>>WELCOME I'M CHIEF OF THE
HISTORY OF MEDICINE DIVISION AT
THE NLM.
HERE ON THE CAMPUS OF THE
NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH
THE NIH.
THANK YOU FOR JOINING US TODAY
FOR TODAY'S NLM HISTORY TALK.
THIS ANNUAL SERIES OF PROGRAMS
IS DESIGN TO PROMOTE AWARENESS
AND USE OF NLM AND RELATED
HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS FOR
RESEARCH, EDUCATION IN BIO
MEDICINE AND HUMANITIES AND
RECOGNIZES THE DIVERSITY OF
COLLECTIONS WHICH SPAN TEN
CENTURIES AND ENCOMPASS ORIGINAL
FORMATS AND PARTS OF THE GLOBE
AND ENHANCE THE VOICES OF PEOPLE
OF COLOR AND WOMEN AND CULTURE
AND DISCIPLINARY BACKGROUNDS AND
USE THEM TO ADVANCE THEIR OWN
RESEARCH TEACHING AND LEARNING.
WELCOME EVERYONE FOR THOSE ON
TWITTER, THANKS FOR FOLLOWING
ALONG USING THE HASH TAG NLM HIS
TALK AND LOOK FOR THE LIVE
FEEDBACK BUTTON UNDER THE
VIDEOCAST AND USE THAT
INTERFACE.
TODAY I HAVE THE GREAT PLEASURE
OF INTRODUCING DR. WAYNE SOON
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR IN THE
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA'S
PROGRAM OF THE HISTORY OF
MEDICINE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF
SURGERY AND PROGRAM OF HISTORY
OF SCIENCE, MEDICINE AND
TECHNOLOGY.
DR. SOON IS A HISTORIAN OF
MEDICINE AND MODERN CHINA AND
TAIWAN.
HIS BOOK FROM STANFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS IN 2020 TELLS
THE GLOBAL HEALTH HISTORY OF
CHINESE EACH ASIA THROUGH THE
LENS OF DIASPORIC CONTENT AND
ARGUES THE CHINESE WERE CENTRAL
TO INTRODUCING NEW PRACTICES OF
MILITARY MEDICINE, BLOOD BANKING
AND MASS MEDICAL TRAINING
THROUGH CHINA AND TAIWAN.
THE DIASPORA LED TO PRACTICAL
MEDICAL EDUCATION AND MEDICINE
ON BOTH SIDES OF THE TAIWAN
STRAITS.
HIS CURRENT RESEARCH PROJECT
CENTERS ON HEALTH INSURANCE AND
MEDICAL PRACTICES IN CHINA AND
TAIWAN AND THE HISTORY OF SARS
AND COVID-19 AND ALSO THE EDITOR
OF A FOURTH COMING SPECIAL ISSUE
OF EAST EASTERN SCIENCE THE
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ENTITLED
BIO GEE O POLITICS AND IS A
CONTRIBUTOR TO MAGAZINE AND
CONTRIBUTED TO THE AMERICAN
JOURNAL OF CHINESE STUDIES AND
THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL EAST
ASIAN SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND
SOCIETY.
TODAY DR. SOON JOINS US TO
DISCUSS ASPECTS OF HIS RESEARCH
ASSOCIATED WITH HIS BOOK AND USE
MUCH THE NLM RELATED
COLLECTIONS.
THE TITLE OF HIS TALK IS GLOBAL
MEDICINE IN CHINA AND TAIWAN A
DIASPORIC HISTORY.
THANK YOU FOR JOINING US TODAY.
WELCOME AND I'M GOING TO TURN
THINGS OVER TO YOU.
THANK YOU.
>>THANK YOU SO MUCH, DR. RESNIK
AND THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MED
SIP FOR THE INTRODUCTION AND
GIVING ME THE OPPORTUNITY TO
TALK TODAY.
THE PRESENTATION GLOBAL MEDICINE
IN CHINA AND TAIWAN A DIASPORIC
MEDICINE DRAWS FROM MY BOOK
PUBLISHED BY STANFORD UNIVERSITY
PRESS IN OCTOBER 2020.
GLOBAL MEDICINE TELLS THE GLOBAL
HEALTH STORY HOW A GROUP OF
OVERSEAS CHINESE PHYSICIANS
BROUGHT TO CHINA AND TAIWAN NEW
TRANSF
TRANSFORMTIVE PRACTICES.
THE TALK DRAWS ON CASE STUDIES
OF DIASPORIC INTERVENTION FROM
MY BOOK.
FIRST I'LL REVIEW HOW THE
CHINESE DIASPORA IN NORTH
AMERICA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA CAME
TO ESTABLISH THE FIRST CHINESE
BLOOD BANK IN THE UNITED STATES
AND CHINA DURING THE SECOND
WORLD WAR.
SECOND, THIS TALK SHOWS HOW
SINGAPORE BORNE DR. LIN RELOCATE
THE NATIONAL DEFENSE CENTER FROM
CHINA TO TAIWAN IN 1949.
THIS PRESENTATION HIGHLIGHT THE
CRITICAL INTERSECTION OF
DIASPORIC POWER THROUGH A
WIDE-RANGING EXAMINATION OF THE
MEDICAL ENCOUNTER WITH
INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES AS WELL
AS LOCAL CHINESE AND TAIWANESE.
BEFORE I BEGIN MY TALK FORMALLY,
I'LL BRIEFLY SHARE A TIME LINE
OF MODERN CHINESE HISTORY.
MANY OF THE PROTAGONISTS IN MY
TALKS ARE DESCENDANTS OF
MIGRANTS WHO LEFT CHINA DURING
THE LATE DYNASTY AND REPUBLIC
PERIOD AND BECAME WHAT IS KNOWN
AS THE OVER SEAS CHINESE.
MY TALK PRELIMINARILY FOCUSES ON
MEDICINE DURING THE SECOND WORLD
WAR.
I'LL ALSO COVER THE HISTORY OF
MEDICINE DURING THE POST-WAR
PERIOD UP MY TALK TODAY.
THE POST-WAR PERIOD IS DIVIDED
IN THE CHINESE CIVIL WAR PERIOD
WHERE THE ROMAN CHINESE
NATIONALIST PARTY INCREASINGLY
LOST GROUND TO THE CHINESE
COMMUNIST PARTY OR CCP.
AS WELL AS THE POST CIVIL WAR
PERIOD WHICH SAW THE EMERGENCE
ACROSS THE TAIWAN STRAIGHTS.
THIS IS AFTER 1949 AND THE
REPUBLIC OF CHINA AFTER 1945.
A HISTORIAN ARGUES MANY OVERSEAS
CHINESE WERE GLAD TO LEAVE
BEHIND THE OFFICIALS FROM WHOM
SO MANY IMMIGRANTS WERE GLAD TO
ESCAPE FROM BUT THERE'S A GROUP
OF DIASPORIC MEDICAL A.D.s AND
THE INDIVIDUAL WORKED HARD TO
PROMOTE WESTERN MEDICINE AND ONE
WAS A SON OF THE MAIN
PROTAGONIST IN MY BOOK AND WAS
BORN IN BRITISH-CONTROLLED
SINGAPORE AND TAUGHT AT THE
UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH AND
CONDUCTED A POST-DOCTORATE IN
CHICAGO AND HE LEFT IN CHICAGO
TO HEAD THE PHYSIOLOGY
DEPARTMENT AT THE ROCKEFELLER
UNIT IN BEIJING, CHINA.
IN 1937 ROBERT LIN WAS APPOINTED
BY CHINESE LEADER TO HEAD
VARIOUS MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS
DURING AND AFTER THE SECOND
WORLD WAR.
THE INSIGHTS HOW THE CHINESE
DIASPORA HAD A PARADIGM TO
ENGAGE CHANGE WAS PROFOUNDLY
IMPORTANT FOR MY WORK.
THE APPROACH LED TO HISTORY LED
BY IMPERIALISM AND CONSTRUCTION
AND REVOLUTION.
TO MAKE BIO MEDICINE WORK AND
MEMBERS OF THE CHINESE DIASPORA
DREW RESOURCES, IDEAS AND
SUPPORT FROM THE CONTEXT IN
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND
UNIVERSITIES.
THEY TAPPED INTO DIASPORIC
ORGANIZATIONS AND MADE PLACE
ASSOCIATIONS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
AND NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE AND
THEY HELPED VIEW THE MERIT OF
LOCAL ACTORS IN CHINA FROM THE
CHINESE POLITICIANS, LOCAL
ELITES, RELUCTANT BLOOD DONORS
AND MEMBERS QUARANTINED
PATIENTS, STUDENTS, CIVIL
SERVANTS AND OTHERS TO MAKE
WESTERN MEDICINE OR BIO MEDICINE
AND GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS MEDICAL
TEXT, SCIENTIFIC REPORTS,
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS AND
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES AND SO ON FOR
MORE THAN 23 ARCHIVES FROM
TAIWAN, SINGAPORE AND JAPAN, MY
BOOK ARGUES THE CHINESE DIASPORA
BECAME CENTRAL TO THE
DEVELOPMENT.
THEY WERE MOST SUCCESSFUL UP
ESTABLISHING A COMPLEX DURING
THE SECOND WORLD WAR DRAWING ON
THE PRE-WAR EXPERIENCES AND THE
COMPLEX COMPRISED OF THE
EMERGENCY TRAINING SCHOOL AND
THE FIRST CHINESE BLOOD BANK YOU
SEE IN THE PHOTOGRAPHS IN THE
SLIDE HERE.
THESE THREE INSTITUTIONS TRAINED
MORE THAN 15,000 MEDICAL
PERSONNEL AND SAVED MORE THAN 4
MILLION LIVES PRESERVING CHINA'S
ABILITY TO DEFEND ITSELF AGAINST
JAPAN.
IN SHOWING THE IMPORTANCE OF
MILITARY MEDICINE IN THE
DIASPORA I AUGMENT EXISTING
MEDICAL HISTORIES, THE STRESS
THAT AGENCY OF AMERICAN
ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION AND
JAPANESE COLONIALIST AND THEIR
COLLABORATORS AS WELL AS CHINESE
REFORMERS IN SHAPING MEDICINE IN
CHINA.
I ARGUE AMERICAN PHILANTHROPY
AND REFORMERS ONLY TELL PART OF
THE STORY.
THE DIASPORIC APPROACH DOES
REVEAL THE PRESENCE OF GLOBAL
MILITARY MEDICINE IN ADDITION TO
AMERICAN, COLONIAL AND PATRIOTIC
MEDICINE IN CHINA.
AND MAKE THE CASE OF A
MULTI-VALENT AND DIRECTIONAL
GLOBAL MEDICINE RATHER THAN A
USUAL TERM OF GLOBAL HEALTH.
GLOBAL HEALTH NARRATIVES HAVE
CON -- CONCENTRATED ON THE
PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL HEALTH
ORGANIZATIONS IN ASSISTING
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.
IN CONTRAST I ARGUE GLOBAL
MEDICINE WAS MULTI-VALENT AND
MADE AVAILABLE BY THE OVERSEAS
CHINESE AND WESTERN EXPERTISE,
DESIRE FOR MEDICAL INTERVENTION
AND TRANS NATIONAL CONNECTION TO
MAKE BIO MEDICINE VISIBLE AND
POSSIBLE TO A LOCAL AND BROADER
AUDIENCE.
IN CHAPTER THREE OF MY BOOK I
SHOW HOW OVERSEAS CHINESE
MEDICAL PERSONNEL BECAME
ESSENTIAL IN ESTABLISHING THE
FIRST CHINESE BLOOD BANK DURING
THE SECOND WORLD WAR.
AS THE HEAD OF THE CHINESE RED
CROSS MEDICAL RELIEF CORPS HE
REACHED OUT TO HIS LONG STANDING
PATRON IN THE U.S. THE AMERICAN
BUREAU FOR MEDICAL AID TO CHINA
TO HELP WITH ESTABLISHING A
CHINESE BLOOD BANK.
IT WAS AN ORGANIZATION BASED IN
NEW YORK AND CRITICAL SUPPORTER
OF THE WARTIME INSTITUTIONS.
ROBERT LIM WANTED TO DO TIMELY
INFUSIONS FOR SOLDIERS WOUNDED
AND SHOT ON THE WAR FRONT.
AND THEY GREED TO HE REQUEST AND
SPONSORED THE TRAINING OF
CHINESE-CANADIAN DOCTOR AND
CHINESE-AMERICAN DOCTORS TO
LEARN FROM A PROFESSOR AT
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY HOW TO SET
UP A BLOOD BANK.
SO THEY WERE TECHNOLOGY EXPERTS
IN THE UNITED STATES AT THE
TIME.
UPON COMPLETION OF THE TRAINING,
DR. YI AND WONG SET UP A TRIAL
BLOOD BANK IN CHINATOWN IN NEW
YORK CITY.
TO PROMOTE BLOOD BANK DONATION
THEY APPEALED TO AMERICANS OF
ALL RACES TO DONATE BLOOD.
ONE OF THE ORGANIZATIONS WAS THE
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE
ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE OR
THE NAACP.
THE MEMBERS IN NEW YORK CITY
HEEDED THE CALLS TO DONATE.
AND AFRICAN AMERICANS WERE
DETERMINED TO CHALLENGE THE
EXISTING SEGREGATION OF BLOOD
DONATION BY THE AMERICAN RED
CROSS BY DONATING TO THE FIRST
DESEGREGATED BLOOD BANK IN THE
UNITED STATES.
OTHER GROUPS SUCH AS JAPANESE
AND AMERICAN ACTIVIST DONATE TO
THE CHINESE BLOOD BANK.
CHINESE AMERICANS WERE EAGER TO
GIVE A PART OF THEIR BODIES TO
THE WAR EFFORT EVEN THOUGH THEY
COULD NOT PHYSICALLY FIGHT IN
THE WAR.
THE BANK BECAME A HUGE SUCCESS.
AND LYNN, YI AND WONG SOUGHT TO
REPLICATE THE SUCCESS IN
SOUTHWEST CHINA.
AND IT WAS IN UNOCCUPIED FREE
CHINA LED BY THE CHINESE
NATIONALIST PARTY AND THEY FACED
MANY CHALLENGES.
A KEY CHALLENGE WAS THE ABILITY
OF BLOOD BANKING TECHNOLOGY WITH
WARTIME CONDITIONS.
DR. YI AND DR. WONG COULD NOT
USE THE IMPORTANT BLOOD BANKING
EQUIPMENT TO PROCESS WHOLE BLOOD
INTO PLASMA DUE TO UNRELIABLE
ELECTRICITY AND CLEAN WATER IN
WARTIME.
SO NEED ACCESS TO A RELIABLE
CENTRIFUGE AND DE HYDRATOR AND
THEY NEEDED ELECTRICITY TO
SEPARATE PLASMA FROM OTHER
COMPONENTS IN WHOLE BLOOD.
THE LACK OF ELECTRICITY MEANT
THEY COULD NOT RUN THE DEHYD
DEHYDRATOR NEEDED TO DRY THE
PLASMA INTO POWDERY PLASMA TO BE
USED ON THE WAR FRONT.
SIMILARLY THEY COULD NOT UTILIZE
WHAT WAS CRITICAL TO STERILIZING
THE MEDICAL EQUIPMENT THAT DREW
BLOOD FROM DONORS.
AS A RESULT CONTAMINATION OF
WHOLE BLOOD AND BLOOD PLASMA
REMAINS A SIGNIFICANT PROBLEM.
TO SOLVE THIS TECHNICAL PROBLEM
A CHINESE AMERICAN ENGINEER
MECHANIZED THE EQUIPMENT BY
ADDING A HAND CRANK TO MANY OF
THESE MACHINES.
BLOOD BANK PERSONNEL AND THEIR
EMPLOYEES HAD TO CRANK THE
MACHINES AROUND THE CLOCK TO
MAKE THEM WORK.
BY MECHANIZING BLOOD BANKING
EQUIPMENT THEY LEVERAGED THE
ENGINEERING EDUCATION AS WELL AS
ON THE GROUND INGENUITY TO SOLVE
THESE PRESSING TECHNICAL
PROBLEMS.
THE SECOND MAIN PROBLEM THEY
FACED WAS THE LACK OF BLOOD
DONORS WHICH TROUBLED THE
NUMEROUS CHINESE AMERICAN WOMEN
PERSONNEL LEADING THE BLOOD
BANK.
WE SAW HELENA WONG OVERSAW THE
PROCESSES IN NEW YORK AND SERVED
AS A NURSE AND THE DAUGHTER OF
THE AN INTELLECTUAL SERVED AS
THE PUBLICITY OFFICER TO THE
BLOOD BANK AND ASSISTANT TO L
LIX -- LIM.
SHE COMMISSIONED COLORFUL COMIC
STRIPS ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE
SLIDE TO REACH OUT TO NEW GROUPS
OF BLOOD DONORS AND GAVE
LECTURES IN PROFESSIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS AND INVITED
JOURNALISTS TO VISIT THE BLOOD
BANK AND ENCOURAGED AMERICAN
G.I.s TO DONATE BLOOD.
YOU SEE AN AMERICAN G.I.s
DONATING.
IT WAS MORE OF A PUBLICITY
BECAUSE VERY FEW DONATED BLOOD.
THE EFFORTS DID NOT WORK AS
ANTICIPATED AND FEW AMERICAN
CIVILIANS DONATED BLOOD IN
CONTRAST TO THE LARGE NUMBER OF
DONORS WHO GAVE BLOOD IN NEW
YORK CITY.
THE MEDICAL PERSONNEL TURNED TO
SOLICITING BLOOD FROM MEMBERS OF
THE CHINESE MILITARY.
THIS DID NOT GO WELL FOR SEVERAL
REASONS.
FIRST THE DISQUALIFIED MANY
SOLDIERS FROM DONATING BLOOD
AFTER DEEMING THEM MANY TOO
UNFIT OR SICK TO DONATE.
MOREOVER THEY COULD NOT DRAW TOO
MUCH BLOOD FROM THE SUBJECT AS
THE SUPERIORS REFUSED TO ALLOW
BLOOD BANK PERSONNEL TO DRAW TOO
MUCH BLOOD WITH THE IDEA THEY
NEED TO BE FIGHTING IN THE WAR
FRONT SO WE CAN'T TAKE TOO MUCH
BLOOD FROM THEM.
THEY ALSO LAID A CLAIM OVER THE
PSYCHOLOGY OF CHINESE SOLDIERS
PREVENTED THEM FROM DONATING
BLOOD AND DR. WONG AND YI
DISQUALIFIED MANY SOLDIERS FROM
DONATING AND MOREOVER DOES NOT
EXPLAIN THE PHILOSOPHY AND
PROCESSES OF BLOOD BANKING AND
TRANSFUSION.
FOR EXAMPLE, MANY SOLDIERS
COMPLAINED THEIR BLOOD WAS TAKEN
RATHER THAN PUT IN THE BACKPACKS
FOR LATER USE.
THE BLOOD BANK PERSONNEL FAILED
TO EXPLAIN TO THE SOLDIERS THE
CONCEPT OF PAYING IT FORWARD.
THEY DID NOT EXPLAIN THE
COMPLICATED PROCESS OF MAKING
BLOOD PLASMA FROM WHOLE BLOOD.
THEY WOULD ONLY FIND SUCCESS
LATER BY PARTNERING WITH LOCAL
UNIVERSITIES AND COMPANIES
DRAWING MUCH NEEDED BLOOD FROM
YOUNG STUDENTS AND WORKERS.
THIS DONATED BLOOD HELPED TO
SAVE MANY AMERICAN AND CHINESE
LIVES ON THE WAR FRONT AND 95%
OF WOUND SOLDIERS WOULD RECEIVE
THE BLOOD PLASMA FROM THE BANK
TO RECOVER FROM WOUNDS.
AND COLLECTING PERFECT MALE
SOLDIERS AND ENGAGING IN TRANS
CULTURAL OUTREACH SHOWS THE
IMPORTANT OF SCIENTIFIC
EXPERTISE, DIASPORIC POWER AND
GENDER INCLUSION IN SHAPING THE
FIRST CHINESE BLOOD BANK.
AND THEY CONTRASTED IT WITH THE
PREWAR PERIOD WHERE THERE WERE
FEWER WOMEN MEDICAL PERSONNEL IN
CHINA.
AND NEGOTIATIONS OF BIO MEDICAL
PRACTICES ON THE GROUND JOINED
SCHOLARSHIP AND SERVED AS A
CATALYST FOR MODERN MEDICAL
TRANSFORMATION IN CAROLHINA.
I'LL DRAW FROM CHAPTER FIVE FROM
MY BOOK AND I'LL DISCUSS HOW
SINGAPORE-BORN AND EDINBURGH
TRAINED ROBERT LIM LEVERAGED HIS
TRANS NATIONAL CONNECTIONS TO
MOVE A KEY INSTITUTION FROM
CHINA TO TAIWAN IN 1948.
AS TALKED ABOUT EARLIER, HIS
MILITARY MEDICAL COMPLEX
ESPECIALLY THE CHINESE RED CROSS
TREATED MORE PEOPLE, IMMUNIZED
MORE PATIENTS AND FED MORE
PEOPLE THAN ANY OTHER MAJOR
PRE-WAR INSTITUTION.
MOST THE FUNDING CAME FROM THE
CHINESE DIASPORA VIA THE
AMERICAN BUREAU FOR MEDICAL AGE
OF CHINA.
A PERCENTAGE OF THE OPERATING
BUDGET OF THE RED CROSS OR
ROUGHLY $6 MILLION U.S. DOLLARS
TODAY CAME FROM MEMBERS OF THE
CHINESE DIASPORA.
MANY MEDICAL PERSONNEL
SUPPORTING THE ORGANIZATIONS
SUCH AS THE AMERICAN RED CROSS
AND AMERICAN BUREAU FOR MEDICAL
AID TO CHINA AND OTHER
ORGANIZATIONS WERE ALSO MEMBERS
OF THE CHINESE DIASPORA AROUND
THE WORLD.
AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR THEY
RECONSTRUCTED THIS IMPRESSIVE
COMPLEX INTO A POST-WAR MEDICAL
CENTER THAT WAS COMPREHENSIVE
AND CALLED IT THE NATIONAL
DEFENSE MEDICAL CENTER.
HOW THEY DID NOT HAVE THE SAME
LEVEL OF SUCCESS AS IT DID
DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR.
FINANCIAL SUPPORT FROM THE
OVERSEAS ORGANIZATIONS FOR LIM'S
ENTERPRISE DECLINED THE WORLD
WAR FOR THREE REASONS.
FIRST, THE CHINESE TURNED THEIR
ATTENTION AWAY FROM CHINA IN THE
POST-WAR PERIOD.
THEY BECAME INCREASINGLY ALIGNED
WITH SOUTHEAST ASIAN
NATIONALISTS WITH THE
DISPLACEMENT OF WESTERN COLONIAL
REGIMES AND SECOND MANY BELIEVE
A CHINESE NATIONALIST PARTY WAS
CORRUPT AND INCOMPETENT AND
REFUSED TO DONATE MONEY TO
SUPPORT THE BACKED MILITARY
MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS WHICH GAVE
A LOT OF SUPPORT TO ROBERT LIM
JUNIOR AND THE AMERICAN BUREAU
FOR MEDAL AID TO CHINA REDUCED
SUPPORT AND DIVESTED SUPPORT TO
OTHER MEDICAL UNIVERSITIES AND
COLLEGES.
AND FURTHERMORE, RUNAWAY
INFLATION AND INTENSE FIGHTING
BETWEEN THE COMMONIST MADE THE
RECONSTRUCTION OF BIO MEDICINE
AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR MORE
CHALLENGING.
ROBERT LIM DEALT WITH A LACK OF
FINANCES BY TAKING OVER JAPANESE
MEDICAL BUILDINGS AND SUPPLIES
LEFT OVER IN SHANGHAI FOR HIS
NEW NATIONAL DEFENSE MEDICAL
CENTER.
HE ALSO REACHED OUT REPEATEDLY
TO INTERNATIONAL CONTACTS MADE
DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR FOR
FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE.
ONE OF THE INDIVIDUALS WAS
WALTER JUDGE THE MINNESOTA
CONGRESSMAN WHO LATER WILL
BECOME CRITICAL IN THE
RECONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN A NEW
MEDICAL CURRICULUM THAT BRIDGED
THE MEDICAL COLLEGE JOHNS
HOPKINS UNIVERSITY MODEL OF
SMALL CLASSES AND SIX YEARS OF
MEDICAL TRAINING AND THE WARTIME
EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICE
TRAINING SCHOOL THREE MONTHS
PROGRAM OF TRAINING AS MANY
MEDICAL STUDENTS AS POSSIBLE.
SO HE SHORTENED THE NATIONAL
DEFENSE MEDICAL CENTER.
ROBERT LIM SHORTENED IT TO SIX
YEAR PUMC TRAINING TO FOUR TO
FIVE YEARS OF MEDICAL EDUCATION
THROUGH A LARGE DOSE OF FIELD
MEDICINE, COMBINED PRACTICAL
SCIENCES AND OBSERVATIONAL
TRAINING.
LIM ALSO DEVELOPED SHORTER
VOCATIONAL TRACTS FOR INTEREST
OF PROSPECTIVE STUDENTS.
THIS TRACK COUNTERED CRITICISM
OF THE WARTIME EMERGENCY
MEDICINE TRAINING SCHOOL FROM
1946 TO 1948 THE NATIONAL
DEFENSE MEDICAL CENTER BROUGHT
IN MORE THAN 1500 STUDENTS AND
ONE IS THE FOUR-YEAR TRAINING
AND THE OTHER IS TRACK FOR
MEDICAL AUXILIARY.
TRYING TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF
THE MEDICAL EDUCATION IN WARTIME
AND PUMPING OUT A LOT OF
STUDENTS.
HE WAS TRYING TO DO SOMETHING IN
BETWEEN AND DID SO WITH THE
POST-WAR NATIONAL DEFENSE
MEDICAL CENTER.
HOWEVER, THE EFFORTS OF
RECONSTRUCTION WERE CUT SHORT BY
THE CIVIL WAR BETWEEN THE
COMMUNIST AND NATIONALIST.
THE GENERAL INSTRUCTED THE
NATIONAL DEFENSE MEDICAL CENTER
IN LATE 1948 TO RELOCATE FROM
CHINA, SHANGHAI TO TAIWAN IN
ANTICIPATION OF THE DEFEAT BY
THE CHINESE COMMUNISM MANY
DOCTORS WERE RELUCTANT TO MOVE
TO TAIWAN.
IN ROBERT LIM'S OWN WORDS I
QUOTE, THE REASON WHY SO MANY
MDMC PERSONNEL HAVEN'T COME TO
TAIWAN IS CHIEFLY ONE OF
FINANCIAL AND POLITICAL
UNCERTAINTY.
TO MANY TAIWAN IS A FOREIGN
COUNTRY.
A PLACE WHERE ONE WILL FOREVER
BE BANISHED FROM FAMILY AND
FRIENDS.
THE EXTENT OF BRINGING ONE'S
FAMILY SEEMS PROHIBITIVE AND THE
POSSIBILITY THAT AFTER ARRIVAL
IN TAIWAN THE MDMC MAY BE
ABOLISHED.
IN THE END, ABOUT A THIRD OF
INSTRUCTORS AND HALF OF STUDENTS
MOVED TO CHINA TO TAIWAN FOR
NDMC.
EVEN AFTER MOVING TO TAIWAN THEY
FOUND RECONSTRUCTING THE
INSTITUTION CHALLENGING DUE TO
THE LACK OF PROPER
INFRASTRUCTURE, SPACE AND
RESOURCES.
YOU CAN READ MORE ABOUT THE
HEART WRENCHING STORIES OF
MEDICAL STUDENTS STRUGGLING TO
SURVIVE.
IT TOOK THE DIVERSION OF
RESOURCES FROM CHINA TO TAIWAN
BY ROBERT LIM AND HIS
CHINESE-AMERICAN ALLY TO BRING
SUPPLIES.
LIM AND LAU HAD PLANES BRINGING
OVER SUPPLIES.
OF WHICH 14,474 KALCASES WERE
MEDICAL SUPPLIES AND IT COULD
NOT RESOLVE PERSISTENT PROBLEMS
ON THE GROUND AND PERSON HE WILL
DID NOT HAVE ENOUGH FOOD TO EAT
OR CADAVERS OR ROOMS TO LEARN IN
AND PLACE TO SLEEP AND LIVE IN.
MOREOVER MY BOOK DETAILS HOW
ROBERT LIM'S PLANS TO TURN THE
KREJ INTO THE MEDICAL DEFENSE
CENTER TO BOLSTER THE MEDICAL
CENTER.
TAIWANESE DOCTORS AT THE TAIWAN
UNIVERSITY WERE WARY OF THE NDMC
IN THE CONTEXT OF FEBRUARY 28
INCIDENT IN 1947 WHEN THOUSANDS
OF TAIWANESE AND MAINLANDERS
OPPOSED THE PRESENCE ON THE
ISLAND AND ADDRESSED THE
LIABILITY.
THE LEADERS DEVELOPED THE
DISCOURSE OF THE CENTER AS AN
ESSENTIAL ANTI-COMMUNIST CENTER
FOR VULNERABLE OVERSEAS CHINESE.
THEY USED THE DWIGHT EISENHOWER
ADMINISTRATION TO SECURE
NECESSARY FUNDING FOR THE
CENTER.
HE FOUNDED THE FOA TO PROVIDE
AID FOR INTERNATIONAL
DEVELOPMENT AND SUPPORT PRIVATE
FIRM RELIEF ORGANIZATIONS AND
PROGRAMS FOR PERSONS WHO ESCAPE
FROM COMMUNIST AREAS AND
U.S. PARTICIPATION IN U.N.
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS.
THE FIRST MEETING ON NDMC IN
WASHINGTON, D.C. IN 1954 WAS
ATTENDED BY ROBERT LIM THE
SECRETARY OF DEFENSE AND A
REPRESENTATIVE AND DIRECTOR OF
U.S. PUBLIC SERVICE.
A LOT OF PEOPLE FROM THE PRE-WAR
PERIOD ACTIVELY INVOLVED IN
CHINA AND THE POST-WAR PERIOD
TOO.
THE MINNESOTA CONGRESSMAN ARGUED
A NATIONAL DEFENSE MEDICAL
CENTER SHOULD PAY REFERENCE TO
OVERSEAS CHINESE VULNERABLE TO
THE COMMUNIST CALL FOR THEM TO
HEAD TO MAINLAND CHINA FOR
MEDICAL STUDIES AND A NEED FOR
THEM TO ORIENT TO TAIPEI AND
ARGUED 90% OF THE OVERSEAS
CHINESE WERE FROM A SPECIFIC
PROVINCE SPEAKING THE SAME
DIALECT AS THE PEOPLE FROM
TAIWAN.
HE ARGUED THEY'D BE AMENABLE TO
CONDITIONS AND THE LINGUISTIC
ENVIRONMENT OF THE ISLAND.
AND TAIPEI WOULD BE THE SECOND
AREA DRAWING PEOPLE FROM SOUTH
VIETNAM, PHILIPPINES AND OTHER
PRO-AMERICAN STATES IN SOUTHEAST
ASIA AND HE DIRECTOR OF THE
NATIONAL DEFENSE MEDICAL CENTER
DECLARED HIS INTENTIONS TO RAISE
ADMISSION RATES FOR ALL
APPLICANTS PARTICULARLY OVERSEAS
CHINESE STUDENTS.
HE CALLED FOR A MASSIVE
EXPANSION PLANS INCLUDING DO
DORMITORIES AND CLASSROOMS AND
INCREASED THE ENROLLMENT AND
WOULD RAISE THE NUMBER OF
MEDICAL PERSONNEL FOR FREE CHINA
AND OTHER SOUTHEAST ASIAN
NATIONS BUT DIVERT THOSE GOING
TO CHINA AND A PSYCHOLOGICAL
GAIN FOR FREEDOM AND THEY
CONCURRED WITH THE PLANS AND
DISPERSED THE FIRST U.S. DOLLARS
ROUGHLY ABOUT A MILLION
U.S. DOLLARS TODAY TO THE UNMD.
LATER THEY APPROVED $1.2 MILLION
ROUGHLY ABOUT $11 MILLION TODAY
TO DISPERSE OVER THE
INSTITUTIONS OVER THREE YEARS
HELPING THEM CONSTRUCT NEW
DORMITORIES AND CLASSROOMS.
MORE OVERSEAS CHINESE STUDENTS
DID ENROLL AS A PERCENTAGE OF
THE OVER ALL NUMBER OF STUDENTS
AND HALF THE CITIZENS WAS
ROUGHLY 15% BY 1959.
IN OTHER WORDS, THE MONEY KEPT
FLOWING TO THE NMDC AND THIS
CONFIRM THE STRATEGY AND THE FOA
SPONSORED 15 FELLOWSHIP FOR
LOCAL STUDENTS AND FACULTY AND
SUBSIDIZED THE SALARIES OF SOME
INSTRUCTORS AND FUNDED MOSQUITO
NETS AND DORMITORIES OF SOME
STUDENTS AND 18 FACULTY
RESIDENTS AND FUNDING THE
CONSTRUCTION OF THE TEACHING
HOSPITAL AND THE RET VAN
HOSPITAL TO THE TUNE OF $1.33
MILLION OR ROUGHLY $12 MILLION
TODAY.
THE HOSPITAL REMAINS ONE OF THE
BEST HOSPITALS IN TAIWAN TODAY.
ALL THESE ENABLE THE NDMC TO
TRAIN MEDICAL PERSONNEL FROM
1949 TO 1962 IT'S A LARGE FIGURE
IF YOU COMPARE TO OTHER
COUNTRIES IN THE REGION.
THESE TRAINED PERSONNEL INCLUDED
MANY WOMEN NURSES IN TAIWAN.
A GENERAL GRADUATED FROM THE
ROCKEFELLER FUNDED MEDICAL
COLLEGE IN CHINA AND LATER
RECEIVED ED DEGREES FROM
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY AND M.I.T.
IN THE 1940s.
ROBERT LYNN APPOINTED CHOO AND
IN IN THE 1958 WAS PROMOTED TO
GENERAL AND FELT IT WAS
IMPORTANT TO BE LED BY THE
SENIOR LEADER AND IN TAIWAN CHOU
BOOSTED NURSING EDUCATION AND A
DIRECTIVE TO GIVE BACHELOR'S
DEGREES TO NURSES AND
INSTRUCTORS AT NURSING SCHOOLS
AND HOSPITALS.
AND NURSES WOULD BECOME OFFICES
IN THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA'S ARMY.
AND IMPROVED THE CONDITIONS FOR
NDMC NURSES WORKING IN TAIWANESE
HOSPITAL INSISTING ALL HOSPITALS
INSTALL RESTING FACILITIES FOR
NURSES AND SOLICITED SUPPORT
FROM U.S.-BASED GROUPS SUCH AS
THE HUNTER COLLEGE CHINESE
STUDENTS CLUB AND LOS ANGELES
BRANCH AND BUSINESS AND
PROFESSIONAL WOMEN'S AND THE
AMERICAN JOURNAL WHICH DONATED
BOOKS AND JOURNALS TO NURSING
REFORMS.
AND THE INTERVENTION SHOWED
SCIENTIFIC EXPERTISE IN
DIASPORIC POWER WERE CRITICAL IN
RECONSTITUTING PROFESSIONAL
NURSING IN POST-WAR TAIWAN.
IN CONCLUSION I'VE DEMONSTRATE
THE GLOBAL HISTORY OF MEDICINE
AND CHINA IN TAIWAN WAS
PREDICATED ON THE EFFORTS OF THE
OVERSEAS CHINESE OR CHINESE
DIASPORA.
THEY LEVERAGED INTERNATIONAL
CONNECTIONS, MEDICAL EXPERTISE
AND LINGUISTIC TALENTS TO BUILD
INSTITUTIONS IN 20th CENTURY
CHINA AND TAIWAN AND BROUGHT NEW
PRED MEDICAL PRACTICES OF BLOOD
BANKING HELPING SAVE LIVES IN
THE WAR AND AFTER AND LEFT
LEGACIES IN CONTEMPORARY CHINA
AND TAIWAN.
FIRST, ROBERT LIM AND SUCCESSORS
HELPED FOSTER MEDICAL SCHOOL
GRADUATES GOING ON TO BECOME
PROMINENT DOCTORS AND LEADERS IN
UNIVERSITIES AND HOSPITALS AND
WERE CRITICAL IN PLAYING A
PIVOTAL ROLE IN HELPING FIGHT
SARS AND COVID-19.
SECOND THE ACTIVE PARTICIPATION
OF DIASPORIC WOMEN MEDICAL
PERSONNEL SHOWED THE CRITICAL
ROLE OF WOMEN CRITICAL PERSONNEL
AND THERE ARE EFFORTS REFUTE THE
UNDER STATED EMOTIONAL LABOR OF
WOMEN MEDICAL PERSONNEL
INFORMING COMMUNITIES AMONG
SOLDIERS, CIVILIANS AND MEDICAL
PERSONNEL ON THE WAR FRONT.
I ARGUE THE DISPLAY OF
SCIENTIFIC EXPERTISE AND
TECHNOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS DREW
FROM LEVERAGING TRANS NATIONAL
CONNECTIONS AND APPLYING GLOBAL
AND LOCAL KNOWLEDGE.
THE MEDICAL TRAINING AND
FINANCIAL SUPPORT DEPENDED ON
OVERSEAS CHINESE DONORS IN
AMERICA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA FROM
PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS,
NATIVE PLACE ASSOCIATIONS AND A
WIDE VARIETY OF ORGANIZATIONS.
THE BROADER CONTEXT OF THE
SUCCESS OF REPUBLIC OF CHINA'S
GOVERNMENT WHICH RESPECTED
SCIENTIFIC EXPERTISE AND
WELCOMED AMERICAN ASSISTANCE
PROVIDED THE SPACE AND FREEDOM
FOR MANY WOMEN PERSONNEL TO HELP
IN WARTIME CHINA AND POST-WAR
TAIWAN AND PAVED THE WAY FOR
WOMEN TO TAKE IMPORTANT ROLES IN
CONTEMPORARY CHINESE AND
TAIWANESE HEALTH CARE.
IN MAINLAND CHINA THEY LED THE
ANTI-PANDEMIC EFFORTS DURING THE
SARS CRISIS THAT AFFLICTED CHINA
IN 2003.
IN TAIWAN, WOMEN HAVE BUILT ON
THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF LEADERS
BECOMING PRESIDENTS, VICE
PRESIDENTS, AMBASSADORS, HEALTH
AND TECHNOLOGY MINISTERS AND
CEOs OF TECHNOLOGY COMPANIES.
THANK YOU VERY MUCH AND I LOOK
FORWARD TO YOUR QUESTIONS.
THANK YOU.
>>THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR THE
EXCELLENT TALK WE HAVE A FEW
QUESTIONS THAT HAVE COME IN AND
A REMINDER TO THOSE WATCHING
YOU'LL SEE THE LIVE FEEDBACK
BUTTON AND YOU CAN USE THAT AND
IT WILL COME TO MY E-MAIL.
DR. SOON THANK YOU VERY MUCH.
THE FIRST QUESTION COMES FROM
SOMEONE WHO SAYS THANK YOU FOR
YOUR EXCELLENT TALK.
IT'S FASCINATING TO KNOW THE
PERSON RIGHTS, ONE OF THE FIRST
DESEGREGATED BLOOD BANKING
OPERATION WAS SUPPORTED BY
AFRICAN AMERICAN AND JAPANESE
DONORS.
WHAT WAS THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF
THIS MULTI-RACIAL COOPERATION
AND WERE THE DIVERSE GROUPS MORE
SUPPORTIVE OF EACH OTHER AFTER
THE WAR?
>>THANK YOU, DR. RESNIK FOR
SHARING THE QUESTION.
IT'S AN IMPORTANT QUESTION.
ONE THING THAT IS REMARKABLE
ABOUT THE FIRST CHINESE BLOOD
BANK I DID NOT EMPHASIZE THIS
MUCH IN MY TALK BUT IT'S AN
IMPORTANT TO NOTE WHY THE BLOOD
BANK REACHED OUT TO DIVERSE
GROUPS IS BECAUSE THEY KNEW IF
THEY ONLY DEPENDED ON CHINESE
AMERICANS IT WOULD NOT BE
CRITICAL MASS TO MAKE THE BLOOD
BANK WORK.
YOU NEEDED A BIGGER MASS OF
PEOPLE AND ONE OF THE LEADERS OF
THE CHINESE BLOOD BANK AND THE
NAACP KNEW THEY SHARED A COMMON
VISION IN FIGHTING AGAINST THE
SEGREGATION OF BLOOD DONATION
PRESENT IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR
IN THE U.S. AND IN MANY PARTS OF
COUNTRY FOR SOME PEOPLE EVEN SAY
DECADES.
MANY OF THE AFRICAN AMERICAN
NEWSPAPERS AT THE TIME NOTED AND
ELABORATED ON THE EFFORTS TO
SUPPORT THE FIRST CHINESE BLOOD
BANK AS A WAY TO CRITICIZE THE
SEGREGATION OF BLOOD BY THE
AMERICAN RED CROSS AND FOUND A
DOCUMENT IN THE ARCHIVES THAT
SHOWED WHEN THEY WERE APPEALING
TO PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT TO ASK
HIM TO INTERVENE IN THE AMERICAN
RED CROSS TO DESEGREGATE BLOOD
DONATION AND TRANSFUSION THEY
USED THE FIRST CHINESE BLOOD
BANK AS AN EXAMPLE TO DO SO.
I WOULD SAY THAT WAS A REAL
UNDER STUDIED SOCIETAL IMPACT
THE FIRST CHINESE BLOOD BANK
PLAYED IN THE U.S. IN THE LATE
19
1940'S ESPECIALLY TOWARDS THE
END OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR AND
I CAN ELABORATE MORE.
THANK YOU FOR QUESTION.
>>ANOTHER QUESTION RELATES TO
THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE AS ITS
EMBRACE OF THE INSTITUTIONS YOU
DISCUSSED.
CAN YOU SPEAK TO HOW THE
INSTITUTIONS EMBRACE,
UNDERSTAND, UTILIZE THE HISTORY
OF THEIR OWN INSTITUTIONS IN
THEIR RESEARCH AND EDUCATIONAL
PROGRAM IF AT ALL.
>>IF YOU'RE TRYING TO GET A
SENSE OF WHAT THE PHILOSOPHIES
AND IDEAS IN EACH INSTITUTION SO
FOR EXAMPLE RIGHT THE EMERGENCY
MEDICAL SERVICE TRAINING SCHOOL
OF WARTIME CHINA WAS A REAL
CHANGE FROM THE EARLIER PRE-WAR
MEDICAL COLLEGE FOR JOHNS
HOPKINS MODEL.
IT WAS IMPORTED INTO CHINA VIA
OTHER FOUNDATION.
DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR THEY
MADE A CLEAN BREAK BY GIVING --
TRAINING THE MEDICAL AUXILIARIES
AND PERSONNEL FOR ONLY ABOUT
THREE MONTHS BECAUSE THE IDEA IS
WE NEED A LOT OF MEDICAL
PERSONNEL TO IMPLEMENT THE
POLICIES THE CHINESE RED CROSS
WERE DOING SUCH AS DELOUSING AND
SO ON.
THIS PHILOSOPHY WAS OPPOSED BY
MANY PEOPLE IN CHINA AND THE
UNITED STATES AND SAID IT SEEMED
DEMEANING TO THE MEDICAL
EDUCATION.
HOW CAN YOU TRAIN SOMEONE FOR
ONLY THREE MONTHS AND CALL THEM
MEDICAL PERSONNEL.
LIKE GOING TO A FIRST AID COURSE
IN A CLASS IN HIGH SCHOOL.
THAT'S NOT GOING TO BE ENOUGH.
SO THERE WAS A REAL TENSION AND
ROBERT LIM RECOGNIZED THE
TENSION.
ONE THING I TRIED TO EMPHASIZE
IN MY TALK IS IN THE POST-WAR
PERIOD THE MEDICAL TRAINING
INSTITUTIONS OR MEDICAL TRAINING
INSTITUTIONS IN CHINA AND TAIWAN
TRIED TO BRIDGE BOTH
PHILOSOPHIES AND DEVELOP A
CURRICULUM THAT COULD BE
COMPLETED QUICKER THAN THE
U.S. MODEL BUT ALSO TRYING TO
KEEP THE COMPROMISE AS MINIMUM
AS POSSIBLE.
AND PART OF IT WAS TO TRY TO
INFUSE A LARGE DOSE OF FIELD SIN
AND PRACTICAL MEDICINE IN THE
RESIDENCE TO ACCELERATE THE
PROCESS AND DO BOTH.
IT'S A VERY DIFFICULT PROCESS
AND OFTEN PEOPLE ON DIFFERENT
SIDES TRY TO CHALLENGE OR OPPOSE
OR AUGMENT OR CHANGE THESE
PHILOSOPHIES AND IDEAS OF
MEDICAL EDUCATION IN CHINA AND
TAIWAN.
AND OTHER FACTOR IS TRADITIONAL
CHINESE MEDICINE I'VE NOT SEEN A
QUESTION AND THAT'S USUALLY THE
FIRST QUESTION PEOPLE ASK DURING
MY TALKS SO I'D BE HAPPY TO TALK
ABOUT THAT TOO LATER IN THE Q&A.
>>I'VE NOT RECEIVED A QUESTION.
CAN I SAY MORE HOW TRADITIONAL
CHINESE MEDICINE FACTORS IN THE
NARRATIVE YOU SHARED WITH US
TODAY?
WHAT DID YOU DISCOVER THROUGH
THE ARCHIVES?
>>AND THEY WERE TRAINED IN THE
WEST AND WENT THROUGH A PURELY
BIO MEDICAL TRAINING AND I FOUND
A LOT OF THE WESTERN-TRAINED
OVERSEAS CHINESE PERSONNEL WERE
NOT NECESSARILY IN OPPOSITION TO
CHINESE MEDICINE THEY DID NOT
SEE AN OPPOSITION AND I WRITE IN
MY BOOK A FAMOUS PHYSICIAN WHO
HELPED TO FIGHT THE PLAGUE IN
NORTH CHINA IN 1910 AND WROTE
ABOUT HISTORY OF CHINESE
MEDICINE AND GAVE TALKS ON
PROMOTING CHINESE MEDICINE.
IN THE WAY THEY WERE DIFFERENT
FROM MANY OF THE JAPANESE
TRAINED MEDICAL DOCTORS IN CHINA
ADAMAN
ADAMANTLY AND OF COURSE THAT DID
NOT SUCCEED IN THE 1920s.
AND THEY FOUND SOCIETIES THAT
DELINEATED FROM AND GRAPPLE WITH
AND BE FLEXIBLE AND PROMOTING
WHAT THEY WANT TO ACHIEVE IN
DIFFERENT SITUATIONS.
THEY'RE NOT AS IDEOLOGICAL AND
TRY TO BRING TOGETHER DIFFERENT
STAKEHOLDERS AND TRAINING
PERSONNEL AND PROMOTING BLOOD
BANKING.
IN A WAY THEIR FLEXIBILITY AND
ABILITY TO RAISE MONEY FROM
DIFFERENT SOURCES HELPED THEM
GET THE WESTERN MEDICAL
INSTITUTIONS GOING INCLUDING
WORKING WITH PRACTITIONERS OF
CHINESE MEDICINE.
THANK YOU.
>>THANK YOU VERY MUCH.
ANOTHER QUESTION WE HAVE IS YOU
MENTIONED IN YOUR PRESENTATION
YOU'RE RESEARCH DRAWS ON
ARCHIVES AND THEORIES ACROSS
THREE DIFFERENT CONTINENTS.
CAN YOU SAY MORE ABOUT HOW MUCH
TIME THAT TOOK AND WHAT
CHALLENGES YOU FACED IN THE
SHEER DEPTH AND BREADTH OF YOUR
RESEARCH OR NARRATIVE YOU
PRESENTED TODAY IN YOUR BOOK.
>>YEAH, THANK YOU SO MUCH.
I THINK I WAS FORTUNATE TO
RECEIVE FUNDING AT PRINCETON AND
FUNDING SOURCES SUCH AS THE
ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION AND WHY I
FELT THE RESEARCH WAS IMPORTANT
WAS I WANTED TO TRACE THE ENTIRE
LIVES FROM BEGINNING FROM BIRTH
TO WHERE THEY END TOWARDS THE
END OF THEIR CAREERS.
FOR EXAMPLE FOR ME TO UNDERSTAND
ROBERT LIM AND HIS INTENTION OF
GOING CHINA AND LOOKING AT THE
ARCHIVES AND I FOUND RECORDS OF
HIM AND OTHER CHINESE STUDENTS
AND HOW THEY CONSTANTLY EXPRESS
THEIR DESIRE TO USE MEDICINE
THEY'VE LEARNED IN EDINBURGH IN
CHINA AND THE CULTURAL
CONNECTIONS CAN ONLY BE GLEANED
FROM MY ARCHIVAL WORK IN THE
ARCHIVES IN SCOTLAND BUT I ALSO
NOTED THAT WITHOUT DOING THE
ARCHIVAL WORK IN CHINA AND
TAIWAN UNDERSTANDING HOW ROBERT
LIM WAS DOING THE WORK IN CHINA
AND ONLY USING THE EDINBURGH
ARCHIVE I WOULD SAY THE MAIN
REASON HE CAME TO CHINA WAS
QUOTE, UNQUOTE LOVE OF CHINA AND
THAT WASN'T TRUE.
HIS LATER PRESENCE AND THEOLOGY
IN CHINA WAS ALSO BECAUSE CHINA
AND TAIWAN GAVE HIM THE PLATFORM
TO ACT ON HIS PROFESSIONAL
EXPERTISE.
IN A WAY TO GET A COMPLETE
PICTURE OF THE INTENTION OF THE
OVERSEAS CHINESE AND THE
ARCHIVES OF EDINBURGH AND
CAROLINA AND TAIWAN HELPS BRIDGE
A BROADER PICTURE OF THE
INDIVIDUALS WHO I THINK WERE
EXCEPTIONAL AND ITS WAS A
SPECIAL PERIOD IN CHINA AND
GLOBAL HISTORY THAT'S NOT BEEN
REPEATED.
THERE WAS A MOMENT BETWEEN 1910s
TO '70s WHERE IT WAS POSSIBLE
FOR THE WIDESPREAD CRITICAL
INTERVENTIONS THEY DID TO
BOLSTER CHINA I THINK IN THE
CHINA FACILITIES AND LATER
TAIWAN.
IT'S AN IMPORTANT STORY I'M
TRYING TO TELL.
I'M HAPPY TO GIVE MORE EXAMPLES
BUT WANTED TO DEMONSTRATE ROBERT
LIM'S TRANSNATIONAL STORIES AND
HAPPY TO TALK MORE.
THANK YOU.
>>CERTAINLY WHEN ANYONE IS IN
AN ARCHIVE LOOKING AT THE
PRIMARY MATERIALS WE SEE THE
STORY WE'RE STUDYING COME
TOGETHER.
WE'RE ABLE TO GLEAN DIFFERENT
ASPECTS AND TO HAVE THE
PRIVILEGE OF LOOKING AT MULTIPLE
ARCHIVES AND SEEING A DIFFERENT
FOCUS AND PERSPECTIVE AND I CAN
RELATE TO SOME DEGREE AND I'M
SURE MANY VIEWERS CAN SEE AND
IT'S A WONDERFUL PERSPECTIVE AND
ASPECTS YOU STUDIED.
THANK YOU.
>>ONE MORE THING.
ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WAS
REMARKABLE ABOUT DOING ARCHIVAL
RESEARCH IS THERE WAS A FRENCH
ARCHIVIST WHO TOLD ME WHILE I
WAS DOING RESEARCH IN THE
ROCKEFELLER ARCHIVES IN THE
HUDSON VALLEY TOLD ME WHEN HE
WAS LOOKING AT MATERIALS IN
WASHINGTON, D.C. THE WAS LOOKING
AT THE NAACP ARCHIVES AND HE WAS
THE WON WHO TOLD ME ABOUT THE
PRESENCE OF THAT DOCUMENT
HELPING TO ILLUSTRATE SO MUCH OF
THIS TALK IN MY BOOK AND IT
PROVIDED ANOTHER DIMENSION TO
THE STORY OF THIS PARTICULAR
PERIOD.
>>IT'S A WONDERFUL OCCURRENCE
AND EVERYTHING HAPPENS FOR A
REASON THROUGH ARCHIVES AND
GREAT STORY.
THANK YOU.
ANOTHER PERSON WRITES IN THANK
YOU FOR BRINGING TO LIGHT THIS
FASCINATING SUBJECT.
THIS PERSON WRITES WHEN GENERAL
CHOU WAS LEADING THE DEVELOPMENT
OF NURSING EDUCATION IN TAIWAN
WAS SHE WORKING WITH FOREIGN
MILITARY OR CIVILIAN NURSING
ORGANIZATIONS?
DID SHE EMPLOY PROGRESSIVE
CONCEPTS LIKE WELCOMING MALE
NURSES SINCE THERE WAS FRICTION
ABOUT GENDER DESEGREGATION.
>>THAT'S A GREAT QUESTION.
ENGLISH WAS YET TO BE WRITTEN IN
DOCUMENTS AND MY IMPRESSION IS
THEY WERE THINKING ABOUT GENDER
EQUALITY AND BETTER BENEFITS AND
RIGHTS FOR NURSES AND INSTITUTED
SOME REFORMS AS I MENTIONED IN
MY TALK HAVING PROPER RESTROOM
FACILITIES AND MAKING SURE
NURSES WERE RESPECTED IN THE
CHINESE MILITARY HIERARCHY AND
GIVEN A PROPER PLACE WITHIN
SYSTEM.
I THINK ONE OF THE THINGS I
THINK OF GREAT INTEREST TO ME
WHICH IS PART OF MY SECOND BOOK
PROJECT OF INTEREST IS ALSO THE
QUESTION OF ETHNICITY.
IN THE CASE OF POST-WAR TAIWAN
AND IN POST-WAR UNITED STATES
THE FRICTION IS GENDER.
BUT IN TAIWAN A LOT OF THE
FRICTION IS ETHNICITY BECAUSE
MANY OF THE PEOPLE WHO CAME TO
TAIWAN IDENTIFIED AS THE PEOPLE
WITH CAME FROM CHINA TO TAIWAN
AS OPPOSED TO MANY OF THE NURSES
WHO WERE TRAINED UNDER THE
JAPANESE SYSTEM IN COLONIAL TIME
FROM 1845 TO 1945 AND THERE WAS
ONGOING FRICTION BETWEEN THE
TAIWANESE NURSE AND THE NURSES
THAT CAME FROM CHINA.
THERE WAS A DIMENSION EVEN FOR
THE NATIONAL DEFENSE MEDICAL
CENTER.
ONE OF THE THINGS ROBERT LIM
TRIED TO DO WAS DO
CROSS-APPOINTMENTS FOR NATIONAL
DEFENSE MEDICAL CENTER PERSONNEL
TO TEACH AT NATIONAL TAIWAN
UNIVERSITY AND FOR NATIONAL
TAIWAN UNIVERSITY PERSONNEL TO
TEACH AT THE NATIONAL DEFENSE
CENTER.
I WANT TO STRESS TAIWAN AT THE
TIME WAS UNDER MARTIAL LAW SO
THOUGH THERE WERE EFFORTS THAT
BRIDGED DIFFERENCES TAIWAN WAS
UNDER THE CONTROL OF THOSE WHO
PRIVILEGED THE MAINLANDERS.
IT'S AN IMPORTANT POINT TO THINK
ABOUT.
WHETHER IT'S GENDER OR ETHNICITY
THOUGH THERE COULD BE SOME FORMS
OF BRIDGING AND COLLABORATION
AND PROFESSIONALISM.
THERE'S POWER RELATIONS EMBEDDED
WITH MODERN MEDICINE THAT THE
QUESTION ILLUSTRATES.
THANK YOU.
>>WE HAVE TIME FOR ONE MORE
QUESTION AND IT RELATES TO YOUR
ARCHIVAL WORK TO WHAT EXTENT DID
YOU RELY ON ORAL HISTORIES FOR
YOUR RESEARCH?
AS SOMEONE LIKE DR. LIM WHO YOU
TALK ABOUT IN YOUR PRESENTATION
DID HE HAVE DESCENDENTS YOU
SPOKE WITH TO HELP INFORM YOUR
NARRATIVE?
>>THE INSTITUTE OF MODERN
HISTORY AND TAIWAN HAS A PROJECT
AND THERE'S ABOUT BOOKS AND
THERE WERE FOUR OR FIVE
ACCOUNTS.
THEY WERE IMPORTANT IN TRYING TO
CONSTRUCT THE EVERY DAY LIVES IN
TAIWAN.
THIS WAS A PERIOD OF GREAT
DIFFICULTY TRYING TO RECONSTRUCT
AND HAD LITTLE FOOD TO EAT AND
NO CADAVERS AND SO YES ORAL
ACCOUNTS ARE INTEGRAL TO MY
PROJECT.
>>THANK YOU FOR PREP --
PREPARING THE PRESENTATION AND
WE WISH YOU SUCCESS THANK YOU
VERY MUCH FOR YOUR TIME THIS
AFTERNOON AND LOOK FORWARD TO
KEEPING IN TOUCH.
>>THANK YOU DR. RESNIK AND FOR
EVERYONE COMING TO MY TALK.
I WISH YOU A WONDERFUL WEEKEND
>>A REMINDER DR. SOON'S TALK
WILL BE AVAILABLE IN THE NIH
VIDEOCAST ARCHIVE NEXT WEEK OR
FOLLOWING AS ARE ALL OF OUR
RECENT TALKS FREELY AVAILABLE IN
THE NIH VIDEOCAST ARCHIVE.
DR. SOON, THANK YOU AGAIN.
>>THANK YOU.
BEFORE WE LEAVE I WANT TO GIVE
EVERYONE A REMINDER ABOUT OUR
NEXT HISTORY TALK GOING TO TAKE
PLACE AT 2:00 ON THURSDAY JUNE 8
NOT LONG FROM NOW.
WE'LL BE WELCOMING RANDAL SELL
PROFESSOR IN THE DEPARTMENT OF
COMMUNITY HEALTH AND PREVENTION
AT DREXEL UNIVERSITY.
HE'LL BE JOINING US TO SPEAK ON
WE'RE HERE, WE'RE QUEER, GET
USED TO IT.
STRUGGLES AND STORIES TO BE
HEARD FOR TODAY AND TOMORROW.
SO THANK YOU FOR TUNING IN TODAY
AND PLEASE JOIN US JUNE 8 TO
WELCOME HIM AND HEAR HIS TALK.
THANK YOU ALL HAVE A GOOD
AFTERNOON FROM THE NATIONAL
LIBRARY OF MEDICINE.
BYE-BYE.