1 00:00:05,600 --> 00:00:07,400 >>WELCOME I'M CHIEF OF THE 2 00:00:07,400 --> 00:00:09,080 HISTORY OF MEDICINE DIVISION AT 3 00:00:09,080 --> 00:00:09,800 THE NLM. 4 00:00:09,800 --> 00:00:11,480 HERE ON THE CAMPUS OF THE 5 00:00:11,480 --> 00:00:12,240 NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH 6 00:00:12,240 --> 00:00:13,160 THE NIH. 7 00:00:13,160 --> 00:00:14,440 THANK YOU FOR JOINING US TODAY 8 00:00:14,440 --> 00:00:18,000 FOR TODAY'S NLM HISTORY TALK. 9 00:00:18,000 --> 00:00:19,400 THIS ANNUAL SERIES OF PROGRAMS 10 00:00:19,400 --> 00:00:21,280 IS DESIGN TO PROMOTE AWARENESS 11 00:00:21,280 --> 00:00:24,360 AND USE OF NLM AND RELATED 12 00:00:24,360 --> 00:00:26,760 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS FOR 13 00:00:26,760 --> 00:00:31,120 RESEARCH, EDUCATION IN BIO 14 00:00:31,120 --> 00:00:34,200 MEDICINE AND HUMANITIES AND 15 00:00:34,200 --> 00:00:37,160 RECOGNIZES THE DIVERSITY OF 16 00:00:37,160 --> 00:00:41,720 COLLECTIONS WHICH SPAN TEN 17 00:00:41,720 --> 00:00:43,000 CENTURIES AND ENCOMPASS ORIGINAL 18 00:00:43,000 --> 00:00:45,800 FORMATS AND PARTS OF THE GLOBE 19 00:00:45,800 --> 00:00:47,720 AND ENHANCE THE VOICES OF PEOPLE 20 00:00:47,720 --> 00:00:51,480 OF COLOR AND WOMEN AND CULTURE 21 00:00:51,480 --> 00:00:52,880 AND DISCIPLINARY BACKGROUNDS AND 22 00:00:52,880 --> 00:00:54,520 USE THEM TO ADVANCE THEIR OWN 23 00:00:54,520 --> 00:00:56,720 RESEARCH TEACHING AND LEARNING. 24 00:00:56,720 --> 00:00:58,200 WELCOME EVERYONE FOR THOSE ON 25 00:00:58,200 --> 00:00:59,720 TWITTER, THANKS FOR FOLLOWING 26 00:00:59,720 --> 00:01:06,160 ALONG USING THE HASH TAG NLM HIS 27 00:01:06,160 --> 00:01:09,680 TALK AND LOOK FOR THE LIVE 28 00:01:09,680 --> 00:01:11,520 FEEDBACK BUTTON UNDER THE 29 00:01:11,520 --> 00:01:12,280 VIDEOCAST AND USE THAT 30 00:01:12,280 --> 00:01:13,600 INTERFACE. 31 00:01:13,600 --> 00:01:15,000 TODAY I HAVE THE GREAT PLEASURE 32 00:01:15,000 --> 00:01:17,640 OF INTRODUCING DR. WAYNE SOON 33 00:01:17,640 --> 00:01:18,520 ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR IN THE 34 00:01:18,520 --> 00:01:19,720 UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA'S 35 00:01:19,720 --> 00:01:21,640 PROGRAM OF THE HISTORY OF 36 00:01:21,640 --> 00:01:23,520 MEDICINE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF 37 00:01:23,520 --> 00:01:24,920 SURGERY AND PROGRAM OF HISTORY 38 00:01:24,920 --> 00:01:28,400 OF SCIENCE, MEDICINE AND 39 00:01:28,400 --> 00:01:29,320 TECHNOLOGY. 40 00:01:29,320 --> 00:01:32,160 DR. SOON IS A HISTORIAN OF 41 00:01:32,160 --> 00:01:35,840 MEDICINE AND MODERN CHINA AND 42 00:01:35,840 --> 00:01:38,160 TAIWAN. 43 00:01:38,160 --> 00:01:39,320 HIS BOOK FROM STANFORD 44 00:01:39,320 --> 00:01:41,840 UNIVERSITY PRESS IN 2020 TELLS 45 00:01:41,840 --> 00:01:43,520 THE GLOBAL HEALTH HISTORY OF 46 00:01:43,520 --> 00:01:49,160 CHINESE EACH ASIA THROUGH THE 47 00:01:49,160 --> 00:01:52,240 LENS OF DIASPORIC CONTENT AND 48 00:01:52,240 --> 00:01:54,240 ARGUES THE CHINESE WERE CENTRAL 49 00:01:54,240 --> 00:01:56,440 TO INTRODUCING NEW PRACTICES OF 50 00:01:56,440 --> 00:01:58,240 MILITARY MEDICINE, BLOOD BANKING 51 00:01:58,240 --> 00:02:00,160 AND MASS MEDICAL TRAINING 52 00:02:00,160 --> 00:02:03,640 THROUGH CHINA AND TAIWAN. 53 00:02:03,640 --> 00:02:06,400 THE DIASPORA LED TO PRACTICAL 54 00:02:06,400 --> 00:02:08,120 MEDICAL EDUCATION AND MEDICINE 55 00:02:08,120 --> 00:02:11,400 ON BOTH SIDES OF THE TAIWAN 56 00:02:11,400 --> 00:02:12,360 STRAITS. 57 00:02:12,360 --> 00:02:14,840 HIS CURRENT RESEARCH PROJECT 58 00:02:14,840 --> 00:02:17,920 CENTERS ON HEALTH INSURANCE AND 59 00:02:17,920 --> 00:02:20,480 MEDICAL PRACTICES IN CHINA AND 60 00:02:20,480 --> 00:02:21,920 TAIWAN AND THE HISTORY OF SARS 61 00:02:21,920 --> 00:02:24,640 AND COVID-19 AND ALSO THE EDITOR 62 00:02:24,640 --> 00:02:28,320 OF A FOURTH COMING SPECIAL ISSUE 63 00:02:28,320 --> 00:02:30,240 OF EAST EASTERN SCIENCE THE 64 00:02:30,240 --> 00:02:33,320 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ENTITLED 65 00:02:33,320 --> 00:02:42,160 BIO GEE O POLITICS AND IS A 66 00:02:42,160 --> 00:02:48,800 CONTRIBUTOR TO MAGAZINE AND 67 00:02:48,800 --> 00:02:49,400 CONTRIBUTED TO THE AMERICAN 68 00:02:49,400 --> 00:02:51,960 JOURNAL OF CHINESE STUDIES AND 69 00:02:51,960 --> 00:02:54,080 THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL EAST 70 00:02:54,080 --> 00:02:56,480 ASIAN SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND 71 00:02:56,480 --> 00:02:56,720 SOCIETY. 72 00:02:56,720 --> 00:02:57,840 TODAY DR. SOON JOINS US TO 73 00:02:57,840 --> 00:03:00,240 DISCUSS ASPECTS OF HIS RESEARCH 74 00:03:00,240 --> 00:03:01,760 ASSOCIATED WITH HIS BOOK AND USE 75 00:03:01,760 --> 00:03:03,280 MUCH THE NLM RELATED 76 00:03:03,280 --> 00:03:03,600 COLLECTIONS. 77 00:03:03,600 --> 00:03:05,840 THE TITLE OF HIS TALK IS GLOBAL 78 00:03:05,840 --> 00:03:08,760 MEDICINE IN CHINA AND TAIWAN A 79 00:03:08,760 --> 00:03:09,840 DIASPORIC HISTORY. 80 00:03:09,840 --> 00:03:11,400 THANK YOU FOR JOINING US TODAY. 81 00:03:11,400 --> 00:03:12,360 WELCOME AND I'M GOING TO TURN 82 00:03:12,360 --> 00:03:14,200 THINGS OVER TO YOU. 83 00:03:14,200 --> 00:03:16,000 THANK YOU. 84 00:03:16,000 --> 00:03:20,720 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH, DR. RESNIK 85 00:03:20,720 --> 00:03:21,840 AND THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MED 86 00:03:21,840 --> 00:03:23,360 SIP FOR THE INTRODUCTION AND 87 00:03:23,360 --> 00:03:26,200 GIVING ME THE OPPORTUNITY TO 88 00:03:26,200 --> 00:03:27,320 TALK TODAY. 89 00:03:27,320 --> 00:03:29,800 THE PRESENTATION GLOBAL MEDICINE 90 00:03:29,800 --> 00:03:33,840 IN CHINA AND TAIWAN A DIASPORIC 91 00:03:33,840 --> 00:03:36,080 MEDICINE DRAWS FROM MY BOOK 92 00:03:36,080 --> 00:03:37,200 PUBLISHED BY STANFORD UNIVERSITY 93 00:03:37,200 --> 00:03:39,680 PRESS IN OCTOBER 2020. 94 00:03:39,680 --> 00:03:40,400 GLOBAL MEDICINE TELLS THE GLOBAL 95 00:03:40,400 --> 00:03:43,480 HEALTH STORY HOW A GROUP OF 96 00:03:43,480 --> 00:03:44,720 OVERSEAS CHINESE PHYSICIANS 97 00:03:44,720 --> 00:03:50,200 BROUGHT TO CHINA AND TAIWAN NEW 98 00:03:50,200 --> 00:03:57,720 TRANSF 99 00:03:57,720 --> 00:03:58,200 TRANSFORMTIVE PRACTICES. 100 00:03:58,200 --> 00:04:00,200 THE TALK DRAWS ON CASE STUDIES 101 00:04:00,200 --> 00:04:01,440 OF DIASPORIC INTERVENTION FROM 102 00:04:01,440 --> 00:04:02,360 MY BOOK. 103 00:04:02,360 --> 00:04:04,360 FIRST I'LL REVIEW HOW THE 104 00:04:04,360 --> 00:04:06,920 CHINESE DIASPORA IN NORTH 105 00:04:06,920 --> 00:04:09,040 AMERICA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA CAME 106 00:04:09,040 --> 00:04:10,240 TO ESTABLISH THE FIRST CHINESE 107 00:04:10,240 --> 00:04:12,400 BLOOD BANK IN THE UNITED STATES 108 00:04:12,400 --> 00:04:14,200 AND CHINA DURING THE SECOND 109 00:04:14,200 --> 00:04:15,880 WORLD WAR. 110 00:04:15,880 --> 00:04:21,200 SECOND, THIS TALK SHOWS HOW 111 00:04:21,200 --> 00:04:25,880 SINGAPORE BORNE DR. LIN RELOCATE 112 00:04:25,880 --> 00:04:27,600 THE NATIONAL DEFENSE CENTER FROM 113 00:04:27,600 --> 00:04:32,400 CHINA TO TAIWAN IN 1949. 114 00:04:32,400 --> 00:04:35,920 THIS PRESENTATION HIGHLIGHT THE 115 00:04:35,920 --> 00:04:37,080 CRITICAL INTERSECTION OF 116 00:04:37,080 --> 00:04:38,760 DIASPORIC POWER THROUGH A 117 00:04:38,760 --> 00:04:42,280 WIDE-RANGING EXAMINATION OF THE 118 00:04:42,280 --> 00:04:42,920 MEDICAL ENCOUNTER WITH 119 00:04:42,920 --> 00:04:44,480 INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES AS WELL 120 00:04:44,480 --> 00:04:47,080 AS LOCAL CHINESE AND TAIWANESE. 121 00:04:47,080 --> 00:04:50,120 BEFORE I BEGIN MY TALK FORMALLY, 122 00:04:50,120 --> 00:04:53,040 I'LL BRIEFLY SHARE A TIME LINE 123 00:04:53,040 --> 00:04:54,720 OF MODERN CHINESE HISTORY. 124 00:04:54,720 --> 00:04:57,320 MANY OF THE PROTAGONISTS IN MY 125 00:04:57,320 --> 00:04:59,320 TALKS ARE DESCENDANTS OF 126 00:04:59,320 --> 00:05:02,920 MIGRANTS WHO LEFT CHINA DURING 127 00:05:02,920 --> 00:05:04,400 THE LATE DYNASTY AND REPUBLIC 128 00:05:04,400 --> 00:05:06,240 PERIOD AND BECAME WHAT IS KNOWN 129 00:05:06,240 --> 00:05:10,360 AS THE OVER SEAS CHINESE. 130 00:05:10,360 --> 00:05:12,880 MY TALK PRELIMINARILY FOCUSES ON 131 00:05:12,880 --> 00:05:15,080 MEDICINE DURING THE SECOND WORLD 132 00:05:15,080 --> 00:05:15,680 WAR. 133 00:05:15,680 --> 00:05:17,480 I'LL ALSO COVER THE HISTORY OF 134 00:05:17,480 --> 00:05:18,360 MEDICINE DURING THE POST-WAR 135 00:05:18,360 --> 00:05:23,720 PERIOD UP MY TALK TODAY. 136 00:05:23,720 --> 00:05:27,400 THE POST-WAR PERIOD IS DIVIDED 137 00:05:27,400 --> 00:05:29,840 IN THE CHINESE CIVIL WAR PERIOD 138 00:05:29,840 --> 00:05:33,560 WHERE THE ROMAN CHINESE 139 00:05:33,560 --> 00:05:35,560 NATIONALIST PARTY INCREASINGLY 140 00:05:35,560 --> 00:05:36,840 LOST GROUND TO THE CHINESE 141 00:05:36,840 --> 00:05:41,280 COMMUNIST PARTY OR CCP. 142 00:05:41,280 --> 00:05:44,440 AS WELL AS THE POST CIVIL WAR 143 00:05:44,440 --> 00:05:48,120 PERIOD WHICH SAW THE EMERGENCE 144 00:05:48,120 --> 00:05:53,120 ACROSS THE TAIWAN STRAIGHTS. 145 00:05:53,120 --> 00:05:57,040 THIS IS AFTER 1949 AND THE 146 00:05:57,040 --> 00:06:00,960 REPUBLIC OF CHINA AFTER 1945. 147 00:06:00,960 --> 00:06:03,640 A HISTORIAN ARGUES MANY OVERSEAS 148 00:06:03,640 --> 00:06:10,200 CHINESE WERE GLAD TO LEAVE 149 00:06:10,200 --> 00:06:12,400 BEHIND THE OFFICIALS FROM WHOM 150 00:06:12,400 --> 00:06:15,240 SO MANY IMMIGRANTS WERE GLAD TO 151 00:06:15,240 --> 00:06:18,240 ESCAPE FROM BUT THERE'S A GROUP 152 00:06:18,240 --> 00:06:28,760 OF DIASPORIC MEDICAL A.D.s AND 153 00:06:29,680 --> 00:06:33,720 THE INDIVIDUAL WORKED HARD TO 154 00:06:33,720 --> 00:06:38,800 PROMOTE WESTERN MEDICINE AND ONE 155 00:06:38,800 --> 00:06:41,440 WAS A SON OF THE MAIN 156 00:06:41,440 --> 00:06:42,800 PROTAGONIST IN MY BOOK AND WAS 157 00:06:42,800 --> 00:06:44,920 BORN IN BRITISH-CONTROLLED 158 00:06:44,920 --> 00:06:47,200 SINGAPORE AND TAUGHT AT THE 159 00:06:47,200 --> 00:06:49,520 UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH AND 160 00:06:49,520 --> 00:06:54,760 CONDUCTED A POST-DOCTORATE IN 161 00:06:54,760 --> 00:06:56,560 CHICAGO AND HE LEFT IN CHICAGO 162 00:06:56,560 --> 00:06:58,000 TO HEAD THE PHYSIOLOGY 163 00:06:58,000 --> 00:07:01,760 DEPARTMENT AT THE ROCKEFELLER 164 00:07:01,760 --> 00:07:04,080 UNIT IN BEIJING, CHINA. 165 00:07:04,080 --> 00:07:06,840 IN 1937 ROBERT LIN WAS APPOINTED 166 00:07:06,840 --> 00:07:10,360 BY CHINESE LEADER TO HEAD 167 00:07:10,360 --> 00:07:11,440 VARIOUS MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS 168 00:07:11,440 --> 00:07:14,200 DURING AND AFTER THE SECOND 169 00:07:14,200 --> 00:07:18,120 WORLD WAR. 170 00:07:18,120 --> 00:07:21,880 THE INSIGHTS HOW THE CHINESE 171 00:07:21,880 --> 00:07:25,720 DIASPORA HAD A PARADIGM TO 172 00:07:25,720 --> 00:07:26,360 ENGAGE CHANGE WAS PROFOUNDLY 173 00:07:26,360 --> 00:07:34,280 IMPORTANT FOR MY WORK. 174 00:07:34,280 --> 00:07:39,360 THE APPROACH LED TO HISTORY LED 175 00:07:39,360 --> 00:07:42,280 BY IMPERIALISM AND CONSTRUCTION 176 00:07:42,280 --> 00:07:42,720 AND REVOLUTION. 177 00:07:42,720 --> 00:07:46,040 TO MAKE BIO MEDICINE WORK AND 178 00:07:46,040 --> 00:07:47,640 MEMBERS OF THE CHINESE DIASPORA 179 00:07:47,640 --> 00:07:51,200 DREW RESOURCES, IDEAS AND 180 00:07:51,200 --> 00:07:54,200 SUPPORT FROM THE CONTEXT IN 181 00:07:54,200 --> 00:07:55,640 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND 182 00:07:55,640 --> 00:07:56,000 UNIVERSITIES. 183 00:07:56,000 --> 00:07:59,840 THEY TAPPED INTO DIASPORIC 184 00:07:59,840 --> 00:08:01,680 ORGANIZATIONS AND MADE PLACE 185 00:08:01,680 --> 00:08:05,120 ASSOCIATIONS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 186 00:08:05,120 --> 00:08:07,000 AND NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE AND 187 00:08:07,000 --> 00:08:09,080 THEY HELPED VIEW THE MERIT OF 188 00:08:09,080 --> 00:08:13,720 LOCAL ACTORS IN CHINA FROM THE 189 00:08:13,720 --> 00:08:16,280 CHINESE POLITICIANS, LOCAL 190 00:08:16,280 --> 00:08:19,680 ELITES, RELUCTANT BLOOD DONORS 191 00:08:19,680 --> 00:08:21,800 AND MEMBERS QUARANTINED 192 00:08:21,800 --> 00:08:23,800 PATIENTS, STUDENTS, CIVIL 193 00:08:23,800 --> 00:08:26,200 SERVANTS AND OTHERS TO MAKE 194 00:08:26,200 --> 00:08:29,640 WESTERN MEDICINE OR BIO MEDICINE 195 00:08:29,640 --> 00:08:33,400 AND GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS MEDICAL 196 00:08:33,400 --> 00:08:34,240 TEXT, SCIENTIFIC REPORTS, 197 00:08:34,240 --> 00:08:37,280 CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS AND 198 00:08:37,280 --> 00:08:40,280 NEWSPAPER ARTICLES AND SO ON FOR 199 00:08:40,280 --> 00:08:44,920 MORE THAN 23 ARCHIVES FROM 200 00:08:44,920 --> 00:08:48,520 TAIWAN, SINGAPORE AND JAPAN, MY 201 00:08:48,520 --> 00:08:50,160 BOOK ARGUES THE CHINESE DIASPORA 202 00:08:50,160 --> 00:08:51,240 BECAME CENTRAL TO THE 203 00:08:51,240 --> 00:08:51,560 DEVELOPMENT. 204 00:08:51,560 --> 00:08:54,360 THEY WERE MOST SUCCESSFUL UP 205 00:08:54,360 --> 00:08:57,840 ESTABLISHING A COMPLEX DURING 206 00:08:57,840 --> 00:08:59,440 THE SECOND WORLD WAR DRAWING ON 207 00:08:59,440 --> 00:09:06,240 THE PRE-WAR EXPERIENCES AND THE 208 00:09:06,240 --> 00:09:09,760 COMPLEX COMPRISED OF THE 209 00:09:09,760 --> 00:09:11,160 EMERGENCY TRAINING SCHOOL AND 210 00:09:11,160 --> 00:09:12,880 THE FIRST CHINESE BLOOD BANK YOU 211 00:09:12,880 --> 00:09:14,640 SEE IN THE PHOTOGRAPHS IN THE 212 00:09:14,640 --> 00:09:15,560 SLIDE HERE. 213 00:09:15,560 --> 00:09:17,200 THESE THREE INSTITUTIONS TRAINED 214 00:09:17,200 --> 00:09:20,720 MORE THAN 15,000 MEDICAL 215 00:09:20,720 --> 00:09:22,600 PERSONNEL AND SAVED MORE THAN 4 216 00:09:22,600 --> 00:09:24,840 MILLION LIVES PRESERVING CHINA'S 217 00:09:24,840 --> 00:09:28,160 ABILITY TO DEFEND ITSELF AGAINST 218 00:09:28,160 --> 00:09:29,000 JAPAN. 219 00:09:29,000 --> 00:09:31,160 IN SHOWING THE IMPORTANCE OF 220 00:09:31,160 --> 00:09:32,400 MILITARY MEDICINE IN THE 221 00:09:32,400 --> 00:09:34,200 DIASPORA I AUGMENT EXISTING 222 00:09:34,200 --> 00:09:36,440 MEDICAL HISTORIES, THE STRESS 223 00:09:36,440 --> 00:09:38,200 THAT AGENCY OF AMERICAN 224 00:09:38,200 --> 00:09:40,200 ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION AND 225 00:09:40,200 --> 00:09:44,440 JAPANESE COLONIALIST AND THEIR 226 00:09:44,440 --> 00:09:45,560 COLLABORATORS AS WELL AS CHINESE 227 00:09:45,560 --> 00:09:51,120 REFORMERS IN SHAPING MEDICINE IN 228 00:09:51,120 --> 00:09:51,320 CHINA. 229 00:09:51,320 --> 00:09:53,120 I ARGUE AMERICAN PHILANTHROPY 230 00:09:53,120 --> 00:09:54,200 AND REFORMERS ONLY TELL PART OF 231 00:09:54,200 --> 00:09:56,760 THE STORY. 232 00:09:56,760 --> 00:09:59,560 THE DIASPORIC APPROACH DOES 233 00:09:59,560 --> 00:10:00,840 REVEAL THE PRESENCE OF GLOBAL 234 00:10:00,840 --> 00:10:02,160 MILITARY MEDICINE IN ADDITION TO 235 00:10:02,160 --> 00:10:03,840 AMERICAN, COLONIAL AND PATRIOTIC 236 00:10:03,840 --> 00:10:06,200 MEDICINE IN CHINA. 237 00:10:06,200 --> 00:10:08,440 AND MAKE THE CASE OF A 238 00:10:08,440 --> 00:10:11,680 MULTI-VALENT AND DIRECTIONAL 239 00:10:11,680 --> 00:10:13,440 GLOBAL MEDICINE RATHER THAN A 240 00:10:13,440 --> 00:10:14,800 USUAL TERM OF GLOBAL HEALTH. 241 00:10:14,800 --> 00:10:18,240 GLOBAL HEALTH NARRATIVES HAVE 242 00:10:18,240 --> 00:10:23,040 CON -- CONCENTRATED ON THE 243 00:10:23,040 --> 00:10:24,800 PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL HEALTH 244 00:10:24,800 --> 00:10:26,240 ORGANIZATIONS IN ASSISTING 245 00:10:26,240 --> 00:10:27,720 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. 246 00:10:27,720 --> 00:10:30,240 IN CONTRAST I ARGUE GLOBAL 247 00:10:30,240 --> 00:10:33,560 MEDICINE WAS MULTI-VALENT AND 248 00:10:33,560 --> 00:10:37,160 MADE AVAILABLE BY THE OVERSEAS 249 00:10:37,160 --> 00:10:38,400 CHINESE AND WESTERN EXPERTISE, 250 00:10:38,400 --> 00:10:41,760 DESIRE FOR MEDICAL INTERVENTION 251 00:10:41,760 --> 00:10:44,360 AND TRANS NATIONAL CONNECTION TO 252 00:10:44,360 --> 00:10:48,440 MAKE BIO MEDICINE VISIBLE AND 253 00:10:48,440 --> 00:10:51,200 POSSIBLE TO A LOCAL AND BROADER 254 00:10:51,200 --> 00:10:51,680 AUDIENCE. 255 00:10:51,680 --> 00:10:55,080 IN CHAPTER THREE OF MY BOOK I 256 00:10:55,080 --> 00:10:57,720 SHOW HOW OVERSEAS CHINESE 257 00:10:57,720 --> 00:10:58,280 MEDICAL PERSONNEL BECAME 258 00:10:58,280 --> 00:10:59,680 ESSENTIAL IN ESTABLISHING THE 259 00:10:59,680 --> 00:11:00,760 FIRST CHINESE BLOOD BANK DURING 260 00:11:00,760 --> 00:11:02,840 THE SECOND WORLD WAR. 261 00:11:02,840 --> 00:11:04,320 AS THE HEAD OF THE CHINESE RED 262 00:11:04,320 --> 00:11:07,640 CROSS MEDICAL RELIEF CORPS HE 263 00:11:07,640 --> 00:11:11,160 REACHED OUT TO HIS LONG STANDING 264 00:11:11,160 --> 00:11:13,240 PATRON IN THE U.S. THE AMERICAN 265 00:11:13,240 --> 00:11:15,840 BUREAU FOR MEDICAL AID TO CHINA 266 00:11:15,840 --> 00:11:17,000 TO HELP WITH ESTABLISHING A 267 00:11:17,000 --> 00:11:21,840 CHINESE BLOOD BANK. 268 00:11:21,840 --> 00:11:23,920 IT WAS AN ORGANIZATION BASED IN 269 00:11:23,920 --> 00:11:26,480 NEW YORK AND CRITICAL SUPPORTER 270 00:11:26,480 --> 00:11:29,000 OF THE WARTIME INSTITUTIONS. 271 00:11:29,000 --> 00:11:36,360 ROBERT LIM WANTED TO DO TIMELY 272 00:11:36,360 --> 00:11:37,360 INFUSIONS FOR SOLDIERS WOUNDED 273 00:11:37,360 --> 00:11:40,280 AND SHOT ON THE WAR FRONT. 274 00:11:40,280 --> 00:11:44,080 AND THEY GREED TO HE REQUEST AND 275 00:11:44,080 --> 00:11:45,800 SPONSORED THE TRAINING OF 276 00:11:45,800 --> 00:11:50,240 CHINESE-CANADIAN DOCTOR AND 277 00:11:50,240 --> 00:11:51,840 CHINESE-AMERICAN DOCTORS TO 278 00:11:51,840 --> 00:11:53,040 LEARN FROM A PROFESSOR AT 279 00:11:53,040 --> 00:11:54,240 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY HOW TO SET 280 00:11:54,240 --> 00:12:00,560 UP A BLOOD BANK. 281 00:12:00,560 --> 00:12:02,240 SO THEY WERE TECHNOLOGY EXPERTS 282 00:12:02,240 --> 00:12:02,800 IN THE UNITED STATES AT THE 283 00:12:02,800 --> 00:12:04,240 TIME. 284 00:12:04,240 --> 00:12:07,800 UPON COMPLETION OF THE TRAINING, 285 00:12:07,800 --> 00:12:10,200 DR. YI AND WONG SET UP A TRIAL 286 00:12:10,200 --> 00:12:12,800 BLOOD BANK IN CHINATOWN IN NEW 287 00:12:12,800 --> 00:12:14,200 YORK CITY. 288 00:12:14,200 --> 00:12:16,640 TO PROMOTE BLOOD BANK DONATION 289 00:12:16,640 --> 00:12:17,960 THEY APPEALED TO AMERICANS OF 290 00:12:17,960 --> 00:12:21,040 ALL RACES TO DONATE BLOOD. 291 00:12:21,040 --> 00:12:23,400 ONE OF THE ORGANIZATIONS WAS THE 292 00:12:23,400 --> 00:12:25,200 NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE 293 00:12:25,200 --> 00:12:27,360 ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE OR 294 00:12:27,360 --> 00:12:32,480 THE NAACP. 295 00:12:32,480 --> 00:12:33,520 THE MEMBERS IN NEW YORK CITY 296 00:12:33,520 --> 00:12:37,120 HEEDED THE CALLS TO DONATE. 297 00:12:37,120 --> 00:12:39,040 AND AFRICAN AMERICANS WERE 298 00:12:39,040 --> 00:12:41,560 DETERMINED TO CHALLENGE THE 299 00:12:41,560 --> 00:12:44,360 EXISTING SEGREGATION OF BLOOD 300 00:12:44,360 --> 00:12:45,200 DONATION BY THE AMERICAN RED 301 00:12:45,200 --> 00:12:48,520 CROSS BY DONATING TO THE FIRST 302 00:12:48,520 --> 00:12:49,960 DESEGREGATED BLOOD BANK IN THE 303 00:12:49,960 --> 00:12:50,800 UNITED STATES. 304 00:12:50,800 --> 00:12:54,160 OTHER GROUPS SUCH AS JAPANESE 305 00:12:54,160 --> 00:12:58,880 AND AMERICAN ACTIVIST DONATE TO 306 00:12:58,880 --> 00:12:59,680 THE CHINESE BLOOD BANK. 307 00:12:59,680 --> 00:13:01,560 CHINESE AMERICANS WERE EAGER TO 308 00:13:01,560 --> 00:13:05,000 GIVE A PART OF THEIR BODIES TO 309 00:13:05,000 --> 00:13:06,240 THE WAR EFFORT EVEN THOUGH THEY 310 00:13:06,240 --> 00:13:09,440 COULD NOT PHYSICALLY FIGHT IN 311 00:13:09,440 --> 00:13:10,440 THE WAR. 312 00:13:10,440 --> 00:13:14,120 THE BANK BECAME A HUGE SUCCESS. 313 00:13:14,120 --> 00:13:17,840 AND LYNN, YI AND WONG SOUGHT TO 314 00:13:17,840 --> 00:13:22,360 REPLICATE THE SUCCESS IN 315 00:13:22,360 --> 00:13:24,320 SOUTHWEST CHINA. 316 00:13:24,320 --> 00:13:31,000 AND IT WAS IN UNOCCUPIED FREE 317 00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:32,680 CHINA LED BY THE CHINESE 318 00:13:32,680 --> 00:13:33,400 NATIONALIST PARTY AND THEY FACED 319 00:13:33,400 --> 00:13:36,720 MANY CHALLENGES. 320 00:13:36,720 --> 00:13:38,960 A KEY CHALLENGE WAS THE ABILITY 321 00:13:38,960 --> 00:13:41,680 OF BLOOD BANKING TECHNOLOGY WITH 322 00:13:41,680 --> 00:13:42,480 WARTIME CONDITIONS. 323 00:13:42,480 --> 00:13:44,480 DR. YI AND DR. WONG COULD NOT 324 00:13:44,480 --> 00:13:49,840 USE THE IMPORTANT BLOOD BANKING 325 00:13:49,840 --> 00:13:53,720 EQUIPMENT TO PROCESS WHOLE BLOOD 326 00:13:53,720 --> 00:13:56,360 INTO PLASMA DUE TO UNRELIABLE 327 00:13:56,360 --> 00:14:00,600 ELECTRICITY AND CLEAN WATER IN 328 00:14:00,600 --> 00:14:01,160 WARTIME. 329 00:14:01,160 --> 00:14:04,400 SO NEED ACCESS TO A RELIABLE 330 00:14:04,400 --> 00:14:10,240 CENTRIFUGE AND DE HYDRATOR AND 331 00:14:10,240 --> 00:14:13,640 THEY NEEDED ELECTRICITY TO 332 00:14:13,640 --> 00:14:16,080 SEPARATE PLASMA FROM OTHER 333 00:14:16,080 --> 00:14:19,720 COMPONENTS IN WHOLE BLOOD. 334 00:14:19,720 --> 00:14:20,800 THE LACK OF ELECTRICITY MEANT 335 00:14:20,800 --> 00:14:24,320 THEY COULD NOT RUN THE DEHYD 336 00:14:24,320 --> 00:14:26,880 DEHYDRATOR NEEDED TO DRY THE 337 00:14:26,880 --> 00:14:29,360 PLASMA INTO POWDERY PLASMA TO BE 338 00:14:29,360 --> 00:14:31,360 USED ON THE WAR FRONT. 339 00:14:31,360 --> 00:14:34,120 SIMILARLY THEY COULD NOT UTILIZE 340 00:14:34,120 --> 00:14:36,000 WHAT WAS CRITICAL TO STERILIZING 341 00:14:36,000 --> 00:14:39,840 THE MEDICAL EQUIPMENT THAT DREW 342 00:14:39,840 --> 00:14:41,480 BLOOD FROM DONORS. 343 00:14:41,480 --> 00:14:44,440 AS A RESULT CONTAMINATION OF 344 00:14:44,440 --> 00:14:47,880 WHOLE BLOOD AND BLOOD PLASMA 345 00:14:47,880 --> 00:14:50,200 REMAINS A SIGNIFICANT PROBLEM. 346 00:14:50,200 --> 00:14:53,320 TO SOLVE THIS TECHNICAL PROBLEM 347 00:14:53,320 --> 00:14:56,400 A CHINESE AMERICAN ENGINEER 348 00:14:56,400 --> 00:14:57,880 MECHANIZED THE EQUIPMENT BY 349 00:14:57,880 --> 00:15:00,520 ADDING A HAND CRANK TO MANY OF 350 00:15:00,520 --> 00:15:01,640 THESE MACHINES. 351 00:15:01,640 --> 00:15:05,360 BLOOD BANK PERSONNEL AND THEIR 352 00:15:05,360 --> 00:15:07,200 EMPLOYEES HAD TO CRANK THE 353 00:15:07,200 --> 00:15:08,720 MACHINES AROUND THE CLOCK TO 354 00:15:08,720 --> 00:15:10,680 MAKE THEM WORK. 355 00:15:10,680 --> 00:15:14,080 BY MECHANIZING BLOOD BANKING 356 00:15:14,080 --> 00:15:16,440 EQUIPMENT THEY LEVERAGED THE 357 00:15:16,440 --> 00:15:17,240 ENGINEERING EDUCATION AS WELL AS 358 00:15:17,240 --> 00:15:21,080 ON THE GROUND INGENUITY TO SOLVE 359 00:15:21,080 --> 00:15:22,240 THESE PRESSING TECHNICAL 360 00:15:22,240 --> 00:15:22,480 PROBLEMS. 361 00:15:22,480 --> 00:15:24,400 THE SECOND MAIN PROBLEM THEY 362 00:15:24,400 --> 00:15:26,200 FACED WAS THE LACK OF BLOOD 363 00:15:26,200 --> 00:15:29,120 DONORS WHICH TROUBLED THE 364 00:15:29,120 --> 00:15:30,080 NUMEROUS CHINESE AMERICAN WOMEN 365 00:15:30,080 --> 00:15:33,880 PERSONNEL LEADING THE BLOOD 366 00:15:33,880 --> 00:15:35,160 BANK. 367 00:15:35,160 --> 00:15:39,640 WE SAW HELENA WONG OVERSAW THE 368 00:15:39,640 --> 00:15:42,400 PROCESSES IN NEW YORK AND SERVED 369 00:15:42,400 --> 00:15:48,680 AS A NURSE AND THE DAUGHTER OF 370 00:15:48,680 --> 00:15:51,880 THE AN INTELLECTUAL SERVED AS 371 00:15:51,880 --> 00:15:54,040 THE PUBLICITY OFFICER TO THE 372 00:15:54,040 --> 00:15:59,280 BLOOD BANK AND ASSISTANT TO L 373 00:15:59,280 --> 00:16:01,080 LIX -- LIM. 374 00:16:01,080 --> 00:16:02,600 SHE COMMISSIONED COLORFUL COMIC 375 00:16:02,600 --> 00:16:04,320 STRIPS ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE 376 00:16:04,320 --> 00:16:07,160 SLIDE TO REACH OUT TO NEW GROUPS 377 00:16:07,160 --> 00:16:11,320 OF BLOOD DONORS AND GAVE 378 00:16:11,320 --> 00:16:12,640 LECTURES IN PROFESSIONAL 379 00:16:12,640 --> 00:16:14,520 ORGANIZATIONS AND INVITED 380 00:16:14,520 --> 00:16:16,040 JOURNALISTS TO VISIT THE BLOOD 381 00:16:16,040 --> 00:16:17,680 BANK AND ENCOURAGED AMERICAN 382 00:16:17,680 --> 00:16:20,800 G.I.s TO DONATE BLOOD. 383 00:16:20,800 --> 00:16:22,680 YOU SEE AN AMERICAN G.I.s 384 00:16:22,680 --> 00:16:23,120 DONATING. 385 00:16:23,120 --> 00:16:27,000 IT WAS MORE OF A PUBLICITY 386 00:16:27,000 --> 00:16:29,760 BECAUSE VERY FEW DONATED BLOOD. 387 00:16:29,760 --> 00:16:32,920 THE EFFORTS DID NOT WORK AS 388 00:16:32,920 --> 00:16:33,880 ANTICIPATED AND FEW AMERICAN 389 00:16:33,880 --> 00:16:35,720 CIVILIANS DONATED BLOOD IN 390 00:16:35,720 --> 00:16:38,880 CONTRAST TO THE LARGE NUMBER OF 391 00:16:38,880 --> 00:16:40,320 DONORS WHO GAVE BLOOD IN NEW 392 00:16:40,320 --> 00:16:42,160 YORK CITY. 393 00:16:42,160 --> 00:16:45,080 THE MEDICAL PERSONNEL TURNED TO 394 00:16:45,080 --> 00:16:47,200 SOLICITING BLOOD FROM MEMBERS OF 395 00:16:47,200 --> 00:16:47,880 THE CHINESE MILITARY. 396 00:16:47,880 --> 00:16:51,560 THIS DID NOT GO WELL FOR SEVERAL 397 00:16:51,560 --> 00:16:51,880 REASONS. 398 00:16:51,880 --> 00:16:53,840 FIRST THE DISQUALIFIED MANY 399 00:16:53,840 --> 00:16:56,080 SOLDIERS FROM DONATING BLOOD 400 00:16:56,080 --> 00:16:57,560 AFTER DEEMING THEM MANY TOO 401 00:16:57,560 --> 00:17:03,320 UNFIT OR SICK TO DONATE. 402 00:17:03,320 --> 00:17:06,200 MOREOVER THEY COULD NOT DRAW TOO 403 00:17:06,200 --> 00:17:08,120 MUCH BLOOD FROM THE SUBJECT AS 404 00:17:08,120 --> 00:17:10,200 THE SUPERIORS REFUSED TO ALLOW 405 00:17:10,200 --> 00:17:11,400 BLOOD BANK PERSONNEL TO DRAW TOO 406 00:17:11,400 --> 00:17:13,520 MUCH BLOOD WITH THE IDEA THEY 407 00:17:13,520 --> 00:17:15,880 NEED TO BE FIGHTING IN THE WAR 408 00:17:15,880 --> 00:17:19,840 FRONT SO WE CAN'T TAKE TOO MUCH 409 00:17:19,840 --> 00:17:21,800 BLOOD FROM THEM. 410 00:17:21,800 --> 00:17:25,640 THEY ALSO LAID A CLAIM OVER THE 411 00:17:25,640 --> 00:17:27,880 PSYCHOLOGY OF CHINESE SOLDIERS 412 00:17:27,880 --> 00:17:31,880 PREVENTED THEM FROM DONATING 413 00:17:31,880 --> 00:17:33,480 BLOOD AND DR. WONG AND YI 414 00:17:33,480 --> 00:17:34,920 DISQUALIFIED MANY SOLDIERS FROM 415 00:17:34,920 --> 00:17:37,360 DONATING AND MOREOVER DOES NOT 416 00:17:37,360 --> 00:17:39,120 EXPLAIN THE PHILOSOPHY AND 417 00:17:39,120 --> 00:17:42,920 PROCESSES OF BLOOD BANKING AND 418 00:17:42,920 --> 00:17:43,840 TRANSFUSION. 419 00:17:43,840 --> 00:17:44,880 FOR EXAMPLE, MANY SOLDIERS 420 00:17:44,880 --> 00:17:46,760 COMPLAINED THEIR BLOOD WAS TAKEN 421 00:17:46,760 --> 00:17:48,320 RATHER THAN PUT IN THE BACKPACKS 422 00:17:48,320 --> 00:17:49,520 FOR LATER USE. 423 00:17:49,520 --> 00:17:51,360 THE BLOOD BANK PERSONNEL FAILED 424 00:17:51,360 --> 00:17:53,200 TO EXPLAIN TO THE SOLDIERS THE 425 00:17:53,200 --> 00:17:55,520 CONCEPT OF PAYING IT FORWARD. 426 00:17:55,520 --> 00:17:57,960 THEY DID NOT EXPLAIN THE 427 00:17:57,960 --> 00:18:00,840 COMPLICATED PROCESS OF MAKING 428 00:18:00,840 --> 00:18:04,520 BLOOD PLASMA FROM WHOLE BLOOD. 429 00:18:04,520 --> 00:18:05,880 THEY WOULD ONLY FIND SUCCESS 430 00:18:05,880 --> 00:18:08,080 LATER BY PARTNERING WITH LOCAL 431 00:18:08,080 --> 00:18:08,760 UNIVERSITIES AND COMPANIES 432 00:18:08,760 --> 00:18:11,920 DRAWING MUCH NEEDED BLOOD FROM 433 00:18:11,920 --> 00:18:13,560 YOUNG STUDENTS AND WORKERS. 434 00:18:13,560 --> 00:18:15,880 THIS DONATED BLOOD HELPED TO 435 00:18:15,880 --> 00:18:17,920 SAVE MANY AMERICAN AND CHINESE 436 00:18:17,920 --> 00:18:23,600 LIVES ON THE WAR FRONT AND 95% 437 00:18:23,600 --> 00:18:26,200 OF WOUND SOLDIERS WOULD RECEIVE 438 00:18:26,200 --> 00:18:27,560 THE BLOOD PLASMA FROM THE BANK 439 00:18:27,560 --> 00:18:30,240 TO RECOVER FROM WOUNDS. 440 00:18:30,240 --> 00:18:31,640 AND COLLECTING PERFECT MALE 441 00:18:31,640 --> 00:18:33,880 SOLDIERS AND ENGAGING IN TRANS 442 00:18:33,880 --> 00:18:37,080 CULTURAL OUTREACH SHOWS THE 443 00:18:37,080 --> 00:18:37,880 IMPORTANT OF SCIENTIFIC 444 00:18:37,880 --> 00:18:39,880 EXPERTISE, DIASPORIC POWER AND 445 00:18:39,880 --> 00:18:43,080 GENDER INCLUSION IN SHAPING THE 446 00:18:43,080 --> 00:18:43,840 FIRST CHINESE BLOOD BANK. 447 00:18:43,840 --> 00:18:46,000 AND THEY CONTRASTED IT WITH THE 448 00:18:46,000 --> 00:18:48,120 PREWAR PERIOD WHERE THERE WERE 449 00:18:48,120 --> 00:18:51,760 FEWER WOMEN MEDICAL PERSONNEL IN 450 00:18:51,760 --> 00:18:52,160 CHINA. 451 00:18:52,160 --> 00:18:54,720 AND NEGOTIATIONS OF BIO MEDICAL 452 00:18:54,720 --> 00:19:01,120 PRACTICES ON THE GROUND JOINED 453 00:19:01,120 --> 00:19:06,240 SCHOLARSHIP AND SERVED AS A 454 00:19:06,240 --> 00:19:08,440 CATALYST FOR MODERN MEDICAL 455 00:19:08,440 --> 00:19:11,720 TRANSFORMATION IN CAROLHINA. 456 00:19:11,720 --> 00:19:13,280 I'LL DRAW FROM CHAPTER FIVE FROM 457 00:19:13,280 --> 00:19:17,520 MY BOOK AND I'LL DISCUSS HOW 458 00:19:17,520 --> 00:19:20,320 SINGAPORE-BORN AND EDINBURGH 459 00:19:20,320 --> 00:19:23,280 TRAINED ROBERT LIM LEVERAGED HIS 460 00:19:23,280 --> 00:19:24,800 TRANS NATIONAL CONNECTIONS TO 461 00:19:24,800 --> 00:19:26,120 MOVE A KEY INSTITUTION FROM 462 00:19:26,120 --> 00:19:30,200 CHINA TO TAIWAN IN 1948. 463 00:19:30,200 --> 00:19:32,080 AS TALKED ABOUT EARLIER, HIS 464 00:19:32,080 --> 00:19:34,720 MILITARY MEDICAL COMPLEX 465 00:19:34,720 --> 00:19:37,680 ESPECIALLY THE CHINESE RED CROSS 466 00:19:37,680 --> 00:19:40,560 TREATED MORE PEOPLE, IMMUNIZED 467 00:19:40,560 --> 00:19:42,640 MORE PATIENTS AND FED MORE 468 00:19:42,640 --> 00:19:44,840 PEOPLE THAN ANY OTHER MAJOR 469 00:19:44,840 --> 00:19:45,360 PRE-WAR INSTITUTION. 470 00:19:45,360 --> 00:19:47,360 MOST THE FUNDING CAME FROM THE 471 00:19:47,360 --> 00:19:50,520 CHINESE DIASPORA VIA THE 472 00:19:50,520 --> 00:19:53,680 AMERICAN BUREAU FOR MEDICAL AGE 473 00:19:53,680 --> 00:19:55,520 OF CHINA. 474 00:19:55,520 --> 00:19:57,880 A PERCENTAGE OF THE OPERATING 475 00:19:57,880 --> 00:20:00,320 BUDGET OF THE RED CROSS OR 476 00:20:00,320 --> 00:20:02,200 ROUGHLY $6 MILLION U.S. DOLLARS 477 00:20:02,200 --> 00:20:04,200 TODAY CAME FROM MEMBERS OF THE 478 00:20:04,200 --> 00:20:06,920 CHINESE DIASPORA. 479 00:20:06,920 --> 00:20:07,760 MANY MEDICAL PERSONNEL 480 00:20:07,760 --> 00:20:11,200 SUPPORTING THE ORGANIZATIONS 481 00:20:11,200 --> 00:20:12,240 SUCH AS THE AMERICAN RED CROSS 482 00:20:12,240 --> 00:20:14,200 AND AMERICAN BUREAU FOR MEDICAL 483 00:20:14,200 --> 00:20:15,880 AID TO CHINA AND OTHER 484 00:20:15,880 --> 00:20:19,080 ORGANIZATIONS WERE ALSO MEMBERS 485 00:20:19,080 --> 00:20:20,640 OF THE CHINESE DIASPORA AROUND 486 00:20:20,640 --> 00:20:21,880 THE WORLD. 487 00:20:21,880 --> 00:20:25,960 AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR THEY 488 00:20:25,960 --> 00:20:27,880 RECONSTRUCTED THIS IMPRESSIVE 489 00:20:27,880 --> 00:20:30,200 COMPLEX INTO A POST-WAR MEDICAL 490 00:20:30,200 --> 00:20:33,360 CENTER THAT WAS COMPREHENSIVE 491 00:20:33,360 --> 00:20:36,440 AND CALLED IT THE NATIONAL 492 00:20:36,440 --> 00:20:38,200 DEFENSE MEDICAL CENTER. 493 00:20:38,200 --> 00:20:39,840 HOW THEY DID NOT HAVE THE SAME 494 00:20:39,840 --> 00:20:42,320 LEVEL OF SUCCESS AS IT DID 495 00:20:42,320 --> 00:20:44,200 DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR. 496 00:20:44,200 --> 00:20:49,360 FINANCIAL SUPPORT FROM THE 497 00:20:49,360 --> 00:20:50,800 OVERSEAS ORGANIZATIONS FOR LIM'S 498 00:20:50,800 --> 00:20:52,120 ENTERPRISE DECLINED THE WORLD 499 00:20:52,120 --> 00:20:55,080 WAR FOR THREE REASONS. 500 00:20:55,080 --> 00:20:56,880 FIRST, THE CHINESE TURNED THEIR 501 00:20:56,880 --> 00:20:58,920 ATTENTION AWAY FROM CHINA IN THE 502 00:20:58,920 --> 00:20:59,360 POST-WAR PERIOD. 503 00:20:59,360 --> 00:21:02,720 THEY BECAME INCREASINGLY ALIGNED 504 00:21:02,720 --> 00:21:04,280 WITH SOUTHEAST ASIAN 505 00:21:04,280 --> 00:21:07,440 NATIONALISTS WITH THE 506 00:21:07,440 --> 00:21:09,800 DISPLACEMENT OF WESTERN COLONIAL 507 00:21:09,800 --> 00:21:12,680 REGIMES AND SECOND MANY BELIEVE 508 00:21:12,680 --> 00:21:14,840 A CHINESE NATIONALIST PARTY WAS 509 00:21:14,840 --> 00:21:17,160 CORRUPT AND INCOMPETENT AND 510 00:21:17,160 --> 00:21:19,280 REFUSED TO DONATE MONEY TO 511 00:21:19,280 --> 00:21:21,680 SUPPORT THE BACKED MILITARY 512 00:21:21,680 --> 00:21:25,280 MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS WHICH GAVE 513 00:21:25,280 --> 00:21:28,800 A LOT OF SUPPORT TO ROBERT LIM 514 00:21:28,800 --> 00:21:32,800 JUNIOR AND THE AMERICAN BUREAU 515 00:21:32,800 --> 00:21:36,800 FOR MEDAL AID TO CHINA REDUCED 516 00:21:36,800 --> 00:21:38,920 SUPPORT AND DIVESTED SUPPORT TO 517 00:21:38,920 --> 00:21:41,320 OTHER MEDICAL UNIVERSITIES AND 518 00:21:41,320 --> 00:21:41,560 COLLEGES. 519 00:21:41,560 --> 00:21:44,600 AND FURTHERMORE, RUNAWAY 520 00:21:44,600 --> 00:21:47,280 INFLATION AND INTENSE FIGHTING 521 00:21:47,280 --> 00:21:49,400 BETWEEN THE COMMONIST MADE THE 522 00:21:49,400 --> 00:21:50,720 RECONSTRUCTION OF BIO MEDICINE 523 00:21:50,720 --> 00:21:52,040 AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR MORE 524 00:21:52,040 --> 00:21:53,240 CHALLENGING. 525 00:21:53,240 --> 00:21:56,360 ROBERT LIM DEALT WITH A LACK OF 526 00:21:56,360 --> 00:21:58,000 FINANCES BY TAKING OVER JAPANESE 527 00:21:58,000 --> 00:22:00,080 MEDICAL BUILDINGS AND SUPPLIES 528 00:22:00,080 --> 00:22:03,000 LEFT OVER IN SHANGHAI FOR HIS 529 00:22:03,000 --> 00:22:04,560 NEW NATIONAL DEFENSE MEDICAL 530 00:22:04,560 --> 00:22:04,920 CENTER. 531 00:22:04,920 --> 00:22:07,680 HE ALSO REACHED OUT REPEATEDLY 532 00:22:07,680 --> 00:22:09,720 TO INTERNATIONAL CONTACTS MADE 533 00:22:09,720 --> 00:22:12,040 DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR FOR 534 00:22:12,040 --> 00:22:12,520 FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE. 535 00:22:12,520 --> 00:22:15,320 ONE OF THE INDIVIDUALS WAS 536 00:22:15,320 --> 00:22:18,200 WALTER JUDGE THE MINNESOTA 537 00:22:18,200 --> 00:22:20,600 CONGRESSMAN WHO LATER WILL 538 00:22:20,600 --> 00:22:21,880 BECOME CRITICAL IN THE 539 00:22:21,880 --> 00:22:25,800 RECONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN A NEW 540 00:22:25,800 --> 00:22:26,680 MEDICAL CURRICULUM THAT BRIDGED 541 00:22:26,680 --> 00:22:31,080 THE MEDICAL COLLEGE JOHNS 542 00:22:31,080 --> 00:22:32,200 HOPKINS UNIVERSITY MODEL OF 543 00:22:32,200 --> 00:22:33,320 SMALL CLASSES AND SIX YEARS OF 544 00:22:33,320 --> 00:22:36,040 MEDICAL TRAINING AND THE WARTIME 545 00:22:36,040 --> 00:22:37,600 EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICE 546 00:22:37,600 --> 00:22:39,120 TRAINING SCHOOL THREE MONTHS 547 00:22:39,120 --> 00:22:41,320 PROGRAM OF TRAINING AS MANY 548 00:22:41,320 --> 00:22:42,840 MEDICAL STUDENTS AS POSSIBLE. 549 00:22:42,840 --> 00:22:45,880 SO HE SHORTENED THE NATIONAL 550 00:22:45,880 --> 00:22:47,120 DEFENSE MEDICAL CENTER. 551 00:22:47,120 --> 00:22:49,320 ROBERT LIM SHORTENED IT TO SIX 552 00:22:49,320 --> 00:22:51,880 YEAR PUMC TRAINING TO FOUR TO 553 00:22:51,880 --> 00:22:54,200 FIVE YEARS OF MEDICAL EDUCATION 554 00:22:54,200 --> 00:22:56,640 THROUGH A LARGE DOSE OF FIELD 555 00:22:56,640 --> 00:22:58,240 MEDICINE, COMBINED PRACTICAL 556 00:22:58,240 --> 00:23:00,160 SCIENCES AND OBSERVATIONAL 557 00:23:00,160 --> 00:23:00,600 TRAINING. 558 00:23:00,600 --> 00:23:03,680 LIM ALSO DEVELOPED SHORTER 559 00:23:03,680 --> 00:23:04,480 VOCATIONAL TRACTS FOR INTEREST 560 00:23:04,480 --> 00:23:09,880 OF PROSPECTIVE STUDENTS. 561 00:23:09,880 --> 00:23:13,920 THIS TRACK COUNTERED CRITICISM 562 00:23:13,920 --> 00:23:15,360 OF THE WARTIME EMERGENCY 563 00:23:15,360 --> 00:23:17,240 MEDICINE TRAINING SCHOOL FROM 564 00:23:17,240 --> 00:23:21,520 1946 TO 1948 THE NATIONAL 565 00:23:21,520 --> 00:23:24,520 DEFENSE MEDICAL CENTER BROUGHT 566 00:23:24,520 --> 00:23:25,640 IN MORE THAN 1500 STUDENTS AND 567 00:23:25,640 --> 00:23:27,240 ONE IS THE FOUR-YEAR TRAINING 568 00:23:27,240 --> 00:23:30,200 AND THE OTHER IS TRACK FOR 569 00:23:30,200 --> 00:23:31,520 MEDICAL AUXILIARY. 570 00:23:31,520 --> 00:23:33,880 TRYING TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF 571 00:23:33,880 --> 00:23:35,520 THE MEDICAL EDUCATION IN WARTIME 572 00:23:35,520 --> 00:23:37,560 AND PUMPING OUT A LOT OF 573 00:23:37,560 --> 00:23:37,960 STUDENTS. 574 00:23:37,960 --> 00:23:39,320 HE WAS TRYING TO DO SOMETHING IN 575 00:23:39,320 --> 00:23:42,400 BETWEEN AND DID SO WITH THE 576 00:23:42,400 --> 00:23:44,400 POST-WAR NATIONAL DEFENSE 577 00:23:44,400 --> 00:23:44,960 MEDICAL CENTER. 578 00:23:44,960 --> 00:23:47,200 HOWEVER, THE EFFORTS OF 579 00:23:47,200 --> 00:23:48,680 RECONSTRUCTION WERE CUT SHORT BY 580 00:23:48,680 --> 00:23:50,200 THE CIVIL WAR BETWEEN THE 581 00:23:50,200 --> 00:23:53,960 COMMUNIST AND NATIONALIST. 582 00:23:53,960 --> 00:23:56,040 THE GENERAL INSTRUCTED THE 583 00:23:56,040 --> 00:23:57,160 NATIONAL DEFENSE MEDICAL CENTER 584 00:23:57,160 --> 00:24:01,720 IN LATE 1948 TO RELOCATE FROM 585 00:24:01,720 --> 00:24:03,880 CHINA, SHANGHAI TO TAIWAN IN 586 00:24:03,880 --> 00:24:06,440 ANTICIPATION OF THE DEFEAT BY 587 00:24:06,440 --> 00:24:08,840 THE CHINESE COMMUNISM MANY 588 00:24:08,840 --> 00:24:10,160 DOCTORS WERE RELUCTANT TO MOVE 589 00:24:10,160 --> 00:24:11,320 TO TAIWAN. 590 00:24:11,320 --> 00:24:13,960 IN ROBERT LIM'S OWN WORDS I 591 00:24:13,960 --> 00:24:17,120 QUOTE, THE REASON WHY SO MANY 592 00:24:17,120 --> 00:24:19,480 MDMC PERSONNEL HAVEN'T COME TO 593 00:24:19,480 --> 00:24:20,920 TAIWAN IS CHIEFLY ONE OF 594 00:24:20,920 --> 00:24:21,960 FINANCIAL AND POLITICAL 595 00:24:21,960 --> 00:24:22,280 UNCERTAINTY. 596 00:24:22,280 --> 00:24:26,200 TO MANY TAIWAN IS A FOREIGN 597 00:24:26,200 --> 00:24:26,840 COUNTRY. 598 00:24:26,840 --> 00:24:28,160 A PLACE WHERE ONE WILL FOREVER 599 00:24:28,160 --> 00:24:30,760 BE BANISHED FROM FAMILY AND 600 00:24:30,760 --> 00:24:31,000 FRIENDS. 601 00:24:31,000 --> 00:24:34,240 THE EXTENT OF BRINGING ONE'S 602 00:24:34,240 --> 00:24:36,280 FAMILY SEEMS PROHIBITIVE AND THE 603 00:24:36,280 --> 00:24:38,760 POSSIBILITY THAT AFTER ARRIVAL 604 00:24:38,760 --> 00:24:44,240 IN TAIWAN THE MDMC MAY BE 605 00:24:44,240 --> 00:24:45,120 ABOLISHED. 606 00:24:45,120 --> 00:24:48,280 IN THE END, ABOUT A THIRD OF 607 00:24:48,280 --> 00:24:51,600 INSTRUCTORS AND HALF OF STUDENTS 608 00:24:51,600 --> 00:24:56,640 MOVED TO CHINA TO TAIWAN FOR 609 00:24:56,640 --> 00:24:56,840 NDMC. 610 00:24:56,840 --> 00:25:01,760 EVEN AFTER MOVING TO TAIWAN THEY 611 00:25:01,760 --> 00:25:02,320 FOUND RECONSTRUCTING THE 612 00:25:02,320 --> 00:25:04,240 INSTITUTION CHALLENGING DUE TO 613 00:25:04,240 --> 00:25:05,040 THE LACK OF PROPER 614 00:25:05,040 --> 00:25:06,920 INFRASTRUCTURE, SPACE AND 615 00:25:06,920 --> 00:25:07,200 RESOURCES. 616 00:25:07,200 --> 00:25:09,920 YOU CAN READ MORE ABOUT THE 617 00:25:09,920 --> 00:25:13,640 HEART WRENCHING STORIES OF 618 00:25:13,640 --> 00:25:15,680 MEDICAL STUDENTS STRUGGLING TO 619 00:25:15,680 --> 00:25:15,920 SURVIVE. 620 00:25:15,920 --> 00:25:17,720 IT TOOK THE DIVERSION OF 621 00:25:17,720 --> 00:25:21,240 RESOURCES FROM CHINA TO TAIWAN 622 00:25:21,240 --> 00:25:26,200 BY ROBERT LIM AND HIS 623 00:25:26,200 --> 00:25:29,320 CHINESE-AMERICAN ALLY TO BRING 624 00:25:29,320 --> 00:25:30,200 SUPPLIES. 625 00:25:30,200 --> 00:25:35,840 LIM AND LAU HAD PLANES BRINGING 626 00:25:35,840 --> 00:25:36,840 OVER SUPPLIES. 627 00:25:36,840 --> 00:25:45,880 OF WHICH 14,474 KALCASES WERE 628 00:25:45,880 --> 00:25:48,360 MEDICAL SUPPLIES AND IT COULD 629 00:25:48,360 --> 00:25:49,520 NOT RESOLVE PERSISTENT PROBLEMS 630 00:25:49,520 --> 00:25:52,680 ON THE GROUND AND PERSON HE WILL 631 00:25:52,680 --> 00:25:56,360 DID NOT HAVE ENOUGH FOOD TO EAT 632 00:25:56,360 --> 00:25:58,280 OR CADAVERS OR ROOMS TO LEARN IN 633 00:25:58,280 --> 00:26:01,600 AND PLACE TO SLEEP AND LIVE IN. 634 00:26:01,600 --> 00:26:05,880 MOREOVER MY BOOK DETAILS HOW 635 00:26:05,880 --> 00:26:09,800 ROBERT LIM'S PLANS TO TURN THE 636 00:26:09,800 --> 00:26:11,040 KREJ INTO THE MEDICAL DEFENSE 637 00:26:11,040 --> 00:26:14,200 CENTER TO BOLSTER THE MEDICAL 638 00:26:14,200 --> 00:26:15,600 CENTER. 639 00:26:15,600 --> 00:26:18,240 TAIWANESE DOCTORS AT THE TAIWAN 640 00:26:18,240 --> 00:26:21,880 UNIVERSITY WERE WARY OF THE NDMC 641 00:26:21,880 --> 00:26:26,200 IN THE CONTEXT OF FEBRUARY 28 642 00:26:26,200 --> 00:26:29,280 INCIDENT IN 1947 WHEN THOUSANDS 643 00:26:29,280 --> 00:26:33,880 OF TAIWANESE AND MAINLANDERS 644 00:26:33,880 --> 00:26:36,080 OPPOSED THE PRESENCE ON THE 645 00:26:36,080 --> 00:26:37,840 ISLAND AND ADDRESSED THE 646 00:26:37,840 --> 00:26:39,880 LIABILITY. 647 00:26:39,880 --> 00:26:40,800 THE LEADERS DEVELOPED THE 648 00:26:40,800 --> 00:26:44,120 DISCOURSE OF THE CENTER AS AN 649 00:26:44,120 --> 00:26:45,480 ESSENTIAL ANTI-COMMUNIST CENTER 650 00:26:45,480 --> 00:26:50,280 FOR VULNERABLE OVERSEAS CHINESE. 651 00:26:50,280 --> 00:26:54,240 THEY USED THE DWIGHT EISENHOWER 652 00:26:54,240 --> 00:26:55,480 ADMINISTRATION TO SECURE 653 00:26:55,480 --> 00:26:57,160 NECESSARY FUNDING FOR THE 654 00:26:57,160 --> 00:26:57,880 CENTER. 655 00:26:57,880 --> 00:27:00,760 HE FOUNDED THE FOA TO PROVIDE 656 00:27:00,760 --> 00:27:02,360 AID FOR INTERNATIONAL 657 00:27:02,360 --> 00:27:03,800 DEVELOPMENT AND SUPPORT PRIVATE 658 00:27:03,800 --> 00:27:05,920 FIRM RELIEF ORGANIZATIONS AND 659 00:27:05,920 --> 00:27:08,920 PROGRAMS FOR PERSONS WHO ESCAPE 660 00:27:08,920 --> 00:27:11,280 FROM COMMUNIST AREAS AND 661 00:27:11,280 --> 00:27:12,920 U.S. PARTICIPATION IN U.N. 662 00:27:12,920 --> 00:27:14,080 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS. 663 00:27:14,080 --> 00:27:17,760 THE FIRST MEETING ON NDMC IN 664 00:27:17,760 --> 00:27:20,840 WASHINGTON, D.C. IN 1954 WAS 665 00:27:20,840 --> 00:27:23,000 ATTENDED BY ROBERT LIM THE 666 00:27:23,000 --> 00:27:26,840 SECRETARY OF DEFENSE AND A 667 00:27:26,840 --> 00:27:29,360 REPRESENTATIVE AND DIRECTOR OF 668 00:27:29,360 --> 00:27:30,000 U.S. PUBLIC SERVICE. 669 00:27:30,000 --> 00:27:33,280 A LOT OF PEOPLE FROM THE PRE-WAR 670 00:27:33,280 --> 00:27:34,200 PERIOD ACTIVELY INVOLVED IN 671 00:27:34,200 --> 00:27:37,520 CHINA AND THE POST-WAR PERIOD 672 00:27:37,520 --> 00:27:38,200 TOO. 673 00:27:38,200 --> 00:27:40,960 THE MINNESOTA CONGRESSMAN ARGUED 674 00:27:40,960 --> 00:27:43,320 A NATIONAL DEFENSE MEDICAL 675 00:27:43,320 --> 00:27:45,880 CENTER SHOULD PAY REFERENCE TO 676 00:27:45,880 --> 00:27:47,480 OVERSEAS CHINESE VULNERABLE TO 677 00:27:47,480 --> 00:27:51,480 THE COMMUNIST CALL FOR THEM TO 678 00:27:51,480 --> 00:27:53,120 HEAD TO MAINLAND CHINA FOR 679 00:27:53,120 --> 00:27:54,840 MEDICAL STUDIES AND A NEED FOR 680 00:27:54,840 --> 00:27:58,920 THEM TO ORIENT TO TAIPEI AND 681 00:27:58,920 --> 00:28:01,880 ARGUED 90% OF THE OVERSEAS 682 00:28:01,880 --> 00:28:03,640 CHINESE WERE FROM A SPECIFIC 683 00:28:03,640 --> 00:28:05,480 PROVINCE SPEAKING THE SAME 684 00:28:05,480 --> 00:28:07,560 DIALECT AS THE PEOPLE FROM 685 00:28:07,560 --> 00:28:07,960 TAIWAN. 686 00:28:07,960 --> 00:28:10,400 HE ARGUED THEY'D BE AMENABLE TO 687 00:28:10,400 --> 00:28:13,520 CONDITIONS AND THE LINGUISTIC 688 00:28:13,520 --> 00:28:14,120 ENVIRONMENT OF THE ISLAND. 689 00:28:14,120 --> 00:28:18,200 AND TAIPEI WOULD BE THE SECOND 690 00:28:18,200 --> 00:28:21,160 AREA DRAWING PEOPLE FROM SOUTH 691 00:28:21,160 --> 00:28:24,040 VIETNAM, PHILIPPINES AND OTHER 692 00:28:24,040 --> 00:28:25,560 PRO-AMERICAN STATES IN SOUTHEAST 693 00:28:25,560 --> 00:28:27,800 ASIA AND HE DIRECTOR OF THE 694 00:28:27,800 --> 00:28:29,520 NATIONAL DEFENSE MEDICAL CENTER 695 00:28:29,520 --> 00:28:32,400 DECLARED HIS INTENTIONS TO RAISE 696 00:28:32,400 --> 00:28:33,880 ADMISSION RATES FOR ALL 697 00:28:33,880 --> 00:28:36,200 APPLICANTS PARTICULARLY OVERSEAS 698 00:28:36,200 --> 00:28:37,000 CHINESE STUDENTS. 699 00:28:37,000 --> 00:28:40,200 HE CALLED FOR A MASSIVE 700 00:28:40,200 --> 00:28:42,920 EXPANSION PLANS INCLUDING DO 701 00:28:42,920 --> 00:28:47,640 DORMITORIES AND CLASSROOMS AND 702 00:28:47,640 --> 00:28:50,760 INCREASED THE ENROLLMENT AND 703 00:28:50,760 --> 00:28:51,880 WOULD RAISE THE NUMBER OF 704 00:28:51,880 --> 00:28:55,480 MEDICAL PERSONNEL FOR FREE CHINA 705 00:28:55,480 --> 00:28:59,200 AND OTHER SOUTHEAST ASIAN 706 00:28:59,200 --> 00:29:04,880 NATIONS BUT DIVERT THOSE GOING 707 00:29:04,880 --> 00:29:07,440 TO CHINA AND A PSYCHOLOGICAL 708 00:29:07,440 --> 00:29:09,880 GAIN FOR FREEDOM AND THEY 709 00:29:09,880 --> 00:29:13,480 CONCURRED WITH THE PLANS AND 710 00:29:13,480 --> 00:29:14,720 DISPERSED THE FIRST U.S. DOLLARS 711 00:29:14,720 --> 00:29:16,440 ROUGHLY ABOUT A MILLION 712 00:29:16,440 --> 00:29:19,960 U.S. DOLLARS TODAY TO THE UNMD. 713 00:29:19,960 --> 00:29:22,320 LATER THEY APPROVED $1.2 MILLION 714 00:29:22,320 --> 00:29:24,400 ROUGHLY ABOUT $11 MILLION TODAY 715 00:29:24,400 --> 00:29:26,200 TO DISPERSE OVER THE 716 00:29:26,200 --> 00:29:28,240 INSTITUTIONS OVER THREE YEARS 717 00:29:28,240 --> 00:29:30,120 HELPING THEM CONSTRUCT NEW 718 00:29:30,120 --> 00:29:32,680 DORMITORIES AND CLASSROOMS. 719 00:29:32,680 --> 00:29:33,720 MORE OVERSEAS CHINESE STUDENTS 720 00:29:33,720 --> 00:29:38,240 DID ENROLL AS A PERCENTAGE OF 721 00:29:38,240 --> 00:29:41,360 THE OVER ALL NUMBER OF STUDENTS 722 00:29:41,360 --> 00:29:47,960 AND HALF THE CITIZENS WAS 723 00:29:47,960 --> 00:29:51,880 ROUGHLY 15% BY 1959. 724 00:29:51,880 --> 00:29:54,160 IN OTHER WORDS, THE MONEY KEPT 725 00:29:54,160 --> 00:30:00,440 FLOWING TO THE NMDC AND THIS 726 00:30:00,440 --> 00:30:03,200 CONFIRM THE STRATEGY AND THE FOA 727 00:30:03,200 --> 00:30:05,040 SPONSORED 15 FELLOWSHIP FOR 728 00:30:05,040 --> 00:30:07,240 LOCAL STUDENTS AND FACULTY AND 729 00:30:07,240 --> 00:30:12,440 SUBSIDIZED THE SALARIES OF SOME 730 00:30:12,440 --> 00:30:14,440 INSTRUCTORS AND FUNDED MOSQUITO 731 00:30:14,440 --> 00:30:16,720 NETS AND DORMITORIES OF SOME 732 00:30:16,720 --> 00:30:21,320 STUDENTS AND 18 FACULTY 733 00:30:21,320 --> 00:30:22,280 RESIDENTS AND FUNDING THE 734 00:30:22,280 --> 00:30:22,880 CONSTRUCTION OF THE TEACHING 735 00:30:22,880 --> 00:30:24,520 HOSPITAL AND THE RET VAN 736 00:30:24,520 --> 00:30:26,960 HOSPITAL TO THE TUNE OF $1.33 737 00:30:26,960 --> 00:30:30,400 MILLION OR ROUGHLY $12 MILLION 738 00:30:30,400 --> 00:30:31,160 TODAY. 739 00:30:31,160 --> 00:30:32,800 THE HOSPITAL REMAINS ONE OF THE 740 00:30:32,800 --> 00:30:36,080 BEST HOSPITALS IN TAIWAN TODAY. 741 00:30:36,080 --> 00:30:39,880 ALL THESE ENABLE THE NDMC TO 742 00:30:39,880 --> 00:30:42,640 TRAIN MEDICAL PERSONNEL FROM 743 00:30:42,640 --> 00:30:44,760 1949 TO 1962 IT'S A LARGE FIGURE 744 00:30:44,760 --> 00:30:45,960 IF YOU COMPARE TO OTHER 745 00:30:45,960 --> 00:30:49,360 COUNTRIES IN THE REGION. 746 00:30:49,360 --> 00:30:50,640 THESE TRAINED PERSONNEL INCLUDED 747 00:30:50,640 --> 00:30:55,320 MANY WOMEN NURSES IN TAIWAN. 748 00:30:55,320 --> 00:30:57,640 A GENERAL GRADUATED FROM THE 749 00:30:57,640 --> 00:30:59,520 ROCKEFELLER FUNDED MEDICAL 750 00:30:59,520 --> 00:31:02,040 COLLEGE IN CHINA AND LATER 751 00:31:02,040 --> 00:31:03,520 RECEIVED ED DEGREES FROM 752 00:31:03,520 --> 00:31:05,360 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY AND M.I.T. 753 00:31:05,360 --> 00:31:08,280 IN THE 1940s. 754 00:31:08,280 --> 00:31:18,840 ROBERT LYNN APPOINTED CHOO AND 755 00:31:20,560 --> 00:31:26,480 IN IN THE 1958 WAS PROMOTED TO 756 00:31:26,480 --> 00:31:27,800 GENERAL AND FELT IT WAS 757 00:31:27,800 --> 00:31:30,200 IMPORTANT TO BE LED BY THE 758 00:31:30,200 --> 00:31:36,400 SENIOR LEADER AND IN TAIWAN CHOU 759 00:31:36,400 --> 00:31:37,960 BOOSTED NURSING EDUCATION AND A 760 00:31:37,960 --> 00:31:39,960 DIRECTIVE TO GIVE BACHELOR'S 761 00:31:39,960 --> 00:31:41,600 DEGREES TO NURSES AND 762 00:31:41,600 --> 00:31:43,400 INSTRUCTORS AT NURSING SCHOOLS 763 00:31:43,400 --> 00:31:44,600 AND HOSPITALS. 764 00:31:44,600 --> 00:31:46,560 AND NURSES WOULD BECOME OFFICES 765 00:31:46,560 --> 00:31:49,320 IN THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA'S ARMY. 766 00:31:49,320 --> 00:31:51,880 AND IMPROVED THE CONDITIONS FOR 767 00:31:51,880 --> 00:31:57,440 NDMC NURSES WORKING IN TAIWANESE 768 00:31:57,440 --> 00:31:58,680 HOSPITAL INSISTING ALL HOSPITALS 769 00:31:58,680 --> 00:32:00,400 INSTALL RESTING FACILITIES FOR 770 00:32:00,400 --> 00:32:02,680 NURSES AND SOLICITED SUPPORT 771 00:32:02,680 --> 00:32:05,280 FROM U.S.-BASED GROUPS SUCH AS 772 00:32:05,280 --> 00:32:08,120 THE HUNTER COLLEGE CHINESE 773 00:32:08,120 --> 00:32:10,080 STUDENTS CLUB AND LOS ANGELES 774 00:32:10,080 --> 00:32:11,200 BRANCH AND BUSINESS AND 775 00:32:11,200 --> 00:32:14,200 PROFESSIONAL WOMEN'S AND THE 776 00:32:14,200 --> 00:32:18,160 AMERICAN JOURNAL WHICH DONATED 777 00:32:18,160 --> 00:32:21,640 BOOKS AND JOURNALS TO NURSING 778 00:32:21,640 --> 00:32:21,880 REFORMS. 779 00:32:21,880 --> 00:32:24,240 AND THE INTERVENTION SHOWED 780 00:32:24,240 --> 00:32:25,080 SCIENTIFIC EXPERTISE IN 781 00:32:25,080 --> 00:32:28,040 DIASPORIC POWER WERE CRITICAL IN 782 00:32:28,040 --> 00:32:29,560 RECONSTITUTING PROFESSIONAL 783 00:32:29,560 --> 00:32:32,480 NURSING IN POST-WAR TAIWAN. 784 00:32:32,480 --> 00:32:33,360 IN CONCLUSION I'VE DEMONSTRATE 785 00:32:33,360 --> 00:32:35,720 THE GLOBAL HISTORY OF MEDICINE 786 00:32:35,720 --> 00:32:37,440 AND CHINA IN TAIWAN WAS 787 00:32:37,440 --> 00:32:39,480 PREDICATED ON THE EFFORTS OF THE 788 00:32:39,480 --> 00:32:42,080 OVERSEAS CHINESE OR CHINESE 789 00:32:42,080 --> 00:32:42,320 DIASPORA. 790 00:32:42,320 --> 00:32:44,560 THEY LEVERAGED INTERNATIONAL 791 00:32:44,560 --> 00:32:46,200 CONNECTIONS, MEDICAL EXPERTISE 792 00:32:46,200 --> 00:32:48,560 AND LINGUISTIC TALENTS TO BUILD 793 00:32:48,560 --> 00:32:50,280 INSTITUTIONS IN 20th CENTURY 794 00:32:50,280 --> 00:32:54,200 CHINA AND TAIWAN AND BROUGHT NEW 795 00:32:54,200 --> 00:32:58,240 PRED MEDICAL PRACTICES OF BLOOD 796 00:32:58,240 --> 00:33:00,080 BANKING HELPING SAVE LIVES IN 797 00:33:00,080 --> 00:33:02,960 THE WAR AND AFTER AND LEFT 798 00:33:02,960 --> 00:33:05,880 LEGACIES IN CONTEMPORARY CHINA 799 00:33:05,880 --> 00:33:08,040 AND TAIWAN. 800 00:33:08,040 --> 00:33:10,560 FIRST, ROBERT LIM AND SUCCESSORS 801 00:33:10,560 --> 00:33:14,200 HELPED FOSTER MEDICAL SCHOOL 802 00:33:14,200 --> 00:33:16,360 GRADUATES GOING ON TO BECOME 803 00:33:16,360 --> 00:33:19,640 PROMINENT DOCTORS AND LEADERS IN 804 00:33:19,640 --> 00:33:20,560 UNIVERSITIES AND HOSPITALS AND 805 00:33:20,560 --> 00:33:25,680 WERE CRITICAL IN PLAYING A 806 00:33:25,680 --> 00:33:27,120 PIVOTAL ROLE IN HELPING FIGHT 807 00:33:27,120 --> 00:33:27,840 SARS AND COVID-19. 808 00:33:27,840 --> 00:33:32,120 SECOND THE ACTIVE PARTICIPATION 809 00:33:32,120 --> 00:33:37,680 OF DIASPORIC WOMEN MEDICAL 810 00:33:37,680 --> 00:33:39,880 PERSONNEL SHOWED THE CRITICAL 811 00:33:39,880 --> 00:33:43,640 ROLE OF WOMEN CRITICAL PERSONNEL 812 00:33:43,640 --> 00:33:45,240 AND THERE ARE EFFORTS REFUTE THE 813 00:33:45,240 --> 00:33:48,720 UNDER STATED EMOTIONAL LABOR OF 814 00:33:48,720 --> 00:33:50,680 WOMEN MEDICAL PERSONNEL 815 00:33:50,680 --> 00:33:53,240 INFORMING COMMUNITIES AMONG 816 00:33:53,240 --> 00:33:54,880 SOLDIERS, CIVILIANS AND MEDICAL 817 00:33:54,880 --> 00:33:57,640 PERSONNEL ON THE WAR FRONT. 818 00:33:57,640 --> 00:34:00,360 I ARGUE THE DISPLAY OF 819 00:34:00,360 --> 00:34:01,920 SCIENTIFIC EXPERTISE AND 820 00:34:01,920 --> 00:34:03,560 TECHNOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS DREW 821 00:34:03,560 --> 00:34:05,520 FROM LEVERAGING TRANS NATIONAL 822 00:34:05,520 --> 00:34:06,400 CONNECTIONS AND APPLYING GLOBAL 823 00:34:06,400 --> 00:34:08,640 AND LOCAL KNOWLEDGE. 824 00:34:08,640 --> 00:34:09,640 THE MEDICAL TRAINING AND 825 00:34:09,640 --> 00:34:11,960 FINANCIAL SUPPORT DEPENDED ON 826 00:34:11,960 --> 00:34:13,960 OVERSEAS CHINESE DONORS IN 827 00:34:13,960 --> 00:34:16,320 AMERICA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA FROM 828 00:34:16,320 --> 00:34:17,560 PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, 829 00:34:17,560 --> 00:34:19,640 NATIVE PLACE ASSOCIATIONS AND A 830 00:34:19,640 --> 00:34:22,400 WIDE VARIETY OF ORGANIZATIONS. 831 00:34:22,400 --> 00:34:24,640 THE BROADER CONTEXT OF THE 832 00:34:24,640 --> 00:34:27,320 SUCCESS OF REPUBLIC OF CHINA'S 833 00:34:27,320 --> 00:34:27,880 GOVERNMENT WHICH RESPECTED 834 00:34:27,880 --> 00:34:30,160 SCIENTIFIC EXPERTISE AND 835 00:34:30,160 --> 00:34:31,080 WELCOMED AMERICAN ASSISTANCE 836 00:34:31,080 --> 00:34:33,880 PROVIDED THE SPACE AND FREEDOM 837 00:34:33,880 --> 00:34:39,720 FOR MANY WOMEN PERSONNEL TO HELP 838 00:34:39,720 --> 00:34:42,000 IN WARTIME CHINA AND POST-WAR 839 00:34:42,000 --> 00:34:43,760 TAIWAN AND PAVED THE WAY FOR 840 00:34:43,760 --> 00:34:45,560 WOMEN TO TAKE IMPORTANT ROLES IN 841 00:34:45,560 --> 00:34:50,120 CONTEMPORARY CHINESE AND 842 00:34:50,120 --> 00:34:51,560 TAIWANESE HEALTH CARE. 843 00:34:51,560 --> 00:34:55,840 IN MAINLAND CHINA THEY LED THE 844 00:34:55,840 --> 00:34:56,600 ANTI-PANDEMIC EFFORTS DURING THE 845 00:34:56,600 --> 00:35:00,480 SARS CRISIS THAT AFFLICTED CHINA 846 00:35:00,480 --> 00:35:00,840 IN 2003. 847 00:35:00,840 --> 00:35:05,920 IN TAIWAN, WOMEN HAVE BUILT ON 848 00:35:05,920 --> 00:35:09,640 THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF LEADERS 849 00:35:09,640 --> 00:35:10,480 BECOMING PRESIDENTS, VICE 850 00:35:10,480 --> 00:35:11,920 PRESIDENTS, AMBASSADORS, HEALTH 851 00:35:11,920 --> 00:35:14,960 AND TECHNOLOGY MINISTERS AND 852 00:35:14,960 --> 00:35:15,920 CEOs OF TECHNOLOGY COMPANIES. 853 00:35:15,920 --> 00:35:17,400 THANK YOU VERY MUCH AND I LOOK 854 00:35:17,400 --> 00:35:18,200 FORWARD TO YOUR QUESTIONS. 855 00:35:18,200 --> 00:35:25,360 THANK YOU. 856 00:35:25,360 --> 00:35:26,600 >>THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR THE 857 00:35:26,600 --> 00:35:31,680 EXCELLENT TALK WE HAVE A FEW 858 00:35:31,680 --> 00:35:33,880 QUESTIONS THAT HAVE COME IN AND 859 00:35:33,880 --> 00:35:36,320 A REMINDER TO THOSE WATCHING 860 00:35:36,320 --> 00:35:39,880 YOU'LL SEE THE LIVE FEEDBACK 861 00:35:39,880 --> 00:35:42,280 BUTTON AND YOU CAN USE THAT AND 862 00:35:42,280 --> 00:35:45,520 IT WILL COME TO MY E-MAIL. 863 00:35:45,520 --> 00:35:47,840 DR. SOON THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 864 00:35:47,840 --> 00:35:48,640 THE FIRST QUESTION COMES FROM 865 00:35:48,640 --> 00:35:50,240 SOMEONE WHO SAYS THANK YOU FOR 866 00:35:50,240 --> 00:35:51,040 YOUR EXCELLENT TALK. 867 00:35:51,040 --> 00:35:53,600 IT'S FASCINATING TO KNOW THE 868 00:35:53,600 --> 00:35:57,840 PERSON RIGHTS, ONE OF THE FIRST 869 00:35:57,840 --> 00:36:01,040 DESEGREGATED BLOOD BANKING 870 00:36:01,040 --> 00:36:03,680 OPERATION WAS SUPPORTED BY 871 00:36:03,680 --> 00:36:04,840 AFRICAN AMERICAN AND JAPANESE 872 00:36:04,840 --> 00:36:05,080 DONORS. 873 00:36:05,080 --> 00:36:08,120 WHAT WAS THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF 874 00:36:08,120 --> 00:36:09,440 THIS MULTI-RACIAL COOPERATION 875 00:36:09,440 --> 00:36:11,320 AND WERE THE DIVERSE GROUPS MORE 876 00:36:11,320 --> 00:36:14,200 SUPPORTIVE OF EACH OTHER AFTER 877 00:36:14,200 --> 00:36:17,880 THE WAR? 878 00:36:17,880 --> 00:36:19,920 >>THANK YOU, DR. RESNIK FOR 879 00:36:19,920 --> 00:36:20,640 SHARING THE QUESTION. 880 00:36:20,640 --> 00:36:21,720 IT'S AN IMPORTANT QUESTION. 881 00:36:21,720 --> 00:36:23,520 ONE THING THAT IS REMARKABLE 882 00:36:23,520 --> 00:36:25,400 ABOUT THE FIRST CHINESE BLOOD 883 00:36:25,400 --> 00:36:30,360 BANK I DID NOT EMPHASIZE THIS 884 00:36:30,360 --> 00:36:32,720 MUCH IN MY TALK BUT IT'S AN 885 00:36:32,720 --> 00:36:34,240 IMPORTANT TO NOTE WHY THE BLOOD 886 00:36:34,240 --> 00:36:36,320 BANK REACHED OUT TO DIVERSE 887 00:36:36,320 --> 00:36:38,600 GROUPS IS BECAUSE THEY KNEW IF 888 00:36:38,600 --> 00:36:40,800 THEY ONLY DEPENDED ON CHINESE 889 00:36:40,800 --> 00:36:43,360 AMERICANS IT WOULD NOT BE 890 00:36:43,360 --> 00:36:45,680 CRITICAL MASS TO MAKE THE BLOOD 891 00:36:45,680 --> 00:36:46,880 BANK WORK. 892 00:36:46,880 --> 00:36:49,400 YOU NEEDED A BIGGER MASS OF 893 00:36:49,400 --> 00:36:50,480 PEOPLE AND ONE OF THE LEADERS OF 894 00:36:50,480 --> 00:36:54,040 THE CHINESE BLOOD BANK AND THE 895 00:36:54,040 --> 00:36:57,840 NAACP KNEW THEY SHARED A COMMON 896 00:36:57,840 --> 00:37:00,920 VISION IN FIGHTING AGAINST THE 897 00:37:00,920 --> 00:37:06,160 SEGREGATION OF BLOOD DONATION 898 00:37:06,160 --> 00:37:07,400 PRESENT IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR 899 00:37:07,400 --> 00:37:11,760 IN THE U.S. AND IN MANY PARTS OF 900 00:37:11,760 --> 00:37:14,200 COUNTRY FOR SOME PEOPLE EVEN SAY 901 00:37:14,200 --> 00:37:19,800 DECADES. 902 00:37:19,800 --> 00:37:22,600 MANY OF THE AFRICAN AMERICAN 903 00:37:22,600 --> 00:37:25,920 NEWSPAPERS AT THE TIME NOTED AND 904 00:37:25,920 --> 00:37:28,080 ELABORATED ON THE EFFORTS TO 905 00:37:28,080 --> 00:37:29,400 SUPPORT THE FIRST CHINESE BLOOD 906 00:37:29,400 --> 00:37:32,480 BANK AS A WAY TO CRITICIZE THE 907 00:37:32,480 --> 00:37:35,480 SEGREGATION OF BLOOD BY THE 908 00:37:35,480 --> 00:37:37,160 AMERICAN RED CROSS AND FOUND A 909 00:37:37,160 --> 00:37:38,440 DOCUMENT IN THE ARCHIVES THAT 910 00:37:38,440 --> 00:37:41,200 SHOWED WHEN THEY WERE APPEALING 911 00:37:41,200 --> 00:37:43,720 TO PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT TO ASK 912 00:37:43,720 --> 00:37:47,960 HIM TO INTERVENE IN THE AMERICAN 913 00:37:47,960 --> 00:37:49,360 RED CROSS TO DESEGREGATE BLOOD 914 00:37:49,360 --> 00:37:51,200 DONATION AND TRANSFUSION THEY 915 00:37:51,200 --> 00:37:51,960 USED THE FIRST CHINESE BLOOD 916 00:37:51,960 --> 00:37:54,200 BANK AS AN EXAMPLE TO DO SO. 917 00:37:54,200 --> 00:37:56,960 I WOULD SAY THAT WAS A REAL 918 00:37:56,960 --> 00:37:59,840 UNDER STUDIED SOCIETAL IMPACT 919 00:37:59,840 --> 00:38:01,200 THE FIRST CHINESE BLOOD BANK 920 00:38:01,200 --> 00:38:04,360 PLAYED IN THE U.S. IN THE LATE 921 00:38:04,360 --> 00:38:07,720 19 922 00:38:07,720 --> 00:38:09,880 1940'S ESPECIALLY TOWARDS THE 923 00:38:09,880 --> 00:38:12,520 END OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR AND 924 00:38:12,520 --> 00:38:14,200 I CAN ELABORATE MORE. 925 00:38:14,200 --> 00:38:19,720 THANK YOU FOR QUESTION. 926 00:38:19,720 --> 00:38:20,840 >>ANOTHER QUESTION RELATES TO 927 00:38:20,840 --> 00:38:26,080 THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE AS ITS 928 00:38:26,080 --> 00:38:27,320 EMBRACE OF THE INSTITUTIONS YOU 929 00:38:27,320 --> 00:38:27,600 DISCUSSED. 930 00:38:27,600 --> 00:38:30,040 CAN YOU SPEAK TO HOW THE 931 00:38:30,040 --> 00:38:31,200 INSTITUTIONS EMBRACE, 932 00:38:31,200 --> 00:38:35,280 UNDERSTAND, UTILIZE THE HISTORY 933 00:38:35,280 --> 00:38:37,160 OF THEIR OWN INSTITUTIONS IN 934 00:38:37,160 --> 00:38:38,240 THEIR RESEARCH AND EDUCATIONAL 935 00:38:38,240 --> 00:38:47,040 PROGRAM IF AT ALL. 936 00:38:47,040 --> 00:38:48,480 >>IF YOU'RE TRYING TO GET A 937 00:38:48,480 --> 00:38:51,320 SENSE OF WHAT THE PHILOSOPHIES 938 00:38:51,320 --> 00:38:54,160 AND IDEAS IN EACH INSTITUTION SO 939 00:38:54,160 --> 00:38:55,360 FOR EXAMPLE RIGHT THE EMERGENCY 940 00:38:55,360 --> 00:38:56,680 MEDICAL SERVICE TRAINING SCHOOL 941 00:38:56,680 --> 00:38:59,760 OF WARTIME CHINA WAS A REAL 942 00:38:59,760 --> 00:39:03,400 CHANGE FROM THE EARLIER PRE-WAR 943 00:39:03,400 --> 00:39:04,760 MEDICAL COLLEGE FOR JOHNS 944 00:39:04,760 --> 00:39:05,320 HOPKINS MODEL. 945 00:39:05,320 --> 00:39:09,000 IT WAS IMPORTED INTO CHINA VIA 946 00:39:09,000 --> 00:39:09,880 OTHER FOUNDATION. 947 00:39:09,880 --> 00:39:12,280 DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR THEY 948 00:39:12,280 --> 00:39:15,520 MADE A CLEAN BREAK BY GIVING -- 949 00:39:15,520 --> 00:39:18,080 TRAINING THE MEDICAL AUXILIARIES 950 00:39:18,080 --> 00:39:19,040 AND PERSONNEL FOR ONLY ABOUT 951 00:39:19,040 --> 00:39:21,480 THREE MONTHS BECAUSE THE IDEA IS 952 00:39:21,480 --> 00:39:22,920 WE NEED A LOT OF MEDICAL 953 00:39:22,920 --> 00:39:25,160 PERSONNEL TO IMPLEMENT THE 954 00:39:25,160 --> 00:39:26,600 POLICIES THE CHINESE RED CROSS 955 00:39:26,600 --> 00:39:31,360 WERE DOING SUCH AS DELOUSING AND 956 00:39:31,360 --> 00:39:32,200 SO ON. 957 00:39:32,200 --> 00:39:33,920 THIS PHILOSOPHY WAS OPPOSED BY 958 00:39:33,920 --> 00:39:36,080 MANY PEOPLE IN CHINA AND THE 959 00:39:36,080 --> 00:39:37,400 UNITED STATES AND SAID IT SEEMED 960 00:39:37,400 --> 00:39:38,840 DEMEANING TO THE MEDICAL 961 00:39:38,840 --> 00:39:39,160 EDUCATION. 962 00:39:39,160 --> 00:39:40,840 HOW CAN YOU TRAIN SOMEONE FOR 963 00:39:40,840 --> 00:39:43,080 ONLY THREE MONTHS AND CALL THEM 964 00:39:43,080 --> 00:39:44,440 MEDICAL PERSONNEL. 965 00:39:44,440 --> 00:39:45,720 LIKE GOING TO A FIRST AID COURSE 966 00:39:45,720 --> 00:39:48,400 IN A CLASS IN HIGH SCHOOL. 967 00:39:48,400 --> 00:39:49,480 THAT'S NOT GOING TO BE ENOUGH. 968 00:39:49,480 --> 00:39:53,360 SO THERE WAS A REAL TENSION AND 969 00:39:53,360 --> 00:39:54,800 ROBERT LIM RECOGNIZED THE 970 00:39:54,800 --> 00:39:55,040 TENSION. 971 00:39:55,040 --> 00:39:56,320 ONE THING I TRIED TO EMPHASIZE 972 00:39:56,320 --> 00:39:59,440 IN MY TALK IS IN THE POST-WAR 973 00:39:59,440 --> 00:40:01,600 PERIOD THE MEDICAL TRAINING 974 00:40:01,600 --> 00:40:02,960 INSTITUTIONS OR MEDICAL TRAINING 975 00:40:02,960 --> 00:40:05,720 INSTITUTIONS IN CHINA AND TAIWAN 976 00:40:05,720 --> 00:40:07,840 TRIED TO BRIDGE BOTH 977 00:40:07,840 --> 00:40:09,280 PHILOSOPHIES AND DEVELOP A 978 00:40:09,280 --> 00:40:10,040 CURRICULUM THAT COULD BE 979 00:40:10,040 --> 00:40:12,200 COMPLETED QUICKER THAN THE 980 00:40:12,200 --> 00:40:15,520 U.S. MODEL BUT ALSO TRYING TO 981 00:40:15,520 --> 00:40:16,840 KEEP THE COMPROMISE AS MINIMUM 982 00:40:16,840 --> 00:40:17,160 AS POSSIBLE. 983 00:40:17,160 --> 00:40:20,640 AND PART OF IT WAS TO TRY TO 984 00:40:20,640 --> 00:40:23,160 INFUSE A LARGE DOSE OF FIELD SIN 985 00:40:23,160 --> 00:40:26,200 AND PRACTICAL MEDICINE IN THE 986 00:40:26,200 --> 00:40:28,520 RESIDENCE TO ACCELERATE THE 987 00:40:28,520 --> 00:40:30,200 PROCESS AND DO BOTH. 988 00:40:30,200 --> 00:40:32,320 IT'S A VERY DIFFICULT PROCESS 989 00:40:32,320 --> 00:40:35,960 AND OFTEN PEOPLE ON DIFFERENT 990 00:40:35,960 --> 00:40:39,840 SIDES TRY TO CHALLENGE OR OPPOSE 991 00:40:39,840 --> 00:40:41,920 OR AUGMENT OR CHANGE THESE 992 00:40:41,920 --> 00:40:44,280 PHILOSOPHIES AND IDEAS OF 993 00:40:44,280 --> 00:40:49,840 MEDICAL EDUCATION IN CHINA AND 994 00:40:49,840 --> 00:40:50,120 TAIWAN. 995 00:40:50,120 --> 00:40:53,480 AND OTHER FACTOR IS TRADITIONAL 996 00:40:53,480 --> 00:40:54,480 CHINESE MEDICINE I'VE NOT SEEN A 997 00:40:54,480 --> 00:40:56,240 QUESTION AND THAT'S USUALLY THE 998 00:40:56,240 --> 00:40:57,440 FIRST QUESTION PEOPLE ASK DURING 999 00:40:57,440 --> 00:40:59,400 MY TALKS SO I'D BE HAPPY TO TALK 1000 00:40:59,400 --> 00:41:08,080 ABOUT THAT TOO LATER IN THE Q&A. 1001 00:41:08,080 --> 00:41:12,080 >>I'VE NOT RECEIVED A QUESTION. 1002 00:41:12,080 --> 00:41:15,200 CAN I SAY MORE HOW TRADITIONAL 1003 00:41:15,200 --> 00:41:17,520 CHINESE MEDICINE FACTORS IN THE 1004 00:41:17,520 --> 00:41:18,920 NARRATIVE YOU SHARED WITH US 1005 00:41:18,920 --> 00:41:19,200 TODAY? 1006 00:41:19,200 --> 00:41:24,640 WHAT DID YOU DISCOVER THROUGH 1007 00:41:24,640 --> 00:41:27,880 THE ARCHIVES? 1008 00:41:27,880 --> 00:41:35,320 >>AND THEY WERE TRAINED IN THE 1009 00:41:35,320 --> 00:41:39,720 WEST AND WENT THROUGH A PURELY 1010 00:41:39,720 --> 00:41:43,720 BIO MEDICAL TRAINING AND I FOUND 1011 00:41:43,720 --> 00:41:46,200 A LOT OF THE WESTERN-TRAINED 1012 00:41:46,200 --> 00:41:50,200 OVERSEAS CHINESE PERSONNEL WERE 1013 00:41:50,200 --> 00:41:56,600 NOT NECESSARILY IN OPPOSITION TO 1014 00:41:56,600 --> 00:42:02,200 CHINESE MEDICINE THEY DID NOT 1015 00:42:02,200 --> 00:42:06,920 SEE AN OPPOSITION AND I WRITE IN 1016 00:42:06,920 --> 00:42:09,400 MY BOOK A FAMOUS PHYSICIAN WHO 1017 00:42:09,400 --> 00:42:13,520 HELPED TO FIGHT THE PLAGUE IN 1018 00:42:13,520 --> 00:42:15,920 NORTH CHINA IN 1910 AND WROTE 1019 00:42:15,920 --> 00:42:20,520 ABOUT HISTORY OF CHINESE 1020 00:42:20,520 --> 00:42:29,240 MEDICINE AND GAVE TALKS ON 1021 00:42:29,240 --> 00:42:30,000 PROMOTING CHINESE MEDICINE. 1022 00:42:30,000 --> 00:42:33,400 IN THE WAY THEY WERE DIFFERENT 1023 00:42:33,400 --> 00:42:35,480 FROM MANY OF THE JAPANESE 1024 00:42:35,480 --> 00:42:42,280 TRAINED MEDICAL DOCTORS IN CHINA 1025 00:42:42,280 --> 00:42:43,000 ADAMAN 1026 00:42:43,000 --> 00:42:46,760 ADAMANTLY AND OF COURSE THAT DID 1027 00:42:46,760 --> 00:42:57,200 NOT SUCCEED IN THE 1920s. 1028 00:42:57,480 --> 00:43:00,040 AND THEY FOUND SOCIETIES THAT 1029 00:43:00,040 --> 00:43:04,040 DELINEATED FROM AND GRAPPLE WITH 1030 00:43:04,040 --> 00:43:05,320 AND BE FLEXIBLE AND PROMOTING 1031 00:43:05,320 --> 00:43:09,880 WHAT THEY WANT TO ACHIEVE IN 1032 00:43:09,880 --> 00:43:10,600 DIFFERENT SITUATIONS. 1033 00:43:10,600 --> 00:43:18,120 THEY'RE NOT AS IDEOLOGICAL AND 1034 00:43:18,120 --> 00:43:20,360 TRY TO BRING TOGETHER DIFFERENT 1035 00:43:20,360 --> 00:43:21,040 STAKEHOLDERS AND TRAINING 1036 00:43:21,040 --> 00:43:22,800 PERSONNEL AND PROMOTING BLOOD 1037 00:43:22,800 --> 00:43:23,120 BANKING. 1038 00:43:23,120 --> 00:43:28,400 IN A WAY THEIR FLEXIBILITY AND 1039 00:43:28,400 --> 00:43:32,480 ABILITY TO RAISE MONEY FROM 1040 00:43:32,480 --> 00:43:34,440 DIFFERENT SOURCES HELPED THEM 1041 00:43:34,440 --> 00:43:36,440 GET THE WESTERN MEDICAL 1042 00:43:36,440 --> 00:43:37,040 INSTITUTIONS GOING INCLUDING 1043 00:43:37,040 --> 00:43:39,480 WORKING WITH PRACTITIONERS OF 1044 00:43:39,480 --> 00:43:39,880 CHINESE MEDICINE. 1045 00:43:39,880 --> 00:43:40,160 THANK YOU. 1046 00:43:40,160 --> 00:43:44,800 >>THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 1047 00:43:44,800 --> 00:43:46,920 ANOTHER QUESTION WE HAVE IS YOU 1048 00:43:46,920 --> 00:43:47,720 MENTIONED IN YOUR PRESENTATION 1049 00:43:47,720 --> 00:43:50,200 YOU'RE RESEARCH DRAWS ON 1050 00:43:50,200 --> 00:43:52,360 ARCHIVES AND THEORIES ACROSS 1051 00:43:52,360 --> 00:43:55,600 THREE DIFFERENT CONTINENTS. 1052 00:43:55,600 --> 00:43:57,880 CAN YOU SAY MORE ABOUT HOW MUCH 1053 00:43:57,880 --> 00:43:59,960 TIME THAT TOOK AND WHAT 1054 00:43:59,960 --> 00:44:01,280 CHALLENGES YOU FACED IN THE 1055 00:44:01,280 --> 00:44:03,240 SHEER DEPTH AND BREADTH OF YOUR 1056 00:44:03,240 --> 00:44:05,000 RESEARCH OR NARRATIVE YOU 1057 00:44:05,000 --> 00:44:06,200 PRESENTED TODAY IN YOUR BOOK. 1058 00:44:06,200 --> 00:44:10,920 >>YEAH, THANK YOU SO MUCH. 1059 00:44:10,920 --> 00:44:15,480 I THINK I WAS FORTUNATE TO 1060 00:44:15,480 --> 00:44:17,560 RECEIVE FUNDING AT PRINCETON AND 1061 00:44:17,560 --> 00:44:23,080 FUNDING SOURCES SUCH AS THE 1062 00:44:23,080 --> 00:44:32,960 ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION AND WHY I 1063 00:44:32,960 --> 00:44:35,160 FELT THE RESEARCH WAS IMPORTANT 1064 00:44:35,160 --> 00:44:39,280 WAS I WANTED TO TRACE THE ENTIRE 1065 00:44:39,280 --> 00:44:44,600 LIVES FROM BEGINNING FROM BIRTH 1066 00:44:44,600 --> 00:44:45,920 TO WHERE THEY END TOWARDS THE 1067 00:44:45,920 --> 00:44:47,480 END OF THEIR CAREERS. 1068 00:44:47,480 --> 00:44:50,200 FOR EXAMPLE FOR ME TO UNDERSTAND 1069 00:44:50,200 --> 00:44:55,760 ROBERT LIM AND HIS INTENTION OF 1070 00:44:55,760 --> 00:45:00,880 GOING CHINA AND LOOKING AT THE 1071 00:45:00,880 --> 00:45:02,240 ARCHIVES AND I FOUND RECORDS OF 1072 00:45:02,240 --> 00:45:03,480 HIM AND OTHER CHINESE STUDENTS 1073 00:45:03,480 --> 00:45:05,120 AND HOW THEY CONSTANTLY EXPRESS 1074 00:45:05,120 --> 00:45:07,720 THEIR DESIRE TO USE MEDICINE 1075 00:45:07,720 --> 00:45:12,360 THEY'VE LEARNED IN EDINBURGH IN 1076 00:45:12,360 --> 00:45:14,240 CHINA AND THE CULTURAL 1077 00:45:14,240 --> 00:45:16,040 CONNECTIONS CAN ONLY BE GLEANED 1078 00:45:16,040 --> 00:45:18,480 FROM MY ARCHIVAL WORK IN THE 1079 00:45:18,480 --> 00:45:21,920 ARCHIVES IN SCOTLAND BUT I ALSO 1080 00:45:21,920 --> 00:45:24,120 NOTED THAT WITHOUT DOING THE 1081 00:45:24,120 --> 00:45:26,960 ARCHIVAL WORK IN CHINA AND 1082 00:45:26,960 --> 00:45:29,080 TAIWAN UNDERSTANDING HOW ROBERT 1083 00:45:29,080 --> 00:45:30,640 LIM WAS DOING THE WORK IN CHINA 1084 00:45:30,640 --> 00:45:33,680 AND ONLY USING THE EDINBURGH 1085 00:45:33,680 --> 00:45:38,120 ARCHIVE I WOULD SAY THE MAIN 1086 00:45:38,120 --> 00:45:41,920 REASON HE CAME TO CHINA WAS 1087 00:45:41,920 --> 00:45:43,320 QUOTE, UNQUOTE LOVE OF CHINA AND 1088 00:45:43,320 --> 00:45:45,160 THAT WASN'T TRUE. 1089 00:45:45,160 --> 00:45:47,160 HIS LATER PRESENCE AND THEOLOGY 1090 00:45:47,160 --> 00:45:49,800 IN CHINA WAS ALSO BECAUSE CHINA 1091 00:45:49,800 --> 00:45:52,280 AND TAIWAN GAVE HIM THE PLATFORM 1092 00:45:52,280 --> 00:45:53,240 TO ACT ON HIS PROFESSIONAL 1093 00:45:53,240 --> 00:45:53,480 EXPERTISE. 1094 00:45:53,480 --> 00:45:57,880 IN A WAY TO GET A COMPLETE 1095 00:45:57,880 --> 00:46:00,120 PICTURE OF THE INTENTION OF THE 1096 00:46:00,120 --> 00:46:01,640 OVERSEAS CHINESE AND THE 1097 00:46:01,640 --> 00:46:03,880 ARCHIVES OF EDINBURGH AND 1098 00:46:03,880 --> 00:46:05,240 CAROLINA AND TAIWAN HELPS BRIDGE 1099 00:46:05,240 --> 00:46:09,920 A BROADER PICTURE OF THE 1100 00:46:09,920 --> 00:46:11,960 INDIVIDUALS WHO I THINK WERE 1101 00:46:11,960 --> 00:46:13,320 EXCEPTIONAL AND ITS WAS A 1102 00:46:13,320 --> 00:46:14,600 SPECIAL PERIOD IN CHINA AND 1103 00:46:14,600 --> 00:46:16,000 GLOBAL HISTORY THAT'S NOT BEEN 1104 00:46:16,000 --> 00:46:16,480 REPEATED. 1105 00:46:16,480 --> 00:46:19,000 THERE WAS A MOMENT BETWEEN 1910s 1106 00:46:19,000 --> 00:46:22,520 TO '70s WHERE IT WAS POSSIBLE 1107 00:46:22,520 --> 00:46:26,240 FOR THE WIDESPREAD CRITICAL 1108 00:46:26,240 --> 00:46:27,600 INTERVENTIONS THEY DID TO 1109 00:46:27,600 --> 00:46:32,400 BOLSTER CHINA I THINK IN THE 1110 00:46:32,400 --> 00:46:33,600 CHINA FACILITIES AND LATER 1111 00:46:33,600 --> 00:46:33,840 TAIWAN. 1112 00:46:33,840 --> 00:46:35,520 IT'S AN IMPORTANT STORY I'M 1113 00:46:35,520 --> 00:46:36,040 TRYING TO TELL. 1114 00:46:36,040 --> 00:46:39,320 I'M HAPPY TO GIVE MORE EXAMPLES 1115 00:46:39,320 --> 00:46:44,520 BUT WANTED TO DEMONSTRATE ROBERT 1116 00:46:44,520 --> 00:46:46,240 LIM'S TRANSNATIONAL STORIES AND 1117 00:46:46,240 --> 00:46:48,000 HAPPY TO TALK MORE. 1118 00:46:48,000 --> 00:46:48,840 THANK YOU. 1119 00:46:48,840 --> 00:46:52,520 >>CERTAINLY WHEN ANYONE IS IN 1120 00:46:52,520 --> 00:46:54,240 AN ARCHIVE LOOKING AT THE 1121 00:46:54,240 --> 00:46:56,640 PRIMARY MATERIALS WE SEE THE 1122 00:46:56,640 --> 00:46:57,840 STORY WE'RE STUDYING COME 1123 00:46:57,840 --> 00:46:58,600 TOGETHER. 1124 00:46:58,600 --> 00:47:03,760 WE'RE ABLE TO GLEAN DIFFERENT 1125 00:47:03,760 --> 00:47:08,280 ASPECTS AND TO HAVE THE 1126 00:47:08,280 --> 00:47:11,520 PRIVILEGE OF LOOKING AT MULTIPLE 1127 00:47:11,520 --> 00:47:14,280 ARCHIVES AND SEEING A DIFFERENT 1128 00:47:14,280 --> 00:47:17,280 FOCUS AND PERSPECTIVE AND I CAN 1129 00:47:17,280 --> 00:47:22,920 RELATE TO SOME DEGREE AND I'M 1130 00:47:22,920 --> 00:47:27,360 SURE MANY VIEWERS CAN SEE AND 1131 00:47:27,360 --> 00:47:29,880 IT'S A WONDERFUL PERSPECTIVE AND 1132 00:47:29,880 --> 00:47:31,640 ASPECTS YOU STUDIED. 1133 00:47:31,640 --> 00:47:32,120 THANK YOU. 1134 00:47:32,120 --> 00:47:33,920 >>ONE MORE THING. 1135 00:47:33,920 --> 00:47:36,080 ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WAS 1136 00:47:36,080 --> 00:47:36,880 REMARKABLE ABOUT DOING ARCHIVAL 1137 00:47:36,880 --> 00:47:42,880 RESEARCH IS THERE WAS A FRENCH 1138 00:47:42,880 --> 00:47:46,840 ARCHIVIST WHO TOLD ME WHILE I 1139 00:47:46,840 --> 00:47:48,960 WAS DOING RESEARCH IN THE 1140 00:47:48,960 --> 00:47:50,040 ROCKEFELLER ARCHIVES IN THE 1141 00:47:50,040 --> 00:47:51,920 HUDSON VALLEY TOLD ME WHEN HE 1142 00:47:51,920 --> 00:47:56,440 WAS LOOKING AT MATERIALS IN 1143 00:47:56,440 --> 00:47:57,720 WASHINGTON, D.C. THE WAS LOOKING 1144 00:47:57,720 --> 00:48:00,320 AT THE NAACP ARCHIVES AND HE WAS 1145 00:48:00,320 --> 00:48:03,640 THE WON WHO TOLD ME ABOUT THE 1146 00:48:03,640 --> 00:48:04,880 PRESENCE OF THAT DOCUMENT 1147 00:48:04,880 --> 00:48:08,760 HELPING TO ILLUSTRATE SO MUCH OF 1148 00:48:08,760 --> 00:48:14,800 THIS TALK IN MY BOOK AND IT 1149 00:48:14,800 --> 00:48:16,400 PROVIDED ANOTHER DIMENSION TO 1150 00:48:16,400 --> 00:48:22,360 THE STORY OF THIS PARTICULAR 1151 00:48:22,360 --> 00:48:25,280 PERIOD. 1152 00:48:25,280 --> 00:48:27,280 >>IT'S A WONDERFUL OCCURRENCE 1153 00:48:27,280 --> 00:48:29,600 AND EVERYTHING HAPPENS FOR A 1154 00:48:29,600 --> 00:48:30,200 REASON THROUGH ARCHIVES AND 1155 00:48:30,200 --> 00:48:32,240 GREAT STORY. 1156 00:48:32,240 --> 00:48:32,640 THANK YOU. 1157 00:48:32,640 --> 00:48:33,320 ANOTHER PERSON WRITES IN THANK 1158 00:48:33,320 --> 00:48:35,920 YOU FOR BRINGING TO LIGHT THIS 1159 00:48:35,920 --> 00:48:38,480 FASCINATING SUBJECT. 1160 00:48:38,480 --> 00:48:40,880 THIS PERSON WRITES WHEN GENERAL 1161 00:48:40,880 --> 00:48:42,040 CHOU WAS LEADING THE DEVELOPMENT 1162 00:48:42,040 --> 00:48:44,000 OF NURSING EDUCATION IN TAIWAN 1163 00:48:44,000 --> 00:48:45,600 WAS SHE WORKING WITH FOREIGN 1164 00:48:45,600 --> 00:48:48,600 MILITARY OR CIVILIAN NURSING 1165 00:48:48,600 --> 00:48:48,920 ORGANIZATIONS? 1166 00:48:48,920 --> 00:48:50,880 DID SHE EMPLOY PROGRESSIVE 1167 00:48:50,880 --> 00:48:53,360 CONCEPTS LIKE WELCOMING MALE 1168 00:48:53,360 --> 00:48:55,640 NURSES SINCE THERE WAS FRICTION 1169 00:48:55,640 --> 00:49:05,680 ABOUT GENDER DESEGREGATION. 1170 00:49:05,680 --> 00:49:12,880 >>THAT'S A GREAT QUESTION. 1171 00:49:12,880 --> 00:49:16,840 ENGLISH WAS YET TO BE WRITTEN IN 1172 00:49:16,840 --> 00:49:18,480 DOCUMENTS AND MY IMPRESSION IS 1173 00:49:18,480 --> 00:49:24,480 THEY WERE THINKING ABOUT GENDER 1174 00:49:24,480 --> 00:49:29,640 EQUALITY AND BETTER BENEFITS AND 1175 00:49:29,640 --> 00:49:31,160 RIGHTS FOR NURSES AND INSTITUTED 1176 00:49:31,160 --> 00:49:34,840 SOME REFORMS AS I MENTIONED IN 1177 00:49:34,840 --> 00:49:37,480 MY TALK HAVING PROPER RESTROOM 1178 00:49:37,480 --> 00:49:39,360 FACILITIES AND MAKING SURE 1179 00:49:39,360 --> 00:49:40,440 NURSES WERE RESPECTED IN THE 1180 00:49:40,440 --> 00:49:43,640 CHINESE MILITARY HIERARCHY AND 1181 00:49:43,640 --> 00:49:44,960 GIVEN A PROPER PLACE WITHIN 1182 00:49:44,960 --> 00:49:45,280 SYSTEM. 1183 00:49:45,280 --> 00:49:46,840 I THINK ONE OF THE THINGS I 1184 00:49:46,840 --> 00:49:49,280 THINK OF GREAT INTEREST TO ME 1185 00:49:49,280 --> 00:49:51,240 WHICH IS PART OF MY SECOND BOOK 1186 00:49:51,240 --> 00:49:53,120 PROJECT OF INTEREST IS ALSO THE 1187 00:49:53,120 --> 00:49:55,240 QUESTION OF ETHNICITY. 1188 00:49:55,240 --> 00:49:57,880 IN THE CASE OF POST-WAR TAIWAN 1189 00:49:57,880 --> 00:49:59,760 AND IN POST-WAR UNITED STATES 1190 00:49:59,760 --> 00:50:01,120 THE FRICTION IS GENDER. 1191 00:50:01,120 --> 00:50:06,200 BUT IN TAIWAN A LOT OF THE 1192 00:50:06,200 --> 00:50:07,280 FRICTION IS ETHNICITY BECAUSE 1193 00:50:07,280 --> 00:50:13,720 MANY OF THE PEOPLE WHO CAME TO 1194 00:50:13,720 --> 00:50:15,040 TAIWAN IDENTIFIED AS THE PEOPLE 1195 00:50:15,040 --> 00:50:17,280 WITH CAME FROM CHINA TO TAIWAN 1196 00:50:17,280 --> 00:50:18,920 AS OPPOSED TO MANY OF THE NURSES 1197 00:50:18,920 --> 00:50:21,880 WHO WERE TRAINED UNDER THE 1198 00:50:21,880 --> 00:50:23,840 JAPANESE SYSTEM IN COLONIAL TIME 1199 00:50:23,840 --> 00:50:29,080 FROM 1845 TO 1945 AND THERE WAS 1200 00:50:29,080 --> 00:50:30,200 ONGOING FRICTION BETWEEN THE 1201 00:50:30,200 --> 00:50:31,560 TAIWANESE NURSE AND THE NURSES 1202 00:50:31,560 --> 00:50:32,600 THAT CAME FROM CHINA. 1203 00:50:32,600 --> 00:50:36,840 THERE WAS A DIMENSION EVEN FOR 1204 00:50:36,840 --> 00:50:37,960 THE NATIONAL DEFENSE MEDICAL 1205 00:50:37,960 --> 00:50:38,800 CENTER. 1206 00:50:38,800 --> 00:50:40,600 ONE OF THE THINGS ROBERT LIM 1207 00:50:40,600 --> 00:50:43,360 TRIED TO DO WAS DO 1208 00:50:43,360 --> 00:50:45,320 CROSS-APPOINTMENTS FOR NATIONAL 1209 00:50:45,320 --> 00:50:46,680 DEFENSE MEDICAL CENTER PERSONNEL 1210 00:50:46,680 --> 00:50:49,840 TO TEACH AT NATIONAL TAIWAN 1211 00:50:49,840 --> 00:50:51,240 UNIVERSITY AND FOR NATIONAL 1212 00:50:51,240 --> 00:50:53,240 TAIWAN UNIVERSITY PERSONNEL TO 1213 00:50:53,240 --> 00:50:54,480 TEACH AT THE NATIONAL DEFENSE 1214 00:50:54,480 --> 00:50:54,680 CENTER. 1215 00:50:54,680 --> 00:50:57,160 I WANT TO STRESS TAIWAN AT THE 1216 00:50:57,160 --> 00:51:02,080 TIME WAS UNDER MARTIAL LAW SO 1217 00:51:02,080 --> 00:51:05,000 THOUGH THERE WERE EFFORTS THAT 1218 00:51:05,000 --> 00:51:05,680 BRIDGED DIFFERENCES TAIWAN WAS 1219 00:51:05,680 --> 00:51:10,200 UNDER THE CONTROL OF THOSE WHO 1220 00:51:10,200 --> 00:51:11,480 PRIVILEGED THE MAINLANDERS. 1221 00:51:11,480 --> 00:51:13,720 IT'S AN IMPORTANT POINT TO THINK 1222 00:51:13,720 --> 00:51:14,000 ABOUT. 1223 00:51:14,000 --> 00:51:17,560 WHETHER IT'S GENDER OR ETHNICITY 1224 00:51:17,560 --> 00:51:21,920 THOUGH THERE COULD BE SOME FORMS 1225 00:51:21,920 --> 00:51:24,040 OF BRIDGING AND COLLABORATION 1226 00:51:24,040 --> 00:51:25,480 AND PROFESSIONALISM. 1227 00:51:25,480 --> 00:51:27,720 THERE'S POWER RELATIONS EMBEDDED 1228 00:51:27,720 --> 00:51:33,760 WITH MODERN MEDICINE THAT THE 1229 00:51:33,760 --> 00:51:34,240 QUESTION ILLUSTRATES. 1230 00:51:34,240 --> 00:51:35,080 THANK YOU. 1231 00:51:35,080 --> 00:51:37,120 >>WE HAVE TIME FOR ONE MORE 1232 00:51:37,120 --> 00:51:42,600 QUESTION AND IT RELATES TO YOUR 1233 00:51:42,600 --> 00:51:45,800 ARCHIVAL WORK TO WHAT EXTENT DID 1234 00:51:45,800 --> 00:51:47,600 YOU RELY ON ORAL HISTORIES FOR 1235 00:51:47,600 --> 00:51:48,480 YOUR RESEARCH? 1236 00:51:48,480 --> 00:51:50,000 AS SOMEONE LIKE DR. LIM WHO YOU 1237 00:51:50,000 --> 00:51:53,640 TALK ABOUT IN YOUR PRESENTATION 1238 00:51:53,640 --> 00:51:58,480 DID HE HAVE DESCENDENTS YOU 1239 00:51:58,480 --> 00:52:02,440 SPOKE WITH TO HELP INFORM YOUR 1240 00:52:02,440 --> 00:52:08,200 NARRATIVE? 1241 00:52:08,200 --> 00:52:10,200 >>THE INSTITUTE OF MODERN 1242 00:52:10,200 --> 00:52:16,120 HISTORY AND TAIWAN HAS A PROJECT 1243 00:52:16,120 --> 00:52:26,600 AND THERE'S ABOUT BOOKS AND 1244 00:52:31,080 --> 00:52:32,200 THERE WERE FOUR OR FIVE 1245 00:52:32,200 --> 00:52:32,480 ACCOUNTS. 1246 00:52:32,480 --> 00:52:35,680 THEY WERE IMPORTANT IN TRYING TO 1247 00:52:35,680 --> 00:52:41,080 CONSTRUCT THE EVERY DAY LIVES IN 1248 00:52:41,080 --> 00:52:43,600 TAIWAN. 1249 00:52:43,600 --> 00:52:46,760 THIS WAS A PERIOD OF GREAT 1250 00:52:46,760 --> 00:52:48,320 DIFFICULTY TRYING TO RECONSTRUCT 1251 00:52:48,320 --> 00:52:51,560 AND HAD LITTLE FOOD TO EAT AND 1252 00:52:51,560 --> 00:53:01,920 NO CADAVERS AND SO YES ORAL 1253 00:53:01,920 --> 00:53:05,720 ACCOUNTS ARE INTEGRAL TO MY 1254 00:53:05,720 --> 00:53:05,960 PROJECT. 1255 00:53:05,960 --> 00:53:10,680 >>THANK YOU FOR PREP -- 1256 00:53:10,680 --> 00:53:13,240 PREPARING THE PRESENTATION AND 1257 00:53:13,240 --> 00:53:16,520 WE WISH YOU SUCCESS THANK YOU 1258 00:53:16,520 --> 00:53:17,920 VERY MUCH FOR YOUR TIME THIS 1259 00:53:17,920 --> 00:53:20,600 AFTERNOON AND LOOK FORWARD TO 1260 00:53:20,600 --> 00:53:21,760 KEEPING IN TOUCH. 1261 00:53:21,760 --> 00:53:23,960 >>THANK YOU DR. RESNIK AND FOR 1262 00:53:23,960 --> 00:53:26,040 EVERYONE COMING TO MY TALK. 1263 00:53:26,040 --> 00:53:28,320 I WISH YOU A WONDERFUL WEEKEND 1264 00:53:28,320 --> 00:53:31,040 >>A REMINDER DR. SOON'S TALK 1265 00:53:31,040 --> 00:53:33,280 WILL BE AVAILABLE IN THE NIH 1266 00:53:33,280 --> 00:53:34,920 VIDEOCAST ARCHIVE NEXT WEEK OR 1267 00:53:34,920 --> 00:53:37,680 FOLLOWING AS ARE ALL OF OUR 1268 00:53:37,680 --> 00:53:38,480 RECENT TALKS FREELY AVAILABLE IN 1269 00:53:38,480 --> 00:53:40,960 THE NIH VIDEOCAST ARCHIVE. 1270 00:53:40,960 --> 00:53:42,440 DR. SOON, THANK YOU AGAIN. 1271 00:53:42,440 --> 00:53:45,920 >>THANK YOU. 1272 00:53:45,920 --> 00:53:47,680 >>THANK YOU. 1273 00:53:47,680 --> 00:53:49,200 BEFORE WE LEAVE I WANT TO GIVE 1274 00:53:49,200 --> 00:53:50,600 EVERYONE A REMINDER ABOUT OUR 1275 00:53:50,600 --> 00:53:53,560 NEXT HISTORY TALK GOING TO TAKE 1276 00:53:53,560 --> 00:53:55,880 PLACE AT 2:00 ON THURSDAY JUNE 8 1277 00:53:55,880 --> 00:53:58,080 NOT LONG FROM NOW. 1278 00:53:58,080 --> 00:54:01,400 WE'LL BE WELCOMING RANDAL SELL 1279 00:54:01,400 --> 00:54:02,080 PROFESSOR IN THE DEPARTMENT OF 1280 00:54:02,080 --> 00:54:04,600 COMMUNITY HEALTH AND PREVENTION 1281 00:54:04,600 --> 00:54:05,200 AT DREXEL UNIVERSITY. 1282 00:54:05,200 --> 00:54:08,320 HE'LL BE JOINING US TO SPEAK ON 1283 00:54:08,320 --> 00:54:09,720 WE'RE HERE, WE'RE QUEER, GET 1284 00:54:09,720 --> 00:54:10,680 USED TO IT. 1285 00:54:10,680 --> 00:54:12,040 STRUGGLES AND STORIES TO BE 1286 00:54:12,040 --> 00:54:14,200 HEARD FOR TODAY AND TOMORROW. 1287 00:54:14,200 --> 00:54:16,880 SO THANK YOU FOR TUNING IN TODAY 1288 00:54:16,880 --> 00:54:19,080 AND PLEASE JOIN US JUNE 8 TO 1289 00:54:19,080 --> 00:54:21,120 WELCOME HIM AND HEAR HIS TALK. 1290 00:54:21,120 --> 00:54:23,320 THANK YOU ALL HAVE A GOOD 1291 00:54:23,320 --> 00:54:23,920 AFTERNOON FROM THE NATIONAL 1292 00:54:23,920 --> 00:54:24,320 LIBRARY OF MEDICINE. 1293 00:54:24,320 --> 00:00:00,000 BYE-BYE.