1 00:00:05,825 --> 00:00:06,893 GOOD MORNING, EVERYONE, 2 00:00:06,893 --> 00:00:07,493 WELCOME. 3 00:00:07,493 --> 00:00:14,734 IT IS A BEAUTIFUL, BEAUTIFUL 4 00:00:14,734 --> 00:00:15,468 MORNING -- 5 00:00:15,468 --> 00:00:17,303 [ AWAY FROM MICROPHONE ] 6 00:00:17,303 --> 00:00:18,905 WE'RE REALLY EXCITED FOR 7 00:00:18,905 --> 00:00:20,239 TODAY'S WEBINAR AND OUR 8 00:00:20,239 --> 00:00:22,542 WONDERFUL SPEAKERS, THIS IS A 9 00:00:22,542 --> 00:00:25,945 NIH UNITE INITIATIVE AND NIH 10 00:00:25,945 --> 00:00:27,880 HEALTH DISPARITIES INTEREST 11 00:00:27,880 --> 00:00:30,283 GROUP WORKSHOP ENTITLED WHO WE 12 00:00:30,283 --> 00:00:31,517 ARE, THE MULTIPLE DIMENSIONS 13 00:00:31,517 --> 00:00:33,753 OF RACE AND ETHNICITY. 14 00:00:33,753 --> 00:00:36,823 TODAY WE HAVE A PANEL OF FOUR 15 00:00:36,823 --> 00:00:37,523 SPEAKERS. 16 00:00:37,523 --> 00:00:39,892 WE ARE SAVE A GOOD AMOUNT OF 17 00:00:39,892 --> 00:00:43,262 TIME AT THE END FOR FOLKS IF 18 00:00:43,262 --> 00:00:44,931 YOU HAVE QUESTIONS. 19 00:00:44,931 --> 00:00:48,000 WE REALLY ENCOURAGE YOU TO 20 00:00:48,000 --> 00:00:49,602 TAKE DOWN YOUR QUESTIONS. 21 00:00:49,602 --> 00:00:50,670 THOSE ONLINE WILL BE 22 00:00:50,670 --> 00:00:53,940 MONITORING THE CHAT FOR 23 00:00:53,940 --> 00:00:55,308 EVERYONE'S QUESTIONS. 24 00:00:55,308 --> 00:01:00,980 TODAY'S TOPIC WE WILL TALK 25 00:01:00,980 --> 00:01:06,752 ABOUT THE DIMENSIONS OF RACE 26 00:01:06,752 --> 00:01:14,060 AND ETHNICITY THAT ARE SOCIAL 27 00:01:14,060 --> 00:01:14,460 CONSTRUCTS. 28 00:01:14,460 --> 00:01:15,895 WE WANT TO THANK EVERYONE FOR 29 00:01:15,895 --> 00:01:17,797 ALL THEIR HARD WORK FOR 30 00:01:17,797 --> 00:01:19,465 PUTTING THIS EVENT TOGETHER. 31 00:01:19,465 --> 00:01:21,267 IT DOES TAKE A VILLAGE TO PUT 32 00:01:21,267 --> 00:01:23,035 ON A WORKSHOP LIKE THIS. 33 00:01:23,035 --> 00:01:25,571 WE REALLY WANT TO THANK EACH 34 00:01:25,571 --> 00:01:27,874 AND EVERYONE OF OUR 35 00:01:27,874 --> 00:01:29,175 OUTSTATUTING COMMITTEE. 36 00:01:29,175 --> 00:01:31,577 AND THEN A ACTUAL VERY SPECIAL 37 00:01:31,577 --> 00:01:33,946 THANKS TO OUR SPONSORS AND 38 00:01:33,946 --> 00:01:37,650 CONTRIBUTORS WITH THE NATIONAL 39 00:01:37,650 --> 00:01:39,852 INSTITUTES OF HEALTH AND 40 00:01:39,852 --> 00:01:41,687 HEALTH DISPARITIES AND NIH AS 41 00:01:41,687 --> 00:01:42,154 WELL. 42 00:01:42,154 --> 00:01:44,290 WE WILL BE INTRODUCING OUR 43 00:01:44,290 --> 00:01:45,625 SPEAKERS NOW AT THE BEGINNING 44 00:01:45,625 --> 00:01:48,461 SO THAT WAY THEY CAN JUST JUMP 45 00:01:48,461 --> 00:01:49,428 RIGHT INTO THEIR 46 00:01:49,428 --> 00:01:49,862 PRESENTATIONS. 47 00:01:49,862 --> 00:01:55,368 THEY HAVE A LOT TO COVER THIS 48 00:01:55,368 --> 00:01:59,171 MORNING. 49 00:01:59,171 --> 00:02:01,440 I WILL INTRODUCE TWO SPEAKERS 50 00:02:01,440 --> 00:02:03,643 AND HAVE MY COLLEAGUES 51 00:02:03,643 --> 00:02:05,611 INTRODUCE THEMSELVES AS WELL. 52 00:02:05,611 --> 00:02:07,880 I DON'T THINK SO YOU CAN SEE 53 00:02:07,880 --> 00:02:11,517 US ONLINE BUT I AM CHRISTINA 54 00:02:11,517 --> 00:02:13,552 BORBA, DIRECTOR OF THE NIH 55 00:02:13,552 --> 00:02:20,526 OFFICE OF HEALTH DISPARITIES 56 00:02:20,526 --> 00:02:22,528 AND WORKFORCE ETHNICITIES AND 57 00:02:22,528 --> 00:02:25,531 STARTED HERE ONE WEEK AGO. 58 00:02:25,531 --> 00:02:33,906 >> AND I AM JENNA NORTON WITH 59 00:02:33,906 --> 00:02:36,008 NIH DIABETES AND BEEN AT NIH 60 00:02:36,008 --> 00:02:36,709 FOR TEN YEARS. 61 00:02:36,709 --> 00:02:38,144 IT IS A PLEASURE TO BE HERE 62 00:02:38,144 --> 00:02:39,912 AND THANK YOU ALL FOR JOINING 63 00:02:39,912 --> 00:02:41,047 US. 64 00:02:41,047 --> 00:02:42,648 >> SO WE WILL INTRODUCE ALL 65 00:02:42,648 --> 00:02:44,383 FOUR SPEAKERS NOW AND THEN WE 66 00:02:44,383 --> 00:02:48,154 CAN GET STARTED WITH THE 67 00:02:48,154 --> 00:02:48,921 PRESENTATIONS. 68 00:02:48,921 --> 00:02:50,656 Dr. KELLY WISE, ASSOCIATE 69 00:02:50,656 --> 00:02:52,825 PROFESSOR OF HOME HEALTH AND 70 00:02:52,825 --> 00:02:54,093 MANAGEMENT, PROGRAM DIRECTOR 71 00:02:54,093 --> 00:02:56,262 OF EQUITY CONCENTRATION AND 72 00:02:56,262 --> 00:02:58,931 ASSISTANT DIRECTOR OF THE 73 00:02:58,931 --> 00:02:59,966 MARYLAND -- 74 00:02:59,966 --> 00:03:00,433 [INDISCERNIBLE] 75 00:03:00,433 --> 00:03:02,301 AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND. 76 00:03:02,301 --> 00:03:06,105 HER WORK TODAY WILL ADDRESS 77 00:03:06,105 --> 00:03:09,208 MECHANISMS THAT ADDRESS RACIAL 78 00:03:09,208 --> 00:03:12,078 HEALTH INEQUALITY, 79 00:03:12,078 --> 00:03:21,754 PARTICULARLY RACISM IN HEALTH. 80 00:03:21,754 --> 00:03:23,856 MULTIFACTORS WITH INEQUITY IN 81 00:03:23,856 --> 00:03:26,826 ALL DISEASE. 82 00:03:26,826 --> 00:03:28,794 Dr. EVELYNN HAMMONDS, 83 00:03:28,794 --> 00:03:30,763 PROFESSOR OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN 84 00:03:30,763 --> 00:03:32,331 STUDIES IN THE FACULTY OF ARTS 85 00:03:32,331 --> 00:03:39,271 AND SCIENCES AND PROFESSOR OF 86 00:03:39,271 --> 00:03:42,708 SOCIAL AND INDIGENOUS SCIENCES 87 00:03:42,708 --> 00:03:46,612 AT THE HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 88 00:03:46,612 --> 00:03:47,580 IT INCLUDES SCIENCE, HEALTH IN 89 00:03:47,580 --> 00:03:52,651 THE UNITED STATES, RACE, 90 00:03:52,651 --> 00:03:54,453 GENDER, SEXUALITY SO SCIENCE 91 00:03:54,453 --> 00:03:56,756 STUDIES AND MY COLLEAGUE WILL 92 00:03:56,756 --> 00:03:58,624 INTROTHE OTHER TWO SPEAKERS. 93 00:03:58,624 --> 00:04:02,728 >> WE ALSO HAVE JOINING US 94 00:04:02,728 --> 00:04:05,264 TODAY Dr. ERIKA BLACKSHER 95 00:04:05,264 --> 00:04:14,840 FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS 96 00:04:14,840 --> 00:04:19,278 AS AN ETHECIST AND SCIENTIST, 97 00:04:19,278 --> 00:04:21,414 SHE STUDIES INEQUAL QUALITY IN 98 00:04:21,414 --> 00:04:23,716 HEALTH VALUES AND HER WORK 99 00:04:23,716 --> 00:04:26,452 FOCUSES ON -- 100 00:04:26,452 --> 00:04:26,919 [INDISCERNIBLE] 101 00:04:26,919 --> 00:04:30,156 AND FINALLY WE HAVE Dr. 102 00:04:30,156 --> 00:04:33,225 JESSICA CERDENA WHO RECEIVED 103 00:04:33,225 --> 00:04:38,364 HER MEDICAL DEGREE AND 104 00:04:38,364 --> 00:04:40,499 DOCTORATE FROM YALE 105 00:04:40,499 --> 00:04:44,170 UNIVERSITY. 106 00:04:44,170 --> 00:04:45,738 SHE STUDIES RACISM, RACE 107 00:04:45,738 --> 00:04:46,539 ILLNESS AND HEALTH. 108 00:04:46,539 --> 00:04:46,939 NEXT SLIDE. 109 00:04:46,939 --> 00:04:49,375 SO I WANT TO BRIEFLY WALK YOU 110 00:04:49,375 --> 00:04:50,109 THROUGH TODAY'S GENDER. 111 00:04:50,109 --> 00:04:51,877 THIS IS THE INTRODUCTION AND 112 00:04:51,877 --> 00:04:54,647 WELCOME PORTION OF OUR TALK -- 113 00:04:54,647 --> 00:04:55,448 OF OUR SESSION. 114 00:04:55,448 --> 00:04:59,351 NEXT WE WILL BE HEARING FROM 115 00:04:59,351 --> 00:05:02,555 Dr. EVELYNN HAMMONDS ON RACE 116 00:05:02,555 --> 00:05:10,563 AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES, 117 00:05:10,563 --> 00:05:14,533 Dr. KELLEE WHITE ON SOCIALLY 118 00:05:14,533 --> 00:05:17,636 ASSIGNED RACE. 119 00:05:17,636 --> 00:05:22,875 Dr. ERIKA BLACKSHER ON RACE 120 00:05:22,875 --> 00:05:30,015 AND ETHNICITY AND Dr. 121 00:05:30,015 --> 00:05:30,449 CERDENA. 122 00:05:30,449 --> 00:05:31,817 SO THIS VIDEO IS BEING 123 00:05:31,817 --> 00:05:34,587 RECORDED AND THOSE OF YOU 124 00:05:34,587 --> 00:05:36,555 JOINING US ON VIDEOCAST, IF 125 00:05:36,555 --> 00:05:39,492 YOU HAVE QUESTIONS, E-MAIL 126 00:05:39,492 --> 00:05:41,327 THEM TO ME AT THE ADDRESS ON 127 00:05:41,327 --> 00:05:42,962 THE SLIDE AND FOR THOSE 128 00:05:42,962 --> 00:05:48,601 LISTENING, IT IS JENNA 129 00:05:48,601 --> 00:05:50,302 NORTON@NIH.GOV SO IF YOU HAVE 130 00:05:50,302 --> 00:05:52,238 QUESTIONS, E-MAIL ME AND WE 131 00:05:52,238 --> 00:05:54,106 WILL MAKE SURE WE ENTER THEM 132 00:05:54,106 --> 00:05:55,374 IN THE DISCUSSION. 133 00:05:55,374 --> 00:05:57,209 THANK YOU FOR JOINING US TODAY 134 00:05:57,209 --> 00:06:03,149 AND WITH THAT, WE CAN BEGIN 135 00:06:03,149 --> 00:06:13,459 THE LECTURES. 136 00:06:20,032 --> 00:06:20,699 Dr. HAMMOND? 137 00:06:20,699 --> 00:06:23,435 >> YES, CAN YOU HEAR ME NOW? 138 00:06:23,435 --> 00:06:24,370 >> YES, WE CAN. 139 00:06:24,370 --> 00:06:25,271 >> THANKS A LOT. 140 00:06:25,271 --> 00:06:28,474 SO I JUST WANT TO MAKE A FEW 141 00:06:28,474 --> 00:06:33,112 BRIEF AMOUNTS ON ON RACE FROM 142 00:06:33,112 --> 00:06:33,746 A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE. 143 00:06:33,746 --> 00:06:37,416 I WANT TO THANK FOLKS FOR 144 00:06:37,416 --> 00:06:39,251 INVITING ME TO BE WITH YOU 145 00:06:39,251 --> 00:06:39,985 THIS MORNING AND I KNOW WE 146 00:06:39,985 --> 00:06:50,362 HAVE A LOT TO COVER SO I WILL 147 00:06:50,362 --> 00:06:51,263 JUST MOVE AHEAD. 148 00:06:51,263 --> 00:06:52,364 THESE SLIDES DON'T WANT TO 149 00:06:52,364 --> 00:06:56,902 MOVE AND IT IS NOT MOVING SO 150 00:06:56,902 --> 00:07:01,974 HOLD ON A SECOND. 151 00:07:01,974 --> 00:07:04,743 WE DID THIS EARLIER AND IT 152 00:07:04,743 --> 00:07:06,312 WORKED PERFECTLY FINE AS USUAL 153 00:07:06,312 --> 00:07:14,620 AS THESE THINGS TEND TO DO. 154 00:07:14,620 --> 00:07:15,154 OKAY. 155 00:07:15,154 --> 00:07:19,225 OKAY, I THINK IT IS GOING TO 156 00:07:19,225 --> 00:07:19,525 WORK. 157 00:07:19,525 --> 00:07:20,759 SO I ALWAYS START WITH 158 00:07:20,759 --> 00:07:23,996 CONVERSATIONS ABOUT RACE IN A 159 00:07:23,996 --> 00:07:25,164 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE BY 160 00:07:25,164 --> 00:07:27,533 TALKING ABOUT THE QUESTION OF 161 00:07:27,533 --> 00:07:32,671 WHAT IS RACE AND SO THE FIRST 162 00:07:32,671 --> 00:07:36,208 QUESTION I HAVE IS WHAT IS 163 00:07:36,208 --> 00:07:38,043 RACE IN CLASS AND THEN 13 164 00:07:38,043 --> 00:07:41,714 WEEKS LATER, I ASK THEM WHAT 165 00:07:41,714 --> 00:07:42,114 IS RACE. 166 00:07:42,114 --> 00:07:43,215 SOMETIMES THEY ARE MORE 167 00:07:43,215 --> 00:07:46,218 CONFUSED AND WE HAVE TO SORT 168 00:07:46,218 --> 00:07:49,221 IT OUT BUT USUALLY, WE MOVE 169 00:07:49,221 --> 00:07:51,824 THEM TO A DIFFERENT PLACE. 170 00:07:51,824 --> 00:07:54,059 SO THE EARLIEST KNOWN USAGE 171 00:07:54,059 --> 00:07:57,162 COMES FROM THE 1500S. 172 00:07:57,162 --> 00:08:03,769 THE ENGLISH WORD RACE HAS 173 00:08:03,769 --> 00:08:06,272 CONTAINED SEEMINGLY 174 00:08:06,272 --> 00:08:07,172 CONTRADICTORY ELEMENTS. 175 00:08:07,172 --> 00:08:09,708 AT ONCE NATURAL AND SOCIAL, 176 00:08:09,708 --> 00:08:10,743 FIXED AND MUTABLE, INHERITED 177 00:08:10,743 --> 00:08:12,278 AND ACQUIRED. 178 00:08:12,278 --> 00:08:13,379 FROM THE OUTSET, THE MATTER OF 179 00:08:13,379 --> 00:08:15,414 RACE HAS BEEN THE TOPIC OF 180 00:08:15,414 --> 00:08:17,082 DEBATE FROM THE NUMBER OF 181 00:08:17,082 --> 00:08:19,518 RACES TO THE CRITERIA FOR 182 00:08:19,518 --> 00:08:21,186 IDENTIFYING MEMBERS OF A GIVEN 183 00:08:21,186 --> 00:08:23,088 RACE AND MY AIM FOR THE 184 00:08:23,088 --> 00:08:26,959 STUDENTS IS TO GET THEM TO 185 00:08:26,959 --> 00:08:29,728 DISPLAY THE PROTEAN AND DEEPLY 186 00:08:29,728 --> 00:08:32,531 POLITICAL CHARACTER OF THE 187 00:08:32,531 --> 00:08:33,032 WORD AND CONCEPT. 188 00:08:33,032 --> 00:08:37,569 SO WHAT IS RACE, I HAVE USED 189 00:08:37,569 --> 00:08:43,609 THE DEFINITION BEFORE, IT 190 00:08:43,609 --> 00:08:51,483 STANDS FOR CON EXCEPTIONS OR 191 00:08:51,483 --> 00:08:56,355 DOCTRINE THAT NATURE PRODUCED 192 00:08:56,355 --> 00:08:58,657 HUMANKIND IN DISTINCT GROUPS 193 00:08:58,657 --> 00:09:00,693 EACH DEFINED BY INPORN TRAITS 194 00:09:00,693 --> 00:09:02,328 THAT ITS MEMBERS SHARE AND 195 00:09:02,328 --> 00:09:04,163 DIFFERENTIATE THEM FROM 196 00:09:04,163 --> 00:09:05,431 MEMBERS OF OTHER DISTINCT 197 00:09:05,431 --> 00:09:09,668 GROUPS OF THE SAME KIND BUT 198 00:09:09,668 --> 00:09:11,070 UNEQUAL RANK. 199 00:09:11,070 --> 00:09:14,440 SO REALLY WHEN RACE IS THE 200 00:09:14,440 --> 00:09:16,842 OBJECT OF EXPLICIT STUDY, ITS 201 00:09:16,842 --> 00:09:18,777 DEFINITION IS RARELY PLAIN OR 202 00:09:18,777 --> 00:09:19,111 STABLE. 203 00:09:19,111 --> 00:09:22,014 WITHIN A SINGLE DOCUMENT YOU 204 00:09:22,014 --> 00:09:26,452 OR STUDY YOU CAN TRACK THE 205 00:09:26,452 --> 00:09:32,458 VARIOUS IDEAS 'EMEDDED IN THE 206 00:09:32,458 --> 00:09:35,227 TERM INCLUDING ALL OF THESE 207 00:09:35,227 --> 00:09:35,861 ABSOLUTELY CHARACTERISTIC 208 00:09:35,861 --> 00:09:38,097 TERMS OF THIS VERY OLD AND 209 00:09:38,097 --> 00:09:40,499 VERY COMPLICATED TERM SHOW UP 210 00:09:40,499 --> 00:09:44,236 EVEN IN THE MODERN-DAY 211 00:09:44,236 --> 00:09:45,871 SCIENTIFIC AND BIOMEDICAL 212 00:09:45,871 --> 00:09:46,438 WORK. 213 00:09:46,438 --> 00:09:52,678 BUT I ALSO LIKE TO POINT OUT 214 00:09:52,678 --> 00:09:54,713 THAT MOST ORDINARY PEOPLE GO 215 00:09:54,713 --> 00:09:56,548 ABOUT THEIR DAILY BUSINESS 216 00:09:56,548 --> 00:09:57,416 ASSUMING EVERYBODY KNOWS WHAT 217 00:09:57,416 --> 00:09:57,983 RACE IS. 218 00:09:57,983 --> 00:10:00,185 THE IDEA OF RACE IS A 219 00:10:00,185 --> 00:10:04,923 SELF-EVIDENT FACT AND IT 220 00:10:04,923 --> 00:10:06,525 REQUIRES NO PROTRACTED -- 221 00:10:06,525 --> 00:10:06,992 [INDISCERNIBLE] 222 00:10:06,992 --> 00:10:17,536 THAT A PERSON OF DIFFERENT 223 00:10:23,976 --> 00:10:24,176 COLOR. 224 00:10:24,176 --> 00:10:25,911 [ BACKGROUND SPEAKING ] 225 00:10:25,911 --> 00:10:28,180 >> SORRY, Dr. HAMMOND S, 226 00:10:28,180 --> 00:10:29,982 PLEASE MUTE ON THE ZOOM? 227 00:10:29,982 --> 00:10:32,684 >> YOU WANT ME TO MUTE? 228 00:10:32,684 --> 00:10:35,120 >> NO, I WAS SPEAKING TO 229 00:10:35,120 --> 00:10:35,487 EVERYBODY. 230 00:10:35,487 --> 00:10:40,325 >> SO WHAT WE ARE ASSUMING THE 231 00:10:40,325 --> 00:10:42,060 ETHNIC DIVERSITY WE SEE ALL 232 00:10:42,060 --> 00:10:44,930 AROUND US HAS ALWAYS EXISTED 233 00:10:44,930 --> 00:10:46,565 AS A HISTORICAL, SOCIAL AND 234 00:10:46,565 --> 00:10:49,301 BIOLOGICAL FACT THAT NEEDS TO 235 00:10:49,301 --> 00:10:50,436 FURTHER INTERROGATION AND THIS 236 00:10:50,436 --> 00:10:53,105 IDEA THAT HUMAN BEINGS ARE 237 00:10:53,105 --> 00:10:56,074 OBVIOUSLY MEMBERS OF RACES 238 00:10:56,074 --> 00:11:06,385 BEGS THE WHOLE QUESTION OF 239 00:11:06,385 --> 00:11:13,859 SAYING ALL MEMBERS OF A RACE 240 00:11:13,859 --> 00:11:16,361 ARE A BIOLOGICAL TRANSMISSION 241 00:11:16,361 --> 00:11:19,097 OF INNATE QUALITIES, OR THAT 242 00:11:19,097 --> 00:11:22,267 RACE IS AN ALL-PREVADING 243 00:11:22,267 --> 00:11:28,073 NATURAL PHENOMENON, AN AWESOME 244 00:11:28,073 --> 00:11:29,141 AND MYSTERIOUS PRIMORDIAL 245 00:11:29,141 --> 00:11:29,608 FORCE. 246 00:11:29,608 --> 00:11:31,844 SO IT IS OUT THERE SO STUDENTS 247 00:11:31,844 --> 00:11:33,712 CAN NAIL DOWN WHAT IT IS BUT 248 00:11:33,712 --> 00:11:35,180 THE NOTION THAT IT IS OUT 249 00:11:35,180 --> 00:11:39,918 THERE AND ONE DAY WE WILL HAVE 250 00:11:39,918 --> 00:11:42,154 THEM GET IT IS THE WORK THAT 251 00:11:42,154 --> 00:11:43,722 WE NEED TO UNTANGLE. 252 00:11:43,722 --> 00:11:47,392 SO IT IS AN IDEA THAT PER PET 253 00:11:47,392 --> 00:11:50,062 WAITS AND REINFORCES THE 254 00:11:50,062 --> 00:11:51,163 NOTION THAT HUMAN BEINGS 255 00:11:51,163 --> 00:11:52,764 BELONG TO OR HAVE ALWAYS 256 00:11:52,764 --> 00:11:59,238 THOUGHT THEY BELONGED TO, 257 00:11:59,238 --> 00:12:01,507 ENORMOUS PHYSICO-NATURAL 258 00:12:01,507 --> 00:12:07,579 FAMILIES OF PRIMATES DIVISABLE 259 00:12:07,579 --> 00:12:14,586 INTO RACES AND SUB-DIVISIBLE 260 00:12:14,586 --> 00:12:22,528 INTO ETHNIC GROUPS. 261 00:12:22,528 --> 00:12:23,929 SO KNOWING THAT, IT TAKES A 262 00:12:23,929 --> 00:12:25,330 MATTER OF COMMON SENSE THAT 263 00:12:25,330 --> 00:12:27,966 INDIVIDUALS ARE LINKED IN SOME 264 00:12:27,966 --> 00:12:30,402 EVENTLESS WAY BY COMMON BLOOD, 265 00:12:30,402 --> 00:12:34,840 CLIMATE, SO I WILL, CULTURE, 266 00:12:34,840 --> 00:12:36,708 LANGUAGE, MENTAL DISPOSITION 267 00:12:36,708 --> 00:12:38,343 OR SOME COMMON PLACE FEATURE 268 00:12:38,343 --> 00:12:43,815 SUCH AS SHAPE, COLOR OF EYES, 269 00:12:43,815 --> 00:12:46,151 SKIN PIGMENTATION, SIZE AND 270 00:12:46,151 --> 00:12:51,857 SHAPE OF NOSE, SLOPE OF 271 00:12:51,857 --> 00:12:57,629 FOREHEAD, CRANIAL CAPACITY AND 272 00:12:57,629 --> 00:13:00,265 SO WE GATHER THESE FACTS AS 273 00:13:00,265 --> 00:13:06,705 NOT TAKEN FOR GRANTED AND 274 00:13:06,705 --> 00:13:08,574 ENSHRINED AS GIVENS IN 275 00:13:08,574 --> 00:13:10,075 VALUE-FREE STUDIES OF RACE AND 276 00:13:10,075 --> 00:13:11,910 COURSE OF DAILY LIFE. 277 00:13:11,910 --> 00:13:12,945 THEY ARE USED IN SUPPORT OF 278 00:13:12,945 --> 00:13:15,747 THE NOTION THAT HUMAN BEINGS A 279 00:13:15,747 --> 00:13:17,783 DESCENDED FROM COMMON NATURAL 280 00:13:17,783 --> 00:13:21,053 ORIGINS AND POSSESSED OF 281 00:13:21,053 --> 00:13:22,254 RECOGNIZABLE PHYSICAL, MENTAL 282 00:13:22,254 --> 00:13:24,890 AND CULTURAL TRAITS THAT ARE 283 00:13:24,890 --> 00:13:25,791 TRANSMITTED BIOLOGICALLY AND 284 00:13:25,791 --> 00:13:28,226 USED MORE OFTEN THAN NOT TO 285 00:13:28,226 --> 00:13:31,196 GROUP AND CLASSIFY PEOPLE INTO 286 00:13:31,196 --> 00:13:34,566 FOUR OR FIVE IN EARLY 287 00:13:34,566 --> 00:13:36,234 CENTURIES OR 38 DIVISIONS IN 288 00:13:36,234 --> 00:13:38,503 LATER CENTURIES AND THEY ARE 289 00:13:38,503 --> 00:13:46,845 IN SOME KIND OF ARBITRARY 290 00:13:46,845 --> 00:13:48,213 HIERARCHICAL ORDER. 291 00:13:48,213 --> 00:13:58,790 BUT WE CONTINUE TO HAVE THESE 292 00:14:00,826 --> 00:14:04,296 QUESTIONS OF RACE TO INHABIT A 293 00:14:04,296 --> 00:14:06,264 MILIEU IN WHICH PEOPLE'S 294 00:14:06,264 --> 00:14:10,002 BODIES ARE MARKED AS DIFFERENT 295 00:14:10,002 --> 00:14:13,438 BECAUSE OF THEIR RACE. 296 00:14:13,438 --> 00:14:14,339 AND FURTHERMORE, RACE IS 297 00:14:14,339 --> 00:14:19,645 VIEWED AS A PROXY FOR DEEPER 298 00:14:19,645 --> 00:14:21,113 INNATE DIFFERENCES OF WHETHER 299 00:14:21,113 --> 00:14:24,016 THERE MIGHT BE SOMETHING IN 300 00:14:24,016 --> 00:14:25,584 BLACK PEOPLE'S BODIES THAT 301 00:14:25,584 --> 00:14:27,686 MAKES THEM DIFFERENT FROM 302 00:14:27,686 --> 00:14:28,887 WHITE PEOPLE'S BODIES. 303 00:14:28,887 --> 00:14:32,457 SO THIS APPROACH AS THOSE OF 304 00:14:32,457 --> 00:14:41,800 YOU WHO STUDY THIS KNOW THAT 305 00:14:41,800 --> 00:14:50,575 THERE ARE SOME DIFFERENCES IN 306 00:14:50,575 --> 00:14:53,378 BODIES BUT THIS APPROACH 307 00:14:53,378 --> 00:14:55,514 ENCOURAGES SCRUTINY OF BLACK 308 00:14:55,514 --> 00:15:01,019 PEOPLE'S BODIES, THEIR HABITS 309 00:15:01,019 --> 00:15:02,120 AND CUSTOMS. 310 00:15:02,120 --> 00:15:04,189 WE MIGHT CONSIDER VIEWING 311 00:15:04,189 --> 00:15:06,158 DISPARITIES AS A FUNCTION OF 312 00:15:06,158 --> 00:15:08,427 HOW BLACK PEOPLE'S BODIES HAVE 313 00:15:08,427 --> 00:15:11,530 BEEN REGARDED BY THE MEDICAL 314 00:15:11,530 --> 00:15:12,731 PROFESSION SHIFTING OUR 315 00:15:12,731 --> 00:15:15,067 EFFORTS AWAY FROM TRYING TO 316 00:15:15,067 --> 00:15:16,334 UNDERSTAND WHAT MIGHT BE 317 00:15:16,334 --> 00:15:20,572 DIFFERENT ABOUT A BLACK 318 00:15:20,572 --> 00:15:21,206 PERSON'S BODY. 319 00:15:21,206 --> 00:15:26,645 THE DIFFERENCES IN THE 18TH 320 00:15:26,645 --> 00:15:30,482 AND EARLY 19TH CENTURY ASSUMED 321 00:15:30,482 --> 00:15:36,455 THERE WERE BIOLOGICAL AND 322 00:15:36,455 --> 00:15:39,157 MENTAL OR PHYSIOLOGICAL 323 00:15:39,157 --> 00:15:39,891 DIFFERENCES UNDERLYING ANY 324 00:15:39,891 --> 00:15:41,159 DIFFERENCES. 325 00:15:41,159 --> 00:15:43,995 THIS WAS WIDELY ASSUMED THAT 326 00:15:43,995 --> 00:15:45,697 THE CAUSE OF SUCH DIFFERENCES 327 00:15:45,697 --> 00:15:48,100 WAS RACIAL AND NO FURTHER 328 00:15:48,100 --> 00:15:53,839 EXPLORATION OR EXPLANATION WAS 329 00:15:53,839 --> 00:15:56,775 NEEDED. 330 00:15:56,775 --> 00:15:58,810 SO THE CULTURAL DIFFERENCE OF 331 00:15:58,810 --> 00:16:08,587 SEPARATING BLACK BODIES FROM 332 00:16:08,587 --> 00:16:11,423 WHITE BODIES, FOCUSING ON 333 00:16:11,423 --> 00:16:12,858 CULTURES AND THINGS THAT MADE 334 00:16:12,858 --> 00:16:15,660 US DIFFERENT AT THAT TIME. 335 00:16:15,660 --> 00:16:26,204 SO THEY FOCUSED ON RACE AS A 336 00:16:35,814 --> 00:16:36,715 STATISTICAL INTEGRATED 337 00:16:36,715 --> 00:16:39,084 PHYSICAL, LINGUISTIC AND 338 00:16:39,084 --> 00:16:40,152 CULTURAL TOTALITY. 339 00:16:40,152 --> 00:16:43,622 THROUGH THE 20TH CENTURY, THIS 340 00:16:43,622 --> 00:16:45,557 INTEGRATED TOTALITY HAS BEEN 341 00:16:45,557 --> 00:16:47,826 DIVIDED, BROKEN APART AND 342 00:16:47,826 --> 00:16:52,364 QUESTIONED BY MANY SOCIAL 343 00:16:52,364 --> 00:16:53,932 SCIENTISTS AND LEGAL SKAL LARS 344 00:16:53,932 --> 00:16:55,567 AND SINCE RACE IS BEING USED 345 00:16:55,567 --> 00:17:06,011 AS A WAY TO CATEGORIZE 346 00:17:14,953 --> 00:17:16,922 INDIVIDUALS, IT PASSES THE 347 00:17:16,922 --> 00:17:18,857 RESULT OF GENETIC DIFFERENCES 348 00:17:18,857 --> 00:17:21,159 THAT MAY ACTUALLY BE DUE TO 349 00:17:21,159 --> 00:17:23,094 INTERACTIONS OR SOME ASPECT OF 350 00:17:23,094 --> 00:17:25,197 LIVED EXPERIENCE BUT USING 351 00:17:25,197 --> 00:17:27,866 RACE TENDS TO CONFLATE 352 00:17:27,866 --> 00:17:31,403 GENETICS AND LIVED EXPERIENCE. 353 00:17:31,403 --> 00:17:39,644 SO WHAT DOES IT MEAN? 354 00:17:39,644 --> 00:17:43,882 WHAT DOES CAUCASIAN MEAN? 355 00:17:43,882 --> 00:17:46,117 IT IS EVERYTHING FROM SOMEBODY 356 00:17:46,117 --> 00:17:48,753 LIVING IN BELFAST TO SOMEBODY 357 00:17:48,753 --> 00:17:50,589 LIVING IN SOUTHERN SPAIN TO 358 00:17:50,589 --> 00:17:53,592 SOMEBODY LIVING IN TUNISIA TO 359 00:17:53,592 --> 00:18:01,933 SOMEBODY LIVING IN SRI 360 00:18:01,933 --> 00:18:02,267 I LANKA. 361 00:18:02,267 --> 00:18:05,470 THAT IS A HUGE VARIATION. 362 00:18:05,470 --> 00:18:09,074 SO WHAT DOES BLACK MEAN OR 363 00:18:09,074 --> 00:18:09,774 AFRICAN-AMERICAN? 364 00:18:09,774 --> 00:18:12,210 THERE'S MORE VARIATION IN THE 365 00:18:12,210 --> 00:18:12,911 AVERAGE AFRICAN VILLAGE THAN 366 00:18:12,911 --> 00:18:16,548 THERE IS IN THE REST OF THE 367 00:18:16,548 --> 00:18:22,454 WORLD COMBINED. 368 00:18:22,454 --> 00:18:33,031 AND EVEN ASIDE FROM PANOFSKY, 369 00:18:36,902 --> 00:18:47,112 THE PROBLEM BEFORE US IS THOSE 370 00:18:47,112 --> 00:18:51,883 COMING IN AS IMMIGRANTS ARE TO 371 00:18:51,883 --> 00:18:53,818 BE LABELED BY RACE AND 372 00:18:53,818 --> 00:18:56,221 DETERMINED BY THE STOCK FROM 373 00:18:56,221 --> 00:18:58,256 WHICH ALIENS SPRING AND THE 374 00:18:58,256 --> 00:19:01,593 LANGUAGE THEY SPEAK AND SOME 375 00:19:01,593 --> 00:19:02,494 DEGREE NATIONAL NATIONAL. 376 00:19:02,494 --> 00:19:05,530 THIS IS THE INHERITANCE WE 377 00:19:05,530 --> 00:19:09,067 HAVE OF TRYING TO SEEK THROUGH 378 00:19:09,067 --> 00:19:12,804 WHAT RACE ACTUALLY MEANS TODAY 379 00:19:12,804 --> 00:19:14,406 AFTER THE PRACTICE OF THE 380 00:19:14,406 --> 00:19:16,207 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT TO 381 00:19:16,207 --> 00:19:18,610 CATEGORIZE PEOPLE IN THIS 382 00:19:18,610 --> 00:19:21,813 CONFUSING AND ABSOLUTELY BIAS 383 00:19:21,813 --> 00:19:24,182 WAY SO MANY YEARS AGO. 384 00:19:24,182 --> 00:19:27,419 SO I THINK THIS POINT IS KIND 385 00:19:27,419 --> 00:19:33,224 OF CLEAR. 386 00:19:33,224 --> 00:19:41,099 GENETIC AND BIOLOGICAL 387 00:19:41,099 --> 00:19:43,435 DEFINITIONS OF RACE AND THE 388 00:19:43,435 --> 00:19:45,503 PRACTICE, THE ANSWERS TO WHAT 389 00:19:45,503 --> 00:19:52,944 IS RACE VARY ACROSS THE FIELD. 390 00:19:52,944 --> 00:19:54,746 AND THE QUESTIONS, WHAT ARE 391 00:19:54,746 --> 00:19:56,281 THE CAUSES AND NATURE OF 392 00:19:56,281 --> 00:19:58,583 RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN DISEASE? 393 00:19:58,583 --> 00:20:01,086 TO WHAT EXTENT ARE THE CURRENT 394 00:20:01,086 --> 00:20:04,656 DESIGNATIONS USED BY THE OMB 395 00:20:04,656 --> 00:20:06,591 ADEQUATE, APPROPRIATE OR VALID 396 00:20:06,591 --> 00:20:09,761 TO USE IN ANALYZING GENETIC 397 00:20:09,761 --> 00:20:13,031 DIVERSITY WITHIN AND BETWEEN 398 00:20:13,031 --> 00:20:13,732 CONTEMPORARY RACIALLY 399 00:20:13,732 --> 00:20:16,201 DESIGNATED GROUPS IN THE U.S.? 400 00:20:16,201 --> 00:20:18,703 IS RACE A USEFUL OR VALID 401 00:20:18,703 --> 00:20:20,438 BIOLOGICAL VARIABLE AT THE 402 00:20:20,438 --> 00:20:26,444 GENETIC LEVEL OR CAN IT ONLY 403 00:20:26,444 --> 00:20:29,080 BE ANSWERED IF DISCIPLINARY 404 00:20:29,080 --> 00:20:29,748 DIFFERENCES AND HISTORICAL 405 00:20:29,748 --> 00:20:30,715 PRACTICES WITH RESPECT TO THE 406 00:20:30,715 --> 00:20:33,485 USE OF RACE ARE ASSESSED? 407 00:20:33,485 --> 00:20:36,221 AND THE SAME THING CAN BE SAID 408 00:20:36,221 --> 00:20:36,888 OF ANCESTRY. 409 00:20:36,888 --> 00:20:38,890 SO I WOULD ARGUE THERE IS NO 410 00:20:38,890 --> 00:20:46,765 STANDARD WAY OF CHAT GUYING 411 00:20:46,765 --> 00:20:48,333 POPULATIONS IS EMERGING, 412 00:20:48,333 --> 00:20:50,668 RATHER GENUINE NETTIVITY BLEND 413 00:20:50,668 --> 00:20:52,137 POPULATION CLASSIFICATIONS 414 00:20:52,137 --> 00:20:54,039 SYSTEMS AT THE FIELD, PAPER 415 00:20:54,039 --> 00:20:59,944 AND SAMPLE LEVELS CONTRIBUTING 416 00:20:59,944 --> 00:21:00,879 TO THE CLASSIFICATORY 417 00:21:00,879 --> 00:21:01,312 AMBIGUITY. 418 00:21:01,312 --> 00:21:03,515 SO THAT IS WHAT I WANTED TO 419 00:21:03,515 --> 00:21:05,984 SAY AND THAT CONCLUDES MY 420 00:21:05,984 --> 00:21:06,484 TALK. 421 00:21:06,484 --> 00:21:09,254 >> THANK YOU, Dr. HAMMOND S. 422 00:21:09,254 --> 00:21:13,158 OUR NEXT SPEAKER IS Dr. 423 00:21:13,158 --> 00:21:13,992 KELLEE WHITE. 424 00:21:13,992 --> 00:21:15,960 >> GOOD MORNING, I WILL BEGIN 425 00:21:15,960 --> 00:21:26,538 SHARING MY SLIDES MOMENTARILY. 426 00:21:33,111 --> 00:21:35,914 CAN EVERYONE SEE THE SLIDES? 427 00:21:35,914 --> 00:21:37,148 >> YES. 428 00:21:37,148 --> 00:21:39,751 >> OKAY, THANK YOU. 429 00:21:39,751 --> 00:21:41,719 SO THANK YOU FOR BEING ABLE TO 430 00:21:41,719 --> 00:21:44,489 BE A PART OF THIS ESTEEMED 431 00:21:44,489 --> 00:21:46,624 PANEL TO TALK ABOUT RACE. 432 00:21:46,624 --> 00:21:50,195 I WILL BE TALKING ABOUT 433 00:21:50,195 --> 00:21:57,769 SOCIALLY ASSIGNED RACE AND 434 00:21:57,769 --> 00:21:58,570 DISCUSSING BRIEFLY 435 00:21:58,570 --> 00:22:00,405 IMPLICATIONS FOR POPULATION 436 00:22:00,405 --> 00:22:02,107 HEALTH EQUITY. 437 00:22:02,107 --> 00:22:07,011 SO AS Dr. HAMMONDS TALKED 438 00:22:07,011 --> 00:22:08,913 ABOUT RACE, ETHNICITY ARE 439 00:22:08,913 --> 00:22:12,884 POWERFUL PREDICTORS OF HEALTH. 440 00:22:12,884 --> 00:22:17,155 MOST PUBLIC RESEARCH EXAMINES 441 00:22:17,155 --> 00:22:20,492 SELF-IDENTIFIED RACE WHICH IS 442 00:22:20,492 --> 00:22:24,829 A KEY CONSTRUCT OF DEFINING A 443 00:22:24,829 --> 00:22:30,135 GROWING BODY OF WORK THAT 444 00:22:30,135 --> 00:22:32,370 DISCUSSES RACE, ETHNICITY, 445 00:22:32,370 --> 00:22:34,539 MULTIDIMENSIONALITY OF RACE, 446 00:22:34,539 --> 00:22:36,341 SOCIALLY-ASSIGNED RACE AND 447 00:22:36,341 --> 00:22:38,576 IMPLICATIONS FOR POPULATION 448 00:22:38,576 --> 00:22:38,910 HEALTH. 449 00:22:38,910 --> 00:22:42,780 SO I WILL TALK ABOUT RACE AS A 450 00:22:42,780 --> 00:22:46,284 SOCIAL CONSTRUCT AND THE MOST 451 00:22:46,284 --> 00:22:48,686 COMMON MEASURE FOR RACE AND 452 00:22:48,686 --> 00:22:50,622 ETHNICITY IN THE UNITED STATES 453 00:22:50,622 --> 00:22:51,890 AND ITS LIMITATIONS. 454 00:22:51,890 --> 00:22:54,192 I WILL BRIEFLY INTRODUCE THE 455 00:22:54,192 --> 00:23:00,899 CONCEPT OF THE 456 00:23:00,899 --> 00:23:02,167 MULTIDIMENSIONALITY OF RACE 457 00:23:02,167 --> 00:23:03,301 AND IMPLICATIONS FOR 458 00:23:03,301 --> 00:23:04,702 POPULATION HEALTH AND THEN THE 459 00:23:04,702 --> 00:23:08,173 REMAINDER OF THE TALK I WILL 460 00:23:08,173 --> 00:23:09,307 FOCUS ON SOCIALLY-ASSIGNED 461 00:23:09,307 --> 00:23:14,212 RACE, HOW IT IS DEFINED, HOW 462 00:23:14,212 --> 00:23:18,216 IT IS OPERATIONALIZED 463 00:23:18,216 --> 00:23:22,754 INCLUDING HOW SOME ARE USING 464 00:23:22,754 --> 00:23:25,990 THE SOCIALLY-ASSIGNED RACE. 465 00:23:25,990 --> 00:23:28,359 AND FORGIVE ME FOR THE NEXT 466 00:23:28,359 --> 00:23:28,726 SLIDE. 467 00:23:28,726 --> 00:23:30,828 IN CLASS, THIS SLIDE IS A 468 00:23:30,828 --> 00:23:32,630 LITTLE MORE INTERACTIVE AND I 469 00:23:32,630 --> 00:23:34,566 WOULD ASK WHAT RACIAL CATEGORY 470 00:23:34,566 --> 00:23:36,434 DO YOU GIVE TO THE PERSON AND 471 00:23:36,434 --> 00:23:40,071 I THINK I HAVE MESSED THAT UP 472 00:23:40,071 --> 00:23:42,340 AND I DON'T THINK I AM ABLE TO 473 00:23:42,340 --> 00:23:43,975 SEE THE TAGS BUT THE PURPOSE 474 00:23:43,975 --> 00:23:47,011 OF THIS SLIDE IS JUST TO SHOW 475 00:23:47,011 --> 00:23:49,180 VARIATIONS AND THE WAY PEOPLE 476 00:23:49,180 --> 00:23:55,053 LOOK AND THAT SOME PEOPLE MAY 477 00:23:55,053 --> 00:23:58,590 ASCRIBE A RACE OR ETHNICITY TO 478 00:23:58,590 --> 00:24:00,225 SOMEONE AND IT MAY BE 479 00:24:00,225 --> 00:24:01,993 DIFFERENT THAN THE WAY SOMEONE 480 00:24:01,993 --> 00:24:04,862 ELSE DESCRIBES A RACE OR 481 00:24:04,862 --> 00:24:06,831 ETHNICITY FOR THAT SAME 482 00:24:06,831 --> 00:24:07,298 PERSON. 483 00:24:07,298 --> 00:24:11,536 AND SO THIS WAY IN WHICH YOU 484 00:24:11,536 --> 00:24:13,471 AS INDIVIDUALS RACIALLY 485 00:24:13,471 --> 00:24:15,840 CLASSIFY PEOPLE CAN SERVE AS A 486 00:24:15,840 --> 00:24:18,409 BASIS FOR INTERACTION BETWEEN 487 00:24:18,409 --> 00:24:21,412 INDIVIDUALS AND INSTITUTIONS. 488 00:24:21,412 --> 00:24:25,984 AND SO I WOULD LIKE TO ADD ON 489 00:24:25,984 --> 00:24:27,151 TO Dr. HAMMONDS' DEFINITION 490 00:24:27,151 --> 00:24:28,486 OF RACE. 491 00:24:28,486 --> 00:24:32,390 I APPRECIATE THIS DEFINITION 492 00:24:32,390 --> 00:24:34,459 AND ORIGINALLY DEFINED AS A 493 00:24:34,459 --> 00:24:43,901 SOCIAL CONSTRUCT THAT DEFINES 494 00:24:43,901 --> 00:24:46,804 A SKIN COLOR THAT INDEXES 495 00:24:46,804 --> 00:24:52,710 ONE'S LOCATION IN A SOCIAL 496 00:24:52,710 --> 00:24:53,177 HIERARCHY. 497 00:24:53,177 --> 00:24:54,545 THE STRUCTURES OPPORTUNITY AND 498 00:24:54,545 --> 00:24:56,314 GOVERNS DISTRIBUTION OF RISK 499 00:24:56,314 --> 00:24:58,249 BY ASSIGNING VALUE BASED ON 500 00:24:58,249 --> 00:25:01,119 THE SOCIAL INTERPRETATION OF 501 00:25:01,119 --> 00:25:02,053 HOW ONE LOOKS. 502 00:25:02,053 --> 00:25:07,191 THIS IS FOLLOWING THE U.S. 503 00:25:07,191 --> 00:25:13,398 BUDGET AND MANAGEMENT PROCESS 504 00:25:13,398 --> 00:25:15,199 OF COLLECTING STANDARDS TO 505 00:25:15,199 --> 00:25:20,738 DEFINE RACE AND ETHNICITY AND 506 00:25:20,738 --> 00:25:23,808 USED TO IDENTIFY AND MONITOR 507 00:25:23,808 --> 00:25:27,345 AND EXAMINE RACIAL/ETHNIC 508 00:25:27,345 --> 00:25:28,346 HEALTH INOOH QUALITIES. 509 00:25:28,346 --> 00:25:33,217 AND I KNOW THIS HAS CHANGED 510 00:25:33,217 --> 00:25:41,459 RECENTLY BUT IT HAS PREDEFINED 511 00:25:41,459 --> 00:25:44,562 CATEGORIES TO PRE-DEFINE, 512 00:25:44,562 --> 00:25:51,269 COLLECT AND MONITOR 513 00:25:51,269 --> 00:25:52,303 ETHNICITIES' HEALTH. 514 00:25:52,303 --> 00:25:54,706 IT DOES NOT CAPTURE THE LIVED 515 00:25:54,706 --> 00:25:56,841 EXPERIENCE OF RACE. 516 00:25:56,841 --> 00:25:59,444 IT IS ARGUED THAT RACE IS MORE 517 00:25:59,444 --> 00:26:02,847 COMPLEX THAN A SINGLE MEASURE 518 00:26:02,847 --> 00:26:04,716 AND MORE COMPLEX AND THAT 519 00:26:04,716 --> 00:26:06,050 THERE ARE OTHER KIND OF 520 00:26:06,050 --> 00:26:08,519 MEASURES AND WAYS IN WHICH YOU 521 00:26:08,519 --> 00:26:14,559 CAN CAPTURE THE FULL KIND OF 522 00:26:14,559 --> 00:26:19,263 COMPLEXITY OF RACE AND 523 00:26:19,263 --> 00:26:22,934 MULTIDIMENSIONALITY OF RACE. 524 00:26:22,934 --> 00:26:26,537 THERE IS HOW RESPONDENTS 525 00:26:26,537 --> 00:26:30,174 IDENTIFY AND HOW OTHERS SEE 526 00:26:30,174 --> 00:26:30,775 THEM. 527 00:26:30,775 --> 00:26:41,319 THERE IS WORK FROM ROTH AND 528 00:26:41,552 --> 00:26:44,455 OTHERS THAT SHOW THE 529 00:26:44,455 --> 00:26:46,190 LIMITATIONS OF SELF-IDENTIFIED 530 00:26:46,190 --> 00:26:48,192 RACE AND YOU KNOW THERE IS 531 00:26:48,192 --> 00:26:50,495 RESEARCH THAT SAYS THE 532 00:26:50,495 --> 00:26:54,332 CLASSIFICATIONS DO NOT ALWAYS 533 00:26:54,332 --> 00:26:56,968 MATCH ONE'S PREFERRED 534 00:26:56,968 --> 00:26:57,535 IDENTITY. 535 00:26:57,535 --> 00:27:00,805 SO THEREFORE THE LIMITATIONS 536 00:27:00,805 --> 00:27:11,315 IN OF SELF-IDENTIFIED RACE 537 00:27:11,315 --> 00:27:13,785 OVERLOOKS THE RESEARCH AND 538 00:27:13,785 --> 00:27:17,955 OVERLOOKS RECENT WORK ON 539 00:27:17,955 --> 00:27:19,123 MULTIDIMENSIONALITY OF RACE OF 540 00:27:19,123 --> 00:27:20,391 INDIVIDUALS AS WELL AS THOSE 541 00:27:20,391 --> 00:27:21,325 AROUND THEM. 542 00:27:21,325 --> 00:27:28,733 SO A GROWING AMOUNT OF WORK IN 543 00:27:28,733 --> 00:27:33,704 THE SOCIOLOGICAL LITERATURE 544 00:27:33,704 --> 00:27:35,840 OVERLOOKS THIS AND CONSIDERING 545 00:27:35,840 --> 00:27:41,479 RACE AS A FUNCTION OF 546 00:27:41,479 --> 00:27:44,816 CONTACTS, APPEARANCE, 547 00:27:44,816 --> 00:27:51,088 STEREOTYPES, NORMS, SOCIAL 548 00:27:51,088 --> 00:27:56,994 INTERACTIONS AND SEXUAL 549 00:27:56,994 --> 00:27:59,564 DYNAMICS. 550 00:27:59,564 --> 00:28:04,101 IT CONCEPTUALIZES CONTEXT AND 551 00:28:04,101 --> 00:28:07,738 SOCIETAL RELATIONS. 552 00:28:07,738 --> 00:28:12,276 FOR EXAMPLE, WHEN ASKED, THERE 553 00:28:12,276 --> 00:28:18,516 WERE DIFFERENT PICTURES OF 554 00:28:18,516 --> 00:28:20,218 RACE AFFECTING EQUALITY. 555 00:28:20,218 --> 00:28:22,153 EVEN THE CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS 556 00:28:22,153 --> 00:28:24,755 IN THE U.S. IN PARTICULAR 557 00:28:24,755 --> 00:28:28,726 WHICH REFLECTS AN INCREASINGLY 558 00:28:28,726 --> 00:28:30,995 MULTIRACIAL AND MULTIETHNIC 559 00:28:30,995 --> 00:28:35,900 SOCIETY, THE POSSIBILITY OF AN 560 00:28:35,900 --> 00:28:37,869 INCREASE OR MISMATCH OF 561 00:28:37,869 --> 00:28:39,370 IDENTIFICATION AND THAT OF 562 00:28:39,370 --> 00:28:40,638 OTHERS IS POSSIBLE. 563 00:28:40,638 --> 00:28:44,609 SO IT CAN HELP BROADEN OUR 564 00:28:44,609 --> 00:28:48,079 UNDERSTANDING BY TAKING INTO 565 00:28:48,079 --> 00:28:49,180 ACCOUNT THE 566 00:28:49,180 --> 00:28:49,981 MULTIDIMENSIONALITY OF RACE, 567 00:28:49,981 --> 00:28:54,185 IT CAN HELP BROADEN THE 568 00:28:54,185 --> 00:28:58,723 MECHANISMS BY WHICH RACIAL 569 00:28:58,723 --> 00:29:09,166 EQUALITY IS OBTAINED. 570 00:29:14,739 --> 00:29:22,046 SO LOOKING AT ROSS' TABLES, 571 00:29:22,046 --> 00:29:31,289 THIS REFLECTS THE 572 00:29:31,289 --> 00:29:35,560 MULTIDIMENSIONALITY. 573 00:29:35,560 --> 00:29:41,532 SO I WILL DISCUSS THE ISSUE OF 574 00:29:41,532 --> 00:29:42,633 SOCIALLY-ASSIGNED RACE. 575 00:29:42,633 --> 00:29:44,802 IT IS DEFINED AS THE 576 00:29:44,802 --> 00:29:47,438 PERCEPTION OF HOW INDIVIDUALS 577 00:29:47,438 --> 00:29:51,642 ARE CLASSIFIED BY OTHERS 578 00:29:51,642 --> 00:29:54,245 RACIALLY AND ETHNICALLY. 579 00:29:54,245 --> 00:29:57,081 THE SIGNIFICANCE IS THE PROBE 580 00:29:57,081 --> 00:30:01,385 OF WHITE ADVANTAGE, IMPLICIT 581 00:30:01,385 --> 00:30:03,888 BIAS AND RACIALIZATION AS A 582 00:30:03,888 --> 00:30:06,624 FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENT OF RACISM. 583 00:30:06,624 --> 00:30:10,227 THE WAY PEOPLE ARE RACIALLY OR 584 00:30:10,227 --> 00:30:12,997 ETHICALLY VIEWED BY OTHERS IS 585 00:30:12,997 --> 00:30:15,700 HOW THEY ARE TREATED AND THE 586 00:30:15,700 --> 00:30:19,804 OPPORTUNITIES THEY RECEIVE, 587 00:30:19,804 --> 00:30:26,277 WHICH MEANS THAT WITH THE 588 00:30:26,277 --> 00:30:28,312 SOCIALLY-ASSIGNED RACE, WE GO 589 00:30:28,312 --> 00:30:38,823 TO A HEALTH IMPACT OF THE 590 00:30:42,593 --> 00:30:47,064 RADICALIZATION OF RACE. 591 00:30:47,064 --> 00:30:48,232 [INDISCERNIBLE] 592 00:30:48,232 --> 00:30:50,735 SOME OF THE WAYS RACE IS 593 00:30:50,735 --> 00:30:54,538 REFERRED TO IS A TAXI DRIVER, 594 00:30:54,538 --> 00:30:57,308 A JUDGE IN A COURTROOM AND 595 00:30:57,308 --> 00:30:59,176 THIS IS CRITICAL TO THE SOCIAL 596 00:30:59,176 --> 00:31:05,082 PROCESS THAT CAN LEAD TO 597 00:31:05,082 --> 00:31:08,586 DISCRIMINATION PHARMA AND HARM 598 00:31:08,586 --> 00:31:10,554 WHEN AN INDIVIDUAL OWNS SOME 599 00:31:10,554 --> 00:31:11,422 OTHER IDENTIFICATIONS. 600 00:31:11,422 --> 00:31:14,025 SO IT IS THE PROCESSES THAT 601 00:31:14,025 --> 00:31:15,760 ARE LEGALLY INTERESTING THAT 602 00:31:15,760 --> 00:31:21,732 MAY SEPARATE SET ADDITIONAL 603 00:31:21,732 --> 00:31:29,306 RITUALS FOR ETHNIC HEALTH AND 604 00:31:29,306 --> 00:31:29,940 EQUALITY. 605 00:31:29,940 --> 00:31:40,518 SO SOCIALLY-ASSIGNED RACE, YOU 606 00:31:41,018 --> 00:31:43,888 CAN SEE THAT IT IS FAIRLY 607 00:31:43,888 --> 00:31:50,795 STATIC HOW ASIANS, WHITES AND 608 00:31:50,795 --> 00:31:55,566 BLACKS AGREE TO BE 609 00:31:55,566 --> 00:31:57,902 SELF-IDENTIFIED TO A 610 00:31:57,902 --> 00:31:58,736 SOCIALLY-ASSIGNED RACE. 611 00:31:58,736 --> 00:32:01,272 THERE IS A MODERATE TO HIGH 612 00:32:01,272 --> 00:32:04,508 DEGREE OF MISMATCH WITH 613 00:32:04,508 --> 00:32:07,244 LATINOS, NATIVE AMERICANS, 614 00:32:07,244 --> 00:32:11,549 PACIFIC ISLANDERS AND 615 00:32:11,549 --> 00:32:12,450 INDIGENOUS PEOPLE. 616 00:32:12,450 --> 00:32:14,585 LIKE NEW ZEALAND IS FINDING 617 00:32:14,585 --> 00:32:22,660 THERE IS A HIGH DEGREE OF 618 00:32:22,660 --> 00:32:26,397 MISMATCH FOR INDIGENOUS, 619 00:32:26,397 --> 00:32:31,736 SPECIFICALLY THE MAORI PEOPLE. 620 00:32:31,736 --> 00:32:42,313 SO THE IN THE BRSS, THERE IS 621 00:32:45,082 --> 00:32:49,253 AN OPTION -- BRFSS, THERE IS 622 00:32:49,253 --> 00:32:51,889 THIS QUESTION OF HOW DO OTHER 623 00:32:51,889 --> 00:32:55,559 PEOPLE USUALLY CLASSIFY YOU IN 624 00:32:55,559 --> 00:32:58,028 THIS COUNTRY. 625 00:32:58,028 --> 00:32:59,830 SO THIS IS NOT SO COMMON A 626 00:32:59,830 --> 00:33:02,399 MODULE AND I THINK THIS MAY BE 627 00:33:02,399 --> 00:33:04,034 CHANGING GIVEN SOME OF THE 628 00:33:04,034 --> 00:33:09,940 MORE INTEREST IN MEASURING AND 629 00:33:09,940 --> 00:33:13,511 CAPTURING SOCIALLY ASSIGNED 630 00:33:13,511 --> 00:33:15,146 RACE AND ALSO THE EXPERIENCE 631 00:33:15,146 --> 00:33:19,016 OF RACISM. 632 00:33:19,016 --> 00:33:25,489 IT ALSO CAPTURES SOME SMALLER 633 00:33:25,489 --> 00:33:29,727 GROUPS THAT ARE NOT 634 00:33:29,727 --> 00:33:30,694 NECESSARILY REPRESENTATIVE OR 635 00:33:30,694 --> 00:33:36,200 ACCORDING TO SURVEYS FROM THE 636 00:33:36,200 --> 00:33:36,734 BRFSS. 637 00:33:36,734 --> 00:33:38,068 SO COLLEAGUES ASK THE QUESTION 638 00:33:38,068 --> 00:33:40,371 IF YOU WERE WALKING DOWN THE 639 00:33:40,371 --> 00:33:42,773 STREET, WHAT RACE DO YOU THINK 640 00:33:42,773 --> 00:33:44,441 OTHER AMERICANS WHO DO NOT 641 00:33:44,441 --> 00:33:46,443 KNOW YOU PERSONALLY WOULD 642 00:33:46,443 --> 00:33:47,945 ASSUME YOU WERE? 643 00:33:47,945 --> 00:33:52,016 AND IN CANADA, THERE WAS WORK 644 00:33:52,016 --> 00:33:53,317 THAT WAS ASKED, WHAT ABOUT THE 645 00:33:53,317 --> 00:33:55,619 OTHER PEOPLE YOU MEET, WHAT 646 00:33:55,619 --> 00:33:56,987 RACIAL BACKGROUND DO OTHER 647 00:33:56,987 --> 00:33:58,956 PEOPLE TEND TO THINK YOU ARE? 648 00:33:58,956 --> 00:34:01,458 SO IN A RECENT REVIEW, MY 649 00:34:01,458 --> 00:34:04,728 COLLEAGUES AND I PERFORMED A 650 00:34:04,728 --> 00:34:06,497 SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE 651 00:34:06,497 --> 00:34:08,632 LITERATURE, THIS WAS UP TO 652 00:34:08,632 --> 00:34:12,136 2018 AT THE TIME, 19 AND WE 653 00:34:12,136 --> 00:34:14,605 IDENTIFIED 18 ARTICLES THAT WE 654 00:34:14,605 --> 00:34:16,974 FOUND THAT LOOKED AT 655 00:34:16,974 --> 00:34:17,641 SOCIALLY-ASSIGNED RACE AND 656 00:34:17,641 --> 00:34:19,977 SOME OF THE HEALTH OR 657 00:34:19,977 --> 00:34:21,545 HEALTH-RELATED OUTCOMES. 658 00:34:21,545 --> 00:34:26,317 THE MOST COMMON HEALTH OUTCOME 659 00:34:26,317 --> 00:34:28,285 WAS SELF-RATED PHYSICAL HEALTH 660 00:34:28,285 --> 00:34:36,260 WHICH WAS SELF-REPORTED HYPERT. 661 00:34:36,260 --> 00:34:38,896 THERE WERE SEVERAL HEALTH 662 00:34:38,896 --> 00:34:40,998 OUTCOMES STUDIES TO INCLUDE 663 00:34:40,998 --> 00:34:44,101 MENTAL HEALTH, PREVENTIVE 664 00:34:44,101 --> 00:34:45,402 HEALTH SCREENINGS, UTILIZATION 665 00:34:45,402 --> 00:34:48,572 AND ENGAGEMENT OF HEALTH 666 00:34:48,572 --> 00:34:51,842 SERVICES AND HEALTHCARE 667 00:34:51,842 --> 00:34:52,309 DISCRIMINATION. 668 00:34:52,309 --> 00:34:54,712 THESE STUDIES WERE ACROSS 669 00:34:54,712 --> 00:35:00,618 U.S., CANADA, NEW ZEALAND, AND 670 00:35:00,618 --> 00:35:01,785 SOUTH AMERICA, OVERALL THE 671 00:35:01,785 --> 00:35:05,322 LOWER QUALITY OF HEALTH FOR 672 00:35:05,322 --> 00:35:11,395 THOSE SOCIALLY-ASSIGNED TO THE 673 00:35:11,395 --> 00:35:12,897 LOWER STATUS GROUP. 674 00:35:12,897 --> 00:35:23,474 SO THIS PRETTY SIDES -- THIS 675 00:35:25,676 --> 00:35:28,412 PROVIDES SOME CONSIDERATIONS 676 00:35:28,412 --> 00:35:31,448 AND QUESTIONS OF WHAT IS THE 677 00:35:31,448 --> 00:35:32,750 GREATER THEORETICAL CLARITY? 678 00:35:32,750 --> 00:35:39,323 SHOULD ONE MEASURE BE USED IN 679 00:35:39,323 --> 00:35:40,024 LIEU OF ANOTHER? 680 00:35:40,024 --> 00:35:43,627 , DO ESTIMATES OF RACIAL 681 00:35:43,627 --> 00:35:45,796 INEQUALITY VARY BY MEASURE AND 682 00:35:45,796 --> 00:35:49,533 DOES THE MEASURE MATTER BY 683 00:35:49,533 --> 00:35:51,735 DIFFERENT RACIAL/ETHNIC GROUP 684 00:35:51,735 --> 00:35:56,040 OR UTCOMES AS THEY UNFOLD AND 685 00:35:56,040 --> 00:35:56,807 HOW PEOPLE EXPERIENCE THEM. 686 00:35:56,807 --> 00:35:59,009 SO IT IS NOT JUST ONE MEASURE 687 00:35:59,009 --> 00:36:01,378 WE NEED TO UNPACK BUT THERE 688 00:36:01,378 --> 00:36:04,081 ARE OTHER MEASURES THAT 689 00:36:04,081 --> 00:36:05,182 PROVIDE SOME NUANCED 690 00:36:05,182 --> 00:36:12,523 UNDERSTANDING OF THE 691 00:36:12,523 --> 00:36:14,191 COMPLEXITIES OF RACE. 692 00:36:14,191 --> 00:36:16,360 DO ESTIMATES OF INEQUALITY 693 00:36:16,360 --> 00:36:18,562 VARY BY MEASURE AND DOES THE 694 00:36:18,562 --> 00:36:23,100 MEASURE MATTER BY DIFFERENT 695 00:36:23,100 --> 00:36:26,737 RACIAL/ETHNIC GROUPS OR 696 00:36:26,737 --> 00:36:27,071 UTCOMES? 697 00:36:27,071 --> 00:36:28,439 SO LOOKING AT THE EXPLORATORY 698 00:36:28,439 --> 00:36:35,746 POWER OF RACE AND RACISM AND 699 00:36:35,746 --> 00:36:45,155 THOSE PROCESSES, 700 00:36:45,155 --> 00:36:47,524 SOCIALLY-ASSIGNED RACE BASED 701 00:36:47,524 --> 00:36:50,361 AREAS FOR EQUITY RELATED 702 00:36:50,361 --> 00:36:50,828 RESEARCH. 703 00:36:50,828 --> 00:36:52,463 THERE IS THIS INVESTIGATION TO 704 00:36:52,463 --> 00:36:55,966 HELP EXAMINE AND FIGURE OUT 705 00:36:55,966 --> 00:36:59,570 THE PATTERNS THROUGH THEIR 706 00:36:59,570 --> 00:37:00,070 ANSWERS. 707 00:37:00,070 --> 00:37:04,208 THERE ARE A DEARTH OF DATASETS 708 00:37:04,208 --> 00:37:08,879 WHICH PREVENTS OR KIND OF 709 00:37:08,879 --> 00:37:09,613 HAMPERS THE ASSESSMENT BUT AT 710 00:37:09,613 --> 00:37:11,882 THE END OF THE DAY, I THINK 711 00:37:11,882 --> 00:37:15,919 THE TAKE-HOME IS BEING ABLE TO 712 00:37:15,919 --> 00:37:18,455 USE THIS MEASURE TO 713 00:37:18,455 --> 00:37:20,524 COLLECTIVELY ADVOCATE FOR THE 714 00:37:20,524 --> 00:37:26,764 GREATER COLLECTION OF THIS, TO 715 00:37:26,764 --> 00:37:28,232 FACILITATE MORE NUANCED 716 00:37:28,232 --> 00:37:37,541 PATTERNS OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC 717 00:37:37,541 --> 00:37:39,743 HEALTH ADVANTAGES. 718 00:37:39,743 --> 00:37:42,046 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH, Dr. 719 00:37:42,046 --> 00:37:42,346 WHITE. 720 00:37:42,346 --> 00:37:51,755 NEXT UP WE HAVE Dr. ERIKA BLAC. 721 00:37:51,755 --> 00:38:01,965 ERIKA? 722 00:38:06,970 --> 00:38:09,173 Dr. BLACKSHER, ARE YOU ABLE 723 00:38:09,173 --> 00:38:09,973 TO PRESENT? 724 00:38:09,973 --> 00:38:13,010 >> YES, YOU CAN HEAR ME NOW? 725 00:38:13,010 --> 00:38:13,811 [ FAINT AUDIO ] 726 00:38:13,811 --> 00:38:16,346 >> OKAY, GIVE ME A SECOND TO 727 00:38:16,346 --> 00:38:17,748 PREPARE MY SLIDES -- 728 00:38:17,748 --> 00:38:19,283 >> YOUR AUDIO IS A LITTLE 729 00:38:19,283 --> 00:38:19,616 FAINT -- 730 00:38:19,616 --> 00:38:22,553 >> CAN YOU HEAR ME NOW? 731 00:38:22,553 --> 00:38:24,855 >> THERE WE GO. 732 00:38:24,855 --> 00:38:27,491 >> I APOLOGIZE I HAD MY MIC 733 00:38:27,491 --> 00:38:29,526 POINTED UP TO MAKE SURE YOU 734 00:38:29,526 --> 00:38:31,628 DIDN'T HEAR ANY DISTRACTION. 735 00:38:31,628 --> 00:38:32,629 SO GOOD MORNING, SEEMS LIKE 736 00:38:32,629 --> 00:38:35,966 YOU CAN HEAR ME NOW AND ALSO 737 00:38:35,966 --> 00:38:36,400 SEE MY SLIDES. 738 00:38:36,400 --> 00:38:39,336 IT IS AN HONOR TO BE WITH YOU 739 00:38:39,336 --> 00:38:40,437 ALL -- 740 00:38:40,437 --> 00:38:43,307 >> WE'RE NOT SEEING YOUR 741 00:38:43,307 --> 00:38:45,175 SLIDES, IF YOU COULD GO TO 742 00:38:45,175 --> 00:38:46,343 PRESENT MODE -- 743 00:38:46,343 --> 00:38:47,311 >> OKAY, APOLOGIZE FOR THIS. 744 00:38:47,311 --> 00:38:49,513 CAN YOU SEE THEM NOW? 745 00:38:49,513 --> 00:38:49,847 >> YES. 746 00:38:49,847 --> 00:38:51,715 >> ALL RIGHT, LET ME GET THEM 747 00:38:51,715 --> 00:38:53,851 ON FULL FORM. 748 00:38:53,851 --> 00:38:54,618 HOW IS THAT? 749 00:38:54,618 --> 00:38:55,986 >> VERY GOOD, THANK YOU. 750 00:38:55,986 --> 00:38:58,622 >> SO YOU CAN HEAR MY VOICE, 751 00:38:58,622 --> 00:39:04,328 SEE MY FACE AND MY SLIDES, IS 752 00:39:04,328 --> 00:39:06,130 THAT CORRECT? 753 00:39:06,130 --> 00:39:06,964 [INDISCERNIBLE] 754 00:39:06,964 --> 00:39:07,998 >> SO FORGIVE THE TROUBLED 755 00:39:07,998 --> 00:39:09,900 START THERE, THANK YOU FOR 756 00:39:09,900 --> 00:39:13,971 ALLOWING ME TO BE PART OF THIS 757 00:39:13,971 --> 00:39:15,539 PANEL THIS MORNING, AND I WILL 758 00:39:15,539 --> 00:39:16,406 GET UNDERWAY. 759 00:39:16,406 --> 00:39:19,409 THE TITLE OF MY TALK IS RACE 760 00:39:19,409 --> 00:39:28,418 AND ETHNICITY AS PROXIES FOR 761 00:39:28,418 --> 00:39:29,353 HEALTH-RELEVANT DISADVANTAGE. 762 00:39:29,353 --> 00:39:32,923 THERE ARE THREE ELEMENTS TO MY 763 00:39:32,923 --> 00:39:36,293 TALK AND IT IS WORTH NOTING 764 00:39:36,293 --> 00:39:41,231 THAT I WAS ASKED TO SPEAK MORE 765 00:39:41,231 --> 00:39:51,675 TO ETHNIC AND RACIAL 766 00:39:53,243 --> 00:39:56,246 DISPARITIES AS POOR PROXIES IN 767 00:39:56,246 --> 00:39:57,181 HEALTH DISPARITIES RESEARCH 768 00:39:57,181 --> 00:39:58,415 BUT I THINK IT WOULD BE GOOD 769 00:39:58,415 --> 00:40:02,286 TO PUT THE REMARKS ABOUT THE 770 00:40:02,286 --> 00:40:05,389 POOR PROXIES IN THAT LARGER 771 00:40:05,389 --> 00:40:05,989 CONTEXT. 772 00:40:05,989 --> 00:40:07,357 MY THIRD OBJECTION IS TO PIVOT 773 00:40:07,357 --> 00:40:09,326 TO THE MAIN PART OF THE TALK 774 00:40:09,326 --> 00:40:13,096 WHICH IS TO IDENTIFY ENTECH 775 00:40:13,096 --> 00:40:16,300 LIMITS OF RACE AND ETHNICITY 776 00:40:16,300 --> 00:40:17,968 IN THE FOUR ADDITIONAL 777 00:40:17,968 --> 00:40:21,471 CATEGORIES AND THEN FINALLY I 778 00:40:21,471 --> 00:40:23,140 WILL IDENTIFY SEVERAL OTHER 779 00:40:23,140 --> 00:40:26,877 RISKS OF RACIAL AND ETHNICITY 780 00:40:26,877 --> 00:40:27,945 HEALTH RESEARCH. 781 00:40:27,945 --> 00:40:31,248 SO A FEW DEFINITIONS OF THE 782 00:40:31,248 --> 00:40:35,185 FIRST OBJECT, WHAT ARE RACE 783 00:40:35,185 --> 00:40:36,887 AND ETHNICITY, Dr. HAMMONDS 784 00:40:36,887 --> 00:40:40,157 DID A GREAT JOB OF DISCUSSING 785 00:40:40,157 --> 00:40:40,791 THAT FOR SURE. 786 00:40:40,791 --> 00:40:43,961 THE IDEA OF RACE AND ETHNICITY 787 00:40:43,961 --> 00:40:48,932 THAT I WORK WITH ARE THERE ARE 788 00:40:48,932 --> 00:40:49,967 SOCIOPOLITICAL CONSTRUCTS 789 00:40:49,967 --> 00:40:52,836 CREATED AND MAINTAINED TO 790 00:40:52,836 --> 00:40:54,705 DIFFERENTIATE AND STRATEGY 791 00:40:54,705 --> 00:40:58,575 POPULATIONS BASED ON ARBITRARY 792 00:40:58,575 --> 00:41:00,410 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND 793 00:41:00,410 --> 00:41:02,546 JUSTIFIED BY IDEOLOGIES THAT 794 00:41:02,546 --> 00:41:05,048 SEEK TO BENEFIT PEOPLE 795 00:41:05,048 --> 00:41:06,383 INTERPRETED AND CLASSIFIED AS 796 00:41:06,383 --> 00:41:08,252 WHITE AND TO OPPRESS PEOPLE 797 00:41:08,252 --> 00:41:14,291 WHO ARE OTHERWISE INTERPRETED 798 00:41:14,291 --> 00:41:17,261 AND CLASSIFIED BASED ON RACE 799 00:41:17,261 --> 00:41:18,095 AND ETHNICITY. 800 00:41:18,095 --> 00:41:21,431 I WANT TO DESCRIBE THE 801 00:41:21,431 --> 00:41:23,700 SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED TERM OF 802 00:41:23,700 --> 00:41:25,435 THE WHITE CATEGORY AND OVERALL 803 00:41:25,435 --> 00:41:28,372 WHITENESS WHICH I WILL DEFINE 804 00:41:28,372 --> 00:41:31,341 AS SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED 805 00:41:31,341 --> 00:41:32,876 RACIAL, SOCIAL AND SYMBOLIC 806 00:41:32,876 --> 00:41:36,013 CATEGORY THAT AS I NOTED, 807 00:41:36,013 --> 00:41:40,917 OFTEN GOES UNDER STUDIES AND 808 00:41:40,917 --> 00:41:46,723 UNDEFINED YET FUNCTIONS AS THE 809 00:41:46,723 --> 00:41:51,128 NORM OR REFERENT GROUP AGAINST 810 00:41:51,128 --> 00:41:54,331 WHICH MINORRIZED OTHERS ARE 811 00:41:54,331 --> 00:41:56,933 DEFINED AND VALUATED. 812 00:41:56,933 --> 00:41:59,002 WHITENESS CREATES MATERIAL, 813 00:41:59,002 --> 00:42:00,671 PSYCHOLOGICAL, POLITICAL AND 814 00:42:00,671 --> 00:42:03,473 CULTURAL ADVANTAGES FOR PEOPLE 815 00:42:03,473 --> 00:42:04,408 WHEN LIGHT-COLORED SKIN, 816 00:42:04,408 --> 00:42:06,243 INTERACTS AND INTERACTS WITH 817 00:42:06,243 --> 00:42:08,779 OTHER CONSTRUCTS SUCH AS 818 00:42:08,779 --> 00:42:10,614 CLASS, GENDER, DISABILITY, 819 00:42:10,614 --> 00:42:12,215 GEOGRAPHY, RELIGION AND MORE. 820 00:42:12,215 --> 00:42:14,451 I WOULD NOTE TOO IT IS NOT A 821 00:42:14,451 --> 00:42:15,986 STATUTE TICKER CATEGORY. 822 00:42:15,986 --> 00:42:17,854 WHITENESS TODAY DOESN'T MEAN 823 00:42:17,854 --> 00:42:20,390 WHAT IT MEANT 50 YEARS AGO, 824 00:42:20,390 --> 00:42:24,928 100 YEARS AGO, IT IS A SOCIAL 825 00:42:24,928 --> 00:42:26,697 DYNAMIC CATEGORY THAT EVOLVES 826 00:42:26,697 --> 00:42:30,267 OVER TIMES IN CONNECTION WITH 827 00:42:30,267 --> 00:42:31,401 SOCIAL AND SCIENTIFIC AND 828 00:42:31,401 --> 00:42:32,002 POLITICAL MOVEMENTS. 829 00:42:32,002 --> 00:42:34,104 AND MY SLIDES ARE NOT 830 00:42:34,104 --> 00:42:36,006 ADVANCING -- THERE WE GO. 831 00:42:36,006 --> 00:42:38,141 SO FOR THE SECOND CONCEPT, I 832 00:42:38,141 --> 00:42:41,578 KNOW YOU KNOW WHAT A PROXY IS 833 00:42:41,578 --> 00:42:44,114 BUT TO BE EXPLICIT, I WAS 834 00:42:44,114 --> 00:42:48,118 ASKED TO SPEAK TO THE RACIAL 835 00:42:48,118 --> 00:42:50,287 AND ETHNICITY OF PROXIES AS A 836 00:42:50,287 --> 00:42:52,489 CONSTRUCT AND WHAT IS A PROXY? 837 00:42:52,489 --> 00:42:55,659 IT IS SOMETHING THAT IS USED 838 00:42:55,659 --> 00:42:57,694 TO REPRESENT SOMETHING ELSE 839 00:42:57,694 --> 00:42:59,429 THAT YOU ARE TRYING TO MEASURE 840 00:42:59,429 --> 00:43:03,033 SO IT IS A STAND-IN FOR THE 841 00:43:03,033 --> 00:43:03,533 ACTUAL THING. 842 00:43:03,533 --> 00:43:05,268 SO WHAT IS THE ACTUAL THING? 843 00:43:05,268 --> 00:43:10,674 HERE I AM GOING TO PROPOSE THE 844 00:43:10,674 --> 00:43:12,509 IDEA OF -- THAT WHAT WE'RE 845 00:43:12,509 --> 00:43:15,412 TRYING TO GET AT WHEN WE ARE 846 00:43:15,412 --> 00:43:16,913 DOING HEALTH DISPARITIES 847 00:43:16,913 --> 00:43:19,349 RESEARCH, HEALTH AND EQUALITY 848 00:43:19,349 --> 00:43:21,718 REAFTERNOON SEARCH ARE 849 00:43:21,718 --> 00:43:23,420 EXPERIENCES AND EXPOSURES THAT 850 00:43:23,420 --> 00:43:25,288 EXPOSE THE MIND AND BODY TO 851 00:43:25,288 --> 00:43:28,258 HEALTH AND BECAUSE WE'RE 852 00:43:28,258 --> 00:43:30,026 INTERESTED IN DISPARITIES, 853 00:43:30,026 --> 00:43:33,163 WE'RE INTERESTED IN PARTICULAR 854 00:43:33,163 --> 00:43:34,097 SUBGROUPS OR POPULATIONS, 855 00:43:34,097 --> 00:43:36,433 THOSE THAT ARE SOCIALLY 856 00:43:36,433 --> 00:43:37,801 DISADVANTAGED IN A VARIETY OF 857 00:43:37,801 --> 00:43:38,101 WAYS. 858 00:43:38,101 --> 00:43:40,270 THERE IS A LOT OF VARIABILITY 859 00:43:40,270 --> 00:43:43,940 ACROSS THE HEALTH DISPARITIES 860 00:43:43,940 --> 00:43:45,308 LITERATURE, DEFINITIONS ABOUT 861 00:43:45,308 --> 00:43:47,978 HEALTH EQUITY AND CERTAINLY IN 862 00:43:47,978 --> 00:43:49,813 THE JUSTICE LITERATURE BUT I 863 00:43:49,813 --> 00:43:52,416 AM WORKING WITH THIS IDEA OF 864 00:43:52,416 --> 00:43:56,553 WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE 865 00:43:56,553 --> 00:43:58,789 SOCIALLY DISADVANTAGES IN THE 866 00:43:58,789 --> 00:44:01,191 CONSTRUCT WHICH IS A 867 00:44:01,191 --> 00:44:03,860 COMPLETELY DIFFERENT WORK TO 868 00:44:03,860 --> 00:44:06,096 DIVING INTO OTHER ISSUES. 869 00:44:06,096 --> 00:44:09,633 SO WHAT MANY PEOPLE MIGHT 870 00:44:09,633 --> 00:44:15,605 REFER TO AS THE SOCIAL 871 00:44:15,605 --> 00:44:21,578 DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH IN THE 872 00:44:21,578 --> 00:44:24,014 APARTHEID FRAMEWORK AND I WILL 873 00:44:24,014 --> 00:44:26,583 EXPLAIN THAT WITH MY WORK IN A 874 00:44:26,583 --> 00:44:28,051 BROADER CONTEXT. 875 00:44:28,051 --> 00:44:30,220 AND THE THREE-PART FRAMEWORK 876 00:44:30,220 --> 00:44:31,621 IS COMPRISED OF RELATIONS, 877 00:44:31,621 --> 00:44:32,622 REPRESENTATION AND RESOURCES 878 00:44:32,622 --> 00:44:34,458 AND LET ME TELL YOU WHAT I 879 00:44:34,458 --> 00:44:36,259 MEAN BY EACH OF THOSE. 880 00:44:36,259 --> 00:44:41,865 BY RELATIONS, I AM REFERRING 881 00:44:41,865 --> 00:44:45,535 TO EXPECTING DISCRIMINATION, 882 00:44:45,535 --> 00:44:48,438 DEPRESSION, EXCLUSION AND 883 00:44:48,438 --> 00:44:55,078 NOMINATION BASED ON THE 884 00:44:55,078 --> 00:44:56,146 DIFFERENCES IN RACE, 885 00:44:56,146 --> 00:44:57,414 REPRESENTATION, SOURCES AND 886 00:44:57,414 --> 00:44:58,215 MORE. 887 00:44:58,215 --> 00:45:00,550 IN THE ROUND OF 888 00:45:00,550 --> 00:45:02,953 REPRESENTATION, I AM REFERRING 889 00:45:02,953 --> 00:45:05,121 TO MARGINALIZATION AND 890 00:45:05,121 --> 00:45:12,596 EXCLUSION FROM FORMAL AND 891 00:45:12,596 --> 00:45:14,831 INFORMAL DECISION-MAKING 892 00:45:14,831 --> 00:45:16,032 PROCESSES THAT CONVEY POLICY 893 00:45:16,032 --> 00:45:20,837 PREFERENCES AND PRIORITIES AND 894 00:45:20,837 --> 00:45:23,173 CREATE POLICY CONTEXTS. 895 00:45:23,173 --> 00:45:32,082 AND WE SEE THIS IN THE EXTREME 896 00:45:32,082 --> 00:45:34,351 GERRY MANDERING WITH VOTER 897 00:45:34,351 --> 00:45:35,685 SUPPRESSION AND THEN 898 00:45:35,685 --> 00:45:38,255 RESOURCES, THE LACK OF 899 00:45:38,255 --> 00:45:38,922 AVAILABILITY, AFFORDABILITY 900 00:45:38,922 --> 00:45:40,857 AND ACCESS TO SOCIAL AND 901 00:45:40,857 --> 00:45:42,292 ECONOMIC GOODS WE KNOW ARE 902 00:45:42,292 --> 00:45:45,662 IMPORTANT TO HEALTH SUCH AS 903 00:45:45,662 --> 00:45:47,464 NUTRITION, EDUCATION, 904 00:45:47,464 --> 00:45:50,133 EMPLOYMENT, INCOME, 905 00:45:50,133 --> 00:45:50,667 HEALTHCARE, HOUSING, 906 00:45:50,667 --> 00:45:51,234 TRANSPORTATION, PUBLIC 907 00:45:51,234 --> 00:45:52,636 UTILITIES AND MORE. 908 00:45:52,636 --> 00:45:55,505 SO AGAINST THIS BACK DROP OF 909 00:45:55,505 --> 00:45:57,274 WHAT WE'RE TALKING ABOUT, WHY 910 00:45:57,274 --> 00:45:59,910 IS RACE AND ETHNICITY RELEVANT 911 00:45:59,910 --> 00:46:01,978 AND I WILL SHOW YOU VERY 912 00:46:01,978 --> 00:46:05,148 QUICKLY SOME CHARTS THAT 913 00:46:05,148 --> 00:46:08,251 ILLUSTRATE THIS, WHY RACE AND 914 00:46:08,251 --> 00:46:10,654 ETHNICITY, EVEN IN SORT OF 915 00:46:10,654 --> 00:46:14,224 BLUNT FORMS OF RACE ARE OFTEN 916 00:46:14,224 --> 00:46:17,294 CAP SKPHAOURD NOT IN THE MORE 917 00:46:17,294 --> 00:46:25,035 SOPHISTICATED WAY THAT Dr. 918 00:46:25,035 --> 00:46:28,338 WHITE SAYS WE NEED TO BE 919 00:46:28,338 --> 00:46:31,908 TALKING ABOUT RACE AND BECAUSE 920 00:46:31,908 --> 00:46:37,948 THERE IS THIS AROUGH ALIGNMENT 921 00:46:37,948 --> 00:46:42,085 BETWEEN MINORITY GROUPS AND 922 00:46:42,085 --> 00:46:44,688 DISENFRANCHISEMENT FROM AND 923 00:46:44,688 --> 00:46:46,723 THE UNDER REPRESENTATION IN 924 00:46:46,723 --> 00:46:48,358 CIVIC AND POLITICAL PROCESSES 925 00:46:48,358 --> 00:46:53,063 AND A ROUGH ALIGNMENT BETWEEN 926 00:46:53,063 --> 00:46:55,365 MINORITY GROUPS AND 927 00:46:55,365 --> 00:46:57,300 MALDISTRIBUTIONS OF RESOURCES. 928 00:46:57,300 --> 00:46:59,502 AND THEN SHOWING YOU THE CHART 929 00:46:59,502 --> 00:47:01,237 OF HEALTH OUTCOMES BUT I WILL 930 00:47:01,237 --> 00:47:04,841 MOVE QUICKLY AND NOT TALK 931 00:47:04,841 --> 00:47:06,610 ABOUT THE SOURCES IN THE CHART 932 00:47:06,610 --> 00:47:13,617 AS I AM USING THEM FOR MORE 933 00:47:13,617 --> 00:47:17,687 DEFINITIVE PURPOSES, AS 934 00:47:17,687 --> 00:47:21,524 OPPOSED TO DEMONSTRATIVE 935 00:47:21,524 --> 00:47:23,560 PURPOSES. 936 00:47:23,560 --> 00:47:27,964 WE SEE THE MINORITY GROUPS 937 00:47:27,964 --> 00:47:31,801 BEING LESS WELL OFF, WE SEE 938 00:47:31,801 --> 00:47:40,844 THIS WITH BLACK, HISPANIC, 939 00:47:40,844 --> 00:47:43,947 NONHISPANIC AND THEN WHITES 940 00:47:43,947 --> 00:47:45,515 AND NONHISPANIC ILLUSTRATING 941 00:47:45,515 --> 00:47:51,054 WA WE MIGHT CALL LATINO HAVE 942 00:47:51,054 --> 00:47:52,422 BETTER HEALTH VERSUS THEIR 943 00:47:52,422 --> 00:47:55,058 BEING SUBJECT TO THE LOWER 944 00:47:55,058 --> 00:47:56,860 STATUS AND FORMS OF 945 00:47:56,860 --> 00:47:57,961 DISCRIMINATION AND 946 00:47:57,961 --> 00:47:58,395 MISTREATMENT. 947 00:47:58,395 --> 00:48:00,764 HERE IS ANOTHER EXAMPLE HERE, 948 00:48:00,764 --> 00:48:03,333 DIABETES AND AGAIN I USE THIS 949 00:48:03,333 --> 00:48:06,036 TO ILLUSTRATE THE RELEVANCE OF 950 00:48:06,036 --> 00:48:10,840 RACE AND ETHNICITY BECAUSE IT 951 00:48:10,840 --> 00:48:12,208 IS CAPTURING, AGAIN, 952 00:48:12,208 --> 00:48:15,979 GAUGING -- IT IS A GAUGE OF 953 00:48:15,979 --> 00:48:19,182 SHORT FALLS AND RESOURCE 954 00:48:19,182 --> 00:48:19,883 RELATIONS AND REPRESENTATION. 955 00:48:19,883 --> 00:48:22,619 SO ALL OF THIS IS TO SAY WITH 956 00:48:22,619 --> 00:48:25,889 REGARD TO THE RELEVANCE OF 957 00:48:25,889 --> 00:48:32,896 RACE AND ETHNICITY, THERE ARE 958 00:48:32,896 --> 00:48:37,400 DISPROPORTIONATE RACES WITH 959 00:48:37,400 --> 00:48:39,235 PREMATURE DEATH RATES AMONG 960 00:48:39,235 --> 00:48:41,738 MINORITY GROUPS AND HEALTH 961 00:48:41,738 --> 00:48:42,172 OBJECTIVITY. 962 00:48:42,172 --> 00:48:43,873 IF WE LOOK DEEPER IN THE DATA 963 00:48:43,873 --> 00:48:47,243 AND USE OTHER PROXIES FOR 964 00:48:47,243 --> 00:48:48,611 HEALTH DISADVANTAGE, THERE IS 965 00:48:48,611 --> 00:48:50,346 A MORE COMPLEX PICTURE. 966 00:48:50,346 --> 00:48:52,716 SO I WILL SPEAK TO THREE 'EM 967 00:48:52,716 --> 00:49:03,226 PICKER LIMITS OF RACE AND 968 00:49:04,527 --> 00:49:08,198 ETHNICITY RELATED TO 969 00:49:08,198 --> 00:49:10,033 DISADVANTAGE, AND WHITENESS 970 00:49:10,033 --> 00:49:15,472 WHICH GENERALLY IS PROTECTIVE 971 00:49:15,472 --> 00:49:21,411 OF ADVANTAGE. 972 00:49:21,411 --> 00:49:29,052 IT MASKS HETEROGENEITY WITHIN 973 00:49:29,052 --> 00:49:31,688 ETHNORACIAL GROUPS, SUCH AS 974 00:49:31,688 --> 00:49:35,191 DIFFERENCES ASSOCIATED WITH 975 00:49:35,191 --> 00:49:38,461 SOCIAL CLASS, SOCIOECONOMIC 976 00:49:38,461 --> 00:49:40,263 STATUS, POVERTY, UNDERSERVED 977 00:49:40,263 --> 00:49:41,831 GEOGRAPHIES, CULTURE, EARLY 978 00:49:41,831 --> 00:49:44,267 LIFE EXPOSURES AND GENDER, 979 00:49:44,267 --> 00:49:47,570 SEXUAL IDENTITY ET CETERA. 980 00:49:47,570 --> 00:49:50,406 I WILL SHOW YOU SOME GRAPHS 981 00:49:50,406 --> 00:49:51,674 THAT ILLS TRAIT THESE AND I 982 00:49:51,674 --> 00:49:53,543 WILL MOVE A BIT SLOWER BECAUSE 983 00:49:53,543 --> 00:49:54,911 I WANT TO DIG INTO THEM A 984 00:49:54,911 --> 00:50:00,950 LITTLE MORE BUT THE SOURCES 985 00:50:00,950 --> 00:50:05,088 ARE ALL SHOWN AT THE BOTTOM OF 986 00:50:05,088 --> 00:50:06,089 THE SLIDE. 987 00:50:06,089 --> 00:50:10,193 SO THIS IS FROM 2016 AND WHAT 988 00:50:10,193 --> 00:50:13,730 I WANT TO DO HERE IS JUST 989 00:50:13,730 --> 00:50:22,505 DEMONSTRATE THE HETEROGENEITY 990 00:50:22,505 --> 00:50:23,573 WITHIN CERTAIN POPULATIONS, 991 00:50:23,573 --> 00:50:25,441 WITHIN EACH GROUP SO HERE YOU 992 00:50:25,441 --> 00:50:28,111 HAVE WHITE WOMEN AND THE 993 00:50:28,111 --> 00:50:32,448 10-YEAR GAP WITH THOSE WHO 994 00:50:32,448 --> 00:50:36,553 LACK A COLLEGE DIPLOMA, AND 995 00:50:36,553 --> 00:50:36,953 MORE. 996 00:50:36,953 --> 00:50:43,660 AND WE SEE WITH MEN, A 12-YEAR 997 00:50:43,660 --> 00:50:45,228 DIFFERENCE WITH THOSE WHO HAVE 998 00:50:45,228 --> 00:50:47,564 A HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA, COLLEGE 999 00:50:47,564 --> 00:50:49,899 DEGREE AND MORE AND HERE YOU 1000 00:50:49,899 --> 00:50:54,637 ARE LOOKING AT BLACK WOMEN AND 1001 00:50:54,637 --> 00:50:57,040 SEE A 5-YEAR DIFFERENCE FROM 1002 00:50:57,040 --> 00:50:59,876 THOSE WHO HAVE A HIGH SCHOOL 1003 00:50:59,876 --> 00:51:01,611 DIPLOMA OR COLLEGE DEGREE AND 1004 00:51:01,611 --> 00:51:08,017 THEN BLACK MEN, WE HAVE A 1005 00:51:08,017 --> 00:51:09,052 9-YEAR DIFFERENCE AMONG THOSE 1006 00:51:09,052 --> 00:51:11,120 WITHOUT A HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA 1007 00:51:11,120 --> 00:51:14,224 OR COLLEGE DEGREE OR MORE. 1008 00:51:14,224 --> 00:51:18,228 AND SO THIS IS THE DIFFERENCE 1009 00:51:18,228 --> 00:51:20,763 THAT MASKS A SORT OF MATRIX 1010 00:51:20,763 --> 00:51:22,498 VIEW AND THE COMPLEXITY THAT 1011 00:51:22,498 --> 00:51:23,800 COMES WITH IT. 1012 00:51:23,800 --> 00:51:27,570 USING THE SAME DATA AND WHERE 1013 00:51:27,570 --> 00:51:28,872 I HAVE HIGHLIGHTED IN YELLOW, 1014 00:51:28,872 --> 00:51:31,174 WHAT I WANT TO POINT OUT HERE 1015 00:51:31,174 --> 00:51:33,243 IS THIS POINT WHERE WE LOOK AT 1016 00:51:33,243 --> 00:51:37,513 HEALTH DATA ONLY BY RACE AND 1017 00:51:37,513 --> 00:51:38,748 ETHNICITY. 1018 00:51:38,748 --> 00:51:45,488 IT APPEARS SHARED HEALTH 1019 00:51:45,488 --> 00:51:48,358 BURDENS IS CONNECTED IN WOMEN 1020 00:51:48,358 --> 00:51:50,159 WITHOUT A HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA 1021 00:51:50,159 --> 00:51:55,231 AND BLACK WOMEN WITHOUT A HIGH 1022 00:51:55,231 --> 00:51:56,633 SCHOOL DIPLOMA, THEIR 1023 00:51:56,633 --> 00:52:01,170 EXPECTANCIES ARE ROUGHLY THE 1024 00:52:01,170 --> 00:52:02,238 SAME, SIMILARLY WITH MEN 1025 00:52:02,238 --> 00:52:04,374 WITHOUT A HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA 1026 00:52:04,374 --> 00:52:07,310 SO THERE IS A SHARED BURDEN 1027 00:52:07,310 --> 00:52:10,747 THERE WHICH YOU WOULDN'T SEE 1028 00:52:10,747 --> 00:52:11,214 OTHERWISE. 1029 00:52:11,214 --> 00:52:13,783 THIS HEALTH OUTCOME COMES FROM 1030 00:52:13,783 --> 00:52:14,584 MY COLLEAGUE ON SEVERAL 1031 00:52:14,584 --> 00:52:16,419 PROJECTS AND THE SOURCE OF THE 1032 00:52:16,419 --> 00:52:20,056 DATA IS THE NATIONAL CENTER 1033 00:52:20,056 --> 00:52:22,558 FOR HEALTH STATISTICS ON A 1034 00:52:22,558 --> 00:52:26,229 STUDY WE ARE DOING IN THE 1035 00:52:26,229 --> 00:52:27,764 MIDWEST. 1036 00:52:27,764 --> 00:52:29,299 THESE BLACK CIRCLES REPRESENT 1037 00:52:29,299 --> 00:52:31,935 WHITE MOTHERS, THE BLACK 1038 00:52:31,935 --> 00:52:33,069 TRIANGLES REPRESENT BLACK 1039 00:52:33,069 --> 00:52:34,203 MOTHERS AND WHAT I WANT TO 1040 00:52:34,203 --> 00:52:42,779 POINT OUT HERE IS THIS IDEA OF 1041 00:52:42,779 --> 00:52:47,116 MASKING HETEROGENEITY WITH 1042 00:52:47,116 --> 00:52:50,920 INTERSECTIONAL POPULATIONS 1043 00:52:50,920 --> 00:52:58,227 SHOWING THAT MOTHERS, BLACK 1044 00:52:58,227 --> 00:53:02,332 MOTHERS WITH COLLEGE DEGREES 1045 00:53:02,332 --> 00:53:05,935 OR DIPLOMAS HAVE A HIGHER 1046 00:53:05,935 --> 00:53:08,638 MORTALITY AND I WANT TO POINT 1047 00:53:08,638 --> 00:53:10,840 OUT OTHER PROXIES SUCH AS THE 1048 00:53:10,840 --> 00:53:12,041 MOTHER'S EDUCATION AND THE 1049 00:53:12,041 --> 00:53:13,876 SHARED BURDEN HERE OF HIGH 1050 00:53:13,876 --> 00:53:16,212 LEVELS OF INFANT MORTALITY FOR 1051 00:53:16,212 --> 00:53:18,214 WHITE AND BLACK WOMEN WITHOUT 1052 00:53:18,214 --> 00:53:20,817 A HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA AND I 1053 00:53:20,817 --> 00:53:21,884 THINK THAT'S IMPORTANT TO 1054 00:53:21,884 --> 00:53:29,092 POINT OUT AS WELL. 1055 00:53:29,092 --> 00:53:30,994 SORRY THE IMPERFECTION OF THIS 1056 00:53:30,994 --> 00:53:31,361 CIRCLING. 1057 00:53:31,361 --> 00:53:33,529 THOUGHT I WOULD GIVE THIS A 1058 00:53:33,529 --> 00:53:36,399 TRY AND DIDN'T HAVE IT DOWN. 1059 00:53:36,399 --> 00:53:38,801 THIS HEALTH MEASURE ARE 1060 00:53:38,801 --> 00:53:39,936 ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES 1061 00:53:39,936 --> 00:53:44,307 AND WHAT IT ILLUSTRATES, 1062 00:53:44,307 --> 00:53:47,977 AGAIN, THE RED CIRCUMSTANCE 1063 00:53:47,977 --> 00:53:51,914 KEL DISPLAY DEPICTS 1064 00:53:51,914 --> 00:53:55,151 HETEROGENEITY WITHIN A 1065 00:53:55,151 --> 00:53:55,618 POPULATION. 1066 00:53:55,618 --> 00:53:57,687 THE BLACK BARS REPRESENT POOR 1067 00:53:57,687 --> 00:53:59,889 CHILDREN, THESE ARE WHITE, 1068 00:53:59,889 --> 00:54:02,792 THESE ARE BLACK AND THESE ARE 1069 00:54:02,792 --> 00:54:05,094 HISPANIC CHILDREN AND THE 1070 00:54:05,094 --> 00:54:07,597 GREEN SHOWS VERY HIGH LEVEL OF 1071 00:54:07,597 --> 00:54:09,098 AVERAGE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCE 1072 00:54:09,098 --> 00:54:12,668 FOR WHITES, FOR BLACKS AND 1073 00:54:12,668 --> 00:54:14,470 HISPANIC CHILDREN, THE 1074 00:54:14,470 --> 00:54:15,872 COMMONALITY OF BEING POOR. 1075 00:54:15,872 --> 00:54:17,573 I DON'T REALLY HAVE TIME FOR 1076 00:54:17,573 --> 00:54:22,678 THAT SLIDE SO LET ME JUST SAY 1077 00:54:22,678 --> 00:54:24,747 MY OVER ARCHING POINT IS TO 1078 00:54:24,747 --> 00:54:26,949 REALLY DIG INTO THE DATA, WE 1079 00:54:26,949 --> 00:54:30,086 NEED TO COMBINE RACE AND 1080 00:54:30,086 --> 00:54:30,653 ETHNICITY WITH OTHER 1081 00:54:30,653 --> 00:54:32,622 CONSTRUCTS AND YOU CAN SEE 1082 00:54:32,622 --> 00:54:33,990 THIS POINTS TO SOME OF THEM 1083 00:54:33,990 --> 00:54:35,525 BUT NOT ALL THAT ARE LISTED 1084 00:54:35,525 --> 00:54:38,261 HERE AND THIS IS NOT AN 1085 00:54:38,261 --> 00:54:42,799 EXHAUSTED LIST, THE IDEA OF 1086 00:54:42,799 --> 00:54:50,506 SOCIAL CLASS, SOCIOECONOMIC 1087 00:54:50,506 --> 00:54:52,775 STATUS, POVERTY, GEOGRAPHY, 1088 00:54:52,775 --> 00:54:55,445 REGION, GENDER, SEXUAL 1089 00:54:55,445 --> 00:54:58,915 IDENTITY, COUNTRY OF ORIGIN, 1090 00:54:58,915 --> 00:55:00,750 CULTURE, ET CETERA. 1091 00:55:00,750 --> 00:55:05,655 SO WHO WE ARE HAVE THESE 1092 00:55:05,655 --> 00:55:07,690 CONSTRUCTS WHICH ARE DIFFERENT 1093 00:55:07,690 --> 00:55:08,991 THAN THOSE CLASSIFIED AS WHITE 1094 00:55:08,991 --> 00:55:12,228 AND OTHER FORMS OF 1095 00:55:12,228 --> 00:55:15,031 DISADVANTAGE OR ADVANTAGE. 1096 00:55:15,031 --> 00:55:21,370 SO WE REALLY NEED A 1097 00:55:21,370 --> 00:55:22,171 PLURALIST-INTERSECTIONAL 1098 00:55:22,171 --> 00:55:24,273 FRAMEWORK TO GUIDE THE 'EM 1099 00:55:24,273 --> 00:55:27,410 PICKER AND ETHICAL STUDY OF 1100 00:55:27,410 --> 00:55:31,147 HEALTH INEQUALITIES. 1101 00:55:31,147 --> 00:55:41,023 SO THIS SLIDE CAN SUGGEST THE 1102 00:55:41,023 --> 00:55:46,929 CROSS ROADS OF HEALTH 1103 00:55:46,929 --> 00:55:52,568 DISADVANTAGES AND ADVANTAGES 1104 00:55:52,568 --> 00:56:00,576 AND THERE ARE ETHICAL RISKS OF 1105 00:56:00,576 --> 00:56:04,780 OVER-RELIANCE WHICH ENCOURAGES 1106 00:56:04,780 --> 00:56:06,749 REDUCTIONISTIC AND RACIST 1107 00:56:06,749 --> 00:56:07,850 EXPLANATIONS. 1108 00:56:07,850 --> 00:56:11,687 THE OTHER ITEMS HERE, IT 1109 00:56:11,687 --> 00:56:16,859 SUPPRESSES SYSTEMS OF 1110 00:56:16,859 --> 00:56:19,362 MARGINALIZATION AND SHAPES 1111 00:56:19,362 --> 00:56:24,600 HEALTH AND LONGEVITY 1112 00:56:24,600 --> 00:56:25,568 PROSPECTS, CAPITALISM, 1113 00:56:25,568 --> 00:56:30,473 IMPERIALISM, PATRIARCH HE 1114 00:56:30,473 --> 00:56:33,242 COULD, HETEROSEXISM AND OTHER 1115 00:56:33,242 --> 00:56:35,411 ISMS AND NEGLECTS OR IGNORES 1116 00:56:35,411 --> 00:56:37,613 THE SIGNIFICANT HEALTH 1117 00:56:37,613 --> 00:56:38,014 DISPARITIES. 1118 00:56:38,014 --> 00:56:40,082 SO THANK YOU AND I WILL LOOK 1119 00:56:40,082 --> 00:56:42,018 FORWARD TO THE QUESTIONS YOU 1120 00:56:42,018 --> 00:56:49,759 HAVE TORE FOR ME. 1121 00:56:49,759 --> 00:56:52,762 >> SO THANK YOU VERY MUCH, 1122 00:56:52,762 --> 00:56:54,263 Dr. BLACKSHER AND NOW WE 1123 00:56:54,263 --> 00:57:04,807 HAVE OUR FINAL SPEAKER, Dr. 1124 00:57:11,714 --> 00:57:11,981 CERDENA. 1125 00:57:11,981 --> 00:57:13,783 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR 1126 00:57:13,783 --> 00:57:14,617 HAVING ME. 1127 00:57:14,617 --> 00:57:16,986 INCREDIBLE TO BE PRESENTING 1128 00:57:16,986 --> 00:57:17,920 ALONGSIDE OTHER INCREDIBLE 1129 00:57:17,920 --> 00:57:20,122 SPEAKERS AND I HOPE THIS 1130 00:57:20,122 --> 00:57:21,290 INFORMATION WILL COMPLIMENT 1131 00:57:21,290 --> 00:57:24,260 WHAT HAS ALREADY BEEN SAID AND 1132 00:57:24,260 --> 00:57:25,428 TIE EVERYTHING TOGETHER. 1133 00:57:25,428 --> 00:57:28,364 SO THIS TALK IS ON RACE, 1134 00:57:28,364 --> 00:57:30,533 RACISM AND KIDNEY DISEASE AND 1135 00:57:30,533 --> 00:57:34,437 TO GIVE CONTEXT ON HOW WE CAN 1136 00:57:34,437 --> 00:57:36,539 CONTEXTUALIZE RACE, WHAT THE 1137 00:57:36,539 --> 00:57:42,111 IMPACTS ARE FOR HEALTH AND 1138 00:57:42,111 --> 00:57:45,214 ADDITIONAL ROLES OF HOW 1139 00:57:45,214 --> 00:57:48,851 GENETICS PLAYS IN ALL THIS AND 1140 00:57:48,851 --> 00:57:50,720 PERHAPS UNDERSTANDING UTCOMES 1141 00:57:50,720 --> 00:57:52,521 OR PERHAPS NOT AND DEALING 1142 00:57:52,521 --> 00:57:54,924 WITH A SPECIFIC STUDY OF 1143 00:57:54,924 --> 00:58:04,967 KIDNEY DISEASE IN THE WORLD OF 1144 00:58:04,967 --> 00:58:12,275 DISPARITIES AND DISEASE. 1145 00:58:12,275 --> 00:58:14,610 SO LOCKING AT THIS CASE STUDY 1146 00:58:14,610 --> 00:58:19,015 BECAUSE IT IS VERY PRONOUNCED 1147 00:58:19,015 --> 00:58:19,715 FOR BLACK AMERICANS. 1148 00:58:19,715 --> 00:58:24,020 THEY ARE THREE TIMES LIKELY TO 1149 00:58:24,020 --> 00:58:28,391 DEVELOP KIDNEY DISEASE AND TWO 1150 00:58:28,391 --> 00:58:38,801 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO 1151 00:58:39,335 --> 00:58:39,635 DEVELOP -- 1152 00:58:39,635 --> 00:58:40,169 [INDISCERNIBLE] 1153 00:58:40,169 --> 00:58:43,673 , BLACK AMERICANS MAKE UP 1154 00:58:43,673 --> 00:58:45,741 13 PERCENT OF THOSE AFFECTED 1155 00:58:45,741 --> 00:58:47,109 BY KIDNEY DISEASE BUT 1156 00:58:47,109 --> 00:58:49,345 REPRESENT 35 PERCENT OF THOSE 1157 00:58:49,345 --> 00:58:50,112 WITH KIDNEY FAILURE. 1158 00:58:50,112 --> 00:58:54,016 THIS IS A VERY IMPORTANT STUDY 1159 00:58:54,016 --> 00:58:58,254 AND MANY SCHOLARS AND 1160 00:58:58,254 --> 00:59:07,096 NEPHROLOGISTS AND PEOPLE IN 1161 00:59:07,096 --> 00:59:08,931 THE COMMUNITY EXPLAIN IS 1162 00:59:08,931 --> 00:59:11,934 TRYING TO DEFINE KIDNEY 1163 00:59:11,934 --> 00:59:14,103 FAILURE AND WHEN IT IS 1164 00:59:14,103 --> 00:59:18,274 DISCUSSED WHAT IS THE DRIVER, 1165 00:59:18,274 --> 00:59:23,212 THE ANSWER IS ALWAYS APOLI L1. 1166 00:59:23,212 --> 00:59:25,348 AND THERE ARE MANY FEATURES 1167 00:59:25,348 --> 00:59:32,355 THAT LINK TOGETHER AFRICAN 1168 00:59:32,355 --> 00:59:39,795 ANCESTRY AND EGFR AND KIDNEY 1169 00:59:39,795 --> 00:59:44,633 DISEASE, APOLI L1 AND WHEN WE 1170 00:59:44,633 --> 00:59:47,370 READ THESE, IT WILL ALL KIND 1171 00:59:47,370 --> 00:59:51,874 OF STICK TOGETHER THAT THE 1172 00:59:51,874 --> 01:00:02,451 PHENOTYPE FOR THE APOL L1 RISK 1173 01:00:06,088 --> 01:00:07,123 VARIANTS, LOOKING INTO 1174 01:00:07,123 --> 01:00:08,958 ANYTHING FOCUSING ON THIS 1175 01:00:08,958 --> 01:00:12,928 POPULATION SO IT RACES THE 1176 01:00:12,928 --> 01:00:14,764 QUESTION, WHAT IS THE CONCERN, 1177 01:00:14,764 --> 01:00:17,433 IS IT THE RELEVANT EXPLANATION 1178 01:00:17,433 --> 01:00:21,170 AND IT RELEVANTLY KIND OF 1179 01:00:21,170 --> 01:00:25,841 BRINGS THE CONCERN ABOUT THIS 1180 01:00:25,841 --> 01:00:27,510 GENE AND GENETICS AND RACE, 1181 01:00:27,510 --> 01:00:29,211 WHETHER THIS IS AN APPROPRIATE 1182 01:00:29,211 --> 01:00:32,214 COUPLING OF THE TWO, GOING 1183 01:00:32,214 --> 01:00:34,884 BACK TO Dr. HAMMONDS TALK 1184 01:00:34,884 --> 01:00:37,553 ABOUT THIS KIND OF TOTALITY OF 1185 01:00:37,553 --> 01:00:39,722 RACIAL ASSOCIATION AND THE 1186 01:00:39,722 --> 01:00:42,591 CONCEPT OF RACE AND REALLY 1187 01:00:42,591 --> 01:00:45,094 THIS KIND OF ALLURE OF THE 1188 01:00:45,094 --> 01:00:49,632 GENE TO EXPLAIN SO MUCH OF THE 1189 01:00:49,632 --> 01:00:52,268 DISPARITIES AND WHERE WE GO TO 1190 01:00:52,268 --> 01:00:54,837 IN SCIENCE TO EXPLAIN WHAT WE 1191 01:00:54,837 --> 01:00:57,072 OBSERVE THE DIFFERENCES COME 1192 01:00:57,072 --> 01:00:59,642 FROM, GOING TO GENETIC 1193 01:00:59,642 --> 01:01:00,743 EXPLANATIONS, PARTICULARLY 1194 01:01:00,743 --> 01:01:04,480 WITH RACIAL DISPARITIES, IT 1195 01:01:04,480 --> 01:01:07,349 REALLY DONATES TO THE THINKING 1196 01:01:07,349 --> 01:01:09,118 THAT THE DIFFERENCE MUST BE 1197 01:01:09,118 --> 01:01:10,519 GENETIC BECAUSE THAT IS HOW WE 1198 01:01:10,519 --> 01:01:12,421 HAVE COME TO SEE HUMAN TYPES. 1199 01:01:12,421 --> 01:01:18,928 SO THE PURPOSE OF THIS TALK IS 1200 01:01:18,928 --> 01:01:21,330 TO KIND OF UNTANGLE THAT AND 1201 01:01:21,330 --> 01:01:22,765 DISTINGUISH THE THINKING AND 1202 01:01:22,765 --> 01:01:27,169 TEAR THAT APART A LITTLE BIT 1203 01:01:27,169 --> 01:01:28,737 AS SCIENTISTS, SCHOLARS, AS 1204 01:01:28,737 --> 01:01:31,540 YOU KNOW THINKERS IN CLINICAL 1205 01:01:31,540 --> 01:01:33,576 MEDICINE, CAN BE MORE 1206 01:01:33,576 --> 01:01:34,977 THOUGHTFUL AND CAREFUL MOVING 1207 01:01:34,977 --> 01:01:38,347 FORWARD AS WE COMBAT RACIAL 1208 01:01:38,347 --> 01:01:40,683 HEALTH DISPARITIES. 1209 01:01:40,683 --> 01:01:48,290 AND THERE ARE MORE EXAMPLES OF 1210 01:01:48,290 --> 01:01:50,059 PHASES OF THAT. 1211 01:01:50,059 --> 01:01:56,098 SO WHAT IS THE APOLI L1? 1212 01:01:56,098 --> 01:01:59,502 IT IS A MAMMALIAN GENE THAT 1213 01:01:59,502 --> 01:02:00,903 GOES BACK MILLIONS OF YEARS 1214 01:02:00,903 --> 01:02:10,613 AND TOUT THOUGHT TO HAVE A 1215 01:02:10,613 --> 01:02:12,815 SELECTIVE ADVANTAGE, HAD ITS 1216 01:02:12,815 --> 01:02:15,651 ORIGINS IN CENTRAL AFRICA, 1217 01:02:15,651 --> 01:02:20,089 FIRST EMERGED IN ANIMALS IN 1218 01:02:20,089 --> 01:02:25,194 THE ZYGOTE FORM, THAT IT HAD A 1219 01:02:25,194 --> 01:02:29,265 SELECTIVE ADVANTAGE FOR 1220 01:02:29,265 --> 01:02:32,134 AFRICANS AND SO THERE WERE 1221 01:02:32,134 --> 01:02:33,035 THESE LITTLE PARASITES AND IF 1222 01:02:33,035 --> 01:02:35,638 YOU HAD A WILD TYPE FORM OF 1223 01:02:35,638 --> 01:02:39,308 THE GENE AND ONE VARIANT, YOU 1224 01:02:39,308 --> 01:02:42,845 HAD LESS LIKELIHOOD OF DYING 1225 01:02:42,845 --> 01:02:43,646 FROM THIS SICKNESS. 1226 01:02:43,646 --> 01:02:45,281 AND THEN IT WAS FOUND THAT IF 1227 01:02:45,281 --> 01:02:49,184 YOU HAD SIMILAR TO, YOU KNOW, 1228 01:02:49,184 --> 01:02:53,055 THE ADVANTAGE OF MALARIA TO -- 1229 01:02:53,055 --> 01:02:56,225 FOR YOU KNOW VARIOUS OTHER 1230 01:02:56,225 --> 01:02:58,961 SINGLE MUTATION THEMES WE KNOW 1231 01:02:58,961 --> 01:03:00,429 OF LIKE SICKLE-CELL, IT WAS 1232 01:03:00,429 --> 01:03:02,531 FOUND THAT IF YOU HAD TWO 1233 01:03:02,531 --> 01:03:04,300 HITS, YOU COULD DEVELOP THIS 1234 01:03:04,300 --> 01:03:06,569 FORM OF KIDNEY DISEASE. 1235 01:03:06,569 --> 01:03:10,072 SO IF IT IS EXPRESSED IN 1236 01:03:10,072 --> 01:03:12,274 CHROMOSOME 22, THERE ARE TWO 1237 01:03:12,274 --> 01:03:14,443 RISK VARIANTS THAT ARE 1238 01:03:14,443 --> 01:03:16,512 BASICALLY -- ONE IS A 1239 01:03:16,512 --> 01:03:22,384 MUTATION, THE OTHER IS A 1240 01:03:22,384 --> 01:03:24,587 COHESION AND IF YOU HAVE G1 OR 1241 01:03:24,587 --> 01:03:27,122 G2, YOU ARE CONSIDERED TO HAVE 1242 01:03:27,122 --> 01:03:28,557 TWO RECOMMENDS OR A DOUBLE HIT 1243 01:03:28,557 --> 01:03:31,660 AND THEN YOU ARE PREDISPOSED 1244 01:03:31,660 --> 01:03:39,268 TO DEVELOP THIS FORM OF KIDNEY 1245 01:03:39,268 --> 01:03:40,302 DISEASE. 1246 01:03:40,302 --> 01:03:42,137 NOW, THE MECHANISMS ARE NOT 1247 01:03:42,137 --> 01:03:42,605 ENTIRELY CLEAR. 1248 01:03:42,605 --> 01:03:49,278 IT IS THOUGHT TO HAVE EITHER 1249 01:03:49,278 --> 01:03:51,513 -- CAUSING MITOCHONDRIAL 1250 01:03:51,513 --> 01:03:56,552 DYSFUNCTION OR INFLAMMATION 1251 01:03:56,552 --> 01:04:07,096 THAT BASICALLY CAUSES DAMAGE 1252 01:04:07,096 --> 01:04:12,434 TO THE PRODUCTOCYTES AND THE 1253 01:04:12,434 --> 01:04:18,307 MECHANISMS OF L1 NEPHROPATHY 1254 01:04:18,307 --> 01:04:26,448 INVOLVE DAMAGE TO THE 1255 01:04:26,448 --> 01:04:30,352 GLOMERULAR PODOCYTE. 1256 01:04:30,352 --> 01:04:33,255 SO THIS BASICALLY IS A 1257 01:04:33,255 --> 01:04:35,557 MUTATION THAT CARRIES THE 1258 01:04:35,557 --> 01:04:39,261 DISEASE, NO ONE ELSE HAD THE 1259 01:04:39,261 --> 01:04:41,030 ADVANTAGE ON THE AFRICAN 1260 01:04:41,030 --> 01:04:42,731 CONTINENT BUT IT IS PRESERVED 1261 01:04:42,731 --> 01:04:45,501 IN THE HISTORY AND NOW THE TWO 1262 01:04:45,501 --> 01:04:48,337 VARIANTS ARE KNOWN TO 1263 01:04:48,337 --> 01:04:49,571 PREDISEASE THE INDIVIDUAL TO 1264 01:04:49,571 --> 01:04:50,539 KIDNEY DISEASE. 1265 01:04:50,539 --> 01:04:51,840 SO WHAT DOES IT MEAN IF YOU 1266 01:04:51,840 --> 01:04:57,513 HAVE TWO OF THE RISKS? 1267 01:04:57,513 --> 01:05:08,090 YOU HAVE 10.5 GREATER ODDS OF 1268 01:05:16,565 --> 01:05:18,200 DROPPING GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS 1269 01:05:18,200 --> 01:05:19,635 AND 7-POINT'PERCENT MORE 1270 01:05:19,635 --> 01:05:29,178 LIKELY TO EXPERIENCE 1271 01:05:29,178 --> 01:05:30,212 HYPERTENSION-ATTRIBUTED KIDNEY 1272 01:05:30,212 --> 01:05:30,546 FAILURE. 1273 01:05:30,546 --> 01:05:36,985 SO LOOKING AT THE DISTRIBUTION 1274 01:05:36,985 --> 01:05:39,722 OF THESE ALELES THROUGH THE 1275 01:05:39,722 --> 01:05:41,490 AFRICAN CONTINENT, JUST TO 1276 01:05:41,490 --> 01:05:45,594 ORIENT YOU A LITTLE BIT, G1 IS 1277 01:05:45,594 --> 01:05:48,230 DEPICTED ON THE LEFT AND G2 IS 1278 01:05:48,230 --> 01:05:50,065 DEPICTED ON THE RIGHT SO AS 1279 01:05:50,065 --> 01:05:51,867 YOU GET CLOSER TO THE RED, IT 1280 01:05:51,867 --> 01:05:54,002 IS HIGHER FREQUENCY AND ON THE 1281 01:05:54,002 --> 01:05:55,337 RIGHT SIDE, IT IS IN THE 1282 01:05:55,337 --> 01:05:55,804 ORANGE. 1283 01:05:55,804 --> 01:05:59,274 SO YOU CAN SEE THERE ARE A 1284 01:05:59,274 --> 01:06:01,610 HIGHER CONCENTRATION OR HIGHER 1285 01:06:01,610 --> 01:06:03,112 PREVALENCE MORE IN CENTRAL 1286 01:06:03,112 --> 01:06:05,948 AFRICA AND THEN IT KIND OF 1287 01:06:05,948 --> 01:06:11,620 VARIOUS WITH G2 BECAUSE THE 1288 01:06:11,620 --> 01:06:13,789 EVOLUTION OF G2 IS A LITTLE 1289 01:06:13,789 --> 01:06:17,459 LESS CLEAR AND WE HAVEN'T BEEN 1290 01:06:17,459 --> 01:06:19,394 ABLE TO TRACE IT OUT AS WELL. 1291 01:06:19,394 --> 01:06:22,564 SO AS YOU CAN SEE IT IS VERY 1292 01:06:22,564 --> 01:06:22,865 WHITE. 1293 01:06:22,865 --> 01:06:26,935 IT DOESN'T EXIST IN NORTH 1294 01:06:26,935 --> 01:06:29,304 AFRICA, REALLY IN SUBSAHARA 1295 01:06:29,304 --> 01:06:31,607 AFRICA, PULLING IT SOUTH 1296 01:06:31,607 --> 01:06:33,408 TOWARDS THE INTERIOR OF THE 1297 01:06:33,408 --> 01:06:34,676 DON'T COMMENT? 1298 01:06:34,676 --> 01:06:37,079 SEEMS TO VARY THROUGHOUT AND 1299 01:06:37,079 --> 01:06:39,848 DOES NOT EVEN ACHIEVE A 1300 01:06:39,848 --> 01:06:41,083 FREQUENCY BEYOND 50 PERCENT 1301 01:06:41,083 --> 01:06:43,552 MEANING THERE COULD BE ENTIRE 1302 01:06:43,552 --> 01:06:47,923 COMMUNITIES THAT DON'T HAVE IT 1303 01:06:47,923 --> 01:06:49,525 AT ALL AND SO IT IS NOT THE 1304 01:06:49,525 --> 01:06:50,826 KIND OF THING WHERE EVERYONE 1305 01:06:50,826 --> 01:06:52,861 HAS IT OR CARRIES IT. 1306 01:06:52,861 --> 01:06:54,062 IT CAN REALLY VARY, IS THE 1307 01:06:54,062 --> 01:06:57,566 POINT I AM TRYING TO MAKE. 1308 01:06:57,566 --> 01:07:00,435 AND I ALSO WANT TO MAKE THE 1309 01:07:00,435 --> 01:07:02,604 POINT THAT AMONG BLACK 1310 01:07:02,604 --> 01:07:05,140 AMERICANS, ABOUT 13 PERCENT OF 1311 01:07:05,140 --> 01:07:07,075 THE POPULATION CARRIES ONE 1312 01:07:07,075 --> 01:07:08,744 VARIANT AND ABOUT 20 PERCENT 1313 01:07:08,744 --> 01:07:14,783 OF THE POPULATION CARRIES TWO 1314 01:07:14,783 --> 01:07:15,317 VARIANTS. 1315 01:07:15,317 --> 01:07:17,619 AND I WANT TO DRIVE HOME THIS 1316 01:07:17,619 --> 01:07:18,854 POINT BECAUSE REMEMBER ALL 1317 01:07:18,854 --> 01:07:22,424 THOSE PAPERS I WAS SHOWING YOU 1318 01:07:22,424 --> 01:07:25,460 THAT WERE ATTRIBUTING THIS 1319 01:07:25,460 --> 01:07:33,569 RISK OF RACIAL DISPAINTER 1320 01:07:33,569 --> 01:07:35,103 ETHNOCITY OF DISEASE TO ONE, 1321 01:07:35,103 --> 01:07:40,075 THIS IS TALKING ABOUT THE 1322 01:07:40,075 --> 01:07:43,045 ORIGIN OF BLACK AMERICAN 1323 01:07:43,045 --> 01:07:44,146 DESCENDANTS OF THE ENSLAVED 1324 01:07:44,146 --> 01:07:46,215 AND THIS IS NOT WHERE YOU WILL 1325 01:07:46,215 --> 01:07:49,284 SEE THE HIGHEST PREVALENCE OF 1326 01:07:49,284 --> 01:07:49,952 THESE GENETIC VARIANTS. 1327 01:07:49,952 --> 01:08:00,095 SO IT IS REALLY A MISCONSTRUAL 1328 01:08:00,095 --> 01:08:04,967 TO SAY ALL OF THIS KIDNEY 1329 01:08:04,967 --> 01:08:06,635 DISEASE IS JUST LIKE FROM TWO 1330 01:08:06,635 --> 01:08:10,939 PEOPLE WHO CAME OVER AND THEN 1331 01:08:10,939 --> 01:08:12,674 POPULATED THE ENTIRE, YOU 1332 01:08:12,674 --> 01:08:21,617 KNOW, GROUP OF PROGENITORS OF 1333 01:08:21,617 --> 01:08:25,854 BLACK AMERICANS IN THE UNITED 1334 01:08:25,854 --> 01:08:29,358 STATES AND DEVELOPED KIDNEY 1335 01:08:29,358 --> 01:08:30,425 DISEASE. 1336 01:08:30,425 --> 01:08:31,493 THIS DEVELOPED OVER CENTURIES 1337 01:08:31,493 --> 01:08:36,098 FROM PEOPLE WHO HAD ALL SORTS 1338 01:08:36,098 --> 01:08:37,900 OF GENETIC VARIANTS, CAME FROM 1339 01:08:37,900 --> 01:08:40,035 DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE 1340 01:08:40,035 --> 01:08:41,069 CONTINENT AND HAD DIFFERENT 1341 01:08:41,069 --> 01:08:41,603 GENE POOLS. 1342 01:08:41,603 --> 01:08:51,880 SO IT IS A TOTAL MISCONSTRUAL 1343 01:08:51,880 --> 01:08:54,650 OF THIS AND OF COURSE NOT ALL 1344 01:08:54,650 --> 01:08:59,288 BLACK AMERICANS ARE PART OF A 1345 01:08:59,288 --> 01:09:00,355 SLAVE TRADE AND I DON'T MEAN 1346 01:09:00,355 --> 01:09:03,992 IF SAY THIS IN A VERY HARSH 1347 01:09:03,992 --> 01:09:05,360 WAY BUT OUR SCIENTIFIC 1348 01:09:05,360 --> 01:09:08,864 LITERATURE CAN BE SO 1349 01:09:08,864 --> 01:09:12,267 ENTRENCHED IN RACIST LOGIC 1350 01:09:12,267 --> 01:09:15,437 THAT IT CAN RECAPITULATE A 1351 01:09:15,437 --> 01:09:18,807 HARMFUL WAY OF THINKING ABOUT 1352 01:09:18,807 --> 01:09:19,308 RACE AND GENETICS. 1353 01:09:19,308 --> 01:09:23,345 SO I AM SURE YOU KNOW THE 1354 01:09:23,345 --> 01:09:27,749 ANSWER TO THIS BUT DOES THIS 1355 01:09:27,749 --> 01:09:32,521 EXPLAIN THE DISEASE IN 1356 01:09:32,521 --> 01:09:33,622 AFRICAN-AMERICANS, AND THERE 1357 01:09:33,622 --> 01:09:36,124 HAVE BEEN STUDIES ON THIS AND 1358 01:09:36,124 --> 01:09:46,501 THE ANSWER IS NO. 1359 01:09:50,372 --> 01:09:55,644 APOL1 CAN ACCOUNT FOR EXCESS 1360 01:09:55,644 --> 01:09:57,379 30 PERCENT OF NONDIABETIC 1361 01:09:57,379 --> 01:09:58,613 KIDNEY DISEASE IN BLACK 1362 01:09:58,613 --> 01:10:00,649 AMERICANS AND WITH ALL THE 1363 01:10:00,649 --> 01:10:02,951 MONEY AND RESEARCH WE HAVE PUT 1364 01:10:02,951 --> 01:10:08,290 INTO SAYING OH, IT IS ALL 1365 01:10:08,290 --> 01:10:12,694 ABOUT APOL1 HAS BEEN 1366 01:10:12,694 --> 01:10:14,563 DISCONNECTED TO THE OTHER 1367 01:10:14,563 --> 01:10:17,632 THINGS DRIVING THIS HEALTH 1368 01:10:17,632 --> 01:10:18,266 DISPARITY. 1369 01:10:18,266 --> 01:10:20,469 SO I WANT TO TALK ABOUT WHAT 1370 01:10:20,469 --> 01:10:23,238 ELSE CAN BE GOING ON AND THIS 1371 01:10:23,238 --> 01:10:28,543 BRINGS ME TO HOW RACISM IS 1372 01:10:28,543 --> 01:10:29,211 INVOLVED. 1373 01:10:29,211 --> 01:10:36,985 SO LIVING IN A RACIST 1374 01:10:36,985 --> 01:10:42,090 ENVIRONMENT CAN CAUSE CHRONIC 1375 01:10:42,090 --> 01:10:45,193 STRESS, VASCULAR TENSION, 1376 01:10:45,193 --> 01:10:53,402 GLYCEMIC CONTROL AND SALT AND 1377 01:10:53,402 --> 01:10:53,902 WATER RESORPTION. 1378 01:10:53,902 --> 01:10:55,937 AND HEALTHCARE WHICH INVOLVES 1379 01:10:55,937 --> 01:10:57,572 PREVENTIVE CARE, SCREENING AND 1380 01:10:57,572 --> 01:11:05,280 DIAGNOSIS AND SPECIALTY CARE. 1381 01:11:05,280 --> 01:11:09,017 AND THEN THERE IS A STRUCTURAL 1382 01:11:09,017 --> 01:11:14,856 OPPRESSION WHICH IS CHEAP, 1383 01:11:14,856 --> 01:11:16,992 HIGH-DENSITY FOOD INTAKE, LESS 1384 01:11:16,992 --> 01:11:18,827 FISCAL ACTIVITY, HARDER TO GET 1385 01:11:18,827 --> 01:11:20,362 YOUR BODY MOVING AND YOU ARE 1386 01:11:20,362 --> 01:11:30,906 MORE LIKELY TO BE EXPOSED TO 1387 01:11:32,274 --> 01:11:32,974 NEPHROTOXIC ELEMENTS, THINGS 1388 01:11:32,974 --> 01:11:39,514 LIKE LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION. 1389 01:11:39,514 --> 01:11:49,424 AND THEN RACIAL DISPARITY 1390 01:11:49,424 --> 01:11:51,626 THROUGH MULTIPLE MECHANISMS 1391 01:11:51,626 --> 01:12:01,236 SUCH AS GENOMIC OR EPIGENOMIC 1392 01:12:01,236 --> 01:12:07,442 FUNCTIONS, TELOMERE LENGTHS, 1393 01:12:07,442 --> 01:12:10,078 DNA METHYLATION, AND CHRONIC 1394 01:12:10,078 --> 01:12:13,248 ADAPTATIONS TO RACISM ARE RISK 1395 01:12:13,248 --> 01:12:18,854 FACTORS FOR KIDNEY DISEASE. 1396 01:12:18,854 --> 01:12:24,493 SO THEY SERVE AS RISK FACTORS 1397 01:12:24,493 --> 01:12:34,903 FOR KIDNEY DISEASE, 1398 01:12:38,406 --> 01:12:40,242 HYPERTENSION, HYPER AGREE SEEM 1399 01:12:40,242 --> 01:12:45,547 I CAN'T OR INFLAMMATION AND 1400 01:12:45,547 --> 01:12:47,349 AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE CAN ALL BE 1401 01:12:47,349 --> 01:12:50,285 THOUGHT OF AS CHRONIC 1402 01:12:50,285 --> 01:12:51,253 ADAPTATIONS TO RACISM. 1403 01:12:51,253 --> 01:12:54,356 SO WHAT CAN WE DO ABOUT IT? 1404 01:12:54,356 --> 01:12:58,560 WELL, WE ARE ALL HERE, AREN'T 1405 01:12:58,560 --> 01:12:58,827 WE? 1406 01:12:58,827 --> 01:12:59,661 TALKING ABOUT IT, THINKING 1407 01:12:59,661 --> 01:13:00,228 ABOUT IT. 1408 01:13:00,228 --> 01:13:04,065 SO IT IS IMPORTANT WE CONTINUE 1409 01:13:04,065 --> 01:13:07,869 TO COLLECT DATA BY RACE AND I 1410 01:13:07,869 --> 01:13:09,137 COMPLETELY AGREE WITH WHAT 1411 01:13:09,137 --> 01:13:11,273 Dr. WHITE WAS SAYING BEFORE, 1412 01:13:11,273 --> 01:13:14,876 WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO RARELYIZE 1413 01:13:14,876 --> 01:13:16,745 OR SELF-IDENTIFY AS A CERTAIN 1414 01:13:16,745 --> 01:13:19,614 RACE AND THEN WE CAN THINK 1415 01:13:19,614 --> 01:13:22,017 ABOUT IT ON A COLLECTIVE 1416 01:13:22,017 --> 01:13:22,317 BASIS. 1417 01:13:22,317 --> 01:13:26,321 WHEN IT IS TIME TO DO GENETIC 1418 01:13:26,321 --> 01:13:28,190 TESTING, THAT SHOULD BE BASED 1419 01:13:28,190 --> 01:13:29,591 ON CLINICAL FACTORS, NOT JUST 1420 01:13:29,591 --> 01:13:29,925 RACE. 1421 01:13:29,925 --> 01:13:38,400 SO IT IS NOT OH, WE HAVE A 1422 01:13:38,400 --> 01:13:46,174 PATIENT WHO IS A PROXY FOR 1423 01:13:46,174 --> 01:13:47,676 GENETIC RISK, BEING OF THE 1424 01:13:47,676 --> 01:13:50,645 BLACK RACE AND KIDNEY DISEASE 1425 01:13:50,645 --> 01:13:53,181 BUT THERE COULD BE OTHER 1426 01:13:53,181 --> 01:13:57,886 FACTORS THAT COULD BE DRIVEN 1427 01:13:57,886 --> 01:13:59,854 BY APOL1 OR THERE COULD BE 1428 01:13:59,854 --> 01:14:02,691 OTHER REASONS FOR DEVELOPING 1429 01:14:02,691 --> 01:14:05,994 KIDNEY DISEASE AND MIGHT NOT 1430 01:14:05,994 --> 01:14:07,028 APPROPRIATELY MANAGE THEIR 1431 01:14:07,028 --> 01:14:08,830 RISK FACTORS AND LOOKING FOR 1432 01:14:08,830 --> 01:14:09,764 ANOTHER DRIVER. 1433 01:14:09,764 --> 01:14:12,100 SO WE NEED TO THINK MORE 1434 01:14:12,100 --> 01:14:13,401 CRITICALLY ABOUT WHAT IS GOING 1435 01:14:13,401 --> 01:14:15,470 ON AND NOT JUST USE RACE OR 1436 01:14:15,470 --> 01:14:19,874 WHAT WE THINK OF AS 1437 01:14:19,874 --> 01:14:22,711 CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY FOR OUR 1438 01:14:22,711 --> 01:14:23,745 INDICATIONS FOR GENETIC 1439 01:14:23,745 --> 01:14:25,981 TESTING AND WE SHOULD CONTINUE 1440 01:14:25,981 --> 01:14:28,717 TO FUND RESEARCH ON THE 1441 01:14:28,717 --> 01:14:31,253 EFFECTS OF RACIST AND 1442 01:14:31,253 --> 01:14:32,854 ANTIRACIST POLICIES ON KIDNEY 1443 01:14:32,854 --> 01:14:34,222 HEALTH. 1444 01:14:34,222 --> 01:14:36,091 I WAS REALLY EXCITED -- BEFORE 1445 01:14:36,091 --> 01:14:40,428 THIS TALK, I LIKE TO LOOK IN 1446 01:14:40,428 --> 01:14:44,532 THE REPORTER AND SEE OH, ARE 1447 01:14:44,532 --> 01:14:48,136 THERE MORE STUDIES ON KIDNEY 1448 01:14:48,136 --> 01:14:52,741 HEALTH ADDRESSING RACIAL 1449 01:14:52,741 --> 01:14:53,141 DISPARITIES. 1450 01:14:53,141 --> 01:14:56,177 SO THINGS ARE MOVING IN THE 1451 01:14:56,177 --> 01:14:56,645 RIGHT DIRECTION. 1452 01:14:56,645 --> 01:15:07,155 AND THEN I HAVE IN HERE, 1453 01:15:16,331 --> 01:15:25,273 ADDING IN THE HEALTH 1454 01:15:25,273 --> 01:15:31,846 DISPARITIES, LESS HEALTHY FOOD 1455 01:15:31,846 --> 01:15:32,213 AVAILABLE. 1456 01:15:32,213 --> 01:15:35,116 PEOPLE WHO LIVE HEALTHY LIVE 1457 01:15:35,116 --> 01:15:36,384 LONGER AND HAVE SUPPORT WITHIN 1458 01:15:36,384 --> 01:15:38,119 THEIR COMMUNITIES AND THAT IS 1459 01:15:38,119 --> 01:15:40,955 SOMETHING THAT I THINK AS WE 1460 01:15:40,955 --> 01:15:44,159 GET CAUGHT UP IN OUR ACADEMIC 1461 01:15:44,159 --> 01:15:50,298 ENVIRONMENT, WE CAN GET VERY 1462 01:15:50,298 --> 01:15:50,699 STUCK ON. 1463 01:15:50,699 --> 01:15:53,735 SO THIS IS ME SAYING LET'S 1464 01:15:53,735 --> 01:15:55,203 KEEP OUR EYE ON THE PRIZE, 1465 01:15:55,203 --> 01:15:56,471 MAKE SURE WE ARE ALWAYS 1466 01:15:56,471 --> 01:15:58,039 THINKING ABOUT WHAT THE TRUE 1467 01:15:58,039 --> 01:16:00,308 DRIVERS ARE AND REMEMBER THAT 1468 01:16:00,308 --> 01:16:05,947 RACISM IS THE KEY DRIVER OF 1469 01:16:05,947 --> 01:16:10,485 RACIALIZED HEALTH DISPARITIES. 1470 01:16:10,485 --> 01:16:11,986 THANK YOU. 1471 01:16:11,986 --> 01:16:12,420 >> EXCELLENT. 1472 01:16:12,420 --> 01:16:15,023 MAYBE WE COULD START WITH A 1473 01:16:15,023 --> 01:16:21,596 BRIEF ROUND OF APPLAUSE FOR 1474 01:16:21,596 --> 01:16:27,402 OUR PANELISTS FOR THEIR 1475 01:16:27,402 --> 01:16:28,169 OUTSTANDING TALKS. 1476 01:16:28,169 --> 01:16:32,941 SO IF WE COULD SEE ALL THE 1477 01:16:32,941 --> 01:16:38,413 SPEAKERS SO WE CAN ASK THEM 1478 01:16:38,413 --> 01:16:38,780 QUESTIONS. 1479 01:16:38,780 --> 01:16:39,848 SO WE HAVE ALREADY RECEIVED A 1480 01:16:39,848 --> 01:16:41,850 COUPLE OF QUESTIONS FROM THE 1481 01:16:41,850 --> 01:16:43,752 VIDEOCAST SO WHILE FOLKS ARE 1482 01:16:43,752 --> 01:16:47,856 GATHERING THEIR THOUGHTS IN 1483 01:16:47,856 --> 01:16:58,299 THE ROOM, WE DO HAVE A 1484 01:17:02,370 --> 01:17:05,407 QUESTION REFERENCING THE FDA 1485 01:17:05,407 --> 01:17:07,509 WITH PROSTATE CANCER AND 1486 01:17:07,509 --> 01:17:08,843 TALKING ABOUT HOW 1487 01:17:08,843 --> 01:17:10,345 AFRICAN-AMERICAN MEN ARE MORE 1488 01:17:10,345 --> 01:17:12,680 LIKELY TO GET PROSTATE CANCER 1489 01:17:12,680 --> 01:17:15,550 AND DEVICE AS LIKELY TO DIE 1490 01:17:15,550 --> 01:17:16,418 THAN OTHERS. 1491 01:17:16,418 --> 01:17:17,485 AND HE ASK -- 1492 01:17:17,485 --> 01:17:17,952 [INDISCERNIBLE] 1493 01:17:17,952 --> 01:17:20,054 AND I WANTED TO ASK THAT A 1494 01:17:20,054 --> 01:17:23,525 LITTLE BIT BECAUSE I THINK IT 1495 01:17:23,525 --> 01:17:27,295 BRINGS TO MIND RACE BLINDNESS 1496 01:17:27,295 --> 01:17:30,231 VERSUS RACE CONSCIOUSNESS IN 1497 01:17:30,231 --> 01:17:31,032 ADDRESSING HEALTH DISPARITIES. 1498 01:17:31,032 --> 01:17:33,535 SO I WOULD LIKE TO HEAR FROM 1499 01:17:33,535 --> 01:17:35,069 ALL OF THE PANEL ON THIS ONE 1500 01:17:35,069 --> 01:17:39,707 AND I DON'T KNOW IF ALL OF YOU 1501 01:17:39,707 --> 01:17:40,608 HAVE THOUGHTS BUT WHOEVER 1502 01:17:40,608 --> 01:17:44,712 WOULD LIKE TO GO FIRST. 1503 01:17:44,712 --> 01:17:45,513 >> I COULD START. 1504 01:17:45,513 --> 01:17:46,948 SO THIS WAS ACTUALLY BROUGHT 1505 01:17:46,948 --> 01:17:49,217 UP AT MY LAST INSTITUTION AT 1506 01:17:49,217 --> 01:17:50,485 YALE BECAUSE WE WERE TRYING TO 1507 01:17:50,485 --> 01:17:53,421 THINK ABOUT HOW TO INCORPORATE 1508 01:17:53,421 --> 01:17:57,091 SOME GUIDELINES ON HOW TO 1509 01:17:57,091 --> 01:17:58,927 HANDLE SCREENING FOR PROSTATE 1510 01:17:58,927 --> 01:18:01,429 CANCER AND WE WERE TAKING INTO 1511 01:18:01,429 --> 01:18:03,565 ACCOUNT A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT 1512 01:18:03,565 --> 01:18:04,332 ISSUES WITH THIS. 1513 01:18:04,332 --> 01:18:10,939 SO FIRST, WE KNOW THAT, YES, 1514 01:18:10,939 --> 01:18:12,807 PROSTATE CANCER IS PREVALENT 1515 01:18:12,807 --> 01:18:16,711 IN BLACK MEN, TENDS TO BE MORE 1516 01:18:16,711 --> 01:18:18,012 AGGRESSIVE, COULD BE THAT 1517 01:18:18,012 --> 01:18:20,648 BLACK MEN ARE MORE LIKELY TO 1518 01:18:20,648 --> 01:18:23,651 DIE OF PROSTATE CANCER AND AS 1519 01:18:23,651 --> 01:18:26,588 WE KNOW AT THIS POINT THERE 1520 01:18:26,588 --> 01:18:32,026 ARE DIFFERENT GUIDELINES FROM 1521 01:18:32,026 --> 01:18:34,529 THE CANCER NETWORK, THE 1522 01:18:34,529 --> 01:18:35,797 NEUROLOGICAL ASSOCIATION ABOUT 1523 01:18:35,797 --> 01:18:41,836 HOW TO DEVELOP SCREENING FOR 1524 01:18:41,836 --> 01:18:47,876 PROSTATE CANCER AND ALSO WHAT 1525 01:18:47,876 --> 01:18:55,917 DO -- WHERE IS THAT, OH, Dr. 1526 01:18:55,917 --> 01:18:57,552 WHITE'S COMMENT ABOUT HOW WE 1527 01:18:57,552 --> 01:19:00,688 HANDLE KIND OF ASSIGNED RACE 1528 01:19:00,688 --> 01:19:01,723 OR SELF-IDENTIFIED RACE. 1529 01:19:01,723 --> 01:19:04,926 SO WHAT DO WE DO IN THE 1530 01:19:04,926 --> 01:19:05,393 CREDITS? 1531 01:19:05,393 --> 01:19:07,662 ARE WE GOING TO RACIALLY 1532 01:19:07,662 --> 01:19:09,797 PROFILE OUR PATIENTS AND SAY 1533 01:19:09,797 --> 01:19:12,166 SO, YOU SEEM LIKE A BLACK MAN 1534 01:19:12,166 --> 01:19:18,773 TO ME, I WANT TO TALK TO YOU 1535 01:19:18,773 --> 01:19:21,376 ABOUT PROSTATE CANCER SO IT 1536 01:19:21,376 --> 01:19:25,747 BECOMES A TRICKY THING ON HOW 1537 01:19:25,747 --> 01:19:26,214 WE OPERATE. 1538 01:19:26,214 --> 01:19:30,685 SO THERE IS THE DATA AND WHAT 1539 01:19:30,685 --> 01:19:32,587 IT TELLS US AND WHAT WE KNOW 1540 01:19:32,587 --> 01:19:36,724 AND THEN WHAT DOES IT MOAN. 1541 01:19:36,724 --> 01:19:37,625 MEAN. 1542 01:19:37,625 --> 01:19:40,995 ON THE ONE HAND DO WE KNOW 1543 01:19:40,995 --> 01:19:43,698 THERE IS A GENETIC DRIVER OF 1544 01:19:43,698 --> 01:19:45,133 PROSTATE CANCER IN BLACK MEN 1545 01:19:45,133 --> 01:19:50,305 THAT IS MAKING IT MORE 1546 01:19:50,305 --> 01:19:50,705 AGGRESSIVE? 1547 01:19:50,705 --> 01:19:52,874 NO, I DON'T ACTUALLY BELIEVE 1548 01:19:52,874 --> 01:19:53,408 THAT. 1549 01:19:53,408 --> 01:19:56,778 YOU CAN LOOK AT STUDIES OF 1550 01:19:56,778 --> 01:20:01,182 PROSTATE CANCER IN VARIOUS 1551 01:20:01,182 --> 01:20:03,585 COUNTRIES, MORE OFTEN IN WEST 1552 01:20:03,585 --> 01:20:06,521 AFRICA AND THEY FIND THAT 1553 01:20:06,521 --> 01:20:12,060 THERE IS NO PREVALENCE OF 1554 01:20:12,060 --> 01:20:19,133 PROSTATE CANCER THERE. 1555 01:20:19,133 --> 01:20:27,575 SO THERE IS NO RACIST DRIVER, 1556 01:20:27,575 --> 01:20:29,544 SO THAT LEADS US TO ASK WHAT 1557 01:20:29,544 --> 01:20:33,348 IS IT THAT IS GOING ON IN OUR 1558 01:20:33,348 --> 01:20:34,682 CULTURE, OUR ENVIRONMENT, OUR 1559 01:20:34,682 --> 01:20:36,084 STRUCTURE, WHAT ARE THE 1560 01:20:36,084 --> 01:20:39,954 POLICIES THAT ARE MAKING IT SO 1561 01:20:39,954 --> 01:20:42,190 LETHAL AND DANGEROUS FOR BLACK 1562 01:20:42,190 --> 01:20:43,358 MEN HERE. 1563 01:20:43,358 --> 01:20:45,159 AND THE ONE THING WE WERE 1564 01:20:45,159 --> 01:20:48,029 DECIDING ABOUT HOW TO 1565 01:20:48,029 --> 01:20:50,999 OPERATIONALIZE IT IS TO SAY IF 1566 01:20:50,999 --> 01:20:53,534 SOMEBODY IDENTIFIES A CERTAIN 1567 01:20:53,534 --> 01:20:55,136 WAY, SOMEBODY COMES IN, TO BE 1568 01:20:55,136 --> 01:20:58,072 ABLE TO SAY HEY, WE OFFER 1569 01:20:58,072 --> 01:20:59,207 SCREENING AT THIS AGE BUT IT 1570 01:20:59,207 --> 01:21:01,943 IS UP TO YOU. 1571 01:21:01,943 --> 01:21:02,810 YOU CAN DECIDE. 1572 01:21:02,810 --> 01:21:04,746 HERE IS WHAT WE KNOW, HERE IS 1573 01:21:04,746 --> 01:21:06,514 THE DATA AND YOU CAN MAKE A 1574 01:21:06,514 --> 01:21:08,883 DECISION ON HOW YOU WANT TO 1575 01:21:08,883 --> 01:21:10,852 HANDLE THIS FOR YOUR 1576 01:21:10,852 --> 01:21:11,753 HEALTHCARE KNOWING THE RISKS 1577 01:21:11,753 --> 01:21:14,355 ARE WHAT THEY ARE AND IT CAN 1578 01:21:14,355 --> 01:21:15,657 BE PARTICULARLY DANGEROUS FOR 1579 01:21:15,657 --> 01:21:16,057 BLACK MEN. 1580 01:21:16,057 --> 01:21:19,060 BUT IT IS A REALLY CHALLENGING 1581 01:21:19,060 --> 01:21:22,096 THING AND AN UNFORTUNATE 1582 01:21:22,096 --> 01:21:25,500 REALITY WE'RE CONFRONTING. 1583 01:21:25,500 --> 01:21:26,701 >> Dr. HAMMONDS, I THINK YOU 1584 01:21:26,701 --> 01:21:31,673 MIGHT LIKE TO COMMENT ON THIS 1585 01:21:31,673 --> 01:21:34,742 QUESTION BUT WE GOT A REQUEST 1586 01:21:34,742 --> 01:21:36,577 TO RESTRAIGHT THE QUESTION. 1587 01:21:36,577 --> 01:21:41,349 THERE WAS A FDA E-MAIL ON 1588 01:21:41,349 --> 01:21:44,819 PROSTATE SCREENING AND IT 1589 01:21:44,819 --> 01:21:47,622 CITED AFRICAN-AMERICAN MEN 1590 01:21:47,622 --> 01:21:53,928 WERE MORE THAN TWICE AS 1591 01:21:53,928 --> 01:21:56,297 LIKELY TO DEVELOP PROSTATE 1592 01:21:56,297 --> 01:21:59,400 CANCER AND TO DIE FROM THE 1593 01:21:59,400 --> 01:21:59,834 DISEASE. 1594 01:21:59,834 --> 01:22:04,172 SO I ASK YOU ABOUT BEING 1595 01:22:04,172 --> 01:22:14,749 RACE-BLIND AS' AS OPPOSED TO 1596 01:22:27,161 --> 01:22:28,996 RACE FOCUSSED. 1597 01:22:28,996 --> 01:22:32,500 >> I THINK YOU CAN LOOK AT IT 1598 01:22:32,500 --> 01:22:38,673 IN MORE THAN ONE WAY AND THE 1599 01:22:38,673 --> 01:22:41,509 FOCUS OF MAKING IT DIFFERENT 1600 01:22:41,509 --> 01:22:44,378 FOR BLACK MEN AS OPPOSED TO 1601 01:22:44,378 --> 01:22:46,781 WHITE MEN OF THE WORLD SO THE 1602 01:22:46,781 --> 01:22:50,685 DIFFERENCE IS NOT THE DATA ON 1603 01:22:50,685 --> 01:22:54,322 THE GROUND WITH REFERENCE TO 1604 01:22:54,322 --> 01:22:55,623 MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. 1605 01:22:55,623 --> 01:22:57,525 WE'RE NOT GETTING TO THE 1606 01:22:57,525 --> 01:23:04,732 CAUSES OF HOW WE'RE GETTING TO 1607 01:23:04,732 --> 01:23:07,401 MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY BY 1608 01:23:07,401 --> 01:23:15,643 FOCUSING ON THE DISEASE WITH A 1609 01:23:15,643 --> 01:23:16,110 CERTAIN RACE. 1610 01:23:16,110 --> 01:23:17,745 SO IT GOES BACK TO WHAT 1611 01:23:17,745 --> 01:23:19,447 EVERYBODY TRIED TO CONVEY THAT 1612 01:23:19,447 --> 01:23:22,216 IT IS DEFINITELY MORE NUANCE. 1613 01:23:22,216 --> 01:23:24,485 I WISH WE COULD HAVE A 1614 01:23:24,485 --> 01:23:27,355 REACTION TO THESE REPORTS TO 1615 01:23:27,355 --> 01:23:28,089 SHUT IT DOWN. 1616 01:23:28,089 --> 01:23:34,729 I DO A LOT OF TALKING WITH 1617 01:23:34,729 --> 01:23:36,464 SCIENCE JOURNALISTS TO GET 1618 01:23:36,464 --> 01:23:39,867 THEM TO DO JUST THIS, TO STOP 1619 01:23:39,867 --> 01:23:43,304 THE OVER ARCHING RACE 1620 01:23:43,304 --> 01:23:44,405 DIFFERENCE COMPARISON NATIVE 1621 01:23:44,405 --> 01:23:46,908 AND ACTUALLY LISTEN TO WHAT 1622 01:23:46,908 --> 01:23:49,076 THE PEOPLE WHO ARE DOING THE 1623 01:23:49,076 --> 01:23:51,245 WORK TELL US ABOUT WHAT MAKES 1624 01:23:51,245 --> 01:23:55,216 THIS DIFFERENCE SO 1625 01:23:55,216 --> 01:23:55,683 SIGNIFICANT. 1626 01:23:55,683 --> 01:23:57,618 I MEAN, MY FIRST THOUGHT IS IT 1627 01:23:57,618 --> 01:24:01,389 HAS A LOT MORE TO DO WITH WHAT 1628 01:24:01,389 --> 01:24:03,357 WE KNOW, THE SOCIAL 1629 01:24:03,357 --> 01:24:08,996 DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, ACCESS 1630 01:24:08,996 --> 01:24:10,298 TO HEALTHCARE, HEALTH-SEEKING 1631 01:24:10,298 --> 01:24:12,834 BEHAVIORS AND REMEMBER, IT IS 1632 01:24:12,834 --> 01:24:14,769 NOT ALL MEN BUT WE KNOW MEN GO 1633 01:24:14,769 --> 01:24:17,071 TO THE DOCTOR LESS THAN WOMEN 1634 01:24:17,071 --> 01:24:21,609 DO SO THESE TYPES OF REPORTS 1635 01:24:21,609 --> 01:24:23,277 NEVER MENTION ANYTHING ELSE, 1636 01:24:23,277 --> 01:24:27,281 THEY ONLY TELL US THAT ONE 1637 01:24:27,281 --> 01:24:30,284 STORY AND THIS IS A GOOD 1638 01:24:30,284 --> 01:24:32,620 EXAMPLE OF FOCUSING ON THE 1639 01:24:32,620 --> 01:24:43,064 THING THAT MAKES THEM 1640 01:24:45,967 --> 01:24:46,234 DIFFERENT. 1641 01:24:46,234 --> 01:24:47,168 >> ANY OTHERS? 1642 01:24:47,168 --> 01:24:54,308 >> SORRY, I WAS APPLAUDING 1643 01:24:54,308 --> 01:24:57,278 Dr. HAMMONDS. 1644 01:24:57,278 --> 01:24:57,745 HERE, HERE! 1645 01:24:57,745 --> 01:24:58,112 [LAUGHTER] 1646 01:24:58,112 --> 01:25:01,282 >> I HAVE A QUESTION FOR OUR 1647 01:25:01,282 --> 01:25:01,716 PANELISTS. 1648 01:25:01,716 --> 01:25:06,420 YOU KNOW I HAVE BEEN STUDYING 1649 01:25:06,420 --> 01:25:07,855 THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS FOR 1650 01:25:07,855 --> 01:25:09,657 OVER 20 YEARS AND WHEN I 1651 01:25:09,657 --> 01:25:10,825 STARTED MY CAREER, I THINK 1652 01:25:10,825 --> 01:25:12,493 MOST PEOPLE THOUGHT I LOST MY 1653 01:25:12,493 --> 01:25:14,962 MINE THAT I WANTED TO STUDY 1654 01:25:14,962 --> 01:25:15,897 THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF 1655 01:25:15,897 --> 01:25:16,330 HEALTH. 1656 01:25:16,330 --> 01:25:22,570 I AM A SOCIAL SIGNIVITY AND 1657 01:25:22,570 --> 01:25:25,873 THIS IS ONE THEME I AM HEARING 1658 01:25:25,873 --> 01:25:29,677 ACROSS PANELISTS WAS REALLY 1659 01:25:29,677 --> 01:25:33,281 THE ROLE OF SOCIAL 1660 01:25:33,281 --> 01:25:33,681 DETERMINISM. 1661 01:25:33,681 --> 01:25:41,055 ERIKA WHEN YOU WERE TALKING 1662 01:25:41,055 --> 01:25:43,658 ABOUT THE REPRESENTATIVES, 1663 01:25:43,658 --> 01:25:44,825 CONSTRUCTS AND RESOURCES, I 1664 01:25:44,825 --> 01:25:47,194 GUESS MY QUESTION IS WHERE DO 1665 01:25:47,194 --> 01:25:50,398 WE GO FROM HERE IN TERMS OF 1666 01:25:50,398 --> 01:25:52,099 HEALTH RESEARCH, HEALTH 1667 01:25:52,099 --> 01:25:54,568 OUTCOMES AND REALLY THINKING 1668 01:25:54,568 --> 01:25:56,570 ABOUT HOW WE MEASURE SOCIAL 1669 01:25:56,570 --> 01:25:59,707 DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH ACROSS 1670 01:25:59,707 --> 01:26:01,375 ALL OF OUR STUDIES. 1671 01:26:01,375 --> 01:26:07,548 AND IT CAN BE MENTAL HEALTH, 1672 01:26:07,548 --> 01:26:11,519 HOW SOCIAL DETERMINANTS AFFECT 1673 01:26:11,519 --> 01:26:13,788 MENTAL HEALTH TO 1674 01:26:13,788 --> 01:26:16,624 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND I 1675 01:26:16,624 --> 01:26:18,492 THINK SOCIAL DETERMINANTS ARE 1676 01:26:18,492 --> 01:26:20,027 STARTING TO SEE RESULTS WE 1677 01:26:20,027 --> 01:26:22,697 HAVE NOT SEEN IN THE PAST. 1678 01:26:22,697 --> 01:26:24,765 SO HO DO WE START THAT AND GET 1679 01:26:24,765 --> 01:26:29,470 ALL OF OUR HEALTH RESEARCH TO 1680 01:26:29,470 --> 01:26:35,977 THINK ABOUT SOCIAL 1681 01:26:35,977 --> 01:26:37,311 DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH SO THAT 1682 01:26:37,311 --> 01:26:42,083 IT IS NOT JUST OH, IT IS A 1683 01:26:42,083 --> 01:26:45,052 BLOOD TEST BUT HOW DO WE GO 1684 01:26:45,052 --> 01:26:45,619 FORWARD? 1685 01:26:45,619 --> 01:26:54,595 >> THAT IS A REALLY GOOD 1686 01:26:54,595 --> 01:26:57,031 QUESTION. 1687 01:26:57,031 --> 01:26:59,200 >> I THINK SOMETIMES THERE IS 1688 01:26:59,200 --> 01:27:02,303 MORE FOCUS ON THE DATA FOR 1689 01:27:02,303 --> 01:27:04,438 OTHER PURPOSES BUT THE DATA 1690 01:27:04,438 --> 01:27:07,008 CAN BE VERY SCALED FOR HEALTH 1691 01:27:07,008 --> 01:27:10,311 PROPERLY AND IF YOU LOOK A LOT 1692 01:27:10,311 --> 01:27:12,179 ABOUT PUBLIC HEALTH 1693 01:27:12,179 --> 01:27:14,548 SURVEILLANCE AND MONITORING 1694 01:27:14,548 --> 01:27:18,252 SYSTEMS, JUST EVEN THE 1695 01:27:18,252 --> 01:27:20,121 COLLECTION OF RACISM DATA IS 1696 01:27:20,121 --> 01:27:22,023 NOT COMPLETE AND 1697 01:27:22,023 --> 01:27:22,957 COMPREHENSIVE. 1698 01:27:22,957 --> 01:27:30,464 SO TO EVEN THINK ABOUT THESE 1699 01:27:30,464 --> 01:27:31,465 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF 1700 01:27:31,465 --> 01:27:33,634 PEOPLE AND TO THINK ABOUT THE 1701 01:27:33,634 --> 01:27:36,003 COLLECTIVE AND THEN STRUCTURAL 1702 01:27:36,003 --> 01:27:37,938 DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, WE'RE 1703 01:27:37,938 --> 01:27:40,241 NOT THERE YET. 1704 01:27:40,241 --> 01:27:42,977 AND SO I THINK THERE NEEDS TO 1705 01:27:42,977 --> 01:27:48,783 BE A GREATER PART FOR 1706 01:27:48,783 --> 01:27:52,553 COLLECTING DATA IN THE HEALTH 1707 01:27:52,553 --> 01:27:56,991 DATA AND MONITORING SYSTEM 1708 01:27:56,991 --> 01:28:01,729 THAT TACKLE THE STRUCTURAL 1709 01:28:01,729 --> 01:28:02,163 DETERMINANTS. 1710 01:28:02,163 --> 01:28:04,098 >> YOU WANT TO COMMENT ON 1711 01:28:04,098 --> 01:28:04,799 THAT? 1712 01:28:04,799 --> 01:28:07,301 >> YES, I COMPLETELY AGREE, 1713 01:28:07,301 --> 01:28:09,103 COULDN'T AGREE WITH THAT MORE. 1714 01:28:09,103 --> 01:28:11,105 WE HAVE TWO EXAMPLES OF WHAT 1715 01:28:11,105 --> 01:28:13,040 DO WE DO. 1716 01:28:13,040 --> 01:28:15,810 I HAVE BEEN ADVOCATING WHEN WE 1717 01:28:15,810 --> 01:28:19,346 PRESENT DATA, TALK ABOUT DATA, 1718 01:28:19,346 --> 01:28:24,919 TO DO IT INTERSECTIONALLY. 1719 01:28:24,919 --> 01:28:28,055 NEVER WITH RESPECT TO RACE 1720 01:28:28,055 --> 01:28:31,358 ALONE BUT OTHER FACTORS AS 1721 01:28:31,358 --> 01:28:33,394 WELL WHICH THEN COMPLICATED 1722 01:28:33,394 --> 01:28:36,530 AND COLLECT GUYS THIS STORY OF 1723 01:28:36,530 --> 01:28:39,333 HEALTH INEQUALITY AND HEALTH 1724 01:28:39,333 --> 01:28:41,268 SHORTFALLS, RIGHT? 1725 01:28:41,268 --> 01:28:42,236 AND TRANSLATING THAT 1726 01:28:42,236 --> 01:28:48,509 CONNECTIVITY TO THE PUBLIC IS 1727 01:28:48,509 --> 01:28:50,478 IMPORTANT AS THERE ARE PEOPLE 1728 01:28:50,478 --> 01:28:54,949 WHO SPECIALIZE IN THAT BUT WE 1729 01:28:54,949 --> 01:28:58,152 NEED TO DO IT BECAUSE IT TELLS 1730 01:28:58,152 --> 01:28:59,820 A VERY NEEDED STORY. 1731 01:28:59,820 --> 01:29:03,190 AND I WILL TELL A QUICK STORY 1732 01:29:03,190 --> 01:29:05,826 IN 2022 WHEN I WAS INTERVIEWED 1733 01:29:05,826 --> 01:29:11,799 ABOUT A NEW TREATMENT FOR 1734 01:29:11,799 --> 01:29:17,538 APOL1 KIDNEY DISEASE, AND 1735 01:29:17,538 --> 01:29:27,948 Dr. CERDENA, I WAS 1736 01:29:28,883 --> 01:29:31,118 ENTHRALLED WITH YOUR TALK AND 1737 01:29:31,118 --> 01:29:35,322 WHAT I WANT TO ZERO IN ON 1738 01:29:35,322 --> 01:29:38,792 HERE, WITH THE HEALTH 1739 01:29:38,792 --> 01:29:40,361 JOURNALIST I WON'T NAME, I 1740 01:29:40,361 --> 01:29:43,597 SAID IT IS NOT ABOUT RACE 1741 01:29:43,597 --> 01:29:44,698 FACTORS BUT RACISM. 1742 01:29:44,698 --> 01:29:48,369 AND HE HAD NO IDEA AND SAID 1743 01:29:48,369 --> 01:29:50,104 HUH, WHAT? 1744 01:29:50,104 --> 01:29:51,772 SO THAT LED TO ANOTHER TEN 1745 01:29:51,772 --> 01:29:55,109 MINUTES OF WHAT WAS A BRIEF 1746 01:29:55,109 --> 01:29:57,311 INTERVIEW AND BY THE WAY, THAT 1747 01:29:57,311 --> 01:30:00,414 DID NOT MAKE IT INTO THE QUOTE 1748 01:30:00,414 --> 01:30:03,350 IN NEW YORK TIMES AND ENDED UP 1749 01:30:03,350 --> 01:30:05,853 BEING SOMETHING ABOUT THE 1750 01:30:05,853 --> 01:30:06,587 SOCIAL DETERMINANTS AEFFECTING 1751 01:30:06,587 --> 01:30:09,356 HEALTH SO WE NEED TO BE ABLE 1752 01:30:09,356 --> 01:30:10,925 TO TRANSLATE THE STORIES SO 1753 01:30:10,925 --> 01:30:12,293 THE PUBLIC UNDERSTANDS ARE AND 1754 01:30:12,293 --> 01:30:15,095 ONE OF THE WAYS TO DO THAT IS 1755 01:30:15,095 --> 01:30:17,932 NEVER TO USE THE UNDERPINNING 1756 01:30:17,932 --> 01:30:21,302 OF HEALTH AND ETHNICITY ALONE. 1757 01:30:21,302 --> 01:30:23,470 IT JUST TELLS THE WRONG STORY 1758 01:30:23,470 --> 01:30:25,539 AND IS A DANGEROUS STORY. 1759 01:30:25,539 --> 01:30:33,681 >> I WILL ADD TO THAT, WE 1760 01:30:33,681 --> 01:30:36,984 ALWAYS SAY WHAT DO YOU DO, BUT 1761 01:30:36,984 --> 01:30:45,292 RATHER HOW DO WE DEVOICE THIS. 1762 01:30:45,292 --> 01:30:48,062 WE STARTED OFF TALKING 1763 01:30:48,062 --> 01:30:48,896 ABOUT -- 1764 01:30:48,896 --> 01:30:49,430 [INDISCERNIBLE] 1765 01:30:49,430 --> 01:30:51,498 AND HE COLLECTED ALL KIND OF 1766 01:30:51,498 --> 01:30:52,800 DATA BECAUSE THE DISTRIBUTION 1767 01:30:52,800 --> 01:30:54,535 OF DATA AT THAT TIME WAS 1768 01:30:54,535 --> 01:30:54,969 TERRIBLE. 1769 01:30:54,969 --> 01:30:59,206 IT IS BETTER NOW BUT STILL 1770 01:30:59,206 --> 01:31:02,509 SERIOUSLY FAR FROM 1771 01:31:02,509 --> 01:31:03,043 PROBLEMATIC. 1772 01:31:03,043 --> 01:31:10,651 SO HE WAS COLLECTING THE DATA 1773 01:31:10,651 --> 01:31:14,955 AND HE HAD HOW BLACK MEN 1774 01:31:14,955 --> 01:31:17,091 DIFFER IN TERMS OF DISEASE 1775 01:31:17,091 --> 01:31:22,930 THAN THE WHITE MEN AND ASKED 1776 01:31:22,930 --> 01:31:24,098 ME AT THE BEGINNING AND THAT 1777 01:31:24,098 --> 01:31:27,167 IS THE KIND OF THINKING THAT 1778 01:31:27,167 --> 01:31:28,769 IS ABSOLUTELY CRITICAL TO HOW 1779 01:31:28,769 --> 01:31:31,005 WE GO ABOUT THIS WORK. 1780 01:31:31,005 --> 01:31:34,108 AND I COMPLETELY AGREE, WE 1781 01:31:34,108 --> 01:31:38,379 CAN'T HAVE STORY AFTER STORY 1782 01:31:38,379 --> 01:31:41,215 THAT FOCUSES ON THESE 1783 01:31:41,215 --> 01:31:43,617 DIFFERENCES AND HELP THE 1784 01:31:43,617 --> 01:31:46,787 GENERAL PUBLIC WITH HOW THEY 1785 01:31:46,787 --> 01:31:48,822 THINK ABOUT RACISM IN THAT 1786 01:31:48,822 --> 01:31:52,326 CONTEXT SO I ALWAYS ASK THE 1787 01:31:52,326 --> 01:31:56,163 QUESTION IF IT IS ABOUT RACE. 1788 01:31:56,163 --> 01:31:59,133 >> MY RESPONSE MAY BE A LITTLE 1789 01:31:59,133 --> 01:32:00,267 CONTRARIAN BUT I AM ALWAYS 1790 01:32:00,267 --> 01:32:02,269 LIKE I THINK WE HAVE A LOT OF 1791 01:32:02,269 --> 01:32:09,209 DATA AND I THINK I KNOW THAT, 1792 01:32:09,209 --> 01:32:11,045 YOU KNOW THERE ARE A LOT OF 1793 01:32:11,045 --> 01:32:13,314 FOLKS WHO LOOK LIKE ME, TALK 1794 01:32:13,314 --> 01:32:17,951 LIKE ME, WHO I HANG OUT WITH 1795 01:32:17,951 --> 01:32:25,225 WHO, YOU KNOW, COME FROM OUR 1796 01:32:25,225 --> 01:32:25,926 NEIGHBORHOODS WHO ARE SICKER, 1797 01:32:25,926 --> 01:32:33,634 HAVE SUFFERED MORE AND I 1798 01:32:33,634 --> 01:32:33,967 KNOW -- 1799 01:32:33,967 --> 01:32:34,368 [ GARBLED ] 1800 01:32:34,368 --> 01:32:36,470 AND I CAN TELL YOU THE REASONS 1801 01:32:36,470 --> 01:32:36,937 WHY. 1802 01:32:36,937 --> 01:32:39,073 I WANT TO KNOW IT WILL WORK ON 1803 01:32:39,073 --> 01:32:40,407 A SYSTEM LEVEL FOR HEALTH AND 1804 01:32:40,407 --> 01:32:49,416 THAT IS WHERE WE WANT TO GO. 1805 01:32:49,416 --> 01:32:52,720 IS IT CANCERS, MAKING 1806 01:32:52,720 --> 01:32:54,021 DETERMINATIVE THE CHILD TAX 1807 01:32:54,021 --> 01:32:54,355 CREDIT. 1808 01:32:54,355 --> 01:32:56,623 THESE ARE THE THINGS I FEEL 1809 01:32:56,623 --> 01:32:58,292 REALLY PASSIONATE ABOUT IN 1810 01:32:58,292 --> 01:33:00,761 TERMS OF USING HEALTH POLICY 1811 01:33:00,761 --> 01:33:03,263 TO BE ABLE TO LEVEL THE 1812 01:33:03,263 --> 01:33:06,066 PLAYING FIELD AND KIND OF 1813 01:33:06,066 --> 01:33:09,103 ERADICATE SOME OF THE 1814 01:33:09,103 --> 01:33:10,571 STRUCTURAL INEQUALITY THAT WE 1815 01:33:10,571 --> 01:33:12,639 KNOW ARE MAKING SOME OF THESE 1816 01:33:12,639 --> 01:33:13,540 HEALTH DISPARITIES. 1817 01:33:13,540 --> 01:33:14,942 AND IN TERMS OF THE DATA THAT 1818 01:33:14,942 --> 01:33:17,611 I WANT TO SEE, THE DATA THAT I 1819 01:33:17,611 --> 01:33:20,347 WANT TO SEE ARE MEASURING 1820 01:33:20,347 --> 01:33:23,550 IMPACTS OF SOME OF THESE 1821 01:33:23,550 --> 01:33:25,953 POLICIES AT LARGER SCALE TO BE 1822 01:33:25,953 --> 01:33:28,355 ABLE TO SEE SOME OF THESE 1823 01:33:28,355 --> 01:33:38,899 HEALTH DISPARITIES GO AWAY. 1824 01:33:49,610 --> 01:33:53,647 [ OFF MICROPHONE ] 1825 01:33:53,647 --> 01:33:55,482 >> WE NEED SOMEBODY TO COME TO 1826 01:33:55,482 --> 01:33:57,418 THE MICROPHONE FOR A QUESTION. 1827 01:33:57,418 --> 01:33:59,386 BEAR WITH US. 1828 01:33:59,386 --> 01:34:00,554 SO MY APOLOGIES. 1829 01:34:00,554 --> 01:34:01,922 HOPEFULLY YOU GUYS CAN HEAR ME 1830 01:34:01,922 --> 01:34:05,459 AND MY QUESTION IS NOT WELL 1831 01:34:05,459 --> 01:34:07,394 FORMED JUST YET BUT FIRST I 1832 01:34:07,394 --> 01:34:11,865 WANT TO AMPLIFY Dr. HAMMONDS 1833 01:34:11,865 --> 01:34:15,135 AND BLACKSHER FOR NOT ONLY 1834 01:34:15,135 --> 01:34:17,604 TALKING ABOUT THE SOCIAL 1835 01:34:17,604 --> 01:34:18,405 DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH AND 1836 01:34:18,405 --> 01:34:18,772 ANALYSIS. 1837 01:34:18,772 --> 01:34:21,675 I AM A CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST 1838 01:34:21,675 --> 01:34:23,076 BY TRAINING AND KNOW THE 1839 01:34:23,076 --> 01:34:24,578 IMPORTANCE OF BEING ABLE TO 1840 01:34:24,578 --> 01:34:26,046 PLAY THE TAPE ALL THE WAY 1841 01:34:26,046 --> 01:34:28,348 THROUGH SO WHEN I THINK FOR 1842 01:34:28,348 --> 01:34:29,850 EXAMPLE OF AMPLIFYING OR 1843 01:34:29,850 --> 01:34:31,218 CREATING THIS IDEA THAT 1844 01:34:31,218 --> 01:34:33,086 WHITENESS IS THE SORT OF 1845 01:34:33,086 --> 01:34:34,488 BEAUTY STANDARD FOR ALL 1846 01:34:34,488 --> 01:34:36,356 THINGS, SO WHEN YOU THINK 1847 01:34:36,356 --> 01:34:38,525 ABOUT WOMEN OF COLOR AND SOME 1848 01:34:38,525 --> 01:34:40,294 OF THE THINGS THEY ARE EXPOSED 1849 01:34:40,294 --> 01:34:50,838 TO IN SELLERS -- IN TERMS OF 1850 01:34:51,138 --> 01:34:52,473 ENVIRONMENT, LIKE HAIR 1851 01:34:52,473 --> 01:34:54,942 PRODUCTS, WHAT IS IN THE 1852 01:34:54,942 --> 01:34:57,311 PRODUCTS WE USE OVER A 1853 01:34:57,311 --> 01:34:58,946 LIFETIME AND TALKING ABOUT 1854 01:34:58,946 --> 01:35:01,748 CHEMICALS THAT CAN BE ADVERSE 1855 01:35:01,748 --> 01:35:05,085 TO THEIR HEALTH. 1856 01:35:05,085 --> 01:35:14,027 WHEN THOSE WOMEN GET TO BE 1857 01:35:14,027 --> 01:35:16,296 ADULTS AND SEEING MORBIDITIES 1858 01:35:16,296 --> 01:35:18,465 IN THESE WOMEN, WE NEED TO 1859 01:35:18,465 --> 01:35:24,538 START THINKING ABOUT HOW TO 1860 01:35:24,538 --> 01:35:27,474 PACKAGE OR CHANGE THESE 1861 01:35:27,474 --> 01:35:29,109 PRODUCTS FOR THE BETTER PART 1862 01:35:29,109 --> 01:35:30,344 OF THE COMMUNITY. 1863 01:35:30,344 --> 01:35:32,746 SO THE IMPORTANCE OF TALKING 1864 01:35:32,746 --> 01:35:33,981 TO REPORTERS ABOUT RESEARCH 1865 01:35:33,981 --> 01:35:36,583 AND HOW TO GO ABOUT TALKING 1866 01:35:36,583 --> 01:35:39,286 ABOUT DATA SO THEY ARE 1867 01:35:39,286 --> 01:35:42,956 INFORMED OF THE HEALTH IMPACT 1868 01:35:42,956 --> 01:35:45,993 WITH THE PUBLIC, THOSE HEALTH 1869 01:35:45,993 --> 01:35:47,661 NARRATIVES THAT CAN KEEP 1870 01:35:47,661 --> 01:35:51,698 PEOPLE FROM MAKING INFORMED 1871 01:35:51,698 --> 01:35:52,933 DECISIONS ABOUT THEIR BODY AND 1872 01:35:52,933 --> 01:35:54,167 THE FOOD THEY ARE PITCHING 1873 01:35:54,167 --> 01:36:00,007 WHEN PURCHASING WHEN THEY GO 1874 01:36:00,007 --> 01:36:04,177 TO THE GROCERY STORE AND THESE 1875 01:36:04,177 --> 01:36:04,511 THINGS. 1876 01:36:04,511 --> 01:36:14,988 SORRY, BIG REQUEST BIG 1877 01:36:20,894 --> 01:36:22,729 QUESTION BUT... 1878 01:36:22,729 --> 01:36:23,196 [LAUGHTER] 1879 01:36:23,196 --> 01:36:28,802 [INAUDIBLE] -- BUT I THINK THE 1880 01:36:28,802 --> 01:36:31,338 OTHER PART OF IT IS IT REALLY 1881 01:36:31,338 --> 01:36:34,341 HAS TO DO WITH AGAIN HOW EASY 1882 01:36:34,341 --> 01:36:40,714 IT IS TO FRAME THESE QUESTIONS 1883 01:36:40,714 --> 01:36:44,084 FOR WHAT WE REALLY WANT TO 1884 01:36:44,084 --> 01:36:44,484 UNDERSTAND. 1885 01:36:44,484 --> 01:36:46,920 YEARS AGO I GOT A JOURNALIST 1886 01:36:46,920 --> 01:36:49,489 WHO SAID SOMEONE WAS GOING TO 1887 01:36:49,489 --> 01:36:50,524 PRODUCE A PRODUCT WHERE THEY 1888 01:36:50,524 --> 01:36:52,459 WERE GOING TO TRY TO FIGURE 1889 01:36:52,459 --> 01:36:54,428 OUT WHY BLACK PEOPLE DIDN'T 1890 01:36:54,428 --> 01:36:59,166 LIKE FRESH FRUIT AND I SAID 1891 01:36:59,166 --> 01:37:00,300 EXCUSE ME? 1892 01:37:00,300 --> 01:37:03,070 AND I SAID WHY DO YOU THINK 1893 01:37:03,070 --> 01:37:04,838 BLACK PEOPLE DON'T LIKE FRESH 1894 01:37:04,838 --> 01:37:09,109 FRUIT AND THEY SAID THE DATA 1895 01:37:09,109 --> 01:37:11,578 SAYS THE AMOUNT OF MONEY THAT 1896 01:37:11,578 --> 01:37:14,848 BLACK PEOPLE SPEND IN THIS 1897 01:37:14,848 --> 01:37:16,917 AREA OF FRESH FRUIT AND I AM 1898 01:37:16,917 --> 01:37:19,052 LIKE HAVE YOU EVER BEEN TO 1899 01:37:19,052 --> 01:37:20,754 THAT NEIGHBORHOOD? 1900 01:37:20,754 --> 01:37:23,223 HAVE YOU EVER SEENOF THE 1901 01:37:23,223 --> 01:37:27,527 "FRESH FRUIT" IN THE SMALL 1902 01:37:27,527 --> 01:37:29,162 CORNER STORE THAT PEOPLE HAVE 1903 01:37:29,162 --> 01:37:31,431 TO RELY ON BECAUSE THERE IS IN 1904 01:37:31,431 --> 01:37:33,533 BIG BOX GROCERY STORE IN THAT 1905 01:37:33,533 --> 01:37:33,967 NEIGHBORHOOD? 1906 01:37:33,967 --> 01:37:36,837 I MEAN IF I HAD TO RELY ON 1907 01:37:36,837 --> 01:37:38,905 THAT, I WOULDN'T EAT FRUIT 1908 01:37:38,905 --> 01:37:41,608 EITHER BUT IT HAS NOTHING TO 1909 01:37:41,608 --> 01:37:44,878 DO WITH ATTRIBUTING IT TO SOME 1910 01:37:44,878 --> 01:37:45,979 CULTURAL PRACTICE BY WHITE 1911 01:37:45,979 --> 01:37:46,446 PEOPLE. 1912 01:37:46,446 --> 01:37:48,415 AND IT IS THAT KIND OF FLIP 1913 01:37:48,415 --> 01:37:49,983 THAT CONTINUES TO HAPPEN THAT 1914 01:37:49,983 --> 01:37:55,255 WE HAVE TO BE MINDFUL OF. 1915 01:37:55,255 --> 01:37:56,757 THE OTHER POINT IS ONE 1916 01:37:56,757 --> 01:37:58,258 SCIENTIST SAYS A LITTLE BIT OR 1917 01:37:58,258 --> 01:38:00,694 SAYS A LOT AND THEN THEY 1918 01:38:00,694 --> 01:38:02,295 FILTER AND CUT AND PASTE AND 1919 01:38:02,295 --> 01:38:03,830 THERE ARE MANY INSTANCES LIKE 1920 01:38:03,830 --> 01:38:06,967 THE MAIN POINTS YOU WANT TO 1921 01:38:06,967 --> 01:38:08,035 MAKE DOESN'T GET TO BE THE 1922 01:38:08,035 --> 01:38:10,203 POINT THAT IS GOING TO BE 1923 01:38:10,203 --> 01:38:14,041 AMPLIFIED AND ON THEIR PART, 1924 01:38:14,041 --> 01:38:16,209 THE SCIENCE JOURNALISTS SAY 1925 01:38:16,209 --> 01:38:17,210 SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHERS TEND TO 1926 01:38:17,210 --> 01:38:20,313 BE THE -- 1927 01:38:20,313 --> 01:38:20,781 [INDISCERNIBLE] 1928 01:38:20,781 --> 01:38:23,283 SO I THINK IT FALLS ON BOTH 1929 01:38:23,283 --> 01:38:26,019 SIDES BUT I THINK THERE NEEDS 1930 01:38:26,019 --> 01:38:30,090 TO BE MORE DIVERSITY OF 1931 01:38:30,090 --> 01:38:32,893 SCIENCE JOURNALISTS WHO CAN 1932 01:38:32,893 --> 01:38:36,029 THINK ABOUT THE DATA AND THE 1933 01:38:36,029 --> 01:38:36,596 CONVERSATION. 1934 01:38:36,596 --> 01:38:40,500 SO THERE NEEDS TO BE AN 1935 01:38:40,500 --> 01:38:41,401 ONGOING CONVERSATION ABOUT 1936 01:38:41,401 --> 01:38:43,370 THESE ISSUES AND SOMETHING I 1937 01:38:43,370 --> 01:38:45,005 MENTIONED EARLIER ABOUT WHAT 1938 01:38:45,005 --> 01:38:49,109 WE DO, WE REALLY HAVE TO 1939 01:38:49,109 --> 01:38:55,248 EDUCATE MORE BIOMEDICAL SOCIAL 1940 01:38:55,248 --> 01:38:56,116 SCIENCE RESEARCHERS AND THE 1941 01:38:56,116 --> 01:38:57,984 FACT THAT WE KNOW HOW TO DO 1942 01:38:57,984 --> 01:39:02,522 THIS WORK BETTER BUT IF WE 1943 01:39:02,522 --> 01:39:03,457 AREN'T EDUCATING THIS 1944 01:39:03,457 --> 01:39:05,258 GENERATION ON HOW TO DO THIS 1945 01:39:05,258 --> 01:39:07,728 BETTER, WE WILL SEE MORE 1946 01:39:07,728 --> 01:39:12,899 FLAWED STUDIES ON RACE-RELATED 1947 01:39:12,899 --> 01:39:14,067 DIFFERENCES AND TO THE POINT 1948 01:39:14,067 --> 01:39:17,037 OF SPEAKING TO THE QUESTIONER, 1949 01:39:17,037 --> 01:39:18,004 WE WON'T GET RELIABLE 1950 01:39:18,004 --> 01:39:19,573 INFORMATION THAT WILL BE 1951 01:39:19,573 --> 01:39:22,109 AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC WHEN A 1952 01:39:22,109 --> 01:39:23,009 SPECIFIC POPULATION FOR 1953 01:39:23,009 --> 01:39:27,414 EXAMPLE MIGHT BE AT RISK. 1954 01:39:27,414 --> 01:39:30,617 SO AT THIS POINT, LIKE THE 1955 01:39:30,617 --> 01:39:31,885 POPULATION USING PARTICULAR 1956 01:39:31,885 --> 01:39:36,223 HAIR PRODUCTS, THEY NEED TO 1957 01:39:36,223 --> 01:39:37,791 KNOW AND CONSUMER PROTECTION, 1958 01:39:37,791 --> 01:39:38,625 NEEDS TO KNOW. 1959 01:39:38,625 --> 01:39:41,294 BUT IF WE CAN'T THINK OUT OF 1960 01:39:41,294 --> 01:39:44,898 THE BOX ABOUT -- 1961 01:39:44,898 --> 01:39:46,099 [INDISCERNIBLE] 1962 01:39:46,099 --> 01:39:53,874 I AM AFRAID WE ARE GOING TO BE 1963 01:39:53,874 --> 01:39:58,512 STUCK TRYING TO DEALING WITH 1964 01:39:58,512 --> 01:40:03,683 THESE STORIES FOR A LONG TIME. 1965 01:40:03,683 --> 01:40:14,060 [ OFF MICROPHONE ] 1966 01:40:18,398 --> 01:40:20,333 >> MY QUESTION IS WHEN YOU ARE 1967 01:40:20,333 --> 01:40:21,434 WORKING WITH PREVIOUSLY 1968 01:40:21,434 --> 01:40:22,269 COLLECTED DATA OR PARTICULARLY 1969 01:40:22,269 --> 01:40:23,937 WHEN YOU ARE DOING SOMETHING 1970 01:40:23,937 --> 01:40:30,177 LIKE A LITERATURE REVIEW WHERE 1971 01:40:30,177 --> 01:40:32,345 ERR-- YOU ARE AGGRAVATING 1972 01:40:32,345 --> 01:40:33,513 OTHER PEOPLE'S RESEARCH AND 1973 01:40:33,513 --> 01:40:36,249 THEY ARE DOING THEIR RESEARCH 1974 01:40:36,249 --> 01:40:39,085 THIS WAY, RACIST MIND-SET OF 1975 01:40:39,085 --> 01:40:41,922 GENETIC DIFFERENCES, HOW DO 1976 01:40:41,922 --> 01:40:50,964 YOU BREAK THE CHAIN AND STOP 1977 01:40:50,964 --> 01:40:54,301 THE FODDER OF WHITE 1978 01:40:54,301 --> 01:40:57,304 SUPREMACISTS BECAUSE THAT IS 1979 01:40:57,304 --> 01:41:06,680 SOMETHING I REALLY WANT TO 1980 01:41:06,680 --> 01:41:07,380 START DOING. 1981 01:41:07,380 --> 01:41:14,688 >> I THINK Dr. HAMMONDS SAID 1982 01:41:14,688 --> 01:41:15,055 EARLIER -- 1983 01:41:15,055 --> 01:41:15,789 [INDISCERNIBLE] 1984 01:41:15,789 --> 01:41:16,156 [LAUGHTER] 1985 01:41:16,156 --> 01:41:17,824 ESPECIALLY WHEN RACE IS THROWN 1986 01:41:17,824 --> 01:41:20,660 IN AS A COVARIANT, I LIKE TO 1987 01:41:20,660 --> 01:41:22,329 ASK WHAT IS THE HYPOTHESIS YOU 1988 01:41:22,329 --> 01:41:24,698 ARE TRYING TO TEST TO? 1989 01:41:24,698 --> 01:41:26,132 NO, REALLY TELL ME, WHAT IS 1990 01:41:26,132 --> 01:41:29,135 THE RELATIONSHIP THAT YOU 1991 01:41:29,135 --> 01:41:30,303 BELIEVE UNDERPINS THESE 1992 01:41:30,303 --> 01:41:30,871 VARIABLES? 1993 01:41:30,871 --> 01:41:35,508 AND IF YOUR COLLEAGUE OR YOUR 1994 01:41:35,508 --> 01:41:38,245 PI OR YOUR COLLABORATOR CAN'T 1995 01:41:38,245 --> 01:41:39,746 ANSWER THAT, THEN I THINK THAT 1996 01:41:39,746 --> 01:41:42,148 IS GOOD FOR YOU TO PUSH BACK 1997 01:41:42,148 --> 01:41:44,284 AND THEN YOU SAY WELL, I AM 1998 01:41:44,284 --> 01:41:46,820 NOT SURE THIS IS THE BEST WAY 1999 01:41:46,820 --> 01:41:48,388 FOR US TO ANALYZE OUR DATA. 2000 01:41:48,388 --> 01:41:50,657 AND IF IT IS A LITERATURE 2001 01:41:50,657 --> 01:41:52,692 REVIEW, THEN YOU ONLY HAVE THE 2002 01:41:52,692 --> 01:41:56,463 ABILITY TO SAY, YOU KNOW, LIKE 2003 01:41:56,463 --> 01:41:59,099 THIS PERSON DEFINES THIS IN 2004 01:41:59,099 --> 01:42:00,467 THIS WAY, QUOTE CLOSED, AND 2005 01:42:00,467 --> 01:42:03,270 THEN SAY MOVING FORWARD, WE 2006 01:42:03,270 --> 01:42:13,847 WILL DEFINE IN THIS WAY, QUOTE 2007 01:42:15,749 --> 01:42:16,116 CLOSED. 2008 01:42:16,116 --> 01:42:19,886 [LAUGHTER] 2009 01:42:19,886 --> 01:42:29,629 >> COME ON UP. 2010 01:42:29,629 --> 01:42:34,401 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR YOUR 2011 01:42:34,401 --> 01:42:35,168 WONDERFUL TALK. 2012 01:42:35,168 --> 01:42:45,679 I WOULD LIKE TO HEAR A BIT 2013 01:42:47,814 --> 01:42:53,353 ABOUT INTERSECTIONALITY.. 2014 01:42:53,353 --> 01:42:54,254 [INDISCERNIBLE] 2015 01:42:54,254 --> 01:42:58,091 IT SOUNDS GOOD BUT WE ARE KIND 2016 01:42:58,091 --> 01:42:59,960 OF ADDING ONE GROUP TO RACE SO 2017 01:42:59,960 --> 01:43:01,561 IT GIVES THE APPEARANCE THAT 2018 01:43:01,561 --> 01:43:07,500 WE ARE DIGGING DEEPER BUT AT 2019 01:43:07,500 --> 01:43:10,303 THE SAME TIME WE MIGHT BE 2020 01:43:10,303 --> 01:43:11,071 DOING SOME SUPERFICIAL 2021 01:43:11,071 --> 01:43:12,706 TREATMENT AGAIN AT THAT LEVEL. 2022 01:43:12,706 --> 01:43:13,807 THAT IS ONE QUESTION. 2023 01:43:13,807 --> 01:43:17,210 AND THEN THE NEXT QUESTION, 2024 01:43:17,210 --> 01:43:23,149 THE ROLES WE ADDED TO THE 2025 01:43:23,149 --> 01:43:29,723 INTERSECTIONAL GROUP TO THE 2026 01:43:29,723 --> 01:43:32,225 PROTOTYPICAL GROUPS AND HOW WE 2027 01:43:32,225 --> 01:43:35,295 THOUGHT IT WAS GOING BUT GUESS 2028 01:43:35,295 --> 01:43:38,098 WHAT, WAS DIFFERENT FOR THOSE 2029 01:43:38,098 --> 01:43:38,898 INDIVIDUALS. 2030 01:43:38,898 --> 01:43:45,305 SO AT SOME POINT -- 2031 01:43:45,305 --> 01:43:45,772 [INDISCERNIBLE] 2032 01:43:45,772 --> 01:43:49,376 AND THINKING ABOUT THERE ARE 2033 01:43:49,376 --> 01:43:50,143 SOME STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES WE 2034 01:43:50,143 --> 01:43:52,512 WANT TO MENTION THAT ARE NOT 2035 01:43:52,512 --> 01:43:53,113 TANGIBLE. 2036 01:43:53,113 --> 01:43:54,447 SO HOW DO WE COMMENT? 2037 01:43:54,447 --> 01:43:58,051 LIKE I DON'T THINK THE ANSWER 2038 01:43:58,051 --> 01:44:01,354 IS HAVING MORE DATA AND THEN 2039 01:44:01,354 --> 01:44:03,390 JUST GOING TO THAT INDIVIDUAL 2040 01:44:03,390 --> 01:44:08,895 AND BECAUSE THAT INDIVIDUAL 2041 01:44:08,895 --> 01:44:11,598 THEMSELVES DO NOT INVOLVE 2042 01:44:11,598 --> 01:44:20,106 ANYTHING HAPPENING IN THE 2043 01:44:20,106 --> 01:44:22,175 ABSTRACT. 2044 01:44:22,175 --> 01:44:23,676 SO TRYING TO UNDERSTAND HOW 2045 01:44:23,676 --> 01:44:24,010 THE -- 2046 01:44:24,010 --> 01:44:24,477 [INDISCERNIBLE] 2047 01:44:24,477 --> 01:44:30,550 AND I KNOW THIS IS ANOTHER BIG 2048 01:44:30,550 --> 01:44:33,053 QUESTION, SORRY. 2049 01:44:33,053 --> 01:44:34,788 >> THIS IS ERIKA. 2050 01:44:34,788 --> 01:44:36,456 BEING A COLLEAGUE, I WILL DARE 2051 01:44:36,456 --> 01:44:40,093 TO GO FIRST IN HOPES THAT YOU 2052 01:44:40,093 --> 01:44:42,462 ALL WILL FOLLOW. 2053 01:44:42,462 --> 01:44:44,397 ENTEKO AND EVERYONE, I WILL 2054 01:44:44,397 --> 01:44:46,066 TACKLE YOUR FIRST QUESTION BUT 2055 01:44:46,066 --> 01:44:49,569 NOT YOUR SECOND IN HOPES MY 2056 01:44:49,569 --> 01:44:50,537 PANELIST COLLEAGUES ADDRESS 2057 01:44:50,537 --> 01:44:51,304 THE SECOND. 2058 01:44:51,304 --> 01:44:53,039 THE TWO SLIDES THAT I SHOWED 2059 01:44:53,039 --> 01:44:55,975 YOU ABOUT THIS THREE-PART 2060 01:44:55,975 --> 01:44:58,211 FRAMEWORK I STARTED USING TO 2061 01:44:58,211 --> 01:45:00,547 TALK ABOUT THE SOCIAL 2062 01:45:00,547 --> 01:45:01,281 DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, 2063 01:45:01,281 --> 01:45:06,286 WHOEVER COMMENTED THAT THAT 2064 01:45:06,286 --> 01:45:07,954 FRAMEWORK WAS A GOOD SOCIAL 2065 01:45:07,954 --> 01:45:09,355 DETERMINANT OF HEALTH, 2066 01:45:09,355 --> 01:45:09,756 ABSOLUTELY. 2067 01:45:09,756 --> 01:45:13,126 I HAVE BEEN TRYING TO ORGANIZE 2068 01:45:13,126 --> 01:45:15,862 THIS EVER-GROWING LIST OF 2069 01:45:15,862 --> 01:45:17,997 FACTORS AND VARIABLES AND 2070 01:45:17,997 --> 01:45:26,306 RESOURCES AND REPRESENTATIVES 2071 01:45:26,306 --> 01:45:28,508 ARE A GOOD WAY TO THINK ABOUT 2072 01:45:28,508 --> 01:45:30,143 THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF 2073 01:45:30,143 --> 01:45:31,444 HEALTH BUT ALSO EMBEDDING THAT 2074 01:45:31,444 --> 01:45:33,146 IN THE LANGUAGE OF ETHICS, 2075 01:45:33,146 --> 01:45:33,446 RIGHT? 2076 01:45:33,446 --> 01:45:35,582 SO IT IS NOT JUST THINGS OUT 2077 01:45:35,582 --> 01:45:37,317 THERE, THESE ARE THINGS THAT 2078 01:45:37,317 --> 01:45:39,119 WE CAN MAKE MORAL JUDGMENTS 2079 01:45:39,119 --> 01:45:41,754 ABOUT THAT ARE WRONG. 2080 01:45:41,754 --> 01:45:49,829 SO IT GOES,ENTIKA, IF IT ADDS 2081 01:45:49,829 --> 01:45:54,434 SOME FORM OF POVERTY, ENTER 2082 01:45:54,434 --> 01:45:55,335 GENERATIONAL OR CONCENTRATED, 2083 01:45:55,335 --> 01:45:58,304 ISN'T THAT JUST ADDING ANOTHER 2084 01:45:58,304 --> 01:45:58,605 THING? 2085 01:45:58,605 --> 01:45:59,939 AND WHAT I WOULD GUESS, THIS 2086 01:45:59,939 --> 01:46:02,342 IS A LONG HAUL PROJECT. 2087 01:46:02,342 --> 01:46:04,644 MAYBE THE PROXIES THEMSELVES 2088 01:46:04,644 --> 01:46:06,579 ARE USEFUL BECAUSE IT IS HOW 2089 01:46:06,579 --> 01:46:08,014 WE COLLECT DATA AND MAYBE WE 2090 01:46:08,014 --> 01:46:11,217 NEED TO START COLLECTING DATA 2091 01:46:11,217 --> 01:46:14,187 DIFFERENTLY BUT WE NEED TO 2092 01:46:14,187 --> 01:46:15,255 START COLLECTING DATA ON THE 2093 01:46:15,255 --> 01:46:18,124 THING WE THINK IS WRONG, THE 2094 01:46:18,124 --> 01:46:23,229 THING WE CARE ABOUT, RIGHT, 2095 01:46:23,229 --> 01:46:33,072 RACISM, EARLY POVERTY, 2096 01:46:33,072 --> 01:46:33,640 STRUCTURAL SEXISM, 2097 01:46:33,640 --> 01:46:35,208 HETEROSEXISM SO WHAT I WOULD 2098 01:46:35,208 --> 01:46:39,579 SAY TO YOUR QUESTION IS, IS IT 2099 01:46:39,579 --> 01:46:41,948 ALSO A MISTAKE TO BRING IN 2100 01:46:41,948 --> 01:46:43,016 EDUCATION? 2101 01:46:43,016 --> 01:46:44,484 WHAT IS EDUCATION, WHY DOES 2102 01:46:44,484 --> 01:46:46,886 SOMEONE NOT HAVE A HIGH SCHOOL 2103 01:46:46,886 --> 01:46:48,621 DEGREE, BECAUSE THEY DECIDED 2104 01:46:48,621 --> 01:46:51,724 TO ONE DAY DROP OUT? 2105 01:46:51,724 --> 01:46:52,392 I DOUBT IT. 2106 01:46:52,392 --> 01:46:55,028 EITHER THEY ARE BEING PULLED 2107 01:46:55,028 --> 01:46:57,830 OUT BY WORK OR PUSHED OUT BY 2108 01:46:57,830 --> 01:46:58,998 OTHER NEEDS. 2109 01:46:58,998 --> 01:47:00,433 SO WHAT I WOULD SAY TO THAT 2110 01:47:00,433 --> 01:47:02,702 QUESTION IS WE NEED TO FIGURE 2111 01:47:02,702 --> 01:47:05,705 OUT HOW TO BEGIN MEASURING THE 2112 01:47:05,705 --> 01:47:06,639 THINGS WE'RE COLLECTIVELY 2113 01:47:06,639 --> 01:47:08,208 CONCERNED ABOUT THAT ARE WRONG 2114 01:47:08,208 --> 01:47:12,212 SO THAT IS THE EMPHASIS TO THE 2115 01:47:12,212 --> 01:47:13,012 SYSTEM. 2116 01:47:13,012 --> 01:47:14,280 AND THEN YOUR SECOND QUESTION 2117 01:47:14,280 --> 01:47:18,184 ABOUT THE MORE WE ADD DATA AND 2118 01:47:18,184 --> 01:47:18,885 COMPLEXITY PRETTY SOON WE'RE 2119 01:47:18,885 --> 01:47:20,286 AT THE LEVEL OF INDIVIDUAL, 2120 01:47:20,286 --> 01:47:23,356 THAT IS A REALLY TOUGH 2121 01:47:23,356 --> 01:47:24,490 QUESTION AND I WAS HOPING YOU 2122 01:47:24,490 --> 01:47:34,567 WOULD FIGURE OUT THE ANSWER TO 2123 01:47:34,567 --> 01:47:35,335 THAT ONE. 2124 01:47:35,335 --> 01:47:35,702 [LAUGHTER] 2125 01:47:35,702 --> 01:47:39,038 >> DOES ANYONE TO WANT TACKLE 2126 01:47:39,038 --> 01:47:39,572 THAT QUESTION, TOO? 2127 01:47:39,572 --> 01:47:41,708 >> I THINK IT IS AN IMPORTANT 2128 01:47:41,708 --> 01:47:44,410 QUESTION BUT I DO WORRY IN THE 2129 01:47:44,410 --> 01:47:45,678 CURRENT CONTEXT OR CURRENT 2130 01:47:45,678 --> 01:47:51,584 WAYS IN WHICH WE ARE 2131 01:47:51,584 --> 01:47:52,919 UNTANGLING THE PROBLEMATIC WAY 2132 01:47:52,919 --> 01:47:56,823 WE USE RACE, THE INTRODUCTION 2133 01:47:56,823 --> 01:48:02,595 OF TIME TO CORRELATE WHAT 2134 01:48:02,595 --> 01:48:03,963 DIFFERENCES AND DISPARITIES 2135 01:48:03,963 --> 01:48:07,834 THAT ARE PRODUCED BY RACISM 2136 01:48:07,834 --> 01:48:09,369 AND STILL IN THE MIDDLE OF 2137 01:48:09,369 --> 01:48:11,971 THAT ONE AS WELL, COMING DOWN 2138 01:48:11,971 --> 01:48:14,007 ALL THE WAY TO THE INDIVIDUAL 2139 01:48:14,007 --> 01:48:19,445 AT THIS POINT, IT SEEMS TO ME 2140 01:48:19,445 --> 01:48:22,382 MORE PROBLEMATIC THAN WE'RE 2141 01:48:22,382 --> 01:48:25,652 WILLING TO COME TO GRIPS WITH 2142 01:48:25,652 --> 01:48:26,786 RIGHT NOW. 2143 01:48:26,786 --> 01:48:29,989 I THINK THERE'S A GOOD AMOUNT 2144 01:48:29,989 --> 01:48:33,426 OF SENTIMENTS ON HYPERBOLE, IF 2145 01:48:33,426 --> 01:48:35,728 YOU WILL, ABOUT THE 2146 01:48:35,728 --> 01:48:46,306 POSSIBILITIES OF PERSONALIZED 2147 01:48:58,051 --> 01:48:58,685 MEDICINE, PERSONALIZED HEALTH 2148 01:48:58,685 --> 01:49:00,887 BUT THAT WILL NEVER BE THE 2149 01:49:00,887 --> 01:49:03,990 VOICE OF HOW WE THINK OF A 2150 01:49:03,990 --> 01:49:13,800 PERSON IN A CERTAIN WAY. 2151 01:49:13,800 --> 01:49:14,500 [INDISCERNIBLE] 2152 01:49:14,500 --> 01:49:23,309 AND PEOPLE CAN'T BE EASILY 2153 01:49:23,309 --> 01:49:24,344 CHARACTERIZED WITHOUT A 2154 01:49:24,344 --> 01:49:27,780 DISCUSSION THERE SO I FEEL AN 2155 01:49:27,780 --> 01:49:28,514 INTERSECTIONAL ANALYSIS GETS 2156 01:49:28,514 --> 01:49:30,950 US STARTED WHEN LOOKING AT 2157 01:49:30,950 --> 01:49:33,853 POPULATIONS BUT COMING DOWN TO 2158 01:49:33,853 --> 01:49:36,689 THE INDIVIDUAL IS GOING TO ASK 2159 01:49:36,689 --> 01:49:39,525 SOMETHING DIFFERENT AND MAYBE 2160 01:49:39,525 --> 01:49:43,429 THAT IS WHAT MY DESIRE WOULD 2161 01:49:43,429 --> 01:49:47,133 BE, IS TO USE THAT GREATER 2162 01:49:47,133 --> 01:49:48,968 EQUITY THAT EVERY INDIVIDUAL 2163 01:49:48,968 --> 01:49:52,138 IS CHEATED WITH SOME KIND OF 2164 01:49:52,138 --> 01:49:54,006 EQUITY IN WHATEVER SYSTEM WE 2165 01:49:54,006 --> 01:49:55,675 CONSIDER TO HAVE. 2166 01:49:55,675 --> 01:49:59,679 SO WITHOUT THAT, WITHOUT THAT 2167 01:49:59,679 --> 01:50:02,982 EQUITABLE SYSTEM, I DON'T 2168 01:50:02,982 --> 01:50:03,683 KNOW -- 2169 01:50:03,683 --> 01:50:04,150 [INDISCERNIBLE] 2170 01:50:04,150 --> 01:50:07,787 >> I WANTED TO ASK IN TERMS OF 2171 01:50:07,787 --> 01:50:11,090 DATA, WE'RE NOT DOING A GOOD 2172 01:50:11,090 --> 01:50:13,593 JOB OF MEASURING STRUCTURAL 2173 01:50:13,593 --> 01:50:15,094 RACISM. 2174 01:50:15,094 --> 01:50:18,297 I MEAN, WE DEFINITELY ARE 2175 01:50:18,297 --> 01:50:19,465 TALKING ABOUT IT AND THERE IS 2176 01:50:19,465 --> 01:50:21,601 A LOT OF LITERATURE BUT I 2177 01:50:21,601 --> 01:50:23,669 THINK IT IS NOT ONLY THE 2178 01:50:23,669 --> 01:50:25,605 COLLECTION OF DATA, IT IS HOW 2179 01:50:25,605 --> 01:50:26,839 WE HANDLE THE COLLECTION AND 2180 01:50:26,839 --> 01:50:29,242 WHAT WE DO WITH THAT DATA AND 2181 01:50:29,242 --> 01:50:34,347 PART OF IT IS FOR THE WHOLE 2182 01:50:34,347 --> 01:50:39,519 SYSTEM, HEALTHCARE SYSTEM, OUR 2183 01:50:39,519 --> 01:50:40,386 GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS ARE 2184 01:50:40,386 --> 01:50:42,488 ACCOUNTABLE AND I THINK WE 2185 01:50:42,488 --> 01:50:45,158 HAVE TO BE MORE CREATIVE IN 2186 01:50:45,158 --> 01:50:51,464 HOW WE USE THE DATA TO HOLD 2187 01:50:51,464 --> 01:50:53,199 PEOPLE ACCOUNTABLE. 2188 01:50:53,199 --> 01:50:58,471 BUT ALSO TO SERVE AS AN 2189 01:50:58,471 --> 01:51:00,106 EVIDENCE BASE FOR POLICIES 2190 01:51:00,106 --> 01:51:02,875 THAT COULD HELP MAKE CHANGES, 2191 01:51:02,875 --> 01:51:11,751 TANGIBLE CHANGES IN PEOPLE'S 2192 01:51:11,751 --> 01:51:13,052 LIVES. 2193 01:51:13,052 --> 01:51:20,259 >> WE HAVE ONE QUESTION, YES, 2194 01:51:20,259 --> 01:51:21,360 COME ON DOWN. 2195 01:51:21,360 --> 01:51:21,661 LAUGH 2196 01:51:21,661 --> 01:51:24,864 >> OKAY, CAN YOU HEAR ME? 2197 01:51:24,864 --> 01:51:26,365 SO MY QUESTION COMES ON THAT 2198 01:51:26,365 --> 01:51:27,867 LAST POINT A LITTLE BIT, 2199 01:51:27,867 --> 01:51:30,136 KNOWING THERE ARE PEOPLE IN 2200 01:51:30,136 --> 01:51:32,205 THE FIELD LIKE HEALTHCARE 2201 01:51:32,205 --> 01:51:34,740 RESEARCH AND POLITICS WERE 2202 01:51:34,740 --> 01:51:36,542 TANGIBLE THINGS COULD BE MADE, 2203 01:51:36,542 --> 01:51:38,945 SOME PEOPLE WILL LIKE SEE THE 2204 01:51:38,945 --> 01:51:40,880 EVIDENCE AND THEN WON'T 2205 01:51:40,880 --> 01:51:43,950 BELIEVE IT, USUALLY THE PEOPLE 2206 01:51:43,950 --> 01:51:46,586 WHO BENEFIT FROM OPPRESSION SO 2207 01:51:46,586 --> 01:51:49,355 I WAS WONDERING HOW WE SHOULD 2208 01:51:49,355 --> 01:51:50,656 APPROACH GETTING THOSE PEOPLE 2209 01:51:50,656 --> 01:51:53,993 TO CHANGE THEIR LIVES OR 2210 01:51:53,993 --> 01:51:57,196 GETTING THEM OUT OF THE FIELD 2211 01:51:57,196 --> 01:51:59,966 SO WE CAN THEN -- 2212 01:51:59,966 --> 01:52:00,433 [INDISCERNIBLE] 2213 01:52:00,433 --> 01:52:00,800 [LAUGHTER] 2214 01:52:00,800 --> 01:52:03,436 >> WHO WANTS TO TACKLE THAT 2215 01:52:03,436 --> 01:52:03,703 ONE? 2216 01:52:03,703 --> 01:52:04,070 [LAUGHTER] 2217 01:52:04,070 --> 01:52:06,606 >> IT IS NOT EASY. 2218 01:52:06,606 --> 01:52:10,409 I WAS GOING TO SAY TAKE A 2219 01:52:10,409 --> 01:52:11,110 MULTIPRONGED APPROACH. 2220 01:52:11,110 --> 01:52:13,646 YOU HAVE TO THINK ABOUT VOTING 2221 01:52:13,646 --> 01:52:16,315 AS A CERTAINLY DETERMINANT OR 2222 01:52:16,315 --> 01:52:18,251 ONE COMPONENT ABOUT HOW WE 2223 01:52:18,251 --> 01:52:21,053 THINK OF STRUCTURAL RACISM AND 2224 01:52:21,053 --> 01:52:23,022 THE RIGHTS OF THE MANY PEOPLE 2225 01:52:23,022 --> 01:52:27,760 IN THE COMMUNITY ARE AT RISK. 2226 01:52:27,760 --> 01:52:29,028 THERE WAS SOMETHING ELSE I 2227 01:52:29,028 --> 01:52:36,736 WANTED TO MENTION BUT I CANNOT 2228 01:52:36,736 --> 01:52:38,905 REMEMBER -- 2229 01:52:38,905 --> 01:52:39,772 [INDISCERNIBLE] 2230 01:52:39,772 --> 01:52:41,140 >> I WANT TO INTERRUPT AND I 2231 01:52:41,140 --> 01:52:43,509 THINK IF I JUMP IN AND IT JOGS 2232 01:52:43,509 --> 01:52:45,311 YOUR MEMORY, FEEL FREE TO 2233 01:52:45,311 --> 01:52:45,745 INTERRUPT ME. 2234 01:52:45,745 --> 01:52:47,914 I WAS ALSO GOING TO SAY WE CAN 2235 01:52:47,914 --> 01:52:50,850 THINK ABOUT AS A STEP-WISE 2236 01:52:50,850 --> 01:52:54,587 APPROACH BASED ON GROUPS THAT 2237 01:52:54,587 --> 01:53:00,192 HAVE MORE AFIELD. 2238 01:53:00,192 --> 01:53:02,528 SO PEOPLE LIKE KIDS, KIDS ARE 2239 01:53:02,528 --> 01:53:04,964 COOL SO MAYBE YOUR AVERAGE 2240 01:53:04,964 --> 01:53:07,166 ADULT WHO MAKES THAT DECISION, 2241 01:53:07,166 --> 01:53:09,001 MAYBE YOUR POLITICIANS WON'T 2242 01:53:09,001 --> 01:53:12,605 LIKE THEM BUT LIKE YOUR CUTE 2243 01:53:12,605 --> 01:53:14,340 LITTLE 1-YEAR-OLD WHO HASN'T 2244 01:53:14,340 --> 01:53:16,642 DONE ANYTHING WRONG ARE LIKE 2245 01:53:16,642 --> 01:53:19,045 SURE, WE CAN TAKE POLICIES ON 2246 01:53:19,045 --> 01:53:19,979 1-YEAR-OLDS AND HISTORICALLY 2247 01:53:19,979 --> 01:53:23,382 THAT HAS BEEN THE CASE. 2248 01:53:23,382 --> 01:53:24,884 WE HAVE SIDS, WE HAVE THE TAX 2249 01:53:24,884 --> 01:53:27,286 CREDIT AND WE HAVE HAD MORE 2250 01:53:27,286 --> 01:53:29,355 SUCCESS IN CREATING POLICIES 2251 01:53:29,355 --> 01:53:30,389 THAT BENEFIT KIDS. 2252 01:53:30,389 --> 01:53:32,692 YOU KNOW, ALSO THE ELDERLY ARE 2253 01:53:32,692 --> 01:53:35,461 GOING TO BE IN A MORE 2254 01:53:35,461 --> 01:53:36,495 FAVORABLE GROUP. 2255 01:53:36,495 --> 01:53:38,531 THAT IS HOW WE HAVE SOCIAL 2256 01:53:38,531 --> 01:53:41,167 SECURITY, HOW WE HAVE MEDICARE 2257 01:53:41,167 --> 01:53:44,704 SO THERE ARE CERTAIN GROUPS 2258 01:53:44,704 --> 01:53:47,506 THAT, YOU KNOW CAN BE VIEWED 2259 01:53:47,506 --> 01:53:48,874 OR CONSTRUCTED AS MORE 2260 01:53:48,874 --> 01:53:49,241 FAVORABLE. 2261 01:53:49,241 --> 01:53:50,509 AND THEN THERE IS ALSO A WAY 2262 01:53:50,509 --> 01:53:53,312 OF THINKING ABOUT OUR RESEARCH 2263 01:53:53,312 --> 01:53:59,485 AS, YOU KNOW, OUR INEQUITABLE 2264 01:53:59,485 --> 01:54:03,589 ENVIRONMENT, IS IT JUST 2265 01:54:03,589 --> 01:54:06,292 UNHEALTHY AND HARMFUL FOR 2266 01:54:06,292 --> 01:54:08,728 MINORITY GROUPS OR IS IT ALSO 2267 01:54:08,728 --> 01:54:12,898 DAMAGING FOR THE RACIALLY 2268 01:54:12,898 --> 01:54:13,766 ADVANTAGED GROUPS? 2269 01:54:13,766 --> 01:54:15,501 THESE ARE QUESTIONS WE NEED TO 2270 01:54:15,501 --> 01:54:17,203 THINK ABOUT AND ASK BECAUSE 2271 01:54:17,203 --> 01:54:18,738 WHEN PEOPLE IN POWER ALSO HAVE 2272 01:54:18,738 --> 01:54:21,273 SKIN IN THE GAME AND RECOGNIZE 2273 01:54:21,273 --> 01:54:23,275 THESE POLICIES CAN BE HARMFUL 2274 01:54:23,275 --> 01:54:25,978 TO ALL, THAT CAN BE INCENTIVE 2275 01:54:25,978 --> 01:54:26,779 TO CHANGE THAT. 2276 01:54:26,779 --> 01:54:28,047 SO THESE ARE THE QUESTIONS WE 2277 01:54:28,047 --> 01:54:30,349 NEED TO CONTINUE TO ASK AND 2278 01:54:30,349 --> 01:54:40,926 STUDY AS WE THINK ABOUT, YOU 2279 01:54:43,329 --> 01:54:44,830 KNOW, FURTHER IMPLICANTS FOR 2280 01:54:44,830 --> 01:54:45,498 POLICY REFORM. 2281 01:54:45,498 --> 01:54:47,967 >> I WOULD LIKE TO JUMP IN AND 2282 01:54:47,967 --> 01:54:50,936 I REALLY APPRECIATE WHAT YOU 2283 01:54:50,936 --> 01:54:54,373 HAVE SAID, THE VALUE IS QUITE 2284 01:54:54,373 --> 01:54:56,542 LITERALLY PEOPLE'S SELF 2285 01:54:56,542 --> 01:55:01,280 INTEREST AND WHAT I MEAN BY 2286 01:55:01,280 --> 01:55:04,650 THAT IN THE VIEW OF PEOPLE'S 2287 01:55:04,650 --> 01:55:06,686 HEALTH, TO NOT ONLY THINK 2288 01:55:06,686 --> 01:55:08,888 ABOUT THE SOCIAL INEQUITIES, 2289 01:55:08,888 --> 01:55:11,590 BY RACE, BY GENDER, BY 2290 01:55:11,590 --> 01:55:17,029 POVERTY, AND SO ON BUT THE 2291 01:55:17,029 --> 01:55:19,965 OVERALL POPULATION AS A WHOLE 2292 01:55:19,965 --> 01:55:27,740 WHO ARE ADVANTAGED BY THEIR 2293 01:55:27,740 --> 01:55:31,343 SKIN COLOR, THEIR ECONOMIC 2294 01:55:31,343 --> 01:55:32,411 STATUS, THEY LIVE DIFFERENT 2295 01:55:32,411 --> 01:55:34,246 LIVES THAN PEOPLE IN OTHER 2296 01:55:34,246 --> 01:55:36,882 COUNTRIES AND I AM LEADING A 2297 01:55:36,882 --> 01:55:39,418 PROJECT NOW WHERE THAT IS A 2298 01:55:39,418 --> 01:55:41,387 HYPOTHESIS THAT WE WILL BE 2299 01:55:41,387 --> 01:55:43,055 TESTING WHERE IT DOESN'T MAKE 2300 01:55:43,055 --> 01:55:45,991 ANY DIFFERENCE HOW PEOPLE 2301 01:55:45,991 --> 01:55:47,860 THINK ABOUT HEALTH, HEALTH 2302 01:55:47,860 --> 01:55:49,128 INEQUALITY TO IMPROVE HEALTH 2303 01:55:49,128 --> 01:55:51,931 IF YOU FRAME HEALTH INEQUAL 2304 01:55:51,931 --> 01:55:56,302 QUALITY WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF 2305 01:55:56,302 --> 01:55:57,803 THIS OVERALL HEALTH 2306 01:55:57,803 --> 01:55:59,105 DISADVANTAGE THAT AFFECTS 2307 01:55:59,105 --> 01:55:59,472 EVERYONE. 2308 01:55:59,472 --> 01:56:01,807 BECAUSE AS YOU SAY, WE ALL 2309 01:56:01,807 --> 01:56:03,075 HAVE SKIN IN THIS GAME AND I 2310 01:56:03,075 --> 01:56:04,910 DON'T KNOW IF THAT WILL WORK 2311 01:56:04,910 --> 01:56:07,480 OR IF IT IS TRUE BUT I LIKE 2312 01:56:07,480 --> 01:56:08,748 YOU HAVE THAT INFORMATION AND 2313 01:56:08,748 --> 01:56:11,951 THINK IT COULD BE A USEFUL 2314 01:56:11,951 --> 01:56:15,488 APPROACH. 2315 01:56:15,488 --> 01:56:18,824 AGAIN, TO KELLEE'S POINT OF IT 2316 01:56:18,824 --> 01:56:25,264 BEING A MULTIPRONGED APPROACH, 2317 01:56:25,264 --> 01:56:26,799 WORKING UPSIDE, DOWNSIDE AND 2318 01:56:26,799 --> 01:56:28,167 INSIDE, THERE IS A LOT OF WORK 2319 01:56:28,167 --> 01:56:30,603 TO DO AND WE NEED SEVERAL 2320 01:56:30,603 --> 01:56:36,909 ARMIES ON THIS, RIGHT? 2321 01:56:36,909 --> 01:56:37,510 [LAUGHTER] 2322 01:56:37,510 --> 01:56:40,246 >> SO I WILL JUMP IN BECAUSE I 2323 01:56:40,246 --> 01:56:43,649 HAVE A QUESTION TALKED TO 2324 01:56:43,649 --> 01:56:45,684 EARLIER ABOUT TACKLING THE 2325 01:56:45,684 --> 01:56:47,353 INDIVIDUAL LEVEL AND I AM 2326 01:56:47,353 --> 01:56:48,721 BIASED BECAUSE I WORK IN 2327 01:56:48,721 --> 01:56:51,390 PUBLIC HEALTH AND COME FROM A 2328 01:56:51,390 --> 01:56:53,392 MORE POPULATION LEVEL APPROACH 2329 01:56:53,392 --> 01:56:55,294 OR BACKGROUND BUT I THINK IN 2330 01:56:55,294 --> 01:56:57,530 OUR RESEARCH AT NIH WE HAVE 2331 01:56:57,530 --> 01:56:59,498 TENDED TO MEASURE THINGS AT A 2332 01:56:59,498 --> 01:57:01,333 INDIVIDUAL LEVEL AND SOMETIMES 2333 01:57:01,333 --> 01:57:03,369 WE STACK UP THAT INDIVIDUAL 2334 01:57:03,369 --> 01:57:05,271 LEVEL CONTEXT INTO THE 2335 01:57:05,271 --> 01:57:06,572 POPULATION LEVEL ONE. 2336 01:57:06,572 --> 01:57:10,476 SO JUST GOING BACK TO A SAMPLE 2337 01:57:10,476 --> 01:57:14,446 OF RACE AND EDUCATIONAL 2338 01:57:14,446 --> 01:57:18,851 ATTAINMENT TOGETHER, I WANT TO 2339 01:57:18,851 --> 01:57:20,152 PUT FORWARD THE QUESTION OF 2340 01:57:20,152 --> 01:57:23,122 WHETHER WE SHOULD BE -- AND WE 2341 01:57:23,122 --> 01:57:24,390 HAVE ALREADY ADDRESSED THIS 2342 01:57:24,390 --> 01:57:27,493 QUESTION OF INSTEAD OF RACE, 2343 01:57:27,493 --> 01:57:28,994 LET'S ADDRESS RACISM, LET'S 2344 01:57:28,994 --> 01:57:31,630 MEASURE THE POLICIES THAT ARE 2345 01:57:31,630 --> 01:57:31,964 RACIST. 2346 01:57:31,964 --> 01:57:34,166 LET'S MEASURE THE 2347 01:57:34,166 --> 01:57:35,067 OPPORTUNITIES OR EDUCATION 2348 01:57:35,067 --> 01:57:36,936 SYSTEM THAT WE ARE PROVIDING 2349 01:57:36,936 --> 01:57:37,269 PEOPLE. 2350 01:57:37,269 --> 01:57:39,505 SO HOW DO WE -- YOU KNOW, AT 2351 01:57:39,505 --> 01:57:42,208 THE SAME TIME WHEN WE START 2352 01:57:42,208 --> 01:57:44,510 MESSAGING THAT AREA LEVEL, 2353 01:57:44,510 --> 01:57:47,746 SOME OF THE NUANCE CAN GET 2354 01:57:47,746 --> 01:57:50,082 LOST AND WE OFTEN CAN'T GET 2355 01:57:50,082 --> 01:57:52,518 DOWN TO A SMALL ENOUGH AREA TO 2356 01:57:52,518 --> 01:57:54,086 MEASURE EVERYBODY IN THAT 2357 01:57:54,086 --> 01:57:54,587 AREA. 2358 01:57:54,587 --> 01:58:01,126 SO HOW DO WE BALANCE AS A 2359 01:58:01,126 --> 01:58:03,295 SCIENTIST RESEARCHER TO LOOK 2360 01:58:03,295 --> 01:58:06,832 AT POPULATION FACTORS VERSUS 2361 01:58:06,832 --> 01:58:08,634 THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL FACTORS, 2362 01:58:08,634 --> 01:58:12,838 SUCH AS THE ENVIRONMENT WHERE 2363 01:58:12,838 --> 01:58:13,806 PEOPLE LIVE. 2364 01:58:13,806 --> 01:58:24,316 >> ANOTHER SIMPLE AND EASY 2365 01:58:28,654 --> 01:58:29,388 QUESTION. 2366 01:58:29,388 --> 01:58:29,755 [LAUGHTER] 2367 01:58:29,755 --> 01:58:31,924 >> AND MAYBE THERE ISN'T A 2368 01:58:31,924 --> 01:58:34,059 SINGLE ANSWER, MAYBE WE JUST 2369 01:58:34,059 --> 01:58:35,094 HAVE TO BE BOLD. 2370 01:58:35,094 --> 01:58:37,429 >> I THINK IT IS REALLY TRICKY 2371 01:58:37,429 --> 01:58:39,398 BECAUSE I THINK IN A WAY IT 2372 01:58:39,398 --> 01:58:40,900 DEPENDS ON THE HEALTH OUTCOMES 2373 01:58:40,900 --> 01:58:42,301 WE ARE LOOKING AT BECAUSE YOU 2374 01:58:42,301 --> 01:58:48,274 KNOW WHEN YOU ARE LOOKING AT 2375 01:58:48,274 --> 01:58:50,109 SOMETHING LIKE ACROSS THE 2376 01:58:50,109 --> 01:58:52,511 BOARD MORTALITY, THE SCALE, 2377 01:58:52,511 --> 01:58:53,779 OFF LITTLE MORE WIGGLE ROOM TO 2378 01:58:53,779 --> 01:58:55,314 THINK ABOUT THE SCALE BUT IF 2379 01:58:55,314 --> 01:58:58,484 YOU ARE LOOKING AT A VERY 2380 01:58:58,484 --> 01:59:00,219 SPECIFIC HEALTH OUTCOME SUCH 2381 01:59:00,219 --> 01:59:01,754 AS ASTHMA RATES, YOU WANT TO 2382 01:59:01,754 --> 01:59:03,756 GET A LITTLE MORE LOCAL, I 2383 01:59:03,756 --> 01:59:04,356 THINK. 2384 01:59:04,356 --> 01:59:06,792 BUT I ALSO THINK WHEN WE ARE 2385 01:59:06,792 --> 01:59:10,095 TRYING TO THINK MORE 2386 01:59:10,095 --> 01:59:10,796 MECHANISTICALLY, THAT IS WHERE 2387 01:59:10,796 --> 01:59:13,332 WE WANT TO GET MORE LOCAL AS 2388 01:59:13,332 --> 01:59:15,768 WELL BECAUSE IT GETS TO THAT 2389 01:59:15,768 --> 01:59:17,002 PART OF INTERVENTION. 2390 01:59:17,002 --> 01:59:18,637 AND THEN I ALSO THINK WHEN WE 2391 01:59:18,637 --> 01:59:21,640 ASK THESE QUESTIONS OF WHAT 2392 01:59:21,640 --> 01:59:23,742 ARE WE STUDYING, WHAT ARE THE 2393 01:59:23,742 --> 01:59:25,611 EXPOSURE AND THE OUTCOMES, WE 2394 01:59:25,611 --> 01:59:28,480 HAVE TO THINK ABOUT THE 2395 01:59:28,480 --> 01:59:30,215 ULTIMATE QUESTION OF WHAT IS 2396 01:59:30,215 --> 01:59:31,951 OUR SIGNALING GOING TO BE AND 2397 01:59:31,951 --> 01:59:34,119 IS THAT GOING TO BE AT A 2398 01:59:34,119 --> 01:59:36,221 MUNICIPAL LEVEL, A STATE 2399 01:59:36,221 --> 01:59:38,557 LEVEL, AT THE FEDERAL 2400 01:59:38,557 --> 01:59:40,626 GOVERNMENT LEVEL, ON A PRIVATE 2401 01:59:40,626 --> 01:59:43,595 CORPORATION LEVEL AND YOU KNOW 2402 01:59:43,595 --> 01:59:46,231 THAT CAN SOMETIMES INFORM WHAT 2403 01:59:46,231 --> 01:59:48,233 WE'RE TRYING TO ASK, WHAT 2404 01:59:48,233 --> 01:59:49,935 WE'RE TRYING TO GET AT BECAUSE 2405 01:59:49,935 --> 01:59:56,508 YOU KNOW IF WE'RE THINKING 2406 01:59:56,508 --> 02:00:02,748 ABOUT, YOU KNOW A POWER PLANT 2407 02:00:02,748 --> 02:00:04,984 OR A SITE WHERE THEY FILL UP 2408 02:00:04,984 --> 02:00:06,819 THEIR TRUCKS IN THE WINTER TO 2409 02:00:06,819 --> 02:00:12,057 SALT THE ROADS AND IT IS JUST 2410 02:00:12,057 --> 02:00:12,958 CONTAMINATING THE STREETS, 2411 02:00:12,958 --> 02:00:14,827 LIKE IT IS A VERY LOCAL 2412 02:00:14,827 --> 02:00:16,562 PROBLEM AND WE CAN THINK ABOUT 2413 02:00:16,562 --> 02:00:18,464 THAT IN TERMS OF HOW WE ASK 2414 02:00:18,464 --> 02:00:20,065 THE QUESTIONS, WHERE WE ARE 2415 02:00:20,065 --> 02:00:22,167 GETTING THE DATA, WHO WE ARE 2416 02:00:22,167 --> 02:00:24,336 GETTING THE DATA FROM AND THE 2417 02:00:24,336 --> 02:00:26,071 SPECIFIC HEALTH OUTCOMES WE'RE 2418 02:00:26,071 --> 02:00:26,672 LOOKING AT. 2419 02:00:26,672 --> 02:00:28,941 SO I THINK WHEN WE'RE ASKING 2420 02:00:28,941 --> 02:00:30,542 QUESTIONS OF HOW GRANULAR WE 2421 02:00:30,542 --> 02:00:32,911 WANT TO GET IN THE SCALE, YOU 2422 02:00:32,911 --> 02:00:35,247 CAN ALSO TARGET IT BASED ON, 2423 02:00:35,247 --> 02:00:37,049 OKAY, WHERE DO I ULTIMATELY 2424 02:00:37,049 --> 02:00:38,984 WANT TO INTERVENE OR WHAT DO I 2425 02:00:38,984 --> 02:00:43,088 THINK IS THE PROBLEM HERE AND 2426 02:00:43,088 --> 02:00:47,693 HOW CAN I WORK BACKWARDS, IF 2427 02:00:47,693 --> 02:00:49,862 THAT MAKES SENSE. 2428 02:00:49,862 --> 02:00:50,529 >> ALL RIGHT, EVERYONE. 2429 02:00:50,529 --> 02:00:52,698 >> I THINK THAT POINTS OUT 2430 02:00:52,698 --> 02:00:54,333 SOME THINGS THAT -- JESSICA, 2431 02:00:54,333 --> 02:00:56,802 YOU SAID SOMETHING THAT REALLY 2432 02:00:56,802 --> 02:00:57,669 STRUCK ME. 2433 02:00:57,669 --> 02:01:00,139 WHAT OUTCOME ARE WE AFTER? 2434 02:01:00,139 --> 02:01:03,976 IN THIS COUNTRY WE HAVE A 2435 02:01:03,976 --> 02:01:05,244 INCREDIBLY FRAGMENTED 2436 02:01:05,244 --> 02:01:06,445 HEALTHCARE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2437 02:01:06,445 --> 02:01:06,779 SYSTEM. 2438 02:01:06,779 --> 02:01:08,947 YOU CAN'T GET THE DATA. 2439 02:01:08,947 --> 02:01:11,250 WHEN COVID HAPPENED, THE 2440 02:01:11,250 --> 02:01:13,886 REPORTING SITUATION AROUND 2441 02:01:13,886 --> 02:01:17,389 DATA WAS MADE VISIBLE TO 2442 02:01:17,389 --> 02:01:18,557 EVERYBODY FROM RESEARCHERS TO 2443 02:01:18,557 --> 02:01:23,562 THE PUBLIC BUT YOU COULDN'T 2444 02:01:23,562 --> 02:01:33,839 GET STATE OR CITY LEVEL DATA 2445 02:01:33,839 --> 02:01:36,308 AND THEN PEOPLE, JOURNALISTS 2446 02:01:36,308 --> 02:01:40,412 WERE FINDING OTHER WAYS TO DO 2447 02:01:40,412 --> 02:01:43,415 IT, SETTING UP THE BUBBLES OF 2448 02:01:43,415 --> 02:01:43,816 DATA. 2449 02:01:43,816 --> 02:01:47,486 SO WE HAVE TO BE HELPFUL ABOUT 2450 02:01:47,486 --> 02:01:48,987 THIS BY SAYING WHAT WE WANT. 2451 02:01:48,987 --> 02:01:50,222 WE WANT THE PEOPLE OF THE 2452 02:01:50,222 --> 02:01:52,758 UNITED STATES TO HAVE BETTER 2453 02:01:52,758 --> 02:01:53,859 HEALTH, PERIOD. 2454 02:01:53,859 --> 02:01:58,831 THAT IS WHAT WE WANT. 2455 02:01:58,831 --> 02:02:00,666 AND WE WANT TO USE EVERY TOOL 2456 02:02:00,666 --> 02:02:02,301 THAT WE HAVE TO GET THERE. 2457 02:02:02,301 --> 02:02:04,169 I THINK SOMETIMES WE SPIN OUR 2458 02:02:04,169 --> 02:02:07,840 WHEELS TRYING TO GET AT THE 2459 02:02:07,840 --> 02:02:09,374 DEFINED GRAIN POINT AND I AM 2460 02:02:09,374 --> 02:02:11,944 NOT SAYING THEY ARE 2461 02:02:11,944 --> 02:02:12,344 UNIMPORTANT. 2462 02:02:12,344 --> 02:02:14,313 MY SCIENCE WHEN I STARTED WAS 2463 02:02:14,313 --> 02:02:16,648 PHYSICS AND YOU CAN GET WAY 2464 02:02:16,648 --> 02:02:18,650 DOWN IN THE WEEDS ON THAT AND 2465 02:02:18,650 --> 02:02:23,755 THEN COME BACK UP AND NOT 2466 02:02:23,755 --> 02:02:24,923 UNDERSTAND THE MOST 2467 02:02:24,923 --> 02:02:26,492 COMPLICATED PROCESS IN THE 2468 02:02:26,492 --> 02:02:26,825 WORLD. 2469 02:02:26,825 --> 02:02:29,328 SO I THINK ON HALT, WE NEED TO 2470 02:02:29,328 --> 02:02:32,764 BE ON THE SAME PAGE, AND I 2471 02:02:32,764 --> 02:02:35,100 THINK MOST OF US ARE, THAT OUR 2472 02:02:35,100 --> 02:02:40,105 GOAL IS THE HEALTH OF PEOPLE 2473 02:02:40,105 --> 02:02:41,807 AND THE FRAGMENTATION DOES NOT 2474 02:02:41,807 --> 02:02:45,611 MEAN THAT PEOPLE GET CARE AT A 2475 02:02:45,611 --> 02:02:47,913 LOCAL LEVEL, A REGIONAL LEVEL 2476 02:02:47,913 --> 02:02:50,048 BECAUSE OF SOME LONG-STANDING 2477 02:02:50,048 --> 02:02:51,884 PRACTICES WE HAVE ENGAGED IN 2478 02:02:51,884 --> 02:02:53,152 THAT DON'T THINK OF THE 2479 02:02:53,152 --> 02:02:54,786 AMERICAN PEOPLE AS A WHOLE AND 2480 02:02:54,786 --> 02:02:57,523 THAT WE WANT TO SEE EVERYTHING 2481 02:02:57,523 --> 02:03:07,933 MOVING TOWARDS MAKING US 2482 02:03:07,933 --> 02:03:08,433 HEALTHIER PEOPLE. 2483 02:03:08,433 --> 02:03:09,434 >> OKAY, THERE WERE A COUPLE 2484 02:03:09,434 --> 02:03:11,336 MORE QUESTIONS FROM THE 2485 02:03:11,336 --> 02:03:12,671 VIDEOCAST AND I DON'T HAVE 2486 02:03:12,671 --> 02:03:14,840 THEM IN FRONT OF ME SO I WILL 2487 02:03:14,840 --> 02:03:17,242 PARAPHRASE THEM, IF I CAN. 2488 02:03:17,242 --> 02:03:20,245 ONE QUESTION WAS ABOUT WE HAVE 2489 02:03:20,245 --> 02:03:23,081 OMB GUIDANCES ON RACE 2490 02:03:23,081 --> 02:03:25,617 CATEGORIES, THERE ARE ALSO 2491 02:03:25,617 --> 02:03:26,985 SOMETIMES NARROWER GUIDANCES 2492 02:03:26,985 --> 02:03:28,253 OR DIFFERENT GUIDANCES THAT 2493 02:03:28,253 --> 02:03:29,288 COME FROM DIFFERENT 2494 02:03:29,288 --> 02:03:30,989 ORGANIZATIONS SO AS WE'RE 2495 02:03:30,989 --> 02:03:32,758 THINKING ABOUT, YOU KNOW, WHEN 2496 02:03:32,758 --> 02:03:34,359 WE DO MEASURE RACE, WHAT ARE 2497 02:03:34,359 --> 02:03:37,362 THE BEST WAYS TO MEASURE IT 2498 02:03:37,362 --> 02:03:40,799 AND, YOU KNOW, HOW DO WE, YOU 2499 02:03:40,799 --> 02:03:41,833 KNOW, THINK ABOUT THOSE 2500 02:03:41,833 --> 02:03:45,270 GUIDELINES IN WAYS THAT ARE 2501 02:03:45,270 --> 02:03:52,444 COMING DOWN FROM FROM OMB AND 2502 02:03:52,444 --> 02:03:54,613 NOTING THE GUIDELINES FROM OMB 2503 02:03:54,613 --> 02:03:56,782 ARE CHANGING AS WE SPEAK. 2504 02:03:56,782 --> 02:03:58,784 >> SO IF WE UNDERSTAND WHAT 2505 02:03:58,784 --> 02:04:02,087 PREVIOUSLY WAS IN PLACE, THE 2506 02:04:02,087 --> 02:04:05,824 OMB SAID THAT THE CATEGORIES 2507 02:04:05,824 --> 02:04:08,227 THAT THEY USE TO COLLECT THE 2508 02:04:08,227 --> 02:04:09,461 CENSUS DATA IN THE UNITED 2509 02:04:09,461 --> 02:04:11,330 STATES WERE NOT NECESSARILY 2510 02:04:11,330 --> 02:04:16,435 THE CATEGORIES THAT SHOULD BE 2511 02:04:16,435 --> 02:04:18,103 USED IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH. 2512 02:04:18,103 --> 02:04:20,772 THAT GETS US INTO THE NEXUS OF 2513 02:04:20,772 --> 02:04:23,642 WHAT IS SOCIAL AND WHAT IS 2514 02:04:23,642 --> 02:04:24,042 BIOLOGICAL. 2515 02:04:24,042 --> 02:04:27,112 AND SO WHAT HAPPENS IS THE 2516 02:04:27,112 --> 02:04:28,213 GUIDELINES FROM OTHER FEDERAL 2517 02:04:28,213 --> 02:04:29,948 AGENCIES SUGGEST THAT IF YOU 2518 02:04:29,948 --> 02:04:32,251 ARE CREATING A POPULATION TO 2519 02:04:32,251 --> 02:04:34,786 DO SOME STUDY, THEN YOU HAVE 2520 02:04:34,786 --> 02:04:36,588 TO MAKE IT A POPULATION THAT 2521 02:04:36,588 --> 02:04:37,522 REPRESENTS THE UNITED STATES 2522 02:04:37,522 --> 02:04:38,857 AND THESE ARE THE CATEGORIES 2523 02:04:38,857 --> 02:04:40,559 YOU HAVE TO USE BECAUSE THOSE 2524 02:04:40,559 --> 02:04:42,694 ARE THE CATEGORIES YOU HAVE TO 2525 02:04:42,694 --> 02:04:44,096 REPRESENT THE PEOPLES OF THE 2526 02:04:44,096 --> 02:04:46,431 UNITED STATES. 2527 02:04:46,431 --> 02:04:47,566 DEEPLY FLAWED CATEGORIES WERE 2528 02:04:47,566 --> 02:04:51,903 USED IN ANY KIND OF MEDICAL 2529 02:04:51,903 --> 02:04:52,471 RESEARCH. 2530 02:04:52,471 --> 02:04:53,138 THAT DIFFERENCE, NO MATTER 2531 02:04:53,138 --> 02:04:56,675 WHAT THEY CHANGE THE 2532 02:04:56,675 --> 02:04:59,511 CATEGORIES TO, I KNOW BEHIND 2533 02:04:59,511 --> 02:05:02,347 THE SCENES IT HAS BEEN TEN 2534 02:05:02,347 --> 02:05:04,116 YEARS OF FIERCE DEBATE ABOUT 2535 02:05:04,116 --> 02:05:04,583 THIS. 2536 02:05:04,583 --> 02:05:08,353 LIKE WE DO GET, FOR EXAMPLE 2537 02:05:08,353 --> 02:05:09,521 THE MIDDLE EASTERN CATEGORY. 2538 02:05:09,521 --> 02:05:10,856 I DON'T KNOW WHAT THAT IS. 2539 02:05:10,856 --> 02:05:14,693 I DO KNOW ABOUT THE HISPANIC 2540 02:05:14,693 --> 02:05:15,761 CATEGORIES. 2541 02:05:15,761 --> 02:05:17,195 BEFORE THE 1970S, THERE WERE 2542 02:05:17,195 --> 02:05:19,665 NO PEOPLE WALKING AROUND TO 2543 02:05:19,665 --> 02:05:23,001 SAY THEY WERE HISPANIC BECAUSE 2544 02:05:23,001 --> 02:05:25,404 THERE WAS NO CATEGORY CREATED 2545 02:05:25,404 --> 02:05:26,371 FOR IT. 2546 02:05:26,371 --> 02:05:27,739 SO SAYING YOU ARE ONE THING 2547 02:05:27,739 --> 02:05:37,516 BUT IF THERE IS NOT A CATEGORY 2548 02:05:37,516 --> 02:05:41,753 FOR THAT, THEN YOU ARE NOT. 2549 02:05:41,753 --> 02:05:44,856 SO-- 2550 02:05:44,856 --> 02:05:45,657 [INDISCERNIBLE] 2551 02:05:45,657 --> 02:05:48,527 IS A IS VAST GEOGRAPHY AND THE 2552 02:05:48,527 --> 02:05:50,796 DETERMINANTS THAT AFFECT THEIR 2553 02:05:50,796 --> 02:05:52,764 HEALTH IS VERY DIFFERENT. 2554 02:05:52,764 --> 02:05:54,499 SO THE OMB CATEGORIES, I WOULD 2555 02:05:54,499 --> 02:05:56,935 SAY NO MATTER WHAT THEY CHANGE 2556 02:05:56,935 --> 02:06:00,939 IT TO NEEDS TO SIT IN A PLACE 2557 02:06:00,939 --> 02:06:01,740 THAT REQUIRES INTERROGATION 2558 02:06:01,740 --> 02:06:05,277 AND TO DO THE KIND OF WORK, 2559 02:06:05,277 --> 02:06:13,418 THAT FOLKS CAN HERE AT THE NIH 2560 02:06:13,418 --> 02:06:13,685 DO. 2561 02:06:13,685 --> 02:06:19,458 THERE NEEDS TO BE A SEPARATE 2562 02:06:19,458 --> 02:06:24,763 SET OF GUIDELINES WITH 2563 02:06:24,763 --> 02:06:25,897 GEOPOLITICAL CATEGORIES TO 2564 02:06:25,897 --> 02:06:28,400 UNDERSTAND THE -- 2565 02:06:28,400 --> 02:06:29,234 [INDISCERNIBLE] 2566 02:06:29,234 --> 02:06:30,802 OF THE VERY SAME PEOPLE. 2567 02:06:30,802 --> 02:06:32,003 >> ANYBODY ELSE WANT TO 2568 02:06:32,003 --> 02:06:42,414 COMMENT ON THAT ONE? 2569 02:06:56,762 --> 02:06:57,195 [INDISCERNIBLE] 2570 02:06:57,195 --> 02:06:59,698 >> AND I THINK WE ARE 2571 02:06:59,698 --> 02:07:02,934 APPROACHING THE END OF OUR 2572 02:07:02,934 --> 02:07:05,036 TIME TODAY SO I THINK WE CAN 2573 02:07:05,036 --> 02:07:06,605 START BY THANKING THE 2574 02:07:06,605 --> 02:07:06,972 PANELISTS. 2575 02:07:06,972 --> 02:07:09,408 I THINK IT HAS BEEN A 2576 02:07:09,408 --> 02:07:11,977 FASCINATING SERIES OF TALKS 2577 02:07:11,977 --> 02:07:13,311 AND EXCELLENT DISCUSSIONS. 2578 02:07:13,311 --> 02:07:16,047 THANK OUR AUDIENCE IN THE ROOM 2579 02:07:16,047 --> 02:07:18,750 AND ONLINE WHO POSED REALLY 2580 02:07:18,750 --> 02:07:21,686 INTERESTING QUESTIONS AND I 2581 02:07:21,686 --> 02:07:23,088 CERTAINLY THINK THE WAY YOU 2582 02:07:23,088 --> 02:07:24,723 THINK AND OTHERS IN THE ROOM 2583 02:07:24,723 --> 02:07:27,259 THINK AND THEN I WILL ADD FROM 2584 02:07:27,259 --> 02:07:29,428 A PERSONAL NOTE, I AM EXCITED 2585 02:07:29,428 --> 02:07:31,463 TO SEE THESE DISCUSSIONS 2586 02:07:31,463 --> 02:07:34,866 HAPPENING AT THE NIH AND I 2587 02:07:34,866 --> 02:07:37,135 HOPE WE HAVE MORE AS WE NEED 2588 02:07:37,135 --> 02:07:40,305 TO MOVE THIS FORWARD AND THEN 2589 02:07:40,305 --> 02:07:46,211 FINALLY I WANT TO THANK THE 2590 02:07:46,211 --> 02:07:47,512 RACIAL HEALTH DISPARITIES 2591 02:07:47,512 --> 02:07:49,548 COMMITTEE AND EVERYONE AS A 2592 02:07:49,548 --> 02:07:51,750 WHOLE FOR ALLOWING US TO HAVE 2593 02:07:51,750 --> 02:07:52,584 THIS PANEL DISCUSSION. 2594 02:07:52,584 --> 02:07:56,855 ANYTHING ELSE YOU WANT TO ADD? 2595 02:07:56,855 --> 02:07:59,191 >> A KEY THANK YOU TO ALL OF 2596 02:07:59,191 --> 02:07:59,925 OUR SPEAKERS. 2597 02:07:59,925 --> 02:08:06,431 THIS IS PROBABLY ONE OF THE 2598 02:08:06,431 --> 02:08:07,833 MOST STIMULATING CONVERSATIONS 2599 02:08:07,833 --> 02:08:13,338 I HAVE HAD ALONG THIS LINE AND 2600 02:08:13,338 --> 02:08:14,372 JUST-- 2601 02:08:14,372 --> 02:08:14,840 [INDISCERNIBLE] 2602 02:08:14,840 --> 02:08:16,274 IT SEEMS LIKE AFTER TODAY WE 2603 02:08:16,274 --> 02:08:18,176 STILL HAVE A LOT OF WORK TO DO 2604 02:08:18,176 --> 02:08:20,412 BUT WE ARE ALL COMMITTED TO 2605 02:08:20,412 --> 02:08:22,681 THAT HARD WORK MOVING FORWARD. 2606 02:08:22,681 --> 02:08:32,958 SO REALLY -- 2607 02:08:37,095 --> 02:08:37,829 [INDISCERNIBLE] 2608 02:08:37,829 --> 02:08:42,934 OKAY, THANK YOU ALL. 2609 02:08:42,934 --> 02:08:52,934 BYE, SPEAKERS.