1 00:00:05,200 --> 00:00:07,960 >>WELCOME, EVERYBODY. 2 00:00:07,960 --> 00:00:11,320 IT IS GREAT TO BE HERE WITH YOU 3 00:00:11,320 --> 00:00:15,480 ALL TODAY FOR THIS DAY OF 4 00:00:15,480 --> 00:00:20,000 LECTURES FROM ACTION POTENTIAL 5 00:00:20,000 --> 00:00:22,320 TO FREE WILL, OR MARK'S 6 00:00:22,320 --> 00:00:23,200 RETIREMENT, WHATEVER YOU WANT TO 7 00:00:23,200 --> 00:00:27,440 CALL IT. 8 00:00:27,440 --> 00:00:30,200 IT HAS BEEN GREAT TO ORGANIZE 9 00:00:30,200 --> 00:00:33,920 AND GREAT SUPPORT, IT HAS BEEN 10 00:00:33,920 --> 00:00:36,640 BRIAN, SAVINA AND -- AND I THINK 11 00:00:36,640 --> 00:00:38,440 THAT'S WHY NINDS GIVES US THE 12 00:00:38,440 --> 00:00:39,800 SUPPORT FOR THE MEETING, BECAUSE 13 00:00:39,800 --> 00:00:46,480 REALLY THEY WANTED TO SEE THE 14 00:00:46,480 --> 00:00:47,240 LAST -- OF MARK. 15 00:00:47,240 --> 00:00:50,160 SO FOR THAT, YOU WILL BE SEEING 16 00:00:50,160 --> 00:00:54,680 THROUGH THE DAY A FEW OF THE 17 00:00:54,680 --> 00:00:56,320 FACES, THERE IS A DISCLAIMER, 18 00:00:56,320 --> 00:00:57,840 SOME FACES DON'T MATCH THE 19 00:00:57,840 --> 00:01:00,480 NAMES, SOME NAMES MAY BE 20 00:01:00,480 --> 00:01:02,440 MISSING, BUT THIS REPRESENTS ALL 21 00:01:02,440 --> 00:01:04,200 THE PEOPLE -- NOT ALL THE 22 00:01:04,200 --> 00:01:05,040 PEOPLE -- MOST OF THE PEOPLE 23 00:01:05,040 --> 00:01:08,880 THAT WE CAN TRACK THAT HAVE 24 00:01:08,880 --> 00:01:11,720 PASSED THROUGH HMCS, SO THAT 25 00:01:11,720 --> 00:01:13,680 SHOWS A LITTLE BIT OF THE IMPACT 26 00:01:13,680 --> 00:01:15,120 MARK HAS HAD IN OUR SCIENTIFIC 27 00:01:15,120 --> 00:01:16,920 COMMUNITY. 28 00:01:16,920 --> 00:01:18,960 WE ARE NOT GOING TO SEE ALL THE 29 00:01:18,960 --> 00:01:25,400 FACES TODAY, BUT SOME PEOPLE 30 00:01:25,400 --> 00:01:32,040 FROM THIS POSTER WILL BE 31 00:01:32,040 --> 00:01:32,280 TALKING. 32 00:01:32,280 --> 00:01:33,600 THIS IS THE AGENDA FOR TODAY. 33 00:01:33,600 --> 00:01:37,240 IT'S PACKED BUT WE'LL TRY TO 34 00:01:37,240 --> 00:01:40,200 MAKE IT SMOOTHER THAN THE START. 35 00:01:40,200 --> 00:01:41,720 APOLOGIZE FOR THOSE WAITING IN 36 00:01:41,720 --> 00:01:43,280 LINE BEFORE. 37 00:01:43,280 --> 00:01:44,360 THE ONES HERE. 38 00:01:44,360 --> 00:01:47,920 BUT WE'LL HAVE A GREAT DAY. 39 00:01:47,920 --> 00:01:49,600 BRIAN? 40 00:01:49,600 --> 00:01:53,320 >>THANK YOU ALL FOR JOINING US. 41 00:01:53,320 --> 00:01:54,840 WE ARE REALLY FORTUNATE TO HAVE 42 00:01:54,840 --> 00:01:59,760 A GREAT ARRAY OF SPEAKERS WHO 43 00:01:59,760 --> 00:02:01,320 HAVE DONATED THEIR TIME AND MADE 44 00:02:01,320 --> 00:02:02,600 THE TRAVEL FROM ALL OVER THE 45 00:02:02,600 --> 00:02:02,960 GLOBE. 46 00:02:02,960 --> 00:02:10,240 WE HAVE THAILAND, EUROPE, INDIA, 47 00:02:10,240 --> 00:02:11,680 ACROSS THE U.S., SO A SPECIAL 48 00:02:11,680 --> 00:02:14,640 CAST HERE OF THOSE WHO HAVE 49 00:02:14,640 --> 00:02:16,160 KNOWN MARK THROUGH THE YEARS AND 50 00:02:16,160 --> 00:02:19,320 GONE ON TO ESTABLISH THEIR OWN 51 00:02:19,320 --> 00:02:21,960 CAREERS AND HAVE SHARED SOME 52 00:02:21,960 --> 00:02:23,440 STORIES WITH US, SCIENCE AS WELL 53 00:02:23,440 --> 00:02:30,480 AS PROBABLY LIKELY SOME STORIES 54 00:02:30,480 --> 00:02:31,760 ABOUT MARK AND THEIR TIME HERE 55 00:02:31,760 --> 00:02:33,240 AT THE HMCS. 56 00:02:33,240 --> 00:02:34,640 I WANT TO THANK ALL OF THOSE 57 00:02:34,640 --> 00:02:35,400 ATTENDING AS WELL AS THOSE IN 58 00:02:35,400 --> 00:02:36,600 PERSON AND WE HAVE A LARGE 59 00:02:36,600 --> 00:02:40,120 NUMBER WHO SIGNED UP ONLINE AS 60 00:02:40,120 --> 00:02:42,080 WELL, SO WE ARE VIDEO RECORDING 61 00:02:42,080 --> 00:02:43,400 THIS, SO HOPEFULLY WE'LL BE ABLE 62 00:02:43,400 --> 00:02:44,600 TO SHARE THIS WITH OTHERS IN THE 63 00:02:44,600 --> 00:02:47,640 FUTURE AS WELL. 64 00:02:47,640 --> 00:02:49,080 SO THANK YOU ALL FOR MAKING IT, 65 00:02:49,080 --> 00:02:50,200 AND WE'RE GOING TO GET STARTED 66 00:02:50,200 --> 00:02:51,880 HERE REAL SOON. 67 00:02:51,880 --> 00:02:53,120 >>THANK YOU, EVERYONE. 68 00:02:53,120 --> 00:02:55,880 THANKS FOR COMING. 69 00:02:55,880 --> 00:02:57,720 SO WE'LL GET GOING. 70 00:02:57,720 --> 00:03:00,120 A REMINDER WE HAVE REFRESHMENTS 71 00:03:00,120 --> 00:03:01,440 OUTSIDE, THERE WILL BE LUNCH AND 72 00:03:01,440 --> 00:03:02,560 PLEASE STAY AT THE END AND IF 73 00:03:02,560 --> 00:03:03,840 YOU COME AND GO, MAKE SURE 74 00:03:03,840 --> 00:03:04,960 YOU'RE HERE AT THE END BECAUSE 75 00:03:04,960 --> 00:03:08,680 WE'LL HAVE A SMALL RECEPTION AND 76 00:03:08,680 --> 00:03:09,520 WE'D APPRECIATE IF EVERYBODY IS 77 00:03:09,520 --> 00:03:09,760 THERE. 78 00:03:09,760 --> 00:03:11,400 WITH THAT, WE'RE GOING TO GET 79 00:03:11,400 --> 00:03:11,960 STARTED. 80 00:03:11,960 --> 00:03:13,400 THE START WASN'T VERY SMOOTH BUT 81 00:03:13,400 --> 00:03:15,000 WE PROMISE THAT MARK'S NEXT 82 00:03:15,000 --> 00:03:15,800 RETIREMENT, WE'RE GOING TO GET 83 00:03:15,800 --> 00:03:17,840 IT JUST RIGHT. 84 00:03:17,840 --> 00:03:19,040 [LAUGHTER] 85 00:03:19,040 --> 00:03:22,480 SO TO START US OUT, WE ARE 86 00:03:22,480 --> 00:03:26,440 THANKFUL TO HAVE DR. KOROSHETZ, 87 00:03:26,440 --> 00:03:29,320 NINDS DIRECTOR, AND DR. DIAMOND, 88 00:03:29,320 --> 00:03:31,200 THE SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR, SO 89 00:03:31,200 --> 00:03:32,640 WALTER, DO YOU WANT TO GO FIRST? 90 00:03:32,640 --> 00:03:36,360 THANK YOU. 91 00:03:36,360 --> 00:03:37,760 >>ONCE AGAIN, I HAVE TO SAY 92 00:03:37,760 --> 00:03:40,720 THANKS TO THE BSC. 93 00:03:40,720 --> 00:03:43,760 DIFFERENT CONTEXT THIS TIME. 94 00:03:43,760 --> 00:03:45,280 SO I'M THE DIRECTOR OF NINDS, 95 00:03:45,280 --> 00:03:47,400 AND IT'S KIND OF BITTERSWEET, 96 00:03:47,400 --> 00:03:51,000 YOU KNOW, BE HERE WISHING MARK 97 00:03:51,000 --> 00:03:53,840 GOOD LUCK AS HE RETIRES, AS YOU 98 00:03:53,840 --> 00:03:56,040 CAN IMAGINE, HE'S BEEN JUST A 99 00:03:56,040 --> 00:04:01,200 FANTASTIC FORCE HERE AT NINDS. 100 00:04:01,200 --> 00:04:02,960 SO WE'RE GOING TO MISS HIM IF 101 00:04:02,960 --> 00:04:05,040 HE'S NOT AROUND AS MUCH BUT I'M 102 00:04:05,040 --> 00:04:11,400 HOPING HE'LL STICK AROUND. 103 00:04:11,400 --> 00:04:12,760 OUR MISSION AT NINDS IS TO TRY 104 00:04:12,760 --> 00:04:14,000 TO FIGURE OUT HOW THE NERVOUS 105 00:04:14,000 --> 00:04:15,080 SYSTEM WORKS AND TO USE THAT 106 00:04:15,080 --> 00:04:17,120 KNOWLEDGE TO REDUCE SUFFERING 107 00:04:17,120 --> 00:04:19,360 DUE TO NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS,'S 108 00:04:19,360 --> 00:04:20,640 THAT'S WHAT WE'RE ALL ABOUT, AND 109 00:04:20,640 --> 00:04:24,480 THAT'S WHY THE TAXPAYER FUNDS 110 00:04:24,480 --> 00:04:26,120 US, SO MOST OF OUR MONEY GOES 111 00:04:26,120 --> 00:04:31,280 OUT TO UNIVERSITIES, BUT THE 112 00:04:31,280 --> 00:04:32,040 INTRAMURAL PROGRAM IS -- WE SET 113 00:04:32,040 --> 00:04:33,560 UP TO BE A REALLY SPECIAL PLACE 114 00:04:33,560 --> 00:04:36,680 WHERE PEOPLE CAN LOOK AT THE 115 00:04:36,680 --> 00:04:41,320 THINGS THAT THEY'RE INTERESTED 116 00:04:41,320 --> 00:04:44,080 IN AND VISION A PATH TO KIND OF 117 00:04:44,080 --> 00:04:45,800 LEARN MORE IN THE AREA OF THEIR 118 00:04:45,800 --> 00:04:47,280 INTERESTS, AND THEN LET THEM GO 119 00:04:47,280 --> 00:04:50,600 AT IT. 120 00:04:50,600 --> 00:04:52,920 SO IT'S A SPECIAL PLACE BECAUSE 121 00:04:52,920 --> 00:04:54,440 IT'S NOT NECESSARILY DRIVEN BY 122 00:04:54,440 --> 00:04:56,440 THE WINDS OF FUNDING OR THE 123 00:04:56,440 --> 00:04:58,400 WINDS OF POPULARITY. 124 00:04:58,400 --> 00:05:02,240 PEOPLE CAN DO WHATEVER THEY FEEL 125 00:05:02,240 --> 00:05:03,680 IS IMPORTANT. 126 00:05:03,680 --> 00:05:05,160 AND AS LONG AS IT'S IMPORTANT, 127 00:05:05,160 --> 00:05:08,400 FUNDING WILL CONTINUE, THEIR 128 00:05:08,400 --> 00:05:11,720 RESEARCH WILL THRIVE, AND SO 129 00:05:11,720 --> 00:05:14,240 WHEN YOU THINK OF PEOPLE WHO 130 00:05:14,240 --> 00:05:16,440 BENEFIT FROM COMING 131 00:05:16,440 --> 00:05:17,880 INTRAMURALLY, I THINK MARK IS 132 00:05:17,880 --> 00:05:21,000 REALLY THE QUINTESSENTIAL NINDS 133 00:05:21,000 --> 00:05:21,800 INVESTIGATOR, BECAUSE -- AND 134 00:05:21,800 --> 00:05:23,640 YOU'LL HEAR TODAY AS YOU FOLLOW 135 00:05:23,640 --> 00:05:25,400 HIS CAREER, HE JUST MOVED AND 136 00:05:25,400 --> 00:05:27,600 MOVED WHERE THE SCIENCE TOOK 137 00:05:27,600 --> 00:05:30,640 HIM, AND EVERYWHERE HE WENT, HE 138 00:05:30,640 --> 00:05:33,040 MADE INSIGHTS THAT CHANGED ALL 139 00:05:33,040 --> 00:05:34,840 THE LIVES OF THE PEOPLE IN THIS 140 00:05:34,840 --> 00:05:36,320 ROOM, AND SO THAT'S A REAL 141 00:05:36,320 --> 00:05:37,080 TESTAMENT. 142 00:05:37,080 --> 00:05:40,080 BUT PROBABLY THE MOST POIGNANT 143 00:05:40,080 --> 00:05:46,520 TESTAMENT TO MARK'S CAREER, I 144 00:05:46,520 --> 00:05:49,240 THINK. 145 00:05:49,240 --> 00:05:51,280 SO PEOPLE COME IN WITH DIFFERENT 146 00:05:51,280 --> 00:05:52,400 IDEAS ON WHAT THEY WANT TO DO 147 00:05:52,400 --> 00:05:55,800 WITH THEIR CAREERS, AND MARK IS 148 00:05:55,800 --> 00:05:57,560 AMONG -- SOME OF THE PEOPLE 149 00:05:57,560 --> 00:06:00,520 DECIDED THAT THEIR SUBJECT OF 150 00:06:00,520 --> 00:06:01,920 INVESTIGATION WAS GOING TO BE 151 00:06:01,920 --> 00:06:05,240 THE HUMAN. 152 00:06:05,240 --> 00:06:06,640 SO HERE WE HAVE PEOPLE DOING 153 00:06:06,640 --> 00:06:11,560 MICE TO MARMOSETS TO HUMANS, AND 154 00:06:11,560 --> 00:06:13,520 I THINK THAT FROM MY BACKGROUND, 155 00:06:13,520 --> 00:06:17,680 WHICH WAS SIMILAR TO MARK'S, THE 156 00:06:17,680 --> 00:06:18,920 THOUGHT THAT TRYING TO 157 00:06:18,920 --> 00:06:24,000 UNDERSTAND HOW WE OPERATE AS 158 00:06:24,000 --> 00:06:25,440 INDIVIDUALS IS REALLY SOMETHING 159 00:06:25,440 --> 00:06:27,320 THAT CAN ONLY BE EXPLORED BY 160 00:06:27,320 --> 00:06:31,800 LOOKING AT HUMAN BEHAVIOR, HUMAN 161 00:06:31,800 --> 00:06:33,760 DISORDERS, BUT IN THINKING ABOUT 162 00:06:33,760 --> 00:06:36,040 THE WAY DO IT, MARK, I THINK 163 00:06:36,040 --> 00:06:40,080 LIKE MANY PEOPLE IN THAT 164 00:06:40,080 --> 00:06:41,200 GENERATION, COMING OUT OF THAT 165 00:06:41,200 --> 00:06:42,760 SPACE, LOOKED AT NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 166 00:06:42,760 --> 00:06:45,800 AS THE KEY. 167 00:06:45,800 --> 00:06:48,640 AND SO THE NEUROLOGIST IS A 168 00:06:48,640 --> 00:06:49,520 PATTERN RECOGNIZER. 169 00:06:49,520 --> 00:06:52,720 WE SEE PATIENTS, WE RECOGNIZE 170 00:06:52,720 --> 00:06:54,000 THINGS, BUT TO TRY AND 171 00:06:54,000 --> 00:06:56,160 UNDERSTAND WHAT THE BASIS IS, WE 172 00:06:56,160 --> 00:07:01,440 NEED TOOLS TO IB TEAR TO INTERE 173 00:07:01,440 --> 00:07:04,280 NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THAT'S WHERE 174 00:07:04,280 --> 00:07:05,400 PHYSIOLOGY HAS GROWN AND GROWN 175 00:07:05,400 --> 00:07:07,360 UNDER MARK'S TUTELAGE OVER THE 176 00:07:07,360 --> 00:07:09,080 LAST 40 YEARS TO JUST INCREASE 177 00:07:09,080 --> 00:07:11,320 OUR ABILITIES TO SEE WHAT'S 178 00:07:11,320 --> 00:07:16,000 GOING ON IN THE BRAIN AND IN 179 00:07:16,000 --> 00:07:17,400 NORMAL AS WELL AS PEOPLE WITH 180 00:07:17,400 --> 00:07:18,680 DIFFERENT DISORDERS, 181 00:07:18,680 --> 00:07:20,680 PARTICULARLY TREMOR, DYSTONIA, 182 00:07:20,680 --> 00:07:22,880 AND THEN MOVING TO FUNCTIONAL 183 00:07:22,880 --> 00:07:25,160 NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS, AND LOTS 184 00:07:25,160 --> 00:07:30,080 OF OTHER THINGS IN BETWEEN. 185 00:07:30,080 --> 00:07:32,800 AND AS I MENTIONED EARLIER, THIS 186 00:07:32,800 --> 00:07:34,760 IS USUALLY DONE IN A TEAM 187 00:07:34,760 --> 00:07:37,000 SETTING AND SO PEOPLE COME IN, 188 00:07:37,000 --> 00:07:38,200 THEY JOIN THE TEAM, THEY LEARN 189 00:07:38,200 --> 00:07:43,040 FROM MARK, AND THEN WHAT THEY 190 00:07:43,040 --> 00:07:44,520 LEARNED ALLOWS THEM TO MOVE OUT 191 00:07:44,520 --> 00:07:47,560 AND MOVE ON TO THEIR PASSION IN 192 00:07:47,560 --> 00:07:49,000 SCIENCE AND THAT'S WHAT A LOT OF 193 00:07:49,000 --> 00:07:50,200 PEOPLE IN THIS ROOM HAVE BEEN 194 00:07:50,200 --> 00:07:53,160 ABLE TO DO BECAUSE OF NOT THE 195 00:07:53,160 --> 00:07:57,640 FLUFF BUT THE REAL HONEST TO 196 00:07:57,640 --> 00:07:59,080 GOODNESS INSIGHTS INTO HOW THE 197 00:07:59,080 --> 00:08:00,360 BRAIN WORKS, THAT PEOPLE HAVE 198 00:08:00,360 --> 00:08:05,080 GOTTEN FROM MARK. 199 00:08:05,080 --> 00:08:07,360 AS I SAID RIGHT IN THE 200 00:08:07,360 --> 00:08:08,800 BEGINNING, OUR GOAL AT NINDS IS 201 00:08:08,800 --> 00:08:12,760 TO REDUCE SUFFERING OF PEOPLE 202 00:08:12,760 --> 00:08:14,240 WHO SUFFER WITH NEUROLOGICAL 203 00:08:14,240 --> 00:08:14,760 DISORDERS. 204 00:08:14,760 --> 00:08:16,120 THESE ARE NOT PLEASANT THINGS TO 205 00:08:16,120 --> 00:08:18,080 HAVE, AS ALL OF YOU KNOW. 206 00:08:18,080 --> 00:08:21,160 AND SO REDUCING THE SUFFERING IS 207 00:08:21,160 --> 00:08:22,120 WHAT IT'S ALL ABOUT, AND YOU 208 00:08:22,120 --> 00:08:23,560 HAVE TO UNDERSTAND WHAT'S GOING 209 00:08:23,560 --> 00:08:26,640 ON TO BE ABLE TO DO THAT. 210 00:08:26,640 --> 00:08:28,480 BUT MARK CERTAINLY TOOK FORAYS 211 00:08:28,480 --> 00:08:30,560 WITH BOTOX, WITH TREATMENT OF 212 00:08:30,560 --> 00:08:35,040 TREMOR, AND TRYING TO ACTUALLY 213 00:08:35,040 --> 00:08:36,960 IMPROVE TREAT. 214 00:08:36,960 --> 00:08:37,440 TREATMENT. 215 00:08:37,440 --> 00:08:39,960 CERTAINLY HIS WORK IN 216 00:08:39,960 --> 00:08:41,040 NEUROPHYSIOLOGY HAS IMPROVED THE 217 00:08:41,040 --> 00:08:42,400 DIAGNOSIS, WHICH IS THE FIRST 218 00:08:42,400 --> 00:08:43,600 STEP IN DEVELOPING ANY 219 00:08:43,600 --> 00:08:44,560 TREATMENT, AND SO THERE'S PEOPLE 220 00:08:44,560 --> 00:08:46,080 AROUND THE WORLD WHO DON'T KNOW 221 00:08:46,080 --> 00:08:47,880 MARK WHO ARE BENEFITING FROM THE 222 00:08:47,880 --> 00:08:51,880 WORK HE DID. 223 00:08:51,880 --> 00:08:53,280 AND SO JUST TO WRAP UP, I JUST 224 00:08:53,280 --> 00:08:57,760 WANT TO SAY THAT, AGAIN, FROM 225 00:08:57,760 --> 00:09:00,440 THE NINDS, WE REALLY APPRECIATE 226 00:09:00,440 --> 00:09:03,320 ALL YOU DID, MARK, ALL OVER 227 00:09:03,320 --> 00:09:05,480 THESE YEARS, AND WE WERE HAPPY 228 00:09:05,480 --> 00:09:07,760 TO PAY FOR THE AIRLINE TICKETS. 229 00:09:07,760 --> 00:09:10,080 [LAUGHTER] 230 00:09:10,080 --> 00:09:11,040 OF COURSE I THINK THE OTHER 231 00:09:11,040 --> 00:09:13,000 THING THAT MARK DID WHICH PEOPLE 232 00:09:13,000 --> 00:09:16,400 WILL TALK ABOUT IS THAT HIS 233 00:09:16,400 --> 00:09:19,480 IMPACT WASN'T BETWEEN THESE 234 00:09:19,480 --> 00:09:20,480 WALLS, WHICH WEREN'T HERE WHEN 235 00:09:20,480 --> 00:09:24,040 HE CAME, BUT NOW THEY'RE HERE, 236 00:09:24,040 --> 00:09:25,840 BUT ALSO ACROSS THE COUNTRY AND 237 00:09:25,840 --> 00:09:26,520 PARTICULARLY INTERNATIONALLY 238 00:09:26,520 --> 00:09:27,680 WORKING WITH THE WORLD 239 00:09:27,680 --> 00:09:31,200 FEDERATION OF NEUROLOGY, MARK'S 240 00:09:31,200 --> 00:09:33,600 IMPRINT GOES REALLY GLOBALLY AND 241 00:09:33,600 --> 00:09:36,920 SO TAKING SCIENCE GLOBALLY, 242 00:09:36,920 --> 00:09:40,040 GIVEN ALL THE POLITICS AND ALL 243 00:09:40,040 --> 00:09:42,120 THAT STUFF, THE SCIENCE IS 244 00:09:42,120 --> 00:09:47,360 REALLY PROBABLY THE BEST WAY OF 245 00:09:47,360 --> 00:09:48,480 COMMUNICATING ACROSS THESE 246 00:09:48,480 --> 00:09:51,200 MULTIPLE COUNTRIES AND MARK WAS 247 00:09:51,200 --> 00:09:55,000 CLEARLY AT THE TOP OF THAT GAME, 248 00:09:55,000 --> 00:09:59,040 SO WE REALLY THANK YOU FOR THAT. 249 00:09:59,040 --> 00:10:00,600 AND AGAIN, YOU'LL HEAR A LOT 250 00:10:00,600 --> 00:10:06,160 FROM PEOPLE TODAY. 251 00:10:06,160 --> 00:10:08,040 INTERESTED TO SEE WHERE THE 252 00:10:08,040 --> 00:10:09,480 GHOST IS IN THE MACHINE, THE 253 00:10:09,480 --> 00:10:11,120 GHOST IN THE MACHINE, REALLY? 254 00:10:11,120 --> 00:10:15,480 OKAY, GOOD. 255 00:10:15,480 --> 00:10:16,560 LOTS OF THINGS WE'LL LEARN, BUT 256 00:10:16,560 --> 00:10:18,560 I THINK THE MAIN THING WE'LL 257 00:10:18,560 --> 00:10:19,760 LEARN WAS THAT MARK WAS A GREAT 258 00:10:19,760 --> 00:10:21,280 ROLE MODEL FOR ALL OF US TO 259 00:10:21,280 --> 00:10:22,600 FOLLOW, AND LOOK FORWARD TO THE 260 00:10:22,600 --> 00:10:23,800 EVENTS OF TODAY. 261 00:10:23,800 --> 00:10:27,400 AND NOW I'D JUST LIKE TO ASK 262 00:10:27,400 --> 00:10:29,360 JEFF DIAMOND, WHO REPRESENTS THE 263 00:10:29,360 --> 00:10:31,240 INTRAMURAL PROGRAM, HE'S THE 264 00:10:31,240 --> 00:10:33,640 ACTING SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR OF 265 00:10:33,640 --> 00:10:34,960 THE NINDS INTRAMURAL PROGRAM TO 266 00:10:34,960 --> 00:10:39,280 SAY A COUPLE WORDS. 267 00:10:39,280 --> 00:10:39,480 JEFF? 268 00:10:39,480 --> 00:10:42,920 [APPLAUSE] 269 00:10:42,920 --> 00:10:44,080 >>THANKS, WALTER. 270 00:10:44,080 --> 00:10:49,040 GOOD MORNING, EVERYONE. 271 00:10:49,040 --> 00:10:50,400 SO I GUESS PROBABLY ONE OF THE 272 00:10:50,400 --> 00:10:52,560 MOST IMPORTANT THINGS THAT HAS 273 00:10:52,560 --> 00:10:53,960 EVER HAPPENED IN THE HISTORY OF 274 00:10:53,960 --> 00:10:56,280 OUR INTRAMURAL PROGRAM ACTUALLY 275 00:10:56,280 --> 00:10:58,360 HAPPENED AT NIMH. 276 00:10:58,360 --> 00:11:02,400 I GUESS IN THE LATE 60s, WHEN 277 00:11:02,400 --> 00:11:05,240 MARK WENT AFTER GETTING HIS 278 00:11:05,240 --> 00:11:08,520 BACHELOR'S AND HIS M.D. AT 279 00:11:08,520 --> 00:11:11,800 HARVARD, CAME HERE TO DO A 280 00:11:11,800 --> 00:11:17,160 FELLOWSHIP WITH ETESIA TISAKA IN 281 00:11:17,160 --> 00:11:17,800 NIMH, I BELIEVE. 282 00:11:17,800 --> 00:11:21,000 IT WAS JUST A ONE OR TWO-YEAR 283 00:11:21,000 --> 00:11:22,160 FELLOWSHIP, HE ALSO DID A 284 00:11:22,160 --> 00:11:23,360 FELLOWSHIP IN LONDON BEFORE 285 00:11:23,360 --> 00:11:24,920 RETURNING TO BOSTON TO CONTINUE 286 00:11:24,920 --> 00:11:26,680 HIS NEUROLOGY TRAINING, BUT IN 287 00:11:26,680 --> 00:11:30,400 THAT SHORT TIME WITH TISAKA, HE 288 00:11:30,400 --> 00:11:31,600 STUDIED THE PHYSIOLOGY AND 289 00:11:31,600 --> 00:11:36,080 ACTUALLY IMAGED THE SQUID GIANT 290 00:11:36,080 --> 00:11:37,840 AXON TO FORM THE BASIS FOR HIS 291 00:11:37,840 --> 00:11:39,680 ENTIRE CAREER, AND I SAY THAT'S 292 00:11:39,680 --> 00:11:40,320 REALLY IMPORTANT BECAUSE 293 00:11:40,320 --> 00:11:42,040 SOMETHING MUST HAVE HAPPENED 294 00:11:42,040 --> 00:11:44,920 DURING THAT TIME THAT ALLOWED 295 00:11:44,920 --> 00:11:46,800 NIH TO LURE HIM AWAY FROM 296 00:11:46,800 --> 00:11:50,520 HARVARD A FEW YEARS LATER TO 297 00:11:50,520 --> 00:11:54,440 COME HERE IN 1984 AS THE 298 00:11:54,440 --> 00:11:56,200 CLINICAL DIRECTOR, AND ALSO, OF 299 00:11:56,200 --> 00:11:58,160 COURSE, THE CHIEF OF THE HUMAN 300 00:11:58,160 --> 00:11:59,800 MOTOR CONTROL SECTION. 301 00:11:59,800 --> 00:12:02,600 WHICH IS A MUCH BETTER ACRONYM 302 00:12:02,600 --> 00:12:04,840 THAN BSC. 303 00:12:04,840 --> 00:12:06,480 I SUFFERED A SERIES OF 304 00:12:06,480 --> 00:12:08,440 INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS WHEN THOSE 305 00:12:08,440 --> 00:12:14,560 LETTERS CAME UP. 306 00:12:14,560 --> 00:12:16,200 IF YOU WERE TO INTRODUCE MARK, 307 00:12:16,200 --> 00:12:21,040 YOU'RE VERY TEMPTED TO GO BIG, 308 00:12:21,040 --> 00:12:22,560 AND SAY THINGS ON A GRAND SCALE, 309 00:12:22,560 --> 00:12:25,080 BECAUSE PEOPLE A LOT OF TIMES 310 00:12:25,080 --> 00:12:27,560 TALK METRICS AND NUMBERS, AND 311 00:12:27,560 --> 00:12:34,800 WITH MARK, THOSE NUMBERS ARE 312 00:12:34,800 --> 00:12:38,160 ALMOST SORT OF INCOMPREHENSIBLE, 313 00:12:38,160 --> 00:12:39,800 THE NUMBERS OF PAPERS HE'S 314 00:12:39,800 --> 00:12:41,800 PUBLISHED IN VARIOUS ASPECTS OF 315 00:12:41,800 --> 00:12:42,800 THE FIELD. 316 00:12:42,800 --> 00:12:44,840 WALTER ALREADY ALLUDED TO HIS 317 00:12:44,840 --> 00:12:49,360 ENTHUSIASTIC TRAVEL SCHEDULE. 318 00:12:49,360 --> 00:12:53,600 THAT IS NEARLY LEGENDARY AND IN 319 00:12:53,600 --> 00:12:55,040 NINDS, HE'S GIVEN MANY, MANY 320 00:12:55,040 --> 00:13:00,400 HUNDREDS OF TALKS AROUND THE 321 00:13:00,400 --> 00:13:01,440 WORLD. 322 00:13:01,440 --> 00:13:02,800 BUT I GREW UP IN THIS INSTITUTE, 323 00:13:02,800 --> 00:13:04,960 I GOT HERE IN 1999, WHICH I USED 324 00:13:04,960 --> 00:13:06,320 TO THINK WAS A LONG TIME AGO, 325 00:13:06,320 --> 00:13:11,000 AND I CAN JUST SAY FROM THAT 326 00:13:11,000 --> 00:13:15,600 STANDPOINT WHAT IT'S BEEN LIKE 327 00:13:15,600 --> 00:13:16,680 HAVING -- COMING TO A THIS 328 00:13:16,680 --> 00:13:18,440 COMMUNITY AS A PURELY BASIC 329 00:13:18,440 --> 00:13:20,040 SCIENTIST AND SEEING THE 330 00:13:20,040 --> 00:13:22,680 PRESENCE THAT MARK HAD AND THE 331 00:13:22,680 --> 00:13:24,560 INFLUENCE THAT HE HAD, CERTAINLY 332 00:13:24,560 --> 00:13:26,880 ON CLINICAL SIDE OF THE HOUSE, 333 00:13:26,880 --> 00:13:29,080 BUT ALSO IN US BECAUSE IK 334 00:13:29,080 --> 00:13:34,400 SCIENTI -- INUS BASIC SCIENTISTT 335 00:13:34,400 --> 00:13:36,520 OF ONE OF THE BEST 336 00:13:36,520 --> 00:13:37,280 MANIFESTATIONS OF THAT PART OF 337 00:13:37,280 --> 00:13:39,240 OUR FIELD. 338 00:13:39,240 --> 00:13:42,440 AND REMEMBER, OF COURSE, MARK'S 339 00:13:42,440 --> 00:13:45,040 TALKS AT OUR RETREATS. 340 00:13:45,040 --> 00:13:46,840 HE WAS KIND ENOUGH TO INVITE ME 341 00:13:46,840 --> 00:13:49,760 ONE TIME TO SIT IN AND CRITIQUE 342 00:13:49,760 --> 00:13:52,920 HIS BSC PRESENTATION. 343 00:13:52,920 --> 00:13:55,560 WHICH WAS A FUN EXPERIENCE. 344 00:13:55,560 --> 00:13:58,600 I REMEMBER HIM ENGAGING IN A 345 00:13:58,600 --> 00:14:01,120 PHILOSOPHICAL DEBATE WITH 346 00:14:01,120 --> 00:14:03,120 MICHAEL O'DONOVAN ABOUT FREE 347 00:14:03,120 --> 00:14:05,920 WILL AT ONE OF OUR RETREATS. 348 00:14:05,920 --> 00:14:10,680 AND I ALSO HAD THE PLEASURE TO 349 00:14:10,680 --> 00:14:13,400 SERVE FOR A SMALL PORTION OF 350 00:14:13,400 --> 00:14:14,960 MARK'S 21-YEAR TENURE ON THE 351 00:14:14,960 --> 00:14:16,800 PROMOTION AND TENURE COMMITTEE 352 00:14:16,800 --> 00:14:19,760 IN NINDS. 353 00:14:19,760 --> 00:14:22,040 SO THE TALKS TODAY ARE GOING TO 354 00:14:22,040 --> 00:14:25,760 ADDRESS THE INTERNATIONAL SCOPE 355 00:14:25,760 --> 00:14:27,200 OF MARK'S WORK AND THE INFLUENCE 356 00:14:27,200 --> 00:14:29,280 THAT IT'S HAD ON THE FIELD. 357 00:14:29,280 --> 00:14:33,080 I'M CHOOSING TO JUST MENTION FOR 358 00:14:33,080 --> 00:14:34,520 A MOMENT THE INFLUENCE THAT HE 359 00:14:34,520 --> 00:14:38,680 HAD IN A MENTORING AND 360 00:14:38,680 --> 00:14:39,680 INSPIRATIONAL CAPACITY EVEN IN 361 00:14:39,680 --> 00:14:42,160 PEOPLE WHO WEREN'T DIRECTLY 362 00:14:42,160 --> 00:14:44,160 CONNECTED WITH THE HMCS. 363 00:14:44,160 --> 00:14:47,080 SO MARK, THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR 364 00:14:47,080 --> 00:14:52,280 EVERYTHING YOU'VE GIVEN THE 365 00:14:52,280 --> 00:14:53,200 INSTITUTE, AND THANK YOU, 366 00:14:53,200 --> 00:14:54,360 EVERYONE, FOR COMING AND I LOOK 367 00:14:54,360 --> 00:14:55,800 FORWARD TO A GREAT DAY OF TALKS. 368 00:14:55,800 --> 00:15:04,960 THANKS. 369 00:15:04,960 --> 00:15:06,520 >>WELCOME, EVERYBODY. 370 00:15:06,520 --> 00:15:10,040 I HAVE BEEN GIVEN THE EARLY DAYS 371 00:15:10,040 --> 00:15:12,760 BECAUSE I'M OLD BUT I'M NOT AS 372 00:15:12,760 --> 00:15:14,960 OLD AS LEO. 373 00:15:14,960 --> 00:15:17,680 AND IF JEFF IS STILL HERE, 1999 374 00:15:17,680 --> 00:15:21,720 IS NOTHING. 375 00:15:21,720 --> 00:15:24,480 I'M GOING TO TAKE YOU, PRETTY 376 00:15:24,480 --> 00:15:28,760 EARLY, TO MARK'S FIRST -- AT 377 00:15:28,760 --> 00:15:31,680 LEAST HIS FIRST PAPER IN HUMAN 378 00:15:31,680 --> 00:15:33,400 MOTOR CONTROL, WHICH WAS FROM 379 00:15:33,400 --> 00:15:37,800 WHEN HE WAS A RESIDENT. 380 00:15:37,800 --> 00:15:45,800 AND IT WAS WRITTEN WITH BOB -- 381 00:15:45,800 --> 00:15:48,960 AND BOB YOUNG, WHEN I TRAINED 382 00:15:48,960 --> 00:15:51,360 THERE IN LESS PRESTIGIOUS 383 00:15:51,360 --> 00:15:52,560 CIRCUMSTANCES. 384 00:15:52,560 --> 00:15:56,640 THIS IS A PAPER ABOUT THE EMG 385 00:15:56,640 --> 00:15:58,040 ANALYSIS -- DURING SMOOTH, 386 00:15:58,040 --> 00:15:59,840 GRADED AND QUICK BALLISTIC 387 00:15:59,840 --> 00:16:00,120 MOVEMENTS. 388 00:16:00,120 --> 00:16:01,880 THIS WAS AN OLD TOPIC BUT THE 389 00:16:01,880 --> 00:16:02,840 INTRODUCTION STATES THE FIELD 390 00:16:02,840 --> 00:16:03,840 NEEDED A LITTLE BIT OF 391 00:16:03,840 --> 00:16:09,600 HOUSEKEEPING. 392 00:16:09,600 --> 00:16:12,800 BUT IT'S REALLY THE FIRST ENDS 393 00:16:12,800 --> 00:16:13,880 OF THE DISCUSSION WHERE MARK 394 00:16:13,880 --> 00:16:15,440 SHOWS HIS HAND, AND THIS IS 395 00:16:15,440 --> 00:16:17,280 CLEARLY ABOUT MORE THAN SECURING 396 00:16:17,280 --> 00:16:20,040 SOME LOOSE ENDS, AND IT REALLY 397 00:16:20,040 --> 00:16:21,880 IS ABOUT HOW THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 398 00:16:21,880 --> 00:16:22,880 CONTROLS MOVEMENT. 399 00:16:22,880 --> 00:16:24,080 AND AS WE'RE GOING TO HEAR 400 00:16:24,080 --> 00:16:27,240 TODAY, MARK INTENDED TO CHASE 401 00:16:27,240 --> 00:16:29,120 THAT MOTOR COMMAND TO ITS 402 00:16:29,120 --> 00:16:30,640 ULTIMATE ORIGINS. 403 00:16:30,640 --> 00:16:35,360 AND IT'S ALSO WORTH NOTING THAT 404 00:16:35,360 --> 00:16:36,880 IN 1975, A YOUNG SCIENTIST COULD 405 00:16:36,880 --> 00:16:40,800 HAVE IMPLANTED BEHAVING ANIMAL 406 00:16:40,800 --> 00:16:44,080 AND RECORDED THE ACTIVITY OF 407 00:16:44,080 --> 00:16:47,480 INDIVIDUAL CELLS. 408 00:16:47,480 --> 00:16:50,640 BUT THIS APPROACH WAS UNIQUELY 409 00:16:50,640 --> 00:16:52,280 CLINICAL, UNIQUELY HUMAN, AND AS 410 00:16:52,280 --> 00:16:55,280 I THINK YOU'LL SEE, REALLY 411 00:16:55,280 --> 00:16:57,080 PROVIDED VERY IMPORTANT 412 00:16:57,080 --> 00:17:03,880 INSIGHTS. 413 00:17:03,880 --> 00:17:05,200 SO WHAT'S IN THE PAPER? 414 00:17:05,200 --> 00:17:06,400 WHEN SOMEONE MAKES A SMOOTH 415 00:17:06,400 --> 00:17:08,680 CONTROLLED MOVEMENT, THE AGONIST 416 00:17:08,680 --> 00:17:14,600 MUSCLE, IN THIS CASE, THE 417 00:17:14,600 --> 00:17:19,280 BICEPS, GENERATES A -- IS 418 00:17:19,280 --> 00:17:20,600 ACTIVATED, AS ANYONE WOULD 419 00:17:20,600 --> 00:17:21,680 EXPECT, AND THERE ARE NO 420 00:17:21,680 --> 00:17:27,280 SURPRISES THERE. 421 00:17:27,280 --> 00:17:28,680 BUT WHEN SOMEONE MAKES A FAST 422 00:17:28,680 --> 00:17:30,480 MOVEMENT, SAY A JERKY ELBOW 423 00:17:30,480 --> 00:17:32,880 FLEXION, THERE'S A BURST IN THE 424 00:17:32,880 --> 00:17:35,320 AGONIST MUSCLE AND A BURST IN 425 00:17:35,320 --> 00:17:36,920 THE ANTAGONIST MUSCLE FOLLOWED 426 00:17:36,920 --> 00:17:39,480 USUALLY BY A BURST IN THE 427 00:17:39,480 --> 00:17:40,760 AGONIST MUSCLE AGAIN. 428 00:17:40,760 --> 00:17:42,960 AND MARK TOOK HIS 429 00:17:42,960 --> 00:17:43,720 CHARACTERISTICALLY SYSTEMATIC 430 00:17:43,720 --> 00:17:46,920 AND QUANTITATIVE APPROACH TO 431 00:17:46,920 --> 00:17:48,640 DIVIDING THE PHENOMENON INTO 432 00:17:48,640 --> 00:17:50,280 PHASES, MEASURING THEM AND 433 00:17:50,280 --> 00:17:51,480 NAMING THEM. 434 00:17:51,480 --> 00:17:53,360 AND THIS PHENOMENON WAS AN 435 00:17:53,360 --> 00:17:58,840 ACTIVE TOPIC OF CONVERSATION IN 436 00:17:58,840 --> 00:18:00,200 1975, BUT ALSO WHEN I JOINED 437 00:18:00,200 --> 00:18:02,080 MARK'S GROUP IN 1989, IT WAS 438 00:18:02,080 --> 00:18:04,040 STILL BEING TALKED ABOUT A GREAT 439 00:18:04,040 --> 00:18:05,280 DEAL, AND I THOUGHT FOR A LONG 440 00:18:05,280 --> 00:18:06,680 TIME THAT MARK HAD DISCOVERED 441 00:18:06,680 --> 00:18:07,240 IT. 442 00:18:07,240 --> 00:18:08,440 HOWEVER, IT WAS FIRST DESCRIBED 443 00:18:08,440 --> 00:18:11,400 IIN THE 1920s. 444 00:18:11,400 --> 00:18:15,000 BUT NOBODY REALLY HAD AN 445 00:18:15,000 --> 00:18:17,080 ADEQUATE UNDERSTANDING OF IT AT 446 00:18:17,080 --> 00:18:23,640 THAT POINT. 447 00:18:23,640 --> 00:18:26,040 SO THIS ANTAGONIST BURST MADE SO 448 00:18:26,040 --> 00:18:27,600 LITTLE SENSE THAT PEOPLE 449 00:18:27,600 --> 00:18:30,520 INTERPRETED IT AS BEING POSSIBLY 450 00:18:30,520 --> 00:18:34,800 A SEGMENTAL REFLEX RESPONSE TO 451 00:18:34,800 --> 00:18:39,160 THE ACTION OF THE -- OF THE 452 00:18:39,160 --> 00:18:40,680 AGONIST, WHICH PUT A STRETCH ON 453 00:18:40,680 --> 00:18:44,720 THE ANTAGONIST MUSCLE. 454 00:18:44,720 --> 00:18:47,320 BUT IN ORDER TO RULE THAT OUT, 455 00:18:47,320 --> 00:18:54,240 MARK AND HIS COLLEAGUES FIRST 456 00:18:54,240 --> 00:18:56,120 APPLIED EQUAL FORCES TO THE 457 00:18:56,120 --> 00:18:59,520 LIMB, AND FOUND THAT THE PATTERN 458 00:18:59,520 --> 00:19:04,240 WAS INTACT, BUT THEN DROPPED ONE 459 00:19:04,240 --> 00:19:05,640 OF -- REDUCED ONE OF THE FORCES 460 00:19:05,640 --> 00:19:08,680 DURING THE REACTION TIME FOR THE 461 00:19:08,680 --> 00:19:11,000 MOVEMENT, UNLOADING THE 462 00:19:11,000 --> 00:19:14,280 ANTAGONIST MUSCLE, AND 463 00:19:14,280 --> 00:19:15,200 EFFECTIVELY DESTRETCHING IT 464 00:19:15,200 --> 00:19:17,440 COMPLETELY TO SEE IF THE 465 00:19:17,440 --> 00:19:19,280 ANTAGONIST BURST REMAINED. 466 00:19:19,280 --> 00:19:22,040 AND YOU CAN SEE THIS CAUSES A 467 00:19:22,040 --> 00:19:24,440 LITTLE BIT OF MECHANICAL 468 00:19:24,440 --> 00:19:26,360 OVERSHOOT IN THE MOVEMENT, IN 469 00:19:26,360 --> 00:19:33,400 THE DIRECTION OF THE AN TAG M A, 470 00:19:33,400 --> 00:19:35,280 BUT THE MOVEMENT IS INTACT AND 471 00:19:35,280 --> 00:19:36,640 THE ANTAGONIST BURST IS STILL 472 00:19:36,640 --> 00:19:38,160 THERE EVEN IN A COMPLETELY 473 00:19:38,160 --> 00:19:38,520 UNLOADED MUSCLE. 474 00:19:38,520 --> 00:19:40,880 SO THE REFLEX WAS EFFECTIVELY 475 00:19:40,880 --> 00:19:42,960 RULED OUT. 476 00:19:42,960 --> 00:19:46,800 ANOTHER THING THEY DISCOVERED 477 00:19:46,800 --> 00:19:50,920 USING THIS PRELOADING OF THE 478 00:19:50,920 --> 00:19:52,720 LIMB BEFORE MOVEMENT WAS THAT 479 00:19:52,720 --> 00:19:56,080 THE MOVEMENT COMMAND ACTUALLY 480 00:19:56,080 --> 00:19:58,800 BEGINS WITH INHIBITION OF THE 481 00:19:58,800 --> 00:20:00,000 ANTAGONIST, AND YOU CAN SEE 482 00:20:00,000 --> 00:20:04,280 BEFORE THE AGONIST BURST, THE 483 00:20:04,280 --> 00:20:09,840 ANTAGONIST GOES QUIET, AND THIS 484 00:20:09,840 --> 00:20:12,480 WAS COMPLETELY OCCULT, YOU 485 00:20:12,480 --> 00:20:14,280 WOULD -- YOU COULD USE H 486 00:20:14,280 --> 00:20:15,320 REFLEXES AT THE TIME WHICH SOME 487 00:20:15,320 --> 00:20:16,760 PEOPLE MAY HAVE DONE. 488 00:20:16,760 --> 00:20:20,280 BUT THIS WAS ANOTHER -- THIS IS 489 00:20:20,280 --> 00:20:24,840 THE LEADING EDGE OF THE COMMAND 490 00:20:24,840 --> 00:20:25,720 HERE. 491 00:20:25,720 --> 00:20:28,680 AND TO FURTHER TEST THE REFLEX 492 00:20:28,680 --> 00:20:31,520 HYPOTHESIS, THEY ALSO STUDIED A 493 00:20:31,520 --> 00:20:33,160 NATURALLY DEAFFERENTED PATIENT 494 00:20:33,160 --> 00:20:36,560 WITH A PAN SENSORY NEUROPATHY, 495 00:20:36,560 --> 00:20:40,040 WHO HAD VERY LITTLE CONSCIOUS 496 00:20:40,040 --> 00:20:41,600 SENSATION, AND LO AND BEHOLD, 497 00:20:41,600 --> 00:20:45,520 THE PATTERN OF 498 00:20:45,520 --> 00:20:46,160 AGONIST/ANTAGONIST AND A LITTLE 499 00:20:46,160 --> 00:20:48,480 BIT OF AGONIST WAS PRESENT IN 500 00:20:48,480 --> 00:20:53,080 THIS PATIENT TOO. 501 00:20:53,080 --> 00:20:54,920 SO THIS WAS A CENTRALLY GENERAL 502 00:20:54,920 --> 00:20:58,200 NATEED PHENOMENON. 503 00:20:58,200 --> 00:21:00,240 WHICH IS WHAT THEY CONCLUDED, 504 00:21:00,240 --> 00:21:03,000 AND THIS STATEMENT IS FROM THE 505 00:21:03,000 --> 00:21:04,760 DISCUSSION AND IT MAY SEEM 506 00:21:04,760 --> 00:21:06,960 OBVIOUS BUT IT IS NOT IN ANY WAY 507 00:21:06,960 --> 00:21:07,640 TRIVIAL. 508 00:21:07,640 --> 00:21:10,640 THE TRY PHASIC PATTERN IS REALLY 509 00:21:10,640 --> 00:21:11,880 A SIGNATURE OF CENTRAL MOVEMENT 510 00:21:11,880 --> 00:21:16,000 COMMAND, AND IT CONTAINS ALL THE 511 00:21:16,000 --> 00:21:17,760 INFORMATION NECESSARY TO SPECIFY 512 00:21:17,760 --> 00:21:18,840 THE TRAJECTORY IN THE END POINT 513 00:21:18,840 --> 00:21:20,480 OF A BALLISTIC MOVEMENT. 514 00:21:20,480 --> 00:21:22,880 AND IT MUST LOGICALLY BE ALTERED 515 00:21:22,880 --> 00:21:24,960 IN DISEASE STATES WHERE MOVEMENT 516 00:21:24,960 --> 00:21:28,120 IS ABNORMAL AND MOREOVER MAPPING 517 00:21:28,120 --> 00:21:29,320 THOSE DIFFERENCES IN MOVEMENT ON 518 00:21:29,320 --> 00:21:32,720 TO CHANGES IN THIS PATTERN IN 519 00:21:32,720 --> 00:21:38,160 DISEASE OUGHT TO PROVIDE 520 00:21:38,160 --> 00:21:38,640 INSIGHTS. 521 00:21:38,640 --> 00:21:44,720 SO THAT'S WHAT THEY DID. 522 00:21:44,720 --> 00:21:46,160 IN CEREBELLAR DISEASE, THE 523 00:21:46,160 --> 00:21:49,000 BURSTS ARE PRESENT, BUT TOO 524 00:21:49,000 --> 00:21:57,040 LONG, AND INCOORDINATED IN TIME. 525 00:21:57,040 --> 00:21:58,840 THE INHIBITION OF THE ANTAGONIST 526 00:21:58,840 --> 00:22:01,480 ONLY BEGINS AND ONLY BEGINS 527 00:22:01,480 --> 00:22:04,200 PARTIALLY WITH THE ONSET OF 528 00:22:04,200 --> 00:22:08,240 AGONIST ACTIVITY. 529 00:22:08,240 --> 00:22:11,400 AND IN PARKINSON DISEASE, THE 530 00:22:11,400 --> 00:22:13,600 BURSTS ARE PRESENT, AGONIST, 531 00:22:13,600 --> 00:22:16,800 ANTAGONIST, BUT THEN AGONIST AND 532 00:22:16,800 --> 00:22:18,080 ANTAGONIST AGAIN. 533 00:22:18,080 --> 00:22:20,720 IN A CYCLICAL WAY. 534 00:22:20,720 --> 00:22:23,040 AS THOUGH THE FIRST PATTERN 535 00:22:23,040 --> 00:22:25,080 WASN'T ENOUGH TO GET THE 536 00:22:25,080 --> 00:22:27,480 MOVEMENT GOING AND CONTINUOUS 537 00:22:27,480 --> 00:22:29,360 ACTIVITY HAD TO BE GENERATED IN 538 00:22:29,360 --> 00:22:31,240 ORDER TO REACH THE END POINT. 539 00:22:31,240 --> 00:22:33,400 AND THIS WAS ELABORATED LATER 540 00:22:33,400 --> 00:22:43,880 INTO REALLY A RATHER ELEGANT 541 00:22:45,880 --> 00:22:46,920 SYNTHESIS THEY CONCLUDED BASED 542 00:22:46,920 --> 00:22:49,200 ON THE DATA THAT BRADY KINETIC 543 00:22:49,200 --> 00:22:52,400 PATIENTS HAD TO PRODUCE MULTIPLE 544 00:22:52,400 --> 00:22:54,440 CYCLES BECAUSE THE BASAL GANGLIA 545 00:22:54,440 --> 00:22:55,480 DIDN'T PROVIDE THE NECESSARY 546 00:22:55,480 --> 00:22:57,760 WHAT THEY CALLED ENERGY TO 547 00:22:57,760 --> 00:22:59,320 GENERATE THE LIMB MOVEMENT. 548 00:22:59,320 --> 00:23:03,080 AND THIS WAS A MAJOR ADVANCE 549 00:23:03,080 --> 00:23:06,280 OVER CURRENT THEORIES OF BRADY 550 00:23:06,280 --> 00:23:08,040 KIENESIA WHICH INCLUDED THINGS 551 00:23:08,040 --> 00:23:11,320 LIKE MECHANICAL MUSCLE VISCOSITY 552 00:23:11,320 --> 00:23:15,600 AND COACTIVATION, WHICH CLEARLY 553 00:23:15,600 --> 00:23:20,040 WEREN'T PRESENT AND THIS WAS 554 00:23:20,040 --> 00:23:21,200 ACTUALLY VERY STRONG SUPPORT FOR 555 00:23:21,200 --> 00:23:26,920 THE IDEA THAT THE BASAL GANGLIA 556 00:23:26,920 --> 00:23:33,480 SELECTIVELY SELECTED MOVEMENT AD 557 00:23:33,480 --> 00:23:34,880 PRIORITIZED MOVEMENT SETS UNDER 558 00:23:34,880 --> 00:23:38,160 THE INFLUENCE OF THE DOPAMINE 559 00:23:38,160 --> 00:23:45,720 REWARD SYSTEM. 560 00:23:45,720 --> 00:23:48,920 THE DOGMA UNDERWENT REFINEMENT 561 00:23:48,920 --> 00:23:52,400 UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF C.D. 562 00:23:52,400 --> 00:23:53,600 MARSTEN AND FOUND THIS MORE 563 00:23:53,600 --> 00:23:54,240 ABSTRACT FORMULATION WHERE 564 00:23:54,240 --> 00:23:56,440 THINGS ARE EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF 565 00:23:56,440 --> 00:23:58,000 FORCES AND GOALS OF MOVEMENT TO 566 00:23:58,000 --> 00:24:03,320 THE DESIRED PLACE. 567 00:24:03,320 --> 00:24:06,040 AND BY 1996, THE PHENOMENON HAD 568 00:24:06,040 --> 00:24:09,800 BEEN INVESTIGATED ACROSS A 569 00:24:09,800 --> 00:24:13,080 VARIETY OF DISEASES AND THERE 570 00:24:13,080 --> 00:24:14,840 WAS REALLY A STRING OF INSIGHTS 571 00:24:14,840 --> 00:24:17,240 AVAILABLE JUST FROM THIS SIMPLE 572 00:24:17,240 --> 00:24:20,280 EMG RECORDING ABOUT THE NATURE 573 00:24:20,280 --> 00:24:22,240 OF THESE DISEASES WHOSE 574 00:24:22,240 --> 00:24:32,080 PHYSIOLOGY WAS REALLY JUST BEING 575 00:24:32,080 --> 00:24:34,040 CONCEPTUALIZED. 576 00:24:34,040 --> 00:24:37,040 SO BY THE LATE 80s, IT BECAME 577 00:24:37,040 --> 00:24:38,880 EASY ENOUGH TO LOOK AT THAT 578 00:24:38,880 --> 00:24:41,520 MOTOR COMMAND UP AT THE OTHER 579 00:24:41,520 --> 00:24:42,840 END OF THE NEURAL AXIS AND 580 00:24:42,840 --> 00:24:46,080 INTEREST IN THE EMG DURING 581 00:24:46,080 --> 00:24:48,400 MOVEMENT FADED SOMEWHAT. 582 00:24:48,400 --> 00:24:49,720 BUT PEOPLE ARE STILL SCRATCHING 583 00:24:49,720 --> 00:24:51,360 THEIR HEADS ABOUT THIS DAMN 584 00:24:51,360 --> 00:24:53,760 THING. 585 00:24:53,760 --> 00:24:57,040 WHY THE CNS GENERATES THESE 586 00:24:57,040 --> 00:24:58,360 ANTAGONIST BURSTS. 587 00:24:58,360 --> 00:25:01,160 I HAVE NO IDEA WHAT A BANG-BANG 588 00:25:01,160 --> 00:25:02,200 MODEL IS. 589 00:25:02,200 --> 00:25:03,600 IT SOUNDS NOT SAFE FOR WORK 590 00:25:03,600 --> 00:25:05,680 POTENTIALLY. 591 00:25:05,680 --> 00:25:07,200 BUT I DO KNOW THESE GUYS 592 00:25:07,200 --> 00:25:08,920 WOULDN'T BE AS FAR ALONG IF IT 593 00:25:08,920 --> 00:25:10,280 WEREN'T FOR THE INSIGHTS THAT 594 00:25:10,280 --> 00:25:11,600 MARK HAD HAD ABOUT THIS 595 00:25:11,600 --> 00:25:12,800 PHENOMENON AND THE INTEREST THAT 596 00:25:12,800 --> 00:25:16,880 HE GENERATED IN IT. 597 00:25:16,880 --> 00:25:19,480 I'M GOING TO LEAVE YOU WITH A 598 00:25:19,480 --> 00:25:25,920 QUOTE FROM GILBERT REIL, THE 599 00:25:25,920 --> 00:25:27,200 PHILOSOPHER, WHO WAS A GREAT 600 00:25:27,200 --> 00:25:30,760 ENEMY OF THE MIND-BODY DUALITY, 601 00:25:30,760 --> 00:25:33,360 AND HE REALLY FELT THAT THE BODY 602 00:25:33,360 --> 00:25:38,280 WAS THE MIND. 603 00:25:38,280 --> 00:25:40,680 AND THAT ANY DISTINCTION WAS 604 00:25:40,680 --> 00:25:41,120 ABSURD. 605 00:25:41,120 --> 00:25:44,040 I THINK ALL OF US AS 606 00:25:44,040 --> 00:25:46,040 REDUCTIONISTS AGREE. 607 00:25:46,040 --> 00:25:50,280 BUT I THINK MARK'S CAREER FROM 608 00:25:50,280 --> 00:25:52,280 THIS EARLY DECODING OF 609 00:25:52,280 --> 00:25:54,000 PERIPHERAL SIGNALS FROM BRAIN 610 00:25:54,000 --> 00:25:55,480 COMMANDS TO HIS LATER AND VERY 611 00:25:55,480 --> 00:25:57,320 IMPORTANT INQUIRIES INTO THE 612 00:25:57,320 --> 00:26:00,480 BASIS OF VOLITION AND FREE WILL 613 00:26:00,480 --> 00:26:04,080 ITSELF HAVE DONE A GREAT DEAL TO 614 00:26:04,080 --> 00:26:06,920 BUST THIS PARTICULAR GHOST, AND 615 00:26:06,920 --> 00:26:09,160 WITH THAT, I WILL CONCLUDE. 616 00:26:09,160 --> 00:26:16,880 [APPLAUSE] 617 00:26:16,880 --> 00:26:18,960 OUR NEXT SPEAKER IS DR. LEWIS 618 00:26:18,960 --> 00:26:20,680 WHEATON, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF 619 00:26:20,680 --> 00:26:22,120 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AT GEORGIA 620 00:26:22,120 --> 00:26:25,240 TECH UNIVERSITY. 621 00:26:25,240 --> 00:26:28,320 >>SO WHEN I JOINED THE LAB, I'M 622 00:26:28,320 --> 00:26:30,080 A WHOLE LOT YOUNGER THAN ERIC, 623 00:26:30,080 --> 00:26:31,840 DEFINITELY YOUNGER THAN LEO, 624 00:26:31,840 --> 00:26:34,480 SINCE WE'RE AGING EACH OTHER 625 00:26:34,480 --> 00:26:34,800 RIGHT NOW. 626 00:26:34,800 --> 00:26:38,080 WHEN I CAME INTO THE LAB, I WAS 627 00:26:38,080 --> 00:26:42,880 VERY CURIOUS ABOUT THE 628 00:26:42,880 --> 00:26:43,880 INTERSECTION OF COGNITIVE 629 00:26:43,880 --> 00:26:44,960 CONTRIBUTIONS WITHIN THE MOTOR 630 00:26:44,960 --> 00:26:46,280 SYSTEM, AND IT WAS EXCITING TO 631 00:26:46,280 --> 00:26:50,320 KNOW WHEN I JOINED THAT THIS WAS 632 00:26:50,320 --> 00:26:52,080 SOMETHING THAT MARK WAS ALSO 633 00:26:52,080 --> 00:26:55,640 INTERESTED IN, AND I GOT TO THAT 634 00:26:55,640 --> 00:26:57,880 KIND OF THROUGH AN ODD ROUTE. 635 00:26:57,880 --> 00:27:03,560 WHEN I WAS EARLY ON, READ THAT 636 00:27:03,560 --> 00:27:05,520 PARTICULAR BOOK, WHEN I WAS 637 00:27:05,520 --> 00:27:06,840 EARLY IN GRAD SCHOOL AND I HAD 638 00:27:06,840 --> 00:27:09,480 THE UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY TO -- 639 00:27:09,480 --> 00:27:10,680 BECAUSE MARK HAD COME TO THE 640 00:27:10,680 --> 00:27:12,440 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND TO GIVE A 641 00:27:12,440 --> 00:27:14,720 TALK, I HAPPENED TO ASK HIM IF I 642 00:27:14,720 --> 00:27:16,160 COULD LEARN SOME MORE ABOUT THE 643 00:27:16,160 --> 00:27:17,720 HUMAN MOTOR CONTROL SYSTEM, AND 644 00:27:17,720 --> 00:27:19,640 HE SAID, WELL, SURE! 645 00:27:19,640 --> 00:27:21,640 YOU CAN DO THAT. 646 00:27:21,640 --> 00:27:26,200 SO I JOINED HIS LAB VERY SOON 647 00:27:26,200 --> 00:27:29,200 AFTER THAT INITIAL MEETING. 648 00:27:29,200 --> 00:27:30,600 IN ONE OF THOSE VERY INITIAL 649 00:27:30,600 --> 00:27:34,480 MEETINGS, THOUGH, HE SENT ME ON 650 00:27:34,480 --> 00:27:36,880 AN ERRAND TO LEARN MORE ABOUT 651 00:27:36,880 --> 00:27:37,920 THE INTERACTION OF THE COGNITIVE 652 00:27:37,920 --> 00:27:40,960 AND MOTOR SYSTEM, BACK IN THE 653 00:27:40,960 --> 00:27:43,480 DAY WHERE YOU COULDN'T READILY 654 00:27:43,480 --> 00:27:47,320 GET PDFs ONLINE OF ARTICLES, 655 00:27:47,320 --> 00:27:49,320 HE TOLD ME TO GO AND FIND TWO 656 00:27:49,320 --> 00:27:53,000 LITTLE WIMPY PAPERS ABOUT 657 00:27:53,000 --> 00:27:55,480 DISCONNECTION SYNDROMES IN 658 00:27:55,480 --> 00:27:56,280 ANIMALS AND MAN. 659 00:27:56,280 --> 00:27:58,040 HE SAID THEY WOULD BE A LITTLE 660 00:27:58,040 --> 00:27:58,800 LONG. 661 00:27:58,800 --> 00:28:01,120 SO I DUTIFULLY WENT DOWN TO THE 662 00:28:01,120 --> 00:28:03,200 LIBRARY AND FOUND THE VOLUMES OF 663 00:28:03,200 --> 00:28:04,600 BRAIN THAT THEY WERE PUBLISHED 664 00:28:04,600 --> 00:28:09,640 IN, AND I DIDN'T REALIZE THAT 665 00:28:09,640 --> 00:28:12,160 THESE WOULD BE ABOUT 150 PAGES 666 00:28:12,160 --> 00:28:13,160 WORTH OF PAPERS THAT I NEEDED TO 667 00:28:13,160 --> 00:28:14,440 READ TO UNDERSTAND MORE ABOUT 668 00:28:14,440 --> 00:28:16,280 THE TOPIC WE'RE GOING TO TALK 669 00:28:16,280 --> 00:28:17,400 ABOUT TODAY. 670 00:28:17,400 --> 00:28:21,320 I DID NOT READ ALL 150 PAGES OF 671 00:28:21,320 --> 00:28:22,960 THAT WORK, BUT I DID FOCUS QUITE 672 00:28:22,960 --> 00:28:26,480 A BIT ON THE APRAXIAS. 673 00:28:26,480 --> 00:28:29,760 FOR A LONG TIME, AND I'LL TOUCH 674 00:28:29,760 --> 00:28:31,160 ON A MOMENT HERE I THINK 675 00:28:31,160 --> 00:28:31,960 SOMETHING THAT'S REALLY 676 00:28:31,960 --> 00:28:33,080 INTERESTING WITH THE APRAXIAS 677 00:28:33,080 --> 00:28:35,120 AND KIND OF HOW A LOT OF THIS 678 00:28:35,120 --> 00:28:38,200 REALLY DEVELOPED, THE APRAXIAS, 679 00:28:38,200 --> 00:28:39,600 WHILE DEFINED SEVERAL DIFFERENT 680 00:28:39,600 --> 00:28:45,280 WAYS AND KIND OF HAVING 681 00:28:45,280 --> 00:28:47,040 DIFFERENT LEVELS OF APRAXIA, SO 682 00:28:47,040 --> 00:28:48,560 TO SPEAK, THESE FOUR 683 00:28:48,560 --> 00:28:51,120 PARTICULARLY HAVE BEEN UTILIZED 684 00:28:51,120 --> 00:28:51,640 MOST FREQUENTLY. 685 00:28:51,640 --> 00:28:53,080 AND I GOT REALLY EXCITED AND 686 00:28:53,080 --> 00:28:56,640 MARK WAS REALLY INTRIGUED ABOUT 687 00:28:56,640 --> 00:29:02,920 THIS IDEA OF I IDEOMOTOR APRAXI, 688 00:29:02,920 --> 00:29:05,320 THESE INDIVIDUALS WHO BY VIRTUE 689 00:29:05,320 --> 00:29:06,720 AS FAR AS WHAT WE WERE LOOKING 690 00:29:06,720 --> 00:29:10,120 AT BY VIRTUE OF HAVING A STROKE, 691 00:29:10,120 --> 00:29:13,400 SUDDENLY COULD NOT MAKE TOOL USE 692 00:29:13,400 --> 00:29:15,480 OR GESTURE MOVEMENTS WITH THEIR 693 00:29:15,480 --> 00:29:16,600 HANDS BILATERALLY. 694 00:29:16,600 --> 00:29:17,560 THEY STILL UNDERSTOOD WHAT THEY 695 00:29:17,560 --> 00:29:21,880 WERE SUPPOSED TO DO, THEY STILL 696 00:29:21,880 --> 00:29:22,840 UNDERSTOOD PERHAPS WHAT THE TOOL 697 00:29:22,840 --> 00:29:24,280 WAS AND WHAT A TOOL MIGHT BE 698 00:29:24,280 --> 00:29:24,880 USED FOR. 699 00:29:24,880 --> 00:29:27,760 THEY JUST COULDN'T DEVELOP THE 700 00:29:27,760 --> 00:29:29,400 MOTOR PLAN FOR THIS PARTICULAR 701 00:29:29,400 --> 00:29:29,560 ONE. 702 00:29:29,560 --> 00:29:30,320 AND RELATED TO THAT, 703 00:29:30,320 --> 00:29:34,760 PARTICULARLY THE LAST TWO, SPILL 704 00:29:34,760 --> 00:29:37,040 OVER INTO MORE ACTION-BASED 705 00:29:37,040 --> 00:29:38,920 IDEAS, SO HOW YOU CARRY OUT A 706 00:29:38,920 --> 00:29:40,880 SERIES OF TASKS OR THE ABSOLUTE 707 00:29:40,880 --> 00:29:47,000 LOSS OF TOOL KNOWLEDGE AS A 708 00:29:47,000 --> 00:29:47,400 WHOLE. 709 00:29:47,400 --> 00:29:48,640 THESE VERY FASCINATING HISTORY 710 00:29:48,640 --> 00:29:49,720 WHICH I LEARNED IN PART FROM 711 00:29:49,720 --> 00:29:51,240 READING THAT ARTICLE AND IN PART 712 00:29:51,240 --> 00:29:53,440 FROM WORKING WITH MARK OVER THE 713 00:29:53,440 --> 00:29:56,080 YEARS, GOING BACK TO REALLY 714 00:29:56,080 --> 00:29:57,080 PRIMITIVE DEFINITIONS THAT 715 00:29:57,080 --> 00:30:02,120 EMERGED IN THE 1800s, AND THEN 716 00:30:02,120 --> 00:30:04,160 A REALLY IMPRESSIVE VOLUME OF 717 00:30:04,160 --> 00:30:07,880 LITERATURE IN THE EARLY 1900s 718 00:30:07,880 --> 00:30:09,840 KIND OF ENDING IN 1920 BEFORE 719 00:30:09,840 --> 00:30:12,920 THINGS WENT SILENT UNTIL ABOUT 720 00:30:12,920 --> 00:30:13,120 1965. 721 00:30:13,120 --> 00:30:18,800 IT WAS THE PAPERS FROM NORMAN 722 00:30:18,800 --> 00:30:20,240 GESCHWENN THAT I WAS HIGHLY 723 00:30:20,240 --> 00:30:21,240 REFERRED TO BY MARK TO READ 724 00:30:21,240 --> 00:30:22,640 BECAUSE OF THIS DISCONNECTION 725 00:30:22,640 --> 00:30:24,840 ASPECT, THIS IDEA THAT PERHAPS 726 00:30:24,840 --> 00:30:27,120 VERBAL INPUT, LANGUAGE INPUT FOR 727 00:30:27,120 --> 00:30:30,080 MOTOR COMMAND COULD PERHAPS 728 00:30:30,080 --> 00:30:31,640 MAYBE NOT SO TO SPEAK MAKE ITS 729 00:30:31,640 --> 00:30:34,280 WAY INTO THE MOTOR SYSTEM TO 730 00:30:34,280 --> 00:30:35,560 HELP PLAN AND ORGANIZE A 731 00:30:35,560 --> 00:30:37,920 MOVEMENT. 732 00:30:37,920 --> 00:30:40,120 MANY PEOPLE SINCE, IN THE 733 00:30:40,120 --> 00:30:42,680 EIGHTIES, KIND OF SPILLED OUT TO 734 00:30:42,680 --> 00:30:43,960 HELP DEVELOP APRAXIA. 735 00:30:43,960 --> 00:30:45,840 MANY OF THESE INDIVIDUALS THAT 736 00:30:45,840 --> 00:30:49,680 YOU SEE LISTED HERE WERE A PART 737 00:30:49,680 --> 00:30:52,280 OF A CONFERENCE THAT WE HAD HERE 738 00:30:52,280 --> 00:30:58,080 BACK IN ABOUT 2004 THAT MARK WAS 739 00:30:58,080 --> 00:31:00,720 HAPPY TO HELP ORGANIZE HERE ON 740 00:31:00,720 --> 00:31:01,480 APRAXIA. 741 00:31:01,480 --> 00:31:02,880 AND I DEFINITELY ALWAYS 742 00:31:02,880 --> 00:31:07,880 APPRECIATED THAT OPPORTUNITY AS 743 00:31:07,880 --> 00:31:08,480 A YOUNG STUDENTS. 744 00:31:08,480 --> 00:31:09,960 SO WHEN WE FIRST GOT TALKING 745 00:31:09,960 --> 00:31:11,200 ABOUT THIS, I WOULD GO TO HIS 746 00:31:11,200 --> 00:31:12,960 OFFICE AND WE WOULD TALK ABOUT 747 00:31:12,960 --> 00:31:14,960 PAPERS LIKE THESE. 748 00:31:14,960 --> 00:31:18,880 THIS EMPHASIS THAT MOTOR AND 749 00:31:18,880 --> 00:31:20,280 ACTION, SO TO SPEAK, COULD 750 00:31:20,280 --> 00:31:24,120 INVOLVE VARIOUS -- BEYOND THE 751 00:31:24,120 --> 00:31:25,400 MOTOR CORTEX, SOME OF THIS WORK 752 00:31:25,400 --> 00:31:28,400 BEING DONE RIGHT HERE AT NIH, 753 00:31:28,400 --> 00:31:29,360 WHERE PEOPLE WERE TRYING TO 754 00:31:29,360 --> 00:31:30,360 UNDERSTAND THAT YOU COULD THINK 755 00:31:30,360 --> 00:31:32,080 ABOUT MOTOR IMAGERY AND YOU 756 00:31:32,080 --> 00:31:35,920 COULD GET ENGAGEMENT IN PREMOTOR 757 00:31:35,920 --> 00:31:37,680 AREAS, AND AS WELL, EVEN WORK 758 00:31:37,680 --> 00:31:39,320 THAT I PERSONALLY FOUND VERY 759 00:31:39,320 --> 00:31:42,600 EXCITING, WAS THIS IDEA THAT YOU 760 00:31:42,600 --> 00:31:44,040 COULD SHOW PEOPLE PICTURES OF 761 00:31:44,040 --> 00:31:46,640 TOOLS AND SHOW PEOPLE PICTURES 762 00:31:46,640 --> 00:31:48,600 OF JUST THINGS THAT MAKE NO 763 00:31:48,600 --> 00:31:53,200 SENSE, AND THAT SOMEHOW THESE 764 00:31:53,200 --> 00:31:54,600 WOULD ENGAGE OTHER BRAIN AREAS 765 00:31:54,600 --> 00:31:57,040 AND YOU'VE GOT US THINKING A BIT 766 00:31:57,040 --> 00:32:00,720 ABOUT APRAXIA, AND STARTING WITH 767 00:32:00,720 --> 00:32:02,040 A VERY BASIC QUESTION, INSTEAD 768 00:32:02,040 --> 00:32:03,160 OF STARTING WITH AN 769 00:32:03,160 --> 00:32:04,800 UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT IS 770 00:32:04,800 --> 00:32:06,040 APRAXIA, AND WHAT ARE THE 771 00:32:06,040 --> 00:32:07,640 ORIGINS OF APRAXIA, WHY DON'T WE 772 00:32:07,640 --> 00:32:11,800 START TO UNDERSTAND THE BASIC 773 00:32:11,800 --> 00:32:14,120 ASPECTS OF PRAXIS CONTROL IN 774 00:32:14,120 --> 00:32:14,680 HUMANS. 775 00:32:14,680 --> 00:32:17,720 WHAT DOES THAT ACTUALLY LOOK 776 00:32:17,720 --> 00:32:19,120 LIKE, WHAT ARE THE NEURAL AREAS 777 00:32:19,120 --> 00:32:21,360 INVOLVED IN THAT, AND WHAT CAN 778 00:32:21,360 --> 00:32:24,400 WE LEARN FROM THAT AS IT RELATES 779 00:32:24,400 --> 00:32:25,280 TO APRAXIA. 780 00:32:25,280 --> 00:32:27,680 SO IN THE EARLY TWO THOUSANDS, 781 00:32:27,680 --> 00:32:30,200 ERIC MENTIONED A BIT ABOUT THIS 782 00:32:30,200 --> 00:32:33,400 PARTICULAR SIGNAL, SO WE HAD 783 00:32:33,400 --> 00:32:37,440 SOME PEOPLE, WE PUT -- THESE 784 00:32:37,440 --> 00:32:39,280 WERE ALL HEALTHY PEOPLE AND WE 785 00:32:39,280 --> 00:32:41,680 HAD PEOPLE PANTOMIME OR PRETEND 786 00:32:41,680 --> 00:32:43,000 HOW TO MAKE A COUPLE DIFFERENT 787 00:32:43,000 --> 00:32:44,200 MOVEMENTS WITH THEIR HANDS. 788 00:32:44,200 --> 00:32:48,040 SO THIS IS WAVING GOODBYE, 789 00:32:48,040 --> 00:32:50,880 PEACE, AN OKAY SIGN, AND ALSO 790 00:32:50,880 --> 00:32:54,120 USING SCISSORS, A SCREWDRIVER, 791 00:32:54,120 --> 00:32:55,480 AND USING A HAMMER. 792 00:32:55,480 --> 00:32:57,200 SO THEY WOULD JUST DO THESE 793 00:32:57,200 --> 00:33:00,360 MOVEMENTS IN A SELF-PACED TASK, 794 00:33:00,360 --> 00:33:02,000 AND SINCE WE WERE LOOKING AT 795 00:33:02,000 --> 00:33:04,840 EEG, WE WERE INTERESTED IN 796 00:33:04,840 --> 00:33:08,160 LOOKING AT THE EMERGENCE OF THIS 797 00:33:08,160 --> 00:33:10,640 EARLY SLOW RISING NEGATIVITY, 798 00:33:10,640 --> 00:33:14,920 COMMONLY AT THE TIME, LOCALIZED 799 00:33:14,920 --> 00:33:17,480 MAINLY OVER SENSORY MOTOR AREAS, 800 00:33:17,480 --> 00:33:18,880 PARTICULARLY CONTRALATERALLY. 801 00:33:18,880 --> 00:33:21,160 WHAT WAS VERY EXCITING TO MARK 802 00:33:21,160 --> 00:33:23,800 AS WE WERE DOING THIS, AND I 803 00:33:23,800 --> 00:33:26,120 THINK DOING HIS DUE DILIGENCE, 804 00:33:26,120 --> 00:33:27,840 HE MADE ME PROVE OVER AND OVER 805 00:33:27,840 --> 00:33:29,960 AND OVER AGAIN THAT THIS SIGNAL 806 00:33:29,960 --> 00:33:31,640 WAS ACTUALLY REAL, BUT WE SAW 807 00:33:31,640 --> 00:33:33,320 THAT THIS SIGNAL WAS ACTUALLY 808 00:33:33,320 --> 00:33:37,000 EMERGING INITIALLY IN THE 809 00:33:37,000 --> 00:33:38,200 POSTERIOR PARIETAL AREAS AS 810 00:33:38,200 --> 00:33:40,000 INDICATED BY BLUE IN THESE 811 00:33:40,000 --> 00:33:41,200 FIGURES, AND THEN IT EXPANDED 812 00:33:41,200 --> 00:33:42,400 INTO PREMOTOR AND MOTOR AREAS, 813 00:33:42,400 --> 00:33:43,920 WHICH WAS A BIT UNIQUE FOR THE 814 00:33:43,920 --> 00:33:46,080 TIME. 815 00:33:46,080 --> 00:33:48,400 ADDITIONALLY WITH THAT, WE 816 00:33:48,400 --> 00:33:50,160 WANTED TO UNDERSTAND 817 00:33:50,160 --> 00:33:51,880 PARTICULARLY THE NETWORKS THAT 818 00:33:51,880 --> 00:33:56,920 WERE ENGAGED IN THESE AREAS. 819 00:33:56,920 --> 00:33:59,200 SO WHAT DO THE NETWORKS LIKE 820 00:33:59,200 --> 00:34:02,960 LIKE THAT WERE DOING THIS? 821 00:34:02,960 --> 00:34:03,560 FORTUNATELY THERE WAS A GOOD 822 00:34:03,560 --> 00:34:05,360 HISTORY OF PEOPLE DOING NETWORK 823 00:34:05,360 --> 00:34:07,560 ANALYSES OF EEG IN THE LAB, AND 824 00:34:07,560 --> 00:34:12,040 SO WE GOT TO BOTH DEVELOP THE 825 00:34:12,040 --> 00:34:13,480 TECHNIQUE AND THEN APPLY THAT 826 00:34:13,480 --> 00:34:14,240 TECHNIQUE WITH THIS PARTICULAR 827 00:34:14,240 --> 00:34:14,640 STUDY. 828 00:34:14,640 --> 00:34:15,800 ONE OF MY FAVORITE PAPERS TO 829 00:34:15,800 --> 00:34:19,440 THIS DAY IS THE ONE THAT YOU SEE 830 00:34:19,440 --> 00:34:21,040 OVER HERE BECAUSE OF A TECHNIQUE 831 00:34:21,040 --> 00:34:25,040 THAT IS REFERRED TO AS IMAGINARY 832 00:34:25,040 --> 00:34:26,080 COHERENCE, WHICH I LOVE TO TRY 833 00:34:26,080 --> 00:34:27,320 TO DESCRIBE TO PEOPLE, AND THAT 834 00:34:27,320 --> 00:34:30,360 IS ACTUALLY NOT IMAGINARY, IT IS 835 00:34:30,360 --> 00:34:32,120 ACTUALLY REAL, BUT IT IS ALSO 836 00:34:32,120 --> 00:34:34,840 NOT REAL BECAUSE IT'S IMAGINARY. 837 00:34:34,840 --> 00:34:35,160 [LAUGHTER] 838 00:34:35,160 --> 00:34:37,440 IT'S A PHENOMENAL, PHENOMENAL 839 00:34:37,440 --> 00:34:40,440 SERIES TO GIVE TO STUDENTS ON 840 00:34:40,440 --> 00:34:41,760 SIGNAL PROCESSING. 841 00:34:41,760 --> 00:34:43,520 SO WE DEVELOPED THIS TECHNIQUE, 842 00:34:43,520 --> 00:34:45,160 AND THIS WAS A LOT OF FUN TO DO, 843 00:34:45,160 --> 00:34:48,840 IT WAS A LOT OF HARD WORK TO 844 00:34:48,840 --> 00:34:50,280 DEVELOP THIS, BUT WE APPLIED 845 00:34:50,280 --> 00:34:51,600 THIS TECHNIQUE TO THE 846 00:34:51,600 --> 00:34:54,320 AFOREMENTIONED STUDY THAT I JUST 847 00:34:54,320 --> 00:34:55,400 DESCRIBED, WHERE WE DISCOVERED 848 00:34:55,400 --> 00:34:59,040 THAT THERE WERE CERTAIN 849 00:34:59,040 --> 00:35:00,240 CONNECTIONS PARTICULARLY BETWEEN 850 00:35:00,240 --> 00:35:01,920 PARIETAL AND MOTOR AREAS, 851 00:35:01,920 --> 00:35:03,080 PARIETAL AND PREMOTOR AREAS THAT 852 00:35:03,080 --> 00:35:05,720 WERE INVOLVED IN THE EARLY 853 00:35:05,720 --> 00:35:06,920 PLANNING PHASE MERGING AS 854 00:35:06,920 --> 00:35:08,120 CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THESE BRAIN 855 00:35:08,120 --> 00:35:09,200 AREAS, WHICH WAS REALLY A LOT OF 856 00:35:09,200 --> 00:35:10,320 FUN. 857 00:35:10,320 --> 00:35:14,600 AND THAT LED TO AN EXPLOSION OF 858 00:35:14,600 --> 00:35:19,920 WORK COMING OUT OF THE LAB AT 859 00:35:19,920 --> 00:35:22,640 THE TIME WITH SEVERAL PEOPLE -- 860 00:35:22,640 --> 00:35:24,840 IT'S GREAT TO HAVE THIS 861 00:35:24,840 --> 00:35:27,120 COMMUNITY THROUGH HUMAN MOTOR 862 00:35:27,120 --> 00:35:28,040 CONTROL SECTION THAT I'VE BEEN 863 00:35:28,040 --> 00:35:29,200 ABLE TO KEEP IN TOUCH WITH OVER 864 00:35:29,200 --> 00:35:30,640 THE YEARS WHO HAVE DONE SEVERAL 865 00:35:30,640 --> 00:35:35,240 STUDIES IN FMRI AND ELECTROCOURT 866 00:35:35,240 --> 00:35:36,680 COGGRAPHY TO TRY TO UNDERSTAND A 867 00:35:36,680 --> 00:35:38,720 CERTAIN UNDERSTANDING OF CERTAIN 868 00:35:38,720 --> 00:35:39,600 TOOL-RELATED BEHAVIORS, THIS 869 00:35:39,600 --> 00:35:41,040 INTERSECTION OF COGNITIVE SYSTEM 870 00:35:41,040 --> 00:35:42,560 RELATED TO MOTOR DEMANDS, 871 00:35:42,560 --> 00:35:46,800 INTEREST IN MOTOR SYSTEMS, AND 872 00:35:46,800 --> 00:35:51,280 HOW THE COGNITIVE ASPECTS OF 873 00:35:51,280 --> 00:35:52,600 WHAT YOU WANT TO DO PARTICULARLY 874 00:35:52,600 --> 00:35:56,760 FROM A TOOL USE BEHAVIOR CONNECT 875 00:35:56,760 --> 00:36:00,440 TO YOUR MOTOR PLANNING 876 00:36:00,440 --> 00:36:01,000 EXECUTION. 877 00:36:01,000 --> 00:36:02,440 WHAT'S REALLY FUN IS THAT 878 00:36:02,440 --> 00:36:03,720 EXPANDS QUITE A BIT INTO A LOT 879 00:36:03,720 --> 00:36:09,960 OF DOMAINS AND I THINK CERTAINLY 880 00:36:09,960 --> 00:36:11,520 MARK'S ENTHUSIASM TO TAKE THIS 881 00:36:11,520 --> 00:36:13,280 ON HAS REALLY SPILLED OUT INTO A 882 00:36:13,280 --> 00:36:18,320 LOT OF OTHER STUDIES WHETHER 883 00:36:18,320 --> 00:36:19,720 IT'S IN MY LAB OR OTHER LABS 884 00:36:19,720 --> 00:36:21,160 AROUND THE WORLD THAT ARE TRYING 885 00:36:21,160 --> 00:36:22,320 TO UNDERSTAND THINGS SUCH AS 886 00:36:22,320 --> 00:36:24,200 THIS, UNDERSTANDING CONTEXT OF 887 00:36:24,200 --> 00:36:24,760 ACTION. 888 00:36:24,760 --> 00:36:29,120 SO IF YOU SEE AN ACTION THAT IS 889 00:36:29,120 --> 00:36:31,080 CORRECT BASED ON A NORMAL 890 00:36:31,080 --> 00:36:33,680 STRUCTURAL DEFINITION OF 891 00:36:33,680 --> 00:36:35,400 BEHAVIOR AND THEN YOU SEE AN 892 00:36:35,400 --> 00:36:37,000 ACTION LIKE THIS THAT IS 893 00:36:37,000 --> 00:36:38,080 INCORRECT, YOU WOULDN'T 894 00:36:38,080 --> 00:36:39,640 NECESSARILY NORMALLY DO THAT, 895 00:36:39,640 --> 00:36:41,120 THAT THERE IS, PERHAPS, A NEURAL 896 00:36:41,120 --> 00:36:42,720 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THESE TWO 897 00:36:42,720 --> 00:36:44,200 MEDIATED BY DIFFERENT NEURAL 898 00:36:44,200 --> 00:36:45,960 NETWORKS, ONE, THE CORRECT IN 899 00:36:45,960 --> 00:36:47,800 RED AND THE GREEN WOULD BE THE 900 00:36:47,800 --> 00:36:49,160 INCORRECT THERE. 901 00:36:49,160 --> 00:36:53,440 YOU CAN ALSO EVALUATE USING EEG 902 00:36:53,440 --> 00:36:55,080 TO BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND, AGAIN, 903 00:36:55,080 --> 00:36:56,200 THAT THERE ARE CERTAIN 904 00:36:56,200 --> 00:36:58,920 SUBNETWORKS AND NETWORKS WHICH 905 00:36:58,920 --> 00:37:00,000 MAY COME BACK TO WHY 906 00:37:00,000 --> 00:37:01,640 PARTICULARLY PEOPLE THAT CAN'T 907 00:37:01,640 --> 00:37:02,680 NECESSARILY DIFFERENTIATE THE 908 00:37:02,680 --> 00:37:05,240 TWO TEND TO HAVE LESIONS IN THIS 909 00:37:05,240 --> 00:37:09,200 REGION HERE. 910 00:37:09,200 --> 00:37:11,440 PERHAPS THEY CAN'T DISTINGUISH 911 00:37:11,440 --> 00:37:12,480 BETWEEN CORRECT AND INCORRECT 912 00:37:12,480 --> 00:37:13,080 ACTION. 913 00:37:13,080 --> 00:37:14,280 AND AS WELL SOMETHING THAT WE'VE 914 00:37:14,280 --> 00:37:16,000 SPENT A BIT OF TIME WITH IN MY 915 00:37:16,000 --> 00:37:20,720 LAB IS UNDERSTANDING HOW 916 00:37:20,720 --> 00:37:21,800 MULTIPLE SYSTEMS HELP TO 917 00:37:21,800 --> 00:37:23,000 INTERACT WITH THIS TYPE OF 918 00:37:23,000 --> 00:37:26,280 BEHAVIOR. 919 00:37:26,280 --> 00:37:28,920 I REMEMBER DISTINCTLY A 920 00:37:28,920 --> 00:37:29,920 CONVERSATION, ONE OF THE FIRST 921 00:37:29,920 --> 00:37:33,080 PAPERS THAT I EVER PRESENTED AT 922 00:37:33,080 --> 00:37:37,440 OUR JOURNAL CLUB IN THE LAB MANY 923 00:37:37,440 --> 00:37:39,200 YEARS AGO WAS ACTUALLY IN OUR 924 00:37:39,200 --> 00:37:40,960 TRACKING PAPER RELATED TO MOTOR 925 00:37:40,960 --> 00:37:42,360 PERFORMANCE, AND I FEEL LIKE 926 00:37:42,360 --> 00:37:43,680 MANY TIMES I'VE COME FULL CIRCLE 927 00:37:43,680 --> 00:37:45,080 WITH THAT BECAUSE A LOT OF THE 928 00:37:45,080 --> 00:37:48,720 WORK WE'RE DOING THAT WAS 929 00:37:48,720 --> 00:37:50,320 ACTUALLY WITH EYE TRACKING WHICH 930 00:37:50,320 --> 00:37:51,440 HAS BEEN VERY EXCITING TO LOOK 931 00:37:51,440 --> 00:37:52,960 AT CONNECTIONS BETWEEN EYE 932 00:37:52,960 --> 00:37:54,840 TRACKING, MOTOR PERFORMANCE 933 00:37:54,840 --> 00:37:55,800 PARTICULARLY WITH SOME OF THESE 934 00:37:55,800 --> 00:37:57,240 PRAXIS MOTOR SKILLS AS WE'VE 935 00:37:57,240 --> 00:37:58,240 DISCUSSED, AND THIS IS AN 936 00:37:58,240 --> 00:37:59,360 EXAMPLE WHERE WE'VE BEEN ABLE TO 937 00:37:59,360 --> 00:38:02,800 LOOK AT HOW CERTAIN NEURAL 938 00:38:02,800 --> 00:38:03,960 ACTIVATION PATTERNS OVER 939 00:38:03,960 --> 00:38:05,920 PARIETAL AREAS AND FRONTAL AREAS 940 00:38:05,920 --> 00:38:08,640 ARE CONNECTED TO EITHER THE 941 00:38:08,640 --> 00:38:11,480 UNDERSTANDING OF THE TOOL OR ARE 942 00:38:11,480 --> 00:38:13,640 MORE RELATED TO THE EYE MOVEMENT 943 00:38:13,640 --> 00:38:15,440 PLANNING SIGNAL ITSELF. 944 00:38:15,440 --> 00:38:19,040 SUCH THAT THERE IS A POTENTIAL 945 00:38:19,040 --> 00:38:20,360 DISSOCIATION WE CAN MAKE IN THE 946 00:38:20,360 --> 00:38:23,880 NEURAL SIGNALS FOR EYE MOVEMENT 947 00:38:23,880 --> 00:38:33,600 OVER PRY T PARIETAL FRONTAL -- N 948 00:38:33,600 --> 00:38:34,560 DO SIMILAR THINGS WITH 949 00:38:34,560 --> 00:38:36,320 INDIVIDUALS THAT ARE DEALING 950 00:38:36,320 --> 00:38:38,520 WITH STROKE THAT HAVE APRAXIA AS 951 00:38:38,520 --> 00:38:41,040 WELL. 952 00:38:41,040 --> 00:38:46,760 AND THEN FINALLY, THIS HAS ALSO 953 00:38:46,760 --> 00:38:48,720 EXPANDED INTO AN UNDERSTANDING 954 00:38:48,720 --> 00:38:50,160 OF SOMETHING LIKE LIMB LOSS, HOW 955 00:38:50,160 --> 00:38:53,000 CAN LIMB LOSS AFFECT THIS AS 956 00:38:53,000 --> 00:38:53,440 WELL? 957 00:38:53,440 --> 00:38:56,840 GETTING BACK TO THIS IDEA OF 958 00:38:56,840 --> 00:38:58,160 PRAXIS BEHAVIOR BUT IN THIS CASE 959 00:38:58,160 --> 00:38:59,920 SOMEBODY WITH AN AMPUTATION THAT 960 00:38:59,920 --> 00:39:03,280 IS REACHING FOR A COFFEE MUG 961 00:39:03,280 --> 00:39:06,560 VERSUS SOMEBODY WITH SOUND LIMBS 962 00:39:06,560 --> 00:39:08,280 REACHING FOR A COFFEE MUG AND 963 00:39:08,280 --> 00:39:09,840 THE FACT THAT IF YOU HAVE 964 00:39:09,840 --> 00:39:10,840 INDIVIDUALS WITH AMPUTATION 965 00:39:10,840 --> 00:39:14,000 REACHING FOR A COFFEE MUG, YOU 966 00:39:14,000 --> 00:39:16,520 SEE ACTIVATION OF LEFT PARIETAL 967 00:39:16,520 --> 00:39:19,120 FRONTAL AREAS WHICH IS NICE AND 968 00:39:19,120 --> 00:39:23,080 FAIRLY PREDICTABLE. 969 00:39:23,080 --> 00:39:25,160 HOWEVER, IF YOU ARE AN AMPUTEE 970 00:39:25,160 --> 00:39:26,240 WATCHING SOMEBODY WITH SOUND 971 00:39:26,240 --> 00:39:27,880 LIMBS DOG THE SAME THING, A LOT 972 00:39:27,880 --> 00:39:29,680 OF THAT IS SITTING OVER IN THE 973 00:39:29,680 --> 00:39:30,440 RIGHT HEMISPHERE. 974 00:39:30,440 --> 00:39:32,520 WHAT I'VE ALWAYS FOUND 975 00:39:32,520 --> 00:39:33,920 FASCINATING ABOUT THIS IS THAT 976 00:39:33,920 --> 00:39:36,360 THIS REALLY ECHOES A FINDING 977 00:39:36,360 --> 00:39:38,560 THAT WE EVEN SAW IN PEOPLE WITH 978 00:39:38,560 --> 00:39:39,080 APRAXIA. 979 00:39:39,080 --> 00:39:42,600 INDIVIDUAL WITH APRAXIA SHARE A 980 00:39:42,600 --> 00:39:47,400 SIMILAR SHIFT IN LATERALIZATION 981 00:39:47,400 --> 00:39:48,640 FOR THEIR NEURAL NETWORKS 982 00:39:48,640 --> 00:39:50,120 RELATED TO PRAXIS PLANNING. 983 00:39:50,120 --> 00:39:52,440 I'D LIKE TO END BY JUST SAYING 984 00:39:52,440 --> 00:39:54,880 THIS BRIEFLY. 985 00:39:54,880 --> 00:39:56,880 PRESENTLY A FEW GRAD STUDENTS, A 986 00:39:56,880 --> 00:39:58,480 FEE UNDERGRADS ARE IN THE LAB, 987 00:39:58,480 --> 00:39:59,240 BUT ONE OF THE THINGS THAT'S 988 00:39:59,240 --> 00:40:00,560 VERY EXCITING TO ME AND ALWAYS 989 00:40:00,560 --> 00:40:01,720 HAS BEEN EXCITING TO ME IS THAT 990 00:40:01,720 --> 00:40:06,120 I GET THE OPPORTUNITY TO BOTH 991 00:40:06,120 --> 00:40:08,640 SEND ALL OF MY STUDENTS ON A 992 00:40:08,640 --> 00:40:10,440 FISHING EXPEDITION FOR THOSE 993 00:40:10,440 --> 00:40:12,040 DISCONNECTION SYNDROMES IN 994 00:40:12,040 --> 00:40:13,000 ANIMALS AND MAN PAPER, JUST LIKE 995 00:40:13,000 --> 00:40:15,640 I WAS, TELL THEM THEY HAVE TO 996 00:40:15,640 --> 00:40:17,040 READ IT AND I'M SURE THEY DON'T, 997 00:40:17,040 --> 00:40:20,600 JUST LIKE I DID, BUT WHAT'S 998 00:40:20,600 --> 00:40:23,280 REALLY, REALLY COOL IS SEEING A 999 00:40:23,280 --> 00:40:25,480 GENERATION OF STUDENTS BENEFIT 1000 00:40:25,480 --> 00:40:26,440 FROM SOME OF THE SAME 1001 00:40:26,440 --> 00:40:27,560 EXPERIENCES THAT I TRY TO 1002 00:40:27,560 --> 00:40:29,400 CULTIVATE IN MY LAB NOW BECAUSE 1003 00:40:29,400 --> 00:40:30,880 OF THE INFLUENCE OF YOU, MARK. 1004 00:40:30,880 --> 00:40:32,280 SO I REALLY APPRECIATE ALL OF 1005 00:40:32,280 --> 00:40:33,600 YOUR MENTORSHIP ALONG THE WAY 1006 00:40:33,600 --> 00:40:35,240 AND ALL OF YOUR GUIDANCE, AND I 1007 00:40:35,240 --> 00:40:35,680 WILL END THERE. 1008 00:40:35,680 --> 00:40:36,480 THANK YOU SO MUCH. 1009 00:40:36,480 --> 00:40:42,600 [APPLAUSE] 1010 00:40:42,600 --> 00:40:44,680 SO IT'S A PLEASURE TO BE HERE. 1011 00:40:44,680 --> 00:40:48,640 THANK YOU VERY MUCH TO THE 1012 00:40:48,640 --> 00:40:51,920 ORGANIZERS FOR INVITING ME. 1013 00:40:51,920 --> 00:40:53,120 SO WHAT I WOULD LIKE TO SHARE 1014 00:40:53,120 --> 00:40:57,240 WITH YOU TODAY IS ESSENTIALLY 1015 00:40:57,240 --> 00:40:58,800 HOW DID A FELLOW FEEL THOSE 1016 00:40:58,800 --> 00:40:59,240 DAYS? 1017 00:40:59,240 --> 00:41:03,600 WHAT DID IT FEEL LIKE TO BE A 1018 00:41:03,600 --> 00:41:06,000 FELLOW IN THE LAB? 1019 00:41:06,000 --> 00:41:08,120 AND LET'S SEE IF I CAN MANAGE 1020 00:41:08,120 --> 00:41:18,320 THIS RIGHT. 1021 00:41:20,880 --> 00:41:23,120 SO THIS IS A VERY OLD PICTURE, 1022 00:41:23,120 --> 00:41:29,160 AND IT'S SORT OF A PHOTO -- THE 1023 00:41:29,160 --> 00:41:30,440 PROBLEM IS THAT FROM THOSE DAYS, 1024 00:41:30,440 --> 00:41:32,840 I DON'T HAVE MUCH. 1025 00:41:32,840 --> 00:41:34,800 I WAS VERY SURPRISED, TRYING TO 1026 00:41:34,800 --> 00:41:36,880 GO BACK INTO IT. 1027 00:41:36,880 --> 00:41:38,680 SO HERE WE ARE SEEING SOME OF 1028 00:41:38,680 --> 00:41:41,720 THE PLAYERS IN THOSE EARLY DAYS, 1029 00:41:41,720 --> 00:41:46,320 1985, I SUPPOSE THIS WAS, OR 6, 1030 00:41:46,320 --> 00:41:50,600 WITH JOHN, JULIE WHO YOU HAVE 1031 00:41:50,600 --> 00:41:57,800 HEARD IN GRAND ROUNDS AT THE 1032 00:41:57,800 --> 00:42:01,320 NINDS, BOJI, FANTASTIC GUY FROM 1033 00:42:01,320 --> 00:42:02,520 BULGARIA WHO WAS AT THE TIME IN 1034 00:42:02,520 --> 00:42:03,960 THE LAB AND THE YOUNGER VERSION 1035 00:42:03,960 --> 00:42:06,880 OF ME. 1036 00:42:06,880 --> 00:42:08,080 SO YES, EARLY DAYS. 1037 00:42:08,080 --> 00:42:10,880 WHAT DID IT FEEL LIKE TO WORK IN 1038 00:42:10,880 --> 00:42:15,840 MARK'S LAB DURING THOSE EARLY 1039 00:42:15,840 --> 00:42:16,840 DAYS? 1040 00:42:16,840 --> 00:42:21,000 WELL, I'M GOING TO TELL YOU AT 1041 00:42:21,000 --> 00:42:24,680 LEAST THREE OF THE FEATURES THAT 1042 00:42:24,680 --> 00:42:26,320 WERE PARTICULARLY STRIKING FOR 1043 00:42:26,320 --> 00:42:28,880 ME LOOKING BACK. 1044 00:42:28,880 --> 00:42:30,080 THE FIRST ONE IS THAT THE LAB 1045 00:42:30,080 --> 00:42:31,400 FELT DEFINITELY LIKE AN 1046 00:42:31,400 --> 00:42:33,040 INCUBATOR. 1047 00:42:33,040 --> 00:42:36,120 AN INCUBATOR OF IDEAS, OF 1048 00:42:36,120 --> 00:42:42,680 ATTITUDES, OF QUESTIONS TO ASK. 1049 00:42:42,680 --> 00:42:47,480 THE SECOND ONE WAS AN 1050 00:42:47,480 --> 00:42:48,920 ENVIRONMENT OF GREAT AND 1051 00:42:48,920 --> 00:42:49,680 REMARKABLE EXCITEMENT. 1052 00:42:49,680 --> 00:42:53,640 A PLACE WHERE YOU -- I'M SORT OF 1053 00:42:53,640 --> 00:42:54,640 AN EARLY RISER IN THE MORNING, 1054 00:42:54,640 --> 00:42:59,320 AND I WOKE UP AND I COULDN'T GET 1055 00:42:59,320 --> 00:43:01,320 MYSELF AWAY FROM RUNNING MY WAY 1056 00:43:01,320 --> 00:43:03,720 TO THE LAB AND GETTING TOGETHER 1057 00:43:03,720 --> 00:43:05,240 WITH COLLEAGUES THERE TO DO 1058 00:43:05,240 --> 00:43:08,160 THINGS. 1059 00:43:08,160 --> 00:43:12,440 A TIME WHERE THAT EXCITEMENT LED 1060 00:43:12,440 --> 00:43:14,320 TO RUN EXPERIMENTS FOR EXAMPLE 1061 00:43:14,320 --> 00:43:15,840 THAT TOOK TWO, THREE HOURS, 1062 00:43:15,840 --> 00:43:17,400 SOMETIMES FOUR HOURS TO DO, AT A 1063 00:43:17,400 --> 00:43:20,360 PACE OF THREE EXPERIMENTS A DAY. 1064 00:43:20,360 --> 00:43:23,000 UNHEARD OF, IMPOSSIBLE NOWADAYS 1065 00:43:23,000 --> 00:43:24,280 OBVIOUSLY, BUT A TREMENDOUS 1066 00:43:24,280 --> 00:43:26,440 AMOUNT OF EXCITEMENT. 1067 00:43:26,440 --> 00:43:28,800 AND THE PLACE THAT WAS A LITTLE 1068 00:43:28,800 --> 00:43:30,640 BIT LIKE A PERMANENT -- WE WERE 1069 00:43:30,640 --> 00:43:34,480 LIVING A PERMANENT STORM, 1070 00:43:34,480 --> 00:43:36,680 HURRICANE OF IDEAS FLOWING BACK 1071 00:43:36,680 --> 00:43:40,880 AND FORTH IN EVERY DIRECTION, 1072 00:43:40,880 --> 00:43:44,360 ALWAYS SORT OF -- WHERE MARK WAS 1073 00:43:44,360 --> 00:43:47,720 ALWAYS SORT OF PLAYING THIS 1074 00:43:47,720 --> 00:43:52,320 PERFECT BALANCE BETWEEN LETTING 1075 00:43:52,320 --> 00:43:56,240 THE FELLOWS -- RUN WILD, AT THE 1076 00:43:56,240 --> 00:43:57,600 SAME TIME SORT OF CHANNELS THE 1077 00:43:57,600 --> 00:43:59,080 DIRECTION OF THE EXPERIMENTS AND 1078 00:43:59,080 --> 00:44:01,760 ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE MOST 1079 00:44:01,760 --> 00:44:04,880 LIKELY SUCCESSFUL AND PRODUCTIVE 1080 00:44:04,880 --> 00:44:06,120 OUTCOMES. 1081 00:44:06,120 --> 00:44:09,720 SO THIS IS WHAT THE LAB WAS IN 1082 00:44:09,720 --> 00:44:11,360 THOSE DAYS OR FELT LIKE, BEING 1083 00:44:11,360 --> 00:44:14,440 IN THE LAB IN THOSE DAYS. 1084 00:44:14,440 --> 00:44:16,480 SO I'M GOING TO JUST TAKE ONE 1085 00:44:16,480 --> 00:44:20,160 EXAMPLE OF HOW THIS PERFECT 1086 00:44:20,160 --> 00:44:23,000 STORM OF IDEAS EVOLVED IN A 1087 00:44:23,000 --> 00:44:24,840 GIVEN THEME, AND THE THEME WAS 1088 00:44:24,840 --> 00:44:30,320 THE THEME OF STUDIES IN BLIND 1089 00:44:30,320 --> 00:44:33,840 INDIVIDUALS, WHICH IN MARK'S LAB 1090 00:44:33,840 --> 00:44:35,080 AS EVERYTHING HAS TO START IN 1091 00:44:35,080 --> 00:44:36,280 THE MOTOR CORTEX. 1092 00:44:36,280 --> 00:44:38,120 NO MATTER WHERE IT GOES LATER, 1093 00:44:38,120 --> 00:44:40,520 AS YOU WILL SEE, BUT IT'S GOT TO 1094 00:44:40,520 --> 00:44:46,320 START IN THE MOTOR CORTEX. 1095 00:44:46,320 --> 00:44:50,520 AND IN THESE FIRST MOTOR CORTEX 1096 00:44:50,520 --> 00:44:53,360 EXPERIMENTS, ONE WAS RUN BY 1097 00:44:53,360 --> 00:45:00,880 ALBERTO PASQUALIONI -- HE'S 1098 00:45:00,880 --> 00:45:02,640 CALLED ME OLD, AGE IS THE IN 1099 00:45:02,640 --> 00:45:04,720 EYES OF THE BEHOLDER AND HOW 1100 00:45:04,720 --> 00:45:06,480 LONG YOU HIKE. 1101 00:45:06,480 --> 00:45:09,120 SO YES, THIS IS ERIC HERE, 1102 00:45:09,120 --> 00:45:09,360 HIKING. 1103 00:45:09,360 --> 00:45:12,480 YOU ARE STILL HIKING? 1104 00:45:12,480 --> 00:45:12,800 [INAUDIBLE] 1105 00:45:12,800 --> 00:45:15,080 >>OKAY, OKAY. 1106 00:45:15,080 --> 00:45:17,440 NO NEED FOR PRETEXT AT THIS 1107 00:45:17,440 --> 00:45:18,320 POINT. 1108 00:45:18,320 --> 00:45:22,160 ANYWAY, IN THESE VERY EARLY 1109 00:45:22,160 --> 00:45:24,240 EXPERIMENTS, IN THESE AMAZINGLY 1110 00:45:24,240 --> 00:45:25,920 INTERESTING EXPERIMENTS WITH 1111 00:45:25,920 --> 00:45:29,200 ALBERTO AND ERIC HAVE DONE WAS 1112 00:45:29,200 --> 00:45:31,600 LOOK AT PATIENTS WHO WERE BLIND 1113 00:45:31,600 --> 00:45:37,160 FROM A VERY EARLY AGE, AND THEN 1114 00:45:37,160 --> 00:45:39,680 LOOK AT MAPS FROM THE FIRST 1115 00:45:39,680 --> 00:45:42,960 DORSAL INTEROSTIUM AFTER 1116 00:45:42,960 --> 00:45:47,360 TRANSPLANTING MAGNETIC 1117 00:45:47,360 --> 00:45:50,200 STIMULATION AFTER THESE 1118 00:45:50,200 --> 00:45:51,200 INDIVIDUALS WERE READING BRAILLE 1119 00:45:51,200 --> 00:45:53,720 FOR ABOUT A WEEK IN THIS CASE, 1120 00:45:53,720 --> 00:45:55,480 AND THEY WERE MAPPING THE MOTOR 1121 00:45:55,480 --> 00:46:03,440 CORTEX HE HERE, AND THEN 1122 00:46:03,440 --> 00:46:04,440 FOLLOWING -- YOU CAN SEE A 1123 00:46:04,440 --> 00:46:06,560 SMALLER MAP, THEN AGAIN ON A 1124 00:46:06,560 --> 00:46:08,360 SECOND WEEK, AT THE END OF THE 1125 00:46:08,360 --> 00:46:09,480 SECOND WEEK OF WORKING IN WHICH 1126 00:46:09,480 --> 00:46:11,120 IT GOES BACK UP, AND THE 1127 00:46:11,120 --> 00:46:12,800 CONCLUSION FROM THAT STUDY WAS 1128 00:46:12,800 --> 00:46:14,640 THAT THE RAPID MODULATION IN 1129 00:46:14,640 --> 00:46:17,400 MOTOR CORTICAL OUTPUTS IN 1130 00:46:17,400 --> 00:46:19,720 RELATION TO PRECEDING ACTIVITY 1131 00:46:19,720 --> 00:46:21,360 SEEMED TO BE THE RULE. 1132 00:46:21,360 --> 00:46:22,560 THESE MOTOR MAPS CHANGE WITH 1133 00:46:22,560 --> 00:46:24,040 ACTIVITY. 1134 00:46:24,040 --> 00:46:28,200 AND AFTER THIS IS WHEN THIS 1135 00:46:28,200 --> 00:46:30,520 RESEARCH WENT COMPLETELY 1136 00:46:30,520 --> 00:46:30,960 BERSERK. 1137 00:46:30,960 --> 00:46:33,440 THIS RESEARCH WENT PLACES SORT 1138 00:46:33,440 --> 00:46:35,000 OF COMPLETELY UNRELATED TO THE 1139 00:46:35,000 --> 00:46:39,400 MOTOR CORTEX. 1140 00:46:39,400 --> 00:46:44,720 AT THE TIME IN THE LAB, THEY DID 1141 00:46:44,720 --> 00:46:45,800 REMARK BELIEVE EXPERIMENTS IN 1142 00:46:45,800 --> 00:46:47,160 WHICH THEY WERE TRYING TO ASK 1143 00:46:47,160 --> 00:46:50,680 THE QUESTION, WELL, IF THE 1144 00:46:50,680 --> 00:46:53,400 OCCIPTAL CORTEX CAN'T SEE, THESE 1145 00:46:53,400 --> 00:46:55,160 GUYS ARE BLIND FROM ALMOST BIRTH 1146 00:46:55,160 --> 00:46:57,480 IN SOME CASES, OR VERY, VERY 1147 00:46:57,480 --> 00:47:00,720 YOUNG AGE, WHAT WOULD DO? 1148 00:47:00,720 --> 00:47:02,400 AND THE HYPOTHESIS WAS BROUGHT 1149 00:47:02,400 --> 00:47:09,520 UP IN THOSE IDEAS OR CULTURAL 1150 00:47:09,520 --> 00:47:12,440 ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH THE 1151 00:47:12,440 --> 00:47:16,000 HYPOTHESIS PUT FORWARD WAS THAT 1152 00:47:16,000 --> 00:47:17,960 PERHAPS THE OCCIPTAL CORTEX 1153 00:47:17,960 --> 00:47:20,120 COULD BE RECRUITED TO PERFORM A 1154 00:47:20,120 --> 00:47:22,240 DIFFERENT TASK. 1155 00:47:22,240 --> 00:47:25,640 AND IN FACT, WHAT THEY FOUND IS 1156 00:47:25,640 --> 00:47:28,480 ESSENTIALLY THAT IN THIS STUDY 1157 00:47:28,480 --> 00:47:31,640 THAT THE PRIMARY VISUAL AREAS OF 1158 00:47:31,640 --> 00:47:35,040 THE BRAIN GETS ACTIVATED WHEN 1159 00:47:35,040 --> 00:47:38,560 BLIND INDIVIDUALS PERFORM A 1160 00:47:38,560 --> 00:47:40,080 TACTILE DISCRIMINATION TASK. 1161 00:47:40,080 --> 00:47:46,400 SO W -- MAY BE ACTIVATED BY OTHR 1162 00:47:46,400 --> 00:47:47,880 SENSORY MODALITIES. 1163 00:47:47,880 --> 00:47:50,720 THESE BROUGHT UP THE SORT OF 1164 00:47:50,720 --> 00:47:52,640 NEXT QUESTION, OKAY, FINE, BUT 1165 00:47:52,640 --> 00:47:55,680 IS THIS ACTIVATION REALLY USEFUL 1166 00:47:55,680 --> 00:47:57,200 FOR THESE BLIND INDIVIDUALS? 1167 00:47:57,200 --> 00:48:03,680 IS THIS ACTIVATION JUST THE SORT 1168 00:48:03,680 --> 00:48:07,840 OF CORRELATE OF THE TASK 1169 00:48:07,840 --> 00:48:10,560 PERFORMANCE ITSELF OR THERE IS A 1170 00:48:10,560 --> 00:48:13,640 CAUSAL LINK BETWEEN THIS 1171 00:48:13,640 --> 00:48:15,040 ACTIVATION AND THIS PATIENT'S 1172 00:48:15,040 --> 00:48:16,600 REMARKABLE ABILITY TO READ 1173 00:48:16,600 --> 00:48:21,000 BRAILLE WITH A DEGREE OF TACTILE 1174 00:48:21,000 --> 00:48:21,800 DISCRIMINATIVE SKILLS THAT ARE 1175 00:48:21,800 --> 00:48:24,680 OUT OF PROPORTION FOR MOST OF US 1176 00:48:24,680 --> 00:48:27,040 SITTING HERE. 1177 00:48:27,040 --> 00:48:30,760 ABOABOUT THAT TIME I WAS COMING 1178 00:48:30,760 --> 00:48:32,480 BACK FROM RESIDENCY AT 1179 00:48:32,480 --> 00:48:34,040 GEORGETOWN AND TRIED TO LOOK AT 1180 00:48:34,040 --> 00:48:35,480 THESE QUESTIONS TOGETHER WITH 1181 00:48:35,480 --> 00:48:39,200 OTHERS LIKE, FOR EXAMPLE, A 1182 00:48:39,200 --> 00:48:42,280 REMARKABLE PERCUSSIONIST FROM 1183 00:48:42,280 --> 00:48:45,560 JAPAN HERE PLAYING SALSA AT A 1184 00:48:45,560 --> 00:48:48,760 DOWNTOWN CLUB IN ADAMS MORGAN OR 1185 00:48:48,760 --> 00:48:52,240 CHRISTIAN CARLOFF, A VERY GOOD 1186 00:48:52,240 --> 00:48:54,440 SALSA DANCER AS WELL, AND PABLO 1187 00:48:54,440 --> 00:48:57,840 NOW AT HOPKINS, CHRISTIAN WILL 1188 00:48:57,840 --> 00:48:59,240 BE TALKING A LITTLE BIT LATER. 1189 00:48:59,240 --> 00:49:03,760 SO IN THIS EXPERIMENT THAT WE 1190 00:49:03,760 --> 00:49:05,720 RAN AT THE TIME, WE LOOKED AT 1191 00:49:05,720 --> 00:49:08,480 THE INFLUENCE, TRYING TO FIND A 1192 00:49:08,480 --> 00:49:11,560 CAUSAL LINK BETWEEN THAT OW 1193 00:49:11,560 --> 00:49:13,520 OCCIPTAL ACTIVATION AND BRAILLE 1194 00:49:13,520 --> 00:49:21,160 READING, WE LOOK AT EARLY BLIND 1195 00:49:21,160 --> 00:49:23,160 INDIVIDUALS PERFORMING A TACTILE 1196 00:49:23,160 --> 00:49:24,680 DISCRIMINATION TASK, ESSENTIALLY 1197 00:49:24,680 --> 00:49:25,880 BRAILLE READING, AND LOOK AT THE 1198 00:49:25,880 --> 00:49:27,400 ABILITY TO READ WHEN DIFFERENT 1199 00:49:27,400 --> 00:49:32,040 PARTS OF THE BRAIN WERE 1200 00:49:32,040 --> 00:49:37,200 DISRUPTED WITH TMS. 1201 00:49:37,200 --> 00:49:39,560 SO THE RESULTS AT THAT POINT 1202 00:49:39,560 --> 00:49:42,680 WERE ESSENTIALLY COMPARING EARLY 1203 00:49:42,680 --> 00:49:44,440 BLIND INDIVIDUALS READING 1204 00:49:44,440 --> 00:49:50,160 BRAILLE WITH SIGHTED VOLUNTEERS 1205 00:49:50,160 --> 00:49:54,160 READING EMBOSSED LETTERS. 1206 00:49:54,160 --> 00:49:56,920 WHAT WAS FOUND WAS IN NORMAL OR 1207 00:49:56,920 --> 00:49:59,400 SIGHTED VOLUNTEERS AS WE WOULD 1208 00:49:59,400 --> 00:50:05,240 EXPECT, NND IN THE Y AXIS YOU SE 1209 00:50:05,240 --> 00:50:05,920 ERROR RATE. 1210 00:50:05,920 --> 00:50:09,080 SO MOST ERRORS READING EMBOSSED 1211 00:50:09,080 --> 00:50:10,320 LETTERS WERE FOUND WHEN 1212 00:50:10,320 --> 00:50:13,160 STIMULATING OR DISRUPTING THE 1213 00:50:13,160 --> 00:50:15,800 SENSORY MOTOR CORTEX AND NOT 1214 00:50:15,800 --> 00:50:19,840 MUCH WHEN STIMULATING MID 1215 00:50:19,840 --> 00:50:20,640 OCCIPITAL AREAS. 1216 00:50:20,640 --> 00:50:22,280 ON THE OTHER HAND, BRAILLE 1217 00:50:22,280 --> 00:50:25,560 READING WAS SUBSTANTIALLY -- TO 1218 00:50:25,560 --> 00:50:28,800 A MUCH LARGER EXTENT THAN AFTER 1219 00:50:28,800 --> 00:50:29,800 STIMULATION OF SENSORY MOTOR 1220 00:50:29,800 --> 00:50:30,640 CORTEX. 1221 00:50:30,640 --> 00:50:33,000 THE CONCLUSION FROM THAT STUDY 1222 00:50:33,000 --> 00:50:35,720 WERE THAT BLINDED FROM AN EARLY 1223 00:50:35,720 --> 00:50:37,840 AGE CAN CAUSE THE VISUAL CORTEX 1224 00:50:37,840 --> 00:50:40,880 TO BE RECRUITED TO A SUBSTANTIAL 1225 00:50:40,880 --> 00:50:44,000 FUNCTION AND RELEVANT ROLE IN 1226 00:50:44,000 --> 00:50:47,680 SOMATOSENSORY PROCESSING. 1227 00:50:47,680 --> 00:50:50,120 THEN CAME THE QUESTION, OKAY, IS 1228 00:50:50,120 --> 00:50:52,720 IT A WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY FOR 1229 00:50:52,720 --> 00:50:55,960 THIS FORM OF FUNCTIONALLY 1230 00:50:55,960 --> 00:50:57,760 RELEVANT CROSS MODAL PLASTICITY? 1231 00:50:57,760 --> 00:50:59,560 AND THEN ROBERT WEEKS AT THE 1232 00:50:59,560 --> 00:51:05,160 TIME IN THE LAB ASKED -- 1233 00:51:05,160 --> 00:51:05,920 PARTICIPATED IN ASKING THE 1234 00:51:05,920 --> 00:51:09,640 QUESTION OF HOW DO PERFORMANCE 1235 00:51:09,640 --> 00:51:12,920 IN THE LATE BLIND COMPARE WITH 1236 00:51:12,920 --> 00:51:13,600 EARLY BLIND? 1237 00:51:13,600 --> 00:51:17,880 AND YOU CAN SEE THE RESULTS 1238 00:51:17,880 --> 00:51:19,680 HERE, TMS WAS DELIVERED AS IN 1239 00:51:19,680 --> 00:51:20,920 THE PREVIOUS SLIDE TO A NUMBER 1240 00:51:20,920 --> 00:51:22,600 OF DIFFERENT AREAS IN A GROUP OF 1241 00:51:22,600 --> 00:51:25,120 EARLY BLIND INDIVIDUALS, AND 1242 00:51:25,120 --> 00:51:27,520 PEOPLE WHO BECAME BLIND LATER IN 1243 00:51:27,520 --> 00:51:33,960 LIFE AFTER AGE 14, 15, ACTUALLY 1244 00:51:33,960 --> 00:51:34,160 14. 1245 00:51:34,160 --> 00:51:36,560 YOU CAN SEE IN THE EARLY BLIND, 1246 00:51:36,560 --> 00:51:38,400 DISRUPTION OF MID OWE SIP CAL 1247 00:51:38,400 --> 00:51:39,840 AREAS COMPLETELY DISRUPTED BRAIN 1248 00:51:39,840 --> 00:51:42,440 READING WHILE STIMULATION OF 1249 00:51:42,440 --> 00:51:44,040 OCCIPITAL CORTEX DIDN'T AFFECT 1250 00:51:44,040 --> 00:51:48,040 MUCH READING IN LATE BLIND 1251 00:51:48,040 --> 00:51:48,680 INDIVIDUALS. 1252 00:51:48,680 --> 00:51:52,040 LEADING TO THE IDEA OR TO THE 1253 00:51:52,040 --> 00:51:55,000 CONCLUSION THAT 1254 00:51:55,000 --> 00:51:56,960 SUSCEPTIBILITY -- THAT THE MORE 1255 00:51:56,960 --> 00:51:59,120 SUSCEPTIBILITY PERIOD FOR 1256 00:51:59,120 --> 00:52:00,360 THESE -- MOTOR PLASTICITY THAT 1257 00:52:00,360 --> 00:52:03,080 DID NOT SEEM TO EXTEND BEYOND 14 1258 00:52:03,080 --> 00:52:07,160 YEARS OF AGE. 1259 00:52:07,160 --> 00:52:11,000 SO THE NEXT STUDY, BECAUSE YOU 1260 00:52:11,000 --> 00:52:13,880 SEE ONCE SOMETHING POPPED UP IN 1261 00:52:13,880 --> 00:52:15,200 THOSE DAYS IN THE LAB, THERE WAS 1262 00:52:15,200 --> 00:52:17,160 NO WAY NOT TO FOLLOW UP ON IT. 1263 00:52:17,160 --> 00:52:19,360 IT WAS NEVER ENDING ISSUES, NEW 1264 00:52:19,360 --> 00:52:22,760 QUESTIONS WERE POPPING UP AND A 1265 00:52:22,760 --> 00:52:23,960 NUMBER OF PEOPLE VERY EXCITED 1266 00:52:23,960 --> 00:52:25,280 WITH THESE FINDINGS WERE JUMPING 1267 00:52:25,280 --> 00:52:27,800 UP INTO NEW OR DIFFERENT 1268 00:52:27,800 --> 00:52:29,560 DIRECTIONS. 1269 00:52:29,560 --> 00:52:35,480 IN THIS CASE, INTERACTIONS WITH 1270 00:52:35,480 --> 00:52:37,560 WITH -- VERY INTERESTED IN 1271 00:52:37,560 --> 00:52:40,960 LOCALIZATION STUDIES, LED TO AN 1272 00:52:40,960 --> 00:52:45,200 EXPERIMENT IN WHICH ROBERT WEEKS 1273 00:52:45,200 --> 00:52:48,400 ASKED THE QUESTION OF WHAT 1274 00:52:48,400 --> 00:52:49,720 HAPPENS WITH AUDITORY 1275 00:52:49,720 --> 00:52:50,840 LOCALIZATION IN BLIND 1276 00:52:50,840 --> 00:52:52,880 INDIVIDUALS? 1277 00:52:52,880 --> 00:52:56,080 AND SO THEY STUDIED A GROUP OF 1278 00:52:56,080 --> 00:53:00,160 BLIND INDIVIDUALS, A GROUP OF 1279 00:53:00,160 --> 00:53:01,120 SIGHTED INDIVIDUALS AND WHAT YOU 1280 00:53:01,120 --> 00:53:04,000 ARE LOOKING AT HERE IS THE 1281 00:53:04,000 --> 00:53:05,840 INTERREGIONAL CORRELATION FOR 1282 00:53:05,840 --> 00:53:11,360 THE RIGHT -- AUDITORY 1283 00:53:11,360 --> 00:53:13,560 LOCALIZATION CONDITIONS FOR 1284 00:53:13,560 --> 00:53:14,760 SIGHTED, BLIND, AND THEIR 1285 00:53:14,760 --> 00:53:15,400 DIFFERENCES. 1286 00:53:15,400 --> 00:53:17,040 AND I WANTED TO POINT OUT THESE 1287 00:53:17,040 --> 00:53:23,240 TWO AREAS IN THIS STUDY IN WHICH 1288 00:53:23,240 --> 00:53:25,840 HOR WIT WAS INVOLVED IN AS WELL 1289 00:53:25,840 --> 00:53:28,360 THAT LED TO THE CONCLUSION ON A 1290 00:53:28,360 --> 00:53:30,320 DIFFERENT FRONT, THE RIGHT 1291 00:53:30,320 --> 00:53:33,400 OCCIPTAL CORTEX PARTICIPATION IN 1292 00:53:33,400 --> 00:53:34,280 A FUNCTIONAL NETWORK FOR 1293 00:53:34,280 --> 00:53:34,920 AUDITORY LOCALIZATION. 1294 00:53:34,920 --> 00:53:37,720 IN OTHER WORDS, THIS ACTIVATION 1295 00:53:37,720 --> 00:53:40,120 SHOWN HERE OR THIS DIFFERENCE IN 1296 00:53:40,120 --> 00:53:41,720 ACTIVATION SHOWN HERE ARE NOT 1297 00:53:41,720 --> 00:53:48,200 PRESENT IN SIGHTED INDIVIDUALS. 1298 00:53:48,200 --> 00:53:51,320 A FEW YEARS LATER, THEN, GEORGE 1299 00:53:51,320 --> 00:53:52,920 WHEATON AT THE TIME IN MY LAB 1300 00:53:52,920 --> 00:53:56,880 WORKED TOGETHER WITH ANOTHER 1301 00:53:56,880 --> 00:53:58,440 FELLOW IN MY LAB AND PETER 1302 00:53:58,440 --> 00:53:59,840 LOOKING AT THE QUESTION OF 1303 00:53:59,840 --> 00:54:01,840 NETWORK CONNECTIVITY. 1304 00:54:01,840 --> 00:54:03,280 WHY WAS THIS QUESTION 1305 00:54:03,280 --> 00:54:06,240 FUNCTIONALLY IMPORTANT? 1306 00:54:06,240 --> 00:54:09,600 WELL, THE QUESTION WAS, HOW CAN 1307 00:54:09,600 --> 00:54:11,120 TACTILE INFORMATION REACH THE 1308 00:54:11,120 --> 00:54:13,120 PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX? 1309 00:54:13,120 --> 00:54:15,000 AND IN DISCUSSIONS AT THE TIME, 1310 00:54:15,000 --> 00:54:19,480 ONE POSSIBILITY WAS THAT THERE 1311 00:54:19,480 --> 00:54:21,040 WAS DIRECT THALAMOCORTICAL LINK 1312 00:54:21,040 --> 00:54:22,320 AND ANOTHER POSSIBILITY WAS THAT 1313 00:54:22,320 --> 00:54:24,240 THERE WAS SOME SORT OF LINK 1314 00:54:24,240 --> 00:54:26,000 BETWEEN THE SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX 1315 00:54:26,000 --> 00:54:27,720 AND THE NETWORK CORTEX. 1316 00:54:27,720 --> 00:54:29,520 SO WHAT TO SOME EXTENT GEORGE 1317 00:54:29,520 --> 00:54:33,560 DID AT THE TIME WAS TEST THE 1318 00:54:33,560 --> 00:54:35,960 HYPOTHESIS THAT PERHAPS THE LINK 1319 00:54:35,960 --> 00:54:40,040 BETWEEN S1 AND O1 WOULD BE 1320 00:54:40,040 --> 00:54:41,880 PARTICULARLY MORE DEVELOPED IN 1321 00:54:41,880 --> 00:54:43,880 EARLY BLIND INDIVIDUALS THAN IN 1322 00:54:43,880 --> 00:54:47,560 SIGHTED INDIVIDUALS. 1323 00:54:47,560 --> 00:54:49,680 HOW TO CHECK THAT, THOSE DAYS, 1324 00:54:49,680 --> 00:54:51,360 IN HUMANS, WELL, NOT MANY WAYS, 1325 00:54:51,360 --> 00:54:53,360 BUT WHAT HE DID WAS TRY TO LOOK 1326 00:54:53,360 --> 00:54:57,040 AT THE EFFECTS OF TMS DELIVERED 1327 00:54:57,040 --> 00:54:59,360 OVER THE PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY 1328 00:54:59,360 --> 00:55:00,920 AREAS OR THE INFLUENCE OR THE 1329 00:55:00,920 --> 00:55:02,760 CONSEQUENCES OF TMS DELIVERED 1330 00:55:02,760 --> 00:55:06,040 OVER THIS ONE ON -- ACTIVATION 1331 00:55:06,040 --> 00:55:07,240 IN PRIMARY VISUAL AREAS. 1332 00:55:07,240 --> 00:55:09,600 AND THAT'S WHAT HE DID. 1333 00:55:09,600 --> 00:55:12,520 SO IN LOOKING AT THAT, BASICALLY 1334 00:55:12,520 --> 00:55:15,040 WHAT HE FOUND COMPARING THREE 1335 00:55:15,040 --> 00:55:17,400 GROUPS OF SUBJECTS, EARLY BLIND, 1336 00:55:17,400 --> 00:55:18,800 LATE BLIND AND SIGHTED 1337 00:55:18,800 --> 00:55:21,440 INDIVIDUALS, WAS THAT. 1338 00:55:21,440 --> 00:55:25,920 THE MAGNITUDE OF -- OF PET 1339 00:55:25,920 --> 00:55:27,760 ACTIVITY IN THE EARLY BLIND 1340 00:55:27,760 --> 00:55:30,200 GROUP SHOWN HERE IN THE SQUARES 1341 00:55:30,200 --> 00:55:32,720 WAS MUCH HIGHER THAN IN THE LATE 1342 00:55:32,720 --> 00:55:35,480 BLIND OR SIGHTED CONTROLS. 1343 00:55:35,480 --> 00:55:38,320 ALL TOGETHER, THIS INFORMATION 1344 00:55:38,320 --> 00:55:39,760 SUGGESTED THAT TACTILE 1345 00:55:39,760 --> 00:55:41,600 INFORMATION MAY REACH VISUAL 1346 00:55:41,600 --> 00:55:48,960 AREAS TO ENHANCE CORTICAL 1347 00:55:48,960 --> 00:55:49,240 ACTIVITY. 1348 00:55:49,240 --> 00:55:50,880 SORT OF WRAPPING UP THE EXTENT 1349 00:55:50,880 --> 00:55:54,360 TO WHICH WE WERE INVOLVED 1350 00:55:54,360 --> 00:55:59,200 STARTING IN 1995 TO THIS 2004 1351 00:55:59,200 --> 00:56:07,000 YEAR IS HERE IN WHICH -- 1352 00:56:07,000 --> 00:56:08,280 PRESENTLY AT THE UNIVERSITY IN 1353 00:56:08,280 --> 00:56:10,680 ISRAEL, TOGETHER WITH -- ROYAL, 1354 00:56:10,680 --> 00:56:15,520 WHO'S NOW CHAIRMAN -- IN 1355 00:56:15,520 --> 00:56:16,640 GERMANY, RAN A STUDY IN WHICH 1356 00:56:16,640 --> 00:56:19,920 THEY LOOKED AT VERBAL PROCESSING 1357 00:56:19,920 --> 00:56:22,280 IN EARLY BLIND INDIVIDUALS. 1358 00:56:22,280 --> 00:56:24,640 AND WHAT THEY FOUND AGAIN 1359 00:56:24,640 --> 00:56:27,040 LOOKING THAT THE EXTENT TO WHICH 1360 00:56:27,040 --> 00:56:33,760 TMS OF DIFFERENT LOCATIONS 1361 00:56:33,760 --> 00:56:35,120 DISRUPTED VERBAL PROCESSING 1362 00:56:35,120 --> 00:56:36,200 TASKS WAS THAT THESE VERBAL 1363 00:56:36,200 --> 00:56:39,600 PROCESSING TASKS IN SIGHTED 1364 00:56:39,600 --> 00:56:41,600 CONTROLS WAS DISRUPTED BY 1365 00:56:41,600 --> 00:56:43,680 PERIPHERAL -- AND TO VERY LITTLE 1366 00:56:43,680 --> 00:56:46,080 EXTENT BY MID OCCIPITAL AREAS, 1367 00:56:46,080 --> 00:56:48,440 AND IN EARLY BLIND INDIVIDUALS, 1368 00:56:48,440 --> 00:56:52,040 THE MAGNITUDE OF DISRUPTION 1369 00:56:52,040 --> 00:56:56,400 INDUCED BY STIMULATION OF VISUAL 1370 00:56:56,400 --> 00:56:59,080 AREAS WAS MUCH HIGHER. 1371 00:56:59,080 --> 00:57:02,000 LEADING TO THE IDEA THAT -- OF 1372 00:57:02,000 --> 00:57:04,760 THE OCCIPITAL POLE ALSO 1373 00:57:04,760 --> 00:57:05,880 INTERFERE WITH VERBAL 1374 00:57:05,880 --> 00:57:06,200 PROCESSING. 1375 00:57:06,200 --> 00:57:08,040 NOW THERE ARE NOWADAYS A NUMBER 1376 00:57:08,040 --> 00:57:10,000 OF STUDIES IN A VARIETY OF 1377 00:57:10,000 --> 00:57:11,400 LEVELS, BUT I'M JUST REVIEWING 1378 00:57:11,400 --> 00:57:14,680 SOME FOR YOU THAT SOMEHOW 1379 00:57:14,680 --> 00:57:16,400 WERE -- NOT SOMEHOW -- THAT WERE 1380 00:57:16,400 --> 00:57:19,640 DEFINITELY INSPIRED BY MARK'S 1381 00:57:19,640 --> 00:57:21,600 EARLIER -- EARLY QUESTIONS AND 1382 00:57:21,600 --> 00:57:23,280 DIRECTIONS, YES, STARTING IN THE 1383 00:57:23,280 --> 00:57:27,080 MOTOR CORTEX AND AS WAS POINTED 1384 00:57:27,080 --> 00:57:28,840 OUT EARLIER, GOING MUCH WIDER 1385 00:57:28,840 --> 00:57:32,800 THAN THAT. 1386 00:57:32,800 --> 00:57:34,120 SO I GO BACK TO THESE SLIDES 1387 00:57:34,120 --> 00:57:38,840 JUST TO WRAP UP OF THIS CONCEPT 1388 00:57:38,840 --> 00:57:40,040 OF HOW DID IT FEEL TO BE IN THE 1389 00:57:40,040 --> 00:57:42,040 LAB THOSE EARLY DAYS? 1390 00:57:42,040 --> 00:57:43,440 WELL, IT FELT A LITTLE BIT LIKE 1391 00:57:43,440 --> 00:57:46,320 A MELTING POT OF IDEAS RUNNING 1392 00:57:46,320 --> 00:57:49,960 AT REMARKABLE SPEED AND 1393 00:57:49,960 --> 00:57:51,680 REMARKABLE OPENNESS AND 1394 00:57:51,680 --> 00:57:54,280 REMARKABLE EXCITEMENT. 1395 00:57:54,280 --> 00:57:56,160 AND FOR ALL THAT, MARK, WE ARE 1396 00:57:56,160 --> 00:57:57,920 VERY, VERY, VERY THANKFUL. 1397 00:57:57,920 --> 00:58:02,000 FINALLY, I WANT TO POINT TO 1398 00:58:02,000 --> 00:58:04,320 SOMEBODY WHO HAS NOT BEEN AN 1399 00:58:04,320 --> 00:58:07,560 HMCS GRAD, AND WHO'S THE PERSON? 1400 00:58:07,560 --> 00:58:08,560 WELL, MISSY. 1401 00:58:08,560 --> 00:58:10,120 WE WILL FIND OUT IN THE NEXT 1402 00:58:10,120 --> 00:58:14,400 WEEK OR SO IF IT'S THAT GREAT. 1403 00:58:14,400 --> 00:58:16,480 BUT, CAN YOU IMAGINE WHAT HE 1404 00:58:16,480 --> 00:58:19,160 WOULD DO IF HE WERE AN HMCS 1405 00:58:19,160 --> 00:58:20,000 GRADUATE? 1406 00:58:20,000 --> 00:58:21,240 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 1407 00:58:21,240 --> 00:58:29,760 [APPLAUSE] 1408 00:58:29,760 --> 00:58:32,320 I HAVE THE DISTINCT PLEASURE OF 1409 00:58:32,320 --> 00:58:34,400 ONLY INTRODUCING PEOPLE TODAY 1410 00:58:34,400 --> 00:58:35,480 AND NOT SAYING ANYTHING ABOUT 1411 00:58:35,480 --> 00:58:36,920 THE IMPACT OF MARK HALLETT, 1412 00:58:36,920 --> 00:58:38,160 WHICH HAS BEEN IMMENSE 1413 00:58:38,160 --> 00:58:40,800 THROUGHOUT THE YEARS IF YOU'VE 1414 00:58:40,800 --> 00:58:41,360 ALREADY HEARD. 1415 00:58:41,360 --> 00:58:44,200 A VERY QUICK BRIEF STORY IS, I 1416 00:58:44,200 --> 00:58:48,120 WAS IN SWITZERLAND VISITING MY 1417 00:58:48,120 --> 00:58:49,800 WIFE'S COUSIN, FIRST COUSIN, WHO 1418 00:58:49,800 --> 00:58:51,680 HAPPENED TO BE SEEING A 1419 00:58:51,680 --> 00:58:53,280 NEUROLOGIST DOWN THE STREET. 1420 00:58:53,280 --> 00:58:58,080 AND THE NEUROLOGIST WAS HEIKE 1421 00:58:58,080 --> 00:58:58,360 RUSSMAN. 1422 00:58:58,360 --> 00:58:59,920 SO SHE WALKS IN AND SHE SAYS, 1423 00:58:59,920 --> 00:59:01,800 HEY, YOU KNOW, I TRAINED AT THE 1424 00:59:01,800 --> 00:59:04,120 NIH AND BLAH, BLAH, BLAH, AND MY 1425 00:59:04,120 --> 00:59:05,640 WIFE'S COUSIN GOES, HEY, SO DID 1426 00:59:05,640 --> 00:59:06,760 MY COUSIN IN LAW, HE TRAINED 1427 00:59:06,760 --> 00:59:07,200 THERE. 1428 00:59:07,200 --> 00:59:08,840 AND HE'S SITTING OUTSIDE. 1429 00:59:08,840 --> 00:59:12,280 I WALK IN, AND IT'S HEIKE. 1430 00:59:12,280 --> 00:59:14,520 THE IMPACT NOT ONLY IS AMAZING 1431 00:59:14,520 --> 00:59:15,640 IN THE CLINICAL WORLD, BUT IN 1432 00:59:15,640 --> 00:59:16,880 THE RESEARCH WORLD. 1433 00:59:16,880 --> 00:59:19,120 SO MARK, HATS OFF TO YOU FOR 1434 00:59:19,120 --> 00:59:20,640 DECADES OF AMAZING ACHIEVEMENT 1435 00:59:20,640 --> 00:59:23,640 AND AMAZING TRAINING. 1436 00:59:23,640 --> 00:59:25,280 NOW I HAVE THE DISTINCT PLEASURE 1437 00:59:25,280 --> 00:59:30,760 OF INTRODUCING OUR NEXT SPEAKER 1438 00:59:30,760 --> 00:59:31,640 FROM GERMANY. 1439 00:59:31,640 --> 00:59:34,120 MARK AND HE HAVE HAD A 1440 00:59:34,120 --> 00:59:36,600 TREMENDOUS COLLABORATIVE 1441 00:59:36,600 --> 00:59:36,840 HISTORY. 1442 00:59:36,840 --> 00:59:38,800 THEY HAVE ACCOMPLISHED A GREAT 1443 00:59:38,800 --> 00:59:41,560 DEAL IN NEUROLOGY, BUT AN 1444 00:59:41,560 --> 00:59:42,560 ACCOMPLISHMENT THAT YOU MAY NOT 1445 00:59:42,560 --> 00:59:44,080 KNOW ABOUT IS THAT THEY ALSO 1446 00:59:44,080 --> 00:59:45,880 WENT TO THE OPERA TOGETHER, 1447 00:59:45,880 --> 00:59:49,400 WHICH WAS THE -- ATTENDING THAT 1448 00:59:49,400 --> 00:59:52,880 OPERA WAS AN IMMENSE EFFORT, AND 1449 00:59:52,880 --> 00:59:56,600 PEOPLE DON'T GET TO THAT OPERA, 1450 00:59:56,600 --> 00:59:58,840 SO BOTH OF THEM HAVE ENJOYED 1451 00:59:58,840 --> 01:00:02,320 THAT, AND I WILL LET THE DOCTOR 1452 01:00:02,320 --> 01:00:07,080 PRESENT HIS WORK ON TREMORS. 1453 01:00:07,080 --> 01:00:10,880 >>WELL, MARK, LADIES AND 1454 01:00:10,880 --> 01:00:12,200 GENTLEMEN, IT'S REALLY A GREAT 1455 01:00:12,200 --> 01:00:15,480 PLEASURE TO BE HERE, AND WHEN I 1456 01:00:15,480 --> 01:00:17,200 HEARD THAT SOMETHING LIKE THIS 1457 01:00:17,200 --> 01:00:19,680 WILL HAPPEN HERE AT THE NIH, IT 1458 01:00:19,680 --> 01:00:22,640 WAS VERY CLEAR THAT I HAVE TO 1459 01:00:22,640 --> 01:00:24,400 COME HERE. 1460 01:00:24,400 --> 01:00:27,080 ACTUALLY I CAME FROM LOS ANGELES 1461 01:00:27,080 --> 01:00:28,080 BECAUSE THAT'S THE PLACE WHERE 1462 01:00:28,080 --> 01:00:33,760 MY SON CURRENTLY LIVES, AND BY 1463 01:00:33,760 --> 01:00:40,560 DOING THAT, I ENDED UP IN A CAR 1464 01:00:40,560 --> 01:00:42,440 ACCIDENT, MY TAXI DRIVER, AS HE 1465 01:00:42,440 --> 01:00:47,160 SAID, T-BONED A BMW. 1466 01:00:47,160 --> 01:00:47,400 [LAUGHTER] 1467 01:00:47,400 --> 01:00:50,480 THIS CAUSED, AS YOU CAN SEE, A 1468 01:00:50,480 --> 01:00:56,200 FULL CLOSURE OF THE FREEWAY, BUT 1469 01:00:56,200 --> 01:00:58,640 FORTUNATELY NO ONE WAS INJURED, 1470 01:00:58,640 --> 01:01:00,680 AND I WAS THINKING A MOMENT, 1471 01:01:00,680 --> 01:01:02,920 SHOULD I GO BACK OR WHAT SHOULD 1472 01:01:02,920 --> 01:01:04,920 I DO AND I THOUGHT, NO, IF MARK 1473 01:01:04,920 --> 01:01:08,640 CALLS, I HAVE TO GO. 1474 01:01:08,640 --> 01:01:08,960 OKAY. 1475 01:01:08,960 --> 01:01:10,960 SO OUR HISTORY IS A PRETTY LONG 1476 01:01:10,960 --> 01:01:13,320 ONE. 1477 01:01:13,320 --> 01:01:17,360 ACTUALLY, WE MET, I THINK IT WAS 1478 01:01:17,360 --> 01:01:24,680 IN THE LATE 80s, WHEN WE MET 1479 01:01:24,680 --> 01:01:26,040 ON SEVERAL CONGRESSES. 1480 01:01:26,040 --> 01:01:27,800 I WAS IMPRESSED BY THIS GUY WHO 1481 01:01:27,800 --> 01:01:30,080 DID THIS SPECTACULAR WORK WITH 1482 01:01:30,080 --> 01:01:31,760 DAVID MARSDEN, AND I HEARD THAT 1483 01:01:31,760 --> 01:01:37,680 HE HAS DONE HIS EXAM IN 1484 01:01:37,680 --> 01:01:38,520 VISBOTTEN, HIS BOARD EXAM, AND 1485 01:01:38,520 --> 01:01:42,400 THAT HE WAS WORKING NOW AT THE 1486 01:01:42,400 --> 01:01:45,800 NIH, AND THINKING A FEW DAYS 1487 01:01:45,800 --> 01:01:47,440 ABOUT WHETHER I SHOULD GO TO 1488 01:01:47,440 --> 01:01:49,400 LONDON OR TO WASHINGTON WAS VERY 1489 01:01:49,400 --> 01:01:50,200 CLEAR, IT CAN ONLY BE 1490 01:01:50,200 --> 01:01:52,520 WASHINGTON. 1491 01:01:52,520 --> 01:01:56,800 AND WE LIVED ACTUALLY IN A -- 1492 01:01:56,800 --> 01:02:00,240 THIS WAS THE TEAM IN THESE DAYS. 1493 01:02:00,240 --> 01:02:04,560 SO YOU SEE A NUMBER OF BRIGHT 1494 01:02:04,560 --> 01:02:04,840 PEOPLE. 1495 01:02:04,840 --> 01:02:09,080 THEY ARE ALBRIGHT, BUT HERE IS 1496 01:02:09,080 --> 01:02:11,120 JOSEPH, STEVE, AS YOU CAN SEE 1497 01:02:11,120 --> 01:02:13,640 HERE, AND HERE IN THE BACK, YOU 1498 01:02:13,640 --> 01:02:18,160 SEE CAMILLA TORRO AND MANY 1499 01:02:18,160 --> 01:02:19,480 OTHERS WHICH I DON'T WANT TO 1500 01:02:19,480 --> 01:02:21,160 NAME AT THE MOMENT, AND ACTUALLY 1501 01:02:21,160 --> 01:02:24,120 WE DEVELOPED PLANS THERE, AND WE 1502 01:02:24,120 --> 01:02:30,360 CAME TO BETHESDA AND WE LIVED 1503 01:02:30,360 --> 01:02:32,000 THERE A LITTLE BIT LIKE A 1504 01:02:32,000 --> 01:02:36,960 CLASSICAL AMERICAN MIDDLE CLASS 1505 01:02:36,960 --> 01:02:40,040 FAMILY, VERY CLOSE TO THE NIH, 1506 01:02:40,040 --> 01:02:41,680 JUST IN WALKING DISTANCE, SO I 1507 01:02:41,680 --> 01:02:44,960 WALKED TO THE NIH IN THE 1508 01:02:44,960 --> 01:02:45,280 MORNING. 1509 01:02:45,280 --> 01:02:49,560 WE HAD A STATION WAGON AS YOU 1510 01:02:49,560 --> 01:02:51,440 CAN SEE PRETTY OLD BUT IT 1511 01:02:51,440 --> 01:02:52,760 WORKED, AND WE DROVE THROUGH THE 1512 01:02:52,760 --> 01:02:53,840 COUNTRY WITH THAT THING SO IT 1513 01:02:53,840 --> 01:02:54,880 WAS ONE OF THE BEST TIMES OF OUR 1514 01:02:54,880 --> 01:02:59,200 LIVES. 1515 01:02:59,200 --> 01:02:59,400 OKAY. 1516 01:02:59,400 --> 01:03:00,800 INSTEAD OF SAYING TOO MUCH, I 1517 01:03:00,800 --> 01:03:02,800 ONLY WANT TO INSIST ON ONE 1518 01:03:02,800 --> 01:03:05,640 POINT, AND THAT IS THE 1519 01:03:05,640 --> 01:03:14,320 CEREBELLUM AND TREMOR. 1520 01:03:14,320 --> 01:03:15,240 IN THESE DAYS, PEOPLE LIKE MARK 1521 01:03:15,240 --> 01:03:16,720 AND I WERE EXCITED BY THE FACT 1522 01:03:16,720 --> 01:03:19,080 THAT TREMOR CAN PROBABLY BE 1523 01:03:19,080 --> 01:03:26,160 EXPLAINED BY A MECHANISM THAT 1524 01:03:26,160 --> 01:03:27,520 RUDOLPHO HAS DISCOVERED WHICH 1525 01:03:27,520 --> 01:03:30,040 WAS THE IDLING MECHANISM THAT 1526 01:03:30,040 --> 01:03:32,240 CELLS TEND TO OSCILLATE IN 1527 01:03:32,240 --> 01:03:33,800 SITUATIONS THAT ARE -- WHEN THEY 1528 01:03:33,800 --> 01:03:38,640 ARE NOT ENGAGED AND THIS COMES 1529 01:03:38,640 --> 01:03:42,880 TO A RHYTHMICAL ACTIVATION AND 1530 01:03:42,880 --> 01:03:44,920 THIS IS INBORN RHYTHM SO TO SAY 1531 01:03:44,920 --> 01:03:45,640 OF THE SYSTEM. 1532 01:03:45,640 --> 01:03:50,160 THAT WAS ONE OF THE THINGS THAT 1533 01:03:50,160 --> 01:03:52,240 MARK AND I WERE FOND. 1534 01:03:52,240 --> 01:03:56,120 THE OTHER THING WAS THAT THIS 1535 01:03:56,120 --> 01:03:58,000 GUY, THOMAS THACH. 1536 01:03:58,000 --> 01:03:59,120 MANY OF YOU KNOW HIM. 1537 01:03:59,120 --> 01:04:01,160 HE WAS IN MY VIEW ONE OF THE 1538 01:04:01,160 --> 01:04:02,320 SMARTEST PHYSIOLOGISTS IN THESE 1539 01:04:02,320 --> 01:04:03,520 DAYS. 1540 01:04:03,520 --> 01:04:05,920 AND HE WAS INTERESTED IN 1541 01:04:05,920 --> 01:04:08,000 LEARNING AND ADAPTATION AND WHAT 1542 01:04:08,000 --> 01:04:13,040 HE DID WAS HE DEVELOPED A VERY 1543 01:04:13,040 --> 01:04:14,720 SIMPLE EXPERIMENT, DART WAS 1544 01:04:14,720 --> 01:04:18,760 THROWN TO A TARGET, AND YOU CAN 1545 01:04:18,760 --> 01:04:20,320 SEE THE -- IS PRETTY GOOD, AND 1546 01:04:20,320 --> 01:04:21,960 WHEN YOU PUT ON SPECTACLES WHICH 1547 01:04:21,960 --> 01:04:24,360 HAVE A PRISSMM, THEN YOU DISTORT 1548 01:04:24,360 --> 01:04:29,480 THE VIEW AND THE PERSON TARGETS 1549 01:04:29,480 --> 01:04:30,960 10 DEGREES PART OF IT, AND THEN 1550 01:04:30,960 --> 01:04:35,240 IN A LEARNING PROCESS, THIS 1551 01:04:35,240 --> 01:04:35,680 COMES BACK. 1552 01:04:35,680 --> 01:04:39,680 SO HE WAS INTERESTED IN GETTING 1553 01:04:39,680 --> 01:04:40,680 CEREBELLAR PATIENTS AND WE 1554 01:04:40,680 --> 01:04:43,000 THOUGHT THE CEREBELLUM MAY HAVE 1555 01:04:43,000 --> 01:04:44,280 SOMETHING TO DO WITH THIS. 1556 01:04:44,280 --> 01:04:45,640 AND THEN THERE WERE THE TWO OF 1557 01:04:45,640 --> 01:04:49,920 US. 1558 01:04:49,920 --> 01:04:52,640 I MEAN, I MENTIONED ALREADY THAT 1559 01:04:52,640 --> 01:04:56,200 WE AGREED THAT I COME TO 1560 01:04:56,200 --> 01:04:59,200 BETHESDA IN 1990, AND ACTUALLY 1561 01:04:59,200 --> 01:05:03,960 WE MADE THE FINAL ARRANGEMENTS 1562 01:05:03,960 --> 01:05:07,960 IN RIO IN '89 THAT WAS REALLY A 1563 01:05:07,960 --> 01:05:14,200 WONDERFUL TIME. 1564 01:05:14,200 --> 01:05:16,160 AND SO WHAT DID WE DO? 1565 01:05:16,160 --> 01:05:18,440 IN THESE DAYS, MARK WAS IN SOME 1566 01:05:18,440 --> 01:05:21,440 WAY THE PERSON IN THE WORLD THAT 1567 01:05:21,440 --> 01:05:23,960 HAS MUCH TO DO WITH TREMOR WHO 1568 01:05:23,960 --> 01:05:25,160 UNDERSTOOD THE PHYSIOLOGY OF 1569 01:05:25,160 --> 01:05:27,960 TREMOR AND THAT WAS WHAT I WAS 1570 01:05:27,960 --> 01:05:29,800 FASCINATED. 1571 01:05:29,800 --> 01:05:33,560 AND I CONTRIBUTED TO THAT, THAT 1572 01:05:33,560 --> 01:05:42,040 WE DEALT WITH SPECIFIC TREMOR, - 1573 01:05:42,040 --> 01:05:43,800 TREMOR WHICH IS VERY RARE AND WE 1574 01:05:43,800 --> 01:05:45,120 THOUGHT WHY DON'T WE TRY TO 1575 01:05:45,120 --> 01:05:46,400 COLLECT SUCH PATIENTS TO STUDY. 1576 01:05:46,400 --> 01:05:50,400 THE ONLY FORM OF TREMOR WHICH 1577 01:05:50,400 --> 01:05:52,680 HAS AN ANATOMIC QORS COURSE. 1578 01:05:52,680 --> 01:05:58,720 ANATOMIC COURSE.MOST TREMORS HAD 1579 01:05:58,720 --> 01:06:00,680 IDENTIFIABLE LESION BEHIND, THAT 1580 01:06:00,680 --> 01:06:02,080 IS THE OTHER EXAMPLE. 1581 01:06:02,080 --> 01:06:06,120 AND SO WE DID A NUMBER OF 1582 01:06:06,120 --> 01:06:07,880 ASSESSMENTS, WE LOOKED, FOR 1583 01:06:07,880 --> 01:06:18,400 EXAMPLE, AT THE MOVEMENTS OF THE 1584 01:06:24,920 --> 01:06:25,800 PALATE. 1585 01:06:25,800 --> 01:06:27,080 WHAT YOU WOULD SEE HERE IS A 1586 01:06:27,080 --> 01:06:30,160 MOVEMENT OF THE WHOLE PALATE. 1587 01:06:30,160 --> 01:06:33,000 SO THE SOFT PALATE, A MOVEMENT 1588 01:06:33,000 --> 01:06:34,360 THAT GOES UP AND DOWN, AND HERE 1589 01:06:34,360 --> 01:06:44,360 YOU WOULD SEE A MOVEMENT OF THE 1590 01:06:44,360 --> 01:06:49,560 OUTER PART OF THE PALATE WHICH 1591 01:06:49,560 --> 01:06:52,600 VERY MUCH DIFFERS FROM THAT 1592 01:06:52,600 --> 01:06:55,560 MOVEMENT HERE, AND THAT IS A 1593 01:06:55,560 --> 01:06:57,240 CONDITION CALLED ESSENTIAL 1594 01:06:57,240 --> 01:06:58,800 PALATAL TREMOR AND IS 1595 01:06:58,800 --> 01:07:01,680 SYMPTOMATIC IN THESE DAYS, THESE 1596 01:07:01,680 --> 01:07:04,320 TWO ENTITIES WERE NOT SEPARATED, 1597 01:07:04,320 --> 01:07:07,880 AND WE WERE THE ONES WHO LOOKED 1598 01:07:07,880 --> 01:07:09,680 INTO THIS BY SIMPLY COLLECTING 1599 01:07:09,680 --> 01:07:10,880 MANY PATIENTS AND LOOKING AT 1600 01:07:10,880 --> 01:07:12,320 THEM AND WE FOUND THIS PATTERN 1601 01:07:12,320 --> 01:07:18,960 TO BE A VERY DISTINCTIVE ONE. 1602 01:07:18,960 --> 01:07:20,000 CERTAINLY THE CLINICAL PICTURE 1603 01:07:20,000 --> 01:07:23,400 OF THESE TWO PATIENTS DIFFERS. 1604 01:07:23,400 --> 01:07:27,600 THEY HAVE ALMOST AS THE ONLY 1605 01:07:27,600 --> 01:07:29,360 COMPLAINT THE EAR CLICK, WHILE 1606 01:07:29,360 --> 01:07:30,320 THOSE PATIENTS HERE HAVE MUCH 1607 01:07:30,320 --> 01:07:30,760 MORE. 1608 01:07:30,760 --> 01:07:37,640 THE REASON FOR THIS IS THAT 1609 01:07:37,640 --> 01:07:41,800 THELY VAIT -- IS ACTIVATED IN 1610 01:07:41,800 --> 01:07:44,160 THE CASE OF THE SYMPTOMATIC 1611 01:07:44,160 --> 01:07:46,120 AND -- IS ACTIVATED IN CASE OF 1612 01:07:46,120 --> 01:07:51,000 THE ESSENTIAL PALATAL TREMOR. 1613 01:07:51,000 --> 01:07:53,960 THERE IS -- THERE ARE VERY MANY 1614 01:07:53,960 --> 01:07:55,080 ASPECTS BEHIND THAT WHICH I 1615 01:07:55,080 --> 01:08:00,200 WON'T TOUCH, BUT THE FIRST 1616 01:08:00,200 --> 01:08:02,960 FINDING THAT THE INFERIOR -- 1617 01:08:02,960 --> 01:08:04,440 THAT WAS SUSPECTED AND KNOWN 1618 01:08:04,440 --> 01:08:10,680 FROM PATHOLOGICAL STUDIES BEFORE 1619 01:08:10,680 --> 01:08:13,280 THAT THIS CONDITION CAN BE SHOWN 1620 01:08:13,280 --> 01:08:13,800 ON MRI. 1621 01:08:13,800 --> 01:08:17,440 THIS IS THE CLASSICAL ESSENTIAL 1622 01:08:17,440 --> 01:08:19,440 PALATAL TREMOR, AND THIS IS THE 1623 01:08:19,440 --> 01:08:21,200 SITUATION OF SYMPTOMATIC PALATAL 1624 01:08:21,200 --> 01:08:28,960 TREMOR WHERE YOU CAN SEE THE 1625 01:08:28,960 --> 01:08:30,120 HYPERTROPHIED INFERIOR --. 1626 01:08:30,120 --> 01:08:35,800 SO THE FIRST FINDING THAT WE HAD 1627 01:08:35,800 --> 01:08:37,600 ONE FORM OF PALATAL TREMOR 1628 01:08:37,600 --> 01:08:43,320 WITHOUT AND THE OTHER WITH 1629 01:08:43,320 --> 01:08:44,080 HYPERTROPHIED INFERIOR --. 1630 01:08:44,080 --> 01:08:49,680 WE WERE LOOKING TO THE EYE 1631 01:08:49,680 --> 01:08:50,760 MOVEMENTS, AND IT IS ALREADY 1632 01:08:50,760 --> 01:08:51,960 KNOWN THAT THERE ARE DIFFERENT 1633 01:08:51,960 --> 01:08:53,760 FORMS OF EYE MOVEMENTS IN 1634 01:08:53,760 --> 01:08:55,080 SYMPTOMATIC PALATAL TREMOR IF 1635 01:08:55,080 --> 01:08:58,240 THEY OCCUR. 1636 01:08:58,240 --> 01:08:59,920 THEY CAN BE BILATERAL GOING UP 1637 01:08:59,920 --> 01:09:02,560 AND DOWN OR THEY CAN BE 1638 01:09:02,560 --> 01:09:03,000 LATERALIZED. 1639 01:09:03,000 --> 01:09:06,720 AND INDEED, THIS TO-CALLED 1640 01:09:06,720 --> 01:09:10,840 MIDCALL -- THISSO-CALLED MIDLING 1641 01:09:10,840 --> 01:09:13,360 LIKE THIS AND THAT IS ASSOCIATED 1642 01:09:13,360 --> 01:09:16,640 WITH BILATERAL OLIVARY 1643 01:09:16,640 --> 01:09:17,480 HYPERTROPHY THAT YOU CAN SEE 1644 01:09:17,480 --> 01:09:21,760 HERE AND THE LATERALIZED FORM IS 1645 01:09:21,760 --> 01:09:25,880 ASSOCIATED WITH A CONTRALATERAL 1646 01:09:25,880 --> 01:09:29,560 INFERIOR OLIVARY HYPERTROPHY. 1647 01:09:29,560 --> 01:09:31,520 SO INDEED WE FOUND SIGNS THAT 1648 01:09:31,520 --> 01:09:32,680 ARE LOCALIZING WITHIN THE 1649 01:09:32,680 --> 01:09:40,440 NERVOUS SYSTEM, AND LEARNED THIS 1650 01:09:40,440 --> 01:09:41,120 IN THIS WAY. 1651 01:09:41,120 --> 01:09:44,800 ONE OF THE QUESTIONS WAS, IS 1652 01:09:44,800 --> 01:09:47,520 THERE AN INFLUENCE OF THIS 1653 01:09:47,520 --> 01:09:52,120 RHYTHM ON TO THE EXTREMITY 1654 01:09:52,120 --> 01:09:54,480 MUSCLES, SO ON THE SPINAL CORD? 1655 01:09:54,480 --> 01:10:00,720 BECAUSE YOU KNOW WHEN YOU HAVE A 1656 01:10:00,720 --> 01:10:01,920 TREMOR, WE BELIEVE THAT THE 1657 01:10:01,920 --> 01:10:03,000 RHYTHMIC ACTIVITY COMING FROM 1658 01:10:03,000 --> 01:10:06,240 SOMEWHERE UP HERE HAS TO GO 1659 01:10:06,240 --> 01:10:07,880 DOWN, SO WE MUST FIND ANY SIGN 1660 01:10:07,880 --> 01:10:11,160 IN THE PERIPHERY THAT SHOWS THAT 1661 01:10:11,160 --> 01:10:12,760 THERE IS AN INFLUENCE ON THE 1662 01:10:12,760 --> 01:10:13,760 MOTOR NEURONS. 1663 01:10:13,760 --> 01:10:16,800 AND INDEED, THIS WAS VERY CLEAR, 1664 01:10:16,800 --> 01:10:18,240 UNILATERAL SYMPTOMATIC PALATAL 1665 01:10:18,240 --> 01:10:21,680 TREMOR HAD CONTRALATERAL 1666 01:10:21,680 --> 01:10:23,640 PROJECTIONS, BILATERAL 1667 01:10:23,640 --> 01:10:25,400 SYMPTOMATIC BILATERAL TREMOR 1668 01:10:25,400 --> 01:10:28,040 HEAD, BILATERAL PROJECTIONS, AND 1669 01:10:28,040 --> 01:10:29,920 THE KIND OF TEST THAT WE DID WAS 1670 01:10:29,920 --> 01:10:33,320 SIMPLY TO LOOK AT THE EMG AND TO 1671 01:10:33,320 --> 01:10:38,920 AVERAGE WITH THE CLICK OR WITH 1672 01:10:38,920 --> 01:10:40,440 THE FACIAL MOVEMENT IN CASE OF 1673 01:10:40,440 --> 01:10:44,240 THE SYMPTOMATIC TREMOR. 1674 01:10:44,240 --> 01:10:45,640 THIS COULD NOT BE FOUND IN 1675 01:10:45,640 --> 01:10:50,480 ESSENTIAL PA LA TA TREMOR, THESE 1676 01:10:50,480 --> 01:10:51,240 TWO ENTITIES DIFFERED 1677 01:10:51,240 --> 01:10:51,640 DRAMATICALLY. 1678 01:10:51,640 --> 01:10:54,040 I CANNOT RESIST SHOWING JUST 1679 01:10:54,040 --> 01:10:58,080 THIS PICTURE FROM THE LAB OF 1680 01:10:58,080 --> 01:11:01,680 MARK TOGETHER WITH CAMILLO TORO, 1681 01:11:01,680 --> 01:11:04,160 WITH WHOM I WORKED VERY CLOSELY 1682 01:11:04,160 --> 01:11:05,480 AND WE SPENT HOURS, DAYS AND 1683 01:11:05,480 --> 01:11:07,560 MONTHS IN THIS ROOM WAITING FOR 1684 01:11:07,560 --> 01:11:09,600 LEO TO COME FOR A CHAT AND 1685 01:11:09,600 --> 01:11:11,160 DISCUSS ALL KINDS OF THINGS. 1686 01:11:11,160 --> 01:11:14,560 IT WAS JUST A FANTASTIC 1687 01:11:14,560 --> 01:11:18,360 ATMOSPHERE. 1688 01:11:18,360 --> 01:11:22,880 AND THEN WITH TOM THACH VISITED 1689 01:11:22,880 --> 01:11:23,200 US. 1690 01:11:23,200 --> 01:11:24,840 HE GAVE A LECTURE AND THEN WE 1691 01:11:24,840 --> 01:11:26,240 THOUGHT, WHY DON'T WE LOOK AT 1692 01:11:26,240 --> 01:11:29,640 MOTOR LEARNING IN CEREBELLAR 1693 01:11:29,640 --> 01:11:31,040 DISEASE AND PALATAL TREMOR, AND 1694 01:11:31,040 --> 01:11:32,240 WE DID A LITTLE BIT OF A 1695 01:11:32,240 --> 01:11:36,440 DIFFERENT MOVEMENT. 1696 01:11:36,440 --> 01:11:38,320 WE JUST DID FAST ELBOW 1697 01:11:38,320 --> 01:11:40,120 MOVEMENTS, AND THEN WE CHANGED 1698 01:11:40,120 --> 01:11:41,040 THE GAME. 1699 01:11:41,040 --> 01:11:43,280 SO IN THAT SENSE, THERE WAS A 1700 01:11:43,280 --> 01:11:48,520 LEARNING INVOLVED BECAUSE THE 1701 01:11:48,520 --> 01:11:54,720 GAME WAS COMAING CH WAS CHANGEDA 1702 01:11:54,720 --> 01:11:55,920 MUCH HIGHER AMPLITUDE AND THE 1703 01:11:55,920 --> 01:11:56,840 PATIENTS HAD TO CORRECT. 1704 01:11:56,840 --> 01:11:58,280 WHAT THEY LEARNED -- THESE ARE 1705 01:11:58,280 --> 01:11:59,840 THE NORMAL CONTROLS -- IS A 1706 01:11:59,840 --> 01:12:00,680 CLASSICAL LEARNING CURVE THAT 1707 01:12:00,680 --> 01:12:02,840 YOU GET FROM THIS AND THESE ARE 1708 01:12:02,840 --> 01:12:05,160 THE CEREBELLAR PATIENTS AND THEY 1709 01:12:05,160 --> 01:12:06,680 DO MUCH WORSE. 1710 01:12:06,680 --> 01:12:10,440 AND THE PREDICTION WAS THAT 1711 01:12:10,440 --> 01:12:15,320 THERE'S A DIFFERENCE FOR THE TWO 1712 01:12:15,320 --> 01:12:18,760 PATIENT GROUPS WITH ESSENTIAL 1713 01:12:18,760 --> 01:12:20,400 AND SYMPTOMATIC PALATAL TREMOR 1714 01:12:20,400 --> 01:12:23,000 BECAUSE IN ONE GROUP, THERE IS 1715 01:12:23,000 --> 01:12:28,160 THE INPUT STRUCTURE, THE 1716 01:12:28,160 --> 01:12:30,440 INFERIOR OLIVE IS PETRIFIED AND 1717 01:12:30,440 --> 01:12:33,360 THAT IS HAVING ITS OWN RHYTHM. 1718 01:12:33,360 --> 01:12:35,160 THE BASIC IDEA BEHIND ALL OF 1719 01:12:35,160 --> 01:12:36,520 THIS WAS TO LOOK FOR NEGATIVE 1720 01:12:36,520 --> 01:12:37,800 SYMPTOMS OF TREMOR. 1721 01:12:37,800 --> 01:12:38,680 THE NEGATIVE SYMPTOM OF TREMOR 1722 01:12:38,680 --> 01:12:42,280 WOULD BE IN THIS CASE AN 1723 01:12:42,280 --> 01:12:43,800 ABNORMALITY OF THE CEREBELLAR 1724 01:12:43,800 --> 01:12:45,680 FUNCTION. 1725 01:12:45,680 --> 01:12:49,680 SO THAT WAS THE PREDICTION THAT 1726 01:12:49,680 --> 01:12:52,320 WE FIND AN ABNORMALITY IN 1727 01:12:52,320 --> 01:12:53,360 SYMPTOMATIC PALATAL TREMOR IN 1728 01:12:53,360 --> 01:12:55,120 THE SENSE THAT MOTOR LEARNING IS 1729 01:12:55,120 --> 01:12:55,680 AFFECTED. 1730 01:12:55,680 --> 01:12:58,000 AND INDEED, WE FOUND THAT YOU 1731 01:12:58,000 --> 01:13:00,400 CAN SEE IT HERE, THIS IS 1732 01:13:00,400 --> 01:13:02,600 ESSENTIAL PALATAL TREMOR, VERY 1733 01:13:02,600 --> 01:13:04,920 MUCH LIKE THE NORMAL SUBJECTS, 1734 01:13:04,920 --> 01:13:07,040 WHILE THIS IS SYMPTOMATIC 1735 01:13:07,040 --> 01:13:08,760 PALATAL TREMOR WITH A CLEARLY 1736 01:13:08,760 --> 01:13:12,880 WORSE LEARNING CURVE. 1737 01:13:12,880 --> 01:13:17,720 SO THIS IDEA WHICH CAME FROM THE 1738 01:13:17,720 --> 01:13:20,960 COLLABORATION IN THESE DAYS, 1739 01:13:20,960 --> 01:13:23,440 THIS HAD MANY RAMIFICATIONS OVER 1740 01:13:23,440 --> 01:13:26,600 THE COMING YEARS, BECAUSE 1741 01:13:26,600 --> 01:13:27,480 DIFFERENT GROUPS HERE IN 1742 01:13:27,480 --> 01:13:29,200 WASHINGTON AND ALSO MY GROUP AND 1743 01:13:29,200 --> 01:13:33,760 MANY OTHER GROUPS IN THE WORLD 1744 01:13:33,760 --> 01:13:35,200 LOOKED AT ABNORMALITIES, 1745 01:13:35,200 --> 01:13:36,400 PARTICULARLY IN ESSENTIAL 1746 01:13:36,400 --> 01:13:38,800 TREMOR, WHICH IS ANOTHER TREMOR 1747 01:13:38,800 --> 01:13:45,200 WHICH HAS NO KNOWN ANATOMY. 1748 01:13:45,200 --> 01:13:47,800 FOR THOSE YOU CAN SHOW THAT HAND 1749 01:13:47,800 --> 01:13:49,880 MOVEMENTS, MOTOR LEARNING, 1750 01:13:49,880 --> 01:13:54,960 RHYTHM GENERATION, CEREBELLAR 1751 01:13:54,960 --> 01:13:58,560 COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS ARE AFFECTED 1752 01:13:58,560 --> 01:14:03,600 AS A CONSEQUENCE OF THE 1753 01:14:03,600 --> 01:14:05,920 LATERAL -- THE HEMISPHERIC 1754 01:14:05,920 --> 01:14:07,840 MALFUNCTION WITHIN THE 1755 01:14:07,840 --> 01:14:08,280 CEREBELLUM. 1756 01:14:08,280 --> 01:14:11,800 EYE MOVEMENTS ARE DISTURBED AS A 1757 01:14:11,800 --> 01:14:16,480 CONSEQUENCE OF 1758 01:14:16,480 --> 01:14:18,960 VESTIBULO-CEREBELLAR FUNCTIONS 1759 01:14:18,960 --> 01:14:22,480 AND OTHER GAIT ARE DISTURBED. 1760 01:14:22,480 --> 01:14:26,320 OTHER FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS ARE 1761 01:14:26,320 --> 01:14:27,520 PROBABLY NOT YET CLEAR OR AT 1762 01:14:27,520 --> 01:14:29,120 LEAST NOT YET RELATED TO THE 1763 01:14:29,120 --> 01:14:29,600 CEREBELLUM. 1764 01:14:29,600 --> 01:14:33,760 SO THIS WAS THE STORY HOW THESE 1765 01:14:33,760 --> 01:14:37,880 NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS OF ESSENTIAL 1766 01:14:37,880 --> 01:14:43,960 TREMOR CAME INTO PLAY, AND THE 1767 01:14:43,960 --> 01:14:46,800 OTHER ASPECT WHERE MARK WAS 1768 01:14:46,800 --> 01:14:49,640 PARTICULARLY INTERESTED WAS JUST 1769 01:14:49,640 --> 01:14:51,480 THE CLINICAL SYMPTOMS OF TREMOR, 1770 01:14:51,480 --> 01:14:55,960 AND HOW TO CLASSIFY THEM, AND, 1771 01:14:55,960 --> 01:14:59,920 THEREFORE, WE HAD A TASK FORCE 1772 01:14:59,920 --> 01:15:02,800 OF THE MBS AND WE MET FIRST TIME 1773 01:15:02,800 --> 01:15:05,880 IN LISBON, SO I THINK WE STARTED 1774 01:15:05,880 --> 01:15:06,440 IN 2012. 1775 01:15:06,440 --> 01:15:07,760 THE PAPER WAS PUBLISHED IN 2018, 1776 01:15:07,760 --> 01:15:12,600 SO YOU CAN -- YOU HAVE AN IDEA 1777 01:15:12,600 --> 01:15:15,560 HOW MUCH WE DISCUSSED ABOUT THIS 1778 01:15:15,560 --> 01:15:16,800 PAPER. 1779 01:15:16,800 --> 01:15:19,880 PROBABLY THE LONGEST WRITING 1780 01:15:19,880 --> 01:15:23,280 PERIOD FOR A PAPER THAT I EVER 1781 01:15:23,280 --> 01:15:23,680 HAD. 1782 01:15:23,680 --> 01:15:27,680 AND IN THAT PAPER CAME THE IDEA 1783 01:15:27,680 --> 01:15:29,920 OF ESSENTIAL TREMOR PLUS. 1784 01:15:29,920 --> 01:15:34,680 THIS IS MARK'S IDEA, I HAVE TO 1785 01:15:34,680 --> 01:15:35,800 SAY. 1786 01:15:35,800 --> 01:15:38,800 AND YOU KNOW HOW MUCH TROUBLE 1787 01:15:38,800 --> 01:15:41,080 THAT CREATED IN THE TREMOR WORLD 1788 01:15:41,080 --> 01:15:43,720 BECAUSE EVERYBODY SAID, WELL, 1789 01:15:43,720 --> 01:15:47,600 THIS IS NOT AN ENTITY, WE NEVER 1790 01:15:47,600 --> 01:15:50,000 THOUGHT THAT THIS IS AN ENTITY. 1791 01:15:50,000 --> 01:15:51,320 WHAT WE THOUGHT IS SIMPLY THAT 1792 01:15:51,320 --> 01:15:54,920 WE HAVE CLEARLY PA PARKINSONIAN 1793 01:15:54,920 --> 01:16:01,240 SYMPTOMS WHICH HAVE TREMOR 1794 01:16:01,240 --> 01:16:02,120 DISTONIC SYMPTOMS -- BUT THERE 1795 01:16:02,120 --> 01:16:03,640 ARE LOTS OF PATIENTS WHICH ONLY 1796 01:16:03,640 --> 01:16:05,280 HAVE SOFT SIGNS, WHICH DO NOT 1797 01:16:05,280 --> 01:16:08,880 ALLOW US TO DIAGNOSE PARKINSON'S 1798 01:16:08,880 --> 01:16:10,720 DISEASE, DYSTONIA, CEREBELLAR 1799 01:16:10,720 --> 01:16:14,360 DISEASE OR EVEN COGNITIVE 1800 01:16:14,360 --> 01:16:14,960 SYMPTOMS. 1801 01:16:14,960 --> 01:16:18,600 AND THAT IS MEANT BY THESE 1802 01:16:18,600 --> 01:16:20,000 CEREBELLAR SYMPTOMS AND IT WILL 1803 01:16:20,000 --> 01:16:20,880 STILL ENGAGE US. 1804 01:16:20,880 --> 01:16:22,720 CURRENTLY WE ARE DISCUSSING 1805 01:16:22,720 --> 01:16:26,440 ABOUT THE PATHOLOGY OF ESSENTIAL 1806 01:16:26,440 --> 01:16:28,600 TREMOR AND THERE IS HUGE 1807 01:16:28,600 --> 01:16:31,240 CONTROVERSY IN THE WORLD OF 1808 01:16:31,240 --> 01:16:32,320 TREMOR ABOUT THIS QUESTION 1809 01:16:32,320 --> 01:16:34,160 WHETHER THIS EXISTS OR NOT. 1810 01:16:34,160 --> 01:16:36,480 WE WILL GET THE ANSWER HOPEFULLY 1811 01:16:36,480 --> 01:16:39,160 IN THE NEXT 10 YEARS. 1812 01:16:39,160 --> 01:16:41,680 WELL, MY STORY WITH MARK WAS NOT 1813 01:16:41,680 --> 01:16:45,360 ENDING IN BETHESDA. 1814 01:16:45,360 --> 01:16:48,760 WE HAD REALLY THREE -- WE MET 1815 01:16:48,760 --> 01:16:53,560 SOMEWHERE IN '84, SO IT WAS MORE 1816 01:16:53,560 --> 01:16:55,000 OR LESS THREE DECADES THAT WE 1817 01:16:55,000 --> 01:16:58,360 HAVE BEEN WORKING TOGETHER. 1818 01:16:58,360 --> 01:17:00,120 AND ON MANY OCCASIONS. 1819 01:17:00,120 --> 01:17:03,480 THIS WAS ONE OF THE OCCASIONS 1820 01:17:03,480 --> 01:17:06,640 FOR EXAMPLE, IN MUNICH DURING 1821 01:17:06,640 --> 01:17:10,240 THE MBS CONGRESS AND WE CONTINUE 1822 01:17:10,240 --> 01:17:12,440 TO DISCUSS OUR COMMON QUESTIONS, 1823 01:17:12,440 --> 01:17:16,360 PUBLISHED A LOT OF PAPERS 1824 01:17:16,360 --> 01:17:17,000 TOGETHER. 1825 01:17:17,000 --> 01:17:21,360 MARK WAS VISITING US ON SEVERAL 1826 01:17:21,360 --> 01:17:24,080 OCCASIONS. 1827 01:17:24,080 --> 01:17:25,760 HE WAS THE ONE WHO WAS LEADING 1828 01:17:25,760 --> 01:17:27,720 THE SHIP HERE, AS YOU CAN SEE, 1829 01:17:27,720 --> 01:17:32,720 AND WE BOTH SET SAILS TOGETHER, 1830 01:17:32,720 --> 01:17:37,520 AND MARK WAS REALLY FOR GERMANY 1831 01:17:37,520 --> 01:17:39,080 AN IMPORTANT PERSON, AND 1832 01:17:39,080 --> 01:17:39,680 IMPORTANT SCIENTIST IN 1833 01:17:39,680 --> 01:17:40,440 NEUROLOGY. 1834 01:17:40,440 --> 01:17:43,480 THESE ARE ONLY SOME OF THE 1835 01:17:43,480 --> 01:17:47,440 PUPILS THAT HE HAS. 1836 01:17:47,440 --> 01:17:51,240 HELGE, WHO IS HERE IN THE ROOM, 1837 01:17:51,240 --> 01:17:52,560 HELGE AND I, WE COMPETE FOR 1838 01:17:52,560 --> 01:17:56,800 BEING THE FIRST GERMAN VISITOR. 1839 01:17:56,800 --> 01:17:58,560 HE WAS THE FIRST TO COME AND I 1840 01:17:58,560 --> 01:18:02,040 WAS THE FIRST TO GO. 1841 01:18:02,040 --> 01:18:04,560 BUT INDEED WE SPENT THE TIME 1842 01:18:04,560 --> 01:18:05,080 THERE TOGETHER. 1843 01:18:05,080 --> 01:18:06,280 IT WAS JUST FANTASTIC. 1844 01:18:06,280 --> 01:18:07,920 AND YOU SEE THE MANY NAMES. 1845 01:18:07,920 --> 01:18:11,280 AND THIS IS COMPLETELY 1846 01:18:11,280 --> 01:18:11,600 INCOMPLETE. 1847 01:18:11,600 --> 01:18:12,920 I STOPPED AT SOME POINT. 1848 01:18:12,920 --> 01:18:14,800 SO MARK IS VERY WELL-KNOWN IN 1849 01:18:14,800 --> 01:18:22,840 GERM KNEGERMANY, AND HE GOT THEG 1850 01:18:22,840 --> 01:18:24,480 MEDAL OF THE GERMAN SOCIETY. 1851 01:18:24,480 --> 01:18:26,000 THIS IS THE HIGHEST HONOR THAT 1852 01:18:26,000 --> 01:18:28,280 WE HAVE IN OUR SOCIETY. 1853 01:18:28,280 --> 01:18:30,240 AND WE ARE VERY PROUD TO HAVE 1854 01:18:30,240 --> 01:18:34,000 HIM AND THAT HE HAS SO MUCH 1855 01:18:34,000 --> 01:18:34,960 INFLUENCED GERMAN NEUROLOGY OVER 1856 01:18:34,960 --> 01:18:36,800 THE YEARS. 1857 01:18:36,800 --> 01:18:42,040 WHAT I CAN'T BELIEVE IS THAT 1858 01:18:42,040 --> 01:18:43,240 MARK WILL RETIRE. 1859 01:18:43,240 --> 01:18:45,720 I THINK HE WILL STOP GETTING 1860 01:18:45,720 --> 01:18:50,600 MONEY, BUT HE WILL NOT RETIRE. 1861 01:18:50,600 --> 01:18:52,720 AND IT'S VERY CLEAR THAT HE WILL 1862 01:18:52,720 --> 01:18:55,720 CONTINUE TO BE AVAILABLE FOR ALL 1863 01:18:55,720 --> 01:18:59,680 OF US FOR DISCUSSIONS, FOR 1864 01:18:59,680 --> 01:19:01,200 INTERACTIONS, FOR MEETINGS 1865 01:19:01,200 --> 01:19:03,920 SOMEWHERE ON THE GLOBE, AND I'M 1866 01:19:03,920 --> 01:19:06,880 PRETTY SURE THAT WE WILL 1867 01:19:06,880 --> 01:19:08,400 CONTINUE OUR CLOSE RELATIONS AND 1868 01:19:08,400 --> 01:19:09,720 I'M VERY THANKFUL FOR THAT. 1869 01:19:09,720 --> 01:19:12,040 THANK YOU VERY MUCH, MARK. 1870 01:19:12,040 --> 01:19:21,320 [APPLAUSE] 1871 01:19:21,320 --> 01:19:23,480 >>OUR NEXT SPEAKER -- CAN YOU 1872 01:19:23,480 --> 01:19:24,160 HEAR ME? 1873 01:19:24,160 --> 01:19:27,120 OUR NEXT SPEAKER WILL BE 1874 01:19:27,120 --> 01:19:28,520 DR. BRIAN BURMAN. 1875 01:19:28,520 --> 01:19:31,480 HE IS THE PROFESSOR OF NEUROLOGY 1876 01:19:31,480 --> 01:19:34,720 AND THE BEAMIS ENDOWED CHAIR AT 1877 01:19:34,720 --> 01:19:35,160 VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH 1878 01:19:35,160 --> 01:19:37,800 UNIVERSITY, AND HE'LL BE TALKING 1879 01:19:37,800 --> 01:19:46,960 ABOUT HIS EXPERTISE. 1880 01:19:46,960 --> 01:19:48,160 >>THANK YOU. 1881 01:19:48,160 --> 01:19:51,880 THIS HAS BEEN SUCH GREAT 1882 01:19:51,880 --> 01:19:53,160 INFORMATIVE TALKS SO FAR AND 1883 01:19:53,160 --> 01:19:55,440 VERY TOUCHING AS WELL. 1884 01:19:55,440 --> 01:19:57,520 SO I THOUGHT I'D DO SOMETHING 1885 01:19:57,520 --> 01:19:59,320 COMPLETELY DIFFERENT. 1886 01:19:59,320 --> 01:20:00,360 JUST KIDDING. 1887 01:20:00,360 --> 01:20:03,320 THAT WENT FLAT. 1888 01:20:03,320 --> 01:20:03,840 DISCLOSURES. 1889 01:20:03,840 --> 01:20:05,480 NO FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES. 1890 01:20:05,480 --> 01:20:08,560 I HAVE ONE SLIDE I'LL SHOW THAT 1891 01:20:08,560 --> 01:20:10,200 HAS SOME FUNDING FROM DYSTONIA 1892 01:20:10,200 --> 01:20:14,080 MEDICAL RESEARCH FOUNDATION AND 1893 01:20:14,080 --> 01:20:17,440 THE RESEARCH FOUNDATION. 1894 01:20:17,440 --> 01:20:19,160 OF COURSE THIS IS A TALK ON 1895 01:20:19,160 --> 01:20:20,680 DYSTONIA AND MARK AND WE'LL BE 1896 01:20:20,680 --> 01:20:22,000 TALKING A LITTLE ABOUT LOSS OF 1897 01:20:22,000 --> 01:20:22,320 INHIBITION. 1898 01:20:22,320 --> 01:20:25,760 I HAVE BEEN KNOWN TO EXHIBIT 1899 01:20:25,760 --> 01:20:26,440 DISINHIBITED BEHAVIORS AT TIMES. 1900 01:20:26,440 --> 01:20:28,400 I'M GOING TO TRAY TO KEEP IT IN 1901 01:20:28,400 --> 01:20:32,320 CHECK TODAY. 1902 01:20:32,320 --> 01:20:33,240 SO WHERE TO START? 1903 01:20:33,240 --> 01:20:34,840 IT'S A LONG HISTORY WITH MARK 1904 01:20:34,840 --> 01:20:36,160 AND DYSTONIA. 1905 01:20:36,160 --> 01:20:39,760 SO I WENT BACK AND LOOKED AT 1906 01:20:39,760 --> 01:20:41,560 SOMETHING INTERESTING. 1907 01:20:41,560 --> 01:20:45,280 THIS IS A TALK FROM 1886 BY 1908 01:20:45,280 --> 01:20:47,160 FRANK WOODBURY, AND HE WAS 1909 01:20:47,160 --> 01:20:49,840 GIVING A PRESENTATION AT THE 1910 01:20:49,840 --> 01:20:52,040 PHILADELPHIA COUNTY MEDICAL 1911 01:20:52,040 --> 01:20:52,280 SOCIETY. 1912 01:20:52,280 --> 01:20:53,440 I JUST THINK IT INTERESTING, 1913 01:20:53,440 --> 01:20:56,720 HE'S TALKING ABOUT HOW TO 1914 01:20:56,720 --> 01:20:57,600 PREVENT WRITER'S CRAMP. 1915 01:20:57,600 --> 01:21:00,440 THIS IS 1886. 1916 01:21:00,440 --> 01:21:01,760 AT THE TIME, THEY SAID LET'S 1917 01:21:01,760 --> 01:21:05,000 CALL THIS A COORDINATED BUSINESS 1918 01:21:05,000 --> 01:21:07,080 NEUROSEES. 1919 01:21:07,080 --> 01:21:07,720 HIGHLIGHTED HOW THEY'RE JUST 1920 01:21:07,720 --> 01:21:11,480 FOUND IN EVERY WALK OF LIFE. 1921 01:21:11,480 --> 01:21:12,960 SO THIS WAS HAPPENING TO THE 1922 01:21:12,960 --> 01:21:14,720 TYPESETTERS, TO THE TELEGRAPH 1923 01:21:14,720 --> 01:21:18,040 OPERATORS, THE TAILORS, 1924 01:21:18,040 --> 01:21:19,400 CARPENTERS, BALLET DANCERS. 1925 01:21:19,400 --> 01:21:22,200 SO I WONDERED, IS HAND DYSTONIA 1926 01:21:22,200 --> 01:21:22,600 RARE? 1927 01:21:22,600 --> 01:21:26,360 JUST THE WAY THEY -- THAT IT CAN 1928 01:21:26,360 --> 01:21:32,000 AFFECT SO MANY DIFFERENT FOLKS. 1929 01:21:32,000 --> 01:21:34,040 THEN I WENT DOWN THE RABBIT 1930 01:21:34,040 --> 01:21:37,720 HOLE, I READ THE WHOLE 1931 01:21:37,720 --> 01:21:39,080 PRESENTATION, HOW ALL WRITERS 1932 01:21:39,080 --> 01:21:41,000 RECOGNIZE THE STRONG EMOTIONAL 1933 01:21:41,000 --> 01:21:41,880 ELEMENT IN THE DISEASE. 1934 01:21:41,880 --> 01:21:44,320 THIS HINTED A LITTLE BIT HOW IT 1935 01:21:44,320 --> 01:21:45,920 WAS THOUGHT TO BE A HYSTERICAL 1936 01:21:45,920 --> 01:21:46,760 OR FUNCTIONAL ILLNESS FOR A 1937 01:21:46,760 --> 01:21:48,200 WHILE. 1938 01:21:48,200 --> 01:21:51,160 BUT REALLY IN THIS 1886 1939 01:21:51,160 --> 01:21:53,200 DISCUSSION, IT WAS VERY MINOR AT 1940 01:21:53,200 --> 01:21:54,080 THAT POINT. 1941 01:21:54,080 --> 01:21:55,600 AND THEY FOCUSED ON HOW TO 1942 01:21:55,600 --> 01:21:58,680 PREVENT IT AND THEY SAID THE 1943 01:21:58,680 --> 01:21:59,760 AMOUNT OF ACTUAL WORK BEING THE 1944 01:21:59,760 --> 01:22:01,480 SAME, IT'S THE PERSON WHOSE MIND 1945 01:22:01,480 --> 01:22:04,440 IS BEING EXERCISED MOST WHO'S 1946 01:22:04,440 --> 01:22:06,360 LIKELY TO BE ATTACKED BY 1947 01:22:06,360 --> 01:22:07,360 WRITER'S CRAMP THAN HE WHO 1948 01:22:07,360 --> 01:22:08,680 MERELY WRITES AUTOMATICALLY. 1949 01:22:08,680 --> 01:22:10,080 SO MY SUGGESTION IS, IF YOU'RE 1950 01:22:10,080 --> 01:22:11,480 TALKING NOTES RIGHT NOW, TRY NOT 1951 01:22:11,480 --> 01:22:13,120 TO DO TOO MUCH THINKING. 1952 01:22:13,120 --> 01:22:18,960 KEEP IT LIGHT. 1953 01:22:18,960 --> 01:22:21,120 SPEAKING OF ERB, I DID NOT NOT 1954 01:22:21,120 --> 01:22:23,200 KNOW YOU RECEIVED THE ERB MEDAL 1955 01:22:23,200 --> 01:22:24,280 SO THAT'S PRETTY APPROPRIATE. 1956 01:22:24,280 --> 01:22:30,160 IT'S INTERESTING IN 18 1886, ITS 1957 01:22:30,160 --> 01:22:32,120 INVOLVING THE BASAL GANGLIA AT 1958 01:22:32,120 --> 01:22:34,080 THE TIME AND ASSOCIATED WITH 1959 01:22:34,080 --> 01:22:35,280 COORDINATION OF MUSCULAR 1960 01:22:35,280 --> 01:22:36,520 MOVEMENTS FOR MORE COMPLEX 1961 01:22:36,520 --> 01:22:37,040 ACTIONS. 1962 01:22:37,040 --> 01:22:39,480 SO I THOUGHT THAT WAS AN 1963 01:22:39,480 --> 01:22:40,200 INTERESTING INSIGHT AT THIS 1964 01:22:40,200 --> 01:22:41,080 TIME. 1965 01:22:41,080 --> 01:22:43,040 AND THEN JUST TO HIGHLIGHT WHAT 1966 01:22:43,040 --> 01:22:44,920 THEY THOUGHT ABOUT FOR 1967 01:22:44,920 --> 01:22:47,080 PREVENTION, WELL, THE TYPEWRITER 1968 01:22:47,080 --> 01:22:48,520 HAD JUST BEEN INVENTED SO THEY 1969 01:22:48,520 --> 01:22:50,120 JUST SAID I WOULD CONSIDER THIS 1970 01:22:50,120 --> 01:22:53,040 A VERY EFFICIENT METHOD AT 1971 01:22:53,040 --> 01:22:53,960 PREVENTING WRITER'S CRAMP. 1972 01:22:53,960 --> 01:22:55,920 SO IF YOU WANT TO PICK UP A PEN, 1973 01:22:55,920 --> 01:22:57,000 THEN IT WOULD JUST BE FOR 1974 01:22:57,000 --> 01:22:57,840 PLEASURE AND FUN AND YOU 1975 01:22:57,840 --> 01:22:59,600 WOULDN'T GET WRITER'S CRAMP. 1976 01:22:59,600 --> 01:23:01,000 SO JUST KEEP THAT IN MIND. 1977 01:23:01,000 --> 01:23:03,720 THE PROBLEM WITH FOCAL DYSTONIA 1978 01:23:03,720 --> 01:23:07,320 REALLY GOT A RENEWED INTEREST BY 1979 01:23:07,320 --> 01:23:10,920 DAVID MARSDEN BACK IN THE 70s, 1980 01:23:10,920 --> 01:23:12,440 AND 1976, HE PUBLISHED THIS 1981 01:23:12,440 --> 01:23:14,080 PAPER, HE WAS TALKING ABOUT HOWL 1982 01:23:14,080 --> 01:23:17,560 IT REALLY SEEMED THAT THIS ISN'T 1983 01:23:17,560 --> 01:23:20,200 A FUNCTIONAL DISORDER, THESE 1984 01:23:20,200 --> 01:23:22,280 DIFFERENT FORMS OF ADULT ONSET 1985 01:23:22,280 --> 01:23:24,760 FOCAL DYSTONIA RUN IN FAMILIES, 1986 01:23:24,760 --> 01:23:26,160 AND THAT ONE FAMILY MEMBER MIGHT 1987 01:23:26,160 --> 01:23:27,840 PRESENT WITH ONE TYPE AND 1988 01:23:27,840 --> 01:23:28,800 ANOTHER FAMILY MEMBER WITH 1989 01:23:28,800 --> 01:23:29,480 ANOTHER. 1990 01:23:29,480 --> 01:23:32,600 AND SO THIS IS SORT OF THE 1991 01:23:32,600 --> 01:23:35,680 BEGINNING OF SORT OF THE MORE MO 1992 01:23:35,680 --> 01:23:37,000 DEN INVESTIGATION OF PHYSIOLOGY 1993 01:23:37,000 --> 01:23:38,120 OF FOCAL DYSTONIA. 1994 01:23:38,120 --> 01:23:41,360 THAT WAS IN '76. 1995 01:23:41,360 --> 01:23:46,160 I'76 ACTUALLY WAS THE SAME TIME 1996 01:23:46,160 --> 01:23:48,800 MARK WAS OUT IN CAMBRIDGE FOR A 1997 01:23:48,800 --> 01:23:49,440 FELLOWSHIP. 1998 01:23:49,440 --> 01:23:51,080 100TH MEETING OF THE SOCIETY. 1999 01:23:51,080 --> 01:23:52,720 PICTURED HERE WITH THE THREE 2000 01:23:52,720 --> 01:23:54,920 Ms WHICH INCLUDES DAVID 2001 01:23:54,920 --> 01:23:57,080 MARSDEN AS WELL AS A PH.D. 2002 01:23:57,080 --> 01:23:58,600 STUDENT OF DAVE MARSDEN. 2003 01:23:58,600 --> 01:24:00,360 MARK AT THIS TIME WAS REALLY 2004 01:24:00,360 --> 01:24:02,120 STARTING TO FOCUS ON PHYSIOLOGY 2005 01:24:02,120 --> 01:24:03,080 AS YOU'VE LEARNED FROM SOME OF 2006 01:24:03,080 --> 01:24:04,280 THE OTHER TALKS. 2007 01:24:04,280 --> 01:24:05,920 SO I HAD TO DID BACK A LITTLE 2008 01:24:05,920 --> 01:24:07,200 BIT FURTHER FROM FELLOWSHIP INTO 2009 01:24:07,200 --> 01:24:07,640 MEDICAL SCHOOL. 2010 01:24:07,640 --> 01:24:08,760 SO I DON'T KNOW HOW MANY PEOPLE 2011 01:24:08,760 --> 01:24:11,240 KNOW THIS, BUT WHEN MARK WAS IN 2012 01:24:11,240 --> 01:24:13,840 MEDICAL SCHOOL, HIS FIRST YEAR, 2013 01:24:13,840 --> 01:24:17,280 AFTER HIS FIRST YEAR, HE WAS -- 2014 01:24:17,280 --> 01:24:20,760 WORKED IN THE LAB OF DAVID HUBEL 2015 01:24:20,760 --> 01:24:24,720 AND TORSTEN WIESEL. 2016 01:24:24,720 --> 01:24:27,120 THESE TWO WERE AWARDED THE NOBEL 2017 01:24:27,120 --> 01:24:28,080 PRIZE FOR PHYSIOLOGY AND 2018 01:24:28,080 --> 01:24:30,160 MEDICINE IN 1981 AND THAT WAS 2019 01:24:30,160 --> 01:24:32,000 FOR THEIR WORK AROUND CENTRAL 2020 01:24:32,000 --> 01:24:33,120 SURROUND INHIBITION IN THE 2021 01:24:33,120 --> 01:24:33,640 VISUAL SYSTEM. 2022 01:24:33,640 --> 01:24:37,360 SO NOTING HOW THESE CELLS WOULD 2023 01:24:37,360 --> 01:24:39,760 HELP REFINE AND FOCUS NEURONAL 2024 01:24:39,760 --> 01:24:41,480 ACTIVITY SO THE SENSORY SYSTEM 2025 01:24:41,480 --> 01:24:46,640 COULD BE MORE FOCUSED, SO IT WAS 2026 01:24:46,640 --> 01:24:47,720 REALLY QUITE A BREAKTHROUGH. 2027 01:24:47,720 --> 01:24:49,680 THIS IS THE FIRST TIME THAT IT 2028 01:24:49,680 --> 01:24:53,400 HAD BEEN EXPLORED. 2029 01:24:53,400 --> 01:24:55,360 BUT SOON AFTER, PEOPLE STARTED 2030 01:24:55,360 --> 01:24:56,800 TO THINK ABOUT THE MOTOR SYSTEM 2031 01:24:56,800 --> 01:25:00,600 AS WELL, AND JONATHAN MEAN AMONG 2032 01:25:00,600 --> 01:25:03,960 OTHERS LOOKED AT THE BASAL 2033 01:25:03,960 --> 01:25:05,320 GANGLIA AS A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF 2034 01:25:05,320 --> 01:25:07,160 HOW THE MOTOR SYSTEM MIGHT HELP 2035 01:25:07,160 --> 01:25:09,120 FOCUS ITS ACTIVITY, PREVENTING 2036 01:25:09,120 --> 01:25:12,040 UNWANTED MOVEMENTS AND ENHANCING 2037 01:25:12,040 --> 01:25:14,600 THE DESIRED MOVEMENTS. 2038 01:25:14,600 --> 01:25:19,200 SO THIS IS SOMETHING THAT I 2039 01:25:19,200 --> 01:25:20,600 THINK SET OFF A LIGHT BULB IN 2040 01:25:20,600 --> 01:25:23,240 MARK SO HE REALLY SAW THIS AS A 2041 01:25:23,240 --> 01:25:24,640 POTENTIAL TO SORT OF EXPLAIN 2042 01:25:24,640 --> 01:25:26,040 WHAT HAPPENS IN DYSTONIA. 2043 01:25:26,040 --> 01:25:28,000 SO SHORTLY AFTER, HE STARTED 2044 01:25:28,000 --> 01:25:30,080 REALLY DESCRIBING THE 2045 01:25:30,080 --> 01:25:32,280 NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF DYSTONIA IN 2046 01:25:32,280 --> 01:25:34,440 CONTEXT OF THE CENTER SURROUND 2047 01:25:34,440 --> 01:25:36,720 AND THE LOSS OF SURROUNDING 2048 01:25:36,720 --> 01:25:40,360 INHIBITION AS A POTENTIAL 2049 01:25:40,360 --> 01:25:41,640 ETIOLOGY, AND SPECIFICALLY THIS 2050 01:25:41,640 --> 01:25:43,080 KIND OF HIGHLIGHT SOME OF THE 2051 01:25:43,080 --> 01:25:44,800 FEATURES THAT WE ALL KNOW ABOUT 2052 01:25:44,800 --> 01:25:46,040 DYSTONIA, INCLUDING MOTOR 2053 01:25:46,040 --> 01:25:47,320 OVERFLOW, WHERE YOU SORT OF HAVE 2054 01:25:47,320 --> 01:25:48,880 A LOSS OF THAT ABILITY TO 2055 01:25:48,880 --> 01:25:51,840 INHIBIT MOVEMENTS OF ADJACENT 2056 01:25:51,840 --> 01:25:54,760 MUSCLES, AND THEN EVEN PERHAPS 2057 01:25:54,760 --> 01:26:03,400 FOR MERO DYST -- LARGER LOSS OFE 2058 01:26:03,400 --> 01:26:05,280 GROUP FAR AWAY BUT STILL WITH 2059 01:26:05,280 --> 01:26:06,040 INHIBITION. 2060 01:26:06,040 --> 01:26:07,120 NOW MODERN TECHNOLOGY, WE'RE 2061 01:26:07,120 --> 01:26:10,400 ABLE TO SEE INSIDE MARK'S BRAIN, 2062 01:26:10,400 --> 01:26:14,560 AND REPRESENT HOW HE THINKS AND 2063 01:26:14,560 --> 01:26:15,120 PICTURES DYSTONIA. 2064 01:26:15,120 --> 01:26:16,760 AS YOU ALL KNOW, HE PROBABLY 2065 01:26:16,760 --> 01:26:17,720 FOCUSES A LOT MORE ON THE HANDS. 2066 01:26:17,720 --> 01:26:18,680 NOT THAT HE DOESN'T LOOK AT THE 2067 01:26:18,680 --> 01:26:22,960 NECK OR THE EYES, BUT HE'S BEEN 2068 01:26:22,960 --> 01:26:24,160 VERY INTERESTED IN HAND DYSTONIA 2069 01:26:24,160 --> 01:26:26,720 AND JUST HOW WE MOVE FROM ONE 2070 01:26:26,720 --> 01:26:34,480 FINGER AT A TIME. 2071 01:26:34,480 --> 01:26:36,240 -- TO WRITE MANY PAPERS I 2072 01:26:36,240 --> 01:26:37,760 COULDN'T LIST ALL HERE, SO JUST 2073 01:26:37,760 --> 01:26:38,400 HIGHLIGHTING THAT THEY STARTED 2074 01:26:38,400 --> 01:26:42,920 TO COME OUT IN 2004, AND THESE 2075 01:26:42,920 --> 01:26:45,960 ARE OFTEN WHERE WE'RE USING 2076 01:26:45,960 --> 01:26:47,240 TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC 2077 01:26:47,240 --> 01:26:49,360 STIMULATION WITH PAIRED 2078 01:26:49,360 --> 01:26:51,200 STIMULATION AND EVALUATING A 2079 01:26:51,200 --> 01:26:59,400 NUMBER OF FEATURES SHORT IN 2080 01:26:59,400 --> 01:27:00,040 THE -- INHIBITION. 2081 01:27:00,040 --> 01:27:02,960 I PICKED UP ANOTHER PAPER FROM 2082 01:27:02,960 --> 01:27:04,520 2008, THE YEAR I JOINED BUT ALSO 2083 01:27:04,520 --> 01:27:07,280 THE NUMBER OF FOLKS WHO ARE HERE 2084 01:27:07,280 --> 01:27:10,520 OR ARE ON VIRTUAL, AND IT ALSO 2085 01:27:10,520 --> 01:27:12,800 KIND OF HIGHLIGHTS SOME OF THE 2086 01:27:12,800 --> 01:27:14,880 DETAIL THAT GOT RAISED IN 2087 01:27:14,880 --> 01:27:15,520 EARLIER TALKS TODAY THAT MARK 2088 01:27:15,520 --> 01:27:19,680 WAS REALLY LOOKING AT SURROUND 2089 01:27:19,680 --> 01:27:21,560 INHIBITION AND JUST LOOKING AT 2090 01:27:21,560 --> 01:27:22,800 INITIATION OF A MOVEMENT OR 2091 01:27:22,800 --> 01:27:24,600 MAINTENANCE OF A MOVEMENT, SO HE 2092 01:27:24,600 --> 01:27:27,440 ALWAYS KEPT AN EYE ON THESE 2093 01:27:27,440 --> 01:27:30,920 DETAILED FACTORS OF DIFFERENT 2094 01:27:30,920 --> 01:27:33,360 WAYS THAT MOVEMENT COULD BE 2095 01:27:33,360 --> 01:27:39,400 STUDIED WITH THESE TOOLS. 2096 01:27:39,400 --> 01:27:41,920 HE ALSO LOOKED AT IMAGING, WHICH 2097 01:27:41,920 --> 01:27:47,240 IS MY FIELD, A BIT, AND EARLY ON 2098 01:27:47,240 --> 01:27:49,040 IN THE 90s, THEY FIGURED OUT 2099 01:27:49,040 --> 01:27:55,160 THEY COULD DO SOME EDITED 2100 01:27:55,160 --> 01:27:58,320 SPECTRA THAT WAS BASED ON 2101 01:27:58,320 --> 01:27:59,200 MOLECULES, I'LL LEAVE SOME OF 2102 01:27:59,200 --> 01:28:02,680 THE SCIENCE OUT BUT WHERE THIS 2103 01:28:02,680 --> 01:28:04,800 GABA PEAK IS, IT KIND OF BURIED 2104 01:28:04,800 --> 01:28:06,080 IN ALL THESE OTHER MOLECULES, 2105 01:28:06,080 --> 01:28:07,400 THEY WERE ABLE TO EXTRACT THAT 2106 01:28:07,400 --> 01:28:09,880 OUT AND DETECT LEVELS OF GABA IN 2107 01:28:09,880 --> 01:28:10,760 PARTICULAR BRAIN REGIONS. 2108 01:28:10,760 --> 01:28:17,560 SO ANOTHER STUDY THEY DID WITH 2109 01:28:17,560 --> 01:28:22,040 LUCINE LEVY, THIS WAS IN 2110 01:28:22,040 --> 01:28:23,720 HAPPENED DYSTONIA PATIENTS, 2111 01:28:23,720 --> 01:28:26,400 THEIR RIGHT HAND WAS AFFECTED 2112 01:28:26,400 --> 01:28:27,960 AND THEIR LEFT BRAIN SHOWED 2113 01:28:27,960 --> 01:28:28,520 REDUCED GABA. 2114 01:28:28,520 --> 01:28:29,920 NOW THE TECHNIQUE AT THAT TIME 2115 01:28:29,920 --> 01:28:33,080 WAS A 1.5 TESLA, LOW POWER 2116 01:28:33,080 --> 01:28:34,600 MAGNET, THE VOXELS ARE VERY 2117 01:28:34,600 --> 01:28:36,160 LARGE. 2118 01:28:36,160 --> 01:28:37,600 IT'S NOT CLEAR THIS FINDING WILL 2119 01:28:37,600 --> 01:28:40,440 STAND, BUT IT WAS REPEATED AND 2120 01:28:40,440 --> 01:28:44,800 WE DID SEE WITH A 3T THEY WERE 2121 01:28:44,800 --> 01:28:46,200 REDUCED BUT NOT QUITE 2122 01:28:46,200 --> 01:28:54,520 SIGNIFICANT ENOUGH AS .59, BUT 2123 01:28:54,520 --> 01:28:58,280 THIS COULD BE DETECTED WITH GABA 2124 01:28:58,280 --> 01:29:00,320 SPECTROSCOPY SO I SAID MARK I 2125 01:29:00,320 --> 01:29:02,960 THINK I'D LIKE TO DO A STUDY ON 2126 01:29:02,960 --> 01:29:04,040 THIS, WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT 2127 01:29:04,040 --> 01:29:04,720 THE THALAMUS? 2128 01:29:04,720 --> 01:29:06,360 IN TYPICAL MARK FASHION, HE 2129 01:29:06,360 --> 01:29:07,000 SAYS, SURE! 2130 01:29:07,000 --> 01:29:08,520 HE'S VERY OPEN THIS WAY, HE'S 2131 01:29:08,520 --> 01:29:10,240 LIKE, YOU WANT TO DO THAT, 2132 01:29:10,240 --> 01:29:10,680 SOUNDS INTERESTING. 2133 01:29:10,680 --> 01:29:12,440 I SAID, YEAH, THALAMUS, IT 2134 01:29:12,440 --> 01:29:15,080 CONNECTS THE MOTOR AND THE 2135 01:29:15,080 --> 01:29:16,400 SENSORY, IT'S AN IMPORTANT NODE 2136 01:29:16,400 --> 01:29:17,640 IN THE SENSORY MOTOR NETWORK, 2137 01:29:17,640 --> 01:29:21,680 AND IT HAS A LOT OF GABERGIC 2138 01:29:21,680 --> 01:29:22,760 NEURONS, INTRANEURONS IN IT. 2139 01:29:22,760 --> 01:29:23,720 OKAY. 2140 01:29:23,720 --> 01:29:28,400 SO DID FIND THAT IN SEVERAL 2141 01:29:28,400 --> 01:29:29,320 DYSTONIA PATIENTS, THEY HAD 2142 01:29:29,320 --> 01:29:31,680 ABOUT 14% REDUCED GABA IN THE 2143 01:29:31,680 --> 01:29:32,920 THALAMUS, AND I THOUGHT THIS WAS 2144 01:29:32,920 --> 01:29:34,960 AN INTERESTING FINDING, BUT 2145 01:29:34,960 --> 01:29:36,360 REVIEWERS KEPT SAYING, WHY THE 2146 01:29:36,360 --> 01:29:36,760 THALAMUS? 2147 01:29:36,760 --> 01:29:39,200 WHY DID YOU PICK THAT? 2148 01:29:39,200 --> 01:29:41,000 SO WENT TO GET IT PUBLISHED, AND 2149 01:29:41,000 --> 01:29:43,400 NOW WORKING ON EXPANDING THIS TO 2150 01:29:43,400 --> 01:29:44,680 SORT OF LOOKING AT THE NETWORK 2151 01:29:44,680 --> 01:29:45,240 ALL AT THE SAME TIME. 2152 01:29:45,240 --> 01:29:47,320 SO THIS IS A STUDY I HAVE GOING 2153 01:29:47,320 --> 01:29:49,840 ON AT THE MOMENT LOOKING AT SEER 2154 01:29:49,840 --> 01:29:56,160 RAL DYSTONIA -- AND SO FAR 2155 01:29:56,160 --> 01:29:57,840 THERE'S SOME INTERESTING RESULTS 2156 01:29:57,840 --> 01:30:02,720 THAT GLUTAMINE AND GLUTAMATE, 2157 01:30:02,720 --> 01:30:03,920 THAT THE EXCITATORY ASPECT SEEMS 2158 01:30:03,920 --> 01:30:05,440 TO BE REALLY IMPORTANT. 2159 01:30:05,440 --> 01:30:07,400 THESE ARE PRELIMINARY DATA. 2160 01:30:07,400 --> 01:30:10,800 CORRELATED WITH THE DYSTONIA 2161 01:30:10,800 --> 01:30:12,120 SEVERITY, AND THEN THE GABA 2162 01:30:12,120 --> 01:30:14,120 LEVELS IN THE CEREBELLUM SORT OF 2163 01:30:14,120 --> 01:30:19,040 HAVE THE OPPOSITE REACTION, THE 2164 01:30:19,040 --> 01:30:20,440 LOWER THEY ARE, THE MORE SEVERE 2165 01:30:20,440 --> 01:30:24,800 THE BLEPHAROSPASM. 2166 01:30:24,800 --> 01:30:26,640 IT'S NOT GOING TO BE VALID ONCE 2167 01:30:26,640 --> 01:30:28,280 I GET A FEW MORE SUBJECTS SO WE 2168 01:30:28,280 --> 01:30:29,920 CAN ALL MOVE ON AND GO BACK TO 2169 01:30:29,920 --> 01:30:33,320 TALKING ABOUT MARK. 2170 01:30:33,320 --> 01:30:34,520 SORE ONE STUDY THAT CAME OUT 2171 01:30:34,520 --> 01:30:36,520 THAT REALLY SPARCED HIS INTEREST 2172 01:30:36,520 --> 01:30:42,800 WAS BY NANCY -- SHE WAS AT UCSF 2173 01:30:42,800 --> 01:30:48,400 AT THE TIME AND SHE LOOKED AT 2174 01:30:48,400 --> 01:30:50,160 THIS REPETITIVE STRAIN MODEL IN 2175 01:30:50,160 --> 01:30:52,400 TWO MONKEYS AND HAD THEM -- I 2176 01:30:52,400 --> 01:30:53,040 DON'T THINK IT WAS LEARNING HOW 2177 01:30:53,040 --> 01:30:54,880 TO USE A KEYBOARD, BUT IT WAS 2178 01:30:54,880 --> 01:30:56,760 REPETITIVE INJURIES, AND THEN 2179 01:30:56,760 --> 01:30:59,080 LOOKED AT THEIR PRIMARY -- AND 2180 01:30:59,080 --> 01:31:02,240 THEIR BRAINS AND FOUND THEIR 2181 01:31:02,240 --> 01:31:03,880 SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX IN THE 2182 01:31:03,880 --> 01:31:06,520 MONKEYS WI HAD BEEN ALTERED. 2183 01:31:06,520 --> 01:31:08,120 SO THIS WAS PRETTY INTERESTING. 2184 01:31:08,120 --> 01:31:12,320 THIS WAS EARLY ON IN THE 90s, 2185 01:31:12,320 --> 01:31:13,600 AND PEOPLE HADN'T THOUGHT ABOUT 2186 01:31:13,600 --> 01:31:14,840 THE SENSORY SYSTEM MUCH WHEN IT 2187 01:31:14,840 --> 01:31:17,920 COMES TO DYSTONIA, EXCEPT MARK 2188 01:31:17,920 --> 01:31:18,520 HAD. 2189 01:31:18,520 --> 01:31:19,640 THE YEAR BEFORE HE ALREADY 2190 01:31:19,640 --> 01:31:21,720 STARTED WRITING EDITORIALS AND 2191 01:31:21,720 --> 01:31:23,400 REVIEWS AND DOING RESEARCH ON 2192 01:31:23,400 --> 01:31:24,680 WHETHER DYSTONIA MIGHT BE A 2193 01:31:24,680 --> 01:31:26,560 SENSORY DISORDER, NOT A MOTOR 2194 01:31:26,560 --> 01:31:26,840 DISORDER. 2195 01:31:26,840 --> 01:31:31,120 THAT GOT PEOPLE THINKING. 2196 01:31:31,120 --> 01:31:32,560 SO HE STARTED DOING SOME WORK AT 2197 01:31:32,560 --> 01:31:34,080 THIS TIME, THIS WAS IN THE 2198 01:31:34,080 --> 01:31:39,120 90s, AND FOUND THE 2199 01:31:39,120 --> 01:31:42,400 SOMATOSENSORY YOU THINK LUS IN 2200 01:31:42,400 --> 01:31:51,560 DYSTONIA OF THE HAND WAS 2201 01:31:51,560 --> 01:31:52,000 ABNORMAL. 2202 01:31:52,000 --> 01:31:56,880 THERE'S FURTHER STUDIES DONE 2203 01:31:56,880 --> 01:31:58,440 SHOWING SPATIAL -- TO REALLY 2204 01:31:58,440 --> 01:31:59,960 PICK UP STEAM, MARK WAS DOING 2205 01:31:59,960 --> 01:32:01,160 MORE RESEARCH WITHIN THE SENSORY 2206 01:32:01,160 --> 01:32:04,880 COMPONENT OF DYSTONIA, AND GOT 2207 01:32:04,880 --> 01:32:06,200 REALLY EXCITED ABOUT PERHAPS 2208 01:32:06,200 --> 01:32:07,720 USING THIS KNOWLEDGE AS A WAY TO 2209 01:32:07,720 --> 01:32:10,160 TREAT THESE PATIENTS. 2210 01:32:10,160 --> 01:32:16,840 SO HE WORKED WITH KIRSTEN ZUNER 2211 01:32:16,840 --> 01:32:18,360 TO TRAINL PATIENTS WITH FOCAL 2212 01:32:18,360 --> 01:32:21,240 HAND DYSTONIA HOW TO READ 2213 01:32:21,240 --> 01:32:21,560 BRAILLE. 2214 01:32:21,560 --> 01:32:23,400 SORT OF A FASCINATING STUDY. 2215 01:32:23,400 --> 01:32:25,600 I JUST THINK THESE ARE VERY 2216 01:32:25,600 --> 01:32:26,480 CREATIVE AND INTERESTING 2217 01:32:26,480 --> 01:32:27,000 APPROACHES. 2218 01:32:27,000 --> 01:32:32,960 SO HE TAUGHT THE PATIENTS HOW TO 2219 01:32:32,960 --> 01:32:41,080 READ BRAILLE BRAILLE AND THEN BR 2220 01:32:41,080 --> 01:32:43,360 SPATIAL -- AND THEIR DISABILITY 2221 01:32:43,360 --> 01:32:44,840 LESSENED. 2222 01:32:44,840 --> 01:32:46,640 DISCRIMINATION IMPROVED AND THE 2223 01:32:46,640 --> 01:32:49,600 SEVERITY LESSENED WITH THIS 2224 01:32:49,600 --> 01:32:49,840 BRAILLE. 2225 01:32:49,840 --> 01:32:51,560 TRAINING. 2226 01:32:51,560 --> 01:32:53,120 NOW, THREE OF THE PATIENTS WHO 2227 01:32:53,120 --> 01:32:54,200 ARE ENROLLED IN THE STUDY 2228 01:32:54,200 --> 01:32:55,160 CONTINUE TO WORK ON THEIR 2229 01:32:55,160 --> 01:32:57,560 BRAILLE READING AFTER A YEAR'S 2230 01:32:57,560 --> 01:32:58,800 TIME AND THEY'VE STILL FOUND 2231 01:32:58,800 --> 01:32:59,880 THAT AFTER A YEAR, THAT THEY 2232 01:32:59,880 --> 01:33:00,640 HAVE IMPROVEMENT. 2233 01:33:00,640 --> 01:33:04,400 SO THIS ISN'T THERAPY FOR 2234 01:33:04,400 --> 01:33:05,680 EVERYONE BUT IT'S AN INTERESTING 2235 01:33:05,680 --> 01:33:06,760 CONCEPT THAT THERE MAY BE 2236 01:33:06,760 --> 01:33:07,840 BENEFIT FROM THIS TYPE OF 2237 01:33:07,840 --> 01:33:13,320 SENSORY TRAINING. 2238 01:33:13,320 --> 01:33:15,080 SO FROM THE MOTOR SYSTEM, LOSS 2239 01:33:15,080 --> 01:33:19,560 OF INHIBITION, TO THE SENSORY 2240 01:33:19,560 --> 01:33:20,520 SYSTEM, IT'S BECOMING CLEAR 2241 01:33:20,520 --> 01:33:21,760 THROUGHOUT THE RESEARCH AS WELL 2242 01:33:21,760 --> 01:33:23,520 THAT DYSTONIA IS KIND OF A 2243 01:33:23,520 --> 01:33:25,960 CLASSIC NETWORK DISORDER AND 2244 01:33:25,960 --> 01:33:29,560 THAT THE SENSORY MOTOR SYSTEM 2245 01:33:29,560 --> 01:33:31,400 ARE INTEGRATED IN THIS 2246 01:33:31,400 --> 01:33:34,000 DISRUPTION WITHIN THIS 2247 01:33:34,000 --> 01:33:36,840 INTEGRATION THAT LIKELY UNDER 2248 01:33:36,840 --> 01:33:37,960 LIES THE PHYSIOLOGY. 2249 01:33:37,960 --> 01:33:39,800 MARK HAS DONE MUCH IN HIS CAREER 2250 01:33:39,800 --> 01:33:44,200 TO SORT OF HIGHLIGHT THE ACTUAL 2251 01:33:44,200 --> 01:33:45,640 PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND LOSS 2252 01:33:45,640 --> 01:33:46,840 OF INHIBITION THAT ARE 2253 01:33:46,840 --> 01:33:50,680 CONTRIBUTING TO THESE DISORDERS. 2254 01:33:50,680 --> 01:33:55,120 I THINK THAT THE ROLE OF THE 2255 01:33:55,120 --> 01:33:57,320 SENSORY ASPECT OF DYSTONIA IS 2256 01:33:57,320 --> 01:33:58,880 NEXT STAGE TO REALLY SORT OF 2257 01:33:58,880 --> 01:34:01,080 EXPLORE WHAT IS GOING ON IN THIS 2258 01:34:01,080 --> 01:34:03,560 DISORDER, AND HE HAS HELPED 2259 01:34:03,560 --> 01:34:05,040 LAUNCH A LOT OF THOSE 2260 01:34:05,040 --> 01:34:08,080 INVESTIGATIONS ACROSS THE GLOBE. 2261 01:34:08,080 --> 01:34:10,800 IN ADDITION TO SENSORY MOTOR 2262 01:34:10,800 --> 01:34:11,720 INTEGRATION, MARK'S REAL 2263 01:34:11,720 --> 01:34:13,240 STRENGTH, I WILL SAY, IS HIS 2264 01:34:13,240 --> 01:34:15,960 HUMAN INTEGRATION. 2265 01:34:15,960 --> 01:34:17,720 AND THIS IS A DIRECT QUOTE: THE 2266 01:34:17,720 --> 01:34:18,800 PEOPLE ARE JUST AS IMPORTANT AS 2267 01:34:18,800 --> 01:34:19,800 THE RESEARCH. 2268 01:34:19,800 --> 01:34:23,280 AND I THINK THAT THAT IS 2269 01:34:23,280 --> 01:34:24,920 HIGHLIGHTED HERE TODAY THAT 2270 01:34:24,920 --> 01:34:25,480 YOU'RE HEARING. 2271 01:34:25,480 --> 01:34:29,840 THIS IS A PICTURE PREPANDEMIC AT 2272 01:34:29,840 --> 01:34:31,840 THE MBS IN HONG KONG, WHERE 2273 01:34:31,840 --> 01:34:34,240 EVERY YEAR WE WOULD ALL TRY TO 2274 01:34:34,240 --> 01:34:37,080 MEET AT WHATEVER CONFERENCES AND 2275 01:34:37,080 --> 01:34:40,800 GET TOGETHER AND REFLECT ON OUR 2276 01:34:40,800 --> 01:34:42,000 TRAINING AND JUST WHAT WE WERE 2277 01:34:42,000 --> 01:34:43,200 DOING, SO HE BRINGS PEOPLE 2278 01:34:43,200 --> 01:34:44,840 TOGETHER, SO I JUST HAVE ALWAYS 2279 01:34:44,840 --> 01:34:47,800 VALUED THAT. 2280 01:34:47,800 --> 01:34:49,080 ALL RIGHT. 2281 01:34:49,080 --> 01:34:51,040 SO QUICK FLASHBACK, 2010, MAKE 2282 01:34:51,040 --> 01:34:55,120 THIS QUICK. 2283 01:34:55,120 --> 01:34:56,640 THE WORLD CUP WAS HELD IN SOUTH 2284 01:34:56,640 --> 01:35:00,040 AFRICA. 2285 01:35:00,040 --> 01:35:01,720 AND YOU'RE ALL ON THE EDGE OF 2286 01:35:01,720 --> 01:35:03,200 YOUR SEATS, IT WAS SPAIN WHO WON 2287 01:35:03,200 --> 01:35:05,760 THIS ONE, BUT TO THIS DATE, NO 2288 01:35:05,760 --> 01:35:08,560 AFRICAN COUNTRY HAS DONE AS WELL 2289 01:35:08,560 --> 01:35:10,120 AS MOROCCO, SO I HAVE TO ROOT 2290 01:35:10,120 --> 01:35:13,400 FOR THEM, BUT MESSI AND THE 2291 01:35:13,400 --> 01:35:14,240 ARGENTINIANS OF COURSE ARE AT 2292 01:35:14,240 --> 01:35:16,680 THE TOP OF OUR LIST. 2293 01:35:16,680 --> 01:35:19,640 2010 WAS ALSO THE TIME WHEN THE 2294 01:35:19,640 --> 01:35:25,320 iPAD WAS FIRST ANNOUNCED, SO 2295 01:35:25,320 --> 01:35:27,000 BUT ALSO LEGEND HAS IT THAT IT 2296 01:35:27,000 --> 01:35:30,960 WAS THE BEST CLASS OF FELLOWS AT 2297 01:35:30,960 --> 01:35:33,040 THE NIH, AND AS YOU MIGHT SEE IN 2298 01:35:33,040 --> 01:35:34,160 THE MIDDLE THERE, THERE'S A FEW 2299 01:35:34,160 --> 01:35:35,600 OF US WHO ARE STANDING UP HERE 2300 01:35:35,600 --> 01:35:37,800 AT THE FRONT. 2301 01:35:37,800 --> 01:35:39,400 SO ANYWAY, I JUST WANT TO SAY 2302 01:35:39,400 --> 01:35:41,840 BEST WISHES IN YOUR RETIREMENT. 2303 01:35:41,840 --> 01:35:43,200 I KNOW YOU'RE GOING TO CONTINUE 2304 01:35:43,200 --> 01:35:44,360 TO DO GREAT WORK AND I REALLY 2305 01:35:44,360 --> 01:35:48,000 APPRECIATE YOUR LISTENING TO MY 2306 01:35:48,000 --> 01:35:51,640 IDEAS AND YOUR GUIDANCE, 2307 01:35:51,640 --> 01:35:53,280 SUPPORT, AND WHO DOESN'T LOVE A 2308 01:35:53,280 --> 01:35:56,360 MENTOR WHO WILL EMAIL YOU BACK 2309 01:35:56,360 --> 01:35:57,640 AT 5:00 IN THE MORNING AND SAY, 2310 01:35:57,640 --> 01:35:59,400 YEAH, THAT SOUNDS GOOD, LET'S 2311 01:35:59,400 --> 01:36:00,920 MEET THEN. 2312 01:36:00,920 --> 01:36:04,240 JUST -- HE'S VERY RESPONSIVE AND 2313 01:36:04,240 --> 01:36:04,920 REALLY APPRECIATE ALL THAT 2314 01:36:04,920 --> 01:36:05,560 YOU'VE DONE FOR ME. 2315 01:36:05,560 --> 01:36:13,440 THANK YOU. 2316 01:36:13,440 --> 01:36:18,400 >>OUR NEXT SPEAKER IS 2317 01:36:18,400 --> 01:36:21,080 DR. CODREN LONGU, WENT ON TO 2318 01:36:21,080 --> 01:36:22,840 LEAD THE PARKINSON'S CLINIC, 2319 01:36:22,840 --> 01:36:25,680 THEN WENT ON TO EXTRAMURAL AND 2320 01:36:25,680 --> 01:36:30,200 IS NOW WORKING AT PFIZER AS 2321 01:36:30,200 --> 01:36:31,280 GLOBAL CLINICAL LEAD FOR RARE 2322 01:36:31,280 --> 01:36:35,760 DISEASES IN NEUROLOGY. 2323 01:36:35,760 --> 01:36:37,200 AND AFTER HIS TALK, JUST A 2324 01:36:37,200 --> 01:36:39,160 REMINDER THAT THERE WILL BE A 2325 01:36:39,160 --> 01:36:41,840 COFFEE BREAK AND THEN THE 2326 01:36:41,840 --> 01:36:43,760 PICTURE WILL BE AT NOON, NOT 2327 01:36:43,760 --> 01:36:45,200 AFTER THE COFFEE BREAK. 2328 01:36:45,200 --> 01:36:47,160 >>THANK YOU. 2329 01:36:47,160 --> 01:36:48,960 AND YES, I'M AWARE I'M THE ONE 2330 01:36:48,960 --> 01:36:50,360 BETWEEN YOU AND THE BREAK, SO 2331 01:36:50,360 --> 01:36:53,200 I'LL BE RELATIVELY QUICK HERE. 2332 01:36:53,200 --> 01:36:58,360 SO I'LL COVER A COUPLE OF AS 2333 01:36:58,360 --> 01:37:00,640 EXPECT OF NEUROLOGY AND FOCUS ON 2334 01:37:00,640 --> 01:37:01,960 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY THAT HAVE 2335 01:37:01,960 --> 01:37:04,040 MARK'S SIGNATURE ALL OVER THE 2336 01:37:04,040 --> 01:37:05,480 HISTORY, BOT LIE NUMB TOXIN 2337 01:37:05,480 --> 01:37:07,320 TREATMENT AND DEEP BRAIN 2338 01:37:07,320 --> 01:37:07,800 STIMULATION. 2339 01:37:07,800 --> 01:37:11,800 AS HE JUST MENTIONED, MY 2340 01:37:11,800 --> 01:37:13,320 AFFILIATION WITH THE NIH IS AS A 2341 01:37:13,320 --> 01:37:14,240 SPECIAL VOLUNTEER. 2342 01:37:14,240 --> 01:37:15,200 I'M AN EMPLOYEE OF PFIZER. 2343 01:37:15,200 --> 01:37:19,720 I WILL TALK ABOUT THERAPIES 2344 01:37:19,720 --> 01:37:20,800 NEITHER I NOR MY COMPANY HAVE A 2345 01:37:20,800 --> 01:37:22,120 SPECIFIC INTEREST IN THIS, AND I 2346 01:37:22,120 --> 01:37:23,120 WILL MENTION OFF LABEL 2347 01:37:23,120 --> 01:37:23,400 THERAPIES. 2348 01:37:23,400 --> 01:37:25,400 I SAY THAT MOSTLY BECAUSE I 2349 01:37:25,400 --> 01:37:26,640 NEVER REMEMBER WHAT'S APPROVED 2350 01:37:26,640 --> 01:37:28,120 FOR WHAT, SO IT WILL DEFINITELY 2351 01:37:28,120 --> 01:37:32,440 BE OFF LABEL. 2352 01:37:32,440 --> 01:37:32,880 [LAUGHTER] 2353 01:37:32,880 --> 01:37:35,640 THE HISTORY OF BOT LIE NUMB 2354 01:37:35,640 --> 01:37:36,920 TOXIN IS REALLY VERY 2355 01:37:36,920 --> 01:37:37,440 INTERESTING. 2356 01:37:37,440 --> 01:37:38,720 I STILL REPEAT THIS, I CAN'T 2357 01:37:38,720 --> 01:37:39,960 CITE THE PAPER BUT I DO BELIEVE 2358 01:37:39,960 --> 01:37:42,360 IT'S THE MOST POWERFUL HUMAN 2359 01:37:42,360 --> 01:37:44,560 TOXIN PER UNIT OF WEIGHT. 2360 01:37:44,560 --> 01:37:46,640 SO THIS IS PRETTY POWERFUL 2361 01:37:46,640 --> 01:37:47,120 STUFF. 2362 01:37:47,120 --> 01:37:52,120 VERY INTERESTINGLY, THE 2363 01:37:52,120 --> 01:37:53,000 THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL WAS 2364 01:37:53,000 --> 01:37:54,080 PROPOSED AS SOON AS IT WAS 2365 01:37:54,080 --> 01:37:55,640 INITIALLY DESCRIBED IN THE EARLY 2366 01:37:55,640 --> 01:37:56,280 19TH CENTURY. 2367 01:37:56,280 --> 01:38:00,800 THAT IDEA, HOWEVER, WAS 2368 01:38:00,800 --> 01:38:02,200 ABANDONED HOWEVER IT WAS A 2369 01:38:02,200 --> 01:38:03,840 CONSIDERED A POTENTIAL AGENT OF 2370 01:38:03,840 --> 01:38:04,840 BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AND THERE 2371 01:38:04,840 --> 01:38:08,040 WERE STUDIES DONE ON THIS DURING 2372 01:38:08,040 --> 01:38:09,080 WORLD WAR II ACTUALLY. 2373 01:38:09,080 --> 01:38:12,200 AFTER THAT HISTORY, ANIMAL 2374 01:38:12,200 --> 01:38:13,720 EXPERIMENTS WERE DONE IN THE 2375 01:38:13,720 --> 01:38:15,240 1970s AND THE FIRST HUMAN 2376 01:38:15,240 --> 01:38:18,640 STUDIES WERE DONE BY ALLEN 2377 01:38:18,640 --> 01:38:20,280 SCOTT, STARTING IN THE LATE 2378 01:38:20,280 --> 01:38:23,920 70s, LOOKING AT THIS AS A 2379 01:38:23,920 --> 01:38:26,320 POTENTIAL THERAPY FOR EXTRA 2380 01:38:26,320 --> 01:38:27,400 STRABISMUS, JUST USING THE TOXIN 2381 01:38:27,400 --> 01:38:30,160 FOR WHAT IT DOES, WHICH IS 2382 01:38:30,160 --> 01:38:31,680 WEAKENING MUSCLES. 2383 01:38:31,680 --> 01:38:33,720 A COUPLE INTERESTING MOMENTS IN 2384 01:38:33,720 --> 01:38:35,400 THE HISTORY OF THIS. 2385 01:38:35,400 --> 01:38:36,600 DR. SCOTT WAS APPLYING FOR 2386 01:38:36,600 --> 01:38:38,160 FUNDING FOR THESE IDEAS AND 2387 01:38:38,160 --> 01:38:39,480 DR. HALLETT WAS CONSULTED 2388 01:38:39,480 --> 01:38:40,640 BECAUSE SOMEBODY SAID, HEY, YOU 2389 01:38:40,640 --> 01:38:43,400 KNOW ABOUT PHYSIOLOGY, YOU AGREE 2390 01:38:43,400 --> 01:38:44,520 THIS IS CRAZY, RIGHT? 2391 01:38:44,520 --> 01:38:46,480 THIS GUY WANTS TO STUDY THIS 2392 01:38:46,480 --> 01:38:49,000 TOXIN, AND IN VERY CLASSIC MARK 2393 01:38:49,000 --> 01:38:50,960 FA SHORNTION HE REPLIED, YES, 2394 01:38:50,960 --> 01:38:52,320 IT'S ABSOLUTELY CRAZY BUT IT'S 2395 01:38:52,320 --> 01:38:59,080 ALSO LIKELY TO WORK. 2396 01:38:59,080 --> 01:39:01,240 SO THEN MARK WENT ON TO ACTUALLY 2397 01:39:01,240 --> 01:39:02,960 AMONG THE CLINIC WAS ONE OF THE 2398 01:39:02,960 --> 01:39:04,600 FIRST ADOPTER, ONE OF THE FIRST 2399 01:39:04,600 --> 01:39:07,480 CLINICS USING BOTULINUM TOXIN 2400 01:39:07,480 --> 01:39:09,160 FOR THERAPY AND THE FIRST WITH 2401 01:39:09,160 --> 01:39:12,080 PROMINENT FOCAL HAND DYSTONIA 2402 01:39:12,080 --> 01:39:12,520 INTEREST. 2403 01:39:12,520 --> 01:39:13,520 A COUPLE OF OTHER INTERESTING 2404 01:39:13,520 --> 01:39:15,600 MOMENTS IN THE HISTORY OF 2405 01:39:15,600 --> 01:39:17,560 BOTULINUM TOXIN, INITIALLY IT 2406 01:39:17,560 --> 01:39:21,080 WAS CALLED -- IT WAS BOUGHT 2407 01:39:21,080 --> 01:39:21,720 BY -- AT THE TIME. 2408 01:39:21,720 --> 01:39:25,120 ANOTHER INTERESTING CONSULTATION 2409 01:39:25,120 --> 01:39:28,200 WHERE THEY ASKED MARK IF -- 2410 01:39:28,200 --> 01:39:29,280 WE'RE THINKING OF BUYING THIS, 2411 01:39:29,280 --> 01:39:30,640 DO YOU THINK IT'S A GOOD IDEA? 2412 01:39:30,640 --> 01:39:32,360 HE SAID YES, IT'S A GOOD IDEA. 2413 01:39:32,360 --> 01:39:34,160 WHICH PROBABLY HAD A BIG 2414 01:39:34,160 --> 01:39:34,800 INFLUENCE ON WHAT HAPPENED LATER 2415 01:39:34,800 --> 01:39:36,200 ON. 2416 01:39:36,200 --> 01:39:38,960 SO THEN WE KNOW THAT THAT TOOK 2417 01:39:38,960 --> 01:39:40,800 ON AN ENTIRE LIFE AND NUMEROUS 2418 01:39:40,800 --> 01:39:42,480 OTHER COMPANIES HAVE 2419 01:39:42,480 --> 01:39:43,560 DEVELOPED -- NOT NUMEROUS BUT 2420 01:39:43,560 --> 01:39:44,560 SEVERAL OTHER COMPANIES 2421 01:39:44,560 --> 01:39:51,640 DEVELOPED TOXINS, AND NOW IT'S 2422 01:39:51,640 --> 01:39:53,240 BECOME FAIRLY COMMONPLACE. 2423 01:39:53,240 --> 01:39:55,080 I'VE LEARNED THE FIRST 2424 01:39:55,080 --> 01:39:56,840 INJECTIONS WERE DONE IN THE ICU 2425 01:39:56,840 --> 01:39:59,240 BECAUSE PEOPLE WERE WORRIED 2426 01:39:59,240 --> 01:40:00,920 ABOUT THIS, NOW WE'RE DOING IT A 2427 01:40:00,920 --> 01:40:01,520 LOT MORE RELAXED. 2428 01:40:01,520 --> 01:40:02,880 IF YOU LOOK AT THE HISTORY OF 2429 01:40:02,880 --> 01:40:04,080 THIS, YOU WILL SEE FIRST OF ALL 2430 01:40:04,080 --> 01:40:07,320 EARLY WORK FROM THE GROUP HERE, 2431 01:40:07,320 --> 01:40:10,760 FIRST PUBLICATIONS USING 2432 01:40:10,760 --> 01:40:13,720 BOTULINUM FOR TREATMENT OF FOCAL 2433 01:40:13,720 --> 01:40:14,160 DYSTONIA. 2434 01:40:14,160 --> 01:40:15,640 THEN YOU'LL SEE MARK PUBLISHING 2435 01:40:15,640 --> 01:40:18,000 ON THE MECHANISM OF ACTION AND 2436 01:40:18,000 --> 01:40:20,280 REALLY LOOKING AT THIS AS THE 2437 01:40:20,280 --> 01:40:22,360 UNDERSTANDING OF THE MECHANISM 2438 01:40:22,360 --> 01:40:23,560 WAS EVOLVING. 2439 01:40:23,560 --> 01:40:25,880 YOU SEE TWO PAPERS FROM '94 AND 2440 01:40:25,880 --> 01:40:31,320 UPDATES IN 2018, AND YOU'LL SEE 2441 01:40:31,320 --> 01:40:32,440 MARK, PROMINENT MEMBER OF THE 2442 01:40:32,440 --> 01:40:35,920 GROUPS PUBLISHING THE GUIDELINES 2443 01:40:35,920 --> 01:40:37,080 THAT THIS ACTUALLY TELLS 2444 01:40:37,080 --> 01:40:37,760 EVERYONE ABOUT THE APPROPRIATE 2445 01:40:37,760 --> 01:40:40,000 USE OF THIS. 2446 01:40:40,000 --> 01:40:41,760 AND THE BOTULINUM CLINIC AT THE 2447 01:40:41,760 --> 01:40:45,240 NIH HAS REALLY BEEN A 2448 01:40:45,240 --> 01:40:46,800 LONG-STANDING CENTER AND A 2449 01:40:46,800 --> 01:40:49,400 RESOURCE FOR RESEARCH 2450 01:40:49,400 --> 01:40:51,040 PRODUCTIVITY, REALLY IMPORTANT 2451 01:40:51,040 --> 01:40:54,040 CLINICAL WORK AND REALLY 2452 01:40:54,040 --> 01:40:55,600 IMPORTANT EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY. 2453 01:40:55,600 --> 01:40:56,880 SO GENERATIONS OF FELLOWS HAVE 2454 01:40:56,880 --> 01:40:59,880 GONE THROUGH LEARNING HOW TO DO 2455 01:40:59,880 --> 01:41:00,360 THIS. 2456 01:41:00,360 --> 01:41:01,720 THE PROTOCOL IS -- I DON'T KNOW 2457 01:41:01,720 --> 01:41:03,240 IF IT'S THE OLDEST BUT IT'S ONE 2458 01:41:03,240 --> 01:41:05,320 OF THE OLDEST PROTOCOLS RUNNING 2459 01:41:05,320 --> 01:41:06,800 IN THE CLINICAL CENTER. 2460 01:41:06,800 --> 01:41:09,200 YOU SEE '85, THAT'S THE YEAR THE 2461 01:41:09,200 --> 01:41:14,680 PROTOCOL WAS STARTED. 2462 01:41:14,680 --> 01:41:15,920 YOU CAN READ ABOUT OUR CLINIC, 2463 01:41:15,920 --> 01:41:17,400 THERE ARE SOME FAMOUS SUBJECTS 2464 01:41:17,400 --> 01:41:18,400 AND PATIENTS WHO ARE HAVE COME 2465 01:41:18,400 --> 01:41:18,960 TO OUR CLINIC. 2466 01:41:18,960 --> 01:41:21,240 A LOT OF MUSICIANS WHO HAVE 2467 01:41:21,240 --> 01:41:22,280 RECEIVED OR ARE STILL RECEIVING 2468 01:41:22,280 --> 01:41:24,760 THEIR TREATMENT HERE. 2469 01:41:24,760 --> 01:41:28,160 AND LIKE I SAID, A LOT OF 2470 01:41:28,160 --> 01:41:30,560 TEACHING, A COUPLE OF PICTURES, 2471 01:41:30,560 --> 01:41:32,120 YOU CAN SEE HOW RIVETTING MY 2472 01:41:32,120 --> 01:41:34,400 TALKING IS BY HOW EXCITED THE 2473 01:41:34,400 --> 01:41:35,720 DOCTOR IS TO LISTEN TO ME, AND 2474 01:41:35,720 --> 01:41:39,120 WE DID A LOT OF TRAINING ON THE 2475 01:41:39,120 --> 01:41:41,200 ULTRASOUND GUIDANCE JUST FOR 2476 01:41:41,200 --> 01:41:42,320 DISCLAIMER, I'M NOT ACTUALLY 2477 01:41:42,320 --> 01:41:43,400 BEING INJECTED THERE, WE WERE 2478 01:41:43,400 --> 01:41:45,160 JUST DOING A DEMONSTRATION. 2479 01:41:45,160 --> 01:41:46,240 THAT'S WHAT BARBARA TOLD ME TO 2480 01:41:46,240 --> 01:41:50,080 SAY. 2481 01:41:50,080 --> 01:41:51,600 SO THERE'S BEEN REALLY FOUR 2482 01:41:51,600 --> 01:41:53,520 DECADES OF RESEARCH OUTPUT HERE. 2483 01:41:53,520 --> 01:41:54,840 I'LL JUST HIGHLIGHT A COUPLE OF 2484 01:41:54,840 --> 01:41:55,280 PAPERS. 2485 01:41:55,280 --> 01:41:57,440 BECAUSE THIS HAS BEEN GOING ON 2486 01:41:57,440 --> 01:41:58,840 SO LONG, SOME OF THE INTERESTING 2487 01:41:58,840 --> 01:42:00,920 WORK HAS COME HERE LOOKING AT 2488 01:42:00,920 --> 01:42:03,720 LONG TERM RESPONSES. 2489 01:42:03,720 --> 01:42:05,600 SO AS EARLY AS 1994, THIS WAS 2490 01:42:05,600 --> 01:42:09,400 THE CLINIC WHERE THE LONGEST 2491 01:42:09,400 --> 01:42:10,280 FOLLOW-UP HAD HAPPENED FOR 2492 01:42:10,280 --> 01:42:11,720 TREATMENT OF FOCAL HAND 2493 01:42:11,720 --> 01:42:14,240 DYSTONIA. 2494 01:42:14,240 --> 01:42:15,320 AND THEN THE CLINIC CONTINUED 2495 01:42:15,320 --> 01:42:17,000 AND ACTUALLY WHEN I JOINED AS A 2496 01:42:17,000 --> 01:42:19,760 FELLOW, I DID ANOTHER LONG TERM 2497 01:42:19,760 --> 01:42:20,160 FOLLOW-UP. 2498 01:42:20,160 --> 01:42:21,160 THIS TIME IT WAS MORE THAN 10 2499 01:42:21,160 --> 01:42:22,880 YEARS, WE HAD PARTICIPANTS AS 2500 01:42:22,880 --> 01:42:23,920 LONG AS 20 YEARS IN THE CLINIC. 2501 01:42:23,920 --> 01:42:26,040 SO WE WERE ABLE TO SHOW SOME OF 2502 01:42:26,040 --> 01:42:28,320 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 2503 01:42:28,320 --> 01:42:30,280 RESPONSE TO BOTULINUM TOXIN, 2504 01:42:30,280 --> 01:42:31,680 PARTICULARLY FOR FOCAL HAND 2505 01:42:31,680 --> 01:42:32,840 DYSTONIA INTERESTINGLY THE 2506 01:42:32,840 --> 01:42:34,440 DURATION OF RESPONSE IS A LOT 2507 01:42:34,440 --> 01:42:36,080 LONGER FOR FOCAL HAND THAN IN 2508 01:42:36,080 --> 01:42:38,440 OTHER INDICATIONS FOR A VARIETY 2509 01:42:38,440 --> 01:42:40,360 OF REASONS. 2510 01:42:40,360 --> 01:42:43,560 RELATIVELY RECENTLY, THE 2511 01:42:43,560 --> 01:42:45,640 FIRST -- FOR ULTRASOUND GUIDED 2512 01:42:45,640 --> 01:42:50,360 PROCEDURES CAME OUT OF THE NIH 2513 01:42:50,360 --> 01:42:51,800 GROUP, DR. -- SPEARHEADED THIS. 2514 01:42:51,800 --> 01:42:54,400 AND ALTHOUGH IN A TINY BIT MORE 2515 01:42:54,400 --> 01:42:59,240 DETAIL ON AN INTERESTING RELATED 2516 01:42:59,240 --> 01:42:59,800 PROJECT. 2517 01:42:59,800 --> 01:43:01,400 AS A REMINDER TO EVERYONE OF THE 2518 01:43:01,400 --> 01:43:04,880 MECHANISM OF ACTION, SO ALL THE 2519 01:43:04,880 --> 01:43:06,040 BOTULINUM TOXINS MESS WITH THE 2520 01:43:06,040 --> 01:43:09,760 SNARE COMPLEX WHICH ATTACHES -- 2521 01:43:09,760 --> 01:43:13,480 PHYSICALS TO THE MEMBRANE 2522 01:43:13,480 --> 01:43:15,480 SPECIFICALLY BOTCH LIE NIN TOXIN 2523 01:43:15,480 --> 01:43:17,480 A -- ONE OF THE COMPONENTS, SO 2524 01:43:17,480 --> 01:43:18,680 ONE OF OUR PATIENTS ACTUALLY 2525 01:43:18,680 --> 01:43:21,440 CAME TO MARK AND SAID, DO YOU 2526 01:43:21,440 --> 01:43:23,720 KNOW THEY HAVE BOTOX IN A CREAM, 2527 01:43:23,720 --> 01:43:26,920 SO THEY USED THE BRAND NAME 2528 01:43:26,920 --> 01:43:28,720 BECAUSE IT WORKS FOR WRINKLES SO 2529 01:43:28,720 --> 01:43:30,200 THEY HAVE SUBSTANCES LIKE 2530 01:43:30,200 --> 01:43:31,640 BOTULINUM IN A CREAM, AND THINK 2531 01:43:31,640 --> 01:43:33,160 ABOUT WHAT MOST OF US WILL DO 2532 01:43:33,160 --> 01:43:35,400 WHEN THEY HEAR THIS FROM A 2533 01:43:35,400 --> 01:43:36,360 PATIENT, PATIENTS ARE CONFUSED 2534 01:43:36,360 --> 01:43:39,440 THEY THINK THAT ANYTHING THAT 2535 01:43:39,440 --> 01:43:41,640 REMOVES WRIN ELS IS BOTOX. 2536 01:43:41,640 --> 01:43:44,160 NOT IF YOU'RE MARK HALLETT. 2537 01:43:44,160 --> 01:43:45,800 YOU READ ABOUT IT AND FIND OUT 2538 01:43:45,800 --> 01:43:46,880 ACTUALLY THEY'RE RIGHT AND THIS 2539 01:43:46,880 --> 01:43:51,200 IS A TRANSDERMAL HEXA PEPTIDE 2540 01:43:51,200 --> 01:43:53,800 THAT INHIBITS IT SO IT KIND OF 2541 01:43:53,800 --> 01:43:55,040 IS LIKE BOTULINUM IN A CREAM, 2542 01:43:55,040 --> 01:43:57,120 AND THIS IS AN EXAMPLE FRL THE 2543 01:43:57,120 --> 01:43:58,960 COSMETICS LITERATURE WHERE THIS 2544 01:43:58,960 --> 01:44:00,600 WAS BEING PUBLISHED, HPT BEEN 2545 01:44:00,600 --> 01:44:03,760 USED MEDICALLY, SO WE DID ENTER 2546 01:44:03,760 --> 01:44:09,840 A PARTNERSHIP -- OUR FIRST STUDY 2547 01:44:09,840 --> 01:44:12,680 USING THE MOLECULE FOR TREATMENT 2548 01:44:12,680 --> 01:44:16,640 OF BLEPHAROSPASM IN OUR 2549 01:44:16,640 --> 01:44:17,120 PATIENTS. 2550 01:44:17,120 --> 01:44:19,840 THIS LED TO PROOF OF CONCEPT 2551 01:44:19,840 --> 01:44:20,880 LEVEL OF EVIDENCE. 2552 01:44:20,880 --> 01:44:24,680 THE INTERESTING STUDY TO DESIGN, 2553 01:44:24,680 --> 01:44:25,720 BECAUSE PATIENTS WERE RECEIVING 2554 01:44:25,720 --> 01:44:27,240 AN EFFECTIVE THERAPY SO INSTEAD 2555 01:44:27,240 --> 01:44:30,640 OF STOPPING THEIR BOTULINUM 2556 01:44:30,640 --> 01:44:32,160 TREATMENT, WE RECRUITED PATIENTS 2557 01:44:32,160 --> 01:44:33,800 RECEIVING THEIR INJECTION 2558 01:44:33,800 --> 01:44:34,960 EXACTLY AT THREE MONTHS AND THEN 2559 01:44:34,960 --> 01:44:37,120 WE IN A BLINDED FASHION PLACEBO 2560 01:44:37,120 --> 01:44:38,320 CONTROLLED, THEY STARTED USING 2561 01:44:38,320 --> 01:44:41,840 THE CREAM AND WE SAW THAT THE 2562 01:44:41,840 --> 01:44:43,960 ONES USING THE ACTIVE TREATMENT 2563 01:44:43,960 --> 01:44:46,040 WERE GOING A LOT LONGEING IN 2564 01:44:46,040 --> 01:44:47,320 THEY WERE GOING BACK TO THE 2565 01:44:47,320 --> 01:44:48,800 SEVERITY REQUIRING INJECTION. 2566 01:44:48,800 --> 01:44:49,520 UNFORTUNATELY I'M NOT SURE WHERE 2567 01:44:49,520 --> 01:44:52,280 THE STUDY STANDS NOW BECAUSE THE 2568 01:44:52,280 --> 01:44:53,440 COMPANY TOOK THE MOLECULE TO 2569 01:44:53,440 --> 01:44:54,840 DEVELOP FURTHER AND I HAVEN'T 2570 01:44:54,840 --> 01:44:55,680 HEARD A LOT. 2571 01:44:55,680 --> 01:44:56,880 I'M HOPING SOMEBODY IS STILL 2572 01:44:56,880 --> 01:44:57,880 WORKING ON THIS BECAUSE I THINK 2573 01:44:57,880 --> 01:45:02,320 IT REMAINS A VERY GOOD IDEA. 2574 01:45:02,320 --> 01:45:03,360 THEN I'LL SWITCH FOCUS TO THE 2575 01:45:03,360 --> 01:45:07,200 OTHER HALF OF MY TALK, DEEP 2576 01:45:07,200 --> 01:45:08,280 BRAIN STIMULATION, AND AGAIN 2577 01:45:08,280 --> 01:45:09,640 I'LL DO A QUICK RUN THROUGH THE 2578 01:45:09,640 --> 01:45:12,960 HISTORY OF THIS THERAPY, SO I 2579 01:45:12,960 --> 01:45:16,880 WON'T GO INTO A LOT OF DETAIL, 2580 01:45:16,880 --> 01:45:20,640 IT'S ON THE BACKGROUND OF OF 2581 01:45:20,640 --> 01:45:22,480 LESIONAL THERAPIES. 2582 01:45:22,480 --> 01:45:23,840 FROM NOVEL AND EXPERIMENTAL TO 2583 01:45:23,840 --> 01:45:25,480 ESTABLISHED IN COMMON, AND THE 2584 01:45:25,480 --> 01:45:27,440 PROGRESS HERE HAS PARALLELLED 2585 01:45:27,440 --> 01:45:31,280 ADVANCES IN PHYSIC PHYSIOLOGY AD 2586 01:45:31,280 --> 01:45:32,600 YOU'LL UNDERSTAND WHY YOU'LL SEE 2587 01:45:32,600 --> 01:45:34,360 MARK'S INVOLVEMENT THROUGHOUT 2588 01:45:34,360 --> 01:45:34,680 THE HISTORY. 2589 01:45:34,680 --> 01:45:36,000 THIS WAS APPROVED IN THE UNITED 2590 01:45:36,000 --> 01:45:38,000 STATES FIRST IN '96 FOR TREMOR 2591 01:45:38,000 --> 01:45:39,480 AND THEN FOR PARKINSON'S AND 2592 01:45:39,480 --> 01:45:40,640 MARK WAS ACTUALLY IN THE 2593 01:45:40,640 --> 01:45:42,360 ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR BOTH OF 2594 01:45:42,360 --> 01:45:43,720 THESE APPROVALS. 2595 01:45:43,720 --> 01:45:45,040 DON'T KNOW TO WHAT EXTENT. 2596 01:45:45,040 --> 01:45:46,240 I THINK SOME OF THESE 2597 01:45:46,240 --> 01:45:47,120 DELIBERATIONS ARE PUBLIC SO I 2598 01:45:47,120 --> 01:45:49,960 CAN SAY THIS. 2599 01:45:49,960 --> 01:45:51,840 HIS VOICE WAS ACTUALLY THE ONE 2600 01:45:51,840 --> 01:45:52,720 THAT TURNED THE DISCUSSION WHICH 2601 01:45:52,720 --> 01:45:54,680 WAS KIND OF TURNING AGAINST 2602 01:45:54,680 --> 01:45:56,880 APPROVING THIS THERAPY AND AGAIN 2603 01:45:56,880 --> 01:46:00,800 MUCH LIKE THE BOTULINUM ABOVE, 2604 01:46:00,800 --> 01:46:04,080 YES, SOUNDS A LITTLE CRAZY BUT 2605 01:46:04,080 --> 01:46:05,600 IT COULD WORK. 2606 01:46:05,600 --> 01:46:06,720 YOU'LL SEE THROUGH ALL THE YEARS 2607 01:46:06,720 --> 01:46:08,680 SINCE THEN, MARK HAD THE STRONG 2608 01:46:08,680 --> 01:46:10,760 VOICE IN TERMS OF DISCUSSING THE 2609 01:46:10,760 --> 01:46:14,160 MECHANISM OF ACTION AND HOW IT 2610 01:46:14,160 --> 01:46:14,920 ACTUALLY WORKS. 2611 01:46:14,920 --> 01:46:18,000 AND I HAVE THE GREAT FORTUNE OF 2612 01:46:18,000 --> 01:46:23,480 BEING PART OF SETTING UP THE DBS 2613 01:46:23,480 --> 01:46:26,920 PROGRAM AT THE NIH IN 2011, SO 2614 01:46:26,920 --> 01:46:28,760 WE'VE BEEN HAVING THE DBS 2615 01:46:28,760 --> 01:46:29,680 PROGRAM SINCE THEN, WHICH HAS 2616 01:46:29,680 --> 01:46:31,200 BEEN A GREAT SOURCE OF 2617 01:46:31,200 --> 01:46:33,000 SCIENTIFIC OUTPUT AND TRAINING 2618 01:46:33,000 --> 01:46:34,480 AND SETTING UP THE PROGRAM WAS 2619 01:46:34,480 --> 01:46:42,240 WONDERFUL. 2620 01:46:42,240 --> 01:46:44,120 THIS IS JUST SETTING UP THE 2621 01:46:44,120 --> 01:46:45,560 FRAME AND ALL THE CALIBRATION 2622 01:46:45,560 --> 01:46:47,000 AND I'M GOING TO SHOW YOU AN 2623 01:46:47,000 --> 01:46:47,920 INTERESTING THING THAT YOU GET 2624 01:46:47,920 --> 01:46:49,200 TO DO WHEN YOU SET UP THE 2625 01:46:49,200 --> 01:46:49,560 PROGRAM. 2626 01:46:49,560 --> 01:46:51,840 I'M ACTUALLY GOING TO VIOLATE 2627 01:46:51,840 --> 01:46:54,480 HIPAA AND TELL YOU THE NAME OF 2628 01:46:54,480 --> 01:46:55,520 OUR FIRST PATIENT, AND IF THAT'S 2629 01:46:55,520 --> 01:46:56,480 NOT BAD ENOUGH, I'M GOING TO 2630 01:46:56,480 --> 01:46:57,640 SHOW YOU A PICTURE OF ARE OUR 2631 01:46:57,640 --> 01:46:58,160 FIRST PATIENT. 2632 01:46:58,160 --> 01:47:02,720 IT TURNS OUT THAT WH WATERMELONS 2633 01:47:02,720 --> 01:47:04,080 ARE GREAT MODELS FOR TESTING 2634 01:47:04,080 --> 01:47:05,160 GIET DANCE SYSTEMS BECAUSE YOU 2635 01:47:05,160 --> 01:47:07,400 CAN TARGET THE SEEDS INSIDE THE 2636 01:47:07,400 --> 01:47:07,680 WATERMELON. 2637 01:47:07,680 --> 01:47:09,080 SO THIS IS OUR FIRST PATIENT IN 2638 01:47:09,080 --> 01:47:10,600 THE OPERATING ROOM AND IT REALLY 2639 01:47:10,600 --> 01:47:13,760 CAUSED SOME INTERESTING 2640 01:47:13,760 --> 01:47:14,640 REACTIONS WHEN THIS WAS 2641 01:47:14,640 --> 01:47:15,400 HAPPENING. 2642 01:47:15,400 --> 01:47:17,040 HERE'S THE PICTURE OF MARK, 2643 01:47:17,040 --> 01:47:18,520 OFTEN, IN THE OPERATING ROOM 2644 01:47:18,520 --> 01:47:20,040 WHEN WE WERE LOOKING AT 2645 01:47:20,040 --> 01:47:22,120 PHYSIOLOGY. 2646 01:47:22,120 --> 01:47:23,960 GREAT SOURCE OF SCIENTIFIC 2647 01:47:23,960 --> 01:47:28,600 OUTPUT AGAIN, AND YOU CAN SEE 2648 01:47:28,600 --> 01:47:35,160 THE NOT REA -- THIS WAS VERY EAR 2649 01:47:35,160 --> 01:47:37,800 THE PROGRAM STARTED, WE LOOKED 2650 01:47:37,800 --> 01:47:39,680 AT THE DYNAMICS OF THE 2651 01:47:39,680 --> 01:47:41,040 IMPEDANCE, WHICH REALLY EXPLAINS 2652 01:47:41,040 --> 01:47:44,360 A LOT OF THE VARIABILITY EARLY 2653 01:47:44,360 --> 01:47:46,160 ON AFTER SUBJECTS ARE IMPLANTED, 2654 01:47:46,160 --> 01:47:49,560 YOU SEE THIS SIGNIFICANT DROP IN 2655 01:47:49,560 --> 01:47:54,680 THE IMPEDANCE AT THE TISSUE 2656 01:47:54,680 --> 01:47:55,720 ELECTRODE INTERFACE WHICH IS THE 2657 01:47:55,720 --> 01:47:57,000 REASON WE DELAYED PROGRAMMING BY 2658 01:47:57,000 --> 01:47:58,680 MORE THAN A MONTH AFTER 2659 01:47:58,680 --> 01:48:00,080 IMPLANTATION. 2660 01:48:00,080 --> 01:48:02,160 SOME INTERESTING WORK, THIS WAS 2661 01:48:02,160 --> 01:48:04,120 PROBABLY THE FIRST PUBLICATION 2662 01:48:04,120 --> 01:48:05,680 LOOKING AT INTRAOPERATIVE 2663 01:48:05,680 --> 01:48:06,800 PHYSIOLOGY WHEN SOMEBODY 2664 01:48:06,800 --> 01:48:09,640 HAPPENED TO OPERATE ON 2665 01:48:09,640 --> 01:48:11,480 PSYCHOGENIC DYSTONIA, WHICH 2666 01:48:11,480 --> 01:48:12,680 OTHERWISE WASN'T KNOWN. 2667 01:48:12,680 --> 01:48:16,440 AND I'M GOING TO HIGHLIGHT THE 2668 01:48:16,440 --> 01:48:19,960 PROGRAM THAT BERLICH IS NOW 2669 01:48:19,960 --> 01:48:22,360 RUNNING THAT I THINK THEY HAVE 2670 01:48:22,360 --> 01:48:24,120 RECRUITED EVERYBODY OR IS IN 2671 01:48:24,120 --> 01:48:30,280 PROCESS USING DEEP BRAIN 2672 01:48:30,280 --> 01:48:31,800 STIMULATION FOR FOCAL HAND 2673 01:48:31,800 --> 01:48:33,000 DYSTONIA FOR MUSICIANS. 2674 01:48:33,000 --> 01:48:34,400 ONE OF THE PAPERS, ONE OF THE 2675 01:48:34,400 --> 01:48:36,000 PROJECTS WE RAN AND IT WAS A LOT 2676 01:48:36,000 --> 01:48:40,040 OF FUN USING DTI IMAGING 2677 01:48:40,040 --> 01:48:43,240 STUDYING THE DBS EFFECTS AND 2678 01:48:43,240 --> 01:48:43,880 DEFINING PARADIGMS. 2679 01:48:43,880 --> 01:48:45,800 SO THIS USED IN-HOUSE DEVELOPED 2680 01:48:45,800 --> 01:48:46,760 TOOLS TO SOME EXTENT. 2681 01:48:46,760 --> 01:48:51,400 THIS WAS THE PAPER THAT SILVINA 2682 01:48:51,400 --> 01:48:53,120 LED IN TERMS OF DEVELOPING THE 2683 01:48:53,120 --> 01:48:55,960 PROCESSING SOFTWARE FOR 2684 01:48:55,960 --> 01:48:58,520 LOCALIZING ELECTRODES AND THEN 2685 01:48:58,520 --> 01:49:00,280 ANALYZING THE -- AND ESSENTIALLY 2686 01:49:00,280 --> 01:49:02,960 THE TRACTS THAT ARE ACTIVATED, 2687 01:49:02,960 --> 01:49:05,680 THIS IS THE DBS ELECTRODE AND 2688 01:49:05,680 --> 01:49:07,320 YOU MODEL THE DEVELOPMENT OF 2689 01:49:07,320 --> 01:49:08,600 TISSUE ACTIVATED AND DEPENDING 2690 01:49:08,600 --> 01:49:10,760 ON THAT, YOU BUILD THESE MAPS OF 2691 01:49:10,760 --> 01:49:12,200 THE TRACTS THAT ARE ACTUALLY 2692 01:49:12,200 --> 01:49:13,920 CONNECTED WITH THE VOLUME OF 2693 01:49:13,920 --> 01:49:19,680 TISSUE ACTIVATED. 2694 01:49:19,680 --> 01:49:24,040 SO N ORAN NORA LED THE WORK ON Y 2695 01:49:24,040 --> 01:49:24,840 APPLIING THIS. 2696 01:49:24,840 --> 01:49:26,160 WE PUBLISHED THIS NICE PAPER 2697 01:49:26,160 --> 01:49:30,440 LOOKING AT THE PATTERNS OF THE 2698 01:49:30,440 --> 01:49:31,400 NUCLEUS, DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION 2699 01:49:31,400 --> 01:49:33,120 AND THEIR CONNECTIVITY WHICH 2700 01:49:33,120 --> 01:49:34,760 ACTUALLY WAS ABLE TO CONFIRM 2701 01:49:34,760 --> 01:49:36,280 SOME LONG-STANDING ASSUMPTIONS 2702 01:49:36,280 --> 01:49:37,480 BUT THEY'VE NEVER BEEN PROVEN IN 2703 01:49:37,480 --> 01:49:39,800 TERMS OF HOW DBS WORKS. 2704 01:49:39,800 --> 01:49:42,000 WE ACTUALLY MADE THE COVER OF 2705 01:49:42,000 --> 01:49:43,440 "BRAIN" THEN, AND THIS PAPER 2706 01:49:43,440 --> 01:49:45,800 COMES FROM, AGAIN, CALIBRATION 2707 01:49:45,800 --> 01:49:47,200 WORK LOOKING AT HOW THE IMAGING 2708 01:49:47,200 --> 01:49:51,400 WOULD WORK, SO THIS IS ACTUALLY 2709 01:49:51,400 --> 01:49:54,680 MRI RECONSTRUCTED AND THE ACTUAL 2710 01:49:54,680 --> 01:49:56,080 BRAIN OF ONE OF OUR TEAM 2711 01:49:56,080 --> 01:49:58,400 MEMBERS. 2712 01:49:58,400 --> 01:50:00,840 BUT I'M NOT ALLOWED TO SAY WHO I 2713 01:50:00,840 --> 01:50:01,840 THINK FOR PRIVACY REASONS SO I'M 2714 01:50:01,840 --> 01:50:04,120 GOING TO MAKE UP A NAME AND SAY 2715 01:50:04,120 --> 01:50:09,120 THIS IS SOMEBODY NAMED SROBINA. 2716 01:50:09,120 --> 01:50:11,720 THIS IS WHAT THIS PAPER SHOWED, 2717 01:50:11,720 --> 01:50:18,720 THE ACTIVATION OF THE TRACTS AND 2718 01:50:18,720 --> 01:50:22,520 THIS IS THE PICTURE LOOKING AT 2719 01:50:22,520 --> 01:50:27,560 THE VE -- THIS WAS HIGHLIGHTED S 2720 01:50:27,560 --> 01:50:31,880 ONE OF THE CONNECTIONS IN THE 2721 01:50:31,880 --> 01:50:36,720 ACTIVE AND -- ELECTRODES, AND 2722 01:50:36,720 --> 01:50:39,280 REFLECTING THE PATHWAY. 2723 01:50:39,280 --> 01:50:41,000 SO I SAID I'D KEEP IT SHORT, SO 2724 01:50:41,000 --> 01:50:42,480 I JUST HIGHLIGHTED A COUPLE OF 2725 01:50:42,480 --> 01:50:46,000 THINGS THAT REALLY HAVE MARK'S 2726 01:50:46,000 --> 01:50:48,200 IMPRINT ON THEM. 2727 01:50:48,200 --> 01:50:51,720 AND I'M GOING TO END WITH -- 2728 01:50:51,720 --> 01:50:52,960 WELL, ACTUALLY A LITTLE BIT MORE 2729 01:50:52,960 --> 01:50:57,320 ABOUT THE DBS PROGRAM OF THE ONE 2730 01:50:57,320 --> 01:50:58,600 OF THE VERY VALUABLE COMPONENTS 2731 01:50:58,600 --> 01:51:01,000 HERE IS ALL THE TRAINING, SO I 2732 01:51:01,000 --> 01:51:03,840 GOT THIS FROM KAREEM RECENTLY, 2733 01:51:03,840 --> 01:51:09,680 HE HAD SEVEN RESIDENTS AND OTHER 2734 01:51:09,680 --> 01:51:11,200 FELLOWS RUNNING THROUGH, EVEN 2735 01:51:11,200 --> 01:51:13,520 THOUGH THIS ISN'T A DBS FOCUSED 2736 01:51:13,520 --> 01:51:15,320 ACTIVITY, DEFINITELY THERE'S A 2737 01:51:15,320 --> 01:51:15,960 BIG INFLUENCE HERE. 2738 01:51:15,960 --> 01:51:19,880 AND THEN I ESTIMATED ABOUT 15 2739 01:51:19,880 --> 01:51:21,000 MOVEMENT DISORDER FELLOWS WHO 2740 01:51:21,000 --> 01:51:22,200 HAVE ROTATED BETWEEN MY TIME AND 2741 01:51:22,200 --> 01:51:23,760 THAT SO I THINK THAT'S ROUGHLY 2742 01:51:23,760 --> 01:51:24,320 ACCURATE. 2743 01:51:24,320 --> 01:51:29,480 AND WE ALSO HAD A LOT OF OTHER 2744 01:51:29,480 --> 01:51:30,800 TRAINEES WHO HAVE REALLY GONE ON 2745 01:51:30,800 --> 01:51:32,240 TO USE WHAT THEY HAVE LEARNED 2746 01:51:32,240 --> 01:51:32,480 HERE. 2747 01:51:32,480 --> 01:51:36,000 SO JUST AS MARK WAS SAYING, THE 2748 01:51:36,000 --> 01:51:37,200 HUGE FAMILY AND THE GENERATIONS 2749 01:51:37,200 --> 01:51:38,920 OF FELLOWS AND THEN GRAND 2750 01:51:38,920 --> 01:51:42,920 FELLOWS AND GREAT GRAND FELLOWS 2751 01:51:42,920 --> 01:51:44,680 AND WE CAN APPLY THAT TO OTHER 2752 01:51:44,680 --> 01:51:45,200 TRAINEES AS WELL. 2753 01:51:45,200 --> 01:51:47,880 THIS WAS A CUTE THANK YOU CARD 2754 01:51:47,880 --> 01:51:48,560 FOR ONE OF OUR STUDENTS WHO 2755 01:51:48,560 --> 01:51:50,080 WORKED WITH US AT THE BEGINNING 2756 01:51:50,080 --> 01:51:53,920 OF THE DBS PROGRAM AND SHE LEFT 2757 01:51:53,920 --> 01:51:55,720 THIS THANK YOU CARD ON MY DESK. 2758 01:51:55,720 --> 01:51:58,880 I WANT TO HIGHLIGHT THIS IS HER 2759 01:51:58,880 --> 01:52:01,400 ARTISTIC I IMAGINATION, SHE DID 2760 01:52:01,400 --> 01:52:02,840 NOT IN FACT WITNESS DBS LEADS 2761 01:52:02,840 --> 01:52:04,040 COMING OUT OF THE PATIENT'S 2762 01:52:04,040 --> 01:52:04,440 NOSE. 2763 01:52:04,440 --> 01:52:06,040 SO WITH THAT, I WANT TO ADD MY 2764 01:52:06,040 --> 01:52:07,400 THANKS TO EVERYONE FOR 2765 01:52:07,400 --> 01:52:08,280 PARTICIPATING AND DEFINITELY MY 2766 01:52:08,280 --> 01:52:09,920 THANKS TO MARK, WHO INFLUENCED 2767 01:52:09,920 --> 01:52:13,840 OUR CAREER IN A LOT OF WAYS AND 2768 01:52:13,840 --> 01:52:15,320 TAUGHT US A LOT MORE THAN 2769 01:52:15,320 --> 01:52:16,400 SCIENCE, AND REALLY GRATEFUL TO 2770 01:52:16,400 --> 01:52:18,720 BE PART OF THIS FAMILY AND HAVE 2771 01:52:18,720 --> 01:52:23,000 HAD ACCESS TO MARK AND LEARNING 2772 01:52:23,000 --> 01:52:24,240 FROM HIM SCIENCE AND MORE THAN 2773 01:52:24,240 --> 01:52:24,880 SCIENCE. 2774 01:52:24,880 --> 01:52:28,400 SO TO ILLUSTRATE THAT EVERYBODY 2775 01:52:28,400 --> 01:52:30,200 KIND OF BECOMES PART OF THIS 2776 01:52:30,200 --> 01:52:30,400 FAMILY. 2777 01:52:30,400 --> 01:52:32,600 THIS IS MARK HOLDING MY INFANT 2778 01:52:32,600 --> 01:52:34,600 DAUGHTER A FEW YEARS AGO, AND I 2779 01:52:34,600 --> 01:52:36,600 KNOW THIS LOOKS VERY CUTE, BUT 2780 01:52:36,600 --> 01:52:38,880 BIT OF A WARNING HERE. 2781 01:52:38,880 --> 01:52:40,160 THIS CHILD, A LITTLE MORE THAN 2782 01:52:40,160 --> 01:52:41,960 FOUR YEARS LATER, STARTED 2783 01:52:41,960 --> 01:52:43,160 SPONTANEOUSLY GROWING BRAINS. 2784 01:52:43,160 --> 01:52:44,680 SO THIS IS A WARNING THAT IF YOU 2785 01:52:44,680 --> 01:52:46,600 LET MARK HOLD YOUR BABIES, HE IS 2786 01:52:46,600 --> 01:52:47,800 TURNING THEM INTO 2787 01:52:47,800 --> 01:52:49,000 NEUROSCIENTISTS. 2788 01:52:49,000 --> 01:52:49,400 THANK YOU. 2789 01:52:49,400 --> 01:52:56,240 [APPLAUSE] 2790 01:52:56,240 --> 01:52:59,360 >>THANK YOU, DR. LUNGU. 2791 01:52:59,360 --> 01:53:00,560 LOW GIST PARTICULARLY WE WILL 2792 01:53:00,560 --> 01:53:01,280 HAVE A BREAK NOW. 2793 01:53:01,280 --> 01:53:02,280 THREE TALKS THAT ARE GOING TO BE 2794 01:53:02,280 --> 01:53:06,360 IN THE IMAGING. 2795 01:53:06,360 --> 01:53:10,680 I MIMAGINE, IMAGING, MOVEMENTS. 2796 01:53:10,680 --> 01:53:12,400 I WILL START WITH THE FIRST TALK 2797 01:53:12,400 --> 01:53:17,560 TO TRY TO CATCH UP ON TIME. 2798 01:53:17,560 --> 01:53:20,000 SO I AM STAFF SCIENTIST IN HMCS, 2799 01:53:20,000 --> 01:53:21,680 AND I GUESS I COULD SAY ONE OF 2800 01:53:21,680 --> 01:53:24,600 THE LAST PEOPLE STANDING, 2801 01:53:24,600 --> 01:53:27,600 GETTING TO THE END OF THE MONTH 2802 01:53:27,600 --> 01:53:30,240 UNTIL WE CLOSE, AND WHEN I 2803 01:53:30,240 --> 01:53:33,520 JOINED THE LAB, MY EXPERIENCE 2804 01:53:33,520 --> 01:53:38,720 WAS IN FMRI SO I THOUGHT WE WILL 2805 01:53:38,720 --> 01:53:46,080 DO A LOT OF BOLD IMAGING AND I E 2806 01:53:46,080 --> 01:53:48,360 WAS A LAW BEYOND BOLD. 2807 01:53:48,360 --> 01:53:49,800 SO THAT WAS THE TITLE FOR THE 2808 01:53:49,800 --> 01:53:51,440 TALK BUT SOON ENOUGH AS I SENT 2809 01:53:51,440 --> 01:53:53,160 TO MY ORGANIZERS THEY TOLD ME 2810 01:53:53,160 --> 01:53:54,240 THAT I NEED TO DO SOME CHANGES 2811 01:53:54,240 --> 01:53:59,280 AND THE TITLE SHOULD BE TO 2812 01:53:59,280 --> 01:54:03,440 BOLDLY GO WHERE NO ONE HAS GONE 2813 01:54:03,440 --> 01:54:03,920 BEFORE. 2814 01:54:03,920 --> 01:54:07,880 I'M NOT A MOVIE BUFF OR -- SO I 2815 01:54:07,880 --> 01:54:11,120 STARTED LOOKING AND OF COURSE 2816 01:54:11,120 --> 01:54:13,280 THAT SOUNDS RIGHT, BUT WHAT IS 2817 01:54:13,280 --> 01:54:14,720 THE SIMILARITY WITH MARK AND I 2818 01:54:14,720 --> 01:54:15,800 KEPT THINKING YEAH, WE CAN SAY 2819 01:54:15,800 --> 01:54:21,040 THE WORDS, BUT ACTUALLY, I FOUND 2820 01:54:21,040 --> 01:54:22,160 THAT IN ARE SOME SIMILARITIES IN 2821 01:54:22,160 --> 01:54:22,600 THE BACKGROUND. 2822 01:54:22,600 --> 01:54:27,320 OF COURSE THIS IS BEFORE MY TIME 2823 01:54:27,320 --> 01:54:29,600 BUT THE TIME I JOINED THE LAB IN 2824 01:54:29,600 --> 01:54:31,200 2008, THESE WERE YOU HOW WE 2825 01:54:31,200 --> 01:54:33,600 LOOKED LIKE. 2826 01:54:33,600 --> 01:54:35,160 AND WE LOST THE TIES AND GOT A 2827 01:54:35,160 --> 01:54:39,240 LITTLE BIT MORE INFORMAL. 2828 01:54:39,240 --> 01:54:42,520 SO ENOUGH WITH PICTURES. 2829 01:54:42,520 --> 01:54:44,480 THIS IS ACTUALLY A PICTURE, THE 2830 01:54:44,480 --> 01:54:48,840 ONE THAT BRIAN SHOWED, IT WAS A 2831 01:54:48,840 --> 01:54:49,680 BIG CHANGE IN THE TEAM AND MOST 2832 01:54:49,680 --> 01:54:52,840 OF THE PEOPLE HERE LEFT, THE NEW 2833 01:54:52,840 --> 01:55:01,080 PEOPLE WERE COMING IN AND MARK 2834 01:55:01,080 --> 01:55:04,200 HAD THESE -- HAD BEEN WORKING A 2835 01:55:04,200 --> 01:55:08,680 LOT ON DISORDERS OF VOLITION, A 2836 01:55:08,680 --> 01:55:10,000 TOPIC WE HAD BEEN STUDYING. 2837 01:55:10,000 --> 01:55:11,640 THERE WERE THESE GREAT PAPERS, 2838 01:55:11,640 --> 01:55:12,760 SOME WERE SHOWN EARLIER AS WELL. 2839 01:55:12,760 --> 01:55:17,120 I THINK WE HAD A GOOD TRANSITION 2840 01:55:17,120 --> 01:55:18,720 OF PEOPLE, LEWIS WAS SHOWING 2841 01:55:18,720 --> 01:55:23,880 SOME OF THE PAPERS, SO THERE WAS 2842 01:55:23,880 --> 01:55:25,280 INTEREST IN TRYING TO FIGURE OUT 2843 01:55:25,280 --> 01:55:26,520 WHERE THE TICKS ARE GENERATED, 2844 01:55:26,520 --> 01:55:29,800 HOW THEY ARE GENERATED, WHAT 2845 01:55:29,800 --> 01:55:30,800 HAPPENS WHEN YOU SLEEP WITH 2846 01:55:30,800 --> 01:55:34,840 THESE AREAS. 2847 01:55:34,840 --> 01:55:37,400 SO MARK TOLD ME WHEN WE -- WHAT 2848 01:55:37,400 --> 01:55:43,000 WE WERE GOING TO BE DOING WAS 2849 01:55:43,000 --> 01:55:43,640 NEUROFEEDBACK, BUT IN THE 2850 01:55:43,640 --> 01:55:46,520 SCANNER. 2851 01:55:46,520 --> 01:55:51,520 SO WE SET UP TO WORK WITH -- TO 2852 01:55:51,520 --> 01:55:53,800 DO SOME REALTIME FMRI AND I 2853 01:55:53,800 --> 01:55:54,840 GUESS BRIAN AND I WERE LOOKING 2854 01:55:54,840 --> 01:55:57,360 AT EACH OTHER WHEN HE JOINED AND 2855 01:55:57,360 --> 01:56:00,760 TRYING TO FIGURE OUT HOW WE WILL 2856 01:56:00,760 --> 01:56:05,400 DO IT, BUT IT WORKED, IT WAS 2857 01:56:05,400 --> 01:56:09,560 GREAT EFFORT BUT I THINK THIS 2858 01:56:09,560 --> 01:56:14,600 WAS ONE OF THE DEFINITELY FIRST 2859 01:56:14,600 --> 01:56:15,840 FMRI NEUROFEEDBACK IN MOVEMENT 2860 01:56:15,840 --> 01:56:20,240 DISORDERS AND ALSO ONE OF THE 2861 01:56:20,240 --> 01:56:22,640 FIRST THAT WE DID WITH 2862 01:56:22,640 --> 01:56:25,040 CONNECTIVITY. 2863 01:56:25,040 --> 01:56:26,520 BUT OF COURSE NOTHING WORKED 2864 01:56:26,520 --> 01:56:27,320 SMOOTH FROM THE BEGINNING. 2865 01:56:27,320 --> 01:56:32,520 YOU NEED TO GO THROUGH IRB 2866 01:56:32,520 --> 01:56:33,880 APPROVAL SO THE ORIGINAL IDEA OF 2867 01:56:33,880 --> 01:56:38,520 THIS WAS TO WORK ON TOURETTE'S, 2868 01:56:38,520 --> 01:56:39,960 TICS, TO SEE WHETHER WE CAN GET 2869 01:56:39,960 --> 01:56:41,520 PATIENTS TO CONTROL THE TICS IN 2870 01:56:41,520 --> 01:56:45,240 THE SCANNER. 2871 01:56:45,240 --> 01:56:47,240 BECAUSE THE IRB TOLD US FIRST WE 2872 01:56:47,240 --> 01:56:48,520 NEED TO DO ON HEALTHY 2873 01:56:48,520 --> 01:56:52,160 VOLUNTEERS, WE WERE SOMEHOW 2874 01:56:52,160 --> 01:56:57,560 CREATIVE ON HOW TO STUDY THIS. 2875 01:56:57,560 --> 01:56:59,520 MARK HAS DONE SOME OF THE 2876 01:56:59,520 --> 01:57:01,160 STUDIES ON LINKED SUPPRESSION 2877 01:57:01,160 --> 01:57:02,800 AND WE BUILT TOGETHER A PARADIGM 2878 01:57:02,800 --> 01:57:05,720 TO WORK THIS WAY. 2879 01:57:05,720 --> 01:57:07,120 WE LEARNED THINGS ON THE WAY, 2880 01:57:07,120 --> 01:57:09,960 BOTH ABOUT THE BRAIN AND THE 2881 01:57:09,960 --> 01:57:14,320 IMPORTANCE OF THE ANTERIOR 2882 01:57:14,320 --> 01:57:16,600 INSULA ONED ARCH BUT ALSO SOME 2883 01:57:16,600 --> 01:57:17,600 DIFFERENT WAYS TO LOOK AT THE 2884 01:57:17,600 --> 01:57:18,160 DATA. 2885 01:57:18,160 --> 01:57:20,840 WHAT I'M SHOWING HERE ARE 2886 01:57:20,840 --> 01:57:21,960 DIFFERENT CONTRASTS OF WHETHER 2887 01:57:21,960 --> 01:57:24,440 YOU LOOK AT SOMETHING -- REALLY 2888 01:57:24,440 --> 01:57:30,080 FOLLOWING WHAT HAPPENED WITH THE 2889 01:57:30,080 --> 01:57:31,960 BRAIN, YOU CAN HAVE VERY, VERY 2890 01:57:31,960 --> 01:57:33,960 DIFFERENT MAPS AND WE FIND 2891 01:57:33,960 --> 01:57:35,800 THAT -- IT WAS VERY INTERESTING, 2892 01:57:35,800 --> 01:57:39,360 THE INSULA HAVE THESE RAMP OF 2893 01:57:39,360 --> 01:57:42,960 INCREASING ACTIVATION OF THE 2894 01:57:42,960 --> 01:57:44,160 URGE AND THAT'S WHAT WE WERE 2895 01:57:44,160 --> 01:57:49,960 TRYING TO MODEL IT WITH THE 2896 01:57:49,960 --> 01:57:54,000 PATIENTS, AND THERE ARE A LOT OF 2897 01:57:54,000 --> 01:57:55,120 HIDDEN ACTIVITIES DEPENDING ON 2898 01:57:55,120 --> 01:57:57,360 HOW WE LOOK AT THEM, YOU MAY 2899 01:57:57,360 --> 01:58:00,240 FIND OR NOT. 2900 01:58:00,240 --> 01:58:04,480 SO WE ALSO DID AS I MENTIONED 2901 01:58:04,480 --> 01:58:08,320 BEFORE SOME OF THE CONNECTIVITY, 2902 01:58:08,320 --> 01:58:09,320 ALSO SOME OF THE FIRST PAPERS 2903 01:58:09,320 --> 01:58:13,600 WHERE WE LOOK AT THE EFFECT OF 2904 01:58:13,600 --> 01:58:19,400 NEUROMODULATION THROUGH 2905 01:58:19,400 --> 01:58:21,400 NEUROFEEDBACK, THROUGH FMRI 2906 01:58:21,400 --> 01:58:22,000 NEUROFEEDBACK. 2907 01:58:22,000 --> 01:58:22,600 SOMETIMES WE LEARN THAT THE 2908 01:58:22,600 --> 01:58:23,760 AREAS MAY NOT CHANGE THAT MUCH 2909 01:58:23,760 --> 01:58:27,120 THE WAY THAT THEY ACTIVATION, 2910 01:58:27,120 --> 01:58:28,840 BUT THE FULL STORY IS NOT ONLY 2911 01:58:28,840 --> 01:58:31,840 IN THE ACTIVATIONS AS WE HEARD 2912 01:58:31,840 --> 01:58:34,840 IN THE TALKS THIS MORNING, MARK 2913 01:58:34,840 --> 01:58:40,840 HAS BEEN AN EARLY PLAYER IN 2914 01:58:40,840 --> 01:58:42,560 LOOKING AT NETWORKS AND 2915 01:58:42,560 --> 01:58:43,160 CONNECTIVITY IN THE BRAIN AND 2916 01:58:43,160 --> 01:58:47,120 THIS IS ANOTHER WAY THAT WE HAVE 2917 01:58:47,120 --> 01:58:48,320 LOOKED AT THAT, SO WE LOOK AT 2918 01:58:48,320 --> 01:58:49,640 THE EFFECT THAT NEUROFEEDBACK 2919 01:58:49,640 --> 01:58:54,720 WOULD HAVE ON THAT. 2920 01:58:54,720 --> 01:58:57,880 BUT WE DIDN'T LOSE TRACK OF 2921 01:58:57,880 --> 01:58:59,200 STUDY ON TOURETTE'S. 2922 01:58:59,200 --> 01:59:00,880 THIS IS THE TEAM WITH HAVE TO 2923 01:59:00,880 --> 01:59:03,840 THE DIFFERENT STUDIES, AND WE 2924 01:59:03,840 --> 01:59:04,640 LOOKED WITH DIFFERENT 2925 01:59:04,640 --> 01:59:06,640 MODALITIES, WE LOOKED AT 2926 01:59:06,640 --> 01:59:08,400 CONNECTIVITY, WE LOOKED AT 2927 01:59:08,400 --> 01:59:12,440 ACTIVATIONS, WE LOOK AT -- WE 2928 01:59:12,440 --> 01:59:18,920 LOOK AT MRS, WE KEEP THEM 2929 01:59:18,920 --> 01:59:25,520 FINDING THESE SAME GROUP OF 2930 01:59:25,520 --> 01:59:27,040 AREAS FOR ELEMENT IN THE 2931 01:59:27,040 --> 01:59:28,800 CONNECTIVITY OF THE ANTERIOR 2932 01:59:28,800 --> 01:59:38,920 INSULA. 2933 01:59:41,480 --> 01:59:41,840 -- FOR THIS PART. 2934 01:59:41,840 --> 01:59:46,040 SO WE KEEP MOVING ON THE STUDIES 2935 01:59:46,040 --> 01:59:50,200 THAT WE DO, WE DO A LOT OF 2936 01:59:50,200 --> 01:59:56,040 DIFFERENT DISEASES, SO I'M 2937 01:59:56,040 --> 01:59:57,480 TRYING TO GIVE A LITTLE OVERVIEW 2938 01:59:57,480 --> 01:59:58,440 OF THINGS THAT HAVE HAPPENED. 2939 01:59:58,440 --> 02:00:03,800 AND YOU MAY ASK WHY THIS 2940 02:00:03,800 --> 02:00:04,880 PICTURE, WE ARE AT A MEETING 2941 02:00:04,880 --> 02:00:07,960 WITHOUT MARK. 2942 02:00:07,960 --> 02:00:08,720 UNFORTUNATELY MARK COULDN'T MAKE 2943 02:00:08,720 --> 02:00:10,080 IT AND I THINK IT'S JUST -- I 2944 02:00:10,080 --> 02:00:11,040 HAVEN'T BEEN IN A MEETING WITH 2945 02:00:11,040 --> 02:00:15,520 MARK THAT I DIDN'T ORGANIZE 2946 02:00:15,520 --> 02:00:16,880 SO MARK, HOPEFULLY DON'T MAKE US 2947 02:00:16,880 --> 02:00:21,920 DO ANOTHER ONE. 2948 02:00:21,920 --> 02:00:22,920 SO UNFORTUNATELY MARK DIDN'T 2949 02:00:22,920 --> 02:00:24,360 MAKE TO THIS MEETING IN PERSON 2950 02:00:24,360 --> 02:00:27,360 AND I'M NOT GOING TO TALK ABOUT 2951 02:00:27,360 --> 02:00:30,320 FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT DISORDERS TO 2952 02:00:30,320 --> 02:00:34,040 A DISEASE WE HAVE STUDIED DEEPLY 2953 02:00:34,040 --> 02:00:39,360 ALONG -- FOR A LONG TIME, 2954 02:00:39,360 --> 02:00:40,360 BUTTERY IS GOING TO BE TALKING 2955 02:00:40,360 --> 02:00:41,240 ABOUT THAT LATER TODAY. 2956 02:00:41,240 --> 02:00:44,680 WE DID ANOTHER LONG PROTOCOL 2957 02:00:44,680 --> 02:00:50,520 WITH PARKINSON'S, AND THIS WAS 2958 02:00:50,520 --> 02:00:53,280 AT A TIME -- THIS PROTOCOL WAS 2959 02:00:53,280 --> 02:00:56,320 APPROVED IN 2012, IT WAS GOING 2960 02:00:56,320 --> 02:01:00,680 TO GO FOR 10 YEARS AND NOW WE 2961 02:01:00,680 --> 02:01:01,560 PROBABLY REMEMBER MARK TELLING 2962 02:01:01,560 --> 02:01:03,160 US, WELL, I'M STARTING THIS 2963 02:01:03,160 --> 02:01:07,760 PROTOCOL, BUT I'M NOT GOING TO 2964 02:01:07,760 --> 02:01:09,040 BE AT NIH BY THE TIME THAT IT'S 2965 02:01:09,040 --> 02:01:09,800 DONE. 2966 02:01:09,800 --> 02:01:11,200 SO YOU'RE RIGHT, THE PROTOCOL IS 2967 02:01:11,200 --> 02:01:13,600 NOT DONE. 2968 02:01:13,600 --> 02:01:14,800 SO -- BUT 10 YEARS HAVE PASSED 2969 02:01:14,800 --> 02:01:16,440 SO WE CAN LOOK AT IT EITHER WAY. 2970 02:01:16,440 --> 02:01:19,040 BUT THIS IS VERY INTERESTING AND 2971 02:01:19,040 --> 02:01:21,640 THERE'S STILL A LOT OF THINGS TO 2972 02:01:21,640 --> 02:01:23,480 KEEP WORKING, BUT THE WAY THAT 2973 02:01:23,480 --> 02:01:25,320 WE LOOK IS WE HAVE THE CENTER 2974 02:01:25,320 --> 02:01:30,040 FOR PARKINSON'S AND A LOT OF 2975 02:01:30,040 --> 02:01:30,920 DIFFERENT ASPECTS THAT COULD 2976 02:01:30,920 --> 02:01:32,760 AFFECT THE DISEASE, AND WE TRIED 2977 02:01:32,760 --> 02:01:37,760 TO TACKLE WITH IMAGING THE 2978 02:01:37,760 --> 02:01:39,920 DIFFERENT WAYS THAT WE CAN 2979 02:01:39,920 --> 02:01:40,920 STUDY. 2980 02:01:40,920 --> 02:01:42,760 SO THIS INVOLVES LIKE THE 2981 02:01:42,760 --> 02:01:44,280 TRADITIONAL THINGS TO LOOK AT 2982 02:01:44,280 --> 02:01:52,360 DTI OR FMRI BUT ALSO WE GOT TO 2983 02:01:52,360 --> 02:01:57,120 NEW TECHNIQUES LIKE TRYING TO 2984 02:01:57,120 --> 02:01:59,200 LOOK AT FREE WATER SO THE 2985 02:01:59,200 --> 02:01:59,880 COMPARTMENTS, TRYING TO 2986 02:01:59,880 --> 02:02:01,320 UNDERSTAND WHAT IS BEHIND THE 2987 02:02:01,320 --> 02:02:03,120 SIGNALS OR WHY THE DIFFUSION 2988 02:02:03,120 --> 02:02:06,160 DATA LOOKS DIFFERENT IN THE 2989 02:02:06,160 --> 02:02:06,920 REGULAR STUDIES. 2990 02:02:06,920 --> 02:02:15,000 WE DID SOME WITH -- NOT FOR OUR 2991 02:02:15,000 --> 02:02:18,920 POPULATION BUT WE STARTED MIXING 2992 02:02:18,920 --> 02:02:23,280 DATA WITH GENETICS, WE LOOK AT 2993 02:02:23,280 --> 02:02:25,320 SPECTROSCOPY THAT ONE DAY MARK 2994 02:02:25,320 --> 02:02:27,720 TOLD US LIKE, HERE'S THE THING 2995 02:02:27,720 --> 02:02:29,160 WE SHOULD LOOK AND WE GOT A COIL 2996 02:02:29,160 --> 02:02:32,400 AND WE DID SOME IMAGING ON THAT 2997 02:02:32,400 --> 02:02:40,480 AS WELL. 2998 02:02:40,480 --> 02:02:43,400 SO WITH CONNECTIVITY, AND FMRI 2999 02:02:43,400 --> 02:02:44,800 LIKE THE TRADITIONAL THING, WE 3000 02:02:44,800 --> 02:02:48,560 ALSO WENT TO NEW HORIZONS. 3001 02:02:48,560 --> 02:02:50,520 WE LOOKED AT NOT ONLY THE 3002 02:02:50,520 --> 02:02:52,400 ACTIVATION AND THE CONNECTIVITY, 3003 02:02:52,400 --> 02:02:54,640 BUT WE STARTED LOOKING AT THE 3004 02:02:54,640 --> 02:02:56,040 DYNAMIC CONNECTIVITY AS WELL. 3005 02:02:56,040 --> 02:03:00,600 THIS IS IN COLLABORATION WITH 3006 02:03:00,600 --> 02:03:02,240 TONY THAT WAS VISITING HERE FROM 3007 02:03:02,240 --> 02:03:03,760 A COUPLE YEARS AGO FROM CHINA 3008 02:03:03,760 --> 02:03:06,120 SHOULD BE ONLINE TODAY, SO THE 3009 02:03:06,120 --> 02:03:07,240 IDEA IS THAT WE HAVE LOOKED 3010 02:03:07,240 --> 02:03:17,760 FIRST AT SOME OF THESE NETWORKS 3011 02:03:19,760 --> 02:03:22,360 WITH -- SENSORY MOTOR NETWORK 3012 02:03:22,360 --> 02:03:25,360 WHEN WORKING MAINLY HOW -- AND 3013 02:03:25,360 --> 02:03:29,280 MARK WERE VERY INTERESTED IN THE 3014 02:03:29,280 --> 02:03:30,280 SEQUENCE EFFECT AND TRYING TO 3015 02:03:30,280 --> 02:03:31,400 SEE HOW WE CAN GET INFORMATION 3016 02:03:31,400 --> 02:03:40,000 FOR THAT THROUGH IMAGING SO IN 3017 02:03:40,000 --> 02:03:42,720 THE FIRST PAPER WE LOOK AT STUDY 3018 02:03:42,720 --> 02:03:44,120 CONNECTIVITY IN THESE NETWORKS. 3019 02:03:44,120 --> 02:03:46,280 WE TRIED TO FIGURE OUT HOW THIS 3020 02:03:46,280 --> 02:03:53,800 IS CHANGING, HOW WE UNDERSTAND 3021 02:03:53,800 --> 02:03:56,120 THE DIFFERENT PARTS, HOW THESE 3022 02:03:56,120 --> 02:03:57,280 NETWORKS WORK TOGETHER AND WE 3023 02:03:57,280 --> 02:03:58,440 COULD SEE A VERY DISTINCTIVE 3024 02:03:58,440 --> 02:04:00,200 OVER TIME INTERPLAY BETWEEN THE 3025 02:04:00,200 --> 02:04:04,520 SENSORY MOTOR CORTEX AND THE 3026 02:04:04,520 --> 02:04:05,640 THREE CONTROL NETWORKS. 3027 02:04:05,640 --> 02:04:08,480 AND WE COULD START DIVIDING UP 3028 02:04:08,480 --> 02:04:15,360 AND SEE HOW THE DIFFERENT 3029 02:04:15,360 --> 02:04:16,360 REGIONS, THE CONNECTIVITY 3030 02:04:16,360 --> 02:04:17,720 BETWEEN THE SENSORY MOTOR 3031 02:04:17,720 --> 02:04:22,520 NETWORKS AND THE CONTROL 3032 02:04:22,520 --> 02:04:24,400 NETWORKS CHANGE BETWEEN HEALTHY 3033 02:04:24,400 --> 02:04:26,160 CONTROLS AND PARKINSON PATIENTS, 3034 02:04:26,160 --> 02:04:29,200 BUT ALSO HOW THESE CONNECTIONS 3035 02:04:29,200 --> 02:04:30,760 CHANGE WHEN THE PATIENT IS ON 3036 02:04:30,760 --> 02:04:34,160 AND OFF MEDICATION. 3037 02:04:34,160 --> 02:04:35,800 I MENTIONED ABOUT THE 3038 02:04:35,800 --> 02:04:37,640 SPECTROSCOPY AND I'M NOT GOING 3039 02:04:37,640 --> 02:04:38,680 TO GET TOO MUCH INTO THESE 3040 02:04:38,680 --> 02:04:41,880 BECAUSE WE HAVE SUBJECTS, IT'S 3041 02:04:41,880 --> 02:04:43,640 HARD TO IMAGE PARTICIPANTS 3042 02:04:43,640 --> 02:04:47,480 WITHOUT MOVING ON A LONG SCAN ON 3043 02:04:47,480 --> 02:04:48,600 7 TESLA SO WE DIDN'T HAVE THAT 3044 02:04:48,600 --> 02:04:50,320 MANY AND THIS IS WORK IN 3045 02:04:50,320 --> 02:04:51,320 PROGRESS EVEN THOUGH IT WAS 3046 02:04:51,320 --> 02:04:54,360 STARTED A LONG TIME AGO. 3047 02:04:54,360 --> 02:04:56,760 BUT THAT'S ONE OF THE NEW AND 3048 02:04:56,760 --> 02:05:02,440 DIFFERENT THINGS THAT WE HAVE 3049 02:05:02,440 --> 02:05:07,400 MOVED THROUGH THE YEARS. 3050 02:05:07,400 --> 02:05:10,200 I'M NOT GOING TO TALK ABOUT THE 3051 02:05:10,200 --> 02:05:13,800 DTI BUT ALSO THIS WAS A VERY 3052 02:05:13,800 --> 02:05:15,120 INVOLVING PROJECT WHERE WE 3053 02:05:15,120 --> 02:05:19,160 STARTED, OH, WE CAN FOLLOW -- ON 3054 02:05:19,160 --> 02:05:20,880 THE LEADS AND WE HAVE DTI IMAGES 3055 02:05:20,880 --> 02:05:22,160 AND WE CAN SEE WHERE THESE 3056 02:05:22,160 --> 02:05:23,120 CONNECT AND TRY TO UNDERSTAND 3057 02:05:23,120 --> 02:05:25,320 WHAT WE ARE DOING AND THE WHOLE 3058 02:05:25,320 --> 02:05:26,520 PROJECTS TURN OUT INTO WE NEED 3059 02:05:26,520 --> 02:05:28,880 TO CREATE THE TOOLS TO DO THAT, 3060 02:05:28,880 --> 02:05:30,640 LIKE HAVE BEEN WITH MANY OF 3061 02:05:30,640 --> 02:05:37,320 THESE PROJECTS LIKE REALTIME 3062 02:05:37,320 --> 02:05:39,680 FMRI, THE SPEC T SPECTROSCOPY, T 3063 02:05:39,680 --> 02:05:44,240 OF TIMES WE WE TAKE THE 3064 02:05:44,240 --> 02:05:46,440 CHALLENGE AND HAVE THE QUESTIONS 3065 02:05:46,440 --> 02:05:53,520 TO ASK AND GET THE TOOLS AND THE 3066 02:05:53,520 --> 02:05:54,640 RESULTS. 3067 02:05:54,640 --> 02:05:58,000 BUBUT DYSTONIA IS A BIG PART OF 3068 02:05:58,000 --> 02:05:59,960 THE LAB. 3069 02:05:59,960 --> 02:06:06,640 WE'LL GET A LITTLE BIT MORE. 3070 02:06:06,640 --> 02:06:08,480 SO MARK HAS BEEN GIVING TALKS 3071 02:06:08,480 --> 02:06:09,240 FOR MANY TIMES. 3072 02:06:09,240 --> 02:06:10,520 I CAN'T BELIEVE THAT PICTURE, 3073 02:06:10,520 --> 02:06:12,920 SOMEONE SAYS 2011 BUT I THINK 3074 02:06:12,920 --> 02:06:14,680 IT'S OLDER THAN THAT, I THINK 3075 02:06:14,680 --> 02:06:16,240 MAYBE THE SECOND ONE IS AROUND 3076 02:06:16,240 --> 02:06:17,240 2015. 3077 02:06:17,240 --> 02:06:20,840 SO WE'VE SEEN MARK GIVING TALKS 3078 02:06:20,840 --> 02:06:22,520 AND SEEING PATIENTS BUT WE ALSO 3079 02:06:22,520 --> 02:06:24,520 HAVE SEEN MARK HELPING OUT IN 3080 02:06:24,520 --> 02:06:28,360 THE LAB WHEN WE GET ONE OF THE 3081 02:06:28,360 --> 02:06:29,760 MANY FLOODINGS THAT WE HAVE HAD 3082 02:06:29,760 --> 02:06:32,200 OVER THE YEARS. 3083 02:06:32,200 --> 02:06:35,760 HE'S NOT SHY TO COMING CLOSE TO 3084 02:06:35,760 --> 02:06:38,640 NEW YEAR'S AND RUINING THE PLANS 3085 02:06:38,640 --> 02:06:39,960 AND SAVE THE EQUIPMENT SO WE CAN 3086 02:06:39,960 --> 02:06:46,200 KEEP DOING GREAT SCIENCE. 3087 02:06:46,200 --> 02:06:47,360 ONE OF THE STUDIES WE HAVE SPENT 3088 02:06:47,360 --> 02:06:51,320 A LOT OF TIME TALKING AND TRYING 3089 02:06:51,320 --> 02:06:53,360 TO UNDERSTAND IS TASK 3090 02:06:53,360 --> 02:06:53,640 SPECIFICITY. 3091 02:06:53,640 --> 02:06:57,720 THIS IS WORK WE DID WITH CECILE 3092 02:06:57,720 --> 02:07:01,080 WHO'S IN INDIA RIGHT NOW AND 3093 02:07:01,080 --> 02:07:04,120 LIMA, SO IT WAS A VERY COMPLEX 3094 02:07:04,120 --> 02:07:08,360 TASK, WITH THREE -- PATIENTS 3095 02:07:08,360 --> 02:07:09,560 CONTROLS AND WE TRIED TO 3096 02:07:09,560 --> 02:07:13,040 UNDERSTAND WHAT IS UNIQUE ABOUT 3097 02:07:13,040 --> 02:07:15,880 WRITING WITH THE RIGHT HAND FOR 3098 02:07:15,880 --> 02:07:20,200 A PATIENT WITH WRITER'S CRAMP. 3099 02:07:20,200 --> 02:07:23,320 SO WE LOOK AT MANY THINGS AND 3100 02:07:23,320 --> 02:07:25,240 THEMES WE HAVE SEEN COMING IN 3101 02:07:25,240 --> 02:07:32,680 THE EARLY TALKS AND PRACTICES 3102 02:07:32,680 --> 02:07:34,320 WITH FRONTAL PARIETAL AREAS, WE 3103 02:07:34,320 --> 02:07:43,080 SEE THEM COMING BACK IN THESE 3104 02:07:43,080 --> 02:07:45,040 STUDIES, THERE HAVE BEEN OTHER 3105 02:07:45,040 --> 02:07:47,400 STUDIES FOLLOW-UP WITH TMS, WITH 3106 02:07:47,400 --> 02:07:52,880 EEG WHICH KIND OF REINFORCE THE 3107 02:07:52,880 --> 02:07:54,520 MALFUNCTION OF THESE AREAS OR 3108 02:07:54,520 --> 02:07:59,840 THE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THESE 3109 02:07:59,840 --> 02:08:00,840 AREAS. 3110 02:08:00,840 --> 02:08:02,600 WE NOT ONLY DID BOLD AS I 3111 02:08:02,600 --> 02:08:07,720 MENTIONED BEFORE, AND I GUESS 3112 02:08:07,720 --> 02:08:09,240 IT'S A PROJECT THAT BRIAN KIND 3113 02:08:09,240 --> 02:08:17,320 OF WAS STUDYING THEN FINALLY 3114 02:08:17,320 --> 02:08:19,320 KARIN MENTE TOOK OVER WHERE WE 3115 02:08:19,320 --> 02:08:20,920 TRIED TO LOOK AT THE CHOLINERGIC 3116 02:08:20,920 --> 02:08:22,680 SYSTEM IN DYSTONIA, AND THIS 3117 02:08:22,680 --> 02:08:26,000 INVOLVED GETTING SLIDES FOR THE 3118 02:08:26,000 --> 02:08:27,880 BRAIN AND LOOK AT THE STAINS 3119 02:08:27,880 --> 02:08:30,920 FROM HEALTHY CONTROLS, SOME 3120 02:08:30,920 --> 02:08:32,800 STAINS THAT WILL HAVE 3121 02:08:32,800 --> 02:08:39,680 POSITIVE -- SOME CERVICAL 3122 02:08:39,680 --> 02:08:40,440 DYSTONIA PATIENTS FROM WHICH 3123 02:08:40,440 --> 02:08:42,520 THEY FIND SOME WERE POSITIVE BUT 3124 02:08:42,520 --> 02:08:44,040 SOME DID NOT. 3125 02:08:44,040 --> 02:08:45,240 THIS IS IN THE PBM. 3126 02:08:45,240 --> 02:08:55,600 AND WE WANTED TO DO -- WE FIND A 3127 02:08:55,600 --> 02:08:56,400 COLLABORATION WITH SOME PEOPLE 3128 02:08:56,400 --> 02:08:58,000 IN BRAZIL THAT GAVE US GREAT 3129 02:08:58,000 --> 02:08:59,040 IMAGES AND WE WERE ABLE TO 3130 02:08:59,040 --> 02:09:01,800 FOLLOW UP ON GETTING SOME 3131 02:09:01,800 --> 02:09:05,520 DIFFUSION IMAGE FROM THESE AREAS 3132 02:09:05,520 --> 02:09:07,360 AS WELL. 3133 02:09:07,360 --> 02:09:08,880 FOLLOWING THE CHOLINERGIC 3134 02:09:08,880 --> 02:09:14,760 SYSTEM, WE ALSO TRIED TO PRESENT 3135 02:09:14,760 --> 02:09:17,400 ONGOING PROJECT, BUT ALSO 3136 02:09:17,400 --> 02:09:22,520 STARTED BY KARIN MENTE FOLLOWED 3137 02:09:22,520 --> 02:09:27,560 BY PANOS AND WITH THE PET 3138 02:09:27,560 --> 02:09:29,040 DEPARTMENT, WE LOOKED AT THE 3139 02:09:29,040 --> 02:09:29,800 CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM IN THE WHOLE 3140 02:09:29,800 --> 02:09:30,240 BRAIN. 3141 02:09:30,240 --> 02:09:34,080 WE SPENT MANY HOURS TRYING TO 3142 02:09:34,080 --> 02:09:35,400 UNDERSTAND WHAT IS THE DATA, 3143 02:09:35,400 --> 02:09:37,880 EVEN THOUGH WE HAVE SOME -- 3144 02:09:37,880 --> 02:09:39,480 TRYING TO UNDERSTAND WHAT THINGS 3145 02:09:39,480 --> 02:09:43,240 ARE GENERIC, WHAT THINGS ARE 3146 02:09:43,240 --> 02:09:45,160 SPECIFIC TO THE BRAIN AREA, HOW 3147 02:09:45,160 --> 02:09:53,920 THESE THINGS CAN WORK AND GOOD 3148 02:09:53,920 --> 02:09:55,880 POINTS THAT IS ALWAYS VERY 3149 02:09:55,880 --> 02:09:57,760 INTERESTING TO DISCUSS WITH MARK 3150 02:09:57,760 --> 02:09:59,440 ON WHAT IS THE SIGNAL, RIGHT? 3151 02:09:59,440 --> 02:10:01,400 NOT JUST LOOKING AT THE NUMBERS, 3152 02:10:01,400 --> 02:10:03,080 OKAY, THIS IS THE RESULT BUT 3153 02:10:03,080 --> 02:10:06,120 REALLY TRYING TO UNDERSTAND WHAT 3154 02:10:06,120 --> 02:10:08,000 IS IT WE'RE LOOKING -- WHERE IS 3155 02:10:08,000 --> 02:10:09,200 THE SIGNAL COMING FROM, WHAT IS 3156 02:10:09,200 --> 02:10:12,320 THE RAW DATA, AND MAKE SURE THAT 3157 02:10:12,320 --> 02:10:14,520 WHAT WE ARE LOOKING AT IS NOT AN 3158 02:10:14,520 --> 02:10:23,160 ARTIFACT. 3159 02:10:23,160 --> 02:10:24,520 ONE OF THE LAST PROJECTS WE HAVE 3160 02:10:24,520 --> 02:10:25,880 BEEN WORKING ALSO INVOLVES 3161 02:10:25,880 --> 02:10:28,160 DYSTONIA AND THIS HAS BEEN 3162 02:10:28,160 --> 02:10:29,920 TALKED BEFORE, SURROUND 3163 02:10:29,920 --> 02:10:31,840 INHIBITION THAT HAS BEEN A 3164 02:10:31,840 --> 02:10:32,960 CONCEPT THAT MARK HAS BEEN 3165 02:10:32,960 --> 02:10:39,800 WORKING FOR MANY YEARS, AND WE 3166 02:10:39,800 --> 02:10:42,800 HAVE FMRI WITH PET, TMS 3167 02:10:42,800 --> 02:10:48,480 EXPERIMENT THROUGH THE YEARS, 3168 02:10:48,480 --> 02:10:49,880 BUT WHAT WE TRIED TO DO IN 3169 02:10:49,880 --> 02:10:51,480 THESE, AND I SHOULD PUT THE 3170 02:10:51,480 --> 02:10:54,280 BACKGROUND FOR THIS PROJECT, I 3171 02:10:54,280 --> 02:11:00,000 THINK, I DON'T REMEMBER THE YEAR 3172 02:11:00,000 --> 02:11:03,400 BUT THEY CAME TO MARK'S OFFICE 3173 02:11:03,400 --> 02:11:07,560 TO START WORKING ON LAMINAR 3174 02:11:07,560 --> 02:11:11,240 BASAL FMRI AND I DON'T KNOW WHY 3175 02:11:11,240 --> 02:11:15,840 THIS IS MOVING BY ITSELF, BUT 3176 02:11:15,840 --> 02:11:16,880 ANYWAYS, HE CAME TO TALK TO MARK 3177 02:11:16,880 --> 02:11:17,800 AND WE STARTED THIS PROJECT. 3178 02:11:17,800 --> 02:11:24,880 WE FIGURED THE POPULATION TO 3179 02:11:24,880 --> 02:11:25,880 STUDY -- I'M SORRY THIS IS 3180 02:11:25,880 --> 02:11:28,480 MOVING BY ITSELF. 3181 02:11:28,480 --> 02:11:32,920 SO WE SET UP A STUDY IN A 3182 02:11:32,920 --> 02:11:35,680 7 TESLA SCANNER, WE LOOK AT A 3183 02:11:35,680 --> 02:11:38,080 FEW PATIENTS AND WE WERE ABLE TO 3184 02:11:38,080 --> 02:11:43,880 SEE BOTH IN THE SENSORY AREA THE 3185 02:11:43,880 --> 02:11:45,480 DISTRIBUTION OF THE 3186 02:11:45,480 --> 02:11:50,280 REPRESENTATION THAT AS WAS 3187 02:11:50,280 --> 02:11:52,240 TAUGHT BEFORE, NOT ONLY AT THE 3188 02:11:52,240 --> 02:11:53,800 BEHAVIOR AND ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY 3189 02:11:53,800 --> 02:11:59,680 CAN BE DIFFERENT IN THE HAND 3190 02:11:59,680 --> 02:12:01,200 DYSTONIA PATIENTS BUT ALSO WE 3191 02:12:01,200 --> 02:12:03,520 CAN SEE THE ACTIVATIONS IN THE 3192 02:12:03,520 --> 02:12:10,400 FMRI AT THE LEVEL OF THE CONE. 3193 02:12:10,400 --> 02:12:12,160 SO WE CAN SEE THE SPATIAL 3194 02:12:12,160 --> 02:12:15,360 DISTRIBUTION IS DIFFERENT. 3195 02:12:15,360 --> 02:12:17,000 WE ALSO SEE THE LAYER SO THESE 3196 02:12:17,000 --> 02:12:19,200 WE ARE LOOKING THROUGH THE 3197 02:12:19,200 --> 02:12:23,720 CORTICAL STRIPE AND WE CAN SEE A 3198 02:12:23,720 --> 02:12:25,680 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN AFFECTED 3199 02:12:25,680 --> 02:12:28,280 SIDE AND THE AFFECTED SIDE OF 3200 02:12:28,280 --> 02:12:32,040 THE PATIENTS, AND I CAN SAY THAT 3201 02:12:32,040 --> 02:12:33,560 AN AFFECTED SIDE LOOKS IN THE 3202 02:12:33,560 --> 02:12:37,160 DEEPER LAYERS, SUPERVISOR VISUAL 3203 02:12:37,160 --> 02:12:39,320 LAYERS, SIMILAR TO WHAT THE 3204 02:12:39,320 --> 02:12:40,400 HEALTHY VOLUNTEER SIGNAL WILL 3205 02:12:40,400 --> 02:12:40,800 LOOK. 3206 02:12:40,800 --> 02:12:45,640 SO WE CAN START LOOKING INTO NOW 3207 02:12:45,640 --> 02:12:47,600 WHERE ARE THESE REGIONS -- HOW 3208 02:12:47,600 --> 02:12:50,880 THE LAYERS ARE PRODUCING THESE 3209 02:12:50,880 --> 02:12:51,760 MAYBE SURROUNDING VISION AND 3210 02:12:51,760 --> 02:12:56,640 WITH A NEW SEQUENCES MAYBE WE 3211 02:12:56,640 --> 02:13:00,320 CAN EXTRAPOLATE TO OTHER PARTS 3212 02:13:00,320 --> 02:13:01,800 ON THE BRAIN AND KEEP MAYBE 3213 02:13:01,800 --> 02:13:05,640 GOING TO THE -- AND SO MARK, YOU 3214 02:13:05,640 --> 02:13:07,480 WILL NEED TO STAY AROUND AND 3215 02:13:07,480 --> 02:13:12,280 HELP. 3216 02:13:12,280 --> 02:13:14,240 SO -- BUT I THINK YOU HAVE MUCH 3217 02:13:14,240 --> 02:13:18,160 INTERESTING THINGS TO SEE 3218 02:13:18,160 --> 02:13:19,320 GROWING, ALL THESE NUMBER OF 3219 02:13:19,320 --> 02:13:22,080 PEOPLE GROWING, AND GETTING TO 3220 02:13:22,080 --> 02:13:23,280 DEVELOP THEIR CAREERS AND I 3221 02:13:23,280 --> 02:13:28,840 THINK YOU HAVE NEUROLOGISTS IN 3222 02:13:28,840 --> 02:13:30,160 TRAINING THERE TO MENTOR 3223 02:13:30,160 --> 02:13:30,760 PERSONALLY. 3224 02:13:30,760 --> 02:13:32,120 SO CONGRATULATIONS AND HAPPY 3225 02:13:32,120 --> 02:13:32,440 RETIREMENT. 3226 02:13:32,440 --> 02:13:38,120 [APPLAUSE] 3227 02:13:38,120 --> 02:13:48,680 NOW WILL BE RICK HALMICH NEXT TO 3228 02:13:49,240 --> 02:13:49,720 THE TALK. 3229 02:13:49,720 --> 02:13:54,080 HE WAS HERE IN 2015, AND WE WERE 3230 02:13:54,080 --> 02:13:59,560 JUST TALKING FOR ONLY FOUR 3231 02:13:59,560 --> 02:14:00,960 MONTHS, IT HAS BEEN MUCH, MUCH 3232 02:14:00,960 --> 02:14:02,200 LONGER, THE ACTIVITY AND THE 3233 02:14:02,200 --> 02:14:03,880 IMPACT HE'S HAD HAS BEEN GREAT, 3234 02:14:03,880 --> 02:14:11,320 SO IT'S GREAT TO HAVE YOU HERE 3235 02:14:11,320 --> 02:14:21,440 TODAY. 3236 02:14:21,720 --> 02:14:23,360 >>THANK YOU VERY MUCH, SAL 3237 02:14:23,360 --> 02:14:33,200 VE, SILVINA,AND THANK YOU VERY . 3238 02:14:33,200 --> 02:14:33,840 MARK HAS MEANT MUCH FOR THE 3239 02:14:33,840 --> 02:14:35,600 FIELD OF TREMOR AND THE 3240 02:14:35,600 --> 02:14:37,960 DEVELOPMENT OF MANY CLINICAL 3241 02:14:37,960 --> 02:14:38,920 RESEARCHERS INCLUDING ME. 3242 02:14:38,920 --> 02:14:41,120 MY INTEREST IN TREMOR ACTUALLY 3243 02:14:41,120 --> 02:14:44,920 STARTED AT THE END OF MY PH.D. 3244 02:14:44,920 --> 02:14:46,680 THESIS, AROUND 2010. 3245 02:14:46,680 --> 02:14:49,000 WHEN THIS PAPER CAME OUT WRITTEN 3246 02:14:49,000 --> 02:14:55,880 BY HALLETT AND DORSCHEL, ARE WE 3247 02:14:55,880 --> 02:14:56,640 MAKING PROGRESS IN THE 3248 02:14:56,640 --> 02:14:58,160 UNDERSTANDING OF TREMOR IN 3249 02:14:58,160 --> 02:14:58,720 PARKINSON'S DISEASE? 3250 02:14:58,720 --> 02:15:00,120 THIS IS FOR THE ANNALS OF 3251 02:15:00,120 --> 02:15:00,840 NEUROLOGY. 3252 02:15:00,840 --> 02:15:05,160 THEY HIGHLIGHTED VARIOUS OPEN 3253 02:15:05,160 --> 02:15:05,920 QUESTIONS IN THE FIELD. 3254 02:15:05,920 --> 02:15:08,280 FOR EXAMPLE, THE FACT THAT 3255 02:15:08,280 --> 02:15:10,520 PARKINSON'S DISEASE HARBORS 3256 02:15:10,520 --> 02:15:12,360 SEVERAL TREMORS. 3257 02:15:12,360 --> 02:15:14,880 THEY CAME UP WITH FIVE TYPES OF 3258 02:15:14,880 --> 02:15:16,600 ACTION TREMORS IN PARKINSON'S 3259 02:15:16,600 --> 02:15:18,800 DISEASE, WHICH MIGHT HAVE A 3260 02:15:18,800 --> 02:15:20,000 DIFFERENT PATHOPHYSIOLOGY. 3261 02:15:20,000 --> 02:15:21,520 THE FACT THAT MULTIPLE CIRCUITS 3262 02:15:21,520 --> 02:15:24,000 ARE INVOLVED NOT ONLY THE BASAL 3263 02:15:24,000 --> 02:15:25,600 GANGLIA BUT ALSO OTHER CIRCUITS 3264 02:15:25,600 --> 02:15:27,040 SUCH AS THE CEREBELLAR CIRCUIT, 3265 02:15:27,040 --> 02:15:28,920 AND THAT THE ROLE OF DOPAMINE IS 3266 02:15:28,920 --> 02:15:30,000 UNCLEAR, BECAUSE MANY PATIENTS 3267 02:15:30,000 --> 02:15:33,800 WITH PARKINSON'S DISEASE DO NOT 3268 02:15:33,800 --> 02:15:35,160 RESPOND TO DOPAMINERGIC THERAPY 3269 02:15:35,160 --> 02:15:37,000 IN TERMS OF THEIR TREMOR. 3270 02:15:37,000 --> 02:15:38,760 SO THAT WAS VERY FASCINATING TO 3271 02:15:38,760 --> 02:15:41,520 ME. 3272 02:15:41,520 --> 02:15:44,520 AND -- WELL, WHAT WE DID IS 3273 02:15:44,520 --> 02:15:55,080 INVITE MARK HALLETT AND GUENTHER 3274 02:15:57,480 --> 02:15:58,000 DEUSHEL. 3275 02:15:58,000 --> 02:15:59,720 THERE HE IS, I'M ON THE RIGHT 3276 02:15:59,720 --> 02:16:03,880 SIDE, MI MARK IS IN THE MIDDLE D 3277 02:16:03,880 --> 02:16:05,600 GUENTHER IS ALSO THERE. 3278 02:16:05,600 --> 02:16:07,360 MARK IS SMILING IN THE MIDDLE, 3279 02:16:07,360 --> 02:16:08,440 GIVING HIS BLESSING. 3280 02:16:08,440 --> 02:16:12,400 AND THAT WAS ACTUALLY THE START 3281 02:16:12,400 --> 02:16:16,560 OF THE COLLABORATION. 3282 02:16:16,560 --> 02:16:17,640 SO WE GOT TOGETHER WITH THIS 3283 02:16:17,640 --> 02:16:19,200 GROUP OF PEOPLE AND WROTE A 3284 02:16:19,200 --> 02:16:22,600 REVIEW PAPER FURTHER MARKING THE 3285 02:16:22,600 --> 02:16:25,880 AREAS OF UNCERTAINTY IN 3286 02:16:25,880 --> 02:16:26,920 PARKINSON'S DISEASE TREMOR AND 3287 02:16:26,920 --> 02:16:28,720 ALSO GIVING SOME SOLUTIONS AND 3288 02:16:28,720 --> 02:16:30,680 HYPOTHESIS. 3289 02:16:30,680 --> 02:16:31,960 BUT BEFORE GOING INTO THAT, I 3290 02:16:31,960 --> 02:16:38,840 WANT TO GO ONE STEP BACK AND 3291 02:16:38,840 --> 02:16:40,800 REALLY LOOK AT THE 3292 02:16:40,800 --> 02:16:41,800 PHENOMENONNOLOGY OF TREMOR. 3293 02:16:41,800 --> 02:16:43,760 WHAT I LEARNED BEING IN THE LAB 3294 02:16:43,760 --> 02:16:45,600 IS THAT -- WELL, TO MAKE AN 3295 02:16:45,600 --> 02:16:48,440 IMPACT IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF 3296 02:16:48,440 --> 02:16:49,120 MOVEMENT DISORDERS, IT ALL 3297 02:16:49,120 --> 02:16:53,480 STARTS WITH A GOOD CLINICAL EYE 3298 02:16:53,480 --> 02:16:54,880 TO ASK THE RIGHT QUESTIONS AND 3299 02:16:54,880 --> 02:16:57,920 THEN USE THE SUPERPOWERS WE HAVE 3300 02:16:57,920 --> 02:16:58,920 IN NEUROPHYSIOLOGY TO TRY AND 3301 02:16:58,920 --> 02:17:01,120 ANSWER THEM. 3302 02:17:01,120 --> 02:17:03,080 SO I WANT TO START WITH A VIDEO. 3303 02:17:03,080 --> 02:17:07,880 SO THIS IS A PATIENT WITH 3304 02:17:07,880 --> 02:17:09,400 PARKINSON'S DISEASE TREMOR ON 3305 02:17:09,400 --> 02:17:11,360 HIS RIGHT SIDE, RIGHT LEG. 3306 02:17:11,360 --> 02:17:14,120 AND HE'S NOW MAKING MENTAL 3307 02:17:14,120 --> 02:17:16,000 CALCULATIONS AND YOU SEE THAT 3308 02:17:16,000 --> 02:17:17,920 THE TREMOR IS INCREASING A LOT, 3309 02:17:17,920 --> 02:17:19,000 WHICH IS A TYPICAL PHENOMENON 3310 02:17:19,000 --> 02:17:20,560 THAT WE SEE. 3311 02:17:20,560 --> 02:17:23,960 TREMOR IS WORSE DURING STRESS. 3312 02:17:23,960 --> 02:17:28,760 AND WHEN HE MAKES A VOLUNTARY 3313 02:17:28,760 --> 02:17:30,280 MOVEMENT, WHAT YOU SEE HAPPENING 3314 02:17:30,280 --> 02:17:31,880 IS THAT THE TREMOR DISAPPEARS. 3315 02:17:31,880 --> 02:17:33,880 SO THAT IS A PHENOMENON THAT WE 3316 02:17:33,880 --> 02:17:36,080 CALL RESETTING. 3317 02:17:36,080 --> 02:17:38,560 AND THE MORE BRISK OR DYNAMIC 3318 02:17:38,560 --> 02:17:41,600 THE MOVEMENT IS, THE MORE 3319 02:17:41,600 --> 02:17:43,800 SUCCESSFUL IT IS IN ABOLISHING 3320 02:17:43,800 --> 02:17:47,600 THE TREMOR. 3321 02:17:47,600 --> 02:17:50,800 THIS PATIENT DOES NOT HAVE A 3322 02:17:50,800 --> 02:17:54,080 KINETIC TREMOR, SO WHEN HE MOVES 3323 02:17:54,080 --> 02:17:56,280 HIS HANDS TO THE NOSE, YOU DON'T 3324 02:17:56,280 --> 02:17:59,760 SEE A VERY MARKED TREMOR. 3325 02:17:59,760 --> 02:18:02,720 BUT WHAT IS INTERESTING IS WHEN 3326 02:18:02,720 --> 02:18:08,080 HE STARTS TO TAP WITH HIS RIGHT 3327 02:18:08,080 --> 02:18:11,120 HAND, IS THAT AFTER A FEW TAP, 3328 02:18:11,120 --> 02:18:12,760 THE TREMOR COMES BACK. 3329 02:18:12,760 --> 02:18:14,920 SO WHAT YOU'VE JUST SEEN IS REEE 3330 02:18:14,920 --> 02:18:26,360 MER JESSSEEN ISRE-EMERGENCE KIN. 3331 02:18:29,200 --> 02:18:30,160 WHAT IS EVEN PERHAPS MORE 3332 02:18:30,160 --> 02:18:31,600 INTERESTING IS WHEN I TRY TO 3333 02:18:31,600 --> 02:18:33,240 INCREASE THE DYNAMICS IN HIS 3334 02:18:33,240 --> 02:18:35,400 VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT BY ASKING HIM 3335 02:18:35,400 --> 02:18:40,640 TO NOW T NOT TAP WITH TWO FINGET 3336 02:18:40,640 --> 02:18:41,960 TO ALTERNATE HIS TAPPING BETWEEN 3337 02:18:41,960 --> 02:18:42,920 DIFFERENT FINGER, THE TREMOR 3338 02:18:42,920 --> 02:18:44,560 DOES NOT COME BACK, EVEN IF HE 3339 02:18:44,560 --> 02:18:46,640 DOES THIS FOR QUITE A LONG TIME. 3340 02:18:46,640 --> 02:18:50,920 AND THIS IS A PHENOMENON THAT 3341 02:18:50,920 --> 02:18:53,400 REALLY TOUCHES UPON A CONCEPT 3342 02:18:53,400 --> 02:18:55,400 THAT MARK HAS INTRODUCED FOR 3343 02:18:55,400 --> 02:18:57,440 PARKINSON'S TREMOR, NAMELY THAT 3344 02:18:57,440 --> 02:18:58,880 IT IS A TREMOR OF STABILITY, 3345 02:18:58,880 --> 02:19:01,600 THAT IT IS NOT A RESTING TREMOR 3346 02:19:01,600 --> 02:19:03,560 THAT IS CLASSICAL FOR 3347 02:19:03,560 --> 02:19:04,560 PARKINSON'S DISEASE BUT A TREMOR 3348 02:19:04,560 --> 02:19:10,040 OF STABILITY. 3349 02:19:10,040 --> 02:19:11,280 IT ALSO RAISES A LOT OF 3350 02:19:11,280 --> 02:19:12,480 QUESTIONS BECAUSE WHAT IS MOTOR 3351 02:19:12,480 --> 02:19:14,280 STABILITY IF MOTOR STABILITY CAN 3352 02:19:14,280 --> 02:19:15,920 BE TAPPING WITH TWO FINGERS, 3353 02:19:15,920 --> 02:19:19,080 THEN WHERE IS THE BORDER WITH -- 3354 02:19:19,080 --> 02:19:23,560 WELL, MOTOR DYNAMICS? 3355 02:19:23,560 --> 02:19:25,480 WHAT WE HAVE SEEN IN THIS VIDEO 3356 02:19:25,480 --> 02:19:30,880 IS TREMOR AMPLITUDE WAXES AND 3357 02:19:30,880 --> 02:19:33,920 WANES, INCREASES MARKEDLY DURING 3358 02:19:33,920 --> 02:19:35,440 STRESS AND COGNITIVE 3359 02:19:35,440 --> 02:19:37,240 COACTIVATION AND OCCUR MAINLY 3360 02:19:37,240 --> 02:19:37,960 DURING MOTOR STABILITY. 3361 02:19:37,960 --> 02:19:42,680 SO NOW MOVING TO THE 3362 02:19:42,680 --> 02:19:44,720 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, WHAT WAS NOTED 3363 02:19:44,720 --> 02:19:46,600 IN THE 2010 PAPER IS THAT MARK 3364 02:19:46,600 --> 02:19:50,480 SONS DIPARKINSON'S DISEASE IS 3365 02:19:50,480 --> 02:19:52,080 ASSOCIATED WITH TWO DIFFERENT 3366 02:19:52,080 --> 02:19:53,400 CIRCUITS. 3367 02:19:53,400 --> 02:19:55,120 THERE'S -- ACTIVITY IN THE BASAL 3368 02:19:55,120 --> 02:19:58,080 GANGLIA BUT ALSO IN NODES OF THE 3369 02:19:58,080 --> 02:20:00,760 SAIR BELOW THALAMIC CORTICAL 3370 02:20:00,760 --> 02:20:01,000 CIRCUIT. 3371 02:20:01,000 --> 02:20:02,440 MANY OF YOU HAVE PROBABLY SEEN 3372 02:20:02,440 --> 02:20:05,480 THIS, WE HAVE ELABORATED ON THAT 3373 02:20:05,480 --> 02:20:09,000 WITH IMAGING FMRI LOOKING AT 3374 02:20:09,000 --> 02:20:12,720 WHICH BRAIN REGIONS ARE 3375 02:20:12,720 --> 02:20:14,240 ASSOCIATED WITH SPONTANEOUS 3376 02:20:14,240 --> 02:20:16,720 FLUCTUATIONS IN TREMOR AMPLY 3377 02:20:16,720 --> 02:20:18,400 TEUD DURING SCANNING AND WE SEE 3378 02:20:18,400 --> 02:20:20,880 MARKED ACTIVITY IN THE 3379 02:20:20,880 --> 02:20:24,280 CEREBELLAR THALAMIC CORTICAL 3380 02:20:24,280 --> 02:20:24,840 CIRCUIT. 3381 02:20:24,840 --> 02:20:26,920 HOWEVER WE ALSO SAW TRANSIENT 3382 02:20:26,920 --> 02:20:29,200 ACTIVITY IN THE BASAL GANGLIA 3383 02:20:29,200 --> 02:20:31,960 ALONG THE ONSET OF TREMOR 3384 02:20:31,960 --> 02:20:33,680 EPISODES, IN THE GLOBUS 3385 02:20:33,680 --> 02:20:39,240 PALLIDUS, AND IN CONTRAST, IT 3386 02:20:39,240 --> 02:20:40,800 DID NOT CORRELATE WITH THE 3387 02:20:40,800 --> 02:20:42,120 FLUCTUATIONS IN TREMOR POWER, 3388 02:20:42,120 --> 02:20:42,640 PER SE. 3389 02:20:42,640 --> 02:20:47,240 SO THIS LED TO DIMMER SWITCH 3390 02:20:47,240 --> 02:20:48,600 HYPOTHESIS THAT WE PUT FORWARD 3391 02:20:48,600 --> 02:20:50,240 IN THE BRAIN PAPER THAT I 3392 02:20:50,240 --> 02:20:52,960 MENTIONED, WHERE THE TREMOR IS 3393 02:20:52,960 --> 02:20:54,680 TRIGGERED BY ACTIVITY IN THE 3394 02:20:54,680 --> 02:21:01,560 BASAL GANGLIA, AND THEN THE 3395 02:21:01,560 --> 02:21:08,360 CEREBELLAR THALAMIC -- MAINTAINS 3396 02:21:08,360 --> 02:21:09,880 OR AMPLIFIES THE TREMOR. 3397 02:21:09,880 --> 02:21:11,480 THIS HAS BEEN REPLICATED USING A 3398 02:21:11,480 --> 02:21:13,600 VERY DIFFERENT SET OF TECHNIQUES 3399 02:21:13,600 --> 02:21:18,560 BY PETER LAURO, ALSO A FELLOW 3400 02:21:18,560 --> 02:21:20,040 WORKING WITH MARK AND SILVINA AT 3401 02:21:20,040 --> 02:21:24,880 THE TIME I WAS THERE, AND THEY 3402 02:21:24,880 --> 02:21:26,440 USED RECORDINGS OF THE CORTEX 3403 02:21:26,440 --> 02:21:30,720 AND DEEP RECORDINGS IN THE STN 3404 02:21:30,720 --> 02:21:31,800 IN 10 PARKINSON'S DISEASE 3405 02:21:31,800 --> 02:21:42,280 PATIENTS, AND USING THE EXCEL 3406 02:21:42,280 --> 02:21:43,280 ACCELEROMETER, THEY DEMONSTRATED 3407 02:21:43,280 --> 02:21:44,160 THREE CONDITIONS SO THERE WERE 3408 02:21:44,160 --> 02:21:46,200 NO TREMOR EPISODES, THERE WERE 3409 02:21:46,200 --> 02:21:47,640 TREMOR ONSET EPISODES AND THERE 3410 02:21:47,640 --> 02:21:50,480 WERE EPISODES OF SUSTAINED 3411 02:21:50,480 --> 02:21:52,040 TREMOR. 3412 02:21:52,040 --> 02:21:53,880 AND WHEN THEY LOOKED AT 3413 02:21:53,880 --> 02:21:55,080 DIFFERENCES IN CONNECTIVITY 3414 02:21:55,080 --> 02:21:56,400 WITHIN THE CIRCUIT, THEY FOUND 3415 02:21:56,400 --> 02:21:58,640 THAT DURING THE TREMOR ONSET, 3416 02:21:58,640 --> 02:22:01,000 THERE WAS A DRIVE FROM THE BASAL 3417 02:22:01,000 --> 02:22:03,480 GANGLIA TO DIFFERENT REGIONS IN 3418 02:22:03,480 --> 02:22:06,520 THE CORTEX, WHICH WAS REVERSED 3419 02:22:06,520 --> 02:22:08,760 DURING PERIODS OF SUSTAINED 3420 02:22:08,760 --> 02:22:09,760 TREMOR. 3421 02:22:09,760 --> 02:22:11,160 SO THESE DATA VERY NICELY SHOW 3422 02:22:11,160 --> 02:22:13,160 THAT INDEED THE BASAL GANGLIA 3423 02:22:13,160 --> 02:22:16,280 SEEM TO BE MOST INTERESTED 3424 02:22:16,280 --> 02:22:17,960 DURING THE ONSET OF TREMOR 3425 02:22:17,960 --> 02:22:20,880 EPISODES AND NOT SO MUCH DURING 3426 02:22:20,880 --> 02:22:22,520 THE -- WELL, MAINTENANCE OR 3427 02:22:22,520 --> 02:22:26,840 AMPLIFICATION OF TREMOR. 3428 02:22:26,840 --> 02:22:28,840 SO GOING BACK TO THE OBSERVATION 3429 02:22:28,840 --> 02:22:31,040 THAT PARKINSON DISEASE TREMOR 3430 02:22:31,040 --> 02:22:31,840 INCREASES DURING STRESS, WHY IS 3431 02:22:31,840 --> 02:22:35,080 THAT THE CASE? 3432 02:22:35,080 --> 02:22:38,560 TO LOOK FURTHER INTO THAT, WE 3433 02:22:38,560 --> 02:22:46,200 SUUSED FMRI IN 33 PATIENTS EITHR 3434 02:22:46,200 --> 02:22:47,760 ASKING THEM TO REST, DO NOT 3435 02:22:47,760 --> 02:22:49,600 PERFORM ANYTHING, OR PERFORM A 3436 02:22:49,600 --> 02:22:51,120 COGNITIVE MENTAL ARITHMETIC 3437 02:22:51,120 --> 02:22:53,960 TASK, AND WE MEASURED TREMOR 3438 02:22:53,960 --> 02:22:55,720 AMPLITUDE, BRAIN ACTIVITY AND 3439 02:22:55,720 --> 02:22:58,040 PUPIL DIAMETER DURING THIS TASK. 3440 02:22:58,040 --> 02:23:00,840 AND WHAT WE FOUND IS THAT 3441 02:23:00,840 --> 02:23:02,800 COGNITIVE STRESS INCREASES 3442 02:23:02,800 --> 02:23:06,200 TREMOR AMPLITUDE QUITE MARKEDLY 3443 02:23:06,200 --> 02:23:10,560 BUT ALSO HEART RE RATE WAS 3444 02:23:10,560 --> 02:23:12,880 INCREASED AND PUPIL DIAMETER WAS 3445 02:23:12,880 --> 02:23:14,320 INCREASED, AND THIS SUGGESTS 3446 02:23:14,320 --> 02:23:23,600 THAT FIRING IN THE NEUROEP 3447 02:23:23,600 --> 02:23:26,640 NERGIC SYSTEM MAY PLAY A ROLE IN 3448 02:23:26,640 --> 02:23:28,600 TRIGGERING THIS TREMOR. 3449 02:23:28,600 --> 02:23:30,920 LOOKING IN BRAIN ACTIVITY, WE 3450 02:23:30,920 --> 02:23:35,400 SAW ACTIVITY IN THE 3451 02:23:35,400 --> 02:23:36,920 CEREBELLAR -- WHEN WE LOOKED AT 3452 02:23:36,920 --> 02:23:41,200 BRAIN ACTIVITY -- WE FOUND 3453 02:23:41,200 --> 02:23:45,360 ACTIVITY IN A SALIENCE NETWORK 3454 02:23:45,360 --> 02:23:47,960 IN PARIETAL PREMOTOR REGIONS AND 3455 02:23:47,960 --> 02:23:53,240 ALSO SI -- ALSO COFLUCTUATING WH 3456 02:23:53,240 --> 02:23:55,080 CHANGES IN PUPIL DIAMETER DURING 3457 02:23:55,080 --> 02:23:58,040 SCANNING. 3458 02:23:58,040 --> 02:23:59,880 WHEN TRYING TO EXPLAIN HOW THESE 3459 02:23:59,880 --> 02:24:02,720 TWO NETWORKS RELATE WITH EACH 3460 02:24:02,720 --> 02:24:04,920 OTHER, THERE WERE TWO HYPOTHESES 3461 02:24:04,920 --> 02:24:05,600 TO EXPLAIN THIS. 3462 02:24:05,600 --> 02:24:06,880 ONE IS THAT PARKINSON'S DISEASE 3463 02:24:06,880 --> 02:24:10,480 TREMOR IS DISINHIBITED DURING 3464 02:24:10,480 --> 02:24:12,360 COGNITIVE TASKS SO THAT THE 3465 02:24:12,360 --> 02:24:14,680 COGNITIVE NETWORK THAT BECOMES 3466 02:24:14,680 --> 02:24:16,200 ENGAGED DOESN'T INHIBIT THE 3467 02:24:16,200 --> 02:24:20,560 TREMOR ANYMORE SO IT BECOMES 3468 02:24:20,560 --> 02:24:20,840 AMPLIFIED. 3469 02:24:20,840 --> 02:24:22,440 AND ANOTHER POSSIBILITY IS THAT 3470 02:24:22,440 --> 02:24:25,600 THIS SALIENCE NETWORK STRESS 3471 02:24:25,600 --> 02:24:26,920 SENSITIVE NETWORK ACTUALLY 3472 02:24:26,920 --> 02:24:31,600 ACTIVELY EXCITES TREMOR IN THIS 3473 02:24:31,600 --> 02:24:32,800 CEREBELLAR -- THESE TWO 3474 02:24:32,800 --> 02:24:33,680 HYPOTHESES HAVE DIFFERENT 3475 02:24:33,680 --> 02:24:36,520 PREDICTIONS WITH REGARD TO THE 3476 02:24:36,520 --> 02:24:37,640 EFFECTIVE CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN 3477 02:24:37,640 --> 02:24:38,400 THESE TWO NETWORKS. 3478 02:24:38,400 --> 02:24:41,120 AND THAT COULD BE TESTED, WHICH 3479 02:24:41,120 --> 02:24:44,640 IS WHAT WE DID USING PATIENT 3480 02:24:44,640 --> 02:24:46,120 MODEL SELECTION PROCEDURE, AND 3481 02:24:46,120 --> 02:24:49,760 WE FOUND THAT THE EVIDENCE FOR 3482 02:24:49,760 --> 02:24:51,320 EXCITATION BETWEEN THESE TWO 3483 02:24:51,320 --> 02:24:54,680 NETWORKS WAS MUCH LARGER, 3484 02:24:54,680 --> 02:24:58,320 SUPPORTING THE IDEA THAT THIS 3485 02:24:58,320 --> 02:24:59,760 SALIENCE NETWORK ACTUALLY 3486 02:24:59,760 --> 02:25:08,600 EXCITES TREMULOUS ACTIVITY. 3487 02:25:08,600 --> 02:25:12,760 THIS WAS PARTICULARLY EVIDENT -- 3488 02:25:12,760 --> 02:25:13,960 WHICH ALSO CORRELATED WITH 3489 02:25:13,960 --> 02:25:16,600 INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN PUPIL 3490 02:25:16,600 --> 02:25:17,680 DIAMETER AND THIS FITS WITH 3491 02:25:17,680 --> 02:25:21,200 RECENT IDEAS THAT TREMOR 3492 02:25:21,200 --> 02:25:22,520 DOMINANT PATIENTS HAVE 3493 02:25:22,520 --> 02:25:27,280 RELATIVELY PRESERVED FUNCTION IN 3494 02:25:27,280 --> 02:25:30,840 THE THALAMUS. 3495 02:25:30,840 --> 02:25:32,480 SO THE INTERIM CONCLUSION FROM 3496 02:25:32,480 --> 02:25:33,760 THESE DATA IS THAT AROUSAL 3497 02:25:33,760 --> 02:25:36,280 DURING A COGNITIVE TASK 3498 02:25:36,280 --> 02:25:39,920 AMPLIFIES PARKINSON'S TREMOR BY 3499 02:25:39,920 --> 02:25:42,320 INCREASED TOP-DOWN INTERACTIONS 3500 02:25:42,320 --> 02:25:43,960 BETWEEN A STRESS ACTIVE -- AND 3501 02:25:43,960 --> 02:25:45,480 THE TREMOR CIRCUITRY, AND THAT 3502 02:25:45,480 --> 02:25:53,120 THERE ARE ALSO INCREASED 3503 02:25:53,120 --> 02:25:56,520 BOTTOM-UP POTENTIALLY 3504 02:25:56,520 --> 02:25:57,640 NORADRENERGIC EFFECTS ON TO THE 3505 02:25:57,640 --> 02:25:58,600 THALAMUS. 3506 02:25:58,600 --> 02:25:59,360 THIS BRINGS ME BACK TO THE 3507 02:25:59,360 --> 02:26:00,480 DIMMER SWITCH MODEL BECAUSE IT 3508 02:26:00,480 --> 02:26:02,200 RAISES THE QUESTION HOW DO 3509 02:26:02,200 --> 02:26:04,960 SPONTANEOUS FLUCTUATIONS IN 3510 02:26:04,960 --> 02:26:07,240 CEREBRAL AROUSAL STATES EXPLAIN 3511 02:26:07,240 --> 02:26:09,000 THE WAXING AND WANING OF 3512 02:26:09,000 --> 02:26:12,040 PARKINSON'S TREMOR AT REST? 3513 02:26:12,040 --> 02:26:15,800 AND TO LOOK INTO THAT, ONE CAN 3514 02:26:15,800 --> 02:26:20,480 CONSIDER THE FACT THAT ADDRESSED 3515 02:26:20,480 --> 02:26:22,240 BRAIN DISPLAYS CONTINUOUS 3516 02:26:22,240 --> 02:26:24,000 CHANGES IN LARGE SCALE 3517 02:26:24,000 --> 02:26:25,400 SEGREGATION AND INTEGRATION. 3518 02:26:25,400 --> 02:26:27,480 AND THESE CHANGES IN SEGREGATION 3519 02:26:27,480 --> 02:26:31,080 AND INTEGRATION CAN BE 3520 02:26:31,080 --> 02:26:33,360 QUANTIFIED AND THEY HAVE BEEN 3521 02:26:33,360 --> 02:26:39,160 SHOWN TO BE INFLUENCED BY 3522 02:26:39,160 --> 02:26:41,040 NORADRENALINE WHICH INCREASES 3523 02:26:41,040 --> 02:26:42,360 THE INTEGRATIVE STATE OF THE 3524 02:26:42,360 --> 02:26:43,640 BRAIN AND THIS IS BEING 3525 02:26:43,640 --> 02:26:44,800 HYPOTHESIZED TO BE MEDIATED BY 3526 02:26:44,800 --> 02:26:46,800 THE THALAMUS. 3527 02:26:46,800 --> 02:26:53,280 IF THAT IS TRUE, ONE CAN ASK, DO 3528 02:26:53,280 --> 02:26:54,840 SPONTANEOUS INCREASES IN 3529 02:26:54,840 --> 02:26:56,040 CEREBRAL INTEGRATION INDEED LEAD 3530 02:26:56,040 --> 02:27:00,520 TO PARKINSON'S TREMOR. 3531 02:27:00,520 --> 02:27:02,360 SUCH THAT DURING EPISODES OF A 3532 02:27:02,360 --> 02:27:03,280 SEGREGATED BRAIN STATE, THERE'S 3533 02:27:03,280 --> 02:27:05,320 LITTLE TREMOR, AND DURING 3534 02:27:05,320 --> 02:27:06,960 EPISODES OF AN INTEGRATED STATE, 3535 02:27:06,960 --> 02:27:11,240 THERE IS MORE TREMOR. 3536 02:27:11,240 --> 02:27:14,840 TO DO THAT, PEOPLE IN MY LAB 3537 02:27:14,840 --> 02:27:18,440 HAVE RECENTLY PERFORMED THIS 3538 02:27:18,440 --> 02:27:22,200 STUDY LOOKING AT 40 PARKINSON'S 3539 02:27:22,200 --> 02:27:23,480 DISEASE PATIENTS BEFORE A 3540 02:27:23,480 --> 02:27:24,920 RESTING STATE SCAN AND ALSO A 3541 02:27:24,920 --> 02:27:28,840 COGNITIVE LOADING TASK. 3542 02:27:28,840 --> 02:27:30,400 AND BRAIN INTEGRATION WAS 3543 02:27:30,400 --> 02:27:35,080 QUANTIFIED USING THE APPROACH 3544 02:27:35,080 --> 02:27:38,480 WHERE WE LOOK AT INTEGRATION 3545 02:27:38,480 --> 02:27:41,880 BETWEEN 375 REGIONS OF INTEREST, 3546 02:27:41,880 --> 02:27:43,640 AND WE THEN LOOKED WHETHER BRAIN 3547 02:27:43,640 --> 02:27:44,760 INTEGRATION CHANGED BETWEEN 3548 02:27:44,760 --> 02:27:48,760 THREE DIFFERENT EPISODES, NAMELY 3549 02:27:48,760 --> 02:27:51,040 REST WHEN THERE WAS NO TREMOR OR 3550 02:27:51,040 --> 02:27:53,360 PRE-TREMOR EPISODES. 3551 02:27:53,360 --> 02:27:55,840 WHEN THERE WAS NOT MUCH TREMOR 3552 02:27:55,840 --> 02:27:58,840 YET IN THE ACCELEROMETERSIGNAL 3553 02:27:58,840 --> 02:28:02,080 AND THE TREMOR EPISODES 3554 02:28:02,080 --> 02:28:02,440 THEMSELVES. 3555 02:28:02,440 --> 02:28:08,480 AND WHAT WE FOUND IS THAT -- ON 3556 02:28:08,480 --> 02:28:10,200 THE LEFT YOU SEE THE TREMOR 3557 02:28:10,200 --> 02:28:15,200 SIGNAL SO BASED ON THE 3558 02:28:15,200 --> 02:28:16,000 ACCELEROMETRY BEFORE AND AFTER 3559 02:28:16,000 --> 02:28:18,040 THE ONSET OF TREMOR. 3560 02:28:18,040 --> 02:28:19,800 SO FIRST LINE IS THE ONSET OF 3561 02:28:19,800 --> 02:28:21,760 TREMOR AND ON THE Y AXIS IS THE 3562 02:28:21,760 --> 02:28:27,680 CHANGE IN TREMOR VERSUS THE REST 3563 02:28:27,680 --> 02:28:28,640 CONDITION. 3564 02:28:28,640 --> 02:28:30,840 WHAT WE SEE IS THAT CEREBRAL 3565 02:28:30,840 --> 02:28:31,840 INTEGRATION REALLY PEAKS AT THE 3566 02:28:31,840 --> 02:28:35,440 ONSET OF TREMOR, BUT IT ALREADY 3567 02:28:35,440 --> 02:28:38,720 STARTS TO INCREASE UP TO 3568 02:28:38,720 --> 02:28:40,280 15 SECONDS BEFORE THE TREMOR 3569 02:28:40,280 --> 02:28:42,760 FIRST EMERGES. 3570 02:28:42,760 --> 02:28:44,320 THE BRAIN REGIONS MOST 3571 02:28:44,320 --> 02:28:47,120 ASSOCIATED WITH THIS INTEGRATION 3572 02:28:47,120 --> 02:28:49,560 ARE THE THALAMUS AND ALSO 3573 02:28:49,560 --> 02:28:54,480 FRONTAL PARIETAL REGIONS. 3574 02:28:54,480 --> 02:28:56,200 AND WHEN WE LOOKED AT PERIPHERAL 3575 02:28:56,200 --> 02:28:58,000 STRESS READOUTS SUCH AS PUPIL 3576 02:28:58,000 --> 02:29:00,160 DIAMETER AND HEART RATE, WE 3577 02:29:00,160 --> 02:29:01,680 FOUND THAT THEY WERE INDEED 3578 02:29:01,680 --> 02:29:02,800 INCREASED DURING THE TREMOR BUT 3579 02:29:02,800 --> 02:29:05,840 NOT SO MUCH BEFORE THE TREMOR. 3580 02:29:05,840 --> 02:29:09,040 SO THAT SEEMED TO BE SPECIFIC 3581 02:29:09,040 --> 02:29:12,880 FOR THIS CEREBRAL INTEGRATION 3582 02:29:12,880 --> 02:29:14,400 PARAMETER. 3583 02:29:14,400 --> 02:29:16,480 SO CONCLUDING ON THAT, WE CAN 3584 02:29:16,480 --> 02:29:17,880 SAY THAT INTERPRETIVE BRAIN 3585 02:29:17,880 --> 02:29:23,480 STATES WHICH MAY BE LINKED TO 3586 02:29:23,480 --> 02:29:25,640 AROUSAL PERCEIVE THE ONSET OF 3587 02:29:25,640 --> 02:29:28,280 PARKINSON'S TREMOR BY UP TO 3588 02:29:28,280 --> 02:29:29,720 15 SECONDS AND HENCE PLAY A 3589 02:29:29,720 --> 02:29:31,320 CAUSAL ROLE IN TUMOR GENERATION. 3590 02:29:31,320 --> 02:29:33,200 OF COURSE THIS REMAINS FMRI SO 3591 02:29:33,200 --> 02:29:36,840 WE CANNOT BE SURE ABOUT THAT. 3592 02:29:36,840 --> 02:29:38,560 AND THAT CEREBRAL INTEGRATION 3593 02:29:38,560 --> 02:29:40,360 MIGHT DO THIS BY ENABLING 3594 02:29:40,360 --> 02:29:42,400 ABNORMAL SIGNALS FROM THE BASAL 3595 02:29:42,400 --> 02:29:48,280 GANGLIA TO REACH THE 3596 02:29:48,280 --> 02:29:51,560 CEREBELLAR -- CORTEX WITHIN 3597 02:29:51,560 --> 02:29:52,360 THE -- CIRCUIT OR BOTH. 3598 02:29:52,360 --> 02:29:55,920 THESE ARE VERY NEW DATA, SO I'M 3599 02:29:55,920 --> 02:29:57,800 VERY CURIOUS WHAT MARK WILL SAY, 3600 02:29:57,800 --> 02:29:59,240 BUT I'M SURE I WILL LEARN HIS 3601 02:29:59,240 --> 02:30:04,720 OPINION DURING LUNCH. 3602 02:30:04,720 --> 02:30:05,680 SO THAT BRINGS ME TO THE LAST 3603 02:30:05,680 --> 02:30:06,200 PART. 3604 02:30:06,200 --> 02:30:11,720 SO OF COURSE WE KNOW FROM FMRI 3605 02:30:11,720 --> 02:30:15,520 STUDIES THAT THERE'S THIS 3606 02:30:15,520 --> 02:30:17,120 CIRCUIT BUT WE DON'T KNOW IF 3607 02:30:17,120 --> 02:30:19,120 THEY'RE CAUSALLY RELATED TO THE 3608 02:30:19,120 --> 02:30:19,680 TREMOR. 3609 02:30:19,680 --> 02:30:24,120 THAT IS A PROJECT THAT I SET OUT 3610 02:30:24,120 --> 02:30:28,960 TO INVESTIGATE AT THE NIH IN 3611 02:30:28,960 --> 02:30:29,160 2015. 3612 02:30:29,160 --> 02:30:30,560 WHERE WE INVESTIGATED 14 3613 02:30:30,560 --> 02:30:33,120 PARKINSON'S DISEASE PATIENTS 3614 02:30:33,120 --> 02:30:35,840 WITH BOTH RESTING TREMOR AND 3615 02:30:35,840 --> 02:30:36,960 REEMERGENT TREMOR. 3616 02:30:36,960 --> 02:30:38,160 ORIGINALLY THE IDEA WAS TO ALSO 3617 02:30:38,160 --> 02:30:40,560 INCLUDE A GROUP OF PATIENTS WHO 3618 02:30:40,560 --> 02:30:42,840 HAD PURE POSTURAL TREMOR SO A 3619 02:30:42,840 --> 02:30:45,600 TREMOR AT A HIGHER FREQUENCY 3620 02:30:45,600 --> 02:30:54,080 THAT WAS NOT REEME REEMERGENT TR 3621 02:30:54,080 --> 02:30:55,080 BUT THAT WAS DIFFICULT IN FOUR 3622 02:30:55,080 --> 02:30:56,320 MONTHS SO WE COULD NOT FIND 3623 02:30:56,320 --> 02:30:57,720 ENOUGH PATIENTS TO MAKE A GOOD 3624 02:30:57,720 --> 02:31:00,800 COMPARISON. 3625 02:31:00,800 --> 02:31:07,480 WE APLIE APPLIED TMS OVER THE MR 3626 02:31:07,480 --> 02:31:09,400 CORTEX OR CEREBELLUM, QUANTIFIED 3627 02:31:09,400 --> 02:31:12,520 WITH THE TREMOR RESET INDEX AND 3628 02:31:12,520 --> 02:31:15,000 TREMOR AMPLITUDE QUANTIFIED WITH 3629 02:31:15,000 --> 02:31:17,240 TREMOR POWER AND TREMOR 3630 02:31:17,240 --> 02:31:17,920 FREQUENCY. 3631 02:31:17,920 --> 02:31:19,400 THE STUDENTS IN MY GROUP ALSO 3632 02:31:19,400 --> 02:31:23,080 CAME BACK TO ALSO ENJOY MARK'S 3633 02:31:23,080 --> 02:31:25,280 LAB AND FINISH SOME OF THAT DATA 3634 02:31:25,280 --> 02:31:29,480 COLLECTION LATER. 3635 02:31:29,480 --> 02:31:31,320 THESE ARE A FEW PHOTOS FROM MY 3636 02:31:31,320 --> 02:31:32,520 TIME THERE IN THE LAB. 3637 02:31:32,520 --> 02:31:36,760 I MET ALL THESE WONDERFUL 3638 02:31:36,760 --> 02:31:37,120 PEOPLE. 3639 02:31:37,120 --> 02:31:38,560 MOST OF YOU ARE ALSO HERE TODAY, 3640 02:31:38,560 --> 02:31:44,200 REALLY HELPED AND INSPIRED ME. 3641 02:31:44,200 --> 02:31:45,880 FELT TO BE PART OF THAT FAMILY, 3642 02:31:45,880 --> 02:31:50,880 STILL ARE, AND WE USED A RESET 3643 02:31:50,880 --> 02:31:52,520 INDEX THAT WAS DESCRIBED HERE IN 3644 02:31:52,520 --> 02:31:58,640 THIS PAPER BY MARK AND PASCAL 3645 02:31:58,640 --> 02:32:00,480 FROM 1994 WHERE THEY SHOWED THAT 3646 02:32:00,480 --> 02:32:01,720 A TMS PULSE OVER THE MOTOR 3647 02:32:01,720 --> 02:32:07,200 CORTEX CAN BRIEFLY REMOVE TREMOR 3648 02:32:07,200 --> 02:32:09,040 AND THEN IT COMES BACK AT A 3649 02:32:09,040 --> 02:32:10,160 DIFFERENT PHASE AS IT WAS 3650 02:32:10,160 --> 02:32:12,560 BEFORE, AND THIS RESETTING 3651 02:32:12,560 --> 02:32:15,400 PHENOMENON SHOWS THAT THE REGION 3652 02:32:15,400 --> 02:32:17,360 THAT IS BEING STIMULATED IS PART 3653 02:32:17,360 --> 02:32:26,240 OF THE OSCILLATOR OF THE TREMOR. 3654 02:32:26,240 --> 02:32:27,680 ON THE RIGHT YOU SEE A PICTURE 3655 02:32:27,680 --> 02:32:29,440 OF THE LAB WHERE WE DID ALL THE 3656 02:32:29,440 --> 02:32:30,760 EXPERIMENTS WHERE ALL THE MAGIC 3657 02:32:30,760 --> 02:32:32,120 HAPPENS AND WHAT WE FOUND IS 3658 02:32:32,120 --> 02:32:33,680 THAT TMS OF THE PRIMARY MOTOR 3659 02:32:33,680 --> 02:32:36,920 CORTEX WAS VERY EFFECTIVE IN 3660 02:32:36,920 --> 02:32:38,520 RESETTING BOTH REST TREMOR AND 3661 02:32:38,520 --> 02:32:40,720 REEMERGENT TREMOR. 3662 02:32:40,720 --> 02:32:43,480 WHILE TMS OVER THE CEREBELLUM 3663 02:32:43,480 --> 02:32:45,440 ONLY DID THAT FOR RE-EMERGENT 3664 02:32:45,440 --> 02:32:49,000 TREMOR, BUT NOT FOR REST TREMOR. 3665 02:32:49,000 --> 02:32:52,480 THIS WAS CONSISTENT BY ANOTHER 3666 02:32:52,480 --> 02:32:55,640 STUDY FROM THE GROUP OF ROBERT 3667 02:32:55,640 --> 02:32:56,960 CHEN WHERE THEY ALSO SHOWED THAT 3668 02:32:56,960 --> 02:32:58,320 FOR A GROUP OF PARKINSON 3669 02:32:58,320 --> 02:32:58,840 PATIENTS. 3670 02:32:58,840 --> 02:33:01,120 AND WHEN WE LOOKED AT THE EFFECT 3671 02:33:01,120 --> 02:33:04,080 OF THE TMS PULSE ON TREMOR 3672 02:33:04,080 --> 02:33:07,880 AMPLITUDE, WE FOUND THAT THE 3673 02:33:07,880 --> 02:33:09,320 AMPLITUDE WAS BRIEFLY REDUCED 3674 02:33:09,320 --> 02:33:11,400 AFTER TMS OVER THE PRIMARY MOTOR 3675 02:33:11,400 --> 02:33:13,320 CORTEX FOR BOTH TYPES OF TREMOR. 3676 02:33:13,320 --> 02:33:14,920 AND THIS EFFECT WAS NOT SEEN FOR 3677 02:33:14,920 --> 02:33:19,560 EITHER TREMOR AFTER TMS OVER THE 3678 02:33:19,560 --> 02:33:20,080 CEREBELLUM. 3679 02:33:20,080 --> 02:33:22,720 SO WE CONCLUDED THAT THE 3680 02:33:22,720 --> 02:33:24,000 CEREBELLUM IS PART OF THE 3681 02:33:24,000 --> 02:33:25,880 OSCILLATOR FOR REEMERGENT TREMOR 3682 02:33:25,880 --> 02:33:28,200 BUT NOT REST TREMOR. 3683 02:33:28,200 --> 02:33:29,920 AND THAT THE MOTOR CORTEX BUT 3684 02:33:29,920 --> 02:33:32,000 NOT THE CEREBELLUM CONTROLS THE 3685 02:33:32,000 --> 02:33:35,480 AMPLITUDE OF BOTH TYPES OF 3686 02:33:35,480 --> 02:33:38,320 PARKINSON'S DISEASE TREMOR. 3687 02:33:38,320 --> 02:33:42,080 AND THIS BRINGS ME TO MY LAST 3688 02:33:42,080 --> 02:33:42,840 SLIDE. 3689 02:33:42,840 --> 02:33:44,120 I WOULD REALLY LIKE TO THANK 3690 02:33:44,120 --> 02:33:48,520 YOU, MARK, FOR A DECADE OF 3691 02:33:48,520 --> 02:33:49,400 MENTORSHIP, FRIENDSHIP AND 3692 02:33:49,400 --> 02:33:49,760 COLLABORATION. 3693 02:33:49,760 --> 02:33:53,760 I'VE LEARNED A LOT IN YOUR LAB, 3694 02:33:53,760 --> 02:33:55,560 NOT ONLY SCIENTIFICALLY BUT ALSO 3695 02:33:55,560 --> 02:33:58,200 ABOUT HOW TO IMPROVE 3696 02:33:58,200 --> 02:34:01,400 COLLABORATIONS, HOW TO COMBINE 3697 02:34:01,400 --> 02:34:03,320 CLINICAL WORK WITH MORE 3698 02:34:03,320 --> 02:34:06,240 MECHANISTIC RESEARCH IN AN 3699 02:34:06,240 --> 02:34:07,880 EFFECTIVE MANNER, AND THANK YOU 3700 02:34:07,880 --> 02:34:10,320 FOR ALL THE SUPPORT YOU'VE 3701 02:34:10,320 --> 02:34:10,520 GIVEN. 3702 02:34:10,520 --> 02:34:18,480 [APPLAUSE] 3703 02:34:18,480 --> 02:34:19,680 >>THANK YOU, RICK. 3704 02:34:19,680 --> 02:34:23,280 THE NEXT SPEAKER WILL BE 3705 02:34:23,280 --> 02:34:25,240 CHRISTIAN GERLOFF. 3706 02:34:25,240 --> 02:34:30,400 YOU UNFORTUNATELY, THEY COULDN'T 3707 02:34:30,400 --> 02:34:31,920 TAKE A FLIGHT THAT WILL MAKE HIM 3708 02:34:31,920 --> 02:34:35,600 BE ON TIME. 3709 02:34:35,600 --> 02:34:37,240 AND THE TEAM HERE MADE IT HAPPEN 3710 02:34:37,240 --> 02:34:39,040 AND HE'S GOING TO JOIN US ON 3711 02:34:39,040 --> 02:34:41,000 ZOOM. 3712 02:34:41,000 --> 02:34:42,640 SO WHILE HEAR SETTING HIM UP, 3713 02:34:42,640 --> 02:34:44,920 HE'S ALREADY CONNECTED BUT WHILE 3714 02:34:44,920 --> 02:34:46,480 THEY ARE BRINGING HIM UP, I'LL 3715 02:34:46,480 --> 02:34:49,880 DO A QUICK ANNOUNCEMENT SO THE 3716 02:34:49,880 --> 02:34:50,880 PHOTO IS GOING TO HAPPEN RIGHT 3717 02:34:50,880 --> 02:34:55,080 AFTER THE NEXT TALK. 3718 02:34:55,080 --> 02:34:56,200 WHAT THE PHOTOGRAPHER ASKS IS 3719 02:34:56,200 --> 02:34:57,720 THAT WE ALL CONSOLIDATE IN THIS 3720 02:34:57,720 --> 02:35:01,080 PART OF THE ROOM IN BETWEEN THE 3721 02:35:01,080 --> 02:35:01,960 TWO MICROPHONES AND THE FRONT, 3722 02:35:01,960 --> 02:35:05,840 AND TRY TO MAKE LIKE A TRIANGLE 3723 02:35:05,840 --> 02:35:06,920 SO WE ALL FIT. 3724 02:35:06,920 --> 02:35:08,000 SHE'S GOING TO STAND ON THE 3725 02:35:08,000 --> 02:35:08,560 STAGE. 3726 02:35:08,560 --> 02:35:09,920 AND THEY WILL DO SOMETHING WITH 3727 02:35:09,920 --> 02:35:10,840 THE LIGHTS. 3728 02:35:10,840 --> 02:35:12,800 SO THAT'S THE FIRST 3729 02:35:12,800 --> 02:35:13,640 ANNOUNCEMENT. 3730 02:35:13,640 --> 02:35:14,440 WE'LL REPEAT IT WHEN THE TIME 3731 02:35:14,440 --> 02:35:16,040 COMES BUT HOPEFULLY WE GET A 3732 02:35:16,040 --> 02:35:17,000 GOOD PICTURE OF EVERYBODY IN 3733 02:35:17,000 --> 02:35:18,960 PERSON. 3734 02:35:18,960 --> 02:35:19,920 UNFORTUNATELY WE WERE NOT ABLE 3735 02:35:19,920 --> 02:35:23,720 TO GET VIDEO FROM THE PEOPLE 3736 02:35:23,720 --> 02:35:25,560 LOGGING IN VIRTUALLY BUT WE 3737 02:35:25,560 --> 02:35:26,920 HEARD THAT THINGS ARE GOING 3738 02:35:26,920 --> 02:35:28,920 SMOOTH ON THE VIRTUAL WORLD AND 3739 02:35:28,920 --> 02:35:30,760 THEY'RE HEARING US AND SEEING 3740 02:35:30,760 --> 02:35:32,480 US -- I MEAN SEEING THE SCREEN 3741 02:35:32,480 --> 02:35:36,200 WELL, SO THAT'S GOOD NEWS. 3742 02:35:36,200 --> 02:35:38,720 THERE WERE OVER 100 PEOPLE 3743 02:35:38,720 --> 02:35:39,120 CONNECTED. 3744 02:35:39,120 --> 02:35:40,480 SO THANK YOU, EVERYBODY, FOR 3745 02:35:40,480 --> 02:35:44,000 BEING THERE AND THERE'S 3746 02:35:44,000 --> 02:35:46,040 CHRISTIAN FROM HAMBURG JOINING 3747 02:35:46,040 --> 02:35:50,680 US, SO THANK YOU FOR JOINING US 3748 02:35:50,680 --> 02:35:52,200 AT LEAST VIRTUALLY AND YOU CAN 3749 02:35:52,200 --> 02:35:56,120 TAKE THE MICROPHONE. 3750 02:35:56,120 --> 02:35:59,080 >>THANK YOU, SILVINA. 3751 02:35:59,080 --> 02:35:59,320 HI, MARK. 3752 02:35:59,320 --> 02:36:02,520 HI, EVERYBODY. 3753 02:36:02,520 --> 02:36:04,040 OBVIOUSLY I'M NOW THE LAST THING 3754 02:36:04,040 --> 02:36:05,560 THAT'S IN BETWEEN YOU AND LUNCH. 3755 02:36:05,560 --> 02:36:06,800 LIKE YESTERDAY, THE LAST THING 3756 02:36:06,800 --> 02:36:09,160 BETWEEN ME AND YOU WAS 3757 02:36:09,160 --> 02:36:09,440 LUFTHANSA. 3758 02:36:09,440 --> 02:36:12,800 IF I WERE LUFTHANSA, YOU WOULD 3759 02:36:12,800 --> 02:36:13,480 NEVER EAT. 3760 02:36:13,480 --> 02:36:14,800 SO UNFORTUNATELY YESTERDAY THEY 3761 02:36:14,800 --> 02:36:17,000 WERE SUPER EFFECTIVE IN AFTER 3762 02:36:17,000 --> 02:36:17,840 ACTUALLY SEVEN HOURS AT THE 3763 02:36:17,840 --> 02:36:19,400 AIRPORT NOT GETTING ME ANYWHERE. 3764 02:36:19,400 --> 02:36:21,440 BUT SO I'M VERY HAPPY TO HAVE 3765 02:36:21,440 --> 02:36:25,400 THE OPPORTUNITY TO JOIN YOU BY 3766 02:36:25,400 --> 02:36:27,200 ZOOM, AND I'M ALSO HAPPY TO 3767 02:36:27,200 --> 02:36:29,280 BRING THE GREETINGS OF THE 3768 02:36:29,280 --> 02:36:32,880 GERMAN SOCIETY OF NEUROLOGY, 3769 02:36:32,880 --> 02:36:36,360 WHERE YOU'RE AN HONORARY MEMBER 3770 02:36:36,360 --> 02:36:37,240 AND ALSO. 3771 02:36:37,240 --> 02:36:39,000 UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG WHERE YOU 3772 02:36:39,000 --> 02:36:40,760 HAVE AN HONORARY DOCTORATE, AND 3773 02:36:40,760 --> 02:36:43,000 OF MY FAMILY, MY WIFE AVA, WHO 3774 02:36:43,000 --> 02:36:45,040 AS YOU KNOW HAS BIRTHDAY ON THE 3775 02:36:45,040 --> 02:36:47,000 SAME DAY AS YOU HAVE. 3776 02:36:47,000 --> 02:36:48,480 AND FOR TODAY, I'M GOING TO 3777 02:36:48,480 --> 02:36:52,920 SHARE MY PRESENTATION NOW. 3778 02:36:52,920 --> 02:36:54,120 I THOUGHT I'M GOING TO START 3779 02:36:54,120 --> 02:36:57,960 SHARING A FEW REMARKABLE MOMENTS 3780 02:36:57,960 --> 02:37:02,680 WITH MARK, AND THEN JUST GETTING 3781 02:37:02,680 --> 02:37:04,320 A GLIMPSE ON SOME REMARKABLE 3782 02:37:04,320 --> 02:37:05,520 RESEARCH WITH MARK. 3783 02:37:05,520 --> 02:37:07,040 REMARKABLE MOMENTS, THERE ARE 3784 02:37:07,040 --> 02:37:07,920 REALLY PLENTY. 3785 02:37:07,920 --> 02:37:11,680 THIS IS A SHOT FROM A PRIVATE 3786 02:37:11,680 --> 02:37:14,840 PARTY, 1996, I WAS THERE 95, 96, 3787 02:37:14,840 --> 02:37:20,640 97, AND IT WAS REALLY VERY 3788 02:37:20,640 --> 02:37:23,200 SIMILAR, AS HAS BEEN SAID, I 3789 02:37:23,200 --> 02:37:24,720 WASN'T EVEN THREE YEARS IN 3790 02:37:24,720 --> 02:37:25,720 GERMANY OR SURE I WAS GOING TO 3791 02:37:25,720 --> 02:37:27,040 STAY WITH NEUROLOGY, BUT WHILE I 3792 02:37:27,040 --> 02:37:29,280 WAS IN MARK'S LAB, ALSO LEO CAME 3793 02:37:29,280 --> 02:37:30,680 INTO THE TEAM AND WE REALLY HAD 3794 02:37:30,680 --> 02:37:32,080 A GREAT TIME. 3795 02:37:32,080 --> 02:37:34,640 SO WHEN I WAS IN MARK'S LAB IN 3796 02:37:34,640 --> 02:37:38,920 THE HMCS, SOMETHING HAPPENED, 3797 02:37:38,920 --> 02:37:40,640 AND THIS WAS VERY EFFECTIVE AND 3798 02:37:40,640 --> 02:37:42,440 MADE ME STAY IN NEUROLOGY AND 3799 02:37:42,440 --> 02:37:43,120 NEUROSCIENCE, SO THANK YOU VERY 3800 02:37:43,120 --> 02:37:44,960 MUCH, MARK, AND MARK HAD ALREADY 3801 02:37:44,960 --> 02:37:46,680 AT THE TIME A MAGIC TOUCH AND 3802 02:37:46,680 --> 02:37:48,680 THIS MAGIC TOUCH HAS MULTIPLIED 3803 02:37:48,680 --> 02:37:51,200 AND BY NOW INFLUENCED MANY, MANY 3804 02:37:51,200 --> 02:37:52,520 PEOPLE, YOUNG PEOPLE THROUGH 3805 02:37:52,520 --> 02:37:54,520 MANY GENERATIONS AND I KNOW THAT 3806 02:37:54,520 --> 02:37:56,200 IT IS NOT THE CASE ONLY FOR ME 3807 02:37:56,200 --> 02:37:58,440 AS A FELLOW BUT FOR MANY OTHER 3808 02:37:58,440 --> 02:37:59,640 FELLOWS OF YOURS, MARK. 3809 02:37:59,640 --> 02:38:03,080 NOW THE TITLE OF MY TALK ON 3810 02:38:03,080 --> 02:38:04,720 MULTIMODAL IMAGING AND STROKE 3811 02:38:04,720 --> 02:38:06,680 PROBABLY WAS INSPIRED A BIT BY 3812 02:38:06,680 --> 02:38:09,080 THIS PAPER HERE, WHICH WAS ONE 3813 02:38:09,080 --> 02:38:10,520 PAPER THAT WAS JUST GREAT 3814 02:38:10,520 --> 02:38:11,840 WORKING WITH MARK FOR ACTUALLY 3815 02:38:11,840 --> 02:38:15,120 MANY, MANY YEARS ON THIS PAPER. 3816 02:38:15,120 --> 02:38:16,640 ALTHOUGH THERE ARE FINALLY ONLY 3817 02:38:16,640 --> 02:38:18,080 11 PATIENTS BUT THOSE WERE SO 3818 02:38:18,080 --> 02:38:19,960 CONSISTENT AND SO SPECIAL THAT 3819 02:38:19,960 --> 02:38:22,520 WE THEN DID A LOT OF MULTIMODAL 3820 02:38:22,520 --> 02:38:24,320 IMAGING TMS OR PET SCANNING AT 3821 02:38:24,320 --> 02:38:28,440 THE TIME TMS EEG, AND I THINK IT 3822 02:38:28,440 --> 02:38:29,760 TURNED OUT A VERY NICE PAPER AND 3823 02:38:29,760 --> 02:38:31,840 I CAN ONLY TELL EVERYBODY IN THE 3824 02:38:31,840 --> 02:38:34,160 YOUNGER ONES ESPECIALLY IN THE 3825 02:38:34,160 --> 02:38:36,320 AUDIENCE IF YOU WANT TO BE ON 3826 02:38:36,320 --> 02:38:37,880 THE COVER PAGE THEN IT'S REALLY 3827 02:38:37,880 --> 02:38:39,080 GOOD TO DO RESEARCH WITH MARK 3828 02:38:39,080 --> 02:38:40,520 BECAUSE WITH MARK, YOU CAN END 3829 02:38:40,520 --> 02:38:42,680 UP ON THE COVER PAGE OF 3830 02:38:42,680 --> 02:38:43,920 VIRTUALLY ALL IMPORTANT 3831 02:38:43,920 --> 02:38:46,680 JOURNALS, MAYBE MORE IMPORTANT 3832 02:38:46,680 --> 02:38:48,120 THAN "THE WASHINGTON POST," WAS 3833 02:38:48,120 --> 02:38:51,280 ACTUALLY THIS BRAIN PAPER SO WE 3834 02:38:51,280 --> 02:38:52,920 MADE IT ON THE COVER PAGE. 3835 02:38:52,920 --> 02:38:55,560 IT WAS ALSO ESTHETICALLY 3836 02:38:55,560 --> 02:38:56,440 ATTRACTIVE, BUT I THINK THE 3837 02:38:56,440 --> 02:38:57,440 MAJOR POINT IN BRAIN AND THROUGH 3838 02:38:57,440 --> 02:38:59,080 THIS PAPER AS MANY OTHER PAPERS 3839 02:38:59,080 --> 02:39:01,440 IN BRAIN, BRAIN IS CERTAINLY MY 3840 02:39:01,440 --> 02:39:03,640 FAVORITE JOURNAL BECAUSE YOU CAN 3841 02:39:03,640 --> 02:39:04,840 REALLY STAY AND TELL STORIES. 3842 02:39:04,840 --> 02:39:07,120 AND THAT IS THE REASON THAT I 3843 02:39:07,120 --> 02:39:09,440 LEARNED FROM MARK THAT YOU LOOK 3844 02:39:09,440 --> 02:39:11,080 IN MORE THAN JUST ONE MODALITY 3845 02:39:11,080 --> 02:39:13,680 AND IF SEVERAL MODALITIES GIVE 3846 02:39:13,680 --> 02:39:15,840 YOU A GOOD ANSWER THAT IS 3847 02:39:15,840 --> 02:39:16,800 CONSISTENT, THEN YOU ARE 3848 02:39:16,800 --> 02:39:18,440 STARTING TO UNDERSTAND WHAT'S 3849 02:39:18,440 --> 02:39:25,640 ACTUALLY GOING ON. 3850 02:39:25,640 --> 02:39:27,760 MARK HAS JOINED ME THROUGHOUT MY 3851 02:39:27,760 --> 02:39:29,680 LIFE SINCE 1995 IN MY CAREER AND 3852 02:39:29,680 --> 02:39:30,720 THIS WAS ONE OF THE ABSOLUTE 3853 02:39:30,720 --> 02:39:33,480 HIGHLIGHTS AND STILL GRATEFUL, 3854 02:39:33,480 --> 02:39:36,320 JODI, MARK, YOU CAME TO OUR 3855 02:39:36,320 --> 02:39:38,200 WEDDING AND THE NICE THING ABOUT 3856 02:39:38,200 --> 02:39:42,360 THAT IS HERE'S AVA AND WE ARE 3857 02:39:42,360 --> 02:39:43,160 TWO NIH PLANTS AND WE BASICALLY 3858 02:39:43,160 --> 02:39:45,400 MET AT NIH IN THE 14TH FLOOR OF 3859 02:39:45,400 --> 02:39:48,080 BUILDING NUMBER 10, PLAYING 3860 02:39:48,080 --> 02:39:51,040 VOLLEYBALL AND OUT OF THIS 3861 02:39:51,040 --> 02:39:52,240 ACTUALLY CAME A WEDDING AND WE 3862 02:39:52,240 --> 02:39:56,760 ARE STILL TOGETHER, AND YOU MET 3863 02:39:56,760 --> 02:39:57,960 OUR KIDS AT THE TIME A BIT 3864 02:39:57,960 --> 02:39:59,560 SMALLER, NOW ALREADY 22 AND 3865 02:39:59,560 --> 02:39:59,960 TWINS. 3866 02:39:59,960 --> 02:40:01,720 THEY CAN STILL REMEMBER YOU VERY 3867 02:40:01,720 --> 02:40:04,320 WELL, AND ALSO BECAUSE, AND 3868 02:40:04,320 --> 02:40:06,640 THAT'S SOME MORE REMARKABLE 3869 02:40:06,640 --> 02:40:09,160 MOMENTS, YOU SPENT COMING TO 3870 02:40:09,160 --> 02:40:09,840 GERMANY, VISITING US IN ALL 3871 02:40:09,840 --> 02:40:11,920 KINDS OF OCCASIONS AND 3872 02:40:11,920 --> 02:40:15,840 SITUATIONS, SO I MOVED TO 3873 02:40:15,840 --> 02:40:20,240 HAMBURG IN 2006, AND ALONG THE 3874 02:40:20,240 --> 02:40:22,480 PATH, WE ENDED UP WRITING A 3875 02:40:22,480 --> 02:40:24,680 SCIENTIFIC COMMENTARY IN 2010 3876 02:40:24,680 --> 02:40:28,280 FOR BRAIN BASED ON A PAPER, IN 3877 02:40:28,280 --> 02:40:30,520 THE SAME YEAR YOU CAME TO 3878 02:40:30,520 --> 02:40:31,600 HAMBURG, WE HAD A NICE WALK 3879 02:40:31,600 --> 02:40:33,240 ALONG THE RIVER, QUITE COLD AND 3880 02:40:33,240 --> 02:40:34,200 ICY ON THE RIVER AND THIS WAS 3881 02:40:34,200 --> 02:40:37,000 THE COMMENTARY. 3882 02:40:37,000 --> 02:40:39,200 AND THIS I SHOW BECAUSE FIRST OF 3883 02:40:39,200 --> 02:40:40,680 ALL WE ENDED UP ON THE COVER 3884 02:40:40,680 --> 02:40:41,240 PAGE AGAIN. 3885 02:40:41,240 --> 02:40:45,840 SECOND OF ALL, IT WAS ONE MORE 3886 02:40:45,840 --> 02:40:47,840 MOMENT WHEN I SAW HOW MUCH -- 3887 02:40:47,840 --> 02:40:52,000 HOW GOOD YOUR INSTINCT AND YOUR 3888 02:40:52,000 --> 02:40:55,480 KNOWLEDGE, YOUR WHOLE SPIRIT IS 3889 02:40:55,480 --> 02:40:56,360 IN DISCOVERING NEW DIRECTIONS 3890 02:40:56,360 --> 02:40:59,680 WHERE THE FIELD MOVES TO, AND 3891 02:40:59,680 --> 02:41:00,760 THEN ALREADY ALWAYS KNOWING MORE 3892 02:41:00,760 --> 02:41:01,640 THAN THE OTHERS USUALLY. 3893 02:41:01,640 --> 02:41:03,360 SO IN THIS CASE, IT WAS ABOUT 3894 02:41:03,360 --> 02:41:06,360 SMALL WORLDNESS AND HOW TO 3895 02:41:06,360 --> 02:41:08,240 DESCRIBE NETWORKS AND COMPLEX 3896 02:41:08,240 --> 02:41:09,200 CONFIGURATIONS AND THIS WAS 3897 02:41:09,200 --> 02:41:10,440 BECAUSE WE BOTH REVIEWED THE 3898 02:41:10,440 --> 02:41:12,400 PAPER AND THEN WROTE TOGETHER 3899 02:41:12,400 --> 02:41:13,840 THE SCIENTIFIC COMMENTARY TO IT 3900 02:41:13,840 --> 02:41:15,760 IN BRAIN AND INTERESTINGLY, 3901 02:41:15,760 --> 02:41:18,560 BRAIN MADE OUT OF OUR FOUR 3902 02:41:18,560 --> 02:41:19,640 BRAINS, THEY MADE FIVE, AND IN 3903 02:41:19,640 --> 02:41:20,640 THE BEGINNING I DIDN'T 3904 02:41:20,640 --> 02:41:21,920 UNDERSTAND BUT THEN I UNDERSTOOD 3905 02:41:21,920 --> 02:41:23,880 IT WAS ACTUALLY THE TIME OF THE 3906 02:41:23,880 --> 02:41:28,440 OLYMPIC GAMES. 3907 02:41:28,440 --> 02:41:29,800 AND THEY JUST WON A GOLD SO IT 3908 02:41:29,800 --> 02:41:31,080 WAS A NICE STORY ANYWAY. 3909 02:41:31,080 --> 02:41:32,800 AND YOU WERE ALSO PRESENT AND 3910 02:41:32,800 --> 02:41:34,040 THIS WAS ANOTHER REMARKABLE 3911 02:41:34,040 --> 02:41:38,360 MOMENT AT OUR ANNUAL MEETING OF 3912 02:41:38,360 --> 02:41:40,720 THE GERMAN SOCIETY IN NEUROLOGY 3913 02:41:40,720 --> 02:41:41,560 IN 2012 AND YOU GAVE A TALK THAT 3914 02:41:41,560 --> 02:41:47,360 WAS REALLY SUPER INSPIRING TERM 3915 02:41:47,360 --> 02:41:49,120 NEUROLOGY WORLDWIDE AND ONE OF 3916 02:41:49,120 --> 02:41:52,720 YOUR MAJOR POINTS WAS WHILE WE 3917 02:41:52,720 --> 02:41:55,440 ARE CONSIDERING STROKE, 3918 02:41:55,440 --> 02:41:56,600 DEMENTIA, NEURODEGENERATIVE 3919 02:41:56,600 --> 02:41:59,640 DISORDERS, MS, THESE DISEASES WE 3920 02:41:59,640 --> 02:42:02,160 CONSIDER THE MAJOR CHALLENGE IN 3921 02:42:02,160 --> 02:42:03,920 NEUROLOGY, BUT WORLDWIDE, IT'S 3922 02:42:03,920 --> 02:42:05,720 TOTALLY DIFFERENT, LOOK AT THE 3923 02:42:05,720 --> 02:42:06,320 INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 3924 02:42:06,320 --> 02:42:09,720 SO NOW AFTER TWO YEARS OF THE 3925 02:42:09,720 --> 02:42:12,000 PANDEMIC, I GUESS EVERYBODY HAS 3926 02:42:12,000 --> 02:42:12,840 UNDERSTOOD THIS BUT YOU SAID 3927 02:42:12,840 --> 02:42:16,640 THAT ALREADY IN 2012. 3928 02:42:16,640 --> 02:42:20,840 NOW, SCIENCE, ONE VERY INSPIRING 3929 02:42:20,840 --> 02:42:22,040 ASPECT THAT I FELT IN YOUR LAB 3930 02:42:22,040 --> 02:42:23,920 AT THIS EXCITING CULTURE OF 3931 02:42:23,920 --> 02:42:27,360 DISCUSSING OF RESPECT OF TAKING 3932 02:42:27,360 --> 02:42:28,760 EVERYBODY SERIOUSLY, NO MATTER 3933 02:42:28,760 --> 02:42:36,640 HOW SENIOR, HOW JUNIOR AND VERY 3934 02:42:36,640 --> 02:42:38,960 EARLY ON THE BRAIN AS A 3935 02:42:38,960 --> 02:42:40,000 CONNECTED NETWORK IS SOMETHING 3936 02:42:40,000 --> 02:42:41,600 THAT WE CAN ONLY UNDERSTAND IF 3937 02:42:41,600 --> 02:42:44,160 WE NOT ONLY LOOK AT REGIONAL 3938 02:42:44,160 --> 02:42:45,680 ACTIVITIES BUT WE ALSO NEED TO 3939 02:42:45,680 --> 02:42:50,320 UNDERSTAND HOW THEY INTERACT. 3940 02:42:50,320 --> 02:42:52,280 SO WE WORKED A LOT ON VARIOUS 3941 02:42:52,280 --> 02:42:54,840 CONNECTIVITY METRICS, AS IT'S 3942 02:42:54,840 --> 02:42:55,920 BEEN TERMED SOMETIMES TODAY, AND 3943 02:42:55,920 --> 02:42:57,680 I THOUGHT FOR THE NEXT FEW 3944 02:42:57,680 --> 02:42:58,840 MINUTES, I'M JUST GOING TO SHOW 3945 02:42:58,840 --> 02:43:02,640 YOU A LITTLE BIT WHERE YOUR 3946 02:43:02,640 --> 02:43:03,720 INSPIRATION LED TO AND WHERE WE 3947 02:43:03,720 --> 02:43:07,240 ARE CURRENTLY MOVING TO. 3948 02:43:07,240 --> 02:43:09,120 SO PROBABLY MOVE A LITTLE MORE 3949 02:43:09,120 --> 02:43:13,320 TOWARDS ELABORATED CONNECTIVITY 3950 02:43:13,320 --> 02:43:15,480 METRICS, TOWARDS CONNECT OMICS 3951 02:43:15,480 --> 02:43:17,160 AND LARGER COHORTS. 3952 02:43:17,160 --> 02:43:17,840 YOU'LL SEE WHAT I MEAN WITH 3953 02:43:17,840 --> 02:43:18,360 THAT. 3954 02:43:18,360 --> 02:43:19,360 NOW HERE'S ONE EXAMPLE, THE 3955 02:43:19,360 --> 02:43:22,040 FIRST EXAMPLE, AND IT ACTUALLY 3956 02:43:22,040 --> 02:43:23,760 ALSO AFFECTS A FELLOW WHO WAS AT 3957 02:43:23,760 --> 02:43:25,280 NIH FOR A COUPLE YEARS TOGETHER 3958 02:43:25,280 --> 02:43:28,800 WITH LEO AND YOU HAVE ALSO MET 3959 02:43:28,800 --> 02:43:29,520 HER, I'M SURE. 3960 02:43:29,520 --> 02:43:31,920 SO SHE WORKED ON A COHORT OF 3961 02:43:31,920 --> 02:43:34,840 STROKE PATIENTS THAT A FEW MORE, 3962 02:43:34,840 --> 02:43:38,160 ABOUT 30 THAT WE HAD FOLLOWED 3963 02:43:38,160 --> 02:43:39,880 MORE THAN A YEAR AND THEY HAVE A 3964 02:43:39,880 --> 02:43:45,720 MULTIMODAL ASSESSMENT WITH EEG 3965 02:43:45,720 --> 02:43:47,200 FUNCTIONAL MRI STRUCTURAL MRI 3966 02:43:47,200 --> 02:43:48,480 AND OTHERS AND VERY DEEP 3967 02:43:48,480 --> 02:43:51,960 CLINICAL PHENOTYPING, AND POINT 3968 02:43:51,960 --> 02:43:58,200 WAS WHAT DIFFERENTIATED THESE 3969 02:43:58,200 --> 02:44:00,640 PATIENTS FROM CONTROLS, NETWORK 3970 02:44:00,640 --> 02:44:01,640 DYNAMICS, COHERENCE, AND CAME UP 3971 02:44:01,640 --> 02:44:05,160 WITH A SURPRISINGLY FOCAL 3972 02:44:05,160 --> 02:44:07,040 DIFFERENCE WHICH WAS REALLY VERY 3973 02:44:07,040 --> 02:44:10,280 MUCH CONCENTRATED ON THE 3974 02:44:10,280 --> 02:44:11,080 INTERACTION BETWEEN PRIMARY 3975 02:44:11,080 --> 02:44:12,480 MOTOR CORTEX, EVERYTHING STARTS 3976 02:44:12,480 --> 02:44:14,720 AND GOES THROUGH THE PRIMARY 3977 02:44:14,720 --> 02:44:17,480 MOTOR CORTEX AND THE ANTERIOR 3978 02:44:17,480 --> 02:44:20,720 INTERPARIETAL SULCUS. 3979 02:44:20,720 --> 02:44:21,920 WHY AM I SHOWING THIS HERE 3980 02:44:21,920 --> 02:44:26,040 BECAUSE IN PARALLEL, THEY LOOKED 3981 02:44:26,040 --> 02:44:28,400 AT THE SAME DATA, THE SAME 3982 02:44:28,400 --> 02:44:30,360 PATIENTS IN FUNCTIONAL MRI, 3983 02:44:30,360 --> 02:44:33,960 DYNAMIC CAUSAL MODELING, BOLD -- 3984 02:44:33,960 --> 02:44:36,040 AND FOUND ESSENTIALLY THE SAME 3985 02:44:36,040 --> 02:44:37,400 INTERACTION BETWEEN PRIMARY 3986 02:44:37,400 --> 02:44:42,080 MOTOR CORTEX AND BY CONVERGING 3987 02:44:42,080 --> 02:44:44,840 ACROSS TWO DIFFERENT METHODS OF 3988 02:44:44,840 --> 02:44:46,280 MEASUREMENT BUT ALSO COMPLETELY 3989 02:44:46,280 --> 02:44:47,480 DIFFERENT METRICS, COHERENCE 3990 02:44:47,480 --> 02:44:49,640 VERSUS DYNAMIC CAUSAL MODELING, 3991 02:44:49,640 --> 02:44:52,800 CAME UP WITH THE SAME FOCUS OF 3992 02:44:52,800 --> 02:44:59,360 INTERACTION AND I THINK THIS IS 3993 02:44:59,360 --> 02:45:00,560 EXACTLY WHAT I LEARNED WITH YOU, 3994 02:45:00,560 --> 02:45:01,720 YOU CAN PERHAPS MAKE SOMETHING 3995 02:45:01,720 --> 02:45:03,560 OUT OF IT IN TERMS OF FUNCTIONAL 3996 02:45:03,560 --> 02:45:04,560 MEANING, BEHAVIORAL MEANING, 3997 02:45:04,560 --> 02:45:08,480 THEN YOU'RE APPROACHING WHAT'S 3998 02:45:08,480 --> 02:45:13,040 HAPPENING IN THE BRAIN. 3999 02:45:13,040 --> 02:45:14,080 MARLENA COULD MAKE THIS MOVE 4000 02:45:14,080 --> 02:45:16,720 BECAUSE SHE HAD ENOUGH DATA TO 4001 02:45:16,720 --> 02:45:20,760 CORRELATE HER RESULTS WITH 4002 02:45:20,760 --> 02:45:21,880 PARAMETERS LIKE -- THIS WAS 4003 02:45:21,880 --> 02:45:22,680 REALLY DURING THE COURSE OF 4004 02:45:22,680 --> 02:45:25,840 RECOVERY OF THESE PATIENTS, AND 4005 02:45:25,840 --> 02:45:26,840 WHAT WE SAW IS THAT PATIENTS 4006 02:45:26,840 --> 02:45:28,400 THAT ARE MORE SEVERELY AFFECTED 4007 02:45:28,400 --> 02:45:31,520 AND HAVE MORE NEED FOR 4008 02:45:31,520 --> 02:45:33,560 REORGANIZATION AT HIGHER 4009 02:45:33,560 --> 02:45:35,440 PARIETAL FUNCTIONAL COUPLING IN 4010 02:45:35,440 --> 02:45:38,840 THIS MEASURE AND SEEMS THAT THIS 4011 02:45:38,840 --> 02:45:41,760 IS AN ATTEMPT TO COMPENSATE, THE 4012 02:45:41,760 --> 02:45:44,920 STORY IS EVIDENTLY NOT CLEAR 4013 02:45:44,920 --> 02:45:46,320 YET, WE'LL KEEP WORKING ON THIS 4014 02:45:46,320 --> 02:45:47,680 BUT THIS WAS A VERY GOOD EXAMPLE 4015 02:45:47,680 --> 02:45:49,440 FOR MULTIMODAL AND DEEP 4016 02:45:49,440 --> 02:45:52,880 PHENOTYPING ASSESSMENT. 4017 02:45:52,880 --> 02:45:53,880 ANOTHER EXAMPLE IS ACTUALLY 4018 02:45:53,880 --> 02:45:59,600 RELATING TO THE SAME DATASET, 4019 02:45:59,600 --> 02:46:01,520 LOOKING AT STRUCTURAL 4020 02:46:01,520 --> 02:46:02,000 CONNECTOMICS. 4021 02:46:02,000 --> 02:46:03,120 SO THE IDEA IS TO GET STRUCTURE 4022 02:46:03,120 --> 02:46:06,960 INTO THE EQUATION, AND HERE HE 4023 02:46:06,960 --> 02:46:09,120 USED REMEMBER OUR SCIENTIFIC 4024 02:46:09,120 --> 02:46:11,600 COMMENTARY FROM 2010 ALREADY, 4025 02:46:11,600 --> 02:46:13,760 BUT HE REALLY SUCCESSFULLY USED 4026 02:46:13,760 --> 02:46:16,480 SMALL WORLDNESS PARAMETERS TO 4027 02:46:16,480 --> 02:46:20,120 LOOK AT THE ANATOMY CHANGES AND 4028 02:46:20,120 --> 02:46:21,840 HOW IT RELATES TO UPPER 4029 02:46:21,840 --> 02:46:22,680 EXTREMITY MOTOR DEFICIT AND 4030 02:46:22,680 --> 02:46:26,080 BEYOND SHOWING THAT THE NETWORK 4031 02:46:26,080 --> 02:46:29,040 EFFICIENCY IS DONE IN THAT 4032 02:46:29,040 --> 02:46:30,200 HEMISPHERE, HE COULD ACTUALLY 4033 02:46:30,200 --> 02:46:33,040 NARROW IT DOWN TO A SPECIFIC 4034 02:46:33,040 --> 02:46:33,600 SUBNETWORK RELATED TO MOTOR 4035 02:46:33,600 --> 02:46:36,080 CONTROL. 4036 02:46:36,080 --> 02:46:40,000 AND THE THIRD EXAMPLE RELATES TO 4037 02:46:40,000 --> 02:46:41,120 LARGER COHORTS. 4038 02:46:41,120 --> 02:46:45,000 PERHAPS WE NEED LARGER NUMBERS, 4039 02:46:45,000 --> 02:46:49,160 AND AFTER GOING BACK FROM NIH 4040 02:46:49,160 --> 02:46:52,000 AND THEN MOVING TO HAMBURG, 4041 02:46:52,000 --> 02:46:53,520 OBVIOUSLY WHEN WE DO CLINICAL 4042 02:46:53,520 --> 02:46:55,240 TRIALS WE HAVE DIFFERENT IDEAS 4043 02:46:55,240 --> 02:46:57,640 ABOUT SAMPLE SIZES, WE TALKED 4044 02:46:57,640 --> 02:47:00,200 ABOUT 200, 500 OR MORE PATIENTS. 4045 02:47:00,200 --> 02:47:02,280 IN OUR BASIC SCIENCE STUDIES, WE 4046 02:47:02,280 --> 02:47:03,560 LOOK MORE MAYBE AT 20, WE LOOK 4047 02:47:03,560 --> 02:47:06,120 AT FIVE, WE LOOK AT 50, BUT AS 4048 02:47:06,120 --> 02:47:11,360 YOU KNOW, IT'S SUPER COSTLY AND 4049 02:47:11,360 --> 02:47:13,240 TIME-CONSUMING TO STUDY NEW 4050 02:47:13,240 --> 02:47:15,560 THINGS WITH NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND 4051 02:47:15,560 --> 02:47:16,920 A LARGE GROUP OF PATIENTS. 4052 02:47:16,920 --> 02:47:18,320 NEFORT THE LESS WE HAVE TO BRING 4053 02:47:18,320 --> 02:47:19,080 THESE FIELDS TOGETHER IF YOU 4054 02:47:19,080 --> 02:47:20,560 WANT TO MAKE A DIFFERENCE IN THE 4055 02:47:20,560 --> 02:47:26,800 SENSE OF TRANSLATION. 4056 02:47:26,800 --> 02:47:28,560 SO WE WERE VERY LUCKY TO GET 4057 02:47:28,560 --> 02:47:33,400 MONEY FUNDING FROM THE FOR 4058 02:47:33,400 --> 02:47:36,480 CLINICAL TRIAL, BASICALLY THE 4059 02:47:36,480 --> 02:47:38,200 CONCEPT THAT IF YOU DO AN MRI, 4060 02:47:38,200 --> 02:47:40,200 YOU CAN FIGURE OUT BECAUSE OF 4061 02:47:40,200 --> 02:47:41,040 DIFFERENT BEHAVIORS AND 4062 02:47:41,040 --> 02:47:45,320 DIFFERENT SEQUENCES THAT SOME 4063 02:47:45,320 --> 02:47:46,080 PATIENTS THAT HAVE THE STROKE 4064 02:47:46,080 --> 02:47:47,360 DURING THE NIGHT WHICH ARE 15 TO 4065 02:47:47,360 --> 02:47:51,960 20% OF ALL STROKE PATIENTS WHERE 4066 02:47:51,960 --> 02:47:53,240 YOU DON'T KNOW THE ONSET OF THE 4067 02:47:53,240 --> 02:47:54,440 STROKE THAT YOU CAN STILL DETECT 4068 02:47:54,440 --> 02:47:56,880 THEM AS POTENTIAL CANDIDATES FOR 4069 02:47:56,880 --> 02:47:58,440 THROMBOLYSIS AND JUST TO CUT A 4070 02:47:58,440 --> 02:48:00,480 LONG STORY SHORT, THIS WAS A 4071 02:48:00,480 --> 02:48:04,400 POSITIVE TRIAL AND IT WORKED OUT 4072 02:48:04,400 --> 02:48:05,920 AND HOW WE CAN REALLY TREAT 4073 02:48:05,920 --> 02:48:07,120 THESE PATIENTS BUT WHAT'S NICE 4074 02:48:07,120 --> 02:48:10,360 IN TERMS OF BASIC SCIENCE IS WE 4075 02:48:10,360 --> 02:48:11,880 HAVE ACUTE MRIs OF FIVE 4076 02:48:11,880 --> 02:48:13,120 PATIENTS AND ALSO ACUTE 4077 02:48:13,120 --> 02:48:16,000 FOLLOW-UP OF MRI BETWEEN 22 AND 4078 02:48:16,000 --> 02:48:16,640 36 HOURS AFTER TREATMENT WITH 4079 02:48:16,640 --> 02:48:18,960 THESE PATIENTS. 4080 02:48:18,960 --> 02:48:21,440 AND A MATHEMATICIAN AND 4081 02:48:21,440 --> 02:48:23,920 NEUROLOGIST SET OUT TO DO A 4082 02:48:23,920 --> 02:48:27,320 MEDIATION ANALYSIS TO SEE HOW 4083 02:48:27,320 --> 02:48:28,800 NETWORK DISCONNECTION MIGHT 4084 02:48:28,800 --> 02:48:32,360 RELATE TO THE THERAPY EFFECT IN 4085 02:48:32,360 --> 02:48:35,240 THESE PATIENTS AND IN THIS 4086 02:48:35,240 --> 02:48:35,440 STUDY. 4087 02:48:35,440 --> 02:48:38,240 AS I SAID ABOUT 503 PATIENTS, HE 4088 02:48:38,240 --> 02:48:41,240 LOOKED AT ALL THE MRIs AND 4089 02:48:41,240 --> 02:48:43,000 DETECTED THE LESION PATTERNS AND 4090 02:48:43,000 --> 02:48:44,120 TRANSFORMED IT INTO STANDARDS 4091 02:48:44,120 --> 02:48:47,600 BASE AND LOOKED AT THE 4092 02:48:47,600 --> 02:48:50,920 DISCONNECTION IN THOSE GROUPS 4093 02:48:50,920 --> 02:48:54,760 SEPARATED BY PLACEBO ARM AND THE 4094 02:48:54,760 --> 02:48:56,040 TREATMENT ARM, AND THIS IS JUST 4095 02:48:56,040 --> 02:48:59,280 AN OVERVIEW TO GIVE YOU A VISUAL 4096 02:48:59,280 --> 02:49:01,240 ON THAT. 4097 02:49:01,240 --> 02:49:02,680 THE DARKER THE COLORS, THE MORE 4098 02:49:02,680 --> 02:49:04,800 INTENSE THE COLORS, THE HIGHER 4099 02:49:04,800 --> 02:49:05,720 THE DEGREE OF DISCONNECTION AND 4100 02:49:05,720 --> 02:49:08,280 THOSE ARE THE MRIs THAT YOU 4101 02:49:08,280 --> 02:49:09,920 TAKE ABOUT 24 HOURS AFTER 4102 02:49:09,920 --> 02:49:12,080 TREATMENT AND YOU SEE THERE'S A 4103 02:49:12,080 --> 02:49:13,280 HIGHER DEGREE OF DISCONNECTION 4104 02:49:13,280 --> 02:49:15,520 IN THE PLACEBO GROUP. 4105 02:49:15,520 --> 02:49:16,480 THEN OF COURSE THE QUESTION IS, 4106 02:49:16,480 --> 02:49:20,040 IS THIS JUST A CONSEQUENCE OF 4107 02:49:20,040 --> 02:49:22,840 LESION SIZE BUT IT WAS ALREADY 4108 02:49:22,840 --> 02:49:25,000 SOMEHOW SPECIFIC TO INFERIOR 4109 02:49:25,000 --> 02:49:29,440 FRONTAL POST CENTRAL -- THIS WAS 4110 02:49:29,440 --> 02:49:30,320 NOT JUST BECAUSE THOSE REGIONS 4111 02:49:30,320 --> 02:49:32,400 WERE CLOSE TO THE LESIONS OR 4112 02:49:32,400 --> 02:49:33,800 WHERE THE LESION SITES. 4113 02:49:33,800 --> 02:49:38,400 AND AT THE END, STATISTICALLY, 4114 02:49:38,400 --> 02:49:43,280 THEY COULD SHOW THAT THE 4115 02:49:43,280 --> 02:49:45,920 DISCONNECTION DEGREE IN THE 4116 02:49:45,920 --> 02:49:47,480 ALTEPLASE TREATED GROUP IS LESS 4117 02:49:47,480 --> 02:49:51,040 SO IT'S -- THE MEDIATION 4118 02:49:51,040 --> 02:49:53,160 ANALYSIS SHOWED VERY CLEARLY 4119 02:49:53,160 --> 02:49:57,360 THAT THIS IS AN EFFECT, IT'S A 4120 02:49:57,360 --> 02:49:58,560 SIGNIFICANT IMPACT OF THE 4121 02:49:58,560 --> 02:49:59,760 DISCONNECTION PROGRESSION BUT 4122 02:49:59,760 --> 02:50:01,560 NOT OF LESION GROWTH OR LESION 4123 02:50:01,560 --> 02:50:03,200 SIZE ON FUNCTIONAL OUTCOME. 4124 02:50:03,200 --> 02:50:05,640 SO HERE I THINK IT'S A NICE 4125 02:50:05,640 --> 02:50:07,240 EXAMPLE HOW PACE IK SCIENCE WHAT 4126 02:50:07,240 --> 02:50:11,720 I LEARNED IN YOUR LAB AS AN HMCS 4127 02:50:11,720 --> 02:50:13,120 FELLOW CAN ALSO BE TRANSLATED 4128 02:50:13,120 --> 02:50:15,200 NOW INTO LARGER COHORTS AND BE 4129 02:50:15,200 --> 02:50:18,280 VERY USEFUL IN UNDERSTANDING 4130 02:50:18,280 --> 02:50:20,480 RELEVANT CLINICAL EFFECTS. 4131 02:50:20,480 --> 02:50:23,480 SO TO SUM UP, THIS IS, BY THE 4132 02:50:23,480 --> 02:50:25,280 WAY, A PICTURE WHEN YOU GOT YOUR 4133 02:50:25,280 --> 02:50:28,120 HONORARY DOCTORATE IN HAMBURG IN 4134 02:50:28,120 --> 02:50:28,320 2017. 4135 02:50:28,320 --> 02:50:32,480 TO SUM UP, YOU'RE DEFINITELY MY 4136 02:50:32,480 --> 02:50:33,440 GREATEST MENTOR. 4137 02:50:33,440 --> 02:50:36,160 YOUR IDEAS AND LEADERSHIP HAVE 4138 02:50:36,160 --> 02:50:38,240 INFLUENCED MULTIPLE GENERATIONS 4139 02:50:38,240 --> 02:50:40,080 AND ME DEFINITELY A LOT. 4140 02:50:40,080 --> 02:50:41,600 AND I'M VERY PROUD AND HAPPY TO 4141 02:50:41,600 --> 02:50:44,000 BE PART OF THIS COMMUNITY OF 4142 02:50:44,000 --> 02:50:46,160 YOUR COMMUNITY, AND I WOULD 4143 02:50:46,160 --> 02:50:48,640 REALLY LOVE TO BE THERE. 4144 02:50:48,640 --> 02:50:49,760 THERE'S A COUPLE MORE PICTURES 4145 02:50:49,760 --> 02:50:51,520 FROM WHEN YOU GOT YOUR DOCTORATE 4146 02:50:51,520 --> 02:50:55,480 IN HAMBURG, AND FOR THAT, I STOP 4147 02:50:55,480 --> 02:50:59,760 SCREEN SHARING AND I'M BACK. 4148 02:50:59,760 --> 02:51:00,760 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 4149 02:51:00,760 --> 02:51:06,000 [APPLAUSE] 4150 02:51:06,000 --> 02:51:07,960 >>THANK YOU, CHRISTIAN. 4151 02:51:07,960 --> 02:51:11,840 SO WE ARE NOW GOING TO HAVE THE 4152 02:51:11,840 --> 02:51:18,200 PICTURE AND THE LUNCH BREAK 4153 02:51:18,200 --> 02:51:21,320 >>WELCOME BACK 4154 02:51:21,320 --> 02:51:25,160 MY NAME IS Dr. MARI AND 4155 02:51:25,160 --> 02:51:26,960 I'M ONE OF Dr. HALLETT'S 4156 02:51:26,960 --> 02:51:28,720 FORMER FELLOWS AS WELL AND I 4157 02:51:28,720 --> 02:51:32,160 HOPE SOME OF YOU GOT LUNCH AND 4158 02:51:32,160 --> 02:51:35,920 WILL BE READY FOR THE AFTERNOON. 4159 02:51:35,920 --> 02:51:38,360 THIS NEXT BLOCK IS IS MOSTLY 4160 02:51:38,360 --> 02:51:41,440 ABOUT EDUCATION AND I LIKE TO 4161 02:51:41,440 --> 02:51:45,840 SAY THAT MARK'S IMPACT AS FAR AS 4162 02:51:45,840 --> 02:51:48,400 SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS ARE 4163 02:51:48,400 --> 02:51:56,480 PARALLEL IF NOT OUT SHINED BY 4164 02:51:56,480 --> 02:51:59,360 EDUCATION AND HE HAS HAD A 4165 02:51:59,360 --> 02:51:59,880 GLOBAL IMPACT. 4166 02:51:59,880 --> 02:52:03,080 WE'LL HAVE MANY ASPECTS. 4167 02:52:03,080 --> 02:52:05,200 THIS IS THE LONGEST BLOCK OF THE 4168 02:52:05,200 --> 02:52:05,480 DAY. 4169 02:52:05,480 --> 02:52:09,320 THE FIRST SPEAKER IS Dr. MARI 4170 02:52:09,320 --> 02:52:10,720 FROM THE FOUNDATION OF THE 4171 02:52:10,720 --> 02:52:12,360 ADVANCE EDUCATION IN THE 4172 02:52:12,360 --> 02:52:13,800 SCIENCES AND SERVING THE NIH AND 4173 02:52:13,800 --> 02:52:21,440 THE BIOMEDICAL COMMUNITY SINCE 4174 02:52:21,440 --> 02:52:24,760 1959. 4175 02:52:24,760 --> 02:52:26,160 >>WELL, HI HAD. 4176 02:52:26,160 --> 02:52:27,640 THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR THE 4177 02:52:27,640 --> 02:52:28,600 OPPORTUNITY TO BE THERE THIS 4178 02:52:28,600 --> 02:52:29,640 AFTERNOON AND TO TELL YOU A 4179 02:52:29,640 --> 02:52:31,680 LITTLE BIT ABOUT THE FOUNDATION 4180 02:52:31,680 --> 02:52:33,240 FOR ADVANCES EDUCATION IN THE 4181 02:52:33,240 --> 02:52:35,120 SCIENCES HERE AT THE NIH. 4182 02:52:35,120 --> 02:52:39,080 AND AS HE MENTIONED, MY NAME IS 4183 02:52:39,080 --> 02:52:40,720 MELINDA MAR IS FOR ADVANCES 4184 02:52:40,720 --> 02:52:42,280 EDUCATION IN THE SIGNSES AND 4185 02:52:42,280 --> 02:52:44,600 FAES WAS FOUNDED OVER 60 YEARS 4186 02:52:44,600 --> 02:52:47,080 AGO TO BE ONE OF THE NIH'S 4187 02:52:47,080 --> 02:52:48,360 EDUCATION PARTNERS AND SO I'D 4188 02:52:48,360 --> 02:52:50,960 LIKE TO START OFF BY TELLING YOU 4189 02:52:50,960 --> 02:52:54,200 A LITTLE BIT ABOUT OUR ACADEMIC 4190 02:52:54,200 --> 02:52:54,600 INITIATIVES. 4191 02:52:54,600 --> 02:52:56,760 OUR ACADEMIC INITIATIVES FALL 4192 02:52:56,760 --> 02:52:58,000 INTO TWO BUCKETS. 4193 02:52:58,000 --> 02:52:59,000 DEPENDING ON YOUR GOALS. 4194 02:52:59,000 --> 02:53:00,800 OUR COURSES OR OUR WORKSHOPS. 4195 02:53:00,800 --> 02:53:02,800 OUR COURSES ARE REALLY DESIGNED 4196 02:53:02,800 --> 02:53:04,920 TO PROVIDE A DEEP DIVE INTO THE 4197 02:53:04,920 --> 02:53:06,560 THEORY AND THE APPLICATION OF 4198 02:53:06,560 --> 02:53:08,240 VARIOUS CONCEPTS WHEREAS OUR 4199 02:53:08,240 --> 02:53:09,280 WORKSHOPS ARE DESIGNED TO 4200 02:53:09,280 --> 02:53:10,480 QUICKLY GIVE YOU THE KNOWLEDGE 4201 02:53:10,480 --> 02:53:11,880 THAT YOU MIGHT NEED TO MAYBE 4202 02:53:11,880 --> 02:53:15,120 APPLY A NEW CONCEPT OR A NEW 4203 02:53:15,120 --> 02:53:16,360 TECHNIQUE INTO YOUR RESEARCH. 4204 02:53:16,360 --> 02:53:18,760 OUR COURSES ARE CREDIT-BEARING 4205 02:53:18,760 --> 02:53:20,400 SO IF IT'S AN INDIVIDUAL WHO IS 4206 02:53:20,400 --> 02:53:22,160 INTERESTED IN PURSUING A DEGREE 4207 02:53:22,160 --> 02:53:25,200 PROGRAM, OUR CREDIT IS DO 4208 02:53:25,200 --> 02:53:27,360 TRANSFER WHERE OUR WORKSHOPS ARE 4209 02:53:27,360 --> 02:53:28,600 SIMPLY PASS/FAIL. 4210 02:53:28,600 --> 02:53:31,000 ALL OF OUR INITIATIVES RIGHT NOW 4211 02:53:31,000 --> 02:53:32,920 ARE DELIVERED FULLY ON-LINE. 4212 02:53:32,920 --> 02:53:34,440 SO, THEY'RE ACCESSIBLE TO 4213 02:53:34,440 --> 02:53:36,040 EVERYONE, EVERYWHERE IN THE 4214 02:53:36,040 --> 02:53:37,040 WORLD, YOU DON'T HAVE TO BE 4215 02:53:37,040 --> 02:53:39,520 LOCATED HERE ON THE BETHESDA 4216 02:53:39,520 --> 02:53:41,040 CAMPUS OR WITH THE NIH AND IF 4217 02:53:41,040 --> 02:53:42,400 YOU ARE INTERESTED IN THE TOPICS 4218 02:53:42,400 --> 02:53:43,920 THAT WE OFFER, WE WELCOME YOU 4219 02:53:43,920 --> 02:53:46,800 INTO ALL OF OUR ON-LINE COURSES. 4220 02:53:46,800 --> 02:53:48,600 ALL OF OUR INITIATIVES ARE 4221 02:53:48,600 --> 02:53:51,400 DESIGNED ACCORDING TO 4222 02:53:51,400 --> 02:53:52,000 RESEARCH-BACKED BEST-PRACTICES 4223 02:53:52,000 --> 02:53:53,800 FOR HOW ADULTS LEARN AND HOW 4224 02:53:53,800 --> 02:53:55,080 ADULTS LEARN BEST ON-LINE. 4225 02:53:55,080 --> 02:53:57,960 WE PROVIDE HIGHLY ENGAGING 4226 02:53:57,960 --> 02:53:58,520 EXPERIENCES, RELEVANT 4227 02:53:58,520 --> 02:54:00,640 EXPERIENCES AND DESIGNED TO GIVE 4228 02:54:00,640 --> 02:54:01,920 OUR STUDENTS THE KNOWLEDGE THAT 4229 02:54:01,920 --> 02:54:02,880 THEY NEED TO ADVANCE THEIR 4230 02:54:02,880 --> 02:54:05,240 SKILLS AND THEIR SCIENCE 4231 02:54:05,240 --> 02:54:05,480 QUICKLY. 4232 02:54:05,480 --> 02:54:06,840 I'D ALSO LIKE TO TALK A LITTLE 4233 02:54:06,840 --> 02:54:08,800 BIT ABOUT SOME OF OUR TEACHING 4234 02:54:08,800 --> 02:54:10,280 OPPORTUNITIES THAT WE HAVE WITH 4235 02:54:10,280 --> 02:54:10,760 FAES. 4236 02:54:10,760 --> 02:54:12,400 SO, IF YOU HAVE AN IDEA FOR A 4237 02:54:12,400 --> 02:54:13,680 COURSE, BUT YOU KNOW, MAYBE YOU 4238 02:54:13,680 --> 02:54:15,720 FEEL LIKE OH GOSH IT'S 4239 02:54:15,720 --> 02:54:17,480 TIME-CONSUMING AND IT SEEMS 4240 02:54:17,480 --> 02:54:19,400 CAN'TING, WE PROVIDE FULL SCALE 4241 02:54:19,400 --> 02:54:20,560 SUPPORT FOR EVERY ASPECT OF 4242 02:54:20,560 --> 02:54:23,320 COURSE DEVELOPMENT ASK DELIVERY 4243 02:54:23,320 --> 02:54:24,560 AND AGAIN, WE ALSO, AS WE TRAIN 4244 02:54:24,560 --> 02:54:26,360 OUR FACULTY, WE TRAIN THEM AGAIN 4245 02:54:26,360 --> 02:54:27,680 IN THOSE BEST TEACHING PRACTICES 4246 02:54:27,680 --> 02:54:29,800 TO ENSURE THAT WE HAVE A 4247 02:54:29,800 --> 02:54:31,400 HIGH-QUALITY, HIGHLY ENRICHING 4248 02:54:31,400 --> 02:54:32,600 EXPERIENCE FOR OUR STUDENTS. 4249 02:54:32,600 --> 02:54:34,240 SO I REALLY INVITE YOU TO CHECK 4250 02:54:34,240 --> 02:54:36,200 OUT US IF YOU HAVE NOT 4251 02:54:36,200 --> 02:54:38,560 INVESTIGATED WHAT WE OFFER 4252 02:54:38,560 --> 02:54:39,720 BEFORE AT FAES.ORG. 4253 02:54:39,720 --> 02:54:41,560 AND I JUST WITH A COUPLE 4254 02:54:41,560 --> 02:54:43,160 REMAINING MINUTES HERE, I'D LIKE 4255 02:54:43,160 --> 02:54:44,600 TO TELL YOU ABOUT THE OTHER WAYS 4256 02:54:44,600 --> 02:54:48,080 WE SUPPORT THE NIH AS WELL. 4257 02:54:48,080 --> 02:54:51,040 SO, IN ADDITION TO ALL OF OUR 4258 02:54:51,040 --> 02:54:52,320 ACADEMIC INITIATIVES WE SPONSOR 4259 02:54:52,320 --> 02:54:54,800 MUSIC AND CULTURALISM ON CAMPUS 4260 02:54:54,800 --> 02:54:56,120 AS WELL AS LEADERSHIP, 4261 02:54:56,120 --> 02:54:58,000 NETWORKING EVENTS, AND FAES WAS 4262 02:54:58,000 --> 02:55:01,000 DESIGNED TO BRING SCIENTISTS 4263 02:55:01,000 --> 02:55:02,080 TOGETHER AND HELP SHARE THEIR 4264 02:55:02,080 --> 02:55:03,240 SCIENCE WITH EACH OTHER AND O 4265 02:55:03,240 --> 02:55:07,080 THSO IT'SAN OPPORTUNITY TO BRING 4266 02:55:07,080 --> 02:55:09,440 EVERYBODY TOGETHER AND ALLOW 4267 02:55:09,440 --> 02:55:10,360 THEM TO COMMUNICATE ABOUT OUR 4268 02:55:10,360 --> 02:55:12,400 SCIENCE SO WE CAN BRING IT TO A 4269 02:55:12,400 --> 02:55:22,800 WIDER AUDIENCE SO THAT. 4270 02:55:25,320 --> 02:55:26,480 WE REALLY APPRECIATE THE 4271 02:55:26,480 --> 02:55:31,000 OPPORTUNITY TO SUPPORT THIS 4272 02:55:31,000 --> 02:55:31,760 SYMPOSIUM AND TELL YOU MORE 4273 02:55:31,760 --> 02:55:32,680 ABOUT OUR INITIATIVES. 4274 02:55:32,680 --> 02:55:33,760 IF YOU ARE INTERESTED IN TAKING 4275 02:55:33,760 --> 02:55:35,400 CLASSES WITH US, TEACHING 4276 02:55:35,400 --> 02:55:38,360 CLASSES WITH US, EVERYTHING'S 4277 02:55:38,360 --> 02:55:40,920 ON-LINE, HIGHLY FLEXIBLE AND 4278 02:55:40,920 --> 02:55:41,800 ACCESSIBLE SO CHECK OUT WHAT WE 4279 02:55:41,800 --> 02:55:43,280 HAVE TO OFFER AND THANK YOU 4280 02:55:43,280 --> 02:55:43,480 AGAIN. 4281 02:55:43,480 --> 02:55:48,840 [APPLAUSE] 4282 02:55:48,840 --> 02:55:52,160 >>THANK YOU FOR THAT OVERVIEW 4283 02:55:52,160 --> 02:55:53,000 OF THE FAES. 4284 02:55:53,000 --> 02:55:56,640 MOVING TO OUR NEXT SPEAKER, I 4285 02:55:56,640 --> 02:56:01,920 WOULD LIKE TO ASK Dr. JOE 4286 02:56:01,920 --> 02:56:04,840 JANKOVIC TO TELL US APPROXIMATE 4287 02:56:04,840 --> 02:56:14,120 THE FAMED ASPEN COURSE. 4288 02:56:14,120 --> 02:56:17,440 GOOD AFTERNOON, EVERYONE. 4289 02:56:17,440 --> 02:56:20,440 I'M DELIGHTED AND HONORED TO 4290 02:56:20,440 --> 02:56:24,640 PARTICIPATE IN THIS EVENT 4291 02:56:24,640 --> 02:56:25,080 HONORING MARK HALLETT. 4292 02:56:25,080 --> 02:56:32,080 I MUST SAY WHEN I HEARD ABOUT 4293 02:56:32,080 --> 02:56:32,360 FESTSCHRIFT. 4294 02:56:32,360 --> 02:56:36,320 I HAD TO LOOK IT UP IN THE 4295 02:56:36,320 --> 02:56:37,920 DICTIONARY AND IT'S HONORING A 4296 02:56:37,920 --> 02:56:40,680 RESPECTED PERSON, ESPECIALLY AN 4297 02:56:40,680 --> 02:56:43,760 ACADEMIC AND IT'S THE ONLY THING 4298 02:56:43,760 --> 02:56:48,000 Dr. HALLETT FITS THAT DEFINITIO. 4299 02:56:48,000 --> 02:56:50,000 THIS MORNING WE FOCUSED ON MARK 4300 02:56:50,000 --> 02:56:53,560 AS A SCIENTIST AND THIS 4301 02:56:53,560 --> 02:56:55,120 AFTERNOON'S SESSION WILL BE 4302 02:56:55,120 --> 02:56:57,840 FOCUSING ON MARK HALLETT AS AN 4303 02:56:57,840 --> 02:57:00,040 EDUCATOR AND THAT IS THE TOPIC A 4304 02:57:00,040 --> 02:57:03,560 I WANTED TO FOCUS ON AND 4305 02:57:03,560 --> 02:57:05,680 HIGHLIGHT DURING MY 4306 02:57:05,680 --> 02:57:06,320 REPRESENTATION. 4307 02:57:06,320 --> 02:57:09,320 SO, AS YOU KNOW, MARK HAS MANY, 4308 02:57:09,320 --> 02:57:12,440 MANY INTERESTS AND MANY LOVES. 4309 02:57:12,440 --> 02:57:14,440 HE HAS THREE MAIN LOVES, JUDY 4310 02:57:14,440 --> 02:57:16,800 AND HIS FAMILY, BEING THE MOST 4311 02:57:16,800 --> 02:57:18,080 IMPORTANT LOVE. 4312 02:57:18,080 --> 02:57:20,480 WORK IS PROBABLY THE SECOND MOST 4313 02:57:20,480 --> 02:57:25,360 IMPORTANT LOVE AND TRAVEL I THE 4314 02:57:25,360 --> 02:57:26,440 THIRD MOST IMPORTANT LOVE. 4315 02:57:26,440 --> 02:57:34,680 THIS IS MARK HALLETT'S ANNUAG 4316 02:57:34,680 --> 02:57:36,560 HIS FAMILY AND IT'S CLEARLY THE 4317 02:57:36,560 --> 02:57:40,240 MOST IMPORTANT LOVE IN HIS LIFE. 4318 02:57:40,240 --> 02:57:44,600 HE AND I SHARE MANY INTERESTING 4319 02:57:44,600 --> 02:57:47,560 INCLUDING PHOTOGRAPHY AND AND O 4320 02:57:47,560 --> 02:57:48,840 I'M GOING TO ACTUALLY SHARE WITH 4321 02:57:48,840 --> 02:57:51,120 YOU MANY, MANY PICTURES THAT I 4322 02:57:51,120 --> 02:57:57,720 HAVE TAKEN OVER THE YEARS AND I 4323 02:57:57,720 --> 02:57:59,400 HAVE KNOWN MARK LONGER THAN MOST 4324 02:57:59,400 --> 02:58:01,040 OF YOU AND WE'VE SHARED MANY, 4325 02:58:01,040 --> 02:58:03,040 MANY HAPPY OCCASION AND I WANT 4326 02:58:03,040 --> 02:58:05,320 TO SHARE THOSE WITH YOU. 4327 02:58:05,320 --> 02:58:07,560 FOCUSING MAINLY ON THE ASPEN 4328 02:58:07,560 --> 02:58:08,160 COURSE. 4329 02:58:08,160 --> 02:58:12,240 SO, WHEN THE MOVEMENT IS ON 4330 02:58:12,240 --> 02:58:13,840 SOCIETY STARTED WITH DAVID 4331 02:58:13,840 --> 02:58:15,600 MARSDEN, AND MYSELF AS THE FIRST 4332 02:58:15,600 --> 02:58:18,720 THREE PRESIDENTS, OF THE SOCIETY 4333 02:58:18,720 --> 02:58:20,480 WE FELT THAT THERE WAS OF A NEED 4334 02:58:20,480 --> 02:58:24,760 FOR AN EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM FOR 4335 02:58:24,760 --> 02:58:27,360 OTHER PRACTITIONERS AND 4336 02:58:27,360 --> 02:58:29,400 TRAINEESES AND WE ASKED VENUES 4337 02:58:29,400 --> 02:58:35,160 AND SETTLED ON ASPEN WHICH I 4338 02:58:35,160 --> 02:58:38,960 CALLED IT DISNEY LAPPED FOR DISS 4339 02:58:38,960 --> 02:58:40,800 BECAUSE IT HAS EVERYTHING YOU 4340 02:58:40,800 --> 02:58:41,400 WANT. 4341 02:58:41,400 --> 02:58:43,200 IT HAS AMBIANCE AND BEAUTIFUL 4342 02:58:43,200 --> 02:58:48,080 AND HIKING AND ALL THE OUTDOOR 4343 02:58:48,080 --> 02:58:48,400 ACTIVITIES. 4344 02:58:48,400 --> 02:58:49,880 ASPEN INSTITUTE HAS EVERYTHING 4345 02:58:49,880 --> 02:58:53,080 THAT ANY ADULT ENJOYS 4346 02:58:53,080 --> 02:58:55,080 PARTICULARLY THOSE OF US WHO ARE 4347 02:58:55,080 --> 02:58:56,360 SOMEWHAT STIMULATED BY THESE 4348 02:58:56,360 --> 02:58:58,720 KIND OF ACTIVITIES. 4349 02:58:58,720 --> 02:59:02,680 SO THIS IS TAKEN AT THE TIME OF 4350 02:59:02,680 --> 02:59:06,720 THE FIRST ASPEN COURSE, 1991 4351 02:59:06,720 --> 02:59:09,160 WITH STAN FAHN AND DAVID 4352 02:59:09,160 --> 02:59:11,600 MARSDEN, UNFORTUNATELY, STAN 4353 02:59:11,600 --> 02:59:14,840 CANNOT WITH US TODAY BECAUSE OF 4354 02:59:14,840 --> 02:59:15,080 ILLNESS. 4355 02:59:15,080 --> 02:59:18,960 AND I CHERISH THE MOMENTS WHEN 4356 02:59:18,960 --> 02:59:21,120 WE SPENT TIME TOGETHER IN THE 4357 02:59:21,120 --> 02:59:25,280 FIRST 10 YEARS OF THE ASPEN 4358 02:59:25,280 --> 02:59:30,880 COURSE AND THROUGH 1991 AND 998, 4359 02:59:30,880 --> 02:59:32,920 DAVID AND I WERE DOING FACULTY 4360 02:59:32,920 --> 02:59:40,160 AND UNFORTUNATELY IN 1998, DAVID 4361 02:59:40,160 --> 02:59:42,240 MARSDEN DIED HERELY AND BETHESDA 4362 02:59:42,240 --> 02:59:47,160 AND VISITING FELLOW WITH MARK 4363 02:59:47,160 --> 02:59:50,000 AND SO BECAUSE OF THE UNTIMELY 4364 02:59:50,000 --> 02:59:51,960 PASSING OF DAVID WE OBVIOUSLY 4365 02:59:51,960 --> 02:59:55,640 HAD TO LOOK FOR OTHER FACULTY 4366 02:59:55,640 --> 02:59:57,960 AND MARK HALLETT AND PETER 4367 02:59:57,960 --> 03:00:00,800 JENNER TO JOIN US SO THE FOUR OF 4368 03:00:00,800 --> 03:00:07,320 US BETWEEN 1999 AND 2008 AND 4369 03:00:07,320 --> 03:00:10,760 WHEN PETER JENNER DROPPED OUT 4370 03:00:10,760 --> 03:00:16,640 AND MARK, STAN AND I AND FACULTY 4371 03:00:16,640 --> 03:00:18,040 BECAUSE 2009 AND 2016. 4372 03:00:18,040 --> 03:00:19,600 AFTER 20 YEARS OF AFFILIATION 4373 03:00:19,600 --> 03:00:21,680 WITH THE UNIVERSITY, THE 4374 03:00:21,680 --> 03:00:23,800 MOVEMENT IS SOCIETY TOOK OVER 4375 03:00:23,800 --> 03:00:25,440 THE COURSE AS THE PROVIDER OF 4376 03:00:25,440 --> 03:00:29,960 THE CME CREDIT AND WE ALSO START 4377 03:00:29,960 --> 03:00:36,040 EXPANDING THE FACULTY INCLUDED 4378 03:00:36,040 --> 03:00:46,040 LETTERS IN THE ANINCLUDE --OVERS 4379 03:00:46,040 --> 03:00:49,800 BENEFITED FROM THE ASPEN COURSE. 4380 03:00:49,800 --> 03:00:55,080 MARK, PETER AND I USED O HANGOUT 4381 03:00:55,080 --> 03:00:59,440 AND DURING THE COURSE AND 4382 03:00:59,440 --> 03:01:01,880 OPINIONS AND AS PEP AND THEY HAD 4383 03:01:01,880 --> 03:01:06,960 A WONDERFUL TIME IN 2007 AND 4384 03:01:06,960 --> 03:01:11,920 STAN AND I PUBLISHED THE FIRST 4385 03:01:11,920 --> 03:01:13,920 VOLUME WHICH WAS ALSO 4386 03:01:13,920 --> 03:01:16,120 CONTRIBUTED TO MARK HALLETT AND 4387 03:01:16,120 --> 03:01:17,600 PETER JENNER AND WE DEDICATED 4388 03:01:17,600 --> 03:01:22,080 THE VOLUME TO DAVID MARSDEN SO 4389 03:01:22,080 --> 03:01:23,160 DAVID MARSDEN PLAYED AN 4390 03:01:23,160 --> 03:01:25,240 EXTREMELY IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE 4391 03:01:25,240 --> 03:01:26,800 DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIELD OF 4392 03:01:26,800 --> 03:01:28,560 MOVEMENT DISORDERS AND AS A 4393 03:01:28,560 --> 03:01:34,240 MENTOR TO MARK AND SO MANY OF 4394 03:01:34,240 --> 03:01:35,680 US SO WE'RE GRATEFUL TO DAVID. 4395 03:01:35,680 --> 03:01:38,280 ONE OF MY BIGGEST REGRETS, I 4396 03:01:38,280 --> 03:01:41,880 HAVE NOT VIDEOTAPED DAVID'S 4397 03:01:41,880 --> 03:01:46,440 LECTURES IN MEETINGS BECAUSE 4398 03:01:46,440 --> 03:01:49,760 DAVID WAS ONE OF THE MOST 4399 03:01:49,760 --> 03:01:52,960 ELOQUENT SPEAKERS AND DURING THE 4400 03:01:52,960 --> 03:01:56,560 ASPEN COURSE, I CHILDREN 4401 03:01:56,560 --> 03:02:00,720 REFERRED TO THEM AS JAMES POND 4402 03:02:00,720 --> 03:02:04,040 AND HE WAS A CONNOISSEUR OF GOOD 4403 03:02:04,040 --> 03:02:05,240 LIVING. 4404 03:02:05,240 --> 03:02:06,640 BETWEEN 2009 AND 2015, THE THREE 4405 03:02:06,640 --> 03:02:10,880 OF US CONTINUED TO UP THE COURSE 4406 03:02:10,880 --> 03:02:12,880 AND THERE WAS A BANNER ACROSS 4407 03:02:12,880 --> 03:02:18,400 THE MAIN STREET IN ASPEN AND IN 4408 03:02:18,400 --> 03:02:22,680 STAN AND MARK AND I PUBLISHED 4409 03:02:22,680 --> 03:02:24,160 THE MOVEMENT DISORDERS AND WE 4410 03:02:24,160 --> 03:02:31,480 WERE VERY PROUD OF THAT ADDITION 4411 03:02:31,480 --> 03:02:33,560 AND IN 2015 WE CELEBRATED THE 4412 03:02:33,560 --> 03:02:34,840 15th ANNIVERSARY OF THE ASPEN 4413 03:02:34,840 --> 03:02:36,600 COURSE AND IT WAS THE LAST TIME 4414 03:02:36,600 --> 03:02:37,960 WE WERE JUST THREE OF US WERE 4415 03:02:37,960 --> 03:02:42,640 THE FACULTY AND WE EXPANDED TO 4416 03:02:42,640 --> 03:02:46,360 INCLUDE OTHER PEOPLE THAT I 4417 03:02:46,360 --> 03:02:49,440 MENTIONED AND IN 2016 AND HERE 4418 03:02:49,440 --> 03:02:51,080 FELLOW AND OTHER TRAINEES THAT 4419 03:02:51,080 --> 03:02:53,560 CAME TO THE 2016 MEETING AND 4420 03:02:53,560 --> 03:02:57,160 AGAIN WE ENJOYED DINEING AND 4421 03:02:57,160 --> 03:03:00,320 OPINIONS AND OTHER PLACES IN 4422 03:03:00,320 --> 03:03:00,520 ASPEN. 4423 03:03:00,520 --> 03:03:07,360 THIS IS A PICTURE FROM 2017, 4424 03:03:07,360 --> 03:03:11,360 2017 PARTICIPANTS, 2018 AND 4425 03:03:11,360 --> 03:03:12,440 2019. 4426 03:03:12,440 --> 03:03:14,080 AGAIN, MANY PARTICIPANTS AND ON 4427 03:03:14,080 --> 03:03:15,480 THE 30th ANNIVERSARY OF THE 4428 03:03:15,480 --> 03:03:17,720 ASPEN COURSE, I WAS INVITED BY 4429 03:03:17,720 --> 03:03:19,600 THE WOMAN OF THE SOCIETY TO 4430 03:03:19,600 --> 03:03:22,000 WRITE A ARTICLE IN OUR 4431 03:03:22,000 --> 03:03:23,920 NEWSLETTER CALLED "MOVING ALONG" 4432 03:03:23,920 --> 03:03:26,120 WHERE I SORT OF REVIEWED THE 4433 03:03:26,120 --> 03:03:29,640 HISTORY OF THE ASPEN COURSE AND 4434 03:03:29,640 --> 03:03:31,560 PROVIDED SOME PERSPECTIVE ON THE 4435 03:03:31,560 --> 03:03:33,000 COURSE. 4436 03:03:33,000 --> 03:03:34,800 UNFORTUNATELY, BECAUSE OF THE 4437 03:03:34,800 --> 03:03:37,840 COVID EPIDEMIC, OUR 2020 COURSE 4438 03:03:37,840 --> 03:03:40,600 WAS VIRTUALLY HELD AND THEN 4439 03:03:40,600 --> 03:03:45,040 FINALLY THIS YEAR, WE WERE AGAIN 4440 03:03:45,040 --> 03:03:48,240 IN-PERSON AND DURING THIS YEAR, 4441 03:03:48,240 --> 03:03:49,680 ALL THE PARTICIPANTS IN THE 4442 03:03:49,680 --> 03:03:51,480 ASPEN COURSE RECEIVED A FREE 4443 03:03:51,480 --> 03:03:53,960 COPY OF THE THIRD EDITION OF THE 4444 03:03:53,960 --> 03:03:55,360 MANY MOVEMENT DISORDER BOOK 4445 03:03:55,360 --> 03:03:59,000 WHICH WAS AUTHORED NOT JUST BY 4446 03:03:59,000 --> 03:04:03,520 ME BUT MARK, Dr. OKUN AND 4447 03:04:03,520 --> 03:04:05,120 CAMILLA AND STANLEY FAHN. 4448 03:04:05,120 --> 03:04:08,840 THIS IS A TWEET I CAME ACROSS BY 4449 03:04:08,840 --> 03:04:12,480 MARK HALLETT A FEW WEEKS BEFORE 4450 03:04:12,480 --> 03:04:14,200 OUR '22 COURSE WHERE HE SAID 4451 03:04:14,200 --> 03:04:15,480 LOOKING FORWARD TO THE ASPEN 4452 03:04:15,480 --> 03:04:19,840 COURSE THIS YEAR, FINALLY 4453 03:04:19,840 --> 03:04:20,880 IN-PERSON AGAIN AND GREAT 4454 03:04:20,880 --> 03:04:22,640 SETTING FOR A GREAT COURSE TAKEN 4455 03:04:22,640 --> 03:04:24,560 AT THE JOHN DEN FER MEMORIAL IN 4456 03:04:24,560 --> 03:04:25,160 AS DEN. 4457 03:04:25,160 --> 03:04:29,360 SO THIS IS OUR FACULTY FOR 2022 4458 03:04:29,360 --> 03:04:33,080 COURSE AND JUST TO THIS PICTURE 4459 03:04:33,080 --> 03:04:35,040 TO HIGHLIGHT SOME OF THE UNIQUE 4460 03:04:35,040 --> 03:04:39,160 ASPECTS OF MARK'S EDUCATIONAL 4461 03:04:39,160 --> 03:04:39,920 ABILITIES. 4462 03:04:39,920 --> 03:04:42,160 IT'S MUCH SAID THAT MARK IS UP 4463 03:04:42,160 --> 03:04:43,440 WITH OF THE UNIQUE PEOPLE THAT 4464 03:04:43,440 --> 03:04:47,480 CAN MAKE COMPLEX CONCEPTS SIMPLE 4465 03:04:47,480 --> 03:04:50,200 AND HE MUCH USED THESE DIAGRAMS. 4466 03:04:50,200 --> 03:04:52,840 HE IS FAMOUS FOR HIS DIAGRAMS. 4467 03:04:52,840 --> 03:04:55,240 THIS IS ONE OF MANY THAT HE 4468 03:04:55,240 --> 03:04:58,280 SHOWS DURING HIS ASPEN LECTURE. 4469 03:04:58,280 --> 03:05:00,480 THIS YEAR, FOR THE FIRST TIME, 4470 03:05:00,480 --> 03:05:06,120 ALL THE PRESENTERS FOR OUR 4471 03:05:06,120 --> 03:05:07,680 WEDNESDAY NIGHT VIDEO RUNS WERE 4472 03:05:07,680 --> 03:05:09,120 ALL WOMAN AND IT'S HIGHLIGHT 4473 03:05:09,120 --> 03:05:10,520 INSIDE THIS PICTURE AND IT'S 4474 03:05:10,520 --> 03:05:12,280 ALWAYS AN ENJOYABLE EVENING WHEN 4475 03:05:12,280 --> 03:05:14,560 WE INVITE FELLOWS AND OTHER 4476 03:05:14,560 --> 03:05:16,000 PARTICIPANTS TO SHOW THEIR 4477 03:05:16,000 --> 03:05:16,960 UNIQUE CASES. 4478 03:05:16,960 --> 03:05:19,360 AND THIS IS AGAIN, A GROUP 4479 03:05:19,360 --> 03:05:22,320 PICTURE FROM THE 22 MEETING. 4480 03:05:22,320 --> 03:05:25,040 OVER THE YEARS, WE'VE BEEN 4481 03:05:25,040 --> 03:05:26,160 FORTUNATE TO RECEIVES VARIETY OF 4482 03:05:26,160 --> 03:05:28,200 GIFTS FROM THE PARTICIPANTS AND 4483 03:05:28,200 --> 03:05:29,720 THIS PARTICULAR INDIVIDUAL FROM 4484 03:05:29,720 --> 03:05:32,600 MEXICO HAS ATTENDED THE COURSE 4485 03:05:32,600 --> 03:05:34,720 EIGHT TIMES AND ALMOST EACH TIME 4486 03:05:34,720 --> 03:05:38,320 HE PRESENTS US WITH A VARIETY OF 4487 03:05:38,320 --> 03:05:38,520 GIFTS. 4488 03:05:38,520 --> 03:05:42,720 SO THIS IS AN EVALUATION FROM 4489 03:05:42,720 --> 03:05:43,560 HALLETT LAST YEAR. 4490 03:05:43,560 --> 03:05:46,400 YOU CAN SEE 97% OF THE 4491 03:05:46,400 --> 03:05:49,600 PARTICIPANTS RESPONDED THEY 4492 03:05:49,600 --> 03:05:51,040 WOULD RECOMMEND SOURCE TO A 4493 03:05:51,040 --> 03:05:51,320 COLLEAGUE. 4494 03:05:51,320 --> 03:05:53,360 I WOULD LIKE TO KNOW WHO THE 4495 03:05:53,360 --> 03:05:54,720 OTHER 3% OF THE PEOPLE ARE. 4496 03:05:54,720 --> 03:05:55,120 [LAUGHTER] 4497 03:05:55,120 --> 03:05:57,800 BUT OVER ALL, THE EVALUATION 4498 03:05:57,800 --> 03:05:59,680 ALWAYS HAS BEEN OUTSTANDING 4499 03:05:59,680 --> 03:06:02,520 LARGELY BECAUSE OF MARK'S 4500 03:06:02,520 --> 03:06:03,040 CONTRIBUTIONS. 4501 03:06:03,040 --> 03:06:05,880 SO, AS YOU CAN IMAGINE, OVER THE 4502 03:06:05,880 --> 03:06:08,640 YEARS, MARK AND I HAD MANY, MANY 4503 03:06:08,640 --> 03:06:12,840 ENJOYABLE ACTIVITIES IN AND 4504 03:06:12,840 --> 03:06:14,080 AROUND ASPEN, AND ONE OF THE 4505 03:06:14,080 --> 03:06:17,560 REASONS WHY WE CHOSE ASPEN 4506 03:06:17,560 --> 03:06:19,400 BECAUSE THE ASPEN MUSIC 4507 03:06:19,400 --> 03:06:20,960 FESTIVAL, FED, LAST NIGHT, I HAD 4508 03:06:20,960 --> 03:06:23,680 THE CHANCE TO TELL THE STORY 4509 03:06:23,680 --> 03:06:28,120 ABOUT RENEE FLEMING PICTURED 4510 03:06:28,120 --> 03:06:28,360 HERE. 4511 03:06:28,360 --> 03:06:30,280 IN ADDITION TO MUSIC WHICH IS 4512 03:06:30,280 --> 03:06:32,480 EVEN NOT ONLY AT THE MUSIC 10 4513 03:06:32,480 --> 03:06:35,520 BUT THE HARRIS HALL AND OTHER 4514 03:06:35,520 --> 03:06:37,520 PLACES AND ON THE STREETS OF 4515 03:06:37,520 --> 03:06:39,920 ASPEN AND THERE'S ALSO ASPEN 4516 03:06:39,920 --> 03:06:42,280 INSTITUTE WHICH IS PROBABLY THE 4517 03:06:42,280 --> 03:06:43,920 MOST PRESTIGIOUS THINK-TANK IN 4518 03:06:43,920 --> 03:06:48,040 THE WORLD AND WHERE VARIETY OF 4519 03:06:48,040 --> 03:06:51,280 WELL-KNOWN, HIGHLY REGARDED 4520 03:06:51,280 --> 03:06:55,680 PEOPLE SPEAK. 4521 03:06:55,680 --> 03:06:57,400 SO Dr. HALLETT IS WELL-KNOWN 4522 03:06:57,400 --> 03:06:59,640 FOR AWARDS AND LEADERSHIP 4523 03:06:59,640 --> 03:07:00,840 POSITIONS HIGHLIGHTED LAST NIGHT 4524 03:07:00,840 --> 03:07:01,960 AND THIS MORNING. 4525 03:07:01,960 --> 03:07:04,040 HE IS ALSO A MAN OF VISION. 4526 03:07:04,040 --> 03:07:07,920 AND OVER THE YEARS, I'VE HAD THE 4527 03:07:07,920 --> 03:07:10,440 OPPORTUNITY TO START OR INITIATE 4528 03:07:10,440 --> 03:07:14,320 OF OR HELP ANYTHING INITIATE THE 4529 03:07:14,320 --> 03:07:17,760 RESEARCH FOUNDATION AND MORE 4530 03:07:17,760 --> 03:07:20,680 IMPORTANTLY THE RESEARCH 4531 03:07:20,680 --> 03:07:22,120 FOUNDATION THAT I WAS THE 4532 03:07:22,120 --> 03:07:24,440 ORIGINAL CHAIRMAN OF THE 4533 03:07:24,440 --> 03:07:26,120 ADVISORY BOARD HERE HE THEN TOOK 4534 03:07:26,120 --> 03:07:27,200 OVER AND BRIAN IS IS NOW GOING 4535 03:07:27,200 --> 03:07:31,400 TO BE THE NEW CHAIRMAN OF THE 4536 03:07:31,400 --> 03:07:34,360 SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD OF THE 4537 03:07:34,360 --> 03:07:36,400 RESEARCH FOUNDATION. 4538 03:07:36,400 --> 03:07:37,080 MARK HALLETT PLAYED A BIG ROLE 4539 03:07:37,080 --> 03:07:39,240 IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE 4540 03:07:39,240 --> 03:07:40,240 SOCIETY WHICH MOST OF YOU KNOW 4541 03:07:40,240 --> 03:07:43,960 IS IS THE UMBRELLA ORGANIZATION 4542 03:07:43,960 --> 03:07:45,480 FOR ALL MOVEMENT DISORDERS. 4543 03:07:45,480 --> 03:07:48,080 HE WAS I THINK A FIFTH PRESIDENT 4544 03:07:48,080 --> 03:07:50,840 OF THE SOCIETY AND I INVITE YOU 4545 03:07:50,840 --> 03:07:53,440 TO LOOK AT WEBSITE OF THE 4546 03:07:53,440 --> 03:07:55,320 SOCIETY THAT HAS A NUMBER OF 4547 03:07:55,320 --> 03:07:56,480 PRESIDENTIAL PERSPECTIVES 4548 03:07:56,480 --> 03:08:00,960 INCLUDING MARK'S PERSPECTIVES 4549 03:08:00,960 --> 03:08:02,600 SO, I'VE BEEN FORTUNATE TO BE 4550 03:08:02,600 --> 03:08:03,720 INVOLVED IN MARK FORMING A 4551 03:08:03,720 --> 03:08:05,360 NUMBER OF ORGANIZATIONS AND I'M 4552 03:08:05,360 --> 03:08:07,440 JUST HIGHLIGHTING SOME OF THEM 4553 03:08:07,440 --> 03:08:10,640 HERE INCLUDING THE MOVEMENT 4554 03:08:10,640 --> 03:08:11,600 DISORDER SOCIETY. 4555 03:08:11,600 --> 03:08:13,960 I NEVER CONSIDERED MARK AS MY 4556 03:08:13,960 --> 03:08:15,040 MENTOR, ALTHOUGH I HAVE LEARNED 4557 03:08:15,040 --> 03:08:18,560 SO MUCH FROM HIM, NOT JUST ABOUT 4558 03:08:18,560 --> 03:08:20,200 MOTOR CONTROL AND MOTOR 4559 03:08:20,200 --> 03:08:24,320 PHYSIOLOGY BUT ALSO ABOUT 4560 03:08:24,320 --> 03:08:24,640 HUMANITY. 4561 03:08:24,640 --> 03:08:27,600 THE OTHER MENNORS IN MY LIFE 4562 03:08:27,600 --> 03:08:31,560 WERE BUD ROLLAND AND STAN FOND 4563 03:08:31,560 --> 03:08:35,000 SO FUNNY I JUST WANTED TO 4564 03:08:35,000 --> 03:08:39,320 CONGRATULATE MARK ON HIS 4565 03:08:39,320 --> 03:08:44,440 RETIREMENT AND I THINK PICKLE 4566 03:08:44,440 --> 03:08:46,400 BALL IS IN YOUR FUTURE AND I'M 4567 03:08:46,400 --> 03:08:51,040 GOING TO STEP DOWN AND KISS THE 4568 03:08:51,040 --> 03:08:59,000 RING AND YOU ARE INVITE TO GO 4569 03:08:59,000 --> 03:09:07,120 OU.>>THANK YOU FOR THAT 4570 03:09:07,120 --> 03:09:08,760 PICTURE-HEAVY OVERVIEW AND 4571 03:09:08,760 --> 03:09:12,400 OVERVIEW AND CONTINUING WITH 4572 03:09:12,400 --> 03:09:14,200 MARK'S IMPACT GLOBALLY AND WE 4573 03:09:14,200 --> 03:09:16,920 WILL HEAR ABOUT HIS IMPACT 4574 03:09:16,920 --> 03:09:20,840 EDUCATIONALLY AND LOCALLY OR 4575 03:09:20,840 --> 03:09:23,120 REGIONALLY AND STEVE RICH WILL 4576 03:09:23,120 --> 03:09:26,200 TELL US ABOUT THE REGIONAL 4577 03:09:26,200 --> 03:09:30,520 MOVEMENT DISORDER QUARTERLY 4578 03:09:30,520 --> 03:09:33,640 MEETINGS. 4579 03:09:33,640 --> 03:09:36,960 >>I'M HAPPY TO PARTICIPATE AND 4580 03:09:36,960 --> 03:09:38,720 GIVE YOU ANOTHER GLIMPSE OF MARK 4581 03:09:38,720 --> 03:09:41,240 AS AN EDUCATOR. 4582 03:09:41,240 --> 03:09:42,920 JOE TALKED ABOUT APP 4583 03:09:42,920 --> 03:09:44,000 INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM BUT WE'VE 4584 03:09:44,000 --> 03:09:45,720 HAD A COMPARABLE, VERY 4585 03:09:45,720 --> 03:09:46,880 SUCCESSFUL REGIONAL PROGRAM 4586 03:09:46,880 --> 03:09:50,600 GOING ON NOW FOR 32 YEARS HERE. 4587 03:09:50,600 --> 03:09:52,480 THIS WAS STARTED, I'LL TELL YOU, 4588 03:09:52,480 --> 03:09:53,960 A NUMBER OF YEARS AGO. 4589 03:09:53,960 --> 03:09:56,080 THE BALTIMORE-WASHINGTON 4590 03:09:56,080 --> 03:09:57,480 REGIONAL MOVEMENT DISORDERS 4591 03:09:57,480 --> 03:09:59,280 DINNER CONFERENCE BUT TWO 4592 03:09:59,280 --> 03:10:01,200 CONFERENCES AGO, WE DECIDED TO 4593 03:10:01,200 --> 03:10:02,960 NAME THIS FOR MARK AND IT'S NOW 4594 03:10:02,960 --> 03:10:09,960 KNOWN AS THE MARK HALLETT 4595 03:10:09,960 --> 03:10:11,240 MOVEMENT DISSEN CONFERENCE. 4596 03:10:11,240 --> 03:10:13,080 THIS WAS STARTED IN 1990. 4597 03:10:13,080 --> 03:10:15,320 I WAS AT JOHNS HOPKINS THEN AND 4598 03:10:15,320 --> 03:10:18,120 IT WAS A VERY INFORMAL MEETING. 4599 03:10:18,120 --> 03:10:19,800 WE DIDN'T HAVE REGULAR SCHEDULE 4600 03:10:19,800 --> 03:10:24,480 AND WE WENT BACK AND FOURTH 4601 03:10:24,480 --> 03:10:25,640 BETWEEN LATE AFTERNOON AND 4602 03:10:25,640 --> 03:10:27,560 EVENING MEETINGS WITH HOPKINS 4603 03:10:27,560 --> 03:10:28,960 AND RESEARCH PRESENTATIONS AND 4604 03:10:28,960 --> 03:10:33,600 WE WOULD HAVE A VERY CASUAL LOW 4605 03:10:33,600 --> 03:10:38,480 BUDGET DINNER AND WE SHOWED 4606 03:10:38,480 --> 03:10:39,920 VIDEO TAPES OF INTERESTING 4607 03:10:39,920 --> 03:10:41,120 PATIENTS TO EACH AND OVER THE 4608 03:10:41,120 --> 03:10:44,880 YEARS, THIS EXPANDED AND WE 4609 03:10:44,880 --> 03:10:47,440 ADDED OTHER CENTERS IN THE 4610 03:10:47,440 --> 03:10:48,600 REGION TO OUR PROGRAM AND I'LL 4611 03:10:48,600 --> 03:10:50,000 GO THROUGH THOSE IN A MOMENT. 4612 03:10:50,000 --> 03:10:51,440 WE'VE BEEN SUPPORTED OVER THE 4613 03:10:51,440 --> 03:10:53,280 YEARS, BY UNRESTRICTED GRANTS 4614 03:10:53,280 --> 03:10:55,840 FROM PHARMA AND WE'VE BEEN 4615 03:10:55,840 --> 03:10:58,480 MEETING QUARTERLY NOW SINCE 1990 4616 03:10:58,480 --> 03:11:00,520 AND EVEN DURING COVID, WE 4617 03:11:00,520 --> 03:11:03,280 CONTINUED TO MEET VIRTUALLY AND 4618 03:11:03,280 --> 03:11:05,280 WE WOULD ALWAYS ABOUT TO THE 4619 03:11:05,280 --> 03:11:06,920 HOSTS AREA FOR THE MEETING, 4620 03:11:06,920 --> 03:11:09,240 DIFFERENT HOTELS AND THEIR 4621 03:11:09,240 --> 03:11:10,240 INSTITUTIONS AND THAT MEANT THAT 4622 03:11:10,240 --> 03:11:12,920 EACH MEETING, SOMEONE WAS VERY 4623 03:11:12,920 --> 03:11:15,320 INCONVENIENCED AND OTHER PEOPLE 4624 03:11:15,320 --> 03:11:15,680 WEREN'T. 4625 03:11:15,680 --> 03:11:16,760 IT'S DIFFICULT SOMETIMES AS YOU 4626 03:11:16,760 --> 03:11:18,160 KNOW DRIVING AROUND THE 4627 03:11:18,160 --> 03:11:19,560 BALTIMORE AND THE WASHINGTON 4628 03:11:19,560 --> 03:11:21,800 BELT WAY SO THAT 10 YEARS AGO, 4629 03:11:21,800 --> 03:11:23,200 FOR CONSISTENCY AND SO THAT 4630 03:11:23,200 --> 03:11:25,440 EVERYONE WOULD HAVE A MODEST 4631 03:11:25,440 --> 03:11:27,840 COMMUTE, WE STARTED MEETING EACH 4632 03:11:27,840 --> 03:11:30,200 TIME IN COLOMBIA, AT THE 4633 03:11:30,200 --> 03:11:33,640 SHERATEN, NOW CALLED THE MARRY 4634 03:11:33,640 --> 03:11:34,320 WEATHER. 4635 03:11:34,320 --> 03:11:35,880 GENERALLY THE FORMAT OF THE 4636 03:11:35,880 --> 03:11:40,400 MEETING, IT'S CONSISTENT AND WE 4637 03:11:40,400 --> 03:11:43,040 START OFF WITH A BRIEF RECEPTION 4638 03:11:43,040 --> 03:11:45,240 AND PHARMA IS ABLE TO DISPLAY 4639 03:11:45,240 --> 03:11:45,520 THERE. 4640 03:11:45,520 --> 03:11:47,120 NEXT WE HAVE TWO RESEARCH 4641 03:11:47,120 --> 03:11:49,840 PRESENTATIONS THAT ARE ABOUT 10 4642 03:11:49,840 --> 03:11:50,760 OR 15 MINUTES EACH. 4643 03:11:50,760 --> 03:11:52,920 WE TRIED TO HIGHLIGHT FELLOWS OR 4644 03:11:52,920 --> 03:11:56,000 JUNIOR FACULTY MEMBERS TO GIVE 4645 03:11:56,000 --> 03:11:56,840 THEM AN OPPORTUNITY. 4646 03:11:56,840 --> 03:12:01,520 AND THEN AFTER THAT, WE HAVE A A 4647 03:12:01,520 --> 03:12:03,840 DINNER AND VIDEO TAPES AND WE 4648 03:12:03,840 --> 03:12:05,560 END AT 10:00. 4649 03:12:05,560 --> 03:12:07,560 WE TRY TO HAVE THE MOST JUNIOR 4650 03:12:07,560 --> 03:12:09,040 PEOPLE PRESENT THEIR VIDEOS 4651 03:12:09,040 --> 03:12:12,480 FIRST AND DISCUSSION OF THE 4652 03:12:12,480 --> 03:12:12,880 VIDEOS. 4653 03:12:12,880 --> 03:12:15,600 THE PARTICIPATING INTERESTS 4654 03:12:15,600 --> 03:12:18,440 CENTERS, AND WE ROTATE THE HOST. 4655 03:12:18,440 --> 03:12:19,600 STILL AT THE NIH AND I DON'T 4656 03:12:19,600 --> 03:12:21,960 KNOW WHO WILL TAKE OVER FOR YOU, 4657 03:12:21,960 --> 03:12:23,680 MARK, AS THE NIH HOST FROM HERE. 4658 03:12:23,680 --> 03:12:24,960 WE NEED A VOLUNTEER. 4659 03:12:24,960 --> 03:12:26,400 I MOVED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF 4660 03:12:26,400 --> 03:12:29,240 MARYLAND IN 2002, AND JOHNS 4661 03:12:29,240 --> 03:12:31,520 HOPKINS WITH KELLY MILLS, YOU 4662 03:12:31,520 --> 03:12:34,920 CAN SEE THEIR PICTURES HERE, 4663 03:12:34,920 --> 03:12:40,480 GEORGETOWN AND FERNANDO PEGAN 4664 03:12:40,480 --> 03:12:42,360 AND HOPKINS AND STEVE GRILL AND 4665 03:12:42,360 --> 03:12:47,880 ANOTHER FELLOW OF MARK AND EJAZ 4666 03:12:47,880 --> 03:12:50,120 IS FROM KAISER AND WALTER REED 4667 03:12:50,120 --> 03:13:00,280 WITH KEVIN CANARD AND PRITHA GHO 4668 03:13:00,280 --> 03:13:01,800 IS SH FROM GEORGE TOWN. 4669 03:13:01,800 --> 03:13:03,480 THINKING ABOUT OUR MEETINGS, IT 4670 03:13:03,480 --> 03:13:06,000 SEEMS THAT MANY OF THEM TO ME 4671 03:13:06,000 --> 03:13:07,400 REFLECT SO MUCH OF WHAT YOU'VE 4672 03:13:07,400 --> 03:13:09,400 BEEN ABOUT AND WHAT WE'VE HEARD 4673 03:13:09,400 --> 03:13:11,520 FROM EVERYONE THAT IS TALKED TO 4674 03:13:11,520 --> 03:13:13,680 AND SPOKEN HERE. 4675 03:13:13,680 --> 03:13:14,800 FIRST IS RESEARCH. 4676 03:13:14,800 --> 03:13:17,360 THAT'S REALLY THE FIRST TALKS 4677 03:13:17,360 --> 03:13:18,920 THAT WE HAVE IN EACH OF OUR 4678 03:13:18,920 --> 03:13:20,480 MEETINGS AND CLEARLY IT'S BEEN A 4679 03:13:20,480 --> 03:13:23,320 HUGE THEME OF YOUR CAREER. 4680 03:13:23,320 --> 03:13:24,240 PATIENT CARE. 4681 03:13:24,240 --> 03:13:26,520 BECAUSE OFTEN TIMES PEOPLE BRING 4682 03:13:26,520 --> 03:13:31,760 IN VIDEO TAPES OF UNDIAGNOSED 4683 03:13:31,760 --> 03:13:33,520 PATIENTS AND ASK FOR A GROUP 4684 03:13:33,520 --> 03:13:33,760 OPINION. 4685 03:13:33,760 --> 03:13:35,120 IT'S VERY USEFUL IN THAT REGARD. 4686 03:13:35,120 --> 03:13:36,200 LEARNING FROM OUR PATIENTS AND 4687 03:13:36,200 --> 03:13:37,960 IT'S BEEN THE THEME WITH YOUR 4688 03:13:37,960 --> 03:13:39,600 HUMAN INVESTIGATIONS BUT 4689 03:13:39,600 --> 03:13:41,160 SIMILARLY, WITH OUR VIDEO 4690 03:13:41,160 --> 03:13:42,200 CONFERENCE WHERE IT'S NOT ALWAYS 4691 03:13:42,200 --> 03:13:44,240 A DIAGNOSTIC PROBLEM, BUT OFTEN 4692 03:13:44,240 --> 03:13:45,560 SHOWING AN INTERESTING FINDINGS 4693 03:13:45,560 --> 03:13:50,360 AND OR A RARE TAKE ON SOMETHING 4694 03:13:50,360 --> 03:13:55,480 COMMON AND THE PROMOTION OF 4695 03:13:55,480 --> 03:13:57,360 TRAINEES WE HIGHLIGHT FELLOWS 4696 03:13:57,360 --> 03:14:00,640 AND JUNE INVESTIGATORS FOR THEIR 4697 03:14:00,640 --> 03:14:02,560 TALK AND IT'S A NICE VENUE FOR 4698 03:14:02,560 --> 03:14:03,240 THEM. 4699 03:14:03,240 --> 03:14:05,920 EDUCATION CLEARLY AND WE ALWAYS 4700 03:14:05,920 --> 03:14:13,200 STARRED OFF AS WE DO IN MOVEMENT 4701 03:14:13,200 --> 03:14:15,240 AS MOVEMENT DISORDER SPECIALISTS 4702 03:14:15,240 --> 03:14:19,040 WE DISAGREE ABOUT BASIC THINGS 4703 03:14:19,040 --> 03:14:20,000 LIKE PHENOMMOLOGY BUT IT'S PART 4704 03:14:20,000 --> 03:14:21,240 OF IT AS WELL AND IT'S SOMETHING 4705 03:14:21,240 --> 03:14:23,080 WE ALL ENJOY ABOUT THE FIELD BUT 4706 03:14:23,080 --> 03:14:24,600 I THINK THAT AN IMPORTANT PART 4707 03:14:24,600 --> 03:14:26,360 OF YOUR CAREER HAS BEEN TO 4708 03:14:26,360 --> 03:14:31,360 DEFINE BETTER THE PHENOMMOLOGY 4709 03:14:31,360 --> 03:14:32,560 AND THESE ARE PRESENTED BUT I 4710 03:14:32,560 --> 03:14:33,960 WANT TO HIGHLIGHT HERE, 4711 03:14:33,960 --> 03:14:35,040 SOMETHING I THINK WILL BE 4712 03:14:35,040 --> 03:14:45,600 PRESENTED LATER AND 9 THEME WAS 4713 03:14:48,640 --> 03:14:51,520 TO SNICKER AND GET THESE PEOPLE 4714 03:14:51,520 --> 03:14:52,600 OUT OF THE OFFICE WITH NOTHING 4715 03:14:52,600 --> 03:14:54,560 TO OFFER AND SIGH SKY TERRORISTS 4716 03:14:54,560 --> 03:14:58,360 WERE THE SAME AND YOU YONGE 4717 03:14:58,360 --> 03:15:00,600 SEVERAL OTHER PEOPLE HAVE BEEN 4718 03:15:00,600 --> 03:15:01,920 RESPONSIBLE FOR RECOGNIZING THAT 4719 03:15:01,920 --> 03:15:03,920 THESE ARE PEOPLE WHO KIND OF 4720 03:15:03,920 --> 03:15:05,440 TALK WOULD WALTER SAID BEFORE, 4721 03:15:05,440 --> 03:15:06,640 THAT THEY'RE REALLY SUFFERING 4722 03:15:06,640 --> 03:15:13,080 FROM A NEUROLOGICAL RECOGNIZING 4723 03:15:13,080 --> 03:15:14,440 THEY'RE IN NEED OF OUR CARE AND 4724 03:15:14,440 --> 03:15:17,000 OUR ATTENTION AND PARTICULARLY 4725 03:15:17,000 --> 03:15:18,720 RESEARCH ABOUT FUNCTIONAL 4726 03:15:18,720 --> 03:15:20,640 NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND I 4727 03:15:20,640 --> 03:15:22,640 THINK YOU'VE REALLY HELPED BRIM 4728 03:15:22,640 --> 03:15:24,080 THEM OUT OF THE BACK WATER HERE 4729 03:15:24,080 --> 03:15:25,400 AND ONE THING THAT WE HAVE IN 4730 03:15:25,400 --> 03:15:27,480 OUR GROUP AND THIS WAS MENTIONED 4731 03:15:27,480 --> 03:15:28,800 EARLIER WITHIN YOUR LAB IS 4732 03:15:28,800 --> 03:15:30,560 EVERYONE GETS A VOICE AND AFTER 4733 03:15:30,560 --> 03:15:32,320 WE SHOW THE CASE WE USUALLY ASK 4734 03:15:32,320 --> 03:15:34,000 THE MOST UNION PEOPLE IN THE 4735 03:15:34,000 --> 03:15:39,600 ROOM AND FOR THEIR CONTINUES AND 4736 03:15:39,600 --> 03:15:50,120 WE SORT OF OF THEY'RE PARTS OF 4737 03:16:09,120 --> 03:16:10,720 OUR MEETING AS WELL THAT I THINK 4738 03:16:10,720 --> 03:16:12,800 WE ENJOY INTERACTING WITH EACH 4739 03:16:12,800 --> 03:16:14,320 OTHER AND WE'RE FORTUNATE WE 4740 03:16:14,320 --> 03:16:18,760 HAVE A FEW INTERESTS OF MOVEMENT 4741 03:16:18,760 --> 03:16:19,840 DISORDERS AND WE ALL GET ALONG 4742 03:16:19,840 --> 03:16:21,240 WELL BECAUSE OF THE MEETING AND 4743 03:16:21,240 --> 03:16:23,760 ONE REALLY IMPORTANT PART OF OUR 4744 03:16:23,760 --> 03:16:26,000 CONFERENCE, AND I THINK THAT 4745 03:16:26,000 --> 03:16:27,760 MARK, YOUR CAREER HAS BEEN 4746 03:16:27,760 --> 03:16:28,840 PROFESSIONAL FUN THAT I THINK WE 4747 03:16:28,840 --> 03:16:33,160 HAVE A GOOD TIME AT THE COP 4748 03:16:33,160 --> 03:16:36,480 FRENS AND THAT OBVIOUSLY THEY 4749 03:16:36,480 --> 03:16:38,040 TAKE THEIR WORK VERY SERIOUSLY 4750 03:16:38,040 --> 03:16:41,520 AND THEY WORK HARD AND YOU'VE 4751 03:16:41,520 --> 03:16:43,920 BEEN A REMARKABLE MENTOR AND 4752 03:16:43,920 --> 03:16:46,280 IT'S PERSON THAT CAN MAKE WORK 4753 03:16:46,280 --> 03:16:47,480 FUN AND IT'S A QUALITY OF YOURS 4754 03:16:47,480 --> 03:16:52,360 THAT MADE YOU SUCH A MAGNET FOR 4755 03:16:52,360 --> 03:16:54,480 TRAINEES AND COLLEAGUES SO AGAIN 4756 03:16:54,480 --> 03:16:55,800 THANK YOU FOR YOUR CONTRIBUTION 4757 03:16:55,800 --> 03:17:03,000 TO MULTIPLE AREAS AND BEING A 4758 03:17:03,000 --> 03:17:04,280 MENTOR AND ROLE MODEL AND I WANT 4759 03:17:04,280 --> 03:17:06,720 TO MAKE AN ANNOUNCEMENT THE NEXT 4760 03:17:06,720 --> 03:17:08,000 MARK HALLETT 4761 03:17:08,000 --> 03:17:08,880 BALTIMORE-WASHINGTON REGIONAL 4762 03:17:08,880 --> 03:17:12,280 MOVEMENT DISORDER CONFERENCE IS 4763 03:17:12,280 --> 03:17:12,880 FEBRUARY 16th. 4764 03:17:12,880 --> 03:17:15,520 NOW PRIOR TO COVID, THE WAY WE 4765 03:17:15,520 --> 03:17:17,200 USED TO SET THE DATE WAS AFTER 4766 03:17:17,200 --> 03:17:19,760 ONE MEETING I WOULD SEND AN 4767 03:17:19,760 --> 03:17:20,920 E-MAIL AROUND AND BECAUSE MARK 4768 03:17:20,920 --> 03:17:22,760 TRAVELED SO MUCH, HE ALWAYS TOLD 4769 03:17:22,760 --> 03:17:24,160 US WHEN HE WOULD BE IN TOWN AND 4770 03:17:24,160 --> 03:17:32,760 EVERYONE SORT OF HAD TO MOVE IT 4771 03:17:32,760 --> 03:17:33,360 IT AROUND. 4772 03:17:33,360 --> 03:17:35,400 I WOULD LIKE TO SEE YOU ALL AT 4773 03:17:35,400 --> 03:17:37,640 OUR NEXT CONFERENCE AND IT'S AN 4774 03:17:37,640 --> 03:17:39,040 IMPORTANT PART OF MARK'S CAREER 4775 03:17:39,040 --> 03:17:40,240 AND IT'S A PRIVILEGE TO BE YOUR 4776 03:17:40,240 --> 03:17:41,440 FRIEND AND COLLEAGUE FOR ALL 4777 03:17:41,440 --> 03:17:41,880 THESE YEARS. 4778 03:17:41,880 --> 03:17:42,400 THANK YOU. 4779 03:17:42,400 --> 03:17:47,600 [APPLAUSE] 4780 03:17:47,600 --> 03:17:49,000 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH, STEVE. 4781 03:17:49,000 --> 03:17:54,920 I WOULD LIKE TO ADD A QUICK 4782 03:17:54,920 --> 03:17:56,080 ANECDOTE TO HOW MUCH MARK SERVED 4783 03:17:56,080 --> 03:17:58,840 AS A ROLE MODEL IN THESE DIGITAL 4784 03:17:58,840 --> 03:18:00,360 MEETINGS WHEN I WAS AT HOPKINS 4785 03:18:00,360 --> 03:18:02,520 AND I WAS THE PERSON COMPLETING 4786 03:18:02,520 --> 03:18:04,280 ALL THESE DIFFERENT ENTITIES 4787 03:18:04,280 --> 03:18:06,640 BEING FORMER MARK FELLOWS NOT 4788 03:18:06,640 --> 03:18:08,280 AND I MODERATED THE FIRST 4789 03:18:08,280 --> 03:18:11,040 SESSION, THERE WAS A VERY 4790 03:18:11,040 --> 03:18:13,600 UNUSUAL SITUATION WHICH SORT OF 4791 03:18:13,600 --> 03:18:14,440 COME INTO THE FRIENDSHIP WHICH 4792 03:18:14,440 --> 03:18:16,760 IS GENERALLY THE CASE IN THESE 4793 03:18:16,760 --> 03:18:19,720 MEETINGS WHERE ONE SPEAKER 4794 03:18:19,720 --> 03:18:22,000 DESCRIBED HER WORK IN MPH AND 4795 03:18:22,000 --> 03:18:23,480 ONE OF OUR SENIOR MEMBERS STOOD 4796 03:18:23,480 --> 03:18:25,720 UP AND QUESTIONED WHETHER NPH 4797 03:18:25,720 --> 03:18:28,080 EVEN EXISTED AND SHE RAN OUT 4798 03:18:28,080 --> 03:18:30,520 CRYING AND THERE WAS A COMPLETE 4799 03:18:30,520 --> 03:18:31,640 MELTDOWN AND I WAS THE MODERATOR 4800 03:18:31,640 --> 03:18:33,400 AND I'M LIKE, WHAT DO I DO NOW 4801 03:18:33,400 --> 03:18:35,520 SO MARK SAVED THE DAY. 4802 03:18:35,520 --> 03:18:38,480 HE STOOD UP AND HE EXPLAINED 4803 03:18:38,480 --> 03:18:40,880 THAT MPH, THERE'S NO QUESTION 4804 03:18:40,880 --> 03:18:42,400 WHETHER IT EXISTS BUT WHETHER 4805 03:18:42,400 --> 03:18:45,920 WE'RE OVER DIAGNOSING IT AND 4806 03:18:45,920 --> 03:18:47,720 CALMED THE MOOD AND KIND OF PUT 4807 03:18:47,720 --> 03:18:49,480 IT BACK TO THE TRACK OF 4808 03:18:49,480 --> 03:18:51,240 FRIENDSHIP AND COLLEGIALITY AND 4809 03:18:51,240 --> 03:18:53,520 SO I LEARNED A GREAT DEAL AS TO 4810 03:18:53,520 --> 03:18:56,040 HOW TO BE PRESENT AND HOW TO 4811 03:18:56,040 --> 03:18:58,280 HANDLE A CHALLENGING SITUATION 4812 03:18:58,280 --> 03:19:00,160 LIKE THAT WAS AND SO THANK YOU, 4813 03:19:00,160 --> 03:19:02,040 MARK, FOR ALL THAT GUIDANCE AND 4814 03:19:02,040 --> 03:19:03,320 BEING A ROLE MODEL. 4815 03:19:03,320 --> 03:19:05,960 AND SO NOW, WE WENT FROM 4816 03:19:05,960 --> 03:19:08,400 INTERNATIONAL AND GLOBAL 4817 03:19:08,400 --> 03:19:10,000 EDUCATIONAL COVERAGE TO REGIONAL 4818 03:19:10,000 --> 03:19:13,000 AND THEN WE GO BACK TO 4819 03:19:13,000 --> 03:19:16,400 INTERNATIONAL AND Dr. PATTAMON 4820 03:19:16,400 --> 03:19:19,200 WILL TELL US MORE ABOUT THE 4821 03:19:19,200 --> 03:19:20,840 EDUCATION ROLE OF MOVEMENT 4822 03:19:20,840 --> 03:19:21,080 DISORDERS. 4823 03:19:21,080 --> 03:19:22,240 >>THANK YOU, VERY MUCH. 4824 03:19:22,240 --> 03:19:24,560 THIS IS MY GREAT HONOR TO BE 4825 03:19:24,560 --> 03:19:26,480 HERE TODAY TO ENJOY THE 4826 03:19:26,480 --> 03:19:28,920 RETIREMENT CELEBRATIONS. 4827 03:19:28,920 --> 03:19:34,920 I'M A FORMER FELLOWS AT HMCS IN 4828 03:19:34,920 --> 03:19:36,200 2014-2016 FROM BANGKOK, 4829 03:19:36,200 --> 03:19:36,480 THAILAND. 4830 03:19:36,480 --> 03:19:40,360 I'M VERY HAPPY TO TALK ABOUT 4831 03:19:40,360 --> 03:19:41,400 Dr. HALLETT CONTRIBUTIONS TO 4832 03:19:41,400 --> 03:19:42,720 THE INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION OF 4833 03:19:42,720 --> 03:19:43,600 MOVEMENT DISORDERS. 4834 03:19:43,600 --> 03:19:45,400 THIS IS I PICTURE I TOOK WHEN I 4835 03:19:45,400 --> 03:19:48,120 FIRST CAME TO THE CLINICAL 4836 03:19:48,120 --> 03:19:49,640 CENTERS IN MAY OF 2014. 4837 03:19:49,640 --> 03:19:56,280 I WAS SURPRISED TO SEE THE 4838 03:19:56,280 --> 03:19:57,400 CANADIAN GOOSE IN FRONT OF THE 4839 03:19:57,400 --> 03:20:00,360 BUILDING SINCE NIH IS LOCATED 4840 03:20:00,360 --> 03:20:01,920 WHERE CAPITOL CITIES. 4841 03:20:01,920 --> 03:20:04,080 O I WALKED INTO THE BUILDING 10 4842 03:20:04,080 --> 03:20:09,440 AND TRIED MY BEST TO FIND THE 4843 03:20:09,440 --> 03:20:12,560 HMCS LAB AND EVEN KNOWS, IT 4844 03:20:12,560 --> 03:20:15,080 TAKES A WHILE TO FIND YOUR ROOM. 4845 03:20:15,080 --> 03:20:16,600 I THINK ALL INTERNATIONAL 4846 03:20:16,600 --> 03:20:19,400 FELLOWS, WHO ARE INTERESTED IN 4847 03:20:19,400 --> 03:20:21,080 NEW MOVEMENT DISORDERS MIGHT 4848 03:20:21,080 --> 03:20:22,160 READ THIS HAND BACK BECAUSE I 4849 03:20:22,160 --> 03:20:26,040 READ IT IT AND I HAVE YOU AS 4850 03:20:26,040 --> 03:20:29,720 INSPIRATIONS AND THEN I LOOK 4851 03:20:29,720 --> 03:20:31,760 INTO THE WEBSITE NIH AND I FOUND 4852 03:20:31,760 --> 03:20:34,280 THAT I CAN LEARN DIRECTLY FROM 4853 03:20:34,280 --> 03:20:37,680 YOU, IN THE RESEARCH FELLOWSHIP 4854 03:20:37,680 --> 03:20:38,040 PROGRAM. 4855 03:20:38,040 --> 03:20:39,440 SINCE MOVEMENT DISORDER 4856 03:20:39,440 --> 03:20:42,360 FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM HAS BEEN IN 4857 03:20:42,360 --> 03:20:47,760 THE EARLY 1980s, MORE THAN 100 0 4858 03:20:47,760 --> 03:20:49,400 INTERNATIONAL FELLOWS OVER ALL 4859 03:20:49,400 --> 03:20:51,800 OVER THE WORLD AND HAVE TIME TO 4860 03:20:51,800 --> 03:20:54,520 TALK ABOUT EVERYBODY BUT I AM 4861 03:20:54,520 --> 03:20:58,160 GOING TO MENTION THE ONES HERE 4862 03:20:58,160 --> 03:20:58,360 TODAY. 4863 03:20:58,360 --> 03:21:00,640 WE ARE NOW PROFESSOR WHO JUST 4864 03:21:00,640 --> 03:21:04,520 TALKED VERY GREAT TALK IN THE 4865 03:21:04,520 --> 03:21:07,600 TREMORS SO I GOOGLE AND I FOUND 4866 03:21:07,600 --> 03:21:12,880 THAT HE IS A FORMER FELLOWS IN 4867 03:21:12,880 --> 03:21:17,440 1991 TO 1992 AND HE IS FROM EEN 4868 03:21:17,440 --> 03:21:19,720 SO EVERYONE THAT HIS MAIN 4869 03:21:19,720 --> 03:21:23,240 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE WORLD ARE 4870 03:21:23,240 --> 03:21:26,720 CLINICAL AND TREMOR AND IN NEURO 4871 03:21:26,720 --> 03:21:27,200 MODULATIONS. 4872 03:21:27,200 --> 03:21:29,840 MOVING TO THE AMERICAN AND PAN 4873 03:21:29,840 --> 03:21:31,680 PACIFIC CONTINENT PROFESSOR CHAN 4874 03:21:31,680 --> 03:21:34,080 HERE TODAY AS WELL, WAS TRAINED 4875 03:21:34,080 --> 03:21:40,440 BY Dr. HALLETT DURING 1995 TO 4876 03:21:40,440 --> 03:21:45,560 1998 AND HE BUILT A LAB IN 4877 03:21:45,560 --> 03:21:46,920 TORONTO, CAN AND MADE IT IT 4878 03:21:46,920 --> 03:21:51,360 FAMOUS IN THE WORLD OF DISORDERS 4879 03:21:51,360 --> 03:21:58,400 AND IN 2014 AND 2016 I MET MANY 4880 03:21:58,400 --> 03:22:01,520 HERE AND CAREEN WHO ARE NOW VERY 4881 03:22:01,520 --> 03:22:05,800 ACTIVE IN THE MDS TASK FORCE AND 4882 03:22:05,800 --> 03:22:08,280 FUNCTIONAL DISORDER AND GOING TO 4883 03:22:08,280 --> 03:22:11,800 THE EASTERN PART OF THE WORLD, 4884 03:22:11,800 --> 03:22:16,720 IT'S A WORLD FAMOUS NEUROLOGIST 4885 03:22:16,720 --> 03:22:24,560 SO HE ONCE WORKED WITH Dr. 4886 03:22:24,560 --> 03:22:25,720 HALLETT. 4887 03:22:25,720 --> 03:22:27,760 IN 2003 AND 2005 AND EVERYONE 4888 03:22:27,760 --> 03:22:32,000 READS A ARTICLE ABOUT POTENTIAL 4889 03:22:32,000 --> 03:22:34,640 AND WRITTEN BY THE PROFESSOR AND 4890 03:22:34,640 --> 03:22:38,920 THAT I AM SPARED US AND LET US 4891 03:22:38,920 --> 03:22:43,600 LEARN A LOT ABOUT MOVEMENT IN 4892 03:22:43,600 --> 03:22:49,240 FROM ASIA IS USED AND SO I HAVE 4893 03:22:49,240 --> 03:22:51,480 HEARD A LOT ABOUT YOU AND THAT 4894 03:22:51,480 --> 03:22:54,280 BECAUSE YOU ARE FORMER FELLOWS 4895 03:22:54,280 --> 03:22:57,360 BEFORE I CAME TO NIH BUT I KNOW 4896 03:22:57,360 --> 03:22:57,560 THAT 4897 03:22:57,560 --> 03:23:02,440 ARE ACTIVE IN THE MDS-AOS AND 4898 03:23:02,440 --> 03:23:05,760 WHAT WE HAVE LEARNED AS A 4899 03:23:05,760 --> 03:23:07,160 FELLOWS I'M SURE THAT WE'VE 4900 03:23:07,160 --> 03:23:09,560 LEARNED CLINICAL SKILLS IN 4901 03:23:09,560 --> 03:23:12,280 MOVEMENT DISORDERS AND WE HAVE 4902 03:23:12,280 --> 03:23:16,600 CLINICS FOR GENERAL MOVEMENT 4903 03:23:16,600 --> 03:23:18,360 DISORDERS AND THEY PRESENT DISK 4904 03:23:18,360 --> 03:23:22,720 AND WE'RE IMPRESSED HOW Dr. 4905 03:23:22,720 --> 03:23:25,400 HALLETT HAD INFORMATION OR HIS 4906 03:23:25,400 --> 03:23:26,640 WAY WITH INTO AND OTHER THAN 4907 03:23:26,640 --> 03:23:30,320 THAT WE CAN SEE THAT YOU HAVE A 4908 03:23:30,320 --> 03:23:31,960 I MOVEMENT DISORDER SPECIALIST 4909 03:23:31,960 --> 03:23:35,640 BUT YOU STILL MEET THE GENERAL 4910 03:23:35,640 --> 03:23:37,400 NEUROLOGICAL EXAM BEAUTIFULLY 4911 03:23:37,400 --> 03:23:39,080 AND I'M VERY IMPRESSED. 4912 03:23:39,080 --> 03:23:40,880 EVERYONE CAN DISCUSS AND MAKE A 4913 03:23:40,880 --> 03:23:41,400 COMMENT IN OUR 4914 03:23:41,400 --> 03:23:44,200 CASE THAT'S WHY WHY WE CAN LEARN 4915 03:23:44,200 --> 03:23:47,400 A LOT OF EXPERIENCE IN THE 4916 03:23:47,400 --> 03:23:47,920 CLAIM. 4917 03:23:47,920 --> 03:23:55,080 AND AS PROFESSOR MENTIONED THEY 4918 03:23:55,080 --> 03:23:56,400 CAN PARTICIPATE IN THE ASPEN 4919 03:23:56,400 --> 03:24:01,400 COURSE AND OTHER THAN WE GET TO 4920 03:24:01,400 --> 03:24:02,120 KNOW EACH AND WE HAVE A BICYCLE 4921 03:24:02,120 --> 03:24:04,080 COURSE TOGETHER ALONG A 4922 03:24:04,080 --> 03:24:06,360 BEAUTIFUL VIEW OF COLORADO. 4923 03:24:06,360 --> 03:24:08,240 WE HAVE LEARNED A LOT OF 4924 03:24:08,240 --> 03:24:09,920 RESEARCH SKILLS FROM Dr. 4925 03:24:09,920 --> 03:24:10,160 HALLETT. 4926 03:24:10,160 --> 03:24:17,720 NOT ONLY HOW TO USE THIS FANCY 4927 03:24:17,720 --> 03:24:22,880 EQUIPMENT, AND AT FIRST I DIDN'T 4928 03:24:22,880 --> 03:24:24,480 KNOW WHY WE HAD TO HAVE A 4929 03:24:24,480 --> 03:24:26,080 MEETING EVERY WEDNESDAY BUT NOW 4930 03:24:26,080 --> 03:24:27,720 I APPRECIATE THAT WE CAN HELP 4931 03:24:27,720 --> 03:24:31,400 EACH OTHER TO FOLLOW-UP AND 4932 03:24:31,400 --> 03:24:35,760 RECOGNIZE PROBLEMS AND RESOLVE 4933 03:24:35,760 --> 03:24:38,360 TMS ARE THE MAIN EQUIPMENT FOR 4934 03:24:38,360 --> 03:24:39,880 STUDYING CLIP CALF MOVEMENT 4935 03:24:39,880 --> 03:24:42,120 DISORDER HERE AND I DIDN'T KNOW 4936 03:24:42,120 --> 03:24:42,960 ANYTHING ABOUT THESE THINGS 4937 03:24:42,960 --> 03:24:45,640 BEFORE I CAME TO THE NIH. 4938 03:24:45,640 --> 03:24:50,560 O SO, I STARTED TO BE A SUBJECT 4939 03:24:50,560 --> 03:24:52,440 FIRST AND I CAN CONDUCT MY OWN 4940 03:24:52,440 --> 03:24:52,640 PROJECT. 4941 03:24:52,640 --> 03:24:53,960 THIS IS WHAT WE LEARNED AND HOW 4942 03:24:53,960 --> 03:24:57,400 TO START FROM THE BEGINNING. 4943 03:24:57,400 --> 03:25:01,120 AND THEN YOU CAN DO IT. 4944 03:25:01,120 --> 03:25:07,280 Dr. HALLETT TEACHES HOW TO 4945 03:25:07,280 --> 03:25:08,800 PERFORM TREMOR STUDY AND WE CAN 4946 03:25:08,800 --> 03:25:11,120 APPLY THIS TECHNIQUE WHEN WE GO 4947 03:25:11,120 --> 03:25:12,640 BACK TO OUR COUNTRY AND BUILD 4948 03:25:12,640 --> 03:25:15,240 OUR OWN LAB FOR CLINICAL 4949 03:25:15,240 --> 03:25:15,640 RESEARCH. 4950 03:25:15,640 --> 03:25:18,800 WE ALSO LEARNED HOW TO PERFORM 4951 03:25:18,800 --> 03:25:20,800 EGG AND BACKGROUND IMAGING AND 4952 03:25:20,800 --> 03:25:23,320 THE RESULT AND I THINK OF THE 4953 03:25:23,320 --> 03:25:25,520 PRINCIPLE AND TECHNIQUE HELPS US 4954 03:25:25,520 --> 03:25:28,400 A LOT TO DIAGNOSE COMPLICATED 4955 03:25:28,400 --> 03:25:29,800 MOVEMENT DISORDERS AND 4956 03:25:29,800 --> 03:25:32,920 FUNCTIONSAL IMAGING IS FOR DOING 4957 03:25:32,920 --> 03:25:34,480 RESEARCH HERE AND MOST FELLOW 4958 03:25:34,480 --> 03:25:36,880 HAVE THE OPPORTUNITIES TO 4959 03:25:36,880 --> 03:25:40,720 PERFORM MRA AND USE TECHNIQUE TO 4960 03:25:40,720 --> 03:25:42,160 ANALYZE THE DATA AND EXPORT 4961 03:25:42,160 --> 03:25:44,760 PATHO PHYSIOLOGIES OF MOVEMENT 4962 03:25:44,760 --> 03:25:49,200 DISORDERS AND I ALSO LEARNED TO 4963 03:25:49,200 --> 03:25:51,960 PERFORM AND DO THE SCALE HERE 4964 03:25:51,960 --> 03:25:57,760 AND I APPRECIATE I CAN DO IT. 4965 03:25:57,760 --> 03:25:59,040 THE MOST IMPORTANT THING IS WE 4966 03:25:59,040 --> 03:26:00,640 LEARN HOW TO WORK AS A TEAM. 4967 03:26:00,640 --> 03:26:02,520 YOU CAN SEE THAT WE'RE 4968 03:26:02,520 --> 03:26:03,360 INTERNATIONAL TEAM. 4969 03:26:03,360 --> 03:26:06,480 FELLOWS ARE FROM MANY COUNTRIES. 4970 03:26:06,480 --> 03:26:09,800 TEAMWORK CAN CREATE GREAT WORKS, 4971 03:26:09,800 --> 03:26:10,760 EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS AND 4972 03:26:10,760 --> 03:26:12,680 MAKE YOU BECOME A BETTER PERSON 4973 03:26:12,680 --> 03:26:16,480 WHEN YOU CAN BE PART OF A 4974 03:26:16,480 --> 03:26:17,320 SUCCESSFUL TEAM. 4975 03:26:17,320 --> 03:26:20,880 WE ALSO WENT TO THE PARK AND WE 4976 03:26:20,880 --> 03:26:22,640 CAN BRING OUR FAMILY MEMBERS TO 4977 03:26:22,640 --> 03:26:24,600 ENJOY OUR GROUPS AND THAT MAKES 4978 03:26:24,600 --> 03:26:27,400 US FEEL LIKE WE ARE NOT ONLY A 4979 03:26:27,400 --> 03:26:31,600 COLLEAGUES BUT WE ARE A FAMILY 4980 03:26:31,600 --> 03:26:32,280 OF HMCS. 4981 03:26:32,280 --> 03:26:34,520 AND Dr. HALLETT IS A GREAT 4982 03:26:34,520 --> 03:26:37,240 MENTOR AND EVERYONE KNOWS THAT 4983 03:26:37,240 --> 03:26:38,880 HIS DOOR IS ALWAYS OPEN YOU AND 4984 03:26:38,880 --> 03:26:41,200 YOU KNOCK ON THE DOOR AND ASK 4985 03:26:41,200 --> 03:26:42,280 ANY QUESTIONS. 4986 03:26:42,280 --> 03:26:45,240 WHEN WE SEE EACH OTHER IN THE 4987 03:26:45,240 --> 03:26:47,920 CONFERENCE AFTER, WE FINISH OUR 4988 03:26:47,920 --> 03:26:49,480 FELLOWSHIPS, HE ALWAYS SUPPORTS 4989 03:26:49,480 --> 03:26:50,640 US. 4990 03:26:50,640 --> 03:26:56,000 YOU CAN CONSULT AND ASK FOR HIS 4991 03:26:56,000 --> 03:26:56,200 OPINION. 4992 03:26:56,200 --> 03:26:57,720 HE ASKS ABOUT YOUR LIFE OUTSIDE 4993 03:26:57,720 --> 03:27:08,200 YOUR WORK AS WE. 4994 03:27:08,440 --> 03:27:09,960 HE RECEIVED MANY LIFETIME 4995 03:27:09,960 --> 03:27:12,080 ACHIEVEMENT AWARDS AND BECOMES A 4996 03:27:12,080 --> 03:27:14,280 TOP SCIENTIST IN NEURO SCIENCE 4997 03:27:14,280 --> 03:27:18,320 IN THE WORLD. 4998 03:27:18,320 --> 03:27:21,680 HE CAN ENHANCE OUR 4999 03:27:21,680 --> 03:27:22,160 OPPORTUNITIES. 5000 03:27:22,160 --> 03:27:24,960 CAREEN, WHO IS WITH US TODAY 5001 03:27:24,960 --> 03:27:27,360 TOO, SHE RECEIVED JUNIOR AWARD 5002 03:27:27,360 --> 03:27:29,000 IN 2016 FROM THE WORK SHE'S DONE 5003 03:27:29,000 --> 03:27:35,120 IN FELLOWSHIP PROGRAMS AND SARAH 5004 03:27:35,120 --> 03:27:37,960 RECEIVED THE LEADERSHIP AWARDS 5005 03:27:37,960 --> 03:27:38,760 AS WELL. 5006 03:27:38,760 --> 03:27:41,680 AS INTERNATIONAL FELLOWS, WE GET 5007 03:27:41,680 --> 03:27:45,960 A LOT OF FRIENDSHIP, NETWORK AND 5008 03:27:45,960 --> 03:27:48,680 COLLABORATORS FROM ALL OVER THE 5009 03:27:48,680 --> 03:27:49,120 WORLD. 5010 03:27:49,120 --> 03:27:53,920 AND OUR NETWORKS CAN BE ENHANCED 5011 03:27:53,920 --> 03:27:56,480 OUTSIDE THE NEUROLOGY WORLD SO 5012 03:27:56,480 --> 03:28:00,960 INCLUDING OUR DOCTORS, AND 5013 03:28:00,960 --> 03:28:02,960 NURSES AND SO ELAINE IS WITH US 5014 03:28:02,960 --> 03:28:05,520 TODAY SO I APPRECIATE YOUR HELP 5015 03:28:05,520 --> 03:28:08,240 WHEN I WAS A FELLOW. 5016 03:28:08,240 --> 03:28:10,480 AND WE ALSO HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY 5017 03:28:10,480 --> 03:28:12,440 TO WORK WITH YOUNG COLLEAGUES. 5018 03:28:12,440 --> 03:28:15,480 THEY ARE NOW GRADUATED FROM THE 5019 03:28:15,480 --> 03:28:16,680 MEDICAL SCHOOLS AND THEY HAVE 5020 03:28:16,680 --> 03:28:19,480 BEEN TRAINING AS A RESIDENT. 5021 03:28:19,480 --> 03:28:22,600 I THINK WE OBTAIN STILL AS A 5022 03:28:22,600 --> 03:28:24,960 MENTOR AND WE CAN THESE FOR 5023 03:28:24,960 --> 03:28:26,880 MENTORING OUR STUDENTS AND YOUNG 5024 03:28:26,880 --> 03:28:29,560 MEMBERS IN OUR GROUP. 5025 03:28:29,560 --> 03:28:32,240 AND MORE OVER, I'M VERY HAPPY 5026 03:28:32,240 --> 03:28:35,640 THAT I HAVE A RESEARCH BUDDY, 5027 03:28:35,640 --> 03:28:39,000 SOFIE, AND WE HELP EACH IN 5028 03:28:39,000 --> 03:28:43,200 EVERYTHING BESIDES RESEARCH AND 5029 03:28:43,200 --> 03:28:46,040 WE ARE BEST FRIENDS. 5030 03:28:46,040 --> 03:28:47,760 DOING RESEARCH WITH A FRIEND IS 5031 03:28:47,760 --> 03:28:48,240 WARM AND FUN. 5032 03:28:48,240 --> 03:28:49,480 WHEN YOU ENJOY WHAT YOU ARE 5033 03:28:49,480 --> 03:28:52,080 DOING, YOU CAN DO YOUR BEST. 5034 03:28:52,080 --> 03:28:55,720 AND I ALSO ENJOY EXPERIENCING 5035 03:28:55,720 --> 03:28:57,040 FOUR CEASE ON AT NIH BECAUSE IN 5036 03:28:57,040 --> 03:28:59,760 THAILAND, WE JUST HAVE ONE 5037 03:28:59,760 --> 03:29:01,640 SEASON, HOT SEASON. 5038 03:29:01,640 --> 03:29:03,760 NO FOUR SEASONS AT ALL. 5039 03:29:03,760 --> 03:29:07,760 AND I ALSO APPRECIATE THAT IN MY 5040 03:29:07,760 --> 03:29:12,120 OF EXPERIMENT APPROXIM IN THE NY 5041 03:29:12,120 --> 03:29:13,200 REGIONS. 5042 03:29:13,200 --> 03:29:14,440 Dr. HALLETT TAUGHT US TO BE 5043 03:29:14,440 --> 03:29:17,200 SIMPLE, HUMBLE, KIND AND LOVE 5044 03:29:17,200 --> 03:29:18,720 WHAT YOU ARE DOING. 5045 03:29:18,720 --> 03:29:20,520 AND WE'VE PROMISED THAT WE WILL 5046 03:29:20,520 --> 03:29:24,360 CONTINUE TO DO RESEARCH AND 5047 03:29:24,360 --> 03:29:25,200 CONTRIBUTE TO THE WORLD. 5048 03:29:25,200 --> 03:29:27,240 THANK YOU, VERY MUCH. 5049 03:29:27,240 --> 03:29:33,760 [APPLAUSE] 5050 03:29:33,760 --> 03:29:36,960 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH, FOR THAT 5051 03:29:36,960 --> 03:29:38,960 INSPIRING, WONDERFUL OVERVIEW 5052 03:29:38,960 --> 03:29:44,280 AND SO WE HEARD PLENTY OF Dr. 5053 03:29:44,280 --> 03:29:45,160 HALLETT'S INTERNATIONAL IMPACT 5054 03:29:45,160 --> 03:29:46,680 ON MOVEMENT DISORDER EDUCATION 5055 03:29:46,680 --> 03:29:49,600 AND WE HEARD ABOUT THE ASPEN 5056 03:29:49,600 --> 03:29:51,360 COURSE AND NOW LET'S COMBINE AND 5057 03:29:51,360 --> 03:29:53,240 HEAR ABOUT ASPEN AND INDIA FROM 5058 03:29:53,240 --> 03:30:03,480 Dr. PANDEY. 5059 03:30:08,520 --> 03:30:10,480 >>VERY GOOD AFTERNOON AND IT 5060 03:30:10,480 --> 03:30:13,040 WAS REALLY INSPIRING TALK FROM 5061 03:30:13,040 --> 03:30:18,560 MY COLLEAGUE FROM THAILAND AND I 5062 03:30:18,560 --> 03:30:21,720 WAS ASKED TO SUGGEST A TITLE FOR 5063 03:30:21,720 --> 03:30:24,360 THE TALK AND ONE OF MY FELLOWS 5064 03:30:24,360 --> 03:30:26,400 SAID THAT THIS CAN BE THE BEST 5065 03:30:26,400 --> 03:30:29,360 TITLE FOR MARK HALLETT. 5066 03:30:29,360 --> 03:30:31,040 MARK'S MARKS ARE EVERYWHERE. 5067 03:30:31,040 --> 03:30:33,560 I THINK THIS JUSTIFY HOW HE HAS 5068 03:30:33,560 --> 03:30:35,080 BEEN TRAINING THE FELLOWS ALL 5069 03:30:35,080 --> 03:30:36,760 OVER THE WORLD. 5070 03:30:36,760 --> 03:30:42,760 AND WE ARE REALLY PROUD OF THAT. 5071 03:30:42,760 --> 03:30:47,920 SO, MY FIRST INCOMPETENTER INTEK 5072 03:30:47,920 --> 03:30:48,880 HALLETT I WAS DOING RESIDENCY IN 5073 03:30:48,880 --> 03:30:54,280 INDIA AND I WAS ASSIGNED TOPIC 5074 03:30:54,280 --> 03:31:01,880 TO DO A VISUAL IN PATIENT AND WE 5075 03:31:01,880 --> 03:31:03,520 WROTE THIS PAPER AND SUBMITTED 5076 03:31:03,520 --> 03:31:06,000 IT IT TO THE NEURO PHYSIOLOGY 5077 03:31:06,000 --> 03:31:08,000 AND Dr. HALLETT WAS THE EDITOR 5078 03:31:08,000 --> 03:31:13,400 OF THIS JOURNAL. 5079 03:31:13,400 --> 03:31:15,000 THE FIRST DRAFT THE STANDARD WAS 5080 03:31:15,000 --> 03:31:18,920 HIGH AND HE WROTE BACK TO US, 5081 03:31:18,920 --> 03:31:22,680 LOOK, IT'S VERY HIGH AND DO YOU 5082 03:31:22,680 --> 03:31:24,920 THINK THAT THIS WOULD BE 5083 03:31:24,920 --> 03:31:25,400 CONSIDERED? 5084 03:31:25,400 --> 03:31:32,520 THEN I OF CALLED AND OF DID THE 5085 03:31:32,520 --> 03:31:35,120 VOLUNTEERS AND I REALLY SAW THAT 5086 03:31:35,120 --> 03:31:39,480 THE STANDARD IS IS REALLY HIGH 5087 03:31:39,480 --> 03:31:41,880 AND WE SENT THE MANUSCRIPT AND 5088 03:31:41,880 --> 03:31:43,720 THIS WAS ACCEPTED. 5089 03:31:43,720 --> 03:31:46,400 I KNOW HOW MEDICAL Dr. HALLETT 5090 03:31:46,400 --> 03:31:49,840 IS AND THEN I GOT AN OPPORTUNITY 5091 03:31:49,840 --> 03:31:52,560 TO DO A FELLOWSHIP AT NIH, WHICH 5092 03:31:52,560 --> 03:31:54,920 WAS SPONSORED BY DEPARTMENT OF 5093 03:31:54,920 --> 03:31:58,480 BIOTECH LOGICAL OF INDIA AND 5094 03:31:58,480 --> 03:31:59,800 DURING THE FELLOWSHIP I LEARNED 5095 03:31:59,800 --> 03:32:01,640 SO MANY THINGS. 5096 03:32:01,640 --> 03:32:04,040 LIKE, APART FROM DOING THE 5097 03:32:04,040 --> 03:32:05,920 CLINICAL PHYSIOLOGY AND THE 5098 03:32:05,920 --> 03:32:08,640 MOVEMENT DISORDER TRAINING. 5099 03:32:08,640 --> 03:32:10,440 HOW DO I INTERACT WITH THE 5100 03:32:10,440 --> 03:32:12,640 PEOPLE AND Dr. HALLETT AND A 5101 03:32:12,640 --> 03:32:14,800 VERY GOOD FRIEND, APART HAVE A 5102 03:32:14,800 --> 03:32:15,600 VERY GOOD MENTOR. 5103 03:32:15,600 --> 03:32:17,000 HE IS A VERY GOOD FRIEND. 5104 03:32:17,000 --> 03:32:19,920 HE KNOWS HOW TO UP LIFT ANYONE. 5105 03:32:19,920 --> 03:32:23,600 HE KNOWS HOW TO MENTOR ANYONE. 5106 03:32:23,600 --> 03:32:26,960 AND HE ALWAYS USED TO INTERACT 5107 03:32:26,960 --> 03:32:28,480 AND MAYBE THERE WAS A ANNUAL 5108 03:32:28,480 --> 03:32:30,160 PARTY EVERY YEAR AND MOST OF THE 5109 03:32:30,160 --> 03:32:31,560 FELLOWS WHO HAVE BEEN TRAINED 5110 03:32:31,560 --> 03:32:34,480 AND HE KNOWS THAT HE HAS A VERY 5111 03:32:34,480 --> 03:32:35,560 PERSONAL TOUCH WHILE HE 5112 03:32:35,560 --> 03:32:37,960 INTERACTS WITH THE FELLOWS. 5113 03:32:37,960 --> 03:32:40,440 AND THIS IS THE PHOTOGRAPH, THIS 5114 03:32:40,440 --> 03:32:45,800 IS THE LAST PHOTOGRAPH HE HAS 5115 03:32:45,800 --> 03:32:47,640 BEEN GIVING A FAIR BIT TO ME AND 5116 03:32:47,640 --> 03:32:49,960 HE WAS CLEAR AND CONSCIOUS THAT 5117 03:32:49,960 --> 03:32:54,200 I AM A VEGETARIAN AND I REMEMBER 5118 03:32:54,200 --> 03:32:57,160 I WENT TO HIS HOUSE A COUPLE OF 5119 03:32:57,160 --> 03:32:59,120 TIMES AND HE WAS VERY METICULOUS 5120 03:32:59,120 --> 03:33:02,600 ABOUT THAT AND THAT VEGETARIAN 5121 03:33:02,600 --> 03:33:03,360 FOOD IS SERVED. 5122 03:33:03,360 --> 03:33:06,200 SO HE TAKES CARE OF EVERY SMALL 5123 03:33:06,200 --> 03:33:11,320 THINGS WHATEVER HE DOES. 5124 03:33:11,320 --> 03:33:13,440 COMING TO SOME INTERESTING 5125 03:33:13,440 --> 03:33:17,480 CASES, SO, I GOT AN IT 5126 03:33:17,480 --> 03:33:19,720 OPPORTUNITY TO SEE IN CLINICS 5127 03:33:19,720 --> 03:33:23,040 AND I WILL JUST POINT TWO CASES. 5128 03:33:23,040 --> 03:33:24,800 THE FIRST CASE WHERE THE POST 5129 03:33:24,800 --> 03:33:26,320 TRAUMATIC SHOULDER DIS MOVEMENT 5130 03:33:26,320 --> 03:33:32,400 DISORDER OF THREE CASES AND YOU 5131 03:33:32,400 --> 03:33:34,400 CAN SEE THIS PATIENTS WAS A 5132 03:33:34,400 --> 03:33:36,080 16-YEAR-OLD FEMALE PATIENT AND 5133 03:33:36,080 --> 03:33:39,880 SHOULDER MOVEMENT ON THE RIGHT 5134 03:33:39,880 --> 03:33:45,520 SIDE AND WE HAD A GREAT TIME 5135 03:33:45,520 --> 03:33:47,080 DECIDING IF IT WAS DYSFUNCTIONAL 5136 03:33:47,080 --> 03:33:49,560 AND THE PATIENT IS DOING THE 5137 03:33:49,560 --> 03:33:52,880 LEFT HAND IT'S NOT MOVING FROM 5138 03:33:52,880 --> 03:33:55,240 IT'S NOT DISAPPEARING AND IT WAS 5139 03:33:55,240 --> 03:33:57,600 DIFFICULT TO DIFFERENTIATE. 5140 03:33:57,600 --> 03:34:00,320 THEN, THE SECOND PATIENT, A 5141 03:34:00,320 --> 03:34:05,040 YOUNG PATIENT, 17-YEARS-OLD 5142 03:34:05,040 --> 03:34:08,960 FEMALE, AND HEMIDYSTONIA AND IT 5143 03:34:08,960 --> 03:34:12,200 WAS THE EYE-OF-THE-TIGER SIGN 5144 03:34:12,200 --> 03:34:16,520 BUT IT WAS ONLY ON ONE SIDE AND 5145 03:34:16,520 --> 03:34:20,960 WHEN THE EYE IMAGES WERE DONE, 5146 03:34:20,960 --> 03:34:23,600 IT WAS SHOWING INFARC SO IT WAS 5147 03:34:23,600 --> 03:34:26,280 NOT THE EYE OF THE TIGER SIGN 5148 03:34:26,280 --> 03:34:29,280 BECAUSE OF SOME NEURO METABOLIC 5149 03:34:29,280 --> 03:34:30,800 CONDITION BUT BECAUSE OF THE 5150 03:34:30,800 --> 03:34:33,600 POST DISORDER AND SUBSEQUENTLY 5151 03:34:33,600 --> 03:34:35,120 WE'VE BEEN WORKING A LOT ON 5152 03:34:35,120 --> 03:34:39,040 MOVEMENT DISORDER AND MUSCULAR 5153 03:34:39,040 --> 03:34:40,560 SKELETAL DISORDER AND TAKING 5154 03:34:40,560 --> 03:34:42,480 MOVEMENT FROM THIS PATIENTS AND 5155 03:34:42,480 --> 03:34:44,280 TAKING IT FROM THIS PATIENTS WE 5156 03:34:44,280 --> 03:34:46,240 HAVE THE MOVEMENT DISORDER STUDY 5157 03:34:46,240 --> 03:34:47,760 GROUP AND I GIVE ALL THE CREDIT 5158 03:34:47,760 --> 03:34:52,880 TO Dr. HALLETT WHO GENERATED 5159 03:34:52,880 --> 03:34:59,880 THE INTEREST AND WORKING IN THIS 5160 03:34:59,880 --> 03:35:01,440 HAD. 5161 03:35:01,440 --> 03:35:03,400 Dr. HALLETT IS VERY METICULOUS 5162 03:35:03,400 --> 03:35:05,560 AND THERE WAS A ANNUAL 5163 03:35:05,560 --> 03:35:06,640 PHOTOGRAPH HERE AND I'VE SEEN SO 5164 03:35:06,640 --> 03:35:09,240 MANY THIS MORNING SO, BEFORE HE 5165 03:35:09,240 --> 03:35:10,760 TAKES THE ACTUAL PHOTOGRAPH, YOU 5166 03:35:10,760 --> 03:35:14,760 CAN SEE HE TAKES A PICTURE OF 5167 03:35:14,760 --> 03:35:20,400 MAYBE JUST BEHIND THE BUILDING. 5168 03:35:20,400 --> 03:35:22,640 HE GOES AND SEE IF THE PICTURE 5169 03:35:22,640 --> 03:35:25,360 OR NOT AND THEN HE SITS AROUND 5170 03:35:25,360 --> 03:35:29,840 AND ALL THE FELLOW JOINS AND 5171 03:35:29,840 --> 03:35:30,440 IT'S BEEN. 5172 03:35:30,440 --> 03:35:35,200 SO HE IS SO METICULOUS. 5173 03:35:35,200 --> 03:35:40,360 HE PLANS PROGRAMMING HAPPENING 5174 03:35:40,360 --> 03:35:44,800 AND IT HAPPENS FOR THREE OR FOUR 5175 03:35:44,800 --> 03:35:45,280 DAYS. 5176 03:35:45,280 --> 03:35:46,440 HE GOES AT SEVEN IN THE MORNING 5177 03:35:46,440 --> 03:35:47,840 AND JUST DOES COMING ELSE AND 5178 03:35:47,840 --> 03:35:52,560 COMES BACK AND THEM HE DOES THE 5179 03:35:52,560 --> 03:35:56,640 ACTUAL PHOTOGRAPHING. 5180 03:35:56,640 --> 03:36:00,400 FOR MARK HALLETT TO INDIA IN 5181 03:36:00,400 --> 03:36:02,320 2003, HE CAME TO INDIA FOR THE 5182 03:36:02,320 --> 03:36:06,040 FIRST TIME AND IT WAS DURING THE 5183 03:36:06,040 --> 03:36:07,920 HE WAS IN INDIA WITH HIS FAMILY 5184 03:36:07,920 --> 03:36:14,680 MEMBER AND THIS IS A PHOTOGRAPH 5185 03:36:14,680 --> 03:36:18,640 OF IN 2003 AND ASPEN COURSE WAS 5186 03:36:18,640 --> 03:36:24,960 CONDUCTED IN INDIA SIX TIMES SO 5187 03:36:24,960 --> 03:36:31,040 Dr. JANKOVIC AND THE FIRST WAS 5188 03:36:31,040 --> 03:36:36,120 CONDUCTED IN 2003 IN OOTY A CITY 5189 03:36:36,120 --> 03:36:38,280 IN THE NORTH INDIA AND THERE WAS 5190 03:36:38,280 --> 03:36:40,240 A SECOND ASPEN COURSE IN GOA AND 5191 03:36:40,240 --> 03:36:42,440 I WAS FORTUNATE WITHIN THIS 5192 03:36:42,440 --> 03:36:47,440 THIRD COURSE AND IN 2010 AND IN 5193 03:36:47,440 --> 03:36:50,600 2011 AGAIN IN AGRA AND THE LAST 5194 03:36:50,600 --> 03:36:54,000 ASPEN COURSE WAS IN 2012 YOU CAN 5195 03:36:54,000 --> 03:37:00,320 SEE Dr. HALLETT, Dr. STANLEY 5196 03:37:00,320 --> 03:37:02,320 FAHN AND SO ASPEN COURSE WAS 5197 03:37:02,320 --> 03:37:07,200 GOING ON IN INDIA UNTIL 2012 AND 5198 03:37:07,200 --> 03:37:09,680 AFTER THAT IT WAS STOPPED. 5199 03:37:09,680 --> 03:37:11,480 AND MOVEMENT DISORDERS SOCIETY 5200 03:37:11,480 --> 03:37:15,280 OF INDIA WAS FORMED IN 2016 AND 5201 03:37:15,280 --> 03:37:19,000 WE HAD INVITED Dr. HALLETT TO 5202 03:37:19,000 --> 03:37:21,520 BE A PART OF THIS DURING THE 5203 03:37:21,520 --> 03:37:23,720 FIRST MEETING. 5204 03:37:23,720 --> 03:37:25,640 AND JUST BEFORE THE PANDEMIC 5205 03:37:25,640 --> 03:37:27,600 STRIKE, Dr. HALLETT VISITED 5206 03:37:27,600 --> 03:37:30,120 TWO MORE TIMES IN INDIA AND THIS 5207 03:37:30,120 --> 03:37:33,680 IS IN 2019 AND WE HAD A 5208 03:37:33,680 --> 03:37:35,040 TRADITIONAL INDIAN WELCOME AND 5209 03:37:35,040 --> 03:37:37,840 THIS IS 2020 THAT WAS IN THE 5210 03:37:37,840 --> 03:37:40,800 MOVEMENT DISORDER OF SOCIETY 5211 03:37:40,800 --> 03:37:41,840 INDIA MEETING. 5212 03:37:41,840 --> 03:37:45,680 THERE ARE MANY FOLLOW UPS AND 5213 03:37:45,680 --> 03:37:47,960 ONE OF THE FOLLOWING AND THEY 5214 03:37:47,960 --> 03:37:50,040 HAVE BEEN PRACTICING IN MUMBAI 5215 03:37:50,040 --> 03:37:52,560 AND SHE SEND HER KIND WORDS TO 5216 03:37:52,560 --> 03:37:52,880 Dr. HALLETT. 5217 03:37:52,880 --> 03:37:54,520 WITH A COUPLE OF PHOTOGRAPHS. 5218 03:37:54,520 --> 03:37:56,560 SHE REMINDED ME TO INCLUDE. 5219 03:37:56,560 --> 03:37:57,960 AND THIS IS THE PHOTOGRAPH OF 5220 03:37:57,960 --> 03:38:04,000 THE Dr. HALLETT AND SO SHE HAS 5221 03:38:04,000 --> 03:38:05,520 SENT HER KIND WISHES Dr. 5222 03:38:05,520 --> 03:38:06,880 HALLETT TO YOU AND I'M JUST 5223 03:38:06,880 --> 03:38:12,680 GOING TO CONVEY TO HER. 5224 03:38:12,680 --> 03:38:14,320 WE ALL HAVE BEEN PRACTICING 5225 03:38:14,320 --> 03:38:16,000 MOVEMENT DISORDERS ALL OVER THE 5226 03:38:16,000 --> 03:38:16,320 WORLD. 5227 03:38:16,320 --> 03:38:18,600 BUT INDIA MOVEMENT DISORDERS IS 5228 03:38:18,600 --> 03:38:21,360 A LITTLE DIFFERENT. 5229 03:38:21,360 --> 03:38:22,920 I WILL JUST SHOW HOW IT'S 5230 03:38:22,920 --> 03:38:23,520 DIFFERENT. 5231 03:38:23,520 --> 03:38:31,520 SO, THIS IS SPINAL SEBREE Y'ALL 5232 03:38:31,520 --> 03:38:33,760 DEGENERATION WITH SLOW EYE 5233 03:38:33,760 --> 03:38:34,160 MOVEMENTS. 5234 03:38:34,160 --> 03:38:38,360 IT'S THAT SLOW EYE MOVEMENTS. 5235 03:38:38,360 --> 03:38:40,000 IT'S JELLY-LIKE EYE MOVEMENT AND 5236 03:38:40,000 --> 03:38:44,760 THIS IS VERY CHARACTERISTIC 5237 03:38:44,760 --> 03:38:55,280 FEATURE AND IF YOU SEE FROM A 5238 03:38:58,480 --> 03:39:02,480 DISTANCE, THEY HAVE A LOT OF 5239 03:39:02,480 --> 03:39:06,720 TREMOR BUT THEY WILL BE 5240 03:39:06,720 --> 03:39:07,440 CLASSIFIED BECAUSE THEY HAVE A 5241 03:39:07,440 --> 03:39:15,400 LOT OF TREMOR AND THEY VERY MILD 5242 03:39:15,400 --> 03:39:17,640 ATEXI AND THOSE SEE WELL AND UP 5243 03:39:17,640 --> 03:39:20,800 WITH OF THE MOST CHARACTERISTICS 5244 03:39:20,800 --> 03:39:23,520 PICTURE OF THE PATIENTS IS THE 5245 03:39:23,520 --> 03:39:24,520 OVER ALL COMMUNITY. 5246 03:39:24,520 --> 03:39:28,160 THEY BELONG TO A SINGLE FAMILY 5247 03:39:28,160 --> 03:39:31,200 THAT COMMUNITY IS VERY RICH AND 5248 03:39:31,200 --> 03:39:33,280 THEY MARRY IN THE SAME COMMUNITY 5249 03:39:33,280 --> 03:39:36,120 AGAIN AND AGAIN AND THIS HAS 5250 03:39:36,120 --> 03:39:36,680 BEEN PREVALENT IN THIS 5251 03:39:36,680 --> 03:39:42,000 PARTICULAR FAMILY. 5252 03:39:42,000 --> 03:39:43,400 IT LOOKS LIKE PARKINSON'S. 5253 03:39:43,400 --> 03:39:46,600 HE HAS BEEN TAKING IT FOR THE 5254 03:39:46,600 --> 03:39:47,880 LAST 10 YEARS BUT HE IS 5255 03:39:47,880 --> 03:39:49,080 DIAGNOSED WITH PARKINSON'S 5256 03:39:49,080 --> 03:39:51,440 DISEASE BUT HE IS NOT A CASE OF 5257 03:39:51,440 --> 03:39:54,280 PARKINSON'S DISEASE. 5258 03:39:54,280 --> 03:39:56,360 AND THIS IS THE PATIENT WAS 5259 03:39:56,360 --> 03:39:58,480 PRESENTED IN LAST YEAR VIDEO 5260 03:39:58,480 --> 03:40:00,640 CHALLENGE AND THIS PATIENTS IS 5261 03:40:00,640 --> 03:40:05,520 AGAIN A CASE OF SCA12. 5262 03:40:05,520 --> 03:40:09,240 IF YOU SEE THIS PATIENT, HE HAS 5263 03:40:09,240 --> 03:40:13,600 A TREMOR AND WHEN TONY ASKED TO 5264 03:40:13,600 --> 03:40:18,680 COMMENT ON THIS HE THIS IS IS A 5265 03:40:18,680 --> 03:40:20,520 LITTLE NEW TERMINOLOGY BUT HE 5266 03:40:20,520 --> 03:40:23,960 SAID THAT THIS IS THE WAY I WILL 5267 03:40:23,960 --> 03:40:25,640 DEFINE THIS TREMOR IN THE 5268 03:40:25,640 --> 03:40:27,040 PATIENTS. 5269 03:40:27,040 --> 03:40:29,400 SO THESE ARE SCA12 PATIENTS AND 5270 03:40:29,400 --> 03:40:36,760 THIS IS UNIQUE COMING FROM IND 5271 03:40:36,760 --> 03:40:36,960 INDIA. 5272 03:40:36,960 --> 03:40:44,280 ANOTHER PREVALENT IS SEEN IN 5273 03:40:44,280 --> 03:40:46,040 POPULATION AND IT'S STILL IT'S 5274 03:40:46,040 --> 03:40:48,760 QUITE COMMONLY SEEN AND APART 5275 03:40:48,760 --> 03:40:53,240 FROM THE SYDENHAM CHOREA AND 5276 03:40:53,240 --> 03:40:56,000 THIS IS WILSON'S DISEASE HE WAS 5277 03:40:56,000 --> 03:40:59,080 DIAGNOSED FUNCTIONAL TREMOR AND 5278 03:40:59,080 --> 03:41:02,840 HE WAS MAYBE STRUGGLING FOR A 5279 03:41:02,840 --> 03:41:07,760 YEAR UNTIL HE VISITED OUR CLINIC 5280 03:41:07,760 --> 03:41:09,080 AND WE EXAMINED HIM AND HE WAS 5281 03:41:09,080 --> 03:41:10,520 VERY SUGGESTIVE OF WILSON'S 5282 03:41:10,520 --> 03:41:13,840 DISEASE THE PATIENT WAS PUT ON A 5283 03:41:13,840 --> 03:41:16,080 DRUG AND AFTER SIX MONTHS HE IS 5284 03:41:16,080 --> 03:41:18,040 MUCH, MUCH, BETTER. 5285 03:41:18,040 --> 03:41:20,880 SO, YOU CAN SEE. 5286 03:41:20,880 --> 03:41:24,360 I THINK VIDEO IS NOT PLAYING. 5287 03:41:24,360 --> 03:41:26,800 SO, HIS SYMPTOMS IMPROVED A LOT. 5288 03:41:26,800 --> 03:41:28,120 ANOTHER MOVE IS ORDER OF THIS IS 5289 03:41:28,120 --> 03:41:32,440 IS QUITE COMMON IN INDIA IS 5290 03:41:32,440 --> 03:41:33,400 SSPE. 5291 03:41:33,400 --> 03:41:36,880 AFTER THE MEDIAL AND THIS 5292 03:41:36,880 --> 03:41:41,480 PATIENT HAD SSPE AND HE WAS 5293 03:41:41,480 --> 03:41:48,120 PRESENTED SSPE PATIENTS AND -- I 5294 03:41:48,120 --> 03:41:49,760 DON'T KNOW BUT IT'S NOT PLAYING. 5295 03:41:49,760 --> 03:41:49,920 OK. 5296 03:41:49,920 --> 03:41:57,480 I WILL MOVE AHEAD. 5297 03:41:57,480 --> 03:42:08,000 SO -- I THINK IT'S FROZEN. 5298 03:42:26,920 --> 03:42:37,280 >>OVERLOADED THE MEMORY. 5299 03:42:39,200 --> 03:42:41,360 WE ARE LUCKY THIS IS THE FIRST 5300 03:42:41,360 --> 03:42:43,080 BLOCK OF THE DAY WE'RE ON TIME. 5301 03:42:43,080 --> 03:42:43,840 I DON'T KNOW WHETHER THIS IS 5302 03:42:43,840 --> 03:42:52,080 GOING TO CHANGE THAT. 5303 03:42:52,080 --> 03:42:54,080 SO THIS IS THE WILSON PATIENT 5304 03:42:54,080 --> 03:42:55,720 AND AFTER SIX MONTHS OF THERAPY, 5305 03:42:55,720 --> 03:42:58,360 HE HAS COMPLETELY IMPROVED AND 5306 03:42:58,360 --> 03:42:59,840 HIS TREMOR HAS GONE AND HE IS 5307 03:42:59,840 --> 03:43:01,280 DOING WELL AND THIS IS THE 5308 03:43:01,280 --> 03:43:04,560 PATIENT OF SSPE. 5309 03:43:04,560 --> 03:43:07,120 HE HAS A MOVEMENT VERY SIMILAR 5310 03:43:07,120 --> 03:43:10,280 TO THE LMR AND WHAT IS 5311 03:43:10,280 --> 03:43:11,680 INTERESTING ABOUT THIS PATIENT 5312 03:43:11,680 --> 03:43:13,280 IS THAT THE MOMENT YOU GO CLOSE 5313 03:43:13,280 --> 03:43:16,000 TO THE PATIENT, THESE HAND 5314 03:43:16,000 --> 03:43:17,560 MOVEMENT STOPS. 5315 03:43:17,560 --> 03:43:20,200 THEY'RE STILL TIGHT MOVEMENT AND 5316 03:43:20,200 --> 03:43:23,640 IT APPEARS. 5317 03:43:23,640 --> 03:43:29,360 SO, IT IT LOOKS LIKE A BUT THE 5318 03:43:29,360 --> 03:43:32,160 MOVE YOU GO CLOSE TO THE 5319 03:43:32,160 --> 03:43:32,560 PATIENT. 5320 03:43:32,560 --> 03:43:37,720 AND TRY TO MAKE A VIDEO, HIS 5321 03:43:37,720 --> 03:43:40,120 COMES INTO THE PICTURE SO YOU 5322 03:43:40,120 --> 03:43:41,640 CAN SEE HERE. 5323 03:43:41,640 --> 03:43:47,320 IT'S SSPE PATIENT. 5324 03:43:47,320 --> 03:43:50,080 ANOTHER IMPORTANT TREMOR IN OUR 5325 03:43:50,080 --> 03:43:53,960 COUNTRY IS BECAUSE OF A LARGE 5326 03:43:53,960 --> 03:43:55,400 VEGETARIAN POPULATION AND THEY 5327 03:43:55,400 --> 03:43:57,320 PRESENT WITH A LOT OF TREMORS 5328 03:43:57,320 --> 03:43:59,400 AND YOU CAN SEE THAT THE TREMOR 5329 03:43:59,400 --> 03:44:03,920 IS PRESENTED IN TONGUE, HEAD, 5330 03:44:03,920 --> 03:44:07,200 AND LIKE THE HAIR AND ALSO 5331 03:44:07,200 --> 03:44:10,800 GETTING A COURSE AND THEY 5332 03:44:10,800 --> 03:44:13,720 IMPROVED COMPLETELY WITH THERAPY 5333 03:44:13,720 --> 03:44:15,360 AND VITAMIN B12 THERAPY OFFERED 5334 03:44:15,360 --> 03:44:17,200 TO THE CHILD AND THE MOTHER AS 5335 03:44:17,200 --> 03:44:20,760 WELL BECAUSE MANY OF THEM ARE 5336 03:44:20,760 --> 03:44:22,920 LIKE POORLY BREASTFED AND THEY 5337 03:44:22,920 --> 03:44:26,240 HAVE A B12 DEFICIENCY THE MOTHER 5338 03:44:26,240 --> 03:44:26,920 AS WELL. 5339 03:44:26,920 --> 03:44:31,360 SO, I WILL JUST FINISH MY SLIDE 5340 03:44:31,360 --> 03:44:40,720 WITH THIS -- THIS IS THE FAMOUS 5341 03:44:40,720 --> 03:44:42,840 QUOTE FROM GIT A AND IT STANDS 5342 03:44:42,840 --> 03:44:44,680 ARE INFORM THE TEACHER THE 5343 03:44:44,680 --> 03:44:46,880 REMOVER OF DARKNESS AND THE HAR 5344 03:44:46,880 --> 03:44:48,480 BINGER OF ENLIGHTENMENT. 5345 03:44:48,480 --> 03:44:51,800 HE CLEARS SUN STANCE, KNOWLEDGE 5346 03:44:51,800 --> 03:44:53,320 AND THE DESERVES THE WEEDS OF 5347 03:44:53,320 --> 03:44:53,600 IGNORANCE. 5348 03:44:53,600 --> 03:44:55,160 I SALUTE SUCH A GURU. 5349 03:44:55,160 --> 03:44:56,480 THANK YOU FOR ALL THE KNOWLEDGE 5350 03:44:56,480 --> 03:45:00,080 YOU HAVE GIVEN US. 5351 03:45:00,080 --> 03:45:06,760 [APPLAUSE] 5352 03:45:06,760 --> 03:45:06,920 EL. 5353 03:45:06,920 --> 03:45:09,320 >>THANK YOU FOR BRINGING THE 5354 03:45:09,320 --> 03:45:10,720 FLAVOR OF THE MEETING WITH THOSE 5355 03:45:10,720 --> 03:45:11,560 VIDEOS. 5356 03:45:11,560 --> 03:45:13,200 THIS WAS THE LAST PRESENTATION 5357 03:45:13,200 --> 03:45:15,840 IN THE ONLY BLOCK TODAY THAT WAS 5358 03:45:15,840 --> 03:45:17,480 KEPT ON TIME. 5359 03:45:17,480 --> 03:45:19,400 AND THAT GIVES US A FULL 20 5360 03:45:19,400 --> 03:45:26,280 MINUTES OF COFFEE BREAK 5361 03:45:26,280 --> 03:45:29,320 >>WE ARE GOING TO START THE 5362 03:45:29,320 --> 03:45:32,920 NEXT SESSION AND ADDRESSING 5363 03:45:32,920 --> 03:45:35,880 FUNCTIONSAL DISORDERS AND FREE 5364 03:45:35,880 --> 03:45:37,960 WILL AND TO START US OFF, NOT 5365 03:45:37,960 --> 03:45:39,360 FORTUNATELY, OUR FIRST SPEAKER, 5366 03:45:39,360 --> 03:45:43,600 COULDN'T BE WITH US IN-PERSON 5367 03:45:43,600 --> 03:45:47,600 TODAY AND JOHN STONE FROM THE 5368 03:45:47,600 --> 03:45:50,840 UNIVERSITY OF HE H EDINBURGH WIL 5369 03:45:50,840 --> 03:45:54,920 SPEAK ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF 5370 03:45:54,920 --> 03:45:58,080 MARK HALLETT IN THE TERMS OF 5371 03:45:58,080 --> 03:46:04,000 FUNCTIONSAL NEUROLOGICAL 5372 03:46:04,000 --> 03:46:04,280 DISORDERS. 5373 03:46:04,280 --> 03:46:05,520 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH. 5374 03:46:05,520 --> 03:46:10,280 YEAH, I'M VERY SORRY NOT TO BE 5375 03:46:10,280 --> 03:46:11,200 THERE WITH YOU. 5376 03:46:11,200 --> 03:46:13,840 U.K. DOESN'T COPE WELL WITH SNOW 5377 03:46:13,840 --> 03:46:18,040 AND ICE AS YOU PROBABLY KNOW. 5378 03:46:18,040 --> 03:46:20,040 EVERYTHING JUST SHUTDOWN SO I 5379 03:46:20,040 --> 03:46:21,280 COULDN'T, MY PLANE WAS CANCELED 5380 03:46:21,280 --> 03:46:22,880 SO SORRY NOT TO BE THERE BUT 5381 03:46:22,880 --> 03:46:24,280 I'VE REALLY ENJOYED FOLLOWING 5382 03:46:24,280 --> 03:46:28,400 THE LAST COUPLE OF SESSION OWNS 5383 03:46:28,400 --> 03:46:34,520 LINE AND I'VE NEVER BEEN YOUR 5384 03:46:34,520 --> 03:46:36,400 FELLOW BUT I FEEL LIKE I HAVE 5385 03:46:36,400 --> 03:46:38,720 SINCE I'VE KNOWN YOU THE LAST 13 5386 03:46:38,720 --> 03:46:39,720 YEARS AND I'M GREAT TO HEAR 5387 03:46:39,720 --> 03:46:41,960 ABOUT ALL THE OTHER THINGS 5388 03:46:41,960 --> 03:46:48,000 YOU'VE BEEN DOING. 5389 03:46:48,000 --> 03:46:49,800 MARK IS THE FIRST PRESIDENT OF 5390 03:46:49,800 --> 03:46:52,320 THE OND AND I'LL TALK ABOUT HIS 5391 03:46:52,320 --> 03:46:54,040 MANY CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE FIELD 5392 03:46:54,040 --> 03:46:55,880 OF FND AND IT'S WONDERFUL YOU 5393 03:46:55,880 --> 03:47:04,760 HAVE A SESSION ON IT HERE TODAY. 5394 03:47:04,760 --> 03:47:08,320 THIS IS RACHEL WITH FND AND HOW 5395 03:47:08,320 --> 03:47:09,000 DISABLING IT IS. 5396 03:47:09,000 --> 03:47:11,920 THIS IS RACHEL'S UNIVERSITY 5397 03:47:11,920 --> 03:47:13,480 STUDENT FOR ABOUT A YEAR AND YOU 5398 03:47:13,480 --> 03:47:15,520 CAN SEE SOME DYSTONIA. 5399 03:47:15,520 --> 03:47:19,200 >>IN AN IDEAL HEALTH SERVICE 5400 03:47:19,200 --> 03:47:21,360 ALL DOCTORS AND PROFESSIONALS WE 5401 03:47:21,360 --> 03:47:24,200 WOULD BE MADE AWARE THIS 5402 03:47:24,200 --> 03:47:28,440 MOVEMENT AND BEING TREATED AS 5403 03:47:28,440 --> 03:47:30,880 NOT SO IT'S NOT REAL AND THAT 5404 03:47:30,880 --> 03:47:32,440 DOESN'T REALLY HELP US BECAUSE 5405 03:47:32,440 --> 03:47:35,040 WE'RE THINKING, OH, WHAT IS 5406 03:47:35,040 --> 03:47:37,040 WRONG WITH ME? 5407 03:47:37,040 --> 03:47:40,800 >>SO, IN THE 1990s, IT WAS A 5408 03:47:40,800 --> 03:47:44,440 TRAINEE IN NEUROLOGY AND IN THE 5409 03:47:44,440 --> 03:47:46,720 U.K. AND MANY OF YOU IN THE ROOM 5410 03:47:46,720 --> 03:47:50,160 WILL REMEMBER THAT PERIOD AND 5411 03:47:50,160 --> 03:47:53,160 HOW FND WAS TREATED, IT WAS 5412 03:47:53,160 --> 03:47:55,000 INTERESTING TO HEAR THE COMMENTS 5413 03:47:55,000 --> 03:47:57,560 ABOUT THIS CONFIRMING THAT. 5414 03:47:57,560 --> 03:48:00,640 IT WAS A DISORDER, IF YOU ONLY 5415 03:48:00,640 --> 03:48:04,000 HAD THE NEUROLOGY TEXTBOOK YOU 5416 03:48:04,000 --> 03:48:08,720 WONDEWONDERED IF IT EXISTED BECE 5417 03:48:08,720 --> 03:48:09,920 THERE WASN'T ANYTHING TO READ 5418 03:48:09,920 --> 03:48:10,640 ABOUT IT. 5419 03:48:10,640 --> 03:48:12,360 FROM A PSYCHE RAT TRICK 5420 03:48:12,360 --> 03:48:13,560 PERSPECTIVE, THERE WAS A GENERAL 5421 03:48:13,560 --> 03:48:14,880 VIEW AROUND THAT NIP BEING 5422 03:48:14,880 --> 03:48:17,280 DIAGNOSED WITH FND, PROBABLY WAS 5423 03:48:17,280 --> 03:48:19,520 A WRONG DIAGNOSIS SO YOU CAN 5424 03:48:19,520 --> 03:48:21,320 IGNORE IT THAT WAY. 5425 03:48:21,320 --> 03:48:23,160 THAT'S NOT THE CASE. 5426 03:48:23,160 --> 03:48:27,600 IT WAS A DIAGNOSIS OF EXCLUSION 5427 03:48:27,600 --> 03:48:29,680 AND IT WAS VERY UNSATISFACTORY 5428 03:48:29,680 --> 03:48:32,520 AND PURELY PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER 5429 03:48:32,520 --> 03:48:35,320 AND IT WAS FOR WHICH YOU HAD TO 5430 03:48:35,320 --> 03:48:37,720 HAVE A STRESS AND MANY 5431 03:48:37,720 --> 03:48:38,560 NEUROLOGISTS SOLVED THEIR LACK 5432 03:48:38,560 --> 03:48:42,080 OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE PROBLEM 5433 03:48:42,080 --> 03:48:44,400 THAT THE PATIENTS WERE MA 5434 03:48:44,400 --> 03:48:45,680 LINGERING AND IT WAS CONSIDERED 5435 03:48:45,680 --> 03:48:47,280 A LOT OF TIME THAT WE DIDN'T 5436 03:48:47,280 --> 03:48:51,160 NEED TO WORRY ABOUT THEM, IF 5437 03:48:51,160 --> 03:48:55,600 THEY'RE NOT MALINGERING SO 5438 03:48:55,600 --> 03:49:06,080 THAT'S WHERE WE WERE IN THE 5439 03:49:07,840 --> 03:49:07,960 1990s. 5440 03:49:07,960 --> 03:49:09,040 AT THAT STAGE I WAS DOING MY 5441 03:49:09,040 --> 03:49:10,360 PH.D AND MARK AND OTHERS HAD 5442 03:49:10,360 --> 03:49:12,360 ORGANIZED THIS MEETING. 5443 03:49:12,360 --> 03:49:14,880 WE STAYED UP LATE WATCHING 5444 03:49:14,880 --> 03:49:17,120 VIDEOS OF PEOPLE WITH WHAT WE 5445 03:49:17,120 --> 03:49:19,040 CALLED PSYCHEDELIC MOVEMENT 5446 03:49:19,040 --> 03:49:19,840 DISORDERS AT THE TIME. 5447 03:49:19,840 --> 03:49:22,360 IT WAS SO EXCITING FOR ME TO SEE 5448 03:49:22,360 --> 03:49:23,760 THAT VERY WELL KNOWN AND 5449 03:49:23,760 --> 03:49:25,920 RESPECTED LEADERS LIKE MY 5450 03:49:25,920 --> 03:49:27,040 COLLEAGUES WERE TAKING AN 5451 03:49:27,040 --> 03:49:28,720 INTEREST IN THIS AND I HAVE NO 5452 03:49:28,720 --> 03:49:31,000 DOUBT THAT WE WOULD NOT BE WHERE 5453 03:49:31,000 --> 03:49:34,360 WE ARE WITHOUT HIS LEADERSHIP AT 5454 03:49:34,360 --> 03:49:36,800 THAT VERY EARLY STAGE. 5455 03:49:36,800 --> 03:49:38,360 AND THIS BOOK AROSE FROM THAT 5456 03:49:38,360 --> 03:49:41,000 STILL AND IT'S AN EXCELLENT 5457 03:49:41,000 --> 03:49:41,200 BOOK. 5458 03:49:41,200 --> 03:49:45,160 THIS IS A PAPER THAT MARK WROTE 5459 03:49:45,160 --> 03:49:45,560 IN 2006. 5460 03:49:45,560 --> 03:49:47,360 IT'S A GOOD EXAMPLE OF GETTING 5461 03:49:47,360 --> 03:49:51,880 TITLES RIGHT BECAUSE IT'S BEEN 5462 03:49:51,880 --> 03:49:52,400 CITED A LOT. 5463 03:49:52,400 --> 03:49:54,920 IT'S A CRISIS FOR NEUROLOGY AND 5464 03:49:54,920 --> 03:49:56,080 REEL MAKING IT CLEAR THIS IS NOT 5465 03:49:56,080 --> 03:49:58,320 JUST SOME MINOR ISSUE, THIS IS A 5466 03:49:58,320 --> 03:50:00,080 MAJOR ISSUE FOR NEUROLOGICAL 5467 03:50:00,080 --> 03:50:02,880 PRACTICE THAT WE HAD IGNORED ALL 5468 03:50:02,880 --> 03:50:05,120 THESE PATIENTS AND HAD NOT DONE 5469 03:50:05,120 --> 03:50:06,480 RESEARCH AND DIDN'T KNOW WHAT TO 5470 03:50:06,480 --> 03:50:08,000 DO ABOUT THEM. 5471 03:50:08,000 --> 03:50:09,480 AND IT WAS INTERESTING REREADING 5472 03:50:09,480 --> 03:50:11,000 THAT FOR THIS TALK BECAUSE 5473 03:50:11,000 --> 03:50:13,000 YOU'VE, LIKE MANY OF MY 5474 03:50:13,000 --> 03:50:14,280 ARTICLES, AT THE TIME, YOU WERE 5475 03:50:14,280 --> 03:50:18,400 FOCUSING QUITE A LOT ON 5476 03:50:18,400 --> 03:50:19,400 PSYCHIATRIC AND EVEN THEN YOU 5477 03:50:19,400 --> 03:50:22,080 ARE SAYING WELL IN MANY CASES, 5478 03:50:22,080 --> 03:50:23,760 WE DON'T REALLY KNOW IF THAT'S 5479 03:50:23,760 --> 03:50:26,880 THE CASE AND SOME CASES THERE'S 5480 03:50:26,880 --> 03:50:28,560 NO CONDITION AND EVEN IF IT IS 5481 03:50:28,560 --> 03:50:32,760 ALL, IF YOU CONSIDER IT IT 5482 03:50:32,760 --> 03:50:33,720 PSYCHIATRIC, THERE'S BASIC 5483 03:50:33,720 --> 03:50:35,560 QUESTIONS JUST NEEDING TO BE WE 5484 03:50:35,560 --> 03:50:37,920 HAD REALLY. 5485 03:50:37,920 --> 03:50:39,960 AND THEN MOVING ON FROM THE 5486 03:50:39,960 --> 03:50:42,560 ATLANTA MEETING, MARK ORGANIZED 5487 03:50:42,560 --> 03:50:45,880 WITH COLLEAGUES HERE THAT YOU 5488 03:50:45,880 --> 03:50:47,920 CAN ALL SEE AND NAMED A 5489 03:50:47,920 --> 03:50:48,960 SUBSEQUENT BOOK A BRILLIANT 5490 03:50:48,960 --> 03:50:51,360 CONFERENCE IN WASHINGTON, THIS 5491 03:50:51,360 --> 03:50:52,800 TIME ABOUT FOLKS WITH DISORDERS 5492 03:50:52,800 --> 03:50:54,080 AND EXPANDING INTO OTHER AREAS 5493 03:50:54,080 --> 03:51:04,640 OF FND AS WELL THIS WAS TAKE EP 5494 03:51:12,000 --> 03:51:15,120 BY THREE FELLOWS WHO DID AMAZING 5495 03:51:15,120 --> 03:51:17,640 WORK IN FND, CAREEN YOU WILL 5496 03:51:17,640 --> 03:51:19,800 HEAR FROM AND VALERIE AND YOU 5497 03:51:19,800 --> 03:51:21,440 WILL ALSO HEAR FROM AND THIS WAS 5498 03:51:21,440 --> 03:51:23,280 THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS 5499 03:51:23,280 --> 03:51:26,160 AT THE OPENING EVENT AND IN 2017 5500 03:51:26,160 --> 03:51:27,840 AND I JUST THOUGHT I WOULD RUN 5501 03:51:27,840 --> 03:51:29,280 VERY QUICKLY THROUGH SOME OF 5502 03:51:29,280 --> 03:51:31,360 MARK'S CONTRIBUTION TO FND AND 5503 03:51:31,360 --> 03:51:35,480 THEY'RE VERY WIDE AND COVERED 5504 03:51:35,480 --> 03:51:37,800 DIAGNOSIS AND MECHANISMS AND 5505 03:51:37,800 --> 03:51:39,480 TREATMENT AND JUST A FEW 5506 03:51:39,480 --> 03:51:40,080 HIGHLIGHTS REALLY. 5507 03:51:40,080 --> 03:51:41,800 I THINK PARTICULARLY THIS EARLY 5508 03:51:41,800 --> 03:51:45,200 STUDY IN NEUROLOGY ON EX SELL 5509 03:51:45,200 --> 03:51:46,760 ONLY TREE DIS TIP ISSUING 5510 03:51:46,760 --> 03:51:48,920 FUNCTIONAL FROM OTHER TYPES OF 5511 03:51:48,920 --> 03:51:50,640 TREMOR JUST POINTING OUT WHAT A 5512 03:51:50,640 --> 03:51:52,200 USEFUL TEST THE TREATMENT OR 5513 03:51:52,200 --> 03:51:55,360 TEST IS PROVIDING SOME OF THE 5514 03:51:55,360 --> 03:51:56,880 SUPPORT FOR THAT TEST AS WELL 5515 03:51:56,880 --> 03:51:59,560 AND THE WHACK A MOLE SCIENCE AND 5516 03:51:59,560 --> 03:52:00,560 OTHERS YOU WILL BE FAMILIAR 5517 03:52:00,560 --> 03:52:00,760 WITH. 5518 03:52:00,760 --> 03:52:02,520 YOU WILL HEAR ALL ABOUT BRAIN 5519 03:52:02,520 --> 03:52:05,280 MECHANISM AND FND SO I'LL LET 5520 03:52:05,280 --> 03:52:06,440 CAREEN AND VAL TELL YOU ABOUT 5521 03:52:06,440 --> 03:52:08,120 THOSE AND I'M A PARTICULAR FAN 5522 03:52:08,120 --> 03:52:10,920 OF THIS ONE, VAL, ON THAT YOU 5523 03:52:10,920 --> 03:52:13,640 DID IN NEUROLOGY AND LOOKING AT 5524 03:52:13,640 --> 03:52:15,280 PATIENTS WITH FUNCTIONAL TREMOR 5525 03:52:15,280 --> 03:52:17,040 COMPARING IT TO THEIR OWN 5526 03:52:17,040 --> 03:52:18,040 SIMULATED TREMOR I THOUGHT IT 5527 03:52:18,040 --> 03:52:20,760 WAS BRILLIANT AND FINDING 5528 03:52:20,760 --> 03:52:21,880 PROBLEMS WITH AGENCY NETWORKS 5529 03:52:21,880 --> 03:52:26,800 AND REALLY LIKE YOUR STRUCTURAL 5530 03:52:26,800 --> 03:52:30,240 STUDY CAREEN ON GRAY MATTER 5531 03:52:30,240 --> 03:52:32,120 DIFFERENCES. 5532 03:52:32,120 --> 03:52:34,840 AND OTHER PAPERS ON 5533 03:52:34,840 --> 03:52:35,480 CLASSIFICATIONS. 5534 03:52:35,480 --> 03:52:37,480 WE'VE GONE IN DIFFERENT 5535 03:52:37,480 --> 03:52:39,160 DIRECTIONS WITH STRESS AND 5536 03:52:39,160 --> 03:52:44,080 CORTISOL AND RESTING VALLE TONE 5537 03:52:44,080 --> 03:52:50,480 AND THIS PAPER HERE, ON 5538 03:52:50,480 --> 03:52:50,760 GENETICS. 5539 03:52:50,760 --> 03:52:52,720 OF COURSE IT IS IS HAPPENING IN 5540 03:52:52,720 --> 03:52:54,800 THE BRAIN, WHAT OTHER ORGAN WILL 5541 03:52:54,800 --> 03:52:55,200 IT BE. 5542 03:52:55,200 --> 03:52:57,320 OF COURSE IT WILL HAVE SOME 5543 03:52:57,320 --> 03:53:06,440 AGAIN ET AGAIN ET GENETIC COMPOS 5544 03:53:06,440 --> 03:53:08,480 ASKED TO WRITE A VE VIEW AND WE 5545 03:53:08,480 --> 03:53:11,520 WROTE IT WITH COLLEAGUES YOU CAN 5546 03:53:11,520 --> 03:53:14,640 SEE AND HE IS GOING TO BE THE 5547 03:53:14,640 --> 03:53:19,040 NEXT PRESIDENT AFTER OF FNDS AND 5548 03:53:19,040 --> 03:53:20,800 JEFF STAR AND QUITE A TORTURE US 5549 03:53:20,800 --> 03:53:21,960 PROCESS AND I'M SURE HE WILL 5550 03:53:21,960 --> 03:53:23,520 AGREE, MARK, GETTING THAT OVER 5551 03:53:23,520 --> 03:53:27,080 THE LINE AND THE NEUROLOGY AND A 5552 03:53:27,080 --> 03:53:29,480 PAPER REALLY THAT IS BRINGING IN 5553 03:53:29,480 --> 03:53:31,880 COGNITION AND DIZZINESS INTO THE 5554 03:53:31,880 --> 03:53:33,840 UMBRELLA OF FND REALLY IN TERMS 5555 03:53:33,840 --> 03:53:37,840 OF SHARED MECHANISMS AND 5556 03:53:37,840 --> 03:53:38,120 TREATMENTS. 5557 03:53:38,120 --> 03:53:40,320 AND I'M THINKING ABOUT A 5558 03:53:40,320 --> 03:53:41,360 TREATMENT AGAIN TO REALLY 5559 03:53:41,360 --> 03:53:43,840 INTERESTING STUFF HERE ABOUT 5560 03:53:43,840 --> 03:53:49,080 INTIMATE AND STIMULATION AND AND 5561 03:53:49,080 --> 03:53:50,360 PSYCHIATRIC PERSPECTIVE AS WELL 5562 03:53:50,360 --> 03:53:51,920 SO A REALLY WIDE AND IMPORTANT 5563 03:53:51,920 --> 03:53:52,720 CONTRIBUTION AND I THINK 5564 03:53:52,720 --> 03:53:55,600 PERSONALLY I THINK THE IMAGE IN 5565 03:53:55,600 --> 03:53:58,760 CONTRIBUTION IS THE BEST OF ANY 5566 03:53:58,760 --> 03:54:02,280 GROUP ANYWHERE THUS FAR IN FND. 5567 03:54:02,280 --> 03:54:05,480 BUT I SUPPOSE IT'S FOR ME, IT IS 5568 03:54:05,480 --> 03:54:09,360 THE MOST SINGULAR CONTRIBUTION, 5569 03:54:09,360 --> 03:54:11,280 MARK, IN THE FIELD BECAUSE IN 5570 03:54:11,280 --> 03:54:13,360 2014 OR 2015, I GOT A MESSAGE 5571 03:54:13,360 --> 03:54:15,280 FROM MARK TO SAY WOULD I HELP 5572 03:54:15,280 --> 03:54:18,040 HIM EDIT THIS HANDBOOK OF 5573 03:54:18,040 --> 03:54:19,240 NEUROLOGY AND MOST OF YOU WILL 5574 03:54:19,240 --> 03:54:22,720 KNOW THAT THIS IS A VEN NER ABLE 5575 03:54:22,720 --> 03:54:24,360 SERIES IN NEUROLOGY AND GOING 5576 03:54:24,360 --> 03:54:32,160 BACK TO 1968. 5577 03:54:32,160 --> 03:54:34,920 THEY NEVER HAD A VOLUME ON FND, 5578 03:54:34,920 --> 03:54:36,800 DESPITE THAT VERY LONG HISTORY. 5579 03:54:36,800 --> 03:54:39,160 SO, IT WAS FANTASTIC TO BE ABLE 5580 03:54:39,160 --> 03:54:43,280 TO HELP EDIT WITH MARK AND MY 5581 03:54:43,280 --> 03:54:44,840 COLLEAGUE HERE. 5582 03:54:44,840 --> 03:54:46,160 BRINGING TOGETHER ALL OF THESE 5583 03:54:46,160 --> 03:54:50,280 DIFFERENT AREAS OF FND AND 5584 03:54:50,280 --> 03:54:52,640 INCLUDING THINGS LIKE AUDITORY 5585 03:54:52,640 --> 03:54:54,320 PROBLEMS AND VISH TORI PROBLEMS 5586 03:54:54,320 --> 03:54:56,480 AND DIZZINESS AND THINGS THAT 5587 03:54:56,480 --> 03:54:57,080 HAVEN'T BEEN BROUGHT TOGETHER 5588 03:54:57,080 --> 03:55:00,760 FOR A VERY LONG TIME. 5589 03:55:00,760 --> 03:55:04,320 AND WE NOW HAVE A MODEL OF FND 5590 03:55:04,320 --> 03:55:05,960 WHICH SO MUCH MORE SOPHISTICATED 5591 03:55:05,960 --> 03:55:08,800 THAN THE ONE THAT WE WERE 5592 03:55:08,800 --> 03:55:16,480 GRAPPLING WITH 15 YEARS AGO. 5593 03:55:16,480 --> 03:55:21,080 AND WE DO INCLUDE STRESS AND 5594 03:55:21,080 --> 03:55:22,560 ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOLOGICAL 5595 03:55:22,560 --> 03:55:25,280 DISTRESS BUT ALSO HAVING ANOTHER 5596 03:55:25,280 --> 03:55:26,240 NEUROLOGICAL CONDITION AND 5597 03:55:26,240 --> 03:55:27,160 SOMETIMES THERE'S NO 5598 03:55:27,160 --> 03:55:28,440 VULNERABILITY AND WE'VE 5599 03:55:28,440 --> 03:55:32,320 RECOGNIZED, AS THEY WELL 100 5600 03:55:32,320 --> 03:55:34,720 YEARS AGO, ACTUALLY HAVING SOME 5601 03:55:34,720 --> 03:55:38,360 KIND RECOGNIZED 5602 03:55:38,360 --> 03:55:38,960 PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL EVENT OR AN 5603 03:55:38,960 --> 03:55:41,880 INJURY OR INFECTION OR PSYCHO 5604 03:55:41,880 --> 03:55:42,800 PHYSIOLOGICAL EVENT, SUCH AS 5605 03:55:42,800 --> 03:55:45,160 PANIC ATTACKS, WERE VERY 5606 03:55:45,160 --> 03:55:46,520 IMPORTANT TRIGGERS AND HELPED US 5607 03:55:46,520 --> 03:55:47,320 UNDERSTAND WHY PEOPLE GOT 5608 03:55:47,320 --> 03:55:49,520 CERTAIN KINDS OF SYMPTOMS. 5609 03:55:49,520 --> 03:55:51,400 AND YES, HERE IS THE BRAIN IN 5610 03:55:51,400 --> 03:55:53,600 THE MIDDLE, OF COURSE, AND YOU 5611 03:55:53,600 --> 03:55:55,080 WILL HEAR MORE ABOUT THAT SOON. 5612 03:55:55,080 --> 03:55:59,760 BUT WE'RE REALLY USING 5613 03:55:59,760 --> 03:56:00,880 PREDICTIVE PROCESSING MODELS OF 5614 03:56:00,880 --> 03:56:03,440 THE RAIN TO UNDERSTAND FND AND 5615 03:56:03,440 --> 03:56:05,200 SO IT'S A DISORDER THAT SHOULD 5616 03:56:05,200 --> 03:56:07,000 EXIST REALLY IF YOU BELIEVE IN 5617 03:56:07,000 --> 03:56:09,840 THE PREDICTIVE PROCESSING MODELS 5618 03:56:09,840 --> 03:56:14,840 AND FEED FORWARD AND FEEDBACK, 5619 03:56:14,840 --> 03:56:17,360 LEAPS, ET CETERA. 5620 03:56:17,360 --> 03:56:20,360 IT OFTEN OBSCURE THE UNDER LINE 5621 03:56:20,360 --> 03:56:21,720 MECHANISMS AND PROBLEM ARE PART 5622 03:56:21,720 --> 03:56:23,320 OF THE CONDITION IN MANY CASE 5623 03:56:23,320 --> 03:56:25,640 AND MANY PERPETUATING FACTORS, 5624 03:56:25,640 --> 03:56:26,680 PARTICULARLY THE HEALTHCARE 5625 03:56:26,680 --> 03:56:29,000 SYSTEMS THAT WE ALL WORK IN 5626 03:56:29,000 --> 03:56:30,480 WHICH WHERE HEALTHCARE AS I 5627 03:56:30,480 --> 03:56:33,040 POINTED OUT, THEY HAVE NOT BEEN 5628 03:56:33,040 --> 03:56:34,720 SET UP, TRAINED TO DEAL WITH 5629 03:56:34,720 --> 03:56:38,760 THIS VERY COMMON PROBLEM THAT 5630 03:56:38,760 --> 03:56:41,120 THEY SEIZE BUT WE'RE OPTIMISTIC 5631 03:56:41,120 --> 03:56:43,120 THAT THIS IS A DISORDER THAT CAN 5632 03:56:43,120 --> 03:56:46,160 BE TREATED LIKE ANY OTHER WHEN 5633 03:56:46,160 --> 03:56:49,480 PEOPLE LEARN ABOUT IT. 5634 03:56:49,480 --> 03:56:53,960 SO, IT WAS REALLY MARK THAT 5635 03:56:53,960 --> 03:56:55,640 DROVE THAT HANDBOOK AND THE 5636 03:56:55,640 --> 03:56:56,640 HANDBOOK BROUGHT THE FIELDS 5637 03:56:56,640 --> 03:56:59,360 TOGETHER IN A REALLY 5638 03:56:59,360 --> 03:57:00,520 UNPRECEDENTED WAY AND MARK DROVE 5639 03:57:00,520 --> 03:57:07,000 THIS MEETING THAT WE HAD IN 5640 03:57:07,000 --> 03:57:10,120 EDINBURGH AND WE HAD A MEETING 5641 03:57:10,120 --> 03:57:11,800 AND A GREAT TIME OVER THREE DAYS 5642 03:57:11,800 --> 03:57:14,520 AND AS A CONSEQUENCE DECIDED WE 5643 03:57:14,520 --> 03:57:16,360 NEEDED TO FORM AN INTERNATIONAL 5644 03:57:16,360 --> 03:57:18,200 SOCIETY AND YOU CAN SEE US 5645 03:57:18,200 --> 03:57:21,360 HAVING OUR KNEES UP HERE. 5646 03:57:21,360 --> 03:57:23,240 SO MARK'S FIRST PRESIDENT OF 5647 03:57:23,240 --> 03:57:24,640 THAT SOCIETY AND FOR THE LAST 5648 03:57:24,640 --> 03:57:26,200 FEW YEARS, THIS IS MOSTLY HOW 5649 03:57:26,200 --> 03:57:33,440 I'VE SEEN YOU, M., ON ZOOM AND 5650 03:57:33,440 --> 03:57:35,800 HOPEFULLY WE CAN MEET UP 5651 03:57:35,800 --> 03:57:37,440 IN-PERSON BUT I'M AMAZED HOW 5652 03:57:37,440 --> 03:57:39,200 EFFICIENTLY YOU HAVE RUN THESE 5653 03:57:39,200 --> 03:57:39,480 MEETINGS. 5654 03:57:39,480 --> 03:57:41,840 I KNOW WHETHER YOUR INBOX IS A 5655 03:57:41,840 --> 03:57:43,320 ZERO INBOX WITH NOTHING ON IT. 5656 03:57:43,320 --> 03:57:47,360 MINE HAS DOZENS OF THINGS I 5657 03:57:47,360 --> 03:57:49,680 HAVEN'T DONE BUT YOUR EFFICIENT 5658 03:57:49,680 --> 03:57:51,280 SEIZE AND ORGANIZATION IS 5659 03:57:51,280 --> 03:57:52,760 LEGENDARY AND I REALLY HOP 5660 03:57:52,760 --> 03:57:54,360 EVIDENTLY DON'T THINK THIS IS 5661 03:57:54,360 --> 03:57:59,840 SOCIETY WOULD EXIST WITHOUT YOU. 5662 03:57:59,840 --> 03:58:02,360 SO, WE HAD A FOURTH MEETING IN 5663 03:58:02,360 --> 03:58:08,440 BOSTON, THIS JUNE, AND AFTER 5664 03:58:08,440 --> 03:58:10,800 LOTS OF PLANNING, BOSTON 5665 03:58:10,800 --> 03:58:11,720 UNIVERSITY. 5666 03:58:11,720 --> 03:58:13,920 APART FROM THE FACT MARK 5667 03:58:13,920 --> 03:58:15,120 COULDN'T COME, IT WAS 5668 03:58:15,120 --> 03:58:15,440 SUCCESSFUL. 5669 03:58:15,440 --> 03:58:18,200 HE WAS DETAINED AGAINST HIS 5670 03:58:18,200 --> 03:58:18,400 WILL. 5671 03:58:18,400 --> 03:58:20,920 HERE HE IS STARTING HIS 5672 03:58:20,920 --> 03:58:22,160 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS AND SO WE 5673 03:58:22,160 --> 03:58:29,040 HAD TO HAVE A DINNER WITHOUT 5674 03:58:29,040 --> 03:58:31,160 HIM. 5675 03:58:31,160 --> 03:58:32,440 DURING THAT TERM MARK WAS THIS 5676 03:58:32,440 --> 03:58:35,440 BECAUSE HE WAS GUIDING US AROUND 5677 03:58:35,440 --> 03:58:38,560 BY FACE TIME AND THAT WAS THE 5678 03:58:38,560 --> 03:58:41,360 FACULTY DINNER, THERE'S MARK 5679 03:58:41,360 --> 03:58:42,920 DOING THE TOUR EVEN THOUGH HE 5680 03:58:42,920 --> 03:58:44,480 COULDN'T BE THERE. 5681 03:58:44,480 --> 03:58:47,480 AND SO IT WAS A REALLY GREAT 5682 03:58:47,480 --> 03:58:47,840 EVENT. 5683 03:58:47,840 --> 03:58:49,720 AND WE'RE HAVING OUR NEXT 5684 03:58:49,720 --> 03:58:53,160 MEETING IN VERONA IN 2024. 5685 03:58:53,160 --> 03:58:54,960 I'M DELIGHTED THAT MARK, 5686 03:58:54,960 --> 03:58:56,880 ALTHOUGH HE IS RETIRING FROM NIH 5687 03:58:56,880 --> 03:59:01,360 THAT HE IS CONTINUING TO WORK 5688 03:59:01,360 --> 03:59:03,880 WITH THE FNDA AS CHAIRMAN OF THE 5689 03:59:03,880 --> 03:59:07,800 PROGRAM COMMITTEE AND THIS IS A 5690 03:59:07,800 --> 03:59:11,800 MEETING OF THAT JUST VERY 5691 03:59:11,800 --> 03:59:15,160 RECENTLY AND LIKE ALL SOCIETY, 5692 03:59:15,160 --> 03:59:16,280 INTERNATIONAL MEETINGS IT'S NOT 5693 03:59:16,280 --> 03:59:17,920 JUST THE MEETING IT'S ABOUT ALL 5694 03:59:17,920 --> 03:59:19,240 THE THINGS THAT HAPPENS BEFORE 5695 03:59:19,240 --> 03:59:20,680 AND AFTER ALL THE CONNECTIONS 5696 03:59:20,680 --> 03:59:22,600 THAT ARE MADE HUGE NUMBERS OF 5697 03:59:22,600 --> 03:59:25,600 THINGS GOING ON IN THE FND 5698 03:59:25,600 --> 03:59:27,640 RESEARCH AND CLIP CAL COMMUNITY 5699 03:59:27,640 --> 03:59:30,600 INCLUDING LOTS OF GLOBAL 5700 03:59:30,600 --> 03:59:32,040 INITIATIVES AND SO I THINK IT'S 5701 03:59:32,040 --> 03:59:34,080 WORTH REFLECTING BACK TO HOW 5702 03:59:34,080 --> 03:59:36,080 THINGS HAVE CHANGED, BECAUSE 5703 03:59:36,080 --> 03:59:37,640 THIS IS THIS IS THE SLIDE I PUT 5704 03:59:37,640 --> 03:59:38,800 UP EARLIER. 5705 03:59:38,800 --> 03:59:40,480 FND DISORDER THAT DOESN'T EXIST 5706 03:59:40,480 --> 03:59:45,160 AND WHERE THE DIAGNOSIS IS 5707 03:59:45,160 --> 03:59:55,440 PROBABLY WRONG THIS IS A COMMON 5708 03:59:55,440 --> 03:59:57,200 DISABLING CONDITION THAT A EARS 5709 03:59:57,200 --> 03:59:59,200 IN TEXTBOOKS AND THE DIAGNOSIS 5710 03:59:59,200 --> 04:00:01,440 IS MADE RELIABLY AS ANY OTHER 5711 04:00:01,440 --> 04:00:05,760 AND IT'S A DISORDER THAT PEOPLE 5712 04:00:05,760 --> 04:00:07,160 TALK ABOUT IT BEING INTERFACE 5713 04:00:07,160 --> 04:00:10,600 AND PROBABLY A DISORDER THAT 5714 04:00:10,600 --> 04:00:12,240 HELP US APPRECIATE AND WE 5715 04:00:12,240 --> 04:00:13,800 SHOULDN'T HAVE THOSE CATEGORIES 5716 04:00:13,800 --> 04:00:15,840 AND I THINK IT'S THAT PROFOUND 5717 04:00:15,840 --> 04:00:20,080 AND WE KNOWS THAT PATIENTS ARE 5718 04:00:20,080 --> 04:00:21,120 NOT SHARDLY MALINGERING AND 5719 04:00:21,120 --> 04:00:23,960 TREATMENT IS NEEDED AND THREE 5720 04:00:23,960 --> 04:00:24,880 RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIALS HAVE 5721 04:00:24,880 --> 04:00:35,440 SHOWN IT CAN HELP MANY PATIENTS. 5722 04:00:36,960 --> 04:00:43,840 IN 2030 IS THE CRISIS AND THE 5723 04:00:43,840 --> 04:00:45,640 CRISIS IS NOT YET RESOLVED AND 5724 04:00:45,640 --> 04:00:47,200 WE STILL HAVE MANY PATIENTS FOR 5725 04:00:47,200 --> 04:00:49,000 HIM TO DIAGNOSE AND IT'S NOT 5726 04:00:49,000 --> 04:00:53,240 CERTAIN AND FOR WHOM WE DID NOT 5727 04:00:53,240 --> 04:00:57,160 HAVE TREATMENT. 5728 04:00:57,160 --> 04:01:01,640 THE PROGRESS AND 5729 04:01:01,640 --> 04:01:03,160 MULTI-DISCIPLINARY TEAMS AND I'M 5730 04:01:03,160 --> 04:01:04,360 PECK ENCOURAGED THAT IN THE 5731 04:01:04,360 --> 04:01:10,960 LAST, JUST IN THE LAST COUPLE OF 5732 04:01:10,960 --> 04:01:17,200 YEARS, THEY HAVE MANAGED TO GET 5733 04:01:17,200 --> 04:01:20,720 NND INTO THE AS A CORE TOPIC 5734 04:01:20,720 --> 04:01:22,560 WHERE IT'S BEEN VERY PERIPHERAL 5735 04:01:22,560 --> 04:01:26,680 SO I REALLY HOPE THAT THAT WILL 5736 04:01:26,680 --> 04:01:28,600 TREND WILL SPREAD OVER THE WORLD 5737 04:01:28,600 --> 04:01:30,080 SO THANK YOU, M., FOR EVERYTHING 5738 04:01:30,080 --> 04:01:39,600 YOU'VE DONE FOR FND AND I TOOL 5739 04:01:39,600 --> 04:01:43,240 HAPPY YOU'VE BEEN ABLE TO MOVE 5740 04:01:43,240 --> 04:01:46,160 US IN THIS AMAZING DIRECTION 5741 04:01:46,160 --> 04:01:47,240 THAT WE'RE GOING IN AND IT'S AN 5742 04:01:47,240 --> 04:01:51,960 HONOR TO BE ABLE TO INTRODUCE 5743 04:01:51,960 --> 04:01:55,840 THIS SESSION HERE AND YOUR 5744 04:01:55,840 --> 04:01:58,920 RETIREMENT. 5745 04:01:58,920 --> 04:02:04,320 YOU ASK SEE THAT WE'RE TWO 5746 04:02:04,320 --> 04:02:05,000 KNEWOLOGIST EXAMINES TWO 5747 04:02:05,000 --> 04:02:08,880 PSYCHIATRISTS IN A 5748 04:02:08,880 --> 04:02:13,440 MULTI-DISCIPLINARY TEAM. 5749 04:02:13,440 --> 04:02:15,640 SO, THERE'S GOING TO BE A LITTLE 5750 04:02:15,640 --> 04:02:19,160 BIT OF OVERLAP BETWEEN MY TALK 5751 04:02:19,160 --> 04:02:25,480 AND THAT OF JON STONE BUT 5752 04:02:25,480 --> 04:02:26,680 HOPEFULLY IT WILL SERVE TO SEM 5753 04:02:26,680 --> 04:02:31,720 ENTERCEMENT THE HUGE IMPACT MARK 5754 04:02:31,720 --> 04:02:33,320 HALLETT HAS HAD ON THE FIELD OF 5755 04:02:33,320 --> 04:02:34,640 FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT DISORDERS 5756 04:02:34,640 --> 04:02:37,760 AND I'M REALLY PLEASED AND 5757 04:02:37,760 --> 04:02:39,440 REALLY HOPPERED TO BE GIVEN THE 5758 04:02:39,440 --> 04:02:41,200 OPPORTUNITY TO SPEAK TODAY AT 5759 04:02:41,200 --> 04:02:43,720 THIS CELEBRATION HONORING THE 5760 04:02:43,720 --> 04:02:49,280 WORK OF MARK. 5761 04:02:49,280 --> 04:02:51,280 JON HAS INTRODUCED THE TOPIC OF 5762 04:02:51,280 --> 04:02:53,080 FUNCTIONAL NEUROLOGICAL 5763 04:02:53,080 --> 04:02:54,480 DISORDERS AND THIS IS A TOPIC 5764 04:02:54,480 --> 04:02:57,120 THAT I'M SURE MANY OF YOU IN THE 5765 04:02:57,120 --> 04:02:59,480 AUDIENCE ARE FAMILIAR WITH SO 5766 04:02:59,480 --> 04:03:01,360 INDIVIDUALS WHO PRESENT WITH A 5767 04:03:01,360 --> 04:03:05,320 LOT ERT VOLUNTARY MOTOR OR 5768 04:03:05,320 --> 04:03:11,480 SENSORY FUNCTION AS PER DSN WITH 5769 04:03:11,480 --> 04:03:12,440 ANOTHER NEUROLOGICAL CONDITION 5770 04:03:12,440 --> 04:03:15,640 THAT CAUSES SIGNIFICANT CLINICAL 5771 04:03:15,640 --> 04:03:17,280 DISTRESS FOR THE PATIENTS WHO 5772 04:03:17,280 --> 04:03:21,600 ARE IMPACTED. 5773 04:03:21,600 --> 04:03:23,280 SO THIS PAPER SHOULD BE FAMILIAR 5774 04:03:23,280 --> 04:03:27,800 FOR ALL OF YOU AND AFTER JOHN'S 5775 04:03:27,800 --> 04:03:32,640 TALK, SO WE KNOW THAT DESPITE 5776 04:03:32,640 --> 04:03:34,520 THE FACT THESE PATIENTS PRESENT 5777 04:03:34,520 --> 04:03:36,840 TO NEUROLOGY CLINICS, IT WASN'T 5778 04:03:36,840 --> 04:03:39,680 UNTIL VERY RECENTLY THAT THEY 5779 04:03:39,680 --> 04:03:41,480 HAVE RECEIVED THE ATTENTION THAT 5780 04:03:41,480 --> 04:03:43,840 THEY DESERVE AND REALLY IT WAS 5781 04:03:43,840 --> 04:03:45,200 MARK HALLETT WHO IS UP WITH OF 5782 04:03:45,200 --> 04:03:48,640 THE PIONEERS AND THE FIELD WHO 5783 04:03:48,640 --> 04:03:50,080 RECOGNIZES WHAT HE PENNED AS 5784 04:03:50,080 --> 04:03:54,240 THIS CRISIS WITHIN FUNCTIONAL 5785 04:03:54,240 --> 04:03:59,040 MOVEMENT DISORDERS 15 YEARS AGO. 5786 04:03:59,040 --> 04:04:00,520 THIS STEMMED FROM THE LARGE 5787 04:04:00,520 --> 04:04:07,720 NUMBER OF PATIENTS PRESENTING TO 5788 04:04:07,720 --> 04:04:18,160 THE HIS WORK IS CRITICAL 5789 04:04:33,920 --> 04:04:35,880 ADDRESSING THIS CRISIS WITHIN 5790 04:04:35,880 --> 04:04:37,640 NEUROLOGY AND THROUGH OUGHT 5791 04:04:37,640 --> 04:04:42,440 COMBINATION OF KEY KEEN CLINICAL 5792 04:04:42,440 --> 04:04:47,160 OBSERVATIONS AND AS THAT HELP US 5793 04:04:47,160 --> 04:04:48,720 TO, ALONG WITH 5794 04:04:48,720 --> 04:04:50,600 NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND 5795 04:04:50,600 --> 04:04:52,400 NEUROIMAGING TOOLS THAT HAVE 5796 04:04:52,400 --> 04:04:54,320 CONTRIBUTED TO ADVANCES IN OUR 5797 04:04:54,320 --> 04:04:57,480 ABILITY TO MAKE THE DIAGNOSIS TO 5798 04:04:57,480 --> 04:04:59,600 BETTER UNDERSTAND THE PATH OF 5799 04:04:59,600 --> 04:05:05,640 PHYSIOLOGY AND ULTIMATELY TO 5800 04:05:05,640 --> 04:05:07,920 RESULT IN ADVANCING OF THE 5801 04:05:07,920 --> 04:05:09,200 TREATMENT OF THIS CONTINUE WHICH 5802 04:05:09,200 --> 04:05:17,120 IS COMMON AND QUITE DISABLING TO 5803 04:05:17,120 --> 04:05:19,280 MANY. 5804 04:05:19,280 --> 04:05:21,360 BUT IN PARTS SECONDARY TO WORK 5805 04:05:21,360 --> 04:05:24,280 FROM MARK, FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT 5806 04:05:24,280 --> 04:05:26,400 DISORDERS IS RECOGNIZED AS A 5807 04:05:26,400 --> 04:05:35,040 DIAGNOSIS OF INCLUSION AS JON 5808 04:05:35,040 --> 04:05:36,680 STONE STATED DIAGNOSED ON THE 5809 04:05:36,680 --> 04:05:38,040 BASIS OF POSITIVE CLINICAL 5810 04:05:38,040 --> 04:05:40,640 SCIENCE AND WORK FROM MARK'S LAB 5811 04:05:40,640 --> 04:05:45,800 HAS BEEN AND FROM MARK'S CLINIC 5812 04:05:45,800 --> 04:05:47,720 HAS BEEN INNS MENTAL IN DEFINING 5813 04:05:47,720 --> 04:05:49,680 A NUMBER OF THESE CLINICAL SIGNS 5814 04:05:49,680 --> 04:05:51,720 AS WELL AS PROMOTING THE USE OF 5815 04:05:51,720 --> 04:05:57,960 THESE POSITIVE CLINICAL SIGNS. 5816 04:05:57,960 --> 04:05:59,600 THE HALLETT LAB HAS BEEN ONE OF 5817 04:05:59,600 --> 04:06:01,400 THE LEADERS IN THE FIELD IN 5818 04:06:01,400 --> 04:06:05,920 TERMS OF ADVANCING THE 5819 04:06:05,920 --> 04:06:06,760 NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL TOOLS THAT 5820 04:06:06,760 --> 04:06:11,040 ALLOW US TO UNDERSTAND THE 5821 04:06:11,040 --> 04:06:12,480 UNDERLYING PHYSIOLOGY AS WELL AS 5822 04:06:12,480 --> 04:06:15,080 TO AID IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF 5823 04:06:15,080 --> 04:06:18,040 FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT DISORDERS. 5824 04:06:18,040 --> 04:06:21,840 AND SO INSTRUMENTAL IN THE 5825 04:06:21,840 --> 04:06:27,800 APPLICATION OF THESE NEURO 5826 04:06:27,800 --> 04:06:29,480 PHYSICAL' LOGICAL TOOLS 5827 04:06:29,480 --> 04:06:31,960 INCLUDING THE TREMOR STUDIES, 5828 04:06:31,960 --> 04:06:39,360 SHOWN HERE IS THE IT TEST WHEN 5829 04:06:39,360 --> 04:06:41,080 TAPPING THE TREMOR IN THE NOT 5830 04:06:41,080 --> 04:06:42,480 EFFECTED EXTREMITY CAN BE SEEN 5831 04:06:42,480 --> 04:06:44,800 TO ADOPT THE FREQUENCY OF A 5832 04:06:44,800 --> 04:06:47,960 CONTRA LATERAL TAPPING HAND. 5833 04:06:47,960 --> 04:06:49,040 Dr. HALLETT HAS ALSO BEEN A 5834 04:06:49,040 --> 04:06:55,160 LEADER IN THE APPLICATION OF EEG 5835 04:06:55,160 --> 04:06:57,200 BACKAVERAGING AND THE CONCEPT OF 5836 04:06:57,200 --> 04:07:04,080 A BEREITSHAFTSPOTENTIAL FOR A 5837 04:07:04,080 --> 04:07:06,800 MOVEMENT THAT USES VOLUNTARY MOT 5838 04:07:06,800 --> 04:07:10,480 ARE PATHWAYS SO THIS HAS 5839 04:07:10,480 --> 04:07:13,840 DEMONSTRATED MOVEMENTS IS SUCH 5840 04:07:13,840 --> 04:07:16,480 AS FUNCTIONAL USED VOLUNTARY 5841 04:07:16,480 --> 04:07:17,800 MOTOR PATHWAYS DESPITE THE FACT 5842 04:07:17,800 --> 04:07:21,000 THAT WE KNOW THAT PATIENTS 5843 04:07:21,000 --> 04:07:25,760 EXPERIENCE THE MOVEMENTS AS I AM 5844 04:07:25,760 --> 04:07:29,560 VOLUNTARY AND IT IN ADDITION TO 5845 04:07:29,560 --> 04:07:31,800 HELPING TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE 5846 04:07:31,800 --> 04:07:34,960 PATHO PHYSIOLOGY THIS ALSO CAN 5847 04:07:34,960 --> 04:07:38,520 SERVE AS A VERY USEFUL CLINICAL 5848 04:07:38,520 --> 04:07:41,720 TOOL SO ALLOWING US TO 5849 04:07:41,720 --> 04:07:42,600 DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN ENTITIES 5850 04:07:42,600 --> 04:07:50,680 SUCH AS FUNCTIONAL AND ORGANIC 5851 04:07:50,680 --> 04:07:52,040 MIOCLONES AND MYSELF AND OTHER 5852 04:07:52,040 --> 04:07:53,480 CLINICAL FELL WHOSE HAVE COME 5853 04:07:53,480 --> 04:07:57,320 THROUGH THE LAB, HAVE ALL 5854 04:07:57,320 --> 04:07:58,480 EXPERIENCED BOTH THE 5855 04:07:58,480 --> 04:08:00,160 FRUSTRATIONS OF RECORDING THOSE 5856 04:08:00,160 --> 04:08:05,160 MUCH 50 MOVEMENTS IN ORDER TO 5857 04:08:05,160 --> 04:08:08,200 ABSTAIN A POTENTIAL BUT THE 5858 04:08:08,200 --> 04:08:09,880 SATISFACTION OF COMPLETING THE 5859 04:08:09,880 --> 04:08:13,480 STUDIES AND THEN GOING TO MARK 5860 04:08:13,480 --> 04:08:15,280 WITH THE RECORDINGS AND THEN 5861 04:08:15,280 --> 04:08:18,120 ALSO BEING ABLE TO PROVIDE 5862 04:08:18,120 --> 04:08:22,560 PATIENTS WITH THIS LAB SUPPORTED 5863 04:08:22,560 --> 04:08:24,080 CRITERIA EVIDENCE THAT SUPPORTS 5864 04:08:24,080 --> 04:08:27,640 THEIR DIAGNOSIS. 5865 04:08:27,640 --> 04:08:29,480 THE WORK FROM THE HALLETT LAB IS 5866 04:08:29,480 --> 04:08:31,160 ALSO BEEN CRITICAL AT DEFINING 5867 04:08:31,160 --> 04:08:33,160 THE UNDERLYING PATHO PHYSIOLOGY 5868 04:08:33,160 --> 04:08:43,720 THROUGH THE USE OF NEUROIMAGING 5869 04:08:44,440 --> 04:08:45,600 SO WE'RE GOING TO BE HEAR ABOUT 5870 04:08:45,600 --> 04:08:50,160 THAT QUITE A BIT IN THE NEXT TWO 5871 04:08:50,160 --> 04:08:52,040 TALKS SO JUST BRIEFLY WHAT IS 5872 04:08:52,040 --> 04:08:54,880 SELF-AGENCY SO THIS IS A 5873 04:08:54,880 --> 04:08:55,840 SUBJECTIVE PERCEPTION THAT ONE 5874 04:08:55,840 --> 04:08:58,200 IS INITIATING EXECUTING AND 5875 04:08:58,200 --> 04:09:08,720 CONTROLLING ONCE OWN ACTIONS O 5876 04:09:08,720 --> 04:09:16,960 WE KNOW THEY OBJECTIVELY THEY 5877 04:09:16,960 --> 04:09:27,440 WERE WORK HAS SHOWN THAT THEY 5878 04:09:28,920 --> 04:09:32,120 USE VOLUNTARY MOTOR PATHWAYS SO 5879 04:09:32,120 --> 04:09:35,800 WARK FROM MARK'S COLLABORATORY 5880 04:09:35,800 --> 04:09:39,400 HAS BEEN KIT CAL IN DEFINING 5881 04:09:39,400 --> 04:09:40,480 ABNORMALITIES IN THIS 5882 04:09:40,480 --> 04:09:42,720 SELF-AGENCY NETWORK IN PATIENTS 5883 04:09:42,720 --> 04:09:49,680 WITH FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT 5884 04:09:49,680 --> 04:09:59,840 DISORDERS. 5885 04:10:03,360 --> 04:10:05,240 WHERE THE FEED FORWARD FOR MOTOR 5886 04:10:05,240 --> 04:10:07,040 I AM TENSION ARE COMPARED WITH 5887 04:10:07,040 --> 04:10:08,920 THE FEEDBACK SIGNALS AFTER A 5888 04:10:08,920 --> 04:10:15,960 MOVEMENT HAS BEEN INITIATED, AND 5889 04:10:15,960 --> 04:10:18,080 COMPARED AT THIS SITE OF MULTI 5890 04:10:18,080 --> 04:10:23,000 MOTTAL INTEGRATION AND THE RIGHT 5891 04:10:23,000 --> 04:10:23,360 TEMPER JUNCTION. 5892 04:10:23,360 --> 04:10:26,120 AND A NUMBER OF STUDIES FROM THE 5893 04:10:26,120 --> 04:10:27,680 HALLETT LAB HAVE EXAM I AMED 5894 04:10:27,680 --> 04:10:31,200 IMPAIRMENT AND SELF-AGENCY AND 5895 04:10:31,200 --> 04:10:34,040 SHOWN ABNORMALITIES IN NEURAL 5896 04:10:34,040 --> 04:10:37,360 NETWORKS INCLUDE NORTH THIS 5897 04:10:37,360 --> 04:10:40,920 RIGHT TEMPORAL JUNCTION SO THIS 5898 04:10:40,920 --> 04:10:44,480 IS A STUDY JOHN ADD MENTIONED 5899 04:10:44,480 --> 04:10:46,600 EARLIER AND WITHIN SUBJECT BLOCK 5900 04:10:46,600 --> 04:10:51,720 DE DESIGN PERFORMED BY VALERIE 5901 04:10:51,720 --> 04:10:52,960 BOONE WHEN SHE WAS A FELLOW IN 5902 04:10:52,960 --> 04:10:54,760 MARK'S LAB COMPARING BRAIN 5903 04:10:54,760 --> 04:10:58,680 ACTIVITY WHEN PATIENTS WITH 5904 04:10:58,680 --> 04:11:03,280 FUNCTIONAL TREMOR, WERE 5905 04:11:03,280 --> 04:11:05,480 EXPERIENCING AS COMPARED TO 5906 04:11:05,480 --> 04:11:12,000 ACTIVITY WITHIN THOSE SAME 5907 04:11:12,000 --> 04:11:18,600 PATIENTS IT WAS BY HYPO ACTIVITY 5908 04:11:18,600 --> 04:11:20,000 OF THE TPJ. 5909 04:11:20,000 --> 04:11:23,360 THESE ABNORMAL NEURAL NETWORKS 5910 04:11:23,360 --> 04:11:27,000 INVOLVED IN SELF-AGENCIES WERE 5911 04:11:27,000 --> 04:11:31,200 ALSO EXPLORED IN A STUDY 5912 04:11:31,200 --> 04:11:34,080 PERFORMED BY FATIMA HUB WHEN HE 5913 04:11:34,080 --> 04:11:37,920 WAS A OF FELLOW IN MARK'S LAB 5914 04:11:37,920 --> 04:11:39,720 AND THERE THE SENSE OF 5915 04:11:39,720 --> 04:11:41,600 SELF-AGENCY WAS MANIPULATED 5916 04:11:41,600 --> 04:11:51,720 USING A VIRTUAL REALITY CYBER 5917 04:11:51,720 --> 04:11:53,120 THAT ARE DEFERLY ACTIVATED ON 5918 04:11:53,120 --> 04:11:56,320 THE LEVEL OF SELF-AGENCY 5919 04:11:56,320 --> 04:12:05,840 INCLUDING THE ANTERIOR AND AGAIN 5920 04:12:05,840 --> 04:12:07,880 THE TPJ AND WORK I CAN WHEN I 5921 04:12:07,880 --> 04:12:10,320 WAS A FELLOW IN MARK'S LAB, WE 5922 04:12:10,320 --> 04:12:11,760 LOOKED AT RESTING STATE 5923 04:12:11,760 --> 04:12:15,160 FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY. 5924 04:12:15,160 --> 04:12:17,240 IN A RELATIVELY LARGE GROUP OF 5925 04:12:17,240 --> 04:12:18,320 PATIENTS WITH FUNCTIONAL 5926 04:12:18,320 --> 04:12:21,360 MOVEMENT DISORDERS AND AS 5927 04:12:21,360 --> 04:12:24,200 COMPARED TO CONTROLS AND WE 5928 04:12:24,200 --> 04:12:26,080 LOOKED AT THIS RESTING STATE 5929 04:12:26,080 --> 04:12:29,120 FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY FROM THE 5930 04:12:29,120 --> 04:12:37,960 RIGHT T PJ WITH THIS INTEGRATION 5931 04:12:37,960 --> 04:12:39,560 SHOWN TO BE IMPORTANT IN THE 5932 04:12:39,560 --> 04:12:42,960 SELF-AGENCY NETWORK AND FOUND 5933 04:12:42,960 --> 04:12:45,080 THAT THERE IS IMPAIRED 5934 04:12:45,080 --> 04:12:46,720 CONNECTIVITY FROM THE RIGHT TPJ 5935 04:12:46,720 --> 04:12:49,960 TO A NUMBER OF SENSORY MOTOR 5936 04:12:49,960 --> 04:12:55,520 REGIONS IN PATIENTS WITH FMD SO 5937 04:12:55,520 --> 04:12:57,680 THESE ABNORMALITIES WERE AGAIN 5938 04:12:57,680 --> 04:12:58,960 PRESENT DURING THE RESTING 5939 04:12:58,960 --> 04:13:02,200 STATE, NOT DURING ANY MOVEMENTS 5940 04:13:02,200 --> 04:13:03,920 PER SE. 5941 04:13:03,920 --> 04:13:06,800 AND IMPORTANTLY THEY WERE ALSO 5942 04:13:06,800 --> 04:13:10,840 INDEPENDENT OF OTHER PSYCHIATRIC 5943 04:13:10,840 --> 04:13:16,440 CO-MORBIDITIES AND SO MORE OF A 5944 04:13:16,440 --> 04:13:19,200 FEATURE OF FUNCTIONSAL MOVEMENT 5945 04:13:19,200 --> 04:13:21,000 DISORDERS SPECIFICALLY. 5946 04:13:21,000 --> 04:13:23,240 SO, IT WORKED FROM MARK'S LAB 5947 04:13:23,240 --> 04:13:27,880 HAVE BEEN ALSO INSTRUMENTAL IN 5948 04:13:27,880 --> 04:13:32,320 FINDING OTHER NETWORK 5949 04:13:32,320 --> 04:13:33,280 ABNORMALITIES IN PATIENTS WITH 5950 04:13:33,280 --> 04:13:34,600 FUNCTIONAL DISORDERS SO WE KNOW 5951 04:13:34,600 --> 04:13:36,480 THESE PATIENTS HAVE HEIGHTENED 5952 04:13:36,480 --> 04:13:39,080 AROUSAL AND THEY CAN SHOW 5953 04:13:39,080 --> 04:13:41,800 SYMPTOM AMPLIFICATION DURING 5954 04:13:41,800 --> 04:13:42,400 EMOTIONAL VAL ENTER STATES SO 5955 04:13:42,400 --> 04:13:51,520 THESE FEATURES MAP ONTO THE 5956 04:13:51,520 --> 04:13:53,160 LIMBIC NETWORK AND STUDIES HAVE 5957 04:13:53,160 --> 04:13:55,320 SHOWN IN PARTICULAR THIS TYPIER 5958 04:13:55,320 --> 04:13:57,440 ACTIVITIES OF THE AMYGDALA IN 5959 04:13:57,440 --> 04:13:58,560 PATIENTS WITH FUNCTIONAL 5960 04:13:58,560 --> 04:14:06,240 MOVEMENT DISORDER SO THEY WERE 5961 04:14:06,240 --> 04:14:12,440 EXPOSED NEGATIVELY SPACES AND 5962 04:14:12,440 --> 04:14:13,320 PATIENTS WITH FUNCTIONSAL 5963 04:14:13,320 --> 04:14:14,480 MOVEMENT DISORDERS WERE SHOWN TO 5964 04:14:14,480 --> 04:14:18,000 HAVE AN ABNORMAL INCREASE IN 5965 04:14:18,000 --> 04:14:19,200 AMYGDALA ACTIVATION IN BOTH OF 5966 04:14:19,200 --> 04:14:29,480 THESE SETTINGS. 5967 04:14:32,720 --> 04:14:35,280 PATIENTS WITH FMD HAD ALTERED 5968 04:14:35,280 --> 04:14:41,000 CIRCUITRY BETWEEN THE LIMB I CAD 5969 04:14:41,000 --> 04:14:42,480 THEY HAD INCREASED CONNECTIVITY 5970 04:14:42,480 --> 04:14:44,840 BETWEEN THE SMA AND THE AMYGDALA 5971 04:14:44,840 --> 04:14:46,240 COMPARED TO CONTROLS WHEN THEY 5972 04:14:46,240 --> 04:14:47,760 WERE SUBJECTED TO EITHER 5973 04:14:47,760 --> 04:14:53,200 POSITIVELY OR NEGATIVELY VEIL 5974 04:14:53,200 --> 04:15:03,080 ENTER STIM YOU LA WORK HAS ALSO 5975 04:15:03,080 --> 04:15:07,040 SHOWN GRAY MATTER ALTERATIONS IN 5976 04:15:07,040 --> 04:15:13,400 PATIENTS WITH FUNCTIONAL 5977 04:15:13,400 --> 04:15:16,440 MOVEMENT SO WE SHOWED THERE ARE 5978 04:15:16,440 --> 04:15:19,200 KEY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PATIENTS 5979 04:15:19,200 --> 04:15:23,600 AND CONTROLS IN COMPONENTS OF 5980 04:15:23,600 --> 04:15:26,080 THE LIMBIC AND SENSORY MOTOR 5981 04:15:26,080 --> 04:15:28,120 CIRCUITRY, ESPECIALLY THEIR 5982 04:15:28,120 --> 04:15:30,240 INCREASE VOLUME IN THE LEFT 5983 04:15:30,240 --> 04:15:35,280 AMYGDALA AND THE CEREBELLUM AND 5984 04:15:35,280 --> 04:15:38,200 IN THE BI THALAMUS AND THERE'S 5985 04:15:38,200 --> 04:15:41,080 DECREASED VOLUME IN THE SENSORY 5986 04:15:41,080 --> 04:15:43,160 MOTOR CORTEX IN PATIENTS WITH 5987 04:15:43,160 --> 04:15:46,440 FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT DISORDERS. 5988 04:15:46,440 --> 04:15:48,840 AND AS A MOVEMENT DISORDER 5989 04:15:48,840 --> 04:15:51,760 NEUROLOGIST WHO HAS SEEN AND WHO 5990 04:15:51,760 --> 04:15:53,040 CONTINUES TO SEE A LOT OF 5991 04:15:53,040 --> 04:15:54,120 PATIENTS WITH FUNCTIONAL 5992 04:15:54,120 --> 04:15:56,160 MOVEMENT DISORDERS, YOU GET 5993 04:15:56,160 --> 04:15:57,920 ASKED ON A REGULAR BASIS, YOU 5994 04:15:57,920 --> 04:15:59,720 KNOW, WHY IS IT, WHY ME? 5995 04:15:59,720 --> 04:16:03,000 WHY IS THIS IMPACTING ME? 5996 04:16:03,000 --> 04:16:05,480 AND WORK FROM MARK HALLETT'S LAB 5997 04:16:05,480 --> 04:16:10,680 HAS REALLY HELPED TO ADDRESS IT 5998 04:16:10,680 --> 04:16:19,680 QUESTIONED AND IT WAS LED WHEN 5999 04:16:19,680 --> 04:16:26,280 HE WAS WORKING IN MARK'S LAB 6000 04:16:26,280 --> 04:16:29,960 THAT A GENE INVOLVED IN 6001 04:16:29,960 --> 04:16:31,480 SEROTONIN BIOSYNTHESIS IMPACTS 6002 04:16:31,480 --> 04:16:33,400 THE AGENCY OF ONSET OF 6003 04:16:33,400 --> 04:16:34,680 FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT DISORDERS SO 6004 04:16:34,680 --> 04:16:38,240 CLINICAL FEATURES AND ALSO 6005 04:16:38,240 --> 04:16:40,480 IMPACT AMYGDALA OR FRONTAL 6006 04:16:40,480 --> 04:16:46,480 CONNECTIVITY OR IMPACT THE 6007 04:16:46,480 --> 04:16:47,600 NETWORKS IN THESE INDIVIDUALS SO 6008 04:16:47,600 --> 04:16:53,680 THE PATIENTS WITH THIS POLY 6009 04:16:53,680 --> 04:16:56,080 MORPHISM THEY SHOW CONNECTIVITY 6010 04:16:56,080 --> 04:17:02,200 AND IT IS IMPORTANT FOR 6011 04:17:02,200 --> 04:17:03,840 COGNITIVE A PRAISE OF STIMULI. 6012 04:17:03,840 --> 04:17:08,000 SO WHAT ARE WE DOING, AS A 6013 04:17:08,000 --> 04:17:09,400 CLINICIAN, YOU ALWAYS ARE 6014 04:17:09,400 --> 04:17:14,400 THINKING WHAT ARE YOU DOING WITD 6015 04:17:14,400 --> 04:17:17,520 ALSO, WHAT DO WE DO WITH THE 6016 04:17:17,520 --> 04:17:20,480 KNOWLEDGE THAT WE HAVE GAINED? 6017 04:17:20,480 --> 04:17:24,160 FOR DIAGNOSIS, FOR TREATMENTS, 6018 04:17:24,160 --> 04:17:26,680 AND WORK FROM MARK'S LAB HAS 6019 04:17:26,680 --> 04:17:29,520 BEEN INSTRUMENTAL ALSO IN SORT 6020 04:17:29,520 --> 04:17:32,280 OF PUSHING THE ENVELOPE 6021 04:17:32,280 --> 04:17:34,920 APPROXIMATE THAT REGARD SO THIS 6022 04:17:34,920 --> 04:17:39,280 IS A PAPER FROM THIS YEAR AND 6023 04:17:39,280 --> 04:17:40,160 USING SOME OF THE NODES THAT 6024 04:17:40,160 --> 04:17:43,400 HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AS BEING 6025 04:17:43,400 --> 04:17:46,200 IMPORTANT IN THIS HAD FMD 6026 04:17:46,200 --> 04:17:50,040 NETWORK AND THE WORK FROM MARK'S 6027 04:17:50,040 --> 04:17:51,880 LAB RECENTLY USED MACHINE 6028 04:17:51,880 --> 04:17:58,480 LEARNING APPROACH AND TO TRY TO 6029 04:17:58,480 --> 04:17:59,240 DISCRIMINATE FOLKS WITH 6030 04:17:59,240 --> 04:18:03,000 FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT DISORDERS 6031 04:18:03,000 --> 04:18:10,520 FROM CONTROLS AND CAN BE USED AS 6032 04:18:10,520 --> 04:18:21,160 A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL AN AND ANOTHER 6033 04:18:26,440 --> 04:18:31,520 RECENT STUDY FROM THE LAB 6034 04:18:31,520 --> 04:18:34,880 COMBINED IMAGING AS A MOVE HE 6035 04:18:34,880 --> 04:18:40,720 WILL MEANS AND TO TARGET FRONTAL 6036 04:18:40,720 --> 04:18:41,880 AMYGDALA ABNORMALITIES IN 6037 04:18:41,880 --> 04:18:47,560 PATIENTS WITH FMD AND 6038 04:18:47,560 --> 04:18:49,840 CONNECTIVITY AND IDENTIFY THE 6039 04:18:49,840 --> 04:18:56,320 OBJECT TIM ALTAR HE ET IN TEACH 6040 04:18:56,320 --> 04:19:01,680 VICTIMS AND WERE DEMONSTRATED AS 6041 04:19:01,680 --> 04:19:06,560 WELL AS SYMPTOMATIC IMPROVEMENT 6042 04:19:06,560 --> 04:19:11,000 IN THESE INDIVIDUALS SO THIS ISL 6043 04:19:11,000 --> 04:19:12,920 IN THE PILOT STAGES SO WORK FROM 6044 04:19:12,920 --> 04:19:20,000 MARK'S LAB REALLY SETS THE STAGE 6045 04:19:20,000 --> 04:19:24,920 FOR TREATMENTS LIKE TO IN THE 6046 04:19:24,920 --> 04:19:25,240 FUTURE. 6047 04:19:25,240 --> 04:19:27,120 SO I'M USING THE SAME PAPER YOU 6048 04:19:27,120 --> 04:19:31,240 JUST SAW FROM JOHN AND SO, 6049 04:19:31,240 --> 04:19:34,080 AGAIN, WITH THIS IDEA THAT MARK 6050 04:19:34,080 --> 04:19:37,040 DEFINES FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT 6051 04:19:37,040 --> 04:19:39,760 DISORDERS BACK IN OVER 15 YEARS 6052 04:19:39,760 --> 04:19:50,200 AS THIS CRISIS IN UROLOGY 6053 04:19:51,360 --> 04:19:53,360 HOWEVER, WORK FROM MARK AND WORK 6054 04:19:53,360 --> 04:19:57,320 FROM MARK'S GROUP HAS REALLY 6055 04:19:57,320 --> 04:19:58,640 MADE OF SIGNIFICANT STRIDES IN 6056 04:19:58,640 --> 04:20:02,160 OUR ABILITY TO MAKE THE 6057 04:20:02,160 --> 04:20:03,920 DIAGNOSIS AND MAKE A DIAGNOSIS 6058 04:20:03,920 --> 04:20:08,520 THAT IS BETTER ACCEPTED BY OUR 6059 04:20:08,520 --> 04:20:14,800 PATIENTS AND NEURO MISS LOGICAL 6060 04:20:14,800 --> 04:20:16,480 AND WE HAVE A BETTER 6061 04:20:16,480 --> 04:20:20,080 UNDERSTANDING OF THE TYPE OF 6062 04:20:20,080 --> 04:20:21,680 PHYSIOLOGY OF THIS HELPS US 6063 04:20:21,680 --> 04:20:22,920 COMPLAIN THE DISORDERS AND BOTH 6064 04:20:22,920 --> 04:20:24,800 TO OUR PATIENTS AS WELL AS TO 6065 04:20:24,800 --> 04:20:28,480 OUR COLLEAGUES AND ALLOWS THE 6066 04:20:28,480 --> 04:20:32,840 FIELD TO EXPLORE INNOVATIVE 6067 04:20:32,840 --> 04:20:34,760 PARADIGMS AND ALL OF THIS SERVES 6068 04:20:34,760 --> 04:20:41,160 TO IMPROVE THE PROGNOSIS FOR 6069 04:20:41,160 --> 04:20:43,600 THIS PREVIOUSLY VERY COMMON 6070 04:20:43,600 --> 04:20:45,480 PATIENTS POPULATION. 6071 04:20:45,480 --> 04:20:49,720 AND I WANTED TO TAKE THIS 6072 04:20:49,720 --> 04:20:52,280 OPPORTUNITY TO THANK Dr. 6073 04:20:52,280 --> 04:20:53,760 HALLETT WHO HAS BEEN A 6074 04:20:53,760 --> 04:20:55,040 INSPIRATION WITH ME AND HAS BEEN 6075 04:20:55,040 --> 04:20:59,960 AN INSPIRATION TO SO MANY PEOPLE 6076 04:20:59,960 --> 04:21:02,400 AND REALLY AN EX 'EM POLICE CAR' 6077 04:21:02,400 --> 04:21:12,920 MODEL OF A MENTOR AND SHOWN HERE 6078 04:21:17,000 --> 04:21:27,480 IT WAS THE BEST CLASS AND I JUST 6079 04:21:28,680 --> 04:21:30,680 FEEL FORTUNATE THAT I HAD THE 6080 04:21:30,680 --> 04:21:35,000 EXPERIENCE TO SPEND TIME IN 6081 04:21:35,000 --> 04:21:36,800 MARK'S LAB. 6082 04:21:36,800 --> 04:21:38,320 WE'LL END THERE. 6083 04:21:38,320 --> 04:21:46,160 [APPLAUSE] 6084 04:21:46,160 --> 04:21:50,760 >>OUR NEXT SPEAKER WAS VALERIE 6085 04:21:50,760 --> 04:21:52,680 VOON A FELLOW BEGIN NORTH 2004 6086 04:21:52,680 --> 04:21:56,120 IN MARK'S LAB AND IS COMING TO 6087 04:21:56,120 --> 04:22:00,880 US VIA EITHER CAMBRIDGE OR 6088 04:22:00,880 --> 04:22:01,360 SHANGHAI WHERE SHE HOLDS 6089 04:22:01,360 --> 04:22:02,200 PROFESSORSHIPS. 6090 04:22:02,200 --> 04:22:02,920 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH. 6091 04:22:02,920 --> 04:22:06,600 AND THANK YOU TO THE ORGANIZERS 6092 04:22:06,600 --> 04:22:10,080 FOR THIS OPPORTUNITY TO SPEAK AT 6093 04:22:10,080 --> 04:22:10,280 MARK'S. 6094 04:22:10,280 --> 04:22:12,000 IT'S A PLEASURE AND HONOR TO BE 6095 04:22:12,000 --> 04:22:13,800 ABLE TO DO SO. 6096 04:22:13,800 --> 04:22:17,920 I WAS ASKED TO TALK ABOUT 6097 04:22:17,920 --> 04:22:18,440 FUNCTIONAL NEWER ONLY CAL 6098 04:22:18,440 --> 04:22:19,560 DISORDERS AND WILL OR AGENCY. 6099 04:22:19,560 --> 04:22:21,080 THIS IS ISN'T THE TOPIC THAT I 6100 04:22:21,080 --> 04:22:22,280 COVER NOW AND I STOPPED ABOUT 6101 04:22:22,280 --> 04:22:24,120 FOUR YEARS AGO IN TERMS OF 6102 04:22:24,120 --> 04:22:26,040 STUDYING FUNCTIONAL DISORDERS 6103 04:22:26,040 --> 04:22:27,760 BUT AS A LARGE PART OF MY LIFE 6104 04:22:27,760 --> 04:22:29,920 FOR ABOUT 15 YEARS, SO, ALL 6105 04:22:29,920 --> 04:22:31,200 THINGS CONSIDERED, I'M HAPPY TO 6106 04:22:31,200 --> 04:22:33,360 TALK ABOUT THIS TOPIC. 6107 04:22:33,360 --> 04:22:35,920 I THINK I FIRST STARTED, I THINK 6108 04:22:35,920 --> 04:22:38,480 I SUSPECT I WAS ONE OF THE FIRST 6109 04:22:38,480 --> 04:22:43,640 FELLOWS TO TAKE ON IT IT FULL 6110 04:22:43,640 --> 04:22:46,240 TIME BACK IN. 6111 04:22:46,240 --> 04:22:49,280 I WAS THERE IN 2009 AND MY 6112 04:22:49,280 --> 04:22:50,600 UNDERSTANDING WAS THAT THERE IS 6113 04:22:50,600 --> 04:22:57,240 STILL AN ETHICS PROTOCOL WRITTEN 6114 04:22:57,240 --> 04:23:00,080 IN 2007 THAT IS ACTIVE TODAY AND 6115 04:23:00,080 --> 04:23:03,000 I CAN WRITE THAT PROTOCOL 6116 04:23:03,000 --> 04:23:04,800 ACTUALLY SO, IT'S REALLY NICE TO 6117 04:23:04,800 --> 04:23:07,280 BE ABLE TO KNOW THAT THERE'S A 6118 04:23:07,280 --> 04:23:09,600 LONGSTANDING IMPACT AND THIS 6119 04:23:09,600 --> 04:23:11,040 FIELD AND I WILL SAY WHEN WE 6120 04:23:11,040 --> 04:23:12,840 FIRST STARTED, IT WAS ACTUALLY 6121 04:23:12,840 --> 04:23:16,520 DIFFICULT TO GET SOME OF THE 6122 04:23:16,520 --> 04:23:18,480 PAPERS IT IT WAS WELL ACCEPTED 6123 04:23:18,480 --> 04:23:20,280 SO I'M REALLY GLAD TO SEE WHERE 6124 04:23:20,280 --> 04:23:23,600 THE FIELD HAS GONE NOW AND THIS 6125 04:23:23,600 --> 04:23:26,920 IS IN AND PUSHING FORWARD THIS 6126 04:23:26,920 --> 04:23:33,920 FIELD IN AND SO AT THE SAME TIME 6127 04:23:33,920 --> 04:23:38,440 I DID THE PHD IN NEUROSCIENCES 6128 04:23:38,440 --> 04:23:39,800 AND THROUGH THE GPP PROGRAM BUT 6129 04:23:39,800 --> 04:23:41,880 I WAS ON BEHAVIORAL ADDICTIONS 6130 04:23:41,880 --> 04:23:52,160 AND PARKINSON'S. 6131 04:23:58,840 --> 04:24:00,280 SO I THINK WE'RE ALL FAMILIAR OF 6132 04:24:00,280 --> 04:24:10,640 THIS PARTICULAR IMAGE. 6133 04:24:16,520 --> 04:24:24,320 I WILL SAY THE MEETING THAT I 6134 04:24:24,320 --> 04:24:27,440 WAS WORKING AS A PSYCHIATRIST 6135 04:24:27,440 --> 04:24:28,040 AND MARK HALLETT APPROACHED ME 6136 04:24:28,040 --> 04:24:34,520 AND SAID, DO YOU WANT TO BE A 6137 04:24:34,520 --> 04:24:36,320 FELL IN MY LAB AND I ACTUALLY 6138 04:24:36,320 --> 04:24:46,840 MOVED SO, ALL THINGS CONSIDERED, 6139 04:24:54,400 --> 04:24:55,720 MARK HAS BEEN AN AMAZING MENTOR 6140 04:24:55,720 --> 04:24:56,560 AND SUPERVISOR. 6141 04:24:56,560 --> 04:24:58,240 WHERE I AM NOW IS IN LARGE PART 6142 04:24:58,240 --> 04:25:08,760 RELATE TODAY HIM AND THEY CAN BE 6143 04:25:22,600 --> 04:25:29,960 PULLED TOGETHER SO THIS IS YOU 6144 04:25:29,960 --> 04:25:31,440 MIGHT BE FUNCTIONING AND MIGHT 6145 04:25:31,440 --> 04:25:33,280 PLAY A ROLE IN TERMS OF THE 6146 04:25:33,280 --> 04:25:35,800 PREDICTION OR EXPECTATION BEING 6147 04:25:35,800 --> 04:25:40,280 ABNORMAL AND THIS TOP-DOWN 6148 04:25:40,280 --> 04:25:43,520 ELEMENT AND AND PERHAPS THEN 6149 04:25:43,520 --> 04:25:45,160 SHIFTING AWAY FROM VOLUNTARY 6150 04:25:45,160 --> 04:25:46,800 MOVEMENT AND THAT BEING 6151 04:25:46,800 --> 04:25:50,520 ABHORRENT AND THIS ROLE OF 6152 04:25:50,520 --> 04:26:01,040 EMOTION AND OF HE HAD SUBJECTS 6153 04:26:30,680 --> 04:26:32,040 HE HAD TO MOVE IN THE SCANNER 6154 04:26:32,040 --> 04:26:33,520 AND THE BLOCK AND HE COMPARED 6155 04:26:33,520 --> 04:26:35,720 THEM WITH HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS, 6156 04:26:35,720 --> 04:26:37,360 FAYNEING PERRAL CEASE SO 6157 04:26:37,360 --> 04:26:39,280 COMPARING THIS FUNCTIONAL PAR 6158 04:26:39,280 --> 04:26:43,040 ALICE VERSUS AND DEMONSTRATING 6159 04:26:43,040 --> 04:26:44,680 THERE'S LOWER ACTIVITY IN THE 6160 04:26:44,680 --> 04:26:47,520 FREE FRONTAL CORTEX THAT WAS 6161 04:26:47,520 --> 04:26:48,320 LATERALIZED WHETHER IT'S 6162 04:26:48,320 --> 04:26:49,640 FUNCTIONAL SO REALLY 6163 04:26:49,640 --> 04:26:54,520 HIGHLIGHTING AT THAT POINT THAT 6164 04:26:54,520 --> 04:27:03,000 AND FACES FUNCTIONAL SYMPTOMS. 6165 04:27:03,000 --> 04:27:05,440 BAYS IT WAS INVOLVED IN ACTIONS 6166 04:27:05,440 --> 04:27:06,760 COLLECTIONS AND THAT PERHAPS 6167 04:27:06,760 --> 04:27:13,360 THIS IS UNDERLINE TENANT IS IS 6168 04:27:13,360 --> 04:27:14,880 RELEVANT THE PATIENT AS I CANNOT 6169 04:27:14,880 --> 04:27:18,080 MOVE AND I WILL NOT MOVE AND 6170 04:27:18,080 --> 04:27:21,960 IT'S NOT WILL THE MOVEMENT AND 6171 04:27:21,960 --> 04:27:24,120 HE HAD HAD SUGGESTED THAT THE 6172 04:27:24,120 --> 04:27:26,360 MOTOR EXECUTION IS INTACT AND 6173 04:27:26,360 --> 04:27:31,240 PERHAPS IT MIGHT BE THIS IS 6174 04:27:31,240 --> 04:27:32,400 SOMETHING THAT'S BEEN PICKED UP 6175 04:27:32,400 --> 04:27:37,000 THROUGHOUT THE COURSE OF THE 6176 04:27:37,000 --> 04:27:37,600 RESEARCH. 6177 04:27:37,600 --> 04:27:39,440 AGENCIES DEFINED BY CAREEN SO 6178 04:27:39,440 --> 04:27:41,240 THIS IDEA THIS SENSE THAT YOU 6179 04:27:41,240 --> 04:27:43,840 ARE NOT THE PERSON OR YOU ARE 6180 04:27:43,840 --> 04:27:45,280 SENSING THAT YOU ARE NOT THE 6181 04:27:45,280 --> 04:27:49,480 PERSON AND WHO AGAIN RATES OR IN 6182 04:27:49,480 --> 04:27:53,600 CONTROL OF THE OR PICK UP NOT ON 6183 04:27:53,600 --> 04:27:55,200 THIS IN THE NEXT COUPLE OF 6184 04:27:55,200 --> 04:27:56,920 SLIDES AND WE'LL GO THROUGH THIS 6185 04:27:56,920 --> 04:27:58,160 CLINICAL ASPECT AGAIN SO THIS IS 6186 04:27:58,160 --> 04:27:59,520 SOMETHING THAT CAREEN HAD 6187 04:27:59,520 --> 04:28:01,600 ALREADY POINTED OUT THIS IDEA 6188 04:28:01,600 --> 04:28:02,960 AND ENTRAINMENT AND SO THIS HERE 6189 04:28:02,960 --> 04:28:05,480 YOU SEE A PATIENT. 6190 04:28:05,480 --> 04:28:10,080 >>I'D LIKE YOU TO TAP WITH ME 6191 04:28:10,080 --> 04:28:11,600 AND WE'LL TALK OVER IT BUT I'M 6192 04:28:11,600 --> 04:28:17,200 NOT SURE IF I CAN. 6193 04:28:17,200 --> 04:28:21,880 AND NOW YOU JUST KEEP TAPPING ON 6194 04:28:21,880 --> 04:28:25,000 YOUR OWN. 6195 04:28:25,000 --> 04:28:27,840 SO, WHAT YOU SEE HERE IS SOMEONE 6196 04:28:27,840 --> 04:28:30,160 O WHO HAS A FUNCTIONAL TREMOR 6197 04:28:30,160 --> 04:28:34,160 AND THEY'RE ASKED TO THEN WITH 6198 04:28:34,160 --> 04:28:44,680 YOUR OTHER HAND VOLUNTARILY SO 6199 04:28:48,840 --> 04:28:55,880 THIS IS CARRYING HEAD POINTS OUT 6200 04:28:55,880 --> 04:28:59,840 FUNCTIONSAL SYMPTOMS AND THEY'RE 6201 04:28:59,840 --> 04:29:09,960 USING THE STAPLE IF YOU USE THE 6202 04:29:09,960 --> 04:29:12,440 SALE PATHWAY WHY IS IT 6203 04:29:12,440 --> 04:29:20,560 EXPERIENCING AS INVOLUNTARY. 6204 04:29:20,560 --> 04:29:21,800 I'M GOING TO GO THROUGH THIS A 6205 04:29:21,800 --> 04:29:25,720 LITTLE BIT MORE SO HERE WE TOOK 6206 04:29:25,720 --> 04:29:31,880 PATIENTS WITH PENSIONAL TREMORS 6207 04:29:31,880 --> 04:29:42,400 AND IT WAS STUDY TO RECRUIT AND 6208 04:29:51,760 --> 04:29:55,640 IT STARTED BEFORE I STARTED AND 6209 04:29:55,640 --> 04:29:57,680 TO SO BRUNO WAS THE FIRST FELLOW 6210 04:29:57,680 --> 04:29:59,320 WHO TOOK ON THIS PROJECT FOR 6211 04:29:59,320 --> 04:30:01,680 ABOUT THREE YEARS AND I THINK 6212 04:30:01,680 --> 04:30:11,720 THAT SHE, THERE WAS A MEETING IN 6213 04:30:11,720 --> 04:30:13,360 SHE MOVED TO HAWAII THE NEXT 6214 04:30:13,360 --> 04:30:14,920 YEAR AND THE NEXT ONE SHE MOVED 6215 04:30:14,920 --> 04:30:17,000 TO HAWAII AND I GUESS I CAME 6216 04:30:17,000 --> 04:30:21,360 ALONG AND THEN I AM MERITED THIS 6217 04:30:21,360 --> 04:30:21,600 PROJECT. 6218 04:30:21,600 --> 04:30:23,480 SO FOUR YEARS LATER, WHAT WE SEE 6219 04:30:23,480 --> 04:30:26,680 HERE IS THAT INI AM VOLUNTARY 6220 04:30:26,680 --> 04:30:30,880 MOVEMENTS IN THIS PATIENT 6221 04:30:30,880 --> 04:30:32,200 POPULATION IS DECREASE AND THE 6222 04:30:32,200 --> 04:30:39,000 RIGHT INFERIOR JUNCTION WHEN WE 6223 04:30:39,000 --> 04:30:40,400 THINK ABOUT RELEVANT TO THIS 6224 04:30:40,400 --> 04:30:44,840 PERRY OF THE FEED FORD MODEL OF 6225 04:30:44,840 --> 04:30:55,360 MOTOR CONTROL AND WHAT WE FEEL 6226 04:30:58,240 --> 04:31:01,320 LIKE WHEN YOU ARE THERE AND WHEN 6227 04:31:01,320 --> 04:31:03,000 YOU REACHED THE SENSATION AND 6228 04:31:03,000 --> 04:31:05,800 THE COLDNESS AND WHEN YOU HAVE 6229 04:31:05,800 --> 04:31:06,960 ACTUALLY MADE OF MOVEMENT YOU 6230 04:31:06,960 --> 04:31:09,080 HAVE THE SENSORY FEEDBACK THAT 6231 04:31:09,080 --> 04:31:11,880 OCCURRED AND SO THE ACTION AND 6232 04:31:11,880 --> 04:31:21,560 THE COMPARISON IS THEN IF IT 6233 04:31:21,560 --> 04:31:22,760 MATCHES YOU FEEL YOU ARE IN 6234 04:31:22,760 --> 04:31:24,200 CONTROL OF YOUR MOVEMENT SO IT'S 6235 04:31:24,200 --> 04:31:25,920 WHEN IT'S MATCHES AND THE KEY IS 6236 04:31:25,920 --> 04:31:28,040 THIS IS IMPLICIT AND IT'S 6237 04:31:28,040 --> 04:31:28,760 OCCURRING ALL THE TIME BECAUSE 6238 04:31:28,760 --> 04:31:31,000 WE FEEL A SENSE OF AGENCY ALL 6239 04:31:31,000 --> 04:31:33,360 THE TIME AND UNLESS SOMETHING IS 6240 04:31:33,360 --> 04:31:33,640 MISMATCHED. 6241 04:31:33,640 --> 04:31:36,360 SO THEN THE QUESTION IS, WHAT IS 6242 04:31:36,360 --> 04:31:36,680 THIS MISMATCH? 6243 04:31:36,680 --> 04:31:39,120 AND WHAT LEVEL IS IT AT? 6244 04:31:39,120 --> 04:31:41,480 AND IN OUR CASE, WE HAD SEEN 6245 04:31:41,480 --> 04:31:43,720 THAT SENSORY FEEDBACK APPEARED 6246 04:31:43,720 --> 04:31:44,920 RELATIVELY INTACT SO WE THOUGHT 6247 04:31:44,920 --> 04:31:46,680 AT THE LEVEL OF INTENTION, WHERE 6248 04:31:46,680 --> 04:31:50,520 THE PREDICTION MIGHT BE 6249 04:31:50,520 --> 04:31:51,040 IMPAIRED. 6250 04:31:51,040 --> 04:31:55,360 AGAIN, A LOT OF VERY NICE WORK 6251 04:31:55,360 --> 04:31:57,960 THAT CONTINUES WITH THE TPG AND 6252 04:31:57,960 --> 04:32:02,200 SO IN THE CONTEXT OF INVOLUNTARY 6253 04:32:02,200 --> 04:32:05,000 MOVEMENTS, WE SEE THIS DECREASED 6254 04:32:05,000 --> 04:32:07,520 CROSS TALK BETWEEN THE RIGHT TPJ 6255 04:32:07,520 --> 04:32:10,160 AND REGIONS INVOLVED IN THE 6256 04:32:10,160 --> 04:32:13,120 LIMBIC OR EMOTIONAL PROCESSING 6257 04:32:13,120 --> 04:32:17,000 SO THE VENTRAL TRY EIGHT AND 6258 04:32:17,000 --> 04:32:18,640 LOOKING AT THE RESTING STATE 6259 04:32:18,640 --> 04:32:21,720 FROM THIS DECREASE WITH SENSORY 6260 04:32:21,720 --> 04:32:25,400 MOTOR NETWORKS AND SO THIS TPJ 6261 04:32:25,400 --> 04:32:27,160 ASSOCIATED WITH A DECREASE AND 6262 04:32:27,160 --> 04:32:28,440 CROSS TALKING ACTIVITY AND 6263 04:32:28,440 --> 04:32:31,480 BETWEEN REGIONS AND INVOLVED IN 6264 04:32:31,480 --> 04:32:33,400 MOTOR NETWORKS AND VERY UPSTREAM 6265 04:32:33,400 --> 04:32:37,680 AND ALSO IN TERMS OF EMOTIONAL 6266 04:32:37,680 --> 04:32:38,000 PROCESSING. 6267 04:32:38,000 --> 04:32:41,760 WE THEN WENT ON TO LOOK AT MORE 6268 04:32:41,760 --> 04:32:44,480 CAREFULLY HARASS THE OUT ASPECTS 6269 04:32:44,480 --> 04:32:47,960 OFFS SUBJECT OF I AM TENSIONS 6270 04:32:47,960 --> 04:32:51,760 USING AND IT'S YOU SEE IT CLOCK 6271 04:32:51,760 --> 04:32:52,600 WITH A ARMOR A BALL MOVING 6272 04:32:52,600 --> 04:32:56,640 AROUND THE CIRCLE AND NUMBERS 6273 04:32:56,640 --> 04:33:07,160 AROUNDS THIS PAY ATTENTION TO 6274 04:33:11,600 --> 04:33:13,000 THE MOVEMENT AND YOU JUST REPORT 6275 04:33:13,000 --> 04:33:14,320 THE TIME YOU MADE THE MOVEMENT 6276 04:33:14,320 --> 04:33:16,440 AND THAT'S M. 6277 04:33:16,440 --> 04:33:18,080 AND THEN IN A SEPARATE BLOCK, 6278 04:33:18,080 --> 04:33:21,920 YOU ARE ASKED TO PAY ATTENTION 6279 04:33:21,920 --> 04:33:22,600 TO THE URGE TO MOVE SO IT'S 6280 04:33:22,600 --> 04:33:23,680 SEPARATE FROM THE MOVEMENT 6281 04:33:23,680 --> 04:33:24,880 ITSELF AND IT'S W. 6282 04:33:24,880 --> 04:33:26,760 AND YOU WOULD THINK THIS IS 6283 04:33:26,760 --> 04:33:29,520 ACTUALLY QUITE DIFFICULT TO 6284 04:33:29,520 --> 04:33:31,320 ASSOCIATE BUT HEALTHY PROVE 6285 04:33:31,320 --> 04:33:32,960 TIERS ASSOCIATES THIS WITH AND 6286 04:33:32,960 --> 04:33:36,040 HEALTH' VOLUNTEERS W IS USUALLY 6287 04:33:36,040 --> 04:33:40,000 REPORTED ABOUT 200 SECONDS AND 6288 04:33:40,000 --> 04:33:42,160 THERE'S A LOT OF IMPLICATIONS 6289 04:33:42,160 --> 04:33:47,640 WHICH I'M GOING TO GET IT AND 6290 04:33:47,640 --> 04:33:49,560 THEY DISCRIMINATE WITH THESE 6291 04:33:49,560 --> 04:33:49,720 TWO. 6292 04:33:49,720 --> 04:33:51,240 OK AND WHAT ABOUT THE UNDER LIKE 6293 04:33:51,240 --> 04:33:55,400 BRAIN REGIONS AND THIS IS REALLY 6294 04:33:55,400 --> 04:33:59,120 NICE WORK UNDER LIKE INTENTION 6295 04:33:59,120 --> 04:34:00,920 INCLUDES MANY OF THE AREAS WE 6296 04:34:00,920 --> 04:34:06,080 POINTED OUT AND PREFRONTAL AND 6297 04:34:06,080 --> 04:34:09,720 ONE OF THE KEY REGIONS IS THIS 6298 04:34:09,720 --> 04:34:12,800 CORTEX AND HERE IN LESION STUD'S 6299 04:34:12,800 --> 04:34:16,600 SO STROKE LESIONS AND PATIENTS 6300 04:34:16,600 --> 04:34:18,480 WHO HAVE HAD STROKES WE SEE 6301 04:34:18,480 --> 04:34:20,640 THEY'RE IMPAIRED PARADIGM SO 6302 04:34:20,640 --> 04:34:22,160 THEY HAVE DIFFICULTY BETWEEN THE 6303 04:34:22,160 --> 04:34:24,040 W AND M. 6304 04:34:24,040 --> 04:34:25,880 AND IN THE CORTICAL STIMULATION 6305 04:34:25,880 --> 04:34:28,200 STUDIES WHERE YOU STIMULATING 6306 04:34:28,200 --> 04:34:30,440 THE CORTEX YOU GET THIS WANTING 6307 04:34:30,440 --> 04:34:32,000 TO MOVE AND THIS KIND OF SENSE 6308 04:34:32,000 --> 04:34:34,920 OF WANT TO GO MOVE SO SUGGESTING 6309 04:34:34,920 --> 04:34:36,320 IT'S VERY UP TREATMENT IN TERMS 6310 04:34:36,320 --> 04:34:38,760 OF INTENTION. 6311 04:34:38,760 --> 04:34:41,760 SO WE RAN IT IT STUDY WITH 6312 04:34:41,760 --> 04:34:43,880 LIPIDS CLOCK IN THE FUNCTION NOR 6313 04:34:43,880 --> 04:34:44,720 LOGICAL DISORDER PATIENTS AND 6314 04:34:44,720 --> 04:34:47,360 WHAT YOU SEE HERE IS THIS 6315 04:34:47,360 --> 04:34:49,960 IMPAIRMENT IN DISTINGUISHING 6316 04:34:49,960 --> 04:34:51,680 WITHIN THE INTENTION TO MOVE 6317 04:34:51,680 --> 04:34:53,360 VERSUS THE MOVEMENT ITSELF. 6318 04:34:53,360 --> 04:34:54,720 THE INTENTION OR W MOVES MUCH 6319 04:34:54,720 --> 04:34:56,240 CLOSER TO THE MOVEMENT ITSELF 6320 04:34:56,240 --> 04:34:58,120 AND THAT IS BEEN REPLICATED IN 6321 04:34:58,120 --> 04:34:59,800 THE COUPLE STUDIES AND WE ALSO 6322 04:34:59,800 --> 04:35:03,280 LOOKED AT THIS WITH IMAGING AND 6323 04:35:03,280 --> 04:35:04,760 DEMONSTRATE INSIDE IMPAIRMENT OR 6324 04:35:04,760 --> 04:35:07,720 THE FND PATIENTS WHEN THEY'RE 6325 04:35:07,720 --> 04:35:09,520 PAYING ATTENTION TO THE 6326 04:35:09,520 --> 04:35:11,160 INTENTION ITSELF THEY HAVE A 6327 04:35:11,160 --> 04:35:13,640 DECREASE OF ACTIVITY IN THE 6328 04:35:13,640 --> 04:35:15,320 INTERIOR CORTEX ON RIGHT AND 6329 04:35:15,320 --> 04:35:18,040 IT'S SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT FROM THE 6330 04:35:18,040 --> 04:35:19,920 PHJ AND IT'S AND IT IS VERY 6331 04:35:19,920 --> 04:35:22,840 SIMILAR FOR EXACTLY WHAT YOU SEE 6332 04:35:22,840 --> 04:35:24,600 IN STUD'S FOR CORTICAL 6333 04:35:24,600 --> 04:35:26,840 SIMULATION AND STROKE PATIENTS. 6334 04:35:26,840 --> 04:35:28,840 SO JUST A VERY BRIEFLY 6335 04:35:28,840 --> 04:35:30,640 SUMMARIZED THIS WHAT WE SEE IS 6336 04:35:30,640 --> 04:35:32,240 THESE IMPAIRMENTS AND THESE 6337 04:35:32,240 --> 04:35:34,720 MOTOR CONTROL NETWORKS THAT ARE 6338 04:35:34,720 --> 04:35:37,800 UPSTREAM OF MOTOR PROCESSING IN 6339 04:35:37,800 --> 04:35:41,320 THE PRIDAL JUNCTION IN NOT 6340 04:35:41,320 --> 04:35:44,200 SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR THIS 6341 04:35:44,200 --> 04:35:45,200 DECREASE IN CONNECTIVITY AND 6342 04:35:45,200 --> 04:35:50,800 PERHAPS INCREASED ACTIVITIES IN 6343 04:35:50,800 --> 04:36:01,360 THE THIS INTERACTION WITH MOTOR 6344 04:36:11,480 --> 04:36:13,440 LIMBIC PROCESSING SO THE IDEA 6345 04:36:13,440 --> 04:36:15,120 THAT PERHAPS THERE MIGHT BE AN 6346 04:36:15,120 --> 04:36:17,040 ABNORMALITY IN THE BELIEF OR THE 6347 04:36:17,040 --> 04:36:22,720 PREDICTION OF HOW AN INVOLUNTARY 6348 04:36:22,720 --> 04:36:23,960 COULD HER AND THE VOLUNTARY 6349 04:36:23,960 --> 04:36:25,760 ASPECT AND IT'S HYPER AWARENESS 6350 04:36:25,760 --> 04:36:27,400 OF THE INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENT AND 6351 04:36:27,400 --> 04:36:29,160 WE SEE THIS SHIFT PERHAPS AWAY 6352 04:36:29,160 --> 04:36:30,600 FROM AWARENESS OF INTENTION OF 6353 04:36:30,600 --> 04:36:33,240 THE THE VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS. 6354 04:36:33,240 --> 04:36:36,160 AND I THINK WE'VE BEEN PICK UP 6355 04:36:36,160 --> 04:36:37,560 ASPECTS WITH REGARDS TO 6356 04:36:37,560 --> 04:36:40,320 EMOTIONAL PROCESSING. 6357 04:36:40,320 --> 04:36:42,480 SO WHAT DO I DO NOW? 6358 04:36:42,480 --> 04:36:44,280 WELL, I PICKED UP ON MARK'S 6359 04:36:44,280 --> 04:36:45,800 TENNEN SEE TO TRAVEL SO I 6360 04:36:45,800 --> 04:36:47,720 TRAVELED BETWEEN TWO COUNTRIES 6361 04:36:47,720 --> 04:36:50,520 AND BETWEEN CAMBRIDGE AND CHINA. 6362 04:36:50,520 --> 04:36:54,760 AND I HAVE SHIFTED AWAY INTO 6363 04:36:54,760 --> 04:36:56,240 ADDICTIONS AND COMPULSIVE 6364 04:36:56,240 --> 04:36:57,840 DISORDER BUT WHAT I WOULD 6365 04:36:57,840 --> 04:36:59,960 EMPHASIZE IS A LOT OF THE NOT 6366 04:36:59,960 --> 04:37:02,520 CONCEPTS ARE NOT DISSIMILAR SO 6367 04:37:02,520 --> 04:37:04,280 WHEN I'M PARSING OUT COGNITIVE 6368 04:37:04,280 --> 04:37:06,280 NEUROSCIENCE ELEMENTS AND THE 6369 04:37:06,280 --> 04:37:07,960 COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS, I'M 6370 04:37:07,960 --> 04:37:10,080 FOCUSING ON SELF-CONTROL AND 6371 04:37:10,080 --> 04:37:11,720 REPETITIVE BEHAVIOR AND TO 6372 04:37:11,720 --> 04:37:13,160 WHATEVER EXTENT THE THEORIES 6373 04:37:13,160 --> 04:37:15,480 ALSO HAVE IMPAIRMENTS, IN THE 6374 04:37:15,480 --> 04:37:17,560 CONCEPTS OF SELF-AGENCY OR THE 6375 04:37:17,560 --> 04:37:20,880 LOSS OF CONTROL, BUT JUST AT A 6376 04:37:20,880 --> 04:37:24,560 DIFFERENT STAGE AND LEVEL OF 6377 04:37:24,560 --> 04:37:28,600 THIS AND IN TERMS OF THIS 6378 04:37:28,600 --> 04:37:30,720 FEEDBACK AND LOOKING AT 6379 04:37:30,720 --> 04:37:32,880 REINFORCEMENT LEARNING AND THE 6380 04:37:32,880 --> 04:37:34,040 PROCESSING AND SHIFTING AWAY 6381 04:37:34,040 --> 04:37:36,320 FROM MOTOR SYSTEMS TOWARDS 6382 04:37:36,320 --> 04:37:38,720 PERHAPS MORE REWARD SYSTEMS AND 6383 04:37:38,720 --> 04:37:42,840 PICKING UP ALSO THE MODULATION 6384 04:37:42,840 --> 04:37:44,960 ASPECTS AND DEEP BRAIN 6385 04:37:44,960 --> 04:37:47,680 STIMULATION AND TMS AND 6386 04:37:47,680 --> 04:37:50,480 INTRACRANIAL RECORDINGS AND SO 6387 04:37:50,480 --> 04:37:51,800 VERY MUCH ANNOUNCED BY THIS 6388 04:37:51,800 --> 04:37:54,480 MULTI MODAL APPROACH AND FOR 6389 04:37:54,480 --> 04:38:00,000 MARK HALL ET'S LAB. 6390 04:38:00,000 --> 04:38:10,040 SO THIS IS THE LAST PART. 6391 04:38:10,040 --> 04:38:10,520 I THINK 6392 04:38:10,520 --> 04:38:14,840 HE IS A PSYCHIATRIST IN A 6393 04:38:14,840 --> 04:38:17,840 NEUROLOGIST'S BODY AND I SAY 6394 04:38:17,840 --> 04:38:20,080 THIS AS A MAJOR COMPLIMENT. 6395 04:38:20,080 --> 04:38:21,360 YOU THINK THAT WAY ANYWAY OF 6396 04:38:21,360 --> 04:38:22,960 YOURSELVES AND THAT SO I 6397 04:38:22,960 --> 04:38:25,200 POSSIBILITY AND WHAT DO YOU DO 6398 04:38:25,200 --> 04:38:27,000 IS HE OPENING COURTROOMED US TO 6399 04:38:27,000 --> 04:38:28,520 EXPLORE AND EVERYONE HAS BEEN 6400 04:38:28,520 --> 04:38:29,880 TALKING ABOUT CURIOSITY SO HE IS 6401 04:38:29,880 --> 04:38:32,640 A MAJOR ELEMENT AND I THINK THIS 6402 04:38:32,640 --> 04:38:34,320 IS IT'S A LITTLE BIT MORE THAN 6403 04:38:34,320 --> 04:38:35,640 THAT AND THEY CON STRAINS THIS 6404 04:38:35,640 --> 04:38:38,520 SO THAT WE'RE ABLE TO THE 6405 04:38:38,520 --> 04:38:40,760 RIGOROUS SCIENTIFIC APPROACH AND 6406 04:38:40,760 --> 04:38:45,400 WILD EXPLORATION AND AND 6407 04:38:45,400 --> 04:38:50,120 ANCHORED FROM A SCIENTIFIC 6408 04:38:50,120 --> 04:38:51,280 PERSPECTIVE AND HE IS AN 6409 04:38:51,280 --> 04:38:52,960 OUTSTANDING CLINICIAN AND 6410 04:38:52,960 --> 04:38:54,400 SCIENTISTS AND HE GAVE YOU A LOT 6411 04:38:54,400 --> 04:38:56,680 OF RESEARCH INDEPENDENT AND 6412 04:38:56,680 --> 04:38:57,920 REALLY BEING ABLE TO TALK ABOUT 6413 04:38:57,920 --> 04:38:59,840 BIG PICTURE BUT ALSO IN THE 6414 04:38:59,840 --> 04:39:01,840 DETAILS AND ON A PERSONAL LEVEL 6415 04:39:01,840 --> 04:39:03,360 FOR GENEROUS WITH HIS TIME AND 6416 04:39:03,360 --> 04:39:05,120 VERY SUPPORTIVE IN PATIENTS AND 6417 04:39:05,120 --> 04:39:06,760 I THINK THE THING THAT REALLY 6418 04:39:06,760 --> 04:39:08,760 COMES ACROSS I THINK SOME IN 6419 04:39:08,760 --> 04:39:12,160 HIGHLIGHTED THE IDEA OF 6420 04:39:12,160 --> 04:39:13,280 PROFESSIONAL FUND AND AGAIN I 6421 04:39:13,280 --> 04:39:17,760 WOULD REALLY EMPHASIZE THAT AND 6422 04:39:17,760 --> 04:39:19,440 THE ENJOYMENT OF RESEARCH WHICH 6423 04:39:19,440 --> 04:39:24,240 HE PASSES ON AND HOPEFULLY I'VE 6424 04:39:24,240 --> 04:39:30,400 BEEN ABLE TO BRING THAT UP. 6425 04:39:30,400 --> 04:39:34,760 SO THANK YOU, MARK. 6426 04:39:34,760 --> 04:39:38,000 >>THANK YOU, VERY MUCH. 6427 04:39:38,000 --> 04:39:39,680 SO, IT'S A GREAT PLEASURE AND 6428 04:39:39,680 --> 04:39:41,840 HONOR TO BE HERE AND I FEEL LIKE 6429 04:39:41,840 --> 04:39:44,320 A REAL OUTSIDER FOR EVERY 6430 04:39:44,320 --> 04:39:44,600 REASONS. 6431 04:39:44,600 --> 04:39:46,240 THE FIRST ONE IS THAT I DIDN'T 6432 04:39:46,240 --> 04:39:47,840 TRAIN WITH MARK AND PERHAPS I 6433 04:39:47,840 --> 04:39:56,560 SHOULD HAVE BUT I DIDN'T. 6434 04:39:56,560 --> 04:39:58,120 MY HOME DISCIPLINE IS NOT 6435 04:39:58,120 --> 04:39:59,320 NEUROLOGY AND I'VE HAD THE 6436 04:39:59,320 --> 04:40:01,080 PLEASURE OF COLLABORATING OF 6437 04:40:01,080 --> 04:40:02,320 COLLEAGUES IN MOVEMENT DISORDERS 6438 04:40:02,320 --> 04:40:05,560 OVER THE YEARS INCLUDING MARK, 6439 04:40:05,560 --> 04:40:07,680 AND I'VE BEEN THINKING FOR ABOUT 6440 04:40:07,680 --> 04:40:09,920 20 OR 25 YEARS ABOUT HOW THE 6441 04:40:09,920 --> 04:40:12,200 HUMAN MIND AND IT'S ROLE IN HAD 6442 04:40:12,200 --> 04:40:13,760 VOLITIONAL AND AUTONOMOUS ACTION 6443 04:40:13,760 --> 04:40:17,040 SO HOW CAN WE MAKE ACTIONS THAT 6444 04:40:17,040 --> 04:40:19,640 WE DECIDE TO MAKE THAT WE 6445 04:40:19,640 --> 04:40:20,440 AUTONOMOUSLY INITIATE AND THIS 6446 04:40:20,440 --> 04:40:21,840 IS THE PROBLEM BECAUSE ALL THE 6447 04:40:21,840 --> 04:40:24,120 PSYCHOLOGY IS BASED ON A 6448 04:40:24,120 --> 04:40:25,560 STIMULUS RESPONSE MODEL OF 6449 04:40:25,560 --> 04:40:27,240 ACTION AND THE MOST IMPORTANT 6450 04:40:27,240 --> 04:40:29,240 ABOUT THE HUMAN MIND IS YOU CAN 6451 04:40:29,240 --> 04:40:30,720 MAKE AN ACTION WITHOUT A 6452 04:40:30,720 --> 04:40:32,520 STIMULUS SO HOW DOES THAT WORK? 6453 04:40:32,520 --> 04:40:35,120 NOW, I HAVE ACTUALLY DONE SOME 6454 04:40:35,120 --> 04:40:37,040 TRAINING IN MOTION CONTROL AND I 6455 04:40:37,040 --> 04:40:38,800 HAVE BEEN FOLLOWING MARK'S WORK 6456 04:40:38,800 --> 04:40:41,040 IN MOTOR CONTROL FOR MANY YEARS 6457 04:40:41,040 --> 04:40:43,280 AND I RECOGNIZE THAT IT WAS VERY 6458 04:40:43,280 --> 04:40:45,640 INTERESTING AND THEN I WAS 6459 04:40:45,640 --> 04:40:48,120 REALLY A TON ISSUED TO SEE THIS 6460 04:40:48,120 --> 04:40:50,360 PAPER WHICH BURST INTO MY 6461 04:40:50,360 --> 04:40:52,160 CONSCIOUSNESS LIKE A MOM SHELL 6462 04:40:52,160 --> 04:40:53,320 IN 2007 BECAUSE I THOUGHT, 6463 04:40:53,320 --> 04:40:54,960 GOODNESS ME, NEUROLOGISTS 6464 04:40:54,960 --> 04:40:56,400 TALKING ABOUT FREE WILL, THIS IS 6465 04:40:56,400 --> 04:41:00,280 MOST UNEXPECTED AND IT SEEMS TO 6466 04:41:00,280 --> 04:41:01,600 BE INTERESTING CONVERGENCE 6467 04:41:01,600 --> 04:41:08,120 BETWEEN THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND 6468 04:41:08,120 --> 04:41:09,520 PHYSIOLOGICAL APPROACH SO THIS 6469 04:41:09,520 --> 04:41:10,760 IS A LOT MORE INTERESTING PAPER 6470 04:41:10,760 --> 04:41:12,400 WHICH I THINK IS IS JUST BRAVE 6471 04:41:12,400 --> 04:41:15,320 AND THERE WASN'T A PAPER LIKE 6472 04:41:15,320 --> 04:41:17,480 THIS IN NEUROLOGY FOR A GOOD 6473 04:41:17,480 --> 04:41:20,000 TIME AND WHAT DOES IT SAY? 6474 04:41:20,000 --> 04:41:22,200 THE DISTINCT IS A THAT MARK 6475 04:41:22,200 --> 04:41:24,080 POINTS OUT THAT WHAT WE CALL 6476 04:41:24,080 --> 04:41:26,720 FREE WILL AND I PUT IT IN QUOTES 6477 04:41:26,720 --> 04:41:31,200 AND WHAT WE CALL FREE WILL IS A 6478 04:41:31,200 --> 04:41:32,920 PERCEPTION OF THE IS 6479 04:41:32,920 --> 04:41:34,000 SELF-GENERATION OF ACTION AND 6480 04:41:34,000 --> 04:41:36,000 THIS TYPICALLY ACCOMPANIED OUR 6481 04:41:36,000 --> 04:41:37,560 VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT AND SO 6482 04:41:37,560 --> 04:41:39,800 THEY'RE REALLY IMPORTANT STEP IS 6483 04:41:39,800 --> 04:41:41,560 TO FREE FRAME THE FREE WILL 6484 04:41:41,560 --> 04:41:45,960 PROBLEM AS A PROBLEM IS 6485 04:41:45,960 --> 04:41:46,880 SUBJECTIVE PERCEPTION RATHER 6486 04:41:46,880 --> 04:41:49,000 THAN PHILOSOPHIES HAVE DEFINED 6487 04:41:49,000 --> 04:41:51,240 IT AS THE PROBLEM OF SEARCHING 6488 04:41:51,240 --> 04:41:55,680 FOR THE CAUSE OF THE ACTIONS, 6489 04:41:55,680 --> 04:42:02,440 SEARCHING FOR THE AND THAT TEND 6490 04:42:02,440 --> 04:42:05,080 TO BE END UP WITH INTERNET 6491 04:42:05,080 --> 04:42:06,680 REGRESS AND WITH GHOSTS IN THE 6492 04:42:06,680 --> 04:42:12,120 OPINION WHICH WE HEARD ABOUT AND 6493 04:42:12,120 --> 04:42:13,680 FOCUSING ON VOLITION AND I THINK 6494 04:42:13,680 --> 04:42:15,920 THAT WHY DID MARK SUDDENLY STOP 6495 04:42:15,920 --> 04:42:17,080 THINKING ABOUT FREE WILL, I 6496 04:42:17,080 --> 04:42:18,760 DON'T KNOW, I EXPECT THERE'S A 6497 04:42:18,760 --> 04:42:21,560 STRONG LINK TO HIS WORK ON FND 6498 04:42:21,560 --> 04:42:25,200 AS WE JUST HEARD. 6499 04:42:25,200 --> 04:42:27,080 I HAVE A LITTLE PART TO PLAY IN 6500 04:42:27,080 --> 04:42:34,800 THIS STORY OF HIS PAPER. 6501 04:42:34,800 --> 04:42:36,280 I WAS ASKED TO REVIEW THIS PAPER 6502 04:42:36,280 --> 04:42:37,960 AND I THOUGHT IT WAS REALLY, 6503 04:42:37,960 --> 04:42:40,680 REAM' INTERESTING. 6504 04:42:40,680 --> 04:42:41,520 REALLY INTERESTING. 6505 04:42:41,520 --> 04:42:42,680 I THOUGHT YOU GOT TO ACCEPT 6506 04:42:42,680 --> 04:42:43,680 THIS, THIS IS AN INTERESTING 6507 04:42:43,680 --> 04:42:44,920 PAPER BECAUSE IT OFFERS A NEW 6508 04:42:44,920 --> 04:42:49,960 METHOD TO STUDY THE SUBJECTIVE 6509 04:42:49,960 --> 04:42:51,160 PERCEPTION OF ONES ACTION AND IT 6510 04:42:51,160 --> 04:42:54,760 OFFERS A NEW WINDOW INTO 6511 04:42:54,760 --> 04:42:55,720 CONSCIOUS VOLITION. 6512 04:42:55,720 --> 04:42:57,000 REVIEWERS TWO AND THREE DIDN'T 6513 04:42:57,000 --> 04:42:59,000 ACTUALLY AGREE AND I THINK THE 6514 04:42:59,000 --> 04:43:02,000 PAPER WAS REJECTED AND I WAS IN 6515 04:43:02,000 --> 04:43:03,800 TOUCH WILDFIRE MARK ABOUT 6516 04:43:03,800 --> 04:43:05,440 SEVERAL MONTHS LATER ABOUT IT 6517 04:43:05,440 --> 04:43:08,640 AND I SAID, OH, BY THE WAY, I 6518 04:43:08,640 --> 04:43:10,560 SAW THIS DRAFT OF YOURS, PLEASE, 6519 04:43:10,560 --> 04:43:12,120 DO GET THAT PAPER PUBLISHED 6520 04:43:12,120 --> 04:43:13,280 SOMEWHERE WAS IT'S REALLY GOOD 6521 04:43:13,280 --> 04:43:16,160 AND I THINK I HOPE I WAS ABLE TO 6522 04:43:16,160 --> 04:43:17,760 ENCOURAGE YOU, NOT TO GIVE UP ON 6523 04:43:17,760 --> 04:43:20,320 THIS AND IT DID SUBSEQUENTLY 6524 04:43:20,320 --> 04:43:21,360 APPEAR IN THIS REALLY 6525 04:43:21,360 --> 04:43:23,360 INTERESTING PAPER AND I JUST 6526 04:43:23,360 --> 04:43:25,840 TAKE YOU THROUGH THIS BECAUSE 6527 04:43:25,840 --> 04:43:31,600 NOT I THINK AN ILLUSTRATION 6528 04:43:31,600 --> 04:43:32,680 SMART APPROACH OF THE MARK HAS 6529 04:43:32,680 --> 04:43:35,000 TAKE EP SO THE PROBLEM WITH 6530 04:43:35,000 --> 04:43:37,560 VOLITION IS THERE'S NOT MUCH TO 6531 04:43:37,560 --> 04:43:37,800 MEASURE. 6532 04:43:37,800 --> 04:43:40,240 SO IN MOVEMENT IN YOUR 6533 04:43:40,240 --> 04:43:41,240 PHYSIOLOGY, PEOPLE MEASURE 6534 04:43:41,240 --> 04:43:42,960 MOVEMENTS AND YOU CAN MEASURE A 6535 04:43:42,960 --> 04:43:49,160 MOVEMENT BUT IF YOU HAVE A 6536 04:43:49,160 --> 04:43:50,920 MOVEMENT SOMEONE MAKES THAT IS 6537 04:43:50,920 --> 04:43:51,760 AUTONOMOUS YOU CAN'T MEASURE SO 6538 04:43:51,760 --> 04:43:55,360 YOU CAN'T TELL ABOUT THE CAUSES 6539 04:43:55,360 --> 04:43:56,600 OF THE PROVEMENT BECAUSE YOU 6540 04:43:56,600 --> 04:43:57,560 CAN'T SEE THEM CLEARLY. 6541 04:43:57,560 --> 04:44:00,160 SO THE WAY THAT MARK APPROACHED 6542 04:44:00,160 --> 04:44:03,040 THIS WAS TO TAKE A STANDARD 6543 04:44:03,040 --> 04:44:04,480 SPONTANEOUS ACTION-TYPE DESIGN 6544 04:44:04,480 --> 04:44:05,880 WHERE YOU INSTRUCT THE 6545 04:44:05,880 --> 04:44:07,320 PARTICIPANT, MAKE THE ACTION, 6546 04:44:07,320 --> 04:44:08,240 WHENEVER YOU FEEL LIKE IT, JUST 6547 04:44:08,240 --> 04:44:09,680 NOW AND THEN WHEN YOU FEEL LIKE 6548 04:44:09,680 --> 04:44:11,440 IT, AND HERE IS THE CRUCIAL 6549 04:44:11,440 --> 04:44:14,320 POINT, THE EXPERIMENTER DELIVERS 6550 04:44:14,320 --> 04:44:17,080 AN OCCASIONAL AUDIO TONE AT 6551 04:44:17,080 --> 04:44:18,400 RANDOM TIMES AND SO WHILE YOU 6552 04:44:18,400 --> 04:44:21,320 ARE OCCASIONALLY PRESSING A KEY 6553 04:44:21,320 --> 04:44:23,600 WITH YOUR RIGHT HAND, YOU 6554 04:44:23,600 --> 04:44:28,000 SOMETIMES HEAR A TONE, A BEEP. 6555 04:44:28,000 --> 04:44:30,480 IF YOU HEAR A TONE, AND YOU FEEL 6556 04:44:30,480 --> 04:44:31,800 LIKE YOU ARE ABOUT TO ACT WHEN 6557 04:44:31,800 --> 04:44:34,280 THE TONE WEPT OFF, THEN PLEASE, 6558 04:44:34,280 --> 04:44:36,960 WITH HOLD YOUR ACTION AND DO 6559 04:44:36,960 --> 04:44:37,600 NOTHING. 6560 04:44:37,600 --> 04:44:38,520 SO THIS SOUNDS REALLY WEIRD AND 6561 04:44:38,520 --> 04:44:40,040 IT SOUNDS AS THOUGH IT SHOULDN'T 6562 04:44:40,040 --> 04:44:42,600 WORK, YOU ARE MAKING OCCASIONAL 6563 04:44:42,600 --> 04:44:44,560 ACTION AND IF YOU HEAR A TONE, 6564 04:44:44,560 --> 04:44:45,880 AND YOU FEEL YOU ARE ABOUT TO 6565 04:44:45,880 --> 04:44:48,600 MAKE ONE OF THOSE ACTIONS, THEN 6566 04:44:48,600 --> 04:44:48,840 DON'T. 6567 04:44:48,840 --> 04:44:50,240 WELL THIS SEEMS RIDICULOUS 6568 04:44:50,240 --> 04:44:51,240 BECAUSE THE CRITICAL CONDITION 6569 04:44:51,240 --> 04:44:52,160 IS THE CONDITION WHERE THE 6570 04:44:52,160 --> 04:44:53,600 PERSON DOESN'T MAKE ANY ACTIONS 6571 04:44:53,600 --> 04:44:54,680 SO WHAT ARE YOU GOING TO MEASURE 6572 04:44:54,680 --> 04:44:55,480 THERE? 6573 04:44:55,480 --> 04:44:58,600 YOU CAN'T EVEN MEASURE THE EMG 6574 04:44:58,600 --> 04:44:59,800 BUT THE CLEVER THING ABOUT THIS 6575 04:44:59,800 --> 04:45:05,640 PAPER, IF YOU THEN LOOK AT THE 6576 04:45:05,640 --> 04:45:07,720 DISTRIBUTION OF THE TONES 6577 04:45:07,720 --> 04:45:09,480 RELATIVE TO THE TIME OF ACTION, 6578 04:45:09,480 --> 04:45:11,120 WHICH YOU CAN SHOW HERE, SO THIS 6579 04:45:11,120 --> 04:45:14,400 IS A TIME OF ACTION AND THIS 6580 04:45:14,400 --> 04:45:16,000 HISS TA GRAM SHOWS THE NUMBER OF 6581 04:45:16,000 --> 04:45:20,440 TONES THAT OCCURRED IN EACH BIN 6582 04:45:20,440 --> 04:45:21,960 YOU JOINED THE PHONES OCCUR 6583 04:45:21,960 --> 04:45:23,360 PRETTY MUCH UNIFORMLY BECAUSE 6584 04:45:23,360 --> 04:45:25,040 THEY'RE BEING RANDOMLY GENERATED 6585 04:45:25,040 --> 04:45:26,920 ABOUT THE EXPERIMENT COMPUTER 6586 04:45:26,920 --> 04:45:28,880 BUT THERE'S A GAP HERE. 6587 04:45:28,880 --> 04:45:30,080 YOU DON'T TEND TO FIND THAT 6588 04:45:30,080 --> 04:45:32,560 THERE ARE MANY TONES OR IN THIS 6589 04:45:32,560 --> 04:45:33,320 PARTICIPANT ANY TONES, PRIOR TO 6590 04:45:33,320 --> 04:45:35,720 THE MOMENT OF THE ACTION ITSELF. 6591 04:45:35,720 --> 04:45:41,000 AND THIS IS THE KEY POINT, THE 6592 04:45:41,000 --> 04:45:43,320 KEY POINT THAT THESE TONES WERE 6593 04:45:43,320 --> 04:45:45,240 PLAGUED BY THE COMPUTER BUT 6594 04:45:45,240 --> 04:45:47,200 BECAUSE THEY OCCURRED AT THE 6595 04:45:47,200 --> 04:45:48,080 TIME THE PERSON FELT THEY WERE 6596 04:45:48,080 --> 04:45:50,000 GOING TO MOVE THE ACTION NEVER 6597 04:45:50,000 --> 04:45:51,040 HAPPENED AND THEREFORE IT WAS 6598 04:45:51,040 --> 04:45:53,040 NEVER SORT OF PRESENTED IN THIS 6599 04:45:53,040 --> 04:45:56,240 IT DOESN'T IF EGG IN THIS 6600 04:45:56,240 --> 04:45:58,680 ACTION-LOCKED PLOT SO THIS 6601 04:45:58,680 --> 04:45:59,520 CLEVER INSTRUCTION TO RESPOND TO 6602 04:45:59,520 --> 04:46:01,680 THE RANDOM PROBE BY WITHHOLDING 6603 04:46:01,680 --> 04:46:06,920 THE ACTION, ALLOWS YOU TO INFER 6604 04:46:06,920 --> 04:46:08,520 THE PERSON MUST HAVE HAD AN 6605 04:46:08,520 --> 04:46:13,800 EXPERIENCE THAT THEY WERE ABOUTO 6606 04:46:13,800 --> 04:46:15,440 ACT A SECOND OR TWO SECONDS 6607 04:46:15,440 --> 04:46:16,080 BEFORE THE ACTION ITSELF. 6608 04:46:16,080 --> 04:46:18,200 THIS IS A REALLY NICE APPROACH 6609 04:46:18,200 --> 04:46:20,640 BECAUSE THE CRITICAL THING IS 6610 04:46:20,640 --> 04:46:23,880 THAT ITTURES AT RANDOM AND MOST 6611 04:46:23,880 --> 04:46:25,640 STUDIES OF VOLITION ARE BASED ON 6612 04:46:25,640 --> 04:46:28,040 A POST-TALK SELF-REPORT WHERE 6613 04:46:28,040 --> 04:46:29,600 THE PERSON DECIDED TO MAKE AN 6614 04:46:29,600 --> 04:46:30,760 ACTION AND THEY MAKE AN ACTION 6615 04:46:30,760 --> 04:46:31,880 AND THEY TELL YOU SOMETHING 6616 04:46:31,880 --> 04:46:34,080 ABOUT WHAT THEY'VE JUST DONE AND 6617 04:46:34,080 --> 04:46:35,640 THIS IDEA OF TELLING SOMETHING 6618 04:46:35,640 --> 04:46:37,160 ABOUT WHAT YOU'VE JUST DONE, 6619 04:46:37,160 --> 04:46:39,440 ALLOWS FOR A LOT OF 6620 04:46:39,440 --> 04:46:40,280 PSYCHOLOGICAL REINTERPRETATION 6621 04:46:40,280 --> 04:46:41,440 ABOUT WHAT YOU JUST DID OR WHY 6622 04:46:41,440 --> 04:46:43,920 YOU JUST DID IT AND SO, 6623 04:46:43,920 --> 04:46:47,000 CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF STUDYING 6624 04:46:47,000 --> 04:46:49,240 VOLITION TEND TO INCLUDES BIASED 6625 04:46:49,240 --> 04:46:50,400 SAMPLING, THEY ARE A BUY AS THAT 6626 04:46:50,400 --> 04:46:52,320 OCCURS BECAUSE YOU ARE ONLY 6627 04:46:52,320 --> 04:46:53,400 ASKING THE QUESTION AFTER THE 6628 04:46:53,400 --> 04:46:54,000 ACTION. 6629 04:46:54,000 --> 04:46:55,400 HERE, BECAUSE THE TONES ARE 6630 04:46:55,400 --> 04:46:56,920 RANDOMLY CONTROLLED BY THE 6631 04:46:56,920 --> 04:46:58,680 EXPERIMENT, A LOT OF THOSE 6632 04:46:58,680 --> 04:47:00,640 BIASES, ARE AVOIDED. 6633 04:47:00,640 --> 04:47:02,040 SO THE CONCLUSION IS THAT THERE 6634 04:47:02,040 --> 04:47:10,120 MUST BE A LAT A LATE EXPERIENCEE 6635 04:47:10,120 --> 04:47:12,320 BY A UN BIAS METHOD SO IT'S A 6636 04:47:12,320 --> 04:47:12,920 NICE RESULT. 6637 04:47:12,920 --> 04:47:16,480 THE RESULTING MODEL, WHICH I 6638 04:47:16,480 --> 04:47:17,200 JUST REDRAWN A FIGURE FROM THE 6639 04:47:17,200 --> 04:47:18,840 PAPER S. THAT THERE MIGHT BE 6640 04:47:18,840 --> 04:47:20,840 SOME SIGNAL THAT LOOKS PERHAPS 6641 04:47:20,840 --> 04:47:22,720 NOT ACCIDENTALLY LIKE A 6642 04:47:22,720 --> 04:47:24,480 READINESS POTENTIAL WHICH GROWS 6643 04:47:24,480 --> 04:47:25,920 AND WHEN IT IT REACHES A GIVEN 6644 04:47:25,920 --> 04:47:27,400 LEVEL, IT IT TRIGGERS THE 6645 04:47:27,400 --> 04:47:28,880 MOVEMENT SO THE BLACK LINE IS 6646 04:47:28,880 --> 04:47:30,840 THE CAUSAL SIGNAL AND IT'S 6647 04:47:30,840 --> 04:47:32,200 HYPOTHESIZED THAT THERE MIGHT BE 6648 04:47:32,200 --> 04:47:33,760 SOME CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE WHICH 6649 04:47:33,760 --> 04:47:35,000 OCCURS DURING THE GENERATION OF 6650 04:47:35,000 --> 04:47:36,560 THIS SIGNAL. 6651 04:47:36,560 --> 04:47:38,000 AND WHAT THEY MEASURED IS THE 6652 04:47:38,000 --> 04:47:43,280 MOMENT OF WHICH YOU BECOME 6653 04:47:43,280 --> 04:47:48,560 SPONTANEOUSLY AWARE THE ACTION 6654 04:47:48,560 --> 04:47:49,880 WILL HAPPEN AND YOU WOULD BE 6655 04:47:49,880 --> 04:47:52,480 AWARE THAT YOU HAVE THE WILL TO 6656 04:47:52,480 --> 04:47:55,480 ACCOUNT ACT IF THE PHONES 6657 04:47:55,480 --> 04:47:58,680 SOUNDING AND YOU HAD TO AND I 6658 04:47:58,680 --> 04:48:02,120 HAVE USED AND LATEN AWARENESS 6659 04:48:02,120 --> 04:48:08,240 THAT WE MUST HAVE SOME, WELL, 6660 04:48:08,240 --> 04:48:10,880 DEEP OR SOME LOWER AND AWARENESS 6661 04:48:10,880 --> 04:48:12,560 AND WE'RE ABOUT TO PERFORM AND 6662 04:48:12,560 --> 04:48:13,840 THIS IS QUITE INTERESTING 6663 04:48:13,840 --> 04:48:15,080 BECAUSE AS FAR AS I CAN TELL, 6664 04:48:15,080 --> 04:48:18,280 MOST PEOPLE IN AT LEAST IN NORTH 6665 04:48:18,280 --> 04:48:20,040 AMERICA DON'T THINK THIS. 6666 04:48:20,040 --> 04:48:21,920 AND THE VOLITION IN THE FIELD, 6667 04:48:21,920 --> 04:48:24,360 IS THAT OUR EXPERIENCE OF OUR 6668 04:48:24,360 --> 04:48:25,000 OWN VOLITION IS ALL MADE UP 6669 04:48:25,000 --> 04:48:26,680 AFTER THE EVENT AND IT'S ALL A 6670 04:48:26,680 --> 04:48:37,160 POST TALK RECONSTRUCTION AND 6671 04:48:53,520 --> 04:48:56,640 THIS MAY BE RELEVANT FOR 6672 04:48:56,640 --> 04:48:57,720 UNDERSTANDING DIFFERENT 6673 04:48:57,720 --> 04:49:01,720 DISORDERS OF VOLITION SO IT 6674 04:49:01,720 --> 04:49:03,840 MIGHT CHANGE THE WAY PEOPLE 6675 04:49:03,840 --> 04:49:04,360 EXPERIENCE VOLITION. 6676 04:49:04,360 --> 04:49:07,600 AND SO JUST VERY BRIEFLY, 6677 04:49:07,600 --> 04:49:09,000 INSPIRED BY MARK'S WORK, WE'VE 6678 04:49:09,000 --> 04:49:12,880 BEEN TRYING TO USE THIS KIND OF 6679 04:49:12,880 --> 04:49:13,840 RANDOM PROBE DESIGN AND WE'VE 6680 04:49:13,840 --> 04:49:15,080 CHANGED IT SO INSTEAD OF A ZONE 6681 04:49:15,080 --> 04:49:17,120 YOU ARE WATCHING A STREAM OF 6682 04:49:17,120 --> 04:49:18,480 LETTERS GOING PAST ON THE SCREEN 6683 04:49:18,480 --> 04:49:19,720 AND EVERY NOW AND THEN UP WITH 6684 04:49:19,720 --> 04:49:22,120 OF THE LETTERS IS ORANGE AND THE 6685 04:49:22,120 --> 04:49:23,640 TASK IS TO MAKE AN ACTION WITH 6686 04:49:23,640 --> 04:49:25,320 YOUR RIGHT HAND WHEN YOU FEEL 6687 04:49:25,320 --> 04:49:27,120 LIKE IT AND IF YOU GET 6688 04:49:27,120 --> 04:49:29,080 INTERRUPTED BY AN ORANGE LER, IF 6689 04:49:29,080 --> 04:49:30,120 APPROXIMATE YOU SEE AN ORANGE 6690 04:49:30,120 --> 04:49:31,160 LETTER AND YOU FEEL YOU ARE 6691 04:49:31,160 --> 04:49:32,560 ABOUT TO ACT WHEN THE ORANGE 6692 04:49:32,560 --> 04:49:34,160 LETTER OCCURRED, THEN PRESS WITH 6693 04:49:34,160 --> 04:49:36,960 YOUR LE LEFT HAND INSTEAD. 6694 04:49:36,960 --> 04:49:38,960 THIS IS NICE, BECAUSE THE 6695 04:49:38,960 --> 04:49:40,000 VOLITION IS SOMETHING PEOPLE ARE 6696 04:49:40,000 --> 04:49:41,640 PREPARING TO DO WITH THEIR RIGHT 6697 04:49:41,640 --> 04:49:43,800 HAND AND IF ZIZI THE ORANGE 6698 04:49:43,800 --> 04:49:45,960 LETTER THEY GIVE US A STIMULUS 6699 04:49:45,960 --> 04:49:48,440 RESPONSE TYPE REPORT WITH YOUR 6700 04:49:48,440 --> 04:49:50,320 LEFT HAND AND IT IS A WAY OF 6701 04:49:50,320 --> 04:49:51,880 THEM TELLING US, I'M AWARE THAT 6702 04:49:51,880 --> 04:49:53,400 I WANT TODAY ACTED WHEN I SAW 6703 04:49:53,400 --> 04:49:54,680 THE ORIGINAL LETTER SO IT'S ONE 6704 04:49:54,680 --> 04:49:59,440 OF THESE RESPONSE TO RAN DOME 6705 04:49:59,440 --> 04:49:59,680 PROBES. 6706 04:49:59,680 --> 04:50:04,240 IS IT WERE NOT TO ACT WHEN THE 6707 04:50:04,240 --> 04:50:05,560 ORANGE LETTER APPEARS CARRY ON 6708 04:50:05,560 --> 04:50:07,720 AS USUAL SO IT'S EXACTLY THE 6709 04:50:07,720 --> 04:50:09,840 SAME TRICK OF COMBINING INVITING 6710 04:50:09,840 --> 04:50:11,360 PEOPLE TO MAKE VOLUNTARY ACTIONS 6711 04:50:11,360 --> 04:50:13,800 WITH RANDOMLY PROBING THEM AND 6712 04:50:13,800 --> 04:50:15,360 SAYING, DID YOU OF HAVE THE 6713 04:50:15,360 --> 04:50:17,040 INTENTION TO ACT AT THAT TIME OR 6714 04:50:17,040 --> 04:50:18,200 NOT? 6715 04:50:18,200 --> 04:50:22,120 SO, WE DIDN'T LOOK AT THE 6716 04:50:22,120 --> 04:50:24,480 DISTRIBUTION OF ORANGE LETTERS 6717 04:50:24,480 --> 04:50:25,320 RELATIVE TO ACTION TIMES IN THE 6718 04:50:25,320 --> 04:50:30,280 SAME WAY, WE FOCUSED MORE ON THE 6719 04:50:30,280 --> 04:50:31,560 EEG AND IN THE CONDITION WHERE 6720 04:50:31,560 --> 04:50:33,160 PEOPLE WERE INTERRUPTED BY AN 6721 04:50:33,160 --> 04:50:34,520 ORANGE LETTER AND THEY TOLD US 6722 04:50:34,520 --> 04:50:35,720 USING A RESPONSE TO THE LEFT 6723 04:50:35,720 --> 04:50:36,800 HAND THEY WERE AWARE THEY WERE 6724 04:50:36,800 --> 04:50:39,960 ABOUT TO ACT, THAT THERE'S A 6725 04:50:39,960 --> 04:50:42,880 LOWER LEVEL OF BETA POWER THAN 6726 04:50:42,880 --> 04:50:45,400 IN THE CONDITION WHEN THEY'RE 6727 04:50:45,400 --> 04:50:47,240 INTERRUPTED BY THE ORANGE LETTER 6728 04:50:47,240 --> 04:50:48,640 AND THEY DIDN'T MAKE A RESPONSE 6729 04:50:48,640 --> 04:50:50,040 WITH THEIR LEFT HAND. 6730 04:50:50,040 --> 04:50:53,800 SO, HERE IS IS IT'S NORMALIZED 6731 04:50:53,800 --> 04:50:55,680 YOU CAN SEE THE REDUCED WHEN 6732 04:50:55,680 --> 04:50:57,080 PEOPLE HAVE THIS EXPERIENCE OF 6733 04:50:57,080 --> 04:50:58,520 YES, I'M ABOUT TO ACTOR I WAS 6734 04:50:58,520 --> 04:51:00,360 ABOUT TO ACT WHEN THE ORANGE 6735 04:51:00,360 --> 04:51:02,680 LETTER OCCURRED AND SO THE 6736 04:51:02,680 --> 04:51:04,600 CONCLUSION FROM THIS IS THAT AN 6737 04:51:04,600 --> 04:51:07,480 AWARENESS OF AN INTENTION TO ACT 6738 04:51:07,480 --> 04:51:10,560 IS ASSOCIATED WITH A REDUCTION 6739 04:51:10,560 --> 04:51:12,920 IN THE POWER WHICH IS A STANDARD 6740 04:51:12,920 --> 04:51:14,160 MEASURES THAT PEOPLE OFTEN USE 6741 04:51:14,160 --> 04:51:15,880 IN THE MOTOR CONTROL AND WE 6742 04:51:15,880 --> 04:51:16,800 ASKED THE SAME QUESTION ABOUT 6743 04:51:16,800 --> 04:51:18,960 THE READINESS AND WE DIDN'T FIND 6744 04:51:18,960 --> 04:51:20,800 ANY SIGNIFICANT RESULT SO 6745 04:51:20,800 --> 04:51:22,000 THERE'S AN INTERESTING QUESTION 6746 04:51:22,000 --> 04:51:25,000 TO BE ASKED ABOUT WHAT ARE THE 6747 04:51:25,000 --> 04:51:26,800 OPTIMAL BIOMARKERS OF CONSCIOUS 6748 04:51:26,800 --> 04:51:27,040 VOLITION. 6749 04:51:27,040 --> 04:51:31,040 SO I WANT TO END WITH A LITTLE 6750 04:51:31,040 --> 04:51:35,240 BIT OF WILD SPECULATION AND 6751 04:51:35,240 --> 04:51:37,400 THESE ARE IDEAS WE ASSOCIATE 6752 04:51:37,400 --> 04:51:39,520 WITH SHARING AND WITH MARK'S 6753 04:51:39,520 --> 04:51:43,280 WORK THROUGHOUT ALL HIS CAREER 6754 04:51:43,280 --> 04:51:44,680 AND THE REAL CONTRIBUTION WITH 6755 04:51:44,680 --> 04:51:46,440 MARK'S WORK ON FREE WILL IS TO 6756 04:51:46,440 --> 04:51:47,760 THINK ABOUT THE VOLUNTARY PART 6757 04:51:47,760 --> 04:51:50,160 OF THE VOLUNTARY MOTOR PATHWAY 6758 04:51:50,160 --> 04:51:52,040 AND BEING SOMEHOW RELATED TO THE 6759 04:51:52,040 --> 04:51:54,280 WAYS THAT THIS ACTIVITY OF THIS 6760 04:51:54,280 --> 04:51:56,040 PATHWAY IS EXPERIENCING. 6761 04:51:56,040 --> 04:51:58,040 IT'S RELATE TODAY SUBJECTIVE 6762 04:51:58,040 --> 04:51:59,840 PERCEPTION SO THIS IS A BRAILLE 6763 04:51:59,840 --> 04:52:02,280 MOVE FOR A MOTOR CONTROL 6764 04:52:02,280 --> 04:52:04,160 NEUROLOGIST AND WE HAVE TO THEN 6765 04:52:04,160 --> 04:52:07,840 ASK HOW, WHAT IS THE WAY THAT 6766 04:52:07,840 --> 04:52:10,440 THIS MOTOR PATHWAY TO GIVE RISE 6767 04:52:10,440 --> 04:52:11,840 TO SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCES THAT I 6768 04:52:11,840 --> 04:52:13,360 DID THAT OR I WANT TODAY DO 6769 04:52:13,360 --> 04:52:14,680 THAT? 6770 04:52:14,680 --> 04:52:17,880 HOW IS SUBJECT VOLITION RELATED 6771 04:52:17,880 --> 04:52:19,120 TO THE MOTOR PATHWAY. 6772 04:52:19,120 --> 04:52:19,760 I DON'T KNOW, I DON'T KNOW 6773 04:52:19,760 --> 04:52:20,520 WHETHER MARK KNOWS. 6774 04:52:20,520 --> 04:52:22,120 I WOULD LIKE TO HEAR MORE BUT WE 6775 04:52:22,120 --> 04:52:32,640 CAN SPECULATE ON THE MODEL THAT 6776 04:52:33,680 --> 04:52:36,320 VOLITION IS A READ OUT OR A 6777 04:52:36,320 --> 04:52:38,120 LEVEL OF ACTIVITY IN A MOTOR 6778 04:52:38,120 --> 04:52:40,840 PATHWAY AND WHEN THIS PATHWAY IS 6779 04:52:40,840 --> 04:52:41,880 ACTIVE, NOT ONLY DO WE MOVE BUT 6780 04:52:41,880 --> 04:52:43,480 WE ALSO FEEL THAT WARE MOVING 6781 04:52:43,480 --> 04:52:44,720 AND WE ALSO KNOW THAT WE'RE 6782 04:52:44,720 --> 04:52:45,920 ABOUT TO MOVE. 6783 04:52:45,920 --> 04:52:47,920 AND THE SECOND POSSIBILITY, IS 6784 04:52:47,920 --> 04:52:49,960 THAT, THERE'S SOME SET OF NEURAL 6785 04:52:49,960 --> 04:52:51,000 ACTIVITIES WHICH WE DON'T 6786 04:52:51,000 --> 04:52:53,000 EXACTLY NO WHAT TH THEY ARE OR 6787 04:52:53,000 --> 04:52:54,200 WHICH TRIGGER THE ACTIVITY OF 6788 04:52:54,200 --> 04:52:56,720 THE MOTOR PATHWAY AND ALSO 6789 04:52:56,720 --> 04:52:59,520 TRIGGER ACTIVITIES IN A SEPARATE 6790 04:52:59,520 --> 04:53:00,680 DISTINCT PATHWAY WHICH IS 6791 04:53:00,680 --> 04:53:02,200 SEPARATE FROM THE PATHWAY THAT 6792 04:53:02,200 --> 04:53:03,520 GENERATES MOVEMENT AND SO THIS 6793 04:53:03,520 --> 04:53:05,440 TO ME IS REALLY INTERESTING. 6794 04:53:05,440 --> 04:53:06,960 THIS IS A LIT LIKE PERCEPTION 6795 04:53:06,960 --> 04:53:08,320 WHERE WE DON'T HAVE ANY PROBLEM 6796 04:53:08,320 --> 04:53:10,440 AT ALL SAYING THAT WHEN THERE'S 6797 04:53:10,440 --> 04:53:12,080 ACTIVITIES IN V1 WE SEE THINGS 6798 04:53:12,080 --> 04:53:13,280 AND MAYBE WHEN THERE'S ACTIVITY 6799 04:53:13,280 --> 04:53:15,680 IN THE MOTOR PATHWAY WE FEEL 6800 04:53:15,680 --> 04:53:17,040 VOLITION AND THIS PERHAPS IS A 6801 04:53:17,040 --> 04:53:21,880 LITTLE BIT MORE LIKE WHAT FND 6802 04:53:21,880 --> 04:53:23,640 FORCE US TO THINK ABOUT 6803 04:53:23,640 --> 04:53:24,280 ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN MOVEMENT 6804 04:53:24,280 --> 04:53:26,480 AND VOLITION SO JUST TO CONCLUDE 6805 04:53:26,480 --> 04:53:31,760 LAST SLIDE THIS IS REALLY 6806 04:53:31,760 --> 04:53:33,200 REMARKABLE OVER THE YEARS AND 6807 04:53:33,200 --> 04:53:36,000 I'VE BEEN TO LOTS OF CONFERENCES 6808 04:53:36,000 --> 04:53:38,240 WITH PSYCHOLOGISTS AND 6809 04:53:38,240 --> 04:53:41,840 PHILOSOPHERS AND THEY'RE 6810 04:53:41,840 --> 04:53:45,080 CONFUSED AND IT'S BEEN WIDELY 6811 04:53:45,080 --> 04:53:46,880 APPRECIATED OUTSIDE OF NEURO 6812 04:53:46,880 --> 04:53:47,920 PHYSIOLOGY IN THOSE OTHER FIELDS 6813 04:53:47,920 --> 04:53:49,840 AND MARK'S WORK IS IN LARGE PART 6814 04:53:49,840 --> 04:53:51,960 RESPONSIBLE FOR THAT AND THE 6815 04:53:51,960 --> 04:53:52,680 SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE OF 6816 04:53:52,680 --> 04:53:54,240 VOLITION MAY BE FUNDAMENTAL TO 6817 04:53:54,240 --> 04:53:55,520 MOVEMENT IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 6818 04:53:55,520 --> 04:53:57,080 AND SO HOW DID THIS ALL HAPPEN? 6819 04:53:57,080 --> 04:53:58,640 WELL I JUST WANT TO HIGHLIGHT 6820 04:53:58,640 --> 04:54:00,360 FOUR THINGS WHICH PREPARED 6821 04:54:00,360 --> 04:54:02,160 ENTIRELY INDEPENDENTLY OF THE 6822 04:54:02,160 --> 04:54:04,000 LAST SPEAKERS' LAST SLIDE BUT 6823 04:54:04,000 --> 04:54:06,680 ACTUALLY SHOW A REMARKABLE MULTI 6824 04:54:06,680 --> 04:54:08,440 MODEL CONVERGENCE SO WHY IS IT 6825 04:54:08,440 --> 04:54:11,240 SO GOOD? 6826 04:54:11,240 --> 04:54:11,920 INTERESTING IDEAS, WIDE 6827 04:54:11,920 --> 04:54:13,960 KNOWLEDGE, CLEAR RESEARCH 6828 04:54:13,960 --> 04:54:16,040 QUESTIONS AND THIS IS WHY YOU'VE 6829 04:54:16,040 --> 04:54:17,000 CONTRIBUTE SOD MUCH TO THE FIELD 6830 04:54:17,000 --> 04:54:18,480 AND THANK YOU, VERY MUCH. 6831 04:54:18,480 --> 04:54:35,000 [APPLAUSE] 6832 04:54:35,000 --> 04:54:37,520 >>WE RECEIVED THAT MARK HAS HAD 6833 04:54:37,520 --> 04:54:39,000 SO, WE THOUGHT IT WOULD BE 6834 04:54:39,000 --> 04:54:43,760 APPROPRIATE NOW TOWARDS THE ENDS 6835 04:54:43,760 --> 04:54:45,440 TO HEAR IN A JOINT SESSION FROM 6836 04:54:45,440 --> 04:54:47,880 SOME OF HIS LATEST COLLABORATOR 6837 04:54:47,880 --> 04:54:49,160 AND TRAINEES AND SO I WILL ASK 6838 04:54:49,160 --> 04:54:50,480 THEM TO COME UP. 6839 04:54:50,480 --> 04:54:53,560 Dr. DEBRA, NOW RUNNING THE 6840 04:54:53,560 --> 04:55:01,480 MOVEMENT DISORDERS CLINICAL. 6841 04:55:01,480 --> 04:55:07,480 SOFIE CHO AND MARK'S LATEST 6842 04:55:07,480 --> 04:55:10,080 TRAINEES AND COLLABORATORS. 6843 04:55:10,080 --> 04:55:13,160 IT'S LATEST. 6844 04:55:13,160 --> 04:55:16,000 >>I'M SOFIE CHO AND I'M REALLY 6845 04:55:16,000 --> 04:55:17,040 HOPPERED TO BE GIVEN THIS 6846 04:55:17,040 --> 04:55:19,040 OPPORTUNITY TO SHARE MY STORIES 6847 04:55:19,040 --> 04:55:27,000 WITH Dr. HALLETT. 6848 04:55:27,000 --> 04:55:31,840 AND I BECAME INTERESTED IN 6849 04:55:31,840 --> 04:55:33,960 MOVEMENT DISORDERS DURING MY 6850 04:55:33,960 --> 04:55:35,760 EARLY YEARS OF POST GRADUATE 6851 04:55:35,760 --> 04:55:37,200 TRAINING AND I WAS PORT AT TO 6852 04:55:37,200 --> 04:55:38,720 RECEIVE SUPPORT FROM MY 6853 04:55:38,720 --> 04:55:40,920 RESIDENCY PROGRAM ATTENDING TO 6854 04:55:40,920 --> 04:55:42,160 ATTEND ASPEN COURSE WHICH WE 6855 04:55:42,160 --> 04:55:47,120 HEARD ABOUT FROM Dr. JANKOVIC 6856 04:55:47,120 --> 04:55:49,680 EARLIER TODAY AND MEETING Dr. 6857 04:55:49,680 --> 04:55:51,360 HALLETT AT THE TIME, FOR ME, 6858 04:55:51,360 --> 04:55:54,080 BECAUSE LIKE MEETING A BIG 6859 04:55:54,080 --> 04:55:55,760 HOLLYWOOD STAR. 6860 04:55:55,760 --> 04:56:03,960 I WAS REALLY INTRIGUED BY HIS 6861 04:56:03,960 --> 04:56:05,160 LECTURE AND START TO GROW MORE 6862 04:56:05,160 --> 04:56:07,600 IN MY MIND SO ON THE SECOND OR 6863 04:56:07,600 --> 04:56:09,160 THIRD DAY OF AS PEP COURSE, I 6864 04:56:09,160 --> 04:56:11,040 TOOK THE COURAGE TO APPROACH 6865 04:56:11,040 --> 04:56:13,040 Dr. HALLETT AND ASKED FOR ANY 6866 04:56:13,040 --> 04:56:14,120 OPPORTUNITIES TO SPEND MORE TIME 6867 04:56:14,120 --> 04:56:20,440 WITH HIM AND HE GRACIOUSLY GAVE 6868 04:56:20,440 --> 04:56:21,880 ME AN OPPORTUNITY SO DURING MY 6869 04:56:21,880 --> 04:56:23,760 THIRD YEAR OF NEUROLOGY 6870 04:56:23,760 --> 04:56:25,520 RESIDENCY I WAS FORTUNATE ENOUGH 6871 04:56:25,520 --> 04:56:28,640 TO TAKE ONE MONTH OF ELECTIVE 6872 04:56:28,640 --> 04:56:31,280 ORIENTATION IN HUMAN MOTOR 6873 04:56:31,280 --> 04:56:33,160 CONTROL SECTION AND TWO YEARS, 6874 04:56:33,160 --> 04:56:35,680 LATER, I CAME BACK TO NIH'S 6875 04:56:35,680 --> 04:56:40,400 CLINICAL FELLOW AND WHEN I MOVED 6876 04:56:40,400 --> 04:56:43,360 TO MARRY LAPPED TO START MY 6877 04:56:43,360 --> 04:56:45,800 FELLOWSHIP, I WAS IN A DIFFICULT 6878 04:56:45,800 --> 04:56:46,080 SITUATION. 6879 04:56:46,080 --> 04:56:48,080 I WAS A SINGLE MOM, LIVING APART 6880 04:56:48,080 --> 04:56:54,560 FROM MY HUSBAND, WITH MY 6881 04:56:54,560 --> 04:56:56,600 10-MONTH-OLD SON AND MANY DAYS I 6882 04:56:56,600 --> 04:56:58,160 HAD TO LEAVE WORK BECAUSE MY SON 6883 04:56:58,160 --> 04:57:02,440 WAS SICK OR GOT HURT OR FOR ANY 6884 04:57:02,440 --> 04:57:03,600 OTHER NORMAL EVENT THAT HAPPENS 6885 04:57:03,600 --> 04:57:08,120 TO AN INFANT AND Dr. HALLETT 6886 04:57:08,120 --> 04:57:10,280 WAS SUPPORTIVE DURING THIS 6887 04:57:10,280 --> 04:57:11,760 DIFFICULT TIME AND HE EVEN 6888 04:57:11,760 --> 04:57:13,560 SHARED HIS OWN EXPERIENCE WHEN 6889 04:57:13,560 --> 04:57:15,080 HE WAS A JUNE FACULTY HE TOLD ME 6890 04:57:15,080 --> 04:57:16,720 THAT HE WAS LIVING IN BOSTON IN 6891 04:57:16,720 --> 04:57:19,680 HIS FAMILY WAS IN MARYLAND AND 6892 04:57:19,680 --> 04:57:21,600 HE HAD TO FLY EVERY WEEKEND O TO 6893 04:57:21,600 --> 04:57:23,040 BE WITH HIS FAMILY AND IT WAS 6894 04:57:23,040 --> 04:57:25,080 HARD AND EVENTUALLY MADE HIM 6895 04:57:25,080 --> 04:57:29,040 MOVE TO MARYLAND TO NIH. 6896 04:57:29,040 --> 04:57:35,640 I WAS REALLY LUCKY TO HAVE A 6897 04:57:35,640 --> 04:57:37,640 MENTOR THAT UNDERSTOOD AND CARED 6898 04:57:37,640 --> 04:57:38,840 WHAT I WAS GOING THROUGH MY LIFE 6899 04:57:38,840 --> 04:57:40,240 AND SUPPORTING ME. 6900 04:57:40,240 --> 04:57:45,600 IIT MADE ME BELIEVE I COULD DO 6901 04:57:45,600 --> 04:57:46,440 THIS. 6902 04:57:46,440 --> 04:57:48,240 I LEARNED ALL KINDS OF NEURO 6903 04:57:48,240 --> 04:57:50,920 PHYSIOLOGY TO STUDY NORMAL AND 6904 04:57:50,920 --> 04:57:54,600 ABNORMAL MOVEMENT AND WE HEARD 6905 04:57:54,600 --> 04:57:58,360 EARLIER TODAY ABOUT SURROUND 6906 04:57:58,360 --> 04:57:59,800 INHIBITION AND Dr. HALLETT, AS 6907 04:57:59,800 --> 04:58:02,400 YOU SAW BEFORE, I WAS THE FIRST 6908 04:58:02,400 --> 04:58:06,760 TO DEMONSTRATE THE MOTOR CORTEX 6909 04:58:06,760 --> 04:58:10,480 LEVEL USING THE TMS AND TURNED 6910 04:58:10,480 --> 04:58:12,400 OUT THAT THE SURROUNDING 6911 04:58:12,400 --> 04:58:14,480 INNOVATION AT THE MOTOR CORTEX 6912 04:58:14,480 --> 04:58:17,400 LEVEL IS IS A PARENT AT THE CON 6913 04:58:17,400 --> 04:58:19,160 SET OF THE MOVEMENT BUT NOT 6914 04:58:19,160 --> 04:58:20,720 DURING THE MAINTENANCE PHASE AND 6915 04:58:20,720 --> 04:58:24,640 WE DID ANOTHER EXPERIMENT AND MY 6916 04:58:24,640 --> 04:58:29,800 RESEARCH BUDDY AND FOREVER DEAR 6917 04:58:29,800 --> 04:58:31,480 FRIEND, AND SHOWED THAT 6918 04:58:31,480 --> 04:58:32,960 CEREBELLUM MIGHT BE INVOLVED IN 6919 04:58:32,960 --> 04:58:39,720 MAMAINTAINING THE SELECTIVE 6920 04:58:39,720 --> 04:58:42,320 MOVEMENT AND WE USED TMS TO 6921 04:58:42,320 --> 04:58:43,760 STUDY TREMOR DIS TONIC TREMOR 6922 04:58:43,760 --> 04:58:45,200 AND WE HEARD FROM RICK ABOUT 6923 04:58:45,200 --> 04:58:53,320 THIS PAPER EARLIER TODAY AND WE 6924 04:58:53,320 --> 04:58:56,320 SHED STRONG LIGHTS AND MADE THEM 6925 04:58:56,320 --> 04:58:58,480 BLINK AND WE USED SPECIAL LENSES 6926 04:58:58,480 --> 04:59:01,520 TO BLOCK LIGHT AND SEE HOW IT 6927 04:59:01,520 --> 04:59:03,200 EFFECTED THEIR BLINKING AND SO, 6928 04:59:03,200 --> 04:59:08,040 AGAIN, 6929 04:59:08,040 --> 04:59:10,800 I CAME TO STUDY MOVEMENT AND I 6930 04:59:10,800 --> 04:59:13,000 LEARNED ALL THESE SKILLS FROM 6931 04:59:13,000 --> 04:59:14,200 DROP HALLETT BUT REALLY, YOU 6932 04:59:14,200 --> 04:59:16,080 KNOW, HE DOESN'T ONLY TEACH YOU 6933 04:59:16,080 --> 04:59:18,360 SKILLS, HE REALLY TEACHES YOU 6934 04:59:18,360 --> 04:59:21,440 HOW TO THINK AND NOT ONLY THAT, 6935 04:59:21,440 --> 04:59:23,360 HE REALLY MADE ALL OF US 6936 04:59:23,360 --> 04:59:25,800 TRAINEES, TO BELIEVE THAT WE'RE 6937 04:59:25,800 --> 04:59:28,960 PART OF ONE BIG HMCS FAMILY. 6938 04:59:28,960 --> 04:59:31,080 IT WAS REALLY IMPORTANT AND WE 6939 04:59:31,080 --> 04:59:33,120 HAD A LOT OF FUN AND WE ENJOYED 6940 04:59:33,120 --> 04:59:33,520 TOGETHER. 6941 04:59:33,520 --> 04:59:34,680 MOVING ON TO MY SECOND YEAR OF 6942 04:59:34,680 --> 04:59:37,520 MY FELLOWSHIP, SO I BECAME MORE 6943 04:59:37,520 --> 04:59:44,400 INTERESTED IN SENSORY MOTOR 6944 04:59:44,400 --> 04:59:45,440 INTEGRATION AND WE HEARD ABOUT 6945 04:59:45,440 --> 04:59:47,720 THAT EARLIER TODAY AND WE USED A 6946 04:59:47,720 --> 04:59:50,440 PAIRED ASSOCIATED STIMULATION 6947 04:59:50,440 --> 04:59:53,000 AND IN THE MOTOR CORTEX AND 6948 04:59:53,000 --> 04:59:55,840 STUDIED THAT THE NETWORK IN 6949 04:59:55,840 --> 04:59:59,520 MOTOR NETWORK PLASs ADVERTISE 6950 04:59:59,520 --> 05:00:02,120 TEE AND SHOWED THAT THE 6951 05:00:02,120 --> 05:00:03,920 PLASTICITY BETWEEN THIS NETWORK 6952 05:00:03,920 --> 05:00:09,560 WAS ONLY ABNORMALLY ENHANCED IN 6953 05:00:09,560 --> 05:00:12,440 DYSTONIA BUT NOT IN NON TEST 6954 05:00:12,440 --> 05:00:15,800 SPECIFIC DIS TONIA AND I ALSO 6955 05:00:15,800 --> 05:00:17,200 BECAME INTERESTED IN SENSORY 6956 05:00:17,200 --> 05:00:21,480 TRICKS AND HE REALLY ENCOURAGED 6957 05:00:21,480 --> 05:00:23,600 ME TO TAKE A DEEP DIVE SO I DID 6958 05:00:23,600 --> 05:00:26,960 THAT WITH EEG AND FMRI SO WE 6959 05:00:26,960 --> 05:00:28,040 FOUND SOME INTERESTING RESULTS 6960 05:00:28,040 --> 05:00:33,040 AS WELL TO SHOW THAT SMA PLAYS 6961 05:00:33,040 --> 05:00:36,240 AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE 6962 05:00:36,240 --> 05:00:41,120 PREPARATION PHASE BEFORE THE 6963 05:00:41,120 --> 05:00:43,720 HAPPENS AND AFTER TWO YEARS OF 6964 05:00:43,720 --> 05:00:45,600 WONDERFUL, WONDERFUL FELLOWSHIP 6965 05:00:45,600 --> 05:00:49,280 YEARS, I HAD TO LEAVE NIH DUE TO 6966 05:00:49,280 --> 05:00:56,520 VISA REQUIREMENTS. 6967 05:00:56,520 --> 05:00:57,600 I SHED A LOT OF TEARS ON 6968 05:00:57,600 --> 05:00:58,640 GRADUATION DAY. 6969 05:00:58,640 --> 05:01:01,840 I WANTED TO BE Dr. HALLETT'S 6970 05:01:01,840 --> 05:01:02,880 FELLOW FOREVER IF I COULD. 6971 05:01:02,880 --> 05:01:04,240 I HAD TO GROW UP. 6972 05:01:04,240 --> 05:01:05,920 I SO LEFT BUT FORTUNATELY 6973 05:01:05,920 --> 05:01:07,240 ENOUGH, I WAS ABLE TO COME BACK 6974 05:01:07,240 --> 05:01:09,920 TO NIH IN FOUR YEARS AND THIS 6975 05:01:09,920 --> 05:01:11,480 TIME AS A STAFF CLINICIAN TO 6976 05:01:11,480 --> 05:01:15,320 DIRECT THE CONSUL SURVEYS OF THE 6977 05:01:15,320 --> 05:01:20,160 NINDS BUT MY OF BOSS Dr. NED 6978 05:01:20,160 --> 05:01:27,080 HIRA LOUD MHERE, ALLOWED ME TO E 6979 05:01:27,080 --> 05:01:28,640 WITH MY GROUP SO I GOT 6980 05:01:28,640 --> 05:01:30,440 RECONNECTED AND HE HELPED ME TO 6981 05:01:30,440 --> 05:01:32,640 GET CONNECTED WITH WONDERFUL AND 6982 05:01:32,640 --> 05:01:34,760 SMART PEOPLE AND REALLY INSIDE 6983 05:01:34,760 --> 05:01:37,680 AND OUTSIDE AND NIH SO I MET 6984 05:01:37,680 --> 05:01:40,080 BUZZ HERE AND WORKED ON THIS FUN 6985 05:01:40,080 --> 05:01:45,440 PROJECTS TOGETHER AND I MET VIA 6986 05:01:45,440 --> 05:01:50,480 FROM TWO TALKS AND SO I AM 6987 05:01:50,480 --> 05:01:51,600 SPARED ME TO START THIS NEW 6988 05:01:51,600 --> 05:01:55,840 PROJECT AND USING THE 6989 05:01:55,840 --> 05:02:00,200 STIMULATION OF THE DLPFC AND 6990 05:02:00,200 --> 05:02:06,840 ACTIVELY RECRUIT SO MORE WORK 6991 05:02:06,840 --> 05:02:08,040 AND STORY HE'S TO BE CONTINUED. 6992 05:02:08,040 --> 05:02:13,680 I JUST WANTED TO THANK YOU FOR 6993 05:02:13,680 --> 05:02:21,760 MY HEART. 6994 05:02:21,760 --> 05:02:23,960 THANK YOU FOR TAKING ME AND 6995 05:02:23,960 --> 05:02:26,560 GUIDING ME TO WHERE I AM. 6996 05:02:26,560 --> 05:02:27,840 IT'S BEEN A DREAM-LIKE 6997 05:02:27,840 --> 05:02:32,200 OPPORTUNITY TO WORK ALONGSIDE 6998 05:02:32,200 --> 05:02:32,600 YOU. 6999 05:02:32,600 --> 05:02:34,800 AND WE'RE NOT READY TO LET YOU 7000 05:02:34,800 --> 05:02:35,040 GO. 7001 05:02:35,040 --> 05:02:36,480 AND I KNOW THAT YOU ARE NOT 7002 05:02:36,480 --> 05:02:37,320 GOING FAR AWAY. 7003 05:02:37,320 --> 05:02:38,960 SO I LOOK FORWARD TO CONTINUING 7004 05:02:38,960 --> 05:02:41,520 TO LEARN FROM YOUS. 7005 05:02:41,520 --> 05:02:43,160 SO THANK YOU SO MUCH. 7006 05:02:43,160 --> 05:02:51,320 [APPLAUSE] 7007 05:02:51,320 --> 05:02:55,680 >>HI, I'M DEBRA AND I AM A 7008 05:02:55,680 --> 05:03:00,160 STAFF CLINICIAN AND I JOINED 7009 05:03:00,160 --> 05:03:02,160 NINDS NEARLY SIX YEARS AGO NOW 7010 05:03:02,160 --> 05:03:06,600 AS A JUNE CLINICAL FACULTY 7011 05:03:06,600 --> 05:03:08,920 MEMBER AND I CONSIDERED MYSELF 7012 05:03:08,920 --> 05:03:12,600 VERY LUCKY TO LITERALLY KIND OF 7013 05:03:12,600 --> 05:03:15,440 WORK NEXT DOOR TO MARK. 7014 05:03:15,440 --> 05:03:17,320 I KNOW THAT A LOT OF MY 7015 05:03:17,320 --> 05:03:20,200 COLLEAGUES, WHEN THEY FIRST 7016 05:03:20,200 --> 05:03:24,000 STARTED, AS JUNIOR FACULTY, FELT 7017 05:03:24,000 --> 05:03:25,760 ISOLATED, PARTICULARLY, IN A SUB 7018 05:03:25,760 --> 05:03:27,440 SPECIALTY WHERE YOU KNOW, ALL OF 7019 05:03:27,440 --> 05:03:29,000 A SUDDEN, YOU ARE THE ONE WHO 7020 05:03:29,000 --> 05:03:31,160 MAY BE THE EXPERT IN THAT SUB 7021 05:03:31,160 --> 05:03:32,360 SPECIALTY BUT YOU ARE EARLY IN 7022 05:03:32,360 --> 05:03:35,400 YOUR CAREER. 7023 05:03:35,400 --> 05:03:37,880 IT WAS CERTAINLY 7024 05:03:37,880 --> 05:03:39,600 ANXIETY-RELIEVING TO KNOW THAT I 7025 05:03:39,600 --> 05:03:42,840 HAD ONE OF THE WORLD EXPERTS 7026 05:03:42,840 --> 05:03:45,040 RIGHT NEXT TO ME WHO WAS ALWAYS 7027 05:03:45,040 --> 05:03:47,640 AVAILABLE AND ABLE TO HELP ME 7028 05:03:47,640 --> 05:03:50,320 WHEN I NEEDED HELP SO, IT'S 7029 05:03:50,320 --> 05:03:54,440 CERTAINLY MADE THE TRANSITION 7030 05:03:54,440 --> 05:03:56,720 EASIER AND I ALWAYS HAD TO GAGE 7031 05:03:56,720 --> 05:03:58,720 WHEN I WOULD SEE A PATIENT THAT 7032 05:03:58,720 --> 05:04:01,120 I KIND OF STRUGGLED WITH. 7033 05:04:01,120 --> 05:04:03,480 MARK WAS ALWAYS MORE THAN HAPPY 7034 05:04:03,480 --> 05:04:06,720 TO DISCUSS THESE CASES AND SAY I 7035 05:04:06,720 --> 05:04:07,800 SAW SOMETHING WEIRD TODAY, WHAT 7036 05:04:07,800 --> 05:04:10,480 DO YOU THINK OF THIS AND IF HE 7037 05:04:10,480 --> 05:04:11,800 SAID, WOW, THAT'S VERY 7038 05:04:11,800 --> 05:04:14,240 INTERESTING, I'VE NEVER SEEN 7039 05:04:14,240 --> 05:04:16,120 THAT BEFORE, THAT WOULD BE MY 7040 05:04:16,120 --> 05:04:17,640 GAGE THIS WAS CASE REPORT WORTHY 7041 05:04:17,640 --> 05:04:19,440 AND IF MARK HADN'T SEEN IT 7042 05:04:19,440 --> 05:04:21,600 BEFORE, WELL, PROBABLY NO ONE 7043 05:04:21,600 --> 05:04:22,280 DID. 7044 05:04:22,280 --> 05:04:30,360 SO, IT WAS SUCH A GREAT WAY TO 7045 05:04:30,360 --> 05:04:40,840 REALLY STARTED IN CAREER AND 7046 05:04:41,400 --> 05:04:43,400 I'VE SAID MEDICAL SCHOOL THEY 7047 05:04:43,400 --> 05:04:44,680 TEACH YOU HOW TO DO EVERYTHING 7048 05:04:44,680 --> 05:04:46,360 IN THE CLIP I CAN BUT ONE THING 7049 05:04:46,360 --> 05:04:47,880 YOU DON'T GET A LOT OF TRAINING 7050 05:04:47,880 --> 05:04:51,680 IN IS HOW TO BE A GOOD LEADER. 7051 05:04:51,680 --> 05:04:55,240 AND I FEEL SO PRIVILEGED TO HAVE 7052 05:04:55,240 --> 05:04:57,920 HAD MENTORSHIP IN THAT AS WELL. 7053 05:04:57,920 --> 05:05:00,080 MARK AND I HAVE MET EVERY WEEK 7054 05:05:00,080 --> 05:05:02,320 AND CONTINUE TO MEET ONCE A WEEK 7055 05:05:02,320 --> 05:05:06,000 AND 7056 05:05:06,000 --> 05:05:07,600 WE DISCUSS EVERYTHING, SCIENCE 7057 05:05:07,600 --> 05:05:09,880 AND HOW TO LEAD A GROUP, YOU 7058 05:05:09,880 --> 05:05:11,520 KNOW, HOW TO DEAL WITH STAFF AND 7059 05:05:11,520 --> 05:05:14,120 HOW TO NAVIGATE IRBs AND ALL 7060 05:05:14,120 --> 05:05:16,000 OF THESE INNS AND OUTS OF 7061 05:05:16,000 --> 05:05:21,000 RESEARCH THAT PARTICULARLY AT 7062 05:05:21,000 --> 05:05:24,360 NIH A LOT OF OUR TRAINING 7063 05:05:24,360 --> 05:05:25,880 DOESN'T PREPARE US FOR THIS AND 7064 05:05:25,880 --> 05:05:27,360 I FEEL SO LUCKY TO HAVE SOMEONE 7065 05:05:27,360 --> 05:05:28,640 WHO IS WILLING TO TALK ME 7066 05:05:28,640 --> 05:05:32,280 THROUGH THIS AS I NAVIGATE THIS 7067 05:05:32,280 --> 05:05:35,320 AND YOU KNOW, HE REALLY CREATED 7068 05:05:35,320 --> 05:05:41,320 CLINIC THAT IS UNIQUE BECAUSE 7069 05:05:41,320 --> 05:05:43,640 THE CLINIC IS MAINLY TO RECRUIT 7070 05:05:43,640 --> 05:05:46,240 AND DO PRODUCTIVE RESEARCH AND 7071 05:05:46,240 --> 05:05:50,360 THAT BEING SAID IT'S ALSO AN 7072 05:05:50,360 --> 05:05:51,000 AMAZING LEARNING ENVIRONMENT AND 7073 05:05:51,000 --> 05:05:52,720 HE CREATED IT SO THAT ALL THE 7074 05:05:52,720 --> 05:05:54,200 THE CASES WOULD BE DISCUSSED AND 7075 05:05:54,200 --> 05:05:56,160 NOT ONLY WOULD THE CASES BE 7076 05:05:56,160 --> 05:05:58,440 DISCUSSED BUT THE IDEAS OF EVERY 7077 05:05:58,440 --> 05:06:00,800 PERSON IN THE ROOM WOULD BE 7078 05:06:00,800 --> 05:06:04,320 VALID AND THAT IS IS REALLY YOU 7079 05:06:04,320 --> 05:06:06,600 KNOW, ONE OF THE THINGS I 7080 05:06:06,600 --> 05:06:08,840 LEARNED FROM HIM TO LISTEN IT 7081 05:06:08,840 --> 05:06:11,440 YOUR PATIENTS AND I REMEMBER 7082 05:06:11,440 --> 05:06:14,160 TIMES WE'VE HAD SOME STUDENTS 7083 05:06:14,160 --> 05:06:15,600 JUST THERE FOR A FEW WEEKS AND 7084 05:06:15,600 --> 05:06:17,560 YOU KNOW, THEY NAME AND ASKED A 7085 05:06:17,560 --> 05:06:18,640 QUESTION AND SOMETIMES THEY'RE 7086 05:06:18,640 --> 05:06:19,960 UNIQUE PERSPECTIVE WOULD 7087 05:06:19,960 --> 05:06:21,240 ACTUALLY MAKE US THINK ABOUT THE 7088 05:06:21,240 --> 05:06:24,040 CASE IN A DIFFERENT WAY. 7089 05:06:24,040 --> 05:06:24,760 AND 7090 05:06:24,760 --> 05:06:35,120 , THE CLINIC NOT ONLY 7091 05:06:49,640 --> 05:06:51,760 SO, 7092 05:06:51,760 --> 05:06:58,040 , IT'S BEEN A GREAT PLACE TO 7093 05:06:58,040 --> 05:06:59,360 START MY CAREER AND GROW AND I 7094 05:06:59,360 --> 05:07:00,400 COULDN'T HAVE DONE THAT WITHOUT 7095 05:07:00,400 --> 05:07:01,600 MARK AND SO IT'S BEEN A 7096 05:07:01,600 --> 05:07:03,800 PRIVILEGE AND AN HONOR TO WORK 7097 05:07:03,800 --> 05:07:05,080 SIDE BY SIDE WITH YOU AND CALL 7098 05:07:05,080 --> 05:07:07,240 YOU MY COLLEAGUES FOR THE LAST 7099 05:07:07,240 --> 05:07:09,520 SIX YEARS AND BEST OF LUCK IN 7100 05:07:09,520 --> 05:07:10,480 YOUR RETIREMENT. 7101 05:07:10,480 --> 05:07:13,560 [APPLAUSE] 7102 05:07:17,360 --> 05:07:22,160 >>HELLO. 7103 05:07:22,160 --> 05:07:24,040 IT WAS HARDER ALREADY YESTERDAY 7104 05:07:24,040 --> 05:07:25,760 AND IT WAS HAPPEN HE'S TO SAY A 7105 05:07:25,760 --> 05:07:29,040 FEW WORDS AND I DON'T WANT TO 7106 05:07:29,040 --> 05:07:32,000 REPEAT HOW IMPORTANT WAS THIS 7107 05:07:32,000 --> 05:07:34,800 EXPERIENCE AND WORKING WITH THE 7108 05:07:34,800 --> 05:07:38,160 Dr. MARK HALLETT BECAUSE 7109 05:07:38,160 --> 05:07:41,440 YESTERDAY'S I USED MY BEST 7110 05:07:41,440 --> 05:07:41,640 JOKES. 7111 05:07:41,640 --> 05:07:42,040 [LAUGHTER] 7112 05:07:42,040 --> 05:07:44,080 AND WELL, MOST OF THE SPEAKERS 7113 05:07:44,080 --> 05:07:45,920 TODAY, THEY SAY WELL EVERYBODY 7114 05:07:45,920 --> 05:07:48,680 BASICALLY USED THE WORDS 7115 05:07:48,680 --> 05:07:50,320 "MOVEMENT DISORDERS" AND I DON'T 7116 05:07:50,320 --> 05:07:52,920 WANT TO BE ANY LESS -- I DON'T 7117 05:07:52,920 --> 05:07:54,320 WRACK WITH MOVEMENT DISORDERS SO 7118 05:07:54,320 --> 05:07:57,400 I USE THE SAME WORDS. 7119 05:07:57,400 --> 05:07:59,800 I HAD THIS OPPORTUNITY TO WORK 7120 05:07:59,800 --> 05:08:04,120 ON A SPECIAL PROJECT AND 7121 05:08:04,120 --> 05:08:06,200 SOMETIMES IT ALSO TOUCHED THE 7122 05:08:06,200 --> 05:08:08,800 MOVEMENT DISORDERS LIKE THE LAST 7123 05:08:08,800 --> 05:08:10,840 MANUSCRIPT WE'RE WORKING ON 7124 05:08:10,840 --> 05:08:13,560 ABOUT THE AND THE EXPERIMENTS SO 7125 05:08:13,560 --> 05:08:16,800 I WORKED ON SOMETHING THAT IS 7126 05:08:16,800 --> 05:08:20,320 MORE SIMILAR TO PATRICK EXPLAINS 7127 05:08:20,320 --> 05:08:21,520 WONDERFULLY BEFORE. 7128 05:08:21,520 --> 05:08:24,960 AND OF COURSE, AFTER PATRICK I 7129 05:08:24,960 --> 05:08:25,720 CANNOT SAY ANYTHING. 7130 05:08:25,720 --> 05:08:31,920 I WILL APPEAR LIKE NOT ADEQUATE 7131 05:08:31,920 --> 05:08:33,800 BUT I WOULD LIKE TO SAY 7132 05:08:33,800 --> 05:08:36,000 SOMETHING THAT MAYBE IT'S 7133 05:08:36,000 --> 05:08:37,880 ANOTHER QUALITY OF MARK HALLETT 7134 05:08:37,880 --> 05:08:39,800 THAT I THINK THAT IS VERY 7135 05:08:39,800 --> 05:08:50,520 INTERESTING, IT'S A NONE A NON. 7136 05:08:50,880 --> 05:09:00,040 WE DON'T HAVE A LOT OF OPENING H 7137 05:09:00,040 --> 05:09:10,600 PEOPLE AROUNDS AND NOT -- I CAME 7138 05:09:12,040 --> 05:09:13,160 HERE AND I WAS IT WAS THE FIRST 7139 05:09:13,160 --> 05:09:16,640 LAB MEETING ON WEDNESDAY, AND 7140 05:09:16,640 --> 05:09:18,960 THERE WAS A YOUNG GUY, HE WAS A 7141 05:09:18,960 --> 05:09:20,520 POSTBAC, PRESENTING A PROJECT 7142 05:09:20,520 --> 05:09:24,600 AND IT WAS VERY SMART GUY. 7143 05:09:24,600 --> 05:09:27,040 AND HE WAS SPEAKING, HE SPOKE 7144 05:09:27,040 --> 05:09:28,200 VERY FAST. 7145 05:09:28,200 --> 05:09:31,000 WE FINISHED THE MEETING, I WENT 7146 05:09:31,000 --> 05:09:34,120 TO A ROOM AND THERE WAS ANOTHER 7147 05:09:34,120 --> 05:09:37,800 COLLEAGUE OF MINE, ALSO ITALIAN, 7148 05:09:37,800 --> 05:09:39,920 SHE WAS LOOKING AT ME, LAUGHING 7149 05:09:39,920 --> 05:09:43,080 AND WAS LIKE, I UNDERSTAND A 7150 05:09:43,080 --> 05:09:45,800 WORD AND I THOUGHT I'M SCREWED. 7151 05:09:45,800 --> 05:09:46,600 [LAUGHTER] 7152 05:09:46,600 --> 05:09:48,440 AND OF COURSE, THINGS IMPROVED A 7153 05:09:48,440 --> 05:09:50,760 LOT BECAUSE IT'S JUST A MATTER 7154 05:09:50,760 --> 05:09:52,240 OF PRACTICE BUT THEN I SPOKE TO 7155 05:09:52,240 --> 05:09:53,760 THE GUY I WAS LIKE, MAN, I HAVE 7156 05:09:53,760 --> 05:09:56,880 TO TELL YOU, I DIDN'T 7157 05:09:56,880 --> 05:09:57,760 UNDERSTAND. 7158 05:09:57,760 --> 05:09:59,040 I'M A FAST SPEAKER, I'M SORRY. 7159 05:09:59,040 --> 05:10:01,480 SO HE STARTED LIKE DECREASING 7160 05:10:01,480 --> 05:10:03,320 THE SPEED OF HIS TALK AND I WAS 7161 05:10:03,320 --> 05:10:06,840 LIKE NO, YOU CAN GO BACK TO YOUR 7162 05:10:06,840 --> 05:10:07,120 ORIGINAL. 7163 05:10:07,120 --> 05:10:08,720 AND IT'S NOT THAT PROBLEM. 7164 05:10:08,720 --> 05:10:10,960 SO, THAT WAS A REAL GREAT 7165 05:10:10,960 --> 05:10:11,360 QUALITY. 7166 05:10:11,360 --> 05:10:13,360 YOU SPEAK REALLY CLEAR, 7167 05:10:13,360 --> 05:10:14,400 WONDERFUL WAY. 7168 05:10:14,400 --> 05:10:16,280 AND YEAH, I THINK THAT FOR 7169 05:10:16,280 --> 05:10:19,800 AMERICAN PEOPLE, IT'S NOT 7170 05:10:19,800 --> 05:10:20,840 MAYBE -- IT'S NOT MAKING A 7171 05:10:20,840 --> 05:10:22,480 DIFFERENCE BUT FOR ME, IT WAS 7172 05:10:22,480 --> 05:10:25,880 TOWARDS THE ENTIRE WORK. 7173 05:10:25,880 --> 05:10:33,000 AND I ENJOYED EVERYTHING IN THIS 7174 05:10:33,000 --> 05:10:35,920 EXPERIENCE BECAUSE THE WHOLE 7175 05:10:35,920 --> 05:10:36,640 GROUP WAS BEAUTIFUL. 7176 05:10:36,640 --> 05:10:40,200 I MOVED RECENTLY TO ANOTHER LAB 7177 05:10:40,200 --> 05:10:41,400 BUT I WAS LUCK YOU ENOUGH TO 7178 05:10:41,400 --> 05:10:42,320 STAY WHERE I WAS BEFORE. 7179 05:10:42,320 --> 05:10:44,360 I DIDN'T EVEN CHANGE MY DESK. 7180 05:10:44,360 --> 05:10:46,480 AND NOT BECAUSE I'M LAZY, THEY 7181 05:10:46,480 --> 05:10:52,640 ALLOWED ME TO STAY THERE. 7182 05:10:52,640 --> 05:10:55,280 SO I'M STILL IN TOUCH WITH THEM 7183 05:10:55,280 --> 05:10:57,640 EVERY DAY AND IT'S BEAUTIFUL. 7184 05:10:57,640 --> 05:10:59,000 WE'RE STILL LIKE I'M STILL 7185 05:10:59,000 --> 05:11:01,560 PREPARING THE COFFEE WHERE I WAS 7186 05:11:01,560 --> 05:11:04,080 BEFORE SO THAT'S BEAUTIFUL AND 7187 05:11:04,080 --> 05:11:05,080 ESPECIALLY BECAUSE WE STILL HAVE 7188 05:11:05,080 --> 05:11:07,080 A LOT OF WORK TO DO, WE ARE 7189 05:11:07,080 --> 05:11:12,440 STILL FINISHING TWO EXPERIMENTS, 7190 05:11:12,440 --> 05:11:13,720 WE HAVE ALL THE STAFF TO WRITE 7191 05:11:13,720 --> 05:11:15,680 DOWN AND ALL THE THINGS TO DO SO 7192 05:11:15,680 --> 05:11:17,320 PROBABLY, YEAH, REALLY NOTHING 7193 05:11:17,320 --> 05:11:23,280 IS REALLY CHANGING, I GUESS. 7194 05:11:23,280 --> 05:11:23,640 I'M SCARING YOU. 7195 05:11:23,640 --> 05:11:24,880 [LAUGHTER] 7196 05:11:24,880 --> 05:11:29,640 I DON'T WANT TO STEAL TIME SO 7197 05:11:29,640 --> 05:11:30,360 I'M DONE. 7198 05:11:30,360 --> 05:11:32,120 THANK YOU, VERY MUCH. 7199 05:11:32,120 --> 05:11:33,800 THANK YOU VERY MUCH, Dr. 7200 05:11:33,800 --> 05:11:35,840 HALLETT. 7201 05:11:35,840 --> 05:11:38,440 [APPLAUSE] 7202 05:11:38,440 --> 05:11:41,400 HI, I'M KYIA AND I SUPPOSE I'M 7203 05:11:41,400 --> 05:11:46,200 Dr. HALLETT'S LATEST POSTBAC 7204 05:11:46,200 --> 05:11:46,480 TRAINEE. 7205 05:11:46,480 --> 05:11:49,040 AND I ARE HAD THE GREAT 7206 05:11:49,040 --> 05:11:50,360 PRIVILEGE OF WORKING ALONGSIDE 7207 05:11:50,360 --> 05:11:52,160 HIM AND Dr. HALLETT FOR THE 7208 05:11:52,160 --> 05:11:53,440 LAST YEAR-AND-A-HALF ON THE FREE 7209 05:11:53,440 --> 05:11:57,160 WILL PROJEC PROJECT OR PROJECTS. 7210 05:11:57,160 --> 05:11:58,000 LIKE MOST OF THE PEOPLE THAT 7211 05:11:58,000 --> 05:11:59,800 HAVE SPOKEN TODAY, I DO NOT HOLD 7212 05:11:59,800 --> 05:12:04,160 AN MD OR A PH.D OR ANY POST 7213 05:12:04,160 --> 05:12:06,160 GRADUATE DEGREE OF ANY SORT SO 7214 05:12:06,160 --> 05:12:06,880 THIS EXPERIENCE HAS REALLY BEEN 7215 05:12:06,880 --> 05:12:09,720 A TIME FOR ME TO THINK WHAT I 7216 05:12:09,720 --> 05:12:11,080 WOULD LIKE TO DO WITH MY LIFE 7217 05:12:11,080 --> 05:12:12,600 AND I THINK THAT THERE'S NO ONE 7218 05:12:12,600 --> 05:12:14,160 BETTER THAN Dr. HALLETT TO 7219 05:12:14,160 --> 05:12:17,280 MENTOR ME THROUGH THAT PROCESS. 7220 05:12:17,280 --> 05:12:19,400 STARTING FROM THE MOMENT I CAME 7221 05:12:19,400 --> 05:12:21,960 IN, I WAS CONSTANTLY INSPIRED 7222 05:12:21,960 --> 05:12:23,880 NOT JUST HOW AMAZING OF A 7223 05:12:23,880 --> 05:12:25,160 NEUROLOGIST AND NEUROSCIENTIST 7224 05:12:25,160 --> 05:12:30,000 AND CRITICAL THINKER Dr. 7225 05:12:30,000 --> 05:12:33,600 HALLETT IS, BUT ALSO PARALLEL 7226 05:12:33,600 --> 05:12:35,040 DISPLAYS OF HUMILITY AND 7227 05:12:35,040 --> 05:12:36,320 OPENNESS TO THE OPINIONS OF 7228 05:12:36,320 --> 05:12:37,760 THOSE AROUND HIM, KIND OF LIKE 7229 05:12:37,760 --> 05:12:43,680 WHAT Dr. EURLIC TALKED ABOUT 7230 05:12:43,680 --> 05:12:45,000 WITH SOMEONE WITH SO MANY 7231 05:12:45,000 --> 05:12:46,280 ACCOMPLISHMENTS THROUGHOUT THEIR 7232 05:12:46,280 --> 05:12:46,520 CAREER. 7233 05:12:46,520 --> 05:12:47,960 IT WOULD BE EASY FOR Dr. 7234 05:12:47,960 --> 05:12:49,520 HALLETT TO OVERLOOK SOMEONE LIKE 7235 05:12:49,520 --> 05:12:50,920 ME, WHO HAS ONLY BEEN IN THIS 7236 05:12:50,920 --> 05:12:52,920 AREA FOR A HANDFUL OF YEARS, AND 7237 05:12:52,920 --> 05:12:54,840 WHAT I HAVE TO SAY. 7238 05:12:54,840 --> 05:12:57,360 I FIND WITH ALL OF OUR WEEKLY 7239 05:12:57,360 --> 05:12:59,120 MEETINGS AND WHEN I HAVE ANY 7240 05:12:59,120 --> 05:13:00,200 SUGGESTIONS ABOUT ANYTHING 7241 05:13:00,200 --> 05:13:01,840 RELATED TO THE NEURO PHYSIOLOGY 7242 05:13:01,840 --> 05:13:05,040 OF OUR PROJECTS, Dr. HALLETT 7243 05:13:05,040 --> 05:13:06,400 IS ALWAYS VERY KEEN TO LISTEN 7244 05:13:06,400 --> 05:13:07,920 AND VERY ATTENTIVE TO WHAT I 7245 05:13:07,920 --> 05:13:08,600 HAVE TO SAY. 7246 05:13:08,600 --> 05:13:10,640 IN A WAY THAT I HAVEN'T 7247 05:13:10,640 --> 05:13:12,320 EXPERIENCED IN A RESEARCH 7248 05:13:12,320 --> 05:13:13,640 POSITION BEFORE AND I REALLY 7249 05:13:13,640 --> 05:13:15,880 THINK THAT'S SUCH AN IMPORTANT 7250 05:13:15,880 --> 05:13:17,080 QUALITY BECAUSE IT JUST SHOWS 7251 05:13:17,080 --> 05:13:20,160 THAT THIS GENUINE INTEREST IN 7252 05:13:20,160 --> 05:13:22,080 ATTENTIVENESS TO EVERYONE AND 7253 05:13:22,080 --> 05:13:22,960 EVERYTHING AROUND HIM AND A WAY 7254 05:13:22,960 --> 05:13:24,360 THAT YOU DON'T SEE WITH MANY 7255 05:13:24,360 --> 05:13:27,680 PEOPLE NOWADAYS. 7256 05:13:27,680 --> 05:13:29,080 IT STRUCK ME AND IMPACT MEDICINE 7257 05:13:29,080 --> 05:13:31,120 AND REALLY CONFIRMED MY DESIRE 7258 05:13:31,120 --> 05:13:34,040 TO HOPEFULLY ONE DAY HAVE A 7259 05:13:34,040 --> 05:13:35,720 CAREER THAT COMES VERY, VERY, 7260 05:13:35,720 --> 05:13:39,120 VERY SHORT OF WHAT Dr. HALL ET 7261 05:13:39,120 --> 05:13:40,040 HAS DONE BECAUSE THERE'S NO ONE 7262 05:13:40,040 --> 05:13:42,000 THAT COULD LIVE UP TO WHAT YOU 7263 05:13:42,000 --> 05:13:43,000 HAVE DONE. 7264 05:13:43,000 --> 05:13:45,080 I'M CONSTANTLY AMAZED BY THIS 7265 05:13:45,080 --> 05:13:47,840 SENSE OF HUMILITY THAT YOU 7266 05:13:47,840 --> 05:13:49,520 DISPLAY AND HOW KEEN YOU ARE TO 7267 05:13:49,520 --> 05:13:50,360 LISTEN TOP EVERYONE AROUND YOU 7268 05:13:50,360 --> 05:13:52,320 AND IT JUST SHOWS THAT THIS IS 7269 05:13:52,320 --> 05:13:54,560 AN AREA OF GENUINE INTEREST TO 7270 05:13:54,560 --> 05:13:55,480 YOU. 7271 05:13:55,480 --> 05:13:57,480 SO, THANK YOU FOR ALL THAT 7272 05:13:57,480 --> 05:13:59,280 YOU'VE DONE AND LIKE EVAN A 7273 05:13:59,280 --> 05:14:00,480 SAID, NOT MUCH WILL CHANGE FOR 7274 05:14:00,480 --> 05:14:03,560 THE THREE OF US IN TERMS OF OUR 7275 05:14:03,560 --> 05:14:04,760 COLLABORATIONS BUT LOOKING 7276 05:14:04,760 --> 05:14:05,680 FORWARD TO CONTINUE WORKING WITH 7277 05:14:05,680 --> 05:14:07,840 YOU IN THIS NEXT CHAPTER. 7278 05:14:07,840 --> 05:14:16,280 [APPLAUSE] 7279 05:14:16,280 --> 05:14:26,520 >>THANK YOU. 7280 05:14:27,000 --> 05:14:28,160 >>THANK YOU, EVERYONE. 7281 05:14:28,160 --> 05:14:29,000 THIS WAS GREAT. 7282 05:14:29,000 --> 05:14:31,920 I REALLY APPRECIATE THE 7283 05:14:31,920 --> 05:14:36,360 WONDERFUL WORDS FROM EVERYONE. 7284 05:14:36,360 --> 05:14:43,000 AND NOW WE'RE -- 7285 05:14:43,000 --> 05:14:44,680 >>LET'S WAIT FOR THE HUGS AND 7286 05:14:44,680 --> 05:14:46,560 SOMEONE CAN TAKE PICTURES OF 7287 05:14:46,560 --> 05:14:46,920 THEM. 7288 05:14:46,920 --> 05:14:52,840 SO, YEAH, WE'RE GETTING NOW OF 7289 05:14:52,840 --> 05:14:58,560 TO THE -- WE ARE GETTING TO 7290 05:14:58,560 --> 05:15:01,480 THE -- WE ARE GETTING TO THE END 7291 05:15:01,480 --> 05:15:06,760 OF TODAY BUT WE CAN'T GO WITHOUT 7292 05:15:06,760 --> 05:15:09,800 MARK'S REMARKS SO WE ARE WAITING 7293 05:15:09,800 --> 05:15:10,640 FOR YOU. 7294 05:15:10,640 --> 05:15:11,880 SO, IF YOU WILL WANT TO COME UP 7295 05:15:11,880 --> 05:15:16,000 OR YOU WANT TO TALK FROM THERE? 7296 05:15:16,000 --> 05:15:19,880 >>SO ONE THING WE WANT TO GIVE 7297 05:15:19,880 --> 05:15:22,680 YOU, SO WE ASKED PEOPLE, NOT 7298 05:15:22,680 --> 05:15:23,840 EVERYBODY IS HERE BUT A LOT OF 7299 05:15:23,840 --> 05:15:25,440 PEOPLE ARE ON-LINE AND EVERYBODY 7300 05:15:25,440 --> 05:15:27,440 WANTS TO SEND THEIR GREETINGS SO 7301 05:15:27,440 --> 05:15:32,040 WE DECIDED TO DO AN E-CARD SO 7302 05:15:32,040 --> 05:15:34,200 EVERYBODY CAN SIGN FOR IT. 7303 05:15:34,200 --> 05:15:36,320 IT IT TURNED OUT TO BE AN 7304 05:15:36,320 --> 05:15:36,560 E-BOOK. 7305 05:15:36,560 --> 05:15:38,840 [LAUGHTER] 7306 05:15:38,840 --> 05:15:40,720 SO, EVEN WE HAD TO CUT IT SHORT 7307 05:15:40,720 --> 05:15:43,960 BECAUSE THERE WAS SO MANY 7308 05:15:43,960 --> 05:15:44,880 SIGNATURES AND THINGS THAT WE 7309 05:15:44,880 --> 05:15:46,400 NEEDED TO SEND TO THE PRINTER 7310 05:15:46,400 --> 05:15:49,800 BUT YEAH, THIS IS YOUR E-CARD. 7311 05:15:49,800 --> 05:15:51,360 MOST OF THE PEOPLE THAT COULD 7312 05:15:51,360 --> 05:15:53,360 ARE HERE OR NOT, YOU HAVE PLENTY 7313 05:15:53,360 --> 05:15:57,120 OF TIME TO READ IT IN YOUR 7314 05:15:57,120 --> 05:15:57,440 RETIREMENT. 7315 05:15:57,440 --> 05:15:57,840 [LAUGHTER] 7316 05:15:57,840 --> 05:16:01,000 AND YEAH, WE LEFT THE PODIUM FOR 7317 05:16:01,000 --> 05:16:02,600 YOU FOR WHATEVER YOU WANT TO 7318 05:16:02,600 --> 05:16:02,760 SAY. 7319 05:16:02,760 --> 05:16:04,320 >>OK. 7320 05:16:04,320 --> 05:16:04,720 THANK YOU. 7321 05:16:04,720 --> 05:16:12,080 [APPLAUSE] 7322 05:16:12,080 --> 05:16:14,720 >>WELL, I'M SURE THAT NO ONE 7323 05:16:14,720 --> 05:16:20,160 HERE HAS ENJOY THIS MORE THAN I 7324 05:16:20,160 --> 05:16:20,360 HAVE. 7325 05:16:20,360 --> 05:16:22,880 IT WAS A MARVELOUS DAY. 7326 05:16:22,880 --> 05:16:24,240 THANK YOU TO THE ORGANIZING 7327 05:16:24,240 --> 05:16:25,440 COMMITTEE VERY MUCH FOR SETTING 7328 05:16:25,440 --> 05:16:30,160 THIS UP AND THANK YOU ALL FOR 7329 05:16:30,160 --> 05:16:30,400 COMING. 7330 05:16:30,400 --> 05:16:33,360 IT REALLY HAS BEEN A PLEASURE 7331 05:16:33,360 --> 05:16:36,680 TO, FOR ME TO SIT HERE AND HEAR 7332 05:16:36,680 --> 05:16:44,360 FROM ALL OF YOU ABOUT THIS AND I 7333 05:16:44,360 --> 05:16:46,440 DO HAVE TO THANK YOU ALL AND ALL 7334 05:16:46,440 --> 05:16:47,600 THE PEOPLE ON-LINE FOR DOING 7335 05:16:47,600 --> 05:16:51,600 THIS AS WELL. 7336 05:16:51,600 --> 05:16:54,760 AND A YOU HEARD. 7337 05:16:54,760 --> 05:17:05,280 AS I WAS SAYING LAST NIGHT, WE 7338 05:17:11,240 --> 05:17:13,040 HAD A DINNER AND MY WIFE AND SON 7339 05:17:13,040 --> 05:17:14,560 ARE HERE TOO AND THIS IS VERY 7340 05:17:14,560 --> 05:17:14,760 NICE. 7341 05:17:14,760 --> 05:17:16,720 I DID TALK ABOUT EVERYBODY 7342 05:17:16,720 --> 05:17:19,080 ELSE'S BEING PART OF, PART OF 7343 05:17:19,080 --> 05:17:24,840 THE FAMILY AND I DO HAVE THAT 7344 05:17:24,840 --> 05:17:26,160 FEELING THAT THE NUMBER OF YOU 7345 05:17:26,160 --> 05:17:27,480 HAVE MENTIONED THAT AS WELL THAT 7346 05:17:27,480 --> 05:17:30,680 WE HAVE A HUMAN MOTOR CONTROL 7347 05:17:30,680 --> 05:17:35,240 FAMILY AND I'M REALLY VERY 7348 05:17:35,240 --> 05:17:37,840 GRATEFUL FOR EVERYBODY TO BE 7349 05:17:37,840 --> 05:17:43,680 PARTICIPANTS IN THIS NICE 7350 05:17:43,680 --> 05:17:44,120 FAMILY. 7351 05:17:44,120 --> 05:17:47,680 SO WHAT I THOUGHT I WOULD DO IS 7352 05:17:47,680 --> 05:17:50,520 TO FIRST OF ALL, SAY THAT I FEEL 7353 05:17:50,520 --> 05:17:56,080 THAT I'VE HAD A VERY LUCKY 7354 05:17:56,080 --> 05:18:00,320 CAREER IN TERMS OF THE 7355 05:18:00,320 --> 05:18:03,160 EXPERIENCES THAT I'VE HAD. 7356 05:18:03,160 --> 05:18:04,600 PEOPLE HAVE TALKED ABOUT 7357 05:18:04,600 --> 05:18:06,800 MENTORSHIP AND I WANTED TO SAY 7358 05:18:06,800 --> 05:18:10,040 SOME THINGS ABOUT MY OWN 7359 05:18:10,040 --> 05:18:12,640 MENTORS, WHICH HAVE TRAINED ME 7360 05:18:12,640 --> 05:18:16,760 TO GIVE YOU SOME SORT OF SENSE 7361 05:18:16,760 --> 05:18:19,600 ABOUT WHERE I GOT TO AT THIS 7362 05:18:19,600 --> 05:18:21,160 PARTICULAR POINT. 7363 05:18:21,160 --> 05:18:25,160 SO, JUST TO START AT THE 7364 05:18:25,160 --> 05:18:26,760 BEGINNING, I HAVE TO THANK MY 7365 05:18:26,760 --> 05:18:28,320 FATHER FIRST. 7366 05:18:28,320 --> 05:18:30,960 HE WAS AN OPHTHALMOLOGIST AND A 7367 05:18:30,960 --> 05:18:35,400 VERY GOOD PERSON FOR ME TO 7368 05:18:35,400 --> 05:18:40,200 FOLLOW THE FIELD OF MEDICINE AND 7369 05:18:40,200 --> 05:18:43,880 HE DID A LOT OF EXCELLENT 7370 05:18:43,880 --> 05:18:47,080 CLINICAL WORK, HE WAS THE CHIEF 7371 05:18:47,080 --> 05:18:49,640 OF UVITIS IN PHILADELPHIA WHICH 7372 05:18:49,640 --> 05:18:52,280 IS IS ONE OF THE PREMIERE 7373 05:18:52,280 --> 05:18:54,280 HOSPITALS IN THE UNITED STATES. 7374 05:18:54,280 --> 05:18:58,560 HE HAD A BASIC LABORATORY 7375 05:18:58,560 --> 05:19:02,120 ACTUALLY AND TRYING TO 7376 05:19:02,120 --> 05:19:04,480 UNDERSTAND UVITIS AND THEY KNOW 7377 05:19:04,480 --> 05:19:06,560 AT THAT TIME, THERE WAS NOTHING 7378 05:19:06,560 --> 05:19:09,160 THAT WE KNEW ABOUT UVITIS AT ALL 7379 05:19:09,160 --> 05:19:11,920 AND I DON'T THINK THAT HE MADE 7380 05:19:11,920 --> 05:19:14,520 ANY MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE 7381 05:19:14,520 --> 05:19:15,920 FIELD, BECAUSE IT WAS AN IMMUNE 7382 05:19:15,920 --> 05:19:17,240 LOGICAL DISORDER AND WE DIDN'T 7383 05:19:17,240 --> 05:19:19,000 KNOW ANYTHING ABOUT IMMUNOLOGY 7384 05:19:19,000 --> 05:19:20,640 OR HE DIDN'T. 7385 05:19:20,640 --> 05:19:23,240 THERE WASN'T ANYTHING NOPE ABOUT 7386 05:19:23,240 --> 05:19:25,680 IMMUNOLOGY AT THAT TIME. 7387 05:19:25,680 --> 05:19:31,480 HE WORKED HARD AT IT IT AND 7388 05:19:31,480 --> 05:19:33,920 CERTAINLY TRIED. 7389 05:19:33,920 --> 05:19:37,880 THE PERSON THAT GOT ME 7390 05:19:37,880 --> 05:19:39,640 INTERESTED IN THE TRAIN WAS MY 7391 05:19:39,640 --> 05:19:41,400 OF HIGH SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY 7392 05:19:41,400 --> 05:19:41,640 TEACHER. 7393 05:19:41,640 --> 05:19:46,120 I TOOK A COURSE IN PSYCHOLOGY 7394 05:19:46,120 --> 05:19:50,440 AND HE WASES A SPECTACULAR 7395 05:19:50,440 --> 05:19:53,480 TEACHER THAT I HAD IN HIGH 7396 05:19:53,480 --> 05:19:55,200 SCHOOL AND TO GIVE YOU UNEXAMPLE 7397 05:19:55,200 --> 05:19:58,680 OF HOW GOOD HE WAS, HE GAVE US 7398 05:19:58,680 --> 05:20:00,480 IN ONE HOUR THE BEST TEST I'VE 7399 05:20:00,480 --> 05:20:01,560 HAD IN ONE HOUR. 7400 05:20:01,560 --> 05:20:06,440 AND I STILL REMEMBER THAN THIS 7401 05:20:06,440 --> 05:20:06,640 TEST. 7402 05:20:06,640 --> 05:20:11,080 WE GIVE YOU A SENSE ABOUT HIS 7403 05:20:11,080 --> 05:20:14,480 QUALITY AS WHERE WE STUDY 7404 05:20:14,480 --> 05:20:15,960 PHILOSOPHY AND MAYBE THAT'S AN 7405 05:20:15,960 --> 05:20:22,720 IMPORTANT PART OF WHERE WE NEEDS 7406 05:20:22,720 --> 05:20:24,960 AND AND THIS WAS A FABULOUS 7407 05:20:24,960 --> 05:20:25,160 TEST. 7408 05:20:25,160 --> 05:20:26,760 WE CAME INTO THE ROOM AND HE 7409 05:20:26,760 --> 05:20:28,880 SAID, WELL, THERE'S BEEN AN HOUR 7410 05:20:28,880 --> 05:20:30,400 TEST AND FOR THE FIRST 45 7411 05:20:30,400 --> 05:20:34,120 MINUTES, I WANT YOU TO SET UP A 7412 05:20:34,120 --> 05:20:37,120 GOVERNMENT WITH A DIFFERENT 7413 05:20:37,120 --> 05:20:38,520 PHILOSOPHER THAT WE STUDY. 7414 05:20:38,520 --> 05:20:40,040 WE WANT A PRESIDENT, SECRETARY 7415 05:20:40,040 --> 05:20:41,800 AND TREASURIES AND SECRETARY OF 7416 05:20:41,800 --> 05:20:46,520 THE ARMY AND SECRETARY OF STATE 7417 05:20:46,520 --> 05:20:48,560 OF AND VARIOUS JOBS AND TAKE 7418 05:20:48,560 --> 05:20:49,960 THEM AND PUT THEM IN THOSE 7419 05:20:49,960 --> 05:20:54,080 PARTICULAR POSITIONS AND SET UP 7420 05:20:54,080 --> 05:20:54,760 A GOVERNMENT. 7421 05:20:54,760 --> 05:20:59,760 THAT WAS REAL HE'D FUN REALLY FO 7422 05:20:59,760 --> 05:21:01,600 AND HE SAID THE NEXT 15 MINUTES, 7423 05:21:01,600 --> 05:21:04,120 I WANT YOU TO DESCRIBE WHY THE 7424 05:21:04,120 --> 05:21:06,640 GOVERNMENT YOU JUST SET UP WILL 7425 05:21:06,640 --> 05:21:06,840 FAIL. 7426 05:21:06,840 --> 05:21:09,680 [LAUGHTER] 7427 05:21:09,680 --> 05:21:13,720 AND IT WAS JUST FUN TO DO THAT 7428 05:21:13,720 --> 05:21:17,320 MANY PARTICULAR TEST AND ANY ME 7429 05:21:17,320 --> 05:21:19,800 EVENT, I TOLD THIS STORY BEFORE 7430 05:21:19,800 --> 05:21:22,320 AND WE ALL HAD TO DO TERM PAPERS 7431 05:21:22,320 --> 05:21:25,000 AND I WANT OUT DOING A TERM 7432 05:21:25,000 --> 05:21:29,000 PAPER ON FREUD AND SIGMUND FREUD 7433 05:21:29,000 --> 05:21:30,760 AND I GOT INTERESTED IN FREUD'S 7434 05:21:30,760 --> 05:21:32,360 IDEAS AND IT GOT ME INTERESTED 7435 05:21:32,360 --> 05:21:38,120 IN THE BRAIN. 7436 05:21:38,120 --> 05:21:41,080 AND SO I WANT OFF TO COLLEGE AND 7437 05:21:41,080 --> 05:21:42,360 COMING INTO A PHYSICIAN WHERE 7438 05:21:42,360 --> 05:21:44,160 YOU ARE THAT AGE YOU DON'T WANT 7439 05:21:44,160 --> 05:21:45,360 TO DO WHAT YOUR PARENTS DO YOU 7440 05:21:45,360 --> 05:21:49,520 WANT TO DO SOMETHING ELSE SO I 7441 05:21:49,520 --> 05:21:53,960 THOUGHT THAT MAYBE I WOULD BE 7442 05:21:53,960 --> 05:21:54,520 SOMETHING ELSE. 7443 05:21:54,520 --> 05:21:58,040 I MAJORED IN ASTR ASTRONOMY BUTI 7444 05:21:58,040 --> 05:21:59,480 DECIDED MEDICINE WAS A GOOD IDEA 7445 05:21:59,480 --> 05:22:01,080 AND IF I WAS GOING TO DO 7446 05:22:01,080 --> 05:22:04,600 MEDICINE TOYED, I HAD TO STUDY E 7447 05:22:04,600 --> 05:22:06,040 BRAIN BECAUSE THAT'S WHAT I WAS 7448 05:22:06,040 --> 05:22:09,760 INTERESTED IN AND MY FATHER SAID 7449 05:22:09,760 --> 05:22:11,480 I SHOULD BE AN ON TA MOL GIST 7450 05:22:11,480 --> 05:22:12,920 BUT I NEVER GAME INTO THAT AND 7451 05:22:12,920 --> 05:22:14,320 THE BRAIN WAS ALWAYS INTERESTING 7452 05:22:14,320 --> 05:22:16,720 AND IN ANY EVENT, ONE OF THE 7453 05:22:16,720 --> 05:22:18,720 THINGS THAT HAPPENED, I GUESS I 7454 05:22:18,720 --> 05:22:24,160 WAS PROBABLY EARLY -- I WAS IN 7455 05:22:24,160 --> 05:22:27,760 ANY JUNIOR YEAR, NORMAN AGAINWIN 7456 05:22:27,760 --> 05:22:34,720 GESHWISRAEL N WAS INVITED AND IT 7457 05:22:34,720 --> 05:22:36,880 TO HEAR HIM AND THOSE WHO DON'T 7458 05:22:36,880 --> 05:22:42,440 KNOW HE IS THE FATHER OF 7459 05:22:42,440 --> 05:22:43,600 BEHAVIORAL NEUROLOGY IN THE 7460 05:22:43,600 --> 05:22:44,600 UNITED STATES AND PERHAPS 7461 05:22:44,600 --> 05:22:50,240 FURTHER THAN THAT AND SO, HE 7462 05:22:50,240 --> 05:22:54,680 GAVE WHAT I WOUND UP HEARING HIM 7463 05:22:54,680 --> 05:22:57,600 LECTURE ON ABOUT 10 TIMES FOCUS 7464 05:22:57,600 --> 05:23:01,600 ON HIS PACES OF A LEXIA WITHOUT 7465 05:23:01,600 --> 05:23:04,400 A GRAPHIA AND HE POINTED OUT 7466 05:23:04,400 --> 05:23:05,280 CONNECTIVITY IN THE BRAIN AS 7467 05:23:05,280 --> 05:23:09,480 BEING CRITICAL AND YOU HEARD 7468 05:23:09,480 --> 05:23:13,280 ABOUT HIS TWO-PART PAPER THAT HE 7469 05:23:13,280 --> 05:23:15,880 WROTE THAT THE TIME AND I HAVE 7470 05:23:15,880 --> 05:23:17,240 READS AND ALSO I GOT ME 7471 05:23:17,240 --> 05:23:19,480 INTERESTING IN BRING 7472 05:23:19,480 --> 05:23:20,320 CONNECTIVITY AND WHICH SOMETHING 7473 05:23:20,320 --> 05:23:22,400 THAT HAS BEEN A CONTINUING 7474 05:23:22,400 --> 05:23:31,640 INTEREST OF MINE AND AS YOU'VE 7475 05:23:31,640 --> 05:23:32,120 HEARD. 7476 05:23:32,120 --> 05:23:33,920 THEN I -- LET'S SEE, SO THE 7477 05:23:33,920 --> 05:23:36,040 OTHER THING NOT AT COLLEGE I 7478 05:23:36,040 --> 05:23:38,000 SUPPOSE I HAD MENTION THAT I 7479 05:23:38,000 --> 05:23:40,080 ACTUALLY DID MY THESIS ON THE 7480 05:23:40,080 --> 05:23:41,040 LOBSTER HEART. 7481 05:23:41,040 --> 05:23:42,960 SO MY FIRST PHYSIOLOGY PROJECT 7482 05:23:42,960 --> 05:23:45,320 WAS ON THE LOBSTER HEART AND IT 7483 05:23:45,320 --> 05:23:47,120 WASN'T ON ACTION POTENTIALS, IT 7484 05:23:47,120 --> 05:23:50,160 WAS ON -- IT'S REAL HE'S FROM 7485 05:23:50,160 --> 05:23:56,560 LOBSTERS TO, FREE WILL, I GUESS. 7486 05:23:56,560 --> 05:24:01,760 THE LOBSTER HEART IS A NEURO 7487 05:24:01,760 --> 05:24:06,560 NEUROGENIC HEART, THERE'S A NINE 7488 05:24:06,560 --> 05:24:13,000 CELL GANG LEANNE GANGLIA HEART T 7489 05:24:13,000 --> 05:24:14,800 REGULATES THE HEART AND IT WAS A 7490 05:24:14,800 --> 05:24:17,200 LOT OF QUESTIONS ABOUT HOW THE 7491 05:24:17,200 --> 05:24:19,000 NETWORK OF THOSE NINE NEURONS 7492 05:24:19,000 --> 05:24:21,240 WORKS TO CONTROL THE HEART SO 7493 05:24:21,240 --> 05:24:23,880 AGAIN, THE SORT OF NETWORK, I 7494 05:24:23,880 --> 05:24:25,040 KEPT GETTING PUSHED INTO THE 7495 05:24:25,040 --> 05:24:28,720 IDEA OF NETWORKS AS BEING 7496 05:24:28,720 --> 05:24:30,520 PARTICULARLY CRITICAL AND 7497 05:24:30,520 --> 05:24:30,960 INTERESTING. 7498 05:24:30,960 --> 05:24:34,960 ANY ANY EVENT, I WENT OFF TO -- 7499 05:24:34,960 --> 05:24:37,320 SORRY, I KEEP FOR GETTING ALL 7500 05:24:37,320 --> 05:24:38,560 THESE GOOD STORIES HERE. 7501 05:24:38,560 --> 05:24:41,000 THE OTHER PART THAT KEPT ME 7502 05:24:41,000 --> 05:24:42,800 INTERESTED IN THE BRAIN WAS 7503 05:24:42,800 --> 05:24:44,920 AROUND THAT TIME, THERE WAS AN 7504 05:24:44,920 --> 05:24:47,200 ENORMOUS INTEREST IN THE VISUAL 7505 05:24:47,200 --> 05:24:47,600 SYSTEM. 7506 05:24:47,600 --> 05:24:51,720 AND THERE WERE SERIES OF 7507 05:24:51,720 --> 05:24:55,640 LECTURES OVER AND OVER AGAIN 7508 05:24:55,640 --> 05:24:57,640 ABOUT HOW WE SEE. 7509 05:24:57,640 --> 05:25:01,160 GEORGE WALD GOT THE NOBEL PRIZE 7510 05:25:01,160 --> 05:25:11,640 FOR RODOBSON AND THEN HUBLIN 7511 05:25:11,640 --> 05:25:13,240 WIESEL AND EDMOND LAND 7512 05:25:13,240 --> 05:25:14,440 PARTICIPATED IN THESE HE IS THE 7513 05:25:14,440 --> 05:25:17,600 ONE THAT VENTED THE POLL A ROID 7514 05:25:17,600 --> 05:25:21,160 CAMERA BUT HE HAD VISION OF 7515 05:25:21,160 --> 05:25:23,280 COLOR VISION THAT WAS 7516 05:25:23,280 --> 05:25:23,600 INTERESTING. 7517 05:25:23,600 --> 05:25:25,760 A PROFESSOR AT MIT HAD THIS 7518 05:25:25,760 --> 05:25:28,320 FAMOUS PAPER WHAT THE FROGS EYE 7519 05:25:28,320 --> 05:25:29,480 TELLS THE FROG'S BRAIN. 7520 05:25:29,480 --> 05:25:39,920 AND FABULOUS LECTURER. 7521 05:25:44,360 --> 05:25:46,160 AFTER MY FIRST YEAR IN MEDICAL 7522 05:25:46,160 --> 05:25:48,880 SCHOOL, I HAD THE OPPORTUNITY TO 7523 05:25:48,880 --> 05:25:55,400 WORK WITH HUBLIN WEASEL THEY GOT 7524 05:25:55,400 --> 05:25:59,560 THE NOBEL PRIZE FOR SURROUND 7525 05:25:59,560 --> 05:26:00,840 INHIBITION IN THE VISUAL SYSTEM 7526 05:26:00,840 --> 05:26:03,200 AND THEY DIDN'T HAVE THE NOBEL 7527 05:26:03,200 --> 05:26:05,880 PRIZE YET WHEN I WAS WORKING FOR 7528 05:26:05,880 --> 05:26:07,080 THEM BUT THEY KNEW THEY WERE ON 7529 05:26:07,080 --> 05:26:10,320 TRACK I THINK. 7530 05:26:10,320 --> 05:26:11,600 AT THE TIME. 7531 05:26:11,600 --> 05:26:14,440 IN MY OF 28th SUMMER, WHICH 7532 05:26:14,440 --> 05:26:17,960 WAS THE ONLY OTHER SOMETIME THAT 7533 05:26:17,960 --> 05:26:20,720 I HAD SOME FREE SUMMER, IT WAS 7534 05:26:20,720 --> 05:26:24,880 MY LAST QUOTE FREE SUMMER, I HAD 7535 05:26:24,880 --> 05:26:27,960 THE OPPORTUNITY TO WORK IN THE 7536 05:26:27,960 --> 05:26:34,040 DEPARTMENT OF NORMAN GESHWIN SO 7537 05:26:34,040 --> 05:26:37,120 FROM HIS PARTICULAR STIMULATION 7538 05:26:37,120 --> 05:26:38,600 AND BACK WHEN I WAS IN COLLEGE I 7539 05:26:38,600 --> 05:26:41,440 HAD THE OPPORTUNITY TO SEE HIM 7540 05:26:41,440 --> 05:26:44,440 IN ACTION AND IN HIS DEPARTMENT 7541 05:26:44,440 --> 05:26:46,560 AND LEARN FROM HIM AT THAT TIME 7542 05:26:46,560 --> 05:26:48,480 AND HE ALSO ASSIGNED ME TOEL 7543 05:26:48,480 --> 05:26:55,160 WORK WITH A NEURO A MAT MIST, 7544 05:26:55,160 --> 05:26:59,200 DEPOCK PONKIA AND WE STUDIED THE 7545 05:26:59,200 --> 05:27:03,640 AUDITORY SYSTEM IN THE MONKEY 7546 05:27:03,640 --> 05:27:05,080 AND HE HIMSELF TURNED OUT TO BE 7547 05:27:05,080 --> 05:27:07,000 A FANTASTIC INDIVIDUAL. 7548 05:27:07,000 --> 05:27:08,040 HE CONTINUED TO WORK IN THE 7549 05:27:08,040 --> 05:27:12,640 FIELD OF NEURO ANATOMY UNTIL A 7550 05:27:12,640 --> 05:27:14,080 COUPLE YEARS AGO WHEN HE DIED HE 7551 05:27:14,080 --> 05:27:16,240 JUST KEPT ON WORKING AND 7552 05:27:16,240 --> 05:27:18,240 CONTRIBUTED TO ANNIE NORM AMOUNT 7553 05:27:18,240 --> 05:27:22,040 OF NEURO A M ANATOMY. 7554 05:27:22,040 --> 05:27:23,280 THE PAPER I WROTE WITH HIM 7555 05:27:23,280 --> 05:27:26,640 TURNED OUT TO BE MY FIRST 7556 05:27:26,640 --> 05:27:27,840 PUBLISHED PAPER AND WHATEVER I 7557 05:27:27,840 --> 05:27:30,080 LOOK AT MY OWN LIST OF PAPERS, 7558 05:27:30,080 --> 05:27:31,640 THAT'S ALWAYS THE FIRST WITHIN 7559 05:27:31,640 --> 05:27:35,520 THAT I SEE. 7560 05:27:35,520 --> 05:27:41,680 THERE'S A MEMORIAL ABOUT DEPOCK 7561 05:27:41,680 --> 05:27:44,880 THAT WILL BE DONE JEREMY, AT THE 7562 05:27:44,880 --> 05:27:45,880 MATS GENERAL IS ORGANIZING THAT 7563 05:27:45,880 --> 05:27:51,720 HE WAS VERY MUCH INVOLVED WITH 7564 05:27:51,720 --> 05:27:52,440 DEPOCK AS WELL AND I'M ONE OF 7565 05:27:52,440 --> 05:27:56,040 THE OLDEST FELLOWS AND I 7566 05:27:56,040 --> 05:27:58,760 REVISITED A SPECULATION, SO I 7567 05:27:58,760 --> 05:28:00,560 WRITTEN MY PART OF THE MEMORIAL 7568 05:28:00,560 --> 05:28:06,480 AND I SORT OF REVISITED A 7569 05:28:06,480 --> 05:28:12,080 SPECULATION THAT WE MADE IN THAT 7570 05:28:12,080 --> 05:28:13,040 PAPER SO SEE IF APPROXIMATE IT 7571 05:28:13,040 --> 05:28:14,880 WAS TRUE OR NOT AND HE WAS NOT 7572 05:28:14,880 --> 05:28:15,880 TO BE TRUE. 7573 05:28:15,880 --> 05:28:20,680 STILL WAS A GOOD PAPER. 7574 05:28:20,680 --> 05:28:22,920 ALL OF THE FACTS WERE CORRECT 7575 05:28:22,920 --> 05:28:24,880 BUT THE PARTICULAR SPECULATION 7576 05:28:24,880 --> 05:28:26,320 THAT IT WASN'T RIGHT BUT IT WAS 7577 05:28:26,320 --> 05:28:30,320 AN INTERESTING SPECULATION AND 7578 05:28:30,320 --> 05:28:32,320 THAT WE HAD DONE. 7579 05:28:32,320 --> 05:28:36,560 I HAD THE OPPORTUNITY TO HAVE 7580 05:28:36,560 --> 05:28:38,800 RAYMOND ADAMS AS MY OF MEDICAL 7581 05:28:38,800 --> 05:28:44,440 SCHOOL ADVISER AND ADAMS BEING 7582 05:28:44,440 --> 05:28:45,520 UP WITH OF THE PREMIERE 7583 05:28:45,520 --> 05:28:48,040 NEUROLOGISTS IN THE WORLD, OF 7584 05:28:48,040 --> 05:28:48,440 COURSE. 7585 05:28:48,440 --> 05:28:51,520 AND HE TOLD ME IN MY ELECTIVES, 7586 05:28:51,520 --> 05:28:52,920 WHEN I WAS MEDICAL SCHOOL, THAT 7587 05:28:52,920 --> 05:28:56,160 I HAD TO SPEND A MONTH WITH C 7588 05:28:56,160 --> 05:28:58,560 MILLER FISHER AND I HAD TO SPEND 7589 05:28:58,560 --> 05:29:03,160 A MONTH WITH DAVID KOGAN, THE 7590 05:29:03,160 --> 05:29:08,680 FOUNDER OF NEURO OPHTHALMOLOGY 7591 05:29:08,680 --> 05:29:09,960 AND THOSE ARE THE PEOPLE YOU 7592 05:29:09,960 --> 05:29:11,080 WOULD KNOW. 7593 05:29:11,080 --> 05:29:13,000 HE GAVE ME A LOT OF OTHER GOOD 7594 05:29:13,000 --> 05:29:19,080 ADVISE FOR OTHER FOLKS. 7595 05:29:19,080 --> 05:29:25,040 I GOT GOOD MENTORSHIP FROM 7596 05:29:25,040 --> 05:29:29,960 FISHER AND ADAMS AND KOGAN AND 7597 05:29:29,960 --> 05:29:35,520 THEN I WENT TO -- AFTER 7598 05:29:35,520 --> 05:29:38,640 INTERNSHIP, I CAME TO NIH'S AS 7599 05:29:38,640 --> 05:29:41,560 YOU HEARD. 7600 05:29:41,560 --> 05:29:49,840 I HAD A MENTOR AND AT THAT TIME, 7601 05:29:49,840 --> 05:29:54,840 I DID ACTION POTENTIAL AND TSAKI 7602 05:29:54,840 --> 05:30:02,600 WAS NATIVE JAPANESE AND HE WAS 7603 05:30:02,600 --> 05:30:04,600 FAMOUS FOR DISCOVERING -- AND 7604 05:30:04,600 --> 05:30:07,320 EXTREMELY IMPORTANT OBSERVATION. 7605 05:30:07,320 --> 05:30:11,840 HE PUBLISHED IN GERMAN DURING 7606 05:30:11,840 --> 05:30:12,160 WORLD WAR II. 7607 05:30:12,160 --> 05:30:14,400 HIS PAPER WAS NOT SEEN BY THE 7608 05:30:14,400 --> 05:30:17,280 ENGLISH-SPEAKING WORLD AT LEAST 7609 05:30:17,280 --> 05:30:20,920 HUCKSLY AND STANCELY, WHO 7610 05:30:20,920 --> 05:30:22,440 REDISCOVERED IT IT OR PUBLISHED 7611 05:30:22,440 --> 05:30:23,880 IT ABOUT FIVE YEARS LATER 7612 05:30:23,880 --> 05:30:26,520 CLAIMED THEY NEVER SEEN HIS 7613 05:30:26,520 --> 05:30:27,600 PUBLICATION AND SO THEY GOT 7614 05:30:27,600 --> 05:30:29,120 CREDIT FOR IT FOR A NUMBER OF 7615 05:30:29,120 --> 05:30:31,480 YEARS BUT IT WAS REALLY TSAKI 7616 05:30:31,480 --> 05:30:34,760 THAT MADE THAT OBSERVATION AND 7617 05:30:34,760 --> 05:30:37,600 PUBLISHED IT FIRST. 7618 05:30:37,600 --> 05:30:39,720 I LEARNED A LOT FROM HIM. 7619 05:30:39,720 --> 05:30:48,840 ALSO HOW TO WRITE ENGLISH. 7620 05:30:48,840 --> 05:30:51,720 PERHAPS TALKING ABOUT EVAN A AND 7621 05:30:51,720 --> 05:30:53,840 COMMUNICATING, HE WOULD SAY 7622 05:30:53,840 --> 05:30:55,400 LOOK, PEOPLE WHO ARE NOT NATIVE 7623 05:30:55,400 --> 05:30:56,720 ENGLISH SPEAKERS WON'T 7624 05:30:56,720 --> 05:30:59,840 UNDERSTAND THIS, UP TO WRITE IT 7625 05:30:59,840 --> 05:31:01,600 SO THAT ANYBODY CAN UNDERSTAND 7626 05:31:01,600 --> 05:31:05,280 IT AND WE WOULD SPEND HOURS EVEN 7627 05:31:05,280 --> 05:31:07,400 ON ONE SENTENCE TO MAKE SURE 7628 05:31:07,400 --> 05:31:10,480 THAT IT WAS CLEAR SO NOT ONLY 7629 05:31:10,480 --> 05:31:13,160 DID I LEARN MEMBRANE BIOPHYSICS 7630 05:31:13,160 --> 05:31:15,760 BUT I ALSO LEARNED HOW TO WRITE 7631 05:31:15,760 --> 05:31:23,080 MUCH BETTER FROM HIM. 7632 05:31:23,080 --> 05:31:25,360 I GIVE YOU A BETTER SENSE ABOUT 7633 05:31:25,360 --> 05:31:27,960 HOW LONG AGO IT WAS AND WE DID 7634 05:31:27,960 --> 05:31:32,640 MOST OF OUR CALCULATIONS BY 7635 05:31:32,640 --> 05:31:35,240 SLIDE RULE EX YOU GET THREE 7636 05:31:35,240 --> 05:31:37,240 SIGNIFICANT DIGITS. 7637 05:31:37,240 --> 05:31:40,200 WE GOT A COMPUTER IN THE 7638 05:31:40,200 --> 05:31:40,840 LABORATORY THAT I PROGRAMMED TO 7639 05:31:40,840 --> 05:31:44,200 DO THE ANALYSIS AND HE WAS VERY 7640 05:31:44,200 --> 05:31:46,840 SKEPTICAL OF COMPUTERS. 7641 05:31:46,840 --> 05:31:47,920 AND I'M NOT SURE THAT THAT'S 7642 05:31:47,920 --> 05:31:51,200 GOING TO HELP VERY MUCH BUT I 7643 05:31:51,200 --> 05:31:53,080 DID SOME ANALYSIS AND SHOWED IT 7644 05:31:53,080 --> 05:31:54,840 TO THEM AND HE TOOK OUT HIS 7645 05:31:54,840 --> 05:31:57,920 SLIDE RULE AND CHECKED ALL MY 7646 05:31:57,920 --> 05:31:59,440 CALCULATIONS AND HE SAID WELL, 7647 05:31:59,440 --> 05:32:02,800 MAYBE THIS IS GOING TO WORK. 7648 05:32:02,800 --> 05:32:03,320 [LAUGHTER] 7649 05:32:03,320 --> 05:32:04,880 AND ALSO TO TELL YOU HOW LONG 7650 05:32:04,880 --> 05:32:07,960 AGO THAT WAS, THERE WASN'T, THAT 7651 05:32:07,960 --> 05:32:14,480 WAS THE TIME THAT MEMBRANE 7652 05:32:14,480 --> 05:32:16,040 CHANNELS WERE PROPOSED AND WE 7653 05:32:16,040 --> 05:32:17,440 WEREN'T ALLOWED TO TALK ABOUT 7654 05:32:17,440 --> 05:32:21,040 THAT ACTUALLY. 7655 05:32:21,040 --> 05:32:22,560 AND OF COURSE THAT HAS CHANGED 7656 05:32:22,560 --> 05:32:27,160 BUT WE MADE SOME NICE 7657 05:32:27,160 --> 05:32:27,880 CONTRIBUTIONS ANYWAY. 7658 05:32:27,880 --> 05:32:29,640 THE ONE I'M MOST PROUD OF IS 7659 05:32:29,640 --> 05:32:31,040 MAKING THE FIRST DEMONSTRATION 7660 05:32:31,040 --> 05:32:35,600 THAT'S CALCIUM ACTUALLY WENT NO 7661 05:32:35,600 --> 05:32:38,240 THE AXO DURING AN ACTION PO TEM 7662 05:32:38,240 --> 05:32:38,440 SHALL. 7663 05:32:38,440 --> 05:32:40,360 IT WAS SPECULATED IT WAS TRUE 7664 05:32:40,360 --> 05:32:43,000 BUT IT HADN HADN'T BEEN PROVEN T 7665 05:32:43,000 --> 05:32:47,800 WAS ONE OF THE THINGS WE DID AT 7666 05:32:47,800 --> 05:32:48,280 THAT TIME. 7667 05:32:48,280 --> 05:32:53,040 I DID MY NEUROLOGY RESIDENCY AT 7668 05:32:53,040 --> 05:32:53,720 THAT HAVE TIME. 7669 05:32:53,720 --> 05:32:59,160 ADAMS AND FISHER WERE THE LEAD 7670 05:32:59,160 --> 05:33:02,120 NEUROLOGISTS AND DAVID COGAN WAS 7671 05:33:02,120 --> 05:33:05,240 STILL DOING OPHTHALMOLOGY AND 7672 05:33:05,240 --> 05:33:07,760 REALLY ABSOLUTELY SPECTACULAR 7673 05:33:07,760 --> 05:33:15,560 PEOPLE TO LEARN FROM AND AFTER 7674 05:33:15,560 --> 05:33:17,120 RESIDENCY, MY WIFE AND I DECIDED 7675 05:33:17,120 --> 05:33:20,160 THAT WE WANTED GO TO LONDON. 7676 05:33:20,160 --> 05:33:22,280 WE THOUGHT IT WOULD BE NICE TO 7677 05:33:22,280 --> 05:33:27,880 GO AWAY FOR A YEAR AND IT WAS A 7678 05:33:27,880 --> 05:33:32,200 DECISION I HAD TO MAKE OF WHO TO 7679 05:33:32,200 --> 05:33:34,640 WORK WITH. 7680 05:33:34,640 --> 05:33:38,080 I HAD SEEP SOME PAPERS FROM 7681 05:33:38,080 --> 05:33:41,000 DAVID MARSDEN WITH MARSDEN WORK 7682 05:33:41,000 --> 05:33:48,560 ON THE LONG LATE EP LATEN SEE D 7683 05:33:48,560 --> 05:33:49,240 I THOUGHT IT WAS INTERESTING SO 7684 05:33:49,240 --> 05:33:52,000 I WEPT TO VISIT HIM AND I ALSO 7685 05:33:52,000 --> 05:33:55,080 WAS CONSIDERING WORKING WITH TOM 7686 05:33:55,080 --> 05:33:59,440 SEARS, WHO WAS THE HEAD OF 7687 05:33:59,440 --> 05:34:02,840 PHYSIOLOGY AT QUEEN'S SQUARE AT 7688 05:34:02,840 --> 05:34:07,000 THAT TIME AND UP WITH OF THE 7689 05:34:07,000 --> 05:34:09,600 EDITORS OF THE JOURNAL OF 7690 05:34:09,600 --> 05:34:20,160 PHYSIOLOGY AND HE HAD BEEN DOING 7691 05:34:29,080 --> 05:34:30,680 SHOULD I DO MOTOR CONTROL WITH 7692 05:34:30,680 --> 05:34:34,000 HIM OR WHAT SHOULD I WORK WITH 7693 05:34:34,000 --> 05:34:36,960 TOM SEARS AND EVERYBODY SAID 7694 05:34:36,960 --> 05:34:37,400 SEARS. 7695 05:34:37,400 --> 05:34:39,200 SEARS WAS THE QUEEN'S SQUARE AND 7696 05:34:39,200 --> 05:34:40,560 HE WAS WELL NO ONE AND KNOWN HAD 7697 05:34:40,560 --> 05:34:44,560 ANY IDEA WHO MARSDEN WAS AND AT 7698 05:34:44,560 --> 05:34:46,320 THAT TIME AND IN FACT, HE WAS 7699 05:34:46,320 --> 05:34:49,280 ONLY A FEW-YEARS-OLDER THAN I 7700 05:34:49,280 --> 05:34:49,440 WAS. 7701 05:34:49,440 --> 05:34:52,680 HE HAD BEEN NAMED RELATIVELY 7702 05:34:52,680 --> 05:34:54,800 QUICKLY AS PROFESSOR OF 7703 05:34:54,800 --> 05:34:57,520 NEUROLOGY AT THE INSTITUTE OF 7704 05:34:57,520 --> 05:34:59,280 PSYCHIATRY AND SO IT WAS A YOUNG 7705 05:34:59,280 --> 05:35:08,320 GUY, NO ONE KNEW WHO HE WAS BUT 7706 05:35:08,320 --> 05:35:11,240 I LIKED THE WORK HE DID SO I 7707 05:35:11,240 --> 05:35:12,560 DECIDE TODAY DO THAT AND THAT 7708 05:35:12,560 --> 05:35:14,400 YEAR THAT I HAD IN FELLOWSHIP 7709 05:35:14,400 --> 05:35:17,520 WAS THE MOST PRODUCTIVE TIME 7710 05:35:17,520 --> 05:35:20,160 THAT I HAD HAVE PROBABLY HAD AND 7711 05:35:20,160 --> 05:35:26,560 IT WAS A REALLY SPECTACULAR YEAR 7712 05:35:26,560 --> 05:35:27,640 AND DAVID MARSDEN WAS A VERY 7713 05:35:27,640 --> 05:35:31,520 GOOD MENTOR FOR ME AND HE 7714 05:35:31,520 --> 05:35:38,320 CONTINUES TO BE INTERESTED IN MY 7715 05:35:38,320 --> 05:35:44,000 CAREER EVERY SINCE THAT TIME I 7716 05:35:44,000 --> 05:35:46,360 WAS WORKING WITH WITH HIM AND I 7717 05:35:46,360 --> 05:35:47,800 LEARNED A LOT ABOUT MENTORSHIP 7718 05:35:47,800 --> 05:35:50,400 AND ONE OF THE THINGS THAT 7719 05:35:50,400 --> 05:35:51,640 ACTUALLY SOFIE JUST MENTIONED IT 7720 05:35:51,640 --> 05:35:53,160 A LITTLE WHILE AGO, ONE OF THE 7721 05:35:53,160 --> 05:35:56,280 THINGS THAT HE ALWAYS DID IS NOT 7722 05:35:56,280 --> 05:35:58,080 ONLY DID WE TALK SCIENCE BUT WE 7723 05:35:58,080 --> 05:35:59,240 TALKED ABOUT HOW THINGS WERE 7724 05:35:59,240 --> 05:36:02,600 GOING IN YOUR PERSONAL TIME AND 7725 05:36:02,600 --> 05:36:03,160 HOW THE KIDS, 7726 05:36:03,160 --> 05:36:07,920 , WHAT'S GOING ON AND THAT WAS 7727 05:36:07,920 --> 05:36:10,440 VERY NICE AND I LEARNED THAT 7728 05:36:10,440 --> 05:36:20,600 FROM HIM AND AS WELL AND SO, 7729 05:36:20,600 --> 05:36:22,240 LOTS OF GOOD MENTORSHIP IN THAT 7730 05:36:22,240 --> 05:36:24,800 REGARD AND I TOOK MY FIRST JOB 7731 05:36:24,800 --> 05:36:28,560 AT THE BIG UM AND CAME TO NIH 7732 05:36:28,560 --> 05:36:30,520 AND I GUESS AT THIS POINT, YOU 7733 05:36:30,520 --> 05:36:32,360 HAVE, YOU DON'T HAVE MENTORS BUT 7734 05:36:32,360 --> 05:36:36,240 YOU HAVE SUPERVISORS AND I WOULD 7735 05:36:36,240 --> 05:36:38,400 SAY THAT ALL THE SUPERVISORS 7736 05:36:38,400 --> 05:36:40,280 THAT I'VE HAD HAVE BEEN TERRIFIC 7737 05:36:40,280 --> 05:36:43,680 AND SUPPORTIVE AND JUST SAID OF 7738 05:36:43,680 --> 05:36:45,840 I WAS IN BOSTON IT WAS RICK 7739 05:36:45,840 --> 05:36:47,680 TYLER AND I GOT HERE TO NIH 7740 05:36:47,680 --> 05:36:51,560 THERE WAS A WHOLE VARIETY OF 7741 05:36:51,560 --> 05:36:53,560 SUPERVISORS THAT I'VE HAD WHO 7742 05:36:53,560 --> 05:36:55,400 HAVE BEEN VERY HELPFUL AND 7743 05:36:55,400 --> 05:36:57,840 SUPPORTIVE TO ME OVER THE YEARS 7744 05:36:57,840 --> 05:37:02,440 AND THAT HAS BEEN TERRIFIC AS 7745 05:37:02,440 --> 05:37:06,680 WELL AND THAT BEGAN WITH WHEN I 7746 05:37:06,680 --> 05:37:07,800 FIRST CAME 7747 05:37:07,800 --> 05:37:14,240 THE SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR, BARRIE 7748 05:37:14,240 --> 05:37:15,160 GOLDSTEEN WAS THE INSTITUTE 7749 05:37:15,160 --> 05:37:18,120 DIRECTOR AND I WAS CLINICAL 7750 05:37:18,120 --> 05:37:19,520 DIRECTOR AND THEY HAVE ALWAYS 7751 05:37:19,520 --> 05:37:23,640 BEEN SUPPORTIVE AND THE SUCCESS 7752 05:37:23,640 --> 05:37:27,720 OF PEOPLE THAT HAVE FOLLOWED AND 7753 05:37:27,720 --> 05:37:30,880 WALTER NOW BEING THE INSTITUTE 7754 05:37:30,880 --> 05:37:33,680 DIRECTOR HAS BEEN SUPPORTIVE AND 7755 05:37:33,680 --> 05:37:36,000 IN TERMS OF SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR 7756 05:37:36,000 --> 05:37:40,160 YOU HEARD OF JEFF DIAMOND AND 7757 05:37:40,160 --> 05:37:44,040 LORD ROLE PROCEEDED HIM IN THAT 7758 05:37:44,040 --> 05:37:45,960 ROLE AND THEY WERE VERY 7759 05:37:45,960 --> 05:37:48,280 SUPPORTIVE AS WELL AND HAVING 7760 05:37:48,280 --> 05:37:51,120 SUPPORT IS IN THIS TYPE OF 7761 05:37:51,120 --> 05:37:58,080 ACTIVITIES IS VERY GOOD WE ARE 7762 05:37:58,080 --> 05:37:59,880 ALLOWED TO DO WHAT WE WANT TO DO 7763 05:37:59,880 --> 05:38:01,400 AND WE'RE GIVEN FREE REIGN TO 7764 05:38:01,400 --> 05:38:04,560 THINK ABOUT THINGS AND THAT IS 7765 05:38:04,560 --> 05:38:06,120 SORT OF FREEDOM I WANT TODAY 7766 05:38:06,120 --> 05:38:09,280 GIVE THE FELLOWS AS WELL. 7767 05:38:09,280 --> 05:38:12,320 I THINK THAT THE -- YOU'VE HEARD 7768 05:38:12,320 --> 05:38:14,320 THAT FROM A NUMBER OF FELLOWS 7769 05:38:14,320 --> 05:38:15,640 THAT THEY APPRECIATED THAT HAVE 7770 05:38:15,640 --> 05:38:18,960 AND I APPRECIATED THAT WHEN I 7771 05:38:18,960 --> 05:38:20,720 WAS A FELLOW ALLOWED TO DO A LOT 7772 05:38:20,720 --> 05:38:23,680 OF THINGS THAT I WANT TODAY DO 7773 05:38:23,680 --> 05:38:26,880 OWN MY OWN AND I THINK THAT I 7774 05:38:26,880 --> 05:38:29,560 TRIED TO DO THAT AS WELL AND TO 7775 05:38:29,560 --> 05:38:33,160 HAVE THE FELLOWS DO WHAT THEY 7776 05:38:33,160 --> 05:38:38,520 WANT TODAY DO WITHIN THE CONFINE 7777 05:38:38,520 --> 05:38:42,560 BUT, THAT GOT ME INTO TROUBLE 7778 05:38:42,560 --> 05:38:47,280 ONLY ONCE AND AND YOU'VE ALREADY 7779 05:38:47,280 --> 05:38:49,160 HEARD ABOUT THE LEO GAVE YOU AN 7780 05:38:49,160 --> 05:38:51,320 INTRODUCTION ABOUT OUR WORK ON 7781 05:38:51,320 --> 05:38:54,600 MULTI MODEL PLASITICITY AND WE 7782 05:38:54,600 --> 05:38:56,040 STARTED STUDYING THIS IN THE 7783 05:38:56,040 --> 05:38:58,520 MOTOR SYSTEM AND THEN WE BEGAN 7784 05:38:58,520 --> 05:39:00,000 TO BRANCH OUT IN OTHER 7785 05:39:00,000 --> 05:39:01,440 DIRECTIONS WHERE WE WERE GETTING 7786 05:39:01,440 --> 05:39:02,920 MULTI MODEL PLASTICITY BETWEEN 7787 05:39:02,920 --> 05:39:04,600 THE AUDITORY SYSTEM AND THE 7788 05:39:04,600 --> 05:39:08,480 VISUAL SYSTEM AND GET US US FAR 7789 05:39:08,480 --> 05:39:09,920 AWAY FROM THE MORTGAGOR SYSTEM 7790 05:39:09,920 --> 05:39:11,440 AND WE FACE THE BOARD OF 7791 05:39:11,440 --> 05:39:13,920 SCIENTIFIC COUNCILORS AND THE 7792 05:39:13,920 --> 05:39:18,360 BOARD OF SCIENTIFIC COUNCILORS 7793 05:39:18,360 --> 05:39:20,040 SAYS, WHAT DO YOU DOING, YOU 7794 05:39:20,040 --> 05:39:21,320 SHOULD BE STUDYING MOTOR 7795 05:39:21,320 --> 05:39:21,640 CONTROL. 7796 05:39:21,640 --> 05:39:22,840 THAT'S WHAT YOU ARE SUPPOSED TO 7797 05:39:22,840 --> 05:39:27,880 BE DOING SO WE HAD TO GIVE UP 7798 05:39:27,880 --> 05:39:29,120 FURTHER STUD SKIS GO BACK TO THE 7799 05:39:29,120 --> 05:39:32,200 STUDY OF MOTOR CONTROL AND OTHER 7800 05:39:32,200 --> 05:39:34,520 THAN THAT, WE'VE BEEN GIVEN A 7801 05:39:34,520 --> 05:39:35,320 RELATIVELY FREEHAND TO DO THE 7802 05:39:35,320 --> 05:39:38,960 DIFFERENT THINGS THAT WE WANT TO 7803 05:39:38,960 --> 05:39:43,520 DO AND SO, WHEN I CAME AND THIS 7804 05:39:43,520 --> 05:39:45,320 WOULD BE THE LAST PART OF WHAT I 7805 05:39:45,320 --> 05:39:47,960 WANT TODAY TO SAY HERE, WHEN I 7806 05:39:47,960 --> 05:39:52,040 CAME TO NIH, I SET UP THE HUMAN 7807 05:39:52,040 --> 05:39:53,240 APP MOTOR CONTROL SECTION AND 7808 05:39:53,240 --> 05:39:55,000 WHY WAS IT CALLED MOTOR CONTROL 7809 05:39:55,000 --> 05:39:58,880 RATHER THAN MOVEMENT DISORDERS? 7810 05:39:58,880 --> 05:40:00,680 BECAUSE THERE WAS NO MOVEMENT 7811 05:40:00,680 --> 05:40:04,280 DISORDERS AND FIELD YET AND WHEN 7812 05:40:04,280 --> 05:40:07,240 I CAME AND I WAS BASICALLY A 7813 05:40:07,240 --> 05:40:10,520 MOTOR PHYSICALLOLOGIST, 7814 05:40:10,520 --> 05:40:11,760 NEUROLOGIST, INTERESTED IN THE 7815 05:40:11,760 --> 05:40:15,520 WAY THE BRAIN MAKES MOVEMENT AND 7816 05:40:15,520 --> 05:40:17,000 IF PEOPLE ASKED ME MY GOAL, IT 7817 05:40:17,000 --> 05:40:18,440 WAS TO UNDERSTAND HOW THE BRAIN 7818 05:40:18,440 --> 05:40:21,480 WORKS AND THAT WAS WHAT I WAS 7819 05:40:21,480 --> 05:40:26,720 INTERESTED IN AND HOW IS BRAIN N 7820 05:40:26,720 --> 05:40:29,640 DOING AND HOW DOES IT CONTROL 7821 05:40:29,640 --> 05:40:32,360 MOVEMENT AND AND IN FACT, THE 7822 05:40:32,360 --> 05:40:34,400 FIRST PROJECT THAT I WAS 7823 05:40:34,400 --> 05:40:38,600 INTERESTED IN DOING, WAS STROKE 7824 05:40:38,600 --> 05:40:41,760 REHABILITATION AND YOU HEARD 7825 05:40:41,760 --> 05:40:42,960 SOMETHING ABOUT STROKE 7826 05:40:42,960 --> 05:40:44,120 REHABILITATION AND PLASTICITY 7827 05:40:44,120 --> 05:40:47,480 FROM LEE OWE FROM CHRISTIAN 7828 05:40:47,480 --> 05:40:51,440 REPRESENTING THE WAY WE START 7829 05:40:51,440 --> 05:40:54,440 THAT WORK IS SORT OF EXTREMELY 7830 05:40:54,440 --> 05:40:58,640 IMPORTANT IN RELATION TO BRAIN 7831 05:40:58,640 --> 05:41:05,240 PLASTICITY AND SPOKE IT 7832 05:41:05,240 --> 05:41:06,520 DEVELOPED AND OVER TIME AND I 7833 05:41:06,520 --> 05:41:11,640 GOT MORE AND MORE INTERESTED IN 7834 05:41:11,640 --> 05:41:12,920 OTHER MOVEMENT PROBLEMS THAT 7835 05:41:12,920 --> 05:41:23,400 THEY REPRESENTED AND LEO HAD 7836 05:41:24,760 --> 05:41:26,440 THAT AS A MAJOR INTEREST AND 7837 05:41:26,440 --> 05:41:27,760 TOOK THAT PART OF THE PROGRAM 7838 05:41:27,760 --> 05:41:31,800 OVER AND LIBERATING ME FOR BEING 7839 05:41:31,800 --> 05:41:36,560 ABLE TO WORK IN THE FIELD OF 7840 05:41:36,560 --> 05:41:40,760 MOVEMENT DISORDERS SO, OVER THE 7841 05:41:40,760 --> 05:41:48,000 COURSE OF MY CAREER THEN, I'VE 7842 05:41:48,000 --> 05:41:49,640 REALLY -- I'VE STARTED WITH 7843 05:41:49,640 --> 05:41:56,200 ACTION POTENTIALS AND LOBSTER 7844 05:41:56,200 --> 05:42:06,760 HEART AND TSAKI AND WORK THROUGH 7845 05:42:11,600 --> 05:42:14,120 WE WORKED OUR WAY UP AND TO MORE 7846 05:42:14,120 --> 05:42:21,480 EX MORE COMPLICATED THINGS AND 7847 05:42:21,480 --> 05:42:23,600 THAT WE HAD A INTEREST IN 7848 05:42:23,600 --> 05:42:26,800 MOVEMENT AND CONTROL, MOTOR 7849 05:42:26,800 --> 05:42:29,320 CONTROL, AND HOW AND WHERE THE 7850 05:42:29,320 --> 05:42:31,080 MOVEMENTS GET INITIATED FROM AND 7851 05:42:31,080 --> 05:42:33,720 YOU HEARD FROM LOIS ABOUT HOUR 7852 05:42:33,720 --> 05:42:37,440 STUDIES OF PRAXIS AND APRAXIA 7853 05:42:37,440 --> 05:42:40,320 AND THAT WAS THE LEFT SIDE OF 7854 05:42:40,320 --> 05:42:40,880 THE BRAIN. 7855 05:42:40,880 --> 05:42:45,000 THAT'S WHERE MOST OF THAT COMES 7856 05:42:45,000 --> 05:42:45,560 FROM. 7857 05:42:45,560 --> 05:42:47,000 THEN, AS I WAS THINKING ABOUT 7858 05:42:47,000 --> 05:42:50,360 THINGS, I SAID, WELL, WE'VE BEEN 7859 05:42:50,360 --> 05:42:53,080 STUDYING ALL SORTS OF MOVEMENTS 7860 05:42:53,080 --> 05:42:54,240 AND REFLEX MOVEMENTS AND ALL 7861 05:42:54,240 --> 05:42:56,120 SORTS OF THINGS BUT HOW ABOUT 7862 05:42:56,120 --> 05:42:58,720 VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT AND SO 7863 05:42:58,720 --> 05:42:59,560 PATRICK WAS SAYING. 7864 05:42:59,560 --> 05:43:00,920 I REALLY GOT INTERESTED IN THE 7865 05:43:00,920 --> 05:43:05,400 IDEA OF ABOUT WHAT IS VOLUNTARY? 7866 05:43:05,400 --> 05:43:07,520 WHAT COULD THAT BE AND SO WE 7867 05:43:07,520 --> 05:43:10,720 STARTED GETTING INTERESTED FIRST 7868 05:43:10,720 --> 05:43:13,040 STARTING WITH LIBIDS CLOCK 7869 05:43:13,040 --> 05:43:14,480 BUSINESS AND GOING ON AND DO 7870 05:43:14,480 --> 05:43:16,760 OTHER THINGS THAT YOU HAVE HEARD 7871 05:43:16,760 --> 05:43:19,680 ABOUT INCLUDING THE FINAL 7872 05:43:19,680 --> 05:43:22,200 EXPERIMENT THAT THEY ARE WORKING 7873 05:43:22,200 --> 05:43:24,880 ON NOW AND WE'RE HOPING TO GET 7874 05:43:24,880 --> 05:43:27,240 PUBLISHED BEFORE TOO LONG AND 7875 05:43:27,240 --> 05:43:28,760 THEN SOME FURTHER EXPERIMENTS, 7876 05:43:28,760 --> 05:43:30,720 THOSE ARE THE LAST EXPERIMENTS 7877 05:43:30,720 --> 05:43:35,400 THAT WE'RE DOING HERE AND YOU 7878 05:43:35,400 --> 05:43:42,600 HEARD ABOUT AGENCY AND THE TPJ 7879 05:43:42,600 --> 05:43:44,040 IT'S ON THE RIGHT SIDES OF THE 7880 05:43:44,040 --> 05:43:44,360 BRAIN. 7881 05:43:44,360 --> 05:43:45,880 WE HAVE MOVEMENTS FROM THE LEFT 7882 05:43:45,880 --> 05:43:48,240 SIDE OF THE BRAIN, THE PRAXIS 7883 05:43:48,240 --> 05:43:51,800 NETWORK AND WE ALSO FOUND 7884 05:43:51,800 --> 05:43:52,960 INTERESTINGLY THE TASK SPECIFIC 7885 05:43:52,960 --> 05:43:54,440 DYSTONIA IS A FAILURE OF ONE OF 7886 05:43:54,440 --> 05:43:56,360 THOSE CONNECTIONS IN THE LEFT 7887 05:43:56,360 --> 05:43:58,520 SIDE OF THE BRAIN THAT ONE OF 7888 05:43:58,520 --> 05:44:02,080 THOSE CONNECTIONS IN THE PRAXIS 7889 05:44:02,080 --> 05:44:05,240 NETWORK BECOMES ABNORMAL IN TASK 7890 05:44:05,240 --> 05:44:06,680 SPECIFIC DYSTONIA SO THE MORE 7891 05:44:06,680 --> 05:44:09,520 YOU KNOW ABOUT HOW THINGS WORK, 7892 05:44:09,520 --> 05:44:11,360 YOU CAN FIGURE OUT ABOUT PATHO 7893 05:44:11,360 --> 05:44:13,200 PHYSIOLOGY AND IN ANY EVENT, 7894 05:44:13,200 --> 05:44:15,200 THEN WHEN YOU COME TO VOLUNTARY 7895 05:44:15,200 --> 05:44:16,520 MOVEMENT IN AGENCY IT LOOKS LIKE 7896 05:44:16,520 --> 05:44:17,840 IT'S THE RIDE SIDE OF THE BRAIN 7897 05:44:17,840 --> 05:44:20,440 AND THAT IS MORE INTERESTING AND 7898 05:44:20,440 --> 05:44:24,040 YOU HAVE THESE CONTRASTING SIZE 7899 05:44:24,040 --> 05:44:25,960 OF THE BRAIN DOING SORT OF 7900 05:44:25,960 --> 05:44:30,040 DIFFERENT THINGS WITH RESPECT TO 7901 05:44:30,040 --> 05:44:33,240 MOVEMENT AND WE GOT INTERESTING 7902 05:44:33,240 --> 05:44:35,480 IN THE TPJ WITH RESPECT TO 7903 05:44:35,480 --> 05:44:40,760 AGENCY BUT THE T PJ REGION IS 7904 05:44:40,760 --> 05:44:42,160 REALLY MUCH MORE INTERESTING, 7905 05:44:42,160 --> 05:44:43,880 WELL, THAT'S PRETTY INTERESTING 7906 05:44:43,880 --> 05:44:46,720 BUT IT'S MORE INTERESTING THAN 7907 05:44:46,720 --> 05:44:49,880 THAT AND YOUR SENSE OF 7908 05:44:49,880 --> 05:44:50,960 SELF-SEEMS TO BE TO A CERTAIN EX 7909 05:44:50,960 --> 05:44:52,720 IT TENT RELATED TO US GOING ON 7910 05:44:52,720 --> 05:44:55,640 IN THE TPJ AND WE JUST MADE 7911 05:44:55,640 --> 05:44:57,640 ANOTHER OBSERVATION OF THE RIGHT 7912 05:44:57,640 --> 05:44:59,200 TPJ THAT I DON'T QUITE 7913 05:44:59,200 --> 05:45:01,560 UNDERSTAND FULLY YET BUT THIS IS 7914 05:45:01,560 --> 05:45:03,800 IN OUR STUDIES OF CHRONIC 7915 05:45:03,800 --> 05:45:06,040 FATIGUE SYNDROME THAT WE'VE BEEN 7916 05:45:06,040 --> 05:45:10,880 DOING WITH AVI AND PATRICK 7917 05:45:10,880 --> 05:45:13,960 BEDDARD AND THEY HAVE BEEN DOING 7918 05:45:13,960 --> 05:45:14,920 INTERESTING IMAGING IN PEOPLE 7919 05:45:14,920 --> 05:45:21,040 TRYING TO MAKE MOVEMENTS AND 7920 05:45:21,040 --> 05:45:22,200 BECOME FATIGUED AND UP WITH OF 7921 05:45:22,200 --> 05:45:24,720 THE MAJOR IMAGING ABNORMALITIES 7922 05:45:24,720 --> 05:45:30,480 IS A HYPO FUNCTION OF THE RIGHT 7923 05:45:30,480 --> 05:45:31,200 TPJ. 7924 05:45:31,200 --> 05:45:32,600 WELL, THAT IS ANOTHER THING THAT 7925 05:45:32,600 --> 05:45:33,800 IS GOING ON THERE. 7926 05:45:33,800 --> 05:45:35,000 WHAT'S THAT? 7927 05:45:35,000 --> 05:45:37,920 IS THAT AGENCY? 7928 05:45:37,920 --> 05:45:40,320 IS THAT SENSE OF SELF? 7929 05:45:40,320 --> 05:45:41,360 IS IT SOMETHING ELSE? 7930 05:45:41,360 --> 05:45:48,240 WHAT IS THE RIGHT TPJ DOING? 7931 05:45:48,240 --> 05:45:52,480 I DON'T KNOW YET. 7932 05:45:52,480 --> 05:45:56,320 [LAUGHTER] 7933 05:45:56,320 --> 05:45:58,000 MORE WORK TO DO. 7934 05:45:58,000 --> 05:46:00,000 WITH THAT IS AN IDEA FOR SOMEONE 7935 05:46:00,000 --> 05:46:03,040 TO PICK IT UP AND I'LL BE HAPPY 7936 05:46:03,040 --> 05:46:04,440 TO HELP THEM THINK ABOUT IT. 7937 05:46:04,440 --> 05:46:04,840 [LAUGHTER] 7938 05:46:04,840 --> 05:46:08,880 THANK YOU, ALL VERY MUCH FOR 7939 05:46:08,880 --> 05:46:14,840 YOUR INTEREST AND HELP AND 7940 05:46:14,840 --> 05:46:16,960 EVERYTHING HERE AND I WILL BE 7941 05:46:16,960 --> 05:46:20,960 RETIRING BUT NOT TOO MUCH. 7942 05:46:20,960 --> 05:46:22,200 THANK YOU. 7943 05:46:22,200 --> 05:46:22,600 [LAUGHTER] 7944 05:46:22,600 --> 05:46:32,840 [APPLAUSE] 7945 05:46:52,400 --> 05:46:53,160 ALL RIGHT. 7946 05:46:53,160 --> 05:46:54,600 SO WE'RE JUST WRAPPING UP. 7947 05:46:54,600 --> 05:46:56,360 WE HAVE A COUPLE MORE THINGS. 7948 05:46:56,360 --> 05:47:02,000 SOME WORDS TO HEAR FROM AVI NATH 7949 05:47:02,000 --> 05:47:06,160 THE CLINICAL DIRECTOR AND WALTER 7950 05:47:06,160 --> 05:47:10,040 WANTED TO TALK AND WE HAD 7951 05:47:10,040 --> 05:47:12,280 RECEPTION OUTSIDE. 7952 05:47:12,280 --> 05:47:16,280 SO, LOOK FORWARD TO SEEING YOU 7953 05:47:16,280 --> 05:47:19,000 OUT THERE. 7954 05:47:19,000 --> 05:47:22,840 >>WHAT A STELLAR CAREER. 7955 05:47:22,840 --> 05:47:23,320 UP BELIEVABLE. 7956 05:47:23,320 --> 05:47:26,160 SO I'M JUST GOING TO MAKE A FEW 7957 05:47:26,160 --> 05:47:32,960 REMARKS AND I HAVE A FEW SLIDES 7958 05:47:32,960 --> 05:47:33,120 TOO. 7959 05:47:33,120 --> 05:47:43,560 AND THEN WALTER WILL END. 7960 05:47:45,000 --> 05:47:47,280 SO EVERYBODY HAS A PERSONAL 7961 05:47:47,280 --> 05:47:49,680 STORY WITH Dr. HALLETT AND I 7962 05:47:49,680 --> 05:47:50,560 DO TOO. 7963 05:47:50,560 --> 05:47:52,640 HE PROBABLY DOESN'T REMEMBER 7964 05:47:52,640 --> 05:47:55,640 THIS, BUT IN 1988 TO HAVE 1990, 7965 05:47:55,640 --> 05:48:01,120 I WAS A CLIP CLIP CAL FELLOW HT 7966 05:48:01,120 --> 05:48:06,200 NID AND HE WAS THE CLIP CAL CLIR 7967 05:48:06,200 --> 05:48:12,240 AND I WAS WORKING AND LATER WITH 7968 05:48:12,240 --> 05:48:14,760 GENE MAJOR AND ONE DAY A WORK, 7969 05:48:14,760 --> 05:48:17,560 HE HAD TO SEE PATIENTS ON THE 7970 05:48:17,560 --> 05:48:18,960 COUNCIL SERVICE HE HAD A FELLOW 7971 05:48:18,960 --> 05:48:20,640 HE SAYS OK NOW I DON'T HAVE TO 7972 05:48:20,640 --> 05:48:22,280 DO IT MAYBE YOU SHOULD DO IT SO 7973 05:48:22,280 --> 05:48:24,520 I STARTED SEEING PATIENTS ON THE 7974 05:48:24,520 --> 05:48:31,360 COUNCIL SERVICE AND THE CLINICAL 7975 05:48:31,360 --> 05:48:33,080 DIRECTOR ROUNDS YOU HELD AND I 7976 05:48:33,080 --> 05:48:34,800 PRESENTED PATIENTS TOLL Dr. 7977 05:48:34,800 --> 05:48:36,720 HALLETT AND IT WAS VERY CLEAR 7978 05:48:36,720 --> 05:48:38,360 THAT HIS BREADTH AND DEPTH OF 7979 05:48:38,360 --> 05:48:39,800 KNOWLEDGE WAS UNBELIEVABLE AND 7980 05:48:39,800 --> 05:48:41,720 SO I LEARNED A LOT FROM HIM AND 7981 05:48:41,720 --> 05:48:44,400 DURING THOSE YEARS AND HE CAME 7982 05:48:44,400 --> 05:48:48,560 BACK HERE AND MANY YEARS LATER 7983 05:48:48,560 --> 05:48:51,400 AND NOW HE ASKED ME TO SERVE APP 7984 05:48:51,400 --> 05:48:54,640 THE EDITORIAL BOARD FOR PRACTICE 7985 05:48:54,640 --> 05:48:57,040 UPDATE WHICH HE IS THE 7986 05:48:57,040 --> 05:48:58,800 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF AND EVERY WEEK 7987 05:48:58,800 --> 05:49:01,720 WE GO OVER A SERIES OF PAPERS 7988 05:49:01,720 --> 05:49:07,680 AND AGAIN, I LEARN FROM HIS 7989 05:49:07,680 --> 05:49:07,960 COMMENTS. 7990 05:49:07,960 --> 05:49:09,520 IT'S UNBELIEVABLE HOW MUCH HE 7991 05:49:09,520 --> 05:49:10,960 KNOWS ABOUT GENERAL NEUROLOGY 7992 05:49:10,960 --> 05:49:12,960 AND EVERY ASPECT OF NEUROLOGY 7993 05:49:12,960 --> 05:49:15,200 AND IS ABLE TO KEEP UP-TO-DATE 7994 05:49:15,200 --> 05:49:16,360 ON ALL THE NEW DEVELOPMENT THIS 7995 05:49:16,360 --> 05:49:17,840 IS THE FIELD SO UNBELIEVABLE AND 7996 05:49:17,840 --> 05:49:19,480 THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR THAT. 7997 05:49:19,480 --> 05:49:21,360 SO I DON'T HAVE A PICTURE OF US 7998 05:49:21,360 --> 05:49:25,240 FROM THE TIME BUT I DO HAVE ONE 7999 05:49:25,240 --> 05:49:29,400 FROM MUCH LATER SO I WANTED TO 8000 05:49:29,400 --> 05:49:29,840 SHARE WITH YOU. 8001 05:49:29,840 --> 05:49:33,400 A LOT OF PEOPLE HAVE TALKED 8002 05:49:33,400 --> 05:49:37,000 ABOUT MARK'S SCIENTIFIC 8003 05:49:37,000 --> 05:49:38,440 ACHIEVEMENTS BUT I WANT TO FOCUS 8004 05:49:38,440 --> 05:49:40,120 ON ANOTHER ASPECT HIS 8005 05:49:40,120 --> 05:49:43,880 ADMINISTRATIVE ACHIEVEMENTS. 8006 05:49:43,880 --> 05:49:45,640 SO, AS YOU KNOW, HE HAS BEEN THE 8007 05:49:45,640 --> 05:49:47,280 LONGEST SERVING CLINICAL 8008 05:49:47,280 --> 05:49:49,720 DIRECTOR OF NINDS AND HE USED TO 8009 05:49:49,720 --> 05:49:52,760 BE CALLED NINCDS AND LATER IT 8010 05:49:52,760 --> 05:49:55,440 WAS NINDS AND DURING THAT PERIOD 8011 05:49:55,440 --> 05:49:57,080 HE WAS ALSO THE CHAIR OF THE 8012 05:49:57,080 --> 05:49:59,720 MEDICAL BOARD AT THE CLINICAL 8013 05:49:59,720 --> 05:49:59,960 CENTER. 8014 05:49:59,960 --> 05:50:03,600 AND HE RECEIVED NUMEROUS AWARDS 8015 05:50:03,600 --> 05:50:05,600 AND JUST SEVERAL PAGES WORTH OF 8016 05:50:05,600 --> 05:50:07,400 AWARDS AND ONE THAT I WANTED TO 8017 05:50:07,400 --> 05:50:09,080 HIGHLIGHT HERE WAS A 8018 05:50:09,080 --> 05:50:10,600 DISTINGUISHED SERVICE MEDAL FROM 8019 05:50:10,600 --> 05:50:16,960 THE PUBLIC-HEALTH SERVICE AND IN 8020 05:50:16,960 --> 05:50:21,200 1999 AND HE SERVED ON 8021 05:50:21,200 --> 05:50:22,200 COMMITTEES, EVERY SEARCH 8022 05:50:22,200 --> 05:50:25,080 COMMITTEE HE HAS HAD HANDS IN 8023 05:50:25,080 --> 05:50:26,360 THIS AND CHAIRING THEM MOST 8024 05:50:26,360 --> 05:50:26,600 OFTEN. 8025 05:50:26,600 --> 05:50:28,840 TWO VERY IMPORTANT COMMITTEES 8026 05:50:28,840 --> 05:50:29,800 THAT HE CHAIRED ONE WAS THE 8027 05:50:29,800 --> 05:50:30,960 PROMOTION AND TENURE COMMITTEE 8028 05:50:30,960 --> 05:50:34,040 FOR NINDS WITH AN INFLUENCE FOR 8029 05:50:34,040 --> 05:50:36,480 OVER 20 YEARS, AND THE YOU'VE 8030 05:50:36,480 --> 05:50:39,640 THAT USED TO BE CALLED PICR BUT 8031 05:50:39,640 --> 05:50:41,960 IS NOW THE SCIENTIFIC REVIEW 8032 05:50:41,960 --> 05:50:43,400 COMMITTEE AND THIS IS WHERE ALL 8033 05:50:43,400 --> 05:50:44,600 CLINICAL PROTOCOLS GET REVIEWED 8034 05:50:44,600 --> 05:50:46,960 AND ALL THE RESEARCH IS REALLY 8035 05:50:46,960 --> 05:50:48,760 CLINICAL RESEARCH IS APPROVED 8036 05:50:48,760 --> 05:50:51,040 WITHIN NINDS SO YOU CAN SEE 8037 05:50:51,040 --> 05:50:54,400 THOSE TWO CRITICAL COMMITTEES 8038 05:50:54,400 --> 05:50:56,800 THROUGH THEM, MARK HAS REALLY 8039 05:50:56,800 --> 05:50:58,840 ANNOUNCED ALL CLINICAL RESEARCH 8040 05:50:58,840 --> 05:51:01,880 IN NINDS SINCE HE FIRST JOINED 8041 05:51:01,880 --> 05:51:07,720 THIS INSTITUTION. 8042 05:51:07,720 --> 05:51:12,200 SO, I SHOULD ALSO SAY THAT I HAD 8043 05:51:12,200 --> 05:51:14,440 OUR CLIP CAL TRIALS UNIT DO A 8044 05:51:14,440 --> 05:51:18,000 SEARCH TO SEE HOW MANY PROTOCOLS 8045 05:51:18,000 --> 05:51:20,960 MARK HAS BEEN A P.I. ON AT NINDS 8046 05:51:20,960 --> 05:51:24,160 AND THEY TOLD ME IT WAS CLOSE TO 8047 05:51:24,160 --> 05:51:25,840 120 PROTOCOLS HE HAS BEEN A P.I. 8048 05:51:25,840 --> 05:51:27,000 ON HIMSELF. 8049 05:51:27,000 --> 05:51:28,400 THAT'S A HUGE AMOUNT OF 8050 05:51:28,400 --> 05:51:29,480 CONTRIBUTION AND EVEN THOUGH, IF 8051 05:51:29,480 --> 05:51:30,800 YOU SEE THE PROTOCOLS THAT HE IS 8052 05:51:30,800 --> 05:51:35,360 ON, I THINK THERE ARE EIGHT OR 8053 05:51:35,360 --> 05:51:36,760 10 PROTOCOLS EVEN AS OF TODAY. 8054 05:51:36,760 --> 05:51:40,600 THERE ARE 20 FELLOWS ONLY THOSE 8055 05:51:40,600 --> 05:51:42,800 PROTOCOLS THAT ARE STILL ACTIVE. 8056 05:51:42,800 --> 05:51:49,840 SO, HE IS NOT RETIRING QUITE 8057 05:51:49,840 --> 05:51:50,080 YET. 8058 05:51:50,080 --> 05:51:51,920 I PULLED UP THIS PHOTOGRAPH 8059 05:51:51,920 --> 05:51:53,560 BECAUSE IT ACTUALLY HAS FOUR 8060 05:51:53,560 --> 05:51:54,960 CLINICAL DIRECTORS IN THIS 8061 05:51:54,960 --> 05:51:58,160 PICTURE AND THIS IS FROM 2014. 8062 05:51:58,160 --> 05:52:03,400 SO, YOU HAVE HENRY McFARLAND 8063 05:52:03,400 --> 05:52:08,040 HERE, AND YOU HAVE MARY K. 8064 05:52:08,040 --> 05:52:12,680 FLOORER I SAW HER A MINUTE AGO, 8065 05:52:12,680 --> 05:52:17,120 AND YOU HAVE MARK HALLETT AND 8066 05:52:17,120 --> 05:52:17,480 MYSELF. 8067 05:52:17,480 --> 05:52:23,080 SO YOU HAVE, THIS SHE IS RIGHT 8068 05:52:23,080 --> 05:52:24,240 HERE. 8069 05:52:24,240 --> 05:52:25,760 SO, THIS IS A RARE OPPORTUNITY 8070 05:52:25,760 --> 05:52:28,640 TO HAVE FOUR TOGETHER. 8071 05:52:28,640 --> 05:52:33,720 AND THIS IS A PAGE I GOT. 8072 05:52:33,720 --> 05:52:38,600 IF YOU JUST IMAGINE HOW MANY 8073 05:52:38,600 --> 05:52:40,040 EDITORIAL BOARDS SOMEONE CAN 8074 05:52:40,040 --> 05:52:40,400 SERVE. 8075 05:52:40,400 --> 05:52:41,840 THIS HAS TO BE IN THE GUINESS 8076 05:52:41,840 --> 05:52:43,040 BOOK OF WORLD RECORDS AND LOOKS 8077 05:52:43,040 --> 05:52:46,080 AT THE ONE HE IS STILL PRESENTLY 8078 05:52:46,080 --> 05:52:47,360 SERVING ON AND SO HE IS GOING TO 8079 05:52:47,360 --> 05:52:51,360 BE BUSY. 8080 05:52:51,360 --> 05:52:52,440 [LAUGHTER] 8081 05:52:52,440 --> 05:52:53,920 THANK YOU VERY MUCH, MARK, FOR 8082 05:52:53,920 --> 05:52:59,360 EVERYTHING THAT YOU'VE DONE AND 8083 05:52:59,360 --> 05:53:00,560 THERE'S AN ANNOUNCEMENT I WOULD 8084 05:53:00,560 --> 05:53:02,760 LIKE TO MAKE, THERE'S JUST 8085 05:53:02,760 --> 05:53:08,640 OVERWHELMING SUPPORT AND FOR 8086 05:53:08,640 --> 05:53:10,840 EVERYBODY TO INITIATE A LECTOR 8087 05:53:10,840 --> 05:53:12,280 SHIP IT IT WILL BE CALLED THE 8088 05:53:12,280 --> 05:53:14,800 MARK HALLETT LECTURESHIP AND 8089 05:53:14,800 --> 05:53:16,200 WE'RE JUST WORKING ON SOME OF 8090 05:53:16,200 --> 05:53:18,240 THE DETAILS BUT VERY SOON WE CAN 8091 05:53:18,240 --> 05:53:19,880 MAKE AN OFFICIAL ANNOUNCEMENT. 8092 05:53:19,880 --> 05:53:21,560 THIS IS AS GOOD AS OFFICIAL. 8093 05:53:21,560 --> 05:53:23,040 THANK YOU. 8094 05:53:23,040 --> 05:53:25,040 AND LASTLY I WANT TO THANK 8095 05:53:25,040 --> 05:53:26,680 EVERYBODY HERE. 8096 05:53:26,680 --> 05:53:27,520 CERTAINLY MARK DESERVES THE MOST 8097 05:53:27,520 --> 05:53:30,560 BUT FOR ALL OF YOU WHO HAVE 8098 05:53:30,560 --> 05:53:32,360 TRAVELED FROM ALL FAR PLACES, 8099 05:53:32,360 --> 05:53:35,560 ALL THE TRAINEES AND ALL THE 8100 05:53:35,560 --> 05:53:38,920 COLLABORATORS, FRIENDS AND 8101 05:53:38,920 --> 05:53:40,200 FAMILY AND THOSE WHO ARE ON-LINE 8102 05:53:40,200 --> 05:53:41,520 AND THOSE IN-PERSON I WANT TO 8103 05:53:41,520 --> 05:53:46,560 THANK EACH OF ONE OF WE LOOK 8104 05:53:46,560 --> 05:53:48,800 FORWARD TO OUR INTERACTING WITH 8105 05:53:48,800 --> 05:53:50,280 YOU MARK IN YOUR NEW ROLE. 8106 05:53:50,280 --> 05:53:50,760 THANK YOU. 8107 05:53:50,760 --> 05:53:59,720 [APPLAUSE] 8108 05:53:59,720 --> 05:54:10,240 >>WELL, MY JOB IS TO CLOSE OUT 8109 05:54:12,600 --> 05:54:13,040 THE SESSION. 8110 05:54:13,040 --> 05:54:15,400 IT WAS REALLY WONDERFUL TO BE 8111 05:54:15,400 --> 05:54:17,280 ABLE TO LISTEN TO THE STORIES 8112 05:54:17,280 --> 05:54:19,200 AND THE STORIES ARE THE THINGS 8113 05:54:19,200 --> 05:54:21,320 THAT YOU NEVER FORGET AND SOME 8114 05:54:21,320 --> 05:54:28,800 OF THE RESULTS EX THOSE LITTLE 8115 05:54:28,800 --> 05:54:32,680 AS I SAID IN THE BEGINNING, MARK 8116 05:54:32,680 --> 05:54:35,520 IS A QUINTESSENTIAL INTRAMURAL 8117 05:54:35,520 --> 05:54:37,120 INVESTIGATOR AND I THINK OF A 8118 05:54:37,120 --> 05:54:39,520 LOT OF GOOD POINTS WE SHOULD 8119 05:54:39,520 --> 05:54:41,160 TAKE HOME FROM TODAY'S. 8120 05:54:41,160 --> 05:54:43,320 I THINK THE FIRST OF WHICH IS 8121 05:54:43,320 --> 05:54:45,040 YOU GOT TO GET HOOKED WHEN YOU 8122 05:54:45,040 --> 05:54:46,480 ARE YOUNG SO WE HAVE TO GO AFTER 8123 05:54:46,480 --> 05:54:47,680 THESE YOUNG PEOPLE, WHEN THEY'RE 8124 05:54:47,680 --> 05:54:48,920 IN COLLEGE OR EVEN BEFORE 8125 05:54:48,920 --> 05:54:50,800 THEY'RE IN COLLEGE. 8126 05:54:50,800 --> 05:54:53,640 WHEN YOU ARE HOOKED, YOU ARE 8127 05:54:53,640 --> 05:54:54,080 HOOKED. 8128 05:54:54,080 --> 05:54:55,960 TO UNDERSTAND HOW THE BRAIN 8129 05:54:55,960 --> 05:54:56,160 WORKS. 8130 05:54:56,160 --> 05:54:58,240 I GUESS THE OTHER THING WHICH 8131 05:54:58,240 --> 05:55:01,880 WAS PRETTY OBVIOUS IS YOU DO 8132 05:55:01,880 --> 05:55:05,080 THIS RIGHT, IT'S A LOT OF FUN. 8133 05:55:05,080 --> 05:55:07,720 SO WE HAD A FUN TODAY, IT'S 8134 05:55:07,720 --> 05:55:10,400 OBVIOUS MARK HAD A LOT OF FUN 8135 05:55:10,400 --> 05:55:10,640 TOO. 8136 05:55:10,640 --> 05:55:12,120 THROUGH ALL THE YEARS WORKING 8137 05:55:12,120 --> 05:55:13,760 WITH GREAT PEOPLE AND MAKING 8138 05:55:13,760 --> 05:55:16,720 DISCOVERIES AND GETTING EXCITED 8139 05:55:16,720 --> 05:55:18,600 ABOUT WORKING IN RESEARCH, SO, 8140 05:55:18,600 --> 05:55:23,800 HOW DO WE BOTTLE IT THAT AND PUT 8141 05:55:23,800 --> 05:55:25,800 IT IN THE WATER SUPPLY OF THE 8142 05:55:25,800 --> 05:55:26,400 COUNTRY BUT I DON'T KNOW. 8143 05:55:26,400 --> 05:55:27,720 I WOULD LOVE TO TRY THAT. 8144 05:55:27,720 --> 05:55:30,520 I GUESS THE LAST THING IS THAT 8145 05:55:30,520 --> 05:55:32,600 THE GREAT THING ABOUT SCIENCE, 8146 05:55:32,600 --> 05:55:34,160 AND MARK, ILLUSTRATES THIS, IS 8147 05:55:34,160 --> 05:55:43,280 THAT IT'S THE GENERAL ROSS TEE F 8148 05:55:43,280 --> 05:55:45,680 BEING WILLING TO SAY YES AND I 8149 05:55:45,680 --> 05:55:46,640 HEAR ALL THE THESE PEOPLE 8150 05:55:46,640 --> 05:55:47,840 TALKING ABOUT YOU HAVE TO LEARN 8151 05:55:47,840 --> 05:55:49,960 HOW TO SAY NO AND I DON'T THINK 8152 05:55:49,960 --> 05:55:51,200 MARK EVER LEARNED HOW TO SAY NO 8153 05:55:51,200 --> 05:55:53,040 HE IS NOT THE ONLY ONE. 8154 05:55:53,040 --> 05:55:55,840 NOT SURE SAYING NO IS SUCH A 8155 05:55:55,840 --> 05:55:59,640 GOOD IDEA. 8156 05:55:59,640 --> 05:56:02,600 ANYWAY, HIS GENEROSITY LIVES IN 8157 05:56:02,600 --> 05:56:04,920 THE WORK AND THE SPIRIT OF AND 8158 05:56:04,920 --> 05:56:07,560 THE PERPAL STORIES AND EVERYONE 8159 05:56:07,560 --> 05:56:11,760 TALKED ABOUT SO THANK YOU FOR 8160 05:56:11,760 --> 05:56:13,760 COMING AND THANK YOU SO MUCH, 8161 05:56:13,760 --> 05:56:13,960 MARK. 8162 05:56:13,960 --> 05:56:24,160 [APPLAUSE]