GOOD MORNING AND THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR COMING. I'M REALLY PRIVILEGED TO BE AT THE NIH CAMPUS, I'M REALLY HAPPY TO SEE SO MANY PEOPLE HERE AND ONLINE TO LISTEN TO OUR ROUNDTABLE. MY NAME IS TERESA SILVINA, I'M THE NEW ILAR DIRECTOR. ALSO CURRENTLY THE DIRECTOR FOR THE ILAR ROUNDTABLE. AND I'VE BEEN HERE ONE YEAR AS OF OCTOBER 15TH. SO LET ME JUST SHARE A LITTLE BIT OF INFORMATION WITH YOU TO GIVE YOU SOME CONTEXT AS TO WHERE WE ARE AT ILAR. SO BASICALLY SAID ALL THAT, SO LET'S MOVE ON. SO JUST A LITTLE ABOUT THE NATIONAL ACADEMY. SO WE ARE A 501(C)3 NON-PROFIT AND WE SEEK SUPPORT TO SUPPORT ALL OF OUR ACTIVITIES, AND THE ACTIVITIES WE DO RANGE FROM PROVIDING INDEPENDENT SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ADVICE AND ACTIVITIES FOR THE COMMUNITY AT LARGE, BE IT FEDERAL, STATE, OTHER NGOs OR FOUNDATIONS, THE ACADEMIC COMMUNITY. WE ARE HERE FOR YOU, AND WE LOVE TO HEAR FROM YOU ABOUT WHAT YOU THINK AND WHAT YOU NEED. WE DO NOT LOBBY AND WE DO NOT ADVOCATE. THE TYPES OF ACTIVITIES WE DO RANGE FROM CONSENSUS STUDIES, THE MOST POPULAR DOCUMENT YOU'RE FAMILIAR WITH IS THE GUIDE FOR THE CARE AND USE OF LABORATORY ANIMALS. WE ALSO DO CONVENING ACTIVITIES AND THE ACADEMIES HAS PUBLIC PRODUCTS AND EVENT THAT WE DO ACROSS THE ACADEMIES AND SCIENCES, ENGINEERING AND MEDICINE. THE ILAR, THE INSTITUTE FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL RESEARCH, WAS ORGANIZED IN 1953, SO WE'RE UP TO 66 YEARS NOW IN 2019. THERE'S A GREAT PAPER BY TOM POLFLE, ONE OF THE 2003 ILAR JOURNALS, AND JUST SO YOU KNOW THAT THE GUIDE FOR THE CARE AND USE OF LABORATORY ANIMALS IS IN ITS 8TH EDITION. EDITION OF THAT, WHATEVER IT MIGHT LOOK LIKE. WE DON'T KNOW YET. AND IT'S A VERY INFLUENTIAL DOCUMENT USED ACROSS RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS AND IT HAS IMPACT ON FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AS WELL AS IT'S USED LOCALLY BY INSTITUTIONS. SO ILAR HAS THIS ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE NOW. SO WE HAVE OW NEW ILAR COUNCIL WHICH WAS FORMED IN 2019. WE HAVE OUR ILAR JOURNAL WHICH HAS BEEN AROUND FOR A LONG TIME, AND WE HAVE THE ROUNDTABLE ON SCIENCE AND WELFARE IN LABORATORY ANIMAL USE, WHICH IS WHERE YOU ARE TODAY, AND THEN HERE WE HAVE THE ANIMAL RESEARCH COMMUNITY. SO THIS IS ALL INTERACTIVE NOW, WE WANT TO INTEGRATE THESE ACTIVITIES AS MUCH AS WE CAN AND BE MUCH MORE AVAILABLE AND OPEN TO COMMUNICATION AND FEEDBACK. SO WE HAVE A NEW ILAR COUNCIL LIKE I SAID, IT'S 13 MEMBERS, AND WE'VE EXPANDED FROM JUST LABORATORY ANIMAL CARE AND USE TO INCLUDE WILDLIFE AND WILDLIFE CONSERVATION AS WELL AS THE ONE HEALTH PARADIGM. WE'RE GOING TO BE RUNNING NOMINATIONS FOR NEW ILAR COUNCIL MEMBERS. IT SHOULD COME OUT NEXT WEEK -- OH, NO, IT'S THIS WEEK ALREADY. IT SHOULD COME OUT LATER THIS WEEK, AFTER THE WORKSHOP. SO IF YOU HAVE NEWS FEEDS, PLEASE FEEL FREE TO SPREAD TO YOUR NEWS FEEDS AND OTHER COLLEAGUES AND WE ARE RECRUITING FOR APPOINTEES IN ALL THREE AREAS OF LAB ANIMAL, WILDLIFE AND ONE HEALTH. OUR ILAR JOURNAL AND OUR EDITORIAL BOARD ARE AWESOME. WE HAVE A SIX-MEMBER TEAM, THE EDITORIAL BOARD, AND WE PUBLISH THREE ILAR JOURNALS A YEAR. ROUNDTABLE SPONSORS. WE HAVE 30 ROUNDTABLE SPONSORS THAT WE LOVE AND WE HOLD DEAR TO OUR HEART, AND HERE IS WHO THEY ARE AND WHERE THEY ARE. WE HAVE ONE REPRESENTATIVE FROM EACH SPONSOR. ILAR ROUNDTABLE WAS STARTED IN 2014 SO WE'RE INTO YEAR FIVE. IT'S A PAID MEMBERSHIP, AND WE HAVE AN ELECTED SEVEN-MEMBER EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. THERE'S BEEN EIGHT PUBLIC WEBCASTED FREE WORKSHOPS SO FAR IN THAT FIVE YEARS, AND THE MEMBERS, THE SPONSOR MEMBERS CHOOSE THE TOPICS AND THE ACTIVITIES. WE'RE GOING TO HAVE A BUSINESS MEETING ON WEDNESDAY, AFTER THE END OF THIS WORKSHOP, AND WE'LL BE SELECTING -- HOPEFULLY SELECTING THE 2020 WORKSHOPS. SO THIS IS SPECIAL WORKSHOP SPONSORSHIP. SO I REALLY WANT TO EXTEND MY GRATITUDE TO THE NIH EVENTS MANAGEMENT, MARY CONWAY AND JANET STEVENS. I DON'T THINK EITHER OF YOU ARE HERE TODAY. BUT WE REALLY APPRECIATE EVERYTHING YOU'VE GONE THROUGH TO MAKE THIS POSSIBLE ON THE NIH CAMPUS. ALSO JILL ASHER, WHERE'S JILL? JILL IS HERE. THERE'S JILL. JILL HAS BEEN AWESOME. SHE IS AWESOME. AND SHE'S DONE A WHOLE LOT TO MAKE THIS HAPPEN. SHE IS CURRENTLY VICE CHAIR OF THE ROUNDTABLE AND -- WHAT? WEDNESDAY. WEDNESDAY. YOU'LL BECOME THE CHAIR WEDNESDAY. YEAH, SO WHENEVER. I THINK IT'S WEDNESDAY. IF NOT, IT COULD BE TODAY TOO. THAT'S FINE. YOU ARE MOST WELCOME. TALK TO BOB. BOB IS HERE. WE'VE GOT TO DO THE AGENDA YET. ALSO PAT BROWN, PAT, WE LOVE YOU, THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR YOUR SPONSORSHIP. WE REALLY APPRECIATE IT. WE WOULDN'T BE ABLE TO DO ALL THIS IF IT WASN'T FOR NIH. AND THEN THE NIH OFFICE OF ANIMAL CARE AND USE, AND I KNOW STEVEN IS HERE, THANK YOU SO MUCH. CAN WE JUST HAVE A SHORT APPLAUSE? [APPLAUSE] THANK YOU. WE DO HAVE OTHER CONTRIBUTORS, SO THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE, LATTE, LABORATORY ANIMAL TRAINING EXCHANGE AND KU SOFTWARE. AND HERE'S OUR SPECIAL THANKS TO JILL. JILL IS SO AWESOME. AND THEN WE HAVE ONE MORE. AMANDA PURCELL. THIS IS AMANDA. AMANDA IS FROM THE BOARD ON ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES AND CLIMATE AT THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES, AND SHE STEPPED IN RATHER LATE IN THE PROGRAM, AND SHE WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR WORKING WITH THE PLANNING COMMITTEE AND SHE JUST DID A TERRIFIC JOB. WE'RE REALLY PLEASED TO HAVE HER. I WISH I COULD KEEP HER. ANYWAY, WITHOUT FURTHER ADO, I WANT TO THANK BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE FOR ALLOWING US TO USE THEIR PHOTOON THE COMMUNICATIONS ON THE ILAR ROUNDTABLE. I HAVE OTHER THINGS TO SAY. I'M SORRY. SO WE'RE JUST COMING BACK FROM THE NATIONAL ALAS MEETING. NANCY IS ANOTHER ONE, SUPERSTAR COMMUNICATIONS DIRECTOR FOR THE DIVISION OF EARTH AND LIFE STUDIES. NANCY HAS BEEN HELPING ME AND THE ILAR TEAM PULL TOGETHER COMMUNICATIONS ON MARKETING AND TO REALLY TRY TO GET THE WORD OUT TO THE COMMUNITY AS TO WHAT OUR FUTURE IS GOING TO LOOK LIKE. SO NANCY, 25% DISCOUNT ON ALL ILAR PUBLIC -- PRINTED PUBLICATIONS. THEY'RE ALL FREE AS A PDF DOWNLOAD BUT 25% OFF NOW UNTIL I DON'T KNOW WHEN. NEW ILAR BROCHURE. PLEASE HELP YOURSELF TO THESE MATERIALS, AND LAST BUT NOT LEAST, PLEASE TAKE OUR SURVEY, WHICH IS OUT BY THE BIG COLUMN, RIGHT BESIDE THE BANNER NANCY MADE THAT SAYS WE NEED YOU. AND IT'S A QUICK SURVEY, TWO-MINUTE SURVEY, AND BASICALLY WHAT IT IS IS ABOUT 10 OR 12 OF THE ILAR JOURNAL THEMES THAT HAVE BEEN PROPOSED FOR THE ILAR JOURNAL THE NEXT THREE YEARS. AND SO WE WANT TO PRIORITIZE THOSE AND SEE WHAT THE COMMUNITY NEEDS, SO BASICALLY ALL YOU HAVE TO DO IS FLIP THROUGH AND PICK YOUR TOP THREE. AND THEN, YOU GET A CHANCE TO WIN ONE YEAR FREE SUBSCRIPTION TO THE ILAR JOURNAL. HARD COPY. I THINK THAT'S ALL. SORRY I TOOK SO LONG. AND THANK YOU AGAIN. [APPLAUSE] >> I DON'T HAVE SLIDES. SO THANKS SO MUCH, I'M AMANDA PURCELL, STAFF OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES AND CURRENTLY ON LOAN TO ILAR TO PLAN THIS WORKSHOP SO FIRST I JUST WANTED TO START BY THANKING THE PLANNING COMMITTEE MEMBERS, A FEW OF WHICH YOU'LL HEAR FROM IN JUST A FEW MINUTES. AS TERESA MENTIONED, THE TYPES OF ACTIVITIES AT THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES ARE ALL BUILT ON VOLUNTEER PARTICIPATION AND SO THANK YOU ALL FOR COMING TODAY AND VOLUNTEERING YOUR TIME AND ESPECIALLY TO THE PLANNING COMMITTEE MEMBER FORCE ALL OF THEIR THOUGHTS IN PLANNING AND COUNTLESS PHONE CALLS OVER THE LAST FEW MONTHS PULLING THIS TOGETHER, SO REALLY APPRECIATE EVERYONE'S PARTICIPATION. SO A COUPLE OF LOGISTICAL NOTES BEFORE WE OFFICIALLY KICK THINGS OFF. SO FIRST YOU'LL NOTICE WE ARE USING MICROPHONES AND THAT'S BECAUSE WE ARE WEBCASTING AND RECORDING THE WORKSHOP SO THAT WE CAN POST THAT FOR ANYONE WHO WASN'T ABLE TO PARTICIPATE HERE OVER THE NEXT TWO DAYS SO WE WILL ENCOURAGE EVERYBODY TO USE THE MICROPHONES PARTICULARLY DURING THE Q & A AND I WILL BE DOING A LOT OF STAIR RUNNING TO MAKE SURE THAT YOU GET THE MICROPHONES. WE'LL ALSO BE PUBLISHING PROCEEDINGS AFTER THE WORKSHOP WHICH IS JUST A SUMMARY OF WHAT ACTUALLY IS DISCUSSED AT THE WORKSHOP AND SO THAT WILL BE A FORMAL PRINT PUBLICATION AVAILABLE FOR FREE DOWNLOAD FROM THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS AND WE'LL MAKE SURE TO LET EVERYBODY KNOW WHEN THAT'S AVAILABLE IN THE COMING MONTHS. FOR EVERYONE WHO IS ON THE WEB, WE WILL BE MONITORING THE ILAR ROUNDTABLE EMAIL ADDRESS SO IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS YOU WANTED TO GET INTO THE DISCUSSIONS, THEN WE'LL HAVE A SLIDE THAT WILL GO UP AND IT'S ALSO ON THE AGENDA, ILAR-ROUNDTABLE AT NAS.EDU SO FEEL FREE TO SUBMIT YOUR QUESTIONS THERE. FOR EVERYONE IN PERSON, ALL OF MY NOTES ABOUT IMPORTANT LOGISTICS, YOU'VE SEEN ALREADY ON YOUR WAY IN, BUT COFFEE, BATHROOMS, AND FIRE EXIT YOU ALL PASSED OP YOUR WAY IN. SO I THINK THAT THAT'S PRETTY MUCH ALL FOR MY LOGISTICAL NOTES OTHER THAN PLEASE SILENCE YOUR CELL PHONES AS SORT OF A FINAL PARTING NOTE. SO NOW I THINK I'M GOING TO TURN THINGS OVER TO OUR ACTUAL PLANNING COMMITTEE LEADERSHIP TO KICK THINGS OFF OFFICIALLY. >> MORNING, EVERYONE. THOSE OF YOU ONLINE AS WELL. THANKS FOR COMING TO THIS VERY IMPORTANT WORKSHOP ON THE HUMAN-ANIMAL INTERACTION IN THE RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT. SO I'M BRUCE KENNEDY FROM CHAPMAN UNIVERSITY. I AM A MEMBER OF THE ROUNDTABLE FROM ITS INCEPTION SEVERAL YEARS AGO. MANY OF THE ROUNDTABLE TOPICS THAT WE'VE ADDRESSED IN THE PAST YEARS HAVE DEALT WITH MORE SCIENTIFIC ISSUES, MORE THINGS ABOUT THE ANIMALS THEMSELVES. NOW WE'RE GOING TO BE DEALING TO A LARGE DEGREE WITH THE TWO-LEGGED ANIMAL, THE HUMAN ANIMAL COMPONENT OF WORKING IN RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT. WE DISCUSSED THIS A YEAR AGO IN THE ROUNDTABLE MEETING THAT WAS HELD IN WASHINGTON, D.C. AT THAT TIME, AND HERE IT IS A YEAR LATER, WE'RE ACTUALLY GOING TO MAKE IT HAPPEN AT THIS TIME. THAT'S VERY REWARDING FOR ME THAT WE'VE MANAGED TO GET IT TOGETHER AND HAVE A GREAT LINEUP OF SPEAKERS ON A LOT OF DIFFERENT TOPICS FROM THE ORIGINAL CONCEPTS OF WHAT HUMAN ANIMAL BONDING AND COMPASSION FATIGUE AND THING LIKE THAT WERE FOR PERSONS WORKING IN ANIMAL FACILITIES. SO THERE WE ARE. THANK YOU FOR BEING HERE. APPRECIATE IT. >> WE'LL HEAR FROM PRESTON A LITTLE BIT LATER, BUT PRESTON, BRUCE AND I REALLY HAVE BEEN WORKING ON THIS PRETTY INTENSIVELY FOR THE LAST YEAR ACTUALLY, SINCE THE END OF THE LAST CONFERENCE ON THE MARK MARMOSETS, RECENTLY HAD ADDITIONAL PEOPLE JOINING US, WHO HAVE BEEN SO HELPFUL, SO REALLY THANK YOU TO EVERYBODY FOR HELPING US PUT THIS TOGETHER ALSO THANK YOU TO ALL THE SPEAKERS JOINING US TODAY BECAUSE WE'RE REALLY EXCITED TO HEAR FROM EVERYBODY. TALKING ABOUT KIND OF WHERE THIS ALL STARTED, THE GENESIS OF IT, BRUCE HAD MENTIONED KIND OF TALKING THROUGH THE HUMAN-ANIMAL BOND AND WHERE THAT CAME FROM. I THINK EVERYBODY IN THIS AUDIENCE IS REALLY FAMILIAR WITH WHAT THE HUMAN-ANIMAL BOND IS AND THE POSITIONTIVE THINGS POSITIVE THING S, MUTUALLY BENEFICIAL INFLUENCED BEHAVIORS, WE'RE GOING TO HEAR A LOT MORE ABOUT THAT IN AN UPCOMING TALK, BUT THEN THERE'S ALSO -- THERE'S HUMAN-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS WHICH CAN BE COMPLICATED TOO. THIS IS ONE WHERE -- I WANT TO GIVE A SHOUT OUT TO RANDY, OUR GLOBAL HEALTH PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, HE GOT SOME PRETTY AMAZING PICTURES. THIS IS A HUMAN-ANIMAL INTERACTION WHICH COULD BE DANGEROUS. THIS PERSON THOUGHT IT WAS GREAT THAT SHE HAD ALL THESE BANANAS AND SHE WOULD TAKE THEM TO A PLACE WHERE ALL THESE MACAQUES WERE HANGING OUT AND SHE GOT HERSELF IN QUITE A PREDICAMENT. REALLY WHAT WE ARE GOING TO TALK ABOUT TODAY ARE SOME OF THESE COMPLEX RELATIONSHIPS OF HUMAN-ANIMAL INTERACTION. SO IT DOES INVOLVE THE HUMAN-ANIMAL BOND BUT IT'S NOT THE SAME AS YOUR PET, THESE ARE THE COMPLICATED ONES WHERE WE WANT TO GO INTO MORE IN DEPTH CONVERSATIONS AND THINK ABOUT THIS BECAUSE THEY ARE COMPLICATED AND THERE'S A LOT OF DIFFERENT EMOTIONS AND FEELINGS THAT COME OUT WITH THEM. PRIMARILY TODAY AND THE IN EX-TWO DAYS ARE GOING TO BE TALKING ABOUT RESEARCH TESTING, WE'RE NOT GOING TO BE TALKING ON THE FOOD, WE HAVE A LITTLE ON THE ENTERTAINMENT BUT IT IS THESE COMPLICATED RELATIONSHIPS WHERE WE'RE INTERACTING WITH ANIMALS THAT ARE NOT KIND OF THE PROTOTYPICAL HUMAN-ANIMAL BOND OF THE PET THAT YOU HAVE IN YOUR HOUSEHOLD, WE WANT TO GET A LITTLE MORE IN DEPTH EXPOSURE TO WHAT THAT LOOKS LIKE. SO THIS IS KIND OF JUST LOOKING AT THIS ALSO, BIG THING OBVIOUSLY COMING UP WITH THIS IS THIS TOPIC OF COMPASSION FATIGUE. AND IT'S REALLY A DIFFICULT TOPIC BECAUSE I THINK THE WORDS COMPASSION FATIGUE ARE JUST FATIGUING IN AND OF THEMSELVES, RIGHT? YOU JUST SAY IT AND IT INSTANTLY HAS A HEAVY WEIGHT ASSOCIATED WITH IT. OUR OTHER GOAL WITH THIS WORKSHOP IS AT THE END COME OUT WITH THIS RESILIENCY COMPONENT. WE'RE TRYING TO FIGURE OUT HOW WE HELP EACH OTHER THROUGH SOME OF THESE THINGS AND SOME OF THESE CONFLICTING COMPLEX RELATIONSHIPS. SO THERE IS KIND OF THIS OLD SCHOOL WHAT WE CALL THE OLD SCHOOL MYTH OF ON JECTIVITY, THE STOICISM THAT A LOT OF US WERE BROUGHT INTO THIS INDUSTRY WITH, AND THIS IS ACROSS HEALTH PROFESSIONS, THIS IS NOT SPECIFIC FOR PEOPLE DEALING WITH ANIMALS OR ANYTHING, IT'S PEOPLE DEALING WITH CAREGIVING AND THE FACT THAT PREVIOUSLY, THE STOICISM WAS THOUGHT TO REALLY HELP PEOPLE POWER THROUGH THIS. LIKE IF YOU'RE TAKING CARE OF SOMEONE WHO'S SICK OR SOMETHING, IF YOU KEEP YOUR DISTANCE AND REMAIN OBJECTIVE, YOU'RE GOING TO BE BETTER OFF. HONESTLY, WE NEED TO RECOGNIZE THAT THAT WORKS FOR SOME PEOPLE BUT WE ALSO NEED TO RECOGNIZE THAT IT DOESN'T WORK FOR EVERYBODY. AND SO WHAT WE NEED TO DO IS MAKE SURE THAT WE'RE ALSO THINKING ABOUT FOR THE PEOPLE THAT IT DOESN'T WORK FOR, THE PEOPLE WHO ARE REALLY IMPACTED BY THEIR JOBS, AND HONESTLY, THIS COULD BE YOU ONE DAY OR YOU COULD BE STOKE ONE DAY OR YOU STOIC ONE DA Y -- YOU MAY GO BACK AND FORTH AND REALLY WE NEED TO BE SURE THAT WE CAN ACCOMMODATE MULTIPLE PEOPLE WHO MAY BE HAVING DIFFERENT FEELINGS AND EMOTIONS. SO THIS IS KIND OF JUST WHAT WE'VE ESTABLISHED AND I KNOW IT'S PROBABLY NOT EVEN THAT IMPORTANT FOR THIS AUDIENCE BECAUSE I THINK WE'RE ALL COMING FROM A COMMON BACKGROUND BUT WE'VE DONE A FEW OF THESE PRESENTATIONS ON THE COMPASSION FATIGUE AND STUFF AND WE'VE REALLY FOUND THAT THEY CAN BE A PRETTY SENSITIVE TOPIC AND THEY CAN BRING UP SOME PRETTY INTENSE EMOTIONS, SO JUST FOR EVERYBODY TO BE REALLY PATIENT WITH EACH OTHER AND LISTEN AND BE RESPECTFUL BECAUSE SOME PEOPLE LIKE WE TALKED ABOUT IN THE PREVIOUS SLIDE DEAL WITH THESE DIFFERENTLY AND SO REALLY GIVING EACH OTHER ROOM TO EXPERIENCE THESE IN DIFFERENT WAYS IS REALLY IMPORTANT. WE WILL HAVE LOTS OF TIME FOR DISCUSSION AT THE END. THIS IS OUR SCHEDULE FOR THE NEXT TWO DAYS. I HAVE TO SAY I'M SO EXCITED WITH OUR LINEUP OF SPEAKERS BECAUSE WE HAVE PEOPLE WHO ARE VERY WELL ESTABLISHED IN THE FIELD WITH TONS OF EXPERIENCE AND WE HAVE PEOPLE WHO ARE NEW IN THE FIELD AND REALLY JUST EXPLORING NEW OPTIONS. I FEEL LIKE WE'VE RUN THE FULL GAMUT AND WE HAVE SO MUCH VARIETY, IT'S GOING TO BE SO EXCITING TO HEAR EVERYTHING THAT EERYONE HAS TO SHARE. SO HOPEFULLY YOU HAVE YOUR PROGRAMS, I'M NOT GOING TO GO THROUGH THEM IN DETAIL, AND YOU'VE GOT YOUR LISTS OF ABSTRACTS AND SPEAKERS WHICH, LIKE I SAY, I'M SUPER EXCITED ABOUT. SO WE WILL GO AHEAD AND GET STARTED WITH OUR FIRST SESSION, AND AGAIN, SHOUT OUT TO RANDY FOR THESE AMAZING PICTURES BUT I THINK THEY'RE SPECTACULAR. WE'RE GOING TO TALK ABOUT THE HUMAN-ANIMAL BOND, SESSION 1, WE HAVE TWO INCREDIBLY STRONG SPEAKERS TO START OWRT OUT WITH, I WOULD LIKE TO INTRODUCE DR. BONNIE BEAVER, TEXAS A & M UNIVERSITY. HER BIOIS REALLY IMPRESSIVE, IF YOU HAVE A CHANCE TO LOOK AT IT IN THE PROGRAM. BUT THE ONE THING THAT I PERSONALLY JUST WANTED TO POINT OUT IS IN 2001, BONNIE RECEIVED THE LEO BUSTAD VETERINARIAN OF THE YEAR AWARD, WHICH IS A GREAT TRIBUTE TO WHAT WE'RE TALKING ABOUT TODAY AND I THINK SHE MIGHT EVEN MENTIONLY OWE WAS MENTION LEO, RAO HE WILL I THE PERSON THAT THAT COINED THE TERM THE HUMAN-ANIMAL BOND, BUT THE REST OF YOU CAN SEE IN HER BIO AND SHE ALSO RUNS A PRIVATE CONSULTING COMPANY, THE BEAVER CONSULTING COMPANY, ANIMAL BEHAVIORIST. I'M REALLY LOOKING FORWARD TO HER SHARING HER TALK HERE ON THE HUMAN-ANIMAL BOND. >> THANK YOU AND WELCOME TO THE ROUNDTABLE. FOR THOSE OF YOU WHO ARE NEW TO THE CONCEPT OF HAVING THESE ROUNDTABLES, VERY EXCITING TO BE PART OF IT. I WANTED TO TALK ABOUT THE HUMAN-ANIMAL BOND IN THE BROAD PERSPECTIVE SO THAT WE CAN THEN NARROW IT DOWN MORE INTO THE AREAS THAT SALLY WAS TALKING ABOUT. BY DEFINITION, THE HUMAN-ANIMAL BOND IS MUTUALLY BENEFICIAL IN DYNAMIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PEOPLE AND ANIMALS THAT IS INFLUENCED BY BEHAVIORS ESSENTIAL TO THE HEALTH AND WELL-BEING OF BOTH. THAT INCLUDES, AMONG OTHER THINGS, EMOTIONAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, AND PHYSICAL INTERACTIONS WITH PEOPLE, ANIMALS, AND THE ENVIRONMENT. IF WOULD WE GO BACK HISTORICALLY, THE VERY EARLY INTERACTIONS STARTED WHEN THE ANCIENT PEOPLES DEPENDED ON WILD ANIMALS BASICALLY FOR FOOD, CLOTHING, SHELTER, AND TO BASICALLY TAKE CARE OF THEIR NEEDS. THIS WAS HUNTER GATHERER SOCIETY, IT'S EXISTED ROUGHLY 2 MILLION YEARS, AND THAT EXISTED FOR A VERY, VERY LONG TIME. ANIMALS STARTED TO BE DOMESTICATED APPROXIMATELY 10,000 YEARS AGO, LET'S SAY UP TO 15, MAYBE EVEN 20 IN SOME CASES, PARTICULARLY IF YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT THE DOGS. BUT THAT LED TO A MORE RESTRICTED LIFESTYLE, AND SO PEOPLE THEN WERE GOING TO CHANGE HOW THEY INTERACTED WITH ANIMALS. IT WAS HELPFUL TO HAVE ANIMALS CLOSE BY. WE DIDN'T GO OUT TO HUNT THEM ANYMORE BECAUSE WE DON'T TRAVEL, WE LIVE IN OUR SMALL COMMUNITY, THEREFORE, IF THE ANIMAL IS CLOSE, IT WORKS A LOT BETTER. BUT AGAIN, THE ANIMALS CONTINUED TO PROVIDE MUCH OF WHAT HUMANS NEEDED. YES, THERE WERE GRAINS BUT THAT WAS A SMALLER PART OF THE DIET THAN IT IS COMPARED TO WHAT WE THINK OF NOW. SOCIETY HAS VIEWED ANIMALS IN A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT WAYS. TYPICALLY, FOUR MAJOR VISIONS THAT RESEARCHERS WILL TALK ABOUT, AND ALL OF THOSE CONTINUED TO SOME EXTENT. WE HAVE OLDER ONES, WE HAVE NEWER ONES THAT HAVE BEEN ADDED BUT THERE STILL IS A COMBINATION OF THEM EXISTING TODAY. THE OLDEST ONE HAS BEEN CALLED PASTORALISM AND THAT BASICALLY DATES BACK AT LEAST AS FAR AS DOMESTICATION, PERHAPS EVEN LONGER THAN THAT. IT CONSISTS OF TWO PRIMARY COMPONENTS. THE FIRST OF THESE COMPONENTS IS THAT ANIMALS ARE ALLOWED TO BE USED IN CERTAIN PURPOSES AND UNDER CERTAIN CONVENTIONS. AND SO THESE THINGS HAVE TO BE MET. THEY HAVE TO HAVE A DAY OF REST AND THEY HAVE TO HAVE HUMANE SLAUGHTER IF THEY'RE GOING TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH EATEN/FOOD. THE SECOND OF THOSE COMPONENTS IS THAT THERE MUST BE DILIGENT CARE FOR THE ANIMAL. SO THERE IS AN EMPHASIS ON THE ANIMAL AND TAKING CARE OF IT, IF YOU WILL, PROPERLY. A SECOND SOCIETAL VIEW OF ANIMALS HAS BEEN CALLED ROMANTICISM, AND THIS IS KIND OF A BROADER VIEW OF HOW ANIMALS ARE THOUGHT. WE SEE IT DEPICTED IN CONTEMPORARY ART. IF YOU GO BACK BEFORE ABOUT 1600, WE FIND THAT ANIMALS WERE USED IN THE ART AS A DECORATION. SO IT WAS SOMETHING TO HAVE AROUND. THIS IS HOW PEOPLE KIND OF THOUGHT ABOUT THEM. BUT IF WE LOOK AT ART AFTER 1600, THE ANIMALS BECAME PRIMARY SUBJECTS. THE EMPHASIS SHIFTED FROM HOORS MY HERE'S MY PORTRAIT, IF YOU WILL, TO BE HERE IS NATURE. WE SAW THE EMPHASIS SHIFTED WITH ANIMALS SHOWING UP. BUT WE ALSO SAW IN THAT ART THAT ANIMALS WERE DEPICTED AS SHOWING EMOTION. SO JUST THE LITTLE UPCLICK IN THE MOUTH MADE THEM SMILE, SO THAT'S HOW WE PERCEIVED THEM AS SHOWING SOME KIND OF EMOTION. WE ALSO SAW THAT WHEN PEOPLE WERE INCLUDED IN THAT ART, THAT THOSE THAT SHOWED SOME KIND OF AN EMPATHY TOWARD ANIMALS WERE VIEWED AS GOOD PEOPLE. AND SO AGAIN, THE ANIMAL KIND OF IS USED TO DEPICT HOW WE AS PEOPLE SHOULD BE VIEWED. THE THIRD TYPE OF MAJOR SOCIETAL IMAGE BASICALLY SAYS THAT IF YOU LIVE OFF THE LAND, YOU'RE A GOOD PERSON. SO FARMING IS GOOD, IT BRINGS OUT THE BEST OF PEOPLE, WE WORK WITH NATURE AND THEY FEEL THAT PEOPLE HAVE AN INNATE PROGRAM, IF YOU WILL, TO BE KIND AND LIVE IN HARMONY WITH NATURE, WITH ANIMALS, ALL THINGS THAT ARE ACCEPTED IN NATURE. ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE OF THAT, CITY LIFE IS BAD. IT LEADS TO CORRUPTION. IT LEADS TO DISORDER. DRUNKENNESS BRINGS OUT THE WORST OF PEOPLE. YOU'RE AIL NEATED, YOU'RE ISOLATED, SO WE SEE THAT CITY IS BAD, COUNTRY IS GOOD. THINK OF THE AMERICAN GOTHIC PICTURE OR THE DRAWING ARTWORK OF THE AMERICAN GOTHIC. THEN COMES INDUSTRIALIZATION. THIS HAPPENS BASICALLY AFTER WORLD WAR II BECAUSE WE LEARNED HOW TO MASS PRODUCE THINGS DURING THE WAR. AND THAT MEANS PROGRESS. SO NOW, PROGRESS, HOW DO WE GET IT? THIS BECOMES OUR GOAL, IF YOU WILL. SO SCIENCE, THEN, IS A KEY TO MAKING THINGS BETTER. AND THAT ALLOWS PROGRESS. SO WHEN WE THINK ABOUT THAT, POST WORLD WAR II, WHEN WE LOOK AT PRODUCTIVITY, WE NOW CAN SEE NOT ONLY IS THERE A SHIFT OF HUMANS TO THE CITIES, BUT WE HAVE TO GROW MORE FOOD WITH FEWER FARMERS, AND WE'VE GOT TO GET THAT FOOD TO THE CUSTOMER WHO LIVES IN THE CITY. NOT CLOSE TO THE FARM ANYMORE, THEY'RE NOT GROWING THEIR OWN FOOD. SO WE HAVE TO DEVISE THINGS LIKE REFRIGERATORS, WE HAVE TO DEVISE THINGS LIKE LARGE TRACTORS AND HARVESTERS BECAUSE WE HAVE FEWER FARM WORKERS. SO NOW IN ORDER TO BE PRODUCTIVE AND MAKE WHAT'S NECESSARY BY THE CONSUMER, INDUSTRIALIZATION BECOMES MORE COMMON. THAT ALSO THEN STARTS SHIFTING THE VIEW THAT WE HAVE TO DO INDUSTRIALIZATION TECHNIQUES, IF YOU WILL, ASSOCIATED WITH OUR ANIMALS. WHR IT IS WHETHER IT IS RAISING MASSIVE NUMBER OF ANIMALS ON FARMS WHICH LED TO THE FACTORY FARM PHRASE, OR WHETHER THAT, IN FACT, SAYS SCIENCE NEEDS TO BRING IN LOTS OF ANIMALS BECAUSE WE NEED THE STATISTICAL MODELS AND SO ON, AND WE'VE GOT LOTS OF RESEARCH, WE NEED TO ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS SO WE CAN SHOW MORE PROGRESS. WE SHIFT FROM SOCIETY TO INDIVIDUAL VIEWS. STEPHEN KELLERT CAME UP IN 1980 WITH EIGHT UNIQUE WAYS THAT PEOPLE VIEW ANIMALS. NOW, THESE VIEWS MAY CHANGE OVER TIME, WE WILL SEE THAT WE HAVE DIFFERENT VIEWS ABOUT DIFFERENT SPECIES, BUT WE START WITH THE AESTHETIC VIEW. AND THE AESTHETIC VIEW, THESE ARE GIVEN IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER WITH NO PERCENT OF INDIVIDUALS LOOKING AT ANY ONE VIEW. THE AESTHETIC VIEW SAYS THAT THE PRIMARY INTEREST IS IN THE ESTHETICS OR THE SYMBOLIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ANIMAL. THEY LOOK GOOD. THEY REFLECT ON MY PERSONALITY. THIS IS ME IN ANIMAL FORM. THE DOMINIONISTIC VIEW IS THAT THE SATISFACTION OF BEING WITH THAT ANIMAL IS BEING ABLE TO DOMINATE IT, MASTER IT, CONTROL IT, AND THIS IS TYPICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH SPORTING EVENT. RACING, RODEO, AND THOSE KINDS OF THINGS. ECOLOGISTIC VIEW IS CENTERED ON THE ENVIRONMENT. WE'RE TALKING ECOLOGY. SO THE ENVIRONMENT AND THINGS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ENVIRONMENT ARE IMPORTANT. IT ISN'T THAT THE ANIMAL AS AN INDIVIDUAL IS IMPORTANT, IT'S HOW IT FITS INTO THAT ENVIRONMENT. SO THE SEAL WITH THE PLASTIC TRAPPED AROUND ITS NECK IS SAYING THAT THE ENVIRONMENT IS POLLUTED AND, THEREFORE, IT IS HURTING PARTS OF THAT ENVIRONMENT. THE HUMANISTIC VIEW IS WHAT MANY OF US THINK OF WHEN WE THINK OF THE HUMAN ANIMAL BOND. THIS IS WHERE OUR PRIMARY INTEREST IS IN THAT INDIVIDUAL ANIMAL. WE HAVE A STRONG INTEREST IN IT, WE HAVE AN AFFECTION FOR THAT ANIMAL. AND SO THIS IS WHERE THE FOCUS FOR PETS WILL COME. WE HAVE A NEGATIVISTIC VIEW. THEY DON'T LIKE, ARE AFRAID OF, FEAR ANIMALS. SO THEY OFTEN WILL DO BAD THINGS ON PURPOSE BECAUSE THEY DON'T LIKE THOSE PARTICULAR ANIMALS. THERE'S ALSO A NEUTRAL VIEW, BECAUSE THERE ARE SOME PEOPLE WHO COULD CARE LESS ONE WAY OR THE OTHER ABOUT ANIMALS, THEY REALLY HAVE NO FEELING FOR THEM, THERE'S JUST NO INTEREST, THEY'RE INDIFFERENT. THERE'S A SCIENTISTIV VIEW. IC VIEW. IN THAT VIEW, THAT ANIMAL IS BASICALLY A TEST TUBE OR A PETRI DISH. SO THE INTEREST IS IN THE BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING AND PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES, WHAT CAN THAT ANIMAL BRING TO THE STUDY THAT I AM DOING? I CAN REMEMBER WORKING ON A PROJECT WITH NASA AND REPORTING TO A RAT PHYSIOLOGIST ON A DOG PROJECT THAT WE WERE DOING AND THE COMMENT -- ONE OF THE OH, BY THE WAY FINDINGS WAS, WE NOTICE THAT THE DOGS, SOME OF THEM WITH A HIGH RADIATION, CHANGE PERSONALITIES. AND THE RESEARCHER THAT WE WERE REPORTING TO SAID, DO YOU MEAN DOGS HAVE PERSONALITIES? AND IT'S LIKE, YES, AND RATS HAVE PERSONALITIES TOO. SOME PEOPLE DON'T UNDERSTAND THAT. THERE'S A UTILITARIAN VIEW WHERE THE PRIMARY CONCERN HERE IS IN THE PRACTICAL USE AND THE MATERIAL VALUE OF THAT ANIMAL. CAN I GET THE MILK, CAN I GET THE WOOL OR WHATEVER IS NECESSARY. IT ISN'T THAT THE ANIMAL IS -- IT'S IMPORTANT, BUT IT'S IMPORTANT FOR SURVIVAL, IF YOU WILL. SO WHEN WE LOOK AT THESE ANIMALS THEN, WE'RE GOING TO FIND SOME DIFFERENCES WHEN WE LOOK AT THEM INDIVIDUALLY. THE EMPHASIS IN THE VIEW, WHICH ONE IS TAKEN, WILL VARY BY THE SPECIES. AND SO IF WE LOOK AT A LIST THAT WAS DEVELOPED AND RATED, IF YOU LOOK AT THE FIRST TWO COLUMBUS, IN FACT, LOOK AT THE ONE ON THE LEFT, THE BLUE COLUMN, THE CHIMP AND THE MONKEY AND THE DOG AND THE HORSE, HUMAN -- ANIMAL? OKAY. DOLPHIN. THESE ARE ONES THAT WE ARE THE CLOSEST TO, WE ARE THE STRONGEST BONDING TO, BECAUSE THEY'RE CLOSEST TO US. AND THEN THE SECOND COLUMN, THE ANIMALS THAT WE THINK OF IN A VERY FAVORABLE WAY. WE GO TO THE ONES LABELED 2, WE INTERACT WITH THEM, THEY'RE IMPORTANT TO US, WE LIKE THEM, BUT NOT QUITE AT THE SAME LEVEL AS THE FIRST TWO COLUMNS. AND THEN THERE'S THE LAST ONE. MOST OF US ARE NOT TRULY PASSIONATE ABOUT IT. ARANTULAS OR RATS, BEING SHARKS, MOSS? I DON'T KNOW A LOT OF FOLKS THAT REALLY RAISE A LOT OF MOSS ON PURPOSE. BUT THE EMPHASIS ALSO IS GOING TO VARY BY THE TRAITS THAT WE CONSIDER. SO IF YOU LOOK AT ONES THAT ARE USEFUL, WE FIND THAT THE 2B IS USEFUL, TURKEYS AND CHICKENS, WE EAT THEM, THEY'RE GOOD, EARTH WORMS ARE GOOD, LOBSTERS, OKAY. BUT IF WE LOOK AT 3 AND WE LOOK AT SAFE, WELL, COLUMN 3 IS NOT CONSIDERED SAFE. THEY'RE NOT CONSIDERED PARTICULARLY LOVEABLE. THEY'RE NOT CONSIDERED VERY SMART. SO HOW WE VIEW THEM AND WHAT TRAITS WE'RE LOOKING FOR WILL ALSO FOCUS -- CHANGE OUR FOCUS ON WHAT WE VIEW THEM AS. WE ALSO SEE THAT THERE'S AN EMPHASIS THAT WILL CHANGE OVER TIME. AND UNFORTUNATELY, THE STUDY ENDED IN '70 AND I HAVEN'T FOUND OTHER CONTINUATIONS OF THIS, BUT IF WE LOOK AT PEOPLE'S VIEW BY YEARS, WE CAN FIND THAT THERE'S VARIATION. AND IT'S INTERESTING TO NOTICE, WE GET A COUPLE LITTLE BUMPS DURING THE WAR YEARS ON UTILITARIANISM. BUT WE ALSO FIND THAT JUST THE IDEA, THESE CHANGE OVER TIME. AND THIS IS TRUE FOR SOCIETY, BUT IT'S ALSO TRUE FOR INDIVIDUALS. AS YOUR AGE CHANGES, YOU ARE GOING TO LOOK AT ANIMALS IN A DIFFERENT WAY THAN YOU WOULD HAVE AS A YOUNG PERSON. AND SO WE FIND THAT THERE ARE A LOT OF VARIATIONS THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THINGS. FOR EXAMPLE, WHERE YOU LIVE. SO IF WE LOOK AT PEOPLE IN LARGE CITIES, WE FIND THAT THEY HAVE A LOT OF MORAL TRAITS THAT THEY ARE CONCERNED ABOUT. AND THIS IS CERTAINLY EMPHASIZED IN THEIR CONCERN ABOUT IF YOU LOOK AT FOOD ANIMALS AND HOW LIVESTOCK ARE BEING PRODUCED. WE SEE A TREMENDOUS EMPHASIS IN THE LARGE CITIES TOWARD FREE RANGE CHICKENS AS AN EXAMPLE. BUT IF WE LOOK AT MEDIUM SIZED CITIES, THEY TEND NOT TO BE VERY MORALISTIC. IF WE GET INTO THE COUNTRY AND THE SUBURBAN TYPES OF AREAS, THEY'RE MUCH MORE INTO LOOKING AT THE UTILITARIAN KINDS OF VIEW. WE'LL ALSO FIND THAT THE AGE OF THE PERSON MAKES A DIFFERENCE. YOUNGER INDIVIDUALS, FOR EXAMPLE, HAVE A LOT MORE AFFECTION, A LOT MORE INTEREST IN NATURE, AND THEN IN ANIMALS, BOTH WILDLIFE AND PETS. THEY ARE ALSO LESS INCLINED TO VIEW ANIMALS AND NATURE FOR PRACTICAL REASONS. THEY CHERISH THAT ATTACHMENT THAT THEY HAVE. THEY ALSO ARE MORE APT TO BECOME MORE PRAGMATIC TOWARD NATURE AS THEY DEVELOP AND AGE AND TAKE ON FAMILIES AND JOBS. SO THERE'S A LEARNING CURVE, IF YOU WILL, THAT GOES WITH THAT. OLDER PEOPLE TEND TO LOOK AT AND EMPHASIZE MORE OF THE PRACTICAL VALUES OF ANIMALS, WHETHER IT'S COMPANIONSHIP OR USE AS FOOD, FOR EXAMPLE. PEOPLE WITH MORE EDUCATION, THE HIGHER EDUCATED IN COLLEGE AREAS, REGARDLESS OF WHAT THEY STUDIED, TEND TO HAVE MORE CONCERNS ABOUT ETHICAL RELATIONSHIPS WITH ANIMALS AND NATURE. AND THEY ALSO ARE MORE WILLING TO LOOK AT HOW CAN WE PROTECT AND HOW CAN WE ENCOURAGE ENVIRONMENTAL WELL-BEING, IF YOU WILL. THOSE THAT HAVE EXPERIENCE WITH ANIMALS, LIKE PET OWNERS, THEY'RE LESS WILLING TO ACCEPT ANIMAL RESEARCH, AND THEY ALSO KNOW THAT JUST THE CONTACT WITH THAT ANIMAL TENDS TO FOSTER THE ATTACHMENT AND EMPATHY. AND WE'LL COME BACK TO THIS A LITTLE BIT LATER. DIETARY PREFERENCES. VEGETARIANS AND CERTAINLY VEGANS HAVE A LOWER ACCEPTANCE OF ANIMALS USED IN RESEARCH. SO, THE BOND. THAT'S WHAT WE'RE HERE TO TALK ABOUT. THERE'S AN EVIDENCE OF INTERSPECIES BONDING THAT GOES BACK PREDATING LONG BEFORE DOMESTICATION OCCURRED. WE KNOW CERTAINLY IN BURIAL SITES, THEY HAVE FOUND ANIMALS BURIED WITH EU MAN'S HUMANS GOING BACK OVER 400,000 YEARS. SO THIS HAS EXISTED FOR A LONG TIME. IF WE LOOK AT THE ACTUAL HUMAN-ANIMAL BOND CONCEPT, IT ORIGINALLY GOES BACK TO KONRAD LORENZ AND BORIS LEVINSON. THEY'RE GIVEN EQUAL CREDIT FOR ORIGINATING THE CONCEPT. LEO BUSTAD OWE FECIALLY COINED THE PHRASE HUMAN-ANIMAL BOND. SO WHY ARE THE THEORIES THEN THE BOND EXISTS. THE BIOPILIA1 SAYS HUMANS HAVE AN INNATE ATTRACTION, IF YOU WILL, FOR THINGS THAT ARE ALIVE. IT'S LIVING, WE HAVE AN ATTRACTION TO IT. THE ATTACHMENT THEORY BASICALLY IS THE ONE THAT IS USED FOR THE INFANT-MOTHER BOND. AND SO THAT THEN HAS BEEN APPLIED TO ANIMALS AND IS USED TO DESCRIBE THEM. KONRAD LORENZ SAID THERE'S A BASIC PSYCHOSOCIAL MECHANISM RESPONSIBLE FOR THE COOPERATION BETWEEN HUMANS AND ANIMALS. THIS IS DESCRIBED THROUGH THE PROCESS OF TRUSTWORTHINESS. MORTON KRINGELBACH DESCRIBED IT AS A COMPLEX CHOREOGRAPHY OF PRO SOCIAL BEHAVIORS THAT IGNITE SOCIAL SYSTEMS. NOW WE'VE GOT SOME PHYSICAL THINGS THAT WE CAN LOOK AT. THERE ARE CERTAIN PHYSICAL FEATURES THAT HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE CONNECTED WITH THE BOND. AND THEY TEND TO INVOLVE OUR SENSES. SO THE THINGS THAT MAKE INFANTS ATTRACTIVE ARE THE SAME THINGS THAT MAKE ANIMALS ATTRACTIVE. THE BIG EYES, THE ROUNDED HEAD, THE RECESSED CHIN, THE SOFTNESS, EVEN THE SMELL OF BABY BREATH. THINK OF PUPPY BREATH, IF YOU WILL. SO THESE FEATURES STRONGLY ATTRACT OUR ATTENTION. AS WE WILL SEE HERE IN A MINUTE, RAPIDLY FIRING BRAIN ACTIVITY. THE PHYSIOLOGY BEHIND THE BOND STARTS IN THERE'S AN INTERSPECIES POSITIVE FACILITATED LOOP BETWEEN GAZING AND INCREASED OXYTOCIN. THAT ALSO, THEN, SAYS BECAUSE OXYTOCIN GOES UP, CORTISOL GOES DOWN. SO THERE IS A POSITIVE FEELING. THERE ARE ALSO INCREASES IN BRAIN BETA ENDORPHINS, PROLACTIN, FEE NINLACETIC ACID AND DOPAMINE. FEEL-GOOD STUFF. SO IF WE LOOK AT THESE ENDOGENOUS OPIOIDS ACT ON THE VENTRAL STRIATUM ON THE PART OF THE BASAL GANGLIA, AND THAT'S IS THE PART THAT'S INVOLVED WITH REWARD. ALSO WE HAVE A RAPID ACTIVATION OF THE ORBITAL FRONTAL CORTEX WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH EMOTION AND PLEASURE. THIS WILL HAPPEN WITHIN ONE-SEVENTH OF A SECOND OF SEEING SOMETHING CUTE. SO IT'S VERY RAPID. OTHER AREAS OF THE BRAIN THAT ARE ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH CAREGIVING AND BONDING, THESE ALSO BECOME ACTIVATED, VERY COMPLEX INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEM. WE FOLLOW THAT AND LOOK AT DISCUSSIONS THAT ARE GOING ON CERTAINLY WITHIN THE VETERINARY COMMUNITY ON EFFECTIVE STATES OF ANIMALS. HOW DO WE ASSESS WELFARE. AND ONE OF THE AREAS THAT WE LOOK AT WHEN WE TALK ABOUT THE TRIAD OR THE THREE ORIENTATIONS RELATIVE TO WELFARE IS THE EFFECTIVE STATE OF THE ANIMAL. NOW THAT BRINGS IN A WHOLE BUNCH OF COMPLICATING FACTORS. THE BECAUSE THAT INTRODUCES ANTHROPOMORPHISM. I THINK IT'S FAIR TO SAY THAT THE ANIMAL EXPERIENCES SOMETHING. WE DON'T KNOW IF WHAT THEY ARE EXPERIENCING IS THE SAME AS WHAT WE WOULD EXPERIENCE. BUT WE ONLY HAVE OUR OWN LANGUAGE TO DESCRIBE WHAT'S GOING ON. WE CAN'T EVEN BE SURE WHAT OTHER PEOPLE ARE THINKING. NOW I KNOW WHAT YOU GUYS ARE THINKING, SHE'S BORING, GET RID OF HER. OKAY, BUT IF WE TAKE THIS PICTURE, WHAT'S THIS GUY THINKING, AND WHAT'S THIS LADY THINKING? WELL, HE'S SAYING -- SHE'S SMILING SO SHE MUST BE HAVING FUN. AND SHE'S THINKING, MY FEET ARE KILLING ME AND HE IS SO BORING. SCIENCE WILL HELP US GRADUALLY UNDERSTAND THESE EFFECTIVE STATES BETTER. WE'RE NOT THERE YET. WE'RE GETTING THERE. IT'S CERTAINLY MUCH BETTER THAN IT WAS. BONDING EXPERIENCE WILL ALWAYS REMAIN POWERFUL. REGARDLESS OF WHAT THAT ANIMAL THINKS EXACTLY VERSUS WHAT THE HUMAN THINKS EXACTLY. SO AGAIN, WE GO BACK TO THE BROAD DEFINITION OF THE HUMAN-ANIMAL BOND AS MUTUALLY BENEFICIAL TO BOTH THE ANIMAL AND THE HUMAN. SO THANK YOU. [APPLAUSE] >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH. THAT WAS AN AMAZING PRESENTATION, BONNIE. NOW IT'S WITH GREAT PLEASURE THAT I INTRODUCE OUR NEXT SWEEKER, DR. MELANIE GRAHAM. SHE IS FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. I'VE HAD THE GREAT PLEASURE OF LISTENING TO MELANIE TALK A FEW TIMES, AND HEAR ABOUT SOME OF HER AMAZING WORK THAT SHE'S DOING. SHE IS A PIONEER IN TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE LOOKING AT CURES FOR DIABETES, AND HAS AN AMAZING WAY OF INTERACTING WITH THE ANIMALS THAT SHE WORKS WITH IN ORDER TO PIONEER THESE -- IMPORTANT DISEASE SHE IS WORKING TOWARDS A CURE FOR, SO I'M VERY LOOKING FORWARD TO HER PRESENTATION. >> I'M SO DELIGHTED TO BE HERE TODAY PRESENTING TO ALL OF YOU, AND IT'S SUCH A GREAT HONOR TO BE ASKED BY THE ORGANIZERS TO PRESENT THIS BECAUSE THIS IS SOMETHING I'M REALLY PASSIONATE ABOUT, AND IT WAS INTERESTING THAT SALLY MENTIONED THIS, MY RESEARCH, BECAUSE I THINK IT'S IMPORTANT TO TALK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT IT JUST BECAUSE IT WILL PUT THE FRAMEWORK INTO WHY WE DESIGN OUR PROGRAM AROUND AND OUR CULTURE AROUND OUR ANIMALS IN THE WAY THAT WE DO. I AM A WELFARE SCIENTIST, BUT I APPLY THAT TO MOSTLY METABOLIC RESEARCH, AND I THINK IT'S IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE THAT ALL OF US THAT ARE SITTING HERE DO THIS BECAUSE WE REALLY LOVE PEOPLE, BUT I THINK AN IMPORTANT PART OF THAT IS ALSO TALKING ABOUT HOW MUCH WE LOVE ANIMALS. AND I ALWAYS PUT THIS OUT BECAUSE A LOT OF TIMES WHEN I'M SPEAKING TO VARIOUS GROUPS, AND WE TALK ABOUT WHY DO YOU DO THIS RESEARCH IN REGENERATIVE MEDICINE, WE HAVE A LOT OF THERAPIES NOW FOR OUR DIABETIC PATIENTS, AND I ALWAYS LIKE TO REMIND PEOPLE THAT INSULIN ISN'T A CURE FOR DIABETES AND IT'S JUST KEEPING OUR PATIENTS ALIVE UNTIL WE FIND ONE. AND THERE'S A LOT OF CONSEQUENCES TO OUR PATIENTS, AND I FRAME THIS UP FOR YOU BECAUSE FOR THOSE OF US THAT ARE DOING TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH, THIS MEANS THERE ARE A LOT OF CONSEQUENCES FOR OUR ANIMAL. IF WE'RE PUTTING TOGETHER A REALLY STELLAR, PREDICTIVE MODEL. SO WE SEE THINGS IN OUR PATIENTS THAT ARE REALLY SORT OF, AGAIN, DEVASTATING IN A LOT OF WAYS ASIDE FROM THE FACT THAT, AGAIN, THEY HAVE THE BURDEN OF DIABETES AND THE MONITORING THAT GOES WITH IT, THEY ALSO HAVE A PREDISPOSITION TO ALL OF THESE COMPLICATIONS THAT YOU SEE, INCLUDING STROKE, BLINDNESS, HEART ATTACK, KIDNEY FAILURE AND, OF COURSE, AMPUTATION. THIS IS ALL COMING FROM THE VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS THAT COME ALONG WITH DIABETES. AND IT'S A HUGE POPULATION THAT'S AFFECTED, ABOUT 1 IN 11 PEOPLE. WE ANTICIPATE BY 2030, WE'RE GOING TO HAVE OVER 600 MILLION DIABETICS, SO THIS IS A JUST MASSIVE NUMBER OF PEOPLE THAT ARE AFFECTED BY THIS DISEASE. SO WHY DO WE USE ANIMALS? WE LOOK, OF COURSE, ACROSS THE SPECTRUM HERE AND WE ACTUALLY TRY VERY HARD AND HAVE BEEN VERY SUCCESSFUL IN DIABETES RESEARCH WALKING AWAY FROM ANIMAL MODELS IN SOME WAYS BY USING WHAT WE CALL IN VITRO OR EX VIVO SCREENING MODELS, AND SO I USE QUITE A LOT OF THESE SCREENING MODELS TO ACTUALLY REPLACE EARLY PHASE TESTING AND PARTICULARLY SMALL ANIMAL MODELS. BUT WE HAVEN'T COMPLETELY WALKED AWAY FROM ANIMAL MODELING AND WE'RE INCREDIBLY RELIANT ON IT, PARTICULARLY AS WE MOVE TOWARDS TRANSLATION. AND IT'S I THINK REALLY IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE DIABETES RESEARCHERS KNOW BETTER THAN ANYONE THAT CRITICAL ROLE THAT ANIMALS HAVE PLAYED FOR OUR PATIENT, AND WE RECOGNIZE THAT AS WE WORK TOWARDS MOVING AWAY FROM ANIMAL MODELS, WE STILL NEED TO RECOGNIZE WHAT HAS HAPPENED FOR OUR PATIENTS AND YOU SEE SOME OF THEM HERE, THESE ARE SOME OF OUR PATIENTS THAT RECEIVED AN ISLET CELL TRANSPLANT. THIS HAPPENS TO BE MY CAT DOWN IN THE CORNER WHO'S A TIEB TYPE 2 DIABETIC, AND THIS IS RECENTLY SOME OF OUR DIABETIC PATIENTS WHO RAISED ABOUT $2.3 MILLION FOR OUR RESEARCH ABOUT TWO WEEKS AGO, SO AGAIN KEEPING IN THE BACK OF THE MIND WHY THESE MODELS ARE SO IMPORTANT. THE NEXT THING I THINK IS REALLY SORT OF IMPORTANT TO TALK ABOUT IS, OKAY, SO YOU HAVE TO USE THEM, SO WHY DOES THE EXPERIENCE OF YOUR ANIMALS AS THEY CONTRIBUTE TO THIS WORK REALLY MATTER TO PATIENT? AND I THOUGHT, BONNIE DID SUCH A BEAUTIFUL JOB REALLY TALKING ABOUT THE ATTITUDES AND THE WAY IN WHICH OUR SORT OF FELLOW HUMANS THINK ABOUT ANIMAL RESEARCH, AND YOU CAN SEE THAT THERE'S A LOT OF THINGS THAT IMPACT THAT, BUT WE'RE GENERALLY SEEING A MOVE TOWARDS OPPOSITION TO ANIMAL RESEARCH, AND AGAIN, SOME OF THOSE FACTORS REALLY THAT INFLUENCE YOUR GENDER, YOUR AGE SORT OF, AGAIN, WE TALKED ABOUT WHERE YOU LIVE MIGHT BE A PART OF IT, BUT I THINK ONE OF THE THINGS THAT HAS REALLY BEEN INFLUENTIAL IS SOME OF THE MANUSCRIPTS THAT HAVE COME OUT FROM OUR COLLEAGUES RECENTLY SHOWING WE HAVE A RELATIVELY SMALL NUMBER OF THERAPEUTICS THAT ACTUALLY REACH THE CLINIC, AND THIS HAS BEEN ESTIMATED AT ABOUT 10%. I ALWAYS JOKE WHEN I LECTURE, IF 10% OF WHAT I WAS DOING TO BRING A CURE TO DIABETES WAS SUCCESSFUL, I'D FEEL REALLY GOOD AND I'D DECIDE TO RETIRE. SO IT'S A LITTLE BIT PERSPECTIVE, BUT I THINK WE DO AS SCIENTISTS DO HAVE TO THINK ABOUT HOW THIS SORT OF PERCENTAGE TO THE CLINIC, ANYWAYS, AFFECTS PEOPLE'S ATTITUDES ABOUT RESEARCH BECAUSE, OF COURSE, THAT PERSPECTIVE IS LARGELY ABOUT IS THE RESEARCH USEFUL. AS WE KNOW, PURPOSE IS A REALLY POWERFUL TRAIT IN THE HUMAN EXPERIENCE, AND SO WE NEED TO, AGAIN, TALK A LOT ABOUT WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE WORK THAT WE DO. SO IT'S INTERESTING BECAUSE WE HEAR QUITE A LOT ABOUT ONE HEALTH, FOR THOSE OF US THAT ARE WORKING, OF COURSE, ACROSS DISEASES THAT AFFECT BOTH HUMANS AND ANIMALS, BUT I REALLY AS I WAS THINKING ABOUT TODAY, AND AGAIN THINKING ABOUT THE CAREGIVER EXPERIENCE, IT REMINDS ME THAT WE KIND OF NEED TO GO BACK TO ONE WELFARE. AND REMEMBER THAT THIS INTERRELATIONSHIP THAT WE HAVE WITH OUR ANIMALS, OUR INTERCONNECTEDNESS OF OUR ANIMALS AFFECTS BOTH OF OUR WELFARE, RIGHT? SO I THINK WE HAVE TO GO BACK AGAIN TOO TO SOME OF THE ETHICAL PRINCIPLES THAT BONNIE BROUGHT SO ARTICULATELY IS THAT WHEN WE THINK ABOUT BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH, IT'S A REALLY UNIQUE APPLICATION BECAUSE AT ITS CORE, IT'S GOOD FOR DOING GOOD FOR HUMANS, ANIMALS, THE ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY. SO THIS IS WHY SOCIETY GIVES US PERMISSION TO DO THIS WORK, AT LEAST FOR NOW, BUT WE'VE SEEN THE VIEW BECOME VERY PROGRESSIVE, FROM UTILITARIANISM TO THE MORE HYBRID VIEW WE SEE TODAY THAT SAYS A CERTAIN LEVEL OF WELFARE MUST BE GUARANTEED IRRESPECTIVE OF THE BENEFIT. SO WE REALLY TAKE A MUCH MORE NUANCED WAY IN THE WAY IN WHICH WE USE ANIMALS. IT INTERESTING BECAUSE WHEN YOU MEET RESEARCHER, AND THIS IS WHY I PUT THAT INITIAL SLIDE UP, THEY'RE REALLY PEOPLE WHO ARE ENTHUSIASTIC ABOUT THINKING ABOUT CURES IN THEIR IDEAL WAY OF SERVING OTHERS, BRINGING SOMETHING UNIQUE AND SPECIAL TO THE CLINIC, SOMETHING REALLY LIFE CHANGING. AND I'D LIKE TO POSE TODAY THAT I THINK IT'S POSSIBLE THAT OUR CARING FOR OUR ANIMALS CAN BE AS CENTRAL AS OUR CURING. AND PARTICULARLY IF WE THINK AGAIN ABOUT ONE WELFARE, OR REVERSE TRANSLATING WHAT WE DO, WE CAN REALLY THINK ABOUT LESSONS THAT WE'VE LEARNED FROM THE HUMAN CLINICAL CARE SITUATION. SO WE KNOW, FOR EXAMPLE, WE'RE GOING TO HAVE AN INHERENT DEGREE OF SUFFERING THAT WE CAN'T TAKE AWAY. I WAS MENTIONING A LITTLE BIT EARLIER, I'VE NEVER BET A DIABETIC WHO'S EXCITED ABOUT CHECKING THEIR BLOOD GLUCOSE EIGHT TIMES A DAY OR GIVING THEMSELVES INSULIN OR ALL THOSE WITH IT SO THERE'S PHYSICAL PAIN THAT COMES ALONG WITH THAT. IN THE SAME WAY, THERE'S LIMITATIONS THE DISEASE ITSELF IMPOSES. YOU MAY DECIDE THAT YOU REALLY WOULD IK LIKE TO LOO IK TO LIKE TO HAVE T HAT CARB BAR IN THE KITCHEN BUT YOU MAY HAVE TO MAKE A DIFFERENT DECISION IF YOU'RE A DIABETIC PATIENT. WHEN WE THINK ABOUT THE CARE EXPERIENCE, WE SEE THIS ON THE HUMAN SIDE AS THE CAREGIVING RELATIONSHIP, HOW STRONG THAT IS, THERE'S THE SAFETY THAT WE CAN MAKE POSSIBLE FOR OUR PATIENTS AND OF COURSE THE ENVIRONMENT THAT WE IMPOSE THEM TO, SO AGAIN, DO THEY FEEL AT HOME WHEN THEY COME IN TO THE CLINIC OR WHEN THEY'RE IN THE HOSPITAL, THOSE SORTS OF THINGS. AND IT'S REALLY INTERESTING BECAUSE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM GET THIS, SO THEY'VE PUT A WHOLE FRAMEWORK AROUND THIS AND SEE IT HERE. IT'S LOOKING AT HOW THESE DIFFERENT INTERACTIONS WITH CAREGIVERS, HOW SAFE ARE YOU AS YOU'RE BEING TREATED, AND THAT ENVIRONMENT THAT YOU HAVE INFLUENCES HEALTHCARE PERCEPTION. PROBABLY IF ANY OF YOU HAVE RECENTLY BEEN TO SEE YOUR PHYSICIAN OR IN THE HOSPITAL, YOU'VE GOTTEN A SURVEY TO HELP US UNDERSTAND THESE MATTERS. I REALLY APPRECIATE BONNIE BROUGHT THIS UP BECAUSE EARLY IN MY CAREER, I WAS VERY STRONGLY WARNED ABOUT THE PERILS OF ANTHROPOE MORPHISM. I THINK IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT TO TALK ABOUT BECAUSE I THINK WE HAVE AS RESEARCHERS A LITTLE BIT OF COGNITIVE DISSIDENCE AGAIN HERE TOO. SO WE LOOK AT OUR ANIMALS BECAUSE THEY'RE SO CLOSE TO US, THAT'S EXACTLY WHY WE USE THEM, BECAUSE OF THIS PHYLOGENETIC CLOSENESS, BUT THIS IS PROBABLY THE SAME REASON THAT WE SHOULD ALSO BE A LITTLE BIT APPREHENSIVE ABOUT THEIR USE, AND SO WE RECOGNIZE THAT THEY'RE CLOSE IN ONE WAY SO WE DON'T WANT TO TAKE AWAY FROM THAT. WE CERTAINLY KNOW FOR THOSE OF US WHO WORK WITH ANIMALS EVERY DAY THAT OUR ANIMALS HAVE REALLY RICHIE MOTIONAL LIVES, THEY EXPERIENCE ANXIETY, JOY, BOREDOM, AFFECTION, AND I LOVED HOW BONNIE DESCRIBED THIS. WE DON'T WANT TO HIJACK THEIR EXPERIENCE OR SORT OF GIVE THE IMPRESSION THAT WE KNOW EXACTLY WHAT THAT FEELING IS UNIQUE TO THEM, PARTICULARLY WHEN CERTAIN SPECIES EXPERIENCE THEIR ENVIRONMENT IN DIFFERENT WAYS THAN WE DO. BUT I THINK IT'S POSSIBLE TO STILL APPRECIATE THAT EMOTION, AND PARTICULARLY FOR THOSE OF YOU THAT WORK WITH MANY DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF CAREGIVERS, THAT'S REALLY IMPORTANT TO BE ABLE TO HAVE YOUR TEAM BE ABLE TO EXPRESS WHAT THEY SEE FRL THE ANIMALS. IT'S VERY HARD FOR ME TO TALK ABOUT EFFECTIVE STATE OF THE ANIMALS WITH MAYBE AN UNDERGRADUATE FRESHMAN VERSUS MAYBE SOMEONE WHO'S ONE OF MY PH.D. GRADUATE STUDENTS. SO GIVING THEM TOOLS TO EXPRESS HOW THEY SEE THE ANIMALS ARE FEELING IS REALLY IMPORTANT. SO AS I MENTIONED, ANIMALS WITH DISEASES OR WHO ARE MODELING DISEASES OFTEN SUFFER LIKE US. AND THIS IS SOMETHING IMPORTANT TO THINK ABOUT AS WE LOOK AT THESE PATIENT POPULATIONS AND WHAT THEY REPORT IN TERMS OF THEIR QUALITY OF LIFE. SO SOME OF THE CHRONIC DISEASES THAT ARE TOP ON OUR LIST TO REALLY STUDY, MANY OF YOU KNOW I SPEND A LARGE PART OF MY WORK WORKING WITH NON-HUMAN PRIMATES. THEY'RE OFTEN USED FOR SIGNIFICANT CHRONIC DISEASES. THESE PATIENTS REPORT LOW QUALITY OF LIFE. FOR THOSE OF YOU AGAIN WHO WANT TO MAKE THAT PARALLEL, WE CAN MAKE THAT WITH WELFARE. QUALITY OF LIFE AS IT'S USED IN HUMANS IS A LITTLE BIT BIGGER, I THINK A NICE WAY TO BRIDGE FOR YOUR COLLEAGUES AS THEY THINK ABOUT THESE TWO THINGS. AND AGAIN AS I MENTIONED, THERE ARE WAYS THAT WE CAN ADDRESS AVOIDABLE SUFFERING. SO AS WE THINK ABOUT HOW OUR CAREGIVERS FEEL AGAIN, THIS IS, I THINK, A TARGET FOR REVERSE TRANSLATION. AS WE THINK ABOUT OUR CAREGIVER RELATIONSHIPS OR HOW WE ENGAGE WITH OUR ANIMALS, PREFERENCE AND CONTROL OVER ENVIRONMENT, THIS IS SOMETHING THAT WE'RE SEEING REALLY BIG ON THE HUMAN SIDE, RIGHT? SO THESE HOSPITAL ENVIRONMENTS THAT ARE DESIGN AROUND MAKING YOU FEEL LIKE YOU'RE AT HOME, BRINGING THINGS THAT ARE, AGAIN, UNIQUE OR SPECIAL TO YOU THAT MAY TAKE SOME OF THE ANXIETY OUT OF BEING IN AN UNFAMILIAR SITUATION, AND THEN, OF COURSE, ADDRESSING MORE THAN WHAT THE PATIENT NEEDS BUT ALSO THEIR WANTS, REALLY BRINGING UP ADHERENCE. AND THE CAREGIVER, OF COURSE, PLAYS A ROLE IN ALL OF THIS, AND AGAIN, GIVING BACK SOME OF THAT CONTROL TO THE PATIENT. SO I LIKE TO FRAME WHAT YOU'RE GOING TO SEE A LITTLE BIT IN OUR PROGRAM WITH WHAT WE'VE DONE IN TRANSPLANTATION. I THINK THE IMPORTANT THING THAT I REALLY LEARNED OVER THE YEARS AS I WAS BRINGING ON BEHAVIORAL MANAGEMENT FOR MY ANIMALS AND BEHAVIORAL MANAGEMENT IN THE SENSE OF THINKING ABOUT THE ANIMALS' ENVIRONMENT, THEIR SOCIALITY AND HOW WE CAN COPE WITH OUR RESEARCH OR COOPERATE WITH OUR RESEARCH IS HOW WE HANDLE OUR ANIMALS. ONE OF THE THINGS WE'RE REALLY EXCITED ABOUT IN 2006 WAS THAT TOP PANEL THAT YOU SEE IN PANEL A, MINIMAL BEHAVIORAL MANAGEMENT IS SORT OF THE LABEL THERE THAT YOU SEE, JUST THAT TOP PANEL. WE WERE REALLY EXCITED ABOUT THIS. THIS WAS THE FIRST DEMONSTRATION OF A PIG TO NON-HUMAN PRIMATE ISLET CELL TRANSPLANT WITH LONG TERM SURVIVAL. SO WE WERE, OF COURSE, PUTTING THIS IN NATURE MEDICINE, REALLY ENTHUSIASTIC THAT WE WERE WALKING THIS CLOSER TO THE CLINIC TO HAVE AN UNLIMITED CELL SOURCE TO REALLY PROVIDE WITH PATIENTS FOR DIABETES. SO WE FELT LIKE WE WERE DOING A GREAT JOB. NOT MUCH LONGER THAN THAT. WE WENT BACK TO THIS AFTER WE INSTITUTED OUR BEHAVIORAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM BECAUSE WE REALLY WERE CONCERNED ABOUT BRINGING IT FORWARD TO THE CLINIC FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SAFETY. WE HAD QUITE A LOT OF WEIGHT LOSS IN THOSE ANIMALS AND OTHER SAFETY-RELATED PROBLEMS THAT WE ASSUMED WERE RELATED TO IMMUNOSUPPRESSION. YOU CAN SEE IN THIS MIDDLE PANEL THAT WE HAD EXCELLENT GLYCEMIC CONTROL, EXCELLENT LONG TERM SURVIVAL IN A REPEATABLE WAY. THE DIFFERENCE ON THE SOLID LINE WAS THE BEHAVIORAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM ELIMINATED A LOT OF THESE ADVERSE EVENT. SO NOTHING DIFFERENT ABOUT THE THERAPY, SIMPLY THE WAY IN WHICH WE HANDLED OUR ANIMALS. SO I THINK THIS IS SOMETHING SORT OF REALLY PROFOUND TO THINK ABOUT IN TERMS OF A CAREGIVER ROLE AND THE WAY IN WHICH WE DO THINGS BECAUSE THIS IN AND OF ITSELF WILL FUNDAMENTALLY CHANGE THE DATA THAT WE PRODUCE. AND THESE OTHER PANELS JUST SHOW THAT ALL THINGS HELD CONSTANT, SO PANEL C, YOU CAN SEE THAT THE GRAPH PRODUCED THE SAME AMOUNT OF INSULIN, SO IT WASN'T SOME MAGIC WITH THE PRODUCT. WHAT HAD HAPPENED WAS, AND YOU CAN SEE THIS IN PANEL D WITH GLUCOSE DISPOSAL IS THE ANIMALS THAT WE TRAINED FOR COOPERATION, ENRICHED THEIR ENVIRONMENT, BUILTTHESE INCREDIBLE RELATIONSHIPS WITH, EXPERIENCED LESS STRESS SO WE SAW BETTER GLUCOSE DISPOSAL IN THESE ANIMALS. SO IN IS SOMETHING I THINK IS REALLY IMPORTANT AS WE THINK ABOUT THE -- HOW THE CAREGIVERS INFLUENCE OUR ANIMALS AND VICE VERSA. CONSEQUENCES TO THE PATIENT, OF COURSE, DOWNSTREAM IN TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE IS BIG. THIS IS A VERY SIMILAR FIGURE TO THE ONE YOU SAW BEFORE. WITHOUT THE ORANGE BACKGROUND, THIS IS PRE-BEHAVIORAL MANAGEMENT IN BLACK AND WHITE YOU AND SEE, OF COURSE, BLOOD GLUCOSE IS ON THAT SQUIGGLY LINE, FELT PRETTY GOOD ABOUT IT. AFTER BEHAVIORAL MANAGEMENT, SAME THERAPY, YOU SEE IT'S REALLY IMPRESSIVE. IF I WERE TO CONSENT THE PEOPLE IN THE ROOM RIGHT NOW, SAME THERAPY, ONLY THING THAT DIFFERED WAS OUR HANDLING, I WOULD GUESS MOST OF YOU WOULD PICK TO BE IN THE ORANGE CATEGORIES. SO AS WE THINK ABOUT HOW WE CAN SORT OF USE OUR TOOLBOX, ONE OF THE THINGS THAT I LIKE TO DO IS THINK ABOUT USING THE THREE R'S TO REALLY CHANGE OUR ANIMALS' EXPERIENCE. ONE OF THE THINGS THAT I THINK IS CRITICAL IN DOING THAT IS REALLY APPRECIATING THE INTRINSIC VALUE OF OUR ANIMALS, OR THIS HAS BEEN DESCRIBED BY COLLEAGUES AND OTHERS BACK TO AIR TO TELL AS THE TELOS, THE RATNESS OF RATS, THE MONKEYNESS OF MONKEYS, THE PIGNESS OF PIG. I'M GOING TO TALK ABOUT ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT AND PLAY. THE WAY WE CARE FOR OUR ANIMALS INFLUENCES OUR STUDY OUTCOMES AND REALLY THE ACCURACY OF OUR PREDICTIONS TO THE CLINIC AND OBVIOUSLY THE LIKELIHOOD THAT WE ACTUALLY BRING THESE THERAPIES TO PATIENTS AND WE DON'T GET IN OUR OWN WAY. AND SO THE THING THAT I THINK IS REALLY CRITICAL, THOUGH, ON THE BACK END THAT'S OFTEN LOST IS RECOGNIZING THE WAY IN WHICH WE CARE FOR OUR ANIMALS INFLUENCES OUR OWN SATISFACTION AND PURPOSE, RIGHT? SO IF WE BRING SOMETHING AMAZING AND LIFE CHANGING TO OUR PATIENTS,THIS REALLY CHANGES OUR PERCEPTION OF HOW WE FEEL. THIS IS REALLY CRITICAL TO THINK ABOUT AS WE GO BACK TO SORT OF OUR BASIS FOR ANIMAL USE, RIGHT? SO HARM-BENEFIT IS WHAT WE DO, IT'S WHAT WE DO AS SCIENTISTS BEFORE WE EVEN EMBARK ON THESE MISSIONS. I LIKE TO PUT UP THE BAYESIAN CUBE JUST TO REMIND EVERYONE WHY WE DO THIS. I HAVE NEVER, EVER MET A RESEARCHER THAT THINK THEY'RE LOW ON THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH SCALE. AND I DON'T THINK I'M GOING TO. BUT THERE'S CERTAINLY THINGS THAT WE CAN TALK ABOUT, ABOUT WHERE WE ARE ON THE OTHER PART OF THE SCALE. SO THE LIKELIHOOD OF BENEFIT AND ANIMALS SUFFERING. ONE OF THE THINGS THAT REALLY CAN ADJUST SORT OF WHERE OUR ANIMALS ARE ON THAT SORT OF HARM SCALE FROM LOW TO HIGH IS THINKING ABOUT HOW THEY EXPERIENCE STUDY-RELATED PROCEDURES AND INTERACTIONS WITH CAREGIVERS, AND THEN, OF COURSE, AS WE IMPROVE PREDICTION AND BRING THE MODEL CLOSER IN TO WHAT WE SEE THE CLINICAL SITUATION, THEN WE REALLY MOVE THAT LIKELIHOOD OF BENEFIT SCALE TO THE HIGH SIDE AS WELL. SO THIS REALLY IS A REALLY POWERFUL TOOL IN THE WAY THAT I THINK YOU TRANSFORM THE ANIMAL EXPERIENCE AND OUR SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTIVITY AND THIS IS REALLY WHAT BRINGS THESE LIFE CHANGING THERAPIES FORWARD, BUT WHAT I THINK ALSO HAPPENS IN A SITUATION WHEN YOU GET ALL OF THESE THINGS RIGHT, WHEN THE CUBE IS PER FEK, THIS WHERE YOU REALLY EMPOWER YOUR CAREGIVERS TO WHAT I HAVE SEENED TERMED ECK SCWI SIT EMPATHY. HIGHLY PRESENT, SENSITIVELY ATTUNED, CLEAR BOUNDARIES, AND HEARTFELT AND EMPATHETIC ENGAGEMENT WITH YOUR ANIMALS. SO AS WE THINK ABOUT THE ANIMAL EXPERIENCE AND HOW IT RELATES TO OUR SCIENCE, THERE'S MANY, MANY FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE STATE OF OUR ANIMALS. WE HAVE SICKNESS AND DISEASE, OF COURSE, MODEL IMPOSED SICKNESS AND DISEASE, WE HAVE MEDICAL AND SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS THAT ARE PLAYING INTO THIS, OUR HANDLIN IN THE ENVIRONMENT THAT WE EXPOSE OUR ANIMALS TOO AND OF COURSE OUR SOCIALITY. ALL OF THESE PLAY INTO THE BEHAVIORAL, -- I PUT THIS HERE AGAIN TO HAVE YOU THINK ABOUT FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF MAYBE MY TEAM AND THE TYPES OF INTERACTIONS THEY HAVE WITH THEIR ANIMALS, SO IT'S FREQUENT BLOOD SAMPLING, DRUG ADMINISTRATION, NUTRITIONAL MAN ANLT, SURGICAL INTERVENTION, PHYSICAL EXAMS, URINALYSIS, AND MANAGING THESE SORT OF IACU SITUATIONS OR CRITICAL CARE SITUATIONS. WHEN OUR ANIMALS ARE STRESSED, THEY'RE NOT REALLY TELLING US ABOUT WHAT WE'RE HOPING TO ATTRACT, WHICH IS A NORMAL PATIENT WHO IS NOT UNDER UNREALISTIC VERY STRESSORS WHEN THEY COME ON TO A CLINICAL TRIAL. SO MOST OF THE INTERACTIONS THAT OUR TEAM COULD HAVE WITH THESE ANIMALS COULD BE PERCEIVED AS VERY UNFAVORABLE, RIGHT? IMPOSING AVERSIVE THINGS ON OUR ANIMALS. SO WE LIKE TO TALK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT OUR STRATEGY AS BEING VERY ANIMAL-CENTRIC CARE AND CLINIC-FOCUSED SCIENCE. SO WHAT WE WANT TO DO IS GIVE OUR ANIMALS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR CHOICE, CONTROL, AND PARTICIPATION IN THEIR RESEARCH TASKS, AND AGAIN AS I MENTIONED, THE WAY IN WHICH WASN'T TO DO THIS WANT TO DO THIS IS MEANT TO RECOGNIZE INDIVIDUAL ANIMAL NEEDS, BUT ALSO THE NEEDS AND WANTS AND HOW THEY CARE TO THOSE IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT. RECOGNIZING THEIR SEPARATE BUT CONNECTED IDENTITY WITH THE ANIMALS RATHER THAN OVERIDENTIFYING WITH THEIR SITUATION, SO REALLY RECOGNIZING WHERE THEY END AND THE ANIMALS BEGIN, BUT STILL HAVING THE ABILITY TO GIVE GOOD EXPERIENCES TO OUR ANIMALS. AND AGAIN, I JUST WILL HAVE A FEW VIDEOS AGAIN THAT SHOW SOME OF THESE BEHAVIORS ALLOWING OUR ANIMALS TO EXPRESS DIFFERENT -- YOU CAN SEE THIS AS A -- WORKING ON A PUZZLE. SO THE CAREGIVER ROLE OCTOBER IS MULTIFACTORIAL AGAIN, SO THE THINGS THAT WE REALLY THINK ABOUT IS INITIATING SUPPORTIVE NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION WITH OUR ANIMALS, AGAIN, SO LOOKING AND ASKING SORT OF WHAT DO YOU NEED AND REALLY PAYING ATTENTION. WE ARE ALWAYS TRYING TO EMPOWER OUR ANIMALS TO LEARN OR COPE MORE EFFECTIVELY WITH THEIR ENVIRONMENT, AND REDUCE OR ELIMINATE HARMS. THE REASON OF COURSE I PUT THESE VIDEO THE UP, IT AN OPPORTUNITY FOR OUR CAREGIVERS TO REALLY GLET TO KNOW OUR GET TO KNOW OUR ANIMALS. WE REALLY ARE LOOKING TO MAKE A GOOD LIFE FOR THESE ANIMALS WHEN THEY MAKE THESE AMAZING CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR HUMANS. ONE OF THE THINGS THAT I THINK IS STILL UNFORTUNATE ABOUT WHAT WE SEE IN SCIENCE IS MOST OF OUR WELFARE ASSESSMENTS REALLY FOCUS WITH FACTORS WITH A NEGATIVE VALANCE. WHEN WE'RE LOOK AT AN ANIMAL EXERTING THEIR AIMS OR WHAT MAKES THEM THE MONKEYNESS OF MONKEY, WE CAN ACTUALLY LOOK FOR SOMETHING THAT INDICATES A POSITIVE VAI LENS. YOU CAN SEE THEY'RE SWIMMING IN THEIR LITTLE MINI HOT TUB TOGETHER, ENGS EXPRESSING SOCIALITY. WE HAVE TO THINK AGAIN SORT OF WHAT MIGHT BE MEANINGFUL TO THEM AND REALLY LOOK. THIS IS AT THE -- SORT OF THE CORE OF ALL THESE ENRICHMENT DISCUSSIONS, WHAT DO OUR ANIMALS REALLY WANT, SO OUR CAREGIVERS SPEND QUITE A BIT OF TIME LOOKING FOR THIS, REALIZING WE TALK WITH EACH OTHER, WE REASON ALL OF THESE SORT OF THINGS FOR PRIMATE, IT MIGHT NEED TO BE SOCIALITY, OR BIRDS FLYING. WE'RE REALLY OVERSIMPLIFYING THESE THINGS, BUT REALLY THINKING ABOUT IT, AS WHAT MATTERS TO THEM. SO I'M SORRY, I WAS HOPING THIS WAS A VIDEO FOR YOU GUYS BUT IT'S NOT GOING TO PLAY FORWARD. ONE OF THE THINGS THAT I THINK IS REALLY CRITICAL FOR SUPPORTING OUR ANIMALS IS THAT WE CREATE ENVIRONMENTS THAT ARE REALLY AROUND THEM, THAT ALLOW THEM TO LIVE THEIR LIVES IN A WAY THAT SUITS THEIR BIOLOGICAL NATURES AND HAS SOME BEHAVIORAL RELEVANCE FOR THEM. FOR ME AS SOMEONE WHO REALLY FOCUSES ON METABOLIC RESEARCH, THIS IS FUNCTIONALLY AFFECTING MY SCIENCE IN A MAJOR WAY. SO YOU'RE SEEING THIS IS A GROUP OF 12 RATS THAT ARE IN SEMI NATURALISTIC HOUSING, AND THE PURPOSE OF THIS, OF COURSE, IS TO PREVENT METABOLIC MORBIDITY THAT MIGHT OCCUR IN SHOE BOX HOUSING. ALSO THEY'RE CARRYING A BIOARTIFICIAL PANCREAS SO WE'RE REALLY LOOKING FOR FACTORS THAT PUT STRESS ON THE DEVICE, ALL OF THOSE THINGS THAT, AGAIN, ARE REALLY GOING TO MAKE THE DEVICE MOVE AND PUT SOME PRESSURE ON THIS IN TERMS OF GLYCEMIC CONTROL. CONTROL OVER ENVIRONMENT AND CHOICES IS NOT RESTRICTED, OF COURSE, TO OUR RATS. WE REALLY ARE LOOKING FOR WAYS THAT AT ALL LEVELS OF OUR PROGRAM, EVEN WITH OUR NUDE MICE WHICH ARE PART OF OUR BIOASSAY THAT WE REPORT TO FDA WHEN WE'RE LOOKING AT ISLET PRODUCTS IN OUR HUMAN PATIENTS IN TERMS OF HOW THEY FUNCTION. THIS IS A NUDE MICE WHO EAX EXPLORING, YOU CAN SEE WHEN GIVEN THE OPPORTUNITY AND MATERIALS, HE BUILDS AN INCREDIBLY ELABORATENESS. NEST. AGAIN WHY IS IT MEANINGFUL, OUR CAREGIVERS REALLY GET AN OPPORTUNITY TO SEE THAT THIS MOUSE IS EXPRESSING SPECIES-TYPICAL BEHAVIOR. FOR US, WE'RE LOOKING FOR PROPER THERMAL REGULATION, NOT JUST GLYCEMIC CONTROL, OF COURSE THESE MICE ARE SOCIALLY HOUSED SO THIS GIVES COVER AND ALLOWS OUR ANIMALS TO EXPRESS THINGS LIKE FORAGING AND CONTRAFREE LOADING. IT'S INTERESTING BECAUSE I THINK PARTICULARLY IN TRANSPLANTATION RESEARCH, WE'VE REALLY COME TO REALIZE HOW MUCH NORMALITY MATTERS. SO WHEN WE REMOVE ALL SORTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGE FROM OUR ANIMALS, WE SEE THAT OUR ANIMALS BECOME VERY SENSITIZED TO SMALL VARIATIONS. THIS CAN BE THINGS LIKE NOISE, SCENT, AND WE SEE THAT AFFECT OUR ANIMALS IN AN EXTREMELY EXAGGERATED WAY. THIS IS PARTICULARLY HAPPENING IN CERTAIN RODENT STUDIES, PARTICULARLY WITH IMMUNE SENSITIZATION STUDIES, TOLERANCE STUDIES, THESE TYPES OF THINGS. AND WHAT WE SEE HAPPEN IS AN OVERESTIMATED TREATMENT EFFECT. OFTENTIMES WE DON'T SEE REPRODUCIBILITY BETWEEN CENTERS. A MAJOR PROBLEM, OF COURSE, AND WE WANT TO BE ABLE TO GENERALIZE THESE MODELS OF COURSE AND NOT DEVALUE MODELS LIKE NON-HUMAN PRIMATE MODELS THAT ARE SELECTED IN PART FOR BEING HETEROGENEOUS. SO CLINICAL HANDLE WILLING ING PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN UNCONTROLLED STRESSORS THAT IMPACT RESEARCH. WE SAW THIS EARLIER THAT CORTISOL RAISES BLOOD GLUCOSE AND WHEN YOU HAVE THESE HIGH LEVELS OF CORTISOL WHICH YOU SEE IS A REDUCED LIVER SENSITIVITY TO INSULIN AND INSULIN RESISTANCE, THIS ALTERS OUR ANIMAL'S IMMUNE RESPONSES, SO WHAT WE END UP WITH IS A LOT OF CONFOUNDING IN THESE TRIALS WHEN WE DON'T MANAGE IT. SO WE SEE STRESS-SENSITIVE PARAMETERS, BUT ALSO WE SEE AN AFFECT ON NUTRITION, SO IF I'M, AGAIN, LOOKING AT HOW BLOOD GLUCOSE LOOKS, I'VE HAD AN ANIMAL THAT HAS ALTERED NUTRITION THE ENTIRED TIME, IT BECOMES VERY DIFFICULT TO UNTANGLE THESE TWO FEATURES, OF COURSE. REALLY IMPORTANT WHEN IT COMES TOWARDS LOOKING AT THE REGULATORY AGENCIES AND HOW WE REPORT ADVERSE EVENTS AND POTENTIALLY IMPROPERLY REPORTING ADVERSE EVENTS TO THE VEGHTSAL PRODUCTS WHEN ACTUALLY THEY'RE A FUNCTION OF OUR HANDLING. PROB BHI WHAT WE'RE MOST INTERESTED IN IS HOW THIS ALTERS BEHAVIOR TOWARDS OUR CAREGIVERS. SAME GROUP OF RATS THAT YOU SAW EARLIER, THESE GUYS ARE CARRYING -- I YOU'LL FIND THEM CUTE AND YOUR BRAIN IS RAPIDLY FIRING. I THINK THEY'RE VERY CUTE IN THIS VIDEO BOBBING FOR PEAS. PREVIOUSLY WHAT WE HAD LEARNED FROM THESE ANIMALS IS THAT WHEN WE WERE USING AN ALTERNATE METHOD TO REHYDRATE THEM AFTERWARDS, WE WERE JUST GIVING IP OR SUBQ FLEW EDZ, HANDLING THE ARTIFICIAL PANCREAS AND PUT THEM BACK AND GREW. THEY WERE STILL SHOWING US -- THEY DIDN'T REALLY RESPOND AS MUCH TO HANDLER APPROACH, SO WHAT WE DECIDED TO DO WAS USE A NATURAL BEHAVIOR THAT THE CAREGIVERS RECOGNIZED WAS THERE FOR THESE RATS BECAUSE THEY HAD BEEN WORKING ON DIFFERENT ENRICHMENT TECHNOLOGIES, AND ASKED, COULD WE GET THIS SAME LEVEL OF REHYDRATION, SAME LEVEL OF SUCCESS BY LETTING THE ANIMALS DO IT VIA PLAY OR BOBBING FOR PEAS. WE FOUND VOLUNTARY REHYDRATION WAS EQUALLY SUCCESSFUL IN GETTING THESE GUYS HYDRATED, AND CARE, WE SAW A RELATIVE ELIMINATION OF SCIENCE AND WE SAW IMPROVED WELL-BEING SCORES FOR OUR ANIMALS WITH EXPLORATION PLAY AND HANDLER APPROACH. SO WE WERE REALLY EXCITED TO SEE AND AGAIN, THESE REALLY INTENSIVE BONDS BETWEEN HANDLERS WILL ALLOW PEOPLE TO BE REALLY INNOVATIVE IN THE WAYS THAT YOU CAN USE THOSE NORMAL BEHAVIORS OF YOUR ANIMALS TO REDUCE STRESS. SO THERE'S AN INTERCONNECTEDNESS IN EVERYTHING THAT WE DO, AND AGAIN, I THINK WE'VE BEEN REALLY& GOOD AT THINKING ABOUT ONE HEALTH. I THINK IT'S IMPORTANT TO SORT OF EXPAND THIS INTO THE PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OR THE BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE. SO WHEN WE TALK WITH OUR TRANSPLANT PATIENTS, THEY'LL TALK A LOT ABOUT THE THINGS THAT THEY MANAGE. SO FATIGUE, INTENSE TREATMENT SCHEDULES, MED SIDE EFFECTS. WE KNOW FROM CLINICAL TRIALS THAT WE HAVE A CERTAIN GROUP OF PATIENTS THAT WILL NOT BENEFIT FROM TRANSPLANT AND THAT'S BECAUSE THEY HAVE AVOIDANT COPING STRATEGY, NONCOMPLIANCE OR LACK OF SOCIAL SUPPORT SO THAT'S NOT THE KIND THAT YOU WANT TO MODEL. WE INTRODUCED IT AS PART OF OUR PRE-CLINICAL OR NON-CLINICAL RESEARCH. SO I THINK IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT THAT WE LOOK AT THOSE FACTORS AND MAKE SURE THAT WE'RE NOT INADVERTENTLY INTRODUCING THEM TO OUR SIGH EPS, I'M NOT STUDYING ISOLATION IN IMPOVERISHED ENVIRONMENTS OR STRESS AS PART OF A COVARIANT NO A COVARIA NT. FOR OUR CAREGIVERS, BEING ABLE TO WORK IN A WAY THAT IS ATTENTIVE TO THEIR NEEDS, WHAT WE SEE IS, AGAIN, REALLY EMPATHETIC CARE. WE KNOW IN THE CLINICAL SITUATION, THIS HAS BEEN WELL STUDIED, THAT EMPATHETIC CARE IS PRO TECHTIVE TO BURNOUT AND COMPASSION FATIGUE, SO THE WAY IN WHICH YOU HANDLE YOUR ANIMALS CAN BE A FACTOR IN WHICH YOU DEVELOP THESE PEE TOURS. SO STRESS IS AN IMPORTANT ASPECT OF MET TBOLG -- THERE'S ALSO A SOCIAL IMPACT. YOU SEE THESE ARE MONKEYS THAT ARE EITHER IN CHAIR RESTRAINT IN THE PAPER BY SHIRASAKI, A VERY ATYPICAL RESPONSE TO GLUCOSE LOAD BUT ALSO LESS ATYPICAL EVEN THOUGH THE RESTRAINT IS GREATER AND MONKEYS WERE CHAIR-TRAINED. WHAT IT TELLS YOU, AGAIN, IS THE BIG SOCIAL TO OUR ANIMALS, ZOO AGAIN THINKING ABOUT THE SOCIALITY OF HAVING PARTNERS THERE TO BUFFER THE STRESS OF POTENTIALLY COPING WITH HANDLING IS REALLY CRITICAL. I PUT DOWN IN THE CORNER THERE ON YOUR RIGHT FOR YOU WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE WHEN WE HAVE ANIMALS WHO ARE WORKING IN COOPERATION TO DO THIS. THE SAME THING HAPPENS WITH I.V. GLUCOSE TOLERANCE, WITH CHEMICAL VERSUS COOPERATION, SO CHEMICAL RESTRAINT IS ANOTHER OPTION IN TERMS OF NON-HUMAN PRIMATES AND WHAT WE SEE IS THAT THE GLUCOSE PEAK IS ACTIN 10:WAITED IN ANIMALS THAT ARE UNDER CHEMICAL RESTRAINT AS OPPOSED TO COOPERATING ANIMALS SO IT ESSENTIALLY LOOKS LIKE THE FIRST PHASE RESPONT IS BLUNTED IN THESE ANIMALS SO IT CAN BE REALLY REMARKABLE AND, AGAIN, UNDERESTIMATING TREATMENT EFFECT IN THE WAY IN WHICH YOU HANDLE YOUR ANIMALS. SO WE USE TRAINING AND RELATIONSHIP BUILD TO IMPROVE OUTCOMES. PERHAPS THE MOST IMPORTANT THING WE TALK ABOUT TODAY IS THAT WE REALLY SEE THAT THIS POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP IMPROVES TECHNICIAN ATTITUDE AND INTERACTIONS, ALL OF OUR INTERACTIONS WITH OUR ANIMALS, AND FROM THE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVE, IT CAN REDUCE EXPOSURES, BITES, SCRATCHES AND NEEDLE STICK INJURIES. IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT, THAT LONG LIST OF MEDICAL PROCEDURES THAT WE IMPOSE ON OUR ANIMALS IS NOT REALLY ALLOWING FOR A PROPER CHOICE CONDITION, AND THEY'RE INTRINSICALLY AVERSIVE. FEAR AND ANXIETY IN THESEK ABOUT- SITUATIONS CAN AMPLIFY THE PERCEPTION OF PAIN. SO WE'RE REALLY LOOKING TO MAKE SURE THAT EVERY INTERACTION WITH THEM IS PERCEIVED AS FAVORABLE. SO HOW DO WE PROVIDE MEANINGFUL CARE AS WE CONSIDER THE EXPERIENCE OF ANIMAL? THE WORD EMPATHY HAS BEEN USED ALREADY TODAY, BUT AGAIN, RECOGNIZING THE FEELING POTENTIAL FEELING WHERE THERE'S A SITUATION WHERE THERE'S NEITHER CONTROL OR CONNECTION, AND SO AGAIN, I DON'T KNOW HOW A MONKEY FEELS, I DON'T KNOW HOW A RAT FEELS, BUT WE CAN INTERPRET THAT WHEN WE TAKE AWAY CONTROL, THAT THERE'S PROBLEMS FOR OUR ANIMALS. COMPASSION/INFECTION, WE'RE LOOKING FOR BEHAVIORS BETWEEN ANIMALS AND CAREGIVERS THAT ENCOURAGE FAMILIARITY AND TRUST AND GIVE SOMETHING BACK EVEN IN COULD BE TRIEFED CONDITIONS. THIS IS ONE OF OUR MACAQUES WORKING IN COOPERATION REALLY ALLOWS US TO IMPROVE OUR CARE AND DO MORE COMPREHENSIVE AGAIN, THERE'S AN OPEN RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE HANDLER AND THE ANIMAL. THIS ALLOWS US TO DO THINGS LIKE INJECTIONS, SIMPLE PHYSICAL EXAMS, URINE, BLOOD COLLECTION VIA HEEL STICK, CATHETER STICK OR VASCULAR ACCESS PORT. THESE GUYS ARE TRAINED TO WORK WITH A HANDLER FOR UP TO 60 MINUTES, AND THESE ARE WAYS THAT WE CAN REALLY MAKE SURE WE CAN COME BACK AND FORTH TO THE ANIMAL WITHOUT HAVING, AGAIN, THE HANDLER ALSO BECOME FATIGUED OR NERVOUS ABOUT THOSE INTERACTIONS WITH BOTH LOOKING FORWARD TO IT. AND IN TERMS OF GIVING BETTER CARE, THE ABILITY TO COME BACK TO ANIMALS WITHOUT RESTRAINT AND IN THEIR HOME ENVIRONMENT, YOU SAW HIS PARTNER ROAMING AROUND IN THE BACK, IS CRITICALLY IMPORTANT. I LET THIS VIDEO RUN A LITTLE BIT SO YOU CAN SEE SORT OF THE WILLINGNESS OF THE ANIMAL TO WORK WITH THE HANDLER. HE'S GOING TO TRY AGAIN. BECAUSE THAT RELATIONSHIP IS REALLY THERE AND THAT TRUST IS THERE. AND AGAIN, THIS ALLOWS US ALSO TO SUPPORT REALLY IMPORTANT SOCIAL STRUCTURES FOR OUR ANIMALS. I SHOW MONKEYS JUST BECAUSE I THINK IT'S INTERESTING TO SEE THE BEHAVIOR WHILE THEY'RE DOING DIFFICULT THINGS HERE, YOU SEE A VASCULAR ACCESS PORT, ACCESS AND BLOOD COLLECTION, DRUG ADMINISTRATION, YOU SEE THESE ARE TWO FEMALES, THEY LIE BENEFIT FROM PARTNER SUPPORT, YOU ALSO SEE THIS IS A WAY OUR ANIMALS LEARN VICARIOUSLY, REASSURED BY PARTNER AND HAVE SOME POSITIVE DISTRACTION BUT THIS ALSO ALLOWS US TO, AGAIN, THINK ABOUT WHAT WE'RE DOING WITH OUR CAREGIVERS. WE'RE NOT REOF MOOING ANIMALS REMOVING AN IMALS FROM YOIR SOCIAL GROUPS, ALSO VERY STRESSFUL FOR OUR KAIFER GIVERS. CAREGIVE RS. SO COOPERATION INSTEAD OF RESTRAINT OR FORCE HANDLING IS IMPORTANT IN CHOICE AND ENGAGEMENT, YOU SEE IT CREATES THIS RELATIONSHIP AND TRUST BOND WITH CAREGIVERS, MAKES ENROLLMENT CRITERIA POSSIBLE THAT IS VERY SIMILAR TO WHAT WE WOULD IMPOSE IN THE CLINICAL TRIAL SITUATION. MEANING EVERY CLINICAL TRIAL HAS A CAVEAT ON THAT CONSENT FORM THAT SAYS ANY OTHER FACTOR WITH THE SUBJECT'S ABILITY TO COOPERATE AND COMPLY WITH THE STUDY PROCEDURES. AS WE MOVE ANIMALS CLOSER TO BEING ABLE TO ACHIEVE THAT, WE COME CLOSER TO THE CLINICAL TRIAL SITUATION, OF COURSE. AND THE BEHAVIORS THAT YOU SEE ARE RELATIVELY SMALL TIME INVESTMENT FOR OUR CAREGIVERS AND OUR ANIMALS, ABOUT THREE HOURS IN THE RECESS MACAQUE, ABOUT FIVE HOURS ON AVERAGE IN THE OTHER TO REALLY BUILD THIS INCREDIBLE RELATIONSHIP. AND THERE'S A LOT OF COMMONALITIES IN THE WAYS IN WHICH WE COMMUNICATE NONVERBALLY. WE SEE THAT, OF COURSE, AGAIN WITH THE GRIMACE SCORES COMING OUT. OUR ANIMAL GRIMACE SCORES CAME OUT LONG AFTER IT CAME OUT IN INFANTS MANY, MANY YEARS AGO SO NOT NEW CONCEPTUALLY, BUT WHAT'S REALLY CRITICAL, BONNIE SPOKE ABOUT THIS SO ELOQUENTLY, YOU CAN, AGAIN, HAVE TO USE THIS IN A CONTEXT OF SPECIES HABIT AND BEHAVIOR SO YOU AVOID SORT OF SILLY INTERPRETATIONS. I PUT THE CLASSIC MACAQUE ONE UP THERE WHICH IS INTERPRETED BY MOST AS SMILING WHEN THIS IS OFTENTIMES INHIBITED BEHAVIOR, SMI SIEVE BEHAVIORS. AS WE THINK ABOUT HOW WE THINK ABOUT HOW TO USE ANTHROPOMORPHISM, THERE'S BEEN NICE THINKING IN THIS AREA TO THINK ABOUT IT'S NOT PRECISELY EQUIVALENT TO OUR FEELINGS BUT RATHER HOW WE CAN DEVELOP WAYS IN WHICH WE CAN GIVE THESE ANIMALS TO OUR TOOLS AND TEST WHETHER THEY'RE MEANINGFUL. SO JUST AT THE END HERE, THIS IS AN INTERESTING WAY, I THINK, TO TEST THAT THEORY, SO WE WERE ESTABLISHING A -- TO RECOGNIZING DISSENT, ASKING IS THIS OKAY FOR THEM. THIS IS OUR OPEN CAGE HANDLING. WE'RE PRACTICING ON YOUR LEFT, WE'RE WORKING WITH THE ANIMAL TO DETERMINE WHETHER OR NOT THAT IT'S OKAY TO BE WORKING IN HOME CAGE WITH THEM, PRACTICING FOR BIOARTIFICIAL PANCREAS CHARGING WHICH YOU SEE ON OTHER SIDE WHICH IS A CONVECTIVE CHARGING COIL, AND AGAIN WORKING WITH OUR ANIMALS IN THEIR HOME ENVIRONMENTS, MAKING SURE THAT WHAT WE'RE DOING IS OKAY WITH THEM. IT'S REALLY AN INTERESTING THING WHEN YOU ACHIEVE THIS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF YOUR SCIENCE, BECAUSE THIS ALLOWS US TO FLUNK OUT SOME THINGS THAT MAY NOT BE USABLE IN A PHASE ONE CLINICAL TRIL. SO IF WE HAVE AN ANIMAL, PARTICULARLY A PRIMATE IN CHAIR RESTRAINT OR CHEMICAL RESTRAINT, WE'RE LOOKING FOR FEASIBILITY MEASURES, HOW DOES IT FEEL WHEN YOU CHARGE, IS IT GETTING HOT, ARE YOU COMFORTABLE FOR 10 MINUTES CHARGING. IT CAN REALLY SAVE SOME THOSE COSTLY FAILS THAT WE TALKED ABOUT, MAKING SURE THAT THESE THERAPIES ARE REALLY GOING TO HAVE SOME CLINICAL SUITABILITY. AND FOR US, TRAINING AND BONDING REDUCE MODELS OF MODEL-INDUCED CONFOUNDING. BUT WE ALSO SEE CHANGE TO PATHOPHYSIOLOGY IN THESE ANIMALS. FOR US WHEN WE WERE WORKING WITH ANIMALS IN THE TRAINED ENVIRONMENT, WE SAW A DRAMATIC CHANGE IN THE LEVEL OF STRESS THAT MANIFESTED IN THE THYMUS. THESE ARE YOUNG ANIMALS THAT SHOULD HAVE A NORMAL THYMUS, AND YOU SEE BEFORE OBVIOUSLY PROFOUND IMMUNOSUPPRESSION WAS ONE OF OUR HYPOTHESES OF WHY WE DIDN'T SEE A NORMAL THYMUS. AFTER BEHAVIORAL MANAGEMENT DESPITE THIS PROFOUND CHEMICAL IMMUNOSUPPRESSION, WE HAD A NORMAL THYMUS. SO WE HAD A REALLY SUBTIVE WAY TO SEE WE HAD PROBABLY ADDRESSED MAJOR COPING IN OUR ANIMALS AND THAT OUR ANIMALS HAVE BASIC EXPERIENCE WITH HANDLING SO THEY FEEL THAT CONTACT OR RELATIONSHIP WITH HANDLERS IS CONTINUOUSLY REWARDING. WE INTERPRET THIS AGAIN AS A DURABLE BEHAVIOR THAT SUPPORTS THE LONG TERM INTEREST OF THE ANIMAL. SO I LOOK AT THIS IN A WAY AND I WAS SO ENTHUSIASTIC TO SEE THIS WORKSHOP BECAUSE I THINK WHEN WE GIVE THIS ATTENTION TO THE HUMAN-ANIMAL BOND, WE ALL BENEFIT. THIS MEANS REALLY EXCITING THINGS THAT GO TO OUR PATIENTS, BUT WHAT WE ALSO CAN ACHIEVE IN A SITUATION LIKE THIS IS AVOIDING BURNOUT AND COMPASSION FATIGUE BY DEVELOPING REAL GENUINE HEALING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN OUR ANIMALS THAT PROTECT THEM FROM AVOIDABLE SUFFERING AND GIVE BACK TO THEM FOR WHAT THEY DO FOR OTHER ANIMALS AND HUMANS. AND WITH THAT, I HAVE A BIG TEAM TO ACKNOWLEDGE AND A NUMBER OF ORGANIZATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN INSPIRATIONAL IN THE WORK THAT WE DO. AND I'M OPEN FOR QUESTIONS. THANK YOU VERY MUCH. [APPLAUSE] >> IF ANYBODY HAS SOME QUESTIONS TO ARE OUR OPENING SPEAKERS, I THINK THEY BOTH DID A PRETTY SPECTACULAR JOB HERE, SO DO WE HAVE SOME QUESTIONS FROM THE AUDIENCE? >> THE ILLUSTRATIONS YOU SHOWED WITH MONKEYS WERE REALLY VERY IMPRESSIVE, AND BEAUTIFULLY DONE. IT'S CLEAR THAT THE BONDING BETWEEN THE HANDLER AND THE MONKEY IS WONDERFUL. HOW DO YOU CONVEY THIS INFORMATION TO HUMAN PATIENTS? INCLUDING ANIMAL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS? AND PARTICULARLY, HOW DO YOU CONVEY THAT THE END OF THE EXPERIMENT FREQUENTLY IS EUTHANASIA? >> SO I THINK -- I REALLY LOVE THAT YOU ASKED THAT QUESTION BECAUSE WHEN I HAVE DIABETIC PATIENTS THAT COME TO MY CENTER, I ALWAYS THINK THEY'RE GOING TO BE REALLY EXCITED TO TALK TO ME ABOUT MY COOL SCIENCE AND HOW I'M RUSHING TOWARDS THE CURE TO DIABETES AND THE FIRST THING THEY DO WHEN THEY WALK AROUND THAT CORNER IS LOOK AT THE ANIMALS AND SAY, HOW MANY TIMES DO THEY CHECK THEIR GLUCOSE A DAY? DO THEY LIKE SWIMMING? THEY'RE REALLY, REALLY MORE CONCERNED ABOUT THE WAY IN WHICH WE HANDLE OUR ANIMALS. SO I THINK IT'S IMPORTANT TO APPRECIATE THAT OUR PATIENTS CARE HOW THESE CURES COME TO THEM. AND IT'S MEANINGFUL TO THEM AND WE NEED TO BE OPEN ABOUT WHAT WE DO AND WHAT THESE ANIMALS CONTRIBUTE TO BRINGING THOSE CURES TO OUR PATIENTS. NOW AS FAR AS EUTHANASIA, THIS IS -- IT NEVER GETS EASIER, AND I WOULD EXPECT, YOU KNOW, IN TALKING WITH MY TEAM, I DON'T THINK ANY OF US EXPECTED TO BE EASY WHEN WE BUILD THESE INCREDIBLE BONDS WITH OUR ANIMALS. BUT AGAIN, I PUT THAT IN THE OPENING SLIDE FOR A REASON. WE ALL ARE THERE BECAUSE WE BELIEVE IN MEDICINE AND THE ABILITY TO CHANGE THE LIVES OF OTHER ANIMALS AND OTHER HUMANS, AND HAVE RECOGNIZED THAT TO GET THERE, WE STILL NEED TO USE THESE ANIMALS. I THINK FOR US, WE FEEL QUITE REWARDED BY THE FACT THAT WE'VE SHOWN THAT BY USING THESE TECHNIQUES, WE CAN REDUCE THE NUMBER OF ANIMALS THAT WE USE, BECAUSE WE'RE SIMPLY DOING BETTER SCIENCE. SO FOR EXAMPLE, WE WERE JUST ABSOLUTELY REDUCING THE NUMBER OF ANIMALS WE EUTHANIZE OVERALL, AND SO BEING ABLE TO TALK ABOUT THAT, I THINK IS IMPORTANT. AND ALSO EXPLAINING TO AGAIN PATIENTS OR ACTIVISTS, THE PURPOSE OF EUTHANASIA, YOU KNOW, FOR EVERY MONKEY THAT YOU SAW IN THOSE VIDEOS, THEY MAY LOOK CLINICALLY FANTASTIC AND WE MAY FIND SOMETHNG ON NECROPSY THAT'S A SERIOUS SAFETY ISSUE FOR OUR PATIENTS, AND THAT'S, AGAIN, WHAT OUR ANIMALS ARE THERE TO DO. AND SO REALLY HAVING OPEN DISCUSSIONS ABOUT IT, I THINK IS CRITICALLY IMPORTANT. >> QUESTION DOWN THERE. >> HI. THANKS TO BOTH, BONNIE, I THOUGHT YOU DID AN AMAZING JOB AND PROVIDING CONTEXT, REALLY MAKES THE WHOLE EXPERIENCE RICHER, AND MELANIE, I HAVE A QUESTION. SO WHAT YOU DO IS AMAZING, AND I'M REALLYIMPRESS. I DON'T KNOW WHAT YOU DO OR YOUR STAFF DOES THIS IN VOLUME, AND DO YOU HAVE ANY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VOLUME? >> SURE. SO YOU KNOW, INTERESTINGLY, OUR COLONY IS RELATIVELY SMALL. WE HAVE ABOUT 120 MACAQUES AT ANY GIVEN TIME, SO IT'S NOT 3,000 ANIMALS, FOR EXAMPLE, GOING THROUGH TOX. BUT I THINK THAT YOU CAN DO THIS ON -- YOU CAN SCALE ACCORDINGLY, RIGHT? I DON'T THINK THE INVESTMENT IS SO LARGE, THIS IS WHY WE'VE BEEN STUDYING OUR TOTAL TRAINING TIMES BECAUSE I THINK, AGAIN, THE REASON THAT WE SEE PEOPLE DOING WORK ON VOLUMES TO SOME EXTENT IS BECAUSE THEY DON'T HAVE GOOD REPRODUCIBILITY. THEY NEED THESE BIG NUMBERS. SO AGAIN, AT SOME POINT WE HAVE TO TAKE THE RISK, RIGHT, TO SAY, YES, MAYBE IT TAKES AN EXTRA 28 DAYS IN THE BEGINNING TO REALLY PREP THESE ANIMALS, BUT MAYBE WE'LL BE USING 50% LESS BECAUSE WE'RE REALLY GETTING OUTCOMES THAT ARE MEANINGFUL FROM THESE ANIMALS. SO I'M OF TWO MINDS ABOUT THIS. IN TERMS OF BASE BEHAVIORS THAT WE TYPICALLY SEE FOR ANIMALS THAT ARE NEEDED TO USE AT VOLUME, THIS IS SIMPLE THINGS POTENTIALLY LIKE COOPERATIVE ORAL DOSING AND THINGS LIKE THIS THAT DON'T REQUIRE THREE TO FIVE HOURS OF TRAINING. SO I THINK IT'S REALLY A COMMITMENT TO SAY CAN WE DO THIS STARTING OUT AS PILOT OR EX-PLOOR TRI, TO EXPLORATORY, TO SEE HOW BENEFICIAL IT IS TO EXPAND TO THESE BIGGER NUMBERS, PARTICULARLY IN MACAQUES. MY CENTER IS INVOLVED IN TRAINING. THERE'S NOBODY, AGAIN, WHO DOESN'T INFLUENCE THE ANIMAL EXPERIENCE OR IS INFLUENCED BACKWARDS BY THE ANIMAL EXPERIENCE. SO IF YOU'RE ON THE HUSBANDRY TEAM, YOU'RE TRAINING ANIMALS TO LIXIT TESTS, ALL OF THE THINGS THAT MAKE DOWNSTREAM BEHAVIORS MORE SIMPLE. SO I THINK THERE IS A REAL OPPORTUNITY FOR SCALE, AND I REMEMBER EVEN IN MY OWN CENTER, WHEN WE HAD, YOU KNOW, THREE MONKEYS TRAINED, NOW THERE'S 120 MONKEYS TRAINED. IT'S SORT OF, AGAIN, I THINK MAKING THE COMMITMENT TO SAYING THIS IS HOW WE DO THIS WORK AND IT'S IMPORTANT FOR THE PEOPLE THAT ARE HERE TO DO THE WORK IN THIS WAY. AND THE PUBLIC TO DO THE WORK IN THIS WAY. >> I THINK YOU HAVE ALSO MADE THE COMMENT, AND I THINK IT'S VERY IMPORTANT THAT IT'S A WHOLE TEAM EFFORT, FROM THE RESEARCHER ALL THE WAY DOWN TO THE ANIMAL HANDLERS. >> ONE OF THE STRONGEST VISUAL IMPRESSIONS TO ME, AND IT'S A VISCERAL FEELING AS WELL, THE TIGER YOU SHOWED, BONNIE, RESTRAINED -- SO FORTH, UPSIDE-DOWN, THAT BOTHERED ME CONSIDERABLY, BUT THEN SEEING THE PRIMATES COME AND LOOK AROUND AND WANTING TO EXTEND A LIMB QUITE DIFFERENTLY, IT'S A RESTRAINT METHOD, THE CIRCUMSTANCES ARE DIFFERENT, BUT MY VISUAL TAKE-HOME AND I THINK WHAT THE PUBLIC MIGHT SENSE TOO IN TERMS OF THE HUMAN-ANIMAL BONDS HERE, IT'S NOT A QUESTION BUT I'M WONDERING, DO YOU HAVE SOMETHING TO SAY ABOUT THAT? >> WELL, I WILL TELL YOU, I TAKE THIS SLIDE OUT BECAUSE I HAVE SUCH A VISCERAL RESPONSE BUT CHAIR RESTRAIPT, ABSOLUTELY HORRENDOUS CONDITIONS. WE SAY THAT WAS 1981. WE SAW IT ON OCTOBER 16TH IN FOOTAGE COMING OUT OF GERMANY. THESE DAYS ARE STILL HERE FOR SOME OF OUR ANIMALS. SO WE REALLY HAVE TO ASK OURSELVES, WHAT LED TO ALL OF THOSE PEOPLE IN THAT FACILITY ALSO, AGAIN, THE CAREGIVER IMPACT ON THOSE ANIMALS, WHAT HAPPENED THERE. I THINK THIS IS WHY IT'S SO CRITICAL THAT WE TALK ABOUT WHAT WE DO TODAY. EMPATHY BREEDS GOOD CARE AND BACKWARDS BREED GOOD MENTAL HEALTH IN OUR CAREGIVERS. SO I FULLY APPRECIATE THAT BECAUSE I WANT TO WORK WITH AN ANIMAL THAT WANTS TO WORK WITH ME, NOT ONE THAT I HAVE TO HAVE IN FOUR-POINT RESTRAINT, RIGHT? SO I WAS REALLY -- I REACT TODAY THAT TOO, IT'S VERY FUNNY THAT YOU MENTIONED THAT PICTURE BECAUSE THERE'S THE SAME IN MONKEYS, IN RODENTS, I MEAN, WE HAVE ALL OF THIS. I THINK IT'S WONDERFUL THAT YOU BROUGHT THAT UP. >> AND I THINK THERE'S A BIG IMPORTANT COMPONENT IN THOSE WHO ARE MENTORING PH.D. CANDIDATES DOING RESEARCH. BECAUSE IF THE MENTOR ISN'T USING THE HUMANE TECHNIQUES, THE MENTEE DOESN'T PICK UP THAT KIND OF LEARNING, AND THAT'S A DIFFICULT THING TO LEARN LATER IN LIFE. >> SO I REALLY WANT TO THANK YOU, BONNIE DID A FANTASTIC JOB GIVING US A GREAT UPDATE AND PREPPING US FOR OUR CONVERSATIONS COMING UP, AND THANK YOU, MELANIE, FOR YOUR FANTASTIC WORK THAT YOU'RE DOING, AND ALSO FOR YOUR AMAZING TOLERANCE THROUGH A LITTLE BIT OF BACKGROUND NOISE, YOU DID NOT MISS A BEAT. THAT WAS IMPRESSIVE. SO REALLY GREAT ROUND OF APPLAUSE FOR OUR SPEAKERS. THANK YOU SO MUCH. [APPLAUSE] >> I JUST WANT TO THANK THAT FIRST PANEL. THAT WAS A REALLY GREAT SESSION ONE TO GET THINGS STARTED. I'M PRESTON VAN HOOSER WITH UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON AND IT'S MY PLEASURE TO FACILITATE SESSION TWO, WHICH IS COMPASSION IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH. I JUST WANT TO QUICKLY GO OVER THE OBJECTIVES. IN THIS SESSION, WE'RE GOING TO LOOK AT DEFINING COMPASSION IN SIGH EPS AND THE 9 SCIENCE AND THE IMPORTANCE OF COMPASSION IN HEALTHCARE AND CAREGIVERS IN THIS CONTEXT. WE'RE ALSO GOING TO BE LOOKING AT CHARACTERIZING THE BREADTH AND CONTEXT IN WHICH FATIGUE OCCURS IN LAB ANIMAL SCIENCE INCLUDING CHRONIC VERSUS INCIDENT RESPONSE AND THEN LASTLY, WE WILL BE TALKING ABOUT PROCESSES FOR COPING WITH CF, COMPASSION FATIGUE. WE HAVE THREE GREAT SPEAKERS LINED UP, AND IT'S WITH MY ABSOLUTE PLEASURE TO INTRODUCE DR. BRIANNA SKINNER, AND I HAD TO TAKE SOME NOTES BECAUSE I DON'T WANT TO DO ANY INJUSTICE TO THE CREDIBILITY OF OUR SPEAKERS IN THIS SESSION. BRIANNA IS A COMMISSION CORPS OFFICER IN THE U.S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE CURRENTLY ASSIGNED TO THE OFFICE OF COUNTERMEASURES AND EMERGING THREATS AND SERVES AS A SENIOR REPERTORY VETERINARIAN, SO MANY HATS. PRIOR TO TRANSFERRING TO THE FDA, SHE WORKED AT THE CDC FOR OVER 11 YEARS. SHE'S A DIPLOMAT OF THE ACLAM AND SHE EARNED HER DOCTOR OF VETERINARY MEDICINE FROM TUSKEGEE UNIVERSITY AND HER MASTERS OF PUBLIC HEALTH FROM BENEDICTINE UNIVERSITY SO PLEASE WELCOME DR. BRIANNA SKINNER. [APPLAUSE] LET ME GET YOUR SLIDE DECK UP. THANK YOU. ALVIN, YOU GOT ME IN ALREADY. THANK YOU. >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR THAT INTRODUCTION. SO TODAY I'M GOING TO BE TALKING ABOUT THE SOCIOENG LOGICAL MODEL WHICH IS A GROUP-BASED MODEL FOR BEHAVIORAL CHANGE AND ATTITUDE NAN CHANGE, AND I THOUGHT THIS WOULD BE APPROPRIATE FOR THIS PARTICULAR SESSION SINCE WE WANT TO LOOK AT THE LABORATORY ANIMAL COMMUNITY. AND WHAT WE CAN POSSIBLY DO TO COPE WITH COMPASSION FATIGUE OR PUT SOME INTERVENTIONS OR EVEN PREVENTIONS IN PLACE TO HELP DEAL WITH SOMETHING THAT WE'VE NOW DISCOVERED IS PRETTY PREVALENT IN OUR PARTICULAR DISCIPLINE. AND I CAME TO REALLY LOOK AT THIS BECAUSE DURING MY GRADUATE STUDIES, YOU KNOW, CONSIDERING THAT I AM A LABORATORY ANIMAL VETERINARIAN AND HAVE EXPERIENCED SOME THINGS WITHIN THE PROFESSION THAT I MIGHT FIND, YOU KNOW, NOT SO PLEASING, THIS MADE ME WANT TO ACTUALLY CONCENTRATE ON THIS. SO I'M ALSO LOOKING AT THIS IN MY CURRENT GRADUATE STUDIES. SO THE FAMOUS DISCLAIMER THAT OUR GOVERNMENT PERSONNEL HAVE TO PUT UP HERE IN THAT EVERYTHING IN THIS PRESENTATION REPRESENT MY OWN VIEWS AND NOT NECESSARILY THE VIEWS OF THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION OR THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES. SO, FOR THIS PANEL, WE WERE ASKED TO DISCUSS WHAT IS COMPASSION IN SCIENCE. SO THERE'S A LOT OF DEFINITIONS THAT DEFINE WHAT COMPASSION IS AND DEFINE WHAT SCIENCE IS. SO I WENT INTO THE MIRIAM WEBSTER DICKSARY AS WELL WEBSTER -- COMPASSION IS SYMPATHETIC CONSCIOUSNESS OF OTHERS' DISTRESS TOGETHER WITH A DESIRE TO ALLEVIATE IT. WITH SCIENCE, YOU KNOW, WE'RE ALL SCIENTISTS, WE USE A STRUCTURAL WAY TO EXPLORE THINGS AND UNDERSTAND THINGS IN A LOGICAL FASHION THAT'S EVIDENCE-BASED. SO WHEN YOU PUT THOSE TWO TOGETHER, I CAME UP WITH THIS PARTICULAR DEFINITION. SO WHAT IS COMPASSION IN SCIENCE? THIS IS WHEN ONE'S KNOWLEDGE, UNDERSTANDING OR EXPERIENCE IS DRIVEN BY FEELING, EASE MOTIONAL URGE TO ALLEVIATE OCCURRENCE OF PAIN OR SUFFERING SYSTEMATICALLY THROUGH OBSERVATION AND EXPLORATION OF THE TRIGGERING PHENOMENON. THAT CAN BE TO OUR FELLOW MAN AND ANIMALS. YOU MIGHT SEE THINGS IN OUR FELLOW MAN THAT WE WANT TO CHANGE WE MIGHT SEE THINGS IN ANIMALS WE CARE FOR THAT WE MIGHT WANT TO CHANGE. THEN THERE'S A LOT OF COMPASSION TERMINOLOGY. CHARLES FIGLEY IN 2006 CAME UP WITH THESE DEFINITIONS WHERE COMPASSION STRESS IS THE DEMAND TO BE COMPASSIONATE. AND SO THE GOOD SIDE ABOUT THAT IS WHEN THAT DEMAND MEETS AN OBJECTIVE OF BEING MEANINGFUL AND BEING GRATIFYING, WE CALL THAT COMPASSION SATISFACTION. HOWEVER, WHEN THAT DEMAND BECOMES OVERWHELMING AND WE ARE CONSTANTLY EXPOSED TO THAT STRESS OR WE SEE A LOT OF STRESS OR PAIN AND SUFFERING HAPPENING TO SOMEONE THOUGH IT'S NOT REALLY HAPPENING TO US, THEN WE CALL THAT VICARIOUS TRAUMA. SO BURNOUT AND VICARIOUS TRAUMA TOGETHER COMPOSE COMPASSION FATIGUE IN THE FORM OF POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDR. SO BEFORE I GET INTO THE MODEL, I WANTED TO TALK ABOUT SYSTEMS THINKING WITH COMPASSION. MOST OF THE TIME WHEN YOU HAVE PROBLEMS IN OUR PUBLIC HEALTH, IT'S NOT LINEAR. IT'S NOT LIKE A BEGINNING >> Dr. Anderson: AND AN END USUALLY, THERE'S A FEEDBACK MECHANISM. SO ALTHOUGH I HAVE LISTED HERE THINGS THAT MIGHT INTERPLAY IN SYSTEMS THINKING IT DOESN'T NECESSARILY MEAN THAT THIS IS ALL INCLUSIVE. SO ANOTHER THING WE THINK ABOUT WITH SYSTEMS THINKING IS SOME CAUSAL FACTORS AND THINGS THAT MIGHT IMPACT IT. SO THEY COULD BE COMPLEX, AND SOMETIMES THEY'RE DYNAMIC, AND WE DON'T ALWAYS KNOW WHAT'S THE CAUSE OF IT, THAT'S WHY WE NEED TO EXPLORE AND USE SCIENCE TO DISCOVER THAT. AND ANY OF THESE FACTORS MIGHT CHANGE ANY TIME, AND THEN WHEN THEY CHANGE ANY TIME, THEY ACTUALLY MIGHT IMPACT OTHER REALMS WITHIN THE ENVIRONMENT, WITHIN HOW WE BEHAVE WITH ONE ANOTHER, AND HOW WE THINK, AND WHAT OUR KNOWLEDGE IS. SO ALL THESE THINGS ARE INTERCONNECTED. SO THAT'S WHEN WE GET INTO THE SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL MODEL AND WHY I THINK IT'S APPROPRIATE FOR UNDERSTANDING COMPASSION FATIGUE. SO YOU CAN LOOK AT IT FROM A MECHANISM OF EACH PARTICULAR SOCIAL GROUP ARE INTERCONNECTED AND INTERRELATED. SO WHAT YOU CAN DO AS AN INDIVIDUAL MIGHT ACTUALLY IMPACT WHAT YOU DO WHEN YOU ARE WITH YOUR GROUP OR YOUR PEERS, AND THEN IN YOUR INSTITUTION, WE SPEND APPROXIMATELY A THIRD OF OUR DAY LIKE AT WORK OR AT SCHOOL, SO WHAT HAPPENS IN THAT ENVIRONMENT MIGHT ALSO IMPACT HOW WE FEEL INDIVIDUALLY AND HOW WE ACT AMONG OUR PEERS. AND THEN THE COMMUNITY, AS THESE ORGANIZATIONS GET TOGETHER AND FORM RELATIONSHIPS AND PARTNERSHIPS, THEY MIGHT HAVE SIMILAR THOUGHT PRO SESSIONS. AND SESSION PROCESSES AND HOW DOES THAT IMPACT THE PERSON AND HOW THEY ACTUALLY ACT WITH EACH OTHER. SO THAIS THE BASIS FOR THE SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL MODEL. SO HOW DO YOU APPLY EVIDENCE TO THIS FRAMEWORK? YOU CAN START OFF BY DOING RESEARCH OR DOING PEER REVIEWED EVIDENCE. SO IF YOU RECOGNIZE THAT YOU MIGHT HAVE A SITUATION OR A PROBLEM, IT'S GOOD TO GO OUT AND SEE WHAT'S ACTUALLY OUT THERE AND IF THERE ARE SOLUTIONS. AND THEN YOU MIGHT WANT TO DO AN ASSESSMENT TO DETERMINE WHEN THEY'RE NOT -- YOU'RE COPING WITH IT APPROPRIATELY OR IF YOU HAVE ANY GAPS, AND WHAT RESOURCES DO YOU HAVE AVAILABLE, AND WHAT RESOURCES TO YOU DO YOU NEED. AND THEN YOU MIGHT WANT TO UTILIZE THAT DATA TO FORM SOME TYPE OF SYSTEMATIC FRAMEWORK FOR PROGRAM PLANNING. AND THEN, OF COURSE, YOU WANT TO APPLY THIS INFORMATION AND ENGAGE STAKE HOLD ARES AND MAYBE COMMUNITY PARTICIPANTS SO YOU CAN GET THEIR FEEDBACK TO SEE HOW THEY MIGHT BE AFFECTED. AND THEN, OF COURSE, WHILE YOU'RE PLANNING THIS PROGRAM, AS YOU'RE PLANNING IT, YOU WANT TO EVALUATE TO SEE WHAT YOU MIGHT ALL DONE AND COMPLETE, YOU MIGHT HAVE SOME MEASURES WHERE YOU ACTUALLY WANT TO SEE IF IT'S WORKING. THEN OF COURSE WHAT YOU'VE LEARNED FROM IT, DISSEMINATE THAT INFORMATION SO OTHERS CAN LEARN FROM IT AND FROM WHAT YOUR PROGRAM CAN LEARN FROM IT AS WELL. MAYBE THERE'S SOME THINGS YOU MIGHT WANT TO CHANGE OR MAYBE YOU DON'T NEED SOMETHING, THAT PARTICULAR PART OF THE PROGRAM AT ALL. SO WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT THE SOCIOECOLOGICAL MODEL, AND THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE PERSONAL AS WELL AS YOUR INSTITUTIONAL AND YOUR COMMUNITY FACTORS, THEY'RE ALL INTERLEAVED. WHAT HAPPENS TO THE ONE HAPPENS TO THE OTHER. SO THE FLOW OF INFLUENCE CAN GO IN ANY CENTER. SO FROM AN INDIVIDUAL STANDPOINT, WHAT YOU WANT TO LOOK AT IS THE BIOLOGICAL AND PERSONAL HISTORY. THIS IS THEIR KNOWLEDGE, BELIEFS AND AT THAT ATTITUDES AS WELL AS MAYBE SOP OF THEIR SKILLS OR SOME OF THEIR DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES. AND HOW DOES THAT AFFECT COMPASSION FATIGUE. AT THE INTERPERSONAL LEVEL, YOU'RE LOOKING AT THE FAMILY, FRIENDS AND SOCIAL PEERS, AND ALSO THEIR WORK COLLEAGUES. THIS IS WHAT WE CALL THE MICROENVIRONMENT. SO WITH THE MICROENVIRONMENT, THIS IS MOSTLY WITH I'D SAY LITERATURE -- WHAT LITERATURE ACTUALLY TARGETS IN TERMS OF TRYING TO PUT IN INTERVENTIONS. SO FOR THIS SESSION, YOU'RE GOING TO SEE ME PRETTY MUCH TALK MORE ABOUT THE MACRO ENVIRONMENT BECAUSE I DON'T THINK WE HAVE THAT MUCH LITERATURE THAT ACTUALLY TARGETS WHAT WE NEED TO DO AT THE INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL AS WELL AS THE COMMUNITY LEVEL. THE INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL, AS I EXPLAINED BEFORE, IS WHERE WE WORK AND MAYBE LIKE EVEN GOVERNMENT AND MAYBE ALSO ACADEMIA. OR FAITH-BASED ENTITIES. AND WHEN THEY FORM PARTNERSHIPS, WE HAVE A COMMUNITY. SO ONCE YOU UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPTS AND WHAT INTERPLAYS IN THOSE DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOCIAL CIRCLES, THEN THIS IS WHEN YOU PUT YOUR FRAMEWORK TOGETHER. SO WITH THIS FRAMEWORK, AND YOU THINK OF COMPASSION FATIGUE, YOU WANT TO SAY, WHAT ARE SOME OF THE THINGS THAT MIGHT BE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OR RISK FACTORS THAT MIGHT BRING ABOUT COMPASSION FATIGUE. SO AT THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL, YOU KNOW, YOU CAN SAY THAT MOST PEOPLE HAVE A HIGH LEVEL OF EMPATHY IF THEY'RE PRONE TO THAT. AND THEN YOU COULD SAY TRAINING, LACK OF, OR, IF THEY HAVE IT. SO FOR THIS PARTICULAR FRAMEWORK, I CON ACCEPT CONCENTRATED MORE ON THE ADVERSE OUTCOMES BECAUSE WITH THE POSITIVE OUTCOMES, YOU PRO TI MUCH PRETTY MUCH WANT THE OPPOSITE OF WHAT'S HERE. AGAIN, THIS ISN'T ALL INCLUSIVE AND THIS MIGHT VARY DEPENDING ON WHAT YOUR PROGRAM IS AND YOU WOULD HAVE THIS BASED ON YOUR PARTICULAR NEEDS OR RISK ASSESSMENT THAT YOU'RE DOING. BUT THIS IS JUST AN EXAMPLE OF A TYPE OF FRAMEWORK YOU MIGHT ACTUALLY WANT TO INCORPORATE IF YOU'RE GOING TO DO COMPASSION FATIGUE ASSESSMENT. SO LOOKING AT THE INTERPERSONAL LEVEL, IF YOU'RE HAVING AN INDIVIDUAL THAT'S SHOWING SOME CYNICISM OR HAVING LACK OF CONFIDENCE MAYBE BECAUSE THEY DON'T HAVE ENOUGH TRAINING OR BECAUSE THEY'RE HAVING A MORAL DILEMMA, PERHAPS THEY'VE EUTHANIZED SOME ANIMALS THAT MIGHT HAVE BEEN HEALTHY BUT, YOU KNOW, THAT'S PART OF WHAT WE DO. THEY'RE KIND OF TRYING TO COPE WITH THAT. THAT MIGHT ACTUALLY AFFECT HOW THEY INTERACT WITH THEIR FAMILY, ARE THEY GOING TO BE EMOTIONALLY UNAVAILABLE FOR WHAT THEY'VE EXPERIENCED. ARE THEY GOING TO SEPARATE OR ISOLATE THEMSELVES OR ARE THEY GOING TO HAVE TYPES OF CONFLICT WITH THEIR PEERS AS A RESULT OF THOUSAND THEY'RE HOW THEY'RE FEELING. SO WHAT I'D LIKE TO FOCUS ON IS MAYBE SOME INSTITUTIONAL INTERVENTIONS AS RELATES TO THAT. WHAT IS THE WORKPLACE CLIMATE, AND WHAT IS THE CULTURE THERE? DO YOU HAVE A WORKPLACE THAT ACTUALLY EMBRACES SUPPORTING PEOPLE VOICING THEIR CONCERNS, OR DO THEY SAY THEY'RE HYPERSENSITIVE, OH DO THEY SAY THAT, WELL, JUST SUCK IT UP, THAT'S JUST PART OF THE JOB? SO IT'S MORE CONDUCIVE TO HAVE AN ENVIRONMENT WHERE PEOPLE CAN ACTUALLY VOICE THEIR CONCERNS. AND EXPRESS HOW THEY'RE FEELING SO THAT WE CAN PUT THE INTERVENTIONS IN PLACE AND SO ALSO, WHAT YOU MIGHT CONSIDER AT THE INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL IS, THE TYPE OF LEADERSHIP STYLE THAT YOU WANT TO INCORPORATE. SO LITERATURE SHOWS THAT MORE TRANSFORMATIONAL TYPES OF LEADERSHIP ENGAGE EMPLOYEES AND THEY ALSO EMPOWER EMPLOYEES. SO HOW MANY INSTITUTIONS ACTUALLY ALLOW THEIR TECHNICIANS TO ATTEND IACUC MEETINGS, TO ATTEND PRE-PROTOCOL MEETINGS, TO GIVE OPINIONS ON EQUIPMENT, TO GIVE OPINIONS ON, LIKE, SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT? THIS HELPS KEEP STAFF ENGAGED BECAUSE WE KNOW THERE ARE PLOA FETIONAL HIERARCHIES AND GIVES THEM MEANING SO THEY CAN FEEL GOOD ABOUT WHAT THEY'RE DOING. SO WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE COMMUNITY LEVEL, WHAT ARE WE DOING AS COMMUNITY IN THE LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE FIELD TO MAKE PEOPLE FEEL GOOD ABOUT WHAT THEY'RE DOING? SO IF WE DON'T HAVE TRANSPARENCY, HOW DOES THE PUBLIC FEEL ABOUT WHAT WE'RE DOING? WHAT DO WE HAVE TO HIDE? THAT'S WHAT THEY'RE THINKING PROBABLY. SO HOW DO YOU MITIGATE AGAINST THAT? YOU MIGHT WANT TO IMPROVE THE UNDERSTANDING BY ENHANCING TRANSPARENCY AND PUTTING OUT THE MESSAGE THAT YOU WANT THE PUBLIC TO HAVE. AND THEN SHARING THE KNOWLEDGE THAT YOU HAVE. I'M NOT SAYING THAT YOU'RE GOING TO CONVINCE EVERYBODY. BUT AT LEAST YOU CAN -- I THINK YOU CAN PRETTY MUCH GATHER THAT PEOPLE WILL FEEL MORE TRUSTING OF WHAT YOU'RE DOING, IF YOU'RE OPEN ABOUT THE TYPE OF WORK THAT YOU'RE DOING. AND THEN ALSO THE EXTENT OF COLLABORATION AND COORDINATION. ARE WE JUST HIDING WHAT WE'VE LEARNED OR ARE WE SHARING WHAT WE'VE LEARNED AND THEN GETTING FEEDBACK AS WELL? WE BENEFIT FROM SHARING INFORMATION AND LEARNING FROM EACH OTHER. AND THEN, THEREFORE, AS A COMMUNITY, WE CAN ACTUALLY PUT GUIDELINES IN PLACE THAT CAN HELP MITIGATE SOME OF THE COMPASSION FATIGUE THAT'S IN OUR PARTICULAR PROFESSION. AND THERE ARE THINGS THAT ARE UNIQUE TO OUR PROFESSION AS LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENTISTS THAT MAY NOT BE ENCOUNTERED WITH OTHER VETERINARY PROFESSIONALS. SO FOR INSTANCE, SOMETHING I WOULD SAY IS UNIQUE FOR THE BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH COMMUNITY IS IF YOU'RE USING A LOT OF ANIMALS AND YOU'RE SEEING A LOT OF SITUATIONS WHERE LIKE IN INFECTIOUS DISEASE RESEARCH, WHERE YOU HAVE TO EUTHANIZE THEM AFTER A CERTAIN PERIOD OF TIME. HOW IS IT THAT CERTAIN PEOPLE FEEL THAT THAT'S NOT NECESSARY? AND I SAY THAT BECAUSE I HAVE TALKED TO CERTAIN PEOPLE WHO'VE SWITCHED TO THE OTHER SIDE AND SAID, WELL, I DON'T UNDERSTAND WHY WE HAVE TO INJECT THEM WITH THIS PARTICULAR TYPE OF PATHOGEN. BECAUSE THEY DON'T UNDERSTAND THAT WE'RE TRYING TO UNDERSTAND THE BIOLOGICAL PROCESS SO THAT WE CAN STOP THE DISEASE. SO THAT WE CAN HELP NOT JUST PEOPLE BUT THE ANIMALS AS WELL. SO IT'S REALLY GOOD TO KEEP PEOPLE ENGAGED AND KEEP THEM INFORMED. AND THEN, OF COURSE, YOU MIGHT WANT TO LOOK AT WHAT THE POLITICAL AND POWER STRUCTURES ARE RIGHT THERE, AND AS WE KNOW WHAT'S GOING ON RIGHT NOW, IN CONGRESS, WE DO HAVE CERTAIN POWERS THAT BE THAT WANT TO END RESEARCH. SO WHAT ARE WE DOING AS A COMMUNITY TO KEEP PEOPLE INFORMED THAT WHAT WE'RE DOING IS TO HELP THEM, IS FOR THEIR BENEFIT, ARE WE PRACTICING THE GOOD SCIENCE AND ARE WE SHOWING THEM THAT WE'RE PRACTICING GOOD SCIENCE THAT ACTUALLY IS GOING TO BE BENEFICIAL TO THEM. SO THAT'S JUST AN OVERVIEW OF HOW YOU CAN USE THIS FRAMEWORK AND HOW YOU CAN SEE HOW SOME OF THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS CAN IMPACT ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND WHAT TYPE OF INTERVENTIONS AND PREVENTIONS YOU CAN PUT IN PLACE. SO WITH THAT, WHAT ARE SOME FUTURE IMPLICATIONS FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE COMMUNITY-BASED ON THIS MODEL THAT YOU CAN PROBABLY APPLY? SO LET US PREPARE OUR FUTURE MEMBERS FOR WHAT THEY ENCOUNTER WITH TRAINING. MAYBE GIVE THEM SOME SCENARIOS OF HOW TO COPE AND HOW TO DEAL WITH IT. LET'S FIND OUT MORE ABOUT WHAT RISK MORE PREVALENT THAT ARE SPECIFIC TO LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE COMMUNITY. AND TRY AND SEE IF WE CAN MITIGATE THOSE THINGS. ALSO LET'S LOOK AT WHAT POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE OUTCOMES ARE A RESULT OF SOME OF THE INTERVEPTIONS WE PUT INTERVENTIONS WE PUT IN PLACE, AND THEN LET'S USE EVIDENCE-BASED POLICIES AND GUIDELINES TO BE PROTECTIVE AND INFLUENCE THOSE OUTCOMES. AND LASTLY, LET LOOK AT WHAT ADDITIONAL LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE INSTITUTIONAL COMMUNITY LEVEL INTERVENTIONS CAN BE IMPLEMENTED. AND WITH THAT, THAT'S THE END AND THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR LISTENING. [APPLAUSE] >> I THINK MAYBE WHAT WE CAN DO IS WE'LL DO QUESTIONS AT THE VERY END UNLESS SOMEBODY HAS ANYTHING REALLY PRESS FOR DR. SKINNER. THANK YOU VERY MUCH. APPRECIATE THAT TALK. SO NEXT UP IS TRACY PARKER. LET ME GET YOUR SLIDE BACK UP HERE. SO TRACY ACTUALLY IS A PROGRAM MANAGER WITH INTUITIVE SURGICAL, AND SHE IS ALSO THE INCOMING 2020AALAS PRESIDENT, SO VERY EXCITED ABOUT THAT. I MET TRACY ABOUT SIX MONTHS AGO IN SEATTLE AND WE HAD SOME GOOD DISCUSSIONS, SO IT'S REALLY AN HONOR TO HAVE HER HERE. TRACY ACTUALLY -- I JUST LEARNED& THIS MORNING THAT SHE WAS AN EAST COASTER HER ENTIRE LIFE UP UNTIL 2017, 2018 WHEN SHE MOVED TO CALIFORNIA AND IS ENJOYING IT, SO WE'RE HAPPY TO HAVE YOU ON THE WEST COAST. NOW SHE ALSO COMPLETED HER MBA AND SHE HELD SEVERAL DIFFERENT CERTIFICATIONS WITHIN OUR COMMUNITY, CPIA PMP, SO LET'S WELCOME TRACY PARKER. [APPLAUSE] >> THANK YOU. GOOD MORNING, EVERYUP EVERYONE. SO FIRST I WANT TO THANK THE ORGANIZERS FOR INVITING ME. I ACTUALLY FEEL KIND OF OUT OF MY LEAGUE WITH ALL OF THESE WONDERFUL PANELISTS, BUT WHAT I AM GOING TO DO IS KIND OF BRING THIS TO -- YOU CAME UP HERE AND YOU HELPED ME, SO THANK YOU VERY MUCH. OKAY. SO I DO WANT TO BRING THIS TO THE MANAGEMENT AND THE TECHNICAL AND THE DAY TO DAY OPERATIONAL LEVEL SO THAT WE CAN START TALKING ABOUT HOW THIS IMPACTS INDIVIDUALS WITHIN THEIR DAILY ORGANIZATIONS. SO I DO NOT WORK FOR THE GOVERNMENT BUT I DO HAVE A LITTLE DISCLAIMER AS WELL. I'M NOT A PSYCHOLOGIST. I'M A LAB ANIMAL MANAGER-TYPE PERSON AND WHAT I'M PRESENTING HERE ARE MY PROFESSIONAL ASSESSMENTS BASED UPON 20-PLUS YEARS ACTUALLY WORKING WITH ANIMALS GOING BACK MORE LIKE 35 OR SO YEARS, BUT 20-PLUS IN THE LAB ANIMAL INDUSTRY. MY OPINIONS THAT I'M PRESENTING ARE MY OWN AND I'M HOPING THAT WHAT I BRING FORWARD HERE WILL START SOME SPIRITED DEBATE WITHIN THE INDUSTRY AND WITHIN OUR ORGANIZATIONS. SO UNDERSTANDING THAT THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF LAB ANIMAL ORGANIZATIONS, THIS IS A HIGH LEVEL OVERVIEW JUST KIND OF TO GET THE PUMP PRIMED TO START CONVERSATIONS. SO TYPICAL PATHWAY, YOU CAN HAVE SOME ENTRY LEVEL INDIVIDUALS IN CAGE WASH AND HUSBANDRY. MANY TIMES THOSE FOLKS COME TO US AND THEY HAVE NO PRIOR ANIMAL EXPERIENCE AT ALL. THEY MAY HAVE A HIGH SCHOOL OR GED AS THEIR HIGHEST LEVEL OF EDUCATION. WE MAY SEE SOME ENTRY LEVEL FOLKS THAT ARE COMING IN WITH HIGHER EDUCATION AS WELL, SO WE'VE GOT A WIDE RANGE THERE. YOU MIGHT HAVE SOME FOLKS THAT ARE IN THE PROCESS OF COMPLETING THEIR UNDERGRAD, SO THEY HAVE SOME BASIC SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING. THEY UNDERSTAND THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD, THEY MIGHT HAVE HAD SOME BIOLOGY, SOME ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY AND HAVE SOME BASE UNDERSTANDINGS OF SYSTEM OPERATIONS, AT LEAST COMPARATIVELY. THEN WE HAVE SOME OF THE RESEARCHERS THAT ARE EITHER BACHELOR HOLDERS OR MAYBE PURSUING MASTERS DEGREES, MAYBE CONCENTRATING IN ON A SPECIFIC TARGET AREA OF RESEARCH OF PARTICULAR DISEASE AREA, AND THEY HAVE A CORE SKILLSET, RIGHT? AND THEN, OF COURSE, WITH LOTS OF FOLKS HERE IN THE AUDIENCE, WE HAVE SEVERAL PEOPLE THAT ARE DOCTORATES WITHIN OUR INDUSTRY, WHETHER IT'S PH.D. RESEARCHERS, VETERINARIANS, VETERINARIAN RESEARCHERS, AND THEN WE ALSO HAVE VETS THAT ARE IN PRIVATE PRACTICE VERSUS VETS THAT ARE IN RESEARCH. WHAT ARE THE TRAINING PROGRAMS THAT THESE INDIVIDUALS RECEIVE? THAT'S PRETTY VARIED. I'M FORTUNATE THAT THROUGH THE COURSE OF MY CAREER, I ACTUALLY WAS A TRAINING COORDINATOR AT A LARGE CRO, I WAS THEIR FIRST TRAINING COORDINATOR AT THE INSTITUTION I WORKED AT AND I HAD THE OPPORTUNITY TO REACH AND TOUCH EVERYBODY THAT'S COMING IN TO WORK FOR THE COMPANY, WHETHER THEY WERE GOING TO WORK IN THE FRONT OFFICE IN ACCOUNTING OR WHETHER THEY WERE GOING TO BE OUT BACK WORKING IN HUSBANDRY, ANIMAL CARE OR AS A RESEARCH TECHNICIAN, I WAS ABLE TO TOUCH ALL OF THOSE INDIVIDUALS AND PRESENT TO THEM ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF THE USE OF ANIMALS IN RESEARCH. MORE DIRECTLY, ALL OF THE INDIVIDUALS THAT WERE GOING TO WORK WITH ANIMALS, WHETHER AS HUSBANDRY OR RESEARCH TECHNICIANS HAD TO GO THROUGH TRAINING PROGRAM WITH ME INCLUDING HUSBANDRY. SO I HAD RESEARCH TICK NICHES THAT WERE NEVER GOING TO COULD HUSBANDRY THAT HAD TO COME THROUGH AND LEARN HOW TO TAKE CARE OF MICE AND DOGS AND MONKEYS AND RABBITS AND UNDERSTAND HOW TO DO EVERYTHING FROM BEDDING TO BIOMEDICAL WASTE. NOT EVERYBODY HAD THAT OPPORTUNITY IN THEIR TRAINING PROGRAMS. THEY'RE SIMILAR, THOUGH, IN ONE COMMON DENOMINATOR. MOST LACK DIRECT TRAINING IN IDENTIFYING EMOTIONAL DISTRESS. THAT'S TRAINING OF THE STAFF AS WELL AS TRAINING OF THE LEADERSHIP. SO JUST SOME BASIC TRAINING THAT WE'LL SEE IN PROGRAMS SO THAT INCOMING PERSON THAT HAD NO PRIOR EXPERIENCE AND THEY'RE WORKING IN CAGE WASH OR HUSBANDRY, THEY'RE WORKING IN THINGS LIKE SANITATION, HANDLING, MAYBE SOME RESTRAINT, PERFORMING DAILY OBSERVATIONS, AND EUTHANIZING ANIMALS. THE ANIMAL TECH THAT'S DOING DOSING AND SAMPLING, SAMPLE COLLECTION, DATA COLLECTION, THOSE SORTS OF THINGS, ALSO EUTHANIZING ANIMALS. SO OUR MOST ENTRY LEVEL INDIVIDUALS ARE THE ONES THAT ARE TAKING ON THAT BURDEN OF EUTHANASIA AS ONE OF THEIR CORE TASKS ON A DAILY BASIS. RESEARCH ASSOCIATES MIGHT BE DOING MORE BENCH WORK AND DATA ANALYSIS. THEY MAY NOT ACTUALLY HAVE TO PERFORM EUTHANASIA. OFTENTIMES THAT'S A TASK THAT'S MOVED OVER TO HUSBANDRY AND ANIMAL CARE STAFF. THE RESEARCHER MIGHT BE DOING MORE TECHNICAL WRITING, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND OTHER MORE SCIENTIFIC-RELATED THINGS. AND THEN OUR VETERINARIANS. WHAT SORT TRAINING DO VETERINARIANS AT THEIR INSTITUTIONS RECEIVE ABOUT COMPASSION FATIGUE, ABOUT EMPATHY IN ANIMALS? CERTAINLY IN YOUR WORK TO BECOME A VETERINARIAN, SURE, AND THEN THROUGH SOME CONTINUING EDUCATION, BUT WHAT DO YOU RECEIVE AT YOUR INSTITUTIONS? YOU'RE USUALLY THE ONES THAT ARE DRIVING THE TRAINING, BUT WHO'S TRAINING YOU, AND WHO'S RECOGNIZING THAT YOU ALSO HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO BE IMPACTED? THERE'S A LOT OF OTHER TRAINING THAT WE ALL PARTICIPATE IN SO THERE'S ALWAYS THAT LIST OF THINGS THAT WE HAVE TO DO. I JOINED A NEW INSTITUTION A LITTLE OVER A YEAR AGO, AND I SPENT MY IN JAIL TIME READING STUFF AT THE COMPUTER, SOPs, PUBLIC POLICIES, COMPANY POLICIES, ALL OF THOSE THINGS. SO WE ALL GO THROUGH THAT SORT OF STUFF. AND THEN WE MIGHT HAVE SOME TRAINING IN HOW TO WORK AS A TEAM, HOW TO GET OVER OR WORK THROUGH CONFLICT WITH ONE ANOTHER. IF YOU'RE FORTUNATE YOU'RE GETTING SOME IACUC TRAINING ON THE THREE Rs AND ALTERNATIVES AND ANIMAL MODEL SELECTION, AND THEN MANAGEMENT MIGHT RECEIVE CERTAIN TRAINING. THINGS LIKE EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE, THINGS LIKE HOW DOES MY PERSONALITY WORK WELL WITH YOUR PERSONALITY OR NOT WORK WELL OR HOW DO I RECOGNIZE YOUR PERSONALITY TRAITS AND HOW WE SHOULD INTERACT TOGETHER. AND THEN OTHER EFFICIENCY MANAGEMENT LIKE LEAN OR OTHER THINGS. BUT WHAT'S NOT TYPICALLY ADDRESSED VERY OFTEN IS THE CARE AND EMPATHY THAT SHOULD BE SHARED WITH OUR ANIMAL CARE INDIVIDUALS AS WELL AS WITH OUR ANIMALS. ABOUT 15 YEARS AGO, I PRESENTED AT THE QUAD SYMPOSIUM IN THE NEW ENGLAND AREA, AND I TALKED ABOUT THIS. I TALKED ABOUT THE NEED TO RECOGNIZE THE ANIMAL HEROS AND THE PEOPLE THAT TAKE CARE OF THEM. AND YET HERE WE ARE, WE'RE 15 YEARS LATER, AND WE'RE REALLY STILL NOT MUCH FURTHER ALONG THAN WE WERE THEN. SO WE NEED TO DO SOME THINGS. SO WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF BEHAVIORS OR THINGS THAT YOU MIGHT OBSERVE, WHETHER YOU'RE A TECHNICIAN WORKING WITH A TEAM MEMBER OR YOU'RE A MANAGER LOOKING AT YOUR TEAM, AND, YOU KNOW, I PUT SOME THINGS UP HERE AND I APOLOGIZE FOR THOSE SLIDES, KNOWING THAT I'M PRESENTING VIRTUALLY AS WELL AS LIVE, A LOT OF WORDS ON SLIDES, APOLOGIES FOR THAT, BUT IN ORDER TO MAKE SURE THAT EVERYBODY GETS THE CONTEXT, SO LET'S TAKE SOME EXAMPLE. SO UL HAVE AN ENTRY LEVEL HUSBANDRY TECH, ANOTHER REACHING THE END OF A SIX MONTH STUDY WITH BEAGLE DOGS AND THAT PERSON IS DELIVERING A GROUP OF ANIMALS UP TO NECROPSY. AT THE SAME TIME, THERE'S A RESEARCH ASSOCIATE THAT'S WALKING THROUGH THE ROOM AND WRITING SAC ON A BUNCH OF CAGES AFTER THE LATEST DATA SUGGESTED THAT THE COMPOUND ISN'T WORKING AS WAS PLANNED. AND THEN YOU HAVE A CLINICAL VETERINARIAN INTERACTING WITH A STUDY DIRECTOR REQUESTING AN EDIT TO THEIR PROTOCOL TO PROVIDE BROADER RANGE ANALGESIA POST SURGERY. SO HERE'S SOME FOLKS, AND HOW MANY OF US SEE THOSE EVERY DAY IN OUR INTERACTION, RIGHT? WE ALL SEE THAT. IT COULD BE YOUR FACILITY, IT COULD BE MY FACILITY. NOW, IN THOSE SCENARIOS, WE HAVE SEVERAL POTENTIAL OUTCOMES. IN A PERFECT WORLD, THAT ALL HAPPENS AND EVERYBODY'S HAPPY, NOBODY'S HAVING ANY ISSUES, THE WORK GETS DONE, WE GO AWAY, WE COME BACK AND WE DO IT ALL THE NEXT DAY. BUT THAT MIGHT NOT BE THE CASE. AND THERE MIGHT BE OTHER OUTCOMES THAT AREN'T QUITE AS CHEERY AS EVERYBODY DOES THEIR JOB, GOES HOME AND WE'RE ALL HAPPY. SO LET'S SAY THAT HUSBANDRY TECH, ALSO VERIFY EUTHANASIA WITH A SECONDARY METHOD, AND THERE'S SOME ADVERSE EVENT THAT HAPPEN WITH THAT. NOW TYPICALLY WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IN THAT SITUATION IS THERE PROBABLY WOULD BE AN IACUC INVESTIGATION AND THAT PERSON MIGHT BE RECOMMENDED FOR TERMINATION. OR MAYBE THAT PERSON IS RECOMMENDED TO BE RETRAINED IN THAT PARTICULAR TECHNICAL SKILL. THE HUSBANDRY TECH COMPLETES THE TASK SUCCESSFULLY IN A DIFFERENT SCENARIO, HEADS TO LUNCH, AND CALLS HOME. AND IN THE MIDDLE OF THAT CALL HOME, HAS AN ARGUMENT WITH THEIR SIGNIFICANT OTHER. YOU'LL NEVER KNOW ABOUT THAT. THEY'RE ON THEIR LUNCH BREAK. THE ANIMAL TECH THAT WAS DELIVERING THE DOGS AFTER THE STUDY ENDS CALLS IN SICK TO WORK THE NEXT DAY. OR MAYBE THAT TECH GETS UP TO THE NECROPSY AREA LATE AND GETS SNAPPED AT BY THE NECROPSY TECHNICIAN. WHY WAS THAT TECH LATE? RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LIKE TURNING IN A REPORT TO THE STUDY MANAGER, THE CLINICAL VET GETS INTO AN ARGUMENT WITH THE STUDY DIRECTOR, THREATENING TO REPORT THAT STUDY DIRECTOR TO THE IACUC, NOT TYPICAL BEHAVIOR FOR THAT VETERINARIAN. OR THE STUDY DIRECTOR ACQUIESCES TO THE CLINICAL VET REQUEST, CLOSES THE DOOR AT THE END OF THE MEETING, WHICH IS ALSO UNUSUAL FOR THIS INDIVIDUAL. USUALLY AN OPEN AND EXTROVERTED PERSON. ALL OF THESE THINGS HAVE ONE THING IN COMMON. THEY'RE EXAMPLES OF POTENTIAL COMPASSION FATIGUE. OR NOT. THEY MIGHT BE EXAMPLES OF ABSOLUTELY NOTHING. MAYBE THAT INDIVIDUAL, THAT HUSBANDRY TECH ISN'T CUT OUT FOR THE FIELD AND IT REALLY WAS POOR TECHNICAL CAPABILITIES. MAYBE THE TOX TECH HAD FOOD POISONING AND HAD TO CALL IN SICK THE NEXT DAY. BUT WE DON'T KNOW BECAUSE THERE'S NO TRAINING FOR US AS LEADERS. SO WHAT DR. SKINNER WAS JUST PRESENTING IS REALLY AN IMPORTANT PIECE IN ALL OF THIS IN MAKING SURE WE CAN LEARN AND START TO RECOGNIZE AND START TO PLAN IN ADVANCE FOR THINGS THAT WE NEED TO BE MORE OPEN AND ASSESSING. SO TYPICALLY WHAT MANAGEMENT DOES IS WHEN SOMETHING IS GOING ON, SOMEBODY'S NOT BEHAVING AS YOU'D LIKE THEM, YOU'D LOOK AT IT AS BEING A CONFLICT RESOLUTION. INSTEAD, WE NEED TO STEP BACK AND CONSIDER ROOT CAUSES AND LOOK FOR PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR. WE DO THAT WITH OTHER THINGS. SOMEBODY ALWAYS CALLS IN SICK AFTER THEY WORK THE WEEKEND, THEY ALWAYS CALL IN SICK AFTER THEY WORK THE WEEKEND. WE LOOK AT PA EARN ITS LIKE THAT, WE NEED TO LOOK AT PATTERNS LIKE THAT IN BEHAVIOR AND WHETHER OR NOT IT'S A SYMPTOM OF OTHER STUFF. SO LONGER TERM SOLUTIONS TO CONSIDER, WHICH SHOULD BE ONGOING, IS TO PROVIDE US WITH THAT TRAINING. WE NEED TO BE ABLE TO LEARN TO IDENTIFY WHAT SOME OF THOSE SYMPTOMS MIGHT BE, WE'RE MANAGERS, NOT PSYCHOLOGISTS, AND THEN THIS IS NO DIFFERENT THAN IDENTIFYING ANY OTHER PERFORMANCE CHALLENGES. WE SHOULDN'T STIGMA TIDES THIS. STIGMATIZE THIS. SO IF SOMEBODY IS STRUGGLE BECAUSE THEY'VE HAD A BIG STUDY COME DOWN WITH ANIMALS THEY'VE BEEN VERY CLOSE TO WHETHER IT'S FOR MONTHS OR YEARS, WE NEED TO RECOGNIZE THAT MIGHT BE A PROBLEM AND WE NEED TO PARTNER WITH HUMAN RESOURCES TO MAKE SURE WE INCORPORATE THIS STUFF INTO OUR EAP PRAPS AND MAKE SURE IT'S INCLUDED IN THE LITERATURE. OFTENTIMES DEALING WITH ANIMALS IS KIND OF BURIED UNDERGROUND, WE DON'T TALK ABOUT IT, HUMAN RESOURCES DOESN'T WANT TO TALK ABOUT IT, BUT IF WE DON'T TALK ABOUT IT, WE'RE AT RISK OF JUST PERPETUATING THE CHALLENGES THAT HAVEN'T BEEN ADDRESSED IN ALL OF THE YEARS THAT WE'VE BEEN DOING THIS. PART OF THE TRAINING PROGRAM FOR INDIVIDUALS SHOULD BE FIRST TO LEARN TO RESPECT AND HAVE EMPATHY FOR OUR ANIMAL HEROS THAT ARE SACRIFICING, NOT NECESSARILY AS VOLUNTEERS, AS WELL AS THE IMPACT THAT THAT HAS ON THOSE INDIVIDUALS. AND THAT'S FOR EVERYBODY. THAT'S ENTRY LEVEL. THAT'S THAT TECHNICIAN THAT'S NEVER WORKED WITH ANIMALS BEFORE, THROUGH OUR PH.D.s AND VETERINARIANS. THINGS CAN HAPPEN THAT CREATE AN ADDITIONAL INFLUENCE. SOMEBODY IS A CARETAKER IN THEIR HOME, WHETHER IT'S A CHILD OR PARENT OR ANYTHING ELSE, THAT CAN COMPOUND WHAT'S GOING ON WITH THAT INDIVIDUAL IN THE WORKPLACE. OTHER THINGS TO CONSIDER, INITIATING A PROGRAM THAT RECOGNIZES THE IMPACT ANIMALS HAVE HAD IN OUR LIVES. I WILL SAY THAT CULTURALLY, SOME COUNTRIES DO THIS ON AN ANNUAL BASIS AND SOME FACILITIES WITHIN THE U.S. DO ALREADY DO THIS. THERE ARE EXISTING RESOURCES AS I WAS LOOKING THROUGH PUTTING THE PRESENTATION TOGETHER, I FOUND IN THE ILAR JOURNAL IN 2002 IN ADDITION ARE REMEMBERING THE ANIMALS. SO AGAIN, WE'VE BEEN TALKING ABOUT THIS FOR A LONG TIME. WE STILL HAVEN'T REALLY PUT TOGETHER SOLID PROGRAMS TO ADDRESS. THERE'S A LOT OF OTHER RESOURCES AS WELL. I SPEAK FOR AALAS AS ITS PRESIDENT, AND WE'LL HEAR MORE ABOUT THIS LATER, BUT THERE ARE RESOURCES ON THE AALAS WEBSITE TO ASSIS AS WELL AS IN THE AALAS LEARNING LIBRARY. SOME REFERENCES FOR YOUR BENEFIT, AND I SAVED ALL OF MY PICTURES FOR THE LAST SLIDE. SO FINAL THOUGHTS, REALLY, AND THANKS TO A & P FOR THE WEBSITE BECAUSE THERE'S NO WAY I WOULD BE ALLOWED TO TAKE PICTURES OF THE ANIMALS I USE IN RESEARCH AND PUT THEM UP HERE, BUT THROUGH THE CSOW WEBSITE, I'M ABLE TO SHOW ANIMALS IN OUR CARE ACROSS MANY ORGANIZATIONS AND THIS IS ALSO FROM THE CSOW WEBSITE. THE ONES BELOW HAVE NO CREDIT GIVEN BECAUSE I'VE POSTED THEM ON FACEBOOK SO THEY'RE OUT THERE ANYWAY, BUT SOME OF MY CLAN AT THE BOTTOM, THAT'S LUTHER IN HIS SWEATSHIRT, THAT'S MY RESCUE DOG, AND MY DAUGHTER'S CAT WHO IS ON THE OTHER BED, MY ELDERLY 17-YEAR-OLD CAT SMIDGE AND THE TWO LAST PICTURES ON THE RIGHT ARE FERAL CATS I'M FEEDING IN MY NEIGHBORHOOD. THEY'RE HANGING OUT ON MY PORCH WAITING FOR MORE FOOD. AND I'M HOPING WHAT I'VE DONE HERE HAS REALLY HELPED TO PRIME THE PUMP TO START THE CONVERSATIONS AND LOOK FORWARD TO SOME MORE DISCUSSION. THANK YOU. [APPLAUSE] >> ALL RIGHT. SO THANK YOU VERY MUCH, TRACY. THAT WAS A VERY NICE TALK AND I THINK WE ALL AGREE, IT'S BEEN BATTED AROUND EVEN LONGER THAN 15 YEARS AGO, I'M DATING MYSELF, SO I'M REALLY HAPPY WE'RE HAVING THIS WORKSHOP TODAY AND TOMORROW. SO OUR LAST SPEAKER ON THIS SESSION, IT'S WITH GREAT PLEASURE I INTRODUCE ANNEKE KEIZER WHO I CAN ALSO CALL MY FRIEND. ANNEKE IS CO-OWNER AND CO-FOUNDER OF A SMALL COMPANY CALLED COPEPLUS, AND THAT COMPANY SPECIALIZES IN -- ACTUALLY ANNEKE SPECIALIZES IN HELPING INSTITUTIONS SET UP PROGRAMS TO HELP SUPPORT US, HUMAN WELFARE, AND I ACTUALLY MET ANNEKE 3 1/2 YEARS AGO AND HAD HER COME IN FROM SWITZERLAND HELP US AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON PUT TOGETHER A NEEDS ASSESSMENT TO RUN OUR NOW THREE-YEAR PROGRAM. IT'S BEEN SUSTAINABLE FOR THREE YEARS AS OF THIS MONTH. SO ANNEKE COMES WITH A GREAT DEAL OF EXPERIENCE. SHE HAS 36 YEARS OF CAREER AND LAB ANIMAL SCIENCE, OF WHICH HALF OF THOSE YEARS WERE AT PRINCETON UNIVERSITY AND THE OTHER HALF AT WORK. SO PLEASE WELCOME ANNEKE KEIZER. [APPLAUSE] I HOPE EVERYBODY CAN SEE ME. I'M KIND OF A PEANUT, A LITTLE SMALL. NINE YEARS AGO, WHEN I RETIRED, I TOLD MY HUSBAND, I'M GOING TO DEDICATE MY TIME TO COMPASSION FATIGUE. I STARTED IN TOXICOLOGY DURING THE EARLY 50s AND THIS WAS REALLY TOUGH, AND IT STILL BOTHERED ME. SO I DECIDED AND ACTUALLY PRESTON HAS BEEN MY BIG MENTOR IN THIS, TO START DOING NEEDS ASSESSMENT AT ANIMAL FACILITIES, AND I MAKE RECOMMENDATION HOW TO SET UP A COMPASSION -- PROGRAM. SO WHAT IS A NEEDS ASSESSMENT? WIKIPEDIA SAYS A NEEDS ASSESSMENT IS A SYSTEMATIC PROCESS FOR DETERMINING AND ADDRESSING NEEDS OR GAPS BETWEEN CURRENT CONDITION AND DESIRED CONDITIONS. OR WANTS. THE DISCREPANCY BETWEEN THE CURRENT CONDITION AND WANTED CONDITION MUST BE MEASURED TO APPROPRIATELY IDENTIFY THE NEED. IN OTHER WORDS, NEED REFER TO THE GAP OR A DISCREPANCY BETWEEN A PRESENT STATE, WHAT IS, AND THE DESIRED STATE, WHAT SHOULD BE. THE NEED IS NEITHER THE PRESENT NOR THE FUTURE STATE, IT'S THE GAP BETWEEN THEM. SO IN MY TRAVELS, AND ACTUALLY IN BETWEEN MY STAY, I DID A FEW PROGRAMS, I HAVE INTERVIEWED CLOSE TO 600 PEOPLE FROM THE RESEARCH TEAM, AND A RESEARCH TEAM IS ALL THESE PEOPLE YOU SEE ON THIS SLIDE. IN PREPARATION, BEFORE I GO TO AN ANIMAL FACILITY, WE WILL ENGAGE WEEKS BEFORE THAT, SOMETIMES MONTHS, BECAUSE I TELL FA SITS, PREPARE THE FACILITY THAT I'M COMING. AND WHAT DOES THAT MEAN? WHAT DOES THAT MEAN? WHAT IS COMPASSION FATIGUE, WHO IS ANNEKE KEIZER? AND ALSO, YOU KNOW, ADVERTISE THIS. AND I TELL THEM, USE WHAT THE ADVERTISING PEOPLE DO, USE THEIR TECHNIQUE. SAY IT OVER AND OVER AGAIN. WE'RE GOING TO START A COMPASSION FATIGUE SUPPORT PROGRAM. EMAILS ARE SENT OUT TO EVERYBODY OF THE RESEARCH TEAM, AND THEN PEOPLE ARE ASKED TO SIGN UP FOR THE INTERVIEWS. I ASK THEM TO SET UP INTERVIEWS FOR SMALL GROUPS OR ONE ON ONEs. ANIMAL CARE STAFF WOULD LIKE TO OFTEN INTERVIEW IN SMALL GROUPS. THE INTERVIEW LASTS BETWEEN 30 AND 45 MINUTES, AND I EMPHASIZE IT CANNOT BE MANDATORY. IT CANNOT. WHEN I ARRIVE ON DAY ONE, I WILL GIVE A TALK, AND THE TALK IS NOT VERY LONG, BUT I WILL EXPLAIN, WHAT IS PASSION FATIGUE? WHAT DOES IT MARINE? MEAN, WHAT DO YOU EXPERIENCE? AND I EXPLAIN HOW THE NEEDS ASSESSMENT WILL WORK. PEOPLE ARE ALWAYS A LITTLE APPREHENSIVE BECAUSE, YOU KNOW, WHO AM I. AND I WILL EXPLAIN TO THEM, WELL, WE TALK, I WILL LISTEN AND TAKE LOTS OF NOTES, AND I TELL THEM, IT'S 100% CONFIDENTIAL. I MEET PEOPLE FROM ALL AREAS OF THE FACILITY. THE INVESTIGATORS ARE MOST OF THE TIME THE HARDEST TO REACH. ANIMAL CARE STAFF IS ALSO A LITTLE HARD TO REACH, VETERINARIANS, VET ASSOCIATES, ALL THOSE PEOPLE ARE VERY EASY TO TALK TO. ANIMAL CARE STAFF LIKE TO MEET IN A SMALL GROUP, BUT THAT IS AN ISSUE. AND THEN YOU FIND OUT THAT I AM A PERSON WHO LISTENS. I DON'T GIVE ADVICE, I JUST LET THEM TALK. AND OFTEN, AFTER FIRST ROUND, WE WILL HAVE OUR FIRST CONVERSATIONS. AND IT IS IN A SMALL GROUP, THEY WILL CALL ME AND SAY, CAN I STILL MEET ONE ON ONE, BECAUSE THAT DIDN'T REALLY WORK. BECAUSE THEY DON'T FEEL FREE TO TALK. AND THEN OF COURSE I SAID OF COURSE YOU CAN, AND I TELL FACILITIES ALSO, I SPEND A WHOLE WEEK THERE, USE ME. I'M HERE, PUT ME TO WORK. I WILL WORK FROM 8:00 UNTIL 5:00, AS LONG AS YOU FEED ME BECAUSE MY BLOOD SUGAR WILL DROP, GIVE ME PLENTY OF WATER, SNACKS, A SANDWICH, I WILL STAY THERE AND MEET WITH THE PEOPLE AS LONG AS I CAN. NO SUPERVISOR OR MANAGER ARE ALLOWED TO BE PRESENT. AND IT'S ALSO FUNNY, THE FIRST DAY WHEN I'M THERE AND I START DOING THE INTERVIEWS, WORD GOES AROUND. WORD GOES AROUND AND THEN THE SUPERVISOR WILL TELL ME, BOY, ALL OF A SUDDEN EVERYBODY WANTS TO MEET WITH YOU. BECAUSE THEY LEARN THAT I WILL JUST LISTEN TO THEM. AND IT ISN'T SO BAD, THEY FINALLY CAN OPEN UP. I DON'T WRITE DOWN THEIR NAMES. I'LL SAY, WHAT IS YOUR JOB TITLE, AND I WILL TRACK DOWN HOW MANY PEOPLE I TALK TO. I ALSO NOTE DOWN HOW MANY PEOPLE SUFFER FROM COMPASSION FATIGUE. AGAIN, IT'S 100% CONFIDENTIAL. AND A SEND A NOTE TO THE FACILITY AFTER I SUBMIT THE FINAL REPORT THAT ALL THE NOTES ARE SHREDDED, AND IT'S OUT OF THEIR WORLD. THE NEEDS ASSESSMENT IS YOUR TOOL AND THIS IS FOR BRIANNA SKINNER, THIS IS EXACTLY WHAT YOU TALK ABOUT, THIS WILL BE YOUR TOOL TO BUILD YOUR PROGRAM. AFTER A WHOLE WEEK, I WILL GIVE A BRIEF TO ALL THE PEOPLE WHO WERE INVOLVED. IF THERE IS ALREADY A COMMITTEE, AND MANY FACILITY ALREADY HAVE A COMPASSION FATIGUE SUPPORT PROGRAM COMMITTEE, I WILL ASK THE COMMITTEE TO SIT IN AS WELL. SPENDING A WHOLE WEEK AT AN ANIMAL FACILITY IS VERY EMOTIONAL. I ASK PEOPLE TO PICK ME UP IN THE MORNING FROM THE HOTEL, I'M PUT IN A ROOM AND I SIT THERE ALL WEEK, HOURS, HOURS AFTER HOURS, AND LISTEN TO PEOPLE. LOTS OF TEARS ARE SHED. SOMETIMES MEN COME IN AND WALK IN -- I'M SORRY, I HAVE TO PICK A LITTLE ON YOUR GUYS. MEN WALK IN AND SAY, OH -- THIS IS ALL BULLSHIT, I'M SORRY, EXCUSE MEE MY FRENCH, BUT THEY DO SAY THAT. BUT THEN I TALK TO THEM, AND TALK TO THEM, AND THEN I SAID, OKAY, NOW IT'S YOUR TURN, TALK TO HE ME. WHAT ARE YOUR EXPERIENCES? WHAT WAS THE TURFEST THAT TOUGHEST THAT Y OU HAD TO DEAL WITH? WELL, YOU KNOW. NO, I DON'T. TALK TO ME. THEN ALL OF A SUDDEN, TEARS COME. OR THERE'S AN OUTPOUR, AND THEY WILL SAY, YOU KNOW -- AND WHEN I SPEND A WHOLE WEEK THERE AND I GET TO PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT SCIENTISTS SO WELL, I HAVE TO SAY GOODBYE, AND IT'S LIKE SAYING GOODBYE TO A GOOD FRIEND. I TRAVEL HOME AND I HAVE A REALLY GOOD FEELING, I'M SO HAPPY I CAN DO THIS. BUT THERE'S ALSO A FEELING OF SADNESS. BECAUSE OUR RELATIONSHIP IS OVER. IT IS THE WEIRDEST THING, I SPEND A WEEK THERE AND WE GET SO CLOSE, AND THEN THE NEXT TIME WE MIGHT SEE EACH OTHER AT AN AALAS MEETING, WE HUG AND SAY HELLO, HOW IS THE PROGRAM GOING, AND THEY WILL TALK TO ME ABOUT IT. BUT IT'S NEVER THE SAME AGAIN. AND THAT IS GOOD. WHEN I COME HOME, I WILL TYPE OUT VERBATIM EVERYTHING THAT PEOPLE SAID, I HAVE SOMETIMES MORE THAN 20, 30 PAGES LONG. IN A WEEK, I INTERVIEW SOMETIMES UP TO 85 PEOPLE OR MORE. AND I TYPE IT ALL OUT VERBATIM, AND THE I SIT AND I MAKE AN ANALYSIS. WHAT COMES BACK OVER AND OVER AND OVER AGAIN? AND IT ISN'T ALWAYS SUCH A GOOD MESSAGE I HAVE TO GIVE. BUT SOMETIMES IT IS. A SIDE NOTE, ANY ANIMAL WELFARE ISSUES ARE TREATED VERY SPECIAL AND I TALK TO MANAGEMENT SEPARATELY. THEN I WRITE THE FINAL REPORT, AND I MAKE RECOMMENDATIONS AND I WILL SET OBJECTIVES FOR THE GROUP. IF THERE IS NO COMMITTEE, I ASK THEM TO FORM A COMMITTEE, COME UP WITH A NAME, AND THEN I WILL SET UP THE OBJECTIVES FOR THE NEXT FOUR MONTHS. AND I WILL ALSO WRITE OUT SOME OF THE IDEAS THAT PEOPLE HAVE. AND I DON'T KNOW IF YOU ATTENDED MY TALK AT AALAS, I SPELLED OUT SOME OF THOSE IDEAS WHO ARE AMAZING, AMAZING, AND TOUCH YOUR HEART THAT PEOPLE COME UP WITH. AND THEN I SEND OUT THE FINAL REPORT AND THAT IS IT. THAT IS WHAT I DO, AND THAT IS WHAT I LOVE. THANK YOU. [APPLAUSE] IN THE CLINICAL SETTING, THERE IS A RELATED BUT DISTINCT CONCEPT OF MORAL DISTRESS THAT SORT OF SPLITS OUT JUST THE BURNOUT AND FATIGUE, BUT ALSO THE ISSUE OF DOING THINGS THAT YOU MIGHT NOT BE COMFORTABLE WITH OR MIGHT NOT AGREE WITH BUT THEY'RE EXPECTED OF YOU OR THAT'S HOW IT WORKS. AND I'M JUST CURIOUS IF THAT'S SOMETHING THAT GETS EXPLORED IN THIS DISCUSSION OR IF THAT'S A DISTINCTION THAT GETS MADE OR IF THAT MIGHT BE USEFUL. YOU KNOW, I KNOW THERE'S A HUGE LITERATURE IN HUMAN HEALTHCARE AND A BIT WITH VETERINARIANS IN PRIVATE PRACTICE, BUT I DON'T KNOW IF THAT IS SOMETHING THAT ALSO GETS USED IN THIS CONTEXT. >> AS THE LAB ANIMAL MANAGER, WHAT I'LL SAY IS I THINK IT DEPENDS. I THINK IF WE LOOK AT WHERE WE'D LIKE TO BE, THAT CONVERSATION SHOULD HAPPEN. ANECDOTALLY, I WILL SAY THAT I HAVE MANAGED IN FACILITIES WHERE IF AN INDIVIDUAL WAS UNCOMFORTABLE IN PERFORMING A TASK, THE TASK WAS ASSIGNED TO SOMEBODY ELSE. YOU KNOW, IN PARTICULAR, WITH A TECHNICIAN WORKED ON A STUDY FOR MANY MONTHS, OR CHRONIC STUDIES OF A YEAR OR MORE, THAT INDIVIDUAL MAY NOT BE THE ONE ASSIGNED TO TAKE THOSE ANIMALS TO NECROPSY AT THE END. BUT AGAIN, I'M SPEAKING ANECDOTALLY WITH MY OWN EXPERIENCE, I DON'T KNOW THAT IT'S A WIDESPREAD THING THAT'S DONE. >> IF I CAN ADDRESS THAT AS WELL, AS TRACY SAID, IT REALLY DEPENDS ON A SITUATION, AND I'LL GIVE YOU AN EXAMPLE. I DO RECALL IN ONE PARTICULAR FACILITY WHERE THERE WAS THIS TECHNICIAN WHO WAS DESCRIBED AS A PROBLEM CHILD AND THAT SHE WAS A PERSON WHO DID NOT FOLLOW DIRECTIONS, DID NOT WANT TO DO HER WORK, AND SO THEN THIS PROBLEM WAS ADDRESSED TO ME. SO WHEN I TALK TO THIS PERSON, SHE SEEMED A LITTLE DEFENSIVE BUT THEN, YOU KNOW, I REMEMBER TELLING HER, PLEASE JUST TELL YOU WHAT YOU FEEL, I CAN'T HELP YOU IF YOU DON'T TELL ME, YOU KNOW, WHAT YOU'RE FEELING. I WASN'T PREPARED TO HEAR THIS BUT I'M GLAD SHE TOLD ME. SHE SAID, I THINK WHAT WE'RE DOING IS MEAN. I DON'T LIKE IT. AND SO I TOLD HER, THANK YOU FOR AT LEAST LETTING ME KNOW HOW YOU FEEL. BECAUSE NOW I KNOW YOU CARE. I KNOW YOU CARE VERY MUCH. AND I DEFINITELY NEED TO HAVE YOU AROUND. FOR YOU TO FEEL THAT WAY MEANS THAT YOU CARE ABOUT THE ANIMALS AND WHAT YOU'RE DOING. SO ANY TIME YOU SEE AN ANIMAL SUFFERING, THAT YOU FEEL IS SUFFERING, YOU NEED TO LET ME KNOW. ANY TIME YOU FEEL THAT THE ANIMAL COULD BENEFIT FROM SOMETHING, YOU NEED TO LET ME KNOW. THAT'S WHAT I'M HERE FOR. AND I HE NEED YOU THERE, I WAS IN THE ARMY AT THE TIME, I WAS LIKE, YOU ARE THE BOOTS ON THE GROUND, YOU ARE THE FIRST RESPONDER TO LET ME KNOW WHAT'S GOING ON WITH THAT ANIMAL. SO THAT'S HOW WE SHOULD LOOK AT THIS. AND YOU KNOW, SHE BECAME MY BEST TECHNICIAN. SO THAT'S WHAT I MEAN, SOMETIMES YOU'VE GOT TO USE A DIFFERENT APPROACH AND DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE DEPENDING ON THE SITUATION. >> ANY OTHER QUESTIONS? COMMENTS? >> THANK YOU. WHAT YOU BROUGHT UP IS SOMETHING THAT WE KNOW IN HUMAN SOCIAL WORK AND IN VETERINARY PRACTICE AND SO FORTH, BUT BY AND LARGE, I DON'T THINK WE KNOW SO MUCH, WE DON'T HAVE METRICS IN OUR WORLD IN LAB ANIMAL, BUT ANNEKE, YOU'RE DEVELOPING THOSE. I'M CURIOUS AS TO WHAT YOU SAW WHEN BRIANNA SHOWED HER SCHEMATIC, HER FRAMEWORK AND SO FORTH, CAN YOU TWO HAVE A DISCUSSION ABOUT THAT? I PRESUME YOU DEVELOPED THAT FROM YOUR DISSERTATION WORK AND SO FORTH NOW. WHAT DID YOU SEE THAT YOU'RE DOING, ANNEKE, IN PRACTICE WHEN YOU'RE GOING IN TO FACILITIES AND TALKING WITH PEOPLE? DUS COURSE ON DISCOURSE ON THAT A LITTLE B IT, PLEASE, AND THEN, TRACY, WOULD YOU BRING IT HOME? >> I SEE OFTEN IN THE BEGINNING KIND OF A RELUCTANCE, YOU KNOW, PEOPLE DON'T WANT TO TALK, BUT ONCE THEY START TALKING. AND I ACTUALLY WENT THROUGH SOMEONE I KNOW BEFORE COMING HERE THAT I SEE THAT 90% OF THE PEOPLE THAT I TALK TO ARE SUFFERING FROM COMPASSION FATIGUE. THE BAD THING IS IT'S KIND OF SKEWED BECAUSE PEOPLE SIGN UP TO TALK TO ME BECAUSE THEY ARE SUFFERING FROM COMPASSION FATIGUE. SO IT'S NOT A TRUE FIGURE. BUT MY EXPERIENCE IS THAT PEOPLE -- WHEN I TALK TO THEM, IT IS SUCH A RELIEF FOR THEM. FOR SO LONG, PEOPLE COULD NOT TALK ABOUT THIS. YOU KNOW? MY SUPERVISOR ONCE SAID TO ME, YOU'D BETTER LOOK FOR ANOTHER JOB, YOU'RE NOT SUITABLE. AND ACTUALLY SHE SHOULD. IT'S EXACTLY THE STORY THAT BRIANNA BRINGS UP IS, I SHOULD BE DOING THIS WORK BECAUSE I LOVE THE ANIMALS SO MUCH, I WAS THE ONE WHO WALKED AROUND WITH GUINEA PIGS AFTER THEY WERE INJECTED FOR SO LONG BECAUSE THEY WERE SO STRESSED, I AM THE ONE WHO HAD TO DO THIS. SO I HAVE THIS CALL THAT I HAVE TO GO OUT AND HELP FACILITIES TO SET UP THESE PROGRAMS BECAUSE IT'S SO BADLY NEEDED FOR SO LONG. AND IT IS AMAZING, I FIND THAT YOUNG PEOPLE ARE SO MUCH OPEN THAN THE OLDER PEOPLE, THEY'RE WILLING TO TALK, MALE AND FEMALE, AND IT IS SUCH A BREATH OF FRESH AIR. I WILL GIVE YOU AN EXAMPLE. DURING MY TALK, I TELL PEOPLE, YOU KNOW, I GAVE A LONG TALK ABOUT SELF CARE. WITHOUT SELF CARE, YOU CAN'T SUSTAIN YOURSELF WITHIN THIS JOB. IT IS SO IMPORTANT. AND ONE OF THE THINGS I TELL PEOPLE, LOVE YOURSELF. BE GOOD TO YOURSELF. AND I TELL THEM THAT I NEED TO PAT MYSELF OF -- I USED TO STAND IN FRONT NAKED IN FRONT OF THE MIRROR AND SAY, I LOOK GREAT! [LAUGHTER] AND IT WORKS BECAUSE YOU CAN TALK YOURSELF UP AND YOU CAN TALK YOURSELF DOWN. AND THERE WAS A GROUP OF ANIMAL CARE TECHS AND THEY WERE -- I THINK THEY WORKED WITH PRIMATES, I CAN'T RECALL, AND I HAD SAID THAT, AND THEY WERE ALL MALE, AND ONE OF THE YOUNG MEN SAID TO ME, YOU KNOW, I DID THAT. I SAID, WHAT DO YOU MEAN, YOU DID THAT? THEY SAID LAST NIGHT I STOOD IN FRONT OF THE MIRROR AND I SAID, YOU LOOK GREAT, AND YOU KNOW WHAT? I LOOKED GREAT. AND IT WAS SUCH AN ICE BREAKER, ALL OF A SUDDEN EVERYBODY STARTED TALKING, YOU KNOW, AND THEY WERE OPENING UP ABOUT BEING COMPASSIONATE AND HOW THEY LOVE THE ANIMALS AND HOW THEY STRUGGLE EVERY SINGLE DAY. AND IN MY TALK AT THE AALAS, I ALSO TALKED ABOUT HOW PEOPLE HAVE TO WALK -- IF YOU A MANAGER, BE IN YOUR FACILITY. WALK AROUND. I HEARD PEOPLE SAY I NEVER LEAVE, I HAVE A SECRET PLACE TO SLEEP. WHETHER THEY SLEEP IN THEIR TRUCK OR IN THEIR CAR, WALK THROUGH THE STAIRCASES WHERE PEOPLE SIT AND THEY CRY BECAUSE THEY'RE TOO AFRAID TO TALK, BUT THANK GOODNESS WE CAN TALK NOW. BECAUSE OF PEOPLE LIKE US OPENING UP AND SAYING, IT IS SO BADLY NEEDED. AND I SEE IT OVER AND OVER AGAIN. IN ALL FACILITIES THAT I VISIT, PEOPLE WILL SAY, THANK YOU, YOU ARE HERE. >> WHAT I DID REALLY LIKE ABOUT YOUR PRESENTATION IS THAT DURING HER NEEDS ASSESSMENT, WHAT I NOTICE IS SHE COMES UP WITH COMMON THEMES. AND LOOKING AT THOSE COMMON THEMES HELPS YOU IDENTIFY THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS AND THE RISK FACTORS AND WHETHER THOSE TYPES OF FACTORS OR INFLUENCES ACTUALLY BRING ABOUT A POSITIVE OR A NEGATIVE TYPE OF OUTCOME. >> RIGHT. >> SO YOU CAN USE THAT INTO THE FRAMEWORK THAT I DESCRIBED. AND THEN DETERMINE AT WHAT LEVEL OF INTERVENTION SHOULD YOU ACTUALLY INSTITUTE SOME TYPE OF INTERVENTION OR PREVENTION, AND THEN SEE HOW IT MIGHT IMPACT ALL THE OTHER SOCIAL -- THE OTHER THING I WANTED TO ADDRESS THAT I FORGOT IS, WHEN WE TALK ABOUT DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION. FOR INSTANCE, WE DO A LOT IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH WHERE WE TAKE OUR INFORMATION FROM THE CAGE SIDE AND SEND IT TO THE FIELD, BUT IT'S GOOD TO HAVE VIEWPOINTING FROM DIFFERENT ETHNICITIES, DIFFERENT GENDERS, DIFFERENT PLACES, JUST TO SEE HOW THE RESEARCH YOU'RE DOING IS GOING TO IMPACT THE POPULATION YOU TARGET. HOW DO YOU KNOW IF YOU'RE NOT PART OF THAT POPULATION? YOU MIGHT HAVE A LITTLE BIT OF AN UNDERSTANDING, BUT IF YOU HAVE SOMEONE IN THERE THAT'S ACTUALLY EXPERIENCED IT, THEN IT ADDS MORE VALUE TO IT. SO THAT'S GIVING THEM A VOICE AND THEAPS HELPING THAT'S HELPING ENGAGE CERTAIN POPULATIONS. AS WE SAW IN 2016, NIH ACTUALLY INCORPORATED SEX AS A VARIABLE, AND THAT WAS VERY IMPORTANT. AND THAT'S ANOTHER WAY YOU CAN ACTUALLY PUT DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION IN THESE TYPES OF THINGS. >> JUST FOLLOWING UP ON BRUCE'S REQUEST TO BRING IT HOME, I THINK THE KEY THING THAT I'M HEARING, SO TYPICALLY WHAT HAPPENS IS ANNEKE HAS BROUGHT IN, IN A TRIAGE SITUATION TO FINGS WHAT'S WRONG. AND BRIANNA MENTIONED INTERVENTION BUT THEN SHE SAID PREVENTION, AND I THINK THAT'S REALLY THE KEY FOR EVERYTHING, IS THAT WE HAVE TO START VIEWING THE NEED OF RECOGNITION OF THE STRESS, AND THE CHALLENGES, AND PUT THAT INTO INITIAL TRAINING AND NOT WAIT UNTIL THERE'S A SITUATION THAT NEEDS INTERVENTION. >> HI, GOOD MORNING, EVERYONE THE I JUST WANTED TO ADD, I JUST WANTED TO SAY THANK YOU FOR THE PRESENTATION, COMPASSION FATIGUE IS DEFINITELY A PASSION OF MINE AND I DID SOME WORK DURING MY THESIS WORK AS WELL DURING MY MASTERS AND I JUST WANTED TO ADD TO THE CONVERSATION THAT SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT ALSO IS THAT WE SEEM TO REALLY FOCUS ON PEOPLE THAT HANDLE ANIMALS DIRECTLY, BUT ALSO KEEP IN MIND YOUR ADMINISTRATORS, YOUR IACUC REVIEWERS BECAUSE THEY'RE LOOKING AT THOSE ANIMAL NUMBERS EVERY SINGLE TIME, AND THERE'S A SENSE OF, YOU KNOW, DEFEAT THAT COMES ALONG WITH THAT WHEN YOU TALK TO PEOPLE, AND THE SOCIOECOLOGICAL MODEL IS REALLY IMPORTANT BECAUSE I KNOW WHEN WE DO TRAINING AS A VETERINARIAN, WE GO AROUND AND WE TALK TO OUR DIFFERENT STAFF, BUT TO UNDERSTAND AND JUST START THE DIALOGUE, BECAUSE WE DON'T TALK ABOUT IT, YOUR COMMUNITY AND YOUR SUPPORT SYSTEM IS REALLY IMORTANT. SO FOR EXAMPLE, OTHER CAREGIVERS THAT EXPERIENCE A LOT OF COMPASSION FATIGUE WOULD BE YOUR FIRST RESPONDERS, YOUR PRIESTS, YOUR TRAUMA NURSES AND DOCTORS, THEY ACTUALLY HAVE THE SYMPATHY AND SUPPORT OF THEIR COMMUNITIES BECAUSE WHAT THEY DO IS SEEN AS BEING HEROIC. SO UNDERSTAND THAT WHAT WE DO TYPICALLY BY SOCIETY IS NOT SEEN AS HEROIC, SO WE REALLY MISS OUT ON THAT EMPATHY AND THAT SYMPATHY THAT COMES FROM FAMILY MEMBERS, FRIENDS, CHURCH MEMBERS, YOUR COMMUNITY, SO JUST TO KIND OF POINT THAT OUT AND HAVE EVERYONE THINK ABOUT THAT, AS A VETERINARY COMMUNITY AND SCIENCES, WE TEND TO COME IN BECAUSE OF OUR PERSONALITY TYPES AS HAVING THIS CAN-DO ATTITUDE AND SUCK IT UP ATTITUDE, SO A LOT OF THINGS THAT OTHER PEOPLE TEND TO EXPRESS, WE DON'T INHERENTLY BECAUSE OF OUR PERSONALITIES COMING INTO THE FIELD. SO JUST REMEMBER THAT WHEN YOU'RE AROUND EACH OTHER, YOU'RE PROFESSIONALS AND JUST REALIZE THAT WE TEND TO NOT TALK ABOUT OUR FEELINGS EVEN WHEN WE'RE ENCOURAGED TO. SO THANK YOU. >> SO THIS IS -- I THINK BRIANNA MIGHT BE THE BEST ONE TO ANSWER THIS PARTICULAR QUERY. IN FOLLOWING UP ON THIS, WHAT WE GET TO DO WITH RESEARCH ANIMALS OR TAKING HEALTHY ANIMALS AND WE'RE INFLICTING BAD THINGS ON THEM, WE HAVE SOCIAL LICENSE TO DO THIS, SO AT THE UPPER LEVELS OF MANAGEMENT, WHEN WE TRY AND OPEN TRANSPARENCY PROGRAMS, I UNDERSTAND IT'S GOING TO BE TOUCHED ON IN THIS CONFERENCE IN THE NEXT COUPLE DAYS BUT IT CAN BE SEEN AS A CHINK IN OUR ARMOR, THE DEATHS WE CAUSE, THE PAIN AND SUFFERING WE MIGHT BE INFLICTING ON THOSE ANIMALS, HOW DO YOU RECONCILE THE FACT THAT WE HAVE THIS PROGRAM, WE'RE FREELY ADMITTING THAT WE'VE GOT PEOPLE EXPERIENCING TRAUMA BECAUSE OF THE WORK THAT THEY DO WITH BEING OPEN TO THE PUBLIC AND AT THE UPPER MANAGEMENT LEVELS IN PARTICULAR? >> I'M GLAD YOU ASKED THAT QUESTION ACTUALLY. WE DEFINITELY NEED TO GET SENIOR LEADERSHIP WITH THAT. SO IF YOU CAN KIND OF SHOW THEM THE BENEFIT OF IT, TALK ABOUT THE SUCCESS STORIES THAT YOU DO HAVE, WHERE YOU'RE SAYING OKAY, ALTHOUGH WE HAD TO UTILIZE ANIMALS FOR THIS PURPOSE, LOOK HOW MANY LIVES WE SAVE, LOOK HOW MUCH MONEY THAT HAS SAVED THE NATION IN TERMS OF HEALTHCARE AND PREVENTION. LOOK IN TERMS OF HOWL THIS HAS BENEFITED SOCIETY AS A RESULT OF HAVING THIS TYPE OF TREATMENT, HAVING THIS TYPE OF DRUGS AVAILABLE, HAVING ACCESSIBILITY TO RECEIVE THIS TREATMENT AND THESE TYPES OF -- THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF THERAPIES THAT WE HAVE AVAILABLE. SO LET'S FOCUS ON OUR SUCCESSES, AND THEN SOMETIMES THERE ARE UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES OR CONSEQUENCES THAT ARE RELATED TO THAT. AND THEN ALSO ACKNOWLEDGE THAT THERE IS PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH SOME OF THE THINGS WE DO AND HOW DO WE DIAL DEAL WITH THAT. WHAT TYPE OF THINGS IN YOUR INSTITUTION ARE GEARED TOWARDS COMPASSION FATIGUE TO HELP WITH THAT? SO WE SHOULDN'T LOOK AT IT AS A COMPLAINT WHEN PEOPLE ARE SAYING THAT, YOU KNOW, THIS IS BOTHERING ME. SOMETIMES, YOU KNOW, IT MIGHT BE SOMETHING LIKE A MISUNDERSTANDING, OR IT MIGHT SOMETIMES BE SOMETHING VERY WRONG. YOU TALKED ABOUT ADMINISTRATORS, I TALKED ABOUT CERTAIN PEOPLE ON THE IACUC. WHEN THE ANIMAL NUMBERS AREN'T RIGHT, THEY MIGHT THINK WE'RE JUST WASTE WASTING ANIMALS SO THAT WOULD TAKE A RESTRUCTURING ON HOW WE DO OUR STATISTICS AND HOW WE ACTUALLY JUSTIFY OUR ANIMAL NUMBERS AND JUST RECTIFYING THAT. SO TALKING ABOUT SOME OF THE THINGS THAT WE HAVE GOING ON WILL BRING ABOUT SOLUTIONS, I FEEL. >> I HOPE I ANSWERED YOUR QUESTION. >> THANK YOU. >> MARY ANNE FROM GLAXOSMITHKLINE. I'VE RECENTLY GONE THROUGH THE PROCESS WITH ON KA AND WILL VOUCH FOR THE FACT THAT WE MISSED HER WHEN SHE LEFT. I DID WANT TO COMMENT THAT ONE OF THE OUTCOMES OF OUR SURVEYS WAS THAT WE FORMED A TEAM AND THEN I REACHED OUT TO OUR PHYSICIAN, OUR SITE PHYSICIAN, AND INTERESTINGLY, HIS BACKGROUND WAS IN EMERGENCY MEDICINE AND TRAUMA, AND SO HE'S VERY INTERESTED IN THIS TOPIC AND IS ENGAGING WITH OUR NEW TEAM TO HELP DEVELOPMENTAL HEALTH MECHANISMS AND WAYS TO DEAL WITH IT WITHIN OUR COMPANY WHICH IT WAS REALLY GREAT TO FIND A PARTNER IN THAT PROCESS. >> SO I'M JUST GOING TO MAKE A COMMENT BEFORE BRUCE GETS THAT MICROPHONE AGAIN. I DON'T KNOW ABOUT THE REST OF YOU IN THE ROOM BUT I HAVE TO SAY, ONE OF THE REASONS I'M SO MUCH AN ADVOCATE FOR THIS, ESPECIALLY THE LAST THREE YEARS, IS I'M QUITE HONESTLY SICK AND TIRED OF NOT BEING ABLE TO TALK ABOUT MY WORK. I WAS A RESEARCHER, APPOINTMENT IN OPHTHALMOLOGY, 1998 WAS PROBABLY ONE OF THE WORST AND BEST YEARS OF MY LIFE. 98 IS WHEN I HAD MY MISHAP, CERVICAL DISLOCATION GONE BAD ON A WEAK MOUSE BUT ALSO RESTORED SIGHT IN AN ANIMAL. THE ONLY PERSON I TOLD WERE MY PARENTS. THAT'S IT. MY KIDS DON'T EVEN KNOW WHAT I DID IN MY PREVIOUS LIFE TO THIS DAY AND THEY'RE 17 AND 12 NOW. SO IT'S TIME THAT WE START TAKING CARE OF EACH OTHER AND WE LOOK AT HUMAN WELFARE, AND WE START TALKING ABOUT THIS AND WE NEED THAT TRANSPARENCY. SO BEFORE I GO ON TOO MUCH MORE BECAUSE BRUCE IS TRIGGER HAPPY WITH THAT MICROPHONE HAND, REACH OUT TO YOUR LOCAL ASSOCIATION FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH. WE HAVE A GREAT ONE IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST AND YOU'LL HEAR KEN TALK LATER, BUT JUST -- IT'S TIME, YOU KNOW? 15 YEARS, YOU'VE TALKED ABOUT IT, ANNEKE, BRIANNA, WE NEED TO START TAKING CARE OF EACH OTHER. BRUCE, YOU'RE UP. >> SO I CONSIDER THIS THE SESSION ABOUT METRICS IN A SENSE BY USING THESE FRAMEWORK TYPES OF QUESTIONS, HOW DO WE FIND OUT, HOW DO WE GET THE DATA TO CONVINCE UPPER MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATORS TO GIVE TIME, RESOURCES, GIVE WHATEVER TO INVITE ANNEKE IN TO OUR FACILITIES IN ORDER TO TAKE CARE OF THESE THINGS. SO I'M VERY INTERESTED TO HAVE THESE THINGS VALIDATED, THESE FRAME WORKS, THESE QUESTIONS, THESE SURVEYS, IN ORDER THAT WE CAN START PUBLISHING AND SAY THESE ARE REAL INSTANCES AND WE'RE NOT TALKING ABOUT THEM ANECDOTALLY ANYMORE, THAT WE CAN PUBLISH THEM IN APPROPRIATE JOURNALS CONSIDERING THAT WE HAVE AALAS HERE, THAT WOULD BE ONE EXAMPLE. AS AN EDUCATOR AND AN IACUC ADMINISTRATOR, I GET A LITTLE BIT WORRIED WHEN I HAVE A NEW MEMBER JOIN THE COMMITTEE AND WE'RE TALKING ABOUT A MALL NUMBERS, YES, WE CAN SUBSTANTIATE WITH T TESTS AND STATISTICAL MODELS, POWER ANALYSIS, BUT WHEN I HAVE THE POWER TO AUTOMATICALLY INCREASE THE NUMBER OF MICE OR RATS ON A STUDY BY 5% BECAUSE -- HAS DECIDE TO DO THAT, IT'S REGULATORY DEBURRED ENING FOR PIs, IT COMES IN, I COULD SAY SHARE ANOTHER 5%, THAT'S EASY. BUT WHAT IF IT'S NOT A RODENT MODEL, WHAT IF IT'S A DOG OR A PRIMATE? SEEMS PRETTY EASY WITH A MOUSE OR ZEBRAFISH OR SOMETHING ELSE, A LESS 16 SHENT BEING IN SOME FASHION, BUT I KIND OF WORRY, HOW DO I HAVE THAT MUCH POWER AND DON'T I AS AN IACUC ADMINISTRATOR POTENTIALLY RISK MY OWN SELF OF HAVING SOME SORT OF FATIGUE OR CONCERN OR WHATEVER IT MAY BE. SO THAT'S ME, BUT WHAT ABOUT THE UNAFFILIATED MEMBER OR NON-SCIENTIST MEMBER THAT'S LOOKING AT THESE THOUSANDS OF MICE OVER THREE YEARS ON MULTIPLE STUDIES, THEN THE STUDY IS GOING TO BE RENEWED OR SOMETHING, MAYBE THEN THERE'S AN AMENDMENT, THAT'S A HECK OF A LOT OF NUMBERS OF ANIMALS THAT WE NEED TO BE THINKING ABOUT. SO I PAY A LOT OF ATTENTION AS AN IACUC ADMINISTRATOR TO THE MEMBERS OF MY COMMITTEE WHEN WE'RE LOOKING AT ANIMAL NUMBERS AND SO FORTH. I'LL GIVE IT BACK TO YOU, SIR. >> THANK YOU, BRUCE. WE HAVE ANOTHER COMMENT OR QUESTION. WE'RE GOOD ON TIME. >> I JUST -- ONE OF THE COMMENTS I WANTED TO MAKE IS REGARDING THIS OPENNESS AND TRANSPARENCY. YOU KNOW, THE REAL HEROS ARE THE ANIMALS, OF COURSE, BUT THE INTERESTING THING THAT STRUCK ME IS WHEN I STARTED IN THIS FIELD A LONG TIME AGO, PEOPLE WHO WERE TAKING CARE OF ANIMALS IN RESEARCH WERE ACTUALLY LOOKED AT AS HEROS. AND I REALLY WONDER WHAT'S CHANGED AND WHY THIS SOCIETAL SHIFT HAS SHIFTED SO DRASTICALLY. I DO FEEL LIKE IF WE'RE ABLE TO ACKNOWLEDGE OUR CARE AND SUPPORT FOR THE ANIMALS, WE'LL GET VIEWED BETTER THAN IF WE'RE NOT WILLING TO ACKNOWLEDGE THAT BECAUSE WE'RE LOOKED AT SOMETIMES AS THE MAD SCIENTIST RATHER THAN AS THE CARING PEOPLE THAT WE ARE THAT ARE REALLY LOOKING OUT FOR THE ANIMAL INTERESTS. SO I JUST THINK THAT IT'S SOMETHING I KNOW WE'RE GOING TO EXPLORE THIS AFTERNOON, REALLY LOOKING FORWARD TO THAT, BUT I ALSO -- YOU KNOW, THIS BIG SHIFT IS QUITE STRIKING BECAUSE LIKE I SAID, WE'RE STARTING IN THIS FIELD, TAKING CARE OF THE ANIMALS, AND NEWSPAPERS WOULD COME IN AND THEY WOULD DO NEWS STORIES THAT WOULD RUN, YOU KNOW, ON THE "NIGHTLY NEWS" AND WE WERE SO PROUD TO BE A PART OF THOSE DISCOVERIES AND REALLY ADVANCING THE SCIENCE, AND I THINK THAT WE STILL SHOULD BE IN THAT POSITION. HOPEFULLY WE CAN FIGURE OUT HOW TO MOVE THIS FORWARD. >> IF I CAN? >> ABSOLUTELY. >> I DO WANT TO SHARE WITH YOU THIS STORY. I THINK WE DO NEED TO LET PEOPLE KNOW WHAT WE DO, WHO WE ARE AND WHY WE DO IT. AND I SHARED THIS STORY WITH SOME OF MY WORK COLLEAGUES AND I WANT TO SHARE IT WITH YOU. SO I WENT TO THE DENTIST AND THEY ASKED ME, YOU KNOW, WHAT I DID FOR A LIVING AND I TOLD THIM I WAS A LABORATORY ANIMAL VETERINARIAN. AND THEY DIDN'T REALLY UNDERSTAND IT IN THE CONTEXT THAT WE UNDERSTAND WHAT THAT MEANS. AND SO I HAD TO TELL THEM WHAT I DID. YOU KNOW. AND HE'S LIKE, OH, WELL, YOU DON'T HAVE VERY HAPPY ENDINGS WITH YOUR WORK AND I WAS LIKE, OH, YES, I DO. WE ACTUALLY HAVE TREATMENTS NOW FOR THINGS LIKE INFLUENZA, WE HAVE CLINICAL TRIALS GOING FOR EBOLA. I WOULD SAY THAT THAT IS A HAPPY ENDING. THAT'S A REALLY GOOD HAPPY ENDING, AT LEAST IN MY WORK. >> ABSOLUTELY. THAT'S SPOT-ON. I LOVE IT. >> THANK YOU. BRUCE, MY TURN. KELLY FROM THE NIH FACILITY MANAGER, 1986, I WAS AN ANIMAL CARE SPECIALIST WITH THE SECONDARY MLS -- EXPERT FIELD MEDIC, IT WAS A BADGE. LOOKING AROUND THE ROOM TODAY, I COUNTED ABOUT NINE FACILITY VETERINARIANS THAT WERE AT ONE TIME IN THE ARMY. HOORAH. SO IN 1985, 1986, BRUCE KENNEDY REMEMBERS THIS TIME REALLY GOOD BUT WAS NOT IN. THE DOG I HAD, ODO6 FOR 9 WEEKS AT THE VERY END, MY JOB WAS TO EUTHANIZE THAT ANIMAL. IF I DIDN'T, I WOULD BE RECLASSIFIED, AND MOST OF THE TIMES THEY'D SAY PRIVATE PREVO, YOU'D BE GREAT IN THE INFANTRY. YOU SCORED VERY WELL IN THE ASFAB, THAT WAS FAKE NEWS, I DIDN'T DO TOO WELL, BUT I DID WELL IN THE ANIMAL CARE SPECIALIST FIELD. THAT IS AN EXPERT FIELD MEDIC, I WAS ALSO CULLED TO THE GULF WAR. THERE, IT WAS A UNIQUE SITUATION AND THANKFULLY IT TURNED OUT QUITE WELL, IT WAS VERY QUICK. BUT HERE AT THE NIH NOW FOR 26 YEARS, AS A FACILITY MANAGER, I HAVE SEEN IT GO FROM A TO Z. SO PEOPLE LIKE ANNEKE, TRACY, DR. SKINNER, AND I THINK WE KNOW EACH OTHER FROM SOMEWHERE IN THE MILITARY, DR. SKINNER, BUT I'VE SEEN IT GO. AND YES, ANNEKE, I WAS ONE OF THOSE INDIVIDUALS, 30 YEARS AGO, SAID THAT WAS -- BLANK. IT WAS A BUNCH OF -- BLANK. I TOTALLY CHAINGED CHANGED MY MIND, IT'S BEEN CHANGED FOR ABOUT 15 TO 20 YEARS NOW, AND I KNOW HOW TO RECOGNIZE IT, AND I WANT TO MAKE SURE IT STAYS OUT OF THE FIELD BECAUSE IT IS NOT COOL, AND AS A FACILITY MANAGER, I'VE BEEN GIVEN THE TERM OVER MANY YEARS, FALSE OR TRUE, AS THE WARDEN. OR THE FARMER IN THE DELL. THESE ARE NAMES THAT I DIDN'T GIVE MYSELF. THIS IS WHAT OTHER FOLKS GAVE ME. SO I'M PROUD TO BE HERE, AND DEFINITELY PROUD TO BE WITH THE DVR AT THIS TIME BECAUSE BEING HERE LISTENING TO THIS STUFF, IT'S CHANGE AND I APPRECIATE IT. >> THANK YOU. SO IT 12:01. I KNOW IT'S LUNCHTIME AND BEFORE I TURN IT OVER TO AMANDA, I JUST WANT TO DO A SHOUT OUT TO EVERYBODY THAT'S NOT IN PERSON HERE, ESPECIALLY OUR ANIMAL CAREGIVERS ACROSS THE COUNTRY AND GLOBALLY. YOU GUYS KNOW WHO YOU ARE, AND I JUST -- I THINK ON BEHALF OF THIS ROUNDTABLE, WE APPRECIATE EVERYTHING YOU GUYS DO. YOU'RE PART OF THAT RESEARCH TEAM, AND I ALSO JUST -- THIS HAS BEEN A GREAT SESSION, 1 AND 2. THANKS TO OUR SESSION 1 SPEAKERS, MELANIE AND BONNIE, AND THIS GROUP, THIS IS REALLY BUILDING NICELY, SO I'M ACTUALLY SUPER EXCITED. THANK YOU. [APPLAUSE] >> GOOD AFTERNOON, MY NAME IS MARY ANN VASBINDER, AT GLAXO SMITHKLINE, I HAVE BEEN WORKED WITH THE PLANNING COMMITTEE FOR THIS COMPASSION FATIGUE WORKSHOP. THIS AFTERNOON WE'LL TALK WORKPLACE IMPACT OF COMPASSION FATIGUE AND WHEN WE STARTED THIRDING ABOUT WHAT WE WANTED TO TALK ABOUT WE AGREED WE WANTED TO TALK A BIT ABOUT THE UPSIDE OF COMPASSIONATE AND DOWN SIDE OF BEING COME PASS GNAT. WE ALSO WANTED TO TALK ABOUT A CAREER EVOLUTION OF WORKING WITH ANIMALS AND HOW COMPASSION IS AN IMPORTANT PART OF THAT AND HOW TO MANAGE IT. I HAVE PERSONALLY GOTTEN DONE WORKING WITH ONIKA ON A NEEDS ASSESSMENT FOR OUR ORGANIZATION AND OUR -- WHEN PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES DOWN SIZED THE STAFF STAY. SO OUR MOST RECENT HIRE IN OUR ANIMAL CARE STAFF IS SEVEN YEARS AGO. SO OUR STAFF HAVE BETWEEN 35 AND 7 YEARS EXPERIENCE IN OUR ORGANIZATION SO HOW DO WE CONTINUE TO MOTIVATE AND BUILD AND MAINTAIN HEALTHY RESILL RESILIENCE FOR STAFF IN THAT ENVIRONMENT. WE WANTED TO ALSO TALK ORGANIZATIONAL EFFORTS, WHAT'S BEING DONE TO ADDRESS COMPASSION FATIGUE SUCH AS ALAAS, APB, ET CETERA AND WHERE ELSE IN THE ANIMAL COMMUNITY IS IT TALKED ABOUT SUCH AS FSNAB NEUROBIOLOGY SOCIETIES. SO IF YOU HAVE INPUT WE WANT TO HEAR YOUR THOUGHTS AND JOIN IN OUR DISCUSSION. SO OUR FIRST SPEAKER -- OKAY. HOW DO YOU WANT TO DO THIS? OUR FIRST SPEAKER IS ELIZABETH CLEMMONS. SHE IS FROM THE -- SHE'S ASSISTANT VETERINARIAN AND NATIONAL PRIMATE RESEARCH CENTER OF TEXAS BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE. SHE HAS DONE A FELLOWSHIP AT EMORY AND NATIONAL PRIMATE CENTER AND IS HOPING TO PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT COMMUNITY OUTREACH IN SUPPORT OF BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AND RAISING AWARENESS OF COMPASSION FATIGUE. SO THANK YOU, ELIZABETH, FOR COMING TODAY. [APPLAUSE] THANK YOU. WELCOME BACK FROM LUNCH. TODAY I'M GOING TO DISCUSS A LITTLE BIT OF WHAT MIGHT BE SEEN IN THE CAREER EVOLUTION OF THOSE OF US THAT WORK WITH LAB ANIMALS. BEFORE GOING THROUGH THE STAGES THAT MIGHT BE SEEN IN OUR CAREERS, I WANT TO LOOK A LITTLE BIT AT WHAT MOTIVATIONS PEOPLE HAVE FOR ENTERING THIS CAREER IN THE FIRST PLACE. AND IT'S NOT SURPRISING I COULDN'T FIND A LOT OF LAB ANIMAL SPECIFIC RESEARCH BUT DID FIND A STUDY THAT INVOLVED 150 PARTICIPANTS FROM VET CLINICS, SHELTERS AND A SMALL GROUP FROM LABORATORY FACILITIES. THEY RESPONDED TO THREE OPEN ENDED QUESTIONS, PROBING THE REASONS FOR ENTERING THE PROFESSION. FOUR DISTINCT THEMES EMERGED FROM THIS QUESTIONNAIRE. PEOPLE'S QUESTIONS MAY HAVE FALLEN INTO MORE THAN ONE THEME BUT THE THEME MENTIONED MOST OFTEN BY OVER 70% OF PEOPLE WERE ANIMAL FOCUSED REASONS SUCH AS LOVE, RESPECT OR EMPATHY FOR ANIMALS. NEXT WAS JOB FOCUSED REASONS ABOUT 50% OF PEOPLE INCLUDED THOSE, THIS MIGHT BE WANTING A VARIETY OR CHALLENGE TO ONE'S JOB OR SOMETHING AS SIMPLE AS BEING IN THE RIGHT PRAISE AT THE RIGHT TIME -- PLACE AT THE RIGHT TIME AND THERE WAS A JOB OPPORTUNITY. ALSO ABOUT 50% OF PEOPLE DISCUSSED SELF-FOCUSED REASONS. SUCH AS THIS SATISFACTION FROM INTERACTING WITH AND HELPING PEOPLE AND ANIMALS. FINALLY ONLY ABOUT 16% MENTIONED CAREER FOCUSED REASONS WHICH IS WHERE INCOME OR OTHER ADVANTAGES COME INTO PLAY. IN HER BOOK WHEN HELPING HURTS, KATHLEEN, IT'S A BOOK SPECIFICALLY ADDRESSING COMPASSION FATIGUE AND VETERINARY PROFESSIONALS. MOST SHE HAS SPOKEN WITH FELT A STRONG PULL TO HELP ALEAVEIATE SUFFERING AND ILLNESS IN ANIMALS. BUT MANY OF THESE PEOPLE BECAME DISILLUSIONED THEY WERE DISAPPOINT BY THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WHAT THEIR DREAM WAS AND THE REALITY OF WORK THAT CONFRONTS THEM DAILY. LIKE SHE SAYS HERE, MANY PEOPLE THAT ENTER THIS FIELD OR OTHER ANIMAL CARE FIELDS BECAUSE OF THEIR LOVE FOR ANIMALS FEW ARE PREPARED FOR DEALING WITH THINGS SUCH AS EUTHANIZING THESE ANIMALS. DOUG -- A FORMER EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF ANIMAL SHELTERS AND INTERNATIONAL CONSULTANT ON COMPASSION FATIGUE. OVER HIS MANY YEARS OF WORK HE RECOGNIZED FOUR PHASES THAT ALL KNEW EMPLOYEES SEEM -- NEW EMPLOYEES GO THROUGH. HE CALL THESE THE FOUR PHASES OF CAREER EVOLUTION. OBVIOUSLY EVERYONE IS PATH IS UNIQUE AND THIS MAY NOT APPLY TO ALL PEOPLE BUT I'M GOING TO GO THROUGH THESE PHASES NOW. SO PHASE 1, HONEYMOON. RED HOT AND RARING TO GO. WE ARE OUT TO CHANGE THE WORLD. WE ARE HIGH ON LIFE AND WE KNOW WE CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE. WE WORK WHAT SEEMS LIKE -- WE WORK WHAT SEEMS LIKE 25 HOUR DAYS BUT WE NEVER LOSE OUR ENERGY. WE EAT, SLEEP AND LIVE IN THE CAUSE FOR THE ANIMALS. OUR ENTHUSIASM OVERFLOWS AND OUR CAPACITY FOR CHALLENGE IS LIMITLESS. OUR FRIENDS DON'T UNDERSTAND OUR NEW OBSESSION SO SOME OF THEM FADE AWAY. BUT THAT'S OKAY BECAUSE WE MAKE NEW FRIENDS OR SOMETIMES WE DON'T. BUT AGAIN, OKAY BECAUSE WE ARE WORKING FOR THE ANIMALS. WE THINK WE UNDERSTAND THE PROBLEM AND KNOW WE CAN FIX IT IF ONLY PEOPLE WOULD GET OUT OF OUR WAY. PHASE 2, PHASE 1 ENTHUSIASM HAS TURNED SOUR. THE BUBBLE BURSTS AND WE CRASH. WE HAVE SEEN THE SAME THINGS OVER AND OVER THERE SEEMS TO BE NO END TO U EUTHANASIA. WE LOST THE BOUNDLESS ENERGY THAT CHARACTERIZED PHASE 1, WE NO LONGER WISH TO TALK ABOUT WORK SOMETIMES DON'T WANT TO ADMIT WHERE WE WORK. WE ARE TIRED ALL THE TIME, WE GO HOME FROM WORK LOCK THE DOOR CLOSE THE BLINDS AND TURN OUT THE LIGHT. WE ARE TOO TIRED TO COOK SO WE END UP EATING FAST FOOD. SOME PEOPLE BAYOUSLESS OBJECTS THAT THEY CAN'T AFFORD AND SOME TURN TO ALCOHOL BECAUSE IT HELPS FORGET THE HELPLESSNESS. WE SEEM POWERLESS TO EFFECT THE CHANGE THAT DROVE US TO SUCH DEDICATION IN PHASE 1. WE SOMETIMES IGNORE OUR FAMILIES AND OUR PETS DON'T GET AS MUCH ATTENTION WE KNOW THEY NEED. SOMEHOW BLAME FOR OUR -- IT'S DESTROYING US. OUR WALL OF ISOLATION GETS THICKER AND HELPS BLOCK THE PAIN AN SADDENS AND BUT WE CONTINUE TON BECAUSE EVERY NOW AND THEN WE GET A SPARK OF THAT PHASE 1 ENERGY. PHASE 3, DEPRESSION TURNED OUT WARD AND WE ARE MAD. HOPELESSNESS TURNS TO RAGE. WE BEGIN TO HATE PEOPLE IN AND ALL PEOPLE EXCEPT THOSE LIKE COWORKERS WORK TO HELP ANIMALS. WE EVEN HATE OUR COWORKERS IF THEY DARE TO QUESTION US. EVERYONE IS A TARGET FOR ANGER AN DIVISION. OUR RAGE EXPANDS TO OUT WORK LIFE. WE LOST OUR PERSPECTIVE, AND OUR EFFECTIVENESS AND WE ARE UNABLE TO CONNECT WITH LIFE. EVEN THE ANIMALS WE COME IN CONTACT WITH SOMEHOW SEEM DISTANT AND UNREAL. GRADUALLY AND OVER TIME WE CAN MOVE PAST THE PHASE 2 DEPRESSION AND PHASE 3 ANGER AND THESE ARE REPLACED WITH NEW DETERMINATION AND UNDERSTANDING WHAT OUR MISSION REALLY IS. IT'S BIG PICTURE TIME. WE REALIZE WE HAVE BEEN EFFECTIVE, WE HAVE MADE A DIFFERENCE, AND ALSO WE REALIZE THAT OUR WORK IS NOT OUR WHOLE WORLD. IF WE PAY ATTENTION TO PERM LIVES WE ARE MORE EFFECTIVE AT WORK. WE TAKE VACATIONS AN ENJOY WEEKENDS AND ABLE TO COME BACK TO WORK READY TO FACE CHALLENGES. WE RECONNECT WITH ANIMALS AND OUR SHIELDS COME DOWN. WE UNDERSTAND THAT SADDENS AND PAIN ARE PART OF OUR JOB AND OUR BEST DEALT WITH IF WE RECOGNIZE THEM AND LET THEM WASH OVER AND PAST US. WE ARE LITTLE BY LITTLE CHANGING THE WORLD. SO IF YOU ARE LIKE ANYTHING LIKE ME READING THROUGH THE FOUR PHASES, SOUNDED FAMILIAR IN SOME WAYS FOR MYSELF OR SEEN IN OTHER PEOPLE, NOT EVERYONE NECESSARILY GOES THROUGH THESE PHASES BUT A LOT OF PEOPLE MIGHT LEAVE OUR PROFESSION DURING PHASE # OR 3 AND NEVER MAKE IT TO POINT OF RESILIENCY. SO I'M JUST WANT TO ILLUSTRATE SOMETHING THAT WE ALL ALREADY KNOW. BUT BECAUSE WE TALK ABOUT WORK LIFE BALANCE AND HOW IMPORTANT IT IS, I ALSO WANT TO POINT OUT THAT A LOT OF O OUR LIFE IS WORK. SO THIS STRAW REPRESENTS AN AVERAGE LIFE SPAN IN THE COLOR DOTS ARE ACTIVITIES. THE TIME WE SPEND WORKING IS SECOND TONAL SLEEP SO WE SPEND OVER 13 YEARS OF OUR LIVES AT WORK AND I THINK THIS IS A REASON TO PUT A LOT OF ENERGY MAKE SURING OUR WORK IS A GOOD POSITIVE ATMOSPHERE. SO A FEW FINAL THOUGHTS. CONSIDERING WE SPEND SO MUCH TIME AT WORK, WE PUT IN OUR TIME ENERGY AND TALENTS INTO ONE PLACE, CAN CHANGE THAT PLACE. BUT IT'S ALSO IMPORTANT TO KNOW THAT THAT PLACE CHANGES US. AND HOPEFULLY IN A GOOD WAY. FORMING STRONG RELATIONSHIPS WITH ANIMALS CAN CONTRIBUTE TO COMPASSION FATIGUE BUT IT'S ALSO WHAT CONTRIBUTES TO COMPASSION SATISFACTION IN OUR FIELD. AND I THINK THE MOST IMPORTANT POINT UNDERSTANDING THE CAUSES AN CONSEQUENCES OF STRESS THAT COMES FROM WORKING WITH ANIMALS& BEFORE ENTERING THE PROFESSION CAN LITERALLY BE A LIFE SAVER. LIKE PEPLE MENTIONED TODAY IF WE EDUCATE PEOPLE AND ADDRESS THESE ISSUES AT THE BEGINNING OF OUR CAREER, WE'LL -- WE MAY BE ABLE TO PREVENT SOME OF THE NEGATIVE PARTS OF THOSE PHASES. I WANT TO GIVE A THANK YOU TO THE PIECE COMMITTEE -- PEACE COMMITTEE. THEIR NAMES ARE LISTED HERE CURRENT MEMBERS WHO ARE DOING GREAT WORK. AT TEXAS BIOMED. [APPLAUSE] >> OUR NEXT SPEAKER IS DR. CINDY PEKOW, SHE'S ATTENDING VETERINARIAN AT THE VA AT PUGET SOUND HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS IN SEATTLE AND A CLINICAL FACULTY MEMBER UNIVERSITY OF WASH WASH DEPARTMENT OF COMPARATIVE MEDICINE. WE OFTEN MEET ON INTERNATIONAL- THEMES OF SOME SORT BECAUSE I WORK IN GLOBAL MEDICINE AND SHE IS INVOLVED WITH ALAC AND ALAAS ON AN INTERNATIONAL BASIS AND THEN WE HAVE A COMMON LOVE OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. SO SHE WILL TALK ABOUT PERSONAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS IN HUMAN ANIMAL INTERACTIONS IN THE LABORATORY. >> THANK YOU, MARY ANN. I'M DELIGHTED TO BE HERE AND ALSO NOTE I'M NOT A SOCIAL SCIENTIST NOR DO I PLAY ONE ON TELEVISION AND THE VETERINARIAN BUT I HAVE MANY YEARS EXPERIENCE IN THE FIELD SO WHAT I'M GOING TO BE TALKING ABOUT IS A LOT BASED ON MY OBSERVATIONS FROM WORKING IN RESEARCH ANIMAL FAIL ISES IN A VARIETY OF SETTINGS AND A GREAT MANY PEOPLE WORKING IN THE FEEL AND INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR LABORATORY SCIENCE AND MEETING INTERNATIONALLY AN NATIONALLY WHO WORK IN THE FIELD. SO PROBABLY MANY OF YOU ARE FAMILIAR WITH THE ANIMAL PICTURED HERE THIS IS A GIANT POUCH RAT. THEY ARE MORE CLOSELY RELATED TO HAMSTERS THE GIANT POUCH PART IS THE BIG EXTENDIBLE CHEEK POUCHES THEY GATHER STUFF UP INTO. YOU HAVE PROBABLY HEARD ABOUT THESE ON VARIOUS NEWS SHOWS, OVER THE PAST NUMBER OF YEARS THAT COME TO THE FLOOR BEES TRAIN TO SEARCH OUT LAND MINES IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA AND PLACES WHERE THERE'S CONFLICT AND WHEN THE CONFLICT IS MOVED TON MINDS ARE LEFT IN THE FIELD AND PEEP FELONY BECOME INJURED GRIEVOUSLY OR KILLED WHEN THEY STEP ON THEM. DOGS WERE TRAIN FOR THIS WORK BUT A EUROPEAN CAME UP WITH THE IDEA OF USING ANIMALS LIGHTER SMALL EASIER TO TRAIN AND LESS EXPENSIVE SO THE ONE ANIMAL WITH THE HARNESS IS ONE THAT'S ANOTHER WORKING IN THE FIELD DETECTING MINES. THE ANIMALS HAVE ALSO BEEN TRAINED IN THE PICTURE DOWN BELOW THAT, TO DETECT TUBERCULOSIS AND IN SPUTUM SAMPLES FROM PEOPLE AND LABORATORIES PARTICULARLY TANZANIA AND OTHER CENTRAL AFRICA COUNTRIES IT'S A LABORIOUS PROCESS TO PUT THE SAMPLES UNDER MICROSCOPE AND SEE IF YOU SEE THE TUBERCULOSIS AGENT ITSELF. THESE ANIMALS CAN SMELL THIS OUT AND MUCH MORE ACCURATE THAN THE PEOPLE AND CAN SCREEN MUCH FASTER NUMBER OF SAM PREGNANT BILLS. THEY ARE TRAINED TO DO THE WORK WITH CLICKERS WITH FEE REWARDS, PEANUTS AND BANANAS AND I STRONGLY RECOMMEND WHEN YOU ARE NO NEXT TIME ON THE INTERNET AND HAVE SPARE TIME GO TO APOPO. YOU CAN JUST PUT IT INTO ANY SEARCH ENGINE AND THERE'S A NUMBER OF WONDERFUL VIDEOS UP THERE WHERE HAY SHOW HOW THE ANIMALS ARE TRAINED BUT KEY IMPORTANCE HERE AND REASON I PUT THIS UP HERE IS THEY ALSO INTERVIEW THE PEOPLE WHOLE ARE WORKING WITH THESE ANIMALS. THE POINT I'M TRYING TO MAKE WITH MY BRIEF PRESENTATION IS PEOPLE COME IN TO OUR FIELD OR ANY FIELD WHERE WORKING WITH ANIMALSFROM A GREAT VARIETY OF BACKGROUNDS. THAT WILL ENTER -- WILL ACTUALLY INFLUENCE GREATLY THE TYPES OF RELATIONSHIPPINGS THAT THEY -- RELATIONSHIPS THEY CAN OR WILL FORM WITH THE ANIMALS. IN THIS PARTICULAR CASE, THESE ANIMALS WERE SEEN AS VERMIN, THEY RAID CROPS, THEY WERE ALSO A TASTY ROADSIDE SNACK THAT YOU COULD FIND FOR SALE ALONG THE ROADS IN IN NATIONS AND THE PEOPLE THAT WORKED WITH THESE ANIMALS HAD CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS WITH THEM, USUALLY TWO PEOPLE TRAIN ONE ANIMAL FOR OVER NINE MONTHS BEFORE IT'S CERTIFIED OUT AND SEARCHING FOR MINES OR TEASING THE SPUTUM SAMPLES SO A CLOSE INTENSE ONE ON ONE RELATIONSHIP WITH THENS ANIMALS. THE PEOPLE SAID INITIALLY -- GOING TO GO NEAR THESE THINGS AND HOW THEY COME TO RESPECT AND CARE FOR THESE ANIMALS AND DEVELOP THIS RELATIONSHIP. THESE ANIMALS ALSO IN THE UNITED STATES ARE A PEST, ORIGIN FAMILY IMPORTED FOR THE PET TRADE, IT WAS DISCOVERED THEY WERE BRINGING A POX VIRUS IN THE USDA IS PROHIBITED SO A BREEDER RELEASED SOME INTO THE EVERGLADES IN FLORIDA ON ONE PARTICULAR ISLAND THEY HAVE BECOME A BIG PEST AND DESTROYING NATIVE PLANTS AND COMPETING WITH OTHER SPECIES. SO THE GENTLEMAN AT THE BOTTOM OF THE PHOTO JUST KILLED THIS ANIMAL TRAPPED IT AND THE OTHER IS SEEN AS A PEST SO DEPENDING WHERE YOU GO IN THE WORLD, PEOPLE ARE GOING TO HAVE DIFFERENT VIEWS OF ANIMALS BOTH INHERENTLY FROM THE CULTURE THEY BROUGHT INTO IT AND ALSO FROM THE ANIMAL PLACE IN SOCIETY AND GREATER WORLD. SO BOONNY HAD NICE SCIENCE TERMS FOR THE DIFFERENT WAYS HUMANS RELATE TO ANIMALS. I HAVE COME UP WITH NINE WAYS HUMAN ANIMALS INTERACT. ALL THE THINGS YOU SEE ON THAT LIST, HOW YOU FEEL ABOUT USE OF ANIMALS OR SPECIES OF ANIMALS AND YOUR RELATIONSHIP WITH THEM IN ALL THESE CATEGORIES IS GOING TO BE GREATLY INFLUENCED BY A NUMBER OF FACTORS. THOSE INCLUDE CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS UPBRINGING, YOUR EXPERIENCES WITH ANIMALS IF YOU WERE MAULED BY A PIG AS CHILD YOU ARE PROBABLY GOING TO TAKE DIM VIEW OF PIGS WHETHER OR NOT THAT WAS ANOTHER FACTOR IN YOUR UPBRINGING BUT FOODS YOU EAT, THE ANIMALS THAT MAY BE A CONSIDERED SACRED, THE ANIMALS THAT YOU KEPT IN YOUR HOUSE WITH YU'RE ANIMALS THAT WERE OUT IN THE YARD, WHETHER YOU WERE RAISED IN A CITY IN AGRICULTURAL SETTING WHETHER IT WAS IN IOWA IN THE UNITED STATES OR IN CAMBODIA. ALL THESE THINGS WILL FACTOR INTO THAT. PEOPLE FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD ARE WORKING IN OUR RESEARCH ANIMAL FACILITIES AND HAVING RELATIONS WITH THE ANIMALS WE WORK ON. SO I'M GOING TO RUN QUICKLY THROUGH TEN SLIDES AND EACH SLIDE I HAVE A SERIES OF PHOTOS. THEY ILLUSTRATE ANIMALS IN EACH OF THOSE NINE DIFFERET CATEGORIES I WAS TALKING ABOUT. I WANT YOU TO THINK ABOUT YOUR REACTION TO WHETHER THIS IS SOMETHING YOU ARE COMFORTABLE WITH, ACCEPT OR MIGHT HAVE RESERVATIONS ABOUT OR CONCERNS ABOUT. THEN THINK ABOUT HOW YOU MIGHT FEEL IF YOU CAME FROM AN ENTIRELY DIFFERENT BACKGROUND. IF YOU WERE RAISED IN A CITY OR RAISE IN THE COUNTRY. OR RAISED IN A DIFFERENT COUNTRY ALL TOGETHER. HOW THAT MIGHT MAKE YOU FEEL ABOUT THESE. ANIMALS AS COMPANIONS IF YOU CAME FROM A NATION WHERE RABIES IS ENDEMIC IN THE DOG POPULATION, THAT LITTLE GIRL HUGGING THE DOG MIGHT HAVE A SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT IMPACT FOR YOU, ANIMALS ALSO PROVIDE US PROTECTION. THERE'S A CLASSIC CANARY IN COAL MINE BUT WE TRAIN ANIMALS TO SNIFF CONTRABAND OR EXPLOSIVES. DETECTING MINES IN HARBORS IN PORTS ANIMALS PROVIDE US WITH STATUS, ANIMAL WIN TROPHIES OR FOR US, SHOW OFF OUR WEALTH, BIG ATTRACTION IN ZOOS IF THEY CAN HAVE A PARTICULAR SPECIES OF ANIMALS. ANNALS IN SPORT, SOMETIMES THE ANIMALS COMPETE N FOR EXAMPLE COKE FIGHTS OR DOG RACES, SOMETIMES WE COMPETE WITH THE ANIMALS AS A TEAM AND SOMETIMES COMPETE AGAINST THE ANIMALS, BULLFIGHTS AND RODEOS FOR HUNTING SOME PEOPLE ENTER IT FOR THE THRILL OF THE CHASE, FOR MARKSMANSHIP, GAINING TROPHY, SOMETIMES ANIMALS ARE ACTUAL HAZARD, TAKE ROWS TO AT THIS AND NEED TO BE HUNTED OR PERHAPS VERMIN. SOMETIMES WE HUNT TO PUT FOOD ON THE TABLE AND SOMETIMES WE TRAIN ANIMALS TO HUNT FOR US. FOR EXAMPLE THE BIRDS AT THE TOP ARE A DIVING BIRD THAT CATCHES FISH AND BROUGHT BACK INTO THE BOAT AND FISH ARE TAKEN FROM THE BIRDS. WE ALSO EAT ANIMALS. AND DEPENDING ON YOUR CULTURAL BACKGROUND, AND YOUR O PERSONAL HOME LIFE AND YOUR PERSONAL BELIEFS YOU MAY OR MAY NOT EAT MEAT, MAYBE ONLY CERTAIN KINDS OF MEAT, YOU MAY FEEL IT'S WRONG ALL TOGETHER TO TAKE DAIRY PRODUCTS EGGS HONEY FROM ANIMALS. YOUR COMFORT LEVEL WITH THE ANIMALS OR HOW THEY MIGHT HAVE BEEN SLAUGHTERED ALL FACTORS INTO HOW YOU FEEL ABOUT THIS. WE USE ANIMALS FOR FIBER CERTAINLY, WE TAKE THEIR WOOL, FEATHER, PELTS SKIN, AND USE THEM IN PRODUCTS FOR CLOTHING FOR FURNITURE. WE USE ANIMALS AND INTERACT WITH THEM AS SUPPORT FOR CERTAINLY PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES. FOR PEOPLE HELPING WITH PHYSICAL THERAPY. LITTLE GIRL AT THE BOTTOM CHILDRE READING TO DOGS IMPROVE THEIR READING SKILLS, THE DOGS ARE NOT AS JUDGEMENTAL AS OTHER PEOPLE ARE. ANIMALS HELP WITH COMFORT THE SICK, AND PEOPLE IN NURSIN HOME, PEOPLE IN PRISON. ANIMALS PROVIDE US LABOR, MAYBE PLOW OUR FIELDS PROVIDE TRANSPORTATION, CARRY LOADS FOR US. ANIMALS PROVIDE ENTERTAINMENT, YOU PROBABLY HAVE DIFFERENT VARYING DEGREES OF COMFORT WITH A TIGER OR DA OR PIG JUMPING THROUGH A HOOP FOR OUR ENTERTAINMENTMENT FINALLY TOO'S TOPIC ANIMALS PROVIDE AS RESEARCH SUBJECTS. THE ANIMALS IN THIS PICTURE ARE TYPICAL OF PRIMARY SPECIES USED IN THE UNITED STATES. ALL THESE LOOKED HEALTHY AND WHOLE. IF I SHOW YOU THESE PICTURES YOUR DEGREE OF COMFORT APPROVAL AGAIN MIGHT CHANGE AND AGAIN THIS HAS TO DO YOUR BACK GROWN, YOU MIGHT BE MORE CONCERNED IS ABOUT THE MONKEY THAN YOU MIGHT BE FOR A MOUSE OR RAT. I WAS WORKING IN THE LABORATORY. THE NEXT SPEAKER WILL TOUCH ON THAT A LITTLE BIT MORE BUT THE PEOPLE WHO DIRECTLY DEAL WITH THE ANIMALS FORM SPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS WITH THEM OR OBVIOUSLY THE ANIMAL CAREGIVERS VETERINARY STAFF SUPERVISORS MANAGERS AND THE RESEARCHERS AND TECHNICIANS WHO ARE WORKING WITH CAPACITY.LS IN RESEARCH- SO THESE ARE THE ONE WHOSE WILL BE FORMING DIRECT RELATIONSHIPS WITH ANIMALS AND BONDS WITH ANIMALS DEPENDING ON SPECIES,ABLE BACKGROUND, HOW LONG THEY WORK WITH THE ANIMAL AN INTENSITY OF RELATIONSHIP AND WAS MENTIONED BY SOMEBODY WHO MADE A COMMENT IN THE AUDIENCE EARLIER, WE ALSO NEED TO INCLUDE THE OTHER PEOPLE IN THE FACILITY WHO MAYBE IN THE FACILITY OR WHO WORK FOR EXAMPLE ON IAKUK OR ADMINISTRATOR MAY AFFECT NUMBER OF ANIMALS BEING USED AND THEIR CARE AND HOW THE FACILITIES MAINTAINED. THE SPEAKER BEFORE ME TALKED ABOUT REASONS FOR CHOOSING TO WORK IN A FACILITY WE WOULD LOVE IF EVERYBODY WHO CAME IN BECAUSE THEY HAD AFFINITY FOR ANIMALS BUT IN TRUTH PEOPLE ENTER IT BECAUSE IT'S STEADY JOB, BENEFITS AVAILABLE OR KNEW OTHERS WORKING IN THE SITE AND AGAIN, MY EXPERIENCE HAS BEEN THAT THERE ARE GREAT MANY PEOPLE IMMIGRANTS WORKING IN OUR FACILE OS SO THESE COME FROM DIFFERENT CULTURAL BACKGROUND WORKING IN THE UNITED STATES NOW. AND THEY ARE EXPECTED TO CONFORM TO WHAT OUR NORMS ARE FOR WORK AND FOR PRACTICES. ENGRAINED WITHIN THEM ARE THE DIFFERENT BIASES THEY BRING FROM THEIR PARTICULAR UPBRINGING. SO IF YOU ARE GOING TO FORM AL RELATIONSHIP WITHEN A ANIMAL OR BOND WITH ANIMAL IN LABORATORY, IT WILL DEPEND ON THE SPECIES MORE LIKELY AGAIN WITH THE LARGEST SPECIES OF ANIMALS BUT NOT EXCLUSIVELY SO, THE LENGTH OF CONTACT, THE TYPE AND INTENSITY OF THE INTERACTIONS IF YOU ARE CLICKER TRAINING OR WORKING WITH ANIMAL EACH DAY GETTING TO KNOW THAT ANIMAL INDIVIDUAL PERSONALITY, THAT'S GOING TO BE DIFFERENT THAN SOMEBODY WHO DOES NOT HAVE THAT PARTICULAR OPPORTUNITY. THEN AS ALLUDED TO BY SPEAKER EARLIER TODAY THE CULTURE OF THE FACILITY OR LABORATORY IS GOING TO HAVE AN AFFECT ON THAT TOO. WHEN I HAVED THE FIELD IT WAS MORE COMMON -- ENTERED THE FIELD IT WAS COMMON TOENT COUNTER PEOPLE THAT YOU SHOULDN'T BECOME ATTACHED TO THEM, YOU NEED TO MAINTAIN PROFESSIONAL DETACHMENT AND I WORK THAT COME AROUND TO ACCEPTANCE OF THE FACT THAT PEOPLE DO NAME THE ANIMALS THEY DO VERY OFTEN FORM ATTACHMENTS WITH THEM, FORM RELATIONSHIPS WITH THOSE ANIMALS. BUT THEIR ARE CULTURES WITHIN LABORATORIES AN CULTURES WITHIN FACILITIES AS WELL. I WILL TALK IN A MINUTE ABOUT THE CULTURE OF CARE WHICH IS SOMETHING ELSE THAT PLAYS VERY HEAVILY IN TO THIS WHOLE CONCERN ABOUT COMPASSION FATIGUE. AN INDIVIDUAL WORKING IN A RESEARCH FACILITY IS GOING TO PERHAPS HAVE A DIFFERENT RELATIONSHIP BASED ON THEIR BACKGROUND. SO YOU AND I MIGHT HAVE BOTH HAD DOGS AS PETS WHEN WE WERE GROWING UP BUT IN MY CASE PERHAPS THE DOG WAS KEPT CHAIN TO A HOUSE IN THE BACKYARD AND I STILL CONSIDERED IT A PET, IN YOUR CASE THE DOG MIGHT HAVE BEEN SLEEPING IN YOUR BED AND EATING BESIDE YOU AT THE DINNER TABLE, BOTH WE CONSIDER NORMAL RELATIONSHIPS TO HAVE WITH ANIMALS. SO THAT WILL COLOR HOW WE ARE GOING TO LOOK AT ANIMAL IN THE LABORATORY OR IF WE CAME FROM A COUNTRY WHERE RABIES WAS ENDEMIC AND DOGS WERE CONSIDERED SOMEWHAT DANGEROUS, THAT MIGHT ALSO PLAY HOW WE'RE GOING TO FORM A RELATIONSHIP WITH THAT ANIMAL, HESITANCY FORMING ONE INITIALLY. SIMILARLY WITH PIGS I STOLE THE SAME PICTURE FROM BAILOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE. IF YOU WERE RAISED IN A RURAL SITUATION WITH PIGS AS FARM ANIMALS YOU MIGHT HAVE A DIFFERENT VIEW ON THEM THAN IF YOU WERE RAISED WITH THEM AND YOUR NEIGHBOR HAD A POT BELLY PIG IN THE HOUSE OR PERHAPS YOU HAD ONE AS WELL, GOING TO NOT NECESSARILY PREVENT YOU FROM DEVELOPING A RELATIONSHIP WITH THE PIG DEPENDING HOW YOU WERE RAISED BUT IT'S CERTAINLY GOING TO COLOR THE WAY THAT YOU WILL FORM THAT PARTICULAR RELATIONSHIP. OTHER PERSONAL FACTORS CAN ENTER IN. SOME OF US MAY HAVE A CHANGE IN OUR HEALTH CERTAINLY WE AGE AND WE SUDDENLY HAVE EXPERIENCED SURGERY OR PAINFUL DISEASE OR DISABILITY AND COMING TO SEE WHAT WE ARE INFLECTING PERHAPS ON ANIMALS IN OUR LABORATORY AND DIFFERENT EMPATHY FOR THEM, THAT CAN AFFECT HOW WE FEEL ABOUT THOSE ANIMALS AND HOW WE WORK WITH THEM. PARENTHOOD, I HAVE HAD A NUMBER OF PEOPLE SAY TO ME I USED TO BE ABLE TO EUTHANIZE THOSE LITTERS OF MICE BUT SINCE I HAVE HAD A BABY OR BECOME A FATHER, I JUST CAN'T HANDLE THIS ANY MORE. SOMEBODY ELSE PLEASE DO THIS FOR ME? I HAVE HEARD THAT A NUMBER OF TIMES, PEOPLE WHO LEFT THE FIELD JUST BECAUSE OF THAT ONE SPECIFIC CONCERN. PERSONAL EXPERIENCE OF LOSS WHETHER RELATIONSHIP, FRIEND, FAMILY MEMBER OR PET CAN PLAY INTO HOW WE FEEL ABOUT AND REACT WITH ANIMALS. OUR FRIENDS SHIPS, THE FRIENDS WHO HOW CAN YOU DO THAT KIND OF WORK ARE THE FRIENDS WHO, IT'S SO IMPORTANT, GLAD YOU ARE DOING THAT KIND OF WORK, WITH ALL INFLUENCE HOW WE FEEL ABOUT WHAT WE DO AND HOW WILLING WE ARE TO FORM RELATIONSHIPS WITH THESE ANIMALS. AS CAN OUR FAMILY AND RELIGIOUS BELIEF, ALL THESE THINGS CAN BE DYNAMIC, THEY CAN CHANGE. SO PEOPLE WILL EVOLVE. SO I'M TELLING Y'ALL THIS BECAUSE WE PUT TOGETHER COMPASSION FATIGUE PROGRAM AND HEAR FROM PEOPLE WHO ARE PERHAPS NEEDING OF THIS, WE NEED TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THAT THERE ISN'T GOING TO BE ANY ONE SIZE FITS ALL AND THERE'S A LOT OF PEOPLE FOR WHOM IT'S MEANINGLESS AND OTHERS WHO DESPERATELY NEED THIS ASSISTANCE. SO FINALLY CULTURE OF CARE. WE HEAR THAT A LOT. ONE PREVIOUS SPEAKERS DEFINED COMPASSION. AND THE DEFINITION I HAVE CHOSEN TO USE IS COMPASSION MEANING KINDNESS OR CARING AND WILLINGNESS TO HELP OTHERS. SO A CULTURE OF CARE IS ONE WHICH WE HAVE THROUGHOUT OUR FACILITY WE HOPE A CULTURE WHERE THERE'S COMPASSION AND RESPECT FOR THE ANIMALS WE WORK WITH. THERE IS A CONCERN TO PREVENT DISTRESS AND SUFFERING, THE STAFF ARE ENABLES TO NOT ONLY PREVENT DISTRESS BUT IMPROVE THE CARE AND WELL BEING OF ANIMALS. DEPENDENT ON THAT IS EVERYBODY WHO WORKS THERE HAVE SOME BASIC UNDERSTANDING OF THE PURPOSE AND VALUE OF THE WORK BEING DONE WHETHER IT'S TEACHING TESTING TRAINING BASIC RESEARCH. A CULTURE OF CARE GOES BEYONDS WHAT IS LEGISLATED, BEYOND PROVIDING CLEAN AND SANITARY QUARTERS AND ADEQUATE FOOD AND HUSBANDRY, IT'S ACTUALLY LOOKING OUT FOR THIS -- BEYOND THAT FOR THE WELL BEING OF THE ANIMALS BUT ONE FACTOR I WANT TO ADD AND EMPHASIZE IS THAT A CHURL OF CARE ALSO INCLUDES CULTURE OF CARE INCLUDES COMPASSION AND RESPECT FOR PEOPLE WHO WORK THERE AS WELL. SO WHILE WE TALK ABOUT THIS IN TERMS OF THE ANIMALS, IT'S SUPPORTIVE ATMOSPHERE FOR THE PEOPLE. SO I'LL SUM UP BY SAYING THAT THE HUMAN AND ANIMAL RELATIONS IN THE LABORATORY ARE INFLUENCED BY EACH INDIVIDUAL'S CULTURE RELIGIOUS BACKGROUND, PERHAPS PLACED IN THE WORLD THAT PERSON CAME FROM. BY THEIR LIFE EXPERIENCES. THAT IS A DYNAMIC THING, BY THEIR INDIVIDUAL UPBRINGING, PERHAPS BY SPECIES OF ANIMALS WHICH THEY ARE WORKING. THESE RELATIONS CHANGE OVER TIME FAMILY FRIENDS AND COWORKERS IN THERE AS WELL AS WELL AS INDIVIDUAL CHANGES IN HEALTH AND RELATIONSHIPS. FINALLY, A GOOD CULTURE OF CARE THAT WE ALL WANT TO SEE AND THAT WE WANT TO HAVE AS PART OF THIS COMPASSION FATIGUE PROGRAM THAT WE MIGHT IMPLEMENT WILL PROMOTE HUMAN AND ANIMAL WELL BEING. SO THANK YOU. [APPLAUSE] SO ANNA WILL TALK TOO US TODAY ABOUT THE POSITIVE INFLUENCE OF COMPASSION AND EMPATHY FOR ANIMALS AND HOW IN HER EXPERIENCE OVER MANY YEARS WITH VETERINARIANS, TECHNICAL STAFF, ADMINISTRATORS, WE COLLECTIVELY HAVE A POSITIVE EXPERIENCE. THANKS ANN. >> SHE SAID IT'S BIG BUTTON. I'M NOT A VETERINARIAN. Y'ALL KNOW THAT. BUT I HAVE BEEN WORKING WITH AALAS FOR ALMOST 20 YEARS. AND I HAVE MET A LOT OF VETERINARIANS. I MET A LOT OF TECHNICIANS. LOT OF MANAGERS, LOT OF INVESTIGATORS. I'M ALSO NOT A POLYANNA THOUGH YOU MAY THINK I AM WHEN I GET THROUGH THIS. IT TALKS ABOUT THE ROLE OF LOVE AND THE IMPACT THAT I THINK ANIMALS HAVE THAT'S POSITIVE ON WORKING IN A LAB WHICH IS DIFFERENT FROM WORKING IN A SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE OR A FARM ANIMAL PRACTICE. OR A SHELTER OR A ZOO. I THINK IT'S DIFFERENT BECAUSE OF THE BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH BECAUSE OF THE END RESULT WHAT WE DO AND WHY WE DO IT. BUT IN THIS FIRST SLIDE I HAVE A QUOTE TOO BUT IT'S FROM BAXTER BLACK, HE'S NOT REALLY A PHILOSOPHER. THOUGH HE IS A COWBOY PHILOSOPHER. HE SAYS IT'S PROPER TO MAKE A DIFFERENCE WHEN EXPLANATIONS ARE GIVEN BETWEEN THOSE WHO CARE AS A HOBBY AND OTHERS WHO CARE FOR A LIVING. I THINK THAT'S VERY TRUE IN OUR FIELD. WE CARE ABOUT OUR PETS. HOW MANY OF YOU HAVE A PET? IT'S GOING TO BE JUST ABOUT EVERYBODY BECAUSE JUST ABOUT EVERYBODY IN THIS FIELD HAS A PET UNLESS THEY TRAVEL A LOT. IF THEY TRAVEL A LOT THEY CAN'T HAVE A PET BUT WE ARE THE MOST ANIMAL LOVING PEOPLE I HAVE EVER RUN INTO. BUT WE CARE FOR THOSE ANIMALS DIFFERENTLY THAN WE CARE FOR THE ANIMALS THAT WE CARE FOR TO MAKE A LIVING. THIS IS WHAT MAKES WORK SATISFYING. THE REASON IT'S NOT ATTRIBUTED TO ANYBODY IS BECAUSE IT'S ATTRIBUTED TO ME. IT'S READING A BUNCH OF STUDIES ON WHY PEOPLE ENJOY WORK AND WHAT MAKES IT SATISFYING REGARDLESS OF WHAT YOUR SETTING IS. MY BACKGROUND IS IN ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION MANAGEMENT, MY FIRST BACKGROUND WAS IN SEX EDUCATION. AND THAT WAS ENJOYABLE TOO. BUT I THINK I ENJOY ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT EVEN MORE. THOUGH WORKING FOR AN ASSOCIATION DOES HAVE THINGS IN COMMON WITH TEACHING JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL. BUT WHAT MAKES WORK SATISFYING? ONE THING NOTED ON THERE IS FUN. WHAT I PICKED OUT ABOUT THAT IS INTERACTION WITH ANIMALS IS FUN. INTERACTION WITH ANIMALS IN A LAB IS FUN. YOU SING TO THOSE MICE T. YOU RUBBED MONKEY, I SAW THAT THIS MORNING. RESPECT THAT'S ANOTHER THING THAT MAKES WORK SATISFYING. FOR THE CONTRIBUTION ANIMAL MAKES TO ANIMALS MAKE TO ADVANCING MEDICAL RESEARCH WE HAVE A GREAT DEAL OF RESPECT FOR THE ANIMALS WE CARE FOR. IT'S REWARDING, YOU MAKE A DIFFERENCE IN THAT ANIMAL'S LIFE. A CLEAN DRY CAGE WITH PLENTY OF FOOD AND WATER THAT'S A POSITIVE DIFFERENCE, IT'S CHALLENGING, I HAVE NEVER DONE IT BUT I SAW IT THIS MORNING ON THE SCREEN AND I DO KNOW TEACHING A NON-HUMAN PRIMATE TO PRESENT AN ARM FOR PROCEDURE RATHER THAN TO BE RESTRAINED MUST BE CHALLENGING AND REWARDING. PURPOSE, OUR PURPOSE IS TO TAKE CARE OF THE ANIMALS, WE HAVE PURPOSE IN OUR WORK. MEANINGFUL, WHAT COULD BE MORE MEANINGFUL THAN FINDING CURES AND PREVENTING DISEASES. OR DEVELOPING DEVICES TO ENABLE PEOPLE TO SEE HEAR WALK AND TALK. THAT'S MEANINGFUL WORK. I DON'T HAVE ANY SOUND STATISTICAL DATA AND EVIDENTLY WE ALL USE THE SAME PICTURE SLIDES. BUT I HAVE TALKED TO HUNDREDS OF VETERINARIANS AND TECHNICIANS WHO WORK IN THE FIELD. YES, SOME OF THEM TAKE A JOB AND LABORATORY ANIMAL SITES BECAUSE THEY KNEW SOMEBODY THAT WORKED THERE AND THEY NEEDED A JOB THAT PAID A LIVING WAGE. SOME OF THEM BECAUSE OF BENEFITS INCLUDING REGULAR HOURS. THAT COMES IN WHEN PEOPLE MOVE OVER FROM SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE. SOME OF THEM WERE DIFFERENCE BECAUSE OF ASSIGNMENTS, BECAUSE OF TRAINING, BUT THERE IS ONE THING IN COMMON THAT IS THEY DO CARE FOR ANIMALS AND THAT THAT'S BORNE OUT IN COUPLE OF OTHER PRESENTATIONS ALREADY. THAT SHOWS UP. YOU WANT TO WORK WITH ANIMALS. WHY DO I BELIEVE LOVE OF ANIMALS ENRICHES THE WORK EXPERIENCE BECAUSE PEOPLE TELL ME IT DOES. LIKE THE VETERINARIAN WHO GOES AND SITS IN THE CAT ROOM AND PETS THE CATS WHEN SHE'S STRESSED. THESE ARE TRUE STORIES. OR THE TECHNICIAN WHO STAYS WITH THE MINI PIG WHEN BEING EUTHANIZED. OR THE TECHNICIAN WHO SINCE TO THE MICE WHEN HE'S CHANGING THE CAGES. OR THE MANAGER WHO WANTS TO ADOPT ALL THE RATS WHO OFF STUDY AND HEALTHY. THIS IS ONLY A FEW EXAMPLES OF PEOPLE WHO TOLD ME STORIES HOW THOSE ANIMALS ENRICH THEIR LIFE. NOW WHAT DO THE NAMES ISAAC DENNIS ALLISON PA TRINA SANDY ISABELLE GEE KNEE FRANCIS IKE RITA CHARLIE IRENE AND IVAN HAVE IN COMMON? THEY ARE THE 12 MOST COSTLY HURRICANES IN THE UNITED STATES SINCE 2000. DISASTER PLANNING WAS CRITICALLY IMPORTANT TO PHYSICAL PLANT MANAGEMENT AND THE LAB ANIMAL PERSONNEL ARE CRITICAL TO ANY DISASTER PLAN MAKING IT WORK. OUR FOLKS ABOVE AND BEYOND OFTENTIMES STAYING IN THE FACILITY TO PROVIDE CARE FOR THE ANIMALS ARE RETURNING TO WORK TO MAKE SURE THE ANIMALS ARE SAFE OR NEED TO BE MOVED TO SAFETY. MEMBERS FROM NEIGHBORING STATES, COME TO ASSISTANCE OF LABS TO ENSURE THE SAFETY AND WELL BEING OF THE ANIMALS, NOT ONLY HURRICANES IN MY PART OF THE COUNTRY IT'S MORE LIKELY A TORNADO OR MAYBE EXTREME COLD FURTHER NORTH. NOT SURE HOW MANY USE GOATS BUT I LIKE THAT PICTURE. EXHIBITS AT FUTURE FARMERS OF AMERICA AT THEIR NATIONAL CONFERENCE, IT'S ONE OF MY FAVORITE MEETINGS TO ATEND, THOSE BLUE COATS, ONES OF YOU THAT SMILED YOU KNOW WHAT I MEAN. THEY WEAR BLUE CORDUROY COATS AND THEY ARE THE MOST COURTEOUS APPRECIATIVE NICE YOUNG PEOPLE THEY RESTORE MY FAITH IN AMERICA'S YOUTH. THEY ARE INTEREST IN WHAT WE ARE DISPLAYING AND WHAT WE ARE TALKING ABOUT, THEY PROBABLY HADN'T HEARD ABOUT LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE, BUT AFTER THEY FIND OUT ABOUT IT AND THINK ABOUT IT, IT'S ONE OF OUR BIGGEST MARKETS AS FAR AS WHO WE RECRUIT FROM. I WAS RAISED ON A FARM AS MANY OF YOU WERE, AND LOVING ANIMALS AS PETS, AS LIVESTOCK, AS PART OF MY FAMILY'S LIVELIHOOD WAS PART OF MY BACK GROWN. THE FARM FOUNDATION FOR LOVING AND RESPECTING ANIMALS TRANSFERS TO THE LAB SETTING. WE ARE WORKING WITH ANIMALS IS REWARDING. I DON'T KNOW HOW LONG ADOPTING LAB ANIMALS HAS BEEN A PRACTICE. BUT I DO KNOW THAT MANY LABS HAVE BEEN DOING IT FOR ALMOST 20 YEARS BECAUSE I HAVE BEEN HEARING ABOUT IT EVER SINCE I HAVE BEEN AT AALAS. IT MAY BE LONGER THAN THAT. I THINK THE ADOPTION PROCESS REFLECTS THE HUMAN ANIMAL BOND. THAT DEVELOPS DURING THE RESEARCH PROCESS. SEE THAT BEAUTIFUL BLACK AND WHITE HOUND? THAT'S HAMILTON. THE ADOPTED PET OF AALAS PAST PRESIDENT JENNY SMITH. I HAVE RELAYED SOME STORIES FROM AALAS MEMBERS AND HERE ARE SOME INDIVIDUALS STORIES WHICH TELL THE STORY OF THE POSITIVE IMPACT, OF ANIMALS ON THE WORKPLACE BEST. I SURE DO HOPE THIS WORKS. >> SO WHAT GOT ME INTO THE FIELD OF LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE IS THE ANIMALS OBVIOUSLY SO AS VETERINARIAN LIKE MANY OF US, IF THE ANIMALS THAT DREW US INTO THE FIELD, AND THAT'S ACTUALLY DAY TOO IS BEING AN ADVOCATE FOR THESE ANIMALS, BEING WITH THEM EVERY DAY, MAKING THEIR LIVES BETTER, MAKING THEM COMFORTABLE, MAKING SURE THAT THEY HAVE A GOOD LIFE WITH US. >> SLIP PEOPLE BEEN THE ANIMAL CARE, ANIMAL RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT HAVE THEIR OWN PET AT HOME. AND IT'S JUST AMAZING TO SEE THEY EVEN HAVE MORE LOVE TO POUR OUT TO ANIMALS THEY USE IN RESEARCH. >> HE HAD A SUMMER JOB LOOKING AT THE CAGE WASH. WHAT CAUGHT ME EYE THE MOST IS WALKING DOWN THE HALLWAYS AND LOOK IN ANIMAL CARE ROOMS AND I SAW PRIMATES THERE, ACTUALLY THEY WERE RHESUS MACAQUES. AND ONCE I CAUGHT MY -- EYE TO EYE WITH ONE OF THOSE, WONDERFUL LOOKING ANIMALS, THAT'S WHAT I WANTED TO DO. >> I LOVE ANIMALS, I'M ONE OF THOSE PEOPLE THAT WANTED TO BE A VET SINCE I WAS FIVE YEARS OLD. EVERYTHING FROM SEA TURTLES TO LA MAS TO SOME POINT WORKING WITH ANIMALS IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH MIGHT BE MY CALLING. >> ANIMALS GET TO KNOW YOUR SCENT AND SMELL ON DAILY BASIS THEY KNOW WHEN YOU ARE IN THE REMARKS HOE KNOWING THAT YOU ARE TAKING CARE OF THEM AND I WOULDN'T TRADE MY JOB FOR NOTHING. >> I HAVE NOT MET OF THAT INDUSTRY THAT DOESN'T LOVE ANIMALS AND THEY LOVE TO GIVE BACK AND SHOW THAT THEY CARE TO THE ANIMALS. BEAUTIFUL PICTURES OF -- HUGGING BEAGLES OR HUGGING NON-HUMAN PRIMATES AND LOVING THEM SO THEY GET JOB SATISFACTION. I HAVE WORKED WITH LABORATORY ANIMALS BECAUSE I LOVE ANIMALS. I LIKE GOING TO WORK EVERY DAY. COME TO WORK AND I'M HAPPY, I WALK OUT OF HERE HAPPY. >> I WORK IN LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE BECAUSE I LOVE ANIMALS. >> I LOVE ANIMALS. I LOVE THEM AND I FEEL LIKE IF I COULD MAKE A DIFFERENT THIS IS THE FIELD I CHOSE TO BE IN. >> THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH CONDUCTED RESEARCH ON PEOPLE'S ATTITUDES TOWARD RESEARCH ANIMAL MODELS. THE PUBLIC SUPPORT OF ANIMAL RESEARCH TO BENEFIT ANIMALS IS STRONG. THE NEIGHBOR CAMPAIGN FEATURES MANY OF US AND THE RESEARCH ARENA RESOURCE PETS, THIS IS GRACIE, MY BERMESE MOUNTAIN DOG, SHE THOUGHT SHE WAS A 110-POUND LAP DOG. SHE DIED OF CANCER AND I SUPPORT RESEARCH TO HELP DOGS LIKE GRACIE LIVE LONGER AND CANCER FREE. THIS PRESENTATION YOU MAY THINK IS POLY ANNA BUT I THINK THAT IF WE USE SYSTEMS ANALYSIS TO DEVELOP PROGRAMS TO IMPLEMENT IN FACILITIES, WE NEED TO REALLY FOCUS ON THE POSITIVE, SOMETIMES IF YOU FOCUS ENOUGH ON THE POSITIVE THE NEGATIVE IS NOT AS IMPORTANT. IT DOESN'T MEAN THAT COMPASSION FA FEEING IS NOT IMPORTANT. IT MEANS THAT WE CAN OVERCOME IT, WE CAN DEVELOP PROGRAMS TO HELP PEOPLE DEAL WITH IT EFFECTIVELY. I THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME AND I THANK YOU MORE FOR CARING. [APPLAUSE] >> ALL RIGHT. THE LAST SPEAKER IN THIS PANEL IS SOMEONE WHO I HAD THE PRIVILEGE OF HAVING LUNCH WITH AND I JUST MET, HER NAME IS SABRINA BRANDO, SHE'S DIRECTOR OF ANIMAL CONCEPTS AND PURSUEING A Ph.D. IN THE UNIVERSITY OF STERLING IN SCOTLAND ON THE TOPIC OF 24/7 ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN, ZOO ANIMAL AND HUMAN WELL BEING. I THOUGHT IT WAS INTERESTING WHEN I WAS SCANNINGING THROUGH HER BIO SHE HAS A BSC IN PSYCHOLOGY AND MS IN IN ANIMAL STUDIES. SHE'S A COMPELLING PERSON AND BRINGS THE PERSPECTIVE OF ZOO ANIMAL AND OTHER ANIMAL ENVIRONMENTS S I LOOK FORWARD TO HEARING FROM SABRINA. [APPLAUSE] >> GOOD AFTERNOON. THANKS VERY MUCH FOR THE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE FOR HAVING ME OVER. I'M GRATEFUL TO BE AT THIS WORKSHOP. IT'S NEW FIELD FOR ME TO EMBARK ON AND IT'S BEEN VERY STIMULATING AND INTERESTING FOR ME TO BE HERE SO FAR. I'M DELIGHT TO SHARE WITH YOU WHAT IS REALLY PRELIMINARY DATA OF SOME OF THE WORK THAT WE ARE CURRENTLY DOING ON UNDERSTANDING THE SORROWS AND THE JOYS OF WORKING WITH ANIMALS IN ZOOS. SO THE FOCUS OF THIS PARTICULAR PILOT STUDY IS ANIMAL CARE PROFESSIONALS, IT'S AT THE MOMENT INTERVIEW BASED AND SURVEY BASED. IT'S PEOPLE WORKING AT JUNIOR AND SENIOR LEVELS AS WELL AS CURATORS. CURRENTLY WE DON'T HAVE ANY VETERINARIANS THAT ARE INVOLVED IN STUDY BUT SOME OF THE VETERINARIANS I'M WORKING WITH ARE LOOKING DEVELOPING VETERINARY SPECIFIC SURVEYS TO GAIN MORE INFORMATION. WHAT IS ALSO IMPORTANT FOR US IS THAT WE ARE REALLY JUST STARTING WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROJECTS IN COLLABORATION WITH FOR EXAMPLE PROFESSOR ANNETTE HEART WITH UC DAVIS AS WELL AS Ph.D. AND OTHER PROJECTS THAT I WILL BE TALKING ABOUT LATER IN MY TALK. AS I SAID, THIS IS -- THERE IS NO LACK OF RESEARCH ON THE HUMAN ANIMAL BOND IN SUES, THERE'S QUITE A LOT OF KEEPER ANIMAL RELATIONSHIP, DIFFERENT BONDS, DIFFERENT SPECIES, DIFFERENT BONDS DEPENDING ON WHETHER VETERINARIANS CURATORS OR PEOPLE WORKING WITH ANIMALS IS QUITE A LOT OF INFORMATION ALSO ON HUMAN ANIMAL BONDS WITH REGARDS TO VISITORS. BUT THERE'S VERY LITTLE ACTUALLY ON JOB SATISFACTION AND WHAT DOES IT MEAN FOR PEOPLE WHO CARE FOR ANIMALS IN ZEUS. SO WHAT WE WANTED TO DO HERE IS GET A BETTER UNDERSTANDING WITH REGARD TO JOB SATISFACTION IN GENERAL AND THEN SPECIFICALLY LOOKING AT WHAT ARE SOME OF THE SORROWS THAT PEOPLE ARE ENCOUNTERING IF THEY ARE WORKING IN ZEUS AND AQUARIUMS. MR. ZOOS AND AQUARIUMS MIGHT HAVE GOOD PROGRAMS IN PLACE ANIMAL WELFARE PROGRAMS IN PLACE JUST IN RESEARCH FACILITIES OR OTHER DOMAINS WHERE PEOPLE ARE NOT ACTUALLY EXPOSED NECESSARILY TO SUFFERING OF ANIMALS DIRECTLY BUT THEY ARE ACTUALLY MAYBE EXPERIENCING BURN OUTS BECAUSE OF THE SYSTEMS OR PROCESSES THEY WORK WITH. SO WE HAVE -- WE ARE TRYING TO SEE HOW WE CAN TEASE OUT SOME OF THESE DETAILS. SO WE WANT TO ASK QUESTIONS WITH REGARD TO WHAT THEY MIGHT BE EXPOSED TO AND ALSO IN WHAT PARTS OF THE WORLD. SO I'M GOING TO COME BACK TO THAT AT THE END OF MY TALK HOW IT MIGHT BE DIFFERENT DEPENDING WHERE THE ZOOS OR AQUARIUMS ARE LOCATED. WE ALSO WANT TO KNOW OF COURSE WHAT MEASURES ARE PEOPLE USING TO UNDERSTAND HOW THE ANIMALS ARE FAIRING IN RELATIONSHIP TO THAT. QUESTIONS IN THE SURVEY ARE VERY QUITE GENERAL WITH REGARD TO AGE, WHAT TRANSITIONS PEOPLE HAVE HOW LONG AFTER BEING IN THE FIELD BUT ALSO HAVING OPEN ENDED QUESTIONS AND SURVEYS INTERVIEWS WHERE PEOPLE CAN TALK FREELY AS THEY WERE TALKING ABOUT THEY CAN JUST TALK AND LATER WE WILL GO ANALYZE THE DATA. WE HAVE QUESTIONS WHERE PEOPLE COULD TAKE ALL OF THE ONES THEY APPLIED AND WHAT IS INTERESTING IN THIS WHOLE PILOT IS ALSO TO SEE HOW THIS IS THEN OF COURSE GETTING US INFORMATION HOW WE WANT TO TWEAK THE QUESTIONS TO BE MORE SPECIFIC. WHAT IS INTERESTING FOR US IS SOME PEOPLE WERE ACTUALLY FILLING OUT THE SURVEYS TWICE. FIRST FROM THEIR PERSPECTIVE AS ANIMAL CAKE TAKER AS SENIOR CAREGIVER BUT ALSO MANAGING PEOPLE DIFFERENT PARTS WITHIN THEIR JOB SO THEY WOULD FILL IN THE WHOLE QUESTIONNAIRE AGAIN BUT FROM THEIR PERSPECTIVE AS MANAGER. SO THAT IS ALSO INTERESTING FOR US TO LOOK AT. SO PEOPLE COULD ALSO GIVE INFORMATION WHETHER SOMETIMES HAVE PARTICULAR CONCERNS OR JOYS OR NEVER OR ALWAYS. SO WE HAVE TWO COMPONENTS WITHIN THE MOMENT, ORGANIZATIONAL AND ANIMAL, THESE ARE SOME OF THE SUBSECTIONS THAT WE WERE ASKING WITH REGARD TO WORKING CONDITIONS FOR ANIMALS, COMMUNICATION AND CHALLENGES THAT PEOPLE WERE ENCOUNTERING BUT ALSO PERCEPTIONS WHERE PEOPLE TAKING WORK HOME OR NOT AND WHEN WOULD THAT HAPPEN. ALSO IN WHAT WAYS DO THE FACILITIES CELEBRATE THE EMPLOYEES. THEN WITH REGARD TO SURVEY WITH ANIMAL RELATED QUESTIONS WE HAD ANYTHING FROM REALLY PLANNING TO BUDGETS, IN WHAT WAYS FACILITIES CELEBRATE ANIMALS. COMMUNICATION, WELFARE CONDITIONS AND ALSO IN WHAT WAYS ARE PEOPLE ASSESSING ANIMAL WELFARE BECAUSE WE ANTICIPATE DEPENDING ON WHAT TYPE OF ENVIRONMENT YOU WORK IN AND HOW MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF STRESSES YOU ARE ENCOUNTERING, THE WAY THAT YOU MIGHT BE ASSESSING OR INTERPRETING ANIMAL BEHAVIOR OR ANIMAL STATES MIGHT WELL BE ALSO COLORED BY THAT PARTICULAR PRESSURE YOU ARE IN SO ONE THING IS SEEING THINGS AND FEELING THINGS AND THE OTHER THING IS KNOWING WHAT THE ANIMALS ARE EXPERIENCING AND USING BOTH QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENTS FOR THAT. SO I'M GOING TO GIVE YOU A WHOLE BUNCH OF DIFFERENT SORROWS AND JOYS THAT WE HAVE ENCOUNTERED IN THE SURVEY. SO PEOPLE WOULD SAY THERE'S POOR COMMUNICATION, OR LITTLE ATTENTION TO ANIMAL WELFARE AND SAY THERE WERE ALWAYS OPPORTUNITIES FOR PEOPLE TO LEAVE NOTES AND WHAT WAS INTERESTING IS THAT PEOPLE WERE SAYING THIS HAS PARTICULARLY TO DO WITH THE MANAGERS SO IN THERE THE DEPARTMENT AS PEOPLE WORKING WITH THEIR TEAM BUT HAD VERY MUCH TO DO WITH COMMUNICATION WITH MANAGEMENT OR WITH DIRECTORS MANAGING. ALSO THE DIFFICULTIES THAT THEY MIGHT ENCOUNTER INTERDEPARTMENTAL SO IF THINGS HAD TO BE FIXED FOR THEMSELVES OR FOR ANIMALS IT WAS SOMETIMES VERY DIFFICULT DEPENDING ON THE COUNTRY YOU ARE IN T WHEN I WAS LIVING IN SCOTLAND WHEN MY LIGHT BULB, I HAD TO WAIT FOR THE TECHNICAL DEPARTMENT TO FIX IT SO IN THE NETHERLANDS WE DO IT OURSELVES. THERE'S A WHOLE THING WHAT CAN YOU DO AND HOW CAN YOU DO IT. PEOPLE SAY THINGS WE NO ABOUT WITH REGARDS BEING UNDERSTAFFED, SO ON, BUT QUITE A NUMBER OF PEOPLE TALK ABOUT THINKING OF QUITTING AS WELL AS INFORMING AUTHORITIES ON WHAT WAS HAPPENING WITHIN THE DEPARTMENTS. WHAT IS INTERESTING FROM COUNTRY PERSPECTIVE IS ALSO DIFFERENCES OF ANSWERS WE WERE GETTING WITH REGARDS TO HAVING TIME OFF. PROVIDE COMMUNITIES FOR HOLIDAYS FOR SELF CARE SO PEOPLE WERE GIVING US DIFFERENT TYPES OF ANSWERS ON WHAT IS AVAILABLE FOR THEM. A LOT OF PEOPLE LIVING AT THE ZOOS OR SANCTUARIES THAT THEY ARE EMPLOYED IN VERY REMOTE TALKED ABOUT POOR LIVING CONDITIONS FOR THEM BEING VERY REMOTE FOR PARTICULAR SERVICES AND MAKING THEIR LIVES REALLY HARD NOT BECAUSE THEY WERE EXPERIENCING HURTNESS WITH THE ANIMALS THEY WORK WITH BUT JUST CONDITIONS WHERE THE LOCATION WAS OF THE FACILITY THAT WE WERE WORKING IN. PEOPLEPEEP INDICATED THEY FIND IT DIFFICULT TO SAY NO OR TO HAVE OPPORTUNITIES TO MANAGE IN THEIR WORK HOW THE WAY THEY ARE WORKING AND WHAT THEY CAN AND CANNOT DO. OFTEN TAKING WORK HOME AND NOT JUST SO WE WERE INTERESTED TO KNOW THAT WHEN AN ANIMAL IS ILL KNOW IT WAS A LOT HAD TO DO WITH THE PROCESSES AND THE WAY THEY WERE ABLE TO EFFECT CHANGE FOR ANIMALS SO THAT'S CERTAINLY SOMETHING THAT IS INTERESTING FOR US TO KEEP LOOKING AT. SO FAR FROM ALL RESPONDENTS WE HAVE ONLY FOUND TWO ZOOS THAT HAVE ANIMAL WELFARE -- ANIMAL HEALTH -- SORRY HUMAN HEALTH CARE STAFF ON STAFF THAT PEOPLE CAN ACTUALLY GO TO AND SPEAK TO OR GIVE GUIDANE COUNSELING FROM. SO THAT'S SOMETHING THAT IS CERTAINLY NOT VERY PROMINENT IN ZOOS AND AQUARIUMS TO HAVE THAT TYPE OF SUPPORT. SO SORROWS WITH REGARDS TO ZOOS, SUBSECTIONS OF SOME OF THE ANSWERS WE WERE GETTING IS HAVING LOW BUDGETS, FOR EITHER ENRICHMENT OR CARE FOR ANIMALS OR REFURBISHMENTS AND PEOPLE TALKED POOR ANIMAL WELFARE THAT RANGED ANYTHING FROM ANIMALS WITH PARTICULAR DISEASES, TO FORM STs TO DIFFICULTIES WITH REGARD TO CARING FOR THE ANIMALS END OF LIFE DECISIONS. A LOT OF PEOPLE SAID WE DON'T REALLY ACTUALLY HAVE TIME TO DO ANY ANIMAL WELFARE ASSESSMENTS. WE DON'T HAVE THE TECHNOLOGIES OR THE TOOLS OR THE PROGRAMS TO DO ANIMAL WELFARE ASSESSMENTS SO A LOT OF THE RECORDKEEPING IS VERY CHALLENGING WHICH THEN OF COURSE DRIVES QUESTIONS FOR US AS HOW DO YOU KNOW ANIMALS ARE NOT WELL AND HOW DO YOU INTERPRET AN MALE WELFARE THAT WAY. SUBSTANDARD HOUSING LACK OF SOCIAL GROUPS FOR ANIMALS STEREOTYPIC BEHAVIORS OR SOME OF THE THINGS PEOPLE MENTIONED. ALSO BUILD -- SEEING ANIMALS THAT PEOPLE FEEL WHETHER THEY WERE AT A JUNIOR OR SENIOR LEVEL POSITION THAT WE WOULD BE BETTER OF QUALITY OF LIFE WISE BEING EUTHANIZED BUT MAYBE BECAUSE OF RELIGIOUS OR OTHER REASONS, THESE THINGS WERE NOT HAPPENING. SO ANIMALS ALSO SPENDING A LOT OF TIME LOCK AID WAY IN SMALL AREAS, WAS A CONCERN FOR ME. WHEN WE ZOOM IN ON ANIMAL EUTHANASIA IN ZOOS AND AQUARIUMS, THERE'S THIS PRACTICE IN SOME AREAS, SOME MORE OPEN ABOUT IT WHERE IT HAPPENS DON'T NECESSARILY SAY THIS IS HAPPENING, IS THE CALLING OF ANIMALS THAT ARE SURPLUSSED THEY CAN'T FIND HOUSE, HOUSING FOR OR ENFORCEMENT ANIMALS ARE FOR EXAMPLE NONENDEMIC AND THEY COME TO ZOO BECAUSE OF INLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE AND THEY DON'T KNOW WHAT TO DO WITH THESE ANIMALS, THEY CAN NEVER BE RELEASED AND THEY WILL HAVE TO BE EUTHANIZED. OF COURSE THEN THERE'S ALSO THE QUALITY OF LIFE SO DECISION MAKING TREES WERE GIVEN AS ONE OF THE POSITIVES OF PEOPLE TO BE ABLE TO TALK TOGETHER ON MAKING QUALITY OF LIFE DECISIONS AND HAVING TO EUTHANIZE ANIMALS BUT THEN PEOPLE WOULD STILL SAY WE HAVE VERY FEW OPPORTUNITIES TO ACTUALLY SAY GOODBYE TO THE ANIMALS OR TO REMEMBER THE ANIMALS OR TALK ABOUT IT. ANIMALS WOULD JUST DISAPPEAR OR NO ONE WOULD TELL ME AND I COME THE NEXT DAY AN ANIMALS ARE SUDDENLY GONE AND I WASN'T INFORMED. I KNOW THERE'S QUITE A NUMBER OF FACILITIES THAT HAVE VERY COMPREHENSIVE PROGRAMS IN PLACE THAT IF THEY HAVE TO EUTHANIZE AN ANIMAL FOR WHATEVER REASON THERE IS COMMUNICATIONS TO EVERYONE PRIOR TO THIS HAPPENING UNLESS THERE'S MEDICAL EMERGENCY THAT HAS THE FULL PROCESS IN PLACE INCLUDING SAYING GOODBYE TO ANIMALS, BEING ABLE TO REMEMBER ANIMALS AND ANIMAL SYMMETRY AS WELL IN PLACES. PEOPLE ALSO SAID IT'S HARD TO KNOW THAT ANIMALS ONCE EUTHANIZED END UP IN A BIN SO PEOPLE REALLY USING THEIR WORDS SAYING ACTUALLY KNOWING THAT THAT IS WHAT HAPPENS TO THE ANIMALS WHILE MY PET AT HOME, I ACTUALLY HAVE FUNERAL FOR THE ANIMAL, THAT IS REALLY HARD, THAT WE CAN DO THAT WITH OUR ANIMALS SO THERE'S LITTLE ATTENTION TO THIS STAGE OF THE ANIMAL LIFE. SOME OF THE JOYS PEOPLE MENTIONED IN ZOOS FROM AN ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL, WITH LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES AND WHAT I FOUND VERY INTERESTING MANY PEOPLE SAID IT'S JUST GREAT TO BE ABLE TO WORK IN THESE FACILITIES AND LEARN, WHETHER OR NOT MY BOSS IS ACTUALLY DOING ANYTHING TO FACILITATE THAT LEARNING. AND I HAVE RUN MY OWN COMPANY FOR ALMOST 15 YEARS NOW AND I MEET LOTS OF PEOPLE THAT COME UNDER HOLIDAYS ON THEIR OWN MONEY IN THEIR OWN TIME TO ALL KINDS OF DIFFERENT OPPORTUNITIES ALSO LEARNING, THERE'S A BIG DRIVE COMMITMENT OF THOSE PROFESSIONALS WITH WANTING TO DO THAT. ANIMALS CELEBRATION NOTED WAS HAVING DEDICATED ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT ANIMAL TRAINING AND OTHER BUDGETS AND CELEBRATING ANIMAL WELFARE WHICH IS CERTAINLY SOMETHING THAT IS NOT TRUE FOR ZOOS IN GENERAL. SO FOR PEOPLE TO CONNECT WITH OTHERS, WHO ARE WORKING FOR ANIMALS AND ANIMAL WELFARE, AND WHAT I FOUND INTERESTING ALSO AS THE PREVIOUS SPEAKER IS SAYING WHY WE DO THIS, WHY ARE WE IN THIS, A LOT OF ZOO PROFESSIONALS ARE IN IT BECAUSE THEY HAVE -- THEY FEEL CONTRIBUTING TO A GREATER CAUSE FOR SERVING SPECIES CONTRIBUTING TO A BETTER PLANET. SO THAT IS REALLY ONE OF THE DRIVERS ALSO JOB SATISFACTION. WHEN IT COMES TO ANIMALS PEOPLE SPECIFIC TIME WITH ANIMALS AND HAVING TIME WITH ANIMALS THEMSELVES BUT ALSO BEING ABLE TO BE WITH ANIMALS AND PUBLIC AND TALK ABOUT THEM AND CONNECT PEOPLE AND ANIMALS AND TALK THE GREATER MISSION OF ZOOS AND ACQUIRE YUMS AND LEARNING NEW SKILLS AS THEY ARE GOING ALONG. EDUCATIONAL OPTIONS AND CELEBRATIONS THAT MANY PEOPLE INDICATED THEY WERE GETTING AT THEIR FACILITIES WAS PRAISE AND ACKNOWLEDGE TESTIMONY OF ALL KINDS FROM EMPLOYEE TO THE MONTH TO BONUSES FOR COMPLETING PROJECTS TO OF COURSE PAID INTERNSHIPS, PAID CONFERENCES AND PAID EDUCATION WHETHER CONTINUEING A PARTICULAR COURSE OR PEOPLE IN WHOLE Ph.D. PROGRAMS BEING PAID BY FROM THE ZOO. SOME OF THE QUOTE WE WERE GETTING OR THAT WE ARE GETTING AND PEOPLE THAT ARE EITHER SAYING OR ASKING OUTLOUD IS I FEEL OBLIGATED, BUT I'M SCARED TO VOICE MY CONCERNS. SO I WOULD LIKE TO TALK AND LIKE WAS SAID BY OTHER BECAUSE THERE THIS MORE THAN THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING ABLE TO SPEAK ABOUT IT. WHEN I WAS WORKING IN THAILAND, CARE STAFF TOLD ME I KNOW THERE'S PROBLEMS BUT I GET THREE LETTERS. IF I HAVE THREE LETTERS I LOSE MY JOB. I'M TOO AFRAID THEY WILL BLAME MISTAKES ON ME OR CONCERNS ON ME AND I'M LOSING MY JOB SO FOSTERING GOOD ENVIRONMENT PEOPLE CAN TALK ABOUT WHATEVER IT IS THAT THEY ARE FEELING OR SEEING AND THEN OF COURSE YOU HAVE TO SEE HOW WE CAN RESOLVE THAT. SO I HAVE NO ONE TO TALK TO AND I FEEL OVERWHELM AND GUILTY, THIS IS A PARTICULAR QUOTE LIKE THAT. HOW IT WAS WRITTEN, THOSE WORDS OVERWHELMED GUILTY NO ONE TALK TO IS SOMETHING THAT IS REALLY COMING BACK OVER AND OVER. ANIMALS ARE ALSO MORE IMPORTANT. I'M GOING TO STAY IN THIS JOB BECAUSE ANIMALS ARE MORE IMPORTANT THAN ME. PEOPLE WILLING TO PUT UP WITH A LOT OF THINGS BECAUSE ANIMALS ARE MORE IMPORTANT. I DON'T KNOW WHAT TO PRIORITIZE, CAREER OR HEALTH. WHAT SHOULD I DO? ALSO I DON'T KNOW -- SO MUCH ABOUT THE LABORATORY FIELD BUT ZOO JOBS ARE DIFFICULT TO GET. VERY HIGHLY COMPETITIVE. SO PEOPLE ARE AFRAID TO LEAVE THEIR JOBS TO GO SOMEWHERE ELSE BECAUSE IT'S SO HARD TO GET IN SO THEY RATHER PUT UP WITH IT. I NEED TO STAY IN THIS JOB, FINDING A JOB WITH ANIMALS IS SO DIFFICULT THAT I DON'T WANT TO STAY. SO THERE'S THIS CONFLICT. PEOPLE LOTS OF HAPPY, CARING FOR ANIMALS IS MY CALLING, I LOVE IT. I'M IN IT. I WANT TO DO THIS. PEOPLE BEING THESE HUMMING BIRDS TRYING TO FIND SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS AN REALLY LOOKING ON FOCUSING WHAT CAN YOU DO RATHER THAN WHAT CAN'T YOU DO SO ANIMALS HELP VISITORS CONNECT TO NATURAL WORLD, OWING THEM A GOOD LIFE SO ETHICS AND MORAL DUTY FOR CARE AND ANIMALS GIVE ME JOY AND I TRUST THEM. LOTS OF BEAUTIFUL STORIES HOW PEOPLE AND ANIMALS CONNECT. SO IN CONCLUSION FOR US REALLY IT'S A CONVERSATION STARTER, REALLY KEEP IT GOING ASKING QUESTIONS HOW ARE YOU, WHAT ARE YOU THE JOYS ANDSOR ROYS YOU ARE ENCOUNTERING AND WHAT WE IN THE ZOO COMMUNITY CAN LEARN FROM OTHER DOMAINS THAT HAVE MUCH LONGER DEALT SO IT'S REALLY INTERESTING FOR ME TO BE HERE SO FAR. I MENTIONED HIGH PRESSURE, THERE IS A LOT OF HIGH PRESSURE IN REGIONS LIKE ASIA AND SOUTH AMERICA OR AFRICA WHERE THERE'S INFLUX FROM WILDLIFE CREATE ILLEGAL TRADE, LOTS OF ANIMALS REALLY POOR CONDITIONS THAT I HAVE SEEN AND I KNOW MANY COLLEAGUES AND FRIENDS ARE WORKING WITH VERY TAXING OF THEM SO CULTURAL DIFFERENCES AND REGIONAL DIFFERENCES THAT PEOPLE WILL BE EXPOSED TO DEPENDING ON WHERE THEY ARE IN THE WORLD. AND HOW CAN WE USE WHAT IS OUT THERE FOR PEOPLE THAT YOU HAVE ALREADY DEVELOPED OR OTHERS. WE HAVE A FINISH TIFFS LIKE FOR EXAMPLE THIS CLOSED FACEBOOK GROUP COMPASSION AWARENESS FOR ANIMAL CARE PROFESSIONALS WHERE PEOPLE CAN SAFELY PUT ALL KINDS OF QUESTIONS, SHARE, SELF-CARE TIPS, HAPPY QUOTE, ALL THAT TYPE OF STUFF HAPPEN THERE IS AND IT HAS LOTS OF DIFFERENT RULES OF WHEN YOU POST THERE WHAT TYPE OF FEEDBACK WOULD YOU LIKE AND WHAT WAYS CAN PEOPLE HELP AND SUPPORT EACH OTHER. WE ALSO HAVE DEVELOPMENT OF WORKSHOPS, AGAIN TO KEEP THE CONVERSATION GOING TO HELP PEOPLE UNDERSTAND WHAT IS COMPASSION FATIGUE, COMPASSION AWARENESS IN THE BROADER SENSE. OF COURSE -- I WOULD REALLY LIKE TO PLUG HERE THIS NEW TOPIC HERE THAT TOGETHER WITH PROFESSOR HART AND SALLY THOMPSON, TOGETHER WE ARE ARE DOING THIS SPECIAL ISSUE ON OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AND JOY ANIMAL CARE PROPRONAILINGSES IN ZOOS SHELTERS AND LABORATORY FACILITIES, THAT IS A SPECIAL ISSUE, YOU ARE WELCOME TO LOOK OUT AND OF COURSE HOPEFULLY CONTRIBUTE, THERE'S A LOT BUT WE CAN ALL LEARN FROM EACH OTHER. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION. I HOPE TO CONTINUE THE CONVERSATION AND MEET YOU AND HEAR MORE. THANKS VERY MUCH. [APPLAUSE] >> CAN WE GET OUR PANELISTS UP? WE HAVE TIME FOR QUESTIONS. I WANT TO THANK THE PANELISTS FOR THEIR RELATIONS AND THEIR HEART FELT SHARING OF THINGS THEY EXPERIENCE IN ANIMAL FACILITIES. THERE'S -- THERE ARE SO MANY THINGS THAT COME TO MY MIND AS I LISTEN TO FOLKS TALK ABOUT CHALLENGES THAT THEY HAVE AND THE LOVE THEY HAVE SO PLEASE I'M OPENING THE FLOOR FOR QUESTIONS NOW. >> THANK YOU, THAT WAS A REALLY INTERESTING PANEL. I WANTED TO ASK A GENERAL QUESTION, I KNOW THERE MAY NOT BE AN ANSWER BUT THOUGHT I WOULD ASK ANYWAYS. MANY OF YOU DISCUSSED THE ISSUES OF FATIGUE AND BURN OUT IN TERMS OF EMPLOYMENT. MANY FACTORS YOU LISTED ARE FACTORS THAT ARE UNIVERSAL ACROSS ANY EMPLOYMENT. I WONDERED IF YOU HAD A CHANCE TO THINK ABOUT HOW THOSE GENERAL FACTORS ARE DIFFERENT FROM FACTORS THAT ARE PARTICULAR TO PEOPLE WHO WORK IN ANIMAL CENTRIC ENVIRONMENTS. IS THAT CLEAR? THANKS. >> MY EEL TAKE ONE STAB AT STARTING THE CONVERSATION, IT WAS MENTIONED BY ONE OF THE AUDIENCE MEMBERS EARLIER. THAT IS THAT WE DON'T IN THE RESEARCH FIELD PARTICULARLY GET A LOT OF OUTSIDE SYMPATHY AMONG COMMUNITY FOR WHAT WE DO, SIT DOWN ON THE BUS AND LOOK DOWN IN THE FACE AND SOMEBODY SAY WHAT'S WRONG AND I HAD TO EUTHANIZE AN ANIMAL I HAD A LONG RELATIONSHIP WITH AND VERSUS PEDIATRIC CANCER PATIENT AND SAID SOMEBODY DAYED. SO WE FEEL ISOLATED AND UNSAFE VENTURING OUT TO TALK WHAT NEEDS AND CONCERNS ARE. THAT REFLECTS WHAT BRIAN WAS TALKING EARLIER, GETTING THE UPPER MOST ADMINISTRATION TO LET US BE OPEN ABOUT THIS, THAT IT CAN SHOW THAT WE HAVE AN INSECURITY OR -- IN WHAT WE ARE DOING. >> I WOULD SAY TO CERTAIN EXTENT IN ZOOS AND AQUARIUMS THAT'S ALSO VERY TRUE PEOPLE OFTEN FEEL THEY HAVE TO JUSTIFY KEEPING ANIMALS IN CAPTIVITY FOR THESE GREATER GOODS WITH REGARDS TO EDUCATION OR CONSERVATION PROJECTS. WHEN I WAS WORKING FOR ASSOCIATION OF ZOOS AND AQUARIUMS, AS THE DIRECTOR I WOULD GET EMAILS SAYING CAN YOU PLEASE GET ANIMALS OUT OF THE ZOO AND INTO A SANCTUARY. AND FOR THOSE WHO HAVE BEEN TO SANCTUARY THERE'S VERY GOOD SANCTUARIES AND THERE'S NOT SO GOOD SANCTUARIES, THERE'S TRUE FOR ZOOS AS WELL. SO THERE'S ALSO THIS GAP THERE WHERE PEOPLE ASSUME IF YOU ARE A SANCTUARY EVERYTHING IS GOING TO BE GREAT AND IF IN A ZOO IT'S PROBABLY REALLY BAD. SO ZOO PROFESSIONALS FEEL THAT STRESS. >> I WANT TO SAY I HAVE THE SAME THOUGHT WHILE RESEARCHING FOR THIS TALK. TRYING TO FIND SOMETHING BEYOND THE ANECDOTAL EVIDENCE WE HAVE ALL HAVE AND STORIES WE HAVE. SEVERAL PEOPLE MENTIONED IT BUT IT'S ONE MORE AREA WHERE IT'S IMPORTANT THAT WE DO RESEARCH AND GET SOME REAL DATA. >> I WOULD SECOND THAT MOTION. MIGHT NOT BE AN ANSWER, THERE'S PROBABLY MANY ANSWERS. ONE IS BECAUSE WE DO CARE SO MUCH. IF WE DIDN'T CARE, WE MIGHT NOT HAVE COMPASSION FATIGUE. SO I THINK BECAUSE THE PEOPLE, PART OF IT, MAY BE BECAUSE THE PEOPLE THAT ARE DRAWN TO THIS FIELD DO CARE AND DO HAVE A COMPASSION FOR THE ANIMALS. THE FEEL OR THEORY BEHIND COMPASSION FATIGUE WAS DEVELOPED FOR VOLUNTARY CARETAKERS TAKING CARE OF RETURNING VETERANS AFTER THE VIETNAM WAR THERE. THAT'S TOTALLY DIFFERENT SETTING THAN COMPASSION FATIGUE WHEN IT INVOLVES POSITION. I'M NOT SURE WHAT ALL VARIABLES ARE BUT IT IS DIFFERENT SETTING WHEN IT'S VOLUNTARY OR WHEN IT IS A PAID POSITION. >> ONE THING I HAVE NOTED IN OUR ORGANIZATION IS THAT AS PEOPLE STAY IN THE ORGANIZATION FOR LONGER PERIOD OF TIME THEY MAY HAVE COMPASSION FATIGUE. I TRY TO ENCOURAGE IF THEY ARE STRUGGLING TO COME BACK IN THE COMPANY BECAUSE IT'S VERY HARD IF THEY LEAVE THE COMPANY THEY USUALLY -- IF THEY HAVE BEEN AT THE COMPANY A LONG TIME THEY ARE IN A SALARY RANGE THEY CAN'T MEET IN ANOTHER LOCATION SO IT ENCOURAGES THEM TO STAY BUT THEY FEEL TRAPPED BECAUSE THEY CAN'T DO SOMETHING ELSE UNLESS WE FIND SOMETHING THAT'S AVAILABLE FOR THEM. >> THE QUESTIONS? COMMENTS? >> SO THE ZOO WORLD. YOU BROUGHT UP SOMETHING, SABINA, ABOUT LET'S RELEASE THE ANIMALS, PUT THEM BACK IN THE OCEAN. I'M FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, THE ORCAS AT THE SAN DIEGO SEA WORLD PARK THERE. IS IT DIFFERENT THOUGH IF I'M A KEEPER VERSUS I'M SUPPORTING A RESEARCH PROJECT. AGAIN ENIN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA WE HAVE THE WHITE RHINOS TRYING TO REPOPULATE AFRICA. IS IT DIFFERENT THEN FOR THOSE WORKING IN RESEARCH PROJECTS OR CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES AND SO FORTH? THEN THERE'S ONE OTHER ASPECT THAT I THINK WE NEED TO TALK ABOUT AND THAT IS TRAINERS THE LAB ANIMAL WORLD BUT WHAT ABOUT THOSE TRAINERS FOR THE ENTERTAINMENT SHOWS IN ORDER TO INTRODUCE ANIMALS MORE EFFECTIVELY AT THE 1:30 IN THE AMP AFTERNOON SHOW SO FORTH. THREE CATEGORIES HERE, KEEPER, RESEARCH PERSON AND THE TRAINER INDIVIDUAL. DIFFERENCES? I THINK THAT MIGHT COME INTO WHAT WE DO IN LAB ANIMALS THE SAME TIME. >> I WOULD SAY MOST ZOO PROFESSIONALS WHO ARE DOING THE PRESENTATIONS WOULD ALSO BE THEIR PRIMARY CAREGIVERS SO THERE'S OBVIOUSLY ALSO ZOOS THAT HAVE SPECIFICALLY DEDICATED TEAMS WHERE THEY ARE ONLY TRAINING THE ANIMALS AS THEY GO AROUND AND DO PRESENTATIONS. MOST PEOPLE WILL BE THE PRIMARY CAREGIVER AND THEN ALSO PRESENTATIONS WITH THE ANIMALS. SO THERE'S PROBABLY GOING TO BE SOME DIFFERENCES THERE WITH REGARDS TO BOND DEVELOPMENT P. WITH REGARDS TO RESEARCH, EVEN IF WE LOOK AT HOW HOW IN 2016 DID STUDY LOOKING AT TUESDAYS IN ZOO STAFF WITH REGARDS TO THE CALLING OF ANIMALS. AND WHAT HE FOUND WAS THE CLOSER THE PEOPLE TO THE ANIMALS THE MORE POSITION IF YOU LIKE THOUGH THEY COULD UNDERSTAND RATIONALLY WHAT AND WHY HAPPENING SO AT -- LEVEL PEOPLE WERE GIVING DIFFERENT FEEDBACK THAN PEOPLE ON THE GROUND SO I WOULD SAY CERTAINLY THERE WE WOULD SEE DIFFERENCES AND ALSO WHEN IT COMES TO RESEARCHERS, I WOULD SAY LAST YEAR IN BUDAPEST WE HAD A MEETING ON CONSERVATION OF SPECIES AND ANIMAL WELFARE SESSION WITHIN TO TALK ABOUT THE CONFLICT OR TENSION THAT EXISTS BETWEEN CARING FOR INDIVIDUALS VERSUS GREATER GOAL POPULATION MANAGEMENT SAYING I HAVE TO MOVE THIS ANIMAL ACROSS THE COUNTRY FOR GENETIC REASONS BUT DON'T WANT TO FROM AN INDIVIDUAL PERSPECTIVE. WHAT IS NICE TO SEE IS GENETICISTS ARE WORKING AT LOOKING OKAY, WHAT IS IN THE BEST INTEREST OF THE INDIVIDUAL ANIMAL, WE MIGHT CHOOSE A GENETIC MATCH, NOT AS GOOD AS ANOTHER BUT TRANSPORT TIME IS LESS. OR KEEPERS OR COULD STAY WITH THE ANIMAL OR ANIMALS COULD BE MOVED AROUND. SO TRYING TO CREATE THAT DIALOGUE BETWEEN RESEARCHERS OR POPULATION MANAGERS VERSUS PEOPLE WHO CARE FOR THE ANIMALS AND ARE WORRIED. SO DEFINITELY THERE WILL BE -- NOT DEFINITELY I SHOULD SAY BECAUSE I DON'T HAVE THAT DATA BUT I WOULD SUSPECT THERE IS GOING TO BE DIFFERENCES IN THOSE. >> I WILL ADD THE ZOO WORLD IS SO MUCH PUBLIC EYE FOR INSTANCE DURING VETERINARY SCHOOL WHEN I THOUGHT IT WOULD BE COOL TO BE ZOO VETERINARIAN, I DID EXTERNSHIP AT A ZOO AND SEE HOW VERY MUCH EVERYTHING IS IN THE PUBLIC EYE EVALUATED DEALING WITH THE PUBLIC, YOU CAN'T PUT ANIMAL ON DISPLAY WITH A DEFICIENCY OR DEFECT UNLESS YOU HAVE SOMEBODY THERE TO INTERPRET FOR THE PUBLIC WHAT IS GOING ON. SO THAT ALWAYS PUBLIC OVERSIGHT ADDS ANOTHER LAYER WE DON'T HAVE NECESSARILY IN THE RESEARCH ANIMAL FIELD. >> I KNOW NOTHING ABOUT THE ENTERTAINMENT WORLD. THAT NEVER STOPPED ME FROM MAKING A COMMENT. MY KNOWLEDGE OF THE ENTERTAINMENT WORLD WAS BACKSTAGE TOUR AT SEA WORLD. BUT I THINK ONE OF THE -- TWO OF THE FACTORS THAT WOULD BE DIFFERENT BETWEEN TRAINERS AND EXHIBITION FOR ENTERTAINMENT INCLUDING ZOOS, NOT ZOOS, CIRCUS. AND SOME EXTENT ROAD ROWS, THINGS LIKE SEA WORLD THE SPECIES OF THE ANIMALS AND THE NUMBERS. THE NUMBERS ARE SMALLER. AND SPECIES ARE GENERALLY BIGGER. SO I THINK THAT'S JUST A TOTALLY DIFFERENT WORLD. I DON'T EVEN KNOW HOW YOU WOULD DESIGN A RESEARCH STUDY. I CAN SEE A RESEARCH STUDY THAT MAY COMPARE AND CONTRAST ZOOS AND RESEARCH BUT I'M NOT SURE THE ENTERTAINMENT -- I THINK IT'S A DIFFERENT WORLD. SOME ZOOS HAVE EXHIBITS THAT EXHIBIT RATS AND HAVE COOL ENVIRONMENTS AND THEY HAVE -- THEY SHOW HOW RATS LIVE THEIR LIVES, AS RATS, WHO THEY YOU WILL ARE AND COGNITIVE STUFF. YOU DO IN THE SAME ZOO, YOU GO BEHIND STAGE AND RATS ARE IN REALLY TINY LITTLE BOXES BEING BRED BECAUSE THEY ARE OTHER ANIMALS IN THE ZOO, FOR THE SNAKES. YOU SEE HEATED DEBATES ON THE WELFARE ASPECTS OF THIS RAT'S ROLE AND THIS RAT ROLE WE HAVE ATTRIBUTED TO THE ANIMALS THAT HVE DIFFERENT QUALITY OF LIFE AND THAT WEIGHS ON THE PEOPLE CARING FOR -- THEY MIGHT BE THE SAME PEOPLE CARING FOR THESE RATS OVER HERE AND RATS OVER HERE. SO THERE'S MANY DIFFERENT NUANCES THAT ARE VERY INTERESTING TO LEARN ON. >> DID YOU HAVE ALL YOUR QUESTIONS ADDRESSED? SO I ACTUALLY WAS STRUCK BY A LOT OF SIMILARITIES PARTICULARLY IN SOME OF THE QUOTE THAT YOU BROUGHT UP. WHAT WE ARE HEARING FROM THE PEOPLE WHO ARE DOING THE DAILY CARE OF THE ANIMALS AND HOW THEY ARE NOT FEELING NECESSARILY EMPOWERED, THEY CAN'T SAY NO, THEY FEEL LIKE EVERYTHING HAS POTENTIAL CONSEQUENCE OF DISCIPLINARY ACTION. I THINK THAT'S SOMETHING THAT I DON'T QUITE KNOW AN ANSWER TO IT, I THINK ANKARA HAS SIMILAR QUOTE ALMOST IDENTICAL TO SHARED WHICH IS STRIKING TO ME. MAYBE NOT UNEXPECTED. IT'S AN INTERESTING THING HOW I WOULD WONDER WHAT I GUESS PEOPLE HAVE FOR CHANGING THAT PARADIGM THAT PERSON DOING THE DAILY CARE OF ANIMALS AND HOW THEY CAN FOR THE ANIMAL AND AGAIN WHAT WE ARE CONSTANTLY STRIVING FOR IN ALL THESE ENVIRONMENTS IS NATURALISTIC ENVIRONMENT AS POSSIBLE, ALL THE ANIMALS ARE IN A CAPTIVE ENVIRONMENT AND NOT NECESSARILY BY CHOICE BUT ALSO FOR THEM. KIND OF TWO QUESTIONS, TWO FROM ME, THREE FROM BRUCE BUT TWO THINGS LIKE WHAT CAN WE DO THINKING ABOUT THE ANIMAL CAREGIVER AND ALSO THINKING ABOUT HOW TO INFLUENCE THAT NATURAL ITSELFIC ENVIRONMENT AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE. WHY ARE WE SO RESOURCE CONSTRICTED WITH THIS. THAT'S ANOTHER STRUGGLE >> SO TRUE. LOT OF PEOPLE ARE AFRAID OF THE JOB, ONE OF THE THINGS I ALWAYS ASK FACILITIES BRING HUMAN RESOURCES TO THE TALK THAT I GIVE. ALSO EMPLOYEE ASSISTANT PROGRAM. I HAVE ADVISED SOME FACILITIES HAVE YOUR EMPLOYEE ASSISTANT PROGRAM PERSON WORK IN THE ANIMAL FACILITY? LET THEM DO ANIMAL CARE. IF YOU WANT TO DO THAT. THEN THE ANIMAL CARE PEOPLE WILL NOT BE SO AFRAID TO TALK. THERE'S SUCH A HUGE GAP BETWEEN HR EMPLOYEE ASSISTANT PEOPLE, THEY DON'T UNDERSTAND WHAT WE ARE DOING, MOST SAY DISCIPLINE THIS PERSON RETRAIN THEM. THAT'S NOT THE ANSWER. MAYBE A RETRAIN BUT THERE IS HUGE MISUNDERSTANDING. SO BRING HR IN. TELL THEM WHAT YOU WERE DOING. MAKE THEM PART OF YOUR FACILITY. IT IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT THAT YOU UNDERSTAND BECAUSE OTHERWISE YOU ARE BARKING UP THE WRONG TREE. THEY JUST DON'T UNDERSTAND THAT. P MY TWO CENTS. >> SO THAT MADE ME THINK OF BRINGING ANNIKA IN WHICH WE DID ALSO TO START GIVING PEOPLE A WAY TO TALK ABOUT THIS AND GIVING THE PROMISE OF CONFIDENTIALITY AND KEEPING THAT PROMISE, I THINK IS HOW -- BENEFICIAL FOR US AND GAVE PEOPLE WAY TO START TALKING ABOUT THINGS AND THEN GAVE US INFORMATION TO TAKE TO LEADERSHIP TO GIVE DETAILS ON THE ISSUE. THEN I DON'T KNOW THE CLINICAL -- I THINK THE CHALLENGE BEYONDS THAT IS HOW YOU KEEP THE CONVERSATION GOING MORE THAN JUST ONE TIME VISIT. >> SO I CAN'T SAY OF COURSE WHO THEY ARE BECAUSE I DON'T KNOW. ANONYMOUS BUT A LOT OF THE SATISFYINGS GIVEN WAS THAT TYPE OF SUPPORT THAT PEOPLE WERE GETTING. IN THEIR ZOOS. THEY ARE OBVIOUSLY -- I KNOW THERE ARE ZOOS OUT THERE THAT HAVE EXTENSIVE PROGRAMS FOR THEIR STAFF WHERE THEY CAN -- PUT THEIR CONCERNS FORWARD THEY SUPPORT EDUCATION, THEY SUPPORT DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROGRAMS AND THE IDEAS PEOPLE HAVE IF IT'S WELL ARGUMENTED AND BUDGETED FOR, SO ON. SO THERE IS CERTAINLY LOTS OF EXAMPLES THAT CAN BE USED AS MODELS IN ZOOS THAT ARE STIMULATING THEIR STAFF AT ALL LEVELS TO BE PROACTIVELY AND ACTIVELY WORKING FOR THE ANIMALS& AND ALL THE OTHER MISSIONS THAT THEY HAVE. I THINK THAT'S ALSO PROMISING THAT WAS ONE OF OUR REASONS OF LOOKING ALSO TO THE JOYS THAT PEOPLE ARE EXPERIENCING, TO SEE WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM THAT. AND PUT TOGETHER WITH ALL THE OTHER INFORMATION THAT IS ALREADY OUT THERE. >> I HAVE A COMMENT, I WAS VERY MOVED BY YOUR PRESENTATIONS, I DO SEE A LOT OF SIMILARITIES WITH THE ZOO AS WELL AS SOME DIFFERENCES. BUT TO COMMENT ON HOW PEOPLE CAN VOICE CONCERNS, THE FIRST THING, I DON'T HAVE EVIDENCE OF THIS BUT YOU CAN ALSO LOOK AT LITERATURE FROM OTHER PARTICULAR SCENARIO WHERE IS PEOPLE HAVE TO FEEL SAFE. THEY NEED TO FEEL SAFE WHERE THEY CAN SPEAK FREELY, VOICE THEIR CONCERNS. IF THEY DON'T HAVE THAT TYPE OF SAFETY THEN NO, THEY WILL KEEP THAT TO THEMSELVES. THEY NEED TO BE ABLE TO ACTUALLY UNDERSTAND THAT WHY I SHOULD SAY WE SHOULD NOT HAVE STIGMA ASSOCIATED WITH ACTUALLY ADDRESSING THE CONCERN. HAVING COMPASSION FEELING CERTAIN WAY, THAT'S NOT A WEAKNESS. THAT'S VERY HUMAN, VERY VERY NORMAL TO TAKE CARE OF SOMETHING, TO NURTURE SOMETHING THEN HAVE FEELINGS BECAUSE YOU HAVE DONE THAT THAT. IS NORMAL AND THEY NEED TO UNDERSTAND THAT IS OKAY. LET'S ADDRESS CONCERN YOU HAVE BECAUSE YOU HAVE CARED FOR THIS ANIMAL AND EXPERIENCE SOMETHING THAT YOU PERCEIVE AS ADVERSE HOW DO WE ADDRESS THAT. I WOULD CHALLENGE LEADERSHIP TO LOOK AT THESE THINGS, FIND COMMON THEMES HOW WE CAN ACTUALLY COME UP WITH SOME INTERVENTIONS OR EVEN PREVENTIONS, WHAT CAN WE DO TO PREVENT THESE TYPES OF ADVERSE FEELINGS OR ADVERSE PERCEPTIONS THAT ARE GOING. >> ON THAT SAME NOTE, -- YOU GO FIRST. >> ON THE SAME NOTE, ACTUALLY WHEN YOU WERE TALKING MY FIRST THOUGHT WAS WHAT CAN WE DO WHEN WE LEAVE HERE? WHAT CAN WE DO WITHIN OUR SPHERE OF INFLUENCE? ANIKA I SAID SOMETHING AS I WAS MULLING AROUND THAT THE EMPLOYEE ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS MAKE COMPASSION FATIGUE BURN-OUT ALL OF THAT PART OF EMPLOYEE ASSISTANCE PROGRAM. HAVE TRAINED PEOPLE WHO KNOW HOW TO DEAL WITH THAT. WHEN WE HAVE OUR TRAINING PROGRAMS FOR INVESTIGATORS, TRAINING INVESTIGATORS TO WORK WITH THE ANIMALS. MAKE THAT PART OF THE PROGRAM. PART OF THAT TRAINING. RECOGNIZING IT, WHAT DO YOU DO WHEN YOU GO TO FEELING IT OR YOU SEE IT, MAKE THAT AND ALSO HEALTH, A BIG PHS THING, MAKE THAT PART OF THE PROGRAM. WE WITHIN OUR SPHERE OF INFLUENCE CAN GO BACK TO OUR INSTITUTIONS AND START PRIMING THE LEADERSHIP TO START THINKING THAT WAY. >> ONE OF THE REASONS WE ARE PARTICULARLY INTERESTED IN HOW DO YOU KNOW, WHAT DO YOU SEE WHAT YOU FEEL WHEN YOU ARE OBVIOUSLY LOOKING AT ANIMALS EXPRESSIONS, OR LOOKING AT BEHAVIOR IS THEN IS THAT INDEED WHAT IS ALSO HAPPENING FOR THE ANIMALS. OBVIOUSLY THERE'S CRITICAL MORPHISM I WORK HARD AND OTHER WORK COMES IN, QUALITATIVE BEHAVIOR ASSESSMENT, THERE'S LOTS OF WAYS BUT WE HAVE TO TRY TO FIND OUT IS WHAT YOU THINK IS HAPPENING INDEED ALSO THE CASE FOR THE ANIMALS AND SOMETIMES I -- THAT IS ALSO A COMPLICATION ADDED TO IT, ARE THE ANIMALS INDEED REALLY SUFFERING OR IS OTHER THINGS AT PLAY, I THINK IF IT TIES TO YOUR QUESTION WITH REGARDS TO RESOURCES AND NATURALISM, AT LEAST FOR ZOOS THERE'S NO DATA THAT SHOWS THAT IF YOU HAVE ARTIFICIAL ENVIRONMENTS THAT HAVE AFFORDANCES FOR ANIMALS IN WAYS THAT ARE FUNCTIONAL, THAT THAT IS PROBLEMATIC. I THINK A LOT OF TIMES IT'S CONSTRICTED BY OPINION OR PREFERENCE FOR NATURALISM OR NATURALISTIC RATHER THAN IT BEING BETTER FOR WELFARE, HOW PEOPLE FEEL MORE COMFORTABLE ABOUT IT RATHER THAN WHAT IT DOES FOR ANIMALS. AGAIN WHEN LOOKING FOR WELFARE PERSPECTIVE HOW COMFORTABLE PEOPLE ARE LOOKING AT SOMETHING THAT LOOKS ARTIFICIAL BUT IS GOOD FUNCTIONALLY FOR ANIMALS TO LIVE IN. AND HOW TO BALANCE THAT OUT BUT IT'S NOT LIKE EVERYTHING CAN BE STEAL AND CONCRETE BUT -- STEEL AND CONCRETE BUT THAT INTERSECTION OF THAT. >> THERE'S CERTAINLY SOME GOOD LITERATURE OUT THERE THAT SHOWS IT'S THE VISITORS TO THE ZOOS THAT WANT THE NATURAL, QUOTE, ENVIRONMENT, WHICH MAY BE WORTHLESS FROM THE ANIMAL PERSPECTIVE. THEY NEED THE MECHANISMS THAT ARE MORE NATURAL IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT EVEN IN A VERY BARE RON ENVIRONMENT THEY THRIVE BETTER. >> WHAT I THINK IS ALSO INTERESTING IS WE SEE ZOO INSPECTORS ARE ASKING, I GET QUESTIONS BY EMAILS WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF ALL THESE BARRIERS AROUND TREES AND ACROSS THE ROCKS AND EVERYTHING ELSE BECAUSE ANIMALS ARE NOT SUPPOSED TO CLIMB AND THEY USE THEM BECAUSE IT BREAKS OR THEY COULD ESCAPE BUT OF COURSE IT RESTRICTS ALSO THE FUNCTIONAL SPACE FOR THE ANIMAL SO THERE'S MORE AWARENESS ALSO LIKE IT LOOKS GREAT BUT ACTUALLY IT'S REDUCING SPACE AND FUNCTIONALITY FOR THE ANIMALS WHICH THEN ALSO IS A SORROW FOR THE PEOPLE WHO CARE FOR THEM BECAUSE THE WAY WE FOUND IT IS (INAUDIBLE). >> OKAY. THAT'S FANTASTIC. THANK YOU FOR THAT. AND I THINK THAT IS REALLY LOOKING FOR ALLOWING THEM TO DO THEIR SPECIES SPECIFIC BEHAVIOR. I HAD ONE -- I LIKE THE TERM JOYS AN SORROWS. I THINK THOSE ARE GREAT TERMS TO DESCRIBE SOME OF WHAT WE ARE DEALING WITH ON A DAILY BASIS, SOME GREATEST JOYS AND SORROWS CAN BE WRAPPED UP IN A DAY OF WORK WHEN MAKING THE GREATEST DISCOVERY POSSIBLE, WHAT WE MIGHT DO WITH ANIMALS SO I THINK THOSE TERMS ARE REALLY FANTASTIC TO THINK MORE ABOUT. YOU GUYS ALL WERE FANTASTIC, I HAVE TO SAY THIS PANEL IS REALLY GREAT AND THOUGHTFUL. >> BODY LANGUAGE IS STRONG ENOUGH. >> I AM A TEACHER AND I CAN TALK LOUDLY. IT WAS TRACY WHO TALKED ABOUT EUTHANIZING. IT WAS AT THE -- DIFFERENT JOBS AND ANIMAL FACILITY. I POSE THIS QUESTION, I DON'T KNOW THAT WE WANT ANSWERED BUT HOW MANY INSTITUTIONS FROM AN HR POINT OF VIEW HOW MANY INSTITUTIONS PUT INTO JOB DESCRIPTIONS THAT ARE PART OF THE JOB IS TO EUTHANIZE. HOW DO WE WARN IN A SENSE OR MAKE AWARE BRING ATTENTION OF THE WORKER OF HOW MUCH EUTHANIZING, I'M CHOOSING THAT ONE BECAUSE IT TEASE MOST COMPASSION FATIGUE PRODUCING ACTIVITY. HOW MANY OF US DO THAT? NOT SURE. I KNOW WHEN I INTERVIEW SOMEONE, I TALKED ABOUT IT. BUT WHAT ABOUT THE JOBS THEMSELVES? IF HR ISN'T AWARE, THIS IS NOT GOING TO BE A PROBLEM, HOW IS SUSIE OR JOHNNY GOING TO HR AND BE SAFE IN TALKING ABOUT THAT PARTICULAR ISSUE H. MAYBE WE NEED TO DO A DIFFERENT JOB THERE. EXPLAINING WHAT THE JOBS ARE ABOUT IN SOME FASHION. CERTAINLY HAD EMPLOYEES COME IN AND SAY JUST DONE, I CAN'T DO ANOTHER ONE TODAY. WE HAVE THAT ANECDOTAL EVIDENCE THIS MORNING. >> I WANT TO THANK OUR PANELISTS, THEY HAVE DONE A FANTASTIC JOB SHARING THE JOYS AND SORROWS OF MULTIPLE AREAS OF OUR WORK WHERE WE CAN EXPERIENCE COMPASSION FATIGUE AND EVEN DIVERSITY OF RESPONSES TO COMPASSION FATIGUE. SO THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR WORKING WITH US, REALLY INTERESTING. [APPLAUSE] THIS IS SESSION FOUR ON CHALLENGE WITH OPENNESS TRANSPARENCY ABOUT CARE FOR RESEARCH ANIMALS AND THE PLAN ACCORDING TO THE PROGRAM IS TO DISCUSS ANIMAL RIGHTS ADVOCATES EVOLUTION. WE KNOW WHO THEY ARE. I DID SEE CLARIFICATION ON WHO THE ANIMAL ADVOCATES WERE AND THAT WOULD BE THOSE OF US INVOLVED CARING USE OF ANIMALS. WE ALSO GOING TO HOPEFULLY ADDRESS BY EACH SPEAKER IF NOT IF WE DON'T WE CAN DO IT IN DISCUSSION. ACTIVISM DUE TO LACK OF RESPONSE BY THE INSTITUTIONS, WHEN THERE IS A COMPASSION FATIGUE OR ANIMAL PROBLEM DISCUSS ANIMAL REGULATIONS, TRANSPARENCY INITIATIVES SUCH AS CONCORD 8 AND ADDRESS THE RELUCTANCE TO SPEAK OUT. WILL COME FIRST FOLLOWED BY KEN AND PAULA. WHEN I FINISH THE INTRODUCTION I WILL HAVE A FEW THINGS TO SAY. THE DISCUSSION OVER TRANSPARENCY AN OPENNESS IS NOT NEW. THE METHODS AND THUS ENVIRONMENT FOR COMMUNICATION HAS CHANGED THOUGH. TO GIVE YOU A LITTLE BACKGROUND THE NATIONAL -- OOPS. WENT ONE TOO FAR. THE NATIONAL SOCIETY FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH WAS FOUNDED BY THREE PHYSICIANS AT THE INSTITUTION I USED TO WORK AT IN 1945, I WASN'T THERE THEN. HARD ADS THAT IS TO BELIEVE. IT WAS FOUNDED TO IMPROVE PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF THE PRINCIPLE METHODS AND NEEDS OF THE BIOLOGY AND SERVICES. SIX YEARS LATER -- I MEAN IN 1985, THE NATIONAL NSMR, MERGEDD WITH ABR TO BECOME NABR. THE ILLINOIS SOCIETY FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH WAS FOUNDED SIX YEARS LATER IN 1951 BY SOME OF THE FOUNDERS OF AALAS WITH THREE ORIGINAL PHYSICIANS TO EDUCATE THE PUBLIC ON THE BENEFITS OF MEDICAL RESEARCH. PARTICULARLY HONESTY OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION. AN ORGANIZATION I SERVE IS TREASURE FOR WAY TOO LONG. NABR WAS FOUND IN 1979 TO ADVOCATE PROFOUND PUBLIC POLICY AN SUPPORT FOR ETHICAL AND ANIMAL RESEARCH AND TWO YEARS LATER THE BOARD DECIDE -- FOUND THE FOUNDATION. TO PROMOTE UNDERSTANDING AND SUPPORT FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH BECAUSE AS TRADE ASSOCIATION LARGE ORGANIZATIONS COULD DONATE MONEY AND TAKE IT OFF TAXES UNLESS YOU ARE 501C 3, THAT'S RIGHT. I THINK I GOT THIS RIGHT ON YOUR TAX FORMS YOU ARE FOUNDED IN 1951 AMERICANS FOR MEDICAL PROGRESS TO FOCUS ON PUBLIC OUTREACH THAT YIELDS UNDERSTANDING AND APPRECIATION FOR THE NECESSARY RESEARCH. SPEAKING OF RESEARCH FOUNDED IN 208 PROVIDES ACCURATE INFORMATION ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF ANIMAL RESEARCH AND THE BIOMEDICAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES. FOR A VARIETY OF STATE ORGANIZATIONS ALL BUT THREE WERE FORM IN THE LATE '80s OR EARLY '90s. WHY IS THAT? PITA. PEOPLE FOR ETHICAL TREATMENT OF WAS IN SILVER SPRINGS MONKEY OF 1981 THAT JUMP STARTED, IF YOU LOOK IN WIKIPEDIA IT WOULD SAY TRANSFORMATION OF PITA FROM A GROUP OF FRIENDS UNDER A NATIONAL MOVEMENT, CREATION OF FIRST NORTH AMERICAN FRONT CELL AND FIRST ANIMAL RESEARCH CASE TO REACH THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT. PITA TRANSFORMED THE COMMUNICATION. IN MY OPINION, HAVING BEEN THERE WHEN THIS HAPPENED. MORE RECENTLY IS THE CONCORD 8 FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE I'M SURE PAULA WILL TALK ABOUT THAT TOOK PLACE IN SAN FRANCISCO IN FEBRUARY 2018 WITH FOUR POSITION PAPERS. A VARIOUS LENGTH, EACH OF US THAT WERE THERE WORKED ON ONE SO THERE'S ONE ON OPENNESS AND TRANSPARENCY, OUTREACH TO STUDENTS AND THE PUBLIC, ONLINE COMMUNICATION SOCIAL NETWORKS AND TRANSPARENCY T. OPENNESS AND TRANSPARENCY, THE TITLE OF MY TALK, EXPECTATIONS EXPERIENCES AND EXTRAPOLATIONS WHICH I THOUGHT PROBABLY NEED AD LITTLE EXPLANATION. EXPECTATIONS, WHAT DO WE MEAN BY TRANSPARENCY AND OPENNESS? I WANT TO ADDRESS THAT. EXPERIENCES LESS SONS LEARNED MANY YEARS AGO AND EXTRAPOLATING SOME OF THOSE LESSONS TO TODAY'S ENVIRONMENT PARTICULARLY AS IT REFLECTS ON THIS TOPIC. THE THOUGHTS EXPRESSED HERE ARE BASED ON THOUGHT I FIXED THOSE. MY EXPERIENCE OVER 36 YEARS AT THE UNIVERSITY AND DO NOT REPRESENT NEIGHBOR OFFICIAL. SO LET'S TALK ABOUT DEFINITIONS. TRANSPARENCY, IF YOU LOOK IT UP IN THE DICTIONARY IT COMES FREE FROM PRETENSE OR DECEIT, WE DON'T WANT TO GO THERE. EASILY DETECTED OR SEEN THROUGH I'M NOT SURE WE WANT TO GO THERE, I USE THIS OVER THE YEARS. READILY UNDERSTAND, YES. CHARACTERIZED BY VISIBILITY OR ACCESSIBILITY OF INFORMATION ESPECIALLY CONCERNING OUR BUSINESS PRACTICES. OPENNESS IS COMPLETELY FREE FROM CONCEALMENT, EXPOSED OR VULNERABLE TO ATTACK. REMEMBER THE GLASS HOUSE THE ROCKS, ALL THAT? WHAT WE HAVE I HAVE COME UP WITH IS A TMV. TAYLOR MADE DEFINITION. FORTRAN PAINS SHY AND OPENNESS. CHARACTERIZE BY ACCESSIBILITY TO READILY UNDERSTOOD INFORMATION. BUT I MENTION IN CONFERENCE CALL I THINK MAYBE WE NEED TO ESTABLISH PERFORMANCE STANDARD FOR WHAT WE MEAN BY TRANSPARENCY AND OPENNESS AND WORK BACKWARDS TO COME UP WITH A DEFINITION. PERSONAL EXPERIENCES. I FIRST CAME AND BECAME INVOLVED WITH THE ISSUE OF TRANSPARENCY AND OPENNESS PRIOR TO THE MODERN ANIMAL RIGHTS MOVEMENT. AND CHICAGO AT THE TIME EVERY MAJOR NETWORK AND WGN HAD A SCIENCE REPORTER. THEY ARE LONG GONE, AS TO THE MAJOR REPORTERS. AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS MEDICAL CENTER WE HAD A SAVVY PUBLIC RELATION OPERATION AND WEDGED BETWEEN NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY AND UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO SO WE HAD AN IDENTITY CRISIS. THE USE OF DOGS FROM THE PANEL WAS A HOT BUTTON ISSUE AT THE TIME AND BECAUSE WE TOOK THE LEAD ON IT WE WERE THE FIRST TARGET OF THE ANIMAL RIGHTS MOVEMENT WHEN THEY BECAME CHICAGO. ELECTED TO REMAIN OPEN TO PRESS AND ELECTED OFFICIALS. AND AT TIMES ALSO INCLUDED LOCAL ANIMAL ADVOCACY GROUPS, SOME THAT EVENTUALLY ARE NOW CALLED ANIMAL RIGHTS GROUPS BECAUSE OF RELATIONSHIPS WITH STATE SENATOR. I GAVE SEVERAL PRESENTATIONS TODAY LAST BUSINESS MEETINGS CALLED SAFETY ADVICE FROM SEASONED INTERVIEWEE, FOR ANOTHER TIME. TALKING ABOUT LESSONS LEARNED. I THINK YOU HAVE TO START WITH INSTITUTIONAL BUY-IN. THE NORMAL CHAIN OF COMMAND SURE EVERYBODY UNDERSTANDS IS THE CAMPUS LEVEL REGULATIONS PEOPLE, LEGAL COUNCIL SECURITY AND GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS. IF YOU ARE IN A STATE INSTITUTION THE WHOLE STATE SYSTEM BETTER BUY IN. I ENDED UP HAVING TO SPEAK TO THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES WHEN WE DECIDED TO GO PUBLIC BACK IN THE EARLY '80s. I FIND IT INTERESTING I WAS TOLD TO KEEP MY REMARKS AT THE SIXTH GRADE LEVEL, GAVE ME FAITH IN OUR BOARD OF TRUSTEES. WE STARTED BY TRYING TO EDUCATE A CAMPUS AT CHICAGO THIS IS JULY 27, 1983, YES LIKE A LOT OF THINGS INCLUDING ORIGINAL ANIMAL WELFARE ACT I HAD IN MY FILES. WE DECIDED TO DO THAT WITH STORY CAMPUS NEWSPAPER AND WHICH WE WERE THE CENTER FOLD FOR THAT EDITION. BRL PLACE WHERE THEY CARE FOR ANIMALS. WE THEN SHARED THAT WITH THE LOCAL MEDIA SO PEOPLE UNDERSTOOD WHAT WE WERE ABOUT. I THINK IN CREATING INSTITUTIONS ENVIRONMENT YOU HAVE TO CREATE A COLLABORATIVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT. LACK OF KNOWLEDGE IS THE REASON THE LESS THAN OPTIMAL THINGS SOME US HAVE TO REPORT TO -- HAPPEN AND OFFERING ASSISTANCE AND SUPPORT IS EASILY ACCEPTED AND I BELIEVE GRACIOUSLY RECEIVED WORKING WITH PEOPLE OPPOSED TO PUNISHING. IT EITHER CREATE AWARENESS OF A INSTITUTIONAL PEERS PEOPLE DOING VERGE MUST BE WILLING TO TAKE PART ENOUGH THE INSTITUTIONAL PR PROGRAM AND TELL THEIR STORY. THOSE INVOLVE ANIMAL PROGRAMS SHOULD BE PARTNERS IN THE EFFORT BUT NOT THE SOLE CRUSADERS. THAT'S A VERY IMPORTANT ISSUE. KEEP THOSE IN CHARGE INFORMED, AGAIN, ALL OF US KNOW AT TIMES THERE ARE ISSUES THAT ARISE IN ANIMAL CARE AND USE PROGRAM WHICH EITHER ARE ABOUT TO HAPPEN, OR YOU THINK MAY HAVE HAPPENED. YOU NEED TO KEEP THE ADMINISTRATORS THE IACUK AND PR FOLKS INFORMED. ISSUES THAT EVENTUALLY MAY BECOME PUBLIC CAN STAIN YOUR INSTITUTION FOR EVERYTHING YOU SAY HAVE SAID OR WILL SAY SO IT'S VERY IMPORTANT EVERYBODY BE ON THE SAME PAGE WHEN ISSUES DO COME UP. WHEN YOU ARE DEALING WITH THOUSANDS, TENS OF THOUSANDS OF ANIMALS, THINGS DO COME UP. SUPPORT QUALITY ANIMAL RESEARCH PROGRAMS I THINK THE KEY HERE HAS BEEN THE PROTOCOL REVIEW PROCESS. NOT JUST REVIEW BUT WORKING WITH THE INVESTIGATORS TO IMPLEMENT IT AND THE MONITORING. WORKING WITH INVESTIGATORS PROVIDES A PROCESS FOR AN EXCELLENT OPPORTUNITY TO CREATE COLLABORATIVE EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS WHICH LEAD TO IMPROVEMENT IN TOTAL PROGRAM. MOST IMPORTANTLY I THINK YOU NEED TO MANAGE QUALITY ANIMAL RESOURCE PROGRAMS. INSTITUTIONS CANNOT GO PUBLIC ON A SELECTED BASIS. BE WILLING TO OPEN DOORS TO ANIMAL FACILITIES AND WHERE AREAS CANNOT BE OPEN TO REASONS EXPLAINED WHETHER BIOSECURITY, CREATING AN NON-EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLE, REASONS YOU CANNOT TROOP PEOPLE THROUGH EVERY ROOM. QUALITIES DO NOT OCCUR OVER NIGHT AND MUST BE REVIEW AND UPDATED. THIS STARTS WITH SOUND PROGRAMS OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY WHICH MEET THE RECOMMENDATIONS THAT GUIDE ON A DAILY BASIS. WHILE PROGRAMS SIMPLIFY GOING PUBLIC. SOUND PROGRAMS OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ARE A TEAM EFFORT. ALL MEMBERS OF THE TEAM MUST FEEL VALUED. THOSE IN CHARGE MUST LEAD BY EXAMPLE. RANK DOES NOT HAVE PRIVILEGE. WE ARE ALL IN THIS TOGETHER. ONE BOAT. REWARD SUCCESS, PEOPLE NEED TO BE RECOGNIZED WHEN THEY DO THINGS WELL. PROVIDE SUPPORT WHEN THINGS DON'T GO ACCORDING TO PLAN. I HEARD MENTION OF DISCIPLINARY LETTERS I TOOK PRIDE IN THE FACT MY STAFF SAID HE'S TOUGH BUT FAIR. AND THERE ARE A LOT OF THINGS NOT WORTH DISCIPLINARY PROBLEM, PROCESS, THAT ARE WORKING WITH THE PEOPLE. THAT CREATES AN ENVIRONMENT OF OPEN AND HONEST COMMUNICATION WHERE PEOPLE WILL COME AND TALK TO ME. FOR THE ISSUE OF TODAY'S PROGRAM, SOUND PROGRAMS OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY YOU NEED TO THINK OF ANIMAL CARE FACILITY AS FAMILY OPERATION. YOU NEED TO KNOW MEMBERS OF THE FAMILY. NOT JUST THEY'RE ANIMAL TECH THREE OR FOUR BUT WHO THEIR KIDS NAMES ARE, KNOW WHAT THEIR ISSUES ARE. FAMILIES SUPPORT EACH OTHER. TODAY'S ENVIRONMENT IS MORE CHALLENGING. THERE'S A 24 HOUR NEWS CYCLE, IT IS AMAZING YOU CAN GO BETWEEN TWO DIFFERENT STATIONS CABLE NETWORKS THE SAME SET OF FACTS, WILL BE TOTALLY PRESENT IN A DIFFERENT WAY, SOMEBODY HAS TO BE LYING. WE HAVE SOCIAL MEDIA, I'M TOTALLY INEPT AT, I TAKE GREAT PRIDE IN THAT AND I'M NOT GOING TO LEARN IT, THAT'S WHAT YOU YOUNG FOLKS CAN DO BY LOYAL OPPONENTS HAVE TEAMS OF COMMUNICATIONS SPECIALIST, ENTIRE TEAMS WHERE MOST OF US ONLY HAVE ONE. THE ACCESS TO INFORMATION IS EVIDENT. THERE IS A COST INVOLVED FOR THE INSTITUTIONS TO MANAGE THESE PROGRAMS, YOU CANNOT AFFORD TO OPEN UP AND NOT KEEP YOUR WEBSITES CURRENT AND THIS STUFF. AND FOR INDIVIDUALS. TO GET INDIVIDUALS TO PARTICIPATE YOU HAVE TO TAKE INVESTIGATORS TAKE TIME AWAY FROM WHAT THEY ARE DOING WHICH FROM AN ADMINISTRATIVE STANDPOINT IS ALREADY AN ISSUE. TODAY'S ENVIRONMENT, THE CLIMATE SCIENCE LEGAL DEFENSE FUND HAS COME UP WITH A TERM CALLED WEAPONIZING FOIYA. I HUE -- HIGHLIGHTED WHAT IS IN THE RED SQUARE PEOPLE MISUSING INFORMATION TAKEN OUT OF CONTEXT USED TO ATTACK RESEARCHERS OR MITTS LEAD AND CONFUSE THE PUBLIC. SOME DATA. SOMEBODY TALKED DATA TODAY. IN 2018 NIH RECEIVED 1412 FOIYA REQUEST, I HAVE BEEN DOING THIS FOR YEARS THAT'S NORMAL. 211 OR 16% FROM ANIMAL RIGHTS GROUPS, 149 FROM INFORMATION FROM OLA. A 54% INCREASE OVER THE YEARS. THEY REQUESTED INFORMATION ON 4761 INSTITUTIONS AND OF THOSE 4,699 WERE BY FRIEND AT SANE WHICH IS 69% INCREASE. IF YOU JUST LOOK AT THE CHANGE OVER THE LAST SIX YEARS. IN 2019 THROUGH JULY, USDA POSTED THEIR AUGUST FOIYA. THEY ARE 927 REQUESTS, THERE ARE 792 ALL LAST -- THE PREVIOUS YEAR, 485 COMPARED IN 261 CAME FROM ANIMAL RIGHTS ORGANIZATIONS, ONE ORGANIZATION THAT FILED THREE REQUESTS IN 2018 HAS FILED 357 THIS YEAR. THEY HAVE HIRED A PROFESSIONAL FOIYA EXPERT TO DO THIS. THE NIH THERE ARE 911 REQUESTS AND THERE'S GO THROUGH MAY BECAUSE THEY HAVEN'T BEEN UPDATED THEIR FOYA LOGS, OF THOSE 145 REQUESTS ALREADY AT 3500 INSTITUTIONS SO I'M SURE THEY WILL BREAK LAST YEAR'S RECORD. THEY ARE ALSO NOW FILING STATE REQUESTS. AND THIS ONE WE HEAR BY REQUEST ALL COMMUNICATIONS INCLUDING THE ATTACHMENT, FROM THESE LIST -- I'M SURE YOU KNOW, OTHER COMMUNICATION PLATFORMS THAT RELATES TO YOUR INSTITUTIONS IAKUK AND ANIMAL PROGRAMS. THERE'S ANOTHER ONE THAT'S OUT THERE, I JUST LET YOU READ THROUGH THAT. THEY WANT YOUR IAKUK MINUTES, MOST RECENT SEMIANNUAL REPORTS, THREE OF THEM. ANY NON-REGULAR INSPECSES CONDUCT CONDUCTEDDED BY STAFF, ALL REPORTED CONCERNS RECEIVED. NOTIFICATIONS SENT TO THE IO. ALL NOTIFICATION OF ADVERSE EVENTS UNEXPECTED OR UNANTICIPATED OUTCOMES, ONLY -- NON-ANTICIPATED ANIMAL. AND CORRESPONDENCE WITH USDA. A LARGE INSTITUTION THAT TAKES SOME TIME. IN SUMMARY WHAT WE NEED TO COME UP IS A PERFORMANCE BASED WORKING DEFINITION WHAT WE MEAN BY TRANSPARENCY AND OPENNESS. CLEARLY UNDERSTAND THE CHALLENGES IN TODAY'S ENVIRONMENT, LEARN FROM PREVIOUS EXPERIENCES. THERE NEEDS TO BE AN INSTITUTIONAL EFFORT INVOLVING ALL THOSE INVOLVED WITH ANIMAL CARE AND USE PROGRAM. AND YOU NEED PROACTIVE PROGRESSIVE ANIMAL CARE AND USE PROGRAMS WHICH REQUIRES AN ONGOING SELF-ASSESSMENT AND CLEAR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES TO IMPROVE IT EACH YEAR. WITH THAT I WILL TURN IT OVER TO PAUL AND FIND HIS PRESENTATION. NOW THAT I'M AN EXPERT AT THIS. >> FIRST I WANT TO THANK THE AAHAR ORGANIZING COMMITTEE AND THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ENGINEERING AND MEDICINE PROVIDING ME THIS OPPORTUNITY TO COME HERE TODAY AND TALK. I'M A GREAT BELIEVER IN THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ENGINEERING MEDICINE AND ESPECIALLY ILAR. BECAUSE IT OFFERS A LITTLE PLAYING FIELD TO BRING PEOPLE TOGETHER TO DISCUSS IMPORTANT AND CONTROVERSIAL IDEAS. I HAVE LIVED IN WASHINGTON NOW FOR A NUMBER OF YEARS AND THERE'S JUST NOT THAT MANY PLACES YOU CAN DO THAT'S SPECIALLY AROUND SCIENCE AN SCIENCE POLICY ISSUES. MUST BE A FLASH FLOOD SOMEWHERE. SO I WANT TO TALK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT WHAT I'M GOING TO DISCUSS TODAY AND I'M GOING TO TALK ABOUT OPENNESS TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY. I'M GOING TO DO THIS THROUGH A POLICY AND LEGAL LENS. I WILL FOCUS ON SOCIETAL EXPECTATIONS REGARDING THE CARE AND USE OF RESEARCH ANIMALS. ONLY GOING TO TALK LABORATORY ANIMAL ENVIRONMENT, THAT'S THE AREA WHERE I WORK. I ALSO WANT TO SAY THAT I HAVE DONE RESEARCH IN THIS AREA IN TERMS OF LAW. I AM A LAWYER AND I HAVE A DOCTORAL DEGREE IN ENVIRONMENT OF HEALTH SCIENCES SO I'M GOING TO TALK ABOUT SOME OF MY RESEARCH WHEN I TALK ABOUT THE LAWS BUT A LOT OF MY PRESENTATION IS BASED ON MY PRACTICE AND MY EXPERIENCE. SO I WAS GLAD TO HEAR THE LAST PANEL ALSO RELY ON THEIR PRACTICE AND EXPERIENCE BECAUSE IF I DIDN'T HEAR THAT I WOULD BE NERVOUS ABOUT SAYING I WAS GOING TO DO IT. THANK YOU FOR THAT. SO WHAT DO I WANT TO COVER? FIRST I WANT TO COVER WHAT I MEAN BY OPENNESS TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY, I WANT TO PARTICULARLY LOOK AT THE U.S. FEDERAL LAW STRUCTURE. I'M ADMITTED TO PRACTICE LAW IN THE UNITED STATES. I'M NOT ADMITTED TO PRACTICE LAW INTERNATIONALLY SO I PREFER NOT TO COMMIT MAL PRACTICE BY LOOKING AND INTERPRETING I WANT TO LOOK AT THE CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL RIGHTS, ANIMAL WELFARE AND RESEARCH RESPONSIBILITIES AND TELL YOU RIGHT NOW IN TERMS OF ANIMAL RIGHTS AND WELFARE, NO, THERE'S PROBABLY NOBODY SITTING HERE THAT ACTUALLY FULLY UNDERSTANDS WHAT THOSE CONCEPTS MEAN. THAT'S SOMETHING THAT I HAVE LEARNED IN MY YEARS DOING THIS. I WANT TO DISCUSS SOME CURRENT SOCIETAL EXPECTATIONS REGARDING SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH THAT USES ANIMALS, AND THEN TALK ABOUT THEIR IMPLICATIONS. LET'S TALK OPENNESS TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY. WE HAD SOME DEFINITION IT IS OF OPENNESS AND TRANSPARENCY, THOSE ARE GOOD PLACES TO START. WHAT I WOULD LIKE TO ADD TO THAT IS THIS IDEA OF ACCOUNTABILITY. ACCOUNTABILITY TO ME IF YOU LOOK IN THE DICTIONARY MY BIAS IS BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY SO I LOOKED THERE. IT'S THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR ACTIONS, THE PROVIDING OF METRICS OR MEASURES HOW THOSE ACTIONS SHOULD BE JUDGED, AND ALSO HOW THAT SHOULD BE REPORTED OUT. I THINK THE BOTTOM LINE IN TERMS OF RESEARCH WITH ANIMALS MEANS THE ACCOUNTABILITY FALLS INTO PROBABLY THREE BASKETS MAYBE MORE. FIRST, YOU HAVE TO DO GOOD SCIENCE. YOU HAVE TO REPORT OUT YOUR SCIENCE. WHAT KIND OF RESULTS ARE YOU GETTING AND ARE THOSE RESULTS MAKING SOCIETY BETTER IN SOME WAY? SECOND YOU HAVE TO HAVE ACCOUNTABILITY IN TERMS OF COMPLYING WITH LAWS POLICIES AND REGULATIONS. THIRD, YOU HAVE TO HAVE ACCOUNTABILITY IN TERMS OF DOING THE RIGHT THING. DOING THE MORAL AND ETHICAL THING. I REALIZE THOSE ARE THREE VERY DIFFICULT THINGS, THAT IS A HIGH STANDARD. THAT'S SOMETHING ELSE THAT I HAVE LEARNED, WHEN YOU ARE LOOK AT LABORATORY ANIMAL LAWS AND RESEARCH, THERE IS A VERY HIGH STANDARD SET FOR RESEARCHERS. AND INSTITUTIONS IN THIS FIELD. SO COUPLE OF STATUTES, TWO KEY FEDERAL STATUTES ANIMAL WELFARE ACT AND PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICESES ACT, I'M SURE EVERYONE HAS BEEN IMPACTED BY THESE, NOT GOING TO GO INTO THEM IN GREAT DETAIL, I COULD BUT I WON'T. YOU WILL BE SPARED FROM THAT. BUT DO WANT -- BEFORE I GET THERE ALSO POINT OUT AND I THINK HAS A POINT TAYLOR MADE, TAB LORE ANIMAL LAWS AND LEGISLATION ACTUALLY PRE-DATE EVERYONE IN THIS ROOM EVEN ME AND TAYLOR. SO I WASN'T -- IF YOU LOOK IN THE 19th CENTURY THERE WERE ATTEMPTS TO LEGISLATE ABOUT ANIMAL LABORATORY LAW IN THE 19th CENTURY AND THE 20th CENTURY, BEFORE THE PASSAGE ANIMAL WELFARE ACT IN 1966, THERE WERE ALSO ATTEMPTS TO LENS LATE AND ONE MOST INTEREST THING ABOUT THIS IS IN THE '60s CONGRESS RECEIVED MORE MAIL THAN CIVIL RIGHTS AND WAR IN VIETNAM COMBINED. THIS IS NOT A NEW PHENOMENON, NOT JUST SOMETHING THAT HAPPENED IN THE 21st CENTURY, THIS IS GOING ON A WHILE. THE ANIMAL WELFARE ACT WHICH IS FIRST ENACTED IN '66, THE ANIMAL WELFARE ACT IS INTERESTING, IT DIDN'T COME THROUGH SERIES OF PEER REVIEWED ARTICLES AND JOURNALS, IT WAS CAME ABOUT AS A RESULT OF SOME COMPANION ANIMALS BEING TAKEN AND PUT IN RESEARCH. THIS -- THE TWO I THINK SEMINOLE WRITE UPS OF THIS, THE SOCIAL MEDIA OF THE DAY WERE IN THESE GREAT PERIODICALS OF LIFE MAGAZINE AND SPORTS ILLUSTRATED. NOTE BY THE WAY THAT THE COVER OF THIS SPORTS ILLUSTRATED HAS A BALTIMORE CULT -- I'M FROM HOPKINS, I HAVE TO BE BALTIMORE CENTRIC. THE POINT HERE IS THAT SOCIETY REALIZED THERE WAS AN ISSUE HERE AND IT HAD TO ACT TO DO SOMETHING. THAT'S WHERE YOU GET THE FIRST AWA, THE FIRST ANIMAL WELFARE ACT. THE ANIMAL WELFARE ACT JUST A BRIEF OVERVIEW COUPLE OF MAJOR POINTS I WANT TO MAKE IS THIS IS THE PIECE OF LEGISLATION IN MY VIEW THAT DEFIANCE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AND ANIMALS AND RESEARCH SETTINGS AND TRIES TO BALANCE WELFARE OF ANIMALS WITH NECESSITY OF BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH. THAT'S THE MAIN PURPOSE OF THE ANIMAL WELFARE ACT. SO IT REGULATE A LOT OF THINGS YOU MAY HEAR HANDLING TREATMENT TRANSPORTATION BUT IT DOES NOT ALLOW DIRECT REGULATION RESEARCH DESIGN AND EXPERIMENTS. HAVING SAID THAT I WANT TO SAY THERE'S NOT A BRIGHT LINE BETWEEN THESE TWO THINGS. THAT IS THE WAY THE LAW IS SET UP. THE 66 LEGISLATION WAS PUT IN PLACE, LARGELY ADDRESSED THE ISSUE OF GETTING COMPANION ANIMALS IN A LAB SITUATION, PROHIBITED THAT, CREATED A LICENSING AND REGISTRATION SYSTEM, THE NEXT MAJOR UPDATE TO THAT WAS IN '85. THIS WAS INTERESTING BECAUSE IT WAS PASSED OVER PRESIDENTIAL VETO. IT ADD AD LOT OF WHAT TODAY GOVERNS THE FIELD. IAKUK,, TRAINING, CONSIDERATION OF ALTERNATIVES IF PROCEDURES INSPECTIONS. IT EMPHASIZED AGAIN OF COURSE THAT THE USDA CANNOT REGULATE RESEARCH AND THE IDEA IS LABORATORY RESEARCHERS STILL HAVE THE KEYS TO THE DOOR. BUT AS I MENTIONED EARLIER, THIS IS NOT A BRIGHT LINE. MANY IAKUKs ASK HARD QUESTIONS ABOUT PROTOCOLS. ANOTHER INTERESTING THING ABOUT THE PROCESS IS THAT IT IS HIGHLY DECENTRALIZED. SO THE IDEA BEHIND THE ANIMAL WELFARE ACT IS TO ALLOW A SYSTEM OF SELF-REGULATION SO FAR INSTITUTION HAS TO HAVE VERY, VERY VIGOROUS ROBUST WAY OF EVALUATING PROTOCOLS, DOING LABORATORY INSPECTIONS, THINGS LIKES THAT. BUT BECAUSE IT'S VERY, VERY DECENTRALIZED AND INSTITUTION-SPECIFIC, IT'S ALSO NOT VERY TRANSPARENT. VARYK CREATES ISSUES. I'M SURE YOU KNOW THIS BETTER THAN I DO. SOME PLACES ARE GREAT DOING THIS, SOME PLACES NOT SO GREAT. THAT GETS TO THE ISSUE OF OPENNESS AND TRANSPARENCY, HARD TO SEE INTO THE SYSTEM FROM THE OUTSIDE. I'M NOT GOING TO TALK ABOUT PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES ACT OTHER THAN TO SAY IT WAS PAST 85 ALONG AMENDMENTS WITH AWA, IT'S SIMILAR TO AWA IN TERMS OF FOCUS BUT HAS CONTRACTUAL MECHANISM SO YOU GET SOMETHING TO THIS IF YOU TAKE MONEY FROM THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. FROM DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES. I THINK IT JUST SUPPORTS THAT A FAMOUS CENTER IN MORRIS UDOLPH SAID SOMETIMES WHEN YOU GET IN BED WITH FEDERAL GOVERNMENT YOU GET MORE THAN A GOOD NIGHT SLEEP. THE PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES ACT IS BASED ON THESE PRINCIPLES, WHICH I SUMMARIZED HERE, WHERE I WOULD LIKE TO GO WITH ALL THIS IS TO TALK ABOUT THE GUIDE, I WAS ON THE COMMUNITY THAT UPDATED THE GUIDE THE 2011, IN THE GUIDE I THINK THERE'S A GOOD SUMMARY OF WHAT I SEE AS THE AFFIRMATIVE RESPONSIBILITIES ON RESEARCHERS AND RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS. HERE ARE THE ONES THAT I PULLED OUT. IF YOU CARE FOR USE OR PRODUCE ANIMALS RESEARCH AND TEST YOU MUST ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR WELL BEING. YOU HAVE AFFIRMATIVE DUTIES OF MAIN CARE AND USE. YOU HAVE TO GIVE CAREFUL AND DELIBERATE THOUGHT TO THE DECISION TO USE ANIMALS, WHICH IS SOMETHING SOCIETY IS VERY CONCERNED ABOUT. USING ANIMALS IS A PRIVILEGE GRANTED TO RESEARCH COMMUNITY BY SOCIETY. INVESTIGATORS HAVE AFFIRMATIVE RESPONSIBILITIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES COME UP UNDER THE LAWS UNDER REGULATIONS OF THE POLICY, THIS IS NOT NEW TO ANYBODY BUT KEY THING TO POINT OUT THIS IS IN THE PUBLIC LITERATURE AND WHILE RESEARCH IMMUNITY KNOWS THIS, PEOPLE IN THE PUBLIC ALSO KNOW THIS. THEY HAVE EXPECTATIONS, BASED ON THIS, AND THIS RAISES ACCOUNTABILITY. LET ME TALK ABOUT ANIMAL RIGHTS BECAUSE I BELIEVE MOST PEOPLE DO NOT GET THIS CONCEPT CORRECT. THE TERM ANIMAL RIGHTS ACCORDING TO GARY FRANCIONE IS ANIMALS ARE ENTITLED TO BE PROTECTED AGAINST THE STATE AND MAJORITY EVEN WHEN PRICE IS PAID BY GENERAL WELFARE. MANY PEOPLE WILL TROT OUT THE NON-HUMAN RIGHTS PROJECT, AN EFFORT STEVE WISE WORKED ON WHEN THEY TALK ABOUT THIS. AND GET ABOUT ALL ABOUT PERSON HOOD. THAT IS WHAT I WOULD SAY ONE EXTREME VIEW OF ANIMAL RIGHTS BUT ACTUALLY IT'S NOT THE ONLY VIEW AND IT MAY NOT EVEN BE MINORITY -- MAJORITY VIEW. ACTUALLY TODAY UNDER US FEDERAL LAW, IT'S CLEAR ANIMALS ARE PROPERTY THOUGH I WOULD SAY THEY ARE MORE THAN PROPERTY BUT THEY ARE BASICALLY DEFINED AS PROPERTY PLUS. ANIMALS DON'T HAVE RIGHTS THOUGH LEGAL COMMENTATORS BELIEVE THEY HAVE THINGS CLOSE TO RIGHT OR AKIN TO RIGHT. HOWEVER IT'S CLEAR ANIMALS ENJOY CERTAIN PROTECTIONS. ESPECIALLY IN LABORATORY ENVIRONMENT AND ESPECIALLY PAIN AND DISTRESS AND IT'S A RESPONSIBILITY OF RESEARCHERS AND RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS TO ASSURE THESE PROTECTIONS. THE WAY I WOULD LIKE TO GET YOU TO THINK ABOUT THIS IS THAT IF YOU -- THIS IS MY ATTEMPT TO SPEND THE LAW INTO SCIENCE IF YOU WILL, A RUMPLE STILL SKIN THING, SPIN THE STRAW INTO GOLD. I DON'T KNOW IF I DID A GOOD JOB. BUT IT GOT NAILED FOR THIS T I WILL TOO. THERE IS A CONTINUUM HERE, ANIMALS ARE PROPERTY PLUS UNDER OUR US SYSTEM THERE ARE SOME PEOPLE WHO LIKE ANIMALS TO HAVE FULL PERSON HOOD RIGHTS. FOR THE MOST PART SOCIETY IS REALLY SOMEWHERE ON THIS CONTINUUM. I WOULD ARGUE BASED ON MY EXPERIENCE THERE ARE MORE ON THE ANIMALS AS PROPERTY TO ANIMALS HAVING SOME RIGHTS BUT CERTAINLY THEY RECOGNIZE RESEARCHERS HAVE RESPONSIBILITIES TO ANIMALS. THE SITUATION IS COMPLICATED. SO LET ME TALK NOW SOCIETAL EXPECTATIONS. HERE I'M GOING TO STRAY INTO AN AREA, WHERE I HAVE NOT DONE THE RESEARCH AND I'M NOT A SOCIAL SCIENTIST, BUT THE LAST PANEL THIS GREAT DOCTRINE, THE ANN TURNER DOCTRINE, HOPE YOU DON'T MIND, EXPRESS AN OPINION ABOUT SOMETHING THAT I DON'T HAVE EXPERTISE IN. I REALLY LIKE THAT. THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR THAT. IF I DON'T LEARN ANYTHING ELSE AT THIS MEETING, THAT'S A GOOD ONE. I'M NOT GOING TO SAY TOO MUCH ABOUT THESE TWO POLLS OTHER THAN TO ME TO INDICATE A COUPLE OF INTERESTING THINGS. FIRST THERE IS DISPARITY IN TERMS OF GENDER, IN TERMS OF EDUCATION, IN TERMS OF AGE THE WAY PEOPLE WILL PERCEIVE ANIMALS IN RESEARCH. THIS ACTUALLY COLORS OUR LAWS AND SOCIETAL EXPECTATIONS. SO FOR EXAMPLE IF YOU WORKED FOR OR NOW CURRENTLY WORK FOR A COMPANY THAT MARKETS OR MARKETS COSMETICS YOUR MAIN USERS ARE PEOPLE WHO ARE AGAINST ANIMAL TESTING. THAT IS WHY YOU SEE COSMETICS WILL HAVE DISCLAIMERS ABOUT ANIMAL TESTING. ON THE OTHER HAND THINGS LIKE RESEARCH BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH, STUDIES FOR CURING DISEASE, THERE'S MUCH MORE OF A DICHOTOMY, MORE A 50/50. SO WHAT THIS SHOWS ME SOCIETALLY WE MIGHT BE AT A TIPPING POINT HERE: I DON'T KNOW HOW THINGS ARE GOING TO GO. A LOT OF THESE RESEARCH QUESTIONS DEPEND WHO ASK THE QUESTION, HOW THE QUESTION GETS ASKED, THINGS LIKE THAT. THINGS ARE RELATIVELY CONSISTENT IF YOU GO TO LITERATURE AND LOOK FOR THE LAST TEN YEARS, THE TREND HAS BEEN SLIGHTLY TOWARDS HAVING PEOPLE SAY THERE ARE CONCERNED OR VERY CONCERNED ABOUT ANIMAL RESEARCH. THAT'S SOMETHING THAT I THINK GETS BACK TO OPENNESS TRANSITION AND ACCOUNTABILITY. I WILL TALK ABOUT HOW THOSE ARE RELATED IN JUST A MINUTE. WHAT DOES THIS ALL MEAN? WHAT I WOULD LIKE TO TRY TO DO HERE IS PUT THIS ALL IN TERMS OF THIS LITTLE FIGURE GRAPH WHICH I SHOWED EARLIER. SO I THINK IT'S USEFUL TO THINK ABOUT THIS IN TERMS OF MODEL. MY DOCK STRUCTURAL DISSERTATION WAS A MODELING EXERCISE. FIRST THING I LEARNED WAS THIS QUOTE BY FAMOUS MODEL NAMED GEORGE BOX WHICH SAYS THAT ALL MODELS ARE LONG BUT SOME ARE USEFUL. I'M HOPING THIS IS A USEFUL WAY TO THINK ABOUT THESE ISSUES AND AT LEAST START THE CONVERSATION. SO HERE IS MY MODEL. WE HAVE JUST A COUPLE OF POINTS TO RECAP. FIRST WE WANT TO THINK ABOUT THE IDEAS OF OPENNESS TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY. WHICH WANT TO THINK ABOUT SECOND AFFIRMATIVE DUTIES AND PROACTIVE DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF LAB ANIMAL RESEARCHERS AND INSTITUTIONS. THIRD WE WANT TO THINK ABOUT FLUID OF THE CONTINUUM BETWEEN ANIMALS AS PROPERTY AND ANIMALS AS PERSONS. THEN WE HAVE TO LOOK AT HOW THOSE ARE GOING TO ALIGN ON THIS. I THINK THE SOCIETAL APPROACH TO ANIMALS AND ANIMAL USE IS MODULATED BY OPENNESS AND ACCOUNTABILITY. THE WAY THE RESEARCH COMMUNITY DEMONSTRATES THAT EMBRACES THESE CONCEPTS OR EXPRESS I BELIEVE AS AFFIRMATIVE DUTIES, WILL DIRECTLY IMPACT HOW THE SOCIETAL LICENSE TO OPERATE, IN OTHER WORDS SOCIETAL LICENSE TO USE ANIMALS IS CAPTURE IN LAW. SO THAT IS MY MODEL. THAT IS WHAT I WOULD LIKE TO PITCH SOMETHING WE SHOULD THINK ABOUT. CONGRESS IS INTERESTED IN THIS, THIS IS ONE EXAMPLE, THE HEARTS ACT. THIS WAS INTRODUCED THIS YEAR BY CONGRESSWOMAN HOWARD AND CONGRESSMAN CALVERT. A REPUBLICAN AND DEMOCRAT FROM CALIFORNIA. THIS BILL WILL CHANGE THE WAY IAKUK'S DO BUSINESS AND CHANGE A LITTLE BIT HOW RESEARCH IS DONE. CONGRESS IS ALWAYS THINKING ABOUT THESE THINGS. THEY ARE GOING TO CONTINUE THINK ABOUT THESE THINGS. FELONY YOU THINK ABOUT THAT MODEL, ACCOUNTABILITY TRANSPARENCY AND OPENNESS ARE GOING TO MODULATE WHERE CONGRESS COMES OUT USING LAW AS A TOOL. AND HOW THAT TOOL IS APPLIED TO ANIMAL RESEARCHERS AND INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES. SO I'LL END THERE, THANK YOU AND LOOK FORWARD TO PANELISTS PRESENTATIONS AND YOUR QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS. [APPLAUSE] THANK YOU FOR THAT AMAZING PRESENTATION. I'M GOING TO TOUCH ON SOME OF THOSE SAME THINGS YOU STARTED WITH IN YOUR PRESENTATION. ALSO WANT TO THANK THE ORGANIZERS FOR TODAY'S SEMINAR AND WORKSHOP AND PARTICULARLY WANT TO GIVE A SHOUT OUT TO AT THIS TEN (INDISCERNIBLE) BOTH -- ALLOWED ME THE TIME TO BE HERE TODAY. AND ALSO WANT TO DOUBLY ACKNOWLEDGE SALLY BECAUSE THE GENESIS OF MY PRESENTATION CAME FROM A WORKSHOP I WAS RUNNING WITH MY GRAD STUDENTS ABOUT SOME OF THE HR ISSUES DEALING WITH MILLENNIALS AND SALLY SAID I WOULD LIKE YOU TO SHARE THIS WITH MY STAFF AT DEAN OFFICE OF ANIMAL WELFARE. THAT LED THEM TO SERIES OF PRESENTATIONS, ABOUT OUR THE NEED FOR GREATER TRANSPARENCY I BELIEVE. AND BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH. TO QUICKLY TOUCH ON MY OWN BACKGROUND. TAYLOR I THINK HAS BEEN INVOLVED MORE OR LESS BETWEEN 1945 AND 1963, I WAS BORN IN 1963 AGE IS ME. I DIDN'T KNOW WHAT AN IAKUK WAS UNTIL FIVE AND A HALF YEARS AGO WHEN I STARTED WORKING AT NWADR SO OF TODAY'S PRESENTERS I HAVE THE LEAST EXPERIENCE IN THIS WORLD. MY BACKGROUND IS PRIMARILY SOCIAL JUSTICE. I WORK FOR CITY COUNCIL FOR SIX YEARS IN NEW ZEALAND, TRYING TO REENGAGE BUILD RELATIONSHIP WITH THE COMMUNITY IN NEW ZEALAND FOR TEN YEARS WHICH IS ONE MAJOR ASPECT OF -- WHEN I MOVED TO THE UNITED STATES I RAN A FOUNDATION FOR FIVE YEARS WORKING WITH NATIVE AMERICANS AND PACIFIC NORTHWEST. AND THEN SUFFER PRIZE SURPRISE I WAS OFFERED A JOB FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH. AT THE TIME OF MAKING THE DECISION WHETHER TO TAKE THE JOB OR NOT, I WAS REALLY STRUCK BY THE FACT THAT MY PRIOR WORK WAS JUSTICE, IT FEELS WORK IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH WAS SOCIAL JUSTICE. I FOUND OUT LISTENING TO PEOPLE TALK THAT ACTUALLY I WAS WRONG AND THAT I GOT THIS IDEA THAT WORK WASN'T SOCIAL JUSTICE BECAUSE I HAD TAKEN STEREOTYPE NAMES ABOUT OUR WORK FROM PEOPLE LIKE PETER AND THE -- SOCIETY NEW ZEALAND. THOSE ARE WERE THE IDEAS INTO THIS WORK AND I FOUND COMPLETELY WRONG. COUPLE OF PEOPLE TALKED ABOUT THESE NUMBERS ALREADY. BASED ON THOSE NUMBERS FROM THE GALLUP POLL AND PEOPLE EVERY YEAR BY GALLUP AND THE QUESTION ASKED IS DO YOU BELIEVE THAT (INAUDIBLE) ANIMALS IS ENVIRONMENTALLY (INAUDIBLE)? >> YOU CAN SEE THE BLUE LINE AT THE TOP IS NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO BELIEVE THAT CHASING ANIMALS IS MORALLY ACCEPTABLE AND TREND IS GOING DOWN AND THE ORANGE LINE AT THE BOTTOM IS NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO BELIEVE THAT -- ANIMALS IS MORALLY -- AND YOU CAN SEE THE TREND IS GOING UP, I PUT IN THE LINES ON THIS -- AND YOU CAN SEE THAT IN ABOUT FOUR OR FIVE YEARS TIME ABSENT ANY CHANGE, THOSE LINES WILL CONVERGE WHAT WE KNOW FROM THE OTHER CYCLE MORAL ISSUES THAT GALLUP LOOKED AT IS WHEN THOSE LINES CONVERGED THAT LAWS HAVE CHANGED. THOSE LINES CONVERGE ON INTERRACIAL MARRIAGE, TAKEN OFF THE BOOKS. THOSE LINES CONVERGED ON GAY MARRIAGE, IT BECAME LEGAL IN THE UNITED STATES. THOSE ARE CONVERGING AT THE MOMENT ON PAIR WHATNA REFORM AND TWO TWO STATES WITH LEGALIZED MARIJUANA. MY WARRIORS THIS IS THE CRISIS FOR RESEARCH IS WHEN THE LINES CROSS FOR US, THE USE OF BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH WITH ANIMALS WILL BECOME PRETTY MUCH IMPOSSIBLE IN THE UNITED STATES. TIME TO SEE IT ALREADY. PAUL TALKED ABOUT LEGISLATION AND EARLIER IN THE YEAR, CORRY BOOKER, I THINK IS PUT IN THE VERY CYNICAL BILL TO TRY TO STOP RESEARCH ON NON-HUMAN PRIMATES, YOU HAVE SEEN CHANGES AT THE VA DRIVEN BY THE WHITE WASTE PROJECT. WE HAVE EVEN SEEN PUBLIC MEETINGS ABOUT THE OPENING OF A DOG BREEDING FACILITY IN SOME WAY. SO WE HAVE SEEN THE CHANGES HAPPENING ALREADY SUDDEN IMPACT ON US. THE NUMBERS I HAVE SHOWN YOU FROM GALLUP THE SAME GALLUP NUMBERS, IF YOU LOOK -- GALLUP HAS UPDATED THE STREAM WHICH BREAKS NUMBERS OUT BY AGE THE LAST THREE OR FOUR YEARS. WHAT YOU CAN SEE IS THAT OLD FARTS LIKE ME CONTINUE TO SUPPORT BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH. I'M ON THE CUSP OF BEING A BABY BOOMER. PEOPLE IN THE X GENERATION PRIMARILY SUPPORT BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH. THE THING THAT IS DRIVING CONVERGENCE OF THOSE TREND LINES IS THE IMPACT OF THE MILLENNIAL GENERATION ON THESE NUMBERS. YOU HAVE TO THINK FOR A SECOND ABOUT MILLENNIALS. MILLENNIALS ARE ESSENTIALLY BORN WITH A CELL PHONE AND -- AND THEY HAVE TO HAVE OPENNESS TO INFORMATION ALL THEIR LIVES MILLENNIALS WILL TAKE PHOTOGRAPHS OF EVERY MEAL AND POST ON SOCIAL MEDIA. FOR A MILLENNIAL, I LOVE THEM DON'T WANT TO CRITICIZE THEM BUT FOR MILLENNIALS, NOT TELLING THEM THE TRUTH IS THE SAME AS LYING. I WANT TO ARGUE THE POSITION THAT OUR DEFAULT MECHANISM IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH IS NOT TELLING THE TRUTH. WE ARE NOT LYING. WE ARE JUST NOT PROACTIVELY SHARING INFORMATION AND TAYLOR TALKED ABOUT OPENNESS AND TRANSPARENCY AT THE START OF THE PRESENTATION. KEEP IT UNDER THE COVERS WE DON'T TELL ANYONE UNLESS WE ASK. BUT I BELIEVE THAT FOR A MILLENNIAL IS TRUST FOR US AND THAT'S WHAT'S DRIVING THIS GRADUAL DIMINISHMENT OF NUMBERS AND WHAT WE KNOW IS -- OLD FARTS LIKE ME RETIRE SOON AND LITTLE MENIALS WILL BE IN CHARGE SO WE NOW NEED TO START THINKING ABOUT WAYS OF BUILDING TRUST WITH MILLENNIALS. WE HAVE TO START THINKING OF BUILDING TRUST AT TIME WHEN TRUST IN THE UNITED STATES IS ALL TIME LOW. THIS IS A SURVEY UNDERTAKEN BY THE CONSULTING GROUP, MY LATER POINT WAS WORKING. I HAVE THE NUMBERS HERE FROM 2017, 2018. IF YOU ARE IN THE GREEN AREA HERE YOU ARE POLICY OR COUNTRY WHERE TRUST IS LOW. IF BLUE AREA TRUST IS HIGH, IF GRAY AREA NOT TOO HOT, NOT TOO COLD. IN 2017 UNITED STATES WAS HERE. IN 2018, UNITED STATES HAD THE SINGLE BIGGEST ONE YEAR LOSS IN TRUST THAT ANYONE HAS EVER SEEN IN THE SURVEY. WE ARE DOWN HERE NOW. SO HAPPENED BETWEEN 2017 AND 2018? THIS SURVEY CAPTURES TRUST IN THE GOVERNMENT, TRUST MANY MEDIA, TRUST IN FOR PROFITS AND TRUST IN NON-PROFITS. WHAT WE KNOW FROM 2017, 2018 IS NEW PRESIDENT IN AMERICA, IN TWO PARTS OF OUR SOCIETY, THE GOVERNMENT AND THE MEDIA WERE EACH OTHER ACCUSING EACH OTHER OF LYING ON A DAILY BASIS. THE WASHINGTON POST HAS THOUSANDS LIES THE PRESIDENT IS TELLING THE WORLD EVERY DAY THE MEDIA IS LYING, IT'S THE LAME STREAM MEDIA. SO WE ARE HAVING TO THINK ABOUT BUILDING A TRUST WHEN THERE WAS A LOSS OF TRUST. EVERYONE UPDATED THE NUMBERS FROM 2019. I HAVE BEEN SHOWING THESE NUMBERS N. 2019 THERE WAS A UPTICK IN TRUST IN THE UNITED STATES. AND WHAT THEY THINK IS BECAUSE OF THE 2018 MIDTERM ELECTIONS WHERE DEMOCRATS GOT CONTROL OF THE HOUSE PEOPLE THOUGHT THERE WAS A CHANCE FOR MORE ACCOUNTABILITY WITH THE GOVERNMENT. I THINK PEOPLE MIGHT HAVE THOUGHT THAT, NOT SURE IF THAT HAS COME TO FRUITION OR NOT. THE OTHER PROBLEM FOR US IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH IS THAT BECAUSE DEFAULT PROVISION IS THE SAME NOTHING WE ARE LETTING OTHER PEOPLE TELL OUR STORIES. I TOLD YOU AT THE BEGINNING I WAS A SOCIAL JUSTICE PERSON. I'M NEVER BEEN A MEMBER OF THESE GROUPS. BUT I ACTUALLY ABSOLUTELY SUPPORT THE ROLE OF THESE GROUPS TO DO WHAT THEY DO AS LONG AS THEY DON'T BREAK THE LAW, THEY DON'T HARASS PEOPLE, AND THEY DON'T TOO BADLY SKEWER THE TRUTH. IN FACT MANY OF THE WORK OF THESE PEOPLE HAVE LED TO IMPROVEMENTS IN THE ANIMAL CARE PROGRESS. THIS IS NOT A PROBLEM, THESE PEOPLE ARE NOT THE PROBLEM, THE PROBLEM IS THAT WE ARE NOT TELLING OUR STORY. AS A NON-PROFIT CONSULTANT OVER THE YEARS, I WORKED WITH THESE ORGANIZATIONS. I CAN TELL YOU THROUGH MY INSIDE KNOWLEDGE BY A SMALL -- THEY HAVE SMALL BUDGETS THEY HAVE BADLY RUN AND TREAT THEIR STAFF BADLY. THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON RESEARCH BUDGET TWO YEARS AGO LOOK AT THE PUBLISHED NUMBERS IS $1.4 BILLION. TOTAL GROUPS IS ROUNDING ERA UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON RESEARCH BUDGET SO WE GIVE THEM MORE CREDIT. THE ONLY THING THAT FRUSTRATES ME IS WE SHOULD BE CALLED THE PAIN PEOPLE FOR ETHICAL TREATMENT OF ANIMALS AND SOMEHOW PEA TA ONLY THAT NAY THEY PUT US INTO THE OTHER CATEGORY. MY ARGUMENT IS WE ESSENTIALLY NOW HAVE ONLY TWO CHOICES. ONE IS WE CAN -- THE STATUS QUO AND WITH THE INFLUX OF TIME WE WILL LOSE OUR ABILITY TO DO BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH IN THIS COUNTRY. THE SECOND CHOICE IS TO START TELLING OUR STORIES AND PROVE THE CASE FOR -- WHEN I DO FOCUS GROUPS OF ANIMAL -- VETERINARIANS AND BIT CHICKS WHAT THEY TELL ME IS THEY ARE INCREDIBLY PROUD OF THEIR WORK. THEY ARE PROUD BECAUSE THEY WORK ABSOLUTELY TRANSLATES INTO CURES. THEY ARE PROUD BECAUSE OF THE KEY THEY PROVIDE TO ANIMALS. THEY ARE INCREDIBLY PROUD OF THE ROLE OF THE IAKUK COMMUNITIES, I HAVE NEVER SEEN AN ORGANIZATION, GROUPS OF PEOPLE EVER LIKE COMPLIANCE COMMITTEE, PEOPLE LOVE IAKUK, THEY WORK TO QUALITY RESEARCH. THEY ARE PROUD OF THEIR TEAMMATES. WE NEVER SEE THIS MESSAGE OF BEING PROUD ENOUGH OUR DOMAIN. WE ARE DOING WORK IN SALLY'S GROUP ON ANIMAL WELFARE ABOUT FOUR YEARS AGO. I WAS DOING SOME STUFF ABOUT MILLENNIAL AND WHAT MILLENNIALS LIKE. I ASKED THE GROUP SO WHAT DO YOU TELL YOUR FRIENDS AND FAMILY ABOUT THE WORK THAT YOU DO? THERE WAS A CLICK IN THE ROOM PEOPLE'S HEADS WENT DOWN AND THEY CROSSED THEIR ARMS, THEN THE LANGUAGE IS A WORD -- IT'S BASICALLY THE OFFICE OF (INDISCERNIBLE), ALMOST LIKE FEELING ASHAME. AND THAT WAS THE SENSE I GOT FROM THAT ROOM FOR THESE PEOPLE WHO WERE DOING SUCH PROUD WORK, YET THE SECOND WE START TALKING ABOUT HOW THEY DESCRIBE YOUR WORK TO FRIENDS AND PEERS THEY GOT SHAMED. (INDISCERNIBLE) DIFFERENT SUBJECT THE OTHER DAY AND THEY HAD A QUOTE I WILL REPEAT AND THE QUOTE WAS WE DON'T HIDE WHAT WE ARE NOT ASHAMED OF. WE DON'T HIDE WHAT WE ARE NOT ASHAMED OF. I FEEL LIKE THERE'S A BUSINESSES GOING ON THROUGHOUT PEOPLE THAT WORK IN BIOMEDAL RESEARCH, STRAIGHT COMPASSION. IS THAT IN ONE HAND PEOPLE ARE PROUD ABOUT THE WORK THEY ARE DOING, AND ON THE OTHER HAND WE ARE SOMEHOW MAKING YOU FEEL ASHAMED ABOUT THE WORK THEY ARE DOING. I WAS TALKING THE SAME SUBJECT, ONE PERSON TOLD ME FROM THIS FIELD REALLY IS FAMILY DOESN'T KNOW WHAT HE DOES. NO PERSON TOLD ME WHENEVER THEY WALK INTO A ROOM THEY READ THE ROOM AND DECIDE THAT WE ARE GOING TO TALK ABOUT WHAT THEY DO FOR THE JOB OR NOT. MANY OTHER PEOPLE WERE ON FEW SKATE WHAT THEY ARE DOING RATHER THAN SAY WHAT THEY SHOULD DO FOR EACH OTHER. SO THOSE ARE THINGS WE NEED TO THINK ABOUT. WHEN I ASK PEOPLE WHY THEY DON'T TALK ABOUT WORK, THERE'S A LIST OF REASONS. ONE I WANT TO FOCUS ON IS THE BOTTOM ONE. PEOPLE DON'T LIKE ARGUING. THEY ARE REALLY CONCERNED IF THEY START TALKING ABOUT THE STUFF IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN THEY WILL GET INTO ARGUMENT AND CAUSES (INDISCERNIBLE). WE HAVE A PRESCRIPTION WE USE. AND WHEN I DO THIS AS A FULL WORKSHOP. I TAKE PEOPLE THROUGH THE PRESCRIPTION, AS A WAY OF -- JUST QUICKLY DESCRIBEING WHAT THEY DO. I WORK FOR XYZ ORGANIZATION AND OUR MISSION IS TO DO WHATEVER THE MISSION IS. MY JOB IS TO AND I ASK PEOPLE NOT TO ON FEW SKATE. SOMEONE WHO IS DOING BLOOD DRAWS WITH DOGS AND -- (INDISCERNIBLE) EXPERIMENT. WOULD SAY I DO BLOOD DRAWS. I SAID NO. I DO BLOOD DRAWS WITH DOGS. SOMEONE WHO WORKS WITH SEXUAL HEALTH WOULD SAY I'M OBGYN, NO, TALK ABOUT SEXUAL HEALTH. BE SPECIFIC ABOUT WHAT YOU DOING. IN THE MOST IMPORTANT PART IS YOU SAY MY WORK IS IMPORTANT YOU GIVE US SINCERE PROFESSIONAL REASON ABOUT WHY YOUR WORK IS IMPORTANT. FOR EXAMPLE, THIS IS A PICTURE OF MY MOTHER, YOU CAN SEE IT HERE LITTLE REDHEAD HERE. MY MOTHER WAS POLAND, SHE WAS BORN IN SIBERIA. THEY ESCAPED FROM THE CLUTCHES AND TREKKEDED FROM THE RUSSIAN STATES TO IRAN. MY GRANDMOTHER DIED DURING THAT TREK AND MY GRANDFATHER GOT TAKEN BACK BECAUSE HE WAS CONCERNED ABOUT THE POLISH MEN FORMING AN ARMY AND SETTING UP WITH ANOTHER FRONT. MY MOTHER LIVED THE FIRST THREE YEARS OF HER LIFE BASICALLY IN A HOSPITAL IN IRAN AND (INDISCERNIBLE) TOOK PITY AND IN 642 ARRIVE IN NEW ZEALAND IN 1943. THIS IS THE DAY THEY ARRIVED AND THE GUY IN THE NICE SUIT IS PRIME MINISTER OF NEW ZEALAND. MY MOM IS TOUGH. TOUGH AS NAILS. SHE HAS STAGE 4 ALSO HEMMERS. SHE DOESN'T KNOW WHO SHE IS. SHE HAS TO WEAR A DIAPER, SHE HAS TO BE MEDICATE TO HAVE ANYTHING DONE TO HER BODY. MY MOM WOULD HATE BEING WHERE SHE IS AT THE MOMENT. SO I DO THIS WORK WITH BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH BECAUSE OF MY MOM. I DO THIS WORK BECAUSE I HAVE GOT THE SAME (INAUDIBLE) I DO THIS WORK BECAUSE 60 MILLION PEOPLE IN THE UNITED STATES ARE IMPACTED BY ALZHEIMER'S. ALZHEIMER'S IS ONE OF THOUSANDS OF DISEASES THAT IMPACT US ALL WE CAN'T DO RESEARCH ON HUMANS TO FIND OUT WHY -- AND WE CAN'T DO RESEARCH FROM HUMANS TO FIND OUT THE CURE. WE HAVE TO DO THAT (INAUDIBLE) YOU CAN'T CHECK OFF -- TO LOOK INSIDE SO THAT'S HOW -- (INDISCERNIBLE) MY STORY. SO OUR ADVICE TO PEOPLE AS THEY TALK ABOUT THEIR WORK IS TO BE HUMAN. ESTABLISH AUTHORITY, STATISTICS USE SHORT CONCISE SENTENCES USE A -- HELPING -- WHAT I'M TRYING TO GET TO. KEEP REINFORCING SCIENCE IS GOOD AND WORKS. MAKE EYE CONTACT, BE KIND, DON'T -- SOMEONE WILL ARGUE THAT'S FINE. I DON'T WANT TO MAKE -- (INDISCERNIBLE) I WANT TO START A CONVERSATION. DON'T THROW ANYONE UNDER THE BUS. I HAVE BEEN GUILTY OF THAT IN THE PAST. THE THING IS, ONCE YOU SAY YOUR PIECE YOUR JOB IS TO SHUT UP AND LISTEN. BECAUSE WHAT YOU WANT TO DO IS SAY (INAUDIBLE) ABOUT BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH IS BAD BUT -- TRY TO FIND POINTS AND DON'T ARGUE. I THINK PERSON BY PERSON WE CAN START TO CHANGE STATISTICS. WHAT I WANT TO DO AND I'M TWO MINUTES OVER TIME SORRY. I WANT TO DO IS EMPOWER ALL THE HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE WORKING IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH TO START TO MAKE THE PERSONAL CONNECTIONS. TO PROVE TO THE BROADER COMMUNITY (INAUDIBLE) I'M SLIGHTLY OVER TIME. THANK YOU VERY MUCH. [APPLAUSE] >> THANK YOU SO MUCH, PLANNING COMMITTEE FOR HAVING ME TODAY. IT'S AN HONOR TO BE HERE, USUALLY I'M AT THE BACK OF MY DESK WATCHING THIS ON WEBCAST, LOTS OF GREAT ROUND TABLES SO WONDERFUL TO BE PART OF IT. SO WITH ANP I STARTED OUT IN THIS FIELD AS VETERINARY TECHNICIAN. SO I COMPLETELY UNDERSTAND THE COMPASSION FATIGUE. IT IS INTERESTING HOW WHERE CAREER PATHS GO. AND DEFINE MYSELF NOW AT A NATIONAL ADVOCACY GROUP WITH THE MISSION OF HELPING THE PUBLIC UNDERSTAND THE IMPORTANT WORK WE DO AND WHY ANIMALS ARE ESSENTIAL. AND EVEN MORE IMPORTANTLY THE COMPASSIONATE CARE PROVIDED TO THOSE ANIMALS SO I SORT OF WENT FULL CIRCLE. BECAUSE AS A VETERINARY TECHNICIAN STUDENT MY FIRST EXPOSURE, I WAS -- NEEDED TO DO AN EXATTORNEYSHIP AND I WANTED TO DO IT AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA VETERINARY HOSPITAL. AT THE TIME THEY WERE ONLY TAKING VET TECH STUDENTS FROM A DIFFERENT VET TECH COLLEGE SO THEY SAID YOU WILL HAVE TO WORK AT THE RESEARCH ANIMALS. I WAS HORRIFIED AT THE TIME. MY DIRECTOR SAID JUST GO, IT'S NOT WHAT YOU THINK, I'M SO GLAD I DID GO, THE MINUTE I STEPPED FOOT INTO THE DOOR I WAS AMAZE TO SEE HOW WELL THE ANIMALS WERE CARED FOR AND HOW MANY THE PEOPLE WHO CARED ABOUT THEM REALLY LOVED THE ANIMALS. I STARTED AS A VET TECH IN RESEARCH IN THE LATE '90s, DURING THAT TIME I WAS EXPERIENCED THE DON'T NEED THE ANIMALS MAKE SURE YOU TAKE OFF YOUR BADGE AT CONFERENCES, DON'T TALK ABOUT YOUR WORK, IT WAS A SCARY TIME, BECAUSE OF SOME OF THE ACTIVIST -- ACTIVITIES AT THAT TIME BUT WE ARE IN A NEW WORLD NOW. I AM TASKED WITH THE PRIVILEGE OF SHARING WITH YOU ALL SORT OF AN UPDATE ON OPENNESS AND TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY WHICH I LOVE GLOBALLY. THAT IS WHAT I'M GOING TO TALK ABOUT. IT DOES FIT WITH THIS TOPIC OF COMPASSION FATIGU. WE TALKED ABOUT WE HEARD IN THE MORNING SESSIONS ABOUT WELFARE IN BOTH HUMANS AND ANIMALS, WHAT IS IMPORTANT IN HELPING WITH GOOD WELFARE IS THE OPPORTUNITY TO CONTROL OUR ENVIRONMENT. OPENNESS AND INSTITUTIONS CAN HELP US, THOSE WHO WORK IN THIS FIELD CONTROL THEIR ENVIRONMENT BY PROVIDING AN ENVIRONMENT WHERE WE CAN BE OPEN AND TRANSPARENT ABOUT THE ANIMALS WE WORK WITH, HOWEVER THAT LOOKS. I ALSO REALLY JUST WANTED TO MAKE A POINT, I APPRECIATED YOUR POINT TAYLOR, IN QUALITY PROGRAMS SIMPLIFY OPENNESS. THAT IS SO TRUE. THAT IS EXCELLENT. SO THANK YOU TO MY FELLOW PANEL ITSELFS FOR SETTING UP ALL THE INFORMATION YOU SHARED I DEFINITELY TOOK A LOT OF NOTES. LET ME SHARE WITH YOU SOME OPENNESS AND TRANSPARENCY INITIATIVES HERE IN OUR WORLD. SOME OF YOU FOLLOWING THIS, SOME NOT, I'LL GIVE YOU THE WHOLE PICTURE. GLOBAL OPENNESS EFFORTS. THESE ARE EFFORTS WHERE A SET OF FORMAL PROPOSALS OR PRINCIPLES FOR INSTITUTIONS THAT CONDUCT RESEARCH WITH ANIMALS WERE THOSE THAT SUPPORT THAT RESEARCH ARE FOLLOWING. MANY OF YOU PROBABLY ARE AWARE THAT IN THE UK THEY LED THIS EFFORT IN A FORMAL WAY AS I MENTIONEDDERRIER, OPENNESS IS IN THE NEW, DOING IT IN A FORMAL WAY IS. THE UK ESTABLISHED THE CONCORD AD ON OPENNESS ON ANIMAL RESEARCH BACK IN 2014. IT'S BEEN REALLY GREAT TO SEE THAT THE DEVELOPMENT AND THE IMPACTS IN THAT COUNTRY. SO IF YOU LOOK AT ANY OF THE INSTITUTIONS, I THINK THERE'S 122 OR MORE SIGNATORIES TO THE CONCORD AD, YES UK IS THIS BIG AND WE ARE IN BIG, THAT IS ALMOST ALL OF THE RESEARCH FACILITIES IN THEIR COUNTRY. THEY THE WAY THE CONCORD AD IS WRITTEN, THERE'S CERTAIN THINGS YOU NEED TO DO. THE ONE BASIC THING THAT ALL SIGNATORIES NEED TO DO IN THAT COUNTRY IS HAVE A PUBLIC STATEMENT ON THEIR WEBSITE. SO THAT IS THE CASE. THEN YOU WILL SEE OTHER THINGS. DOWN AT THE BOTTOM YOU CAN SEE INITIATIVE BUT OVER IN THE UK CALLED LAB TOUR, IF UPN'T SEEN IT YET, TO CHECK IT OUT. THESE ARE FOUR DIFFERENT INSTITUTIONS WHERE YOU CAN ACTUALLY DO A VIDEO TOUR THROUGH THEIR FACILITY. SO IT'S ON OPEN WEBSITE, YOU CAN PUSH SOME BUTTONS GO INTO ROOMS, SEE SOME VIDEOS, SEE SOME PROCEDURES, SEE HOUSING AREAS, READ DESCRIPTIONS SO IT'S PRETTY THOROUGH. BUT YOU REALLY GET AN OPPORTUNITY TO GET INTO THOSE DIFFERENT INSTITUTIONS. THEN AS YOU CAN SEE THERE'S SOME OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES THAT ARE STARTING TO JOIN IN. SO SPAIN DID PASS A TRANSPARENCY AGREEMENT IN 2016. I THISTY THEY ARE JUST ABOUT TO DO THEIR SECOND REVIEW. SO IN THESE AGREEMENTS, I HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED ALREADY THEY HAVE SOME SORT OF YEARLY ASSESSMNT SO THEY GO BACK TO EACH SIGNATORIES, TELL US WHAT YOU HAVE DONE TO EXPAND IMPLEMENT OPENNESS EFFORTS AND EXPAND. THIS COULD BE ANYTHING FROM WEBSITES, THE WEBSITES STATEMENT NEED TO BE THERE BUT ADDING IMAGES AND PICTURES, ARE YOU DOING ANY KIND OF TOURS, ARE YOU ENGAGING WITH MEDIA, BRINGING SCHOOL KIDS IN SO LOTS OF WAYS OPENNESS CAN LOOK. PORTUGAL, THEY JUST ARE VERY PROUD TO HAVE ESTABLISH THEIR TRANSPARENCY AGREEMENT, I THINK THEY STARTED WITH SEVEN INSTITUTIONS THAT WERE INTERESTED. THEY END YOU HAVE HAD UP WITH 16 THAT SIGNED AND I THINK THAT'S PROBABLY ABOUT 65% OR SOMETHING WITH THE TOTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS SO FAR. YOU CAN SIEBEL JUDGE IS -- HAS ONE THAT WILL BE LAUNCHING SOON, PROGRESSING TOWARD TRANSPARENCY AGREEMENT NEW ZEALAND AND AUSTRALIA ARE REALLY MOVING THERE. THEY HAVE GOOD MOMENTUM TOWARDS TRANSPARENCY AGREEMENT AND THERE'S OTHER DISCUSSIONS IN FRANCE AND ITALY. SO THAT'S SORT OF THE GLOBAL, THERE'S SOME OTHER THINGS HAPPENING, BUT THESE ARE SORT OF THE UPDATE THAT I HAVE FROM A COLLEAGUE OVER IN EUROPE, KIRK LEECH ON SOME OF THE EUROPEAN ACTIVITIES AND THEN OF COURSE CLOSE CONTACT WITH WENDY JARRETT WHO LEADS THE EFFORT IN UK. AS MENTIONED EARLIER, THERE IS OPENNESS IS NOT NEW. IN THE OUTS EITHER SO I WANTED TO SORT OF SHARE AN UPDATE ON WHAT'S HAPPENED IN THE U.S. FORMALLY, SORT OF MOVING US TOWARDS BIGGER INITIATIVE OF OPENNESS AND TRANSPARENCY ABOUT ABOUT MALL RESEARCH. TAYLOR MENTIONED EARLIER THAT THERE WAS OPENNESS AND TRANSPARENCY BUILDING TRUST IN ANIMAL RESEARCH THEME FOR THE BASAL DECLARATION CONFERENCE THAT HAPPENED IN FEBRUARY 2018. SO HE HAD SHOW SEVERAL WORKSHOPS THAT HAPPEN AND OUT OF EACH OF THOSE WORK SHOPS CAME POLICY DOCUMENTS AND THE THING THAT WAS REALLY GREAT ABOUT THIS IS THERE WERE ABOUT 120 PEOPLE AT THE CONFERENCE, FROM 262 INSTITUTIONS ORGANIZATIONS, AND WHAT HAPPENS IS IN THOSE FOUR WORKSHOPS YOU BREAK UP INTO SMALLER GROUPS, YOU WOULD RECOLLECT ON YOUR TOPIC YOU COME OUT WITH YOUR POLICY DOCUMENT SORT OF YOUR DRAFT. THEN THE BIGGER GROUP GETS BACK TOGETHER YOU HAVE CONVERSATIONS AND THEN THE FINAL DOCUMENT COMES OUT. THE POINT IS SAYING 120 PEOPLE AGREED ON THESE THINGS. WHICH IS AMAZING. IT WAS A STEP FORWARD. I WAS INVOLVED IN THE WORKSHOP ON OPENNESS AND TRANSPARENCY AND ANIMAL RESEARCH ALONG WITH SEVERAL OTHERS. OUT OF THAT WORKSHOP IT WAS AGREED TO A CONCEPT OF A U.S. ANIMAL RESEARCH OPENNESS AGREEMENT. THAT'S PROGRESS T. WE ARE PROUD OF THAT. OUT OF THAT ALSO CAME -- THEY OUTLINED BROAD PRINCIPLES WHICH INCLUDED AND VERY SIMILAR TO WHAT YOU MIGHT SEE IN SOME OTHER AGREEMENTS. WILL ENHANCE COMMUNICATIONS ABOUT RESEARCH THAT USES ANIMALS, BE CLEAR WHY HOW AND UNDER WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES WE USE ANIMALS AND RESEARCH AND PROACTIVELY PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE PUBLIC TO LEARN ABOUT RESEARCH WITH ANIMALS. SO NOTICE ON THERE THE GROUP WAS NOT READY TO AGREE TO THE MEASUREMENT OF THE PROGRESS. THIS THIS WAS A GOOD START. THERE WAS IDENTIFIED POTENTIAL SIGNATORIES JUST LIKE I THINK WE MIGHT BE ABLE TO -- BUT NOTHING CONCRETE ACTUALLY IT DID CONCLUDE RECOMMENDING SOME NEXT STEPS, THESE WERE SOME OF THE NEXT STEPS THAT WERE RECOMMNDED FORMS WORKING GROUP, DRAFT AGREEMENT, FORMULATE A PROCESS FOR FEEDBACK, THAT KIND OF THING. BUT I THINK THIS PARAGRAPH HERE IS REALLY IMPORTANT, IT SAYS A U.S. OPENNESS AGREEMENT WILL AFFIRM SIGNATORIES WORK TOWARDS MEANINGFUL PUBLIC DIALOGUE CONCERNING ANIMAL RESEARCH. I THINK AS KEN WAS -- WAS SAYING, THAT'S WHERE -- WHAT WE NEED. WE REALLY NEED A WAY TO ENHANCE AND HAVE MORE PRODUCTIVE MEANINGFUL CONVERSATIONS WITH THE PUBLIC ON THIS TOPIC. SO IF WE COULD GET TO AN AGREEMENT THAT DOES THAT, I THINK THAT WOULD BE REALLY SUCCESSFUL. SO THAT WAS FEBRUARY 2018. OKAY. THEN LATER THAT SPRING SPEAKING OF RESEARCH, TAYLOR ALSO MENTIONED IS A GROUP THAT -- SCIENTIST AND LABORATORY ANIMAL PROFESSIONALS THAT REALLY AIM TO HELP THE PUBLIC BETTER UNDERSTAND WORK WITH ANIMALS AND RESEARCH AND WHY THEY ARE IMPORTANT. THEY ACTUALLY LED THE EFFORT WRITING AN OPEN LETTER SIGNED BY I BELIEVE OVER -- SAYS HERE 592 BUT ENDED UP OVER 600 PEOPLE FROM THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY SO SOME OF YOU MAY BE SIGNATORIES ON THIS OPEN LETTER WHICH WAS PUBLISHED IN THE U.S. -- USA TODAY. WHAT -- TO REALLY SEE ARE THE INDIVIDUALS INVOLVED IN RESEARCH INTERESTED IN HELPING MOVE THIS FORWARD. SO THIS IS THE LETTER WHERE OUR COMMUNITY, THE INDIVIDUALS WORKING WITH THE ANIMALS WERE CALLING FOR THEIR INSTITUTIONS TO BE MORE OPEN ABOUT ANIMAL RESEARCH. WE HEARD IN THE BEGINNING TAYLOR'S SUGGESTION ON REALLY ENCOURAGEMENT AND ESSENTIAL NEED FOR INSTITUTIONS AT THE VERY TOP TO BE ABLE TO BE SUPPORTIVE OF THIS. SINCE THEN NOTHING FORMAL HAPPENED SINCE MAY 2018. I WILL LEAD UP TO WHAT'S HAPPENED RECENTLY BUT MOMENTUM HAS PICKED UP. SO I WANT TO SHARE THAT BECAUSE OPENNESS IS NOT NEW. THERE HAVE BEEN INSTITUTIONS FOR A VERY LONG TIME THAT HAVE BEEN OPEN THE OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY. I -- OHSU. THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON, AND OTHERS. WE ARE STARTING TO SEE MORE MOMENTUM PICK UP SO IN 2017 A AND P WAS ABLE TO WITH THE HELP OF MANY, MANY INSTITUTIONS HERE IN THE UNITED STATES, WAS ABLE TO LAUNCH COME SEE OUR WORLD, ALL THE PICTURES ON THIS WEBSITE ARE FROM RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS, MOSTLY IN THE UNITED STATES WE HAVE HAD A COUPLE OF CONTRIBUTIONS FROM FRANCE BUT EACH OF THE -- EACH OF THE PICTURES SAYS WHERE THEY ARE FROM, WHETHER THE UNITED STATES OR ANOTHER COUNTRY. SOME OF THE PICTURES ARE PROVIDED TO US ANONYMOUSLY AND SOME OF I KNOW WHO YOU ARE. NOBODY ON THE WEBSITE DOES. SOME ARE WITH CREDIT. IF IT'S WITH CREDIT IT WILL HAVE -- BEVERTON, OREGON OR SOMETHING LIKE THAT, IF IT WILL HAVE CREDIT WE'LL SAY UNITED STATES OR WHATEVER COUNTRY IT'S FROM. EACH OF THESE PICTURES HAS A STORY SO IT'S IN CONTEXT. WHETHER IT'S HOW THE ANIMAL LIVES OR RESEARCH PROCEDURE THE ANIMAL IS IN OR WHY THAT ANIMAL IS NEEDED FOR THAT STUDY. THAT'S PRETTY AMAZING TO BE ABLE TO GET PICTURES OUT OF THE RESEARCH FACILITIES REALLY HARD SO THAT'S NOW GETTING EASIER. NOTHING BAD HAS HAPPENED TO ANY OF THE INSTITUTIONS THAT HAVE CONTRIBUTED PICTURES AND WE CONTINUE TO GET MORE EVERY DAY AND CONTINUE TO PUT THAT UP SO THAT IS PROMISING. ANOTHER WAS THE NEIGHBOR DOT COMPLAINT, I THINK THERE WAS OVER A HUNDRED 50, 160 SIGNATORIES, 156 SIGNATORIES ON -- THAT'S PUBLIC SIGNATURES OF INSTITUTIONS ON THIS DOT COMPLAINT WHICH IS PRETTY AMAZING. SO THAT'S ANOTHER SIGN MOMENT UP IS PICKING UP AND INSTITUTIONS ARE GETTING THERE IN BEING MORE OPEN ABOUT ANIMAL RESEARCH. BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AWARENESS DAY WAS A PROGRAM DEVELOPED BY A FELLOW OF A AND P SO WE PROVIDE FELLOWSHIPS FOR EARLY CAREER PROFESSIONALS OR STUDENTS WHO HAVE IDEAS HOW TO EDUCATE THEIR PEERS ABOUT ANIMAL RESEARCH. WE HAD ANIMAL VETERINARIAN WHO WAS HERE AT JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY. SHE HAD JUST FINISHED VETERINARY SCHOOL, SHE WAS NOW DOING ANIMAL RESIDENCE SHY AND SHE WAS FRUSTRATED BECAUSE MOST OF HER CLASSMATES IN VETERINARY SCHOOL WERE OPPOSED TO ANIMAL RESEARCH. SHE WAS JUST THINKING HOW CAN THIS BE? BECAUSE OF ANIMAL RESEARCH WE CAN PROVIDE ALL THIS CLINICAL CARE. TO OUR FUTURE PATIENTS SO HER DREAM WAS TO UNITE VETERINARY SCHOOL CAMPUSES SO STUDENTS WERE VERY AWARE OF AND WERE ABLE TO MAKE THE CONNECTION BETWEEN ANIMAL RESEARCH AND CARE FOR ANIMALS AS WELL AS PEOPLE. SO THAT VERY FIRST YEAR IN 2016 BRAD WAS CELEBRATED ON 20 OF THE 30 ABMA CREDITED SCHOOLS IN THE U.S. AND THAT WAS FANTASTIC. IT WAS REALLY A GREAT EXPERIENCE FOR EVERYBODY INVOLVED. BECAUSE IT WAS SO SUCCESSFUL IT CONTINUED TO EXPAND. HERE WE HAD 20 IN 2016 AND THEN 2019 WE HAD OVER 200 CELEBRATIONS, IN FACT IN OVER IN NINE COUNTRIES SO THAT'S PRETTY AMAZING. THIS IS REALLY A PEER-DRIVEN PROGRAM THAT REALLY PROVIDES INDIVIDUALS A SAFE ENVIRONMENT TO TALK ABOUT WHAT THEY DO. AND SOME BRAD CELEBRATIONS ARE WITH PUBLIC AUDIENCES AND SOME ARE INTERNAL AUDIENCES BUT WHAT WE ARE SEEING ARE IS THE PEOPLE ABLE TO TALK ABOUT THEIR WORK IS REALLY IMPROVING THEIR MORALE. SO IT'S HELPING TO ADDRESS SOME OF THAT COMPASSION FATIGUE AND THINGS WE ARE TALKING ABOUT EARLIER IN BEING AFRAID TO TALK. NOT BEING ABLE TO TALK WHAT THEY DO AND FEELINGS WORKING WITH THE AN MALTS, PROVIDING A -- ANIMALS, PROVIDING A PLATFORM TO PROVIDE THAT CONVERSATION WITH EITHER INTERNAL AUDIENCES OR EXTERNAL. WE ARE ALSO SEEING MORE OF THIS IN MAINSTREAM MEDIA. SO WE ARE STARTING TO SEE THE ROLE OF ANIMALS IN GROUND BREAKING STUDIES OR ADVANCEMENTS AND THAT IS REALLY GOOD WE ARE SEEING MORE INSTITUTIONS BEING WILLING TO RESPOND TO CLAIMS OR NEGATIVE EVENTS GONE PUBLIC, REALLY TALK ABOUT HERE IN PENNSYLVANIA YOU CAN SEE THAT QUOTE THAT SAYS WHILE THE COLLEGE IS NOT ABLE TO PROVIDE ANY ADDITION ALVING INFORMATION ON THIS MATTER, I CAN OFFER ASSURANCE THAT WE TAKE ANIMAL CARE VERY SERIOUSLY. SO THIS WAS AN INCIDENT THAT HAPPENED THERE, THEY ARE DOING MORE THAN GENERIC KINDS OF STATEMENTS. WE CAN SEE HERE AGAIN INSTITUTIONS WHERE -- ARE RESPONDING TO THESE CLAIMS THAT ARE OUT THERE. AND THEY ARE DOING IT IN NON-GENERIC WAYS SO YOU CAN SEE AGAIN THE VA AND THE DOG RESEARCH IN THE NEWS CONSTANTLY, YOU ARE SEEING REALLY GREAT RESPONSES, IT'S NOT -- WE ARE NOT HAVING NO COMMENT, WE ARE STARTING TO BE ABLE TO TELL OUR STORY AND GET THE VOICE OUT THERE SO THE CONVERSATION IS NOT JUST ONE SIDED. WE ARE ALSO SEEING SCIENTISTS ARE TO SPEAK OUT ON THINGS AND THIS IS COULD OHIO IS CONCERNING RECENT EPA ANNOUNCEMENT TO LIMIT USE OF ANIMALS IN THAT TESTING BEFORE WHAT MOST SCIENTISTS FEEL IS BEFORE THEIR TIME SO WE ARE SEEING RESEARCHERS GO ON RECORD TO COMMENT AND BEING AVAILABLE FOR INTERVIEWS. THEN I DO WANT TO SHOW A FEW EXAMPLES OF INSTITUTIONS THAT ARE BEIN VERY OPEN ON THEIR WEBSITES. THERE IS LOTS OUT THERE NOW, THERE'S PROBABLY MORE THAN I KNOW. SPEAKING OF RESEARCH HAS A GREAT LIST THEY HAVE ABOUT A HUNDRED STATEMENTS FROM THE U.S. INSTITUTIONS OUT THERE. WE HAVE SOME, I THINK WE ARE UP TO 140 OR SOMETHING LIKE THAT, THERE'S PLENTY MORE, JUST NOT ENOUGH MAN POWER, I MENTIONED UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON BEING A LEADER FOR A LONG TIME AND YOU HAVE A GREAT STATEMENT, THEY ARE SHARING NUMBERS, POST THEIR USDA INSPECTION REPORTS, HERE ARE INSTITUTIONS FROM AROUND HERE YOU CAN SEE THEIR COMMITMENT TO CARE AND STATEMENTS ABOUT THE RESEARCH THEY CONDUCT. WE ARE ALSO SEEING MORE PICTURES AND VIDEOS SO YOU CAN SEE THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN UP THERE, THEY HAVE A GREAT OUTER IMPACTS PAGE SO IF YOU WANT TO SEE GOOD EXAMPLES ON STORIES ABOUT WHY CERTAIN ANIMALS ARE INVOLVED IN RESEARCH AND WHAT THAT MEANS, GREAT EXAMPLE THEY HAVE GREAT VIDEOS HERE, THIS ONE IS BOB ADAMS, VETERINARIAN THERE TALKING ANIMAL HE ADOPTED, A DOG HE APE DON'TED BUT IN THE VIDEO YOU ALSO HEAR ABOUT SOME OF THE RESEARCH AND WHY ANIMALS ARE INVOLVED. AND THEN YOU SEE DAVIS AND MANY OTHER PRIMATE CENTERS HAVE SOME GOOD VIDEO, THAT ONE DOWN THERE IS A VIDEO AND WEBSITE SO THAT IS OUT THERE, REALLY NOTHING NEW. WE JUST NEED MORE OF IT. HERE ARE SOME OTHER EXAMPLES, I JUST LOVE THIS UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, ALSO POSTING THEIR USDA INSPECTION REPORTS, THESE STORIES BOTH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON UNIVERSITY WISCONSIN WASHINGTON, SOME OTHERS, NOT ONLY ARE THE REPORTS THERE BUT ACTUALLY THE EXPLANATIONS. REALLY THIS IS WHAT HAPPENED AND THIS IS WHAT WE DID. WHICH REALLY PROVIDES THAT CONVERSATION WITH THE PUBLIC. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS MORE INSTITUTIONS ARE STARTING TO USE THAT. THAT IS AN EXCELLEN PLATFORM TO HAVE A CONVERSATION WITH PUBLIC. NOT ONLY CAN YOU ANSWER THE TYPICAL QUESTIONS WHY ARE ANIMALS NEEDED HOW DO THEY LIVE. THOSE KINDS OF THINGS, BUT IT OFFERS A PLATFORM TO PUT UP QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS ON STUFF THAT HAPPENED SO SOMETHING GETS INTO IF NEWS AND ADVERSE EVENT HAPPENS, WHATEVER, YOU ALREADY HAVE THE PLATFORM TO GO AHEAD AN ANSWER THAT QUESTION FOR THE PUBLIC. THEN WHEN THE REPORTER CALLS, YES IT'S ON OUR WEBSITE, WE ARE HAPPY TO GIVE AN INTERVIEW OR THOSE PUBLIC MEMBERS THAT DON'T CALL, THEY GO TO YOUR WEBSITE. YOU ARE TALKING TO THEM ALREADY. FINALLY I WAS HAD THE PRIVILEGE BEING INVOLVED IN THIS ARTICLE WITH JUDY MCARTHUR CLARK, ME, PAULA CLIFFORD, CINDY JARRETT COMMUNICATING ANIMAL RESEARCH WITH THE PUBLIC. AFTER THAT WE WERE TALKING AND WE THOUGHT WE KNOW THERE'S PEOPLE INTERESTED IN THIS TOPIC AND PEOPLE WANTING TO MOVE SOMETHING MORE FORMAL AHEAD IN THE UNITED STATES. SO WE WERE ABLE TO GET A TALKING ABOUT COULD WE DO THIS IN A MORE FORMAL WAY IN IS THE UNITED STATES. WE DO HAVE A PATH FORWARD, WE HAVE HEARD SOME OF IT TODAY, IT'S A LOT, MANY OF YOUR BRAINS IN THE UNITED STATES, I THINK IT WILL BE A DIVERSE PATH BUT THERE IS A PATH. I JUST HOPE WE FIND IT SOONER RATHER THAN LATER. THANK YOU SO MUCH. [APPLAUSE] >> I HAVE THE FIRST QUESTION FOR KEN IN YOUR TIME LINE. FOLKS LIKE ME ARE GOING TO OUTNUMBER THE FOLKS LIKE THEM, IS THAT GOING TO HAVE ANY EFFECT ON THE TIME LINE? WE ARE AN AGING POPULATION. AND WE KNOW OLDER PEOPLE VOTE MORE OFTEN THAN YOUNGER PEOPLE SO HOW DOES THAT AFFECT YOUR TREND LINE? >> YOUNG PEOPLE HAVE MORE ACCESS TO THE DATABASE AND WE ARE DYING. I AM 56 IN A FEW WEEKS. AND IF I DIE AT THE SAME AGE AS MY DAD, THAT GIVES ME ABOUT 16 MORE YEARS. SO WE NEED TO BE AWARE OF THESE THINGS. WE HAVE -- I HAVE BEEN IN THIS WORK FOR SIX YEARS. I DON'T HAVE MUCH SKIN IN THE GAME BUT IF I DEVOTED MY LIFE TO BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH, I WANT TO MAKE SURE NEXT GENERATION TAKES THIS WORK ON AND I DON'T WANT WE ARE POSITIONING PEOPLE TO DO THAT. >> WE HAVE TO PUSH A BUTTON MAKE SURE IT GOES OUT OVER THE -- I HAD A COUPLE OF QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS ON THE PANEL PRESENTATION, START WITH THOSE. I WANT TO BE A LITTLE PROVOCATIVE HERE. AND I WANT TO START OUT BY SAYING I THINK COMMUNICATION IS GREAT. THE KEY THING TO REMEMBER IS THAT ANSWERING THE QUESTIONS YOU WANT TO ANSWER IS NOT THE SAME THAT THE PUBLIC CARES ABOUT. -- I THINK THE FIRST THING YOU NEED TO DO IS REALLY UNDERSTAND WHAT THE PUBLIC IS ASKING. SOMETIMES THE PUBLIC WILL BE SATISFIED BY THE COMMUNICATION EFFORTS. THAT THE BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH COMMUNITY PUTS OUTS BUT SOMETIMES IT MISS IT IS MARK. UNLESS YOU REALLY UNDERSTAND WHAT THE PUBLIC WANTS, THEN THIS KIND OF TENSION WILL EXIST. THE OTHER THING I WANT TO TALK ABOUT BE SURPRISE TO HEAR THIS, I WANT TO GIVE THE FLIP SIDE OF FOIA. SO OKAY I'M LAWYER I KNOW THAT I HAVE USED FOIA AS A TOOL AND I JUST WANT TO REMIND PEOPLE COUPLE OF THINGS. FIRST, FOIA IS A TOOL THAT HAS BEEN IN U.S. LAWS FOR LONG TIME, IT'S BEEN PHENOMENALLY SUCCESSFUL especially the environmental side cleaning up waste and uncovering a lot of problems. ONE REASON THERE'S MORE FOIAS NOW THAN HAVE BEEN IS BECAUSE THERE HAS BEEN, THIS IS MY OPINION, I HAVE TO SAY, I'M NOT EXPRESSING THE OPINION OF MY INSTITUTION, WONDERFUL INSTITUTION, PAULA TALKED ABOUT, I AGREE EVERYTHING PAULA SAID ABOUT HOPKINS. BUT MY OPINION IS THAT ON THE FEDERAL LEVEL WE ARE DOING A MUCH I WOULD SAY NOT AS GOOD JOB DISCOURAGING INFORMATION AS WE WERE FIVE, TEN YEARS AGO SO THAT MIGHT BE ONE OF THE REASONS THE RISE -- >> YOU ARE RIGHT. >> AND JUST ONE MORE POINT TO MAKE. FOR THOSE THAT ARE INSTITUTIONS AND CARE ABOUT THIS, YOU CAN DO A HECK OF A LOT OF PREVENTEDTIVE MAINTENANCE IF YOU JUST DISCLOSE INFORMATION, THAT WAS VERY NICE WHAT THE POINT PAUL MADE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. THEY ARE PUTTING ALL OF THEIR REPORTS UP ON THE WEBSITE. THIS IS PHENOMENALLY SUCCESSFUL IN OTHER PLACES WHERE THERE'S CONTROVERSIAL INDUSTRIES, THE MINING INDUSTRY NOW REGULARLY PUTS ALL REPORTS AND VIOLATIONS UP SO TO THE EXTENT YOU CAN WORK WITH YOUR INSTITUTIONS TO DO THE FOIA SIDE TOO BECAUSE INSTEAD OF SAYING I'M NOT GOING TO ANSWER THE FOIA REQUEST, I DON'T HAVE TO BECAUSE THE INFORMATION IS OUT FROM. SO I WANT TO GO BACK TO THOSE THINGS BECAUSE IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT THAT WE GET TO ACCOUNTABILITY AND THINK WHAT SOCIETAL EXPECTATIONS ARE. >> QUESTIONS? >> IT IS INTEREST THE CORY BOOKER AMENDMENT DOES NOT BANIUS OF MONKEYS, MONKEYS ARE THE TARGET OF THE BILL. DOESN'T BAN THEM, IT ONLY ALLOWS THEM IF DIRECTLY RELATED TO A PARTICULAR DISEASE. WE ALL KNOW IS ONLY 2% OF RESEARC THAT GOES IN TO ADDRESS DISEASE MY QUESTION IS, IT'S FINE TO SAY WE SHOULD SAY WHAT WE ARE DOING TO AUNTS AND UNCLES BUT IT BECOMES MORE CHALLENGING SINCE MANY OF US ARE DOING THINGS THAT WE REALIZE I'M WORKING ON ON THE BRAIN FOR EXAMPLE, -- YOU ARE EXPANDING THE UNDERSTANDING IN ORDER TO ADDRESS THESE DISEASES. BUT DO YOU HAVE ANY SUGGESTIONS ON HOW TO BRING BASIC RESEARCH WHICH IS THE MAJOR ISSUE TO BARE ON PARTICULAR DISEASE? >> I CAN PUT A PLUG IN HOW PUBLICATION WILL COME OUT. JERRY -- DID A SUPERB ARTICLE ON JUSTIFICATION OF THE USE OF ANIMALS PURELY FOR PURSUIT OF KNOWLEDGE. THAT'S AVAILABLE FOR 30 DAYS I THINK BEFORE EMBARGOED IS THAT NOT RIGHT? THEY SEND OUT A LINK WE ANNOUNCE LAST MEETING WHICH WE FOUND DIDN'T WORK WELL BUT I HAVE A COPY OF IT. >> OUR PUBLISHER GAVE US AN INCORRECT RINK. BUT I WILL MAKE SURE THAT YOU ALL GET IT, IT'S A BITLY LINK TO ACTIVATE, THERE'S TEN DAYS LEFT ON THE TEMPORARY CODE, SINCE THEY MADE THAT MISTAKE WE CAN GET THEM TO INCREASE IT BUT YEAH WE CAN GIVE OPEN ACCESS TO THAT. >> YOU WILL FIND IT VERY INTERESTING. >> THE CORY BOOKER BILL WAS PRESENTED TWO DAYS BEFORE -- CLOSED THAT BILL WAS NEVER GOING TO COME TO ANY SUBSTANTIAL DISCUSSION DURING THAT SESSION. WHAT HE WAS DOING, CORY BOOKER COMES FROM NEW JERSEY, NEW JERSEY IS A POWER HOUSE OF RESEARCH, HE WAS GIVING A -- TO PEOPLE IN THE ANIMAL RIGHTS ACTIVIST WORLD. NO POTENTIAL COST TO THE RESEARCH COMMUNITY SO TRYING TO PLAY BOTH ENDS. WHAT WE HAVE TO LET LEM LAYTORS KNOW IS THE BILLS COME AT A COST, AT A COST OF BASIC SCIENCE. WE DO THAT BY HAVING HIM WITH TENS OF HOW THOUSANDS OR HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE WHO SAY THIS IS A BAD THING YOU HAVE DONE. THAT'S WHY UNLEASHING THE POWER OF THIS COMMUNITY. I WROTE AN EDITORIAL ABOUT THE NEW ANIMAL CARE RESEARCH FACILITY UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON WAS BUILDING. I WAS EXPECTING TO GET SLAMMED BY THE ANIMAL ACTIVIST COMMUNITY. I GOT READY TO RESPOND. EVERY DUMB COMMENT THAT CAME IN WAS SOMEONE ON THE ANIMAL RESEARCH SIDE WHO JUST REBUTTED EVERY COMMENT, I DIDN'T HAVE TO LEFT MY PENCIL ONCE TO RESPOND. THOSE COMMENTS ARE ANONYMOUS SO PEOPLE FELT THEY COULD RESPOND ANONYMOUS ENVIRONMENT. WHAT I WOULD LIKE TO DO IS LOOK THAT UP SO THEY CAN SAY HEY I'M PROUD OF THAT MY WORK AND THIS IS BAD LEGISLATION. >> I WANT TO ADDRESS A COMMENT ABOUT TALKING BAYING IS RESEARCH, THAT IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT, YOU ARE RIGHT, IT IS THE LARGEST PART OF RESEARCH BUT THE HARDEST TO TALK ABOUT BECAUSE YOU CAN'T -- IT'S HARDER TO CONNECT IT TO A DISEASE THAT PEOPLE EASILY RELATE TO. SO SOME IDEAS ON THAT WHEN YOU ARE TALKING ABOUT BASIC VERGE HELPING PEOPLE UNDERSTAND THE PROCESS OF RESEARCH, NOT GOING INTO A LONG CONVERSATION ABOUT IT BUT HELPING PEOPLE UNDERSTAND THAT LOTS OF RESEARCH HAS HAPPENED, HAPPENS MANY, TEN, 20, 30 YEARS AGO THAT SOME DAY OPS CAN RESULT IN CURES AND TREATMENTS FOR PEOPLE, SOMETIMES HAVING SOME EXAMPLES IN YOUR BACK POCKET AND MAKING SOME ANALOGIES IS HELPFUL, PARKINSON'S IS A COMMON ONE AND DEEP BRAIN SIMULATION. THERE'S SOME INFORMATION OUT THERE THAT HAS ALL THE STEPS AND DISCOVERIES THAT HAVE NOW LED TO THAT. I THINK SOMETIMES HAVING A CURRENT COMPARISON ON HOW BASIC RESEARCH HAS LED UP TO SOMETHING THAT IS HELPING PEOPLE TODAY, BEING ABLE TO SAY, TRYING -- THERE'S SO MUCH ABOUT THE RESEARCH WE DON'T UNDERSTAND, SO WE ARE TRYING TO UNDERSTAND THIS. PART OF IT. I DON'T KNOW HOW HELPFUL BUT IT'S DIFFICULT, BUT IMPORTANT. >> WHEN I TALK TO PEOPLE ON THE CONTINUUM ABOUT ANIMAL RESEARCH PEOPLE WHO ARE MORE ON THE RIGHT PART OF THE CONTINUUM ASK ONE QUESTION WHICH I CAN'T ANSWER BECAUSE I'M NOT A BASIC RESEARCHER. IF YOU ARE A BY SICK RESEARCHER BE PREPARED TO ANSWER IN SOME FORMAT. THAT IS WHY DO WE NEED TO USE ANIMALS TO STUDY THIS ISSUE. I DON'T THINK IT'S ADEQUATE, THIS IS JUST -- I DON'T HAVE ANY DATA TO SUPPORT THIS OTHER THAN MY OWN EXPERIENCE. I DON'T THINK IT'S ADEQUATE TO JUST SAY WE NEED TO STUDY THIS DISEASE BECAUSE IT'S AN IMPORTANT DISEASE. THAT'S ABSOLUTELY TRUE. WE NEED TO STUDY ALZHEIMER'S WE NEED TO STUDY PARKINSON'S. WE NEED TO STUDY THE DIFFERENT CANCERS. BUT THE QUESTION IS NOT WHETHER WE NEED TO STUDY THEM THE QUESTION IS WHY IS THE ANIMAL MODEL THE RIGHT MODEL. THAT IS REALLY, REALLY TOUGH TO EXPLAIN I THINK AS NON-BASIC RESEARCHER SO THAT'S THE CONVERSATION THAT YOU REALLY HAVE TO BE PREPARED TO HAVE I THINK. >> THE NATIONAL ACADEMY HAD A COLLOQUIUM LAST YEAR GATHERING SCIENTISTS TOGETHER WORKING ON BRAIN DISORDERS AND THE RESULTS OF THIS RELATE BASIC RESEARCH TO THE SPECIFIC DISEASES, IT WILL BE PUBLISHED IN THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL KAY ACADEMY OF SIENCES IN DECEMBER. >> THE US GOVERNMENT PRINCIPLES INCLUDES PURSUIT OF KNOWLEDGE AS JUSTIFICATION FOR ANIMAL USE OF ANIMALS IN RESEARCH. QUICK QUESTION. ON TRANSPARENCY. SO I AM -- I DO SUPPORT TRANSPARENCY AND OPENNESS YOU MENTIONED UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN HAS AN EXCELLENT EXAMPLE OF A WEBSITE THAT IS TRANSPARENT. MY QUESTION IS HOW DO YOU MEASURE SUCCESS, HOW TRANSPARENT HOW DO WE KNOW THEIR SITE IS SO GOOD? THEY ARE OPENING IT UP AND PROVIDING INFORMATION BUT WHEN IS IT ENOUGH INFORMATION? HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT THEY WANTED? Q. METRICS ARE GOOD, WE NEED TO GET THEM. WE HAVE NET DOTAL DATA -- ANECDOTAL DATA AND WE CAN DESCRIBE CASE STUDIES. FOR EXAMPLE, THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON, THEY STARTED BEING OPEN AS RESULT OF SOME PRETTY INTENSE ACTIVIST CAMPAIGNS AGAINST THEIR UNIVERSITY. SINCE BEING OPEN THERE HAVE BEEN NO MAJOR CAMPAIGNS AGAINST THEIR UNIVERSITY. BUT THERE ARE -- SO THEN THERE'S ALWAYS WELL THEY ARE A PUBLIC INSTITUTION, THEY HAVE TO BE OPEN ANYWAY. THERE ARE OR THEY HAD AN INCIDENT, THERE ARE INSTITUTIONS THAT HAVE NOT HAD ACTIVIST CAMPAIGNS AGAINST HIM SUCH AS UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. THEIR WEBSITE IS VERY OPEN AND THEY HAVE NOT HAD MAJOR CAMPAIGNS AGAINST THEM. SO THOSE KINDS OF THINGS WE REALLY NEED TO QUANTIFY. BUT I THINK SUCCESS WOULD BE IF WE DID HAVE ALL OF INSTITUTIONS OPEN HOW WOULD WE KNOW THAT IT IS WORKING THERE IS SUCCESS? IF WE TALK TO A MEMBER OF THE PUBLIC AND THEY MAKE THAT CONNECTION BETWEEN ANIMAL RESEARCH AND MEDICAL PROGRESS OR AT LEAST BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND THAT YES COMPASSIONATE CARE IS GIVEN IF WE HAVE THIS GENERAL KNOWLEDGE, THAT WOULD BE SUCCESS FOR ME. YOU ARE RIGHT, WE NEED TO START TO WRITE THAT STUFF UP. >> TWO MORE QUICK POINTS, ONE IS IN THE UK SIMILAR RESULTS WITH GRASS WOODS TRENDING GETTING CLOSER, GONE THROUGH IMPROVEMENT IN PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH. CAN I PICK ON YOU? WHAT'S BEEN EXPERIENCE AT UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SINCE YOU PUT YOUR ANIMAL RESEARCH INFORMATION UP? >> I THINK I'M SPEAKING FOR MY PREVIOUS OFFICE ABOUT WELFARE, THEY PUT THINGS UP THE FOIA REQUEST NOW REFER TO WEBSITE. THAT WAS THE BIGGEST THING, THE FOIA REQUEST WERE LITERALLY BARING BURYING US SO TO SAVE TIME AND RESOURCES OF GOING TO OUR WEBSITE, THAT WAS ONE OF OUR BIGGEST GOALS BECAUSE NOW PUTTING TIME AND RESOURCES BACK WHERE WE WANT THEM, WE WANT THEM TAKING CARE OF ANIMALS AND SUPPORTING THE STEINS. WE DON'T WANT THEM RESPONDING TO FOIA REQUESTS SO THAT'S OUR BIGGEST GOAL TO RECHANNEL THOSE RESOURCES. I JUST DON'T -- I KNOW PEOPLE WANT TO SAY BUT I JUST -- I DO WORRY THAT SOMETIMES WE GIVE TOO MUCH CREDIT AND I APPRECIATE KIM BRINGING HOME THE POINTS THAT THESE ORGANIZATIONS ARE DO WHAT THEY ARE GOING TO DO. BUT WE GET TO CHOOSE WHAT WE WANT TO DO. THEY ARE GOING TO RETARGET US OVER AND OVER AGAIN AND I DON'T SEE ANY CORRELATION EVEN WITH WHAT HAPPENED RECENTLY OR NOT. IT'S JUST WE ARE ON A ROUTINE EVERY SIX MONTHS GO AFTER THIS INSTITUTION AND PUT OUT WHATEVER IS HAPPENED THE LAST TEN YEARS. IT'S JUST ALMOST LIKE IT COMES UP ON THEIR CALENDAR REMINDER SO LIKE I DON'T WANT -- I THINK WE GIVE TOO MUCH POWER AND I HOPE THAT THAT'S ONE THING WE CAN DO IS TAKE POWER BACK. WE GET TO BE THE ANIMAL WELFARE ADVOCATES. WE GET TO BE THE TAXPAYER WATCH DOGS. THAT'S WHO WE ARE. WE GET THOSE -- THOSE ARE OUR TITLES NOT THEIRS. >> THANK YOU FOR INTERESTING SESSION. I WONDERED IF YOU COULD COMMENT MELANIE BROUGHT UP THE PAPER THIS MORNING, THERE'S SEVERAL OF THEM THAT SHOW POOR TRANSLATABILITY FOR SOME TYPE OF RESEARCH, ET CETERA. MAYBE FOLLOWING UP WHAT PAUL SAID BEING ATTENTIVE TO WHAT PEOPLE ARE CONCERNED ABOUT, THOSE THING -- WORK IN THE BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH, THERE'S CLEAR FAILURES IN OUR MODEL AND THERE'S LOTS OF REASONS FOR THAT. BUT HOW DO YOU -- I DON'T THINK IT'S SUFFICIENT TO JUST SAY WE ARE MAKING CURES, DOING ALL THESE THINGS, THERE'S FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS WITH HOW WE DO OUR SCIENCE. JUST WONDER WHAT YOUR THOUGHTS ARE ON THAT. >> I HAVE A THOUGHT THAT MAYBE HERESY. ANYBODY REMEMBER WHERE THE GOP GOT THEIR START? FILE TEST, NORTH SIDE OF CHICAGO, GD SORROW, NORTH SIDE OF CHICAGO. WHAT DID FDA DO? FROM GOP REGULATIONS. HAVING RUN A FACILITY WHERE WE DID A LOT OF STUFF GOP, I CAN TELL YOU RIGHT NOW CALIBRATING INSTRUMENTS, RUNNING CONTROLS EVERY 25 SAMPLES, HAVING SOPs MAKES A LOT OF DIFFERENCE. WHEN HE WAS THE LAST TIME ANY SCALE IN ANY INVESTIGATORS LAB WAS EVER CALIBRATED? JUST AMAZES ME THAT THE ISSUE OF GLP HAS NOT COME UP IN THIS DISCUSSION OF RIGOR AND REPRODUCIBILITY. IT'S SURE TIGHTENED UP WHAT HAPPENS. IN THE SAFETY ASSESSMENT PROCESS. >> I WANT TO ACKNOWLEDGE MELANIE'S PRESENTATION FROM EARLIER TODAY WHEN SHE WAS TALKING HOW IMPROVING THE BEHAVIORAL CARE OF ANIMALS, NOT FORCING THEM TO RESPOND TO WAS DEFINITELY CHANGING THE RESULTS. I THINK -- JUST LIKE YOUR CHALLENGE ABOUT WHY ARE WE USING ANIMALS? WE HAVE TO BE PREPARED TO ANSWER THAT QUESTION. SCIENCE IS -- I'M NOT A SCIENTIST, WORK IN THIS -- NO WORK IN THIS FEEL BEFORE SIX YEARS AGO. LOOK AT THE CARE THEY PUT INTO DESIGNING THEIR EXPERIMENTS AND MAKING SURE EVERYTHING IS DONE PROPERLY.& I HAVE A LOT OF FAITH IN THAT WORK. I MADE A DECISION THE OTHER DAY THAT TRANSFERRED WORK FROM ONE INSTITUTION TO ANOTHER WHICH IS WORKING ON DIABETES -- EPILEPSY. DIFFERENT RESULTS AT NEW INSTITUTION AND SHE HAS SPENT TWO YEARS TRYING TO FIND OUT WHY, SHE'S FINALLY DEPOSIT A LONG TERM PLACE. BUT THAT'S THE KIND OF DEDICATION AN CARE WE NEED TO MAKE SURE RESEARCH IS TRANSLATABLE. I THINK WE SHOULD BE ACKNOWLEDGING SOMETIMES SCIENCE IS COMPLEX AND SYSTEMS ARE COMPLEX. AND IT'S NOT METRIC. WE HAVE TO DO THE HARD WORK, THE HARD YARDS THAT'S WHY WE NEED TO TALK ABOUT THE PROCESS. >> RUSSELL OLE INVENT AD TERM FOR THAT, LOOK IT UP IN THE BOOK. DRAW MA TYPE. (INDISCERNIBLE) MAKES A HUGE DIFFERENCE IN REDUCING EXPERIMENTAL VARIABILITY. >> SURE I HAVE A COMMENT AND A QUESTION. MY COMMENT IS REALLY ECHOING KEN'S SLIDE IN TERMS OF THE VARIOUS ORGANIZATIONS THAT OPPOSE THE ANIMAL RESEARCH. TWO YEARS AGO I GAVE A TWO SESSION PLATFORM PRIMANAR, I WILL FAST FORWARD. I WENT TO A PRE-CONFERENCE ACTIVITY, AND THERE WAS A WOMAN WHO WASN'T BEING INCLUDED IN THE TALKING GROUP ONE OF THE BREAK OUTS SO I INVITED HER TO OUR TABLE ONLY THE FIND THE FOUR OTHER COLLEAGUES AT MY TABLE LOOKING AT ME LIKE I'M CRAZY. I DIDN'T KNOW SHE WAS WITH A ANIMAL RIGHTS ACTIVIST GROUP, IT DIDN'T MATTER TO ME. SHE WAS INCLUDED IN THE DISCUSSION, WITH NEARS AND LATER IN THE CONFERENCE WEEK SHE ATTENDED FIRST SESSION PLATFORM ON COMPASSIONATE -- WITH UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON. SHE ATTENDED THE SECOND BACK TO BACK SESSION AND CAME UP SELLING -- SHE CAN SIT WITH US AND WE ARE LIKE ABSOLUTELY. THIS ECHOS ALSO PAUL'S POINT ABOUT WHAT DO WE WANT TO GET OUT, RIGHT? AT THE END OF THESE TWO PLATFORM SESSIONS SHE LIEN OVER TO ASK IF I ASK IF YOU CAN SAY SOMETHING AND SHE STOOD UP AND SHAKIN AND TREMBLING, SHE SAID I HAD NO IDEA THAT YOU AS A COMMUNITY CARE SO MUCH ABOUT THESE RESEARCH ANIMALS. SO RIGHT THERE AGAIN, WE NEED TO CONTINUE TO ADVOCATE FOR WHAT WE ARE DOING, WHAT WE BELIEVE IN. PAUL QUICKLY NOT SURE IF THIS IS FOR YOU. I APOLOGIZE BUT I AM IN TALKING ABOUT OUR MESSAGE TRANSPARENCY OPENNESS AND PAUL, ACCOUNTABILITY, I HAVE SEVERAL DISCLOSURES, PATENTS ON RETINOID THERAPIES. MY QUESTION IS WHY ARE WE MAKING ANY EFFORT OR COLLABORATIONS WITH BIG FAR MANY TO AT LEAST GIVE A HINT THAT A MOUSE MODEL WAS USED IN THEIR LOVELY COMMERCIALS FOR ALL THESE DRUG DEVELOPMENT STUDIES AND THINGS LIKE THAT. I BROUGHT THIS UP OVER THE PAST NINE MONTHS DURING PLANNING COMMITTEE CALLS, I WOULD LOVE TO HEAR IF THERE'S ANY EFFORTS BEING MADE WITH BIG PHARMA TO SUPPORT TRANSPARENCY OPENNESS AND ACCOUNTABILITY. I GOT THE ANSWER BUT CURIOUS IF THERE'S ANYTHING GOING ON WITH AMP >> I HAVE A COMMENT. >> -- WORKS WITH PHARMA ALL THE TIME. THIS IS A TOUGH NUT TO CRACK. THAT'S ALL I'M GOING TO SAY. >> WE WOULD LOVE TO SEE A MOUSE ON THE GOLD BOLDLY COMMERCIALS THAT PHARMA DOES. I WILL SAY INDIVIDUAL PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES ARE, THERE ARE SOME LEADERS IN THAT AREA. THAT ARE HAVING PUBLIC WEBSITES A THAT ARE DOING MORE. AND FIGHTING TO DO MORE TO ENHANCE MESSAGE ABOUT ANIMALS INVOLVED IN RESEARCH THAT THEY DO. THAT'S BEEN TOUGH FOR A LONG TIME. >> THERE'S STATEMENTS ON WEBSITES YOU CAN LOOK AT THEM, AS WELL AS ONE CRO I KNOW OF THAT HAS SIGNIFICANT STATEMENT ON THEIR WEBSITE. RESEARCH AND WE USE IT WHEN WE SEE A STUDY AND LIKE LAST WEEK THERE WAS A NEW ALZHEIMERS DRUG BACK INTO -- GET FDA APPROVAL. WHEN WE SEE LIKE A BREAK THROUGH IKE THAT, WE TRY TO USE THE TERM HASH TAG THINGS RESEARCH AND TRY TO REFER TO UNDERLYING PRE-CLINICAL AND BASIC SCIENCE RESEARCH. THEY OFTEN THAT STUFF IS HIDDEN BEHIND (INDISCERNIBLE) WE CAN'T GET BEHIND TO I COULD SPEND COUPLE OF HOURS TRYING TO FIND OUT ABOUT THIS PARTICULAR DRUG, I COULDN'T GET TO IT SO WE WOULD BE HAPPY TO FIND -- HAVE PEOPLE SHARE INFORMATION TO US SO WE CAN PUT IT OUT IN PUBLIC DOMAIN. THESE DRUGS DON'T GET (INDISCERNIBLE) AS IF BY MAGIC. THEY (INDISCERNIBLE) GENERATIONS OF WORK. AND WE ARE UNDERSTANDING OUR WORK IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH -- UNDERSELLING IF WE DON'T REFERENCE THAT. >> THIGH. LITTLE COLOR BLIND -- THANK YOU. I WANT TO GO BACK -- THAT'S DIRECT EXPERT MENNATION ON HUMANS. -- EXPERIMENTATION. I WANT TO GO BACK TO THE ISSUE OF REPRODUCIBILITY AND ALSO ISSUE GLP. SO ONE OF THE REAL CHALLENGES, WHAT WE HAVE IS A HIGHLY DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM. YOU HAVE SOME EXCELLENT ACTORS. WHO REALLY CARE ABOUT DOING THE BEST SCIENCE, PUT THE RESOURCES IN, POLICE THE SYSTEM, THEN YOU HAVE SOME NOT SO GOOD ACTORS. ONE OF MY FRUSTRATIONS AS SOMEBODY WHO -- I WANT THIS SYSTEM TO WORK. IS I FIND IT DIFFICULT TO SEE THE POLICING OF THE SYSTEM. CERTAINLY HAVING THE GLP IS ONE GREAT POLICING THING TO DO, BECAUSE IF YOU CAN'T DO GLP YOU SHOULDN'T BE IN THE BUSINESS. DOES IT NEED MORE REGULATION. THAT IS A DIRTY WORD ESPECIALLY IN WASHINGTON. IT MIGHT. IT'S SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT AS A COMMUNITY, HOW CAN YOU GENTLY PERSUADE POKE AND PROD OR PUNISH THE BAD ACTORS SO THAT THE GOOD SCIENCE RISES TO THE TOP? >> THANKS VERY MUCH, WITH REGARDS TO COMMUNICATION AND THINKING AND TALKING, I JUST WANTED TO SHARE FOR THE LAST FEW YEARS I HAVE BEEN DOING PRESENTATIONS ON THE WORDS, I'M INTERESTED IN HOW I'M NOT A LINGUIST BUT INTERESTED HOW LANGUAGE SHAPES THE WAY WE THINK AND ACT AND TALK AND WE HAVE JUST SUBMITTED A PAPER WHERE WE ARE ACTUALLY -- HOW YOU SAY, NOT SURE WHAT THE ENGLISH WORD BUT UNFACIAL TITLE IS WORD ACTIVISM OR ACTIVIST HAS BEEN HIJACKED AND I WANT IT BACK. BECAUSE WE -- SO WHEN WE ARE SPECIFIC ABOUT SAYING ANIMAL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS THEN WE ARE CLEAR WHO WE ARE REFERRING TO BUT ALSO USE THE WORD ACTIVIST AND IT SEEMS TO BE IN THE OTHERS DOMAIN AND IT TIESES TO WHAT YOU SAID ABOUT WHO IT BELONGS TO. OUR PAPER THAT WE JUST -- VERY SPECIFIC TO THE ZOO AQUARIUM SANCTUARY THE LANGUAGE AND LINGUIST I HAVE BEEN WORKING WITH IS INTERESTING AND MAYBE USEFUL FOR THIS COMMUNITY. HOW DO WE USE THE WORDS WHEN WE ARE SPEAKING ABOUT ACTIVISM WHO WE ARE. >> BEING ACTIVIST MYSELF I HAVE MANY, MANY GENERAION -- I DON'T SEE A LOT OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MOST ANIMAL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS AND THE PEOPLE I WORK WITH IN THE ANIMAL CARE COMMUNITY. WHEN I GET A CHANCE TO SIT DOWN AND TALK WITH THEM AND HEAR THEIR CONCERNS AND TALK ABOUT OUR PROCESSES, THEY ARE MUCH MORE COMFORTABLE KNOWING THAT BECAUSE NO ONE HAS TO TELL HIM THAT. THERE ARE PEOPLE WHO GENUINELY CARE ABOUT ANIMALS. SO DO WE. IF SOMEONE IN THE ANIMAL RESEARCH COMMUNITY DOESN'T GENUINELY CARE ABOUT ANIMALS THEY SHOULDN'T BE IN THEIR COMMUNITY. I THINK THIS ARTIFICIAL DICHOTOMY WE SET UP BETWEEN ANIMAL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS AND RESEARCHERS DOESN'T SUIT US WELL. WE'LL MAKE A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANIMAL RIGHTS EXTREMIST, BUT I UNDERSTAND ACTIVISTS AND I WILL MAKE THE POINT AGAIN, THE CHANGES THAT CAME THROUGH ANIMAL WELFARE ACT AND PUBLIC HEALTH SURFACE ACT, WHATEVER IT IS, THEY CAME ABOUT BECAUSE THEY WERE DRIVEN BIOACTIVITIESES. AND YOU MIGHT REMEMBER YEARS AGO THERE WAS A BOMBING CAMPAIGN FROM THE IRA AND THEY WERE TRYING TO GET (INDISCERNIBLE). THERE WAS A SHOCKING BOMBING INCIDENT WITH IRA (INDISCERNIBLE) WHERE A BAND WAS PLAYING. (INAUDIBLE) IT WAS TENS OF THOUSANDS, HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF (INAUDIBLE) FOR THE HORSES. BUT NOT FOR THE HUMANS. WE LOVE OUR ANIMALS YET THAT'S NOT THE THEME THE WORLD SEES ABOUT US. WE NEED TO SHOW HUMILITY. IN MY LONGER VERSION OF PRESENTATION I TALK ABOUT REBECCA'S UPCOMING BOOK. HER THESIS IS, US AND SCIENCE WE CATCH HUMILITY AND HUMBLENESS THEN WE WILL ALSO LOSE THE -- REBECCA COMES FROM COMPLETELY DIFFERENT BACKGROUND. SHE GIVES IT TO THE SAME (INAUDIBLE). WE NEED TO BE MORE OPEN ABOUT WHY WE DO THIS AND SHOW OUR VULNERABLISM. >> THAT BRINGS US TO THE END OF THE DAY. >> TWO NIGHTS AGO SOMEONE SEND SENT ME A LINK TO THE PETA VIDEO WITH PAUL MCCARTNY SINGENING THE BACKGROUND. MY QUESTION IS LEADING TO FROM THE LOGICAL TO (INAUDIBLE) HERE IS OUR CELEBRITY WHO CAN HELP REPRESENT THE RESEARCH COMMUNITY AND HELP FIGHT OUR BATTLES FOR US. OR WITH US BETTER YET. >> ONE OF THE THINGS THAT HAS SURPRISED US IS THAT THE MICHAEL FOX FOUNDATION SIGNED ON LOVE ANIMALS SUPPORT ANIMALS RESEARCH CAMPAIGN. PRIOR TO THAT OUR MAIN CELEBRITY HAPPENED TO BE CHRIS REED AND HIS WIFE AND NEITHER ARE THERE. BE NICE TO GENERATE A NEW ONE. >> I THINK OUR CELEBRITY IS OUT THERE. SOME GET IT BUT REMEMBER THEY ARE JUST MEMBERS OF THE GENERAL PUBLIC JUST LIKE EVERYBODY ELSE. THAT HAS MISCONCEPTIONS AND MISUNDERSTANDING AND DOESN'T KNOW WHY ANIMALS ARE ESSENTIAL AND HOW THEY LIVE. ONCE WE GET THE MESSAGE OUT I DON'T THINK WE CAN GET A CELEBRITY BEFORE WE DO. THOUGH THERE ARE SOME FAR AND FEW BETWEEN. >> THANK YOU. [APPLAUSE]