>>WELCOME, I
AM JEFF WITH THE NATIONAL
LIBRARY OF MEDICINE, THANK YOU
FORKING US TO HEAR THE JAMES
CASSEDY LECTURE IN THE HISTORY
OF MEDICINE, WHICH IS PART OF
THE 2022 HISTORY TALKS.
THEY'RE ANNUAL SERIES WHICH
ROUGH ATOM MOTE AWARENESS AND
USE OF NLM AND RELATED
HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS FOR
RESEARCH, EDUCATION AND PUBLIC
SERVICE, PUBLIC SERVICE AND
BIOMEDICINE, SOCIAL SCIENCES AND
HUMANITIES.
THE SERIES ALSO SUPPORTS THE
COMMITMENT OF THE NATIONAL
LIBRARY OF MEDICINE TO RECOGNIZE
THE DIVERSITY OF ITS COLLECTIONS
WHICH SPAN 10 CENTURIES AND
ENCOMPASS A RANGE OF DIGITAL AND
PHYSICAL FORMATS AND ORIGINATE
FROM NEARLY EVERY PART OF THE
GLOBE.
MORE OVER THIS SERIES AIMS TO
FOREGROUPED THE VOICES OF PEOPLE
OF COLOR, WOMEN AND INDIVIDUALS
OF A VARIETY OF CULTURAL AND
DISCIPLINARY BACKGROUNDS WHO
VALUE NLM AND OTHER COLLECTIONS
AND USE THEM TO ADVANCE THE
RESEARCH THEIR TEACHING AND
THEIR LEARNING.
SO WELCOME, EVERYONE, WATCHING
FAR AND WIDE AND FOR THOSE OF
YOU ON TWITTER, THANK YOU FOR
FOLLOWING ALONG THE NLM TALK,
AND FOR THOSE WHO WISH TO SHARE
QUESTIONS WITH OUR SPEAKER THIS
AFTERNOON WHEN WE GET TO THE
Q&A, JUST USE THE LIVE FEEDBACK
BUTTON YOU WILL SEE UNDER YOUR
VIDEO SCREEN.
SO FOR MORE THAN A DECADE.
THE NLM HAS HOSTED THIS SPECIAL
LECTURE IN MEMORY OF OUR LATE
COLLEAGUE DR. JAMES H. CASSEDY,
A 50 YEAR EMPLOYEE OF THE NLM,
EDITOR OF THE PRINTED
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE HISTORY OF
MEDICINE AND SUPPORTER OF MANY
ESSENTIAL RESEARCH TOOLS, VALUED
BY GENERATIONS OF SCHOLARS.
DURING THE COURSE OF HIS VERY
DISTINGUISHED SCHOLARLY CAREER,
DR. CASSEDY RECEIVED EVERY MAJOR
HONOR THAT THE NATIONAL
PROFESSIONAL SOCIETY IN HIS
FIELD COULD BESTOW.
THAT SOCIETY WAS AND REMAINS THE
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE
HISTORY OF MEDICINE.
IN ADDITION TO THE
[INDISCERNIBLE] WHICH HE
RECEIVED FOR HIS BOOKS ENTITLED
AMERICAN MEDICINE AND
STATISTICAL THINKING, 1800-1860,
PUBLISH INDEED 1984 AND MEDICINE
AND AMERICAN GROWTH, 1800 TO
1860 PUBLISHED IN 1986, JUST 2
YEARS LATER, DR. CASSEDY WAS
AWARDED THE ASSOCIATION'S
LIFETIME ACHIEVEMENT AAND
DELIVERED ITS HONORARY GARRISON
AWARD, AND HE WORKED ON A NUMBER
OF IMPORTANT COMMITTEES SERVING
THE PROFESSION AND THE GREATER
SOCIETY.
SO WITH EVERY RESPECT TO OUR
FORMER COLLEAGUE DR. CASSEDY,
IT'S MY GREAT PRIVILEGE TO
INTRODUCE TODAY'S DISTINGUISHED
SPEAKER DR. KYLIE SMITH.
DR. SMITH TEACHES COURSESOT
HISTORY OF RACE, RACISM AND THE
HISTORY OF HEALTHCARE, NURSING
PSYCHIATRY AND NURSING AND
PHILOSOPHY.
HER RESEARCH AREA IS THE HISTORY
OF PSYCHIATRY AND HE'S AUTHOR OF
THE MULTIPLE AWARD WINNING BOOK,
TALKING THERAPY, KNOWLEDGE AND
POWER AND AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC
NURSING.
NOTABLY SHE'S A RECIPIENT OF THE
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE G13
AWARD FOR SCHOLARLY BOOKS AND BY
O MEDICINE AND HEALTH
PUBLICATIONS, HAVING RECEIVED
THIS 3 YEAR HONOR IN 2019.
DR. SMITH WAS AWARDED HER
BACHELOR OF SMITH AND HONORS
WITH ENGLISH AND HISTORY AND
Ph.D. IN HISTORY IN THE
UNIVERSITY OF [INDISCERNIBLE] IN
AUSTRALIA.
BEFORE COMING TO EMORY SHE
WORKED IN THE SCHOOL OF NURSING
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF
[INDISCERNIBLE] WHERE SHE
RESEARCHED MENTAL HEALTH NURSING
AND TAUGHT HISTORY, ETHICS AND
REFLECTIVE PRACTICE.
DR. SMITH IS ALSO WORKED IN
MULTICULTURAL AND HIV/AIDS
HEALTH PROMOTION IN SYDNEY
AUSTRAIL WRA AND SHE'S STUDIED
SCRIPT WRITING AT THE TELEVISION
AND RADIO SCHOOL.
SO PLEASE JOIN ME VIRTUALLY IN
WELCOMING DR. SMITH TO DELIVER
THE NLM'S 2022 JAMES H CASSEDY
LECTURE ENTITLED JIM CROW AND
THE ASYLUM: PSYCHE FREE AND
CIVIL RIGHTS IN THE AMERICAN
SOUTH.
DR. SMITH WORK WELCOME AND OVER
TO YOU.
>> THANK YOU SO MUCH JEFFREY FOR
THE LIFELY WELCOME, THANK YOU
FOR JOINING US ONLINE.
I WILL TALK ABOUT MY BOOK
PROJECT IN THE AMERICAN SOUTH.
I'M VERY GRATEFUL TO THE
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE FOR
THE GRANT SUPPORT WHICH ENABLED
ME TO UNDERTAKE EXTENSIVE WORK
ACROSS GEORGIA, BA AM BAM AND
MISSISSIPPI.
I'M IN THE PROCESS OF FINISHING
THE MANUSCRIPT NOW, I PROMISE
AND ALL THINGS BEING EQUAL, THE
BOOK SHOULD BE PUBLISHED IN
PAPER AND OPEN ACCESS FORM WITH
UNC PRESS IN 2024.
THE BOOK ITSELF IS DECIDED INTO
2 PARTS, THE FIRST PART FOCUSES
ON THE IDEA OF PERFORMING JIM
CROW IN THE ASYLUM AND ATTRACTS
THE WAYS THAT SEPARATE AND
VASTLY BROAD ORGANIZES FOR THE
SITUATION.
MY GOAL TODAY IS NOT TO
SUMMARIZE THE WHOLE BOOK BUT TO
SHARE MATERIAL MOSTLY FROM THE
FIRST PART THAT DEMONSTRATES THE
WAY THAT PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITALS
WORKED AS PART OF AN EXTENSIVE
NETWORK OF CONFINEMENT OF BLACK
DISABILITY IN THE EVER PRESENT
SHADOW OF THE PLANTATION AND
BECAUSE I AM FOCUSES ON THE
FIRST PART, THE MATERIAL IS AT
TIMES CONFRONTING, SO I DO JUST
WANT TO KIND OF MAKE MENTION OF
THAT.
SOPHISTICATED SET OUT WHAT I
MEAN, I WILL START WITH A
LETTER.
JANUARY OF 1965, [INDISCERNIBLE]
OF MISSISSPPI WROTE TO THE
SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND HUMAN
WELFARE IN WASHINGTON D. C. THIS
IS A SCAN OF THE FRONT PAGE IN
LETTER, BUT I WILL READ IT TO
YOU IN FULL, DEAR SIR, I DON'T
HAVE ANY ALTERNATIVE, I HAVE A
RILEBT MENTALLY ILL 11 YEAR-OLD
SON.
FOR 5 YEARS I'VE GONE THROUGH
EVERY STEP IN THE STATE TO GET
HELP, THEY HAVEN'T GIVE ME
ANYTHING BUT THE RUN AROUND I'M
AFRAID, I CAN'T HANDLE MY SON
THOM ANYMORE, HE'S A DAIRVELGER
TO MYSELF AND MY SMALLER
CHILDREN AND EVERYONE AROUND HIM
AS LHE DISTURBS THE WHOLE
NEIGHBORHOOD, I'VE BEEN BEGS TO
GET HELP FROM THE STATE.
FIVE MONTHS AGO THE HOSPITAL I
APPLIED HAS TAKEN OUT ALL THE
NEGRO CHILDREN AND IT'S NOT ANY
PLACE THERE FOR NEGRO CHILDREN,
A JUDGE ORDER FOR HIM TO GO TO
WAKE FIELD FOR ADULTS, IT'S BEEN
5 MONTHS IN JAIL AND HE COULDN'T
TAKE CARE OF HIMSELF AND SO I
HAD TO GO GET HIM.
I CAN'T KEEP HIM HERE, AND HE
CAN'T STAY IN JAIL BECAUSE HE
WILL DIE FROM LACK OF ATTENTION,
PLEASE HELP IF YOU CAN SIR, IT'S
A MATTER OF LIFE AND DEATH NOW.
I WAITED UNTIL HE GOT TOO LARGE
AND SICK THINKING THE STATE
COULD HELP ME.
PLEASE LET ME HEAR FROM YOU
RIGHT AWAY, THANK YOU SO MUCH
MRS. CLAUDEET [INDISCERNIBLE].
IN FEBRUARY 51975, SENATOR JOHN
[INDISCERNIBLE] RECEIVED THIS
COPY AND FORWARDED TO HIM FROM
ALAN [INDISCERNIBLE] WHO WAS
ASSISTANT CHIEF WITH THE MENTAL
RETARDATION BRANCH WITH
EDUCATION AND WELFARE, HE
REPLIED EXPRESSING HIS CONCERN
AND DISPLAY AND REACHED OUT TO
ALL OF MISSISSIPPI
REPRESENTATIVES.
I FOUND THIS LETTER AT THE
CONGRESSIONAL AND POLITICAL
PAPERS COLLECTION ASTERISKS
MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY AND
STAFF.
INTERESTINGLY I DID NOT FIND IT
ANYWHERE ELSE, THIS IS THE ONLY
COPY I FOUND.
IT'S IN A FILE CALLED PUBLIC
HEALTH SERVICE 1965 HAD IS
MOSTLY PAPERS BETWEEN THE PUBLIC
HEALTH SERVICE AND SENATORS.
MUCH OF THAT PUBLIC
CORRESPONDENCE IS TO WHITE
PEOPLE WORRYING ABOUT HOW
MEDICARE REQUIREMENTS WILL BE
IMPLEMENTED, AGREEING WITH THE
OUTRAGE ABOUT BEING FORCED TO
SUBMIT TO INTEGRATION AND
THANKING THEM FOR THEIR SUPPORT
ON THE SIDE OF THE LETTER
HOWEVER, WRITTEN IN RED PENCIL
ARE THE WORDS NO REPLY.
THE LETTER IS CENTRAL TO THE
STORY I'M TRYING TO TELL BECAUSE
IT EXPOSES THE WAY THAT
PSYCHIATRIC AND DISABILITY
SERVICES FOR BLACK PEOPLE IN THE
SOUTH OPERATED WITHIN AN
EXISTING SYSTEM DEDICATED TO
MAINTAINING WHITE SUPREMACY.
IN THIS MAP I'VE BEGUN TO PLAY A
ROLE IN THIS HEISTRY WHICH IS
REVIEWING HOW PSYCHIATRIC
HOSPITALS REVIEW SYSTEMS IN A
LARGER SYSTEM OF CONFINEMENT.
MY RESEARCH HAS SHOWN WAYS THAT
PEOPLE COULD BE EASILY ADMITTED
TO THE LARGE STATE HOSPITALS,
SOMETIMES SIMPLY BY BEING
DROPPEDDA THE DOOR BY A SHERIFF.
--THESE PRACTICES WERE
EXACERBATED BY THE BROADER
OPERATIONALIZE OF THIS IN THE
SOUTH IN THE FIRST HALF THE
20th CENTURY WITH COMBINED
WITH A ACTIVE PROGRAM OF UGENICS
DESIGNED TO ERADIATE THE BODY,
MIND INTERLY, IN THIS PROCESS WE
CAN SEE THE INSTABILITY OF
CATEGORIES AND THE OVERLAP OF
DISABILITY, MENTAL ILLNESS AND
COMMONALITY.
SEGBREIGATION WAS THE MOST
OBVIOUS WAY THAT JIM CROW WAS
PERFORMED A REGULAR BASIS AND
WAS JUSTIFIED BY PSYCHIATRISTS
THEMSELVES WHO CREATED THEIR
PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE AROUND
THE IDEA OF RACIAL DIFFERENCE
AND ACTIVELY PERPETUATED IDEAS
ABOUT THE ALLEGED INFERIORITY OF
THE BLACK PERSONALITY.
BUT SEGREGATION TOOK DIFFERENT
FORMS IN DIFFERENT PLACES SO I
WILL JUST SET OUT SOME OF THOSE
DIFFERENCES AND THINK ABOUT WHAT
SO LET'S START WITH THE OLDEST
OF THE 3 FACILITIES I'M LOOKING
AT.
CENTRAL STATE HOSPITAL IN
GEORGIA.
IT WAS THEN SET UP NEAR THE
STATE CAPITAL.
FROM ITS ORIGINS, THE ISSUE OF
BLACK PATIENTS HAD BEEN A
CONTENTIOUS 1 WITH THE HOSPITALS
SECOND SUPER INTENDANT THOMAS
GREEN ARGUING IN 1845 THAT THE
BLACK ENSLAVED PERSON WAS IMMUNE
TO MENTAL ILLNESS ANYWAY.
GREEN WAS HAPPY TO USED ENSLAVED
PEOPLE AS ATTENDANTS AND AFTER
THE CIVIL WAR ARGUED HE COULD
NOT ADMIT TO FREE BLACK PATIENTS
AS HE HAD NOWHERE TO PUT THEM.
BY NOWHERE TO PUT THEM HE MEANT
HE DID NOT HAVE THE MONEY OR
INCLINATION TO BUILD A SEPARATE
BUILDING OF SEGREGATION WAS NOW
THE NEW NORMAL.
HE WAS EVENTUALLY FORCED BY THE
STATE TO CREATE SEGREGATED
SPACES WHO COULD NOT BE ALOWNED
TO ROOM FREE AFTER EMANCIPATION.
AFTER THE PLESESSING OF
[INDISCERNIBLE] IN 1996
PSYCHIATRISTS CONTINUE TO AGREE
THAT SEGREGATION WAS NATURAL AND
DESIRED BY ALL.
FOR EXAMPLE A DIFFERENT DOCTOR
AT CENTRAL STATE NOTE INDEED
1916 THAT IN THE SOUTHERN STATES
THE AVERAGE NEGRO LIVES UNDER
CONDIPGZS THAT NATURAL TO HIM
AND IN THE INSTITUTIONS OF THOSE
STATES HE IS FOUND SEPARATED
FROM MEMBERS OF THE WHITE RACE
IN 1 DEPARTMENT OF HOSPITALS OR
HOSPITALS DEVOTED EXCLUSIVELY TO
HIS RACE WHERE HIS ONLY
ASSOCIATES ARE THOSE WITH WHOM
HE HAS BEEN ACCUSTOMED TO LIVE.
BUT THIS WAS NOT THE REALITY AT
CENTRAL STATE WHICH BY THE 1960S
HAD GROWN TO OVER 3000-ACRES
INCLUDING A SELF-SUSTAINING
FARM, APPLICATIONSER TWOAR, POST
OFFICE, RAIL WAY STATION,
PRINTING PRESS AND A TOTALOT
BOOKS PATIENT POPULATION OF MORE
THAN 12,000 PEOPLE.
5000 OF WHOM WERE BLACK.
BY REPORTS THIS MAKES THIS 1
HOSPITAL IN TBA GATE KEEPER
LIKELY THE LARGEST PSYCHIATRIC
HOSPITALS AT THIS TIME.
THERE HAVE BEEN A FEW BOOKS
WRITTEN, LIKE SOME OF THEM LIKE
ADMINISTRATIONS OF LUNACEY WERE
WRITTEN WHEN PATIENT RECORDS OR
OTHER DETAILED DOCUMENTS WERE
AVAILABLE ONSITE AT THE HOSPITAL
MUSEUM.
SINCE THE HOSPITAL AND THE
MUSEUM WERE CLOSED COMPLETELY
THE ISSUE OF RECORDS HAS BECOME
A MORE CONTENTIOUS 1.
MATERIALS ARE MOSTLY HELD AT THE
GATE KEEPER STATE ARCHIVES IN
MORRO, AND WERE THE SUBJECT OF
RESTRICTION.
AND NEED TO GET LEGAL ASSIST TO
APPEAL TO THE UNIVERSITY OF
GEORGIA TRUSTEES THAT WERE
SIMPLY CORRESPONDENTS NOT EVEN
PATIENT RECORDS.
SO WHAT WE CAN KNOW ABOUT
HOSPITALS LIKE CENTRAL STATE ASK
HIGHLY MEDIATED BY THE NATURE OF
AND ACCESS TO THE OFFICIAL
ARCHIVE.
BUT BASIC INFORMATION I'M
RELYING ON THANNUAL REPORTS THAT
WERE PREPARED BY THE HOSPITALS
VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS AND
SUBMITTED TO THE GOVERNOR.
THE REPORTS DON'T TELL US A LOT
ABOUT EVERY DAY LIFE FOR
PATIENTS.
THERE ARE TOP DOWN ACCOUNTING
FOR DOLLARS AND TIME SPENT.
SEGREGATION IS RARELY OVERTLY
MENTIONED EXCEPT FOR THE GARDEN
CLUB HAVING VOLUNTEERS FOR THE
COLORED SERVICE OR THE
EMPLOYMENT OF THE FIRST NEGRO
MUSIC THERAPIST AND VARIOUS
OTHER SOURCES LIKE MAPS ARE
USEFUL ON THIS MAP, FROM THE
EARLY 1960S, YOU CAN'T REALLY
SEE IT BUT THE BUILDING ARE
GIVEN NAMES RATHER THAN
DESCRIPTIVE BUILDING SO LIKE THE
BOONE BUILDING, AND IT'S HARD TO
TELL FROM THIS MAP, OR EVEN THE
ANNUAL REPORT HA IS GOING ON
INDEED EACH BUILDING BUT
APPARENTLY THEY WERE ORGANIZED
BY POPULATION AND TYPE OF
CLINICAL PROBLEM.
IT'S ONLY 1 BUILDING NAMED FOR
EXPLICITLY FOR POPULATION AND
THAT'S THE COLORED WOMEN'S
PRISON WHICH IS DOWN HERE,
INTERESTINGLY SO YOU SEE THAT
OVERLAP BETWEEN INCARCERATION
AND PSYCHIATRY IMMEDIATELY.
THERE WERE PLACES WHERE
SEGREGATION WAS NOT FORMALLY
ENFORCED.
--THESE BUILDING HERE HO
8ICATEED IN THE KITCHEN AND
UNSUPPORTED DO LAWRENCE ROAD
TOWARD THE SWAMP WHERE ALL THE
BLACK PATIENTS WERE HOUSED
BEFORE 1965.
YOU CAN SEE THE SIZE OF THESE
BUILDING RIGHT SO THERE'S THIS
HAPPENEDS OF PEOPLE EXPWRUOF THE
IN THESE FEW BUILDINGS.
WAKE FIELD HOSPITAL IN
MISSISSIPPI IS A RELATIVELY NEW
FACILITY, OPENED IN 1936 TO
REPLACE THE OVERCROWDED AND
ARCHAIC ORIGINAL ASYLUM IN
JACKSON ON THE SITE OF THE
CURRENT UNIVERSITY MISSISSIPPI
MEDICAL CENTER WHERE THEY'RE
BIEWZY DIGGING UP BONES.
THE NEW LOCATION IS 20-MILES
EAST OF JACKSON AND BUILT OVER
3000-ACRES USING A CHEAPER MODEL
AND THIS WOULD BE SMALLER AND
MORE SPREAD OUT AND THEREFORE
MORE EASILY SEGBREIGATED BY
RACE.
YOU CAN SEE THE CAMPUS CLEARER
IN THIS MORE RECENT MAP, ALL OF
THE STATES AFRICAN AMERICAN
PUBLIC PATIENTS INCLUDING THOSE
WITH MENTAL DISABILITY WERE
ADMITTED TO WAKE FIELD AND AS WE
SAW IN THE LETTER BLACK CHILDREN
WERE ALSO ROUTINE IN THE 60S,
ENABLING STATE SCHOOL WHICH IS
DOWN FURTHER SOUTH TO BECOME A
WHITE ONLY FACILITY.
AND ALL PATIENTS WERE HOUSED
OVER HERE, TOTALLY SEPARATE AND
THE WHITE PATIENTS WERE IN THIS
AREA HERE SURROUNDING THE LAKE
WHICH WAS NICE.
THE REPORTING AT WAKE FIELD IS
NOT AS COMPREHENSIVE.
AND NO STATEWIDE MENTAL HEALTH
DEPARTMENT.
JAKE REPORTED TO A BOARD OF
TRUSTEES BUT DID SO ONLY EVERY 2
YEARS, AND THOSE REPORTS
SCATTERED ACROSS A NUMBER OF
COLLECTIONS AT MISSISSIPPI
ARCHIVES AND HISTORY AND IT'S
BEEN A BIT LIKE CHASING A NEEDLE
IN A HAY STACK TO GET A FULL SET
OF THEM.
JAKE WAS ON A MISSION TO FIND
OUT MORE ABOUT THE HOSPITAL, BY
1963 WITH AN INPATIENT
POPULATION OF 4 AND HALF
THOUSAND, 2300 OF WHOM WERE
BLACK, JAKE WAS REPORTED THAT
EXPENDITURE HAD ONLY $2.37 PER
PATIENT PER DAY WHICH WAS STILL
THE LOWEST EXPEPPEDITTURE FOR
PATIENTS IN THE NATION.
OF THE 3 STATES, BAM BA WAS
OBVIOUSLY THE MOST SEGREGATED.
THE ORIGINAL HOSPITAL WAS IN
TUSCALOOSA, BUILT ON WHAT'S CALL
A [INDISCERNIBLE] MODEL WHICH
MEANT THAT ALL THE PATES WERE
INITIALLY ADMITTED INTO THAT 1
CENTERED BUILDING WITH A KIND OF
IMPOSING WATCH TOWER WITH THE
OTHER WINGS STRETCHING BACK INTO
THE OTHER SIDE AND USUALLY THE
HOSPITAL TOOK A SMALL AMOUNT OF
AFRICAN AMERICAN PATIENTS BUT
ONCE THAT POPULATION REACHED 3
OR 400, THE STATE DECIDED IT WAS
TIME TO MOVE THEM SOMEWHERE ELSE
ENTIRELY.
IN THE 1902, THEY OPENED ANOTHER
HOSPITALOT GROUNDS OF THE OLD
WAR FORT IN MT. VERNON THERT
MILES NORTH OF MOBILE AND MOVED
MOST AFRICAN AMERICANS PATIENTS
THERE, BY 1934 IT SPEAKED AT
2635 PEOPLE.
THIS IS NOT A HOSPITAL BY THE
WAY.
WHILE AFICIALS INTENDED
SEGREGATION AS THE NORMAL STATE
OF AFFAIRS DHS WHICH EVERYONE
WAS CONTENT AND HAPPY, THERE ARE
OTHER SOURCES THAT INDICATE
CLEARLY THIS WAS NOT THE CASE
AND SEGREGATION CREATED THE
ENVIRONMENT AND OPPORTUNITY FOR
ABUSE AND VIOLENCE.
IN DECEMBER 1947 MR. WATKINS
WROTE THIS LETTER TO THE NAACP
LEGAL DEFENSE FUND.
DEAR SIRS, I'VE BEEN CHIEF THE
PATROL AT THE STATE HOSPITAL FOR
THE INSANE PEOPLE AT
[INDISCERNIBLE] FOR SEVERAL
MONTHS AND THEY'RE MAKING SLAVES
OUT OF THE COLOR PATIENTS OUT
THERE. THEY WORK THEM FROM
BEFORE DAY TO AFTER DARK, 1 OF
THE BIG SHOTS BY THE NAME OF
STAG SHOT A PATIENT AND THEY
WERE INTEBDED BY THE NAME OF
SMITH, CARRY A GUN ALL THE TIME.
I AM TURNING IN MY RESIGNATION
AND QUITTING PLEASE DO NOT
MENTION MY NAME.
MR. WATKINS, KNEW ENOUGH TO
WRITE TO THE HEAD OFFICE OF THE
NAAACP, IN NEW YORK CITY AND
THAT SPEAKS TO THE ROLE THAT
HEIGHT MODERATES AND LIBERALS
WOULD PLAY IN THE MISSISSIPPI
LAWSUITS TO COME BUT WATKINS WAS
NOT BRAVE ENOUGH TO MAKE HIMSELF
KNOWN, HE HID BEHIND ANON
IMPEDIMENTSITY, AND NOT
SURPRISING WHEN PEOPLE ARE
WALKING AROUND WITH GUNS.
BUT MR. WATKINS LETTER IS
IMPORTANT BECAUSE OF THE MAJOR
THEMES IT RAISES, MOST OBVIOUSLY
THE USE OF PATIENT WORK.
IT UNDERPINS THE WHOLE PREMISE
OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY AND
BEFORE THEN MORAL TREATMENT.
WELL THE WITH THE IDEA THAT
ORCHWAS THERAPEUTIC,
OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY AND LATER
VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION GAVE
BACK PEOPLE THE SENSE OF
AUTONOMY AS WELL AS THE
POSSIBILITY OF LIFE OUTSIDE THE
ASYLUM.
BUT THIS IS NOT THE WAY WORK WAS
USED IN THE SOUTHERN ASYLUMS IN
THE MID20th CENTURY AND AT
THIS ANY RATE THERAPY AT THE
POINT OF A GUN IS NOT THERAPY AT
ALL.
SUPER INTENDANT ARRIVED 2 YEARS
AFTER MR. WATKINS WROTE HIS
LETTER BUT IT SEEMS THAT LITTLE
HAD CHANGED.
LATER IN HIS LIFE HE REMEMBERED
BEING SHOCKED AT THE EXTENT OF
THE FARM OPERATIONS AND DEMANDED
IT BE CLOSED.
HE TOLD A REPORTER THAT IN 1950,
I TOLD THEM I HAD NEVER BEEN A
FARMER, WE CLOSED THE FARM AND
THE DAIRY HERD, IF A PATIENT WAS
WELL ENOUGH TO WORK HERE, HE WAS
WELL ENOUGH TO BE AT HOASM.
IN THE PAPER, HE EXPOSED THE LIE
THAT AGRICULTURAL LABOR WAS
THERAPEUTIC BUT DESPITE WHAT WE
DID, THE FARM WAS NOT CLOSED
MPLET IN A NEWS LETTER CALLED
THE WIT, THERE WERE SNIPITS OF
INFORMATION ABOUT HOW PATIENTS
WERE HOUSED AND ORGANIZED.
IN 1951, THE PERSON WRITING THE
FEW PAGES AT THE BACK DEVOTED TO
BLACK PATIENTS NOTED THAT THOSE
IN COLORED COTTAGE 3 WERE THE
BACKBONES OF WAKE FIELD, THE
WRITER REPORTED THAT THE WORK IS
HIGHLY ENJOYED BY THOSE WHO HAVE
WORKED IN FIELDS AND FARMS ARE
IF YOU FOR A SOURCE OF LIVING
INCOME, THESE PATIENTS ARE
CONTENTED WITH PARM WORK AND ARE
DUTYIVELY FROM 1 DAY TO ANOTHER.
THIS UNPROBLEMATIC ASSESS OF THE
WAYS BLACK PEOPLE ENJOY FARM
WORK REPLICATED AND REINFORCED
BOTH LABOR AND RACE RELATIONS
AND MADE NO PRETENSE THAT FARM
WORK WAS INTENDED AS THERAPY FOR
ACTUAL ILLNESS.
THESE ALSO LEND TO DOMESTIC
FLAVOR.
AT THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF
ARCHIVES AND HEISTRY I FOUND
THIS PHOTO WITH NO CONTEXT, SO
LIKE IN THE ARCHIVES AND YOU
FIND A PHOTO AND WHAT IS THIS
BUT THEN I FOUND IT AGAIN IN THE
STORY IN THE JACKSON DAILY NEWS
FROM 1960, THE WHITE WOMAN
SITTING WAS [INDISCERNIBLE] THE
SUPER INTENDANT'S WIFE WHO WAS
NOT MUCH OF A CHEF.
IN THIS STORY SHEAVE WAS BECOME
TAUGHT TO COOK BY THE WOMEN
BEHIND HER WHO WERE PATIENTS
WORKING IN THE HOSPITAL KITCHEN.
SHE WOULD THEN PUBLISH THEIR
RECIPES IN A SERIES OF NEWSPAPER
STORIES.
THERE ARE SEVERAL DYNAMICS IN
THIS PHOTO AND STORY, THE MOST
IS THE RACIAL ISSUES, POSITION
OF THE BLACK WOMEN AS DOMESTIC
HELP, SERVE BEING THE WHITE
WOMAN AT THE TABLE DEMONSTRATED
TO THE RELATIONS THAT REPLICATED
BROADER MISSISSIPPI NORMS AND
THAT THE BLACK PATIENT WAS BEING
KEPT FIRMLY IN THEIR PLACE.
IT ALSO SERVED TO SHOW READERS
THAT PATIENTS HAD BEEN GIVEN
WORK TO DO THAT KEPT THEM
OCCUPIED IN A HOSPITAL, HOSPITAL
OF HELP TO PAY FOR STAY THERE
AND ALSO KEPT THEM SKILL INDEED
AREAS THAT DEEMED USEFUL TO A
MISSISSIPPI SOCIETY, EVEN WHEN
THEY WERE RELEASED, ON THERE'S O
MENTION OF THE ILLNESS OR
THERAPEUTIC TREATMENT.
HERE WORK WAS THERAPY.
AND MENTOR DISABILITY
IRRELEVANT.
IN FACT THE EXISTENCE OF
DISABILITY DID NOT PRECLUDE THE
BLACK PATIENT FROM BEING PUT TO
WORK BECAUSE THE PRACTICE
REPLICATED PLANTATION AND JIM
CROW WAYS OF THINKING ABOUT THE
CAPACITIES OF THE BLACK MIND AND
BODY.
THAT IS THE MENTAL CAPACITY OF
ENSLAVED PEOPLE HAD ALWAYS BEEN
CONSIDERED IRRELEVANT TO
ENSLAVERS WHILE THEIR BODIES
WERE SAID TO BENEFIT FROM HARD
LABOR.
THESE ATTITUDE VS PROVIDED THE
JUSTIFICATION FOR ENSLAVEMENT
AND THEY CARRIED OVER TO THE
HOSPITAL SETTING WHERE THE
PRESENCE OF MENTAL DISABILITY
WAS BARELY RECOGNIZED WHILE THE
BODY WAS RENDERED PRODUCTIVE
THROUGH FARM WORK.
THIS PARADOX WAS PARTICULARLY
EVIDENT IN ALABAMA.
IN 1948, SENATOR PATTERSON
CONDUCTED AN INSPECTION OF THE
FARM OPERATIONS AT BOTH
HOSPITALS.
BRIES RAN MULTIPLE FARMING
OPERATIONS THAT WERE OVERSEEN BY
A FEW PAID EMPLOYEES BUT WORKED
ALMOST ENTIRELY BY PATIENT WHO
IS WERE CALLED INMATES.
NEXT TO THE FARM IT RAN
247-ACRES AND PRODUCED DUCED PE,
CORN, AND MORE, HAY, OATS AND
SORGHUM.
THE REPORT LISTED ANOTHER
SEPARATE FARM KNOWN AS THE NEGRO
COLONY WHICH RAN WELL OVER A
THOUSAND ACRES, 900-ACRES OF
CORN AND 240-ACRES OF COTTON.
I FOUND THIS PHOTO RECENTLY IN
THE ARCHIVES AT THE UNIVERSITY
OF ALABAMA OF BLACKMAN WORKING
THIS HUGE COTTON FIELD BY HAND.
THE PHOTO COULD BE OF ANY
PLANTATION BUT ON THE BACK IT
REFERS EXCLUSIVELY TO THE
AFOREMENTIONED NEGRO COLONY.
AFTER THE INSPECTION PATTERSON
MET WITH THE SUPER INTENDANT WHO
OVERSAW THE SYSTEM AND DOCTORS
[INDISCERNIBLE] RAN THE
HOSPITALS RESPECTIVELY.
YOU'RE GETTING A LOT OF WORK OUT
OF YOUR PATIENTS AND YOU ARE TO
BE COMMENDED FOR THAT STATED THE
SENATOR AND WAS CORRECTED BY THE
DOCTOR WHO SAID THEY CALL IT
OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY.
THE SENATOR COMMENTED THEY MUST
BE GIVEN SOMETHING USEFUL TO DO
AND THE DOCTOR SOMEWHAT TEP
EDUCATIONALLY AGREED BUT THE
SENATOR LAST COMMENT IS
PARTICULARLY TELLING WHEN HE
SAYS THAT WILL HELP THEM AS MUCH
AS ANY MEDICINE AND DR. P A
RTLOW COMMENTED WE TRY TO EMPLOY
EVERYBODY THAT IS ABLE, THE
EXPRESSING THE PREVAILING PLEEF
THAT WORK ITSELF WAS CONSIDERED
A CURE OR TREATMENT FOR
DISABILITY AND EVEN THE DISABLED
HAD NO RIGHT TO BE IDLE AS SARAH
ROSE HAS ARGUED.
IN GEORGIA, THE FARM AND HARD
WORK WERE A CENTRAL PART OF LIFE
AT CENTRAL STATE HOSPITAL.
WE RARELY GET ANY INSIGHT INTO
HOW THE PATIENTS THEMSELVES FELT
ABOUT THAT BUT I DO HAVE 1
LETTER THAT GIVES US AN IDEA.
ON MAY 23, 1952 A PATIENT AT
CENTRAL STATE HOSPITAL WHO I
WILL CALL MR. M MANAGED TO POST
THIS LETTER OUT OF THE LOCAL
BRASH TO THE NAACP, IT'S
SCRATCHED OUT IN PENCIL AND
REALLY HARD TO READ BUT THIS IS
MY ROUGH TRANSLATION DEAR NAACP,
I WOULD LIKE TO HAVE A JOB WITH
YOU, I HAVE BEEN HERE 10 YEARS,
WORKING HARD FOR 9 YEARS, MY
FATHER'S BEEN DEAD FOR 6 YEARS
AND I DO NOT KNOW NOBODY TO SIGN
ME OUT OF THIS PLACE, I WILL
STAY WITH THEM AND PAY THE TIME
GET ME OUT OF THIS PLACE, I WILL
WORK JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA, ANY
YOU HAVE A JOB FOR ME I WORK FOR
I DO WORK HARD AND DON'T GET
ANYTHING FOR IT AT ALL, I AM OUT
ON THE ROAD WORKING 5 AND HALF
DAYS A WEEK.
HIS APPEAL WENT NOWHERE, THE
SMALL LOCAL BRANCH COULD NOT
SUSTAIN ENOUGH MEMBERS AND
FOLDED THE NEXT YEAR BUT HIS
LETTER IS REVEALING IN SOME
IMPORTANT WAYS.
FIRSTLY HE SPEAKS ONLY HIS LIFE
AS A WORKER NOT AS A PATIENT.
THIS SHAPES THE WAY HE SEES
HIMSELF AND THE BASES FOR HIS
RELEASE, NOT THAT HE'S CURED BUT
HE'S A GOOD WORKER, HIS LETTER
ALSO REVEALS THERE ARE LEGAL
PROCESSES THAT ARE NOT BEING
FOLLOWED IN HIS CASE THAT HE
NEEDS SOMEONE TO SIGN HIM OUT
THAT HE'S NOT BEING PAID FOR THE
WORK HE'S DOING AND THAT HE
KNOWS TO APPEAL TO THE END
NAACP.
MOST STRIKING FOR MOOY IN THE
LETTER IS THE FACT THAT HE'S
WILLING TO SIGN HIMSELF FOR ANY
KIND OF INDENTURED ARRANGEMENT
TO GET OUT OF THE HOSPITAL, HE'S
NOT COMPLAINING ABOUT THE WORK,
HE'S COMPLAINING ABOUT BEING
THERE.
I HAVE NO IDEA WHAT HAPPENED TO
HIM BUT SOME THINGS WERE EXPOSED
LATER.
IN A SERIES OF MORE THAN 60
ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN 1959,
NELINGSON SET OUT THE TERRIBLE
CONDITIONS AT CENTRAL STATE
HOSPITAL, MOSTLY FOCUSED ON
WHITE PEOPLE BUT THERE ARE KEY
ARTICLES THAT DETAIL THE WAYS
BLACK PATIENTS WERE KEPT
SEPARATE FROM OTHERS IN
DISCUSSIONS CONCENTRATIONS AND
SENT OUT TO WORK ON THE FIELDS
OR ON THE PLANTATION.
THE GOVERNOR INSPECED THE
HOSPITAL IN JULY 1959 AND WAS
APPALLED TO FIND 240 PATIENTS
SITTING AND STANDING AROUND
DOING NOTHING THEY'RE LABORERS
IN THE HOSPITAL FARM.
A SECOND BUILDING WHICH HE
COMMENTED WASN'T GOOD ENOUGH FOR
PRISONERS MUCH LESS PEOPLE, ONLY
2 SHOWERS ONLY 1 OF WHICH WAS
WORKING THE GOVERNOR NOTED THERE
WERE NO LIGHTS IN THE BATHROOMS
AND LACKED INADEQUATE EXITS
MAKING THE BUILDING A TERRIBLE
FIRE TRAP.
THE GOVERNOR WAS APPALLED BY THE
FOOD THAT WAS LAID OUT ON A
TABLE GOING COLD AS IT HAD BEEN
PREPARED PER PATIENTS WORKING ON
THE FIELD.
OTHER PATIENTS WERE HELD BACK
FROM EATING THE FOOD BECAUSE IT
WAS DESIGNATED FOR THE FIELD
HANDS INDICATING THERE WAS NOT
ENOUGH FOOD TO GO AROUND.
HE COMMENTED OF THE FOOD I DON'T
SEE A DOG COULD HAVE EATEN IT
AND BOTH THE GOVERNOR AND A FEW
OTHER PEOPLE IN HIS PARTY TALKED
TO PATIENTS AND THE REST OF THE
ARTICLE TALKED IN THERE HOW SOME
OF THEM HAD BEEN THEIR FOR LIKE
40 AND 50 YEARS.
AND NEVER HAD A VISITOR AND WERE
ASKING ABOUT PEOPLE FROM THEIR
COUNTY WHO IS HAD LONG DIED SO
THE PEOPLE HAD BEEN THERE FOR A
LONG TIME.
APART FROM THESE TERRIBLE
CONDITIONS, CONSTANT SLIPPAGE
BETWEEN WORKERS INNATES FIELD
HANDS SHOWS THE DANGEROUS AND
VIOLENCE THAT PATIENTS IN
PARTICULAR INHABITED.
WHERE BEING HOSPITALIZED FOR
DISABILITY WAS NO PROTECTION,
THE RELENTLESS ONSLAUGHT OF BOTH
WHITE SUPREMACY AND RACIAL
CAPITALISM.
SEVENTY YEARS LATER THE ACTIVIST
TOOK HIS OWN INFECTION OF THE
CONDITION FOR PATIENTS THERE,
WHAT HE FOUND WAS A SYSTEM
NOTHING SHORT OF
[INDISCERNIBLE].
THE DOCUMENTED THAT BOTH NEGRO
MEN AND WOMEN ARE TRANSFERRED
FROM 1 HOSPITAL TO ANOTHER FOR
FARMING.
NEGROS STAY ON THE FARM AT
NORTH, SOME OF WHOM ARE
TRANSPORTED BY BUS AND THEN
RETURNED EACH NIGHT.
NORTH PRT THE SIDE OF THE
AFOREMENTIONED NEGRO COLONY WAS
ACROSS FROM BRIES MORE THAN
8-MILES AWAY AND IS CALLED
EITHER THE JAIMISON CENTER OR
CENTER NUMBER 2 BUT PEOPLE WHO
WERE MOVED THERE RECEIVE NO
TREATMENT AT ALL.
MANY WERE ASSIGNED TO WORK AT
FARMS AND WOMEN WERE PUT TO WORK
AT KITCHENS AND LAUNDRIAS.
THESE ALSO DOCUMENTED PRACTICE
OF LETTING PEOPLE HIRE OUT A
BLACK PATIENT TO WORK AS A
DOMESTIC SERVANT FOR THE DAY.
NO PATIENT WAS EVER PAID FOR ANY
OF THIS WORK.
SENATOR PATTERSON WAS RIGHT
WHENEE SAID THAT THE PURPOSE OF
TREATING PATIENTS IN THIS WAY
WAS OBSTRUCTIVE LABOR, BLOCKING
PATIENTS IN HARD AGRICULTURAL
AND DOMESTIC WORK RATHER THAN
ALLOWING THEM TO DEVELOP NEW
SKILLS THROUGH THE INTELLECTUAL
PURSUE SUITS WAS AN EFFECTIVE
AND DELIBERATE PASSION, DESIGNED
TO KEEP THE PLAQUE PATIENT DOWN.
THE PRACTICED OF FORCED WORK
UNDER THE THREAT OF VIOLENCE,
REINFORCED EXISTING LABOR
RELATIONS, INSURING REPRODUCTION
OF AN UNSKILLED WORKFORCE BOTH
WITHIN THE ASYLUM.
FORCED IN UNPAID LABOR
UNDERWROTE THE FUNDING OF
ASYLUMS THAT BENEFITED WHITE
PATIENTS AND ADMINISTRATORS
REPLICATING LONG RUNNING JIM
CROW LABOR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS.
THAL IS DOUBLY IRONIC WHEN WE
CONSIDER THAT BLACK PATIENTS
WERE FORCED TO BUILD AND
MAINTAIN THE SYSTEM THAT KEPT
THEM CONFINED BUT NOW UNDER THE
GUISE OF TREATMENT WHICH WAS NOT
TREATMENT AT ALL.
AT THE VERY BEST WAS KEEPING
VULNERRERRABLE TOO TIRED TO
COMPLAIN.
THAT REFLECTED THE PREVAILINGCE
BELIEF IN PSYCHIATRY ITSELF,
THAT THE BLACK PATIENT WAS
TREATABLE THROUGH THE BODY AND
NOT THE MIND.
FOR PSYCHIATRY THERE WERE
EXISTENCE BEYOND THERAPY.
OT PLANATION THEY WERE MAD
BECAUSE THEY RAN AWAY.
IN THE 20th CENTURY THEY WERE
NOT CONSIDERED SUITABLE FOR
THERAPIES, THEY WERE BY
DEFINITION OF THEIR BLACKNESS
ALWAYS ALREADY CRAZY.
THESE ATTITUDES EMBEDDED IN
AMERICAN PSYCHIATRY ITSELF ARE
REFLECTED IN INSTITUTIONAL
PRACTICES LIKE DIAGNOSIS.
UNDERSTANDING DIAGNOSISSING THE
PRACTICE OF THE EXERCISE AND THE
DATA HERE WAS HARD TO FIND.
IT WAS NOT KEPT THE SAME WAY IN
EACH STATE AND FOR SOME REASON
MISSISSIPPI DIDN'T RECORD
DIAGNOSIS BY RACE AT ALL BUT I
HAVE A SET OF DIAGNOSTIC DATA
FROM CENTRAL STATE HOSPITAL IN
GEORGIA.
PULLED FROM THESE IN THE ANNUAL
REPORTS.
I EMPLOYED THE SKILLS OF A
STATISTICIAN TO HELP ME MAKE
SENSE OF SOME OF THEM BUT BEFORE
I GO DETAIL I HAVE A CAVEAT OR
2, THE DIAGNOSIS WERE BROKEN
DOWN BY AGE, RACE AND GENDER
THIS THESE TABLES THAT USE THESE
FROM DSM 1, FIRSTLY I DO NOT
HAVE--BECAUSE I DON'T HAVE
ACCESS TO ANY OTHER DETAILED
PATIENT CASE FILES, I CAN'T TELL
THEM ANYTHING ABOUT HOW
INDIVIDUAL PEOPLE WERE DIAGNOSED
OR HOW THAT DIAGNOSIS WAS
OPERATIONALIZED.
SECONDLY DSM1 WAS PROBLEMATIC
BECAUSE IT CLASSIFIED ILLNESS
BASED ON THE PERCEIVED CAUSE,
THAT CAUSE WAS DETERMINED BY
WHAT PHYSICIANS MAKING
INTERPRETATIONS OF PEOPLE'S
BEHAVIOR.
SO I DO NOT TAKE THESE AS
LITERAL OR ACTUAL DIAGNOSIS,
THEY'RE NOT REALLY TELLING US
HOW MANY HAD A PARTICULAR
ILLNESS, SO MUCH AS HOW MANY
PEOPLE WERE CLASS JUSTIFIED IN
THAT WAY AND I MAKE THIS
DISTINCTION BECAUSE I KNOW THIS
HOSPITAL IS REALLY HAY CUSTODIAL
WAREHOUSE NOT A PLACE OF THERAPY
OR TREATMENT.
SO DIAGNOSTIC CLASSIFICATIONS
ARE ABOUT PEOPLE MANAGEMENT,
ADMINISTRATORS WERE MOSTLY
CONCERNED WITH CATALOGING PEOPLE
AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE AND
REPORTING NUMBERS BACK TO THE
STATE IN WAYS THAT WOULDN'T HELP
BUDGET REQUESTS, RATHER THAN
TRULY REFLECTING ACTUAL DISEASE
REFULENCE.
HAVING SAID THAT, UNDERSTANDING
PATTERNS IN HISTORICAL DIAGNOSIS
CAN HELP DEMONSTRATE THE SOCIAL
CONSTRUCTION AND INSTABILITY OF
DISEASE CATEGORIES AND WARN US
AGAINST MAKING CLAIMS ABOUT
SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS.
SO, LET'S TAKE A LOOK AT THE
MOST COMMON DIAGNOSIS, THE FIRST
THING WE DID WAS TRY TO PUT
TOGETHER AN OVERALL PICTURE OF
THE DIAGNOSTIC ATMOSPHERE, THIS
DATA SELLS A REALLY INTERESTING
STORY ABOUT THE BROADWAYS THAT
PRACTICES WERE RACIALIZED.
USING DATA FROM 1956-1968 WITH 2
YEARS MISSING WE SEE 2 CATEGORS
THAT ALL RACE SEX GROWMS HAD IN
COMMON.
BUT THE BIGGEST STORY HERE IS
THAT IF I ADD UP THE PERCENT OF
POPULATION REPRESENTED IN EACH
DIAGNOSTIC CATEGORY AND I'M
USING--OBVIOUSLY THERE'S LESS
PEOPLE--SORRY.
IT TURNS OUT THAT THE TOP 5
DIAGNOSIS ACCOUNT FOR 75% OF ALL
BLACK WOMEN'S DIAGNOSIS AND ONLY
58% OF WHITE MEN'S DIAGNOSIS.
BLACK MEN AND WHITE WOMEN
EXPERIENCE THE SAME LEVEL OF
DIAGNOSTIC COMPLEXITY.
THIS TELLS ME THERE'S MUCH LESS
NUANCE IN THE WAY THAT BLACK
WOMEN ARE BEING DIAGNOSED I
THINK YOU CAN SEE HERE THE
SOCIAL AND GENDERIRE ARCHY
REFLECTED IN THESE PERCENTAGES,
THIS IS MOST IN THE CATEGORY OF
SCHIZOPHREN WHY.
WHERE AFTER THE PEEK FOR WHITE
WOMEN IN 1958 AND THEN THE DATA
FOR 59 IS MISSING AND THEN IN
1960 BLACK WOMEN AND MEN WITHOUT
EXCEPTION ARE THE MOST LIKELY TO
BE DIAGNOSED IN THIS CATEGORY.
IT'S ABSOLUTELY NO CO SINCE
DENSE TO ME THAT THIS SHIFTING
DIAGNOSTIC PRACTICE WHICH IS NOT
A SHIFT IN ACTUAL DISEASE
PREVALENCE, OCCURS FROM 1960
ONWARDS ALONGSIDE THE RISE OF
BLACK POWER AND CIVIL RIGHTS
MOVEMENT.
[INDISCERNIBLE] ARGUED IN THE
PSYCHOSIS BUT THIS POIGN POINTS
THE MOMENT THE CHANGE TAKES
PLACE AND THIS ARGUES, AND
DEMONSTRATES THAT IT WAS BLACK
WOMEN WHO WERE BEING
OVERDIAGNOSED.
SCHIZOPHRENIA PARANOID TOIP GAVE
PSYCHIATRISTS THE ABILITY TO
CLASSIFY ANGER OR FRUSTRATION OR
CONSPIRACY THEORIES AS A KIND OF
DILUTION, THESE DIAGNOSTIC
PATTERNS CREATE THE RACIAL%
DIFFERENCE BASED ON SOCIAL AND
POLITICAL IDEOLOGY NOT ON
SCIENCE AT ALL.
THE DISPROPORTIONATE BURDEN BY
BLACK WOMEN IS BORN OUT IN THE
MORTALITY DATA.
THE DATA HERE IS PATCHY, DEATHS
ARE NOT RECORDED BY AGE OR IN
RELATION TO THE INITIAL
DIAGNOSIS.
AND SOME YEARS WHEN WE WERE
MISSING INTEERPLY BUT AGAIN
PLAQUE WOMEN APPEARED TO BE
INSTITUTIONALIZED.
SO WE RAN A AGGRESSION ADJUSTING
FOR SEX AND RACE.
IT SHOWS THAT DEATHS DECREASE
OVER TIME FOR EVERYONE BUT ODDS
OF DEATH ARE NEARLY IDENTICAL
FOR BLACK MEN AND INDICATING
SLIGHTLY LESS LIKELY FOR WHITE
WOMEN, BEING A WHITE MAN WAS
ACTIVELY PROTECTIVE AGAINST
DEATH, INDICATING UNDERLYING
HEGHT AND LIVING CONDITIONS FOR
WHITE MEN WITHIN THE INNS
TUITION WERE MUCH BETTER THAN
FOR OTHER GROUPS.
BLACK MEN AND WOMEN WERE 6 TIMES
MORE LIKELY TO DIE WHILE
INSTITUTIONALIZED THAN WHITE
PATIENTS.
DISPARITIES AND DIAGNOSIS ARE
ALSO REFLECT INDEED DIFFERENCES
IN TREATMENT MODALITIES.
SAYING ANYTHING DEFINITIVE ABOUT
TREATMENT CARE IS ALSO MADE
DIFFICULT BY SILENCES AND
INCONSISTENCIES IN THE
RESOURCES.
WHILE THIS INSTITUTIONS WERE
LARGELY CUSTODIAL FOR MOST
PATIENTS AND LARGE DOSES OF NEW
DRUGS LIE THORIA SWREEN AND NEW
TECHNOLOGIES LIKE ELECTROSHOCK
THERAPY WERE STANDARD PRACTICE,
THERE'S STILL EVIDENCE THAT
EXPECTATIONS LECT ROUGH ATOM
SHOCK IN PARTICULAR WAS APPLIED
TO PLAQUE BODIES MORE OFTEN,
MORE VIOLENTLY AND MORE AS A
FORM OF PUNISHMENT OR BEHAVIOR
CONTROL THAN ANY ATTEMPT OF
CURE.
NONE OF THE REPORTS FROM CENTRAL
STATE IN GEORGIA FOR EXAMPLE,
PRESENT ANY COHERENT SETS OF
DATA FOR USE OF TECHNOLOGIES IKE
ACT, SO THEY KEEP THE COMPLEX
DIAGNOSTIC DATA BUT NO TREATMENT
DATA AT ALL.
THIS IS LARGELY THE CASE IN
MISSISSIPPI AS WELL.
BUT I HAVE 1 INTERESTING SET OF
COMPARATIVE SET OF DATA FROM BAM
BOTTOM IN USE OF ELECTROSHOCK
THERAPY.
THIS SHOWS THE USE OF THIS
BETWEEN PATIENTS.
TO ME THE MOST TELLING NUMBERS
HERE ARE THE INSTANCES OF ECT
PRESENTED AS A PERCENTAGE OF
PATIENTS, SO IN 1954, YOU SEE
ALMOST 42 PRS OF THE POPULATION
OF SEARSY HOSPITAL, IN MOBILE,
RECEIVED SOME KIND OF ECT
COMPARED TO ONLY 20% OF THE
POPULATION AT BRIES HOSPITAL.
RIGHT?
BUT THE PATIENTS AT SEARCY ARE
GIVEN LESS ON AVERAGE WHICH
INDICATES IT'S USED AS A BROAD
FORM OF THE CONTROL.
AND ALSO LOOK AT.
>> HERE WE CAN SEE THE RATES OF
TREATMENT FOR BLACK PATIENTS
STILL LNL DOUBLE.
--RUN A NUMBER OF STORIES ABOUT
LEGAL ACT VISION AND THE WAY IN
ALABAMA WAS USED AS A PLACE OF
CONTROL AND PUNISHMENT AND
HORRIFYING TEACHER AND I WILL
QUOTE FROM A LITTLE SECTION.
YOU CAN BUY FOOD AT THE PATIENT
CANTEEN, IT'S RUN BY WHITE
PEOPLE, THE FOOD IS THROWN NOT
HANDED TO YOU LIKE YOU WERE A
DOG, PATIENTS VOLUNTEERED TO
WORK AND OTHERS ARE FORCED AND
THEY WILL CARRY CLOTHES ON THE
BACKS TO RAIN OR SHINE, IF
THEY'RE NOT THERE, THEY LOOK FOR
AS IF THEY WERE PAID TO WORK,
MEN AND SOME WOMEN GO TO THE
WORK TO GO TO THE GARDEN AND 2
OF THEM WORK FOR THE DOCTOR AND
THE SUPERINTENDENT IF YOU TALK
BACK TO THEM OR SASS THEM AS YOU
CALL IT YOU ARE GIVEN AN
ELECTRIC SHOCK TREATMENT, ALL
THE ATTENDANT HAS TO SAY IS I
WANT THIS PATIENT SHOCKED AND
THE PATIENT IS TAKEN IN FOR
TREATMENT.
A LOT OF PATIENTS HAVE BEEN
SHOCKED AND NEVER AWAKENED
AGAIN.
SO THE AUTHOR OF THIS STORY THE
ONLY POSSIBLE SOLUTION WAS
INTEGRATION.
IT WOULD TAKE A CONCERTED LEGAL
AND COMMUNITY EFFORT AND THE
ENFORCEMENT OF NEW CIVIL RIGHTS
PROVISIONS TO END GENE IN THE
ASYLUM.
--THEN IN 1964, TITLE 6 OF THE
CIVIL RIGHTS OUTLAW
DISCRIMINATION IN THE USE OF
FEDERAL FUNDS FOR ANY PUBLIC
SERVICE AND I'VE WRITTEN
EXTENSIVELY THE JOURNAL OF
SOUTHERN HISTORY ABOUT THIS VERY
COMLICATED LEGAL PROCESS SO I
WON'T BORE YOU WITH IT HERE BUT
I WILL QUICKLY SUMMARIZE IN
NOVEMBER OF 1967, THE LEGAL
DEFENSE FUND DRAWING ON THE WORK
OF CANNED WHAT AND OTHER LOCAL
LAWYERS LAUNCHED A CLASS ACTION
ON BEHALF OF PATIENTS IN THE
U.S. DISTRICT COURT IN
MONTGOMERY TO END SEGREGATION IN
ALABAMA PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITALS.
BUT JUDGING THAT CASE WAS FRANK
JOHNSON, FAMOUS FOR UPHOLDING
CIVIL RIGHTS LAW AND GEORGE
WALLACE ON FEBRUARY 111969 THE
COURT HANDED DOWN ITS FINDING IN
WHAT JUDGE JOHNSON DESCRIBED AS
LONG AND COMPLICATED LITIGATION
OVER A STRAIGHT FORWARD PROBLEM
THAT SEGREGATION WAS ILLEGAL AND
UNCONSTITUTIONAL.
HE GAVE OFFICIALS 12 MONTHS TO
INTEGRATE BRYCE AND SEARCY,
SAYING THAT WHILEEE LEFT
INDIVIDUAL PATIENT DECISIONS UP
TO DOCTORS, HE BELIEVED THAT
CLASS IIVESS OF RACIAL
DIFFERENCE WERE SUSPECT.
AND JOHNSON DO MORE THAN RULE
AGAINST ALABAMA, HE ORDERED
TRANSFER OF PATES EMPLOYMENT OF
STAFF AND THE PAY FOR PATIENTS
AND EMPLOYEES.
HE THEREFORE ORDERED THAT THE
ALABAMA HEALTH SYSTEM REPORT TO
THE CALLOT INTEGRATION PROGRESS
EVERY 6 MONTHS UNTIL THE COURT
WAS SATISFIED.
AND THOSE REPORTS CONTINUE UNTIL
1977.
SO I'M GOING TO FINISH WITH A
QUICK STORY THAT'S TAKES US BACK
WE THINK THAT EVERYTHING WE FIND
IN THE ARCHIVES IS FAIR GAME BUT
I'VE BEEN RETHINKING MY POSITION
ON THAT LATELY, I SAT ON THE
LETTER IF ARE A LONG TIME NOT
SURE HOW BEST TO USE IT BUT I
MENTIONED EARLIER THAT I USE
TODAY WITH THE COMMISSION OF HER
FAMILY, LAST YEAR I DECIDED TO
SEE IF I COULD FIND HER AND I
GOOGLED HER, I FOUND HER
OBITUARY, SHE PASSED AWAY IN
2018.
HER SERVICE WAS HELD AT THE
REFUGE TEMPLE IN JACKSON
MISSISSIPPI, I WROTE TO THE
PASTOR OF THE CHURCH TO SEE IF
ANY OF HER FAMILY MEMBERS WERE
STILL ALIVE AND WITHIN AN HOUR I
RECEIVED A REPLY E-MAIL CONTACT
MEMBER FOR HER OLDEST LIVING SON
RONALD WHO WANTED ME TO CALL
HIM.
LONG STORY SHORT, I DID AND WE
TALKED FOR AGES AND HE TOLD ME
THE FULL STORY OF HIS BROTHER'S
ILLNESS AND THE RELENTLESSNESS
OF HIS MOTHER TO HELP HIM GEM
THE HELP HE NEEDED.
THOMAS WAS READMITTED TO THE
SCHOOL AND HIS MOM DID NOT LIKE
IT THERE AND WORKED TO HER SON
MOVED TO A NEW GROAP HOME IN THE
1970S.
AND BROOK HAVEN WAS ABLE TO GET
THE CARE HE NODE NEEDED AND WAS
ABLE TO COME HOME AND SPEND
PERIODS OF TIME WITH HIS FAMILY.
THOMAS LIVED AT BROOK HAVEN AND
JACKSON UNTIL HE DEVELOPED
[INDISCERNIBLE] AND DIED AT
KING'S HOSPITAL IN JACKSON IN
2015.
THOMAS IS BURIED NEXT TO HIS
MOTHER IN JACKSON, MISSISSIPPI.
I WANT TO FINISH TODAY BY
ACKNOWLEDGING THE TRAUMA AND
FRUSTRATION THAT SHE MUST HAVE
FELT TRYING TO GET HELP FOR HER
SON AS A CHILD.
AND I WANT TO THANK HER FAMILY
FOR ALLOWING ME TO SHARE THIS
STORY AND AND WITH YOU TODAY.
REEBTLY THE AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC
SOCIETY APOLOGIZED FOR
PURPETUATING THE ROLE OF RACISM
IN HISTORY.
IT'S ONLY THAT WE CAN BEGONE TO
UNDERSTAND THE DEPTH OF
INJUSTICE THAT IS BEING DONE AND
HOLD PSYCHE FREE ACCOUNTABLE.
I WANT TO ACKNOWLEDGE SOME
PEOPLE AND THIS IS ME WITH THE
LDF LAWYER MR. HARPER WHO I MET
IN NEW YORK CITY IN JANUARY OF
2020.
>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR THAT
VERY INFORMATIVE AND MOVING ON
MULTIPLE LEVELS OF COURSE.
WE HAVE A NUMBER OF QUESTIONS
THAT HAVE COME IN AND I WANT TO
PULL THEM UP.
MANY, MANY RESPONSES THAT ARE
VERY GRATEFUL FOR YOU FOR
BRINGING THESE FORWARD AND ALL
THEIR COMPLEXITY OF COURSE.
SOMEONE RIGHTS IN THANK YOU VERY
MUCH FOR THIS FASCINATING AND
IMPORTANT TALK WHICH HIGHLIGHTS
THE NEED NEAR CONTINUING
RESEARCH IN THIS AREA, REGARDING
YOUR CHALLENGES AND GAINING
ACCESS TO NONMEDICAL RECORDS IN
THE UNIVERSITY--IN THE GEORGIA
UNIVERSITY SYSTEM, COULD YOU
TALK MORE ABOUT THE REASONS
GIVEN FOR RESTRICTING ACCESS?
WERE THEY CITING THINGS LIKE
STAFFING OR RETRIEVAL ISSUES OR
A POLICY BASED RESTRICTION?
>>I DIDN'T
REALLY UNDERSTAND WHAT THE
RESTRICTION WAS BECAUSE, I WOULD
CALL UP THIS BOX THAT SAID,
CORRESPONDENTS AND IT WOULD
ARRIVE ON MY DESK AND THIS TIME
MOST HAD A LITTLE RED STICKER ON
IT AND I DON'T THOUGHT DON'T SEE
THE STICKER AND SHE SAW IT
SPECIAL SHE CAME OVER SAID THERE
ARE RESTRICTED FILES IN HERE SO
I WILL TAKE THE WHOLE BOX.
AND THEY TOOK THE WHOLE BOX I
WAS LIKE AH, WHAT?
SHE SAID YEAH, HIPAA I'M LIKE I
DON'T KNOW ABOUT THAT.
ANYWAY, WHENEVER I COULD GET
BACK INTO THE ARCHIVE I PULLED
THE BOX AGAIN AND THE EXACT SAME
THING HAPPENED AND THEY SARTED
TO QUOTE HIPAA, I I'M LIKE NO,
NO ISSUE INHIBITORSA DOESN'T
COVER THIS SO WHAT ARE YOUR
GROUNDS FOR SAYING NO, WELL,
IT'S THE GEORGIA CODE, I'M LIKE
OKAY, SO ME THE GEORGIA CODE SO
THEY BROUGHT IT OVER WITH THE
CODE AND THEY SHOWED ME THE PART
OF THE CODE THAT SAYS ANY
RECORDS THAT MAY CONTAIN MEDICAL
INFORMATION ABOUT A PERSON ARE
RESTRICTED AND THEN IT SAID, BUT
A RESEARCHER MAY APPLY FOR
ACCESS AND I'M IT DOESN'T TELL
ME MY PART, WOULD YOU LIKE TO
APPLY FOR ACCESS, SO I APPLIED
FOR ACCESS AND HAD TO GET LEGAL
COUNCIL TO HELP ME WRITE A
LETTER TO THE HEAD OF STATE
ARCHIVES AND THEN HE PITCHED IT
UP TO THE GEORGIA BOARD OF
TRUSTEES, HE DIDN'T FEEL LIKE HE
COULD MAKE THAT DESIPGZ ON HIS
OWN.
WHEN I WENT TO THE BOARD OF
TRUSTEES, I WAS
LIKE--TORITORIOUSLY CONSERVATIVE
AND I THOUGHT I WOULD GOET A NO,
BUT 6 MONTHS LATER ISSUE I WROTE
AN E-MAIL AND I SAID NEWS ON
THAT YOU'VE BEEN GIVEN
PERMISSION AND WE'VE REDACTED
THE BOX.
SO I GOT TO SEE THE WHOLE BOX
BUT IN ALABAMA YOU NEED A
LAWYER.
IF YOU ARE GOING TO COME THERE,
YOU NEED A LAWYER.
>> UNDERSTOOD.
I WAS GOING TO ASK YOU HOW LONG
THAT PROCESS TOOK.
>> THANK YOU.
>> ANOTHER VIEWER WRITES IN, I'M
WOBDERRING IF THE HISTORICAL
TREATMENT OF BLACK PEOPLE IN
PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITALS HAS
ANYTHING TO DO WITH THE IDEAS OF
MENTAL HEALTH IN THE BLACK
COMMUNITY TODAY.
I THINK AS A SOCIETY WE ARE
GETTING BETTER AT ACKNOWLEDGING
CERTAIN ASPECTS OF HELT
DISPARITIES AND HOW IT CAN LEAD
TO MISTRUST IN THE HEALTH IN
HEALTHCARE SYSTEM, FELT BY SOME
INDIVIDUALS IN MINORITY
COMMUNITIES.
I HOPE WE CONTINUE TO BRING
MISTREATMENT AND
MISUNDERSTANDING TO LIGHT IN AN
EFFORT TO HEAL AND PREVENT
THINGS OF THIS NATURE FROM
HAPPENING IN THE FUTURE.
SO THAT'S MANY THOUGHTS DO YOU
HAVE ANY REFLECTIONS.
>> YEAH, SO THERA'S A NUMBER OF
THINGS, IT'S TELLING THAT THE
NUMBERS FOR PLAQUE PATIENTS ARE
ALWAYS LESS THAN WHITE PARITYS
SO WHITE PEOPLE WERE MORE
WILLING TO ADMIT THEIR FAMILY
MEMBERS, AND SO THERE IS SOME
WAYS BLACK COMMUNITIES WOULD
AVOID THE HOSPITALS KNOWING
WHAT'S GOING ON IN THEM, RIGHT
BUT YOU CAN SEE THAT
MRS. HURSTSON'S LETTER IS
INTERESTING BECAUSE SHE KNOWS
THEY'RE NOT GOOD PLACES BUT SHE
NEEDS HELP AND SHE ABSOLUTELY
DEMANDS IT.
IT'S MY RIGHT AS A CITIZEN.
SO I THINK THERE'S THAT, THERE'S
THIS OTHER IDEA THAT I THINK
MAYBE HAS BEEN TOUCHED ON THERE
I TOUCHED ON A LITTLE THAT THE
IDEA THAT BLACK PEOPLE ARE
ALREADY CRAZY, YOU KNOW, WHY
WOULD WE, YOU KNOW LET THEM OFF,
OR THAT WHEN THEY AND THEN
THAT'S WHAT LEADS TO
MISDIAGNOSIS RIGHT?
THIS KIND OF PLEEF THAT THERE'S
JUST SOMETHINGS IN YOUR
PERSONALITY OR CULTURE THAT IS
CRAZY SO WE, YOU KNOW DON'T NEED
TO PAY ANY ATTENTION TO YOU AS A
SERIOUS KIND OF PATIENT THAT
REQUIRES COMPLEX DIAGNOSIS.
AND ABSOLUTELY, THIS IS WHERE WE
SEE, YOU KNOW PEOPLE TALK ABOUT
TUSKEGEE AND THE SYPHILIS STUDY
AS THIS CATCH ALL ABOUT
MISTRUST, BUT THIS IS--THIS IS
KIND OF THAT STORY, TOO.
ABSOLUTELY NO DOUBT.
IN FACT I TALKED TO PLENTY OF
PEOPLE AND EVERYONE KNEW HOW BAD
THESE PLACES WERE AND YOU WOULD
TRY TO KEEP YOUR FAMILY OUT OF
THEM IF YOU COULD AND STILL
TODAY, RIGHT?
WHY WOULD YOU?
>> UNDERSTOOD, SO, WITH REGARD
TO DIAGNOSIS, QUESTIONS COME IN,
CAN YOU SAY MORE ABOUT THE
VARIED AND CHANGING DIAGNOTTIC
AND OTHER TERMS ATTRIBUTED TO
THE PATIENTS THAT YOU DESCRIBE.
WERE THEIR DIFFERENES AMONG OR
BETWEEN THE STATES THAT YOU'RE
STUDYING OR ARE THERE
PREDOMINANTLY COMMONALITIES AND
CAN YOU SHED ANY LIGHT ON HOW%
THESE LABELS, THESE TERMS
PERHAPS CHANGED OVER TIME IF AT
ALL AND WHAT WERE THE
IMPLICATIONS OF THOSE CHANGES
OVER TIME?
>> YEAH.
SO, FROM THIS PARTICULAR TIME
PERIOD IN THE 1960S, IT'S VERY
HARD TO GET DATA SO EACH OF THE
REPORTS, THE COLLECTION REPORTS
FROM THE 3 STATES KIND OF LOOK
THE SAME EXCEPT THEY HAVE MUCH
LESS DETAIL, SO GEORGIA'S WAS
THE MOST DETAILED AND MOST
COMPREHENSIVE AND ALABAMA HAS
SIMILAR TABLES, THAT ARE NOT
ALWAYS BREAKING DOWN BY AGE FOR
EXAMPLE, SO THAT THEY'RE NOT
QUOIT AS COMPREHENSIVE, I DO
HAVE SOME OF THOSE ANNUAL
REPORTS AND HAVEN'T FINISHED MY
ANALYSIS BUT THAT WOULD BE THE
THING I WANT TO DO NEXT IS TO
TRY TO FIND THAT DIFFERENCE AND
THEY SEEM TO USE THE EXACT SAME
CRITERIA SO THEY'RE BOTH USING
DSM 1 AND I'VE HAD TO GO AND
READ DSM 1 AND SEE WHAT IT'S
KIND OF TALKING ABOUT AND THAT'S
A VERY BIG QUESTION ABOUT THE
NATURE OF DIAGNOSTIC CHANGE OVER
TIME, VERY WHERE DSMSPIEZ 5
REVISED WHAT WE THINK WE KNOW
NOW IS NOT AT ALL WHAT WAS GOING
ON IN DSM 1 WHICH SHOULD REALLY
TELL US SOMETHING ABOUT
DIAGNOSTIC CATEGORIES, RIGHT IF
THEY CAN CHANGE ENTIRELY, ALMOST
ENTIRELY IN 50, 60, YEARS THEN
THERE'S NO GUARANTEE THAT WHERE
WE ARE NOW IS ANY BETTER THAN
THEY WERE 50 YEARS AGO, RIGHT?
OBVIOUSLY SOME PROGRESS IS BEING
MADE SO WE ALSO HAVE SCIENTIFIC
TESTING THAT WAS NOT AVAILABLE
AT THAT TIME BUT LIKE I SAID THE
MAIN PROCESS WAS JUDGING
SOMEONE'S BEHAVIOR AGAINST A SET
OF CRITERIA THAT MEANT TO BE
ABOUT CAUSE, RIGHT?
SO, YOU KNOW THE [INDISCERNIBLE]
IS AN EXAMPLE BECAUSE IT'S MEANT
TO BE CAUSED BOO I A VASCULAR
DEFICIENCY WHEN IN FACT WE MIGHT
CALL THAT NOW ALZHEIMER'S
DISEASE, RIGHT?
SO THOSE KINDS OF THINGS
HAPPENING.
BUT ABSOLUTELY THEY CHANGE EVERY
TIME, DIFFERENT OUTCOMES AND
THEY CHANGE AGAIN.
>> THANK YOU.
IN YOUR PREVIOUS RESPONSE TO A
QUESTION, YOU MENTIONED SYPHILIS
AND A QUESTION HAS COME IN ABOUT
CAN YOU COMMENT ON THE
PREVALENCE OF SYPHILIS IN THIS
POPULATION AND NOTICE IT WAS
PREVALENT IN MENTALLY ILL
PATIENTS BEFORE THE SEC WORLD
WAR, DO YOU HAVE THOUGHTS ON
THIS.
>> YEAH, SO I'M MOSTLY FOCUSING
ON AFTER WARLD WAR 2.
AND I KNOW THAT THERE IS THAT
KIND OF ILLUSION AND THERE IS A
CATEGORY IN DSM THAT IS RELATED
TO SYPHILIS RELATED DEMENTIA AND
IT SEEMS TO BE VERY LOW, SO
THEY'RE ACTUALLY NOT--WHETHER
IT'S BECAUSE THEY'RE NOT BEING
DIAGNOSED WITH SYPHILIS OR
THEY'RE NOT DEVELOPING, YOU KNOW
LIKE TO BE FRANK, ARE THEY EVEN
CONDUCTING SYPHILIS TESTS, THAT
WOULD BE THE QUESTION YOU NEED
TO ASK AND I DON'T HAVE ANY
PROOF THAT THEY WERE EVEN DOING
THAT IN PSYCHE HOSPITALS AMONGST
PLAQUE PATIENTS.
SO THERE IS--BLACK PATIENTS SO
THERE IS SOME KIND OF TABLES
WHERE THEY TALK ABOUT LIKE
SURGICAL PROCEDURES, BUT THEY'RE
NOT KEEPING DETAILED INFORMATION
ABOUT HOW MANY TESTS THEY
CONDUCTED.
>> UNDERSTOOD.
>> SO YEAH, VERY INTERESTING.
>> THANK YOU.
DEANOTHER QUESTION THAT'S COME
IN FROM A VIEWER DID SEGREGATION
EXTEND TO THE NONPATIENT
WORKFORCE OR WERE BLACK WORKERS
TOLERATED OR CONSIDERED
INVISIBLE AROUND WHITE PATIENTS?
WERE ANY WHITE WORKERS EMPLOYED
ON BLACK WARDS?
>> ABSOLUTELY, NO BLACK PATIENT,
NO BLACK WORKER WAS EVER NEAR A
WHITE PATIENT.
THAT WAS ABSOLUTELY NOT
ACCEPTABLE AND THAT IS TRUE
ACROSS MEDICAL SYSTEMS, THAT'S
NOT A UNIQUE YOU KNOW PROBLEM TO
THE SOUTH OR TO PSYCHE
HOSPITALS, BUT IT HAD A VERY
PARTICULAR CONNOTATION IN PSYCHE
HOSPITALS WHERE THERE WAS THIS
CONCERN ABOUT THE WAY THAT
MENTAL ILLNESS MAY EXPRESS
ITSELF, RIGHT?
AND OFTEN THROUGH INAPPROPRIATE
BEHAVIOR, RIGHT?
SO YOU JUST COULD NOT HAVE, A
WHITE WOMAN AROUND A BLACK
ATTENDANT, RIGHT?
AND THERE IS EVIDENCE IN OTHER
HOSPITAL THIS IS IS THE CASE AND
I THINK OF MARTIN SUMMERS AND
[INDISCERNIBLE]'S WORK ON
ST. ELIZABETH IN DC, RIGHT WHERE
WELL IS [INDISCERNIBLE] BUT IN
THESE HOSPITALS ABSOLUTELY NO,
THEY WERE VERY, WHEN THEY
SEGREGATED THEY SEGREGATED INTO
SERVICES, AND THE THAT WOULD BE
AT THE TOP, THE SKILLED WORKERS
WOULD ALWAYS BE LIKE QUALIFIED
WHITE PEOPLE AND THEY WOULD
EMPLOY AT TIMES BLACK ATTENDANTS
SO EVEN THE BAD HOSPITAL, DOWN
IN MOBILE DID EMPLOY BLACK
WORKERS.
IN THE VERY, VERY LOW PAYING
JOBS.
>> THANK YOU.
>> NOW YOU JUST MENTIONED
ST. EAND OUR QUESTIONS COME IN.
>> PRESENTATIONS THAT IT WORKED
AT THE ASYLUM AND THAT ASYLUM IS
MUCH OLDER YOU KNOW KIND OF
SEMESTER I INTEGRATED SO IT DID
HAVE BLACK PATIENTS AND THEN
WHEN THEY WERE ABLE TO BUILD
WAKE FIELD WHAT THEY DID WAS
MOVE AS MANY WHITE PATIENTS OUT
OF JACKSON AS THEY COULD OUT TO
EAST MISSISSIPPI WHICH IS IN
MERIDIAN SO THAT'S ANOTHER
HOSPITAL IN THIS SYSTEM, PURELY
FOR WHITE PEOPLE, NEVER I THINK
THERE WAS A MOMENT WHERE THEY
MOVED LIKE 16 AND EVERYONE IN
MIRAKA EDUCATIONALLIAN AND WHICH
WAS THE APEX OF CLAN VIOLENCE BY
THE WAY IN MISSISSIPPI, IN
MERIDIAN SO THEY MOVED THEM VERY
QUICKLY TO WHIT FIELD SO, AND I
DIDN'T WANT TO EXPAND THE
UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI.
THEY DO THIS REALLY KIND OF I
DON'T KNOW I FIND IT A LITTLE.
>> AND TO SOME EBS TENT THEY'RE
TRYING TO MATCH THEM WITH
PATIENT RECORDS, MOSTLY THEY'RE
USING IT AS LIKE AN
ARCHEOLOGICAL DIG, RIGHT AND
THEY'RE LIKE, OH THIS IS REALLY
INTERESTING BUT ACTUALLY THEY'RE
REALLY FUOF THE FREIGHTED
BECAUSE THEY JUST WANT TO EXPAND
THE HOSPITAL, RIGHT?
SO IT'S A--IT'S A VERY
INTERESTING AND VERY FRAUGHT
EXERCISE WHEN IT COMES TO GRAVE
YARDS AND THAT'S ALSO TRUE IN
GEORGIA WHERE THERE'S A WHOLE
HEAP OF STUFF HAPPENING AROUND
GRAVES AND CEMETERYS.
>> SO SIGNIFICANTLY ON THE HEMES
OF YOU MENTIONINGA ARCHEOLOGY, A
QUESTION'S COME IN ABOUT
MATERIAL CULTURE AND I WILL TRY
TO FRAME IT HERE, LETTERS AND
REPORTS AND PRINTED MATERIALS
CLEARLY A KEY AND/OR SOURCE AND
AN IMPORTANT SOURCE FOR YOU.
WHAT ABOUT MATERIAL CULTURE OF
THE ENVIRONMENTS THAT YOU ARE
STUDYING, THAT IS TO SAY THE
OBJECTIVES THAT WERE PART OF THE
DAILY LIFE IN THESE HOSPITAL
WARDS, ARE THESE SOURCES THAT
YOU ARE DRAWING ON FOR YOUR
RESEARCH IN ANY WAY?
>> NO BECAUSE THEY'RE NOT
AVAILABLE.
SO I THINK IT'S REALLY AGAIN I
MNGZED THERE WAS A MUSEUM AT
CENTRAL STATE HOSPITAL AND THERE
COULD BE STUFF THERE AND GO AND
LOOK AT LIKE STRAIGHT JACKETS
OR, YOU KNOW WHATEVER WHICH I
FIND A BIT ODD AND UNSETTLING, I
DON'T KNOW WHY PEOPLE THINK
THAT'S COOL BUT ANYWAY, BUT THEY
CLOSED THAT MUSEUM AND THAT
HOSPITAL, CENTRAL STATE IS NOW
COMPLETELY NONOPERATIONAL EXCEPT
THAT IT STILL BELONGS TO THE
STATE SO THEY HAVE THIS
DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY AND
THERE'S THIS 1 GUY AND THEY'VE
RENOVATED THE CHAPEL AND THEY
RENT THE CHAPEL OUT AND IT'S
BEAUTIFUL, THEY RENT THE CHAPEL
OUT FOR WEDDINGS, PARTIES,
FUNERALS, ON THE SIDE OF THE
HOSPITAL AND WALTER HAS HIS
OFFICE UNDERNEATH THE CHAPEL AND
HE'S BASICALLY DOWN THERE
COLLECTING STUFF AND I'M LIKE
WHAT IS THIS?
IT'S PATIENT ART THAT IS LIKE
SCATTERED AROUND THE PLACE AND
FURNITURE AND EVERY SO OFTEN
THEY'LL HAVE LIKE A SALE AND
COME BET YOUR MIDCENTURY MODERN
OFFICE FURNITURE THAT USED TO BE
NOT SELLING LIKE STUFF THAT
PATIENTS HAVE USED AND ALSO
STUFF IN THERE THAT PEOPLE DO
LIKE URBAN SCAVENGING SO THEY
TRY TO GET IN THERE AND BREAK IN
AND STEAL STUFF, THEY'VE LEFT
RECORDS AND PAPERS AND FURNITURE
AND NONE OF IT IS ATTRIBUTED TO
ANYBODY, SO IT'S LIKE, YEAH,
OKAY THERE'S THIS STUFF BUT
NOBODY KNOWS WHO DID IT OR WHO
MADE IT OR WHO KEPT IT.
IN BOTH BRYCE HOSPITAL IN
ALABAMA, THAT HAS BEEN TAKEN
OVER ENTIRELY BY THE UNIVERSITY
OF ALABAMA AND THEY'RE
TRANSFORMING THAT BEAUTIFUL
BUILDING INTO A--IT'S GOING TO
BE LIKE THE CREATIVE ARTS CENTER
FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA
AND AGAIN, I'M LIKE WHAT?
AND THEY'VE GOTTEN RID OF
EVERYTHING, RIGHT?
SO THEY OPEN A 2240 BED LOST
WARD CALLED THE NEW BRYCE AND
THEY KEPT NOTHING.
>> YOU DID MENTION, I FOLLOW UP
QUESTION OF MY OWN, YOU DID
MENTION PATIENT ART.
SO ARE THOSE PIECES OF PATIENT
ART ARE THOSE ATTRIBUTED TO
PATIENTS OR JUST NO?
>> NO.
WHEN I ASKED WALTER I'M LIKE ARE
THESE PATIENT ART WORKS?
AND HE SAID YES, I SAID DO YOU
KNOW WHO DID THEM AND HE SAID
NO.
SO AGAIN THEY'VE JUST BEEN
COLLECTED AND NOT ATTRIBUTED TO
ANYONE AND THEY DON'T EVEN SAY
ON THEM, THEY HANG ON THE WALLS
OF THE CHAPEL OR THE YOU KNOW
HALLWAYS AND STAIR WELLS, AND IF
YOU DIDN'T KNOW TO ASK, YOU
WOULDN'T KNOW THAT THERE WERE
PATIENT ART WORKS I WAS GOING TO
SAY,A PARENTALLY SOME--BECAUSE I
ASKED THE GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF
BEHAVIORIAL HEALTH ABOUT WHERE
IS YOUR STUFF AND AGAIN, I MEAN
SO MUCH LIKE WELL, YOU KNOW,
HIPAA BLAH, BLAH, BLAH, AND
THEY'RE HANDING A BUNCH OF
STUFFSOEVER TO THE GEORGIA
COLLEGE WHICH IS IN
[INDISCERNIBLE] SO MAYBE THAT
COLLECTION WILL TURN UP 1 DAY.
>> I ASK THAT FOLLOW ON QUESTION
BASED IN PART ON MY OWN RESEARCH
IN A COMPLETELY DIFFERENT
CATEGORY OF RESPECTFULLY OF
DISABLED SOLDIERS DURING WORLD
WAR 1 WHERE THERE WAS A
PREVALENCE OF ART CREATED 2
DIMENSIONAL AND 3 DIMENSIONAL
WHICH IS WELL, WELL DOCUMENTED
BY SCHOLARS BUT THERE IS ART
THAT'S QUITE INTERESTING
ASSUMING OF COURSE 1 HAS THE
SOURCES TO STUDY OBVIOUS LEE.
>> I KNOW FOR A FACT THAT LIKE
IN THE BRYCE HOSPITAL SYSTEM,
THE PATIENTS IN THE BLACK ONLY
HOSPITAL WERE NOT GIVEN ANYTHING
TO MAKE ART WITH, SO YOU KNOW
IT'S KIND OF--IT'S A BIT OF A
MUTE POINT.
>> UNDERSTOOD, UNDERSTOOD.
THANK YOU FOR CLAYIFYING THAT.
IT'S A VERY IMPORTANT VANNEDDAGE
POINT, THANK YOU WE HAVE TIME
FOR 1 MORE QUESTION.
THE VIEWER WRITES THANK YOU VERY
MUCH FOR YOUR LECT EXPIR YOUR
INTERVIEW ON THE BLOG
CIRCULATING NOW, THE BLOG OF OUR
HISTORY OF MEDICINE DIVISION,
YOU NOTED IN YOUR INTERVIEW ON
THE BLOG THAT IN PLACES THAT
LACKED HOSPITALS AND CLINICS
WERE GENERALLY POORER
DISADVANTAGED COMMUNITIES ISSUES
POLICE BECAME THE FIRST
RESPONDERS FOR MENTAL HEALTH
PROBLEMS, WE MIGHT GUESS WHAT
POLICE RESPONSE LOOKED LIKE IN
NEEZ SITUATIONS BUT HOW WOULD A
MENTAL HEALTH EMERGENCY BEEN
HANDLED IN AN AFFLUENT COMMUNITY
IN THE 1960S SOUTH?
>> WOW.
>> GOOD 1.
>> I CAN ONLY TELL YOU WHAT I
KNOW ABOUT THE COMPARRITY OF
PRIVATE SYSTEM FOR WHITE
PATIENTS WHERE IT EXISTED.
AND INTERESTINGLY ALABAMA, THE
UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA WHICH IS
NOW UAB IN BIRMINGHAM HAD A VERY
GOOD PRIVATE CLINIC AND WAS
REALLY VERY--REALLY SURPRISINGLY
PROGRESSIVE AND WILL ADVANCED
AND TOTALLY LIKE ENGAGED WITH
PSYCHOANALYSIS AND PSYCHODYNAMIC
TYPE STUFF AND INTERESTINGLY
SOME OF THOSE DOCTOR TESTIFIED
AGAINST THE SEGREGATED PUBLIC
SYSTEM AND TRIED TO GET SOME
BLACK PSYCHIATRIST TO COME AND
WORK IN THE CLINIC.
BUT SOME OF THAT IS WITH ME AT
TUSKEE EAG IN A PATIENT ABOUT
TUSKEGEE, SO YOU KNOW, I THINK
FROM WHAT I CAN TELL, EVEN--BUT
EVEN WHITE PEOPLE WOULD DEPOSIT
A FAMILY MEMBER AT BRYCE FOR
EXAMPLE, AND IT'S THE SAME WITH
[INDISCERNIBLE], IT LOOMS VERY
LARGE IN THE CULTURE OF GEORGIA
AND ALABAMA, AND IT'S KIND OF
LIKE, YOU KNOW YOU BETTER BE
CAREFUL OR JULE GET SENT TO
BYYCE OR SENT TO [INDISCERNIBLE]
RIGHT?
SO I MEAN THAT'S WHY, YOU KNOW
12 AND HALF THOUSAND PEOPLE IN
[INDISCERNIBLE] IN 1963 BECAUSE
IT WAS A CATCH ALL FOR SO MANY
SOCIAL PROBLEMS AT THE STATE OF
GEORGIA STILL REFUSES TO FUND,
RIGHT?
SO IT DEPENDED A LITTLE ON THE
PROCESS, SOME WERE WHAT'S CALLED
LEGAL AND SOME WERE MEDICAL.
THE PROCESS IN MISSISSIPPI, 2
DOCTORS NEEDED TO WRITE, ADMIT
THIS PERSON ON A PIECE OF PAPER
AND THE SHERIFF WOULD TAKE THAT
PERSON TO THE DOOR OF WHIT FIELD
AND THE PERSON WOULD BE
COMMITTED
COMMITTED.
SO A LAWYER TOLD ME THAT YOU
KNOW A SHERIFF COULD GET A
DOCTOR TO WRITE ON THE BACK OF A
PARKING TICKET AND THE PERSON
WOULD BE TAKEN TO WHIT FIELD.
VERY ADHOC, AND AGAIN THE
SUPERINTENDENT I'VE SPEAKEN TO
FROM [INDISCERNIBLE] SUBJECT TO
ALL SORTS OF POLITICAL LIKE, YOU
KNOW WOULD HAVE STATE SENATOROT
PHONE SAYING CAN YOU JUST LIKE
ADMIT THIS GUY'S WIFE BECAUSE HE
REALLY WOULD LIKE TO HAVE A
PAIN-FREE DIVORCE AND IF SHE
WERE COMMITTED IT WOULD MAKE IT
REALLY EASY SO TONS OF
CORRUPTION AND WHY PEOPLE WERE
VERY BUSY AT GETTING FAMILY
MEMBERS LOCKED UP.
>> WELL, THANK YOU.
>> ABSOLUTELY FASCINATING, YES,
WE HAVE REACHED OUR TIME AND IN
SO DOING, SOMEONE HAS WRITTEN
IN, WONDERFUL POWERFUL TALK
DR. SMITH, THANK YOU FOR DOING
THIS IMPORTANT WORK.
AND THIS INDIVIDUAL ECHOES
THOUGHTS OF MANY WHO ARE
WATCHING, CERTAINLY MY OWN AND
ON BEHALF OF NATIONAL LIBRARY OF
MEDICINE DR. SMITH, THANK YOU
VERY MUCH.
WE WISH YOU ALL THE BEST IN YOUR
CONTINUED RESEARCH, YOUR
PUBLICATION, AND THANK YOU VERY
MUCH FOR PREPARING THIS TALK
TODAY, OUR ANNUAL JAMES CASSEDY
LECTURE, A PLEASURE AND
PRIVILEGE AND LOOK FORWARD TO
SEEING YOU CROSSING PATHS AND
WISH YOU VERY WELL.
THANK YOU AGAIN VERY MUCH.
>> THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR HAVING