1 00:00:05,640 --> 00:00:07,600 >> GOOD AFTERNOON, WELCOME. 2 00:00:07,600 --> 00:00:11,560 MY NAME IS JEFF REZNICK, CHIEF 3 00:00:11,560 --> 00:00:12,720 OF THE HISTORY DIVISION AT THE 4 00:00:12,720 --> 00:00:13,680 LIBRARY OF MEDICINE. 5 00:00:13,680 --> 00:00:15,640 THANK YOU FOR JOINING US AS WE 6 00:00:15,640 --> 00:00:17,840 CONTINUE OUR 2022 SERIES OF ALL 7 00:00:17,840 --> 00:00:20,160 VIRTUAL NLM HISTORY TALKS FOR 8 00:00:20,160 --> 00:00:22,400 THOSE ON TWITTER THANKS FOR 9 00:00:22,400 --> 00:00:24,000 FOLLOWING ALONG USING THE 10 00:00:24,000 --> 00:00:30,000 HASHTAG NLMHIST TALK. 11 00:00:30,000 --> 00:00:31,560 PROMOTING COLLECTIONS FOR 12 00:00:31,560 --> 00:00:32,560 RESEARCH, EDUCATION AND PUBLIC 13 00:00:32,560 --> 00:00:34,680 SERVICE AND BIOMEDICINE, SOCIAL 14 00:00:34,680 --> 00:00:36,640 SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES. 15 00:00:36,640 --> 00:00:37,680 THE SERIES ALSO SUPPORTS THE 16 00:00:37,680 --> 00:00:39,360 COMMITMENT OF THE NLM TO 17 00:00:39,360 --> 00:00:42,120 RECOGNIZE THE DIVERSITY OF ITS 18 00:00:42,120 --> 00:00:43,200 COLLECTIONS, WHICH SPAN TEN 19 00:00:43,200 --> 00:00:45,160 CENTURIES ENCOMPASS A RANGE OF 20 00:00:45,160 --> 00:00:47,080 DIGITAL AND PHYSICAL FORMATS AND 21 00:00:47,080 --> 00:00:48,680 ORIGINATE FROM NEARLY EVERY PART 22 00:00:48,680 --> 00:00:49,040 OF THE GLOBE. 23 00:00:49,040 --> 00:00:51,400 THE SERIES ALSO DEMONSTRATES THE 24 00:00:51,400 --> 00:00:52,120 COMMITMENT OF THE LIBRARY TO 25 00:00:52,120 --> 00:00:54,080 FOREGROUND VOICES OF PEOPLE OF 26 00:00:54,080 --> 00:00:55,400 COLOR WOMEN AND INDIVIDUALS OF A 27 00:00:55,400 --> 00:00:57,280 VARIETY OF CULTURAL AND 28 00:00:57,280 --> 00:00:58,080 DISCIPLINARY BACKGROUNDS WHO 29 00:00:58,080 --> 00:01:00,240 VALUE THESE COLLECTIONS AND USE 30 00:01:00,240 --> 00:01:02,000 THEM TO ADVANCE THE RESEARCH, 31 00:01:02,000 --> 00:01:04,360 THEIR TEACHING AND THEIR 32 00:01:04,360 --> 00:01:04,640 LEARNING. 33 00:01:04,640 --> 00:01:08,280 WE SUPPLEMENT NLM HISTORY TALKS 34 00:01:08,280 --> 00:01:12,080 WITH SPEAKERS BLOGS CIRCULATING 35 00:01:12,080 --> 00:01:15,400 NOW AT CIRCULATING NOW.GOV AND 36 00:01:15,400 --> 00:01:17,600 IT'S MADE POSSIBLE BY AN 37 00:01:17,600 --> 00:01:21,720 OUTSTANDING TEAM HERE AT THE NIH 38 00:01:21,720 --> 00:01:26,760 HISTORY OF NLM AND VIDEO CASTING 39 00:01:26,760 --> 00:01:28,360 AND I'D LIKE TO THANK THEM FOR 40 00:01:28,360 --> 00:01:30,640 BRINGING THIS SERIES TO YOU, THE 41 00:01:30,640 --> 00:01:31,600 PUBLIC. 42 00:01:31,600 --> 00:01:32,480 BEFORE I INTRODUCE THE SPEAKER 43 00:01:32,480 --> 00:01:35,560 TODAY I'D LIKE TO INTRODUCE YOU 44 00:01:35,560 --> 00:01:38,120 TO THE NEXT TALK OFFERED BY 45 00:01:38,120 --> 00:01:40,560 PATRICIA PALMA A PROFESSOR IN 46 00:01:40,560 --> 00:01:41,080 CHILÉ. 47 00:01:41,080 --> 00:01:42,840 JOIN US ON THURSDAY MARCH 17TH 48 00:01:42,840 --> 00:01:44,640 AT 2:00 P.M. EASTERN TIME TO 49 00:01:44,640 --> 00:01:47,480 HEAR DR. PALMA SPEAK ON GEORGE 50 00:01:47,480 --> 00:01:49,800 DEACON THE CIRCULATION OF 51 00:01:49,800 --> 00:01:52,080 HOMEOPATHIC THERAPIES IN PERU 52 00:01:52,080 --> 00:01:52,880 1880 TO 1915. 53 00:01:52,880 --> 00:01:55,280 TODAY I HAVE THE GREAT PLEASURE 54 00:01:55,280 --> 00:01:56,800 AND PRIVILEGE OF INTRODUCING 55 00:01:56,800 --> 00:01:59,520 DR. DIERDRE COOPER OWENS, THE 56 00:01:59,520 --> 00:02:00,080 CHARLES AND LINDA WILSON 57 00:02:00,080 --> 00:02:00,840 PROFESSOR IN THE HISTORY OF 58 00:02:00,840 --> 00:02:03,160 MEDICINE AND DIRECTOR OF THE 59 00:02:03,160 --> 00:02:05,800 HUMANITIES IN MEDICINE PROGRAM 60 00:02:05,800 --> 00:02:06,280 AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 61 00:02:06,280 --> 00:02:06,760 NEBRASKA-LINCOLN. 62 00:02:06,760 --> 00:02:08,600 DR. COOPER OWENS IS ALSO THE 63 00:02:08,600 --> 00:02:09,800 DIRECTOR OF THE PROGRAM IN 64 00:02:09,800 --> 00:02:10,680 AFRICAN-AMERICAN HISTORY AT THE 65 00:02:10,680 --> 00:02:14,680 LIBRARY COMPANY OF PHILADELPHIA, 66 00:02:14,680 --> 00:02:16,080 COUNTRY'S OLDEST CULTURAL 67 00:02:16,080 --> 00:02:16,800 INSTITUTION. 68 00:02:16,800 --> 00:02:18,640 DR. COOPER OWENS IS AN 69 00:02:18,640 --> 00:02:20,160 ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN 70 00:02:20,160 --> 00:02:22,320 HISTORIAN DISTINGUISHED LECTURER 71 00:02:22,320 --> 00:02:23,560 PAST AMERICAN COLLEGE OF 72 00:02:23,560 --> 00:02:24,840 OBSTETRICIANS AND GYNECOLOGISTS 73 00:02:24,840 --> 00:02:27,000 FELLOW, RESEARCH FELLOW, AND 74 00:02:27,000 --> 00:02:28,080 SHE'S WON SEVERAL PRESTIGIOUS 75 00:02:28,080 --> 00:02:30,440 HONORS AND AWARDS WITH HER 76 00:02:30,440 --> 00:02:34,040 SCHOLARLY AND ADVOCACY WORK IN 77 00:02:34,040 --> 00:02:35,560 REPRODUCTIVE AND BIRTHING 78 00:02:35,560 --> 00:02:38,440 JUSTICE MOST RECENTLY UNIVERSITY 79 00:02:38,440 --> 00:02:40,600 OF VIRGINIA NURSING HISTORY 80 00:02:40,600 --> 00:02:42,640 INQUIRY SELECTED DR. COOPER 81 00:02:42,640 --> 00:02:44,120 OWENS AS 2022 AGNES DYLAN 82 00:02:44,120 --> 00:02:46,960 RANDOLPH AWARD WINNER FOR 83 00:02:46,960 --> 00:02:49,080 SCHOLARSHIP THAT CENTERS ON 84 00:02:49,080 --> 00:02:51,560 WOMEN HEALERS PUBLIC SPEAKER 85 00:02:51,560 --> 00:02:52,440 SPOKEN WIDELY ACROSS THE UNITED 86 00:02:52,440 --> 00:02:54,280 STATES AND INTERNATIONALLY. 87 00:02:54,280 --> 00:02:55,760 SHE'S PUBLISHED ARTICLES,EST, 88 00:02:55,760 --> 00:02:56,800 SAY,S BOOK CHAPTERS AND MANY 89 00:02:56,800 --> 00:02:59,520 THINK PIECES ON ISSUES THAT 90 00:02:59,520 --> 00:03:00,880 CONCERN AFRICAN-AMERICAN 91 00:03:00,880 --> 00:03:02,640 EXPERIENCES AND REPRODUCTIVE 92 00:03:02,640 --> 00:03:04,600 JUSTICE, HER FIRST BOOK ENTITLED 93 00:03:04,600 --> 00:03:06,240 MEDICAL BONDAGE RACE GENDER AND 94 00:03:06,240 --> 00:03:08,200 THE ORIGINS OF AMERICAN 95 00:03:08,200 --> 00:03:10,280 GYNECOLOGY WON A DARLENE CLARK 96 00:03:10,280 --> 00:03:12,960 HIN E-BOOK AWARD FOR THE 97 00:03:12,960 --> 00:03:14,760 ORGANIZATION OF THE HISTORIANS 98 00:03:14,760 --> 00:03:17,320 BEST BOOK WRITTEN IN AFRICAN 99 00:03:17,320 --> 00:03:19,160 AMERICAN WOMEN'S IN GENDER 100 00:03:19,160 --> 00:03:19,600 HISTORY. 101 00:03:19,600 --> 00:03:22,640 TRANSLATED INTO KOREAN. 102 00:03:22,640 --> 00:03:24,920 NEXT BOOK ENTITLED RESHAPING 103 00:03:24,920 --> 00:03:28,200 FREEDOM HOW HARRIET TUB MAN 104 00:03:28,200 --> 00:03:30,200 RESHAPED HISTORY IT EXAMINES THE 105 00:03:30,200 --> 00:03:31,600 FREEDOM FIGHTERS LIFE POLITICAL 106 00:03:31,600 --> 00:03:33,320 WORK AS A DISABLED PERSON. 107 00:03:33,320 --> 00:03:34,880 AS HER WEBSITE EXPLAINS, 108 00:03:34,880 --> 00:03:36,360 DR. COOPER OWENS KNOWS THAT 109 00:03:36,360 --> 00:03:39,080 STAYING IMMERSED IN THE WORLDS 110 00:03:39,080 --> 00:03:39,800 THAT CULTIVATED HER GROWING 111 00:03:39,800 --> 00:03:40,960 INTEREST IN HISTORY IS WHAT 112 00:03:40,960 --> 00:03:42,280 KEEPS HER GROUNDED AND COMMITTED 113 00:03:42,280 --> 00:03:45,080 TO TEACHING AND SPEAKING ABOUT 114 00:03:45,080 --> 00:03:46,120 COMMUNITY BASE HISTORY. 115 00:03:46,120 --> 00:03:47,560 FROM SITTING ON THE FRONT PORCH 116 00:03:47,560 --> 00:03:49,720 WITH HER LATE GRANDFATHER IN 117 00:03:49,720 --> 00:03:52,040 SOUTH CAROLINA WHILE HE 118 00:03:52,040 --> 00:03:55,560 RE-GAILED HER WITH GHOST STORIES 119 00:03:55,560 --> 00:04:00,600 ABOUT ENSLAVED AND LISTENING TO 120 00:04:00,600 --> 00:04:02,200 BLACK MEN AND WOMEN PLAYING WITH 121 00:04:02,200 --> 00:04:04,960 EACH OTHER IN HER HOMETOWN JUST 122 00:04:04,960 --> 00:04:07,600 SOUTH OF US FROM BETHESDA IN 123 00:04:07,600 --> 00:04:09,080 WASHINGTON D.C. DR. COOPER OWENS 124 00:04:09,080 --> 00:04:10,360 LEARNED THAT STORIES ARE WHAT 125 00:04:10,360 --> 00:04:12,600 DRAW PEOPLE INTO WANTING TO KNOW 126 00:04:12,600 --> 00:04:13,560 ABOUT THE PAST. 127 00:04:13,560 --> 00:04:15,360 IN THIS VERY REGARD I'M THRILLED 128 00:04:15,360 --> 00:04:17,360 TO WELCOME DR. COOPER OWENS TO 129 00:04:17,360 --> 00:04:18,920 THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE 130 00:04:18,920 --> 00:04:20,840 TODAY TO SPEAK ON WHAT HISTORY 131 00:04:20,840 --> 00:04:21,800 REVEALS. 132 00:04:21,800 --> 00:04:23,400 SLAVERY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF 133 00:04:23,400 --> 00:04:27,080 U.S. GYNECOLOGY DR. COOPER 134 00:04:27,080 --> 00:04:28,600 OWENS, WELCOME AND THANKS FOR 135 00:04:28,600 --> 00:04:29,880 JOINING US TODAY OVER TO YOU. 136 00:04:29,880 --> 00:04:32,080 >> THANKS SO MUCH, JEFFREY. 137 00:04:32,080 --> 00:04:33,240 I AM SO PLEASED TO SHARE SPACE 138 00:04:33,240 --> 00:04:35,200 WITH ALL OF YOU EVEN THOUGH IT'S 139 00:04:35,200 --> 00:04:35,560 VIRTUAL. 140 00:04:35,560 --> 00:04:38,160 I ACTUALLY DID DISSERTATION 141 00:04:38,160 --> 00:04:39,320 RESEARCH AT THE NATIONAL LIBRARY 142 00:04:39,320 --> 00:04:42,800 OF MEDICINE A LOT OF YEARS AGO. 143 00:04:42,800 --> 00:04:45,280 SO I'M SORRY THAT I'M UNUNABLE 144 00:04:45,280 --> 00:04:46,840 TO BE WITH ALL OF YOU ALL BUT 145 00:04:46,840 --> 00:04:48,200 THANK YOU FOR THE VIRTUAL 146 00:04:48,200 --> 00:04:50,040 AUDIENCE FOR TAKING TIME OUT OF 147 00:04:50,040 --> 00:04:50,440 YOUR DAY. 148 00:04:50,440 --> 00:04:52,680 I'M ACTUALLY BRINGING GREETINGS 149 00:04:52,680 --> 00:04:53,560 FROM BUFFALO NEW YORK WHERE I'M 150 00:04:53,560 --> 00:04:55,400 HOPING TO GIVE A KEYNOTE AT THE 151 00:04:55,400 --> 00:04:57,080 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 30 MINUTES 152 00:04:57,080 --> 00:04:59,240 AFTER THIS TALK ENDS. 153 00:04:59,240 --> 00:05:01,360 SO I SHOULD GET GOOD PRACTICE. 154 00:05:01,360 --> 00:05:03,080 I'M GOING TO BEGIN. 155 00:05:03,080 --> 00:05:05,560 WHAT HISTORY REVEALS SLAVERY AND 156 00:05:05,560 --> 00:05:07,000 THE DEVELOPMENT OF U.S. 157 00:05:07,000 --> 00:05:08,440 GYNECOLOGY, I REMEMBER AS A GRAD 158 00:05:08,440 --> 00:05:09,520 STUDENT PEOPLE WERE SAYING WHY 159 00:05:09,520 --> 00:05:11,360 AREN'T YOU STUDYING THE CIVIL 160 00:05:11,360 --> 00:05:12,280 WAR? 161 00:05:12,280 --> 00:05:13,640 DO YOU THINK YOU'LL HAVE ENOUGH 162 00:05:13,640 --> 00:05:15,240 INFORMATION TO PUBLISH A 163 00:05:15,240 --> 00:05:15,600 PAMPHLET? 164 00:05:15,600 --> 00:05:18,880 AND I DON'T THINK THAT THEY 165 00:05:18,880 --> 00:05:20,640 MEANT, MAYBE THE PAMPHLET 166 00:05:20,640 --> 00:05:22,840 COMMENT WAS ONE OF ILL INTENT 167 00:05:22,840 --> 00:05:24,400 BUT MOST FOLKS THEY JUST DIDN'T 168 00:05:24,400 --> 00:05:27,240 THINK THERE WERE ENOUGH WRITTEN 169 00:05:27,240 --> 00:05:27,480 SOURCES. 170 00:05:27,480 --> 00:05:30,360 AND SO WHAT I NEEDED TO DO WAS 171 00:05:30,360 --> 00:05:32,200 READ THE SOURCES IN A DIFFERENT 172 00:05:32,200 --> 00:05:33,000 WAY. 173 00:05:33,000 --> 00:05:36,920 AND BY THAT I MEAN HOW DO I READ 174 00:05:36,920 --> 00:05:38,240 SOURCES THAT CENTER THE PATIENTS 175 00:05:38,240 --> 00:05:39,880 AND IN THIS CASE ENSLAVED WOMEN. 176 00:05:39,880 --> 00:05:42,120 I ALSO HAVE A CHAPTER ON IRISH 177 00:05:42,120 --> 00:05:44,200 IMMIGRANT WOMEN IN THE BOOK BUT 178 00:05:44,200 --> 00:05:46,760 ONCE I WAS ABLE TO KIND OF TWEAK 179 00:05:46,760 --> 00:05:49,960 THE WAY THAT I WOULD GAIN 180 00:05:49,960 --> 00:05:50,680 INFORMATION EXTRACT INFORMATION 181 00:05:50,680 --> 00:05:53,080 FROM THOSE ARCHIVAL SOURCES IT 182 00:05:53,080 --> 00:05:57,080 ALLOWED ME A FRAMEWORK FOR BEING 183 00:05:57,080 --> 00:05:58,880 ABLE TO REINTERPRET SOME OF 184 00:05:58,880 --> 00:05:59,640 THOSE SOURCES. 185 00:05:59,640 --> 00:06:03,880 SO WE'LL BEGIN. 186 00:06:03,880 --> 00:06:07,600 WHEN I FIRST STARTED TALKING 187 00:06:07,600 --> 00:06:10,760 ABOUT SLAVERY AND GYNECOLOGY 188 00:06:10,760 --> 00:06:11,960 INEVITABLY PEOPLE WOULD ASK ME 189 00:06:11,960 --> 00:06:13,880 ABOUT HEALTH DISPARITIES, AND 190 00:06:13,880 --> 00:06:15,640 BECAUSE I'M A HISTORIAN OF THE 191 00:06:15,640 --> 00:06:17,080 19th CENTURY IN THE UNITED 192 00:06:17,080 --> 00:06:18,800 STATES, I WOULD OFTEN GET, WELL, 193 00:06:18,800 --> 00:06:19,560 THAT'S THEN. 194 00:06:19,560 --> 00:06:19,760 RIGHT? 195 00:06:19,760 --> 00:06:21,480 YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT PEOPLE WHO 196 00:06:21,480 --> 00:06:21,880 ARE DEAD. 197 00:06:21,880 --> 00:06:24,680 AND I'M, LIKE, I AM, BUT LET ME 198 00:06:24,680 --> 00:06:26,760 SHOW YOU A CONNECTION SO THAT WE 199 00:06:26,760 --> 00:06:29,280 CAN PUT THE PAST IN CONVERSATION 200 00:06:29,280 --> 00:06:30,160 WITH THE PRESENT. 201 00:06:30,160 --> 00:06:31,240 SO, SOME OF YOU HAVE PROBABLY 202 00:06:31,240 --> 00:06:35,600 HEARD OF DR. SAMUEL CARTWRIGHT. 203 00:06:35,600 --> 00:06:37,040 HE WAS CONSIDERED KIND OF 204 00:06:37,040 --> 00:06:38,720 INFAMOUS DURING HIS DAYS OF 205 00:06:38,720 --> 00:06:41,720 PUBLISHING ARTICLE IN THE 1830S 206 00:06:41,720 --> 00:06:44,200 ABOUT THE DISTINCTIVENESS OF 207 00:06:44,200 --> 00:06:46,520 NEGRO DISEASES. 208 00:06:46,520 --> 00:06:48,880 AND LEST WE THINK CARTWRIGHT WAS 209 00:06:48,880 --> 00:06:49,840 SITTING AROUND TWIDDLING HIS 210 00:06:49,840 --> 00:06:51,680 THUMBS IN WANTING TO DO THIS, HE 211 00:06:51,680 --> 00:06:53,880 WAS ASKED TO CONDUCT RESEARCH 212 00:06:53,880 --> 00:06:55,600 AND TO PUBLISH THIS ARTICLE BY 213 00:06:55,600 --> 00:06:58,240 THE LOUISIANA STATE MEDICAL 214 00:06:58,240 --> 00:06:58,640 ASSOCIATION. 215 00:06:58,640 --> 00:07:01,120 AND SO HE DOES SO. 216 00:07:01,120 --> 00:07:03,520 AND WHAT HE FINDS IS QUITE 217 00:07:03,520 --> 00:07:03,840 INTERESTING. 218 00:07:03,840 --> 00:07:06,320 HE SAYS THAT IN FACT THE NEGRO 219 00:07:06,320 --> 00:07:09,560 DOES HAVE DISTINCTIVE DISEASES 220 00:07:09,560 --> 00:07:10,400 THAT WHITE PEOPLE DON'T 221 00:07:10,400 --> 00:07:11,440 EXPERIENCE. 222 00:07:11,440 --> 00:07:14,840 AND SO HE TALKED ABOUT 223 00:07:14,840 --> 00:07:16,280 RASCALITY, THEY ACTED UP, THAT 224 00:07:16,280 --> 00:07:18,080 WAS A NEGRO DISEASE. 225 00:07:18,080 --> 00:07:20,200 THERE WERE DISEASES THAT 226 00:07:20,200 --> 00:07:23,600 ENCOMPASSED ENSLAVED PEOPLE, AND 227 00:07:23,600 --> 00:07:27,160 HIS SAMPLE POPULATION THAT HE 228 00:07:27,160 --> 00:07:28,480 STUDIED WERE ALL ENSLAVED. 229 00:07:28,480 --> 00:07:30,000 THEY WOULD EAT CLAY OR DIRT. 230 00:07:30,000 --> 00:07:32,720 THAT WAS A DISTINCTIVE NEGRO 231 00:07:32,720 --> 00:07:34,240 DISEASE AND THE MOST, I THINK, 232 00:07:34,240 --> 00:07:38,000 THE MOST FAMOUS THAT STILL 233 00:07:38,000 --> 00:07:39,840 LINGERS TODAY IS BASED ON HIS 234 00:07:39,840 --> 00:07:43,600 RESEARCH AND FINDINGS THAT THE 235 00:07:43,600 --> 00:07:50,200 NEGRO SUFFERS FROM DRATS ANEMIA 236 00:07:50,200 --> 00:07:51,920 IT WAS A MEDICAL CONDITION THAT 237 00:07:51,920 --> 00:07:55,520 WAS A MENTAL ILLNESS IF A 238 00:07:55,520 --> 00:07:57,040 ENSLAVED PERSON RAN AWAY OR 239 00:07:57,040 --> 00:07:59,280 HARBORED THOUGHTS OF RUNNING 240 00:07:59,280 --> 00:08:01,320 AWAY THEY SUFFERED FROM THIS. 241 00:08:01,320 --> 00:08:03,560 AND SO CARTWRIGHT CONTINUES THIS 242 00:08:03,560 --> 00:08:07,600 KIND OF BINARY WAY OF LOOKING AT 243 00:08:07,600 --> 00:08:09,720 BLACK PEOPLE AND WHITE PEOPLE IN 244 00:08:09,720 --> 00:08:12,080 AMERICA, AND IT HAS A LASTING 245 00:08:12,080 --> 00:08:13,120 INFLUENCE AND IMPACT. 246 00:08:13,120 --> 00:08:15,640 AND IN THE 1850S, I'M JUST GOING 247 00:08:15,640 --> 00:08:17,760 TO POINT HERE ON MY SCREEN SO 248 00:08:17,760 --> 00:08:18,920 IT'S TOWARDS MY RIGHT. 249 00:08:18,920 --> 00:08:21,720 YOU'LL SEE A COVER OF A BOOK BY 250 00:08:21,720 --> 00:08:24,680 A WONDERFUL MEDICAL 251 00:08:24,680 --> 00:08:26,440 ANTHROPOLOGIST AT BROWN 252 00:08:26,440 --> 00:08:28,480 UNIVERSITY FOR QUITE SOME TIME 253 00:08:28,480 --> 00:08:32,680 VAUGHN AND SHE WROTE ABOUT THE 254 00:08:32,680 --> 00:08:33,800 SPROMTER IT'S ON THE FRONT OF 255 00:08:33,800 --> 00:08:34,560 THE BOOK. 256 00:08:34,560 --> 00:08:36,480 BREATHING RACE INTO THE MACHINE. 257 00:08:36,480 --> 00:08:39,080 IF YOU HAVEN'T READ IT, IT'S A 258 00:08:39,080 --> 00:08:42,040 WONDERFUL BOOK. 259 00:08:42,040 --> 00:08:44,720 THIS BAROMETER AND THEY HAVE A 260 00:08:44,720 --> 00:08:45,200 RELATIONSHIP. 261 00:08:45,200 --> 00:08:48,600 HE USES IT TO ASSESS LUNG 262 00:08:48,600 --> 00:08:48,920 CAPACITY. 263 00:08:48,920 --> 00:08:51,600 BECAUSE HE HAS AN INKLING THAT 264 00:08:51,600 --> 00:08:55,120 PERHAPS A NEGRO HAS A DIMINISHED 265 00:08:55,120 --> 00:08:56,720 LUNG CAPACITY. 266 00:08:56,720 --> 00:09:01,960 AND GUESS WHAT HE HAS THESE 267 00:09:01,960 --> 00:09:03,280 ENSLAVED NEGROS BREATHE INTO THE 268 00:09:03,280 --> 00:09:05,680 MACHINE AND IN FACT COMPARED TO 269 00:09:05,680 --> 00:09:08,520 WHITE PEOPLE THE NEGRO HAS A 270 00:09:08,520 --> 00:09:10,680 LESSENED LUNG CAPACITY. 271 00:09:10,680 --> 00:09:11,920 HE'S NOT THE FIRST TO CONDUCT 272 00:09:11,920 --> 00:09:13,120 THIS KIND OF RESEARCH. 273 00:09:13,120 --> 00:09:15,520 THOMAS JEFFERSON WROTE ABOUT IT 274 00:09:15,520 --> 00:09:18,920 IN HIS 1803 BOOK, AND BENJAMIN 275 00:09:18,920 --> 00:09:20,680 RUSH WROTE ABOUT IT PRESENTED 276 00:09:20,680 --> 00:09:23,920 HIS WORK IN 1799 AT THE AMERICAN 277 00:09:23,920 --> 00:09:25,080 PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. 278 00:09:25,080 --> 00:09:27,520 SO THIS WASN'T NEW. 279 00:09:27,520 --> 00:09:29,960 BUT CARTWRIGHT IS ACTUALLY USING 280 00:09:29,960 --> 00:09:32,240 A NEW TOOL. 281 00:09:32,240 --> 00:09:39,280 A NEWLY DEVELOPED TOOL SPROMETER 282 00:09:39,280 --> 00:09:41,440 THE IMPACT OF THAT STUDY BETWEEN 283 00:09:41,440 --> 00:09:42,480 BLACK AND WHITE PEOPLE HAS 284 00:09:42,480 --> 00:09:44,800 TENTACLES THAT REACH INTO THE 285 00:09:44,800 --> 00:09:45,600 CIVIL WAR. 286 00:09:45,600 --> 00:09:47,120 THE U.S. COMMISSION OF THE 287 00:09:47,120 --> 00:09:49,640 UNITED STATES ARMY, THE NORTH, 288 00:09:49,640 --> 00:09:52,280 THEY THEN BEGIN THESE RACE-BASED 289 00:09:52,280 --> 00:09:53,880 STUDIES TO SEE IF BLACK PEOPLE 290 00:09:53,880 --> 00:09:55,360 AND WHITE PEOPLE ARE DIFFERENT. 291 00:09:55,360 --> 00:09:56,840 AND POLITICALLY ALL OF THIS IS 292 00:09:56,840 --> 00:09:59,240 GOING ON ALL THE WAY FROM 293 00:09:59,240 --> 00:10:02,120 CARTWRIGHT'S ARTICLE IN THE 294 00:10:02,120 --> 00:10:02,840 1830S UNTIL THE NEWER RESEARCH 295 00:10:02,840 --> 00:10:05,880 THAT EMERGED IN THE 1850S AND 296 00:10:05,880 --> 00:10:07,000 1860S, REALLY PEOPLE ARE TRYING 297 00:10:07,000 --> 00:10:10,520 TO FIGURE OUT ARE BLACK PEOPLE 298 00:10:10,520 --> 00:10:13,480 FIT FOR FREEDOM OR ENSLAVERY. 299 00:10:13,480 --> 00:10:16,160 AND THEY HAD FANTASTICAL IDEAS 300 00:10:16,160 --> 00:10:19,560 ABOUT NEGRO DIFFERENCE OR THESE 301 00:10:19,560 --> 00:10:22,800 ALLEGED BIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES 302 00:10:22,800 --> 00:10:24,880 THAT IMPACTED THAT. 303 00:10:24,880 --> 00:10:26,440 IT CONTINUES TO THE 21st 304 00:10:26,440 --> 00:10:26,720 CENTURY. 305 00:10:26,720 --> 00:10:28,080 THEY SAY THAT WAS THEN, WHAT'S 306 00:10:28,080 --> 00:10:30,040 ABOUT NOW? 307 00:10:30,040 --> 00:10:30,880 UNFORTUNATELY, THERE'S STILL 308 00:10:30,880 --> 00:10:33,280 EXAMPLES THAT WE CAN PULL FROM 309 00:10:33,280 --> 00:10:35,520 IN THE 21st CENTURY. 310 00:10:35,520 --> 00:10:37,720 KELLY HAWKINS IS PICTURED HERE 311 00:10:37,720 --> 00:10:39,440 IN 2014 WAS A PH.D. CANDIDATE 312 00:10:39,440 --> 00:10:42,960 SHE AND HER RESEARCH TEAM 313 00:10:42,960 --> 00:10:44,680 DECIDED THAT THEY WANTED TO 314 00:10:44,680 --> 00:10:46,680 CONDUCT THIS STUDY AROUND 315 00:10:46,680 --> 00:10:47,480 BELIEFS OF BIOLOGICAL 316 00:10:47,480 --> 00:10:48,960 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BLACKS AND 317 00:10:48,960 --> 00:10:49,200 WHITES. 318 00:10:49,200 --> 00:10:51,600 AND THEY DID SO WITH THE 319 00:10:51,600 --> 00:10:52,840 UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA. 320 00:10:52,840 --> 00:10:56,360 AND SO IN HER STUDY, THERE WERE 321 00:10:56,360 --> 00:10:59,360 ALMOST 300 FOLKS SAMPLED, 263. 322 00:10:59,360 --> 00:11:00,920 I'LL GIVE YOU THIS, I START OFF 323 00:11:00,920 --> 00:11:03,080 WITH A LOW NUMBER IN TERMS OF 324 00:11:03,080 --> 00:11:05,120 THE STATISTICS, BUT THE END IS A 325 00:11:05,120 --> 00:11:06,760 REALLY HIGH NUMBER. 326 00:11:06,760 --> 00:11:10,080 AND MANY OF THE BELIEFS ARE THE 327 00:11:10,080 --> 00:11:10,920 SAME. 328 00:11:10,920 --> 00:11:12,400 AND SO HER RESEARCH REVEALED AND 329 00:11:12,400 --> 00:11:14,480 THE ARTICLE WAS PUBLISHED TWO 330 00:11:14,480 --> 00:11:16,240 YEARS LATER YOU CAN GOOGLE IT'S 331 00:11:16,240 --> 00:11:18,360 PRETTY WELL KNOWN, BUT THE 332 00:11:18,360 --> 00:11:22,640 RESEARCH FOUND THAT THE BELIEFS 333 00:11:22,640 --> 00:11:23,520 PREDICTED RACIAL BIAS AND 334 00:11:23,520 --> 00:11:25,400 TREATMENT AND RECOMMENDATION 335 00:11:25,400 --> 00:11:26,600 ACCURACY, PROVIDED THE FIRST 336 00:11:26,600 --> 00:11:28,640 EVIDENCE THAT THERE'S BIAS IN 337 00:11:28,640 --> 00:11:30,080 PAIN PRODUCTION ASSOCIATED WITH 338 00:11:30,080 --> 00:11:31,200 RACIAL BIAS AND PAIN TREATMENT 339 00:11:31,200 --> 00:11:34,280 RECOMMENDATIONS AND JUST TO GIVE 340 00:11:34,280 --> 00:11:36,080 YOU A SENSE OF SOME OF THE 341 00:11:36,080 --> 00:11:39,200 CONDITIONS THAT SHE AND HER TEAM 342 00:11:39,200 --> 00:11:41,920 GAVE TO THESE MEDICAL RESIDENTS 343 00:11:41,920 --> 00:11:44,840 AND FACULTY MEMBERS AT THE 344 00:11:44,840 --> 00:11:45,880 UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA MEDICAL 345 00:11:45,880 --> 00:11:48,360 SCHOOL WAS CHILDBIRTH, WHETHER 346 00:11:48,360 --> 00:11:49,920 ONE SUFFERS FROM KIDNEY STONES 347 00:11:49,920 --> 00:11:51,280 AND PAINFUL CONDITIONS. 348 00:11:51,280 --> 00:11:52,400 BUT TAKEN TOGETHER HER WORK 349 00:11:52,400 --> 00:11:54,240 PROVIDED EVIDENCE THAT FALSE 350 00:11:54,240 --> 00:11:55,480 BELIEFS ABOUT BIOLOGICAL 351 00:11:55,480 --> 00:11:56,560 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BLACKS AND 352 00:11:56,560 --> 00:11:58,720 WHITES CONTINUE TO SHAPE THE WAY 353 00:11:58,720 --> 00:12:00,480 WE RECEIVE AND TREAT BLACK 354 00:12:00,480 --> 00:12:00,800 PEOPLE. 355 00:12:00,800 --> 00:12:02,600 YOU SHOULD SEE SOME OF THE 356 00:12:02,600 --> 00:12:02,880 QUESTIONS. 357 00:12:02,880 --> 00:12:04,880 TWO OF THE FOLKS WHO WERE 358 00:12:04,880 --> 00:12:06,080 SURVEYED BELIEVED BLACK PEOPLE 359 00:12:06,080 --> 00:12:07,760 WERE BORN WITH TAILS. 360 00:12:07,760 --> 00:12:09,600 THEY BELIEVED BLACK PEOPLE HAD 361 00:12:09,600 --> 00:12:11,600 THICKER SKIN, AGED FASTER, THAT 362 00:12:11,600 --> 00:12:14,240 BLACK PEOPLE AND WHITE PEOPLE 363 00:12:14,240 --> 00:12:16,200 WERE BIOLOGICALLY DIFFERENT. 364 00:12:16,200 --> 00:12:19,600 I MEAN, THERE WERE THESE IDEAS 365 00:12:19,600 --> 00:12:23,080 THAT PERSISTED BUT WERE SIMILAR 366 00:12:23,080 --> 00:12:25,960 TO THE IDEAS THAT DR. SAMUEL 367 00:12:25,960 --> 00:12:29,880 CARTWRIGHT WROTE ABOUT IN THE 368 00:12:29,880 --> 00:12:32,280 ANTE BELLUM ERA. 369 00:12:32,280 --> 00:12:35,360 FOR ME AS A PROFESSOR AND 370 00:12:35,360 --> 00:12:38,200 SOMEONE WHO TAUGHT IN SOCIAL 371 00:12:38,200 --> 00:12:40,480 SCIENCES BUT IN GENETICS, 372 00:12:40,480 --> 00:12:41,800 TEACHING STUDENTS FOR DECADES 373 00:12:41,800 --> 00:12:43,920 THAT RACE IS NOT A BIOLOGICAL 374 00:12:43,920 --> 00:12:46,480 CONSTRUCT, BUT IN FACT A 375 00:12:46,480 --> 00:12:47,040 SOCIOLOGICAL CONSTRUCT. 376 00:12:47,040 --> 00:12:49,240 AND I HAVE TO ADD AS SOMEONE WHO 377 00:12:49,240 --> 00:12:52,800 WAS A POST-DOC AT UVA, I KNOW, 378 00:12:52,800 --> 00:12:55,600 UVA IS A PRETTY RIGOROUS SCHOOL. 379 00:12:55,600 --> 00:12:57,640 SO IF YOU'RE ENTERING INTO MED 380 00:12:57,640 --> 00:12:58,480 SCHOOL THAT MEANS YOU'RE TOP OF 381 00:12:58,480 --> 00:13:00,080 THE TOP, RIGHT? 382 00:13:00,080 --> 00:13:01,960 AT LEAST IN TERMS OF THE 383 00:13:01,960 --> 00:13:04,240 ASSESSMENTS THAT PEOPLE HAVE AND 384 00:13:04,240 --> 00:13:04,400 USE. 385 00:13:04,400 --> 00:13:06,520 AND SO THESE ARE PEOPLE COMING 386 00:13:06,520 --> 00:13:08,880 IN WITH FOUR-YEAR UNIVERSITY 387 00:13:08,880 --> 00:13:09,480 DEGREES. 388 00:13:09,480 --> 00:13:11,640 AND INSTEAD OF CHOOSING TO 389 00:13:11,640 --> 00:13:15,280 BELIEVE IN THE SCIENCE, THEY ARE 390 00:13:15,280 --> 00:13:19,600 BELIEVING IN THESE ANTI BLACK 391 00:13:19,600 --> 00:13:23,600 BELIEFS, THAT SAY THAT THERE IS 392 00:13:23,600 --> 00:13:25,360 SOME TO SPEAK OF BETWEEN BLACK 393 00:13:25,360 --> 00:13:26,200 AND WHITE. 394 00:13:26,200 --> 00:13:33,400 SO WHERE DOES ALL THIS COME TO? 395 00:13:33,400 --> 00:13:35,160 WELL, FOR ME IT DOESN'T START 396 00:13:35,160 --> 00:13:37,240 WITH JAMES MADISON A LOT OF 397 00:13:37,240 --> 00:13:38,160 PEOPLE BELIEVES IT DOES. 398 00:13:38,160 --> 00:13:39,440 BUT HOPEFULLY IF YOU READ THE 399 00:13:39,440 --> 00:13:40,800 BOOK YOU'LL SEE THAT I'M 400 00:13:40,800 --> 00:13:44,120 ACTUALLY CREATING A NARRATIVE 401 00:13:44,120 --> 00:13:47,480 THAT EXTENDS FAR BEYOND SIMMS 402 00:13:47,480 --> 00:13:51,400 BUT ALSO BEFORE SIMMS EMERGES AS 403 00:13:51,400 --> 00:13:54,320 A FIGURE IN THE HISTORY OF 404 00:13:54,320 --> 00:13:54,960 GYNECOLOGY. 405 00:13:54,960 --> 00:13:59,280 AND SO I WAS REALLY BROUGHT INTO 406 00:13:59,280 --> 00:14:02,560 THIS CONVERSATION AROUND THE 407 00:14:02,560 --> 00:14:04,480 CONSCIOUS PATIENT OF JAMES 408 00:14:04,480 --> 00:14:06,040 LEGACY A FEW MONTHS BEFORE MY 409 00:14:06,040 --> 00:14:07,240 BOOK WAS TO BE PUBLISHED. 410 00:14:07,240 --> 00:14:10,880 I LIVED IN NEW YORK AT THE TIME 411 00:14:10,880 --> 00:14:12,600 AND I WAS WORKING AT KINGS 412 00:14:12,600 --> 00:14:14,160 COLLEGE AND I CAN REMEMBER 413 00:14:14,160 --> 00:14:17,640 GETTING A NUMBER OF DMs AND 414 00:14:17,640 --> 00:14:19,600 TEXTS AND THINGS ON FACEBOOK AND 415 00:14:19,600 --> 00:14:21,200 PEOPLE ARE LIKE, WHY DIDN'T YOU 416 00:14:21,200 --> 00:14:23,480 TELL ME YOU WERE ORGANIZING A 417 00:14:23,480 --> 00:14:24,760 PROTEST AT THE SIMMS STATUE. 418 00:14:24,760 --> 00:14:28,600 HIS STATUE AS YOU CAN SEE ON THE 419 00:14:28,600 --> 00:14:31,680 SLIDE WAS AT THE EASTERNMOST 420 00:14:31,680 --> 00:14:34,920 POINT IN CENTRAL PARK RIGHT 421 00:14:34,920 --> 00:14:38,400 ACROSS THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE. 422 00:14:38,400 --> 00:14:40,400 I'M ALMOST 50 I'M NEVER THAT 423 00:14:40,400 --> 00:14:41,240 EXCITED I HAVE TO SEE WHAT'S 424 00:14:41,240 --> 00:14:41,880 GOING ON. 425 00:14:41,880 --> 00:14:44,960 AND I SEE THIS PICTURE THAT HAS 426 00:14:44,960 --> 00:14:48,280 BECOME VIRAL. 427 00:14:48,280 --> 00:14:50,080 FOUR BLACK WOMEN POSED IN FRONT 428 00:14:50,080 --> 00:14:52,960 OF SIMMS OR SIMMS' LIKENESS. 429 00:14:52,960 --> 00:14:55,560 AND THEY HAVE DONNED HOSPITAL 430 00:14:55,560 --> 00:14:59,560 GOWNS SPATTERED IN PAINT LOOKING 431 00:14:59,560 --> 00:15:02,200 LIKE BLOOD AND THE PICTURE WENT 432 00:15:02,200 --> 00:15:04,960 EVERYWHERE IT WAS VIRAL GLOBALLY 433 00:15:04,960 --> 00:15:07,560 AROUND SIMMS' EXPERIMENTAL 434 00:15:07,560 --> 00:15:09,680 TREATMENT OF ENSLAVED WOMEN IN 435 00:15:09,680 --> 00:15:12,160 ALABAMA NOW KNOWN AS THE MOTHERS 436 00:15:12,160 --> 00:15:13,240 OF GYNECOLOGY. 437 00:15:13,240 --> 00:15:15,480 AND SO I DIDN'T KNOW ANYTHING 438 00:15:15,480 --> 00:15:16,680 ABOUT IT. 439 00:15:16,680 --> 00:15:18,920 THEY WERE MEMBERS OF THE BLACK 440 00:15:18,920 --> 00:15:22,080 YOUTH PROJECT. 441 00:15:22,080 --> 00:15:24,360 100, CUT OFF 30 YEARS OLD. 442 00:15:24,360 --> 00:15:25,800 THAT SHIP SAILED MANY MOONS AGO 443 00:15:25,800 --> 00:15:28,680 BUT WHAT IT DID IT BROUGHT ME TO 444 00:15:28,680 --> 00:15:30,560 THE ATTENTION OF JOURNALISTS AND 445 00:15:30,560 --> 00:15:31,560 ACTIVISTS AND PEOPLE WHO WANTED 446 00:15:31,560 --> 00:15:34,280 TO KNOW WHAT ARE YOUR THOUGHTS 447 00:15:34,280 --> 00:15:37,520 ON THE REMOVAL OF THE STATUE OR 448 00:15:37,520 --> 00:15:40,720 DO I BELIEVE THE STATUE TO STAY 449 00:15:40,720 --> 00:15:42,760 AND BE HISTORICALLY 450 00:15:42,760 --> 00:15:43,120 CONTEXTUALIZED. 451 00:15:43,120 --> 00:15:45,000 I DIDN'T WANT TO PLAY NICE. 452 00:15:45,000 --> 00:15:47,040 I WAS A JOURNALISM MAJOR IN 453 00:15:47,040 --> 00:15:48,680 COLLEGE UNDERGRAD I KNEW ONCE I 454 00:15:48,680 --> 00:15:50,200 GAVE MY ANSWER THEY'D MOVE ON TO 455 00:15:50,200 --> 00:15:52,480 THE NEXT STORY. 456 00:15:52,480 --> 00:15:54,160 SO I DIDN'T. 457 00:15:54,160 --> 00:15:57,160 I KNEW THIS WAS AN OPPORTUNITY 458 00:15:57,160 --> 00:16:00,760 FOR ME AS A HISTORIAN OF SLAVERY 459 00:16:00,760 --> 00:16:03,560 OF MEDICINE OF 19TH CENTURY U.S. 460 00:16:03,560 --> 00:16:06,840 HISTORY, HOW CAN I CREATE AN 461 00:16:06,840 --> 00:16:08,640 UNDERSTANDING OF THE ANTEBELLUM 462 00:16:08,640 --> 00:16:11,600 WORLD WHO MIGHT NOT HAVE AN 463 00:16:11,600 --> 00:16:13,760 OPTION OF KNOWING THE 464 00:16:13,760 --> 00:16:14,520 LITERATURE, BEING COLLEGE 465 00:16:14,520 --> 00:16:16,240 STUDENTS ALL OF THOSE KINDS OF 466 00:16:16,240 --> 00:16:16,480 THINGS. 467 00:16:16,480 --> 00:16:20,080 AND SO I DIDN'T ANSWER THOSE 468 00:16:20,080 --> 00:16:21,160 QUESTIONS. 469 00:16:21,160 --> 00:16:23,000 WHAT I TRIED TO DO TO THE BEST 470 00:16:23,000 --> 00:16:27,280 OF MY ABILITY WAS TO REALLY 471 00:16:27,280 --> 00:16:28,960 TACKLE THIS BINARY FRAMING OF 472 00:16:28,960 --> 00:16:30,640 SIMMS EITHER A SAINT OR THOSE 473 00:16:30,640 --> 00:16:34,680 WHO DEFENDED HIM OR A BRUTAL 474 00:16:34,680 --> 00:16:35,560 MONSTER. 475 00:16:35,560 --> 00:16:38,240 AND THIS IS EXHIBITED IN 476 00:16:38,240 --> 00:16:40,000 INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM PIECE 477 00:16:40,000 --> 00:16:44,680 PUBLISHED BY SOUTH CAROLINA 478 00:16:44,680 --> 00:16:45,040 APOST COURIER. 479 00:16:45,040 --> 00:16:46,680 BUT THERE'S SOMETHING ABOUT THE 480 00:16:46,680 --> 00:16:47,880 STORY FRAMING THAT RUBBED ME THE 481 00:16:47,880 --> 00:16:48,960 WRONG WAY BECAUSE THINGS ARE A 482 00:16:48,960 --> 00:16:51,320 LOT MORE NUANCED AND 483 00:16:51,320 --> 00:16:51,640 COMPLICATED. 484 00:16:51,640 --> 00:16:55,560 SO THE SAVIOR OF WOMEN WERE 485 00:16:55,560 --> 00:16:58,040 MEDICAL MONSTERS, SOUTH 486 00:16:58,040 --> 00:16:59,480 CAROLINA'S MOST INFAMOUS 487 00:16:59,480 --> 00:17:00,960 PHYSICIAN AND LAWRENCE COMES UP 488 00:17:00,960 --> 00:17:03,400 WITH THIS TITLE LARGELY BECAUSE 489 00:17:03,400 --> 00:17:07,840 MANY OF THOSE WHO WERE CRITIQUED 490 00:17:07,840 --> 00:17:09,920 HIM, THEY CRITIQUED HIM BECAUSE 491 00:17:09,920 --> 00:17:12,000 HE DIDN'T ASK FOR INFORMED 492 00:17:12,000 --> 00:17:14,280 CONSENT FROM HIS ENSLAVED 493 00:17:14,280 --> 00:17:15,080 PATIENTS. 494 00:17:15,080 --> 00:17:19,600 SIMMS GAVE THEM OPIATES FOR POST 495 00:17:19,600 --> 00:17:21,800 SURGERY THAT SIMMS MADE THEM 496 00:17:21,800 --> 00:17:24,520 WORK WHILE THEY WERE HIS 497 00:17:24,520 --> 00:17:25,520 PATIENTS. 498 00:17:25,520 --> 00:17:31,080 AND ALSO THAT SIMMS CREATED THE 499 00:17:31,080 --> 00:17:34,120 IDEA THAT BLACK PEOPLE DIDN'T 500 00:17:34,120 --> 00:17:34,560 EXPERIENCE PAIN. 501 00:17:34,560 --> 00:17:36,840 AND ALSO SIMMS DIDN'T GIVE THEM 502 00:17:36,840 --> 00:17:37,120 ANESTHESIA. 503 00:17:37,120 --> 00:17:39,600 HERE I AM, YOU CAN LOOK AT ME 504 00:17:39,600 --> 00:17:41,240 I'M VISIBLY BLACK AND SO HERE I 505 00:17:41,240 --> 00:17:44,200 AM A HISTORIAN OF MEDICINE AND 506 00:17:44,200 --> 00:17:45,280 ENSLAVERY AND HAVING TO TELL 507 00:17:45,280 --> 00:17:46,600 PEOPLE ESPECIALLY FOLKS WHO LOOK 508 00:17:46,600 --> 00:17:48,040 LIKE ME LET ME CORRECT YOU ON 509 00:17:48,040 --> 00:17:48,920 SOME OF THESE. 510 00:17:48,920 --> 00:17:50,720 I WOULDN'T HAVE BEEN ABLE TO GET 511 00:17:50,720 --> 00:17:54,240 A BOOK PUBLISHED IF I CENTERED 512 00:17:54,240 --> 00:17:55,600 MY ARGUMENT AROUND SIMMS NOT 513 00:17:55,600 --> 00:17:57,080 ASKING FOR INFORMED CONSENT. 514 00:17:57,080 --> 00:18:01,040 AND I HAVE TO EXPLAIN IT. 515 00:18:01,040 --> 00:18:04,720 IF YOU WERE ENSLAVED, THE LEGAL 516 00:18:04,720 --> 00:18:06,280 DEFINITION FOR ENSLAVED PERSON 517 00:18:06,280 --> 00:18:07,720 IS NOT THAT THEY WERE HUMAN 518 00:18:07,720 --> 00:18:09,480 BEINGS BUT THAT THEY WERE 519 00:18:09,480 --> 00:18:11,680 MOVABLE PROPERTY OR CHATTEL. 520 00:18:11,680 --> 00:18:16,800 AND SO SLAVE OWNERS HAD NO LEGAL 521 00:18:16,800 --> 00:18:18,480 OBLIGATION TO ASK AN ENSLAVED 522 00:18:18,480 --> 00:18:21,760 PERSON WHETHER THEY WOULD 523 00:18:21,760 --> 00:18:22,680 CONSENT TO SURGERY OR MEDICAL 524 00:18:22,680 --> 00:18:22,960 TREATMENT. 525 00:18:22,960 --> 00:18:26,200 THE CONSENT HAD TO COME FROM THE 526 00:18:26,200 --> 00:18:26,400 OWNER. 527 00:18:26,400 --> 00:18:28,800 I'M WRITING ABOUT THE LATE 18th 528 00:18:28,800 --> 00:18:31,000 CENTURY, 19TH CENTURY. 529 00:18:31,000 --> 00:18:31,680 AND SO WHETHER AN ENSLAVED 530 00:18:31,680 --> 00:18:33,840 PERSON SAID NO, I DON'T WANT TO 531 00:18:33,840 --> 00:18:35,600 GO, THEY DON'T OWN THEIR BODIES, 532 00:18:35,600 --> 00:18:36,120 UNFORTUNATELY. 533 00:18:36,120 --> 00:18:38,440 THAT WAS THE LAW OF THE LAND. 534 00:18:38,440 --> 00:18:40,680 AND SIMMS WAS WORKING WITHIN 535 00:18:40,680 --> 00:18:43,440 THAT LEGAL LANDSCAPE. 536 00:18:43,440 --> 00:18:45,520 THE OTHER THING, ANESTHESIA HAD 537 00:18:45,520 --> 00:18:46,000 BEEN DISCOVERED. 538 00:18:46,000 --> 00:18:48,720 ANESTHESIA HAD BEEN DISCOVERED 539 00:18:48,720 --> 00:18:54,040 BUT NOT WIDELY USED IN THE 1840S 540 00:18:54,040 --> 00:18:56,800 THIS WAS IN THE EARLY 1840S BUT 541 00:18:56,800 --> 00:18:57,480 THE MEDICAL BRANCH 542 00:18:57,480 --> 00:18:58,680 ANESTHESIOLOGY HAD NOT BEEN 543 00:18:58,680 --> 00:18:59,080 ESTABLISHED YET. 544 00:18:59,080 --> 00:19:02,120 AND SO MOST PHYSICIANS AND 545 00:19:02,120 --> 00:19:03,560 SURGEONS WERE NOT GOING TO USE 546 00:19:03,560 --> 00:19:04,320 ANESTHESIA. 547 00:19:04,320 --> 00:19:08,600 IN FACT, WE KNOW MANY OF THE TWO 548 00:19:08,600 --> 00:19:10,000 STORIES ABOUT HOW ANESTHESIA WAS 549 00:19:10,000 --> 00:19:12,800 FOUNDED BY DENTISTS THEY IN FACT 550 00:19:12,800 --> 00:19:15,640 EXPERIMENTED ON THEMSELVES. 551 00:19:15,640 --> 00:19:18,840 SO MOST DOCTORS WOULD NOT HAVE 552 00:19:18,840 --> 00:19:20,920 USED ANESTHESIA BECAUSE THE 553 00:19:20,920 --> 00:19:22,080 PERSON THEY DON'T KNOW WHAT 554 00:19:22,080 --> 00:19:26,120 DOSAGE TO GIVE THAT PERSON. 555 00:19:26,120 --> 00:19:28,880 RIGHT? 556 00:19:28,880 --> 00:19:30,560 THE PERSON COULD POSSIBLY BLEED 557 00:19:30,560 --> 00:19:34,120 OUT WHILE THEY'RE IN TWILIGHT. 558 00:19:34,120 --> 00:19:35,680 SO SIMMS ONCE AGAIN DOING WHAT 559 00:19:35,680 --> 00:19:37,000 ANYONE ELSE WOULD HAVE DONE 560 00:19:37,000 --> 00:19:38,680 DURING THAT TIME PERIOD, 561 00:19:38,680 --> 00:19:39,880 ESPECIALLY BEFORE THE 562 00:19:39,880 --> 00:19:41,320 ESTABLISHMENT OF ANESTHESIOLOGY, 563 00:19:41,320 --> 00:19:42,600 THE MEDICAL BRANCH. 564 00:19:42,600 --> 00:19:46,040 WHAT ABOUT SIMMS MAKING THESE 565 00:19:46,040 --> 00:19:47,520 ENSLAVED WOMEN WORK WHILE THEY 566 00:19:47,520 --> 00:19:49,440 WERE HIS PATIENTS I'LL GET INTO 567 00:19:49,440 --> 00:19:50,880 THAT MORE PROVIDING DETAILS, BUT 568 00:19:50,880 --> 00:19:54,360 I'M SAYING PEOPLE DO KNOW THAT 569 00:19:54,360 --> 00:19:57,800 SLAVERY WAS A ECONOMIC LABOR 570 00:19:57,800 --> 00:19:58,480 INSTITUTION. 571 00:19:58,480 --> 00:19:59,880 SLAVERY WAS BASED ON THIS. 572 00:19:59,880 --> 00:20:01,800 AND A SLAVE OWNER SIMMS WAS A 573 00:20:01,800 --> 00:20:03,120 SLAVE OWNER, THEY DIDN'T CARE IF 574 00:20:03,120 --> 00:20:04,480 YOU WERE SICK OR NOT. 575 00:20:04,480 --> 00:20:07,720 YOU STILL HAD TO WORK. 576 00:20:07,720 --> 00:20:09,880 THAT'S WHAT ENSLAVED PERSON WERE 577 00:20:09,880 --> 00:20:12,240 DOING IT WAS A SYSTEM BUILT UP 578 00:20:12,240 --> 00:20:15,240 THE WEALTH OF A NATION. 579 00:20:15,240 --> 00:20:18,040 SO THERE WAS NO OTHER 580 00:20:18,040 --> 00:20:19,280 ALTERNATIVE, UNFORTUNATELY, 581 00:20:19,280 --> 00:20:22,720 BECAUSE THESE WOMEN WERE 582 00:20:22,720 --> 00:20:23,080 ENSLAVED. 583 00:20:23,080 --> 00:20:26,400 WELL, HE GAVE THEM OPIATES AND 584 00:20:26,400 --> 00:20:28,480 SO DID EVERY AMERICAN PHYSICIAN 585 00:20:28,480 --> 00:20:29,400 SURGEON AT THAT TIME. 586 00:20:29,400 --> 00:20:30,720 OPIATES WERE IN EVERYTHING, JUST 587 00:20:30,720 --> 00:20:32,800 LIKE MERCURY. 588 00:20:32,800 --> 00:20:36,320 SO IT WASN'T TO CREATE AN 589 00:20:36,320 --> 00:20:39,320 ADDICTION, IT WAS TO CREATE A 590 00:20:39,320 --> 00:20:39,600 STOPPAGE. 591 00:20:39,600 --> 00:20:42,440 I'LL GO INTO THE SURGERY THAT HE 592 00:20:42,440 --> 00:20:45,320 PERFORMS, BUT INCONTINENCE WAS A 593 00:20:45,320 --> 00:20:46,600 RESULT OF THE CONDITIONS WOMEN 594 00:20:46,600 --> 00:20:47,880 SUFFERED FROM DUE TO CHILDBIRTH. 595 00:20:47,880 --> 00:20:51,440 AND SO IF YOU ARE TRYING TO 596 00:20:51,440 --> 00:20:53,360 SUTURE UP OR STITCH A PATIENT TO 597 00:20:53,360 --> 00:20:55,000 GIVE TO PROVIDE THEM WITH AN 598 00:20:55,000 --> 00:20:58,080 OPIATE MEANS THEY'RE NOT GOING 599 00:20:58,080 --> 00:21:01,080 TO HAVE A BOWEL MOVEMENT AND 600 00:21:01,080 --> 00:21:03,200 BREAK THOSE SUTURES AND THE 601 00:21:03,200 --> 00:21:04,120 OTHER SIDE HE SAVED THESE WOMEN 602 00:21:04,120 --> 00:21:06,000 HE TOOK THEM IN AT COST HE 603 00:21:06,000 --> 00:21:07,160 REALLY CARED ABOUT THEM. 604 00:21:07,160 --> 00:21:10,000 NO HE DIDN'T. 605 00:21:10,000 --> 00:21:11,560 NO HE DIDN'T. 606 00:21:11,560 --> 00:21:15,440 SIMMS WANTED TO SECURE THE VALUE 607 00:21:15,440 --> 00:21:21,640 OF THESE ENSLAVED WOMEN BECAUSE 608 00:21:21,640 --> 00:21:24,080 THE ENGINE OF SLAVERY WAS 609 00:21:24,080 --> 00:21:26,240 DEPENDENT UPON THE ENSLAVED 610 00:21:26,240 --> 00:21:29,360 WOMEN'S ABILITY TO LIVE THROUGH 611 00:21:29,360 --> 00:21:31,320 PREGNANCY AND BIRTH HEALTHY 612 00:21:31,320 --> 00:21:32,840 CHILDREN BECAUSE THE STATUS OF 613 00:21:32,840 --> 00:21:33,880 SLAVERY WAS PASSED FROM THE 614 00:21:33,880 --> 00:21:35,240 MOTHER TO THE CHILD. 615 00:21:35,240 --> 00:21:36,480 THAT WAS THE LAW OF THE LAND 616 00:21:36,480 --> 00:21:37,960 SINCE THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 617 00:21:37,960 --> 00:21:39,680 I MEAN SINCE THE 1600S. 618 00:21:39,680 --> 00:21:44,240 JUST TO LET YOU KNOW HOW LONG 619 00:21:44,240 --> 00:21:48,360 THAT LAW HAD STOOD IN THE UNITED 620 00:21:48,360 --> 00:21:52,880 STATES, AND SO I WANTED TO BE 621 00:21:52,880 --> 00:21:54,280 ABLE TO RESHAPE THE CONVERSATION 622 00:21:54,280 --> 00:21:56,880 BEYOND THE EITHER/OR BUT TO 623 00:21:56,880 --> 00:21:59,600 REALLY SAY WHAT WERE SOME OF THE 624 00:21:59,600 --> 00:22:00,560 BIOMEDICAL ETHICAL CONCERNS OF 625 00:22:00,560 --> 00:22:03,040 THE 19TH CENTURY THAT WE CAN 626 00:22:03,040 --> 00:22:03,960 GRAPPLE WITH? 627 00:22:03,960 --> 00:22:06,080 SIMMS KNEW HE WAS BREAKING THE 628 00:22:06,080 --> 00:22:06,240 LAW. 629 00:22:06,240 --> 00:22:09,600 AND SO WE'LL TALK ABOUT THAT IN 630 00:22:09,600 --> 00:22:14,200 JUST A MINUTE. 631 00:22:14,200 --> 00:22:17,440 SO I STARTED WITH THIS CRITICAL 632 00:22:17,440 --> 00:22:18,640 QUESTION. 633 00:22:18,640 --> 00:22:19,360 ESPECIALLY WHEN TALKING TO 634 00:22:19,360 --> 00:22:23,320 GROUPS AND JOURNALISTS WAS 635 00:22:23,320 --> 00:22:25,680 EXCEPTIONAL IN HIS TREATMENT OF 636 00:22:25,680 --> 00:22:27,600 ENSLAVED WOMEN AND I SAY NO HE 637 00:22:27,600 --> 00:22:27,840 WASN'T. 638 00:22:27,840 --> 00:22:29,680 SIMMS WAS GOOD AT BRANDING 639 00:22:29,680 --> 00:22:31,240 HIMSELF, IF I COULD USE 21st 640 00:22:31,240 --> 00:22:32,240 CENTURY LANGUAGE. 641 00:22:32,240 --> 00:22:34,280 AND HE WAS A PRETTY PROLIFIC 642 00:22:34,280 --> 00:22:36,000 AUTHOR AND WRITER BUT HE WASN'T 643 00:22:36,000 --> 00:22:37,160 THAT EXCEPTIONAL FOR THE THINGS 644 00:22:37,160 --> 00:22:40,720 THAT PEOPLE WERE ACCUSING HIM 645 00:22:40,720 --> 00:22:41,160 OF. 646 00:22:41,160 --> 00:22:43,480 AND FOR ME A PART OF ANSWERING 647 00:22:43,480 --> 00:22:47,480 THIS QUESTION IS TO MOVE US FROM 648 00:22:47,480 --> 00:22:50,200 HISTORICAL BOOGIEMEN BECAUSE 649 00:22:50,200 --> 00:22:52,560 THEN YOU CAN DUMP EVERYTHING ON 650 00:22:52,560 --> 00:22:54,440 ONE PERSON AND IT ABSOLVES THE 651 00:22:54,440 --> 00:22:56,200 FIELD AND I'M SEEING THINGS ARE 652 00:22:56,200 --> 00:22:57,160 MUCH MORE COMPLICATED THAN ONE 653 00:22:57,160 --> 00:22:58,360 PERSON. 654 00:22:58,360 --> 00:22:59,960 WE'RE TALKING ABOUT SOMETHING 655 00:22:59,960 --> 00:23:02,200 THAT WAS STRUCTURAL AND 656 00:23:02,200 --> 00:23:02,480 SYSTEMIC. 657 00:23:02,480 --> 00:23:04,960 WE'RE TALKING ABOUT STRUCTURE 658 00:23:04,960 --> 00:23:07,720 AND SYSTEMS OF OPPRESSION, THEN 659 00:23:07,720 --> 00:23:11,240 AS A HISTORIAN I HAVE TO GIVE 660 00:23:11,240 --> 00:23:13,200 YOU AN INTELLECTUAL GENEALOGY 661 00:23:13,200 --> 00:23:15,080 ABOUT THOSE WHO CAME FORTH. 662 00:23:15,080 --> 00:23:17,280 IN MY BOOK I STARTED WITH 663 00:23:17,280 --> 00:23:20,280 GEORGE, ARGUABLY THE WESTERN 664 00:23:20,280 --> 00:23:22,200 WORLD'S MOST FAMOUS HISTORIAN 665 00:23:22,200 --> 00:23:24,160 SCIENTIST BASED IN FRANCE AND HE 666 00:23:24,160 --> 00:23:25,480 BECOMES AN INTERESTING FIGURE 667 00:23:25,480 --> 00:23:28,960 FOR ME BECAUSE OF HIS TREATMENT 668 00:23:28,960 --> 00:23:31,560 OF A SOUTH AFRICAN BORN WOMAN 669 00:23:31,560 --> 00:23:38,320 NAMED SATA TORATAN. 670 00:23:38,320 --> 00:23:40,680 SOME OF YOU MAY BE MORE FAMILIAR 671 00:23:40,680 --> 00:23:42,080 WITH THE HORRIBLE NAME SHE WAS 672 00:23:42,080 --> 00:23:42,480 GIVEN. 673 00:23:42,480 --> 00:23:44,960 BUT HE DISSECTED HER CADAVER. 674 00:23:44,960 --> 00:23:47,560 AND HE DISSECTED HER CADAVER 675 00:23:47,560 --> 00:23:50,240 BECAUSE HE WAS INTERESTED IN 676 00:23:50,240 --> 00:23:55,720 WHETHER SATTA BARTON WAS A MIX 677 00:23:55,720 --> 00:23:58,720 BETWEEN HUMAN AND PRIMATES DID 678 00:23:58,720 --> 00:24:01,040 SHE HAVE AN ELONGATED -- WHAT IN 679 00:24:01,040 --> 00:24:02,240 THE WORLD WAS THIS WOMAN? 680 00:24:02,240 --> 00:24:04,200 AND GUESS WHAT HE PERFORMS THE 681 00:24:04,200 --> 00:24:04,440 AUTOPSY. 682 00:24:04,440 --> 00:24:06,200 AND FINDS OUT SHE'S JUST LIKE A 683 00:24:06,200 --> 00:24:07,480 REGULAR HUMAN BEING. 684 00:24:07,480 --> 00:24:10,400 BUT WHY WAS HE SO INTENT ON 685 00:24:10,400 --> 00:24:12,040 MAKING HER DIFFERENT THAN OTHER 686 00:24:12,040 --> 00:24:14,240 HUMAN BEINGS AND WHITE PEOPLE? 687 00:24:14,240 --> 00:24:18,040 BECAUSE OF THE SIZE OF HER 688 00:24:18,040 --> 00:24:18,280 BUTTOCKS. 689 00:24:18,280 --> 00:24:20,480 SHE ESSENTIALLY HAD A BIG BUTT. 690 00:24:20,480 --> 00:24:22,680 AND IT WASN'T SEEN AS JUST A 691 00:24:22,680 --> 00:24:31,280 WOMAN WITH A LARGE DARIER IT'S 692 00:24:31,280 --> 00:24:38,480 BEEN DEFINED MEDICALLY. 693 00:24:38,480 --> 00:24:38,880 GEOPESIA. 694 00:24:38,880 --> 00:24:42,080 WHEN HE PERFORMS THIS AUTOPSY ON 695 00:24:42,080 --> 00:24:44,960 HER WITNESSES THE GENITALIA, 696 00:24:44,960 --> 00:24:46,920 PUTS IT IN A BELL JAR AND CLEANS 697 00:24:46,920 --> 00:24:50,080 THE SKELETON, RESEMBLES IT AND 698 00:24:50,080 --> 00:24:52,920 DISPLAYS IT AND IN FACT SHE DIED 699 00:24:52,920 --> 00:24:54,600 IN THE EARLY 19TH CENTURY. 700 00:24:54,600 --> 00:24:57,440 HER REMAINS WERE ON DISPLAY IN 701 00:24:57,440 --> 00:24:59,320 THE NATIONAL MUSEUM IN PARIS 702 00:24:59,320 --> 00:25:04,360 UNTIL 1974 WHEN HER GENITALIA, 703 00:25:04,360 --> 00:25:05,640 IT WASN'T UNTIL THE 21st CENTURY 704 00:25:05,640 --> 00:25:09,080 THAT THE MUSEUM SENT HER REMAINS 705 00:25:09,080 --> 00:25:11,280 BACK TO SOUTH AFRICA SO THAT SHE 706 00:25:11,280 --> 00:25:17,760 COULD HAVE A PROPER BURIAL. 707 00:25:17,760 --> 00:25:22,640 HE WAS DOING THIS IN THE LATE 708 00:25:22,640 --> 00:25:26,280 18th AND EARLY 19th CENTURY. 709 00:25:26,280 --> 00:25:32,240 AND THEN THIS WAS A SLAVE OWNER 710 00:25:32,240 --> 00:25:35,080 PERFORMS THE COUNTRY'S FIRST 711 00:25:35,080 --> 00:25:36,480 ABDOMINAL BASED SURGERY ON A 712 00:25:36,480 --> 00:25:38,240 WHITE WOMAN. 713 00:25:38,240 --> 00:25:40,440 SHE SURVIVED AND SO MCDOWELL 714 00:25:40,440 --> 00:25:43,440 SAYS OH, MY GOSH, I HAVE TO BE 715 00:25:43,440 --> 00:25:45,560 ABLE TO PERFECT MY TECHNIQUE ON 716 00:25:45,560 --> 00:25:48,080 THE REMOVAL OF THESE OVARIAN 717 00:25:48,080 --> 00:25:48,440 TUMORS. 718 00:25:48,440 --> 00:25:53,160 AND SO HE GATHERS UP CASES ABOUT 719 00:25:53,160 --> 00:25:56,880 FIVE, FOUR OR FIVE NEGRESSES AS 720 00:25:56,880 --> 00:25:58,880 THEY WERE CALLED AND OUT OF THE 721 00:25:58,880 --> 00:26:00,120 BLACK WOMEN ALL WERE ENSLAVED 722 00:26:00,120 --> 00:26:01,960 EXCEPT FOR ONE. 723 00:26:01,960 --> 00:26:04,200 OVER THE PERIOD OF ALMOST A 724 00:26:04,200 --> 00:26:05,480 DECADE HAPPENED IN 1809 THE 725 00:26:05,480 --> 00:26:07,640 SURGERY ON THE WHITE WOMAN. 726 00:26:07,640 --> 00:26:12,880 SO FROM 1809 UNTIL 1817 HE'S 727 00:26:12,880 --> 00:26:14,560 PERFORMING THESE EXPERIMENTAL 728 00:26:14,560 --> 00:26:16,760 SURGERIES TO REMOVE OVARIAN 729 00:26:16,760 --> 00:26:17,400 TUMORS. 730 00:26:17,400 --> 00:26:19,120 AND FOR ME IT WAS SO INTERESTING 731 00:26:19,120 --> 00:26:21,000 BECAUSE THIS IS APPALACHIA. 732 00:26:21,000 --> 00:26:23,320 AND APPALACHIA NEVER HAD A HUGE 733 00:26:23,320 --> 00:26:24,600 BLACK POPULATION WHEN MCDOWELL 734 00:26:24,600 --> 00:26:30,480 WAS PERFORMING THESE SURGERIES, 735 00:26:30,480 --> 00:26:31,080 AFRICAN-AMERICANS CONSTITUTE 736 00:26:31,080 --> 00:26:34,280 ONLY 4% OF THE POPULATION. 737 00:26:34,280 --> 00:26:36,160 IN DANBURY. 738 00:26:36,160 --> 00:26:38,480 AND SO I'M THINKING HOW IN THE 739 00:26:38,480 --> 00:26:41,200 WORLD HOW IS HE FINDING THESE 740 00:26:41,200 --> 00:26:42,440 BLACK WOMEN WITH OVARIAN TUMORS 741 00:26:42,440 --> 00:26:44,240 BUT FIND THEM HE DOES HE 742 00:26:44,240 --> 00:26:46,000 PUBLISHES AN ARTICLE IN 1817 AND 743 00:26:46,000 --> 00:26:48,560 LAYS OUT EVERYTHING THAT HE DID. 744 00:26:48,560 --> 00:26:50,040 TALKS ABOUT THE ONE WOMAN SIDE 745 00:26:50,040 --> 00:26:51,560 DURING THE EXPERIMENTAL TRIAL. 746 00:26:51,560 --> 00:26:54,680 HE TALKS ABOUT THE WHITE PATIENT 747 00:26:54,680 --> 00:26:56,720 WHO LIVES AND ONE WOULD THINK 748 00:26:56,720 --> 00:26:58,080 UH-HO, THIS IS GOING TO PUT 749 00:26:58,080 --> 00:27:01,240 AMERICA ON THE GLOBAL MAP 750 00:27:01,240 --> 00:27:01,480 MEDICALLY. 751 00:27:01,480 --> 00:27:04,080 IT DOES NOT, IN FACT IN THE 752 00:27:04,080 --> 00:27:05,480 LANCIT STILL IN EXISTENCE TODAY 753 00:27:05,480 --> 00:27:07,600 AS SOME OF YOU KNOW A 754 00:27:07,600 --> 00:27:16,080 DR. JOHNSON FROM BRITAIN AND HE 755 00:27:16,080 --> 00:27:20,600 SAID THE IMPUNITY OF DOGS AND 756 00:27:20,600 --> 00:27:24,760 RABBITS ANIMALS PRO CREATE 757 00:27:24,760 --> 00:27:29,880 FASTER, THE IDEA OF BLACKS NOT 758 00:27:29,880 --> 00:27:32,480 EXPERIENCING PAIN. 759 00:27:32,480 --> 00:27:34,680 AND ANOTHER IS KNOWN AS THE 760 00:27:34,680 --> 00:27:36,400 FATHER OF PLASTIC SURGERY BUT 761 00:27:36,400 --> 00:27:38,040 HE'S IMPORTANT IN TERMS OF THE 762 00:27:38,040 --> 00:27:39,360 DEVELOPMENT OF GYNECOLOGY 763 00:27:39,360 --> 00:27:42,280 BECAUSE OF THE WORK THAT HE DOES 764 00:27:42,280 --> 00:27:43,840 WITH VESICLE VAGINAL FISTULA. 765 00:27:43,840 --> 00:27:46,400 THAT'S WHAT THE VVF MEANS. 766 00:27:46,400 --> 00:27:48,720 IT'S THE SAME SURGERY THAT PUT 767 00:27:48,720 --> 00:27:51,120 SIMMS ON THE MAP. 768 00:27:51,120 --> 00:27:54,920 JOHN PETER MCDOWELL SLAVE OWNER, 769 00:27:54,920 --> 00:27:59,560 A BUILDER FOUNDED THE RANDOLPH 770 00:27:59,800 --> 00:28:00,840 McKEEN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE NO 771 00:28:00,840 --> 00:28:03,320 LONGER IN EXISTENCE BUT HE'S 772 00:28:03,320 --> 00:28:06,120 EXPERIMENTING ON ENSLAVED WOMAN 773 00:28:06,120 --> 00:28:07,600 AND WHITE WOMAN. 774 00:28:07,600 --> 00:28:10,000 AND BOTH SUFFERING FROM THE 775 00:28:10,000 --> 00:28:13,880 VESICLE VAGINAL FISTULA. 776 00:28:13,880 --> 00:28:15,280 AFTER PROLONGED CHILDBIRTH 777 00:28:15,280 --> 00:28:15,960 SESSION TEARING HAPPENS AS 778 00:28:15,960 --> 00:28:17,840 YOU'RE TRYING TO PUSH OUT THE 779 00:28:17,840 --> 00:28:20,480 FETUS AND THE FETUS JUST ISN'T 780 00:28:20,480 --> 00:28:21,040 MOVING. 781 00:28:21,040 --> 00:28:22,520 SO TEARING HAPPENS IN THE 782 00:28:22,520 --> 00:28:25,040 VAGINAL AREA AND IF IT'S REALLY 783 00:28:25,040 --> 00:28:28,520 SEVERE IN THE ANAL AREA AS WELL. 784 00:28:28,520 --> 00:28:31,600 AND SO THE FISTULA OR HOLE IS 785 00:28:31,600 --> 00:28:34,120 FORMED AND BECAUSE THE VESICLE 786 00:28:34,120 --> 00:28:35,600 THE BLADDER IS RIGHT AT THE 787 00:28:35,600 --> 00:28:38,280 UPPER VAGINAL AREA YOU HAVE 788 00:28:38,280 --> 00:28:40,000 INCONTINENCE AND AS I SAID 789 00:28:40,000 --> 00:28:41,400 TEARING IN THE BACK INCONTINENCE 790 00:28:41,400 --> 00:28:43,880 HERE AS WELL. 791 00:28:43,880 --> 00:28:45,640 SO ONE MUST REALIZE THIS IS NOT 792 00:28:45,640 --> 00:28:49,760 A GOOD THING IF YOU ARE A SLAVE 793 00:28:49,760 --> 00:28:51,560 OWNER, IF YOU'RE AN ENSLAVED 794 00:28:51,560 --> 00:28:55,280 WOMEN, IT DECREASES YOUR VALUE. 795 00:28:55,280 --> 00:28:59,600 AND SO IN 1807, THE U.S. 796 00:28:59,600 --> 00:29:01,280 CONSTITUTION BANS THE ATLANTIC 797 00:29:01,280 --> 00:29:02,320 SLAVE TRADE. 798 00:29:02,320 --> 00:29:04,280 SO LEGALLY YOU ARE NOT SUPPOSED 799 00:29:04,280 --> 00:29:07,840 TO HAVE SHIPS THAT COME IN FROM 800 00:29:07,840 --> 00:29:11,160 AFRICA OR THE CARIBBEAN TO THE 801 00:29:11,160 --> 00:29:11,600 UNITED STATES. 802 00:29:11,600 --> 00:29:15,480 SO WHAT THAT MEANS IS IN 1808 803 00:29:15,480 --> 00:29:18,520 THERE'S A REALLY CONCERTED 804 00:29:18,520 --> 00:29:21,440 EFFORT TO EITHER ROUTINE OR 805 00:29:21,440 --> 00:29:24,840 MAINTAIN OR CREATE IN SOME 806 00:29:24,840 --> 00:29:26,480 INSTANCES GOOD REPRODUCTIVE 807 00:29:26,480 --> 00:29:27,840 HEALTH FOR ENSLAVED WOMEN 808 00:29:27,840 --> 00:29:31,680 BECAUSE AS I MENTIONED BEFORE 809 00:29:31,680 --> 00:29:35,120 THE COLONIAL LEGISLATORS BACK IN 810 00:29:35,120 --> 00:29:39,160 THE 1600S SAW HOW LUCRATIVE 811 00:29:39,160 --> 00:29:43,600 SLAVERY WAS AND SO THEY LEANED 812 00:29:43,600 --> 00:29:48,120 ON THIS ANCIENT LAW WHICH MEANT 813 00:29:48,120 --> 00:29:50,840 THAT THE CONDITION OF THE WOMB 814 00:29:50,840 --> 00:29:57,320 IS TRANSFERRED TO THE CHILD. 815 00:29:57,320 --> 00:29:58,880 EVERYTHING BEFORE THEN THE 816 00:29:58,880 --> 00:29:59,600 CHILDREN INHERITED THE STATUS OF 817 00:29:59,600 --> 00:30:00,840 THE FATHER. 818 00:30:00,840 --> 00:30:05,080 BUT NOT IN THE CASE OF SLAVERY 819 00:30:05,080 --> 00:30:07,480 IN THIS COUNTRY. 820 00:30:07,480 --> 00:30:09,880 AND SO YOU CANNOT HAVE A PERSON 821 00:30:09,880 --> 00:30:13,280 WHO WAS LITERALLY PRODUCING A 822 00:30:13,280 --> 00:30:15,920 NEW SLAVE LABOR FORCE. 823 00:30:15,920 --> 00:30:18,440 YOU CAN'T HAVE HER UNHEALTHY IN 824 00:30:18,440 --> 00:30:21,360 TERMS OF REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH. 825 00:30:21,360 --> 00:30:26,880 AND SO DR. MATIRE, HE PROVIDES A 826 00:30:26,880 --> 00:30:30,560 SUTURE METHOD TO SUTURE THE 827 00:30:30,560 --> 00:30:32,240 WHITE PEOPLE AND ENSLAVED WOMAN 828 00:30:32,240 --> 00:30:35,520 AND THE WHITE WOMAN IS HEALED. 829 00:30:35,520 --> 00:30:36,200 RATHER QUICKLY. 830 00:30:36,200 --> 00:30:39,440 ENSLAVED WOMAN IS NOT. 831 00:30:39,440 --> 00:30:42,040 AND HE WRITES, CONTINUES THE 832 00:30:42,040 --> 00:30:42,680 EXPERIMENTATION AND THE PATIENT 833 00:30:42,680 --> 00:30:45,200 DOESN'T HEAL AND HE WRITES IN A 834 00:30:45,200 --> 00:30:46,640 MOMENT OF FRUSTRATION IN HIS 835 00:30:46,640 --> 00:30:50,200 ARTICLE, IT'S NONE OF THAT KIND 836 00:30:50,200 --> 00:30:53,280 OF 19-CENTURY FLOWERY LANGUAGE 837 00:30:53,280 --> 00:30:54,960 THEY'RE USING EUPHEMISMS. 838 00:30:54,960 --> 00:30:56,680 HE'S SAYING IF THE PATIENT HAD 839 00:30:56,680 --> 00:30:59,040 STOPPED ENGAGING IN SEXUAL 840 00:30:59,040 --> 00:31:00,080 INTERCOURSE SHE COULD HAVE BEEN 841 00:31:00,080 --> 00:31:02,480 HEALED AS IF IT WAS THE ENSLAVED 842 00:31:02,480 --> 00:31:03,160 WOMAN'S FAULT. 843 00:31:03,160 --> 00:31:08,400 SO ALSO THIS IDEA OF PATIENT, 844 00:31:08,400 --> 00:31:10,640 THOUGHTS OF A MEDICAL OUTCOME. 845 00:31:10,640 --> 00:31:12,280 I'M SOMEONE LIVING IN THE 21st 846 00:31:12,280 --> 00:31:12,720 CENTURY. 847 00:31:12,720 --> 00:31:15,400 AND I'M THINKING, WELL, PERHAPS 848 00:31:15,400 --> 00:31:17,800 SLAVERY WAS WE WOULD SAY THE 849 00:31:17,800 --> 00:31:20,000 NEGATIVE SOCIAL DETERMINANT, 850 00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:21,480 THAT IN FACT AN ENSLAVED WOMAN 851 00:31:21,480 --> 00:31:24,240 COULD NOT STOP ENGAGING IN SEX 852 00:31:24,240 --> 00:31:28,280 AND AS WE KNOW SEXUAL ABUSE WAS 853 00:31:28,280 --> 00:31:31,560 A NORMAL PART OF GIRLS AND 854 00:31:31,560 --> 00:31:34,800 WOMEN'S LIVES WHO WERE ENSLAVED. 855 00:31:34,800 --> 00:31:36,080 AND THEN LASTLY THE FATHER OF 856 00:31:36,080 --> 00:31:37,920 THE C SECTION, A LOT OF FOLKS 857 00:31:37,920 --> 00:31:39,880 HAVEN'T HEARD OF HIM. 858 00:31:39,880 --> 00:31:41,080 BUT HE'S FRENCH BORN GRADUATES 859 00:31:41,080 --> 00:31:44,240 WITH A MEDICAL DEGREE. 860 00:31:44,240 --> 00:31:50,200 MOVES TO THE MOST PROFITABLE 861 00:31:50,200 --> 00:31:53,240 COLONY IN 1899, BEGINS TO 862 00:31:53,240 --> 00:31:56,240 PERFECT THE CESAREAN SECTION. 863 00:31:56,240 --> 00:31:58,400 AND HE GETS WIND THERE'S 864 00:31:58,400 --> 00:32:00,640 REVOLUTION IN THE AIR AND LEAVES 865 00:32:00,640 --> 00:32:05,560 HAITI IMGRATES TO DONALDSONVILLE 866 00:32:05,560 --> 00:32:10,880 LOUISIANA NOT TOO FAR FROM BATON 867 00:32:10,880 --> 00:32:13,280 ROUGE AND HE PERFORMS TWO 868 00:32:13,280 --> 00:32:14,480 SUCCESSFUL CESAREANS HE'S KNOWN 869 00:32:14,480 --> 00:32:18,120 AS THE SECOND AMERICAN TO HAVE 870 00:32:18,120 --> 00:32:19,800 SUCCESSFUL CESAREAN SECTIONS. 871 00:32:19,800 --> 00:32:21,360 THE REALLY INTERESTING THING, 872 00:32:21,360 --> 00:32:22,960 HISTORY IS NOT ALWAYS LINGERING. 873 00:32:22,960 --> 00:32:24,920 I KNOW MANY OF YOU HISTORIANS 874 00:32:24,920 --> 00:32:26,240 YOU KNOW THAT. 875 00:32:26,240 --> 00:32:29,480 SOMETIMES IT'S CIRCULAR. 876 00:32:29,480 --> 00:32:32,400 I MEAN IT'S CIRCUITOUS, ALL 877 00:32:32,400 --> 00:32:33,560 THESE THINGS. 878 00:32:33,560 --> 00:32:36,440 BUT IN THE CASE WHAT HE LEAVES 879 00:32:36,440 --> 00:32:38,920 IN TERMS OF THE MEDICAL LEGACY, 880 00:32:38,920 --> 00:32:42,480 THE STATE OF LOUISIANA, SINCE 881 00:32:42,480 --> 00:32:44,520 THE 19TH CENTURY, REMEMBER WE'RE 882 00:32:44,520 --> 00:32:47,560 IN THE 21st CENTURY, HAD BEEN 883 00:32:47,560 --> 00:32:50,240 THE STATE THAT HAD THE HIGHEST 884 00:32:50,240 --> 00:32:52,760 RATES OF BLACK WOMEN 885 00:32:52,760 --> 00:32:56,880 EXPERIENCING C-SECTIONS. 886 00:32:56,880 --> 00:32:58,920 IT WAS A DISPROPORTIONATE USAGE 887 00:32:58,920 --> 00:33:01,920 OF BLACK WOMEN FROM SLAVERY 888 00:33:01,920 --> 00:33:04,040 UNTIL FREEDOM IN LOUISIANA. 889 00:33:04,040 --> 00:33:07,560 IT WAS ONLY RECENTLY THAT 890 00:33:07,560 --> 00:33:09,400 LOUISIANA WAS KNOCKED FROM 891 00:33:09,400 --> 00:33:11,600 NUMBER ONE TO NUMBER TWO, 892 00:33:11,600 --> 00:33:14,080 MISSISSIPPI DISPLACED LOUISIANA 893 00:33:14,080 --> 00:33:17,440 AS THE STATE THAT USES BLACK 894 00:33:17,440 --> 00:33:20,720 WOMEN TO IN C-SECTIONS MORE THAN 895 00:33:20,720 --> 00:33:22,880 ANY OTHER STATE. 896 00:33:22,880 --> 00:33:24,280 SO THIS IS THE LONG LASTING 897 00:33:24,280 --> 00:33:25,360 LEGACY. 898 00:33:25,360 --> 00:33:26,400 SO THIS IS MY WAY OF SAYING WE 899 00:33:26,400 --> 00:33:30,320 HAVE TO GET RID OF THIS 900 00:33:30,320 --> 00:33:31,560 EXCEPTIONALITY NARRATIVE THAT 901 00:33:31,560 --> 00:33:36,720 SOMEHOW HE WAS MORE BRUTAL OR -- 902 00:33:36,720 --> 00:33:38,480 I'M SAYING THERE WAS BRUTALITY 903 00:33:38,480 --> 00:33:39,400 AND CRUELTY TO GO AROUND, 904 00:33:39,400 --> 00:33:42,320 ESPECIALLY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE 905 00:33:42,320 --> 00:33:44,080 OF THESE ENSLAVED WOMEN WHO HAVE 906 00:33:44,080 --> 00:33:45,200 TO ENDURE NOT JUST THE SURGERIES 907 00:33:45,200 --> 00:33:47,960 BUT BEING TAKEN AWAY FROM THEIR 908 00:33:47,960 --> 00:33:50,040 HOMES, THEIR FAMILIES, THEIR 909 00:33:50,040 --> 00:33:51,520 FRIENDS, THEIR COMMUNITIES, 910 00:33:51,520 --> 00:33:54,760 WHILE THEY UNDERGO EXPERIMENTAL 911 00:33:54,760 --> 00:34:01,400 SURGERIES THAT LAST FOR YEARS. 912 00:34:01,400 --> 00:34:04,280 SO THE NEXT SLIDE AFTER MCDOWELL 913 00:34:04,280 --> 00:34:08,320 KNOWN AS THE FATHER OF THE 914 00:34:08,320 --> 00:34:09,600 BARIOTOMY MOST DON'T TALK ABOUT 915 00:34:09,600 --> 00:34:15,440 HIM MUCH TODAY BUT IN THE LATE 916 00:34:15,440 --> 00:34:18,320 70S OR 80S THERE WAS A PBS 917 00:34:18,320 --> 00:34:19,600 SPECIAL ON HIS LIFE. 918 00:34:19,600 --> 00:34:21,080 AND RANDOLPH THE COLLEGE OF 919 00:34:21,080 --> 00:34:25,840 MEDICINE WHO WAS A PIONEER IN 920 00:34:25,840 --> 00:34:28,880 OBSTETRICAL FISTULA AND PLASTIC 921 00:34:28,880 --> 00:34:31,720 SURGERIES REPAIRED A CLEFT LIP 922 00:34:31,720 --> 00:34:33,440 AND PUBLISHED IN THE SAME 923 00:34:33,440 --> 00:34:35,080 ARTICLES THAT SIMMS PUBLISHED IN 924 00:34:35,080 --> 00:34:36,320 ALMOST A DECADE LATER. 925 00:34:36,320 --> 00:34:38,800 AND JAMES MARION SIMMS KNOWN AS 926 00:34:38,800 --> 00:34:39,480 THE FATHER OF AMERICAN 927 00:34:39,480 --> 00:34:41,960 GYNECOLOGY I OFTEN HAVE TO TELL 928 00:34:41,960 --> 00:34:43,280 PEOPLE HE WAS ONLY KNOWN AS THE 929 00:34:43,280 --> 00:34:44,080 FATHER OF AMERICAN GYNECOLOGY 930 00:34:44,080 --> 00:34:47,000 AFTER HE DIED. 931 00:34:47,000 --> 00:34:50,280 AND SO HE BECOMES REALLY 932 00:34:50,280 --> 00:34:52,600 INTERESTING BECAUSE I THINK 933 00:34:52,600 --> 00:34:54,080 SIMMS THAT DREW TO THIS FIELD. 934 00:34:54,080 --> 00:34:58,480 I HAD ALWAYS BEEN INTERESTED IN 935 00:34:58,480 --> 00:35:01,000 WRITING AND RESEARCHING ENSLAVED 936 00:35:01,000 --> 00:35:03,040 WOMENS LIVES AND STORIES AND 937 00:35:03,040 --> 00:35:03,280 IMPACT. 938 00:35:03,280 --> 00:35:08,680 BUT I REMEMBER READING A BOOK BY 939 00:35:08,680 --> 00:35:10,160 JANETTA COLE. 940 00:35:10,160 --> 00:35:14,280 PRESIDENT OF BENNETT COLLEGE AND 941 00:35:14,280 --> 00:35:15,720 SHUCKEL I WAS GOING TO EMCEE A 942 00:35:15,720 --> 00:35:17,840 SHOW WHERE COLE WAS A GUEST AND 943 00:35:17,840 --> 00:35:20,280 MAYBE TWO OR THREE SENTENCES IN 944 00:35:20,280 --> 00:35:23,200 DR. COLE'S BENEFIT AND 945 00:35:23,200 --> 00:35:24,360 DR. SHUCKEL THERE WAS THIS 946 00:35:24,360 --> 00:35:26,280 PASSAGE THAT TALKED ABOUT A MAN 947 00:35:26,280 --> 00:35:29,520 I NEVER HEARD OF, JAMES MYRON 948 00:35:29,520 --> 00:35:32,680 SIMMS AND EXPERIMENTAL SURGERIES 949 00:35:32,680 --> 00:35:34,560 ON ENSLAVED WOMEN IN ALABAMA AND 950 00:35:34,560 --> 00:35:37,240 IT BLEW MY MIND BECAUSE I HAD 951 00:35:37,240 --> 00:35:41,480 GONE TO BENNETT COLLEGE, HBCU 952 00:35:41,480 --> 00:35:44,280 FOR WOMEN, AFRICAN AMERICAN 953 00:35:44,280 --> 00:35:45,000 STUDIES FOCUS. 954 00:35:45,000 --> 00:35:48,080 HERE I WAS AT UCLA EARNING A 955 00:35:48,080 --> 00:35:50,280 PH.D. IN AMERICAN HISTORY NEVER 956 00:35:50,280 --> 00:35:51,960 HEARD OF HIM BEFORE. 957 00:35:51,960 --> 00:35:53,880 WHEN I STARTED TO DO MY RESEARCH 958 00:35:53,880 --> 00:35:56,080 AND READ BROADLY, I REALIZED 959 00:35:56,080 --> 00:35:59,480 THAT THIS WAS SOMETHING THAT WAS 960 00:35:59,480 --> 00:36:01,960 ONGOING AND STRUCTURAL AND THE 961 00:36:01,960 --> 00:36:06,240 WAYS THAT THESE PIONEERING 962 00:36:06,240 --> 00:36:08,280 PHYSICIANS DEVELOPED OBSTETRICS 963 00:36:08,280 --> 00:36:10,240 AND GYNECOLOGY, THEIR 964 00:36:10,240 --> 00:36:11,600 DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIELD 965 00:36:11,600 --> 00:36:13,360 HAPPENED AS QUICKLY AS IT DID IN 966 00:36:13,360 --> 00:36:19,600 STOUT BECAUSE OF THEIR ACCESS TO 967 00:36:19,600 --> 00:36:19,880 ENSLAVED. 968 00:36:19,880 --> 00:36:22,080 SO I WAS JUST KIND OF LIKE WHOA, 969 00:36:22,080 --> 00:36:23,600 THERE'S A LEAKAGE HERE AND I 970 00:36:23,600 --> 00:36:25,960 NEED TO EXPLORE THIS. 971 00:36:25,960 --> 00:36:29,880 SO JAMES MARION SIMMS WAS NOT 972 00:36:29,880 --> 00:36:35,360 SOMEONE WHO TRANSITIONALLY 973 00:36:35,360 --> 00:36:36,680 EXAMINED WOMEN OR BILLED HIMSELF 974 00:36:36,680 --> 00:36:38,560 AS A PRACTITIONER OF WOMEN'S 975 00:36:38,560 --> 00:36:39,480 HEALTH PROBLEMS. 976 00:36:39,480 --> 00:36:43,480 BUT IN THE 1840S HE WAS 977 00:36:43,480 --> 00:36:44,760 CONFRONTED BY A WHITE WOMAN 978 00:36:44,760 --> 00:36:46,440 FALLEN OFF A HORSE THIS WAS 979 00:36:46,440 --> 00:36:46,800 NARROW. 980 00:36:46,800 --> 00:36:48,240 AND AS HE ASKS PERMISSION TO 981 00:36:48,240 --> 00:36:50,280 EXAMINE HER AS YOU KNOW MALE 982 00:36:50,280 --> 00:36:51,560 PHYSICIANS DON'T TYPICALLY 983 00:36:51,560 --> 00:36:54,680 PERFORM VAGINAL EXAMINATIONS ON 984 00:36:54,680 --> 00:36:57,400 WOMEN, ESPECIALLY WHITE WOMEN 985 00:36:57,400 --> 00:36:58,040 WHO ARE MARRIED. 986 00:36:58,040 --> 00:36:59,280 THIS IS NARROW. 987 00:36:59,280 --> 00:37:00,800 HE DOES SO AND HE WRITES, THIS 988 00:37:00,800 --> 00:37:04,480 IS WHAT HE WRITES IN HIS 989 00:37:04,480 --> 00:37:04,880 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. 990 00:37:04,880 --> 00:37:07,600 HE REMEMBERED SOMETHING FROM MED 991 00:37:07,600 --> 00:37:11,280 SCHOOL, A LECTURE, THAT SAID 992 00:37:11,280 --> 00:37:12,720 THAT INSTRUCT THE MED STUDENTS 993 00:37:12,720 --> 00:37:14,760 IF YOU COULD OPEN UP THE VAGINAL 994 00:37:14,760 --> 00:37:15,920 CAVITY FLAT ENOUGH THE SPEED OR 995 00:37:15,920 --> 00:37:19,640 RUSH OF AIR WILL COME IN TURN 996 00:37:19,640 --> 00:37:23,520 THE UTERUS RIGHT SIDE UP. 997 00:37:23,520 --> 00:37:25,040 AND THIS WAS SOMEONE THAT FELL 998 00:37:25,040 --> 00:37:27,600 OFF A HORSE. 999 00:37:27,600 --> 00:37:31,000 HE CLAIMS IF THE SPEED TURNED IT 1000 00:37:31,000 --> 00:37:32,280 RIGHT SIDE UP. 1001 00:37:32,280 --> 00:37:35,480 EVERY TIME I TELL THAT TO MED 1002 00:37:35,480 --> 00:37:36,080 SCHOOL NURSING FACULTY THEY 1003 00:37:36,080 --> 00:37:37,640 LAUGH LOUDLY. 1004 00:37:37,640 --> 00:37:41,360 BUT ANYWAY, HE THEN HAS THIS 1005 00:37:41,360 --> 00:37:46,000 IDEA, OH, MY GOSH, IF I CAN 1006 00:37:46,000 --> 00:37:46,920 EXAMINE THIS ENSLAVED WOMEN WHO 1007 00:37:46,920 --> 00:37:48,360 WAS STILL AT HIS HOSPITAL. 1008 00:37:48,360 --> 00:37:49,800 HE WAS GOING TO SEND HER ON HER 1009 00:37:49,800 --> 00:37:53,840 WAY BACK TO HER OWNER SHE WAS 1010 00:37:53,840 --> 00:37:57,320 SUFFERING FROM VESICLE FISTULA. 1011 00:37:57,320 --> 00:37:58,680 I MIGHT BE ABLE TO SECURE THIS 1012 00:37:58,680 --> 00:37:59,560 DREADFUL CONDITION. 1013 00:37:59,560 --> 00:38:04,280 HE TAKES HER EXAMINES HER USING 1014 00:38:04,280 --> 00:38:05,560 TUBULAR SPOONS WHICH IT'S THE 1015 00:38:05,560 --> 00:38:06,840 PRACTICE THAT WE'RE STILL USING 1016 00:38:06,840 --> 00:38:11,640 FROM THE ROMANS, KIND OF GRECO 1017 00:38:11,640 --> 00:38:12,680 ROMAN TIMES IT WASN'T UNUSUAL 1018 00:38:12,680 --> 00:38:13,760 FOR THE DOCTOR TO HAVE THOSE IN 1019 00:38:13,760 --> 00:38:14,680 HIS BAG. 1020 00:38:14,680 --> 00:38:16,880 BUT HE GOT AN IDEA ON THIS 1021 00:38:16,880 --> 00:38:19,000 ENSLAVED WOMAN'S BODY IF I 1022 00:38:19,000 --> 00:38:22,080 PERFECT THE SPECULUM, I CAN SEE 1023 00:38:22,080 --> 00:38:24,280 EVEN MORE AS HE WROTE I CAN SEE 1024 00:38:24,280 --> 00:38:26,520 AS NO MAN HAD SEEN BEFORE. 1025 00:38:26,520 --> 00:38:29,280 THOSE WERE HIS WORDS. 1026 00:38:29,280 --> 00:38:31,280 SO HE CANVASSES THE COUNTY FOR 1027 00:38:31,280 --> 00:38:33,120 CASES GOING TO OWNERS ASKING 1028 00:38:33,120 --> 00:38:34,840 THEIR PERMISSION. 1029 00:38:34,840 --> 00:38:36,960 I WILL TAKE ON THESE WOMEN 1030 00:38:36,960 --> 00:38:38,360 SUFFERING FROM THIS MALADY. 1031 00:38:38,360 --> 00:38:40,520 YOU DON'T HAVE TO WORRY, AND 1032 00:38:40,520 --> 00:38:42,520 ONCE I'M FINISHED THEY WILL BE 1033 00:38:42,520 --> 00:38:42,720 CURED. 1034 00:38:42,720 --> 00:38:45,160 THEY'LL BE REPAIRED. 1035 00:38:45,160 --> 00:38:48,280 SO HE DOES SO. 1036 00:38:48,280 --> 00:38:50,480 AND ONCE AGAIN I'M POINTING TO 1037 00:38:50,480 --> 00:38:56,000 MY FAR RIGHT, YOU'LL SEE THE 1038 00:38:56,000 --> 00:38:57,280 STOREFRONT IN MONTGOMERY ALABAMA 1039 00:38:57,280 --> 00:39:02,080 WHERE HE BEGINS HIS EXPERIMENTAL 1040 00:39:02,080 --> 00:39:02,360 SURGERIES. 1041 00:39:02,360 --> 00:39:04,480 AND THERE WERE ABOUT A HALF A 1042 00:39:04,480 --> 00:39:06,840 DOZEN A LITTLE MORE THAN HALF A 1043 00:39:06,840 --> 00:39:08,800 DOZEN ENSLAVED WOMEN AND WE HAVE 1044 00:39:08,800 --> 00:39:12,080 ONLY FOUND THE REMAINS OF THREE 1045 00:39:12,080 --> 00:39:13,240 OF THEM. 1046 00:39:13,240 --> 00:39:17,640 AND SO HE STARTS THE 1047 00:39:17,640 --> 00:39:18,440 EXPERIMENTAL SURGERY. 1048 00:39:18,440 --> 00:39:21,400 HE USES THE SUTURE METHOD THAT 1049 00:39:21,400 --> 00:39:24,320 WAS TALKED ABOUT MED SUTURE 1050 00:39:24,320 --> 00:39:26,360 DIDN'T GO HIS WAY. 1051 00:39:26,360 --> 00:39:28,880 TWO WHITE MALE SURGICAL 1052 00:39:28,880 --> 00:39:30,400 ASSISTANTS ASSISTING HIM 1053 00:39:30,400 --> 00:39:31,480 LEARNING FROM HIM AFTER TWO 1054 00:39:31,480 --> 00:39:33,600 YEARS OF FAILED EXPERIMENTS THEY 1055 00:39:33,600 --> 00:39:33,800 QUIT. 1056 00:39:33,800 --> 00:39:36,120 THIS IS AFTER THEY HAD GIVEN 1057 00:39:36,120 --> 00:39:39,440 PUBLIC VIEWINGS OF HIS SURGERIES 1058 00:39:39,440 --> 00:39:40,800 THE ENSLAVED WOMEN WERE NAKED. 1059 00:39:40,800 --> 00:39:43,160 THEIR BODIES WERE IN VIEW OF THE 1060 00:39:43,160 --> 00:39:46,440 PUBLIC WHO WAS INVITED. 1061 00:39:46,440 --> 00:39:50,280 AND SO THESE TWO WHITE MEN QUIT. 1062 00:39:50,280 --> 00:39:53,040 SO SIMMS DOES WHAT ANY OTHER 1063 00:39:53,040 --> 00:39:56,840 SLAVE OWNER DOES; HE TELLS HIS 1064 00:39:56,840 --> 00:39:59,000 ENSLAVED PATIENTS THEY MUST NOW 1065 00:39:59,000 --> 00:39:59,840 WORK AS ASSISTANTS. 1066 00:39:59,840 --> 00:40:01,840 THIS IS WHERE IT BECOMES 1067 00:40:01,840 --> 00:40:03,560 INTERESTING. 1068 00:40:03,560 --> 00:40:05,480 NOW, THE REIGNING SCIENTIFIC 1069 00:40:05,480 --> 00:40:07,360 BELIEF IS THAT BLACK PEOPLE LIVE 1070 00:40:07,360 --> 00:40:10,000 IN A STATE OF ARRESTED 1071 00:40:10,000 --> 00:40:10,960 DEVELOPMENT INTELLECTUALLY. 1072 00:40:10,960 --> 00:40:14,160 AND WOMEN IN FACT WERE NOT 1073 00:40:14,160 --> 00:40:19,080 LOGICAL BECAUSE WOMEN THOUGHT. 1074 00:40:19,080 --> 00:40:22,800 AND SO SIMMS TRAINED THESE 1075 00:40:22,800 --> 00:40:25,840 ENSLAVED WOMEN IN THE SAME WAYS 1076 00:40:25,840 --> 00:40:26,880 THAT HE WAS TRAINED ON WHITE 1077 00:40:26,880 --> 00:40:27,360 CERVICAL ASSISTANTS. 1078 00:40:27,360 --> 00:40:28,480 AND THIS IS REALLY IMPORTANT. 1079 00:40:28,480 --> 00:40:30,800 REMEMBER I SAID I HAD TO READ 1080 00:40:30,800 --> 00:40:32,240 THE SOURCES DIFFERENTLY. 1081 00:40:32,240 --> 00:40:35,360 RIGHT, FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF 1082 00:40:35,360 --> 00:40:37,960 THE ENSLAVED WOMAN AND NOT THE 1083 00:40:37,960 --> 00:40:38,200 ENSLAFR. 1084 00:40:38,200 --> 00:40:40,920 AND I THOUGHT WHY WOULD HE DO 1085 00:40:40,920 --> 00:40:42,320 THIS? 1086 00:40:42,320 --> 00:40:44,240 AND THESE WOMEN WERE LITTLE. 1087 00:40:44,240 --> 00:40:45,840 WELL, BECAUSE THEY WERE SMART. 1088 00:40:45,840 --> 00:40:47,000 PEOPLE KNEW THAT. 1089 00:40:47,000 --> 00:40:49,000 THESE WERE HUMAN BEINGS CAPABLE 1090 00:40:49,000 --> 00:40:52,160 OF THINKING, THEY WERE SMART. 1091 00:40:52,160 --> 00:40:55,520 AND GUESS WHAT, WITH THE 1092 00:40:55,520 --> 00:40:57,120 SURGICAL TEAM OF ENSLAVED WOMEN 1093 00:40:57,120 --> 00:41:00,600 THAT'S WHEN HE GOT THE TREATMENT 1094 00:41:00,600 --> 00:41:00,800 RIGHT. 1095 00:41:00,800 --> 00:41:05,680 THE OTHER THING IS I OFTEN TOO 1096 00:41:05,680 --> 00:41:07,840 THINK ABOUT THE WAYS THAT THESE 1097 00:41:07,840 --> 00:41:09,560 ENSLAVED WOMEN WHO WERE FORCED 1098 00:41:09,560 --> 00:41:10,960 TO BUILD COMMUNITY WITH EACH 1099 00:41:10,960 --> 00:41:13,160 OTHER BECAUSE THEY SUFFERED FROM 1100 00:41:13,160 --> 00:41:14,760 THE SAME CONDITION, IS WHAT WERE 1101 00:41:14,760 --> 00:41:16,920 THE WAYS, IF THEY COULD, THAT 1102 00:41:16,920 --> 00:41:18,720 THEY MIGHT HAVE RESISTED OR 1103 00:41:18,720 --> 00:41:20,360 ADDED TO THE SURGICAL 1104 00:41:20,360 --> 00:41:20,680 DEVELOPMENT? 1105 00:41:20,680 --> 00:41:26,080 WE'LL NEVER KNOW, BUT I DO KNOW 1106 00:41:26,080 --> 00:41:27,720 SURGICAL TEAM THEY STILL 1107 00:41:27,720 --> 00:41:31,080 PRACTICED SOME OF THE -- THE 1108 00:41:31,080 --> 00:41:33,320 COMMON PRACTICES AROUND SURGERY. 1109 00:41:33,320 --> 00:41:34,800 NUMBER ONE BLACK PEOPLE DON'T 1110 00:41:34,800 --> 00:41:36,480 EXPERIENCE PAIN, SUPPOSEDLY. 1111 00:41:36,480 --> 00:41:40,080 AND THEN WHY WOULD YOU RESTAIN 1112 00:41:40,080 --> 00:41:40,920 YOUR BLACK PATIENT? 1113 00:41:40,920 --> 00:41:42,720 RUSH WROTE IN THAT ARTICLE THAT 1114 00:41:42,720 --> 00:41:44,240 I MENTIONED THAT ESSENTIALLY 1115 00:41:44,240 --> 00:41:47,200 BLACKNESS WAS A FORM OF LEPROSY 1116 00:41:47,200 --> 00:41:49,120 IN 1799. 1117 00:41:49,120 --> 00:41:51,520 HE WROTE KINGSLY THAT PEOPLE 1118 00:41:51,520 --> 00:41:55,280 WERE SO ENTRENCHED TO PAIN THEY 1119 00:41:55,280 --> 00:41:59,240 COULD PERFORM AMPUTATIONS, NEGRO 1120 00:41:59,240 --> 00:42:00,760 CAN HOLD THEIR LIMBS IN A HANDS 1121 00:42:00,760 --> 00:42:02,040 WITHOUT MUCH OF A SCREAM. 1122 00:42:02,040 --> 00:42:05,080 IF THAT WERE TRUE DOCTORS WOULD 1123 00:42:05,080 --> 00:42:08,280 NOT RESTRAIN, PHYSICALLY 1124 00:42:08,280 --> 00:42:09,560 RESTRAIN BLACK PATIENTS. 1125 00:42:09,560 --> 00:42:11,600 AND YET EVERY DOCTOR RESTRAINS 1126 00:42:11,600 --> 00:42:14,440 THEIR BLACK PATIENTS BECAUSE 1127 00:42:14,440 --> 00:42:16,880 THEY KNOW IT'S A FALLACY. 1128 00:42:16,880 --> 00:42:18,680 THEY KNOW THAT THESE FOLKS, ONCE 1129 00:42:18,680 --> 00:42:20,280 YOU SEE A KNIFE COMING THEY'RE 1130 00:42:20,280 --> 00:42:23,040 GOING TO SQUIRM, TRY TO RUN, 1131 00:42:23,040 --> 00:42:24,960 THEY'RE GOING TO FIGHT. 1132 00:42:24,960 --> 00:42:26,280 SIMMS WRITES ABOUT A PATIENT, 1133 00:42:26,280 --> 00:42:28,880 SHE LOST SIGHT OF HERSELF AND 1134 00:42:28,880 --> 00:42:30,280 STRUGGLED VIOLENTLY. 1135 00:42:30,280 --> 00:42:33,440 SO THERE'S THAT RACIAL PART OF 1136 00:42:33,440 --> 00:42:33,720 DISSONANCE. 1137 00:42:33,720 --> 00:42:34,680 REIGNING SCIENTIFIC BELIEF BUT 1138 00:42:34,680 --> 00:42:37,160 YET YOUR PRACTICE PROVES THAT 1139 00:42:37,160 --> 00:42:39,280 YOU BELIEVE OTHERWISE. 1140 00:42:39,280 --> 00:42:41,400 IN FACT, YOU KNOW THAT BLACK 1141 00:42:41,400 --> 00:42:43,080 PEOPLE ARE SMART. 1142 00:42:43,080 --> 00:42:47,040 YOU KNOW THAT THEY EXPERIENCE 1143 00:42:47,040 --> 00:42:47,240 PAIN. 1144 00:42:47,240 --> 00:42:51,240 BUT BEING WEDDED TO THAT BELIEF 1145 00:42:51,240 --> 00:42:53,000 BECOMES PART OF THE RACIAL 1146 00:42:53,000 --> 00:42:54,080 ETIQUETTE OF THE 19TH CENTURY. 1147 00:42:54,080 --> 00:42:57,880 SO WHEN WE THINK ABOUT THAT, 1148 00:42:57,880 --> 00:42:59,600 SIMMS IS ACTUALLY QUITE 1149 00:42:59,600 --> 00:43:03,520 TRANSPARENT AND HONEST ABOUT THE 1150 00:43:03,520 --> 00:43:06,440 SURGERIES, THE EXPERIMENTS, THE 1151 00:43:06,440 --> 00:43:10,880 RACE OF THE 1152 00:43:10,880 --> 00:43:11,600 PATIENT/NURSE/ASSISTANTS. 1153 00:43:11,600 --> 00:43:13,320 AND HE PUBLISHES. 1154 00:43:13,320 --> 00:43:16,880 HE PUBLISHES ARTICLES IN 1852, 1155 00:43:16,880 --> 00:43:19,280 ONCE THE SURGERIES ARE, THEY'RE 1156 00:43:19,280 --> 00:43:22,360 FINISHED AND PERFECTED HE USES A 1157 00:43:22,360 --> 00:43:24,080 SUTURE METHOD. 1158 00:43:24,080 --> 00:43:26,920 AND SO SUBSEQUENT ARTICLES 1159 00:43:26,920 --> 00:43:31,000 PRAISED SIMMS, THERE WAS AN 1160 00:43:31,000 --> 00:43:32,240 ANNIVERSARY ARTICLES, ALL OF A 1161 00:43:32,240 --> 00:43:34,880 SUDDEN THE NURSES WHITE, THE 1162 00:43:34,880 --> 00:43:38,240 PATIENT IS WHITE AND CLOTHED AND 1163 00:43:38,240 --> 00:43:39,880 IT PROVIDES INFORMATION TO ME AS 1164 00:43:39,880 --> 00:43:43,760 TO THE PROSE AND COMMENTS THAT I 1165 00:43:43,760 --> 00:43:47,080 HAD BEEN GIVEN ABOUT WHETHER 1166 00:43:47,080 --> 00:43:48,280 THERE WOULD BE ENOUGH 1167 00:43:48,280 --> 00:43:48,600 INFORMATION. 1168 00:43:48,600 --> 00:43:51,520 THERE WAS AN ERASURE THAT WAS 1169 00:43:51,520 --> 00:43:52,440 HAPPENING VISUALLY BUT ALSO 1170 00:43:52,440 --> 00:43:52,840 HISTORICALLY. 1171 00:43:52,840 --> 00:43:55,360 SO BY THE TIME I'M DOING 1172 00:43:55,360 --> 00:43:57,080 RESEARCH IN 2005 AND 6, PEOPLE 1173 00:43:57,080 --> 00:43:58,880 ARE REALLY SHOCKED THAT I'M 1174 00:43:58,880 --> 00:44:01,160 TRYING TO WRITE A HISTORY OF 1175 00:44:01,160 --> 00:44:05,280 AMERICAN MEDICINE FOCUSING ON 1176 00:44:05,280 --> 00:44:10,040 GYNECOLOGY THAT INCLUDES BLACK 1177 00:44:10,040 --> 00:44:10,280 PEOPLE. 1178 00:44:10,280 --> 00:44:16,280 SO THE LEGACY HERE FOR US IS 1179 00:44:16,280 --> 00:44:21,560 THINKING ABOUT HOW WE CAN READ 1180 00:44:21,560 --> 00:44:24,960 SOURCES AND COME TO NEW 1181 00:44:24,960 --> 00:44:27,360 INTERPRETATIONS AND FINDINGS 1182 00:44:27,360 --> 00:44:30,400 WHERE THERE'S NOT A HISTORICAL 1183 00:44:30,400 --> 00:44:31,920 EFFACEMENT OF BLACK PEOPLE'S 1184 00:44:31,920 --> 00:44:35,120 WHOA OF THE POSITIONS THEY HELD, 1185 00:44:35,120 --> 00:44:36,320 THE NURSES SURGERY ASSISTANT. 1186 00:44:36,320 --> 00:44:38,200 SO I ALWAYS POINT PEOPLE TO A 1187 00:44:38,200 --> 00:44:40,960 PASSAGE IN MY BOOK WHERE I 1188 00:44:40,960 --> 00:44:43,000 LOOKED AT 1850 CENSUS OF SIMMS. 1189 00:44:43,000 --> 00:44:45,240 NOW, MY FATHER WORKED AT THE 1190 00:44:45,240 --> 00:44:47,440 NATIONAL ARCHIVES OVER 30 YEARS. 1191 00:44:47,440 --> 00:44:49,280 I KNOW HOW CENSUS PRODUCTION 1192 00:44:49,280 --> 00:44:51,920 HAPPENS YOU DON'T JUST COLLECT 1193 00:44:51,920 --> 00:44:54,240 IT ON JANUARY 18, '50 AND 1194 00:44:54,240 --> 00:44:55,520 PUBLISH IN DECEMBER 18, '50. 1195 00:44:55,520 --> 00:44:56,720 IT DOESN'T WORK LIKE THAT. 1196 00:44:56,720 --> 00:45:00,520 AS WE KNOW, THE CENSUS IS EVERY 1197 00:45:00,520 --> 00:45:03,200 10 YEARS AND PEOPLE BEGIN CENSUS 1198 00:45:03,200 --> 00:45:06,160 RESEARCH BEFORE THEN, BEFORE THE 1199 00:45:06,160 --> 00:45:06,880 PUBLICATION DATE. 1200 00:45:06,880 --> 00:45:09,880 SO BY 1850 THIS WOULD HAVE BEEN 1201 00:45:09,880 --> 00:45:13,440 THE SECOND CENSUS THAT FEATURED 1202 00:45:13,440 --> 00:45:15,960 BLACK PEOPLE ON THE CENSUS. 1203 00:45:15,960 --> 00:45:18,440 OUT OF THE 17 ENSLAVED PEOPLE 1204 00:45:18,440 --> 00:45:23,280 THAT SIMMS OWNED 12 WERE WOMEN, 1205 00:45:23,280 --> 00:45:26,160 FIVE WERE CHILDREN, ALL WERE 1206 00:45:26,160 --> 00:45:28,960 LISTED AS NEGRO EXCEPT ONE. 1207 00:45:28,960 --> 00:45:33,000 THE YOUNGEST ENSLAVED PERSON ON 1208 00:45:33,000 --> 00:45:36,160 THAT SLAVE FARM THAT SIMMS OWNED 1209 00:45:36,160 --> 00:45:38,120 WAS A LITTLE GIRL BORN DURING 1210 00:45:38,120 --> 00:45:40,920 THE EXPERIMENTAL TRIAL. 1211 00:45:40,920 --> 00:45:43,160 SHE WAS THE ONLY PERSON. 1212 00:45:43,160 --> 00:45:46,000 THE NUMBER IN THE SOUTH IN THE 1213 00:45:46,000 --> 00:45:47,600 SOUTHERN NATION IS UNIQUE AND 1214 00:45:47,600 --> 00:45:50,280 SIMMS HAS CONTROL OF THAT 1215 00:45:50,280 --> 00:45:50,680 HOSPITAL. 1216 00:45:50,680 --> 00:45:52,240 AND IN FACT THAT MEANS THAT 1217 00:45:52,240 --> 00:45:54,400 EITHER SIMMS OR SOME WHITE MEN 1218 00:45:54,400 --> 00:45:56,040 MIGHT HAVE BEEN HER OWNER MIGHT 1219 00:45:56,040 --> 00:45:58,920 HAVE BEEN ONE OF THE SURGICAL 1220 00:45:58,920 --> 00:46:00,240 ASSISTANTS, BUT SOME WHITE MAN 1221 00:46:00,240 --> 00:46:02,280 HAD ACCESS TO THIS ENSLAVED 1222 00:46:02,280 --> 00:46:04,640 WOMAN'S BODY AND DURING AN 1223 00:46:04,640 --> 00:46:06,280 EXPERIMENTAL TRIAL THAT THE 1224 00:46:06,280 --> 00:46:08,760 ENTIRE TOWN KNEW ABOUT, THE 1225 00:46:08,760 --> 00:46:11,520 ENTIRE CITY KNEW ABOUT, SHE IS 1226 00:46:11,520 --> 00:46:11,800 PREGNANT. 1227 00:46:11,800 --> 00:46:14,520 AND SHE HAS THE ONLY CHILD THAT 1228 00:46:14,520 --> 00:46:16,680 IS MARKEDLY DIFFERENT IN 1229 00:46:16,680 --> 00:46:18,960 APPEARANCE THAN THE 16 OTHER 1230 00:46:18,960 --> 00:46:19,400 ENSLAVED PEOPLE. 1231 00:46:19,400 --> 00:46:20,880 AND SOMEONE SAYS WHAT ABOUT THE 1232 00:46:20,880 --> 00:46:24,160 MALES ALL FIVE OF THOSE MALES 1233 00:46:24,160 --> 00:46:25,120 WERE CHILDREN. 1234 00:46:25,120 --> 00:46:27,840 AND SO I WOULD NEVER KNOW THE 1235 00:46:27,840 --> 00:46:29,280 ANSWER OF THIS PERSON'S 1236 00:46:29,280 --> 00:46:30,480 PATERNITY BECAUSE THE CENSUS 1237 00:46:30,480 --> 00:46:31,600 DOESN'T LIST THE WOMAN'S NAME. 1238 00:46:31,600 --> 00:46:34,640 YOU DON'T KNOW THE NAME OF THE 1239 00:46:34,640 --> 00:46:34,920 CHILD. 1240 00:46:34,920 --> 00:46:36,560 BUT I HAVE BEEN DOING SIMPLE 1241 00:46:36,560 --> 00:46:38,080 ADDICTION AND SUBTRACTION. 1242 00:46:38,080 --> 00:46:39,280 AND THIS LITTLE GIRL IS BORN 1243 00:46:39,280 --> 00:46:42,440 ALSO AROUND THE TIME THAT THE 1244 00:46:42,440 --> 00:46:44,640 TWO SURGICAL ASSISTANTS QUIT. 1245 00:46:44,640 --> 00:46:47,600 AND SO WERE THERE RUMORS, WERE 1246 00:46:47,600 --> 00:46:48,840 THERE IDEAS OF SOMETHING 1247 00:46:48,840 --> 00:46:50,280 INAPPROPRIATE HAPPENING? 1248 00:46:50,280 --> 00:46:54,360 THAT IS A BIOMEDICAL ETHICAL 1249 00:46:54,360 --> 00:46:55,880 ISSUE THAT IS NOT ONE THAT IS 1250 00:46:55,880 --> 00:46:59,080 KIND OF RULED BY WHAT YOU THINK 1251 00:46:59,080 --> 00:47:01,560 IN THE 21st CENTURY BUT IS RULED 1252 00:47:01,560 --> 00:47:05,200 BY WHAT PEOPLE WOULD CRITIQUE IN 1253 00:47:05,200 --> 00:47:07,200 THE 19TH CENTURY. 1254 00:47:07,200 --> 00:47:12,880 SO THE LEGACY OF THIS, RIGHT, 1255 00:47:12,880 --> 00:47:14,320 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH FOR ENSLAVED 1256 00:47:14,320 --> 00:47:18,440 WOMEN IN PARTICULAR WAS OF 1257 00:47:18,440 --> 00:47:20,320 UTMOST IMPORTANCE BECAUSE 1258 00:47:20,320 --> 00:47:22,920 EVERYBODY WAS INTERESTED IN A 1259 00:47:22,920 --> 00:47:25,160 TEAM OF OBSERVING SLAVERY KNOWS 1260 00:47:25,160 --> 00:47:30,000 THAT YOU HAVE TO HAVE RELATIVELY 1261 00:47:30,000 --> 00:47:32,120 HEALTHY RACE. 1262 00:47:32,120 --> 00:47:35,960 BUT FREEDOM COMES LITERALLY FROM 1263 00:47:35,960 --> 00:47:38,280 THINGS CHANGE. 1264 00:47:38,280 --> 00:47:41,520 AND SO WE HAVE THIS LEGACY OF 1265 00:47:41,520 --> 00:47:43,160 MEDICAL RACISM AND ANTI 1266 00:47:43,160 --> 00:47:45,680 BLACKNESS THAT HAPPENS WHERE 1267 00:47:45,680 --> 00:47:48,960 DECADE AFTER DECADE AND FREEDOM, 1268 00:47:48,960 --> 00:47:51,560 BLACK WOMEN HAVE HIGHER RATES OF 1269 00:47:51,560 --> 00:47:55,560 DEATH AND COMPLICATIONS FROM 1270 00:47:55,560 --> 00:47:57,400 PREGNAN 1271 00:47:57,400 --> 00:47:58,560 PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH. 1272 00:47:58,560 --> 00:48:01,680 SO THE RATES OF MORTALITY AND 1273 00:48:01,680 --> 00:48:03,560 MORBIDITY ARE VERY HIGH. 1274 00:48:03,560 --> 00:48:06,640 SAME GOES FOR THEIR CHILDREN. 1275 00:48:06,640 --> 00:48:08,320 SO HERE A BLACK WOMAN PERSON 1276 00:48:08,320 --> 00:48:11,480 THREE TO FOUR TIMES MORE LIKELY 1277 00:48:11,480 --> 00:48:14,400 TO DIE FROM PREGNANCY RELATED 1278 00:48:14,400 --> 00:48:15,720 COMPLICATIONS THAN WHITE WOMEN. 1279 00:48:15,720 --> 00:48:18,000 DC, A PLACE WHERE MY FAMILY 1280 00:48:18,000 --> 00:48:20,960 STILL LIVES THAT I LOVE DEEPLY, 1281 00:48:20,960 --> 00:48:23,600 MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE IS 1282 00:48:23,600 --> 00:48:25,680 ALMOST TWO TIMES THE NATIONAL 1283 00:48:25,680 --> 00:48:27,600 RATE DESPITE WHAT HAPPENED IN 1284 00:48:27,600 --> 00:48:30,320 2014, OVER A FOUR-YEAR PERIOD. 1285 00:48:30,320 --> 00:48:32,320 95 PERCENT OF PREGNANCY RELATED 1286 00:48:32,320 --> 00:48:34,400 DEATHS IN WASHINGTON D.C. 1287 00:48:34,400 --> 00:48:37,760 AFRICAN-AMERICANS DESPITE 1288 00:48:37,760 --> 00:48:38,520 AFRICAN-AMERICANS COMPRISING 1289 00:48:38,520 --> 00:48:41,040 ALMOST 45% THE POPULATION. 1290 00:48:41,040 --> 00:48:46,800 AND MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE IN 1291 00:48:46,800 --> 00:48:50,080 D.C. IS COMPARED TO A NATIONAL 1292 00:48:50,080 --> 00:48:54,280 RATE OF 29.6%. 1293 00:48:54,280 --> 00:48:56,080 SO ACROSS THE BOARD. 1294 00:48:56,080 --> 00:48:57,440 THIS IS WHAT WAS SHOWN. 1295 00:48:57,440 --> 00:48:59,000 AND LITERALLY FOR ME I HAVE 1296 00:48:59,000 --> 00:49:03,080 GIVEN TALKS EVERY YEAR. 1297 00:49:03,080 --> 00:49:04,280 PITTSBURGH, KENTUCKY, BUFFALO, 1298 00:49:04,280 --> 00:49:05,800 CALIFORNIA, I COULD GO ON AND 1299 00:49:05,800 --> 00:49:07,600 ON, NEW YORK, CHICAGO, THE RATES 1300 00:49:07,600 --> 00:49:09,080 ARE THE SAME. 1301 00:49:09,080 --> 00:49:10,880 I LITERALLY JUST HAVE TO CHANGE 1302 00:49:10,880 --> 00:49:13,000 SOME OF THE NUMBERS BUT THE 1303 00:49:13,000 --> 00:49:14,480 RATES ARE THE SAME. 1304 00:49:14,480 --> 00:49:19,640 AND SO HOW DO WE SOLVE THIS? 1305 00:49:19,640 --> 00:49:19,960 RIGHT? 1306 00:49:19,960 --> 00:49:20,840 OKAY. 1307 00:49:20,840 --> 00:49:22,160 JOURNALISTS PUBLISH THEIR 1308 00:49:22,160 --> 00:49:22,440 ARTICLES. 1309 00:49:22,440 --> 00:49:23,120 HOW DO MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS 1310 00:49:23,120 --> 00:49:23,840 SOLVE THIS. 1311 00:49:23,840 --> 00:49:27,040 HOW DO WE AS A CONCERNED NATION 1312 00:49:27,040 --> 00:49:29,120 SOLVE THIS PROBLEM? 1313 00:49:29,120 --> 00:49:30,600 AND THE PROBLEM OF THE UNITED 1314 00:49:30,600 --> 00:49:33,040 STATES IS THE MOST DANGEROUS 1315 00:49:33,040 --> 00:49:36,880 PLACE FOR BLACK WOMEN TO BECOME 1316 00:49:36,880 --> 00:49:39,440 PREGNANT OR HAVE BABIES. 1317 00:49:39,440 --> 00:49:42,560 AND THIS IS COMPARED TO ALL 1318 00:49:42,560 --> 00:49:44,240 COUNTRY NATIONS, AND THIS HAS 1319 00:49:44,240 --> 00:49:49,320 BEEN IN PLACE FOR A REALLY LONG 1320 00:49:49,320 --> 00:49:50,280 TIME. 1321 00:49:50,280 --> 00:49:51,480 SO WHAT PUBLIC HEALTH OFFICIALS 1322 00:49:51,480 --> 00:49:54,040 ARE DOING, WHICH I THINK IS 1323 00:49:54,040 --> 00:49:57,600 REALLY SMART HERE, PUBLIC HEALTH 1324 00:49:57,600 --> 00:50:01,120 OFFICIALS ARE SAYING IT'S NOT 1325 00:50:01,120 --> 00:50:02,280 RACE. 1326 00:50:02,280 --> 00:50:04,400 IT'S IN FACT ANTI-BLACK RACISM 1327 00:50:04,400 --> 00:50:07,560 THAT'S CREATING THIS BIRTHING 1328 00:50:07,560 --> 00:50:08,240 CRISIS. 1329 00:50:08,240 --> 00:50:11,560 RACHEL HARDMAN, PUBLIC SCHOLAR 1330 00:50:11,560 --> 00:50:12,960 AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA 1331 00:50:12,960 --> 00:50:17,280 SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, SHE AND 1332 00:50:17,280 --> 00:50:22,160 HER RESEARCH TEAM COMBED THROUGH 1333 00:50:22,160 --> 00:50:24,440 DOCUMENTS LOOKING FOR RESEARCH. 1334 00:50:24,440 --> 00:50:26,560 AND IT WAS PUBLISHED IN 1335 00:50:26,560 --> 00:50:27,920 JANUARY 2021 IN THE WASHINGTON 1336 00:50:27,920 --> 00:50:28,120 POST. 1337 00:50:28,120 --> 00:50:31,520 THEY FOUND A TANTALIZING 1338 00:50:31,520 --> 00:50:37,880 STATISTIC IN THE FORWARD OF THE 1339 00:50:37,880 --> 00:50:38,080 BOOK. 1340 00:50:38,080 --> 00:50:46,160 BLACK NEWBORNS LIKELY TO DIE AND 1341 00:50:46,160 --> 00:50:47,880 NEONATOLOGISTS AND 1342 00:50:47,880 --> 00:50:49,240 PRACTITIONERS, IT WAS CUT IN 1343 00:50:49,240 --> 00:50:50,240 HALF. 1344 00:50:50,240 --> 00:50:55,040 AND YOU COULD FIND THESE REPORTS 1345 00:50:55,040 --> 00:50:56,680 ACROSS MULTIPLE RESEARCH 1346 00:50:56,680 --> 00:50:57,040 ORGANIZATIONS. 1347 00:50:57,040 --> 00:51:00,600 SO THEY'RE FINDING WHEN THE 1348 00:51:00,600 --> 00:51:05,080 PRACTITIONERS ARE BLACK, THOSE 1349 00:51:05,080 --> 00:51:05,720 MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY RATES 1350 00:51:05,720 --> 00:51:07,040 ARE CUT IN HALF. 1351 00:51:07,040 --> 00:51:11,200 SO A PART OF WHAT I'M DOING AS A 1352 00:51:11,200 --> 00:51:14,280 HISTORIAN WHO DOESN'T WANT TO 1353 00:51:14,280 --> 00:51:17,000 JUST PRESENT INFORMATION, BUT 1354 00:51:17,000 --> 00:51:18,480 JUST TALK ABOUT THE WAYS THAT 1355 00:51:18,480 --> 00:51:22,160 THE SYSTEM STAYS WITH US IS TO 1356 00:51:22,160 --> 00:51:25,680 HAVE US REALLY THINK ABOUT THESE 1357 00:51:25,680 --> 00:51:26,760 HISTORICAL FIGURES NOT AS 1358 00:51:26,760 --> 00:51:28,920 SCIENTIFIC OBJECTS OF INQUIRY 1359 00:51:28,920 --> 00:51:31,080 BUT REALLY AS HUMAN SUBJECTS. 1360 00:51:31,080 --> 00:51:34,240 AND HUMAN SUBJECTS WHO NEEDED 1361 00:51:34,240 --> 00:51:38,920 CARE AND MORE IMPORTANT TO THINK 1362 00:51:38,920 --> 00:51:40,760 ABOUT THEIR CHILDREN'S 1363 00:51:40,760 --> 00:51:43,000 CHILDREN'S CHILDREN, THE 1364 00:51:43,000 --> 00:51:43,680 DESCENDANTS AS PEOPLE WHO 1365 00:51:43,680 --> 00:51:46,600 DESERVE CARE AND PROTECTION SO 1366 00:51:46,600 --> 00:51:50,080 THAT WE CANNOT CONTINUE ON WITH 1367 00:51:50,080 --> 00:51:52,800 THESE REALLY HARD STATISTICS I 1368 00:51:52,800 --> 00:51:54,080 THANK YOU AND WELCOME YOUR 1369 00:51:54,080 --> 00:51:55,520 COMMENTS AND YOUR QUESTIONS AND 1370 00:51:55,520 --> 00:51:56,120 I'M GOING TO STOP SHARING MY 1371 00:51:56,120 --> 00:52:06,480 SCREEN. 1372 00:52:06,480 --> 00:52:09,760 >> THANK YOU, DR. COOPER OWENS. 1373 00:52:09,760 --> 00:52:10,880 FANTASTIC, WONDERFUL 1374 00:52:10,880 --> 00:52:11,280 PRESENTATION. 1375 00:52:11,280 --> 00:52:13,400 TO THOSE WHO ARE LISTENING, 1376 00:52:13,400 --> 00:52:14,880 THERE'S A LIVE FEEDBACK BUTTON 1377 00:52:14,880 --> 00:52:18,280 JUST UNDER THE VIDEO AND YOU'RE 1378 00:52:18,280 --> 00:52:20,320 WELCOME TO SEND QUESTIONS TO ME 1379 00:52:20,320 --> 00:52:22,800 THROUGH THAT LIVE FEEDBACK 1380 00:52:22,800 --> 00:52:24,960 BUTTON THEY'LL ARRIVE IN MY 1381 00:52:24,960 --> 00:52:30,360 E-MAIL I'LL TURN THEM AROUND TO 1382 00:52:30,360 --> 00:52:30,800 DR. OWENS. 1383 00:52:30,800 --> 00:52:32,040 WE HAVE A FEW THANK YOU SO MUCH 1384 00:52:32,040 --> 00:52:34,040 FOR THIS FASCINATING VERY 1385 00:52:34,040 --> 00:52:34,840 ENLIGHTENING LECTURE THE 1386 00:52:34,840 --> 00:52:37,720 QUESTION IS WHEN SIMMS HAD BLACK 1387 00:52:37,720 --> 00:52:40,160 WOMEN WHO WERE ALSO PATIENTS 1388 00:52:40,160 --> 00:52:42,280 WORKING AS SURGICAL ASSISTANTS, 1389 00:52:42,280 --> 00:52:43,320 IS THERE ANY INFORMATION ABOUT 1390 00:52:43,320 --> 00:52:45,200 HOW THEY BEHAVED TOWARD EACH 1391 00:52:45,200 --> 00:52:47,360 OTHER DURING THE SURGICAL 1392 00:52:47,360 --> 00:52:47,680 PROCEDURES? 1393 00:52:47,680 --> 00:52:49,080 IT SEEMS INTUITIVE THAT THEY 1394 00:52:49,080 --> 00:52:51,520 WOULD SUPPORT EACH OTHER AND BE 1395 00:52:51,520 --> 00:52:52,360 MORE COMPASSIONATE THAN THE 1396 00:52:52,360 --> 00:52:53,960 WHITE MALE SURGICAL ASSISTANTS 1397 00:52:53,960 --> 00:52:54,880 WHO HAD LEFT. 1398 00:52:54,880 --> 00:52:57,080 DOES SIMMS OR ANYONE WHO 1399 00:52:57,080 --> 00:52:57,960 OBSERVED HIS PROCEDURES COMMENT 1400 00:52:57,960 --> 00:52:59,520 ON THIS IN THE HISTORICAL 1401 00:52:59,520 --> 00:52:59,880 RECORD? 1402 00:52:59,880 --> 00:53:00,720 >> NO. 1403 00:53:00,720 --> 00:53:01,880 SO THIS IS -- THAT'S SUCH AN 1404 00:53:01,880 --> 00:53:03,520 IMPORTANT QUESTION. 1405 00:53:03,520 --> 00:53:05,680 THANK YOU TO WHOEVER POSED THAT 1406 00:53:05,680 --> 00:53:06,440 QUESTION SUCH AN IMPORTANT 1407 00:53:06,440 --> 00:53:08,840 QUESTION BECAUSE IT POINTS US 1408 00:53:08,840 --> 00:53:12,400 BACK TO THE IMBALANCE WHEN WE 1409 00:53:12,400 --> 00:53:16,080 THINK ABOUT THESE SOURCES HERE I 1410 00:53:16,080 --> 00:53:18,280 AM, WOMEN'S HISTORY AND SLAVERY 1411 00:53:18,280 --> 00:53:20,760 AND YET ALMOST ALL OF THE 1412 00:53:20,760 --> 00:53:24,960 SOURCES THAT I LOOK AT THAT I 1413 00:53:24,960 --> 00:53:26,680 VIEWED ARE WRITTEN BY WOMEN WHO 1414 00:53:26,680 --> 00:53:28,480 TREATED THESE WOMEN IN THE ERA 1415 00:53:28,480 --> 00:53:31,000 OF SLAVERY. 1416 00:53:31,000 --> 00:53:35,040 AND SO I HAVE TO EXTRACT 1417 00:53:35,040 --> 00:53:36,760 INFORMATION REMEMBER TO PHRASE 1418 00:53:36,760 --> 00:53:43,360 IT AS IT WAS SIMMS WROTE ABOUT 1419 00:53:43,360 --> 00:53:44,680 ONE OF THE ENSLAVED WOMEN LOSING 1420 00:53:44,680 --> 00:53:47,560 SIGHT OF HERSELF BECAUSE SHE 1421 00:53:47,560 --> 00:53:48,440 RESISTED VIOLENTLY TOWARD THAT. 1422 00:53:48,440 --> 00:53:50,200 THAT'S JUST A PHRASE. 1423 00:53:50,200 --> 00:53:51,400 I DON'T EVEN REMEMBER IF IT'S A 1424 00:53:51,400 --> 00:53:55,240 COMPLETE SENTENCE, BUT FOR ME 1425 00:53:55,240 --> 00:53:57,120 THE PHRASE BECOMES IMPORTANT 1426 00:53:57,120 --> 00:53:58,400 BECAUSE I'M ABLE TO NOW READ 1427 00:53:58,400 --> 00:54:01,400 AGAINST THE GRAIN, BECAUSE THESE 1428 00:54:01,400 --> 00:54:03,000 WOMEN DIDN'T LEAVE RECORDS IT 1429 00:54:03,000 --> 00:54:04,720 WAS ILLEGAL FOR THEM TO BE 1430 00:54:04,720 --> 00:54:06,160 FORMALLY EDUCATED. 1431 00:54:06,160 --> 00:54:09,120 AND SO THAT'S WHERE THE 1432 00:54:09,120 --> 00:54:11,840 SPECULATIVE COMES INTO U.S. 1433 00:54:11,840 --> 00:54:14,600 HISTORY, HISTORY OF SLAVERY. 1434 00:54:14,600 --> 00:54:15,240 I DON'T HAVE ANY SHAME I THINK 1435 00:54:15,240 --> 00:54:17,840 SPECULATIVE ASPECT ALLOWS US TO 1436 00:54:17,840 --> 00:54:19,200 COME UP WITH REALLY GREAT 1437 00:54:19,200 --> 00:54:20,840 QUESTIONS MUCH LIKE YOURS. 1438 00:54:20,840 --> 00:54:23,560 WE MAY NOT KNOW THE ANSWER BUT 1439 00:54:23,560 --> 00:54:25,880 WE CAN AT LEAST ASSUME FROM SOME 1440 00:54:25,880 --> 00:54:27,600 OF THE MONOGRAPHS AND STUDIES 1441 00:54:27,600 --> 00:54:31,080 THAT HAVE COME OUT I THINK OF 1442 00:54:31,080 --> 00:54:35,000 WORKING CURES BY CHARLOTTE PHAT 1443 00:54:35,000 --> 00:54:36,440 AND RETHAT SCHWARTZ BIRTH OF A 1444 00:54:36,440 --> 00:54:37,440 SLAVE SOME OF THOSE KINDS OF 1445 00:54:37,440 --> 00:54:37,680 WORKS. 1446 00:54:37,680 --> 00:54:40,480 I REALLY THINK ABOUT THE WAYS 1447 00:54:40,480 --> 00:54:43,360 THEY WRITE ABOUT COMMUNITY AND 1448 00:54:43,360 --> 00:54:47,280 THE KINDS OF COMMUNITY THAT 1449 00:54:47,280 --> 00:54:49,240 ENSLAVED PERSONS HAD TO CREATE I 1450 00:54:49,240 --> 00:54:51,600 THINK IT'S A GOOD POINT PART OF 1451 00:54:51,600 --> 00:54:55,360 THE NURTURING MIGHT HAVE LED TO 1452 00:54:55,360 --> 00:54:59,880 GENTLER CARE AS THEY LABORED 1453 00:54:59,880 --> 00:55:01,080 UNDER SIMMS. 1454 00:55:01,080 --> 00:55:02,600 >> THANK YOU. 1455 00:55:02,600 --> 00:55:04,360 SO I'M GOING TO PIGGYBACK ON 1456 00:55:04,360 --> 00:55:05,800 PART OF WHAT YOUR RESPONSE WAS 1457 00:55:05,800 --> 00:55:08,960 TO ASK YOU THIS NEXT QUESTION 1458 00:55:08,960 --> 00:55:10,800 ABOUT SOURCES. 1459 00:55:10,800 --> 00:55:12,720 AMONG ALL OF THE HISTORICAL 1460 00:55:12,720 --> 00:55:15,880 SOURCES YOU HAVE EXPLORED TO 1461 00:55:15,880 --> 00:55:17,400 REVEAL THESE STORIES IN SOME 1462 00:55:17,400 --> 00:55:20,800 CASES NOT REVEAL THEM FROM TEXTS 1463 00:55:20,800 --> 00:55:23,440 TO IMAGES TO ARTIFACTS, 1464 00:55:23,440 --> 00:55:24,600 REFERENCE THAT IN YOUR TALK. 1465 00:55:24,600 --> 00:55:26,360 ARE THERE ONE OR MORE THAT ARE 1466 00:55:26,360 --> 00:55:28,800 MOST NOTABLE IN YOUR MIND OR 1467 00:55:28,800 --> 00:55:30,480 REMARKABLE AND FOR WHAT REASON? 1468 00:55:30,480 --> 00:55:33,480 AND THE ASK OF THIS QUESTION 1469 00:55:33,480 --> 00:55:35,920 SAYS ARE THERE PARTICULAR AHA 1470 00:55:35,920 --> 00:55:37,440 MOMENTS THAT YOU HAD THAT YOU 1471 00:55:37,440 --> 00:55:41,480 WOULD LIKE TO SHARE AHA MOMENTS 1472 00:55:41,480 --> 00:55:43,880 DRAWN FROM PERHAPS A SILENCE IN 1473 00:55:43,880 --> 00:55:52,040 A SOURCE OR NOT A SILENCE. 1474 00:55:52,040 --> 00:55:53,440 >> AND SO IT'S THE ONE WHERE I 1475 00:55:53,440 --> 00:55:55,160 TALKED ABOUT THE 1850 CENSUS. 1476 00:55:55,160 --> 00:55:57,120 I LITERALLY WAS IN DC. 1477 00:55:57,120 --> 00:56:01,520 I WENT TO UC LA. 1478 00:56:01,520 --> 00:56:02,880 I DID EVERYTHING I COULD TO GET 1479 00:56:02,880 --> 00:56:04,720 TO TWO PLACES TO DO RESEARCH MY 1480 00:56:04,720 --> 00:56:05,800 FAMILY IS THERE AND OTHER IS 1481 00:56:05,800 --> 00:56:07,080 SOUTH CAROLINA, I GREW UP IN 1482 00:56:07,080 --> 00:56:08,560 SOUTH CAROLINA AS WELL I 1483 00:56:08,560 --> 00:56:13,600 REMEMBER MY MOTHER AT THE FAMILY 1484 00:56:13,600 --> 00:56:16,880 HISTORIAN SHE DOES A LOT OF 1485 00:56:16,880 --> 00:56:17,280 GENEALOGY. 1486 00:56:17,280 --> 00:56:19,600 I WANT TO COME BELONG FINE 1487 00:56:19,600 --> 00:56:21,640 MOTHER LET'S GO WE GO TO THE 1488 00:56:21,640 --> 00:56:22,960 NATIONAL ARCHIVES IN D.C. NOT 1489 00:56:22,960 --> 00:56:23,600 COLLEGE PARK. 1490 00:56:23,600 --> 00:56:25,400 AND I'M LOOKING AT THE 1491 00:56:25,400 --> 00:56:26,760 MICROFICHE, AND WHO HADN'T 1492 00:56:26,760 --> 00:56:28,200 WRITTEN ABOUT THE 1850 CENSUS 1493 00:56:28,200 --> 00:56:29,160 WITH REGARD TO SIMMS. 1494 00:56:29,160 --> 00:56:31,520 BUT THEY ALWAYS WROTE ABOUT IT 1495 00:56:31,520 --> 00:56:34,280 AS, OH, WELL, HE OWNED 17 1496 00:56:34,280 --> 00:56:36,160 ENSLAVED PEOPLE AND SO THEY 1497 00:56:36,160 --> 00:56:39,320 ATTACHED IT TO -- HE WASN'T 1498 00:56:39,320 --> 00:56:40,680 WEALTHY BUT I WASN'T INTERESTED 1499 00:56:40,680 --> 00:56:41,440 IN SIMMS. 1500 00:56:41,440 --> 00:56:45,280 I WAS INTERESTED IN THOSE 1501 00:56:45,280 --> 00:56:47,560 ENSLAVED PEOPLE. 1502 00:56:47,560 --> 00:56:52,680 AND SO IT WAS [INAUDIBLE] IT WAS 1503 00:56:52,680 --> 00:56:57,720 THIS MOLATO BABY AND I HAD TO 1504 00:56:57,720 --> 00:56:58,960 HOLD IT AS A PH.D. STUDENT YOU 1505 00:56:58,960 --> 00:57:00,800 HAD TO HOLD IT WHEN I PRESENTED 1506 00:57:00,800 --> 00:57:01,880 SOMETIMES I WOULD TELL IT 1507 00:57:01,880 --> 00:57:03,800 SOMETIMES I WOULDN'T BUT I KNEW 1508 00:57:03,800 --> 00:57:05,880 IT HAD NEVER BEEN PUBLISHED 1509 00:57:05,880 --> 00:57:07,760 BEFORE SO IT WAS A MOMENT FOR ME 1510 00:57:07,760 --> 00:57:11,000 ESPECIALLY AS A PROFESSOR NOW TO 1511 00:57:11,000 --> 00:57:14,480 TEACH STUDENTS HOW TO READ 1512 00:57:14,480 --> 00:57:15,280 SOURCES. 1513 00:57:15,280 --> 00:57:17,400 JUST FOR ME LOOKING AT IT NOT IN 1514 00:57:17,400 --> 00:57:18,440 TERMS OF HIS WEALTH. 1515 00:57:18,440 --> 00:57:20,920 I DIDN'T LOOK THE AT IT FOR 1516 00:57:20,920 --> 00:57:22,600 CLUES ABOUT SIMMS I LOOKED AT 1517 00:57:22,600 --> 00:57:24,120 THE SOURCE CLUES ON THE 1518 00:57:24,120 --> 00:57:24,480 ENSLAVED. 1519 00:57:24,480 --> 00:57:27,600 AND GUESS WHAT I FOUND? 1520 00:57:27,600 --> 00:57:29,720 THIS WHOLE LITTLE HUMAN BEING 1521 00:57:29,720 --> 00:57:31,240 WHO NO ONE WROTE ABOUT. 1522 00:57:31,240 --> 00:57:34,360 THE OTHER AHA MOMENT FOR ME WAS 1523 00:57:34,360 --> 00:57:37,840 I WAS IN THE SOUTH CAROLINIAN 1524 00:57:37,840 --> 00:57:38,480 LIBRARY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 1525 00:57:38,480 --> 00:57:40,280 SOUTH CAROLINA, I CAN TELL YOU 1526 00:57:40,280 --> 00:57:42,800 SOMETIMES THE RESEARCHERS BORING 1527 00:57:42,800 --> 00:57:43,400 YOU'RE JUST LIKE HOW MANY 1528 00:57:43,400 --> 00:57:45,760 NUMBERS DO I HAVE TO SEE IN THIS 1529 00:57:45,760 --> 00:57:46,000 LEDGER? 1530 00:57:46,000 --> 00:57:48,480 AND THEN I STARTED TO SEE A 1531 00:57:48,480 --> 00:57:50,240 PATTERN EMERGE BECAUSE REMEMBER 1532 00:57:50,240 --> 00:57:51,840 THIS IS NOT FOR ME. 1533 00:57:51,840 --> 00:57:54,280 I'M NOT A HISTORIAN OF SIMMS. 1534 00:57:54,280 --> 00:57:57,760 I'M AN HISTORIAN OF GYNECOLOGY, 1535 00:57:57,760 --> 00:57:59,480 HISTORY OF MEDICINE AND SLAVERY. 1536 00:57:59,480 --> 00:58:00,720 I'M TRYING TO THINK ABOUT THIS 1537 00:58:00,720 --> 00:58:02,440 MORE BROADLY. 1538 00:58:02,440 --> 00:58:07,600 AND SO I'M SEEING IN THESE SLAVE 1539 00:58:07,600 --> 00:58:11,640 LEDGERS IT LOOKED LIKE THERE'S A 1540 00:58:11,640 --> 00:58:12,480 APPRENTICESHIP THAT'S GOING ON 1541 00:58:12,480 --> 00:58:14,520 SO YOU WOULD SEE THE NAME OF A 1542 00:58:14,520 --> 00:58:16,480 NURSE YEAR AFTER YEAR AND THEN 1543 00:58:16,480 --> 00:58:20,080 NEXT THING YOU KNOW YOU SEE THE 1544 00:58:20,080 --> 00:58:21,520 NAME OF A NURSE SO SOMETIMES 1545 00:58:21,520 --> 00:58:25,160 THEY WOULD SAY OPEG NEW PEG 1546 00:58:25,160 --> 00:58:27,400 NURSE LIZZY. 1547 00:58:27,400 --> 00:58:29,160 AND I'M THINKING OH, MY GOSH 1548 00:58:29,160 --> 00:58:29,880 THERE'S APPRENTICESHIP THAT'S 1549 00:58:29,880 --> 00:58:37,640 GOING ON AND FOR VERY LONG TIME 1550 00:58:37,640 --> 00:58:39,320 ENSLAVERY ONLY ENSLAVED MEN WERE 1551 00:58:39,320 --> 00:58:41,840 SKILLED LABORERS NOT ENSLAVED 1552 00:58:41,840 --> 00:58:43,560 WOMEN, BUT I'M SAYING WAIT THEY 1553 00:58:43,560 --> 00:58:46,400 WERE THESE WOMEN'S VALUE 1554 00:58:46,400 --> 00:58:47,560 INCREASED AND THEY'RE ALSO 1555 00:58:47,560 --> 00:58:48,680 TRAINING FOLK AFTER SEVERAL 1556 00:58:48,680 --> 00:58:50,560 YEARS SO THAT WAS ALSO AN AHA 1557 00:58:50,560 --> 00:58:52,600 MOMENT WHERE EVEN THOUGH IT'S 1558 00:58:52,600 --> 00:58:54,720 NOT THE MAIN FOCUS, PUT IN A 1559 00:58:54,720 --> 00:58:56,640 SENTENCE OR TWO AROUND THAT 1560 00:58:56,640 --> 00:58:59,560 ISSUE AND SAY WE ALSO NOW HAVE 1561 00:58:59,560 --> 00:59:00,880 TO THINK ABOUT WHAT SKILLED 1562 00:59:00,880 --> 00:59:01,960 LABOR MEANT. 1563 00:59:01,960 --> 00:59:03,360 AND I DON'T THINK YOU FIND A 1564 00:59:03,360 --> 00:59:05,880 HISTORIAN OF SLAVERY WHO WOULD 1565 00:59:05,880 --> 00:59:09,360 ARGUE TODAY THAT BEING A MIDWIFE 1566 00:59:09,360 --> 00:59:12,960 OR NURSE IN A SLAVE COMMUNITY IS 1567 00:59:12,960 --> 00:59:18,960 NOT SKILLED LABOR. 1568 00:59:18,960 --> 00:59:20,880 >> I WANTED TO SHARE A COMMENT 1569 00:59:20,880 --> 00:59:23,200 THANK YOU FOR SHARING THIS 1570 00:59:23,200 --> 00:59:24,360 INCREDIBLY IMPORTANT AND 1571 00:59:24,360 --> 00:59:25,280 POWERFUL WORK YOU'RE GIVING 1572 00:59:25,280 --> 00:59:26,880 VOICE TO THESE ENSLAVED WOMEN 1573 00:59:26,880 --> 00:59:28,400 GIVING BACK A BIT OF DIGNITY 1574 00:59:28,400 --> 00:59:29,480 TELLING THEIR STORIES HOPEFULLY 1575 00:59:29,480 --> 00:59:31,480 THE MEDICAL FIELD CAN LEARN FROM 1576 00:59:31,480 --> 00:59:31,680 THIS. 1577 00:59:31,680 --> 00:59:34,640 >> THANK YOU THANK YOU. 1578 00:59:34,640 --> 00:59:36,440 >> WE HAVE A QUESTION THANK YOU 1579 00:59:36,440 --> 00:59:38,720 FOR THIS VERY INTERESTING AND 1580 00:59:38,720 --> 00:59:39,800 INFORMATIVE LECTURE DR. COOPER 1581 00:59:39,800 --> 00:59:40,120 OWENS. 1582 00:59:40,120 --> 00:59:41,640 AS A BLACK FEMALE STARTING 1583 00:59:41,640 --> 00:59:43,640 MEDICAL SCHOOL THIS FALL, THIS 1584 00:59:43,640 --> 00:59:44,960 LECTURE AND INFORMATION IS SO 1585 00:59:44,960 --> 00:59:47,560 IMPORTANT FOR ALL FUTURE DOCTORS 1586 00:59:47,560 --> 00:59:48,360 TO KNOW ABOUT. 1587 00:59:48,360 --> 00:59:49,280 DO YOU THINK RACISM IN THE 1588 00:59:49,280 --> 00:59:51,800 MEDICAL FIELD STILL PERSISTS 1589 00:59:51,800 --> 00:59:52,160 TODAY? 1590 00:59:52,160 --> 00:59:53,640 AND EXPLAINS WHY THERE'S STILL A 1591 00:59:53,640 --> 00:59:58,800 DISPARITY IN THE NUMBER OF BLACK 1592 00:59:58,800 --> 01:00:00,480 PHYSICIANS IN THE UNITED STATES? 1593 01:00:00,480 --> 01:00:02,280 >> YEAH. [CHUCKLING]. 1594 01:00:02,280 --> 01:00:02,720 YES. 1595 01:00:02,720 --> 01:00:06,960 I MEAN, I HAVE TO SAY YOU KNOW 1596 01:00:06,960 --> 01:00:09,840 THE RESPONSE BY THE MEDICAL 1597 01:00:09,840 --> 01:00:13,280 FIELD HAS BEEN OVERWHELMINGLY 1598 01:00:13,280 --> 01:00:13,560 POSITIVE. 1599 01:00:13,560 --> 01:00:14,840 HERE I AM SITTING IN AN OFFICE 1600 01:00:14,840 --> 01:00:16,600 AT THE UNIVERSITY OF BUFFALO 1601 01:00:16,600 --> 01:00:17,680 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE. 1602 01:00:17,680 --> 01:00:19,320 GETTING READY TO GIVE A KEYNOTE 1603 01:00:19,320 --> 01:00:22,240 LECTURE FOR THEIR DEPARTMENT OF 1604 01:00:22,240 --> 01:00:22,480 SURGERY. 1605 01:00:22,480 --> 01:00:25,280 AND THAT'S NOT AN UNCOMMON 1606 01:00:25,280 --> 01:00:27,320 INVITATION FOR ME TO ACCEPT. 1607 01:00:27,320 --> 01:00:31,560 SCHOOLS OF NURSING, SAME THING. 1608 01:00:31,560 --> 01:00:33,720 SO IT'S BEEN AT LEAST FROM THIS 1609 01:00:33,720 --> 01:00:36,400 SIDE OF THINGS, IT'S BEEN 1610 01:00:36,400 --> 01:00:38,360 PROMISING, BUT I MUST SAY I WAS 1611 01:00:38,360 --> 01:00:40,560 REALLY BROUGHT TO THE FORE IN 1612 01:00:40,560 --> 01:00:42,600 THIS KIND OF CONVERSATION WITH 1613 01:00:42,600 --> 01:00:43,520 MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS BECAUSE OF 1614 01:00:43,520 --> 01:00:47,600 THE WORK OF BLACK JEWELLERS AND 1615 01:00:47,600 --> 01:00:49,720 MIDWIVES LIVING IN NEW YORK. 1616 01:00:49,720 --> 01:00:50,520 THESE WOMEN KNEW MY WORK WE HAVE 1617 01:00:50,520 --> 01:00:52,680 PLACED IT ON THE SYLLABUS WHEN 1618 01:00:52,680 --> 01:00:55,120 WE'RE TRAINING DULAS COME AND 1619 01:00:55,120 --> 01:00:56,520 TALK LET'S TALK ABOUT YOUR 1620 01:00:56,520 --> 01:00:57,200 RESEARCH, LET'S FORM 1621 01:00:57,200 --> 01:00:57,560 PARTNERSHIPS. 1622 01:00:57,560 --> 01:00:59,880 AND SO THEY WERE REALLY THE ONES 1623 01:00:59,880 --> 01:01:01,000 KIND OF TWO OR THREE STEPS AHEAD 1624 01:01:01,000 --> 01:01:02,440 OF OF THE GAME. 1625 01:01:02,440 --> 01:01:04,640 AND THEN IT WAS UNTIL ABOUT LAST 1626 01:01:04,640 --> 01:01:07,480 YEAR OR SO THAT THE SCHOOLS AND 1627 01:01:07,480 --> 01:01:10,520 THE ORGANIZATIONS ACOG, NATIONAL 1628 01:01:10,520 --> 01:01:14,040 -- WAS IT I FORGET THE ACRONYM, 1629 01:01:14,040 --> 01:01:15,760 I THINK IT MIGHT BE NCNW FOR THE 1630 01:01:15,760 --> 01:01:16,840 NURSE MIDWIVES. 1631 01:01:16,840 --> 01:01:18,240 BUT ALL OF THESE ORGANIZATIONS 1632 01:01:18,240 --> 01:01:20,480 START TO COME IN A CAN YOU HELP 1633 01:01:20,480 --> 01:01:21,280 US WITH LEARNING MODULES. 1634 01:01:21,280 --> 01:01:23,560 SO THE SCHOOLS ARE AWARE. 1635 01:01:23,560 --> 01:01:27,560 THEY'RE TRYING TO MAKE SOME 1636 01:01:27,560 --> 01:01:31,520 STRUCTURAL CHANGES. 1637 01:01:31,520 --> 01:01:34,280 AND I'M JUST HOPEFUL IT WON'T GO 1638 01:01:34,280 --> 01:01:35,160 AWAY THAT THESE WILL BE 1639 01:01:35,160 --> 01:01:35,920 CONSIDERED COURSES THAT ARE 1640 01:01:35,920 --> 01:01:40,440 REQUIRED AND NOT JUST ELECTIVE 1641 01:01:40,440 --> 01:01:40,680 COURSES. 1642 01:01:40,680 --> 01:01:41,920 SO I'M DOING MY BEST. 1643 01:01:41,920 --> 01:01:43,520 I ACT AS A CONSULTANT FOR MANY 1644 01:01:43,520 --> 01:01:45,720 OF THEM IN TERMS OF CURRICULUM 1645 01:01:45,720 --> 01:01:47,640 DESIGN AND REDESIGN. 1646 01:01:47,640 --> 01:01:51,520 SO KEEPING MY FINGERS CROSSED. 1647 01:01:51,520 --> 01:01:52,280 >> THANK YOU. 1648 01:01:52,280 --> 01:01:54,680 SO LET'S SEGUE INTO A QUESTION 1649 01:01:54,680 --> 01:01:56,480 ABOUT CURRICULUM. 1650 01:01:56,480 --> 01:01:57,000 OUTSTANDING TALK. 1651 01:01:57,000 --> 01:01:59,200 THIS INDIVIDUAL WRITES AND DO 1652 01:01:59,200 --> 01:02:01,360 YOU HAVE ANY IDEAS OR EXPERIENCE 1653 01:02:01,360 --> 01:02:02,560 WITH INTEGRATING THIS INTO 1654 01:02:02,560 --> 01:02:04,160 MEDICAL STUDENTS' CURRICULUM. 1655 01:02:04,160 --> 01:02:06,560 MAYBE YOU CAN TALK ABOUT MORE 1656 01:02:06,560 --> 01:02:08,360 ABOUT THIS FOR THIS PARTICULAR 1657 01:02:08,360 --> 01:02:08,640 LISTENER. 1658 01:02:08,640 --> 01:02:09,520 >> ONE OF THE SCHOOLS. 1659 01:02:09,520 --> 01:02:13,080 SO IT'S IRONIC, ONE OF THE 1660 01:02:13,080 --> 01:02:14,800 SCHOOLS WHERE I FELT -- 1661 01:02:14,800 --> 01:02:16,200 CURRICULUM DESIGN AND LEARNING 1662 01:02:16,200 --> 01:02:17,480 MODULES JEFFERSON MEDICAL 1663 01:02:17,480 --> 01:02:19,480 COLLEGE, THAT'S SIMMS' ALMA 1664 01:02:19,480 --> 01:02:19,680 MATER. 1665 01:02:19,680 --> 01:02:23,560 YOU CAN IMAGINE, THEY ARE REALLY 1666 01:02:23,560 --> 01:02:27,080 INTERESTED IN DEI ISSUES, 1667 01:02:27,080 --> 01:02:28,760 CHANGING THE CURRICULUM TO BE 1668 01:02:28,760 --> 01:02:33,120 MORE AWARE AND REFLECTIVE OF 1669 01:02:33,120 --> 01:02:40,640 THESE KINDS OF HISTORIES MORE 1670 01:02:40,640 --> 01:02:42,640 CULTURALLY CENTERED, CLINICAL 1671 01:02:42,640 --> 01:02:43,440 PRACTICE MODELS. 1672 01:02:43,440 --> 01:02:47,600 I'VE DONE SOME WORK IN TERMS OF 1673 01:02:47,600 --> 01:02:51,680 THE CALIFORNIA STATE BOARD OF 1674 01:02:51,680 --> 01:02:57,320 HEALTH, WITH HELPING THEM TO 1675 01:02:57,320 --> 01:02:58,160 CONTEXTUALIZE THROUGH HISTORY 1676 01:02:58,160 --> 01:03:00,840 THE WAY THESE DISPARITIES CROP 1677 01:03:00,840 --> 01:03:02,400 UP AND HOW WE CAN POTENTIALLY 1678 01:03:02,400 --> 01:03:05,400 CHANGE THOSE NUMBERS. 1679 01:03:05,400 --> 01:03:08,480 I'VE WORKED WITH MY GOODNESS 1680 01:03:08,480 --> 01:03:09,880 DULA ORGANIZATIONS IN TERMS OF 1681 01:03:09,880 --> 01:03:11,600 THEIR CURRICULUM WITH THEIR 1682 01:03:11,600 --> 01:03:14,000 PARTNERSHIPS, PARTICULARLY IN 1683 01:03:14,000 --> 01:03:17,080 NEW YORK WITH MOMMA GLOW 1684 01:03:17,080 --> 01:03:21,120 ANCESTRAL SPIRITS, SHANEL 1685 01:03:21,120 --> 01:03:22,480 PORSCHE IN -- OH, MY GOSH, IT'S 1686 01:03:22,480 --> 01:03:23,560 ESCAPED ME I'VE WORKED WITH SO 1687 01:03:23,560 --> 01:03:26,120 MANY PLACES, LARGE PART IS I'M 1688 01:03:26,120 --> 01:03:28,040 ALWAYS LIKE YOU ALL CAN READ 1689 01:03:28,040 --> 01:03:30,040 BOOKS FROM THE HUMANITIES SOCIAL 1690 01:03:30,040 --> 01:03:31,560 SCIENCES ON THE HISTORY OF 1691 01:03:31,560 --> 01:03:33,600 MEDICINE I PROMISE YOU IT WON'T 1692 01:03:33,600 --> 01:03:35,560 TAKE YOU THAT FAR OFF COURSE. 1693 01:03:35,560 --> 01:03:37,000 SO I WOULD SAY JUST 1694 01:03:37,000 --> 01:03:38,960 INCORPORATING THOSE THINGS, BUT 1695 01:03:38,960 --> 01:03:41,240 ALSO HAVING REALLY CULTURAL 1696 01:03:41,240 --> 01:03:41,880 SENSITIVE LEARNING MODELS AND A 1697 01:03:41,880 --> 01:03:44,040 LOT OF FOLKS IN THE AGE OF COVID 1698 01:03:44,040 --> 01:03:47,320 ARE DOING THAT VIA THESE VISUAL 1699 01:03:47,320 --> 01:03:48,840 LEARNING MODULES SO THAT 1700 01:03:48,840 --> 01:03:50,920 STUDENTS CAN ACCESS THEM AT ANY 1701 01:03:50,920 --> 01:03:52,120 TIME AND ALSO FACULTY MEMBERS 1702 01:03:52,120 --> 01:03:52,760 TOO. 1703 01:03:52,760 --> 01:03:54,000 SO THAT HAS BEEN SOMETHING 1704 01:03:54,000 --> 01:03:57,160 THAT'S BEEN REALLY HELPFUL AS 1705 01:03:57,160 --> 01:03:57,360 WELL. 1706 01:03:57,360 --> 01:03:58,680 >> THANK YOU. 1707 01:03:58,680 --> 01:03:59,960 YOU MENTIONED NEW YORK, OF 1708 01:03:59,960 --> 01:04:01,520 COURSE, IN YOUR TALK. 1709 01:04:01,520 --> 01:04:02,840 THIS COMES UP IN THE NEXT 1710 01:04:02,840 --> 01:04:03,320 QUESTION. 1711 01:04:03,320 --> 01:04:06,680 SOMEONE WRITES IN I'M AN OB/GYN 1712 01:04:06,680 --> 01:04:07,720 PRACTICED IN SOUTH CAROLINA FOR 1713 01:04:07,720 --> 01:04:09,680 15 YEARS, JM SIMMS HAS BUILDINGS 1714 01:04:09,680 --> 01:04:10,960 NAMED AFTER HIM THERE. 1715 01:04:10,960 --> 01:04:13,920 HE ALSO SPENT TIME IN NEW YORK 1716 01:04:13,920 --> 01:04:14,120 CITY. 1717 01:04:14,120 --> 01:04:15,600 A STATUE OF HIM ON FIFTH AVENUE 1718 01:04:15,600 --> 01:04:18,080 WAS REMOVED WITHIN THE LAST FEW 1719 01:04:18,080 --> 01:04:18,400 YEARS. 1720 01:04:18,400 --> 01:04:20,200 SEEMED TO ME HE MOVED AROUND A 1721 01:04:20,200 --> 01:04:20,360 LOT. 1722 01:04:20,360 --> 01:04:21,360 WAS THIS JUST CAREER ADVANCEMENT 1723 01:04:21,360 --> 01:04:22,920 OR WAS HE RUNNING FROM SOMETHING 1724 01:04:22,920 --> 01:04:26,440 DUE TO HIS BEHAVIOR IN WHICH YOU 1725 01:04:26,440 --> 01:04:27,560 POINT OUT MAY HAVE BEEN 1726 01:04:27,560 --> 01:04:28,680 ETHICALLY QUESTIONABLE DURING 1727 01:04:28,680 --> 01:04:28,960 THAT TIME. 1728 01:04:28,960 --> 01:04:31,880 >> NO, HE WASN'T RUNNING FROM 1729 01:04:31,880 --> 01:04:32,120 ANYTHING. 1730 01:04:32,120 --> 01:04:37,360 IN FACT, HE WAS LAUDED. 1731 01:04:37,360 --> 01:04:41,960 I WAS BORN IN THE LOW COUNTRY 1732 01:04:41,960 --> 01:04:45,040 AND DC UP COUNTRY, I WENT TO 1733 01:04:45,040 --> 01:04:50,960 MIDDLE SCHOOL IN IF SOUTHEAST. 1734 01:04:50,960 --> 01:04:51,880 TEACHERS FROM HOMETOWN SOUTH 1735 01:04:51,880 --> 01:04:52,160 CAROLINA. 1736 01:04:52,160 --> 01:04:53,560 HE WAS BORN IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 1737 01:04:53,560 --> 01:04:54,360 SETS UP PRACTICE. 1738 01:04:54,360 --> 01:04:55,200 THE ONLY TIME HE WAS RUNNING 1739 01:04:55,200 --> 01:04:56,640 FROM SOMETHING, AND I DO THINK 1740 01:04:56,640 --> 01:04:58,120 THERE'S A FACT THAT I NEED TO 1741 01:04:58,120 --> 01:05:00,280 INSERT IN HERE. 1742 01:05:00,280 --> 01:05:02,520 HE DOES LEAVE SOUTH CAROLINA AND 1743 01:05:02,520 --> 01:05:05,440 HE MOVES TO ALABAMA, BECAUSE TWO 1744 01:05:05,440 --> 01:05:06,520 NEGRO INFANTS DIED UNDER HIS 1745 01:05:06,520 --> 01:05:07,240 CARE. 1746 01:05:07,240 --> 01:05:08,560 AND SO PEOPLE ARE NOT GOING TO 1747 01:05:08,560 --> 01:05:10,280 WANT -- THEY DON'T WANT TO GO TO 1748 01:05:10,280 --> 01:05:13,720 A DOCTOR WHERE PATIENTS DIE. 1749 01:05:13,720 --> 01:05:15,600 AND 19TH CENTURY MEDICINE 1750 01:05:15,600 --> 01:05:17,920 SOMETIMES IT WAS BEST NOT TO GO 1751 01:05:17,920 --> 01:05:18,960 TO A DOCTOR IN 19TH CENTURY 1752 01:05:18,960 --> 01:05:20,680 BECAUSE YOU HAD A WORSE OUTCOME. 1753 01:05:20,680 --> 01:05:21,680 THIS IS BEFORE GERM THEORY. 1754 01:05:21,680 --> 01:05:24,160 BUT BY THE TIME HE GOES TO MOVES 1755 01:05:24,160 --> 01:05:26,760 TO ALABAMA, OH, HE'S WELL 1756 01:05:26,760 --> 01:05:27,040 RESPECTED. 1757 01:05:27,040 --> 01:05:28,440 WHICH IS HOW HE'S ABLE TO GO TO 1758 01:05:28,440 --> 01:05:29,440 NEW YORK AND GET THE INVESTORS 1759 01:05:29,440 --> 01:05:39,600 SO THAT HE CAN OPEN UP THIS 1760 01:05:39,600 --> 01:05:40,560 HOSPITAL. 1761 01:05:40,560 --> 01:05:43,000 HE TRAVELS TREATING RICH PEOPLE 1762 01:05:43,000 --> 01:05:45,200 GLOBAL AND HE'S NOT RUNNING FROM 1763 01:05:45,200 --> 01:05:46,280 ANYTHING HE'S LAUDED DURING LIFE 1764 01:05:46,280 --> 01:05:48,360 AND AFTER DEATH HIS COLLEAGUES 1765 01:05:48,360 --> 01:05:50,840 WAS HE WAS THE FATHER OF 1766 01:05:50,840 --> 01:05:52,880 AMERICAN GYNECOLOGY. 1767 01:05:52,880 --> 01:05:55,160 SO THAT'S THE THING. 1768 01:05:55,160 --> 01:05:57,440 SIMMS LIVED A CHARMED LIFE. 1769 01:05:57,440 --> 01:06:01,800 I OFTEN THINK ABOUT THE WOMEN. 1770 01:06:01,800 --> 01:06:03,400 NOT JUST THAT SIMMS EXPERIMENTED 1771 01:06:03,400 --> 01:06:06,680 ON, BUT LIKE ALL OF THE WOMEN 1772 01:06:06,680 --> 01:06:09,440 THAT I WRITE ABOUT SPREAD ACROSS 1773 01:06:09,440 --> 01:06:13,400 THE SLAVE HOLDING SOUTH. 1774 01:06:13,400 --> 01:06:15,640 I WONDER ABOUT HOW THEY REJOIN 1775 01:06:15,640 --> 01:06:16,720 THEIR COMMUNITIES, WHETHER THEY 1776 01:06:16,720 --> 01:06:20,560 WERE EMOTIONALLY PSYCHOLOGICALLY 1777 01:06:20,560 --> 01:06:21,760 INTACT AND UNFORTUNATELY WE 1778 01:06:21,760 --> 01:06:24,800 DON'T GET ENOUGH IN TERMS OF THE 1779 01:06:24,800 --> 01:06:26,360 RECORDS THAT GIVES US 1780 01:06:26,360 --> 01:06:26,720 COMPLETION. 1781 01:06:26,720 --> 01:06:30,000 SO ALL I CAN DO AS SOMEONE SAID, 1782 01:06:30,000 --> 01:06:32,480 ALL I CAN DO IS MY BEST TO 1783 01:06:32,480 --> 01:06:34,320 REALLY PRESENT THEM IN A 1784 01:06:34,320 --> 01:06:37,240 THREE-DIMENSIONAL WAY TO SHOW 1785 01:06:37,240 --> 01:06:40,800 PEOPLE THAT THEY WERE SMART AND 1786 01:06:40,800 --> 01:06:43,280 THEY WERE DIGNIFIED EVEN LIVING 1787 01:06:43,280 --> 01:06:46,160 IN A WORLD THAT DIDN'T ACCORD 1788 01:06:46,160 --> 01:06:47,080 THEM DIGNITY THEY HELD 1789 01:06:47,080 --> 01:06:48,440 THEMSELVES TO A STANDARD AND I 1790 01:06:48,440 --> 01:06:52,000 HOPE THAT COMES THROUGH ON THE 1791 01:06:52,000 --> 01:06:52,480 PAGES. 1792 01:06:52,480 --> 01:06:54,280 >> YOUR BOOK CERTAINLY DOES. 1793 01:06:54,280 --> 01:06:55,640 WE HAVE ONE FINAL QUESTION. 1794 01:06:55,640 --> 01:06:56,440 AND THIS IS SOMETHING THAT YOU 1795 01:06:56,440 --> 01:06:57,760 DIDN'T SPEAK ABOUT TOWARD THE 1796 01:06:57,760 --> 01:06:58,880 END OF YOUR PRESENTATION BUT 1797 01:06:58,880 --> 01:07:00,800 MAYBE WE CAN UNPACK THIS A 1798 01:07:00,800 --> 01:07:01,800 LITTLE BIT MORE. 1799 01:07:01,800 --> 01:07:04,040 THANK YOU FOR THIS WONDERFUL 1800 01:07:04,040 --> 01:07:05,600 PRESENTATION, THIS LISTENER 1801 01:07:05,600 --> 01:07:06,880 WRITES SOME PARTS DEFINITELY 1802 01:07:06,880 --> 01:07:08,960 HOME BEING A BLACK FEMALE WHOSE 1803 01:07:08,960 --> 01:07:12,800 INTEREST IN OB/GYN CAME BETWEEN 1804 01:07:12,800 --> 01:07:14,200 THE INTERSECTION OF ETHICS 1805 01:07:14,200 --> 01:07:15,600 MEDICINE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF 1806 01:07:15,600 --> 01:07:17,240 HEALTH DISPARITIES WITHIN 1807 01:07:17,240 --> 01:07:19,600 MINORITY COMMUNITIES ARE OFTEN 1808 01:07:19,600 --> 01:07:20,200 DISCUSSED HOWEVER WOULD YOU 1809 01:07:20,200 --> 01:07:21,840 ADDRESS THESE CONCERNS BE PUT 1810 01:07:21,840 --> 01:07:24,240 INTO ACTION TO MAKE CHANGE. 1811 01:07:24,240 --> 01:07:27,320 WHETHER YOU COULD TALK MORE 1812 01:07:27,320 --> 01:07:28,960 ABOUT THAT CONCLUDE ON VERY 1813 01:07:28,960 --> 01:07:29,680 IMPORTANT NOTE. 1814 01:07:29,680 --> 01:07:31,120 >> THANKS FOR SHARING THAT. 1815 01:07:31,120 --> 01:07:34,440 I THINK IT'S REALLY ABOUT 1816 01:07:34,440 --> 01:07:36,160 LISTENING TO BLACK PEOPLE. 1817 01:07:36,160 --> 01:07:39,440 AND LISTENING TO WHAT THEY'RE 1818 01:07:39,440 --> 01:07:40,680 SAYING, ACCORDING THEM THE 1819 01:07:40,680 --> 01:07:41,200 RESPECT THEY DESERVE. 1820 01:07:41,200 --> 01:07:42,800 I OFTEN SAY THE PERSON WHO 1821 01:07:42,800 --> 01:07:44,320 TALKED ABOUT RUNNING, SOMETIMES 1822 01:07:44,320 --> 01:07:48,360 I FEEL LIKE I'M ALWAYS RUNNING 1823 01:07:48,360 --> 01:07:51,560 BECAUSE I'M DELIVERING IN ALL 1824 01:07:51,560 --> 01:07:53,400 THESE PLACES I REMEMBER WHEN I 1825 01:07:53,400 --> 01:07:55,120 WAS IN MISSISSIPPI CONSIDERED 1826 01:07:55,120 --> 01:07:56,920 ONE OF THE FATTEST STATES IN THE 1827 01:07:56,920 --> 01:07:58,520 NATION IN TERMS OF BMI AND ALL 1828 01:07:58,520 --> 01:07:59,040 THAT STUFF. 1829 01:07:59,040 --> 01:08:01,840 AND SO AS I'M DOING THIS, I'M 1830 01:08:01,840 --> 01:08:03,200 THINKING, WAIT, THERE ARE LOTS 1831 01:08:03,200 --> 01:08:06,160 OF FAT WHITE WOMEN. 1832 01:08:06,160 --> 01:08:06,880 AND I DON'T WANT ANYBODY TO 1833 01:08:06,880 --> 01:08:11,480 SUFFER FROM INFANT MORTALITY OR 1834 01:08:11,480 --> 01:08:15,600 MORBIDITY OR THEIR OWN MORTALITY 1835 01:08:15,600 --> 01:08:17,280 AND MORBIDITY RELATED TO BIRTH. 1836 01:08:17,280 --> 01:08:18,240 THERE'S ALL THESE FAT WHITE 1837 01:08:18,240 --> 01:08:20,080 PEOPLE AROUND HERE WHO HAVE THE 1838 01:08:20,080 --> 01:08:23,120 SAME CONDITIONS AS THE BLACK 1839 01:08:23,120 --> 01:08:24,920 FOLK AND YET BLACK PEOPLE, WOMEN 1840 01:08:24,920 --> 01:08:27,400 AND CHILDREN ARE DYING AT THESE 1841 01:08:27,400 --> 01:08:27,920 ALARMING RATES. 1842 01:08:27,920 --> 01:08:29,960 I'M LIKE NUMBER ONE WHAT IF WE 1843 01:08:29,960 --> 01:08:32,080 LISTEN TO THEM AND DON'T ASSUME 1844 01:08:32,080 --> 01:08:35,600 THAT THEY ARE PATHOLOGICAL OR 1845 01:08:35,600 --> 01:08:37,560 CRIMINAL. 1846 01:08:37,560 --> 01:08:39,560 IF SOMEONE TELLS YOU I'M IN PAIN 1847 01:08:39,560 --> 01:08:40,640 THEY'VE LIVED IN THAT BODY A 1848 01:08:40,640 --> 01:08:41,880 LONG TIME SO THEY UNDERSTAND 1849 01:08:41,880 --> 01:08:42,520 WHAT PAIN FEELS LIKE. 1850 01:08:42,520 --> 01:08:44,200 SO TO RESPECT THEM. 1851 01:08:44,200 --> 01:08:45,640 THIS NOTION THAT BLACK PEOPLE 1852 01:08:45,640 --> 01:08:47,680 DESIRE DRUGS AND THEY'RE TRYING 1853 01:08:47,680 --> 01:08:50,040 TO SOMEHOW FOOL THE MEDICAL 1854 01:08:50,040 --> 01:08:50,280 WORKER. 1855 01:08:50,280 --> 01:08:52,000 AND I OFTEN HAVE TO GO TO THE 1856 01:08:52,000 --> 01:08:52,200 STATS. 1857 01:08:52,200 --> 01:08:55,040 I'M LIKE SO THE STATS SHOW ONCE 1858 01:08:55,040 --> 01:08:56,960 AGAIN STATISTICALLY WHITE PEOPLE 1859 01:08:56,960 --> 01:08:58,840 USE MORE DRUGS. BUT IT ALSO 1860 01:08:58,840 --> 01:08:59,600 MAKES SENSE BECAUSE THERE'S MORE 1861 01:08:59,600 --> 01:09:00,600 WHITE PEOPLE IN THE UNITED 1862 01:09:00,600 --> 01:09:01,480 STATES THAN BLACK PEOPLE. 1863 01:09:01,480 --> 01:09:03,120 BUT IN TERMS OF STATISTICS, 1864 01:09:03,120 --> 01:09:05,200 WHITE PEOPLE USE AND RELY ON 1865 01:09:05,200 --> 01:09:08,960 DRUGS MORE SO THAN BLACK PEOPLE 1866 01:09:08,960 --> 01:09:09,200 DO. 1867 01:09:09,200 --> 01:09:10,600 SO ALL BLACK PEOPLE ARE 1868 01:09:10,600 --> 01:09:12,040 LITERALLY SAYING IS JUST TREAT 1869 01:09:12,040 --> 01:09:13,320 US LIKE YOU TREAT OTHER 1870 01:09:13,320 --> 01:09:13,640 PATIENTS. 1871 01:09:13,640 --> 01:09:15,280 WE'RE NOT ASKING YOU FOR YOU TO 1872 01:09:15,280 --> 01:09:18,000 PERFORM MAGIC, WE LITERALLY WANT 1873 01:09:18,000 --> 01:09:18,840 TO LIVE. 1874 01:09:18,840 --> 01:09:22,120 WE WANT QUALITY OF CARE. 1875 01:09:22,120 --> 01:09:25,480 I WAS ON THE PANEL WITH ANOTHER 1876 01:09:25,480 --> 01:09:26,200 WASHINGTON D.C. NATIVE, I'LL 1877 01:09:26,200 --> 01:09:28,800 CALL HIM DR. BEEN. 1878 01:09:28,800 --> 01:09:29,520 RAISED IN SEATTLE. 1879 01:09:29,520 --> 01:09:30,480 I FORGET HIS LAST NAME. 1880 01:09:30,480 --> 01:09:32,240 BUT REALLY FAMOUS GUY. 1881 01:09:32,240 --> 01:09:33,640 HE BECOMES A WHISTLEBLOWER 1882 01:09:33,640 --> 01:09:36,040 BECAUSE HE SEES THE RACIST 1883 01:09:36,040 --> 01:09:37,840 TREATMENT AND CLASSIST TREATMENT 1884 01:09:37,840 --> 01:09:39,400 OF HIS PATIENTS. 1885 01:09:39,400 --> 01:09:42,040 THIS MAN WENT TO HARVARD. 1886 01:09:42,040 --> 01:09:45,280 HE COULD HAVE TURNED A BLIND 1887 01:09:45,280 --> 01:09:45,440 EYE. 1888 01:09:45,440 --> 01:09:50,840 HE COULD HAVE TURNED AWAY, I 1889 01:09:50,840 --> 01:09:52,600 APOLOGIES FOR THAT STATEMENT, HE 1890 01:09:52,600 --> 01:09:55,280 COULD HAVE TURNED AWAY, HE 1891 01:09:55,280 --> 01:09:56,760 REPORTED IT. 1892 01:09:56,760 --> 01:09:58,040 WHAT HE WAS ABLE TO DO WAS, I 1893 01:09:58,040 --> 01:10:01,560 DON'T KNOW HOW HE COZIED UP TO 1894 01:10:01,560 --> 01:10:02,600 JEFF BEZOS AND THOSE 1895 01:10:02,600 --> 01:10:04,360 BILLIONAIRES BUT HE WAS ABLE TO 1896 01:10:04,360 --> 01:10:05,120 GET THE SEATTLE CITY GOVERNMENT 1897 01:10:05,120 --> 01:10:07,600 TO AGREE WITHIN THE NEXT THREE 1898 01:10:07,600 --> 01:10:10,080 OR FOUR YEARS TO NOT CRIMINALIZE 1899 01:10:10,080 --> 01:10:11,960 ANY YOUTH BEYOND 18 BECAUSE 1900 01:10:11,960 --> 01:10:14,080 THAT'S CONSIDERED CHILD ABUSE. 1901 01:10:14,080 --> 01:10:17,600 HE DID THIS AS A BLACK 1902 01:10:17,600 --> 01:10:17,960 PEDIATRICIAN. 1903 01:10:17,960 --> 01:10:18,920 IF YOU'RE UNDER THE -- THE AGE 1904 01:10:18,920 --> 01:10:20,680 OF 18 OR UNDER YOU CANNOT BE 1905 01:10:20,680 --> 01:10:24,200 ARRESTED AND PENALIZED AND SENT 1906 01:10:24,200 --> 01:10:27,880 TO PRISON OR DETENTION CENTER. 1907 01:10:27,880 --> 01:10:29,920 THAT'S ONE OF THE WAYS TO SAVE 1908 01:10:29,920 --> 01:10:30,600 OUR CHILDREN. 1909 01:10:30,600 --> 01:10:31,920 I THINK WE NEED TO PUT COMMUNITY 1910 01:10:31,920 --> 01:10:33,480 MEMBERS ON THESE ADVISORY BOARDS 1911 01:10:33,480 --> 01:10:34,400 AND NOT THINK ABOUT BOARD 1912 01:10:34,400 --> 01:10:36,640 MEMBERS AS JUST DONATING WEALTH 1913 01:10:36,640 --> 01:10:38,040 OR HAVING WEALTH BUT ACTUALLY 1914 01:10:38,040 --> 01:10:40,000 PUT PEOPLE FROM THE COMMUNITY 1915 01:10:40,000 --> 01:10:41,040 THERE, CHANGE THE CURRICULUM AS 1916 01:10:41,040 --> 01:10:44,240 I SPOKE TO BEFORE, LISTEN TO 1917 01:10:44,240 --> 01:10:45,160 BLACK PATIENTS. 1918 01:10:45,160 --> 01:10:48,200 AND RECOGNIZE THAT RACE IS NOT A 1919 01:10:48,200 --> 01:10:49,480 BIOLOGICAL CONSTRUCT. 1920 01:10:49,480 --> 01:10:51,160 I'M CONSTANTLY TELLING PEOPLE 1921 01:10:51,160 --> 01:10:51,440 THAT. 1922 01:10:51,440 --> 01:10:53,000 IT'S NOT A BIOLOGICAL CONSTRUCT. 1923 01:10:53,000 --> 01:10:57,080 SO WHAT THAT MEANS IS SOME FOLK 1924 01:10:57,080 --> 01:11:00,640 WHO BELIEVE IN IT ALSO HAVE TO 1925 01:11:00,640 --> 01:11:01,720 DIVORCE THEMSELVES FROM THIS 1926 01:11:01,720 --> 01:11:05,000 BELIEF THAT BIOLOGICAL 1927 01:11:05,000 --> 01:11:07,640 DISTINCTIVENESS EXISTS. 1928 01:11:07,640 --> 01:11:08,240 IT DOESN'T. 1929 01:11:08,240 --> 01:11:10,360 SO A, I DON'T KNOW HOW TO CHANGE 1930 01:11:10,360 --> 01:11:12,040 PEOPLE'S HEARTS BUT AT LEAST I 1931 01:11:12,040 --> 01:11:13,680 KNOW HOW WE CAN USE FACTUAL 1932 01:11:13,680 --> 01:11:14,400 INFORMATION TO CHANGE THEIR 1933 01:11:14,400 --> 01:11:15,080 PRACTICES. 1934 01:11:15,080 --> 01:11:17,320 OH, AND THE LAST THING, I THINK 1935 01:11:17,320 --> 01:11:19,600 THAT THERE SHOULD BE SOMETHING 1936 01:11:19,600 --> 01:11:22,600 PUNITIVE THAT IS ENFORCED IN 1937 01:11:22,600 --> 01:11:24,320 THESE HOSPITALS AND WITH THESE 1938 01:11:24,320 --> 01:11:26,080 DOCTORS WHO KEEP BREAKING THE 1939 01:11:26,080 --> 01:11:27,360 RULES AND WHO KEEP PRODUCING THE 1940 01:11:27,360 --> 01:11:29,680 SAME STATS. 1941 01:11:29,680 --> 01:11:30,760 SOMETHING HAS TO GIVE. 1942 01:11:30,760 --> 01:11:33,440 AND PERHAPS IF THEY'RE PUNISHED 1943 01:11:33,440 --> 01:11:35,320 LOSING LICENSE, PLAYING HUGE 1944 01:11:35,320 --> 01:11:37,520 FINES, THEN THEY'LL START PAYING 1945 01:11:37,520 --> 01:11:37,800 ATTENTION. 1946 01:11:37,800 --> 01:11:38,240 >> THANK YOU. 1947 01:11:38,240 --> 01:11:40,960 THANK YOU FOR ALL OF THAT. 1948 01:11:40,960 --> 01:11:43,800 ON THE SUBJECT OF LISTENING, I 1949 01:11:43,800 --> 01:11:45,200 KNOW THAT I AND THE MORE THAN 1950 01:11:45,200 --> 01:11:46,520 400 INDIVIDUALS WHO TUNED IN 1951 01:11:46,520 --> 01:11:49,000 THIS AFTERNOON HAVE ENJOYED AND 1952 01:11:49,000 --> 01:11:50,320 APPRECIATED AND VALUED LISTENING 1953 01:11:50,320 --> 01:11:53,640 TO YOU THIS AFTERNOON, DR. OWENS 1954 01:11:53,640 --> 01:11:55,440 AND THIS LECTURE LIKE ALL OF OUR 1955 01:11:55,440 --> 01:11:56,960 LECTURES WILL BE AVAILABLE IN 1956 01:11:56,960 --> 01:11:58,760 THE NIH VIDEO CAST ARCHIVE AND 1957 01:11:58,760 --> 01:12:01,440 YOUR LECTURE IN PARTICULAR WILL 1958 01:12:01,440 --> 01:12:04,080 BE SEEN BY MANY MORE AND INSPIRE 1959 01:12:04,080 --> 01:12:06,080 MANY MORE QUESTIONS AND MANY 1960 01:12:06,080 --> 01:12:08,280 MORE EXPLORATIONS OF HISTORY 1961 01:12:08,280 --> 01:12:10,080 THAT DESERVES TO BE REVEALED IN 1962 01:12:10,080 --> 01:12:12,200 ALL THE WAYS IT CAN AND ALL THE 1963 01:12:12,200 --> 01:12:13,640 WAYS IT DESERVES TO BE. 1964 01:12:13,640 --> 01:12:16,520 SO PERSONALLY I THANK YOU VERY 1965 01:12:16,520 --> 01:12:17,840 MUCH AND ON BEHALF OF THE 1966 01:12:17,840 --> 01:12:18,600 NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE 1967 01:12:18,600 --> 01:12:19,680 THANKS FOR PARTICIPATING IN OUR 1968 01:12:19,680 --> 01:12:21,000 SERIES AND THANK YOU FOR YOUR 1969 01:12:21,000 --> 01:12:21,800 OUTSTANDING PRESENTATION THIS 1970 01:12:21,800 --> 01:12:22,080 AFTERNOON. 1971 01:12:22,080 --> 01:12:23,600 WE LEARNED A LOT AND WE WILL 1972 01:12:23,600 --> 01:12:24,600 LEARN SO MUCH MORE AS WE WATCH 1973 01:12:24,600 --> 01:12:27,360 IT AGAIN AND HOPEFULLY WE CAN 1974 01:12:27,360 --> 01:12:28,600 KEEP IN TOUCH. 1975 01:12:28,600 --> 01:12:30,000 >> YELL, THANK YOU SO MUCH. 1976 01:12:30,000 --> 01:12:31,960 THANKS EVERYONE FOR CHIMING IN 1977 01:12:31,960 --> 01:12:32,720 AND ASKING SUCH GREAT QUESTIONS. 1978 01:12:32,720 --> 01:12:34,800 >> ALL THE BEST ON YOUR NEXT 1979 01:12:34,800 --> 01:12:35,800 LECTURE COMING UP SOON. 1980 01:12:35,800 --> 01:12:36,920 >> THANKS SO MUCH. 1981 01:12:36,920 --> 01:12:37,920 >> TAKE CARE. 1982 01:12:37,920 --> 01:12:38,040 SAFE TRAVELS. 1983 01:12:38,040 --> 01:12:39,000 BYE. 1984 01:12:39,000 --> 01:12:45,400 THANK YOU AGAIN.