1 00:00:05,200 --> 00:00:07,960 MY NAME IS JEFF REZNICK 2 00:00:07,960 --> 00:00:09,960 I'M CHIEF OF THE HISTORY 3 00:00:09,960 --> 00:00:13,120 MEDICINE DIVISION OF THE 4 00:00:13,120 --> 00:00:13,960 NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. 5 00:00:13,960 --> 00:00:14,960 THANK YOU FOR JOINING US TODAY 6 00:00:14,960 --> 00:00:17,760 AS WE CONTINUE OUR 2022 SERIES 7 00:00:17,760 --> 00:00:20,200 OF ALL VIRTUAL NLM HISTORY TALKS 8 00:00:20,200 --> 00:00:22,840 FOR THOSE OF YOU ON TWITTER, 9 00:00:22,840 --> 00:00:25,040 THANK YOUS VERY MUCH FOR 10 00:00:25,040 --> 00:00:27,200 FOLLOWING ALONG, USING THE 11 00:00:27,200 --> 00:00:27,680 HASHTAG. 12 00:00:27,680 --> 00:00:28,600 NLM HISTORY TALK PROMOTE 13 00:00:28,600 --> 00:00:31,320 AWARENESS AND USE OF NLM AND 14 00:00:31,320 --> 00:00:32,200 RELATED HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 15 00:00:32,200 --> 00:00:33,440 FOR RESEARCH, EDUCATION, AND 16 00:00:33,440 --> 00:00:36,760 PUBLIC SERVICE IN THE FIELDS OF 17 00:00:36,760 --> 00:00:38,320 BIOMEDICINE, THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 18 00:00:38,320 --> 00:00:39,480 AND THE HUMANITIES. 19 00:00:39,480 --> 00:00:40,560 THE SERIES ALSO SUPPORTS THE 20 00:00:40,560 --> 00:00:42,760 COMMITMENT OF THE NLM TO 21 00:00:42,760 --> 00:00:44,240 RECOGNIZE THE DIVERSITY OF ITS 22 00:00:44,240 --> 00:00:47,360 COLLECTIONS WHICH SPAN 10 23 00:00:47,360 --> 00:00:49,240 CENTURIES, ENCOMPASS A RANGE OF 24 00:00:49,240 --> 00:00:51,000 DIGITAL FORMATS AND ORIGINATE 25 00:00:51,000 --> 00:00:52,640 FROM NEARLY EVERY PART OF THE 26 00:00:52,640 --> 00:00:52,840 GLOBE. 27 00:00:52,840 --> 00:00:54,440 OUR SERIES IS ALSO INTENDED TO 28 00:00:54,440 --> 00:00:55,600 FOREGROUND THE VOICES OF PEOPLE 29 00:00:55,600 --> 00:00:57,240 OF COLOR, WOMEN, AND INDIVIDUALS 30 00:00:57,240 --> 00:01:01,240 OF A VERY OF CULTURAL AND 31 00:01:01,240 --> 00:01:01,800 DISCIPLINARY BACKGROUNDS WHO 32 00:01:01,800 --> 00:01:03,040 VALUE THESE COLLECTIONS AND USE 33 00:01:03,040 --> 00:01:04,360 THEM TO ADVANCE THEIR RESEARCH, 34 00:01:04,360 --> 00:01:07,160 THEIR TEACHING AND THEIR 35 00:01:07,160 --> 00:01:07,440 LEARNING. 36 00:01:07,440 --> 00:01:08,800 WE SUPPLEMENT HISTORY TALK WITH 37 00:01:08,800 --> 00:01:09,640 SPEAKER INTERVIEWS ON OWN BLOG 38 00:01:09,640 --> 00:01:13,160 CALLED CIRCULATING NOW. 39 00:01:13,160 --> 00:01:16,760 WHICH IS LOCATED AT CIRCULATING 40 00:01:16,760 --> 00:01:16,960 NOW. 41 00:01:16,960 --> 00:01:18,240 I'LL ADD THAT NLM HISTORY TALK 42 00:01:18,240 --> 00:01:20,720 ARE MADE POSSIBLE BUYOUT 43 00:01:20,720 --> 00:01:23,520 STANDING TEAM HERE AT THE 44 00:01:23,520 --> 00:01:24,040 NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE 45 00:01:24,040 --> 00:01:24,600 HUMANITIES AS PART OF THE 46 00:01:24,600 --> 00:01:25,040 NLM/NEH PARTNERSHIP TO 47 00:01:25,040 --> 00:01:25,560 COLLABORATE ON RESEARCH, 48 00:01:25,560 --> 00:01:26,040 EDUCATION, AND CAREER 49 00:01:26,040 --> 00:01:26,320 INITIATIVES. 50 00:01:26,320 --> 00:01:27,000 I WANT TO THANK EACH OF EVERY 51 00:01:27,000 --> 00:01:29,480 ONE OF THEIR TIME AND TALENT TO 52 00:01:29,480 --> 00:01:30,720 BRING THIS APPROPRIATE TO YOU, 53 00:01:30,720 --> 00:01:33,280 THE PUBLIC. 54 00:01:33,280 --> 00:01:35,280 BEFORE I INTRODUCE TODAY'S SPEAK 55 00:01:35,280 --> 00:01:35,840 A FEW NOTES. 56 00:01:35,840 --> 00:01:38,720 OUR NEXT NLM HISTORY TALK. 57 00:01:38,720 --> 00:01:40,200 THE SIXING ANNUAL LECTURE IN THE 58 00:01:40,200 --> 00:01:42,240 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 59 00:01:42,240 --> 00:01:47,760 AND OFFICED BY DR. MATTHEW, THE 60 00:01:47,760 --> 00:01:49,200 PROFESSOR OF MODERN EUROPEAN 61 00:01:49,200 --> 00:01:50,320 HISTORY. 62 00:01:50,320 --> 00:01:56,760 THIS WILL BE HELD NEXT THURSDAY, 63 00:01:56,760 --> 00:01:58,320 MAY 5th AT 2:00 EASTERN TIME. 64 00:01:58,320 --> 00:02:01,080 HE WILL BE SPEAKING ABOUT THE 65 00:02:01,080 --> 00:02:02,240 FIRST WORLD WAR. 66 00:02:02,240 --> 00:02:03,880 I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO CALL YOUR 67 00:02:03,880 --> 00:02:05,600 ATTENTION TO THE LIVE FEEDBACK 68 00:02:05,600 --> 00:02:07,800 BUTTON UNDER THE VIDEO STREAM 69 00:02:07,800 --> 00:02:08,360 THAT YOU'RE WATCHING. 70 00:02:08,360 --> 00:02:09,520 USE THIS FEATURE TO SEND 71 00:02:09,520 --> 00:02:12,280 QUESTIONS TO ME, I WILL SHARE 72 00:02:12,280 --> 00:02:16,640 WITH OUR SPEAKER DURING OUR Q & 73 00:02:16,640 --> 00:02:20,280 A FOLLOWING TODAY'S TALK. 74 00:02:20,280 --> 00:02:21,760 AND MOST NOTABLY, TODAY'S TALK 75 00:02:21,760 --> 00:02:22,360 IS NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE 76 00:02:22,360 --> 00:02:22,880 HUMANITIES AS PART OF THE 77 00:02:22,880 --> 00:02:23,360 NLM/NEH PARTNERSHIP TO 78 00:02:23,360 --> 00:02:23,840 COLLABORATE ON RESEARCH, 79 00:02:23,840 --> 00:02:26,440 EDUCATION, AND CAREER 80 00:02:26,440 --> 00:02:26,720 INITIATIVES. 81 00:02:26,720 --> 00:02:29,800 THANKS INDEED TO THE NEH AND OUR 82 00:02:29,800 --> 00:02:31,600 COLLEAGUES THERE ARE OUR 83 00:02:31,600 --> 00:02:32,360 COSPONSORTIUM AND OUR GREAT 84 00:02:32,360 --> 00:02:33,640 PARTNERSHIP OVER THE YEARS. 85 00:02:33,640 --> 00:02:34,720 WITH ALL OF THIS, I HAVE THE 86 00:02:34,720 --> 00:02:35,400 PLEASURE AND PRIVILEGE OF 87 00:02:35,400 --> 00:02:39,000 INTRODUCED DR. RANA HOGARTH. 88 00:02:39,000 --> 00:02:40,600 ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF HISTORY 89 00:02:40,600 --> 00:02:41,240 AT UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, 90 00:02:41,240 --> 00:02:42,240 URBANA-CHAMPAIGN. 91 00:02:42,240 --> 00:02:44,000 DR. RANA HOGARTH HOLDS HER 92 00:02:44,000 --> 00:02:45,480 DOCTORATE FROM YALE UNIVERSITY, 93 00:02:45,480 --> 00:02:47,720 AND HER MASTER'S JOHNS HOPKINS 94 00:02:47,720 --> 00:02:49,200 BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC 95 00:02:49,200 --> 00:02:49,440 HEALTH. 96 00:02:49,440 --> 00:02:50,240 AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, 97 00:02:50,240 --> 00:02:50,840 URBANA-CHAMPAIGN, SHE TEACHES 98 00:02:50,840 --> 00:02:53,600 COURSES ON RACE AND REVOLUTIONS, 99 00:02:53,600 --> 00:02:55,160 SLAVERY AND SOCIETY, AND RACE, 100 00:02:55,160 --> 00:02:57,440 SCIENCE, AND MEDICINE AMONG 101 00:02:57,440 --> 00:02:58,840 OTHER RELATED OBJECTS. 102 00:02:58,840 --> 00:02:59,600 DR. RANA HOGARTH'S RESEARCH 103 00:02:59,600 --> 00:03:03,240 FOCUSES ON THE MEDICAL AND 104 00:03:03,240 --> 00:03:04,400 SCIENTIFIC CONSTRUCTS OF RACE 105 00:03:04,400 --> 00:03:05,200 DURING THE ERA OF SLAVERY AND 106 00:03:05,200 --> 00:03:06,840 BEYOND. 107 00:03:06,840 --> 00:03:08,400 DR. RANA HOGARTH WAS RECENTLY 108 00:03:08,400 --> 00:03:10,520 RECOGNIZED BY HER INSTITUTION AS 109 00:03:10,520 --> 00:03:12,640 A SCHOLAR FOR OUTSTANDING 110 00:03:12,640 --> 00:03:14,200 EDUCATION AND RESEARCH CONVEYED 111 00:03:14,200 --> 00:03:15,960 THROUGH OUR ENERGY, HER 112 00:03:15,960 --> 00:03:17,680 CREATIVITY, AND POTENTIAL IN 113 00:03:17,680 --> 00:03:19,240 TEACHING AND ADVANCING RESEARCH 114 00:03:19,240 --> 00:03:19,840 AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, 115 00:03:19,840 --> 00:03:21,760 URBANA-CHAMPAIGN COLLEGE OF 116 00:03:21,760 --> 00:03:24,280 LIBERAL ARTS AND SCIENCES. 117 00:03:24,280 --> 00:03:28,040 DR. RANA HOGARTH'S FIRST BOOK, 118 00:03:28,040 --> 00:03:29,920 MEDICALIZING BLACKNESS, 1780 TO 119 00:03:29,920 --> 00:03:31,800 1840 WAS PUBLISHED BY THE 120 00:03:31,800 --> 00:03:33,560 UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA 121 00:03:33,560 --> 00:03:34,000 PRESS IN 2017. 122 00:03:34,000 --> 00:03:39,000 IN IT, SHE EXAMINES HOW WHITE 123 00:03:39,000 --> 00:03:39,480 PHYSICIANS MEDICALIZED 124 00:03:39,480 --> 00:03:41,000 BLACKNESS, A TERM SHE USES TO 125 00:03:41,000 --> 00:03:44,320 DESCRIBE THE PROCESS BY WHITE 126 00:03:44,320 --> 00:03:46,320 PHYSICIANS DESCRIBE BLACKNESS AS 127 00:03:46,320 --> 00:03:48,080 A MARKER OF DIFFERENCE IN SLAVE 128 00:03:48,080 --> 00:03:49,400 SOCIETIES OF THE AMERICAN 129 00:03:49,400 --> 00:03:49,680 ATLANTIC. 130 00:03:49,680 --> 00:03:51,320 IN ADDITION TO HER BOOK, DR. 131 00:03:51,320 --> 00:03:52,600 RANA HOGARTH AUTHORED NUMEROUS 132 00:03:52,600 --> 00:03:54,200 ARTICLES AND JOURNALS INCLUDING 133 00:03:54,200 --> 00:03:57,480 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC 134 00:03:57,480 --> 00:03:58,240 HEALTH, HISTORY COMPASS, AND 135 00:03:58,240 --> 00:04:00,000 AFRICAN AND BLACK DIASPORA. 136 00:04:00,000 --> 00:04:03,200 OUR NEXT PROJECT SHE WILL BE 137 00:04:03,200 --> 00:04:05,120 SPEAKING TODAY, EXAMPS THE 138 00:04:05,120 --> 00:04:06,920 GENEALOGY AND DEPLOYMENT OF THE 139 00:04:06,920 --> 00:04:08,320 TERMS FOR MIXED RACE OFFSPRING 140 00:04:08,320 --> 00:04:12,760 OF BLACK AND WHITE PEOPLE IN 141 00:04:12,760 --> 00:04:14,440 AMERICAN MEDICAL AND LAY 142 00:04:14,440 --> 00:04:14,720 DISCOURSE. 143 00:04:14,720 --> 00:04:16,000 DR. RANA HOGARTH'S WORK TRACES 144 00:04:16,000 --> 00:04:22,400 HOW THESE TERMS WERE USED IN 145 00:04:22,400 --> 00:04:23,400 COLONIAL, CARIBBEAN CONTEXT AND 146 00:04:23,400 --> 00:04:24,400 IN MAINLAND NORTH AMERICAN 147 00:04:24,400 --> 00:04:26,200 DURING THE ERA OF SLAVERY. 148 00:04:26,200 --> 00:04:29,200 AND AMERICAN EUGENIC ADOPTED THE 149 00:04:29,200 --> 00:04:30,840 TERMS TO CORRELATE MENTAL AND 150 00:04:30,840 --> 00:04:32,400 PHYSICAL CAPABILITIES OF MIXED 151 00:04:32,400 --> 00:04:34,800 RACE PEOPLE TO THEIR RACIAL 152 00:04:34,800 --> 00:04:36,000 ANCESTRAL MAKEUP. 153 00:04:36,000 --> 00:04:37,280 I'M HONORED TODAY TO WELCOME DR. 154 00:04:37,280 --> 00:04:41,600 RANA HOGARTH TO THE NATIONAL 155 00:04:41,600 --> 00:04:42,240 LIBRARY OF MEDICINE TO SPEAK ON 156 00:04:42,240 --> 00:04:42,840 "THE MEASURE OF BLACK 157 00:04:42,840 --> 00:04:43,480 (UN)FITNESS: LEGACIES OF SLAVERY 158 00:04:43,480 --> 00:04:44,120 IN THE EARLY EUGENICS MOVEMENT." 159 00:04:44,120 --> 00:04:44,720 DR. RANA HOGARTH, WELCOME. 160 00:04:44,720 --> 00:04:46,360 AND THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR YOUR 161 00:04:46,360 --> 00:04:47,960 TIME TODAY. 162 00:04:47,960 --> 00:04:49,120 WE REALLY LOOK FORWARD TO YOUR 163 00:04:49,120 --> 00:04:49,320 TALK. 164 00:04:49,320 --> 00:04:51,200 >> DR. HOGARTH: THANK YOU. 165 00:04:51,200 --> 00:04:53,080 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 166 00:04:53,080 --> 00:04:55,000 IT'S REALLY MY PLEASURE TO BE 167 00:04:55,000 --> 00:04:57,000 HERE AND I'M THRILLED TO BE 168 00:04:57,000 --> 00:04:58,520 SHARE SOMETHING OF MY WORK WITH 169 00:04:58,520 --> 00:04:59,160 YOU TODAY. 170 00:04:59,160 --> 00:04:59,960 I'M VERY MUCH ALSO LOOKING 171 00:04:59,960 --> 00:05:01,680 FORWARD TO THE Q & A. 172 00:05:01,680 --> 00:05:05,520 SO I AM GOING TO BE SHARING WITH 173 00:05:05,520 --> 00:05:07,760 YOU KIND OF NEW WORK. 174 00:05:07,760 --> 00:05:09,560 SOME PRELIMINARY FINDINGS IF YOU 175 00:05:09,560 --> 00:05:10,400 WILL. 176 00:05:10,400 --> 00:05:12,760 SO PART OF MY TALK TODAY IS 177 00:05:12,760 --> 00:05:13,440 COMING FROM MY SECOND BOOK 178 00:05:13,440 --> 00:05:18,400 PROJECT WHICH IS TENTATIVELY 179 00:05:18,400 --> 00:05:19,120 TITLED, MEASURING 180 00:05:19,120 --> 00:05:20,200 MUSEDGEINATION, RACE CROSSING 181 00:05:20,200 --> 00:05:21,760 STUDIES AND THE LEGACY OF 182 00:05:21,760 --> 00:05:22,000 SLAVERY. 183 00:05:22,000 --> 00:05:23,760 I DO WANT TO OFFER A QUICK 184 00:05:23,760 --> 00:05:25,600 CONTENT WARNING FOR THE 185 00:05:25,600 --> 00:05:25,880 AUDIENCE. 186 00:05:25,880 --> 00:05:33,520 I WILL BE USING TERMS SUCH AS 187 00:05:33,520 --> 00:05:38,240 NEGRI, RACIAL HYBRID, MULATTO 188 00:05:38,240 --> 00:05:39,600 AND ADRENOISM AND I USE IT, MY 189 00:05:39,600 --> 00:05:43,760 USE OF THE TERMS IS IN MY WAYANY 190 00:05:43,760 --> 00:05:44,040 ENDORSEMENT. 191 00:05:44,040 --> 00:05:44,800 SO WITH THIS NEW PROJECT THAT 192 00:05:44,800 --> 00:05:47,560 I'M GOING TO SHARE WITH YOU 193 00:05:47,560 --> 00:05:48,720 FOOD, I SET OUT TO ANSWER 194 00:05:48,720 --> 00:05:49,800 SEVERAL HISTORICAL QUESTIONS 195 00:05:49,800 --> 00:05:52,320 THAT WERE RELATED TO THE 196 00:05:52,320 --> 00:05:52,800 CONSTRUCTION OF RACE AND 197 00:05:52,800 --> 00:05:54,080 RATIONAL DIFFERENCE IN THE 198 00:05:54,080 --> 00:05:55,760 AFTERMATH OF SLAVERY AND MANY OF 199 00:05:55,760 --> 00:05:56,800 THESE QUESTIONS DID IN FACT 200 00:05:56,800 --> 00:06:00,000 EMERGE WHEN I WAS COMPLETING THE 201 00:06:00,000 --> 00:06:01,080 FIRST BOOK. 202 00:06:01,080 --> 00:06:02,720 SO FOR EXAMPLE, I NOTICED THAT 203 00:06:02,720 --> 00:06:04,880 IN SOME OF THE PRIMARY SOURCES, 204 00:06:04,880 --> 00:06:08,320 THE MEDICAL TEXTS THAT I WOULD 205 00:06:08,320 --> 00:06:10,000 READ I WOULD SEE THERE ARE 206 00:06:10,000 --> 00:06:13,320 REFERENCED TO MIXED RACE PEOPLE 207 00:06:13,320 --> 00:06:14,160 HAVE DIFFERENT SUSCEPTIBILITIES 208 00:06:14,160 --> 00:06:15,400 THAN BLACK PEOPLE FOR CERTAIN 209 00:06:15,400 --> 00:06:18,760 KINDS OF FEVERS AND DISEASES. 210 00:06:18,760 --> 00:06:20,360 IT GOT ME THINKING ABOUT HOW 211 00:06:20,360 --> 00:06:22,160 EACH RACIAL COMPONENTS OF A 212 00:06:22,160 --> 00:06:24,360 MIXED RACE PERSON, THIS IS 213 00:06:24,360 --> 00:06:25,760 SPECIFICALLY PEOPLE WITH BLACK 214 00:06:25,760 --> 00:06:27,880 AND WHITE ANCESTRY, HOW THAT WAS 215 00:06:27,880 --> 00:06:28,600 ACTUALLY BEING VIEWED BY 216 00:06:28,600 --> 00:06:30,160 PHYSICIANS AND VIEWED IN MEDICAL 217 00:06:30,160 --> 00:06:30,920 AND SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE. 218 00:06:30,920 --> 00:06:32,120 SO I STARTED TO CONSIDER HOW THE 219 00:06:32,120 --> 00:06:34,880 RACIAL MAKEUP OF A MIXED RACE 220 00:06:34,880 --> 00:06:36,680 PERSON WAS MEASURED AND WONDERED 221 00:06:36,680 --> 00:06:40,520 WHEN THAT KIND OF PROCESS BEGAN 222 00:06:40,520 --> 00:06:40,840 IN EARNEST. 223 00:06:40,840 --> 00:06:42,920 I WANTED TO UNDERSTAND THE 224 00:06:42,920 --> 00:06:44,080 SCIENTIFIC LOGIC BEHIND IT. 225 00:06:44,080 --> 00:06:45,360 I WANTED TO KNOW WHAT SLAVERY 226 00:06:45,360 --> 00:06:47,600 HAD TO DO WITH IT, AND ANYTHING 227 00:06:47,600 --> 00:06:48,440 AT ALL, THIS ACTUALLY LED ME 228 00:06:48,440 --> 00:06:51,200 DOWN THE PATH OF PURSUING 229 00:06:51,200 --> 00:06:53,960 QUESTIONS ABOUT DECISION METHODS 230 00:06:53,960 --> 00:06:56,600 TO QUANTIFY BLACKNESS THAT WERE 231 00:06:56,600 --> 00:06:58,800 ESPECIALLY EMPLOYED BY 232 00:06:58,800 --> 00:07:00,320 EUGENICISTS, PARTICULARLY 233 00:07:00,320 --> 00:07:02,200 CHARLES B DAVENPORT, ONE OF 234 00:07:02,200 --> 00:07:03,480 AMERICAN'S LEADING EUGENICISTS 235 00:07:03,480 --> 00:07:05,000 IN THE 20th CENTURY. 236 00:07:05,000 --> 00:07:06,040 SO I STARTED THIS PROJECT SAYING 237 00:07:06,040 --> 00:07:13,760 I'M JUST GOING TO LOOK AT A 238 00:07:13,760 --> 00:07:16,200 COUPLE OF DAVENPORTS OF RACE 239 00:07:16,200 --> 00:07:18,280 CROSS STUDY AND WHAT IDENTITIES 240 00:07:18,280 --> 00:07:20,200 OF RACE GUIDED HIS RESEARCH 241 00:07:20,200 --> 00:07:20,480 TRAJECTORY. 242 00:07:20,480 --> 00:07:22,600 SO I GUESS YOU COULD SAY, THIS 243 00:07:22,600 --> 00:07:25,400 CURRENT PROJECT EXAMINES THE 244 00:07:25,400 --> 00:07:28,000 PROCESS THROUGH WHICH 245 00:07:28,000 --> 00:07:29,320 EUGENICISTS CAME TO MEASURE 246 00:07:29,320 --> 00:07:32,360 MIXED RACE PEOPLE, THOSE OF BLAG 247 00:07:32,360 --> 00:07:35,680 AND WHITE AN ESRY, AND CLASS 248 00:07:35,680 --> 00:07:37,880 THEM AS PHYSICALLY, MENTALLY, 249 00:07:37,880 --> 00:07:39,600 AND SOCIALLY UNFIT. 250 00:07:39,600 --> 00:07:40,600 AND MY FIRST BOOK, THE RACE IN 251 00:07:40,600 --> 00:07:42,680 THE UNITED STATES AND THE 252 00:07:42,680 --> 00:07:46,000 CARIBBEAN I ALSO USED THE SAME 253 00:07:46,000 --> 00:07:47,520 REGIONS IN THIS CURRENT PROJECT. 254 00:07:47,520 --> 00:07:48,640 IN FACT I FIND THAT IN DOING 255 00:07:48,640 --> 00:07:51,920 THIS STUDY IN STARTING THIS 256 00:07:51,920 --> 00:07:54,920 PROJECT, SLAVERY ERA IDEAS FROM 257 00:07:54,920 --> 00:07:58,080 THESE REGIONS AS THEY RELATED TO 258 00:07:58,080 --> 00:08:01,440 RACIAL FITNESS, ENDURANCE, 259 00:08:01,440 --> 00:08:02,680 INTELLIGENCE, AND INABILITY, 260 00:08:02,680 --> 00:08:04,600 ACTUALLY LAID THE IDEE LOGIC 261 00:08:04,600 --> 00:08:06,800 GROUND WORD FOR THE RACE 262 00:08:06,800 --> 00:08:09,040 CROSSING STUDIES. 263 00:08:09,040 --> 00:08:09,720 SO ESSENTIALLY, THESE FORMER 264 00:08:09,720 --> 00:08:12,160 SLAVERY SOCIETIES IN THE 265 00:08:12,160 --> 00:08:13,560 AMERICAS EMERGE AS CRITICAL 266 00:08:13,560 --> 00:08:16,160 STAGING GROUNDS FOR EUGENICISTS, 267 00:08:16,160 --> 00:08:17,400 SOCIAL SCIENCES, AN RUPOLISHES 268 00:08:17,400 --> 00:08:19,920 AND OTHERS IN ALLIED PROFESSIONS 269 00:08:19,920 --> 00:08:21,480 TO EXTRACT DATA FROM THESE 270 00:08:21,480 --> 00:08:24,000 SO-CALLED BLACK AND WHITE RACIAL 271 00:08:24,000 --> 00:08:26,840 HYBRIDS FOR THE PURPOSES OF 272 00:08:26,840 --> 00:08:29,200 ADVANCING KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE 273 00:08:29,200 --> 00:08:31,400 SCIENCE OF HEREDITY AND RACIAL 274 00:08:31,400 --> 00:08:32,800 FITNESS MORE BROADLY. 275 00:08:32,800 --> 00:08:33,600 ESSENTIALLY THAT THE SCIENCE 276 00:08:33,600 --> 00:08:35,720 THAT THE RESEARCH SUPPORTED 277 00:08:35,720 --> 00:08:37,160 VALIDATED THE KIND OF BELIEFS 278 00:08:37,160 --> 00:08:39,600 THAT RACE WAS AN ASPECT OF ONE' 279 00:08:39,600 --> 00:08:41,440 BIOLOGY, AND BLACK PEOPLE'S 280 00:08:41,440 --> 00:08:42,400 STATUS WAS BY LOGICALLY 281 00:08:42,400 --> 00:08:43,440 DETERMINED IN A FUNCTION OF 282 00:08:43,440 --> 00:08:44,280 THEIR RACE. 283 00:08:44,280 --> 00:08:45,080 ONE THING THAT I FOUND LOOKING 284 00:08:45,080 --> 00:08:47,560 AT THIS REGION IS THAT KANSAS 285 00:08:47,560 --> 00:08:50,680 THE MEASURE OF MISCEGENATION AND 286 00:08:50,680 --> 00:08:51,640 RACIAL FITNESS WAS A 287 00:08:51,640 --> 00:08:54,080 TRANSNATIONAL ENTERPRISE. 288 00:08:54,080 --> 00:08:55,000 SO, CHARLES DAVENPORT, I WILL 289 00:08:55,000 --> 00:08:57,360 SAY A LITTLE BIT MORE ABOUT IN A 290 00:08:57,360 --> 00:08:59,960 MOMENT, ACTUALLY CONDUCTED TWO 291 00:08:59,960 --> 00:09:01,520 OF HIS MAJOR RACE CROSSING 292 00:09:01,520 --> 00:09:03,720 STUDIES IN 1913. 293 00:09:03,720 --> 00:09:08,200 AND RACE CROSSING IN JAMAICA IN 294 00:09:08,200 --> 00:09:10,320 1929 IN THE BRITISH WEST INDIES. 295 00:09:10,320 --> 00:09:15,120 THERE WERE HIGH RATES OF 296 00:09:15,120 --> 00:09:16,880 ILLEGITOMY, THAT FELL IN LINE 297 00:09:16,880 --> 00:09:20,400 WITH ERRONEOUS IDEAS ABOUT BLACK 298 00:09:20,400 --> 00:09:21,080 SEXUALITY, DAVENPORT CLAIMS HE 299 00:09:21,080 --> 00:09:24,320 WAS ABLE TO GET THE DATA HE 300 00:09:24,320 --> 00:09:24,560 NEEDED. 301 00:09:24,560 --> 00:09:26,760 THERE WAS NO LANGUAGE BARRIER 302 00:09:26,760 --> 00:09:29,200 FOR HIS RESEARCH ASSISTANTS AND 303 00:09:29,200 --> 00:09:31,000 NO CONCERNS ABOUT OUTING FAMILY 304 00:09:31,000 --> 00:09:34,920 SECRETS AND SORT THAT COULD LEAD 305 00:09:34,920 --> 00:09:36,360 TO SEVERE HARM FOR THE RESEARCH 306 00:09:36,360 --> 00:09:36,600 SUBJECTS. 307 00:09:36,600 --> 00:09:37,600 IF WE THINK ABOUT WHAT IS GOING 308 00:09:37,600 --> 00:09:40,320 ON IN THE REDEEMED SOUTH OF THE 309 00:09:40,320 --> 00:09:42,600 UNITED STATES, AND THE RACE 310 00:09:42,600 --> 00:09:43,600 RELATIONS, PEOPLE WOULD HAVE 311 00:09:43,600 --> 00:09:44,200 BEEN VERY REDESCEND TO SPEAK 312 00:09:44,200 --> 00:09:47,400 ABOUT CERTAIN ASPECTS OF THEIR 313 00:09:47,400 --> 00:09:48,000 FAMILY, THEIR ANCESTRY. 314 00:09:48,000 --> 00:09:52,600 HE FOUND HE COULD GET AROUND 315 00:09:52,600 --> 00:09:54,120 THAT IN THE CARIBBEAN AND 316 00:09:54,120 --> 00:09:55,720 SOMETHING THAT IS QUITE CRITICAL 317 00:09:55,720 --> 00:09:57,640 THINKING ABOUT WHERE HE 318 00:09:57,640 --> 00:09:59,320 CONDUCTED HIS STUDIES. 319 00:09:59,320 --> 00:10:00,480 DABBEN PORT WAS ABLE TO 320 00:10:00,480 --> 00:10:02,600 CONSTRUCT PARTS OF THE CARIBBEAN 321 00:10:02,600 --> 00:10:04,560 AS SORT OF THESE BACKWARDS 322 00:10:04,560 --> 00:10:07,200 PLACES WHERE RACIAL MIXTURE WAS 323 00:10:07,200 --> 00:10:10,000 ALLOWED TO TAKE PLACE AND OTHER 324 00:10:10,000 --> 00:10:11,080 AND PATHOLOGIST THAT GEOGRAPHY 325 00:10:11,080 --> 00:10:13,720 IN A WAY THAT WOULD NOT OFFEND 326 00:10:13,720 --> 00:10:14,280 HIS AMERICAN AUDIENCES, 327 00:10:14,280 --> 00:10:16,760 CONSIDERING THE TYPE OF PROJECTS 328 00:10:16,760 --> 00:10:18,600 HE WAS INVOLVING IS INTERRACIAL 329 00:10:18,600 --> 00:10:21,560 SEX, IN MANY CASES, THIS WOULD 330 00:10:21,560 --> 00:10:23,840 HAVE INVOLVED WHITE MEN AND 331 00:10:23,840 --> 00:10:24,320 ENSLAVED BLACK WOMEN. 332 00:10:24,320 --> 00:10:28,280 THIS IS NOT A TOPIC HE WOULD 333 00:10:28,280 --> 00:10:30,520 ADDRESS OPENLY THE WAY HE WANTED 334 00:10:30,520 --> 00:10:31,880 TO IN THE UNITED STATES. 335 00:10:31,880 --> 00:10:35,480 SO ESSENTIALLY TO DEAL WITH THIS 336 00:10:35,480 --> 00:10:37,920 INTERRACIAL SEX AND MIXING, 337 00:10:37,920 --> 00:10:39,200 DAVENPORT WOULD FOCUS ON THE 338 00:10:39,200 --> 00:10:41,200 CARIBBEAN, AND OPENLY TALK ABOUT 339 00:10:41,200 --> 00:10:42,760 IT THERE AND CAST THAT PLACE AS 340 00:10:42,760 --> 00:10:44,840 IMMORAL AND SORT OF A SIGN OF A 341 00:10:44,840 --> 00:10:47,000 LESSER CIVILIZED PART OF THE 342 00:10:47,000 --> 00:10:48,400 WORLD. 343 00:10:48,400 --> 00:10:50,680 A LOT OF THIS OF COURSE KIND OF 344 00:10:50,680 --> 00:10:51,200 POINTS TO SLAVERY. 345 00:10:51,200 --> 00:10:53,720 THE ROLE OF SLAVERY IN CREATING 346 00:10:53,720 --> 00:10:54,880 THE CIRCUMSTANCES THAT AIDED 347 00:10:54,880 --> 00:10:55,280 RACIAL MIXING. 348 00:10:55,280 --> 00:10:56,800 AND I THINK IT IS SORT OF 349 00:10:56,800 --> 00:10:58,600 ESSENTIAL TO THINKING ABOUT THE 350 00:10:58,600 --> 00:11:00,920 CREATION OR THE CONDUCTING OF 351 00:11:00,920 --> 00:11:03,560 THESE MIXED, THESE STUDIES OF 352 00:11:03,560 --> 00:11:04,000 MIXED RACE PEOPLE. 353 00:11:04,000 --> 00:11:07,440 SO ONE THING TO THINK ABOUT 354 00:11:07,440 --> 00:11:09,400 AGAIN, LIKE MIXING A PARALLEL 355 00:11:09,400 --> 00:11:10,280 BETWEEN SLAVERY AND EUGENICS, 356 00:11:10,280 --> 00:11:11,800 THIS ABILITY TO COMPARE THE 357 00:11:11,800 --> 00:11:14,040 BODIES OF BLACK AND WHITE PEOPLE 358 00:11:14,040 --> 00:11:14,760 IN SICKNESS AND HEALTH VERY MUCH 359 00:11:14,760 --> 00:11:16,440 TOOK PLACE DURING THE ERA OF 360 00:11:16,440 --> 00:11:16,680 SLAVERY. 361 00:11:16,680 --> 00:11:19,760 AND A LOT OF THE DATA THAT WAS 362 00:11:19,760 --> 00:11:22,000 COLLECTED SORT OF RESURFACES, IT 363 00:11:22,000 --> 00:11:23,600 DOESN'T JUST SORT OF DISSIPATE. 364 00:11:23,600 --> 00:11:26,280 SO WHAT I WANTED TO DO WITH THIS 365 00:11:26,280 --> 00:11:28,880 PROJECT WAS TO THINK ABOUT AND 366 00:11:28,880 --> 00:11:31,280 CENTER SLAVERY IN THIS RESPECT 367 00:11:31,280 --> 00:11:34,800 AND KIND OF SHOW HOW EUGENIC 368 00:11:34,800 --> 00:11:36,880 EFFORTS AT QUANTIFYING RACIAL 369 00:11:36,880 --> 00:11:38,280 MIXTURE AND FIDNESS REPRESENTED 370 00:11:38,280 --> 00:11:40,600 A MARRIAGE OF NEW IDEAS, IN 371 00:11:40,600 --> 00:11:44,040 TERMS OF GENETICS AND SORT OF 372 00:11:44,040 --> 00:11:44,960 OLD IDEAS, HOLD OVER FROM 373 00:11:44,960 --> 00:11:45,200 SLAVERY. 374 00:11:45,200 --> 00:11:47,200 SO, A MARRIAGE OF THE TWO 375 00:11:47,200 --> 00:11:47,480 APPROACHES. 376 00:11:47,480 --> 00:11:48,600 I ALSO WANTED TO JUST SAY LANE 377 00:11:48,600 --> 00:11:50,840 ABOUT WHAT I HOPE TO DO WITH THE 378 00:11:50,840 --> 00:11:51,760 SECOND PROJECT. 379 00:11:51,760 --> 00:11:56,560 SO ONE, I REALLY WANT TO REFRAME 380 00:11:56,560 --> 00:11:58,040 EUGENICS AND THE TARGETS OF THE 381 00:11:58,040 --> 00:11:58,560 EUGENIC PHASE. 382 00:11:58,560 --> 00:12:00,520 SO THERE ARE A LOT OF STUDIES ON 383 00:12:00,520 --> 00:12:02,920 EUGENIC THAT WILL TELL US ABOUT 384 00:12:02,920 --> 00:12:12,560 SORT OF IT'S CLEARLY 385 00:12:12,560 --> 00:12:13,120 ANTISEMITIC, AUTOMOBILALIST, 386 00:12:13,120 --> 00:12:14,600 XENOPHOBIC AND ANTIIMMIGRANTS. 387 00:12:14,600 --> 00:12:16,160 BUT I ALSO THOUGHT WE COULD ALSO 388 00:12:16,160 --> 00:12:17,960 CONSIDER THE ROLES OF PEOPLE OF 389 00:12:17,960 --> 00:12:20,200 AFRICAN DESCENT IN THE AMERICAS 390 00:12:20,200 --> 00:12:22,800 AND WHAT THEIR EXPERIENCES WERE 391 00:12:22,800 --> 00:12:23,480 LIKE WITH EUGENICS. 392 00:12:23,480 --> 00:12:25,680 I ALSO WANTED TO MOVE A LITTLE 393 00:12:25,680 --> 00:12:27,040 BIT AWAY FROM THE APPROACH OF 394 00:12:27,040 --> 00:12:28,960 THINKING ABOUT, YOU KNOW, THE 395 00:12:28,960 --> 00:12:30,920 INAPPROPRIATE APPLICATION OF 396 00:12:30,920 --> 00:12:32,160 MENDELIAN GENETICS TO PEOPLE, 397 00:12:32,160 --> 00:12:36,200 AND FOCUS MORE ON MEASUREMENT, 398 00:12:36,200 --> 00:12:37,920 ANTHROPOLOGY, AND OTHER 399 00:12:37,920 --> 00:12:39,600 DISCIPLINES THAT WERE NOT AS 400 00:12:39,600 --> 00:12:41,200 SORT OF NEW AND NOW, AS ONE 401 00:12:41,200 --> 00:12:42,560 MIGHT SAY IN THAT TIME PERIOD, 402 00:12:42,560 --> 00:12:45,120 BUT ACTUALLY HAD ROOTS IN 403 00:12:45,120 --> 00:12:46,800 SLAVERY IN THE CIVIL WAR ERA, I 404 00:12:46,800 --> 00:12:47,400 WILL SAY A LITTLE MORE ABOUT 405 00:12:47,400 --> 00:12:48,880 THAT IN A MOMENT. 406 00:12:48,880 --> 00:12:50,200 I WILL SAY WITH THIS PROJECT I 407 00:12:50,200 --> 00:12:52,320 WANT TO THINK ABOUT IT THE 408 00:12:52,320 --> 00:12:54,360 BLENDING OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND 409 00:12:54,360 --> 00:12:56,200 THE LOGIC OF RACIAL 410 00:12:56,200 --> 00:12:58,040 CATEGORIZATION ROOTED IN 411 00:12:58,040 --> 00:12:58,760 SLAVERY. 412 00:12:58,760 --> 00:13:01,080 SO, FOR EXAMPLE, DAVIN PORT 413 00:13:01,080 --> 00:13:02,240 MIGHT TAKE PICTURES OF PEOPLE 414 00:13:02,240 --> 00:13:05,880 AND SAY THIS IS -- AND SOMEHOW, 415 00:13:05,880 --> 00:13:06,800 THEY ARE SUPPOSED TO KNOW WHAT 416 00:13:06,800 --> 00:13:08,640 HE IS TALKING ABOUT. 417 00:13:08,640 --> 00:13:10,920 BUT SHE ACCESSING AND USE A KIND 418 00:13:10,920 --> 00:13:11,720 OF RACIAL CATEGORIZATION THAT WE 419 00:13:11,720 --> 00:13:13,000 FIND DURING THE ERA OF SLAVERY. 420 00:13:13,000 --> 00:13:16,000 AND SO HE IS SORTING TELLING US 421 00:13:16,000 --> 00:13:17,200 THESE ARE THE FEATURES TO LOOK 422 00:13:17,200 --> 00:13:20,840 FOR AS IF TO SORT OF FURTHER 423 00:13:20,840 --> 00:13:21,600 CATEGORIZE AND ISOLATE THESE 424 00:13:21,600 --> 00:13:21,960 INDIVIDUALS. 425 00:13:21,960 --> 00:13:23,000 AND, OF COURSE, I MENTIONED 426 00:13:23,000 --> 00:13:24,360 BEFORE WITH THIS PROJECT I 427 00:13:24,360 --> 00:13:26,200 REALLY WANT US TO THINK ABOUT 428 00:13:26,200 --> 00:13:28,040 THE ROLE OF FORMER SLAVERY 429 00:13:28,040 --> 00:13:30,120 SOCIETIES IN THE AMERICAS AS THE 430 00:13:30,120 --> 00:13:32,120 CRITICAL SITES FOR EUGENICISTS 431 00:13:32,120 --> 00:13:33,800 TO MEASURE RACIAL FITNESS AND 432 00:13:33,800 --> 00:13:35,400 SORT OF AGAIN TO EXTRACT DATA 433 00:13:35,400 --> 00:13:37,800 FROM THESE MIXED RACE PEOPLE. 434 00:13:37,800 --> 00:13:40,120 NOW, I DO WANT TO FOCUS TODAY 435 00:13:40,120 --> 00:13:44,080 AND WHAT I WILL MOSTLY FOCUS ON 436 00:13:44,080 --> 00:13:45,640 TODAY IS POINT ONE, REFRAMING 437 00:13:45,640 --> 00:13:48,800 EUGENICS AND THE TARGETS OF THE 438 00:13:48,800 --> 00:13:49,400 EUGENIC SPACE. 439 00:13:49,400 --> 00:13:51,720 SO ESSENTIALLY, AS I SAID 440 00:13:51,720 --> 00:13:56,560 BEFORE, THERE'S THIS USE OF 441 00:13:56,560 --> 00:13:57,080 COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, 442 00:13:57,080 --> 00:13:59,400 ANTHROPOLOGY, ALONG WITH 443 00:13:59,400 --> 00:14:00,200 MENDELIAN GENETICS AND 444 00:14:00,200 --> 00:14:00,960 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS THAT 445 00:14:00,960 --> 00:14:03,760 CREATES I WOULD ARGUE IS A 446 00:14:03,760 --> 00:14:04,600 FACADE OF DATA COLLECTION ON 447 00:14:04,600 --> 00:14:05,720 MIXED RACE PEOPLE. 448 00:14:05,720 --> 00:14:07,800 AND WE CAN THINK ABOUT, FOR 449 00:14:07,800 --> 00:14:11,080 EXAMPLE, .2 WHEN I MENTION 450 00:14:11,080 --> 00:14:12,360 ANTHROPOLOGIST AND THE CIVIL 451 00:14:12,360 --> 00:14:12,520 WAR. 452 00:14:12,520 --> 00:14:14,440 WE CAN THINK ABOUT DATA 453 00:14:14,440 --> 00:14:15,920 COLLECTED BY THE U.S. SANITARY 454 00:14:15,920 --> 00:14:17,840 COMMISSION DURING THE CIVIL WAR 455 00:14:17,840 --> 00:14:20,760 PARTICULARLY DATA ON VITALITY 456 00:14:20,760 --> 00:14:22,200 AND LUNG CAPACITY OF BLACK, 457 00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:24,800 WHITE, AND MIXED RACE TROOPS. 458 00:14:24,800 --> 00:14:27,480 THAT DATA ACTUALLY, YOU KNOW, 459 00:14:27,480 --> 00:14:29,440 SUGGESTED THAT BLACK PEOPLE AND 460 00:14:29,440 --> 00:14:30,080 MULATTOS WERE LESS FIT THAN 461 00:14:30,080 --> 00:14:30,280 WHITE. 462 00:14:30,280 --> 00:14:35,200 THIS IS THE KIND OF DATA MEN 463 00:14:35,200 --> 00:14:36,360 LIKE DAVENPORT WILL REFER TO. 464 00:14:36,360 --> 00:14:40,720 WE CAN THINK ABOUT REALLY 465 00:14:40,720 --> 00:14:41,840 EXCELLENT SCHOLARSHIP BY BRAUN, 466 00:14:41,840 --> 00:14:42,720 FOR EXAMPLE, DISCUSSED THIS 467 00:14:42,720 --> 00:14:47,200 BAROMETER, THAT IS USED IN THE 468 00:14:47,200 --> 00:14:49,320 SANITARY COMMISSION STUDY THAT 469 00:14:49,320 --> 00:14:50,680 BASICALLY OFFERS US PROOF HOW 470 00:14:50,680 --> 00:14:53,200 THIS APPROACH TO PRECISION 471 00:14:53,200 --> 00:14:55,720 MEASUREMENT OF VUTHEYTY AMONG 472 00:14:55,720 --> 00:14:57,400 DIFFERENT RACES ESSENTIALLY 473 00:14:57,400 --> 00:14:59,040 CONTRIBUTED AND HELPED CREATE 474 00:14:59,040 --> 00:15:00,160 THIS FICTION. 475 00:15:00,160 --> 00:15:02,400 SO IN A SENSE I REALLY WANT TO 476 00:15:02,400 --> 00:15:04,440 CONSIDER THE LONG SHADOW SLAVERY 477 00:15:04,440 --> 00:15:05,600 CAST OVER THE DEVELOPMENT OF 478 00:15:05,600 --> 00:15:08,200 EUGENICIST AND HOW IT HAS SORT 479 00:15:08,200 --> 00:15:09,760 OF MAJOR REPERCUSSIONS FOR THE 480 00:15:09,760 --> 00:15:12,400 WAYS THAT WE THINK ABOUT HOW 481 00:15:12,400 --> 00:15:14,040 BLACK PEOPLE EXPERIENCE EUGENICS 482 00:15:14,040 --> 00:15:16,040 AS OBJECTS OF INTEREST BEFORE 483 00:15:16,040 --> 00:15:18,760 THEY BECAME TARGETS OF LATER 20th 484 00:15:18,760 --> 00:15:19,760 CENTURY EUGENIC PRACTICES, SUCH 485 00:15:19,760 --> 00:15:21,240 AS IF VOLUNTARY STERILIZATION. 486 00:15:21,240 --> 00:15:23,600 I WANT TO MAKE A VERY SPECIFIC 487 00:15:23,600 --> 00:15:25,080 CLAIM HERE, I'M FOCUSING ON THE 488 00:15:25,080 --> 00:15:27,480 EARLY DECADES OF THE 20th 489 00:15:27,480 --> 00:15:27,720 CENTURY. 490 00:15:27,720 --> 00:15:30,440 NOT SO MUCH GOING INTO MID 491 00:15:30,440 --> 00:15:32,560 CENTURY AND THE '70s, WE HAVE 492 00:15:32,560 --> 00:15:34,960 CASES OF INVOLUNTARY 493 00:15:34,960 --> 00:15:36,800 STERILIZATION OF BLACK AND BROWN 494 00:15:36,800 --> 00:15:37,000 WOMEN. 495 00:15:37,000 --> 00:15:37,800 I'M FOCUSING ON THE EARLY 496 00:15:37,800 --> 00:15:38,040 PERIOD. 497 00:15:38,040 --> 00:15:40,560 BUT I DO WANT TO SAY THAT WHEN 498 00:15:40,560 --> 00:15:42,640 WE THINK ABOUT EUGENICS IN THIS 499 00:15:42,640 --> 00:15:43,800 EARLY PERIOD, IT IS SELDOM 500 00:15:43,800 --> 00:15:46,120 VIEWED THROUGH THE LENS OF THE 501 00:15:46,120 --> 00:15:47,680 ANTIBLOCK RACISM THAT CONTINUED 502 00:15:47,680 --> 00:15:48,360 TO FESTER AND GROW AFTER THE 503 00:15:48,360 --> 00:15:49,160 CIVIL WAR. 504 00:15:49,160 --> 00:15:54,440 AND I WANT US TO SORT OF THINK 505 00:15:54,440 --> 00:15:56,840 ABOUT THIS, IN THIS WAY IT CAN 506 00:15:56,840 --> 00:15:59,000 BE TRANSFORMATIVE HOW WE THINK 507 00:15:59,000 --> 00:15:59,640 ABOUT HISTORIES OF SLAVERY AND 508 00:15:59,640 --> 00:16:00,720 SCIENCE. 509 00:16:00,720 --> 00:16:02,600 I WANT TO PUSHBACK AGAINST THE 510 00:16:02,600 --> 00:16:04,960 IDEA THAT EUGENIC IS 511 00:16:04,960 --> 00:16:05,240 REACTIONARY. 512 00:16:05,240 --> 00:16:06,360 SO CHANGES IN THE DEMOGRAPHIC 513 00:16:06,360 --> 00:16:07,960 LANDSCAPE AND IMMIGRATION, THESE 514 00:16:07,960 --> 00:16:09,720 ARE THINGS THAT CAUSE EUGENICS 515 00:16:09,720 --> 00:16:11,240 TO SORT OF EMERGE. 516 00:16:11,240 --> 00:16:11,840 I ACTUALLY WANT TO THINK ABOUT 517 00:16:11,840 --> 00:16:15,360 THIS MORE AS PART OF AN ONGOING 518 00:16:15,360 --> 00:16:18,680 PRACTICE OF RACE MAKING. 519 00:16:18,680 --> 00:16:21,720 AN ON GOURDE PRACTICE OF 520 00:16:21,720 --> 00:16:22,400 PATHOLOGIZING CERTAIN BODIES 521 00:16:22,400 --> 00:16:23,600 THAT WAS ALREADY GOING ON. 522 00:16:23,600 --> 00:16:25,800 I WANT TO BE CLEAR THAT NEW 523 00:16:25,800 --> 00:16:28,160 ADVANCES IN GENETICS, OF COURSE, 524 00:16:28,160 --> 00:16:30,520 INFLUENCED MEN LIKE DAVENPORT, 525 00:16:30,520 --> 00:16:32,280 OF COURSE, INCLUDED THE QUEST TO 526 00:16:32,280 --> 00:16:34,000 MEASURE AND PREDICT CERTAIN 527 00:16:34,000 --> 00:16:34,880 HUMAN TRAITS. 528 00:16:34,880 --> 00:16:36,840 BUT I THINK THAT THIS IS ONE 529 00:16:36,840 --> 00:16:38,280 PART OF THE STORY. 530 00:16:38,280 --> 00:16:39,240 I THINK WE DO NEED TO KIND OF 531 00:16:39,240 --> 00:16:41,720 LOOK BACK TO THE ERA OF SLAVERY. 532 00:16:41,720 --> 00:16:44,200 I WOULD SAY THAT WE CANNOT 533 00:16:44,200 --> 00:16:47,560 DISAGGREGATE THE NATURE OF 534 00:16:47,560 --> 00:16:49,280 EUGENICS STUDIES OF MULATTOS 535 00:16:49,280 --> 00:16:50,680 THAT AIDED IN THE CONSTRUCTION 536 00:16:50,680 --> 00:16:51,800 OF THAT VERY GROUP OF PEOPLE. 537 00:16:51,800 --> 00:16:54,080 SO I THINK ABOUT THIS IN THE 538 00:16:54,080 --> 00:16:56,800 SENSE OF, JUST GOING TO SAY 539 00:16:56,800 --> 00:16:58,000 RATHER EXPLICITLY, I WANT TO 540 00:16:58,000 --> 00:16:59,680 NAME EUGENICS AS A SCIENTIFIC 541 00:16:59,680 --> 00:17:02,000 DISCIPLINE THAT WAS A DIRECT 542 00:17:02,000 --> 00:17:04,320 BENEFICIARY OF SLAVERY ERROR 543 00:17:04,320 --> 00:17:06,120 IDEOLOGIES ABOUT RACE AND 544 00:17:06,120 --> 00:17:06,360 FITNESS. 545 00:17:06,360 --> 00:17:07,760 AND I DO THINK THAT, AGAIN, IN 546 00:17:07,760 --> 00:17:10,000 TERMS OF WHERE THIS FITS WITH 547 00:17:10,000 --> 00:17:12,640 OTHER STUDIES THAT ARE OUT 548 00:17:12,640 --> 00:17:13,800 THERE, I OFTEN FIND THAT WHEN 549 00:17:13,800 --> 00:17:16,560 PEOPLE TALK ABOUT EUGENICS, AS I 550 00:17:16,560 --> 00:17:18,000 SAID BEFORE, IT IS OFTEN VIEWED 551 00:17:18,000 --> 00:17:20,000 AS THIS MOVEMENT THAT TARGETED, 552 00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:22,040 I'M QUOTING HERE, QUOTE NOT 553 00:17:22,040 --> 00:17:24,400 RACIAL OUTSIDERS, BUT 554 00:17:24,400 --> 00:17:24,920 MARGINALIZED INSIDER WHOSE 555 00:17:24,920 --> 00:17:26,200 THREATENED NATIONAL AND CLASS 556 00:17:26,200 --> 00:17:26,640 IDEALS, END QUOTE. 557 00:17:26,640 --> 00:17:28,920 NOW, THIS IS CERTAINLY TRUE. 558 00:17:28,920 --> 00:17:31,680 AGAIN, I'M SURE MANY OF THE 559 00:17:31,680 --> 00:17:34,400 AUDIENCE FAMILIAR WITH EUGENICS 560 00:17:34,400 --> 00:17:36,880 MIGHT THINK OF INDIANA AND THE 561 00:17:36,880 --> 00:17:37,840 FIRST INVOLUNTARY STERILIZATION 562 00:17:37,840 --> 00:17:38,400 LAWS AND THE THINK ABOUT THE 563 00:17:38,400 --> 00:17:41,960 FACT THIS IS TARGETING WHITE 564 00:17:41,960 --> 00:17:42,520 INMATES AND PRISONERS, POOR 565 00:17:42,520 --> 00:17:44,400 WHITE PEOPLE, ALL OF THIS IS OF 566 00:17:44,400 --> 00:17:45,080 COURSE VERY TRUE. 567 00:17:45,080 --> 00:17:46,600 BUT I WANT TO KIND OF EXPAND 568 00:17:46,600 --> 00:17:48,520 THIS IDEA AND MODIFY IT AGAIN, 569 00:17:48,520 --> 00:17:50,200 THAT RECOGNIZING MIXED RACE 570 00:17:50,200 --> 00:17:53,560 PEOPLE WITH BLACK ANCESTRY WERE 571 00:17:53,560 --> 00:17:54,640 RACIAL OUTSIDERS AND 572 00:17:54,640 --> 00:17:56,040 MARGINALIZED INSIDERS. 573 00:17:56,040 --> 00:17:57,480 PRESENT IN THE AMERICAS PART OF 574 00:17:57,480 --> 00:17:59,600 NATION AND EMPIRE BUILDING, BUT 575 00:17:59,600 --> 00:18:02,000 THEY WERE ALWAYS MARGINALIZED 576 00:18:02,000 --> 00:18:02,320 AND EXCLUDED. 577 00:18:02,320 --> 00:18:04,200 IF WE TAKE THIS VERY EXPENSIVE 578 00:18:04,200 --> 00:18:05,800 VIEW WE CAN ALSO CONSIDER THE 579 00:18:05,800 --> 00:18:06,840 EXPERIENCES OF OR NONWHITE 580 00:18:06,840 --> 00:18:09,120 PEOPLE BORN IN THE UNITED STATES 581 00:18:09,120 --> 00:18:11,200 FOR GENERATIONS WHO WERE 582 00:18:11,200 --> 00:18:12,920 MARGINALIZED INSIDERS AND RACIAL 583 00:18:12,920 --> 00:18:16,360 OUTSIDERS, SUCH AS JAPANESE 584 00:18:16,360 --> 00:18:16,880 AMERICANS, FOR EXAMPLE. 585 00:18:16,880 --> 00:18:19,760 SO WE MIGHT CONSIDER ALSO IN 586 00:18:19,760 --> 00:18:21,080 TERMS OF BEING VERY ELASTIC HERE 587 00:18:21,080 --> 00:18:24,520 WITH THE IDEA OF REFRAMING 588 00:18:24,520 --> 00:18:25,640 EUGENICS, AND ANXIETY ABOUT 589 00:18:25,640 --> 00:18:27,600 RACIAL PURITY AND FITNESS AS 590 00:18:27,600 --> 00:18:29,600 THEY RELATED TO NONWHITE PEOPLE 591 00:18:29,600 --> 00:18:31,120 HAD A VERY STORIED HISTORY 592 00:18:31,120 --> 00:18:34,360 BEFORE THE 20th CENTURY. 593 00:18:34,360 --> 00:18:36,400 EVEN BEFORE THE TERM OF EUGENICS 594 00:18:36,400 --> 00:18:36,640 IN 1883. 595 00:18:36,640 --> 00:18:38,880 SO OF COURSE, I'M THINKING ABOUT 596 00:18:38,880 --> 00:18:39,800 EUGENICS, YOU'RE THINK ABOUT A 597 00:18:39,800 --> 00:18:41,840 LOT OF THE GREAT SECONDARY 598 00:18:41,840 --> 00:18:42,320 LITERATURE OUT THERE. 599 00:18:42,320 --> 00:18:44,200 OF COURSE, I PICKED UP DANIEL'S 600 00:18:44,200 --> 00:18:46,000 WORK WHO IS ONE OF THE LEADING 601 00:18:46,000 --> 00:18:48,320 AUTHORITIES ON EUGENICS, AND HE 602 00:18:48,320 --> 00:18:52,800 POINTS OUT THAT ROUGH LE20 YEARS 603 00:18:52,800 --> 00:18:54,480 BEFORE EVEN COINING THE TERM 604 00:18:54,480 --> 00:18:57,320 EUGENIC, THERE WERE WAYS TO 605 00:18:57,320 --> 00:18:57,800 IMPROVE HUMAN STOCK. 606 00:18:57,800 --> 00:19:00,800 HE DID NEWS HESITATE, FOR 607 00:19:00,800 --> 00:19:03,120 EXAMPLE, TO PRONOUNCE BLACK 608 00:19:03,120 --> 00:19:05,240 PEOPLE AS MENTALLY INEPT. 609 00:19:05,240 --> 00:19:08,800 THESE THOUGHTS APPEAR IN HIS 610 00:19:08,800 --> 00:19:09,840 1869 HEREDITARY GENIUS. 611 00:19:09,840 --> 00:19:12,440 AND HE NOTES THAT HE WANTED TO 612 00:19:12,440 --> 00:19:14,240 INVESTIGATION THE QUOTE THE 613 00:19:14,240 --> 00:19:15,400 ORIGINS OF NATURAL ABOUT END 614 00:19:15,400 --> 00:19:17,080 QUOTE. 615 00:19:17,080 --> 00:19:23,080 IF WE DIG DEEPER INTO HEREDITARY 616 00:19:23,080 --> 00:19:23,440 GENUS. 617 00:19:23,440 --> 00:19:24,000 NEGRO INTELLIGENCE WAS TWO 618 00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:27,520 GRADES BELOW OF THE ENGLISH AND 619 00:19:27,520 --> 00:19:29,760 NOT A SIGN OF QUOTE GOOD STOCK. 620 00:19:29,760 --> 00:19:30,840 THIS ASSESSMENT IS ALSO 621 00:19:30,840 --> 00:19:31,120 REVEALING. 622 00:19:31,120 --> 00:19:32,880 HE TELLS US WHERE HE IS GETTING 623 00:19:32,880 --> 00:19:34,440 SOME OF THIS DATA. 624 00:19:34,440 --> 00:19:37,880 HE SAYS QUOTE THE NUMBER AMONG 625 00:19:37,880 --> 00:19:38,720 THE NEGROES OF THESE WHO SHOULD 626 00:19:38,720 --> 00:19:42,120 CALL 1/2 WHITTED MEN IS VERY 627 00:19:42,120 --> 00:19:43,200 LARGE. 628 00:19:43,200 --> 00:19:45,000 EVERY GROUP ALLUDED TO SERVICES, 629 00:19:45,000 --> 00:19:46,720 AND AMERICA IS FULL OF 630 00:19:46,720 --> 00:19:47,000 INSTANCES. 631 00:19:47,000 --> 00:19:47,240 END QUOTE. 632 00:19:47,240 --> 00:19:50,720 HE IS CLEARLY ACCESSING A SPACE 633 00:19:50,720 --> 00:19:51,520 OF RACIAL GIARAPHY. 634 00:19:51,520 --> 00:19:56,760 LOOKING AT THE AMERICAS IN 1869. 635 00:19:56,760 --> 00:19:57,920 AND NEGRO SERVANTS. 636 00:19:57,920 --> 00:19:59,960 IN MANY WAYS THIS GIVES US AN 637 00:19:59,960 --> 00:20:02,560 EXAMPLE OF WHERE HE IS THINKING 638 00:20:02,560 --> 00:20:05,560 AND THINKING ABOUT RACIALIZED 639 00:20:05,560 --> 00:20:05,760 LINES. 640 00:20:05,760 --> 00:20:07,800 SHE GETTING HIS IDEA FROM THE 641 00:20:07,800 --> 00:20:10,400 AMERICANS, FROM A PLACE THAT IS 642 00:20:10,400 --> 00:20:15,800 CHANGED FROM TO SLAVERY SYSTEM 643 00:20:15,800 --> 00:20:17,800 AND SHAPED THE LANDSCAPE. 644 00:20:17,800 --> 00:20:18,400 THINKING ABOUT THIS, PUSHING 645 00:20:18,400 --> 00:20:20,120 BACK, NOT STARTING WITH 1883, 646 00:20:20,120 --> 00:20:23,040 THE COINING OF THE TERM, BUT 647 00:20:23,040 --> 00:20:23,840 THINKING ABOUT EARLY IDEAS OF 648 00:20:23,840 --> 00:20:28,040 GOOD AFTERNOON, STOCK AND SORT 649 00:20:28,040 --> 00:20:30,120 OF MENTAL ABILITIES AND WHICH 650 00:20:30,120 --> 00:20:31,920 RACIAL GROUPS WERE IN AND OUT OF 651 00:20:31,920 --> 00:20:32,640 THAT CATEGORIZATION. 652 00:20:32,640 --> 00:20:33,760 THE OTHER THING I DO, I'M 653 00:20:33,760 --> 00:20:35,600 REFRAMING EUGENICS AND THE 654 00:20:35,600 --> 00:20:38,040 TARGETS OF THE EUGENICIST CASE. 655 00:20:38,040 --> 00:20:39,120 IT AGAIN GOES BACK TO 656 00:20:39,120 --> 00:20:39,560 ANTHROPOLOGY. 657 00:20:39,560 --> 00:20:42,800 YOU WILL SEE HERE, I JUST 658 00:20:42,800 --> 00:20:43,080 UNDERLINED. 659 00:20:43,080 --> 00:20:43,600 THIS IS 1869. 660 00:20:43,600 --> 00:20:44,920 SO GOING BACK A BUILT EARLIER, 661 00:20:44,920 --> 00:20:47,160 AND THINKING ABOUT ANTHROPOLOGY, 662 00:20:47,160 --> 00:20:49,000 WHICH IS SORT OF THE SCIENCE 663 00:20:49,000 --> 00:20:50,800 THAT DEFINES PHYSICAL MEASURES 664 00:20:50,800 --> 00:20:52,960 OF A PERSON'S SIZE, FORM, AND 665 00:20:52,960 --> 00:20:55,760 FUNCTIONAL CAPACITIES. 666 00:20:55,760 --> 00:20:56,320 PHYSICIANS AND SCIENTISTS 667 00:20:56,320 --> 00:20:59,440 WORKING FOR THE U.S. COMMISSION 668 00:20:59,440 --> 00:21:01,600 STUDY, BLACK, WHITE, MULATTO 669 00:21:01,600 --> 00:21:01,880 SOLDIERS. 670 00:21:01,880 --> 00:21:04,000 HERE IS INVESTIGATES OF THE 671 00:21:04,000 --> 00:21:07,280 MILITARY AND STATISTICS OF 672 00:21:07,280 --> 00:21:09,480 AMERICAN SOLDIERS, PUBLISHED IN 673 00:21:09,480 --> 00:21:09,680 1869. 674 00:21:09,680 --> 00:21:10,200 AND PICTURED RIGHT HERE. 675 00:21:10,200 --> 00:21:12,400 HERE, OF COURSE, THIS IS AN 676 00:21:12,400 --> 00:21:16,840 EFFORT THAT IS LED BY BENJAMIN, 677 00:21:16,840 --> 00:21:17,840 HE IS AN ASTRONOMER. 678 00:21:17,840 --> 00:21:19,800 THIS IS A UNION EFFORT, THESE 679 00:21:19,800 --> 00:21:22,320 ARE THE FOLKS FIGHTING AGAINST 680 00:21:22,320 --> 00:21:22,560 SLAVERY. 681 00:21:22,560 --> 00:21:23,400 BUT STILL VERY MUCH WEDDED TO 682 00:21:23,400 --> 00:21:27,160 THE IDEA THAT THERE ARE INNATE 683 00:21:27,160 --> 00:21:28,200 BIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN 684 00:21:28,200 --> 00:21:28,760 BLACK AND WHITE PEOPLE. 685 00:21:28,760 --> 00:21:31,000 THAT BLACK PEOPLE ARE INFERIOR 686 00:21:31,000 --> 00:21:33,200 IN SOME WAY TO WHITES. 687 00:21:33,200 --> 00:21:34,840 WHAT HE DOES IS BASICALLY 688 00:21:34,840 --> 00:21:37,840 ADVOCATE FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF 689 00:21:37,840 --> 00:21:38,760 MEN TO CREATE AND COLLECT DATA 690 00:21:38,760 --> 00:21:41,680 SORT OF HARD FACTS, IF YOU WILL. 691 00:21:41,680 --> 00:21:42,640 OF COURSE, NOT RECOGNIZING THAT 692 00:21:42,640 --> 00:21:44,560 FOR MANY OF THE BLACK AND MIXED 693 00:21:44,560 --> 00:21:46,280 RACE TROOPS THAT WOULD HAVE 694 00:21:46,280 --> 00:21:49,560 JOIND PROBABLY HAVE SUFFERED 695 00:21:49,560 --> 00:21:51,080 FROM EXPOSURE, POOR NUTRITION 696 00:21:51,080 --> 00:21:52,600 FOR A LARGE PORTION OF THEIR 697 00:21:52,600 --> 00:21:55,680 LIFE, THEY WERE FLEEING FROM 698 00:21:55,680 --> 00:21:56,960 SLAVERY, AND SUBJECT TO POOR 699 00:21:56,960 --> 00:21:58,000 LIVING CONDITIONS. 700 00:21:58,000 --> 00:22:00,040 AT ANY RATE, WE HAVE THIS 701 00:22:00,040 --> 00:22:01,080 SO-CALLED COLLECTION OF HARD 702 00:22:01,080 --> 00:22:02,480 DATA. 703 00:22:02,480 --> 00:22:05,000 WHAT IS INTERESTING TO FIND THAT 704 00:22:05,000 --> 00:22:06,600 AMERICAN EUGENICISTS LIKE 705 00:22:06,600 --> 00:22:09,400 CHARLES DAVENPORT ACTUALLY CITES 706 00:22:09,400 --> 00:22:14,120 THE STUDY IN THIS MILITARY 707 00:22:14,120 --> 00:22:15,960 STUDY, ARMY ANTHROPOLOGY, THAT 708 00:22:15,960 --> 00:22:18,360 HE COMISSIONS IN 1919. 709 00:22:18,360 --> 00:22:19,280 SO DAVIN PORT IS LOOKING FOR THE 710 00:22:19,280 --> 00:22:28,320 AVERAGE WAITS OF MULATTOS, HE 711 00:22:28,320 --> 00:22:29,400 CITES HIM LOOKING AT THE 712 00:22:29,400 --> 00:22:29,960 PARTICULAR STUDY. 713 00:22:29,960 --> 00:22:32,800 AND WE KNOW THAT GERMAN 714 00:22:32,800 --> 00:22:33,960 STATISTICIAN, HOFFMANN, WHO 715 00:22:33,960 --> 00:22:35,200 OFFERED RACE, TRADES AND 716 00:22:35,200 --> 00:22:39,760 TENDENCY OF THE AMERICAN NEGRO 717 00:22:39,760 --> 00:22:47,720 IN 1896. 718 00:22:47,720 --> 00:22:54,960 HOFFMAN WRITES THE MIXED RACE IS 719 00:22:54,960 --> 00:22:56,000 THEREFORE SUFFICIENTLY PROVEN BY 720 00:22:56,000 --> 00:22:56,320 BOTH METHODS. 721 00:22:56,320 --> 00:22:59,960 HERE IS THE DATA ON THEIR 722 00:22:59,960 --> 00:23:01,840 VITAMTY, IT IS PROVEN AND A AN 723 00:23:01,840 --> 00:23:02,080 EFFECT. 724 00:23:02,080 --> 00:23:03,600 I WANT TO BRING THIS UP TO GIVE 725 00:23:03,600 --> 00:23:05,720 YOU A SENSE OF ONE, THIS EARLY 726 00:23:05,720 --> 00:23:07,800 IDEA OF FITNESS AND RACIAL 727 00:23:07,800 --> 00:23:10,440 FITNESS IN THE 1860s. 728 00:23:10,440 --> 00:23:12,000 THINKING ABOUT HOW IT IS BEING 729 00:23:12,000 --> 00:23:13,200 USED AND CREATING THIS PAPER 730 00:23:13,200 --> 00:23:14,280 TRAIL FOR YOU. 731 00:23:14,280 --> 00:23:15,480 I DO WANT TO SAY A NUMBER OF 732 00:23:15,480 --> 00:23:21,160 OTHER FANTASTIC SCHOLARS HAVE 733 00:23:21,160 --> 00:23:23,000 ALSO LOOKED AT THIS SANITARY 734 00:23:23,000 --> 00:23:24,480 COMMISSION REPORT, THEY HAVE ALL 735 00:23:24,480 --> 00:23:26,640 KIND OF SAID, OKAY, THIS STUDY 736 00:23:26,640 --> 00:23:29,560 ACTUALLY IS SORT OF LIKE THIS 737 00:23:29,560 --> 00:23:30,120 CLEARINGHOUSE OF DATA ABOUT 738 00:23:30,120 --> 00:23:32,000 INNATE RACIAL DIFFERENCES AND 739 00:23:32,000 --> 00:23:32,640 MEASUREMENT. 740 00:23:32,640 --> 00:23:34,000 AND WE CAN ACTUALLY SEE MORE OF 741 00:23:34,000 --> 00:23:35,320 THIS IF WE LOOK INTO DAVIN 742 00:23:35,320 --> 00:23:36,120 PORT'S PAPER. 743 00:23:36,120 --> 00:23:39,800 SO THIS IS WHEN THE AMERICAN 744 00:23:39,800 --> 00:23:41,720 PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, I WENT TO 745 00:23:41,720 --> 00:23:43,440 COLLECT PRIMARY SOURCE DATA. 746 00:23:43,440 --> 00:23:45,000 YOU WILL SEE THE REFERENCES. 747 00:23:45,000 --> 00:23:49,120 THIS IS A PROPOSAL FOR NEGRO 748 00:23:49,120 --> 00:23:49,600 STUDY IN 1927. 749 00:23:49,600 --> 00:23:51,560 THE QUESTION IS HOW DO WE DO 750 00:23:51,560 --> 00:23:51,760 THIS? 751 00:23:51,760 --> 00:23:53,640 HOW DO WE CREATE AND START 752 00:23:53,640 --> 00:23:54,800 PLANNING THIS GREAT STUDY WE 753 00:23:54,800 --> 00:23:55,320 WANT TO ENACT? 754 00:23:55,320 --> 00:23:57,400 YOU WILL SEE HERE, THEY ARE 755 00:23:57,400 --> 00:23:58,160 TALKING ABOUT THE RESONATE OF 756 00:23:58,160 --> 00:24:00,120 PREVIOUS WORK, THERE'S A 757 00:24:00,120 --> 00:24:01,400 REFERENCE DURING THE CIVIL WAR 758 00:24:01,400 --> 00:24:03,600 OBSERVATIONS ON ALL OF THE RACES 759 00:24:03,600 --> 00:24:06,080 REPRESENTED IN THE NORTHERN ARMY 760 00:24:06,080 --> 00:24:07,440 WERE MADE AFTERWARDS REPORTED 761 00:24:07,440 --> 00:24:07,600 ON. 762 00:24:07,600 --> 00:24:08,600 SO YOU CAN SEE THAT THERE IS 763 00:24:08,600 --> 00:24:11,320 SORT OF, I'M FOLLOWING THIS KIND 764 00:24:11,320 --> 00:24:13,200 OF PAPER TRAIL, AND WHO IS 765 00:24:13,200 --> 00:24:17,120 CITING WHO, WHERE IS THIS PAPER 766 00:24:17,120 --> 00:24:21,000 TRAIL COME FROM . THIS IS CITING 767 00:24:21,000 --> 00:24:24,400 THE WORK OF CHARLES DENVER PORT. 768 00:24:24,400 --> 00:24:25,280 SO THE AIM OF THIS PAPER IS TO 769 00:24:25,280 --> 00:24:31,200 THINK ABOUT HOW WE CAN FILL GAPS 770 00:24:31,200 --> 00:24:32,840 IN OUR COLLECTIVE KNOWLEDGE 771 00:24:32,840 --> 00:24:36,200 ABOUT BLACK PEOPLE AND EUGENIC 772 00:24:36,200 --> 00:24:38,120 IN THE 19th CENTURY. 773 00:24:38,120 --> 00:24:38,960 AND THE ASSUMPTIONS, ALL OF THE 774 00:24:38,960 --> 00:24:41,600 THINGS THAT IS NOT TRUE ABOUT 775 00:24:41,600 --> 00:24:46,800 MIXED RACE BODIES, THAT WERE 776 00:24:46,800 --> 00:24:50,200 PICKED UP BY EUGENICISTS AND 777 00:24:50,200 --> 00:24:50,440 STUDIED. 778 00:24:50,440 --> 00:24:53,600 THEY LOOKED INTO THIS TO SEE IT 779 00:24:53,600 --> 00:24:55,480 IS DEBUNK MYTH OR MODIFY THINGS. 780 00:24:55,480 --> 00:24:58,040 THERE IS SHOW SHORTAGE OF WHITE 781 00:24:58,040 --> 00:24:59,680 COMMON FELTERS WHO WERE 782 00:24:59,680 --> 00:25:01,200 INTERESTED IN KIND OF PICKING UP 783 00:25:01,200 --> 00:25:02,240 THE THREADS OF INFORMATION AND 784 00:25:02,240 --> 00:25:04,360 RUNNING WITH THEM. 785 00:25:04,360 --> 00:25:06,760 SO FOR EXAMPLE, I'M GOING TO 786 00:25:06,760 --> 00:25:10,200 FOCUS QUITE A BIT ON CHARLES 787 00:25:10,200 --> 00:25:10,480 DAVENPORT. 788 00:25:10,480 --> 00:25:13,600 BUT I WANT TO BE REALLY CLEAR, I 789 00:25:13,600 --> 00:25:15,120 STARTED THE PROJECT, I'M GOING 790 00:25:15,120 --> 00:25:18,320 TO WORK WITH DAVENPORT'S PAPERS. 791 00:25:18,320 --> 00:25:21,080 BUT HE JOINED A PRETTY CROWDED 792 00:25:21,080 --> 00:25:22,880 FIELD OF SCIENTISTS INTERESTED 793 00:25:22,880 --> 00:25:24,200 IN THIS TOPIC. 794 00:25:24,200 --> 00:25:29,880 WE CAN THINK OF WHITE AND BLACK 795 00:25:29,880 --> 00:25:36,360 SCIENTISTS STUDYING PEOPLE OF 796 00:25:36,360 --> 00:25:36,760 AFRICAN DESCENT. 797 00:25:36,760 --> 00:25:38,560 SO I SHOULD SAY, AND I'LL SAY A 798 00:25:38,560 --> 00:25:39,760 LITTLE BIT MORE ABOUT CAROLYN, 799 00:25:39,760 --> 00:25:44,880 SHE ACTUALLY WAS A MIXED RACE 800 00:25:44,880 --> 00:25:46,840 WOMAN HERSELF. 801 00:25:46,840 --> 00:25:49,600 EARNED A MASTER'S IN 802 00:25:49,600 --> 00:25:50,200 ANTHROPOLOGIST IN HARVARD AND 803 00:25:50,200 --> 00:25:52,280 HAD VERY DIFFERENT CONCLUSIONS 804 00:25:52,280 --> 00:25:53,320 FROM CHARLES DAVENPORT. 805 00:25:53,320 --> 00:25:55,000 SO I DO FOCUS ON DAVENPORT QUITE 806 00:25:55,000 --> 00:25:59,640 A BIT, BECAUSE, YOU KNOW, HE, 807 00:25:59,640 --> 00:26:00,600 HIS RESEARCH METHODS WERE 808 00:26:00,600 --> 00:26:03,640 CRITIQUED BY HIS PEERS, THEY 809 00:26:03,640 --> 00:26:04,720 DIDN'T CARE FOR HIS SCIENTIFIC 810 00:26:04,720 --> 00:26:05,200 METHODOLOGIES. 811 00:26:05,200 --> 00:26:07,640 SO, FOR EXAMPLE, I, YOU KNOW, I 812 00:26:07,640 --> 00:26:10,640 JUST COULD NOT RESIST, BUT 813 00:26:10,640 --> 00:26:12,360 PEARSON, WHO WAS AT ONE POINT 814 00:26:12,360 --> 00:26:14,240 AND TIME A FRIEND OF DAVENPORT, 815 00:26:14,240 --> 00:26:18,040 WROTE A SCATHING REVIEW OF RACE 816 00:26:18,040 --> 00:26:18,960 CROSSING IN JAMAICA. 817 00:26:18,960 --> 00:26:21,800 IT HAD NOTHING TO DO WITH 818 00:26:21,800 --> 00:26:24,680 DAVENPORT AND OPPOSING RACIST 819 00:26:24,680 --> 00:26:27,720 VIEWS, BUT ABOUT HIS SCIENCE. 820 00:26:27,720 --> 00:26:28,360 AND PEARSON SAYS OF DAVENPORT. 821 00:26:28,360 --> 00:26:30,320 THE ONLY THING THAT IS APPARENT, 822 00:26:30,320 --> 00:26:32,360 THIS IS RACE CROSSING IN 823 00:26:32,360 --> 00:26:35,040 JAMAICA, THE SAMPLES ARE TOO 824 00:26:35,040 --> 00:26:37,080 SMALL AND DRAWN FROM TOO 825 00:26:37,080 --> 00:26:40,600 HETEROGENEOUS POPULATION TO 826 00:26:40,600 --> 00:26:41,560 PROVIDE TRUSTWORTHY CONCLUSIONS 827 00:26:41,560 --> 00:26:41,920 AT ALL. 828 00:26:41,920 --> 00:26:42,200 END QUOTE. 829 00:26:42,200 --> 00:26:44,200 HIS PEERS ARE THINKING. 830 00:26:44,200 --> 00:26:47,360 CAROLYN IS TRAINED USING SORT OF 831 00:26:47,360 --> 00:26:48,760 SIMILAR METHODS OF MEASUREMENT 832 00:26:48,760 --> 00:26:50,880 AND WRITES HER MASTER'S THESIS 833 00:26:50,880 --> 00:26:53,200 IN 1932, A STUDY OF NEGRO WHITE 834 00:26:53,200 --> 00:26:56,360 FAMILIES IN THE UNITED STATES. 835 00:26:56,360 --> 00:26:57,000 AGAIN, SHE DOES THIS UNDER 836 00:26:57,000 --> 00:27:00,600 INIGIOUS OF SHOWING THE GREAT 837 00:27:00,600 --> 00:27:01,920 ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF MIXED RACE 838 00:27:01,920 --> 00:27:02,160 PEOPLE. 839 00:27:02,160 --> 00:27:03,200 OPPOSITE OF WHAT DAVENPORT HAS 840 00:27:03,200 --> 00:27:04,040 TO SAY. 841 00:27:04,040 --> 00:27:07,360 I WILL SAY THAT HER WORK HAS NOT 842 00:27:07,360 --> 00:27:09,040 BEEN AS THOROUGHLY STUDIED AS 843 00:27:09,040 --> 00:27:09,440 DAVENPORT'S. 844 00:27:09,440 --> 00:27:11,800 BUT THERE ARE A NUMBER OF 845 00:27:11,800 --> 00:27:14,200 SCHOLARS LOOKING AT HOW BLACK 846 00:27:14,200 --> 00:27:19,520 PEOPLE RESPONDED TO AND IN SOME 847 00:27:19,520 --> 00:27:21,280 WAY PARTICIPATED IN EUGENIC. 848 00:27:21,280 --> 00:27:23,760 THEY INCLUDE A FEW, BUT THERE IS 849 00:27:23,760 --> 00:27:25,600 CLEARLY A SCHOLARSHIP, A BODY OF 850 00:27:25,600 --> 00:27:27,120 SCHOLARSHIP OUT THERE THAT 851 00:27:27,120 --> 00:27:28,400 SUGGESTS THAT BLACK PEOPLE ARE 852 00:27:28,400 --> 00:27:28,800 NOT CAPTIVE. 853 00:27:28,800 --> 00:27:30,960 THEY ARE ALSO INTERESTED IN 854 00:27:30,960 --> 00:27:34,240 RACIAL, INTERESTED IN IDEAS OF 855 00:27:34,240 --> 00:27:34,800 EUGENICS. 856 00:27:34,800 --> 00:27:36,160 SO REALLY WHAT I WANT TO DO, 857 00:27:36,160 --> 00:27:38,120 FIND MYSELF DOING WITH THIS NOW 858 00:27:38,120 --> 00:27:38,960 IS KIND OF USING DAVENPORT AT 859 00:27:38,960 --> 00:27:42,000 THIS POINT OF ENTRY AND SORT OF 860 00:27:42,000 --> 00:27:44,440 THINKING ABOUT WHO ELSE IS 861 00:27:44,440 --> 00:27:45,160 TACKLING THESE QUESTIONS. 862 00:27:45,160 --> 00:27:46,560 HOW SLAVERY IS INFORMING THAT. 863 00:27:46,560 --> 00:27:47,840 NOW I WANT TO SHARE WITH YOU A 864 00:27:47,840 --> 00:27:51,400 LITTLE BIT OF THE MYTH MAKING 865 00:27:51,400 --> 00:27:53,080 AND IDEAS ABOUT BLACK 866 00:27:53,080 --> 00:27:54,360 (UN)FITNESS AND MIXED RACE 867 00:27:54,360 --> 00:27:56,040 (UN)FITNESS THAT DAVENPORT 868 00:27:56,040 --> 00:27:57,120 TACKLES AND OTHER SORT OF 869 00:27:57,120 --> 00:27:58,760 SCIENTISTS AT THIS TIME ARE 870 00:27:58,760 --> 00:27:59,800 THINKING ABOUT WHEN THEY ARE 871 00:27:59,800 --> 00:28:03,200 LOOKING AT MIXED RACE PEOPLE AND 872 00:28:03,200 --> 00:28:04,640 CONDUCTING THESE STUDIES. 873 00:28:04,640 --> 00:28:07,120 SO SOME OF THE CLAIMS ABOUT 874 00:28:07,120 --> 00:28:09,080 MIXED RACE PEOPLE THAT DAVENPORT 875 00:28:09,080 --> 00:28:10,400 ADDRESSES IN HIS WORK INCLUDE 876 00:28:10,400 --> 00:28:13,400 CLAIMS THAT MIXED RACE PEOPLE 877 00:28:13,400 --> 00:28:14,040 WERE INHERENTLY SICKLY AND THAT 878 00:28:14,040 --> 00:28:19,320 THEY WERE UNABLE TO REPRODUCE. 879 00:28:19,320 --> 00:28:23,000 SO WE CAN THINK ABOUT HOW THESE 880 00:28:23,000 --> 00:28:23,800 MYTHS CIRCULATED. 881 00:28:23,800 --> 00:28:26,040 THEY CIRCULATED WIDELY IN THE 882 00:28:26,040 --> 00:28:28,400 AMERICAS, WELL BEFORE THE ADVENT 883 00:28:28,400 --> 00:28:28,680 OF EUGENICS. 884 00:28:28,680 --> 00:28:30,640 THEY WERE NOT ALWAYS CONSISTENT. 885 00:28:30,640 --> 00:28:32,640 WE CAN THINK ABOUT THE WAYS IN 886 00:28:32,640 --> 00:28:34,160 WHICH PHYSICIANS WOULD SORT OF 887 00:28:34,160 --> 00:28:35,120 MAKE COMPLAINTS ABOUT THE 888 00:28:35,120 --> 00:28:36,000 INABILITY OF MIXED RACE PEOPLE 889 00:28:36,000 --> 00:28:44,080 TO DO ONE THING, AND CLAIM THEY 890 00:28:44,080 --> 00:28:45,200 WERE SUPERIOR AT DOING OTHER 891 00:28:45,200 --> 00:28:45,440 THINGS. 892 00:28:45,440 --> 00:28:47,640 AND THIS IS CLAIMING THAT 893 00:28:47,640 --> 00:28:48,040 MULATTOS ARE WEAK. 894 00:28:48,040 --> 00:28:52,680 SO THE EDITOR OF THE MEMPHIS 895 00:28:52,680 --> 00:28:53,600 MEDICAL REPORTER IN 1855 896 00:28:53,600 --> 00:28:56,760 COMPLAINED THAT THE MULATTO WAS 897 00:28:56,760 --> 00:28:59,280 QUOTE LESS CURABLE THAN WHITE 898 00:28:59,280 --> 00:29:03,000 PERSONS ON A COUNT OF HIS 899 00:29:03,000 --> 00:29:04,320 GREATER FEEBLENESS OF 900 00:29:04,320 --> 00:29:05,520 CONSTITUTION, END QUOTE. 901 00:29:05,520 --> 00:29:08,440 AND OTHER VIEWS AROUND THIS TIME 902 00:29:08,440 --> 00:29:10,200 PEOPLE WERE SIMILAR, THE SLAVE 903 00:29:10,200 --> 00:29:15,200 OWNERS IN THE BRITISH CARIBBEAN, 904 00:29:15,200 --> 00:29:17,200 IN 1834, MULATTOS WERE WEAK AND 905 00:29:17,200 --> 00:29:17,600 AFEMININE PERSONS. 906 00:29:17,600 --> 00:29:21,840 AND AS I MENTIONED BEFORE, 907 00:29:21,840 --> 00:29:23,240 BENJAMIN, OF THE U.S. SANITARY 908 00:29:23,240 --> 00:29:26,400 COMMISSIONS REPORT SAID IT WAS A 909 00:29:26,400 --> 00:29:28,800 WELL-KNOWN PHENOMENA THAT MIXED 910 00:29:28,800 --> 00:29:30,040 RACE MEN HAD INTERIOR VITALITY. 911 00:29:30,040 --> 00:29:32,800 SO HERE ARE THE IDEAS THAT MIXED 912 00:29:32,800 --> 00:29:35,920 RACE PEOPLE ARE INNATELY WEAK. 913 00:29:35,920 --> 00:29:38,160 NOW, DAVENPORT, OF COURSE, IS 914 00:29:38,160 --> 00:29:39,000 AWARE OF THIS. 915 00:29:39,000 --> 00:29:40,400 SO THINKING ABOUT, FLASHING 916 00:29:40,400 --> 00:29:41,640 FORWARD TO THE 20th CENTURY, 917 00:29:41,640 --> 00:29:43,760 DAVENPORT IS AWARE OF THIS. 918 00:29:43,760 --> 00:29:47,080 AND HE ACTUALLY EARNESTLY 919 00:29:47,080 --> 00:29:48,640 ADDRESSED THE HARDINESS, THE 920 00:29:48,640 --> 00:29:53,200 ROBUSTNESS OF MIXED RACE PEOPLE 921 00:29:53,200 --> 00:29:54,720 INCIDENTAL ASIDES IN HIS STUDY. 922 00:29:54,720 --> 00:29:58,200 HE MADE REFERENCE TO IT. 923 00:29:58,200 --> 00:29:59,880 BUT MENTIONING THIS PROJECT IS A 924 00:29:59,880 --> 00:30:04,560 LONG OF ASSESSING, AND 925 00:30:04,560 --> 00:30:06,200 CRITIQUING AND COMMENTS ON 926 00:30:06,200 --> 00:30:06,720 AFRICAN DESCENT BODIES, 927 00:30:06,720 --> 00:30:08,040 SOMETHING THAT WAS FROM SLAVERY. 928 00:30:08,040 --> 00:30:08,400 RIGHT? 929 00:30:08,400 --> 00:30:09,920 SO, FOR EXAMPLE, DAVENPORT WHEN 930 00:30:09,920 --> 00:30:12,120 HE TALKS ABOUT THE ROBUSTNESS OF 931 00:30:12,120 --> 00:30:14,600 MIXED RACE PEOPLE, HE WILL 932 00:30:14,600 --> 00:30:15,200 REFERENCE SLAVERY ERA 933 00:30:15,200 --> 00:30:15,480 COMMENTERS. 934 00:30:15,480 --> 00:30:18,600 I WANT TO GIVE YOU AN EXAMPLE OF 935 00:30:18,600 --> 00:30:19,600 THIS. 936 00:30:19,600 --> 00:30:21,320 TWO VERY WELL-KNOWN SLAVERY ERA 937 00:30:21,320 --> 00:30:22,600 SHELTERS ARE KNOWN FOR 938 00:30:22,600 --> 00:30:27,400 PROPAGATING THIS IDEA THAT MIXED 939 00:30:27,400 --> 00:30:28,560 RACE PEOPLE CANNOT REPRODUCE. 940 00:30:28,560 --> 00:30:32,320 THE FIRST IS EDWARD, IT WAS 941 00:30:32,320 --> 00:30:34,160 EXTRAORDINARY THAT TWO MULATTOS 942 00:30:34,160 --> 00:30:36,520 SHOULD BE UNABLE TO CONTINUE 943 00:30:36,520 --> 00:30:37,600 THEIR SPECIES. 944 00:30:37,600 --> 00:30:42,600 THE WOMEN BARON OR OFFSPRING NOT 945 00:30:42,600 --> 00:30:43,000 GAINING MATURITY. 946 00:30:43,000 --> 00:30:43,920 THAT IS 1774. 947 00:30:43,920 --> 00:30:45,400 THAT IS EDWARD WHO IS 948 00:30:45,400 --> 00:30:46,560 PROPAGATING THIS CLAIM THAT 949 00:30:46,560 --> 00:30:48,400 MIXED RACE PEOPLE CANNOT 950 00:30:48,400 --> 00:30:49,800 REPRODUCE. 951 00:30:49,800 --> 00:30:52,680 AND FURTHER INQUIRY. 952 00:30:52,680 --> 00:30:55,400 IN 1943, A PHYSICIAN FROM THE 953 00:30:55,400 --> 00:30:56,560 UNITED STATES, ABSOLUTELY 954 00:30:56,560 --> 00:31:00,640 DECIDED TO DEVOTE TIME TO THIS 955 00:31:00,640 --> 00:31:01,160 TOPIC. 956 00:31:01,160 --> 00:31:05,480 SO IN HIS 1843 ARTICLE, THE 957 00:31:05,480 --> 00:31:07,000 MULATTO, A HYBRID, POSSIBLE 958 00:31:07,000 --> 00:31:08,120 EXTERMINATION OF THE TWO RACES 959 00:31:08,120 --> 00:31:13,680 AND MAKES REFERENCE TO THE THE 960 00:31:13,680 --> 00:31:16,240 ABILITY TO REPRODUCE. 961 00:31:16,240 --> 00:31:19,080 NOT NAMES EDWARD LOG-IN HIS 962 00:31:19,080 --> 00:31:19,600 DISCUSSION. 963 00:31:19,600 --> 00:31:22,040 THEY ARE HIGH AUTHORITIES IN 964 00:31:22,040 --> 00:31:24,240 THEIR HISTORY OF JAMAICA AND THE 965 00:31:24,240 --> 00:31:28,200 MALE AND FEMALE MULATTO DO NOT 966 00:31:28,200 --> 00:31:29,640 PRODUCE SO MANY CHILDREN 967 00:31:29,640 --> 00:31:30,600 TOGETHER. 968 00:31:30,600 --> 00:31:31,280 AND THEY HAVE SHORTER LIFESPANS 969 00:31:31,280 --> 00:31:35,080 AND THE WOMEN ARE PLAGUED BY 970 00:31:35,080 --> 00:31:37,640 DELICACY AND THE INABILITY TO 971 00:31:37,640 --> 00:31:39,720 CONCEIVE CHILDREN END QUOTE. 972 00:31:39,720 --> 00:31:42,400 SO THIS IS -- NOT AND LONG 973 00:31:42,400 --> 00:31:44,640 DURING THE ERA OF SLAVERY MAKING 974 00:31:44,640 --> 00:31:46,040 THESE OBVIOUSLY FALSE CLAIMS 975 00:31:46,040 --> 00:31:47,080 ABOUT THE ABILITIES OF MIXED 976 00:31:47,080 --> 00:31:49,680 RACE PEOPLE TO REPRODUCE. 977 00:31:49,680 --> 00:31:51,320 WHAT IS INTERESTING IS THAT 978 00:31:51,320 --> 00:31:52,160 DAVENPORT HANDLES THIS. 979 00:31:52,160 --> 00:31:54,440 HE TOTALLY BRINGS IT UP. 980 00:31:54,440 --> 00:31:59,520 AND WHAT HE DOES IN HIS STUDY, 981 00:31:59,520 --> 00:32:02,000 HEREDITY OF SKIN COLOR AND NEGRO 982 00:32:02,000 --> 00:32:06,600 WHITE CROSSES IN 1913, HE SAID 983 00:32:06,600 --> 00:32:10,000 THERE IS AN ANCIENT TRADITION, 984 00:32:10,000 --> 00:32:12,000 AND HE IS QUITE LITERALLY BY 985 00:32:12,000 --> 00:32:12,640 NAME POINTING OUT THE FIGURES 986 00:32:12,640 --> 00:32:16,240 WHO CLAIM THAT, THAT MIXED RACE 987 00:32:16,240 --> 00:32:17,440 PEOPLE CANNOT REPRODUCE. 988 00:32:17,440 --> 00:32:18,360 DAVENPORT CONCLUDES QUOTE, 989 00:32:18,360 --> 00:32:19,600 THERE'S NO SUPPORT IN OUR DATA 990 00:32:19,600 --> 00:32:25,000 FOR THE NOTION OF THE LACK OF 991 00:32:25,000 --> 00:32:26,040 NEGRO WHITE CROSS OR THEIR 992 00:32:26,040 --> 00:32:27,360 VIABILITY. 993 00:32:27,360 --> 00:32:28,840 HE IS SAYING THIS IS NOT TRUE. 994 00:32:28,840 --> 00:32:30,840 THIS IS A MYTH THAT NEEDS TO BE 995 00:32:30,840 --> 00:32:31,120 DEBUNKED. 996 00:32:31,120 --> 00:32:34,640 BUT I WANT TO BE VERY CLEAR 997 00:32:34,640 --> 00:32:34,840 HERE. 998 00:32:34,840 --> 00:32:36,440 DAVENPORT IS NOT PROGRESSIVE. 999 00:32:36,440 --> 00:32:39,040 HE WANTS TO SAY THAT SCIENCE 1000 00:32:39,040 --> 00:32:40,440 PROVES, SCIENCE IS WHAT WE 1001 00:32:40,440 --> 00:32:42,080 SHOULD RELY ON WHEN WE MAKE ANY 1002 00:32:42,080 --> 00:32:43,480 KIND OF STATEMENT. 1003 00:32:43,480 --> 00:32:45,480 HE DOESN'T BELIEVE IN THIS IDEA 1004 00:32:45,480 --> 00:32:47,120 OF AN INABILITY TO REPRODUCE AND 1005 00:32:47,120 --> 00:32:48,320 HE IS LESS WILLING TO SAY THAT 1006 00:32:48,320 --> 00:32:51,080 MIXED RACE PEOPLE ARE INHERENTLY 1007 00:32:51,080 --> 00:32:54,400 WEAK, HE DOES KIND OF MAKE 1008 00:32:54,400 --> 00:32:55,920 CLAIMS ABOUT THE WEAKNESS OF THE 1009 00:32:55,920 --> 00:32:57,440 CONSTITUTION IN A VERY INDIRECT 1010 00:32:57,440 --> 00:32:58,680 WAY. 1011 00:32:58,680 --> 00:33:00,080 SO FOR EXAMPLE HE WILL SAY THAT, 1012 00:33:00,080 --> 00:33:02,280 YOU KNOW, MIXED RACE PEOPLE 1013 00:33:02,280 --> 00:33:04,320 INHERENT SOME PHYSICAL 1014 00:33:04,320 --> 00:33:05,440 ROBUSTNESS FROM BLACK PEOPLE. 1015 00:33:05,440 --> 00:33:08,600 HE SAID THE NEGRO HAS MANY 1016 00:33:08,600 --> 00:33:09,200 INDIVIDUALENS AND PHYSICAL 1017 00:33:09,200 --> 00:33:10,680 QUALITY OVER THE RIGHT. 1018 00:33:10,680 --> 00:33:13,080 HE IS LESS APT TO SUFFER FROM 1019 00:33:13,080 --> 00:33:24,360 DEFECTS OF THE SIGN, GOITER, 1020 00:33:24,360 --> 00:33:27,240 OBESITY, DEAF-MUTENESS. 1021 00:33:27,240 --> 00:33:29,520 BEFORE WE SAY DAVENPORT SEEMS 1022 00:33:29,520 --> 00:33:30,120 REASONABLE. 1023 00:33:30,120 --> 00:33:30,600 HE IS NOT. 1024 00:33:30,600 --> 00:33:33,600 HAY SHOW HIGH RATES OF 1025 00:33:33,600 --> 00:33:35,080 TUBERCULOSIS, AND VENEREAL 1026 00:33:35,080 --> 00:33:36,000 DISEASE RATES THAT ARE SEVERAL 1027 00:33:36,000 --> 00:33:38,640 TIMES HIGHER THAN THE WHITES. 1028 00:33:38,640 --> 00:33:41,720 THIS IS AN OLD IDEA, 1029 00:33:41,720 --> 00:33:43,160 PARTICULARLY WITH VENEREAL 1030 00:33:43,160 --> 00:33:43,400 DISEASES. 1031 00:33:43,400 --> 00:33:48,280 SO RATHER THAN SAYING OKAY, THEY 1032 00:33:48,280 --> 00:33:49,040 ARE WEAK, I THINK HE IS ACTUALLY 1033 00:33:49,040 --> 00:33:50,320 PAINING THEM AS VECTORS, THEY 1034 00:33:50,320 --> 00:33:53,000 ARE A PUBLIC HEALTH MENACE. 1035 00:33:53,000 --> 00:33:57,280 WE CAN SAY BY THE 20th CENTURY 1036 00:33:57,280 --> 00:33:58,760 WITH GERM THEORY, THAT 1037 00:33:58,760 --> 00:33:59,840 TUBERCULOSIS IS AN INDEXES AND 1038 00:33:59,840 --> 00:34:00,760 CONTAGIOUS. 1039 00:34:00,760 --> 00:34:02,920 THERE IS A CLEAR KIND OF 1040 00:34:02,920 --> 00:34:03,480 ASSUMPTION THAT ARE CERTAIN 1041 00:34:03,480 --> 00:34:06,000 RACES MORE PRONE TO 1042 00:34:06,000 --> 00:34:06,320 TUBERCULOSIS. 1043 00:34:06,320 --> 00:34:07,560 WE CAN THINK SPECIFICALLY THE 1044 00:34:07,560 --> 00:34:10,000 WAYS MEXICANS WERE TREATED IN 1045 00:34:10,000 --> 00:34:12,240 THE SOUTHWEST BEING A RACE THAT 1046 00:34:12,240 --> 00:34:13,400 WAS PARTICULARLY PRONE TO 1047 00:34:13,400 --> 00:34:15,200 TUBERCULOSIS, THE REASON FOR 1048 00:34:15,200 --> 00:34:18,000 THAT, THEY HAD TOO MUCH 1049 00:34:18,000 --> 00:34:20,360 INDIGENOUS BLOOD AND TOO FAR 1050 00:34:20,360 --> 00:34:21,400 REMOVED FROM CIVILIZATION, THAT 1051 00:34:21,400 --> 00:34:23,600 MADE THEM SUSCEPTIBLE FOR 1052 00:34:23,600 --> 00:34:24,280 TUBERCULOSIS. 1053 00:34:24,280 --> 00:34:25,800 SO DAVENPORT IS DOING SOMETHING 1054 00:34:25,800 --> 00:34:27,800 SIMILAR COLLAPSING A SUSCEPTIBLE 1055 00:34:27,800 --> 00:34:31,560 TO AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE PART OF 1056 00:34:31,560 --> 00:34:32,960 A RACIAL DEFICIENCY. 1057 00:34:32,960 --> 00:34:37,040 SO THIS IS THE SORT OF 1058 00:34:37,040 --> 00:34:39,360 SCRUTINIZING OF THE MYTHOLOGIES, 1059 00:34:39,360 --> 00:34:40,440 I SAID DAVENPORT WILL DEBUNK 1060 00:34:40,440 --> 00:34:42,880 SOME OF THESE MIGS, BUT HE KIND 1061 00:34:42,880 --> 00:34:44,360 OF REPLACES THEM, I THINK, ARE 1062 00:34:44,360 --> 00:34:46,240 WITH VERY MUCH IDEAS ABOUT MIXED 1063 00:34:46,240 --> 00:34:48,560 RACE PEOPLE OF BEING POTENTIAL 1064 00:34:48,560 --> 00:34:49,640 BURDENS IN MEDICINE. 1065 00:34:49,640 --> 00:34:51,400 SO THERE IS ALSO ATTENTION TO 1066 00:34:51,400 --> 00:34:53,560 MIXED RACE PEOPLE'S FEATURES 1067 00:34:53,560 --> 00:34:55,880 WHICH AGAIN WE LOOK TO THE 18th 1068 00:34:55,880 --> 00:34:57,320 CENTURY AND FIND THIS OBSESSION 1069 00:34:57,320 --> 00:34:58,400 WITH FEATURES OF MIXED RACE 1070 00:34:58,400 --> 00:34:58,600 PEOPLE. 1071 00:34:58,600 --> 00:35:02,280 AGAIN, WE CAN THINK ABOUT EDWARD 1072 00:35:02,280 --> 00:35:05,400 LONG WHO AT THE 18th CENTURY 1073 00:35:05,400 --> 00:35:07,520 PLANTER AND PROVIDED THIS VERY 1074 00:35:07,520 --> 00:35:09,800 DETAIL VIEW OF MULATTO FEATURES. 1075 00:35:09,800 --> 00:35:11,280 THEY ARE THE WHITE THAN THE 1076 00:35:11,280 --> 00:35:11,640 BLACK. 1077 00:35:11,640 --> 00:35:16,520 THE HAIR HAD A NATURAL CURL, IT 1078 00:35:16,520 --> 00:35:18,080 RESEMBLES THE NEGRO FLEECE. 1079 00:35:18,080 --> 00:35:21,800 BUT IT IS A TOLERABLE LENGTH. 1080 00:35:21,800 --> 00:35:24,240 YOU MIGHT THINK THAT IS TRIVIAL, 1081 00:35:24,240 --> 00:35:28,200 AND LONG BEING STRANGE AND 1082 00:35:28,200 --> 00:35:28,720 OBSESSIVE. 1083 00:35:28,720 --> 00:35:31,080 BUT DAVENPORT DILIGENTLY STUDIED 1084 00:35:31,080 --> 00:35:32,040 MIXED RACE PEOPLE HAIR. 1085 00:35:32,040 --> 00:35:34,480 AT THE APS, I HAVE BEEN LOOKING 1086 00:35:34,480 --> 00:35:36,600 THROUGH THE EUGENIC OFFICE 1087 00:35:36,600 --> 00:35:38,080 PAPERS HOUSED THERE, THE EUGENIC 1088 00:35:38,080 --> 00:35:39,760 RECORDS OFFICE WAS STARTED BY 1089 00:35:39,760 --> 00:35:40,640 DAVENPORT IN 1910. 1090 00:35:40,640 --> 00:35:42,720 WE ACTUALLY HAVE, THERE ARE 1091 00:35:42,720 --> 00:35:43,480 FAMILY PEDIGREES. 1092 00:35:43,480 --> 00:35:45,120 AND PEOPLE BRINGING IN SPECIMENS 1093 00:35:45,120 --> 00:35:46,400 AND SHARING INFORMATION OF THEIR 1094 00:35:46,400 --> 00:35:49,000 FAMILY WITH THAT OFFICE. 1095 00:35:49,000 --> 00:35:51,240 I LOCATED HEAR SAMPLES. 1096 00:35:51,240 --> 00:35:54,520 THESE ARE SO-CALLED MULATTO HAIR 1097 00:35:54,520 --> 00:35:55,600 SAMPS. HAIR SAMPLES. 1098 00:35:55,600 --> 00:36:03,600 THIS IS FROM A FAMILY THAT 1099 00:36:03,600 --> 00:36:05,160 RESIDED IN JAMAICA IN THE PARISH 1100 00:36:05,160 --> 00:36:06,400 OF ST. AN, I'M TRYING TO 1101 00:36:06,400 --> 00:36:08,200 UNDERSTAND IF THEY VOLUNTEERED 1102 00:36:08,200 --> 00:36:09,160 TO SEND IT TO THE OFFICE, THIS 1103 00:36:09,160 --> 00:36:11,840 IS IN NEW YORK. 1104 00:36:11,840 --> 00:36:14,640 SO, I'M WONDERING ABOUT SORT OF 1105 00:36:14,640 --> 00:36:17,120 THE STORY, HOW THESE SAMPLES GOT 1106 00:36:17,120 --> 00:36:17,800 INTO THE ERO. 1107 00:36:17,800 --> 00:36:20,000 GOT INTO DAVENPORT'S HANDS. 1108 00:36:20,000 --> 00:36:24,640 BUT I SHOULD SAY THAT IN THE 1109 00:36:24,640 --> 00:36:26,040 HEREDITY OF SKIN COLOR THERE IS 1110 00:36:26,040 --> 00:36:28,600 A WHOLE SECTION DEDICATED TO 1111 00:36:28,600 --> 00:36:29,400 MULATTO HAIR. 1112 00:36:29,400 --> 00:36:30,680 SO DAVENPORT REALLY DRAWS 1113 00:36:30,680 --> 00:36:32,120 ATTENTION TO WHAT HE SEES SORT 1114 00:36:32,120 --> 00:36:35,800 OF TIM. TYPICAL FEATURES. 1115 00:36:35,800 --> 00:36:39,520 SO, HE WANTED TO KNOW HOW FAR IS 1116 00:36:39,520 --> 00:36:42,120 THE NEGRO SKIN PIGMENT WITH THE 1117 00:36:42,120 --> 00:36:44,560 ABSENCE OF OTHER NEGRO 1118 00:36:44,560 --> 00:36:44,920 CHARACTERISTICS. 1119 00:36:44,920 --> 00:36:48,080 AND THERE ARE TWO ITEMS WITH 1120 00:36:48,080 --> 00:36:51,040 DARK PIGMENTATION OF THE 1121 00:36:51,040 --> 00:36:52,560 OFFSPRING OF THE NEGRO. 1122 00:36:52,560 --> 00:36:54,600 COLOR OF THE HAIR AND FORM OF 1123 00:36:54,600 --> 00:36:58,800 THE HAIR OR DEGREE OF CURVING. 1124 00:36:58,800 --> 00:37:00,720 SO HE SAYS THAT THE ASSOCIATION 1125 00:37:00,720 --> 00:37:04,160 IS ACCIDENT . HE'LL DOES KEEP 1126 00:37:04,160 --> 00:37:04,920 REFERRING TO KINKY OR WOOLLY 1127 00:37:04,920 --> 00:37:07,880 HAIRLINE AS A TYPICAL NEGRO 1128 00:37:07,880 --> 00:37:08,800 TRAIT AND APPLIES THAT TERM 1129 00:37:08,800 --> 00:37:09,560 THROUGHOUT HIS RESEARCH. 1130 00:37:09,560 --> 00:37:11,520 SO YOU CAN SEE HERE, FOR 1131 00:37:11,520 --> 00:37:13,800 EXAMPLE, HE LISTS A DAUGHTER WHO 1132 00:37:13,800 --> 00:37:16,800 HAS CURLY, BUT NOT AT ALL KINKY 1133 00:37:16,800 --> 00:37:19,040 HAIR, IF A WHITE MAN HAD A SON. 1134 00:37:19,040 --> 00:37:20,520 SHE ACCESSING AND USING THE 1135 00:37:20,520 --> 00:37:22,280 TERMINOLOGIES TO DESCRIBE THE 1136 00:37:22,280 --> 00:37:24,240 DIFFERENT KIND OF POPULATIONS, 1137 00:37:24,240 --> 00:37:25,600 THESE DIFFERENT KIND OF RACIAL 1138 00:37:25,600 --> 00:37:26,400 CROSSES. 1139 00:37:26,400 --> 00:37:30,600 AT THE BOTTOM, A SON WITH A 1140 00:37:30,600 --> 00:37:32,360 COMPLETION, AND A DEEPLY TANNED 1141 00:37:32,360 --> 00:37:34,000 SKIN, AND BLACK HAIR WHICH WAS A 1142 00:37:34,000 --> 00:37:35,600 TRACE OF A TENDENCY TO CURL. 1143 00:37:35,600 --> 00:37:37,120 IT IS ALMOST AS IF IT IS, THESE 1144 00:37:37,120 --> 00:37:41,520 ARE THE TRAITS THAT COULD GIVE 1145 00:37:41,520 --> 00:37:43,040 AWAY AFRICAN DESCENT WHO MAY NOT 1146 00:37:43,040 --> 00:37:44,320 APPEAR TO BE, WHO MIGHT BE VERY 1147 00:37:44,320 --> 00:37:48,400 LIGHT SKINNED AND TRY TO PASS, 1148 00:37:48,400 --> 00:37:49,000 FOR EXAMPLE. 1149 00:37:49,000 --> 00:37:51,000 SO HE'S LOOKING AT FEATURES. 1150 00:37:51,000 --> 00:37:55,440 BUT HE IS ALSO LOOKING AT 1151 00:37:55,440 --> 00:37:55,800 INTELLIGENCE. 1152 00:37:55,800 --> 00:37:57,560 SO I SHOULD SAY MULATTO, THAT 1153 00:37:57,560 --> 00:37:59,960 THERE WAS DURING THE ERA OF 1154 00:37:59,960 --> 00:38:02,200 SLAVERY A VIEW THAT MIXED RACE 1155 00:38:02,200 --> 00:38:04,160 PEOPLE WERE OF INTERMEDIATE 1156 00:38:04,160 --> 00:38:04,480 INTELLIGENCE. 1157 00:38:04,480 --> 00:38:06,880 SO IF YOU THINK ABOUT A RACIAL 1158 00:38:06,880 --> 00:38:08,200 HIERARCHY HAVING WHITES AT THE 1159 00:38:08,200 --> 00:38:10,320 TOP, MIXED RACE PEOPLE IN THE 1160 00:38:10,320 --> 00:38:11,600 MIDDLE, AND THEN BLACK PEOPLE AT 1161 00:38:11,600 --> 00:38:12,120 THE BOTTOM. 1162 00:38:12,120 --> 00:38:14,680 THIS IS A VERY SORT OF COMMON 1163 00:38:14,680 --> 00:38:16,320 BELIEF IN SLAVERY SOCIETIES. 1164 00:38:16,320 --> 00:38:18,640 WHAT DAVENPORT WANTS TO DO IS 1165 00:38:18,640 --> 00:38:20,760 REALLY INTERROGATE THIS IDEA, 1166 00:38:20,760 --> 00:38:23,360 ARE MIXED RACE PEOPLE MORE 1167 00:38:23,360 --> 00:38:24,160 INTELLIGENT? 1168 00:38:24,160 --> 00:38:26,120 ARE THEY REALLY SORT OF THE 1169 00:38:26,120 --> 00:38:26,840 MIDDLE? 1170 00:38:26,840 --> 00:38:28,400 AND WHAT HE DOES IS HE ACTUALLY 1171 00:38:28,400 --> 00:38:29,400 DISAGREES WITH THIS. 1172 00:38:29,400 --> 00:38:30,480 THIS IDEA. 1173 00:38:30,480 --> 00:38:32,200 BUT, ACTUALLY KIND OF 1174 00:38:32,200 --> 00:38:37,240 INTERESTING HOW HE DOES SO. 1175 00:38:37,240 --> 00:38:39,520 SO FIRST LET ME JUST GIVE YOU AN 1176 00:38:39,520 --> 00:38:39,760 EXAMPLE. 1177 00:38:39,760 --> 00:38:43,000 IF WE LOOK AT AN 1852 1178 00:38:43,000 --> 00:38:46,000 PUBLICATION ON AGRICULTURAL AND 1179 00:38:46,000 --> 00:38:46,800 INDUSTRY IN THE SOUTH. 1180 00:38:46,800 --> 00:38:48,600 WE FIND THE WRITERS IF APPEARS 1181 00:38:48,600 --> 00:38:52,920 THAT THE MIXED RACE EXHIBITS 1182 00:38:52,920 --> 00:38:58,240 POWERS MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO 1183 00:38:58,240 --> 00:38:59,000 CULTIVATION THAN THE PURE 1184 00:38:59,000 --> 00:38:59,440 AFRICAN. 1185 00:38:59,440 --> 00:39:02,240 NOW, I SHOULD SAY THAT IS IN THE 1186 00:39:02,240 --> 00:39:02,760 SOUTHERN UNITED STATES. 1187 00:39:02,760 --> 00:39:05,400 WE ALSO HAVE A DATA FROM THE 1188 00:39:05,400 --> 00:39:05,680 CARIBBEAN. 1189 00:39:05,680 --> 00:39:10,920 SO IF WE THINK THE WAYS PLANTERS 1190 00:39:10,920 --> 00:39:17,440 AND ESTATE MANAGERS WOULD 1191 00:39:17,440 --> 00:39:18,880 UNTRUST ENCLAVED MULATTOS FOR 1192 00:39:18,880 --> 00:39:20,000 SKIN AND INTELLIGENCE. 1193 00:39:20,000 --> 00:39:23,240 SO THERE IS AN IDEA THAT MIXED 1194 00:39:23,240 --> 00:39:26,400 RACE PEOPLE ARE MORE INTELLIGENT 1195 00:39:26,400 --> 00:39:28,280 AND CAN DO SKILLED AND INTENSE 1196 00:39:28,280 --> 00:39:29,040 WORK. 1197 00:39:29,040 --> 00:39:33,960 DAVENPORT IS NOT HAVING ANY OF 1198 00:39:33,960 --> 00:39:34,160 THIS. 1199 00:39:34,160 --> 00:39:37,240 SO IF WE LOOK AT RACE CROSSING 1200 00:39:37,240 --> 00:39:39,720 IN JAMAICA, HE DOES CONCEDE THAT 1201 00:39:39,720 --> 00:39:40,360 MIXED RACE PEOPLE SEEM TO SCORE 1202 00:39:40,360 --> 00:39:44,320 A LITTLE BIT HIGHER ON THEIR 1203 00:39:44,320 --> 00:39:45,880 INTELLIGENCE TEST THAN BLACK 1204 00:39:45,880 --> 00:39:46,120 PEOPLE. 1205 00:39:46,120 --> 00:39:47,800 BUT THEY HAD TOO MUCH VARIATION. 1206 00:39:47,800 --> 00:39:48,760 WHAT HE SAYS, AND HERE I JUST 1207 00:39:48,760 --> 00:39:51,000 WANT TO GIVE YOU A SENSE, WHEN 1208 00:39:51,000 --> 00:39:54,400 SHE DOING HIS NOTES, FROM THE 1209 00:39:54,400 --> 00:39:57,920 APS, THE NOTES ON RACE CROSSING 1210 00:39:57,920 --> 00:39:58,760 IN JAMAICA. 1211 00:39:58,760 --> 00:40:00,160 NASAL BREATH, THE COLOR OF THE 1212 00:40:00,160 --> 00:40:02,440 PERSON, THE HAIR FORM, HE SAYS 1213 00:40:02,440 --> 00:40:04,480 THIS PERSON FULL BLACK, WHAT ARE 1214 00:40:04,480 --> 00:40:06,000 THE NOSE, EYES, LIP SHAPE, AND 1215 00:40:06,000 --> 00:40:09,200 THEN AT THE BOTTOM WHERE THAT 1216 00:40:09,200 --> 00:40:13,400 BOX IS, KNOCK MORON TEST SUMMARY 1217 00:40:13,400 --> 00:40:16,080 IN AIRMAIL ALPHA TEST. 1218 00:40:16,080 --> 00:40:18,120 THOSE ARE THE INTELLIGENCE TEST 1219 00:40:18,120 --> 00:40:21,560 HE USED IN RACE CROSSING IN 1220 00:40:21,560 --> 00:40:22,400 JAMAICA TO ASSESS THE 1221 00:40:22,400 --> 00:40:23,400 INTELLIGENCE OF MIXED RACE 1222 00:40:23,400 --> 00:40:23,640 PEOPLE. 1223 00:40:23,640 --> 00:40:25,320 THESE ARE THE NOTES AND THEN 1224 00:40:25,320 --> 00:40:27,800 HAVE THE DIFFERENT FIGURED IN 1225 00:40:27,800 --> 00:40:28,600 THE PUBLISHED STUDY. 1226 00:40:28,600 --> 00:40:30,800 SO AS HE SORT OF TRYING TO TAKE 1227 00:40:30,800 --> 00:40:33,960 AIM AT THIS IDEA OF INNATE, AND 1228 00:40:33,960 --> 00:40:36,320 INTERMEDIATE INTELLIGENCE, HE 1229 00:40:36,320 --> 00:40:37,440 BASICALLY CLAIMS THIS WILD 1230 00:40:37,440 --> 00:40:39,000 VARIATION IS A PROBLEM BECAUSE 1231 00:40:39,000 --> 00:40:41,800 OF RACE CROSSING. 1232 00:40:41,800 --> 00:40:43,120 HE WRITES, QUOTE, WHITES SCORE 1233 00:40:43,120 --> 00:40:45,760 HIGHER THAN THE BLACKS AND THE 1234 00:40:45,760 --> 00:40:46,640 BROWNS SCORED AN INTERMEDIATE 1235 00:40:46,640 --> 00:40:48,000 SCORE. 1236 00:40:48,000 --> 00:40:50,360 BUT A STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION 1237 00:40:50,360 --> 00:40:52,240 SHOW THAT MANY CASES, 5% OF THE 1238 00:40:52,240 --> 00:40:53,760 BROWNS RECEIVED LOWER SCORES 1239 00:40:53,760 --> 00:40:55,040 THAN THE BLACKS OR WHITES. 1240 00:40:55,040 --> 00:40:57,280 AND IT IS NOT WITH THE CHANCE 1241 00:40:57,280 --> 00:40:58,800 INCLUSION OF THE BROWNS WITH 1242 00:40:58,800 --> 00:41:00,680 SOME INDIVIDUALS OF UNUSUALLY 1243 00:41:00,680 --> 00:41:02,680 LOW INTELLIGENCE, RATHER AMONG 1244 00:41:02,680 --> 00:41:04,360 THE VARIOUS BROWN ARE SOME 1245 00:41:04,360 --> 00:41:05,840 INDIVIDUALS WHO FIND THEMSELVES 1246 00:41:05,840 --> 00:41:08,280 QUITE ABOUT AIL TO MAKE A START 1247 00:41:08,280 --> 00:41:10,240 ON CERTAIN MENTAL TESTS. 1248 00:41:10,240 --> 00:41:12,880 THERE ARE FEWER FULL BLOODED 1249 00:41:12,880 --> 00:41:14,840 BLACKS THAT SHOW COMPLETE 1250 00:41:14,840 --> 00:41:15,120 CAPACITY. 1251 00:41:15,120 --> 00:41:16,880 AND THE BROWNS TO THE HYBRID 1252 00:41:16,880 --> 00:41:18,920 NATURE END QUOTE. 1253 00:41:18,920 --> 00:41:20,720 SO HE IS LITERALLY SAYING IT IS 1254 00:41:20,720 --> 00:41:23,160 BECAUSE OF MIXED RACE, THERE IS 1255 00:41:23,160 --> 00:41:24,720 HARMONY IN THE CROSS. 1256 00:41:24,720 --> 00:41:28,320 IN FACT, HE BASICALLY GOES ON TO 1257 00:41:28,320 --> 00:41:30,160 SAY THAT, YOU KNOW, IS THERE, HE 1258 00:41:30,160 --> 00:41:32,080 ASKS THE QUESTION, AND HE 1259 00:41:32,080 --> 00:41:34,040 ANSWERS THIS QUITE CLEARLY. 1260 00:41:34,040 --> 00:41:38,080 HE SAYS IS THERE ANY GROUND FOR 1261 00:41:38,080 --> 00:41:42,200 THE ALLEGED INFERIORITY TO 1262 00:41:42,200 --> 00:41:45,000 BROWNS TO BLACKS. 1263 00:41:45,000 --> 00:41:47,480 HYBRIDS ARE THE FEAR YEAR EITHER 1264 00:41:47,480 --> 00:41:47,840 PARENTAL STALK. 1265 00:41:47,840 --> 00:41:49,800 THE BROWN IS CONTRASTED WITH THE 1266 00:41:49,800 --> 00:41:51,760 BLACK AND HE MAY BE STUPID AND 1267 00:41:51,760 --> 00:41:55,160 LAZY, BUT CAN BE DEPENDED UPON 1268 00:41:55,160 --> 00:41:56,920 TO ACT IN HIS OWN WAY. 1269 00:41:56,920 --> 00:41:59,920 SO, THIS GROUP, WE ALREADY HAD 1270 00:41:59,920 --> 00:42:01,360 VERY LOW EXPECTATIONS OF THEM, 1271 00:42:01,360 --> 00:42:02,400 BUT THE BROWNS ARE ALL OVER THE 1272 00:42:02,400 --> 00:42:04,160 VASE. 1273 00:42:04,160 --> 00:42:05,600 THIS IS A SIGN OF WHY THIS 1274 00:42:05,600 --> 00:42:07,640 HYBRID GROUP IS A PROBLEM. 1275 00:42:07,640 --> 00:42:09,600 SO AGAIN, THIS IS ALL, MUCH OF 1276 00:42:09,600 --> 00:42:11,400 THIS IS IN RACE CROSSING IN 1277 00:42:11,400 --> 00:42:14,720 JAMAICA, THIS IS THE PUBLISHED 1278 00:42:14,720 --> 00:42:14,920 STUDY. 1279 00:42:14,920 --> 00:42:18,160 WHAT WE SEE HERE, HE IS VERY 1280 00:42:18,160 --> 00:42:22,280 MUCH, AS I SAID, SKEPTICAL OF 1281 00:42:22,280 --> 00:42:24,760 THIS IDEA OF MULATTO 1282 00:42:24,760 --> 00:42:26,640 INTELLIGENCE. 1283 00:42:26,640 --> 00:42:29,160 I WILL SAY THAT OTHER AMERICAN 1284 00:42:29,160 --> 00:42:29,680 SCIENTISTS, SOCIOLOGISTS, 1285 00:42:29,680 --> 00:42:32,800 ACTUALLY BELIEVED IN THE IDEA OF 1286 00:42:32,800 --> 00:42:33,560 MUA LOTO INTELLIGENCE. 1287 00:42:33,560 --> 00:42:35,360 SO DAVENPORT IS AGAIN KIND OF 1288 00:42:35,360 --> 00:42:36,480 STANDING ALONE HERE. 1289 00:42:36,480 --> 00:42:39,520 SO WE CAN THINK ABOUT, FOR 1290 00:42:39,520 --> 00:42:40,320 EXAMPLE, THE AMERICAN 1291 00:42:40,320 --> 00:42:41,680 AGRICULTURALIST AND STRONG 1292 00:42:41,680 --> 00:42:43,840 ADVOCATE OF COMPULSORY 1293 00:42:43,840 --> 00:42:46,200 STERILIZATION, PAUL, WHO IN HIS 1294 00:42:46,200 --> 00:42:47,960 1918 EUGENICS TEXTS BASICALLY 1295 00:42:47,960 --> 00:42:51,200 SAID THAT THE HIGH SCHOLARLY 1296 00:42:51,200 --> 00:42:52,440 ATTAINMENT OF MULATTO CHILDREN 1297 00:42:52,440 --> 00:42:54,320 COMPARISON TO THEIR BLACK 1298 00:42:54,320 --> 00:42:54,960 COUNTERPARTS, CONFIRMS THAT THE 1299 00:42:54,960 --> 00:42:57,120 ABILITY OF A COLORED MAN IS THE 1300 00:42:57,120 --> 00:42:59,600 PROMOTION TO THE AMOUNT OF WHITE 1301 00:42:59,600 --> 00:43:00,400 BLOOD THEY HAVE. 1302 00:43:00,400 --> 00:43:00,880 END QUOTE. 1303 00:43:00,880 --> 00:43:02,080 SO YOU HAVE DIFFERENT VIEWS OF 1304 00:43:02,080 --> 00:43:02,280 THIS. 1305 00:43:02,280 --> 00:43:07,280 ALL OF THESE ARE DECIDEDLY 1306 00:43:07,280 --> 00:43:09,080 ANTIBLACK AND THEY ARE STEAMED 1307 00:43:09,080 --> 00:43:09,360 IN RACISM. 1308 00:43:09,360 --> 00:43:11,400 BUT DAVENPORT IS SAYING THEY ARE 1309 00:43:11,400 --> 00:43:14,080 NOT MORE INTELLIGENCE, AND 1310 00:43:14,080 --> 00:43:16,920 ANOTHER COMMENTER SAYING THEY 1311 00:43:16,920 --> 00:43:18,400 ARE MORE INTELLIGENT, BECAUSE 1312 00:43:18,400 --> 00:43:19,600 THEY ARE WHITE BLOOD IN THEM. 1313 00:43:19,600 --> 00:43:20,920 I WANT TO MOVE AHEAD THERE. 1314 00:43:20,920 --> 00:43:22,640 IS SO MUCH TO TELL YOU, I WANT 1315 00:43:22,640 --> 00:43:24,360 TO KIND OF CONCLUDE HERE. 1316 00:43:24,360 --> 00:43:25,560 BECAUSE WHAT I'M TRYING TO SHOW 1317 00:43:25,560 --> 00:43:27,040 YOU AND PAINT A PICTURE HERE FOR 1318 00:43:27,040 --> 00:43:29,800 YOU OF THE WAYS IN WHICH IDEAS 1319 00:43:29,800 --> 00:43:30,400 THAT WERE LINGERING IN SLAVERY 1320 00:43:30,400 --> 00:43:33,480 KIND OF SHOW UP AND INFORM THE 1321 00:43:33,480 --> 00:43:34,960 MIXED RACE PEOPLE'S BODIES. 1322 00:43:34,960 --> 00:43:36,840 WHETHER IT IS THEIR FEATURES, 1323 00:43:36,840 --> 00:43:40,600 THEIR VITALITY, AND THEN THEIR 1324 00:43:40,600 --> 00:43:40,960 INTELLIGENCE. 1325 00:43:40,960 --> 00:43:43,080 SO TO CONCLUDE MANY OF THE 1326 00:43:43,080 --> 00:43:46,280 CONSTELLATIONS OF WHAT INCLUDED 1327 00:43:46,280 --> 00:43:47,960 BLACKNESS OF ONE'S BIOLOGIST WAS 1328 00:43:47,960 --> 00:43:49,720 BASICALLY DEVELOPED DURING THE 1329 00:43:49,720 --> 00:43:50,560 ERA OF SLAVERY. 1330 00:43:50,560 --> 00:43:54,600 THEY CONTINUED TO FLOURISH AFTER 1331 00:43:54,600 --> 00:43:55,520 THE INSTITUTIONS DEMISE. 1332 00:43:55,520 --> 00:43:59,120 AND THESE IDEAS SHOWED 1333 00:43:59,120 --> 00:43:59,600 REMARKABLY INSURANCE. 1334 00:43:59,600 --> 00:44:02,720 BUT ENEAGER CASE, THEY WERE THE 1335 00:44:02,720 --> 00:44:04,520 SCAVALLED FOR BUILDING EUGENIC 1336 00:44:04,520 --> 00:44:06,160 LOGIC ABOUT RACIAL PURITY AND 1337 00:44:06,160 --> 00:44:07,120 FITNESS. 1338 00:44:07,120 --> 00:44:09,040 THESE IDEAS ENDURED BUT THEY 1339 00:44:09,040 --> 00:44:12,000 ALSO REPRESENTED PART OF THE 1340 00:44:12,000 --> 00:44:12,960 ETHOS REPRESENTING SPECIFIC 1341 00:44:12,960 --> 00:44:14,640 CHARACTERISTICS AND GROUP OF 1342 00:44:14,640 --> 00:44:15,960 PEOPLE AND COMPARING THEM FOR OR 1343 00:44:15,960 --> 00:44:17,440 GROUPS WITH UNDERSTANDING 1344 00:44:17,440 --> 00:44:17,920 WEAKNESS AND STRENGTH. 1345 00:44:17,920 --> 00:44:24,200 THIS I WOULD ARGUE IS A SHARED 1346 00:44:24,200 --> 00:44:25,560 FEATURE OF EUGENIC AND SLAVERY. 1347 00:44:25,560 --> 00:44:27,160 AND SLAVERY OF SOUNDNESS AND 1348 00:44:27,160 --> 00:44:28,440 FITNESS OF BLACK PEOPLE'S BODY 1349 00:44:28,440 --> 00:44:30,000 TO RAABE. 1350 00:44:30,000 --> 00:44:30,720 THOSE ASSUMPTIONS CHANGED WHEN 1351 00:44:30,720 --> 00:44:33,480 SLAVERY ENDED. 1352 00:44:33,480 --> 00:44:35,360 AND THE REALITY OF RACIAL 1353 00:44:35,360 --> 00:44:37,800 MIXTURE CAME OUT AS A AN OPEN 1354 00:44:37,800 --> 00:44:39,040 SECRET IT WAS DEEMED A PUBLIC 1355 00:44:39,040 --> 00:44:41,120 HEALTH PROBLEM. 1356 00:44:41,120 --> 00:44:42,480 SO EUGENICS WAS INVESTED IN 1357 00:44:42,480 --> 00:44:44,800 MAKING LEGIBLE THE STRENGTHS AND 1358 00:44:44,800 --> 00:44:46,480 WEAKNESSES OF DIFFERENT KIND OF 1359 00:44:46,480 --> 00:44:48,320 BODIES OF THEIR INHERITED TRAITS 1360 00:44:48,320 --> 00:44:51,520 AND ONE OF THE LASTING 1361 00:44:51,520 --> 00:44:52,600 CONSEQUENCES OF SLAVERY IS 1362 00:44:52,600 --> 00:44:54,320 BLACKNESS AT A PHENOTYPIC TRAIT. 1363 00:44:54,320 --> 00:44:56,520 AND DAVENPORT AND OTHERS SEIZED 1364 00:44:56,520 --> 00:44:57,800 UPON THIS LOGIC. 1365 00:44:57,800 --> 00:45:03,160 AND RACE CROSSING STUDY SHARED A 1366 00:45:03,160 --> 00:45:06,240 PATHOLOGIZE BLACK PEOPLE'S BODY. 1367 00:45:06,240 --> 00:45:08,160 AND WE CAN THING OF THE MULATTO 1368 00:45:08,160 --> 00:45:09,760 BODY AS A VERY PREDICTABLE 1369 00:45:09,760 --> 00:45:10,000 COROLLARY. 1370 00:45:10,000 --> 00:45:11,000 SO I WANTED TO JUST SAY THAT 1371 00:45:11,000 --> 00:45:13,440 WHEN WE THINK ABOUT WHAT COMES 1372 00:45:13,440 --> 00:45:15,880 OUT OF RACE CROSSING IN JAMAICA, 1373 00:45:15,880 --> 00:45:17,400 HE NOTES THE FEAR OF THE PASS 1374 00:45:17,400 --> 00:45:18,320 FOR WHITES. 1375 00:45:18,320 --> 00:45:19,880 THESE ARE PEOPLE THAT COULD 1376 00:45:19,880 --> 00:45:21,440 WEAVE THROUGH, MOVE THROUGH THE 1377 00:45:21,440 --> 00:45:24,800 COLOR LINE AND POSSIBLY TAINT 1378 00:45:24,800 --> 00:45:27,000 THE WHITE RACE. 1379 00:45:27,000 --> 00:45:29,400 SO DAVENPORT REFINED AND 1380 00:45:29,400 --> 00:45:34,280 REPACKAGED WHITE SUPREMACIST 1381 00:45:34,280 --> 00:45:35,720 IDEAS BY THE DISAMONIOUS 1382 00:45:35,720 --> 00:45:35,960 RESULTS. 1383 00:45:35,960 --> 00:45:38,800 HE MAY HAVE CORRECTED THE 1384 00:45:38,800 --> 00:45:40,920 PERCEPTIONS ABOUT MIXED RACE 1385 00:45:40,920 --> 00:45:42,520 PEOPLE, THAT WAS NOT OUT OF A 1386 00:45:42,520 --> 00:45:47,400 DESIRE TO RIGHT PASTS WRONGS. 1387 00:45:47,400 --> 00:45:48,120 DAVENPORT HAD THE IMAGE OF THE 1388 00:45:48,120 --> 00:45:51,000 MULATTO TOKING A DANGEROUS, 1389 00:45:51,000 --> 00:45:51,600 MENTALLY INFERIOR HYBRID AT THE 1390 00:45:51,600 --> 00:45:55,000 DAWN OF THE 20th CENTURY. 1391 00:45:55,000 --> 00:45:57,680 HE RENDERED THEM A CLASS OF 1392 00:45:57,680 --> 00:46:00,320 PEOPLE THAT COULD CUROPOUS WHITE 1393 00:46:00,320 --> 00:46:03,000 RACIAL 40TY AND DRAG DOWN THE 1394 00:46:03,000 --> 00:46:07,920 WHITE RACE. 1395 00:46:07,920 --> 00:46:08,560 THANK YOU. 1396 00:46:08,560 --> 00:46:11,240 >> JEFFERY: DR. RANA HOGARTH, 1397 00:46:11,240 --> 00:46:12,640 THANK YOU, FANTASTIC TALK. 1398 00:46:12,640 --> 00:46:14,280 WE HAVE A COUPLE OF QUESTIONS 1399 00:46:14,280 --> 00:46:14,720 THAT HAVE COME IN. 1400 00:46:14,720 --> 00:46:20,000 AND THE FIRST ONE IS CAN YOU 1401 00:46:20,000 --> 00:46:21,480 CHARACTERIZE THE TRANSMISSION OF 1402 00:46:21,480 --> 00:46:25,320 ENDURING OUR CHANGING IDEAS OF 1403 00:46:25,320 --> 00:46:27,320 EUGENICS IN THE PROFESSIONAL 1404 00:46:27,320 --> 00:46:29,000 LITERATURE. 1405 00:46:29,000 --> 00:46:29,760 AND HOW ACCESSIBLE HAVE YOU 1406 00:46:29,760 --> 00:46:30,800 FOUND THAT HISTORICAL 1407 00:46:30,800 --> 00:46:33,720 PROFESSIONAL LITERATURE TO BE? 1408 00:46:33,720 --> 00:46:34,920 >> DR. HOGARTH: SO, SORRY, CAN 1409 00:46:34,920 --> 00:46:35,880 YOU JUST REPEAT THAT. 1410 00:46:35,880 --> 00:46:39,040 I WANT TO TRY TO WRITE DOWN THE 1411 00:46:39,040 --> 00:46:39,320 QUESTION. 1412 00:46:39,320 --> 00:46:41,560 >> JEFFERY: SURE, CAN YOU 1413 00:46:41,560 --> 00:46:43,280 CHARACTERIZE THE TRANSITION OF 1414 00:46:43,280 --> 00:46:45,720 ENDURING OR CHANGING IDEAS OF 1415 00:46:45,720 --> 00:46:48,680 EUGENICS IN PROFESSIONAL 1416 00:46:48,680 --> 00:46:51,400 LITERATURE IN THE PROFESSIONAL 1417 00:46:51,400 --> 00:46:53,480 LITERATURE AND HOW ACCESSIBLE 1418 00:46:53,480 --> 00:46:55,440 THAT HISTORICAL PROFESSIONAL 1419 00:46:55,440 --> 00:46:55,960 LITERATURE BEEN TO YOU? 1420 00:46:55,960 --> 00:46:58,000 >> DR. HOGARTH: OKAY. 1421 00:46:58,000 --> 00:46:58,440 SO, YEAH, CERTAINLY. 1422 00:46:58,440 --> 00:47:00,880 YOU CAN FIND THIS, THESE 1423 00:47:00,880 --> 00:47:02,360 TRANSMISSIONS IN SORT OF THE 1424 00:47:02,360 --> 00:47:02,640 LITERATURE. 1425 00:47:02,640 --> 00:47:04,320 SO WHAT I HAVE BEEN DOING. 1426 00:47:04,320 --> 00:47:07,080 I SHOULD KIND OF LAY THIS OUT. 1427 00:47:07,080 --> 00:47:11,400 I HAVE BEEN LOOKING THROUGH 1428 00:47:11,400 --> 00:47:12,520 PUBLICATIONS ABOUT RACE AND 1429 00:47:12,520 --> 00:47:13,800 ABOUT FITNESS, SPECIFICALLY 1430 00:47:13,800 --> 00:47:16,680 LOOKING AT THIS PERIOD FROM 1431 00:47:16,680 --> 00:47:18,080 1900, TO 1910s, WHAT I HAVE 1432 00:47:18,080 --> 00:47:20,120 BEEN FINDING, I WILL FIND A 1433 00:47:20,120 --> 00:47:21,200 REFERENCE, RIGHT? 1434 00:47:21,200 --> 00:47:23,920 FOR EXAMPLE, I WILL SEE LIKE 1435 00:47:23,920 --> 00:47:24,400 GOULD OR BACTER. 1436 00:47:24,400 --> 00:47:25,680 WHAT IS THIS, I WRITE IT DOWN, 1437 00:47:25,680 --> 00:47:28,560 THESE ARE THE ARMY 1438 00:47:28,560 --> 00:47:29,160 ANTHROPOLOGIST STUDIES, RIGHT? 1439 00:47:29,160 --> 00:47:31,600 AND SO I'M LIKE, OKAY, WHAT ARE 1440 00:47:31,600 --> 00:47:33,000 THEY STUDYING? 1441 00:47:33,000 --> 00:47:34,240 THEY ARE MAKING REFERENCES TO 1442 00:47:34,240 --> 00:47:36,400 INNATE RACIAL DIFFERENCES. 1443 00:47:36,400 --> 00:47:37,680 SO I THINK TO THINK ABOUT, OKAY, 1444 00:47:37,680 --> 00:47:43,200 THIS IS ESTABLISH IN 1915 CITING 1445 00:47:43,200 --> 00:47:43,880 THIS 1869 STUDY. 1446 00:47:43,880 --> 00:47:46,600 SO I'M ACTUALLY TRYING TO 1447 00:47:46,600 --> 00:47:48,640 COMPILE AND AMASS A PAPER TRIAL 1448 00:47:48,640 --> 00:47:50,960 AND CONNECT THE DOTS BACKWARDS. 1449 00:47:50,960 --> 00:47:53,360 SO I STARTED JUST AS FIRST 1450 00:47:53,360 --> 00:47:56,080 READING THE EUGENIC -- YOU READ 1451 00:47:56,080 --> 00:47:57,480 PAUL, YOU READ DAVENPORT, YOU 1452 00:47:57,480 --> 00:47:59,920 MAY READ -- ALL OF THESE KINDS 1453 00:47:59,920 --> 00:48:01,000 OF CLAIMS ABOUT INNATE 1454 00:48:01,000 --> 00:48:02,600 DIFFERENCES AND SO-CALLED 1455 00:48:02,600 --> 00:48:04,400 INFERIOR RACES. 1456 00:48:04,400 --> 00:48:06,200 I JUST REALLY WANTED TO 1457 00:48:06,200 --> 00:48:08,520 UNDERSTAND, OKAY, WHAT MADE THEM 1458 00:48:08,520 --> 00:48:09,240 INFERIOR? 1459 00:48:09,240 --> 00:48:09,800 WHO INSPIRED THIS? 1460 00:48:09,800 --> 00:48:11,800 IT DIDN'T JUST FALL OUT OF THE 1461 00:48:11,800 --> 00:48:11,960 SKY. 1462 00:48:11,960 --> 00:48:12,520 YES, I UNDERSTAND THAT 1463 00:48:12,520 --> 00:48:13,560 IMMIGRATION IS SOMETHING THAT IS 1464 00:48:13,560 --> 00:48:15,800 DRIVING THIS, BUT WHAT I DID 1465 00:48:15,800 --> 00:48:16,640 EVEN WITH THE FIRST BOOK WAS TO 1466 00:48:16,640 --> 00:48:17,480 KIND OF REALLY UNDERSTAND THE 1467 00:48:17,480 --> 00:48:20,440 PAPER TRAIL AND THE CULTURE OF 1468 00:48:20,440 --> 00:48:22,240 CITATION AND THE IDEA OF RELYING 1469 00:48:22,240 --> 00:48:24,520 ON THE SENSE OF THIS IS 1470 00:48:24,520 --> 00:48:24,800 OBJECTIVE. 1471 00:48:24,800 --> 00:48:28,000 I'M FOLLOWING IN THE FOOT STEPS 1472 00:48:28,000 --> 00:48:29,600 OF OTHER ELITE TRAINED MEN, THEY 1473 00:48:29,600 --> 00:48:31,280 ARE MOSTLY MEN, COMING UP WITH 1474 00:48:31,280 --> 00:48:31,800 THIS DATA. 1475 00:48:31,800 --> 00:48:33,000 SO IT IS VERY EASY FOR ME, 1476 00:48:33,000 --> 00:48:36,880 ACTUALLY, TO START WITH SOME OF 1477 00:48:36,880 --> 00:48:40,240 THESE PUBLISHED TREATISES AND -- 1478 00:48:40,240 --> 00:48:41,840 ARTICLES, SEE WHAT THEY 1479 00:48:41,840 --> 00:48:42,560 FOOTNOTES ARE. 1480 00:48:42,560 --> 00:48:44,160 GO BACK AND SAY, OKAY, THESE ARE 1481 00:48:44,160 --> 00:48:45,840 SOME OF THE PUBLISHED DOCUMENTS 1482 00:48:45,840 --> 00:48:46,200 FROM EARLIER. 1483 00:48:46,200 --> 00:48:48,240 BUT WHAT IS REALLY BEEN 1484 00:48:48,240 --> 00:48:49,960 FASCINATING IS TO GO INTO THE 1485 00:48:49,960 --> 00:48:51,120 ARCHIVE AND LOOK AT THE 1486 00:48:51,120 --> 00:48:53,160 MANUSCRIPTS YOU CAN REALLY SEE 1487 00:48:53,160 --> 00:48:54,600 THE MESSINESS HOW THEY GOT TO 1488 00:48:54,600 --> 00:48:56,240 THAT PUBLISHED THING. 1489 00:48:56,240 --> 00:48:58,000 SO, RACE CROSSING IN JAMAICA, 1490 00:48:58,000 --> 00:49:00,000 ONE CAN ACCESS THIS. 1491 00:49:00,000 --> 00:49:01,520 THE MILITARY STUDIES, ONE CAN 1492 00:49:01,520 --> 00:49:02,320 ACCESS THIS DIGITALLY AND READ 1493 00:49:02,320 --> 00:49:02,520 THEM. 1494 00:49:02,520 --> 00:49:04,320 BUT IT IS INTERESTING, YOU CAN 1495 00:49:04,320 --> 00:49:07,720 LOOK AT A QUESTIONNAIRE THAT WAS 1496 00:49:07,720 --> 00:49:09,400 OFFERED TO MILITARY PHYSICIANS 1497 00:49:09,400 --> 00:49:10,840 DURING CIVIL WAR WHERE THEY 1498 00:49:10,840 --> 00:49:12,440 WOULD HAVE SOMETHING CALLED A 1499 00:49:12,440 --> 00:49:16,200 NEGRO QUESTIONNAIRE. 1500 00:49:16,200 --> 00:49:18,280 THAT IS A MANUSCRIPT SOURCE THAT 1501 00:49:18,280 --> 00:49:19,400 IS HELD ELSEWHERE. 1502 00:49:19,400 --> 00:49:20,400 I'M FOLLOWING UP ON. 1503 00:49:20,400 --> 00:49:24,200 YOU CAN SEE THE TRANSITION OF 1504 00:49:24,200 --> 00:49:24,520 THE KNOWLEDGE. 1505 00:49:24,520 --> 00:49:25,800 IT IS VERY MUCH THERE IN THE 1506 00:49:25,800 --> 00:49:27,040 PUBLICATION. 1507 00:49:27,040 --> 00:49:28,400 I WANT TO UNDERSTAND THE 1508 00:49:28,400 --> 00:49:29,000 MESSINESS AND PROCESS BEHIND 1509 00:49:29,000 --> 00:49:31,000 THIS IN THE ANTHROPOLOGY WORK. 1510 00:49:31,000 --> 00:49:32,520 THANK YOU. 1511 00:49:32,520 --> 00:49:34,440 >> JEFFERY: THANK YOU. 1512 00:49:34,440 --> 00:49:35,080 THANK YOU. 1513 00:49:35,080 --> 00:49:38,040 SOMEONE ELSE HAS WRITTEN IN, NOT 1514 00:49:38,040 --> 00:49:39,680 A QUESTION, BUT AN OBSERVATION 1515 00:49:39,680 --> 00:49:40,640 AND THANKS. 1516 00:49:40,640 --> 00:49:44,240 I WAS TAUGHT IN THE 8th GRADE 1517 00:49:44,240 --> 00:49:48,200 IN THE 1980s, THIS PERSON 1518 00:49:48,200 --> 00:49:49,600 SPECIFIES THAT'S BIRACIAL PEOPLE 1519 00:49:49,600 --> 00:49:52,360 COULD NOT REPRODUCE, EXCLAMATION 1520 00:49:52,360 --> 00:49:52,560 POINT. 1521 00:49:52,560 --> 00:49:55,000 I INFORMED THE TEACHER THAT MY 1522 00:49:55,000 --> 00:49:58,000 GRANDMOTHER WAS BIRACIAL AND 1523 00:49:58,000 --> 00:49:58,760 CLEARLY HAD MY MOTHER. 1524 00:49:58,760 --> 00:49:59,960 THANK YOU FOR YOUR WORK, I 1525 00:49:59,960 --> 00:50:00,840 APPRECIATE YOU. 1526 00:50:00,840 --> 00:50:02,440 >> DR. HOGARTH: THANK YOU FOR 1527 00:50:02,440 --> 00:50:03,000 THAT COMMENT. 1528 00:50:03,000 --> 00:50:03,960 I WOULD APPRECIATE YOUR COMMENT, 1529 00:50:03,960 --> 00:50:04,120 TOO. 1530 00:50:04,120 --> 00:50:06,760 YOU WOULD THINK THAT THIS IDEA 1531 00:50:06,760 --> 00:50:07,800 WOULD BE NONSENSE, IT OBVIOUSLY 1532 00:50:07,800 --> 00:50:09,000 DOESN'T MAKE SENSE CONSIDERING 1533 00:50:09,000 --> 00:50:11,000 WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT THE HISTORY 1534 00:50:11,000 --> 00:50:11,560 OF THE AMERICAS. 1535 00:50:11,560 --> 00:50:14,360 BUT THE FACT THAT EUGENICISTS 1536 00:50:14,360 --> 00:50:17,400 SAID WE SHOULD LOOK INTO AND ARE 1537 00:50:17,400 --> 00:50:18,600 REALLY USING, WHAT COULD 1538 00:50:18,600 --> 00:50:20,120 POSSIBLY BE WRONG WITH THEM IS 1539 00:50:20,120 --> 00:50:21,600 SOMETHING I COULD NOT JUST 1540 00:50:21,600 --> 00:50:27,920 IGNORE, WHEN I STARTED THIS 1541 00:50:27,920 --> 00:50:28,320 RESEARCH. 1542 00:50:28,320 --> 00:50:31,240 >> JEFFERY: UNDERSTOOD. 1543 00:50:31,240 --> 00:50:31,600 THANK YOU. 1544 00:50:31,600 --> 00:50:36,000 THIS IS WHAT HAPPENS WHEN 1545 00:50:36,000 --> 00:50:37,760 QUESTIONS COME IN VERY QUICKLY. 1546 00:50:37,760 --> 00:50:38,000 PARDON ME. 1547 00:50:38,000 --> 00:50:39,960 THANK YOU FOR THIS ENLIGHTENING 1548 00:50:39,960 --> 00:50:40,440 TALK. 1549 00:50:40,440 --> 00:50:46,000 THIS PERSON WRITES IN. 1550 00:50:46,000 --> 00:50:46,800 DAVENPORT DIED IN 1944. 1551 00:50:46,800 --> 00:50:47,800 JUST AS INSTITUTIONS LIKE THE 1552 00:50:47,800 --> 00:50:51,200 ARMY WERE ON THE CUSP OF 1553 00:50:51,200 --> 00:50:52,400 DESEGREGATING AND THE CIVIL 1554 00:50:52,400 --> 00:50:53,520 RIGHTS MOVEMENT WAS GETTING 1555 00:50:53,520 --> 00:50:55,760 STARTED. 1556 00:50:55,760 --> 00:50:57,000 THE QUESTION IS, DID DAVENPORT 1557 00:50:57,000 --> 00:50:58,200 COMMENT ON THESE TRENDS TOWARD 1558 00:50:58,200 --> 00:51:00,200 THE END OF HIS LIFE AND TRY TO 1559 00:51:00,200 --> 00:51:02,360 INFLUENCE POLICY OR POLITICS? 1560 00:51:02,360 --> 00:51:04,760 >> DR. HOGARTH: OH, THAT'S A 1561 00:51:04,760 --> 00:51:06,040 REALLY GREAT QUESTION. 1562 00:51:06,040 --> 00:51:08,840 ACTUALLY, I CONFESS I DON'T KNOW 1563 00:51:08,840 --> 00:51:10,680 WHAT HE REALLY SPENT HIS LATER 1564 00:51:10,680 --> 00:51:13,480 PART OF HIS LIFE IN TERMS OF 1565 00:51:13,480 --> 00:51:14,000 HIS POLICY AGENDA. 1566 00:51:14,000 --> 00:51:18,800 I DO KNOW THAT HE ACTUALLY 1567 00:51:18,800 --> 00:51:20,000 MEASURED BLACK SOLDIERS IN 1568 00:51:20,000 --> 00:51:22,600 MUCOOKIE IN THE NOTs AND 1569 00:51:22,600 --> 00:51:22,760 40s. 1570 00:51:22,760 --> 00:51:25,000 I WANT TO BE VERY CLEAR, 1571 00:51:25,000 --> 00:51:27,000 DAVENPORT DID NOT SEE HIM LIKE A 1572 00:51:27,000 --> 00:51:28,200 MADISON GRANT FIGURE. 1573 00:51:28,200 --> 00:51:30,320 LIKE HE DID NOT SEE HIMSELF LIKE 1574 00:51:30,320 --> 00:51:31,400 THIS FIRE BRAND, I'M JUST GOING 1575 00:51:31,400 --> 00:51:34,720 TO SPEW THIS KIND OF VERY 1576 00:51:34,720 --> 00:51:35,640 CLEARLY RACIST NONSENSE. 1577 00:51:35,640 --> 00:51:38,160 DAVENPORT TRULY SAW HIMSELF AS A 1578 00:51:38,160 --> 00:51:39,080 SCIENTIST SAYING OKAY, THESE 1579 00:51:39,080 --> 00:51:41,880 PEOPLE HAVE SOME POSITIVE 1580 00:51:41,880 --> 00:51:43,000 ATTRIBUTES TO THEM AND THEY CAN 1581 00:51:43,000 --> 00:51:44,360 THRIVE IN THESE KINDS OF 1582 00:51:44,360 --> 00:51:44,680 CIRCUMSTANCES. 1583 00:51:44,680 --> 00:51:46,680 BUT THEY ARE NOT GOING TO EVER 1584 00:51:46,680 --> 00:51:48,320 ACHIEVE MORE THAN THAT. 1585 00:51:48,320 --> 00:51:50,000 SO HE A VERY SPECIFIC KIND OF 1586 00:51:50,000 --> 00:51:53,800 RACIST APPROACH THAT HE WAS 1587 00:51:53,800 --> 00:51:55,200 USING THAT WAS UNDER GURRING HIS 1588 00:51:55,200 --> 00:51:55,400 SCIENCE. 1589 00:51:55,400 --> 00:51:57,600 SO I DON'T KNOW, FOR EXAMPLE, IF 1590 00:51:57,600 --> 00:51:58,800 HE WOULD HAVE BEEN, HE WAS 1591 00:51:58,800 --> 00:52:01,360 CERTAINLY OPPOSED TO RACIAL 1592 00:52:01,360 --> 00:52:02,400 MIXING AND INTER MARRIAGE, BUT 1593 00:52:02,400 --> 00:52:04,840 I'M NOT SURE HOW HE WOULD COME 1594 00:52:04,840 --> 00:52:07,200 DOWN ON THE IDEA OF 1595 00:52:07,200 --> 00:52:07,640 DESEGREGATION. 1596 00:52:07,640 --> 00:52:09,400 BUT THAT IS A REALLY GREAT 1597 00:52:09,400 --> 00:52:09,640 QUESTION. 1598 00:52:09,640 --> 00:52:10,800 SOMETHING I WILL THINK OF. 1599 00:52:10,800 --> 00:52:11,760 >> JEFFERY: THANK YOU. 1600 00:52:11,760 --> 00:52:15,560 ANOTHER QUESTION, HAVE YOU 1601 00:52:15,560 --> 00:52:16,880 COMPARED THESE EUGENIC IDEAS ON 1602 00:52:16,880 --> 00:52:19,440 WHITE AFRICAN AMERICAN RACE 1603 00:52:19,440 --> 00:52:21,360 MIXING TO ANTHROPOLOGICAL IDEAS 1604 00:52:21,360 --> 00:52:25,160 ON WHITE NATIVE AMERICAN 1605 00:52:25,160 --> 00:52:25,480 MISCEGENATION? 1606 00:52:25,480 --> 00:52:32,000 ARE THERE SIMPLY TAIZ 1607 00:52:32,000 --> 00:52:35,760 ARE THERE SIM -- SIMILARITIES OR 1608 00:52:35,760 --> 00:52:36,040 DIFFERENCES? 1609 00:52:36,040 --> 00:52:37,800 HOW DO THESE IDEAS CHANGE OVER 1610 00:52:37,800 --> 00:52:38,240 TIME. 1611 00:52:38,240 --> 00:52:39,040 >> DR. HOGARTH: THANK YOU FOR 1612 00:52:39,040 --> 00:52:39,600 THE QUESTION. 1613 00:52:39,600 --> 00:52:41,600 ONE, I JUST STARTED TO DIG MY 1614 00:52:41,600 --> 00:52:43,160 TOES INTO UNDERSTANDING THE 1615 00:52:43,160 --> 00:52:46,120 VARIOUS WAYS THAT THESE KIND OF 1616 00:52:46,120 --> 00:52:46,800 SCIENTISTS APPROACHED RACE 1617 00:52:46,800 --> 00:52:47,000 MIXING. 1618 00:52:47,000 --> 00:52:50,080 THEY DID NOT HAVE A UNIFORM 1619 00:52:50,080 --> 00:52:50,400 VIEW. 1620 00:52:50,400 --> 00:52:54,280 SO I SHOULD SAY THAT LESLIE DID 1621 00:52:54,280 --> 00:52:56,400 WORK, NATIVE HAWAI'IANS AND 1622 00:52:56,400 --> 00:52:59,720 MIXING WITH PEOPLE OF ASIAN 1623 00:52:59,720 --> 00:53:02,240 DESCENT AND DIDN'T COME TO THE 1624 00:53:02,240 --> 00:53:03,040 CONCLUSION THAT DAVENPORT SAID. 1625 00:53:03,040 --> 00:53:04,360 I WILL SAY WHAT DAVENPORT DID 1626 00:53:04,360 --> 00:53:07,720 DO, I HAVE THIS STACK OF PAPERS 1627 00:53:07,720 --> 00:53:08,800 FROM THE APS. 1628 00:53:08,800 --> 00:53:09,880 HE QUERIED OTHER SCIENTISTS FROM 1629 00:53:09,880 --> 00:53:11,840 AROUND THE WORLD, TELL ME ABOUT 1630 00:53:11,840 --> 00:53:13,600 YOUR RACIALLY MIXED PEOPLE, YOUR 1631 00:53:13,600 --> 00:53:14,440 HYBRIDS, WHAT ARE THEY LIKE? 1632 00:53:14,440 --> 00:53:18,680 SO, HE HAS DATA FROM SO CALL 1633 00:53:18,680 --> 00:53:20,200 CROSSES OF DUTCH AND JAPANESE 1634 00:53:20,200 --> 00:53:20,600 PEOPLE. 1635 00:53:20,600 --> 00:53:22,000 AND INTERESTING IDEAS. 1636 00:53:22,000 --> 00:53:23,080 HE HAS COLLECTED HIS DATA. 1637 00:53:23,080 --> 00:53:27,880 SO I SENSE THAT HE IS INTERESTED 1638 00:53:27,880 --> 00:53:30,000 IN THIS AS A GLOBAL PHENOMENA, 1639 00:53:30,000 --> 00:53:32,360 WITH RESPECT TO THE UNITED 1640 00:53:32,360 --> 00:53:34,480 STATES AND/OR INDIGENOUS GROUPS, 1641 00:53:34,480 --> 00:53:35,640 THERE IS CERTAINLY THIS IDEA 1642 00:53:35,640 --> 00:53:37,120 THAT CERTAIN INDIGENOUS GROUPS 1643 00:53:37,120 --> 00:53:38,920 ARE SORT OF VIEWED AS BEING 1644 00:53:38,920 --> 00:53:40,480 PRIMITIVE AND COULD POSSIBLY BE 1645 00:53:40,480 --> 00:53:42,560 UPLIFTED IN SOME WAY, THERE ARE 1646 00:53:42,560 --> 00:53:45,640 ALSO EVENTS THEY WILL BE 1647 00:53:45,640 --> 00:53:47,200 EXTINCT, SO COMPETING NARRATIVES 1648 00:53:47,200 --> 00:53:52,320 ABOUT INDIGENOUS BODIES. 1649 00:53:52,320 --> 00:53:54,240 SOMETHING THAT I FIND QUITE 1650 00:53:54,240 --> 00:53:54,560 FASCINATING. 1651 00:53:54,560 --> 00:53:58,280 I LOOK, THIS IS WORK OF 1652 00:53:58,280 --> 00:54:00,760 ANDERSON, HE LOOKS AT MIXING OF 1653 00:54:00,760 --> 00:54:02,560 ABORIGINALS IN AUSTRALIA WITH 1654 00:54:02,560 --> 00:54:03,520 WHITE PEOPLE. 1655 00:54:03,520 --> 00:54:08,240 YOU COULD BREED THE ABORIGINAL. 1656 00:54:08,240 --> 00:54:09,400 SO THAT DOESN'T HAPPEN IN THE 1657 00:54:09,400 --> 00:54:12,000 UNITED STATES, I KNOW THERE IS A 1658 00:54:12,000 --> 00:54:13,400 TENSION ABOUT HOW CERTAIN 1659 00:54:13,400 --> 00:54:15,280 INDIGENOUS GROUP BODIES AND 1660 00:54:15,280 --> 00:54:16,400 MIXTURES WITH WHITE ARE BEING 1661 00:54:16,400 --> 00:54:17,520 VIEWED AND TALKED ABOUT. 1662 00:54:17,520 --> 00:54:18,680 SO THAT IS SOMETHING THAT I'M 1663 00:54:18,680 --> 00:54:20,560 HOPING TO ATTEND MORE TO. 1664 00:54:20,560 --> 00:54:22,040 BUT I JUST TO JUST BE VERY 1665 00:54:22,040 --> 00:54:23,960 CLEAR, IT IS NOT A UNIFORM 1666 00:54:23,960 --> 00:54:25,080 APPROACH. 1667 00:54:25,080 --> 00:54:26,800 IN TERMS OF WHICH RACE. 1668 00:54:26,800 --> 00:54:29,560 GROUPS ARE CONSIDERED DEFICIENT 1669 00:54:29,560 --> 00:54:30,640 AND WHICH ONE FOR IS POTENTIAL 1670 00:54:30,640 --> 00:54:32,480 FOR AND WHICH ONE IS HOPELESS. 1671 00:54:32,480 --> 00:54:33,080 BUT THANKS FOR THIS QUESTION. 1672 00:54:33,080 --> 00:54:38,200 IT IS AN EXCELLENT ONE. 1673 00:54:38,200 --> 00:54:41,000 >> JEFFERY: THANK YOU. 1674 00:54:41,000 --> 00:54:43,640 ANOTHER PERSON HAS WRITTEN IN. 1675 00:54:43,640 --> 00:54:44,200 GREAT PRESENTATION. 1676 00:54:44,200 --> 00:54:46,000 I-- THE EUGENICS RECORDS OFFICE 1677 00:54:46,000 --> 00:54:48,240 AS I UNDERSTAND IT, RELIED 1678 00:54:48,240 --> 00:54:50,880 HEAVILY ON NEED VOLUNTEERS. 1679 00:54:50,880 --> 00:54:54,000 HAVE YOU NOTICED, YET, ANY 1680 00:54:54,000 --> 00:54:54,840 INCONSISTENCIES IN THEIR SOCIETY 1681 00:54:54,840 --> 00:54:56,840 IN QUOTES OF GATHERING DATA. 1682 00:54:56,840 --> 00:54:58,480 I'M ESPECIALLY CURIOUS HOW THIS 1683 00:54:58,480 --> 00:55:02,160 WOULD APPLY TO BLACK AMERICANS 1684 00:55:02,160 --> 00:55:03,040 AND SO-CALLED MULATTOS? 1685 00:55:03,040 --> 00:55:03,440 END QUOTES. 1686 00:55:03,440 --> 00:55:04,120 >> DR. HOGARTH: RIGHT. 1687 00:55:04,120 --> 00:55:06,200 THIS IS REALLY GREAT. 1688 00:55:06,200 --> 00:55:08,000 SO WHAT I HAVE ARE THE NOTES 1689 00:55:08,000 --> 00:55:10,600 WHICH I HAVE TO KIND OF GO 1690 00:55:10,600 --> 00:55:11,080 THROUGH THESE. 1691 00:55:11,080 --> 00:55:12,200 THE HAHN WRITTEN NOTES FROM THE 1692 00:55:12,200 --> 00:55:13,040 FIELD WORKERS. 1693 00:55:13,040 --> 00:55:15,280 BUT I HAVE TO GO THROUGH AND 1694 00:55:15,280 --> 00:55:17,800 COMPARE AND IF THEY ARE USING 1695 00:55:17,800 --> 00:55:18,240 UNIFORM NOTETAKING. 1696 00:55:18,240 --> 00:55:20,040 BECAUSE I DO KNOW THAT WHEN WE 1697 00:55:20,040 --> 00:55:23,560 LOOK AT RACE CROSSING IN JAMAICA 1698 00:55:23,560 --> 00:55:25,520 AND THE HEREDITY OF SKIN COLOR, 1699 00:55:25,520 --> 00:55:26,360 THERE ARE MOMENTS WHERE 1700 00:55:26,360 --> 00:55:29,800 DAVENPORT WILL SAY, OH, THIS IS 1701 00:55:29,800 --> 00:55:31,280 AN INCONSISTENT READING, THAT IS 1702 00:55:31,280 --> 00:55:32,120 DUE TO ERRORS OF FIELDWORK. 1703 00:55:32,120 --> 00:55:34,200 THAT IS DUE TO THE 1704 00:55:34,200 --> 00:55:35,680 SUBJECTIVITIES THAT HAPPEN. 1705 00:55:35,680 --> 00:55:37,760 SO FOR EXAMPLE, THIS IS SUCH AN 1706 00:55:37,760 --> 00:55:39,000 EXCELLENT QUESTION, NOT ONLY 1707 00:55:39,000 --> 00:55:39,920 WILL THERE BE DIFFERENCES HOW 1708 00:55:39,920 --> 00:55:42,200 THE RESEARCHERS ARE GOING TO 1709 00:55:42,200 --> 00:55:43,360 RECORDING THINGS AND BEING 1710 00:55:43,360 --> 00:55:44,800 UNIFORMED ON WHAT THEY'RE 1711 00:55:44,800 --> 00:55:47,640 SEEING, BUT SOME OF THE TOOLS 1712 00:55:47,640 --> 00:55:49,000 THEY USE, THE COLOR TOP, THAT 1713 00:55:49,000 --> 00:55:53,000 WAS INITIALLY MARKED BY MILTON 1714 00:55:53,000 --> 00:55:54,760 BRADLEY, BUT REPURPOSED FOR SKIN 1715 00:55:54,760 --> 00:55:57,280 COLOR, YOU PUT THE DISKS OF 1716 00:55:57,280 --> 00:55:59,360 COLOR AND SPIN TOWARDS THE 1717 00:55:59,360 --> 00:56:00,080 PERSON'S ARM. 1718 00:56:00,080 --> 00:56:01,920 AND THE RESEARCHER EYEBALLS IT. 1719 00:56:01,920 --> 00:56:03,800 SO THERE IS SO MUCH OBJECTIVITY. 1720 00:56:03,800 --> 00:56:05,400 SO ONE OF THE THINGS I'M HOPI TO 1721 00:56:05,400 --> 00:56:09,000 DO WHEN I GO BACK TO THE APS IS 1722 00:56:09,000 --> 00:56:12,480 LOOK AT THE ERO NOTES ON THE 1723 00:56:12,480 --> 00:56:13,560 DESCRIPTIONS, THE SHORTHAND, AND 1724 00:56:13,560 --> 00:56:14,800 THE NOTATIONS AND SEE IF THERE 1725 00:56:14,800 --> 00:56:17,240 WAS YOU NORMITY ACROSS ALL OF 1726 00:56:17,240 --> 00:56:19,080 THIS RAW DATA COLLECTION AND SO 1727 00:56:19,080 --> 00:56:20,200 HOW THAT'S THEN GOT TRANSLATED 1728 00:56:20,200 --> 00:56:21,520 INTO THE BODY OF WORK. 1729 00:56:21,520 --> 00:56:22,800 THAT IS AN EXCELLENT QUESTION. 1730 00:56:22,800 --> 00:56:24,640 THANK YOU. 1731 00:56:24,640 --> 00:56:26,280 >> JEFFERY: THANK YOU. 1732 00:56:26,280 --> 00:56:27,440 SOMEONE ELSE HAS WRITTEN IN WITH 1733 00:56:27,440 --> 00:56:28,120 THIS QUESTION. 1734 00:56:28,120 --> 00:56:30,240 COULD YOU SAY MORE ABOUT THE 1735 00:56:30,240 --> 00:56:33,160 INVOLVEMENT OF THE MILITARY IN 1736 00:56:33,160 --> 00:56:34,040 SUPPORTING EUGENICS RESEARCH? 1737 00:56:34,040 --> 00:56:38,960 WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 1738 00:56:38,960 --> 00:56:40,360 MILITARY INDUSTRY, SCIENCE, AND 1739 00:56:40,360 --> 00:56:42,200 DEFENSE THAT WOULD PROMPT THE 1740 00:56:42,200 --> 00:56:44,200 SEEMINGLY STRANGE COMBINATION OF 1741 00:56:44,200 --> 00:56:44,640 ARMY ANTHROPOLOGISTS? 1742 00:56:44,640 --> 00:56:46,640 THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR 1743 00:56:46,640 --> 00:56:47,000 PRESENTATION. 1744 00:56:47,000 --> 00:56:49,320 >> DR. HOGARTH: THAT IS A GREAT 1745 00:56:49,320 --> 00:56:51,000 QUESTION. 1746 00:56:51,000 --> 00:56:53,040 AND SO I THINK HAPPILY, SOMEBODY 1747 00:56:53,040 --> 00:56:55,080 HAS SORT OF DONE, I THINK, A 1748 00:56:55,080 --> 00:56:57,120 LITTLE OF THIS WORK. 1749 00:56:57,120 --> 00:56:59,600 SO PAUL HAS LOOKED AT 1750 00:56:59,600 --> 00:57:01,080 MEASUREMENTS PARTICULARLY 1751 00:57:01,080 --> 00:57:01,920 FOCUSING ON THE MILITARY 1752 00:57:01,920 --> 00:57:03,560 MEASUREMENT AND SORT OF 1753 00:57:03,560 --> 00:57:05,960 PROGRESSIVE ERA FEARS ABOUT 1754 00:57:05,960 --> 00:57:06,400 LABOR. 1755 00:57:06,400 --> 00:57:07,960 AND WHICH BODIES CAN WORK AND 1756 00:57:07,960 --> 00:57:10,600 WHICH BODIES ARE DEFISHIN' AT 1757 00:57:10,600 --> 00:57:10,800 WORK. 1758 00:57:10,800 --> 00:57:12,200 AND SO WHAT YOU FIND IS I SEE 1759 00:57:12,200 --> 00:57:14,400 THIS KIND OF A BIT 1760 00:57:14,400 --> 00:57:14,760 OPPORTUNISTIC. 1761 00:57:14,760 --> 00:57:14,960 RIGHT? 1762 00:57:14,960 --> 00:57:16,120 IF YOU HAVE THIS OPPORTUNITY TO 1763 00:57:16,120 --> 00:57:20,400 SAY WE HAVE THIS THIS MEN. 1764 00:57:20,400 --> 00:57:22,280 AND COLLECT THE DATA ON THEM, 1765 00:57:22,280 --> 00:57:23,400 AND GENERALIZE AND MAKE BROAD 1766 00:57:23,400 --> 00:57:24,400 SYSTEMS ABOUT WHAT KIND OF WORK 1767 00:57:24,400 --> 00:57:26,000 THEY ARE GOING TO BE ABLE TO DO. 1768 00:57:26,000 --> 00:57:28,160 HOW ARE THEY GOING TO CONTRIBUTE 1769 00:57:28,160 --> 00:57:31,080 TO SOCIETY, IT KIND OF DOES MAKE 1770 00:57:31,080 --> 00:57:31,280 SENSE. 1771 00:57:31,280 --> 00:57:36,800 SO, PAUL ACTUALLY LOOKS AT A LOT 1772 00:57:36,800 --> 00:57:39,600 OF ARMY DATA ON BLACK MEN AND 1773 00:57:39,600 --> 00:57:41,400 MIXED RACE MEN, TO SHOW THERE IS 1774 00:57:41,400 --> 00:57:43,120 AN VERY, OKAY, ARE THEY GOING TO 1775 00:57:43,120 --> 00:57:43,320 WORK? 1776 00:57:43,320 --> 00:57:45,200 AND WHAT KIND OF WORK. 1777 00:57:45,200 --> 00:57:46,600 ARE THEY FIT AND CONTRIBUTE TO 1778 00:57:46,600 --> 00:57:47,320 SOCIETY. 1779 00:57:47,320 --> 00:57:49,960 SO, THERE IS AN INDUSTRIAL 1780 00:57:49,960 --> 00:57:51,960 PROGRESSIVE CONCERN ABOUT HAVING 1781 00:57:51,960 --> 00:57:53,120 PRODUCTIVE CITIZENS AND 1782 00:57:53,120 --> 00:57:54,200 PARTICULARLY THINKING ABOUT HOW 1783 00:57:54,200 --> 00:57:56,600 ARE THESE PEOPLE OF THIS RACE, 1784 00:57:56,600 --> 00:57:58,480 RIGHT? 1785 00:57:58,480 --> 00:57:59,640 THIS SO-CALLED INFERIOR RACE, 1786 00:57:59,640 --> 00:58:01,920 HOW ARE THEY GOING TO CONTRIBUTE 1787 00:58:01,920 --> 00:58:03,400 TO SOCIETY. 1788 00:58:03,400 --> 00:58:04,760 AND AM MILITARY STUDIES MAKE 1789 00:58:04,760 --> 00:58:05,600 PERFECT SENSE. 1790 00:58:05,600 --> 00:58:08,400 AND FOR GOULD, IF YOU LOOK AT 1791 00:58:08,400 --> 00:58:10,040 THE SANITARY COMMISSION AND THE 1792 00:58:10,040 --> 00:58:11,080 ABOUT PUBLISHED DATA. 1793 00:58:11,080 --> 00:58:13,360 MEDICAL OFFICERS WERE SPYING ON 1794 00:58:13,360 --> 00:58:14,560 THE MEN AS THEY WERE BATHING 1795 00:58:14,560 --> 00:58:15,760 NAKED TO GET AS MUCH 1796 00:58:15,760 --> 00:58:17,360 INFORMATION, BECAUSE SOME OF THE 1797 00:58:17,360 --> 00:58:20,160 MEN SAID NO, I DO NOT WANT TO BE 1798 00:58:20,160 --> 00:58:20,600 MEASURED IN THIS WAY. 1799 00:58:20,600 --> 00:58:22,120 SO THEY WERE REALLY TRYING TO 1800 00:58:22,120 --> 00:58:24,680 TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THIS 1801 00:58:24,680 --> 00:58:26,200 OPPORTUNITY TO HAVE A LARGE N, 1802 00:58:26,200 --> 00:58:27,720 RIGHT OF THESE DIFFERENT KINDS 1803 00:58:27,720 --> 00:58:28,120 OF MEN. 1804 00:58:28,120 --> 00:58:31,680 THEY COULD START TO SORT OF 1805 00:58:31,680 --> 00:58:32,840 AVERAGE AND TAB A LOT FOR FUTURE 1806 00:58:32,840 --> 00:58:33,000 USE. 1807 00:58:33,000 --> 00:58:35,720 AND THERE IS A CERTAIN ABOUT 1808 00:58:35,720 --> 00:58:36,240 DEFECT. 1809 00:58:36,240 --> 00:58:37,600 SO WHAT DAVENPORT DID, WITH 1810 00:58:37,600 --> 00:58:39,320 WORLD WAR I, WHAT ARE THE 1811 00:58:39,320 --> 00:58:41,400 PHYSICAL DEFECTS, THE PROBLEMS 1812 00:58:41,400 --> 00:58:42,960 THAT'S WE'RE NOTICING IN SOME OF 1813 00:58:42,960 --> 00:58:45,120 THE RECRUITS, IS ONE RACIAL 1814 00:58:45,120 --> 00:58:47,000 GROUP HAVING MORE OF THE 1815 00:58:47,000 --> 00:58:47,280 PROBLEMS. 1816 00:58:47,280 --> 00:58:49,000 YEAH, THIS SERVED A WHOLE 1817 00:58:49,000 --> 00:58:49,720 VARIETY OF PURPOSES. 1818 00:58:49,720 --> 00:58:53,120 BUT YEAH, THAT IS A REALLY GREAT 1819 00:58:53,120 --> 00:58:53,600 QUESTION. 1820 00:58:53,600 --> 00:58:56,360 AND PAUL'S WORK, IS QUITE GOOD. 1821 00:58:56,360 --> 00:58:58,960 THAT MIGHT OFFER MORE IN-DEPTH 1822 00:58:58,960 --> 00:59:00,000 INFORMATION. 1823 00:59:00,000 --> 00:59:00,800 >> JEFFERY: THANK YOU. 1824 00:59:00,800 --> 00:59:02,640 ONE FINAL QUESTION BEFORE WE 1825 00:59:02,640 --> 00:59:04,040 CONCLUDE THIS AFTERNOON. 1826 00:59:04,040 --> 00:59:05,880 WITH RESPECT OF YOUR TIME. 1827 00:59:05,880 --> 00:59:06,720 THANK YOU FOR THIS VERY 1828 00:59:06,720 --> 00:59:08,680 INTERESTING DISCUSSION. 1829 00:59:08,680 --> 00:59:10,480 I HAVE LEARNED A LOT MORE ABOUT 1830 00:59:10,480 --> 00:59:10,760 EUGENICS. 1831 00:59:10,760 --> 00:59:13,080 DO YOU THINK EUGENICS INFLUENCED 1832 00:59:13,080 --> 00:59:17,520 HOW BLACK PEOPLE VIEWED EACH 1833 00:59:17,520 --> 00:59:19,520 OTHER DURING SLAVERY? 1834 00:59:19,520 --> 00:59:20,880 HOUSE SLAVE VERSUS FIELD SLAVE 1835 00:59:20,880 --> 00:59:22,760 AND COLORISM THAT CONTINUES TO 1836 00:59:22,760 --> 00:59:24,640 PERSIST IN BLACK POPULATIONS 1837 00:59:24,640 --> 00:59:24,840 TODAY? 1838 00:59:24,840 --> 00:59:26,560 >> DR. HOGARTH: GREAT 1839 00:59:26,560 --> 00:59:26,960 QUESTIONS. 1840 00:59:26,960 --> 00:59:28,280 I CAN SPEAK MORE ABOUT COLOR. 1841 00:59:28,280 --> 00:59:28,440 ALL. 1842 00:59:28,440 --> 00:59:30,160 SO I DON'T KNOW, SO A LOT OF THE 1843 00:59:30,160 --> 00:59:32,800 DATA WE HAVE ON FIELD AND HOUSE 1844 00:59:32,800 --> 00:59:34,240 SLAVES ARE OFTEN GIVEN THROUGH 1845 00:59:34,240 --> 00:59:35,800 WHITE -- PEOPLE, SO YOU VUTO 1846 00:59:35,800 --> 00:59:37,040 KIND OF READ THROUGH THAT AND 1847 00:59:37,040 --> 00:59:39,960 SEE HOW MUCH THAT IS TRUE AND 1848 00:59:39,960 --> 00:59:42,720 HOW MUCH IS BEING PROJECTED. 1849 00:59:42,720 --> 00:59:44,800 BUT COLORISM, YES, IT IS REAL. 1850 00:59:44,800 --> 00:59:48,360 SO COLORISM CONTINUES TO BE A 1851 00:59:48,360 --> 00:59:49,720 PROBLEM. 1852 00:59:49,720 --> 00:59:51,480 IT IS A PROBLEM THEN AND NOW. 1853 00:59:51,480 --> 00:59:53,000 I DID NOT MENTION THIS IN THE 1854 00:59:53,000 --> 00:59:54,720 TALK, THERE IS THIS IDEA OF WHAT 1855 00:59:54,720 --> 00:59:56,840 FEATURES ARE CONSIDERED TO BE 1856 00:59:56,840 --> 00:59:58,320 POSITIVE FEATURES OR WHICH 1857 00:59:58,320 --> 01:00:00,600 PEOPLE ARE MEANT TO BE THE ONES 1858 01:00:00,600 --> 01:00:02,000 WHO WILL UPLIFT THE RACE. 1859 01:00:02,000 --> 01:00:03,600 IN AND MANY CASES, THIS DOES 1860 01:00:03,600 --> 01:00:06,080 HAPPEN TO BE LIGHTER-SKINNED OR 1861 01:00:06,080 --> 01:00:07,800 MIXED RACE PEOPLE, IN TERMS OF 1862 01:00:07,800 --> 01:00:09,400 HAVING THE OPPORTUNITIES OR 1863 01:00:09,400 --> 01:00:11,360 BEING SELF UFPOINTED RACE MEN, 1864 01:00:11,360 --> 01:00:13,240 AND RACE WOMEN LEADERS. 1865 01:00:13,240 --> 01:00:13,800 RIGHT? 1866 01:00:13,800 --> 01:00:15,080 SO, MUCH OF WHAT I DO DOES TAP 1867 01:00:15,080 --> 01:00:18,360 INTO THIS. 1868 01:00:18,360 --> 01:00:20,600 SO SPECIFICALLY, MICHELLE 1869 01:00:20,600 --> 01:00:22,000 MITCHELL'S WORK, A RIGHTEOUS 1870 01:00:22,000 --> 01:00:24,600 PROPAGATION TALKS ABOUT THE 1871 01:00:24,600 --> 01:00:25,640 ASPIRATIONS AND CONCERNS WITHIN 1872 01:00:25,640 --> 01:00:26,360 AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITIES 1873 01:00:26,360 --> 01:00:26,960 ABOUT, YOU KNOW, WHO ARE GOING 1874 01:00:26,960 --> 01:00:29,200 TO BE THE LEADERS OF THE RACE? 1875 01:00:29,200 --> 01:00:30,120 WHO ARE THE PEOPLE WHO ARE FIT 1876 01:00:30,120 --> 01:00:32,320 WHO CAN SORT OF UP LIFT 1877 01:00:32,320 --> 01:00:32,760 EVERYONE? 1878 01:00:32,760 --> 01:00:35,120 AND IT IS VERY MUCH FALLS ALONG 1879 01:00:35,120 --> 01:00:36,640 THIS KIND OF COLORREST LINE. 1880 01:00:36,640 --> 01:00:39,000 THERE ARE WAYS IN WHICH -- YOU 1881 01:00:39,000 --> 01:00:40,920 KNOW, IN LOOKING AT ITERATIONS 1882 01:00:40,920 --> 01:00:42,280 OF LAKE WHO CAN PASS OR WHAT 1883 01:00:42,280 --> 01:00:44,800 FEATURES ARE CONSIDERED TO BE 1884 01:00:44,800 --> 01:00:49,160 FAVORITE, THERE IS A LINE FROM 1885 01:00:49,160 --> 01:00:51,200 CAROLYN'S RESEARCH AND SHE 1886 01:00:51,200 --> 01:00:52,240 NOTES, YOU KNOW, THE YOUNG 1887 01:00:52,240 --> 01:00:54,480 GIRL'S HAIR IS FRIZZY, IT IS 1888 01:00:54,480 --> 01:00:55,560 ALMOST KINKY, AND SHE'S VERY 1889 01:00:55,560 --> 01:00:56,720 SENSITIVE ABOUT IT. 1890 01:00:56,720 --> 01:00:58,800 AND THIS IS HER INTERVIEWING, SO 1891 01:00:58,800 --> 01:01:01,400 CAROLYN, BEING A MIXED RACE 1892 01:01:01,400 --> 01:01:02,560 WOMAN, SHE IS TAPPING INTO THE 1893 01:01:02,560 --> 01:01:06,640 FACT WITHIN THE FAMILIES SHE IS 1894 01:01:06,640 --> 01:01:11,560 INTERVIEWING AND TAKING TO, WHO 1895 01:01:11,560 --> 01:01:13,400 ASK FOR UNANIMITY, MY HAIR IS 1896 01:01:13,400 --> 01:01:15,800 NOT STRAIGHT OR KINGIER OR 1897 01:01:15,800 --> 01:01:18,480 CURLIER THAN OR MEMBERS OF MAY 1898 01:01:18,480 --> 01:01:18,720 FAMILY. 1899 01:01:18,720 --> 01:01:19,000 SO COLOR. 1900 01:01:19,000 --> 01:01:22,800 ALL IS PRESENT IN ALL OF THE 1901 01:01:22,800 --> 01:01:23,920 DISCOURSES, FOR WHITE EUGENIC 1902 01:01:23,920 --> 01:01:24,920 AND FOR BLACK SCIENTISTS 1903 01:01:24,920 --> 01:01:26,760 INTERESTED IN THIS ISSUE OF 1904 01:01:26,760 --> 01:01:27,600 RACIAL FITNESS. 1905 01:01:27,600 --> 01:01:30,280 >> JEFFERY: THAT IS 1906 01:01:30,280 --> 01:01:30,600 FASCINATING. 1907 01:01:30,600 --> 01:01:31,240 WELL, DR. RANA HOGARTH, THANK 1908 01:01:31,240 --> 01:01:33,800 YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR FILE THIS 1909 01:01:33,800 --> 01:01:34,440 AFTERNOON. 1910 01:01:34,440 --> 01:01:36,440 WE REALLY APPRECIATE YOU JOINING 1911 01:01:36,440 --> 01:01:38,040 OUR SERIES. 1912 01:01:38,040 --> 01:01:39,360 WE WISH YOU EVERY CONTINUED 1913 01:01:39,360 --> 01:01:41,000 SUCCESS IN YOUR WORK. 1914 01:01:41,000 --> 01:01:42,200 AND PLEASE KEEP IN TOUCH. 1915 01:01:42,200 --> 01:01:44,120 WE LOOK FORWARD TO DOING SO. 1916 01:01:44,120 --> 01:01:45,560 WELCOMING YOU BACK AT THE 1917 01:01:45,560 --> 01:01:47,120 LIBRARY ONE DAY SOON WHEN WE 1918 01:01:47,120 --> 01:01:47,360 REOPEN. 1919 01:01:47,360 --> 01:01:48,160 ALL OF THE BEST TO YOU. 1920 01:01:48,160 --> 01:01:50,200 THANK YOU, AGAIN FOR YOUR 1921 01:01:50,200 --> 01:01:50,520 PRESENTATION. 1922 01:01:50,520 --> 01:01:51,320 >> DR. HOGARTH: THANK YOU SO 1923 01:01:51,320 --> 01:01:51,840 MUCH, THIS IS GREAT FUN. 1924 01:01:51,840 --> 01:01:54,240 THANK YOU SO MUCH. 1925 01:01:54,240 --> 00:00:00,000 TAKE CARE.