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>>WELCOME.

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I'M JEFF AND I'M CHIEF OF THE

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HISTORY MEDICINE DIVISION AT

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NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE IN

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BETHESDA, MARYLAND.

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THANK YOU FOR JOINING US TODAY

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AS WE CONTINUE OUR 2022 SERIES

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OF ALL VIRTUAL NATIONAL LIBRARY

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OF MEDICINE HISTORY TALKS.

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TO THOSE OF YOU ON TWITTER,

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THANK YOU FOR FOLLOWING ALONG

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USING THE HASHTAG NLMHIS TALK

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AND TO THOSE WHO WISH TO SHARE

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QUESTIONS WITH OUR SPEAKER THIS

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AFTERNOON, OR IN THIS CASE THIS

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EVENING, PLEASE USE THE LIVE

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FEEDBACK BUTTON YOU SEE UNDER

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YOUR VIDEO STREAM.

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NLM HISTORY TALKS PROMOTE

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AWARENESS AND USE OF NLM AND

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RELATED HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

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FOR RESEARCH, EDUCATION AND

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PUBLIC SERVICE IN THE FIELDS OF

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BIO MEDICINE, SOCIAL SCIENCES

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AND THE HUMANITIES.

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THIS SERIES ALSO SUPPORTS THE

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COMMITMENT OF THE NATIONAL

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LIBRARY OF MEDICINE TO RECOGNIZE

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THE DIVERSITY OF ITS

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COLLECTIONS, WHICH SPAN 10 SENT

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TREESES WITH A RANGE OF DIS

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FORMATS AND ORIGINATE FROM

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NEARLY EVERY PART OF THE GLOBE.

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AND ALSO, REFLECTS THE

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COMMITMENT OF OUR LIBRARY TO

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FOREGROUND THE VOICES OF PEOPLE

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OF COLOR, WOMEN AND INDIVIDUALS

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OF A VARIETY OF CULTURAL AND

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DISCIPLINARY BACKGROUNDS ALL WHO

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VALUE THESE COLLECTIONS AND USE

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THEM TO ADVANCE THEIR RESEARCH,

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THEIR TEACHING AND LEARNING.

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WE SUPPLEMENT NLM HISTORY TALKS

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WITH SPEAKER INTERVIEWS ON OUR

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BLOG CALLED "CIRCULATING NOW"

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LOCATED AT THE WEBSITE.

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AND I'LL ADD THAT NLM HISTORY

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TALKS ARE MADE POSSIBLE BY AN

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OUTSTANDING TEAM HERE AT

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NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE AND

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THE VIDEO CASTING UNIT OF THE

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NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH.

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AND I WANT TO THANK EACH AND

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EVERY ONE OF THE MEMBERS FOR

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THEIR TIME AND THEIR TALENT IN

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BRINGING THIS PROGRAM TO YOU,

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THE PUBLIC.

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TODAY, I HAVE THE GREAT PLEASURE

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AND PRIVILEGE OF INTRODUCING

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Dr. JOHN MATHEW, OF KOREA

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UNIVERSITY WITH THE HISTORY OF

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SCIENCE, HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL

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SCIENCES AND SCIENCES.

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HE JOINS THE FACULTY AT KOREA IN

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2013KREA IN THE HUMANITIES AND

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SOCIAL SCIENCES.

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BACHE HAS TAUGHT AT HARVARD,

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UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS,

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DUKE AND DUKE UNIVERSITY.

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WITH BACHELORS, MASTERS AND

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DEGREES IN ZOOLOGY FROM THE

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CHRISTIAN COLLEGE IN MADRAS IN

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INDIAN SOUTHERN STATE.

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HE HOLDS A MASTERS IN MEDICAL

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ANTHROPOLOGY AND TWO DOCTOR ATS,

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ONE IN ECOLOGICAL SCIENCE 0 OLD

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DOMINION UNIVERSITY IN VIRGINIA

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AND THE OTHER IN THE HISTORY OF

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SCIENCE FROM HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

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Dr. MATHEW'S EXPERIENCE IS

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ANTHROPOLOGY, BIOLOGY, GEOLOGY,

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HISTORY AND THE HISTORY OF

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SCIENCE.

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AT KREA UNIVERSITY HE HAS CO

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TAUGHT FOUNDATIONAL COURSES

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INCLUDING EXPLORING THE SOCIAL

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AND THE HISTORICAL, THE LATTER

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OF WHICH HE IS CO-LEADING AGAIN

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THIS PARTICULAR TERM.

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HE HAS ALSO CURRENTLY TEACHING A

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COURSE ENTITLED "LIFE AT

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DIFFERENT SCALES" AND THE

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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES.

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IN WHICH DISCIPLINE HE IS ALSO

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BEEN RESPONSIBLE FOR CO TAUGHT

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COURSE ON EVOLUTION AND THE

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HISTORY OF BIOLOGY AND HISTORY

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OF BIOLOGY COURSES CROSS LISTED

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WITH HISTORY AND PSYCHOLOGY.

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Dr. MATHEW'S AFFILIATIONS DO

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NOT LIE WITH BUY ALGO ALONE BUT

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WITH THE FIELD OF HISTORY,

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PARTICULARLY ECONOMIC HISTORY,

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AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES,

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PAST, PRESENT AND PREDICTED

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ENVIRONMENTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL

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HISTORY COURSES HE HAS CROSS

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LISTED WITH THE FIELD OF

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HISTORY.

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HE IS DELIGHTED TO HAVE THE

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OPPORTUNITY TO TEACH ONE OF HIS

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FAVORITE COURSE THIS IS AN

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UPCOMING TERM WHICH HE HAS LED

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PREVIOUSLY AT HARVARD AND AT THE

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INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE

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EDUCATION RESEARCH AND SCIENCE,

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HISTORY AND THEATER.

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Dr. MATHEW'S CENTERS ARE

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FUNDAMENTALLY AND QUITE

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OBVIOUSLY WONDERFULLY ACROSS

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DISCIPLINARY.

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HE RETAINS A DEEP INTEREST IN

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THEATER AND MUSIC AND HE BROUGHT

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TO CONVERSATION IN HIS OWN

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RESEARCH IN THE WRITING AND

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PERFORMANCE OF A MUSIC ALLEN

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TITLED "THE SUN WAS WHITE THE

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MOON DISOBEDIENT."

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THIS WAS WITH STUDENTS OF THE

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INSTITUTE MAINLY.

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HE ALSO FOUNDED AND DIRECTED THE

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INSTITUTES CHOIR THERE WHERE HE

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HAS ALSO DONE AT THE UNIVERSITY

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OF KREA, HELPING TO HELM A 2019

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PRODUCTION OF A CHRISTMAS CAROLE

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FROM A THEATRICAL PERSPECTIVE.

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HE IS IN THE PROCESS OF REVISING

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A BOOK LENGTH MANUSCRIPT.

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HE IS ALSO ACTIVELY RESEARCHING

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THE PLAGUE AND INFLUENZA IN

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INDIA, IN THE 1890s AND IN

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1918-1919 RESPECTIVELY AND THIS

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IS A CONSIDERABLE PART OF THE

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SUBJECT OF HIS TALK TODAY HERE

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WITH US AT THE NLM SO THANK YOU

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FOR JOINING US AND PLEASE JOIN

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ME IN WELCOMING Dr. MATHEW

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HERE TO THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF

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MEDICINE TO SPEAK ON

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SOCIO-CULTURAL RESPONSES WITHIN

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INDIA DURING TIMES OF PANDEMIC

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DISEASE.

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Dr. PATHS YOU, THADr. MATHEW, TR

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JOINING US TODAY.

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>>THANK YOU SO MUCH.

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THANK YOU FOR ALL THAT YOU HAVE

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DONE.

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IT'S A REAL JOY TO BE HERE AND

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TO BE ABLE TO SPEAK TO YOU

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TODAY.

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MY TALK IS TITLED

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"SOCIO-CULTURAL RESPONSES WITHIN

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INDIA DURING TIMES OF PANDEMIC

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DISEASE."

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AND I SHARE THIS EFFORT WITH MY

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COLLABORATORS.

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 KREA UNIVERSITYY

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SEARS AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY WHO

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HAS HELPED US CONSIDERABLY WITH

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BACKING RESOURCES AND A NUMBER

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OF PEOPLE THAT ESSENTIALLY HAVE

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GIVEN ME, GIVEN US A NUMBER OF

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TIPS WITH REGARD TO PARTICULAR

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DIA TEES AND I THANK

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PARTICULARLY Mr. KUMAR, MY

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COLLEAGUE PROFESSORS.

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RIGHT.

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WHEN THE PRIME MINISTER MODI,

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CALLED ON THE CITIZENRY OF INDIA

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TO CHAIR MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS

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ON THE FRONTLINES, BY BEATING

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POTS AND PANS FOR HALF AN HOUR

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ON THE 21st OF MARCH, 2020,

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THERE WAS A SECTION OF THE

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POPULOUS THAT WAS UNIMPRESSED BY

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THESE.

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THIS DISMISSED IT AS A PUBLICITY

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STUNT.

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OTHERS SUGGESTED THE UNDERTONES

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WERE GRIM, DRAWING UPON HINDU

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COSMETIC CONNECTIONS.

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FACTUAL FALL SA', THE NEXT FEW

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DAYS WOULD SEE THE ONSET OF A

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LOCKDOWN THAT NIGHT ITSELF.

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IN POSSIBLE STATE BORDERS AND

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LONG CARAVANS OF MIGRA MY GRANTG

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TO GET HOME TO DISTANT STATES IN

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ONE OF THE LARGEST MIGRATIONS

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WORLDWIDE.

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ALSO A FEATURE OF EARLIER

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PANDEMICS, PARTICULARLY THE

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PLAGUE AND BOMBAY IN 1896.

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IN TODAY'S TALK, I SHALL, ON

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BEHALF OF MY COLLABORATORS AS

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WELL.

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SEEK TO PLACE IN CONTEXT

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RESPONSES AT A SOCIAL AND A

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CULTURAL LEVEL TO OUR CURRENT

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CRISIS WITH THOSE OF EARLIER

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PANDEMIC -- WE SHALL BE

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EXAMINING THOSE DISEASE, IN

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PARTICULAR, COL ERA, THE PLAGUE

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AND INFLUENZA FROM THE ENDEMIC

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TO THE EPIDEMIC SUCH AS

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SMALLPOX.

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SUCH AN INVESTIGATION WILL

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INVOLVE BOTH PRACTICE AND

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TRADITION AND WHERE WILL

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RELIGIOUS BELIEFS CONSIDERED BY

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NON PARTICIPANTS IN SOME

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ELEMENTS OF EXERCISE AND TO THE

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FORM FOR COMPARISON OF THE 1896

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PLAGUE, THE SPANISH FLU, ARE

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MAJOR COURSE OF INFORMATION FOR

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INDIA WOULD INCLUDE THE OF DAVID

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ARNOLD AND MADE THE FIRST

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THROUGH A PERSUASIVE ARTICLE

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CALLED DISEASE RUMOR AND PANIC,

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IT INDEERS PLAGUE AND INFLUENZA

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EPIDEMIC AND APPEARED IN THE

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VOLUME EMPIRES OF PANIC AND

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EPIDEMIC AND COLONIAL ANXIETY IN

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2015 AND THE SECOND, THE BOOK

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ENTITLED THE AGE OF PANDEMICS

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AND 1817 TO 1920, HOW THEY

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SHAPED INDIANAIA AND THE WORLD

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THAT WAS PUBLISHED IN 2020.

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AND THROUGH THIS TALK, WE SHALL

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BE DR DRAWING UPON RECORDS AND

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IMAGES ON THE NATIONAL LIBRARY

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OF MEDICINE AND WE TASTEN TO

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THINK THE LIBRARY FOR THE

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CONSIDERABLE ACCESS IT HAS SO

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GENEROUSLY AFFORDED US AS WE

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APPLAUD IT AND FOR IT'S FAST IN

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THE LECTURE SERIES WITH TODAY'S

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EFFORT IS IN PART.

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AND IF I COULD HAVE THE NEXT

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SLIDE, PLEASE.

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AND I MIGHT USE IT LARGELY AS A

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QUICK TO POINT TO WHAT EXACTLY

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HAPPENED BETWEEN 1817 AND 1920

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INCLUDING THE ONSET OF THE

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CHOLERA PANDEMIC AND ISTANBUL

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AND THE FIRST IN PARIS AND THE

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THIRD PANDEMIC AND THEN THE

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INFLUENZA PANDEMIC AND 1894 IN

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HONG KONG AND 1896 IN INDIA ON

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BOARD FOR THE 1940s IT WAS

260
00:11:10,440 --> 00:11:18,520
MOSTLY DONE IN 1925, HOWEVER K.

261
00:11:18,520 --> 00:11:26,240
WE START WITH CHOLERA IN THE

262
00:11:26,240 --> 00:11:36,040
LIBRARY OF MEDICINE.

263
00:11:36,040 --> 00:11:40,720
IN THIS PARTICULAR SET OF

264
00:11:40,720 --> 00:11:42,120
SLIDES, WE HAVE MAINLY OFFERINGS

265
00:11:42,120 --> 00:11:45,920
FROM THE 1860s AND THE 1870s

266
00:11:45,920 --> 00:11:47,840
AND ONE FROM 1913 AND I DRAW

267
00:11:47,840 --> 00:11:54,000
YOUR ATTENTION TO THEM, LARGELY

268
00:11:54,000 --> 00:11:54,800
BECAUSE THEY SPEAK ABOUT A

269
00:11:54,800 --> 00:11:58,120
NUMBER OF THINGS, ONE, YOU HAVE

270
00:11:58,120 --> 00:12:02,080
SUCH ELEMENTS AS CHOLERA, THE

271
00:12:02,080 --> 00:12:08,280
MANNER IN WHICH YOU HAVE MILD TO

272
00:12:08,280 --> 00:12:09,640
EXTREME FORMS WHERE THERE WOULD

273
00:12:09,640 --> 00:12:13,040
BE VOMITING AND PURGING AND THE

274
00:12:13,040 --> 00:12:13,280
LIKE.

275
00:12:13,280 --> 00:12:14,440
THAT'S WHAT IT WAS CALLED AT

276
00:12:14,440 --> 00:12:16,200
THAT POINT, THERE'S A NATURAL

277
00:12:16,200 --> 00:12:20,360
HISTORY OF CHOLERA BY JOSEPH

278
00:12:20,360 --> 00:12:22,800
FERRER, WHICH IS INTERESTING

279
00:12:22,800 --> 00:12:24,880
BECAUSE FERRER WAS IN INDIA FOR

280
00:12:24,880 --> 00:12:28,240
A LONG TIME AND WROTE A

281
00:12:28,240 --> 00:12:31,360
TREMENDOUS TONE ON THE FIDDLER

282
00:12:31,360 --> 00:12:38,200
OF INDIA WHICH INCLUDES VENOMOUS

283
00:12:38,200 --> 00:12:40,720
SNAKES WHEN A POINT THAT SNAKE

284
00:12:40,720 --> 00:12:43,120
BITES WOULD ALSO CONSIDERED A

285
00:12:43,120 --> 00:12:46,240
DISEASE, WE ALSO HAVE THE WORK

286
00:12:46,240 --> 00:12:51,000
OF A PIONEER IN THE FIELD OF THE

287
00:12:51,000 --> 00:12:58,160
STUDY OF CHOLERA AND CONTRIBUTED

288
00:12:58,160 --> 00:13:00,280
TO THE INDIAN SCIENCE CONGRESS

289
00:13:00,280 --> 00:13:07,440
SPEAKING ABOUT CO CHOLERA IN ITS

290
00:13:07,440 --> 00:13:13,240
EARLY YEARS.

291
00:13:13,240 --> 00:13:15,120
IN THIS SLIDE ON THE LEFT, WHAT

292
00:13:15,120 --> 00:13:18,680
YOU DO HAVE IS A MAP, A CHOLERA

293
00:13:18,680 --> 00:13:21,000
MAP OF INDIA AND WHAT YOU DO SEE

294
00:13:21,000 --> 00:13:24,880
IS THE DARK PART IS IN THE

295
00:13:24,880 --> 00:13:27,560
NORTHEAST AND THAT IS

296
00:13:27,560 --> 00:13:29,560
SIGNIFICANT BECAUSE IT WAS FROM

297
00:13:29,560 --> 00:13:33,200
THERE OVER 60 YEARS PRIOR THAT

298
00:13:33,200 --> 00:13:35,960
CHOLERA HAD MOVED AND BELIEVED

299
00:13:35,960 --> 00:13:37,760
TO HAVE MOVED OUT FROM CALCUTTA

300
00:13:37,760 --> 00:13:39,520
AND WENT ON TO OTHER PARTS OF

301
00:13:39,520 --> 00:13:42,320
THE WORLD AND THAT IS STILL

302
00:13:42,320 --> 00:13:43,480
LARGELY HELD THROUGH RUSSIA,

303
00:13:43,480 --> 00:13:45,760
EVENTUALLY MAKING ITS WAY TO THE

304
00:13:45,760 --> 00:13:46,760
UNITED STATES BEFORE THAT OTHER

305
00:13:46,760 --> 00:13:49,120
PARTS OF EUROPE.

306
00:13:49,120 --> 00:13:52,760
ON THE RIGHT, WHAT WE HAVE IS A

307
00:13:52,760 --> 00:13:57,920
WELL AND A PRIVY AND IT

308
00:13:57,920 --> 00:14:04,600
ESSENTIALLY SUGGESTS THESE ARE

309
00:14:04,600 --> 00:14:07,960
REMARKLY CIRCUMSTANCES AND

310
00:14:07,960 --> 00:14:09,440
UNSANITARY WE MAY HAVE

311
00:14:09,440 --> 00:14:12,480
CONTRIBUTED TO THE SPREAD OF THE

312
00:14:12,480 --> 00:14:17,560
DISEASE IT BEING LARGELY WATER

313
00:14:17,560 --> 00:14:17,760
BORN.

314
00:14:17,760 --> 00:14:20,080
WHEN YOU SAY CHOLERA IS

315
00:14:20,080 --> 00:14:22,000
DISPROPORTIONATELY REPRESENTED,

316
00:14:22,000 --> 00:14:22,840
THIS ISN'T SURPRISING, GIVEN

317
00:14:22,840 --> 00:14:25,720
THAT FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF

318
00:14:25,720 --> 00:14:26,920
RECORDED PANDEMICS IN THE

319
00:14:26,920 --> 00:14:29,360
COUNTRY, IT IS THE EARLIEST, WE

320
00:14:29,360 --> 00:14:32,160
DID SAY 1817.

321
00:14:32,160 --> 00:14:34,160
NOW FROM THE REGION NOW SHARED

322
00:14:34,160 --> 00:14:39,000
BY THE NORTH CENTRAL INDIAN

323
00:14:39,000 --> 00:14:39,800
STATES, EYE DIARY REPORT OF THE

324
00:14:39,800 --> 00:14:44,840
14th OF NOVEMBER FROM THE THEN

325
00:14:44,840 --> 00:14:47,840
GOVERNOR-GENERAL HASTINGS, 1754

326
00:14:47,840 --> 00:14:49,360
TO 1826, WHAT INVOLVED IN

327
00:14:49,360 --> 00:14:51,040
MILITARY ACTIVITY LEADING UP TO

328
00:14:51,040 --> 00:14:54,560
THE THIRD WAR, POINTED TO THE

329
00:14:54,560 --> 00:14:56,200
NUMBER OF LOSSES HIS MEN WERE

330
00:14:56,200 --> 00:14:58,080
SUSTAINING FROM THE DISEASE, 97

331
00:14:58,080 --> 00:15:00,480
DEATHS ARE REPORTED TO ME AS

332
00:15:00,480 --> 00:15:01,320
HAVING OCCURRED DURING

333
00:15:01,320 --> 00:15:02,280
YESTERDAY'S BEFORE NOON.

334
00:15:02,280 --> 00:15:03,960
THERE IS AN OPINION THAT THE

335
00:15:03,960 --> 00:15:05,520
WATER OF THE TANKS, THE ONLY

336
00:15:05,520 --> 00:15:07,520
WATER WHICH WE HAVE IN THIS

337
00:15:07,520 --> 00:15:09,880
PLACE, MAY BE UNWHOLESOME AND

338
00:15:09,880 --> 00:15:13,080
ADD TO THE DISEASE, THEREFORE, I

339
00:15:13,080 --> 00:15:15,360
MUST MARCH TOMORROW SO AS TO

340
00:15:15,360 --> 00:15:19,200
MAKE THE RIVER THOUGH I MUST

341
00:15:19,200 --> 00:15:25,000
PROVIDE CARRIAGE FOR 1,006 SICK.

342
00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:26,360
CHOLERA PROVOKED TREMENDOUS FEAR

343
00:15:26,360 --> 00:15:29,240
IN THE LOCAL POPULOUS.

344
00:15:29,240 --> 00:15:35,680
NEARLY 200 YEARS AFTER HASTINGSS

345
00:15:35,680 --> 00:15:36,840
OBSERVATIONS HE WROTE IN A

346
00:15:36,840 --> 00:15:39,280
MEMOIR OF HIS OWN GRANDFATHER

347
00:15:39,280 --> 00:15:41,920
NEED TO GO BURY HIS PARENTS

348
00:15:41,920 --> 00:15:42,720
HIMSELF, DYING SOON AFTER OF THE

349
00:15:42,720 --> 00:15:45,000
SAME DISEASE.

350
00:15:45,000 --> 00:15:47,320
IN THOSE DAYS, INFECTIOUS

351
00:15:47,320 --> 00:15:49,160
DISEASES WERE WIDESPREAD IN

352
00:15:49,160 --> 00:15:52,200
VILLAGES, PARTICULARLY IN

353
00:15:52,200 --> 00:15:52,920
UNTOUCHABLE DWELLINGS.

354
00:15:52,920 --> 00:15:55,000
CHOLERA WAS ONE SUCH DISEASE.

355
00:15:55,000 --> 00:15:56,520
EACH HOUSE HAD AT LEAST A COUPLE

356
00:15:56,520 --> 00:16:00,280
OF DEATHS DUE TO THE CHOLERA.

357
00:16:00,280 --> 00:16:02,560
PEOPLE CALL THIS DREADFUL DIS

358
00:16:02,560 --> 00:16:03,720
SEEDS GUT GAR A AND WERE AFRAID

359
00:16:03,720 --> 00:16:06,080
OF TOUCHING THE DEAD BODY OF A

360
00:16:06,080 --> 00:16:08,720
PERSON WHO HAD DIED OF THE

361
00:16:08,720 --> 00:16:09,080
DISEASE.

362
00:16:09,080 --> 00:16:10,560
ONLY THE INMATES AT THE HOUSE

363
00:16:10,560 --> 00:16:18,600
COULD CARRY THE DEAD BODY FOR

364
00:16:18,600 --> 00:16:21,920
CREMATION.

365
00:16:21,920 --> 00:16:25,840
THESE ARE ESTIMATES OF PANDEMIC

366
00:16:25,840 --> 00:16:27,480
DEATHS, OF CHOLERA PANDEMIC

367
00:16:27,480 --> 00:16:28,840
DEATHS AND YOU CAN SEE THE

368
00:16:28,840 --> 00:16:30,160
COUNTRIES THAT WERE LARGELY

369
00:16:30,160 --> 00:16:32,880
AFFECTED IN INDIA WITH THE

370
00:16:32,880 --> 00:16:38,320
EPIDEMIC AND WHAT THE PERCENTAGE

371
00:16:38,320 --> 00:16:42,000
WERE BY 73.2 AND EGYPT FOR

372
00:16:42,000 --> 00:16:46,800
EXAMPLE WAS WORSE, AND ALSO

373
00:16:46,800 --> 00:16:49,360
RUSSIA AND SPAIN.

374
00:16:49,360 --> 00:16:53,520
BUT THIS IS JUST TO POINT TO THE

375
00:16:53,520 --> 00:16:56,840
FACT THAT IT WAS SIGNIFICANT, IT

376
00:16:56,840 --> 00:16:58,760
TOUCHED A CONSIDERABLE NUMBER OF

377
00:16:58,760 --> 00:17:02,200
PLACES IN THE WORLD THROUGH MUCH

378
00:17:02,200 --> 00:17:04,680
OF THE 19th CENTURY AND IN

379
00:17:04,680 --> 00:17:07,520
SOME WAYS, FOR SHADOWED WHAT

380
00:17:07,520 --> 00:17:09,440
WOULD COME THROUGH OTHER

381
00:17:09,440 --> 00:17:11,520
DISEASES, ALSO MIND THAT THIS

382
00:17:11,520 --> 00:17:14,640
WAS A TIME WITH 1817 WHEN GERM

383
00:17:14,640 --> 00:17:16,480
THEORY WAS JUST ABOUT STARTING

384
00:17:16,480 --> 00:17:18,640
TO BE THIS DISCUSSED SOMETHING

385
00:17:18,640 --> 00:17:20,080
THAT WOULD BE MUCH BETTER KNOWN

386
00:17:20,080 --> 00:17:22,560
BY THE TIME THE PLAGUE CAME

387
00:17:22,560 --> 00:17:27,000
AROUND IN THE 1890s.

388
00:17:27,000 --> 00:17:29,320
NOW A NUMBER OF CONSIDERATIONS

389
00:17:29,320 --> 00:17:31,560
CHARTER SIZE THE STUDY OF

390
00:17:31,560 --> 00:17:33,760
CHOLERA INCLUDING THE WORK IN

391
00:17:33,760 --> 00:17:36,120
LONDON IN 1954 AND THE CONTINUED

392
00:17:36,120 --> 00:17:38,720
BATTLE BETWEEN THE ACCOLADES OF

393
00:17:38,720 --> 00:17:44,200
SANITATION VERSUS THOSE OF

394
00:17:44,200 --> 00:17:45,320
CONTAGION BUT THESE HAVE BEEN

395
00:17:45,320 --> 00:17:46,640
DISCUSSED SEVERALLY AND

396
00:17:46,640 --> 00:17:46,920
ELSEWHERE.

397
00:17:46,920 --> 00:17:48,320
WHAT IS STAGGERING IS THE NUMBER

398
00:17:48,320 --> 00:17:51,160
OF DEATHS ACROSS THE 19th AND

399
00:17:51,160 --> 00:17:53,040
EARLY 20th CENTURY THAT ACCRUE

400
00:17:53,040 --> 00:17:55,960
TO THE DISEASE WHERE INDIA WAS

401
00:17:55,960 --> 00:17:58,680
SEEN AS A SOURCE.

402
00:17:58,680 --> 00:17:59,920
NOW FOR THE DISCUSSION ON THE

403
00:17:59,920 --> 00:18:02,680
PLAGUE AND THE GREAT INFLUENZA,

404
00:18:02,680 --> 00:18:06,000
OUR POINT OF DEPARTURE IS DAVID

405
00:18:06,000 --> 00:18:10,720
ARNOLD'S THOUGHTFUL 2015 PAPER,

406
00:18:10,720 --> 00:18:12,960
UNDERTAKEN BY SOME OF US IN THE

407
00:18:12,960 --> 00:18:14,280
STATE ARCHIVES.

408
00:18:14,280 --> 00:18:16,320
WE ALSO DRAW UPON THE HOLDINGS

409
00:18:16,320 --> 00:18:18,200
OF THE INDIAN NED CAL GAZETTE,

410
00:18:18,200 --> 00:18:19,880
MADE AVAILABLE TO US THROUGH

411
00:18:19,880 --> 00:18:21,400
PUBMED TO WHICH WE CAN GAIN

412
00:18:21,400 --> 00:18:22,560
ACCESS, THANKS TO THE NATIONAL

413
00:18:22,560 --> 00:18:26,200
LIBRARY OF MEDICINE.

414
00:18:26,200 --> 00:18:26,800
THE GREAT INFLUENZA ARGUABLY

415
00:18:26,800 --> 00:18:29,760
TOOK ANYWHERE BETWEEN 10.5 AND

416
00:18:29,760 --> 00:18:31,040
20 MILLION INDIAN LIVES THE

417
00:18:31,040 --> 00:18:32,480
LATTER DAY IN SOME ESTIMATES AND

418
00:18:32,480 --> 00:18:34,800
A NUMBER OF OTHER PEOPLE

419
00:18:34,800 --> 00:18:37,640
INCLUDING JOHN BERRY IN 2004.

420
00:18:37,640 --> 00:18:40,600
BETWEEN LATE 1918 AND 1919,

421
00:18:40,600 --> 00:18:43,000
BASED ON DIFFERENT ESTIMATES,

422
00:18:43,000 --> 00:18:44,640
YES REMAINS UNDER STUDIED IN

423
00:18:44,640 --> 00:18:46,520
SOUTH ASIAN CONTEXT, AGAINST

424
00:18:46,520 --> 00:18:50,320
OTHER LARGELY REPORTED INSTANCES

425
00:18:50,320 --> 00:18:54,000
AS THE BOMBAY PLAGUE AND THE

426
00:18:54,000 --> 00:18:56,840
BANGLE FAMINE OF THE EARLY

427
00:18:56,840 --> 00:18:58,240
1940s.

428
00:18:58,240 --> 00:19:00,040
WHY THE PLOWING IN BOMB BAY

429
00:19:00,040 --> 00:19:02,560
COMPARISON WITH THE FLU WE FOCUS

430
00:19:02,560 --> 00:19:07,440
ON EVENTS IN 1918 AND 1919 IN

431
00:19:07,440 --> 00:19:08,680
BOMBAY IT'S SEV DRAWING ON THE

432
00:19:08,680 --> 00:19:10,920
HOLDINGS IN THE ARCHIVES INTO A

433
00:19:10,920 --> 00:19:13,200
DEBATE OF STATISTICS OF

434
00:19:13,200 --> 00:19:14,640
MORTALITY ACROSS THE SUB

435
00:19:14,640 --> 00:19:17,320
CONTINENT ON ACCOUNT OF THE

436
00:19:17,320 --> 00:19:18,200
EPIDEMIC, THE PANDEMIC.

437
00:19:18,200 --> 00:19:19,320
WE DRAW ATTENTION TO THE FACT

438
00:19:19,320 --> 00:19:21,320
EVEN AS DAILY MORTALITIES

439
00:19:21,320 --> 00:19:22,720
BEGORED THE NORMAL RATE OF DEATH

440
00:19:22,720 --> 00:19:30,760
IN A PREPORTION OF 18 TO 1 ON

441
00:19:30,760 --> 00:19:33,000
OCCASION, THE INFLUENZA AND THE

442
00:19:33,000 --> 00:19:34,440
DAYS OF THE GREAT WAR OCCASIONS

443
00:19:34,440 --> 00:19:38,200
A MUTED SEW SIGHAL RESPONSE IN

444
00:19:38,200 --> 00:19:40,880
BOMBAY TO THE EXPERIENCES OF THE

445
00:19:40,880 --> 00:19:44,120
PREVIOUS EPIDEMIC THAT OF THE

446
00:19:44,120 --> 00:19:46,400
FLAG WHICH HAD ANIMOSITY AGAINST

447
00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:49,120
A COLONIAL GOVERNMENT IN THE

448
00:19:49,120 --> 00:19:53,800
POPULATION AND IN SO DOING, WE

449
00:19:53,800 --> 00:19:54,720
HOPE TO INDICATE THAT THE

450
00:19:54,720 --> 00:19:56,280
POPULOUS IN THE WAKE OF PREVIOUS

451
00:19:56,280 --> 00:19:58,920
AND COMPETING DISEASE INCLUDING

452
00:19:58,920 --> 00:20:01,440
COL ERA AND MALARIA, AND THE

453
00:20:01,440 --> 00:20:05,160
CONTEXT OF A MORE GLOBAL CAT A

454
00:20:05,160 --> 00:20:06,920
CHRIS UM HAD DEVELOPED ITS OWN

455
00:20:06,920 --> 00:20:09,400
SENSE OF ENDUREMENT TO ANOTHER

456
00:20:09,400 --> 00:20:11,320
DESTRUCTIVE FORCE AND EVEN ONE

457
00:20:11,320 --> 00:20:18,040
WITH HIS WIDE RANGE OF THAT OF

458
00:20:18,040 --> 00:20:20,680
THE FLANNISH FLOW IN THE LATTER

459
00:20:20,680 --> 00:20:22,440
PART OF 1819 VISITED EVERY

460
00:20:22,440 --> 00:20:23,760
PORTION OF THE COUNTRY AND WIPED

461
00:20:23,760 --> 00:20:26,920
OUT IN A FEW MONTHS PRACTICAL

462
00:20:26,920 --> 00:20:28,200
WHOLE INCREASE OF THE POPULATION

463
00:20:28,200 --> 00:20:29,880
FORT PREVIOUS SEVEN YEARS SO

464
00:20:29,880 --> 00:20:32,560
MARTIN STATES.

465
00:20:32,560 --> 00:20:32,760
RIGHT.

466
00:20:32,760 --> 00:20:33,400
WHAT INFLUENZA DID.

467
00:20:33,400 --> 00:20:35,520
HOWEVER, IN THE STATE ARCHIVES

468
00:20:35,520 --> 00:20:42,320
ARE TESTS TO THIS LOSS.

469
00:20:42,320 --> 00:20:48,720
IF I COULD HAVE THE NEXT SLIDE,

470
00:20:48,720 --> 00:20:49,720
PLEASE.

471
00:20:49,720 --> 00:20:53,200
NOW, THESE ARE TAKEN FROM THE

472
00:20:53,200 --> 00:20:55,920
WORK OF PATTERSON PILE THE

473
00:20:55,920 --> 00:20:59,440
MORTALITY OF THE 1918 INFLUENZA

474
00:20:59,440 --> 00:21:00,320
PANDEMIC IN THE HISTORY OF

475
00:21:00,320 --> 00:21:04,320
MEDICINE AND WHAT YOU CAN SEE IS

476
00:21:04,320 --> 00:21:06,920
THAT IT WASN'T THAT SEVERE.

477
00:21:06,920 --> 00:21:15,160
THIS HAPPENED LARGELY IN THE --

478
00:21:15,160 --> 00:21:18,320
THIS HAPPENED IN MARCH AND APRIL

479
00:21:18,320 --> 00:21:21,760
GOING ON TO MAY AND IN THE

480
00:21:21,760 --> 00:21:22,520
UNITED STATES AROUND AT THE SAME

481
00:21:22,520 --> 00:21:27,920
TIME IT HAS TAKEN TO CHINA AND

482
00:21:27,920 --> 00:21:31,320
HAD REACHED SPAIN AND IT WAS

483
00:21:31,320 --> 00:21:36,920
HOWEVER, NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE, IT

484
00:21:36,920 --> 00:21:38,480
WAS HOWEVER, IN THE SECOND WAVE

485
00:21:38,480 --> 00:21:40,280
FROM AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER TO

486
00:21:40,280 --> 00:21:43,160
OCTOBER AND NOVEMBER THAT MAY

487
00:21:43,160 --> 00:21:46,800
HAVE RULED AND THAT IS WHEN THIS

488
00:21:46,800 --> 00:21:50,200
IS LARGELY TO DO WITH MOVING

489
00:21:50,200 --> 00:21:55,600
TROOPS AND PLACES LIKE WEST AND

490
00:21:55,600 --> 00:21:59,040
BOSTON HAD A FAIR BIT AS WELL

491
00:21:59,040 --> 00:22:03,400
AND TROOPS WERE COMING BACK TO

492
00:22:03,400 --> 00:22:05,680
THEIR HOME COUNTRIES BY NOVEMBER

493
00:22:05,680 --> 00:22:08,880
AT THE END AFTER THE 11th OF

494
00:22:08,880 --> 00:22:10,520
NOVEMBER THE END OF THE FIRST

495
00:22:10,520 --> 00:22:14,920
WORLD WAR AND THAT INCLUDED

496
00:22:14,920 --> 00:22:16,560
INDIA.

497
00:22:16,560 --> 00:22:18,160
WHERE SOLDIERS HAD THEATERS

498
00:22:18,160 --> 00:22:23,080
INCLUDING IN EAST AFRICA, IN

499
00:22:23,080 --> 00:22:27,840
FRANCE, IN PALESTINE, IN PERSIA,

500
00:22:27,840 --> 00:22:29,520
AND THEY CAME BACK AND THEY CAME

501
00:22:29,520 --> 00:22:32,800
BACK TO BOMBAY AND THEY WENT

502
00:22:32,800 --> 00:22:36,440
THROUGH BOMBAY TO WHAT IS PLACES

503
00:22:36,440 --> 00:22:41,880
LIKE PUNE A, THE RACES WENT BACK

504
00:22:41,880 --> 00:22:47,720
TOWARDS PUNJAB AND THEN THINGS

505
00:22:47,720 --> 00:22:49,000
WENT COMPLETELY OUT OF WHACK.

506
00:22:49,000 --> 00:22:52,640
THE NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.

507
00:22:52,640 --> 00:22:56,800
THESE ARE FILES FROM THE ARCHIVE

508
00:22:56,800 --> 00:22:58,720
THAT CAN YOU SEE THE NAME

509
00:22:58,720 --> 00:23:00,200
INFLUENZA ON IT AND IF I COULD

510
00:23:00,200 --> 00:23:04,520
HAVE THE NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.

511
00:23:04,520 --> 00:23:06,560
NOW THIS IS IN PUNE A IN THE

512
00:23:06,560 --> 00:23:07,320
BOMBAY PRESIDENCY AND THEY CAN

513
00:23:07,320 --> 00:23:09,400
READ IT AND IT SAYS THE DEATH

514
00:23:09,400 --> 00:23:12,080
RATE IN PUNE A IS VERY SEVERE ON

515
00:23:12,080 --> 00:23:14,120
THE 27th WAS 201 AND THIS IS A

516
00:23:14,120 --> 00:23:16,720
PICTURE OF THE KING EDWARD

517
00:23:16,720 --> 00:23:20,200
MEMORIAL HOSPITAL DOUBLING ITS

518
00:23:20,200 --> 00:23:23,000
BEDS AND SOME PLACES IT'S

519
00:23:23,000 --> 00:23:24,560
SUBSIDING AND IT'S VERY SEVERE

520
00:23:24,560 --> 00:23:26,760
AND OTHER PARTS OF WHAT IS NOW

521
00:23:26,760 --> 00:23:33,320
THE STRAIGHT WHICH IS THE POONA.

522
00:23:33,320 --> 00:23:37,520
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.

523
00:23:37,520 --> 00:23:45,760
THIS IS -- THIS PARTICULAR FILE

524
00:23:45,760 --> 00:23:50,640
FROM THE ARCHIVE AND THIS IS

525
00:23:50,640 --> 00:23:52,520
SOUTH OF POONA AND IT'S

526
00:23:52,520 --> 00:23:56,160
CURIOUSLY WORDED AND YET MAKES

527
00:23:56,160 --> 00:23:57,760
THE POINT VERY GRIMLY.

528
00:23:57,760 --> 00:24:02,280
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.

529
00:24:02,280 --> 00:24:03,560
WHERE THE COLLECT OR WRITES THAT

530
00:24:03,560 --> 00:24:07,040
HE HAS THE HONOR TO REPORT THAT

531
00:24:07,040 --> 00:24:09,560
THEY ARE SUFFERING FROM A SEVERE

532
00:24:09,560 --> 00:24:12,440
EPIDEMIC OF INFLUENZA AND THE

533
00:24:12,440 --> 00:24:13,440
PART FROM EVERYTHING ELSE

534
00:24:13,440 --> 00:24:14,480
WORKING HALF THE MACHINE ROW,

535
00:24:14,480 --> 00:24:17,800
THE KEY POINT OF IT HERE IS, THE

536
00:24:17,800 --> 00:24:21,080
DEATH RATE USUALLY ABOUT 10 PER

537
00:24:21,080 --> 00:24:27,080
DAY, ROWS TO 180 YESTERDAY.

538
00:24:27,080 --> 00:24:28,320
AND PRETTY MUCH EVERYONE IS

539
00:24:28,320 --> 00:24:33,080
BEING HIT.

540
00:24:33,080 --> 00:24:38,200
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.

541
00:24:38,200 --> 00:24:40,360
IN CONTINUATION OF MY LETTER, I

542
00:24:40,360 --> 00:24:43,920
REPORT THE DEATHS HAVE BEEN 118,

543
00:24:43,920 --> 00:24:45,160
176 AND 241.

544
00:24:45,160 --> 00:24:46,560
THE LAST FIGURE REPRESENTS THE

545
00:24:46,560 --> 00:24:49,520
ANNUAL DEATH RATE OF 950 TO

546
00:24:49,520 --> 00:24:52,600
1,000 AND I THINK THAT THIS IS,

547
00:24:52,600 --> 00:24:55,240
THESE WERE STAGGERING NUMBERS WE

548
00:24:55,240 --> 00:24:59,520
ENCOUNTERED THEM IN THE ARCHIVE

549
00:24:59,520 --> 00:25:04,360
AND, SUDDENLY, THEY MADE SENSE

550
00:25:04,360 --> 00:25:07,680
WHEN COVID HIT AND THAT IS

551
00:25:07,680 --> 00:25:12,840
SOMETHING WHICH REALLY BRINGS TO

552
00:25:12,840 --> 00:25:15,120
THE FOR WHAT THE SENSE OF

553
00:25:15,120 --> 00:25:18,280
STAGGERING LOSS WAS A LOT THAT

554
00:25:18,280 --> 00:25:23,840
POINT IN TIME.

555
00:25:23,840 --> 00:25:28,800
NOW DAVID ARNOLD WRITES IN 1896

556
00:25:28,800 --> 00:25:30,800
AND 1897, INDIA WAS STRUCK BY

557
00:25:30,800 --> 00:25:34,040
THE BUBONIC PLAGUE THAT WAS IN

558
00:25:34,040 --> 00:25:37,080
CHINA AND HONG KONG IN 1894 AND

559
00:25:37,080 --> 00:25:39,040
RESULTED IN 10 TO 15 MILLION

560
00:25:39,040 --> 00:25:40,800
DEATHS WORLDWIDE.

561
00:25:40,800 --> 00:25:42,240
12 MILLION IN INDIA ALONE.

562
00:25:42,240 --> 00:25:44,400
EVEN BEFORE INDIA FULLY

563
00:25:44,400 --> 00:25:45,400
RECOVERED, IT WAS HIT BY A

564
00:25:45,400 --> 00:25:46,960
SECOND AND STILL MORE

565
00:25:46,960 --> 00:25:50,760
DESTRUCTIVE DISEASE.

566
00:25:50,760 --> 00:25:53,040
THE INFLUENZA OUTBREAK OF 1819

567
00:25:53,040 --> 00:25:55,520
IS THE GREATEST PANDEMIC IN

568
00:25:55,520 --> 00:25:58,080
WORLD HISTORY AND LEAVING ITS

569
00:25:58,080 --> 00:25:58,920
WAKE 30 MILLION DEAD.

570
00:25:58,920 --> 00:26:01,080
ACCORDING TO OFFICIAL

571
00:26:01,080 --> 00:26:02,840
STATISTICS, INFLUENZA RESULTED

572
00:26:02,840 --> 00:26:05,960
IN 12.5 MILLION DEATHS IN INDIA

573
00:26:05,960 --> 00:26:08,600
FIGURE UPWARDS TO 18 OR

574
00:26:08,600 --> 00:26:09,200
20 MILLION.

575
00:26:09,200 --> 00:26:12,320
NOW, THESE NUMBERS ARE WIDELY

576
00:26:12,320 --> 00:26:13,440
DIS CREPE ANT AND THERE ARE THE

577
00:26:13,440 --> 00:26:15,960
FIGURES THAT SUGGEST THAT 50 TO

578
00:26:15,960 --> 00:26:26,400
100 MILLION PEOPLE DIED

579
00:26:26,720 --> 00:26:31,080
WORLDWIDE.

580
00:26:31,080 --> 00:26:33,560
JUST IN INDIA ALONE, THE NUMBER

581
00:26:33,560 --> 00:26:35,280
OF MORTALITIES WERE GREATER THAN

582
00:26:35,280 --> 00:26:42,040
ALL LOSSES DUE TO THE SUSTAINED

583
00:26:42,040 --> 00:26:43,320
HUGE BATTLE IN THE FIRST WORLD

584
00:26:43,320 --> 00:26:46,160
WAR AND THAT IS VERY TELLING.

585
00:26:46,160 --> 00:26:51,040
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.

586
00:26:51,040 --> 00:26:55,400
AND YET, THIS IS KEY, WHERE

587
00:26:55,400 --> 00:26:56,440
PLAGUE PROVOKED FULL SCALE

588
00:26:56,440 --> 00:26:59,080
PANIC, CAUSED RIOTS AND CITED

589
00:26:59,080 --> 00:27:01,120
REPRESSION AND THE GREATER

590
00:27:01,120 --> 00:27:03,280
CONCENTRATED MORTALITY OF

591
00:27:03,280 --> 00:27:05,800
INFLUENZA EPIDEMIC GAVE RISE TO

592
00:27:05,800 --> 00:27:08,160
PASS WITHOUT ANY MAJOR PANIC OR

593
00:27:08,160 --> 00:27:09,720
UPHEAVAL SO WHY IN TERMS OF

594
00:27:09,720 --> 00:27:12,320
PANIC REACTIONS, WAS THE

595
00:27:12,320 --> 00:27:19,000
INFLUENZA EPIDEMIC TO PARAPHRASE

596
00:27:19,000 --> 00:27:29,560
HASHERLOCK HOLMES, THE DOG THAT

597
00:27:29,560 --> 00:27:31,440
DIDN'T BARK?

598
00:27:31,440 --> 00:27:37,480
IN POONA, ON THE THOROUGH FAIR,

599
00:27:37,480 --> 00:27:41,000
THE CITY THERE IS THE MEMORIAL

600
00:27:41,000 --> 00:27:46,040
AND FOR THREE BROTHERS, AND THEY

601
00:27:46,040 --> 00:27:49,480
ARE TREATED AS NATIONAL HEROES

602
00:27:49,480 --> 00:27:52,560
IN POONA IN MANY WAYS AND THE

603
00:27:52,560 --> 00:27:56,280
REASON THAT THEY EVER RATED IS

604
00:27:56,280 --> 00:27:57,160
BECAUSE THEY WERE RESPONSIBLE

605
00:27:57,160 --> 00:28:02,000
FOR THE ASSASSINATION OF THE

606
00:28:02,000 --> 00:28:03,680
THEN PLOWING COMMISSIONER WALTER

607
00:28:03,680 --> 00:28:12,160
RAND AND HE WAS PARTICULARLY

608
00:28:12,160 --> 00:28:13,720
ZEALOUS IN HIS DUTIES AND THE

609
00:28:13,720 --> 00:28:15,280
BROTHERS DECIDED TO TAKE INTO

610
00:28:15,280 --> 00:28:19,640
THEIR OWN HANDS TO READ THIS

611
00:28:19,640 --> 00:28:22,280
BLIGHT IN TERMS OF THIS PERSON

612
00:28:22,280 --> 00:28:24,760
BECAUSE THEY WERE QUARANTINES

613
00:28:24,760 --> 00:28:26,560
BEING' FACT WAITED, PEOPLE BEING

614
00:28:26,560 --> 00:28:30,600
TAKEN OUT OF THEIR HOMES, NOT

615
00:28:30,600 --> 00:28:35,800
HEARD OF FOR A WHILE AND RUMOR

616
00:28:35,800 --> 00:28:36,840
WAS RIFE.

617
00:28:36,840 --> 00:28:41,840
IN THE NEXT SLIDE, THESE ARE TWO

618
00:28:41,840 --> 00:28:43,760
PAGES FROM QUARANTINE PAPERS AND

619
00:28:43,760 --> 00:28:47,440
IF YOU LOOK AT THE BOTTOM

620
00:28:47,440 --> 00:28:48,600
PARAGRAPH ON THE LEFT, YOU WILL

621
00:28:48,600 --> 00:28:51,480
SEE FOR GOD SAKE, DID YOU KNOW

622
00:28:51,480 --> 00:28:54,640
ANY HISTORY AND MURDERED THE

623
00:28:54,640 --> 00:28:56,120
BRITISH PLOWING COMMISSION RAND,

624
00:28:56,120 --> 00:28:57,640
RAND'S EXTREMISM WAS AN EXCUSE

625
00:28:57,640 --> 00:28:59,600
FOR A LARGER POLITICAL AGENDA OF

626
00:28:59,600 --> 00:29:04,440
COURSE SO IT GOES ON.

627
00:29:04,440 --> 00:29:07,360
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.

628
00:29:07,360 --> 00:29:11,560
THE QUARANTINE PAPERS ARE

629
00:29:11,560 --> 00:29:13,640
WRITTEN BY RUTNER WHICH THE

630
00:29:13,640 --> 00:29:17,080
AMALGAMATION OF TWO NAMES.

631
00:29:17,080 --> 00:29:19,880
BOTH DOCTORS WHO HAVE SPENT A

632
00:29:19,880 --> 00:29:23,720
GREAT DEAL OF TIME IN THE

633
00:29:23,720 --> 00:29:26,480
ARCHIVES AND USED A NUMBER OF

634
00:29:26,480 --> 00:29:29,320
DOCUMENTS DIRECTLY IN TRYING TO

635
00:29:29,320 --> 00:29:31,440
UNCOVER THE STORY OF PLAGUE IN

636
00:29:31,440 --> 00:29:38,320
THEIR HOME CITY OF BOMBAY.

637
00:29:38,320 --> 00:29:42,000
AND OVER HERE YOU HAVE A

638
00:29:42,000 --> 00:29:43,680
MEMORANDUM TAKEN DIRECTLY FROM

639
00:29:43,680 --> 00:29:44,640
THE QUARANTINE MEASURES ARE

640
00:29:44,640 --> 00:29:45,680
BEING DISCUSSED AND THIS IS

641
00:29:45,680 --> 00:29:47,120
SIGNED BY A NUMBER OF PEOPLE

642
00:29:47,120 --> 00:29:50,520
BOTH BRITISH AND INDIAN BECAUSE

643
00:29:50,520 --> 00:29:52,080
LITTLE CHOICE WAS SEEN IN THE

644
00:29:52,080 --> 00:29:58,200
MATTER IN TERMS OF TERMS OF

645
00:29:58,200 --> 00:29:59,880
TRYING TO RID THE CITY OF THIS

646
00:29:59,880 --> 00:30:02,760
FLAG THAT HAD HIT IS ONE OF THE

647
00:30:02,760 --> 00:30:06,000
KEY ELEMENTS OF THAT RESPONSE AT

648
00:30:06,000 --> 00:30:11,840
THIS TIME WAS THAT MANY FLED THE

649
00:30:11,840 --> 00:30:13,120
CITY, A SITUATION IS THAT

650
00:30:13,120 --> 00:30:22,680
REPEATED ITSELF WITH MIGRANT

651
00:30:22,680 --> 00:30:27,480
WORKERS JUST TRYING TO GET HOME.

652
00:30:27,480 --> 00:30:29,240
NEXT SLIDE.

653
00:30:29,240 --> 00:30:30,680
THIS IS FROM THE NATIONAL

654
00:30:30,680 --> 00:30:32,800
LIBRARY OF MEDICINE'S HOLDING

655
00:30:32,800 --> 00:30:34,680
AND YOU HAVE THE PICTURE OF

656
00:30:34,680 --> 00:30:36,000
VICTIMS BEING CARRIED THROUGH

657
00:30:36,000 --> 00:30:39,480
THIS STREETS OF BOMBAY AND THIS

658
00:30:39,480 --> 00:30:43,280
WAS A SADLY FAMILIAR SIGHT IN

659
00:30:43,280 --> 00:30:45,840
MANY WAYS.

660
00:30:45,840 --> 00:30:52,720
THIS ONE IS UNDATED, BUT TELLS

661
00:30:52,720 --> 00:30:58,120
THE STORY.

662
00:30:58,120 --> 00:31:00,560
ONE OF THE MAJOR FIGURES DEALING

663
00:31:00,560 --> 00:31:02,920
WITH THE FLAG WAS A UKRAINIAN

664
00:31:02,920 --> 00:31:06,000
BACK TERROLOGIST, JEWISH WHO HAD

665
00:31:06,000 --> 00:31:08,560
COME TO INDIA AND HELPED VERY

666
00:31:08,560 --> 00:31:10,200
MUCH WITH THE CHOLERA OUTBREAK

667
00:31:10,200 --> 00:31:12,480
AND THE CHOLERA OUTBREAK IN

668
00:31:12,480 --> 00:31:16,400
CALCUTTA AND SO WAS INVI INVITEO

669
00:31:16,400 --> 00:31:20,080
COME TO BOMBAY WHERE HE RENTED

670
00:31:20,080 --> 00:31:21,800
HUMAN SERVICE IN THIS PARTICULAR

671
00:31:21,800 --> 00:31:26,400
RECORD AND THE NEXT SLIDE,

672
00:31:26,400 --> 00:31:27,960
PLEASE, SHOWED ANOTHER BOOK

673
00:31:27,960 --> 00:31:32,640
WHICH TELLS THE STORY OF CALLED

674
00:31:32,640 --> 00:31:35,480
BUT WHERE MATCH THIS WORK WAS

675
00:31:35,480 --> 00:31:37,000
DONE FIRST IN THE GRANT MEDICAL

676
00:31:37,000 --> 00:31:40,400
COLLEGE WHICH YOU SEE ON THE TOP

677
00:31:40,400 --> 00:31:44,080
AND LATER WHAT WOULD BE NEAR THE

678
00:31:44,080 --> 00:31:45,520
GOVERNOR'S HOUSE AND NOW IT'S

679
00:31:45,520 --> 00:31:47,720
KNOWN AS A HOPKINS INSTITUTE.

680
00:31:47,720 --> 00:31:52,200
THE MAP BELOW SHOWS THE PART OF

681
00:31:52,200 --> 00:31:59,240
BOMBAY THAT WAS HIT THE CENTER

682
00:31:59,240 --> 00:32:02,800
TO WHAT IS CALLED COLABA ISLAND

683
00:32:02,800 --> 00:32:04,000
WHICH IS WHERE CLOSE TO WHERE

684
00:32:04,000 --> 00:32:07,080
YOU WOULD HAVE SHIPS COMING INTO

685
00:32:07,080 --> 00:32:08,920
THE HARBOR AND WHERE OUTBREAKS

686
00:32:08,920 --> 00:32:09,360
WOULD OCCUR.

687
00:32:09,360 --> 00:32:13,120
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.

688
00:32:13,120 --> 00:32:23,600
WE HAVE IN IN SLIDE, AND THEY

689
00:32:24,280 --> 00:32:28,000
DISCOVERED THE POSITIVE ORGANISM

690
00:32:28,000 --> 00:32:31,360
FOR THE PLAGUE AND THEY GOT

691
00:32:31,360 --> 00:32:32,640
THEIR FIRST ARE THE ACTUAL

692
00:32:32,640 --> 00:32:38,040
DISCOVERY IS LARGELY CREDITED TO

693
00:32:38,040 --> 00:32:39,920
AND AWE ORGANISMS WHICH MAY NOT

694
00:32:39,920 --> 00:32:45,080
HAVE BEEN THE BEST LIE IS

695
00:32:45,080 --> 00:32:46,480
HISTORY IS BORN OUT IN THE FACT

696
00:32:46,480 --> 00:32:51,680
OF WHAT WAS CALLED IS NOW CALLED

697
00:32:51,680 --> 00:32:56,560
GENTLEMAN SINNIA NOW THE TIMING

698
00:32:56,560 --> 00:32:58,600
OF EVENTS WAS HE CAME IN AND I

699
00:32:58,600 --> 00:33:00,320
MENTIONED EARLIER AND THE PLAY

700
00:33:00,320 --> 00:33:03,760
BROKE OUT IN HONG KONG IN 1894

701
00:33:03,760 --> 00:33:05,520
IT MIGHT REACH INDIA AND HALF

702
00:33:05,520 --> 00:33:10,040
CAME WITH ENLISTED FOR HELP IN

703
00:33:10,040 --> 00:33:19,520
THE PLAYING IN HIS COUNTERACT

704
00:33:19,520 --> 00:33:22,200
CAME TO BOMBAY BUT IT DIDN'T

705
00:33:22,200 --> 00:33:27,120
WORK AND HE HE LEFT AND THERE

706
00:33:27,120 --> 00:33:29,200
WAS A EMERGENCY MEETING IN VEN

707
00:33:29,200 --> 00:33:31,960
US AND IT WENT FROM INDIA WHICH

708
00:33:31,960 --> 00:33:40,280
HAD HUGE ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS

709
00:33:40,280 --> 00:33:45,360
IT WAS AND AN ACT THAT WAS IN

710
00:33:45,360 --> 00:33:50,200
DEED INVOKED FOR FOR THE

711
00:33:50,200 --> 00:33:51,400
COVID-19 OUTBREAK WELL SOME SO

712
00:33:51,400 --> 00:33:57,680
LAWS HAVE LONG SHADOWS EX AND

713
00:33:57,680 --> 00:34:00,480
THE FEATURES OF THE ACADEMIC

714
00:34:00,480 --> 00:34:02,520
DISEASE ACT TO CONFISCATION AND

715
00:34:02,520 --> 00:34:03,800
DESTROY ANY PROPERTY AND THE

716
00:34:03,800 --> 00:34:04,800
HOSPITALIZATION AND SEGREGATION

717
00:34:04,800 --> 00:34:08,000
OF SUSPECTED PLAGUE VICTIMS

718
00:34:08,000 --> 00:34:09,840
ALLOW RAPID DISPOSE OF THE DEAD

719
00:34:09,840 --> 00:34:11,440
AND INFECTION OF TRAVEL LETTERS

720
00:34:11,440 --> 00:34:13,840
BY ROAD, RAIN AND SEA WITH

721
00:34:13,840 --> 00:34:15,040
DETENTION AND RAND REALLY

722
00:34:15,040 --> 00:34:16,640
PROSECUTED THE LAST ONE GREATLY

723
00:34:16,640 --> 00:34:21,160
AND THAT IS WHAT LARGELY

724
00:34:21,160 --> 00:34:23,520
CONTRIBUTED TO HIS DEMISE EARLY.

725
00:34:23,520 --> 00:34:33,760
AND NEXT SLIDE PLEASE.

726
00:34:33,760 --> 00:34:37,360
NOW, ONE TOPPED OUT BECAUSE OF

727
00:34:37,360 --> 00:34:38,640
WHERE WAS WALK HAPPENING IN HONG

728
00:34:38,640 --> 00:34:40,800
KONG AND FEARS IT WAS THERE,

729
00:34:40,800 --> 00:34:42,200
THEY TRIED TO COME DOWN WITH THE

730
00:34:42,200 --> 00:34:43,400
HEAVY HAND.

731
00:34:43,400 --> 00:34:45,040
THEY DON'T REALLY CONSULT TOO

732
00:34:45,040 --> 00:34:46,840
MUCH WITH THE INDIAN ELITE OR

733
00:34:46,840 --> 00:34:54,160
THE MIDDLE-CLASSES AND WHICH THE

734
00:34:54,160 --> 00:34:56,400
BROTHERS IN MIDDLE-CLASS AND OF

735
00:34:56,400 --> 00:34:58,920
COURSE, THE POOR HAD NO ONE TO

736
00:34:58,920 --> 00:35:01,000
RETURN AND SO THEY WERE FLEEING.

737
00:35:01,000 --> 00:35:07,640
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.

738
00:35:07,640 --> 00:35:09,560
AND SO THE QUESTION IS SINCE

739
00:35:09,560 --> 00:35:13,440
THAT HAPPENED IN 1897 AND 1898.

740
00:35:13,440 --> 00:35:18,520
WHEN YOU HAVE SOMETHING THAT WAS

741
00:35:18,520 --> 00:35:19,840
ARGUABLY EVEN MORE EXACTING IN

742
00:35:19,840 --> 00:35:26,160
TERMS OF THE TOLL, WHY DID THE

743
00:35:26,160 --> 00:35:27,680
DOG BARK?

744
00:35:27,680 --> 00:35:29,800
AND THE ANSWERS ARE SEVERAL.

745
00:35:29,800 --> 00:35:31,560
ONE WAS THE STATE HAVING LEARNED

746
00:35:31,560 --> 00:35:35,320
ITS LESSON AND INTO THE CLASS

747
00:35:35,320 --> 00:35:36,480
AND THE APATHY ON THE PART OF

748
00:35:36,480 --> 00:35:38,600
THE PUBLIC TO THE STATE AND A

749
00:35:38,600 --> 00:35:41,040
NUMBER OF COMMUNITIES GOT

750
00:35:41,040 --> 00:35:42,440
TOGETHER AND HELPED THEMSELVES

751
00:35:42,440 --> 00:35:52,960
AND SOME OF THIS POOR TIMING.

752
00:35:54,920 --> 00:35:57,280
THE FIRST WORLD WAR JUST

753
00:35:57,280 --> 00:36:02,280
HAPPENED AND THE DISEASE HIT

754
00:36:02,280 --> 00:36:07,480
RAPIDLY AND IT WAS DON UNLIKE

755
00:36:07,480 --> 00:36:12,560
THE PLAGUED WHICH ALLOWED FOR

756
00:36:12,560 --> 00:36:16,920
PEOPLE TO BE APPREHENDED AND

757
00:36:16,920 --> 00:36:27,440
KEPT WAY THE FIRST OF MAJOR SET

758
00:36:33,840 --> 00:36:43,320
OF AND AND IT APPEARED FROM THE

759
00:36:43,320 --> 00:36:45,920
SO THIS WAS THE STORY THAT THE

760
00:36:45,920 --> 00:36:48,960
FACT THE STORY IS THAT THE WEST

761
00:36:48,960 --> 00:36:52,360
BROUGHT PROGRESS AND THE EAST

762
00:36:52,360 --> 00:36:54,000
RETURNED THE FAVOR BY GIVING THE

763
00:36:54,000 --> 00:36:57,680
WEST DISEASE AND THE FACT THAT

764
00:36:57,680 --> 00:37:00,160
THIS DID NOT PLOW BY THAT

765
00:37:00,160 --> 00:37:05,080
SCRIPT, WAS PERHAPS NOT

766
00:37:05,080 --> 00:37:07,080
PARTICULARLY EXCITING TO THOSE

767
00:37:07,080 --> 00:37:13,360
THAT WERE PROSECUTING THE

768
00:37:13,360 --> 00:37:13,800
SUBJECTS.

769
00:37:13,800 --> 00:37:19,560
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.

770
00:37:19,560 --> 00:37:22,960
ONE INTERESTING POINT THIS IS IS

771
00:37:22,960 --> 00:37:26,480
THE DISCUSSION ON THE BACK

772
00:37:26,480 --> 00:37:27,320
TERROLOGY OF INFLUENZA AND THIS

773
00:37:27,320 --> 00:37:30,200
IS A KEY POINT.

774
00:37:30,200 --> 00:37:33,760
THE PANDEMIC OF INFLUENZA DURING

775
00:37:33,760 --> 00:37:36,840
1918 BRING THE IMPORTS OF MICRO

776
00:37:36,840 --> 00:37:37,760
BIOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE BUT THERE'S

777
00:37:37,760 --> 00:37:40,080
REASON TO BELIEVE DEFEAT WITH

778
00:37:40,080 --> 00:37:40,880
PREVENT I HAVE MEDICINE WAS

779
00:37:40,880 --> 00:37:41,920
DOING PART WITH THE REGARD TO

780
00:37:41,920 --> 00:37:44,320
THE PRIMARY INFECTIVE AGENCY OF

781
00:37:44,320 --> 00:37:45,040
THIS DISEASE.

782
00:37:45,040 --> 00:37:47,720
NOW THE KEY THING HERE THEY'RE

783
00:37:47,720 --> 00:37:50,320
USING THE WORD BACK TERROLOGY

784
00:37:50,320 --> 00:37:52,120
BECAUSE THE NOTION OF THE VIRUS

785
00:37:52,120 --> 00:37:54,000
WHICH AS WE HAVE DID NOT EXIST.

786
00:37:54,000 --> 00:37:56,240
IT WAS A VIRUS WAYS AT WHICH THE

787
00:37:56,240 --> 00:38:06,560
IDEA WAS SMALLER THAN A BACTERIA

788
00:38:06,560 --> 00:38:17,080
BUT IN THIS CASE.

789
00:38:17,080 --> 00:38:19,440
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.

790
00:38:19,440 --> 00:38:21,480
MOVING NOW TO ANOTHER SET OF

791
00:38:21,480 --> 00:38:23,440
RESPONSES AND THIS IS WHAT I

792
00:38:23,440 --> 00:38:27,120
CALL RELIGION AND IT'S

793
00:38:27,120 --> 00:38:27,520
MANIFESTATIONS.

794
00:38:27,520 --> 00:38:29,040
IN TREATING THE GREAT INFLUENZA

795
00:38:29,040 --> 00:38:32,200
DID NOT HAVE THE KIND OF DEITIES

796
00:38:32,200 --> 00:38:33,760
THAT OTHER PANDEMIC INVOKED AND

797
00:38:33,760 --> 00:38:38,680
WE SAW IN OUR OPENING SLIDE,

798
00:38:38,680 --> 00:38:41,600
FROM THE WHO WAS SEEN AS A GOD

799
00:38:41,600 --> 00:38:47,520
GODESS OF SMALLPOX.

800
00:38:47,520 --> 00:38:48,520
INFLUENZA DID NOT HAVE THIS

801
00:38:48,520 --> 00:38:50,160
BECAUSE OF THE REACTION WE HAVE

802
00:38:50,160 --> 00:38:50,400
NOTED.

803
00:38:50,400 --> 00:38:53,720
LOCAL RESPONSE WAS YOU ROOTED IN

804
00:38:53,720 --> 00:38:55,600
RELIGION AND WORTH WHILE IN

805
00:38:55,600 --> 00:38:57,240
CONTEXT TO A FACT WAIT

806
00:38:57,240 --> 00:38:58,040
COMPARISON.

807
00:38:58,040 --> 00:38:59,920
TOPICAL ARTICLE IN THE

808
00:38:59,920 --> 00:39:01,560
PUBLICATION THE WIRE HERE IN

809
00:39:01,560 --> 00:39:03,120
INDIA, DISCUSSES DIA TEE

810
00:39:03,120 --> 00:39:06,400
ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASES, AS

811
00:39:06,400 --> 00:39:10,160
MEANT AT THE SAME TIME AND THIS

812
00:39:10,160 --> 00:39:13,320
WAS IN LATE 2020.

813
00:39:13,320 --> 00:39:17,760
AND THE PANDEMIC GODESS IN THE

814
00:39:17,760 --> 00:39:22,240
HAND OF THE WHERE RECENT

815
00:39:22,240 --> 00:39:25,960
ININNOVATION OF THE DRAWS UPON

816
00:39:25,960 --> 00:39:28,600
EARLY SIGNS OF VENNERRATION AND

817
00:39:28,600 --> 00:39:30,400
FALL FOR SMALL BOX AND OTHER

818
00:39:30,400 --> 00:39:32,320
PARTS OF NORTH INDIA AND WEST

819
00:39:32,320 --> 00:39:36,000
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.

820
00:39:36,000 --> 00:39:40,960
AND THIS IS FROM THE NLM AGAIN.

821
00:39:40,960 --> 00:39:44,520
WHO HAS HAD AN EASTERLY YEAR

822
00:39:44,520 --> 00:39:49,400
BELIEF, ODDLY ENOUGH, IN

823
00:39:49,400 --> 00:39:52,520
BUDDHIST CIRCLES RATHER THAN

824
00:39:52,520 --> 00:39:55,840
INDIA AND THAT IS THE LEFT AND

825
00:39:55,840 --> 00:39:59,680
STAY ON THIS SLIDE.

826
00:39:59,680 --> 00:40:02,520
IT'S CALLED MARIMAN AND

827
00:40:02,520 --> 00:40:04,800
ASSOCIATED WITH CHOLERA AND

828
00:40:04,800 --> 00:40:06,800
THERE ARE VARIANTS OF THE STORY,

829
00:40:06,800 --> 00:40:10,520
I MEAN, IT'S NOW LARGELY

830
00:40:10,520 --> 00:40:11,920
ASSOCIATED WITH SMALLPOX AND

831
00:40:11,920 --> 00:40:14,640
CHOLERA BUT WE MUST REMEMBER

832
00:40:14,640 --> 00:40:18,160
THAT HARITHA WAS ASSOCIATED WITH

833
00:40:18,160 --> 00:40:22,920
COAL CHOLERA.

834
00:40:22,920 --> 00:40:25,440
THIS IS A TEMPLE ON THE RIGHT.

835
00:40:25,440 --> 00:40:29,120
THERE'S A STORY WITH DEITIES

836
00:40:29,120 --> 00:40:30,320
FROM BOTH SMALLPOX AND CHOLERA

837
00:40:30,320 --> 00:40:32,600
AND IT'S A PART FROM SMALLPOX

838
00:40:32,600 --> 00:40:35,440
ALSO LINKED WITH CHICKEN POX AND

839
00:40:35,440 --> 00:40:37,680
THE PLAGUE AND IN MANY OF THOSE

840
00:40:37,680 --> 00:40:41,160
INSTANCES IT'S CALLED ARMAY IN

841
00:40:41,160 --> 00:40:43,200
PLACES LIKE PRESIDENT TIME IN

842
00:40:43,200 --> 00:40:44,800
THE STATE AND BY DEAD RATS WERE

843
00:40:44,800 --> 00:40:50,880
A SIGN THAT THE PLAGUE WAS

844
00:40:50,880 --> 00:40:51,160
IMMINENT.

845
00:40:51,160 --> 00:40:55,200
BOTH WITNESSES THE PLAGUE IN

846
00:40:55,200 --> 00:40:57,120
1916 TRACES THE JOURNEY THE

847
00:40:57,120 --> 00:41:01,920
PLAGUE FROM BOMBAY TO BANGALORE

848
00:41:01,920 --> 00:41:04,520
AND THEY FACE THE HARDSHIPS

849
00:41:04,520 --> 00:41:08,720
FACED BY THE VILLAGE AND

850
00:41:08,720 --> 00:41:09,000
HOUSEHOLDS.

851
00:41:09,000 --> 00:41:12,680
SO WE HAVE THIS, WE HAVE AN

852
00:41:12,680 --> 00:41:18,640
ACCOUNT BY A RARE WHO IS NOT IN

853
00:41:18,640 --> 00:41:20,400
DURING THE PLOWING OF 1940s.

854
00:41:20,400 --> 00:41:22,520
YOU CAN ACTUALLY SEE THIS T THE

855
00:41:22,520 --> 00:41:25,240
PLOWING DID NOT APPEAR IN

856
00:41:25,240 --> 00:41:30,320
EDAPPADI AND A FOR WARNING, THE

857
00:41:30,320 --> 00:41:30,800
RATS FALL DID HE DO.

858
00:41:30,800 --> 00:41:33,880
IT WAS THE MOST OMINOUS SIGHT I

859
00:41:33,880 --> 00:41:34,080
SEEN.

860
00:41:34,080 --> 00:41:35,280
A RAT FALLING FROM THE ROOF

861
00:41:35,280 --> 00:41:36,920
MEANT WE HAD TO LEAVE OUR HOUSES

862
00:41:36,920 --> 00:41:41,360
NOT KNOWING WHEN WE COULD

863
00:41:41,360 --> 00:41:41,600
RETURN.

864
00:41:41,600 --> 00:41:52,160
MORE RECENTLY, GIVEN THE SPREAD

865
00:41:52,880 --> 00:41:55,440
OF HIV/AIDS IT'S SPIRIT

866
00:41:55,440 --> 00:41:59,000
POSSESSION IT'S PROTECT.

867
00:41:59,000 --> 00:42:00,600
SMALLPOX APPEARS TO DOMINATE,

868
00:42:00,600 --> 00:42:02,440
HOWEVER, MUCH OF THE EARLY

869
00:42:02,440 --> 00:42:02,720
DISCOURSE.

870
00:42:02,720 --> 00:42:05,920
THE RELIGIOUS STUDIES SCHOLAR

871
00:42:05,920 --> 00:42:08,440
HAS DESCRIBED THROUGH HER

872
00:42:08,440 --> 00:42:09,880
COMPELLING PAPER SPROUTS OF THE

873
00:42:09,880 --> 00:42:14,600
BODY, SPROUTS THE FIELD, THE

874
00:42:14,600 --> 00:42:16,760
GODESS IN SOUTH INDIA WHEN A

875
00:42:16,760 --> 00:42:18,320
PERSON IS INFLICTED WITH POX

876
00:42:18,320 --> 00:42:20,760
IT'S BELIEVED THE GODDESS HAS

877
00:42:20,760 --> 00:42:25,200
ARRIVED IN THE PERSON.

878
00:42:25,200 --> 00:42:28,400
THE TERM MEANS PEARLS OF POXES

879
00:42:28,400 --> 00:42:31,320
AND AS WELL AS MOTHER OF

880
00:42:31,320 --> 00:42:31,560
GODDESS.

881
00:42:31,560 --> 00:42:33,520
WITHIN A REMARKABLE CORRELATION

882
00:42:33,520 --> 00:42:35,640
OF NARRATIVES FROM THE SOUTHERN

883
00:42:35,640 --> 00:42:39,960
STATE INDIAN STATE, A GARLAND OF

884
00:42:39,960 --> 00:42:41,280
LEGEND THAT BEGAN BEING

885
00:42:41,280 --> 00:42:43,360
PUBLISHED IN 1909 AND NEXT

886
00:42:43,360 --> 00:42:46,640
SLIDE, PLEASE.

887
00:42:46,640 --> 00:42:51,320
THE COMPILER WRITES THE LEGEND

888
00:42:51,320 --> 00:42:53,920
WHO IS A WOMAN RENNERED

889
00:42:53,920 --> 00:42:56,400
DESTROYED OF EYES, EARS, LIMBS

890
00:42:56,400 --> 00:42:59,000
AND WHO SMELLS HER WAY TO THOSE

891
00:42:59,000 --> 00:43:02,200
THAT INCUR THE WRATH OF HER

892
00:43:02,200 --> 00:43:03,240
PRESIDING GODDESS AND SO IT

893
00:43:03,240 --> 00:43:04,680
SHOULD CAUSE THEM TO MANIFEST

894
00:43:04,680 --> 00:43:07,360
THE DISEASE.

895
00:43:07,360 --> 00:43:09,960
AS TROLL GISTS HELD THE SMALLPOX

896
00:43:09,960 --> 00:43:15,440
AGENDA THROUGH THE DISPLEASURE

897
00:43:15,440 --> 00:43:19,840
OF GOD HE IS.

898
00:43:19,840 --> 00:43:24,160
AND THEY HAVE STUDIED RELIGIOUS

899
00:43:24,160 --> 00:43:25,760
RESPONSES TO AND DESCRIBED THE

900
00:43:25,760 --> 00:43:30,200
CULT AROUND THE FLUX GOD HE IS

901
00:43:30,200 --> 00:43:32,480
WORSHIPPED BY BOTH HINDU AND THE

902
00:43:32,480 --> 00:43:35,800
FORMER CAUSER ALL LIKE AND THE

903
00:43:35,800 --> 00:43:38,840
LATTER ROW FER TO HER AS OLABIBI

904
00:43:38,840 --> 00:43:42,840
AND THE UNIQUE FEATURE IS SHE'S

905
00:43:42,840 --> 00:43:43,080
MUSLIM.

906
00:43:43,080 --> 00:43:50,600
THEY WORSHIP HER AS A ABATAR

907
00:43:50,600 --> 00:43:53,320
DISSENT AND MORE RARELY THE CON

908
00:43:53,320 --> 00:43:54,280
SORT OF ALLAH.

909
00:43:54,280 --> 00:43:59,680
THIS MIGHT SOUND AS ANO AN OX OE

910
00:43:59,680 --> 00:44:01,480
MORTON AND SHE IS WOULD BE

911
00:44:01,480 --> 00:44:03,480
SHIPPED BY MUSLIMS AND IT'S

912
00:44:03,480 --> 00:44:05,840
UNPROBLEMATIC TO CALL HER BIBI

913
00:44:05,840 --> 00:44:08,920
AND ASK THROUGH PEW JAB IN AND

914
00:44:08,920 --> 00:44:11,800
IN CENTRAL INDIA THE DIA TEE WAS

915
00:44:11,800 --> 00:44:22,120
A RARELY AND DISEASE DOMINATINGE

916
00:44:22,120 --> 00:44:24,240
GODDES THROUGH THE KILLING AND

917
00:44:24,240 --> 00:44:25,600
CONSUMPTION OF CAUSE ASSOCIATED

918
00:44:25,600 --> 00:44:29,640
WITH A FORMER PRINCE.

919
00:44:29,640 --> 00:44:30,960
THEY HAVE BEEN WORSHIPPED FOR

920
00:44:30,960 --> 00:44:31,960
REASONS OTHER THAN DISEASE AND

921
00:44:31,960 --> 00:44:34,520
IT WAS AMPLIFIED THROUGH CHOLERA

922
00:44:34,520 --> 00:44:36,280
RESULTING IN POPULARITY

923
00:44:36,280 --> 00:44:38,400
CORRESPONDING INCREASE FROM

924
00:44:38,400 --> 00:44:38,680
CALCUTTA.

925
00:44:38,680 --> 00:44:41,360
WE HAVE BEEN REFLECTING ON SUCH

926
00:44:41,360 --> 00:44:41,680
AMPLIFICATION.

927
00:44:41,680 --> 00:44:43,840
AND FOUND USEFUL THE ANALOGY

928
00:44:43,840 --> 00:44:48,720
FROM BIOLOGY OF EX AKTATION OR

929
00:44:48,720 --> 00:44:52,160
PRE ADAPTATION OF THE ROLE OF A

930
00:44:52,160 --> 00:44:53,600
STRUCTURE SUBORDINATE TO ANOTHER

931
00:44:53,600 --> 00:44:57,360
THAT A DOMINANT, FEATHERS AIDING

932
00:44:57,360 --> 00:44:59,720
FLIGHT AND IT WAS INSULATION AND

933
00:44:59,720 --> 00:45:01,800
THE FLIGHT IS PRE CURSERS TO

934
00:45:01,800 --> 00:45:04,200
MAUD ARE NOT DAY BIRDS.

935
00:45:04,200 --> 00:45:06,240
WHATEVER THE MERITS IN EARLIER

936
00:45:06,240 --> 00:45:08,240
IMPLICATIONS THEY CLEARLY PALED

937
00:45:08,240 --> 00:45:10,840
IN ITS POPULARITY AGAINST THE

938
00:45:10,840 --> 00:45:16,640
BACKDROP OF LIGHT.

939
00:45:16,640 --> 00:45:20,640
AND IN THE CASES ABOVE MANY OF

940
00:45:20,640 --> 00:45:22,040
THESE DEITIES AND MOMENT AND

941
00:45:22,040 --> 00:45:25,360
EVEN SOME WERE EX ALL OF THED TO

942
00:45:25,360 --> 00:45:27,040
PANDEMIC PURPOSES DOING THIS AND

943
00:45:27,040 --> 00:45:31,440
THE IT WOULD VARY FROM THOSE WHO

944
00:45:31,440 --> 00:45:32,920
FOR THE LENS AND IT WOULD A

945
00:45:32,920 --> 00:45:35,120
CERTAIN SYMPATHY OF MAYBE FOUND

946
00:45:35,120 --> 00:45:37,360
THE ORIGINAL SENSE OF THE TERM

947
00:45:37,360 --> 00:45:39,480
OR' ANTALLISM AND THERE WAS A

948
00:45:39,480 --> 00:45:44,400
UNIT OF US OF THAT SYMPATHY AND

949
00:45:44,400 --> 00:45:47,200
A LATER ONE THAT SAW THE OTHER

950
00:45:47,200 --> 00:45:50,560
AS OTHER AND A SIGNIFICANT CASE

951
00:45:50,560 --> 00:45:52,960
IN POINT IS SUPER DECISIONS OF

952
00:45:52,960 --> 00:45:55,840
OR NOT INDIA OF THE MUSEUM FROM

953
00:45:55,840 --> 00:46:04,680
1885 TO 1908 AND WRITTEN IN

954
00:46:04,680 --> 00:46:07,480
1912, THROW YEARS AFTER HIS CAST

955
00:46:07,480 --> 00:46:11,200
AND DESCRIBES OF SOUTHERN INDIA

956
00:46:11,200 --> 00:46:12,720
AND THAT IS HIS PICTURE ON THE

957
00:46:12,720 --> 00:46:14,480
RIGHT AND IT'S SCIENTIFIC

958
00:46:14,480 --> 00:46:17,160
RACIALISM HE WOULD HAVE STUDIES

959
00:46:17,160 --> 00:46:20,240
AND WITH THE AID OF CAL PER AND

960
00:46:20,240 --> 00:46:22,400
STILL IN EVIDENCE THE MUSEUM AND

961
00:46:22,400 --> 00:46:26,680
THIS IS THE FISCAL ANTHROPOLOGY

962
00:46:26,680 --> 00:46:32,280
GALLERY ON THE FAR-LEFT AND IT'S

963
00:46:32,280 --> 00:46:35,000
VERY DUSTY CABINET YOU HAVE THE

964
00:46:35,000 --> 00:46:38,160
NO LEGEND AND SUPERINTENDENT AND

965
00:46:38,160 --> 00:46:42,880
THAT'S CLOSED UP ABOVE IT AND TO

966
00:46:42,880 --> 00:46:44,680
HELP IDENTIFY WHAT HE CALLED

967
00:46:44,680 --> 00:46:46,840
CRIMINAL COST FOLLOWING THE AND

968
00:46:46,840 --> 00:46:49,360
WHO HAD DONE HIS WORK ON THE

969
00:46:49,360 --> 00:46:52,000
SUBJECT IN FRANCE AND THE

970
00:46:52,000 --> 00:46:52,960
SUPERSTITIONS HAD TELLING

971
00:46:52,960 --> 00:46:57,680
CHAPTERS SUCH AS ANIMAL

972
00:46:57,680 --> 00:47:07,680
SUPERSTITION, THE EVIL EYE, IN

973
00:47:07,680 --> 00:47:09,960
TERMS AND AND AT A PERFORMED AND

974
00:47:09,960 --> 00:47:14,720
WHEN EPIDEMIC AN IMAGE JOIN IN

975
00:47:14,720 --> 00:47:17,960
THE JOINED WITH FIVE COLORS AND

976
00:47:17,960 --> 00:47:19,560
WHAT, BLACK, GREN AND RED AT

977
00:47:19,560 --> 00:47:21,240
NIGHT SONGS ARE SUNG IN PRAISE

978
00:47:21,240 --> 00:47:23,560
OF THAT DIA TEE BY SOMEONE WHO

979
00:47:23,560 --> 00:47:25,680
BELONGS TO WHAT IS KNOWN AS THE

980
00:47:25,680 --> 00:47:27,120
OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES NOW AND'S

981
00:47:27,120 --> 00:47:28,000
IS FOLLOWERS.

982
00:47:28,000 --> 00:47:29,760
A MEMBER OF THE TROOP THAT

983
00:47:29,760 --> 00:47:32,160
REPLAYS THE PART AND THE ACT OF

984
00:47:32,160 --> 00:47:35,080
MURDERING THE DEMON AND IN

985
00:47:35,080 --> 00:47:38,280
CONCLUSION WAVES THE TORCH TO

986
00:47:38,280 --> 00:47:39,240
WARD OFF THE EVIL EYE WITH THE

987
00:47:39,240 --> 00:47:42,200
MOST IMPORTANT ITEM OF THE WHOLE

988
00:47:42,200 --> 00:47:44,920
CEREMONY THE TORTURE IS GIVEN BY

989
00:47:44,920 --> 00:47:50,760
WORSHIP BEFORE THE LIGHT IS

990
00:47:50,760 --> 00:47:51,640
WAVED.

991
00:47:51,640 --> 00:47:52,440
SO THIS IS IT.

992
00:47:52,440 --> 00:47:56,080
THAT IS WHAT I'VE JUST HEARD AND

993
00:47:56,080 --> 00:47:58,800
THIS IS OMEN POSITIONS BY EDGAR

994
00:47:58,800 --> 00:48:08,240
THUREDGAR -- ALSO THROUGH PUBMED

995
00:48:08,240 --> 00:48:10,480
ON THE NATIONAL LIBRARY PAGE AND

996
00:48:10,480 --> 00:48:12,360
WHICH WE'RE VERY GRATEFUL.

997
00:48:12,360 --> 00:48:14,480
NOW, THESE POINTS OF CRITICISM

998
00:48:14,480 --> 00:48:16,040
INCLUDE SURPRISINGLY, MANY

999
00:48:16,040 --> 00:48:16,800
INDIANS THEMSELVES.

1000
00:48:16,800 --> 00:48:21,080
THE OBSERVATIONS OF ARE A CASE

1001
00:48:21,080 --> 00:48:31,560
IN POINT NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.

1002
00:49:13,760 --> 00:49:16,720
>>I WOULD LIKE TO END
TODAY'S

1003
00:49:16,720 --> 00:49:19,920
TALK WITH A PERSONAL REFLECTION.

1004
00:49:19,920 --> 00:49:22,160
AS WE TRY TO HAVE THE ISSUE OF

1005
00:49:22,160 --> 00:49:24,280
SUPERSTITION ASK CULTURE INTO

1006
00:49:24,280 --> 00:49:25,440
PERSPECTIVE WHEN WE SPEAK ABOUT

1007
00:49:25,440 --> 00:49:28,840
DISEASE AND IN MANY WAYS THE

1008
00:49:28,840 --> 00:49:30,000
UNWARD CITY TO DEATH AS THE

1009
00:49:30,000 --> 00:49:33,480
THIRD CENTURY B.C. GREEK

1010
00:49:33,480 --> 00:49:34,560
PHILOSOPHY SO ELOQUENTLY

1011
00:49:34,560 --> 00:49:40,680
REFERRED TO IT, AS QUOTED IN THE

1012
00:49:40,680 --> 00:49:43,840
MASTERFUL 19th OR 2017 EFFORT

1013
00:49:43,840 --> 00:49:46,520
PALE RIDER, THE SPANISH FLU OF

1014
00:49:46,520 --> 00:49:50,640
1918 AND HOW IT CHANGE THE

1015
00:49:50,640 --> 00:49:50,840
WORLD.

1016
00:49:50,840 --> 00:49:55,760
I WAS IN A CHINESE RESTAURANT

1017
00:49:55,760 --> 00:49:57,680
ACROSS HAMPTON BOULEVARD IN

1018
00:49:57,680 --> 00:49:57,960
VIRGINIA.

1019
00:49:57,960 --> 00:50:00,320
WHERE I WAS READING FOR A

1020
00:50:00,320 --> 00:50:01,920
DOCTORATE IN ECOLOGICAL

1021
00:50:01,920 --> 00:50:02,200
SCIENCES.

1022
00:50:02,200 --> 00:50:04,640
THERE WAS ONLY ONE OTHER

1023
00:50:04,640 --> 00:50:06,160
CUSTOMER ANGLO-SAXON AS WE USED

1024
00:50:06,160 --> 00:50:08,960
TO SAY ABOUT ANYONE WHO WAS

1025
00:50:08,960 --> 00:50:10,480
WHITE IN THOSE DAYS WHO CITE

1026
00:50:10,480 --> 00:50:12,120
MEDICINE AND I RESPONDED IN

1027
00:50:12,120 --> 00:50:12,480
KIND.

1028
00:50:12,480 --> 00:50:16,160
WE GOT TO TALKING.

1029
00:50:16,160 --> 00:50:17,080
I STILL LEARNED THAT HE WAS A

1030
00:50:17,080 --> 00:50:23,640
CHRISTIAN AND HE ASKED ME FROM

1031
00:50:23,640 --> 00:50:25,520
WHERE I HAILED AND HE GAVE ME A

1032
00:50:25,520 --> 00:50:27,680
LOOK AND SAID THAT'S WHERE THEY

1033
00:50:27,680 --> 00:50:30,040
WORSHIP RATS, RIGHT.

1034
00:50:30,040 --> 00:50:31,480
WHEN I MUR HERD SOMETHING

1035
00:50:31,480 --> 00:50:32,520
DEFENSIVELY I WAS SMARTING AT

1036
00:50:32,520 --> 00:50:43,040
THE SLIGHT TOWARDS MY NATION.

1037
00:50:45,080 --> 00:50:46,800
AND I REALIZED THAT IF I COULD

1038
00:50:46,800 --> 00:50:47,840
HAVE REPLIED, OH YOU ARE FROM

1039
00:50:47,840 --> 00:50:49,040
THE UNITED STATES, THAT'S WHERE

1040
00:50:49,040 --> 00:50:52,840
THEY TAKE A VENOMOUS STAKES SAID

1041
00:50:52,840 --> 00:50:54,040
THE GRIPPING SALVATION SAND

1042
00:50:54,040 --> 00:50:54,800
MOUNTAIN DESCRIBES.

1043
00:50:54,800 --> 00:50:56,880
AND I WOULD HAVE QUOTED, BOOK

1044
00:50:56,880 --> 00:50:58,240
CHAPTER AND VERSE WITH THAT

1045
00:50:58,240 --> 00:50:59,680
CURIOUS COMMAND AND IN THIS CASE

1046
00:50:59,680 --> 00:51:02,760
THE GOSPEL OF MARK, CHAPTER 16

1047
00:51:02,760 --> 00:51:04,240
IN VERSE 18.

1048
00:51:04,240 --> 00:51:07,040
AND THE TRUTH IS, BOTH OF US

1049
00:51:07,040 --> 00:51:09,040
WOULD HAVE BEEN RIGHT.

1050
00:51:09,040 --> 00:51:16,520
THERE IS A RAT TEMPLE, THE

1051
00:51:16,520 --> 00:51:20,320
RAJASTAN AND THEY TAKE UP SNAKES

1052
00:51:20,320 --> 00:51:21,720
AND INCLUDE NORTH PARTS OF

1053
00:51:21,720 --> 00:51:23,640
GEORGIA AND TENNESSEE.

1054
00:51:23,640 --> 00:51:25,200
BUT TRYING TO SCORE POINTS IN

1055
00:51:25,200 --> 00:51:28,040
THIS MAN SER A MATTER OF LOW

1056
00:51:28,040 --> 00:51:29,840
HANGING FRUIT AND IN MANY WAYS

1057
00:51:29,840 --> 00:51:32,680
UNBECOMING OF SERIOUS EXCHANGE.

1058
00:51:32,680 --> 00:51:35,200
THERE IS A BASIS TO THESE

1059
00:51:35,200 --> 00:51:37,480
ACCOUNTS AND THEY ARE PART OF

1060
00:51:37,480 --> 00:51:39,800
EACH NATION'S HERITAGE AND THEY

1061
00:51:39,800 --> 00:51:44,360
CANNOT STAND AS A FOR THE WHOLE

1062
00:51:44,360 --> 00:51:47,160
AND AS WE WRESTLE WITH RASH

1063
00:51:47,160 --> 00:51:49,440
OBJECT ONALITY AND IDEOLOGY AND

1064
00:51:49,440 --> 00:51:52,800
MAGIC AND SCIENCE AND

1065
00:51:52,800 --> 00:51:55,200
NATIONALISM AND DEVOTION AND

1066
00:51:55,200 --> 00:51:56,240
ALWAYS HISTORY.

1067
00:51:56,240 --> 00:51:58,760
WE CAN DO WORSE THAN CALL TO

1068
00:51:58,760 --> 00:52:01,800
MIND THE IN SIGHT OF THE

1069
00:52:01,800 --> 00:52:05,800
NIGERIAN AND NOW AMERICAN

1070
00:52:05,800 --> 00:52:06,040
AUTHOR.

1071
00:52:06,040 --> 00:52:10,400
WERE IN A CELEBRATED TED TALK IN

1072
00:52:10,400 --> 00:52:11,960
2009 SHE SPOKE ABOUT THE DANGER

1073
00:52:11,960 --> 00:52:14,160
OF A SINGLE STORY.

1074
00:52:14,160 --> 00:52:17,720
AS WE REFLECT UPON CULTURAL

1075
00:52:17,720 --> 00:52:28,240
PRACTICE, MAY WE REMEMBER THAT.

1076
00:52:31,840 --> 00:52:33,960
>>Dr. MATHEW, THANK YOU
VERY

1077
00:52:33,960 --> 00:52:35,440
MUCH FOR THAT WONDERFUL AND

1078
00:52:35,440 --> 00:52:38,800
THOUGHT PROVOKING PRESENTATION.

1079
00:52:38,800 --> 00:52:40,080
REALLY APPRECIATE YOU TAKING THE

1080
00:52:40,080 --> 00:52:43,240
TIME, YOU AND YOUR RESEARCH TEAM

1081
00:52:43,240 --> 00:52:49,960
TO COMPOSE IT SO ELOQUENTLY AND

1082
00:52:49,960 --> 00:52:50,760
VISUALLY SO THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

1083
00:52:50,760 --> 00:52:52,760
WE HAVE A FEW QUESTIONS THAT

1084
00:52:52,760 --> 00:52:56,680
HAVE COME IN AND I'D LIKE TO

1085
00:52:56,680 --> 00:52:58,360
BEGIN -- THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR

1086
00:52:58,360 --> 00:52:59,920
YOUR TALK THIS INDIVIDUAL

1087
00:52:59,920 --> 00:53:02,200
WRITES, AND THANK YOU FOR MAKING

1088
00:53:02,200 --> 00:53:04,240
CLEAR THE SHEAR HUMAN IMPACT OF

1089
00:53:04,240 --> 00:53:06,720
EPIDEMIC DISEASE IN INDIA.

1090
00:53:06,720 --> 00:53:08,520
THIS PERSON ASKS, WHERE ARE

1091
00:53:08,520 --> 00:53:10,600
THERE SILENCES IN THE ARCHIVES

1092
00:53:10,600 --> 00:53:12,560
YOU HAVE CONSULTED TO PAINT THE

1093
00:53:12,560 --> 00:53:14,080
PICTURE THAT YOU HAVE DONE SO

1094
00:53:14,080 --> 00:53:15,480
VERY WELL?

1095
00:53:15,480 --> 00:53:18,320
IS THE HISTORY OF SOME REGIONS

1096
00:53:18,320 --> 00:53:19,960
BETTER PRESERVED AND OR

1097
00:53:19,960 --> 00:53:23,480
ACCESSIBLE THAN THE HISTORY OF

1098
00:53:23,480 --> 00:53:24,200
OTHERS?

1099
00:53:24,200 --> 00:53:29,440
>>IT'S A VERY GOOD
QUESTION AND

1100
00:53:29,440 --> 00:53:34,600
I CAN IMMEDIATELY SAY THE

1101
00:53:34,600 --> 00:53:35,800
ARCHIVES IN MOUNT RUSSIA WHICH I

1102
00:53:35,800 --> 00:53:46,360
HAVE CONSULTED, ARE GOOD AND THE

1103
00:53:46,360 --> 00:53:48,000
ACCESS CAN GET HARD AS WELL AS

1104
00:53:48,000 --> 00:53:54,840
IN WHERE I'VE BEEN AND THE OR

1105
00:53:54,840 --> 00:53:57,200
WHAT IS INTERESTING IN DELI IS

1106
00:53:57,200 --> 00:54:01,560
THE FACT THAT THERE ARE TWO SETS

1107
00:54:01,560 --> 00:54:04,280
OF FILES, ONE OF WHICH IS VERY

1108
00:54:04,280 --> 00:54:07,240
OFTEN INACCESSIBLE TO REGULAR

1109
00:54:07,240 --> 00:54:11,360
RESEARCHERS SO WE DO HAVE THOSE

1110
00:54:11,360 --> 00:54:11,840
ISSUES.

1111
00:54:11,840 --> 00:54:14,920
IT'S ALSO CONFESSEDLY'S YEAR TO

1112
00:54:14,920 --> 00:54:21,560
WORK IN THE COLONIAL PERIOD WAS

1113
00:54:21,560 --> 00:54:24,240
THE RECORDS WERE METICULOUS AND

1114
00:54:24,240 --> 00:54:26,160
I DON'T KNOW IF THIS IS TRUE FOR

1115
00:54:26,160 --> 00:54:30,400
A NUMBER OF COUNTRIES THAT

1116
00:54:30,400 --> 00:54:32,160
SWIFTLY COME TO POINTS OF

1117
00:54:32,160 --> 00:54:34,120
DECOLONIZATION BUT NOT THAT

1118
00:54:34,120 --> 00:54:36,000
INDIA WAS SWIFT BUT IT CAME TO A

1119
00:54:36,000 --> 00:54:38,600
HEAD PRETTY QUICKLY AFTER THE

1120
00:54:38,600 --> 00:54:41,920
SECOND WORLD WAR AND WHAT

1121
00:54:41,920 --> 00:54:44,320
HAPPENS TO THE KEEPING OF

1122
00:54:44,320 --> 00:54:44,560
RECORDS?

1123
00:54:44,560 --> 00:54:45,960
I KNOW THERE ARE SOME PARTS OF

1124
00:54:45,960 --> 00:54:50,880
THE COUNTRY WERE IN NOT CALCUTTA

1125
00:54:50,880 --> 00:54:55,440
BUT IN NEIGHBORING STATES, WHERE

1126
00:54:55,440 --> 00:54:57,720
FILES ARE IN TREMENDOUS

1127
00:54:57,720 --> 00:55:02,640
DISREPAIR AND THAT IS LETTING.

1128
00:55:02,640 --> 00:55:04,400
FOR MANY OF US, DURING HISTORY

1129
00:55:04,400 --> 00:55:07,760
IN THE COUNTRY, WE RECOGNIZE

1130
00:55:07,760 --> 00:55:09,920
THAT THERE HAS BEEN AN EFFORT ON

1131
00:55:09,920 --> 00:55:11,760
THE PART OF INSTITUTIONS NOW

1132
00:55:11,760 --> 00:55:15,200
SOME PRIVATE AND OTHERS

1133
00:55:15,200 --> 00:55:17,480
GOVERNMENTAL, TO START AN

1134
00:55:17,480 --> 00:55:18,480
ARCHIVING PROCESS.

1135
00:55:18,480 --> 00:55:19,720
THAT'S ONE ASPECT OF THE

1136
00:55:19,720 --> 00:55:21,280
QUESTION AND THE OTHER IS WHERE

1137
00:55:21,280 --> 00:55:23,040
ARE THEIR SILENCE AND I THINK

1138
00:55:23,040 --> 00:55:26,520
ONE MAJOR SILENCE IS ABOUT

1139
00:55:26,520 --> 00:55:27,400
INFLUENZA AND THIS IS EVEN

1140
00:55:27,400 --> 00:55:31,640
DURING THE COLONIAL PERIOD AND

1141
00:55:31,640 --> 00:55:38,000
IT IS TELLING THAT WE CAN'T FIND

1142
00:55:38,000 --> 00:55:38,520
ANY PHOTOGRAPHS.

1143
00:55:38,520 --> 00:55:42,040
AND I HAVEN'T FOUND THEM IN, I

1144
00:55:42,040 --> 00:55:48,280
MEAN P. THE NLM DOESN'T SEEM TOE

1145
00:55:48,280 --> 00:55:48,440
ANY.

1146
00:55:48,440 --> 00:55:50,840
EVEN IN PLACES WHERE THERE WAS A

1147
00:55:50,840 --> 00:55:54,920
STRONG STRAIGHT CON OLAL

1148
00:55:54,920 --> 00:55:58,440
CONNECTION WITH INDIA AND IN THE

1149
00:55:58,440 --> 00:56:00,560
UNITED KINGDOM THERE AREN'T ANY.

1150
00:56:00,560 --> 00:56:05,440
THE FACT THEY EXIST FOR THE

1151
00:56:05,440 --> 00:56:06,600
PLAGUE, WHICH WAS 20 YEARS

1152
00:56:06,600 --> 00:56:07,920
EARLIER IS REMARKABLE.

1153
00:56:07,920 --> 00:56:09,840
SO THAT'S ONE PLACE.

1154
00:56:09,840 --> 00:56:11,320
THE FACT IS THAT THOSE NUMBERS

1155
00:56:11,320 --> 00:56:17,600
AS I MENTIONED EARLIER IN 50 TO

1156
00:56:17,600 --> 00:56:20,640
100% LIKE WITH HIV/AIDS YOU HAVE

1157
00:56:20,640 --> 00:56:22,560
PEOPLE DYING OF SECONDARY

1158
00:56:22,560 --> 00:56:25,320
INFECTIONS LIKE PNEUMONIA SO

1159
00:56:25,320 --> 00:56:27,040
WHAT IS THE FINAL CAUSE OF DEATH

1160
00:56:27,040 --> 00:56:29,560
AND IT MAY NOT ALWAYS BE DOWN AS

1161
00:56:29,560 --> 00:56:32,280
THE FLU AND THERE IS THAT.

1162
00:56:32,280 --> 00:56:37,280
BUT EVEN IN THE FACE OF THAT,

1163
00:56:37,280 --> 00:56:40,400
THIS LACK OF THE VISION

1164
00:56:40,400 --> 00:56:43,320
REPRESENTATION IS STUNNING.

1165
00:56:43,320 --> 00:56:45,680
>>THANK YOU.

1166
00:56:45,680 --> 00:56:46,960
ANOTHER QUESTION, I SHOULD

1167
00:56:46,960 --> 00:56:48,640
REWIND THOSE WHO ARE WATCHING,

1168
00:56:48,640 --> 00:56:51,160
THERE'S A LIVE FEEDBACK BUTTON

1169
00:56:51,160 --> 00:56:52,640
UNDER YOUR VIDEO STREAM AND YOU

1170
00:56:52,640 --> 00:56:54,680
CAN USE THAT BUTTON TO SEND

1171
00:56:54,680 --> 00:56:56,440
QUESTIONS TO Dr. MATHEW

1172
00:56:56,440 --> 00:56:57,600
THROUGH ME.

1173
00:56:57,600 --> 00:56:59,040
PARDON ME FOR NOT MENTIONING

1174
00:56:59,040 --> 00:56:59,240
THAT.

1175
00:56:59,240 --> 00:57:03,680
I SHOULD HAVE DONE SO.

1176
00:57:03,680 --> 00:57:06,760
THE OTHER QUESTION, HOW DO THE

1177
00:57:06,760 --> 00:57:09,360
RE LIGE US OR SUPERSTITIONS YOU

1178
00:57:09,360 --> 00:57:12,680
DESCRIBED FACTOR IN MEMORIES OF

1179
00:57:12,680 --> 00:57:15,040
EPIDEMIC DISEASE PASSED DOWN

1180
00:57:15,040 --> 00:57:18,640
WITHIN INDIVIDUALS INDIAN

1181
00:57:18,640 --> 00:57:24,400
FAMILIES?

1182
00:57:24,400 --> 00:57:26,200
ARE THERE THINGS WE COULD CHAIR?

1183
00:57:26,200 --> 00:57:27,600
>>WE WERE THINKING ABOUT
THIS

1184
00:57:27,600 --> 00:57:30,960
AND SOME OF YOU WERE REFERRED IN

1185
00:57:30,960 --> 00:57:32,840
THE POETRY THAT DID COME THROUGH

1186
00:57:32,840 --> 00:57:35,000
AND THERE WERE INSTANCES THAT

1187
00:57:35,000 --> 00:57:36,520
WITH BEING FIGURED UP AND USED,

1188
00:57:36,520 --> 00:57:42,120
FOR INSTANCE, IF YOU TAKE THE

1189
00:57:42,120 --> 00:57:44,360
PLACE OF -- THIS IS INTERESTING,

1190
00:57:44,360 --> 00:57:46,160
RIGHT, WHERE YOU HAD THIS

1191
00:57:46,160 --> 00:57:49,120
BETWEEN RELIGIONS FROM BUDDHISM

1192
00:57:49,120 --> 00:57:52,560
AND YOU HAD CHOLERA COMING TO

1193
00:57:52,560 --> 00:57:55,160
HINDUISM AND THEN BEING USED

1194
00:57:55,160 --> 00:57:56,240
SMALLPOX AND WHAT WE FOUND

1195
00:57:56,240 --> 00:57:58,400
INTERESTING AS A TEAM, WAS I

1196
00:57:58,400 --> 00:58:02,000
MEAN, AND WE USE BIOLOGICAL WE

1197
00:58:02,000 --> 00:58:03,560
SAID WHERE YOU MAY HAVE A

1198
00:58:03,560 --> 00:58:05,520
PARTICULAR RULE BUT SUDDENLY, A

1199
00:58:05,520 --> 00:58:06,960
DISEASE COMING ALONG SO YOU CAN

1200
00:58:06,960 --> 00:58:09,880
JUST REPURPOSE THE DEITY FOR

1201
00:58:09,880 --> 00:58:13,040
SOMETHING ELSE AND THERE ARE

1202
00:58:13,040 --> 00:58:16,880
ESPECIALLY THE CASE, WE HAVE THE

1203
00:58:16,880 --> 00:58:18,200
TEMPLES FOR EXAMPLE WHICH DO

1204
00:58:18,200 --> 00:58:20,440
EXIST AND THOSE ARE VERY STRONG

1205
00:58:20,440 --> 00:58:25,000
COMMUNITY ELEMENTS AND SO, THE

1206
00:58:25,000 --> 00:58:27,920
TRADITION THERE IS IMPORTANT AND

1207
00:58:27,920 --> 00:58:30,840
THE FACT DISEASE COMES SO OFTEN

1208
00:58:30,840 --> 00:58:32,800
GIVES THE GODS PLENTY TO DO SO

1209
00:58:32,800 --> 00:58:33,480
TO SPEAK.

1210
00:58:33,480 --> 00:58:39,480
SO THE ANSWER IS, YES, THERE IS

1211
00:58:39,480 --> 00:58:42,440
THAT THAT COMES THROUGH IN

1212
00:58:42,440 --> 00:58:43,520
MEMOIRS AND COMMUNITY PRACTICE.

1213
00:58:43,520 --> 00:58:44,560
>>YOU.

1214
00:58:44,560 --> 00:58:48,520
>>THANK YOU.

1215
00:58:48,520 --> 00:58:51,040
ANOTHER QUESTION THAT COME IN IS

1216
00:58:51,040 --> 00:58:52,720
A PRAISE OF THE DIVERSITY OF

1217
00:58:52,720 --> 00:58:54,320
YOUR TEACHING EXPERIENCES IS

1218
00:58:54,320 --> 00:58:56,120
TRULY IMPRESSIVE THIS PERSON

1219
00:58:56,120 --> 00:58:56,320
WRITES.

1220
00:58:56,320 --> 00:59:02,600
COULD YOU SPEAK TO HOW IF AT

1221
00:59:02,600 --> 00:59:04,520
ALL, DOES PUBLIC-HEALTH FIGURE

1222
00:59:04,520 --> 00:59:07,360
IN THE CURRICULUM OF PRIMARY OR

1223
00:59:07,360 --> 00:59:09,200
SECONDARY INDIAN SCHOOLS GIVEN

1224
00:59:09,200 --> 00:59:10,600
THE DIVERSITY OF THE COUNTRY

1225
00:59:10,600 --> 00:59:13,600
WITH RESPECT TO THE DIVERSITY OF

1226
00:59:13,600 --> 00:59:15,520
THE COUNTRY?

1227
00:59:15,520 --> 00:59:22,840
>>SADLY, LITTLE.

1228
00:59:22,840 --> 00:59:33,280
AND IT'S A GREAT QUESTION.

1229
00:59:40,880 --> 00:59:41,880
I DON'T KNOW FINANCE IT DOES.

1230
00:59:41,880 --> 00:59:43,960
WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT, LET'S JUST

1231
00:59:43,960 --> 00:59:45,920
SAY FROM HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

1232
00:59:45,920 --> 00:59:47,240
AND YOU SAY THERE ARE A

1233
00:59:47,240 --> 00:59:48,560
POLITICAL CAUSES AND THERE ARE

1234
00:59:48,560 --> 00:59:52,840
ECONOMIC CAUSES AND HOW OFTEN DO

1235
00:59:52,840 --> 00:59:57,920
WE SEE CURRICULA HANG ON THE

1236
00:59:57,920 --> 01:00:02,000
NAIL OF PUBLIC-HEALTH?

1237
01:00:02,000 --> 01:00:03,920
AND WHY DOES THAT NOT BECOME THE

1238
01:00:03,920 --> 01:00:07,640
POINT OF DEPARTURE IN MANY WAYS

1239
01:00:07,640 --> 01:00:14,080
AND TO WHY, I MENTIONED, A

1240
01:00:14,080 --> 01:00:15,880
WRITER AND YOU KNOW, HER, YOU

1241
01:00:15,880 --> 01:00:20,080
HAVE MET HER TO AT THE SAME

1242
01:00:20,080 --> 01:00:21,840
CONFERENCE AND LAURA WROTE TO ME

1243
01:00:21,840 --> 01:00:26,680
A FEW WEEKS AGO AND SAID, I AM

1244
01:00:26,680 --> 01:00:28,040
COMING OUT THESE DAYS AND THEY

1245
01:00:28,040 --> 01:00:30,920
ALL ARE ALREADY FOR GETTING

1246
01:00:30,920 --> 01:00:35,800
ABOUT THE SPANISH FLU AGAIN.

1247
01:00:35,800 --> 01:00:37,760
THAT WAS TELLING.

1248
01:00:37,760 --> 01:00:40,800
WE'RE NOT EVEN DONE WITH COVID

1249
01:00:40,800 --> 01:00:44,360
AND THE FACT THERE'S THIS ALMOST

1250
01:00:44,360 --> 01:00:47,160
CO'SED AMNESIA THAT PEOPLE ARE

1251
01:00:47,160 --> 01:00:48,560
COMFORTABLE AND AT LEAST THEY'RE

1252
01:00:48,560 --> 01:00:53,560
CREATORS OF CURRICULA IS AN

1253
01:00:53,560 --> 01:00:59,480
INDICTMENT AND I THINK THAT THAT

1254
01:00:59,480 --> 01:01:08,160
WHEN THAT IN RECENT TIMES, THEN

1255
01:01:08,160 --> 01:01:11,720
IT SEEMS VERY UNLIKELY THAT

1256
01:01:11,720 --> 01:01:14,520
SCHOOL CURRICULA WILL BE IN THE

1257
01:01:14,520 --> 01:01:17,320
VAN GUARD FOR THAT CHANGE.

1258
01:01:17,320 --> 01:01:18,800
>>THANK YOU.

1259
01:01:18,800 --> 01:01:21,040
AND YES IN DEED, BOTH OF US HAD

1260
01:01:21,040 --> 01:01:24,120
THE PRIVILEGE OF MEETING LAURA

1261
01:01:24,120 --> 01:01:30,040
AT THE CONFERENCE IN GEL GUM IN

1262
01:01:30,040 --> 01:01:31,360
EARLY 2019 AND I FAILED TO

1263
01:01:31,360 --> 01:01:32,560
MENTION TO YOU THIS BEFORE YOUR

1264
01:01:32,560 --> 01:01:34,560
TALK TODAY BUT I HAD DINNER LAST

1265
01:01:34,560 --> 01:01:37,840
NIGHT WITH DOMINIQUE.

1266
01:01:37,840 --> 01:01:39,280
>>REALLY!

1267
01:01:39,280 --> 01:01:43,920
>>HE WAS PASSING THROUGH
TOWN

1268
01:01:43,920 --> 01:01:47,000
ON WORK ON RESEARCH AND GIVING A

1269
01:01:47,000 --> 01:01:49,160
TALK HERE LOCALLY SO WE SEND HIM

1270
01:01:49,160 --> 01:01:51,800
OUR REGARDS AND I TOLD HIM WE

1271
01:01:51,800 --> 01:01:55,600
WOULD HAVE THE PLAINTIFF OF PRIF

1272
01:01:55,600 --> 01:01:56,080
HOSTING YOU TODAY.

1273
01:01:56,080 --> 01:02:01,600
>>THANK YOU.

1274
01:02:01,600 --> 01:02:03,440
>>ANOTHER QUESTION THAT
HAS

1275
01:02:03,440 --> 01:02:06,320
COME IN, HOW WOULD YOU COMPARE

1276
01:02:06,320 --> 01:02:08,520
THE TRAJECTORY OF THE

1277
01:02:08,520 --> 01:02:09,360
SARS-CoV-2 PANDEMIC IN THE

1278
01:02:09,360 --> 01:02:13,240
FIRST TWO YEARS IN INDIA

1279
01:02:13,240 --> 01:02:16,040
COMPARED TO FIRST, THE REST OF

1280
01:02:16,040 --> 01:02:18,560
ASIA AND SECONDLY TO THE REST OF

1281
01:02:18,560 --> 01:02:19,880
THE WORLD IF THERE WERE

1282
01:02:19,880 --> 01:02:21,760
SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WHAT'S

1283
01:02:21,760 --> 01:02:32,200
MIGHT HAVE CAUSED THEM?

1284
01:02:42,080 --> 01:02:47,240
WE DID HAVE PLACES HIT HARD LIKE

1285
01:02:47,240 --> 01:02:48,200
SOUTH KOREA AND SPAIN AND ITALY

1286
01:02:48,200 --> 01:02:53,200
AND EUROPE AND LIKE WITH

1287
01:02:53,200 --> 01:02:54,200
HIV/AIDS, THERE WERE STATEMENTS

1288
01:02:54,200 --> 01:02:56,080
AROUND THE COUNTRY THAT INDIA

1289
01:02:56,080 --> 01:03:03,160
WASN'T CONTRACTING IT BECAUSE WE

1290
01:03:03,160 --> 01:03:09,400
WERE DEALING WITH THE SITUATION

1291
01:03:09,400 --> 01:03:12,080
AND PART OF IT WAS APPARENTLY

1292
01:03:12,080 --> 01:03:14,560
INDIAN WERE MORE USED TO

1293
01:03:14,560 --> 01:03:15,720
DIFFICULT CIRCUMSTANCES AND

1294
01:03:15,720 --> 01:03:19,520
SANITARY TERMS AND SO, COULD

1295
01:03:19,520 --> 01:03:21,520
COOK BETTER AND THIS WAS VERY

1296
01:03:21,520 --> 01:03:22,080
QUICKLY DISPELLED.

1297
01:03:22,080 --> 01:03:24,640
NOW WHAT WAS INTERESTING, WAS IF

1298
01:03:24,640 --> 01:03:29,040
WE DO ACTUALLY ACCEPT YOUR WAVES

1299
01:03:29,040 --> 01:03:31,560
AND IF THAT WHEN IT REALLY DID

1300
01:03:31,560 --> 01:03:36,760
START HITTING, AND THIS WAS TRUE

1301
01:03:36,760 --> 01:03:46,480
ALREADY BY APRIL, THAT WAS

1302
01:03:46,480 --> 01:03:48,200
LARGELY SEEN AS THE STATEMENT

1303
01:03:48,200 --> 01:03:50,680
OF, WELL, COVID REALLY ISN'T OUR

1304
01:03:50,680 --> 01:03:51,480
PROBLEM.

1305
01:03:51,480 --> 01:03:55,440
IT'S HAPPENING ELSEWHERE.

1306
01:03:55,440 --> 01:03:58,880
AND BY APRIL THEY HAD LOCKDOWNS

1307
01:03:58,880 --> 01:04:01,560
ASK THEY WERE DRACONIAN AND THE

1308
01:04:01,560 --> 01:04:03,560
PEOPLE AFFECTED WERE THOSE THAT

1309
01:04:03,560 --> 01:04:06,400
WERE POOR, WHICH IS WHY WE HAD

1310
01:04:06,400 --> 01:04:07,360
THE GUEST WORK SITUATION AND

1311
01:04:07,360 --> 01:04:08,800
PEOPLE WERE TRAVELING LONG

1312
01:04:08,800 --> 01:04:14,600
DISTANCES FROM THE NORTH TO THE

1313
01:04:14,600 --> 01:04:25,080
SOUTH AND AND THE DIFFERENCE

1314
01:04:28,000 --> 01:04:31,800
HERE WAS THAT IT HAD NOT GOT

1315
01:04:31,800 --> 01:04:33,320
THROUGH THIS IN SOME SENSES SO

1316
01:04:33,320 --> 01:04:37,760
THE PEOPLE THAT WERE AFFLUENT

1317
01:04:37,760 --> 01:04:39,520
COULD GO TO PRIVATE HOSPITALS

1318
01:04:39,520 --> 01:04:41,560
WHICH WERE BEYOND THE CAN OF

1319
01:04:41,560 --> 01:04:44,160
THOSE THAT WERE GUEST WORKSERS

1320
01:04:44,160 --> 01:04:45,400
OR HIGH GRAND WORKERS TO SEE

1321
01:04:45,400 --> 01:04:56,080
VERY MUCH AS SOMETHING THAT WAS

1322
01:04:56,080 --> 01:04:59,440
A MOMENT WHEN EVERYONE WAS HIT

1323
01:04:59,440 --> 01:05:00,840
AND THERE EVEN FOR THOSE THAT

1324
01:05:00,840 --> 01:05:11,360
COULD AFFORD IT, AND SO, I WOULD

1325
01:05:14,040 --> 01:05:21,800
REALLY MAKE THE STARK POINT OF

1326
01:05:21,800 --> 01:05:24,880
THE WAYS AS FAR AS INDIA BUT

1327
01:05:24,880 --> 01:05:30,200
FIRST, INDIA WAS A LITTLE SLOW

1328
01:05:30,200 --> 01:05:32,560
OFF OFF THE MARK SO TO SPEAK AT

1329
01:05:32,560 --> 01:05:35,080
THAT POINT IN TIME AND WITH THE

1330
01:05:35,080 --> 01:05:37,480
LOCKDOWNS, I THINK WE ALL WERE

1331
01:05:37,480 --> 01:05:42,160
HOLDING OUR BREATH SAYING, ARE

1332
01:05:42,160 --> 01:05:46,360
WE MERELY DELAYING THE

1333
01:05:46,360 --> 01:05:50,160
INEVITABLE AND PART OF THE ISSUE

1334
01:05:50,160 --> 01:05:54,720
WAS THAT WE DIDN'T KNOW HOW LONG

1335
01:05:54,720 --> 01:05:56,040
IT WOULD LAST WOULD YOU TAKING A

1336
01:05:56,040 --> 01:05:58,840
HIT AND THAT'S WHAT IS LED AFTER

1337
01:05:58,840 --> 01:06:02,720
LOCKDOWN WE HAD UNLOCK ONE AND

1338
01:06:02,720 --> 01:06:08,880
THE LIKE SO YEAH.

1339
01:06:08,880 --> 01:06:11,120
>>YOU DESCRIBED THE

1340
01:06:11,120 --> 01:06:13,560
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MEMORIAL AND

1341
01:06:13,560 --> 01:06:15,200
HOW PREVALENT IF AT ALL ARE

1342
01:06:15,200 --> 01:06:19,840
OTHER PHYSICAL SIMILAR PHYSICAL

1343
01:06:19,840 --> 01:06:21,840
MARKERS OR MORE BROADLY, MEMBER

1344
01:06:21,840 --> 01:06:26,240
ORALS ASSOCIATED WITH THE REGION

1345
01:06:26,240 --> 01:06:36,800
AT OR EPIDEMIC DISEASE OF INDIA.

1346
01:06:37,240 --> 01:06:40,000
>>THERE AREN'T REALLY
MANY

1347
01:06:40,000 --> 01:06:49,520
MEMORIALS TO DISEASES AND IT'S

1348
01:06:49,520 --> 01:06:53,040
NOT LIKE, AND YET HE WAS

1349
01:06:53,040 --> 01:06:54,000
PROSECUTING HIS DEITIES AND AS I

1350
01:06:54,000 --> 01:06:56,400
SAID EXTREMELY ZEALOUS ABOUT

1351
01:06:56,400 --> 01:06:57,600
THEM BUT IT'S NOT LIKE SOMETHING

1352
01:06:57,600 --> 01:07:07,120
YOU WOULD FIND WHERE HE WOULD

1353
01:07:07,120 --> 01:07:11,720
HAVE A MEMORIAL AND SO EVEN IN

1354
01:07:11,720 --> 01:07:17,080
NORFOLK, VIRGINIA, SO, NO, I

1355
01:07:17,080 --> 01:07:22,480
CAN'T THINK OF MEMORIALS TO IN

1356
01:07:22,480 --> 01:07:33,000
TERMS OF GREAT CLASSES I MEAN,

1357
01:07:36,560 --> 01:07:41,000
AND THAT IS IT'S OWN MARKER BUT

1358
01:07:41,000 --> 01:07:43,720
THAT IS OF WHAT HAPPENED RATHER

1359
01:07:43,720 --> 01:07:48,920
THAN A DECIDED EFFORT TO SAY WE

1360
01:07:48,920 --> 01:07:49,920
SHALL REMEMBER.

1361
01:07:49,920 --> 01:07:51,520
>>THANK YOU.

1362
01:07:51,520 --> 01:07:51,840
PERSPECTIVE.

1363
01:07:51,840 --> 01:07:52,120
THANK YOU.

1364
01:07:52,120 --> 01:07:53,680
Dr. MATHEW, THANK YOU VERY,

1365
01:07:53,680 --> 01:07:55,200
VERY MUCH FOR YOUR TALK THIS

1366
01:07:55,200 --> 01:07:56,520
AFTERNOON AND IT'S OF COURSE,

1367
01:07:56,520 --> 01:07:58,480
YOUR EVENING LATE FOR YOU, AND

1368
01:07:58,480 --> 01:08:00,520
WE ARE VERY GRATEFUL ALL OF US

1369
01:08:00,520 --> 01:08:01,600
AT THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF

1370
01:08:01,600 --> 01:08:02,880
MEDICINE FOR YOUR TIME AND

1371
01:08:02,880 --> 01:08:05,000
AGAIN, THAT OF YOUR FANTASTIC

1372
01:08:05,000 --> 01:08:06,520
RESEARCH TEAM AND I'M SO HAPPY

1373
01:08:06,520 --> 01:08:07,960
THAT YOU INCLUDED THIS SLIDE

1374
01:08:07,960 --> 01:08:10,640
WITH THEIR FACE AND THEIR NAMES

1375
01:08:10,640 --> 01:08:12,880
AND CERTAINLY IF MY COLLEAGUES

1376
01:08:12,880 --> 01:08:14,680
AND I CAN BE OF FURTHER SERVICE

1377
01:08:14,680 --> 01:08:16,160
TO YOU IN YOUR RESEARCH USING

1378
01:08:16,160 --> 01:08:18,760
OUR RESOURCES AND PERHAPS

1379
01:08:18,760 --> 01:08:19,840
OTHERS, IN COOPERATION WITH

1380
01:08:19,840 --> 01:08:21,440
OTHERS AND ACROSS THE LIBRARY

1381
01:08:21,440 --> 01:08:22,880
AND ARCHIVES WORLD, PLEASE, BE

1382
01:08:22,880 --> 01:08:24,520
IN TOUCH AND WE'LL KEEP IN TOUCH

1383
01:08:24,520 --> 01:08:26,080
AND THANK YOU AGAIN, VERY, VERY

1384
01:08:26,080 --> 01:08:28,320
MUCH FOR YOUR THOUGHT PROVOKING

1385
01:08:28,320 --> 01:08:29,600
PRESENTATION.

1386
01:08:29,600 --> 01:08:30,440
VERY, VERY GRATEFUL.

1387
01:08:30,440 --> 01:08:31,560
HAVE A WONDERFUL EVENING.

1388
01:08:31,560 --> 01:08:34,000
>>THANK YOU SO MUCH,
PLEASE

1389
01:08:34,000 --> 01:08:37,040
KNOW HOW GRATEFUL WE ARE TO

1390
01:08:37,040 --> 01:08:39,520
BRING OUR STORIES TO YOU AS

1391
01:08:39,520 --> 01:08:39,840
WELL.

1392
01:08:39,840 --> 01:08:40,200
THANK YOU.

1393
01:08:40,200 --> 01:08:43,200
THANK YOU FOR YOUR GRACIOUSNESS.

1394
01:08:43,200 --> 01:08:47,640
THANK YOU SO MUCH.

1395
01:08:47,640 --> 01:08:48,320
EVERYBODY ON YOUR TEAM AND

1396
01:08:48,320 --> 01:08:49,880
ALWAYS ONWARDS AND KNOW THAT YOU

1397
01:08:49,880 --> 01:08:50,600
HAVE FRIENDS.

1398
01:08:50,600 --> 00:00:00,000
THANK YOU.