1 00:00:06,207 --> 00:00:10,445 >> WELCOME, I'M JEFF RESNICK AT 2 00:00:10,445 --> 00:00:13,047 THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE 3 00:00:13,047 --> 00:00:14,582 AT THE NCH. 4 00:00:14,582 --> 00:00:16,918 THE HISTORY TALKS PROMOTE 5 00:00:16,918 --> 00:00:22,123 AWARENESS AND USE OF LMN FOR 6 00:00:22,123 --> 00:00:24,859 RESEARCH, AND PUBLIC SERVICE FOR 7 00:00:24,859 --> 00:00:26,728 BIOMEDICINE AND HUMANITIES. 8 00:00:26,728 --> 00:00:28,129 WE ALSO SUPPORT THE COMMITMENT 9 00:00:28,129 --> 00:00:31,099 OF THE NLM TO RECOGNIZE THE 10 00:00:31,099 --> 00:00:38,106 DIVERSITY OF COLLECTI COLLEC COT 11 00:00:38,106 --> 00:00:40,508 ORIGINATE FROM EVERY PART OF THE 12 00:00:40,508 --> 00:00:41,176 GLOBE. 13 00:00:41,176 --> 00:00:46,948 WE TALK WITH PEOPLE OF VARIOUS 14 00:00:46,948 --> 00:00:49,150 BACKGROUNDS WHO USE THESE 15 00:00:49,150 --> 00:00:50,685 COLLECTIONS TO ADVANCE THEIR 16 00:00:50,685 --> 00:00:53,521 TEACHING AND LEARNING. 17 00:00:53,521 --> 00:00:58,059 WE SUPPLEMENT WITH TEACHER 18 00:00:58,059 --> 00:00:59,127 INTERVIEWS. 19 00:00:59,127 --> 00:01:03,298 I'LL ADD THAT NLM HISTORY TALK 20 00:01:03,298 --> 00:01:04,699 WITH MADE POSSIBLE BY THE 21 00:01:04,699 --> 00:01:07,268 NATIONAL TEAM OF MEDICINE AND 22 00:01:07,268 --> 00:01:08,470 NCH VIDEO CASTING. 23 00:01:08,470 --> 00:01:10,038 YOU WANT TO THANK EACH AND EVERY 24 00:01:10,038 --> 00:01:12,207 ONE OF THEM FOR BRINGING THIS 25 00:01:12,207 --> 00:01:14,209 PROGRAM HERE TO YOU EVERY YEAR. 26 00:01:14,209 --> 00:01:18,012 AND I WISH TO THANK THEM FOR 27 00:01:18,012 --> 00:01:20,982 ORCHESTRATING THE Q&A AND CALL 28 00:01:20,982 --> 00:01:23,485 YOUR ATTENTION TO THE LIVE 29 00:01:23,485 --> 00:01:24,619 FEEDBACK BUTTON. 30 00:01:24,619 --> 00:01:26,888 PLEASE USE THIS FEATURE TO SHARE 31 00:01:26,888 --> 00:01:29,290 QUESTIONS WITH ME AND I WILL 32 00:01:29,290 --> 00:01:31,159 SHARE THEM WITH THE SPEAKER. 33 00:01:31,159 --> 00:01:32,927 TODAY'S PROGRAM IS BEING LIVE 34 00:01:32,927 --> 00:01:37,298 STREAMED GLOBALLY AND ARCHIVED 35 00:01:37,298 --> 00:01:42,303 BY NLM VIDEO CASTING AND MADE 36 00:01:42,303 --> 00:01:51,279 POSSIBLY BY THE MICHAEL E.DUBEKY 37 00:01:51,279 --> 00:01:53,147 FELLOW SHIP. 38 00:01:53,147 --> 00:01:57,252 THE FELLOW SHIP PROVIDES UP TO 39 00:01:57,252 --> 00:01:59,354 $10,000 TO PROMOTE RESEARCH AND 40 00:01:59,354 --> 00:02:02,323 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF THE 41 00:02:02,323 --> 00:02:05,527 NCH AND INCLUDE PAPERS OF 42 00:02:05,527 --> 00:02:14,502 MICHAEL E E.DIBEKY FROM SURGERYO 43 00:02:14,502 --> 00:02:15,503 HEALTH CARE POLICY AND MUCH, 44 00:02:15,503 --> 00:02:16,371 MUCH MORE. 45 00:02:16,371 --> 00:02:19,307 YOU CAN LEARN ABOUT THE 46 00:02:19,307 --> 00:02:22,911 FELLOWSHIP BY GOOGLING THE 47 00:02:22,911 --> 00:02:25,446 FELLOW SHIP AND YOU'LL FIND THE 48 00:02:25,446 --> 00:02:26,548 SEARCH. 49 00:02:26,548 --> 00:02:28,616 THE GIFT MAKES POSSIBLE THIS 50 00:02:28,616 --> 00:02:31,252 PORTION OF THE NLM HISTORY OF 51 00:02:31,252 --> 00:02:34,322 MEDICINE LECTURE SERIES. 52 00:02:34,322 --> 00:02:36,791 THIS IS OFFERED BY A SELECTED 53 00:02:36,791 --> 00:02:40,328 FELLOW BASED ON HIS OR HER 54 00:02:40,328 --> 00:02:41,729 COLLECTED RESEARCH. 55 00:02:41,729 --> 00:02:45,833 TODAY I HAVE GREAT PLEASURE AND 56 00:02:45,833 --> 00:02:49,370 PRIVILEGE TO INTRODUCE DR. 57 00:02:49,370 --> 00:02:52,040 OGECHUKWU WILLIAMS FROM THE 58 00:02:52,040 --> 00:02:53,374 UNIVERSITY EVER BUFFALO. 59 00:02:53,374 --> 00:02:57,312 DR. WILLIAMS IS AN HISTORICAL OF 60 00:02:57,312 --> 00:03:00,181 MEDICINE IN AFRICAN WITH 61 00:03:00,181 --> 00:03:04,719 EMPHASIS ON MATERNAL HEALTH AND 62 00:03:04,719 --> 00:03:05,620 MEDICAL CINEMA. 63 00:03:05,620 --> 00:03:09,123 THE PUBLICATIONS APPEAR IN 64 00:03:09,123 --> 00:03:11,426 SEVERAL JURCHLS INCLUDING THE 65 00:03:11,426 --> 00:03:14,262 JOURNAL OF AFRICAN HISTORY AND 66 00:03:14,262 --> 00:03:18,733 ART HISTORY AND VISUAL CULTURE. 67 00:03:18,733 --> 00:03:22,136 DRIVEN BY THE DESIRE TO PLOA 68 00:03:22,136 --> 00:03:31,012 MOLT DEBATES ON THE MATERNAL IN 69 00:03:31,012 --> 00:03:33,081 NIEJER JAW. 70 00:03:33,081 --> 00:03:37,885 IT EXPLORES THE LOCAL AND 71 00:03:37,885 --> 00:03:42,490 COLONIAL AND POLITICS OF MID SIN 72 00:03:42,490 --> 00:03:44,792 AND HOW THE INTERNATIONAL 73 00:03:44,792 --> 00:03:46,227 POPULATION CONTROL ORGANIZATIONS 74 00:03:46,227 --> 00:03:50,164 SOUGHT TO ADVANCE THEIR AGENDAS 75 00:03:50,164 --> 00:03:52,467 THROUGH CONQUEST OR BIRTH AND 76 00:03:52,467 --> 00:03:53,901 MOTHERHOOD. 77 00:03:53,901 --> 00:03:56,537 BOOK IS THE FIRST COMPREHENSIVE 78 00:03:56,537 --> 00:04:00,908 HISTORY OF CHILDBIRTH IN NIEJER 79 00:04:00,908 --> 00:04:01,709 YEAH. 80 00:04:01,709 --> 00:04:05,947 THE "DYING TO BRING LIFE" BUILDS 81 00:04:05,947 --> 00:04:08,483 UPON HER FIRST BOOK AND USES 82 00:04:08,483 --> 00:04:15,356 ORAL HISTORIES, MID CAL REPORTS, 83 00:04:15,356 --> 00:04:17,458 AND SAFE MOTHERHOOD REPORTS TO 84 00:04:17,458 --> 00:04:20,094 EXPLORE THE MATERNAL DEATHSES 85 00:04:20,094 --> 00:04:24,565 AND THE WAY THAT POLITICAL 86 00:04:24,565 --> 00:04:27,235 DECISIONS AND CULTURAL ASPECTS 87 00:04:27,235 --> 00:04:28,403 IMPACTED MATERNAL DEATHS SINCE 88 00:04:28,403 --> 00:04:29,937 THE 20TH CENTURY. 89 00:04:29,937 --> 00:04:32,340 TODAY DR. WILLIAMS JOINS US FROM 90 00:04:32,340 --> 00:04:33,241 THE UNIVERSITY OF BUFFALO TO 91 00:04:33,241 --> 00:04:35,376 PRESENT ASPECTS OF HER RESEARCH 92 00:04:35,376 --> 00:04:39,714 IN THE NLM COLLECTIONS AND HER 93 00:04:39,714 --> 00:04:42,750 TALK ON THE PUSH OF THE AMERICAN 94 00:04:42,750 --> 00:04:45,820 COLLEGE OF MIDWIFES FOR MATERNAL 95 00:04:45,820 --> 00:04:47,388 HEALTH CARE ADVANCEMENTS IN 96 00:04:47,388 --> 00:04:47,722 NIGERIA. 97 00:04:47,722 --> 00:04:50,124 DR. WILLIAMS, A WRM WELCOME TO 98 00:04:50,124 --> 00:04:51,959 YOU AND WE THANK YOU VERY MUCH 99 00:04:51,959 --> 00:04:53,161 FOR JOIN US TODAY. 100 00:04:53,161 --> 00:04:57,665 >> I WOULD LIKE TO STOP BY 101 00:04:57,665 --> 00:05:00,501 THANKING THE NATIONAL RESEARCH 102 00:05:00,501 --> 00:05:02,103 OF MEDICINE OVER THE COURSE OF 103 00:05:02,103 --> 00:05:03,871 SEVERAL MONTHS TO MAKE TODAY 104 00:05:03,871 --> 00:05:04,138 POSSIBLE. 105 00:05:04,138 --> 00:05:05,740 THANK YOU, EVERYONE, FOR TAKING 106 00:05:05,740 --> 00:05:08,309 THE TIME ON A BUSY THURSDAY TO 107 00:05:08,309 --> 00:05:11,412 LISTEN TO THIS LECTURE. 108 00:05:11,412 --> 00:05:14,382 I'M GOING IT START WITH A 109 00:05:14,382 --> 00:05:16,250 BRIEFLY DOCUMENTARY ON HOW I 110 00:05:16,250 --> 00:05:17,218 STARTED THIS RESEARCH. 111 00:05:17,218 --> 00:05:18,986 AND ENDED UP WITH THE TIGHT THAT 112 00:05:18,986 --> 00:05:21,622 WILL I DID. 113 00:05:21,622 --> 00:05:24,125 AND I WILL DISCUSS BRIEFLY THE 114 00:05:24,125 --> 00:05:27,195 ORIGINS OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE 115 00:05:27,195 --> 00:05:30,331 OF MIDWIVES AND THE SPECIAL FROJ 116 00:05:30,331 --> 00:05:31,532 SECTION WHICH I'M GOING TO REFER 117 00:05:31,532 --> 00:05:38,840 TO TO AS ACNM AND ACS 118 00:05:38,840 --> 00:05:39,173 RESPECTFULLY. 119 00:05:39,173 --> 00:05:41,342 I WILL DISCUSS THE PROJECTS FROM 120 00:05:41,342 --> 00:05:44,612 NIGERIA IN DETAIL AND END WITH A 121 00:05:44,612 --> 00:05:47,014 COMMENTARY ON THEIR ATTEMPTS TO 122 00:05:47,014 --> 00:05:49,650 BEGIN SPECIAL PROJECTS AT HOME. 123 00:05:49,650 --> 00:05:52,954 AND YOU'RE GOING TO HEAR ME SAY 124 00:05:52,954 --> 00:05:54,822 IN MIDWIFERY A LOT. 125 00:05:54,822 --> 00:05:56,557 I HAVEN'T GOTTEN AROUND TO THE 126 00:05:56,557 --> 00:06:00,061 U.S. VERSION OF THAT 127 00:06:00,061 --> 00:06:01,896 PRONUNCIATION WHICH IS 128 00:06:01,896 --> 00:06:02,563 MIDWIFERY. 129 00:06:02,563 --> 00:06:03,898 SO BEAR WITH ME. 130 00:06:03,898 --> 00:06:06,768 I BEGAN MY RESEARCH ON MY SECOND 131 00:06:06,768 --> 00:06:09,170 PROJECT IN IF FALL 2022 ON 132 00:06:09,170 --> 00:06:10,571 MATERNAL DEATHS. 133 00:06:10,571 --> 00:06:13,040 IN FALL 2022 AND SPRING 2023 AT 134 00:06:13,040 --> 00:06:17,645 THE NATIONAL LIE BRING OF 135 00:06:17,645 --> 00:06:23,351 MEDICINE AND -- LIE BRING OF -- 136 00:06:23,351 --> 00:06:25,419 LIBRARY OF MEDICINE AND ITCHES 137 00:06:25,419 --> 00:06:27,989 INTERESTED IN COLLECTIONS OF THE 138 00:06:27,989 --> 00:06:32,693 ACNM AND ONE OF THEIR FOREMOST 139 00:06:32,693 --> 00:06:35,663 SPONSORS THE NC BOARD IN 140 00:06:35,663 --> 00:06:36,964 NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT. 141 00:06:36,964 --> 00:06:39,367 INSTEAD OF REQUESTING THE 142 00:06:39,367 --> 00:06:41,536 SPECIFIC FOLD THAT ARE I NEEDED 143 00:06:41,536 --> 00:06:43,404 THAT HAD THE DOCUMENTS THAT I 144 00:06:43,404 --> 00:06:45,506 WANTED, I REQUESTED THE ENTIRE 145 00:06:45,506 --> 00:06:46,941 BOXES THAT CONTAIN THOSE 146 00:06:46,941 --> 00:06:47,909 FOLDERS. 147 00:06:47,909 --> 00:06:50,978 AND SO I SPENT THAT VISIT IN THE 148 00:06:50,978 --> 00:06:53,247 FALL JUST GOING THROUGH ACNM 149 00:06:53,247 --> 00:06:57,485 RECORDS AND I TO RETURN IN 150 00:06:57,485 --> 00:06:59,187 SPRING '23 TO LOOK AT THE OTHER 151 00:06:59,187 --> 00:07:00,588 DOCUMENTS THAT I WAS INTERESTED 152 00:07:00,588 --> 00:07:02,056 IN EXPLORING. 153 00:07:02,056 --> 00:07:04,759 WHAT THIS DID FOR ME WAS THAT IT 154 00:07:04,759 --> 00:07:07,161 PROVIDED PR ME AN IN-DEPTH 155 00:07:07,161 --> 00:07:10,298 KNOWLEDGE OF THE NATURE, THE 156 00:07:10,298 --> 00:07:13,067 EXTENT OF ACNM WORK ABROAD BUT 157 00:07:13,067 --> 00:07:15,703 ALSO PROVIDED INSIGHTS INTO THE 158 00:07:15,703 --> 00:07:18,873 POLITICAL CONTEXT THAT THEY WERE 159 00:07:18,873 --> 00:07:20,308 NAVIGATING AT HOME IN THE UNITED 160 00:07:20,308 --> 00:07:21,475 STATES. 161 00:07:21,475 --> 00:07:24,679 THE MATERNAL AND REPRODUCTIVE 162 00:07:24,679 --> 00:07:27,281 HEALTH CARE CRISIS THAT THEY 163 00:07:27,281 --> 00:07:29,050 WERE NEGATING AS WELL AS 164 00:07:29,050 --> 00:07:30,685 QUESTIONS SURROUNDING THE 165 00:07:30,685 --> 00:07:33,788 AUTONOMY AND THE EXTENT OF THEIR 166 00:07:33,788 --> 00:07:35,189 PRACTICE AT THE TIME THEY 167 00:07:35,189 --> 00:07:39,126 VENTURED ABROAD. 168 00:07:39,126 --> 00:07:45,566 SO THESE TWO NEWSPAPER CLIPS ON 169 00:07:45,566 --> 00:07:47,702 THE SCREEN PRETTY MUCH 170 00:07:47,702 --> 00:07:49,770 SUMMARIZES THE HISTORY OF 171 00:07:49,770 --> 00:07:51,305 MIDWIFERY IN THE UNITED STATES. 172 00:07:51,305 --> 00:07:53,174 BEFORE THAT, ONE OF THE 173 00:07:53,174 --> 00:07:55,009 QUESTIONS I BEGAN TO ASK AFTER I 174 00:07:55,009 --> 00:07:57,211 SAW SOME OF THE BACKGROUND 175 00:07:57,211 --> 00:08:00,181 SURROUNDING ACNM WORK ABROAD, I 176 00:08:00,181 --> 00:08:06,420 BEGAN AT THAT ASK WHY THE ACNM 177 00:08:06,420 --> 00:08:08,522 VENTURED BROAD AND THAT'S HOW I 178 00:08:08,522 --> 00:08:13,995 ENDED UP LOOKING AT THE TITLE, 179 00:08:13,995 --> 00:08:15,630 CHAMPION AS BROAD. 180 00:08:15,630 --> 00:08:17,832 THESE TWO IMAGES ON THE SCREEN 181 00:08:17,832 --> 00:08:21,769 IS AN EXCELLENT WAY TO SUMMARIZE 182 00:08:21,769 --> 00:08:24,171 THE HISTORY OF MID WHICHEVER RI 183 00:08:24,171 --> 00:08:25,873 IN THE UNITED STATES FOR MOST OF 184 00:08:25,873 --> 00:08:27,275 THE 20TH CENTURY. 185 00:08:27,275 --> 00:08:30,077 BEGINNING IN THE EARLY 20TH 186 00:08:30,077 --> 00:08:32,480 CENTURY MIDWIFERY WAS A 187 00:08:32,480 --> 00:08:32,780 PROFESSION. 188 00:08:32,780 --> 00:08:36,584 THERE WAS A MOVE PRVEL BY THE 189 00:08:36,584 --> 00:08:38,419 AMERICAN MEDICAL -- ESPECIALLY 190 00:08:38,419 --> 00:08:41,155 BY THE AMERICAN MEDICAL 191 00:08:41,155 --> 00:08:45,526 ASSOCIATION AND GYNECOLOGISTS TO 192 00:08:45,526 --> 00:08:46,527 OUTLAW MIDWIFERY. 193 00:08:46,527 --> 00:08:48,696 THESE WERE ORGANIZATIONS THAT 194 00:08:48,696 --> 00:08:50,665 WERE PREDOMINANTLY MALE AT THE 195 00:08:50,665 --> 00:08:51,532 TIME AND WHITE. 196 00:08:51,532 --> 00:08:55,736 AND SO THE MEDICALIZATION OF 197 00:08:55,736 --> 00:08:57,138 CHILD BIRTH INVOLVED THEIR MOVE 198 00:08:57,138 --> 00:09:01,742 TO TAKE OVER NO MORE 199 00:09:01,742 --> 00:09:03,277 DELIVERIES -- NORMAL DELIVERIES 200 00:09:03,277 --> 00:09:04,378 WHICH AT THE TIME WAS UNDER THE 201 00:09:04,378 --> 00:09:05,880 CONTROL OF MIDWIFES. 202 00:09:05,880 --> 00:09:11,052 BY THE 1930S AND 1940s, THEY 203 00:09:11,052 --> 00:09:13,354 WERE LARGELY SUCCESSFUL, BUT 204 00:09:13,354 --> 00:09:17,725 THERE WAS A CRISIS WHEN IF DIME 205 00:09:17,725 --> 00:09:19,126 MATERNAL HEALTH WITHIN THE 206 00:09:19,126 --> 00:09:19,961 UNITED STATES. 207 00:09:19,961 --> 00:09:22,997 THERE WAS A CRISIS OF MATERNAL 208 00:09:22,997 --> 00:09:24,865 DEATHS WHICH AFFECTED THE 209 00:09:24,865 --> 00:09:28,369 COMMUNITIES OF COLOR, IMMIGRANT 210 00:09:28,369 --> 00:09:30,004 COMMUNITIES WHICH PROVIDED THE 211 00:09:30,004 --> 00:09:32,940 HIGHER NUMBER OF MIDWIVES IN THE 212 00:09:32,940 --> 00:09:34,408 UNITED STATES DURING THE EARLIER 213 00:09:34,408 --> 00:09:36,243 PART OF THE 20TH CENTURY AND 214 00:09:36,243 --> 00:09:38,679 BEFORE THAT. 215 00:09:38,679 --> 00:09:40,982 THERE WAS ALSO A CRISIS OF 216 00:09:40,982 --> 00:09:41,282 PERSONNEL. 217 00:09:41,282 --> 00:09:44,051 THERE WERE NOT ENOUGH DOCTORS TO 218 00:09:44,051 --> 00:09:45,586 PROVIDE MATERNITY SERVICES TO 219 00:09:45,586 --> 00:09:46,721 WOMEN ACROSS THE COUNTRY IN THE 220 00:09:46,721 --> 00:09:47,655 UNITED STATES. 221 00:09:47,655 --> 00:09:50,091 THIS CRISIS WAS EVEN WORSE IN 222 00:09:50,091 --> 00:09:51,492 RURAL AMERICA. 223 00:09:51,492 --> 00:09:54,662 NOW, A NEW CLASS OF MIDWIFES 224 00:09:54,662 --> 00:09:57,164 EMERGED TO FILL IN THIS PERSONAL 225 00:09:57,164 --> 00:10:01,769 GAP AND THESE GAME GNOME AS 226 00:10:01,769 --> 00:10:02,937 NURSE MI WIVES. 227 00:10:02,937 --> 00:10:06,140 THESE WERE NURSES THAT BEGAN TO 228 00:10:06,140 --> 00:10:08,476 PRACTICE MIDWIFERY AND RECEIVING 229 00:10:08,476 --> 00:10:10,745 SOME TRAINING IN MIDWIFERY. 230 00:10:10,745 --> 00:10:14,115 BY THE 1950s, THE NUMBERS OF 231 00:10:14,115 --> 00:10:19,286 THESE NURSE VSH MIDWIFES HAD 232 00:10:19,286 --> 00:10:20,921 INCREASED SUCH THAT AS 233 00:10:20,921 --> 00:10:22,556 ORGANIZATION WAS FORMED TO 234 00:10:22,556 --> 00:10:24,325 PROVIDE SOME STRUCTURE TO THEIR 235 00:10:24,325 --> 00:10:25,793 EXISTENCE. 236 00:10:25,793 --> 00:10:28,262 IN 1955, ACNM WAS FOUNDED TO 237 00:10:28,262 --> 00:10:32,533 PROVIDE STRIK TOUR TO PROVIDE A 238 00:10:32,533 --> 00:10:35,903 MEAN -- PROVIDE A STRUCTURE AND 239 00:10:35,903 --> 00:10:37,671 MEANS OF CERTIFICATION FOR THIS 240 00:10:37,671 --> 00:10:39,840 FIELD OF NURSE MIDWIFES. 241 00:10:39,840 --> 00:10:44,545 BY THE 1970S AND 1980s, ACNM 242 00:10:44,545 --> 00:10:46,647 SIDE OF SIGNIFICANT BOOST IN ITS 243 00:10:46,647 --> 00:10:47,515 MEMBERSHIP. 244 00:10:47,515 --> 00:10:49,617 THE MEMBERSHIP GREW 245 00:10:49,617 --> 00:10:51,052 EXPONENTIALLY. 246 00:10:51,052 --> 00:10:54,555 BUT THERE WAS STILL SPECIAL 247 00:10:54,555 --> 00:10:57,391 NEGOTIATING THEIR AUTONOMY, THE 248 00:10:57,391 --> 00:11:00,061 KINDS OF PRODUCTIVE HEALTH 249 00:11:00,061 --> 00:11:01,896 SERVICES THAT THEY COULD OFFER 250 00:11:01,896 --> 00:11:04,198 TO WOMEN AND THE SERVICES THEY 251 00:11:04,198 --> 00:11:06,300 COULD PROVIDE INDEPENDENT OF OR 252 00:11:06,300 --> 00:11:12,606 IN CLAB -- COLLABORATION WITH 253 00:11:12,606 --> 00:11:13,040 DOCTORS. 254 00:11:13,040 --> 00:11:15,142 IT WAS UNDER THIS DECISION THAT 255 00:11:15,142 --> 00:11:17,344 THEY MADE TS DECISION TO VENTURE 256 00:11:17,344 --> 00:11:19,547 ABROAD TO CREATE THE SPECIAL 257 00:11:19,547 --> 00:11:20,448 PROJECTS SECTION. 258 00:11:20,448 --> 00:11:22,483 PART OF THE IDEA WAS A 259 00:11:22,483 --> 00:11:24,185 RECOGNITION THAT THE STATUS OF 260 00:11:24,185 --> 00:11:26,654 MID WHICH WAS AND MIDWIFERY IN 261 00:11:26,654 --> 00:11:29,490 THE UNITED STATES WAS TIED TO A 262 00:11:29,490 --> 00:11:31,859 GLOBAL STATUS OF MIDWIFE. 263 00:11:31,859 --> 00:11:34,428 NOW, THE SPECIAL PROJECTS 264 00:11:34,428 --> 00:11:38,132 SESSION, ONE OF THE MAJOR GOALS 265 00:11:38,132 --> 00:11:40,768 TWOOS COMBAT MATERNAL AND INFANT 266 00:11:40,768 --> 00:11:42,503 HEALTH, TO IMPROVE THE LIVES OF 267 00:11:42,503 --> 00:11:45,172 WOMEN AND ADVISE THE FIELD OF 268 00:11:45,172 --> 00:11:45,940 MIDWIFERY. 269 00:11:45,940 --> 00:11:47,441 A LOT OF THEIR WORKS WITH 270 00:11:47,441 --> 00:11:48,109 FOCUSED ABROAD. 271 00:11:48,109 --> 00:11:50,945 ALL OF THEIR WORK FOR THE FIRST 272 00:11:50,945 --> 00:11:54,582 DECADE OF THEIR A EXISTENCE WAS 273 00:11:54,582 --> 00:11:55,583 FOCUSED ABROAD. 274 00:11:55,583 --> 00:11:57,852 IN THE 198 OS A LOT OF THIS WORK 275 00:11:57,852 --> 00:12:01,122 WAS ON THE AFRICAN CONTINENT AND 276 00:12:01,122 --> 00:12:03,224 ON THE ASIAN CONTINENT. 277 00:12:03,224 --> 00:12:06,293 ON THE AFRICAN CONTINENT, THE 278 00:12:06,293 --> 00:12:10,231 FOCUS WAS ON ANGELO-FORMED 279 00:12:10,231 --> 00:12:10,764 COUNTRIES. 280 00:12:10,764 --> 00:12:13,300 THESE WERE FORMER BRITISH 281 00:12:13,300 --> 00:12:15,703 COLONIES SO THEY SPOKE ENGLISH 282 00:12:15,703 --> 00:12:17,872 AND THERE WAS A GOOD CHANCE THEY 283 00:12:17,872 --> 00:12:20,307 WOULD HAVE A U.S. PRESENCE AND 284 00:12:20,307 --> 00:12:21,842 CONNECTION DUE TO THAT BRITISH 285 00:12:21,842 --> 00:12:22,476 TIE. 286 00:12:22,476 --> 00:12:24,111 NOW THEY ALSO FOCUS THEIR 287 00:12:24,111 --> 00:12:28,616 PROJECTS ON COUNTRIES THAT WERE 288 00:12:28,616 --> 00:12:31,986 ECONOMICALLY SIGNIFICANT, WHERE 289 00:12:31,986 --> 00:12:33,654 ALSO SIGNIFICANT 290 00:12:33,654 --> 00:12:34,054 POPULATION-WISE. 291 00:12:34,054 --> 00:12:38,759 ONE OF THOSE WAS NIGERIA WHICH 292 00:12:38,759 --> 00:12:40,961 HAD STRATEGIC TWR TO THE UNITED 293 00:12:40,961 --> 00:12:42,863 STATES ESPECIALLY IN TERMS OF 294 00:12:42,863 --> 00:12:47,067 THE COLD WAR POLITICS IN THE 295 00:12:47,067 --> 00:12:53,607 '06S, '70s '80s AFTER 296 00:12:53,607 --> 00:12:55,576 NIGERIA GAINED INDEPENDENCE. 297 00:12:55,576 --> 00:12:58,412 THEY ALSO FOCUSED IN GHANA AFTER 298 00:12:58,412 --> 00:12:59,847 THEY WERE RECOGNIZED AS THE 299 00:12:59,847 --> 00:13:02,283 THIBD LARGEST COUNTRY IN AFRICA. 300 00:13:02,283 --> 00:13:04,351 A LOT OF THEIR PROJECTS WERE IN 301 00:13:04,351 --> 00:13:09,290 KENYA AND EU BEGAN DA. 302 00:13:09,290 --> 00:13:09,957 UGANDA. 303 00:13:09,957 --> 00:13:13,460 THESE WERE TWO MAJOR EAST 304 00:13:13,460 --> 00:13:17,731 AFRICAN HUBS. 305 00:13:17,731 --> 00:13:19,300 ACNM'S INTEREST DID NOT EXIST IN 306 00:13:19,300 --> 00:13:20,701 A VACUUM. 307 00:13:20,701 --> 00:13:23,404 BEFORE THEY SHOWED UP IN 1982, 308 00:13:23,404 --> 00:13:26,173 THERE WERE A LOTS OF NUMBER OF 309 00:13:26,173 --> 00:13:28,375 U.S. ORGANIZATIONS ACTIVE IN 310 00:13:28,375 --> 00:13:30,878 NIGERIA AND PROVIDING 311 00:13:30,878 --> 00:13:31,845 POPULATION-RELATED SERVICES. 312 00:13:31,845 --> 00:13:35,583 AND THESE ORGANIZATIONS -- U.S. 313 00:13:35,583 --> 00:13:37,551 ORGANIZATION PRESENCE IN NIGERIA 314 00:13:37,551 --> 00:13:41,155 BEGAN SHORTLY BEFORE NIGERIA'S 315 00:13:41,155 --> 00:13:42,456 INDEPENDENCE AROUND 1958. 316 00:13:42,456 --> 00:13:46,293 AS A RESULT OF MOSTLY CONCERNS 317 00:13:46,293 --> 00:13:48,362 REGARDING POPULATION. 318 00:13:48,362 --> 00:13:51,565 IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 1950s, 319 00:13:51,565 --> 00:13:52,967 THERE WERE CONCERNS ESPECIALLY 320 00:13:52,967 --> 00:13:56,570 IN THE ROCK FERAL FOUND EDITION 321 00:13:56,570 --> 00:14:02,309 THAT GLOBAL POPULATION WAS 322 00:14:02,309 --> 00:14:03,043 INCREASING. 323 00:14:03,043 --> 00:14:06,146 THE WHEREIN WORLD APART FROM THE 324 00:14:06,146 --> 00:14:09,516 SOVIET UNION WAS DECLINING, BUT 325 00:14:09,516 --> 00:14:11,852 THE POPULATION OF THE SO CALLED 326 00:14:11,852 --> 00:14:16,223 THIRD WORLD, NEWLY FORTUNATELIED 327 00:14:16,223 --> 00:14:17,358 AFRICAN COUNTRIES AND ELSEWHERE 328 00:14:17,358 --> 00:14:21,895 IN THE WORLD WERE INCREASING. 329 00:14:21,895 --> 00:14:25,199 SO THERE WERE CONCERNS OVER THIS 330 00:14:25,199 --> 00:14:26,300 POPULATION GROUP. 331 00:14:26,300 --> 00:14:27,635 BUT THERE WERE ALSO CONCERNS 332 00:14:27,635 --> 00:14:29,903 ABOUT THE KINDS OF ECONOMIC 333 00:14:29,903 --> 00:14:32,172 IMPLICATIONS THAT SUCH 334 00:14:32,172 --> 00:14:33,807 POPULATIONS WOULD HAVE ON THE 335 00:14:33,807 --> 00:14:34,808 WORLD. 336 00:14:34,808 --> 00:14:37,878 THERE WAS THIS IDEA THAT BY THE 337 00:14:37,878 --> 00:14:40,281 19078S, THE PROJECTION THAT BY 338 00:14:40,281 --> 00:14:42,349 THE 1908S THERE WOULD BE AN END 339 00:14:42,349 --> 00:14:45,419 OF THE WORLD KIND OF 340 00:14:45,419 --> 00:14:47,421 REPERCUSSION IF POPULATION 341 00:14:47,421 --> 00:14:50,124 WASN'T CHECKED. 342 00:14:50,124 --> 00:14:51,792 BY 1958 AND DEFINITELY TRUE ARE 343 00:14:51,792 --> 00:14:53,093 THE 1960s. 344 00:14:53,093 --> 00:14:55,162 U.S. ORGANIZATIONS INCLUDING 345 00:14:55,162 --> 00:14:57,698 ROCQUE FELL EXPRT POPULATION 346 00:14:57,698 --> 00:15:01,068 COUNCIL WHICH EMERGED AS A 347 00:15:01,068 --> 00:15:05,439 PROJECT OF OF THE ROCKEFELLER 348 00:15:05,439 --> 00:15:07,408 FOUNDATION BEGAN TO DO WORK 349 00:15:07,408 --> 00:15:10,244 RELATED TO POPULATION CONTROL IN 350 00:15:10,244 --> 00:15:10,844 NIGERIA. 351 00:15:10,844 --> 00:15:14,048 AND THEY IT SPECIFICALLY SINGLE 352 00:15:14,048 --> 00:15:16,450 OUT NIGERIA BECAUSE OF THE SIZE 353 00:15:16,450 --> 00:15:17,217 OF THE COUNTRY. 354 00:15:17,217 --> 00:15:20,954 IT WAS THE LARGEST ON THE 355 00:15:20,954 --> 00:15:23,357 AFRICAN CONTINENT 356 00:15:23,357 --> 00:15:24,892 POPULATION-WISE AND IMPORTANT TO 357 00:15:24,892 --> 00:15:26,860 THE UNITED STATES STRATEGICALLY. 358 00:15:26,860 --> 00:15:29,930 THERE WAS WORK ON 359 00:15:29,930 --> 00:15:30,597 POPULATION-RELATED PROJECTS. 360 00:15:30,597 --> 00:15:33,767 THERE WERE ALSO POPULATION LABS, 361 00:15:33,767 --> 00:15:37,705 DEMOGRAPHIC LABS SET UP BY U.S. 362 00:15:37,705 --> 00:15:40,374 UNIVERSITIES INCLUDING JOHNS 363 00:15:40,374 --> 00:15:41,542 HOPKINS UNIVERSITY POPULATION 364 00:15:41,542 --> 00:15:42,776 LABS. 365 00:15:42,776 --> 00:15:44,845 WHAT THESE ORGANIZATIONS WAS TO 366 00:15:44,845 --> 00:15:49,216 BEGIN COLLECT AND TRAIN NIGERIAN 367 00:15:49,216 --> 00:15:51,418 INSTITUTIONS TO COLLECT 368 00:15:51,418 --> 00:15:54,588 DEMOGRAPHIC DATA AND COLLECT 369 00:15:54,588 --> 00:15:55,489 HEALTH AS WELL. 370 00:15:55,489 --> 00:15:57,458 IT WAS UNDER THIS ENVIRONMENT 371 00:15:57,458 --> 00:16:01,295 THAT ACNM BEGAN ITS WORK IN 1982 372 00:16:01,295 --> 00:16:03,163 IN NIGERIA. 373 00:16:03,163 --> 00:16:05,532 UNLIKE THE ORGANIZATIONS THAT 374 00:16:05,532 --> 00:16:07,668 EXISTED THAT WERE ACTIVE IN 375 00:16:07,668 --> 00:16:08,969 NIGERIA BEFORE THEM, A LOT OF 376 00:16:08,969 --> 00:16:12,606 THE FOCUS WAS ALONG FAMILY 377 00:16:12,606 --> 00:16:14,675 QUALITY SERVICES. 378 00:16:14,675 --> 00:16:16,877 I MENTIONED THAT THERE WERE 379 00:16:16,877 --> 00:16:19,279 POPULATION CONTROL PROJECTS 380 00:16:19,279 --> 00:16:21,648 WHICH CULMINATED INTO FAMILY 381 00:16:21,648 --> 00:16:22,850 PLANNING FLOJTS NIENGERRIA 382 00:16:22,850 --> 00:16:23,984 ALREADY. 383 00:16:23,984 --> 00:16:25,619 PART OF THE PROBLEM WAS ACCESS. 384 00:16:25,619 --> 00:16:28,889 THIS IS WHERE ACNM'S 385 00:16:28,889 --> 00:16:30,124 INTERVENTION CAME IN. 386 00:16:30,124 --> 00:16:31,525 THESE FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES 387 00:16:31,525 --> 00:16:34,361 WERE NOT BEING SESABLE TO A BULK 388 00:16:34,361 --> 00:16:38,432 OF THE NIGERIAN COMMUNITIES. 389 00:16:38,432 --> 00:16:40,968 &PART OF THE PLESM WAS THE WAYS 390 00:16:40,968 --> 00:16:45,339 IN WHICH POSTPARTUM CARE WAS 391 00:16:45,339 --> 00:16:47,307 STRUCTURED IN THE COUNTRY UP TO 392 00:16:47,307 --> 00:16:50,477 THE END MUCH THE 1907S. 393 00:16:50,477 --> 00:16:52,212 POSTPARTUM CARES WITH REQUIRED 394 00:16:52,212 --> 00:16:58,452 FOR WOMEN WITH COMPLICATED 395 00:16:58,452 --> 00:17:01,555 DELIVERIES WAS NOT EXPECTED FOR 396 00:17:01,555 --> 00:17:05,125 WOMEN WHO HAD NORMAL UNEVENTFUL 397 00:17:05,125 --> 00:17:06,093 DELIVERIES. 398 00:17:06,093 --> 00:17:08,662 WHAT THAT MEANT WAS THAT 399 00:17:08,662 --> 00:17:11,365 FAMILY-PLANNING SPONSORS AND 400 00:17:11,365 --> 00:17:14,201 FAMILY-PLANNING PRACTITIONERS 401 00:17:14,201 --> 00:17:15,402 LOST THAT CHANCE, THE 402 00:17:15,402 --> 00:17:17,070 OPPORTUNITY TO OFFER TO WOMEN, 403 00:17:17,070 --> 00:17:20,574 WOMEN WHO HAD JUST HAD BABY AND 404 00:17:20,574 --> 00:17:23,777 VISITED HOSPITAL FOR POSTPARTUM 405 00:17:23,777 --> 00:17:26,180 VISITS TO OFFER THESE WOMEN 406 00:17:26,180 --> 00:17:27,781 FAMILY PLANNING OPTIONS. 407 00:17:27,781 --> 00:17:31,485 BUT THERE WAS ALSO AN ISSUE OF 408 00:17:31,485 --> 00:17:33,720 PERSONNEL. 409 00:17:33,720 --> 00:17:35,656 NIGERIAN DOCTORS WERE STRETCHED 410 00:17:35,656 --> 00:17:37,891 THIN COMPARED TO THE NUMBER OF 411 00:17:37,891 --> 00:17:40,093 PEOPLE THAT THEY HAD TO SERVE SO 412 00:17:40,093 --> 00:17:41,829 THEY COULD NOT TAKE ON IN MANY 413 00:17:41,829 --> 00:17:45,232 CASES THE FAMILY PLANNING 414 00:17:45,232 --> 00:17:45,466 CLINICS. 415 00:17:45,466 --> 00:17:50,070 PART OF THE PROPOSAL WAS TO 416 00:17:50,070 --> 00:17:52,773 EMPOWER MIDWIVES INCLUDING 417 00:17:52,773 --> 00:17:54,107 PRIVATE MIDWIFES TO ACTUALLY 418 00:17:54,107 --> 00:17:58,245 TAKE CARE OF THESE -- THE 419 00:17:58,245 --> 00:18:00,881 FAMILY-PLANS PROGRAMS TO TRAIN 420 00:18:00,881 --> 00:18:03,283 MIDWIFES TO TAKE CHARGE OF THE 421 00:18:03,283 --> 00:18:05,586 CLINICS IN ORDER TO EXPAND 422 00:18:05,586 --> 00:18:06,653 ACCESS. 423 00:18:06,653 --> 00:18:10,157 AFTER A PILOT PROBLEM AT THE 424 00:18:10,157 --> 00:18:11,792 UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL WAS 425 00:18:11,792 --> 00:18:13,994 LAUNCHED THAT KIND OF TESTED 426 00:18:13,994 --> 00:18:17,064 OITD EXPANDING POSTPARTUM 427 00:18:17,064 --> 00:18:19,266 PROGRAMS TO THE ENTIRE 428 00:18:19,266 --> 00:18:21,335 POPULATION, YOU WILL BIRTHING 429 00:18:21,335 --> 00:18:25,405 WOMEN, ACNM BEGAN TO WORK TO 430 00:18:25,405 --> 00:18:28,275 EMPOWER MIDWIFES TO TAKE PART 6 431 00:18:28,275 --> 00:18:31,678 THOSE PO POSTPARTUM CLINI CLINID 432 00:18:31,678 --> 00:18:39,987 OFFER PLANNING FAMILY AS WELL. 433 00:18:39,987 --> 00:18:43,557 ONE OF THE ACNM'S CRITICISMS OF 434 00:18:43,557 --> 00:18:44,958 THE ORGANIZATIONS THAT EXISTED 435 00:18:44,958 --> 00:18:47,060 IN NIGERIA PREVIOUSLY BEFORE 436 00:18:47,060 --> 00:18:49,663 THEY JOINED WITH THEIR WORK IN 437 00:18:49,663 --> 00:18:53,834 NIGERIA WAS THAT THE PROJECTS 438 00:18:53,834 --> 00:18:56,870 WOULD COST ALMOST EXPLEUS -- 439 00:18:56,870 --> 00:18:58,639 FOCUS ON FAMILY PLANNING. 440 00:18:58,639 --> 00:19:00,974 THERE WAS VERY LITTLE ATTENTION 441 00:19:00,974 --> 00:19:02,042 TO MATERNAL DEATHS. 442 00:19:02,042 --> 00:19:08,815 BY THE 19780S, NIGERIAN DOCTORS 443 00:19:08,815 --> 00:19:11,885 HIM BEGUN TO RAISE AWARENESS 444 00:19:11,885 --> 00:19:13,587 REGARDING THE EXTENT OF MATERNAL 445 00:19:13,587 --> 00:19:14,388 DEATHS. 446 00:19:14,388 --> 00:19:17,124 THE DATA HAD EMERGED ESPECIALLY 447 00:19:17,124 --> 00:19:19,993 AS A RESULT OF DEMOGRAPHIC WORKS 448 00:19:19,993 --> 00:19:21,828 AND THE WORKS BY THE POPULATION 449 00:19:21,828 --> 00:19:24,264 LABS IN THE VARIOUS INSTITUTIONS 450 00:19:24,264 --> 00:19:26,934 ABOUT THE EXTENT OF THE PROBLEM. 451 00:19:26,934 --> 00:19:31,004 AND THE SOCIETY OF OBSTETRICS 452 00:19:31,004 --> 00:19:33,440 AND GYNECOLOGY USED THESE DATA 453 00:19:33,440 --> 00:19:35,008 TO ESTIMATE THEIR SENSE OF 454 00:19:35,008 --> 00:19:38,145 DEATHS AT 75,000 ANNUALLY IN THE 455 00:19:38,145 --> 00:19:38,912 COUNTRY. 456 00:19:38,912 --> 00:19:41,648 THIS WAS CONSISTENT FOR MOST OF 457 00:19:41,648 --> 00:19:42,716 THE 1980s. 458 00:19:42,716 --> 00:19:45,419 SO ONE OF THE THINGS PROJECTS 459 00:19:45,419 --> 00:19:52,359 THAT ACNM TOOK ON BECAME TO 460 00:19:52,359 --> 00:19:53,794 HIGHLIGHT INTERNATIONALLY THE 461 00:19:53,794 --> 00:19:55,429 EXTENT OF THE PROBLEM. 462 00:19:55,429 --> 00:19:58,799 BUT ALSO TO CREATE PROJECTS THAT 463 00:19:58,799 --> 00:20:00,233 ADDRESS THE ISSUE. 464 00:20:00,233 --> 00:20:03,303 BECAUSE THE NIGERIAN GOVERNMENT 465 00:20:03,303 --> 00:20:06,473 COULD DO VERY LITTLE OR WOULD DO 466 00:20:06,473 --> 00:20:09,343 VERY LITTLE AT THE TIME BECAUSE 467 00:20:09,343 --> 00:20:11,678 NIGERIA WAS IN AN ECONOMIC 468 00:20:11,678 --> 00:20:13,814 CRISIS AND RECESSION IN THE '80S 469 00:20:13,814 --> 00:20:16,016 AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT HAD 470 00:20:16,016 --> 00:20:21,855 JUST SLASHED THE NATIONAL BUDGET 471 00:20:21,855 --> 00:20:23,056 ALLOCATED TO HEALTH. 472 00:20:23,056 --> 00:20:25,258 THERE WASN'T ENOUGH FOR HEALTH 473 00:20:25,258 --> 00:20:29,830 AND CERTAINLY NOT ENOUGH TO 474 00:20:29,830 --> 00:20:32,766 PRIORITIZE WOMEN'S HEALTH. 475 00:20:32,766 --> 00:20:35,535 SO ACNM HELPED TO DRAW 476 00:20:35,535 --> 00:20:37,004 INTERNATIONAL ATTENTION FOR THE 477 00:20:37,004 --> 00:20:38,572 NEED TO FUND PROGRAMS IN THIS 478 00:20:38,572 --> 00:20:39,339 REGARD. 479 00:20:39,339 --> 00:20:40,674 I'LL TALK ABOUT THAT FLOJ A 480 00:20:40,674 --> 00:20:41,408 LITTLE BIT. 481 00:20:41,408 --> 00:20:42,943 BUT ONE OF THE THINGS THAT THEY 482 00:20:42,943 --> 00:20:46,780 ALSO FOCUSED IN ON WAS ELEVATING 483 00:20:46,780 --> 00:20:49,416 THE STATUS OF MIDWIVES NOT ONLY 484 00:20:49,416 --> 00:20:52,786 IN NIGERIA, BUT IN 485 00:20:52,786 --> 00:20:55,088 INTERNATIONALLY BECAUSE THEY 486 00:20:55,088 --> 00:20:58,492 REALIZED THAT FOR A LOT OF THEIR 487 00:20:58,492 --> 00:21:01,328 PROJECTS ON MATERNAL HEALTH TO 488 00:21:01,328 --> 00:21:04,398 SUCCEED AND A LOT OF THE PUSH TO 489 00:21:04,398 --> 00:21:09,236 PROVIDE MIDWIVES AS A SOURCE OF 490 00:21:09,236 --> 00:21:12,773 REPRODUCTIVE HEAL HEALTH CARE TO 491 00:21:12,773 --> 00:21:15,142 SUCCEED, THE STATUS OF MIDWIVES 492 00:21:15,142 --> 00:21:17,678 NEEDED TO IMPROVE. 493 00:21:17,678 --> 00:21:20,213 ONE OF THE TECHNIQUES THEY 494 00:21:20,213 --> 00:21:24,251 ADOPTED TO FRY TO CHANGE THE 495 00:21:24,251 --> 00:21:27,754 GLOBAL -- TO TRY TO CHANGE THE 496 00:21:27,754 --> 00:21:32,759 GLOBAL PRODUCTIVE HEALTH WAS TO 497 00:21:32,759 --> 00:21:35,529 SHOW "ALL MY BABIES" THIS IS A 498 00:21:35,529 --> 00:21:37,497 FILM THAT MOST ARE GOING TO 499 00:21:37,497 --> 00:21:38,465 RECOGNIZE. 500 00:21:38,465 --> 00:21:41,301 "ALL MY BABIES" WAS A FILM 501 00:21:41,301 --> 00:21:44,237 PRODUCED IN 1953 BY THE 502 00:21:44,237 --> 00:21:46,673 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH IN GEORGIA. 503 00:21:46,673 --> 00:21:49,076 THIS FILM TRACKED THE PROFESSION 504 00:21:49,076 --> 00:21:52,479 JOURNEY OF THIS POPULAR BLACK 505 00:21:52,479 --> 00:21:55,282 MIDWIFE WHO HAD DELIVERED OVER 506 00:21:55,282 --> 00:21:56,416 3,000 BABIES IN GEORGIA. 507 00:21:56,416 --> 00:22:03,290 IT TRACKED HER DELIVERING BABIES 508 00:22:03,290 --> 00:22:05,058 UNDER IDEAL CONDITIONS AND LESS 509 00:22:05,058 --> 00:22:05,659 THAN IDEAL CONDITIONS. 510 00:22:05,659 --> 00:22:07,928 THIS WAS A TRAINING MANUAL, IF 511 00:22:07,928 --> 00:22:09,963 YOU WILL, ON WHAT THE SERVICES 512 00:22:09,963 --> 00:22:13,533 OF A LAY MIDWIFE SHOULD LOOK 513 00:22:13,533 --> 00:22:15,836 LIKE AND HOW A LAY MIDWIFE 514 00:22:15,836 --> 00:22:19,606 SHOULD ATTEND TO DELIVERIES 515 00:22:19,606 --> 00:22:20,407 UNDER DIFFERENT CIRCUMSTANCES 516 00:22:20,407 --> 00:22:21,374 AND CONDITIONS. 517 00:22:21,374 --> 00:22:24,010 THEY BEGAN TO SHOW THESE FILMS 518 00:22:24,010 --> 00:22:26,713 TO GOVERNMENTS, INTERNATIONAL 519 00:22:26,713 --> 00:22:29,916 AGENCIES AND INTERNATIONAL 520 00:22:29,916 --> 00:22:32,185 CONFERENCES TO PUSH FOR AND MAKE 521 00:22:32,185 --> 00:22:35,155 AN ARGUMENT FOR WHAT THE 522 00:22:35,155 --> 00:22:38,091 SERVICES OF MIDWIFES WOULD LOOK 523 00:22:38,091 --> 00:22:39,860 LIKE. 524 00:22:39,860 --> 00:22:44,464 ANOTHER FILM THAT THEY BEGAN TO 525 00:22:44,464 --> 00:22:50,504 SHOWAL IS THIS FILM "TRADITIONAL 526 00:22:50,504 --> 00:22:53,140 BIRTH ATTENDANCE" THIS WAS A 527 00:22:53,140 --> 00:22:58,044 FILM CREATED IN CONGO. 528 00:22:58,044 --> 00:23:02,249 THIS FILM BASICALLY CHRONICLED 529 00:23:02,249 --> 00:23:04,184 THE EXPERIENCE EVER DEVELOPING 530 00:23:04,184 --> 00:23:12,826 TRAINING PROGR PROGRAMS AND IS D 531 00:23:12,826 --> 00:23:16,096 SUPERVISIONS FOR MIDWIFE 532 00:23:16,096 --> 00:23:17,631 ATTENDANCE A. 533 00:23:17,631 --> 00:23:19,800 THEY WANTED IT UTILIZED AS A 534 00:23:19,800 --> 00:23:22,969 MEANS OF PROVIDING MATERNAL CARE 535 00:23:22,969 --> 00:23:25,338 ESPECIALLY IN LOW PERSONNEL 536 00:23:25,338 --> 00:23:27,040 SETTING AND LOW RESOURCE 537 00:23:27,040 --> 00:23:27,808 SETTINGS. 538 00:23:27,808 --> 00:23:29,876 THIS PROGRAM IN THE CONGO, WHAT 539 00:23:29,876 --> 00:23:32,512 THEY FILMED IN THE CONGO WAS A 540 00:23:32,512 --> 00:23:33,814 PILOT PROGRAM. 541 00:23:33,814 --> 00:23:40,487 THEY FILMED THIS TO SHOW WHAT A 542 00:23:40,487 --> 00:23:43,356 TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANT 543 00:23:43,356 --> 00:23:45,458 SERVICE WOULD LOOK LIKE WHAT THE 544 00:23:45,458 --> 00:23:47,761 TRAINING WOULD LOOK LIKE AND 545 00:23:47,761 --> 00:23:50,597 WHAT THE COLLABORATION WITH 546 00:23:50,597 --> 00:23:52,265 DOCTORS AND HOSPITALS WOULD LOOK 547 00:23:52,265 --> 00:23:52,699 LIKE. 548 00:23:52,699 --> 00:23:54,968 ON TH THE ONE HAND, IT WAS ONE F 549 00:23:54,968 --> 00:23:58,171 THE FILMS THAT THEY HAD IN THEIR 550 00:23:58,171 --> 00:24:02,809 TOOL BAG TO CONVINCE THE WORLD 551 00:24:02,809 --> 00:24:03,977 HEALTH ORGANIZATION, DIFFERENT 552 00:24:03,977 --> 00:24:10,317 AGENCIES IN THE UNIT EU NIGHTED 553 00:24:10,317 --> 00:24:14,254 NATIONS IN ENCOURAGING THE BIRTH 554 00:24:14,254 --> 00:24:14,921 ATTENDANCE. 555 00:24:14,921 --> 00:24:18,525 BUT THOUGH ALSO USED IT AS A 556 00:24:18,525 --> 00:24:20,126 PUBLIC HEALTH TOOL TO HIGHLIGHT 557 00:24:20,126 --> 00:24:23,230 TO THE WORLD TO ACNM MEMBERS AND 558 00:24:23,230 --> 00:24:25,498 VARIOUS GROUPS AT HOME IN THE 559 00:24:25,498 --> 00:24:29,502 U.S. THE NATURE OF ACNM'S 560 00:24:29,502 --> 00:24:30,570 INTERNATIONAL WAR. 561 00:24:30,570 --> 00:24:37,477 NOW AS A RESULT OF A LOT OF THE 562 00:24:37,477 --> 00:24:39,145 INTERNATIONAL CONVERSING THAT 563 00:24:39,145 --> 00:24:42,549 THEY ALONG WITH THE WORK IN CLAB 564 00:24:42,549 --> 00:24:48,088 ASCOLLABORATION WITH MIDWIFES. 565 00:24:48,088 --> 00:24:50,090 IN 1987 AT A CONFERENCE IN 566 00:24:50,090 --> 00:24:52,792 KENYA, THE STATE MOTHERHOOD 567 00:24:52,792 --> 00:24:56,096 INITIATIVE WAS LAUNCHED WITH THE 568 00:24:56,096 --> 00:25:06,806 SPONSORSHIP OF U.S. Y USAIDs. 569 00:25:13,780 --> 00:25:16,583 SHORTLY AFTER THE CREATION OF 570 00:25:16,583 --> 00:25:19,853 THE SAFE -- LAUNCHING OF THE 571 00:25:19,853 --> 00:25:24,557 SAFE MOTHERHOOD INITIATIVE, AC 572 00:25:24,557 --> 00:25:27,294 NHL WAS LOOKING AT PROJECTS 573 00:25:27,294 --> 00:25:30,297 SPECIFICALLY TAILORED AT 574 00:25:30,297 --> 00:25:32,899 ADDRESSING MATERNAL DEATHS. 575 00:25:32,899 --> 00:25:34,567 THESE TWO ITCH ON THE SCREEN 576 00:25:34,567 --> 00:25:37,070 WERE TWO OF THE MAJOR PROJECTS 577 00:25:37,070 --> 00:25:39,339 THEY UNDERLOOK IN NIGERIA. 578 00:25:39,339 --> 00:25:41,274 I'M NOT GOING INTO DETAILS ABOUT 579 00:25:41,274 --> 00:25:42,842 MAPS BECAUSE I TALKED ABOUT IT 580 00:25:42,842 --> 00:25:44,177 WILL WITHOUT NAMING IT. 581 00:25:44,177 --> 00:25:45,912 THIS WAS THE PROJECTS THAT THEY 582 00:25:45,912 --> 00:25:47,447 STARTED WITH THE PROJECT THAT 583 00:25:47,447 --> 00:25:50,183 HAD TO DO WITH EXPANDING ACCESS 584 00:25:50,183 --> 00:25:53,353 TO FAMILY PLANNING AND TRAINING 585 00:25:53,353 --> 00:25:55,889 MIDWIVES, STRENGTHENING 586 00:25:55,889 --> 00:25:57,891 MIDWIFERY ASSOCIATIONS, CREATING 587 00:25:57,891 --> 00:25:59,592 THEM WHERE THEY DID NOT EXIST 588 00:25:59,592 --> 00:26:02,429 AND EMPOWERING MIDWIFES TO 589 00:26:02,429 --> 00:26:03,496 INCLUDE FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES 590 00:26:03,496 --> 00:26:05,065 TO WOMEN ACROSS THE COUNTRY. 591 00:26:05,065 --> 00:26:07,167 THE MOTHER CARE PROJECT WHICH I 592 00:26:07,167 --> 00:26:11,104 WILL FOCUS ON WAS SPECIFICALLY 593 00:26:11,104 --> 00:26:15,108 TARGETEDTARGETED AT ARE AT ADDRG 594 00:26:15,108 --> 00:26:16,676 THE PROBLEM OF MATERNAL DEATHS. 595 00:26:16,676 --> 00:26:22,716 THIS WAS A COMPREHENSIVE 596 00:26:22,716 --> 00:26:23,483 PROJECT. 597 00:26:23,483 --> 00:26:26,519 IT INVOLVED THE RECRUITMENT OF 598 00:26:26,519 --> 00:26:28,822 KEY LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS, 599 00:26:28,822 --> 00:26:32,225 RELIGIOUS LEADERS, WOMEN'S 600 00:26:32,225 --> 00:26:34,194 ORGANIZATIONS AND NGOS IN TRYING 601 00:26:34,194 --> 00:26:37,364 TO RAISE AWARENESS ON MATERNAL 602 00:26:37,364 --> 00:26:39,699 DEATHS AND AROUND THE DANGERS 603 00:26:39,699 --> 00:26:42,302 ASSOCIATED WITH PREG NANSLY. 604 00:26:42,302 --> 00:26:46,006 IT ALSO INVOLVED TRAINING 605 00:26:46,006 --> 00:26:48,842 MIDWIFES TO IMPROVE THEIR 606 00:26:48,842 --> 00:26:50,610 KNOWLEDGE OF -- UPGRADE THEIR 607 00:26:50,610 --> 00:26:52,912 KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL SO THEY 608 00:26:52,912 --> 00:26:56,616 COULD RESPOND BETTER TO 609 00:26:56,616 --> 00:26:57,851 OBSTETRIC EMERGENCIES. 610 00:26:57,851 --> 00:27:00,353 NOW THE PART OF THE PROJECT THAT 611 00:27:00,353 --> 00:27:06,659 EXCITES ME MOST IS THE MASS 612 00:27:06,659 --> 00:27:07,694 EDUCATION CAMPAIGN THAT IT 613 00:27:07,694 --> 00:27:08,895 INVOLVED. 614 00:27:08,895 --> 00:27:12,432 THIS PROJECT TOOK THE FORM OF 615 00:27:12,432 --> 00:27:14,267 MASS EDUCATION CAMPAIGN THAT 616 00:27:14,267 --> 00:27:19,439 INVOLVED TV SHOWS, RADIO SHOWS, 617 00:27:19,439 --> 00:27:21,975 MAGAZINES, ALL KINDS OF DRAMA 618 00:27:21,975 --> 00:27:24,010 SERIES ON NATIONAL TELEVISION 619 00:27:24,010 --> 00:27:25,545 AND LOCAL TELEVISION. 620 00:27:25,545 --> 00:27:28,982 ONE OF EVER THE STRATEGIES THAT 621 00:27:28,982 --> 00:27:31,117 ACNM ADOPTED WAS A STRATEGY THAT 622 00:27:31,117 --> 00:27:35,722 HAD BEEN HAD BEEN MARKED OUT BY 623 00:27:35,722 --> 00:27:39,292 OBJECT STRETTICS AND GYNECOLOGY 624 00:27:39,292 --> 00:27:40,326 UNTIL NIGERIA. 625 00:27:40,326 --> 00:27:42,595 THERE WAS A HEALTH ZONE IN 626 00:27:42,595 --> 00:27:45,632 EASTERN PART OF THE COUNTRY. 627 00:27:45,632 --> 00:27:48,902 THERE WAS ANOTHER HEALTH ZONE IN 628 00:27:48,902 --> 00:27:50,937 THE WESTERN PART OF THE COUNTRY 629 00:27:50,937 --> 00:27:58,678 AND TWO IN NORTHERN NIGERIA AND 630 00:27:58,678 --> 00:28:02,882 THEY CITED THEIR PROJECTS FOR 631 00:28:02,882 --> 00:28:04,717 THE MOTHERHOOD PROJECT IN THESE 632 00:28:04,717 --> 00:28:06,019 HEALTH ZONES. 633 00:28:06,019 --> 00:28:08,021 ONE OF THE THINGS THEY DID AS A 634 00:28:08,021 --> 00:28:11,024 WAY TO RAISE AWARENESS WAS TO 635 00:28:11,024 --> 00:28:13,093 BRING IN REPRESENTATIVES OF 636 00:28:13,093 --> 00:28:15,028 INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES TO VISIT 637 00:28:15,028 --> 00:28:17,130 THE SITES OF THEIR WORK TO RAISE 638 00:28:17,130 --> 00:28:18,331 AWARENESS ON THE PROBLEM AND 639 00:28:18,331 --> 00:28:21,968 ALSO ON THE NEED. 640 00:28:21,968 --> 00:28:25,004 I'M HIGHLIGHTING A MAGAZINE 641 00:28:25,004 --> 00:28:26,573 THAT FEATURED PROMINENTLY IN 642 00:28:26,573 --> 00:28:27,540 THIS PROJECT. 643 00:28:27,540 --> 00:28:30,777 IT'S A POPULAR DRAMA MAGAZINE 644 00:28:30,777 --> 00:28:33,179 THAT WAS IN PRINT GAINING IN 645 00:28:33,179 --> 00:28:35,348 1978. 646 00:28:35,348 --> 00:28:35,849 1967. 647 00:28:35,849 --> 00:28:39,018 AND I HIGHLIGHTED NUMBER ONE 648 00:28:39,018 --> 00:28:41,988 BECAUSE IT'S -- I COULD FIND 649 00:28:41,988 --> 00:28:43,857 THAT IMAGE FOR THIS PARTICULAR 650 00:28:43,857 --> 00:28:45,058 MAGAZINE. 651 00:28:45,058 --> 00:28:47,460 SECONDLY, IN ACNM RECORDS, THEY 652 00:28:47,460 --> 00:28:48,661 ACTUALLY TOOK THE TIME, THERE 653 00:28:48,661 --> 00:28:51,397 WAS A LOT OF BUZZ AND EXCITEMENT 654 00:28:51,397 --> 00:28:54,334 AROUND IT AND THEY DISCUSSED IT 655 00:28:54,334 --> 00:28:55,201 EXTENSIVELY. 656 00:28:55,201 --> 00:28:57,070 ONE OF THE H OF THE THINGS 657 00:28:57,070 --> 00:29:01,141 THOUGH DID WAS TO GET THE 658 00:29:01,141 --> 00:29:02,609 PRODUCERS TO DETERMINE VARIOUS 659 00:29:02,609 --> 00:29:04,944 TEAMS AROUND MATERNAL HEALTH, 660 00:29:04,944 --> 00:29:07,046 AROUND MATERNAL DEATHS AND 661 00:29:07,046 --> 00:29:08,448 AROUND PREGNANCY AND TURN IT 662 00:29:08,448 --> 00:29:09,983 INTO A DRAMA. 663 00:29:09,983 --> 00:29:15,255 IT WAS POPULAR IN WESTERN 664 00:29:15,255 --> 00:29:17,557 NIGERIA IN GENERAL AND IT WAS A 665 00:29:17,557 --> 00:29:21,694 MAGAZINE CREATED IN ARUBA. 666 00:29:21,694 --> 00:29:23,897 THE WAY THAT IT WORKED. 667 00:29:23,897 --> 00:29:26,199 THE PICTURE TO THE WAR RIGHT, 668 00:29:26,199 --> 00:29:28,101 THE WAY THAT IT WORKED WAS THAT 669 00:29:28,101 --> 00:29:32,906 THE PRODUCERS ACTUALLY DID A 670 00:29:32,906 --> 00:29:34,774 DRAMA SERIESES, RECORDED THE 671 00:29:34,774 --> 00:29:39,379 SHOW AS YOU WOULD RECORD 672 00:29:39,379 --> 00:29:40,446 SOMETHING FOR TV. 673 00:29:40,446 --> 00:29:42,515 THEY RECORDED THE DRAMA AND 674 00:29:42,515 --> 00:29:50,490 FILMED THE DA DRAMATIZIZATION AD 675 00:29:50,490 --> 00:29:58,631 KRETTED SCREATED MAGAZINE PICTUD 676 00:29:58,631 --> 00:30:03,102 THEY WOULD INSERT THE 677 00:30:03,102 --> 00:30:04,637 APPROPRIATE DIALOGUE NEAR THE 678 00:30:04,637 --> 00:30:05,572 STILL PICTURE. 679 00:30:05,572 --> 00:30:13,846 THIS WAS AN INFORMAL AND A SPACE 680 00:30:13,846 --> 00:30:16,216 FOR PUBLIC DISCOURSES. 681 00:30:16,216 --> 00:30:19,185 THEY IDENTIFIED OTHER VERY 682 00:30:19,185 --> 00:30:21,688 PUBLIC, OTHER VERY PUBLIC 683 00:30:21,688 --> 00:30:23,489 PLATFORMS ACROSS THE COUNTRY IN 684 00:30:23,489 --> 00:30:24,991 THE OTHER HEALTH ZONES. 685 00:30:24,991 --> 00:30:28,428 THERE WERE OTHER MAGAZINES AND 686 00:30:28,428 --> 00:30:30,163 RADIO SHOWS SPECIFICALLY 687 00:30:30,163 --> 00:30:31,798 TARGETED AT PARTICULAR 688 00:30:31,798 --> 00:30:32,131 AUDIENCES. 689 00:30:32,131 --> 00:30:34,334 THERE WERE SHOWS THAT WERE 690 00:30:34,334 --> 00:30:36,302 TARGETED AT MEN AND A LOT OF THE 691 00:30:36,302 --> 00:30:38,705 RESEARCH THIS THEY DID BEFORE 692 00:30:38,705 --> 00:30:40,440 IMPLEMENTING THIS PROJECTS WITH 693 00:30:40,440 --> 00:30:43,943 TO DETERMINE WHAT PLATFORM, WHAT 694 00:30:43,943 --> 00:30:49,082 MEDIA PLATFORM EACH OF THE 695 00:30:49,082 --> 00:30:51,517 TARGET WAS LISTENING TO. 696 00:30:51,517 --> 00:30:53,386 IN NORTHERN NIGERIA, THEY 697 00:30:53,386 --> 00:30:54,921 CREATED RADIO SHOWS AND TALK 698 00:30:54,921 --> 00:30:56,522 SHOWS DIRECTED THE MEN. 699 00:30:56,522 --> 00:30:57,857 BECAUSE PART OF WHAT THEY CAME 700 00:30:57,857 --> 00:30:59,492 UP WITH IN THEIR RESEARCH WAS 701 00:30:59,492 --> 00:31:01,628 THAT THE MEN HAD THE RADIOS. 702 00:31:01,628 --> 00:31:03,229 THE MEN LISTENED TO THE RADIO 703 00:31:03,229 --> 00:31:06,099 SCWS CREATED OTHERS THAT WERE 704 00:31:06,099 --> 00:31:07,400 TARGETED AT WOMEN THAT WOULD 705 00:31:07,400 --> 00:31:08,368 REACH THE WOMEN. 706 00:31:08,368 --> 00:31:10,470 THE GENERAL MESSAGE IN ALL OF 707 00:31:10,470 --> 00:31:12,972 THESE MEDIA CAMPAIGNS LIKE THERE 708 00:31:12,972 --> 00:31:17,343 WAS MUSIC, THEY HIRED MUSICIANS 709 00:31:17,343 --> 00:31:19,646 AND SANG JINGLED AND HIRED 710 00:31:19,646 --> 00:31:22,515 MUSICIANS TO SING SONGS RELATED 711 00:31:22,515 --> 00:31:26,219 TO MATERNAL DEATHS, RELATED TO 712 00:31:26,219 --> 00:31:28,087 PREGNANCY TO GENERATE PUBLIC 713 00:31:28,087 --> 00:31:29,589 DISCOURSE ON THE SUBJECT. 714 00:31:29,589 --> 00:31:32,659 THE MESSAGING IN GENERAL WAS 715 00:31:32,659 --> 00:31:34,627 SURROUNDED THE INCREASE OF 716 00:31:34,627 --> 00:31:40,967 KNOWLEDGE OF THE SCIENCE DURING 717 00:31:40,967 --> 00:31:41,868 PREGNANCY. 718 00:31:41,868 --> 00:31:43,603 IT ALSO INVOLVED INCREASING 719 00:31:43,603 --> 00:31:46,339 AWEARNESS OF CULTURAL PRACTICES 720 00:31:46,339 --> 00:31:49,108 THAT ENDANGERED PREGNANCIES. 721 00:31:49,108 --> 00:31:51,911 BECAUSE IN THEIR RESEARCH IN 722 00:31:51,911 --> 00:31:53,880 DIFFERENT HEALTH ZONES, THERE 723 00:31:53,880 --> 00:31:55,214 WERE PARTICULAR PRACTICES 724 00:31:55,214 --> 00:31:56,916 SPECIFIC TO THOSE PARTS OF THE 725 00:31:56,916 --> 00:31:59,252 COUNTRY THAT WERE ACTUALLY 726 00:31:59,252 --> 00:32:00,687 DANGEROUS TO PREGNANT WOMEN. 727 00:32:00,687 --> 00:32:03,189 THEY PUT OUT MESSAGING THAT 728 00:32:03,189 --> 00:32:05,625 ADDRESSED THOSE THINGS AND THAT 729 00:32:05,625 --> 00:32:06,826 GENERATED PUBLIC DISORS AROUND 730 00:32:06,826 --> 00:32:07,694 THOSE SUBJECTS. 731 00:32:07,694 --> 00:32:12,432 AND THEN THERE WAS AN ISSUE 732 00:32:12,432 --> 00:32:13,633 OF [INDISCERNIBLE] ACROSS THE 733 00:32:13,633 --> 00:32:15,268 COUNTRY ONE OF THE TRENDS THAT 734 00:32:15,268 --> 00:32:17,370 THEY FOUND WAS THAT THE BELIEF 735 00:32:17,370 --> 00:32:21,741 THAT BLOOD DONATION COULD AFFECT 736 00:32:21,741 --> 00:32:25,044 THE DONOR SO THERE WERE NOT A 737 00:32:25,044 --> 00:32:27,213 LOT OF BLOOD SUPPLIES IN THE 738 00:32:27,213 --> 00:32:28,214 BANKS. 739 00:32:28,214 --> 00:32:31,050 A LEADING CAUSE OF BLOOD DEATHS 740 00:32:31,050 --> 00:32:35,021 CROSS THE WORLD WAS HEMORRHAGING 741 00:32:35,021 --> 00:32:35,755 AND STILL IS. 742 00:32:35,755 --> 00:32:40,259 IN THE CASE OF NIGERIA, WHEN A 743 00:32:40,259 --> 00:32:42,929 WOMAN WAS HEMORRHAGING DURING 744 00:32:42,929 --> 00:32:46,432 CHILD BIRTH, IN MANY CASES, 745 00:32:46,432 --> 00:32:49,035 THERE WAS THERE WAS A RELATIVE 746 00:32:49,035 --> 00:32:50,336 WHO MATCHED WAS WILLING TO 747 00:32:50,336 --> 00:32:58,378 DONATE BLOOD, CHANCES ARE THAT 748 00:32:58,378 --> 00:32:59,779 WOMAN'S HEALTH WAS IF DANGER 749 00:32:59,779 --> 00:33:02,615 BECAUSE OF THE LACK OF BLOOD IN 750 00:33:02,615 --> 00:33:05,918 THE BLOOD BANKS. 751 00:33:05,918 --> 00:33:08,955 A LOT OF THE MESSAGES SURROUNDED 752 00:33:08,955 --> 00:33:11,057 BLOOD DONORS AS WELL. 753 00:33:11,057 --> 00:33:13,659 I TALK -- THE MOTHER CARE 754 00:33:13,659 --> 00:33:16,729 PROJECTS HAD A VERY SIGNIFICANT 755 00:33:16,729 --> 00:33:19,132 IMPACTS IN NIGERIA ESPECIALLY IN 756 00:33:19,132 --> 00:33:21,200 THE 1990s. 757 00:33:21,200 --> 00:33:23,870 PROJECT -- THE FIRST PUBLIC 758 00:33:23,870 --> 00:33:26,272 PROJECT STARTED FROM 1991 AND 759 00:33:26,272 --> 00:33:27,807 LASTED UNTIL 1994. 760 00:33:27,807 --> 00:33:32,412 ONE OF THE MAJOR IMPACTS THAT IT 761 00:33:32,412 --> 00:33:35,014 HAD WAS IN DRAWING INTERNATIONAL 762 00:33:35,014 --> 00:33:41,954 SUPPORT TO THE LOCAL AREAS TO 763 00:33:41,954 --> 00:33:43,256 COVER THE DEATHS. 764 00:33:43,256 --> 00:33:45,558 IT WAS INTERESTING TO READ THE 765 00:33:45,558 --> 00:33:47,660 DIALOGUES IN THE DOCUMENTS WHERE 766 00:33:47,660 --> 00:33:52,231 THEY WERE BASICALLY PLANNING TO 767 00:33:52,231 --> 00:34:02,909 FIGURATIVELY DRAG U USAID FOCUSN 768 00:34:08,047 --> 00:34:11,984 THE FAMILY PLANNING AND THE 769 00:34:11,984 --> 00:34:13,186 VOLUNTARY STERILIZATION PROGRAMS 770 00:34:13,186 --> 00:34:15,354 THIS THEY WERE SPONSORING. 771 00:34:15,354 --> 00:34:18,090 THERE WAS A PUSH TO CREATE 772 00:34:18,090 --> 00:34:18,758 INTERNATIONAL ATTENTION 773 00:34:18,758 --> 00:34:21,360 SURROUNDING THE PROBLEM OF 774 00:34:21,360 --> 00:34:22,929 MATERNAL DEATHS AND TO ATTRACT 775 00:34:22,929 --> 00:34:26,499 FUNDING TO DEAL WITH THOSE 776 00:34:26,499 --> 00:34:28,067 PROBLEMS, TO EXPAND THE 777 00:34:28,067 --> 00:34:30,570 PROGRAMMING THAT RELATED TO 778 00:34:30,570 --> 00:34:31,337 MATERNAL DEATHS. 779 00:34:31,337 --> 00:34:35,942 ANOTHER THINGS WITH THE CREATION 780 00:34:35,942 --> 00:34:37,777 OF TV PROGRAMS. 781 00:34:37,777 --> 00:34:40,413 THE 1990s WAS AN ERA OF PUBLIC 782 00:34:40,413 --> 00:34:42,715 AWARE IF HE IS ON THE ISSUE EVER 783 00:34:42,715 --> 00:34:45,151 MATERNAL DEATHS ON SOME OF THE 784 00:34:45,151 --> 00:34:47,787 DANGERS SURROUNDING PREGNANCY. 785 00:34:47,787 --> 00:34:51,691 THERE WAS AN ERA WHERE IT WAS 786 00:34:51,691 --> 00:34:55,294 COMMON FOR INTERNATIONAL HEALTH 787 00:34:55,294 --> 00:35:00,099 ORGANIZATIONS IN NIGERIA TO HIRE 788 00:35:00,099 --> 00:35:02,101 POPULAR NIGERIAN MUSICIANS. 789 00:35:02,101 --> 00:35:06,806 A LOT WERE RECOGNIZE. 790 00:35:06,806 --> 00:35:09,775 IT'S WERE MUSICIANS -- POPULAR 791 00:35:09,775 --> 00:35:12,311 MUSICIANS HIRED TO SING SONGS 792 00:35:12,311 --> 00:35:15,314 RELATED TO REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 793 00:35:15,314 --> 00:35:20,520 AND GENERATE PUBLIC DISCOVERSES- 794 00:35:20,520 --> 00:35:23,923 DISCOURSES AROUND THOSE 795 00:35:23,923 --> 00:35:24,690 SUBJECTS. 796 00:35:24,690 --> 00:35:27,660 AIRPORTS WERE FLOODED IN 797 00:35:27,660 --> 00:35:30,630 CONVERSATIONS AROUND 798 00:35:30,630 --> 00:35:32,164 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH IN GENERAL. 799 00:35:32,164 --> 00:35:34,634 THERE WAS INCREASED DIALOGUE 800 00:35:34,634 --> 00:35:37,169 SURROUNDING THE CULTURAL 801 00:35:37,169 --> 00:35:38,804 PRACTICES THAT AFFECTED 802 00:35:38,804 --> 00:35:40,172 PREGNANCY. 803 00:35:40,172 --> 00:35:42,875 THE 20TH CENTURY CLOSED OUT WITH 804 00:35:42,875 --> 00:35:45,144 PUBLIC AWARENESS AND 805 00:35:45,144 --> 00:35:46,579 ORGANIZATIONS AT LEAST IN THE 806 00:35:46,579 --> 00:35:50,182 MAJOR CITIES IN NIGERIA WITH THE 807 00:35:50,182 --> 00:35:53,252 HEALTH ZONE AND NATIONAL LEVEL. 808 00:35:53,252 --> 00:35:55,788 THERE WAS A FORCE THAT HASN'T 809 00:35:55,788 --> 00:35:59,025 BEEN MATCHED EVEN IN THE 21ST 810 00:35:59,025 --> 00:36:02,228 CENTURY. 811 00:36:02,228 --> 00:36:07,600 NOW, I WANT TO CONCLUDE BY 812 00:36:07,600 --> 00:36:08,367 FOCUSING BACK TO THE UNITED 813 00:36:08,367 --> 00:36:09,268 STATES. 814 00:36:09,268 --> 00:36:13,806 IN THE MID 1990s, ACNM BECAME 815 00:36:13,806 --> 00:36:15,908 INTERESTED IN DEVELOPING SPECIAL 816 00:36:15,908 --> 00:36:17,643 PROJECTS IN THE U.S. 817 00:36:17,643 --> 00:36:19,679 ONE WE HAVE THE THINGS THAT THEY 818 00:36:19,679 --> 00:36:21,814 QUICKLY REALIZED WAS THAT THEY 819 00:36:21,814 --> 00:36:24,884 HAD NOT CULTIVATED THEIR 820 00:36:24,884 --> 00:36:26,852 DOMESTIC NETWORKS AS THEY DID 821 00:36:26,852 --> 00:36:28,254 THEIR INTERNATIONAL ONES SO THEY 822 00:36:28,254 --> 00:36:32,091 NEEDED MUCH MORE WORK TO MAKE 823 00:36:32,091 --> 00:36:33,626 INROADS WITH IMPLEMENTING 824 00:36:33,626 --> 00:36:34,727 SPECIAL PROJECTS AT HOME. 825 00:36:34,727 --> 00:36:38,097 PART OF THE PLESM WAS THE 826 00:36:38,097 --> 00:36:39,732 POTENTIAL PUSHBACK THAT WOULD 827 00:36:39,732 --> 00:36:40,299 COME FROM WITHIN THE 828 00:36:40,299 --> 00:36:42,034 ORGANIZATION AND OUTSIDE OF THE 829 00:36:42,034 --> 00:36:43,469 ORGANIZATION FOR ADOPTING WHAT 830 00:36:43,469 --> 00:36:46,639 THEY DESCRIBED AS OVERSEAS MODEL 831 00:36:46,639 --> 00:36:47,506 AS HOME. 832 00:36:47,506 --> 00:36:49,208 THERE WAS THE CONCERN AS YOU CAN 833 00:36:49,208 --> 00:36:54,513 SEE FROM THIS DOCUMENT THERE 834 00:36:54,513 --> 00:36:59,452 WERE CONCERNS ABOUT PUSHBACK ON 835 00:36:59,452 --> 00:37:01,387 SOSHTSING MODELS IMPLEMENTED IN 836 00:37:01,387 --> 00:37:03,589 THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES AND 837 00:37:03,589 --> 00:37:04,924 COUNTRIES THAT ARE SUPPOSED TO 838 00:37:04,924 --> 00:37:06,459 BE BETTER IN THE UNITED STATES 839 00:37:06,459 --> 00:37:07,893 IN THE UNITED STATES AND WHAT 840 00:37:07,893 --> 00:37:09,395 THAT MEANT. 841 00:37:09,395 --> 00:37:12,465 NOW, HOW THIS EFFORT PLAYED OUT 842 00:37:12,465 --> 00:37:15,968 IS OUTSIDE OF THE SCOPE OF MY 843 00:37:15,968 --> 00:37:17,937 RESEARCH AND PRESENTATION, BUT I 844 00:37:17,937 --> 00:37:19,705 BRING IT UP AND I END ON THAT 845 00:37:19,705 --> 00:37:22,008 NOTE BECAUSE I WANT TO MAC A 846 00:37:22,008 --> 00:37:24,076 POINT ABOUT WHAT WE, 847 00:37:24,076 --> 00:37:27,079 PARTICULARLY THE U.S., CAN LEARN 848 00:37:27,079 --> 00:37:28,781 ABOUT AFRICA AND OTHER 849 00:37:28,781 --> 00:37:30,883 DEVELOPING WORDS IN THE FIGHT 850 00:37:30,883 --> 00:37:33,285 AGAINST MATERNAL DEATHS. 851 00:37:33,285 --> 00:37:35,588 ESPECIALLY IN TIMES OF THE 852 00:37:35,588 --> 00:37:37,990 COLLABORATIVE APPROACH OF THE 853 00:37:37,990 --> 00:37:41,694 WORK THAT ACNM DID IN NIGERIA TO 854 00:37:41,694 --> 00:37:43,262 TACKLE THE ISSUE OF MATERNAL 855 00:37:43,262 --> 00:37:43,796 DEATHS. 856 00:37:43,796 --> 00:37:46,966 THE EXTENT OF THE CAMPAIGN AND 857 00:37:46,966 --> 00:37:49,168 COLLABORATION WITH THE 858 00:37:49,168 --> 00:37:50,603 GOVERNMENT AND COMMUNITY LEADERS 859 00:37:50,603 --> 00:37:52,471 AND WITH THE COMMUNITY ITSELF TO 860 00:37:52,471 --> 00:37:54,840 ADDRESS THE ISSUES AND TO 861 00:37:54,840 --> 00:37:56,509 GENERATE CONVERSATIONS AROUND 862 00:37:56,509 --> 00:37:58,711 THE WAYS TO APPROACH THE 863 00:37:58,711 --> 00:38:01,113 QUESTION OF MATERNAL DEATHS. 864 00:38:01,113 --> 00:38:09,422 THERE IS ALSO THE QUESTION OF 865 00:38:09,422 --> 00:38:11,857 DECOLONIZATION OF HEALTH CARE 866 00:38:11,857 --> 00:38:13,459 AND STRUCTURE. 867 00:38:13,459 --> 00:38:16,862 THE EFFORT ABOUT FIXING THE 868 00:38:16,862 --> 00:38:18,297 HEALTHCARE HAS INVOLVED THE 869 00:38:18,297 --> 00:38:21,467 RETURN TO VARIOUS MODELS AND 870 00:38:21,467 --> 00:38:22,568 SYSTEMS. 871 00:38:22,568 --> 00:38:25,504 PRINCE TRADITIONAL MIDWIVES AND 872 00:38:25,504 --> 00:38:28,908 TRADITIONAL ATTENDANTS THAT WERE 873 00:38:28,908 --> 00:38:30,342 DISEMPOWERED AND CRIMINALIZED 874 00:38:30,342 --> 00:38:32,611 DURING THE COLONIAL PERIOD AND 875 00:38:32,611 --> 00:38:34,513 CARRYING OVER INTO THE POST 876 00:38:34,513 --> 00:38:35,281 COLONIAL PERIOD. 877 00:38:35,281 --> 00:38:37,349 WHAT DOES THAT MEAN WHEN WE 878 00:38:37,349 --> 00:38:40,553 THINK ABOUT HEALTHCARE 879 00:38:40,553 --> 00:38:42,521 INFRASTRUCTURE AND WHAT IS 880 00:38:42,521 --> 00:38:43,656 LEGITIMATE HEALTHCARE AND WHAT 881 00:38:43,656 --> 00:38:45,591 KIND EVER HEALTHCARE IS SUITABLE 882 00:38:45,591 --> 00:38:47,993 FOR PEOPLE NOT NOT FOR OTHERS, 883 00:38:47,993 --> 00:38:49,962 FOR THE WESTERN WORLD BUT NOT 884 00:38:49,962 --> 00:38:51,497 FOR THE OTHER PARTS OF THE 885 00:38:51,497 --> 00:38:52,364 WORLD. 886 00:38:52,364 --> 00:38:54,767 I'D LIKE TO START ON THAT NOTE, 887 00:38:54,767 --> 00:38:56,102 THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME AND I 888 00:38:56,102 --> 00:39:04,710 LOOK FORWARD TO THE INTERACTIONS 889 00:39:04,710 --> 00:39:06,045 IN Q&A. 890 00:39:06,045 --> 00:39:06,412 >> THANK YOU. 891 00:39:06,412 --> 00:39:08,114 WE HAVE A NUMBER OF QUESTIONS 892 00:39:08,114 --> 00:39:11,283 AND I'M GOING TO GET RIGHT TO 893 00:39:11,283 --> 00:39:12,818 THEM BECAUSE THEY ARE EXCELLENT 894 00:39:12,818 --> 00:39:15,554 AS WAS YOUR TALK. 895 00:39:15,554 --> 00:39:18,224 THANK YOU FOR THIS WONDERFUL AND 896 00:39:18,224 --> 00:39:18,758 INFORMATIVE TALK. 897 00:39:18,758 --> 00:39:22,261 YOU BEGAN BY NOTING THAT 898 00:39:22,261 --> 00:39:23,362 MIDWIFERY WAS ILLEGAL IN THE 899 00:39:23,362 --> 00:39:25,431 UNITED STATES IN THE EARLY 20TH 900 00:39:25,431 --> 00:39:26,098 CENTURY. 901 00:39:26,098 --> 00:39:27,833 MY UNDERSTANDING, THIS PERSON 902 00:39:27,833 --> 00:39:30,269 WRITES, IS THE REASON BEHIND IN 903 00:39:30,269 --> 00:39:32,471 RESTRICTIONS WITHS TO AT LEAST 904 00:39:32,471 --> 00:39:34,406 SOME EXTENT THE 905 00:39:34,406 --> 00:39:35,374 PROFESSIONALIZATION OF MEDICINE 906 00:39:35,374 --> 00:39:38,511 AND THE IDEA THAT ONLY GRADUATES 907 00:39:38,511 --> 00:39:42,081 OF ACCREDITED PROGRAMS COULD 908 00:39:42,081 --> 00:39:43,048 PRACTICE MEDICINE. 909 00:39:43,048 --> 00:39:45,918 S THAT BIASED EMERGED IN OTHER 910 00:39:45,918 --> 00:39:47,887 PARTS OF THE WORLD AS THE NUMBER 911 00:39:47,887 --> 00:39:49,955 OF LICENSED PHYSICIANS 912 00:39:49,955 --> 00:39:50,489 INCREASES? 913 00:39:50,489 --> 00:39:53,592 HAS THERE BEEN SIMILAR MIDWIFERY 914 00:39:53,592 --> 00:39:55,928 AND OTHER CARE PROVIDERS? 915 00:39:55,928 --> 00:39:58,531 >> THAT'S AN EXCELLENT QUESTION. 916 00:39:58,531 --> 00:40:00,966 AND I'M GOING TO USE THE EXAMPLE 917 00:40:00,966 --> 00:40:02,268 OF NIGERIA TO ANSWER THAT 918 00:40:02,268 --> 00:40:04,904 QUESTION. 919 00:40:04,904 --> 00:40:06,505 I'LL ANSWER THAT QUESTION IN TWO 920 00:40:06,505 --> 00:40:08,073 PARTS. 921 00:40:08,073 --> 00:40:11,544 ON THE ONE HAND, TRADITIONAL 922 00:40:11,544 --> 00:40:16,048 MIDWIFES ALWAYS EXISTED IN 923 00:40:16,048 --> 00:40:16,482 NIGERIA. 924 00:40:16,482 --> 00:40:18,551 DURING THE COLONIAL PERIOD WHICH 925 00:40:18,551 --> 00:40:22,288 WAS THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20TH 926 00:40:22,288 --> 00:40:24,590 CENTURY, THE SAME PATTERN THAT 927 00:40:24,590 --> 00:40:27,426 PLAYED OUT IN THE U.S., A 928 00:40:27,426 --> 00:40:29,161 SIMILAR THING PLAYED OUT IN 929 00:40:29,161 --> 00:40:31,163 NIERNLGIA AS WELL BUT PERHAPS 930 00:40:31,163 --> 00:40:33,365 FOR DIFFERENT REASONS. 931 00:40:33,365 --> 00:40:38,037 TRADITIONAL MIDWIFES BECAME 932 00:40:38,037 --> 00:40:45,477 STIGMATIZED AND STEREOTYPED AND 933 00:40:45,477 --> 00:40:46,779 DEFICIENCIES WERE BLAMED ON 934 00:40:46,779 --> 00:40:52,184 DEATHS. 935 00:40:52,184 --> 00:40:55,454 INFANT DEATHS AND MATERNAL JETS. 936 00:40:55,454 --> 00:40:58,524 THIS WAS DUE TO MISSION TRIES. 937 00:40:58,524 --> 00:40:59,925 MISSIONARIES SAW CHILD BIRTH AS 938 00:40:59,925 --> 00:41:09,468 AN TEURNT OPPORTUNITY TO CHRIST. 939 00:41:09,468 --> 00:41:12,204 THE LOGIC WAS TO OFFERING THE 940 00:41:12,204 --> 00:41:19,511 SERVICES OF -- OFFERINGEDING AIA 941 00:41:19,511 --> 00:41:21,180 WOMAN DURING LABOR AND DELIVERY 942 00:41:21,180 --> 00:41:25,818 WAS A GOOD WAY TO GAIN ACCESS TO 943 00:41:25,818 --> 00:41:28,053 THE WOMAN AND HER FAMILY BECAUSE 944 00:41:28,053 --> 00:41:30,389 THEN THERE WAS A GOOD SCHANS 945 00:41:30,389 --> 00:41:34,860 TH --CHANCE THAT THE MISSIONARY 946 00:41:34,860 --> 00:41:36,295 DOCTOR, MISSIONARY OFFICIAL WHO 947 00:41:36,295 --> 00:41:38,163 WAS OFFERING THIS SERVICE WOULD 948 00:41:38,163 --> 00:41:40,766 BE ABLE TO BAPTIZE THE BABY. 949 00:41:40,766 --> 00:41:42,968 ABLE TO CONVERT THE WOMAN AND 950 00:41:42,968 --> 00:41:44,436 THROUGH THE WOMAN WOULD BE ABLE 951 00:41:44,436 --> 00:41:47,239 TO HAVE ACCESS INTO HER NETWORK 952 00:41:47,239 --> 00:41:48,007 AND COMMUNITY. 953 00:41:48,007 --> 00:41:49,975 AND ONE OF THE THINGS THAT THEY 954 00:41:49,975 --> 00:41:52,912 DID VERY CLEARLY WAS TO IDENTIFY 955 00:41:52,912 --> 00:41:56,015 TRADITIONAL MIDWIVES, A LOT OF 956 00:41:56,015 --> 00:42:01,253 TRADITIONAL PRACTITIONERS AS THE 957 00:42:01,253 --> 00:42:03,489 OBSTACLE TO THE 958 00:42:03,489 --> 00:42:03,989 CHRISTIANIZIZATION. 959 00:42:03,989 --> 00:42:06,926 THE PEOPLE WHO UPHELD THE 960 00:42:06,926 --> 00:42:08,193 TRADITIONAL STRUCTURES AND 961 00:42:08,193 --> 00:42:09,929 ELEMENTS OF THE RELIGIONS THAT 962 00:42:09,929 --> 00:42:12,965 THEY WERE SEEKING TO UPROOT. 963 00:42:12,965 --> 00:42:17,369 THERE WERE SIGNIFICANT EFFORTS 964 00:42:17,369 --> 00:42:21,307 TO THEN STEREOTYPE MID WHICH MIO 965 00:42:21,307 --> 00:42:23,842 GET THEM OUT OF THE WAY TO GET 966 00:42:23,842 --> 00:42:24,910 BIRTHS INTO THE HOSPITAL. 967 00:42:24,910 --> 00:42:27,746 THIS WAS PARTLY SUCCESSFUL BUT 968 00:42:27,746 --> 00:42:29,415 PARTLY NOT. 969 00:42:29,415 --> 00:42:31,483 WHAT HAPPENED WAS WOMEN BEGAN TO 970 00:42:31,483 --> 00:42:33,686 GO TO THE HOSPITALS FOR THE 971 00:42:33,686 --> 00:42:37,323 PRENATAL VISITS OR WHAT ARE THE 972 00:42:37,323 --> 00:42:41,360 BRITISH WORLD IS CALLED THE 973 00:42:41,360 --> 00:42:43,128 AT-NATAL ADVISORIES BUT THEY 974 00:42:43,128 --> 00:42:45,731 DELIVERED AT HOME WITH THEIR 975 00:42:45,731 --> 00:42:47,099 MIDWIFES OR FAMILY MEMBERS. 976 00:42:47,099 --> 00:42:50,402 THERE WAS THAT DIMENSION TO IT 977 00:42:50,402 --> 00:42:51,870 AND THEN THERE WAS THE ELEMENT 978 00:42:51,870 --> 00:42:53,739 OF THE BRITISH COLONIAL 979 00:42:53,739 --> 00:42:57,109 GOVERNMENT AS WELL. 980 00:42:57,109 --> 00:43:01,480 IT CREATED BIOMEDICAL 981 00:43:01,480 --> 00:43:01,780 ENTERPRISES. 982 00:43:01,780 --> 00:43:04,984 A LOT OF THE FRAMEWORK WAS SET 983 00:43:04,984 --> 00:43:06,318 BY MISSIONARIES. 984 00:43:06,318 --> 00:43:09,822 BECAUSE FOR THE FIRST 20 YEARS 985 00:43:09,822 --> 00:43:14,126 OR SO OF THE 20TH CENTURY, THE 986 00:43:14,126 --> 00:43:18,564 FIRST 30 YEARS, ACTUALLY, 987 00:43:18,564 --> 00:43:21,400 BETWEEN 1900S AND 1930s, THE 988 00:43:21,400 --> 00:43:23,035 COLONIAL GOVERNMENT I GO KNORRED 989 00:43:23,035 --> 00:43:23,702 WOMEN'S HEALTH. 990 00:43:23,702 --> 00:43:26,538 IT WAS LARGELY WORK BY 991 00:43:26,538 --> 00:43:28,507 MISSIONARIES UNTIL THEY IS 992 00:43:28,507 --> 00:43:32,378 DECIDED THAT WOMEN AS HEALTH WAS 993 00:43:32,378 --> 00:43:35,981 IMPORTANT IN TERMS OF LABOR 994 00:43:35,981 --> 00:43:36,715 SUPPLY. 995 00:43:36,715 --> 00:43:41,553 IN TERMS OF SUCCESSFUL CHILD 996 00:43:41,553 --> 00:43:43,222 BIRTH, PROTECTING THE LABOR 997 00:43:43,222 --> 00:43:45,924 SUPPLY WITHIN THE COLONIES. 998 00:43:45,924 --> 00:43:50,662 AND SO, WHAT HAPPENS FROM THEN 999 00:43:50,662 --> 00:43:52,498 IS THAT THERE WERE MORE MOVES 1000 00:43:52,498 --> 00:43:55,034 AND POLICIES TO DISEMPOWER 1001 00:43:55,034 --> 00:43:55,734 MIDWIVES. 1002 00:43:55,734 --> 00:43:57,236 THERE WAS BRIEFLY A CONVERSATION 1003 00:43:57,236 --> 00:44:00,172 ABOUT TRAINING -- JUST LIKE WE 1004 00:44:00,172 --> 00:44:04,576 TALKED ABOUT CAN THE TBA, 1005 00:44:04,576 --> 00:44:05,544 UPGRADING THEIR KNOWLEDGE AND 1006 00:44:05,544 --> 00:44:07,513 TRAINING THEM TO UTILIZE THEM 1007 00:44:07,513 --> 00:44:08,947 BECAUSE IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO 1008 00:44:08,947 --> 00:44:10,582 PROVIDE SERVICES TO THE WHOLE OF 1009 00:44:10,582 --> 00:44:13,318 THE COUNTRY, TO THE REST OF 1010 00:44:13,318 --> 00:44:14,253 NIGERIA. 1011 00:44:14,253 --> 00:44:15,387 BUT THAT IDEA DID NOT 1012 00:44:15,387 --> 00:44:15,954 MATERIALIZE. 1013 00:44:15,954 --> 00:44:17,790 THAT IDEA WAS DROPPED AND THERE 1014 00:44:17,790 --> 00:44:20,859 WAS THE PUSH TO JUST MAKE CHILD 1015 00:44:20,859 --> 00:44:23,829 BIRTH A MEDICAL THING AND AN 1016 00:44:23,829 --> 00:44:25,264 EVENT THAT HAPPENED IN THE 1017 00:44:25,264 --> 00:44:26,231 HOSPITAL. 1018 00:44:26,231 --> 00:44:27,433 AND THAT BECAME THE TREND. 1019 00:44:27,433 --> 00:44:30,502 THERE WAS THE GENERAL STEREOTYPE 1020 00:44:30,502 --> 00:44:32,871 AND STEREOTYPING OF TRADITIONAL 1021 00:44:32,871 --> 00:44:34,773 MEDICINE INCLUDING TRADITIONAL 1022 00:44:34,773 --> 00:44:36,275 MIDWIFES. 1023 00:44:36,275 --> 00:44:42,915 THIS PRACTICE CARRIED OVER INTO 1024 00:44:42,915 --> 00:44:46,151 POST COLONIALIZED NIGERIA. 1025 00:44:46,151 --> 00:44:49,021 THE TRAINING OF MIDWIVES WAS A 1026 00:44:49,021 --> 00:44:49,655 DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENT. 1027 00:44:49,655 --> 00:44:53,592 THIS WAS PART OF THE BIOMEDICAL 1028 00:44:53,592 --> 00:44:54,793 FRAMEWORK. 1029 00:44:54,793 --> 00:44:58,730 MOST OF EUROPE DID NOT OUTLAW 1030 00:44:58,730 --> 00:45:00,933 MIDWIFERY. 1031 00:45:00,933 --> 00:45:03,235 MIDWIFERY BECAME PART OF THE 1032 00:45:03,235 --> 00:45:04,436 BIOMEDICAL CARE SET UP. 1033 00:45:04,436 --> 00:45:07,372 THE SAME THING PLAYED OUT IN 1034 00:45:07,372 --> 00:45:08,841 COLONIAL NIGERIA. 1035 00:45:08,841 --> 00:45:11,009 IF A WOMAN HAD ENOUGH EDUCATION 1036 00:45:11,009 --> 00:45:14,179 TO TRAIN AS A NURSE OR MIDWIFE 1037 00:45:14,179 --> 00:45:18,250 OR NURSE/MIDWIFE THAT'S WHAT SHE 1038 00:45:18,250 --> 00:45:20,652 BECAME. 1039 00:45:20,652 --> 00:45:23,689 SO THERE WERE TRAINED MIDWIFES 1040 00:45:23,689 --> 00:45:26,992 AND TRADITIONAL MIDWIFES TO 1041 00:45:26,992 --> 00:45:27,726 SIDELINE THEM. 1042 00:45:27,726 --> 00:45:29,495 JUST LIKE IN THE U.S., IN A LOT 1043 00:45:29,495 --> 00:45:31,230 OF THE RURAL COMMUNITIES AND 1044 00:45:31,230 --> 00:45:32,798 DIFFERENT COMMUNITIES IN 1045 00:45:32,798 --> 00:45:35,734 NIGERIA, IT WAS THE MIDWIFE THAT 1046 00:45:35,734 --> 00:45:40,772 WAS THEIR OWN RESOURCE. 1047 00:45:40,772 --> 00:45:43,375 HENCE ACNM'S EFFORTS WERE TO 1048 00:45:43,375 --> 00:45:45,043 TRAIN THESE WOMEN TO UPGRADE 1049 00:45:45,043 --> 00:45:50,782 THEIR SKILLS AND TRAIN BIRTH TEN 1050 00:45:50,782 --> 00:45:57,022 DAATTENDANTS. 1051 00:45:57,022 --> 00:45:58,023 >> THANK YOU. 1052 00:45:58,023 --> 00:45:59,625 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 1053 00:45:59,625 --> 00:46:02,394 ANOTHER PERSON HAS WRITTEN IN 1054 00:46:02,394 --> 00:46:03,495 WITH THANKS FOR YOUR WONDERFUL 1055 00:46:03,495 --> 00:46:04,163 TALK. 1056 00:46:04,163 --> 00:46:07,099 I'M INTERESTED IN LEARNING MORE 1057 00:46:07,099 --> 00:46:10,836 ABOUT ATOCA AND THAT JANUARY RA 1058 00:46:10,836 --> 00:46:11,603 OF PUBLICATION. 1059 00:46:11,603 --> 00:46:14,139 I'VE APE SEEN SOMETHING SIMILAR 1060 00:46:14,139 --> 00:46:15,574 IN EAST AFRICA. 1061 00:46:15,574 --> 00:46:17,976 WAS PART OF THIS APPEAL THAT A 1062 00:46:17,976 --> 00:46:19,978 PROJECT CREATED IN ONE LANGUAGE 1063 00:46:19,978 --> 00:46:23,315 COULD BE REPRODUCED WITH A 1064 00:46:23,315 --> 00:46:25,684 PRINTED DIALOGUE. 1065 00:46:25,684 --> 00:46:27,419 IN OTHER WORDS, WERE THERE 1066 00:46:27,419 --> 00:46:29,588 EFFORTS IN THESE PROJECTS TO 1067 00:46:29,588 --> 00:46:31,757 CREATE TOOLS MORE UNIVERSAL OR 1068 00:46:31,757 --> 00:46:34,826 REGIONAL OR DID THEY FOCUS ON 1069 00:46:34,826 --> 00:46:36,395 TRAILERING RESOURCES AND 1070 00:46:36,395 --> 00:46:38,130 MESSAGES TO SPECIFIC LOCAL 1071 00:46:38,130 --> 00:46:42,935 COMMUNITIES 1234. 1072 00:46:42,935 --> 00:46:45,370 1234 -- COMMUNITIES? 1073 00:46:45,370 --> 00:46:51,910 >> I AM ALSO INTERESTED IN THAT. 1074 00:46:51,910 --> 00:46:53,812 THERE WERE MODERN CARE PROJECTS 1075 00:46:53,812 --> 00:46:54,913 WAS ACTIVE. 1076 00:46:54,913 --> 00:46:57,015 BUT WHAT I CAN TELL FROM THE 1077 00:46:57,015 --> 00:47:01,720 DOCUMENTS THAT I'VE REVIEWED IS 1078 00:47:01,720 --> 00:47:03,222 THAT -- THERE WASN'T NECESSARILY 1079 00:47:03,222 --> 00:47:06,959 AN ATTEMPT TO MAKE THE MESSAGING 1080 00:47:06,959 --> 00:47:08,227 UNIVERSAL. 1081 00:47:08,227 --> 00:47:10,696 THOSE MESSAGING WAS TARGETED TO 1082 00:47:10,696 --> 00:47:12,231 THOSE SPECIFIC AUDIENCES BECAUSE 1083 00:47:12,231 --> 00:47:17,469 IN A PLACE LIKE NIGERIA LIKE THE 1084 00:47:17,469 --> 00:47:20,339 DIFFERENT HEALTH ZONES THAT I 1085 00:47:20,339 --> 00:47:21,306 DESCRIBE, THEY HAD THREE 1086 00:47:21,306 --> 00:47:23,308 DIFFERENT LANGUAGES. 1087 00:47:23,308 --> 00:47:29,715 IT WAS EBO IN THE EAST, U RABI 1088 00:47:29,715 --> 00:47:31,416 IN THE WEST AND [INDISCERNIBLE] 1089 00:47:31,416 --> 00:47:32,417 IN THE NORTH. 1090 00:47:32,417 --> 00:47:38,590 AND SO, THE LANGUAGES DIDN'T 1091 00:47:38,590 --> 00:47:44,930 NECESSARILY SPEAK TO EACH OTHER, 1092 00:47:44,930 --> 00:47:49,835 EM SO WITH ATOCA, IT WAS 1093 00:47:49,835 --> 00:47:51,036 SPECIFICALLY DIRECTED TO THAT 1094 00:47:51,036 --> 00:47:51,637 COMMUNITY. 1095 00:47:51,637 --> 00:47:53,772 THE WAY THAT THE MOTHER CARE 1096 00:47:53,772 --> 00:47:57,276 PROJECT OPERATED, THE ISSUES 1097 00:47:57,276 --> 00:48:06,151 PRINTED IN [INDISCERNIBLE], I I 1098 00:48:06,151 --> 00:48:08,120 COULDN'T FIND A RADIO LIABLE 1099 00:48:08,120 --> 00:48:09,655 IMAGE FOR THAT ONE. 1100 00:48:09,655 --> 00:48:12,157 THE MESSAGE THEY PUT IN THOSE 1101 00:48:12,157 --> 00:48:15,093 MEDIA OR THE RADIO SHOWS IN 1102 00:48:15,093 --> 00:48:17,829 NORTH WERE TAILORED TO THE 1103 00:48:17,829 --> 00:48:19,131 PROBLEMS THEY IDENTIFIED IN 1104 00:48:19,131 --> 00:48:20,565 THOSE AREAS. 1105 00:48:20,565 --> 00:48:22,167 FOR INSTANCE IN THE NORTH, ONE 1106 00:48:22,167 --> 00:48:23,969 OF THE ISSUES THEY HAD TO DEAL 1107 00:48:23,969 --> 00:48:33,378 WITH WAS A FEMALE JENT TALL 1108 00:48:33,378 --> 00:48:35,547 MUTILATION THAT OCCURRED. 1109 00:48:35,547 --> 00:48:37,749 IN THE WEST, THE MESSAGING THAT 1110 00:48:37,749 --> 00:48:39,718 THEY PUSHED OUT HAD TO DO WITH 1111 00:48:39,718 --> 00:48:43,455 THE A VOIRDENS OF EATING CERTAIN 1112 00:48:43,455 --> 00:48:46,825 FOODS LIKE LEAFY GREENS OR EGGS. 1113 00:48:46,825 --> 00:48:49,695 THESE MESSAGES WERE TAILORED TO 1114 00:48:49,695 --> 00:48:52,631 THOSE PARTICULAR AUDIENCES. 1115 00:48:52,631 --> 00:48:55,734 THE VARIOUS MEDIA CHOSEN ALSO 1116 00:48:55,734 --> 00:48:57,769 REFLECTED THOSE MESSAGES AND THE 1117 00:48:57,769 --> 00:48:59,971 LOCATION WHERE THOSE MESSAGES 1118 00:48:59,971 --> 00:49:02,174 WERE BEING PUSHED OUT. 1119 00:49:02,174 --> 00:49:06,011 >> THANK YOU. 1120 00:49:06,011 --> 00:49:11,883 SO THERE ARE TWO QUESTIONS 1121 00:49:11,883 --> 00:49:12,784 SOMEWHAT RELATED. 1122 00:49:12,784 --> 00:49:14,920 BOTH OF THESE INDIVIDUALS, THANK 1123 00:49:14,920 --> 00:49:17,155 YOU VERY MUCH FOR A GREAT TALK. 1124 00:49:17,155 --> 00:49:19,791 THE FIRST INDIVIDUAL TALKS ABOUT 1125 00:49:19,791 --> 00:49:21,693 IF YOU COULD TALK ON HOW IF AT 1126 00:49:21,693 --> 00:49:27,799 AIL THE ACNM IMPACTED THE BIRTH 1127 00:49:27,799 --> 00:49:32,938 OUTCOMES AND I WONDER ABOUT THE 1128 00:49:32,938 --> 00:49:35,574 CONVERGENCES IN THE ACNM PROGRAM 1129 00:49:35,574 --> 00:49:37,976 OF COMBATING OVERPOPULATION AND 1130 00:49:37,976 --> 00:49:41,580 THE PUBLIC HEALTH AGENDA OF 1131 00:49:41,580 --> 00:49:43,648 PRETENTING MATERNAL DEATHS AND 1132 00:49:43,648 --> 00:49:45,851 ENCOURAGING HEALTHY MOTHERHOOD. 1133 00:49:45,851 --> 00:49:51,323 >> EU8 STI WILL ANSWER THE LASTE 1134 00:49:51,323 --> 00:49:53,425 AND ASK YOU TO REMIND ME OF THE 1135 00:49:53,425 --> 00:49:54,826 FIRST. 1136 00:49:54,826 --> 00:50:00,298 THE TENSION BETWEEN, YOU KNOW, 1137 00:50:00,298 --> 00:50:07,539 THE EU S EUGENICS OF POPULATION 1138 00:50:07,539 --> 00:50:09,174 CONTROL AND CONTROLLING MATERNAL 1139 00:50:09,174 --> 00:50:11,476 DEATHS WERE NOT JUST LOCAL IN 1140 00:50:11,476 --> 00:50:11,810 NIGERIA. 1141 00:50:11,810 --> 00:50:14,079 THIS WAS NOT JUST HAPPENING IN 1142 00:50:14,079 --> 00:50:14,413 ACNM. 1143 00:50:14,413 --> 00:50:17,182 BY THE 1980s, THERE WAS IN 1144 00:50:17,182 --> 00:50:19,584 NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE 1145 00:50:19,584 --> 00:50:20,485 POPULATION CONTROL MOVEMENT 1146 00:50:20,485 --> 00:50:22,687 ITSELF. 1147 00:50:22,687 --> 00:50:24,189 1980s ESPECIALLY AS A RESULT 1148 00:50:24,189 --> 00:50:26,258 OF A LOT OF THE DATA THAT HAD 1149 00:50:26,258 --> 00:50:29,227 BEEN GENERATED AS A RESULT OF 1150 00:50:29,227 --> 00:50:32,397 THAT WORK RELATED TO PRAKING 1151 00:50:32,397 --> 00:50:35,300 POPULATION, TRACKING HEALTH, THE 1152 00:50:35,300 --> 00:50:38,136 EXTENT OF THE NATURE OF MATERNAL 1153 00:50:38,136 --> 00:50:41,740 DEATHS HAD BECOME OBVIOUS 1154 00:50:41,740 --> 00:50:42,340 GLOBALLY. 1155 00:50:42,340 --> 00:50:43,708 WOMEN AS ORGANIZATIONS AND 1156 00:50:43,708 --> 00:50:46,411 MEMBERS OF THESE -- ALL OF THESE 1157 00:50:46,411 --> 00:50:47,746 ORGANIZATIONS THAT WERE ALSO 1158 00:50:47,746 --> 00:50:53,318 DOING POPULATION-RELATED WORK, 1159 00:50:53,318 --> 00:50:54,519 MOUNTED A REVOLUTION. 1160 00:50:54,519 --> 00:50:58,023 THEY BEGAN TO PUSH BACK ON THE 1161 00:50:58,023 --> 00:50:59,658 EXTREME FOCUS ON POPULATION 1162 00:50:59,658 --> 00:51:00,425 CONTROL. 1163 00:51:00,425 --> 00:51:03,495 THE FOCUS ON FAMILY PLANNING 1164 00:51:03,495 --> 00:51:05,363 PROGRAMS AT THE EXPENSE OF 1165 00:51:05,363 --> 00:51:07,532 MATERNAL HEALTH OR MATERNAL 1166 00:51:07,532 --> 00:51:10,368 DEATHS IN TERMS OF IMPROVING THE 1167 00:51:10,368 --> 00:51:13,104 OUTCOME OF PREGNANCIES. 1168 00:51:13,104 --> 00:51:16,408 ACNM WAS A PART OF THIS 1169 00:51:16,408 --> 00:51:16,741 CONVERSATION. 1170 00:51:16,741 --> 00:51:19,344 THIS WAS A TREND, A GLOBAL TREND 1171 00:51:19,344 --> 00:51:23,315 ACROSS THE WORLD. 1172 00:51:23,315 --> 00:51:24,282 WHERE THE NEW 1173 00:51:24,282 --> 00:51:25,817 KINDS OF PEOPLE IN THESE 1174 00:51:25,817 --> 00:51:28,453 ORGANIZATIONS BEGAN TO PUSH FOR 1175 00:51:28,453 --> 00:51:31,523 A LOOK AT MATERNAL HEALTH CARE. 1176 00:51:31,523 --> 00:51:33,725 AN APPROACH THAT DID NOT JUST 1177 00:51:33,725 --> 00:51:36,661 FOCUS ON FAMILY PLANNING, BUT 1178 00:51:36,661 --> 00:51:39,297 FOCUSED ON THE SURVIVAL OF WOMEN 1179 00:51:39,297 --> 00:51:41,833 DURING CHILD BIRTH AND DELIVERY 1180 00:51:41,833 --> 00:51:43,468 OR POSTPARTUM. 1181 00:51:43,468 --> 00:51:44,970 THE FIRST PART OF THE QUESTION 1182 00:51:44,970 --> 00:51:49,508 TALKED ABOUT WHETHER ACNM 1183 00:51:49,508 --> 00:51:52,511 PROJECTS AFFECTED MATERNAL DEATH 1184 00:51:52,511 --> 00:51:53,745 OUTCOME. 1185 00:51:53,745 --> 00:51:55,614 >> BIRTHING PRACTICES AND 1186 00:51:55,614 --> 00:51:57,349 MATERNAL MORTALITY OUTCOMES, 1187 00:51:57,349 --> 00:51:57,716 YES. 1188 00:51:57,716 --> 00:52:00,719 >> NOW THIS IS SOMETHING THAT I 1189 00:52:00,719 --> 00:52:01,920 HAVEN'T LOOKED AT YET. 1190 00:52:01,920 --> 00:52:04,055 ONE OF THE THINGS THAT I HOPE TO 1191 00:52:04,055 --> 00:52:07,192 DO AS MY PROJECT PROGRESSES IS 1192 00:52:07,192 --> 00:52:10,462 ACTUALLY TO LOOK AT WHETHER 1193 00:52:10,462 --> 00:52:15,500 THERE ARE ANY STATISTIC POINTING 1194 00:52:15,500 --> 00:52:18,136 TO WHAT MATERNAL DEATHS, WHAT 1195 00:52:18,136 --> 00:52:19,871 THE NUMBERS LOOKED LIKE. 1196 00:52:19,871 --> 00:52:23,909 WE KNOW A LITTLE BIT OF WHAT THE 1197 00:52:23,909 --> 00:52:27,345 NUMBERS LOOKED LIKE IN THE 198 1198 00:52:27,345 --> 00:52:32,450 OS BECAUSE NIGERIAN DOCTORS, THE 1199 00:52:32,450 --> 00:52:35,520 OBJECT STEK TRICKS IN NIGERIA 1200 00:52:35,520 --> 00:52:37,789 WERE DRAWING ATTENTION TO THAT. 1201 00:52:37,789 --> 00:52:40,692 I ALSO KNOW FROM WHAT I FOUND SO 1202 00:52:40,692 --> 00:52:43,094 FAR THAT THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH 1203 00:52:43,094 --> 00:52:47,933 IN NIGERIA UNDER DR. 1204 00:52:47,933 --> 00:52:49,467 [INDISCERNIBLE], THE BROTHER OF 1205 00:52:49,467 --> 00:52:51,770 THE FAMOUS FELLOW WOULD KNOW, HE 1206 00:52:51,770 --> 00:52:54,205 WAS THE MINISTER OF HEALTH AT 1207 00:52:54,205 --> 00:52:57,242 THE TIME. 1208 00:52:57,242 --> 00:53:00,178 IN 1989 AND 1990, ONE OF THE 1209 00:53:00,178 --> 00:53:03,248 THINGS THAT HE IMPLEMENTED WAS 1210 00:53:03,248 --> 00:53:05,317 TO REQUIRE HOSPITALS ACROSS THE 1211 00:53:05,317 --> 00:53:07,652 COUNTRY TO ACTUALLY REPORT 1212 00:53:07,652 --> 00:53:09,054 MATERNAL DEATHS TO THE FEDERAL 1213 00:53:09,054 --> 00:53:10,322 GOVERNMENT. 1214 00:53:10,322 --> 00:53:12,223 THERE WAS AN EFFORT BY THE 1215 00:53:12,223 --> 00:53:16,161 MINISTRY TO COLLECT STATISTICS 1216 00:53:16,161 --> 00:53:17,796 ON MATERNAL DEATHS BUT ALSO 1217 00:53:17,796 --> 00:53:19,998 INFORMATION ON THE CAUSES OF 1218 00:53:19,998 --> 00:53:21,866 MATERNAL DEATHS. 1219 00:53:21,866 --> 00:53:23,268 NOW, WHAT I DON'T KNOW AND WHAT 1220 00:53:23,268 --> 00:53:25,704 I'M TRYING TO FIND OUT, PART OF 1221 00:53:25,704 --> 00:53:28,340 THE DATA THAT I'M TRYING TO GET 1222 00:53:28,340 --> 00:53:30,408 AHOLD OF IS THOSE DATA. 1223 00:53:30,408 --> 00:53:33,144 WHAT WAS SUBMITTED, WHAT WAS 1224 00:53:33,144 --> 00:53:34,346 COLLECTED, WHAT KIND EVER 1225 00:53:34,346 --> 00:53:35,880 PICTURE THAT IT PAINTED. 1226 00:53:35,880 --> 00:53:38,817 BUT RIGHT NOW, I HAVEN'T TRACKED 1227 00:53:38,817 --> 00:53:40,785 WHAT THE OUTCOMES WERE IN TERMS 1228 00:53:40,785 --> 00:53:42,654 OF THE NUMBERS. 1229 00:53:42,654 --> 00:53:44,823 AND AT THAT POINT, NIGERIA HAD 1230 00:53:44,823 --> 00:53:47,993 NOT GOTTEN GOOD AT RECORDING -- 1231 00:53:47,993 --> 00:53:50,962 THIS WAS A COUNTRY THAT GAINED 1232 00:53:50,962 --> 00:53:53,798 INDEPENDENCE IN 1960. 1233 00:53:53,798 --> 00:53:57,869 FOUGHT A WAR IN THE '60s AND 1234 00:53:57,869 --> 00:53:59,738 IN 1970, THE WAR ENDED AND THERE 1235 00:53:59,738 --> 00:54:04,109 WAS A RECESSION IN THE 1908S. 1236 00:54:04,109 --> 00:54:06,111 IT WAS -- 1980s. 1237 00:54:06,111 --> 00:54:09,047 IT WAS STRUGGLING TO CATCH ITS 1238 00:54:09,047 --> 00:54:11,483 BREATH AND HAD DIFFERENT CHANGES 1239 00:54:11,483 --> 00:54:15,620 IN GOVERNMENTS BY MILITARY 1240 00:54:15,620 --> 00:54:18,490 TAKEOVERS AND PARTICULAR 1241 00:54:18,490 --> 00:54:21,559 DICTATOR SHIPS. 1242 00:54:21,559 --> 00:54:25,597 THOSE DATA WERE NOT STABLE AND 1243 00:54:25,597 --> 00:54:29,334 IT GOT BETTER IN THE EARLY 20TH 1244 00:54:29,334 --> 00:54:32,170 SEEN TOURY. 1245 00:54:32,170 --> 00:54:37,008 NIGERIA LE RELEASED NUMBERS EVEY 1246 00:54:37,008 --> 00:54:38,209 YEAR THAT TRACKED THESE THINGS. 1247 00:54:38,209 --> 00:54:41,046 I KNOW THAT THE CULTURAL IMPACT 1248 00:54:41,046 --> 00:54:45,216 OF ACNM PROJECTS AND THE 1249 00:54:45,216 --> 00:54:46,818 PROJECTS WORKING IN NIGERIA, THE 1250 00:54:46,818 --> 00:54:48,720 FACT THAT A LOT OF CONVERSATIONS 1251 00:54:48,720 --> 00:54:49,587 WERE BEING HAD. 1252 00:54:49,587 --> 00:54:52,123 YOU HAVE TO DESIGN A RESEARCH TO 1253 00:54:52,123 --> 00:54:55,393 TRACK THOSE IMPACTS. 1254 00:54:55,393 --> 00:54:56,127 BUT THERE WERE PUBLIC 1255 00:54:56,127 --> 00:54:58,563 DISCUSSIONS IN A WAY THAT NEVER 1256 00:54:58,563 --> 00:55:01,199 HAPPENED PREVIOUSLY ON MATERNAL 1257 00:55:01,199 --> 00:55:03,101 HEALTH, ON PREGNANCY AND SOME OF 1258 00:55:03,101 --> 00:55:04,602 THE DANGER SIGNS. 1259 00:55:04,602 --> 00:55:06,137 HOW TO RECOGNIZE THE DANGER 1260 00:55:06,137 --> 00:55:09,107 SIGNS AND THE DANGERS OF CERTAIN 1261 00:55:09,107 --> 00:55:10,508 CULTURAL PRACTICESES. 1262 00:55:10,508 --> 00:55:12,844 THIS IS WHERE THESE MAGAZINES 1263 00:55:12,844 --> 00:55:14,813 AND RADIO SHOWS CAME IN. 1264 00:55:14,813 --> 00:55:16,981 THERE WERE DISCOURSES TO THE 1265 00:55:16,981 --> 00:55:19,184 EXTENT THAT HAVE NEVER BEEN HAD 1266 00:55:19,184 --> 00:55:21,019 PREVIOUSLY AND HAD NEVER BEEN 1267 00:55:21,019 --> 00:55:23,188 HAD SINCE THEN EITHER. 1268 00:55:23,188 --> 00:55:25,190 THAT'S THE BEST WAY THAT I CAN 1269 00:55:25,190 --> 00:55:27,058 ANSWER THAT QUESTION RIGHT NOW. 1270 00:55:27,058 --> 00:55:28,126 >> THANK YOU. 1271 00:55:28,126 --> 00:55:29,794 SO WE HAVE TIME FOR ONE MORE 1272 00:55:29,794 --> 00:55:33,398 QUESTION AND IT DOES PERTAIN TO 1273 00:55:33,398 --> 00:55:35,266 THOSE SOURCES THAT YOU ARE 1274 00:55:35,266 --> 00:55:36,668 ALLUDING TO THAT WERE PART OF 1275 00:55:36,668 --> 00:55:38,670 THE PUBLIC DIALOGUE, THE 1276 00:55:38,670 --> 00:55:40,538 TELEVISION PROGRAMS AND VIDEOS. 1277 00:55:40,538 --> 00:55:42,941 THE QUESTION IS TO WHAT EXTENT 1278 00:55:42,941 --> 00:55:44,142 BEYOND WHAT YOU PRESENTED DO YOU 1279 00:55:44,142 --> 00:55:46,678 HAVE A SENSE OF THESE MATERIALS 1280 00:55:46,678 --> 00:55:47,979 STILL EXIST? 1281 00:55:47,979 --> 00:55:50,381 HAVE YOU HAD CHAMS FINDING THEM? 1282 00:55:50,381 --> 00:55:52,450 TO WHAT EXTENT WERE THEY WE FEM 1283 00:55:52,450 --> 00:56:03,695 REHE HAVEFEM RWEPHEMERAL. 1284 00:56:10,068 --> 00:56:12,704 >> I HAVE COPIES FROM THE 1285 00:56:12,704 --> 00:56:14,572 MAGAZINE FLS 1989. 1286 00:56:14,572 --> 00:56:18,610 THE MAGAZINE DID GO OUT OF PRINT 1287 00:56:18,610 --> 00:56:19,744 IN THE 1990s. 1288 00:56:19,744 --> 00:56:23,014 I'M TRYING TO FIND THE COPIES 1289 00:56:23,014 --> 00:56:24,115 FROM 1989 UNTIL THEY GO OUT OF 1290 00:56:24,115 --> 00:56:26,184 PRINT. 1291 00:56:26,184 --> 00:56:28,686 ONE OF THE GOOD SOURCES TO FIND 1292 00:56:28,686 --> 00:56:30,522 THINGS LIKE THIS BECAUSE THESE 1293 00:56:30,522 --> 00:56:35,059 WERE MAGAZINES, AND PUBLIC 1294 00:56:35,059 --> 00:56:37,228 DOCUMENTS, UNIVERSITY ARCHIVES 1295 00:56:37,228 --> 00:56:38,897 IN NIGERIA BUT ALSO THE NATIONAL 1296 00:56:38,897 --> 00:56:43,701 AARCHIVES TEND TO HAVE MAGAZINE, 1297 00:56:43,701 --> 00:56:45,637 POPULAR MAGAZINES IN THEIR 1298 00:56:45,637 --> 00:56:46,538 COLLECTIONS. 1299 00:56:46,538 --> 00:56:50,375 SO THE NEXT TIME THAT I HAVE THE 1300 00:56:50,375 --> 00:56:53,111 OPPORTUNITY TO DO ARCHIVAL 1301 00:56:53,111 --> 00:56:55,613 RESEARCH, ONE OF THE THINGS I'M 1302 00:56:55,613 --> 00:56:58,149 GOING TO DO IS LOOK AT THOSE 1303 00:56:58,149 --> 00:57:01,085 UNIVERSITY ARCHIVES, THOSE LOCAL 1304 00:57:01,085 --> 00:57:02,854 ARCHIVES WITHIN THE REGION. 1305 00:57:02,854 --> 00:57:04,589 ONE OF THE PLACES WHERE THIS 1306 00:57:04,589 --> 00:57:06,291 MAGAZINE WAS POPULAR HAS A 1307 00:57:06,291 --> 00:57:08,760 UNIVERSITY, AND THE UNIVERSITY 1308 00:57:08,760 --> 00:57:10,295 ARCHIVE AS WELL. 1309 00:57:10,295 --> 00:57:11,830 THERE IS A GOOD CHANCE THOSE 1310 00:57:11,830 --> 00:57:14,165 WILL BE THERE. 1311 00:57:14,165 --> 00:57:25,009 THERE AS IS IS ALSO THE QUESTIF 1312 00:57:29,647 --> 00:57:31,883 OF INDIVIDUALS WHO MAY HAVE KEPT 1313 00:57:31,883 --> 00:57:32,550 THESE. 1314 00:57:32,550 --> 00:57:34,085 THERE IS A GOOD CHANCE THOSE 1315 00:57:34,085 --> 00:57:35,820 WOULD BE IN PRIVATE COLLECTIONS. 1316 00:57:35,820 --> 00:57:39,591 I'M GOING TO FIND OUT HOW 1317 00:57:39,591 --> 00:57:40,658 ACCESSIBLE THESE THINGS ARE 1318 00:57:40,658 --> 00:57:42,727 SOONER OR LATER BECAUSE I DIDN'T 1319 00:57:42,727 --> 00:57:45,330 KNOW THEY EXISTED UNTIL I 1320 00:57:45,330 --> 00:57:46,698 STARTED GOING THROUGH MY RECORDS 1321 00:57:46,698 --> 00:57:48,199 AT THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF 1322 00:57:48,199 --> 00:57:48,533 MEDICINE. 1323 00:57:48,533 --> 00:57:54,305 I FOUND OUT ABOUT THE EXISTENCE 1324 00:57:54,305 --> 00:57:58,810 OF THE MAGAZINE AND SOME OF THE 1325 00:57:58,810 --> 00:58:02,213 PROJECTS ACNM DID WITH THE 1326 00:58:02,213 --> 00:58:04,616 MAGAZINE A FEW MONTHS AGO. 1327 00:58:04,616 --> 00:58:06,918 >> CERTAINLY, IF WE CAN BE A 1328 00:58:06,918 --> 00:58:08,786 FURTHER RESOURCE FOR YOU AT THE 1329 00:58:08,786 --> 00:58:10,655 NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE, DO 1330 00:58:10,655 --> 00:58:12,090 BE IN TOUCH. 1331 00:58:12,090 --> 00:58:15,760 ON BEHALF OF THE ENTIRE LIBRARY, 1332 00:58:15,760 --> 00:58:18,529 I WOULD LIKE TO THANK YOU FOR 1333 00:58:18,529 --> 00:58:20,064 THE GREAT LECTURE TODAY. 1334 00:58:20,064 --> 00:58:22,800 WE WISH YOU EVERY CONTINUED 1335 00:58:22,800 --> 00:58:24,535 SUCCESS WITH YOUR RESEARCH AND 1336 00:58:24,535 --> 00:58:26,971 WRITING AND YOUR SECOND BOOK. 1337 00:58:26,971 --> 00:58:28,506 LOOK FORWARD TO READING IT. 1338 00:58:28,506 --> 00:58:29,140 >> THANK YOU. 1339 00:58:29,140 --> 00:58:29,908 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 1340 00:58:29,908 --> 00:58:32,777 >> THANK YOU, HAVE A GOOD 1341 00:58:32,777 --> 00:58:33,177 AFTERNOON. 1342 00:58:33,177 --> 00:58:34,979 >> THANK YOU EVERYONE. 1343 00:58:34,979 --> 00:58:37,015 >> WE'LL KEEP IN TOUCH. 1344 00:58:37,015 --> 00:58:38,983 BEFORE WE SAY A FORMAL GOOD-BYE, 1345 00:58:38,983 --> 00:58:40,652 I WOULD LIKE TO THANK EVERYONE 1346 00:58:40,652 --> 00:58:45,723 FOR TUNING IN TO THIS WONDERFUL 1347 00:58:45,723 --> 00:58:47,892 ON HISTORY TALK AND FOR YOUR 1348 00:58:47,892 --> 00:58:50,528 PARTICIPATION IN ALL OUR TALKS 1349 00:58:50,528 --> 00:58:52,630 DURING THE 2024. 1350 00:58:52,630 --> 00:58:54,265 OUR 2025 SERIES WILL BE 1351 00:58:54,265 --> 00:58:55,566 ANNOUNCED EARLY IN THE NEW YEAR. 1352 00:58:55,566 --> 00:58:58,436 IN THE MEANTIME AND THERE AFTER, 1353 00:58:58,436 --> 00:59:01,272 DO BE IN TOUCH WITH US AS IF WE 1354 00:59:01,272 --> 00:59:05,443 CAN BE A RESOURCE FOR YOU. 1355 00:59:05,443 --> 00:59:08,947 WE WELCOME YOU TO VISIT OUR WEB 1356 00:59:08,947 --> 00:59:13,851 TIGHT AT NLM.NCH.gov AND WHAT 1357 00:59:13,851 --> 00:59:16,187 WE OFFER TO SUPPORT RESEARCH AND 1358 00:59:16,187 --> 00:59:18,923 AS WELL, ANSWER HEALTH-RELATED 1359 00:59:18,923 --> 00:59:21,292 QUESTIONS THAT YOU MAY HAVE. 1360 00:59:21,292 --> 00:59:23,428 AGAIN, THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 1361 00:59:23,428 --> 00:59:25,396 WE WELCH YOU A GOOD DAY WHERE 1362 00:59:25,396 --> 00:59:30,201 YOU ARE AND LOOK FORWARD TO SEE 1363 00:59:30,201 --> 00:59:31,569 SEEING YOU IN THE NEW YEAR. 1364 00:59:31,569 --> 00:59:41,746 THANK YOU.