00:56:32,800
NEURONAL ACTIVITIES IN THE 

1084
00:56:32,800 --> 00:56:35,520
CORTEX REGIONS.

1085
00:56:35,520 --> 00:56:40,080
A NICE DATABASE WITH THIS MODEL.

1086
00:56:40,080 --> 00:56:41,680
THE CELLS AND CONNECTIONS AND 

1087
00:56:41,680 --> 00:56:46,840
CELL TYPES AND SO ON.

1088
00:56:46,840 --> 00:56:49,080
WE DID TMS SIMULATION.

1089
00:56:49,080 --> 00:56:51,840
TMS ACTIVATED WITH LOWEST 

1090
00:56:51,840 --> 00:56:55,080
INTENSITY LAYER 5 PYRAMIDAL 

1091
00:56:55,080 --> 00:56:55,400
CELLS.

1092
00:56:55,400 --> 00:56:57,960
OUR DATA IS PRETTY MUCH 

1093
00:56:57,960 --> 00:57:06,160
SUPPORTED THE SIMULATIONS.

1094
00:57:06,160 --> 00:57:08,560
HOWEVER, IN THIS CASE 

1095
00:57:08,560 --> 00:57:15,320
FLUORESCENT DYE AND 

1096
00:57:15,320 --> 00:57:21,800
MICROINJECTION AND 

1097
00:57:21,800 --> 00:57:24,040
[INDISCERNIBLE] TRANSPORTED.

1098
00:57:24,040 --> 00:57:27,000
IT IS AN IMITATION THE CELL 

1099
00:57:27,000 --> 00:57:30,640
TAKES ON ABOUT 200MICRON BELOW 

1100
00:57:30,640 --> 00:57:39,520
SURFACE.

1101
00:57:39,520 --> 00:57:40,440
[INDISCERNIBLE] YOU CAN LOOK 

1102
00:57:40,440 --> 00:57:47,000
DEEP ON THE SURFACE.

1103
00:57:47,000 --> 00:57:50,320
TMS HAS VERY NICE FLUORESCENT 

1104
00:57:50,320 --> 00:57:53,200
RESPONSE, BUT HERE SEEMS NOT.

1105
00:57:53,200 --> 00:57:54,960
ANYWAY, SOME TECHNICAL 

1106
00:57:54,960 --> 00:58:01,240
QUESTIONS.

1107
00:58:01,240 --> 00:58:02,440
[INDISCERNIBLE] IN ANY CASE, 

1108
00:58:02,440 --> 00:58:04,720
THERE IS A LONG WAY TO GO TO 

1109
00:58:04,720 --> 00:58:09,120
UNDERSTAND WHAT TMS IS DOING.

1110
00:58:09,120 --> 00:58:13,360
SO IN CONCLUSION, I HOPE I HAVE 

1111
00:58:13,360 --> 00:58:17,960
GIVEN YOU SOME EVIDENCE TMS COIL

1112
00:58:17,960 --> 00:58:21,200
WITH RATS 

1113
00:58:21,200 --> 00:58:21,560
[INDISCERNIBLE].

1114
00:58:21,560 --> 00:58:24,720
ONE EVIDENCE MEP RECORDING AND 

1115
00:58:24,720 --> 00:58:30,240
GLUCOSE UPTAKE.

1116
00:58:30,240 --> 00:58:35,080
AND WE FOUND CELLS ACTIVATED BY 

1117
00:58:35,080 --> 00:58:35,280
TMS.

1118
00:58:35,280 --> 00:58:45,520
[INDISCERNIBLE] 

1119
00:58:45,960 --> 00:58:54,280
>>TREMENDOUS WORK IS
NEEDED FOR

1120
00:58:54,280 --> 00:58:55,360
TMS.

1121
00:58:55,360 --> 00:59:00,960
OUR RODENT TMS MODEL OFFERS 

1122
00:59:00,960 --> 00:59:04,360
CERTAIN DEGREE OF FACE VALIDITY.

1123
00:59:04,360 --> 00:59:07,000
I WILL SWITCH TO TALK ABOUT SOME

1124
00:59:07,000 --> 00:59:07,720
TRANSLATIONAL WORK.

1125
00:59:07,720 --> 00:59:10,080
IN THIS CASE, WE'LL ASK THE 

1126
00:59:10,080 --> 00:59:14,240
QUESTION, CAN WE ENHANCE THE 

1127
00:59:14,240 --> 00:59:17,720
EFFICACY WHILE MAINTAINED 

1128
00:59:17,720 --> 00:59:22,000
IDENTICAL TIME EFFICIENCY OF 

1129
00:59:22,000 --> 00:59:22,360
TBS?

1130
00:59:22,360 --> 00:59:25,800
SO EFFICACY IS MODEST.

1131
00:59:25,800 --> 00:59:27,720
SO THE QUESTION WE ARE TRYING TO

1132
00:59:27,720 --> 00:59:34,840
ASK, CAN WE ENHANCE THE EFFICACY

1133
00:59:34,840 --> 00:59:37,320
OF TIME EFFICIENCY TBS.

1134
00:59:37,320 --> 00:59:39,160
TO ANSWER THIS QUESTION, LET'S 

1135
00:59:39,160 --> 00:59:45,120
TAKE ONE STEP BACK.

1136
00:59:45,120 --> 00:59:50,920
WE ARE NOW 

1137
00:59:50,920 --> 00:59:52,200
[INDISCERNIBLE] AND 50 HERTZ.

1138
00:59:52,200 --> 00:59:59,800
SO WE ARE THINKING ABOUT ONE 

1139
00:59:59,800 --> 01:00:01,640
STEP BACK.

1140
01:00:01,640 --> 01:00:05,600
SO 

1141
01:00:05,600 --> 01:00:10,320
[INDISCERNIBLE] PATTERNED 

1142
01:00:10,320 --> 01:00:12,280
STIMULATION AT THE THETA 

1143
01:00:12,280 --> 01:00:13,960
FREQUENCY IS OPTIMAL FOR 

1144
01:00:13,960 --> 01:00:19,200
INDUCTION OF HIPPOCAMPAL 

1145
01:00:19,200 --> 01:00:24,120
LONG-TERM POTENIATION.

1146
01:00:24,120 --> 01:00:30,960
THIS GROUP APPLIED FOUR TO FIVE 

1147
01:00:30,960 --> 01:00:38,360
ELECTRICAL PULSES AT 100 HERTZ.

1148
01:00:38,360 --> 01:00:41,560
SO THESE PULSE PATTERNS.

1149
01:00:41,560 --> 01:00:44,960
100 HERTZ FOUR TO FIVE 

1150
01:00:44,960 --> 01:00:50,160
PULSE/BURST OF ELECTRICAL 

1151
01:00:50,160 --> 01:00:50,880
STIMULATION.

1152
01:00:50,880 --> 01:00:57,120
TMS GIVEN 50 HERTZ.

1153
01:00:57,120 --> 01:01:01,160
SO WE -- TO PUT IT THIS WAY, I 

1154
01:01:01,160 --> 01:01:07,040
DO NOT SAY ANY SCIENTIFIC 

1155
01:01:07,040 --> 01:01:08,320
JUSTIFICATION THAT THREE PULSE 

1156
01:01:08,320 --> 01:01:13,320
AT 50 HERTZ IS BEST.

1157
01:01:13,320 --> 01:01:19,360
YOU CAN INDUCE PLASTICITY.

1158
01:01:19,360 --> 01:01:23,440
WHAT ABOUT FOUR PLULS, FIVE 

1159
01:01:23,440 --> 01:01:24,480
PULSE, SIX PULSE BURST.

1160
01:01:24,480 --> 01:01:25,640
WHAT IS GOING TO HAPPEN?

1161
01:01:25,640 --> 01:01:28,960
WE DEVELOPED A MACHINE THAT CAN 

1162
01:01:28,960 --> 01:01:32,920
DELIVER UP TO SIX PULSE PER 

1163
01:01:32,920 --> 01:01:33,880
PERSON.

1164
01:01:33,880 --> 01:01:38,440
YOU CAN REACH 4,3500 AMPS AND 

1165
01:01:38,440 --> 01:01:44,520
2,000 VOLTS.

1166
01:01:44,520 --> 01:01:45,360
SIX PULSES.

1167
01:01:45,360 --> 01:01:51,680
WE ARE FIXING AT SIX.

1168
01:01:51,680 --> 01:01:52,720
WE USE THE SAME 

1169
01:01:52,720 --> 01:01:54,200
[INDISCERNIBLE] IN THIS CASE.

1170
01:01:54,200 --> 01:02:01,520
WE MEASURE THE POTENTIAL AND 

1171
01:02:01,520 --> 01:02:08,240
CONDITION SO THREE OR FIVE OR 

1172
01:02:08,240 --> 01:02:10,080
FIVE OR SIX PULSE.

1173
01:02:10,080 --> 01:02:11,760
THE AFTER EFFECTS AT DIFFERENT 

1174
01:02:11,760 --> 01:02:12,720
TIME POINTS.

1175
01:02:12,720 --> 01:02:15,200
WE WILL COMPARE TO THE RESPONSE 

1176
01:02:15,200 --> 01:02:17,560
UNDER THESE CONDITIONS.

1177
01:02:17,560 --> 01:02:22,400
AND THE RESULT IS HERE.

1178
01:02:22,400 --> 01:02:25,840
SO THIS TEST AND COMPARISONS SO 

1179
01:02:25,840 --> 01:02:27,640
WE ARE COMFORTABLE WITH THE 

1180
01:02:27,640 --> 01:02:28,520
FINDINGS HERE.

1181
01:02:28,520 --> 01:02:31,720
WE FOUND SIX PULSE IS 

1182
01:02:31,720 --> 01:02:33,800
SIGNIFICANT HIGHER PONCE THAN 

1183
01:02:33,800 --> 01:02:36,120
FOUR OR THREE AND FIVE IS 

1184
01:02:36,120 --> 01:02:41,040
SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN THREE.

1185
01:02:41,040 --> 01:02:43,960
HOW MUCH?

1186
01:02:43,960 --> 01:02:44,360
50%.

1187
01:02:44,360 --> 01:02:48,480
SO WE ARE VERY EXCITED ABOUT 

1188
01:02:48,480 --> 01:02:49,240
THIS FUNDING.

1189
01:02:49,240 --> 01:02:52,560
WE ARE HOPING WE CAN APPLY THIS 

1190
01:02:52,560 --> 01:02:53,880
TO HUMANS.

1191
01:02:53,880 --> 01:02:58,040
AND WITH THAT, I HOPE I CAN 

1192
01:02:58,040 --> 01:02:59,480
CONVINCE -- DELIVER THIS MESSAGE

1193
01:02:59,480 --> 01:03:00,200
TO YOU.

1194
01:03:00,200 --> 01:03:03,600
WE DEVELOP A NEW PARADIGM CALLED

1195
01:03:03,600 --> 01:03:14,120
A HIGH DENSITY TEST, WHICH HAS 

1196
01:03:14,120 --> 01:03:17,760
ENHANCED EFFICACY OF 50%.

1197
01:03:17,760 --> 01:03:21,600
SO FURTHER STUDY IS NEEDED TO 

1198
01:03:21,600 --> 01:03:23,400
POTENTIAL FOR THIS PARADIGM AND 

1199
01:03:23,400 --> 01:03:33,320
ACTIVELY PURSUE THIS LINE.

1200
01:03:33,320 --> 01:03:34,960
THESE ARE THE PEOPLE WITH WHICH 

1201
01:03:34,960 --> 01:03:41,080
I COLLABORATED.

1202
01:03:41,080 --> 01:03:46,320
THIS PROJECT INVOLVED A LOT OF 

1203
01:03:46,320 --> 01:03:49,480
PEOPLE AND I WOULD LIKE TO 

1204
01:03:49,480 --> 01:03:50,320
MENTION THEM.

1205
01:03:50,320 --> 01:03:59,040
THIS WAS SUPPORTED BY NIDA, IRP.

1206
01:03:59,040 --> 01:04:01,600
MANY GOOD PROJECTS HAVE A 

1207
01:04:01,600 --> 01:04:03,840
HYPOTHESIS TO START WITH AND NO 

1208
01:04:03,840 --> 01:04:05,440
PRELIMINARY DATA TO START WITH.

1209
01:04:05,440 --> 01:04:07,600
IT IS VERY DIFFICULT TO GET 

1210
01:04:07,600 --> 01:04:11,320
FUNDED.

1211
01:04:11,320 --> 01:04:15,920
I REALLY APPRECIATE IT.

1212
01:04:15,920 --> 01:04:26,360
[INDISCERNIBLE] I HAVE HAD 

1213
01:04:26,840 --> 01:04:27,200
TREMENDOUS SUPPORT.

1214
01:04:27,200 --> 01:04:28,040
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION.

1215
01:04:28,040 --> 01:04:34,280
[ APPLAUSE ]

1216
01:04:34,280 --> 01:04:35,000
>>ALL RIGHT.

1217
01:04:35,000 --> 01:04:36,200
OPEN FOR QUESTIONS.

1218
01:04:36,200 --> 01:04:37,440
YOU CAN USE THE MICROPHONE OVER 

1219
01:04:37,440 --> 01:04:40,880
THERE.

1220
01:04:40,880 --> 01:04:42,480
>>I'LL ASK A QUESTION.

1221
01:04:42,480 --> 01:04:44,600
VERY IMPRESSIVE LATERAL 

1222
01:04:44,600 --> 01:04:44,880
RESOLUTION.

1223
01:04:44,880 --> 01:04:47,120
DO YOU HAVE ANY IDEA WHAT THE 

1224
01:04:47,120 --> 01:04:48,560
AXIAL RESOLUTION OF YOUR COIL 

1225
01:04:48,560 --> 01:04:49,000
IS?

1226
01:04:49,000 --> 01:04:50,360
HOW DEEP DOES THE FIELD GO?

1227
01:04:50,360 --> 01:04:53,000
>>THAT IS A GOOD
QUESTION.

1228
01:04:53,000 --> 01:04:55,640
THAT IS MORE DEPENDING ON HOW 

1229
01:04:55,640 --> 01:04:58,360
MUCH POWER YOU ARE GIVEN.

1230
01:04:58,360 --> 01:05:04,000
THAT IS VERY TRICKY TO -- IT IS 

1231
01:05:04,000 --> 01:05:04,960
KIND OF VERY HARD QUESTION TO 

1232
01:05:04,960 --> 01:05:07,840
ANSWER.

1233
01:05:07,840 --> 01:05:15,560
AND WE HAVE SORT OF DATA -- 

1234
01:05:15,560 --> 01:05:18,360
LARGE TECHNIQUE TO METHODS 

1235
01:05:18,360 --> 01:05:22,800
SIMILAR TO MAPPING.

1236
01:05:22,800 --> 01:05:23,720
[INDISCERNIBLE] YOU COULD GIVE 

1237
01:05:23,720 --> 01:05:27,560
140% OF POWER YOU COULD REACH 

1238
01:05:27,560 --> 01:05:27,960
[INDISCERNIBLE]. 

1239
01:05:27,960 --> 01:05:37,840
>>OKAY.

1240
01:05:37,840 --> 01:05:38,800
[INDISCERNIBLE] 

1241
01:05:38,800 --> 01:05:42,960
>>YES.

1242
01:05:42,960 --> 01:05:46,320
>>WITH THE SIX PULSES, DO
YOU 

1243
01:05:46,320 --> 01:05:50,440
THINK THERE COULD BE LIMITATION 

1244
01:05:50,440 --> 01:05:52,040
IN HEATING THE COIL IN HUMAN?

1245
01:05:52,040 --> 01:06:02,520
>>THAT IS A GOOD
QUESTION.

1246
01:06:03,920 --> 01:06:09,720
[INDISCERNIBLE] 

1247
01:06:09,720 --> 01:06:10,760
PRETTY GOOD.

1248
01:06:10,760 --> 01:06:15,920
IN OUR ANIMAL STUDIES WE 

1249
01:06:15,920 --> 01:06:19,560
BASICALLY GAVE DRY ICE ON TOP 

1250
01:06:19,560 --> 01:06:21,360
AND -- THE COIL.

1251
01:06:21,360 --> 01:06:28,120
WHEN THAT IS THE CASE, WE GAVE 

1252
01:06:28,120 --> 01:06:31,640
ONE SESSION -- FOR 200 SECONDS, 

1253
01:06:31,640 --> 01:06:35,960
THERE IS NO PROBLEM.

1254
01:06:35,960 --> 01:06:37,200
HUMAN TMS, WE WOULD HAVE TO TEST

1255
01:06:37,200 --> 01:06:39,440
IT.

1256
01:06:39,440 --> 01:06:41,280
I THINK IT SHOULD WORK.

1257
01:06:41,280 --> 01:06:41,480
YEAH.

1258
01:06:41,480 --> 01:06:45,640
THANK YOU.

1259
01:06:45,640 --> 01:06:47,320
>>THANK YOU FOR YOUR 

1260
01:06:47,320 --> 01:06:47,840
INTERESTING TALK.

1261
01:06:47,840 --> 01:06:49,960
I HAVE TWO QUESTIONS.

1262
01:06:49,960 --> 01:06:55,040
ONE IS DOES THE USE OF THIS CORE

1263
01:06:55,040 --> 01:06:56,960
CHANGE THE DEPTH FOCALITY TRAIT 

1264
01:06:56,960 --> 01:06:59,040
OR THE SAME AS YOU WOULD 

1265
01:06:59,040 --> 01:07:00,760
OTHERWISE SEE FOR A ROUND COIL, 

1266
01:07:00,760 --> 01:07:02,880
JUST THAT IT IS VERY FOCAL?

1267
01:07:02,880 --> 01:07:05,560
SO WHEN YOU PLOT DEPTH VERSUS 

1268
01:07:05,560 --> 01:07:07,880
FOCALITY, WOULD YOU SEE THE SAME

1269
01:07:07,880 --> 01:07:11,560
TRAIT WHEN YOU SCALE YOUR IRON 

1270
01:07:11,560 --> 01:07:11,960
CORE?

1271
01:07:11,960 --> 01:07:14,400
IS IT BETTER OR A VERY FOCAL 

1272
01:07:14,400 --> 01:07:15,600
VERSION OF BOTH?

1273
01:07:15,600 --> 01:07:18,200
AND THE SECOND QUESTION IS IRON 

1274
01:07:18,200 --> 01:07:21,040
CORES TEND TO SEPARATE FOR VERY 

1275
01:07:21,040 --> 01:07:22,240
HIGH FIELD STRENGTH.

1276
01:07:22,240 --> 01:07:24,560
DO YOU SEE CHANGES OF THE PULSE 

1277
01:07:24,560 --> 01:07:25,880
SHAPE WHEN YOU GO TO HIGHER 

1278
01:07:25,880 --> 01:07:30,000
INTENSITIES?

1279
01:07:30,000 --> 01:07:32,280
OF THE ELECTRICAL FIELD OF PULSE

1280
01:07:32,280 --> 01:07:32,680
SHAPE.

1281
01:07:32,680 --> 01:07:35,160
>>THIS IS REALLY GOOD,
VERY 

1282
01:07:35,160 --> 01:07:38,160
DEEP ENGINEERING AND PHYSICS 

1283
01:07:38,160 --> 01:07:38,440
QUESTIONS.

1284
01:07:38,440 --> 01:07:48,600
THANK YOU.

1285
01:07:50,000 --> 01:08:00,240
[INDISCERNIBLE] 

1286
01:08:02,680 --> 01:08:05,600
A CERTAIN RANGE YOU CAN GO.

1287
01:08:05,600 --> 01:08:15,960
SO, YES, IN OUR CASE, 

1288
01:08:16,960 --> 01:08:18,480
[INDISCERNIBLE] YOU FEEL THE 

1289
01:08:18,480 --> 01:08:20,960
PULSE SHAPE.

1290
01:08:20,960 --> 01:08:28,040
WHEN WE GIVE VERY HIGH 

1291
01:08:28,040 --> 01:08:38,520
[INDISCERNIBLE] JO THE PULSE 

1292
01:08:41,000 --> 01:08:42,920
PATTERN IS DIFFERENT FROM THE 

1293
01:08:42,920 --> 01:08:46,920
REGULAR ONES.

1294
01:08:46,920 --> 01:08:49,160
IT IS A MAJOR ISSUE WITH RESULT 

1295
01:08:49,160 --> 01:08:57,320
OF COIL SO THICK.

1296
01:08:57,320 --> 01:09:03,240
THE TOP -- I DID NOT MENTION 

1297
01:09:03,240 --> 01:09:03,440
THAT.

1298
01:09:03,440 --> 01:09:03,720
THE COIL -- 

1299
01:09:03,720 --> 01:09:14,000
[INDISCERNIBLE] 

1300
01:09:47,680 --> 01:09:50,240
>>WE CAN DISCUSS MORE.

1301
01:09:50,240 --> 01:09:51,240
>>THANK YOU.

1302
01:09:51,240 --> 01:09:52,920
>>THANK YOU.

1303
01:09:52,920 --> 01:09:53,480
[ APPLAUSE ]

1304
01:09:53,480 --> 01:09:57,120
>>ALL RIGHT.

1305
01:09:57,120 --> 01:09:58,400
THANKS, HANBING.

1306
01:09:58,400 --> 01:10:01,160
OUR NEXT SPEAKER IS JAN KUBANEK 

1307
01:10:01,160 --> 01:10:02,320
FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF UTAH 

1308
01:10:02,320 --> 01:10:05,200
TALKING ABOUT THE MECHANISMS OF 

1309
01:10:05,200 --> 01:10:07,920
TRANSCRANIAL FOCUSED ULTRASOUND.

1310
01:10:07,920 --> 01:10:08,160
WELCOME.

1311
01:10:08,160 --> 01:10:10,880
>>I MUCH APPRECIATE THE 

1312
01:10:10,880 --> 01:10:11,680
INVITATION.

1313
01:10:11,680 --> 01:10:14,640
ABOUT ONE IN THREE PEOPLE WITH 

1314
01:10:14,640 --> 01:10:16,560
MENTAL AND NEUROLOGICAL 

1315
01:10:16,560 --> 01:10:18,880
DISORDERS ARE RESISTANT TO 

1316
01:10:18,880 --> 01:10:19,200
TREATMENTS.

1317
01:10:19,200 --> 01:10:24,880
AND THAT HAS BEEN A MAJOR ISSUE.

1318
01:10:24,880 --> 01:10:29,360
WHAT CAN WE DO ABOUT THAT?

1319
01:10:29,360 --> 01:10:32,000
ONE OF THE KEY CHALLENGES WITH 

1320
01:10:32,000 --> 01:10:34,160
TREATING DISORDERS THAT DON'T 

1321
01:10:34,160 --> 01:10:36,600
RESPOND TO CURRENT TREATMENTS IS

1322
01:10:36,600 --> 01:10:38,520
THE FACT THAT THESE DISORDERS 

1323
01:10:38,520 --> 01:10:40,920
TYPICALLY INFLUENCE OR AFFECT 

1324
01:10:40,920 --> 01:10:45,840
DEEP BRAIN CIRCUITS.

1325
01:10:45,840 --> 01:10:50,960
STRUCTURES IN THE LIMBIC AND 

1326
01:10:50,960 --> 01:10:53,000
BASAL GANGLION.

1327
01:10:53,000 --> 01:10:55,160
IT HAS BEEN DIFFICULT TO 

1328
01:10:55,160 --> 01:10:56,800
MODULATE THESE CIRCUITS WITH THE

1329
01:10:56,800 --> 01:10:57,920
GOAL TO RETURN THEM BACK TO 

1330
01:10:57,920 --> 01:11:00,160
NORMAL STATE.

1331
01:11:00,160 --> 01:11:02,160
SO YOU MAY MENTION ONE APPROACH 

1332
01:11:02,160 --> 01:11:05,080
WOULD BE TO IMPLANT STIMULATION 

1333
01:11:05,080 --> 01:11:06,360
ELECTRODES INTO THE STRUCTURES 

1334
01:11:06,360 --> 01:11:08,400
OF BRAIN STIMULATION.

1335
01:11:08,400 --> 01:11:10,800
THIS HAS BEEN PERFORMED FOR 

1336
01:11:10,800 --> 01:11:12,600
NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS IN 

1337
01:11:12,600 --> 01:11:13,800
PARTICULAR MOVEMENT DISORDERS 

1338
01:11:13,800 --> 01:11:16,240
QUITE EFFECTIVELY.

1339
01:11:16,240 --> 01:11:21,080
THE SURGICAL RISKS, THOUGH, ARE 

1340
01:11:21,080 --> 01:11:22,880
QUITE LIMITING IN TERMS OF 

1341
01:11:22,880 --> 01:11:25,120
PERFORMING THESE PROCEDURES FOR 

1342
01:11:25,120 --> 01:11:27,280
TREATMENTS OF MENTAL DISORDERS.

1343
01:11:27,280 --> 01:11:30,520
THERE IS ONE EXCEPTION FOR 

1344
01:11:30,520 --> 01:11:31,520
OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER.

1345
01:11:31,520 --> 01:11:35,240
TO COVER COME THESE SURGICAL 

1346
01:11:35,240 --> 01:11:37,160
LIMITATIONS, WE WOULD LIKE TO BE

1347
01:11:37,160 --> 01:11:39,440
ABLE TO MODULATE THE BRAIN 

1348
01:11:39,440 --> 01:11:41,840
TARGETS, BUT IN A NONINVASIVE 

1349
01:11:41,840 --> 01:11:46,880
WAY WITHOUT THE RISK OF 

1350
01:11:46,880 --> 01:11:48,200
SURGERIES.

1351
01:11:48,200 --> 01:11:50,920
WE HAVE RECENTLY ACHIEVED 

1352
01:11:50,920 --> 01:11:52,880
NONINVASIVE MODULATION OF THE 

1353
01:11:52,880 --> 01:11:55,680
BRAIN STRUCTURES USING 

1354
01:11:55,680 --> 01:12:01,080
ULTRASONIC WAVES.

1355
01:12:01,080 --> 01:12:03,720
HERE ULTRA SOUND WAS FOCUSED 

1356
01:12:03,720 --> 01:12:08,160
INTO A DEEP BRAIN OF A 

1357
01:12:08,160 --> 01:12:10,680
PARLIAMENT WITH MAJOR 

1358
01:12:10,680 --> 01:12:11,160
DEPRESSION.

1359
01:12:11,160 --> 01:12:16,400
THE DELIVERY WAS NONINVASIVE, 

1360
01:12:16,400 --> 01:12:21,440
THE CUPELING TRANSDUCER ARRAY.

1361
01:12:21,440 --> 01:12:24,840
WE TARGETED THIS BECAUSE THERE 

1362
01:12:24,840 --> 01:12:26,480
IS EVIDENCE FROM DEEP BRAIN 

1363
01:12:26,480 --> 01:12:28,920
STIMULATION FROM CLINICAL TRIALS

1364
01:12:28,920 --> 01:12:32,000
THAT MAY BE A KEY TARGET IN THE 

1365
01:12:32,000 --> 01:12:32,920
LIMBIC NETWORK THAT IS INVOLVED 

1366
01:12:32,920 --> 01:12:35,880
IN MAJOR DEPRESSION.

1367
01:12:35,880 --> 01:12:40,320
WE WERE ABLE TO OBSERVE CHANGES 

1368
01:12:40,320 --> 01:12:44,960
IN THE ACTIVITY IN RESPONSE TO 

1369
01:12:44,960 --> 01:12:46,600
BRIEF LOW PULSES OF THE 

1370
01:12:46,600 --> 01:12:46,960
STIMULATION.

1371
01:12:46,960 --> 01:12:51,000
SO THIS IS VERY EXCITING.

1372
01:12:51,000 --> 01:12:53,040
THE BRIEF PULSES CAUSED 

1373
01:12:53,040 --> 01:12:55,160
INHIBITION OF THE NEURAL 

1374
01:12:55,160 --> 01:12:55,640
ACTIVITY.

1375
01:12:55,640 --> 01:12:58,360
HERE IS MORE DETAILED.

1376
01:12:58,360 --> 01:13:05,120
THESE ARE FLUCTUATION OF THE 

1377
01:13:05,120 --> 01:13:07,920
ACTIVITY, NICELY TIME LOCKED TO 

1378
01:13:07,920 --> 01:13:09,560
THE STIM LACE ONSETS AND 

1379
01:13:09,560 --> 01:13:10,000
OFFSETS.

1380
01:13:10,000 --> 01:13:12,040
THERE WAS A DECREASE IN ACTIVITY

1381
01:13:12,040 --> 01:13:14,120
IN RESPONSE TO THE BRIEF PULSES 

1382
01:13:14,120 --> 01:13:16,040
OF THE ULTRASOUND.

1383
01:13:16,040 --> 01:13:17,680
OF COURSE THIS IS ONE OF THE 

1384
01:13:17,680 --> 01:13:22,680
FIRST APPLICATIONS OF THIS MODEL

1385
01:13:22,680 --> 01:13:27,240
IN HUMANS.

1386
01:13:27,240 --> 01:13:29,920
SO WE PERFORM A -- STIMULATION, 

1387
01:13:29,920 --> 01:13:32,880
INSTEAD OF FOCUSING THE 

1388
01:13:32,880 --> 01:13:36,280
ULTRASOUND INTO THE TARGET, WE 

1389
01:13:36,280 --> 01:13:38,640
EMITTED IT AS A BRAIN WAVE.

1390
01:13:38,640 --> 01:13:40,160
IT WAS THE SAME ENERGY GOING 

1391
01:13:40,160 --> 01:13:41,680
INTO THE BRAIN, INTO THE 

1392
01:13:41,680 --> 01:13:41,920
SUBJECT.

1393
01:13:41,920 --> 01:13:46,200
NOW IT WAS NOT FOCUSED, IT WAS 

1394
01:13:46,200 --> 01:13:46,640
DILUTED.

1395
01:13:46,640 --> 01:13:48,440
IT IS A NICE CONDITION BECAUSE 

1396
01:13:48,440 --> 01:13:50,360
WE DELIVER THE SAME ENERGY INTO 

1397
01:13:50,360 --> 01:13:52,280
THE SUBJECT, COUPLING AND OTHER 

1398
01:13:52,280 --> 01:13:53,480
CONDITIONS ARE THE SAME, BUT NOW

1399
01:13:53,480 --> 01:13:55,800
WE DON'T FOCUS THE ULTRA SOUND.

1400
01:13:55,800 --> 01:13:59,160
IN THAT CASE WE DID NOT OBSERVE 

1401
01:13:59,160 --> 01:14:01,400
CHANGES IN THE ACTIVITY.

1402
01:14:01,400 --> 01:14:03,760
TO NAVIGATE YOU THROUGH, THE 

1403
01:14:03,760 --> 01:14:07,720
BLUE IS THE TARGET WE END UP IN 

1404
01:14:07,720 --> 01:14:10,080
OUR TARGETING SYSTEM AND THE RED

1405
01:14:10,080 --> 01:14:12,840
IS THE ACTUAL ACTIVATION OF THE 

1406
01:14:12,840 --> 01:14:14,120
SIGNATURE CAL.

1407
01:14:14,120 --> 01:14:15,760
WE HAD A NICE SPATIAL OVERLAP 

1408
01:14:15,760 --> 01:14:18,520
THERE AND THERE WAS A VERY 

1409
01:14:18,520 --> 01:14:20,560
STRONG EFFECT GIVEN THE 

1410
01:14:20,560 --> 01:14:21,920
RELATIVELY WEAK PULSES WE 

1411
01:14:21,920 --> 01:14:29,200
DELIVERED.

1412
01:14:29,200 --> 01:14:31,800
BECAUSE THE PATIENT HAD A MAJOR 

1413
01:14:31,800 --> 01:14:33,040
DEPRESSION, OUR MAIN TARGET WAS 

1414
01:14:33,040 --> 01:14:37,760
REALLY CLINICAL AND THAT WAS TO 

1415
01:14:37,760 --> 01:14:39,520
IMPROVE THESE SIGNS.

1416
01:14:39,520 --> 01:14:42,360
IN FACT, WHEN WE DELIVERED 

1417
01:14:42,360 --> 01:14:44,400
ULTRASOUND OF SUBSTANTIAL 

1418
01:14:44,400 --> 01:14:46,880
DURATION, LONGER THAN ABOUT 20 

1419
01:14:46,880 --> 01:14:48,520
SECONDS, THE PATIENT DID NOTICE 

1420
01:14:48,520 --> 01:14:50,080
CHANGES IN MOOD.

1421
01:14:50,080 --> 01:14:51,800
THE PATIENT REPORTED 

1422
01:14:51,800 --> 01:14:54,920
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE LEVELS OF 

1423
01:14:54,920 --> 01:14:58,040
DEPRESSION SCALE FROM MINUS 3 TO

1424
01:14:58,040 --> 01:14:58,600
3.

1425
01:14:58,600 --> 01:15:00,280
AND ALSO ANXIETY.

1426
01:15:00,280 --> 01:15:03,800
ANXIETY IS OFTEN CO-MORBID WITH 

1427
01:15:03,800 --> 01:15:04,520
DEPRESSION.

1428
01:15:04,520 --> 01:15:11,360
WE PROBED THE GENERAL VALENCE.

1429
01:15:11,360 --> 01:15:13,240
DOES THE SUBJECT FEEL BETTER.

1430
01:15:13,240 --> 01:15:18,920
IT WAS THE CASE WHEN WE 

1431
01:15:18,920 --> 01:15:20,680
STIMULATED THE -- BUT NOT WITH 

1432
01:15:20,680 --> 01:15:22,520
THE SHAM STIMULATION, WHICH WAS 

1433
01:15:22,520 --> 01:15:24,040
NOT FOCUSED.

1434
01:15:24,040 --> 01:15:26,800
THESE EFFECTS WERE SPECIFIC TO 

1435
01:15:26,800 --> 01:15:29,480
THE SUB GENERAL AND 

1436
01:15:29,480 --> 01:15:32,280
INTERESTINGLY BRIEF DURATION DID

1437
01:15:32,280 --> 01:15:33,760
NOT INDUCE CHANGES IN MOOD.

1438
01:15:33,760 --> 01:15:36,000
IT HAD TO BE A SUSTAINED 

1439
01:15:36,000 --> 01:15:39,240
STIMULATION LONGER THAN 20 

1440
01:15:39,240 --> 01:15:41,240
SECONDS TO SHOW AN EFFECT IN A 

1441
01:15:41,240 --> 01:15:42,840
PATIENT.

1442
01:15:42,840 --> 01:15:53,360
THESE WERE COLLECTED BY BRIAN 

1443
01:15:59,280 --> 01:16:03,440
MICKEY.

1444
01:16:03,440 --> 01:16:06,200
FOR DEPRESSION THERE ARE 

1445
01:16:06,200 --> 01:16:07,800
INCUMBENTS IMPLICATED IN THIS 

1446
01:16:07,800 --> 01:16:09,160
DISORDER.

1447
01:16:09,160 --> 01:16:12,440
WE HAVE A TOOL TO NONINVASIVELY 

1448
01:16:12,440 --> 01:16:13,720
MODULATE THESE BRAIN STRUCTURES.

1449
01:16:13,720 --> 01:16:16,480
THAT IS OUR GOAL IN ONGOING 

1450
01:16:16,480 --> 01:16:19,040
CLINICAL TRIAL.

1451
01:16:19,040 --> 01:16:20,880
AND, OF COURSE, MANY OTHER 

1452
01:16:20,880 --> 01:16:25,480
DISORDERS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH 

1453
01:16:25,480 --> 01:16:28,080
MULTIFUNCTIONAL BRAIN CIRCUITS, 

1454
01:16:28,080 --> 01:16:29,680
ANXIETY, CENTRALIZED PAIN AND 

1455
01:16:29,680 --> 01:16:30,920
ADDICTION AS WE HEARD IN THE 

1456
01:16:30,920 --> 01:16:32,280
TALK BEFORE.

1457
01:16:32,280 --> 01:16:34,760
BECAUSE WE HAVE THE ABILITY TO 

1458
01:16:34,760 --> 01:16:36,560
MODULATE DEEP BRAIN STRUCTURES, 

1459
01:16:36,560 --> 01:16:38,440
WE WILL ALSO PURSUE THESE 

1460
01:16:38,440 --> 01:16:43,640
INDICATIONS IN THE FUTURE.

1461
01:16:43,640 --> 01:16:46,200
SO THIS METHOD AS A TREMENDOUS 

1462
01:16:46,200 --> 01:16:46,440
POTENTIAL.

1463
01:16:46,440 --> 01:16:50,080
IN THIS TALK, I WILL TALK ABOUT 

1464
01:16:50,080 --> 01:16:52,240
THE KEY FEATURES, THE KEY 

1465
01:16:52,240 --> 01:16:56,480
STRENGTHS OF FOCUSED ULTRASOUND 

1466
01:16:56,480 --> 01:16:58,920
FOR BRAIN DISORDERS, ADDRESS THE

1467
01:16:58,920 --> 01:16:59,840
MECHANISMS AND DISCUSS THE 

1468
01:16:59,840 --> 01:17:01,680
LIMITING BARRIERS THAT HAVE BEEN

1469
01:17:01,680 --> 01:17:03,040
HOLDING US BACK AND NEEDED TO BE

1470
01:17:03,040 --> 01:17:08,640
OVERCOME.

1471
01:17:08,640 --> 01:17:10,880
SO LET'S START WITH THE KEY 

1472
01:17:10,880 --> 01:17:21,280
STRENGTHS OF ULTRASOUND.

1473
01:17:23,080 --> 01:17:23,640
IT IS POSSIBLE TO STIMULATE THE 

1474
01:17:23,640 --> 01:17:29,080
BRAIN WITH ELECTRONIC  OR 

1475
01:17:29,080 --> 01:17:30,680
MAGNETIC FIELDS.

1476
01:17:30,680 --> 01:17:33,800
THERE IS HIGH INTENSITY AT THE 

1477
01:17:33,800 --> 01:17:36,680
SOURCE SUCH AS THE ELECTRODES OR

1478
01:17:36,680 --> 01:17:39,840
THE MAGNETIC COIL.

1479
01:17:39,840 --> 01:17:46,160
AND THE FIELDS DROP FAIRLY WITH 

1480
01:17:46,160 --> 01:17:50,640
DISTANCE SO WE GET -- LOW WITH 

1481
01:17:50,640 --> 01:17:51,960
DEPTH.

1482
01:17:51,960 --> 01:17:54,360
ULTRASOUND CAN NOW FOCUS THE 

1483
01:17:54,360 --> 01:17:56,400
ENERGY INTO DEEP BRAIN STRUCTURE

1484
01:17:56,400 --> 01:17:58,040
OF INTEREST.

1485
01:17:58,040 --> 01:18:02,280
WE NOW HAVE THE OPPOSITE 

1486
01:18:02,280 --> 01:18:05,200
SITUATION, THE INTENSITY IS LOW 

1487
01:18:05,200 --> 01:18:07,080
AND INTENSITY OF TARGET IS HIGH.

1488
01:18:07,080 --> 01:18:07,920
THAT IS WHAT WE WOULD LIKE TO 

1489
01:18:07,920 --> 01:18:14,920
HAVE.

1490
01:18:14,920 --> 01:18:16,240
WHERE DOES THIS DIFFERENCE COME 

1491
01:18:16,240 --> 01:18:19,680
FROM IN TERMS OF PHYSICS.

1492
01:18:19,680 --> 01:18:22,040
THESE ENERGIES CONSTITUTE FIELDS

1493
01:18:22,040 --> 01:18:24,720
WHEREAS FOCUS ULTRASOUND IS A 

1494
01:18:24,720 --> 01:18:26,840
SET OF WAVES THAT CAN PROPAGATE 

1495
01:18:26,840 --> 01:18:29,480
THROUGH SPACE AND YOU CAN PLAY 

1496
01:18:29,480 --> 01:18:32,400
SPATIAL TRICKS LIKE THIS TO 

1497
01:18:32,400 --> 01:18:33,840
MAXIMIZE THE ENERGY DELIVERED 

1498
01:18:33,840 --> 01:18:35,680
INTO THE TARGET WHILE MINIMIZING

1499
01:18:35,680 --> 01:18:41,080
THE ENERGY ELSEWHERE.

1500
01:18:41,080 --> 01:18:45,200
SO FOCUS ULTRASOUND COMBINES 

1501
01:18:45,200 --> 01:18:50,200
BENEFICIAL TRIAD OF PROPERTIES.

1502
01:18:50,200 --> 01:18:53,480
IT MAY EMERGE AS AN ALTERNATIVE 

1503
01:18:53,480 --> 01:18:55,600
THAT COMBINES THE STRENGTH OF 

1504
01:18:55,600 --> 01:19:01,440
THE EXISTING MODALITIES.

1505
01:19:01,440 --> 01:19:02,960
ONE THING THAT IS WORTH NOTING 

1506
01:19:02,960 --> 01:19:06,600
IS THE FLEXIBILITY OF DELIVERY.

1507
01:19:06,600 --> 01:19:10,280
IT CAN PROPAGATE WITHIN THE 

1508
01:19:10,280 --> 01:19:11,840
TISSUE FAST WITHIN MICK RO 

1509
01:19:11,840 --> 01:19:13,520
SECONDS AND IT IS POSSIBLE TO 

1510
01:19:13,520 --> 01:19:15,760
DEFINE THE TARGET OF THE 

1511
01:19:15,760 --> 01:19:16,080
MODULATION.

1512
01:19:16,080 --> 01:19:18,520
JUST BY SETTING THE EMISSION 

1513
01:19:18,520 --> 01:19:23,280
PATTERN WITH THE RIGHT TIMING, 

1514
01:19:23,280 --> 01:19:25,600
YOU CAN FOCUS THE ULTRASOUND 

1515
01:19:25,600 --> 01:19:27,000
INTO SPECIFIC TARGETS AS SHOWN 

1516
01:19:27,000 --> 01:19:28,120
IN THE SIMULATION.

1517
01:19:28,120 --> 01:19:32,560
AND BY CHANGING THE SETTINGS, 

1518
01:19:32,560 --> 01:19:35,960
AGAIN, YOU CAN REACH YET A 

1519
01:19:35,960 --> 01:19:37,960
DISTINCT TARGET.

1520
01:19:37,960 --> 01:19:41,320
THIS IS A NICE FLEXIBLE WAY TO 

1521
01:19:41,320 --> 01:19:44,080
MODULATE WITH HIGH TEMPORAL 

1522
01:19:44,080 --> 01:19:46,360
PRECISION WHERE THE MRI IS BEING

1523
01:19:46,360 --> 01:19:47,080
DELIVERED.

1524
01:19:47,080 --> 01:19:49,800
IT MAY BE HELPFUL TO ELICIT 

1525
01:19:49,800 --> 01:19:53,040
SPECIFIC PATTERNS OF SPATIAL 

1526
01:19:53,040 --> 01:19:54,280
TEMPORAL ACTIVATION FOR 

1527
01:19:54,280 --> 01:19:57,920
DISORDERS THAT ARE CHARACTERIZED

1528
01:19:57,920 --> 01:19:59,400
BY NONFUNCTIONING TIMING, NOT 

1529
01:19:59,400 --> 01:20:06,120
JUST SPACE.

1530
01:20:06,120 --> 01:20:10,040
IT HAS BEEN KNOWN FOR QUITE SOME

1531
01:20:10,040 --> 01:20:13,680
TIME MRI CAN MODULATE EXCITABLE 

1532
01:20:13,680 --> 01:20:14,000
CELLS.

1533
01:20:14,000 --> 01:20:16,680
IN THE PAST DECADE SEVERAL 

1534
01:20:16,680 --> 01:20:18,240
GROUPS HAVE SHOWN THAT 

1535
01:20:18,240 --> 01:20:25,600
ULTRASOUND IN THE CORTEX OF 

1536
01:20:25,600 --> 01:20:27,560
RODENTS HAVE RESPONDED.

1537
01:20:27,560 --> 01:20:29,640
THIS HAS BEEN TAKEN INTO THE 

1538
01:20:29,640 --> 01:20:31,080
HUMAN BRAIN AND THERE ARE 

1539
01:20:31,080 --> 01:20:32,920
STUDIES, MAYBE A DOZEN OR MORE, 

1540
01:20:32,920 --> 01:20:35,320
TO BEGIN TO APPLY ULTRASOUND TO 

1541
01:20:35,320 --> 01:20:36,400
THE HUMAN BRAIN.

1542
01:20:36,400 --> 01:20:39,240
SO LET'S TALK BRIEFLY ABOUT THE 

1543
01:20:39,240 --> 01:20:40,760
MECHANISMS THAT ARE INVOLVED IN 

1544
01:20:40,760 --> 01:20:43,560
THE NEUROMODULATION HERE.

1545
01:20:43,560 --> 01:20:46,920
WE AND OTHERS HAVE FOUND THAT 

1546
01:20:46,920 --> 01:20:49,320
THE MECHANICAL PRESSURE WAVE 

1547
01:20:49,320 --> 01:20:51,840
ASSOCIATED WITH ULTRASOUND IS 

1548
01:20:51,840 --> 01:20:53,640
ASSOCIATED WITH RADIATION FORCE 

1549
01:20:53,640 --> 01:20:56,160
THAT PUSHES ON MEMBRANES AND 

1550
01:20:56,160 --> 01:20:59,320
TARGET STRUCTURES.

1551
01:20:59,320 --> 01:21:03,640
IMAGINE A PIECE OF MEMBRANE THAT

1552
01:21:03,640 --> 01:21:06,280
EXPRESSES ION CHANNEL SUCH AS 

1553
01:21:06,280 --> 01:21:07,560
SODIUM SELECTIVE ION CHANNEL AND

1554
01:21:07,560 --> 01:21:10,000
THE PIECE OF MEMBRANE IS 

1555
01:21:10,000 --> 01:21:12,880
INFLUENCED OR IMPACTED BY THE 

1556
01:21:12,880 --> 01:21:14,040
MECHANICAL RADIATION FORCE.

1557
01:21:14,040 --> 01:21:18,040
SO WHAT WE HAVE FOUND IS THE 

1558
01:21:18,040 --> 01:21:20,280
MEMBRANE IS AFFECTED BY THE 

1559
01:21:20,280 --> 01:21:22,400
ONSET AND ALSO THE OFFSET OF 

1560
01:21:22,400 --> 01:21:25,520
THAT PRESSURE PULSE.

1561
01:21:25,520 --> 01:21:27,080
THE ION CHANNEL OPENS IN 

1562
01:21:27,080 --> 01:21:29,360
RESPONSE TO THESE EVENTS AND 

1563
01:21:29,360 --> 01:21:32,320
CURRENTS FLOW THROUGH.

1564
01:21:32,320 --> 01:21:35,320
SO THAT HAS BEEN FOUND TO BE THE

1565
01:21:35,320 --> 01:21:37,920
CASE IN NEURONS BY SEVERAL 

1566
01:21:37,920 --> 01:21:38,160
GROUPS.

1567
01:21:38,160 --> 01:21:41,040
AND ALSO IN GLIAL CELLS.

1568
01:21:41,040 --> 01:21:42,000
I WILL TALK ABOUT IT IN JUST A 

1569
01:21:42,000 --> 01:21:46,920
BIT.

1570
01:21:46,920 --> 01:21:50,280
YOU MIGHT NOW ASK WHAT KINDS OF 

1571
01:21:50,280 --> 01:21:51,800
ION CHANNELS ARE SENSITIVE TO 

1572
01:21:51,800 --> 01:21:52,600
THE ULTRASOUND?

1573
01:21:52,600 --> 01:21:55,080
HERE IS AN INTRIGUING STUDY THAT

1574
01:21:55,080 --> 01:21:56,480
SHOWED THERE IS GOING TO BE AN 

1575
01:21:56,480 --> 01:21:57,680
ENTIRE CASCADE OF EVENTS GOING 

1576
01:21:57,680 --> 01:22:00,800
ON.

1577
01:22:00,800 --> 01:22:03,080
THE ULTRASOUND CAN BE DELIVERED 

1578
01:22:03,080 --> 01:22:05,640
ON TO A CELL MEMBRANE EXPRESSING

1579
01:22:05,640 --> 01:22:13,760
ION CHANNELS, MAKING ION 

1580
01:22:13,760 --> 01:22:14,960
MECHANICANOSENSITIVE CHANNELS 

1581
01:22:14,960 --> 01:22:18,400
THAT CAN INCREASE IN 

1582
01:22:18,400 --> 01:22:20,640
INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM.

1583
01:22:20,640 --> 01:22:23,680
WHICH CAN IN TURN AMPLIFY THE 

1584
01:22:23,680 --> 01:22:30,360
RESPONSES OF MANY OTHER ION 

1585
01:22:30,360 --> 01:22:33,720
CHANNELS.

1586
01:22:33,720 --> 01:22:36,040
SO THERE CAN BE A NUMBER OF 

1587
01:22:36,040 --> 01:22:39,920
EVENTS INVOLVED IN 

1588
01:22:39,920 --> 01:22:40,360
NEUROMODULATION.

1589
01:22:40,360 --> 01:22:43,160
ONE PARTICULAR EXCITING FINDING 

1590
01:22:43,160 --> 01:22:46,440
IS ULTRASOUND CAN MODULATE GLIAL

1591
01:22:46,440 --> 01:22:46,720
CELLS.

1592
01:22:46,720 --> 01:22:49,120
WHICH HAS A MAIN POTENTIAL IN 

1593
01:22:49,120 --> 01:22:50,720
USING NEUROPLASTIC EVENTS, IN 

1594
01:22:50,720 --> 01:22:52,080
PARTICULAR BECAUSE IT HAS BEEN 

1595
01:22:52,080 --> 01:22:55,240
FOUND THAT ULTRASOUND CAN 

1596
01:22:55,240 --> 01:22:59,440
ACTIVATE A CASCADE OF EVENTS 

1597
01:22:59,440 --> 01:23:02,920
LEADING TO AN ACTIVATION OF MDA 

1598
01:23:02,920 --> 01:23:03,200
RECEPTORS.

1599
01:23:03,200 --> 01:23:05,680
AS YOU ARE AWARE, THAT COULD 

1600
01:23:05,680 --> 01:23:12,160
LEAD TO LONG-TERM POTENTIATION 

1601
01:23:12,160 --> 01:23:15,440
AND DEPRESSION.

1602
01:23:15,440 --> 01:23:23,160
ONE ION CHANNEL IS A MECHANIC NO

1603
01:23:23,160 --> 01:23:27,000
SENSITIVE ION CHANNELS THAT 

1604
01:23:27,000 --> 01:23:29,680
RESULTS IN -- RECEPTORS.

1605
01:23:29,680 --> 01:23:32,160
WHEN WE THINK ABOUT THE 

1606
01:23:32,160 --> 01:23:35,160
EXCITABLE TISSUE AS IN THE MODEL

1607
01:23:35,160 --> 01:23:39,960
HERE SIMPLIFISIMPLIFIED, ULTRAS 

1608
01:23:39,960 --> 01:23:46,400
ACTIVATE THE CHANNELS IN THAT 

1609
01:23:46,400 --> 01:23:46,680
MODEL.

1610
01:23:46,680 --> 01:23:57,200
YOU MAY NATURALLY ASK IN THE 

1611
01:24:05,320 --> 01:24:06,600
FOLLOWING WAYS.

1612
01:24:06,600 --> 01:24:09,680
THE ULTRASOUND PRESSURE WAVE AT 

1613
01:24:09,680 --> 01:24:14,920
SPECIFIC FREQUENCY CAN MODULATE 

1614
01:24:14,920 --> 01:24:17,480
THE DISTANCE OF THE AND THAT 

1615
01:24:17,480 --> 01:24:21,280
CHANGES CAPACITANCE WITH THE 

1616
01:24:21,280 --> 01:24:24,880
SAME FREQUENCY OF MODULATION.

1617
01:24:24,880 --> 01:24:26,560
IF YOU COMPUTE CURRENT, A 

1618
01:24:26,560 --> 01:24:28,320
DERIVATIVE OF THAT, YOU SEE THAT

1619
01:24:28,320 --> 01:24:32,640
CHANGES OF CAPACITANCE OVER TIME

1620
01:24:32,640 --> 01:24:34,880
DO RESULT IN CURRENT FLOWING 

1621
01:24:34,880 --> 01:24:45,160
INTO THE MEMBRANE.

1622
01:24:45,160 --> 01:24:45,800
THE CHANGE IN CAPACITANCE DUE TO

1623
01:24:45,800 --> 01:24:46,480
ULTRASOUND LEAD TO MEMBRANE 

1624
01:24:46,480 --> 01:24:49,080
CURRENTS WHICH INCREASE SPIKING 

1625
01:24:49,080 --> 01:24:50,160
ACTIVITY AND FIRING.

1626
01:24:50,160 --> 01:24:52,520
THAT HAS BEEN MODELLED AS A VERY

1627
01:24:52,520 --> 01:24:53,840
DETAIL LEVEL.

1628
01:24:53,840 --> 01:24:55,320
THERE ARE SEVERAL NICE PAPERS 

1629
01:24:55,320 --> 01:24:58,360
AND THERE IS SOME EVIDENCE, SOME

1630
01:24:58,360 --> 01:24:59,720
EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE THAT THIS,

1631
01:24:59,720 --> 01:25:07,960
INDEED, MAY BE THE CASE.

1632
01:25:07,960 --> 01:25:12,520
SO TOGETHER ULTRASOUND CAN 

1633
01:25:12,520 --> 01:25:14,480
CHANGE CAPACITANCE OF MEMBRANES.

1634
01:25:14,480 --> 01:25:18,360
WE SHOULD ASK NOT WHAT IS A 

1635
01:25:18,360 --> 01:25:24,480
MECHANISM UNDERLYING 

1636
01:25:24,480 --> 01:25:26,480
NEUROMODULATION, BUT WHAT 

1637
01:25:26,480 --> 01:25:28,600
MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED.

1638
01:25:28,600 --> 01:25:29,960
THERE WILL BE MANY.

1639
01:25:29,960 --> 01:25:32,120
THE RADIATION FORCES ASSOCIATED 

1640
01:25:32,120 --> 01:25:34,560
WITH THE ULTRASOUND, THE CYCLE 

1641
01:25:34,560 --> 01:25:38,440
BY CYCLE PRESSURES INDUCED BY 

1642
01:25:38,440 --> 01:25:40,960
ULTRASOUND AND HIGH ENOUGH 

1643
01:25:40,960 --> 01:25:42,320
PRESSURES BY HEATING.

1644
01:25:42,320 --> 01:25:43,960
SO MANY MECHANISMS.

1645
01:25:43,960 --> 01:25:50,640
SO LET ME BRIEFLY NOW TALK ABOUT

1646
01:25:50,640 --> 01:25:53,160
THE BARRIERS THAT HAVE BEEN 

1647
01:25:53,160 --> 01:25:54,680
HOLDING US BACK IN DEVELOPING IN

1648
01:25:54,680 --> 01:25:57,080
LARGE SCALE AND APPLYING TO 

1649
01:25:57,080 --> 01:25:57,400
HUMANS.

1650
01:25:57,400 --> 01:25:59,640
THE KEY BARRIER HAS BEEN THE 

1651
01:25:59,640 --> 01:26:10,000
SKULL AS WE HAVE ACOUSTICALLY 

1652
01:26:10,000 --> 01:26:12,000
ISOLATED ENVIRONMENT, SO 

1653
01:26:12,000 --> 01:26:12,880
[INDISCERNIBLE] ESPECIALLY AT 

1654
01:26:12,880 --> 01:26:13,880
HIGH FREQUENCIES.

1655
01:26:13,880 --> 01:26:18,080
WE HAVE MEASURED IN THREE EX 

1656
01:26:18,080 --> 01:26:21,240
VIVO SKULLS.

1657
01:26:21,240 --> 01:26:24,000
YOU SEE THAT ON AVERAGE ITS 

1658
01:26:24,000 --> 01:26:26,360
MAJOR, FACTOR OF 18 OF 

1659
01:26:26,360 --> 01:26:34,800
ATTENUATION, THAT IS HUGE, AND 

1660
01:26:34,800 --> 01:26:37,960
FOR US THE VARIABILITY IS 

1661
01:26:37,960 --> 01:26:40,080
ENORMOUS WITHIN AND ACROSS 

1662
01:26:40,080 --> 01:26:40,360
INDIVIDUALS.

1663
01:26:40,360 --> 01:26:43,120
IT IS HARD TO PREDICT BECAUSE OF

1664
01:26:43,120 --> 01:26:44,080
THAT VARIABILITY HOW MUCH 

1665
01:26:44,080 --> 01:26:44,840
ULTRASOUND IS DELIVERED INTO THE

1666
01:26:44,840 --> 01:26:48,440
TARGET.

1667
01:26:48,440 --> 01:26:54,640
SO WE HAVE DONE ANALYSIS IN 

1668
01:26:54,640 --> 01:26:55,920
HUMANS WHERE THOSE MEASUREMENTS 

1669
01:26:55,920 --> 01:26:58,880
AND CONVERTED THE GIVEN 

1670
01:26:58,880 --> 01:27:00,960
INTENSITIES WITH FREE FIELD IN 

1671
01:27:00,960 --> 01:27:02,840
THE SKULL INTO THE INTENSITY 

1672
01:27:02,840 --> 01:27:04,360
DELIVERED TO THE TARGET THROUGH 

1673
01:27:04,360 --> 01:27:07,760
THE SEGMENTS OF THE SKULL AND WE

1674
01:27:07,760 --> 01:27:09,360
HAVE FOUND THAT THOSE DELIVERED 

1675
01:27:09,360 --> 01:27:11,800
THROUGH THE SKULL WERE QUITE LOW

1676
01:27:11,800 --> 01:27:14,600
WITH RESPECT TO THE THRESHOLDS 

1677
01:27:14,600 --> 01:27:16,120
WITH NEUROMODULATION SHOWN IN 

1678
01:27:16,120 --> 01:27:16,360
RODENTS.

1679
01:27:16,360 --> 01:27:18,000
THAT TELLS US THAT 

1680
01:27:18,000 --> 01:27:19,560
NEUROMODULATION SO FAR HAS BEEN 

1681
01:27:19,560 --> 01:27:21,040
QUITE LOW IN HUMANS.

1682
01:27:21,040 --> 01:27:23,360
YOU MIGHT ACTUALLY ASK, WHY 

1683
01:27:23,360 --> 01:27:26,840
DON'T WE JUST SCALE THE 

1684
01:27:26,840 --> 01:27:27,640
INTENSITIES UP?

1685
01:27:27,640 --> 01:27:29,200
WE CANNOT QUITE DO THAT.

1686
01:27:29,200 --> 01:27:32,440
WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE HISTOGRAM, 

1687
01:27:32,440 --> 01:27:35,880
THE LESS ATTENUATION HAPPENS 

1688
01:27:35,880 --> 01:27:37,480
MOST FREQUENTLY.

1689
01:27:37,480 --> 01:27:40,120
IF WE WERE TO SCALE BY 18, IN 

1690
01:27:40,120 --> 01:27:43,200
MANY CASES WE OVERSHOOT THE 

1691
01:27:43,200 --> 01:27:47,120
ESTIMATED INTENSITY EFFECT AND 

1692
01:27:47,120 --> 01:27:48,800
IT WOULD HURT OR HARM THE 

1693
01:27:48,800 --> 01:27:49,320
SUBJECT.

1694
01:27:49,320 --> 01:27:50,240
A SIMPLE SCALING IS NOT A 

1695
01:27:50,240 --> 01:27:52,440
SOLUTION.

1696
01:27:52,440 --> 01:27:54,800
I SHOULD TELL YOU THAT THERE ARE

1697
01:27:54,800 --> 01:28:02,280
TWO KINDS OF VIBRATIONS BY THE 

1698
01:28:02,280 --> 01:28:02,440
SKULL.

1699
01:28:02,440 --> 01:28:09,720
THE SKULL SPEEDS UP PROPAGATION 

1700
01:28:09,720 --> 01:28:11,720
OF THE ISSUE TO MAXIMIZE THE 

1701
01:28:11,720 --> 01:28:13,320
INTENSITY THAT ARRIVES AT THE 

1702
01:28:13,320 --> 01:28:15,440
TARGET AT THE SAME TIME.

1703
01:28:15,440 --> 01:28:19,280
IN FACT, IT HAS BEEN SOLVED MORE

1704
01:28:19,280 --> 01:28:25,400
OR LESS THIS ISSUE.

1705
01:28:25,400 --> 01:28:26,840
[INDISCERNIBLE] BASED ON CT 

1706
01:28:26,840 --> 01:28:33,040
SCANS TO ALLOW RESEARCHERS TO 

1707
01:28:33,040 --> 01:28:35,560
FOCUS CONSTRUCTIVELY FOR THE 

1708
01:28:35,560 --> 01:28:35,920
DEPHASING.

1709
01:28:35,920 --> 01:28:37,080
A MORE IMPORTANT ISSUE 

1710
01:28:37,080 --> 01:28:39,880
ESPECIALLY FOR THESE REVERSIBLE,

1711
01:28:39,880 --> 01:28:41,800
NONSURGICAL TREATMENTS IS THE 

1712
01:28:41,800 --> 01:28:42,920
ATTENUATION OF ULTRASOUND BY THE

1713
01:28:42,920 --> 01:28:44,400
SKULL.

1714
01:28:44,400 --> 01:28:47,600
WE NEED TO DELIVER DETERMINISTIC

1715
01:28:47,600 --> 01:28:48,720
DOSE INTO SPECIFIC TARGETS 

1716
01:28:48,720 --> 01:28:51,800
BECAUSE WE WOULD LIKE TO INDUCE 

1717
01:28:51,800 --> 01:28:54,360
EFFECTS THAT EXCEED CERTAIN 

1718
01:28:54,360 --> 01:28:56,320
THRESHOLD WHILE THAT STIMULATION

1719
01:28:56,320 --> 01:28:57,120
BEING SAVED.

1720
01:28:57,120 --> 01:29:00,640
SO THERE IS A FAIRLY NARROW 

1721
01:29:00,640 --> 01:29:02,520
WINDOW OF INTENSITIES WE WOULD 

1722
01:29:02,520 --> 01:29:04,040
LIKE TO DELIVER.

1723
01:29:04,040 --> 01:29:07,840
THAT SO FAR HAS NOT BEEN SOLVED.

1724
01:29:07,840 --> 01:29:09,040
THIS IS A VERY DIFFICULT ISSUE 

1725
01:29:09,040 --> 01:29:10,840
AND IT IS SOMETHING WE HAVE BEEN

1726
01:29:10,840 --> 01:29:11,640
FOCUSING ON.

1727
01:29:11,640 --> 01:29:14,760
SO WE HAVE BEEN WORKING ON THIS 

1728
01:29:14,760 --> 01:29:16,520
FOR ALMOST THREE YEARS NOW AND 

1729
01:29:16,520 --> 01:29:18,440
WE HAVE FINALLY BEEN ABLE TO 

1730
01:29:18,440 --> 01:29:21,120
SOLVE THIS ISSUE.

1731
01:29:21,120 --> 01:29:23,360
WE HAVE DEVELOPED A NEW APPROACH

1732
01:29:23,360 --> 01:29:27,000
THAT DIRECTLY MEASURES THE 

1733
01:29:27,000 --> 01:29:28,440
ATTENUATION OF ULTRASOUND 

1734
01:29:28,440 --> 01:29:30,360
THROUGH THE HUMAN SKULL AND 

1735
01:29:30,360 --> 01:29:33,800
COMPENSATES FOR IT.

1736
01:29:33,800 --> 01:29:35,920
THIS IS NO IN REVISION, SO 

1737
01:29:35,920 --> 01:29:37,200
HOPEFULLY YOU WILL BE ABLE TO 

1738
01:29:37,200 --> 01:29:38,800
LEARN THE DETAILS ABOUT THAT 

1739
01:29:38,800 --> 01:29:44,880
METHOD SOON.

1740
01:29:44,880 --> 01:29:47,080
HERE IS THE RESULT.

1741
01:29:47,080 --> 01:29:50,920
IN BLACK WE SHOW WHAT WE WOULD 

1742
01:29:50,920 --> 01:29:52,240
LIKE TO DELIVER IN BRAIN 

1743
01:29:52,240 --> 01:29:52,640
TARGETS.

1744
01:29:52,640 --> 01:29:54,840
EFFECTIVE INTENSITIES.

1745
01:29:54,840 --> 01:29:57,000
THE SKULL IN FRONT OF THE 

1746
01:29:57,000 --> 01:29:59,840
ULTRASOUND, YOU SEE HOW SEVERITY

1747
01:29:59,840 --> 01:30:05,800
OF ATTENUATION IS AFFECTED.

1748
01:30:05,800 --> 01:30:07,600
WE HAVE FOUND JUST LEAVING IT 

1749
01:30:07,600 --> 01:30:11,200
THERE LEAVES TO POOR EFF

1750
01:30:11,200 --> 01:30:12,000
EFFECTIVE

1751
01:30:12,000 --> 01:30:12,440
EFFECTIVENESS, NO 

1752
01:30:12,440 --> 01:30:14,680
NEUROMODULATION IN MOST CASES.

1753
01:30:14,680 --> 01:30:20,400
YET WHEN APPLY THE CORRECTION, 

1754
01:30:20,400 --> 01:30:22,760
WE CAN RESTORE QUITE ACCURATELY 

1755
01:30:22,760 --> 01:30:23,720
IN ALL CASES.

1756
01:30:23,720 --> 01:30:26,080
THIS WAS KEY TO OBTAIN A RESULT 

1757
01:30:26,080 --> 01:30:26,680
LIKE THIS.

1758
01:30:26,680 --> 01:30:30,440
THE MODULATION OF THE TARGET IN 

1759
01:30:30,440 --> 01:30:31,480
THIS PATIENT WAS POSSIBLE ONLY 

1760
01:30:31,480 --> 01:30:33,000
WHEN WE APPLIED THE CORRECTION.

1761
01:30:33,000 --> 01:30:34,840
WITHOUT THAT CORRECTION, WE 

1762
01:30:34,840 --> 01:30:38,000
DON'T SEE STIMULATION EFFECTS.

1763
01:30:38,000 --> 01:30:42,440
SO THIS IS REALLY KEY 

1764
01:30:42,440 --> 01:30:44,760
MANIPULATION THAT IS NECESSARY.

1765
01:30:44,760 --> 01:30:47,040
ONE THING I SHOULD ALSO NOTE 

1766
01:30:47,040 --> 01:30:49,120
HERE IS THAT THE SUBJECT, THIS 

1767
01:30:49,120 --> 01:30:50,960
IS OUR FIRST SUBJECT, VERY 

1768
01:30:50,960 --> 01:30:53,760
RECENT, HAD LONG HAIR.

1769
01:30:53,760 --> 01:30:58,920
AND ACTUALLY, IN PATIENTS WITH 

1770
01:30:58,920 --> 01:31:00,840
MENTAL DISORDERS WE WOULD LIKE 

1771
01:31:00,840 --> 01:31:01,760
NOT TO SHAVE THE HEAD.

1772
01:31:01,760 --> 01:31:03,400
THAT WOULD BE A MAJOR BARRIER.

1773
01:31:03,400 --> 01:31:07,400
THAT ALLOWS US TO COMPENSATION 

1774
01:31:07,400 --> 01:31:08,800
FOR HAIR, POTENTIAL BUBBLES IN 

1775
01:31:08,800 --> 01:31:12,360
THE COUPLING AND OTHER BARRIERS.

1776
01:31:12,360 --> 01:31:14,440
THIS IS EXCITING BECAUSE IT 

1777
01:31:14,440 --> 01:31:16,600
MAKES THAT APPROACH PRACTICAL.

1778
01:31:16,600 --> 01:31:18,680
TALK ABOUT THE SECOND BARRIER, 

1779
01:31:18,680 --> 01:31:20,880
THAT HAS BEEN THE NEED FOR 

1780
01:31:20,880 --> 01:31:22,880
SUSTAINED EFFECTS OF THE 

1781
01:31:22,880 --> 01:31:24,160
NEUROMODULATION.

1782
01:31:24,160 --> 01:31:25,320
THE PREVIOUS LITERATURE HAS 

1783
01:31:25,320 --> 01:31:28,480
MOSTLY FOCUSED ON TRANSIENT 

1784
01:31:28,480 --> 01:31:31,000
EFFECTS, A BRIEF PULSE OF 

1785
01:31:31,000 --> 01:31:33,040
ULTRASOUND GOING INTO CORTEX, 

1786
01:31:33,040 --> 01:31:34,080
IMMEDIATE TWITCH AND THE EFFECTS

1787
01:31:34,080 --> 01:31:42,600
GO AWAY.

1788
01:31:42,600 --> 01:31:46,800
YET TO TREAT PEOPLE WE NEED TO 

1789
01:31:46,800 --> 01:31:48,000
REWIRE THOSE BRAIN TARGETS.

1790
01:31:48,000 --> 01:31:54,440
SO HOW DO WE GO ABOUT THAT WITH 

1791
01:31:54,440 --> 01:31:57,080
ULTRASOUND INDUCING CHANGES IN 

1792
01:31:57,080 --> 01:31:58,880
HUMANS IS NOT POSSIBLE IN 

1793
01:31:58,880 --> 01:32:00,080
TEMPERAMENTS OF SAFETY.

1794
01:32:00,080 --> 01:32:03,320
WE DEVELOPED A NON-HUMAN PRIMATE

1795
01:32:03,320 --> 01:32:11,320
MODEL.

1796
01:32:11,320 --> 01:32:21,800
THE' TRANSDUCER IS 256 THE 

1797
01:32:23,840 --> 01:32:26,880
ANIMAL IS AWAKE AND WE CAN 

1798
01:32:26,880 --> 01:32:29,680
ENGAGE THEM IN STANDARD TASKS 

1799
01:32:29,680 --> 01:32:33,280
SUCH AS STANDARD DISCRIMINATION 

1800
01:32:33,280 --> 01:32:33,480
TASKS.

1801
01:32:33,480 --> 01:32:36,520
WE CAN DELIVER THE ULTRASOUND 

1802
01:32:36,520 --> 01:32:38,280
AND REPEAT IT DAY BY DAY.

1803
01:32:38,280 --> 01:32:41,280
THE ANIMALS CAN COME BACK NEXT 

1804
01:32:41,280 --> 01:32:43,680
DAY, BE MOUNTED INTO THE SAME 

1805
01:32:43,680 --> 01:32:44,520
LOCATION AND WE CAN DELIVER THE 

1806
01:32:44,520 --> 01:32:46,800
ULTRASOUND.

1807
01:32:46,800 --> 01:32:48,480
SO WE HAVE DELIVERED THE 

1808
01:32:48,480 --> 01:32:51,000
ULTRASOUND INTO THE LEFT AND 

1809
01:32:51,000 --> 01:32:53,400
RIGHT BECAUSE THOSE ARE THE 

1810
01:32:53,400 --> 01:32:55,400
RELAY NUKELY THAT PASS VISUAL 

1811
01:32:55,400 --> 01:32:56,920
INFORMATION INTO THE BRAIN.

1812
01:32:56,920 --> 01:33:01,320
SO IN VISUAL TASKS YOU MAY 

1813
01:33:01,320 --> 01:33:05,600
MENTION THIS IS AN IDEAL BRAIN 

1814
01:33:05,600 --> 01:33:05,840
TARGET.

1815
01:33:05,840 --> 01:33:09,440
WE START WITH 30-SECOND 

1816
01:33:09,440 --> 01:33:11,200
STIMULATION, LOW TO MIDDLE 

1817
01:33:11,200 --> 01:33:11,520
STIMULATION.

1818
01:33:11,520 --> 01:33:13,960
WE ARE FINDING EFFECTS OF 

1819
01:33:13,960 --> 01:33:17,120
STIMULATION, ALL OUR DATA PUT 

1820
01:33:17,120 --> 01:33:20,560
TOGETHER, 52 SESSIONS, OR 53, 

1821
01:33:20,560 --> 01:33:22,200
DEPENDING IF WE DELIVERED INTO 

1822
01:33:22,200 --> 01:33:23,880
THE LEFT OR THE RIGHT.

1823
01:33:23,880 --> 01:33:28,760
IT IS QUITE REMARKABLE FOLLOWING

1824
01:33:28,760 --> 01:33:32,160
THE 30-SECOND SONICATION, THE 

1825
01:33:32,160 --> 01:33:34,560
EFFECTS ARE SUSTAINED UP TO 20 

1826
01:33:34,560 --> 01:33:36,200
SECONDS AND THEY DEPEND ON 

1827
01:33:36,200 --> 01:33:38,080
WHETHER WE STIMULATED THE LEFT 

1828
01:33:38,080 --> 01:33:41,000
OR THE RIGHT LGN.

1829
01:33:41,000 --> 01:33:42,880
WE HAVE ALSO FOUND THAT THERE 

1830
01:33:42,880 --> 01:33:45,200
WERE CHANGES IN NEURAL ACTIVITY 

1831
01:33:45,200 --> 01:33:47,320
WHEN WE RECORDED FROM THE 

1832
01:33:47,320 --> 01:33:48,160
IMPLANTED PINS.

1833
01:33:48,160 --> 01:33:52,200
THERE WAS AN INCREASE IN HIGH 

1834
01:33:52,200 --> 01:33:53,160
GAMMA ACTIVITY THAT HAD GOOD 

1835
01:33:53,160 --> 01:33:55,560
AGREEMENT IN TERMS OF TIME 

1836
01:33:55,560 --> 01:33:56,560
COURSE WITH THOSE BEHAVIORAL 

1837
01:33:56,560 --> 01:34:00,760
EFFECTS.

1838
01:34:00,760 --> 01:34:03,040
SO THESE SUSTAINED EFFECTS ARE 

1839
01:34:03,040 --> 01:34:04,040
VERY INTERESTING AND HAVE A HIGH

1840
01:34:04,040 --> 01:34:07,760
POTENTIAL.

1841
01:34:07,760 --> 01:34:09,320
JUST 30 SECONDS LEADS TO 

1842
01:34:09,320 --> 01:34:10,560
SUSTAINED EFFECTS.

1843
01:34:10,560 --> 01:34:14,480
IT APPEARS THE ULTRASOUND IS 

1844
01:34:14,480 --> 01:34:17,320
SCULPTING THE SIR CATS AND 

1845
01:34:17,320 --> 01:34:21,920
ACTIVATING THE GLIAL CELLS AND 

1846
01:34:21,920 --> 01:34:22,800
LEADING TO CHANGES.

1847
01:34:22,800 --> 01:34:25,080
WHAT IS ALSO IMPORTANT IS THE 

1848
01:34:25,080 --> 01:34:26,640
ULTRASOUND, THERE WAS NO MORE 

1849
01:34:26,640 --> 01:34:27,120
SIM LUS.

1850
01:34:27,120 --> 01:34:30,840
THESE EFFECTS CANNOT BE DUE TO 

1851
01:34:30,840 --> 01:34:32,200
SOME OTHER EFFECTS ASSOCIATED 

1852
01:34:32,200 --> 01:34:35,040
WITH ULTRASOUND.

1853
01:34:35,040 --> 01:34:38,880
WE ALSO TESTED BRIEFER STIMULI 

1854
01:34:38,880 --> 01:34:40,720
AND WE DIDN'T SEE NOTABLE 

1855
01:34:40,720 --> 01:34:42,240
EFFECTS WHEN THE STIMULI WERE 

1856
01:34:42,240 --> 01:34:42,480
BRIEF.

1857
01:34:42,480 --> 01:34:49,760
IT WAS NECESSARY TO USE LONGER 

1858
01:34:49,760 --> 01:34:53,200
DURATI

1859
01:34:53,200 --> 01:34:53,480
DURATIONS.

1860
01:34:53,480 --> 01:34:55,520
IN OUR RECENT PATIENT, 20 

1861
01:34:55,520 --> 01:34:57,800
SECONDS OR LESS THERE WERE NO 

1862
01:34:57,800 --> 01:34:58,320
EFFECTS ON MOOD.

1863
01:34:58,320 --> 01:35:00,280
THEY STARTED TO SHOW ONCE 

1864
01:35:00,280 --> 01:35:02,040
STIMULATION EXCEEDED THAT TIME 

1865
01:35:02,040 --> 01:35:03,600
FRAME, SO LONGER THAN 30 

1866
01:35:03,600 --> 01:35:06,720
SECONDS, LET'S SAY.

1867
01:35:06,720 --> 01:35:08,480
AND THERE IS ONE MORE APPROACH 

1868
01:35:08,480 --> 01:35:14,560
THAT CAN BE USED TO HAVE THESE 

1869
01:35:14,560 --> 01:35:15,440
EFFECTS.

1870
01:35:15,440 --> 01:35:20,280
IT IS AN APPROACH THAT HAVE BEEN

1871
01:35:20,280 --> 01:35:21,280
WORKED ON.

1872
01:35:21,280 --> 01:35:22,880
WE WILL HEAR A TALK DEDICATED TO

1873
01:35:22,880 --> 01:35:23,960
THIS APPROACH.

1874
01:35:23,960 --> 01:35:27,160
IN THIS APPROACH DRUGS CAN BE 

1875
01:35:27,160 --> 01:35:29,600
ENCAPSULATED I IN CARRIERS THAT 

1876
01:35:29,600 --> 01:35:30,880
ARE BIOCOMPATIBLE.

1877
01:35:30,880 --> 01:35:32,360
THEY HAVE A RECORDED RESPONSE TO

1878
01:35:32,360 --> 01:35:33,800
THE ULTRASOUND.

1879
01:35:33,800 --> 01:35:37,280
IT CAN BE CARBON OR SOME OTHER 

1880
01:35:37,280 --> 01:35:37,560
CHEMICALS.

1881
01:35:37,560 --> 01:35:41,600
THAT RESPONDS IN RESPONSE TO THE

1882
01:35:41,600 --> 01:35:43,560
MECHANIC PRESSURE WAVE, THE 

1883
01:35:43,560 --> 01:35:47,000
VIBRATION THAT VIBRATE THE NANO 

1884
01:35:47,000 --> 01:35:49,080
PARTICLES AND YOU GET RELEASE OF

1885
01:35:49,080 --> 01:35:52,520
THE DRUG ENCAPSULATED.

1886
01:35:52,520 --> 01:35:54,280
THIS IS AND ATTRACTIVE APPROACH 

1887
01:35:54,280 --> 01:35:59,080
BECAUSE IT ALLOWS TO RELEASE TO 

1888
01:35:59,080 --> 01:36:03,040
SPECIFIC LIMBIC CIRCUITS 

1889
01:36:03,040 --> 01:36:03,760
LOCALLY.

1890
01:36:03,760 --> 01:36:07,640
IF YOU THINK OF SOMETHING THAT 

1891
01:36:07,640 --> 01:36:15,920
CAUSES NEUROEFFECTS, SYLLISIBEN 

1892
01:36:15,920 --> 01:36:20,040
AND KETAMINE CAN OPEN A NEW 

1893
01:36:20,040 --> 01:36:21,040
AVENUE OF TREATMENT.

1894
01:36:21,040 --> 01:36:24,880
WE HAVE IMPLANTED PORTS INTO OUR

1895
01:36:24,880 --> 01:36:26,720
MONKEYS TO TEST THE 

1896
01:36:26,720 --> 01:36:28,920
EFFECTIVENESS AND SAFETY.

1897
01:36:28,920 --> 01:36:38,880
AS A STARTING POINT, WE 

1898
01:36:38,880 --> 01:36:44,200
ENCAPSULATED INTO -- BECAUSE IT 

1899
01:36:44,200 --> 01:36:47,120
WILL SHOW WHAT SHOULD HAPPEN 

1900
01:36:47,120 --> 01:36:49,840
WHEN PROPOFOL IS RELEASED.

1901
01:36:49,840 --> 01:36:52,080
WE DELIVERED THE ULTRASOUND INTO

1902
01:36:52,080 --> 01:36:56,640
THE LEFT AND RIGHT LGN.

1903
01:36:56,640 --> 01:37:00,720
WE USED RELATIVELY MEDIUM 

1904
01:37:00,720 --> 01:37:02,440
ULTRASOUND, NOT A HIGH PRESSURE,

1905
01:37:02,440 --> 01:37:05,400
TO RELEASE THE PROPOFOL.

1906
01:37:05,400 --> 01:37:07,960
AND WE FOUND IT WORKS.

1907
01:37:07,960 --> 01:37:09,920
THE PROPOFOL WAS ABLE TO 

1908
01:37:09,920 --> 01:37:12,560
MODULATE THE NON-HUMAN PRIMATE 

1909
01:37:12,560 --> 01:37:14,960
BEHAVIOR IN A POLARITY SPECIFIC 

1910
01:37:14,960 --> 01:37:15,200
MANNER.

1911
01:37:15,200 --> 01:37:18,680
IT DEPENDED IF THE PROPOFOL WAS 

1912
01:37:18,680 --> 01:37:20,240
RELEASED IN THE RIGHT OR LEFT 

1913
01:37:20,240 --> 01:37:24,480
LGN.

1914
01:37:24,480 --> 01:37:26,040
IT FLIPPED POLARITY IN THAT 

1915
01:37:26,040 --> 01:37:28,040
CASE.

1916
01:37:28,040 --> 01:37:34,200
AS WE WOULD EXPECT, THE MONKEY 

1917
01:37:34,200 --> 01:37:37,920
SHOWED A BIAS IN HIS BEHAVIOR, 

1918
01:37:37,920 --> 01:37:40,520
CONSISTENT WITH THE LGN CIRCUIT.

1919
01:37:40,520 --> 01:37:43,080
I SHOULD STRESS THIS IS EXACTLY 

1920
01:37:43,080 --> 01:37:44,840
THE OPPOSITE RESULT THAN WE SAW 

1921
01:37:44,840 --> 01:37:48,320
WHERE THE ULTRASOUND STIMULATION

1922
01:37:48,320 --> 01:37:49,000
ALONE.

1923
01:37:49,000 --> 01:37:52,200
THOSE WERE EXCITERY EFFECTS AND 

1924
01:37:52,200 --> 01:37:55,080
THESE ARE INHIBITORY WHICH YOU 

1925
01:37:55,080 --> 01:37:57,040
WOULD EXPECT IF PROPOFOL IS 

1926
01:37:57,040 --> 01:37:57,280
RELEASED.

1927
01:37:57,280 --> 01:37:58,360
THE TIME IS CONSISTENT WITH THE 

1928
01:37:58,360 --> 01:38:01,880
GENERAL DURATION OF THE 

1929
01:38:01,880 --> 01:38:04,000
INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF ULTRASOUND

1930
01:38:04,000 --> 01:38:07,040
OF A DOZEN MINUTES OR SO.

1931
01:38:07,040 --> 01:38:09,720
SO IT IS QUITE EXCITING THAT 

1932
01:38:09,720 --> 01:38:11,960
NONHUMAN PRI MATES ALLOW US TO 

1933
01:38:11,960 --> 01:38:13,320
ASSESS SAFETY.

1934
01:38:13,320 --> 01:38:14,720
WE DID SEVERAL BLOOD DRAWS IN 

1935
01:38:14,720 --> 01:38:18,000
TWO MONKEYS SO FAR AND WE DIDN'T

1936
01:38:18,000 --> 01:38:21,160
FIND ANY NOTABLE ISSUES 

1937
01:38:21,160 --> 01:38:22,800
REGARDING THESE CLINICAL TESTS.

1938
01:38:22,800 --> 01:38:25,280
THERE WAS AN ELEVATED WHITE 

1939
01:38:25,280 --> 01:38:26,640
BLOOD CELL COUNT.

1940
01:38:26,640 --> 01:38:29,320
FAIRLY CONSISTENTLY ELEVATED 

1941
01:38:29,320 --> 01:38:31,240
FOLLOWING AN INJECTION, BUT IT 

1942
01:38:31,240 --> 01:38:34,240
WAS STILL WITHIN NORMAL VALUES.

1943
01:38:34,240 --> 01:38:37,200
AND IN A SECOND ANIMAL, THAT WAS

1944
01:38:37,200 --> 01:38:39,440
LESS PRONOUNCED ELEVATED WHITE 

1945
01:38:39,440 --> 01:38:43,400
BLOOD CELL INCREASE.

1946
01:38:43,400 --> 01:38:45,560
SO THE MONKEYS ARE ABLE TO 

1947
01:38:45,560 --> 01:38:48,120
PERFORM THE TASK AND THE NEXT 

1948
01:38:48,120 --> 01:38:49,600
DAY WE DON'T DETECT ANY 

1949
01:38:49,600 --> 01:38:50,720
BEHAVIORAL DEFICITS EITHER.

1950
01:38:50,720 --> 01:38:54,680
IT APPEARS THIS APPROACH WILL BE

1951
01:38:54,680 --> 01:38:58,040
APPLICABLE TO HUMANS BECAUSE IT 

1952
01:38:58,040 --> 01:39:00,600
APPEARS TO BE SAFE ON NONHUMAN 

1953
01:39:00,600 --> 01:39:00,920
PRIMATES.

1954
01:39:00,920 --> 01:39:09,040
SO LET ME SUMMARIZE.

1955
01:39:09,040 --> 01:39:11,480
LOW INTENSITY ULTRASOUND IS 

1956
01:39:11,480 --> 01:39:13,440
IMPORTANT TO MODULATE DEEP BRAIN

1957
01:39:13,440 --> 01:39:15,280
STRUCTURES NONINVASIVELY.

1958
01:39:15,280 --> 01:39:17,320
BY VIRTUE OF IT BEING A 

1959
01:39:17,320 --> 01:39:19,800
MECHANICAL WAVE, IT CAN VIBRATE 

1960
01:39:19,800 --> 01:39:22,360
MEMBRANES AND ION CHANNELS AND 

1961
01:39:22,360 --> 01:39:24,720
THIS WAY MEDIATE NEURAL 

1962
01:39:24,720 --> 01:39:25,120
EXCITABILITY.

1963
01:39:25,120 --> 01:39:27,760
IT MAY MODULATE NOT ONLY 

1964
01:39:27,760 --> 01:39:29,840
NEURONS, BUT GLIAL CELLS.

1965
01:39:29,840 --> 01:39:31,640
WHICH IS IMPORTANT IF WE START 

1966
01:39:31,640 --> 01:39:33,520
THINKING OF NEUROPLASTIC 

1967
01:39:33,520 --> 01:39:33,800
EFFECTS.

1968
01:39:33,800 --> 01:39:37,440
THE KEY BARRIER IN TERMS OF 

1969
01:39:37,440 --> 01:39:41,760
APPLYING IN HUMANS IS THE HUMAN 

1970
01:39:41,760 --> 01:39:42,240
SKULL.

1971
01:39:42,240 --> 01:39:43,880
NOEFL APPROACHES CAN OVERCOME 

1972
01:39:43,880 --> 01:39:44,680
THIS BARRIER.

1973
01:39:44,680 --> 01:39:47,080
WE CAN THINK OF THIS ISSUE AS 

1974
01:39:47,080 --> 01:39:47,760
BEING SOFT.

1975
01:39:47,760 --> 01:39:50,320
THE SECOND BARRIER IS TO INDUCE 

1976
01:39:50,320 --> 01:39:52,080
EFFECTS SO SUBJECTS DON'T HAVE 

1977
01:39:52,080 --> 01:39:53,880
TO COME FOR TREATMENT TOO OFTEN.

1978
01:39:53,880 --> 01:39:56,160
ONE OF THE APPROACHES WE HAVE 

1979
01:39:56,160 --> 01:39:58,920
FOUND IN MONKEY AND HUMANS IS TO

1980
01:39:58,920 --> 01:40:00,680
DELIVER SUSTAINED MODULATION.

1981
01:40:00,680 --> 01:40:08,480
NOT MILICMILICLISEMILLISECONDS.

1982
01:40:08,480 --> 01:40:15,400
BUT UP TO 30 MINUTES OR SO.

1983
01:40:15,400 --> 01:40:19,080
AN INTRIGUING ADDITIONAL 

1984
01:40:19,080 --> 01:40:23,920
APPROACH WITH SPECIFIC DRUGS 

1985
01:40:23,920 --> 01:40:25,960
THAT CAN INDUCE DURABLE EFFECTS 

1986
01:40:25,960 --> 01:40:27,760
IN THE CIRCUITS.

1987
01:40:27,760 --> 01:40:30,000
IN THIS MANNER THE DRUG WILL BE 

1988
01:40:30,000 --> 01:40:31,560
DELIVERED ONCE WITH THE HOPES 

1989
01:40:31,560 --> 01:40:33,360
THAT THE EFFECTS WILL OUTLAST 

1990
01:40:33,360 --> 01:40:35,840
THE RELEASE FOR DAYS AND WEEKS 

1991
01:40:35,840 --> 01:40:37,280
AND POTENTIALLY EVEN MONTHS.

1992
01:40:37,280 --> 01:40:39,960
SO THIS WORK HAS BEEN POSSIBLE 

1993
01:40:39,960 --> 01:40:41,240
DUE TO MANY OUTSTANDING STUDENTS

1994
01:40:41,240 --> 01:40:45,400
IN MY LABS AND POST DOCS.

1995
01:40:45,400 --> 01:40:53,320
AND ALSO WITH THE HELP OF 

1996
01:40:53,320 --> 01:40:54,040
COLLABORATING PSYCHIATRIST AND 

1997
01:40:54,040 --> 01:40:57,560
NEUROLOGISTS AND THE SUPPORT OF 

1998
01:40:57,560 --> 01:41:00,320
NIH AND THE FOCUSED ULTRASOUND 

1999
01:41:00,320 --> 01:41:00,600
FOUNDATION.

2000
01:41:00,600 --> 01:41:01,440
I THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR 

2001
01:41:01,440 --> 01:41:05,000
ATTENTION.

2002
01:41:05,000 --> 01:41:06,560
>>QUESTIONS.

2003
01:41:06,560 --> 01:41:08,040
>>YEAH.

2004
01:41:08,040 --> 01:41:08,200
HI.

2005
01:41:08,200 --> 01:41:11,160
SO STUDIES WITH LOW INTENSITY 

2006
01:41:11,160 --> 01:41:14,600
FOCUS ULTRASOUND TO OPEN UP THE 

2007
01:41:14,600 --> 01:41:16,760
BLOOD/BRAIN BARRIER HAVE SHOWN 

2008
01:41:16,760 --> 01:41:18,240
MICROHEMORRHAGE OR HEATING.

2009
01:41:18,240 --> 01:41:20,440
IF YOU ARE GOING FOR 30 SECONDS,

2010
01:41:20,440 --> 01:41:22,200
DO YOU KNOW IF THINGS ARE 

2011
01:41:22,200 --> 01:41:22,760
GETTING HOT?

2012
01:41:22,760 --> 01:41:23,920
DO YOU KNOW WHETHER THERE IS 

2013
01:41:23,920 --> 01:41:25,720
LONG-TERM DAMAGE?

2014
01:41:25,720 --> 01:41:31,480
>>THE ULTRASOUND 

2015
01:41:31,480 --> 01:41:32,320
NEUROMODULATION DOES NOT INJEBLT

2016
01:41:32,320 --> 01:41:35,680
BUBBLES SO IT IS NOT OPENING THE

2017
01:41:35,680 --> 01:41:36,440
BLOOD/BRAIN BARRIER.

2018
01:41:36,440 --> 01:41:39,520
YOU CAN DO IT IF YOU WOULD LIKE 

2019
01:41:39,520 --> 01:41:42,480
TO DELIVER LARGE AGENTS, STEM 

2020
01:41:42,480 --> 01:41:44,800
CELLS, GENES, IT IS POSSIBLE TO 

2021
01:41:44,800 --> 01:41:46,800
INJECT MICROBUBBLES INTO THE 

2022
01:41:46,800 --> 01:41:50,040
BLOOD STREAM AND VIBRATIONS OF 

2023
01:41:50,040 --> 01:41:51,600
MICROBUBBLES CAN OPEN THE 

2024
01:41:51,600 --> 01:41:52,560
BLOOD/BRAIN BARRIER.

2025
01:41:52,560 --> 01:41:54,640
IT IS AN INTRIGUING NEW 

2026
01:41:54,640 --> 01:41:55,840
APPLICATION WHICH I HAVEN'T 

2027
01:41:55,840 --> 01:41:56,640
TALKED ABOUT TODAY.

2028
01:41:56,640 --> 01:41:59,480
YOU MIGHT BE TALKING -- MAYBE 

2029
01:41:59,480 --> 01:42:02,280
YOU THOUGHT THE NANO PARTICLES.

2030
01:42:02,280 --> 01:42:03,720
>>I ASKED ABOUT THE 

2031
01:42:03,720 --> 01:42:04,960
TEMPERATURE, THE HEATING.

2032
01:42:04,960 --> 01:42:06,640
>>THESE ARE LOW INTENSITY

2033
01:42:06,640 --> 01:42:06,880
LEVELS.

2034
01:42:06,880 --> 01:42:09,280
WHEN WE MEASURED THE HEATING IT 

2035
01:42:09,280 --> 01:42:12,920
IS BELOW .1 DEGREE CELSIUS, SO 

2036
01:42:12,920 --> 01:42:16,440
IT IS SUB THERMAL.

2037
01:42:16,440 --> 01:42:18,800
THOSE ARE NOT SURGICAL HIGH 

2038
01:42:18,800 --> 01:42:23,680
INTENSITY TO ABLATE TISSUES.

2039
01:42:23,680 --> 01:42:27,040
THEY ARE KNOWN FOR REVERSAL 

2040
01:42:27,040 --> 01:42:27,440
SAFE.

2041
01:42:27,440 --> 01:42:28,240
>>AWESOME WORK.

2042
01:42:28,240 --> 01:42:31,600
I WANT TO KNOW IF THERE WAS ANY 

2043
01:42:31,600 --> 01:42:35,880
ASSOCIATION IN YOUR MEASURING OF

2044
01:42:35,880 --> 01:42:37,640
IMAGES YOU FOUND IN VARIOUS 

2045
01:42:37,640 --> 01:42:40,040
BEHAVIORAL SYMPTOMS THAT YOU SAW

2046
01:42:40,040 --> 01:42:40,520
CHANGES IN?

2047
01:42:40,520 --> 01:42:41,760
>>MM-HMM.

2048
01:42:41,760 --> 01:42:43,520
SO YOU MIGHT BE REFERRING TO 

2049
01:42:43,520 --> 01:42:46,600
CHANGES IN FUNCTIONAL 

2050
01:42:46,600 --> 01:42:46,960
CONNECTIVITY.

2051
01:42:46,960 --> 01:42:48,800
WE ARE LOOKING AT THAT.

2052
01:42:48,800 --> 01:42:50,320
WE HAVE COLLECTED THESE DATA 

2053
01:42:50,320 --> 01:42:53,320
ABOUT TWO WEEKS AGO, SO WE ARE 

2054
01:42:53,320 --> 01:42:54,200
NOT ANALYZING THEM.

2055
01:42:54,200 --> 01:42:56,080
SO FAR WE HAVE ONLY LOOKED AT 

2056
01:42:56,080 --> 01:43:03,200
THE IMMEDIATE CHANGES IN THE -- 

2057
01:43:03,200 --> 01:43:03,440
ACTIVITY.

2058
01:43:03,440 --> 01:43:05,320
WE DO HAVE THE DATA SO WE WILL 

2059
01:43:05,320 --> 01:43:06,440
BE ANALYZING THEM 

2060
01:43:06,440 --> 01:43:09,520
>>ARE ANY OF THE CHANGES
IN THE

2061
01:43:09,520 --> 01:43:12,480
IMMEDIATE BOLD ACTIVITY 

2062
01:43:12,480 --> 01:43:14,520
ASSOCIATED WITH THE CHANGES -- 

2063
01:43:14,520 --> 01:43:15,680
>>GOOD QUESTION.

2064
01:43:15,680 --> 01:43:18,000
THE BOLD CHANGES ARE FAIRLY 

2065
01:43:18,000 --> 01:43:18,280
IMMEDIATE.

2066
01:43:18,280 --> 01:43:19,400
THE BEHAVIORAL CHANGES THAT 

2067
01:43:19,400 --> 01:43:21,040
REQUIRED AT LEAST 30 SECONDS OR 

2068
01:43:21,040 --> 01:43:21,760
LONGER STIMULATION.

2069
01:43:21,760 --> 01:43:24,240
IT APPEARS THE LONGER THE 

2070
01:43:24,240 --> 01:43:25,720
STIMULATION, THE MORE THE 

2071
01:43:25,720 --> 01:43:28,360
SUBJECT FELT POSITIVELY.

2072
01:43:28,360 --> 01:43:31,720
>>SO YOU SEE THAT AS A
TARGET 

2073
01:43:31,720 --> 01:43:33,560
ENGAGEMENT AND THERE IS NO 

2074
01:43:33,560 --> 01:43:34,720
ASSOCIATION WITH CHANGE IN 

2075
01:43:34,720 --> 01:43:38,280
BEHAVIORAL BUT LOOKING INTO THE 

2076
01:43:38,280 --> 01:43:40,080
LONGER BOLD CHANGES?

2077
01:43:40,080 --> 01:43:44,600
>>SO LIKELY THERE ARE
ACUTE 

2078
01:43:44,600 --> 01:43:45,680
EFFECTS OF THE NEUROMODULATION 

2079
01:43:45,680 --> 01:43:47,320
AND SUSTAIN THE STIMULATION 

2080
01:43:47,320 --> 01:43:49,280
BECAUSE SUBJECTS DID MENTION AND

2081
01:43:49,280 --> 01:43:51,760
THIS IS SUBJECTIVE EVIDENCE THAT

2082
01:43:51,760 --> 01:43:53,520
SHE FELT BETTER OVER THE WEEKEND

2083
01:43:53,520 --> 01:43:56,360
WHEN WE STIMULATED ON FRIDAY.

2084
01:43:56,360 --> 01:43:58,600
THERE MAY BE SOME EFFECTS, WE 

2085
01:43:58,600 --> 01:44:00,800
HAVE TO INVESTIGATE THAT.

2086
01:44:00,800 --> 01:44:03,920
IN THE MONKEYS WE CAN DO IT AT 

2087
01:44:03,920 --> 01:44:06,960
THE MECHANICISTIC LEVEL TO 

2088
01:44:06,960 --> 01:44:08,520
QUANTIFY AS STIMULATION OF DOSE,

2089
01:44:08,520 --> 01:44:09,680
DURATION AND ENERGY.

2090
01:44:09,680 --> 01:44:16,880
IN HUMANS WE CAN AT LEAST 

2091
01:44:16,880 --> 01:44:20,360
COLLECT SO FAR THIS VERBAL 

2092
01:44:20,360 --> 01:44:20,640
EVIDENCE.

2093
01:44:20,640 --> 01:44:21,160
>>AWESOME.

2094
01:44:21,160 --> 01:44:22,080
THANK YOU.

2095
01:44:22,080 --> 01:44:23,520
>>THANK YOU FOR A VERY 

2096
01:44:23,520 --> 01:44:24,080
INTERESTING TALK.

2097
01:44:24,080 --> 01:44:25,440
>>SPEAK UP, PLEASE.

2098
01:44:25,440 --> 01:44:27,280
>>I HAVE TWO QUESTIONS.

2099
01:44:27,280 --> 01:44:29,360
FIRST ONE IS DOSE CORRECTION 

2100
01:44:29,360 --> 01:44:29,800
METHOD.

2101
01:44:29,800 --> 01:44:31,320
>>AND SPEAK UP EVEN MORE.

2102
01:44:31,320 --> 01:44:33,760
>>THE FIRST ONE IS ABOUT
THE 

2103
01:44:33,760 --> 01:44:36,560
DOSE TRANSMISSION, THE DOSE 

2104
01:44:36,560 --> 01:44:39,080
CORRECTION SCAN OR METHOD BASED 

2105
01:44:39,080 --> 01:44:40,840
ON TRANSMISSION MEASUREMENTS.

2106
01:44:40,840 --> 01:44:43,240
SO MY FIRST QUESTION WOULD BE IS

2107
01:44:43,240 --> 01:44:45,120
IT SUITABLE FOR ALL BRAIN 

2108
01:44:45,120 --> 01:44:46,720
REGIONS YOU WANT TO STIMULATE OR

2109
01:44:46,720 --> 01:44:50,040
ONLY DEEP AREAS WHERE YOU CAN DO

2110
01:44:50,040 --> 01:44:50,480
THAT?

2111
01:44:50,480 --> 01:44:51,520
THE SECOND QUESTION IS 

2112
01:44:51,520 --> 01:44:53,520
ESPECIALLY FOR THOSE PATIENTS OR

2113
01:44:53,520 --> 01:44:55,640
SUBJECTS YOU HAD TO UPSCALE THE 

2114
01:44:55,640 --> 01:44:57,920
INTENSITY A LOT TO REACH 

2115
01:44:57,920 --> 01:44:59,560
EFFECTIVE LEVELS IN THE TARGET.

2116
01:44:59,560 --> 01:45:00,960
DID YOU THEN HAVE HEATING 

2117
01:45:00,960 --> 01:45:04,120
PROBLEMS IN THE SKULL?

2118
01:45:04,120 --> 01:45:04,720
>>MM-HMM.

2119
01:45:04,720 --> 01:45:06,760
TO ANSWER THE FIRST QUESTION, 

2120
01:45:06,760 --> 01:45:12,720
THE DEVICE HAS ABOUT 30 

2121
01:45:12,720 --> 01:45:14,360
MILLIMETER RADIUS OF TREATMENT.

2122
01:45:14,360 --> 01:45:16,400
SO IF IT IS POSITIONED IN A 

2123
01:45:16,400 --> 01:45:20,560
CERTAIN LOCATION, ELECTR

2124
01:45:20,560 --> 01:45:21,320
ELECTRONICALLY, THE TARGET CAN 

2125
01:45:21,320 --> 01:45:23,800
BE STEERED IN THAT RADIUS.

2126
01:45:23,800 --> 01:45:26,840
IT COULD GO BEYOND BUT YOU WOULD

2127
01:45:26,840 --> 01:45:29,520
INDUCE SIDE LOBES AND 

2128
01:45:29,520 --> 01:45:31,560
UNDESIRABLE ISSUES, BUT IT IS 

2129
01:45:31,560 --> 01:45:33,680
POSSIBLE TO MOVE THE DEVICE.

2130
01:45:33,680 --> 01:45:37,200
IF MORE FRONTAL APPLICATIONS ARE

2131
01:45:37,200 --> 01:45:39,040
DESIRED, YOU CAN SIT MORE IN THE

2132
01:45:39,040 --> 01:45:42,400
FRONT OR IN THE BACK.

2133
01:45:42,400 --> 01:45:43,760
SO THAT HOPEFULLY ANSWERS THE 

2134
01:45:43,760 --> 01:45:44,880
FIRST QUESTION.

2135
01:45:44,880 --> 01:45:46,840
AND THE SECOND QUESTION IS IF WE

2136
01:45:46,840 --> 01:45:49,880
ARE CORRECTING FOR THE SKULL, 

2137
01:45:49,880 --> 01:45:53,200
THE SKULL CAN BE THICK IN SOME 

2138
01:45:53,200 --> 01:45:58,280
PATIENTS OR ACOUSTICALLY 

2139
01:45:58,280 --> 01:45:59,360
SUBSTANTIAL WHETHER WE WOULD 

2140
01:45:59,360 --> 01:46:02,200
INDUCE HEATING OF THE SKULL?

2141
01:46:02,200 --> 01:46:05,400
SO THOSE ARE EXPOSURE LEVELS 

2142
01:46:05,400 --> 01:46:08,640
BELOW THE FDA 5-10K 

2143
01:46:08,640 --> 01:46:10,200
RECOMMENDATIONS AND LOW AND 

2144
01:46:10,200 --> 01:46:10,560
CONSERVATIVE.

2145
01:46:10,560 --> 01:46:13,560
WHEN WE DID CALCULATIONS WHETHER

2146
01:46:13,560 --> 01:46:17,120
THE INCREASE IN SKULL HEATING WE

2147
01:46:17,120 --> 01:46:20,080
WERE STILL BELOW SAFE LEVELS 

2148
01:46:20,080 --> 01:46:21,600
BELOW 1 DEGREE CELSIUS.

2149
01:46:21,600 --> 01:46:23,480
WE HAVE NOT BEEN CONCERNED ABOUT

2150
01:46:23,480 --> 01:46:25,560
THAT, BUT WE SHOULD MEASURE THAT

2151
01:46:25,560 --> 01:46:25,840
CAREFULLY.

2152
01:46:25,840 --> 01:46:26,480
>>THANK YOU.

2153
01:46:26,480 --> 01:46:27,080
>>THANK YOU.

2154
01:46:27,080 --> 01:46:28,560
>>I HAVE ONE QUESTION, IF
THERE

2155
01:46:28,560 --> 01:46:29,440
IS TIME.

2156
01:46:29,440 --> 01:46:35,320
CAN YOU TELL US A LITTLE BIT 

2157
01:46:35,320 --> 01:46:36,960
ABOUT HOW YOU TARGET WITH THAT 

2158
01:46:36,960 --> 01:46:38,640
DEVICE IN THE SCANNER FOR THE 

2159
01:46:38,640 --> 01:46:38,880
HUMANS?

2160
01:46:38,880 --> 01:46:40,000
>>YES.

2161
01:46:40,000 --> 01:46:42,600
SO THIS DEVICE IS DESIGNED TO 

2162
01:46:42,600 --> 01:46:44,360
REQUIRE MRI ONCE AND THAT IS 

2163
01:46:44,360 --> 01:46:49,720
REALLY FOR PRACTICAL REASONS, 

2164
01:46:49,720 --> 01:46:49,920
RIGHT?

2165
01:46:49,920 --> 01:46:52,000
LONG-TERM TRAIN OF STIMULATION 

2166
01:46:52,000 --> 01:46:54,720
WOULD LIMIT THE SUBJECT TO GO 

2167
01:46:54,720 --> 01:46:56,600
INTO MRI EVERY SINGLE TIME.

2168
01:46:56,600 --> 01:47:01,600
WE HAVE DESIGNED A MASK USED FOR

2169
01:47:01,600 --> 01:47:02,400
RADIOOLOGICAL TREATMENTS TO FIX 

2170
01:47:02,400 --> 01:47:05,560
THE SUBJECT'S HEAD IN THE SAME 

2171
01:47:05,560 --> 01:47:07,400
LOCATION WITH THE LOCATION OF 

2172
01:47:07,400 --> 01:47:11,040
THE ARRAYS.

2173
01:47:11,040 --> 01:47:14,600
WE CAN TAKE MRI ONLY ONCE, GET 

2174
01:47:14,600 --> 01:47:16,720
THE BRAIN ANATOMY, GET THE 

2175
01:47:16,720 --> 01:47:21,400
LOCATION OF THE ARRAYS, THEN WE 

2176
01:47:21,400 --> 01:47:25,720
STIMULATE, WE VALIDATE THE 

2177
01:47:25,720 --> 01:47:27,120
TARGET ENGAGEMENT USING BOLD AS 

2178
01:47:27,120 --> 01:47:29,320
WE HAVE SEEN IT AND THE SET UP 

2179
01:47:29,320 --> 01:47:32,080
CAN BE TAKEN OUTSIDE OF MRI.

2180
01:47:32,080 --> 01:47:33,320
THE SUBJECT IS POSITIONED, THE 

2181
01:47:33,320 --> 01:47:34,920
HEAD IS POSITIONED IN THE SAME 

2182
01:47:34,920 --> 01:47:35,240
LOCATION.

2183
01:47:35,240 --> 01:47:37,320
WE KNOW WHERE THE MRI SITS.

2184
01:47:37,320 --> 01:47:40,080
SO IT IS POSSIBLE TO STIMULATE 

2185
01:47:40,080 --> 01:47:42,720
OUTSIDE OF MRI.

2186
01:47:42,720 --> 01:47:44,280
IN FACT, DURING THE 

2187
01:47:44,280 --> 01:47:45,440
QUANTIFICATION OF THE BEHAVIORAL

2188
01:47:45,440 --> 01:47:47,480
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS THAT IS 

2189
01:47:47,480 --> 01:47:49,280
EXACTLY WHAT WE DID.

2190
01:47:49,280 --> 01:47:51,880
THAT WAS DONE OUTSIDE OF MRI.

2191
01:47:51,880 --> 01:47:54,320
>>ANY OTHER QUESTIONS?

2192
01:47:54,320 --> 01:47:55,400
MAYBE LAST ONE.

2193
01:47:55,400 --> 01:47:57,320
>>I JUST HAVE ONE LAST 

2194
01:47:57,320 --> 01:47:57,600
QUESTION.

2195
01:47:57,600 --> 01:48:01,320
TO SEE THIS AS A DURABLE LONG 

2196
01:48:01,320 --> 01:48:03,240
LASTING THERAPY, DO YOU THINK IT

2197
01:48:03,240 --> 01:48:05,320
WOULD REQUIRE MULTIPLE SESSIONS 

2198
01:48:05,320 --> 01:48:06,720
OF FOE CUBED ULTRASOUND.

2199
01:48:06,720 --> 01:48:08,640
IF THAT IS THE CASE, DO YOU 

2200
01:48:08,640 --> 01:48:11,120
THINK IT INCREASES THE BRAIN 

2201
01:48:11,120 --> 01:48:13,720
TISSUE OF INFARCTION SO SAFETY 

2202
01:48:13,720 --> 01:48:14,360
CONCERN THERE?

2203
01:48:14,360 --> 01:48:17,200
>>IT IS A GOOD QUESTION.

2204
01:48:17,200 --> 01:48:19,160
REGARDING DURABLE SUSTAINED 

2205
01:48:19,160 --> 01:48:20,560
EFFECTS HOW OFTEN DO THEY NEED 

2206
01:48:20,560 --> 01:48:22,360
TO BE REPEATED?

2207
01:48:22,360 --> 01:48:27,160
WE THINK OF IT AS TMS, A SINGLE 

2208
01:48:27,160 --> 01:48:29,600
SESSION OF TMS MAY HAVE EFFECTS,

2209
01:48:29,600 --> 01:48:32,040
BUT NEEDS TO BE REPEATED FOR 

2210
01:48:32,040 --> 01:48:33,840
SEVERAL WEEKS.

2211
01:48:33,840 --> 01:48:34,840
THAT IS MY EXPECTATION THAT WILL

2212
01:48:34,840 --> 01:48:36,320
BE THE CASE.

2213
01:48:36,320 --> 01:48:39,720
WE MAY BE ABLE TO SHORTEN THE 

2214
01:48:39,720 --> 01:48:39,920
TIME.

2215
01:48:39,920 --> 01:48:42,600
MAYBE IT WILL BE A MATTER OF 

2216
01:48:42,600 --> 01:48:44,840
DAYS INSTEAD OF WEEKS, BUT THI 

2217
01:48:44,840 --> 01:48:48,320
NEEDS TO BE TESTED IN THIS 

2218
01:48:48,320 --> 01:48:49,520
CLINICAL TRIAL.

2219
01:48:49,520 --> 01:48:51,320
REGARDING SAFETY N THE MONKEYS 

2220
01:48:51,320 --> 01:48:54,360
WE HAVE BEEN REPEATING THESE 

2221
01:48:54,360 --> 01:48:56,880
STIMULATION PROTOCOLS DAILY.

2222
01:48:56,880 --> 01:49:01,400
AND THEY ARE MEDIUM INTENSITY 

2223
01:49:01,400 --> 01:49:02,120
ULTRASOUNDS.

2224
01:49:02,120 --> 01:49:05,560
NOW WE ARE EXCEEDING THE FDA 

2225
01:49:05,560 --> 01:49:06,880
RECOMMENDATIONS, OUR PROTOCOL 

2226
01:49:06,880 --> 01:49:10,680
ALLOWS US TO DO THAT AND WE 

2227
01:49:10,680 --> 01:49:12,480
DON'T SEE ANY SAFETY CONCERNS.

2228
01:49:12,480 --> 01:49:15,080
THE MONKEYS COME BACK THE NEXT 

2229
01:49:15,080 --> 01:49:17,320
DAY AND THE PERFORMANCE GOES UP 

2230
01:49:17,320 --> 01:49:18,120
IN TIME.

2231
01:49:18,120 --> 01:49:21,720
IF WE ARE DAMAGING THE LGS, IF 

2232
01:49:21,720 --> 01:49:23,440
WE ARE CAUSING DAMAGE, 

2233
01:49:23,440 --> 01:49:25,600
PERFORMANCE WOULD GO DOWN.

2234
01:49:25,600 --> 01:49:28,680
IF ANYTHING, IT GOES UP OVER 

2235
01:49:28,680 --> 01:49:30,400
TIME AFTER MONTHS AND MONTHS OF 

2236
01:49:30,400 --> 01:49:30,720
STIMULATION.

2237
01:49:30,720 --> 01:49:32,520
I'M NOT TOO CONCERNED BASED ON 

2238
01:49:32,520 --> 01:49:36,080
THOSE DATA, OBVIOUSLY, WE NEED 

2239
01:49:36,080 --> 01:49:37,400
TO TEST IT AT HUMANS.

2240
01:49:37,400 --> 01:49:38,480
>>THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

2241
01:49:38,480 --> 01:49:40,920
WE'LL LEAVE IT THERE.

2242
01:49:40,920 --> 01:49:42,200
>>THANK YOU.

2243
01:49:42,200 --> 01:49:42,480
[ APPLAUSE ]

2244
01:49:42,480 --> 01:49:45,840
>>SO I THINK THAT ENDS
THIS 

2245
01:49:45,840 --> 01:49:46,960
FIRST SECTION.

2246
01:49:46,960 --> 01:49:49,480
TAKE A BREAK AND STRETCH OUT AND

2247
01:49:49,480 --> 01:49:52,120
COME BACK 10:15.

2248
01:49:52,120 --> 01:49:55,280
>>I GUESS LET'S GET 

2249
01:49:55,280 --> 01:49:57,840
STARTED FOR A VERY EXCITING 

2250
01:49:57,840 --> 01:50:01,360
KEYNOTE LECTURE.

2251
01:50:01,360 --> 01:50:03,720
I'M SO DELIGHTED TO INTRODUCE 

2252
01:50:03,720 --> 01:50:07,160
THE KEYNOTE SPEAKER TODAY FOR 

2253
01:50:07,160 --> 01:50:07,560
OUR WORKSHOP.

2254
01:50:07,560 --> 01:50:11,200
DR. SARAH LISANBY FROM THE 

2255
01:50:11,200 --> 01:50:13,680
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL 

2256
01:50:13,680 --> 01:50:15,440
HEALTH AND FOR MANY OF YOU, I 

2257
01:50:15,440 --> 01:50:18,480
THINK I DON'T REALLY NEED AN 

2258
01:50:18,480 --> 01:50:19,800
INTRODUCTION BECAUSE YOU KNOW 

2259
01:50:19,800 --> 01:50:19,960
HER.

2260
01:50:19,960 --> 01:50:21,960
SHE IS WELL KNOWN.

2261
01:50:21,960 --> 01:50:24,760
AND DR. LISANBY IS 

2262
01:50:24,760 --> 01:50:27,920
INTERNATIONALLY RENOWNED 

2263
01:50:27,920 --> 01:50:29,240
INNOVATOR OF NEUROMODULATION 

2264
01:50:29,240 --> 01:50:30,920
TECHNOLOGIES AND IS CURRENTLY 

2265
01:50:30,920 --> 01:50:33,360
SERVING AS DIRECTOR OF THE 

2266
01:50:33,360 --> 01:50:35,680
DIVISION OF TRANSLATIONAL 

2267
01:50:35,680 --> 01:50:39,800
RESEARCH AT THE NIMH.

2268
01:50:39,800 --> 01:50:44,600
SHE ALSO RUNS THE NONINVASIVE 

2269
01:50:44,600 --> 01:50:46,840
NEUROMODULATION UNIT, KIND OF 

2270
01:50:46,840 --> 01:50:52,040
RESEARCH UNIT AT NIMH, 

2271
01:50:52,040 --> 01:50:53,720
INTRAMURAL RESEARCH PROGRAM.

2272
01:50:53,720 --> 01:50:55,120
BEFORE COMING TO NIH PROBABLY 

2273
01:50:55,120 --> 01:50:57,520
LIKE FIVE YEARS AGO, SHE WAS THE

2274
01:50:57,520 --> 01:51:03,440
CHAIR OF THE DUKE UNIVERSITY 

2275
01:51:03,440 --> 01:51:05,640
DEPARTMENTAL PSYCHIATRY, SHE 

2276
01:51:05,640 --> 01:51:10,520
BUILT SPECIALIZING PROGRAMS OF 

2277
01:51:10,520 --> 01:51:15,240
CONVERGENCE OF PSYCHIATRY, 

2278
01:51:15,240 --> 01:51:17,400
NEUROSCIENCE AND ENGINEERING.

2279
01:51:17,400 --> 01:51:21,840
SHE HAS 280 PAPERS AND HAS 

2280
01:51:21,840 --> 01:51:23,840
RECEIVED NATIONAL AND 

2281
01:51:23,840 --> 01:51:25,760
INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION 

2282
01:51:25,760 --> 01:51:27,560
EVIDENCED BY NUMEROUS AWARDS.

2283
01:51:27,560 --> 01:51:29,400
>>THANK YOU FOR THAT VERY
KIND 

2284
01:51:29,400 --> 01:51:30,120
INTRODUCTION AND FOR THE 

2285
01:51:30,120 --> 01:51:32,320
OPPORTUNITY TO SPEAK AT THIS 

2286
01:51:32,320 --> 01:51:34,280
REALLY GREAT MOTING ON MRI OF 

2287
01:51:34,280 --> 01:51:34,640
NEUROMODULATION.

2288
01:51:34,640 --> 01:51:36,800
I WAS ASKED TO GIVE A KIND OF 

2289
01:51:36,800 --> 01:51:41,160
BIG PICK KWHUR  -- PICTURE 

2290
01:51:41,160 --> 01:51:43,400
OVERVIEW SO THAT IS WHAT I 

2291
01:51:43,400 --> 01:51:44,760
BROUGHT TODAY.

2292
01:51:44,760 --> 01:51:47,480
I TOLD YIHONG IF I WASN'T 

2293
01:51:47,480 --> 01:51:49,240
INVITED TO SPEAK, I WOULD WANT 

2294
01:51:49,240 --> 01:51:54,880
TO BE IN THE AUDIENCE BECAUSE IT

2295
01:51:54,880 --> 01:51:56,520
IS VERY GOOD TALKS.

2296
01:51:56,520 --> 01:51:58,440
I'M GOING TO START WITH THE 

2297
01:51:58,440 --> 01:52:00,440
BOTTOM LINEUP FRONT.

2298
01:52:00,440 --> 01:52:02,240
NEUROMODULATION ADDS A LOT TO 

2299
01:52:02,240 --> 01:52:03,480
THE FIELD OF MRI.

2300
01:52:03,480 --> 01:52:04,880
IN FACT, YOU SAW THAT IN ONE OF 

2301
01:52:04,880 --> 01:52:07,560
THE FIRST TALKS ABOUT HOW 

2302
01:52:07,560 --> 01:52:09,120
READING AND WRITING INTO THE 

2303
01:52:09,120 --> 01:52:10,920
BRAIN CAN HELP UNDERSTAND THE 

2304
01:52:10,920 --> 01:52:12,600
MECHANISMS OF, FOR EXAMPLE, THE 

2305
01:52:12,600 --> 01:52:16,400
BOLD RESPONSE.

2306
01:52:16,400 --> 01:52:18,040
SO NEUROMODULATION CAN GIVE TO 

2307
01:52:18,040 --> 01:52:19,680
MRI THE ABILITY TO MOVE FROM 

2308
01:52:19,680 --> 01:52:21,480
CORRELATION TO CAUSATION AND 

2309
01:52:21,480 --> 01:52:23,800
ALSO TO TEST THE FUNCTIONAL 

2310
01:52:23,800 --> 01:52:26,200
SIGNIFICANCE OF MRI-DERIVED 

2311
01:52:26,200 --> 01:52:26,520
MEASURES.

2312
01:52:26,520 --> 01:52:29,040
I WILL GIVE SOME EXAMPLES OF 

2313
01:52:29,040 --> 01:52:31,160
MRI-DERIVED MEASURES OF 

2314
01:52:31,160 --> 01:52:32,680
FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL 

2315
01:52:32,680 --> 01:52:33,000
CONNECTIVITY.

2316
01:52:33,000 --> 01:52:34,720
THE FLIP SIDE OF THE COIN IS MRI

2317
01:52:34,720 --> 01:52:37,280
HAS A LOT TO ADD TO 

2318
01:52:37,280 --> 01:52:37,680
NEUROMODULATION.

2319
01:52:37,680 --> 01:52:39,720
IT HAS HELPED US IN THE FIELD OF

2320
01:52:39,720 --> 01:52:41,320
NEUROMODULATION TO UP OUR GAME 

2321
01:52:41,320 --> 01:52:42,560
IN MANY WAYS.

2322
01:52:42,560 --> 01:52:44,320
FOR EXAMPLE, HAVE TOOLS TO 

2323
01:52:44,320 --> 01:52:45,480
QUANTIFY THE DOSE OF STIMULATION

2324
01:52:45,480 --> 01:52:47,520
THAT HELPS TO PLAIN VARIABILITY 

2325
01:52:47,520 --> 01:52:50,920
AND RESPONSE ACROSS MODALITIES 

2326
01:52:50,920 --> 01:52:52,160
OF NEUROMODULATION AS WELL AS 

2327
01:52:52,160 --> 01:52:54,480
WITHIN MODALITY ACROSS 

2328
01:52:54,480 --> 01:52:56,320
INDIVIDUALS TO BETTER UNDERSTAND

2329
01:52:56,320 --> 01:52:59,240
INDIVIDUAL VARIATION AND 

2330
01:52:59,240 --> 01:52:59,480
RESPONSE.

2331
01:52:59,480 --> 01:53:03,760
MRI HAS TO NEUROMODULATION TO 

2332
01:53:03,760 --> 01:53:05,200
ENHANCE THE SPATIAL PRECISION OF

2333
01:53:05,200 --> 01:53:07,520
NEXT GENERATION TOOLING TO MAKE 

2334
01:53:07,520 --> 01:53:09,960
THEM MORE FOCAL AND HAVE A 

2335
01:53:09,960 --> 01:53:12,480
BETTER TARGET TO NONTARGET RATIO

2336
01:53:12,480 --> 01:53:14,680
AND IMPROVE SPES FIS TIS.

2337
01:53:14,680 --> 01:53:17,360
I IT HELPS UH US MOVE FROM 

2338
01:53:17,360 --> 01:53:19,480
PATIENTS OF SYMPTOM CLUSTERS OF 

2339
01:53:19,480 --> 01:53:21,760
SELF-REPORT TOWARDS GROUPING AT 

2340
01:53:21,760 --> 01:53:24,880
A BRAIN LEVEL USING DATA-DRIVEN 

2341
01:53:24,880 --> 01:53:26,200
MEASURES THAT REFLECT BRAIN 

2342
01:53:26,200 --> 01:53:26,520
ACTIVITY.

2343
01:53:26,520 --> 01:53:28,600
THIS IS AN APPROACH CALLED 

2344
01:53:28,600 --> 01:53:28,840
BIOTYPING.

2345
01:53:28,840 --> 01:53:31,080
IT HELPS US TO DEFINE TARGETS, 

2346
01:53:31,080 --> 01:53:32,760
TO DEMONSTRATE WE CAN REACH THE 

2347
01:53:32,760 --> 01:53:35,760
TARGET AND HELPS US VERIFY 

2348
01:53:35,760 --> 01:53:37,240
TARGET ENGAGEMENT, WHETHER THESE

2349
01:53:37,240 --> 01:53:40,600
ARE SUPERFICIAL TARGETS, DEEP 

2350
01:53:40,600 --> 01:53:42,680
TARGETS OR DISTRIBUTED NETWORKS.

2351
01:53:42,680 --> 01:53:46,520
IT HELPS US TO ACHIEVE PRECISION

2352
01:53:46,520 --> 01:53:47,800
TARGETING AT AN INDIVIDUAL LEVEL

2353
01:53:47,800 --> 01:53:49,360
WHICH IS THE HOLY GRAIL FOR US, 

2354
01:53:49,360 --> 01:53:50,960
IT HAS BEEN FUNDAMENTAL TO TRY 

2355
01:53:50,960 --> 01:53:52,760
TO ACHIEVE THE PRECISION OF 

2356
01:53:52,760 --> 01:53:53,280
NEUROMODULATION FOR BRAIN 

2357
01:53:53,280 --> 01:53:55,240
HEALTH.

2358
01:53:55,240 --> 01:53:57,160
SO TO SAY THAT ANOTHER WAY, I 

2359
01:53:57,160 --> 01:53:59,000
REALLY THINK OF MRI AND 

2360
01:53:59,000 --> 01:54:00,440
NEUROMODULATION AS TWO SIDES OF 

2361
01:54:00,440 --> 01:54:01,440
THE SAME COIN.

2362
01:54:01,440 --> 01:54:04,200
ALTHOUGH MY EXAMPLES IN MY TALK 

2363
01:54:04,200 --> 01:54:08,640
WILL BE LARGELY DERIVED FROM TMS

2364
01:54:08,640 --> 01:54:10,120
AND ECT.

2365
01:54:10,120 --> 01:54:13,280
OTHER MODALITIES ARE WELL 

2366
01:54:13,280 --> 01:54:14,760
REPRESENTED IN THIS WORKSHOP 

2367
01:54:14,760 --> 01:54:16,560
INCLUDING FOCUS ULTRASOUND AND 

2368
01:54:16,560 --> 01:54:18,000
OTHER TECHNIQUES.

2369
01:54:18,000 --> 01:54:21,600
 ON CAL GENETICS AND OTHER 

2370
01:54:21,600 --> 01:54:21,920
TECHNIQUES.

2371
01:54:21,920 --> 01:54:25,000
ON THE MRI SIDE THIS IS HELPFUL 

2372
01:54:25,000 --> 01:54:27,040
TO BUILD UPON AND TEST 

2373
01:54:27,040 --> 01:54:29,320
HYPOTHESES BY PROBING THE 

2374
01:54:29,320 --> 01:54:31,720
NETWORK AND CHANGING ACUTELY OR 

2375
01:54:31,720 --> 01:54:33,000
CHRONICALLY IN THE TARGETED 

2376
01:54:33,000 --> 01:54:33,240
NETWORK.

2377
01:54:33,240 --> 01:54:35,600
IN TERMS OF MOVING FROM 

2378
01:54:35,600 --> 01:54:36,840
CAUSALITY, MRI CAN BE VERY 

2379
01:54:36,840 --> 01:54:39,680
USEFUL FOR INFERRING CAUSALITY 

2380
01:54:39,680 --> 01:54:41,760
IN COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES TO 

2381
01:54:41,760 --> 01:54:43,040
CAUSAL INFERENCE.

2382
01:54:43,040 --> 01:54:45,080
WE CAN NAIL DOWN AND VALIDATE 

2383
01:54:45,080 --> 01:54:47,000
THOSE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS BY 

2384
01:54:47,000 --> 01:54:49,000
CHANGING ACTIVITY IN THE CIRCUIT

2385
01:54:49,000 --> 01:54:49,960
WITH STIMULATION.

2386
01:54:49,960 --> 01:54:53,040
TARGETS CAN BE IDENTIFIED USING 

2387
01:54:53,040 --> 01:54:55,320
IMAGING, BUT WE REALLY WANT TO 

2388
01:54:55,320 --> 01:54:57,320
USE THAT TO DEVELOP TARGETED 

2389
01:54:57,320 --> 01:54:58,840
INTERVENTIONS TO IMPROVE BRAIN 

2390
01:54:58,840 --> 01:54:59,080
HEALTH.

2391
01:54:59,080 --> 01:55:02,160
AND THEN I MENTIONED 

2392
01:55:02,160 --> 01:55:03,840
INDIVIDUALIZED BIOTYPING WHICH 

2393
01:55:03,840 --> 01:55:06,480
CAN HELP TRANSLATE THOSE MORE 

2394
01:55:06,480 --> 01:55:07,960
BRAIN-BASED CLUSTERING OF 

2395
01:55:07,960 --> 01:55:09,080
PATIENTS INTO PERSONALIZED 

2396
01:55:09,080 --> 01:55:11,000
TREATMENTS SO THAT IS THE 

2397
01:55:11,000 --> 01:55:13,000
CONCEPTUAL LEVEL, SO LET'S NOW 

2398
01:55:13,000 --> 01:55:13,960
DIVE IN.

2399
01:55:13,960 --> 01:55:16,840
THESE ARE MY TWO CENTS OR YOU 

2400
01:55:16,840 --> 01:55:19,200
CAN THINK OF IT AS TWO SLIDES OF

2401
01:55:19,200 --> 01:55:21,080
THE SAME COIN.

2402
01:55:21,080 --> 01:55:22,720
WHAT DOES NEUROMODULATION ADD TO

2403
01:55:22,720 --> 01:55:22,880
MRI?

2404
01:55:22,880 --> 01:55:25,760
HOW CAN WE MOVE FROM CORRELATION

2405
01:55:25,760 --> 01:55:27,040
TO CAUSIZATION?

2406
01:55:27,040 --> 01:55:28,800
I'M GOING TO GIVE YOU SOME 

2407
01:55:28,800 --> 01:55:29,080
EXAMPLES.

2408
01:55:29,080 --> 01:55:31,520
THIS IS FROM A METTA ANALYSIS OF

2409
01:55:31,520 --> 01:55:34,160
MRI STUDIES THAT HAVE IDENTIFIED

2410
01:55:34,160 --> 01:55:37,360
A FRONTAL PARI ETAL NETWORK 

2411
01:55:37,360 --> 01:55:39,920
CAUSE L IN CERTAIN ASPECT OF 

2412
01:55:39,920 --> 01:55:42,720
COGNITIVE PROCESSING WHICH 

2413
01:55:42,720 --> 01:55:44,440
INVOLVES DECEPTION.

2414
01:55:44,440 --> 01:55:46,760
DECEPTIVE PROCESSING TASKS.

2415
01:55:46,760 --> 01:55:48,920
WE WOULD LIKE TO KNOW THIS IS 

2416
01:55:48,920 --> 01:55:52,760
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE COGNITIVE 

2417
01:55:52,760 --> 01:55:58,560
DECEPTION WHICH HAS MANY COMPLEX

2418
01:55:58,560 --> 01:55:59,160
COMPONENTS.

2419
01:55:59,160 --> 01:56:08,440
WE APPLIED TMS TO RIGHT AND LEFT

2420
01:56:08,440 --> 01:56:13,600
PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND WE FOUND 

2421
01:56:13,600 --> 01:56:16,760
WE COULD CHANGE THE PROCESSING 

2422
01:56:16,760 --> 01:56:21,160
TIME IN DECEPTION TASK 

2423
01:56:21,160 --> 01:56:22,680
STIMULATING PRIOR CORTEX NOT 

2424
01:56:22,680 --> 01:56:23,560
FRONTAL CORTEX.

2425
01:56:23,560 --> 01:56:26,160
IT HAPPENED AT A SFESK LATENCY, 

2426
01:56:26,160 --> 01:56:27,920
240 MILLISECONDS AFTER THE 

2427
01:56:27,920 --> 01:56:28,720
STIMULUS ONSET.

2428
01:56:28,720 --> 01:56:31,840
THIS IS WHEN WE WOULD HAVE 

2429
01:56:31,840 --> 01:56:34,120
PREDICTED BASED ON EVENT RELATED

2430
01:56:34,120 --> 01:56:35,840
STUDIES THAT REGION OF THE BRAIN

2431
01:56:35,840 --> 01:56:37,520
WOULD BE INVOLVED IN THE 

2432
01:56:37,520 --> 01:56:39,280
PROCESSING THAT THE PROCESS TIME

2433
01:56:39,280 --> 01:56:40,720
WAS INDICATING.

2434
01:56:40,720 --> 01:56:43,560
BASICALLY THE TAKE HOME IS, YES,

2435
01:56:43,560 --> 01:56:47,920
STIMULATING THE PARIATEL NODE 

2436
01:56:47,920 --> 01:56:52,320
WAS CAUSAL, BUT ADDS TO THAT 

2437
01:56:52,320 --> 01:56:54,040
SOME TEMPORAL INFORMATION TO BE 

2438
01:56:54,040 --> 01:56:59,160
HARD TO OBTAIN FROM TYPICAL FMRI

2439
01:56:59,160 --> 01:56:59,480
SEQUENCES.

2440
01:56:59,480 --> 01:57:03,560
LE ME DRILL DOWN ON 

2441
01:57:03,560 --> 01:57:03,920
SPECIFICITIES.

2442
01:57:03,920 --> 01:57:10,240
THIS IS WORK LED BY BRUCE LUBER 

2443
01:57:10,240 --> 01:57:12,120
AT COLUMBIA.

2444
01:57:12,120 --> 01:57:15,240
BASED ON PAUL'S WORK USING EEG 

2445
01:57:15,240 --> 01:57:17,520
GATED FMRI, THERE WAS A MODEL OF

2446
01:57:17,520 --> 01:57:19,280
THREE SPATIALLY DISTRIBUTED 

2447
01:57:19,280 --> 01:57:21,720
NETWORKS THAT ARE ACTIVATED IN A

2448
01:57:21,720 --> 01:57:24,400
TEMPORAL SEQUENCE WHILE SUBJECTS

2449
01:57:24,400 --> 01:57:26,240
PERFORM A SPECIFIC VISUAL 

2450
01:57:26,240 --> 01:57:27,840
DISCRIMINATION DECISION-MAKING 

2451
01:57:27,840 --> 01:57:28,040
TASK.

2452
01:57:28,040 --> 01:57:31,320
SO WE WANTED TO STUDY, IS THIS 

2453
01:57:31,320 --> 01:57:31,880
FUNCTIONAL?

2454
01:57:31,880 --> 01:57:33,520
CAN WE STIMULATE NODES WITHIN 

2455
01:57:33,520 --> 01:57:36,080
THIS NETWORK AND SEE IF WE 

2456
01:57:36,080 --> 01:57:37,160
DISRUPT VISUAL DECISION MAKING 

2457
01:57:37,160 --> 01:57:40,720
IN THE MANNER THIS MODEL WOULD 

2458
01:57:40,720 --> 01:57:40,960
PREDICT?

2459
01:57:40,960 --> 01:57:42,440
THAT IS WHAT WE DID.

2460
01:57:42,440 --> 01:57:44,640
WE DELIVERED PRECISELY TIMED TMS

2461
01:57:44,640 --> 01:57:47,800
TO A PARTICULAR NODE IN THIS 

2462
01:57:47,800 --> 01:57:49,680
NETWORK, LATERAL OCCIPITAL 

2463
01:57:49,680 --> 01:57:52,040
CORTEX HERE, AT A RANGE OF TIMES

2464
01:57:52,040 --> 01:57:53,880
RELATIVE TO THE STIMULUS ONSET, 

2465
01:57:53,880 --> 01:57:56,800
WHICH IS SHOWN ON THE X AXIS 

2466
01:57:56,800 --> 01:57:58,480
HERE AND WE FOUND WE GOT A 

2467
01:57:58,480 --> 01:57:59,840
PREDICTED SLOWING DOWN OF THE 

2468
01:57:59,840 --> 01:58:01,080
REACTION TIME ON THE VISUAL 

2469
01:58:01,080 --> 01:58:03,280
DECISION MAKING WHEN THE TMS WAS

2470
01:58:03,280 --> 01:58:06,880
GIVEN AT 400 MILLISECONDS, BUT 

2471
01:58:06,880 --> 01:58:08,320
NOT LATER OR EARLIER, WHICH 

2472
01:58:08,320 --> 01:58:10,440
WOULD HAVE BEEN PREDICTED BY THE

2473
01:58:10,440 --> 01:58:12,160
MODEL BECAUSE THIS -- OOPS, I'M 

2474
01:58:12,160 --> 01:58:16,320
SORRY, LET ME GO BACK.

2475
01:58:16,320 --> 01:58:19,960
THE LATE RAL OCCIPITAL NETWORK 

2476
01:58:19,960 --> 01:58:21,880
HAPPENED AT LATER STAGES OF THE 

2477
01:58:21,880 --> 01:58:22,160
PROCESSING.

2478
01:58:22,160 --> 01:58:24,160
THE TAKE HOME IS WE CAN 

2479
01:58:24,160 --> 01:58:26,680
BASICALLY PROVIDE SOME CAUSAL 

2480
01:58:26,680 --> 01:58:28,400
VERIFICATION OF WHERE AND WHEN 

2481
01:58:28,400 --> 01:58:30,960
PROCESSING HAS OCCURRED AND IS 

2482
01:58:30,960 --> 01:58:35,680
OCCURRING BASED ON FMRI-BASED 

2483
01:58:35,680 --> 01:58:35,920
MODELS.

2484
01:58:35,920 --> 01:58:38,320
NOW, CAN WE USE NEUROMODULATION 

2485
01:58:38,320 --> 01:58:40,280
TO TEST THE SIGNIFICANCE OF 

2486
01:58:40,280 --> 01:58:42,760
OTHER MRI DERIVED MEASURES AT 

2487
01:58:42,760 --> 01:58:44,080
THE ANATOMICAL LEVEL?

2488
01:58:44,080 --> 01:58:46,920
I WILL GIVE YOU EXAMPLES OF 

2489
01:58:46,920 --> 01:58:49,720
TESTING FROM DTI OF STRUCTURAL 

2490
01:58:49,720 --> 01:58:51,880
CONNECTIVITY.

2491
01:58:51,880 --> 01:58:57,160
AND SO THIS IS WORK LED BY BRUCE

2492
01:58:57,160 --> 01:59:00,200
LUBER AND -- WHO YOU WILD HEAR 

2493
01:59:00,200 --> 01:59:01,400
FROM LATER IN THE WORKSHOP.

2494
01:59:01,400 --> 01:59:06,280
WE WANTED TO PROVIDE 

2495
01:59:06,280 --> 01:59:08,080
TRANSSYNAPTIC ACCESS SUCH AS THE

2496
01:59:08,080 --> 01:59:13,080
SUB GENUAL CORTEX SHOWN IN THE 

2497
01:59:13,080 --> 01:59:13,440
RED.

2498
01:59:13,440 --> 01:59:16,680
USING DTI, WE IDENTIFIED A WHITE

2499
01:59:16,680 --> 01:59:18,080
MATTER TRACK WITH STRONG 

2500
01:59:18,080 --> 01:59:20,120
CONNECTIVITY FROM THE FRONTAL 

2501
01:59:20,120 --> 01:59:22,040
POLE TO THE SGACC.

2502
01:59:22,040 --> 01:59:26,840
AND WE WOULD LIKE TO KNOW THAT 

2503
01:59:26,840 --> 01:59:29,680
IS A STRONG, ANATOMICAL 

2504
01:59:29,680 --> 01:59:31,880
CONNECTION, IS IT FUNCTIONAL?

2505
01:59:31,880 --> 01:59:35,920
IF WE STIMULATE THE FRONTAL POLE

2506
01:59:35,920 --> 01:59:41,240
CAN WE CHANGE THE SUB GENUAL 

2507
01:59:41,240 --> 01:59:41,520
SINGULATE?

2508
01:59:41,520 --> 01:59:42,720
THAT IS WHAT WE DID.

2509
01:59:42,720 --> 01:59:45,080
YOU CAN SEE IN THE IDEAL LOW 

2510
01:59:45,080 --> 01:59:47,640
DOTS THAT IS WHERE THE SCALP 

2511
01:59:47,640 --> 01:59:49,360
LOCATIONS WHERE AND WE PUT THE 

2512
01:59:49,360 --> 01:59:52,720
TMS COIL IN THE FMRI SCANNER TO 

2513
01:59:52,720 --> 01:59:55,360
CONDUCT A CONCURRENT TMS FMRI A 

2514
01:59:55,360 --> 01:59:57,040
TECHNOLOGY YOU WILL HEAR MORE 

2515
01:59:57,040 --> 01:59:58,520
ABOUT IN THIS WORKSHOP.

2516
01:59:58,520 --> 02:00:00,880
WE WERE ABLE TO DEMONSTRATE 

2517
02:00:00,880 --> 02:00:04,000
THROUGH THIS TMS PULSES WITH THE

2518
02:00:04,000 --> 02:00:06,680
EK OPLANAR PULSES WE COULD FIND 

2519
02:00:06,680 --> 02:00:09,600
A DOSE DEPENDENT INCREASE ON THE

2520
02:00:09,600 --> 02:00:15,000
BOLD RESPONSE IN THE SUBG NEXT 

2521
02:00:15,000 --> 02:00:17,240
UAL AN TIERIER SINGULATE.

2522
02:00:17,240 --> 02:00:19,480
TMS CAN BE USEFUL IN VERIFYING 

2523
02:00:19,480 --> 02:00:21,520
THE FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF 

2524
02:00:21,520 --> 02:00:22,840
STRUCTURAL CONNECTIVITY DERIVED 

2525
02:00:22,840 --> 02:00:25,840
FROM DTI AND ALSO, BY THE WAY, 

2526
02:00:25,840 --> 02:00:28,520
THIS COULD BE A NOVEL APPROACH 

2527
02:00:28,520 --> 02:00:31,960
FOR TARGETING DEEP BRAIN 

2528
02:00:31,960 --> 02:00:35,760
STRUCTURES THROUGH TRANSSYNAPTIC

2529
02:00:35,760 --> 02:00:36,000
TARGETING.

2530
02:00:36,000 --> 02:00:37,160
ANOTHER MEASURE NEUROMODULATION 

2531
02:00:37,160 --> 02:00:40,240
CAN BE HELPFUL IN UNPACKING IN 

2532
02:00:40,240 --> 02:00:42,800
HUMANS IS MEASURES OF NETWORK 

2533
02:00:42,800 --> 02:00:43,920
CONTROLLABILITY.

2534
02:00:43,920 --> 02:00:45,680
AGAIN, STICKING IN THE 

2535
02:00:45,680 --> 02:00:47,560
ANATOMICAL REALM BASED ON DTI.

2536
02:00:47,560 --> 02:00:49,680
YOU CAN SEE THE MODAL 

2537
02:00:49,680 --> 02:00:51,080
CONTROLLABILITY THAT HAS BEEN 

2538
02:00:51,080 --> 02:00:52,800
BASED ON A GROUP OF SUBJECTS 

2539
02:00:52,800 --> 02:00:54,280
USING DTI.

2540
02:00:54,280 --> 02:00:56,880
THE CONCEPT IS DIFFERENT 

2541
02:00:56,880 --> 02:00:59,080
ANATOMICAL TARGETS HAVE 

2542
02:00:59,080 --> 02:01:01,120
DIFFERENT DEGREES OF CENTRALITY 

2543
02:01:01,120 --> 02:01:02,800
IN TERMS OF CONNECTION WITH THE 

2544
02:01:02,800 --> 02:01:04,280
REST OF THE THE NETWORK.

2545
02:01:04,280 --> 02:01:06,160
A PREDICTION IS A BRAIN AREA 

2546
02:01:06,160 --> 02:01:08,840
WITH HIGH DEGREE OF MODAL 

2547
02:01:08,840 --> 02:01:10,240
CONTROLLABILITY SHOULD BE MORE 

2548
02:01:10,240 --> 02:01:12,280
EFFECTIVE TO SHIFT THE BRAIN TO 

2549
02:01:12,280 --> 02:01:13,400
DIFFICULT TO ACHIEVE BRAIN 

2550
02:01:13,400 --> 02:01:14,000
STATES.

2551
02:01:14,000 --> 02:01:16,000
WE WANTED TO TEST IS THAT THE 

2552
02:01:16,000 --> 02:01:16,800
CASE?

2553
02:01:16,800 --> 02:01:18,840
LET'S TRY TO SHIFT BRAIN STATE 

2554
02:01:18,840 --> 02:01:20,640
BY STIMULATING DIFFERENT AREAS 

2555
02:01:20,640 --> 02:01:23,040
OF THE BRAIN THAT HAVE DIFFERENT

2556
02:01:23,040 --> 02:01:24,680
DEGREES OF MODAL 

2557
02:01:24,680 --> 02:01:25,040
CONTROLLABILITY.

2558
02:01:25,040 --> 02:01:34,120
WE USED A TASK WE KNEW WE COULD 

2559
02:01:34,120 --> 02:01:37,320
MANIPULATE WITH TASK, THIS WAS 

2560
02:01:37,320 --> 02:01:42,320
WORK LED BY BRUCE LUBER AND 

2561
02:01:42,320 --> 02:01:45,360
DANNHAUER AND BEYNEL AND MEMBERS

2562
02:01:45,360 --> 02:01:46,720
OF OUR TASK FORCE.

2563
02:01:46,720 --> 02:01:48,840
YOU CAN SEE THE EFFECT WAS SEEN 

2564
02:01:48,840 --> 02:01:50,880
AT THE HARDER VERSION OF THE 

2565
02:01:50,880 --> 02:01:53,920
TASK AND WE ASKED WHETHER THE 

2566
02:01:53,920 --> 02:01:55,160
DEGREE OF BEHAVIORAL CHANGES IN 

2567
02:01:55,160 --> 02:01:57,120
WORKING MEMORY WAS RELATED TO 

2568
02:01:57,120 --> 02:01:58,360
THE MODAL CONTROLLABILITY OF THE

2569
02:01:58,360 --> 02:01:59,840
TARGET WE STIMULATED?

2570
02:01:59,840 --> 02:02:02,160
SO HERE YOU SEE WE HAVE 

2571
02:02:02,160 --> 02:02:03,920
STIMULATED THE MODAL 

2572
02:02:03,920 --> 02:02:05,080
CONTROLLABILITY OF WHERE EACH 

2573
02:02:05,080 --> 02:02:08,080
SUBJECT GOT THEIR TMS.

2574
02:02:08,080 --> 02:02:10,560
AND WE FOUND THAT THE DEGREE OF 

2575
02:02:10,560 --> 02:02:12,800
MODAL CONTROLLABILITY ON THE X 

2576
02:02:12,800 --> 02:02:14,480
AX SITUATION PREDICTED THE 

2577
02:02:14,480 --> 02:02:16,040
BEHAVIORAL EFFECT OF TMS ON THE 

2578
02:02:16,040 --> 02:02:16,760
Y AXIS.

2579
02:02:16,760 --> 02:02:18,360
SO THE TAKE HOME IS 

2580
02:02:18,360 --> 02:02:19,440
NEUROMODULATION COULD BE USEFUL 

2581
02:02:19,440 --> 02:02:21,600
IN UNDERSTANDING THE FUNCTIONAL 

2582
02:02:21,600 --> 02:02:24,000
SIGNIFICANCE OF DTI-BASED 

2583
02:02:24,000 --> 02:02:26,960
MEASURES OF NETWORK 

2584
02:02:26,960 --> 02:02:28,600
CONTROLLABILITY AND ALSO LED TO 

2585
02:02:28,600 --> 02:02:30,720
LIZZIE ANN HAVING A BRIGHT IDEA 

2586
02:02:30,720 --> 02:02:32,200
WHICH THIS COULD REPRESENT A 

2587
02:02:32,200 --> 02:02:34,880
NOVEL APPROACH TO 

2588
02:02:34,880 --> 02:02:38,080
CONTROLLABILITY BASED TARGETING 

2589
02:02:38,080 --> 02:02:39,680
FOR NONINVASIVE BRAIN 

2590
02:02:39,680 --> 02:02:39,960
STIMULATION.

2591
02:02:39,960 --> 02:02:41,560
I'M GOING TO LOOK AT THE OTHER 

2592
02:02:41,560 --> 02:02:45,080
SIDE OF THE COIN HERE AND TALK 

2593
02:02:45,080 --> 02:02:52,520
ABOUT WHAT MRI ADDS TO THE FIELD

2594
02:02:52,520 --> 02:02:53,280
OF NEUROMODULATION.

2595
02:02:53,280 --> 02:02:54,800
I'M GOING TO CONSTRAIN THIS TO 

2596
02:02:54,800 --> 02:02:56,920
MY ALLOTTED 45 MINUTES.

2597
02:02:56,920 --> 02:02:59,240
SO DOSE QUANTIFICATION IS REALLY

2598
02:02:59,240 --> 02:02:59,480
KEY.

2599
02:02:59,480 --> 02:03:01,520
I'M GOING TO START BY DEFINING 

2600
02:03:01,520 --> 02:03:02,920
WHAT DOSE IS FOR NEUROMODULATION

2601
02:03:02,920 --> 02:03:04,440
AND GIVE YOU SOME EXAMPLES OF 

2602
02:03:04,440 --> 02:03:06,800
HOW THIS CAN BE USEFUL IN 

2603
02:03:06,800 --> 02:03:07,160
NEUROMODULATION.

2604
02:03:07,160 --> 02:03:09,480
SO TYPICALLY WE THINK OF THE 

2605
02:03:09,480 --> 02:03:11,120
DOSE OF NEUROMODULATION TO BE 

2606
02:03:11,120 --> 02:03:12,720
THE DOSE OF LITERALLY WHAT WE 

2607
02:03:12,720 --> 02:03:15,640
DIAL ON TO THE BOX OF THE 

2608
02:03:15,640 --> 02:03:18,800
STIMLATOR, THE FREQUENCY PULSE 

2609
02:03:18,800 --> 02:03:21,960
DURATION, INTENSITY.

2610
02:03:21,960 --> 02:03:23,720
AND/OR THE ELECTRODE POSITION, 

2611
02:03:23,720 --> 02:03:24,920
THEIR SHAPE.

2612
02:03:24,920 --> 02:03:27,360
THE COIL SHAPE AND ORIENTATION 

2613
02:03:27,360 --> 02:03:29,120
RELATIVE TO THE TARGET BRAIN 

2614
02:03:29,120 --> 02:03:29,400
STRUCTURE.

2615
02:03:29,400 --> 02:03:31,520
ALL OF THAT CAN BE DESCRIBED AND

2616
02:03:31,520 --> 02:03:33,800
USUALLY IS DESCRIBED IN METHODS 

2617
02:03:33,800 --> 02:03:35,160
SECTIONS OF PAPERS AND IT 

2618
02:03:35,160 --> 02:03:36,320
CERTAINLY INFLUENCES THE IMPACT 

2619
02:03:36,320 --> 02:03:38,560
OF THE STIMULATION.

2620
02:03:38,560 --> 02:03:40,960
IT IS ONLY HALF OF THE STORY OR 

2621
02:03:40,960 --> 02:03:42,840
YOU COULD ARGUE LESS THAN HALF.

2622
02:03:42,840 --> 02:03:44,480
THE REST OF THE STORY IS WHAT 

2623
02:03:44,480 --> 02:03:45,680
HAPPENS AFTER YOU INJECT THAT 

2624
02:03:45,680 --> 02:03:47,000
ENERGY INTO THE HEAD AND IT 

2625
02:03:47,000 --> 02:03:49,440
REACHES THE BRAIN, WHERE IT 

2626
02:03:49,440 --> 02:03:51,480
INDUCES ELECTRICAL FIELDS OR 

2627
02:03:51,480 --> 02:03:53,960
ACOUSTIC WAVES AS YOU HEARD 

2628
02:03:53,960 --> 02:03:56,040
ABOUT WHICH OPEN ION CHANNELS OR

2629
02:03:56,040 --> 02:04:00,200
YOU ARE DELIVERING A MAGNETIC 

2630
02:04:00,200 --> 02:04:02,840
FIELD INDUCING A FIELD WITH TMS.

2631
02:04:02,840 --> 02:04:04,400
THAT CHANGES BRAIN ACTIVITY IN 

2632
02:04:04,400 --> 02:04:04,960
SOME WAY.

2633
02:04:04,960 --> 02:04:07,680
SO THOSE PARTS OF THE RECEIVED 

2634
02:04:07,680 --> 02:04:10,240
DOSE ARE RALLY INFLUENCED 

2635
02:04:10,240 --> 02:04:11,840
DRAMATICALLY BY ANATOMICAL 

2636
02:04:11,840 --> 02:04:14,120
DIFFERENCES, DIFFERENCES IN 

2637
02:04:14,120 --> 02:04:15,280
ANATOMY, THE STRUCTURE OF THE 

2638
02:04:15,280 --> 02:04:18,280
HEAD AND THE BRAIN.

2639
02:04:18,280 --> 02:04:21,400
PHYSIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES, 

2640
02:04:21,400 --> 02:04:22,040
NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES 

2641
02:04:22,040 --> 02:04:23,000
AND BRAIN STATE.

2642
02:04:23,000 --> 02:04:24,960
THESE PARTS ARE NOT USUALLY 

2643
02:04:24,960 --> 02:04:26,920
REPORTED IN METHODS SECTIONS, 

2644
02:04:26,920 --> 02:04:29,160
BUT INCREASINGLY WE ARE SEEING 

2645
02:04:29,160 --> 02:04:31,200
SOME OF THESE BEING MORE 

2646
02:04:31,200 --> 02:04:32,480
STANDARDLY REPORTED, ESPECIALLY 

2647
02:04:32,480 --> 02:04:33,720
THE ELECTRIC FIELD.

2648
02:04:33,720 --> 02:04:35,400
IF WE FOCUS OUR ATTENTION ON 

2649
02:04:35,400 --> 02:04:37,280
THIS ASPECT OF THE RECEIVED 

2650
02:04:37,280 --> 02:04:40,040
DOSE, YOU CAN SEE HOW MRI IS KEY

2651
02:04:40,040 --> 02:04:41,480
IN UNDERSTANDING THIS.

2652
02:04:41,480 --> 02:04:43,440
WHAT DO I MEAN BY THAT?

2653
02:04:43,440 --> 02:04:45,280
SO WE WANT TO QUANTIFY THE 

2654
02:04:45,280 --> 02:04:46,640
ELECTRIC FIELD.

2655
02:04:46,640 --> 02:04:52,720
WE CAN USE STRUCTURAL MRI TO 

2656
02:04:52,720 --> 02:04:53,520
SIMULATE THE BRAIN.

2657
02:04:53,520 --> 02:04:56,000
IT CAN ALLOW US TO DEMONSTRATE 

2658
02:04:56,000 --> 02:04:57,280
WHETHER OUR STIMULATION PARADIGM

2659
02:04:57,280 --> 02:04:58,800
IS ABLE TO REACH THE TARGET 

2660
02:04:58,800 --> 02:05:00,800
BRAIN AREA AT A DOSE THAT IS 

2661
02:05:00,800 --> 02:05:03,560
ABOVE THRESHOLD FOR INDUCING 

2662
02:05:03,560 --> 02:05:06,400
NEURONAL DEPOT LARIZATION OR 

2663
02:05:06,400 --> 02:05:08,280
CHANGING NEURONAL ACTIVITY.

2664
02:05:08,280 --> 02:05:10,600
AND ALLOWS TO IDENTIFY THE 

2665
02:05:10,600 --> 02:05:12,600
DEGREE OF THE TARGET VERSUS 

2666
02:05:12,600 --> 02:05:13,720
NONTARGET STIMULATION.

2667
02:05:13,720 --> 02:05:15,640
SO CROWE MIGHT BY ABLE TO REACH 

2668
02:05:15,640 --> 02:05:17,360
A DEEP BRAIN TARGET WITH A 

2669
02:05:17,360 --> 02:05:19,440
REALLY BIG TMS COIL, BUT YOU ARE

2670
02:05:19,440 --> 02:05:21,000
NOT DOING THAT SELECTIVELY.

2671
02:05:21,000 --> 02:05:22,680
PHYSICS EXPLAINS THAT.

2672
02:05:22,680 --> 02:05:25,040
AS YOU SEE HERE, THE DEPTH 

2673
02:05:25,040 --> 02:05:27,120
FOCALITY TRADEOFF, WE HAVE 

2674
02:05:27,120 --> 02:05:27,920
MODELLED MANY DIFFERENT TMS 

2675
02:05:27,920 --> 02:05:30,880
COILS IN THE NUMBERED CIRCLES 

2676
02:05:30,880 --> 02:05:34,480
AND ON THE X AXIS IS THE DEPTH 

2677
02:05:34,480 --> 02:05:36,760
AND Y IS DEGREE OF SPREAD.

2678
02:05:36,760 --> 02:05:38,840
THE DEEPER YOU GO, THE LESS 

2679
02:05:38,840 --> 02:05:39,520
FOCAL YOU ARE.

2680
02:05:39,520 --> 02:05:40,600
THAT IS IMPORTANT TO KNOW WHEN 

2681
02:05:40,600 --> 02:05:44,000
YOU ARE TRYING TO REPORT THE 

2682
02:05:44,000 --> 02:05:45,600
RESULTS OF YOUR EXPERIMENTS TO 

2683
02:05:45,600 --> 02:05:47,720
KNOW THAT, YEAH, MAYBE YOU WERE 

2684
02:05:47,720 --> 02:05:50,760
ABLE TO REACH THE INSULA, BUT 

2685
02:05:50,760 --> 02:05:53,560
YOU WEREN'T ONLY STIMULATING THE

2686
02:05:53,560 --> 02:05:55,880
INSULA, AT LEAST IN THE CASE OF 

2687
02:05:55,880 --> 02:05:56,280
TMS.

2688
02:05:56,280 --> 02:05:58,600
WHAT ABOUT NEURONAL ACTIVITY?

2689
02:05:58,600 --> 02:06:01,080
MRI CAN HELP US THERE AS WELL, 

2690
02:06:01,080 --> 02:06:04,480
FMRI OR OTHER MEASURES, ARTERIAL

2691
02:06:04,480 --> 02:06:11,920
SPIN LABELING, MRSPECTROSCOPY, 

2692
02:06:11,920 --> 02:06:13,560
THIS CAN HELP QUANTIFY THE STATE

2693
02:06:13,560 --> 02:06:15,520
OF BRAIN AT THE TIME OF 

2694
02:06:15,520 --> 02:06:16,640
STIMULATION WHICH INFLUENCES 

2695
02:06:16,640 --> 02:06:18,320
RESPONSE TO STIMULATION.

2696
02:06:18,320 --> 02:06:21,080
WHEN WE PUT THE TMS COIL IN THE 

2697
02:06:21,080 --> 02:06:24,800
SCANNER AND DO CONCURRENT TMS 

2698
02:06:24,800 --> 02:06:26,880
MRI, WE CAN MUSH R MEASURE ACUTE

2699
02:06:26,880 --> 02:06:28,160
RESPONSE TO THE STIMULATION.

2700
02:06:28,160 --> 02:06:30,080
I SHOWED YOU AN EXAMPLE, 

2701
02:06:30,080 --> 02:06:32,120
STIMULATED THE FRONTAL POLE AND 

2702
02:06:32,120 --> 02:06:34,200
GETTING A RESPONSE.

2703
02:06:34,200 --> 02:06:37,760
AND WITH PRE-POST PARADIGMS, SUB

2704
02:06:37,760 --> 02:06:39,360
ACUTE AND COURSES OF STIMULATION

2705
02:06:39,360 --> 02:06:41,560
TO UNDERSTAND HOW THEY WORK AT A

2706
02:06:41,560 --> 02:06:42,080
BRAIN LEFT.

2707
02:06:42,080 --> 02:06:44,400
SO MRI IS REALLY BIG AND CENTRAL

2708
02:06:44,400 --> 02:06:47,680
TO ALL OF THESE ASPECTS OF 

2709
02:06:47,680 --> 02:06:48,560
QUANTIFYING DOSE AND 

2710
02:06:48,560 --> 02:06:49,240
UNDERSTANDING DOSE.

2711
02:06:49,240 --> 02:06:52,000
SO LET'S TALK ABOUT HOW WE CAN 

2712
02:06:52,000 --> 02:06:54,080
USE THESE TOOLS OF DOSE 

2713
02:06:54,080 --> 02:06:55,640
QUANTIFICATION TO BETTER 

2714
02:06:55,640 --> 02:06:57,400
UNDERSTAND AND DEVELOP NEXT 

2715
02:06:57,400 --> 02:06:58,560
GENERATION NEUROMODULATION 

2716
02:06:58,560 --> 02:06:58,880
TECHNOLOGIES.

2717
02:06:58,880 --> 02:07:00,680
SO THESE TOOLS CAN HELP US 

2718
02:07:00,680 --> 02:07:02,080
UNDERSTAND VARIATION IN RESPONSE

2719
02:07:02,080 --> 02:07:04,760
TO STIMULATION ACROSS DIFFERENT 

2720
02:07:04,760 --> 02:07:05,080
MODALITIES.

2721
02:07:05,080 --> 02:07:11,160
I'M GOING TO GIVE YOU AN EXAMPLE

2722
02:07:11,160 --> 02:07:15,320
FROM ECT, RIGHT UNILATERAL 

2723
02:07:15,320 --> 02:07:19,000
PLACEMENT WHERE THE RIGHT 

2724
02:07:19,000 --> 02:07:21,400
HEMISPHERE OR BILATERAL ECT 

2725
02:07:21,400 --> 02:07:24,320
WHERE YOU HAVE ONE ELECTRODE ON 

2726
02:07:24,320 --> 02:07:26,360
EACH SIDE OFD THE HEM FEAR.

2727
02:07:26,360 --> 02:07:28,320
THESE DIFFER DRAMATICALLY IN 

2728
02:07:28,320 --> 02:07:32,040
COGNITIVE SIDE EFFECTS.

2729
02:07:32,040 --> 02:07:34,160
SIGNIFICANT AMNESIA WITH 

2730
02:07:34,160 --> 02:07:36,440
BILATERAL COME BARED TO THE YUP 

2731
02:07:36,440 --> 02:07:37,200
LATERAL.

2732
02:07:37,200 --> 02:07:41,200
WHY IS THAT?

2733
02:07:41,200 --> 02:07:43,680
WHY IS THIS SUCH A DRAMATIC 

2734
02:07:43,680 --> 02:07:44,120
DIFFERENCE.

2735
02:07:44,120 --> 02:07:46,800
YOU CAN SEE RIGHT OFF THE BAT, 

2736
02:07:46,800 --> 02:07:47,960
THERE ARE TREMENDOUS DIFFERENCES

2737
02:07:47,960 --> 02:07:50,280
IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC 

2738
02:07:50,280 --> 02:07:51,800
FIELD AND THIS MIGHT GIVE US 

2739
02:07:51,800 --> 02:07:55,600
CLUES AS TO WHY THESE MODALITIES

2740
02:07:55,600 --> 02:07:57,040
DIFFER SO SIGNIFICANTLY IN TERMS

2741
02:07:57,040 --> 02:07:58,800
OF SIDE EFFECTS.

2742
02:07:58,800 --> 02:08:01,120
NOW, IF WE STICK WITHIN ONE 

2743
02:08:01,120 --> 02:08:04,240
MODALITY, WE HAVE THE PROBLEM 

2744
02:08:04,240 --> 02:08:05,440
WITH INDIVIDUAL VARIATION 

2745
02:08:05,440 --> 02:08:06,280
BETWEEN PEOPLE.

2746
02:08:06,280 --> 02:08:13,440
EFIELD MODELING CAN HELP US 

2747
02:08:13,440 --> 02:08:13,640
THERE.

2748
02:08:13,640 --> 02:08:17,680
YOU WILL HEAR MORE FROM E ZHENG.

2749
02:08:17,680 --> 02:08:20,000
THIS IS THE SAME DOSE GIVEN TO 

2750
02:08:20,000 --> 02:08:23,560
PATIENTS WITH DEPRESSION.

2751
02:08:23,560 --> 02:08:25,840
THE E FIELD STRENGTH ACROSS 

2752
02:08:25,840 --> 02:08:33,240
INDIVIDUALS.

2753
02:08:33,240 --> 02:08:36,640
XI SHOWED ON THE X AXIS IS THE 

2754
02:08:36,640 --> 02:08:40,080
HIPPOCAMPUS AND THE Y AXIS 

2755
02:08:40,080 --> 02:08:42,960
COGNITIVE CORRELATION, MORE 

2756
02:08:42,960 --> 02:08:44,080
COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT.

2757
02:08:44,080 --> 02:08:46,280
REALLY IMPORTANT IF WE SEEK TO 

2758
02:08:46,280 --> 02:08:48,360
UNDERSTAND WHY SOME PATIENTS ARE

2759
02:08:48,360 --> 02:08:50,880
MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO THIS 

2760
02:08:50,880 --> 02:08:52,720
COGNITIVE SIDE EFFECT THAN 

2761
02:08:52,720 --> 02:08:55,200
OTHERS AND MAY GIVE US CLUES TO 

2762
02:08:55,200 --> 02:08:57,280
DEVELOP NEXT GENERATION 

2763
02:08:57,280 --> 02:08:57,880
TECHNOLOGIES TO BE SAFER FOR 

2764
02:08:57,880 --> 02:08:59,600
PATIENTS.

2765
02:08:59,600 --> 02:09:02,040
SO -- ON THAT POINT, HOW CAN WE 

2766
02:09:02,040 --> 02:09:04,640
USE THIS TO INFORM THE 

2767
02:09:04,640 --> 02:09:05,720
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW THERAPIES 

2768
02:09:05,720 --> 02:09:06,880
THAT WOULD BE SAFER?

2769
02:09:06,880 --> 02:09:08,640
HERE I'M SHOWING YOU THE 

2770
02:09:08,640 --> 02:09:10,200
ELECTRIC FIELD STIMULATION OF 

2771
02:09:10,200 --> 02:09:13,720
THE THREE CONVENTIONAL 

2772
02:09:13,720 --> 02:09:24,280
ELECTROPLACEMENTS, BILATERAL, BF

2773
02:09:25,320 --> 02:09:27,880
AND RUL.

2774
02:09:27,880 --> 02:09:31,320
THE AQUA COLOR IS AT THRESHOLD 

2775
02:09:31,320 --> 02:09:33,120
FOR NEURONAL DEPOT LARIZATION.

2776
02:09:33,120 --> 02:09:35,360
ALL THE ENTIRE BRAIN WITH ALL 

2777
02:09:35,360 --> 02:09:37,280
THREE OF THESE ELECTRODE 

2778
02:09:37,280 --> 02:09:38,720
PLACEMENTS IS AT THRESHOLD OR 

2779
02:09:38,720 --> 02:09:38,960
HIGHER.

2780
02:09:38,960 --> 02:09:42,200
THE RED AREAS ARE THREEFOLD 

2781
02:09:42,200 --> 02:09:43,880
ABOVE THRESHOLD OR HIGHER.

2782
02:09:43,880 --> 02:09:45,240
IT IS WHOLE BRAIN STIMULATION.

2783
02:09:45,240 --> 02:09:48,720
SO WE CAN USE THESE INSIGHTS TO 

2784
02:09:48,720 --> 02:09:51,080
DEVELOP NOVEL ELECTROPLACEMENTS 

2785
02:09:51,080 --> 02:09:52,720
TO TRY TO MINIMIZE THIS.

2786
02:09:52,720 --> 02:09:54,320
I'M SHOWING YOU THREE 

2787
02:09:54,320 --> 02:09:56,480
EXPERIMENTAL FORMS OF SEIZURE 

2788
02:09:56,480 --> 02:10:01,720
THERAPY.

2789
02:10:01,720 --> 02:10:03,360
YOU CAN SEE THESE THREE 

2790
02:10:03,360 --> 02:10:04,960
EXPERIMENTAL PLACEMENTS ARE ABLE

2791
02:10:04,960 --> 02:10:07,640
TO REDUCE THE VOLUME OF TOTAL 

2792
02:10:07,640 --> 02:10:09,080
BRAIN STIMULATED ABOVE THRESHOLD

2793
02:10:09,080 --> 02:10:12,400
AND IN THE CASE OF THE MAGNETIC 

2794
02:10:12,400 --> 02:10:13,680
SEIZURE THERAPY ON THE FAR RIGHT

2795
02:10:13,680 --> 02:10:16,240
IT IS MINIMIZED AND LIMITED TO 

2796
02:10:16,240 --> 02:10:17,440
SUPERFICIAL CORTEX.

2797
02:10:17,440 --> 02:10:19,480
WE HAVE SHOWN YOU CAN DRAW 

2798
02:10:19,480 --> 02:10:21,560
REGIONS OF INTEREST AROUND THE 

2799
02:10:21,560 --> 02:10:23,840
HIPPOCAMPUS AND YOU CAN SEE HERE

2800
02:10:23,840 --> 02:10:26,120
THAT THE EXPERIMENTAL ECT 

2801
02:10:26,120 --> 02:10:28,720
ELECTRODE PLACEMENTS REDUCE THE 

2802
02:10:28,720 --> 02:10:31,320
E-FIELD IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS 

2803
02:10:31,320 --> 02:10:33,040
COMPARED TO CONVENTIONAL 

2804
02:10:33,040 --> 02:10:34,760
ELECTRODE PLACEMENT, BUT STILL 

2805
02:10:34,760 --> 02:10:36,160
AT THRESHOLD.

2806
02:10:36,160 --> 02:10:38,880
THE BLUE BAR IS MAGNETIC SEIZURE

2807
02:10:38,880 --> 02:10:39,640
THERAPY.

2808
02:10:39,640 --> 02:10:44,440
NOW WE CAN INDUCE SEIZURES 

2809
02:10:44,440 --> 02:10:46,920
WITHOUT GETTING HIPPOCAMPUS FROM

2810
02:10:46,920 --> 02:10:47,960
E-FIELD EXPOSURE.

2811
02:10:47,960 --> 02:10:50,120
THIS IS IMPORTANT FOR SAFETY.

2812
02:10:50,120 --> 02:10:53,200
FROM HUMAN DATA THE SPEED OF 

2813
02:10:53,200 --> 02:10:55,040
REORIENTATION CORRELATED WITH 

2814
02:10:55,040 --> 02:10:56,920
RETROGADE AMNESIA AND ECT AND 

2815
02:10:56,920 --> 02:10:59,920
THE RED BARS MST IN THE BLUE 

2816
02:10:59,920 --> 02:11:01,160
BARS.

2817
02:11:01,160 --> 02:11:03,760
MINIMIZING E-FIELD EXPOSURE, WE 

2818
02:11:03,760 --> 02:11:06,840
ARE ABLE TO INDUCE SEIZIERS WITH

2819
02:11:06,840 --> 02:11:11,240
MINIMAL COGNITIVE SIDE EFFECTS.

2820
02:11:11,240 --> 02:11:12,680
ANOTHER THING THAT MRI CAN ADD 

2821
02:11:12,680 --> 02:11:14,400
TO NEUROMODULATION IS A NEW WAY 

2822
02:11:14,400 --> 02:11:17,400
OF UNDERSTANDING 

2823
02:11:17,400 --> 02:11:20,120
HETEROGENERALITY IN PATIENT 

2824
02:11:20,120 --> 02:11:21,560
GROUPS CALL BIOTYPING.

2825
02:11:21,560 --> 02:11:25,400
IF WE CLUSTER PATIENTS USING 

2826
02:11:25,400 --> 02:11:27,160
PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS, BASED ON 

2827
02:11:27,160 --> 02:11:29,880
SYMPTOM SELF-REPORT, AN APPROACH

2828
02:11:29,880 --> 02:11:33,480
THROUGH THE DSM, CLASSICAL 

2829
02:11:33,480 --> 02:11:33,840
CLASSIFICATION.

2830
02:11:33,840 --> 02:11:35,960
A GROUP OF PATIENTS WITH 

2831
02:11:35,960 --> 02:11:37,920
DEPRESSION, A GROUP WITH ANXIETY

2832
02:11:37,920 --> 02:11:46,560
AND A GROUP WITH SKITS FRE -- 

2833
02:11:46,560 --> 02:11:46,880
SCHIZOPHRENIA.

2834
02:11:46,880 --> 02:11:49,240
THE CONCEPT HERE IS WE COULD USE

2835
02:11:49,240 --> 02:11:52,120
OBJECTIVE MEASURES OF BRAIN 

2836
02:11:52,120 --> 02:11:53,520
FUNCTION LIKE MRI MAYBE COUPLE 

2837
02:11:53,520 --> 02:11:56,320
THAT WITH OTHER MEASURES OF 

2838
02:11:56,320 --> 02:11:58,040
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY AND ON THE BRAIN

2839
02:11:58,040 --> 02:12:00,000
BASIS, RESORT THOSE PATIENTS 

2840
02:12:00,000 --> 02:12:02,040
INTO DATA-DRIVEN BIOTYPES.

2841
02:12:02,040 --> 02:12:03,880
GROUPS OF PATIENTS MORE SIMILAR 

2842
02:12:03,880 --> 02:12:06,680
TO EACH OTHER AT THE LEVEL OF 

2843
02:12:06,680 --> 02:12:08,440
OBJECTIVELY MEASURED BRAIN 

2844
02:12:08,440 --> 02:12:10,440
STRUCTURE, FUNCTION OR ACTIVITY.

2845
02:12:10,440 --> 02:12:12,840
THIS BIOTYPING APPROACH CAN BE 

2846
02:12:12,840 --> 02:12:14,960
USEFUL IN TERMS OF SELECTING 

2847
02:12:14,960 --> 02:12:16,480
TREATMENTS THAT ARE RIGHT FOR 

2848
02:12:16,480 --> 02:12:17,560
EACH PATIENT.

2849
02:12:17,560 --> 02:12:21,720
THIS WAS SHOWN BY DRYSDALE AND 

2850
02:12:21,720 --> 02:12:23,040
LISTON AND COLLEAGUES THAT TOOK 

2851
02:12:23,040 --> 02:12:24,960
A GROUP OF PATIENTS WITH 

2852
02:12:24,960 --> 02:12:27,680
DEPRESSION AND USED RESTING 

2853
02:12:27,680 --> 02:12:29,920
STATE FUNCTION CONNECTIVITY MRI 

2854
02:12:29,920 --> 02:12:33,440
TO DERIVE FOUR BIOTYPES, THOSE 

2855
02:12:33,440 --> 02:12:38,080
SIGNIFICANTLY PREDICTED THE 

2856
02:12:38,080 --> 02:12:39,320
LIKELIHOOD OF PATIENTS 

2857
02:12:39,320 --> 02:12:41,680
RESPONDING TO TMS FOR 

2858
02:12:41,680 --> 02:12:41,960
DEPRESSION.

2859
02:12:41,960 --> 02:12:43,560
THE BLUE ARE PATIENTS MORE 

2860
02:12:43,560 --> 02:12:45,880
LIKELY TO RESPOND TO TMS.

2861
02:12:45,880 --> 02:12:49,920
THIS APPROACH CAN BE USEFUL 

2862
02:12:49,920 --> 02:12:54,120
UNDERSTANDING HETEROGENERALITY 

2863
02:12:54,120 --> 02:12:55,440
AS WELL AS FOR SELECTING 

2864
02:12:55,440 --> 02:12:57,280
PATIENTS WHO MAY OR MAY NOT 

2865
02:12:57,280 --> 02:12:58,320
RESPOND TO A STANDARD THERAPY.

2866
02:12:58,320 --> 02:13:00,400
WHAT WE WOULD LIKE TO DO IS HAVE

2867
02:13:00,400 --> 02:13:01,680
A THERAPY FOR EACH PATIENT.

2868
02:13:01,680 --> 02:13:04,080
WE WANT TO BE ABLE TO USE THIS 

2869
02:13:04,080 --> 02:13:05,280
BRAIN INFORMATION TO 

2870
02:13:05,280 --> 02:13:06,120
INDIVIDUALIZE THE TREATMENT SO 

2871
02:13:06,120 --> 02:13:08,560
THAT THE PATIENT IN FRONT OF YOU

2872
02:13:08,560 --> 02:13:09,200
COULD RESPOND.

2873
02:13:09,200 --> 02:13:11,160
AND PART OF THAT IS ABOUT 

2874
02:13:11,160 --> 02:13:13,120
FINDING THE RIGHT TARGET FOR 

2875
02:13:13,120 --> 02:13:13,600
EACH PATIENT.

2876
02:13:13,600 --> 02:13:16,560
MRI REALLY CAN HELP US WITH 

2877
02:13:16,560 --> 02:13:21,680
TARGETING, WHETHER STRUCTURAL OR

2878
02:13:21,680 --> 02:13:24,440
FUNCTIONAL, MRI OR CONNECTIVITY.

2879
02:13:24,440 --> 02:13:25,040
OSCILLATIONS, THESE ARE 

2880
02:13:25,040 --> 02:13:26,960
DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ANALYSIS TO 

2881
02:13:26,960 --> 02:13:29,000
SEARCH FOR TARGETS AND THEY ARE 

2882
02:13:29,000 --> 02:13:31,720
NOT MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE BECAUSE 

2883
02:13:31,720 --> 02:13:33,320
THEY ARE ALL GOING ON IN YOUR 

2884
02:13:33,320 --> 02:13:35,080
BRAIN AT THE SAME TIME.

2885
02:13:35,080 --> 02:13:36,720
WHEN WE THINK ABOUT STRUCTURAL 

2886
02:13:36,720 --> 02:13:40,680
OR FUNCTIONAL TAR AL TARGETING  

2887
02:13:40,680 --> 02:13:44,040
LOOKING FOR THE PLACE TO PUT THE

2888
02:13:44,040 --> 02:13:44,560
COIL.

2889
02:13:44,560 --> 02:13:46,360
WE ARE THINKING ABOUT HOW TO 

2890
02:13:46,360 --> 02:13:48,080
CONTROL THIS NETWORK, THIS 

2891
02:13:48,080 --> 02:13:49,920
DISTRIBUTED NETWORK AS YOUR 

2892
02:13:49,920 --> 02:13:53,360
TARGET AND IN TERMS OF 

2893
02:13:53,360 --> 02:13:54,960
NEUROOSCILLATIONS, NEURODYNAMICS

2894
02:13:54,960 --> 02:13:56,360
SO TARGETING IN THE TEMPORAL 

2895
02:13:56,360 --> 02:13:56,640
DOMAIN.

2896
02:13:56,640 --> 02:14:02,040
WHEN YOU ARE TRYING TO FIND 

2897
02:14:02,040 --> 02:14:02,560
SIGH

2898
02:14:02,560 --> 02:14:05,600
SITES, YOU ARE TRYING TO TARGET 

2899
02:14:05,600 --> 02:14:08,040
CIRCUITS ARE TRANSSYNAPTIC 

2900
02:14:08,040 --> 02:14:10,440
TARGETING.

2901
02:14:10,440 --> 02:14:12,240
I SHOWED YOU THAT.

2902
02:14:12,240 --> 02:14:15,960
WHEN WE ARE TARGETING 

2903
02:14:15,960 --> 02:14:17,560
NEURODYNAMICS WE ARE TRYING TO 

2904
02:14:17,560 --> 02:14:20,200
TARGET THE TEMPORAL DOMAIN SO I 

2905
02:14:20,200 --> 02:14:22,360
CALL THAT TEMPORAL TUNING.

2906
02:14:22,360 --> 02:14:25,320
THESE APPROACHES CAN BE COMBINED

2907
02:14:25,320 --> 02:14:27,360
TO TRY TO FIND WHERE AND WHEN 

2908
02:14:27,360 --> 02:14:28,480
AND HOW TO STIMULATE FOR EACH 

2909
02:14:28,480 --> 02:14:30,960
PATIENT.

2910
02:14:30,960 --> 02:14:32,560
NOW, I GAVE YOU ONE EXAMPLE 

2911
02:14:32,560 --> 02:14:36,680
ALREADY OF TRYING TO ACCESS A 

2912
02:14:36,680 --> 02:14:38,680
DEEP TARGET.

2913
02:14:38,680 --> 02:14:40,200
USING STRUCTURAL CONNECTIVITY.

2914
02:14:40,200 --> 02:14:42,320
I'M GOING TO GIVE YOU A 

2915
02:14:42,320 --> 02:14:44,240
DIFFERENT EXAMPLE THAT COMES 

2916
02:14:44,240 --> 02:14:47,520
FROM WORK FROM LIZZIE ANN 

2917
02:14:47,520 --> 02:14:47,920
BEYNAL.

2918
02:14:47,920 --> 02:14:51,560
SHE WANTED TO TARGET THE 

2919
02:14:51,560 --> 02:14:51,960
AMYGDALA.

2920
02:14:51,960 --> 02:14:55,560
SHE WANTED TO HAVE PRECORTEX 

2921
02:14:55,560 --> 02:14:58,720
STRONG FUNCTION CONNECTIVITY 

2922
02:14:58,720 --> 02:15:02,320
WITH THE AMYGDALA.

2923
02:15:02,320 --> 02:15:05,560
SHE IDENTIFIED OF REGIONS OF THE

2924
02:15:05,560 --> 02:15:07,440
BRAIN THAT HAS CONNECTION WITH 

2925
02:15:07,440 --> 02:15:09,040
THE AMYGDALA.

2926
02:15:09,040 --> 02:15:09,920
SHE TOOK THAT INFORMATION INTO 

2927
02:15:09,920 --> 02:15:13,480
THE LAB, USED NEURONAVIGATION, 

2928
02:15:13,480 --> 02:15:15,240
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL MRI TO

2929
02:15:15,240 --> 02:15:17,000
NAVIGATE THE COIL TO THIS TARGET

2930
02:15:17,000 --> 02:15:18,320
IN EACH SUBJECT AND STIMULATE 

2931
02:15:18,320 --> 02:15:19,160
WITH TMS.

2932
02:15:19,160 --> 02:15:22,680
WHAT SHE FOUND WAS A SIGNIFICANT

2933
02:15:22,680 --> 02:15:25,120
INCREASE IN THE CHANGE IN THE 

2934
02:15:25,120 --> 02:15:28,360
AMYGDALA ACTIVATION OF THE 

2935
02:15:28,360 --> 02:15:30,400
TASK-BASED FMRI WITH ACTIVE TMS 

2936
02:15:30,400 --> 02:15:32,120
IN THE BLUE COMPARED TO SHAM IN 

2937
02:15:32,120 --> 02:15:33,240
THE RED.

2938
02:15:33,240 --> 02:15:35,480
THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF USING 

2939
02:15:35,480 --> 02:15:38,440
FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY TO REACH

2940
02:15:38,440 --> 02:15:39,760
A DEEP BRAIN TARGET.

2941
02:15:39,760 --> 02:15:42,720
I MENTIONED STRUCTURAL AND 

2942
02:15:42,720 --> 02:15:43,840
FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVE TARGETING,

2943
02:15:43,840 --> 02:15:45,840
WHICH IS BETTER OR MAYBE WE 

2944
02:15:45,840 --> 02:15:47,240
SHOULD BE USING BOTH.

2945
02:15:47,240 --> 02:15:48,880
HERE IS AN EXAMPLE FROM THE 

2946
02:15:48,880 --> 02:15:51,240
FIRST STUDY FROM BRUCE LUBER 

2947
02:15:51,240 --> 02:15:53,920
WHERE WE USED STRUCTURAL 

2948
02:15:53,920 --> 02:15:55,400
CONNECTIVITY TO TARGET.

2949
02:15:55,400 --> 02:15:58,280
SO THE STRUCTURAL CONNECTIVITY, 

2950
02:15:58,280 --> 02:15:59,680
HERE WERE SCALP LOCATIONS FOR 

2951
02:15:59,680 --> 02:16:01,560
THE FRONTAL POLE.

2952
02:16:01,560 --> 02:16:04,280
IN THE SAME PATIENTS WE HAD 

2953
02:16:04,280 --> 02:16:05,640
RESTING STATE FUNCTIONAL MRI.

2954
02:16:05,640 --> 02:16:07,600
WE COMPUTED WHERE THE FUNCTIONAL

2955
02:16:07,600 --> 02:16:08,480
TARGET WOULD HAVE BEEN.

2956
02:16:08,480 --> 02:16:10,200
THAT IS ON THE RIGHT.

2957
02:16:10,200 --> 02:16:11,600
THOSE ARE THOSE BLUE DOTS.

2958
02:16:11,600 --> 02:16:13,600
WHAT WE FOUND IS THE EFFECT OF 

2959
02:16:13,600 --> 02:16:16,480
OUR STRUCTURALLY TARGETED TMS 

2960
02:16:16,480 --> 02:16:19,000
HAD -- WAS IN THE ACC WAS 

2961
02:16:19,000 --> 02:16:20,760
NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH THE 

2962
02:16:20,760 --> 02:16:22,840
DISTANCE OF OUR COIL LOCATION 

2963
02:16:22,840 --> 02:16:25,080
FROM THE FUNCTIONAL TARGET.

2964
02:16:25,080 --> 02:16:26,640
SO WE DON'T KNOW IF PUTTING THE 

2965
02:16:26,640 --> 02:16:29,080
COIL ON THE FUNCTIONAL TARGET 

2966
02:16:29,080 --> 02:16:31,680
WOULD HAVE BEEN BETTER, BUT IT 

2967
02:16:31,680 --> 02:16:33,720
DOES SUGGEST TARGETING COULD BE 

2968
02:16:33,720 --> 02:16:36,080
IMPROVED BY INCORPORATING 

2969
02:16:36,080 --> 02:16:40,520
INFORMATION FROM STRUCTURAL AND 

2970
02:16:40,520 --> 02:16:41,880
FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY.

2971
02:16:41,880 --> 02:16:44,560
ONCE YOU HAVE IDENTIFIED YOUR 

2972
02:16:44,560 --> 02:16:45,720
TARGET AND SHOWN YOU CAN REACH 

2973
02:16:45,720 --> 02:16:47,000
IT WITH YOUR INTERVENTION, YOU 

2974
02:16:47,000 --> 02:16:49,200
WANT TO KNOW IF YOU CAN ENGAGE 

2975
02:16:49,200 --> 02:16:49,400
IT.

2976
02:16:49,400 --> 02:16:51,400
HAVE YOU CHANGED ACTIVITY IN 

2977
02:16:51,400 --> 02:16:53,440
THAT SITE OR NETWORK THAT 

2978
02:16:53,440 --> 02:16:55,560
CONTINUES AFTER YOU STOP 

2979
02:16:55,560 --> 02:16:55,840
STIMULATING?

2980
02:16:55,840 --> 02:16:57,640
HERE I'M USING AN EXAMPLE AGAIN 

2981
02:16:57,640 --> 02:17:01,400
FROM BRUCE LUBER.

2982
02:17:01,400 --> 02:17:04,800
WE USED A TMS NEURONAVIGATED TO 

2983
02:17:04,800 --> 02:17:06,280
INDIVIDUAL SITES THAT WERE 

2984
02:17:06,280 --> 02:17:07,960
ACTIVATED USING A PRIMING TASK.

2985
02:17:07,960 --> 02:17:10,000
THIS IS PATIENTS WITH DEPRESSION

2986
02:17:10,000 --> 02:17:13,000
WHO WERE RECEIVING SIMULTANEOUS 

2987
02:17:13,000 --> 02:17:16,680
COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY AND

2988
02:17:16,680 --> 02:17:19,120
TMS FOR DEPRESSION.

2989
02:17:19,120 --> 02:17:20,600
WE DID FMRI BEFORE AND AFTER THE

2990
02:17:20,600 --> 02:17:22,280
COURSE OF TREATMENT.

2991
02:17:22,280 --> 02:17:24,920
FOLLOWING TREATMENT, THE PATIENT

2992
02:17:24,920 --> 02:17:27,360
SHOWED SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN 

2993
02:17:27,360 --> 02:17:30,040
DEPRESSION SCORES SHOWN ON THIS 

2994
02:17:30,040 --> 02:17:32,960
HAMILTON RATING SCALE.

2995
02:17:32,960 --> 02:17:35,880
THE IMPORTANT PART IS THE 

2996
02:17:35,880 --> 02:17:38,120
PRE/POST MRI SHOWS PRE-TMS IN 

2997
02:17:38,120 --> 02:17:41,200
THE DARK BLUE TO POST-TMS IN THE

2998
02:17:41,200 --> 02:17:48,520
LIGHT BLUE AN INCREASE IN THE 

2999
02:17:48,520 --> 02:17:48,760
TARGET.

3000
02:17:48,760 --> 02:17:51,600
THIS DEMONSTRATED WE WERE ABLE 

3001
02:17:51,600 --> 02:17:55,800
TO ENGAGE THIS LIMBIC CIRCUIT 

3002
02:17:55,800 --> 02:17:59,840
FOLLOWING A COURSE OF CHRONIC 

3003
02:17:59,840 --> 02:18:00,080
TMS.

3004
02:18:00,080 --> 02:18:02,240
WE ARE DOING THE RANDOMIZED 

3005
02:18:02,240 --> 02:18:03,840
CONTROL TRIAL CURRENTLY WHERE 

3006
02:18:03,840 --> 02:18:05,720
OUR OUTCOME MEASURE IS NOT 

3007
02:18:05,720 --> 02:18:07,560
DEPRESSION SCORES BUT CHANGE IN 

3008
02:18:07,560 --> 02:18:08,280
CIRCUIT EXPRESSION.

3009
02:18:08,280 --> 02:18:09,880
WE ARE TRYING TO DETERMINE 

3010
02:18:09,880 --> 02:18:12,800
WHETHER WE ARE ABLE TO ENGAGE 

3011
02:18:12,800 --> 02:18:14,760
THE TARGET AND IF WHEN WE DO 

3012
02:18:14,760 --> 02:18:16,360
ENGAGE THE TARGET DOES THE 

3013
02:18:16,360 --> 02:18:18,800
PATIENT'S DEPRESSION GET BETTER?

3014
02:18:18,800 --> 02:18:22,240
THIS BLINDED TRIAL IS BEING LED 

3015
02:18:22,240 --> 02:18:24,640
BY LIZZIE ANN BEYNEL.

3016
02:18:24,640 --> 02:18:27,400
IT IS AN EXAMPLE OF INDIVIDUAL 

3017
02:18:27,400 --> 02:18:28,680
TARGETING BECAUSE WE ARE PUTTING

3018
02:18:28,680 --> 02:18:32,800
ALL PATIENTS THROUGH THE 

3019
02:18:32,800 --> 02:18:33,000
SCANNER.

3020
02:18:33,000 --> 02:18:37,240
SO THAT LEADS ME TO THE PART ON 

3021
02:18:37,240 --> 02:18:38,600
PRECISION TARGETING.

3022
02:18:38,600 --> 02:18:40,920
WE WOULD LIKE TO DEVELOP TOOLS 

3023
02:18:40,920 --> 02:18:43,120
AND PRACTICAL PIPELINES TO 

3024
02:18:43,120 --> 02:18:44,480
DISSEMINATE THE ABILITY TO DO 

3025
02:18:44,480 --> 02:18:47,720
THIS TARGETING ACROSS LABS AND 

3026
02:18:47,720 --> 02:18:51,520
ACROSS CLINICS, ULTIMATELY.

3027
02:18:51,520 --> 02:18:53,480
PERSON SELK TARGETING OF 

3028
02:18:53,480 --> 02:18:53,840
NEUROMODULATION.

3029
02:18:53,840 --> 02:18:56,160
USE IMAGING TO IDENTIFY THE 

3030
02:18:56,160 --> 02:18:58,120
PERSON'S SPECIFIC COIL PLACEMENT

3031
02:18:58,120 --> 02:19:00,400
AND ORIENTATION AND ACHIEVE THE 

3032
02:19:00,400 --> 02:19:02,800
DESIRED E-FIELD IN THE TARGET OR

3033
02:19:02,800 --> 02:19:03,800
TARGETED NETWORK.

3034
02:19:03,800 --> 02:19:08,480
HERE IS ONE EXAMPLE OF ONE SUCH 

3035
02:19:08,480 --> 02:19:10,600
PIPELINE LIZZIE ANN USED IN HER 

3036
02:19:10,600 --> 02:19:11,160
WORK.

3037
02:19:11,160 --> 02:19:13,880
THIS INCORPORATES STRUCTURAL AND

3038
02:19:13,880 --> 02:19:18,000
FUNCTIONAL IMAGING, E-FIELD 

3039
02:19:18,000 --> 02:19:19,920
MODELS AND DIFFERENT LOCATIONS 

3040
02:19:19,920 --> 02:19:23,040
TO OPTIMIZE THE COIL PLACEMENT 

3041
02:19:23,040 --> 02:19:24,720
AND/OR ORIENTATION.

3042
02:19:24,720 --> 02:19:32,760
THIS IS WORK FROM STANHAUR, TAP.

3043
02:19:32,760 --> 02:19:36,160
WHAT CROWE ARE SEEING HERE IS 

3044
02:19:36,160 --> 02:19:38,800
THE HIGH-LEVEL WORK.

3045
02:19:38,800 --> 02:19:41,600
IT INCORPORATES STRUCTURAL AND 

3046
02:19:41,600 --> 02:19:47,080
FUNCTIONAL IMAGING, 

3047
02:19:47,080 --> 02:19:52,120
INTEROPERABILITY WITH SIM LIBS.

3048
02:19:52,120 --> 02:19:54,560
IT IS ENHANCING COIL PLACEMENT 

3049
02:19:54,560 --> 02:19:55,800
FOR EXPERIMENTS.

3050
02:19:55,800 --> 02:19:59,040
AS THESE PIPELINES BECOME 

3051
02:19:59,040 --> 02:20:01,120
DISSEMINATED IT ALLOWS TO 

3052
02:20:01,120 --> 02:20:06,760
INCREASE RIGOR AND TO SEE IF WE 

3053
02:20:06,760 --> 02:20:09,200
CAN REPLICATE THE SAME 

3054
02:20:09,200 --> 02:20:11,600
EXPERIMENT AND GET THE SAME 

3055
02:20:11,600 --> 02:20:13,480
RESULTS RATHER THAN HAVING 

3056
02:20:13,480 --> 02:20:15,040
EVERYONE REINVENT THEIR OWN 

3057
02:20:15,040 --> 02:20:18,240
WHEEL.

3058
02:20:18,240 --> 02:20:22,480
COULD THIS BE USEFUL?

3059
02:20:22,480 --> 02:20:24,880
THE STANFORD NEUROMODULATION 

3060
02:20:24,880 --> 02:20:26,320
THEORY FOR TREATMENT OF 

3061
02:20:26,320 --> 02:20:30,720
DEPRESSION USED RESTING STATE 

3062
02:20:30,720 --> 02:20:32,480
MRI TO TARGET TMS IN PATIENTS 

3063
02:20:32,480 --> 02:20:35,000
WITH DEPRESSION.

3064
02:20:35,000 --> 02:20:43,560
THEY WERE TARGETED PREFRONTAL 

3065
02:20:43,560 --> 02:20:47,760
CORTEX -- IT IS SO IMPORTANT FOR

3066
02:20:47,760 --> 02:20:48,040
DEPRESSION.

3067
02:20:48,040 --> 02:20:50,280
THEY GIVE PATIENTS 10 TREATMENTS

3068
02:20:50,280 --> 02:20:53,600
A DAY FOR FIVE DAYS WITH THETA 

3069
02:20:53,600 --> 02:20:53,800
BURST.

3070
02:20:53,800 --> 02:20:57,280
YOU HEARD ABOUT THAT IN AN 

3071
02:20:57,280 --> 02:20:58,240
EARLIER TALK.

3072
02:20:58,240 --> 02:20:59,680
ENSIVE STIMULATION IN A SHORT 

3073
02:20:59,680 --> 02:21:00,600
PERIOD OF TIME.

3074
02:21:00,600 --> 02:21:03,760
THEY REPORTED IN THE RANDOMIZED 

3075
02:21:03,760 --> 02:21:06,360
SHAM CONTROLLED TRIAL IS THIS 

3076
02:21:06,360 --> 02:21:08,240
POTENT ANTI-DEPRESSION RESPONSE 

3077
02:21:08,240 --> 02:21:10,360
WITH THE ACTIVE SAINT COMPARED 

3078
02:21:10,360 --> 02:21:12,840
TO SHAM ON THE OPEN CIRCLES ON 

3079
02:21:12,840 --> 02:21:16,640
THE MADRAS, WHICH IS A MEASURE 

3080
02:21:16,640 --> 02:21:18,640
OF DEPRESSION.

3081
02:21:18,640 --> 02:21:21,800
SCORES 52% WITH ACTIVE AND 11% 

3082
02:21:21,800 --> 02:21:22,360
WITH SHAM.

3083
02:21:22,360 --> 02:21:25,560
IT IS A BIG EFFECT SIZE AND 

3084
02:21:25,560 --> 02:21:26,600
RAPID.

3085
02:21:26,600 --> 02:21:27,920
CONVENTIONAL TMS PROTOCOLS 

3086
02:21:27,920 --> 02:21:31,440
REQUIRE FOUR TO SIX WEEKS TO 

3087
02:21:31,440 --> 02:21:33,080
SHOW THERAPEUTIC BENEFIT.

3088
02:21:33,080 --> 02:21:35,960
WE NEED STUDIES TO UNPACK WAS IT

3089
02:21:35,960 --> 02:21:38,520
THE INDIVIDUALIZED TARGETING, 

3090
02:21:38,520 --> 02:21:39,720
THE INTENSE OF TREATMENT 

3091
02:21:39,720 --> 02:21:42,200
SCHEDULE OR BOTH THAT LED TO 

3092
02:21:42,200 --> 02:21:45,160
THIS IMPRESSIVE THERAPEUTIC 

3093
02:21:45,160 --> 02:21:45,400
OUTCOME?

3094
02:21:45,400 --> 02:21:47,360
YOU ARE PROBABLY THINKING WHEN 

3095
02:21:47,360 --> 02:21:51,960
IS MRI GOING TO GET APPROVED FOR

3096
02:21:51,960 --> 02:21:53,600
TMS AND DEPRESSION?

3097
02:21:53,600 --> 02:21:55,040
I'M GLAD YOU ASKED BECAUSE IT IS

3098
02:21:55,040 --> 02:21:55,600
ALREADY IS.

3099
02:21:55,600 --> 02:21:59,480
I'M GETTING CHOKED UP, BUT I'M 

3100
02:21:59,480 --> 02:22:00,360
ACTUALLY COUGHING.

3101
02:22:00,360 --> 02:22:03,200
IT IS ALREADY ON LABEL.

3102
02:22:03,200 --> 02:22:05,600
IT HAPPENED LAST MONTH.

3103
02:22:05,600 --> 02:22:08,880
THE SAME APPROACH RECEIVED 

3104
02:22:08,880 --> 02:22:10,600
FIVE-10K APPROVAL IN THE U.S. 

3105
02:22:10,600 --> 02:22:13,360
FOR SUBSTANTIAL EQUIVALENCY TO 

3106
02:22:13,360 --> 02:22:15,240
OVER TMS DEVICES FOR TREATMENT 

3107
02:22:15,240 --> 02:22:16,280
OF DEPRESSION.

3108
02:22:16,280 --> 02:22:18,840
MRI INFORMED TARGETING FOR TMS 

3109
02:22:18,840 --> 02:22:20,320
DEPRESSION IS A PRESENT DAY 

3110
02:22:20,320 --> 02:22:23,760
REALITY, ACCORDING TO THE FDA.

3111
02:22:23,760 --> 02:22:26,440
AS EXCITING AS THAT IS, THAT IS 

3112
02:22:26,440 --> 02:22:27,800
JUST THE BEGINNING.

3113
02:22:27,800 --> 02:22:30,160
WE NEED MORE RESEARCH TO 

3114
02:22:30,160 --> 02:22:31,800
UNDERSTAND THE TEST RELIABILITY 

3115
02:22:31,800 --> 02:22:34,480
NOW THAT MRI-BASED TARGETING IS 

3116
02:22:34,480 --> 02:22:38,680
FDA APPROVED, WE NEED TO KNOW WE

3117
02:22:38,680 --> 02:22:40,720
CAN DO THIS RELIABLY AND 

3118
02:22:40,720 --> 02:22:42,160
UNDERSTAND HOW TO IMPLEMENT 

3119
02:22:42,160 --> 02:22:42,360
THIS.

3120
02:22:42,360 --> 02:22:44,480
WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND THIS 

3121
02:22:44,480 --> 02:22:45,960
SCALEABILITY OF THIS APPROACH 

3122
02:22:45,960 --> 02:22:49,160
ACROSS LABS, ACROSS CLINICS.

3123
02:22:49,160 --> 02:22:50,360
CLINICIANS ARE GOING TO WANT TO 

3124
02:22:50,360 --> 02:22:52,680
USE TOOLS THAT ARE MORE 

3125
02:22:52,680 --> 02:22:55,200
EFFECTIVE THAN EXISTING TOOLS.

3126
02:22:55,200 --> 02:22:56,720
WE WANT TO UNDERSTAND WHAT 

3127
02:22:56,720 --> 02:22:58,400
EVIDENCE IS REQUIRED FOR PAIRS 

3128
02:22:58,400 --> 02:23:00,320
TO COMPENSATE FOR THE MRI PART 

3129
02:23:00,320 --> 02:23:02,400
OF THIS TARGETING SO IT CAN GET 

3130
02:23:02,400 --> 02:23:04,040
PAID FOR.

3131
02:23:04,040 --> 02:23:06,080
OF COURSE, INSURANCE APPROVAL IS

3132
02:23:06,080 --> 02:23:08,880
IMPORTANT FOR CLINICAL ADOPTION.

3133
02:23:08,880 --> 02:23:11,120
AND WE NEED THOSE UNPACKING 

3134
02:23:11,120 --> 02:23:13,040
STUDIES TO UNDERSTAND WHETHER IT

3135
02:23:13,040 --> 02:23:18,760
IS THE MRI INFORMED TARGETING OR

3136
02:23:18,760 --> 02:23:20,800
TENSIVE TBS THAT WERE IMPRESSIVE

3137
02:23:20,800 --> 02:23:22,600
IN THE RESULTS.

3138
02:23:22,600 --> 02:23:26,080
I TALKED ABOUT ADULT 

3139
02:23:26,080 --> 02:23:26,560
APPLICATIONS.

3140
02:23:26,560 --> 02:23:28,200
MRI CAN HELP US UNDERSTAND HOW 

3141
02:23:28,200 --> 02:23:29,560
TO TAILOR NEUROMODULATION TOOLS 

3142
02:23:29,560 --> 02:23:31,480
FOR THE DEVELOPING BRAIN SO THAT

3143
02:23:31,480 --> 02:23:34,040
WE CAN ADVANCE IN TERMS OF CHILD

3144
02:23:34,040 --> 02:23:36,440
AND ADOLESCENT BRAIN HEALTH AND 

3145
02:23:36,440 --> 02:23:38,840
ALSO TO HELP US UNDERSTAND 

3146
02:23:38,840 --> 02:23:41,640
CONDITIONS THAT HAVE A HIGH 

3147
02:23:41,640 --> 02:23:43,280
DEGREE OF INDIVIDUAL VARIATION 

3148
02:23:43,280 --> 02:23:45,760
AT THE BRAIN LEVEL SUCH AS 

3149
02:23:45,760 --> 02:23:47,640
AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS FOR 

3150
02:23:47,640 --> 02:23:47,880
EXAMPLE.

3151
02:23:47,880 --> 02:23:49,920
YOU MIGHT BE WONDERING, THOSE 

3152
02:23:49,920 --> 02:23:51,480
ARE GREAT RESEARCH GOALS.

3153
02:23:51,480 --> 02:23:53,560
WHERE ARE WE GOING TO GET FUNDED

3154
02:23:53,560 --> 02:23:55,120
DO DO THAT RESEARCH?

3155
02:23:55,120 --> 02:23:56,680
I'M GLAD YOU ASKED.

3156
02:23:56,680 --> 02:23:58,160
WE HAVE A SUITE OF OPPORTUNITIES

3157
02:23:58,160 --> 02:24:00,160
AT THE NIH THAT SUPPORT ALL 

3158
02:24:00,160 --> 02:24:02,480
PHASES OF THE DEVICE DEVELOPMENT

3159
02:24:02,480 --> 02:24:03,360
LIFE CYCLE.

3160
02:24:03,360 --> 02:24:07,480
FOR EXAMPLE, AT THE LEVEL OF 

3161
02:24:07,480 --> 02:24:09,760
NIMH AS WELL AS BRAIN INITIATIVE

3162
02:24:09,760 --> 02:24:12,040
AND COMMON FUND FUNDING 

3163
02:24:12,040 --> 02:24:14,120
OPPORTUNITIES THAT FUND STAGES 

3164
02:24:14,120 --> 02:24:16,560
OF DEVICE DEVELOPMENT TO FUND 

3165
02:24:16,560 --> 02:24:18,600
STUDIES THAT EXAMINE MECHANISMS 

3166
02:24:18,600 --> 02:24:21,520
AND TARGET DISCOVERY.

3167
02:24:21,520 --> 02:24:23,840
ALSO THE LEVEL OF CLINICAL 

3168
02:24:23,840 --> 02:24:25,000
TRIALS OF NOVEL DEVICES.

3169
02:24:25,000 --> 02:24:26,560
I ONLY HAVE TIME TO HIGHLIGHT 

3170
02:24:26,560 --> 02:24:27,880
ONE OF THESE.

3171
02:24:27,880 --> 02:24:31,320
THE BLUEPRINT MED TECH FUNDING 

3172
02:24:31,320 --> 02:24:32,240
OPPORTUNITY.

3173
02:24:32,240 --> 02:24:34,800
BLUEPRINT MEDTECH SUPPORTS THE 

3174
02:24:34,800 --> 02:24:36,200
DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN GRAY 

3175
02:24:36,200 --> 02:24:38,320
PROTOTYPES BY GIVING RESEARCHERS

3176
02:24:38,320 --> 02:24:39,960
ACCESS TO TRANSLATIONAL 

3177
02:24:39,960 --> 02:24:40,920
RESOURCES AND EXPERTISE.

3178
02:24:40,920 --> 02:24:43,000
I'M SHOWING YOU THE TYPING OF 

3179
02:24:43,000 --> 02:24:46,000
RESOURCES NIH IS PROVIDING TO 

3180
02:24:46,000 --> 02:24:46,400
INVESTIGATORS.

3181
02:24:46,400 --> 02:24:47,680
RESOURCES FOR DEVICE PROTOTYPE 

3182
02:24:47,680 --> 02:24:50,240
AND BENCH TESTING, BUSINESS 

3183
02:24:50,240 --> 02:24:51,960
DEVELOPMENT, INDUSTRY EXPERTS, 

3184
02:24:51,960 --> 02:24:54,560
REGULATORY COMPLIANTS, BY 

3185
02:24:54,560 --> 02:24:56,120
COMPATIBILITY, ANIMAL STUDIES, 

3186
02:24:56,120 --> 02:24:58,160
FIRST IN HUMAN AND CLINICAL 

3187
02:24:58,160 --> 02:24:58,640
TESTING.

3188
02:24:58,640 --> 02:25:00,760
A WHOLE SUITE OF SUPPORT THAT 

3189
02:25:00,760 --> 02:25:03,520
MOST DEVELOPERS OR INNOVATORS AT

3190
02:25:03,520 --> 02:25:04,880
UNIVERSITIES MAY NOT HAVE ACCESS

3191
02:25:04,880 --> 02:25:05,160
TO.

3192
02:25:05,160 --> 02:25:07,400
WE WANT TO PROVIDE WRAP AROUND 

3193
02:25:07,400 --> 02:25:12,320
SERVICES TO ENABLE YOUR GREAT 

3194
02:25:12,320 --> 02:25:15,600
NEW IDEAS TO GO THROUGH THESE 

3195
02:25:15,600 --> 02:25:19,680
DIFFERENT TRANSLATIONAL STAGES.

3196
02:25:19,680 --> 02:25:29,720
WE HAVE DR. LIZZIE AN CODAVICH.

3197
02:25:29,720 --> 02:25:33,960
SHE DIRECTS THIS PROGRAM ON 

3198
02:25:33,960 --> 02:25:36,280
NEUROMODULATION.

3199
02:25:36,280 --> 02:25:39,680
THE GOAL IS TO DEVELOP AND 

3200
02:25:39,680 --> 02:25:46,960
REFINE MULTIMODAL COMBINATION 

3201
02:25:46,960 --> 02:25:50,240
MODULATION WITH AN ETCH SIS ON 

3202
02:25:50,240 --> 02:25:53,640
SYNERGI

3203
02:25:53,640 --> 02:25:53,960
SYNERGISTIC.

3204
02:25:53,960 --> 02:25:55,880
REACH OUT TO LIZZIE TO LEARN 

3205
02:25:55,880 --> 02:25:56,760
MORE ABOUT THAT PROGRAM.

3206
02:25:56,760 --> 02:26:00,080
WE ARE HIRING IF YOU WOULD LIKE 

3207
02:26:00,080 --> 02:26:02,560
TO LEAD CUTTING-EDGE FUNDING 

3208
02:26:02,560 --> 02:26:02,960
PROGRAMS.

3209
02:26:02,960 --> 02:26:06,440
I'M HIRING FOR TWO PROGRAM 

3210
02:26:06,440 --> 02:26:11,360
OFFICERS AND ANY PSYCHIATRY 

3211
02:26:11,360 --> 02:26:13,520
RESIDENTS GETS EXPERIENCE WITH 

3212
02:26:13,520 --> 02:26:15,600
THESE THERAPIES COME SEE ME 

3213
02:26:15,600 --> 02:26:19,160
BECAUSE WE ARE RECRUITING FOR A 

3214
02:26:19,160 --> 02:26:20,520
CLINICAL FELLOW.

3215
02:26:20,520 --> 02:26:23,240
HERE ARE CONTACTS FOR LIZZIE AND

3216
02:26:23,240 --> 02:26:25,160
OTHERS WHO LEAD OUR PROGRAMS 

3217
02:26:25,160 --> 02:26:26,840
WITH DEVICE DEVELOPMENT AND 

3218
02:26:26,840 --> 02:26:27,200
NEUROMODULATION.

3219
02:26:27,200 --> 02:26:30,320
AND TO CONCLUDE WHERE I STARTED.

3220
02:26:30,320 --> 02:26:32,680
NEUROMODULATION ADDS TO MRI THE 

3221
02:26:32,680 --> 02:26:35,040
ABILITY TO MOVE BEYOND 

3222
02:26:35,040 --> 02:26:37,040
CORRELATION TOWARDS CAUSATION 

3223
02:26:37,040 --> 02:26:38,480
AND TEST FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE

3224
02:26:38,480 --> 02:26:42,400
OF MRI-DERIVED AMERICAN YOURS 

3225
02:26:42,400 --> 02:26:45,960
AND I SHOWED YOU SOME EXAMPLES.

3226
02:26:45,960 --> 02:26:49,800
MRI ADDS TO NEUROMODULATION THE 

3227
02:26:49,800 --> 02:26:52,200
ABILITY TO QUANTIFY THE DOSE AND

3228
02:26:52,200 --> 02:26:54,240
EXPLAIN ACROSS MODALITIES AND 

3229
02:26:54,240 --> 02:26:54,960
ACROSS INDIVIDUALS.

3230
02:26:54,960 --> 02:26:58,600
IT HELPS US TO UNDERSTAND THE 

3231
02:26:58,600 --> 02:27:00,160
SPATIAL PERFORMANCE OF 

3232
02:27:00,160 --> 02:27:02,760
NEUROMODULATION TOOLS TO MOVE 

3233
02:27:02,760 --> 02:27:07,040
BEYOND SIMPLE GROUPINGS IN 

3234
02:27:07,040 --> 02:27:08,480
PSYCHIATRY TO HELP US BETTER 

3235
02:27:08,480 --> 02:27:10,160
SELECT THE RIGHT PATIENT FOR THE

3236
02:27:10,160 --> 02:27:13,000
RIGHT TREATMENT AS WELL AS TO 

3237
02:27:13,000 --> 02:27:16,920
CONSTRAIN HEAT ROGENE IFRKS TY.

3238
02:27:16,920 --> 02:27:19,560
IT HELPS DEFINE AND REACH 

3239
02:27:19,560 --> 02:27:21,880
TARGETS AND ACHIEVE THIS VISION 

3240
02:27:21,880 --> 02:27:23,600
OF NEUROMODULATION AND TARGETING

3241
02:27:23,600 --> 02:27:27,200
AT THIS LEVEL.

3242
02:27:27,200 --> 02:27:30,120
AND IT IS ON LABEL TODAY FOR 

3243
02:27:30,120 --> 02:27:30,440
DEPRESSION.

3244
02:27:30,440 --> 02:27:32,000
I WANT TO RECOGNIZE THE MEMBERS 

3245
02:27:32,000 --> 02:27:35,880
OF THE NIMH NEUROMODULATION UNIT

3246
02:27:35,880 --> 02:27:38,240
MANY OF WHOM ARE HERE IN 

3247
02:27:38,240 --> 02:27:39,440
ATTENDANCE TODAY AND I'M HAPPY 

3248
02:27:39,440 --> 02:27:40,200
TO TAKE YOUR QUESTIONS.

3249
02:27:40,200 --> 02:27:43,600
THANK YOU.

3250
02:27:43,600 --> 02:27:44,640
>>THANKS SO MUCH.

3251
02:27:44,640 --> 02:27:47,160
VERY NICE, ALL OF YOU AND VERY 

3252
02:27:47,160 --> 02:27:49,240
USEFUL INFORMATION FOR THE 

3253
02:27:49,240 --> 02:27:49,480
GRANTS.

3254
02:27:49,480 --> 02:27:53,960
QUESTIONS?

3255
02:27:53,960 --> 02:27:58,080
PLEASE GO TO THE MICROPHONE.

3256
02:27:58,080 --> 02:27:58,800
>>HI.

3257
02:27:58,800 --> 02:28:00,600
SO THANK YOU.

3258
02:28:00,600 --> 02:28:02,840
YOU ARE VERY INSPIRATIONAL.

3259
02:28:02,840 --> 02:28:05,440
SO YOU LOOKED AT THE LONG-TERM 

3260
02:28:05,440 --> 02:28:07,520
EFFECTS OF TMS USING FUNCTIONAL 

3261
02:28:07,520 --> 02:28:09,240
MRI AND THROUGH ACT VASE.

3262
02:28:09,240 --> 02:28:11,440
HAVE YOU LOOKED AT IT IN TERMS 

3263
02:28:11,440 --> 02:28:12,480
OF CONNECTIVITY?

3264
02:28:12,480 --> 02:28:16,640
DOES IT LOOK LIKE THE DIFFUSION 

3265
02:28:16,640 --> 02:28:18,320
TENSOR WEIGHTED DIFFERENT AFTER 

3266
02:28:18,320 --> 02:28:19,120
AND BEFORE TMS?

3267
02:28:19,120 --> 02:28:20,120
>>YEAH.

3268
02:28:20,120 --> 02:28:23,080
I DID NOT SHOW YOU DTI POST TMS.

3269
02:28:23,080 --> 02:28:25,160
THERE ARE STUDIES THAT DO LOOK 

3270
02:28:25,160 --> 02:28:27,880
AT WHETHER TMS OR OTHER FORMS OF

3271
02:28:27,880 --> 02:28:30,520
INTERVENTION LIKE ECT CAN CHANGE

3272
02:28:30,520 --> 02:28:32,200
DTI MEASURES.

3273
02:28:32,200 --> 02:28:34,840
I DON'T PERSONALLY HAVE DATA ON 

3274
02:28:34,840 --> 02:28:35,240
THAT.

3275
02:28:35,240 --> 02:28:36,960
I KNOW SOME STUDIES HAVE LOOKED 

3276
02:28:36,960 --> 02:28:37,840
AT THAT.

3277
02:28:37,840 --> 02:28:39,520
I THINK MUCH OF THE FOCUS HAS 

3278
02:28:39,520 --> 02:28:41,800
BEEN ON THE FUNCTIONAL MEASURES 

3279
02:28:41,800 --> 02:28:44,600
AND A PARTICULAR CHANGE IN THE 

3280
02:28:44,600 --> 02:28:46,000
RESTING STATE CONNECTIVITY AND 

3281
02:28:46,000 --> 02:28:47,520
SEEING IF THOSE TRACK WITH 

3282
02:28:47,520 --> 02:28:48,520
CLINICAL RESPONSE.

3283
02:28:48,520 --> 02:28:53,360
WHAT I SHOWED YOU WAS A 

3284
02:28:53,360 --> 02:28:54,840
TASK-BASED FMRI NOT RESTING 

3285
02:28:54,840 --> 02:28:57,440
STATE CONNECTIVITY.

3286
02:28:57,440 --> 02:29:01,400
I THINK YOU ARE HEARING MORE, 

3287
02:29:01,400 --> 02:29:02,400
PERHAPS IN THE SESSION THAT 

3288
02:29:02,400 --> 02:29:05,480
FOLLOWED.

3289
02:29:05,480 --> 02:29:06,880
>>THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

3290
02:29:06,880 --> 02:29:09,440
SUCH A NICE PRESENTATION AND SIN

3291
02:29:09,440 --> 02:29:10,440
INSPIRING AS ALWAYS.

3292
02:29:10,440 --> 02:29:17,160
I WAS WONDERING THE RECENT FDA 

3293
02:29:17,160 --> 02:29:17,440
APPROVAL.

3294
02:29:17,440 --> 02:29:19,280
IN MY UNDERSTANDING THIS IS THE 

3295
02:29:19,280 --> 02:29:22,880
FIRST TIME WE HAVE SORT OF A 

3296
02:29:22,880 --> 02:29:25,120
PROTOCOL, A FAMOUS PROTOCOL THAT

3297
02:29:25,120 --> 02:29:29,400
RECEIVES APPROVAL FOR 

3298
02:29:29,400 --> 02:29:30,080
PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER IN 

3299
02:29:30,080 --> 02:29:32,400
COMBINATION WITH FMRI.

3300
02:29:32,400 --> 02:29:36,080
WHAT ARE THE POTENTIAL 

3301
02:29:36,080 --> 02:29:39,520
CHALLENGES HAVING THE PROTOCALS 

3302
02:29:39,520 --> 02:29:40,640
BY UNIVERSITIES?

3303
02:29:40,640 --> 02:29:43,640
THE FUTURE ASPECTS OF MRI AND 

3304
02:29:43,640 --> 02:29:48,280
NEUROMODULATION IN THAT 

3305
02:29:48,280 --> 02:29:48,520
DIRECTION?

3306
02:29:48,520 --> 02:29:52,120
>>SO, THERE IS A TENSION
HERE, 

3307
02:29:52,120 --> 02:29:53,400
ISN'T THERE?

3308
02:29:53,400 --> 02:29:55,920
TO BE A GOING CONCERN TO BRING 

3309
02:29:55,920 --> 02:29:57,520
TOOLS TO THE CLINIC, YOU NEED A 

3310
02:29:57,520 --> 02:29:59,720
COMPANY THAT MAKES THE TOOL THAT

3311
02:29:59,720 --> 02:30:02,840
BRINGS THE TOOL TO THE CLINIC.

3312
02:30:02,840 --> 02:30:04,280
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IS A KEY 

3313
02:30:04,280 --> 02:30:05,880
ELEMENT THAT ENABLES COMPANIES 

3314
02:30:05,880 --> 02:30:08,280
TO FUND RAISE AND TO DEVELOP 

3315
02:30:08,280 --> 02:30:10,880
TECHNOLOGIES TO GET THEM TO THE 

3316
02:30:10,880 --> 02:30:11,120
CLINIC.

3317
02:30:11,120 --> 02:30:12,840
AND SO PATENTS ARE A MAJOR PART 

3318
02:30:12,840 --> 02:30:15,040
OF HOW ALL OF THE TOOLS WE USE 

3319
02:30:15,040 --> 02:30:16,080
TODAY IN IMAGES AND 

3320
02:30:16,080 --> 02:30:19,040
NEUROMODULATION GOT THERE.

3321
02:30:19,040 --> 02:30:23,080
THE PART OF THAT TENSION IS ALSO

3322
02:30:23,080 --> 02:30:25,880
THE DESIRE TO HAVE OPEN SOURCE 

3323
02:30:25,880 --> 02:30:31,520
ACCESS SO THAT WE CAN VERIFY AND

3324
02:30:31,520 --> 02:30:31,920
REPLICATE.

3325
02:30:31,920 --> 02:30:33,720
AND SO THERE'S -- I THINK YOU 

3326
02:30:33,720 --> 02:30:35,280
ARE REFERRING TO THE ALGORITHM 

3327
02:30:35,280 --> 02:30:37,560
THAT IS USED FOR TARGETING.

3328
02:30:37,560 --> 02:30:39,680
WE WOULD REALLY LIKE TO BE ABLE 

3329
02:30:39,680 --> 02:30:42,800
TO HAVE OPEN-SOURCE ALGORITHMS 

3330
02:30:42,800 --> 02:30:46,320
SO THE ACADEMIC COMMUNITY CAN 

3331
02:30:46,320 --> 02:30:48,320
REPLICATE AND UNDERSTAND AND 

3332
02:30:48,320 --> 02:30:50,160
IMPROVE UPON.

3333
02:30:50,160 --> 02:30:52,360
SO I THINK THAT IS A FUTURE 

3334
02:30:52,360 --> 02:30:54,080
CHALLENGE FOR THE FIELD TO 

3335
02:30:54,080 --> 02:30:54,720
GRAPPLE WITH.

3336
02:30:54,720 --> 02:30:57,320
HOW BEST TO DO THAT IN A WAY 

3337
02:30:57,320 --> 02:31:00,440
THAT ALLOWS THE TECH SPACE TO 

3338
02:31:00,440 --> 02:31:00,760
ADVANCE.

3339
02:31:00,760 --> 02:31:03,040
SO THAT WE WILL HAVE INDUSTRY 

3340
02:31:03,040 --> 02:31:04,200
PARTNERS TO HAVE THE THINGS WE 

3341
02:31:04,200 --> 02:31:06,640
NEED TO DO RESEARCH AND HAVE 

3342
02:31:06,640 --> 02:31:07,440
CLINICAL WORK.

3343
02:31:07,440 --> 02:31:10,360
I WILL PUT A PLUG FOR ACADEMIC 

3344
02:31:10,360 --> 02:31:10,720
PUBLICATIONS.

3345
02:31:10,720 --> 02:31:14,880
IT IS REALLY USEFUL TO SCIENCE 

3346
02:31:14,880 --> 02:31:16,120
TO REPORT AS MUCH AS ONE CAN 

3347
02:31:16,120 --> 02:31:18,200
ABOUT WHAT YOU ACTUALLY DID, 

3348
02:31:18,200 --> 02:31:19,840
INCLUDING THE ALGORITHM.

3349
02:31:19,840 --> 02:31:22,440
YOU KNOW, OPEN SOURCE, NOT JUST 

3350
02:31:22,440 --> 02:31:23,880
HERE IS YOUR DATA THAT IS 

3351
02:31:23,880 --> 02:31:27,160
AVAILABLE, BUT HERE IS YOUR 

3352
02:31:27,160 --> 02:31:29,280
PIPELINE OF HOW YOU ANALYZED 

3353
02:31:29,280 --> 02:31:31,880
WHAT WAS YOUR ALGORITHM FOR 

3354
02:31:31,880 --> 02:31:32,160
TARGETS?

3355
02:31:32,160 --> 02:31:34,560
HERE IS YOUR GETHUB LINK.

3356
02:31:34,560 --> 02:31:36,520
HERE IS WHERE WE CAN FIND OPEN 

3357
02:31:36,520 --> 02:31:38,720
SOURCE AND TAKE YOUR DATA AND 

3358
02:31:38,720 --> 02:31:41,200
REPRODUCE YOUR ALGORITHM AND GET

3359
02:31:41,200 --> 02:31:42,720
THE SAME RESULT AS WELL AS TAKE 

3360
02:31:42,720 --> 02:31:44,600
THE ALGORITHM WITH OUR DATA AND 

3361
02:31:44,600 --> 02:31:46,680
SEE IF WE GET THE SAME RESULT.

3362
02:31:46,680 --> 02:31:48,520
THAT IS SORT OF OPEN SOURCE 

3363
02:31:48,520 --> 02:31:52,320
ENVIRONMENT CAN ACCELERATE 

3364
02:31:52,320 --> 02:31:52,600
DISCOVERY.

3365
02:31:52,600 --> 02:31:54,920
SO DOES THAT -- I WOULD LOVE TO 

3366
02:31:54,920 --> 02:31:56,640
HEAR YOUR ANSWER TO THAT 

3367
02:31:56,640 --> 02:31:56,920
QUESTION?

3368
02:31:56,920 --> 02:31:58,760
>>THAT IS THE CHALLENGE
WE HAVE

3369
02:31:58,760 --> 02:32:01,480
IN OUR TEAM RIGHT NOW, IN TERMS 

3370
02:32:01,480 --> 02:32:02,720
OF HOW MUCH TRANSPARENCY YOU 

3371
02:32:02,720 --> 02:32:05,200
HAVE FOR THE ALGORITHMS WE ARE 

3372
02:32:05,200 --> 02:32:06,320
DEVELOPING AND HOW MUCH WE NEED 

3373
02:32:06,320 --> 02:32:08,480
TO GO TOWARDS THAT DIRECTION OF 

3374
02:32:08,480 --> 02:32:11,600
MAKING PATENTS.

3375
02:32:11,600 --> 02:32:14,280
THAT IS ALWAYS A TENSION BETWEEN

3376
02:32:14,280 --> 02:32:15,920
ACADEMIC MIND AND INDUSTRIAL 

3377
02:32:15,920 --> 02:32:17,600
SORT OF ASPECTS OF THAT.

3378
02:32:17,600 --> 02:32:19,000
THANK YOU FOR YOUR INPUT.

3379
02:32:19,000 --> 02:32:21,080
I THINK THAT WILL BE AN 

3380
02:32:21,080 --> 02:32:21,760
INTERESTING DISCUSSION WITHIN 

3381
02:32:21,760 --> 02:32:23,080
THE COMMUNITY THAT WE HAVE.

3382
02:32:23,080 --> 02:32:24,400
PROBABLY SEEING WHETHER WE HAVE 

3383
02:32:24,400 --> 02:32:27,560
THE BEST WAY TO PROMOTE SCIENCE 

3384
02:32:27,560 --> 02:32:28,400
IN THAT DIRECTION.

3385
02:32:28,400 --> 02:32:29,840
THANK YOU.

3386
02:32:29,840 --> 02:32:31,240
>>ALL RIGHT.

3387
02:32:31,240 --> 02:32:31,800
THANKS AGAIN.

3388
02:32:31,800 --> 02:32:33,200
>>YEAH.

3389
02:32:33,200 --> 02:32:37,160
THANK YOU.

3390
02:32:37,160 --> 02:32:39,360
>>DUE TO THE TIME, WE
HAVE TO 

3391
02:32:39,360 --> 02:32:49,800
MOVE TO THE NEXT SECTION.

3392
02:33:14,920 --> 02:33:16,120
>>ALL RIGHT.

3393
02:33:16,120 --> 02:33:21,960
THE NEXT SESSION MRI IN TMS.

3394
02:33:21,960 --> 02:33:24,480
THIS IS A TOPIC VERY NEAR AND 

3395
02:33:24,480 --> 02:33:25,400
DEAR TO MY HEART.

3396
02:33:25,400 --> 02:33:27,360
I WANT TO SAY IT IS WONDERFUL TO

3397
02:33:27,360 --> 02:33:31,000
BE DOING THIS RESEARCH IN AN ERA

3398
02:33:31,000 --> 02:33:32,880
WHERE HOLLY LISANBY IS AT NIH, 

3399
02:33:32,880 --> 02:33:41,480
ALL OF US IN THE U.S. ARE 

3400
02:33:41,480 --> 02:33:45,280
BENEFITING FROM HER LEADERSHIP.

3401
02:33:45,280 --> 02:33:47,040
THANKS FOR THAT.

3402
02:33:47,040 --> 02:33:48,600
OLIVIER, I WILL LET YOU GO.

3403
02:33:48,600 --> 02:33:50,320
>>I DON'T HAVE ANY
FINANCIAL 

3404
02:33:50,320 --> 02:33:52,880
INTERESTS TO DISCLOSE.

3405
02:33:52,880 --> 02:33:54,920
SO I'M NOT FROM THE U.S.

3406
02:33:54,920 --> 02:33:57,680
I'M FROM EUROPE.

3407
02:33:57,680 --> 02:33:59,800
AND I WOULD LIKE TO POINT OUT WE

3408
02:33:59,800 --> 02:34:01,280
ARE ALSO GOING IN THE SAME 

3409
02:34:01,280 --> 02:34:03,480
DIRECTION, TRYING TO PROMOTE 

3410
02:34:03,480 --> 02:34:05,400
OPEN SCIENCE, REPRODUCEABLE 

3411
02:34:05,400 --> 02:34:05,640
RESEARCH.

3412
02:34:05,640 --> 02:34:07,240
AND I WOULD LIKE TO SHOW THE 

3413
02:34:07,240 --> 02:34:10,160
EXAMPLE OF THAT PARTICULAR 

3414
02:34:10,160 --> 02:34:15,360
PLATFORM, THE HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE

3415
02:34:15,360 --> 02:34:15,640
PLATFORM.

3416
02:34:15,640 --> 02:34:17,440
WE ARE NOT ACADEMICS, BUT WE ARE

3417
02:34:17,440 --> 02:34:19,280
STAFF WHO SUPPORTS ACADEMICS OR 

3418
02:34:19,280 --> 02:34:21,320
ANYONE, COULD BE INDUSTRY, TO DO

3419
02:34:21,320 --> 02:34:22,520
HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE.

3420
02:34:22,520 --> 02:34:24,320
WE HAVE ALL THESE DIFFERENT 

3421
02:34:24,320 --> 02:34:26,120
PLATFORMS AT OUR DISPOSAL OPEN 

3422
02:34:26,120 --> 02:34:26,800
TO EVERYONE.

3423
02:34:26,800 --> 02:34:28,720
WE HAVE THE EXPERTISE AN 

3424
02:34:28,720 --> 02:34:30,600
EQUIPMENT THEY CAN USE.

3425
02:34:30,600 --> 02:34:33,480
IT HAS BEEN VERY BENEFICIAL, IN 

3426
02:34:33,480 --> 02:34:34,480
PARTICULAR, FOR EVERYTHING THAT 

3427
02:34:34,480 --> 02:34:43,640
IS MULTIMODEL BECAUSE WE ARE ON 

3428
02:34:43,640 --> 02:34:44,440
THE SAME.

3429
02:34:44,440 --> 02:34:47,160
AND PEOPLE ARE COMBINING ALL OF 

3430
02:34:47,160 --> 02:34:48,480
THESE TOGETHER.

3431
02:34:48,480 --> 02:34:50,600
WE DID VIRTUAL REALITY WHILE 

3432
02:34:50,600 --> 02:34:53,520
DOING TMS, TEMPORAL INFERENCE 

3433
02:34:53,520 --> 02:35:00,360
INSIDE THE MRI, CONCURRENT MRI 

3434
02:35:00,360 --> 02:35:05,160
WHICH THIS TALK IS GOING TO 

3435
02:35:05,160 --> 02:35:11,840
FOCUS ON.

3436
02:35:11,840 --> 02:35:12,400
OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION.

3437
02:35:12,400 --> 02:35:13,000
THE DIFFERENT CHALLENGES OF 

3438
02:35:13,000 --> 02:35:13,360
CONCURRENT MRI.

3439
02:35:13,360 --> 02:35:13,960
YOU HAVE SEEN THE BIG PICTURE.

3440
02:35:13,960 --> 02:35:18,640
NOW WE WILL DEVIL HOW OWE DO 

3441
02:35:18,640 --> 02:35:19,720
CONCURRENT TMS-MRI.

3442
02:35:19,720 --> 02:35:23,120
AND WHAT IS LEFT TO SOLVE.

3443
02:35:23,120 --> 02:35:24,200
OKAY.

3444
02:35:24,200 --> 02:35:26,720
SO THERE ARE DIFFERENT WAYS TO 

3445
02:35:26,720 --> 02:35:30,440
COMBINE MRI AND TMS, BUT YOU CAN

3446
02:35:30,440 --> 02:35:32,960
CATEGORIZE THEM INTO THE OFFLINE

3447
02:35:32,960 --> 02:35:34,480
APPROACH WHERE YOU WOULD FIRST 

3448
02:35:34,480 --> 02:35:36,640
DO AN MRI SCAN TO DERIVE SOME 

3449
02:35:36,640 --> 02:35:38,760
PARTICULAR TYPE OF METRICS AND 

3450
02:35:38,760 --> 02:35:41,400
DO TMS AND THEN AFTER THAT YOU 

3451
02:35:41,400 --> 02:35:44,800
WOULD DO ANOTHER MRI SCAN.

3452
02:35:44,800 --> 02:35:48,360
AND IN THAT CASE, YOU DO 

3453
02:35:48,360 --> 02:35:49,360
CONVENTIONAL TMS AND MRI.

3454
02:35:49,360 --> 02:35:51,160
THERE IS NO INTERACTION.

3455
02:35:51,160 --> 02:35:53,680
THIS IS, I WOULD NOT SAY EASY, 

3456
02:35:53,680 --> 02:35:57,520
BECAUSE YOU KNOW IF YOU WORK IN 

3457
02:35:57,520 --> 02:35:59,280
THE FIELD YOU KNOW THE TRICKS.

3458
02:35:59,280 --> 02:36:02,440
IF YOU WANT TO DO ONLINE TMS, 

3459
02:36:02,440 --> 02:36:05,040
WHILE THE SUBJECT IS INSIDE MRI 

3460
02:36:05,040 --> 02:36:06,560
THIS IS WHERE THINGS GET TRICKY 

3461
02:36:06,560 --> 02:36:07,960
OR INTERESTING.

3462
02:36:07,960 --> 02:36:11,560
THAT IS A TYPICAL TMS EXPERIMENT

3463
02:36:11,560 --> 02:36:12,760
SET UP.

3464
02:36:12,760 --> 02:36:16,720
TMS, TMS HOLDER, CHAIR FOR THE 

3465
02:36:16,720 --> 02:36:19,760
SUBJECT, NAVIGATION CRITICAL TO 

3466
02:36:19,760 --> 02:36:24,240
TARGET PROPER AREA AND SOME KIND

3467
02:36:24,240 --> 02:36:27,320
OF TMS CONTROLLED DEVICE.

3468
02:36:27,320 --> 02:36:30,120
YOU MIGHT WANT TO RECORD SOME 

3469
02:36:30,120 --> 02:36:31,000
MUSCULAR RESPONSE.

3470
02:36:31,000 --> 02:36:32,960
THAT IS THE TYPICAL SET UP.

3471
02:36:32,960 --> 02:36:35,360
YOU HAVE A VERY STRONG MAGNETIC 

3472
02:36:35,360 --> 02:36:37,520
FIELD AND ALSO YOU HAVE A VERY 

3473
02:36:37,520 --> 02:36:38,400
TIGHT SPACE.

3474
02:36:38,400 --> 02:36:44,440
VERY RESTRICTED SPACE INSIDE THE

3475
02:36:44,440 --> 02:36:44,760
MRI.

3476
02:36:44,760 --> 02:36:46,480
AND THESE ARE THE MAJOR 

3477
02:36:46,480 --> 02:36:46,880
CONSTRAINTS.

3478
02:36:46,880 --> 02:36:49,280
BASED ON THIS, THE DIFFERENT 

3479
02:36:49,280 --> 02:36:51,760
CHALLENGES ARE THE FOLLOWING.

3480
02:36:51,760 --> 02:36:54,120
WE ARE GOING TO GO THROUGH THE 

3481
02:36:54,120 --> 02:36:54,640
LIST TOGETHER.

3482
02:36:54,640 --> 02:36:56,760
BASICALLY NAVIGATION IN THE MRI.

3483
02:36:56,760 --> 02:36:58,640
ARE WE TARGETING THE PROPER 

3484
02:36:58,640 --> 02:36:58,840
AREA.

3485
02:36:58,840 --> 02:37:01,320
DOES THE QUESTION OF THE MRI 

3486
02:37:01,320 --> 02:37:03,440
COIL AND WHETHER IT IS 

3487
02:37:03,440 --> 02:37:04,320
COMPATIBLE WITH TMS.

3488
02:37:04,320 --> 02:37:06,800
THE QUESTION OF THE TMS COIL, 

3489
02:37:06,800 --> 02:37:09,120
WHICH IS AS IMPORTANT.

3490
02:37:09,120 --> 02:37:11,040
HOW DO YOU PERFORM SHAM OR 

3491
02:37:11,040 --> 02:37:14,120
CONTROL EXPERIENCE INSIDE THE 

3492
02:37:14,120 --> 02:37:14,320
MRI?

3493
02:37:14,320 --> 02:37:16,680
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 

3494
02:37:16,680 --> 02:37:18,760
SIMULTANEOUS AND CONCURRENT USE 

3495
02:37:18,760 --> 02:37:21,400
OF TMS AND MRI AND HOW YOU DO 

3496
02:37:21,400 --> 02:37:22,080
IT.

3497
02:37:22,080 --> 02:37:25,040
HOW DO YOU CONTROL TMS CONTROL 

3498
02:37:25,040 --> 02:37:26,360
SYNCHRONIZATION AND PROPER 

3499
02:37:26,360 --> 02:37:29,200
QUALITY OR CO-REGISTRATION OF 

3500
02:37:29,200 --> 02:37:30,440
DATA?

3501
02:37:30,440 --> 02:37:32,720
SO WE'VE SEEN THAT WITH NEW 

3502
02:37:32,720 --> 02:37:36,280
NAVIGATION, YOU CAN ACTUALLY TRY

3503
02:37:36,280 --> 02:37:39,320
TO DEFINE YOUR TARGET, EITHER 

3504
02:37:39,320 --> 02:37:44,720
BASED ON STRUCTURAL DATA, T1, 

3505
02:37:44,720 --> 02:37:47,880
122, TRACTOGRAPHY OR FUNCTIONAL.

3506
02:37:47,880 --> 02:37:51,160
YOU GET THE SOFTWARE AND 

3507
02:37:51,160 --> 02:37:55,800
ACTIVATION LAB TO YOUR FAVORITE 

3508
02:37:55,800 --> 02:37:56,760
NEURONAVIGATION SOFTWARE.

3509
02:37:56,760 --> 02:38:02,240
YOU DEFINE YOUR TARGET.

3510
02:38:02,240 --> 02:38:05,600
NOW, TO DO IT INSIDE THE MRI IS 

3511
02:38:05,600 --> 02:38:05,960
TRICKY.

3512
02:38:05,960 --> 02:38:07,400
THERE ARE BASICALLY TWO WAYS TO 

3513
02:38:07,400 --> 02:38:08,280
DO IT.

3514
02:38:08,280 --> 02:38:10,280
YOU CAN DO IT RETROSPECTIVELY, 

3515
02:38:10,280 --> 02:38:13,000
WHICH MEANS YOU WILL FIND OUT 

3516
02:38:13,000 --> 02:38:15,000
AFTERWARDS IF YOU WERE ACTUALLY 

3517
02:38:15,000 --> 02:38:18,320
TARGETING THE PROPER AREA, WHICH

3518
02:38:18,320 --> 02:38:19,640
COULD EXPLAIN WHETHER YOUR DATA 

3519
02:38:19,640 --> 02:38:22,840
MADE SENSE OR NOT.

3520
02:38:22,840 --> 02:38:24,960
WHAT YOU NEED TO DO IS PUT 

3521
02:38:24,960 --> 02:38:26,760
MARKERS ON YOUR TMS COILS SO YOU

3522
02:38:26,760 --> 02:38:28,520
CAN SEE IN THE MRI IMAGES WHERE 

3523
02:38:28,520 --> 02:38:30,920
IT IS LOCATED.

3524
02:38:30,920 --> 02:38:32,800
THERE IS VARIOUS WAYS TO GO 

3525
02:38:32,800 --> 02:38:33,400
ABOUT IT.

3526
02:38:33,400 --> 02:38:35,960
THE TYPE OF MARKERS YOU CAN USE.

3527
02:38:35,960 --> 02:38:39,400
SOME PEOPLE HAVE BEEN USING 

3528
02:38:39,400 --> 02:38:40,160
MUSTARD AS WELL AS THE 

3529
02:38:40,160 --> 02:38:42,560
COMMERCIAL MARKERS AND YOU CAN 

3530
02:38:42,560 --> 02:38:47,040
SEE IN THESE EXAMPLES ON T2 

3531
02:38:47,040 --> 02:38:49,840
WEIGHTED IMAGE HOW YOU CAN LATER

3532
02:38:49,840 --> 02:38:51,520
FIND OUT WHERE YOUR COIL WAS.

3533
02:38:51,520 --> 02:38:54,080
THIS IS CHEAP AND EASY TO 

3534
02:38:54,080 --> 02:38:54,320
IMPLEMENT.

3535
02:38:54,320 --> 02:38:55,920
YOU NEED THOSE LABELS.

3536
02:38:55,920 --> 02:38:58,400
YOU MIGHT WANT TO 3-D PRINT 

3537
02:38:58,400 --> 02:39:00,120
SOMETHING, BUT YOU ARE SENSITIVE

3538
02:39:00,120 --> 02:39:06,080
TO ANY MOTION THE SUBJECT MIGHT 

3539
02:39:06,080 --> 02:39:06,280
MOVE.

3540
02:39:06,280 --> 02:39:08,320
SO IT REQUIRES A LOT OF SKILLS 

3541
02:39:08,320 --> 02:39:10,520
TO PUT IT RIGHT AT THE BEGINNING

3542
02:39:10,520 --> 02:39:14,520
OF THE SESSIONS AND IN CASE THE 

3543
02:39:14,520 --> 02:39:16,880
SUBJECT MOVES, IT TAKES TIME TO 

3544
02:39:16,880 --> 02:39:17,200
READJUST.

3545
02:39:17,200 --> 02:39:19,280
THE OTHER SOLUTION IS CONTINUOUS

3546
02:39:19,280 --> 02:39:19,600
MONITORING.

3547
02:39:19,600 --> 02:39:22,920
IN THAT CASE IT IS AN ACTUAL 

3548
02:39:22,920 --> 02:39:25,160
CONTINUOUS REAL TIME 

3549
02:39:25,160 --> 02:39:25,960
NEURONAVIGATION SO YOU NEED 

3550
02:39:25,960 --> 02:39:27,320
MOTION TRACKERS ON THE TMS AND 

3551
02:39:27,320 --> 02:39:29,080
THE SUBJECT, JUST LIKE YOU WOULD

3552
02:39:29,080 --> 02:39:30,560
DO ON THE REGULAR TMS 

3553
02:39:30,560 --> 02:39:30,840
EXPERIMENT.

3554
02:39:30,840 --> 02:39:32,240
THAT IS TRICKY BECAUSE OF THIS 

3555
02:39:32,240 --> 02:39:32,440
PACE.

3556
02:39:32,440 --> 02:39:34,760
YOU CAN SEE HERE A COUPLE OF 

3557
02:39:34,760 --> 02:39:36,400
EXAMPLES WHERE YOU HAVE THE 

3558
02:39:36,400 --> 02:39:38,040
CAMERA WHICH IS LOCATED ON THE 

3559
02:39:38,040 --> 02:39:41,120
FAR SIDE OF THE MRI BED AND THEN

3560
02:39:41,120 --> 02:39:42,840
HERE THE DIFFERENT TRACKERS, ONE

3561
02:39:42,840 --> 02:39:45,480
ON THE FOREHEAD, ONE OF THE TMS 

3562
02:39:45,480 --> 02:39:47,640
COIL AND YOU TRY TO HAVE THIS 

3563
02:39:47,640 --> 02:39:49,640
LINE OF SIGHT BETWEEN THE TWO.

3564
02:39:49,640 --> 02:39:52,880
THIS IS ANOTHER EXAMPLE HERE.

3565
02:39:52,880 --> 02:39:53,880
SO THE PROS.

3566
02:39:53,880 --> 02:39:54,720
THIS CONTINUES.

3567
02:39:54,720 --> 02:39:56,840
IT IS A FEEDBACK THAT IS 

3568
02:39:56,840 --> 02:39:59,120
POSSIBLE IF THE SUBJECT IS 

3569
02:39:59,120 --> 02:39:59,360
MOVING.

3570
02:39:59,360 --> 02:40:01,840
YOU CAN FEED HIM SOME KIND OF 

3571
02:40:01,840 --> 02:40:09,200
TARGET THE SAME WAY WHEN WE DO 

3572
02:40:09,200 --> 02:40:11,240
NAVIGATION.

3573
02:40:11,240 --> 02:40:12,920
SUBJECT IS ACTIVELY INVOLVED IN 

3574
02:40:12,920 --> 02:40:13,560
THE POSITION.

3575
02:40:13,560 --> 02:40:15,840
THIS IS NOT EASY.

3576
02:40:15,840 --> 02:40:18,880
YOU NEED CAMERA ROD AND SEDUP 

3577
02:40:18,880 --> 02:40:21,040
AND KEEP THE LINE OF SIGHT 

3578
02:40:21,040 --> 02:40:22,080
ALWAYS AVAILABLE IS TRICKY AS 

3579
02:40:22,080 --> 02:40:24,680
SOON AS YOU WANT TO DO A VISUAL 

3580
02:40:24,680 --> 02:40:26,920
STIMULUS, THE SUBJECT IS LOOKING

3581
02:40:26,920 --> 02:40:29,280
AT SOMETHING IT BECOMES REALLY 

3582
02:40:29,280 --> 02:40:33,200
COME POLITIC -- COMPLICATED.

3583
02:40:33,200 --> 02:40:35,120
THERE IS AT THE MOMENT NO REAL, 

3584
02:40:35,120 --> 02:40:37,200
I WOULD SAY, APPROPRIATE 

3585
02:40:37,200 --> 02:40:37,480
SOLUTION.

3586
02:40:37,480 --> 02:40:39,560
EVEN THE COMMERCIAL ONE ARE NOT 

3587
02:40:39,560 --> 02:40:39,760
OPTIMAL.

3588
02:40:39,760 --> 02:40:43,720
YOU NEED TO TRAIN YOUR PATIENTS 

3589
02:40:43,720 --> 02:40:45,120
THAT IS VERY WELL BEHAVE.

3590
02:40:45,120 --> 02:40:47,600
IT WOULD BE INTERESTING, 

3591
02:40:47,600 --> 02:40:50,320
ACTUALLY, TO MAYBE CONSIDER 

3592
02:40:50,320 --> 02:40:51,840
DIFFERENT WAYS OF DEVELOPING 

3593
02:40:51,840 --> 02:40:53,200
THIS TECHNOLOGY.

3594
02:40:53,200 --> 02:40:55,840
MAYBE HAVING SOME KIND OF 

3595
02:40:55,840 --> 02:40:57,040
MULTICOIL CAPABILITY SO EVEN IF 

3596
02:40:57,040 --> 02:40:58,560
THE SUBJECT IS MOVING YOU CAN 

3597
02:40:58,560 --> 02:41:00,680
TRY TO DEFINE THE TARGET WHEN 

3598
02:41:00,680 --> 02:41:02,520
THE SUGGEST IS STILL INSIDE THE 

3599
02:41:02,520 --> 02:41:03,120
MRI.

3600
02:41:03,120 --> 02:41:04,720
HERE I THINK THE COMMUNITY 

3601
02:41:04,720 --> 02:41:06,800
REALLY NEEDS TO MAKE AN EFFORT 

3602
02:41:06,800 --> 02:41:08,960
INTO FINDING A PROPER SOLUTION 

3603
02:41:08,960 --> 02:41:13,800
BECAUSE THIS IS A BIG PROBLEM 

3604
02:41:13,800 --> 02:41:15,840
WITH CONCURRENT TMS-MRI.

3605
02:41:15,840 --> 02:41:18,600
THE TMS COILS ARE LARGE.

3606
02:41:18,600 --> 02:41:21,720
SO IF YOU WANT TO USE A 

3607
02:41:21,720 --> 02:41:22,440
CONVENTIONAL MRI COIL BASICALLY 

3608
02:41:22,440 --> 02:41:25,240
YOU ARE LEFT WITH THE ONLY 

3609
02:41:25,240 --> 02:41:26,840
OPTION WHICH IS BIRD CAGE COIL.

3610
02:41:26,840 --> 02:41:29,600
IT MEANS THAT POTENTIALLY YOU 

3611
02:41:29,600 --> 02:41:31,880
HAVE POOR MRI SIGNAL AND NO 

3612
02:41:31,880 --> 02:41:32,600
MULTIBAND CAPABILITY.

3613
02:41:32,600 --> 02:41:34,080
AND THAT IS A PROBLEM WHEN YOU 

3614
02:41:34,080 --> 02:41:37,480
WANT TO DO FMRI.

3615
02:41:37,480 --> 02:41:39,360
ALSO YOU MIGHT HAVE LESS 

3616
02:41:39,360 --> 02:41:41,360
FLEXIBILITY IN COIL POSITIONS 

3617
02:41:41,360 --> 02:41:43,080
BECAUSE THE BIRD CAGE IS STILL 

3618
02:41:43,080 --> 02:41:44,240
RESTRICTED ON THE SIDE, THE 

3619
02:41:44,240 --> 02:41:51,240
SPACE THAT YOU HAVE.

3620
02:41:51,240 --> 02:41:53,200
SO FOR THAT REASON SOME 

3621
02:41:53,200 --> 02:41:54,880
DEDICATED MRI SURFACE COILS HAVE

3622
02:41:54,880 --> 02:41:55,840
BEEN DEVELOPED AND THEY LOOK 

3623
02:41:55,840 --> 02:42:06,000
LIKE THIS.

3624
02:42:08,440 --> 02:42:12,000
SO IN WHITE IS YOUR TMS COIL SO 

3625
02:42:12,000 --> 02:42:13,720
YOU CAN STIMULATE INSIDE THE MRI

3626
02:42:13,720 --> 02:42:15,400
IN BLUE IS THE MRI COIL.

3627
02:42:15,400 --> 02:42:20,760
ONE OF THEM IS DIRECTLY CLIPPED 

3628
02:42:20,760 --> 02:42:23,000
INSIDE THE TMS COIL SO YOU HAVE 

3629
02:42:23,000 --> 02:42:25,720
A GOOD SIGNAL AT THE AREA YOU 

3630
02:42:25,720 --> 02:42:27,040
ARE PRIMARILY TARGETING.

3631
02:42:27,040 --> 02:42:30,280
YOU CAN SEE IN THIS DPLAMPL IS A

3632
02:42:30,280 --> 02:42:31,400
SECOND BLUE ONE THERE BASICALLY 

3633
02:42:31,400 --> 02:42:33,560
TO MAKE SURE YOU HAVE MRI SIGNAL

3634
02:42:33,560 --> 02:42:37,080
ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE BRAIN.

3635
02:42:37,080 --> 02:42:40,560
I DON'T WANT TO SAY BIRD CAGE 

3636
02:42:40,560 --> 02:42:41,080
COILS.

3637
02:42:41,080 --> 02:42:43,720
I USE THAT WITH WHOLE BRAIN 

3638
02:42:43,720 --> 02:42:43,920
IMAGING.

3639
02:42:43,920 --> 02:42:47,040
IF YOU ARE INTERESTED IN DOING 

3640
02:42:47,040 --> 02:42:48,800
INDIRECT STIMULATION, STIMULATE 

3641
02:42:48,800 --> 02:42:50,360
ON CORTEX BUT INTERESTED IN 

3642
02:42:50,360 --> 02:42:51,680
SOMETHING DEEP IN THE BRAIN AND 

3643
02:42:51,680 --> 02:42:53,160
YOU WANT INFORMATION THERE, KEEP

3644
02:42:53,160 --> 02:42:55,400
IN MIND SPACE IS VERY LIMITED SO

3645
02:42:55,400 --> 02:42:58,080
YOUR TYPICAL TARGETS FOR TMS 

3646
02:42:58,080 --> 02:43:00,880
WOULD BE M1 OR SMA.

3647
02:43:00,880 --> 02:43:03,120
ON THE OTHER HAND, FOR THE 

3648
02:43:03,120 --> 02:43:05,640
SURFACE COILS IT IS ADVANTAGEOUS

3649
02:43:05,640 --> 02:43:08,600
TO DETECT TMS ACTIVITY NEAR THE 

3650
02:43:08,600 --> 02:43:12,240
COILS TO SOW HAVE SIMILAR TO 

3651
02:43:12,240 --> 02:43:14,280
BIRD CAGE AND MORE VERSATILE IN 

3652
02:43:14,280 --> 02:43:17,440
TERMS OF GEOMETRY AND TARGETS.

3653
02:43:17,440 --> 02:43:20,120
IF YOU WANT MULTIBAND 

3654
02:43:20,120 --> 02:43:21,760
CONNECTIVES, YOU NEED TO COMBINE

3655
02:43:21,760 --> 02:43:23,600
COILS TOGETHER AND IN THAT CASE 

3656
02:43:23,600 --> 02:43:26,320
YOU HAVE A MUCH BETTER SMA IN 

3657
02:43:26,320 --> 02:43:27,160
HALF OF THE BRAIN.

3658
02:43:27,160 --> 02:43:30,800
THIS IS THE SOLUTION THAT WE ARE

3659
02:43:30,800 --> 02:43:33,000
CONSIDERING IN OUR LAB AND THIS 

3660
02:43:33,000 --> 02:43:34,640
IS WHAT A TYPICAL SET UP IS 

3661
02:43:34,640 --> 02:43:34,920
LIKE.

3662
02:43:34,920 --> 02:43:36,840
YOU CAN SEE HERE, THIS IS THE 

3663
02:43:36,840 --> 02:43:38,440
TMS COIL, ONE MRI COIL CLIPPED 

3664
02:43:38,440 --> 02:43:40,440
TO IT AND THERE IS ANOTHER ONE 

3665
02:43:40,440 --> 02:43:40,680
HERE.

3666
02:43:40,680 --> 02:43:46,200
HERE WE WOULD BE STIMULATING, 

3667
02:43:46,200 --> 02:43:48,000
FOR EXAMPLE, VRKSZ 5 IN THAT 

3668
02:43:48,000 --> 02:43:49,480
PARTICULAR EXAMPLE.

3669
02:43:49,480 --> 02:43:58,080
FOR THE TMS COIL, OF COURSE, IT 

3670
02:43:58,080 --> 02:44:00,320
MUST CONTAIN NO -- MATERIAL.

3671
02:44:00,320 --> 02:44:03,000
THE STRONG STATIC BE ZERO AND 

3672
02:44:03,000 --> 02:44:07,000
THE DYNAMIC MAGNETIC FIELD DUE 

3673
02:44:07,000 --> 02:44:10,720
TO RAPID SWITCHING OF THE GRADE 

3674
02:44:10,720 --> 02:44:11,680
YENS WHEN FUNCTIONAL MRI.

3675
02:44:11,680 --> 02:44:13,720
IT IS IMPORTANT TO USE A COIL 

3676
02:44:13,720 --> 02:44:15,480
WHICH IS MORE COMPATIBLE BECAUSE

3677
02:44:15,480 --> 02:44:18,400
THE OTHER ONES CAN MOVE OR 

3678
02:44:18,400 --> 02:44:18,720
BREAK/EXPLODE.

3679
02:44:18,720 --> 02:44:23,960
SO YOU REALLY DO WANT THAT.

3680
02:44:23,960 --> 02:44:33,080
IN TERMS OF PULSES -- PULSES 

3681
02:44:33,080 --> 02:44:34,840
HAVE A LOWER TMS CODE.

3682
02:44:34,840 --> 02:44:37,200
THIS IS ACTUALLY BENEFICIAL.

3683
02:44:37,200 --> 02:44:39,840
IN TERMS OF VERY CONCRETE 

3684
02:44:39,840 --> 02:44:42,560
ASPECTS YOU ALWAYS NEED A WAVE 

3685
02:44:42,560 --> 02:44:48,720
GUIDE AND LOW-PASS FILTER TO 

3686
02:44:48,720 --> 02:44:50,360
REMOVE WITH THE EQUIPMENT.

3687
02:44:50,360 --> 02:44:52,240
SOMETHING THAT NEEDS TO BE TAKEN

3688
02:44:52,240 --> 02:44:54,080
INTO ACCOUNT IS TO WORK ON THESE

3689
02:44:54,080 --> 02:44:56,920
DIFFERENT FILTERS.

3690
02:44:56,920 --> 02:44:58,800
A LOT OF TMS COILS HAVE 

3691
02:44:58,800 --> 02:44:59,080
COUNTERS.

3692
02:44:59,080 --> 02:45:04,080
IT IS EASY TO DEPLETE THESE TMS 

3693
02:45:04,080 --> 02:45:06,280
COILS RUNNING AN MRI EXPERIMENT.

3694
02:45:06,280 --> 02:45:08,800
WE LEARN ON THAT AND WORKED WITH

3695
02:45:08,800 --> 02:45:10,880
MANUFACTURERS SO THIS PROBLEM 

3696
02:45:10,880 --> 02:45:13,520
DOESN'T ARISE ANYMORE.

3697
02:45:13,520 --> 02:45:16,640
IN PRACTICE, THOSE COILS EXIST.

3698
02:45:16,640 --> 02:45:19,080
THEY ARE COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE 

3699
02:45:19,080 --> 02:45:22,280
WITH FDA APPROVAL, BUT THEY ARE 

3700
02:45:22,280 --> 02:45:23,840
AVAILABLE, IT DOESN'T MEAN THEY 

3701
02:45:23,840 --> 02:45:25,440
ARE PERFECT.

3702
02:45:25,440 --> 02:45:28,840
WHEN YOU DISCHARGE THE TMS COIL 

3703
02:45:28,840 --> 02:45:32,560
INSIDE THE MRI YOU INDUCE A BIG 

3704
02:45:32,560 --> 02:45:34,640
FORCE.

3705
02:45:34,640 --> 02:45:39,160
SOME OF THE LORENTZ FORCE 

3706
02:45:39,160 --> 02:45:40,240
COMPENSATE, NEVERTHELESS, THERE 

3707
02:45:40,240 --> 02:45:42,080
IS A LOT OF STRESS ON THE COILS 

3708
02:45:42,080 --> 02:45:44,560
WHICH IS WHY YOU NEED TO SEND 

3709
02:45:44,560 --> 02:45:46,800
THEM BACK TO BE REFURBISHED 

3710
02:45:46,800 --> 02:45:48,120
AFTER A FEW THOUSAND PULSES.

3711
02:45:48,120 --> 02:45:50,800
WHICH MEANS YOU NEED TO DESIGN 

3712
02:45:50,800 --> 02:45:52,560
YOUR EXPERIMENTS PROPERLY SO 

3713
02:45:52,560 --> 02:45:54,200
THAT IN PRACTICE YOU CAN DO IT 

3714
02:45:54,200 --> 02:45:58,760
WITH A SINGLE COIL OR AT LEAST 

3715
02:45:58,760 --> 02:46:00,960
TAKE INTO ACCOUNT WHEN YOU ARE 

3716
02:46:00,960 --> 02:46:02,320
RECRUITING A SUBJECT YOU MIGHT 

3717
02:46:02,320 --> 02:46:06,320
HAVE SOME DOWN TIME.

3718
02:46:06,320 --> 02:46:08,600
TMS COILS MUST BE COOLED DOWN SO

3719
02:46:08,600 --> 02:46:10,880
YOU MUST HAVE ACCESS TO COMPRESS

3720
02:46:10,880 --> 02:46:13,480
SOR OR COOLER.

3721
02:46:13,480 --> 02:46:14,920
SOMETHING THAT IS EXTREMELY 

3722
02:46:14,920 --> 02:46:17,600
IMPORTANT IS TMS COILS INSIDE 

3723
02:46:17,600 --> 02:46:20,240
THE MRI ARE LESS STRONG THAN 

3724
02:46:20,240 --> 02:46:20,520
OUTSIDE.

3725
02:46:20,520 --> 02:46:23,440
SO TYPICALLY YOU CANNOT REACH 

3726
02:46:23,440 --> 02:46:27,720
THIS 140% OF MOTOR THRESHOLD 

3727
02:46:27,720 --> 02:46:29,160
LIKE YOU WOULD BE ABLE TO IN THE

3728
02:46:29,160 --> 02:46:30,360
REST OF THE EXPERIMENT.

3729
02:46:30,360 --> 02:46:32,240
YOU NEED TO PAY ATTENTION TO THE

3730
02:46:32,240 --> 02:46:33,760
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN.

3731
02:46:33,760 --> 02:46:35,040
THERE ARE DIFFERENT REASONS FOR 

3732
02:46:35,040 --> 02:46:35,240
THAT.

3733
02:46:35,240 --> 02:46:37,000
BASICALLY THERE IS, IF YOU ARE 

3734
02:46:37,000 --> 02:46:39,720
USING THESE DEDICATED MRI COILS,

3735
02:46:39,720 --> 02:46:41,720
YOU INTRODUCE AN EXTRA DISTANCE 

3736
02:46:41,720 --> 02:46:43,080
BETWEEN THE TMS COIL AND THE 

3737
02:46:43,080 --> 02:46:43,320
BRAIN.

3738
02:46:43,320 --> 02:46:44,760
SO YOU LOSE POWER THERE.

3739
02:46:44,760 --> 02:46:47,160
YOU WOULD HAVE A LONGER CABLE 

3740
02:46:47,160 --> 02:46:50,040
BETWEEN THE TMS COIL AND THE 

3741
02:46:50,040 --> 02:46:50,320
STIMLATOR.

3742
02:46:50,320 --> 02:46:53,800
THE TMS STIMLATOR LOCATED 

3743
02:46:53,800 --> 02:46:56,000
OUTSIDE OF THE MRI ROOM.

3744
02:46:56,000 --> 02:47:04,320
THIS EXTRA DISTANCE DECREASES 

3745
02:47:04,320 --> 02:47:06,720
THE POWER.

3746
02:47:06,720 --> 02:47:09,320
AND JUST THE FACT OF BEING IN A 

3747
02:47:09,320 --> 02:47:11,440
STRONG MAGNETIC FIELD DECREASES.

3748
02:47:11,440 --> 02:47:13,120
I WOULD ENCOURAGE THOSE ASKING 

3749
02:47:13,120 --> 02:47:14,920
FOR THE MORE POWERFUL VERSION OF

3750
02:47:14,920 --> 02:47:25,400
THE STIMLATOR WHEN YOU ARE 

3751
02:47:28,440 --> 02:47:29,200
PARTICIPA

3752
02:47:29,200 --> 02:47:29,520
PARTICIPATING.

3753
02:47:29,520 --> 02:47:31,880
COIL HOLDER IS NECESSARY BECAUSE

3754
02:47:31,880 --> 02:47:33,200
THEY ARE HEAVY.

3755
02:47:33,200 --> 02:47:36,760
NOT FOR V1 OR V5 BECAUSE YOU ARE

3756
02:47:36,760 --> 02:47:37,960
LYING ON IT.

3757
02:47:37,960 --> 02:47:40,560
THIS IS WHAT A TYPICAL COIL 

3758
02:47:40,560 --> 02:47:41,680
HOLDER WOULD LOOK LIKE HERE.

3759
02:47:41,680 --> 02:47:44,120
THE WAY THEY ARE DESIGNED TO 

3760
02:47:44,120 --> 02:47:51,760
HAVE ALL ACCESS OF FREEDOM SO IN

3761
02:47:51,760 --> 02:47:54,040
THEORY YOU CAN HOLD THE TMS IN 

3762
02:47:54,040 --> 02:47:55,800
WHATEVER POSITION YOU LIKE.

3763
02:47:55,800 --> 02:47:57,080
IN PRACTICE IT IS DIFFICULT TO 

3764
02:47:57,080 --> 02:47:57,800
USE.

3765
02:47:57,800 --> 02:47:59,840
THE SUBJECT MOVES ONLY A LITTLE,

3766
02:47:59,840 --> 02:48:01,800
YOU NEED TO ROTATE THREE OR FOUR

3767
02:48:01,800 --> 02:48:03,240
OF THE DIFFERENT KNOBS TO GO 

3768
02:48:03,240 --> 02:48:05,160
BACK TO A PROPER POSITION.

3769
02:48:05,160 --> 02:48:07,120
WE HAVE SOME WORK TO DO THERE.

3770
02:48:07,120 --> 02:48:09,280
AND IN THE MEANTIME, IT REQUIRES

3771
02:48:09,280 --> 02:48:12,440
A LOT OF SKILL TO BE ABLE TO DO 

3772
02:48:12,440 --> 02:48:13,040
IT PROPERLY.

3773
02:48:13,040 --> 02:48:14,080
WHICH IS ALSO SOMETIMES GOOD 

3774
02:48:14,080 --> 02:48:17,120
THAT WE HAVE A PLATFORM SO THAT 

3775
02:48:17,120 --> 02:48:19,000
WE MAKE SURE IT STAYS WITH US 

3776
02:48:19,000 --> 02:48:21,000
AND DOESN'T LEAVE WITH THE PH.D.

3777
02:48:21,000 --> 02:48:24,000
STUDENTS OR POST DOC.

3778
02:48:24,000 --> 02:48:29,960
IN TERMS OF SHAM CONTROL, WELL, 

3779
02:48:29,960 --> 02:48:33,560
THIS IS A POPULAR PROBLEM FOR 

3780
02:48:33,560 --> 02:48:33,720
TMS.

3781
02:48:33,720 --> 02:48:36,000
TMS STIMULATES A LOT OF NOISE.

3782
02:48:36,000 --> 02:48:40,240
THESE ARE ALL AMPLIFIED INSIDE 

3783
02:48:40,240 --> 02:48:40,840
THE MRI.

3784
02:48:40,840 --> 02:48:43,320
SHAM COILS CANNOT BE USED SO 

3785
02:48:43,320 --> 02:48:46,120
THERE ARE DIFFERENT SOLUTIONS.

3786
02:48:46,120 --> 02:48:47,680
BASICALLY EACH GROUP HAS ITS 

3787
02:48:47,680 --> 02:48:49,040
PREFERRED TECHNIQUE.

3788
02:48:49,040 --> 02:48:51,560
SO SOME LIKE AN ACTIVE CONTROL 

3789
02:48:51,560 --> 02:48:54,680
SITE, FOR EXAMPLE, THE VERTEX.

3790
02:48:54,680 --> 02:48:57,360
SOME DO THE SAME TMS PROTOCOL 

3791
02:48:57,360 --> 02:49:01,440
UNDER A DIFFERENT MRI TASK.

3792
02:49:01,440 --> 02:49:04,800
COMPARING HIGH AND LOW INTENSITY

3793
02:49:04,800 --> 02:49:06,960
TMS TO HOPE LOW INTENSITY 

3794
02:49:06,960 --> 02:49:11,400
PROFINDS THE SAME CONFOUNDS.

3795
02:49:11,400 --> 02:49:13,240
IF YOU RETATE YOU NEED TO TAKE 

3796
02:49:13,240 --> 02:49:15,320
THE SUBJECT OUT AND DO 

3797
02:49:15,320 --> 02:49:16,920
MANIPULATION OR INTRODUCE 

3798
02:49:16,920 --> 02:49:19,720
PLASTIC AS AN EXTRA DISTANCE.

3799
02:49:19,720 --> 02:49:22,520
TO HAVE SOME OF THE COMPOUNDS AT

3800
02:49:22,520 --> 02:49:25,000
LEAST SIMILAR.

3801
02:49:25,000 --> 02:49:26,800
SO ALL OF THESE HAVE BEEN 

3802
02:49:26,800 --> 02:49:27,360
CONSIDERED.

3803
02:49:27,360 --> 02:49:29,360
THERE'S NOT A CLEAR WINNER, TO 

3804
02:49:29,360 --> 02:49:30,360
MY KNOWLEDGE HERE.

3805
02:49:30,360 --> 02:49:32,280
AND IN MY DEFENSE, ON THE 

3806
02:49:32,280 --> 02:49:33,280
PARTICULAR APPLICATIONS THAT YOU

3807
02:49:33,280 --> 02:49:34,360
ARE DOING.

3808
02:49:34,360 --> 02:49:37,800
NOW, I WANT TO MENTION ABOUT 

3809
02:49:37,800 --> 02:49:38,920
SIMULTANEOUS TMS FOR MRI.

3810
02:49:38,920 --> 02:49:41,320
IF YOU ARE REALLY SIMULTANEOUS, 

3811
02:49:41,320 --> 02:49:44,040
BASICALLY, YOU WON'T GET ANY MRI

3812
02:49:44,040 --> 02:49:44,240
SIGNAL.

3813
02:49:44,240 --> 02:49:50,640
THE PMS  TMS REDUCES YOUR MRI 

3814
02:49:50,640 --> 02:49:52,680
SIGNAL TO 0, DEPENDING ON WHEN 

3815
02:49:52,680 --> 02:49:58,640
YOU ARE PULSING IN THE SPACE.

3816
02:49:58,640 --> 02:50:01,040
WE INTRODUCED A SMALL GAP 

3817
02:50:01,040 --> 02:50:06,160
BETWEEN THE TMS AND THE NEXT 

3818
02:50:06,160 --> 02:50:06,360
VOLUMES.

3819
02:50:06,360 --> 02:50:08,880
IT HAS BEEN DONE AND VERIFIED BY

3820
02:50:08,880 --> 02:50:12,080
A FEW GROUPS.

3821
02:50:12,080 --> 02:50:15,520
75 TO 100 GAP.

3822
02:50:15,520 --> 02:50:18,680
YOU RECOVER MAGNETICIZATION AND 

3823
02:50:18,680 --> 02:50:20,640
WHAT WE DO IN PRACTICE IS WE DO 

3824
02:50:20,640 --> 02:50:22,840
EVERYTHING WE CAN WITH YOUR 

3825
02:50:22,840 --> 02:50:25,880
USUAL 64, 32 CHANNEL MRI COIL 

3826
02:50:25,880 --> 02:50:27,680
AND YOU ONLY CHANGE THE SETUP 

3827
02:50:27,680 --> 02:50:34,520
FOR THE FMRI PART.

3828
02:50:34,520 --> 02:50:38,320
AND MAYBE SOME ADDITIONAL SCANS 

3829
02:50:38,320 --> 02:50:40,160
TO DO COIL DEMONSTRATION.

3830
02:50:40,160 --> 02:50:42,520
FOR THE SEQUENCE YOU MIGHT 

3831
02:50:42,520 --> 02:50:44,000
DEPEND ON THE PROTOCOL YOU WANT 

3832
02:50:44,000 --> 02:50:45,240
TO DO.

3833
02:50:45,240 --> 02:50:46,960
YOU NEED TO INTRODUCE GAP 

3834
02:50:46,960 --> 02:50:52,560
BETWEEN  MRI VOLUMES.

3835
02:50:52,560 --> 02:50:54,240
DEPENDING ON THE FREQUENCY, YOU 

3836
02:50:54,240 --> 02:50:56,080
CAN DO DIFFERENT THINGS.

3837
02:50:56,080 --> 02:50:58,000
WE HAVE SEEN SOME NICE EXAMPLES 

3838
02:50:58,000 --> 02:50:59,680
IN THE PREVIOUS PRESENTATION.

3839
02:50:59,680 --> 02:51:02,800
A NICE BOLD ACTIVATION TO SEE 

3840
02:51:02,800 --> 02:51:06,320
THE RESPONSE WHEN WE DO TMS.

3841
02:51:06,320 --> 02:51:11,880
IN TERMS OF METHODS, IT IS NICE 

3842
02:51:11,880 --> 02:51:14,360
MOST PRODUCT SEQUENCE FROM THE 

3843
02:51:14,360 --> 02:51:16,080
MANUFACTURERS ARE CAPABLE OF 

3844
02:51:16,080 --> 02:51:16,800
INTERLEAVING.

3845
02:51:16,800 --> 02:51:20,080
LEAVING A GAP BETWEEN VOLUMES OR

3846
02:51:20,080 --> 02:51:21,680
SEGMENTS OF SLIDES SO IT IS 

3847
02:51:21,680 --> 02:51:31,840
POSSIBLE FOR US WITH A GOOD SIN 

3848
02:51:31,840 --> 02:51:32,120
K

3849
02:51:32,120 --> 02:51:32,520
SYNCHRONIZIZATION.

3850
02:51:32,520 --> 02:51:34,080
THERE IS NO MEASURE FOR WHERE 

3851
02:51:34,080 --> 02:51:36,120
THE TMS IS TARGETING WHICH IS 

3852
02:51:36,120 --> 02:51:38,560
WHY WE NEED TO USE 

3853
02:51:38,560 --> 02:51:38,920
NEURONAVIGATION.

3854
02:51:38,920 --> 02:51:40,440
BECAUSE THE TMS KILLS ALL THE 

3855
02:51:40,440 --> 02:51:41,680
SIGNAL THAT IS EVERYWHERE, THAT 

3856
02:51:41,680 --> 02:51:43,040
IS DIFFICULT TO DO.

3857
02:51:43,040 --> 02:51:45,960
IT WOULD BE GREAT IF SOMEONE 

3858
02:51:45,960 --> 02:51:48,840
CAME UP WITH A GENIUS IDEA TO GO

3859
02:51:48,840 --> 02:51:51,640
AROUND THIS PARTICULAR PROBLEM.

3860
02:51:51,640 --> 02:51:54,400
THERE IS ONE FOR TDCS AND I 

3861
02:51:54,400 --> 02:51:57,440
THINK WE HAVE A TALK LATER ON 

3862
02:51:57,440 --> 02:52:00,640
THIS PARTICULAR TOPIC.

3863
02:52:00,640 --> 02:52:03,200
SYNCHRONIZIZATION IS NOT A 

3864
02:52:03,200 --> 02:52:03,440
PROBLEM.

3865
02:52:03,440 --> 02:52:07,080
THERE ARE TOOL BOXES AND OPEN 

3866
02:52:07,080 --> 02:52:07,320
ACCESS.

3867
02:52:07,320 --> 02:52:10,720
MANY OF THEM SO WE CAN EASILY 

3868
02:52:10,720 --> 02:52:13,400
CONTROL THE TMS AND HAVE A VERY 

3869
02:52:13,400 --> 02:52:23,800
GOOD SYNCHRO NISZ -- 

3870
02:52:31,240 --> 02:52:31,880
SYNCHRONIZATION.

3871
02:52:31,880 --> 02:52:36,680
YOU WANT TO TRIGGER FAST, YOU 

3872
02:52:36,680 --> 02:52:41,480
GET VERY GOOD SYNCHRONIZATION.

3873
02:52:41,480 --> 02:52:43,680
THE DIFFERENT SETUPS.

3874
02:52:43,680 --> 02:52:46,720
ON THE LEFT TMS ON M1, THE 

3875
02:52:46,720 --> 02:52:48,520
SUBJECT IS FULLY INSTALLED.

3876
02:52:48,520 --> 02:52:50,960
THERE IS AN ADDITIONAL MRI COIL 

3877
02:52:50,960 --> 02:52:55,800
TO RECOVER THE SIGNIFICANT AT 

3878
02:52:55,800 --> 02:52:56,920
THE SPINE LEVEL.

3879
02:52:56,920 --> 02:53:02,480
THIS IS TMS PERFORMED ON V5.

3880
02:53:02,480 --> 02:53:08,200
HERE THE OTHER COIL WAS PUT ON 

3881
02:53:08,200 --> 02:53:10,040
THE VERTEX.

3882
02:53:10,040 --> 02:53:11,560
THE MRI RECEIVED COIL IS 

3883
02:53:11,560 --> 02:53:13,680
DIFFERENT, TWO BIG LOOPS, ONE OF

3884
02:53:13,680 --> 02:53:15,800
THE LEFT, ONE OF THE RIGHT AND 

3885
02:53:15,800 --> 02:53:17,800
PUT YOUR FIGURE 8 COIL ON THE 

3886
02:53:17,800 --> 02:53:18,160
TOP.

3887
02:53:18,160 --> 02:53:19,920
THIS IS GOOD FOR SOME 

3888
02:53:19,920 --> 02:53:21,880
APPLICATIONS, LIKE I SAID, BUT 

3889
02:53:21,880 --> 02:53:27,920
MAYBE NOT ALL OF THEM.

3890
02:53:27,920 --> 02:53:29,160
ANOTHER FEW SLIDES BEFORE THE 

3891
02:53:29,160 --> 02:53:32,400
SUBJECT ARRIVES, IT LOOKS LIKE A

3892
02:53:32,400 --> 02:53:32,600
MESS.

3893
02:53:32,600 --> 02:53:35,360
WHEN THE SUBJECT IS INSTALLED, 

3894
02:53:35,360 --> 02:53:36,880
NO NAVIGATION, NO MARKERS.

3895
02:53:36,880 --> 02:53:38,680
WHEN THE SUBJECT IS FULLY IN 

3896
02:53:38,680 --> 02:53:40,560
PLACE THIS IS HOW IT WOULD LOOK.

3897
02:53:40,560 --> 02:53:43,360
IF YOU LOOK AT THE CONSULT ROOM 

3898
02:53:43,360 --> 02:53:45,840
YOU SEE BECAUSE WE TRY TO REDUCE

3899
02:53:45,840 --> 02:53:48,160
CABLE LEJTS, THE MRI IS IN THE 

3900
02:53:48,160 --> 02:53:49,080
ROOM JUST BEHIND.

3901
02:53:49,080 --> 02:53:55,560
WE HAVE THE STIMLATOR KIND OF IN

3902
02:53:55,560 --> 02:53:57,960
FRONT OF THE -- SORRY, OF THE 

3903
02:53:57,960 --> 02:54:00,960
CONSOLE, OF THE MRI CONSOLE AND 

3904
02:54:00,960 --> 02:54:02,600
THE CONNECTION IS SIMPLY A FEW 

3905
02:54:02,600 --> 02:54:05,520
CABLES THERE.

3906
02:54:05,520 --> 02:54:07,840
NOW, IN TERMS OF QUALITY, 

3907
02:54:07,840 --> 02:54:09,040
BASICALLY FOR EVERYTHING WHICH 

3908
02:54:09,040 --> 02:54:10,960
IS STRUCTURAL YOU HAVE THE SAME 

3909
02:54:10,960 --> 02:54:13,080
MRI QUALITY YOU ARE USED TO 

3910
02:54:13,080 --> 02:54:16,680
BECAUSE YOUD ARE USING THE SAME 

3911
02:54:16,680 --> 02:54:19,320
MRI COIL YOU ARE USED TO AND YOU

3912
02:54:19,320 --> 02:54:21,800
ONLY USE YOUR DEDICATED SETUP 

3913
02:54:21,800 --> 02:54:26,800
FOR FMRI AND A BIT FOR 

3914
02:54:26,800 --> 02:54:27,120
DEMONSTRATION.

3915
02:54:27,120 --> 02:54:29,800
THIS IS HOW IT LOOKS FOR A 

3916
02:54:29,800 --> 02:54:36,880
SINGLE VOLUME WHEN YOU ARE USING

3917
02:54:36,880 --> 02:54:39,600
THIS DID KATED TMS COILS.

3918
02:54:39,600 --> 02:54:43,040
YOU CAN SEE WE HAVE THE MARKERS 

3919
02:54:43,040 --> 02:54:44,520
TO CHECK THE POSITION 

3920
02:54:44,520 --> 02:54:46,240
RESPECTIVELY AND THE ACTIVATION 

3921
02:54:46,240 --> 02:54:53,440
WORKS PRETTY WELL.

3922
02:54:53,440 --> 02:55:00,400
WE DO ALTERNATING PHASE TO 

3923
02:55:00,400 --> 02:55:02,560
ACCOUNT FOR THE DISTORTIONS.

3924
02:55:02,560 --> 02:55:04,760
LIKE ANY MRI PROTOCOL, REALLY.

3925
02:55:04,760 --> 02:55:07,040
WE HAVE A STUDY THAT SHOWS IT 

3926
02:55:07,040 --> 02:55:08,640
WORKS REALLY WELL.

3927
02:55:08,640 --> 02:55:10,800
IT IS SIDE DEPENDENT AND POWER 

3928
02:55:10,800 --> 02:55:13,080
DEPEND AND WE GET GOOD RESULTS 

3929
02:55:13,080 --> 02:55:15,360
WITH OUR USUAL METHODS.

3930
02:55:15,360 --> 02:55:17,160
I JUST WANT TO MENTION THIS 

3931
02:55:17,160 --> 02:55:17,360
POINT.

3932
02:55:17,360 --> 02:55:20,000
IT WAS A PROBLEM, BUT IT IS ONE 

3933
02:55:20,000 --> 02:55:23,960
THAT IT IS EASY TO GO AND SOLVE 

3934
02:55:23,960 --> 02:55:27,000
FOR.

3935
02:55:27,000 --> 02:55:30,040
IT IS TYPICALLY DIFFICULT TO TMS

3936
02:55:30,040 --> 02:55:32,000
MRI DATA ACQUIRED WITH A 

3937
02:55:32,000 --> 02:55:33,040
DIFFERENT COIL BECAUSE YOU HAVE 

3938
02:55:33,040 --> 02:55:39,520
A DIFFERENT CONTRAST AND A 

3939
02:55:39,520 --> 02:55:42,080
DIFFERENT B1 COVERAGE.

3940
02:55:42,080 --> 02:55:44,600
YOU OMITTED ONE STEP WITH 

3941
02:55:44,600 --> 02:55:46,040
DIFFERENT CONTRACT WITH THE SAME

3942
02:55:46,040 --> 02:55:47,600
B1 COVERAGE.

3943
02:55:47,600 --> 02:55:50,680
IN THAT CASE THIS IS YOUR FMRI 

3944
02:55:50,680 --> 02:55:51,080
IMAGE.

3945
02:55:51,080 --> 02:55:55,640
YOU WOULD REQUIRE A STRUCTURAL 

3946
02:55:55,640 --> 02:55:56,160
SCAN.

3947
02:55:56,160 --> 02:55:59,520
SO VERY SMI EFFICIENT WITH THE 

3948
02:55:59,520 --> 02:56:01,280
SAME COIL SO THEY ARE 

3949
02:56:01,280 --> 02:56:02,200
CO-REGISTERED TOGETHER.

3950
02:56:02,200 --> 02:56:06,880
THE  SUBJECT IS WITH THE SAME 

3951
02:56:06,880 --> 02:56:08,320
MRI COIL AND YOU CHANGE THE 

3952
02:56:08,320 --> 02:56:10,560
SOFTWARE AND USE THE BODY COIL 

3953
02:56:10,560 --> 02:56:12,120
INTEGRATED WITH THE SCANNER 

3954
02:56:12,120 --> 02:56:14,880
GIVING YOU DIFFERENT B1.

3955
02:56:14,880 --> 02:56:18,680
AND YOU CAN EASILY CO-REJ TER 

3956
02:56:18,680 --> 02:56:21,000
TOGETHER AND USE THIS ONE AS AN 

3957
02:56:21,000 --> 02:56:21,520
INTERMITTENT STEP.

3958
02:56:21,520 --> 02:56:23,920
SO I THINK THIS IS A VERY 

3959
02:56:23,920 --> 02:56:25,360
EXCITING TIME TO DO RESEARCH IN 

3960
02:56:25,360 --> 02:56:26,520
THIS FIELD.

3961
02:56:26,520 --> 02:56:28,840
THERE HAVE BEEN RECENT ADVANCES 

3962
02:56:28,840 --> 02:56:31,880
IN TERMS OF NEW TECHNOLOGY 

3963
02:56:31,880 --> 02:56:33,240
AVAILABLE AND SOMETHING WE HAVE 

3964
02:56:33,240 --> 02:56:35,160
NOT MENTIONED, ALL THESE 

3965
02:56:35,160 --> 02:56:37,240
DIFFERENT LEARNING ALGORITHM 

3966
02:56:37,240 --> 02:56:38,480
IMPACTING THE FIELD OF MRI AND 

3967
02:56:38,480 --> 02:56:40,920
IT IS UNCLEAR HOW WE CAN BENEFIT

3968
02:56:40,920 --> 02:56:42,320
FROM THEM IN THIS FIELD.

3969
02:56:42,320 --> 02:56:45,080
ALL OF THIS TECHNOLOGY IS NOW 

3970
02:56:45,080 --> 02:56:47,760
AVAILABLE WITH CLINICAL GRADE 

3971
02:56:47,760 --> 02:56:53,520
AND THE TYPE THAT PLATFORMS ALSO

3972
02:56:53,520 --> 02:56:55,760
EXISTING PERMIT TO MAKE THEM 

3973
02:56:55,760 --> 02:56:57,200
AVAILABLE TO POTENTIALLY A 

3974
02:56:57,200 --> 02:56:59,280
LARGER COMMUNITY, WHICH DO NOT 

3975
02:56:59,280 --> 02:57:01,840
HAVE NECESSARILY ACCESS TO 

3976
02:57:01,840 --> 02:57:03,840
AFFORD THIS EXPENSIVE MACHINE, 

3977
02:57:03,840 --> 02:57:05,400
BUT YOU CAN DO YOUR OWN 

3978
02:57:05,400 --> 02:57:06,480
EXPERIMENTS LIKE THIS.

3979
02:57:06,480 --> 02:57:09,400
SO THERE ARE STILL AREAS OF 

3980
02:57:09,400 --> 02:57:13,240
IMPROVEMENT AND OPEN QUESTION I 

3981
02:57:13,240 --> 02:57:20,560
MENTIONED IN PRACTICAL ABILITY 

3982
02:57:20,560 --> 02:57:23,480
AND HOW DO DO A GOOD SHAM 

3983
02:57:23,480 --> 02:57:26,640
DESIGN.

3984
02:57:26,640 --> 02:57:28,520
WE HAVE SEEN THIS IN THE 

3985
02:57:28,520 --> 02:57:29,040
PREVIOUS TALK.

3986
02:57:29,040 --> 02:57:31,080
THERE IS A LOTS OF WORK GOING ON

3987
02:57:31,080 --> 02:57:33,240
RIGHT NOW AND THIS IS GREAT AND 

3988
02:57:33,240 --> 02:57:37,080
WE NEED TO TWO FURTHER AND REACH

3989
02:57:37,080 --> 02:57:37,360
CONSENSUS.

3990
02:57:37,360 --> 02:57:39,200
SAME THING FOR THE STIMULATION 

3991
02:57:39,200 --> 02:57:40,920
OF DEEP BRAIN STRUCTURE.

3992
02:57:40,920 --> 02:57:42,760
WHAT IS MORE APPROPRIATE?

3993
02:57:42,760 --> 02:57:44,560
STRUCTURAL, FUNCTIONAL, MAYBE A 

3994
02:57:44,560 --> 02:57:45,920
COMBINATION OF BOTH.

3995
02:57:45,920 --> 02:57:47,240
ALSO MAYBE -- IT IS INTERESTING 

3996
02:57:47,240 --> 02:57:49,320
TO GO TO HIGHER FIELD STRENGTH 

3997
02:57:49,320 --> 02:57:54,120
IF YOU ARE LOOKING AT TMS AND 

3998
02:57:54,120 --> 02:57:56,200
SEE HOW WE CAN HAVE AN 

3999
02:57:56,200 --> 02:57:59,480
INDIVIDUAL BRAIN ACTIVITY, WHICH

4000
02:57:59,480 --> 02:58:05,080
IT GIVES US IN TERMS OF FMRI.

4001
02:58:05,080 --> 02:58:07,720
IT IS VISIBLE ON A SINGLE 

4002
02:58:07,720 --> 02:58:10,720
SUBJECT.

4003
02:58:10,720 --> 02:58:16,520
IN THAT CASE, THE TMS TECHNOLOGY

4004
02:58:16,520 --> 02:58:18,240
IS DIFFICULT TO DIVIDE UP SO 

4005
02:58:18,240 --> 02:58:20,680
THESE ARE ALL INTERESTING 

4006
02:58:20,680 --> 02:58:21,000
TOPICS.

4007
02:58:21,000 --> 02:58:23,360
I'M ALSO GLAD TO SEE THAT THERE 

4008
02:58:23,360 --> 02:58:24,600
IS THIS WORKSHOP.

4009
02:58:24,600 --> 02:58:26,960
THERE IS ANOTHER ONE THAT HAS 

4010
02:58:26,960 --> 02:58:31,120
BEEN CREATED ON CONCURRENT 

4011
02:58:31,120 --> 02:58:33,200
TMS-FMRI WHICH IS GOING TO BE 

4012
02:58:33,200 --> 02:58:34,360
RENEWED EVERY YEAR.

4013
02:58:34,360 --> 02:58:35,600
THIS COMMUNITY CAN EXCHANGE 

4014
02:58:35,600 --> 02:58:38,320
SEVERAL TIMES A YEAR AND TRY TO 

4015
02:58:38,320 --> 02:58:40,600
PROGRESS AS FAST AS POSSIBLE.

4016
02:58:40,600 --> 02:58:41,640
SO THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION.

4017
02:58:41,640 --> 02:58:43,760
[ APPLAUSE ]

4018
02:58:43,760 --> 02:58:46,080
>>THERE IS ALSO A SLACK 

4019
02:58:46,080 --> 02:58:47,240
WORKSPACE FOR THAT GROUP THAT 

4020
02:58:47,240 --> 02:58:48,720
PEOPLE ARE WELCOME TO JOIN.

4021
02:58:48,720 --> 02:58:54,120
SO ANYBODY WHO IS ACTUALLY DOING

4022
02:58:54,120 --> 02:58:56,240
TMS-MRI AND WANTS TO BE ON THE 

4023
02:58:56,240 --> 02:58:58,640
SLACK, I WILL BE HAPPY TO INVITE

4024
02:58:58,640 --> 02:58:59,920
YOU IF ANYBODY WANTS TO JOIN.

4025
02:58:59,920 --> 02:59:06,000
ANY QUESTIONS?

4026
02:59:06,000 --> 02:59:08,520
>>I'M A NEUROLOGIST IN
MED 

4027
02:59:08,520 --> 02:59:09,680
OFFICE FOR FDA.

4028
02:59:09,680 --> 02:59:11,640
JUST CO-MODERATING.

4029
02:59:11,640 --> 02:59:14,720
I HAVE A QUICK QUESTION ABOUT 

4030
02:59:14,720 --> 02:59:16,560
THE SURFACE COIL.

4031
02:59:16,560 --> 02:59:19,120
DOES IT HAVE ANY ADVANTAGE OF 

4032
02:59:19,120 --> 02:59:23,560
PREVENTING THE SPREAD OF CURRENT

4033
02:59:23,560 --> 02:59:23,880
STIMULATION?

4034
02:59:23,880 --> 02:59:28,480
AND THE OTHER IS CAN IT BE USED 

4035
02:59:28,480 --> 02:59:32,920
FOR ALL THE TMS, LIKE ITBS.

4036
02:59:32,920 --> 02:59:34,400
>>WHICH COIL, SORRY?

4037
02:59:34,400 --> 02:59:35,680
>>THE SURFACE COIL.

4038
02:59:35,680 --> 02:59:38,320
>>THE SURFACE COIL.

4039
02:59:38,320 --> 02:59:39,400
>>YEAH.

4040
02:59:39,400 --> 02:59:42,440
>>I DON'T THINK THEY ARE
VERY 

4041
02:59:42,440 --> 02:59:43,720
EFFICIENT, THIS TYPE OF COIL.

4042
02:59:43,720 --> 02:59:46,960
SO IN THEORY, IT GIVES YOU 

4043
02:59:46,960 --> 02:59:48,440
FLEXIBILITY IN TERMS OF WHAT YOU

4044
02:59:48,440 --> 02:59:51,320
CAN DO BECAUSE THEY ARE VERY 

4045
02:59:51,320 --> 02:59:51,600
VERSATILE.

4046
02:59:51,600 --> 02:59:54,480
BUT I WOULD GO FOR THIS 

4047
02:59:54,480 --> 02:59:56,240
DEDICATED MRI COILS, I THINK, IF

4048
02:59:56,240 --> 03:00:00,080
I WANT TO HAVE -- I MEAN, IF WE 

4049
03:00:00,080 --> 03:00:01,920
ARE TRYING TO DEVELOP THIS 

4050
03:00:01,920 --> 03:00:03,160
TECHNOLOGY, I THINK WE WANT TO 

4051
03:00:03,160 --> 03:00:05,880
HAVE THE BEST TOOL AT EACH PLACE

4052
03:00:05,880 --> 03:00:07,360
AND THESE WERE NOT DEVELOPED 

4053
03:00:07,360 --> 03:00:09,520
ESPECIALLY FOR THIS, YOU ARE 

4054
03:00:09,520 --> 03:00:13,160
LACKING A BIT OF SIGNAL COMPARED

4055
03:00:13,160 --> 03:00:15,240
TO THESE OTHER NEW TOOLS SO WE 

4056
03:00:15,240 --> 03:00:16,120
SHOULD REALLY GO FOR THAT.

4057
03:00:16,120 --> 03:00:18,360
>>THANK YOU.

4058
03:00:18,360 --> 03:00:19,880
>>I WOULD SAY, IT DOESN'T
HAVE 

4059
03:00:19,880 --> 03:00:23,000
TO DO WITH THE SURFACE COIL, BUT

4060
03:00:23,000 --> 03:00:26,800
THE TMS DEVICE ITSELF IS CAPABLE

4061
03:00:26,800 --> 03:00:28,160
OF RTMS.

4062
03:00:28,160 --> 03:00:30,320
THERE IS AN AIR COOLED VERSION 

4063
03:00:30,320 --> 03:00:33,600
OF THE TMS COIL SO YOU CAN RUN 

4064
03:00:33,600 --> 03:00:34,800
RTMS SESSIONS WITH IT.

4065
03:00:34,800 --> 03:00:40,000
IT IS UNRELATED TO THE MRI 

4066
03:00:40,000 --> 03:00:40,360
SURFACE COIL.

4067
03:00:40,360 --> 03:00:44,800
>>THANKS.

4068
03:00:44,800 --> 03:00:46,280
>>NO QUESTIONS.

4069
03:00:46,280 --> 03:00:46,800
OKAY.

4070
03:00:46,800 --> 03:00:48,280
THANKS VERY MUCH.

4071
03:00:48,280 --> 03:00:50,200
>>THANK YOU.

4072
03:00:50,200 --> 03:01:00,400
[ APPLAUSE ]

4073
03:01:03,320 --> 03:01:05,600
>>BARAN IS COMING UP AND 

4074
03:01:05,600 --> 03:01:09,320
GETTING SET UP, WE ARE A 

4075
03:01:09,320 --> 03:01:10,160
CLOSE-KNIT COMMUNITY.

4076
03:01:10,160 --> 03:01:14,360
THE GROUP IN CYPRUS, A BUNCH OF 

4077
03:01:14,360 --> 03:01:16,600
PEOPLE WERE ABLE TO ATTEND.

4078
03:01:16,600 --> 03:01:19,400
I HIGHLY ENCOURAGE YOU TO ATTEND

4079
03:01:19,400 --> 03:01:21,560
IF YOU CAN, A BEACH RESORT, A 

4080
03:01:21,560 --> 03:01:22,760
BEAUTIFUL PLACE, IF YOU ARE UP 

4081
03:01:22,760 --> 03:01:25,040
FOR THAT, WE WOULD LOVE TO SEE 

4082
03:01:25,040 --> 03:01:29,160
YOU.

4083
03:01:29,160 --> 03:01:36,600
BARAN AYDOGAN.

4084
03:01:36,600 --> 03:01:37,800
>>THANK YOU.

4085
03:01:37,800 --> 03:01:40,520
I'M HAPPY TO BE HERE IN PERSON.

4086
03:01:40,520 --> 03:01:51,040
I'M DOING RESEARCH FELLOW AT THE

4087
03:01:51,640 --> 03:01:53,400
A.I.VIRTANEN INSTITUTE FOR 

4088
03:01:53,400 --> 03:01:55,160
MOLECULAR SCIENCES AT THE 

4089
03:01:55,160 --> 03:01:57,280
UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN FINLAND.

4090
03:01:57,280 --> 03:01:59,600
WE ORIGINALLY THIS SLOT TO BE 

4091
03:01:59,600 --> 03:02:01,760
PRESENTED BY HIM AND HE GLADLY 

4092
03:02:01,760 --> 03:02:02,040
ACCEPTED.

4093
03:02:02,040 --> 03:02:04,400
HE WANTED TO BE WITH US IN HERE 

4094
03:02:04,400 --> 03:02:05,440
TODAY, BUT UNFORTUNATELY, HE HAD

4095
03:02:05,440 --> 03:02:09,920
TO CANCEL.

4096
03:02:09,920 --> 03:02:13,720
BECAUSE HE WAS ASKED TO SPEAK IN

4097
03:02:13,720 --> 03:02:16,280
A GRANT PANEL IN BRUSSELS.

4098
03:02:16,280 --> 03:02:19,960
WE AGREED THAT I WILL TRY TO 

4099
03:02:19,960 --> 03:02:21,640
MAKE A PRESENTATION WHERE THE 

4100
03:02:21,640 --> 03:02:23,920
WORK HE HAS BEEN LEADING AT 

4101
03:02:23,920 --> 03:02:25,800
AALTO OVER THE YEARS AND OUR 

4102
03:02:25,800 --> 03:02:27,160
JOINT WORK IN THE MOST RECENT 

4103
03:02:27,160 --> 03:02:29,680
YEARS.

4104
03:02:29,680 --> 03:02:32,240
SO THE FIRST HALF OF THE 

4105
03:02:32,240 --> 03:02:37,360
PRESENTATION WILL BE MAINLY 

4106
03:02:37,360 --> 03:02:39,240
ABOUT HIS CONTRIBUTION AND THE 

4107
03:02:39,240 --> 03:02:42,680
TEAM AT AALTO.

4108
03:02:42,680 --> 03:02:43,320
I DON'T HAVE ANYTHING TO 

4109
03:02:43,320 --> 03:02:45,560
DECLARE.

4110
03:02:45,560 --> 03:02:56,040
SO THIS TALK A GENERAL ASPECT.

4111
03:02:56,040 --> 03:02:58,800
I NEED TO THANK THE KEYNOTE 

4112
03:02:58,800 --> 03:02:59,000
SPEAKER.

4113
03:02:59,000 --> 03:03:00,600
MAYBE FROM THE POINT OF THE 

4114
03:03:00,600 --> 03:03:02,600
RESEARCH DONE IN FINLAND.

4115
03:03:02,600 --> 03:03:07,320
I DIVIDED IT INTO THREE WHERE I 

4116
03:03:07,320 --> 03:03:09,760
WILL MENTION ANALYSIS 

4117
03:03:09,760 --> 03:03:11,760
PERSPECTIVE, MRI IS UTILITY AND 

4118
03:03:11,760 --> 03:03:14,880
TARGETING PERSPECTIVE AND JOINT 

4119
03:03:14,880 --> 03:03:15,560
PERSPEC

4120
03:03:15,560 --> 03:03:15,880
PERSPECTIVE.

4121
03:03:15,880 --> 03:03:21,080
SO LET'S GET STARTED.

4122
03:03:21,080 --> 03:03:21,480
ANALYSIS.

4123
03:03:21,480 --> 03:03:24,040
AS WE HEARD ALREADY IN THE 

4124
03:03:24,040 --> 03:03:25,440
MORNING, TMS AFFECTS THE BRAIN 

4125
03:03:25,440 --> 03:03:28,360
IN COMPLICATED WAYS.

4126
03:03:28,360 --> 03:03:31,160
EXACT IS MULTIDIMENSIONAL, LET'S

4127
03:03:31,160 --> 03:03:31,400
SAY.

4128
03:03:31,400 --> 03:03:33,040
IF YOU ARE CURIOUS ABOUT WHAT IS

4129
03:03:33,040 --> 03:03:36,880
BEING STIMULATED, I HIGHLY 

4130
03:03:36,880 --> 03:03:38,720
RECOMMEND THIS PAPER RECENTLY 

4131
03:03:38,720 --> 03:03:40,080
PUBLISHED ON THIS.

4132
03:03:40,080 --> 03:03:44,400
ONE IMPORTANT THING TO HIGHLIGHT

4133
03:03:44,400 --> 03:03:49,400
IS THAT TMS CAUSED STIMULATION, 

4134
03:03:49,400 --> 03:03:51,720
AUDITORY AND SENSORY.

4135
03:03:51,720 --> 03:03:53,560
NEVERTHELESS, WE HAVE A GENERAL 

4136
03:03:53,560 --> 03:03:56,120
UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT IS 

4137
03:03:56,120 --> 03:03:56,360
HAPPENING.

4138
03:03:56,360 --> 03:03:57,520
WE BASICALLY RUN A LARGE AMOUNT 

4139
03:03:57,520 --> 03:04:01,360
OF CURRENT IN A COIL.

4140
03:04:01,360 --> 03:04:03,440
THIS IS, OF COURSE, TRACE A 

4141
03:04:03,440 --> 03:04:06,040
MAGNETIC FIELD THAT LEADS TO E 

4142
03:04:06,040 --> 03:04:08,520
FIELD, ELECTRIC CURRENT IN THE 

4143
03:04:08,520 --> 03:04:10,840
TISSUE, CHANNELS TO OPEN AND 

4144
03:04:10,840 --> 03:04:12,640
ACTION POTENTIALS.

4145
03:04:12,640 --> 03:04:14,440
THESE PROPAGATE THROUGHOUT THE 

4146
03:04:14,440 --> 03:04:17,960
BRAIN AND THROUGH SYNAPTIC 

4147
03:04:17,960 --> 03:04:18,280
ACTIVATIONS.

4148
03:04:18,280 --> 03:04:21,600
THROUGHOUT THE PROCESS WE HAVE 

4149
03:04:21,600 --> 03:04:27,720
POST SYNAPTIC -- BECAUSE WE CAN 

4150
03:04:27,720 --> 03:04:28,200
DETECT.

4151
03:04:28,200 --> 03:04:32,960
SO THE MEASUREMENT OF EEG WITH 

4152
03:04:32,960 --> 03:04:35,960
CONCURRENT TMS HAS BEEN LEAD IN 

4153
03:04:35,960 --> 03:04:37,520
THE 1990s ACTUALLY.

4154
03:04:37,520 --> 03:04:40,720
THIS IS WHAT A TMS-EEG SETUP 

4155
03:04:40,720 --> 03:04:42,200
LOOKS LIKE.

4156
03:04:42,200 --> 03:04:44,320
THE VALUE IS WE WILL HAVE HIGH 

4157
03:04:44,320 --> 03:04:48,680
TEMPORAL DYNAMICS MEASURED BY 

4158
03:04:48,680 --> 03:04:49,440
EEG.

4159
03:04:49,440 --> 03:04:52,000
OF COURSE, EEG DOESN'T LIKE TMS 

4160
03:04:52,000 --> 03:04:52,240
MUCH.

4161
03:04:52,240 --> 03:04:54,480
WE HAVE ARTIFACTS.

4162
03:04:54,480 --> 03:04:57,440
THERE ARE GOOD ALGORITHMS TO 

4163
03:04:57,440 --> 03:05:01,320
CLEAR UP THESE ARTIFACTS.

4164
03:05:01,320 --> 03:05:03,880
ALREADY IN THOSE TIMES, THE 

4165
03:05:03,880 --> 03:05:06,360
UTILITY OF MRI WAS CLEAR IN 

4166
03:05:06,360 --> 03:05:08,160
1990s BASED ON THE DATA 

4167
03:05:08,160 --> 03:05:10,000
COLLECTED IN THIS STUDY.

4168
03:05:10,000 --> 03:05:11,600
THE SOURCES ACTIVATED IN THE 

4169
03:05:11,600 --> 03:05:19,080
BRAIN WERE MEASURED USING 

4170
03:05:19,080 --> 03:05:19,440
NEUROESTIMATE.

4171
03:05:19,440 --> 03:05:21,400
SO THIS SLIDE WILL BE VERY 

4172
03:05:21,400 --> 03:05:23,560
CROWDED AND I WILL STEP OUT OF 

4173
03:05:23,560 --> 03:05:25,440
WHAT IS BEING DONE OUTSIDE 

4174
03:05:25,440 --> 03:05:27,800
BECAUSE THESE ARE QUITE EXCITING

4175
03:05:27,800 --> 03:05:30,600
DEVELOPMENTS IN OUR FIELD 

4176
03:05:30,600 --> 03:05:31,240
NOWADAYS.

4177
03:05:31,240 --> 03:05:34,480
WHAT EXCITED ME ARE BIOPHYSICAL 

4178
03:05:34,480 --> 03:05:35,760
BASED SIMULATIONS WHICH WE HEARD

4179
03:05:35,760 --> 03:05:37,080
IN THE MORNING.

4180
03:05:37,080 --> 03:05:39,560
THESE WANT TO GO TO CELLULAR 

4181
03:05:39,560 --> 03:05:41,840
LEVEL MECHANISMS OF HOW TMS 

4182
03:05:41,840 --> 03:05:43,760
AFFECTS THE BRAIN AND THEY HAVE 

4183
03:05:43,760 --> 03:05:45,960
POTENTIAL TO INFORM US MORE 

4184
03:05:45,960 --> 03:05:48,360
PRECISELY ABOUT WHAT IS GOING ON

4185
03:05:48,360 --> 03:05:50,240
AND DEVELOP NEW TREATMENT 

4186
03:05:50,240 --> 03:05:50,560
OPPORTUNITIES.

4187
03:05:50,560 --> 03:05:53,640
AS SOMEONE WHO IS HEAVILY 

4188
03:05:53,640 --> 03:05:55,400
INVOLVED IN THE MRI RESEARCH, 

4189
03:05:55,400 --> 03:05:57,360
I'M VERY INTERESTED TO FOLLOW 

4190
03:05:57,360 --> 03:05:59,200
WHERE THIS RESEARCH WILL GO 

4191
03:05:59,200 --> 03:06:01,800
BECAUSE THERE ARE A LOT OF 

4192
03:06:01,800 --> 03:06:05,480
PARALLEL DEVELOPMENTS WHICH 

4193
03:06:05,480 --> 03:06:07,360
COULD HELP THIS TYPE OF 

4194
03:06:07,360 --> 03:06:07,720
RESEARCH.

4195
03:06:07,720 --> 03:06:09,880
IN THE DIFFUSION MRI COMMUNITY 

4196
03:06:09,880 --> 03:06:12,800
WE HAVE BIOPHYSICALLY 

4197
03:06:12,800 --> 03:06:15,240
MICROSTRUCTURE MODELS COMING.

4198
03:06:15,240 --> 03:06:17,880
IN THIS PAPER, THE MODEL IS ABLE

4199
03:06:17,880 --> 03:06:20,200
TO INFORM US ABOUT THE CORTICAL 

4200
03:06:20,200 --> 03:06:23,240
SITE OF ARCHITECTURE TELLING US 

4201
03:06:23,240 --> 03:06:29,840
ABOUT THE SOMA AND NEURIT 

4202
03:06:29,840 --> 03:06:30,080
DENSITY.

4203
03:06:30,080 --> 03:06:33,640
THIS COULD BE TIED TO CELLULAR 

4204
03:06:33,640 --> 03:06:38,120
PROFILING AND HEAVILY USED IN 

4205
03:06:38,120 --> 03:06:39,200
BIOPHYSICAL AS WELL.

4206
03:06:39,200 --> 03:06:41,920
WE HAVE AN INCREASING STRENGTH 

4207
03:06:41,920 --> 03:06:44,040
IN OUR SCANNERS.

4208
03:06:44,040 --> 03:06:45,560
THE DEVELOPMENT LEADING TO 

4209
03:06:45,560 --> 03:06:48,360
HIGHER B VALUES IN DIFFUSION 

4210
03:06:48,360 --> 03:06:48,920
SCANNERS.

4211
03:06:48,920 --> 03:06:50,800
THESE ARE ABLE TO PROVIDE FINER 

4212
03:06:50,800 --> 03:06:55,400
AND FINER MICROSTRUCTURE 

4213
03:06:55,400 --> 03:06:55,800
INFORMATION.

4214
03:06:55,800 --> 03:07:00,080
THE AXON DIAMETER G RATIOS COULD

4215
03:07:00,080 --> 03:07:04,120
BE IN THE FUTURE POSSIBLE TO BE 

4216
03:07:04,120 --> 03:07:08,000
MEASURED BECAUSE THEY ARE CLOSED

4217
03:07:08,000 --> 03:07:08,800
TYPE CONDUCTION.

4218
03:07:08,800 --> 03:07:11,120
ON A HIGHER LEVEL WE ARE SEEING 

4219
03:07:11,120 --> 03:07:14,440
TOOLS FOR CIRCUIT AND MASS 

4220
03:07:14,440 --> 03:07:15,200
MODELING.

4221
03:07:15,200 --> 03:07:17,080
FOR EXAMPLE THIS TOOL, STEPHANIE

4222
03:07:17,080 --> 03:07:19,360
JONES IS DEVELOPING OR REALLY 

4223
03:07:19,360 --> 03:07:22,280
LOOKING AT THIS CIRCUIT LEVEL 

4224
03:07:22,280 --> 03:07:24,600
ACTIVITIES, WHICH ALSO TIES TO 

4225
03:07:24,600 --> 03:07:26,440
SYSTEM LEVEL OPERATION OF THE 

4226
03:07:26,440 --> 03:07:30,040
BRAIN, WHICH WE CAN LEVERAGE MRI

4227
03:07:30,040 --> 03:07:31,600
INFORMATION, FOR EXAMPLE.

4228
03:07:31,600 --> 03:07:35,200
THESE STRUCTURE CIRCUITS, A 

4229
03:07:35,200 --> 03:07:39,960
DIVISION OF MRI TRACT.

4230
03:07:39,960 --> 03:07:42,680
WE WILL HERE MORE DOWN TO 

4231
03:07:42,680 --> 03:07:44,040
MOLECULAR.

4232
03:07:44,040 --> 03:07:47,680
WE WILL HAVE IMAGING WHICH ARE 

4233
03:07:47,680 --> 03:07:49,360
EXCITING TO FOLLOW.

4234
03:07:49,360 --> 03:07:52,800
I WOULD LIKE TO TALK ABOUT THE 

4235
03:07:52,800 --> 03:07:55,240
TARGETING PERSPECTIVE, NAVIGATED

4236
03:07:55,240 --> 03:07:56,040
TMS APPROACH.

4237
03:07:56,040 --> 03:07:59,520
FOR EXAMPLE, MANY THIS CASE WE 

4238
03:07:59,520 --> 03:08:02,600
HAVE STRUCTURAL MRI AND THE TMS 

4239
03:08:02,600 --> 03:08:06,040
AND THE PATIENT'S HEAD.

4240
03:08:06,040 --> 03:08:09,160
AND WE CAN ACTUALLY SEE WHERE 

4241
03:08:09,160 --> 03:08:11,040
THE TMS COIL IS LOCATED WITH 

4242
03:08:11,040 --> 03:08:12,840
RESPECT TO THE SUBJECT'S BRAIN.

4243
03:08:12,840 --> 03:08:16,600
THIS IS USED FOR PRESURGICAL 

4244
03:08:16,600 --> 03:08:18,440
LOCALIZATION FOR PREFRONTAL 

4245
03:08:18,440 --> 03:08:18,680
CORTEX.

4246
03:08:18,680 --> 03:08:22,200
THIS IS FDA APPROVED.

4247
03:08:22,200 --> 03:08:25,520
AND HERE ARE SOME RESULTS FROM 

4248
03:08:25,520 --> 03:08:26,560
CORTICAL MAPPING.

4249
03:08:26,560 --> 03:08:29,760
WE CAN SEE HERE ON THE LEFT 

4250
03:08:29,760 --> 03:08:33,200
NAVIGATED TMS MAPPING, WHICH IS 

4251
03:08:33,200 --> 03:08:34,600
NONINVASIVE, SOME MUSCLES AND WE

4252
03:08:34,600 --> 03:08:43,680
CAN SEE ON THE RIGHT THE 

4253
03:08:43,680 --> 03:08:44,680
CRANIOTOMY, THERE IS A GOOD 

4254
03:08:44,680 --> 03:08:46,280
MATCH BETWEEN THE TWO.

4255
03:08:46,280 --> 03:08:50,760
WE MAYBE CAN DO BETTER.

4256
03:08:50,760 --> 03:08:53,280
NOW WE ARE DEVELOPING ALGORITHMS

4257
03:08:53,280 --> 03:08:56,160
IN OUR HARDWARES, WE CAN DO 

4258
03:08:56,160 --> 03:08:58,920
MODELING USING REALISTIC HEAD 

4259
03:08:58,920 --> 03:08:59,320
MODELS.

4260
03:08:59,320 --> 03:09:01,440
THIS COULD BE VERY USEFUL TO 

4261
03:09:01,440 --> 03:09:04,880
HAVE IN YOUR NEURAL NAVIGATION 

4262
03:09:04,880 --> 03:09:06,640
SYSTEMS FOR BETTER TARGETING.

4263
03:09:06,640 --> 03:09:08,600
I WITHOUT LIKE TO SPEND A FEW 

4264
03:09:08,600 --> 03:09:13,040
WORDS ABOUT WHAT WE CAN DO 

4265
03:09:13,040 --> 03:09:14,560
BEFORE THIS.

4266
03:09:14,560 --> 03:09:19,240
BECAUSE THESE E-FIELD MODELING 

4267
03:09:19,240 --> 03:09:21,960
ARE BASED ON CORE GEOMETRY, 

4268
03:09:21,960 --> 03:09:25,640
WHICH MAY NOT BE ENOUGH AS THE 

4269
03:09:25,640 --> 03:09:28,120
PREVIOUS SPEAKER MENTIONED, PUT 

4270
03:09:28,120 --> 03:09:31,960
TMS COILS INSIDE MRI AND THE 

4271
03:09:31,960 --> 03:09:32,240
VIBRATIONS.

4272
03:09:32,240 --> 03:09:34,360
SO IT MIGHT BE VALUABLE TO HAVE 

4273
03:09:34,360 --> 03:09:36,120
EXPERIMENTAL WAYS OF MEASURING 

4274
03:09:36,120 --> 03:09:37,400
THE E-FIELD.

4275
03:09:37,400 --> 03:09:43,920
AND IN THIS STUDY, AN APPARATUS 

4276
03:09:43,920 --> 03:09:48,000
TO MEASURE THE E-FIELD BY TMS 

4277
03:09:48,000 --> 03:09:53,520
COIL IS SUGGESTED.

4278
03:09:53,520 --> 03:09:57,320
THESE TOOLS ARE ALSO USEFUL, FOR

4279
03:09:57,320 --> 03:10:01,720
EXAMPLE, TO MAKE THIS MULTILOCAL

4280
03:10:01,720 --> 03:10:02,520
TRANSCRIPTION STIMULATION 

4281
03:10:02,520 --> 03:10:02,720
SYSTEMS.

4282
03:10:02,720 --> 03:10:05,160
IN THIS CASE WE ARE LOOKING AT A

4283
03:10:05,160 --> 03:10:06,880
FIVE-COIL ARRANGEMENT.

4284
03:10:06,880 --> 03:10:09,200
EACH OF THESE COILS ARE ACTUALLY

4285
03:10:09,200 --> 03:10:13,440
ABLE TO CREATE THEIR OWN E-FIELD

4286
03:10:13,440 --> 03:10:13,720
PROFILES.

4287
03:10:13,720 --> 03:10:15,800
WHEN YOU STACK ALL OF THESE ON 

4288
03:10:15,800 --> 03:10:18,960
TOP OF EACH OTHER AND RUN 

4289
03:10:18,960 --> 03:10:20,400
DIFFERENT CURRENT COMBINATIONS, 

4290
03:10:20,400 --> 03:10:22,720
IT IS POSSIBLE TO MOVE THE 

4291
03:10:22,720 --> 03:10:25,880
EFIELDS ELECTRICALLY.

4292
03:10:25,880 --> 03:10:27,640
WHEN AFFIXED ON A CERTAIN PART 

4293
03:10:27,640 --> 03:10:30,120
OF THE HEAD, WE ARE ABLE TO MOVE

4294
03:10:30,120 --> 03:10:32,520
THIS E-FIELD MAXIMUM BY RUNNING 

4295
03:10:32,520 --> 03:10:34,040
DIFFERENT CURRENTS THROUGH THIS 

4296
03:10:34,040 --> 03:10:34,680
COIL.

4297
03:10:34,680 --> 03:10:36,000
HERE THEY ARE.

4298
03:10:36,000 --> 03:10:39,520
AGAIN, PREVIOUSLY MENTIONED, 

4299
03:10:39,520 --> 03:10:42,320
THESE SET UPS CAN BE QUITE HEAVY

4300
03:10:42,320 --> 03:10:47,800
TO HANDLE, EVEN OUTSIDE THE TMS.

4301
03:10:47,800 --> 03:10:51,440
SO THERE'S EFFORTS TOWARDS A 

4302
03:10:51,440 --> 03:10:52,520
ROBOTIC SYSTEM TO HOLD THESE 

4303
03:10:52,520 --> 03:10:53,040
COILS TOGETHER.

4304
03:10:53,040 --> 03:10:54,920
AS YOU CAN SEE HERE, WE ALSO 

4305
03:10:54,920 --> 03:11:02,680
HAVE BEEN PUTTING SOME EFFORT ON

4306
03:11:02,680 --> 03:11:08,040
THE ROBOTIC PART.

4307
03:11:08,040 --> 03:11:12,080
WE CAN SEE REAL TIME COMPUTED 

4308
03:11:12,080 --> 03:11:13,080
FIBER TRACKS.

4309
03:11:13,080 --> 03:11:14,920
I WOULD LIKE TO SPEND A FEW 

4310
03:11:14,920 --> 03:11:15,720
MINUTES TO TALK ABOUT THAT.

4311
03:11:15,720 --> 03:11:18,520
I HAVE A BETTER VIDEO FOR IT.

4312
03:11:18,520 --> 03:11:20,880
SO HERE WE SEE THE OPERATOR 

4313
03:11:20,880 --> 03:11:24,640
HOLDING THE TMS COIL AND THE 

4314
03:11:24,640 --> 03:11:26,120
SUBJECT'S HEAD IS REGISTERED 

4315
03:11:26,120 --> 03:11:28,240
WITH THE MRI AS WELL.

4316
03:11:28,240 --> 03:11:31,360
SO CONVENTIONAL NAVIGATION 

4317
03:11:31,360 --> 03:11:34,080
SYSTEMS ARE CAPABLE OF SHOWS 

4318
03:11:34,080 --> 03:11:34,360
THIS.

4319
03:11:34,360 --> 03:11:36,480
BUT THE DTI INFORMATION IS 

4320
03:11:36,480 --> 03:11:37,840
COMING RATHER NEW.

4321
03:11:37,840 --> 03:11:40,720
WE ARE ABLE TO COMPUTE THE 

4322
03:11:40,720 --> 03:11:42,880
TRACKS REAL TIME WHILE THE 

4323
03:11:42,880 --> 03:11:44,440
NAVIGATION INTERFACE IS RUNNING.

4324
03:11:44,440 --> 03:11:46,040
BECAUSE THIS IS NOT THAT WELL 

4325
03:11:46,040 --> 03:11:48,400
KNOWN AND NOT STUDIED BY MANY 

4326
03:11:48,400 --> 03:11:50,520
GROUPS AND I HAVE BEEN THE MAIN 

4327
03:11:50,520 --> 03:11:51,560
PERSON RESPONSIBLE FOR DOING 

4328
03:11:51,560 --> 03:11:54,720
THIS, I WOULD LIKE TO SPEND A 

4329
03:11:54,720 --> 03:11:56,320
FEW MINUTES TO DESCRIBE HOW WE 

4330
03:11:56,320 --> 03:11:57,040
ARE DOING IT.

4331
03:11:57,040 --> 03:11:59,840
WE ARE USING OUR OWN FIBER 

4332
03:11:59,840 --> 03:12:01,240
TRACKING ALGORITHM.

4333
03:12:01,240 --> 03:12:04,880
AND FOR THAT, WE HAVE DEVELOPED 

4334
03:12:04,880 --> 03:12:06,600
A SOFTWARE CALLED TRACKER.

4335
03:12:06,600 --> 03:12:08,680
THIS IS A GENERAL PURPOSE 

4336
03:12:08,680 --> 03:12:13,120
DIFFUSION MRI-BASED TRACK TOOL.

4337
03:12:13,120 --> 03:12:16,400
IT IS WRITTEN IN CC LGBTQIA+.

4338
03:12:16,400 --> 03:12:21,120
IT HAS A PYTHON AND IS INTENTED 

4339
03:12:21,120 --> 03:12:27,280
SO PEOPLE CAN DEVELOP THEIR OWN 

4340
03:12:27,280 --> 03:12:28,960
DEVICE.

4341
03:12:28,960 --> 03:12:31,840
TREKKER HAS NO DEPENDENCIES.

4342
03:12:31,840 --> 03:12:34,080
IT RUNS ON COMPUTER CLUSTERS TO 

4343
03:12:34,080 --> 03:12:35,440
RUN ON BIG DATA.

4344
03:12:35,440 --> 03:12:38,280
THERE IS A WEBSITE FOR IT.

4345
03:12:38,280 --> 03:12:41,920
THE REASON WE MADE OUR OWN 

4346
03:12:41,920 --> 03:12:45,000
TRACKING ALGORITHM, WAS NOT TO 

4347
03:12:45,000 --> 03:12:46,720
MAKE IT FAST, BUT THE REASON WAS

4348
03:12:46,720 --> 03:12:49,520
TO MAKE IT GOOD SO WE CAN HAVE 

4349
03:12:49,520 --> 03:12:53,600
BETTER AND MORE ACCURATE 

4350
03:12:53,600 --> 03:13:00,040
REPRESENTATION OF THE BRAIN.

4351
03:13:00,040 --> 03:13:02,400
TREKKER HAS BEEN IN ALL COMP 

4352
03:13:02,400 --> 03:13:03,520
TIGS SINCE 2017.

4353
03:13:03,520 --> 03:13:05,680
IN LAST YEAR THE TOP THREE TEAMS

4354
03:13:05,680 --> 03:13:08,720
ALL USED TREKKER AND WE WERE 

4355
03:13:08,720 --> 03:13:10,640
ONLY LUCKY TO WIN IT.

4356
03:13:10,640 --> 03:13:14,440
WE HAD SAUL NUANCES IN OUR 

4357
03:13:14,440 --> 03:13:14,680
ROBOT.

4358
03:13:14,680 --> 03:13:16,600
BUT THE -- I HAVE BEEN WORKING 

4359
03:13:16,600 --> 03:13:19,720
ON TREKKER SINCE 2015.

4360
03:13:19,720 --> 03:13:20,920
THIS MAKES IN OUR CASE THE REAL 

4361
03:13:20,920 --> 03:13:23,760
TIME.

4362
03:13:23,760 --> 03:13:25,920
IT IS LARGELY A SOFTWARE 

4363
03:13:25,920 --> 03:13:26,160
PROJECT.

4364
03:13:26,160 --> 03:13:30,280
SO I MENTIONED THAT WE MADE THIS

4365
03:13:30,280 --> 03:13:34,480
SO PEOPLE CAN DO THEIR OWN 

4366
03:13:34,480 --> 03:13:34,960
TRACTOGRAPHY.

4367
03:13:34,960 --> 03:13:37,440
I WOULD LIKE A QUICK 

4368
03:13:37,440 --> 03:13:37,760
DEMONSTRATION.

4369
03:13:37,760 --> 03:13:41,280
YOU JUST IMPORT A TRACKER 

4370
03:13:41,280 --> 03:13:44,760
PACKAGE, UPLOAD FOD, INPUT AND 

4371
03:13:44,760 --> 03:13:45,280
JUST RUN.

4372
03:13:45,280 --> 03:13:51,760
SIX LINES OF CODE.

4373
03:13:51,760 --> 03:13:52,760
[INDISCERNIBLE] IN THE 

4374
03:13:52,760 --> 03:13:56,920
NAVIGATION SITE, WE JUST GET 

4375
03:13:56,920 --> 03:13:59,120
THESE DIE NAM CLICK FROM THE 

4376
03:13:59,120 --> 03:14:01,200
NAVIGATION SYSTEM AND VISUALIZE.

4377
03:14:01,200 --> 03:14:05,760
OF COURSE, IT IS EASY FOR ME TO 

4378
03:14:05,760 --> 03:14:09,800
SAY BECAUSE WE HAVE A NAVIGATION

4379
03:14:09,800 --> 03:14:11,240
SOFTWARE EFFORT GOING ON AT 

4380
03:14:11,240 --> 03:14:13,080
AALTO.

4381
03:14:13,080 --> 03:14:15,240
SOME OF THE FEATURES OF THIS 

4382
03:14:15,240 --> 03:14:18,720
REAL TIME TRACTOGRAPHY IS 

4383
03:14:18,720 --> 03:14:19,040
NAVIGATION.

4384
03:14:19,040 --> 03:14:21,240
SO WE ARE ABLE TO CREATE 

4385
03:14:21,240 --> 03:14:22,680
THOUSANDS OF STREAMLINES IN A 

4386
03:14:22,680 --> 03:14:23,760
FEW SECONDS.

4387
03:14:23,760 --> 03:14:26,400
THIS IS IN THE C PLUS PLUS 

4388
03:14:26,400 --> 03:14:27,240
VERSION IN PYTHON.

4389
03:14:27,240 --> 03:14:30,560
IT IS A LITTLE SLOWER, TO BE 

4390
03:14:30,560 --> 03:14:32,360
HONEST, BUT MOST IMPORTANTLY, 

4391
03:14:32,360 --> 03:14:36,160
YOU MAY WONDER IF THE QUALITY IS

4392
03:14:36,160 --> 03:14:38,000
LOWER BECAUSE WE ARE DOING IT IN

4393
03:14:38,000 --> 03:14:40,200
REAL TIME.

4394
03:14:40,200 --> 03:14:41,800
ACTUALLY, QUALITY IS NOT LOW 

4395
03:14:41,800 --> 03:14:43,960
WHEN YOU COMPARE TO THE STATE OF

4396
03:14:43,960 --> 03:14:46,240
OFFLINE PIPELINES BECAUSE WE USE

4397
03:14:46,240 --> 03:14:48,120
EXACTLY THE SAME PROTOCOL.

4398
03:14:48,120 --> 03:14:49,040
NOTHING IS DIFFERENT.

4399
03:14:49,040 --> 03:14:50,760
IT IS THE SAME QUALITY.

4400
03:14:50,760 --> 03:14:53,800
WE ACTUALLY LEVERAGE ANATOMICAL 

4401
03:14:53,800 --> 03:14:55,520
CONSTRAINTS SO THERE IS REALLY 

4402
03:14:55,520 --> 03:14:57,280
NO LOSS.

4403
03:14:57,280 --> 03:14:59,520
OFFLINE, OF COURSE, CAN PROVIDE 

4404
03:14:59,520 --> 03:15:00,200
SOME COMPLEMENTARY INFORMATION 

4405
03:15:00,200 --> 03:15:03,320
FOR CONNECTIVITY OF OTHERS, FOR 

4406
03:15:03,320 --> 03:15:04,640
EXAMPLE, BUT WE HAVEN'T TESTED 

4407
03:15:04,640 --> 03:15:04,840
THAT.

4408
03:15:04,840 --> 03:15:06,960
IN DIFFERENT WAYS IT IS BETTER 

4409
03:15:06,960 --> 03:15:09,800
THAN STATE OF THE ART OFFLINE.

4410
03:15:09,800 --> 03:15:11,440
BECAUSE WE CAN CHANGE THE 

4411
03:15:11,440 --> 03:15:13,000
PARAMETERS IN REAL TIME.

4412
03:15:13,000 --> 03:15:16,120
THIS MIGHT BE USEFUL IN CERTAIN 

4413
03:15:16,120 --> 03:15:17,680
APPLICATIONS, FOR THOSE WHO ARE 

4414
03:15:17,680 --> 03:15:21,040
FAMILIAR WITH TRACTOGRAPHY MAY 

4415
03:15:21,040 --> 03:15:21,600
UNDERSTAND THIS.

4416
03:15:21,600 --> 03:15:23,320
THIS IS AN INTERESTING FEATURE.

4417
03:15:23,320 --> 03:15:24,720
THE OTHER FEATURE IS MORE 

4418
03:15:24,720 --> 03:15:25,800
INTERESTING BECAUSE OF THE WAY 

4419
03:15:25,800 --> 03:15:28,680
WE ARE VISUALIZING DYNAMICALLY 

4420
03:15:28,680 --> 03:15:31,960
THIS ACTUALLY COMES WITH CERTAIN

4421
03:15:31,960 --> 03:15:37,440
DIFFERENT OPPORTUNITIES FOR 

4422
03:15:37,440 --> 03:15:39,600
EXAMPLE WE DO VISUALIZATION 

4423
03:15:39,600 --> 03:15:42,800
TO -- STREAMLINES ARE MORE 

4424
03:15:42,800 --> 03:15:47,400
LIKELY TO BE POSITIVE --.

4425
03:15:47,400 --> 03:15:49,400
IN THE FINAL PART I WOULD LIKE 

4426
03:15:49,400 --> 03:15:51,720
TO TALK ABOUT ANALYSIS AND 

4427
03:15:51,720 --> 03:15:52,480
TARGETING.

4428
03:15:52,480 --> 03:15:54,240
THESE ARE GENERALING ILY ABOUT 

4429
03:15:54,240 --> 03:15:56,040
FUTURE PLANS, ACTUALLY.

4430
03:15:56,040 --> 03:15:58,280
IN THE PREVIOUS PART I TALKED 

4431
03:15:58,280 --> 03:16:05,240
ABOUT THE STRUCTURAL IMAGES AND 

4432
03:16:05,240 --> 03:16:05,920
E-FIELD.

4433
03:16:05,920 --> 03:16:08,120
THERE IS A DOWN SIDE IN THEIR 

4434
03:16:08,120 --> 03:16:09,840
STUDY AND THEY ARE REQUIRED 

4435
03:16:09,840 --> 03:16:10,840
BEFORE THE EXPERIMENT.

4436
03:16:10,840 --> 03:16:12,480
SO, OF COURSE, THERE IS TO BE 

4437
03:16:12,480 --> 03:16:14,640
VALUABLE IF WE CAN SEE 

4438
03:16:14,640 --> 03:16:16,800
ACTIVATION WHERE WE ARE HITTING 

4439
03:16:16,800 --> 03:16:18,760
OR WHICH CIRCUITS ARE WE 

4440
03:16:18,760 --> 03:16:21,600
TARGETING DURING THE EXPERIMENT.

4441
03:16:21,600 --> 03:16:25,000
SO THE MEASUREMENTS WITH FMRI 

4442
03:16:25,000 --> 03:16:27,320
COULD BE HIGHLY USEFUL 

4443
03:16:27,320 --> 03:16:27,640
CONCURRENTLY.

4444
03:16:27,640 --> 03:16:30,000
WE WOULD ACTUALLY LIKE TO 

4445
03:16:30,000 --> 03:16:33,760
INCLUDE FEEDBACK FROM FMRI.

4446
03:16:33,760 --> 03:16:36,720
WHICH THE ESPECIALLY YOU MIGHT 

4447
03:16:36,720 --> 03:16:38,800
APPRECIATE IT IS A QUITE 

4448
03:16:38,800 --> 03:16:40,280
CHALLENGING SET UP TO PUT 

4449
03:16:40,280 --> 03:16:43,400
EVERYTHING IN THE SCANNER, BUT 

4450
03:16:43,400 --> 03:16:45,160
THIS APPROACH COULD ENABLE THIS 

4451
03:16:45,160 --> 03:16:45,960
IN THE FUTURE.

4452
03:16:45,960 --> 03:16:48,800
SO THE IDEA HERE IS TO USE FMRI 

4453
03:16:48,800 --> 03:16:50,840
FEEDBACK AND LOOK AT THE 

4454
03:16:50,840 --> 03:16:51,600
ACTIVATION AND CHANGE THE TARGET

4455
03:16:51,600 --> 03:16:55,280
LOCATION.

4456
03:16:55,280 --> 03:17:00,440
SO THIS IS MAYBE TO SET TARGET.

4457
03:17:00,440 --> 03:17:02,400
BUT, OERNN THE OTHER HAND, AS T 

4458
03:17:02,400 --> 03:17:07,680
KEYNOTE SPEAKER MENTIONED, WE 

4459
03:17:07,680 --> 03:17:08,680
HAVE TIME.

4460
03:17:08,680 --> 03:17:10,760
THERE IS ANOTHER ROLE WITH THE 

4461
03:17:10,760 --> 03:17:12,080
TARGETING.

4462
03:17:12,080 --> 03:17:13,840
ALTHOUGH WE MAY BE AFFECTING IN 

4463
03:17:13,840 --> 03:17:17,600
THE E-FIELD A SIMILAR NEURONAL 

4464
03:17:17,600 --> 03:17:19,280
POPULATION, BUT MIGHT BE 

4465
03:17:19,280 --> 03:17:20,760
ACTIVATING DIFFERENT CIRCUITS OR

4466
03:17:20,760 --> 03:17:24,800
DIFFERENT CELLS OR DIFFERENT 

4467
03:17:24,800 --> 03:17:25,000
WAY.

4468
03:17:25,000 --> 03:17:27,000
SO THIS STUDY SHOWS THERE IS 

4469
03:17:27,000 --> 03:17:34,240
THIS KIND OF DEPENDENCY, TIME 

4470
03:17:34,240 --> 03:17:36,440
DEPENDENCY BASED ON TMS TRIGGER.

4471
03:17:36,440 --> 03:17:38,040
SO WE WOULD LIKE TO CLOSE THE 

4472
03:17:38,040 --> 03:17:39,240
LOOP ON THIS SIDE.

4473
03:17:39,240 --> 03:17:41,600
THIS BRINGS US TO TWO LOOPS.

4474
03:17:41,600 --> 03:17:45,320
WE NAMED THIS DUAL CLOSED LOOP 

4475
03:17:45,320 --> 03:17:45,600
APPROACH.

4476
03:17:45,600 --> 03:17:47,320
I GUESS THERE MIGHT BE OTHER 

4477
03:17:47,320 --> 03:17:48,920
PEOPLE WHO AIM FOR THIS PURPOSE.

4478
03:17:48,920 --> 03:17:52,920
THIS IS WHAT WE CALL IT.

4479
03:17:52,920 --> 03:17:55,760
IN THE GUIDANCE TMS PROJECT 

4480
03:17:55,760 --> 03:17:57,280
WHICH JUST RECENTLY STARTED, 

4481
03:17:57,280 --> 03:17:59,160
THIS WILL BE TRIED IN THE NEXT 

4482
03:17:59,160 --> 03:17:59,920
FIVE YEARS.

4483
03:17:59,920 --> 03:18:04,440
AND WE ARE TRYING TO MAKE THIS 

4484
03:18:04,440 --> 03:18:07,400
SETUP DUAL APPROACH TO HELP 

4485
03:18:07,400 --> 03:18:09,320
TREAT DEPRESSION.

4486
03:18:09,320 --> 03:18:12,920
BECAUSE THAT IS AN IMPORTANT 

4487
03:18:12,920 --> 03:18:14,960
DISEASE AND THERE ARE REALLY 

4488
03:18:14,960 --> 03:18:17,280
STRONG HYPOTHESIS OF THE 

4489
03:18:17,280 --> 03:18:19,520
STIMULATION OF SINGLE PORTALS 

4490
03:18:19,520 --> 03:18:22,840
THAT COULD BE MAYBE HELPFUL.

4491
03:18:22,840 --> 03:18:25,760
IN THE GUY-IN TMS PROJECT IS 

4492
03:18:25,760 --> 03:18:26,160
INDIVIDUALIZED.

4493
03:18:26,160 --> 03:18:28,760
YES.

4494
03:18:28,760 --> 03:18:31,360
AND, OF COURSE, WHAT WE STARTED 

4495
03:18:31,360 --> 03:18:33,600
WITH WAS THE HARD PROBLEM HERE, 

4496
03:18:33,600 --> 03:18:37,240
WHICH IS THE CLOSE-LOOP EEG.

4497
03:18:37,240 --> 03:18:40,040
BECAUSE THE OTHER PART, THE 

4498
03:18:40,040 --> 03:18:42,160
CLOSED LOOP FMRI IS A HARDER 

4499
03:18:42,160 --> 03:18:42,440
PROBLEM.

4500
03:18:42,440 --> 03:18:47,640
WHAT WE DID WAS START WITH A CAR

4501
03:18:47,640 --> 03:18:50,240
BIN WIRE LOOP WITH SIMULTANEOUS 

4502
03:18:50,240 --> 03:18:57,160
EEG RECORDING THIS WAS MOSTLY 

4503
03:18:57,160 --> 03:18:59,760
DONE BY -- HE IS A BACHELOR'S 

4504
03:18:59,760 --> 03:19:01,440
DEGREE WITH THIS WORK.

4505
03:19:01,440 --> 03:19:04,160
WE CAN SEE EEG RECORDING 

4506
03:19:04,160 --> 03:19:11,240
SIMULTANEOUS WITH MRI.

4507
03:19:11,240 --> 03:19:12,200
WHICH ARE 

4508
03:19:12,200 --> 03:19:14,840
[INDISCERNIBLE] AND HERE WE SEE 

4509
03:19:14,840 --> 03:19:18,640
THE GRADING ART FACT IN BLUE AND

4510
03:19:18,640 --> 03:19:22,880
BLACK IS THE REFERENCE SIGNAL.

4511
03:19:22,880 --> 03:19:26,840
THEN WE CAN SEE THE ALPHA PEAK 

4512
03:19:26,840 --> 03:19:27,920
POWER QUITE CLEARLY.

4513
03:19:27,920 --> 03:19:32,120
HE MEASURED THE EEG PHASE AND IN

4514
03:19:32,120 --> 03:19:34,880
THE COMING CONFERENCE IN 

4515
03:19:34,880 --> 03:19:37,760
PORTUGAL HE IS GOING TO PRESENT 

4516
03:19:37,760 --> 03:19:39,200
HIS RESULTS.

4517
03:19:39,200 --> 03:19:43,160
SUFFICE TO SAY IT IS POSSIBLE TO

4518
03:19:43,160 --> 03:19:45,240
DO FACE, EEG FACE TRIGGERS.

4519
03:19:45,240 --> 03:19:48,080
WE HAD THE TRIGGERS COMING FROM 

4520
03:19:48,080 --> 03:19:49,600
THE CLOSED UP DEVICE.

4521
03:19:49,600 --> 03:19:52,680
SO WITH THAT, I WOULD LIKE TO 

4522
03:19:52,680 --> 03:19:55,440
END AND I THANKS MY GRANT 

4523
03:19:55,440 --> 03:20:02,840
AGENCIES AND CLABTORS AND 

4524
03:20:02,840 --> 03:20:04,400
ESPECIALLY DOCTOR ILMONIEMI FOR 

4525
03:20:04,400 --> 03:20:05,960
LEADING THIS WORK AND THE TEAM 

4526
03:20:05,960 --> 03:20:08,760
AT ACTION ALTO AS WELL.

4527
03:20:08,760 --> 03:20:10,400
WE HAVE BEEN DOING A LOT OF WORK

4528
03:20:10,400 --> 03:20:17,880
WITH THE EXPERIMENTS.

4529
03:20:17,880 --> 03:20:23,240
AND WE WORK WITH MANY CENTERS 

4530
03:20:23,240 --> 03:20:28,240
FOR CLOSED LOOP EEG SITE AND THE

4531
03:20:28,240 --> 03:20:29,640
FMRI SITE AND THESE PEOPLE HAVE 

4532
03:20:29,640 --> 03:20:30,800
BEEN INSTRUMENTAL FOR RUNNING 

4533
03:20:30,800 --> 03:20:32,120
OUR EXPERIMENTS AND THANK YOU 

4534
03:20:32,120 --> 03:20:33,120
FOR YOUR ATTENTION.

4535
03:20:33,120 --> 03:20:38,520
[ APPLAUSE ]

4536
03:20:38,520 --> 03:20:42,120
>>SO WITH THE TREKKER
SOFTWARE,

4537
03:20:42,120 --> 03:20:43,800
IF THERE IS SOME WAY OF 

4538
03:20:43,800 --> 03:20:44,560
BALANCING FOR EXAMPLE THE 

4539
03:20:44,560 --> 03:20:49,040
QUALITY OF THE IMAGING DATA THE 

4540
03:20:49,040 --> 03:20:56,400
USER UPLOADS WITH HOW ROBUST THE

4541
03:20:56,400 --> 03:20:57,640
TRACKS ARE IN NORMATIVE SPACE.

4542
03:20:57,640 --> 03:21:00,440
IF IT IS A BIG, WELL KNOWN 

4543
03:21:00,440 --> 03:21:00,840
TRACK.

4544
03:21:00,840 --> 03:21:03,080
IF THE IMAGING DATA ARE BETTER 

4545
03:21:03,080 --> 03:21:04,560
YOU WOULD HAVE MORE CONFIDENCES.

4546
03:21:04,560 --> 03:21:06,320
IS THERE SOME WAY OF BALANCING 

4547
03:21:06,320 --> 03:21:06,520
THOSE?

4548
03:21:06,520 --> 03:21:09,360
>>THAT IS A VERY GOOD
QUESTION 

4549
03:21:09,360 --> 03:21:11,280
AND, OF COURSE, TREKKER HAS A 

4550
03:21:11,280 --> 03:21:12,560
LOT OF PROBLEMS.

4551
03:21:12,560 --> 03:21:15,400
I THINK I ALWAYS TRY TO CONVINCE

4552
03:21:15,400 --> 03:21:17,720
PEOPLE THEY REALLY NEED TO HAVE 

4553
03:21:17,720 --> 03:21:23,480
SOMEONE WHO KNOWS THE 

4554
03:21:23,480 --> 03:21:27,240
LIMITATIONS OF TRACKTOGRAPHY.

4555
03:21:27,240 --> 03:21:29,560
IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHAT YOU ARE

4556
03:21:29,560 --> 03:21:32,280
LOOKING AT, IT IS EASY TO BE 

4557
03:21:32,280 --> 03:21:33,480
CONVINCED THEY ARE RIGHT.

4558
03:21:33,480 --> 03:21:37,960
THIS IS NOT A PROBLEM FOR 

4559
03:21:37,960 --> 03:21:38,720
NEUROSURGEONS BECAUSE THEY 

4560
03:21:38,720 --> 03:21:43,480
KNOW -- WHEN THEY LOOK AT 

4561
03:21:43,480 --> 03:21:44,560
TRACTOGRAPHS, THEY AUTOMATICALLY

4562
03:21:44,560 --> 03:21:46,360
KNOW WHICH ONES TO BE WRONG.

4563
03:21:46,360 --> 03:21:48,720
YOUR QUESTION IS VERY RELEVANT 

4564
03:21:48,720 --> 03:21:50,360
BECAUSE IT IS NOT KNOWN TO MANY 

4565
03:21:50,360 --> 03:21:50,600
PEOPLE.

4566
03:21:50,600 --> 03:21:53,240
SO I SUGGEST A TRAINING OR 

4567
03:21:53,240 --> 03:21:53,920
COLLABORATING WITH PEOPLE WHO 

4568
03:21:53,920 --> 03:21:56,280
ARE TRAINED.

4569
03:21:56,280 --> 03:21:59,360
>>THANKS.

4570
03:21:59,360 --> 03:21:59,880
ANOTHER QUESTION?

4571
03:21:59,880 --> 03:22:00,400
>>YES.

4572
03:22:00,400 --> 03:22:03,280
I MIGHT HAVE A QUESTION.

4573
03:22:03,280 --> 03:22:06,160
DOES YOUR TRACTOGRAPHY, YOUR 

4574
03:22:06,160 --> 03:22:09,680
REAL TIME NAVIGATION TAKE INTO 

4575
03:22:09,680 --> 03:22:12,720
ACCOUNT COIL ORIENTATION?

4576
03:22:12,720 --> 03:22:13,360
>>I'M SORRY.

4577
03:22:13,360 --> 03:22:16,720
COIL ORIENTATION, IS THAT TAKEN 

4578
03:22:16,720 --> 03:22:18,080
INTO ACCOUNT?

4579
03:22:18,080 --> 03:22:22,120
>>WE ARE EDITING E-FIELD,
THE 

4580
03:22:22,120 --> 03:22:23,240
RESULTS I SHOW DON'T TAKE INTO 

4581
03:22:23,240 --> 03:22:28,320
ACCOUNT THAT.

4582
03:22:28,320 --> 03:22:29,520
>>ALL RIGHT.

4583
03:22:29,520 --> 03:22:31,120
WONDERFUL.

4584
03:22:31,120 --> 03:22:32,800
THANKS VERY MUCH.

4585
03:22:32,800 --> 03:22:33,200
>>THANK YOU.

4586
03:22:33,200 --> 03:22:33,360
>>

4587
03:22:33,360 --> 03:22:33,640
[ APPLAUSE ]

4588
03:22:33,640 --> 03:22:43,680
.

4589
03:22:55,320 --> 03:22:59,920
>>WE ARE TELLING YOU
ABOUT ALL 

4590
03:22:59,920 --> 03:23:03,160
KINDS OF IMAGING.

4591
03:23:03,160 --> 03:23:06,440
>>THANK YOU FOR THE NICE 

4592
03:23:06,440 --> 03:23:06,760
INTRODUCTION.

4593
03:23:06,760 --> 03:23:08,600
THESE ARE MY AREAS OF INTEREST.

4594
03:23:08,600 --> 03:23:13,360
I HAVE A LICENSED AGREEMENT WITH

4595
03:23:13,360 --> 03:23:13,560
DSMI.

4596
03:23:13,560 --> 03:23:15,320
THIS IS THE OUTLINE OF MY 

4597
03:23:15,320 --> 03:23:17,280
PRESENTATION, BUT BEFORE I GO 

4598
03:23:17,280 --> 03:23:19,880
INTO MY PRESENTATION, THE FIRST 

4599
03:23:19,880 --> 03:23:23,920
THING I WANT TO DISCUSS IS WHY 

4600
03:23:23,920 --> 03:23:29,720
WE WANT TO COMBINE TMS MRI AND 

4601
03:23:29,720 --> 03:23:33,000
EEG AND WHY IT IS IMPORTANT FOR 

4602
03:23:33,000 --> 03:23:43,360
BASIC NEUROSCIENCE.

4603
03:23:47,000 --> 03:23:52,800
I WILL TALK ABOUT THE FUTURE 

4604
03:23:52,800 --> 03:23:54,880
IMPROVEMENTS OF TMS/FMRI 

4605
03:23:54,880 --> 03:23:55,160
EXPERIMENT.

4606
03:23:55,160 --> 03:23:59,160
THIS IS THE WORK I HAVE BEEN 

4607
03:23:59,160 --> 03:23:59,360
DOING.

4608
03:23:59,360 --> 03:24:07,040
THESE ARE TWO PROJECTS, 

4609
03:24:07,040 --> 03:24:08,960
MULTICHALLENGE -- TOWARDS THE 

4610
03:24:08,960 --> 03:24:10,600
END OF THE PRESENTATION I WILL 

4611
03:24:10,600 --> 03:24:12,480
SWITCH GEARS AND TALK ABOUT 

4612
03:24:12,480 --> 03:24:15,840
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE SYSTEMS

4613
03:24:15,840 --> 03:24:17,520
AND HOW THEY AFFECT THE IMAGE 

4614
03:24:17,520 --> 03:24:19,360
QUALITY AND THE SAFETY.

4615
03:24:19,360 --> 03:24:22,160
SO COMBINING TMS WITH FMRI HAS 

4616
03:24:22,160 --> 03:24:27,320
THE POTENTIAL TO INCREASE OUR 

4617
03:24:27,320 --> 03:24:29,320
UNDERSTANDING OF THE 

4618
03:24:29,320 --> 03:24:30,200
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN BRAIN 

4619
03:24:30,200 --> 03:24:31,880
NODES AND WHY IS THIS?

4620
03:24:31,880 --> 03:24:37,600
WE KNOW FMRI IS A PERFECT TOOL 

4621
03:24:37,600 --> 03:24:42,040
TO KEEP TRACK OF BRAIN ACTIVITY.

4622
03:24:42,040 --> 03:24:44,760
IT HAS A HIGH SPECIAL RESOLUTION

4623
03:24:44,760 --> 03:24:45,920
TO KNOW WHERE THE ACTIVATION 

4624
03:24:45,920 --> 03:24:47,800
COMES FROM.

4625
03:24:47,800 --> 03:24:49,920
EEG IS GREAT TO KEEP TRACK OF 

4626
03:24:49,920 --> 03:24:53,360
THE BRAIN ACTIVATION BASED ON 

4627
03:24:53,360 --> 03:24:54,920
THE NEURAL RESPONSE, IT IS 

4628
03:24:54,920 --> 03:24:57,520
CAPABLE TO KEEP TRACK OF THE 

4629
03:24:57,520 --> 03:24:58,320
TIMING.

4630
03:24:58,320 --> 03:25:00,960
IT HAS A GREAT HIGH TEMPORAL 

4631
03:25:00,960 --> 03:25:01,280
RESOLUTION.

4632
03:25:01,280 --> 03:25:02,560
IT IS DIFFERENT TO KNOW WHERE 

4633
03:25:02,560 --> 03:25:05,560
THE ACTIVATION COMES FROM.

4634
03:25:05,560 --> 03:25:06,200
THE LOCALIZATION IS VERY 

4635
03:25:06,200 --> 03:25:08,560
DIFFICULT.

4636
03:25:08,560 --> 03:25:09,360
LUCKILY WE HAVE TMS.

4637
03:25:09,360 --> 03:25:11,680
BEFORE THIS, I WANT TO SAY THESE

4638
03:25:11,680 --> 03:25:19,880
TWO, THE EEG AND FMRI ARE VERY 

4639
03:25:19,880 --> 03:25:20,240
COMPLEMENTARY.

4640
03:25:20,240 --> 03:25:25,960
AND IMAGING METHODS.

4641
03:25:25,960 --> 03:25:29,200
WE HAVE TMS THAT CAN ACTIVATE IN

4642
03:25:29,200 --> 03:25:31,680
A NONINVASIVE WAYS IN VERY WELL 

4643
03:25:31,680 --> 03:25:34,440
DEFINED TIME POINTS.

4644
03:25:34,440 --> 03:25:37,680
IT CAN ADD A FACTOR TO THE EEG 

4645
03:25:37,680 --> 03:25:38,560
AND FMRI.

4646
03:25:38,560 --> 03:25:41,920
I THINK ADDING IT CAN BRING 

4647
03:25:41,920 --> 03:25:43,760
EVERYTHING TOGETHER TO FINALLY A

4648
03:25:43,760 --> 03:25:46,720
BLAINING TOOL.

4649
03:25:46,720 --> 03:25:48,480
-- A BRAIN MAPPING TOOL.

4650
03:25:48,480 --> 03:25:52,600
THIS IS GREAT FOR NEUROSCIENCE.

4651
03:25:52,600 --> 03:25:54,360
CLINICAL REV LANCE FOR THE 

4652
03:25:54,360 --> 03:25:56,080
CLINICAL APPLICATION OF TMS.

4653
03:25:56,080 --> 03:26:02,760
WE KNOW 20% OF AMERICANS SUFFER 

4654
03:26:02,760 --> 03:26:06,520
FROM MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS.

4655
03:26:06,520 --> 03:26:09,520
ANXIETY DISORDERS ARE MOST 

4656
03:26:09,520 --> 03:26:09,880
COMMON.

4657
03:26:09,880 --> 03:26:11,760
MAJOR DEPRESSION AFFECTS MORE 

4658
03:26:11,760 --> 03:26:13,080
THAN 17 MILLION OF PEOPLE IN 

4659
03:26:13,080 --> 03:26:15,360
AMERICA AND IN THE REST OF THE 

4660
03:26:15,360 --> 03:26:15,760
WORLD, OF COURSE.

4661
03:26:15,760 --> 03:26:17,160
WE HAVE HEARD THE TREATMENTS ARE

4662
03:26:17,160 --> 03:26:22,040
USUALLY MEDICATIONS AND THEY CAN

4663
03:26:22,040 --> 03:26:24,520
HAVE SEVERE EFFECTS ON THE 

4664
03:26:24,520 --> 03:26:25,600
PATIENT'S LIFE.

4665
03:26:25,600 --> 03:26:28,240
THERE ARE MANY PATIENTS THAT 

4666
03:26:28,240 --> 03:26:31,320
DON'T FIND ANY RESPONSE TO THESE

4667
03:26:31,320 --> 03:26:31,640
MEDICATIONS.

4668
03:26:31,640 --> 03:26:34,440
SO LUCKILY, THE FDA HAS APPROVED

4669
03:26:34,440 --> 03:26:41,920
THE BRAIN STIMULATION

4670
03:26:41,920 --> 03:26:48,400
TREAT THESE MENTAL HEALTH 

4671
03:26:48,400 --> 03:26:48,800
PROBLEMS.

4672
03:26:48,800 --> 03:26:51,880
THERE IS A LOT OF EVIDENCE THAT 

4673
03:26:51,880 --> 03:26:54,840
SAYS THE EFFICACY OF THESE 

4674
03:26:54,840 --> 03:26:58,960
TREATMENTS DEPEND WHERE WE HAVE 

4675
03:26:58,960 --> 03:26:59,240
STIMULATED.

4676
03:26:59,240 --> 03:27:01,040
AND WHEN WE ARE STIMULATION.

4677
03:27:01,040 --> 03:27:05,760
WHEN WE ARE APPLYING THE 

4678
03:27:05,760 --> 03:27:06,520
STIMULATION, THE BRAIN STATE 

4679
03:27:06,520 --> 03:27:08,360
WHEN APPLYING THE STIMULATION.

4680
03:27:08,360 --> 03:27:10,320
TO ENHANCE THE EFFICACY OF THE 

4681
03:27:10,320 --> 03:27:13,120
TREATMENTS WE HAVE TO COMBINE 

4682
03:27:13,120 --> 03:27:14,280
THE SPECIAL NFLGS WITH THE 

4683
03:27:14,280 --> 03:27:18,920
APPLICATION OF THE TMS.

4684
03:27:18,920 --> 03:27:21,800
AS I SAID BEFORE, I THINK THE 

4685
03:27:21,800 --> 03:27:24,440
BIGGEST CHALLENGE COMBINING TMS 

4686
03:27:24,440 --> 03:27:26,600
AND FMRI IS THE LACK OF 

4687
03:27:26,600 --> 03:27:27,800
DEDICATED INSTRUMENTATION.

4688
03:27:27,800 --> 03:27:30,640
IF YOU SEE AVAILABLE SETUPS THAT

4689
03:27:30,640 --> 03:27:34,240
WERE AVAILABLE BEFORE 2015, YOU 

4690
03:27:34,240 --> 03:27:37,240
HAVE 32 CHANNEL CORD.

4691
03:27:37,240 --> 03:27:39,080
AND UNFORTUNATELY THESE 32 

4692
03:27:39,080 --> 03:27:42,760
CHANNEL COILS, WHICH MOVE FMRI 

4693
03:27:42,760 --> 03:27:45,440
TO A NEW LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE, 

4694
03:27:45,440 --> 03:27:47,520
THEY CANNOT BE USED WITH THE TMS

4695
03:27:47,520 --> 03:27:49,520
BECAUSE THERE IS A LACK OF SPACE

4696
03:27:49,520 --> 03:27:50,320
FOR THE TMS.

4697
03:27:50,320 --> 03:27:53,360
WE KNOW THEY ARE GREAT FOR FULL 

4698
03:27:53,360 --> 03:27:55,000
HEAD COVERAGE.

4699
03:27:55,000 --> 03:27:56,840
THEY OFFER THE IMAGES THAT 

4700
03:27:56,840 --> 03:27:58,600
REALLY HAVE IMPROVED THE TIME 

4701
03:27:58,600 --> 03:28:06,160
RESOLUTION OF THE FMRI.

4702
03:28:06,160 --> 03:28:12,480
SO THE COILS WE WERE ABLE TO USE

4703
03:28:12,480 --> 03:28:14,160
THE SIX CHANNEL COIL AND BIRD 

4704
03:28:14,160 --> 03:28:15,000
CAGE COIL.

4705
03:28:15,000 --> 03:28:16,760
IT IS VERY TRICKY BECAUSE YOU 

4706
03:28:16,760 --> 03:28:18,520
HAVE TO KNOW WHERE YOU ARE 

4707
03:28:18,520 --> 03:28:21,320
STIMULATING DURING THESE 

4708
03:28:21,320 --> 03:28:21,960
EXPERIMENTS.

4709
03:28:21,960 --> 03:28:24,120
FRMPL, THE BIRD CAGE COIL DID 

4710
03:28:24,120 --> 03:28:29,560
NOT ALLOW ANY PARALLEL IMAGING 

4711
03:28:29,560 --> 03:28:29,960
CAPABILITIES.

4712
03:28:29,960 --> 03:28:32,560
FOR MY PH.D. I DEVELOPED A COIL 

4713
03:28:32,560 --> 03:28:35,120
PLACED UNDER THE TMS AND ON TOP 

4714
03:28:35,120 --> 03:28:36,960
OF THE SUBJECT.

4715
03:28:36,960 --> 03:28:42,280
WE SOLVED MOST OF THE PROBLEMS.

4716
03:28:42,280 --> 03:28:50,200
WE ENABLED FOR THE FIRST TIME 

4717
03:28:50,200 --> 03:28:52,000
THIS TYPE OF IMAGES.

4718
03:28:52,000 --> 03:28:54,120
OUR WORK WAS PRESENTED IN OUR 

4719
03:28:54,120 --> 03:28:55,720
PUBLICATION IN 2015 AND WE WERE 

4720
03:28:55,720 --> 03:28:58,360
ABLE TO SHOW WE ACHIEVED FIVE 

4721
03:28:58,360 --> 03:29:01,320
TIMES MORE SNR THREE CENTIMETERS

4722
03:29:01,320 --> 03:29:07,440
TO THE COIL COMPARED TO THE BIRD

4723
03:29:07,440 --> 03:29:08,480
CAGE COIL.

4724
03:29:08,480 --> 03:29:11,600
WE WERE ABLE TO SHOW 42% OF THE 

4725
03:29:11,600 --> 03:29:16,040
BRAIN IS IMAGED WITH THE SAME 

4726
03:29:16,040 --> 03:29:18,280
SNR AS THE BIRD CAGE COIL.

4727
03:29:18,280 --> 03:29:21,840
WE DID AN ASSESSMENT OF THE -- 

4728
03:29:21,840 --> 03:29:24,240
WHEN WE ACCELERATE IMAGES WE 

4729
03:29:24,240 --> 03:29:26,040
LOSE SNR.

4730
03:29:26,040 --> 03:29:28,320
THE QUARTER ROOT OF R, WE CANNOT

4731
03:29:28,320 --> 03:29:29,680
GET RID OF THAT.

4732
03:29:29,680 --> 03:29:33,280
THERE IS THE GEOMETRICAL FACTOR 

4733
03:29:33,280 --> 03:29:35,720
THAT IS AN INDICATOR FOR THE 

4734
03:29:35,720 --> 03:29:37,360
FEASIBILITY OF REDUCING 

4735
03:29:37,360 --> 03:29:38,960
ACQUISITION TIME BY R.

4736
03:29:38,960 --> 03:29:42,800
WE STUDIED G FACTOR OF OUR COIL.

4737
03:29:42,800 --> 03:29:45,760
WE PLACED THE COIL HERE AND 

4738
03:29:45,760 --> 03:29:49,400
CALCULATED THE G FACTOR AND WE 

4739
03:29:49,400 --> 03:29:52,240
SAW THE ACCELERATION FACTOR 2.

4740
03:29:52,240 --> 03:29:53,960
WE DID NOT HAVE AN INCREASE IN 

4741
03:29:53,960 --> 03:29:58,040
THE G FACTOR AND WE DID NOT SEE 

4742
03:29:58,040 --> 03:30:01,720
ANY REDUCED SNR IN THE IMAGES 

4743
03:30:01,720 --> 03:30:04,840
ANY OF THE 3, 4, OR 5 

4744
03:30:04,840 --> 03:30:07,080
CENTIMETERS AWAY FROM THE COIL.

4745
03:30:07,080 --> 03:30:09,200
HOWEVER, FOR THE ACTIVATION 

4746
03:30:09,200 --> 03:30:19,680
FACTOR THREE, WE SAW -- AT 

4747
03:30:20,200 --> 03:30:22,800
4CENTIMETERS.

4748
03:30:22,800 --> 03:30:27,960
THESE HERE YOU CAN SEE ARE 

4749
03:30:27,960 --> 03:30:30,880
ACTIVATION MAPS OF OUR RESULTS.

4750
03:30:30,880 --> 03:30:33,160
I THINK THE MOST IMPORTANT 

4751
03:30:33,160 --> 03:30:35,520
PERMANENT RESULT THAT WE GOT WAS

4752
03:30:35,520 --> 03:30:37,880
THE FULL RESPONSE WAS CORRELATED

4753
03:30:37,880 --> 03:30:39,240
TO THE TMS INTENSITY.

4754
03:30:39,240 --> 03:30:42,160
SORRY, I FORGOT TO SAY WE USE 

4755
03:30:42,160 --> 03:30:45,880
FOUR INTENSITIES IN THIS STUDY.

4756
03:30:45,880 --> 03:30:49,280
TWO WERE OTHER THRESHOLD, ONE AT

4757
03:30:49,280 --> 03:30:50,000
THRESHOLD AND ONE UNDER TLOESH 

4758
03:30:50,000 --> 03:30:52,200
HOLD.

4759
03:30:52,200 --> 03:30:53,640
-- THRESHOLD.

4760
03:30:53,640 --> 03:30:56,400
NOW WE CAN SAY THERE IS A NEW 

4761
03:30:56,400 --> 03:30:57,720
STATE OF THE ART.

4762
03:30:57,720 --> 03:31:01,160
YOU CAN USE TWO COILS TO HAVE 

4763
03:31:01,160 --> 03:31:05,160
ONE WITH STIMULATION AND ONE ON 

4764
03:31:05,160 --> 03:31:15,440
THE OTHER PART.

4765
03:33:03,800 --> 03:33:07,320
SO IT IS THEE AXIS TMS COIL 

4766
03:33:07,320 --> 03:33:10,440
BECAUSE IT CONSISTS OF THREE 

4767
03:33:10,440 --> 03:33:13,280
COIL, X, THE Y AND THE Z.

4768
03:33:13,280 --> 03:33:16,080
# HERE YOU SEE THE AIR COOLING 

4769
03:33:16,080 --> 03:33:18,000
TUBES, EVERYTHING IS EMBED AND 

4770
03:33:18,000 --> 03:33:19,480
ATTACHED TO A TUBE THAT IS GOING

4771
03:33:19,480 --> 03:33:24,560
BE USED FOR FIXATION.

4772
03:33:24,560 --> 03:33:26,520
THEN WE WE USE A SAFETY NET.

4773
03:33:26,520 --> 03:33:28,960
THIS COIL HAS BEEN DESIGNED AND 

4774
03:33:28,960 --> 03:33:30,800
DEVELOPED BY US AND TRISTAN 

4775
03:33:30,800 --> 03:33:31,960
TECHNOLOGIES AND THE OVERVIEW OF

4776
03:33:31,960 --> 03:33:34,600
THE SYSTEM IS PRESENTED HERE.

4777
03:33:34,600 --> 03:33:39,640
THE ARROWS FOR THE MULTICHANNEL 

4778
03:33:39,640 --> 03:33:41,080
TMS SYSTEM AND THE WITHHOLD 

4779
03:33:41,080 --> 03:33:41,400
HEAD.

4780
03:33:41,400 --> 03:33:44,880
SO IN THE LEFT PART OF THE 

4781
03:33:44,880 --> 03:33:49,680
IMAGE, YOU SEE ALL THREE OF WHAT

4782
03:33:49,680 --> 03:33:51,600
THE RF COIL LOOKS LIKE.

4783
03:33:51,600 --> 03:33:54,880
THE DESIGN WAS TO HAVE HOLES SO 

4784
03:33:54,880 --> 03:33:56,520
WE COULD REPLACE THE TMS COILS 

4785
03:33:56,520 --> 03:33:58,320
DIRECTLY ON THE HEAD.

4786
03:33:58,320 --> 03:34:01,360
SO WE NEEDED TO HAVE A VERY 

4787
03:34:01,360 --> 03:34:05,600
COMPACT MODEL.

4788
03:34:05,600 --> 03:34:07,480
SLIGHT INCLINATION OF THE HEAD 

4789
03:34:07,480 --> 03:34:10,040
TO PLACE ELEMENTS ON THE POST 

4790
03:34:10,040 --> 03:34:13,880
STIMULATION OF THE HEAD.

4791
03:34:13,880 --> 03:34:19,200
FOR THE COIL, WE ARE REPLACING 

4792
03:34:19,200 --> 03:34:21,480
ALL ELECTRONICS SO DWOENT HAVE 

4793
03:34:21,480 --> 03:34:24,800
ANY CABLES AROUND TO MESS UP 

4794
03:34:24,800 --> 03:34:27,360
WITH THE MULTICHANNEL DMS.

4795
03:34:27,360 --> 03:34:31,080
THEN WE PLACE THE PREAMPLIFIERS 

4796
03:34:31,080 --> 03:34:32,240
ON THE SIDE OF THE COIL AND THE 

4797
03:34:32,240 --> 03:34:36,480
REAR PART.

4798
03:34:36,480 --> 03:34:39,800
SO WE HAVE DONE A PERFORMANCE.

4799
03:34:39,800 --> 03:34:44,400
WE DID -- WE HAVE CALCULATED THE

4800
03:34:44,400 --> 03:34:45,960
SNR PERFORMANCE AND COMPARED 

4801
03:34:45,960 --> 03:34:49,040
THEM WITH A 32-CHANNEL WITH TWO 

4802
03:34:49,040 --> 03:34:53,160
COMMERCIAL COILS, 32-CHANNEL 

4803
03:34:53,160 --> 03:34:54,800
COIL AND 20-CHANNEL COIL AND WE 

4804
03:34:54,800 --> 03:34:56,800
CAN SEE HERE, I'M SHOWING YOU 

4805
03:34:56,800 --> 03:34:57,880
THE VALUES FOR THESE SLIDES.

4806
03:34:57,880 --> 03:35:00,440
WE ARE CLOSER TO THE PERFORMANCE

4807
03:35:00,440 --> 03:35:03,400
OF THE 20-CHANNEL COIL AND 

4808
03:35:03,400 --> 03:35:05,360
32-CHANNEL COIL BECAUSE WE HAVE 

4809
03:35:05,360 --> 03:35:08,560
SEEN SOME CASE IN THE SNR WHERE 

4810
03:35:08,560 --> 03:35:13,120
WE HAVE THE TMS COILS.

4811
03:35:13,120 --> 03:35:15,760
I JUST WANT TO POINT OUT WE HAVE

4812
03:35:15,760 --> 03:35:17,800
DONE ALL THESE MEASUREMENTS WITH

4813
03:35:17,800 --> 03:35:20,760
THE TMS UNITS HERE WHICH ARE 

4814
03:35:20,760 --> 03:35:24,600
ONLY C COILS.

4815
03:35:24,600 --> 03:35:28,120
HERE YOU HAVE THE PILOT IMAGING 

4816
03:35:28,120 --> 03:35:30,680
CAPABILITIES COMPARED TO THE 32 

4817
03:35:30,680 --> 03:35:32,920
CHANNEL AND 20 CHANNEL.

4818
03:35:32,920 --> 03:35:34,880
WE HAVE SHOWN WE CAN SEE THAT IT

4819
03:35:34,880 --> 03:35:38,200
IS VERY SIMILAR TO THE 32 

4820
03:35:38,200 --> 03:35:38,920
CHANNEL.

4821
03:35:38,920 --> 03:35:40,360
MUCH BETTER THAN THE 20 CHANNEL 

4822
03:35:40,360 --> 03:35:46,760
COIL.

4823
03:35:46,760 --> 03:35:51,120
WE CAN USE TWO, THREE, AND FOUR 

4824
03:35:51,120 --> 03:35:54,280
WITH TWO BY TWO AND THREE BY 

4825
03:35:54,280 --> 03:35:57,440
THREE WITHOUT THE SNR SIGNAL.

4826
03:35:57,440 --> 03:36:01,040
TO SUM UP THIS MULTICHANNEL TMS 

4827
03:36:01,040 --> 03:36:02,600
PROJECT, WE SAID IT IS VERY 

4828
03:36:02,600 --> 03:36:05,120
DIFFICULT TO ENSURE THE SAME 

4829
03:36:05,120 --> 03:36:05,360
TARGET.

4830
03:36:05,360 --> 03:36:07,200
IT IS GREAT WORK WITH 

4831
03:36:07,200 --> 03:36:08,600
MULTICHANNEL TMS IN THE SCANNER.

4832
03:36:08,600 --> 03:36:14,760
FOR THAT, WE HAVE BUILT THE TMS 

4833
03:36:14,760 --> 03:36:15,640
MR COIL.

4834
03:36:15,640 --> 03:36:18,200
IT WILL ACHIEVE THE FULL BRAIN 

4835
03:36:18,200 --> 03:36:20,280
COVERAGE THAT WE NEED AND 

4836
03:36:20,280 --> 03:36:23,600
PERFORMS CLOSE TO 20-CHAN 

4837
03:36:23,600 --> 03:36:26,200
RECEIVE ARRAY IT WILL HAVE THE 

4838
03:36:26,200 --> 03:36:28,080
CAPACITY TO USE HIGH 

4839
03:36:28,080 --> 03:36:33,280
ACCELERATION FACTORS TO HAVE A 

4840
03:36:33,280 --> 03:36:34,800
MULTICHANNEL TMS TO USE WITHOUT 

4841
03:36:34,800 --> 03:36:35,160
MOVEMENT.

4842
03:36:35,160 --> 03:36:36,560
SO NOW I'M GOING TALK ABOUT THE 

4843
03:36:36,560 --> 03:36:39,400
SECOND PROJECT.

4844
03:36:57,880 --> 03:36:59,920
SO NOW THERE IS A LOT OF 

4845
03:36:59,920 --> 03:37:01,440
DEVELOPMENT IN FLEXIBLE COILS, 

4846
03:37:01,440 --> 03:37:05,200
THE IDEA IS TO HAVE JUST A CAP 

4847
03:37:05,200 --> 03:37:07,000
TO ALLOW TO USE THE TMS 

4848
03:37:07,000 --> 03:37:07,280
TOGETHER.

4849
03:37:07,280 --> 03:37:09,400
IT IS A CAP.

4850
03:37:09,400 --> 03:37:11,800
IT BECOMES EASY TO ADD THE EEG.

4851
03:37:11,800 --> 03:37:14,040
THAT IS WHAT WE THOUGHT AND WE 

4852
03:37:14,040 --> 03:37:19,400
PROPOSED THAT AND IT HAS BEEN 

4853
03:37:19,400 --> 03:37:22,080
THE RF EEG CAP IS SHOWN IN BLUE.

4854
03:37:22,080 --> 03:37:28,160
IT WILL BE ATTACHED TO A EEG 

4855
03:37:28,160 --> 03:37:28,800
CAP.

4856
03:37:28,800 --> 03:37:39,240
WE WILL HAVE 24 CHANNELS.

4857
03:38:43,720 --> 03:38:45,680
THINK KNOW KNOW.

4858
03:38:45,680 --> 03:38:48,400
>>HOWEVER, YOU'VE SEEN
THE

4859
03:38:48,400 --> 03:38:49,800
STANDARD FMRI MESSAGE, WE WERE

4860
03:38:49,800 --> 03:38:56,800
ABLE TO PERSIST OR TO GET RID OF

4861
03:38:56,800 --> 03:38:57,960
THIS ARTIFACTS AND I WANT TO

4862
03:38:57,960 --> 03:39:00,760
TELL YOU HOW CLOSE TO THE

4863
03:39:00,760 --> 03:39:03,040
TELOMERE THEY WERE CAPTURED AND

4864
03:39:03,040 --> 03:39:04,440
ALSO IN THE SIGNAL METHODS THAT

4865
03:39:04,440 --> 03:39:06,360
WE USE, SO IN CONCLUSION WE DID

4866
03:39:06,360 --> 03:39:10,440
NOT SEE A DEGRADATION OF THE EEG

4867
03:39:10,440 --> 03:39:18,040
DATA CAUSED BY [INDISCERNIBLE].

4868
03:39:18,040 --> 03:39:19,880
WE ALSO DID AN ASSESSMENT OF THE

4869
03:39:19,880 --> 03:39:23,680
QUIEWLT OF THE IMAGE, AND THIS

4870
03:39:23,680 --> 03:39:26,080
IS THE CHANNEL, THAT'S WHY YOU

4871
03:39:26,080 --> 03:39:29,800
DON'T HAVE FULL BRAIN COVERAGE

4872
03:39:29,800 --> 03:39:33,240
YET AND THEN WE PLACE THE

4873
03:39:33,240 --> 03:39:35,640
ELECTRODES COMPARED TO HOW WE

4874
03:39:35,640 --> 03:39:38,160
DHAINCH TO THE ORIGINAL SNR MAP

4875
03:39:38,160 --> 03:39:41,080
AND WE DIDN'T SEE A DIFFERENCE

4876
03:39:41,080 --> 03:39:51,200
WHEN WE PLACED THEM HERE.

4877
03:39:51,200 --> 03:39:56,360
WE HAVE REPORTED IN 2020 THE P1

4878
03:39:56,360 --> 03:39:57,560
EFFECT THAT I WILL TALK ABOUT

4879
03:39:57,560 --> 03:39:59,080
THE AT END OF THE PRESENTATION

4880
03:39:59,080 --> 03:40:03,120
BUT WE DID NOT SEE ANY NEW

4881
03:40:03,120 --> 03:40:04,040
EFFECTS FROM THE--WE DIDN'T SEE

4882
03:40:04,040 --> 03:40:07,760
ANY EFFECT SAYS OF THE QUALITY

4883
03:40:07,760 --> 03:40:08,720
OF IMAGE.

4884
03:40:08,720 --> 03:40:10,560
SO TO SUM UP WHAT WE WANTED TO,A

4885
03:40:10,560 --> 03:40:12,280
CHIEF, WE THOUGHT THE RPG

4886
03:40:12,280 --> 03:40:13,800
CAPITAL THAT WE WANT TO,A CHIEF

4887
03:40:13,800 --> 03:40:16,840
IS HAVE A FULL HEAD COVERAGE,

4888
03:40:16,840 --> 03:40:18,360
HIGH VALUE IMAGE FACTORS WITH

4889
03:40:18,360 --> 03:40:22,560
LOW DEFECTORS, WE WANT TO HAVE

4890
03:40:22,560 --> 03:40:25,760
MORE FLEXIBILITY FOR THIS FMRI

4891
03:40:25,760 --> 03:40:26,200
AND EXPERIENCE.

4892
03:40:26,200 --> 03:40:29,080
AND WE WANTED TO HAVE THIS

4893
03:40:29,080 --> 03:40:31,280
INTERNATIONAL

4894
03:40:31,280 --> 03:40:32,200
CLASSIFICATIONICATION WITH EEG.

4895
03:40:32,200 --> 03:40:33,240
SO OUR RESULTS HAVE SHOWN THAT

4896
03:40:33,240 --> 03:40:36,920
WE DID NOT SEE ANY DETERIORATING

4897
03:40:36,920 --> 03:40:39,120
EFFECTS AND WE PLACED THEM ON

4898
03:40:39,120 --> 03:40:39,560
THE RF ELEMENTS.

4899
03:40:39,560 --> 03:40:41,760
WE DID NOT SEE ANY EFFECTS ON

4900
03:40:41,760 --> 03:40:43,080
THE EGFR SIGNAL AND WE DIDN'T

4901
03:40:43,080 --> 03:40:44,360
SEE NEW EFFECTS ON THE MR

4902
03:40:44,360 --> 03:40:46,240
IMAGING SO WE DO BELIEVE THAT

4903
03:40:46,240 --> 03:40:49,560
THE RFEG CAP IS THE SOLUTION TO

4904
03:40:49,560 --> 03:40:55,240
OPTIMIZE COMPARING TMS FMRI AND

4905
03:40:55,240 --> 03:40:56,240
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL DAT A. SO

4906
03:40:56,240 --> 03:40:57,600
NOW LET ME CHANGE A BIT OF THE

4907
03:40:57,600 --> 03:41:01,680
TOPICS AND I WANT TO DISCUSS A

4908
03:41:01,680 --> 03:41:04,720
BIT INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE

4909
03:41:04,720 --> 03:41:05,560
SYSTEM SYSTEM.

4910
03:41:05,560 --> 03:41:09,120
SO I'M JUST GOING TO TALK ABOUT

4911
03:41:09,120 --> 03:41:10,760
TMSRA AND WE HAVE 2 VERY STRONG

4912
03:41:10,760 --> 03:41:12,760
FACTORS THAT IS THE TMS AND THE

4913
03:41:12,760 --> 03:41:14,080
MR, WE ARE PUTTING THEM TOGETHER

4914
03:41:14,080 --> 03:41:17,400
IS THEY HAVE TO BE PART OF THE

4915
03:41:17,400 --> 03:41:17,840
SAME GROUP.

4916
03:41:17,840 --> 03:41:20,800
SO AS YOU KNOW TMS PRODUCES HIGH

4917
03:41:20,800 --> 03:41:23,480
FER ENSEL IN SHORT TIMES AND IT

4918
03:41:23,480 --> 03:41:25,240
PRODUCES FIELDS UP TO TESLA

4919
03:41:25,240 --> 03:41:27,400
RANGES AND THESE ARE GOING TO

4920
03:41:27,400 --> 03:41:29,680
LIVE INSIDE OF THE 3 TESLA FIELD

4921
03:41:29,680 --> 03:41:40,000
OF THE MR SYSTEM.

4922
03:41:40,360 --> 03:41:44,120
THIS IS GOING TO HAVE AFFECT ON

4923
03:41:44,120 --> 03:41:45,160
THE OTHER SYSTEMS BECAUSE THEY

4924
03:41:45,160 --> 03:41:49,400
ARE BOTH VERY SENSITIVE TO ANY

4925
03:41:49,400 --> 03:41:50,320
MAGNETIC FIELD.

4926
03:41:50,320 --> 03:41:55,400
SO THIS IS A SUMMARY OF THESE

4927
03:41:55,400 --> 03:41:56,840
INTERACTIONS, I HAVE DIVIDED

4928
03:41:56,840 --> 03:41:58,400
THEM WITH RESPECT TO WHICH PART

4929
03:41:58,400 --> 03:42:00,560
OF THE SYSTEM OF THE MR SYSTEM

4930
03:42:00,560 --> 03:42:03,840
IS INTERACTING AND WHICH IS THE

4931
03:42:03,840 --> 03:42:04,960
CONSEQUENCE OF THIS INTERACTION

4932
03:42:04,960 --> 03:42:07,280
OF THE IMAGE EFFECT OR

4933
03:42:07,280 --> 03:42:07,720
SPECIFICITY CONCERN.

4934
03:42:07,720 --> 03:42:12,320
SO I'M GOING TO GO INTO DETAILS,

4935
03:42:12,320 --> 03:42:12,920
ALL OF THIS.

4936
03:42:12,920 --> 03:42:14,600
SO BASICALLY THE EFFECTS, THE

4937
03:42:14,600 --> 03:42:15,920
EEIVETS THAT HAVE AN

4938
03:42:15,920 --> 03:42:19,360
IMPLICATIONS IN THE IMAGING

4939
03:42:19,360 --> 03:42:19,760
QUALITY.

4940
03:42:19,760 --> 03:42:24,640
SO AS I SAID BEFORE, WE HAVE

4941
03:42:24,640 --> 03:42:28,920
MODULATING SO WE WILL HAVE BIG

4942
03:42:28,920 --> 03:42:30,000
GEOMETRICAL DISTORTIONS, WE KNOW

4943
03:42:30,000 --> 03:42:31,720
THIS CAN BE CORRECTED BUT UP TO

4944
03:42:31,720 --> 03:42:33,040
A CERTAIN DEGREE AND THIS IS

4945
03:42:33,040 --> 03:42:35,120
ALWAYS A BIT OF THE QUALITY OF

4946
03:42:35,120 --> 03:42:36,800
THE SYNAPSE, HOWEVER IF THESE

4947
03:42:36,800 --> 03:42:38,560
DISTORTIONS ARE SO HUGE AND WE

4948
03:42:38,560 --> 03:42:39,760
HAVE SIGNATURES NILE VIRUS DROP

4949
03:42:39,760 --> 03:42:41,320
OFFS THERE'S NO WAY TO RECOVER

4950
03:42:41,320 --> 03:42:41,520
THEM.

4951
03:42:41,520 --> 03:42:46,920
SO THE ONLY THANS WE HAVE IS

4952
03:42:46,920 --> 03:42:48,360
AUXILIARY IMAGING, WE HAVE TO

4953
03:42:48,360 --> 03:42:49,320
USE THE SPACING SO THAT THE

4954
03:42:49,320 --> 03:42:53,800
DISTANCE OR THE FACING OF THIS

4955
03:42:53,800 --> 03:42:57,360
IS MINIMIZED FOR BOXES FOR

4956
03:42:57,360 --> 03:42:58,560
NEIGHBORING BOXES IN THE

4957
03:42:58,560 --> 03:42:58,800
DIRECTION.

4958
03:42:58,800 --> 03:43:00,400
THE ONLY PROBLEM IS THE FASTER

4959
03:43:00,400 --> 03:43:01,920
PRECISION METHODS OF COURSE

4960
03:43:01,920 --> 03:43:04,840
REQUIRES VERY HIGH SNR.

4961
03:43:04,840 --> 03:43:08,760
SO WE HAVE WHAT WE NEED TO

4962
03:43:08,760 --> 03:43:10,800
SPECIALIZE OUR--TO BE ABLE TO

4963
03:43:10,800 --> 03:43:13,280
ACQUIRE THE SIGNAL FASTER.

4964
03:43:13,280 --> 03:43:17,640
DID EMPLOY NOW, I WANT TO TALK A

4965
03:43:17,640 --> 03:43:19,120
LITTLE BIT ABOUT THE TORQUES

4966
03:43:19,120 --> 03:43:21,240
THAT WE APPLIED IN THE SCANNER,

4967
03:43:21,240 --> 03:43:23,560
THE TMS WILL TRY TO ALIGN TO THE

4968
03:43:23,560 --> 03:43:26,400
BUZZIER FIELD AND THIS IS DUE TO

4969
03:43:26,400 --> 03:43:27,160
STRONG LARGE FORCES.

4970
03:43:27,160 --> 03:43:29,680
WE HAVE A HUGE TORQUE SO WE NEED

4971
03:43:29,680 --> 03:43:31,680
TO FIXATE IT OTHERWISE IT'S

4972
03:43:31,680 --> 03:43:33,200
GOING TO VIBRATE OR IT CAN BE A

4973
03:43:33,200 --> 03:43:34,800
SAFETY ISSUE.

4974
03:43:34,800 --> 03:43:36,760
RESPIRATORY SO WE HAVE SOLUTIONS

4975
03:43:36,760 --> 03:43:39,080
OUT THERE BY VENDORS AND 1 OF

4976
03:43:39,080 --> 03:43:40,360
THE CONSEQUENCES OF THIS

4977
03:43:40,360 --> 03:43:45,880
VIBRATION IS THIS HUGE SOUND

4978
03:43:45,880 --> 03:43:46,480
THAT IT PRODUCES.

4979
03:43:46,480 --> 03:43:48,600
SO BECAUSE THE SOUND IS ALSO

4980
03:43:48,600 --> 03:43:50,240
PRODUCED INSIDE THE BOARD, THE

4981
03:43:50,240 --> 03:43:53,320
BIEWRD ACTS LIKE A SPEAKER SO

4982
03:43:53,320 --> 03:43:55,840
THE PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATION IS

4983
03:43:55,840 --> 03:43:58,400
SOME NOISE ABSORBING MATERIAL

4984
03:43:58,400 --> 03:44:00,200
LINING FOR THE TORQUE.

4985
03:44:00,200 --> 03:44:02,760
AND WE HAVE THE MOTOR

4986
03:44:02,760 --> 03:44:03,640
INTERACTION AND THIS WILL HAVE

4987
03:44:03,640 --> 03:44:05,880
OF COURSE AN EFFECT ON IMAGING,

4988
03:44:05,880 --> 03:44:06,120
RIGHT?

4989
03:44:06,120 --> 03:44:08,800
SO THERE IS THIS PAPER, THIS

4990
03:44:08,800 --> 03:44:10,760
SEMINOLE PAPER, WE CAN TALK

4991
03:44:10,760 --> 03:44:14,120
ABOUT IT FROM 2003 BUT I REALLY

4992
03:44:14,120 --> 03:44:18,760
RECOMMEND YOU TO KNOW WHEN YOU

4993
03:44:18,760 --> 03:44:20,280
ARE PLACING YOUR PULSES, SO WE

4994
03:44:20,280 --> 03:44:21,920
DID THIS WORK WITH THE ISOMERS

4995
03:44:21,920 --> 03:44:24,040
AND WE PLACED THE PROCESS IN

4996
03:44:24,040 --> 03:44:27,440
DIFFERENT MOMENTS IN THE

4997
03:44:27,440 --> 03:44:28,840
SEQUENCE, SO HERE, WE PLACE IT

4998
03:44:28,840 --> 03:44:30,720
AT 0, JUST AFTER THE TRIGGER, 20

4999
03:44:30,720 --> 03:44:31,840
AND DWNCHT POINTS AND THE MOMENT

5000
03:44:31,840 --> 03:44:34,040
I WANT TO CLOSE TO THE RF

5001
03:44:34,040 --> 03:44:40,040
POLICIES OF THE IMAGING

5002
03:44:40,040 --> 03:44:41,480
GRADIENTS, THEN WE HAVE MADE

5003
03:44:41,480 --> 03:44:43,280
SIGNAL DROPS, THIS IS A

5004
03:44:43,280 --> 03:44:44,440
MULTIBAND ACQUISITION SO WE YOU

5005
03:44:44,440 --> 03:44:46,080
HAVE EFFECTS ON BOTH THE SLICES

5006
03:44:46,080 --> 03:44:47,920
THAT ARE APPLIED BUT AS I SAY

5007
03:44:47,920 --> 03:44:48,680
THAT RECOMMENDATION, YOU HAVE TO

5008
03:44:48,680 --> 03:44:52,440
KNOW WHEN YOU ARE PLACING YOUR

5009
03:44:52,440 --> 03:44:53,560
TMS PULSES, YOU HAVE TO KNOW

5010
03:44:53,560 --> 03:44:56,440
WHAT IS HAPPENING IN YOUR

5011
03:44:56,440 --> 03:44:56,720
SEQUENCE.

5012
03:44:56,720 --> 03:44:58,280
THEN I WENT TO REPORT THIS

5013
03:44:58,280 --> 03:45:00,840
EFFECT ON THE B1 PLAOF THE AS

5014
03:45:00,840 --> 03:45:03,680
DISCUSSED BEFORE, SO BECAUSE WE

5015
03:45:03,680 --> 03:45:06,560
ARE THIS HUGE VOLTAGE PULSES RF

5016
03:45:06,560 --> 03:45:08,920
PULSES, THIS IS GOING TO INDUCE

5017
03:45:08,920 --> 03:45:12,000
A RECURRENCE ON OVER TMS.

5018
03:45:12,000 --> 03:45:14,000
AND SO EVEN THOUGH WE MIGHT BE

5019
03:45:14,000 --> 03:45:15,720
VERY NICE FOR THE VOLUME CORD,

5020
03:45:15,720 --> 03:45:17,000
THESE ARE GOING TO PRODUCE

5021
03:45:17,000 --> 03:45:18,800
ANOTHER FIELD WHICH WILL BE

5022
03:45:18,800 --> 03:45:21,400
SUPER IMPOSED TO THE B1 PLAZ

5023
03:45:21,400 --> 03:45:21,800
MIDS MID.

5024
03:45:21,800 --> 03:45:23,800
SO WE'RE GOING TO HAVE

5025
03:45:23,800 --> 03:45:25,880
ENHANCEMENTS IN THE CASE OF THE

5026
03:45:25,880 --> 03:45:28,880
FIELD, WHICH MEANS WE WILL HAVE

5027
03:45:28,880 --> 03:45:30,480
LESS SIGNAL OR LESS ON THESE

5028
03:45:30,480 --> 03:45:32,800
REGIONS, THE GOOD NEWS IS THIS

5029
03:45:32,800 --> 03:45:35,480
EFFECT IS PRETTY CHAL O, IN IS

5030
03:45:35,480 --> 03:45:37,200
VERY FAST WITH RESISTANCE, BUT

5031
03:45:37,200 --> 03:45:40,720
IT'S IMPORTANT TO KEEP IT IN

5032
03:45:40,720 --> 03:45:42,960
MIND OF COURSE WE ARE THINKING

5033
03:45:42,960 --> 03:45:45,440
THIS, WE THINK OF THE EQUAL

5034
03:45:45,440 --> 03:45:45,960
CHANGES.

5035
03:45:45,960 --> 03:45:48,320
THE GOOD NEWS IS THIS IS THE

5036
03:45:48,320 --> 03:45:50,320
INFORMATION THAT WE REPORTED

5037
03:45:50,320 --> 03:45:51,480
THIS IN 2020, THE GOOD NEWS IS

5038
03:45:51,480 --> 03:45:55,400
THIS IS NOT THE CASE, WE ARE NOT

5039
03:45:55,400 --> 03:45:56,840
CHANGING THE DISTRIBUTION

5040
03:45:56,840 --> 03:45:59,440
SIGNIFICANTLY, WE SHOWED THAT

5041
03:45:59,440 --> 03:46:00,480
ONLY--LESS THAN 1

5042
03:46:00,480 --> 03:46:01,880
[INDISCERNIBLE] WAS CHANGED WHEN

5043
03:46:01,880 --> 03:46:12,360
THE PLACED THE TMS IN THE

5044
03:46:13,160 --> 03:46:23,240
VOLUME.

5045
03:46:28,880 --> 03:46:29,520
AND FINALLY--SO THE REFERENCE

5046
03:46:29,520 --> 03:46:31,520
ROLE IS JUST A LOOP, IT IS

5047
03:46:31,520 --> 03:46:33,840
ALWAYS THE SAME DISTANCE WHICH

5048
03:46:33,840 --> 03:46:35,280
CHANGES THE TMS LOOP FROM 1 TO

5049
03:46:35,280 --> 03:46:36,160
EACH OTHER.

5050
03:46:36,160 --> 03:46:38,880
WE ALSO DID SOME MEASUREMENTS OF

5051
03:46:38,880 --> 03:46:41,360
THE NORMALIZED CCNR, WE TOOK OUT

5052
03:46:41,360 --> 03:46:44,720
THE BAY 1 SPECIFIC SO THERE'S

5053
03:46:44,720 --> 03:46:46,480
OTHER SEARCH SIMULATIONS ARE

5054
03:46:46,480 --> 03:46:48,200
HEAR FOR MEASUREMENTS SO WE SAW

5055
03:46:48,200 --> 03:46:49,160
A SIGNIFICANT DROP HERE IN THE

5056
03:46:49,160 --> 03:46:54,280
MIDDLE OF THE COIL, THIS IS LIKE

5057
03:46:54,280 --> 03:46:57,800
[INDISCERNIBLE] FROM THE MSR

5058
03:46:57,800 --> 03:46:59,200
CORONAL SLICES SO WE HAVE

5059
03:46:59,200 --> 03:47:01,800
IMPORTANT DROPS HERE AND 10 WE

5060
03:47:01,800 --> 03:47:05,440
SAW THEM THE SAME MEASUREMENTS.

5061
03:47:05,440 --> 03:47:07,320
SO WHAT WE SEE IS THAT THE

5062
03:47:07,320 --> 03:47:09,560
EFFECTS OF THIS HAS DEGREES,

5063
03:47:09,560 --> 03:47:12,520
INCREASES WHEN THE TMS IS

5064
03:47:12,520 --> 03:47:13,920
FARTHER FROM THE

5065
03:47:13,920 --> 03:47:14,320
[INDISCERNIBLE].

5066
03:47:14,320 --> 03:47:15,800
SO OVERALL EXPLANATION FOR THESE

5067
03:47:15,800 --> 03:47:18,280
EFFECTS IS THAT IT SAYS THE

5068
03:47:18,280 --> 03:47:20,360
MRSENIOR PRODUCES THE CURRENTOT

5069
03:47:20,360 --> 03:47:22,760
DMS AND THESE ARE SUPER IMPOSING

5070
03:47:22,760 --> 03:47:32,520
THOSE FOR THE WORK AND WHY WE

5071
03:47:32,520 --> 03:47:32,960
SEE THESE EFFECTS.

5072
03:47:32,960 --> 03:47:34,800
SO WE WANT TO SHOW YOU WHAT WE

5073
03:47:34,800 --> 03:47:35,800
FIND, WE HAD SIMILAR EFFECTS

5074
03:47:35,800 --> 03:47:36,840
FROM THE MEASUREMENTS AND THE

5075
03:47:36,840 --> 03:47:39,640
SIMULATIONS AND WE CAN SEE THAT

5076
03:47:39,640 --> 03:47:40,600
BEFORE THE MEASUREMENTS, 1

5077
03:47:40,600 --> 03:47:43,640
CENTIMETER AWAY FROM THE TMS

5078
03:47:43,640 --> 03:47:44,320
GROUP.

5079
03:47:44,320 --> 03:47:50,520
WE HAVE CHANGES OF ABOUT

5080
03:47:50,520 --> 03:47:56,080
15--LESS THAN 15% HOWEVER THE

5081
03:47:56,080 --> 03:47:57,400
SIMULATIONS GAVE US HIGH SNR

5082
03:47:57,400 --> 03:48:02,000
DROPS SO WE HAVE TO CLASSIFY

5083
03:48:02,000 --> 03:48:05,680
WHERE THESE COME FRU BUT IT IS

5084
03:48:05,680 --> 03:48:06,280
STILL INTERESTING.

5085
03:48:06,280 --> 03:48:08,240
SO I TALK ABOUT THE

5086
03:48:08,240 --> 03:48:09,880
SPECIALIZATION HOW WE SAID THEM,

5087
03:48:09,880 --> 03:48:13,480
HOW WE ENABLE THE IMAGING, AND

5088
03:48:13,480 --> 03:48:23,080
WITH THE ACTIVATION FACTOR 2 I

5089
03:48:23,080 --> 03:48:24,920
HAVE FOUND THE WORK THAT WE ARE

5090
03:48:24,920 --> 03:48:28,040
DOING HERE AT THE CENTER, WE ARE

5091
03:48:28,040 --> 03:48:29,280
TRYING TO ACHIEVE FULL COVERAGE

5092
03:48:29,280 --> 03:48:31,680
AND WE WANT TO,A LOW FINALLY THE

5093
03:48:31,680 --> 03:48:34,520
TRACKING OF THE HOT SPOTS IN

5094
03:48:34,520 --> 03:48:38,240
CASE THE MOVE SAYS AND SO THIS

5095
03:48:38,240 --> 03:48:39,320
IS A MULTIINTEGRATED SYSTEM AND

5096
03:48:39,320 --> 03:48:44,760
THEN I HAVE PREPERRED THE RFEG

5097
03:48:44,760 --> 03:48:46,840
CAP WHICH WILL DO TD FULL

5098
03:48:46,840 --> 03:48:47,640
COVERAGE AND ENHANCE THE

5099
03:48:47,640 --> 03:48:49,280
FLEXIBILITY OF THE EXPERIMENTS

5100
03:48:49,280 --> 03:48:51,440
AND INTEGRATE EEG AND OF COURSE

5101
03:48:51,440 --> 03:48:54,600
IF IT'S MULTITALENTED EMS

5102
03:48:54,600 --> 03:48:56,040
FOR--FOR EQUAL USE THAT ARE

5103
03:48:56,040 --> 03:48:57,680
FOCUSING OF THE HOT SPOT IN CASE

5104
03:48:57,680 --> 03:49:03,360
OF A PATIENT MOVEMENT AND THEN I

5105
03:49:03,360 --> 03:49:04,080
DISCUSSED THE INTERACTIONS, I

5106
03:49:04,080 --> 03:49:05,840
WANT YOU TO TAKE THEM INTO

5107
03:49:05,840 --> 03:49:06,680
CONSIDERATION, THERE IS WORK TO

5108
03:49:06,680 --> 03:49:08,240
BE DONE AND BE ANALYZED IT WILL

5109
03:49:08,240 --> 03:49:17,520
BE GREAT IF WE KEEP WORKING IN

5110
03:49:17,520 --> 03:49:18,160
THIS FIELD.

5111
03:49:18,160 --> 03:49:20,040
AND WITH SLIDE I WANT TO THANK

5112
03:49:20,040 --> 03:49:22,960
MY COLLABORATORS, OUR TEAMERS,

5113
03:49:22,960 --> 03:49:24,960
OUR INDUSTRIAL COLLABORATORS AND

5114
03:49:24,960 --> 03:49:26,000
I'M THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

5115
03:49:26,000 --> 03:49:36,520
AND I AM HAPPY TO ANSWER YOUR

5116
03:49:36,520 --> 03:49:36,760
QUESTIONS.

5117
03:49:36,760 --> 03:49:37,600
[ APPLAUSE ]

5118
03:49:37,600 --> 03:49:39,680
>>I MIGHT HAVE A QUICK
SILLY

5119
03:49:39,680 --> 03:49:41,400
QUESTION, BUT THANK YOU IT WAS

5120
03:49:41,400 --> 03:49:42,320
INFORNLAATIVE FOR ME, SO THE

5121
03:49:42,320 --> 03:49:43,800
PURPOSE OF THE INTEGRATION OF

5122
03:49:43,800 --> 03:49:46,560
EEG IS IT FOR THE NEUROFEEDBACK

5123
03:49:46,560 --> 03:49:49,800
PURPOSE OR TO DETECT OR TO

5124
03:49:49,800 --> 03:49:50,240
DETECT--

5125
03:49:50,240 --> 03:49:51,800
>>IT'S NOT LIKE THE
CLOSED LOOP

5126
03:49:51,800 --> 03:49:52,640
DIRECTION, LIKE WHAT WE WERE

5127
03:49:52,640 --> 03:49:56,520
TALKING ABOUT THE CLOSED LOOP,

5128
03:49:56,520 --> 03:49:57,200
DUAL CLOSED LOOP DIRECTION SO

5129
03:49:57,200 --> 03:49:59,160
WHAT WE WANT TO DO IS WITH THE

5130
03:49:59,160 --> 03:50:01,160
EEG, KNOW WHEN WE HAVE APPLY THE

5131
03:50:01,160 --> 03:50:03,240
TMS AND EVERYTHING WE WANT TO DO

5132
03:50:03,240 --> 03:50:04,480
EVERYTHING WITH THE SCANNER, SO

5133
03:50:04,480 --> 03:50:08,160
WE WANT TO KNOW WHERE WE ARE

5134
03:50:08,160 --> 03:50:09,960
APPLYING THE TMS, AND WITH THE

5135
03:50:09,960 --> 03:50:11,760
FMRI AND WITH THE EEG ACCIDENT

5136
03:50:11,760 --> 03:50:14,400
WE WANT TO FIGURE WHEN THE TMS

5137
03:50:14,400 --> 03:50:17,120
PULSES AND WE WENT ON TO SEE IF

5138
03:50:17,120 --> 03:50:19,240
THERE'S A DIFFERENCE, BASED ON

5139
03:50:19,240 --> 03:50:25,040
FMRI ACCURACYS THAT WE OBTAIN.

5140
03:50:25,040 --> 03:50:28,240
>>IS IT CONVENTIONAL EEG?

5141
03:50:28,240 --> 03:50:29,520
>>WELL IT'S CONVENTIONAL,

5142
03:50:29,520 --> 03:50:30,600
COMPATIBLE EEG, BUT YES, THE

5143
03:50:30,600 --> 03:50:32,400
WHYED IS TO DO THIS FOR ALL

5144
03:50:32,400 --> 03:50:35,360
THESE ARTIFACTS AND REMOVE

5145
03:50:35,360 --> 03:50:36,800
EVERYTHING ONLINE, AND GIVE IT

5146
03:50:36,800 --> 03:50:37,880
THE FACE WITH--WHATEVER FEATURE

5147
03:50:37,880 --> 03:50:39,880
WE WANT TO DEFINE, IT'S GOING TO

5148
03:50:39,880 --> 03:50:42,560
BE USED TO TRACK OR TO TRIGGER

5149
03:50:42,560 --> 03:50:48,000
THE TMS AND THEN SEE IF WE CAN

5150
03:50:48,000 --> 03:50:48,880
SEE DIFFERENCES.

5151
03:50:48,880 --> 03:50:50,240
>>THANK YOU.

5152
03:50:50,240 --> 03:50:50,520
>>YES.

5153
03:50:50,520 --> 03:50:55,120
NYES, SO I HAVE--DO YOU PLAN ON

5154
03:50:55,120 --> 03:50:57,040
FOR THE RFEEG HEAD CAP HAVING

5155
03:50:57,040 --> 03:50:58,840
SHIMMING CAPABILITIES TO TRY TO

5156
03:50:58,840 --> 03:51:01,880
HELP SOME OF THE [INDISCERNIBLE]

5157
03:51:01,880 --> 03:51:03,320
IN HOMOGENERATED AITY ISSUES?

5158
03:51:03,320 --> 03:51:06,120
FOR EXAMPLE, THOSE COIL VS A

5159
03:51:06,120 --> 03:51:07,960
UNINTERRUPTED PATH FOR DC

5160
03:51:07,960 --> 03:51:10,080
CURRENTS SO I WONDERING IF YOU

5161
03:51:10,080 --> 03:51:10,520
HAVE--

5162
03:51:10,520 --> 03:51:11,960
>>NO, WE HAVE NOT PLANNED
THEM

5163
03:51:11,960 --> 03:51:13,400
WITH THIS, WE HAVE NOT PLANNED

5164
03:51:13,400 --> 03:51:16,840
THEM WITH THIS, THANK YOU.

5165
03:51:16,840 --> 03:51:17,800
>>VERY IMPRESSIVE.

5166
03:51:17,800 --> 03:51:26,480
CAN YOU ELABORATE A LITTLE BIT

5167
03:51:26,480 --> 03:51:27,440
ABOUT [INDISCERNIBLE], CHANNEL,

5168
03:51:27,440 --> 03:51:30,920
IT LOOKS LIKE MAYBE HOW MANY?

5169
03:51:30,920 --> 03:51:32,600
NWE WILL HAVE 60 ELEMENTS AND

5170
03:51:32,600 --> 03:51:35,280
EACH OF THESE COILS ARE 3 COILS

5171
03:51:35,280 --> 03:51:37,480
WHICH ARE THESE 3 ACCESSING TO

5172
03:51:37,480 --> 03:51:38,680
THE COILS, I WENT FAST THROUGH

5173
03:51:38,680 --> 03:51:39,600
EVERYTHING, IT'S A LOT OF

5174
03:51:39,600 --> 03:51:41,480
INFORMATION AT ONCE BUT EVERY

5175
03:51:41,480 --> 03:51:43,400
STIMULATION UNIT, I WANT TO CALL

5176
03:51:43,400 --> 03:51:44,560
IT LIKE THAT BECAUSE OTHERWISE

5177
03:51:44,560 --> 03:51:54,800
WE HAVE TOO MANY COILS AND THEY

5178
03:51:54,800 --> 03:51:56,320
ARE 16 OF THEM ALL OVER THE

5179
03:51:56,320 --> 03:51:57,920
HEAD, I CAN SHOW YOU THE

5180
03:51:57,920 --> 03:51:58,160
FIGURES.

5181
03:51:58,160 --> 03:52:01,160
>>CAN YOU STEER THEM?

5182
03:52:01,160 --> 03:52:02,360
LIKE STEER THE STIMULATION--

5183
03:52:02,360 --> 03:52:04,360
>>WHAT WE WANT TO STEER
IS THE

5184
03:52:04,360 --> 03:52:05,280
INDUCING FEED, WE DON'T WANT TO

5185
03:52:05,280 --> 03:52:14,640
MOVE THEM IN THE SCANNER.

5186
03:52:14,640 --> 03:52:15,720
YEAH, WHAT WE ARE GOING TO

5187
03:52:15,720 --> 03:52:17,040
CHANGE IS THE CURRENTS THAT WE

5188
03:52:17,040 --> 03:52:18,200
ARE PASSING THROUGH THE

5189
03:52:18,200 --> 03:52:18,600
ELEMENTS.

5190
03:52:18,600 --> 03:52:19,640
THAT'S WHAT WE ARE GOING TO

5191
03:52:19,640 --> 03:52:25,880
STEER BUT WE DON'T WANT TO MOVE

5192
03:52:25,880 --> 03:52:26,920
THEM.

5193
03:52:26,920 --> 03:52:29,200
>>HERE THAT'S THE BEST
SHOT.

5194
03:52:29,200 --> 03:52:30,600
THESE ARE THE STIMULATION UNITS.

5195
03:52:30,600 --> 03:52:32,400
HERE WE ARE JUST PLACING SOME

5196
03:52:32,400 --> 03:52:33,640
PLACE HOLDERS, THESE ARE ALL

5197
03:52:33,640 --> 03:52:35,360
SEQUENCED TO DO THE PERFORMANCE.

5198
03:52:35,360 --> 03:52:39,040
WE REALIZE THAT PLACING THE

5199
03:52:39,040 --> 03:52:40,200
ACCESS COILS DELIVERS THE SAME

5200
03:52:40,200 --> 03:52:41,880
INFORMATION FOR THE SNR

5201
03:52:41,880 --> 03:52:42,200
PERFORMANCE.

5202
03:52:42,200 --> 03:52:44,280
THAT'S WAWE DID BUT THE FINAL

5203
03:52:44,280 --> 03:52:46,520
SYSTEM IS GOING TO LOOK LIKE

5204
03:52:46,520 --> 03:52:54,520
THIS. 

5205
03:52:54,520 --> 03:52:55,120
HERE IT IS.

5206
03:52:55,120 --> 03:52:57,080
THERE ARE 16 OF THEM, THAT'S WHY

5207
03:52:57,080 --> 03:52:58,720
THERE ARE 16 HOLES AND YES, THE

5208
03:52:58,720 --> 03:53:00,800
ELEMENTS GO THROUGH IT.

5209
03:53:00,800 --> 03:53:11,320
THROUGH THE RF HOLES ARE REALLY

5210
03:53:17,320 --> 03:53:18,040
SURROUNDING THEM.

5211
03:53:18,040 --> 03:53:20,760
DO YOU NEED AN INDIVIDUAL TMS

5212
03:53:20,760 --> 03:53:21,920
CAPACITIOR FOR EACH CHANNEL,

5213
03:53:21,920 --> 03:53:25,000
EACH 1 HAS A STIMULATOR, IT'S A

5214
03:53:25,000 --> 03:53:27,560
48 SIMULATOR RUN, THAT'S TRUE.

5215
03:53:27,560 --> 03:53:29,600
WE SIT EVERY SINGLE 1, IT'S A

5216
03:53:29,600 --> 03:53:34,840
HUGE SYSTEM, YEAH.

5217
03:53:34,840 --> 03:53:35,160
>>THANKS.

5218
03:53:35,160 --> 03:53:36,280
>>I KNOW WE'RE RUNNING A
BIT

5219
03:53:36,280 --> 03:53:41,680
LATE SO WE CAN APPROACH THE

5220
03:53:41,680 --> 03:53:43,440
SPEAKER AFTERWARDS BUT I DON'T

5221
03:53:43,440 --> 03:53:46,240
KNOW THE FORMAT OF THE PROFFERED

5222
03:53:46,240 --> 03:53:49,080
PAPERS BUT WE'RE OVER TIME

5223
03:53:49,080 --> 03:53:59,560
LUCIA, THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

5224
03:54:29,360 --> 03:54:29,920
[ APPLAUSE ]

5225
03:54:29,920 --> 03:54:34,560
ALL RIGHT AS JULIAN GETS SET UP

5226
03:54:34,560 --> 03:54:36,760
HERE ON THE TALK TWISTED PAIR

5227
03:54:36,760 --> 03:54:42,000
RECEIVER COILS FOR A COMBINED

5228
03:54:42,000 --> 03:54:42,760
TMS/EEG/FMRI SYSTEM.

5229
03:54:42,760 --> 03:54:43,560
>>THANK YOU FOR THE

5230
03:54:43,560 --> 03:54:43,880
INTRODUCTION.

5231
03:54:43,880 --> 03:54:45,120
TODAY I WILL TALK ABOUT THE WORK

5232
03:54:45,120 --> 03:54:46,840
I'VE DONE WITH THE RECEIVER

5233
03:54:46,840 --> 03:54:49,000
COILS THAT CAN HOPEFULLY BE USED

5234
03:54:49,000 --> 03:54:50,640
FOR SUCH A COMBINED SYSTEM.

5235
03:54:50,640 --> 03:54:54,680
SO HERE ARE MY DECLARATIONS.

5236
03:54:54,680 --> 03:54:56,440
SO AS MULTIMODAL IMAGING

5237
03:54:56,440 --> 03:54:57,320
TECHNIQUES BECOME MORE COMMON AS

5238
03:54:57,320 --> 03:54:59,520
WE'VE SEEN IN MANY OF THE

5239
03:54:59,520 --> 03:55:01,320
PREVIOUS TALKS, THE GET FILLED

5240
03:55:01,320 --> 03:55:02,800
WITH LESS AND LESS SPACE FOR

5241
03:55:02,800 --> 03:55:04,440
LARGE SCALE RECEIVER RATES BUT

5242
03:55:04,440 --> 03:55:06,280
THERE'S A CLEAR NEED TO HAVE

5243
03:55:06,280 --> 03:55:07,760
THIN AND FLEXIBLE CLEAR ELEMENTS

5244
03:55:07,760 --> 03:55:09,560
AS YOU BUILD THOSE LARGE

5245
03:55:09,560 --> 03:55:11,760
RECEIVER COILS IN THESE VERY

5246
03:55:11,760 --> 03:55:14,400
TIGHT FITTING AREAS.

5247
03:55:14,400 --> 03:55:17,280
SO FOR EXAMPLE WHEN YOU WANT TO

5248
03:55:17,280 --> 03:55:21,520
COMBINE EMS WITH EEG/FMRI,

5249
03:55:21,520 --> 03:55:23,880
BECAUSE AS WE'VE SEEN WE'VE USED

5250
03:55:23,880 --> 03:55:25,600
THIS PICTURE, IT'S LIMITING WHEN

5251
03:55:25,600 --> 03:55:30,400
YOU HAVE THIS BIG  BULKY

5252
03:55:30,400 --> 03:55:31,120
COMMERCIAL COIL AND WITH

5253
03:55:31,120 --> 03:55:33,120
SOMETHING LIKE A CONFIRMAL HEAD

5254
03:55:33,120 --> 03:55:35,240
KOIM, YOU CAN UNLOCK THE FULL

5255
03:55:35,240 --> 03:55:39,240
POTENTIAL OF RANGE OF MOTION OR

5256
03:55:39,240 --> 03:55:39,920
THAT TMS COIL.

5257
03:55:39,920 --> 03:55:41,480
AND 1 OF THE ADDED BENEFIT

5258
03:55:41,480 --> 03:55:44,120
SYSTEM THAT BECAUSE WE TRY TO

5259
03:55:44,120 --> 03:55:45,640
MAXIMIZE FOR THE PROXIMITY OF

5260
03:55:45,640 --> 03:55:47,640
THE MAXIMIZE THE PLACEMENT OF

5261
03:55:47,640 --> 03:55:49,760
THE TMS COIL, WE ALSO GET SNR

5262
03:55:49,760 --> 03:55:51,800
BENEFITS BECAUSE AS RECEIVER

5263
03:55:51,800 --> 03:55:54,560
COILS GET CLOSER TO THE BODY,

5264
03:55:54,560 --> 03:55:56,440
YOU DO GAIN SNR AND THAT MIGHT

5265
03:55:56,440 --> 03:55:58,560
BE BENEFICIAL IN THE SENSE THAT

5266
03:55:58,560 --> 03:56:02,280
YOU GAIN BETTER DIAGNOSTIC

5267
03:56:02,280 --> 03:56:04,800
QUALITY IMAGES BY JUST

5268
03:56:04,800 --> 03:56:05,440
INCREASING--ESSENTIALLY GETTING

5269
03:56:05,440 --> 03:56:10,520
CLOSER TO THE IMAGING AREA YOU

5270
03:56:10,520 --> 03:56:11,000
WANT TO IMAGE.

5271
03:56:11,000 --> 03:56:12,560
AND I WANT TO SHINE SOME LIGHT

5272
03:56:12,560 --> 03:56:14,040
ON SOME OF THE PREVIOUS WORK

5273
03:56:14,040 --> 03:56:15,440
THAT'S BEEN DONE IN COILS SO

5274
03:56:15,440 --> 03:56:17,440
HERE YOU SEE SOME SCREEN PRINTED

5275
03:56:17,440 --> 03:56:18,400
RECEIVER COILS THAT HAVE A LOT

5276
03:56:18,400 --> 03:56:21,640
OF BENEFIT AND A LOT OF

5277
03:56:21,640 --> 03:56:22,600
IMPROVEMENTS FOR PEDIATRIC

5278
03:56:22,600 --> 03:56:22,840
IMAGING.

5279
03:56:22,840 --> 03:56:25,320
THERE'S ALSO BEEN A LOT OF GREAT

5280
03:56:25,320 --> 03:56:28,640
WORK IN ESSENTIALLY USING IT ON

5281
03:56:28,640 --> 03:56:30,040
ELASTIC TUBES TO BUILD THESE

5282
03:56:30,040 --> 03:56:33,320
VERY THIN STRETCHABLE AND

5283
03:56:33,320 --> 03:56:34,280
ELASTIC RECEIVER COILS OR

5284
03:56:34,280 --> 03:56:36,800
LASTING BENEFIT OR ANYTHING OF

5285
03:56:36,800 --> 03:56:37,080
JOINTS.

5286
03:56:37,080 --> 03:56:38,520
AS WE'VE SEEN IN THE PREVIOUS

5287
03:56:38,520 --> 03:56:40,040
TALK, THERE'S ALSO BEEN A LOT OF

5288
03:56:40,040 --> 03:56:44,040
WORK ON THESE COAXIAL COILS THAT

5289
03:56:44,040 --> 03:56:45,080
USE THIS COAXIAL TRANSMISSION

5290
03:56:45,080 --> 03:56:46,640
LINE THAT'S FLEXIBILITY TO

5291
03:56:46,640 --> 03:56:49,160
ESSENTIALLY ACHIEVE A VERY FIN

5292
03:56:49,160 --> 03:56:50,760
AND FLICKSIBLE RECEIVER COIL AND

5293
03:56:50,760 --> 03:56:54,080
THEY'VE BEEN SHOWN FOR HANDLING

5294
03:56:54,080 --> 03:56:56,760
THE GLOVER AWAY AND RF/EEG CAP

5295
03:56:56,760 --> 03:56:58,760
EVEN WITH ALL THE INTERFACE

5296
03:56:58,760 --> 03:56:59,200
ELECTRONICS.

5297
03:56:59,200 --> 03:57:00,840
AND THERE'S ALSO THE EEG AIR

5298
03:57:00,840 --> 03:57:03,480
COILS THAT USE THESE INTEGRATED

5299
03:57:03,480 --> 03:57:04,920
CAPACITIVE WIRES AND

5300
03:57:04,920 --> 03:57:05,560
[INDISCERNIBLE] AMPLIFIERS TO

5301
03:57:05,560 --> 03:57:06,920
ACHIEVE A VERY THIN AND

5302
03:57:06,920 --> 03:57:08,080
FLEXIBILITY RECEIVER COIL THAT

5303
03:57:08,080 --> 03:57:11,880
ALSO HAS VERY ADEQUATE FINE

5304
03:57:11,880 --> 03:57:12,280
TUNING PERFORMANCE.

5305
03:57:12,280 --> 03:57:14,680
SO KIND OF TAKING INSPIRATION

5306
03:57:14,680 --> 03:57:16,320
FROM THE COAXIAL COILS AND THE

5307
03:57:16,320 --> 03:57:19,120
AIR COIL, I ESSENTIALLY DESIGNED

5308
03:57:19,120 --> 03:57:20,280
A TWISTED PAIR RECEIVER COIL

5309
03:57:20,280 --> 03:57:26,440
THAT IS VERY THIN AND

5310
03:57:26,440 --> 03:57:27,560
FLEXIBILITY CAN AND HAS THE

5311
03:57:27,560 --> 03:57:29,080
IMAGING TO BE USED IN THIS

5312
03:57:29,080 --> 03:57:29,320
SYSTEM.

5313
03:57:29,320 --> 03:57:31,400
SO IN WORK I AIM TO COMPARE THE

5314
03:57:31,400 --> 03:57:33,080
TWISTED PAIR COIL TO A COAXIAL

5315
03:57:33,080 --> 03:57:34,760
AND STANDARD COIL IN TERMS OF

5316
03:57:34,760 --> 03:57:35,760
IMAGING PERFORMANCE AND ALSO IN

5317
03:57:35,760 --> 03:57:37,520
TERMS OF SAFETY TO INSURE THAT

5318
03:57:37,520 --> 03:57:38,880
WE CAN ACTUALLY PLACE THIS COIL

5319
03:57:38,880 --> 03:57:41,680
IN YOUR PATIENT AND AFTER A

5320
03:57:41,680 --> 03:57:42,640
VERIFYING ITS PERFORMANCE AND

5321
03:57:42,640 --> 03:57:44,640
SAFETY, PROCEEDED TO BUILD A 15

5322
03:57:44,640 --> 03:57:48,480
CHANNEL HEAD ARRAY THAT HAS FULL

5323
03:57:48,480 --> 03:57:51,160
COVERAGE OF THE BRAIN AND CAN

5324
03:57:51,160 --> 03:57:53,040
EVENTUALLY BE MODIFIED TO THE

5325
03:57:53,040 --> 03:57:55,040
ELECTRODES AND BE COMBINED IN A

5326
03:57:55,040 --> 03:57:56,760
SYSTEM, BUT TO GET TO A SPECIFIC

5327
03:57:56,760 --> 03:58:00,400
COIL, YOU NEED TO START WITH

5328
03:58:00,400 --> 03:58:00,840
PTFD TWISTED WIRE.

5329
03:58:00,840 --> 03:58:04,400
SO IF YOU KNOW A LITTLE BIT

5330
03:58:04,400 --> 03:58:05,080
ABOUT ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING IF

5331
03:58:05,080 --> 03:58:08,880
YOU HAVE TBO PLATES AND PUT A

5332
03:58:08,880 --> 03:58:10,440
DIALETTIC BETWEEN THEM, YOU GET

5333
03:58:10,440 --> 03:58:12,520
A CAPACITY, IF YOU DID IT WITH A

5334
03:58:12,520 --> 03:58:14,240
WIRE, YOU GET A FLEXIBLE

5335
03:58:14,240 --> 03:58:15,480
CAPACITIOR AND THEN YOU CAN FORM

5336
03:58:15,480 --> 03:58:21,320
IT INTO A LOOP AND TURN IT INTO

5337
03:58:21,320 --> 03:58:23,960
A CANNED WHAT AND YOU MAKE 1 CUT

5338
03:58:23,960 --> 03:58:25,400
WHERE YOU INTERACT THE COIL WITH

5339
03:58:25,400 --> 03:58:27,960
THE SCANNER AND ADD THE

5340
03:58:27,960 --> 03:58:28,560
INTERFACE ELECTRONICS AND

5341
03:58:28,560 --> 03:58:30,560
ANOTHER GAP AND OPPOSING WIRE

5342
03:58:30,560 --> 03:58:32,680
AND THIS ALLOWS IT TO BECOME

5343
03:58:32,680 --> 03:58:34,720
RESIDENT AND SENSITIVE TO THE

5344
03:58:34,720 --> 03:58:38,560
MOTOR INDUCED SIGNALS CAUSED BY

5345
03:58:38,560 --> 03:58:38,800
THE SPINS.

5346
03:58:38,800 --> 03:58:41,240
WITH ALL THESE ELEMENTS,

5347
03:58:41,240 --> 03:58:43,440
POTENTIALLY ONLY TAKE UP 1 PBT

5348
03:58:43,440 --> 03:58:44,080
28-MILLIMETERS OF SPACE, WE

5349
03:58:44,080 --> 03:58:46,720
STILL HAVE WORK TO DO TO GET THE

5350
03:58:46,720 --> 03:58:51,760
ELECTRONICS TO GET A LITTLE BIT

5351
03:58:51,760 --> 03:58:52,200
THINNER.

5352
03:58:52,200 --> 03:58:55,760
SO HOW ABOUT SNR PERFORMANCE, DO

5353
03:58:55,760 --> 03:58:57,600
THESE COILS PRODUCE WELL, 1

5354
03:58:57,600 --> 03:59:00,280
METRIC WIEWSED TO USE TO SEE IF

5355
03:59:00,280 --> 03:59:02,040
IT WORKED WELL, WAS THE RATIO

5356
03:59:02,040 --> 03:59:03,760
QUALITY FACTOR WHEN THE COIL IS

5357
03:59:03,760 --> 03:59:05,320
LOADED AND UNLOADED AND WE WANT

5358
03:59:05,320 --> 03:59:07,200
THIS RATIO TO BE I GREATER THAN

5359
03:59:07,200 --> 03:59:09,200
2 AS THAT KIND OF SHOWS THAT THE

5360
03:59:09,200 --> 03:59:11,800
SIGNAL THAT WE RECEIVE IS BODY

5361
03:59:11,800 --> 03:59:12,680
NOISE DOMINANT.

5362
03:59:12,680 --> 03:59:14,240
SO THE RATIO IS LOTS GREATER

5363
03:59:14,240 --> 03:59:15,560
THAN 2, THAT MEANS MOST OF THEM

5364
03:59:15,560 --> 03:59:16,760
IN THE SIGNAL IS COMING FROM THE

5365
03:59:16,760 --> 03:59:18,960
BODY, AS YOU SEE HERE THE

5366
03:59:18,960 --> 03:59:21,080
TWISTED PAIR RECEIVER COIL

5367
03:59:21,080 --> 03:59:24,440
BECAUSE OF IT'S LOW DIALECT

5368
03:59:24,440 --> 03:59:26,240
RICK, RECEIVES A LOADED TO KEY

5369
03:59:26,240 --> 03:59:27,400
LOADED RATIO THAT'S GREATER THAN

5370
03:59:27,400 --> 03:59:33,720
THAT OF A COAXIAL COIL DUE TO

5371
03:59:33,720 --> 03:59:34,960
HAVING INS TRINSIC LOSS.

5372
03:59:34,960 --> 03:59:36,400
SO HERE WE TAKE A SINGLE COIL

5373
03:59:36,400 --> 03:59:38,080
IMAGE AND WE TACK A PROFILE AND

5374
03:59:38,080 --> 03:59:40,280
LOOK AT THE SNR AND WE SEE THAT

5375
03:59:40,280 --> 03:59:42,760
THE TWEOF THED COIL CAN FORM

5376
03:59:42,760 --> 03:59:43,920
VERY WELL COMPARED TO CONTROL

5377
03:59:43,920 --> 03:59:48,520
COIL AND WE SEE A LITTLE BIT OF

5378
03:59:48,520 --> 03:59:49,840
REDUCTION IS NSNR PERFORMANCE

5379
03:59:49,840 --> 03:59:51,680
DUE TO ADDED LOSSES AND WHAT

5380
03:59:51,680 --> 03:59:53,560
ABOUT THE FULL SAFETY, DOES IT

5381
03:59:53,560 --> 03:59:55,560
COIL--CAN YOU PUT THIS NEAR A

5382
03:59:55,560 --> 03:59:57,680
PATIENT WELL, YOU CAN, SO HERE

5383
03:59:57,680 --> 03:59:58,960
WE SO THAT THE TUNING

5384
03:59:58,960 --> 04:00:01,520
PERFORMANCE HAD IS DONE BY

5385
04:00:01,520 --> 04:00:02,560
ACTIVELY TUNING, FROM THE 2

5386
04:00:02,560 --> 04:00:05,200
STAINS WE SEE AT LEAST 30 DB

5387
04:00:05,200 --> 04:00:10,440
ISOLATION AND THIS COULD BE

5388
04:00:10,440 --> 04:00:12,560
BETTER BUT WHEN WE LOOK AT D1

5389
04:00:12,560 --> 04:00:15,080
MAPS WE SEE THAT A COIL ON A

5390
04:00:15,080 --> 04:00:18,040
PHANTOM WE DO SEE ANY VERYIATION

5391
04:00:18,040 --> 04:00:18,640
IN THE CLIPPING.

5392
04:00:18,640 --> 04:00:20,640
AND WHAT ABOUT HEELTING SO THESE

5393
04:00:20,640 --> 04:00:22,640
GET HOT, WELL WE PUT 15 OF THEM

5394
04:00:22,640 --> 04:00:24,640
IN AN ARRAY AND THEN WE RAN A

5395
04:00:24,640 --> 04:00:25,600
HEAT SEQUENCE UNDER THE SCANNER

5396
04:00:25,600 --> 04:00:27,040
AND WE DID NOT SEE ANY

5397
04:00:27,040 --> 04:00:28,560
SIGNIFICANCE OR HEAT SPOTS EVEN

5398
04:00:28,560 --> 04:00:33,280
AFTER THIS VERY INTENSE OF HEAT

5399
04:00:33,280 --> 04:00:33,520
SEQUENCE.

5400
04:00:33,520 --> 04:00:35,320
SO WITH ALL THAT IN COMBINATION,

5401
04:00:35,320 --> 04:00:37,440
WE DECIDED TO PUT SOME OF THESE

5402
04:00:37,440 --> 04:00:41,120
TWISTED PAIR ELEMENTS ON A NOMEX

5403
04:00:41,120 --> 04:00:42,640
SKITTOMA CAP TO FORM THIS 15

5404
04:00:42,640 --> 04:00:43,720
CHANNEL HEAD ARK RAY.

5405
04:00:43,720 --> 04:00:45,840
AND IF YOU CAN SEE HERE ON A

5406
04:00:45,840 --> 04:00:47,080
PERSON IT FITS COMFORTABLE, VERY

5407
04:00:47,080 --> 04:00:52,600
THIN BUT YOU SLEEP APNEA AND

5408
04:00:52,600 --> 04:00:54,120
OBESITYY A POTENTIAL PROBLEM

5409
04:00:54,120 --> 04:00:56,240
HERE, THERE'S ALL THIS WIRING

5410
04:00:56,240 --> 04:00:57,920
HERE SO WITH THIS CURRENT

5411
04:00:57,920 --> 04:00:59,240
INTEGRATION, WE CAN'T PASS A

5412
04:00:59,240 --> 04:01:01,880
COIL OVER IT BUT IF YOU WRAP THE

5413
04:01:01,880 --> 04:01:04,440
COILS MORE LIKE BRAIDS INSTEAD

5414
04:01:04,440 --> 04:01:06,880
OF A PONY TAIL, CAN YOU GET THE

5415
04:01:06,880 --> 04:01:08,680
FULL RANGE OF MOTION FOR THE TMS

5416
04:01:08,680 --> 04:01:08,960
COIL.

5417
04:01:08,960 --> 04:01:11,920
HERE WE LOOK AT SNR DATA SO THE

5418
04:01:11,920 --> 04:01:12,720
15 CHANNEL ARRAY, CAN YOU SEE

5419
04:01:12,720 --> 04:01:23,240
HAS A 2 TIMES SNR GAIN AT THE

5420
04:01:23,600 --> 04:01:25,520
PERIPHERIES AND WE SEE IT HAS A

5421
04:01:25,520 --> 04:01:26,600
NOISE CORRELATION THAT'S BETTER

5422
04:01:26,600 --> 04:01:28,440
THAN THE E, G HEAD COIL AND WE

5423
04:01:28,440 --> 04:01:30,040
WERE ABLE TO ACHIEVE THIS REALLY

5424
04:01:30,040 --> 04:01:31,040
GOOD NOISE CORRELATION WITHOUT

5425
04:01:31,040 --> 04:01:33,600
HAVING TO PUT THE AMPLIFIER SO

5426
04:01:33,600 --> 04:01:39,040
CLOSE TO THE ACTUAL COIL.

5427
04:01:39,040 --> 04:01:42,960
AND HERE ARE SOME 3D T1 IMAGES

5428
04:01:42,960 --> 04:01:49,000
WE TOOK ON THE SCANNER WITH WITH

5429
04:01:49,000 --> 04:01:51,160
2 BY 2 ACCELERATIONING LEADING

5430
04:01:51,160 --> 04:01:53,440
TO 2 MINUTES AND 40 SECONDS.

5431
04:01:53,440 --> 04:01:55,800
SO TO CONCLUDE FUTURE WORK, JUST

5432
04:01:55,800 --> 04:01:59,600
15 CHANNEL ARRAY IN SNR AND SNR

5433
04:01:59,600 --> 04:02:00,440
AND ALSO TAKEN--THEY TAKE THE

5434
04:02:00,440 --> 04:02:03,560
MAPS THAT THE COIL WILL MAINTAIN

5435
04:02:03,560 --> 04:02:05,200
SNR EVEN UNDER ACCELERATED

5436
04:02:05,200 --> 04:02:05,480
CONDITIONS.

5437
04:02:05,480 --> 04:02:07,360
WE ALSO HOPE TO INTERFERON-GAMMA

5438
04:02:07,360 --> 04:02:08,200
T-CELLUALLY IMPLEMENT THE

5439
04:02:08,200 --> 04:02:10,640
ELECTRODES OF THIS,A RAY AND DO

5440
04:02:10,640 --> 04:02:12,080
FEASIBILITY AND SAFETY TESTING

5441
04:02:12,080 --> 04:02:14,360
WITH EMS AND EEG TO INSURE

5442
04:02:14,360 --> 04:02:14,720
PROPER SAFETY.

5443
04:02:14,720 --> 04:02:17,440
SO I WOULD LIKE TO ACKNOWLEDGE

5444
04:02:17,440 --> 04:02:19,640
MY ADVISORS, MY MENTORS AND MY

5445
04:02:19,640 --> 04:02:20,960
UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS WHO HAVE

5446
04:02:20,960 --> 04:02:22,680
BEEN EXTREMELY VITAL IN THIS

5447
04:02:22,680 --> 04:02:32,800
WORK. 

5448
04:02:35,360 --> 04:02:35,560
THANK YOU.

5449
04:02:35,560 --> 04:02:36,160
[ APPLAUSE ]

5450
04:02:36,160 --> 04:02:38,160
>>ALL RIGHT, LET'S LIMIT
IT TO

5451
04:02:38,160 --> 04:02:39,040
1 QUESTION PERSPEAKER SINCE

5452
04:02:39,040 --> 04:02:40,640
WE'RE WAY OVER TIME PLEASE?

5453
04:02:40,640 --> 04:02:41,920
>>ONE QUESTION, ACTUALLY
DID

5454
04:02:41,920 --> 04:02:44,560
YOU HAVE A TO INVESTIGATE OR

5455
04:02:44,560 --> 04:02:45,560
CONFIRM THE PRANCE OF THIS COIL

5456
04:02:45,560 --> 04:02:50,320
IN EMERGING ITS OF MUTUAL OR

5457
04:02:50,320 --> 04:02:50,720
DECOUPLING.

5458
04:02:50,720 --> 04:02:53,040
JUST BY USING MORE NOISE

5459
04:02:53,040 --> 04:02:53,920
AMPLIFIERS OR MECHANICAL ARRAY

5460
04:02:53,920 --> 04:02:55,360
OR DID YOU HAVE A CHANCE TO

5461
04:02:55,360 --> 04:03:01,000
COMPARE YOUR COIL WITH THE

5462
04:03:01,000 --> 04:03:01,480
COAXIAL COILS.

5463
04:03:01,480 --> 04:03:03,000
>>THAT'S A GOOD QUESTION,
AND I

5464
04:03:03,000 --> 04:03:04,320
HAVE A ABSTRACT FROM THE

5465
04:03:04,320 --> 04:03:05,240
[INDISCERNIBLE] AND WHAT I

5466
04:03:05,240 --> 04:03:06,440
SHOWED IS AT LEAST IF YOU USE

5467
04:03:06,440 --> 04:03:08,240
THE SAME WORK AND THE SAME

5468
04:03:08,240 --> 04:03:09,400
AMPLIFIER I DID NOT SEE A

5469
04:03:09,400 --> 04:03:11,720
DIFFERENCE IN THE DECOUPLING

5470
04:03:11,720 --> 04:03:12,800
PERFORMANCE BETWEEN THE TWISTED

5471
04:03:12,800 --> 04:03:18,240
PAIR AND THE COAXIAL. 

5472
04:03:18,240 --> 04:03:19,000
>>THANK YOU.

5473
04:03:19,000 --> 04:03:21,520
>>THANK YOU. 

5474
04:03:21,520 --> 04:03:31,880
NEXT SPEAKER READY?

5475
04:03:43,120 --> 04:03:45,120
[ APPLAUSE ]

5476
04:03:45,120 --> 04:03:46,120
>>ALL RIGHT, THANKS
EVERYONE.

5477
04:03:46,120 --> 04:03:48,840
I HAVE NOTHING TO DECLARE, SO

5478
04:03:48,840 --> 04:03:50,800
STROKE IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF

5479
04:03:50,800 --> 04:03:53,480
ADULT DISABILITY AND THE

5480
04:03:53,480 --> 04:03:56,880
RECOVERY OF MOTOR FUNCTION IS

5481
04:03:56,880 --> 04:03:58,040
IMPORTANT FOR GETTING BACK TO

5482
04:03:58,040 --> 04:04:00,200
ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING BUT

5483
04:04:00,200 --> 04:04:03,520
PREDICTING MOTOR STROKE RECOVERY

5484
04:04:03,520 --> 04:04:04,640
IS ACTUALLY REALLY, REALLY

5485
04:04:04,640 --> 04:04:06,560
DIFFICULT FOR AN INDIVIDUALIZED

5486
04:04:06,560 --> 04:04:08,080
PARTICIPANT AND ACCURATE

5487
04:04:08,080 --> 04:04:09,920
ROGINOSEIS WOULD ENABLE FOR THE

5488
04:04:09,920 --> 04:04:13,000
REALISTIC GOAL SETTING AS WELL

5489
04:04:13,000 --> 04:04:15,000
AS MORE EFFICIENT ALLOCATION OF

5490
04:04:15,000 --> 04:04:15,600
CLINICAL RESOURCES.

5491
04:04:15,600 --> 04:04:18,320
SO IN ORDER TO SORT OF ADDRESS

5492
04:04:18,320 --> 04:04:21,480
THIS, CATHY AND WINSTON IN 2012

5493
04:04:21,480 --> 04:04:24,520
CAME UP WITH THE PREP ALGORITHM

5494
04:04:24,520 --> 04:04:26,480
WHICH PREDICTS THE POTENTIAL FOR

5495
04:04:26,480 --> 04:04:27,920
UPPER EMILY MOTOR RECOVERY SO

5496
04:04:27,920 --> 04:04:30,640
THEY FIRST TOOKA A BEHAVIORIAL

5497
04:04:30,640 --> 04:04:32,840
SCORE AND IF THAT PARTICIPANT

5498
04:04:32,840 --> 04:04:34,640
GOT ABOVE A CERTAIN THRESHOLD

5499
04:04:34,640 --> 04:04:36,480
THEY PREDICTED A COMPLETE

5500
04:04:36,480 --> 04:04:38,160
POTENTIAL FOR UPPER LIMB

5501
04:04:38,160 --> 04:04:38,480
RECOVERY.

5502
04:04:38,480 --> 04:04:40,480
IF THEY WERE BELOW A CERTAIN

5503
04:04:40,480 --> 04:04:43,440
BEHAVIORIAL THRESHOLD THEY WENT

5504
04:04:43,440 --> 04:04:44,080
TO TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC

5505
04:04:44,080 --> 04:04:45,800
STIMULATION TO SEE IF THEY COULD

5506
04:04:45,800 --> 04:04:48,200
ELICIT A MOTOR EVOKED POTENTIAL.

5507
04:04:48,200 --> 04:04:51,520
AND IF THEY WERE ABLE TO, THEY

5508
04:04:51,520 --> 04:04:54,200
PREDICTED THERE WOULD BE A

5509
04:04:54,200 --> 04:04:55,480
NOTABLE UPPER LIMB RECOVERY AND

5510
04:04:55,480 --> 04:04:57,800
IF THE MEP WAS ABSENT, THEY WENT

5511
04:04:57,800 --> 04:05:00,760
TO MRI AND PREDICTED EITHER

5512
04:05:00,760 --> 04:05:06,400
LIMITED OR NO RECOVERY. 

5513
04:05:06,400 --> 04:05:09,600
BUT WHAT IF, THE APPARENT

5514
04:05:09,600 --> 04:05:10,800
ABSENCE OF AN MEP DOES NOT MEAN

5515
04:05:10,800 --> 04:05:13,280
THEREYA A LACK OF REHABILITATION

5516
04:05:13,280 --> 04:05:14,480
PROTENTIA AND COUPLED WITH THAT

5517
04:05:14,480 --> 04:05:15,520
BECAUSE WE'RE TALKING ABOUT

5518
04:05:15,520 --> 04:05:17,400
CHRONIC STROKE AND LESIONS, WHAT

5519
04:05:17,400 --> 04:05:19,160
IF THE CHRONIC STROKE LESION IS

5520
04:05:19,160 --> 04:05:21,240
NOT HOMOGEANIOUS AND THERE IS IN

5521
04:05:21,240 --> 04:05:23,360
FACT TISSUE THERE THAT WE CAN

5522
04:05:23,360 --> 04:05:23,640
STIMULATE?

5523
04:05:23,640 --> 04:05:29,040
SO I WILL SHOW YOU A CASE REPORT

5524
04:05:29,040 --> 04:05:32,280
STUDY WHERE WE DEMONSTRATE THAT

5525
04:05:32,280 --> 04:05:33,520
NEURAL SUBSTRATES OF

5526
04:05:33,520 --> 04:05:34,360
REHABILITATION DO EXIST IN THE

5527
04:05:34,360 --> 04:05:36,440
MEP AND IN THE ABSENCE OF A

5528
04:05:36,440 --> 04:05:40,560
SIGNAL AND 1 WEIGHTED T-IMAGE.

5529
04:05:40,560 --> 04:05:42,960
SO HERE'S MY CASE REPORT ON 55

5530
04:05:42,960 --> 04:05:45,280
YEAR-OLD MALE POST STROKE AND

5531
04:05:45,280 --> 04:05:48,000
PRESENTED WITH AFACIA AND UPPER

5532
04:05:48,000 --> 04:05:49,960
AND LOWER MOTOR EXTREMITY PIM

5533
04:05:49,960 --> 04:05:50,200
PAIRMENT.

5534
04:05:50,200 --> 04:05:52,760
HERE YOU CAN SEE THE LESION ON

5535
04:05:52,760 --> 04:05:55,480
THE T21 AND THE T28 IMAGES BUT

5536
04:05:55,480 --> 04:05:57,440
BEFORE I GO INTO THE CASE STUDY

5537
04:05:57,440 --> 04:05:59,640
REPORT, I WOULD LIKE TO TELL YOU

5538
04:05:59,640 --> 04:06:02,280
ABOUT TIGER MRI, IT'S A NEW WAY

5539
04:06:02,280 --> 04:06:03,320
TO LOOK AT CHRONIC STROKE

5540
04:06:03,320 --> 04:06:04,280
LESIONS CROSS LINKING IF YOU

5541
04:06:04,280 --> 04:06:10,120
LOOK AT THE T1 WAVE IMAGE, THE

5542
04:06:10,120 --> 04:06:13,360
LESION IS MAINLY DARK AND IN THE

5543
04:06:13,360 --> 04:06:16,440
IMAGE FOR YOU BUT IF YOU IF YOU

5544
04:06:16,440 --> 04:06:17,600
CONTRAST BETWEEN THESE IMAGES

5545
04:06:17,600 --> 04:06:23,160
YOU GET THIS TIGER SCORE AND I

5546
04:06:23,160 --> 04:06:25,480
WILL ORIENT YOU AND I WILL CALL

5547
04:06:25,480 --> 04:06:31,120
KAFITATION SO THESE ARE CSF

5548
04:06:31,120 --> 04:06:32,960
FILLED SPACES THOSE ARE BOTH

5549
04:06:32,960 --> 04:06:36,200
DAMAGED TISSUES SO THERE'S NO

5550
04:06:36,200 --> 04:06:37,200
REAL ISSUE THERE.

5551
04:06:37,200 --> 04:06:39,920
SO I WANT TO ORIENT YOU TO THESE

5552
04:06:39,920 --> 04:06:42,680
BLUE AND GREEN REGIONS THAT I

5553
04:06:42,680 --> 04:06:44,720
WILL CALL KAFITATIONAL AND I

5554
04:06:44,720 --> 04:06:45,760
WILL DEFINE THOSE AS DAMAGE

5555
04:06:45,760 --> 04:06:47,160
TISSUE WITHIN THE LESION BUT

5556
04:06:47,160 --> 04:06:48,800
THEY MAY STILL CONTAIN LIVING

5557
04:06:48,800 --> 04:06:49,680
CELL BODIES AND THOSE ARE THE

5558
04:06:49,680 --> 04:06:52,800
AREAS THAT I THINK WE CAN TRY TO

5559
04:06:52,800 --> 04:06:55,600
STIMULATE WITH TMS AND OTHER

5560
04:06:55,600 --> 04:06:56,400
NEUROMODLATTORY TECHNIQUES, EVEN

5561
04:06:56,400 --> 04:07:02,240
IN THE CHRONIC STROKE LESION TO

5562
04:07:02,240 --> 04:07:03,600
TRY AND ILLICIT A RESPONSE AND

5563
04:07:03,600 --> 04:07:04,640
LET'S SEE WHAT UPONS.

5564
04:07:04,640 --> 04:07:07,440
SO IF WE COME BACK TO THE CASE

5565
04:07:07,440 --> 04:07:09,800
REPORT STUDY YOU CAN SEE IN THE

5566
04:07:09,800 --> 04:07:11,280
T1 WEIGHTED IMAGE IT'S VERY DARK

5567
04:07:11,280 --> 04:07:12,840
AND INSIDE THERE IS QUITE A BIT

5568
04:07:12,840 --> 04:07:14,200
OF KAFITATION IN THIS

5569
04:07:14,200 --> 04:07:18,720
PARTICIPANT BUT THERE ARE

5570
04:07:18,720 --> 04:07:19,720
ISLANDS OF POTENTIAL TISSUE

5571
04:07:19,720 --> 04:07:21,560
RIGHT SO IF WE ZOOM IN ON THE

5572
04:07:21,560 --> 04:07:23,960
SAGITTAL AND I WILL BASICALLY DO

5573
04:07:23,960 --> 04:07:27,840
TMS ASSESSMENTS SO I WILL TARGET

5574
04:07:27,840 --> 04:07:28,200
THE M1 AREA.

5575
04:07:28,200 --> 04:07:30,120
AND YOU CAN SEE HERE THAT M1

5576
04:07:30,120 --> 04:07:31,760
AREA WOULD BE KIND OF IN HERE,

5577
04:07:31,760 --> 04:07:33,280
THERE'S NOT MUCH OF ANY SIGNAL

5578
04:07:33,280 --> 04:07:42,680
THERE ON THAT T1.

5579
04:07:42,680 --> 04:07:44,800
IF YOU LOOK AT THE TARGET

5580
04:07:44,800 --> 04:07:46,440
IMAGES, YOU CAN SEE THIS LITTLE

5581
04:07:46,440 --> 04:07:46,640
HOOK.

5582
04:07:46,640 --> 04:07:48,560
THAT'S WE WILL TRY TO TARGET DP

5583
04:07:48,560 --> 04:07:50,760
IF WE LOOK AT PROFUSION IMAGING

5584
04:07:50,760 --> 04:07:54,680
THAT IS INDEED PROFUSED.

5585
04:07:54,680 --> 04:07:56,960
SO WE ARE GOING TO COLLECT TMS

5586
04:07:56,960 --> 04:07:58,560
DATA BOTH SINGLE AND PAIR

5587
04:07:58,560 --> 04:08:03,080
PULSEMENT AND WE WILL CONTRACT

5588
04:08:03,080 --> 04:08:04,000
THAT DURING LIPSE AND

5589
04:08:04,000 --> 04:08:04,360
[INDISCERNIBLE].

5590
04:08:04,360 --> 04:08:05,840
SO WE WILL DO THAT DURING THE

5591
04:08:05,840 --> 04:08:07,040
ENGAGEMENT OF THE HAND SO EVEN

5592
04:08:07,040 --> 04:08:09,640
THOUGH THEY HAD A CHRONIC STROKE

5593
04:08:09,640 --> 04:08:14,640
LESION WITHIN M1, THEY WERE ABLE

5594
04:08:14,640 --> 04:08:17,120
TO GRAB THE HAND, IT WAS

5595
04:08:17,120 --> 04:08:18,280
DIFFICULT, WE HAD TO TAKE

5596
04:08:18,280 --> 04:08:21,720
SEVERAL BREAKS BUT WE DID IT

5597
04:08:21,720 --> 04:08:24,080
FROM THE LESS AFFECTED AND

5598
04:08:24,080 --> 04:08:24,440
AFFECTED HANDS.

5599
04:08:24,440 --> 04:08:26,760
SO LET'S FIRST LOOK AT THE

5600
04:08:26,760 --> 04:08:29,360
NONLESIONED HEMISPHERE. 

5601
04:08:29,360 --> 04:08:31,120
SO IF WE STIMULATE ON THE

5602
04:08:31,120 --> 04:08:32,160
NONLESION HEMISPHERE WITH THE

5603
04:08:32,160 --> 04:08:34,160
SINGLE PULSE, WE WILL SEE A NICE

5604
04:08:34,160 --> 04:08:35,400
BIG MEP AND THAT'S WHAT WE GET

5605
04:08:35,400 --> 04:08:40,240
AND I WILL MARK THE AMPLITUDE

5606
04:08:40,240 --> 04:08:41,440
BASED WITH THESE RED BARS.

5607
04:08:41,440 --> 04:08:46,080
SO IF WE THEN CONDITION THAT MEP

5608
04:08:46,080 --> 04:08:49,560
FROM A PULSE FROM THE LESIONED

5609
04:08:49,560 --> 04:08:51,680
HEMISPHERE, WE DO STILL GET THE

5610
04:08:51,680 --> 04:08:52,880
REDUCTION OF MEP AMPLITUDE AND

5611
04:08:52,880 --> 04:08:54,880
IF WE DO WITH A LEAKY

5612
04:08:54,880 --> 04:08:56,920
EXPERIENCE, EVEN GREATER

5613
04:08:56,920 --> 04:08:58,920
REDUCTION, AND IF WE KIND OF

5614
04:08:58,920 --> 04:09:03,200
DISPLAY THAT GRAPHICALLY, HERE'S

5615
04:09:03,200 --> 04:09:06,600
SINGLE PULSE, AND WE OBSERVE

5616
04:09:06,600 --> 04:09:09,800
THAT THE LESIONED HEMISPHERE ON

5617
04:09:09,800 --> 04:09:12,920
TO THE NONLESIONED HEMISPHERE

5618
04:09:12,920 --> 04:09:15,920
DOES REDUCE THE HEMISPHERE AND

5619
04:09:15,920 --> 04:09:18,040
WE WILL INTERPRET THAT IS FROM

5620
04:09:18,040 --> 04:09:23,040
THE LESIONED HEMISPHERE TO THE

5621
04:09:23,040 --> 04:09:23,520
NONLESIONED HEMISPHERE.

5622
04:09:23,520 --> 04:09:26,560
SO SOMETHING STILL EXISTS.

5623
04:09:26,560 --> 04:09:29,360
NOW IN YOUR MIND SWAP THAT TMS

5624
04:09:29,360 --> 04:09:31,400
CONFIGURURATION, NOW WE WILL TRY

5625
04:09:31,400 --> 04:09:32,200
TO STIMULATEOT LESIONED

5626
04:09:32,200 --> 04:09:33,640
HEMISPHERE, WE WILL TRY TO

5627
04:09:33,640 --> 04:09:34,960
CONDITION FROM THE NONLESIONED

5628
04:09:34,960 --> 04:09:39,400
HEMISPHERE, ALL RIGHT, SO, IF

5629
04:09:39,400 --> 04:09:40,720
WE--IF THERE WERE AN INTACT

5630
04:09:40,720 --> 04:09:42,360
BRAIN, WE WOULD EXPECT A NICE

5631
04:09:42,360 --> 04:09:43,920
BIG MEP RESPONSE RIGHT HERE, WE

5632
04:09:43,920 --> 04:09:45,520
DON'T SEE IT, RIGHT?

5633
04:09:45,520 --> 04:09:46,600
BUT I WOULD ARGUE THAT WE

5634
04:09:46,600 --> 04:09:50,520
ACTUALLY DO NOT SEE A COHERENT

5635
04:09:50,520 --> 04:09:54,720
MEP AND IN FACT IF WE PULL THIS

5636
04:09:54,720 --> 04:09:56,160
APART, TRIAL BY TRIAL YOU CAN

5637
04:09:56,160 --> 04:09:58,640
SEE THAT THERE'S POTENTIALLY A

5638
04:09:58,640 --> 04:09:59,800
VOLLEY OF MEPs THAT ARE NOT

5639
04:09:59,800 --> 04:10:01,440
LINING UP IN TIME, LIKE WE WOULD

5640
04:10:01,440 --> 04:10:04,120
EXPECT IN A NORMAL HEALTHY

5641
04:10:04,120 --> 04:10:04,440
PARTICIPANT.

5642
04:10:04,440 --> 04:10:07,760
SO COULD THAT VOLLEY OF MEPs

5643
04:10:07,760 --> 04:10:09,920
REALLY INDICATE THAT THEREY A

5644
04:10:09,920 --> 04:10:11,640
DNCH CONTRIBUTION FROM DIFFERENT

5645
04:10:11,640 --> 04:10:12,880
MOTOR UNITS THAT HAVE DIFFERENT

5646
04:10:12,880 --> 04:10:16,160
ARK MOUNTS OF DAMAGE.

5647
04:10:16,160 --> 04:10:16,440
POTENTIALLY.

5648
04:10:16,440 --> 04:10:18,200
SO IF WE THENNADAD IN A

5649
04:10:18,200 --> 04:10:19,800
CONDITIONING PULSE FROM THE

5650
04:10:19,800 --> 04:10:20,800
NONLESIONED HEMISPHERE INTO THE

5651
04:10:20,800 --> 04:10:24,040
MIX, CAN YOU SEE ACTUALLY NOW

5652
04:10:24,040 --> 04:10:25,080
THOSE MEPS ARE STARTING TO LINE

5653
04:10:25,080 --> 04:10:26,880
UP SO CAN YOU START TO SEE SOME

5654
04:10:26,880 --> 04:10:29,240
SORT OF AVERAGE MEP RESOLVE, AS

5655
04:10:29,240 --> 04:10:31,240
WELL AS A SILENT PERIOD.

5656
04:10:31,240 --> 04:10:35,880
AND IF WE DO THAT SO IF WE PULL

5657
04:10:35,880 --> 04:10:40,120
THAT APART, YOU CAN SEE THAT

5658
04:10:40,120 --> 04:10:41,440
THOSE MEPs, THAT VOLLEY OF

5659
04:10:41,440 --> 04:10:43,280
MEPs THAT WERE ALL OVER THE

5660
04:10:43,280 --> 04:10:44,960
PLACE IN TIME, NOW KIND OF START

5661
04:10:44,960 --> 04:10:46,520
TO LINE UP AND THEY'RE FOLLOWED

5662
04:10:46,520 --> 04:10:50,120
BY A SILENT PERIOD BUT WE STILL

5663
04:10:50,120 --> 04:10:51,920
KIND OF HAVE THAT VOLUME OF

5664
04:10:51,920 --> 04:10:53,200
MEPs AS WE GO THROUGH TIME AND

5665
04:10:53,200 --> 04:10:55,800
THE SAME THING HAPPENS WITH

5666
04:10:55,800 --> 04:10:58,920
LIHI, AGAIN WE GET THE AVERAGE

5667
04:10:58,920 --> 04:11:00,760
MEP AND POTENTIALLY A LONGER

5668
04:11:00,760 --> 04:11:01,160
SILENT PERIOD.

5669
04:11:01,160 --> 04:11:03,840
AND IF WE PULL THAT APART, SAME

5670
04:11:03,840 --> 04:11:05,640
STORY, WE HAVE THE MEPs NOW

5671
04:11:05,640 --> 04:11:08,520
LYNNING UP BUT STILL A VOLLEY OF

5672
04:11:08,520 --> 04:11:13,160
MEPs AS WE GO THROUGH TIME.

5673
04:11:13,160 --> 04:11:15,160
SO OUR OBSERVATION IS THAT THAT

5674
04:11:15,160 --> 04:11:18,840
CONDITIONING PULSE FROM THE

5675
04:11:18,840 --> 04:11:21,240
NONLESIONED HEMISPHERE CAUSES AN

5676
04:11:21,240 --> 04:11:23,880
MEP AND THE SILENT PERIOD TO BE

5677
04:11:23,880 --> 04:11:25,080
DETECTED FROM THE LESION

5678
04:11:25,080 --> 04:11:26,840
HEMISPHERE, AND WE'RE GOING TO

5679
04:11:26,840 --> 04:11:28,600
INTERPRET THAT AS THERE'S INHIB

5680
04:11:28,600 --> 04:11:31,920
THORS THORY PROJECTIONS FROM THE

5681
04:11:31,920 --> 04:11:36,080
CONTRACT TO THE HEMISPHERE,

5682
04:11:36,080 --> 04:11:37,920
THERE'S INHIBITORY PROJECTIONS

5683
04:11:37,920 --> 04:11:38,640
FROM BOTH HEMISPHERES EVEN IN

5684
04:11:38,640 --> 04:11:39,360
THE PRESCRIBING ENCYCLOPEDIAS OF

5685
04:11:39,360 --> 04:11:40,720
THAT LESION, SO WE WENT TO

5686
04:11:40,720 --> 04:11:43,120
RESTING STATE TO REALLY SEE, CAN

5687
04:11:43,120 --> 04:11:46,120
WE LOOK AT THIS SYSTEM, EVEN

5688
04:11:46,120 --> 04:11:47,120
THOUGH IT'S BROKEN.

5689
04:11:47,120 --> 04:11:51,400
AND ON THE BOTTOM HERE IS

5690
04:11:51,400 --> 04:11:52,840
THE--WE SEE IT FROM THE SAME

5691
04:11:52,840 --> 04:11:54,720
REGIONS THAT WE DID THE TMS

5692
04:11:54,720 --> 04:11:55,560
STIMULATION AND ON THE BOTTOM

5693
04:11:55,560 --> 04:11:58,800
HERE IS THAT IS A COHORT OF 17

5694
04:11:58,800 --> 04:11:59,640
HEALTHY OLDER ADULTS AND YOU CAN

5695
04:11:59,640 --> 04:12:04,920
SEE IF YOU SEE FROM IPSE, YOU

5696
04:12:04,920 --> 04:12:07,160
GET A NICE HOMOLOG FROM THE

5697
04:12:07,160 --> 04:12:08,520
OTHER HEMISPHERE, SAME WITH

5698
04:12:08,520 --> 04:12:08,800
CONTRA.

5699
04:12:08,800 --> 04:12:10,960
WE DO NOT SEE THAT IN THE CASE

5700
04:12:10,960 --> 04:12:11,560
STUDY REPORT.

5701
04:12:11,560 --> 04:12:12,320
RIGHT?

5702
04:12:12,320 --> 04:12:14,320
SO THAT EXPECTED M1 TO M1

5703
04:12:14,320 --> 04:12:15,400
CONNECTIVITY IS NOT THERE EVEN

5704
04:12:15,400 --> 04:12:18,840
THOUGH WE'RE GETTING THAT TMS

5705
04:12:18,840 --> 04:12:22,720
INHIBITORY RESPONSE WITH THE

5706
04:12:22,720 --> 04:12:23,760
PARAPULSE EXPERIMENT.

5707
04:12:23,760 --> 04:12:31,160
HOWEVER, WE ALSO SEE THAT EACH

5708
04:12:31,160 --> 04:12:41,680
SEED IS CONNECTED TO--WE THEN

5709
04:12:42,200 --> 04:12:43,880
GET BACK A SIGNIFICANT TOPIC

5710
04:12:43,880 --> 04:12:45,440
ACTIVITY SO THE WAY WE WILL

5711
04:12:45,440 --> 04:12:47,720
INRETINAL LOCATION THIS IS THAT

5712
04:12:47,720 --> 04:12:49,800
THE M1 SMA M1 FUNCTIONAL

5713
04:12:49,800 --> 04:12:51,480
CONNECTIT IS PROBABLY AS

5714
04:12:51,480 --> 04:12:53,000
ALTERNATE ROUTE FOR THAT

5715
04:12:53,000 --> 04:12:54,200
INHIBITORY PROJECTION THAT WE'RE

5716
04:12:54,200 --> 04:12:59,760
SEEING IN THE TMS EXPERIMENTS.

5717
04:12:59,760 --> 04:13:01,760
SO IN SUMMARY I HOPE I CONVINCED

5718
04:13:01,760 --> 04:13:04,200
YOU IT IS FEASIBLE TO APPLY TMS

5719
04:13:04,200 --> 04:13:06,000
OVER THE CHRONIC STROKE LESION,

5720
04:13:06,000 --> 04:13:11,160
THAT MRI CAN GUIDE THE LOCUST OF

5721
04:13:11,160 --> 04:13:12,720
STIMULATION USING TARGET AND

5722
04:13:12,720 --> 04:13:13,680
BLOOD FLOW MAPS.

5723
04:13:13,680 --> 04:13:17,080
IN THIS CASE STUDY REPORT WE

5724
04:13:17,080 --> 04:13:19,040
SHOWED BI-DIRECTIONAL INHIBITORY

5725
04:13:19,040 --> 04:13:20,160
PROJECTIONS BETWEEN NONLESION M1

5726
04:13:20,160 --> 04:13:21,720
AND EVEN THOUGH THE PARTICIPANTS

5727
04:13:21,720 --> 04:13:24,760
DO NOT HAVE A DETECTABLE

5728
04:13:24,760 --> 04:13:27,760
COHERENT MEP IN THE PRESENCE A

5729
04:13:27,760 --> 04:13:30,360
CONDITIONING STIMULUS,A A

5730
04:13:30,360 --> 04:13:31,520
COHERENT PERIOD FOLLOWED BY

5731
04:13:31,520 --> 04:13:34,040
ANOTHER COULD BE DETECTED AND

5732
04:13:34,040 --> 04:13:36,240
FINALLY RESTING STATE FMRI

5733
04:13:36,240 --> 04:13:40,080
DETERMINED THAT THE M1-M1

5734
04:13:40,080 --> 04:13:41,960
FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY IS

5735
04:13:41,960 --> 04:13:43,400
LIKELY ROUTED THROUGH SMA AND

5736
04:13:43,400 --> 04:13:44,600
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION AND

5737
04:13:44,600 --> 04:13:51,400
I'M HAPPY TO TAKE ANYY REQUESTS.

5738
04:13:51,400 --> 04:13:51,680
[ APPLAUSE ]

5739
04:13:51,680 --> 04:13:52,560
>>VERY INTERESTING TALK
CAN YOU

5740
04:13:52,560 --> 04:13:58,120
TALK MORE ABOUT HOW THE TIGR WAS

5741
04:13:58,120 --> 04:13:58,440
CALCULATED?

5742
04:13:58,440 --> 04:14:00,880
>>YEAH, SURE IT IS, I CAN
SHOW

5743
04:14:00,880 --> 04:14:02,760
YOU IN THE BREAK, WE HAVE AN

5744
04:14:02,760 --> 04:14:04,880
ENTIRE PAPER ON THAT BUT IT'S

5745
04:14:04,880 --> 04:14:07,200
LITERALLY A DIVISION OF TQ

5746
04:14:07,200 --> 04:14:10,680
DIVIDED BY T1. 

5747
04:14:10,680 --> 04:14:15,120
SO INSTEAD OF THE MILEIN MAPS

5748
04:14:15,120 --> 04:14:17,400
THAT THEY'VE BEEN DOING WHICH IS

5749
04:14:17,400 --> 04:14:22,800
T1 DIVIDED BY T2, WE'RE DOING T2

5750
04:14:22,800 --> 04:14:25,000
OVER T1 AND JUST LOOKING AT TD

5751
04:14:25,000 --> 04:14:29,120
LESION AREA AND YEAH, HAPPY TO

5752
04:14:29,120 --> 04:14:30,160
DISCUSS MORE.

5753
04:14:30,160 --> 04:14:31,160
>>AWESOME THANK YOU, WE
CAN

5754
04:14:31,160 --> 04:14:32,880
ONLY DO 1 QUESTION, WE'RE WAY

5755
04:14:32,880 --> 04:14:34,280
OVER TIME.

5756
04:14:34,280 --> 04:14:39,720
SORRY, PLEASE APPROACH THE

5757
04:14:39,720 --> 04:14:41,640
SPEAKERS AFTER.

5758
04:14:41,640 --> 04:14:45,840
NEXT WE HAVE DR. FEI DU FROM

5759
04:14:45,840 --> 04:14:49,360
HARVARD MED ON MOLECULAR

5760
04:14:49,360 --> 04:14:51,600
MECHANISMS UNDERLYING DISRUPTED

5761
04:14:51,600 --> 04:14:52,560
BRAIN CIRCUITS, MULTIMODAL

5762
04:14:52,560 --> 04:14:53,640
NEUROIMAGING AND BRAIN

5763
04:14:53,640 --> 04:14:57,000
STIMULATION APPROACHES.

5764
04:14:57,000 --> 04:14:58,800
>>HELLO EVERYBODY, I NO

5765
04:14:58,800 --> 04:15:01,840
FINANCIAL ISSUES TO REPORT SO

5766
04:15:01,840 --> 04:15:06,320
HERE IS MY TITLE:  MOLECULAR

5767
04:15:06,320 --> 04:15:08,640
MECHANISMS UNDERLYING DISRUPTED

5768
04:15:08,640 --> 04:15:09,480
BRAIN CIRCUITS MULTIMODAL

5769
04:15:09,480 --> 04:15:10,960
NEUROIMAGING AND BRAIN

5770
04:15:10,960 --> 04:15:11,680
STIMULATION APPROACHES.

5771
04:15:11,680 --> 04:15:15,560
EACH PART HAS ITS OWN FUNCTION

5772
04:15:15,560 --> 04:15:19,600
IT'S ALSO DEEP LINE OF WORK, WE

5773
04:15:19,600 --> 04:15:22,400
WORKED TOGETHER WE COULD START

5774
04:15:22,400 --> 04:15:23,920
BY STRUCTURAL MG OR

5775
04:15:23,920 --> 04:15:26,000
[INDISCERNIBLE] FOR COLLECTIVE

5776
04:15:26,000 --> 04:15:26,880
DNS.

5777
04:15:26,880 --> 04:15:28,640
REALLY THIS BRAIN SECLUDED

5778
04:15:28,640 --> 04:15:32,280
PROGRAM HAS BEEN A LOT OF

5779
04:15:32,280 --> 04:15:35,360
NEUROBRAIN DISORDERS BUT

5780
04:15:35,360 --> 04:15:38,400
[INDISCERNIBLE], HOW CAN WE

5781
04:15:38,400 --> 04:15:40,880
TREAT THIS?

5782
04:15:40,880 --> 04:15:42,400
THIS IS MY IMPORTANT

5783
04:15:42,400 --> 04:15:42,920
PRESENTATION TO DATE.

5784
04:15:42,920 --> 04:15:46,800
SO HERE I GIVE AN EXAMPLE, 2

5785
04:15:46,800 --> 04:15:50,200
NETWORK, 1 IS DESIGN NETWORK AND

5786
04:15:50,200 --> 04:15:54,120
1 IS [INDISCERNIBLE] NETWORK WE

5787
04:15:54,120 --> 04:15:57,600
JUST PROCEED FOR THE WHOLE BRAIN

5788
04:15:57,600 --> 04:16:00,800
MAPPING YOU CAN SEE 1 COLOR THAT

5789
04:16:00,800 --> 04:16:02,760
WENT FROM [INDISCERNIBLE] AND

5790
04:16:02,760 --> 04:16:08,400
THE OTHER COLOR IS THE WORK.

5791
04:16:08,400 --> 04:16:11,720
SO THIS IS [INDISCERNIBLE] AND

5792
04:16:11,720 --> 04:16:12,760
WE CALL THIS THE

5793
04:16:12,760 --> 04:16:14,560
ANTICORRELATION, BUT THIS IS A

5794
04:16:14,560 --> 04:16:17,400
LOT OF NEURAL DISORDERS,

5795
04:16:17,400 --> 04:16:19,040
ANTICORRELATION IS CLEAR AND BY

5796
04:16:19,040 --> 04:16:22,040
DISORDER REALLY YOU CAN FIND THE

5797
04:16:22,040 --> 04:16:24,880
ADR RESEARCH, TOO, THIS IS WHAT

5798
04:16:24,880 --> 04:16:27,320
WE CALL CANNED WHAT, ANOTHER IS

5799
04:16:27,320 --> 04:16:28,840
THE TEST FOR [INDISCERNIBLE]

5800
04:16:28,840 --> 04:16:31,920
HERE, WE CO ACTIVATION AND

5801
04:16:31,920 --> 04:16:33,080
DEACTIVATION, CANNED WHAT FOR

5802
04:16:33,080 --> 04:16:36,200
WORK IN MEMORY BECAUSE WE ARE

5803
04:16:36,200 --> 04:16:38,520
VERY INTERESTED IN A

5804
04:16:38,520 --> 04:16:39,720
[INDISCERNIBLE] BRAIN DISORDERS.

5805
04:16:39,720 --> 04:16:45,120
YOU CAN SEE THERE HAS BEEN FOR

5806
04:16:45,120 --> 04:16:46,720
MY SUMMARY [INDISCERNIBLE] COLOR

5807
04:16:46,720 --> 04:16:49,440
THAT'S WHY THE--ACTUALLY THAT'S

5808
04:16:49,440 --> 04:16:56,000
FROM THE [INDISCERNIBLE], AND

5809
04:16:56,000 --> 04:16:57,600
SOME REGION EXCITED, ACTUALLY

5810
04:16:57,600 --> 04:16:58,680
[INDISCERNIBLE] LIKE HERE, LIKE

5811
04:16:58,680 --> 04:17:02,480
REALLY, WE TALK ABOUT THIS AND

5812
04:17:02,480 --> 04:17:06,320
DIVISION, DEACTIVATION WHEN WE

5813
04:17:06,320 --> 04:17:08,080
[INDISCERNIBLE] STARTING, USE

5814
04:17:08,080 --> 04:17:12,280
HERE OR PEOPLE JUST USE

5815
04:17:12,280 --> 04:17:12,640
[INDISCERNIBLE].

5816
04:17:12,640 --> 04:17:14,320
THAT'S [INDISCERNIBLE], PEOPLE,

5817
04:17:14,320 --> 04:17:17,200
PEOPLE WILL GET THIS ACTIVITY

5818
04:17:17,200 --> 04:17:20,760
AND [INDISCERNIBLE], SO HERE WE

5819
04:17:20,760 --> 04:17:24,280
HAVE THESE MDR RECEPTOR

5820
04:17:24,280 --> 04:17:26,960
ANTAGONIST SO THIS

5821
04:17:26,960 --> 04:17:27,760
NEUROTRANSMITTER [INDISCERNIBLE]

5822
04:17:27,760 --> 04:17:28,760
SOMETHING IN THIS CASE, SO THIS

5823
04:17:28,760 --> 04:17:33,000
IS THE PICTURE HERE IS BASED ON

5824
04:17:33,000 --> 04:17:33,880
MOLECULAR [INDISCERNIBLE] RESK

5825
04:17:33,880 --> 04:17:35,120
OF PATIENT.

5826
04:17:35,120 --> 04:17:37,320
SO IT'S REALLY COMPLICATED STORY

5827
04:17:37,320 --> 04:17:42,080
BUT PEOPLE DON'T KNOW EXACTLY

5828
04:17:42,080 --> 04:17:46,120
THE MECHANISM BUT BASE CAN BE

5829
04:17:46,120 --> 04:17:50,720
DISFUNCTIONING AND MDR HYPER

5830
04:17:50,720 --> 04:17:52,640
FUNCTION [INDISCERNIBLE] AND

5831
04:17:52,640 --> 04:17:55,080
RESEARCH NEEDED TO

5832
04:17:55,080 --> 04:17:58,200
[INDISCERNIBLE] SYNAPSE HERE.

5833
04:17:58,200 --> 04:18:03,360
SO HERE JUST RUNS THE

5834
04:18:03,360 --> 04:18:07,840
SPECTROSCOPY, WE CAN SEE

5835
04:18:07,840 --> 04:18:09,440
[INDISCERNIBLE] BUT USUALLY THIS

5836
04:18:09,440 --> 04:18:10,280
DOSE METER KD--SALLY IS

5837
04:18:10,280 --> 04:18:11,840
DIFFICULT TO MEASURE BECAUSE OF

5838
04:18:11,840 --> 04:18:13,800
THE SENSITIVITY ISSUE, SO HERE I

5839
04:18:13,800 --> 04:18:19,360
SHOW YOU JUST CHOOSE 2, 1 IS

5840
04:18:19,360 --> 04:18:22,160
[INDISCERNIBLE], MPFC AND

5841
04:18:22,160 --> 04:18:25,160
ANOTHER EXAMPLE IS DLPFC, AS

5842
04:18:25,160 --> 04:18:25,480
SHOWN HERE.

5843
04:18:25,480 --> 04:18:30,040
SO HERE YOU SEE AN INTERESTING

5844
04:18:30,040 --> 04:18:30,880
ANOMALY, [INDISCERNIBLE] THAT'S

5845
04:18:30,880 --> 04:18:41,000
IN THE SAME REGION, YOU KNOW

5846
04:18:41,000 --> 04:18:42,520
SAME REGION, THIS IS THE

5847
04:18:42,520 --> 04:18:44,400
CITATION, SO THEY CAN SAY IT HAS

5848
04:18:44,400 --> 04:18:49,360
A HIGHER FUNCTION HERE, BUT THE

5849
04:18:49,360 --> 04:18:52,640
VERY INTERESTING HERE, WITH THE

5850
04:18:52,640 --> 04:18:58,120
ASSOCIATE INVITED FOR LONG

5851
04:18:58,120 --> 04:19:00,680
DISTANCE BETWEEN [INDISCERNIBLE]

5852
04:19:00,680 --> 04:19:03,360
BECAUSE THIS LOCAL THEN PROJECT

5853
04:19:03,360 --> 04:19:05,560
TO ANOTHER [INDISCERNIBLE] HERE.

5854
04:19:05,560 --> 04:19:13,240
BUT INTERESTINGLY, CAN YOU SAY

5855
04:19:13,240 --> 04:19:17,640
THIS PATIENT, THIS RELATIONSHIP

5856
04:19:17,640 --> 04:19:23,560
CORRELATION BY THE MPFC, AND

5857
04:19:23,560 --> 04:19:24,520
DLPFC, THIS [INDISCERNIBLE]

5858
04:19:24,520 --> 04:19:24,720
HERE.

5859
04:19:24,720 --> 04:19:28,320
SO NOW, YOU KNOW PEOPLE KNOW

5860
04:19:28,320 --> 04:19:30,040
BRAIN [INDISCERNIBLE] BROKEN, WE

5861
04:19:30,040 --> 04:19:31,520
WANT TO RECOMPUTE THIS

5862
04:19:31,520 --> 04:19:32,640
COLLECTION, BUT REALLY WE

5863
04:19:32,640 --> 04:19:36,120
MEASURE ABOUT WHICH TARGET FOR 1

5864
04:19:36,120 --> 04:19:39,240
STABILIZE AND WHAT'S IT IT'S

5865
04:19:39,240 --> 04:19:41,920
WORK IS IT CITATION, WHATEVER,

5866
04:19:41,920 --> 04:19:49,240
SO QUICKLY I MENTION, FOR THIS

5867
04:19:49,240 --> 04:19:54,640
PEOPLE WE JUST THOUGHT ABOUT IT,

5868
04:19:54,640 --> 04:19:57,840
IT'S PURE, IT'S THE RIGHT COLOR

5869
04:19:57,840 --> 04:19:59,920
BUT FULL UP, YOU WILL SEE THIS

5870
04:19:59,920 --> 04:20:01,920
IS APPROACHING AND AM CAN BACK,

5871
04:20:01,920 --> 04:20:04,520
THIS IS VERY INTERESTED IN THE

5872
04:20:04,520 --> 04:20:05,800
[INDISCERNIBLE] BASE LINE, GABBA

5873
04:20:05,800 --> 04:20:08,480
IS THE LAST COMPARED TO

5874
04:20:08,480 --> 04:20:10,560
[INDISCERNIBLE], CAN IT COMES

5875
04:20:10,560 --> 04:20:13,240
BACK, TOO, THIS IS 1 DOSE METER

5876
04:20:13,240 --> 04:20:14,760
AND ANOTHER WITH MOW

5877
04:20:14,760 --> 04:20:17,520
STIMULATION, YOU SAY, OH IT'S

5878
04:20:17,520 --> 04:20:22,800
CITATION DURING--MAYBE SOME

5879
04:20:22,800 --> 04:20:26,600
REGION IS SLEEPY, HE'S QUITE

5880
04:20:26,600 --> 04:20:27,520
DEPRESSED WE CALCULATE, WE THINK

5881
04:20:27,520 --> 04:20:33,520
IT WOULD HELP AN ENERGY SYSTEM

5882
04:20:33,520 --> 04:20:35,040
BECAUSE WE OTHER

5883
04:20:35,040 --> 04:20:35,680
[INDISCERNIBLE].

5884
04:20:35,680 --> 04:20:36,520
THIS PAPER PUBLISHED MANY YEARS

5885
04:20:36,520 --> 04:20:41,080
AGO, YOU KNOW WE HAVE VALIDATED

5886
04:20:41,080 --> 04:20:42,760
[INDISCERNIBLE] STRONG WITH

5887
04:20:42,760 --> 04:20:48,160
NEUROACTIVITY AND ADDED A VERY,

5888
04:20:48,160 --> 04:20:49,680
VERY DEEP CORRELATION, IT ALMOST

5889
04:20:49,680 --> 04:20:53,200
REDUCED 50%, THAT MEANS 50% IN

5890
04:20:53,200 --> 04:20:55,400
THE SUPPORT SYSTEM LIKE THAT,

5891
04:20:55,400 --> 04:20:56,040
RIGHT?

5892
04:20:56,040 --> 04:20:58,320
SO THEN, I WILL TALK QUICKLY, WE

5893
04:20:58,320 --> 04:21:02,440
REALLY HAVE SOME

5894
04:21:02,440 --> 04:21:06,640
[INDISCERNIBLE], TRANSFER, WE

5895
04:21:06,640 --> 04:21:07,480
CAN [INDISCERNIBLE], AND ALL

5896
04:21:07,480 --> 04:21:09,520
THIS ACTIVITY WITH THE SLIDE,

5897
04:21:09,520 --> 04:21:11,200
YEAH, I WILL NOT HAVE TOO MUCH

5898
04:21:11,200 --> 04:21:13,400
TIME FOR THIS DETAIL, BUT REALLY

5899
04:21:13,400 --> 04:21:19,600
WE COME IN AND WE MEASURE THE

5900
04:21:19,600 --> 04:21:21,800
COUNTER FUNCTION

5901
04:21:21,800 --> 04:21:22,360
[INDISCERNIBLE].

5902
04:21:22,360 --> 04:21:29,000
HERE, PATIENT WE SOON FOUND THAT

5903
04:21:29,000 --> 04:21:30,040
THE [INDISCERNIBLE] ACTIVITY IS

5904
04:21:30,040 --> 04:21:30,440
[INDISCERNIBLE].

5905
04:21:30,440 --> 04:21:35,160
SO NOW WE WANT TO LOOK AT HOW

5906
04:21:35,160 --> 04:21:39,280
ENERGY WITH FUNCTION SO HERE ON

5907
04:21:39,280 --> 04:21:45,960
TOP OF ENERGY MEASUREMENTS IS MP

5908
04:21:45,960 --> 04:21:47,480
REGION BUT WE FIRST LOOK AT

5909
04:21:47,480 --> 04:21:49,160
CONNECTIVITY IN THE SAME WAY AS

5910
04:21:49,160 --> 04:21:52,880
MP DID, AND WITH SOME OTHER

5911
04:21:52,880 --> 04:21:56,080
WORK, DEFENDING OUR WORK, CAN

5912
04:21:56,080 --> 04:21:59,120
YOU SEE, [INDISCERNIBLE] HAS A

5913
04:21:59,120 --> 04:22:03,040
VERY VERY CERTAIN CIRCUITRY WITH

5914
04:22:03,040 --> 04:22:03,800
[INDISCERNIBLE] WITH SLIDE BUT

5915
04:22:03,800 --> 04:22:07,840
IN PATIENT, CAN YOU SAY THIS

5916
04:22:07,840 --> 04:22:09,720
PATIENT IS COMPROMISED OR

5917
04:22:09,720 --> 04:22:11,280
BIPOLAR DISORDER.

5918
04:22:11,280 --> 04:22:14,120
YES, WE HOPE THIS SORT OF

5919
04:22:14,120 --> 04:22:22,920
[INDISCERNIBLE] WORK BUT VERY

5920
04:22:22,920 --> 04:22:23,760
INTERESTING, [INDISCERNIBLE]

5921
04:22:23,760 --> 04:22:24,880
WORK, THIS IS STILL THERE BUT

5922
04:22:24,880 --> 04:22:26,880
IT'S COMPLEMENTING THIS PATIENT.

5923
04:22:26,880 --> 04:22:31,400
BASED ON THIS RESEARCH WE

5924
04:22:31,400 --> 04:22:33,000
BELIEVE ENERGY DEMAND AND LARGE

5925
04:22:33,000 --> 04:22:34,760
SCALE BRAIN WORK, THERE YOU CAN

5926
04:22:34,760 --> 04:22:38,360
SIMPLY PLACE TOGETHER AND MAKE

5927
04:22:38,360 --> 04:22:39,960
BREAK FUNCTION WORK COGNITIVE

5928
04:22:39,960 --> 04:22:41,680
FUNCTION IN A VERY EXACT

5929
04:22:41,680 --> 04:22:41,960
FUNCTION.

5930
04:22:41,960 --> 04:22:45,160
SO NOW, OF COURSE, WE CAN HAVE

5931
04:22:45,160 --> 04:22:52,840
FIBERS AND DO ORIENTATION, LIKE

5932
04:22:52,840 --> 04:22:55,120
[INDISCERNIBLE] SO NOW I TAKE

5933
04:22:55,120 --> 04:22:59,720
[INDISCERNIBLE] AS WELL.

5934
04:22:59,720 --> 04:23:05,640
AND WE QUALIFY [INDISCERNIBLE]

5935
04:23:05,640 --> 04:23:07,400
AND WITH PATIENT PSYCHEOSEIS,

5936
04:23:07,400 --> 04:23:10,000
THEN WE FOUND THE MEASURE HAS A

5937
04:23:10,000 --> 04:23:11,280
VERY GOOD MEASURE FOR EACH OTHER

5938
04:23:11,280 --> 04:23:17,600
AND WITH THE PATIENT WHICH

5939
04:23:17,600 --> 04:23:19,560
INDICATES THE LOWER ENERGY

5940
04:23:19,560 --> 04:23:21,760
GENERATION RATES WITH DECREASED

5941
04:23:21,760 --> 04:23:22,680
NEUROTRANSMISSION MIGHT DISRUPT

5942
04:23:22,680 --> 04:23:25,840
THE LONG DISTANCE AND LARGE

5943
04:23:25,840 --> 04:23:32,160
SCALE NEURONAL COMMUNICATIONS.

5944
04:23:32,160 --> 04:23:34,040
AND THEN OUR STUDY REVEALED THE

5945
04:23:34,040 --> 04:23:35,800
GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF BRAIN

5946
04:23:35,800 --> 04:23:37,200
ENERGY ACTIVITY, ORGANIZATION

5947
04:23:37,200 --> 04:23:40,320
AND SUGGESTS THAT THE

5948
04:23:40,320 --> 04:23:41,240
METABOLISM, THAT'S IT AND THANK

5949
04:23:41,240 --> 04:23:44,840
YOU SO MUCH FOR YOUR ATTENTION.

5950
04:23:44,840 --> 04:23:45,840
[ APPLAUSE ]

5951
04:23:45,840 --> 04:23:47,240
THAT WAS AMAZING AMOUNT OF

5952
04:23:47,240 --> 04:23:48,640
INFORMATION CONDENSED INTO A

5953
04:23:48,640 --> 04:23:51,440
VERY SHORT PERIOD, IF THERE ARE

5954
04:23:51,440 --> 04:23:52,480
ANY--ANYBODY WHO'S NOT SO

5955
04:23:52,480 --> 04:23:54,320
STUNNED AND STILL PROCESSING IF

5956
04:23:54,320 --> 04:23:56,040
THEY HAVE A QUESTION?

5957
04:23:56,040 --> 04:23:58,680
THAT WAS REALLY FANTASTIC.

5958
04:23:58,680 --> 04:24:00,120
OKAY, IF THERE ARE NO QUESTIONS,

5959
04:24:00,120 --> 04:24:01,040
I THINK THE NEXT TECHNOLOGY

5960
04:24:01,040 --> 04:24:03,040
TRANSFER ON THE DOCKET IS A

5961
04:24:03,040 --> 04:24:05,160
LUNCH AND A GROUP PICTURE, IF

5962
04:24:05,160 --> 04:24:06,680
YOU DIDN'T BRING HALLOWEEN

5963
04:24:06,680 --> 04:24:08,200
COSTUME, YOU WILL BE FITTED WITH

5964
04:24:08,200 --> 04:24:11,000
1 AND THAT'S ALL THE NEWS I HAVE

5965
04:24:11,000 --> 04:24:13,120
>>WELCOME BACK

5966
04:24:13,120 --> 04:24:14,840
FROM LUNCH.

5967
04:24:14,840 --> 04:24:15,440
I'M WYNN LEGON

5968
04:24:15,440 --> 04:24:16,680
FROM VIRGINIA TECH,

5969
04:24:16,680 --> 04:24:18,840
TALK ABOUT THE LOW INTENSITY

5970
04:24:18,840 --> 04:24:29,320
EFFECTS OF ULTRASOUND AND USE

5971
04:24:31,360 --> 04:24:33,960
WITH MRI IMAGING.

5972
04:24:33,960 --> 04:24:39,360
THIS IS WORK DONE AT HARVARD

5973
04:24:39,360 --> 04:24:42,880
WELL THEY BUILT A DECRANE

5974
04:24:42,880 --> 04:24:44,000
UTILIZED RABBIT MODEL AND THEY

5975
04:24:44,000 --> 04:24:45,640
SHOWED THEY COULD INDUCE A MOTOR

5976
04:24:45,640 --> 04:24:47,240
RESPONSE IN THE MOTE OR CORTEX

5977
04:24:47,240 --> 04:24:48,440
WHERE THEY WERE DIRECTING THE

5978
04:24:48,440 --> 04:24:50,280
FOCUS BEAM AND YOU CAN SEE HERE

5979
04:24:50,280 --> 04:24:52,640
FROM THE HUMAN DYNAMIC RESPONSE

5980
04:24:52,640 --> 04:24:54,400
FUNCTION, YOU GOT A NICE SET OF

5981
04:24:54,400 --> 04:24:56,600
RESPONSE FUNCTION, THIS IS

5982
04:24:56,600 --> 04:24:58,240
INDEPENDENT OF INTENSITY, SO

5983
04:24:58,240 --> 04:24:59,360
DOUBLING THE INTENSITY DID NOT

5984
04:24:59,360 --> 04:25:02,920
DOUBLE THE EFFECT SIZE.

5985
04:25:02,920 --> 04:25:04,760
WORK FROM LEMAN CHEN'S GROUP AND

5986
04:25:04,760 --> 04:25:07,720
I THINK SHE'S HERE AND ALSO

5987
04:25:07,720 --> 04:25:09,280
CHARLES CASKY'S GROUP AT

5988
04:25:09,280 --> 04:25:11,640
VANDERBILT ABOUT WORK IN THE

5989
04:25:11,640 --> 04:25:14,080
NONHUMAN PRIMATE, IN THIS CASE

5990
04:25:14,080 --> 04:25:15,600
THEY WERE TARGETING SOMAT O

5991
04:25:15,600 --> 04:25:18,600
SENSORY AREAS AND PULLING AREAS.

5992
04:25:18,600 --> 04:25:19,800
EVEN THE DIAGRAMOT TOP WAS

5993
04:25:19,800 --> 04:25:21,040
SHOWING AREAS THAT WOULD RESPOND

5994
04:25:21,040 --> 04:25:22,160
TO THE FINGER TOUCH, ON THE

5995
04:25:22,160 --> 04:25:24,080
BOTTOM IS WHEN THEY DELIVERED

5996
04:25:24,080 --> 04:25:26,280
ULTRASOUND TO THE SAME AREA AND

5997
04:25:26,280 --> 04:25:27,360
SHOWED A SIMILAR BOLD PATTERN

5998
04:25:27,360 --> 04:25:29,360
AND YOU CAN SEE DOWN THERE IN

5999
04:25:29,360 --> 04:25:32,520
IMAGE D, WE HAVE A NICE

6000
04:25:32,520 --> 04:25:33,880
HEMODYNAMIC RESPONSE FUNCTION TO

6001
04:25:33,880 --> 04:25:35,920
THE ON OFF OF THE ULTRA SOWBD IN

6002
04:25:35,920 --> 04:25:37,560
THE PINK LINES, VERSUS THE GREEN

6003
04:25:37,560 --> 04:25:37,760
LINES.

6004
04:25:37,760 --> 04:25:44,840
SO MY LAB HAS DONE A BIT OF WORK

6005
04:25:44,840 --> 04:25:50,000
EXAMINING THE EFFECT OF LIFU AND

6006
04:25:50,000 --> 04:25:52,000
FMRI BOLD HUMANS, WE DELIVERED

6007
04:25:52,000 --> 04:25:54,280
THE ULTRASOUND TO THE FINGER TO

6008
04:25:54,280 --> 04:25:56,640
SEE IF WOULD GET A PULSE

6009
04:25:56,640 --> 04:25:56,880
RESPONSE.

6010
04:25:56,880 --> 04:25:59,080
WE DELIVERED 2 DIFFERENT WAVE

6011
04:25:59,080 --> 04:26:04,320
FORMS, SO PUNS IN THIS CASE

6012
04:26:04,320 --> 04:26:07,600
MEANS PERIPHERAL ULTRASOUND AND

6013
04:26:07,600 --> 04:26:09,680
M WAS INDUCE THE MECHANICAL

6014
04:26:09,680 --> 04:26:11,200
STIMULATION AND T WAS A

6015
04:26:11,200 --> 04:26:12,480
TECHNICAL GENERATION AND PEEZ

6016
04:26:12,480 --> 04:26:14,680
WERE ABLE TO GENERATE THESE

6017
04:26:14,680 --> 04:26:16,160
RESPONSES IN THESE HIERARCHICAL

6018
04:26:16,160 --> 04:26:18,200
AREAS TO DIFFERENT PERIPHERAL

6019
04:26:18,200 --> 04:26:18,520
SENSATIONS.

6020
04:26:18,520 --> 04:26:22,120
SO THIS IS THE EARLY WORK TO SEE

6021
04:26:22,120 --> 04:26:25,440
IF CAN THE EFFECT OF BOLD

6022
04:26:25,440 --> 04:26:27,840
ACTIVITY DIRECT ACTIVITY THROUGH

6023
04:26:27,840 --> 04:26:28,360
TRANSCRANEIO APPLICATION

6024
04:26:28,360 --> 04:26:28,640
ULTRASOUND.

6025
04:26:28,640 --> 04:26:29,600
AND SO WE DID A LOT OF WORK IN

6026
04:26:29,600 --> 04:26:31,360
THE EARLY DAYS WITH COMMERCIAL

6027
04:26:31,360 --> 04:26:32,880
TRANSDUCERS TRYING TO PAIR THIS

6028
04:26:32,880 --> 04:26:38,520
TO 3 T MRI AND WE CAN SEE WE'RE

6029
04:26:38,520 --> 04:26:40,120
HAVING DIFFICULTIES, SO, OUR

6030
04:26:40,120 --> 04:26:41,440
INITIAL TRANSDUCERS THAT DO HAVE

6031
04:26:41,440 --> 04:26:42,920
3 T CONTRAST AND IT DID PRODUCE

6032
04:26:42,920 --> 04:26:45,960
QUITE A BIT OF ARTIFACT AND SO,

6033
04:26:45,960 --> 04:26:51,840
THERE IS 1 KIND OF STORY HERE OR

6034
04:26:51,840 --> 04:26:53,800
MESSAGE THAT IN THE EARLY DAYS

6035
04:26:53,800 --> 04:26:56,440
WHEN YOU COULD BUY A COMMERCIAL

6036
04:26:56,440 --> 04:26:58,000
TRANSDUCERS THAT THEY WERE NR

6037
04:26:58,000 --> 04:27:00,520
SAFE BUT WHAT THEY WEREN'T WAS

6038
04:27:00,520 --> 04:27:02,640
MR COMPATIBLE SO WE HAD RAY LOT

6039
04:27:02,640 --> 04:27:03,360
OF ARTIFACT ISSUES.

6040
04:27:03,360 --> 04:27:07,080
SO THESE WERE SOME OF OUR

6041
04:27:07,080 --> 04:27:08,200
EARLY--SHOWS 3 SUBJECTS HERE

6042
04:27:08,200 --> 04:27:10,560
WHERE WE DID HAVE HINTS OF

6043
04:27:10,560 --> 04:27:12,920
BOLDER RESPONSES BUT I DID HAVE

6044
04:27:12,920 --> 04:27:14,960
SUBJECTS WHERE WE WERE NOT ABLE

6045
04:27:14,960 --> 04:27:16,240
TO GET A ROBUST RELIABLE BOLD

6046
04:27:16,240 --> 04:27:16,760
SIGNAL.

6047
04:27:16,760 --> 04:27:17,440
BUT WE'VE BEEN WORKING ON THIS

6048
04:27:17,440 --> 04:27:20,880
AND 1 OF THE ISSUES TO REMOVE

6049
04:27:20,880 --> 04:27:23,200
THE ARTIFACT FROM A TRANSDUCER

6050
04:27:23,200 --> 04:27:24,280
IN THE HEAD COIL, YOU CAN SEE

6051
04:27:24,280 --> 04:27:27,920
FROM THE PHOTOGRAPHS ON THE LEFT

6052
04:27:27,920 --> 04:27:30,720
THAT WHAT WE ENDED UP DOING IS

6053
04:27:30,720 --> 04:27:32,640
WE ENDED UP SEEING WHAT

6054
04:27:32,640 --> 04:27:33,760
COMPONENTS OF THE TRANSDUCERS

6055
04:27:33,760 --> 04:27:36,400
LED TO THE ARTIFACTS SO HOW DID

6056
04:27:36,400 --> 04:27:37,480
WE ELIMINATE SOME OF THIS, SO

6057
04:27:37,480 --> 04:27:39,120
CAN YOU SEE THE TRANSDUCER IN

6058
04:27:39,120 --> 04:27:40,720
THE HEAD IN THE BOTTOM AND HOW

6059
04:27:40,720 --> 04:27:45,520
WE CAN FIT IT IN THE HEAD ON THE

6060
04:27:45,520 --> 04:27:46,520
PHOTO ON THE TOP LEFT.

6061
04:27:46,520 --> 04:27:51,600
WE DID A LOT OF EXPERIMENTS AND

6062
04:27:51,600 --> 04:28:00,600
WE WE CAN GET  CERAMICS AND GET

6063
04:28:00,600 --> 04:28:03,640
IT FROM THE PET, AND DIFFERENT

6064
04:28:03,640 --> 04:28:06,040
LENGTHS THEN IT'S NOT JUST THE

6065
04:28:06,040 --> 04:28:07,960
PZT ELEMENT THAT HAS ARTIFACTUAL

6066
04:28:07,960 --> 04:28:09,720
ISSUES AND SOMETIMES THE EPOXYS

6067
04:28:09,720 --> 04:28:13,200
AND THE PLASTICS HAVE THIS THESE

6068
04:28:13,200 --> 04:28:13,440
ISSUES.

6069
04:28:13,440 --> 04:28:15,520
SO YOU DO HAVE SOME SUCCESS, YOU

6070
04:28:15,520 --> 04:28:16,920
CAN SHOW HAD SOME OF THESE

6071
04:28:16,920 --> 04:28:19,600
ARTIFACTS BUT FROM ALL OF THESE

6072
04:28:19,600 --> 04:28:20,920
STUDIES, WE WERE HAPPY TO SAY WE

6073
04:28:20,920 --> 04:28:23,240
WERE ABLE TO PRODUCE OUR OWN

6074
04:28:23,240 --> 04:28:25,200
TRANSDUCERS THAT DID HAVE VERY

6075
04:28:25,200 --> 04:28:26,320
LITTLE ARTIFACT AND WE'RE

6076
04:28:26,320 --> 04:28:35,400
SHOWING DATA FROM A 70S GROUP.

6077
04:28:35,400 --> 04:28:37,040
YOU CAN SEE THE SEQUENCES ARE

6078
04:28:37,040 --> 04:28:39,160
QUITE NICE NOW SO THESE ARE

6079
04:28:39,160 --> 04:28:41,360
IMAGING TAKEN WITH OUR CUSTOM

6080
04:28:41,360 --> 04:28:44,040
HOM MADE TRANSDUCE THEY'RE IS 3

6081
04:28:44,040 --> 04:28:44,480
TN17 COMPATIBLE.

6082
04:28:44,480 --> 04:28:47,880
IN THIS CASE, THE STUDY WE'RE

6083
04:28:47,880 --> 04:28:50,000
NOT INTERESTED IN INDUCING A

6084
04:28:50,000 --> 04:28:51,080
BOLDER RESPONSE, WE WERE

6085
04:28:51,080 --> 04:28:52,720
INTERESTED IN SEEING WHAT AN

6086
04:28:52,720 --> 04:28:55,400
ULTRASOUND DID TO A PREVIOUS

6087
04:28:55,400 --> 04:28:56,240
ULTRASOUND RESPONSE, SO IF YOU

6088
04:28:56,240 --> 04:28:57,880
DID IT WITH A FINGER YOU COULD

6089
04:28:57,880 --> 04:28:59,880
GET A NICE BOLDER RESPONSE.

6090
04:28:59,880 --> 04:29:05,560
SO IN THIS STUDY WE HAD

6091
04:29:05,560 --> 04:29:09,560
PARTICIPANTS MOVE MIDDLE FINGER,

6092
04:29:09,560 --> 04:29:11,520
INDEX FINGER, RING FINGER AND IF

6093
04:29:11,520 --> 04:29:13,960
WE AFFECTED THOSE COULD WE GET

6094
04:29:13,960 --> 04:29:15,800
NEUROMODDULATION, SO I'M SOING

6095
04:29:15,800 --> 04:29:17,840
THE DISPLACEMENT FROM THE FINGER

6096
04:29:17,840 --> 04:29:19,240
REPRESENTATIONS AND THE SPOINT

6097
04:29:19,240 --> 04:29:22,680
THAT LOW INTENSITY FOCUSED URLT

6098
04:29:22,680 --> 04:29:25,680
RASOUND OF 500 K HERTZ DOES

6099
04:29:25,680 --> 04:29:27,080
CONFIRM THE SPATIAL RESOLUTIONS,

6100
04:29:27,080 --> 04:29:28,720
IN THIS CASE, THE DATA ON THE

6101
04:29:28,720 --> 04:29:31,280
RIGHT IS FROM 5 SUBJECTS AND WE

6102
04:29:31,280 --> 04:29:33,040
DID NOT SEE AN INCREASE OR

6103
04:29:33,040 --> 04:29:35,200
DECREASE IN THE HEMODYNAMIC

6104
04:29:35,200 --> 04:29:37,800
AGNITUDE BUT WE DID SEE A CHANGE

6105
04:29:37,800 --> 04:29:39,560
IN THE VOLUME OF THAT EFFECT AND

6106
04:29:39,560 --> 04:29:41,200
THAL CASE, THIS IS THE DATA FROM

6107
04:29:41,200 --> 04:29:43,080
THE INDEX FINGER AND THEN THAT

6108
04:29:43,080 --> 04:29:44,960
DATA, THAT AFFECT DID NOT

6109
04:29:44,960 --> 04:29:46,920
TRANSLATE TO THE INDEX, TO THE

6110
04:29:46,920 --> 04:29:52,600
MIDDLE FINGER OR TO THE RING

6111
04:29:52,600 --> 04:29:52,880
FINGER.

6112
04:29:52,880 --> 04:29:55,400
AND SO THIS IS A BIT OF A

6113
04:29:55,400 --> 04:29:56,920
BACKGROUND, IT'S LED TO OUR

6114
04:29:56,920 --> 04:29:58,120
STUDIES NOW WHERE WE'RE REALLY

6115
04:29:58,120 --> 04:30:00,320
INTERESTED IN,A PLYING SOWBD FOR

6116
04:30:00,320 --> 04:30:02,320
PAIN INDICATION SO INSTEAD OF

6117
04:30:02,320 --> 04:30:03,720
LOOKINGA THE PRIMARY MOTOR

6118
04:30:03,720 --> 04:30:04,440
CORTEX, WE WERE INTERESTED IN

6119
04:30:04,440 --> 04:30:06,480
LOOK BEING AT THE ANCILLARY

6120
04:30:06,480 --> 04:30:09,920
CORTEX, SO HERE'S THE CORTEX AS

6121
04:30:09,920 --> 04:30:11,920
PICTURED HERE, IT'S DEEP THROUGH

6122
04:30:11,920 --> 04:30:13,080
THE CORTICALE SURFACE IT'S

6123
04:30:13,080 --> 04:30:14,600
COVERED BY THE PERIPHERAL LOBE,

6124
04:30:14,600 --> 04:30:16,840
SO IT'S QUITE DIFFICULT TO

6125
04:30:16,840 --> 04:30:17,440
ACCESS NONINVASIVELY, I THINK

6126
04:30:17,440 --> 04:30:18,800
WE'VE SEEN A LOT OF WORK HERE

6127
04:30:18,800 --> 04:30:21,760
TODAY ABOUT THE LIMITATIONS OF

6128
04:30:21,760 --> 04:30:25,160
TMS FOR DEATH PENETRATION AND SO

6129
04:30:25,160 --> 04:30:28,200
1 OF THE VALUE PROPOSITIONS,

6130
04:30:28,200 --> 04:30:30,160
BENEFIT OF ULTRASOUND IS THAT IT

6131
04:30:30,160 --> 04:30:31,560
DOES HAVE DEPTH PENETRATION AND

6132
04:30:31,560 --> 04:30:33,720
YOU CAN MODIFY THE RESOLUTION OF

6133
04:30:33,720 --> 04:30:38,440
IT TO TARGET AN AREA LIKE THE

6134
04:30:38,440 --> 04:30:41,200
INSIEWLA, SO THERE'S SEVERAL

6135
04:30:41,200 --> 04:30:42,600
DATA POINT SUGGESTING IT IS THE

6136
04:30:42,600 --> 04:30:43,200
PAIN PROCESSING HERE, CAN YOU

6137
04:30:43,200 --> 04:30:44,760
SEE ON THE LEFT THAT THE

6138
04:30:44,760 --> 04:30:46,160
MAJORITY OF THE DISCIPLINARY

6139
04:30:46,160 --> 04:30:48,600
SYNAPTIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE

6140
04:30:48,600 --> 04:30:50,640
LATERAL SPINE INFLAMMATORY TRACT

6141
04:30:50,640 --> 04:30:52,680
DO TERMINATE THE ENSUE LA SO

6142
04:30:52,680 --> 04:30:55,600
THIS IS A TARGET AREA.

6143
04:30:55,600 --> 04:30:56,680
SO THESE--THE COLOR--SORRY I'M

6144
04:30:56,680 --> 04:30:59,720
LEARNING HOW TO USE THIS THING.

6145
04:30:59,720 --> 04:31:03,640
IT CAN BE DIVIDED BROADLY INTO

6146
04:31:03,640 --> 04:31:09,920
AN ANTER  ANTERIOR AND POSTERIO.

6147
04:31:09,920 --> 04:31:11,560
SO WE WANTED TO TRY BOTH TO SEE

6148
04:31:11,560 --> 04:31:14,120
IF WE WOULD GET DIFFERENT

6149
04:31:14,120 --> 04:31:14,720
EFFECTS WITH ULTRASOUND.

6150
04:31:14,720 --> 04:31:19,120
AND SO JUST TO CONFIRM THAT YOU

6151
04:31:19,120 --> 04:31:21,200
CANNOT TARGET THE INSULIN VERY

6152
04:31:21,200 --> 04:31:23,800
WELL WITH TMS OR TDCS, THIS IS

6153
04:31:23,800 --> 04:31:28,000
WORK I'M DOING IN COLLABORATION

6154
04:31:28,000 --> 04:31:30,680
WITH ALEX AT THE UNIVERSITY OF

6155
04:31:30,680 --> 04:31:30,960
MINNESOTA.

6156
04:31:30,960 --> 04:31:34,080
THE TOP ROW IS AN EFIELD FOR A

6157
04:31:34,080 --> 04:31:37,240
TYPICAL 8 COIL TARGETING THE

6158
04:31:37,240 --> 04:31:38,880
INSIEWLA SO ALEX HAS A NICE

6159
04:31:38,880 --> 04:31:41,280
PIPELINE TO ITERATE THROUGH

6160
04:31:41,280 --> 04:31:42,200
SEVERAL DIFFERENT LOCATIONS OF

6161
04:31:42,200 --> 04:31:44,760
THE TMS COIL OR THE ELECTRODES

6162
04:31:44,760 --> 04:31:45,960
TO TRY TO OPTIMIZE A TARGET

6163
04:31:45,960 --> 04:31:50,800
LOCATION AND YOU CAN SEE FROM

6164
04:31:50,800 --> 04:31:53,840
BOTH THE TMS AND THE TDCS DATAOT

6165
04:31:53,840 --> 04:31:56,320
BOTTOM, THESE WERE THE BEST

6166
04:31:56,320 --> 04:31:57,360
CONFIGURURATIONS FOR THESE 2

6167
04:31:57,360 --> 04:31:59,480
METHODOLOGIES TO TARGET THE

6168
04:31:59,480 --> 04:32:01,000
INSULA, AND YOU SEE THAT THE

6169
04:32:01,000 --> 04:32:05,320
FIELD DID SNOT REACH THE INSU LA

6170
04:32:05,320 --> 04:32:05,680
AT ALL.

6171
04:32:05,680 --> 04:32:07,800
THIS IS DIFFICULT TO DO WITH

6172
04:32:07,800 --> 04:32:08,480
MAGNETIC STIMULATION AND WE

6173
04:32:08,480 --> 04:32:12,320
THINK WE HAVE A NICE OPPORTUNITY

6174
04:32:12,320 --> 04:32:14,440
TO SEE IF THE ULTRASOUND WILL

6175
04:32:14,440 --> 04:32:16,320
AVENGHT THE PAIN PROCESSING.

6176
04:32:16,320 --> 04:32:17,760
SO HERE'S SOME ACOUSTIC MODELS

6177
04:32:17,760 --> 04:32:22,560
THAT WE DO IN OUR LAB, SHOWING

6178
04:32:22,560 --> 04:32:24,080
SPATIAL SPECIFICITY OF

6179
04:32:24,080 --> 04:32:25,400
ULTRASOUND, I APOLOGIZE IF THE

6180
04:32:25,400 --> 04:32:26,920
IMAGES ON THE LEFT, IT'S HARD TO

6181
04:32:26,920 --> 04:32:27,880
SEE THE BEAM SO CAN YOU NOTICE

6182
04:32:27,880 --> 04:32:29,840
THAT IF YOU LOOK AT THE

6183
04:32:29,840 --> 04:32:31,840
CALIFORNIAOR BAR AND THE IMAGES

6184
04:32:31,840 --> 04:32:34,640
ON THE LEFT, WE'RE DELIVERING

6185
04:32:34,640 --> 04:32:35,440
WHAT 70-PASCAL OUTSIDE THE HEAD

6186
04:32:35,440 --> 04:32:36,800
AND THEN IF YOU LOOK AT THE

6187
04:32:36,800 --> 04:32:39,800
IMAGE ON THE RIGHT, THE MODEL'S

6188
04:32:39,800 --> 04:32:41,480
PREDICT PROBABLY ABOUT A 4 FOLD

6189
04:32:41,480 --> 04:32:43,080
LOSS OF ENERGY GETTING INTO THE

6190
04:32:43,080 --> 04:32:43,280
HEAD.

6191
04:32:43,280 --> 04:32:46,160
SO THIS IMAGE ON THE RIGHT HERE

6192
04:32:46,160 --> 04:32:47,560
IS THE IMAGE FROM THIS CUT

6193
04:32:47,560 --> 04:32:49,920
THROUGH THIS LINE HERE ON THIS

6194
04:32:49,920 --> 04:32:51,520
TRANSVERSE IMAGE OR CORONA IMAGE

6195
04:32:51,520 --> 04:32:53,320
AND THIS IS THE IMRKS Y IMAGE

6196
04:32:53,320 --> 04:32:56,800
AND YOU CAN SEE LIFE DOES

6197
04:32:56,800 --> 04:32:58,360
CONFER, THE SPATIAL

6198
04:32:58,360 --> 04:33:00,840
SELECTATIVITY TO INDIVIDUALLY

6199
04:33:00,840 --> 04:33:02,960
TARGET GIRI WITHIN THE INSULA.

6200
04:33:02,960 --> 04:33:07,480
SO HERE WE'RE TARGETING THE

6201
04:33:07,480 --> 04:33:09,360
INFERIOR INSULA, AND THE

6202
04:33:09,360 --> 04:33:10,400
POSTERIOR INSIEWLA LANGUAGE

6203
04:33:10,400 --> 04:33:12,480
PATHOLOGISTS THIS YEAR, AGAIN

6204
04:33:12,480 --> 04:33:15,440
THIS IS THE IMAGE TAKEN HERE IN

6205
04:33:15,440 --> 04:33:17,440
THIS TRANSVERSE SLICE AND

6206
04:33:17,440 --> 04:33:20,120
CORONAL SLICE AND YOU CAN SEE

6207
04:33:20,120 --> 04:33:23,560
HERE WE'RE TARGETING THE JOINT

6208
04:33:23,560 --> 04:33:25,440
GYRUS AND THE INSULA, AND I WILL

6209
04:33:25,440 --> 04:33:28,560
TALK MORE ABOUT THIS, THERE IS B

6210
04:33:28,560 --> 04:33:32,720
MEMBER IDENTIFICATION IN THIS

6211
04:33:32,720 --> 04:33:34,000
CASE, SO YEN IN HIS EARLIER

6212
04:33:34,000 --> 04:33:37,840
TALK, THIS IS A MAJOR ISSUE

6213
04:33:37,840 --> 04:33:38,280
FIDUCIARY ULTRASOUND

6214
04:33:38,280 --> 04:33:39,400
TRANSCRANIALLY, SO IT DOES

6215
04:33:39,400 --> 04:33:40,360
ATTENUATE THE BEAM AND I WILL

6216
04:33:40,360 --> 04:33:46,880
TALK A BIT ABOUT HOW WE CAN

6217
04:33:46,880 --> 04:33:47,520
MITIGATE THESE THINGS.

6218
04:33:47,520 --> 04:33:48,640
YES, OKAY, SO THIS IS THE

6219
04:33:48,640 --> 04:33:49,440
PROBLEM WITH THE SKULL.

6220
04:33:49,440 --> 04:33:51,520
SO THIS IS WORK DONE WE'RE

6221
04:33:51,520 --> 04:33:52,840
LEGALLY INTERESTED IN SEEING IF

6222
04:33:52,840 --> 04:33:54,880
WE COULD USE ULTRASOUND TO

6223
04:33:54,880 --> 04:33:55,520
TARGET THE CEREBELLUM.

6224
04:33:55,520 --> 04:33:57,960
AND SO HERE WE HAVE A MODEL WITH

6225
04:33:57,960 --> 04:34:00,240
SAGITTAL SLICE SHOWING THAT YES,

6226
04:34:00,240 --> 04:34:02,240
WE HIT THIS PRETTY DEFINED

6227
04:34:02,240 --> 04:34:04,120
THEME, TARGET THE CEREBELLUM,

6228
04:34:04,120 --> 04:34:05,520
EVERYTHING LOOKS NICE AND FINE

6229
04:34:05,520 --> 04:34:07,640
AND DANDY BUT WHEN YOU LOOK AT

6230
04:34:07,640 --> 04:34:09,000
THE TRANSVERSE SLICE, CAN YOU

6231
04:34:09,000 --> 04:34:10,640
SEE HOW THE MORPHOLOGY CAN

6232
04:34:10,640 --> 04:34:13,760
REALLY MISDIRECT THE BEAM, SO IN

6233
04:34:13,760 --> 04:34:15,520
THE LIFE OR WORLD WE HAVE TO

6234
04:34:15,520 --> 04:34:17,360
COMPENSATE FOR NOT ONLY THE

6235
04:34:17,360 --> 04:34:19,000
ATTENUATION OF THE SKULL, BUT

6236
04:34:19,000 --> 04:34:21,920
ALSO THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE SKULL

6237
04:34:21,920 --> 04:34:22,880
TO MISDIRECT THE BEAM.

6238
04:34:22,880 --> 04:34:24,320
SO BACK TO THE PAIN STUDIES, SO

6239
04:34:24,320 --> 04:34:26,480
THIS WAS A GENERAL METHODOLOGY.

6240
04:34:26,480 --> 04:34:29,040
THIS IS KIND OF A 2 PART STUDY.

6241
04:34:29,040 --> 04:34:30,760
WE HAD RESTING STATE CONDITION

6242
04:34:30,760 --> 04:34:32,400
IN THE YELLOW AND MY STUDENT

6243
04:34:32,400 --> 04:34:35,480
ANDREW WILL TALK MORE ABOUT THE

6244
04:34:35,480 --> 04:34:36,680
RESTING STATE DATA LATER AND I

6245
04:34:36,680 --> 04:34:37,800
WILL TALK ABOUT THE EVENT

6246
04:34:37,800 --> 04:34:39,400
RELATED DATA RIGHT NOW, AND SO

6247
04:34:39,400 --> 04:34:43,760
THIS IS A HEAT RELATED STUDY SO

6248
04:34:43,760 --> 04:34:45,640
THIS IS A DEVICEOT LEFT TO

6249
04:34:45,640 --> 04:34:47,520
DELIVER A PAINFUL STIMULUS TO

6250
04:34:47,520 --> 04:34:49,560
THE DORSAL OF THE HAND WHERE THE

6251
04:34:49,560 --> 04:34:51,200
SUBJECT HAD TO RATE IT ON A

6252
04:34:51,200 --> 04:34:51,600
BUTTON BOX.

6253
04:34:51,600 --> 04:34:54,800
SO THEY WOULD DO THIS BEFORE

6254
04:34:54,800 --> 04:34:56,440
ULTRASOUND AND THEN WE WILL

6255
04:34:56,440 --> 04:34:57,720
DELIVER ULTRASOUND AND SO THIS

6256
04:34:57,720 --> 04:35:00,880
IS A BIT DIFFERENT THAN THE

6257
04:35:00,880 --> 04:35:02,240
CONCURRENT LIFE THAT I SHOWED

6258
04:35:02,240 --> 04:35:06,080
EARLIER, WE'RE NOT DELIVERING

6259
04:35:06,080 --> 04:35:07,160
ULTRASOUND DURING POLED

6260
04:35:07,160 --> 04:35:09,000
ACQUISITION, THIS IS MORE--THIS

6261
04:35:09,000 --> 04:35:09,840
IS A PREPOST DESIGN.

6262
04:35:09,840 --> 04:35:12,520
AND SO IN THIS CASE, WE

6263
04:35:12,520 --> 04:35:15,680
DELIVERED A HUNDRED STIMULATIONS

6264
04:35:15,680 --> 04:35:18,600
OF LIVE FLOW AT AN INTERVAL OF

6265
04:35:18,600 --> 04:35:20,240
5-SECONDS AND THEN WE DID THE

6266
04:35:20,240 --> 04:35:21,280
PAIN TESTING AGAIN AFTERWARDS

6267
04:35:21,280 --> 04:35:25,200
AND WE HAD 3 CONDITIONS, WE HAD

6268
04:35:25,200 --> 04:35:26,560
AN ACT OF [INDISCERNIBLE]

6269
04:35:26,560 --> 04:35:28,480
CONDITION WHERE WE DELIVER IT TO

6270
04:35:28,480 --> 04:35:29,800
THE VORTEX, AND IN THIS CASE WE

6271
04:35:29,800 --> 04:35:31,600
DELIVER IT AT THE DORSAL AND WE

6272
04:35:31,600 --> 04:35:34,160
DELIVERED IT AT 2 DIFFERENT

6273
04:35:34,160 --> 04:35:35,000
INTENSITIES.

6274
04:35:35,000 --> 04:35:38,520
AND OF COURSE, WE USE MRI GUIDED

6275
04:35:38,520 --> 04:35:39,400
STEREO TAXIC NAVIGATION SO THIS

6276
04:35:39,400 --> 04:35:41,080
IS THE EXACT SYSTEM YOU WOULD

6277
04:35:41,080 --> 04:35:43,640
USE FOR A TMS STUDY AND IT'S

6278
04:35:43,640 --> 04:35:45,640
EASILY RETROFITTED TO AN

6279
04:35:45,640 --> 04:35:46,200
ULTRASOUND TRANSDUCER.

6280
04:35:46,200 --> 04:35:48,640
THE ONLY THING YOU HAVE TO DO IS

6281
04:35:48,640 --> 04:35:50,040
CHANGE THE Z-OFFSET IN THESE

6282
04:35:50,040 --> 04:35:54,480
SYSTEMS AND SO IT'S--IT PAIRS

6283
04:35:54,480 --> 04:35:56,320
REALLY EASILY HERE'S AN EXAMPLE

6284
04:35:56,320 --> 04:35:58,160
OF A CORTICALE TRANSDUCER AND

6285
04:35:58,160 --> 04:36:01,000
YOU CAN SEE HOW WE'RE USING A

6286
04:36:01,000 --> 04:36:03,160
TRADITIONAL TMS STEREOTYPE IN

6287
04:36:03,160 --> 04:36:04,800
THE NAVIGATION SYSTEM, TO DO

6288
04:36:04,800 --> 04:36:05,640
ONLINE TESTING AND SEE EACH

6289
04:36:05,640 --> 04:36:06,720
UBIQUITINNATION IS JECT WILL

6290
04:36:06,720 --> 04:36:11,320
HAVE THEIR OWN CT AND MR WILL

6291
04:36:11,320 --> 04:36:12,840
IDENTIFY THE INTERIOR INSULA,

6292
04:36:12,840 --> 04:36:14,520
WILL KNOW THE DEPTH OF IT, THE

6293
04:36:14,520 --> 04:36:15,680
DEPTH OF THE TRANSDUCER AND THIS

6294
04:36:15,680 --> 04:36:19,600
IS HOW THE GENERAL TARGETING

6295
04:36:19,600 --> 04:36:20,760
STRATEGY WORKS.

6296
04:36:20,760 --> 04:36:22,400
OKAY, THESE ARE SOME OF OUR

6297
04:36:22,400 --> 04:36:23,760
EARLIER RESULTS HOT OFF THE

6298
04:36:23,760 --> 04:36:26,840
PRESSES, AND SO THIS IS SOME

6299
04:36:26,840 --> 04:36:27,320
DATA BEFORE LIFU.

6300
04:36:27,320 --> 04:36:30,240
AND SO WHEN YOU DELIVER A HEAT

6301
04:36:30,240 --> 04:36:32,480
PAIN STIMULUS TO THE HAND, YOU

6302
04:36:32,480 --> 04:36:36,000
WILL ACTIVATE THIS HIERARCHICAL

6303
04:36:36,000 --> 04:36:36,880
NO SUSCEPTIVE SOPHISTICATED MAT

6304
04:36:36,880 --> 04:36:38,920
O SENSORY NETWORK AND YOU CAN

6305
04:36:38,920 --> 04:36:40,400
GET S1, SOPHISTICATED MAT O

6306
04:36:40,400 --> 04:36:43,520
SENSORY CORTEX, WE DO GET CONTRA

6307
04:36:43,520 --> 04:36:47,360
LATERAL AND IPSA LATERAL INSULA,

6308
04:36:47,360 --> 04:36:48,400
THALAMUS AND ACC, SO WHAT I'M

6309
04:36:48,400 --> 04:36:49,160
SHOWING ON THE RIGHT.

6310
04:36:49,160 --> 04:36:53,280
ON THE TOP THIS IS THE RAW DATA,

6311
04:36:53,280 --> 04:36:56,440
BOLD DATA FROM THE LEFT INSULA,

6312
04:36:56,440 --> 04:36:58,040
HIGHLIGHTED HERE IN THE WHITE

6313
04:36:58,040 --> 04:37:00,160
CIRCLE, AND EVERY TIME THE

6314
04:37:00,160 --> 04:37:01,600
STIMULUS, STIMULUS IS

6315
04:37:01,600 --> 04:37:02,320
REPRESENTED, THE STIMULUS

6316
04:37:02,320 --> 04:37:04,200
STORYOT HAND IS REPRESENTED BY

6317
04:37:04,200 --> 04:37:07,640
EACH 1 OF THOSE RED VERTICLE

6318
04:37:07,640 --> 04:37:09,280
LINES AND THEN THE TRACE BELOW

6319
04:37:09,280 --> 04:37:10,600
IS THE AVERAGE HEMODYNAMIC

6320
04:37:10,600 --> 04:37:16,960
RESPONSE FOR THE LEFT INSULA. 

6321
04:37:16,960 --> 04:37:20,360
SO WHEN YOU DIRECT TO THE DIRECT

6322
04:37:20,360 --> 04:37:21,520
INSULA, WHAT HAPPENS?

6323
04:37:21,520 --> 04:37:22,680
THIS HAPPENS.

6324
04:37:22,680 --> 04:37:23,880
WE HAD MASSIVE SIGNAL

6325
04:37:23,880 --> 04:37:25,720
ATTENUATION AND YOU CAN SEE FROM

6326
04:37:25,720 --> 04:37:28,080
A--FROM THE RAW DATA AND ALSO

6327
04:37:28,080 --> 04:37:29,240
FROM THE AVERAGE TRACE THAT WE

6328
04:37:29,240 --> 04:37:31,040
DO GET A MASSIVE INHIBITION AND

6329
04:37:31,040 --> 04:37:39,720
THAL CASE, IN THIS SUBJECT.

6330
04:37:39,720 --> 04:37:40,920
SO THE OTHER THING WE'RE

6331
04:37:40,920 --> 04:37:43,640
INTERESTED IN IS DOES THIS HAVE

6332
04:37:43,640 --> 04:37:44,200
BEHAVIORIAL RELEVANCE.

6333
04:37:44,200 --> 04:37:45,920
SO THE 2 BARS ON THE LEFT, THIS

6334
04:37:45,920 --> 04:37:47,560
IS THE AVERAGE PAIN RATING ON

6335
04:37:47,560 --> 04:37:50,680
THE LEFT AND THEN AFTER THE

6336
04:37:50,680 --> 04:37:52,320
INTERVENTION ON THE RIGHT AND WE

6337
04:37:52,320 --> 04:37:54,280
HAVE A SLIGHT DECREASE IN THE

6338
04:37:54,280 --> 04:37:55,800
PAIN RATING IS WHAT WE'RE REALLY

6339
04:37:55,800 --> 04:37:56,920
INTERESTED IN DOING NOW IS

6340
04:37:56,920 --> 04:38:01,000
LOOKING AT HOW DOES THE

6341
04:38:01,000 --> 04:38:03,840
BEHAVIORIAL DATA RELATE TO THE

6342
04:38:03,840 --> 04:38:06,200
BOLD DATA AND SO THAT'S WAWE'RE

6343
04:38:06,200 --> 04:38:09,400
SHOWING HERE AS THIS IS THE RAW

6344
04:38:09,400 --> 04:38:12,000
DATA FROM THE LEFT ANTERIOR

6345
04:38:12,000 --> 04:38:14,280
INSULA, SO THIS IS A SMALL RI

6346
04:38:14,280 --> 04:38:15,920
SPHERE AND THAT'S THE RAW BOLD

6347
04:38:15,920 --> 04:38:18,400
DATA IN BLACK AND THIS IS THE

6348
04:38:18,400 --> 04:38:19,960
BEHAVIOR DATA, THE BUTTON

6349
04:38:19,960 --> 04:38:22,720
PROCESS FROM AFTER EACH

6350
04:38:22,720 --> 04:38:24,360
STIMULUS, SO, IT'S NOT

6351
04:38:24,360 --> 04:38:25,440
CONCLUSIVE IF THERE'S ANY STRONG

6352
04:38:25,440 --> 04:38:28,840
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE

6353
04:38:28,840 --> 04:38:30,600
BEHAVIORIAL RESULTS AND THE RAW

6354
04:38:30,600 --> 04:38:33,600
BOLD DATA FOR EITHER THE INSULA

6355
04:38:33,600 --> 04:38:35,280
OR THE PRIMARY SOPHISTICATED MAT

6356
04:38:35,280 --> 04:38:36,240
O SENSORY CORTEXAS BUT WE'RE

6357
04:38:36,240 --> 04:38:37,200
LOOKING AT DIFFERENT WAYS TO

6358
04:38:37,200 --> 04:38:39,400
LOOK AT THIS DAT AND POTENTIALLY

6359
04:38:39,400 --> 04:38:41,760
USING THE DEHAIEVERRIAL DAT AS 1

6360
04:38:41,760 --> 04:38:45,480
OF OUR REGRESSORS TO TEASE A BIT

6361
04:38:45,480 --> 04:38:46,320
OF THIS OUT.

6362
04:38:46,320 --> 04:38:47,680
SO THE OTHER THING WE'RE

6363
04:38:47,680 --> 04:38:49,480
INTERESTED IN S&P LOOKING AT

6364
04:38:49,480 --> 04:38:51,240
CORRELATION BETWEEN THESE AREAS

6365
04:38:51,240 --> 04:38:52,440
AND THESE TASK POSITIVE AREAS IN

6366
04:38:52,440 --> 04:38:55,320
THE SOPHISTICATED MAT O SENSORY

6367
04:38:55,320 --> 04:38:56,960
HIERARCHY, WHAT IS IT DOING NOT

6368
04:38:56,960 --> 04:38:59,960
ONLY TO ACTIVITY AND THE

6369
04:38:59,960 --> 04:39:01,760
ANTERIOR INSULA BUT ALSO IN

6370
04:39:01,760 --> 04:39:02,760
THESE RELATED CONNECTED AREAS,

6371
04:39:02,760 --> 04:39:04,160
SO THIS IS A CORRELATION MATRIX

6372
04:39:04,160 --> 04:39:06,120
OF SOME OF OUR TASK POSITIVE

6373
04:39:06,120 --> 04:39:07,840
AREAS WE'RE INTERESTED IN, AND

6374
04:39:07,840 --> 04:39:10,960
SO WE HAVE BEFORE ULTRASOUND ON

6375
04:39:10,960 --> 04:39:12,200
THE LEFT, AND THEN POST ULTRA

6376
04:39:12,200 --> 04:39:13,840
SOUND IN THE MIDDLE AND THEN

6377
04:39:13,840 --> 04:39:14,520
THERE'S THE DIFFERENCE PLOT ON

6378
04:39:14,520 --> 04:39:15,560
THE RIGHT AND I THINK WHAT'S

6379
04:39:15,560 --> 04:39:18,320
INTERESTING IS THAT THE BIGGEST

6380
04:39:18,320 --> 04:39:19,480
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PREAND POST

6381
04:39:19,480 --> 04:39:22,640
WITH THIS SUBJECT WAS FOR LEFT

6382
04:39:22,640 --> 04:39:25,400
INSULA CONNECTIVITY AND OHM IN

6383
04:39:25,400 --> 04:39:27,120
THE LEFT INSULA CONNECTIVITY,

6384
04:39:27,120 --> 04:39:29,080
WHERE WE DELIVER DIFFERENCES IN

6385
04:39:29,080 --> 04:39:30,120
CONNECTIVITY WITH THE PRIMARY

6386
04:39:30,120 --> 04:39:31,160
SOPHISTICATED MAT O SENSORY

6387
04:39:31,160 --> 04:39:35,240
CORTEX AND THE ANTERIOR SING

6388
04:39:35,240 --> 04:39:35,760
LATTERY CORTEX.

6389
04:39:35,760 --> 04:39:37,640
THIS IS DATA FROM ANOTHER

6390
04:39:37,640 --> 04:39:38,000
SUBJECT.

6391
04:39:38,000 --> 04:39:39,880
IT'S BEFORE LIFE, ON THE LEFT

6392
04:39:39,880 --> 04:39:41,560
AND THEN AFTER, A LIFU ON THE

6393
04:39:41,560 --> 04:39:43,320
RIGHT AND ONCE WITH AGAIN CAN

6394
04:39:43,320 --> 04:39:47,320
YOU SEE THAT THE STIMULUS DOES

6395
04:39:47,320 --> 04:39:49,480
RECRUIT THE INSULA AND IN THIS

6396
04:39:49,480 --> 04:39:51,720
CASE IT'S HEAVILY RECRUITED THE

6397
04:39:51,720 --> 04:39:54,160
AMYGDALA IN THIS SUBJECT AND

6398
04:39:54,160 --> 04:39:56,400
THEN AFTER ULTRASOUND, IF THE

6399
04:39:56,400 --> 04:39:58,040
INSULAR ACTIVITY HAS BEEN

6400
04:39:58,040 --> 04:40:02,040
ATTENUATE AND THEN THERE'S SOME

6401
04:40:02,040 --> 04:40:04,000
CHANGES, SLIGHT ATTENUATION OF

6402
04:40:04,000 --> 04:40:06,120
THE AMYGDALA AND OTHER NETWORKS

6403
04:40:06,120 --> 04:40:11,400
SUGGIEST THAGOREAN  LIFU MIGHT

6404
04:40:11,400 --> 04:40:12,920
HAVE AN INHIBITORY EFFECT ON

6405
04:40:12,920 --> 04:40:14,120
THIS NETWORK.

6406
04:40:14,120 --> 04:40:15,400
THAL CASE, WE DID NOT SEE THE

6407
04:40:15,400 --> 04:40:17,280
DIFFERENCE FOR THE PAIN RATING

6408
04:40:17,280 --> 04:40:18,520
AND WE'RE CURRENTLY, LOOKING AT

6409
04:40:18,520 --> 04:40:20,360
THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE PAIN

6410
04:40:20,360 --> 04:40:21,880
RATING WITH THE RAW DATA TO SEE

6411
04:40:21,880 --> 04:40:24,840
WHAT THE RELATIONSHIP IS IF ANY.

6412
04:40:24,840 --> 04:40:27,480
SO, I'VE KEPT ALL MY DATA HERE

6413
04:40:27,480 --> 04:40:30,040
TO WHAT WE'VE DONE IN ULTRASOUND

6414
04:40:30,040 --> 04:40:33,360
WITH BOLD IMAGING AND WE HAVE, 2

6415
04:40:33,360 --> 04:40:35,240
SUBJECTS NOW, WHAT WE HAVE OVER

6416
04:40:35,240 --> 04:40:36,560
30 SUBJECTS NOW THAT I'VE DONE

6417
04:40:36,560 --> 04:40:37,880
EEG AND I DON'T HAVE THAT DATA

6418
04:40:37,880 --> 04:40:40,120
NOW BUT WE DO HAVE VERY ROBUST

6419
04:40:40,120 --> 04:40:41,880
BEHAVIORIAL EFFECTS IN THE GROUP

6420
04:40:41,880 --> 04:40:43,160
LEVEL AND EEG DATA I'M ONLY

6421
04:40:43,160 --> 04:40:44,880
SHOWING YOU A COUPLE SUBJECTS

6422
04:40:44,880 --> 04:40:45,800
HERE AND HOPEFULLY HAVE THAT

6423
04:40:45,800 --> 04:40:49,120
RELATIONSHIP WITH OUR BOLD DATA

6424
04:40:49,120 --> 04:40:49,440
AS WELL.

6425
04:40:49,440 --> 04:40:50,760
AND SO THE OTHER THING WE'RE

6426
04:40:50,760 --> 04:40:53,800
INTERESTED IN, AND I THINK YAN

6427
04:40:53,800 --> 04:40:55,520
POINTED THIS OUT QUITE WELL IS

6428
04:40:55,520 --> 04:40:56,800
THE MAJOR BARRIER TO ULTRASOUND

6429
04:40:56,800 --> 04:40:57,360
IS THE SKULL.

6430
04:40:57,360 --> 04:40:58,520
SO WE'RE VERY INTERESTED IN I

6431
04:40:58,520 --> 04:41:03,080
THINK SOME OF THESE OTHER

6432
04:41:03,080 --> 04:41:03,840
NEUROMODLATTORY TECHNIQUES ARE

6433
04:41:03,840 --> 04:41:04,920
ALSO UNDERSTANDING THE DOSING

6434
04:41:04,920 --> 04:41:06,800
AND HOW MUCH ENERGY IS NEEDED TO

6435
04:41:06,800 --> 04:41:08,960
GET THESE TYPES OF EFFECTS.

6436
04:41:08,960 --> 04:41:11,840
AND SO WE'RE REALLY INTERESTED

6437
04:41:11,840 --> 04:41:13,120
IN LOOKING AT METRICS OF THE

6438
04:41:13,120 --> 04:41:14,880
SKULL TO HELP US INDICATE HOW

6439
04:41:14,880 --> 04:41:16,720
MUCH ENERGY IS GETTING IN THERE

6440
04:41:16,720 --> 04:41:19,040
AND WHERE THE ENERGY IS GOING.

6441
04:41:19,040 --> 04:41:22,040
SO WE COLLECT CTs AND MR

6442
04:41:22,040 --> 04:41:23,800
IMAGING ON ALL OUR SUBJECTS SO

6443
04:41:23,800 --> 04:41:26,240
WHAT WE'RE ABLE TO DO IS WE'RE

6444
04:41:26,240 --> 04:41:29,520
ABLE TO IMAGE THE BONE QUITE

6445
04:41:29,520 --> 04:41:32,520
WELL AND WE CAN PARSE IT INTO

6446
04:41:32,520 --> 04:41:33,680
THE CORTICALE AND FOLLICULAR

6447
04:41:33,680 --> 04:41:37,160
LAYERS AND THEN WHAT WE CAN DO

6448
04:41:37,160 --> 04:41:39,400
IS DRIVE THIS SKULL DENSITY

6449
04:41:39,400 --> 04:41:41,040
RATIO METRIC AND SO, THE METRIC

6450
04:41:41,040 --> 04:41:44,360
IS USED WITH HIGH INTENSITY

6451
04:41:44,360 --> 04:41:45,160
PROTOCOLS TO INDICATE WHETHER

6452
04:41:45,160 --> 04:41:48,000
THE SUBJECT IS APPROPRIATE FOR

6453
04:41:48,000 --> 04:41:50,960
LIFU ISHT VENTION BECAUSE IF YOU

6454
04:41:50,960 --> 04:41:51,880
ARE--IF YOU'RE SKULL DENSITY

6455
04:41:51,880 --> 04:41:53,640
RATIO IS AN APPROPRIATE, CAN YOU

6456
04:41:53,640 --> 04:41:54,720
GET INCREASED HEATING FROM HIGH

6457
04:41:54,720 --> 04:41:57,520
ENERGY AND SO THAT'S NOT

6458
04:41:57,520 --> 04:41:59,840
CONDUCIVE, IT'S NOT CONDUCIVE TO

6459
04:41:59,840 --> 04:42:02,440
SAFE INTERVENTIONS, AND SO WE'RE

6460
04:42:02,440 --> 04:42:04,720
CURRENTLY LOOKING AT WHAT ARE

6461
04:42:04,720 --> 04:42:07,360
THE SKULL DENSITY RATIOS OF OUR

6462
04:42:07,360 --> 04:42:07,680
PARTICIPANTS?

6463
04:42:07,680 --> 04:42:08,880
WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP OF THAT

6464
04:42:08,880 --> 04:42:10,440
TO HOW MUCH DOSING IS GETTING IN

6465
04:42:10,440 --> 04:42:12,040
AND WHETHER IT'S HAVING A BOLD

6466
04:42:12,040 --> 04:42:14,040
EFFECT OR A BEHAVIORIAL EFFECT?

6467
04:42:14,040 --> 04:42:15,080
AND ALSO INTERESTED IN THE

6468
04:42:15,080 --> 04:42:17,320
THICKNESS OF THE BONE, BUT WE'VE

6469
04:42:17,320 --> 04:42:20,160
PREVIOUSLY SHOWN THAT THICKNESS

6470
04:42:20,160 --> 04:42:21,920
ALONE DOES NOT ACCOUNT FOR THE

6471
04:42:21,920 --> 04:42:26,360
PRESSURE IN THE HEAD OR SOME OF

6472
04:42:26,360 --> 04:42:28,200
THESE BOLD RESPONSES BECAUSE

6473
04:42:28,200 --> 04:42:29,280
BONES NOT HOMOGEANIOUS SO THE

6474
04:42:29,280 --> 04:42:30,600
THICKNESS IS NOT A GOOD

6475
04:42:30,600 --> 04:42:32,040
PREDICTOR OF THE NG THAT'S

6476
04:42:32,040 --> 04:42:32,960
GETTING IN THE HEAD.

6477
04:42:32,960 --> 04:42:35,240
SO CAN YOU SEE HERE FROM SOME OF

6478
04:42:35,240 --> 04:42:37,320
OUR MODELS, I'M POINTING OUT TO

6479
04:42:37,320 --> 04:42:38,680
HOW MUCH PREDICTED LOSS CAN YOU

6480
04:42:38,680 --> 04:42:40,960
GET. 

6481
04:42:40,960 --> 04:42:46,520
SO WE'RE DELIVERING  700-PASCALS

6482
04:42:46,520 --> 04:42:48,120
OUTSIDE THE HEAD, AND I THINK

6483
04:42:48,120 --> 04:42:49,200
THE CURRENT STATE OF THE FIELD,

6484
04:42:49,200 --> 04:42:50,600
I'M HAPPY TO DEBATE THIS WITH

6485
04:42:50,600 --> 04:42:52,280
ANYONE WHO MAY OR MAY NOT KNOW,

6486
04:42:52,280 --> 04:42:56,360
BUT WE DON'T ACTUALLY KNOW WHAT

6487
04:42:56,360 --> 04:42:58,880
PRESSURE IS TOO LOW OR WHAT IS

6488
04:42:58,880 --> 04:42:59,880
OPTIMAL DOSING FOR ULTRASOUND

6489
04:42:59,880 --> 04:43:01,400
YET SO THESE ARE THINGS WE'RE

6490
04:43:01,400 --> 04:43:02,560
TRYING TO FIGURE OUT RIGHT NEW

6491
04:43:02,560 --> 04:43:03,720
IS HOW MUCH PRESSURE IN THE HEAD

6492
04:43:03,720 --> 04:43:07,840
DO WE NEED TO GET THE SUSTAINED

6493
04:43:07,840 --> 04:43:08,360
ROBUST RELIABLE EFFECTS.

6494
04:43:08,360 --> 04:43:09,560
AND WITH THAT I WOULD LIKE TO

6495
04:43:09,560 --> 04:43:11,640
THANK MY LAB, PAST AND PRESENT

6496
04:43:11,640 --> 04:43:13,960
AND ALSO THE INSTITUTIONS THAT

6497
04:43:13,960 --> 04:43:15,720
I'VE COLLABORATED WITH AND SOME

6498
04:43:15,720 --> 04:43:17,720
OF MY FUNDING PARTNERS AND I'M

6499
04:43:17,720 --> 04:43:28,200
HAPPY TO ANSWER ANY QUESTIONS.

6500
04:43:28,920 --> 04:43:30,680
[ APPLAUSE ] 

6501
04:43:30,680 --> 04:43:35,680
>>QUESTIONS FOR WYNN?

6502
04:43:35,680 --> 04:43:38,280
>>ALL RIGHT, YAN, HIT ME.

6503
04:43:38,280 --> 04:43:41,600
>>I HIT THE CHANGES IN

6504
04:43:41,600 --> 04:43:42,080
FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY

6505
04:43:42,080 --> 04:43:43,520
INTRIGUING, WERE THEY OBSERVED

6506
04:43:43,520 --> 04:43:48,160
ALSO IN THE SECOND SUBJECT?

6507
04:43:48,160 --> 04:43:49,560
>>YES, BUT IN DIFFERENT
AREAS

6508
04:43:49,560 --> 04:43:53,560
AND SO THAT SUBJECT HAD A

6509
04:43:53,560 --> 04:43:55,800
DIFFERENT KIND OF LIFU PROAND I

6510
04:43:55,800 --> 04:43:58,440
THINK THIS WAS BROUGHT UP IN THE

6511
04:43:58,440 --> 04:44:00,160
ISSUE OF NEUROMOD, IS WHAT IS

6512
04:44:00,160 --> 04:44:03,160
THE CURRENT STATE OF THE SUBJECT

6513
04:44:03,160 --> 04:44:06,760
OR HOW WOULD THE RECEPTOR

6514
04:44:06,760 --> 04:44:08,000
[INDISCERNIBLE] INTERVENTION OR

6515
04:44:08,000 --> 04:44:09,320
TESTING AND SO IN THAT CASE WE

6516
04:44:09,320 --> 04:44:10,960
DID NOT SEE A SIMILAR

6517
04:44:10,960 --> 04:44:11,280
RELATIONSHIP.

6518
04:44:11,280 --> 04:44:14,200
WE DID SEE CHANGES AFTER LIFU

6519
04:44:14,200 --> 04:44:18,400
BUT IT WAS BT SPECIFIC TO THAT

6520
04:44:18,400 --> 04:44:20,280
INSULA ACC, AND IT THEY HAD A

6521
04:44:20,280 --> 04:44:22,120
LOT MORE CONNECTIVITY IN THE

6522
04:44:22,120 --> 04:44:24,160
AMYGDALA AND THAT SHOWED

6523
04:44:24,160 --> 04:44:26,320
DIFFERENTIAL RESULTS SO I THINK

6524
04:44:26,320 --> 04:44:28,080
WE'RE REALLY INTERESTED ON THE

6525
04:44:28,080 --> 04:44:29,560
SINGLE SUBJECT EFFECTS AND HOW

6526
04:44:29,560 --> 04:44:32,360
THEY CONTRIBUTE TO GROUP

6527
04:44:32,360 --> 04:44:32,680
EFFECTS.

6528
04:44:32,680 --> 04:44:35,480
BUT AS I THINK EVERYONE KNOWS

6529
04:44:35,480 --> 04:44:37,840
THESE SINGLE SUBJECTS ARE

6530
04:44:37,840 --> 04:44:38,400
DIFFERENT.

6531
04:44:38,400 --> 04:44:40,600
AT LEAST BETWEEN THOSE 2

6532
04:44:40,600 --> 04:44:44,040
SUBJECTS NOW, WASN'T THE SAME.

6533
04:44:44,040 --> 04:44:44,400
>>DR. CHEN?

6534
04:44:44,400 --> 04:44:45,120
NGREAT TALK.

6535
04:44:45,120 --> 04:44:48,120
THANK YOU SO MUCH. 

6536
04:44:48,120 --> 04:44:49,880
I HAVE 2 QUESTIONS, YOU

6537
04:44:49,880 --> 04:44:51,040
MENTIONED THE BEHAVIOR SO CAN

6538
04:44:51,040 --> 04:44:52,280
YOU JUST PLEASE TELL A BIT MORE,

6539
04:44:52,280 --> 04:44:55,720
DID YOU GET THAT BEHAVIOR READ

6540
04:44:55,720 --> 04:44:58,920
OUT BEFORE OR WITH THE MAGNET

6541
04:44:58,920 --> 04:44:59,080
OR--

6542
04:44:59,080 --> 04:45:00,680
>>INSIDE THE MAGNET
DURING THE

6543
04:45:00,680 --> 04:45:01,720
SCAN SO PULSE DELIVERED ON THE

6544
04:45:01,720 --> 04:45:04,440
HAND AND THEN A CERTAIN WINDOW

6545
04:45:04,440 --> 04:45:05,360
TO RESPOND AFTERWARDS.

6546
04:45:05,360 --> 04:45:09,440
>>AND THE SECOND QUESTION
IS

6547
04:45:09,440 --> 04:45:10,720
HAVE YOU LOOKED AT YOU KNOW

6548
04:45:10,720 --> 04:45:13,400
AFTER THE FIRST OF THE INSULA,

6549
04:45:13,400 --> 04:45:15,680
YOU SEE THE DECREASING MEDULLAR,

6550
04:45:15,680 --> 04:45:20,040
AND HAVE YOU LOOKED AT THE

6551
04:45:20,040 --> 04:45:21,360
CONNECTIVITY CHANGE AFTER?

6552
04:45:21,360 --> 04:45:22,640
>>YEAH, SO MY STUDENT
ANDREW

6553
04:45:22,640 --> 04:45:25,760
WILL PRESENT A LOT OF THE

6554
04:45:25,760 --> 04:45:27,840
CONNECTIVITY DATA TO THAT

6555
04:45:27,840 --> 04:45:29,320
SHORTLY TODAY. 

6556
04:45:29,320 --> 04:45:30,080
>>THANK YOU.

6557
04:45:30,080 --> 04:45:31,160
>>HI, JUST QUICK
QUESTION, DID

6558
04:45:31,160 --> 04:45:35,120
YOU SAY THAT THERE WAS TO YOUR

6559
04:45:35,120 --> 04:45:38,560
TASTE NOT A GOOD COMMERCIAL

6560
04:45:38,560 --> 04:45:39,920
SOLUTION FOR MR COMPATIBLE

6561
04:45:39,920 --> 04:45:41,400
[INDISCERNIBLE] AND THEN YOU HAD

6562
04:45:41,400 --> 04:45:43,280
TO BUILD YOUR OWN?

6563
04:45:43,280 --> 04:45:44,600
>>SO I DIDN'T--I MISSED
THAT.

6564
04:45:44,600 --> 04:45:48,040
>>IS THERE TO DATE AN

6565
04:45:48,040 --> 04:45:48,720
MR-COMPATIBLE [INDISCERNIBLE] OR

6566
04:45:48,720 --> 04:45:49,400
YOU HAVE TO BUILD YOUR OWN IF

6567
04:45:49,400 --> 04:45:52,160
YOU REALLY WANT TO

6568
04:45:52,160 --> 04:45:52,520
BE--COMPATIBLE?

6569
04:45:52,520 --> 04:45:55,240
>>THIS DATA IS FROM A

6570
04:45:55,240 --> 04:45:56,400
COMMERCIAL TRANSDUCER AND SO WE

6571
04:45:56,400 --> 04:45:57,440
DID NOT DELIVER ULTRASOUND WHILE

6572
04:45:57,440 --> 04:45:59,080
THEY WERE IN THE SCANNER, SO

6573
04:45:59,080 --> 04:46:01,160
THIS DAT IS NOT CONCURRENT, BUT

6574
04:46:01,160 --> 04:46:03,280
YES, OUR PAST DATA WE ENDED UP

6575
04:46:03,280 --> 04:46:05,080
MAKING OUR OWN TRANSDUCERS THAT

6576
04:46:05,080 --> 04:46:07,200
WERE MR COMPATIBLE SO IF WE WANT

6577
04:46:07,200 --> 04:46:09,400
TO DO CONCURRENT FMRI, WE JUST

6578
04:46:09,400 --> 04:46:10,840
FOUND THAT SOME COMMERCIAL

6579
04:46:10,840 --> 04:46:13,560
TRANSDUCERS, NOT ALL, I KNOW

6580
04:46:13,560 --> 04:46:15,640
THERE'S SOME THAT WORK BUT, WHEN

6581
04:46:15,640 --> 04:46:18,600
THEY SELL YOU AN MR COMPATIBLE

6582
04:46:18,600 --> 04:46:20,000
TRANSDUCER, IT IS MR SAVE BUT

6583
04:46:20,000 --> 04:46:21,280
THEY DON'T HAVE ANY ANY IN

6584
04:46:21,280 --> 04:46:22,720
WHETHER IT HAS ARTIFACT OR NOT.

6585
04:46:22,720 --> 04:46:25,320
SO WE FOUND A LOT OF THESE MR

6586
04:46:25,320 --> 04:46:26,640
SAFE TRANSDUCERS, DO HAVE A LOT

6587
04:46:26,640 --> 04:46:28,640
OF ARTIFACT AND SO WE ENDED UP

6588
04:46:28,640 --> 04:46:39,040
JUST BUILDING OUR OWN. 

6589
04:46:40,120 --> 04:46:40,520
>>ONE MORE QUESTION.

6590
04:46:40,520 --> 04:46:45,120
WOULD YOU EXPECT THAT THE HIGHLY

6591
04:46:45,120 --> 04:46:47,320
FOCAL STIMULATION OF A

6592
04:46:47,320 --> 04:46:48,600
SUBPORTION OF INSULA WOULD HAVE

6593
04:46:48,600 --> 04:46:50,160
A MAJOR IMPACT ON THE

6594
04:46:50,160 --> 04:46:50,640
PERCEPTION?

6595
04:46:50,640 --> 04:46:53,480
IT'S QUITE IMPRESSIVE TO SEE

6596
04:46:53,480 --> 04:46:55,200
SOME IN SUBJECT NUMBER 1.

6597
04:46:55,200 --> 04:46:59,400
WHERE I AM AIMING TO--HAVE YOU

6598
04:46:59,400 --> 04:47:00,560
CONSIDERED STIMULATING MULTIPLE

6599
04:47:00,560 --> 04:47:04,040
OF THESE TARGETS, MAYBE LARGER

6600
04:47:04,040 --> 04:47:06,080
PORTION, MAYBE BILATERAL AND

6601
04:47:06,080 --> 04:47:08,640
MAYBE THE FELLOW [INDISCERNIBLE]

6602
04:47:08,640 --> 04:47:08,920
TO REALLY--

6603
04:47:08,920 --> 04:47:10,760
>>I THINK IT'S A GOOD
POINT WE

6604
04:47:10,760 --> 04:47:12,080
ALWAYS TALK ABOUT THE VALUE OF

6605
04:47:12,080 --> 04:47:13,920
LIFE IS HOW SPECIFIC IT IS BUT

6606
04:47:13,920 --> 04:47:15,600
IT'S QUITE A POSSIBILITY THAT

6607
04:47:15,600 --> 04:47:16,880
IT'S TOO SPECIFIC SO IT DOES

6608
04:47:16,880 --> 04:47:18,360
LEAVE TO YOU SOME TARGETING

6609
04:47:18,360 --> 04:47:21,080
ISSUES AND SO, YES, WE FIRST

6610
04:47:21,080 --> 04:47:28,880
THOUGHT CAN WE GET A

6611
04:47:28,880 --> 04:47:31,000
DIFFERENTIAL EFFECT BETWEEN

6612
04:47:31,000 --> 04:47:31,760
AMPI, BUT BILATERAL MIGHT BE

6613
04:47:31,760 --> 04:47:38,480
BETTER  BUT IN THIS CASE, THIS S

6614
04:47:38,480 --> 04:47:40,440
THE FIRST FORAY INTO THAT BUT

6615
04:47:40,440 --> 04:47:42,280
YES, I WOULD BE INTERESTED IN

6616
04:47:42,280 --> 04:47:43,640
SEEING THAT AS MORE IS BETTER

6617
04:47:43,640 --> 04:47:47,840
THAT KIND OF THING.

6618
04:47:47,840 --> 04:47:55,840
>>LET'S THANK DR. LEGON.

6619
04:47:55,840 --> 04:47:56,240
>>THANK YOU.

6620
04:47:56,240 --> 04:47:56,760
>>[ APPLAUSE ]

6621
04:47:56,760 --> 04:48:02,000
>>OUR NEXT SPEAKER IS

6622
04:48:02,000 --> 04:48:03,640
DR. JACEK, DMOCHOWSKI, FROM THE

6623
04:48:03,640 --> 04:48:05,360
CITY COLLEGE OF NEW YORK.

6624
04:48:05,360 --> 04:48:08,680
HE'S CURRENTLY AN ASSOCIATE

6625
04:48:08,680 --> 04:48:09,960
PROFESSOR AND TODAY HE WILL TALK

6626
04:48:09,960 --> 04:48:19,240
TO US ABOUT THE MRI OF

6627
04:48:19,240 --> 04:48:20,000
NEAR-INFRARED OPTICAL

6628
04:48:20,000 --> 04:48:22,320
MODULATION. 

6629
04:48:22,320 --> 04:48:25,520
>>THANK YOU YAN, I'M
JACEK, I'M

6630
04:48:25,520 --> 04:48:26,920
AT THE CITY COLLEGE OF NEW YORK

6631
04:48:26,920 --> 04:48:31,120
AND TODAY I WILL TALK ABOUT A

6632
04:48:31,120 --> 04:48:35,000
TYPE OF BRAIN SIMULATION THAT I

6633
04:48:35,000 --> 04:48:38,280
DON'T THINK WE'VE HEARD ABOUT

6634
04:48:38,280 --> 04:48:39,360
YET TODAY.

6635
04:48:39,360 --> 04:48:41,360
OPTICAL MODULATION IS ACTUALLY

6636
04:48:41,360 --> 04:48:43,080
NOT THE PREFERRED NOMENCLATURE

6637
04:48:43,080 --> 04:48:46,120
BUT IT IS THE TITLE OF THIS

6638
04:48:46,120 --> 04:48:46,360
TALK.

6639
04:48:46,360 --> 04:48:48,320
UNFORTUNATELY FOR ME I DON'T

6640
04:48:48,320 --> 04:48:49,240
HAVE ANY DISCLOSURES.

6641
04:48:49,240 --> 04:48:51,440
SO WHAT IS PHOTO BIOMODDULATION?

6642
04:48:51,440 --> 04:48:55,240
SO FIRST OF ALL, THIS USED TO BE

6643
04:48:55,240 --> 04:48:57,800
CALLED LOW LEVEL LASER THERAPY,

6644
04:48:57,800 --> 04:49:02,360
SO ALSO HAS BEEN REFERRED TO AS

6645
04:49:02,360 --> 04:49:03,920
COLD LACER.

6646
04:49:03,920 --> 04:49:05,560
PHOTO BIOMODDULATION IS NOW I'VE

6647
04:49:05,560 --> 04:49:07,560
HEARD, THERE WAS LIKE A GROUP OF

6648
04:49:07,560 --> 04:49:09,360
EXPERTS IN THIS FIELD THAT ALL

6649
04:49:09,360 --> 04:49:11,320
DECIDED TO COME TOGETHER 1 DAY

6650
04:49:11,320 --> 04:49:14,640
AND DECIDE ON THIS BEING THE

6651
04:49:14,640 --> 04:49:15,840
HOPEFUL ULTIMATE NAME OF THIS

6652
04:49:15,840 --> 04:49:17,040
TECHNOLOGY SO AS WITH MANY

6653
04:49:17,040 --> 04:49:24,560
THINGS IN MEDICINE, IT WAS

6654
04:49:24,560 --> 04:49:27,320
DISCOVERED ACCIDENTALLY IN THE

6655
04:49:27,320 --> 04:49:27,560
60S.

6656
04:49:27,560 --> 04:49:30,080
A HUNGARIAN PHYSICIAN HAD AN

6657
04:49:30,080 --> 04:49:33,560
IDEA THAT HE COULD CURE CANCER

6658
04:49:33,560 --> 04:49:34,160
WITH RAISER RADIATION.

6659
04:49:34,160 --> 04:49:37,640
AND SO HE ASKED HIS PHYSICIST,

6660
04:49:37,640 --> 04:49:43,520
THIS WAS IN HUNGARY, I BELIEVE,

6661
04:49:43,520 --> 04:49:46,920
ASKED HIS PHYSICIST COLLEAGUE TO

6662
04:49:46,920 --> 04:49:49,840
BUILD HIM A LASER SPECIFYING

6663
04:49:49,840 --> 04:49:52,480
SOME INTENSITY THAT HE WANTED TO

6664
04:49:52,480 --> 04:49:54,800
WORK WITH.

6665
04:49:54,800 --> 04:49:55,520
UNFOR THEINATELY, AND THEY ONLY

6666
04:49:55,520 --> 04:49:57,600
DISCOVERED THIS AFTER THE FACT,

6667
04:49:57,600 --> 04:49:59,160
THAT THE LASER HE GOT FROM HIS

6668
04:49:59,160 --> 04:50:01,160
COLLEAGUE HAD A MUCH LOWER

6669
04:50:01,160 --> 04:50:04,760
INTENSITY THAN HE HAD INTENDED

6670
04:50:04,760 --> 04:50:05,000
TO USE.

6671
04:50:05,000 --> 04:50:07,040
AND HE DID NOT, SO, YOU KNOW THE

6672
04:50:07,040 --> 04:50:08,240
EXPERIMENT WAS VERY STRAIGHT

6673
04:50:08,240 --> 04:50:11,480
FORWARD, IT WAS 2 GROUPS OF

6674
04:50:11,480 --> 04:50:13,280
MICE, HALF GOT THE LASER

6675
04:50:13,280 --> 04:50:14,400
THERAPY, THE OTHER HALF DIDN'T

6676
04:50:14,400 --> 04:50:17,040
AND THERE WAS NO EFFECT ON THE

6677
04:50:17,040 --> 04:50:20,240
CANCER PROGRESSION, BUT HE DID

6678
04:50:20,240 --> 04:50:22,240
NOTICE THAT THE MICE THAT GOT

6679
04:50:22,240 --> 04:50:23,640
TREATED WITH THE LASER, THEIR

6680
04:50:23,640 --> 04:50:27,520
HAIR WOULD GROW BACK MORE

6681
04:50:27,520 --> 04:50:27,760
QUICKLY.

6682
04:50:27,760 --> 04:50:29,440
YOU KNOW THE MICE HAD TO BE

6683
04:50:29,440 --> 04:50:30,640
SHAVED FOR THESE EXPERIMENTS AND

6684
04:50:30,640 --> 04:50:35,760
SO THAT WAS KIND OF THE GENESIS

6685
04:50:35,760 --> 04:50:37,160
OF PHOTO BIOMODDULATION.

6686
04:50:37,160 --> 04:50:38,560
AND UNFORTUNATELY AS WITH MANY

6687
04:50:38,560 --> 04:50:44,360
FIELDS THAT HAVE A LOW BARRIER

6688
04:50:44,360 --> 04:50:46,000
TO ENTRY, THERE HAVE BEEN MANY,

6689
04:50:46,000 --> 04:50:49,600
WELL WHAT I'M CALLING HERE IS

6690
04:50:49,600 --> 04:50:51,720
LESS THAN RIGOROUS REPORTS IN

6691
04:50:51,720 --> 04:50:53,480
THIS FIELD, SO THIS IS NOT A

6692
04:50:53,480 --> 04:50:55,440
FIELD THAT YOU WANT TO GET INTO

6693
04:50:55,440 --> 04:50:59,520
FOR THE PRESTIGE BECAUSE THERE

6694
04:50:59,520 --> 04:51:03,320
ARE SOME PRETTY YEAH, PRETTY

6695
04:51:03,320 --> 04:51:04,480
PSEUDOSCIENTIFIC REPORTS OUT

6696
04:51:04,480 --> 04:51:04,680
THERE.

6697
04:51:04,680 --> 04:51:07,240
BELIEVE IT OR NOT OUT OF ALL

6698
04:51:07,240 --> 04:51:08,160
THOSE PICTURES I BELIEVE THAT

6699
04:51:08,160 --> 04:51:10,640
THE ONLY 1 OF THESE PICTURES

6700
04:51:10,640 --> 04:51:12,840
THAT IS ACTUALLY FDA APPROVED IS

6701
04:51:12,840 --> 04:51:14,280
THE BASEBALL CAP.

6702
04:51:14,280 --> 04:51:18,720
THAT IS--IT'S AN FDA APPROVED

6703
04:51:18,720 --> 04:51:21,960
TREATMENT FOR MALE PATTERN

6704
04:51:21,960 --> 04:51:22,200
BALDNESS.

6705
04:51:22,200 --> 04:51:24,000
BUT WHAT I'M TRYING TO SAY HERE

6706
04:51:24,000 --> 04:51:26,320
IS THAT, THIS IS AN AREA, PHOTO

6707
04:51:26,320 --> 04:51:28,520
MODULATION IS NOT JUST ABOVE THE

6708
04:51:28,520 --> 04:51:29,600
BRAIN, I'LL BE TALKING TO YOU

6709
04:51:29,600 --> 04:51:33,000
ABOUT THE SUBSET OF THIS THAT IS

6710
04:51:33,000 --> 04:51:34,800
DIRECTED AT THE BRAIN, BUT THAT

6711
04:51:34,800 --> 04:51:39,160
FACET, THAT I'M INTERESTED IN,

6712
04:51:39,160 --> 04:51:40,040
IS VERY RECENT.

6713
04:51:40,040 --> 04:51:43,920
SO, REALLY JUST IN THE LAST 10,

6714
04:51:43,920 --> 04:51:46,600
15 YEARS HAS PHOTO BIO

6715
04:51:46,600 --> 04:51:47,880
MODULATION BEEN SERIOUSLY

6716
04:51:47,880 --> 04:51:54,400
INVESTIGATED IN THE CONTEXT OF

6717
04:51:54,400 --> 04:51:58,800
COGNITIVE FUNCTION, PSYCHIATRIC

6718
04:51:58,800 --> 04:51:59,080
APPLICATION.

6719
04:51:59,080 --> 04:52:00,960
SO TRANSFERRING OF PHOTO

6720
04:52:00,960 --> 04:52:04,400
BIOMODDULATION, YOU KNOW THE

6721
04:52:04,400 --> 04:52:05,240
DEFINITION, IT'S HARD TO EVEN

6722
04:52:05,240 --> 04:52:07,640
COME UP WITH A VERY SPECIFIC

6723
04:52:07,640 --> 04:52:07,920
DEFINITION.

6724
04:52:07,920 --> 04:52:10,000
I DEFINE IT HERE AS THE

6725
04:52:10,000 --> 04:52:12,520
NONINVASIVE APPLICATION OF LOW

6726
04:52:12,520 --> 04:52:14,120
LEVELS OF NEAR INFRARED LIGHT

6727
04:52:14,120 --> 04:52:14,840
THROUGH THE BRAIN.

6728
04:52:14,840 --> 04:52:17,000
SO WHAT IS LOW LEVEL?

6729
04:52:17,000 --> 04:52:18,720
SO IF YOU'RE FAMILIAR WITH

6730
04:52:18,720 --> 04:52:20,360
POWER, YOU KNOW POWER

6731
04:52:20,360 --> 04:52:21,320
MEASUREMENTS AND BRAIN

6732
04:52:21,320 --> 04:52:24,800
STIMULATION, THE POWER OF THITE

6733
04:52:24,800 --> 04:52:26,320
LIGHT COMING OUT OF THAT LASER

6734
04:52:26,320 --> 04:52:29,760
IS GENERALLY A COUPLE HUNDRED

6735
04:52:29,760 --> 04:52:30,960
MILLI WATTS AND THE PERCENTAGE

6736
04:52:30,960 --> 04:52:34,720
OF THAT THAT ACTUALLY PENETRATES

6737
04:52:34,720 --> 04:52:36,040
TOWARDS THE BRAIN SURFACE,

6738
04:52:36,040 --> 04:52:39,080
DEPENDS BUT IT'S IN THE ORDER OF

6739
04:52:39,080 --> 04:52:43,520
A FEW%, AND SO IF YOU SHINE 300

6740
04:52:43,520 --> 04:52:45,960
MILLI WATTS AT THE HEAD, YOU

6741
04:52:45,960 --> 04:52:53,080
WILL GET 3-6 MILLI WATTS IN THE

6742
04:52:53,080 --> 04:52:53,280
BRAIN.

6743
04:52:53,280 --> 04:52:55,720
SO THAT'S A GOOD WAY OF DEFINING

6744
04:52:55,720 --> 04:52:58,240
LOW LEVEL HERE IS IT'S AN

6745
04:52:58,240 --> 04:52:59,880
INTENSITY THAT DOESN'T HEAT THE

6746
04:52:59,880 --> 04:53:00,840
BRAIN OR HOPEFULLY DOESN'T HEAT

6747
04:53:00,840 --> 04:53:03,600
THE BRAIN AND IT CAN BE DOABLE

6748
04:53:03,600 --> 04:53:05,840
WITH LASERS OR LIGHT EMITTING

6749
04:53:05,840 --> 04:53:07,960
DIODES, THE ONLY ADVANTAGE OF

6750
04:53:07,960 --> 04:53:10,240
THE LASER, THERE'S NOTHING

6751
04:53:10,240 --> 04:53:11,720
SPECIAL ABOUT COHERENT LIGHT, IN

6752
04:53:11,720 --> 04:53:14,720
THIS SENSE, CAN YOU DO

6753
04:53:14,720 --> 04:53:17,080
EVERYTHING THAT IS DONE WITH

6754
04:53:17,080 --> 04:53:20,160
LASERS WITH LEDs, IT'S JUST

6755
04:53:20,160 --> 04:53:21,800
HARDER TO GET 300 MILLI WATTS

6756
04:53:21,800 --> 04:53:27,080
OUT OF AN LED, THAN IT IS WITH A

6757
04:53:27,080 --> 04:53:27,680
MONOCHROMEATIC LASER.

6758
04:53:27,680 --> 04:53:29,320
SO THE REASON PEOPLE USE LASERS

6759
04:53:29,320 --> 04:53:34,520
HERE IS JUST A CONVENIENCE OF

6760
04:53:34,520 --> 04:53:37,760
DELIVERING THAT MUCH LIGHT, YOU

6761
04:53:37,760 --> 04:53:40,440
KNOW, EFFICIENTLY.

6762
04:53:40,440 --> 04:53:43,000
SO I THINK IF THERE'S 1 THING

6763
04:53:43,000 --> 04:53:46,640
THAT YOU REMEMBER FROM THIS TALK

6764
04:53:46,640 --> 04:53:48,160
IS THAT PHOTO MODULATION IS

6765
04:53:48,160 --> 04:53:53,160
DIFFERENT THAN TMS AND TDCS AND

6766
04:53:53,160 --> 04:53:53,560
ALL THOSE ASSETS.

6767
04:53:53,560 --> 04:53:55,440
IT'S NOT TRYING TO MAKE NEURONS

6768
04:53:55,440 --> 04:53:57,880
FIRE AT ALL OR NOT DIRECTLY AT

6769
04:53:57,880 --> 04:53:58,120
LEAST.

6770
04:53:58,120 --> 04:54:02,720
IT'S TARGETING THE BI ONY

6771
04:54:02,720 --> 04:54:10,040
ENERGETIC PATHWAYS, PATHWAYS. 

6772
04:54:10,040 --> 04:54:14,040
AND SO, THE TARGET HERE IS NOT

6773
04:54:14,040 --> 04:54:16,960
MEMBRANE POTENTIAL, BUT IT'S HOW

6774
04:54:16,960 --> 04:54:18,880
MUCH ENERGY, ATP NEURONS HAVE AT

6775
04:54:18,880 --> 04:54:19,240
THEIR DISPOSAL.

6776
04:54:19,240 --> 04:54:24,760
SO I'M IN THE A BIOLOGIST SO I'M

6777
04:54:24,760 --> 04:54:25,720
PROBABLY NOT THE BEST PERSON TO

6778
04:54:25,720 --> 04:54:28,840
TRY TO EXPLAIN TO YOU THE

6779
04:54:28,840 --> 04:54:31,880
BIOPHYSICS OF PHOTO

6780
04:54:31,880 --> 04:54:33,280
BIOMODDULATION BUT THE KEY

6781
04:54:33,280 --> 04:54:34,800
MOLECULE, THE KEY ABSORBER HERE

6782
04:54:34,800 --> 04:54:37,160
AND AGAIN, THIS IS BACKED BY A

6783
04:54:37,160 --> 04:54:39,920
LOT OF GOOD--ACTUALLY

6784
04:54:39,920 --> 04:54:40,520
EXPERIMENTS, HOWEVER, YOU'RE

6785
04:54:40,520 --> 04:54:42,840
STILL A LOT OF DEBATE HERE AS TO

6786
04:54:42,840 --> 04:54:46,240
WHAT THE PRECISE MECHANISM IS,

6787
04:54:46,240 --> 04:54:48,240
LIGHT, THE INTERACTION BETWEEN

6788
04:54:48,240 --> 04:54:53,240
LIGHT AND BIOLOGICAL TISSUE IS

6789
04:54:53,240 --> 04:54:54,040
ALWAYS SUPER COMPLICATED AND

6790
04:54:54,040 --> 04:54:57,040
IT'S VERY HARD TO GET STRAIGHT

6791
04:54:57,040 --> 04:54:59,440
ANSWERS BUT CYTOCHROME C-OX DACE

6792
04:54:59,440 --> 04:55:03,160
IS AN ENZYME IN THE ELECTRON

6793
04:55:03,160 --> 04:55:08,200
TRANSPORT CHAIN OF THE

6794
04:55:08,200 --> 04:55:09,600
MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATION CYCLE.

6795
04:55:09,600 --> 04:55:14,600
SO IT'S THE THEORY IS THAT

6796
04:55:14,600 --> 04:55:18,560
PHOTONS IN THE INFRARED LIGHT

6797
04:55:18,560 --> 04:55:20,000
HAVE THE RIGHT ENERGY LEVEL TO

6798
04:55:20,000 --> 04:55:22,880
BE ABSORBED BY CCO AND THAT

6799
04:55:22,880 --> 04:55:25,520
BASICALLY SPEEDS UP THAT

6800
04:55:25,520 --> 04:55:26,280
CELLULAR RESPIRATION PROCESS, IT

6801
04:55:26,280 --> 04:55:29,920
SPEEDS UP, YOU KNOW THE CHEMICAL

6802
04:55:29,920 --> 04:55:31,760
REACTIONS THAT ARE ULTIMATELY

6803
04:55:31,760 --> 04:55:34,240
PRODUCING ATP WHICH IS A GOOD

6804
04:55:34,240 --> 04:55:34,480
THING.

6805
04:55:34,480 --> 04:55:39,680
ESPECIALLY IF, THERE IS AN

6806
04:55:39,680 --> 04:55:40,920
IMBALANCE IN ATP.

6807
04:55:40,920 --> 04:55:42,120
THERE ARE OTHER HYPOTHESIS OUT

6808
04:55:42,120 --> 04:55:48,680
THERE, 1 IS THAT, NITRIC OXIDE

6809
04:55:48,680 --> 04:55:52,440
IS ASSOCIATED AND THAT CAN

6810
04:55:52,440 --> 04:55:54,880
BE--THAT CONTRIBUTOR OF BASAL

6811
04:55:54,880 --> 04:55:57,400
DILATION, SO THERE'S THE BLOOD

6812
04:55:57,400 --> 04:56:00,560
FLOW HYPOTHESIS IS STILL OUT

6813
04:56:00,560 --> 04:56:01,000
THERE.

6814
04:56:01,000 --> 04:56:04,720
IT'S STILL A POTENTIAL WAY THAT

6815
04:56:04,720 --> 04:56:06,120
PHOTO BIOMODDULATION EXERTS

6816
04:56:06,120 --> 04:56:10,200
WHATEVER EFFECTS IT DOES EXERT.

6817
04:56:10,200 --> 04:56:13,560
BUT THERE IS A LOT OF EVIDENCE

6818
04:56:13,560 --> 04:56:16,000
THAT SHINING THE INFRARED LIGHT

6819
04:56:16,000 --> 04:56:20,520
ON CELLS, BASICALLY INCREASES

6820
04:56:20,520 --> 04:56:21,320
THE COMSUMPTION OFOX GENERATED

6821
04:56:21,320 --> 04:56:25,560
AND AS A RESULT, GLUCOSE

6822
04:56:25,560 --> 04:56:28,040
METABOLISM AND THERE'S LOTS OF

6823
04:56:28,040 --> 04:56:30,800
INVITRO, AND ANIMAL WORK THAT

6824
04:56:30,800 --> 04:56:33,680
DOCUMENTING THE INCREASED

6825
04:56:33,680 --> 04:56:38,680
PRODUCTION OF ATP, WITH PHOTO

6826
04:56:38,680 --> 04:56:39,040
BIOMODDULATION.

6827
04:56:39,040 --> 04:56:39,960
AGAIN, I JUST WANT TO MAKE IT

6828
04:56:39,960 --> 04:56:42,520
CLEAR THAT KIND OF THE BASIC

6829
04:56:42,520 --> 04:56:45,440
SCIENCE STUDIES HERE ARE

6830
04:56:45,440 --> 04:56:45,960
ACTUALLY PRETTY SOUND.

6831
04:56:45,960 --> 04:56:47,000
IT'S MORE ON THE APPLICATION

6832
04:56:47,000 --> 04:56:53,280
SIDE THAT I THINK THERE'S A LOT

6833
04:56:53,280 --> 04:56:55,680
OF, SOME, YEAH, LESS THAN

6834
04:56:55,680 --> 04:56:58,040
RIGOROUS INVESTIGATION REPORTS

6835
04:56:58,040 --> 04:56:58,640
OUT THERE.

6836
04:56:58,640 --> 04:56:59,920
SO 1 THING ABOUT THIS FIELD

6837
04:56:59,920 --> 04:57:02,040
THAT'S INTERESTING IS THAT A LOT

6838
04:57:02,040 --> 04:57:03,040
OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS

6839
04:57:03,040 --> 04:57:04,040
THAT HAVE BEEN DOCUMENTED HAVE

6840
04:57:04,040 --> 04:57:07,280
BEEN DONE IN MICE, AND SO THIS

6841
04:57:07,280 --> 04:57:10,840
IS A--I GENERAL TREND IN

6842
04:57:10,840 --> 04:57:13,800
NEUROMODDULATION THAT GETTING

6843
04:57:13,800 --> 04:57:15,880
EFFECTS, SHOWING EFFECTS, IS A

6844
04:57:15,880 --> 04:57:18,960
LOT EASIER IN THE RODENT AND I

6845
04:57:18,960 --> 04:57:22,960
THINK THAT'S PRIMARILY BECAUSE

6846
04:57:22,960 --> 04:57:27,000
OF THE--JUST THE ANATOMY DOESN'T

6847
04:57:27,000 --> 04:57:30,000
SCALE UNIFORMLY FROM RODENT TO

6848
04:57:30,000 --> 04:57:30,200
HUMAN.

6849
04:57:30,200 --> 04:57:33,560
IT'S JUST, YOU KNOW IF YOU NEED

6850
04:57:33,560 --> 04:57:35,800
300 MILLI WATTS TO REACH THE

6851
04:57:35,800 --> 04:57:37,240
HUMAN BRAIN, THEN AND THE HUMAN

6852
04:57:37,240 --> 04:57:39,560
BRAIN IS LET'S SAY, I DON'T KNOW

6853
04:57:39,560 --> 04:57:41,400
10 TIMES BIGGER THAN THE MOUSE

6854
04:57:41,400 --> 04:57:43,280
BRAIN, YOU WILL NEED LESS THAN

6855
04:57:43,280 --> 04:57:45,520
30 MILL WATTS TO REACH THE MOUSE

6856
04:57:45,520 --> 04:57:50,000
BRAIN, THE ANATOMY IS MORE

6857
04:57:50,000 --> 04:57:51,480
FAVORABLE AND SO THERE MAY BE

6858
04:57:51,480 --> 04:57:52,960
OTHER REASONS WHY, AND SO

6859
04:57:52,960 --> 04:57:54,280
SHOWING THESE KINDS OF EFFECTS

6860
04:57:54,280 --> 04:57:57,520
IN HUMANS HAS BEEN MORE

6861
04:57:57,520 --> 04:57:57,800
CHALLENGING.

6862
04:57:57,800 --> 04:58:00,600
I MEAN, EVEN JUST BECAUSE IT'S

6863
04:58:00,600 --> 04:58:03,920
NOT EASY TO MEASURE CEREBRAL

6864
04:58:03,920 --> 04:58:06,080
BLOOD FLOW OR ATP PRODUCTION IN

6865
04:58:06,080 --> 04:58:06,760
THE HUMAN BRAIN.

6866
04:58:06,760 --> 04:58:11,680
SO THATIA KIND OF THE MOTIVATION

6867
04:58:11,680 --> 04:58:13,320
FOR OUR WORK.

6868
04:58:13,320 --> 04:58:15,640
AND SO, MY VIEW HERE IS THAT MRI

6869
04:58:15,640 --> 04:58:20,640
CAN BE VERY VALUABLE FOR FULL

6870
04:58:20,640 --> 04:58:22,760
BRAIN STIMULATION IN THIS CASE,

6871
04:58:22,760 --> 04:58:24,040
FOR PHOTO BIOMODDULATION AND THE

6872
04:58:24,040 --> 04:58:27,880
REASON IS THAT MRI, ALLOWS US TO

6873
04:58:27,880 --> 04:58:32,400
ACTUALLY SEE WHAT'S GOING ON

6874
04:58:32,400 --> 04:58:37,600
WHEN YOU STIMULATE THE BRAIN

6875
04:58:37,600 --> 04:58:38,320
WITH LIGHT.

6876
04:58:38,320 --> 04:58:41,160
SO IT PERMITS A NONINVASIVE

6877
04:58:41,160 --> 04:58:42,600
SPATIALLY RESOLVED READ OUT OF

6878
04:58:42,600 --> 04:58:47,840
THE ACUTE AND ALSO THE AFTER

6879
04:58:47,840 --> 04:58:49,800
EFFECT OF THE HUMAN BRAIN TO FET

6880
04:58:49,800 --> 04:58:53,320
O BIOMODDULATION AND SO,--PHOTO

6881
04:58:53,320 --> 04:58:54,120
BIOMODDULATION AND HERE'S THE

6882
04:58:54,120 --> 04:58:58,040
PICTURE OF WHAT MOST OF OUR

6883
04:58:58,040 --> 04:59:00,640
EXPERIMENTS HAVE LOOKED LIKE.

6884
04:59:00,640 --> 04:59:02,960
WE GENERALLY HAVE BEEN

6885
04:59:02,960 --> 04:59:07,120
SIMULATING HEALTHY HUMAN

6886
04:59:07,120 --> 04:59:09,600
PARTICIPANTS AT REST AND MOST

6887
04:59:09,600 --> 04:59:13,600
OFTEN THE MOST RIGHT FRONTAL

6888
04:59:13,600 --> 04:59:13,840
POLE.

6889
04:59:13,840 --> 04:59:15,280
I DON'T HAVE GREAT EXPLANATION

6890
04:59:15,280 --> 04:59:17,560
FOR WHY WE CHOSE THE RIGHT

6891
04:59:17,560 --> 04:59:19,080
FRONTAL POLE, THE FOREHEAD IS

6892
04:59:19,080 --> 04:59:20,600
MOSTLY BECAUSE THERE'S NO HAIR

6893
04:59:20,600 --> 04:59:22,400
THERE SO THERE'S 1 LESS

6894
04:59:22,400 --> 04:59:24,000
POTENTIAL SOURCE OF VARIABILITY

6895
04:59:24,000 --> 04:59:27,120
BECAUSE YOU DON'T HAVE THE

6896
04:59:27,120 --> 04:59:29,640
SCATTERING AND THE RIGHT SIDE,

6897
04:59:29,640 --> 04:59:30,600
THERE'S REALLY NO REASON.

6898
04:59:30,600 --> 04:59:33,360
WE COULD HAVE GONE WITH THE LEFT

6899
04:59:33,360 --> 04:59:35,760
BUT YOU WOULD NEED TWICE AS MANY

6900
04:59:35,760 --> 04:59:38,560
SUBJECTS IF YOU WANTED TO

6901
04:59:38,560 --> 04:59:44,520
RANDOMIZE THE HEMISPHERE THAT

6902
04:59:44,520 --> 04:59:45,160
YOU'RE TARGETING.

6903
04:59:45,160 --> 04:59:46,480
YOU KNOW I'VE NEVER SEEN ANY

6904
04:59:46,480 --> 04:59:52,520
EVIDENCE FOR LIKE A HEMISPHERIC

6905
04:59:52,520 --> 04:59:54,960
IN THE RESPONSE TO THIS TYPE OF

6906
04:59:54,960 --> 04:59:55,480
STIMULATION.

6907
04:59:55,480 --> 04:59:56,280
SO THE QUESTIONS THAT WE'VE BEEN

6908
04:59:56,280 --> 05:00:01,280
TRYING TO ANSWER FOR THE LAST 2

6909
05:00:01,280 --> 05:00:05,280
YEARS, ON NUMBER 1 IS CAN YOU

6910
05:00:05,280 --> 05:00:06,360
MODULATE FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY

6911
05:00:06,360 --> 05:00:09,640
WITH PBM AND TO ANSWER THAT

6912
05:00:09,640 --> 05:00:15,200
WE'VE BEEN USING MULTIECHO BOLD

6913
05:00:15,200 --> 05:00:15,480
SEQUENCES.

6914
05:00:15,480 --> 05:00:17,840
ALSO MR GIVES US THE OPPORTUNITY

6915
05:00:17,840 --> 05:00:19,280
TO DO THERMOGENESIS ORDER OF

6916
05:00:19,280 --> 05:00:20,240
MICRONSETRY WHICH IS REALLY NICE

6917
05:00:20,240 --> 05:00:21,440
AND WE'VE USED THAT TO ANSWER

6918
05:00:21,440 --> 05:00:25,000
THE REQUESTY OF WHETHER PHOTO

6919
05:00:25,000 --> 05:00:25,880
BIOMODDULATION INCREASES BRAIN

6920
05:00:25,880 --> 05:00:28,960
TEMPERATURE AND MOST RECENTLY,

6921
05:00:28,960 --> 05:00:33,560
WE'VE BEEN USING SPECROSCOPY, SO

6922
05:00:33,560 --> 05:00:34,840
PHOSPHOROUS MAGNETIC RESONANCE

6923
05:00:34,840 --> 05:00:36,320
SPECROSCOPY TO TRY TO ANSWER THE

6924
05:00:36,320 --> 05:00:39,160
KEY QUESTION HERE WHICH IS ARE

6925
05:00:39,160 --> 05:00:40,080
YOU ACTUALLY MODULATING ATP IN

6926
05:00:40,080 --> 05:00:44,280
THE HUMAN BRAIN WITH THIS.

6927
05:00:44,280 --> 05:00:45,480
>>ALL RIGHT, LOOKS LIKE I
HAVE

6928
05:00:45,480 --> 05:00:47,960
8 MINUTES SOPHISTICATED I HAVE

6929
05:00:47,960 --> 05:00:49,240
TO--HERE'S A--I DON'T WANT TO

6930
05:00:49,240 --> 05:00:50,640
ALL TOO MUCH ON THE APPROACH BUT

6931
05:00:50,640 --> 05:00:52,760
JUST SO YOU UNDERSTAND WHAT

6932
05:00:52,760 --> 05:00:54,480
ARE--HOW OUR EXPERIMENTS ARE

6933
05:00:54,480 --> 05:00:54,760
CONDUCTED.

6934
05:00:54,760 --> 05:00:56,000
THEY'RE ALMOST ALWAYS LIKE THIS,

6935
05:00:56,000 --> 05:00:57,640
BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER.

6936
05:00:57,640 --> 05:00:59,080
WHERE BEFORE AND AFTER THERE'S

6937
05:00:59,080 --> 05:01:01,640
NO STIMULATION AND DURING THERE

6938
05:01:01,640 --> 05:01:06,280
IS, WELL, THIS IS FOR THE--THIS

6939
05:01:06,280 --> 05:01:08,880
IS OUR EXPERIMENTAL TIMING

6940
05:01:08,880 --> 05:01:10,120
DIAGRAM FOR THE FMRI STUDIES

6941
05:01:10,120 --> 05:01:12,880
THAT WE DID, SO BASICALLY A VERY

6942
05:01:12,880 --> 05:01:14,000
LONG BOLD SCAN, WE'RE IN THE

6943
05:01:14,000 --> 05:01:15,440
MIDDLE OF THAT SCAN, WE

6944
05:01:15,440 --> 05:01:19,080
STIMULATE THE PATIENTS WITH THE

6945
05:01:19,080 --> 05:01:22,320
LASER, AND THE READ OUT HERE IS

6946
05:01:22,320 --> 05:01:24,520
FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY WHICH IS

6947
05:01:24,520 --> 05:01:25,800
JUST CORRELATION, ACTUALLY, IT'S

6948
05:01:25,800 --> 05:01:26,560
CORRELATION BETWEEN DIFFERENT

6949
05:01:26,560 --> 05:01:29,720
PARTS OF THE BRAIN, AND THERE'S

6950
05:01:29,720 --> 05:01:31,040
LOTS OF EVIDENCE, A TON OF

6951
05:01:31,040 --> 05:01:32,560
EVIDENCE, ACTUALLY THAT THIS IS

6952
05:01:32,560 --> 05:01:36,480
AN IMPORTANT THING TO STUDY.

6953
05:01:36,480 --> 05:01:37,480
INFORMATION PROCESSING IS

6954
05:01:37,480 --> 05:01:40,920
DISTRIBUTED AND YOU KNOW BRAIN

6955
05:01:40,920 --> 05:01:42,720
STATE AND PATTERN OF

6956
05:01:42,720 --> 05:01:43,560
CONNECTIVITY, YOU KNOW THEY'RE

6957
05:01:43,560 --> 05:01:47,920
ALMOST 1 AND THE SAME, THERE'S

6958
05:01:47,920 --> 05:01:49,120
JUST A PROBLEM WITH A LOT OF

6959
05:01:49,120 --> 05:01:53,280
EVIDENCE TO SUGGEST THAT A LOT

6960
05:01:53,280 --> 05:01:54,720
OF YOUR EXPERIENCE IS ROOTED IN

6961
05:01:54,720 --> 05:01:56,120
JUST WHICH PARTS OF THE BRAIN

6962
05:01:56,120 --> 05:01:57,760
ARE RIGHT NOW COMMUNICATING WITH

6963
05:01:57,760 --> 05:01:59,040
EACH OTHER, SO, THIS WAS A

6964
05:01:59,040 --> 05:02:01,320
NATURAL PLACE TO LOOK FOR

6965
05:02:01,320 --> 05:02:01,600
EFFECTS.

6966
05:02:01,600 --> 05:02:03,320
SO WHAT I'M GOING TO SHOW YOU

6967
05:02:03,320 --> 05:02:08,560
HERE, YOU WILL SEE A BUNCH OF

6968
05:02:08,560 --> 05:02:09,520
INFLATED COTTERISS AND THE COLOR

6969
05:02:09,520 --> 05:02:11,680
YOU WILL SEE ON THE CORTEX WILL

6970
05:02:11,680 --> 05:02:13,760
TELL YOU HOW STRONGLY THAT PART

6971
05:02:13,760 --> 05:02:16,720
OF THE BRAIN IS CONNEBTED TO THE

6972
05:02:16,720 --> 05:02:19,360
RIGHT FRONTAL POLE WHICH IS WHAT

6973
05:02:19,360 --> 05:02:20,560
WE'RE STIMULATING.

6974
05:02:20,560 --> 05:02:23,160
SO CONNECTIVITY IS KIND OF HARD

6975
05:02:23,160 --> 05:02:23,360
TO SHOW.

6976
05:02:23,360 --> 05:02:25,800
SO THIS IS BEFORE STIMULATION,

6977
05:02:25,800 --> 05:02:28,720
SO AGAIN, WE'RE STIMULATING THE

6978
05:02:28,720 --> 05:02:30,320
RIGHT FRONTAL POLE AND THE COLOR

6979
05:02:30,320 --> 05:02:32,920
HERE, THE MORE YELLOW, THE MORE

6980
05:02:32,920 --> 05:02:34,440
CONNECTED, THE REGION IS, AND

6981
05:02:34,440 --> 05:02:35,760
THEN THIS IS--THAT WAS BEFORE,

6982
05:02:35,760 --> 05:02:37,760
THERE IS DURING, CAN YOU SEE

6983
05:02:37,760 --> 05:02:39,080
HOPEFULLY, IF YOU AGREE WITH ME,

6984
05:02:39,080 --> 05:02:40,400
THAT IT'S BRIGHTER AND THEN THIS

6985
05:02:40,400 --> 05:02:41,680
IS AFTER.

6986
05:02:41,680 --> 05:02:45,680
SO, IT'S NOT--NOT QUITE AS

6987
05:02:45,680 --> 05:02:46,920
BRIGHT, BUT THERE'S STILL

6988
05:02:46,920 --> 05:02:48,080
SOMEWHAT BEEN AFFECTED AND THIS

6989
05:02:48,080 --> 05:02:50,120
IS NOW THE RIGHT HEMISPHERE.

6990
05:02:50,120 --> 05:02:52,920
SO I'LL SHOW YOU ON THE NEXT

6991
05:02:52,920 --> 05:02:54,440
SLIDE, KIND OF THE WHOLE BRAIN

6992
05:02:54,440 --> 05:02:57,760
VIEW OF THIS PREDICTURE.

6993
05:02:57,760 --> 05:02:59,680
IN A COLOR MATRIX, SO

6994
05:02:59,680 --> 05:03:03,560
ESSENTIALLY WHAT'S HAPPENING IS

6995
05:03:03,560 --> 05:03:04,840
THAT THERE'S THE CONNECTIVITY

6996
05:03:04,840 --> 05:03:06,240
WITH THE REGION THAT HAS BEEN

6997
05:03:06,240 --> 05:03:10,240
STIMULATE SIDE GOING UP.

6998
05:03:10,240 --> 05:03:11,000
ESPECIALLY DURING ILLUMINATION

6999
05:03:11,000 --> 05:03:12,280
AND IT DOESN'T SEEM TO BE, IT

7000
05:03:12,280 --> 05:03:14,960
SEEMS TO BE RATHER GLOBAL, SO

7001
05:03:14,960 --> 05:03:22,760
HERE, NOW, THESE ARE THE

7002
05:03:22,760 --> 05:03:27,200
CONNECTIVITY MATRIXES, SO

7003
05:03:27,200 --> 05:03:28,440
QUADRABBITS ARE HEMISPHERES, THE

7004
05:03:28,440 --> 05:03:30,560
MORE RED THE MORE CONNECTIVITY.

7005
05:03:30,560 --> 05:03:32,760
WE PARCELLATE THE BRAIN HERE

7006
05:03:32,760 --> 05:03:36,000
INTO 150 REGIONS OF INTEREST AND

7007
05:03:36,000 --> 05:03:37,840
WE LOOK AT CONNECTIVITY MEASURED

7008
05:03:37,840 --> 05:03:40,040
BEFORE DURING AND AFTER

7009
05:03:40,040 --> 05:03:43,640
ILLUMINATION SO, I WILL CUT TO

7010
05:03:43,640 --> 05:03:45,400
THE CHASE, IT DOESN'T LOOK LIKE

7011
05:03:45,400 --> 05:03:47,600
ACTUALLY IN THE A, B, C, AND

7012
05:03:47,600 --> 05:03:49,600
DOESN'T LOOK LIKE THERE'S MUCH

7013
05:03:49,600 --> 05:03:52,800
GOING ON IF YOU DO A

7014
05:03:52,800 --> 05:03:58,120
SUBTRACTION, YOU SUBJECT THESE,

7015
05:03:58,120 --> 05:04:00,360
YOU DO SEE AN INCREASE AND

7016
05:04:00,360 --> 05:04:03,120
WHAT'S REASSURING RATHER IS THAT

7017
05:04:03,120 --> 05:04:04,080
THE QUADRANT THERE AND PANEL

7018
05:04:04,080 --> 05:04:12,040
THAT HAS THE LEAST RED IS THE

7019
05:04:12,040 --> 05:04:13,240
CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE LEFT

7020
05:04:13,240 --> 05:04:14,640
HEMISPHERE AND THESE ARE THE

7021
05:04:14,640 --> 05:04:16,200
CONNECTIONS WITHIN THE

7022
05:04:16,200 --> 05:04:17,040
NONSIMMULATED HEMISPHERE, SO

7023
05:04:17,040 --> 05:04:19,280
THAT'S SOMEWHAT OF A VALIDATION

7024
05:04:19,280 --> 05:04:23,760
AND YOU SEE THE EFFECTS IS

7025
05:04:23,760 --> 05:04:25,080
LARGELY GONE AFTERWARDS, SO IT

7026
05:04:25,080 --> 05:04:26,720
DOES SEEM, THIS INCREASE IN

7027
05:04:26,720 --> 05:04:28,800
CONNECTIVITY DOES SEEM TO BE

7028
05:04:28,800 --> 05:04:30,640
MOSTLY AN ACUTE PHENOMENON, IN

7029
05:04:30,640 --> 05:04:32,760
TERMS OF TIME COURSE, SO I DON'T

7030
05:04:32,760 --> 05:04:35,360
HAVE TIME TO GET INTO WHY WE DID

7031
05:04:35,360 --> 05:04:38,240
MULTIPLE ECHOES, BUT WE DID DO

7032
05:04:38,240 --> 05:04:42,240
MULTIPLE ECHOES, MOST TO TRY TO

7033
05:04:42,240 --> 05:04:44,200
DISAMBIGUATE BLOOD FLOW ANDOX

7034
05:04:44,200 --> 05:04:44,960
GENERATEDDATION WHICH IS MUCH

7035
05:04:44,960 --> 05:04:46,400
HARDER THAN WE THOUGHT IT WOULD

7036
05:04:46,400 --> 05:04:47,360
BE, BUT ECHO 3 HERE IF YOU LOOK

7037
05:04:47,360 --> 05:04:52,120
AT THE TIME COURSE, THE VERT

7038
05:04:52,120 --> 05:04:53,480
AXIS IS CONNECTIVITY, HORIZONTAL

7039
05:04:53,480 --> 05:04:55,280
ACCESS IS TIME AND HOPEFULLY YOU

7040
05:04:55,280 --> 05:04:56,280
WILL AGREE WITH ME THAT

7041
05:04:56,280 --> 05:04:58,240
SOMETHING IS HAPPENING AT THE

7042
05:04:58,240 --> 05:04:59,440
TIME OF STIMULATION WHICH HERE

7043
05:04:59,440 --> 05:05:00,960
IS AT THE 5 MINUTE MARK.

7044
05:05:00,960 --> 05:05:02,520
THERE'S ACTUALLY A SHARP DECLINE

7045
05:05:02,520 --> 05:05:04,800
RIGHT WHEN YOU TURN ON THE LASER

7046
05:05:04,800 --> 05:05:07,160
AND THEN, A RAPID ASCENT TO

7047
05:05:07,160 --> 05:05:09,840
HIGHER BASE LINE LEVEL.

7048
05:05:09,840 --> 05:05:11,960
SO IT DOES SEEM TO BE LARGELY

7049
05:05:11,960 --> 05:05:12,800
WITH THIS EFFECT, I APPROXIMATE

7050
05:05:12,800 --> 05:05:14,400
UTR IT IN QUOTATIONS THERE

7051
05:05:14,400 --> 05:05:18,040
BECAUSE BOLD IS SLOW.

7052
05:05:18,040 --> 05:05:20,360
WHEN I SAW THIS, THIS MADE ME

7053
05:05:20,360 --> 05:05:26,880
BELIEVE THAT THERE IS ACTUALLY

7054
05:05:26,880 --> 05:05:29,480
SOMETHING REAL HERE WE ALSO HAVE

7055
05:05:29,480 --> 05:05:30,560
THERAPY AND MOMETRY, I WILL

7056
05:05:30,560 --> 05:05:32,400
REALLY CUT TO THE PUNCH LINE

7057
05:05:32,400 --> 05:05:35,120
HERE WE HAD A PHASE DIFFERENT

7058
05:05:35,120 --> 05:05:39,200
SEQUENCE, BASICALLY LOOKS AT THE

7059
05:05:39,200 --> 05:05:48,200
TEMPERATURE FREQUENT,

7060
05:05:48,200 --> 05:05:49,000
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT ATOM AND

7061
05:05:49,000 --> 05:05:50,080
WE DIDN'T SEE ANY DIFFERENCE.

7062
05:05:50,080 --> 05:05:51,520
WE DID A SHAM CONDITION HERE,

7063
05:05:51,520 --> 05:05:56,600
BUT WE DIDN'T SEE ANY DIFFERENCE

7064
05:05:56,600 --> 05:05:58,640
IN THE TEMPERATURE OF THE

7065
05:05:58,640 --> 05:05:59,280
SIMULATOR REGION OR ANYWHERE

7066
05:05:59,280 --> 05:06:02,400
ELSE IN THE BRAIN AT ALL.

7067
05:06:02,400 --> 05:06:05,120
AND SO, THIS WAS AGAIN REALLY

7068
05:06:05,120 --> 05:06:06,480
MOSTLY A VALIDATION OF THE FACT

7069
05:06:06,480 --> 05:06:07,520
THAT THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT THAT

7070
05:06:07,520 --> 05:06:08,960
WE'RE PUTTING INTO THE BRAIN IS

7071
05:06:08,960 --> 05:06:10,920
NOT ENOUGH TO PRODUCE A

7072
05:06:10,920 --> 05:06:17,080
RESOLVABLE INCREASE IN

7073
05:06:17,080 --> 05:06:17,560
TEMPERATURE.

7074
05:06:17,560 --> 05:06:19,520
OORK AND THE MOST RECENT STUDY

7075
05:06:19,520 --> 05:06:20,960
THAT STILL ISN'T PUBLISHED BUT

7076
05:06:20,960 --> 05:06:23,960
HOPEFULLY NEXT TIME WE GIVE THIS

7077
05:06:23,960 --> 05:06:26,240
TALK WILL BE, USING PHOSPHOROUS

7078
05:06:26,240 --> 05:06:29,040
MRS AND I WAS THINKING HOW DO I

7079
05:06:29,040 --> 05:06:30,840
EXPLAIN THIS BAZ THE PHYSIC

7080
05:06:30,840 --> 05:06:31,520
SYSTEM NOT STRAIGHT FORWARD BUT

7081
05:06:31,520 --> 05:06:35,400
I CAME UP WITH THIS SEQUENCE AND

7082
05:06:35,400 --> 05:06:36,360
ENERGY METABOLITES CONTAIN

7083
05:06:36,360 --> 05:06:38,280
PHOSPHOROUS AND THE PHOSPHOROUS

7084
05:06:38,280 --> 05:06:40,640
HAS A SPIN, THIS ISOTOPE HAS A

7085
05:06:40,640 --> 05:06:48,880
SPIN AND SO IT'S ACCESSIBLE TO

7086
05:06:48,880 --> 05:06:51,400
MR, AND SPECIFICALLY PHOSPHOROUS

7087
05:06:51,400 --> 05:06:53,000
MRS IS WOQUANTIFYING DIFFERENT

7088
05:06:53,000 --> 05:06:54,720
MOLECULES THAT CONTAIN

7089
05:06:54,720 --> 05:06:55,360
PHOSPHOROUS AND SO FOSTER NURSED

7090
05:06:55,360 --> 05:06:56,800
FOCUSED ON KRE TINSA TIEN AND

7091
05:06:56,800 --> 05:07:02,360
ATP ARE REALLY IMPORTANT FOR

7092
05:07:02,360 --> 05:07:04,440
ENERGY AND METABOLISM AND WITH

7093
05:07:04,440 --> 05:07:06,480
MRS WE'RE ABLE TO MEASURE THOSE

7094
05:07:06,480 --> 05:07:07,960
AND OBVIOUS EXPERIMENT IS TO DO

7095
05:07:07,960 --> 05:07:09,680
THIS BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER

7096
05:07:09,680 --> 05:07:10,680
PHOTO BIOMODDULATION, SO HERE

7097
05:07:10,680 --> 05:07:13,160
ARE SOME PICTURES IN THE

7098
05:07:13,160 --> 05:07:15,320
SCANNER, WE DO WHOLE BRAIN MRS,

7099
05:07:15,320 --> 05:07:20,200
THE VOXELS ARE BIG, 1 AND HALF

7100
05:07:20,200 --> 05:07:21,960
CENTIMETERS, AND THE PICTURE ON

7101
05:07:21,960 --> 05:07:24,560
THE RIGHT IS A PICTURE OF A

7102
05:07:24,560 --> 05:07:26,120
SPECTRUM, SO THE HEIGHT HEIGHT

7103
05:07:26,120 --> 05:07:28,000
OF THE PEEK SYSTEM THE HIGHER

7104
05:07:28,000 --> 05:07:29,280
THE CONCENTRATION, SO WE WANT TO

7105
05:07:29,280 --> 05:07:30,600
CARE ABOUT THE RELATIVE,

7106
05:07:30,600 --> 05:07:34,640
BASICALLY WE CARE ABOUT THE 3

7107
05:07:34,640 --> 05:07:36,240
PIECES ON THE RIGHT, THOSE ARE

7108
05:07:36,240 --> 05:07:37,640
THE ATP GROUPS AND THE BIG PEEK

7109
05:07:37,640 --> 05:07:39,520
IN THE MIDDLE, THAT'S PC R,

7110
05:07:39,520 --> 05:07:42,360
BASED ON THE REFERENCE, LIKE A

7111
05:07:42,360 --> 05:07:43,880
STORAGE, OF ENERGY, SO WE'RE

7112
05:07:43,880 --> 05:07:47,120
LOOKING TO SEE WHETHER THESE

7113
05:07:47,120 --> 05:07:49,280
PEEK HEIGHTS ARE MODULATED BY

7114
05:07:49,280 --> 05:07:50,520
PHOTO BIOMODDULATION, SO THE

7115
05:07:50,520 --> 05:07:53,600
EXPERIMENT WAS SAME AS BEFORE.

7116
05:07:53,600 --> 05:07:54,960
THE ONLY DIFFERENCE IS THAT IT

7117
05:07:54,960 --> 05:07:56,000
TAKES 10 MINUTES TO COME UP WITH

7118
05:07:56,000 --> 05:07:59,200
1 OF THESE SPECTRA, SO WE DID 10

7119
05:07:59,200 --> 05:08:00,520
MINUTES BEFORE AND 10 MINUTES

7120
05:08:00,520 --> 05:08:01,600
DURING AND 10 MINUTES AFTER.

7121
05:08:01,600 --> 05:08:04,240
SO FOR EVERY SUBJECT WE HAVE AND

7122
05:08:04,240 --> 05:08:05,640
EVERY VOXEL WE HAVE 3 OF THESE

7123
05:08:05,640 --> 05:08:08,000
SPECTRA AND WE LOOK AT DUE TO

7124
05:08:08,000 --> 05:08:12,680
HEIGHTS OF THOSE PEAKS DIFFER.

7125
05:08:12,680 --> 05:08:15,520
BECAUSE THIS ACTIVITIES AND

7126
05:08:15,520 --> 05:08:16,840
PROJECTED, COVID TOTALLY

7127
05:08:16,840 --> 05:08:18,320
KILLED--TRIED TO KILL THIS

7128
05:08:18,320 --> 05:08:20,760
PROJECT SO WE HAD TIME TO DO

7129
05:08:20,760 --> 05:08:22,840
SOMETHING THAT DIDN'T REQUIRE US

7130
05:08:22,840 --> 05:08:24,840
GOING INTO THE CAMPUS SO WE DID

7131
05:08:24,840 --> 05:08:25,440
SOME MODELING AND THE 1 THINK

7132
05:08:25,440 --> 05:08:27,400
THIS I WAS ABLE TO DO WAS

7133
05:08:27,400 --> 05:08:29,560
FINALLY FIGURE OUT WHAT IS--WHEN

7134
05:08:29,560 --> 05:08:30,560
YOU STIMULATE WHAT WE THOUGHT

7135
05:08:30,560 --> 05:08:34,120
WAS THE RIGHT FRONTAL POLE WHERE

7136
05:08:34,120 --> 05:08:35,480
DOES THE LIGHT ACTUALLY GET

7137
05:08:35,480 --> 05:08:35,760
ABSORBED.

7138
05:08:35,760 --> 05:08:37,800
WELL IT TURNS OUT IF YOU BELIEVE

7139
05:08:37,800 --> 05:08:41,040
MCX WHICH IS A GREAT TOOL, THAT

7140
05:08:41,040 --> 05:08:43,640
THE MOST OF THE ABSORPTION IS

7141
05:08:43,640 --> 05:08:45,040
ACTUALLY HAPPENING IN THE

7142
05:08:45,040 --> 05:08:46,560
ORBITAL GYRUS AND I THINK THE

7143
05:08:46,560 --> 05:08:49,080
REASON IS THE FOREHEAD ON MOST

7144
05:08:49,080 --> 05:08:50,720
PEOPLE'S ACTUALLY SLOPED SO WHEN

7145
05:08:50,720 --> 05:08:52,120
YOU PUT SOMETHING KIND OF NORMAL

7146
05:08:52,120 --> 05:08:53,880
TO THE SURFACE, IT'S ACTUALLY

7147
05:08:53,880 --> 05:08:55,160
ALREADY IN A MORE DOWNWARDS AND

7148
05:08:55,160 --> 05:08:56,960
IT'S A LOT OF IT GOES RIGHT

7149
05:08:56,960 --> 05:08:57,720
ABOVE THE EYE.

7150
05:08:57,720 --> 05:09:01,960
SO THAT BECAME KIND OF OUR ROI.

7151
05:09:01,960 --> 05:09:03,160
AND WE WERE ABLE TO DO THIS

7152
05:09:03,160 --> 05:09:04,680
BECAUSE WE WERE STUCK AT HOME

7153
05:09:04,680 --> 05:09:10,880
WITH SOMETHING TBU SOFTWARE.

7154
05:09:10,880 --> 05:09:11,440
ALL RIGHT.

7155
05:09:11,440 --> 05:09:12,840
BECAUSE I DON'T WANT TO GO OVER

7156
05:09:12,840 --> 05:09:14,840
TIME, WHAT I WILL SAY IS, YES I

7157
05:09:14,840 --> 05:09:16,560
THINK THERE'S AN EFFECT, NO I

7158
05:09:16,560 --> 05:09:18,040
DON'T THINK IT'S A SLAM DID YOU

7159
05:09:18,040 --> 05:09:21,720
THINK BUT I DEFINITELY DO WHEN I

7160
05:09:21,720 --> 05:09:24,840
LOOKED AT, SO THE AXIS ON THE

7161
05:09:24,840 --> 05:09:28,680
LEFT RESHAM AND POST, PRESTEM

7162
05:09:28,680 --> 05:09:31,920
AND POST, AND THE VERTICALAXIS

7163
05:09:31,920 --> 05:09:33,960
HERE IS THE RATIO OF ATP.

7164
05:09:33,960 --> 05:09:35,840
IF THE RATIO GOES DOWN, ATP'S

7165
05:09:35,840 --> 05:09:38,200
GOING UP AND THE IMPORTANT LOT

7166
05:09:38,200 --> 05:09:39,240
IS THE SECOND PLOT THERE, WHAT

7167
05:09:39,240 --> 05:09:43,040
YOU SEE HERE IS THAT BASICALLY

7168
05:09:43,040 --> 05:09:44,360
ALL THE SUBJECTS, GYRATIONS

7169
05:09:44,360 --> 05:09:46,840
GOING DOWN DURING AND AFTER,

7170
05:09:46,840 --> 05:09:49,080
ACTIVE STIMULATION, COMPARED TO

7171
05:09:49,080 --> 05:09:49,320
SHAM.

7172
05:09:49,320 --> 05:09:50,480
SO IT'S--YOU KNOW IT'S A

7173
05:09:50,480 --> 05:09:54,080
MODULATION OF THE DYNAMICS OF

7174
05:09:54,080 --> 05:09:54,240
ATP.

7175
05:09:54,240 --> 05:09:58,160
THAT WE SAW IN OUR COHORT.

7176
05:09:58,160 --> 05:10:00,160
WE DID NOT SEE THIS AND I'M

7177
05:10:00,160 --> 05:10:02,120
SHOWING YOU 1 OFFTARGET REGION

7178
05:10:02,120 --> 05:10:04,280
HERE, THIS IS JUST ILLUSTRATED.

7179
05:10:04,280 --> 05:10:09,320
THIS IS THE LEFT INTRA PARIETAL

7180
05:10:09,320 --> 05:10:10,040
SULKUS FOR EXAMPLE.

7181
05:10:10,040 --> 05:10:14,360
SO YES THERE WAS AN EFFECT, SO

7182
05:10:14,360 --> 05:10:18,520
SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON ATP, BUT

7183
05:10:18,520 --> 05:10:26,560
IT'S--IT'S--YOU NEED TO COMPARE

7184
05:10:26,560 --> 05:10:36,440
IT THE SHAM CONDITION

7185
05:10:36,440 --> 05:10:37,040
CONNECKATIVITY INCREASED BY

7186
05:10:37,040 --> 05:10:38,760
1 PERCENT, AND THIS CONSIDERED

7187
05:10:38,760 --> 05:10:40,520
THIS TO BE A BRAIN WIDE EFFECT

7188
05:10:40,520 --> 05:10:44,280
IN TERMS OF HOW THIS HAPPENS AND

7189
05:10:44,280 --> 05:10:46,400
THIS OCCURRED TO ME THAT ALL

7190
05:10:46,400 --> 05:10:48,600
BRAIN STIMULATION, AT THE END

7191
05:10:48,600 --> 05:10:54,440
ADDING ENERGY AND THE BRAIN

7192
05:10:54,440 --> 05:10:55,840
LIGHTER OR MECHANICAL

7193
05:10:55,840 --> 05:10:56,800
STIMULATION, IT'S ENERGY AND THE

7194
05:10:56,800 --> 05:10:58,440
DIFFERENCE IS HOW IT'S

7195
05:10:58,440 --> 05:11:00,400
TRANSDUCED, THIS IS JUST ANOTHER

7196
05:11:00,400 --> 05:11:01,240
SUBSTANTIATION OF THAT, WE'RE

7197
05:11:01,240 --> 05:11:02,680
GIVING THE BRAIN MORE ENERGY AND

7198
05:11:02,680 --> 05:11:04,120
THE HYPOTHESIS HERE IS THAT THAT

7199
05:11:04,120 --> 05:11:06,840
ENERGY IS BEING USED TO BRING

7200
05:11:06,840 --> 05:11:08,320
THE PATTERN OF CONNECTIVITY

7201
05:11:08,320 --> 05:11:17,720
CLOSER TO WHATEVER THE BRAIN

7202
05:11:17,720 --> 05:11:28,160
WANTS, WE DO HAVE THEFS IS

7203
05:11:38,640 --> 05:11:39,800
CHANGING ATP

7204
05:11:39,800 --> 05:11:40,400
CONCENTRATION--THOSE 2 SYSTEMS

7205
05:11:40,400 --> 05:11:50,160
HAVE TONS OF FEEDBACK, IT'S A

7206
05:11:50,160 --> 05:11:52,000
PESSIMISTIC BULLET BUT P31 MRS

7207
05:11:52,000 --> 05:11:54,120
WHICH I STILL THINK IS AN

7208
05:11:54,120 --> 05:11:55,320
AMAZING TOOL THAT YOU CAN

7209
05:11:55,320 --> 05:11:58,200
MEASURE ATP IN THE BRAIN, BUT I

7210
05:11:58,200 --> 05:12:01,080
WILL SAY IT'S SLOW, IT'S NEARBY,

7211
05:12:01,080 --> 05:12:04,880
AND IT HAS LOW SNR, OTHER THAN

7212
05:12:04,880 --> 05:12:06,320
THAT IT'S GREAT.

7213
05:12:06,320 --> 05:12:06,640
THANK YOU.

7214
05:12:06,640 --> 05:12:09,480
BIG SHOUT OUT TO DUKE

7215
05:12:09,480 --> 05:12:10,480
[INDISCERNIBLE] AND RYAN AND

7216
05:12:10,480 --> 05:12:13,440
TAUGHT ME HOW TO DO ALL THIS MRI

7217
05:12:13,440 --> 05:12:20,880
SEQUENCES. 

7218
05:12:20,880 --> 05:12:21,160
THANK YOU.

7219
05:12:21,160 --> 05:12:21,520
[ APPLAUSE ]

7220
05:12:21,520 --> 05:12:22,200
>>THANK YOU.

7221
05:12:22,200 --> 05:12:24,800
THAT WAS VERY ENTERTAINING.

7222
05:12:24,800 --> 05:12:26,520
JUST A SUGGESTION, I THINK

7223
05:12:26,520 --> 05:12:28,880
YOU'VE BEEN LOOKING IN HEGHTY

7224
05:12:28,880 --> 05:12:30,040
HUMAN BRAINS, IT'S INTERESTING

7225
05:12:30,040 --> 05:12:31,000
BECAUSE THE MECHANISM THAT

7226
05:12:31,000 --> 05:12:33,560
YOU'RE LOOKING AT IS

7227
05:12:33,560 --> 05:12:34,400
BIOENERGETICS AND 1 SUGGESTION

7228
05:12:34,400 --> 05:12:38,800
WOULD BE IF YOU APPLY THIS IN A

7229
05:12:38,800 --> 05:12:39,880
CLINICAL STUDY, PARKINSONS IS A

7230
05:12:39,880 --> 05:12:41,600
DISEASE WHERE IT'S IMPORTANT, I

7231
05:12:41,600 --> 05:12:43,400
KNOW YOU MENTIONED RODENT

7232
05:12:43,400 --> 05:12:46,040
MODELS, SO IN PARKINSON'S

7233
05:12:46,040 --> 05:12:47,520
DISEASE, ABNORMALITY HAS BEEN

7234
05:12:47,520 --> 05:12:49,000
SHOWN IN MITOCHONDRIA, THEY'VE

7235
05:12:49,000 --> 05:12:50,880
BEEN SHOWN TO BE CHANGES IN THE

7236
05:12:50,880 --> 05:12:52,200
ATP AND THE REGION YOU'RE

7237
05:12:52,200 --> 05:12:53,720
TARGETING WHICH IS THE FRONTAL

7238
05:12:53,720 --> 05:12:55,720
POLE IS THE ORBITAL IS THE AREA

7239
05:12:55,720 --> 05:12:57,480
THAT IS RELEVANT IN PARKINSONS

7240
05:12:57,480 --> 05:13:00,280
SO THIS COULD BE CLINICALLY

7241
05:13:00,280 --> 05:13:00,600
APLIBLABLE.

7242
05:13:00,600 --> 05:13:01,080
MORE SPECIFICALLY ABOUT

7243
05:13:01,080 --> 05:13:03,000
QUESTIONS ON THE SITE, I'M JUST

7244
05:13:03,000 --> 05:13:05,160
WONDERING HOW LONG DO YOU EXPECT

7245
05:13:05,160 --> 05:13:06,480
THESE EFFECTS TO LAST FOR, I

7246
05:13:06,480 --> 05:13:15,440
KNOW IMMEDIATELY YOU WERE SAYING

7247
05:13:15,440 --> 05:13:19,240
22ndS BUT BIOLOGICALLY ?

7248
05:13:19,240 --> 05:13:21,440
>>I CAN'T KEEP THEM IN
THE

7249
05:13:21,440 --> 05:13:23,480
SCANNER MORE THAN 6 OR 8

7250
05:13:23,480 --> 05:13:23,720
MINUTES.

7251
05:13:23,720 --> 05:13:25,360
HONESTLY, I THINK THAT THE ATP

7252
05:13:25,360 --> 05:13:33,520
EFFECT LASTED AT LEAST 10

7253
05:13:33,520 --> 05:13:34,960
MINUTES AFTERWARDS.

7254
05:13:34,960 --> 05:13:36,160
I CAN'T ANSWER YOU WITH ANY

7255
05:13:36,160 --> 05:13:37,800
DATA, IT'S A CRITICAL QUESTION,

7256
05:13:37,800 --> 05:13:39,840
WHAT I ALWAYS SAY IS THE

7257
05:13:39,840 --> 05:13:41,040
LIKELIHOOD OF GETTING LASTING

7258
05:13:41,040 --> 05:13:45,040
EFFECTS WILL GO UP WITH REPEATED

7259
05:13:45,040 --> 05:13:45,480
APPLICATION, RIGHT?

7260
05:13:45,480 --> 05:13:47,680
AND SO I'M NOT A BIG BELIEVER

7261
05:13:47,680 --> 05:13:49,520
THAT 1 SHOT BRAIN STIMULATION

7262
05:13:49,520 --> 05:13:50,720
WILL INCREASE YOUR MOOD FOR A

7263
05:13:50,720 --> 05:13:53,720
MONTH LIKE SOME PEOPLE HAVE

7264
05:13:53,720 --> 05:13:55,920
CLAIMED, BUT BUT I THINK THAT--I

7265
05:13:55,920 --> 05:13:58,240
THINK THAT THE CIRCUITRY IS

7266
05:13:58,240 --> 05:14:00,080
THERE TO PRODUCE A PLASTIC

7267
05:14:00,080 --> 05:14:01,480
EFFECT BUT I IMAGINE THAT WE

7268
05:14:01,480 --> 05:14:03,200
WILL HAVE TO REPEAT THE

7269
05:14:03,200 --> 05:14:06,400
STIMULATIONS FOCUSED ON GET IT.

7270
05:14:06,400 --> 05:14:07,280
>>GREAT, THANKS.

7271
05:14:07,280 --> 05:14:10,200
>>THANK YOU.

7272
05:14:10,200 --> 05:14:15,640
>>LET'S THANK DR.
DMOCHOWSKI,

7273
05:14:15,640 --> 05:14:16,120
AGAIN.

7274
05:14:16,120 --> 05:14:17,880
OUR NEXT SPEAKER IS DR. KIM

7275
05:14:17,880 --> 05:14:20,120
BUTTS PAULEY, SHE'S A PROFESSOR

7276
05:14:20,120 --> 05:14:22,760
IN RADIO LOGICAL SCIENCES AT

7277
05:14:22,760 --> 05:14:24,080
STANFORD UNIVERSITY AND SHE WILL

7278
05:14:24,080 --> 05:14:26,960
BE TALKING ABOUT MRI BASED

7279
05:14:26,960 --> 05:14:29,120
VERIFICATION OF TRANSCRANIAL

7280
05:14:29,120 --> 05:14:38,520
ULTRASOUND STIMULATION TARGETING

7281
05:14:38,520 --> 05:14:40,960
WITH 2 SPECIFIC TARGETS.

7282
05:14:40,960 --> 05:14:42,080
>>THANK YOU CROSS LINKING
I

7283
05:14:42,080 --> 05:14:48,640
WANT TO TALK ABOUT HOW WE USE

7284
05:14:48,640 --> 05:14:55,960
TRANSCRANIAL SIMULATION TO

7285
05:14:55,960 --> 05:14:56,960
HUMANS.

7286
05:14:56,960 --> 05:14:58,200
-SORRY, THE FLUORESCENCE MOVES

7287
05:14:58,200 --> 05:14:59,720
AROUND WITH A FOCUS INTERESTING,

7288
05:14:59,720 --> 05:15:00,920
ANYWAY, LET ME GET PAST THAT AND

7289
05:15:00,920 --> 05:15:03,280
TALK ABOUT THE MRI.

7290
05:15:03,280 --> 05:15:06,320
OKAY, SO YAN AND WYNN, SET UP

7291
05:15:06,320 --> 05:15:07,360
VERY NICELY 1 OF THE BIGGEST

7292
05:15:07,360 --> 05:15:08,360
PROBLEMS FOR US WHICH IS THE

7293
05:15:08,360 --> 05:15:08,560
CULL.

7294
05:15:08,560 --> 05:15:10,720
SO IF YOU HAVE A THIN AND

7295
05:15:10,720 --> 05:15:11,640
HOMOGEANIOUS SKULL, THEN MAYBE

7296
05:15:11,640 --> 05:15:13,480
YOU GET ABOUT HALF THE INTENSITY

7297
05:15:13,480 --> 05:15:14,120
ACROSS THE SKULL.

7298
05:15:14,120 --> 05:15:15,880
YOU COULD HAVE A LESS GOOD

7299
05:15:15,880 --> 05:15:18,000
SCENARIO HERE WHERE YOU HAVE A

7300
05:15:18,000 --> 05:15:18,960
THICK AND HOMOGEANIOUS AND YOU

7301
05:15:18,960 --> 05:15:20,240
WILL AND CORTICALE BONE AND YOU

7302
05:15:20,240 --> 05:15:22,360
GET MAYBE LIKE 20% OF THE

7303
05:15:22,360 --> 05:15:25,320
INTENSITY SCROOSES THE SKULL BUT

7304
05:15:25,320 --> 05:15:26,960
THERE COULD ACTUALLY BE MORE

7305
05:15:26,960 --> 05:15:28,480
COMPLICATED CASES SO THESE

7306
05:15:28,480 --> 05:15:30,280
ARE--I'M SHOWING YOU IMAGES HERE

7307
05:15:30,280 --> 05:15:32,640
THAT ARE CT IMAGES HERE OF

7308
05:15:32,640 --> 05:15:33,920
DIFFERENT SUBJECTS THAT ARE

7309
05:15:33,920 --> 05:15:35,320
TREATED FOR ESSENTIAL TREMOR FOR

7310
05:15:35,320 --> 05:15:36,680
ULTRASOUND AND IF YOU LOOK AT

7311
05:15:36,680 --> 05:15:38,480
THESE SKULLS THERE'S A LOT OF

7312
05:15:38,480 --> 05:15:39,560
HETEROGENERATED AITY IN THE

7313
05:15:39,560 --> 05:15:42,160
THICKNESSS, AS WELL AS THE

7314
05:15:42,160 --> 05:15:43,960
COMPOSITION, AND FOR EXAMPLE,

7315
05:15:43,960 --> 05:15:45,560
LIKE I--I MIGHT ASK YOU WELL

7316
05:15:45,560 --> 05:15:48,280
WHICH 1 YOU THINK IS THE LEAST

7317
05:15:48,280 --> 05:15:48,960
TRANSMISSIVE TO ULTRASOUND, AND

7318
05:15:48,960 --> 05:15:50,800
YOUR EYE IS PROBABLY DRAWN TO

7319
05:15:50,800 --> 05:15:53,160
THIS 1 OVER HERE, AND PARTLY

7320
05:15:53,160 --> 05:15:54,120
BECAUSE IT'S VERY THICK BONE,

7321
05:15:54,120 --> 05:15:55,640
BUT ALSO BECAUSE I SHOWED IT ON

7322
05:15:55,640 --> 05:15:57,240
THE LAST SLIDE BUT IT TURNS OUT

7323
05:15:57,240 --> 05:15:59,520
THAT THIS 1 UP HERE IS ACTUALLY

7324
05:15:59,520 --> 05:16:01,040
50% LESS THAN MISSIVE AND IT'S

7325
05:16:01,040 --> 05:16:04,240
BECAUSE IT HAS ALL THAT BONE,

7326
05:16:04,240 --> 05:16:08,560
WHICH IS WHAT WYNN WAS ALLUDING

7327
05:16:08,560 --> 05:16:10,120
TO IS IN PRESENTATION, WHEN YOU

7328
05:16:10,120 --> 05:16:12,360
HAVE A LOT OF BONE, IT'S NOT

7329
05:16:12,360 --> 05:16:12,880
TRANSMISSIVE.

7330
05:16:12,880 --> 05:16:15,520
SO THESE REALLY SHOW YOU THE

7331
05:16:15,520 --> 05:16:16,760
VARIATIONS BETWEEN SUBJECTS IN

7332
05:16:16,760 --> 05:16:18,200
THE CT PICTURES BUT I SORT OF

7333
05:16:18,200 --> 05:16:20,000
MISLED YOU A LITTLE BIT WHEN I

7334
05:16:20,000 --> 05:16:21,920
SAID I WAS SHOWING YOU ALL THESE

7335
05:16:21,920 --> 05:16:23,240
CT PICTURES BUT IT ACTUALLY

7336
05:16:23,240 --> 05:16:25,400
TURNS OUT THAT 1 OF THESE ROWS

7337
05:16:25,400 --> 05:16:26,840
IS MRI PICTURES OF SKULLS, SO

7338
05:16:26,840 --> 05:16:28,880
NOW I MIGHT ASK YOU WHICH ROW DO

7339
05:16:28,880 --> 05:16:30,440
YOU THINK THAT IS, BUT RATHER

7340
05:16:30,440 --> 05:16:31,640
THAN GIVE YOU A QUIZ BECAUSE I

7341
05:16:31,640 --> 05:16:33,080
DON'T HAVE THAT MUCH TIME AND I

7342
05:16:33,080 --> 05:16:34,960
HAVE A LOT I WANT TO COVER, I

7343
05:16:34,960 --> 05:16:36,280
WILL TELL YOU IT'S THE LAST ROW,

7344
05:16:36,280 --> 05:16:38,760
AND SO THESE ARE UTE IMAGES OF

7345
05:16:38,760 --> 05:16:39,840
DIFFERENT SKULLS AND IN CASE YOU

7346
05:16:39,840 --> 05:16:41,560
DON'T BELIEVE ME, THERE'S THE

7347
05:16:41,560 --> 05:16:43,080
ACTUAL IMAGES, A LITTLE BIT OF

7348
05:16:43,080 --> 05:16:44,040
VARIATION WAS USED, I DON'T

7349
05:16:44,040 --> 05:16:45,680
REALLY GO INTO THAT.

7350
05:16:45,680 --> 05:16:47,560
BUT MRI PICTURES OF THE SKULL

7351
05:16:47,560 --> 05:16:50,000
ARE GETTING BETTER AND BETTER

7352
05:16:50,000 --> 05:16:50,760
ALL THE TIME.

7353
05:16:50,760 --> 05:16:51,840
THERE WERE BEAUTIFUL PICTURES

7354
05:16:51,840 --> 05:16:53,800
AND THIS SET RIGHT HERE SHOW

7355
05:16:53,800 --> 05:16:56,480
YOU, YOU CAN ALSO USE THOSE FOR

7356
05:16:56,480 --> 05:16:57,240
LOOKING FOR CALCIFICATIONS WHICH

7357
05:16:57,240 --> 05:16:59,440
COULD BE VERY USEFUL TO US.

7358
05:16:59,440 --> 05:17:01,440
OKAY, SO WHAT DO WE WANT TO DO

7359
05:17:01,440 --> 05:17:01,720
WITH THOSE?

7360
05:17:01,720 --> 05:17:05,040
ONE OF THE THINGS WE HAVE TO DO

7361
05:17:05,040 --> 05:17:07,120
IS ASSESS THE ATTENUATION AND

7362
05:17:07,120 --> 05:17:07,840
BASE ABERRATIONS CORRECTIONS

7363
05:17:07,840 --> 05:17:09,160
WHICH WAS ALLUDED TO EARLIER, SO

7364
05:17:09,160 --> 05:17:11,080
I HAVE A COUPLE OF ANIMATIONS

7365
05:17:11,080 --> 05:17:12,120
HERE THAT SHOW YOU WHAT THE

7366
05:17:12,120 --> 05:17:13,560
ISSUE IS, SO IF WHAT YOU HAVE IS

7367
05:17:13,560 --> 05:17:16,400
YOUR BEAM GOING THROUGH

7368
05:17:16,400 --> 05:17:17,080
HOMOGENERATED YIEWS SKULL, THEN

7369
05:17:17,080 --> 05:17:19,120
YOU SEE THE OTHER SIDE IS THAT

7370
05:17:19,120 --> 05:17:20,440
THE WAVE FRONTS ARE ALL IN FACE

7371
05:17:20,440 --> 05:17:21,600
AND THAT'S IN CONTRAST TO THE

7372
05:17:21,600 --> 05:17:23,160
SITUATION NOW WHERE IF YOU HAVE

7373
05:17:23,160 --> 05:17:25,000
YOUR WAVE FRONTS COMING THROUGH,

7374
05:17:25,000 --> 05:17:26,800
A SKULL THAT IS VARIABLE

7375
05:17:26,800 --> 05:17:28,560
THICKNESS, SO IT'S NOW GOING TO

7376
05:17:28,560 --> 05:17:29,960
HIT THE SKULL, THOSE WAVE FRONTS

7377
05:17:29,960 --> 05:17:31,400
WILL SPEED UP AS THEY GO THROUGH

7378
05:17:31,400 --> 05:17:32,840
THE SKULL BECAUSE IT'S VARIABLE

7379
05:17:32,840 --> 05:17:34,200
THICKNESS THEY COME OUT ON

7380
05:17:34,200 --> 05:17:35,240
DIFFERENT PHASES ON THE OTHER

7381
05:17:35,240 --> 05:17:35,600
SIDE.

7382
05:17:35,600 --> 05:17:39,120
SO NOW WE HAVE THE SITUATION

7383
05:17:39,120 --> 05:17:41,320
WHERE OUR BEAM WAS--I DIDN'T

7384
05:17:41,320 --> 05:17:43,280
MEANINAR TO PLAY AGAIN WAS

7385
05:17:43,280 --> 05:17:45,400
INITIALLY END FACE AND THEN, IT

7386
05:17:45,400 --> 05:17:47,880
WAS COHERENT AND THEN IN THE END

7387
05:17:47,880 --> 05:17:48,920
IT WAS INCOHERENT OR OUT OF FACE

7388
05:17:48,920 --> 05:17:50,880
SO IF YOU LOOK OVER HERE YOU CAN

7389
05:17:50,880 --> 05:17:52,720
SEE IT'S A HIGH PRESSURE POINT

7390
05:17:52,720 --> 05:17:53,880
AND A LOW PRESSURE POINT AND

7391
05:17:53,880 --> 05:17:55,120
WHAT DOES THAT DO, SO IF YOU

7392
05:17:55,120 --> 05:17:56,600
HAVE A BEAM WHICH IS NOT

7393
05:17:56,600 --> 05:17:57,920
ABNORMALITIESERATED AND MORE AND

7394
05:17:57,920 --> 05:18:02,200
MORE ABERRATION LOOKS LIKE THAT.

7395
05:18:02,200 --> 05:18:04,200
AND SO WHAT IF YOU SAY THESE

7396
05:18:04,200 --> 05:18:05,520
SKULLS OVER HERE YOU MIGHT HAVE

7397
05:18:05,520 --> 05:18:07,160
SIGNS THAT ARE A LITTLE BIT

7398
05:18:07,160 --> 05:18:08,120
ABNORMALITIESERATED AND OVER

7399
05:18:08,120 --> 05:18:09,240
HERE VERY ABNORMALITIESERATED

7400
05:18:09,240 --> 05:18:10,520
THIS IS AGAIN WHAT WYNN

7401
05:18:10,520 --> 05:18:12,000
MENTIONED AND THIS IS AN

7402
05:18:12,000 --> 05:18:13,840
INTERESTING CASE BECAUSE IT MAY

7403
05:18:13,840 --> 05:18:15,000
NOT BE VERY ABNORMALITIESERATED

7404
05:18:15,000 --> 05:18:17,120
BUT IT WOULD BE REFRACTED

7405
05:18:17,120 --> 05:18:18,720
MEANING IT WON'T BE WHERE YOU

7406
05:18:18,720 --> 05:18:19,480
THINK IT IS.

7407
05:18:19,480 --> 05:18:20,760
SO MY POINT HERE WAS THAT MRI

7408
05:18:20,760 --> 05:18:22,120
CAN DO A GOOD JOB OF

7409
05:18:22,120 --> 05:18:24,520
DIAGONALLING YOU NOT JUST ABOUT

7410
05:18:24,520 --> 05:18:25,920
THE ABSORPTION OF THE

7411
05:18:25,920 --> 05:18:27,080
ATTENUATION BUT ALSO THE

7412
05:18:27,080 --> 05:18:27,760
ABERRATION CORRECTIONS AND THE

7413
05:18:27,760 --> 05:18:30,800
IDEA HERE IS THAT IF YOU CAN

7414
05:18:30,800 --> 05:18:31,840
CALCULATE WHAT THE PHASES SHOULD

7415
05:18:31,840 --> 05:18:33,600
BE THROUGH ANY PORTION OF SKULL,

7416
05:18:33,600 --> 05:18:37,440
CAN YOU PREPHASE THE ELEMENTS IN

7417
05:18:37,440 --> 05:18:39,360
ORDER TO MAKE SURE THE BEAM IS

7418
05:18:39,360 --> 05:18:40,440
COHERENT AT THE FOCUS.

7419
05:18:40,440 --> 05:18:43,040
OKAY, SO TO PROVE THAT POINT, MY

7420
05:18:43,040 --> 05:18:45,240
STUDENT STEVE YOUNG DID THIS

7421
05:18:45,240 --> 05:18:46,800
WITH THE INSIGHT TRANSDUCER, HE

7422
05:18:46,800 --> 05:18:48,160
HAD 3 DIFFERENT SKULLS AND HE

7423
05:18:48,160 --> 05:18:49,480
DID THIS VERY CAREFUL SET UP

7424
05:18:49,480 --> 05:18:51,280
WHERE HE PUT THE SKULLS IN THE

7425
05:18:51,280 --> 05:18:52,680
TRANSDUCER AND HE HAS A

7426
05:18:52,680 --> 05:18:55,680
HYDROPHONE RIGHT HERE AND HE CAN

7427
05:18:55,680 --> 05:18:57,120
TURN THE TRANSDUCER ON AND GET A

7428
05:18:57,120 --> 05:18:59,560
PICTURE OF THE FOCAL SPOT AND IN

7429
05:18:59,560 --> 05:19:01,160
THE ABSENCE OF ANY PHASE

7430
05:19:01,160 --> 05:19:01,920
CORRECTION, YOU SEE SOMETHING

7431
05:19:01,920 --> 05:19:03,920
THAT LOOKS LIKE THAT SO THE

7432
05:19:03,920 --> 05:19:05,920
INTENSITY IS A BIT LOW AND ON

7433
05:19:05,920 --> 05:19:07,440
AVERAGE IT'S A BIT LOW COMPARED

7434
05:19:07,440 --> 05:19:08,720
TO THE SITUATION WHERE YOU WERE

7435
05:19:08,720 --> 05:19:10,160
TO DO THE BEST CORRECTION YOU

7436
05:19:10,160 --> 05:19:12,400
COULD THAT MEANS YOU WOULD

7437
05:19:12,400 --> 05:19:13,960
CALCULATE THE PHASES WITH THAT

7438
05:19:13,960 --> 05:19:15,160
HYDROCONE AS YOU TURN ON 1

7439
05:19:15,160 --> 05:19:17,120
ELEMENT OF A TIME, YOU COULD

7440
05:19:17,120 --> 05:19:18,680
CYCLE THROUGH ALL THE ELEMENTS

7441
05:19:18,680 --> 05:19:19,720
AND CALCULATE THOSE PHASES ARE

7442
05:19:19,720 --> 05:19:20,800
AND YOU CORRECT FOR THAT AND

7443
05:19:20,800 --> 05:19:22,480
THAT'S THE BEST YOU CAN DO AND

7444
05:19:22,480 --> 05:19:24,080
SO, THAT'S WHAT I'M GOING TO

7445
05:19:24,080 --> 05:19:26,080
GIVE OVER HERE WITH A NORMALIZED

7446
05:19:26,080 --> 05:19:28,360
TO THAT 1 SO IT'S A VALUE OF 1.

7447
05:19:28,360 --> 05:19:30,480
OKAY, WHERE AM I GOING WITH

7448
05:19:30,480 --> 05:19:30,720
THIS?

7449
05:19:30,720 --> 05:19:33,200
I WANTED TO TELL YOU ABOUT MRI

7450
05:19:33,200 --> 05:19:33,680
VERSUS CT.

7451
05:19:33,680 --> 05:19:36,120
SO THE IDEA NOW IS IF YOU TAKE

7452
05:19:36,120 --> 05:19:37,560
YOUR MRI PICTURE OF THE SKULL

7453
05:19:37,560 --> 05:19:39,160
AND SAY LET'S CALCULATE WHAT

7454
05:19:39,160 --> 05:19:40,600
THAT PHASE TERM SHOULD BE, YOU

7455
05:19:40,600 --> 05:19:41,800
DO THAT FOR THE PATHS AND YOU

7456
05:19:41,800 --> 05:19:44,560
THEN YOU GET A PICTURE OF THE

7457
05:19:44,560 --> 05:19:45,840
FOCAL SPOT AS MEASURED AND YOU

7458
05:19:45,840 --> 05:19:47,800
CAN DO THAT WITH CT AS WELL AND

7459
05:19:47,800 --> 05:19:50,200
HOW DO THEY COMPARE, OOPS, SORRY

7460
05:19:50,200 --> 05:19:53,480
ABOUT THAT, NIGH NEED TO GO

7461
05:19:53,480 --> 05:19:53,760
BACKWARDS.

7462
05:19:53,760 --> 05:19:55,280
AND THEN WHAT YOU SEE, THE

7463
05:19:55,280 --> 05:19:57,680
COMPARISON IS THAT ACROSS THE 3

7464
05:19:57,680 --> 05:19:59,280
OTHER SKULLS ON AVERAGE THEY ARE

7465
05:19:59,280 --> 05:19:59,720
EQUIVALENT.

7466
05:19:59,720 --> 05:20:02,720
THEY GIVE YOU AN EQUIVALENT OF

7467
05:20:02,720 --> 05:20:04,520
FOCAL SPOT, AT THE--THIS WAS

7468
05:20:04,520 --> 05:20:08,320
JUST 1 OF THOSE 3 SKULLS BUT ON

7469
05:20:08,320 --> 05:20:10,440
AVERAGE ACROSS THE 3, THEY'RE

7470
05:20:10,440 --> 05:20:12,040
EQUIVALENT SO MRI CAN BE USE

7471
05:20:12,040 --> 05:20:13,720
INDEED PLACE OF CT.

7472
05:20:13,720 --> 05:20:16,720
OKAY, SO THAT'S 1 PLACE, 1 OF

7473
05:20:16,720 --> 05:20:18,520
THE 3-POINTS I WANTED TO

7474
05:20:18,520 --> 05:20:18,760
DISCUSS.

7475
05:20:18,760 --> 05:20:20,320
THE SECOND 1 IS CAN MRI BE USED

7476
05:20:20,320 --> 05:20:22,000
TO MAKE A MEASUREMENT.

7477
05:20:22,000 --> 05:20:25,320
SO, WE TALKED A BIT ABOUT WELL,

7478
05:20:25,320 --> 05:20:26,640
YOU COULD CALCULATE WITH THE

7479
05:20:26,640 --> 05:20:29,480
PHASE IS, YOU COULD DO A BEAM

7480
05:20:29,480 --> 05:20:30,880
SIMULATION BUT COULD YOU MAKE A

7481
05:20:30,880 --> 05:20:31,760
MEASUREMENT OF WHAT ACTUALLY

7482
05:20:31,760 --> 05:20:32,920
REACHES THE BRAIN AND THEN WHAT

7483
05:20:32,920 --> 05:20:35,240
CAN THAT TELL US.

7484
05:20:35,240 --> 05:20:38,120
SO, WE DID A STUDY, LARGE ANIMAL

7485
05:20:38,120 --> 05:20:39,760
STUDY, WITH THE FRY BROTHERS DID

7486
05:20:39,760 --> 05:20:42,640
BACK IN THE 1950SALY WE DID IT

7487
05:20:42,640 --> 05:20:43,840
ACROSS THE INTACT SKULL IN THE

7488
05:20:43,840 --> 05:20:46,840
SHEEP AND WE SONICATED LGN WHILE

7489
05:20:46,840 --> 05:20:48,160
THERE WERE FLASHING LIGHTS ON

7490
05:20:48,160 --> 05:20:49,320
THE SHEEP MODEL HERE.

7491
05:20:49,320 --> 05:20:54,640
WE DID THIS WITH THE INSIDE

7492
05:20:54,640 --> 05:20:55,240
TRANSFACIC TRANSDUCER, 500

7493
05:20:55,240 --> 05:20:56,840
KILOHERTZ WHICH IS GREAT, NOT

7494
05:20:56,840 --> 05:20:58,240
SUITABLE FOR HUMAN USE BUT WE

7495
05:20:58,240 --> 05:21:00,560
WERE ABLE TO USE IT FOR THIS

7496
05:21:00,560 --> 05:21:00,920
STUDY.

7497
05:21:00,920 --> 05:21:03,280
THE SHEEP MODEL AGAIN HAS A THIN

7498
05:21:03,280 --> 05:21:04,680
AND HOMOGEANIOUS SKULL AND WE

7499
05:21:04,680 --> 05:21:05,640
AFFIXED THE TRANSDUCER TO THE

7500
05:21:05,640 --> 05:21:07,280
TOP OF THE MR HEAD COIL.

7501
05:21:07,280 --> 05:21:11,240
WE HAD TO USE THE HEAD COIL

7502
05:21:11,240 --> 05:21:12,520
BECAUSE IT WOULD ACCOMMODATE THE

7503
05:21:12,520 --> 05:21:14,640
SHEEP NOSE AND YOU CAN SEE THE

7504
05:21:14,640 --> 05:21:17,000
LED FLASHING LIGHTS HERE ON THE

7505
05:21:17,000 --> 05:21:17,200
SHEEP.

7506
05:21:17,200 --> 05:21:20,440
OKAY, SO WE PUT THEM IN THE MR

7507
05:21:20,440 --> 05:21:23,600
UNDERANESTHESSIA AND FIGURED OUT

7508
05:21:23,600 --> 05:21:25,640
WHERE THE LGN WAS AND WE

7509
05:21:25,640 --> 05:21:26,720
COULDN'T FIND THE RIGHT CLAIM IN

7510
05:21:26,720 --> 05:21:28,240
ORDER TO DO THAT STUDY SO WE

7511
05:21:28,240 --> 05:21:30,400
REFER TODAY BACK TO PUTTING

7512
05:21:30,400 --> 05:21:32,600
ELECTRODES BACK ON THE

7513
05:21:32,600 --> 05:21:33,760
SUBCUTANEOUSLY OVER THE VISUAL

7514
05:21:33,760 --> 05:21:35,600
CORTEX AS WELL AS FRONTAL PART

7515
05:21:35,600 --> 05:21:37,120
OF THE BRAIN AND THEN OUR

7516
05:21:37,120 --> 05:21:38,680
PARADIGM WENT LIKE THIS,

7517
05:21:38,680 --> 05:21:40,080
SOPHISTICATEDY THEY WERE AN

7518
05:21:40,080 --> 05:21:41,320
THESAURUS THISITIZED DOING THE

7519
05:21:41,320 --> 05:21:43,720
E, G AS WE FLASHING LIGHTS IN

7520
05:21:43,720 --> 05:21:51,920
ORDER TO MEASURE THE POTENTIAL

7521
05:21:51,920 --> 05:21:54,400
WHICH WOULD BE 240 MINUTES

7522
05:21:54,400 --> 05:21:57,560
PERIOD FOLLOWED BY 2-3 MIN

7523
05:21:57,560 --> 05:21:58,600
PERIODS OF SONIC CONTROL

7524
05:21:58,600 --> 05:22:00,480
LOCATION SO WE HAD AN ACTIVE

7525
05:22:00,480 --> 05:22:01,800
CONTROL, DURING THAT PERIOD

7526
05:22:01,800 --> 05:22:03,200
THERE WAS 1 THAT WAS ONLY LIGHT

7527
05:22:03,200 --> 05:22:05,520
ONLY AND 1 THAT WAS ULTRASOUND

7528
05:22:05,520 --> 05:22:06,720
ONLY, BUT I WILL SHOW YOU THE

7529
05:22:06,720 --> 05:22:08,520
RESULTS FROM THE LIGHT ONLY.

7530
05:22:08,520 --> 05:22:10,640
AND SO THAT MEANS IT'S A BIT

7531
05:22:10,640 --> 05:22:12,520
MORE LIKE AN OFFLINE PROTOCOL IN

7532
05:22:12,520 --> 05:22:16,920
THAT THE ULTRASOUND HAD BEEN ON

7533
05:22:16,920 --> 05:22:17,520
DURING OTHER--ANOTHER 152nd

7534
05:22:17,520 --> 05:22:19,000
PERIOD BUT WE WEREN'T LOOKING

7535
05:22:19,000 --> 05:22:21,680
RIGHT AFTER THE ULTRASOUND.

7536
05:22:21,680 --> 05:22:23,800
AND THE HEART RATE AND

7537
05:22:23,800 --> 05:22:24,600
TEMPERATURE MAINTAINED CONSTANT

7538
05:22:24,600 --> 05:22:26,920
WHICH IS SORT OF LIGHTENING UP.

7539
05:22:26,920 --> 05:22:27,600
SOPHISTICATED OKAY, SO THIS

7540
05:22:27,600 --> 05:22:29,040
LOOKS AS IF OUR FOCAL SPOT

7541
05:22:29,040 --> 05:22:31,040
LOOKED LIKE AND WE DID THE

7542
05:22:31,040 --> 05:22:33,120
SIMULATIONS AND THEN WE DID AN

7543
05:22:33,120 --> 05:22:33,880
PICTURE SO WE'RE ABLE TO GET A

7544
05:22:33,880 --> 05:22:35,440
PATIENTS IN THE CLINIC UPPER OF

7545
05:22:35,440 --> 05:22:37,240
THE FOCAL SPOT SO I WANT TO TAKE

7546
05:22:37,240 --> 05:22:38,840
TIME TELLING YOU ABOUT MRRP, AND

7547
05:22:38,840 --> 05:22:40,400
THE WAY WE USE IT AT THE TIME

7548
05:22:40,400 --> 05:22:42,200
WAS SORT OF VERIFYING OUR

7549
05:22:42,200 --> 05:22:43,560
TARGET, WELL 2 THINGS FIRST OF

7550
05:22:43,560 --> 05:22:44,960
ALL WAS THE EQUIPMENT WORKING,

7551
05:22:44,960 --> 05:22:46,080
THAT WAS IMPORTANT TO KNOW.

7552
05:22:46,080 --> 05:22:47,800
YES WE GOT AN ULTRASOUND INTO

7553
05:22:47,800 --> 05:22:49,320
THE BRAIN AND IS IT WHERE WE

7554
05:22:49,320 --> 05:22:52,320
PRESCRIBED IT TO BE?

7555
05:22:52,320 --> 05:22:53,440
BECAUSE IT'S ENTIRELY POSSIBLE

7556
05:22:53,440 --> 05:22:55,960
IN A SKULL THAT WASN'T THIN AND

7557
05:22:55,960 --> 05:22:57,120
HOMOGEANIOUS IT MAY HAVE BEEN

7558
05:22:57,120 --> 05:22:58,520
DISPLACED AS I MENTIONED BEFORE

7559
05:22:58,520 --> 05:23:00,200
BUT HERE IT GAVE US THE LOCATION

7560
05:23:00,200 --> 05:23:01,600
WHERE WE WANTED IT SO THAT WAS

7561
05:23:01,600 --> 05:23:01,800
GREAT.

7562
05:23:01,800 --> 05:23:04,520
SO JUST A BIT OF A DIGRESSION AS

7563
05:23:04,520 --> 05:23:05,600
TO HOW THIS WORKS.

7564
05:23:05,600 --> 05:23:08,160
WHEN YOU TURN ULTRASOUND ON,

7565
05:23:08,160 --> 05:23:10,000
THERE WILL BE ABSORPTION OF

7566
05:23:10,000 --> 05:23:12,600
MOMENTUM, YOU LOOK AT THE FOCUS,

7567
05:23:12,600 --> 05:23:13,960
THEY WILL ABSORB AND THEN I WILL

7568
05:23:13,960 --> 05:23:15,600
DISPLACE AS CAN YOU SEE THERE,

7569
05:23:15,600 --> 05:23:17,320
SO WITH MRI WHAT HAPPENS IS THAT

7570
05:23:17,320 --> 05:23:19,480
WE TURN THE ULTRASOUND ON,

7571
05:23:19,480 --> 05:23:21,600
DURING THE APPLICATION OF A

7572
05:23:21,600 --> 05:23:22,120
MAGNETIC FIELD GRADIENT.

7573
05:23:22,120 --> 05:23:26,560
SO WHEN WE DO THAT NOW, WE THINK

7574
05:23:26,560 --> 05:23:27,720
ABOUT PROTONS, SPINS ABOVE

7575
05:23:27,720 --> 05:23:29,400
PROTONS THEY WILL MOVE TO A

7576
05:23:29,400 --> 05:23:31,760
HIGHER MAGNETIC FIELD, THEY WILL

7577
05:23:31,760 --> 05:23:32,400
ACCUMULATE PHASE DEPENDING ON

7578
05:23:32,400 --> 05:23:33,360
THE DISTANCE THAT THEY MOVED AND

7579
05:23:33,360 --> 05:23:34,800
NOW WHAT WE'VE DONE IS WE

7580
05:23:34,800 --> 05:23:37,640
ENCODED INTO THE PHASE WHAT THAT

7581
05:23:37,640 --> 05:23:38,040
DISPLACEMENT WAS.

7582
05:23:38,040 --> 05:23:41,240
IN OTHER WORDS WE ENCODED TO THE

7583
05:23:41,240 --> 05:23:42,840
FACE WHAT THE INTENSITY OF THE

7584
05:23:42,840 --> 05:23:43,240
ULTRASOUND IS.

7585
05:23:43,240 --> 05:23:46,120
SO THIS WAS SORT OF A SIMPLE

7586
05:23:46,120 --> 05:23:46,960
IMPLEMENTATION, WE DON'T USE

7587
05:23:46,960 --> 05:23:48,240
SOMETHING WIGHT THAT SIMPLE.

7588
05:23:48,240 --> 05:23:49,440
WE USE SOMETHING QUITE LIKE

7589
05:23:49,440 --> 05:23:51,880
THIS, IT HAS A LOWER B-VALUE SO

7590
05:23:51,880 --> 05:23:54,720
WE HAD BETTER SIGNAL TO NOISE.

7591
05:23:54,720 --> 05:23:57,200
THAT'S WHAT OUR EXVIVO PICTURE

7592
05:23:57,200 --> 05:23:59,080
LOOKED LIKE AND THEN FOR ANY

7593
05:23:59,080 --> 05:24:02,440
PARTICULAR SET UP, AS YOU

7594
05:24:02,440 --> 05:24:04,440
INCREASE THE POWER ON THE

7595
05:24:04,440 --> 05:24:06,080
TRANSDUCER, THEN YOU GET MORE

7596
05:24:06,080 --> 05:24:07,240
DISPLACEMENT AND SO, THIS IS

7597
05:24:07,240 --> 05:24:11,600
JUST SAYING AS WE HAVE MORE

7598
05:24:11,600 --> 05:24:13,160
INTENSITY, AND WE TURNED IT UP,

7599
05:24:13,160 --> 05:24:14,840
THE POWER AND WE GET MORE

7600
05:24:14,840 --> 05:24:15,160
DISPLACEMENT.

7601
05:24:15,160 --> 05:24:17,040
SO THE REQUESTY IS, CAN WE

7602
05:24:17,040 --> 05:24:18,600
MEASURE DISPLACEMENT AND BACK

7603
05:24:18,600 --> 05:24:21,440
OUT THE INTENSITY OR EFFECT?

7604
05:24:21,440 --> 05:24:22,960
SO THE EFFECT WE WERE LOOKING AT

7605
05:24:22,960 --> 05:24:23,920
WAS IN THE SHEEP.

7606
05:24:23,920 --> 05:24:27,160
WE WERE LOOKING AT REDUCTION IN

7607
05:24:27,160 --> 05:24:29,680
THE VISUALLY EVOKED POTENTIAL SO

7608
05:24:29,680 --> 05:24:31,000
THIS IS THE ANIMALS, THIS IS

7609
05:24:31,000 --> 05:24:32,320
JUST 1 OF THEM SHOWING YOU THE

7610
05:24:32,320 --> 05:24:33,760
TRACE THERE, SO THE BASE LINE IS

7611
05:24:33,760 --> 05:24:35,960
IN BLUE, WE WERE LOOKING AT THE

7612
05:24:35,960 --> 05:24:37,960
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE N70 AND

7613
05:24:37,960 --> 05:24:40,400
THE P100 PEAKS AND SEEING WHEN

7614
05:24:40,400 --> 05:24:42,200
WE WERE SONICATING LGN THAT WAS

7615
05:24:42,200 --> 05:24:42,440
REDUCED.

7616
05:24:42,440 --> 05:24:44,440
JUST LOOKING OVER A NUMBER OF

7617
05:24:44,440 --> 05:24:46,000
ANIMALS, HERE'S THE SHAM ANIMALS

7618
05:24:46,000 --> 05:24:47,160
AND ON AVERAGE THERE'S NO

7619
05:24:47,160 --> 05:24:49,520
DIFFERENCE AND IN THE 1S WE WERE

7620
05:24:49,520 --> 05:24:50,360
SONICATING, THERE WAS A

7621
05:24:50,360 --> 05:24:52,240
REDUCTION AND WE WERE SONICATING

7622
05:24:52,240 --> 05:24:53,480
IT AT ACTIVE CONTROL AND THIS IS

7623
05:24:53,480 --> 05:24:55,480
JUST IN THE BAR GRAPH OF THAT

7624
05:24:55,480 --> 05:24:58,280
SAME DATA AS WELL AND THESE 2

7625
05:24:58,280 --> 05:24:59,280
LGN TIME POINTINGS TOGETHER IN

7626
05:24:59,280 --> 05:25:07,560
THE 3 CONTROLS THERE.

7627
05:25:07,560 --> 05:25:10,200
OKAY, SO WE SEE A REDUCTION AND

7628
05:25:10,200 --> 05:25:12,080
DOES THE MRR, TELL US ABOUT THE

7629
05:25:12,080 --> 05:25:12,360
REDUCTION?

7630
05:25:12,360 --> 05:25:14,120
IN THIS PLOT WE HAVE THE

7631
05:25:14,120 --> 05:25:16,520
REDUCTION IN THE VISUALLY

7632
05:25:16,520 --> 05:25:17,680
REVOKED POTENTIAL SO HERE WE SEE

7633
05:25:17,680 --> 05:25:19,440
THE SITUATION WHERE THERE'S

7634
05:25:19,440 --> 05:25:20,960
LOWER SKULL ATTENUATION, THERE'S

7635
05:25:20,960 --> 05:25:22,040
MORE DISPLAYMENT AT THE FOCUS

7636
05:25:22,040 --> 05:25:23,720
AND THAT'S WHERE WE HAD A BIGGER

7637
05:25:23,720 --> 05:25:25,760
REDUCTION IN THE VISUALLY EVOKED

7638
05:25:25,760 --> 05:25:26,800
TO PENTINE REGIMENNIAL, OVER

7639
05:25:26,800 --> 05:25:29,040
HERE THERE'S HIGHER SKULL

7640
05:25:29,040 --> 05:25:29,680
ATTENUATION, LESS DISPLACEMENT

7641
05:25:29,680 --> 05:25:31,160
AND LESS OF A REDUCTION, SO THIS

7642
05:25:31,160 --> 05:25:32,120
IS REALLY NICE BECAUSE NOT ONLY

7643
05:25:32,120 --> 05:25:33,680
WOULD IT TELL US, YES, IT'S

7644
05:25:33,680 --> 05:25:34,760
WORKING AND THE SPOT IS WHERE WE

7645
05:25:34,760 --> 05:25:36,680
THINK IT SHOULD BE, BUT IT ALSO

7646
05:25:36,680 --> 05:25:38,120
TELLS US HOW MUCH INTENSITY

7647
05:25:38,120 --> 05:25:39,400
WE'RE ACTUALLY GETTING INTO THE

7648
05:25:39,400 --> 05:25:41,800
SKULL AS OPPOSED TO KIND OF

7649
05:25:41,800 --> 05:25:42,760
SIMULATING JUST ENOUGH.

7650
05:25:42,760 --> 05:25:44,960
AND THEN THEREFORE, HOW MUCH OF

7651
05:25:44,960 --> 05:25:46,160
A MODLATTORY EFFECT DO YOU THINK

7652
05:25:46,160 --> 05:25:51,720
WE'RE GOING TO GET.

7653
05:25:51,720 --> 05:25:52,760
OKAY, SO THE THIRD THING I WANT

7654
05:25:52,760 --> 05:25:55,840
TO TALK ABOUT TODAY IS A BIT ON

7655
05:25:55,840 --> 05:25:57,240
THE AUDITORY COMPOUND AND THEN

7656
05:25:57,240 --> 05:26:01,800
MRI WILL PLAY A ROLE HERE TWICE

7657
05:26:01,800 --> 05:26:03,200
SO THE STORY HERE IS THAT FIRST

7658
05:26:03,200 --> 05:26:04,720
OF ALL IT'S BEEN A COUPLE YEARS

7659
05:26:04,720 --> 05:26:06,680
SINCE WE WERE SORT OF REAWAKENED

7660
05:26:06,680 --> 05:26:08,320
TO THE ISSUE THAT ULTRASOUND CAN

7661
05:26:08,320 --> 05:26:08,800
BE HEARD.

7662
05:26:08,800 --> 05:26:10,880
AND SO, IF YOU HAVE AN

7663
05:26:10,880 --> 05:26:12,120
ULTRASOUND ENVELOPE THAT LOOKS

7664
05:26:12,120 --> 05:26:14,440
LIKE THIS WITH A RECK TANGLE

7665
05:26:14,440 --> 05:26:16,560
THEN IT'S A RECENT PUBLICATIONS,

7666
05:26:16,560 --> 05:26:18,080
SHOWED THAT IN RODENTS, THAT

7667
05:26:18,080 --> 05:26:19,160
COULD BE HEARD AND THEN WE

7668
05:26:19,160 --> 05:26:20,400
FOLLOWED UP WITH A PUBLICATION

7669
05:26:20,400 --> 05:26:22,240
THAT SHOWED IF YOU SMOOTH YOUR

7670
05:26:22,240 --> 05:26:25,240
WAVE FORMS, AND YOU DON'T HAVE

7671
05:26:25,240 --> 05:26:26,240
FREQUENCY, IMPLEMENTS THAT

7672
05:26:26,240 --> 05:26:28,240
OVERLAP IN THE HOUSE HEARING

7673
05:26:28,240 --> 05:26:30,240
RANGE THEN IT DOESN'T INVOLVE

7674
05:26:30,240 --> 05:26:31,800
THE PERIPHERAL AUDITORY SYSTEM,

7675
05:26:31,800 --> 05:26:34,360
OKAY, SO NOW, IN 2022, WE 2

7676
05:26:34,360 --> 05:26:36,680
WEEKS AGO HAD THE FOCUS

7677
05:26:36,680 --> 05:26:37,400
ULTRASOUND MODULATION CONFERENCE

7678
05:26:37,400 --> 05:26:39,080
AND THERE'S A FAIR AMOUNT OF

7679
05:26:39,080 --> 05:26:40,720
FOCUS ON THE ISSUE OF THE

7680
05:26:40,720 --> 05:26:42,080
AUDITORY COMPOUND IN HUMANS SO 2

7681
05:26:42,080 --> 05:26:45,040
OF THE LABS THERE, LEONARD AND

7682
05:26:45,040 --> 05:26:46,200
[INDISCERNIBLE] WERE BOTH

7683
05:26:46,200 --> 05:26:48,640
SHOWING THAT IF YOU USED A WAVE

7684
05:26:48,640 --> 05:26:51,560
FORM THAT HAS THESE SQUARE

7685
05:26:51,560 --> 05:26:58,040
COMPONENTS, THEN IT'S GOING TO

7686
05:26:58,040 --> 05:26:59,400
AFFECT AN ONLINE TASK THAT HAS

7687
05:26:59,400 --> 05:27:00,120
ATTENTION EFFECT.

7688
05:27:00,120 --> 05:27:01,680
AND THEN ALSO THE IMPLICATION IS

7689
05:27:01,680 --> 05:27:02,760
THAT IF THERE'S GOING TO BE A

7690
05:27:02,760 --> 05:27:04,160
TREATMENT THAT WILL HAVE A

7691
05:27:04,160 --> 05:27:05,240
PLACEBO EFFECT THEN THAT COULD

7692
05:27:05,240 --> 05:27:07,000
BE EFFECTIVE AS WELL.

7693
05:27:07,000 --> 05:27:10,880
ALL RIGHT, SO, WHEN I WAS ON

7694
05:27:10,880 --> 05:27:12,480
SEBATICLE THIS SUMMER I SPENT A

7695
05:27:12,480 --> 05:27:13,560
MONTH WITH [INDISCERNIBLE] AND

7696
05:27:13,560 --> 05:27:16,040
WE DID A PILOT STUDY AND IN THIS

7697
05:27:16,040 --> 05:27:16,920
STUDY WE STUDIED 7 SUBJECTS

7698
05:27:16,920 --> 05:27:19,680
WHERE WE,A PLIED A RECTANGULAR

7699
05:27:19,680 --> 05:27:21,560
WAVE FORM LIKE THIS, THAT WAS

7700
05:27:21,560 --> 05:27:23,320
20-SECONDS LONG AND THIS 1

7701
05:27:23,320 --> 05:27:24,800
LOOKED RAMPED UP AND THIS IS

7702
05:27:24,800 --> 05:27:26,160
WHAT THE POWER SPECTRA LOOKS

7703
05:27:26,160 --> 05:27:26,600
LIKE.

7704
05:27:26,600 --> 05:27:29,560
SO IN THE RECTANGULAR WAVE FORM

7705
05:27:29,560 --> 05:27:30,440
THERE'S PREQUENCY COMPONENTS

7706
05:27:30,440 --> 05:27:32,200
ACROSS THE HEARING RANGE,

7707
05:27:32,200 --> 05:27:37,200
HEARING IS DEFINED AS 32-HERTZ,

7708
05:27:37,200 --> 05:27:37,640
2/16 KILOHERTS.

7709
05:27:37,640 --> 05:27:39,840
SO WE HAVE A REDUCTION HERE IN

7710
05:27:39,840 --> 05:27:40,800
THE FREQUENCY COMPONENTS THAT

7711
05:27:40,800 --> 05:27:44,880
HUGH MANS ARE MOST SENSITIVE TO

7712
05:27:44,880 --> 05:27:47,200
FROM 1 TO 41 KILL HERTZ TO 1

7713
05:27:47,200 --> 05:27:49,600
KILL HERTZ AND THERE'S REDUCTION

7714
05:27:49,600 --> 05:27:50,920
OF MAGNITUDE IN THE POWER

7715
05:27:50,920 --> 05:27:53,200
SPECTRUM SO WHAT HAPPENED WITH

7716
05:27:53,200 --> 05:27:53,640
OUR SUBJECTS.

7717
05:27:53,640 --> 05:27:55,880
AS I MENTIONED WE HAD 7 SUBJECTS

7718
05:27:55,880 --> 05:27:58,560
AND WE WOULD INCREASE, WE

7719
05:27:58,560 --> 05:27:59,920
INTERSPERSED THESE TO IN A

7720
05:27:59,920 --> 05:28:01,800
RANDOM ORDER AND WE INCREASE

7721
05:28:01,800 --> 05:28:04,280
INDEED LOWERED THE PRESSER LEVEL

7722
05:28:04,280 --> 05:28:05,920
AND ASKED THEM WHEN WHO RAISED

7723
05:28:05,920 --> 05:28:07,080
THEIR HAND WHEN THEY HEARD

7724
05:28:07,080 --> 05:28:08,240
SOMETHING AND HERE WE'RE

7725
05:28:08,240 --> 05:28:09,120
PLOTTING THE DETECTION THRESHOLD

7726
05:28:09,120 --> 05:28:11,880
SO THIS IS FOR THE RECTANGULAR

7727
05:28:11,880 --> 05:28:13,560
PULSES SHOWN HERE WITH ALL THE

7728
05:28:13,560 --> 05:28:14,400
FREQUENCY COMPONENTS HERE SAYS

7729
05:28:14,400 --> 05:28:16,160
KROO THE RAIRVELG SO YOU SEE THE

7730
05:28:16,160 --> 05:28:17,240
DETECTION THRESHOLD IS A LOW

7731
05:28:17,240 --> 05:28:18,720
PRESSURE, AND THEN WITH THE

7732
05:28:18,720 --> 05:28:20,520
SMOOTHED WAVE FORM IT INCREASES

7733
05:28:20,520 --> 05:28:25,120
ON AVERAGE THE DETECTION

7734
05:28:25,120 --> 05:28:25,640
THRESHOLD WITH PRESSURE.

7735
05:28:25,640 --> 05:28:27,880
SO THAT WAS REALLY GREAT SAYING

7736
05:28:27,880 --> 05:28:31,000
THAT YOU KNOW THIS CAN REALLY

7737
05:28:31,000 --> 05:28:33,280
REDUCE THE AUDITORY COMPOUND IF

7738
05:28:33,280 --> 05:28:35,040
YOU SMOOTH THE FORM IN RODENTS,

7739
05:28:35,040 --> 05:28:39,400
THE SAME THING HAPPENS FOR

7740
05:28:39,400 --> 05:28:40,320
HUMANS AS WELL.

7741
05:28:40,320 --> 05:28:41,040
SO THAT'S REALLY GREAT.

7742
05:28:41,040 --> 05:28:43,200
I DO WANT TO POINT OUT THE FACT

7743
05:28:43,200 --> 05:28:44,640
THAT WHILE MRI IS VERY USEFUL,

7744
05:28:44,640 --> 05:28:47,280
CAN BE USED FOR LOTS OF THINGS,

7745
05:28:47,280 --> 05:28:49,680
IF, MRI, FOR EXAMPLE, THAT I

7746
05:28:49,680 --> 05:28:51,440
JUST MENTIONED, THAT THIS

7747
05:28:51,440 --> 05:28:53,520
AUDITORY ISSUE IS VERY

7748
05:28:53,520 --> 05:28:54,320
PROBLEMATIC FOR MRI, IT'S

7749
05:28:54,320 --> 05:28:55,960
ALREADY A LOUD ENVIRONMENT AND

7750
05:28:55,960 --> 05:28:57,160
THEN WE'RE TALKING ABOUT

7751
05:28:57,160 --> 05:28:58,360
APPLYING ULTRASOUND WHICH CAN BE

7752
05:28:58,360 --> 05:28:59,920
HEARD ESPECIALLY IF YOU DO

7753
05:28:59,920 --> 05:29:03,360
SOMETHING LIKE A 1 KILOHERTZ

7754
05:29:03,360 --> 05:29:04,480
RECTANGULAR PULSE LINGS THAT ARE

7755
05:29:04,480 --> 05:29:07,800
INCREDIBLE LOAMACYY LOUD AND TO

7756
05:29:07,800 --> 05:29:10,000
TOP IT ALL OFF, IT'S ESPECIALLY

7757
05:29:10,000 --> 05:29:12,200
PROBLEMATIC BECAUSE IF YOU WEAR

7758
05:29:12,200 --> 05:29:14,000
EAR PLUGS THE CONDUCTED SOUND IS

7759
05:29:14,000 --> 05:29:16,240
A THOUSAND TIMES LOUDER, SO IT'S

7760
05:29:16,240 --> 05:29:17,840
VERY PROBLEMATIC FOR MRI IN

7761
05:29:17,840 --> 05:29:21,080
TERMS OF SAFETY.

7762
05:29:21,080 --> 05:29:22,680
IT'S ALSO ANOTHER POINT I WANTED

7763
05:29:22,680 --> 05:29:24,520
TO POINT OUT HERE IS THAT IT'S

7764
05:29:24,520 --> 05:29:26,040
ACTUALLY VERY INTERESTING, SO

7765
05:29:26,040 --> 05:29:27,880
THIS PARTICULAR WAVE FORM WAS A

7766
05:29:27,880 --> 05:29:30,000
LITTLE BIT COMPLEX, IT SOUNDED

7767
05:29:30,000 --> 05:29:31,640
MORE LIKE A--ACTUALLY PLAYED 3

7768
05:29:31,640 --> 05:29:34,520
IN A ROW, 2 OR 300 MILLISECONDS

7769
05:29:34,520 --> 05:29:38,600
APART SO IT SOUNDED LIKE

7770
05:29:38,600 --> 05:29:39,320
TSH-TSH-TSH.

7771
05:29:39,320 --> 05:29:41,200
SO THIS JUST RESULTED IN A VERY

7772
05:29:41,200 --> 05:29:41,880
HIGH PITCH.

7773
05:29:41,880 --> 05:29:43,040
HIGHER PITCH THAN THE ENVELOPE

7774
05:29:43,040 --> 05:29:44,440
OF THAT WAVE FORM WOULD HAVE

7775
05:29:44,440 --> 05:29:46,560
SUGGESTED BUT THAT IS WELL

7776
05:29:46,560 --> 05:29:47,880
CORROBORATED WITH THE LITERATURE

7777
05:29:47,880 --> 05:29:50,200
THAT THERE IS A FREQUENTLY

7778
05:29:50,200 --> 05:29:50,440
HIPITCH.

7779
05:29:50,440 --> 05:29:52,440
AND WE LOOK AT THIS DATA OVER

7780
05:29:52,440 --> 05:29:54,880
HERE, IT WAS VERY INTERESTING

7781
05:29:54,880 --> 05:29:56,240
BECAUSE AGAIN, THE SUBJECTS

7782
05:29:56,240 --> 05:29:59,280
REPORTED THIS HIGH PITCH AND ALL

7783
05:29:59,280 --> 05:30:01,480
OF THESE SUBJECTS, WELL I SHOULD

7784
05:30:01,480 --> 05:30:04,320
SAY, 6 OUT OF THE 7 WERE WERE

7785
05:30:04,320 --> 05:30:05,320
TESTED AND HAD NORMAL HEARING

7786
05:30:05,320 --> 05:30:06,520
AND THE PURPOSE WHO HAD THE BEST

7787
05:30:06,520 --> 05:30:07,720
HEARING WAS THE LIGHT PLURIBU

7788
05:30:07,720 --> 05:30:08,960
AND THEN THEY COULD NOT HEAR

7789
05:30:08,960 --> 05:30:09,640
THAT HIGH PITCH.

7790
05:30:09,640 --> 05:30:11,560
SO THERE'S A LOT OF VARIABILITY

7791
05:30:11,560 --> 05:30:13,560
IN TERMS OF COULD HEAR WHAT.

7792
05:30:13,560 --> 05:30:15,080
AND THEN, LASTLY IT WAS VERY

7793
05:30:15,080 --> 05:30:19,400
INTERESTING BECAUSE I WAS ABLE

7794
05:30:19,400 --> 05:30:21,280
TO LOOK BACK, 5 OF THE 7

7795
05:30:21,280 --> 05:30:23,440
SUBJECTS HAD BONE MRIs AND I

7796
05:30:23,440 --> 05:30:25,760
WAS ABLE TO LOOK BACK AND SEE

7797
05:30:25,760 --> 05:30:27,360
HOW THORS THRESHOLD DETECTION

7798
05:30:27,360 --> 05:30:28,440
RELATED TO SKULL THICKNESS AND

7799
05:30:28,440 --> 05:30:30,320
YOU CAN SEE THAT THE DETECTION

7800
05:30:30,320 --> 05:30:31,480
THRESHOLD WAS HIGHER WHEN THEY

7801
05:30:31,480 --> 05:30:32,800
HAD A THICKER SKULL.

7802
05:30:32,800 --> 05:30:36,720
SO MOST LIKELY THAT'S TELLING US

7803
05:30:36,720 --> 05:30:37,760
THAT WELL, THERE'S 2

7804
05:30:37,760 --> 05:30:39,120
POSSIBILITIES, EITHER THE

7805
05:30:39,120 --> 05:30:40,440
THICKER SKULL DIDN'T SORT OF

7806
05:30:40,440 --> 05:30:41,600
RESONATE TO THE ULTRASOUND IN

7807
05:30:41,600 --> 05:30:42,800
THE SAME WAY OR THAT WHAT THEY

7808
05:30:42,800 --> 05:30:45,680
HEAR WITH THAT HIGH PITCH IS

7809
05:30:45,680 --> 05:30:46,520
BECAUSE THE ULTRASOUND IS

7810
05:30:46,520 --> 05:30:48,400
GETTING THROUGH AND THEN IT'S

7811
05:30:48,400 --> 05:30:50,000
SORT OF VIBRATING THE TISSUES

7812
05:30:50,000 --> 05:30:51,560
AND THAT'S GOING IN VIA TISSUES

7813
05:30:51,560 --> 05:30:53,400
MAYBE THROUGH THE INTURNOVERRAL

7814
05:30:53,400 --> 05:30:54,800
AUDITORY CANAL BUT THERE'S I

7815
05:30:54,800 --> 05:30:55,840
LITTLE HERE WE HAVE STOCK

7816
05:30:55,840 --> 05:30:58,600
EXCHANGE STUDY AND IN TERMS OF

7817
05:30:58,600 --> 05:31:03,160
BONE CONDUCTION AND WILL END UP

7818
05:31:03,160 --> 05:31:03,800
BEING VERY INTEREST.

7819
05:31:03,800 --> 05:31:05,160
OKAY, SO I WOULD LIKE TO

7820
05:31:05,160 --> 05:31:06,400
CONCLUDE NOW.

7821
05:31:06,400 --> 05:31:08,840
MR SKULL IMAGING CAN BE

7822
05:31:08,840 --> 05:31:11,080
EQUIVALENT TO CT, WITH THE GOOD

7823
05:31:11,080 --> 05:31:12,160
PICTURES WE'RE SEEING, IT COULD

7824
05:31:12,160 --> 05:31:14,960
BE USED TO SCREEN FOR KAGZ

7825
05:31:14,960 --> 05:31:17,480
ESKSS, MRR FEE WILL BE A VERY

7826
05:31:17,480 --> 05:31:18,560
IMPORTANT TECHNIQUE TO ASSESS

7827
05:31:18,560 --> 05:31:19,360
LOCATION AND ALSO PROVIDE A

7828
05:31:19,360 --> 05:31:20,920
MEANS TO ELECTRIC AT THE DOSE

7829
05:31:20,920 --> 05:31:21,800
ACTUALLY DREVERRED INTO THE

7830
05:31:21,800 --> 05:31:23,400
BRAIN IN ORDER TO GET A SENSE OF

7831
05:31:23,400 --> 05:31:25,600
THE DOSE RESPONSE AND THEN

7832
05:31:25,600 --> 05:31:26,800
LASTLY, NOT LISTED HERE, WE DO

7833
05:31:26,800 --> 05:31:30,840
NEED TO BE CAREFUL OF THE

7834
05:31:30,840 --> 05:31:31,880
AUDITORY COMPOUND, NOT JUST FOR

7835
05:31:31,880 --> 05:31:33,080
THE COMPOUND FOR THE TASK BUT

7836
05:31:33,080 --> 05:31:35,240
ALSO IN TERMS OF SAFETY AND THE

7837
05:31:35,240 --> 05:31:36,480
AUDITORY EFFECTS WITH ULTRA

7838
05:31:36,480 --> 05:31:39,160
SOUND COULD BYE-BYE A SAFETY

7839
05:31:39,160 --> 05:31:39,480
ISSUE.

7840
05:31:39,480 --> 05:31:40,680
--BECOME A SAFETY ISSUE.

7841
05:31:40,680 --> 05:31:42,120
I THINK I'M OUT OF TIME.

7842
05:31:42,120 --> 05:31:44,880
DO WANT TO ADVERTISE THE FOCUS

7843
05:31:44,880 --> 05:31:47,320
ULTRASOUND MODULATION CONFERENCE

7844
05:31:47,320 --> 05:31:48,160
IN 2023.

7845
05:31:48,160 --> 05:31:50,400
WE AS A MULTIDISCIPLINARY

7846
05:31:50,400 --> 05:31:51,920
CONFERENCE FOCUSING ON

7847
05:31:51,920 --> 05:31:53,080
MECHANISMS, NEUROSCIENCE AND

7848
05:31:53,080 --> 05:31:57,160
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS AND

7849
05:31:57,160 --> 05:31:57,640
TECHNICAL ADVANCEMENTS.

7850
05:31:57,640 --> 05:32:00,520
I WOULD LIKE TO ACKNOWLEDGE MY

7851
05:32:00,520 --> 05:32:02,040
GROUP, FUNDING AND MY CENTERS.

7852
05:32:02,040 --> 05:32:03,680
THANK YOU IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS,

7853
05:32:03,680 --> 05:32:12,880
I AM HAPPY TO ANSWER THEM AT

7854
05:32:12,880 --> 05:32:13,120
THIS TIME.

7855
05:32:13,120 --> 05:32:14,280
>>[ APPLAUSE ]

7856
05:32:14,280 --> 05:32:19,360
>>QUESTIONS FOR DR. PUTTS

7857
05:32:19,360 --> 05:32:19,600
PAULEY.

7858
05:32:19,600 --> 05:32:23,920
>>GREAT TALK.

7859
05:32:23,920 --> 05:32:28,240
DID YOU--HOW WELL DO YOUR

7860
05:32:28,240 --> 05:32:29,320
DISPLACEMENT MEASUREMENTS

7861
05:32:29,320 --> 05:32:30,080
CORRELATE WITH ATTENUATION

7862
05:32:30,080 --> 05:32:32,640
MEASUREMENTS FROM ANY KIND OF

7863
05:32:32,640 --> 05:32:41,280
ACOUSTIC MODELS WHETHER THEY

7864
05:32:41,280 --> 05:32:42,480
CORRELATE THAT WAS 1 WAY TO

7865
05:32:42,480 --> 05:32:52,920
MEASURE IT, SO HOW WELL DID

7866
05:32:58,760 --> 05:32:59,160
THOSE WORK?

7867
05:32:59,160 --> 05:33:01,440
>>THEERGT OF THEM
CORRELATED

7868
05:33:01,440 --> 05:33:02,600
WITH IT EITHER, SO SINCE THERE

7869
05:33:02,600 --> 05:33:05,160
WAS A GOOD CORRELATION BETWEEN

7870
05:33:05,160 --> 05:33:06,000
THE DISPLACEMENT, YOU BELIEVE

7871
05:33:06,000 --> 05:33:08,400
THOSE MORE THAN WE BELIEVE THE

7872
05:33:08,400 --> 05:33:13,360
OTHER 2 METRICS.

7873
05:33:13,360 --> 05:33:13,760
ANOTHER QUESTION?

7874
05:33:13,760 --> 05:33:15,880
>>HOW WELL DO YOU THINK
IF YOU

7875
05:33:15,880 --> 05:33:21,560
DID AN OFFLINE ULTRA  ULTRASOUND

7876
05:33:21,560 --> 05:33:24,920
MAKE GET THE PREDATORY ISSUES?

7877
05:33:24,920 --> 05:33:27,000
>>HOW MUCH OFFLINE DO YOU
THINK

7878
05:33:27,000 --> 05:33:31,640
I WOULD RSKT AFFECTED FOR IT.

7879
05:33:31,640 --> 05:33:32,440
>>YEAH.

7880
05:33:32,440 --> 05:33:34,000
>>I'M NOT SURE, THAT
MIGHT BE

7881
05:33:34,000 --> 05:33:34,920
SOMETHING FOR THE CLINICAL

7882
05:33:34,920 --> 05:33:35,560
SCIENTISTS TO FIGURE OUT.

7883
05:33:35,560 --> 05:33:36,960
I THINK IT WOULD BE INTERESTING

7884
05:33:36,960 --> 05:33:38,440
TO FIND OUT.

7885
05:33:38,440 --> 05:33:38,880
, THANK YOU.

7886
05:33:38,880 --> 05:33:39,360
>>GREAT.

7887
05:33:39,360 --> 05:33:41,720
TALK I HAVE A QUESTION ABOUT

7888
05:33:41,720 --> 05:33:43,200
YOUR AUDITORY CONFOUND.

7889
05:33:43,200 --> 05:33:45,720
IF YOU LOOKED AT THE AUDITORY

7890
05:33:45,720 --> 05:33:48,480
CORTICALE RESPONSE AND HOW THAT

7891
05:33:48,480 --> 05:33:52,720
MAYBE CORRELATE TO THE

7892
05:33:52,720 --> 05:33:53,920
DETECTION?

7893
05:33:53,920 --> 05:33:57,240
OR ANY WAY AND THAT GIVES TOO

7894
05:33:57,240 --> 05:33:58,520
ABOUT WHETHER THAT'S LIKE BONE?

7895
05:33:58,520 --> 05:34:00,280
>>SO WE HAVEN'T DONE THAT
IN

7896
05:34:00,280 --> 05:34:01,240
HUMANS, WE HAVE DONE SOME WORK

7897
05:34:01,240 --> 05:34:03,800
IN THE MOUSE WITH THE CALCIUM I

7898
05:34:03,800 --> 05:34:05,680
WAS TELLING YOU THERE AND WOOF

7899
05:34:05,680 --> 05:34:06,960
BEEN MAINLY LOOKING AT THE

7900
05:34:06,960 --> 05:34:08,480
SMOOTH WAVE FORMS BECAUSE WE

7901
05:34:08,480 --> 05:34:11,400
WANT TO TO STAY AWAY FROM THE

7902
05:34:11,400 --> 05:34:12,600
AUDITORY CONFOUNDS, WE HAVE DONE

7903
05:34:12,600 --> 05:34:15,240
JUST A TOKEN NUMBER WITH A

7904
05:34:15,240 --> 05:34:16,320
RECTANGULAR WAVE FORM IS IT

7905
05:34:16,320 --> 05:34:20,760
SEEMS SORT OF ON THE SURFACE AND

7906
05:34:20,760 --> 05:34:22,520
QUANTITATE THAT AND THAT THE

7907
05:34:22,520 --> 05:34:24,080
FLUORESCENCE RESPONSE WE SEE IS

7908
05:34:24,080 --> 05:34:25,680
VERY HIGHLY CORRELATED TO THE

7909
05:34:25,680 --> 05:34:26,720
PRESSURE TIMES THE SQUARE ROOT

7910
05:34:26,720 --> 05:34:31,120
OF THE DURATION OF THE PULSE,

7911
05:34:31,120 --> 05:34:33,720
AND SO THAT HOLDS FOR BOTH WHEN

7912
05:34:33,720 --> 05:34:43,920
YOU LOOK AT THE LOCUST.

7913
05:34:43,920 --> 05:34:45,680
>>YOU SAW MAYBE REDUCTION
OF

7914
05:34:45,680 --> 05:34:47,360
THE VP, STRONGER EFFECT FOR THE

7915
05:34:47,360 --> 05:34:48,440
STRONGER DISPLACEMENT, THAT IS

7916
05:34:48,440 --> 05:34:50,640
QUITE IMPRESSIVE TO ME AND 1

7917
05:34:50,640 --> 05:34:53,120
THING THAT WE CAN OBSERVE ACROSS

7918
05:34:53,120 --> 05:34:55,800
THE 3 TALKS TODAY, AT LEAST

7919
05:34:55,800 --> 05:34:58,800
BECOME AN OBSERVATION TO ME WAS

7920
05:34:58,800 --> 05:35:00,000
THE INHIBITION IN RESPONSE TO

7921
05:35:00,000 --> 05:35:02,520
THE ULTRASOUND.

7922
05:35:02,520 --> 05:35:04,400
SO, WE MIGHT START THINKING OF

7923
05:35:04,400 --> 05:35:07,480
WHY WE SEE THESE INHIBITORY

7924
05:35:07,480 --> 05:35:09,960
EFFECTS IN THESE CASES, AND YOU

7925
05:35:09,960 --> 05:35:12,520
HAVE ANY THOUGHTS ON THAT.

7926
05:35:12,520 --> 05:35:14,000
>>YEAH, THERE'S A FAIR
AMOUNT

7927
05:35:14,000 --> 05:35:16,200
OF WORK GOING ON RIGHT NOW,

7928
05:35:16,200 --> 05:35:17,800
LOOKING AT RODESSENTS WITH THE

7929
05:35:17,800 --> 05:35:19,880
CALCRUM IMAGING OF WHERE THEY

7930
05:35:19,880 --> 05:35:21,600
MAKE A GCAMP MODIFICATION, I

7931
05:35:21,600 --> 05:35:25,240
SHOULD SAY ME AND OTHERS ARE ON

7932
05:35:25,240 --> 05:35:28,560
EXCITATORY CELLS AND INHIBITORY

7933
05:35:28,560 --> 05:35:30,280
CELLS AND IT'S ACTUALLY VERY

7934
05:35:30,280 --> 05:35:33,040
INTERESTING THAT IT SORT OF A

7935
05:35:33,040 --> 05:35:35,480
RESPONSE DEPENDS ON THE MAKE UP

7936
05:35:35,480 --> 05:35:38,480
OF THE CELLS IN DIFFERENT PARTS

7937
05:35:38,480 --> 05:35:39,240
OF THE BRAIN.

7938
05:35:39,240 --> 05:35:40,520
SO THE CORTEX FOR EXAMPLE WHERE

7939
05:35:40,520 --> 05:35:41,960
HAVE YOU BOTH AND YOU SEE A BIG

7940
05:35:41,960 --> 05:35:43,360
RESPONSE AND YOU POLIT IT OUT,

7941
05:35:43,360 --> 05:35:45,480
IT SEEPS LIKE THE INHIBITORY

7942
05:35:45,480 --> 05:35:48,040
CELLS HAVE SORT OF A DECREASE

7943
05:35:48,040 --> 05:35:49,160
AND MAYBE THE INTERPRETATION

7944
05:35:49,160 --> 05:35:51,000
THEN IS THAT THE INHIBITORY

7945
05:35:51,000 --> 05:35:53,520
CELLS ARE SHUTTING DOWN, THE

7946
05:35:53,520 --> 05:35:57,040
EXCITATORY CELLS, HAVE A BIG

7947
05:35:57,040 --> 05:35:58,120
RESPONSE, SO I THINK A LOT OF IT

7948
05:35:58,120 --> 05:36:01,560
HAS TO DO WITH THE CELL MAKE UP,

7949
05:36:01,560 --> 05:36:06,480
IN THAT WHEN WE THINK ABOUT IF

7950
05:36:06,480 --> 05:36:09,920
SOMETHING'S EXCITATORY OR

7951
05:36:09,920 --> 05:36:11,200
INHIBITOR, WE HAVEN'T TAKEN THAT

7952
05:36:11,200 --> 05:36:13,360
INTO ACCOUNT AND I THINK WE

7953
05:36:13,360 --> 05:36:15,840
THINK BACK ON THEKS SIGHTATTORY

7954
05:36:15,840 --> 05:36:17,680
AND INHIB THORS ORT WE SHOULD

7955
05:36:17,680 --> 05:36:20,360
PROBABLY TRITE TO DISAMBIGUATE

7956
05:36:20,360 --> 05:36:22,920
THAT BEFORE WE MAKE CONCLUSIONS.

7957
05:36:22,920 --> 05:36:23,280
MAYBE WE SHOULD

7958
05:36:23,280 --> 05:36:27,080
REINREPRESENTATION AT THE TIME

7959
05:36:27,080 --> 05:36:29,840
OUR LITERATURE.

7960
05:36:29,840 --> 05:36:32,720
>>ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
FOR

7961
05:36:32,720 --> 05:36:34,080
DR. BUTTS-P A ULY?

7962
05:36:34,080 --> 05:36:35,880
ALL RIGHT.

7963
05:36:35,880 --> 05:36:45,240
GREAT LETS THANK THE DOCTOR

7964
05:36:45,240 --> 05:36:45,440
AGAIN.

7965
05:36:45,440 --> 05:36:49,240
[ APPLAUSE ] 

7966
05:36:49,240 --> 05:36:53,960
>>ALL RIGHT, I'M BASTIAN
AND I

7967
05:36:53,960 --> 05:36:56,040
WILL START THE PROFFERED PAPERS

7968
05:36:56,040 --> 05:36:59,000
ORAL SESSION. 

7969
05:36:59,000 --> 05:37:01,040
I WOULD LIKE TO REMIND THE

7970
05:37:01,040 --> 05:37:02,240
SPEAKERS TO USE THIS SLIDE, IF

7971
05:37:02,240 --> 05:37:04,920
YOU DON'T HAVE THE SLIDE, SAY IT

7972
05:37:04,920 --> 05:37:06,960
OUT LOUD.

7973
05:37:06,960 --> 05:37:12,080
AND FINALLY IF

7974
05:37:12,080 --> 05:37:15,480
AURORE NIEWENHUYS, IF YOU ARE

7975
05:37:15,480 --> 05:37:16,880
HERE PLEASE UPLOAD YOUR PAPER IF

7976
05:37:16,880 --> 05:37:18,840
YOU ARE NOT HERE WE WILL MOVE

7977
05:37:18,840 --> 05:37:19,280
ON.

7978
05:37:19,280 --> 05:37:22,560
AND RIGHT NOW WE WILL HEAR FROM

7979
05:37:22,560 --> 05:37:26,360
HARRIET LEA-BANKS AND SHE WILL

7980
05:37:26,360 --> 05:37:28,560
TALK ABOUT MRI-GUIDED

7981
05:37:28,560 --> 05:37:30,000
TRANSCRANIAL FOCUSED ULTRASOUND

7982
05:37:30,000 --> 05:37:40,520
FOR ANESTHETIC DELIVERY IN THE

7983
05:37:50,680 --> 05:37:51,160
BRAIN.

7984
05:37:51,160 --> 05:37:55,000
>>HELLO, DISCLAIMER AND

7985
05:37:55,000 --> 05:37:56,560
PROFESSORS THOSE THAT ARE USED

7986
05:37:56,560 --> 05:37:57,120
IN THIS WORK.

7987
05:37:57,120 --> 05:37:59,880
THIS IS A REAL COLLABORATIVE

7988
05:37:59,880 --> 05:38:01,600
EFFORT BETWEEN A GROUP OF

7989
05:38:01,600 --> 05:38:02,200
SCIENTIST DEPARTMENT AND SUNNY

7990
05:38:02,200 --> 05:38:04,000
BROOK AND THE ALSO THE DIVISION

7991
05:38:04,000 --> 05:38:05,560
OF NEUROSURGERY AND OUR

7992
05:38:05,560 --> 05:38:06,960
COLLEAGUES IN NEUROSURGERY ARE

7993
05:38:06,960 --> 05:38:10,120
ABSOLUTE EXPERTS IN DEEP BRAIN

7994
05:38:10,120 --> 05:38:12,760
STIMULATION BUT ARE NOW LOOKING

7995
05:38:12,760 --> 05:38:14,280
FOR A NONINVEIGHS ALTERNATIVE

7996
05:38:14,280 --> 05:38:16,960
METHOD TO EITHER EXCITE OR

7997
05:38:16,960 --> 05:38:20,480
INHIBIT SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE

7998
05:38:20,480 --> 05:38:22,120
BRAIN AND WORK WE'VE BEEN

7999
05:38:22,120 --> 05:38:24,400
INVOLVED IN LOOKS AT USING NANO

8000
05:38:24,400 --> 05:38:26,440
PARTICLES TO DELIVER ANESTHETIC

8001
05:38:26,440 --> 05:38:28,360
AGENTS IN SPECIFIC REGIONS OF

8002
05:38:28,360 --> 05:38:31,040
BRAIN GUIDED AND TARGETED WITH

8003
05:38:31,040 --> 05:38:33,280
MRI GUIDED TRANSCAIN ARIAL

8004
05:38:33,280 --> 05:38:33,720
FOCUSED ULTRASOUND.

8005
05:38:33,720 --> 05:38:35,520
AS WE'VE HEARD ALREADY TODAY,

8006
05:38:35,520 --> 05:38:36,560
MANY TIMES FOCUSED ULTRASOUND

8007
05:38:36,560 --> 05:38:39,160
ALONE IS ABLE TO MODULATE

8008
05:38:39,160 --> 05:38:40,000
NEURONAL ACTIVITY.

8009
05:38:40,000 --> 05:38:41,640
BUT PREVIOUSLY, WE'VE SHOWN THAT

8010
05:38:41,640 --> 05:38:43,200
YOU CAN USE ULTRASOUND TO

8011
05:38:43,200 --> 05:38:44,600
TRIGGER THE RELEASE OF

8012
05:38:44,600 --> 05:38:46,040
ANESTHETICS IN THE BRAIN, IN

8013
05:38:46,040 --> 05:38:49,680
PARTICULAR, WE'VE BEEN LOOKINGA

8014
05:38:49,680 --> 05:38:52,400
THE ANESTHETIC AGENT PENTIUM

8015
05:38:52,400 --> 05:38:53,800
BARB TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR WHEN

8016
05:38:53,800 --> 05:38:57,200
LOOEDED INTO THE DROPLETS, THESE

8017
05:38:57,200 --> 05:38:59,920
LIQUID FILLED NANO DROPLETS,

8018
05:38:59,920 --> 05:39:01,360
THEY UNDERGO VAPORIZATION, THEY

8019
05:39:01,360 --> 05:39:03,280
TRANSFORM FROM A LIQUID NANO

8020
05:39:03,280 --> 05:39:05,360
PARTICLE INTO A GASEOUS

8021
05:39:05,360 --> 05:39:05,920
MICROBUBBLE.

8022
05:39:05,920 --> 05:39:07,000
AND AS THEY UNDERGO THIS

8023
05:39:07,000 --> 05:39:10,800
PROCESS, NOT ONLY DO THEY EMIT

8024
05:39:10,800 --> 05:39:12,920
UNIQUE ACOUSTIC EMISSIONS WE CAN

8025
05:39:12,920 --> 05:39:14,840
DETECT IN REALTIME THEY ALSO

8026
05:39:14,840 --> 05:39:16,280
OFFLOAD ANY DRUG THEY MIGHT BE

8027
05:39:16,280 --> 05:39:18,240
CARRYING IN THEIR SHELL FOR

8028
05:39:18,240 --> 05:39:20,680
EXAMPLE, FOR EXAMPLE

8029
05:39:20,680 --> 05:39:22,000
AN ANESTHETIC AGENT.  AND WE'VE

8030
05:39:22,000 --> 05:39:24,240
BEEN ACIAL TO SHOW IF WE TRIGGER

8031
05:39:24,240 --> 05:39:26,120
THIS MOTORIZATION, IN 1 HALF OF

8032
05:39:26,120 --> 05:39:27,880
THE MOTOR CORTEX, WE CAN SEE A

8033
05:39:27,880 --> 05:39:29,920
ROBUST AND SUSTAINED MOTOR

8034
05:39:29,920 --> 05:39:32,320
SENSORY DEFICIT WHICH LASTS UP

8035
05:39:32,320 --> 05:39:33,720
TO 2 HOURS AFTER TREATMENT AND

8036
05:39:33,720 --> 05:39:35,360
THIS IS PERHAPS THE

8037
05:39:35,360 --> 05:39:36,680
BEGENERATEDDING OF COMPATTING

8038
05:39:36,680 --> 05:39:39,320
THOSE LIMITATIONS AROUND USING

8039
05:39:39,320 --> 05:39:40,600
FOCUS ULTRASOUND FOR

8040
05:39:40,600 --> 05:39:41,800
NEUROMODDULATION AND TYPICALLY

8041
05:39:41,800 --> 05:39:43,680
THOSE TRANSIENT EFFECTS PERHAPS

8042
05:39:43,680 --> 05:39:45,280
BY USING ULTRASOUND TO DELIVER

8043
05:39:45,280 --> 05:39:46,960
AN AGENT THAT HAS A LONGER

8044
05:39:46,960 --> 05:39:48,720
LASTING EFFECT, WE CAN SUSTAIN

8045
05:39:48,720 --> 05:39:54,840
AND ENHANCE THE PERSISTENCE OF

8046
05:39:54,840 --> 05:39:55,480
ULTRASOUND FOR NEUROMODDULATION.

8047
05:39:55,480 --> 05:39:57,280
TO GIVE YOU A BIT OF BACKGROUND

8048
05:39:57,280 --> 05:40:00,640
ABOUT THESE NANO DROPLETS,

8049
05:40:00,640 --> 05:40:01,760
THEY'RE RELATIVELY TIGHTLY SIZE

8050
05:40:01,760 --> 05:40:03,520
DISTRIBUTED WITH A DIAMETER OF

8051
05:40:03,520 --> 05:40:06,080
200 NONE O METERS BUT WHEN THEY

8052
05:40:06,080 --> 05:40:07,320
UNDERGO VAPORIZATION THEY

8053
05:40:07,320 --> 05:40:09,760
TRANSFORM INTO 1 MICRON SIZED

8054
05:40:09,760 --> 05:40:10,280
MICROBUBBLES.

8055
05:40:10,280 --> 05:40:12,680
THIS IS OF A TYPICAL SIZE AT

8056
05:40:12,680 --> 05:40:16,200
LEAST BOTH IN CLINICAL

8057
05:40:16,200 --> 05:40:18,000
DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING AND FOR BLOOD

8058
05:40:18,000 --> 05:40:20,360
BRAIN BARRIER IMAGING, WE SEE

8059
05:40:20,360 --> 05:40:21,560
THAT THIS VAIBORRIZATION PROCESS

8060
05:40:21,560 --> 05:40:22,560
IS PRESSURE DEPENDENT AND

8061
05:40:22,560 --> 05:40:23,760
DEPENDING ON THE FORMULATION

8062
05:40:23,760 --> 05:40:24,760
OFLET DROPMENTS AND THE

8063
05:40:24,760 --> 05:40:26,760
FREQUENCY WE USE AS WE RAMP UP

8064
05:40:26,760 --> 05:40:29,160
THE ULTRASOUND PRESSURE, WE SEE

8065
05:40:29,160 --> 05:40:31,280
THIS DISTINCT THRESHOLD BY THOSE

8066
05:40:31,280 --> 05:40:33,880
DROPLETS VAIBORRIZE, THEY EMIT

8067
05:40:33,880 --> 05:40:35,440
THESE EMISSIONS AND ALSO WE FIND

8068
05:40:35,440 --> 05:40:38,360
THOSE ACOUSTIC EMISSIONS MAP TO

8069
05:40:38,360 --> 05:40:41,120
THE EXTENT OF DRUG RELEASES

8070
05:40:41,120 --> 05:40:41,800
THAT'S OCCURRING.

8071
05:40:41,800 --> 05:40:43,720
AS I MENTIONED THIS VAPORIZATION

8072
05:40:43,720 --> 05:40:46,040
THRESHOLD IS ALSO RELATIVE AND

8073
05:40:46,040 --> 05:40:47,480
ALSO DEPENDENT ON FREQUENCY.

8074
05:40:47,480 --> 05:40:49,920
WE FIND THAT HIGHER FREQUENCIES,

8075
05:40:49,920 --> 05:40:51,760
TYPICALLY FOR THIS FORMULATION

8076
05:40:51,760 --> 05:40:52,800
REQUIRE HIGHER ULTRASOUND

8077
05:40:52,800 --> 05:40:53,080
PRESSURES.

8078
05:40:53,080 --> 05:40:55,400
SO HOW DO WE ACHIEVE THIS IN

8079
05:40:55,400 --> 05:41:02,200
VIVO, WELL WE'RE USING THIS MRI

8080
05:41:02,200 --> 05:41:03,960
GUIDED TRANSCRANIAL AND SINGLE

8081
05:41:03,960 --> 05:41:06,080
METROPOLITAN TRANSDUCER WHICH

8082
05:41:06,080 --> 05:41:07,080
WE'RE DRIVING THIRD HARMONIC

8083
05:41:07,080 --> 05:41:09,600
FREQUENCY AND IN THE CENTER OF

8084
05:41:09,600 --> 05:41:11,960
THERE IS A HYDROPHONE, A SECOND

8085
05:41:11,960 --> 05:41:13,120
TRANSDUCER THAT'S LISTENING BACK

8086
05:41:13,120 --> 05:41:18,000
TO ANY EMITTED ACOUSTIC FROM

8087
05:41:18,000 --> 05:41:18,560
THAT FOCAL REGION.

8088
05:41:18,560 --> 05:41:29,040
THE RAT HERE IS PLACED AND THE

8089
05:41:37,280 --> 05:41:38,400
HEAD IS--SO YOU CAN SEE HERE

8090
05:41:38,400 --> 05:41:39,840
THAT THE CENTRAL LOCATION OF

8091
05:41:39,840 --> 05:41:41,680
THAT MR IMAGE WAS CO REGISTERED

8092
05:41:41,680 --> 05:41:43,720
TO THE WELLICATION OF THE

8093
05:41:43,720 --> 05:41:45,120
ULTRASOUND FOCUS, WE'RE ABLE TO

8094
05:41:45,120 --> 05:41:48,480
GET ACCURATE TARGETING OF OUR

8095
05:41:48,480 --> 05:41:49,520
ULTRASOUND FOCUS WITHIN THE

8096
05:41:49,520 --> 05:41:49,720
BRAIN.

8097
05:41:49,720 --> 05:41:51,760
IN TERMS OF TREATMENT, WE'RE

8098
05:41:51,760 --> 05:41:55,200
USING A SIMPLE ULTRASOUND

8099
05:41:55,200 --> 05:41:57,200
PULSING SCHEME, 10 MILLI SECOND

8100
05:41:57,200 --> 05:41:58,320
BURSTS, PULSE EVERY SECOND FOR A

8101
05:41:58,320 --> 05:42:01,040
DURATION OF 5 MINUTES.

8102
05:42:01,040 --> 05:42:06,240
DISP THOSE DROPLETS ARE

8103
05:42:06,240 --> 05:42:06,880
DELIVERED THROUGH IV.

8104
05:42:06,880 --> 05:42:07,800
PREVIOUSLY THE WORK I'VE SHOWN

8105
05:42:07,800 --> 05:42:10,360
YOU HAS BEEN WITH THE INTACT

8106
05:42:10,360 --> 05:42:11,520
BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER, NOTHING HAS

8107
05:42:11,520 --> 05:42:12,360
CHANGED IN TERMS OF THE

8108
05:42:12,360 --> 05:42:14,560
COMPETITION OF THE BRAIN.

8109
05:42:14,560 --> 05:42:16,080
WE'VE BEEN USING SMALL LIP

8110
05:42:16,080 --> 05:42:19,640
OPHILIC AGENTS THAT ARE ABLE TO

8111
05:42:19,640 --> 05:42:21,600
CROSS THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER SO

8112
05:42:21,600 --> 05:42:23,720
RECENTLY WE DELIVERED CO

8113
05:42:23,720 --> 05:42:24,560
DELIVERING MICROBUBBLES

8114
05:42:24,560 --> 05:42:26,280
ALONGSIDE NANO DROPLETS TO SEE

8115
05:42:26,280 --> 05:42:28,600
IF THIS EFFECT COULD BE ENHANCED

8116
05:42:28,600 --> 05:42:30,800
AND SUSTAINED FURTHER.

8117
05:42:30,800 --> 05:42:33,120
SO IN THIS SCHEMATICIME SHOWING

8118
05:42:33,120 --> 05:42:34,640
YOU 4 SEQUENTIAL EEVENLGT EVENTS

8119
05:42:34,640 --> 05:42:36,280
THAT HAPPEN DURING OUR PROTOCOL.

8120
05:42:36,280 --> 05:42:39,080
SO FFORTLY WE'RE INJECTING

8121
05:42:39,080 --> 05:42:40,760
MICROBUBBLES AND NANO DROPLETS

8122
05:42:40,760 --> 05:42:42,480
TOGETHER IN THE RAPS, WE THEN

8123
05:42:42,480 --> 05:42:44,240
VERIFIED THAT WE'RE ABLE TO

8124
05:42:44,240 --> 05:42:45,560
ACHIEVE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER

8125
05:42:45,560 --> 05:42:46,760
OPENING, SO HERE YOU CAN SEE

8126
05:42:46,760 --> 05:42:48,360
SOME OF THOSE UNIQUE AKOWOF

8127
05:42:48,360 --> 05:42:49,480
THETIC EMISSIONS THAT WE ONLY

8128
05:42:49,480 --> 05:42:52,880
DETECT WHEN WE HAVE DOUBLES

8129
05:42:52,880 --> 05:42:55,160
PRESENT, HARMONIC FREQUENCIES

8130
05:42:55,160 --> 05:42:56,640
WITHIN ULTRASOUND SPECTRA,

8131
05:42:56,640 --> 05:42:58,200
BUBBLES RESPOND AT MUCH LOWER

8132
05:42:58,200 --> 05:42:59,960
PRESSURES THAN NANO DROPLETS, SO

8133
05:42:59,960 --> 05:43:02,560
LEER WE'RE USING A LOW PRESSURE

8134
05:43:02,560 --> 05:43:04,520
ULTRASOUND SONICATION, SO YOU

8135
05:43:04,520 --> 05:43:06,520
EXCITE THE MICROBUBBLES, THE

8136
05:43:06,520 --> 05:43:07,560
DYNAMICALLY RESPONDING IN SIZE

8137
05:43:07,560 --> 05:43:09,640
AND THEY'RE OPENING UP THOSE

8138
05:43:09,640 --> 05:43:11,120
TIGHT JUNCTIONS INCREASING THE

8139
05:43:11,120 --> 05:43:14,320
PERMIABILITY OF THE BLOOD BRAIN

8140
05:43:14,320 --> 05:43:14,800
BARRIER.

8141
05:43:14,800 --> 05:43:16,280
WE VERIFIED THE BLOOD BRAIN

8142
05:43:16,280 --> 05:43:17,480
BIRRIER SURFACESSIER HAS BEEN

8143
05:43:17,480 --> 05:43:20,200
CHANGED IN SOME WAY BOTH THROUGH

8144
05:43:20,200 --> 05:43:21,520
MRI CONTRAST ENHANCED

8145
05:43:21,520 --> 05:43:22,800
IMPEDIMENTSAGING, THIS IS AN

8146
05:43:22,800 --> 05:43:27,600
AGENT WE INJECT OR THROUGH EVANS

8147
05:43:27,600 --> 05:43:28,800
BLUE FOR HISTOLOGICAL APPROACH,

8148
05:43:28,800 --> 05:43:33,160
BOTH OF THESE ARE 2 DYES WITH AN

8149
05:43:33,160 --> 05:43:35,240
INTACT BRAIN BEAR AREA WOULD NOT

8150
05:43:35,240 --> 05:43:37,600
BE SEEN IN THE BRAIN TISSUE.

8151
05:43:37,600 --> 05:43:39,000
THIRDLY WE WAIT FOR THOSE

8152
05:43:39,000 --> 05:43:40,600
MICROBUBBLES TO WASH OUT.

8153
05:43:40,600 --> 05:43:41,800
TYPICALLY THIS ONLY TAKES A

8154
05:43:41,800 --> 05:43:43,320
MINUTE BUT TO BE SAFE WE'RE

8155
05:43:43,320 --> 05:43:45,240
USING A 20 MINUTE DURATION TO

8156
05:43:45,240 --> 05:43:46,640
INSURE THOSE MICROBUBBLES ARE

8157
05:43:46,640 --> 05:43:47,640
WASHED OUT IN CIRCULATION.

8158
05:43:47,640 --> 05:43:49,680
WE APPLY A SECOND LOW PRESSURE

8159
05:43:49,680 --> 05:43:51,040
SONICATION TO VERIFY THAT THAT'S

8160
05:43:51,040 --> 05:43:52,240
HAPPENED AND YOU CAN SEE HERE

8161
05:43:52,240 --> 05:43:54,200
THAT WE'RE ONLY SEEINGA I

8162
05:43:54,200 --> 05:43:55,600
REFLECTION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL

8163
05:43:55,600 --> 05:44:00,600
THERE, NONE OF THOSE EXCITING

8164
05:44:00,600 --> 05:44:01,560
HARMONIC EMISSIONS, 30 MINUTES

8165
05:44:01,560 --> 05:44:03,520
LATER WE WANT TO SEE HAVE WE

8166
05:44:03,520 --> 05:44:05,200
THEREFORED NANO DROPLETS INTO

8167
05:44:05,200 --> 05:44:07,320
THE BRAIN TISSUE, IS ANYTHING

8168
05:44:07,320 --> 05:44:08,160
STILL ACOUSTICALLY ACTIVE IN

8169
05:44:08,160 --> 05:44:08,600
THAT REGION.

8170
05:44:08,600 --> 05:44:11,480
NOW AT THIS TIME POINT IF WE

8171
05:44:11,480 --> 05:44:13,640
SONICATE THE OTHER HEMISPHERE, A

8172
05:44:13,640 --> 05:44:14,920
MEMORY RESPONSEIS FEAR THAT

8173
05:44:14,920 --> 05:44:17,040
HASN'T BEEN OPENED WE DON'T SEE

8174
05:44:17,040 --> 05:44:18,560
CEREBELLUMS SIGHTING ACOUSTIC

8175
05:44:18,560 --> 05:44:19,840
EMISSIONS, HOWEVER WHEN WE

8176
05:44:19,840 --> 05:44:23,000
SONICATE AT A HIGHER PRESSURE,

8177
05:44:23,000 --> 05:44:24,400
REQUIRED FOR VAPORIZATION, THAT

8178
05:44:24,400 --> 05:44:26,640
OPEN BRAIN REGION WE SEE THIS

8179
05:44:26,640 --> 05:44:32,000
REAPPEARANCE OF THE HARMONIC

8180
05:44:32,000 --> 05:44:33,280
EMISSIONS LETTING US KNOW

8181
05:44:33,280 --> 05:44:34,120
ACTIVITY IS OCCURRING.

8182
05:44:34,120 --> 05:44:36,040
HOWEVER IS ANY DRUG BEING

8183
05:44:36,040 --> 05:44:37,680
RELEASED OR ANY AMOUNT OF DRUG

8184
05:44:37,680 --> 05:44:38,960
BEING RELEASED IN THE BRAIN

8185
05:44:38,960 --> 05:44:39,200
REGION.

8186
05:44:39,200 --> 05:44:40,920
BEFORE I GOET TO THAT ISSUES LET

8187
05:44:40,920 --> 05:44:43,200
ME RECAP THE WAYS IN WHICH WE'RE

8188
05:44:43,200 --> 05:44:44,880
USING MRI IN THIS STUDY FOR

8189
05:44:44,880 --> 05:44:46,520
TARGETING FOR TREATMENT MAPPING

8190
05:44:46,520 --> 05:44:48,600
TO VERIFY THAT WE ARE INCREASING

8191
05:44:48,600 --> 05:44:50,120
THE PERMIABILITY OF THE BLOOD

8192
05:44:50,120 --> 05:44:51,320
BRAIN BARRIER AND FOR SAFETY

8193
05:44:51,320 --> 05:44:52,600
ASSESSMENT AND OF COURSE WE

8194
05:44:52,600 --> 05:44:57,040
FOLLOW THAT UP WITH VARIOUS

8195
05:44:57,040 --> 05:44:57,480
HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES.

8196
05:44:57,480 --> 05:44:59,040
AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL WHAT'S

8197
05:44:59,040 --> 05:45:01,000
GOING ON THEN WHEN WE DELIVER

8198
05:45:01,000 --> 05:45:03,720
THIS ANESTHETIC INTO THE BRAIN,

8199
05:45:03,720 --> 05:45:04,560
USING CFOSTER NURSED EXPRESSION

8200
05:45:04,560 --> 05:45:06,320
WE'RE ABLE TO MAP WHETHER THE

8201
05:45:06,320 --> 05:45:07,400
NEURONAL FIRING IS TAKING PLACE

8202
05:45:07,400 --> 05:45:10,880
AND HAS IT CHANGED AT ALL

8203
05:45:10,880 --> 05:45:12,360
RELATIVE TO UNSONICATED REGIONS.

8204
05:45:12,360 --> 05:45:13,600
AND WE FIND WHEN WE DON'T HAVE

8205
05:45:13,600 --> 05:45:16,320
THE DRUG ON BOARD IN THOSE NANO

8206
05:45:16,320 --> 05:45:18,280
DROPLETS AT LEAST IN THE MOTOR

8207
05:45:18,280 --> 05:45:20,480
CORTEX WE SEE ANP CRISE IN

8208
05:45:20,480 --> 05:45:21,560
CFOSTER NURSED EXPRESSION IN

8209
05:45:21,560 --> 05:45:23,160
THAT REGION.

8210
05:45:23,160 --> 05:45:27,080
HOWEVER WHEN WE SUCCESSFULLY

8211
05:45:27,080 --> 05:45:33,120
DELIVER THE PENTINE REGIMEN O

8212
05:45:33,120 --> 05:45:34,840
BARBIT OL, WE UNDERSTAND

8213
05:45:34,840 --> 05:45:36,120
SOMETHING'S HAPPENING AT A

8214
05:45:36,120 --> 05:45:39,200
CELLULAR LEVEL BUT WHAT ABOUT AT

8215
05:45:39,200 --> 05:45:41,800
A BEHAVIORIAL LEVEL?

8216
05:45:41,800 --> 05:45:43,440
WELL WE'RE USING RATS, PAINTING

8217
05:45:43,440 --> 05:45:45,760
THEIR FEET AND HAVE THEM WALK

8218
05:45:45,760 --> 05:45:47,200
ALONG AN ENCLOSER, WHILE IT'S A

8219
05:45:47,200 --> 05:45:48,760
SIMPLE TEST, IT'S A SENSITIVE

8220
05:45:48,760 --> 05:45:50,560
WAY OF DETECTING CHANGES IN

8221
05:45:50,560 --> 05:45:52,600
SENSORY MOTOR BEHAVIOR AND WE

8222
05:45:52,600 --> 05:45:57,520
CAN SEE, THAT AFTER SUCCESSFULLY

8223
05:45:57,520 --> 05:45:58,840
DELIVERING PENTINE REGIMEN O

8224
05:45:58,840 --> 05:46:00,800
BARBITAL TO 1 HALF OF THE MOTOR

8225
05:46:00,800 --> 05:46:04,320
CORTEX WE SEE AN INREECE IN THE

8226
05:46:04,320 --> 05:46:05,200
ASYMMETRIC MOTOR FUNCTION.

8227
05:46:05,200 --> 05:46:06,480
HOWEVER THE TAKE HOME MESSAGE I

8228
05:46:06,480 --> 05:46:07,480
WOULD LIKE TO SHARE WITH YOU

8229
05:46:07,480 --> 05:46:10,480
HERE IS IN THE CASE OF THE OPEN

8230
05:46:10,480 --> 05:46:12,120
BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER, WE'RE ABLE

8231
05:46:12,120 --> 05:46:13,520
TO ACHIEVE AN EQUIVALENT LEVEL

8232
05:46:13,520 --> 05:46:16,960
OF SENSORY MOTOR  DEFICIT BUT

8233
05:46:16,960 --> 05:46:18,320
WITHOUT A THIRD OF THE DRUG

8234
05:46:18,320 --> 05:46:18,560
DOSE.

8235
05:46:18,560 --> 05:46:20,040
SO BY HAVING THE BLOOD BRAIN

8236
05:46:20,040 --> 05:46:21,400
BARRIER OPEN DURING THIS

8237
05:46:21,400 --> 05:46:22,840
PROCEDURE, WE'RE ABLE TO CUT

8238
05:46:22,840 --> 05:46:25,560
DOWN ON THE AMOUNT OF ANESTHETIC

8239
05:46:25,560 --> 05:46:30,840
REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE THIS MOTOR

8240
05:46:30,840 --> 05:46:33,160
DEFICIT BY A THIRD MPLET SO IN

8241
05:46:33,160 --> 05:46:34,560
CONCLUSION WE'RE EXPLORING HOW

8242
05:46:34,560 --> 05:46:35,800
THESE ULTRASOUND NANO DROPLETS

8243
05:46:35,800 --> 05:46:41,560
MIGHT BE A WAY TO ADAPT A

8244
05:46:41,560 --> 05:46:43,720
NEUROMODDULATION TOOL WITH MRI

8245
05:46:43,720 --> 05:46:45,440
GUIDED ACHIEVED ULTD RASOUND AND

8246
05:46:45,440 --> 05:46:46,320
ACHIEVING THROUGH THIS SMALL

8247
05:46:46,320 --> 05:46:46,640
18thS.

8248
05:46:46,640 --> 05:46:49,560
WE'VE SHOWN THAT THIS

8249
05:46:49,560 --> 05:46:50,280
VAPORIZATION SHOWS THE RELEASE

8250
05:46:50,280 --> 05:46:53,080
OF THE DRUG AND ALSO AN EMISSION

8251
05:46:53,080 --> 05:46:54,520
OF UNIQUE ACOUSTICS WHICH WE CAN

8252
05:46:54,520 --> 05:46:57,880
DETECT IN REALTIME AS A WAY BOTH

8253
05:46:57,880 --> 05:46:59,600
TO LOOK AT--SORRY TREATMENT

8254
05:46:59,600 --> 05:47:02,080
EFFICACY AND ALSO TREATMENT

8255
05:47:02,080 --> 05:47:02,560
SAFETY.

8256
05:47:02,560 --> 05:47:04,960
AND THE OPEN THE BLOOD BRAIN

8257
05:47:04,960 --> 05:47:06,280
BARRIER WITH THE MICROSOUND AND

8258
05:47:06,280 --> 05:47:07,680
MICROBUBBLES WITH THE POTENTIAL

8259
05:47:07,680 --> 05:47:08,560
STRATEGY TO DELIVER THESE

8260
05:47:08,560 --> 05:47:09,640
DROPLETS INTO THE BRAIN WHERE

8261
05:47:09,640 --> 05:47:11,080
THEY SEEM TO REMAIN AKOWOF

8262
05:47:11,080 --> 05:47:17,120
THEICALLY ACTIVE FOR AT LEAST 30

8263
05:47:17,120 --> 05:47:17,640
MINUTES AFTER INJECTION.

8264
05:47:17,640 --> 05:47:21,040
SO IN THE FUTURE I'M LEARNING

8265
05:47:21,040 --> 05:47:22,560
MRI TECHNIQUES, BUT WE MAY

8266
05:47:22,560 --> 05:47:23,520
INVESTIGATE INVOLVING IN THIS

8267
05:47:23,520 --> 05:47:25,480
WORK, I LOOK FORWARD TO LEARNING

8268
05:47:25,480 --> 05:47:27,160
MORE FOR THE NEXT COUPLE OF DAYS

8269
05:47:27,160 --> 05:47:28,360
AND WE'RE LOOKING FORWARD TO THE

8270
05:47:28,360 --> 05:47:29,880
FEATURE WHERE WE'RE ALREADY

8271
05:47:29,880 --> 05:47:31,400
STARTING TO APPLY THIS PLATFORM

8272
05:47:31,400 --> 05:47:33,200
TO SERL NEUROLOGICAL AND

8273
05:47:33,200 --> 05:47:34,840
PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS WITH OUR

8274
05:47:34,840 --> 05:47:36,080
MARTENERS IN NEUROSURGERY.

8275
05:47:36,080 --> 05:47:37,640
THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR

8276
05:47:37,640 --> 05:47:37,920
LISTENING.

8277
05:47:37,920 --> 05:47:46,800
AND THANK ALL THOSE INVOLVED IN

8278
05:47:46,800 --> 05:47:47,320
THIS WORK.

8279
05:47:47,320 --> 05:47:49,080
>>HI, THANK YOU FOR THE
TALK.

8280
05:47:49,080 --> 05:47:50,520
I WAS WONDERING, ARE YOU LIMITED

8281
05:47:50,520 --> 05:47:52,640
IN THE SIZE OF THE DROPLETS,

8282
05:47:52,640 --> 05:47:57,840
THAT YOU COULD USE FOR THIS

8283
05:47:57,840 --> 05:47:58,120
TECHNIQUE?

8284
05:47:58,120 --> 05:48:00,280
>>SO SORRY FROM TERMS OF

8285
05:48:00,280 --> 05:48:01,800
FABRICATION BY TUNING THE RATIO

8286
05:48:01,800 --> 05:48:03,560
OF THE SHELL MATERIAL TO THE

8287
05:48:03,560 --> 05:48:07,040
CORE MATERIAL WE DO HAVE QUITE A

8288
05:48:07,040 --> 05:48:09,520
LARGE RANGE OF DROPLETS THAT CAN

8289
05:48:09,520 --> 05:48:10,720
BE FABRICATED HOWEVER, IN TERMS

8290
05:48:10,720 --> 05:48:12,200
OF SAFETY, WE ARE AWARE THAT YOU

8291
05:48:12,200 --> 05:48:15,840
GET THIS 5 TIMES EXPANSION IN

8292
05:48:15,840 --> 05:48:17,680
DIAMETER IF WE'RE INJECTING

8293
05:48:17,680 --> 05:48:18,800
THESE AGENTS INTO THE

8294
05:48:18,800 --> 05:48:20,200
VASCULATURE, WE WANT TO INSURE

8295
05:48:20,200 --> 05:48:22,040
IT THAT THEIR RESULT IN SIZE

8296
05:48:22,040 --> 05:48:24,840
WILL NOT BE CAUSING ANY DAMAGE

8297
05:48:24,840 --> 05:48:26,480
IN TERMS OF GASEOUS VOLUME.

8298
05:48:26,480 --> 05:48:30,360
SO WE HAVE SETTLED ON THE SIZE

8299
05:48:30,360 --> 05:48:32,080
OF 200-NANOMETERS IN DIAMETER

8300
05:48:32,080 --> 05:48:34,360
BECAUSE IT'S COMPARABLE TO THE

8301
05:48:34,360 --> 05:48:40,560
MICROBUBBLE SIZE WE USE

8302
05:48:40,560 --> 05:48:42,560
CLINICALLY.

8303
05:48:42,560 --> 05:48:44,120
>>THE EXCITATION GIVEN
THE

8304
05:48:44,120 --> 05:48:45,520
EMPTY NANO PARTICLES IS QUITE

8305
05:48:45,520 --> 05:48:55,760
INTRIGUING TO ME, WHAT DO YOU

8306
05:48:55,760 --> 05:48:56,520
THINK IS HAPPENING?

8307
05:48:56,520 --> 05:48:58,080
>>YEAH, IT'S AN EXCELLENT

8308
05:48:58,080 --> 05:48:58,320
QUESTION.

8309
05:48:58,320 --> 05:48:59,600
MICROBUBBLES HAVE HAD THE SAME

8310
05:48:59,600 --> 05:49:01,960
EFFECT, WE THINK AS PROFESSOR

8311
05:49:01,960 --> 05:49:03,200
CANNED WHAT WAS TALKING

8312
05:49:03,200 --> 05:49:04,360
DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE BRAIN

8313
05:49:04,360 --> 05:49:07,120
WE KNOW ARE GOING TO HAVE

8314
05:49:07,120 --> 05:49:11,400
DIFFERENT RESPONSE DEPENDING ON

8315
05:49:11,400 --> 05:49:12,360
THEIR NEURONAL COMPOSITION WE

8316
05:49:12,360 --> 05:49:14,640
SEE DIFFERENT EFFECTS WHEN WE

8317
05:49:14,640 --> 05:49:16,320
SEE CENTRAL BRAIN REGIONS BUT I

8318
05:49:16,320 --> 05:49:18,520
WOULD SUGGEST IT'S A MECHANICAL

8319
05:49:18,520 --> 05:49:19,960
EFFECT AS THAT VAPORIZATION

8320
05:49:19,960 --> 05:49:21,760
PROCESS IS HAPPENING WITH THE

8321
05:49:21,760 --> 05:49:24,080
MICROBUBBLES, THEY UNDERGO THIS

8322
05:49:24,080 --> 05:49:25,440
VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION, WHICH CAN

8323
05:49:25,440 --> 05:49:30,520
PULL AND PRESSURE ON THIS.

8324
05:49:30,520 --> 05:49:32,880
>>DO YOU THINK IT'S
PUSHING ON

8325
05:49:32,880 --> 05:49:34,000
THE ENDOTHELIAL WALL OR SOME

8326
05:49:34,000 --> 05:49:36,560
KIND OF WAVE LOCALLY INTO THE

8327
05:49:36,560 --> 05:49:36,960
BRAIN?

8328
05:49:36,960 --> 05:49:38,160
>>VERY INTERESTING
QUESTION.

8329
05:49:38,160 --> 05:49:41,400
I THINK PROBABLY THE MECHANICAL

8330
05:49:41,400 --> 05:49:42,840
EFFECTS ARE DOMINATING IN THAT

8331
05:49:42,840 --> 05:49:45,160
SCENARIO, WE ALSO KNOW THAT

8332
05:49:45,160 --> 05:49:47,680
FLUID EFFECTS AROUND THAT

8333
05:49:47,680 --> 05:49:49,160
VOLUMETRICALLY ARE CHANGING CAN

8334
05:49:49,160 --> 05:49:51,520
BE VERY STRONG THE VELOCITIES IN

8335
05:49:51,520 --> 05:49:53,600
THE FLUID AROUND BUT SECONDARY

8336
05:49:53,600 --> 05:49:55,360
RADIATION FORCES MAY ALSO BE

8337
05:49:55,360 --> 05:49:57,880
COMING INTO PLAY, THAT WAS AN

8338
05:49:57,880 --> 05:50:06,840
INTERESTING POINT. 

8339
05:50:06,840 --> 05:50:07,480
THANK YOU.

8340
05:50:07,480 --> 05:50:09,200
>>CAN YOU TALK A LITTLE
BIT

8341
05:50:09,200 --> 05:50:10,440
ABOUT HUMAN TRANSLATION, IT

8342
05:50:10,440 --> 05:50:12,720
SEEMS SUPER SMART TO TALK ABOUT

8343
05:50:12,720 --> 05:50:13,040
MICROBUBBLES.

8344
05:50:13,040 --> 05:50:13,760
I MEAN DO YOU THINK IT'S

8345
05:50:13,760 --> 05:50:15,480
SOMETHING THAT COULD BE USED

8346
05:50:15,480 --> 05:50:16,880
RELATIVELY SOON IN HUMANS?

8347
05:50:16,880 --> 05:50:20,960
WHAT ARE THE MAIN BARRIERS?

8348
05:50:20,960 --> 05:50:23,240
CAN YOU SPEAK ON THAT?

8349
05:50:23,240 --> 05:50:24,480
>>YEAH, THANK YOU.

8350
05:50:24,480 --> 05:50:26,000
I'VE BEEN--BUILDING ON SOME OF

8351
05:50:26,000 --> 05:50:27,200
THE REALLY EXCELLENT WORK THAT

8352
05:50:27,200 --> 05:50:29,360
MANY OF YOU PARTICULARLY

8353
05:50:29,360 --> 05:50:30,960
DR. [INDISCERNIBLE] THERE, DOING

8354
05:50:30,960 --> 05:50:34,400
MANY OF THESE NEW NOW PHASE 1

8355
05:50:34,400 --> 05:50:36,600
PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIALS USING

8356
05:50:36,600 --> 05:50:37,520
MICROBUBBLES FOR BLOOD BRAIN

8357
05:50:37,520 --> 05:50:38,200
BIRRIER SURFACESSIER OPENING WE

8358
05:50:38,200 --> 05:50:39,760
KNOW THAT THAT PORTION OF THE

8359
05:50:39,760 --> 05:50:41,320
WORK IS BEING REALLY WELL

8360
05:50:41,320 --> 05:50:44,880
CLINICALLY USED AND CLINICALLY

8361
05:50:44,880 --> 05:50:48,400
TOLERATED WITH NO ADVERSE SIDE

8362
05:50:48,400 --> 05:50:48,680
EFFECTS.

8363
05:50:48,680 --> 05:50:51,000
THE INFUSION GROUP WOULD BE VERY

8364
05:50:51,000 --> 05:50:53,200
SIMILAR, THE COMPETITION OF NANO

8365
05:50:53,200 --> 05:50:54,920
DROPLET SYSTEM ALMOST IDENTICAL,

8366
05:50:54,920 --> 05:50:57,080
THEY'RE JUST IN A LIQUID STATE

8367
05:50:57,080 --> 05:50:59,320
RATHER THAN A GAS STATE SO WE

8368
05:50:59,320 --> 05:51:00,520
IMAGINE THINGS LOAMACYIC

8369
05:51:00,520 --> 05:51:02,120
REGULATORY APPROVAL WOULD

8370
05:51:02,120 --> 05:51:06,640
PROBABLY BE RELATIVELY SIMPLE.

8371
05:51:06,640 --> 05:51:08,120
YES, I THINK THERE'S CERTAINLY

8372
05:51:08,120 --> 05:51:10,600
POTENTIAL FOR THIS AND I THINK

8373
05:51:10,600 --> 05:51:13,560
THE SYSTEMS ARE THERE AND READY

8374
05:51:13,560 --> 05:51:18,560
TO BE USED FOR THESE PLATFORMS.

8375
05:51:18,560 --> 05:51:18,960
>>GREAT.

8376
05:51:18,960 --> 05:51:27,800
LET'S THANK THE SPEAKER AGAIN.

8377
05:51:27,800 --> 05:51:28,240
COMPREHEND.

8378
05:51:28,240 --> 05:51:31,640
>>THE NEXT SPEAKER IS
ANDREW

8379
05:51:31,640 --> 05:51:35,680
STROHMAN, HE WILL TALK ABOUT LOW

8380
05:51:35,680 --> 05:51:36,960
INTENSITY FOCUSED ULTRASOUND TO

8381
05:51:36,960 --> 05:51:43,000
THE LEFT HUMAN DORSAL ANTERIOR

8382
05:51:43,000 --> 05:51:43,560
INSULA ALTERED

8383
05:51:43,560 --> 05:51:44,160
SALIVA--SALIVAIENCE NOTEBOOK

8384
05:51:44,160 --> 05:51:46,240
WORK BOLD SIGNALS DURING RESTING

8385
05:51:46,240 --> 05:51:47,760
AND PAIN CERTAINLY--CERTAINLY

8386
05:51:47,760 --> 05:51:58,280
VOAKED STATES IN AN INTENSITY

8387
05:52:11,360 --> 05:52:12,520
DEPENDENT FASHION.

8388
05:52:12,520 --> 05:52:16,080
>>HELLO, EVERYBODY MY
NAME IS

8389
05:52:16,080 --> 05:52:21,880
ANDREW STROHMAN AT THE FRALIN

8390
05:52:21,880 --> 05:52:23,720
BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE AT

8391
05:52:23,720 --> 05:52:26,480
VTC IN VIRGINIA, WE WILL LOOK AT

8392
05:52:26,480 --> 05:52:28,600
THE ABILITY TO ALTER NETWORK

8393
05:52:28,600 --> 05:52:29,680
FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY AND

8394
05:52:29,680 --> 05:52:30,840
INTENSITY DEPENDENT FASHION AND

8395
05:52:30,840 --> 05:52:34,520
I HAVE NO FINANCIAL CONFLICTS OF

8396
05:52:34,520 --> 05:52:35,040
INTEREST.

8397
05:52:35,040 --> 05:52:37,080
QUICKLY WE WILL TALK ABOUT

8398
05:52:37,080 --> 05:52:40,040
BRIEFLY REITERATING THE ROLE OF

8399
05:52:40,040 --> 05:52:41,440
INSULA IS PAIN, GOING OVER THE

8400
05:52:41,440 --> 05:52:42,640
PROTOCOLS AND METHODS AND THE

8401
05:52:42,640 --> 05:52:45,920
RESULTS OF 2 OF THESE ARE ROI

8402
05:52:45,920 --> 05:52:47,560
CONNECTIVITY ANALYSIS AND VOXEL

8403
05:52:47,560 --> 05:52:48,320
AND FINALLY [INDISCERNIBLE].

8404
05:52:48,320 --> 05:52:51,480
SO YOU SAW THIS SLIDE EARLIER.

8405
05:52:51,480 --> 05:52:56,560
JUST TO RITY IT CAN BE

8406
05:52:56,560 --> 05:53:01,360
SUBDIVIDED INTO ANTERIOR AND AND

8407
05:53:01,360 --> 05:53:03,360
INTERIOR SECTIONS, IT INTEGRATES

8408
05:53:03,360 --> 05:53:06,040
THESE BOTTOM UP SIGNALS WITH TOP

8409
05:53:06,040 --> 05:53:06,960
DOWN COGNITIVE EMOTIONAL PAIN

8410
05:53:06,960 --> 05:53:08,640
SIGNALS THROUGH A COMMUNICATION

8411
05:53:08,640 --> 05:53:11,000
WITH A VARIETY OF STRUCTURES

8412
05:53:11,000 --> 05:53:12,840
NOTABLY THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND THE

8413
05:53:12,840 --> 05:53:13,120
AMYGDALA.

8414
05:53:13,120 --> 05:53:14,520
AS YOU SAW PREVENTIVELY FROM

8415
05:53:14,520 --> 05:53:15,880
SOME OF THE MODELING WE'VE DONE

8416
05:53:15,880 --> 05:53:17,640
HERE, CAN YOU SEE FREE WATER

8417
05:53:17,640 --> 05:53:19,760
TANK DATA LAID OVER TO SCALE ON

8418
05:53:19,760 --> 05:53:23,480
A STRUCTURAL MRI SHOWING WE HAVE

8419
05:53:23,480 --> 05:53:25,080
SINGLE GYRATE ISOLATION WITH

8420
05:53:25,080 --> 05:53:25,640
LIFU.

8421
05:53:25,640 --> 05:53:27,920
ON THE SIM NOLL IS ITED ON THE

8422
05:53:27,920 --> 05:53:30,160
SIGNATURE OF PHYSICAL PAIN, THE

8423
05:53:30,160 --> 05:53:32,160
AUTHORS IDENTIFIED POORLY AND

8424
05:53:32,160 --> 05:53:33,160
ANTICORRELATED REGIONS WITH

8425
05:53:33,160 --> 05:53:34,880
TRANSIENT HEAT PAIN.

8426
05:53:34,880 --> 05:53:37,800
NOTABLYTHEY SAW THAT THE

8427
05:53:37,800 --> 05:53:40,200
ANTERIOR INSULA AND SINGULATE

8428
05:53:40,200 --> 05:53:44,240
HAD HIGH INTENSITY TO HEAT PAIN

8429
05:53:44,240 --> 05:53:45,840
VERSUS OTHER NONPAINFUL

8430
05:53:45,840 --> 05:53:46,440
STIMULATIONS.

8431
05:53:46,440 --> 05:53:49,280
AN ADDED FEATURE OF THE DORSAL

8432
05:53:49,280 --> 05:53:51,320
ANTERIOR INSULA AND THE ANTERIOR

8433
05:53:51,320 --> 05:53:53,520
SINGULATE IS THAT THEY SERVE AS

8434
05:53:53,520 --> 05:53:55,200
CORD NOTES IN THE RESPONSE,

8435
05:53:55,200 --> 05:53:56,720
WHICH IS IMPORTANT FOR SWITCHING

8436
05:53:56,720 --> 05:53:58,920
WITH THE DEFAULT NET,OT LEFT AND

8437
05:53:58,920 --> 05:54:01,080
THE CORTEX AS WELL AS THE

8438
05:54:01,080 --> 05:54:04,120
EXECUTIVE NETWORKOT RIGHT WITH

8439
05:54:04,120 --> 05:54:05,640
THE POSTERIOR GIVING--YOUERAL

8440
05:54:05,640 --> 05:54:06,160
AND LATERAL CORTEX.

8441
05:54:06,160 --> 05:54:07,680
IT'S A FURTHER NONAPOPTOTICET

8442
05:54:07,680 --> 05:54:10,880
THAT THESE NETWORK RESPOND

8443
05:54:10,880 --> 05:54:12,200
DYNAMICALLY TO PAIN.

8444
05:54:12,200 --> 05:54:14,800
PREVIOUSLY, IN NONHUMAN

8445
05:54:14,800 --> 05:54:16,520
PRIMATES, SUCH AS LEONARD

8446
05:54:16,520 --> 05:54:17,960
HAGUEIN HAVE SHOWN IN NONHUMAN

8447
05:54:17,960 --> 05:54:20,440
PRIMATES THAT THE RESTING STATE

8448
05:54:20,440 --> 05:54:23,080
FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY CAN BE

8449
05:54:23,080 --> 05:54:24,320
ALTERED WITH LIFU APPLICATION,

8450
05:54:24,320 --> 05:54:26,920
SO YOU CAN SEE HERE, THEY

8451
05:54:26,920 --> 05:54:29,200
APPLIED LIFU TO THE SINGULAR, OR

8452
05:54:29,200 --> 05:54:30,720
THE AMYGDALAs A THE SEED

8453
05:54:30,720 --> 05:54:32,360
REGIONS OF INTEREST SHOWING THEY

8454
05:54:32,360 --> 05:54:34,120
ARE ABLE TO ALTER RESTING

8455
05:54:34,120 --> 05:54:34,880
FUNCTIONAL CONNECT AND THAT

8456
05:54:34,880 --> 05:54:36,800
LEADS US TO THE NEXT QUESTION IS

8457
05:54:36,800 --> 05:54:39,280
LIFU, TO THE LEFT DAI, MODULATE

8458
05:54:39,280 --> 05:54:40,760
THESE RESTING STATE FUNCTIONAL

8459
05:54:40,760 --> 05:54:43,000
CONNECTIVITY METRICS IN REASON

8460
05:54:43,000 --> 05:54:46,280
YOJS TO THE FMRI NEURAL PAIN

8461
05:54:46,280 --> 05:54:48,600
BASED SIGNATURES.

8462
05:54:48,600 --> 05:54:49,800
SO FOR ROI-ROI ANALYSIS WE

8463
05:54:49,800 --> 05:54:52,840
WANTED TO SEE IF IT WOULD

8464
05:54:52,840 --> 05:54:53,960
DECREASE SALIVA--SALIVAIENCE

8465
05:54:53,960 --> 05:54:54,600
FUNCTIONAL NETWORK CONNECTIVITY

8466
05:54:54,600 --> 05:54:57,800
AND AS WELL AS SEEING RESTING

8467
05:54:57,800 --> 05:54:59,080
STATE SALIENCE CONNECTIVITY WITH

8468
05:54:59,080 --> 05:55:00,400
THE AMYGDALA AND THE

8469
05:55:00,400 --> 05:55:00,720
HYPOTHALAMUS.

8470
05:55:00,720 --> 05:55:02,080
NEXT WE WANT TO SEE IF THERE WAS

8471
05:55:02,080 --> 05:55:03,920
ANY CHANGES IN THE INTRA PLAY

8472
05:55:03,920 --> 05:55:05,600
BETWEEN THOSE 3 NETWORKS WE SAW

8473
05:55:05,600 --> 05:55:07,480
EARLIER SO WE HYPOTH CISED THAT

8474
05:55:07,480 --> 05:55:10,720
IT WILL DECREASE NETWORK

8475
05:55:10,720 --> 05:55:11,560
CONNECTIVITY AND THESE 2 REGIONS

8476
05:55:11,560 --> 05:55:12,880
OF INTEREST ISSUES AS WELL AS

8477
05:55:12,880 --> 05:55:14,080
THE COG 95ATIVE EXECUTIVE

8478
05:55:14,080 --> 05:55:17,520
NOTEBOOK WORK AGAIN USE THE

8479
05:55:17,520 --> 05:55:19,520
BILATERAL AND LATERAL PREFRONTAL

8480
05:55:19,520 --> 05:55:21,520
CORTEXS, FINALLY FOR THE FOURTH

8481
05:55:21,520 --> 05:55:23,840
HYPOTH THAT WE HAVE VARYING

8482
05:55:23,840 --> 05:55:25,960
INTENSITIES, WE WILL ALTER THE

8483
05:55:25,960 --> 05:55:28,320
RESTING STATE NETWORK FUNCTIONAL

8484
05:55:28,320 --> 05:55:28,680
CONNECKIVITYITY.

8485
05:55:28,680 --> 05:55:30,360
WE FOLLOW THIS UP, WITH THE

8486
05:55:30,360 --> 05:55:33,280
VENTURES BEING THE LEFT DORSAL

8487
05:55:33,280 --> 05:55:35,000
INSULA AND HYPOTHESIS THAT WE

8488
05:55:35,000 --> 05:55:37,640
DECREASE THESE ASSOCIATE WIDE

8489
05:55:37,640 --> 05:55:40,000
THE FMRI SIGNATURE.

8490
05:55:40,000 --> 05:55:43,880
FOR PROTOCOLS AND POETIC RAM

8491
05:55:43,880 --> 05:55:45,960
TERS THIS FOCUSED TRANSDUCER TO

8492
05:55:45,960 --> 05:55:47,480
THE LEFT EAI, USING OUR

8493
05:55:47,480 --> 05:55:50,040
NAVIGATION SYSTEM AND USED THE

8494
05:55:50,040 --> 05:55:51,200
REGISTERS AND CTs ARE THE

8495
05:55:51,200 --> 05:55:54,120
PURPOSE OF OUR MODELING.

8496
05:55:54,120 --> 05:55:55,840
RIGHT HERE, HERE THE PARAMETERS

8497
05:55:55,840 --> 05:55:57,080
FOR THE STUDY, THESE HAVE BEEN

8498
05:55:57,080 --> 05:55:58,880
USED SERL TIMES AND CONSISTENTLY

8499
05:55:58,880 --> 05:56:01,920
SHOWN TO PRODUCE ACTIVITY, THAT

8500
05:56:01,920 --> 05:56:04,040
VERGES ON INHIBITION.

8501
05:56:04,040 --> 05:56:08,040
I WILL USE AGAIN I SAW THE SLIDE

8502
05:56:08,040 --> 05:56:09,760
AND DR. LIGON'S TALK, THIS IS

8503
05:56:09,760 --> 05:56:11,920
THE BASIC OUTLINE FOR OUR FMRI

8504
05:56:11,920 --> 05:56:13,920
STUDY, HE LOOKEDDA THE HEAT

8505
05:56:13,920 --> 05:56:15,600
EVOKED STIMULI AND THE COUNTER

8506
05:56:15,600 --> 05:56:17,160
BALANCE RESTING STATE SCANS WE

8507
05:56:17,160 --> 05:56:19,440
DID ON EITHER SIDE OF OUR

8508
05:56:19,440 --> 05:56:21,200
PREPOST LIFE DESIGN AND AGAIN

8509
05:56:21,200 --> 05:56:22,360
OUR RESTING STATE FUNCTIONAL

8510
05:56:22,360 --> 05:56:23,480
CONNECTIVITY WITH THE REGIONS OF

8511
05:56:23,480 --> 05:56:25,720
INTEREST THAT WE JUST DEFINED.

8512
05:56:25,720 --> 05:56:29,280
SO, FOR OUR ROI TO ROI NETWORK

8513
05:56:29,280 --> 05:56:30,240
FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIT ANALYSIS WE

8514
05:56:30,240 --> 05:56:32,440
RESULTS HERE WITH THE MAP,

8515
05:56:32,440 --> 05:56:34,760
LOOKINGA THE FIRST HYPOTHESIS OF

8516
05:56:34,760 --> 05:56:35,640
DECREASING SALIENCE IN THE

8517
05:56:35,640 --> 05:56:46,120
NETWORK, CAN YOU SEE HERE THAT

8518
05:56:46,920 --> 05:56:49,040
WHEN YOU GROAP BOTH TOGETHER, WE

8519
05:56:49,040 --> 05:56:51,200
CAN SEE THAT CONTRARY TO WHAT WE

8520
05:56:51,200 --> 05:56:53,960
WOULD ASSUME, WE WILL SEE

8521
05:56:53,960 --> 05:56:55,400
DECREASED CONNECKATIVITY OF THE

8522
05:56:55,400 --> 05:57:01,840
THE ACCWITH THE BI LAT AMYGDALA

8523
05:57:01,840 --> 05:57:02,680
AND THE HYPOTHALAMUS.

8524
05:57:02,680 --> 05:57:04,680
FOLLOWING UP YOU CAN SEE THAT

8525
05:57:04,680 --> 05:57:06,320
THESE NETWORKS ARE IN GREEN AND

8526
05:57:06,320 --> 05:57:10,360
OTHERS IN BLUE AND YOU CAN SEE

8527
05:57:10,360 --> 05:57:12,320
WE HAVE DECREASED FRONTAL CORTEX

8528
05:57:12,320 --> 05:57:13,640
AND INCREASES IN THE FRONTAL

8529
05:57:13,640 --> 05:57:16,640
CORTEX NODE WITH THE BILATERAL

8530
05:57:16,640 --> 05:57:18,400
AMIC DUALA AND THE HYPOTHALAMUS.

8531
05:57:18,400 --> 05:57:20,520
ALL OF THESE DIFFERENT

8532
05:57:20,520 --> 05:57:21,240
INTENSITIES, ATTRIBUTING TO THE

8533
05:57:21,240 --> 05:57:22,760
EFFECTS AND WE FOLLOW THIS UP BY

8534
05:57:22,760 --> 05:57:25,120
TAKING THE EXACT SAME ANALYSIS

8535
05:57:25,120 --> 05:57:26,400
AND STRATIFYING IT BASED ON

8536
05:57:26,400 --> 05:57:27,120
INTENSITY.

8537
05:57:27,120 --> 05:57:28,560
SO LOOK AGAIN REVISITING THE

8538
05:57:28,560 --> 05:57:30,280
FIRST HYPOTHESIS WITH THE

8539
05:57:30,280 --> 05:57:30,840
RESTING ESTATE CONNECTIVITY.

8540
05:57:30,840 --> 05:57:32,360
YOU CAN SEE AT THE LOWER

8541
05:57:32,360 --> 05:57:35,760
INTENSITY WE DO SEE DECREASED

8542
05:57:35,760 --> 05:57:37,160
CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN THE LEFT AI

8543
05:57:37,160 --> 05:57:38,680
AND THE RIGHT AI AND THIS IS NOT

8544
05:57:38,680 --> 05:57:40,960
SEEN IN THE HIGHER INTENSITY.

8545
05:57:40,960 --> 05:57:44,440
LOOKING AGAIN WITH THE SECOND

8546
05:57:44,440 --> 05:57:46,600
HYPOTHESIS, IT'S THE OPPOSITE,

8547
05:57:46,600 --> 05:57:47,600
IT'S LOWER INTENSITY WE DID NOT

8548
05:57:47,600 --> 05:57:49,040
SEE THE EFFECTS AT THE HIGH

8549
05:57:49,040 --> 05:57:50,520
EXPOSURE TO RADIATION WE DID SEE

8550
05:57:50,520 --> 05:57:52,720
THE INCREASE BETWEEN THE ACCAND

8551
05:57:52,720 --> 05:57:53,280
REGIONS OF INTEREST.

8552
05:57:53,280 --> 05:57:55,840
AND LOOKING AT THE INTERPLAY

8553
05:57:55,840 --> 05:57:57,360
TWEEZE THEEN NETWORKS WE SEE

8554
05:57:57,360 --> 05:57:59,480
THAT THE HIGHER INTENSITY WE

8555
05:57:59,480 --> 05:58:00,240
HAVE THE DECREASED INTENSITY

8556
05:58:00,240 --> 05:58:01,560
WITH WHERE THIS IS NOT SEEN AT

8557
05:58:01,560 --> 05:58:09,240
THE LOWER IPT GREATER TENSITY.

8558
05:58:09,240 --> 05:58:11,080
--LOWER INTENSITY.

8559
05:58:11,080 --> 05:58:12,360
FINALLY, THE LEFT REGION OF

8560
05:58:12,360 --> 05:58:16,400
INTEREST AND WE SAW DECREASED

8561
05:58:16,400 --> 05:58:17,920
CREATIVITY WITH THE PREKUHNIOUS,

8562
05:58:17,920 --> 05:58:19,000
AND LOOKING BACK ON THE

8563
05:58:19,000 --> 05:58:21,640
SIGNATURE OF PAIN, THE LEFT

8564
05:58:21,640 --> 05:58:23,200
PREKUHNIOUS IS 1 OF THE

8565
05:58:23,200 --> 05:58:24,480
ANTICORRELATED REGIONS WITH

8566
05:58:24,480 --> 05:58:29,280
THESE TRANSIENT HEAT STIMULI.

8567
05:58:29,280 --> 05:58:32,080
AND SO CONCLUSIONS, FOR ROI-ROI

8568
05:58:32,080 --> 05:58:34,960
ANALYSIS WE SHOW THAT THE LEFT

8569
05:58:34,960 --> 05:58:35,920
AI DECREASES FUNCTIONAL

8570
05:58:35,920 --> 05:58:37,600
CONTHECTATIVITY WITH THE RIGHT

8571
05:58:37,600 --> 05:58:38,920
AI, AND DECREASES FUNCTIONAL

8572
05:58:38,920 --> 05:58:40,640
CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN THE RADIOIT

8573
05:58:40,640 --> 05:58:43,640
AND LEFT PREFRONTAL CORTEXS.

8574
05:58:43,640 --> 05:58:46,280
TO THE LEFT AI THIS IS INCREASES

8575
05:58:46,280 --> 05:58:48,840
FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY OF THE

8576
05:58:48,840 --> 05:58:49,880
ACCAND MEDIATE PREFONTAL CORTEX

8577
05:58:49,880 --> 05:58:52,680
WITH THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND THE

8578
05:58:52,680 --> 05:58:53,480
BILATERAL AMYGDALA AND FINALLY

8579
05:58:53,480 --> 05:58:54,360
BOTH INTENSITIES SLEEP APNEA AND

8580
05:58:54,360 --> 05:58:55,720
OBESITYEM TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE

8581
05:58:55,720 --> 05:59:00,720
OBSERVED WHOLE GROUP EFFECTS.

8582
05:59:00,720 --> 05:59:06,360
FINALLY, LIFU TO LEFT DAI

8583
05:59:06,360 --> 05:59:06,800
INCREASES FUNCTIONAL

8584
05:59:06,800 --> 05:59:11,600
CONTECTATIVITY OF THE ACCAND

8585
05:59:11,600 --> 05:59:12,360
BOTH INTENSITIES DIFFERENTIALLY

8586
05:59:12,360 --> 05:59:15,320
CONTRIBUTE TO THE OBSERVED WHOLE

8587
05:59:15,320 --> 05:59:16,400
GROUP.

8588
05:59:16,400 --> 05:59:18,880
AND DECREASES CONNECTIVITY WITH

8589
05:59:18,880 --> 05:59:19,440
THE LEFT PREKUHNIOUS.

8590
05:59:19,440 --> 05:59:22,280
THANK YOU SO MUCH, THANK YOU TO

8591
05:59:22,280 --> 05:59:23,200
EVERYONE WHO WORKED ON THIS AND

8592
05:59:23,200 --> 05:59:25,160
I WILL TAKE QUESTIONS.

8593
05:59:25,160 --> 05:59:26,080
>>[ APPLAUSE ]

8594
05:59:26,080 --> 05:59:26,480
>>QUESTIONS?

8595
05:59:26,480 --> 05:59:32,640
WHEN YOU DID YOUR ROI ANALYSIS

8596
05:59:32,640 --> 05:59:34,520
WAS THIS OVER SINGERLE SUBJECTS

8597
05:59:34,520 --> 05:59:38,480
OR AVERAGED OVER THE 8 SUBJECTS.

8598
05:59:38,480 --> 05:59:39,400
>>AVERAGED.

8599
05:59:39,400 --> 05:59:41,480
>>ROI AND AVERAGE, AND
YOU

8600
05:59:41,480 --> 05:59:45,240
DIDN'T SHOW, THERE WERE NO LINES

8601
05:59:45,240 --> 05:59:47,440
BETWEEN SOME OF THE ROIs IS

8602
05:59:47,440 --> 05:59:51,000
THAT BECAUSE YOU SAW NOTHING OR

8603
05:59:51,000 --> 05:59:52,440
BECAUSE YOU--IT WAS NOT

8604
05:59:52,440 --> 05:59:55,400
SIGNIFICANT WITH THE SIGNIFICANT

8605
05:59:55,400 --> 05:59:55,640
CHANGE?

8606
05:59:55,640 --> 05:59:56,880
>>YEAH, YOU DIDN'T SEE
THEM

8607
05:59:56,880 --> 06:00:07,280
BECAUSE THEY WERE NOT

8608
06:00:08,040 --> 06:00:08,280
SIGNIFICANT.

8609
06:00:08,280 --> 06:00:08,520
>>OKAY.

8610
06:00:08,520 --> 06:00:10,720
ALL RIGHT IF THERE ARE NO OTHER

8611
06:00:10,720 --> 06:00:14,160
QUESTIONS, LET'S THANK THE

8612
06:00:14,160 --> 06:00:19,200
SPEAKER AGAIN..

8613
06:00:19,200 --> 06:00:27,280
[ APPLAUSE ]

8614
06:00:27,280 --> 06:00:37,720
SO FINALLY IS AURORE HERE?

8615
06:00:38,560 --> 06:00:39,080
YEAH?

8616
06:00:39,080 --> 06:00:49,200
SURE. 

8617
06:00:55,000 --> 06:00:56,080
OKAY, GO AHEAD.

8618
06:00:56,080 --> 06:00:58,120
>>GOOD AFTERNOON,
EVERYONE.

8619
06:00:58,120 --> 06:01:08,680
SO, I AM PASCAL [INDISCERNIBLE]

8620
06:01:09,320 --> 06:01:12,680
BASED OUT OF BELGIUM, THIS

8621
06:01:12,680 --> 06:01:14,960
PROJECT IS FINANCED BY THE

8622
06:01:14,960 --> 06:01:17,280
REGION SO THAT'S FOR DISCLOSURE,

8623
06:01:17,280 --> 06:01:19,000
IN BELGIUM WE MAKE CHOCOLATE, WE

8624
06:01:19,000 --> 06:01:21,800
MAKE BEER BUT WE ALSO BUILD

8625
06:01:21,800 --> 06:01:25,280
NEUROSTIMMULATORS AND THAL CASE,

8626
06:01:25,280 --> 06:01:27,840
IT'S A NOCT URNAL STIMULATOR AND

8627
06:01:27,840 --> 06:01:30,960
IT IS DESIGNED FOR ACTIVE

8628
06:01:30,960 --> 06:01:32,360
STIMULATION AND STIMULATION

8629
06:01:32,360 --> 06:01:33,640
DURING MRI AND FMRI.

8630
06:01:33,640 --> 06:01:35,760
FOR THOSE WHO DON'T KNOW WHAT IT

8631
06:01:35,760 --> 06:01:37,880
IS OR SMALL REMINDER OF A

8632
06:01:37,880 --> 06:01:38,800
NEUROSTIMMULATOR AT LEAST, IN

8633
06:01:38,800 --> 06:01:41,480
THIS CASE, IT'S AN IMPLANTABLE

8634
06:01:41,480 --> 06:01:42,600
NEUROSTIMMULATOR.

8635
06:01:42,600 --> 06:01:44,440
SO IT'S BASICALLY VERY SIMILAR

8636
06:01:44,440 --> 06:01:54,880
TO WHERE BASE MAKER EXCEPT

8637
06:01:57,760 --> 06:01:58,880
THAT'S STIMULATING SO THEY ARE

8638
06:01:58,880 --> 06:02:00,400
ALMOST ALL BUILT IN THE SAME WAY

8639
06:02:00,400 --> 06:02:01,600
WHERE YOUR ELECTRONICS AND

8640
06:02:01,600 --> 06:02:04,280
BATTERY ARE INSIDE.

8641
06:02:04,280 --> 06:02:05,840
YOU HAVE WIRES, COMING OUT OF

8642
06:02:05,840 --> 06:02:07,000
THE TITANIUM CASING AND THEY GO

8643
06:02:07,000 --> 06:02:08,000
TO AN CERTAINLY--CERTAINLY LECT

8644
06:02:08,000 --> 06:02:11,600
RODE AND THE ELECTRODE IS NEXT 1

8645
06:02:11,600 --> 06:02:13,920
OR BRAIN TISSUE.

8646
06:02:13,920 --> 06:02:15,240
AND ALL THIS METASELL A PROBLEM,

8647
06:02:15,240 --> 06:02:16,560
IT'S A PROBLEM, IT'S A RISK WHEN

8648
06:02:16,560 --> 06:02:19,760
YOU GO TO MRI.

8649
06:02:19,760 --> 06:02:23,760
YOU CAN HAVE IMPLANT MOVEMENT

8650
06:02:23,760 --> 06:02:25,280
AND ON THE IMAGE YOU CAN SEE

8651
06:02:25,280 --> 06:02:29,480
THAT YOU HAVE THE MAGNET OF THE

8652
06:02:29,480 --> 06:02:31,200
COCHLEAR IMPLANT WHICH IS RIPPED

8653
06:02:31,200 --> 06:02:34,080
OFF BY ITSELF, CAN YOU HAVE

8654
06:02:34,080 --> 06:02:38,280
IMPLANTING, IT CAN BE HEATING,

8655
06:02:38,280 --> 06:02:40,920
CAN YOU HAVE BURN DURING AN MRI

8656
06:02:40,920 --> 06:02:44,360
SECTION, CAN YOU HAVE IMPLANT

8657
06:02:44,360 --> 06:02:47,800
MALFUNCTION DUE TO MAGNETIC

8658
06:02:47,800 --> 06:02:51,480
FIELD OR INTERACTION AND MRI

8659
06:02:51,480 --> 06:02:52,920
IMAGE ARTIFACT GAVES VERY POOR

8660
06:02:52,920 --> 06:02:53,120
IMAGE.

8661
06:02:53,120 --> 06:02:54,560
IF YOU WANT TO PLACE A

8662
06:02:54,560 --> 06:02:55,960
NEUROSTIMMULATOR ON THE MARKET,

8663
06:02:55,960 --> 06:02:57,520
YOU NEED TO ASSESS ITS MRI

8664
06:02:57,520 --> 06:02:58,200
SAFETY.

8665
06:02:58,200 --> 06:03:03,200
AND YOU DO THAT USING SPECIFIC

8666
06:03:03,200 --> 06:03:04,720
STANDARD AND AFTER TESTING THE

8667
06:03:04,720 --> 06:03:07,040
MRI CONDITIONS THAT DURING

8668
06:03:07,040 --> 06:03:09,440
RADIOLOGISTS HAS TO APPLY TO BE

8669
06:03:09,440 --> 06:03:09,800
SAFE.

8670
06:03:09,800 --> 06:03:12,080
AND UNDER THESE CONDITIONS, THEY

8671
06:03:12,080 --> 06:03:14,560
ARE RELATED TO BODY REGIONS THAT

8672
06:03:14,560 --> 06:03:15,800
ARE [INDISCERNIBLE], THEY

8673
06:03:15,800 --> 06:03:17,520
RELATED TO THE FACT THAT THEY

8674
06:03:17,520 --> 06:03:19,520
HAVE TO BE SWITCHED OFFER DURING

8675
06:03:19,520 --> 06:03:20,960
THE MRI SESSION, THE REACT TO

8676
06:03:20,960 --> 06:03:22,720
THE FACT THAT THE SCAN DURATION

8677
06:03:22,720 --> 06:03:26,080
MIGHT BE LIMITED, OR MIGHT BE

8678
06:03:26,080 --> 06:03:29,760
LIMITED AND CHANGING SOIN CREASE

8679
06:03:29,760 --> 06:03:34,360
THE TIME OF THE PEOPLE THERE AND

8680
06:03:34,360 --> 06:03:36,640
THE RADIOLOGISTS AND YOU ALSO

8681
06:03:36,640 --> 06:03:38,480
HAVE PATIENTS AT RISK AND MOST

8682
06:03:38,480 --> 06:03:40,600
OF THE TIME MOST PEOPLE WHO ARE

8683
06:03:40,600 --> 06:03:41,400
NOT UNIVERSITY STUDENTS, REGULAR

8684
06:03:41,400 --> 06:03:43,080
PATIENTS THEY DON'T WANT TO MAKE

8685
06:03:43,080 --> 06:03:45,680
MRI WITH SOMEONE WITH AN

8686
06:03:45,680 --> 06:03:46,280
IMPLANT.

8687
06:03:46,280 --> 06:03:48,240
SO WE WANTED TO CHANGE

8688
06:03:48,240 --> 06:03:48,640
TAKEN--THEY FACT.

8689
06:03:48,640 --> 06:03:53,360
AND AS I SAID, METEDDAL IS THE

8690
06:03:53,360 --> 06:03:58,960
PROBLEM, SO THE IDEAS ARE EASY,

8691
06:03:58,960 --> 06:04:00,880
METAL IS THE PROBLEM SO LET'S

8692
06:04:00,880 --> 06:04:01,280
REMOVE THE METAL.

8693
06:04:01,280 --> 06:04:03,280
IT WAS NOT THAT EASY, WE A LOT

8694
06:04:03,280 --> 06:04:04,760
OF RECOMMEND, WE HAVE A GREAT

8695
06:04:04,760 --> 06:04:06,240
TEAM AND WE SUCCEEDED TO DO SO

8696
06:04:06,240 --> 06:04:09,480
AND I WILL PRESENT YOU WITH THAT

8697
06:04:09,480 --> 06:04:10,640
NEUROSTIMMULATOR THAT WE

8698
06:04:10,640 --> 06:04:11,600
ATTRIBUTED AND THE 1 YOU SEE ON

8699
06:04:11,600 --> 06:04:13,680
THE SLIDE IS THE

8700
06:04:13,680 --> 06:04:16,320
NEUROSTIMMULATOR THAT IS

8701
06:04:16,320 --> 06:04:17,280
SUPPLIED FOR VAGUS STIMULATION,

8702
06:04:17,280 --> 06:04:19,280
AND YOU IMPLANT IT IN THE CHEST

8703
06:04:19,280 --> 06:04:20,800
REGION AND THEN YOU HAVE TO LEAD

8704
06:04:20,800 --> 06:04:22,600
THAT GOING TO THE ELECTRODE AND

8705
06:04:22,600 --> 06:04:23,760
THE ELECTRODE IS WRAPPED ARK

8706
06:04:23,760 --> 06:04:32,120
ROUND IN THIS CASE, THE AND THIS

8707
06:04:32,120 --> 06:04:34,320
SEIZURE EFFECT, THAT WILL BE

8708
06:04:34,320 --> 06:04:35,760
FEPILEPSY TREATMENT.

8709
06:04:35,760 --> 06:04:38,680
AND IT IS A NEUROSTIMMULATOR SO

8710
06:04:38,680 --> 06:04:40,760
YOU DON'T SEE ANY TITANIUM

8711
06:04:40,760 --> 06:04:42,360
CASING ANYWHERE, SO THE

8712
06:04:42,360 --> 06:04:45,000
ELECTRONIC IS INSIDE GLASS INCAP

8713
06:04:45,000 --> 06:04:47,000
SURVEYSALATION, WE REPLACE THE

8714
06:04:47,000 --> 06:04:51,240
WIRES CAN OPTICAL FIBERS AND

8715
06:04:51,240 --> 06:04:52,720
CUSTOM OPTICAL FIBERS WE BUILT

8716
06:04:52,720 --> 06:04:55,000
THEM FROM SCRATCH TO BE

8717
06:04:55,000 --> 06:04:57,360
COMPATIBLE TO BE FIT FOR

8718
06:04:57,360 --> 06:04:59,080
IMPLANTATION AND THE

8719
06:04:59,080 --> 06:05:00,120
NEUROSENSORS, SO SENDING THOSE

8720
06:05:00,120 --> 06:05:01,240
UP TO THE ELECTRODE.

8721
06:05:01,240 --> 06:05:03,680
IN THIS CASE, WE STILL

8722
06:05:03,680 --> 06:05:04,520
STIMENTULATING QUICKER WAYS OR

8723
06:05:04,520 --> 06:05:08,160
WE HAVE TO CONVERT BACK TO THE

8724
06:05:08,160 --> 06:05:09,000
OPTICAL PARALYSIS TO ANOTHER

8725
06:05:09,000 --> 06:05:10,960
[INDISCERNIBLE] AND WE DO THAT

8726
06:05:10,960 --> 06:05:12,360
WITH [INDISCERNIBLE] CELL THAT

8727
06:05:12,360 --> 06:05:15,160
IS CONVERTING THE OPTICAL ENERGY

8728
06:05:15,160 --> 06:05:15,840
TO [INDISCERNIBLE].

8729
06:05:15,840 --> 06:05:18,600
AND THEN WE ASSESSED THAT EVENT

8730
06:05:18,600 --> 06:05:19,400
FOR MRI SAFETY BECAUSE WE WANT

8731
06:05:19,400 --> 06:05:21,440
TO PLACE IT ON THE MARKET.

8732
06:05:21,440 --> 06:05:26,760
AND WE FOUND THAT WE GOT NO

8733
06:05:26,760 --> 06:05:27,880
[INDISCERNIBLE] DUE TO THE

8734
06:05:27,880 --> 06:05:31,120
CANNED WHAT ELEBT RODE WE HAVE

8735
06:05:31,120 --> 06:05:33,880
NO AMOUNT OF FUNCTION AND THE

8736
06:05:33,880 --> 06:05:36,480
GENERATORS AND DURING ANY KIND

8737
06:05:36,480 --> 06:05:40,760
OF MRI SEQUENCES MEANING IT IS

8738
06:05:40,760 --> 06:05:43,040
FRUITFUL WITH FMRI AND BIG RISK

8739
06:05:43,040 --> 06:05:44,480
IS EATING AND IN THIS CASE, WE

8740
06:05:44,480 --> 06:05:47,240
HAVE NO MORE THAN 2-DEGREES

8741
06:05:47,240 --> 06:05:48,960
EVERYWHERE FOR THE IMPLANTABLE

8742
06:05:48,960 --> 06:05:52,320
PATH, TO THE DEGREE SO 3.60 RISK

8743
06:05:52,320 --> 06:05:53,280
FAHRENHEIT AND EVEN THE ELEBT

8744
06:05:53,280 --> 06:05:58,720
RODE WHICH IS THE MOST SENSITIVE

8745
06:05:58,720 --> 06:06:01,560
PART, EVEN IF EATING IS

8746
06:06:01,560 --> 06:06:02,480
NEGLIGIBLE.

8747
06:06:02,480 --> 06:06:03,480
TALKING ABOUT [INDISCERNIBLE]

8748
06:06:03,480 --> 06:06:06,080
QUALITIES, WE STILL HAVE SOME

8749
06:06:06,080 --> 06:06:08,360
METAL PARTS, SO WE HAVE THAT DID

8750
06:06:08,360 --> 06:06:13,520
YOU THE DEFECT IS QUITE LIMITED

8751
06:06:13,520 --> 06:06:19,080
AND THE BRAIN IMAGING CAN BE

8752
06:06:19,080 --> 06:06:19,320
PERFECT.

8753
06:06:19,320 --> 06:06:21,440
AND AS A RESEARCHER WE HAVE

8754
06:06:21,440 --> 06:06:23,640
CONDITION THAT NEED TO BE

8755
06:06:23,640 --> 06:06:26,600
APPLIED SO AT 1.5, THERE'S NO

8756
06:06:26,600 --> 06:06:28,600
SCAN TRANSMISSION, NO CHANGE, NO

8757
06:06:28,600 --> 06:06:35,600
TIME LIMITATION, NO LIMIT

8758
06:06:35,600 --> 06:06:36,880
AITIONZOT MODE OR BODY SCAN AND

8759
06:06:36,880 --> 06:06:39,880
WE HAVE NO LEAD FOR THIS WITHY

8760
06:06:39,880 --> 06:06:42,920
NEED TO THIS FOR THE TERM WHERE

8761
06:06:42,920 --> 06:06:44,360
THIS CASE CAN BE THE PROBLEM AND

8762
06:06:44,360 --> 06:06:45,680
IN THIS CASE, THERE WILL BE

8763
06:06:45,680 --> 06:06:56,200
THERE AND THERE IS NO PROBLEM.

8764
06:06:58,200 --> 06:07:01,960
AND AS A CONCLUSION, WHAT WE DID

8765
06:07:01,960 --> 06:07:03,840
WAS TO BUILD THE

8766
06:07:03,840 --> 06:07:06,040
NEUROSTIMMULATOR, WE BUILD IT

8767
06:07:06,040 --> 06:07:07,640
FOR VAGUS STIMULATION BUT THE

8768
06:07:07,640 --> 06:07:10,080
TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM, IT CAN BE

8769
06:07:10,080 --> 06:07:13,000
APPLIED TO ANY KIND OF

8770
06:07:13,000 --> 06:07:13,680
NEUROSTIMMULATION PIECE,

8771
06:07:13,680 --> 06:07:14,120
ESPECIALLY DEEP BRAIN

8772
06:07:14,120 --> 06:07:16,120
STIMULATION IN THIS CASE, WHERE

8773
06:07:16,120 --> 06:07:20,000
IT'S A BIG ADVABTAGE BUT ALSO WE

8774
06:07:20,000 --> 06:07:21,640
REMOVED THE INTAKE CELLS, WE

8775
06:07:21,640 --> 06:07:23,320
HAVE AN IMPLANT QUICKLY READY

8776
06:07:23,320 --> 06:07:25,160
FOR OPTICAL IMAGES O GENETICS

8777
06:07:25,160 --> 06:07:27,960
AND IN THE NEAR DISTANT FUTURE,

8778
06:07:27,960 --> 06:07:35,360
ALSO DIRECTOR OF THE

8779
06:07:35,360 --> 06:07:39,280
[INDISCERNIBLE] STIMULATION.

8780
06:07:39,280 --> 06:07:41,000
AND @ MOMENT WE ARE STUDYING THE

8781
06:07:41,000 --> 06:07:44,440
POTENTIAL BY O MARKERS FOR

8782
06:07:44,440 --> 06:07:44,720
STIMULATION.

8783
06:07:44,720 --> 06:07:46,120
AND THERE IT IS.

8784
06:07:46,120 --> 06:07:47,880
AND THAT WAS OF COURSE DUE TO A

8785
06:07:47,880 --> 06:07:49,400
GREAT TEAM WHERE SOME OF THEM

8786
06:07:49,400 --> 06:07:50,600
ARE PRESENT HERE AND I WANT TO

8787
06:07:50,600 --> 06:07:53,200
THANK YOU FOR ALL THE WORK THAT

8788
06:07:53,200 --> 06:08:03,640
DID FOR THE PAST 6 YEARS. 

8789
06:08:04,600 --> 06:08:04,800
THANK YOU.

8790
06:08:04,800 --> 06:08:05,240
[ APPLAUSE ]

8791
06:08:05,240 --> 06:08:09,320
MCAN YOU HAVE IT ON DURING MRI.

8792
06:08:09,320 --> 06:08:13,680
WOULD MRI IMPACT THE EFFICIENCY

8793
06:08:13,680 --> 06:08:14,240
OF THE THERAPY?

8794
06:08:14,240 --> 06:08:17,320
>>SO THAT'S THE WHYED, WE
GO TO

8795
06:08:17,320 --> 06:08:18,240
MRI, WE SIMULATE AND AT THE SAME

8796
06:08:18,240 --> 06:08:19,280
TIME CAN YOU SEE WHAT'S

8797
06:08:19,280 --> 06:08:22,160
HAPPENING IN THE BRAIN.

8798
06:08:22,160 --> 06:08:24,120
>>SO THE IPG IS IMPLANT
IN THE

8799
06:08:24,120 --> 06:08:24,720
BODY.

8800
06:08:24,720 --> 06:08:25,680
>>IT IS IMPLANTED THERE.

8801
06:08:25,680 --> 06:08:27,320
>>IT CAN HAVE IT ON.

8802
06:08:27,320 --> 06:08:27,800
>>IN THE CHEST.

8803
06:08:27,800 --> 06:08:28,200
>>YEAH.

8804
06:08:28,200 --> 06:08:31,000
>>AND YOU GO TO EXTERNAL
SYSTEM

8805
06:08:31,000 --> 06:08:32,400
WHICH IS BASICALLY

8806
06:08:32,400 --> 06:08:33,200
[INDISCERNIBLE] OPTICS AS WELL

8807
06:08:33,200 --> 06:08:35,320
GOING OUT OF THE MRI OR

8808
06:08:35,320 --> 06:08:36,160
KD--SALLY LAWEDDER DALE.

8809
06:08:36,160 --> 06:08:38,480
>>JUST CURIOUS LIKE RF
FIELD,

8810
06:08:38,480 --> 06:08:41,680
GRADIENT FIELDS FROM THE MRI,

8811
06:08:41,680 --> 06:08:43,000
WITH THAT IMPACT OF

8812
06:08:43,000 --> 06:08:44,640
FUNCTIONALITY OF THE IPG.

8813
06:08:44,640 --> 06:08:46,760
I KNOW IT'S A SAFE, BUT I WAS

8814
06:08:46,760 --> 06:08:49,640
WONDERING DOES IT IMPACT ANY

8815
06:08:49,640 --> 06:08:50,720
THERAPY?

8816
06:08:50,720 --> 06:08:51,040
FUNCTIONAL--

8817
06:08:51,040 --> 06:08:52,240
>>FUNCTIONALLY
[INDISCERNIBLE].

8818
06:08:52,240 --> 06:08:54,200
SO THAT'S STANDARD WE NEED TO

8819
06:08:54,200 --> 06:08:54,440
FOLLOW.

8820
06:08:54,440 --> 06:08:56,320
IT'S A NICE STANDARD FOR THAT,

8821
06:08:56,320 --> 06:08:57,400
IT'S GOOD GUIDANCE, IT'S

8822
06:08:57,400 --> 06:09:00,520
PROVIDING ANY KIND OF AREA

8823
06:09:00,520 --> 06:09:02,240
[INDISCERNIBLE] WORST CASE MRI

8824
06:09:02,240 --> 06:09:05,320
SEQUENCES AND EACH 1 FOR THE

8825
06:09:05,320 --> 06:09:06,760
FUNCTIONAL, WITHOUT ANY PROBLEM.

8826
06:09:06,760 --> 06:09:09,320
AND WHAT WE DID IS TO BE OF

8827
06:09:09,320 --> 06:09:11,840
COURSE THE EXTERNAL SYSTEM TO

8828
06:09:11,840 --> 06:09:13,680
COMMUNICATE OUTSIDE THE MRI RULE

8829
06:09:13,680 --> 06:09:15,120
AND WE STIMULATE AT THE SAME

8830
06:09:15,120 --> 06:09:18,320
TIME YOU CAN RECORD THE MRI

8831
06:09:18,320 --> 06:09:24,160
SEQUENCES. 

8832
06:09:24,160 --> 06:09:24,760
>>THANK YOU.

8833
06:09:24,760 --> 06:09:27,240
>>I THINK I MAY HAVE
MISSED IT,

8834
06:09:27,240 --> 06:09:27,560
I'M CONFUSED.

8835
06:09:27,560 --> 06:09:29,480
WHAT IS THE MECHANISM OF ACTION

8836
06:09:29,480 --> 06:09:31,240
HERE, LOOK ARE YOU TALKING ABOUT

8837
06:09:31,240 --> 06:09:32,960
OPTICAL IMAGES O GENETICS?

8838
06:09:32,960 --> 06:09:34,520
SO IS THIS SOMETHING THAT

8839
06:09:34,520 --> 06:09:41,960
INVOLVES INJECTION OF A DRUG TO

8840
06:09:41,960 --> 06:09:43,360
PENTACLIALLY GENETIC ALTERATION

8841
06:09:43,360 --> 06:09:45,960
OR THIS IS LIKE GENETIC--

8842
06:09:45,960 --> 06:09:47,720
>>THIS THE 1 I PRESENTED
TO YOU

8843
06:09:47,720 --> 06:09:52,920
IS NORMAL STIMULATION, WE--WE

8844
06:09:52,920 --> 06:09:53,680
REGULARLY STIMULATE THE NERVE

8845
06:09:53,680 --> 06:09:55,800
BUT WHAT I WAS SAYING ON THE

8846
06:09:55,800 --> 06:10:02,320
PLATFORMS WE CAN REMOVE, WHEAR I

8847
06:10:02,320 --> 06:10:04,320
SAID WHICH IS ON TOP OF GH1, AND

8848
06:10:04,320 --> 06:10:08,200
WE WANT TO IMPLANT TO DELIVER A

8849
06:10:08,200 --> 06:10:10,520
PARTICULAR PROCESS THAT OR A

8850
06:10:10,520 --> 06:10:13,640
PARTICULAR OBSERVATION THAT WE

8851
06:10:13,640 --> 06:10:18,240
CAN QUICKLY DO [INDISCERNIBLE]

8852
06:10:18,240 --> 06:10:20,120
NEUROSIMMULATOR TO NEUROSCIENCE.

8853
06:10:20,120 --> 06:10:21,120
>>OKAY, VERY GOOD.

8854
06:10:21,120 --> 06:10:23,920
>>YOUR IPG I THOUGHT WAS
QUITE

8855
06:10:23,920 --> 06:10:24,120
SMALL.

8856
06:10:24,120 --> 06:10:26,840
IS THERE ANY KIND OF BATTERY

8857
06:10:26,840 --> 06:10:28,840
SORT OF INNOVATION GOING ON

8858
06:10:28,840 --> 06:10:29,320
HERE.

8859
06:10:29,320 --> 06:10:30,360
>>JPG IS SMALL, AND I
WOULD

8860
06:10:30,360 --> 06:10:33,680
LIKE IT TO BE EVEN SMALLER AND

8861
06:10:33,680 --> 06:10:34,960
EFFECTIVELY IT'S SMALL BECAUSE

8862
06:10:34,960 --> 06:10:37,760
THE BATTERY IS ALSO SMALL, BUT

8863
06:10:37,760 --> 06:10:39,520
IT'S A RECHARGEABLE BATTERY.

8864
06:10:39,520 --> 06:10:41,120
AND THE IDEA WE TALKED ABOUT

8865
06:10:41,120 --> 06:10:43,880
THERE IS THAT, WE WANT TO BE

8866
06:10:43,880 --> 06:10:46,160
ABLE TO MAKE THE ALGORITHMIC

8867
06:10:46,160 --> 06:10:47,800
SIDE FOR SENSING INSIDE AS

8868
06:10:47,800 --> 06:10:49,800
COMPLEX AS WE WERE, SO WE DON'T

8869
06:10:49,800 --> 06:10:51,920
WANT OUR LIMITATION TO LIMIT THE

8870
06:10:51,920 --> 06:10:55,400
FUNCTIONALITY OF THE DEVICE.

8871
06:10:55,400 --> 06:11:05,880
>>LOOK FORWARD TO
UPDATES. 

8872
06:11:06,680 --> 06:11:16,960
>>OKAY, WELL, THEN,--

8873
06:11:21,080 --> 06:11:21,280
>>SORRY.

8874
06:11:21,280 --> 06:11:22,760
>>[INAUDIBLE ]

8875
06:11:22,760 --> 06:11:25,160
>>IF YOU HAVE PUT A TYPE
ON

8876
06:11:25,160 --> 06:11:27,920
YOUR ROOF, BASICALLY YOU GET SUN

8877
06:11:27,920 --> 06:11:30,560
LIGHT, AND YOU CONVERT ABOUT MAX

8878
06:11:30,560 --> 06:11:33,600
NULL TWEBT PERSON, MEANING THAT

8879
06:11:33,600 --> 06:11:35,560
INSIDE [INDISCERNIBLE] EACH

8880
06:11:35,560 --> 06:11:36,160
PERSON WILL [INDISCERNIBLE].

8881
06:11:36,160 --> 06:11:40,920
IF YOU DO THAT, BASICALLY YOU

8882
06:11:40,920 --> 06:11:42,240
HAVE THE SAME--AND THE OPTICAL

8883
06:11:42,240 --> 06:11:43,640
GO TO THE [INDISCERNIBLE] OF

8884
06:11:43,640 --> 06:11:46,760
COURSE AND THAT 1 IS SMALLER,

8885
06:11:46,760 --> 06:11:53,360
IT'S VERY, VERY SMALLER. 

8886
06:11:53,360 --> 06:11:59,200
BUT IT'S NOT LIKE UPON WE HAVE

8887
06:11:59,200 --> 06:12:00,000
RANKED [INDISCERNIBLE] OTHER

8888
06:12:00,000 --> 06:12:02,080
PHOTO ITSELF AND WE GOT AROUND

8889
06:12:02,080 --> 06:12:03,680
60 PERSON OF CONVERSION.

8890
06:12:03,680 --> 06:12:07,840
WE STILL HAVE ABOUT 40 PERSON OF

8891
06:12:07,840 --> 06:12:09,240
THAT [INDISCERNIBLE] WHICH IS

8892
06:12:09,240 --> 06:12:11,480
CONVERTED TO [INDISCERNIBLE] BUT

8893
06:12:11,480 --> 06:12:14,080
IT'S VERY LIMITED, IT'S ONLY THE

8894
06:12:14,080 --> 06:12:14,680
[INDISCERNIBLE] STIMULATION, I

8895
06:12:14,680 --> 06:12:18,680
HAVE DONE IT A FEW TIMES.

8896
06:12:18,680 --> 06:12:18,880
OKAY.

8897
06:12:18,880 --> 06:12:19,240
>>ALL RIGHT.

8898
06:12:19,240 --> 06:12:20,960
THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

8899
06:12:20,960 --> 06:12:24,640
THANK YOU FOR SUCH A GREAT

8900
06:12:24,640 --> 06:12:24,880
SESSION.

8901
06:12:24,880 --> 06:12:25,360
[ APPLAUSE ]

8902
06:12:25,360 --> 06:12:35,800
>>SO WE RESUME AT 4:30

8903
06:12:32,200 --> 06:12:33,040
>>WELCOME TO THE

8904
06:12:33,040 --> 06:12:33,880
FOURTH AND LAST SESSION FOR

8905
06:12:33,880 --> 06:12:34,080
TODAY.

8906
06:12:34,080 --> 06:12:36,520
THIS WILL BE THE ORWILLA

8907
06:12:36,520 --> 06:12:37,080
PRESENTATION OF ABSTRACTS.

8908
06:12:37,080 --> 06:12:39,680
WE WILL HAVE A LINE UP OF 5

8909
06:12:39,680 --> 06:12:39,960
SPEAKERS.

8910
06:12:39,960 --> 06:12:45,040
AND OUR FIRST SPEAKER IS

8911
06:12:45,040 --> 06:12:45,880
MATTHIEU, DAGOMMER, WHO WILL

8912
06:12:45,880 --> 06:12:46,800
TALK ABOUT HIS OPTICAL IMAGES

8913
06:12:46,800 --> 06:12:48,560
MIATION OF DEEP LEARNING

8914
06:12:48,560 --> 06:12:50,840
STRATEGY FOR ESTIMATION OF

8915
06:12:50,840 --> 06:12:54,240
CORTICAL PORS ONITY MAP FROM MRI

8916
06:12:54,240 --> 06:12:54,680
T1-WEIGHTED IMAGES.

8917
06:12:54,680 --> 06:12:57,520
>>SO I HAVE NOTHING TO
DECLARE.

8918
06:12:57,520 --> 06:13:01,920
SO AS YOU KNOW, TRANSCRANIAL

8919
06:13:01,920 --> 06:13:04,400
ULTRASOUND IS A PROMISING

8920
06:13:04,400 --> 06:13:05,480
NEUROSTIMMULATION TECHNIQUE,

8921
06:13:05,480 --> 06:13:06,400
IT'S NONINVASIVE, IT REACHES

8922
06:13:06,400 --> 06:13:08,160
DEEP IN THE BRAIN AND HAS BEEN

8923
06:13:08,160 --> 06:13:09,360
DEVELOPED AND VALIDATED IN

8924
06:13:09,360 --> 06:13:11,720
ANIMAL STUDIES.

8925
06:13:11,720 --> 06:13:12,680
HOWEVER, TRANSLATION TO HUMANS

8926
06:13:12,680 --> 06:13:14,760
IS STILL DIFFICULT BECAUSE OF

8927
06:13:14,760 --> 06:13:15,520
SCATTERING AND OBSTRUCTION BY

8928
06:13:15,520 --> 06:13:16,320
THE SKULL.

8929
06:13:16,320 --> 06:13:18,640
SO HERE'S AN EXAMPLE OF THE

8930
06:13:18,640 --> 06:13:27,240
SIMULATION IN ORDER TO, YOU HAVE

8931
06:13:27,240 --> 06:13:30,960
A DUCER--SO, ACOUSTIC

8932
06:13:30,960 --> 06:13:31,960
[INDISCERNIBLE], PEEK INTENSITY

8933
06:13:31,960 --> 06:13:35,800
FALLS INSIDE TARGET OF INTEREST,

8934
06:13:35,800 --> 06:13:37,920
NOW, IF PEOPLE SCHEDULE BETWEEN

8935
06:13:37,920 --> 06:13:40,480
THOSE IN AND THE TARGET, YOU SEE

8936
06:13:40,480 --> 06:13:43,960
THE STRONG LEAD, AND ATTENUATE,

8937
06:13:43,960 --> 06:13:46,080
SO, SO TAKING INTO,A COUNT IS

8938
06:13:46,080 --> 06:13:48,920
CRITICAL FOR THOSE ACCURATE,

8939
06:13:48,920 --> 06:13:50,720
HOWEVER, A MAIORITY OF ONGOING

8940
06:13:50,720 --> 06:13:52,520
CLINICAL STUDIES STILL DO NOT

8941
06:13:52,520 --> 06:13:54,720
MODEL THIS CAUSE, SO HERE'S AN

8942
06:13:54,720 --> 06:13:56,840
EXAMPLE OF THAT ONGOING MGH

8943
06:13:56,840 --> 06:13:59,640
STUDY, OR GETTING THE RIGHTS

8944
06:13:59,640 --> 06:14:01,560
WITH THE ENVELOPE USING THE

8945
06:14:01,560 --> 06:14:04,960
TARGET LINE UP STRATEGY SO THESE

8946
06:14:04,960 --> 06:14:05,800
ARE SIMULATIONS PERFORMED

8947
06:14:05,800 --> 06:14:06,800
RETROSPECTIVELY ON THE SUBJECTS

8948
06:14:06,800 --> 06:14:09,400
AND AS YOU CAN SEE HERE ON THIS

8949
06:14:09,400 --> 06:14:13,440
MAP, WE HAVE BLACK CIRCLE

8950
06:14:13,440 --> 06:14:14,400
REPRESENTING THE AMYGDALA AND WE

8951
06:14:14,400 --> 06:14:16,280
CAN SEE THAT WE'RE ABLE TO REACH

8952
06:14:16,280 --> 06:14:19,120
THE TARGET, HOWEVER, FOR OTHER

8953
06:14:19,120 --> 06:14:22,680
SUBJECTS, WE MISS TARGETS.

8954
06:14:22,680 --> 06:14:25,640
AND WE REALIZE, IF WE HIT THE

8955
06:14:25,640 --> 06:14:27,240
TARGET, WE ONLY GET 30% OF

8956
06:14:27,240 --> 06:14:27,480
MEASHTS.

8957
06:14:27,480 --> 06:14:30,560
THE THING IS FORTUNATELY WE HAVE

8958
06:14:30,560 --> 06:14:33,280
WELL ESTABLISHED METHODS,

8959
06:14:33,280 --> 06:14:35,160
NUMERICAL METHODS TO TAKE INTO

8960
06:14:35,160 --> 06:14:37,840
ACCOUNT THIS CAUSE AND THOSE

8961
06:14:37,840 --> 06:14:38,440
STIMULATIONS RELYOT MAPS AND

8962
06:14:38,440 --> 06:14:42,560
THIS IS THE TYPICAL WORK FLOW TO

8963
06:14:42,560 --> 06:14:43,440
PERFORMANCE SIMULATIONS:  FIRST

8964
06:14:43,440 --> 06:14:46,440
WE PERFORM A CT SCAN, WE THEN

8965
06:14:46,440 --> 06:14:48,760
EXTRACT THE MAP, WE DERIVE

8966
06:14:48,760 --> 06:14:51,440
ACOUSTIC PARAMETERS AND THEN WE

8967
06:14:51,440 --> 06:14:54,440
FEED THESE ACOUSTIC PARAMETERS

8968
06:14:54,440 --> 06:14:55,920
TO THE SIMULATION, THE PROBLEM

8969
06:14:55,920 --> 06:14:59,600
OF THE FLOW CHART IS THAT CT

8970
06:14:59,600 --> 06:15:01,080
SCAN EXPOSES THE SCAN THROUGH

8971
06:15:01,080 --> 06:15:02,000
IONIZING RADIATION AND THE THING

8972
06:15:02,000 --> 06:15:03,760
WE CARE ABOUT IN THE END IS THE

8973
06:15:03,760 --> 06:15:05,400
PERS ONITY MAP SO HOW CAN WE

8974
06:15:05,400 --> 06:15:07,720
OBLIGATIONS STAIN THE MAP IN A

8975
06:15:07,720 --> 06:15:08,080
DIFFERENT WAY.

8976
06:15:08,080 --> 06:15:09,640
WELL IN THIS STUDY, WE WANT TO

8977
06:15:09,640 --> 06:15:12,200
DEVELOP A TOOL TO ESTIMATE,

8978
06:15:12,200 --> 06:15:15,000
VELOCITY FROM MRI, SO YOU'RE

8979
06:15:15,000 --> 06:15:18,760
LOOKING AT A PATIENT, AND THIS

8980
06:15:18,760 --> 06:15:21,120
IS THE EQUIVALENT PORS ONITY

8981
06:15:21,120 --> 06:15:21,280
MAP.

8982
06:15:21,280 --> 06:15:23,000
NOW LET'S LOOK AT THE MRI.

8983
06:15:23,000 --> 06:15:25,320
AS CAN YOU SEE THERE IS VERY

8984
06:15:25,320 --> 06:15:27,280
LITTLE CONTRAST AROUND THE

8985
06:15:27,280 --> 06:15:27,560
SKULL.

8986
06:15:27,560 --> 06:15:30,240
HOWEVER, IF WE CHANGE THE

8987
06:15:30,240 --> 06:15:31,720
SATURATION, WE CAN SEE CLEARLY

8988
06:15:31,720 --> 06:15:34,520
THAT THE INFORMATION ABOUT

8989
06:15:34,520 --> 06:15:35,840
POROSITY IS THERE, SO WHAT WE

8990
06:15:35,840 --> 06:15:37,960
NEED IS AN IMAGE TO IMAGE TO

8991
06:15:37,960 --> 06:15:40,120
IMAGE TRANSLATION METHOD AND WE

8992
06:15:40,120 --> 06:15:41,880
KNOW THAT DEEP LEARNING IS WELL

8993
06:15:41,880 --> 06:15:44,360
SUITED FOR THIS SO WE PROPOSED A

8994
06:15:44,360 --> 06:15:45,880
APPROACH TO GO OVER THE PROBLEM

8995
06:15:45,880 --> 06:15:50,600
AND WE WERE INSPIRED BY OTHER

8996
06:15:50,600 --> 06:15:51,240
SIMILAR STUDIES.

8997
06:15:51,240 --> 06:15:54,320
SO BEFORE I DIVE INTO DEEP

8998
06:15:54,320 --> 06:16:00,680
LEARNING, I WILL TALK ABOUT

8999
06:16:00,680 --> 06:16:02,200
POROSITY, IT IS AT PLACENTAS

9000
06:16:02,200 --> 06:16:05,000
BASED SO IT CONSISTS IN

9001
06:16:05,000 --> 06:16:11,560
AVERAGING MRI CT PAIRS FOR  FOR

9002
06:16:11,560 --> 06:16:12,160
MULTIPLE SUBECTOMYOSIN JUDGES.

9003
06:16:12,160 --> 06:16:15,080
AS YOU CAN SEE ON THE IMAGE THE

9004
06:16:15,080 --> 06:16:19,000
POROSITY, 1 PART IS VERY BLURRY

9005
06:16:19,000 --> 06:16:21,160
SO THE POROSITY IS VERY QUITE

9006
06:16:21,160 --> 06:16:22,440
DIRT EXPE WE LOST INFORMATION

9007
06:16:22,440 --> 06:16:24,920
BECAUSE OF THE AVERAGING

9008
06:16:24,920 --> 06:16:25,160
PROCESS.

9009
06:16:25,160 --> 06:16:28,040
IN THIS STUDY WE USED POROSITY

9010
06:16:28,040 --> 06:16:29,440
AS A CONFIRMATION FOR OUR METHOD

9011
06:16:29,440 --> 06:16:31,880
BUT WE DID NOT USE IT DIRECTLY.

9012
06:16:31,880 --> 06:16:33,280
SO NOW LET'S TALK ABOUT DEEP

9013
06:16:33,280 --> 06:16:34,680
LEARNING SO WHAT WE WANT TO DO

9014
06:16:34,680 --> 06:16:38,520
IS TO CREATE A GENERATOR THAT'S

9015
06:16:38,520 --> 06:16:41,520
TAKES AND INPUTS AN MRI MESSAGE

9016
06:16:41,520 --> 06:16:42,360
AND THE MAP.

9017
06:16:42,360 --> 06:16:45,040
HOW TO--SO THE WAY TO DELIVER

9018
06:16:45,040 --> 06:16:46,800
THIS TO TRAIN THAT KIND OF MODEL

9019
06:16:46,800 --> 06:16:50,360
IS TO COMPARE THE GENERATED

9020
06:16:50,360 --> 06:16:51,160
POROSITY WITH THE ACTUAL

9021
06:16:51,160 --> 06:16:52,400
POROSITY MAP AND TO GIVE

9022
06:16:52,400 --> 06:16:54,760
FEEDBACK TO THE GENERATOR TO

9023
06:16:54,760 --> 06:16:55,160
TRAIN IT.

9024
06:16:55,160 --> 06:16:57,680
SO THIS IS THE VERY SIMPLE,

9025
06:16:57,680 --> 06:17:00,360
SIMPLEST GENERATED MODEL WE CAN

9026
06:17:00,360 --> 06:17:00,680
HAVE.

9027
06:17:00,680 --> 06:17:02,960
IF WE REFINE A LITTLE BIT, WE

9028
06:17:02,960 --> 06:17:04,400
CAN ADD DISCRIMINATOR WHICH IS A

9029
06:17:04,400 --> 06:17:05,920
TYPE OF NETWORK, THAT'S ABLE TO

9030
06:17:05,920 --> 06:17:09,120
TELL THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

9031
06:17:09,120 --> 06:17:10,960
GENERATED AND THE REAL POROSITY

9032
06:17:10,960 --> 06:17:12,760
MAPS AND THIS ALLOWS TO GIVE

9033
06:17:12,760 --> 06:17:15,120
MORE REFINED FEEDBACK TO THE

9034
06:17:15,120 --> 06:17:16,120
GENERATOR.

9035
06:17:16,120 --> 06:17:17,280
NOW STARTING FROM THIS

9036
06:17:17,280 --> 06:17:19,360
ARCHITECTURE, WE CAN TRY TO

9037
06:17:19,360 --> 06:17:20,760
CHANGE THE TARGETS, SO WAWE TRY

9038
06:17:20,760 --> 06:17:22,880
TO DO WAS REPLACING THE POROSITY

9039
06:17:22,880 --> 06:17:24,600
BY THE SQUARE ROOT OF POROSITY

9040
06:17:24,600 --> 06:17:27,360
IN ORDER TO BOOST THE POROSITY

9041
06:17:27,360 --> 06:17:28,000
CONTRAST.

9042
06:17:28,000 --> 06:17:30,880
WE ALSO TRIED DIFFERENT TYPES OF

9043
06:17:30,880 --> 06:17:31,280
GENERATOR.

9044
06:17:31,280 --> 06:17:35,600
WE TRIED TO USE DIFFERENT LOSS

9045
06:17:35,600 --> 06:17:37,360
FUNCTIONS AND WE TRY TO CHANGE

9046
06:17:37,360 --> 06:17:44,920
THE INPUT SO, 1 THING WE DID WAS

9047
06:17:44,920 --> 06:17:47,000
TO STACK THE IMAGE WITH WHAT I

9048
06:17:47,000 --> 06:17:48,400
STALK BODY A FEW SLIDES BEFORE

9049
06:17:48,400 --> 06:17:51,640
AND CREATE A 2 CHANNEL IMAGE.

9050
06:17:51,640 --> 06:17:54,920
WE ALSO TRIED DIFFERENT PROTEIN

9051
06:17:54,920 --> 06:17:57,360
STRATEGIES USING 3D BATCHES, THE

9052
06:17:57,360 --> 06:18:01,080
IDEA REMAINS THE SAME. 

9053
06:18:01,080 --> 06:18:04,600
THE IDEA IS TO INCREASE THE SIZE

9054
06:18:04,600 --> 06:18:07,240
OF THE DATA SET AND TO INCREASE

9055
06:18:07,240 --> 06:18:09,800
THE MEMBER OF WEIGHT OF THE

9056
06:18:09,800 --> 06:18:10,040
MODEL.

9057
06:18:10,040 --> 06:18:15,200
FINALLY, SO ANOTHER METHOD WE

9058
06:18:15,200 --> 06:18:16,400
USED WAS CALLED [INDISCERNIBLE]

9059
06:18:16,400 --> 06:18:17,920
MASK AND THE IDEA WAS TO MASK

9060
06:18:17,920 --> 06:18:19,320
OUTPUTS FROM THE GENERATOR IN

9061
06:18:19,320 --> 06:18:23,440
ORDER TO FORCE THE GENERATOR TO

9062
06:18:23,440 --> 06:18:25,320
RESTRICT THE LEARNING OF THE

9063
06:18:25,320 --> 06:18:33,320
MODEL TO PIXELS INSIDE THE SKULL

9064
06:18:33,320 --> 06:18:35,280
MASK THROUGH A--YEAH,--NOW LET'S

9065
06:18:35,280 --> 06:18:37,440
TALK ABOUT ANOTHER METHOD WE USE

9066
06:18:37,440 --> 06:18:41,120
WITH THE MODEL, IT CONSISTS IN

9067
06:18:41,120 --> 06:18:41,840
DAISY CHAINING THE SIMILAR

9068
06:18:41,840 --> 06:18:44,080
MODELS IN A ROPE AND ANY MODEL

9069
06:18:44,080 --> 06:18:45,800
IN THIS SERIES, THE PREVIOUS

9070
06:18:45,800 --> 06:18:48,480
OUTPUT, THE OUTPUT OF THE

9071
06:18:48,480 --> 06:18:48,960
PREVIOUS MODEL.

9072
06:18:48,960 --> 06:18:51,200
SO QUICK WORD ABOUT THE DATA WE

9073
06:18:51,200 --> 06:18:54,120
USED WE HAD 1 MILLIMETER IOWAS O

9074
06:18:54,120 --> 06:18:56,560
TROPIC MRI OBTAINED WITH MP RED

9075
06:18:56,560 --> 06:18:57,680
SEQUENCE, WE HAD CLINICAL STEMS,

9076
06:18:57,680 --> 06:19:02,360
WE HAD A TOTAL OF 15 SUBJEKS, TO

9077
06:19:02,360 --> 06:19:03,520
REGISTERED [INDISCERNIBLE], WE

9078
06:19:03,520 --> 06:19:06,240
USED 13 SUBJECTS FOR TRAINING, 1

9079
06:19:06,240 --> 06:19:07,640
FOR VALIDATION AND 1 FOR TEST,

9080
06:19:07,640 --> 06:19:08,840
SO NOW LET'S TALK ABOUT THE

9081
06:19:08,840 --> 06:19:13,440
RESULTS SO WHAT YOU SEE HERE,

9082
06:19:13,440 --> 06:19:16,360
S&P OUR VALIDATION, SO THE

9083
06:19:16,360 --> 06:19:19,880
ERROR, MODELS ON VALIDATION

9084
06:19:19,880 --> 06:19:21,880
SETS, AND ON THE Y-AXIS YOU HAVE

9085
06:19:21,880 --> 06:19:22,840
THE ABSOLUTE ERROR AND THE

9086
06:19:22,840 --> 06:19:25,720
RESPONSE TO THE AVERAGE RAB

9087
06:19:25,720 --> 06:19:27,000
ABSOLUTE PIXEL ERROR AND ON THE

9088
06:19:27,000 --> 06:19:30,760
X-AXIS YOU HAVE THE RESPONSE

9089
06:19:30,760 --> 06:19:33,160
THAT RESPONDS TO DEEP LEARNING

9090
06:19:33,160 --> 06:19:33,560
MODEL ITERATIONS.

9091
06:19:33,560 --> 06:19:35,560
AS YOU CAN SEE THE 2 CURVES

9092
06:19:35,560 --> 06:19:37,800
CONVERSE TOGETHER SO THERE IS

9093
06:19:37,800 --> 06:19:40,760
NOT A BIG GROUP BETWEEN THIS

9094
06:19:40,760 --> 06:19:42,520
PORS ONITY AND THE POROSITY

9095
06:19:42,520 --> 06:19:42,840
TARGET.

9096
06:19:42,840 --> 06:19:45,600
NOW WE TROO TO USE THE

9097
06:19:45,600 --> 06:19:48,280
GENERATORS AND TRY TO TYPES OF

9098
06:19:48,280 --> 06:19:48,880
INPUT.

9099
06:19:48,880 --> 06:19:50,800
MRI OR MRI COMPIN ONS WITH

9100
06:19:50,800 --> 06:19:51,480
SPECIFICITY.

9101
06:19:51,480 --> 06:19:53,760
SO WE HAD 4 CONFIGURURATIONS IN

9102
06:19:53,760 --> 06:19:53,960
TOTAL.

9103
06:19:53,960 --> 06:19:57,520
WE CONCLUDED THAT THE BEST

9104
06:19:57,520 --> 06:19:59,480
CONFIGURURATION WAS TO USE

9105
06:19:59,480 --> 06:20:01,240
RESNET AND NO PC T.

9106
06:20:01,240 --> 06:20:02,320
WE ALSO TRIED DIFFERENT

9107
06:20:02,320 --> 06:20:04,400
COMBINATIONS AND IT TURNED OUT

9108
06:20:04,400 --> 06:20:05,720
THAT THE BEST CONFIGURURATION

9109
06:20:05,720 --> 06:20:10,280
WAS TO USE L1 PRESENTER FOR LOSS

9110
06:20:10,280 --> 06:20:10,640
FUNCTION.

9111
06:20:10,640 --> 06:20:12,480
NOW, CHARGING THE INPUT SIZE HAS

9112
06:20:12,480 --> 06:20:13,480
DRAMATIC IMPACT ON THE

9113
06:20:13,480 --> 06:20:16,720
PERFORMANCES AS WE CAN SEE, THE

9114
06:20:16,720 --> 06:20:18,040
3D CROPPINGS, YIELDED THE BEST

9115
06:20:18,040 --> 06:20:19,400
RESULTS.

9116
06:20:19,400 --> 06:20:27,360
SO WE USED 3 CROPPINGS.

9117
06:20:27,360 --> 06:20:28,600
THREE PATCHES.

9118
06:20:28,600 --> 06:20:29,560
REGARDING THE OTHER CONTEXT

9119
06:20:29,560 --> 06:20:31,280
MODEL, WE CONCLUDED THERE WAS

9120
06:20:31,280 --> 06:20:32,280
LITTLE PERFORMANCE INCREASE,

9121
06:20:32,280 --> 06:20:36,240
HOWEVER, IT DID NOT OUTWEIGH THE

9122
06:20:36,240 --> 06:20:38,560
COMPUTATIONAL COST OF TRAINING

9123
06:20:38,560 --> 06:20:39,840
SELF-MODELING IN A ROW SO WE DID

9124
06:20:39,840 --> 06:20:43,120
NOT CURE IT IN THE FINAL MODEL.

9125
06:20:43,120 --> 06:20:44,400
NOW, THE PROPAGATION IN THE MASK

9126
06:20:44,400 --> 06:20:48,200
IS A METHOD THAT YIELDED BETTER

9127
06:20:48,200 --> 06:20:53,400
RESULTS IN 2 D MODELS AND 3D

9128
06:20:53,400 --> 06:20:54,760
MODELS.

9129
06:20:54,760 --> 06:20:57,680
SO WE DID IT IN THE FINAL MODEL.

9130
06:20:57,680 --> 06:20:59,920
SO THE PROPOSED MODEL INN CLUEDS

9131
06:20:59,920 --> 06:21:02,440
A GENERATOR, 3D PATCHES, THE

9132
06:21:02,440 --> 06:21:08,000
TARGET IS THE POROSITY, IT'S

9133
06:21:08,000 --> 06:21:10,760
STRAINED USING [INDISCERNIBLE]

9134
06:21:10,760 --> 06:21:12,360
AND [INDISCERNIBLE], AS YOU CAN

9135
06:21:12,360 --> 06:21:14,560
SEE ON THESE BAR PLOT, THE

9136
06:21:14,560 --> 06:21:20,920
PERFORMANCE OF THE PC T ONLY WAS

9137
06:21:20,920 --> 06:21:22,200
12%, THE [INDISCERNIBLE] WHICH

9138
06:21:22,200 --> 06:21:25,360
WAS THE STANDARD IMAGE TO IMAGE

9139
06:21:25,360 --> 06:21:26,800
ALGORITHM PERFORMED SLIGHTLY

9140
06:21:26,800 --> 06:21:30,720
BETTER BELOW 12% AND OUR MODEL

9141
06:21:30,720 --> 06:21:35,080
RETURNS AN ERROR SO ON THE TEST,

9142
06:21:35,080 --> 06:21:38,800
SORRY, OF 5.8% OF THE POROSITY.

9143
06:21:38,800 --> 06:21:40,800
SO WE HAVE A SIGNIFICANT

9144
06:21:40,800 --> 06:21:42,680
IMPROVEMENT WITH RESPECT TO THE

9145
06:21:42,680 --> 06:21:43,080
REFERENCE METHODS.

9146
06:21:43,080 --> 06:21:45,800
SO FOR NOW LET'S TACK A LOOK AT

9147
06:21:45,800 --> 06:21:50,440
THE OUTPUTS FROM OUR MODEL.

9148
06:21:50,440 --> 06:22:00,040
SO WHAT YOU HAVE HERE IS THE MRI

9149
06:22:00,040 --> 06:22:06,720
AND THEN THE PIXTOP IX AND THE

9150
06:22:06,720 --> 06:22:11,440
ERROR OF THE MODEL IS LOWER ON

9151
06:22:11,440 --> 06:22:11,760
THIS SLIDES.

9152
06:22:11,760 --> 06:22:15,960
SO THIS IS ANOTHER VIEW ON THE

9153
06:22:15,960 --> 06:22:20,160
SLICE WITH THE SAME CONCLUSION

9154
06:22:20,160 --> 06:22:22,440
AND ON THE SAGITTAL SLICE AGAIN

9155
06:22:22,440 --> 06:22:23,680
WITH THE SAME CONCLUSION.

9156
06:22:23,680 --> 06:22:25,520
SO TO SUM UP, WE OPTIMIZED A

9157
06:22:25,520 --> 06:22:28,880
DEEP LEARNING METHOD FOR MRI TO

9158
06:22:28,880 --> 06:22:31,840
PROVIDE THE ESTIMATION, THE

9159
06:22:31,840 --> 06:22:34,560
PURPOSE INCLUDES THE RESONATE

9160
06:22:34,560 --> 06:22:35,840
GENERATOR, 3D BATCHES, TARGET

9161
06:22:35,840 --> 06:22:39,880
THE POROSITY AND USES 1% TO LOSS

9162
06:22:39,880 --> 06:22:41,240
AND BIM.

9163
06:22:41,240 --> 06:22:42,880
OUR PROPOSED APPROACH HAS LESS

9164
06:22:42,880 --> 06:22:45,400
THAN 6% ERROR, AND IT'S A 2

9165
06:22:45,400 --> 06:22:49,400
TIMES PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT

9166
06:22:49,400 --> 06:22:51,320
COMPARED TO PC T AND THE

9167
06:22:51,320 --> 06:22:52,520
STANDARD DEEP LEARNING ALGORITHM

9168
06:22:52,520 --> 06:22:55,600
AND FINALLY THIS ENABLES FAST

9169
06:22:55,600 --> 06:22:57,640
SIMULATIONS FOR TFUS NAVIGATION.

9170
06:22:57,640 --> 06:22:58,800
THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR

9171
06:22:58,800 --> 06:23:06,040
ATTENTION AND I'M HAPPY TO TAKE

9172
06:23:06,040 --> 06:23:06,680
ANY QUESTIONINGS.

9173
06:23:06,680 --> 06:23:08,640
[ APPLAUSE ]

9174
06:23:08,640 --> 06:23:09,080
>>ANY QUESTIONS?

9175
06:23:09,080 --> 06:23:10,600
>>THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR
THE

9176
06:23:10,600 --> 06:23:14,040
PRESENTATION, WE KNOW THAT L1

9177
06:23:14,040 --> 06:23:16,120
AND L2 NORMS PROVIDE YOU SOME

9178
06:23:16,120 --> 06:23:18,080
INSIGHT INTO THE LOSS FUNCTIONS

9179
06:23:18,080 --> 06:23:21,520
AND ABOUT THE PERFORMANCE OF

9180
06:23:21,520 --> 06:23:22,480
YOUR MATING, MY QUESTION IS DID

9181
06:23:22,480 --> 06:23:25,920
YOU HAVE A CHANCE TO COMPARE

9182
06:23:25,920 --> 06:23:28,680
YOUR FINDINGS WITH THE GROUP FOR

9183
06:23:28,680 --> 06:23:30,360
FUTURE SIMILARITIES IN THE INDEX

9184
06:23:30,360 --> 06:23:33,000
MATRIX, SO DID YOU CHECK THAT

9185
06:23:33,000 --> 06:23:34,760
PARAMETERS IN PROCESSING

9186
06:23:34,760 --> 06:23:35,040
PARAMETERS?

9187
06:23:35,040 --> 06:23:37,040
>>WE DID CHECK THOSE
METRICS, I

9188
06:23:37,040 --> 06:23:38,800
ASSUME WE'RE TALKING ABOUT

9189
06:23:38,800 --> 06:23:39,560
STRUCTURAL SIMILARITY, RIGHT?

9190
06:23:39,560 --> 06:23:42,680
WE DID USE IT.

9191
06:23:42,680 --> 06:23:47,280
BUT WE DECIDED TO STICK TO

9192
06:23:47,280 --> 06:23:51,040
ABSOLUTE HERROR, YOU KNOW IN AN

9193
06:23:51,040 --> 06:23:54,120
EFFORT TO REALLY FOCUS ON THE

9194
06:23:54,120 --> 06:23:55,160
PIXEL ERROR.

9195
06:23:55,160 --> 06:23:57,040
>>IN TERMS OF LOSS
FUNCTIONS L1

9196
06:23:57,040 --> 06:23:59,680
AND L2 ARE KIND OF GROUND ROOTS

9197
06:23:59,680 --> 06:24:02,160
IN THE IMAGE PROCESSING SITE BUT

9198
06:24:02,160 --> 06:24:03,000
ONCE YOU COMPETED YOUR

9199
06:24:03,000 --> 06:24:05,280
PREDICTIONS, DID YOU HAVE A

9200
06:24:05,280 --> 06:24:06,480
CHANCE TO COME PAIR YOUR

9201
06:24:06,480 --> 06:24:07,800
PREDICTIONS AND THE GRANT ROOTS

9202
06:24:07,800 --> 06:24:10,480
IN TERMS OF SSIM OR FSIM?

9203
06:24:10,480 --> 06:24:13,400
DO YOU HAVE FOR EXAMPLE, 90% OF

9204
06:24:13,400 --> 06:24:14,040
SIMILARITY THROUGH

9205
06:24:14,040 --> 06:24:16,400
[INDISCERNIBLE] OR 95% OF

9206
06:24:16,400 --> 06:24:19,240
SIMILARITY TO [INDISCERNIBLE]

9207
06:24:19,240 --> 06:24:23,560
>>SO, FROM MEMORY, I
THINK THE

9208
06:24:23,560 --> 06:24:24,920
SSEM WAS AROUND 1997%, SOMETHING

9209
06:24:24,920 --> 06:24:25,920
LIKE THAT. 

9210
06:24:25,920 --> 06:24:28,520
THANK YOU.

9211
06:24:28,520 --> 06:24:28,880
>>WELCOME.

9212
06:24:28,880 --> 06:24:34,960
>>ALL RIGHT, THANK YOU
VERY

9213
06:24:34,960 --> 06:24:35,640
MUCH MATTHIEU.

9214
06:24:35,640 --> 06:24:43,440
>>OUR NEXT SPEAKER IS

9215
06:24:43,440 --> 06:24:44,040
DR. NOREEN BUKHARI-P A RLAKTURK,

9216
06:24:44,040 --> 06:24:45,640
SHE WILL TALK ABOUT ENGAGEMENT

9217
06:24:45,640 --> 06:24:48,240
TO DEEP BRAIN NETWORK AS A

9218
06:24:48,240 --> 06:24:49,680
PREDICTOR BIOMARKER FOR CLINICAL

9219
06:24:49,680 --> 06:24:56,440
PRESPONSE TO TMS.

9220
06:24:56,440 --> 06:24:57,840
>>GOOD AFTERNOON, CAN
EVERYBODY

9221
06:24:57,840 --> 06:24:58,080
HEAR ME.

9222
06:24:58,080 --> 06:24:59,720
I'M FROM DUKE UNIVERSITY.

9223
06:24:59,720 --> 06:25:01,320
I'VE HAD A GOOD TIME AT THIS

9224
06:25:01,320 --> 06:25:03,040
CONFERENCE SO FAR, IT'S BEEN

9225
06:25:03,040 --> 06:25:04,760
FOCUSED MOSTLY ON THE

9226
06:25:04,760 --> 06:25:06,360
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT I'M A

9227
06:25:06,360 --> 06:25:07,960
NEUROLOGIST AND SCIENTIST SO I

9228
06:25:07,960 --> 06:25:09,080
WILL DISCUSS SPECIFICALLY ABOUT

9229
06:25:09,080 --> 06:25:10,760
THE APPLICATION OF TMS AND

9230
06:25:10,760 --> 06:25:12,160
FUNCTIONAL MRI TO ADVANCE

9231
06:25:12,160 --> 06:25:13,400
THERAPY FOR PATIENTS WITH NURRA

9232
06:25:13,400 --> 06:25:18,920
O LODGE CALIFORNIA DISORDERS

9233
06:25:18,920 --> 06:25:20,440
DEBINNING WITH FOCAL HAND

9234
06:25:20,440 --> 06:25:20,680
DYSTONIA.

9235
06:25:20,680 --> 06:25:25,480
I HAVE NO CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

9236
06:25:25,480 --> 06:25:26,800
OR DISCLOSURES.

9237
06:25:26,800 --> 06:25:35,160
DYSTONIA IS AN INVOLUNTARY

9238
06:25:35,160 --> 06:25:36,520
GESTURE, IT CAN INVOLVE THE

9239
06:25:36,520 --> 06:25:38,560
WHOLE BODY OR IT CAN BE FOCAL TO

9240
06:25:38,560 --> 06:25:40,240
A LIMB SUCH AS THE HAND.

9241
06:25:40,240 --> 06:25:42,440
PATIENT WHO ARE GENERALIZED ARE

9242
06:25:42,440 --> 06:25:43,760
WHEELCHAIR BOUND AND BED BOUND

9243
06:25:43,760 --> 06:25:47,680
AND OVERALL VERY DEBILITATING.

9244
06:25:47,680 --> 06:25:49,880
THERE ARE CURRENTLY NO DISEASE

9245
06:25:49,880 --> 06:25:52,920
MODIFYING THERAPY FIST ANY

9246
06:25:52,920 --> 06:25:55,520
MOVEMENT DISORDERS, SPECIFICALLY

9247
06:25:55,520 --> 06:25:56,840
DYSTONIA HERE, AND SYMPTOMS VARY

9248
06:25:56,840 --> 06:25:58,600
FROM PATIENT TO PATE.

9249
06:25:58,600 --> 06:26:01,080
WE KNOW FROM KRINICAL AND

9250
06:26:01,080 --> 06:26:02,080
PRECLINICAL STUDIES IN THIS

9251
06:26:02,080 --> 06:26:03,840
DISORDER THAT THE PROBLEM WITH

9252
06:26:03,840 --> 06:26:06,720
DYSTONIA IS A PROBLEM OF BRAIN

9253
06:26:06,720 --> 06:26:10,160
CIRCUITRY, AND SPECIFICALLY OF

9254
06:26:10,160 --> 06:26:12,160
BRAIN CONNECTIVITY.

9255
06:26:12,160 --> 06:26:13,600
THEREFORE TMS, TRANSCRANEIO

9256
06:26:13,600 --> 06:26:14,440
MAGNETIC STIMULATION KNOWN TO

9257
06:26:14,440 --> 06:26:16,800
PLAY A ROLE IN MODIFYING BRAIN

9258
06:26:16,800 --> 06:26:18,800
CIRCUITRY AND BRAIN PLASTICITY

9259
06:26:18,800 --> 06:26:20,320
BECOMES AN IDEAL APPROACH TO TRY

9260
06:26:20,320 --> 06:26:27,240
TO DEVELOP NEW THERAPY FOR THESE

9261
06:26:27,240 --> 06:26:27,520
PATIENTS.

9262
06:26:27,520 --> 06:26:30,680
ONE OF THE KEY LIMITATIONS OF

9263
06:26:30,680 --> 06:26:33,040
TMS THOUGH, IS IT ONLY ACTIVATES

9264
06:26:33,040 --> 06:26:34,200
AND MODIFYS NEURONS THAT ARE

9265
06:26:34,200 --> 06:26:35,400
LESS THAN 1 CENTIMETER.

9266
06:26:35,400 --> 06:26:38,120
NOW THERE HAVE BEEN PRIOR

9267
06:26:38,120 --> 06:26:40,120
STUDIES OF TMS, TMS STUDIES IN

9268
06:26:40,120 --> 06:26:40,920
PATIENTS WITH FOCAL HAND DISTONE

9269
06:26:40,920 --> 06:26:43,120
RAW DATA AND THEY HAVE SHOWN

9270
06:26:43,120 --> 06:26:44,040
SOME TRANSIENT BENEFIT, SO WHAT

9271
06:26:44,040 --> 06:26:49,120
CAN WE LEARN FROM THESE INITIAL

9272
06:26:49,120 --> 06:26:49,920
7 STUDIES.

9273
06:26:49,920 --> 06:26:51,760
THERE ARE 5 OF THE STUDIES THAT

9274
06:26:51,760 --> 06:26:53,640
SHOWED THAT MULTIPLE SESSIONS OF

9275
06:26:53,640 --> 06:26:55,600
REPETITIVE TMS IN PATIENTS WITH

9276
06:26:55,600 --> 06:26:59,360
FOCAL HAND DYSTONIA, LED TO

9277
06:26:59,360 --> 06:27:00,640
CLINICAL IMPROVEMENT AFTER TMS

9278
06:27:00,640 --> 06:27:04,080
WAS APPLIED AT THE PREMOTOR

9279
06:27:04,080 --> 06:27:04,320
CORTEX.

9280
06:27:04,320 --> 06:27:06,200
WITH THE STUDY THAT SHOWED THE

9281
06:27:06,200 --> 06:27:08,400
LONGEST EFFECT WAS 2-3 WEEKS AND

9282
06:27:08,400 --> 06:27:10,640
THAT WAS SHOWN WHEN TMS WAS

9283
06:27:10,640 --> 06:27:13,040
APPLIED AT THE PRIMARY SO MAT O

9284
06:27:13,040 --> 06:27:14,120
SENSORY CORTEX.

9285
06:27:14,120 --> 06:27:16,480
AND SO, THUS FAR WHEN WE KNOW IS

9286
06:27:16,480 --> 06:27:19,080
THAT TMS ISSUE, REPETITIVE TMS

9287
06:27:19,080 --> 06:27:20,680
APPLICATION AND FOCAL DYSTONIA

9288
06:27:20,680 --> 06:27:22,400
DOES SHOW A TRANSIENT BENEFIT

9289
06:27:22,400 --> 06:27:23,680
AFTER APPLICATION AT THE

9290
06:27:23,680 --> 06:27:24,960
PREMOTOR AND SOPHISTICATED MAT O

9291
06:27:24,960 --> 06:27:25,400
SENSORY CORTEX.

9292
06:27:25,400 --> 06:27:29,080
BUT HOW DO WE PROLONG THIS

9293
06:27:29,080 --> 06:27:29,320
EFFECT.

9294
06:27:29,320 --> 06:27:31,120
HOW DO WE DEVELOP A LONG LASTING

9295
06:27:31,120 --> 06:27:32,640
THERAPY, A QUESTION THAT IS

9296
06:27:32,640 --> 06:27:33,720
APPLICABLE IN THE NEUROLOGICAL

9297
06:27:33,720 --> 06:27:35,600
BUT ALL THE CLINICAL DISEASE

9298
06:27:35,600 --> 06:27:36,480
MODELS.

9299
06:27:36,480 --> 06:27:40,440
SO WORK BY OTHERS IN ANOTHER

9300
06:27:40,440 --> 06:27:41,560
DISEASE MODEL IS HAS ACTUALLY

9301
06:27:41,560 --> 06:27:44,720
LED US TO AN ADVANCEMENT,

9302
06:27:44,720 --> 06:27:45,520
SPECIFICALLY JOEL VOSS' GROUP

9303
06:27:45,520 --> 06:27:48,280
HAS SHOWN THAT WHEN TMS IS SAW

9304
06:27:48,280 --> 06:27:51,160
PLIED AT THE SUPERIOR PARIETAL

9305
06:27:51,160 --> 06:27:53,240
CORTEX IT LEAD TO DEEP BRAIN

9306
06:27:53,240 --> 06:27:55,200
MODIFICATION OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS.

9307
06:27:55,200 --> 06:27:57,000
THEY SHOWED THAT CHANGES IN

9308
06:27:57,000 --> 06:27:57,600
FUNCTIONAL BRAIN CONNECTIVITY

9309
06:27:57,600 --> 06:27:59,000
CAN LEAD TO IMPROVEMENT IN

9310
06:27:59,000 --> 06:28:02,000
MEMORY SO THIS LED US TO ASK THE

9311
06:28:02,000 --> 06:28:04,240
QUESTION THAT WHAT IS THE KEY

9312
06:28:04,240 --> 06:28:06,520
DIFFERENCE, WHAT IS THE KEY DEEP

9313
06:28:06,520 --> 06:28:08,200
BRAIN NEST WORK TO TARGET

9314
06:28:08,200 --> 06:28:09,720
PATIENTS WITH DYSTONIA AND SO

9315
06:28:09,720 --> 06:28:10,880
MULTIPLE GROUPS HAVE ACTUALLY

9316
06:28:10,880 --> 06:28:12,880
SHOWN THAT BASAL GANGLIA IS A

9317
06:28:12,880 --> 06:28:14,600
KEY DEEP BRAIN REGION THAT IS

9318
06:28:14,600 --> 06:28:15,600
ABNORMALITIES SNRORMAL IN

9319
06:28:15,600 --> 06:28:17,920
PATIENTS WITH FOCAL DYSTONIA.

9320
06:28:17,920 --> 06:28:22,960
THIS IS A SEMINOLE PAPER FROM

9321
06:28:22,960 --> 06:28:25,080
JOEL PEARL MATTERS GROUP AT WASH

9322
06:28:25,080 --> 06:28:25,200
U.

9323
06:28:25,200 --> 06:28:26,480
AND THAT I HAVE SHOWN SEVERAL

9324
06:28:26,480 --> 06:28:28,440
PATIENTS SHOW A KEY DEFACT IN

9325
06:28:28,440 --> 06:28:30,880
THE KEY REGION OF THE BASAL

9326
06:28:30,880 --> 06:28:31,160
GANGLIA.

9327
06:28:31,160 --> 06:28:32,800
AND SPECIFICALLY IT'S A DEE

9328
06:28:32,800 --> 06:28:35,440
CREASE IN BASAL GANGLIA ACTIVITY

9329
06:28:35,440 --> 06:28:36,200
AND FUNCTIONAL MRI.

9330
06:28:36,200 --> 06:28:39,680
OUR GROUP HAS ALSO SHOWN, THAT

9331
06:28:39,680 --> 06:28:42,040
THE ABNORMALITY IN PATIENTS WITH

9332
06:28:42,040 --> 06:28:43,240
FULL DYSTONIA ALSO OCCURS

9333
06:28:43,240 --> 06:28:44,880
PRIMARILY AT THE BASAL GANG

9334
06:28:44,880 --> 06:28:46,200
LIAISON AWHAT WE'RE SHOWING

9335
06:28:46,200 --> 06:28:47,480
ADDITIONALLY IS THAT ACTIFORT,

9336
06:28:47,480 --> 06:28:49,280
THE FUNCTIONAL BRAIN ACTIVITY IS

9337
06:28:49,280 --> 06:28:50,520
STAYED DEPENDENT AND IT CHANGES

9338
06:28:50,520 --> 06:28:52,400
DEPENDING ON WHETHER THE

9339
06:28:52,400 --> 06:28:54,040
ACTIVITY OCCURS ON THE ON BLOCK

9340
06:28:54,040 --> 06:28:55,920
OF WRITING OR THE OFF BLOCK.

9341
06:28:55,920 --> 06:28:57,320
DETAILTHIS STUDY WILL BE

9342
06:28:57,320 --> 06:28:59,200
DISCUSSED TOMORROW BY DR. ANDREW

9343
06:28:59,200 --> 06:29:01,320
MICHAEL, BUT THIS FINDING BY OUR

9344
06:29:01,320 --> 06:29:03,040
GROUP AND OTHERS ACTUALLY FORM

9345
06:29:03,040 --> 06:29:09,440
THE FUNDAMENTAL BASES FOR OUR

9346
06:29:09,440 --> 06:29:12,080
HYPOTHESIS WHICH WAS WHICH BASAL

9347
06:29:12,080 --> 06:29:13,840
AREA WILL HELP PATIENTS WITH

9348
06:29:13,840 --> 06:29:16,880
DYSTONIA AND OUR HOPE IS THAT BY

9349
06:29:16,880 --> 06:29:18,240
MODIFYING THE BASAL GANG LIAISON

9350
06:29:18,240 --> 06:29:20,920
A WE CAN DEVELOP A LONG LASTER

9351
06:29:20,920 --> 06:29:21,600
THERAPY.

9352
06:29:21,600 --> 06:29:23,600
SO WE'VE HOPE TO BE ABLE TO

9353
06:29:23,600 --> 06:29:25,280
DELIVER TMS AND WE FOCUS ON THE

9354
06:29:25,280 --> 06:29:27,000
PREMOTOR CORTEX AND THE PRIMARY

9355
06:29:27,000 --> 06:29:28,480
SOPHISTICATED MAT O SENSORY

9356
06:29:28,480 --> 06:29:29,760
CORTEX, HYPOTHESISSING THAT THE

9357
06:29:29,760 --> 06:29:31,600
TRANSIENT BENEFIT MAY HAVE BEEN

9358
06:29:31,600 --> 06:29:33,560
DUE TO SOME MODIFICATION OF THIS

9359
06:29:33,560 --> 06:29:37,320
DEEP BRAIN REGION SO WE APPLY 10

9360
06:29:37,320 --> 06:29:39,080
MRTMS, AND WE PATIENT WITH FOCAL

9361
06:29:39,080 --> 06:29:41,120
HAND DYSTONIA AT THE PREMOTOR

9362
06:29:41,120 --> 06:29:42,600
CORTEX OF THE PRIMARY

9363
06:29:42,600 --> 06:29:44,240
SOPHISTICATED MAT O SENSORY

9364
06:29:44,240 --> 06:29:44,600
CORTEX.

9365
06:29:44,600 --> 06:29:45,760
WE ALSO DELIVERED

9366
06:29:45,760 --> 06:29:46,840
[INDISCERNIBLE] AT THE PREMOTE

9367
06:29:46,840 --> 06:29:50,560
CORCORTEX IN THESE PATIENTS.

9368
06:29:50,560 --> 06:29:52,080
OUR STUDY WAS DOUBLE BLINDED AND

9369
06:29:52,080 --> 06:29:53,000
SHAM CONTROLLED AND IMPORTANTLY

9370
06:29:53,000 --> 06:29:57,040
WE DID A RANDOMIZED ORDER OF TMS

9371
06:29:57,040 --> 06:29:59,320
DELIVERY WHERE ALL SUBJECTS

9372
06:29:59,320 --> 06:30:00,920
RECEIVED ALL 3 TMS CONDITIONS IN

9373
06:30:00,920 --> 06:30:03,360
A CROSS OVER DESIGN.

9374
06:30:03,360 --> 06:30:04,560
NOW THE TMS IN ORDER TO MEASURE

9375
06:30:04,560 --> 06:30:07,920
THE EFFECT OF THIS TMS STUDY, WE

9376
06:30:07,920 --> 06:30:08,960
ACTUALLY TOOK BEHAVIORIAL

9377
06:30:08,960 --> 06:30:10,800
MEASUREMENTS AT BASE LINE, AND

9378
06:30:10,800 --> 06:30:13,920
THEN IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE TMS

9379
06:30:13,920 --> 06:30:16,520
SESSION, WE ALSO TO LOOK AT THE

9380
06:30:16,520 --> 06:30:18,200
BASAL GANGLIA ACTIVITY WE

9381
06:30:18,200 --> 06:30:21,960
PERFORMED TASK FUNCTIONAL MRI.

9382
06:30:21,960 --> 06:30:23,280
NOW IN ORDER TO INSURE THAT WE

9383
06:30:23,280 --> 06:30:24,840
WERE TARGETING A REGION OF

9384
06:30:24,840 --> 06:30:26,240
INTEREST, WHICH IS PRIMARILY THE

9385
06:30:26,240 --> 06:30:28,000
MOTOR NETWORK WE USE AN APPROACH

9386
06:30:28,000 --> 06:30:30,360
CALLED THE MOTOR TEST

9387
06:30:30,360 --> 06:30:31,560
SYNCHRONIZED TMS DELIVERY WHICH

9388
06:30:31,560 --> 06:30:32,960
MEANS WE DELIVERED TMS IN 4

9389
06:30:32,960 --> 06:30:34,960
BLOCKS OF SIM USE, ALTERNATED BY

9390
06:30:34,960 --> 06:30:36,360
4 BLOCKS OF A TASK THAT WAS REEL

9391
06:30:36,360 --> 06:30:37,960
KEEPSAKES VABT TO PATIENTS WITH

9392
06:30:37,960 --> 06:30:40,160
DYSTONIA, WHICH IS A MOTE OAR

9393
06:30:40,160 --> 06:30:47,920
LEARNED TASK SUCH AS WRITING.

9394
06:30:47,920 --> 06:30:49,520
AND SO 1 OF THE CHALLENGE I

9395
06:30:49,520 --> 06:30:52,880
DON'T NEED TO TELL THIS GROUP IS

9396
06:30:52,880 --> 06:30:54,000
THE TECHNICAL VARIABLE,

9397
06:30:54,000 --> 06:30:54,480
BIOLOGICAL VARIABILITY.

9398
06:30:54,480 --> 06:30:57,080
SO TO ASK A BIOLOGICAL QUESTION,

9399
06:30:57,080 --> 06:30:58,680
WE WANTED TO OPTIMIZE THE

9400
06:30:58,680 --> 06:31:00,280
TECHNICAL DELIVERY OF TMS.

9401
06:31:00,280 --> 06:31:02,640
SO WE WORK WITH OUR COLLEAGUES

9402
06:31:02,640 --> 06:31:04,240
IN FUNCTIONAL MRI AND OUR

9403
06:31:04,240 --> 06:31:06,120
COLLEAGUES IN TMS ENGINEERING TO

9404
06:31:06,120 --> 06:31:08,000
OPTIMIZE AND REALLY INSURE MORE

9405
06:31:08,000 --> 06:31:09,760
PRECISE DELIVERY OF THIS TMS.

9406
06:31:09,760 --> 06:31:11,680
SO WE BEGAN BY GETTING A

9407
06:31:11,680 --> 06:31:13,840
FUNCTIONAL MRI ON PATIENTS WITH

9408
06:31:13,840 --> 06:31:15,160
FOCAL HAND DYSTONIA AS A BASE

9409
06:31:15,160 --> 06:31:18,160
LINE TO DEVELOP OUR BRAIN LINE

9410
06:31:18,160 --> 06:31:18,760
TARGETING.

9411
06:31:18,760 --> 06:31:19,800
SO SPECIFICALLY SUBJECTS

9412
06:31:19,800 --> 06:31:22,000
COMPLETED A T1 MRI.

9413
06:31:22,000 --> 06:31:24,240
AND THIS KNOW THEY COMPLETED A

9414
06:31:24,240 --> 06:31:26,400
TASK FMRI TO THE WRITING TASK TO

9415
06:31:26,400 --> 06:31:27,240
IDENTIFY FUNCTIONAL BRAIN

9416
06:31:27,240 --> 06:31:28,000
ACTIVITY.

9417
06:31:28,000 --> 06:31:29,880
WE THEN OVERLAY THE MNIAT

9418
06:31:29,880 --> 06:31:34,320
LAS PINTAS FOR THE PREMOTOR TEXT

9419
06:31:34,320 --> 06:31:36,440
AND ULTIMATELY WE IDENTIFIEDED

9420
06:31:36,440 --> 06:31:37,720
HIGHEST WE HAVE SCORE WITHIN THE

9421
06:31:37,720 --> 06:31:39,600
FORMULA METER TO LESS THAN 1

9422
06:31:39,600 --> 06:31:42,640
CENTIMETER DANCE FROM THE

9423
06:31:42,640 --> 06:31:43,080
SUPERFICIAL CORTEX.

9424
06:31:43,080 --> 06:31:44,920
WHICH ALLOWED US TO DEVELOP A

9425
06:31:44,920 --> 06:31:46,880
SMALL 2 VOXEL MASK, WE THEN TOOK

9426
06:31:46,880 --> 06:31:48,760
THE FUNCTIONAL BRAIN TARGETED

9427
06:31:48,760 --> 06:31:51,520
MASK AND WE WORK OUR COLLEAGUES

9428
06:31:51,520 --> 06:31:53,600
IN ENGINEERING, PARTICULARLY

9429
06:31:53,600 --> 06:31:54,720
DR. PETER [INDISCERNIBLE] GROUP,

9430
06:31:54,720 --> 06:31:56,800
HIS GROUP HAS SHOWN THAT TO

9431
06:31:56,800 --> 06:31:57,720
OPTIMIZE AND MAXIMIZE THE

9432
06:31:57,720 --> 06:32:00,840
ELECTRIC FIELD AT THE CORTICALE

9433
06:32:00,840 --> 06:32:02,440
GYRUS OF INTEREST, YOU WANT TO

9434
06:32:02,440 --> 06:32:03,840
DELIVER TMS COIL IN AN

9435
06:32:03,840 --> 06:32:06,400
ORIENTATION THAT MACK MYSELFS

9436
06:32:06,400 --> 06:32:08,800
THE LANGUAGE FIELD TANGENTIAL TO

9437
06:32:08,800 --> 06:32:09,280
THE COTTERICALLY GYRUS.

9438
06:32:09,280 --> 06:32:11,200
SO USING THAT PRINCIPLE WE WORK

9439
06:32:11,200 --> 06:32:13,000
TOGETHER TO BASICALLY DEVELOP A

9440
06:32:13,000 --> 06:32:14,800
TMS TARGETED ANALYSIS PIPELINE.

9441
06:32:14,800 --> 06:32:18,440
AND THE GOAL WAS TO ABLE TO RUN

9442
06:32:18,440 --> 06:32:19,640
A COMPUTATIONAL SIMULATION IN

9443
06:32:19,640 --> 06:32:20,560
SOFTWARE THAT ALLOWED US TO

9444
06:32:20,560 --> 06:32:23,240
DETERMINE WHICH IS THE OPTIMAL

9445
06:32:23,240 --> 06:32:25,560
COIL ORIENTATION ON THE SCALP

9446
06:32:25,560 --> 06:32:26,400
THAT COULD MASS MIKES THE

9447
06:32:26,400 --> 06:32:28,480
ELECTRIC AT FIELD AT THE

9448
06:32:28,480 --> 06:32:29,880
CORTICALE GYRUS SO THE ULTIMATE

9449
06:32:29,880 --> 06:32:33,120
GOAL AND OUTPUT WAS BASIC LE A

9450
06:32:33,120 --> 06:32:34,000
SCALP TARGETING THAT ALLOWED US

9451
06:32:34,000 --> 06:32:35,720
TO BE ABLE TO MAXIMIZE ELECTRIC

9452
06:32:35,720 --> 06:32:38,720
FIELD AT THE CORTICALE GYRUS,

9453
06:32:38,720 --> 06:32:40,760
THAT DATA WAS THEN INPUT AND ON

9454
06:32:40,760 --> 06:32:41,920
THE DAY, 1 MORE THING IS THAT ON

9455
06:32:41,920 --> 06:32:44,440
THE DAY OF THE TMS STIMULATION,

9456
06:32:44,440 --> 06:32:46,240
WE THEN ADJUST THAD SCALP

9457
06:32:46,240 --> 06:32:47,280
TARGETING BASED ON THE HAIR

9458
06:32:47,280 --> 06:32:50,520
THICKNESS OF THE SUBJECT.

9459
06:32:50,520 --> 06:32:53,120
AND THIS INFORMATION WAS PUT

9460
06:32:53,120 --> 06:32:55,160
INTO A NEURONAVIGATION SOFTWARE

9461
06:32:55,160 --> 06:32:57,000
AND THEN COMPLETED THE STUDY,

9462
06:32:57,000 --> 06:32:57,880
AND THE FIRST QUESTION WE WANTED

9463
06:32:57,880 --> 06:33:00,120
TO KNOW WAS HOW WELL DID WE DO

9464
06:33:00,120 --> 06:33:01,400
IN THE RECEIVED ELECTRIC FIELD

9465
06:33:01,400 --> 06:33:03,800
AT THE CORTICO GYRUS OF INTEREST

9466
06:33:03,800 --> 06:33:05,560
IN ORDER TO ANSWER THE QUESTION

9467
06:33:05,560 --> 06:33:07,200
BIOLOGICALLY, WE NEED TO BE ABLE

9468
06:33:07,200 --> 06:33:08,800
TO DELIVER EQUAL AMOUNTS OF

9469
06:33:08,800 --> 06:33:11,120
ELECTRIC FIELD ACROSS BOTH

9470
06:33:11,120 --> 06:33:12,520
ACTIVE CORTICALE TARGETS AND SO

9471
06:33:12,520 --> 06:33:14,040
WE LOOKEDDA THE THAT AND IN FACT

9472
06:33:14,040 --> 06:33:15,480
WE HAVE NO DIFFERENCE IN THE

9473
06:33:15,480 --> 06:33:16,960
RECEIVED ELECTRIC FIELD AT THE

9474
06:33:16,960 --> 06:33:17,800
PRIMARY SOPHISTICATED MAT O

9475
06:33:17,800 --> 06:33:20,000
SENSORY OR PRO MOTOR CORTEX IN

9476
06:33:20,000 --> 06:33:21,440
PATIENTS WITH FOCAL HAND

9477
06:33:21,440 --> 06:33:22,640
DYSTONIA, SO THEN WE ASKED THE

9478
06:33:22,640 --> 06:33:25,560
QUESTION, WELL HOW DID OUR

9479
06:33:25,560 --> 06:33:26,360
PATIENTS DO BEHAVIORIALLY AFTER

9480
06:33:26,360 --> 06:33:30,240
1 SESSION OF REPETITIVE TMS.

9481
06:33:30,240 --> 06:33:33,600
AND WHAT WE SAW WAS THAT TMS

9482
06:33:33,600 --> 06:33:34,800
DELIVERED IN A SINGLE SESSION

9483
06:33:34,800 --> 06:33:39,000
ACTUALLY LED TO A SIGNIFICANT

9484
06:33:39,000 --> 06:33:41,280
REDUCTION IN BEHAVIOR OF

9485
06:33:41,280 --> 06:33:43,040
DYSTONIA, IN PATIENTS WHO

9486
06:33:43,040 --> 06:33:45,400
RECEIVED ACTIVE TMS OR PREMOTOR

9487
06:33:45,400 --> 06:33:46,560
PRIMARY SOPHISTICATED MATE O

9488
06:33:46,560 --> 06:33:49,520
SENSORY TORTEX AND WE ASKED HOW

9489
06:33:49,520 --> 06:33:52,040
DO WE DO IN TERMS OF FUNCTIONAL

9490
06:33:52,040 --> 06:33:54,600
BRAIN ACTIVITY, DO WE MODIFY THE

9491
06:33:54,600 --> 06:33:55,560
BASAL GANGLIA AND IT WAS A

9492
06:33:55,560 --> 06:33:58,880
SURPRISE TO US AS WELL AS HOW

9493
06:33:58,880 --> 06:33:59,880
MUCH BENEFIT WE ACTUALLY

9494
06:33:59,880 --> 06:34:02,000
DELIVERED, WE SAW THAT PATIENT

9495
06:34:02,000 --> 06:34:04,240
WHO IS HAVE TMS DELIVERED AT THE

9496
06:34:04,240 --> 06:34:06,080
SOPHISTICATED MAT O SENSORY

9497
06:34:06,080 --> 06:34:09,040
CORTEX SO A INCREASE WITH BOLD

9498
06:34:09,040 --> 06:34:10,120
ACTIVITY IN THE PATIENTS

9499
06:34:10,120 --> 06:34:12,800
COMPARED TO THOSE WHO RECEIVE

9500
06:34:12,800 --> 06:34:17,920
ACTIVE TMS AS A PREMOTOR OR

9501
06:34:17,920 --> 06:34:18,680
SHAM.

9502
06:34:18,680 --> 06:34:20,680
SO IN CONCLUSION I'VE SHOWN YOU

9503
06:34:20,680 --> 06:34:22,400
THAT REPETITIVE TAMERICA S CAN

9504
06:34:22,400 --> 06:34:25,080
ALLOW FOR MODIFICATION OF DEEP

9505
06:34:25,080 --> 06:34:27,640
BRAIN NETWORK AND THAT RTMS AND

9506
06:34:27,640 --> 06:34:29,520
THE PRIMARY SENSORY CORTEX

9507
06:34:29,520 --> 06:34:30,760
IMPROVE DISTONNIC BEHAVIOR BUT

9508
06:34:30,760 --> 06:34:36,680
IT'S SPECIFICALLY THE 10-HERTZ,

9509
06:34:36,680 --> 06:34:39,600
A CONCEPT WE CAN SAY IS TARGET

9510
06:34:39,600 --> 06:34:40,440
ENGAMEMENT AND FUTURE STUDIES

9511
06:34:40,440 --> 06:34:41,960
ARE NEEDED TO SELECTIVE

9512
06:34:41,960 --> 06:34:43,240
ENGAGEMENT OF BASE AT GANGLIA

9513
06:34:43,240 --> 06:34:45,240
COULD SERVE AS A PREDICTIVE

9514
06:34:45,240 --> 06:34:46,400
BIOMARKER BUT CLINICAL RESPONSE

9515
06:34:46,400 --> 06:34:48,800
TO OUR TMS AND THEREFORE ALLOW

9516
06:34:48,800 --> 06:34:51,040
US TO DEVELOP A TARGETED THERAPY

9517
06:34:51,040 --> 06:34:52,520
THAT WOULD BE LONG LASTING IN

9518
06:34:52,520 --> 06:34:53,720
THESE PATIENTS AND FIEBDING FROM

9519
06:34:53,720 --> 06:34:55,880
THE STUDY COULD OVERALL INFORM

9520
06:34:55,880 --> 06:35:00,720
THE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF

9521
06:35:00,720 --> 06:35:01,520
NONINVASIVE NEUROMODDULATION

9522
06:35:01,520 --> 06:35:02,720
WITH PATIENTS WITH DYSTONIA,

9523
06:35:02,720 --> 06:35:04,560
WITH THAT I AM HAPPY TO TAKE ANY

9524
06:35:04,560 --> 06:35:06,360
QUESTIONS, I WORK WITH A LARGE

9525
06:35:06,360 --> 06:35:08,480
GROUP OF PEOPLE AND FORTUNATE TO

9526
06:35:08,480 --> 06:35:09,520
HAVE TECHNICAL EXPERTS TO

9527
06:35:09,520 --> 06:35:17,960
COLLABORATE WITH SO THANK YOU

9528
06:35:17,960 --> 06:35:18,400
VERY MUCH.

9529
06:35:18,400 --> 06:35:24,840
>>DO WE HAVE ANY
QUESTIONS?

9530
06:35:24,840 --> 06:35:25,920
STHRKS YOU TALKED SO FAST I

9531
06:35:25,920 --> 06:35:26,880
MIGHT HAVE MISSED IT.

9532
06:35:26,880 --> 06:35:30,320
SO DID YOU END UP GETTING A

9533
06:35:30,320 --> 06:35:32,160
LASTING IMPROVEMENT IN THE

9534
06:35:32,160 --> 06:35:32,920
PATIENTS WITH DYSTONIA.

9535
06:35:32,920 --> 06:35:34,120
>>YES, SO THE BENEFIT I
WAS

9536
06:35:34,120 --> 06:35:36,520
SHOWING IN THE BEHAVIOR SIDE WAS

9537
06:35:36,520 --> 06:35:38,080
MEASURED IMMEDIATELYOT DAY OF,

9538
06:35:38,080 --> 06:35:41,680
HOWEVER, WE ACTUALLY WERE ASKING

9539
06:35:41,680 --> 06:35:43,400
OUR PATIENTS THE SAME QUESTION,

9540
06:35:43,400 --> 06:35:45,000
WHAT WAS SURPRISING IS HOW LONG

9541
06:35:45,000 --> 06:35:46,400
THEY WERE REPORTING THE BENEFITS

9542
06:35:46,400 --> 06:35:47,600
SO OUR PATIENTS REPORTED

9543
06:35:47,600 --> 06:35:48,680
BENEFITS THAT LASTED UP TO A

9544
06:35:48,680 --> 06:35:54,640
MONTH AND 1 PATIENT SAID IT

9545
06:35:54,640 --> 06:35:55,920
NEVER REOCCURRED.

9546
06:35:55,920 --> 06:35:57,920
SO WE'VE HAD TO DO ADVANCED

9547
06:35:57,920 --> 06:35:59,480
ANALYSIS TO SEE WHAT WAS

9548
06:35:59,480 --> 06:36:01,320
CONSISTENT WAS THAT PATIENTS WHO

9549
06:36:01,320 --> 06:36:02,360
HAD LONG LASTING BENEFIT ENDED

9550
06:36:02,360 --> 06:36:03,600
UP HAVING AT THIS TIME AT THE

9551
06:36:03,600 --> 06:36:05,480
PRIMARY SOPHISTICATED MAT O

9552
06:36:05,480 --> 06:36:06,680
SENSORY CORTEX, ENDED UP

9553
06:36:06,680 --> 06:36:09,440
RECEIVING TMS AT THE CORTEX,

9554
06:36:09,440 --> 06:36:10,520
SUGGESTING THAT MAYBE ACTIVATION

9555
06:36:10,520 --> 06:36:13,640
OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF PLASTICITY

9556
06:36:13,640 --> 06:36:15,160
RESPONSES, WHEREAS TMS AT THE

9557
06:36:15,160 --> 06:36:16,160
ACTIVE PRIMARY SOPHISTICATED MAT

9558
06:36:16,160 --> 06:36:17,720
O SENSORY CORTEX MAY BE

9559
06:36:17,720 --> 06:36:19,360
ACTIVATING A LONG-TERM

9560
06:36:19,360 --> 06:36:20,080
PLASTICITY RESPONSE COMPARED TO

9561
06:36:20,080 --> 06:36:24,840
THOSE WHO WERE RECEIVING, THE

9562
06:36:24,840 --> 06:36:29,800
TMS CONDITION AT THE PREMOTOR

9563
06:36:29,800 --> 06:36:31,120
CORTEX.

9564
06:36:31,120 --> 06:36:34,880
THANK YOU VERY MUCH DR. BUKHARI.

9565
06:36:34,880 --> 06:36:37,800
[ APPLAUSE ]

9566
06:36:37,800 --> 06:36:40,240
>>NEXT UP, DR. DEBILY
FROM THE

9567
06:36:40,240 --> 06:36:50,680
UNIVERSITY OF HOSPITAL OF

9568
06:36:59,520 --> 06:36:59,760
STRASBOURG.

9569
06:36:59,760 --> 06:37:01,440
>>THANK YOU CAN YOU HEAR
ME?

9570
06:37:01,440 --> 06:37:11,000
I AM A PSYCHIATRIC DOCTOR IN THE

9571
06:37:11,000 --> 06:37:13,920
CENTER HOSPITALLIER UNIVERSITY

9572
06:37:13,920 --> 06:37:15,600
DESTRASBOURG, IN FRANCE, I WANT

9573
06:37:15,600 --> 06:37:18,120
TO TALK ABOUT THE VALIDATION OF

9574
06:37:18,120 --> 06:37:20,680
A BIOMARKER IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF

9575
06:37:20,680 --> 06:37:25,160
PERIODIC CATATONYA, I HAVE NO

9576
06:37:25,160 --> 06:37:25,480
DECLARATIONS.

9577
06:37:25,480 --> 06:37:27,480
SO FIRST WHAT ARE WE TALKING

9578
06:37:27,480 --> 06:37:30,080
ABOUT WE ARE TALKING ABOUT A

9579
06:37:30,080 --> 06:37:32,040
SUBTYPE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA, WHICH

9580
06:37:32,040 --> 06:37:36,240
IS WITH THE PATIENT AND HAS

9581
06:37:36,240 --> 06:37:39,000
RECEIVED [INDISCERNIBLE] WITH

9582
06:37:39,000 --> 06:37:41,280
ACCLIMATION OF THE RESIDUAL

9583
06:37:41,280 --> 06:37:44,200
SYMPTOMS, IT'S A POLYMORPHIC

9584
06:37:44,200 --> 06:37:45,600
PRESENTATION AND THESE 2-POINTS

9585
06:37:45,600 --> 06:37:51,640
WILL BE VERY IMPORTANT LATER. 

9586
06:37:51,640 --> 06:37:54,240
AND ALL RIGHT BEEN BY 2 TEEMSOT

9587
06:37:54,240 --> 06:37:59,200
FMRI, TO WONDER WHAT ARE THE

9588
06:37:59,200 --> 06:38:05,320
ORIGIN EVER THE BRAIN WHICH

9589
06:38:05,320 --> 06:38:06,000
CAUSES THE SYMPTOMS.

9590
06:38:06,000 --> 06:38:07,080
BUT THIS GROUP EFFECT AND WE

9591
06:38:07,080 --> 06:38:14,880
WANTED TO MAKE A TODAY ABOUT

9592
06:38:14,880 --> 06:38:15,960
SINGLE PATIENT IMAGES.

9593
06:38:15,960 --> 06:38:23,760
SO WE WROTE A PROTOCOL WITH

9594
06:38:23,760 --> 06:38:25,360
ACQUISITION OF [INDISCERNIBLE]

9595
06:38:25,360 --> 06:38:26,360
CONTRAST.

9596
06:38:26,360 --> 06:38:30,840
EVERY PATIENT HAS A 3 SCAN WITH

9597
06:38:30,840 --> 06:38:35,200
2 MEASURE, 1 WAS AT TEOF 9.7

9598
06:38:35,200 --> 06:38:38,400
MILLI SECONDS AND 1 WAS 21 MILLI

9599
06:38:38,400 --> 06:38:38,640
SECONDS.

9600
06:38:38,640 --> 06:38:45,960
WE FOCUSED ON THE SAME 2 ORIGINS

9601
06:38:45,960 --> 06:38:49,680
OF INTEREST, L-PMAND L-SMA AND

9602
06:38:49,680 --> 06:38:52,360
EACH PATIENT HAD IT'S OWN MRI

9603
06:38:52,360 --> 06:38:55,320
COMPARED TO IT, AND THE DAILY

9604
06:38:55,320 --> 06:38:57,640
BASIS THEA BASE OF CONTROLLED

9605
06:38:57,640 --> 06:39:03,720
SUBJECT TO MAKE [INDISCERNIBLE]

9606
06:39:03,720 --> 06:39:05,680
THE BRAIN [INDISCERNIBLE].

9607
06:39:05,680 --> 06:39:06,880
>>WE USE THE BIOSCAN
MODEL

9608
06:39:06,880 --> 06:39:09,240
WHICH ALLOW US TO MAKE

9609
06:39:09,240 --> 06:39:11,520
MODULARIZATION OF THE

9610
06:39:11,520 --> 06:39:15,280
SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY.

9611
06:39:15,280 --> 06:39:16,560
AND WE--WHICH ALLOWS A

9612
06:39:16,560 --> 06:39:19,000
POSSIBILITY TO MAKE THE

9613
06:39:19,000 --> 06:39:20,800
[INDISCERNIBLE] UPDATES FOR THE

9614
06:39:20,800 --> 06:39:24,880
[INDISCERNIBLE] EVERY TIME WE

9615
06:39:24,880 --> 06:39:27,080
RECRUIT A NEW [INDISCERNIBLE].

9616
06:39:27,080 --> 06:39:30,320
WE USE PRIOR DATA AND IT GIVES

9617
06:39:30,320 --> 06:39:35,720
YOU MORE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE

9618
06:39:35,720 --> 06:39:37,800
RESULT, WITH THE BELIEF OF THE

9619
06:39:37,800 --> 06:39:39,080
SENSITIVITY AND THE HER EDITTITY

9620
06:39:39,080 --> 06:39:45,880
OF THIS VALUE IS A TRUE 1.

9621
06:39:45,880 --> 06:39:47,960
WE MADE THE FIRST PROOF OF

9622
06:39:47,960 --> 06:39:51,960
CONCEPT 2 D WITH A SAMPLE.

9623
06:39:51,960 --> 06:39:54,280
OUR METHOD OF ACQUISITION HAS

9624
06:39:54,280 --> 06:39:57,280
HAD HIGH ACRASESY AND HIGH

9625
06:39:57,280 --> 06:40:07,160
KD--SALLY WHICH MADE IT REALLY

9626
06:40:07,160 --> 06:40:07,640
RELIABLE MEASUREMENT.

9627
06:40:07,640 --> 06:40:09,440
THE FIRST 1 IS PRIOR CATATONYA

9628
06:40:09,440 --> 06:40:11,840
23, AND 26 PATIENTS WITH NOVEL

9629
06:40:11,840 --> 06:40:14,040
OR PHENOTYPE OF MENTAL DISEASES,

9630
06:40:14,040 --> 06:40:20,000
WE HAD A SENSITIVITY OF 98% AND

9631
06:40:20,000 --> 06:40:22,560
A SPECIFICITY OF 8% WITH A

9632
06:40:22,560 --> 06:40:25,920
NORMATIVE PRIOR. 

9633
06:40:25,920 --> 06:40:29,480
THIS FIRST PROOF OF CONCEPT, WE

9634
06:40:29,480 --> 06:40:34,680
LEARNED 2 THINGS.

9635
06:40:34,680 --> 06:40:38,760
FIRST, OUR WORK SEEMS TO BE

9636
06:40:38,760 --> 06:40:39,760
SPECIFIC, BECAUSE THE OTHER

9637
06:40:39,760 --> 06:40:41,320
PATIENT WITH ANOTHER FORM OF

9638
06:40:41,320 --> 06:40:44,200
[INDISCERNIBLE] SEEMS TO HAVE

9639
06:40:44,200 --> 06:40:44,800
IT.

9640
06:40:44,800 --> 06:40:46,760
ALSO, OUR BIOMARKERS SEEMED TO

9641
06:40:46,760 --> 06:40:51,320
BE SENSITIVE TO A PATIENT WITH A

9642
06:40:51,320 --> 06:40:54,480
MOTOR IMPAIRMENT INCLUDING THE

9643
06:40:54,480 --> 06:40:57,320
REQUIRED MOTOR IMPAIRMENT LIKE

9644
06:40:57,320 --> 06:41:03,560
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS OR LEG

9645
06:41:03,560 --> 06:41:03,840
INJURIES.

9646
06:41:03,840 --> 06:41:08,000
WE DECIDED TO USE OUR DATA WITH

9647
06:41:08,000 --> 06:41:11,440
ANOTHER EXAMPLE, THE DATA WAS

9648
06:41:11,440 --> 06:41:14,760
WEIGHTED INDEX AND WE INCLUDED

9649
06:41:14,760 --> 06:41:17,800
13 PATIENT [INDISCERNIBLE] AND A

9650
06:41:17,800 --> 06:41:18,720
PATIENT WITH ANOTHER PHENOTYPE.

9651
06:41:18,720 --> 06:41:27,040
WE THEN HAD A SENSITIVITY OF 77

9652
06:41:27,040 --> 06:41:29,560
PERSON AND A PATIENT WITH 78%.

9653
06:41:29,560 --> 06:41:31,360
PATIENTS WITH MORE UNCLEAR

9654
06:41:31,360 --> 06:41:33,200
DIAGNOSIS AND DIAGNOSTIC

9655
06:41:33,200 --> 06:41:33,960
CORRECTIONS, THEY MAKE ALLOW US

9656
06:41:33,960 --> 06:41:35,360
TO MAKE A CORRECTION OF THE

9657
06:41:35,360 --> 06:41:35,760
DIAGNOSIS.

9658
06:41:35,760 --> 06:41:39,600
WE DECIDED TO MAKE AN UPDATE OF

9659
06:41:39,600 --> 06:41:41,200
THE ABILITY OF OUR BIOMARKER

9660
06:41:41,200 --> 06:41:44,560
EXCLUDING THE PATIENT WITH MOTOR

9661
06:41:44,560 --> 06:41:46,640
IMPAIRMENT AND TAKING A FULL

9662
06:41:46,640 --> 06:41:47,840
DATA SET WITH THE

9663
06:41:47,840 --> 06:41:49,320
[INDISCERNIBLE] PRIOR, AND THEN

9664
06:41:49,320 --> 06:41:54,160
WE THEN HAD SENSITIVITY OF 82%

9665
06:41:54,160 --> 06:41:58,040
AND SPECIFICITY OF 98%.

9666
06:41:58,040 --> 06:42:02,040
SO, WE HAVE INCENTIVE AND

9667
06:42:02,040 --> 06:42:02,640
SPECIFIC BIOMARKER.

9668
06:42:02,640 --> 06:42:03,680
COMBINED WITH THE CLINICAL EXAM

9669
06:42:03,680 --> 06:42:07,720
NATION, IT HAS A GOOD

9670
06:42:07,720 --> 06:42:10,400
[INDISCERNIBLE], AND A GOOD

9671
06:42:10,400 --> 06:42:11,000
PARTICIPATORY [INDISCERNIBLE],

9672
06:42:11,000 --> 06:42:12,120
SO FOR EXAMPLE, IF YOU TAKE THE

9673
06:42:12,120 --> 06:42:17,000
PATE WITH THE SSD DIAGNOSIS,

9674
06:42:17,000 --> 06:42:18,560
WITHOUT BIOMARKER THEY HAVE

9675
06:42:18,560 --> 06:42:23,000
PROBABILITY OF 14% TO HAVE

9676
06:42:23,000 --> 06:42:24,560
PERIODIC CATATONIA, IF THEY HAVE

9677
06:42:24,560 --> 06:42:26,960
A POSITIVE BIOMARKER THEY HAVE A

9678
06:42:26,960 --> 06:42:31,280
PROBABILITY OF 73% TO HAVE A

9679
06:42:31,280 --> 06:42:34,800
CATATONYA, AND IF THEY HAVE A

9680
06:42:34,800 --> 06:42:35,720
NEGATIVE BIOMARKER, THE

9681
06:42:35,720 --> 06:42:37,000
PROBABILITY HOLDS TO 3%.

9682
06:42:37,000 --> 06:42:39,320
WE WILL NOW REPLICATE OUR

9683
06:42:39,320 --> 06:42:41,280
FURTHER STUDY INCLUDING MORE

9684
06:42:41,280 --> 06:42:44,120
PHENOTYPES OF MENTAL INJURY, AND

9685
06:42:44,120 --> 06:42:51,160
WE CAN NOW IN OUR MODEL, ALLOW

9686
06:42:51,160 --> 06:42:52,240
US TO MAKE [INDISCERNIBLE]

9687
06:42:52,240 --> 06:42:58,480
THAT,A LOW US TO WEIGH THE DATA

9688
06:42:58,480 --> 06:42:59,120
FOR EACH PROTOCOL.

9689
06:42:59,120 --> 06:43:04,160
WE ARE NOW MAKING DIAGNOSIS FOR

9690
06:43:04,160 --> 06:43:06,040
[INDISCERNIBLE] - AS I SAID IT'S

9691
06:43:06,040 --> 06:43:07,240
A MOLECULAR PRESENTATION OF THE

9692
06:43:07,240 --> 06:43:14,440
SYMPTOMS SO IT'S A HUGE AREA FOR

9693
06:43:14,440 --> 06:43:17,240
PATIENTS WITH THE MORE SYMPTOMS,

9694
06:43:17,240 --> 06:43:18,840
THERE IS NO ACHE, OR STRATEGY

9695
06:43:18,840 --> 06:43:21,960
WITH THE FOLLOW UP OF THE

9696
06:43:21,960 --> 06:43:24,120
[INDISCERNIBLE] AND WE ARE NOT

9697
06:43:24,120 --> 06:43:27,240
ABLE TO MAKE BETTER RESEARCH ON

9698
06:43:27,240 --> 06:43:34,920
THE CATATONYA, FOR EXAMPLE, WE

9699
06:43:34,920 --> 06:43:36,200
ACTUALLY CORTICALE USING THIS

9700
06:43:36,200 --> 06:43:38,440
BIOMARKER ON THE TARGET FOR THE

9701
06:43:38,440 --> 06:43:42,040
TMS STIMULATION, AND WE OBTAINED

9702
06:43:42,040 --> 06:43:45,320
A HUGE EVALUATION OF THE

9703
06:43:45,320 --> 06:43:48,200
PATIENTS MORE THAT WE COULD HOPE

9704
06:43:48,200 --> 06:43:49,360
WITH ONLY A PHARMAICOLOGGIC

9705
06:43:49,360 --> 06:43:53,120
TREATMENT AND STIEMENTS BETTER

9706
06:43:53,120 --> 06:43:53,720
BY [INDISCERNIBLE].

9707
06:43:53,720 --> 06:43:56,720
WE WILL NOW USE THE BIOMARKER TO

9708
06:43:56,720 --> 06:44:00,840
REDEFINE THE PHENOTYPE OF THE

9709
06:44:00,840 --> 06:44:01,520
CATATONYA.

9710
06:44:01,520 --> 06:44:03,200
USING A RIGOROUS APPROACH, YOU

9711
06:44:03,200 --> 06:44:06,240
USE THE BIOMARKER FOR THE

9712
06:44:06,240 --> 06:44:08,320
PATIENT WITH A MORE BOUNDARY

9713
06:44:08,320 --> 06:44:11,520
PATIENT WITH EARLY ONSET,

9714
06:44:11,520 --> 06:44:13,400
DIAGNOSIS, I DON'T HAVE THE SAME

9715
06:44:13,400 --> 06:44:14,680
CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF THE

9716
06:44:14,680 --> 06:44:17,440
OTHER AND WE CAN WITH THE

9717
06:44:17,440 --> 06:44:20,680
TECHNOLOGY AND OUR BIOMARKER,

9718
06:44:20,680 --> 06:44:23,440
REDEFINE THIS PHENOTYPES AND

9719
06:44:23,440 --> 06:44:27,600
CONFIRM IT WITH ANATOMY

9720
06:44:27,600 --> 06:44:27,960
[INDISCERNIBLE].

9721
06:44:27,960 --> 06:44:33,520
I WOULD REALLY LIKE TO THANK THE

9722
06:44:33,520 --> 06:44:34,120
[INDISCERNIBLE] TEAM WITHOUT

9723
06:44:34,120 --> 06:44:37,160
WHOM I WOULD NOT BE ABLE TO MAKE

9724
06:44:37,160 --> 06:44:37,960
THIS PRESENTATION

9725
06:44:37,960 --> 06:44:38,800
ESPECIALENTIALLY

9726
06:44:38,800 --> 06:44:39,200
[INDISCERNIBLE].

9727
06:44:39,200 --> 06:44:47,240
AND ALSO THE TEAM OF THE

9728
06:44:47,240 --> 06:44:48,520
STRASBOURG, AND THE

9729
06:44:48,520 --> 06:44:49,040
NEUROMODDULATION CENTER.

9730
06:44:49,040 --> 06:44:57,400
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION.

9731
06:44:57,400 --> 06:44:59,920
[ APPLAUSE ]

9732
06:44:59,920 --> 06:45:02,040
>>HI, NICE PRESENTATION.

9733
06:45:02,040 --> 06:45:03,920
WHY WAS THE--WAS THE LONG TE

9734
06:45:03,920 --> 06:45:04,160
NEEDED?

9735
06:45:04,160 --> 06:45:05,480
YOU SHOWED THERE WAS A

9736
06:45:05,480 --> 06:45:07,200
CORRELATION BETWEEN THE 2 ISL,

9737
06:45:07,200 --> 06:45:11,200
WAS IT NEEDED AFTER LONG T?

9738
06:45:11,200 --> 06:45:11,520
>>THREE?

9739
06:45:11,520 --> 06:45:13,800
>>ARE WHY DO YOU NEED 2?

9740
06:45:13,800 --> 06:45:15,240
>>ONE IS MORE IMPORTANT
THAN

9741
06:45:15,240 --> 06:45:18,040
THE OTHER AND THE OTHER IS

9742
06:45:18,040 --> 06:45:18,360
SPECIFIC.

9743
06:45:18,360 --> 06:45:22,440
IN THE 1970S LIKE THE

9744
06:45:22,440 --> 06:45:23,320
[INDISCERNIBLE] ACQUISITION, BUT

9745
06:45:23,320 --> 06:45:27,080
THE 21 SIGNAL IS NOR SENSITIVE

9746
06:45:27,080 --> 06:45:29,840
AND WE HAVE BIOMARKERS WITH THE

9747
06:45:29,840 --> 06:45:33,520
A COMBINATION OF THE BOTH, TO

9748
06:45:33,520 --> 06:45:38,360
THE TARGET SO THE CONTEXT AND

9749
06:45:38,360 --> 06:45:39,400
[INDISCERNIBLE] IN THE 2

9750
06:45:39,400 --> 06:45:40,880
ACQUISITION, AND THE COMPOSITION

9751
06:45:40,880 --> 06:45:43,120
OF THE 4 FACAS RAM TERS MADE THE

9752
06:45:43,120 --> 06:45:51,400
BY O MARKER, THE POSITIVITY OF

9753
06:45:51,400 --> 06:45:51,960
THE BIOMARKER.

9754
06:45:51,960 --> 06:45:54,240
>>ARE THERE ANY OTHER

9755
06:45:54,240 --> 06:45:54,640
QUESTIONS?

9756
06:45:54,640 --> 06:45:56,600
IF NOT WE WILL MOVE TO THE NEXT

9757
06:45:56,600 --> 06:45:56,840
SPEAKER.

9758
06:45:56,840 --> 06:46:03,160
THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

9759
06:46:03,160 --> 06:46:07,840
[ APPLAUSE ]

9760
06:46:07,840 --> 06:46:12,480
DR. JEANJEAN FROM THE UNIVERSITY

9761
06:46:12,480 --> 06:46:22,880
HOSPITAL OF STRASBOURG.

9762
06:46:32,400 --> 06:46:39,320
>>HELLO EVERYBODY, MY
NAME IS

9763
06:46:39,320 --> 06:46:39,920
LUDOVIC, DORMEGNY-JEANJEAN, AND

9764
06:46:39,920 --> 06:46:45,000
I WILL TALK TO YOU ABOUT OUR

9765
06:46:45,000 --> 06:46:48,480
WORK ON PERSONALIZING TARGETING

9766
06:46:48,480 --> 06:46:50,880
IN RTMS USING ASL IN DEPRESSION,

9767
06:46:50,880 --> 06:46:56,400
AND IT'S APPLICATION TO THE

9768
06:46:56,400 --> 06:46:58,080
DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.

9769
06:46:58,080 --> 06:47:04,520
SO I WILL NOW SAY A SENTENCE NOW

9770
06:47:04,520 --> 06:47:08,040
[INDISCERNIBLE] WE NEED TO

9771
06:47:08,040 --> 06:47:09,000
REFINE OUR EQUIPMENT

9772
06:47:09,000 --> 06:47:09,520
[INDISCERNIBLE].

9773
06:47:09,520 --> 06:47:20,080
IN THE FIELD OF TMS, IN THIS WAY

9774
06:47:23,960 --> 06:47:30,680
WE CAN [INDISCERNIBLE] THE

9775
06:47:30,680 --> 06:47:34,040
ONE-SIZE-FITS-ALL APPROACHES AND

9776
06:47:34,040 --> 06:47:34,440
IMPROVE EFFICACY.

9777
06:47:34,440 --> 06:47:38,080
WE DO THAT BECAUSE OF BIRTH AS

9778
06:47:38,080 --> 06:47:40,120
ANNOT ME OF FUNCTION AND

9779
06:47:40,120 --> 06:47:47,280
VIABILITY OF THE BRAIN BUT

9780
06:47:47,280 --> 06:47:47,680
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL

9781
06:47:47,680 --> 06:47:50,320
HETEROGENERATED AITY OF

9782
06:47:50,320 --> 06:47:52,520
DEPRESSION AND THE OTHER

9783
06:47:52,520 --> 06:47:55,160
CIRCUITRY DISORDERS. 

9784
06:47:55,160 --> 06:48:05,680
WE PROPOSE TO USE TMS TARGETING

9785
06:48:09,720 --> 06:48:15,080
TO RUES IT FOR ROBUSTNESS AND

9786
06:48:15,080 --> 06:48:17,480
[INDISCERNIBLE] BETWEEN THESE.

9787
06:48:17,480 --> 06:48:22,240
AND WE USE FOR THESE TODAY, VERY

9788
06:48:22,240 --> 06:48:26,200
CLOSE WITH THE 1 PRESENTED BY

9789
06:48:26,200 --> 06:48:30,640
[INDISCERNIBLE] AND USE IT TO

9790
06:48:30,640 --> 06:48:36,720
DEFINE ANOMALY AND A SET OF

9791
06:48:36,720 --> 06:48:38,000
CONTROL--ABNORMALITIES VERSUS

9792
06:48:38,000 --> 06:48:41,440
CONTROLS AND ALSO PERSONALIZE

9793
06:48:41,440 --> 06:48:45,320
THAT WITH THE REBALANCE

9794
06:48:45,320 --> 06:48:46,160
PERFUSION ABNORMALITIES AND THEN

9795
06:48:46,160 --> 06:48:48,080
THERE IS A PARTICULAR BIOMARKER,

9796
06:48:48,080 --> 06:48:53,680
IF WE,A ASSESSES IT

9797
06:48:53,680 --> 06:48:55,840
[INDISCERNIBLE], WOO CAN USE IT

9798
06:48:55,840 --> 06:49:06,320
AS IT MAY NOT COME AND READY

9799
06:49:26,800 --> 06:49:30,480
WITH YOUR [INDISCERNIBLE].--WE

9800
06:49:30,480 --> 06:49:34,960
SEEM TO BE LESS NEUROLOGIC

9801
06:49:34,960 --> 06:49:36,520
FUNCTION [INDISCERNIBLE] WE WE

9802
06:49:36,520 --> 06:49:43,560
ARE ALSO DIFFERENT TO THE WORK

9803
06:49:43,560 --> 06:49:44,000
ABOUT REBALANCING

9804
06:49:44,000 --> 06:49:45,840
[INDISCERNIBLE] BECAUSE WE USE

9805
06:49:45,840 --> 06:49:49,240
MORE ACCURATE AND MORE

9806
06:49:49,240 --> 06:49:51,640
REPRODUCIBLE MEANS AND WE--WE

9807
06:49:51,640 --> 06:49:59,920
ARE NOT LIMITED TO A SINGLE

9808
06:49:59,920 --> 06:50:03,440
PURPOSE THAT [INDISCERNIBLE]

9809
06:50:03,440 --> 06:50:04,840
DEFICIT TARGET.

9810
06:50:04,840 --> 06:50:05,920
WE CONDUCTED A PILOT STUDY WITH

9811
06:50:05,920 --> 06:50:11,640
THE COURSE OF A DESIGN WITH

9812
06:50:11,640 --> 06:50:15,400
EQUIPMENT TMS, CLASSIC TMS,

9813
06:50:15,400 --> 06:50:20,160
TARGETING THE DORSAL

9814
06:50:20,160 --> 06:50:20,640
[INDISCERNIBLE].

9815
06:50:20,640 --> 06:50:27,360
AND POST CONNECTOR STIMULATION.

9816
06:50:27,360 --> 06:50:29,240
FOR [INDISCERNIBLE] WE USE

9817
06:50:29,240 --> 06:50:34,520
STIMULATION OF ACTIVATION AND

9818
06:50:34,520 --> 06:50:37,120
LOOK FOR CONSISTENCY WITHIN THE

9819
06:50:37,120 --> 06:50:44,760
BRAIN AND WE USE [INDISCERNIBLE]

9820
06:50:44,760 --> 06:50:45,200
POSITIONING.

9821
06:50:45,200 --> 06:50:52,080
THERE IS A CHANGE OF DEFINITION

9822
06:50:52,080 --> 06:50:56,320
IN [INDISCERNIBLE] AND

9823
06:50:56,320 --> 06:50:59,120
[INDISCERNIBLE], DEVELOP WELL

9824
06:50:59,120 --> 06:51:00,720
AND [INDISCERNIBLE] BECAUSE OF

9825
06:51:00,720 --> 06:51:02,560
THE 2 SHORT AREA, THE THRESHOLD

9826
06:51:02,560 --> 06:51:07,680
BETWEEN THOSE 2.

9827
06:51:07,680 --> 06:51:10,240
JUST A LITTLE BIT MORE ABOUT THE

9828
06:51:10,240 --> 06:51:15,440
DATA PROCESSING WE USE, THE

9829
06:51:15,440 --> 06:51:16,240
[INDISCERNIBLE] CONTRAST FOR

9830
06:51:16,240 --> 06:51:19,800
EACH EQUIPMENT AND THEN COMPARE

9831
06:51:19,800 --> 06:51:23,040
EACH OF THIS INTEREST, WE'VE

9832
06:51:23,040 --> 06:51:26,880
[INDISCERNIBLE] WITH THOSE

9833
06:51:26,880 --> 06:51:27,840
[INDISCERNIBLE].

9834
06:51:27,840 --> 06:51:32,560
THIS WAY, WE KIND HAVE BEEN

9835
06:51:32,560 --> 06:51:37,160
SPECIFIC TYPE OF SPECIFIC OF

9836
06:51:37,160 --> 06:51:38,200
EQUIPMENT FOLLOWING

9837
06:51:38,200 --> 06:51:44,280
[INDISCERNIBLE] OF THIS

9838
06:51:44,280 --> 06:51:46,520
CONTRAST.

9839
06:51:46,520 --> 06:51:48,280
WE USE THE [INDISCERNIBLE]

9840
06:51:48,280 --> 06:51:49,880
BETWEEN THE 2 MOBILITYS OF THESE

9841
06:51:49,880 --> 06:51:56,560
AND BETWEEN THE [INDISCERNIBLE].

9842
06:51:56,560 --> 06:52:04,000
AND WE INCLUDED 22 PATIENTS

9843
06:52:04,000 --> 06:52:11,840
[INDISCERNIBLE] AND WE HAVE

9844
06:52:11,840 --> 06:52:13,760
EFFUSION [INDISCERNIBLE] WITH

9845
06:52:13,760 --> 06:52:15,160
MANY POSSIBILITY OF TARGETING

9846
06:52:15,160 --> 06:52:17,960
AND THANKS TO THE ROBOTIC

9847
06:52:17,960 --> 06:52:20,520
PLACEMENT WE WERE ABOUT TO REACH

9848
06:52:20,520 --> 06:52:26,560
UP TO 18 TARGET SECTION.

9849
06:52:26,560 --> 06:52:31,440
IN THIS CASE, WE HAVE THE NUMBER

9850
06:52:31,440 --> 06:52:32,640
OF [INDISCERNIBLE] BETWEEN

9851
06:52:32,640 --> 06:52:38,360
TARGETS AND THE NUMBER OF

9852
06:52:38,360 --> 06:52:43,680
[INDISCERNIBLE] BETWEEN

9853
06:52:43,680 --> 06:52:44,560
SESSIONS.

9854
06:52:44,560 --> 06:52:47,200
TMS INDUCED SPECIFIC LOCALIZED

9855
06:52:47,200 --> 06:52:49,200
DECREASED SDF IN THE BRAIN

9856
06:52:49,200 --> 06:52:51,240
HEMISPHERE, IT WAS THE EARLY

9857
06:52:51,240 --> 06:52:54,960
TREATMENT TO INDUCE THIS TYPE OF

9858
06:52:54,960 --> 06:52:56,400
[INDISCERNIBLE] PROPHETIC.

9859
06:52:56,400 --> 06:53:00,000
AND IT WAS IN [INDISCERNIBLE]

9860
06:53:00,000 --> 06:53:08,000
INVOLVED IN [INDISCERNIBLE]

9861
06:53:08,000 --> 06:53:09,320
PROCESSES.

9862
06:53:09,320 --> 06:53:11,000
AND TO CONCLUDE IMAGING INN

9863
06:53:11,000 --> 06:53:18,400
DUCED SPECIFIC EFFECT ON THE

9864
06:53:18,400 --> 06:53:26,680
RCBF, WHICH IS RTMS OR TDCS,

9865
06:53:26,680 --> 06:53:35,120
[INDISCERNIBLE] AND THAT FURTHER

9866
06:53:35,120 --> 06:53:39,160
WORK FOR INTERPRETATION AND

9867
06:53:39,160 --> 06:53:39,800
[INDISCERNIBLE].

9868
06:53:39,800 --> 06:53:43,120
THIS IS AN ALTERNATIVE WAY TO

9869
06:53:43,120 --> 06:53:45,440
PERSONALIZE THE RTMS, DIFFERENT

9870
06:53:45,440 --> 06:53:48,680
TO CONNECTIVITY BASED ON

9871
06:53:48,680 --> 06:53:56,560
[INDISCERNIBLE] BUT NOT

9872
06:53:56,560 --> 06:53:57,440
MANDATORY [INDISCERNIBLE].

9873
06:53:57,440 --> 06:53:59,120
AND [INDISCERNIBLE] TODAY AND

9874
06:53:59,120 --> 06:54:00,280
WAS NOT SIGNIFICANT IN OUR STUDY

9875
06:54:00,280 --> 06:54:02,480
BECAUSE IT WAS [INDISCERNIBLE].

9876
06:54:02,480 --> 06:54:06,160
BUT THE NEXT DAY, IT WOULD BE TO

9877
06:54:06,160 --> 06:54:09,640
[INDISCERNIBLE] STUDY WITH

9878
06:54:09,640 --> 06:54:13,400
BETTER DESIGN TO THANK

9879
06:54:13,400 --> 06:54:14,520
[INDISCERNIBLE] CORRELATES OF

9880
06:54:14,520 --> 06:54:18,280
[INDISCERNIBLE] METRIC AND WE

9881
06:54:18,280 --> 06:54:20,520
SHOULD PAY PARTICULAR ATTENTION

9882
06:54:20,520 --> 06:54:26,640
TO PATIENT WITH A REEMINENT

9883
06:54:26,640 --> 06:54:29,000
[INDISCERNIBLE] PROCESS

9884
06:54:29,000 --> 06:54:30,120
[INDISCERNIBLE].

9885
06:54:30,120 --> 06:54:37,120
I WANT TO THANK OUR TEAM WE ARE

9886
06:54:37,120 --> 06:54:38,720
LUCKY TO WORK WITH

9887
06:54:38,720 --> 06:54:39,760
[INDISCERNIBLE] AND I THANK YOU

9888
06:54:39,760 --> 06:54:47,440
IF ARE YOUR ATTENTION.

9889
06:54:47,440 --> 06:54:50,240
[ APPLAUSE ]

9890
06:54:50,240 --> 06:54:51,240
>>ARE THERE ANY WEB
CONNECTEDS

9891
06:54:51,240 --> 06:54:51,720
FOR THE SPEAKER?

9892
06:54:51,720 --> 06:54:54,320
I HAVE A QUESTION.

9893
06:54:54,320 --> 06:54:55,880
SO THE ASL MEASUREMENTS ARE THEY

9894
06:54:55,880 --> 06:54:59,880
GIVING YOU THE TARGETS FOR TMS?

9895
06:54:59,880 --> 06:55:00,120
>>YES.

9896
06:55:00,120 --> 06:55:04,960
>>DO HAVE YOU AN
EXPLANATION

9897
06:55:04,960 --> 06:55:12,480
FOR THE MECHANISM, WHAT BY?

9898
06:55:12,480 --> 06:55:13,800
>>WE DO NOT TAKE

9899
06:55:13,800 --> 06:55:17,680
[INDISCERNIBLE] ABOUT UNDERLYING

9900
06:55:17,680 --> 06:55:20,000
MECHANISM BECAUSE WE MADE AS FEW

9901
06:55:20,000 --> 06:55:23,040
ASSUMPTION AS POSSIBLE ABOUT

9902
06:55:23,040 --> 06:55:32,720
MECHANISM BUT JUST, SEEKING TO

9903
06:55:32,720 --> 06:55:33,520
REBALANCE OKAY, THANK YOU.

9904
06:55:33,520 --> 06:55:37,720
ANY OTHER WEB CONNECTEDS.

9905
06:55:37,720 --> 06:55:38,760
ANY OTHER QUESTIONS, OKAY, IF

9906
06:55:38,760 --> 06:55:40,520
NOT WE WILL MOVE TO THE NEXT

9907
06:55:40,520 --> 06:55:41,480
SPEAKER. 

9908
06:55:41,480 --> 06:55:42,560
THANK YOU.

9909
06:55:42,560 --> 06:55:44,240
[ APPLAUSE ]

9910
06:55:44,240 --> 06:55:46,760
NEXT UP WE HAVE HONG MING LI

9911
06:55:46,760 --> 06:55:57,120
FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF

9912
06:56:07,200 --> 06:56:08,000
PENNSYLVANIA.

9913
06:56:08,000 --> 06:56:10,720
>>GOOD AFTERNOON
EVERYONE,

9914
06:56:10,720 --> 06:56:11,840
UNFORTUNATELY HONG MING LI WAS

9915
06:56:11,840 --> 06:56:13,360
NOT ABLE TO JOIN THIS MEETING SO

9916
06:56:13,360 --> 06:56:17,920
I WILL MAKE THIS PRESENTATION.

9917
06:56:17,920 --> 06:56:22,920
SO WE WILL START WITH THE SLIDES

9918
06:56:22,920 --> 06:56:25,880
SHE PROVIDED TO SPEED UP THE

9919
06:56:25,880 --> 06:56:28,560
PLACEMENT OF ELECTRONIC FIELD.

9920
06:56:28,560 --> 06:56:34,240
I HAVE NO CHRIS DISCLOSURES.

9921
06:56:34,240 --> 06:56:37,600
SO FOR ELECTRIC FIELD MODELING,

9922
06:56:37,600 --> 06:56:39,320
WHAT MATTERS IS THE LEARNING FOR

9923
06:56:39,320 --> 06:56:40,920
FAST OPTICAL IMAGES MIEDZATION

9924
06:56:40,920 --> 06:56:47,280
FOR TMS COIL PLACEMENT, SO

9925
06:56:47,280 --> 06:56:51,960
RELATIVELY FASTER OF

9926
06:56:51,960 --> 06:56:53,680
OPTIMIZATION FOR PLACEMENT.

9927
06:56:53,680 --> 06:56:56,640
IN RECENT YEARS, [INDISCERNIBLE]

9928
06:56:56,640 --> 06:57:02,800
HAVE SPEED UP THE DEEP FIELD

9929
06:57:02,800 --> 06:57:05,520
MODELING, SO INCLUDING NASA TO

9930
06:57:05,520 --> 06:57:08,400
HELP SIMPLIFY THIS, BUT

9931
06:57:08,400 --> 06:57:11,400
PARTICULARLY DEEP LEARNING HAVE

9932
06:57:11,400 --> 06:57:11,800
DEMONSTRATED THAT

9933
06:57:11,800 --> 06:57:14,240
[INDISCERNIBLE] PERFORMANCE TO

9934
06:57:14,240 --> 06:57:19,160
SPEED UP THE OPTIMIZATION, SO

9935
06:57:19,160 --> 06:57:20,880
THIS CAN GENERATE SOLUTIONS BY

9936
06:57:20,880 --> 06:57:22,040
DIRECT LEARNING FROM ELECTRONIC

9937
06:57:22,040 --> 06:57:24,440
FIELD THAT GENERATED BY OTHER

9938
06:57:24,440 --> 06:57:28,200
TYPES OF MEDICINE LIKE FEM,

9939
06:57:28,200 --> 06:57:30,960
HOWEVER THIS METHOD KIND OF TO

9940
06:57:30,960 --> 06:57:33,640
PROVIDE DEEP LEARNING MASS WERE

9941
06:57:33,640 --> 06:57:36,400
NOT DESIGNED FOR DIRECT STARTS,

9942
06:57:36,400 --> 06:57:40,720
THE POSITIVE DECREASED IN THE

9943
06:57:40,720 --> 06:57:41,160
DEEP FIELD MODELING.

9944
06:57:41,160 --> 06:57:42,720
SO GET THIS STARTED WITH THE

9945
06:57:42,720 --> 06:57:53,280
PROVIDE THE DEEP LEARNING METHOD

9946
06:57:59,080 --> 06:58:03,120
TO DIRECT [INDISCERNIBLE]--CAN

9947
06:58:03,120 --> 06:58:11,680
GENERATE AN ELECTRONIC FIELD

9948
06:58:11,680 --> 06:58:14,080
THAT'S LOOSE AND USING ANY

9949
06:58:14,080 --> 06:58:16,480
REASON. 

9950
06:58:16,480 --> 06:58:17,600
THIS IS SELF-CONTAINED,

9951
06:58:17,600 --> 06:58:18,400
KD--SALLY WADIFFERENT FROM THIS,

9952
06:58:18,400 --> 06:58:20,920
IN, AND DEEP LEARNING MASS, THAT

9953
06:58:20,920 --> 06:58:27,320
HAVE TO USE ALL THE TYPES OF

9954
06:58:27,320 --> 06:58:31,800
[INDISCERNIBLE] TO GENERATE DATA

9955
06:58:31,800 --> 06:58:32,480
OF ELECTRONIC FIELD.

9956
06:58:32,480 --> 06:58:36,520
SO THIS IS OVER THE FRAMEWORK OF

9957
06:58:36,520 --> 06:58:42,640
THE [INDISCERNIBLE], GIVEN ANY

9958
06:58:42,640 --> 06:58:45,680
INPUT CONSISTENT E-FIELD MODEL

9959
06:58:45,680 --> 06:58:48,880
AND EFIELD GENERATED BY MASK

9960
06:58:48,880 --> 06:58:49,240
COIL.

9961
06:58:49,240 --> 06:58:52,520
OUR MASK IS APPLIED TO

9962
06:58:52,520 --> 06:58:56,520
AUTOMYSELF DEEP LEARNING NEURAL

9963
06:58:56,520 --> 06:58:57,320
NETWORK TO GENERATE ELECTRONIC

9964
06:58:57,320 --> 06:59:00,000
SCALE UP TO MINIMIZE LOST PARTS

9965
06:59:00,000 --> 06:59:01,760
AND ON THE MODEL YOU DON'T

9966
06:59:01,760 --> 06:59:03,080
OPTIMIZE IT, THE MODEL CAN

9967
06:59:03,080 --> 06:59:07,040
DIRECTLY APPLY TO NEW DATA TO

9968
06:59:07,040 --> 06:59:09,000
GENERATE ELECTRONIC FIELD OF

9969
06:59:09,000 --> 06:59:14,840
THESE EVENTS THERE FOR THE

9970
06:59:14,840 --> 06:59:15,560
[INDISCERNIBLE].

9971
06:59:15,560 --> 06:59:18,480
>>OR UPON THAT, THE
STANDARD

9972
06:59:18,480 --> 06:59:20,480
UNIT, NETWORK ARCHITECTURE TO

9973
06:59:20,480 --> 06:59:22,720
USE IT AND THE NETWORKS THAT

9974
06:59:22,720 --> 06:59:26,000
COMPUTERS ARE ELECTRONIC FIELD

9975
06:59:26,000 --> 06:59:30,440
SO BASICALLY WE WANT INPUT AND

9976
06:59:30,440 --> 06:59:33,240
CONDUCTING AND PRIME THE FIELD

9977
06:59:33,240 --> 06:59:37,480
THAT OUR METHOD CAN DIRECTLY

9978
06:59:37,480 --> 06:59:38,320
GENERATE THAT ELECTRONIC

9979
06:59:38,320 --> 06:59:41,600
POTENTIAL AND THE CAN ALSO

9980
06:59:41,600 --> 06:59:44,800
COMPUTE GRADIENT OF THIS

9981
06:59:44,800 --> 06:59:50,040
POTENTIAL TO GENERATE THE

9982
06:59:50,040 --> 06:59:51,000
ELECTRONIC FIELD.

9983
06:59:51,000 --> 06:59:52,840
WE HAVE [INDISCERNIBLE] METHOD

9984
06:59:52,840 --> 06:59:58,680
ON OUR [INDISCERNIBLE] WITH 100

9985
06:59:58,680 --> 07:00:00,880
IMAGE OR THE HIGH QUALITY

9986
07:00:00,880 --> 07:00:02,360
[INDISCERNIBLE] TO THE MRI

9987
07:00:02,360 --> 07:00:03,920
IMAGE, THUS WE DON'T HAVE

9988
07:00:03,920 --> 07:00:09,680
[INDISCERNIBLE] FOR THE FIELD SO

9989
07:00:09,680 --> 07:00:10,560
WE COMPARED OUR FEM SOLUTIONS IS

9990
07:00:10,560 --> 07:00:15,560
USING THE SAME NAMES.

9991
07:00:15,560 --> 07:00:17,960
SO THE MODEL ON THE 100 SUBJECTS

9992
07:00:17,960 --> 07:00:24,080
AND THE VARIED MODEL TO THE 25

9993
07:00:24,080 --> 07:00:24,880
SUBSETS.

9994
07:00:24,880 --> 07:00:28,560
SO 1 IS VERY DIFFERENT SETTINGS

9995
07:00:28,560 --> 07:00:30,040
OF [INDISCERNIBLE] PLACEMENT.

9996
07:00:30,040 --> 07:00:34,200
BECAUSE FIRST EVALUATE THE MASS

9997
07:00:34,200 --> 07:00:41,000
FOR THE COIL PLACE AT A LOCATION

9998
07:00:41,000 --> 07:00:41,360
[INDISCERNIBLE].

9999
07:00:41,360 --> 07:00:43,440
THE RIGHT FIGURE SHOWS SOLUTION

10000
07:00:43,440 --> 07:00:47,320
GENERATED BY FEM AND THE DEEP

10001
07:00:47,320 --> 07:00:49,920
LEARNING MASK FOR DIFFERENT

10002
07:00:49,920 --> 07:00:50,360
SUBSET.

10003
07:00:50,360 --> 07:00:53,680
THIS RESULTS INDICATES THAT

10004
07:00:53,680 --> 07:00:56,800
THOSE ARE GENERATED SIMILAR

10005
07:00:56,800 --> 07:00:57,440
ELECTRONIC FIELDS.

10006
07:00:57,440 --> 07:01:01,840
IS A SMALL DIFFERENCE, THE SPEED

10007
07:01:01,840 --> 07:01:05,120
OF OUR [INDISCERNIBLE] DEPEND ON

10008
07:01:05,120 --> 07:01:08,680
THE SPECIAL AND HEAD MODEL.

10009
07:01:08,680 --> 07:01:11,960
THE HEAD MODEL WAS A CUBIC

10010
07:01:11,960 --> 07:01:14,320
[INDISCERNIBLE] AND WE WERE

10011
07:01:14,320 --> 07:01:18,120
ASKED DO CONSIDER ELECTRONIC

10012
07:01:18,120 --> 07:01:20,080
FIELD FOR 25-SECONDS.

10013
07:01:20,080 --> 07:01:27,480
SO WE ALSO TEST THE MODEL ON

10014
07:01:27,480 --> 07:01:29,800
THAT DATA WITH COIL PLACED AT

10015
07:01:29,800 --> 07:01:35,320
THE SAME PLACE BUT INDIFFERENT

10016
07:01:35,320 --> 07:01:35,600
DIRECTION.

10017
07:01:35,600 --> 07:01:38,080
WE ALSO UPON [INDISCERNIBLE]

10018
07:01:38,080 --> 07:01:39,680
MODEL WITH THE PLACEMENT WITH A

10019
07:01:39,680 --> 07:01:42,240
DIFFERENT DIRECTION AND MOUNT

10020
07:01:42,240 --> 07:01:44,560
FOR DIFFERENT PLACE.

10021
07:01:44,560 --> 07:01:48,680
SO ALL THOSE RESULTS,

10022
07:01:48,680 --> 07:01:49,840
EXPERIMENTS HAVE [INDISCERNIBLE]

10023
07:01:49,840 --> 07:01:53,040
DEMONSTRATED THAT DEEP LEARNING

10024
07:01:53,040 --> 07:01:54,880
MASK CAN GENERATE ELECTRONIC

10025
07:01:54,880 --> 07:01:59,840
FIELD COMPARABLE TO FEM

10026
07:01:59,840 --> 07:02:00,120
SOLUTIONS.

10027
07:02:00,120 --> 07:02:01,840
HOOVER, THIS, IS THE COMMITTEE

10028
07:02:01,840 --> 07:02:05,640
WERE A RESULTS FOR THE

10029
07:02:05,640 --> 07:02:06,360
COMPARISON BETWEEN FEM SOLUTIONS

10030
07:02:06,360 --> 07:02:10,200
IS THE DEEP LEARNING SOLUTIONS.

10031
07:02:10,200 --> 07:02:14,080
ON THE GRAY MATTER, THE PLAQUE

10032
07:02:14,080 --> 07:02:17,200
MATTER, READINGS, THE

10033
07:02:17,200 --> 07:02:18,480
CORRELATION BETWEEN THOSE 2, THE

10034
07:02:18,480 --> 07:02:24,240
2 SOLUTIONS WERE UP FOR 4984,

10035
07:02:24,240 --> 07:02:27,560
AND THE DIFFERENCE, WAS AS SMALL

10036
07:02:27,560 --> 07:02:32,120
AS A POINTER 0, OF COURSE, THE

10037
07:02:32,120 --> 07:02:33,720
PERFORMANCE WAS DIFFERENT AT

10038
07:02:33,720 --> 07:02:35,680
DIFFERENT SETTINGS OF THE COIL

10039
07:02:35,680 --> 07:02:38,120
PLACEMENT, BUT ALL THIS METHODS,

10040
07:02:38,120 --> 07:02:39,520
ALL THESE RESULTS HAVE

10041
07:02:39,520 --> 07:02:41,240
DEMONSTRATED THAT THE DEEP

10042
07:02:41,240 --> 07:02:44,120
LEARNING MASS CAN GENERATE IT,

10043
07:02:44,120 --> 07:02:48,800
SOLUTIONS TO COMPARABLE TO THE

10044
07:02:48,800 --> 07:02:52,040
FEM'S MASTER, WE KNOW THE FEM

10045
07:02:52,040 --> 07:02:54,080
SOLUTIONS ARE NOT

10046
07:02:54,080 --> 07:02:55,120
[INDISCERNIBLE] AND THE SUBSET

10047
07:02:55,120 --> 07:02:58,240
TO CERTAIN AREAS SO WE ALSO

10048
07:02:58,240 --> 07:03:00,560
COMPARED IT TO THE DEEP LEARNING

10049
07:03:00,560 --> 07:03:06,200
MASS TO THESE FEM BASED ON

10050
07:03:06,200 --> 07:03:07,880
SEVERITY MODEL.

10051
07:03:07,880 --> 07:03:09,720
THESE RESULT INDICATORS THAT THE

10052
07:03:09,720 --> 07:03:12,480
DEEP LEARNING ACTUALLY CAN

10053
07:03:12,480 --> 07:03:14,120
ATTENUATE SLIGHT BETTER ACCURACY

10054
07:03:14,120 --> 07:03:19,400
THAN THE STANDARD FEM.

10055
07:03:19,400 --> 07:03:23,080
SO, IN SUMMARY OUR STUDY SHOWS

10056
07:03:23,080 --> 07:03:26,520
THAT THE STEPS PROVIDED CAN

10057
07:03:26,520 --> 07:03:30,040
GENERATE A ELECTRONIC FIELD

10058
07:03:30,040 --> 07:03:35,760
COMPARABLE TO FEM MASS, HOWEVER,

10059
07:03:35,760 --> 07:03:39,720
ONGOING RESEARCH FOCUS ON MODEL

10060
07:03:39,720 --> 07:03:40,800
OPTIMIZATION, INCLUDING TRAINING

10061
07:03:40,800 --> 07:03:44,760
MODEL ON THE LARGER BETA SAMPLE

10062
07:03:44,760 --> 07:03:48,840
AND AUTOMYSELF THE

10063
07:03:48,840 --> 07:03:50,280
[INDISCERNIBLE], AND

10064
07:03:50,280 --> 07:03:50,880
OPTIMIZATION [INDISCERNIBLE].

10065
07:03:50,880 --> 07:03:57,920
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION.

10066
07:03:57,920 --> 07:03:58,360
[ APPLAUSE ]

10067
07:03:58,360 --> 07:04:04,040
>>THERE ARE ANY
QUESTIONS?

10068
07:04:04,040 --> 07:04:06,040
OKAY, I HAVE A QUICK, QUESTION,

10069
07:04:06,040 --> 07:04:09,920
SO HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO

10070
07:04:09,920 --> 07:04:11,040
OPTIMIZE WITH CNIBS?

10071
07:04:11,040 --> 07:04:12,200
>>I'M SORRY?

10072
07:04:12,200 --> 07:04:14,680
>>HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE
TO

10073
07:04:14,680 --> 07:04:16,200
OPTIMIZE FOR CNIPS, YOU SAID

10074
07:04:16,200 --> 07:04:20,000
WITH DEEP LEARNING IT TAKES A

10075
07:04:20,000 --> 07:04:21,360
SECOND?

10076
07:04:21,360 --> 07:04:26,880
>>DEPENDS ON YOUR USE, IT
TAKES

10077
07:04:26,880 --> 07:04:27,680
ABOUT 10-SECONDS.

10078
07:04:27,680 --> 07:04:31,080
HOWEVER, THERE ARE IMPAIRMENTS.

10079
07:04:31,080 --> 07:04:32,840
>>OKAY.

10080
07:04:32,840 --> 07:04:33,600
ANY QUESTIONS?

10081
07:04:33,600 --> 07:04:35,560
OKAY, IF NOT, I THINK WRAPPING

10082
07:04:35,560 --> 07:04:37,200
UP THE SESSION, THANK YOU ALL

10083
07:04:37,200 --> 07:04:41,560
FOR ALL THE SPEAKERS.

10084
07:04:41,560 --> 07:04:51,840
[ APPLAUSE ]