1 00:00:05,680 --> 00:00:07,920 WELCOME. 2 00:00:07,920 --> 00:00:11,320 MY NAME IS JEFF REZNICK. 3 00:00:11,320 --> 00:00:13,040 THANK YOU FOR JOINING US TODAY 4 00:00:13,040 --> 00:00:16,000 AS WE KICK OFF THE 2022 SERIES 5 00:00:16,000 --> 00:00:20,120 OF ALL VIRTUAL NLM HISTORY 6 00:00:20,120 --> 00:00:20,320 TALKS. 7 00:00:20,320 --> 00:00:22,440 AND FOR THOSE OF YOU ON Twitter 8 00:00:22,440 --> 00:00:23,880 Twitter THANK YOU FOR FOLLOWING 9 00:00:23,880 --> 00:00:29,040 ALONG. 10 00:00:29,040 --> 00:00:31,880 WE PROMOTE AWARENESS FOR 11 00:00:31,880 --> 00:00:33,720 RESEARCH AND EDUCATION AND 12 00:00:33,720 --> 00:00:35,720 PUBLIC SERVICE FOR BIOMEDICINE 13 00:00:35,720 --> 00:00:37,440 AND THE HUMANITIES. 14 00:00:37,440 --> 00:00:40,040 ALSO SUPPORTS THE COMMITMENT OF 15 00:00:40,040 --> 00:00:46,000 THE NLM TO RECOGNIZE THE 16 00:00:46,000 --> 00:00:47,480 DIVERSITY AND ORIGINATE FROM 17 00:00:47,480 --> 00:00:48,520 EVERY PART OF THE GLOBE. 18 00:00:48,520 --> 00:00:54,160 AND ALSO THE TALKS -- OF PEOPLE 19 00:00:54,160 --> 00:00:56,040 OF COLOR AND DISCIPLINARY 20 00:00:56,040 --> 00:00:57,520 BACKGROUNDS WHO USE THESE 21 00:00:57,520 --> 00:00:58,720 COLLECTIONS TO ADVANCE THEIR 22 00:00:58,720 --> 00:01:00,080 RESEARCH AND THEIR TEACHING AND 23 00:01:00,080 --> 00:01:02,280 THEIR LEARNING. 24 00:01:02,280 --> 00:01:03,880 WE SUPPLEMENT WITH SPEAKER 25 00:01:03,880 --> 00:01:07,040 INTERVIEWS ON OUR BLOG 26 00:01:07,040 --> 00:01:10,120 CIRCULATING NOW. 27 00:01:10,120 --> 00:01:12,680 I'LL ADD THAT NLM HISTORY TALKS 28 00:01:12,680 --> 00:01:14,640 ARE MADE POSSIBLE BY THE 29 00:01:14,640 --> 00:01:17,080 OUTSTANDING TEAM HERE AT THE 30 00:01:17,080 --> 00:01:20,080 NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE AND 31 00:01:20,080 --> 00:01:23,360 THE VIDEO CASTING AND I WANT TO 32 00:01:23,360 --> 00:01:26,120 THANK THEM FOR BRINGING THIS TO 33 00:01:26,120 --> 00:01:28,360 YOU THE PUBLIC FOR FREE. 34 00:01:28,360 --> 00:01:32,600 THE NEXT TALK TO BE OFFERED BY 35 00:01:32,600 --> 00:01:39,680 DR. DEIDRA COOPER OWENS. 36 00:01:39,680 --> 00:01:42,480 JOINING US ON THURSDAY 37 00:01:42,480 --> 00:01:43,080 FEBRUARY 10th AT 2:00 P.M. 38 00:01:43,080 --> 00:01:46,440 EASTERN TIME TO HEAR DR. OWENS 39 00:01:46,440 --> 00:01:50,440 SPEAK ON WHAT HISTORY REVEALS. 40 00:01:50,440 --> 00:01:52,920 TODAY I HAVE THE GREAT PLEASURE 41 00:01:52,920 --> 00:01:57,480 AND PRIVILEGE OF INTRODUCING 42 00:01:57,480 --> 00:02:00,560 DR. ALEXANDRE WHITE FROM JOHNS 43 00:02:00,560 --> 00:02:02,000 HOPKINS UNIVERSITY AND SCHOOL OF 44 00:02:02,000 --> 00:02:06,280 MEDICINE. 45 00:02:06,280 --> 00:02:08,400 DR. WHITE JOINED THE HOPKINS 46 00:02:08,400 --> 00:02:11,480 FACULTY IN 2019 AFTER COMPLETING 47 00:02:11,480 --> 00:02:26,080 A FELLOWSHIP AT HOPKINS. 48 00:02:26,080 --> 00:02:27,440 DR. WHITE'S RESEARCH IS LOCATED 49 00:02:27,440 --> 00:02:31,360 AT THE INTERSECTION OF SOCIOLOGY 50 00:02:31,360 --> 00:02:40,000 OF RACE AND GLOBAL SOCIAL 51 00:02:40,000 --> 00:02:45,200 SOCIOLOGY. 52 00:02:45,200 --> 00:02:47,080 DR. WHITE HAS PUBLISHED 53 00:02:47,080 --> 00:02:49,240 EXTENSIVELY IN SOCIAL SCIENCE 54 00:02:49,240 --> 00:02:53,080 JOURNALS ON THE TOPICS OF 55 00:02:53,080 --> 00:02:58,200 RACISM, AND SLAVERY. 56 00:02:58,200 --> 00:03:01,800 DR. WHITE IS THE EDITOR OF THE 57 00:03:01,800 --> 00:03:03,080 HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY OF RACE AND 58 00:03:03,080 --> 00:03:06,360 RACISM AND HE HAS PUBLISHED IN 59 00:03:06,360 --> 00:03:10,600 MEDICAL JOURNALS. 60 00:03:10,600 --> 00:03:12,280 DR. WHITE'S FIRST BOOK HAS BEEN 61 00:03:12,280 --> 00:03:14,360 SEND AND IS FORTHCOMING AT 62 00:03:14,360 --> 00:03:16,040 STANFORD UNIVERSITY PReS. 63 00:03:16,040 --> 00:03:18,280 THIS BOOK EXPLORES HOW EPIDEMIC 64 00:03:18,280 --> 00:03:21,680 THREATS BECOME THE FOCUS OF 65 00:03:21,680 --> 00:03:22,360 INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT, 66 00:03:22,360 --> 00:03:24,240 REGULATION AND CONTROL AS WELL 67 00:03:24,240 --> 00:03:27,840 AS THE RACIAL IDEOLOGIEST THAT 68 00:03:27,840 --> 00:03:30,680 HAVE SHAPED COORDINATION TO STOP 69 00:03:30,680 --> 00:03:32,480 PANDEMIC SPREAD. 70 00:03:32,480 --> 00:03:34,280 DR. WHITE HAS PRODUCED A FURTHER 71 00:03:34,280 --> 00:03:36,040 LINE OF RESEARCH TO ADDRESS THE 72 00:03:36,040 --> 00:03:37,840 CHALLENGES OF THIS CONTINUING 73 00:03:37,840 --> 00:03:39,800 PANDEMIC SUPPORTED BY GRANTS 74 00:03:39,800 --> 00:03:41,120 FROM THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF 75 00:03:41,120 --> 00:03:43,800 CHILD HEALTH AND HUMAN 76 00:03:43,800 --> 00:03:44,840 DEVELOPMENT HE HAS WORKED TO 77 00:03:44,840 --> 00:03:47,200 DEVELOP A COVID-19 SOCIAL 78 00:03:47,200 --> 00:03:49,000 SCIENCE DATA HUB. 79 00:03:49,000 --> 00:03:51,880 THIS COLLECTS AND MANAGES COUNTY 80 00:03:51,880 --> 00:03:54,400 LEVEL DATA ON SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC 81 00:03:54,400 --> 00:03:55,760 AND HEALTH FACTORS THAT 82 00:03:55,760 --> 00:03:57,240 INFLUENCE THE SPREAD OF 83 00:03:57,240 --> 00:03:58,120 COVID-19. 84 00:03:58,120 --> 00:04:00,800 HE HAS HELPED TO DRAFT 85 00:04:00,800 --> 00:04:02,680 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SAFE AND 86 00:04:02,680 --> 00:04:04,520 COLLABORATIVE VACCINE DELIVERY 87 00:04:04,520 --> 00:04:05,920 TO MINORITY POPULATIONS IN THE 88 00:04:05,920 --> 00:04:06,680 UNITED STATES. 89 00:04:06,680 --> 00:04:09,320 THIS REPORT WAS PUBLISHED BY THE 90 00:04:09,320 --> 00:04:10,600 JOHNS HOPKINS CENTER FOR HEALTH 91 00:04:10,600 --> 00:04:13,240 SECURITY AND IN THE JOURNAL OF 92 00:04:13,240 --> 00:04:14,440 HEALTH SECURITY AND ALSO 93 00:04:14,440 --> 00:04:15,880 PROFILED IN THE WASHINGTON POST, 94 00:04:15,880 --> 00:04:17,720 THE "NEW YORK TIMES" AND OTHER 95 00:04:17,720 --> 00:04:19,240 MEDIA OUTLETS. 96 00:04:19,240 --> 00:04:22,040 AS ANNEX PERMANENT IN RESPONSES 97 00:04:22,040 --> 00:04:24,720 HE HAS BRIEFED CONGRESS ON 98 00:04:24,720 --> 00:04:25,440 COVID-19. 99 00:04:25,440 --> 00:04:28,200 AND HAS BEEN INTERVIEWED FOR 100 00:04:28,200 --> 00:04:30,400 ROUGHLY 30 MINUTE ON-LINE AND 101 00:04:30,400 --> 00:04:32,520 TELEVISION NEWS REPORTS BY 102 00:04:32,520 --> 00:04:34,080 OUTLETS INCLUDING CNN, THE 103 00:04:34,080 --> 00:04:37,160 WASHINGTON POST, THE "NEW YORK 104 00:04:37,160 --> 00:04:38,840 TIMES," NATIONAL PUBLIC RADIO 105 00:04:38,840 --> 00:04:39,640 AND OTHERS. 106 00:04:39,640 --> 00:04:42,000 HE JOINS US TODAY TO SHARE 107 00:04:42,000 --> 00:04:44,280 ASPECTS OF HIS RESEARCH RELATED 108 00:04:44,280 --> 00:04:47,800 TO HIS FORTHCOMING BOOK. 109 00:04:47,800 --> 00:04:54,920 PLEASE JOIN ME IN WELCOMING HIM. 110 00:04:54,920 --> 00:04:57,160 DR. WHITE, OVER TO YOU AND 111 00:04:57,160 --> 00:04:58,160 SINCERE THANKS FOR YOUR TIME 112 00:04:58,160 --> 00:04:58,760 WITH US TODAY 113 00:04:58,760 --> 00:05:00,240 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH AND THANK 114 00:05:00,240 --> 00:05:02,680 YOU FOR SUCH A WARM INTRODUCTION 115 00:05:02,680 --> 00:05:04,080 AND FOR HAVING ME. 116 00:05:04,080 --> 00:05:05,840 IT'S REALLY A PLEASURE. 117 00:05:05,840 --> 00:05:08,840 THE NLM HAS BEEN AN AMAZING 118 00:05:08,840 --> 00:05:10,680 RESOURCE IN MY WORK AND IN MY 119 00:05:10,680 --> 00:05:12,240 RESEARCH AND ALSO FOR MY 120 00:05:12,240 --> 00:05:14,960 STUDENTS WHO I TEACH AT JOHNS 121 00:05:14,960 --> 00:05:17,240 HOPKINS SO IT'S A REAL PLEASURE. 122 00:05:17,240 --> 00:05:19,040 SO WHAT I WANT TO SPEAK ABOUT 123 00:05:19,040 --> 00:05:23,520 TODAY REALLY PERTAINS TO THE 124 00:05:23,520 --> 00:05:26,360 BOOK THAT JEFFREY MENTIONED THAT 125 00:05:26,360 --> 00:05:29,080 I'M WORKING ON AND WILL BE 126 00:05:29,080 --> 00:05:33,560 COMING OUT THIS YEAR, EPIDEMIC 127 00:05:33,560 --> 00:05:35,080 -- AND HOW OUR WORK AND THE 128 00:05:35,080 --> 00:05:36,920 MATERIALS WITHIN THE ARCHIVES 129 00:05:36,920 --> 00:05:40,880 NOT ONLY EXPLAIN TO US HOW PAST 130 00:05:40,880 --> 00:05:42,800 PANDEMICS WERE RESPONDED TO BUT 131 00:05:42,800 --> 00:05:46,000 ALSO THE SORT OF MEANING MAKING 132 00:05:46,000 --> 00:05:47,840 CENTERS THAT EMERGE AROUND 133 00:05:47,840 --> 00:05:49,520 PANDEMICS AND THE WAYS IN WHICH 134 00:05:49,520 --> 00:05:53,200 WE CAN THINK ABOUT HOW PANDEMICS 135 00:05:53,200 --> 00:05:54,520 PRODUCE MEANING. 136 00:05:54,520 --> 00:05:58,520 SO I WANT TO BEGIN ACTUALLY -- 137 00:05:58,520 --> 00:06:01,520 IN THE 19th CENTURY WITH A 138 00:06:01,520 --> 00:06:02,560 PARTICULAR QUOTE FROM MARY 139 00:06:02,560 --> 00:06:03,880 SHELLEY. 140 00:06:03,880 --> 00:06:05,560 WHICH I'LL READ. 141 00:06:05,560 --> 00:06:07,280 "I SPREAD THE WHOLE EARTH OUT IS 142 00:06:07,280 --> 00:06:09,240 A A MAP BEFORE ME. 143 00:06:09,240 --> 00:06:11,680 ON NO ONE SPOT OR SURFACE CAN I 144 00:06:11,680 --> 00:06:12,680 SAY HERE IS SAFETY. 145 00:06:12,680 --> 00:06:16,200 IN THE SOUTH THE DISEASE VERIFY 146 00:06:16,200 --> 00:06:18,960 LANCE -- HAVE NEARLY ANNIHILATED 147 00:06:18,960 --> 00:06:20,320 THE RACE OF MAN. 148 00:06:20,320 --> 00:06:24,760 THEY FILLED UP THE MEASURE OF 149 00:06:24,760 --> 00:06:26,320 SUFFERING. 150 00:06:32,080 --> 00:07:03,400 [ READING FROM SCREEN ] 151 00:07:03,400 --> 00:07:07,560 >> NOW WHEN MARY WAS WRITING HER 152 00:07:07,560 --> 00:07:09,800 MASTERPIECE THE LAST MAN SHE 153 00:07:09,800 --> 00:07:12,080 PROBABLY WOULD HAVE BEEN AWARE 154 00:07:12,080 --> 00:07:15,640 OF THE EPIDEMICS SPREADING. 155 00:07:15,640 --> 00:07:19,360 IN HER BOOK WHICH ENVISION A 156 00:07:19,360 --> 00:07:22,960 GLOBAL PANDEMIC IN TO 94 SHE 157 00:07:22,960 --> 00:07:25,560 LOCATES THE SEED OF DISEASE OF 158 00:07:25,560 --> 00:07:28,280 SPREAD IN THE BRITISH EMPIRE 159 00:07:28,280 --> 00:07:30,480 EASTWARD. 160 00:07:30,480 --> 00:07:34,600 IT UNLEASHES THE PLAGUE AFTER 161 00:07:34,600 --> 00:07:45,040 TRAVELING FROM ASIA INTO EGYPT. 162 00:07:45,040 --> 00:07:50,480 THE JUST POSITION -- * ECHOED IN 163 00:07:50,480 --> 00:07:53,640 THE SIEGE AND THIS OPENING 164 00:07:53,640 --> 00:07:57,040 QUOTATIONS ENCAPSULATES THE 165 00:07:57,040 --> 00:07:58,080 DESTABILIZING REALITIES MADE 166 00:07:58,080 --> 00:07:59,480 POSSIBLE BY INVASION AROUND THE 167 00:07:59,480 --> 00:08:02,800 WORLD. 168 00:08:02,800 --> 00:08:06,000 IN THE 19th CENTER THEY BEGAN 169 00:08:06,000 --> 00:08:10,600 TO SPREAD BACK FROM THE COLONIAL 170 00:08:10,600 --> 00:08:14,440 DOMINIONS BACK FUNDAMENTALLY TO 171 00:08:14,440 --> 00:08:15,680 THE WESTERN YOUR RESPECT. 172 00:08:15,680 --> 00:08:20,920 SHELLEY'S VISION IS A OF A DYING 173 00:08:20,920 --> 00:08:30,680 WORLD. 174 00:08:30,680 --> 00:08:33,400 THE PHENOMENA OF PANDEMIC 175 00:08:33,400 --> 00:08:35,960 CATASTROPHE AND THE PLAYING THAT 176 00:08:35,960 --> 00:08:38,320 FOLLOWED CREPT FROM BRITISH 177 00:08:38,320 --> 00:08:42,440 COLONIAL DOMINION AND TO BRITAIN 178 00:08:42,440 --> 00:08:44,880 ITSELF. 179 00:08:44,880 --> 00:08:46,600 SHELLEY SPREAD THE WHOLE EARTH 180 00:08:46,600 --> 00:08:48,000 AS A MAP. 181 00:08:48,000 --> 00:08:51,280 BUT LIKE ALL SCIENCE FICTION SHE 182 00:08:51,280 --> 00:08:52,880 MAY WELL HAVE BEEN AHEAD OF HER 183 00:08:52,880 --> 00:08:58,080 TIME. 184 00:08:58,080 --> 00:09:00,280 HER NARRATIVE BEGINS WITH AN EYE 185 00:09:00,280 --> 00:09:02,680 CAST TO THE SOUTH. 186 00:09:02,680 --> 00:09:05,280 WHERE IT'S VIRULENT AND 187 00:09:05,280 --> 00:09:07,040 UNTREATABLE MOVING CLOSER TO THE 188 00:09:07,040 --> 00:09:09,760 NORTH THE DISEASE RAVAGES LANDS 189 00:09:09,760 --> 00:09:12,480 NEARER TO HOME UNTIL FOCUSING 190 00:09:12,480 --> 00:09:13,960 OFF BRITAIN. 191 00:09:13,960 --> 00:09:15,760 SHELLEY COULD NOT HAVE KNOWN 192 00:09:15,760 --> 00:09:17,200 WITH ANY CERTAINTY THAT THE WAY 193 00:09:17,200 --> 00:09:20,880 OF SEEING AND DIVIDING THE WORLD 194 00:09:20,880 --> 00:09:24,400 WILL BECOME IN MANY WAYS A 195 00:09:24,400 --> 00:09:26,480 DOMINANT FRAME THROUGH WHICH 196 00:09:26,480 --> 00:09:28,640 DISEASE THREAT WOULD BE 197 00:09:28,640 --> 00:09:29,040 UNDERSTOOD. 198 00:09:29,040 --> 00:09:31,880 SHE SKETCHES OUT SEVERAL ASPECTS 199 00:09:31,880 --> 00:09:36,200 OF WHAT I SHOULD BE CALLING 200 00:09:36,200 --> 00:09:39,120 EPIDEMIC ORIENTALISM. 201 00:09:39,120 --> 00:09:42,080 IT IS BASED ON THE WAYS OF THE 202 00:09:42,080 --> 00:09:45,080 PEST AND HOW IT HAS COME TO SEE 203 00:09:45,080 --> 00:09:48,000 ITSELF IN RELATION TO THE 204 00:09:48,000 --> 00:09:52,160 RESPIRATORY OF THE WORLD. 205 00:09:52,160 --> 00:09:57,880 IT IS MUCH CLEARER NOW FAR FROM 206 00:09:57,880 --> 00:09:59,760 SIGNIFYING TO LIFE AS ALSO AN 207 00:09:59,760 --> 00:10:02,480 ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL PHENOMENA 208 00:10:02,480 --> 00:10:05,640 WHICH PRODUCES CASCADING 209 00:10:05,640 --> 00:10:08,120 EFFECTS. 210 00:10:08,120 --> 00:10:11,000 AS WELL AS THE EX PROSER OF THE 211 00:10:11,000 --> 00:10:13,880 HEALTH EFFECTS OF RACISM AND ITS 212 00:10:13,880 --> 00:10:15,880 STARK VIOLENT DISPARITIES. 213 00:10:15,880 --> 00:10:18,680 SO THE HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL 214 00:10:18,680 --> 00:10:19,680 INFECTIOUS CONTROL WHICH I WANT 215 00:10:19,680 --> 00:10:21,720 TO TALK ABOUT TODAY AND 216 00:10:21,720 --> 00:10:23,120 REGULATION HAS BEEN ONE IN WHICH 217 00:10:23,120 --> 00:10:26,120 POWER IMPERIAL EUROPEAN AND 218 00:10:26,120 --> 00:10:28,800 NORTH AMERICAN NATIONS HAS HELD 219 00:10:28,800 --> 00:10:31,400 THEMSELVES UP AS THE EX'EM WHAT 220 00:10:31,400 --> 00:10:33,480 OFFICERS OF HEALTH AND HYGIENE 221 00:10:33,480 --> 00:10:35,800 AT RISK OF THE DISEASES FOR MUCH 222 00:10:35,800 --> 00:10:38,680 OF THE REST OF THE WORLD. 223 00:10:38,680 --> 00:10:41,200 WHAT HAS BEEN THE RATIONALS AND 224 00:10:41,200 --> 00:10:43,560 JUSTIFICATION FOR INTERNATIONAL 225 00:10:43,560 --> 00:10:45,080 COOPERATION OVER INFECTIOUS 226 00:10:45,080 --> 00:10:45,920 DISEASE CONTROL. 227 00:10:45,920 --> 00:10:48,360 HOW DID EPIDEMICS BECOME THE 228 00:10:48,360 --> 00:10:50,720 OBJECT OF REGULATION. 229 00:10:50,720 --> 00:10:53,720 AND HOW DO THEY BECOME THE FOCUS 230 00:10:53,720 --> 00:10:55,360 OF INTERNATIONAL RESPONSES AND 231 00:10:55,360 --> 00:10:59,080 WHICH DO NOT. 232 00:10:59,080 --> 00:11:00,840 AND THE ARGUMENT IS THAT IN 233 00:11:00,840 --> 00:11:02,560 ORDER TO UNDERSTAND HOW GLOBAL 234 00:11:02,560 --> 00:11:04,040 HEALTH PRIORITIES ARE SET FOR 235 00:11:04,040 --> 00:11:05,880 INTERNATIONAL DISEASE RESPONSE 236 00:11:05,880 --> 00:11:09,320 HOW INFECTIOUS DISEASES ARE 237 00:11:09,320 --> 00:11:11,640 ADDRESSED AND REGULATED IT'S NOT 238 00:11:11,640 --> 00:11:16,600 SUFFICIENT TO EXAMINE THE 239 00:11:16,600 --> 00:11:20,360 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL -- EPIDEMICS. 240 00:11:20,360 --> 00:11:22,560 WE MUST LOCATE THE EPIDEMIC 241 00:11:22,560 --> 00:11:24,080 THREAT WITHIN THE LANDSCAPES OF 242 00:11:24,080 --> 00:11:26,560 THE MEANING IN WHICH THEY ARE 243 00:11:26,560 --> 00:11:29,080 SITUATED. 244 00:11:29,080 --> 00:11:30,320 EPIDEMICS HAVE BEEN CONSTITUTED 245 00:11:30,320 --> 00:11:33,480 AS DYNAMIC AND COMPLEX FORCES 246 00:11:33,480 --> 00:11:35,120 REPRESENTING A BIOLOGICAL THREAT 247 00:11:35,120 --> 00:11:37,320 TO LIFE BUT ALSO TO TRADE AND 248 00:11:37,320 --> 00:11:39,040 TRAVEL AND ECONOMIC ENTERPRISE. 249 00:11:39,040 --> 00:11:42,080 TO READ AND UNDERSTAND THESE 250 00:11:42,080 --> 00:11:46,080 EMERGENCIES IS TO FLATTEN THEIR 251 00:11:46,080 --> 00:11:48,080 MANIFOLD SIGNIFICANCE TO A 252 00:11:48,080 --> 00:11:51,520 VARIETY OF DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF 253 00:11:51,520 --> 00:11:54,080 SOCIAL LIFE. 254 00:11:54,080 --> 00:11:55,600 RECEIPT RESPONSES TO THEM, WE 255 00:11:55,600 --> 00:11:57,320 MUST LOCATE THEM THE ACTORS AND 256 00:11:57,320 --> 00:11:59,880 OTHER INSTITUTIONS OF POLITICAL 257 00:11:59,880 --> 00:12:01,760 FORCES AND ORGANIZE RESPONSES TO 258 00:12:01,760 --> 00:12:03,880 THEM WITHIN THESE LANDSCAPES OF 259 00:12:03,880 --> 00:12:04,880 MEANING. 260 00:12:04,880 --> 00:12:08,480 THE HISTORICALLY SITUATED MODES 261 00:12:08,480 --> 00:12:10,000 OF THOUGHT -- THAT DETERMINE HOW 262 00:12:10,000 --> 00:12:12,360 AND WHY CERTAIN RESPONSES EMERGE 263 00:12:12,360 --> 00:12:16,080 AND THE FORMS THEY TAKE. 264 00:12:16,080 --> 00:12:20,440 EPIDEMICS FAR FROM BEING -- A 265 00:12:20,440 --> 00:12:24,080 PHENOMENA -- REGULATED BY HUMAN 266 00:12:24,080 --> 00:12:26,840 PRODUCED -- THAT LEGISLATE THE 267 00:12:26,840 --> 00:12:29,200 RESPONSES TO THEM. 268 00:12:29,200 --> 00:12:31,240 AND THESE REGULATIONS TOO 269 00:12:31,240 --> 00:12:32,640 THEREFORE OPERATE ACCORDING TO 270 00:12:32,640 --> 00:12:35,240 CERTAIN LOGICS. 271 00:12:35,240 --> 00:12:39,480 AND ANTICIPATE PARTICULAR TYPES 272 00:12:39,480 --> 00:12:42,040 OF THREATS AND NOT OTHERS. 273 00:12:42,040 --> 00:12:43,520 WHY THEY FORM THE STRUCTURES 274 00:12:43,520 --> 00:12:45,280 THEY DO AND HOW THIS IS AFFECTED 275 00:12:45,280 --> 00:12:47,080 OUR VISIONS OF EPIDEMIC 276 00:12:47,080 --> 00:12:51,000 EMERGENCY. 277 00:12:51,000 --> 00:12:53,720 SO ANY SCHOLAR REALLY 278 00:12:53,720 --> 00:12:56,400 FUNDAMENTALLY ENGAGING WITH 279 00:12:56,400 --> 00:12:58,040 QUESTIONS OF POWER FROM A PLACE 280 00:12:58,040 --> 00:13:02,720 OF ANALYSIS AND ASYMMETRIC 281 00:13:02,720 --> 00:13:03,800 ANALYSIS MUST CONSIDER THE ROLE 282 00:13:03,800 --> 00:13:04,680 OF SOURCES. 283 00:13:04,680 --> 00:13:11,080 WHO'S DRIVING THE NARRATIVE. 284 00:13:11,080 --> 00:13:12,760 ANALYSIS OF HOW CERTAIN 285 00:13:12,760 --> 00:13:14,200 STRUCTURES COME TO BE AND THE 286 00:13:14,200 --> 00:13:16,040 STRUGGLES ASSOCIATED WITH THEM. 287 00:13:16,040 --> 00:13:19,960 THE MAJORITY OF MY RESEARCH 288 00:13:19,960 --> 00:13:24,080 FOCUSES ON THE EMERGENCE OF THE 289 00:13:24,080 --> 00:13:25,360 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND 290 00:13:25,360 --> 00:13:27,040 INTERNATIONAL HEALTH REGULATIONS 291 00:13:27,040 --> 00:13:29,080 WHICH EXIST TODAY AND I'LL TALK 292 00:13:29,080 --> 00:13:30,880 ABOUT THEM IN A LITTLE BIT BUT I 293 00:13:30,880 --> 00:13:32,680 DREW SIGNIFICANTLY FROM THE 294 00:13:32,680 --> 00:13:34,360 MATERIALS OF THE INTERNATIONAL 295 00:13:34,360 --> 00:13:35,720 LIBRARY OF MEDICINE IN PART 296 00:13:35,720 --> 00:13:38,920 BECAUSE THE NLM HAS ONE OF THE 297 00:13:38,920 --> 00:13:41,640 ONLY FULL AND COMPLETE RECORDS 298 00:13:41,640 --> 00:13:44,480 OF THE MEETINGS MINUTES AND 299 00:13:44,480 --> 00:13:45,440 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCES 300 00:13:45,440 --> 00:13:48,880 THAT PRODUCED THE FIRST 301 00:13:48,880 --> 00:13:49,800 INTERNATIONAL SANITARY 302 00:13:49,800 --> 00:13:51,200 REGULATIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF 303 00:13:51,200 --> 00:13:54,520 INFECTIOUS DISEASE. 304 00:13:54,520 --> 00:13:57,280 SO THERE ARE STORIES OF LARGE 305 00:13:57,280 --> 00:13:58,280 BUREAUCRACIES AND INTERNATIONAL 306 00:13:58,280 --> 00:14:00,480 OFFICIALS AND MAJOR VOICES 307 00:14:00,480 --> 00:14:02,400 WITHIN THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY. 308 00:14:02,400 --> 00:14:04,280 I WANT US TO THINK ABOUT THIS IN 309 00:14:04,280 --> 00:14:07,040 TERMS OF SOMETHING THAT WAS 310 00:14:07,040 --> 00:14:13,480 WRITTEN ABOUT -- IN THE 311 00:14:13,480 --> 00:14:14,280 FOUNDATIONAL PIECE. 312 00:14:14,280 --> 00:14:16,440 WHEN WE THINK ABOUT EPIDEMICS WE 313 00:14:16,440 --> 00:14:20,240 MUST THINK ABOUT THEM AS NOT 314 00:14:20,240 --> 00:14:23,400 CREATING NORMAL SITUATIONS BUT 315 00:14:23,400 --> 00:14:25,880 SHARPENING EXISTING BEHAVIORS 316 00:14:25,880 --> 00:14:28,480 WHICH BETRAY SOCIAL IMBALANCES 317 00:14:28,480 --> 00:14:30,920 AND WE CAN SEE THE WAYS IN WHICH 318 00:14:30,920 --> 00:14:32,280 THESE ROOTED AND CONTINUING 319 00:14:32,280 --> 00:14:35,280 SOCIAL IMBALANCES OPERATE IN 320 00:14:35,280 --> 00:14:36,560 EPIDEMICS ESPECIALLY WHILE WE'RE 321 00:14:36,560 --> 00:14:38,120 LIVING THROUGH THEM BUT ALSO 322 00:14:38,120 --> 00:14:39,840 WHILE LOOKING AT THE HISTORIES 323 00:14:39,840 --> 00:14:42,200 OF HUMAN RESPONSES TO EPIDEMIC 324 00:14:42,200 --> 00:14:44,360 THREAT. 325 00:14:44,360 --> 00:14:47,280 SO WHEN WE THINK ABOUT EPIDEMICS 326 00:14:47,280 --> 00:14:50,080 WE TRADITIONALLY IN TERMS OF 327 00:14:50,080 --> 00:14:51,280 SCHOLARSHIP WE HAVE SEVERAL 328 00:14:51,280 --> 00:14:53,480 ASSUMPTIONS THAT ARE MADE THAT I 329 00:14:53,480 --> 00:14:57,320 THINK BEAR SOME CHALLENGING AND 330 00:14:57,320 --> 00:14:58,640 SOME COMPLEXITY. 331 00:14:58,640 --> 00:15:01,840 ACUTE FAST SPREADING EPIDEMICS 332 00:15:01,840 --> 00:15:08,080 HAVE NOT BEEN IN THE DOMAIN OF 333 00:15:08,080 --> 00:15:09,280 SOCIAL ANALYSIS. 334 00:15:09,280 --> 00:15:10,960 BECAUSE THEY OCCUR QUICKLY AND 335 00:15:10,960 --> 00:15:13,720 SEEM TO DISSIPATE BEFORE 336 00:15:13,720 --> 00:15:16,120 SUSTAINED ETHNO GRAPHIC OR 337 00:15:16,120 --> 00:15:18,080 CRITICAL INQUIRY IS POSSIBLE. 338 00:15:18,080 --> 00:15:24,880 CERTAINLY THE EPIDEMICS -- SUCH 339 00:15:24,880 --> 00:15:26,480 AS AIDS HAVE RESHAPED SOCIAL 340 00:15:26,480 --> 00:15:28,480 THOUGHT IN NUMEROUS WAYS. 341 00:15:28,480 --> 00:15:30,440 THE MOST SUSTAINED RESEARCH IN 342 00:15:30,440 --> 00:15:33,600 WHAT I CALL ACUTE EPIDEMIC SUCH 343 00:15:33,600 --> 00:15:40,560 AS EBOLA IN WEST AFRICA AND ZIKA 344 00:15:40,560 --> 00:15:44,080 VIRUS OR YELLOW FEVER MOST OFTEN 345 00:15:44,080 --> 00:15:47,160 ARISE IN A FUZZY DOMAIN OF 346 00:15:47,160 --> 00:15:48,560 GLOBAL HEALTH RESEARCH WHERE 347 00:15:48,560 --> 00:15:50,240 FOLKS BY AND LARGE ON THE 348 00:15:50,240 --> 00:15:51,600 CONCERNS AND HEALTH PROBLEMS 349 00:15:51,600 --> 00:15:53,400 OCCURRING IN THE DEVELOPING 350 00:15:53,400 --> 00:15:56,560 WORLD LEAVING SPACES LIKE EUROPE 351 00:15:56,560 --> 00:16:00,160 AND NORTH AMERICA OUTSIDE THE 352 00:16:00,160 --> 00:16:04,880 REALM OF ANALYSIS. 353 00:16:04,880 --> 00:16:06,520 WHETHER INTENTIONAL OR NOT MUCH 354 00:16:06,520 --> 00:16:07,760 OF THE THOUGHT PRODUCED WITHIN 355 00:16:07,760 --> 00:16:11,440 THE DOMAIN OF GLOBAL HEALTH BY 356 00:16:11,440 --> 00:16:13,280 ITS FOCUS ON THE DEVELOPING 357 00:16:13,280 --> 00:16:15,800 WORLD PERHAPS WOULD OVER ASSUME 358 00:16:15,800 --> 00:16:18,640 THE DIFFERENCES IN DYNAMICS 359 00:16:18,640 --> 00:16:21,720 SHAPING RESPONSES AND CRISIS 360 00:16:21,720 --> 00:16:22,920 BASED ON THIS DISTINCTION 361 00:16:22,920 --> 00:16:25,280 BETWEEN THE WEST AND THE REST OF 362 00:16:25,280 --> 00:16:28,120 THE WORLD. 363 00:16:28,120 --> 00:16:33,360 AND THE EARLY 20th CENTURY 364 00:16:33,360 --> 00:16:35,440 WITNESSED AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL 365 00:16:35,440 --> 00:16:36,920 TRANSITION AND CAUSES OF 366 00:16:36,920 --> 00:16:38,760 MORTALITY. 367 00:16:38,760 --> 00:16:39,800 CERTAINLY IMPORTANT 368 00:16:39,800 --> 00:16:41,440 CONTRIBUTIONS TO UNDERSTANDING 369 00:16:41,440 --> 00:16:44,160 OF GERM THEORY, CONSTANT ON AND 370 00:16:44,160 --> 00:16:46,880 THE ISOLATION OF PATHOGENS MADE 371 00:16:46,880 --> 00:16:48,480 INFECTIOUS DISEASES SOMETHING 372 00:16:48,480 --> 00:16:49,360 THAT COULD BE CONTROLLED. 373 00:16:49,360 --> 00:16:52,720 THE DEVELOPMENT OF SANITATION 374 00:16:52,720 --> 00:16:56,480 SYSTEMS IN MUCH OF EUROPE AND 375 00:16:56,480 --> 00:16:58,880 NORTH AMERICA MADE FOOD AND 376 00:16:58,880 --> 00:17:02,400 WATER BOURNE DISEASES A FAR 377 00:17:02,400 --> 00:17:07,080 LESSER CONCERN MAKING CITIES 378 00:17:07,080 --> 00:17:08,920 MORE FAVORABLE THAN RURAL 379 00:17:08,920 --> 00:17:21,840 ENVIRONMENTS. 380 00:17:21,840 --> 00:17:24,480 POLICY AND PUBLIC HEALTH 381 00:17:24,480 --> 00:17:27,280 MEASURES SHIFTED QUESTIONS 382 00:17:27,280 --> 00:17:28,680 TOWARDS QUESTIONS OF CHRONIC 383 00:17:28,680 --> 00:17:29,760 DISEASE. 384 00:17:29,760 --> 00:17:31,040 ISSUES OF SOCIAL MEDICINE AND 385 00:17:31,040 --> 00:17:32,560 POPULATION HEALTH. 386 00:17:32,560 --> 00:17:36,280 THE ERADICATION OF SMALLPOX AND 387 00:17:36,280 --> 00:17:39,280 POLIO AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF 388 00:17:39,280 --> 00:17:43,080 VACCINES AGAINST CHILDHOOD 389 00:17:43,080 --> 00:17:48,080 DISEASES HAVE MADE THESE 390 00:17:48,080 --> 00:17:50,640 ILLNESSES IN THE WEST A CONCERN 391 00:17:50,640 --> 00:17:53,160 ONLY IF THERE IS SIGNIFICANT 392 00:17:53,160 --> 00:17:56,200 LACK OF VACCINATION. 393 00:17:56,200 --> 00:17:59,800 BY THE 1980s THERE WAS 394 00:17:59,800 --> 00:18:01,080 FUNDAMENTALLY SOME OPTIMISM THAT 395 00:18:01,080 --> 00:18:03,280 THE ERA OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE 396 00:18:03,280 --> 00:18:08,080 MAY BE OVER FOR HUMANITY. 397 00:18:08,080 --> 00:18:10,280 HIV/AIDS SHATTERED THIS BELIEF 398 00:18:10,280 --> 00:18:13,480 EVEN THOUGH -- AFTER HUNDREDS OF 399 00:18:13,480 --> 00:18:16,080 MILLIONS OF LIVES HAVE BEEN LOST 400 00:18:16,080 --> 00:18:18,200 HIV/AIDS HAS BECOME A CHRONIC 401 00:18:18,200 --> 00:18:19,480 DISEASE THAN CONTROLLED AND 402 00:18:19,480 --> 00:18:20,320 MANAGED. 403 00:18:20,320 --> 00:18:24,320 THE DYNAMICS OF WHICH SHIFT BY 404 00:18:24,320 --> 00:18:26,680 GEOGRAPHY AND ACCESS TO HEALTH 405 00:18:26,680 --> 00:18:28,480 RESOURCES AND APATHY. 406 00:18:28,480 --> 00:18:33,200 INDEED BIOMEDICAL AND TECHNICAL 407 00:18:33,200 --> 00:18:35,040 OPTIMISM LED TO THE SOMEWHAT 408 00:18:35,040 --> 00:18:36,840 COMFORTABLE ACCEPTANCE OF 409 00:18:36,840 --> 00:18:40,120 LEADERS AND MANY IN EUROPE AND 410 00:18:40,120 --> 00:18:43,480 NORTH AMERICA THAT MAJOR 411 00:18:43,480 --> 00:18:44,560 EPIDEMICS OR PANDEMICS 412 00:18:44,560 --> 00:18:47,360 ESPECIALLY OF NOVEL DISEASES ARE 413 00:18:47,360 --> 00:18:50,680 RARER AND UNLIKELY TO OCCUR IN 414 00:18:50,680 --> 00:18:52,480 AS DEVASTATING FASHION AS THEY 415 00:18:52,480 --> 00:19:00,840 CAN IN THE REST OF THE WORLD. 416 00:19:00,840 --> 00:19:03,600 -- HE SUBJECTED THAT HE WOULD 417 00:19:03,600 --> 00:19:08,520 HAPPILY SIT NEXT TO AN EBOLA 418 00:19:08,520 --> 00:19:10,080 SUFFERING ON THE TUBE. 419 00:19:10,080 --> 00:19:12,880 BECAUSE OF THE DYNAMICS OF THE 420 00:19:12,880 --> 00:19:14,200 CONTAGION AND THE HEALTH SYSTEMS 421 00:19:14,200 --> 00:19:15,920 THAT IT WAS VERY UNLIKELY THAT 422 00:19:15,920 --> 00:19:21,080 THE EPIDEMIC DYNAMICS -- COULD 423 00:19:21,080 --> 00:19:23,720 OCCUR IN BRITAIN. 424 00:19:23,720 --> 00:19:27,760 IN THIS MOMENT OF THAT WEST 425 00:19:27,760 --> 00:19:29,880 AFRICAN EPIDEMIC IT WAS 426 00:19:29,880 --> 00:19:32,040 SUBJECTED THAT THE CRISIS PLAYED 427 00:19:32,040 --> 00:19:34,920 OUT BY MEDIA OUTLETS OR PHONES 428 00:19:34,920 --> 00:19:38,280 AND TELEVISIONS WOULD NOT OCCUR 429 00:19:38,280 --> 00:19:39,840 OVER HERE. 430 00:19:39,840 --> 00:19:47,400 THE SCENES OF DOCTORS -- WERE 431 00:19:47,400 --> 00:19:50,200 PORTRAYED AS A GHASTLY REMINDER 432 00:19:50,200 --> 00:19:52,240 OF THE LIMITED CAPACITIES. 433 00:19:52,240 --> 00:19:54,880 IN PLACES FAR AWAY FROM THE 434 00:19:54,880 --> 00:19:57,320 EPICENTER OF THE EPIDEMIC WE 435 00:19:57,320 --> 00:20:01,880 WATCHED VICTIMS THAT DIED LONELY 436 00:20:01,880 --> 00:20:05,440 DEATH. 437 00:20:05,440 --> 00:20:08,400 WITHOUT FORMAL CEREMONIES 438 00:20:08,400 --> 00:20:10,120 CARRIED OUT BY THEIR FAMILIES. 439 00:20:10,120 --> 00:20:15,000 IT WAS BLAMED ON "WEST AFRICAN 440 00:20:15,000 --> 00:20:18,440 SOCIAL PRACTICES" AND MIST TRUST 441 00:20:18,440 --> 00:20:25,760 IN DOCTORS. 442 00:20:25,760 --> 00:20:27,440 *. 443 00:20:29,680 --> 00:20:31,720 SOCIAL DISTANCING PRACTICES, 444 00:20:31,720 --> 00:20:34,080 ISOLATION AND QUARANTINE AND 445 00:20:34,080 --> 00:20:35,920 CURFEWS WERE SEEN AS A 446 00:20:35,920 --> 00:20:37,400 SCRAMBLING PRACTICE OF A BYGONE 447 00:20:37,400 --> 00:20:46,800 ERA. 448 00:20:46,800 --> 00:20:50,960 THESE TROPES OF CHAOS -- HARKEN 449 00:20:50,960 --> 00:20:53,080 BACK TO THE EARLY 2st 450 00:20:53,080 --> 00:20:58,640 CENTURY DISCUSSIONS ABOUT SOUTH 451 00:20:58,640 --> 00:21:00,480 PRESIDENT'S -- AND CLAIMS OF THE 452 00:21:00,480 --> 00:21:02,040 DISEASE THAT COULD BE PREVENTED 453 00:21:02,040 --> 00:21:07,000 BY SHOWERING. 454 00:21:07,000 --> 00:21:11,480 AND WOULD HIGHLIGHT PERHAPS AND 455 00:21:11,480 --> 00:21:16,080 ADMIT THE CRACKS THAT ARE 456 00:21:16,080 --> 00:21:21,200 EMERGING. 457 00:21:21,200 --> 00:21:25,720 SO TO BEAR WITNESS I WOULD ARGUE 458 00:21:25,720 --> 00:21:32,120 IN THE WEST IS TO PERPETUATE AN 459 00:21:32,120 --> 00:21:35,960 EXCISE -- IS THROUGH 460 00:21:35,960 --> 00:21:36,840 INTERNATIONAL CONTROLS THE WEST 461 00:21:36,840 --> 00:21:38,640 IS ABLE TO SEPARATE ITSELF FROM 462 00:21:38,640 --> 00:21:40,640 THE PARTS OF THE WORLD SUFFERING 463 00:21:40,640 --> 00:21:42,960 FROM INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND 464 00:21:42,960 --> 00:21:46,200 THUS IT IS SOMEWHAT SUPERIOR IN 465 00:21:46,200 --> 00:21:47,080 ITS CIVILIZATION. 466 00:21:47,080 --> 00:21:50,160 THE ELIMINATION OF THE 19th 467 00:21:50,160 --> 00:21:56,160 AND 20th CENTURY ARE SOME OF 468 00:21:56,160 --> 00:22:00,840 THE MOST -- -- THE CONSTRUCTION 469 00:22:00,840 --> 00:22:03,400 -- BUILT FROM EPIDEMIC CONTROL 470 00:22:03,400 --> 00:22:06,360 OBSCURES THE WAYS IN WHICH IT IS 471 00:22:06,360 --> 00:22:10,000 BUILT ON HISTORY AND MAINTAINED 472 00:22:10,000 --> 00:22:14,080 EFFECTIVE SYSTEMS OF DISEASE 473 00:22:14,080 --> 00:22:16,040 CONTROL -- 474 00:22:16,680 --> 00:22:18,840 TO MAINTAIN POLITICAL POWER IN 475 00:22:18,840 --> 00:22:20,960 THE WORLD. 476 00:22:20,960 --> 00:22:22,680 SIMILARLY WE LIKE TO THINK THERE 477 00:22:22,680 --> 00:22:26,160 IS A SIGNIFICANT CHANGE BETWEEN 478 00:22:26,160 --> 00:22:30,280 PERHAPS THE PERIOD OF GLOBAL 479 00:22:30,280 --> 00:22:33,120 HEALTH FROM THE 1940s AND 480 00:22:33,120 --> 00:22:34,680 1950s TO THE PRESENT VERSUS 481 00:22:34,680 --> 00:22:38,880 THE WHAT IS CALLED THE ERAS OF 482 00:22:38,880 --> 00:22:40,320 COLONIAL MEDICINE PRIOR. 483 00:22:40,320 --> 00:22:42,960 AS WE LOOK AT SOME OF THE 484 00:22:42,960 --> 00:22:43,920 MATERIAL I'M PRESENTING TODAY 485 00:22:43,920 --> 00:22:46,080 THAT THESE HISTORIES AND IDEAS 486 00:22:46,080 --> 00:22:49,120 OF DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN THESE 487 00:22:49,120 --> 00:22:50,560 PERIODS ESPECIALLY IN THE WAY 488 00:22:50,560 --> 00:22:56,080 THAT WE THINK OF EPIDEMIC 489 00:22:56,080 --> 00:23:00,080 THOUGHT IT MAY NOT BE AS 490 00:23:00,080 --> 00:23:04,720 DISTANT. 491 00:23:04,720 --> 00:23:07,960 THE INTERNATIONAL SANITARY 492 00:23:07,960 --> 00:23:12,120 CONVENTIONS TODAY EXIST SOMEWHAT 493 00:23:12,120 --> 00:23:15,880 OUT OF TIME OUT OF STEP AND 494 00:23:15,880 --> 00:23:19,920 LOGICS OF INTERNATIONAL HEALTH. 495 00:23:19,920 --> 00:23:22,360 SO HOW DOES A DISEASE EVENT 496 00:23:22,360 --> 00:23:23,640 BECOME AN EPIDEMIC? 497 00:23:23,640 --> 00:23:27,600 THIS IS A QUESTION OF MEETING 498 00:23:27,600 --> 00:23:30,320 MAKING AND SOCIO LOGICAL 499 00:23:30,320 --> 00:23:30,720 INQUIRY. 500 00:23:30,720 --> 00:23:34,360 THE QUESTION MAY LEAD US IN AN 501 00:23:34,360 --> 00:23:41,560 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DIRECTION. 502 00:23:41,560 --> 00:23:44,120 IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND THE 503 00:23:44,120 --> 00:23:46,120 THREAT. 504 00:23:46,120 --> 00:23:48,520 THIS APPROACH MIGHT PROVIDE 505 00:23:48,520 --> 00:23:50,080 TECHNIQUES AND POLICIES AND 506 00:23:50,080 --> 00:23:51,760 PRACTICES OF PUBLIC HEALTH. 507 00:23:51,760 --> 00:23:55,600 7 SUPPORTED BY NATIONAL AND 508 00:23:55,600 --> 00:23:56,400 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS LIKE 509 00:23:56,400 --> 00:23:57,840 THE U.S. CENTERS FOR DISEASE 510 00:23:57,840 --> 00:23:59,640 CONTROL AND THE WORLD HEALTH 511 00:23:59,640 --> 00:24:02,920 ORGANIZATION TO RESPOND TO THE 512 00:24:02,920 --> 00:24:05,680 NATIONAL PHENOMENA. 513 00:24:05,680 --> 00:24:07,080 THIS MAY EXPLAIN THE PRACTICES 514 00:24:07,080 --> 00:24:09,720 AND POLICIES PUT IN PLACE TO 515 00:24:09,720 --> 00:24:11,880 ACCESS HOW AN EPIDEMIC EMERGENCE 516 00:24:11,880 --> 00:24:13,760 AND HOW A THREAT IS DEFINED 517 00:24:13,760 --> 00:24:15,240 THROUGH POLICY AND BEST 518 00:24:15,240 --> 00:24:15,960 PRACTICES. 519 00:24:15,960 --> 00:24:19,160 THE ANALYSIS MAY PROVIDE US WITH 520 00:24:19,160 --> 00:24:22,360 AN UNDERSTANDING OF WHY CERTAIN 521 00:24:22,360 --> 00:24:24,240 CALCULATIONS WERE MADE AND HOW 522 00:24:24,240 --> 00:24:27,320 AN EPIDEMIC WAS DEFINED. 523 00:24:27,320 --> 00:24:30,040 HOWEVER WHAT SYSTEMS OF 524 00:24:30,040 --> 00:24:31,480 KNOWLEDGES RELATIONS OF POWER 525 00:24:31,480 --> 00:24:36,120 AND PRACTICES OF BUREAUCRATIC 526 00:24:36,120 --> 00:24:40,440 RATIONALIZATION -- OF AN 527 00:24:40,440 --> 00:24:42,240 EPIDEMIC THAT ALLOWS FOR THE 528 00:24:42,240 --> 00:24:43,880 CREATION OF POLICIES TO CONTROL 529 00:24:43,880 --> 00:24:44,960 THEIR SPREAD. 530 00:24:44,960 --> 00:24:48,800 WHAT ARE THE GOVERNING LOGICS OF 531 00:24:48,800 --> 00:24:50,480 CONTROL. 532 00:24:50,480 --> 00:24:52,960 WHAT SORTS OF METABOLIC AND 533 00:24:52,960 --> 00:24:56,280 SOCIAL CONNECTIONS ARE ASSUMED 534 00:24:56,280 --> 00:24:58,680 OR MADE LEGIBLE AND HOW DO THESE 535 00:24:58,680 --> 00:25:00,920 AFFECT THE CONSTRUCTION AND 536 00:25:00,920 --> 00:25:02,880 RESPONSES TO EPIDEMIC EMERGENCY? 537 00:25:02,880 --> 00:25:04,120 TO EXPLORE THOSE QUESTIONS I 538 00:25:04,120 --> 00:25:08,040 LOOK AT THE HISTORY OF THE 539 00:25:08,040 --> 00:25:08,760 INTERNATIONAL SANITARY 540 00:25:08,760 --> 00:25:10,680 CONVENTIONS AND THE WIDER 541 00:25:10,680 --> 00:25:12,760 UNIVERSE OF WHAT I CALL 542 00:25:12,760 --> 00:25:13,960 INTERNATIONAL INFECTIOUS DISEASE 543 00:25:13,960 --> 00:25:16,080 CONTROL. 544 00:25:16,080 --> 00:25:17,440 SO SINCE 1851 THE INTERNATIONAL 545 00:25:17,440 --> 00:25:19,440 SPREAD OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE HAS 546 00:25:19,440 --> 00:25:22,040 BEEN THE FOCUS OF INTERNATIONAL 547 00:25:22,040 --> 00:25:24,080 COORDINATION AND CONCERN AND A 548 00:25:24,080 --> 00:25:26,640 SINGLE SET OF REGULATIONS HAVE 549 00:25:26,640 --> 00:25:30,080 LARGELY GOVERNED THIS. 550 00:25:30,080 --> 00:25:31,760 OVER 30 YEARS BEFORE THE 551 00:25:31,760 --> 00:25:33,680 CONFERENCE WHICH ESTABLISHED THE 552 00:25:33,680 --> 00:25:36,400 STANDARD 24 HOUR DAY BEGINNING 553 00:25:36,400 --> 00:25:40,040 AND ENDING IN GREENWICH IN 554 00:25:40,040 --> 00:25:41,400 EUROPE. 555 00:25:41,400 --> 00:25:44,080 THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL SANITARY 556 00:25:44,080 --> 00:25:45,080 CONFERENCES TO ESTABLISH A 557 00:25:45,080 --> 00:25:47,040 GLOBAL SANITARY ORDER. 558 00:25:47,040 --> 00:25:49,080 THESE CONFERENCES DID NOT SET 559 00:25:49,080 --> 00:25:53,920 OUT TO ESTABLISH GLOBAL HEALTH 560 00:25:53,920 --> 00:25:55,960 REGULATIONS -- THEY AIMED TO 561 00:25:55,960 --> 00:25:57,280 PRODUCE STANDARD AGREEMENTS FOR 562 00:25:57,280 --> 00:26:00,080 THE EFFECTIVE CONTROL OF DISEASE 563 00:26:00,080 --> 00:26:04,080 WITHOUT INJURING GLOBAL TRADE. 564 00:26:04,080 --> 00:26:09,720 FROM 1851 TO 1938 -- 14 565 00:26:09,720 --> 00:26:18,680 CONFERENCES WERE HELD. 566 00:26:18,680 --> 00:26:21,680 IN 1892 THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL 567 00:26:21,680 --> 00:26:23,640 SANITARY CONVENTIONS WERE 568 00:26:23,640 --> 00:26:25,360 ADOPTED CODIFYING THE FIRST 569 00:26:25,360 --> 00:26:28,600 AGREEMENTS. 570 00:26:28,600 --> 00:26:31,080 THESE CONVENTIONS AIMED TO 571 00:26:31,080 --> 00:26:32,880 MAXIMIZE PROTECTION FROM DISEASE 572 00:26:32,880 --> 00:26:37,240 WITH MINIMUM AFFECTS TO TRADE 573 00:26:37,240 --> 00:26:48,000 AND TRAVEL. 574 00:26:48,000 --> 00:26:50,520 SO UNLIKE OTHER AREAS OF 575 00:26:50,520 --> 00:26:51,840 INTERNATIONAL GLOBAL HEALTH SUCH 576 00:26:51,840 --> 00:26:54,600 AS PROJECTS OF DISEASE 577 00:26:54,600 --> 00:26:59,480 ERADICATION OR THE ANTIHIV/AIDS 578 00:26:59,480 --> 00:27:01,520 PROJECTS -- ALL OF WHICH SEEK 579 00:27:01,520 --> 00:27:03,880 SOME SORT OF EQUITY IN GLOBAL 580 00:27:03,880 --> 00:27:06,880 HEALTH OUTCOME THE DOMAIN OF IN 581 00:27:06,880 --> 00:27:09,480 FIX DISEASE REGULATIONS HAS 582 00:27:09,480 --> 00:27:11,160 SIGNIFICANT UNIFORMITY IN ITS 583 00:27:11,160 --> 00:27:13,880 VISION. 584 00:27:13,880 --> 00:27:16,000 THEY WOULD BECOME AFTER THE 585 00:27:16,000 --> 00:27:18,000 EMERGENCE OF THE WHO THE 586 00:27:18,000 --> 00:27:19,480 INTERNATIONAL SANITARY 587 00:27:19,480 --> 00:27:22,080 REGULATIONS AND LATER THE 588 00:27:22,080 --> 00:27:23,520 INTERNATIONAL HEALTH REGULATIONS 589 00:27:23,520 --> 00:27:25,600 WHICH WE HAVE TODAY WHICH WERE 590 00:27:25,600 --> 00:27:28,120 REVISED IN 2005 AND ARE NOW 591 00:27:28,120 --> 00:27:31,000 SLATED TO BE REVISED IN LIGHT OF 592 00:27:31,000 --> 00:27:33,640 COVID-19. 593 00:27:33,640 --> 00:27:36,520 AND WHAT IS FASCINATING IS THE 594 00:27:36,520 --> 00:27:37,560 UNIFORMITY IN THE OVER-ALL 595 00:27:37,560 --> 00:27:39,680 VISION OF THESE REGULATIONS FROM 596 00:27:39,680 --> 00:27:42,200 THE 19th CENTURY TO THE 597 00:27:42,200 --> 00:27:43,600 PRESENT. 598 00:27:43,600 --> 00:27:46,480 THE MANDATE IS THE SAME TODAY AS 599 00:27:46,480 --> 00:27:50,240 IT WAS IN THE 1890s. 600 00:27:50,240 --> 00:27:51,480 THE MAXIMUM PREVENTION AND 601 00:27:51,480 --> 00:27:54,280 SPREAD OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE 602 00:27:54,280 --> 00:27:56,560 WITH A MINIMUM AFFECT TO TRADE 603 00:27:56,560 --> 00:28:00,120 AND TRAVEL. 604 00:28:00,120 --> 00:28:02,080 THEY CAN THREATEN GLOBAL 605 00:28:02,080 --> 00:28:04,480 ECONOMIC ORDERS THEY ENGAGED IN 606 00:28:04,480 --> 00:28:08,440 A PROJECT OF SIGNIFY INDICATE OF 607 00:28:08,440 --> 00:28:09,840 MEANING MAKING. 608 00:28:09,840 --> 00:28:11,800 IN THE INTEREST OF EUROPE AND 609 00:28:11,800 --> 00:28:12,680 NORTH AMERICA. 610 00:28:12,680 --> 00:28:14,400 THE CREATION OF THESE 611 00:28:14,400 --> 00:28:16,080 CONVENTIONS AND REGULATIONS ARE 612 00:28:16,080 --> 00:28:18,160 NOT ONLY A MATTER OF SEEKING TO 613 00:28:18,160 --> 00:28:20,160 PROTECT EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA 614 00:28:20,160 --> 00:28:24,480 BUT ALSO ACT AS AUTHORING WHAT 615 00:28:24,480 --> 00:28:27,160 HAS BECOME A VISION OF -- INTO 616 00:28:27,160 --> 00:28:29,200 BEING AND FOR THIS I WANT TO 617 00:28:29,200 --> 00:28:30,800 TALK ABOUT SOME OF THE THEORIES 618 00:28:30,800 --> 00:28:33,840 THAT I DRAW UPON BEFORE I ENGAGE 619 00:28:33,840 --> 00:28:36,480 YOU WITH MORE. 620 00:28:36,480 --> 00:28:38,680 AND I DRAW SPECIFICALLY FROM THE 621 00:28:38,680 --> 00:28:41,480 WORK IN LARGE PART OF STUART 622 00:28:41,480 --> 00:28:44,080 HALL TO THINK ABOUT THE WAYS IN 623 00:28:44,080 --> 00:28:48,040 WHICH POLICY AND THE PRODUCTION 624 00:28:48,040 --> 00:28:49,360 OF REGULATIONS REQUIRE A 625 00:28:49,360 --> 00:28:51,720 PARTICULAR VISION OF THE WORLD 626 00:28:51,720 --> 00:28:53,480 IN ORDER TO PRODUCE THEM AND IN 627 00:28:53,480 --> 00:28:56,000 ORDER TO UNDERSTAND EPIDEMICS AS 628 00:28:56,000 --> 00:28:59,240 A WHOLE. 629 00:28:59,240 --> 00:29:01,960 SO 1992 STUART HALL WROTE A 630 00:29:01,960 --> 00:29:03,760 PIECE CALLED THE WEST AND THE 631 00:29:03,760 --> 00:29:06,000 REST WHICH SUGGEST THAT RATHER 632 00:29:06,000 --> 00:29:09,720 THAN BEING A GEOGRAPHIC SPACE 633 00:29:09,720 --> 00:29:12,320 THE WEST IS ALSO HISTORICAL 634 00:29:12,320 --> 00:29:14,520 CONSTRUCT WHICH CREATES THE 635 00:29:14,520 --> 00:29:17,680 APPEARANCE OF THE UNIFIED WHOLE. 636 00:29:17,680 --> 00:29:19,280 THE CLASSIFICATION OF WESTERN 637 00:29:19,280 --> 00:29:22,160 VERSUS NONWESTERN RATHER THAN 638 00:29:22,160 --> 00:29:24,080 THE FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCE IS A 639 00:29:24,080 --> 00:29:26,600 TOOL IN WHICH TO THINK AND 640 00:29:26,600 --> 00:29:28,000 PRODUCE KNOWLEDGE. 641 00:29:28,000 --> 00:29:29,400 AND TO CLASSIFY SOCIETIES. 642 00:29:29,400 --> 00:29:31,320 IT SETS THE CERTAIN STRUCTURE OF 643 00:29:31,320 --> 00:29:35,920 THOUGHT INTO MOTION AND ALSO A 644 00:29:35,920 --> 00:29:38,840 PART OF LANGUAGE AND PROVIDES A 645 00:29:38,840 --> 00:29:40,880 CRITERIA OF EVALUATION AGAINST 646 00:29:40,880 --> 00:29:42,320 WHICH OTHER SOCIETIES ARE RANKED 647 00:29:42,320 --> 00:29:44,400 AND JUDGED ON A TIME LINE OF 648 00:29:44,400 --> 00:29:46,000 DEVELOPMENT AGAINST THE WEST. 649 00:29:46,000 --> 00:29:49,440 THE WEST IS DEVELOPED AND GOOD 650 00:29:49,440 --> 00:29:56,080 WHICH EQUALS DESIRABLE. 651 00:29:56,080 --> 00:30:01,280 EDWARD THE AUTHOR OF THE BOOK 652 00:30:01,280 --> 00:30:04,720 ORIENISM -- A WAY OF SEEING THE 653 00:30:04,720 --> 00:30:06,960 REST OF THE WORLD IN RELATION TO 654 00:30:06,960 --> 00:30:10,200 THE WEST IS IN SHORT THE WESTERN 655 00:30:10,200 --> 00:30:12,400 STYLE FOR DOMINATING AND HAVING 656 00:30:12,400 --> 00:30:14,760 AUTHORITY OVER THE ORIENT ROOTED 657 00:30:14,760 --> 00:30:19,960 IN THE PRACTICE OF CLAIMING 658 00:30:19,960 --> 00:30:21,600 UNDERSTANDING AND THEREBY THE 659 00:30:21,600 --> 00:30:27,000 AUTHORITY THOUGH CONTROL IT. 660 00:30:27,000 --> 00:30:30,280 IT ALLOWS FOR DISTINCTIONS OF 661 00:30:30,280 --> 00:30:34,480 THE VISIONS TO BE DRAWN. 662 00:30:34,480 --> 00:30:37,240 SO WHEN WE CONNECT THESE 663 00:30:37,240 --> 00:30:39,200 THINKERS TOGETHER WE SEE THE 664 00:30:39,200 --> 00:30:40,800 WAYS IN WHICH A VIEW OF THE 665 00:30:40,800 --> 00:30:42,160 WORLD IS CONSTRUCTED ESPECIALLY 666 00:30:42,160 --> 00:30:44,840 ONE LOCATED IN THE WEST THAT 667 00:30:44,840 --> 00:30:51,120 MAKES IT APPEAR TO BE AN ENTITY 668 00:30:51,120 --> 00:30:53,400 -- BUT IN THESE EPIDEMIC 669 00:30:53,400 --> 00:30:54,400 RESPONSES AND CONTROLS AND 670 00:30:54,400 --> 00:30:56,880 SYSTEMS OF REGULATION THAT ARE 671 00:30:56,880 --> 00:31:00,280 PRODUCED WE SEE FUNDAMENTALLY A 672 00:31:00,280 --> 00:31:02,240 WAY OF SEEING THE WORLD THAT 673 00:31:02,240 --> 00:31:04,280 COMES ABOUT THAT PRIORITIZES THE 674 00:31:04,280 --> 00:31:05,880 INTEREST OF THE WEST OVER THE 675 00:31:05,880 --> 00:31:07,480 REST OF THE WORLD. 676 00:31:07,480 --> 00:31:11,840 AND I PROPOSE A CONCEPT OF 677 00:31:11,840 --> 00:31:17,320 EPIDEMIC ORIENTALISM -- THE 678 00:31:17,320 --> 00:31:19,720 DISCOURSE OF VIEWPOINT WITH THE 679 00:31:19,720 --> 00:31:21,680 REST OF THE WORLD TO WHICH 680 00:31:21,680 --> 00:31:25,160 EUROPE HAS RECOGNIZED ITSELF IN 681 00:31:25,160 --> 00:31:33,800 RELATIONSHIP TO ITS COLONIES. 682 00:31:33,800 --> 00:31:37,400 TO PRESENT AND TO WHICH -- TO 683 00:31:37,400 --> 00:31:40,600 WHICH ALL ACTORS -- BUT WHAT I 684 00:31:40,600 --> 00:31:42,680 LOOK AT SEEM TO RESPOND. 685 00:31:42,680 --> 00:31:46,400 AND I WOULD ARGUE THAT EPIDEMIC 686 00:31:46,400 --> 00:31:50,840 ORIENTALISM IS MARKED BY THE 687 00:31:50,840 --> 00:31:51,440 GEOGRAPHIC ORIENTATION OF THE 688 00:31:51,440 --> 00:31:55,800 WORLD -- THE RELATION OR THE 689 00:31:55,800 --> 00:31:59,400 CONSTRUCTION OF VISIONS OF MADE 690 00:31:59,400 --> 00:32:00,840 DIFFERENCE SIGNIFIED BY DISEASE 691 00:32:00,840 --> 00:32:03,480 AND THE PRODUCTION OF A 692 00:32:03,480 --> 00:32:04,120 PARTICULAR PROGRESSION OF 693 00:32:04,120 --> 00:32:05,880 DISEASE CONTROL THAT ELEVATES 694 00:32:05,880 --> 00:32:09,120 THE WEST ABOVE OTHERS. 695 00:32:09,120 --> 00:32:11,480 SO I WANT NOW THAT WE'VE GONE 696 00:32:11,480 --> 00:32:14,320 THROUGH A HOST OF THEORY I WANT 697 00:32:14,320 --> 00:32:16,680 TO APPLY A LITTLE BIT OF -- TO 698 00:32:16,680 --> 00:32:19,280 THESE CONCEPTS AND TERMS. 699 00:32:19,280 --> 00:32:21,520 SO I WANT TO PROVIDE THREE 700 00:32:21,520 --> 00:32:25,320 QUOTATIONS HERE THAT DESCRIBE 701 00:32:25,320 --> 00:32:27,160 AND CLAIM TO ARGUE FOR THE NEW 702 00:32:27,160 --> 00:32:30,480 FORMS OF REGULATIONS OF 703 00:32:30,480 --> 00:32:31,680 INFECTIOUS DISEASE CONTROL AND 704 00:32:31,680 --> 00:32:33,560 WHAT I HOPE TO DEMONSTRATE IS 705 00:32:33,560 --> 00:32:35,840 THAT WE SEE FUNDAMENTALLY THIS 706 00:32:35,840 --> 00:32:39,840 PARTICULAR FRAMING OF INFECTIOUS 707 00:32:39,840 --> 00:32:43,320 DISEASE THREAT AS -- IN THIS 708 00:32:43,320 --> 00:32:44,720 STRAIN. 709 00:32:44,720 --> 00:32:47,800 AND I'LL LET YOU READ THEM AS I 710 00:32:47,800 --> 00:32:49,280 DISCUSS THEM. 711 00:32:49,280 --> 00:32:52,080 IT'S STILL COINCIDENCE IN THE 712 00:32:52,080 --> 00:32:54,440 150 YEAR HISTORY THAT WE CAN 713 00:32:54,440 --> 00:32:59,240 FIND SURPRISINGLY IDENTICAL 714 00:32:59,240 --> 00:33:00,200 JUSTIFICATIONS. 715 00:33:00,200 --> 00:33:02,920 THE EMPLOYMENT OF THE SPECTRUM 716 00:33:02,920 --> 00:33:06,440 -- TRADE AS A POTENTIAL CAUSE 717 00:33:06,440 --> 00:33:08,760 HAS BEEN EVOKED FROM THE 1890s 718 00:33:08,760 --> 00:33:10,280 TO THE PRESENT. 719 00:33:10,280 --> 00:33:15,400 CREATING A GEOGRAPHY. 720 00:33:15,400 --> 00:33:18,760 -- FOR THE THREAT OF THE SPREAD 721 00:33:18,760 --> 00:33:24,080 OF THE EPIDEMIC. 722 00:33:24,080 --> 00:33:27,920 THE ULTIMATE FORMS -- FOR 723 00:33:27,920 --> 00:33:29,760 CONTROLLING INFECTIOUS DISEASE 724 00:33:29,760 --> 00:33:33,320 WERE EMBEDDED WITHIN EXISTING 725 00:33:33,320 --> 00:33:35,520 CONCERNS, NEW OR HASTENING FORMS 726 00:33:35,520 --> 00:33:38,040 OF MOBILE AND A NEED TO CONTROL 727 00:33:38,040 --> 00:33:41,080 POPULATION MOVEMENT. 728 00:33:41,080 --> 00:33:43,080 THESE CONCERNS HAVE BEEN STEP 729 00:33:43,080 --> 00:33:45,960 FOCUSED UPON EUROPEAN COME 730 00:33:45,960 --> 00:33:47,880 >> AND POST COLONIAL SPACES 731 00:33:47,880 --> 00:33:48,400 WORLDWIDE. 732 00:33:48,400 --> 00:33:54,080 THE FRAMERS HAVE BEEN UNIQUELY 733 00:33:54,080 --> 00:33:56,360 CONCERNED WITH IMPOSING OR 734 00:33:56,360 --> 00:33:58,040 MAINTAINING A PARTICULAR SYSTEM 735 00:33:58,040 --> 00:34:00,040 OF REALIZE UPON THE WORLD OF 736 00:34:00,040 --> 00:34:01,760 MAINTAINING THAT ORDER IN 737 00:34:01,760 --> 00:34:04,080 OPPOSITION TO THE THREAT OF 738 00:34:04,080 --> 00:34:06,120 CERTAIN INFECTIOUS DISEASES THAT 739 00:34:06,120 --> 00:34:08,080 MIGHT UPSET THIS ORDER. 740 00:34:08,080 --> 00:34:09,520 THESE THREE WERE UTTERED IN 741 00:34:09,520 --> 00:34:11,760 RESPONSE TO THE FORM OF THE 742 00:34:11,760 --> 00:34:14,200 INTERNATIONAL SANITARY 743 00:34:14,200 --> 00:34:16,080 CONVENTIONS OR INTERNATIONAL 744 00:34:16,080 --> 00:34:17,040 HEALTH REGULATIONS. 745 00:34:17,040 --> 00:34:20,480 THE FIRST FROM 1892 WHICH IS 746 00:34:20,480 --> 00:34:22,880 HERE, THE SECOND FROM 1956 DOWN 747 00:34:22,880 --> 00:34:26,080 HERE AND THE THIRD FROM 1988 748 00:34:26,080 --> 00:34:28,520 REFLECT A CONTINUITY AND MODES 749 00:34:28,520 --> 00:34:30,560 OF THOUGHT AND PERCEPTIONS OF 750 00:34:30,560 --> 00:34:31,440 DISEASE THREAT. 751 00:34:31,440 --> 00:34:34,040 IN EACH THE DEADLIEST THREATS 752 00:34:34,040 --> 00:34:35,760 EMERGED FROM THE DARKEST PARTS 753 00:34:35,760 --> 00:34:38,760 OF THE WORLD. 754 00:34:38,760 --> 00:34:40,320 AND REFLECTED AN IMMEDIATE 755 00:34:40,320 --> 00:34:43,360 THREAT TO AN ALREADY DEFINED 756 00:34:43,360 --> 00:34:45,920 WESTERN PERSPECTIVE. 757 00:34:45,920 --> 00:34:54,760 EACIN THE FIRST QUOTE -- NOTED 758 00:34:54,760 --> 00:34:57,520 PHYSICIAN -- WHO WAS THE FATHER 759 00:34:57,520 --> 00:35:02,800 OF MARCEL -- THE AUTHOR -- HE 760 00:35:02,800 --> 00:35:06,360 WAS A REPRESENTATIVE OF FRANCE, 761 00:35:06,360 --> 00:35:10,080 HE DEPICTS EUROPE -- BY THE 762 00:35:10,080 --> 00:35:11,280 THREAT HAVE PEST LANCE. 763 00:35:11,280 --> 00:35:14,680 THE COLONIES OF EUROPE AFFECT 764 00:35:14,680 --> 00:35:17,120 THE POSSIBILITY OF EXPLOITATION 765 00:35:17,120 --> 00:35:19,000 BUT ALSO GREAT RISK. 766 00:35:19,000 --> 00:35:20,960 THE OBJECTIVE MUST BE THE 767 00:35:20,960 --> 00:35:23,080 MAINTENANCE OF COLONIAL ECONOMIC 768 00:35:23,080 --> 00:35:26,680 RELATIONS AND THE ESTABLISHMENT 769 00:35:26,680 --> 00:35:27,680 OF THE BOUNDARY. 770 00:35:27,680 --> 00:35:30,680 IN THE SECOND THE QUOTE FROM THE 771 00:35:30,680 --> 00:35:35,880 GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON PRESENT DAY 772 00:35:35,880 --> 00:35:43,120 SRI LANKA -- THE THREAT IS A 773 00:35:43,120 --> 00:35:45,680 LOAN TRAVELER AFFLICTED WITH 774 00:35:45,680 --> 00:35:47,720 YELLOW FEVER CAPABLE OF 775 00:35:47,720 --> 00:35:51,480 DEVASTATING THE REST OF THE 776 00:35:51,480 --> 00:35:52,120 WORLD. 777 00:35:52,120 --> 00:35:57,600 FINALLY THE QUOTE -- DESPITE THE 778 00:35:57,600 --> 00:35:59,400 HUMANISTIC CALLS -- THE SPECTOR 779 00:35:59,400 --> 00:36:01,880 OF A DISTANT INHABITANT COMING 780 00:36:01,880 --> 00:36:04,080 TO THE SHORES OF AMERICAS HAUNT 781 00:36:04,080 --> 00:36:05,560 HIS VISION OF THE FUTURE. 782 00:36:05,560 --> 00:36:07,640 SO I WOULD ARGUE THAT THESE 783 00:36:07,640 --> 00:36:10,080 THREE QUOTES SET UP A PARTICULAR 784 00:36:10,080 --> 00:36:11,880 VISION OF THE WORLD THAT PERSIST 785 00:36:11,880 --> 00:36:13,320 ACROSS THE TIME PERIODS 786 00:36:13,320 --> 00:36:15,600 CONSIDERED. 787 00:36:15,600 --> 00:36:18,040 FROM THE 1800s TO THE PRESENT. 788 00:36:18,040 --> 00:36:20,720 BUT THE EPIDEMICS THAT THREATEN 789 00:36:20,720 --> 00:36:24,080 THE GLOBE ARE THE ONES THAT 790 00:36:24,080 --> 00:36:26,320 EMERGE FROM THE DISTANT LANDS. 791 00:36:26,320 --> 00:36:28,000 NOW DESCRIBED AS THE DEVELOPING 792 00:36:28,000 --> 00:36:29,920 WORLD AND TRAVEL TO LANDS 793 00:36:29,920 --> 00:36:31,880 UNSPOILED AND UNPREPARED FOR 794 00:36:31,880 --> 00:36:35,280 SUCH PEST LANCE. 795 00:36:35,280 --> 00:36:37,800 ALMOST ALWAYS EUROPE AND NORTH 796 00:36:37,800 --> 00:36:38,280 AMERICA. 797 00:36:38,280 --> 00:36:42,800 SO WE SEE A WHOLE IDEALIZED MAP 798 00:36:42,800 --> 00:36:46,120 OF GEOGRAPHY BEFORE US. 799 00:36:46,120 --> 00:36:48,880 IT'S NOT SUFFICIENT TO UNDER THE 800 00:36:48,880 --> 00:36:50,600 BIOLOGY BUT ALSO THE ASSUMPTIONS 801 00:36:50,600 --> 00:36:52,480 OF THOSE ASSESSING. 802 00:36:52,480 --> 00:36:55,320 WE SEE A WORLD WHERE THE THREAT 803 00:36:55,320 --> 00:36:57,120 IS SEEN AND MUST BE SEEN THROUGH 804 00:36:57,120 --> 00:36:59,520 THE EYES OF THOSE WITH THEIR 805 00:36:59,520 --> 00:37:01,080 FEET FIRMLY PLANTED NOT AT THE 806 00:37:01,080 --> 00:37:04,280 SITE OF EPIDEMIC OCCURRENCES BUT 807 00:37:04,280 --> 00:37:07,440 RATHER IN THE DISTANT PLACES 808 00:37:07,440 --> 00:37:10,120 WHERE THESE EPIDEMICS MAY ONE 809 00:37:10,120 --> 00:37:10,680 DAY REACH. 810 00:37:10,680 --> 00:37:13,040 THESE ARE A WINDOW INTO THE 811 00:37:13,040 --> 00:37:15,880 LANDSCAPES OF RELATIONS ON TO 812 00:37:15,880 --> 00:37:17,080 WHICH MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE ARE 813 00:37:17,080 --> 00:37:19,280 MAPPED WITH THE OMNI PRESENT BUT 814 00:37:19,280 --> 00:37:24,120 UNSTATED PURPOSE OF RECOGNIZING 815 00:37:24,120 --> 00:37:28,200 EPIDEMIC THREAT -- THAT DIVIDES 816 00:37:28,200 --> 00:37:30,760 THE WEST FROM THE REST. 817 00:37:30,760 --> 00:37:34,960 THE QUESTION OF HOW AND WHY -- 818 00:37:34,960 --> 00:37:37,040 DESPITE A HUNDRED YEARS -- 819 00:37:37,040 --> 00:37:39,680 PERHAPS THIS IS SUCH AN ENDURE 820 00:37:39,680 --> 00:37:43,920 PERSPECTIVE. 821 00:37:43,920 --> 00:37:47,920 NOW THE EFFECTS OF THIS EPIDEMIC 822 00:37:47,920 --> 00:37:49,320 ORIENTALISM THROUGH TIME I WANT 823 00:37:49,320 --> 00:37:50,880 TO TRACE OUT A LITTLE BIT MORE. 824 00:37:50,880 --> 00:37:53,360 AS A RESULT OF THE INTERNATIONAL 825 00:37:53,360 --> 00:37:55,680 SANITARY CONVENTIONS AND 826 00:37:55,680 --> 00:37:57,560 CONFERENCES WHAT WE SAW WERE A 827 00:37:57,560 --> 00:38:00,200 HOST OF EFFECTS BY FOCUSING THE 828 00:38:00,200 --> 00:38:01,800 CONTROL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE 829 00:38:01,800 --> 00:38:04,520 AND PREVENTING THREATS PRIMARILY 830 00:38:04,520 --> 00:38:07,040 OF DISEASE EMERGING OR ARRIVING 831 00:38:07,040 --> 00:38:09,440 ON THE SHORES OF EUROPE, 832 00:38:09,440 --> 00:38:13,200 HEIGHTENED SECURITY AND BIAS 833 00:38:13,200 --> 00:38:19,720 AGAINST NONEUROPEANS -- EMERGED 834 00:38:19,720 --> 00:38:22,320 SOME CHINO PHOBIC RESPONSES. 835 00:38:22,320 --> 00:38:22,960 * 836 00:38:22,960 --> 00:38:25,480 THIS ALLOWED FOR ESPECIALLY IN 837 00:38:25,480 --> 00:38:28,840 TERMS OF RELATIONS IN THE EARLY 838 00:38:28,840 --> 00:38:30,600 20th AND LATE 19th CENTURY 839 00:38:30,600 --> 00:38:34,000 ALLOWED FOR THE EMBARGO AND 840 00:38:34,000 --> 00:38:36,280 CLOSER OF COLONIAL PORTS TO 841 00:38:36,280 --> 00:38:38,720 TRADE TO EUROPE AND THE WEST AND 842 00:38:38,720 --> 00:38:42,120 THIS WOULD HAVE CASCADING MAJOR 843 00:38:42,120 --> 00:38:44,400 ECONOMIC EFFECTS BOTH FOR 844 00:38:44,400 --> 00:38:47,400 IMPERIAL TRADE BUT ALSO FOR THE 845 00:38:47,400 --> 00:38:48,400 COLONIAL ECONOMIES IN THOSE 846 00:38:48,400 --> 00:38:53,080 PLACES AND AT TIMES THIS HAD 847 00:38:53,080 --> 00:38:54,520 DEVASTATING EFFECTS FOR THE 848 00:38:54,520 --> 00:38:56,960 LOCAL POPULATION. 849 00:38:56,960 --> 00:39:04,080 IN CAPETOWN SOUTH AFRICA -- AN AN 850 00:39:04,080 --> 00:39:11,880 EPIDEMIC OF BUBONIC PLAGUE -- 851 00:39:11,880 --> 00:39:13,760 COULD BE VIEWED AS A BLUEPRINT 852 00:39:13,760 --> 00:39:16,880 AND A PRECURSORRER TO RACIALLY 853 00:39:16,880 --> 00:39:19,080 SEGREGATED SOUTH AFRICAN 854 00:39:19,080 --> 00:39:34,160 TOWNSHIPS DURING APARTHEID. 855 00:39:34,160 --> 00:39:42,160 AND TO THE WESTERN EUROPE AND AND 856 00:39:42,160 --> 00:39:56,120 THE IMMEDIATE TEARIAN. 857 00:39:56,120 --> 00:39:59,120 *. 858 00:39:59,120 --> 00:40:03,560 THE DISEASE -- AND SANITARY 859 00:40:03,560 --> 00:40:04,360 SYSTEMS HAVE BEEN AND STILL IS 860 00:40:04,360 --> 00:40:07,360 ONE OF THE LARGEST IN THE WORLD. 861 00:40:07,360 --> 00:40:12,000 AND THIS ANXIETY AROUND THE HAJJ 862 00:40:12,000 --> 00:40:14,320 WERE OF CONCERN FOR MUSLIMS AND 863 00:40:14,320 --> 00:40:17,320 ON TO MECCA WHERE THEY WOULD 864 00:40:17,320 --> 00:40:19,520 INTERACT WITH EUROPEANS WHO 865 00:40:19,520 --> 00:40:22,080 WOULD TRANSFER SCHOLAR BACK. 866 00:40:22,080 --> 00:40:26,160 *. 867 00:40:26,160 --> 00:40:28,240 THE FOCUS OF CONTROL TURNED TO 868 00:40:28,240 --> 00:40:30,880 PREVENTION OF TRANSFER TO 869 00:40:30,880 --> 00:40:31,120 EUROPE. 870 00:40:31,120 --> 00:40:34,080 THE SUGGESTION WAS FOR THE AUTO 871 00:40:34,080 --> 00:40:37,920 MAN'S TO ERECT MASSIVE -- IN THE 872 00:40:37,920 --> 00:40:41,880 RED SEA. 873 00:40:41,880 --> 00:40:44,160 THEY SEND IN THE LATE 19th 874 00:40:44,160 --> 00:40:45,960 CENTURY THE SANITARY MEASURES 875 00:40:45,960 --> 00:40:48,680 THAT WOULD BE NEEDED TO CHANGE 876 00:40:48,680 --> 00:40:58,160 IN INDIA. 877 00:40:58,160 --> 00:41:01,080 BUT THE RENDERING OF THE WORLD 878 00:41:01,080 --> 00:41:03,800 ENTIRE RELATION TO DISEASE 879 00:41:03,800 --> 00:41:08,600 THREATS POSED TO YOUR CULMINATED 880 00:41:08,600 --> 00:41:12,080 IN 1866 AND SUGGESTION BEING 881 00:41:12,080 --> 00:41:14,280 POSED OUTSIDE OF YOU ARE CROP 882 00:41:14,280 --> 00:41:15,240 FOR ITS OWN POPULATION. 883 00:41:15,240 --> 00:41:18,320 THEY WERE RENDERED IN CAPABLE -- 884 00:41:18,320 --> 00:41:20,200 WITHIN THE INTERNATIONAL 885 00:41:20,200 --> 00:41:22,880 SANITARY CONFERENCE DISCUSSIONS 886 00:41:22,880 --> 00:41:25,720 ESPECIALLY WITH YOU AREIAN 887 00:41:25,720 --> 00:41:27,000 INTERVENTION AN EMERGENCY 888 00:41:27,000 --> 00:41:32,640 PROPOSAL THAT WAS BROUGHT FORTH 889 00:41:32,640 --> 00:41:36,040 -- ALSO RENDERED CERTAIN 890 00:41:36,040 --> 00:41:36,960 POPULATIONS DISPOSABLE TO THE 891 00:41:36,960 --> 00:41:38,960 INTEREST OF EUROPE. 892 00:41:38,960 --> 00:41:44,840 BY FORCING CLOSER TO PILGRIM 893 00:41:44,840 --> 00:41:48,080 TRAVEL THROUGH A FRENCH PROPOSAL 894 00:41:48,080 --> 00:41:58,120 THE EMERGENCE OF CHOLERA -- -- 895 00:41:58,120 --> 00:42:02,720 THIS PROVEN FACT WAS RAISED BY 896 00:42:02,720 --> 00:42:14,880 THE DELEGATIONS IN PROTEST. 897 00:42:14,880 --> 00:42:19,120 -- -- THE AWED MOON DELEGATION * 898 00:42:19,120 --> 00:42:27,240 MADE THIS PLEA -- WOULD RESULT 899 00:42:27,240 --> 00:42:31,920 IN THE CREATION OF IMMENSE -- 900 00:42:31,920 --> 00:42:34,800 PEST LANCE -- NOT ONE WOULD 901 00:42:34,800 --> 00:42:37,480 SURVIVE FOR MORE THAN A FEW DAYS 902 00:42:37,480 --> 00:42:39,080 AND THESE TOWNS WOULD BE 903 00:42:39,080 --> 00:42:49,520 TRANSFORMED INTO NECROPALY. 904 00:42:49,520 --> 00:42:53,280 COULD WE BELIEVE THAT THEIR 905 00:42:53,280 --> 00:42:55,720 POPULATIONS WOULD REST 906 00:42:55,720 --> 00:42:58,160 SPECTATORS OF SO MANY 907 00:42:58,160 --> 00:43:01,560 CALAMITIES. 908 00:43:03,480 --> 00:43:05,760 HERE WE SEE AN EXAMPLE IN THIS 909 00:43:05,760 --> 00:43:07,600 DEBATE OVER THIS PROPOSAL TO 910 00:43:07,600 --> 00:43:10,720 CLOSE THE SEA LANES OF THE WAYS 911 00:43:10,720 --> 00:43:13,600 IN WHICH DIFFERENT POPULATIONS 912 00:43:13,600 --> 00:43:16,680 ARE SEEN AS POTENTIAL VICTIMS OF 913 00:43:16,680 --> 00:43:18,960 THE SPREAD OF DISEASE NAMELY 914 00:43:18,960 --> 00:43:20,680 EUROPE AND WHO'S CAPABLE OF 915 00:43:20,680 --> 00:43:23,920 BEING SACRIFICED OR RENDERED 916 00:43:23,920 --> 00:43:26,280 DISPOSAL FOR THE SAKE OF THOSE 917 00:43:26,280 --> 00:43:28,680 INTEREST AND THOSE BODIES. 918 00:43:28,680 --> 00:43:29,800 CONCERNS ABOUT THE ECONOMIC RISK 919 00:43:29,800 --> 00:43:34,120 OF DISEASE BUT WERE NOT LIMITED 920 00:43:34,120 --> 00:43:36,680 TO EUROPEAN EMPIRES. 921 00:43:36,680 --> 00:43:40,040 THE UNITED STATES HAS A HISTORY 922 00:43:40,040 --> 00:43:43,920 OF ANTICHINESE SENTIMENT H. -- 923 00:43:43,920 --> 00:43:47,880 HOW IN HONOLULU -- AND THE 924 00:43:47,880 --> 00:43:51,480 GENERAL POPULATION LAMENTED THE 925 00:43:51,480 --> 00:43:57,080 OUTBREAK OF THE BUBONIC PLAYING. 926 00:43:57,080 --> 00:43:58,440 -- PLAGUE. 927 00:43:58,440 --> 00:44:00,440 IT SPREAD AROUND THE WORLD AND 928 00:44:00,440 --> 00:44:04,880 THEY CLOSED THEIR BORDERS. 929 00:44:04,880 --> 00:44:08,280 THE ADMINISTRATORS EMBARKED UPON 930 00:44:08,280 --> 00:44:11,320 A FULL QUARANTINE ALLOWING NO 931 00:44:11,320 --> 00:44:12,360 ONE TO LEAVE. 932 00:44:12,360 --> 00:44:14,720 THIS IMPOSED CONSIDERABLE 933 00:44:14,720 --> 00:44:17,440 HARDSHIPS. 934 00:44:17,440 --> 00:44:21,280 THE AREA OF QUARANTINE 935 00:44:21,280 --> 00:44:24,080 IMMEDIATELY NEAR THE HARBOR BUT 936 00:44:24,080 --> 00:44:25,960 AVOIDED BUILDINGS AND BUSINESSES 937 00:44:25,960 --> 00:44:28,080 OPENED BY WHITE AMERICANS AND 938 00:44:28,080 --> 00:44:29,880 MEEDLY CONNECTED TO SITES OF 939 00:44:29,880 --> 00:44:32,880 QUARANTINE. 940 00:44:32,880 --> 00:44:35,240 ULTIMATELY AS PICTURED HERE 941 00:44:35,240 --> 00:44:37,880 AUTHORITIES BURNED CONTAMINATED 942 00:44:37,880 --> 00:44:39,280 BUILDINGS BUT IT SPREAD AND 943 00:44:39,280 --> 00:44:41,200 CONSUMED MOST OF CHINATOWN IN 944 00:44:41,200 --> 00:44:42,840 FLAMES. 945 00:44:42,840 --> 00:44:45,880 AND WE SAW SIMILAR RESPONSES 946 00:44:45,880 --> 00:44:54,160 OCCURRING IN SAN FRANCISCO. 947 00:44:54,160 --> 00:44:58,200 AND THIS PARTICULAR FORM OF 948 00:44:58,200 --> 00:44:59,080 EPIDEMIC ORIENTALISM CONTRIBUTED 949 00:44:59,080 --> 00:45:01,720 TO THE GROUNDWORK OF US 950 00:45:01,720 --> 00:45:03,960 EXCLUSIONARY IMMIGRATION LAWS 951 00:45:03,960 --> 00:45:06,080 AGAINST CHINESE IMMIGRANTS AND 952 00:45:06,080 --> 00:45:09,880 THOSE IMMIGRATING FROM BROADLY 953 00:45:09,880 --> 00:45:14,680 EAST ASIA IN THE 19th CENTURY. 954 00:45:14,680 --> 00:45:18,400 THE PAGE AGE OF 1875 BANNED THE 955 00:45:18,400 --> 00:45:19,960 IMMIGRATION OF CHINESE WOMEN TO 956 00:45:19,960 --> 00:45:21,640 THE UNITED STATES AND WAS 957 00:45:21,640 --> 00:45:25,480 JUSTIFIED THAT CHINESE WERE 958 00:45:25,480 --> 00:45:31,040 EITHER IMMORAL BUT ALSO CARRIED 959 00:45:31,040 --> 00:45:31,280 DISEASE. 960 00:45:31,280 --> 00:45:34,680 THE CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT BANNED 961 00:45:34,680 --> 00:45:35,800 ALL IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED 962 00:45:35,800 --> 00:45:38,080 STATES. 963 00:45:38,080 --> 00:45:41,720 AND THESE LAWS CONTRIBUTED TO 964 00:45:41,720 --> 00:45:46,200 THE GROUNDWORK FOR LATER 965 00:45:46,200 --> 00:45:58,560 EXCLUSIONARY LAWS -- TO OTHERS. 966 00:45:58,560 --> 00:46:02,400 AS WELL AS A POWERFUL BINARY 967 00:46:02,400 --> 00:46:05,400 MODE FOR DISTINGUISHING 968 00:46:05,400 --> 00:46:07,080 MASCULINITY AND GENDER AS WELL 969 00:46:07,080 --> 00:46:12,520 AS RACE. 970 00:46:12,520 --> 00:46:17,880 THEY REPRESENTED A SEXUALIZED 971 00:46:17,880 --> 00:46:20,240 DANGER AND MORALE AND RACIAL 972 00:46:20,240 --> 00:46:22,080 POLLUTION. 973 00:46:22,080 --> 00:46:25,880 NOT ONLY THIS THE PERCEPTION OF 974 00:46:25,880 --> 00:46:30,480 THE STRAINS OF THE VD COULD 975 00:46:30,480 --> 00:46:33,200 POISON ANGLO SAX SON BLOOD. 976 00:46:33,200 --> 00:46:34,200 -- *. 977 00:46:34,200 --> 00:46:39,840 IT BECOMES A POWERFUL FORCE. 978 00:46:39,840 --> 00:46:44,440 PUBLIC HEALTH ACTORS -- BELIEVE 979 00:46:44,440 --> 00:46:47,400 THAT A VARIETY OF DISEASES WERE 980 00:46:47,400 --> 00:46:48,960 MORE COMMON AMONG CHINESE 981 00:46:48,960 --> 00:46:52,000 IMMIGRANTS AND WERE USED AS A 982 00:46:52,000 --> 00:46:57,560 BASES OF EXCLUSION. 983 00:46:57,560 --> 00:47:04,080 SO AS I CONCLUDE AND THIS IS A 984 00:47:04,080 --> 00:47:08,560 WHIRLWIND TOUR -- HIGHLIGHTED 985 00:47:08,560 --> 00:47:10,640 SOME OF THE I'M PEARICS THAT I 986 00:47:10,640 --> 00:47:13,520 WORK WITH * I WANT TO END WITH 987 00:47:13,520 --> 00:47:15,400 THINKING ABOUT THE ROLE OF 988 00:47:15,400 --> 00:47:17,280 ARCHIVES IN THIS PROJECT AND 989 00:47:17,280 --> 00:47:19,440 FUNDAMENTALLY BEYOND. 990 00:47:19,440 --> 00:47:21,480 INDEED PERHAPS THE PANDEMIC OF 991 00:47:21,480 --> 00:47:24,120 COVID-19 EXPOSES THE TERRIFYING 992 00:47:24,120 --> 00:47:25,960 NEARNESS OF THE 19th CENTURY. 993 00:47:25,960 --> 00:47:29,600 THE VIOLENCES AND PANDEMICS AND 994 00:47:29,600 --> 00:47:32,080 LOSS OF LOSS. 995 00:47:32,080 --> 00:47:34,320 WHAT I'VE DEPICTED SHOULD 996 00:47:34,320 --> 00:47:36,880 HIGHLIGHT AND LINGER WITH US IN 997 00:47:36,880 --> 00:47:40,080 ITS HAUNTING NEARNESS TO OUR 998 00:47:40,080 --> 00:47:43,040 PRESENT COVID-19 DISCOURSES. 999 00:47:43,040 --> 00:47:48,120 AND ARCHIVES LIKE THE NLM BEAR 1000 00:47:48,120 --> 00:47:49,280 TESTAMENT TO THIS. 1001 00:47:49,280 --> 00:47:51,720 LESS OF A CHRONOLOGICAL ISRAEL 1002 00:47:51,720 --> 00:47:55,720 TO OUR CURRENT TIMES. 1003 00:47:55,720 --> 00:47:57,920 MODIFIED TO MAKE WAY FOR THE NEW 1004 00:47:57,920 --> 00:48:00,120 WHILE SHOWING THE OBVIOUS TRACES 1005 00:48:00,120 --> 00:48:05,280 OF WHAT WAS THERE BEFORE. 1006 00:48:05,280 --> 00:48:07,680 LIKE A SHADOW IT IS CAST UPON 1007 00:48:07,680 --> 00:48:09,480 GLOBAL RESPONSES TO DISEASE 1008 00:48:09,480 --> 00:48:11,080 THREATS. 1009 00:48:11,080 --> 00:48:13,800 IN THIS PRESENTATION I SHOW THAT 1010 00:48:13,800 --> 00:48:14,960 THE CONTINUITIES AND DISJOINTS 1011 00:48:14,960 --> 00:48:17,280 WITHIN THE HISTORY AND THE 1012 00:48:17,280 --> 00:48:20,080 LEGACIES OF COLONIAL PRACTICES 1013 00:48:20,080 --> 00:48:22,680 OF DISEASE CONTROL IN SOME WAYS 1014 00:48:22,680 --> 00:48:31,120 PERSIST TO THIS DAY. 1015 00:48:31,120 --> 00:48:33,840 -- TO MAINTAIN INTO OUR COMMON 1016 00:48:33,840 --> 00:48:34,880 SENSE UNDERSTANDINGS OF THE 1017 00:48:34,880 --> 00:48:36,720 WORLD AND WHAT MAY BE CONSIDERED 1018 00:48:36,720 --> 00:48:39,040 A POST COLONIAL WORLD. 1019 00:48:39,040 --> 00:48:41,080 AT THE SAME TIME I DEMONSTRATE 1020 00:48:41,080 --> 00:48:43,760 HOW THE PRACTICE OF DISEASE 1021 00:48:43,760 --> 00:48:44,760 CONTROL CAN SOME OF THE SHIFT 1022 00:48:44,760 --> 00:48:47,280 WHILE RETAINING IN SO MANY WAYS 1023 00:48:47,280 --> 00:48:56,120 THE DEEPLY RACIAL XENO PHOBIC 1024 00:48:56,120 --> 00:48:58,720 ANXIETY. 1025 00:48:58,720 --> 00:49:01,640 SO THIS SHOULD RAISE FURTHER 1026 00:49:01,640 --> 00:49:05,680 QUESTIONS IN WHICH THE WAY WE 1027 00:49:05,680 --> 00:49:09,880 CASUALLY -- -- RETAINED MANY OF 1028 00:49:09,880 --> 00:49:16,920 THE SAME ANXIETIES AND DID -- AND 1029 00:49:16,920 --> 00:49:20,320 DESIRES. 1030 00:49:20,320 --> 00:49:23,280 IN SOME WAYS THEY ENSURE THE 1031 00:49:23,280 --> 00:49:24,600 TRANSITION WHILE ALSO SHIFTING 1032 00:49:24,600 --> 00:49:26,520 TO ACTUALLY CHALLENGE THEM IN 1033 00:49:26,520 --> 00:49:29,080 MANY OTHERS. 1034 00:49:29,080 --> 00:49:33,480 I WANT TO NOTE THAT IN THIS WORK 1035 00:49:33,480 --> 00:49:35,880 -- I OFTEN TEACH THE MATERIALS 1036 00:49:35,880 --> 00:49:37,720 THAT I LOOK THROUGH. 1037 00:49:37,720 --> 00:49:41,160 THIS IS AN ARTICLE -- WHICH I 1038 00:49:41,160 --> 00:49:45,240 USED TO TEACH TO MY CLASSES TO 1039 00:49:45,240 --> 00:49:47,280 THINK ABOUT THE WAYS THAT WE CAN 1040 00:49:47,280 --> 00:49:49,000 ACTUALLY LOOK AT AND CONSIDER 1041 00:49:49,000 --> 00:49:51,720 THE HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL 1042 00:49:51,720 --> 00:49:53,040 PUBLIC HEALTH AND RESPOND TO 1043 00:49:53,040 --> 00:49:56,120 THEM AND ENGAGE WITH THEM TO 1044 00:49:56,120 --> 00:49:57,640 PRODUCE BETTER MORE EQUITABLE 1045 00:49:57,640 --> 00:49:59,720 AND HUMANE POLICY. 1046 00:49:59,720 --> 00:50:03,840 SO TO CONCLUDE ARCHIVES ARE 1047 00:50:03,840 --> 00:50:07,880 SPACES WHICH GIVE US -- WAYS THE 1048 00:50:07,880 --> 00:50:10,880 WAYS DOMINANT NARRATIVES ARE 1049 00:50:10,880 --> 00:50:13,440 DISPLAYED AND WHAT MUST BE 1050 00:50:13,440 --> 00:50:14,520 REMEMBERED -- THEY CONTINUE TO 1051 00:50:14,520 --> 00:50:16,240 SHAPE AND CONDITION OUR PRESENT 1052 00:50:16,240 --> 00:50:20,120 AND THE POSSIBILITY FOR OUR 1053 00:50:20,120 --> 00:50:22,160 HEALTH RESPONSES AND THIS 1054 00:50:22,160 --> 00:50:23,840 ENDURING PERSPECTIVE OF DISEASE 1055 00:50:23,840 --> 00:50:26,560 THREAT FRAMED THROUGH THE 1056 00:50:26,560 --> 00:50:33,280 POSITION OF A SANITARILY 1057 00:50:33,280 --> 00:50:34,240 SUPERIOR THREAT AGAINST THE REST 1058 00:50:34,240 --> 00:50:36,880 OF THE WORLD NEEDS TO BE 1059 00:50:36,880 --> 00:50:37,840 CHALLENGED AND RECOGNIZED IN 1060 00:50:37,840 --> 00:50:41,520 ORDER FOR US TO DEVELOP MORE 1061 00:50:41,520 --> 00:50:44,600 EQUITABLE EFFECTIVE AND 1062 00:50:44,600 --> 00:50:46,440 RESPONSIVE PANDEMIC REGULATION. 1063 00:50:46,440 --> 00:50:48,680 WITH THAT I'LL END AND I LOOK 1064 00:50:48,680 --> 00:50:49,680 FORWARD TO YOUR QUESTIONS. 1065 00:50:49,680 --> 00:50:54,920 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 1066 00:50:54,920 --> 00:50:55,520 >> DR. WHITE, THANK YOU VERY 1067 00:50:55,520 --> 00:50:57,000 MUCH FOR AN OUTSTANDING 1068 00:50:57,000 --> 00:50:57,960 PRESENTATION. 1069 00:50:57,960 --> 00:50:59,840 WONDERFUL. 1070 00:50:59,840 --> 00:51:01,760 TO THOSE WHO ARE WATCHING YOU'LL 1071 00:51:01,760 --> 00:51:04,240 FIND A LIVE FEEDBACK BUTTON 1072 00:51:04,240 --> 00:51:05,480 UNDER THE VIDEO FEED. 1073 00:51:05,480 --> 00:51:07,320 YOU CAN USE THAT TO SEND A 1074 00:51:07,320 --> 00:51:09,320 QUESTION THAT WILL COME DIRECTLY 1075 00:51:09,320 --> 00:51:12,080 TO ME AND I WILL TRIAGE THEM AND 1076 00:51:12,080 --> 00:51:14,520 SHARE THEM WITH OUR SPEAKER 1077 00:51:14,520 --> 00:51:16,080 TODAY. 1078 00:51:16,080 --> 00:51:17,600 WE HAVE TWO QUESTIONS. 1079 00:51:17,600 --> 00:51:20,080 BY THE WAY IF ANYONE IS ON 1080 00:51:20,080 --> 00:51:23,600 Twitter AND THEY WANT TO SEND A 1081 00:51:23,600 --> 00:51:29,440 QUESTION USE THE #NLM TALK. 1082 00:51:29,440 --> 00:51:30,480 AT LEAST IN THE CASE OF THE 1083 00:51:30,480 --> 00:51:32,720 UNITED STATES IN THE LATTER 1084 00:51:32,720 --> 00:51:36,040 1800s AND EARLY 1900s THERE 1085 00:51:36,040 --> 00:51:43,080 WAS SANITARY CHINO PHOBIA THIS 1086 00:51:43,080 --> 00:51:45,160 INCLUDED EASTERN AND SOUTHERN 1087 00:51:45,160 --> 00:51:47,960 EUROPEANS SO WAS THE ISSUE OF 1088 00:51:47,960 --> 00:51:50,760 ORIENTALISM OR WAS IT MORE 1089 00:51:50,760 --> 00:51:51,720 GENERIC? 1090 00:51:51,720 --> 00:51:54,760 >> THAT IS A GREAT QUESTION. 1091 00:51:54,760 --> 00:51:57,280 SO ONE THING I WANT TO MENTION 1092 00:51:57,280 --> 00:52:01,280 IS THAT BY AND LARGE THE 1093 00:52:01,280 --> 00:52:03,160 EPIDEMIC ORIENTALISM IS WITHIN 1094 00:52:03,160 --> 00:52:05,520 THE INTERNATIONAL SANITARY 1095 00:52:05,520 --> 00:52:06,520 CONFERENCES -- AND HEALTH 1096 00:52:06,520 --> 00:52:07,240 REGULATIONS. 1097 00:52:07,240 --> 00:52:08,920 BUT THIS IS A REALLY GREAT 1098 00:52:08,920 --> 00:52:12,080 QUESTION BECAUSE AT ONE OF THE 1099 00:52:12,080 --> 00:52:13,440 INTERNATIONAL SANITARY 1100 00:52:13,440 --> 00:52:15,400 CONFERENCES THERE WAS LARGE 1101 00:52:15,400 --> 00:52:20,480 DISCUSSION ABOUT THE CONTROLS OF 1102 00:52:20,480 --> 00:52:26,000 -- THE HAA JJ TRAVELING THROUGH 1103 00:52:26,000 --> 00:52:29,880 THE SUEZ CANAL. 1104 00:52:29,880 --> 00:52:31,440 THIS SOUNDS LIKE A GOOD PLAN 1105 00:52:31,440 --> 00:52:36,040 THAT WE SHOULD APPLY TO YOU 1106 00:52:36,040 --> 00:52:38,560 ARIANS IMMIGRATING TO THE UNITED 1107 00:52:38,560 --> 00:52:39,840 STATES *. 1108 00:52:39,840 --> 00:52:41,880 AT WHICH POINT THERE IS AN 1109 00:52:41,880 --> 00:52:44,080 INTERESTING MOMENT IN THE 1110 00:52:44,080 --> 00:52:48,720 CONFERENCE WHERE IT SAID THAT IT 1111 00:52:48,720 --> 00:52:52,800 WAS MET WITH LITTLE INTEREST 1112 00:52:52,800 --> 00:53:02,040 FROM THE YOUR PEEUROPEIAN PARTIES. 1113 00:53:02,040 --> 00:53:05,280 WHAT WE SEE IN THE INTERNATIONAL 1114 00:53:05,280 --> 00:53:06,880 SANITARY CONFERENCES AND 1115 00:53:06,880 --> 00:53:09,040 CONVENTIONS ARE SOMETIMES THE 1116 00:53:09,040 --> 00:53:10,000 POLICING OF THE BOUNDARIES AND 1117 00:53:10,000 --> 00:53:11,560 WE ALSO SEE THAT I DIDN'T HAVE 1118 00:53:11,560 --> 00:53:13,360 TO TIME TO MENTION THIS BUT WE 1119 00:53:13,360 --> 00:53:17,080 ALSO SEE THAT THE ABILITY TO 1120 00:53:17,080 --> 00:53:18,960 SANITARILY CONTROL COLONIAL 1121 00:53:18,960 --> 00:53:22,000 POPULATIONS BECOMES A SIGNIFIER 1122 00:53:22,000 --> 00:53:24,080 OF WESTERN SUPERIORITY AND THE 1123 00:53:24,080 --> 00:53:26,840 FRENCH WHO ARE NO FRIENDS OF THE 1124 00:53:26,840 --> 00:53:30,280 BRITISH ARE CONSTANTLY TRYING TO 1125 00:53:30,280 --> 00:53:36,320 DEMONSTRATE A SUPERIORITY FOR 1126 00:53:36,320 --> 00:53:48,080 THE FACT THAT FUNDAMENTALLY THE 1127 00:53:48,080 --> 00:53:50,960 CHOLERA -- BEGINS TO EMERGE IN 1128 00:53:50,960 --> 00:53:51,680 INDIA. 1129 00:53:51,680 --> 00:53:53,800 AND THIS IS A DEBATE THAT 1130 00:53:53,800 --> 00:53:56,000 LINGERS ACROSS MANY OF THE EARLY 1131 00:53:56,000 --> 00:53:57,280 INTERNATIONAL SANITARY 1132 00:53:57,280 --> 00:53:59,440 CONFERENCES. 1133 00:53:59,440 --> 00:54:03,960 SO IT IS XENOPHOBIA BUT ALSO A 1134 00:54:03,960 --> 00:54:07,880 PARTICULAR BRAND OF ZON XENOPHOBIA 1135 00:54:07,880 --> 00:54:11,120 WHICH MELDS WITH IMPERIAL AND 1136 00:54:11,120 --> 00:54:14,080 ALSO BROADLY ECONOMIC ANXIETIES. 1137 00:54:14,080 --> 00:54:16,200 THAT EXIST SEPARATE FROM THAT 1138 00:54:16,200 --> 00:54:16,560 XENOPHOBIA. 1139 00:54:16,560 --> 00:54:17,760 THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR THAT 1140 00:54:17,760 --> 00:54:19,520 QUESTION. 1141 00:54:19,520 --> 00:54:24,080 >> THANK YOU. 1142 00:54:24,080 --> 00:54:27,120 ANOTHER QUESTION REGARDING MYTHS 1143 00:54:27,120 --> 00:54:32,960 OF MOW DERN TEE AND CONVENTIONS 1144 00:54:32,960 --> 00:54:35,880 -- DOES THE PRACTICE OF NAMING A 1145 00:54:35,880 --> 00:54:37,920 DISEASE AFTER THE AREA WHERE IT 1146 00:54:37,920 --> 00:54:40,920 WAS FIRST DOCUMENTED FOR EXAMPLE 1147 00:54:40,920 --> 00:54:46,760 SPANISH FLU, RUSSIAN FLU, CHINA 1148 00:54:46,760 --> 00:54:48,960 VIRUS IMPACT POLICIES AND 1149 00:54:48,960 --> 00:54:50,880 PRACTICES TO EPIDEMICS? 1150 00:54:50,880 --> 00:54:52,400 >> ABSOLUTELY AND THAT IS A 1151 00:54:52,400 --> 00:54:54,000 WONDERFUL QUESTION. 1152 00:54:54,000 --> 00:54:55,840 PART OF WHAT I DEMONSTRATED IN 1153 00:54:55,840 --> 00:54:58,160 THE LATTER CHAPTERS I SHOWED YOU 1154 00:54:58,160 --> 00:54:59,840 THINGS THAT WERE GOING ON 1155 00:54:59,840 --> 00:55:00,560 ESPECIALLY WITH THE MATERIALS 1156 00:55:00,560 --> 00:55:06,840 THAT I USE FRED -- USED FROM THE 1157 00:55:06,840 --> 00:55:08,680 NLM BUT WHAT YOU SEE IS THAT 1158 00:55:08,680 --> 00:55:11,480 ACTORS WITHIN THE WHO GRAPPLING 1159 00:55:11,480 --> 00:55:13,520 WITH AND TRYING TO CHALLENGE 1160 00:55:13,520 --> 00:55:17,560 THESE SYSTEMS AND GETTING PUSH 1161 00:55:17,560 --> 00:55:20,960 BACK FROM OR HAVING TO CONSIDER 1162 00:55:20,960 --> 00:55:25,640 THE EPIDEMIC ORION TALLISM OF 1163 00:55:25,640 --> 00:55:28,760 THE OF THE WORLD HEALTH 1164 00:55:28,760 --> 00:55:29,160 ASSEMBLY. 1165 00:55:29,160 --> 00:55:33,880 SO WE KNOW THAT THE WORLD HEALTH 1166 00:55:33,880 --> 00:55:38,160 ORGANIZATION IN THE MID-2010s 1167 00:55:38,160 --> 00:55:40,480 PUT FORD A GUIDANCE ON 1168 00:55:40,480 --> 00:55:42,320 INFECTIOUS DISEASE NAMING THAT 1169 00:55:42,320 --> 00:55:44,880 WE SHOULD NO LONGER NAME 1170 00:55:44,880 --> 00:55:46,840 DISEASES AFTER IT WAS 1171 00:55:46,840 --> 00:55:48,080 PROFESSIONS OR TRADES. 1172 00:55:48,080 --> 00:55:50,880 THE PLACE THAT THEY EMERGED FROM 1173 00:55:50,880 --> 00:56:14,200 OR USES -- EVOCATIVE NAMES. 1174 00:56:14,200 --> 00:56:18,080 BUT WE'VE SEEN THIS COME UP WITH 1175 00:56:18,080 --> 00:56:19,640 CONVERSATIONS ABOUT COVID 1176 00:56:19,640 --> 00:56:22,280 VARIANTS WHICH MAKES IT VERY 1177 00:56:22,280 --> 00:56:24,120 DIFFICULT ESPECIALLY WITH THE 1178 00:56:24,120 --> 00:56:27,920 OMICRON VARIANT FIRST BEING 1179 00:56:27,920 --> 00:56:30,600 ISOLATED AND DISCUSSED IN SOUTH 1180 00:56:30,600 --> 00:56:33,760 AFRICA LED TO VERY SIGNIFICANT 1181 00:56:33,760 --> 00:56:35,480 TRAVEL CONTROLS AGAINST MUCH OF 1182 00:56:35,480 --> 00:56:38,800 SOUTHERN AFRICA SO WE DO SEE THE 1183 00:56:38,800 --> 00:56:41,280 WAYS IN WHICH THE GEOGRAPHIC 1184 00:56:41,280 --> 00:56:42,800 ASSOCIATION WITH DISEASE HAS 1185 00:56:42,800 --> 00:56:44,280 VERY NEGATIVE OUTCOMES THAT 1186 00:56:44,280 --> 00:56:47,840 NEEDS TO BE, WE NEED TO CONSIDER 1187 00:56:47,840 --> 00:56:50,680 AND MANAGE IN THE PRACTICE OF 1188 00:56:50,680 --> 00:56:54,280 INFECTIOUS DISEASE RESPONSE. 1189 00:56:54,280 --> 00:56:57,760 >> THANK YOU. 1190 00:56:57,760 --> 00:56:59,160 ANOTHER QUESTION THAT HAS COME 1191 00:56:59,160 --> 00:56:59,560 THROUGH. 1192 00:56:59,560 --> 00:57:02,280 COULD YOU COMMENT ON THE 1193 00:57:02,280 --> 00:57:04,120 RELATIVE LACK OF CONCERN IN THE 1194 00:57:04,120 --> 00:57:08,080 WEST ABOUT THE CHRONIC PANDEMIC 1195 00:57:08,080 --> 00:57:14,280 OF TUBERCULOSIS IN AFRICA AND 1196 00:57:14,280 --> 00:57:15,120 ASIA. 1197 00:57:15,120 --> 00:57:21,000 >> THIS IS ONE OF THE -- I GUESS 1198 00:57:21,000 --> 00:57:26,040 THE -- TO MY TALK IS IN TALKING 1199 00:57:26,040 --> 00:57:32,000 ABOUT DISEASES -- WHAT IS 1200 00:57:32,000 --> 00:57:34,120 EVIDENT IS THAT THESE ARE 1201 00:57:34,120 --> 00:57:35,840 DISEASES ARE LARGELY NOT PRIOR 1202 00:57:35,840 --> 00:57:40,080 TO THE EMERGENCE OF AN EPIDEMIC 1203 00:57:40,080 --> 00:57:42,680 ENDEMIC IN SPACES LIKE EUROPE 1204 00:57:42,680 --> 00:57:45,400 AND NORTH AMERICA. 1205 00:57:45,400 --> 00:57:47,800 UNLIKE FOR INSTANCE TUBERCULOSIS 1206 00:57:47,800 --> 00:57:51,880 OR MALARIA WAS IN MUCH OF THE 1207 00:57:51,880 --> 00:57:53,120 19th CENTURY. 1208 00:57:53,120 --> 00:57:55,080 SO WHAT I THINK IS SO 1209 00:57:55,080 --> 00:57:56,680 FASCINATING AND IMPORTANT TO 1210 00:57:56,680 --> 00:57:59,680 RECOGNIZE ABOUT TUBERCULOSIS AS 1211 00:57:59,680 --> 00:58:02,920 A KIND OF POLITICAL PHENOMENA IS 1212 00:58:02,920 --> 00:58:06,800 THAT OBVIOUSLY NO DISEASE OR 1213 00:58:06,800 --> 00:58:10,280 VERY FEW DISEASESES HIGHLIGHT 1214 00:58:10,280 --> 00:58:11,800 CLEARLY THE RELATIONSHIPS 1215 00:58:11,800 --> 00:58:18,520 BETWEEN SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC 1216 00:58:18,520 --> 00:58:22,200 INEQUALITY LIKE TUBERCULOSIS AND 1217 00:58:22,200 --> 00:58:23,760 WHILE I DON'T DISCUSS 1218 00:58:23,760 --> 00:58:27,280 TUBERCULOSIS IN RELATIONSHIP TO 1219 00:58:27,280 --> 00:58:30,080 EPIDEMIC ORION TALLISM THE FACT 1220 00:58:30,080 --> 00:58:33,800 -- THAT TB CAN BE SCREENED FOR 1221 00:58:33,800 --> 00:58:37,480 AND IS UNLIKELY TO PRESENT IN 1222 00:58:37,480 --> 00:58:39,920 IT'S CUTE STATE IN MUCH OF 1223 00:58:39,920 --> 00:58:43,440 WESTERN EUROPE OR NORTH AMERICA. 1224 00:58:43,440 --> 00:58:44,080 *. 1225 00:58:44,080 --> 00:58:46,040 CERTAINLY REFLECTS AT TIMES HOW 1226 00:58:46,040 --> 00:58:48,760 IT'S BEEN PRIORITIZED AT LEAST 1227 00:58:48,760 --> 00:58:51,120 WITHIN THE REGULATIONS BUT ALSO 1228 00:58:51,120 --> 00:58:53,720 HOW IT'S RESPONDED INTO IN THE 1229 00:58:53,720 --> 00:58:54,920 FIELD OF GLOBAL HEALTH. 1230 00:58:54,920 --> 00:58:55,520 ABSOLUTELY. 1231 00:58:55,520 --> 00:58:59,960 IT IS NOT CONSIDERED A PROBLEM. 1232 00:58:59,960 --> 00:59:02,160 OF WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH 1233 00:59:02,160 --> 00:59:03,960 AMERICA NECESSARILY IN THE SAME 1234 00:59:03,960 --> 00:59:05,840 WAYS WE MIGHT THINK IT SHOULD BE 1235 00:59:05,840 --> 00:59:07,560 IN THE WAYS TO RESOLVE THE 1236 00:59:07,560 --> 00:59:10,520 GLOBAL ISSUE. 1237 00:59:10,520 --> 00:59:12,120 >> THANK YOU. 1238 00:59:12,120 --> 00:59:13,520 WE HAVE TIME FOR ONE MORE 1239 00:59:13,520 --> 00:59:14,920 QUESTION. 1240 00:59:14,920 --> 00:59:16,320 THIS PANDEMIC IS PERHAPS THE 1241 00:59:16,320 --> 00:59:19,480 FIRST TIME IN MODERN HISTORY 1242 00:59:19,480 --> 00:59:28,080 WHERE AMERICANS AND WESTERN YOU -- 1243 00:59:28,080 --> 00:59:34,760 YOU ARIANS FACE TRAVEL BANS. 1244 00:59:34,760 --> 00:59:36,240 CLEAR *. 1245 00:59:36,240 --> 00:59:38,520 >> THAT IS A PHENOMENAL 1246 00:59:38,520 --> 00:59:42,920 QUESTION. 1247 00:59:42,920 --> 00:59:48,080 I THINK THAT THAT IS -- THAT IS 1248 00:59:48,080 --> 00:59:51,080 SO MUCH THE PART OF WHAT I KIND 1249 00:59:51,080 --> 00:59:54,680 OF WANTED TO OPEN WITH. 1250 00:59:54,680 --> 00:59:56,160 AND I THINK RATHER THAN 1251 00:59:56,160 --> 00:59:59,280 PROVIDING A FULL EXPLANATION I 1252 00:59:59,280 --> 01:00:01,400 WANTED TO CONCEPTUALLY OUTLINE 1253 01:00:01,400 --> 01:00:04,120 SOME OF THESE QUESTIONS AND THIS 1254 01:00:04,120 --> 01:00:06,080 KIND, WE HAVE LIVED VERY 1255 01:00:06,080 --> 01:00:09,040 COMFORTEDBLY WITH A VISION OF 1256 01:00:09,040 --> 01:00:11,320 OUR PROTECTION FROM DISEASE BUT 1257 01:00:11,320 --> 01:00:15,360 ALSO OUR PROTECTION FROM THE 1258 01:00:15,360 --> 01:00:18,120 REGULATORY EFFECTS OF EPIDEMICS 1259 01:00:18,120 --> 01:00:23,800 AND I THINK NOW THAT EPIDEMIC 1260 01:00:23,800 --> 01:00:25,880 ORION TALLISM IS MUCH MORE 1261 01:00:25,880 --> 01:00:29,240 EVIDENT IT WASN'T WHEN I * FIRST 1262 01:00:29,240 --> 01:00:33,280 WROTE MY DISSERTATION OR WHEN I 1263 01:00:33,280 --> 01:00:35,800 FINISHED IT IN 2018 BUT RATHER 1264 01:00:35,800 --> 01:00:38,800 THAN RETREAT TO THE WAY WE'VE 1265 01:00:38,800 --> 01:00:43,480 BEEN DOING THINGS FOR THE LAST 1266 01:00:43,480 --> 01:00:46,080 150 YEARS WE SHOULD THINK ABOUT 1267 01:00:46,080 --> 01:00:47,880 AND CONSIDER THIS PREVALENT 1268 01:00:47,880 --> 01:00:49,680 DISCOURSE IN THE WAY THAT WE 1269 01:00:49,680 --> 01:00:52,080 HANDLE POLICY AND THE WAY THAT 1270 01:00:52,080 --> 01:00:53,960 WE REFLECT ON THINGS. 1271 01:00:53,960 --> 01:00:55,800 PERHAPS TO MOVE BEYOND 1272 01:00:55,800 --> 01:00:59,840 PRIORITIZING A PERSPECTIVE 1273 01:00:59,840 --> 01:01:04,080 ROOTED IN A WESTERN ABILITY TO 1274 01:01:04,080 --> 01:01:06,240 REMOVE ONE SELF FROM THE 1275 01:01:06,240 --> 01:01:09,480 REALITIES OF AN EPIDEMIC BUT ONE 1276 01:01:09,480 --> 01:01:11,160 THAT IS SITUATED IN THOSE 1277 01:01:11,160 --> 01:01:12,920 EXPERIENCES OF ISOLATION AND 1278 01:01:12,920 --> 01:01:16,280 ACUTE EPIDEMIC DISASTER WHICH I 1279 01:01:16,280 --> 01:01:20,080 THINK PRODUCES FEELINGS OF 1280 01:01:20,080 --> 01:01:22,640 EMPATHY RATHER THAN HIGHLIGHTING 1281 01:01:22,640 --> 01:01:23,880 DIFFERENCE. 1282 01:01:23,880 --> 01:01:28,080 I KNOW THAT COULD SOUND RATHER 1283 01:01:28,080 --> 01:01:33,240 EARTH -- AND TOUCHY-FEELY 1284 01:01:33,240 --> 01:01:35,480 REALISTICALLY THIS WILL PRODUCE 1285 01:01:35,480 --> 01:01:37,600 BETTER POLICY AND I THINK WE CAN 1286 01:01:37,600 --> 01:01:39,200 PUSH FORWARD IN THIS WAY. 1287 01:01:39,200 --> 01:01:40,040 7 1288 01:01:40,040 --> 01:01:40,680 >> DR. WHITE, THANK YOU VERY 1289 01:01:40,680 --> 01:01:41,920 MUCH FOR YOUR PRESENTATION TODAY 1290 01:01:41,920 --> 01:01:46,200 AND FOR KICKING OFF OUR 2022 1291 01:01:46,200 --> 01:01:48,920 VIRTUAL SERIES OF NLM HISTORY 1292 01:01:48,920 --> 01:01:50,680 TALKS. 1293 01:01:50,680 --> 01:01:51,960 WE WISH YOU SUCCESS. 1294 01:01:51,960 --> 01:01:52,800 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 1295 01:01:52,800 --> 01:01:54,680 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH. 1296 01:01:54,680 --> 00:00:00,000 TAKE CARE.