>>WELCOME.
I'M JEFF AND I'M CHIEF OF THE
HISTORY MEDICINE DIVISION AT
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE IN
BETHESDA, MARYLAND.
THANK YOU FOR JOINING US TODAY
AS WE CONTINUE OUR 2022 SERIES
OF ALL VIRTUAL NATIONAL LIBRARY
OF MEDICINE HISTORY TALKS.
TO THOSE OF YOU ON TWITTER,
THANK YOU FOR FOLLOWING ALONG
USING THE HASHTAG NLMHIS TALK
AND TO THOSE WHO WISH TO SHARE
QUESTIONS WITH OUR SPEAKER THIS
AFTERNOON, OR IN THIS CASE THIS
EVENING, PLEASE USE THE LIVE
FEEDBACK BUTTON YOU SEE UNDER
YOUR VIDEO STREAM.
NLM HISTORY TALKS PROMOTE
AWARENESS AND USE OF NLM AND
RELATED HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS
FOR RESEARCH, EDUCATION AND
PUBLIC SERVICE IN THE FIELDS OF
BIO MEDICINE, SOCIAL SCIENCES
AND THE HUMANITIES.
THIS SERIES ALSO SUPPORTS THE
COMMITMENT OF THE NATIONAL
LIBRARY OF MEDICINE TO RECOGNIZE
THE DIVERSITY OF ITS
COLLECTIONS, WHICH SPAN 10 SENT
TREESES WITH A RANGE OF DIS
FORMATS AND ORIGINATE FROM
NEARLY EVERY PART OF THE GLOBE.
AND ALSO, REFLECTS THE
COMMITMENT OF OUR LIBRARY TO
FOREGROUND THE VOICES OF PEOPLE
OF COLOR, WOMEN AND INDIVIDUALS
OF A VARIETY OF CULTURAL AND
DISCIPLINARY BACKGROUNDS ALL WHO
VALUE THESE COLLECTIONS AND USE
THEM TO ADVANCE THEIR RESEARCH,
THEIR TEACHING AND LEARNING.
WE SUPPLEMENT NLM HISTORY TALKS
WITH SPEAKER INTERVIEWS ON OUR
BLOG CALLED "CIRCULATING NOW"
LOCATED AT THE WEBSITE.
AND I'LL ADD THAT NLM HISTORY
TALKS ARE MADE POSSIBLE BY AN
OUTSTANDING TEAM HERE AT
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE AND
THE VIDEO CASTING UNIT OF THE
NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH.
AND I WANT TO THANK EACH AND
EVERY ONE OF THE MEMBERS FOR
THEIR TIME AND THEIR TALENT IN
BRINGING THIS PROGRAM TO YOU,
THE PUBLIC.
TODAY, I HAVE THE GREAT PLEASURE
AND PRIVILEGE OF INTRODUCING
Dr. JOHN MATHEW, OF KOREA
UNIVERSITY WITH THE HISTORY OF
SCIENCE, HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL
SCIENCES AND SCIENCES.
HE JOINS THE FACULTY AT KOREA IN
2013KREA IN THE HUMANITIES AND
SOCIAL SCIENCES.
BACHE HAS TAUGHT AT HARVARD,
UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS,
DUKE AND DUKE UNIVERSITY.
WITH BACHELORS, MASTERS AND
DEGREES IN ZOOLOGY FROM THE
CHRISTIAN COLLEGE IN MADRAS IN
INDIAN SOUTHERN STATE.
HE HOLDS A MASTERS IN MEDICAL
ANTHROPOLOGY AND TWO DOCTOR ATS,
ONE IN ECOLOGICAL SCIENCE 0 OLD
DOMINION UNIVERSITY IN VIRGINIA
AND THE OTHER IN THE HISTORY OF
SCIENCE FROM HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
Dr. MATHEW'S EXPERIENCE IS
ANTHROPOLOGY, BIOLOGY, GEOLOGY,
HISTORY AND THE HISTORY OF
SCIENCE.
AT KREA UNIVERSITY HE HAS CO
TAUGHT FOUNDATIONAL COURSES
INCLUDING EXPLORING THE SOCIAL
AND THE HISTORICAL, THE LATTER
OF WHICH HE IS CO-LEADING AGAIN
THIS PARTICULAR TERM.
HE HAS ALSO CURRENTLY TEACHING A
COURSE ENTITLED "LIFE AT
DIFFERENT SCALES" AND THE
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES.
IN WHICH DISCIPLINE HE IS ALSO
BEEN RESPONSIBLE FOR CO TAUGHT
COURSE ON EVOLUTION AND THE
HISTORY OF BIOLOGY AND HISTORY
OF BIOLOGY COURSES CROSS LISTED
WITH HISTORY AND PSYCHOLOGY.
Dr. MATHEW'S AFFILIATIONS DO
NOT LIE WITH BUY ALGO ALONE BUT
WITH THE FIELD OF HISTORY,
PARTICULARLY ECONOMIC HISTORY,
AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES,
PAST, PRESENT AND PREDICTED
ENVIRONMENTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL
HISTORY COURSES HE HAS CROSS
LISTED WITH THE FIELD OF
HISTORY.
HE IS DELIGHTED TO HAVE THE
OPPORTUNITY TO TEACH ONE OF HIS
FAVORITE COURSE THIS IS AN
UPCOMING TERM WHICH HE HAS LED
PREVIOUSLY AT HARVARD AND AT THE
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
EDUCATION RESEARCH AND SCIENCE,
HISTORY AND THEATER.
Dr. MATHEW'S CENTERS ARE
FUNDAMENTALLY AND QUITE
OBVIOUSLY WONDERFULLY ACROSS
DISCIPLINARY.
HE RETAINS A DEEP INTEREST IN
THEATER AND MUSIC AND HE BROUGHT
TO CONVERSATION IN HIS OWN
RESEARCH IN THE WRITING AND
PERFORMANCE OF A MUSIC ALLEN
TITLED "THE SUN WAS WHITE THE
MOON DISOBEDIENT."
THIS WAS WITH STUDENTS OF THE
INSTITUTE MAINLY.
HE ALSO FOUNDED AND DIRECTED THE
INSTITUTES CHOIR THERE WHERE HE
HAS ALSO DONE AT THE UNIVERSITY
OF KREA, HELPING TO HELM A 2019
PRODUCTION OF A CHRISTMAS CAROLE
FROM A THEATRICAL PERSPECTIVE.
HE IS IN THE PROCESS OF REVISING
A BOOK LENGTH MANUSCRIPT.
HE IS ALSO ACTIVELY RESEARCHING
THE PLAGUE AND INFLUENZA IN
INDIA, IN THE 1890s AND IN
1918-1919 RESPECTIVELY AND THIS
IS A CONSIDERABLE PART OF THE
SUBJECT OF HIS TALK TODAY HERE
WITH US AT THE NLM SO THANK YOU
FOR JOINING US AND PLEASE JOIN
ME IN WELCOMING Dr. MATHEW
HERE TO THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF
MEDICINE TO SPEAK ON
SOCIO-CULTURAL RESPONSES WITHIN
INDIA DURING TIMES OF PANDEMIC
DISEASE.
Dr. PATHS YOU, THADr. MATHEW, TR
JOINING US TODAY.
>>THANK YOU SO MUCH.
THANK YOU FOR ALL THAT YOU HAVE
DONE.
IT'S A REAL JOY TO BE HERE AND
TO BE ABLE TO SPEAK TO YOU
TODAY.
MY TALK IS TITLED
"SOCIO-CULTURAL RESPONSES WITHIN
INDIA DURING TIMES OF PANDEMIC
DISEASE."
AND I SHARE THIS EFFORT WITH MY
COLLABORATORS.
KREA UNIVERSITYY
SEARS AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY WHO
HAS HELPED US CONSIDERABLY WITH
BACKING RESOURCES AND A NUMBER
OF PEOPLE THAT ESSENTIALLY HAVE
GIVEN ME, GIVEN US A NUMBER OF
TIPS WITH REGARD TO PARTICULAR
DIA TEES AND I THANK
PARTICULARLY Mr. KUMAR, MY
COLLEAGUE PROFESSORS.
RIGHT.
WHEN THE PRIME MINISTER MODI,
CALLED ON THE CITIZENRY OF INDIA
TO CHAIR MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS
ON THE FRONTLINES, BY BEATING
POTS AND PANS FOR HALF AN HOUR
ON THE 21st OF MARCH, 2020,
THERE WAS A SECTION OF THE
POPULOUS THAT WAS UNIMPRESSED BY
THESE.
THIS DISMISSED IT AS A PUBLICITY
STUNT.
OTHERS SUGGESTED THE UNDERTONES
WERE GRIM, DRAWING UPON HINDU
COSMETIC CONNECTIONS.
FACTUAL FALL SA', THE NEXT FEW
DAYS WOULD SEE THE ONSET OF A
LOCKDOWN THAT NIGHT ITSELF.
IN POSSIBLE STATE BORDERS AND
LONG CARAVANS OF MIGRA MY GRANTG
TO GET HOME TO DISTANT STATES IN
ONE OF THE LARGEST MIGRATIONS
WORLDWIDE.
ALSO A FEATURE OF EARLIER
PANDEMICS, PARTICULARLY THE
PLAGUE AND BOMBAY IN 1896.
IN TODAY'S TALK, I SHALL, ON
BEHALF OF MY COLLABORATORS AS
WELL.
SEEK TO PLACE IN CONTEXT
RESPONSES AT A SOCIAL AND A
CULTURAL LEVEL TO OUR CURRENT
CRISIS WITH THOSE OF EARLIER
PANDEMIC -- WE SHALL BE
EXAMINING THOSE DISEASE, IN
PARTICULAR, COL ERA, THE PLAGUE
AND INFLUENZA FROM THE ENDEMIC
TO THE EPIDEMIC SUCH AS
SMALLPOX.
SUCH AN INVESTIGATION WILL
INVOLVE BOTH PRACTICE AND
TRADITION AND WHERE WILL
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS CONSIDERED BY
NON PARTICIPANTS IN SOME
ELEMENTS OF EXERCISE AND TO THE
FORM FOR COMPARISON OF THE 1896
PLAGUE, THE SPANISH FLU, ARE
MAJOR COURSE OF INFORMATION FOR
INDIA WOULD INCLUDE THE OF DAVID
ARNOLD AND MADE THE FIRST
THROUGH A PERSUASIVE ARTICLE
CALLED DISEASE RUMOR AND PANIC,
IT INDEERS PLAGUE AND INFLUENZA
EPIDEMIC AND APPEARED IN THE
VOLUME EMPIRES OF PANIC AND
EPIDEMIC AND COLONIAL ANXIETY IN
2015 AND THE SECOND, THE BOOK
ENTITLED THE AGE OF PANDEMICS
AND 1817 TO 1920, HOW THEY
SHAPED INDIANAIA AND THE WORLD
THAT WAS PUBLISHED IN 2020.
AND THROUGH THIS TALK, WE SHALL
BE DR DRAWING UPON RECORDS AND
IMAGES ON THE NATIONAL LIBRARY
OF MEDICINE AND WE TASTEN TO
THINK THE LIBRARY FOR THE
CONSIDERABLE ACCESS IT HAS SO
GENEROUSLY AFFORDED US AS WE
APPLAUD IT AND FOR IT'S FAST IN
THE LECTURE SERIES WITH TODAY'S
EFFORT IS IN PART.
AND IF I COULD HAVE THE NEXT
SLIDE, PLEASE.
AND I MIGHT USE IT LARGELY AS A
QUICK TO POINT TO WHAT EXACTLY
HAPPENED BETWEEN 1817 AND 1920
INCLUDING THE ONSET OF THE
CHOLERA PANDEMIC AND ISTANBUL
AND THE FIRST IN PARIS AND THE
THIRD PANDEMIC AND THEN THE
INFLUENZA PANDEMIC AND 1894 IN
HONG KONG AND 1896 IN INDIA ON
BOARD FOR THE 1940s IT WAS
MOSTLY DONE IN 1925, HOWEVER K.
WE START WITH CHOLERA IN THE
LIBRARY OF MEDICINE.
IN THIS PARTICULAR SET OF
SLIDES, WE HAVE MAINLY OFFERINGS
FROM THE 1860s AND THE 1870s
AND ONE FROM 1913 AND I DRAW
YOUR ATTENTION TO THEM, LARGELY
BECAUSE THEY SPEAK ABOUT A
NUMBER OF THINGS, ONE, YOU HAVE
SUCH ELEMENTS AS CHOLERA, THE
MANNER IN WHICH YOU HAVE MILD TO
EXTREME FORMS WHERE THERE WOULD
BE VOMITING AND PURGING AND THE
LIKE.
THAT'S WHAT IT WAS CALLED AT
THAT POINT, THERE'S A NATURAL
HISTORY OF CHOLERA BY JOSEPH
FERRER, WHICH IS INTERESTING
BECAUSE FERRER WAS IN INDIA FOR
A LONG TIME AND WROTE A
TREMENDOUS TONE ON THE FIDDLER
OF INDIA WHICH INCLUDES VENOMOUS
SNAKES WHEN A POINT THAT SNAKE
BITES WOULD ALSO CONSIDERED A
DISEASE, WE ALSO HAVE THE WORK
OF A PIONEER IN THE FIELD OF THE
STUDY OF CHOLERA AND CONTRIBUTED
TO THE INDIAN SCIENCE CONGRESS
SPEAKING ABOUT CO CHOLERA IN ITS
EARLY YEARS.
IN THIS SLIDE ON THE LEFT, WHAT
YOU DO HAVE IS A MAP, A CHOLERA
MAP OF INDIA AND WHAT YOU DO SEE
IS THE DARK PART IS IN THE
NORTHEAST AND THAT IS
SIGNIFICANT BECAUSE IT WAS FROM
THERE OVER 60 YEARS PRIOR THAT
CHOLERA HAD MOVED AND BELIEVED
TO HAVE MOVED OUT FROM CALCUTTA
AND WENT ON TO OTHER PARTS OF
THE WORLD AND THAT IS STILL
LARGELY HELD THROUGH RUSSIA,
EVENTUALLY MAKING ITS WAY TO THE
UNITED STATES BEFORE THAT OTHER
PARTS OF EUROPE.
ON THE RIGHT, WHAT WE HAVE IS A
WELL AND A PRIVY AND IT
ESSENTIALLY SUGGESTS THESE ARE
REMARKLY CIRCUMSTANCES AND
UNSANITARY WE MAY HAVE
CONTRIBUTED TO THE SPREAD OF THE
DISEASE IT BEING LARGELY WATER
BORN.
WHEN YOU SAY CHOLERA IS
DISPROPORTIONATELY REPRESENTED,
THIS ISN'T SURPRISING, GIVEN
THAT FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF
RECORDED PANDEMICS IN THE
COUNTRY, IT IS THE EARLIEST, WE
DID SAY 1817.
NOW FROM THE REGION NOW SHARED
BY THE NORTH CENTRAL INDIAN
STATES, EYE DIARY REPORT OF THE
14th OF NOVEMBER FROM THE THEN
GOVERNOR-GENERAL HASTINGS, 1754
TO 1826, WHAT INVOLVED IN
MILITARY ACTIVITY LEADING UP TO
THE THIRD WAR, POINTED TO THE
NUMBER OF LOSSES HIS MEN WERE
SUSTAINING FROM THE DISEASE, 97
DEATHS ARE REPORTED TO ME AS
HAVING OCCURRED DURING
YESTERDAY'S BEFORE NOON.
THERE IS AN OPINION THAT THE
WATER OF THE TANKS, THE ONLY
WATER WHICH WE HAVE IN THIS
PLACE, MAY BE UNWHOLESOME AND
ADD TO THE DISEASE, THEREFORE, I
MUST MARCH TOMORROW SO AS TO
MAKE THE RIVER THOUGH I MUST
PROVIDE CARRIAGE FOR 1,006 SICK.
CHOLERA PROVOKED TREMENDOUS FEAR
IN THE LOCAL POPULOUS.
NEARLY 200 YEARS AFTER HASTINGSS
OBSERVATIONS HE WROTE IN A
MEMOIR OF HIS OWN GRANDFATHER
NEED TO GO BURY HIS PARENTS
HIMSELF, DYING SOON AFTER OF THE
SAME DISEASE.
IN THOSE DAYS, INFECTIOUS
DISEASES WERE WIDESPREAD IN
VILLAGES, PARTICULARLY IN
UNTOUCHABLE DWELLINGS.
CHOLERA WAS ONE SUCH DISEASE.
EACH HOUSE HAD AT LEAST A COUPLE
OF DEATHS DUE TO THE CHOLERA.
PEOPLE CALL THIS DREADFUL DIS
SEEDS GUT GAR A AND WERE AFRAID
OF TOUCHING THE DEAD BODY OF A
PERSON WHO HAD DIED OF THE
DISEASE.
ONLY THE INMATES AT THE HOUSE
COULD CARRY THE DEAD BODY FOR
CREMATION.
THESE ARE ESTIMATES OF PANDEMIC
DEATHS, OF CHOLERA PANDEMIC
DEATHS AND YOU CAN SEE THE
COUNTRIES THAT WERE LARGELY
AFFECTED IN INDIA WITH THE
EPIDEMIC AND WHAT THE PERCENTAGE
WERE BY 73.2 AND EGYPT FOR
EXAMPLE WAS WORSE, AND ALSO
RUSSIA AND SPAIN.
BUT THIS IS JUST TO POINT TO THE
FACT THAT IT WAS SIGNIFICANT, IT
TOUCHED A CONSIDERABLE NUMBER OF
PLACES IN THE WORLD THROUGH MUCH
OF THE 19th CENTURY AND IN
SOME WAYS, FOR SHADOWED WHAT
WOULD COME THROUGH OTHER
DISEASES, ALSO MIND THAT THIS
WAS A TIME WITH 1817 WHEN GERM
THEORY WAS JUST ABOUT STARTING
TO BE THIS DISCUSSED SOMETHING
THAT WOULD BE MUCH BETTER KNOWN
BY THE TIME THE PLAGUE CAME
AROUND IN THE 1890s.
NOW A NUMBER OF CONSIDERATIONS
CHARTER SIZE THE STUDY OF
CHOLERA INCLUDING THE WORK IN
LONDON IN 1954 AND THE CONTINUED
BATTLE BETWEEN THE ACCOLADES OF
SANITATION VERSUS THOSE OF
CONTAGION BUT THESE HAVE BEEN
DISCUSSED SEVERALLY AND
ELSEWHERE.
WHAT IS STAGGERING IS THE NUMBER
OF DEATHS ACROSS THE 19th AND
EARLY 20th CENTURY THAT ACCRUE
TO THE DISEASE WHERE INDIA WAS
SEEN AS A SOURCE.
NOW FOR THE DISCUSSION ON THE
PLAGUE AND THE GREAT INFLUENZA,
OUR POINT OF DEPARTURE IS DAVID
ARNOLD'S THOUGHTFUL 2015 PAPER,
UNDERTAKEN BY SOME OF US IN THE
STATE ARCHIVES.
WE ALSO DRAW UPON THE HOLDINGS
OF THE INDIAN NED CAL GAZETTE,
MADE AVAILABLE TO US THROUGH
PUBMED TO WHICH WE CAN GAIN
ACCESS, THANKS TO THE NATIONAL
LIBRARY OF MEDICINE.
THE GREAT INFLUENZA ARGUABLY
TOOK ANYWHERE BETWEEN 10.5 AND
20 MILLION INDIAN LIVES THE
LATTER DAY IN SOME ESTIMATES AND
A NUMBER OF OTHER PEOPLE
INCLUDING JOHN BERRY IN 2004.
BETWEEN LATE 1918 AND 1919,
BASED ON DIFFERENT ESTIMATES,
YES REMAINS UNDER STUDIED IN
SOUTH ASIAN CONTEXT, AGAINST
OTHER LARGELY REPORTED INSTANCES
AS THE BOMBAY PLAGUE AND THE
BANGLE FAMINE OF THE EARLY
1940s.
WHY THE PLOWING IN BOMB BAY
COMPARISON WITH THE FLU WE FOCUS
ON EVENTS IN 1918 AND 1919 IN
BOMBAY IT'S SEV DRAWING ON THE
HOLDINGS IN THE ARCHIVES INTO A
DEBATE OF STATISTICS OF
MORTALITY ACROSS THE SUB
CONTINENT ON ACCOUNT OF THE
EPIDEMIC, THE PANDEMIC.
WE DRAW ATTENTION TO THE FACT
EVEN AS DAILY MORTALITIES
BEGORED THE NORMAL RATE OF DEATH
IN A PREPORTION OF 18 TO 1 ON
OCCASION, THE INFLUENZA AND THE
DAYS OF THE GREAT WAR OCCASIONS
A MUTED SEW SIGHAL RESPONSE IN
BOMBAY TO THE EXPERIENCES OF THE
PREVIOUS EPIDEMIC THAT OF THE
FLAG WHICH HAD ANIMOSITY AGAINST
A COLONIAL GOVERNMENT IN THE
POPULATION AND IN SO DOING, WE
HOPE TO INDICATE THAT THE
POPULOUS IN THE WAKE OF PREVIOUS
AND COMPETING DISEASE INCLUDING
COL ERA AND MALARIA, AND THE
CONTEXT OF A MORE GLOBAL CAT A
CHRIS UM HAD DEVELOPED ITS OWN
SENSE OF ENDUREMENT TO ANOTHER
DESTRUCTIVE FORCE AND EVEN ONE
WITH HIS WIDE RANGE OF THAT OF
THE FLANNISH FLOW IN THE LATTER
PART OF 1819 VISITED EVERY
PORTION OF THE COUNTRY AND WIPED
OUT IN A FEW MONTHS PRACTICAL
WHOLE INCREASE OF THE POPULATION
FORT PREVIOUS SEVEN YEARS SO
MARTIN STATES.
RIGHT.
WHAT INFLUENZA DID.
HOWEVER, IN THE STATE ARCHIVES
ARE TESTS TO THIS LOSS.
IF I COULD HAVE THE NEXT SLIDE,
PLEASE.
NOW, THESE ARE TAKEN FROM THE
WORK OF PATTERSON PILE THE
MORTALITY OF THE 1918 INFLUENZA
PANDEMIC IN THE HISTORY OF
MEDICINE AND WHAT YOU CAN SEE IS
THAT IT WASN'T THAT SEVERE.
THIS HAPPENED LARGELY IN THE --
THIS HAPPENED IN MARCH AND APRIL
GOING ON TO MAY AND IN THE
UNITED STATES AROUND AT THE SAME
TIME IT HAS TAKEN TO CHINA AND
HAD REACHED SPAIN AND IT WAS
HOWEVER, NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE, IT
WAS HOWEVER, IN THE SECOND WAVE
FROM AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER TO
OCTOBER AND NOVEMBER THAT MAY
HAVE RULED AND THAT IS WHEN THIS
IS LARGELY TO DO WITH MOVING
TROOPS AND PLACES LIKE WEST AND
BOSTON HAD A FAIR BIT AS WELL
AND TROOPS WERE COMING BACK TO
THEIR HOME COUNTRIES BY NOVEMBER
AT THE END AFTER THE 11th OF
NOVEMBER THE END OF THE FIRST
WORLD WAR AND THAT INCLUDED
INDIA.
WHERE SOLDIERS HAD THEATERS
INCLUDING IN EAST AFRICA, IN
FRANCE, IN PALESTINE, IN PERSIA,
AND THEY CAME BACK AND THEY CAME
BACK TO BOMBAY AND THEY WENT
THROUGH BOMBAY TO WHAT IS PLACES
LIKE PUNE A, THE RACES WENT BACK
TOWARDS PUNJAB AND THEN THINGS
WENT COMPLETELY OUT OF WHACK.
THE NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
THESE ARE FILES FROM THE ARCHIVE
THAT CAN YOU SEE THE NAME
INFLUENZA ON IT AND IF I COULD
HAVE THE NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
NOW THIS IS IN PUNE A IN THE
BOMBAY PRESIDENCY AND THEY CAN
READ IT AND IT SAYS THE DEATH
RATE IN PUNE A IS VERY SEVERE ON
THE 27th WAS 201 AND THIS IS A
PICTURE OF THE KING EDWARD
MEMORIAL HOSPITAL DOUBLING ITS
BEDS AND SOME PLACES IT'S
SUBSIDING AND IT'S VERY SEVERE
AND OTHER PARTS OF WHAT IS NOW
THE STRAIGHT WHICH IS THE POONA.
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
THIS IS -- THIS PARTICULAR FILE
FROM THE ARCHIVE AND THIS IS
SOUTH OF POONA AND IT'S
CURIOUSLY WORDED AND YET MAKES
THE POINT VERY GRIMLY.
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
WHERE THE COLLECT OR WRITES THAT
HE HAS THE HONOR TO REPORT THAT
THEY ARE SUFFERING FROM A SEVERE
EPIDEMIC OF INFLUENZA AND THE
PART FROM EVERYTHING ELSE
WORKING HALF THE MACHINE ROW,
THE KEY POINT OF IT HERE IS, THE
DEATH RATE USUALLY ABOUT 10 PER
DAY, ROWS TO 180 YESTERDAY.
AND PRETTY MUCH EVERYONE IS
BEING HIT.
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
IN CONTINUATION OF MY LETTER, I
REPORT THE DEATHS HAVE BEEN 118,
176 AND 241.
THE LAST FIGURE REPRESENTS THE
ANNUAL DEATH RATE OF 950 TO
1,000 AND I THINK THAT THIS IS,
THESE WERE STAGGERING NUMBERS WE
ENCOUNTERED THEM IN THE ARCHIVE
AND, SUDDENLY, THEY MADE SENSE
WHEN COVID HIT AND THAT IS
SOMETHING WHICH REALLY BRINGS TO
THE FOR WHAT THE SENSE OF
STAGGERING LOSS WAS A LOT THAT
POINT IN TIME.
NOW DAVID ARNOLD WRITES IN 1896
AND 1897, INDIA WAS STRUCK BY
THE BUBONIC PLAGUE THAT WAS IN
CHINA AND HONG KONG IN 1894 AND
RESULTED IN 10 TO 15 MILLION
DEATHS WORLDWIDE.
12 MILLION IN INDIA ALONE.
EVEN BEFORE INDIA FULLY
RECOVERED, IT WAS HIT BY A
SECOND AND STILL MORE
DESTRUCTIVE DISEASE.
THE INFLUENZA OUTBREAK OF 1819
IS THE GREATEST PANDEMIC IN
WORLD HISTORY AND LEAVING ITS
WAKE 30 MILLION DEAD.
ACCORDING TO OFFICIAL
STATISTICS, INFLUENZA RESULTED
IN 12.5 MILLION DEATHS IN INDIA
FIGURE UPWARDS TO 18 OR
20 MILLION.
NOW, THESE NUMBERS ARE WIDELY
DIS CREPE ANT AND THERE ARE THE
FIGURES THAT SUGGEST THAT 50 TO
100 MILLION PEOPLE DIED
WORLDWIDE.
JUST IN INDIA ALONE, THE NUMBER
OF MORTALITIES WERE GREATER THAN
ALL LOSSES DUE TO THE SUSTAINED
HUGE BATTLE IN THE FIRST WORLD
WAR AND THAT IS VERY TELLING.
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
AND YET, THIS IS KEY, WHERE
PLAGUE PROVOKED FULL SCALE
PANIC, CAUSED RIOTS AND CITED
REPRESSION AND THE GREATER
CONCENTRATED MORTALITY OF
INFLUENZA EPIDEMIC GAVE RISE TO
PASS WITHOUT ANY MAJOR PANIC OR
UPHEAVAL SO WHY IN TERMS OF
PANIC REACTIONS, WAS THE
INFLUENZA EPIDEMIC TO PARAPHRASE
HASHERLOCK HOLMES, THE DOG THAT
DIDN'T BARK?
IN POONA, ON THE THOROUGH FAIR,
THE CITY THERE IS THE MEMORIAL
AND FOR THREE BROTHERS, AND THEY
ARE TREATED AS NATIONAL HEROES
IN POONA IN MANY WAYS AND THE
REASON THAT THEY EVER RATED IS
BECAUSE THEY WERE RESPONSIBLE
FOR THE ASSASSINATION OF THE
THEN PLOWING COMMISSIONER WALTER
RAND AND HE WAS PARTICULARLY
ZEALOUS IN HIS DUTIES AND THE
BROTHERS DECIDED TO TAKE INTO
THEIR OWN HANDS TO READ THIS
BLIGHT IN TERMS OF THIS PERSON
BECAUSE THEY WERE QUARANTINES
BEING' FACT WAITED, PEOPLE BEING
TAKEN OUT OF THEIR HOMES, NOT
HEARD OF FOR A WHILE AND RUMOR
WAS RIFE.
IN THE NEXT SLIDE, THESE ARE TWO
PAGES FROM QUARANTINE PAPERS AND
IF YOU LOOK AT THE BOTTOM
PARAGRAPH ON THE LEFT, YOU WILL
SEE FOR GOD SAKE, DID YOU KNOW
ANY HISTORY AND MURDERED THE
BRITISH PLOWING COMMISSION RAND,
RAND'S EXTREMISM WAS AN EXCUSE
FOR A LARGER POLITICAL AGENDA OF
COURSE SO IT GOES ON.
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
THE QUARANTINE PAPERS ARE
WRITTEN BY RUTNER WHICH THE
AMALGAMATION OF TWO NAMES.
BOTH DOCTORS WHO HAVE SPENT A
GREAT DEAL OF TIME IN THE
ARCHIVES AND USED A NUMBER OF
DOCUMENTS DIRECTLY IN TRYING TO
UNCOVER THE STORY OF PLAGUE IN
THEIR HOME CITY OF BOMBAY.
AND OVER HERE YOU HAVE A
MEMORANDUM TAKEN DIRECTLY FROM
THE QUARANTINE MEASURES ARE
BEING DISCUSSED AND THIS IS
SIGNED BY A NUMBER OF PEOPLE
BOTH BRITISH AND INDIAN BECAUSE
LITTLE CHOICE WAS SEEN IN THE
MATTER IN TERMS OF TERMS OF
TRYING TO RID THE CITY OF THIS
FLAG THAT HAD HIT IS ONE OF THE
KEY ELEMENTS OF THAT RESPONSE AT
THIS TIME WAS THAT MANY FLED THE
CITY, A SITUATION IS THAT
REPEATED ITSELF WITH MIGRANT
WORKERS JUST TRYING TO GET HOME.
NEXT SLIDE.
THIS IS FROM THE NATIONAL
LIBRARY OF MEDICINE'S HOLDING
AND YOU HAVE THE PICTURE OF
VICTIMS BEING CARRIED THROUGH
THIS STREETS OF BOMBAY AND THIS
WAS A SADLY FAMILIAR SIGHT IN
MANY WAYS.
THIS ONE IS UNDATED, BUT TELLS
THE STORY.
ONE OF THE MAJOR FIGURES DEALING
WITH THE FLAG WAS A UKRAINIAN
BACK TERROLOGIST, JEWISH WHO HAD
COME TO INDIA AND HELPED VERY
MUCH WITH THE CHOLERA OUTBREAK
AND THE CHOLERA OUTBREAK IN
CALCUTTA AND SO WAS INVI INVITEO
COME TO BOMBAY WHERE HE RENTED
HUMAN SERVICE IN THIS PARTICULAR
RECORD AND THE NEXT SLIDE,
PLEASE, SHOWED ANOTHER BOOK
WHICH TELLS THE STORY OF CALLED
BUT WHERE MATCH THIS WORK WAS
DONE FIRST IN THE GRANT MEDICAL
COLLEGE WHICH YOU SEE ON THE TOP
AND LATER WHAT WOULD BE NEAR THE
GOVERNOR'S HOUSE AND NOW IT'S
KNOWN AS A HOPKINS INSTITUTE.
THE MAP BELOW SHOWS THE PART OF
BOMBAY THAT WAS HIT THE CENTER
TO WHAT IS CALLED COLABA ISLAND
WHICH IS WHERE CLOSE TO WHERE
YOU WOULD HAVE SHIPS COMING INTO
THE HARBOR AND WHERE OUTBREAKS
WOULD OCCUR.
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
WE HAVE IN IN SLIDE, AND THEY
DISCOVERED THE POSITIVE ORGANISM
FOR THE PLAGUE AND THEY GOT
THEIR FIRST ARE THE ACTUAL
DISCOVERY IS LARGELY CREDITED TO
AND AWE ORGANISMS WHICH MAY NOT
HAVE BEEN THE BEST LIE IS
HISTORY IS BORN OUT IN THE FACT
OF WHAT WAS CALLED IS NOW CALLED
GENTLEMAN SINNIA NOW THE TIMING
OF EVENTS WAS HE CAME IN AND I
MENTIONED EARLIER AND THE PLAY
BROKE OUT IN HONG KONG IN 1894
IT MIGHT REACH INDIA AND HALF
CAME WITH ENLISTED FOR HELP IN
THE PLAYING IN HIS COUNTERACT
CAME TO BOMBAY BUT IT DIDN'T
WORK AND HE HE LEFT AND THERE
WAS A EMERGENCY MEETING IN VEN
US AND IT WENT FROM INDIA WHICH
HAD HUGE ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS
IT WAS AND AN ACT THAT WAS IN
DEED INVOKED FOR FOR THE
COVID-19 OUTBREAK WELL SOME SO
LAWS HAVE LONG SHADOWS EX AND
THE FEATURES OF THE ACADEMIC
DISEASE ACT TO CONFISCATION AND
DESTROY ANY PROPERTY AND THE
HOSPITALIZATION AND SEGREGATION
OF SUSPECTED PLAGUE VICTIMS
ALLOW RAPID DISPOSE OF THE DEAD
AND INFECTION OF TRAVEL LETTERS
BY ROAD, RAIN AND SEA WITH
DETENTION AND RAND REALLY
PROSECUTED THE LAST ONE GREATLY
AND THAT IS WHAT LARGELY
CONTRIBUTED TO HIS DEMISE EARLY.
AND NEXT SLIDE PLEASE.
NOW, ONE TOPPED OUT BECAUSE OF
WHERE WAS WALK HAPPENING IN HONG
KONG AND FEARS IT WAS THERE,
THEY TRIED TO COME DOWN WITH THE
HEAVY HAND.
THEY DON'T REALLY CONSULT TOO
MUCH WITH THE INDIAN ELITE OR
THE MIDDLE-CLASSES AND WHICH THE
BROTHERS IN MIDDLE-CLASS AND OF
COURSE, THE POOR HAD NO ONE TO
RETURN AND SO THEY WERE FLEEING.
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
AND SO THE QUESTION IS SINCE
THAT HAPPENED IN 1897 AND 1898.
WHEN YOU HAVE SOMETHING THAT WAS
ARGUABLY EVEN MORE EXACTING IN
TERMS OF THE TOLL, WHY DID THE
DOG BARK?
AND THE ANSWERS ARE SEVERAL.
ONE WAS THE STATE HAVING LEARNED
ITS LESSON AND INTO THE CLASS
AND THE APATHY ON THE PART OF
THE PUBLIC TO THE STATE AND A
NUMBER OF COMMUNITIES GOT
TOGETHER AND HELPED THEMSELVES
AND SOME OF THIS POOR TIMING.
THE FIRST WORLD WAR JUST
HAPPENED AND THE DISEASE HIT
RAPIDLY AND IT WAS DON UNLIKE
THE PLAGUED WHICH ALLOWED FOR
PEOPLE TO BE APPREHENDED AND
KEPT WAY THE FIRST OF MAJOR SET
OF AND AND IT APPEARED FROM THE
SO THIS WAS THE STORY THAT THE
FACT THE STORY IS THAT THE WEST
BROUGHT PROGRESS AND THE EAST
RETURNED THE FAVOR BY GIVING THE
WEST DISEASE AND THE FACT THAT
THIS DID NOT PLOW BY THAT
SCRIPT, WAS PERHAPS NOT
PARTICULARLY EXCITING TO THOSE
THAT WERE PROSECUTING THE
SUBJECTS.
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
ONE INTERESTING POINT THIS IS IS
THE DISCUSSION ON THE BACK
TERROLOGY OF INFLUENZA AND THIS
IS A KEY POINT.
THE PANDEMIC OF INFLUENZA DURING
1918 BRING THE IMPORTS OF MICRO
BIOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE BUT THERE'S
REASON TO BELIEVE DEFEAT WITH
PREVENT I HAVE MEDICINE WAS
DOING PART WITH THE REGARD TO
THE PRIMARY INFECTIVE AGENCY OF
THIS DISEASE.
NOW THE KEY THING HERE THEY'RE
USING THE WORD BACK TERROLOGY
BECAUSE THE NOTION OF THE VIRUS
WHICH AS WE HAVE DID NOT EXIST.
IT WAS A VIRUS WAYS AT WHICH THE
IDEA WAS SMALLER THAN A BACTERIA
BUT IN THIS CASE.
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
MOVING NOW TO ANOTHER SET OF
RESPONSES AND THIS IS WHAT I
CALL RELIGION AND IT'S
MANIFESTATIONS.
IN TREATING THE GREAT INFLUENZA
DID NOT HAVE THE KIND OF DEITIES
THAT OTHER PANDEMIC INVOKED AND
WE SAW IN OUR OPENING SLIDE,
FROM THE WHO WAS SEEN AS A GOD
GODESS OF SMALLPOX.
INFLUENZA DID NOT HAVE THIS
BECAUSE OF THE REACTION WE HAVE
NOTED.
LOCAL RESPONSE WAS YOU ROOTED IN
RELIGION AND WORTH WHILE IN
CONTEXT TO A FACT WAIT
COMPARISON.
TOPICAL ARTICLE IN THE
PUBLICATION THE WIRE HERE IN
INDIA, DISCUSSES DIA TEE
ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASES, AS
MEANT AT THE SAME TIME AND THIS
WAS IN LATE 2020.
AND THE PANDEMIC GODESS IN THE
HAND OF THE WHERE RECENT
ININNOVATION OF THE DRAWS UPON
EARLY SIGNS OF VENNERRATION AND
FALL FOR SMALL BOX AND OTHER
PARTS OF NORTH INDIA AND WEST
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
AND THIS IS FROM THE NLM AGAIN.
WHO HAS HAD AN EASTERLY YEAR
BELIEF, ODDLY ENOUGH, IN
BUDDHIST CIRCLES RATHER THAN
INDIA AND THAT IS THE LEFT AND
STAY ON THIS SLIDE.
IT'S CALLED MARIMAN AND
ASSOCIATED WITH CHOLERA AND
THERE ARE VARIANTS OF THE STORY,
I MEAN, IT'S NOW LARGELY
ASSOCIATED WITH SMALLPOX AND
CHOLERA BUT WE MUST REMEMBER
THAT HARITHA WAS ASSOCIATED WITH
COAL CHOLERA.
THIS IS A TEMPLE ON THE RIGHT.
THERE'S A STORY WITH DEITIES
FROM BOTH SMALLPOX AND CHOLERA
AND IT'S A PART FROM SMALLPOX
ALSO LINKED WITH CHICKEN POX AND
THE PLAGUE AND IN MANY OF THOSE
INSTANCES IT'S CALLED ARMAY IN
PLACES LIKE PRESIDENT TIME IN
THE STATE AND BY DEAD RATS WERE
A SIGN THAT THE PLAGUE WAS
IMMINENT.
BOTH WITNESSES THE PLAGUE IN
1916 TRACES THE JOURNEY THE
PLAGUE FROM BOMBAY TO BANGALORE
AND THEY FACE THE HARDSHIPS
FACED BY THE VILLAGE AND
HOUSEHOLDS.
SO WE HAVE THIS, WE HAVE AN
ACCOUNT BY A RARE WHO IS NOT IN
DURING THE PLOWING OF 1940s.
YOU CAN ACTUALLY SEE THIS T THE
PLOWING DID NOT APPEAR IN
EDAPPADI AND A FOR WARNING, THE
RATS FALL DID HE DO.
IT WAS THE MOST OMINOUS SIGHT I
SEEN.
A RAT FALLING FROM THE ROOF
MEANT WE HAD TO LEAVE OUR HOUSES
NOT KNOWING WHEN WE COULD
RETURN.
MORE RECENTLY, GIVEN THE SPREAD
OF HIV/AIDS IT'S SPIRIT
POSSESSION IT'S PROTECT.
SMALLPOX APPEARS TO DOMINATE,
HOWEVER, MUCH OF THE EARLY
DISCOURSE.
THE RELIGIOUS STUDIES SCHOLAR
HAS DESCRIBED THROUGH HER
COMPELLING PAPER SPROUTS OF THE
BODY, SPROUTS THE FIELD, THE
GODESS IN SOUTH INDIA WHEN A
PERSON IS INFLICTED WITH POX
IT'S BELIEVED THE GODDESS HAS
ARRIVED IN THE PERSON.
THE TERM MEANS PEARLS OF POXES
AND AS WELL AS MOTHER OF
GODDESS.
WITHIN A REMARKABLE CORRELATION
OF NARRATIVES FROM THE SOUTHERN
STATE INDIAN STATE, A GARLAND OF
LEGEND THAT BEGAN BEING
PUBLISHED IN 1909 AND NEXT
SLIDE, PLEASE.
THE COMPILER WRITES THE LEGEND
WHO IS A WOMAN RENNERED
DESTROYED OF EYES, EARS, LIMBS
AND WHO SMELLS HER WAY TO THOSE
THAT INCUR THE WRATH OF HER
PRESIDING GODDESS AND SO IT
SHOULD CAUSE THEM TO MANIFEST
THE DISEASE.
AS TROLL GISTS HELD THE SMALLPOX
AGENDA THROUGH THE DISPLEASURE
OF GOD HE IS.
AND THEY HAVE STUDIED RELIGIOUS
RESPONSES TO AND DESCRIBED THE
CULT AROUND THE FLUX GOD HE IS
WORSHIPPED BY BOTH HINDU AND THE
FORMER CAUSER ALL LIKE AND THE
LATTER ROW FER TO HER AS OLABIBI
AND THE UNIQUE FEATURE IS SHE'S
MUSLIM.
THEY WORSHIP HER AS A ABATAR
DISSENT AND MORE RARELY THE CON
SORT OF ALLAH.
THIS MIGHT SOUND AS ANO AN OX OE
MORTON AND SHE IS WOULD BE
SHIPPED BY MUSLIMS AND IT'S
UNPROBLEMATIC TO CALL HER BIBI
AND ASK THROUGH PEW JAB IN AND
IN CENTRAL INDIA THE DIA TEE WAS
A RARELY AND DISEASE DOMINATINGE
GODDES THROUGH THE KILLING AND
CONSUMPTION OF CAUSE ASSOCIATED
WITH A FORMER PRINCE.
THEY HAVE BEEN WORSHIPPED FOR
REASONS OTHER THAN DISEASE AND
IT WAS AMPLIFIED THROUGH CHOLERA
RESULTING IN POPULARITY
CORRESPONDING INCREASE FROM
CALCUTTA.
WE HAVE BEEN REFLECTING ON SUCH
AMPLIFICATION.
AND FOUND USEFUL THE ANALOGY
FROM BIOLOGY OF EX AKTATION OR
PRE ADAPTATION OF THE ROLE OF A
STRUCTURE SUBORDINATE TO ANOTHER
THAT A DOMINANT, FEATHERS AIDING
FLIGHT AND IT WAS INSULATION AND
THE FLIGHT IS PRE CURSERS TO
MAUD ARE NOT DAY BIRDS.
WHATEVER THE MERITS IN EARLIER
IMPLICATIONS THEY CLEARLY PALED
IN ITS POPULARITY AGAINST THE
BACKDROP OF LIGHT.
AND IN THE CASES ABOVE MANY OF
THESE DEITIES AND MOMENT AND
EVEN SOME WERE EX ALL OF THED TO
PANDEMIC PURPOSES DOING THIS AND
THE IT WOULD VARY FROM THOSE WHO
FOR THE LENS AND IT WOULD A
CERTAIN SYMPATHY OF MAYBE FOUND
THE ORIGINAL SENSE OF THE TERM
OR' ANTALLISM AND THERE WAS A
UNIT OF US OF THAT SYMPATHY AND
A LATER ONE THAT SAW THE OTHER
AS OTHER AND A SIGNIFICANT CASE
IN POINT IS SUPER DECISIONS OF
OR NOT INDIA OF THE MUSEUM FROM
1885 TO 1908 AND WRITTEN IN
1912, THROW YEARS AFTER HIS CAST
AND DESCRIBES OF SOUTHERN INDIA
AND THAT IS HIS PICTURE ON THE
RIGHT AND IT'S SCIENTIFIC
RACIALISM HE WOULD HAVE STUDIES
AND WITH THE AID OF CAL PER AND
STILL IN EVIDENCE THE MUSEUM AND
THIS IS THE FISCAL ANTHROPOLOGY
GALLERY ON THE FAR-LEFT AND IT'S
VERY DUSTY CABINET YOU HAVE THE
NO LEGEND AND SUPERINTENDENT AND
THAT'S CLOSED UP ABOVE IT AND TO
HELP IDENTIFY WHAT HE CALLED
CRIMINAL COST FOLLOWING THE AND
WHO HAD DONE HIS WORK ON THE
SUBJECT IN FRANCE AND THE
SUPERSTITIONS HAD TELLING
CHAPTERS SUCH AS ANIMAL
SUPERSTITION, THE EVIL EYE, IN
TERMS AND AND AT A PERFORMED AND
WHEN EPIDEMIC AN IMAGE JOIN IN
THE JOINED WITH FIVE COLORS AND
WHAT, BLACK, GREN AND RED AT
NIGHT SONGS ARE SUNG IN PRAISE
OF THAT DIA TEE BY SOMEONE WHO
BELONGS TO WHAT IS KNOWN AS THE
OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES NOW AND'S
IS FOLLOWERS.
A MEMBER OF THE TROOP THAT
REPLAYS THE PART AND THE ACT OF
MURDERING THE DEMON AND IN
CONCLUSION WAVES THE TORCH TO
WARD OFF THE EVIL EYE WITH THE
MOST IMPORTANT ITEM OF THE WHOLE
CEREMONY THE TORTURE IS GIVEN BY
WORSHIP BEFORE THE LIGHT IS
WAVED.
SO THIS IS IT.
THAT IS WHAT I'VE JUST HEARD AND
THIS IS OMEN POSITIONS BY EDGAR
THUREDGAR -- ALSO THROUGH PUBMED
ON THE NATIONAL LIBRARY PAGE AND
WHICH WE'RE VERY GRATEFUL.
NOW, THESE POINTS OF CRITICISM
INCLUDE SURPRISINGLY, MANY
INDIANS THEMSELVES.
THE OBSERVATIONS OF ARE A CASE
IN POINT NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE.
>>I WOULD LIKE TO END TODAY'S
TALK WITH A PERSONAL REFLECTION.
AS WE TRY TO HAVE THE ISSUE OF
SUPERSTITION ASK CULTURE INTO
PERSPECTIVE WHEN WE SPEAK ABOUT
DISEASE AND IN MANY WAYS THE
UNWARD CITY TO DEATH AS THE
THIRD CENTURY B.C. GREEK
PHILOSOPHY SO ELOQUENTLY
REFERRED TO IT, AS QUOTED IN THE
MASTERFUL 19th OR 2017 EFFORT
PALE RIDER, THE SPANISH FLU OF
1918 AND HOW IT CHANGE THE
WORLD.
I WAS IN A CHINESE RESTAURANT
ACROSS HAMPTON BOULEVARD IN
VIRGINIA.
WHERE I WAS READING FOR A
DOCTORATE IN ECOLOGICAL
SCIENCES.
THERE WAS ONLY ONE OTHER
CUSTOMER ANGLO-SAXON AS WE USED
TO SAY ABOUT ANYONE WHO WAS
WHITE IN THOSE DAYS WHO CITE
MEDICINE AND I RESPONDED IN
KIND.
WE GOT TO TALKING.
I STILL LEARNED THAT HE WAS A
CHRISTIAN AND HE ASKED ME FROM
WHERE I HAILED AND HE GAVE ME A
LOOK AND SAID THAT'S WHERE THEY
WORSHIP RATS, RIGHT.
WHEN I MUR HERD SOMETHING
DEFENSIVELY I WAS SMARTING AT
THE SLIGHT TOWARDS MY NATION.
AND I REALIZED THAT IF I COULD
HAVE REPLIED, OH YOU ARE FROM
THE UNITED STATES, THAT'S WHERE
THEY TAKE A VENOMOUS STAKES SAID
THE GRIPPING SALVATION SAND
MOUNTAIN DESCRIBES.
AND I WOULD HAVE QUOTED, BOOK
CHAPTER AND VERSE WITH THAT
CURIOUS COMMAND AND IN THIS CASE
THE GOSPEL OF MARK, CHAPTER 16
IN VERSE 18.
AND THE TRUTH IS, BOTH OF US
WOULD HAVE BEEN RIGHT.
THERE IS A RAT TEMPLE, THE
RAJASTAN AND THEY TAKE UP SNAKES
AND INCLUDE NORTH PARTS OF
GEORGIA AND TENNESSEE.
BUT TRYING TO SCORE POINTS IN
THIS MAN SER A MATTER OF LOW
HANGING FRUIT AND IN MANY WAYS
UNBECOMING OF SERIOUS EXCHANGE.
THERE IS A BASIS TO THESE
ACCOUNTS AND THEY ARE PART OF
EACH NATION'S HERITAGE AND THEY
CANNOT STAND AS A FOR THE WHOLE
AND AS WE WRESTLE WITH RASH
OBJECT ONALITY AND IDEOLOGY AND
MAGIC AND SCIENCE AND
NATIONALISM AND DEVOTION AND
ALWAYS HISTORY.
WE CAN DO WORSE THAN CALL TO
MIND THE IN SIGHT OF THE
NIGERIAN AND NOW AMERICAN
AUTHOR.
WERE IN A CELEBRATED TED TALK IN
2009 SHE SPOKE ABOUT THE DANGER
OF A SINGLE STORY.
AS WE REFLECT UPON CULTURAL
PRACTICE, MAY WE REMEMBER THAT.
>>Dr. MATHEW, THANK YOU VERY
MUCH FOR THAT WONDERFUL AND
THOUGHT PROVOKING PRESENTATION.
REALLY APPRECIATE YOU TAKING THE
TIME, YOU AND YOUR RESEARCH TEAM
TO COMPOSE IT SO ELOQUENTLY AND
VISUALLY SO THANK YOU VERY MUCH.
WE HAVE A FEW QUESTIONS THAT
HAVE COME IN AND I'D LIKE TO
BEGIN -- THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR
YOUR TALK THIS INDIVIDUAL
WRITES, AND THANK YOU FOR MAKING
CLEAR THE SHEAR HUMAN IMPACT OF
EPIDEMIC DISEASE IN INDIA.
THIS PERSON ASKS, WHERE ARE
THERE SILENCES IN THE ARCHIVES
YOU HAVE CONSULTED TO PAINT THE
PICTURE THAT YOU HAVE DONE SO
VERY WELL?
IS THE HISTORY OF SOME REGIONS
BETTER PRESERVED AND OR
ACCESSIBLE THAN THE HISTORY OF
OTHERS?
>>IT'S A VERY GOOD QUESTION AND
I CAN IMMEDIATELY SAY THE
ARCHIVES IN MOUNT RUSSIA WHICH I
HAVE CONSULTED, ARE GOOD AND THE
ACCESS CAN GET HARD AS WELL AS
IN WHERE I'VE BEEN AND THE OR
WHAT IS INTERESTING IN DELI IS
THE FACT THAT THERE ARE TWO SETS
OF FILES, ONE OF WHICH IS VERY
OFTEN INACCESSIBLE TO REGULAR
RESEARCHERS SO WE DO HAVE THOSE
ISSUES.
IT'S ALSO CONFESSEDLY'S YEAR TO
WORK IN THE COLONIAL PERIOD WAS
THE RECORDS WERE METICULOUS AND
I DON'T KNOW IF THIS IS TRUE FOR
A NUMBER OF COUNTRIES THAT
SWIFTLY COME TO POINTS OF
DECOLONIZATION BUT NOT THAT
INDIA WAS SWIFT BUT IT CAME TO A
HEAD PRETTY QUICKLY AFTER THE
SECOND WORLD WAR AND WHAT
HAPPENS TO THE KEEPING OF
RECORDS?
I KNOW THERE ARE SOME PARTS OF
THE COUNTRY WERE IN NOT CALCUTTA
BUT IN NEIGHBORING STATES, WHERE
FILES ARE IN TREMENDOUS
DISREPAIR AND THAT IS LETTING.
FOR MANY OF US, DURING HISTORY
IN THE COUNTRY, WE RECOGNIZE
THAT THERE HAS BEEN AN EFFORT ON
THE PART OF INSTITUTIONS NOW
SOME PRIVATE AND OTHERS
GOVERNMENTAL, TO START AN
ARCHIVING PROCESS.
THAT'S ONE ASPECT OF THE
QUESTION AND THE OTHER IS WHERE
ARE THEIR SILENCE AND I THINK
ONE MAJOR SILENCE IS ABOUT
INFLUENZA AND THIS IS EVEN
DURING THE COLONIAL PERIOD AND
IT IS TELLING THAT WE CAN'T FIND
ANY PHOTOGRAPHS.
AND I HAVEN'T FOUND THEM IN, I
MEAN P. THE NLM DOESN'T SEEM TOE
ANY.
EVEN IN PLACES WHERE THERE WAS A
STRONG STRAIGHT CON OLAL
CONNECTION WITH INDIA AND IN THE
UNITED KINGDOM THERE AREN'T ANY.
THE FACT THEY EXIST FOR THE
PLAGUE, WHICH WAS 20 YEARS
EARLIER IS REMARKABLE.
SO THAT'S ONE PLACE.
THE FACT IS THAT THOSE NUMBERS
AS I MENTIONED EARLIER IN 50 TO
100% LIKE WITH HIV/AIDS YOU HAVE
PEOPLE DYING OF SECONDARY
INFECTIONS LIKE PNEUMONIA SO
WHAT IS THE FINAL CAUSE OF DEATH
AND IT MAY NOT ALWAYS BE DOWN AS
THE FLU AND THERE IS THAT.
BUT EVEN IN THE FACE OF THAT,
THIS LACK OF THE VISION
REPRESENTATION IS STUNNING.
>>THANK YOU.
ANOTHER QUESTION, I SHOULD
REWIND THOSE WHO ARE WATCHING,
THERE'S A LIVE FEEDBACK BUTTON
UNDER YOUR VIDEO STREAM AND YOU
CAN USE THAT BUTTON TO SEND
QUESTIONS TO Dr. MATHEW
THROUGH ME.
PARDON ME FOR NOT MENTIONING
THAT.
I SHOULD HAVE DONE SO.
THE OTHER QUESTION, HOW DO THE
RE LIGE US OR SUPERSTITIONS YOU
DESCRIBED FACTOR IN MEMORIES OF
EPIDEMIC DISEASE PASSED DOWN
WITHIN INDIVIDUALS INDIAN
FAMILIES?
ARE THERE THINGS WE COULD CHAIR?
>>WE WERE THINKING ABOUT THIS
AND SOME OF YOU WERE REFERRED IN
THE POETRY THAT DID COME THROUGH
AND THERE WERE INSTANCES THAT
WITH BEING FIGURED UP AND USED,
FOR INSTANCE, IF YOU TAKE THE
PLACE OF -- THIS IS INTERESTING,
RIGHT, WHERE YOU HAD THIS
BETWEEN RELIGIONS FROM BUDDHISM
AND YOU HAD CHOLERA COMING TO
HINDUISM AND THEN BEING USED
SMALLPOX AND WHAT WE FOUND
INTERESTING AS A TEAM, WAS I
MEAN, AND WE USE BIOLOGICAL WE
SAID WHERE YOU MAY HAVE A
PARTICULAR RULE BUT SUDDENLY, A
DISEASE COMING ALONG SO YOU CAN
JUST REPURPOSE THE DEITY FOR
SOMETHING ELSE AND THERE ARE
ESPECIALLY THE CASE, WE HAVE THE
TEMPLES FOR EXAMPLE WHICH DO
EXIST AND THOSE ARE VERY STRONG
COMMUNITY ELEMENTS AND SO, THE
TRADITION THERE IS IMPORTANT AND
THE FACT DISEASE COMES SO OFTEN
GIVES THE GODS PLENTY TO DO SO
TO SPEAK.
SO THE ANSWER IS, YES, THERE IS
THAT THAT COMES THROUGH IN
MEMOIRS AND COMMUNITY PRACTICE.
>>YOU.
>>THANK YOU.
ANOTHER QUESTION THAT COME IN IS
A PRAISE OF THE DIVERSITY OF
YOUR TEACHING EXPERIENCES IS
TRULY IMPRESSIVE THIS PERSON
WRITES.
COULD YOU SPEAK TO HOW IF AT
ALL, DOES PUBLIC-HEALTH FIGURE
IN THE CURRICULUM OF PRIMARY OR
SECONDARY INDIAN SCHOOLS GIVEN
THE DIVERSITY OF THE COUNTRY
WITH RESPECT TO THE DIVERSITY OF
THE COUNTRY?
>>SADLY, LITTLE.
AND IT'S A GREAT QUESTION.
I DON'T KNOW FINANCE IT DOES.
WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT, LET'S JUST
SAY FROM HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
AND YOU SAY THERE ARE A
POLITICAL CAUSES AND THERE ARE
ECONOMIC CAUSES AND HOW OFTEN DO
WE SEE CURRICULA HANG ON THE
NAIL OF PUBLIC-HEALTH?
AND WHY DOES THAT NOT BECOME THE
POINT OF DEPARTURE IN MANY WAYS
AND TO WHY, I MENTIONED, A
WRITER AND YOU KNOW, HER, YOU
HAVE MET HER TO AT THE SAME
CONFERENCE AND LAURA WROTE TO ME
A FEW WEEKS AGO AND SAID, I AM
COMING OUT THESE DAYS AND THEY
ALL ARE ALREADY FOR GETTING
ABOUT THE SPANISH FLU AGAIN.
THAT WAS TELLING.
WE'RE NOT EVEN DONE WITH COVID
AND THE FACT THERE'S THIS ALMOST
CO'SED AMNESIA THAT PEOPLE ARE
COMFORTABLE AND AT LEAST THEY'RE
CREATORS OF CURRICULA IS AN
INDICTMENT AND I THINK THAT THAT
WHEN THAT IN RECENT TIMES, THEN
IT SEEMS VERY UNLIKELY THAT
SCHOOL CURRICULA WILL BE IN THE
VAN GUARD FOR THAT CHANGE.
>>THANK YOU.
AND YES IN DEED, BOTH OF US HAD
THE PRIVILEGE OF MEETING LAURA
AT THE CONFERENCE IN GEL GUM IN
EARLY 2019 AND I FAILED TO
MENTION TO YOU THIS BEFORE YOUR
TALK TODAY BUT I HAD DINNER LAST
NIGHT WITH DOMINIQUE.
>>REALLY!
>>HE WAS PASSING THROUGH TOWN
ON WORK ON RESEARCH AND GIVING A
TALK HERE LOCALLY SO WE SEND HIM
OUR REGARDS AND I TOLD HIM WE
WOULD HAVE THE PLAINTIFF OF PRIF
HOSTING YOU TODAY.
>>THANK YOU.
>>ANOTHER QUESTION THAT HAS
COME IN, HOW WOULD YOU COMPARE
THE TRAJECTORY OF THE
SARS-CoV-2 PANDEMIC IN THE
FIRST TWO YEARS IN INDIA
COMPARED TO FIRST, THE REST OF
ASIA AND SECONDLY TO THE REST OF
THE WORLD IF THERE WERE
SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WHAT'S
MIGHT HAVE CAUSED THEM?
WE DID HAVE PLACES HIT HARD LIKE
SOUTH KOREA AND SPAIN AND ITALY
AND EUROPE AND LIKE WITH
HIV/AIDS, THERE WERE STATEMENTS
AROUND THE COUNTRY THAT INDIA
WASN'T CONTRACTING IT BECAUSE WE
WERE DEALING WITH THE SITUATION
AND PART OF IT WAS APPARENTLY
INDIAN WERE MORE USED TO
DIFFICULT CIRCUMSTANCES AND
SANITARY TERMS AND SO, COULD
COOK BETTER AND THIS WAS VERY
QUICKLY DISPELLED.
NOW WHAT WAS INTERESTING, WAS IF
WE DO ACTUALLY ACCEPT YOUR WAVES
AND IF THAT WHEN IT REALLY DID
START HITTING, AND THIS WAS TRUE
ALREADY BY APRIL, THAT WAS
LARGELY SEEN AS THE STATEMENT
OF, WELL, COVID REALLY ISN'T OUR
PROBLEM.
IT'S HAPPENING ELSEWHERE.
AND BY APRIL THEY HAD LOCKDOWNS
ASK THEY WERE DRACONIAN AND THE
PEOPLE AFFECTED WERE THOSE THAT
WERE POOR, WHICH IS WHY WE HAD
THE GUEST WORK SITUATION AND
PEOPLE WERE TRAVELING LONG
DISTANCES FROM THE NORTH TO THE
SOUTH AND AND THE DIFFERENCE
HERE WAS THAT IT HAD NOT GOT
THROUGH THIS IN SOME SENSES SO
THE PEOPLE THAT WERE AFFLUENT
COULD GO TO PRIVATE HOSPITALS
WHICH WERE BEYOND THE CAN OF
THOSE THAT WERE GUEST WORKSERS
OR HIGH GRAND WORKERS TO SEE
VERY MUCH AS SOMETHING THAT WAS
A MOMENT WHEN EVERYONE WAS HIT
AND THERE EVEN FOR THOSE THAT
COULD AFFORD IT, AND SO, I WOULD
REALLY MAKE THE STARK POINT OF
THE WAYS AS FAR AS INDIA BUT
FIRST, INDIA WAS A LITTLE SLOW
OFF OFF THE MARK SO TO SPEAK AT
THAT POINT IN TIME AND WITH THE
LOCKDOWNS, I THINK WE ALL WERE
HOLDING OUR BREATH SAYING, ARE
WE MERELY DELAYING THE
INEVITABLE AND PART OF THE ISSUE
WAS THAT WE DIDN'T KNOW HOW LONG
IT WOULD LAST WOULD YOU TAKING A
HIT AND THAT'S WHAT IS LED AFTER
LOCKDOWN WE HAD UNLOCK ONE AND
THE LIKE SO YEAH.
>>YOU DESCRIBED THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MEMORIAL AND
HOW PREVALENT IF AT ALL ARE
OTHER PHYSICAL SIMILAR PHYSICAL
MARKERS OR MORE BROADLY, MEMBER
ORALS ASSOCIATED WITH THE REGION
AT OR EPIDEMIC DISEASE OF INDIA.
>>THERE AREN'T REALLY MANY
MEMORIALS TO DISEASES AND IT'S
NOT LIKE, AND YET HE WAS
PROSECUTING HIS DEITIES AND AS I
SAID EXTREMELY ZEALOUS ABOUT
THEM BUT IT'S NOT LIKE SOMETHING
YOU WOULD FIND WHERE HE WOULD
HAVE A MEMORIAL AND SO EVEN IN
NORFOLK, VIRGINIA, SO, NO, I
CAN'T THINK OF MEMORIALS TO IN
TERMS OF GREAT CLASSES I MEAN,
AND THAT IS IT'S OWN MARKER BUT
THAT IS OF WHAT HAPPENED RATHER
THAN A DECIDED EFFORT TO SAY WE
SHALL REMEMBER.
>>THANK YOU.
PERSPECTIVE.
THANK YOU.
Dr. MATHEW, THANK YOU VERY,
VERY MUCH FOR YOUR TALK THIS
AFTERNOON AND IT'S OF COURSE,
YOUR EVENING LATE FOR YOU, AND
WE ARE VERY GRATEFUL ALL OF US
AT THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF
MEDICINE FOR YOUR TIME AND
AGAIN, THAT OF YOUR FANTASTIC
RESEARCH TEAM AND I'M SO HAPPY
THAT YOU INCLUDED THIS SLIDE
WITH THEIR FACE AND THEIR NAMES
AND CERTAINLY IF MY COLLEAGUES
AND I CAN BE OF FURTHER SERVICE
TO YOU IN YOUR RESEARCH USING
OUR RESOURCES AND PERHAPS
OTHERS, IN COOPERATION WITH
OTHERS AND ACROSS THE LIBRARY
AND ARCHIVES WORLD, PLEASE, BE
IN TOUCH AND WE'LL KEEP IN TOUCH
AND THANK YOU AGAIN, VERY, VERY
MUCH FOR YOUR THOUGHT PROVOKING
PRESENTATION.
VERY, VERY GRATEFUL.
HAVE A WONDERFUL EVENING.
>>THANK YOU SO MUCH, PLEASE
KNOW HOW GRATEFUL WE ARE TO
BRING OUR STORIES TO YOU AS
WELL.
THANK YOU.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR GRACIOUSNESS.
THANK YOU SO MUCH.
EVERYBODY ON YOUR TEAM AND
ALWAYS ONWARDS AND KNOW THAT YOU
HAVE FRIENDS.
THANK YOU.