1 00:00:05,040 --> 00:00:10,200 >>MY NAME IS STEVE HOLLAND 2 00:00:10,200 --> 00:00:12,040 I'M VERY VOICE CHALLENGED 3 00:00:12,040 --> 00:00:15,280 RIGHT NOW BUT DON'T WANT IT TO 4 00:00:15,280 --> 00:00:18,760 GET IN THE WAY OF TELLING YOU 5 00:00:18,760 --> 00:00:20,760 ABOUT THIS EXTRAORDINARY YOUNG 6 00:00:20,760 --> 00:00:25,120 SCIENTIST THAT I'M REALLY 7 00:00:25,120 --> 00:00:26,880 LOOKING FORWARD TO SHOWING SOME 8 00:00:26,880 --> 00:00:28,440 OF THE WORK THAT VINCENT HAS 9 00:00:28,440 --> 00:00:33,160 DONE. SORRY. I WAS HAVING SOME 10 00:00:33,160 --> 00:00:37,800 TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES. 11 00:00:37,800 --> 00:00:39,960 DR. MUNSTER IS CURRENTLY THE 12 00:00:39,960 --> 00:00:42,920 CHIEF OF THE VIRUS ECOLOGY UNIT 13 00:00:42,920 --> 00:00:45,760 IN THE LABORATORY OF VIROLOGY AT 14 00:00:45,760 --> 00:00:47,520 ROCKY MOUNTAIN LABS. OF COURSE, 15 00:00:47,520 --> 00:00:51,360 HE DIDN'T START THERE. DR. 16 00:00:51,360 --> 00:00:53,560 MUNSTER COMES FROM THE 17 00:00:53,560 --> 00:00:55,280 NETHERLANDS AND MOST DON'T CARE 18 00:00:55,280 --> 00:00:57,200 MUCH ABOUT THE GEOGRAPHY ABOUT 19 00:00:57,200 --> 00:00:59,680 THE NETHERLANDS BUT IF YOUR NAME 20 00:00:59,680 --> 00:01:03,680 IS HOLLAND YOU CARE ABOUT THE 21 00:01:03,680 --> 00:01:06,640 GEOGRAPHY OF THE NETHERLANDS HE 22 00:01:06,640 --> 00:01:09,320 WENT NOT TO FAR TO ROTTER DAMN 23 00:01:09,320 --> 00:01:11,760 DOING FIRST HIS MASTERS THEN PHD 24 00:01:11,760 --> 00:01:15,880 AND AFTER A PERIOD OF POST 25 00:01:15,880 --> 00:01:17,680 DOCTORAL WORK THERE IN ROTTER 26 00:01:17,680 --> 00:01:20,800 DAMN HE MADE THE BOLD AND FOR US 27 00:01:20,800 --> 00:01:22,600 TREMENDOUSLY FELICITOUS DECISION 28 00:01:22,600 --> 00:01:25,800 TO GO TO MONTANA IN 2009 WHERE 29 00:01:25,800 --> 00:01:29,240 HE STAYED FOR MANY YEARS AND 30 00:01:29,240 --> 00:01:32,320 SINCE 2009 AND HAS BECOME 31 00:01:32,320 --> 00:01:35,400 TENURED IN THE CHIEF OF HIS OWN 32 00:01:35,400 --> 00:01:35,680 SECTION. 33 00:01:35,680 --> 00:01:38,080 OF COURSE, THIS BUG, AS IT WERE, 34 00:01:38,080 --> 00:01:41,680 THAT HAS STARTED HIM TRAVELING 35 00:01:41,680 --> 00:01:46,000 TO MONDAY TANNA HASN'T STOPPED. 36 00:01:46,000 --> 00:01:48,760 HE HAS MANY EXTRAORDINARY 37 00:01:48,760 --> 00:01:49,800 ACTIVITIES IN AFRICA THAT YOU 38 00:01:49,800 --> 00:01:52,920 CAN SEE HERE WITH SITES IN CONGO 39 00:01:52,920 --> 00:01:56,000 AND LIEBERIA ANDGANA AND MALI 40 00:01:56,000 --> 00:01:59,360 AND THERE IS A SITE OPENING IN 41 00:01:59,360 --> 00:02:02,520 UGANDA IN THE NEXT YEAR WHERE I 42 00:02:02,520 --> 00:02:03,400 THINK THAT VINCENT WILL HAVE 43 00:02:03,400 --> 00:02:07,880 LOTS OF ACCESS TO VIEFRUSES IN 44 00:02:07,880 --> 00:02:11,560 THAT ROO EDGEON AND HIS WORK IN 45 00:02:11,560 --> 00:02:14,920 JORDAN AND MIDDLE EAST IN MRS IS 46 00:02:14,920 --> 00:02:16,920 AT THE FOREFRONT IN THE FIELD 47 00:02:16,920 --> 00:02:19,000 AND SETD THE STAGE FOR BEING 48 00:02:19,000 --> 00:02:22,120 ABLE TO TAKE ON MORE MODERN 49 00:02:22,120 --> 00:02:24,000 CORONAVIRUSES NOT TO BE OUTDONE 50 00:02:24,000 --> 00:02:28,200 IN TRAVELS WEST HE HAS ALSO 51 00:02:28,200 --> 00:02:30,400 ENGAGED WORK ON HEN DROE VIRUS 52 00:02:30,400 --> 00:02:33,920 IN AUSTRALIA THAT IS EXTREMELY 53 00:02:33,920 --> 00:02:35,240 SUCCESSFUL AND DON'T TAKE MY 54 00:02:35,240 --> 00:02:40,240 WORD FOR ALL OF THIS IN 2020 55 00:02:40,240 --> 00:02:43,680 ALONG WITH EMI DEWITT VINCENT 56 00:02:43,680 --> 00:02:46,600 WAS THE RECIPIENT OF THE GOLDEN 57 00:02:46,600 --> 00:02:50,760 GOOSE AWARD AND NORMAN SALSMAN 58 00:02:50,760 --> 00:02:52,720 GRADUATE STUDENT AWARD IN BASIC 59 00:02:52,720 --> 00:02:55,320 CLINICAL VIROLOGY AND TO HAVE IT 60 00:02:55,320 --> 00:02:58,680 THAT KIND OF SKILL TO DO BOTH 61 00:02:58,680 --> 00:03:02,040 SCIENCE AND EDUCATION AND FIELD 62 00:03:02,040 --> 00:03:04,800 WORK IS RARE INDEED. 63 00:03:04,800 --> 00:03:07,840 I HAVE TO SAY THAT VINCENT HAD 64 00:03:07,840 --> 00:03:11,800 HIS BSC REVIEW LAST MONTH. I 65 00:03:11,800 --> 00:03:15,720 WAS INJURED IN THE PROCESS SO 66 00:03:15,720 --> 00:03:17,720 WHEN THE BSC GAVE THE REPORT IT 67 00:03:17,720 --> 00:03:20,480 WAS SO GLOWING I GOT SUNBURNED. 68 00:03:20,480 --> 00:03:24,440 IT HAS REALLY CRIPPLED ME A 69 00:03:24,440 --> 00:03:25,920 LITTLE BIT. 70 00:03:25,920 --> 00:03:28,440 IT IS A GREAT PLEASURE TO 71 00:03:28,440 --> 00:03:31,480 INTRODUCE VINCENT MUNSTER TO 72 00:03:31,480 --> 00:03:33,640 YOU. HE HAS DONE A SPECTACULAR 73 00:03:33,640 --> 00:03:35,280 JOB AND KNOW HE WILL SHOW YOU 74 00:03:35,280 --> 00:03:37,680 THAT NOW. THANKS. VINCENT, 75 00:03:37,680 --> 00:03:38,480 TAKE IT AWAY. 76 00:03:38,480 --> 00:03:40,480 >> THANK YOU, STEVE. REALLY 77 00:03:40,480 --> 00:03:43,040 GREAT INTRODUCTION AND THANKING 78 00:03:43,040 --> 00:03:47,240 KENNY KUMAR WHO IS HELPING TO 79 00:03:47,240 --> 00:03:48,160 FACILITATE AND ORGANIZE THIS 80 00:03:48,160 --> 00:03:52,480 ZOOM CAST AND ALSO PUTTING UP A 81 00:03:52,480 --> 00:03:56,200 PICTURE OF PROBABLY MORE THAN 10 82 00:03:56,200 --> 00:03:58,720 YEARS AGO THAT TRICKED DR. 83 00:03:58,720 --> 00:04:01,200 HOLLAND CALLING ME THAT I THINK 84 00:04:01,200 --> 00:04:03,000 EVERYBODY CAN SEE NOT THAT YOUNG 85 00:04:03,000 --> 00:04:06,680 AND AGED OVER TIME HERE AND AT 86 00:04:06,680 --> 00:04:09,480 ROCKY MOUNTAIN LABS HERE IN 87 00:04:09,480 --> 00:04:11,400 HAMILTON MONTANA. I WILL TAKE 88 00:04:11,400 --> 00:04:13,000 YOU THROUGH SOME DATA WE HAVE 89 00:04:13,000 --> 00:04:14,880 BEEN WORKING ON AND SPECIFICALLY 90 00:04:14,880 --> 00:04:17,320 I WILL TALK ABOUT CORONAVIRUSES 91 00:04:17,320 --> 00:04:20,720 THAT I THINK HIGHLIGHTS WHAT MY 92 00:04:20,720 --> 00:04:23,040 LAB IS INTERESTED IN. I AM ALSO 93 00:04:23,040 --> 00:04:26,880 TRYING TO REALLY MAKE A POINT 94 00:04:26,880 --> 00:04:29,520 THAT OBVIOUSLY I'M NOW HERE. 95 00:04:29,520 --> 00:04:31,680 LET'S SAY THE PI OF THIS WORK 96 00:04:31,680 --> 00:04:33,160 AND WHATEVER YOU ARE TRYING TO 97 00:04:33,160 --> 00:04:34,280 HIGHLIGHT THAT THIS IS ALL OF 98 00:04:34,280 --> 00:04:36,640 THE WORK OF A WHOLE SET OF VERY 99 00:04:36,640 --> 00:04:38,920 DEDICATED AND VERY TALENTED POST 100 00:04:38,920 --> 00:04:41,360 DOCS AND PHD STUDENTS AND 101 00:04:41,360 --> 00:04:46,840 TECHNICIANS AND POST BACKS AND 102 00:04:46,840 --> 00:04:48,600 TRYING TO DRIVE THAT SCIENCE 103 00:04:48,600 --> 00:04:52,520 HOME NOWADAYS IS REALLY TEAM 104 00:04:52,520 --> 00:04:55,080 WORK. I MIGHT BE AGING FIGURE 105 00:04:55,080 --> 00:04:56,640 HAT BUT THESE PEOPLE DRIVE THE 106 00:04:56,640 --> 00:04:58,240 RESEARCH IN MY LAB. I WOULD 107 00:04:58,240 --> 00:05:00,920 LIKE TO POINT OUT A COUPLE 108 00:05:00,920 --> 00:05:04,640 THINGS ON THIS SLIDE. THIS IS A 109 00:05:04,640 --> 00:05:06,360 SLIDE THAT I START MY LONGER 110 00:05:06,360 --> 00:05:08,840 PRESENTATIONS WITH. IT REALLY 111 00:05:08,840 --> 00:05:10,280 HIGHLIGHTS WHAT MY LAB IS 112 00:05:10,280 --> 00:05:13,200 INTERESTED IN. ON ONE HAND, 113 00:05:13,200 --> 00:05:14,840 UNDERSTANDING WHERE THESE 114 00:05:14,840 --> 00:05:16,360 VIRUSES COME FROM AND CIRCLE 115 00:05:16,360 --> 00:05:19,400 LIKE AND WE CALL THEM NATURAL 116 00:05:19,400 --> 00:05:20,920 RESERVE VOYEURS AND 117 00:05:20,920 --> 00:05:25,200 UNDERSTANDING DYNAMICS IN 118 00:05:25,200 --> 00:05:27,600 NATURAL RESERVE ORS AND FOCUS 119 00:05:27,600 --> 00:05:32,040 AND SPILL OVER OF VIRUSES CORONA 120 00:05:32,040 --> 00:05:35,440 AND NIPPO VIRUSES AND TRYING TO 121 00:05:35,440 --> 00:05:38,560 LAY DOWN MORE ON THE 122 00:05:38,560 --> 00:05:39,160 EXPERIMENTAL LEVEL WHICH OF 123 00:05:39,160 --> 00:05:41,360 THESE FACTORS ACTUALLY 124 00:05:41,360 --> 00:05:42,560 FACILITATE TRANSMISSION SO THAT 125 00:05:42,560 --> 00:05:44,320 COULD BE VERY MOLECULAR. I WILL 126 00:05:44,320 --> 00:05:46,720 TALK ABOUT THAT, WHICH RECEPTOR 127 00:05:46,720 --> 00:05:48,400 THESE VIRUSES USE AND WHAT IS 128 00:05:48,400 --> 00:05:50,000 THE DEGREE OF COMMONALITIES 129 00:05:50,000 --> 00:05:53,200 BETWEEN THESE RECEPTORS FOR 130 00:05:53,200 --> 00:05:56,240 INSTANCE IN THE PAT RESERVE 131 00:05:56,240 --> 00:06:00,040 WOIRS AND HUMANS AND PREVALENCE 132 00:06:00,040 --> 00:06:03,520 AND HOW DOES PREVALENCE IN 133 00:06:03,520 --> 00:06:12,800 RESERVE OOIRS 134 00:06:12,800 --> 00:06:13,120 RESERVOIRS. 135 00:06:13,120 --> 00:06:15,760 AT THIS MOMENT WE ARE HAVING 136 00:06:15,760 --> 00:06:21,120 REALLY BIG EMERGING INFECTIOUS 137 00:06:21,120 --> 00:06:24,080 DISEASE AND WE HAVE COV2 138 00:06:24,080 --> 00:06:27,200 PANDEMIC AND SPILLOVER OF H5 AND 139 00:06:27,200 --> 00:06:29,600 1 PREDOMINANTLY IN POPULATIONS 140 00:06:29,600 --> 00:06:31,400 IN EUROPE AND NORTHERN AMERICA 141 00:06:31,400 --> 00:06:35,000 THAT IS A BIG PROBLEM AND 142 00:06:35,000 --> 00:06:38,680 OBVIOUSLY NOW QUITE RECENTLY 143 00:06:38,680 --> 00:06:43,480 EMERGENCE OF EXTENSIVE MONKEY 144 00:06:43,480 --> 00:06:44,680 POX CIRCULATION AND FISH 145 00:06:44,680 --> 00:06:46,480 TRANSMISSION AND LAYING IT OUT 146 00:06:46,480 --> 00:06:50,920 IT IS NOT JUST SARSCOV2 WE HAVE 147 00:06:50,920 --> 00:06:53,200 TO BE VIJ LENTD FOR A NUMBER OF 148 00:06:53,200 --> 00:06:54,840 THESE EMERGING INFECTIOUS 149 00:06:54,840 --> 00:06:59,960 DISEASES AND I CAME TO THE 150 00:06:59,960 --> 00:07:03,560 CORONAVIRUS GAME AFTER SARZ COV 151 00:07:03,560 --> 00:07:06,320 AND AT THAT TIME I WAS DOING P. 152 00:07:06,320 --> 00:07:09,440 HD IN THE NETHERLANDS ON 153 00:07:09,440 --> 00:07:16,320 INFLUENZA AND SARSCOV EMERGED IN 154 00:07:16,320 --> 00:07:18,960 2022 AND BACK AND WE KNOW THERE 155 00:07:18,960 --> 00:07:23,560 ARE SARSCOV CIRCULATING IN 156 00:07:23,560 --> 00:07:25,960 VIRUSES AND BATS PARTICULARLY IN 157 00:07:25,960 --> 00:07:28,160 SOUTHEAST ASIA AND THINK THE 158 00:07:28,160 --> 00:07:31,400 VIRUSES SPILLED OVER FROM HORSE 159 00:07:31,400 --> 00:07:35,080 SHOE BAT IN WILDLIFE MARKETS AND 160 00:07:35,080 --> 00:07:37,320 RACCOON DOCS AND FROM THAT WE 161 00:07:37,320 --> 00:07:40,440 SAW A COUPLE SPILLOVER EVENTS 162 00:07:40,440 --> 00:07:44,040 JUST A VERY FEW SPILLOVER EVENTS 163 00:07:44,040 --> 00:07:46,560 CIRCULATING IN THE EU POPULATION 164 00:07:46,560 --> 00:07:50,320 AND CIRCULATED 10% FATALITY RATE 165 00:07:50,320 --> 00:07:53,280 CASES AND IN 2012 WE HAD THE 166 00:07:53,280 --> 00:07:56,080 SPILLOVER EVENT WITH THIS CASE 167 00:07:56,080 --> 00:07:59,720 SPILLOVER WITH CORONAVIRUS AND I 168 00:07:59,720 --> 00:08:01,120 STARTED TO WORK ON CORONAVIRUS 169 00:08:01,120 --> 00:08:03,040 AND JUST STARTED MY LAB AND WE 170 00:08:03,040 --> 00:08:06,720 TRACED IT BACK ON THE NATURAL 171 00:08:06,720 --> 00:08:11,680 RESERVE OR BEING DRAM ADAIRY 172 00:08:11,680 --> 00:08:15,120 CAMELS AND AS A RESULT WE SEE 173 00:08:15,120 --> 00:08:16,640 CONTINUOUS SPILLOVER IN THE 174 00:08:16,640 --> 00:08:20,320 HUMAN POPULATION AND SEE MRSLIKE 175 00:08:20,320 --> 00:08:22,080 VIRUSES IN BAT POPULATIONS THAT 176 00:08:22,080 --> 00:08:24,280 ARE REALLY SUGGESTING THAT 177 00:08:24,280 --> 00:08:26,080 ANCESTRAL SOURCE OF CORONAVIRUS 178 00:08:26,080 --> 00:08:29,240 IS BATS THAT I WILL GET BACK TO 179 00:08:29,240 --> 00:08:30,560 A LITTLE LATER IN MY 180 00:08:30,560 --> 00:08:33,080 PRESENTATION AND LOOKING AT 181 00:08:33,080 --> 00:08:36,040 COMMONALITIES WE SEE QUITE SOME 182 00:08:36,040 --> 00:08:37,400 COMMONALITIES AND CASE FIDELITY 183 00:08:37,400 --> 00:08:41,400 RATE IS SLIGHTLY HIGH WITH MRSCV 184 00:08:41,400 --> 00:08:43,600 AND DON'T SEE THAT TRANSMISSION 185 00:08:43,600 --> 00:08:48,320 UNLESS YOU GET INTO NOZIOCOMIO 186 00:08:48,320 --> 00:08:50,800 SITUATIONS AND THESE VIRUSES ARE 187 00:08:50,800 --> 00:08:52,680 FAVORED BY HOSPITAL HUMAN TO 188 00:08:52,680 --> 00:08:54,720 HUMAN TRANSMISSION AND 189 00:08:54,720 --> 00:08:56,160 COMMONALITIES WITH OTHER 190 00:08:56,160 --> 00:08:58,280 EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND 191 00:08:58,280 --> 00:08:59,480 NORMAL HUMAN TO HUMAN 192 00:08:59,480 --> 00:09:00,560 TRANSMISSION IN THE POPULATION 193 00:09:00,560 --> 00:09:03,000 MIGHT BE RELATIVELY RARE AND 194 00:09:03,000 --> 00:09:05,520 THAT TRANSMISSION REALLY 195 00:09:05,520 --> 00:09:07,800 FACILITATED EXTENSIVE HUMAN 196 00:09:07,800 --> 00:09:08,960 TRANSMISSIONS. 197 00:09:08,960 --> 00:09:13,000 OBVIOUSLY, WE CURRENTLY HAVE 198 00:09:13,000 --> 00:09:14,520 SARSCOV2 WHERE LOTS OF DATA 199 00:09:14,520 --> 00:09:19,480 POINTS TO POTENTIAL EMERGENCE IN 200 00:09:19,480 --> 00:09:22,080 WUHAN SEAFOOD MARKET AND DON'T 201 00:09:22,080 --> 00:09:25,760 HAVE ENOUGH INFORMATION WITH 202 00:09:25,760 --> 00:09:29,080 SARSCOV OR [INAUDIBLE] 203 00:09:29,080 --> 00:09:30,720 CORONAVIRUS TO MAKE COHESIVE 204 00:09:30,720 --> 00:09:32,280 STATEMENTS THERE AND LOOKING AT 205 00:09:32,280 --> 00:09:34,560 BAT VIRUS DIVERSITY, YOU SEE 206 00:09:34,560 --> 00:09:36,560 REALLY THAT A COUPLE OF THINGS 207 00:09:36,560 --> 00:09:39,000 REALLY STAND OUT. ONE A MASSIVE 208 00:09:39,000 --> 00:09:42,080 AMOUNT OF VIRUS DIVERSITY ARE 209 00:09:42,080 --> 00:09:44,480 CORONAVIRUSES THAT ARE BASICALLY 210 00:09:44,480 --> 00:09:46,640 ALL OF THE DIFFERENT VIRUSES 211 00:09:46,640 --> 00:09:48,120 THAT PEOPLE HAVE DETECTED IN 212 00:09:48,120 --> 00:09:50,240 BATS AND MAJORITY IS 213 00:09:50,240 --> 00:09:50,640 CORONAVIRUSES. 214 00:09:50,640 --> 00:09:53,400 WE ARE TALKING ABOUT ALPHA AND 215 00:09:53,400 --> 00:09:57,200 BETA CORONAVIRUSES AND PARAMIXER 216 00:09:57,200 --> 00:10:00,080 VIER YUGSS THAT INCLUDE FOR 217 00:10:00,080 --> 00:10:05,600 INSTANCE HENDRA MIX VIRUSES AND 218 00:10:05,600 --> 00:10:08,320 [INAUDIBLE] THAT INCLUDES EBOLA 219 00:10:08,320 --> 00:10:12,800 AND [INAUDIBLE] VIRUSES AND 220 00:10:12,800 --> 00:10:15,440 RABIUS AND SHOWING THAT USED 221 00:10:15,440 --> 00:10:17,320 DIVERSITY OF CORONAVIRUSES WERE 222 00:10:17,320 --> 00:10:20,000 ALREADY DETECTED IN DIFFERENT 223 00:10:20,000 --> 00:10:21,320 BATS ACROSS THE WORLD AND 224 00:10:21,320 --> 00:10:22,680 LOOKING A LITTLE MORE CLOSER 225 00:10:22,680 --> 00:10:25,040 THERE IS A PHYLOGENETIC MAP AND 226 00:10:25,040 --> 00:10:29,040 TREE ON THIS END AND ALPHA 227 00:10:29,040 --> 00:10:31,840 CORONAVIRUS AND BETA CORONAVIRUS 228 00:10:31,840 --> 00:10:33,280 AND SEE A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT 229 00:10:33,280 --> 00:10:35,120 BAT SPECIES AND BAT FAMILIES ARE 230 00:10:35,120 --> 00:10:38,440 BEING THE HOST OF THE BATS YOU 231 00:10:38,440 --> 00:10:41,040 CAN ALSO SEE SOME VIRUSES FOR 232 00:10:41,040 --> 00:10:46,280 INSTANCE SARBACO VIRUS INCLUDES 233 00:10:46,280 --> 00:10:50,920 SARS AND SARS COV2 AND IN BATS 234 00:10:50,920 --> 00:10:54,680 AND PANGALINS AND THAT DETECTION 235 00:10:54,680 --> 00:10:56,920 IN HOST IS SUGGESTIVE OF BROAD 236 00:10:56,920 --> 00:11:00,640 HOST POTENTIAL OF THESE VIRUSES 237 00:11:00,640 --> 00:11:04,080 SARBACO VIRUSES GRABBED 238 00:11:04,080 --> 00:11:05,320 ATTENTION EXTENSIVELY WITH 239 00:11:05,320 --> 00:11:08,880 EMERGENCE OF ORIGINAL SARS AND 240 00:11:08,880 --> 00:11:13,000 SARS2 AND GOING TO TOP DOWN, 241 00:11:13,000 --> 00:11:15,320 THIS PLACE, BAT SPECIES 242 00:11:15,320 --> 00:11:16,760 DIVERSITY ACROSS THE WORLD AND 243 00:11:16,760 --> 00:11:21,880 MORE BAT SPECIES IN A SPECIFIC 244 00:11:21,880 --> 00:11:24,560 AREA, MORE YELLOW IT IS HIGHER 245 00:11:24,560 --> 00:11:26,600 BAT SPECIES DIVERSITY WE SEE 246 00:11:26,600 --> 00:11:29,280 HERE IN SOUTH AMERICA AND 247 00:11:29,280 --> 00:11:31,320 TYPICALLY IN SUBIS A HAIRANT 248 00:11:31,320 --> 00:11:35,480 AFRICA FROM THE BASIN AND IN 249 00:11:35,480 --> 00:11:37,920 SOUTHEAST ASIA AND ROUGHLY 1400 250 00:11:37,920 --> 00:11:39,840 DIFFERENT SPECIES OF BATS ACROSS 251 00:11:39,840 --> 00:11:42,120 THE WORLD THAT DISTRIBUTED ALL 252 00:11:42,120 --> 00:11:44,840 OVER THE WORLD IN EACH COUNTRY 253 00:11:44,840 --> 00:11:47,240 AND CONTINENT EXCEPT ANTARC KA 254 00:11:47,240 --> 00:11:49,840 AND OVERLAYING THAT WHERE THESE 255 00:11:49,840 --> 00:11:52,320 ANIMALS GET SAMPLED, WE SEE 256 00:11:52,320 --> 00:11:54,760 AGAIN A HIGH DEGREE OF ANIMALS 257 00:11:54,760 --> 00:11:57,000 BEING SAMPLED WHERE WE SEE 258 00:11:57,000 --> 00:12:01,000 HIGHEST BAT DIVERSITY AND WE 259 00:12:01,000 --> 00:12:05,040 PREVIOUSLY HAVE OUTBREAKS IN 260 00:12:05,040 --> 00:12:07,040 BOTH ORIGINAL SARS AROUND 261 00:12:07,040 --> 00:12:09,800 OUTBREAKS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND 262 00:12:09,800 --> 00:12:12,120 SPARK TREMENDOUS SAMPLING OF 263 00:12:12,120 --> 00:12:13,760 THESE BAT SPECIES AND GOING 264 00:12:13,760 --> 00:12:16,240 WHERE WE DETECT THESE 265 00:12:16,240 --> 00:12:17,920 CORONAVIRUSES AND WHERE ARE IN 266 00:12:17,920 --> 00:12:18,960 ALL THESE DIFFERENT BAT SPECIES 267 00:12:18,960 --> 00:12:21,120 AND IN SAMPLES WHERE WE SEE 268 00:12:21,120 --> 00:12:23,240 HIGHEST DEGREE OF CORONAVIRUS 269 00:12:23,240 --> 00:12:25,560 HOST WE SEE THEM IN SOUTHEAST 270 00:12:25,560 --> 00:12:27,120 ASIA THAT ARE REALLY SUGGESTING 271 00:12:27,120 --> 00:12:30,040 THAT LOTS OF CORONAVIRUSES 272 00:12:30,040 --> 00:12:32,800 CIRCULATED IN BAT SPECIES IN 273 00:12:32,800 --> 00:12:35,640 SOUTHEAST ASIA AND AS I SAID MY 274 00:12:35,640 --> 00:12:38,960 WORK ON CORONAVIRUS STARTED WITH 275 00:12:38,960 --> 00:12:41,520 MIDDLE EAST CORONAVIRUS THAT WAS 276 00:12:41,520 --> 00:12:45,440 FIRST DESCRIBED IN 2012 BY GROUP 277 00:12:45,440 --> 00:12:50,120 OF RON FUGAY AT A MEDICAL CENTER 278 00:12:50,120 --> 00:12:55,600 AND CLUSTERS WITH BETA 279 00:12:55,600 --> 00:12:57,560 CORONAVIRUSES REMINISCIENT OF 280 00:12:57,560 --> 00:12:59,680 SARS AND PEOPLE WERE ON LOOKOUT 281 00:12:59,680 --> 00:13:01,160 FOR THESE VIRUSS WHAT WOULD 282 00:13:01,160 --> 00:13:04,800 HAPPEN AND WE KNOW THEY HAVE 283 00:13:04,800 --> 00:13:05,360 POTENTIAL AND [INAUDIBLE] 284 00:13:05,360 --> 00:13:06,800 DISEASE IN HUMANS. 285 00:13:06,800 --> 00:13:08,400 SO, FROM OUR END WHAT WE STARTED 286 00:13:08,400 --> 00:13:11,000 WITH IS TRYING TO FULFILL 287 00:13:11,000 --> 00:13:13,720 [INAUDIBLE] AND TYPICALLY WHAT 288 00:13:13,720 --> 00:13:16,680 WE DO IS USE PRIVATE MODEL FOR 289 00:13:16,680 --> 00:13:21,200 THIS AND WE INOCULATED THIS 290 00:13:21,200 --> 00:13:25,480 MIDDLE EAST CENTERED KOR ONA 291 00:13:25,480 --> 00:13:26,920 VIRUS FROM MEDICAL SCHOOL AND 292 00:13:26,920 --> 00:13:29,040 THAT WAS FROM INITIAL INDEX CASE 293 00:13:29,040 --> 00:13:32,040 AND CULTIVATED VIRUS AND DID 294 00:13:32,040 --> 00:13:33,160 COMBINED INOCULATION IN THE 295 00:13:33,160 --> 00:13:35,760 ANIMALS AND TYPICALLY DO ORAL 296 00:13:35,760 --> 00:13:40,720 AND INTRANASAL AND INTRAKINNEAL 297 00:13:40,720 --> 00:13:44,040 AND WE SEE OVER TIME BRONXIAL 298 00:13:44,040 --> 00:13:45,280 PNEUMONIA DEVELOPING ON X-RAYS 299 00:13:45,280 --> 00:13:48,680 IN ANIMALS AND IF WE THEN LOOK 300 00:13:48,680 --> 00:13:52,080 ON CELLULAR LEVEL, WE SEE 301 00:13:52,080 --> 00:13:55,200 REPLICATION IN TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 302 00:13:55,200 --> 00:13:55,440 SITES. 303 00:13:55,440 --> 00:13:58,920 WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? I HAVE A 304 00:13:58,920 --> 00:14:01,200 NICE LAYOUT OF LOWER TRACK WHERE 305 00:14:01,200 --> 00:14:08,200 WE SEE TRACEA AND BRONCHIO LI 306 00:14:08,200 --> 00:14:11,560 AND LUNGS AND ALVEOLI AND THIS 307 00:14:11,560 --> 00:14:15,840 IS MADE UP OF TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 308 00:14:15,840 --> 00:14:17,680 PNEUMOCITES TAKING PLACE IN TYPE 309 00:14:17,680 --> 00:14:20,160 1 PNEUMOCITES AND MACROPHAGES 310 00:14:20,160 --> 00:14:22,560 AND WE HAVE OBVIOUSLY VIRUS 311 00:14:22,560 --> 00:14:24,760 REPLICATING HERE AND THIS IS 312 00:14:24,760 --> 00:14:27,080 QUITE EXTENSIVE AND CAN HAVE 313 00:14:27,080 --> 00:14:29,240 POTENTIAL TO CAUSE QUITE 314 00:14:29,240 --> 00:14:30,120 EXTENSIVE DAMAGE AND IS ONE 315 00:14:30,120 --> 00:14:31,920 REASON WHY WE ARE INTERESTED IN 316 00:14:31,920 --> 00:14:34,040 THAT AND ON A DISEASE 317 00:14:34,040 --> 00:14:35,040 PERSPECTIVE, WE WERE VERY 318 00:14:35,040 --> 00:14:40,520 INTERESTED AND WE HAVE 319 00:14:40,520 --> 00:14:41,840 NOZEOKOMIO OUTBREAKS IN 320 00:14:41,840 --> 00:14:43,800 POPULATIONS AND SOMETHING THAT 321 00:14:43,800 --> 00:14:45,040 DEFINES OF COURSE HOSPITAL 322 00:14:45,040 --> 00:14:47,000 POPULATION WE HAVE A VAST DEGREE 323 00:14:47,000 --> 00:14:49,840 OF DIFFERENT KIND OF IMMUNE 324 00:14:49,840 --> 00:14:50,920 COMPETENT PEOPLE AND PEOPLE 325 00:14:50,920 --> 00:14:55,520 HAVING A VARIETY OF BEING 326 00:14:55,520 --> 00:14:57,440 IMMUNOSUPPRESSED AND DID AN 327 00:14:57,440 --> 00:15:01,960 EXPERIMENT DOING RESIS MODEL AND 328 00:15:01,960 --> 00:15:04,080 AGAIN WE DID INOCULATION AND WE 329 00:15:04,080 --> 00:15:06,720 COMPARED THE IMMUNOSUPPRESSED 330 00:15:06,720 --> 00:15:09,480 ANIMALS WITH NONIMMUNOSUPPRESSED 331 00:15:09,480 --> 00:15:10,960 ANIMALS AND INTERESTINGLY ABOUT 332 00:15:10,960 --> 00:15:13,520 YOU NOT UNEXPECTEDLY WE SEE HIGH 333 00:15:13,520 --> 00:15:15,000 REPLICATION AND MORE SHEDDING 334 00:15:15,000 --> 00:15:18,720 FROM IMMUNOSUPPRESSED ANIMALS 335 00:15:18,720 --> 00:15:21,800 AND SEE HIGHER VIRAL LOADS IN 336 00:15:21,800 --> 00:15:24,480 LOWER TRACT AND SUGGESTING WE 337 00:15:24,480 --> 00:15:26,640 SEE EXTENSIVE REPLICATION IN 338 00:15:26,640 --> 00:15:29,880 IMMUNOSUPPRESSED ANIMALS AND 339 00:15:29,880 --> 00:15:33,800 OBSERVED WE SEE WAY LESS OF THEM 340 00:15:33,800 --> 00:15:35,520 AND LOGICAL LESIONS IN THE LUNGS 341 00:15:35,520 --> 00:15:38,520 AND CONTROL ANIMALS WE SEE OVER 342 00:15:38,520 --> 00:15:41,800 HERE EXTENSIVE LEGIONS CLASSIC 343 00:15:41,800 --> 00:15:44,600 CORONAVIRUS LEGIONS YOU SEE 344 00:15:44,600 --> 00:15:47,960 EDEMA AND INFILTRATES AND TYPE 2 345 00:15:47,960 --> 00:15:50,440 HYPOMRASHIA AND SEE IN ABSENCE 346 00:15:50,440 --> 00:15:52,520 OF IMMUNOSUPPRESS THE ANIMALS 347 00:15:52,520 --> 00:15:55,000 AND IN HINDSIGHT IT IS 348 00:15:55,000 --> 00:15:58,680 INTERESTING DECHLO METHO ZONE IS 349 00:15:58,680 --> 00:16:02,920 A DRUG USE THE IN SARS COV2 350 00:16:02,920 --> 00:16:04,080 PATIENT TO SUPPRESS IMMUNE 351 00:16:04,080 --> 00:16:05,720 RESPONSE AND THIS IS FIRST DATA 352 00:16:05,720 --> 00:16:09,240 ON CORONAVIRUS SHOWING 353 00:16:09,240 --> 00:16:10,800 IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT MODEL TO HAVE 354 00:16:10,800 --> 00:16:14,160 AN EFFECT ON THE DISEASE 355 00:16:14,160 --> 00:16:14,840 OUTCOME. 356 00:16:14,840 --> 00:16:18,600 SO, AT THAT TIME I HAD POST DOC 357 00:16:18,600 --> 00:16:19,720 STARTING IN MY LAB [INAUDIBLE] 358 00:16:19,720 --> 00:16:22,160 WHO IS AN ASSOCIATE SCIENTIST IN 359 00:16:22,160 --> 00:16:24,640 MY LAB AND HE WENT THROUGH THE 360 00:16:24,640 --> 00:16:27,320 WHOLE TRAJECTORY OF POST DOC AND 361 00:16:27,320 --> 00:16:29,920 NOW A SCIENTIST AND HE WAS VERY 362 00:16:29,920 --> 00:16:31,560 INTERESTED IN WELL WHERE DOES 363 00:16:31,560 --> 00:16:32,480 THE VIRUS COME FROM? 364 00:16:32,480 --> 00:16:34,120 THIS WAS STILL IN THE BEGINNING 365 00:16:34,120 --> 00:16:37,320 OF WHEN WE JUST IDENTIFIED 366 00:16:37,320 --> 00:16:39,040 MIDDLE EAST [INAUDIBLE] 367 00:16:39,040 --> 00:16:41,040 CORONAVIRUS AND RECEPTIVE VIRUS 368 00:16:41,040 --> 00:16:44,320 WAS IDENTIFIED VERY RAPIDLY BY 369 00:16:44,320 --> 00:16:46,600 THE GROUP OF [INAUDIBLE] ALSO RA 370 00:16:46,600 --> 00:16:49,720 SP US MEDICAL CENTER AND THEY 371 00:16:49,720 --> 00:16:53,200 ACTUALLY PUBLISHED A NICE 372 00:16:53,200 --> 00:16:55,240 CO-CRYSTALLIZATION MODEL BETWEEN 373 00:16:55,240 --> 00:16:58,720 MIDDLE EAST SYNDROME SPIKE AND 374 00:16:58,720 --> 00:17:00,200 RECEPTOR D BEFORE AND AT THAT 375 00:17:00,200 --> 00:17:06,640 TIME WE TALKED TO JENG ZU AT 376 00:17:06,640 --> 00:17:10,600 SCRIPPS AND MODEL EXCHANGED IN 377 00:17:10,600 --> 00:17:13,920 SILICO IN ALL DIFFERENT SPECIES 378 00:17:13,920 --> 00:17:15,320 AND CALCULATE BINDING POE 379 00:17:15,320 --> 00:17:18,000 10TIALITY TO POINT US TO 380 00:17:18,000 --> 00:17:20,560 POTENTIALLY THE RESERVE OR FOR 381 00:17:20,560 --> 00:17:22,800 THIS VIRUS HE SAID I COULD GIVE 382 00:17:22,800 --> 00:17:25,360 IT A TRY AND ON ACCESS MORE 383 00:17:25,360 --> 00:17:28,600 NEGATIVE BINDING ENERGY MORE 384 00:17:28,600 --> 00:17:30,360 INDICATIVE IT IS FOR EFFICIENT 385 00:17:30,360 --> 00:17:32,640 BINDING WE SEE EFFICIENT BINDING 386 00:17:32,640 --> 00:17:34,680 FOR MIDDLE EAST SYNDROME SPIKE 387 00:17:34,680 --> 00:17:39,120 IN HUMAN RESIS BEFORE AND NOT SO 388 00:17:39,120 --> 00:17:41,440 MUCH IN COMMON ANIMAL MODELS AND 389 00:17:41,440 --> 00:17:45,480 VERY GOOD BINDING TO COMMON 390 00:17:45,480 --> 00:17:47,800 LIVESTOCK SPECIES IN THE MIDDLE 391 00:17:47,800 --> 00:17:49,400 EAST AND WE CAN ACTUALLY GO BACK 392 00:17:49,400 --> 00:17:52,840 TO THE LAB AND ACTUALLY PROVE 393 00:17:52,840 --> 00:17:54,720 THAT BY EXPRESSING THE RECEPTORS 394 00:17:54,720 --> 00:17:57,400 AND [INAUDIBLE] RECEPTORS ON THE 395 00:17:57,400 --> 00:17:58,720 CELLS WHO DON'T EXPRESS 396 00:17:58,720 --> 00:18:03,120 RECEPTORS AND WE DID IT WITH 397 00:18:03,120 --> 00:18:05,720 RESIS AND MOUSE AND CAMEL AND 398 00:18:05,720 --> 00:18:08,000 GOAT AND SHEEP AND MIDDLE EAST 399 00:18:08,000 --> 00:18:10,800 VIRUS IS EFFICIENTLY ABLE TO 400 00:18:10,800 --> 00:18:14,880 UTILIZE RESISD BEFORE AND CAMEL 401 00:18:14,880 --> 00:18:17,160 AND SPECIES NOT SO MUCH AND 402 00:18:17,160 --> 00:18:18,520 POINTS TO WHAT IS THE ROLE OF 403 00:18:18,520 --> 00:18:22,000 CAMEL IN THE CIRCULATION OF THIS 404 00:18:22,000 --> 00:18:25,840 PARTICULAR VIRUS? SO, DATA CAME 405 00:18:25,840 --> 00:18:29,960 OUT ACTUALLY QUITE -- WHAT I DID 406 00:18:29,960 --> 00:18:33,200 SURVEY STUDIES IN DRAM ADEAR 407 00:18:33,200 --> 00:18:35,200 CAMELS IN NORTH AFRICA AND SAW 408 00:18:35,200 --> 00:18:39,760 VERY HIGH PREVALENCE IN 409 00:18:39,760 --> 00:18:43,600 DROMADARY CAMELS THEY ARE 410 00:18:43,600 --> 00:18:46,840 EXPERIENCING IN MIDDLE EAST 411 00:18:46,840 --> 00:18:48,040 CORONAVIRUS AND KNOWING WHAT 412 00:18:48,040 --> 00:18:52,600 VIRUS WOULD DO IN DRAM ADAIRY 413 00:18:52,600 --> 00:18:56,160 CAMELS AND TENURE TRACK YOU GET 414 00:18:56,160 --> 00:18:57,480 CERTAIN AMOUNT OF START-UP FUNDS 415 00:18:57,480 --> 00:19:00,720 AND IT WOULD BE GOOD TO USE MY 416 00:19:00,720 --> 00:19:01,840 START-UP FUNDS TO PURCHASE A 417 00:19:01,840 --> 00:19:06,400 COUPLE DRAMADARY CAMELS AND HAD 418 00:19:06,400 --> 00:19:08,160 TO COME IN DR. FAUCI'S OFFICE 419 00:19:08,160 --> 00:19:10,920 AND EXPLAIN WHY NIH WAS ACTUALLY 420 00:19:10,920 --> 00:19:12,800 PURCHASING CAMELS AND WHEN I 421 00:19:12,800 --> 00:19:15,280 EXPLAINED HE WAS GOOD WITH IT 422 00:19:15,280 --> 00:19:18,400 AND SET UP A COLLABORATION WITH 423 00:19:18,400 --> 00:19:20,040 COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY WITH 424 00:19:20,040 --> 00:19:24,560 DOUG BOWEN AND STUDENT IN HIS 425 00:19:24,560 --> 00:19:28,880 LAB AND WE DID EXPERIMENTS 426 00:19:28,880 --> 00:19:32,160 INOCULATING CAMELS INTERNASALLY 427 00:19:32,160 --> 00:19:33,680 AND [INAUDIBLE] AND SEEING PANEL 428 00:19:33,680 --> 00:19:37,000 UP HERE WE SEE EXTENSIVE 429 00:19:37,000 --> 00:19:41,960 REPLICATION IN UPPER RESPIRATORY 430 00:19:41,960 --> 00:19:44,160 TRACT AND VIRUSES SHED A LOT AND 431 00:19:44,160 --> 00:19:47,800 DON'T REALLY GET SICK AND THESE 432 00:19:47,800 --> 00:19:49,920 ANIMALS SHOW EXTENSIVE NASAL 433 00:19:49,920 --> 00:19:52,040 DISCHARGE AND DOES IT REMIND US 434 00:19:52,040 --> 00:19:54,200 OF SOMETHING COMBO COMBO VIRUS 435 00:19:54,200 --> 00:19:57,480 AND YOU DON'T GET THAT MUCH SICK 436 00:19:57,480 --> 00:20:00,480 BUT START TO HAVE LOTS OF NASAL 437 00:20:00,480 --> 00:20:02,920 DISCHARGE AND LOOKING AT VIRUS 438 00:20:02,920 --> 00:20:04,600 REPLICATION THROUGHOUT THE 439 00:20:04,600 --> 00:20:06,160 TISSUES WE SEE AGAIN IT IS 440 00:20:06,160 --> 00:20:09,560 REALLY FOCUSED ON UPPER 441 00:20:09,560 --> 00:20:11,360 RESPIRATORY TRACT AND IN CAMELS 442 00:20:11,360 --> 00:20:14,080 WE SEE EFFICIENT RESPIRATORY 443 00:20:14,080 --> 00:20:15,200 REPLICATION SUGGESTING AT THIS 444 00:20:15,200 --> 00:20:17,160 TIME IS VERY GOOD EVIDENCE THAT 445 00:20:17,160 --> 00:20:18,920 THEY MIGHT INDEED PLAY A BIG 446 00:20:18,920 --> 00:20:21,440 ROLE IN THE CIRCULATION AND 447 00:20:21,440 --> 00:20:25,200 SPILLOVER OF MIDDLE EAST 448 00:20:25,200 --> 00:20:26,600 RESPIRATORY CORONAVIRUS AND TOOK 449 00:20:26,600 --> 00:20:28,000 THAT A STEP FURTHER AND IT IS 450 00:20:28,000 --> 00:20:30,040 NICE IF YOU CAN SHOW THAT 451 00:20:30,040 --> 00:20:33,200 ANIMALS GET INFECTED BUT DO THEY 452 00:20:33,200 --> 00:20:36,120 ACTUALLY TRANSMIT IT VERY 453 00:20:36,120 --> 00:20:38,920 EFFICIENTLY AND A- SETTING UP 454 00:20:38,920 --> 00:20:41,360 SECOND EXPERIMENT DEMOS 455 00:20:41,360 --> 00:20:44,360 INOCULATED WITH SYNDROME AND 456 00:20:44,360 --> 00:20:45,680 CORONAVIRUS AND HAVE [INAUDIBLE] 457 00:20:45,680 --> 00:20:49,200 ANIMALS AND PUT A ONE-ON-ONE 458 00:20:49,200 --> 00:20:51,560 NAÏVE CAMEL WITH PREVIOUSLY 459 00:20:51,560 --> 00:20:54,280 INFECTED CAMEL AND LOOK WHAT 460 00:20:54,280 --> 00:20:55,840 WOULD HAPPEN. RED CAMELS ARE 461 00:20:55,840 --> 00:20:59,000 ONES THAT WE INOCULATED AND, 462 00:20:59,000 --> 00:21:01,400 AGAIN, VERY ROBUST INFECTION IN 463 00:21:01,400 --> 00:21:03,880 UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT AND DAY 464 00:21:03,880 --> 00:21:06,520 2, WE HAD TWO GROUPS PUTTING 465 00:21:06,520 --> 00:21:08,840 NAÏVE CAMEL WITH IT SEEING IN 466 00:21:08,840 --> 00:21:10,920 BLUE NAÏVE CAMELS GOT INFECTED 467 00:21:10,920 --> 00:21:13,120 WITH IT AFTER TWO DAYS AND WERE 468 00:21:13,120 --> 00:21:15,120 ABLE TO EFFICIENTLY REPLICATE 469 00:21:15,120 --> 00:21:18,160 AND SHED VIRUS AS ORIGINALLY 470 00:21:18,160 --> 00:21:20,520 INFECTED VIRUS REALLY DRIVING 471 00:21:20,520 --> 00:21:23,600 HOME THAT POINT THAT DR 472 00:21:23,600 --> 00:21:25,800 DR. DRAMADARY CAMELS MIGHT PLAY 473 00:21:25,800 --> 00:21:30,680 A BIG ROLE IN CIRCULATION AND 474 00:21:30,680 --> 00:21:33,360 MIDDLE EAST CORONAVIRUS AND WHAT 475 00:21:33,360 --> 00:21:38,200 ABOUT OTHER CAMELETS AGAIN? I 476 00:21:38,200 --> 00:21:39,920 GOT QUITE KNOWLEDGEABLE IN 477 00:21:39,920 --> 00:21:43,160 CAMELETS AND THEY ORIGINATE FROM 478 00:21:43,160 --> 00:21:49,120 THE AMERICAS AND DRAM EDARY 479 00:21:49,120 --> 00:21:50,920 CAMELS ANCESTRAL MOVE OVER THE 480 00:21:50,920 --> 00:21:52,760 BARING STRAIGHT OVER HERE AND 481 00:21:52,760 --> 00:21:54,600 ENDED UP OVER HERE AND ONE 482 00:21:54,600 --> 00:21:57,040 IMPORTANT THING TO KNOW ALL DRAM 483 00:21:57,040 --> 00:22:02,040 ADAIRY CAMELS ARE DOMESTICATED 484 00:22:02,040 --> 00:22:05,080 AND THERE IS A SMALL POPULATION 485 00:22:05,080 --> 00:22:08,600 OF WILD [INAUDIBLE] CAMELS IN 486 00:22:08,600 --> 00:22:11,000 MONGOLIA AND CHINA OVER HERE AND 487 00:22:11,000 --> 00:22:13,800 IMPORTANTLY YOU CAN SEE 488 00:22:13,800 --> 00:22:15,640 DISTRIBUTION OF THE DRAM EDARY 489 00:22:15,640 --> 00:22:17,200 CAMELS AND [INAUDIBLE] CAMELS 490 00:22:17,200 --> 00:22:19,240 OVERLAP AND WE WERE ACTUALLY 491 00:22:19,240 --> 00:22:22,120 INTERESTED TO SEE WHERE THESE 492 00:22:22,120 --> 00:22:24,480 CAMELS SUSCEPTIBLE OR NOT AND 493 00:22:24,480 --> 00:22:26,960 REPEATED EXPERIMENT WE DID FOR 494 00:22:26,960 --> 00:22:30,440 DRAM EDARY CAMELS AND SHOW 495 00:22:30,440 --> 00:22:31,760 SUFFICIENT SHEDDING SUGGESTING 496 00:22:31,760 --> 00:22:34,200 THAT THESE ARE ALSO VERY 497 00:22:34,200 --> 00:22:36,560 SUSCEPTIBLE THAT WOULD POINT TO 498 00:22:36,560 --> 00:22:38,920 A WAY GREATER RISK FOR ZOONOTIC 499 00:22:38,920 --> 00:22:42,720 SPILLOVER OF ANIMALS INTO HUMAN 500 00:22:42,720 --> 00:22:43,840 POPULATION THAN PREVIOUSLY 501 00:22:43,840 --> 00:22:46,520 RECOGNIZED AND SET IT UP WITH 502 00:22:46,520 --> 00:22:48,520 COLLABORATION WITH A GROUP IN -- 503 00:22:48,520 --> 00:22:51,080 STARTING TO DO SURVEYS IN MON 504 00:22:51,080 --> 00:22:54,560 GOALA AND REDUCING ZERO 505 00:22:54,560 --> 00:22:57,080 PREVALENCE OF RESPIRATORY 506 00:22:57,080 --> 00:22:59,400 SYNDROME IN CORONAVIRUS IN THIS 507 00:22:59,400 --> 00:23:01,600 REGION AS WELL. OBVIOUSLY, YOU 508 00:23:01,600 --> 00:23:03,000 CAN DO EVERYTHING YOU WANT IN 509 00:23:03,000 --> 00:23:05,080 THE LAB BUT ONLY TAKES YOU SO 510 00:23:05,080 --> 00:23:07,800 FAR. WE IMMEDIATELY WHEN THE 511 00:23:07,800 --> 00:23:10,560 FIRST CASES THAT WERE IDENTIFIED 512 00:23:10,560 --> 00:23:13,200 IN SAUDI AIR-ABIA THERE WAS 513 00:23:13,200 --> 00:23:14,840 RESPECTIVE OUTBREAK IDENTIFIED 514 00:23:14,840 --> 00:23:17,000 IN JORDAN AND SET UP FIELD WORK 515 00:23:17,000 --> 00:23:19,880 OVER THERE AND STARTED TO SAMPLE 516 00:23:19,880 --> 00:23:23,080 DRAM EDARY CAMELS THROUGHOUT 517 00:23:23,080 --> 00:23:27,000 JORDAN AND SYRIA AND IRAQ AND 518 00:23:27,000 --> 00:23:30,880 SAUDI AIR-ABIA AND ISRAEL AND 519 00:23:30,880 --> 00:23:34,920 LEB AN NONE AND SAMPLING SIZE 520 00:23:34,920 --> 00:23:38,880 ARE OVER HERE AND WE SAW THAT WE 521 00:23:38,880 --> 00:23:43,920 SEE AN INCREASE IN POSITIVITY IN 522 00:23:43,920 --> 00:23:47,760 YOUNG DRAM EDARY CAMELS AND 523 00:23:47,760 --> 00:23:50,480 CORONAVIRUS BY PCR IS IN CAMELS 524 00:23:50,480 --> 00:23:53,080 BETWEEN SAY 1 AND 3 YEARS OLD 525 00:23:53,080 --> 00:23:55,840 AND OLDER THEY GET LESS 526 00:23:55,840 --> 00:23:57,480 PREVALENCE THEY HAVE AND YOU CAN 527 00:23:57,480 --> 00:24:01,120 LOOK AT ZERO PREVALENCE AND SEE 528 00:24:01,120 --> 00:24:04,440 CONTINUOUS INCREASE IN ZERO 529 00:24:04,440 --> 00:24:05,080 PREVALENCE THROUGHOUT THE 530 00:24:05,080 --> 00:24:08,800 POPULATION AND OLDER THEY GET 531 00:24:08,800 --> 00:24:11,080 HIGHER PREVALENCE AND LOOKING AT 532 00:24:11,080 --> 00:24:12,400 STRENGTH OF ZOONOTIC RESPONSE 533 00:24:12,400 --> 00:24:14,760 AND SEE INCREASE IN THIS 534 00:24:14,760 --> 00:24:16,280 RESPONSE AND THIS IS SUGGESTIVE 535 00:24:16,280 --> 00:24:18,360 THAT IT REALLY KIND OF BEHAVES 536 00:24:18,360 --> 00:24:22,920 LIKE A CLASSIC KIND OF CHILDHOOD 537 00:24:22,920 --> 00:24:25,200 DISEASE WITH NAÏVE YOUNG DRAM 538 00:24:25,200 --> 00:24:28,600 EDARY CAMELS BECOMING INFECTED 539 00:24:28,600 --> 00:24:29,920 AND HAVE AN IMMUNE RESPONSE 540 00:24:29,920 --> 00:24:32,400 AFTER 2 OR 3 YEARS EXPOSURE AND 541 00:24:32,400 --> 00:24:33,880 HAVE ENOUGH IMMUNE RESPONSE THAT 542 00:24:33,880 --> 00:24:36,560 YOU ACTUALLY DAMPEN THE 543 00:24:36,560 --> 00:24:39,480 PREVALENCE OF THE MIDDLE EAST 544 00:24:39,480 --> 00:24:46,040 AND RESPIRATORY SYNDROME ACTUAL 545 00:24:46,040 --> 00:24:49,880 PREVALENCE AND IN MY GROUP, 546 00:24:49,880 --> 00:24:51,640 SIVER WAS INTERESTED IN WHAT 547 00:24:51,640 --> 00:24:54,320 GENETIC DYNAMICS OF THIS VIRUS 548 00:24:54,320 --> 00:24:57,080 FROM DRAM EDARY CAMELS FROM 549 00:24:57,080 --> 00:24:59,280 JORDAN AND SHE COMPARE THE ALL 550 00:24:59,280 --> 00:25:03,240 OF THE FULL GENOME SEQUENCES OF 551 00:25:03,240 --> 00:25:06,920 THE CORONAVIRUS FROM HUMANS AND 552 00:25:06,920 --> 00:25:08,800 DRAM EDARY CAMELS AND 553 00:25:08,800 --> 00:25:11,640 [INAUDIBLE] WITH EACH OTHER AND 554 00:25:11,640 --> 00:25:13,840 INTERESTINGLY COMPARING SAUDI 555 00:25:13,840 --> 00:25:15,880 AIR-ABIA AND JORDAN YOU SEE 556 00:25:15,880 --> 00:25:17,680 DIFFERENT EPIDEMIOLOGICAL 557 00:25:17,680 --> 00:25:20,040 SIGNATURES IN GENETIC MAKEUP OF 558 00:25:20,040 --> 00:25:23,600 THESE VIRUSES. 559 00:25:23,600 --> 00:25:24,880 BASICALLY SUGGESTING THAT IN 560 00:25:24,880 --> 00:25:27,240 JORDAN WHERE THEY HAVE ACTUALLY 561 00:25:27,240 --> 00:25:31,440 RELATIVELY FEW DRAM EDARY CAMELS 562 00:25:31,440 --> 00:25:33,680 AND DON'T IMPORT MANY DRAM EDARY 563 00:25:33,680 --> 00:25:36,800 CAMELS WE SEE LIMITED GENETIC 564 00:25:36,800 --> 00:25:38,240 DIVERSITY AND VIRUS GOES IN AND 565 00:25:38,240 --> 00:25:39,880 GOES THROUGH THAT POPULATION AND 566 00:25:39,880 --> 00:25:42,400 THEN ACTUALLY GETS OUT OF THE 567 00:25:42,400 --> 00:25:44,840 POPULATION UNTIL IT IS SEATED 568 00:25:44,840 --> 00:25:47,560 AGAIN OPPOSED TO SOMETHING LIKE 569 00:25:47,560 --> 00:25:50,080 SAUDI AIR-ABA SUPPORTING DRAM 570 00:25:50,080 --> 00:25:52,680 EDARY CAMELS FROM NORTH AFRICA 571 00:25:52,680 --> 00:25:55,800 AND WITH IMPORT OF DRAM EDARY 572 00:25:55,800 --> 00:25:58,400 CAMELS REPORT MIDDLE EAST 573 00:25:58,400 --> 00:26:01,000 SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS FROM THESE 574 00:26:01,000 --> 00:26:03,160 REGIONS AS WELL AND DIVERSITY IS 575 00:26:03,160 --> 00:26:07,680 BIGGER IN SAUDI AIR-ABIA OPPOSED 576 00:26:07,680 --> 00:26:13,560 TO JORDAN AND WE GOT BACK TO THE 577 00:26:13,560 --> 00:26:17,280 RESERVIOR WE DID INOCULATION 578 00:26:17,280 --> 00:26:19,760 STUDY AND IN THE REAL WORLD 579 00:26:19,760 --> 00:26:21,760 FRUIT BAT AND SAW IN MIDDLE EAST 580 00:26:21,760 --> 00:26:24,200 AND CORONAVIRUS REPLICATES IN 581 00:26:24,200 --> 00:26:28,400 ANCESTRAL BAT RESERVIOR AND 582 00:26:28,400 --> 00:26:29,840 INTERESTING WHEN WE DID THIS 583 00:26:29,840 --> 00:26:31,360 EXPERIMENT WE DIDN'T REALLY KNOW 584 00:26:31,360 --> 00:26:33,320 MUCH ABOUT THE DRAM EDARY CAMEL 585 00:26:33,320 --> 00:26:37,400 AND HOW MUCH OF A RESERVIOR IT 586 00:26:37,400 --> 00:26:38,640 WAS AT THAT TIME AND IS 587 00:26:38,640 --> 00:26:41,080 INTERESTING AND TELLS ABOUT 588 00:26:41,080 --> 00:26:41,960 CROSS-SPECIES POTENTIAL FOR THIS 589 00:26:41,960 --> 00:26:43,600 PARTICULAR VIRUS AND YOU SEE 590 00:26:43,600 --> 00:26:47,320 HERE THE STAINING IN THE LOWER 591 00:26:47,320 --> 00:26:48,560 RESPIRATORY TRACT IN THE LUNGS 592 00:26:48,560 --> 00:26:51,360 IS INDICATIVE OF THE VIRUS 593 00:26:51,360 --> 00:26:53,880 REPLICATION AND THESE ANIMALS 594 00:26:53,880 --> 00:26:55,520 DIDN'T GET SICK SHEDDING OVER 595 00:26:55,520 --> 00:26:58,560 TIME ANIMALS DIDN'T GET SICK AND 596 00:26:58,560 --> 00:27:02,080 WERE ABLE TO RUDIMENTARY LOOK AT 597 00:27:02,080 --> 00:27:03,360 THIS DAMPENED RESPONSE 598 00:27:03,360 --> 00:27:04,880 SUGGESTING THAT ANIMALS ARE ABLE 599 00:27:04,880 --> 00:27:07,440 TO ACTUALLY CONTROL INFECTIONS 600 00:27:07,440 --> 00:27:10,520 QUITE WELL AND ARE STILL ABLE TO 601 00:27:10,520 --> 00:27:13,080 SHED AND TO REPLICATE BUT NOT 602 00:27:13,080 --> 00:27:15,040 REALLY GET SICK. 603 00:27:15,040 --> 00:27:19,480 SO, ANOTHER POST DOC IN MY LAB, 604 00:27:19,480 --> 00:27:22,000 DR. MICHAEL LEPCO WAS INTERESTED 605 00:27:22,000 --> 00:27:25,400 SO WE HAVE A NEW EMERGING 606 00:27:25,400 --> 00:27:26,840 CORONAVIRUSES AND KNOW WHAT 607 00:27:26,840 --> 00:27:28,920 RECEPTOR IS DPP4 AND HOW WE CAN 608 00:27:28,920 --> 00:27:30,800 ACTUALLY LOOK IN ALL OF THE 609 00:27:30,800 --> 00:27:32,800 DIFFERENT -- A VARIETY OF 610 00:27:32,800 --> 00:27:34,840 DIFFERENT BAT SPECIES AND WHAT 611 00:27:34,840 --> 00:27:37,280 DPP4 AND WHAT THE RECEPTOR LOOKS 612 00:27:37,280 --> 00:27:40,000 LIKE AND WE SEE IT OVER HERE AND 613 00:27:40,000 --> 00:27:43,000 HOW WELL DOES THE MIDDLE EAST 614 00:27:43,000 --> 00:27:45,280 RESPIRATORY CORONAVIRUS SPIKE IS 615 00:27:45,280 --> 00:27:46,960 ACTUALLY ABLE TO UTILIZE ALL OF 616 00:27:46,960 --> 00:27:48,840 THE DIFFERENT SPIKES AND WE SEE 617 00:27:48,840 --> 00:27:52,680 THAT HERE THE HUMAN DPP AND DPP4 618 00:27:52,680 --> 00:27:54,960 HAS THE CONTROL AND WE CAN SEE A 619 00:27:54,960 --> 00:27:58,520 BIG VARIATION IN HOW WELL MRS 620 00:27:58,520 --> 00:28:00,640 SPIKE IS ABLE TO BIND TO DPP4 621 00:28:00,640 --> 00:28:02,960 AND WE WERE OBVIOUSLY VERY 622 00:28:02,960 --> 00:28:06,000 INTERESTED IN THIS PARTICULAR 623 00:28:06,000 --> 00:28:10,640 DPP4 AND THIS MODUS ROTUN DOUSE 624 00:28:10,640 --> 00:28:13,080 A VAM P PYRBAT AND NEWER SPECIES 625 00:28:13,080 --> 00:28:15,360 AND WERE ABLE TO ACTUALLY 626 00:28:15,360 --> 00:28:17,200 PINPOINT THAT TWO MUTATIONS AND 627 00:28:17,200 --> 00:28:22,160 POSITION 295 AND 317 IN THE DPP4 628 00:28:22,160 --> 00:28:24,560 WERE PROBABLY THE RESULT OF THIS 629 00:28:24,560 --> 00:28:26,520 LESS BINDING AND ANY OF YOU 630 00:28:26,520 --> 00:28:28,960 WOULD THEN REVERSE MUTATE AND DO 631 00:28:28,960 --> 00:28:30,560 THE EXPERIMENT AGAIN AND SEE 632 00:28:30,560 --> 00:28:35,400 THAT DPP4 WITH THESE TWO 633 00:28:35,400 --> 00:28:36,720 MUTATIONS WAS ABLE AND WAS THEN 634 00:28:36,720 --> 00:28:40,000 ABLE TO SUSTAIN VERY GOOD 635 00:28:40,000 --> 00:28:40,320 REPLICATION. 636 00:28:40,320 --> 00:28:41,640 WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? 637 00:28:41,640 --> 00:28:44,440 I THINK IT ACTUALLY SHOWS YOU 638 00:28:44,440 --> 00:28:46,280 SOMETHING ABOUT THE EVOLUTIONARY 639 00:28:46,280 --> 00:28:48,640 STRATEGIES AND ADAPTATION OF 640 00:28:48,640 --> 00:28:50,240 VIRUSES TOWARDS RESPECTIVE BAT 641 00:28:50,240 --> 00:28:52,320 HOST AND YOU HAVE TO REMIND THAT 642 00:28:52,320 --> 00:28:57,520 THE CORONAVIRUS IS LARGE KP 643 00:28:57,520 --> 00:29:00,360 VIRUSES WITH A PROOFREADING 644 00:29:00,360 --> 00:29:01,320 MECHANISM AND PEOPLE INITIALLY 645 00:29:01,320 --> 00:29:03,320 THOUGHT THAT ABILITY TO ADAPT 646 00:29:03,320 --> 00:29:05,480 AND MUTATE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY 647 00:29:05,480 --> 00:29:07,160 LOWER AND WE ACTUALLY SHOW HERE 648 00:29:07,160 --> 00:29:09,440 THAT THIS IS A STRATEGY BUT HOW 649 00:29:09,440 --> 00:29:12,280 WOULD THAT ACTUALLY PLAY OUT IF 650 00:29:12,280 --> 00:29:14,560 YOU DO AN ACTUAL IN VITRO 651 00:29:14,560 --> 00:29:16,520 EXPERIMENT WHERE YOU TRY TO 652 00:29:16,520 --> 00:29:20,800 ADAPT MIDDLE EAST RESPIRATORY 653 00:29:20,800 --> 00:29:25,280 CORONAVIRUS TO THIS MODUS 654 00:29:25,280 --> 00:29:26,880 ROTUNDUS BEFORE AND WHAT MICHAEL 655 00:29:26,880 --> 00:29:29,120 DID AND WE TOOK THESE CELLS 656 00:29:29,120 --> 00:29:31,400 EXPRESSING THIS DPP FOUSH R 4 657 00:29:31,400 --> 00:29:35,080 AND ONE THAT BINDS AND USES AND 658 00:29:35,080 --> 00:29:36,600 MRS SPIKE CAN BIND TO THAT A 659 00:29:36,600 --> 00:29:38,800 LITTLE BIT BUT NOT THAT 660 00:29:38,800 --> 00:29:40,360 EFFICIENT AND [INAUDIBLE] OVER 661 00:29:40,360 --> 00:29:42,720 TIME AND RAPIDLY WE SEE 662 00:29:42,720 --> 00:29:44,800 MUTATIONS EMERGING AND MUTATIONS 663 00:29:44,800 --> 00:29:46,840 THAT REALLY MADE THESE VIRUSES 664 00:29:46,840 --> 00:29:50,120 CAPABLE OF VERY EFFICIENT 665 00:29:50,120 --> 00:29:52,920 UTILIZING THIS ECREPTOR AND 666 00:29:52,920 --> 00:29:53,560 INTERESTINGLY, THESE WERE NOT 667 00:29:53,560 --> 00:29:55,640 THE SAME MUTATIONS THAT WE 668 00:29:55,640 --> 00:29:57,600 ACTUALLY OBSERVED WHEN WE DID 669 00:29:57,600 --> 00:30:00,960 THE COMPARISON BETWEEN THE HUMAN 670 00:30:00,960 --> 00:30:06,600 AND MODUS ROTUNDUS SHOWING 671 00:30:06,600 --> 00:30:07,920 DIFFERENT ADAPTATION STRATEGIES 672 00:30:07,920 --> 00:30:10,360 THAT THE BATS CAN HAVE. SO, I 673 00:30:10,360 --> 00:30:12,000 THINK THAT THIS IS LIKE PART OF 674 00:30:12,000 --> 00:30:15,440 THE TALK WHICH GOES A LITTLE BIT 675 00:30:15,440 --> 00:30:16,240 INTO TRANSMISSION. 676 00:30:16,240 --> 00:30:22,120 PART OF MY THINKING HAS BEEN 677 00:30:22,120 --> 00:30:25,080 KIND OF MOLDED BY INITIAL WORK 678 00:30:25,080 --> 00:30:28,520 WITH STUDENTS WORKING WITH 679 00:30:28,520 --> 00:30:31,320 [INAUDIBLE] AND WE WERE WORKING 680 00:30:31,320 --> 00:30:35,720 ON H1 INFLUENZA AND IN 681 00:30:35,720 --> 00:30:37,520 COMPARISON TO SEASONAL INFLUENZA 682 00:30:37,520 --> 00:30:40,080 H32 AND GOING TO RESPIRATORY 683 00:30:40,080 --> 00:30:41,920 TRACK WE SEE OVER HERE FROM 684 00:30:41,920 --> 00:30:45,960 UPPER TO LOWER AND SEASONAL 685 00:30:45,960 --> 00:30:49,280 INFLUENZA EFFICIENT BINDING TO 686 00:30:49,280 --> 00:30:52,440 UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT AND 687 00:30:52,440 --> 00:30:54,960 LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT AND 688 00:30:54,960 --> 00:30:57,760 EFFICIENT TRANSMISSION AND WHAT 689 00:30:57,760 --> 00:30:59,640 INFLUENZA VIRUS DO AND NOT SO 690 00:30:59,640 --> 00:31:02,880 MUCH BINDING TO UPPER 691 00:31:02,880 --> 00:31:04,800 RESPIRATORY TRACT AND EFFICIENT 692 00:31:04,800 --> 00:31:06,560 BINDING TO LOWER RESPIRATORY 693 00:31:06,560 --> 00:31:08,840 TRACT AND TRANSMISSION AND 694 00:31:08,840 --> 00:31:11,680 EFFICIENT IN ACTUALLY CAUSING 695 00:31:11,680 --> 00:31:13,480 DISEASE AND USING THAT PARADIGM 696 00:31:13,480 --> 00:31:15,560 TO COMPARE INSTANCE IN THIS CASE 697 00:31:15,560 --> 00:31:19,560 NOT TWO VIRUSES BUT TWO HOSTS 698 00:31:19,560 --> 00:31:22,920 AND DRAM EDARY CAMELS AND 699 00:31:22,920 --> 00:31:26,120 TRANSMISSION AND PROXY FOR 700 00:31:26,120 --> 00:31:28,000 HUMANS NO REPLICATION 701 00:31:28,000 --> 00:31:31,640 RESPIRATORY TRACT AND NOT VERY 702 00:31:31,640 --> 00:31:32,240 EFFICIENT TRANSMISSION. 703 00:31:32,240 --> 00:31:36,680 SO, THAT KIND OF DATA PUTS USING 704 00:31:36,680 --> 00:31:38,840 TO SECOND PART OF MY TALK AND 705 00:31:38,840 --> 00:31:41,520 TRYING TO SHOW WORK WE HAVE BEEN 706 00:31:41,520 --> 00:31:44,600 DOING WITH NOV EL-CORONAVIRUS 707 00:31:44,600 --> 00:31:47,240 EMERGING AT END OF 2019 AND WHEN 708 00:31:47,240 --> 00:31:48,680 SOMETHING LIKE THAT HAPPENS YOU 709 00:31:48,680 --> 00:31:50,720 ARE ACTUALLY TRYING TO PUT IT IN 710 00:31:50,720 --> 00:31:52,360 PERSPECTIVE AND IN THIS CASE, WE 711 00:31:52,360 --> 00:31:58,000 ARE ACTUALLY LIKE WORKING ON 712 00:31:58,000 --> 00:32:00,200 COMMENTARY THAT IS NEW JOURNAL 713 00:32:00,200 --> 00:32:02,840 OF MEDICINE EARLY IN THE 714 00:32:02,840 --> 00:32:04,160 PANDEMIC TRYING TO POINT ON SOME 715 00:32:04,160 --> 00:32:08,000 GAPS OF KNOWLEDGE AND THIS IS 716 00:32:08,000 --> 00:32:09,160 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PYRAMID THAT 717 00:32:09,160 --> 00:32:12,560 SHOWS BASICALLY HOW HARD IT IS 718 00:32:12,560 --> 00:32:15,680 IF YOU HAVE VIRUS MILD OR 719 00:32:15,680 --> 00:32:16,280 ASYMPTOMATIC LOGICALLY TO 720 00:32:16,280 --> 00:32:20,640 CONTAIN IT BASED ON SYNDROMIC 721 00:32:20,640 --> 00:32:23,280 SURVEILLANCE AND SYNDROMIC 722 00:32:23,280 --> 00:32:25,880 SURVEILLANCE THINK OF EBOLA 723 00:32:25,880 --> 00:32:27,840 VIRUS CAUSES SEVERE DISEASE AND 724 00:32:27,840 --> 00:32:32,760 ALSO STARTS TO SHED AND BE 725 00:32:32,760 --> 00:32:35,000 INFECTIOUS AFTER YOU ARE ILL AND 726 00:32:35,000 --> 00:32:36,560 INFLUENZA WHERE YOU ACTUALLY 727 00:32:36,560 --> 00:32:39,640 START TO ALREADY SHED AND BE 728 00:32:39,640 --> 00:32:40,720 INFECTIOUS BEFORE YOU BECOME 729 00:32:40,720 --> 00:32:45,120 SICK AND WHAT WE HAVE SEEN WITH 730 00:32:45,120 --> 00:32:46,640 SARSCOV2 WITH THE FIRST CASE 731 00:32:46,640 --> 00:32:50,320 DETECTION IN THE US AND WAS 732 00:32:50,320 --> 00:32:51,840 PROBABLY ALREADY EXTENSIVE 733 00:32:51,840 --> 00:32:54,080 CIRCULATION BEFORE DETECTION IN 734 00:32:54,080 --> 00:32:56,760 THAT INITIAL CASE AND MY GOAL 735 00:32:56,760 --> 00:32:59,040 SHIFTED FROM MIDDLE EAST 736 00:32:59,040 --> 00:33:01,640 SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS A YEAR 737 00:33:01,640 --> 00:33:04,200 BEFORE THE PAN EMIC TO WORK ON 738 00:33:04,200 --> 00:33:08,800 THE BETA CORONAVIRUS AND BETA 739 00:33:08,800 --> 00:33:11,640 CORONAVIRUS USES THIS A2 740 00:33:11,640 --> 00:33:14,480 RECEPTOR AND WENT TO GEN BANK 741 00:33:14,480 --> 00:33:16,280 AND DID ALL-OUT SEARCH LOOKING 742 00:33:16,280 --> 00:33:20,480 FOR ALL SEQUENCES OF BETA 743 00:33:20,480 --> 00:33:24,240 CORONAVIRUSES AND CAME DOWN WITH 744 00:33:24,240 --> 00:33:26,800 7,000 SEQUENCES AND AFTER 745 00:33:26,800 --> 00:33:29,800 FILTERING CAME UP WITH 29 USABLE 746 00:33:29,800 --> 00:33:32,440 SEQUENCES OF BAT CORONAVIRUS 747 00:33:32,440 --> 00:33:33,800 WITH RECEPTOR BINDING SPIKE THAT 748 00:33:33,800 --> 00:33:37,600 HE COULD USE IN HIS EXPERIMENTAL 749 00:33:37,600 --> 00:33:38,400 SETUP. 750 00:33:38,400 --> 00:33:41,200 HE DESIGNED TWO-DOOR TYPE ENTRY 751 00:33:41,200 --> 00:33:43,600 SYSTEM. HE BASICALLY USED 752 00:33:43,600 --> 00:33:45,600 GENERIC SPIKE WHERE HE WAS ABLE 753 00:33:45,600 --> 00:33:47,880 TO SWAP OUT RBD CASSETTE BACK 754 00:33:47,880 --> 00:33:50,080 AND FORWARD. HE COULD ACTUALLY 755 00:33:50,080 --> 00:33:52,480 LIKE VERY RAPIDLY MAKE ALL OF 756 00:33:52,480 --> 00:33:54,760 THESE DIFFERENT MUTANTS THAT 757 00:33:54,760 --> 00:33:56,120 HAVE RECEPTIVE BINDING DOMAIN OF 758 00:33:56,120 --> 00:33:59,280 ALL OF THE VIRUSES AND EXPLORE 759 00:33:59,280 --> 00:34:01,440 WHICH RECEPTOR THEY WOULD USE 760 00:34:01,440 --> 00:34:06,880 AND SEE HERE PARTICULARLY ONE 761 00:34:06,880 --> 00:34:10,120 BETA CORONAVIRUS USES A2 762 00:34:10,120 --> 00:34:12,640 RECEPTOR AND INTERESTING AT THAT 763 00:34:12,640 --> 00:34:16,200 TIME WE KNOW SARS COV HAD QUITE 764 00:34:16,200 --> 00:34:18,400 AN EXTENSIVE EPIDEMIC AND 765 00:34:18,400 --> 00:34:20,960 JANUARY 11TH FULL GENOME 766 00:34:20,960 --> 00:34:22,880 SEQUENCE BECAME AVAILABLE OF 767 00:34:22,880 --> 00:34:25,800 SARS COV2 AND IN 11 DAYS WAS 768 00:34:25,800 --> 00:34:28,640 ABLE TO SYNTHESIZE RBD AND CLONE 769 00:34:28,640 --> 00:34:30,920 INTO PROTOTYPE AND WAS ABLE TO 770 00:34:30,920 --> 00:34:36,120 SHOW SARS COV2 USES ACE 2 WHICH 771 00:34:36,120 --> 00:34:37,400 WE HAD A GOOD SUSPICION THIS 772 00:34:37,400 --> 00:34:40,080 WOULD BE A BINDER AND WE DIDN'T 773 00:34:40,080 --> 00:34:41,680 HAVE FORMAL PROOF AND ON TOP OF 774 00:34:41,680 --> 00:34:44,320 THAT WHAT HE ALSO SHOWED IS IF 775 00:34:44,320 --> 00:34:46,920 YOU LOOK AT FILE OJ ON ANY OF 776 00:34:46,920 --> 00:34:51,520 SPIKE RBD AND DIFFERENT GENE 777 00:34:51,520 --> 00:34:55,960 DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE YOU SEE 778 00:34:55,960 --> 00:34:58,640 DIFFERENT PHYLOGENY SUGGESTING 779 00:34:58,640 --> 00:35:00,080 THAT BESIDES ADAPTATION OF 780 00:35:00,080 --> 00:35:02,320 MUTATIONS I SHOWED IN A COUPLE 781 00:35:02,320 --> 00:35:04,200 SLIDES PREVIOUSLY RECOMBINATION 782 00:35:04,200 --> 00:35:06,360 AND PICKING UP WHOLE PARTS OF 783 00:35:06,360 --> 00:35:09,360 RBD BETWEEN THESE DIFFERENT 784 00:35:09,360 --> 00:35:11,760 RELATED BUT DIFFERENT VIRUSES IS 785 00:35:11,760 --> 00:35:14,160 EVOLUTIONARY STRATEGY OF THESE 786 00:35:14,160 --> 00:35:16,320 CORONAVIRUSES AND WE WERE ABLE 787 00:35:16,320 --> 00:35:19,400 TO GET OUR HANDS ON THE VIRUS 788 00:35:19,400 --> 00:35:21,880 REALLY QUICKLY AND THERE WAS A 789 00:35:21,880 --> 00:35:26,120 COLLABORATION WITH CDC AND 790 00:35:26,120 --> 00:35:30,680 NATALIE AND SUE VERBER AND THEY 791 00:35:30,680 --> 00:35:32,480 WERE INTERESTED IN DOING QUITE 792 00:35:32,480 --> 00:35:35,160 SOME BASIC EXPERIMENTS ON 793 00:35:35,160 --> 00:35:36,000 ENVIRONMENTAL STABILITY AND HERE 794 00:35:36,000 --> 00:35:40,040 WE WERE USING ORIGINAL SARS SO 795 00:35:40,040 --> 00:35:42,320 2003 AND 2004 STRAIN OF SARS 796 00:35:42,320 --> 00:35:44,320 COMPARING IT THAT WITH NOVEL 797 00:35:44,320 --> 00:35:49,240 EMERGING VIRUS, WA1 SARS COV2 798 00:35:49,240 --> 00:35:51,920 AND BASICALLY SAW VERY GOOD 799 00:35:51,920 --> 00:35:53,800 STABILITY IN AEROSOLS UP TO 800 00:35:53,800 --> 00:35:57,240 THREE HOURS AND RAPID REDUCTION 801 00:35:57,240 --> 00:36:01,160 ON SURFACE LIKE CUPBOARD AND 802 00:36:01,160 --> 00:36:02,360 STAINLESS STEEL PLASTIC AND 803 00:36:02,360 --> 00:36:06,360 COULD REALLY MODEL THAT QUITE 804 00:36:06,360 --> 00:36:08,520 WELL. 805 00:36:08,520 --> 00:36:10,920 WE MADE A COUPLE INTERESTING 806 00:36:10,920 --> 00:36:12,920 OBSERVATIONS AND PARTICULARLY 807 00:36:12,920 --> 00:36:17,160 LIKE OBSERVATIONS ON 808 00:36:17,160 --> 00:36:18,160 TRANSMISSION. 809 00:36:18,160 --> 00:36:21,360 AEROSOL STABILITY PER-SE DOESN'T 810 00:36:21,360 --> 00:36:23,800 REALLY POINT TOWARDS INCREASED 811 00:36:23,800 --> 00:36:27,880 RISK OF AEROSOL TRANSMISSION; 812 00:36:27,880 --> 00:36:30,160 HOWEVER, COMPARISON BETWEEN SARS 813 00:36:30,160 --> 00:36:33,600 1 AND WHERE WE HAVE PRETTY GOOD 814 00:36:33,600 --> 00:36:36,280 ID ABOUT EPIDEMIOLOGY OF THE 815 00:36:36,280 --> 00:36:38,120 VIRUS EVOLVED AND ROUTE OF 816 00:36:38,120 --> 00:36:39,880 TRANSMISSION OF THE VIRUS REALLY 817 00:36:39,880 --> 00:36:40,880 SUGGESTED THAT PEOPLE SHOULD 818 00:36:40,880 --> 00:36:44,160 POINT AND BE ON LOOKOUT OF 819 00:36:44,160 --> 00:36:45,400 POTENTIAL AEROSOL TRANSMISSIONS. 820 00:36:45,400 --> 00:36:47,280 IT WAS OBVIOUSLY NOT NECESSARILY 821 00:36:47,280 --> 00:36:49,040 WHAT THE MEDIA TOOK AWAY FROM 822 00:36:49,040 --> 00:36:52,640 THIS AND MEDIA ACTUALLY GOT AND 823 00:36:52,640 --> 00:36:56,560 CREATED QUITE SOME MEDIA FRENZY 824 00:36:56,560 --> 00:36:59,520 AND OUR LAB WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR 825 00:36:59,520 --> 00:37:00,760 HANDWASHING AND SANITATION 826 00:37:00,760 --> 00:37:04,000 EFFORTS BUT DON'T THINK IT IS 827 00:37:04,000 --> 00:37:04,800 NECESSARILY A BAD THING. 828 00:37:04,800 --> 00:37:08,440 WE HAD THE VIRUS AND WANTED TO 829 00:37:08,440 --> 00:37:10,040 REALLY ESTABLISH AN ANIMAL MODEL 830 00:37:10,040 --> 00:37:13,480 AT THAT TIME AND TRYING TO 831 00:37:13,480 --> 00:37:17,640 UNDERSTAND ON THE ONE HAND 832 00:37:17,640 --> 00:37:19,720 HEPATOGENESIS AND TEST COUNT 833 00:37:19,720 --> 00:37:22,120 MEASURES AND RECENT MODEL USING 834 00:37:22,120 --> 00:37:25,640 IN MIDDLE EAST SYNDROME 835 00:37:25,640 --> 00:37:29,600 CORONAVIRUS AND USING SARS COV2 836 00:37:29,600 --> 00:37:30,480 STRAIN ISOLATED FROM THE CASE IN 837 00:37:30,480 --> 00:37:32,600 THE US AND DID A COMBINATION OF 838 00:37:32,600 --> 00:37:34,880 ROUTES AND WE SEE ON THIS AFTER 839 00:37:34,880 --> 00:37:36,840 INOCULATION WE SEE AN INCREASE 840 00:37:36,840 --> 00:37:39,200 IN CLINICAL STORES TO MEASURE 841 00:37:39,200 --> 00:37:41,160 HOW SICK THE ANIMALS ARE AND 842 00:37:41,160 --> 00:37:44,600 AGAIN VERY SIMILAR TO MIDDLE 843 00:37:44,600 --> 00:37:47,200 EAST RESPIRATORY CORONAVIRUS WE 844 00:37:47,200 --> 00:37:50,440 SEE DEVELOPMENT OF PNEUMONIA IN 845 00:37:50,440 --> 00:37:52,880 LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT AND 846 00:37:52,880 --> 00:37:55,560 INFECTION IS TRANSIENT AND MOUTH 847 00:37:55,560 --> 00:37:57,520 MODEL DISEASE IN ANIMAL MODEL 848 00:37:57,520 --> 00:38:00,360 AND TYPICALLY AROUND DAY 14 IT 849 00:38:00,360 --> 00:38:03,440 IS RESOLVED AND SEEING GROSS 850 00:38:03,440 --> 00:38:06,360 [INAUDIBLE] YOU SEE LESIONS ON 851 00:38:06,360 --> 00:38:08,600 LOBES AND THIS BASICALLY AT END 852 00:38:08,600 --> 00:38:13,800 OF DAY 21, MOST LESIONS ARE 853 00:38:13,800 --> 00:38:14,440 RESOLVED AND HEPATOLODGE COOLLY 854 00:38:14,440 --> 00:38:17,600 IT LOOKS LIKE THIS LARGE PART OF 855 00:38:17,600 --> 00:38:21,280 LUNGS AFFECTED BY SARS COV2 AND 856 00:38:21,280 --> 00:38:23,120 WHAT NORMAL LUNGS WILL LOOK LIKE 857 00:38:23,120 --> 00:38:25,960 AND OPEN SPACES AND WHERE THEY 858 00:38:25,960 --> 00:38:29,320 TAKE PLACE AND NO SWABS AND 859 00:38:29,320 --> 00:38:31,560 RECTAL SWABS AGAIN POINTING 860 00:38:31,560 --> 00:38:34,160 LARGELY TOWARDS UPPER 861 00:38:34,160 --> 00:38:35,520 RESPIRATORY TRACT VIRUS ON 862 00:38:35,520 --> 00:38:37,440 SHEDDING END AND SEE ACTION OF 863 00:38:37,440 --> 00:38:40,400 VIRUS IN THE MOUTH AND WE TAKE 864 00:38:40,400 --> 00:38:41,640 BRONXIAL [INAUDIBLE] TO REALLY 865 00:38:41,640 --> 00:38:44,840 UNDERSTAND THE REPLICATION OF 866 00:38:44,840 --> 00:38:47,320 LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT NOT SO 867 00:38:47,320 --> 00:38:48,960 MUCH IN GENITAL TRACT AND 868 00:38:48,960 --> 00:38:50,880 [INAUDIBLE] WE DIDN'T DETECT ANY 869 00:38:50,880 --> 00:38:53,560 VIRUS SHEDDING AND POINTING OUT 870 00:38:53,560 --> 00:38:55,600 A LITTLE MORE MORPHOLOGY THESE 871 00:38:55,600 --> 00:38:59,240 REALLY KIND OF CLASSIC LESIONS 872 00:38:59,240 --> 00:39:01,560 IN CORONAVIRUS LESIONS INCLUDING 873 00:39:01,560 --> 00:39:05,960 EDEMA AND FIBER DEPOSITS TYPE 2 874 00:39:05,960 --> 00:39:07,920 HYPERMRASHIA AND MEMBRANES AND 875 00:39:07,920 --> 00:39:10,200 SIMILAR TO MIDDLE EAST 876 00:39:10,200 --> 00:39:13,000 RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS 877 00:39:13,000 --> 00:39:15,680 AND RED BLOOD STAINING IS 878 00:39:15,680 --> 00:39:19,280 AGAINST REPLICATING SARS COV2 879 00:39:19,280 --> 00:39:26,640 AND PNEUMOSITES AND ALVEOLI 880 00:39:26,640 --> 00:39:30,520 MACROPHAGE WE HAVE RAPIDLY 881 00:39:30,520 --> 00:39:33,920 GOTTEN DAY AH AND WE KNOW HOW IT 882 00:39:33,920 --> 00:39:35,800 INFECTS AND KNOW AEROSOL 883 00:39:35,800 --> 00:39:38,640 STABILITY QUITE WELL AND CAN 884 00:39:38,640 --> 00:39:40,640 MAKE ANALOGY WE FIRST DID 885 00:39:40,640 --> 00:39:42,160 INFLUENCE SATURDAY AND MIDDLE 886 00:39:42,160 --> 00:39:45,080 EAST RESPIRATORY SYNDROME 887 00:39:45,080 --> 00:39:48,160 CORONAVIRUS AND WITH SARS COV2 888 00:39:48,160 --> 00:39:50,800 WE SEE RESIDENT P OPERATION AND 889 00:39:50,800 --> 00:39:52,880 UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT AND 890 00:39:52,880 --> 00:39:54,440 LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT AND 891 00:39:54,440 --> 00:39:55,600 COMPILING IT TO TRANSMISSION 892 00:39:55,600 --> 00:39:56,880 RISK AND THIS SLIDE IS FROM 893 00:39:56,880 --> 00:39:58,080 ACTUALLY SOME OF THE WORK WE 894 00:39:58,080 --> 00:40:01,320 HAVE BEEN DOING WITH EBOLA VIRUS 895 00:40:01,320 --> 00:40:03,600 WHERE MAJOR TRANSMISSION IS 896 00:40:03,600 --> 00:40:06,000 REALLY DIRECT CONTACT AND BODILY 897 00:40:06,000 --> 00:40:08,880 FLUID AND NOW WITH SARS COV2 WE 898 00:40:08,880 --> 00:40:11,000 SEE ACTUALLY A HIGH RISK IN 899 00:40:11,000 --> 00:40:13,680 DIRECT CONTACT AND HIGH RISK FOR 900 00:40:13,680 --> 00:40:16,240 DROP IN AEROSOL TRANSMISSION AND 901 00:40:16,240 --> 00:40:17,480 FORMAL TRANSMISSION WE THINK 902 00:40:17,480 --> 00:40:19,960 TAKES PLACE AND IT IS ACTUALLY 903 00:40:19,960 --> 00:40:23,840 QUITE MARGINAL OPPOSED TO DIRECT 904 00:40:23,840 --> 00:40:25,840 CONTACT AND AIRBORNE 905 00:40:25,840 --> 00:40:26,200 TRANSMISSION. 906 00:40:26,200 --> 00:40:29,560 SO, THERE IS STILL NO LIKE 907 00:40:29,560 --> 00:40:31,160 FORMAL PROOF OF THE AEROSOL 908 00:40:31,160 --> 00:40:34,480 TRANSMISSION AT THAT POINT. 909 00:40:34,480 --> 00:40:38,520 AND THEN DR. [INAUDIBLE] WERE 910 00:40:38,520 --> 00:40:40,680 REALLY TRYING TO SET OUT HOW WE 911 00:40:40,680 --> 00:40:42,040 CAN EXPERIMENTALLY PROVE THIS IS 912 00:40:42,040 --> 00:40:44,680 REALLY AN AEROSOL TRANCE 913 00:40:44,680 --> 00:40:47,080 MISSABLE VIRUS AND USE THE ONE 914 00:40:47,080 --> 00:40:50,480 OF OUR FAVORITE ANIMAL MODELS 915 00:40:50,480 --> 00:40:51,560 ENHANCER FOR THIS AND FIRST 916 00:40:51,560 --> 00:40:54,000 THING THEY ACTUALLY DID IS 917 00:40:54,000 --> 00:40:56,080 DEVELOP GAUGING SYSTEMS WITH DR. 918 00:40:56,080 --> 00:41:00,360 BOB FISHER AND REALLY LOOKED 919 00:41:00,360 --> 00:41:02,600 ADIFFERENT DISTANCES BETWEEN 920 00:41:02,600 --> 00:41:04,520 CAGES AND THESE ARE INFECTED AND 921 00:41:04,520 --> 00:41:06,880 THESE ARE UNINFECTED ANIMALS AND 922 00:41:06,880 --> 00:41:08,320 FIRST THING THEY DID IS GENERATE 923 00:41:08,320 --> 00:41:10,360 A VARIETY OF DIFFERENT PARTICLE 924 00:41:10,360 --> 00:41:12,920 SIZE ON THIS END OF THE GATE AND 925 00:41:12,920 --> 00:41:14,920 LIEU WHICH KIND OF PARTICLES 926 00:41:14,920 --> 00:41:16,200 ACTUALLY MADE IT TO THIS END OF 927 00:41:16,200 --> 00:41:18,960 THE CASE AND USED AERODYNAMIC 928 00:41:18,960 --> 00:41:20,800 PARTICLE SIZER FOR THIS AND THEY 929 00:41:20,800 --> 00:41:22,480 WERE ACTUALLY ABLE TO SHOW IN 930 00:41:22,480 --> 00:41:25,760 THIS CAGING SETUP, THE 6 FEET, 931 00:41:25,760 --> 00:41:30,400 ONLY TRUE AEROSOLS IF YOU CAN 932 00:41:30,400 --> 00:41:31,160 FIND THEM THESE ARE AEROSOLS 933 00:41:31,160 --> 00:41:34,120 SMALLER THAN 5 MICROMETER MAKE 934 00:41:34,120 --> 00:41:36,640 IT FROM LEFT TO RIGHT AND WHAT 935 00:41:36,640 --> 00:41:39,080 TRUE SETUP LOOKS LIKE IN OUR 936 00:41:39,080 --> 00:41:40,120 FACILITY AND THEY WERE ACTUALLY 937 00:41:40,120 --> 00:41:42,880 ABLE TO SHOW THAT USING THIS 938 00:41:42,880 --> 00:41:44,480 SETUP VERY EFFICIENT 939 00:41:44,480 --> 00:41:46,440 TRANSMISSION, BOTH FOUR HOURS 940 00:41:46,440 --> 00:41:50,600 AFTER PLACING INOCULATED DONOR 941 00:41:50,600 --> 00:41:52,680 ANIMALS WITH THE PLACENTAL 942 00:41:52,680 --> 00:41:55,280 ANIMALS AND COULD GO DOWN TO 1 943 00:41:55,280 --> 00:41:58,160 HOUR AND TIGHT TRAIT DOWN FOR 15 944 00:41:58,160 --> 00:42:01,360 MINUTES VERY EFFICIENT AEROSOLS 945 00:42:01,360 --> 00:42:03,280 PLUS AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION IN 946 00:42:03,280 --> 00:42:04,480 THIS ANIMAL MODEL. 947 00:42:04,480 --> 00:42:07,520 AGAIN, FOCUSING ON TRANSMISSION, 948 00:42:07,520 --> 00:42:13,200 SO WE PUBLISHED THAT DATA ON 949 00:42:13,200 --> 00:42:14,520 AIRBORNE STABILITY AND GOT 950 00:42:14,520 --> 00:42:22,240 CONTACTED BY A DOCTOR FROM THE 951 00:42:22,240 --> 00:42:24,240 EVERGREEN MEDICAL CENTER AND HE 952 00:42:24,240 --> 00:42:26,000 SAID I HAVE A PROBLEM HERE. I 953 00:42:26,000 --> 00:42:31,080 HAVE A PATIENT WHO IS SEVERELY 954 00:42:31,080 --> 00:42:33,480 IMMUNOCOMPROMISED, ASYMPTOMATIC, 955 00:42:33,480 --> 00:42:35,760 TESTED POSITIVE AND KEEPS 956 00:42:35,760 --> 00:42:37,440 TESTING POSITIVE AND WHAT DO I 957 00:42:37,440 --> 00:42:39,640 DO WITH IT FROM A HOSPITAL 958 00:42:39,640 --> 00:42:41,040 HYGIENE POINT OF VIEW, IT WILL 959 00:42:41,040 --> 00:42:44,040 BE A PROBLEM. I SAID, SEND HER 960 00:42:44,040 --> 00:42:45,400 SAMPLES TO OUR LAB AND WE WILL 961 00:42:45,400 --> 00:42:47,600 TEST THESE VIRUS AND WHETHER THE 962 00:42:47,600 --> 00:42:50,680 SAMPLES ARE STILL INFECTIOUSES 963 00:42:50,680 --> 00:42:53,600 AND HAD 2PHD STUDENTS AT THAT 964 00:42:53,600 --> 00:42:55,680 TIME VICKY AND JEREMIAH WORKING 965 00:42:55,680 --> 00:42:57,640 ON IT AND THEY WERE BASICALLY 966 00:42:57,640 --> 00:43:00,960 ABLE TO SHOW THIS ASYMPTOMATIC 967 00:43:00,960 --> 00:43:02,680 PATIENT WAS SHEDDING THE VIRUS 968 00:43:02,680 --> 00:43:05,880 FOR 105 DAYS TREATED WITH PLASMA 969 00:43:05,880 --> 00:43:10,400 TWICE AND UP TO DAY 77, WE WERE 970 00:43:10,400 --> 00:43:12,520 ABLE TO IDENTIFY INFECTIOUS 971 00:43:12,520 --> 00:43:14,200 VIRUS FROM THIS PATIENT AND WE 972 00:43:14,200 --> 00:43:17,080 SEE THE CT VALUE OF THE GENOMIC 973 00:43:17,080 --> 00:43:20,080 AND SUBGENOMIC AND REALLY 974 00:43:20,080 --> 00:43:22,240 EXTENSIVE LONG-TERM SHEDDING 975 00:43:22,240 --> 00:43:24,520 THAT AT THAT TIME WASN'T 976 00:43:24,520 --> 00:43:26,680 REPORTED YET IN LITERATURE AND 977 00:43:26,680 --> 00:43:28,600 DEEP SEQUENCED THE SAMPLES AND 978 00:43:28,600 --> 00:43:30,560 VERY INTERESTINGLY WHEN WE TOOK 979 00:43:30,560 --> 00:43:32,360 AND WHEN WE RECEIVED AND THEY 980 00:43:32,360 --> 00:43:35,360 TOOK A SAMPLE FROM THIS PATIENT 981 00:43:35,360 --> 00:43:37,680 AND DEEP SEQUENCE IT WE SAW A 982 00:43:37,680 --> 00:43:39,240 COMPLETELY DIFFERENT VIRUS 983 00:43:39,240 --> 00:43:40,400 POPULATION EVERY TIME WE 984 00:43:40,400 --> 00:43:42,600 SEQUENCE THAT VIRUS AND SEE VERY 985 00:43:42,600 --> 00:43:45,000 EXTENSIVE AND YOU SEE ALIGNED 986 00:43:45,000 --> 00:43:46,680 EXTENSIVE DELETIONS AND 987 00:43:46,680 --> 00:43:48,880 MUTATIONS AND REALLY SUGGESTING 988 00:43:48,880 --> 00:43:51,120 THAT WITHIN THIS LIKE VERY 989 00:43:51,120 --> 00:43:54,080 PARTICULAR IMMUNOCOMPROMISED 990 00:43:54,080 --> 00:43:56,200 POPULATIONS, WE SEE EXTENSIVE -- 991 00:43:56,200 --> 00:43:57,800 POTENTIAL FOR EXTENSIVE 992 00:43:57,800 --> 00:44:00,000 EVOLUTION THAT HAS NOW BEEN 993 00:44:00,000 --> 00:44:02,120 REPORTED ON SEVERAL OCCASIONS. 994 00:44:02,120 --> 00:44:06,080 SO, HOW DO YOU THEN GO ON TO 995 00:44:06,080 --> 00:44:07,200 POTENTIALLY BLOCK TRANSMISSION 996 00:44:07,200 --> 00:44:09,960 OF RESPIRATORY VIRUS AND 997 00:44:09,960 --> 00:44:10,920 DIFFERENT LAYERS BETWEEN AND 998 00:44:10,920 --> 00:44:16,200 WITHIN HOSTS AND SHEDDING AND 999 00:44:16,200 --> 00:44:17,760 ENVIRONMENTAL PERSISTENT 1000 00:44:17,760 --> 00:44:21,320 INFECTION AND PPE AND 1001 00:44:21,320 --> 00:44:24,240 VENTILATION AND INCOMBINANT 1002 00:44:24,240 --> 00:44:25,920 CONTROL AND ACTIVE 1003 00:44:25,920 --> 00:44:27,920 COUNTERMEASURES LIKE VACCINATION 1004 00:44:27,920 --> 00:44:31,120 WORKING ON SHEDDING AND SUS 1005 00:44:31,120 --> 00:44:34,040 SEPTEMBER IBLT END AND ACTIVE 1006 00:44:34,040 --> 00:44:37,720 RECOMBINATION USING UVC AND BOB 1007 00:44:37,720 --> 00:44:39,200 FISHER IN MY LAB TRYING TO 1008 00:44:39,200 --> 00:44:40,960 ADDRESS QUESTIONS FROM PUBLIC 1009 00:44:40,960 --> 00:44:42,200 HEALTH FIELD WOULD SAY WE ARE 1010 00:44:42,200 --> 00:44:47,000 RUNNING OUT OF P. PE BASED ON 1011 00:44:47,000 --> 00:44:48,560 YOUR ENVIRONMENTAL STABILI 1012 00:44:48,560 --> 00:44:50,640 DATA COULD WE THROW MASKS FOR A 1013 00:44:50,640 --> 00:44:52,480 COUPLE DAYS IN LET'S SAY A SHED 1014 00:44:52,480 --> 00:44:55,520 AND THEY WILL BE INACTIVATED. 1015 00:44:55,520 --> 00:44:59,080 WE THOUGHT WE SHOULD MAYBE TEST 1016 00:44:59,080 --> 00:45:02,520 THAT AND USED A WHOLE VARIETY OF 1017 00:45:02,520 --> 00:45:04,920 INACTIVATION METHODS DRY HEAT 1018 00:45:04,920 --> 00:45:10,440 AND UVC AND HIDE ROTH ENPEROXIDE 1019 00:45:10,440 --> 00:45:12,320 THAT WERE KNOWN IN LITERATURE TO 1020 00:45:12,320 --> 00:45:16,160 WORK AND WE ALSO TESTED AND DID 1021 00:45:16,160 --> 00:45:18,800 A RESPIRATOR FIT TEST AND WE 1022 00:45:18,800 --> 00:45:20,280 WERE ACTUALLY ABLE TO HAVE 1023 00:45:20,280 --> 00:45:22,000 PEOPLE WEAR THESE MASKS AND GO 1024 00:45:22,000 --> 00:45:24,760 THROUGH A ROUND OF INACTIVATION 1025 00:45:24,760 --> 00:45:26,080 THROUGH ALL THESE METHODS AND 1026 00:45:26,080 --> 00:45:28,280 WERE ABLE TO MEASURE HOW WELL 1027 00:45:28,280 --> 00:45:30,280 THAT MASK ACTUALLY STILL 1028 00:45:30,280 --> 00:45:31,880 FUNCTIONED AND WHY IS IT 1029 00:45:31,880 --> 00:45:34,040 IMPORTANT? THEY ARE SINGLE-USE 1030 00:45:34,040 --> 00:45:36,280 MASKS DESIGNED TO USE ON ONE 1031 00:45:36,280 --> 00:45:37,440 OCCASION AND THEN THROWN AWAY 1032 00:45:37,440 --> 00:45:40,720 AND WE WERE ABLE TO SHOW IN 1033 00:45:40,720 --> 00:45:42,720 PARTICULARLY WITH VAPE ROUS 1034 00:45:42,720 --> 00:45:46,120 HYDROGEN PER OXIDE AND UV THAT 1035 00:45:46,120 --> 00:45:49,640 AFTER THREE TIMES OF USES, YOU 1036 00:45:49,640 --> 00:45:52,520 CAN SEE THAT MASK EFFICIENCY 1037 00:45:52,520 --> 00:45:53,640 ACTUALLY GOES DOWN AND STILL 1038 00:45:53,640 --> 00:45:57,000 WOULD WORK FOR A VAPORIZED 1039 00:45:57,000 --> 00:45:59,320 HYDROGEN PER OXIDE AND UV AND 1040 00:45:59,320 --> 00:46:01,440 YOU CAN DECONTAMINATE THAT MASK 1041 00:46:01,440 --> 00:46:04,480 AND HAVE TO LOOK AT EFFICIENCIES 1042 00:46:04,480 --> 00:46:06,120 AND IF YOUR MASK DOESN'T 1043 00:46:06,120 --> 00:46:07,720 FUNCTION PROPERLY ANYMORE, IT IS 1044 00:46:07,720 --> 00:46:10,760 NOT MUCH USE FOR PPE. 1045 00:46:10,760 --> 00:46:14,800 SO, WE ALSO BASED ON OUR MRS 1046 00:46:14,800 --> 00:46:17,640 WORK HAD A LONG-STANDING 1047 00:46:17,640 --> 00:46:20,080 COLLABORATION WITH THE INSTITUTE 1048 00:46:20,080 --> 00:46:23,520 WITH SARA GILBERT AND OXFORD 1049 00:46:23,520 --> 00:46:24,760 WORKING ON VIER YUGS PLATFORM 1050 00:46:24,760 --> 00:46:29,000 FOR VARIETY OF EMERGING VACCINE 1051 00:46:29,000 --> 00:46:33,360 VIRUSES SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS AND 1052 00:46:33,360 --> 00:46:35,640 LASAR VIRUS AND SEQUENCE FROM 1053 00:46:35,640 --> 00:46:37,720 SARS COV2 CAME ONLINE THEY 1054 00:46:37,720 --> 00:46:39,880 IMMEDIATELY STARTED TO GENERATE 1055 00:46:39,880 --> 00:46:43,320 AND CLONE SARS COV2 SPIKE IN THE 1056 00:46:43,320 --> 00:46:47,120 CONTEXT OF THIS REPRO INDICATION 1057 00:46:47,120 --> 00:46:49,960 DEFECTIVE ADDINO VIRUS AND ONCE 1058 00:46:49,960 --> 00:46:54,080 THEY GENERATED THAT LOOKED AT 1059 00:46:54,080 --> 00:46:55,920 IMMORAL RESPONSE AND IMMUNISTY 1060 00:46:55,920 --> 00:46:58,320 IN THE MODEL AND SENT TO US TO 1061 00:46:58,320 --> 00:47:00,840 TEST IN NONPRIMATE MODEL AND IN 1062 00:47:00,840 --> 00:47:03,640 THIS STUDY THAT IS NICE WHERE WE 1063 00:47:03,640 --> 00:47:07,320 HAVE CHIMP ADENO VIRUS VACCINE 1064 00:47:07,320 --> 00:47:10,360 AGAINST REPLICATION EFFECTIVE 1065 00:47:10,360 --> 00:47:15,280 CHIM ADENOVIRUS EXPRESSING SPIKE 1066 00:47:15,280 --> 00:47:18,000 IN 1 VACCINATION VERSUS 2 1067 00:47:18,000 --> 00:47:20,520 VACCINATIONS VERSUS CONTROLLED 1068 00:47:20,520 --> 00:47:22,760 VACCINATED ANIMALS VACCINE 1069 00:47:22,760 --> 00:47:25,160 EXPRESSIVE GFP AND VACCINE 1070 00:47:25,160 --> 00:47:28,800 ADMINISTRATIVE 2.5 PARTICLES TO 1071 00:47:28,800 --> 00:47:34,200 ANIMALS CHIMP ADENOVIRUS VACCINE 1072 00:47:34,200 --> 00:47:35,360 AND SAME CHALLENGE I DESCRIBED 1073 00:47:35,360 --> 00:47:37,560 PREVIOUSLY AND WE SEE IN THE 1074 00:47:37,560 --> 00:47:40,640 PANELS THAT AFTER VACCINATION WE 1075 00:47:40,640 --> 00:47:43,480 SAW GOOD INDUCTION OF 1076 00:47:43,480 --> 00:47:46,360 IMMUNORESPONSE AND ELIZA PRIME 1077 00:47:46,360 --> 00:47:48,040 VERSUS PRIME BOOST AND A VERY 1078 00:47:48,040 --> 00:47:50,120 GOOD NEUTRALIZING RESPONSE AS 1079 00:47:50,120 --> 00:47:52,040 WELL AND AFTER THE CHALLENGE WE 1080 00:47:52,040 --> 00:47:54,120 SEE A VERY GOOD PROTECTION OF 1081 00:47:54,120 --> 00:47:56,640 LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT HERE AND 1082 00:47:56,640 --> 00:47:59,720 FLUIDS AND LOOK AT VIRUS 1083 00:47:59,720 --> 00:48:01,320 REPLICATION AND DETECTION IN THE 1084 00:48:01,320 --> 00:48:06,040 BELL FROM THE LOWER RESPIRATORY 1085 00:48:06,040 --> 00:48:08,400 TRACK AND TISSUE FROM NECROPSY 1086 00:48:08,400 --> 00:48:10,680 AND DIDN'T SEE REDUCTION IN 1087 00:48:10,680 --> 00:48:12,040 UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT AND WERE 1088 00:48:12,040 --> 00:48:16,320 ABLE TO PROTECT ANIMALS AGAINST 1089 00:48:16,320 --> 00:48:17,800 DISEASE BUT NOT FROM INSPECTION 1090 00:48:17,800 --> 00:48:19,880 IN UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT AND 1091 00:48:19,880 --> 00:48:22,200 IF YOU LOOK AT IT A LITTLE MORE 1092 00:48:22,200 --> 00:48:24,320 CAREFULLY IN LOWER RESPIRATORY 1093 00:48:24,320 --> 00:48:27,600 TRACT AND WE SEE CONTROL ANIMALS 1094 00:48:27,600 --> 00:48:30,280 SHOWING REALLY THAT CLASSIC 1095 00:48:30,280 --> 00:48:36,120 CORONAVIRUS AND NUCLEATED CELLS 1096 00:48:36,120 --> 00:48:37,600 EDEMA AND [INAUDIBLE] 1097 00:48:37,600 --> 00:48:38,920 REPLICATION HERE AND SEE ABSENCE 1098 00:48:38,920 --> 00:48:40,880 OF PATHOLOGICAL MARKERS IN PRIME 1099 00:48:40,880 --> 00:48:44,640 OR SINGLE VACCINATED ANIMALS 1100 00:48:44,640 --> 00:48:46,360 VERSUS PRIME BOOST VACCINATED 1101 00:48:46,360 --> 00:48:49,320 ANIMALS AND THIS WAS DATA THAT 1102 00:48:49,320 --> 00:48:51,560 UK REGULATORY AUTHORITIES NEEDED 1103 00:48:51,560 --> 00:48:53,240 TO START THEIR CLINICAL TRIAL 1104 00:48:53,240 --> 00:48:54,960 WITH THIS VACCINE. 1105 00:48:54,960 --> 00:48:58,480 SO, THIS WAS A TIMELINE FROM THE 1106 00:48:58,480 --> 00:49:01,440 DESIGN OF THE VACCINE UNTIL 1107 00:49:01,440 --> 00:49:02,520 OXFORD STARTED THE CLINICAL 1108 00:49:02,520 --> 00:49:05,160 TRIAL AND TYPICALLY PRETTY MUCH 1109 00:49:05,160 --> 00:49:06,280 AROUND 3 MONTHS. 1110 00:49:06,280 --> 00:49:10,120 THIS IS WHEN WE HAD FIRST DATA 1111 00:49:10,120 --> 00:49:12,840 ON RESUS MODEL THAT I PRESENTED 1112 00:49:12,840 --> 00:49:14,400 AND WHEN WE STARTED TO VACCINATE 1113 00:49:14,400 --> 00:49:18,120 THE ANIMALS AND THIS IS WHERE WE 1114 00:49:18,120 --> 00:49:20,560 HAD A CHALLENGE. YOU SEE IT IS 1115 00:49:20,560 --> 00:49:24,440 A REALLY COMPRESSED TIMELINE AND 1116 00:49:24,440 --> 00:49:26,280 THIS PICTURE WAS TAKEN FROM A 1117 00:49:26,280 --> 00:49:29,120 NEWS ARTICLE IN NATURE AND SHOWS 1118 00:49:29,120 --> 00:49:31,480 AMOUNT OF VACCINES BEING 1119 00:49:31,480 --> 00:49:33,440 DISTRIBUTED ACROSS THE WORLD OF 1120 00:49:33,440 --> 00:49:35,720 ALL THESE DIFFERENT VACCINES 1121 00:49:35,720 --> 00:49:40,280 INCLUDING CORONA PFIZER VACCINE 1122 00:49:40,280 --> 00:49:44,000 AND MODERNA VACCINE AND THIS IS 1123 00:49:44,000 --> 00:49:46,120 A PAPER THAT CAME OUT THAT IS 1124 00:49:46,120 --> 00:49:48,760 REALLY SUGGESTING THAT MAJORITY 1125 00:49:48,760 --> 00:49:52,760 OF SUPPORTED BY VACCINATION WERE 1126 00:49:52,760 --> 00:49:57,440 DONE WITH ASTRA ZENNICA VACCINE 1127 00:49:57,440 --> 00:50:01,840 OR PFIZER VACCINE AND BROAD 1128 00:50:01,840 --> 00:50:03,840 DISTRIBUTIONS OF ASTTRA ZENNIC 1129 00:50:03,840 --> 00:50:06,920 AH VACCINE AND IN COUNTRIES AND 1130 00:50:06,920 --> 00:50:09,720 MRNA VACCINES LIKE MODERNA AND 1131 00:50:09,720 --> 00:50:12,360 WE HAVE SHOWN GOOD PROTECTION OF 1132 00:50:12,360 --> 00:50:14,040 LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT WE WERE 1133 00:50:14,040 --> 00:50:16,600 STILL LIKE WHAT IS GOING ON WITH 1134 00:50:16,600 --> 00:50:18,600 UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT AND CAN 1135 00:50:18,600 --> 00:50:21,120 WE DESIGN BETTER VACCINES AND 1136 00:50:21,120 --> 00:50:22,800 POTENTIALLY TRY TO REDUCE 1137 00:50:22,800 --> 00:50:25,440 SHEDDING AND REPLICATION IN 1138 00:50:25,440 --> 00:50:29,640 UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT AND 1139 00:50:29,640 --> 00:50:32,200 [INAUDIBLE] AND JODY A PHD 1140 00:50:32,200 --> 00:50:34,280 STUDENT IN MY LAB WERE 1141 00:50:34,280 --> 00:50:37,520 INTERESTED IN POTENTIAL MUCOSAL 1142 00:50:37,520 --> 00:50:39,960 VACCINE IN IMMUNE SYSTEM AND 1143 00:50:39,960 --> 00:50:42,320 THIS IS A SLIDE FROM FLORRI 1144 00:50:42,320 --> 00:50:45,920 ANAGRAM AR SHOWING IF YOU HAVE 1145 00:50:45,920 --> 00:50:49,560 NATURAL INFECTION YOU INDUCE 1146 00:50:49,560 --> 00:50:52,600 MUCOSAL [INAUDIBLE] VERSUS 1147 00:50:52,600 --> 00:50:54,760 SYSTEMIC ONE AND -- YOU ARE 1148 00:50:54,760 --> 00:50:56,000 LIKELY INDUCED SYSTEMIC RESPONSE 1149 00:50:56,000 --> 00:50:58,040 THAT MIGHT PROTECT AGAINST THE 1150 00:50:58,040 --> 00:50:59,200 DISEASE BUT NOT NECESSARILY 1151 00:50:59,200 --> 00:51:02,560 REPLICATION IN THE UPPER 1152 00:51:02,560 --> 00:51:03,040 RESPIRATORY TRACT. 1153 00:51:03,040 --> 00:51:05,000 SO, THEY DESIGNED A VACCINE 1154 00:51:05,000 --> 00:51:11,240 WHERE WE ADMINISTRATED ASTTRA 1155 00:51:11,240 --> 00:51:15,800 ZENNICA VACCINE INTRANASALLY 1156 00:51:15,800 --> 00:51:17,440 USING SPRAY DEVICE AND 1157 00:51:17,440 --> 00:51:18,880 [INAUDIBLE] IS A COLD VIEFRUS 1158 00:51:18,880 --> 00:51:22,840 AND THOUGHT IT WOULD BE A NIGHT 1159 00:51:22,840 --> 00:51:24,760 PLATFORM TO MOVE INTO MUCOSAL 1160 00:51:24,760 --> 00:51:25,840 VACCINATION CHALLENGE AND 1161 00:51:25,840 --> 00:51:28,800 LOOKING AT SHEDDING IN UPPER 1162 00:51:28,800 --> 00:51:30,200 RESPIRATORY TRACT WE SEE A QUITE 1163 00:51:30,200 --> 00:51:33,440 MARKED REDUCED NOT [INAUDIBLE] 1164 00:51:33,440 --> 00:51:36,960 REDUCTION BUT REDUCTION SHEDDING 1165 00:51:36,960 --> 00:51:40,440 UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT 1166 00:51:40,440 --> 00:51:41,680 MAINTAINING REDUCTION IN 1167 00:51:41,680 --> 00:51:43,840 REPLICATION IN LOWER RESPIRATORY 1168 00:51:43,840 --> 00:51:46,200 TRACT AND IN ONE END INDUCING 1169 00:51:46,200 --> 00:51:48,720 BETTER PROTECTIVE RESPONSE IN 1170 00:51:48,720 --> 00:51:50,120 UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT 1171 00:51:50,120 --> 00:51:52,760 MAINTAINING RESPONSE IN LOWER 1172 00:51:52,760 --> 00:51:54,240 RESPIRATORY TRACT SHOWING 1173 00:51:54,240 --> 00:51:56,000 MORPHOLOGY AND CONTROLLING 1174 00:51:56,000 --> 00:51:58,720 ANIMALS WITH LESIONS AND VIRUS 1175 00:51:58,720 --> 00:52:00,200 REPLICATION WITH CHEMISTRY AND 1176 00:52:00,200 --> 00:52:04,760 ABSENCE OF THAT IN INTRANASAL 1177 00:52:04,760 --> 00:52:06,760 INOCULATED ANIMALS. 1178 00:52:06,760 --> 00:52:10,400 AND SO THERE WAS ALREADY QUITE 1179 00:52:10,400 --> 00:52:13,040 SOME DATA ON AVAILABILITY OF 1180 00:52:13,040 --> 00:52:16,120 VACCINES TO BLOCK TRANSMISSION 1181 00:52:16,120 --> 00:52:18,440 IN HOUSEHOLD SETTINGS THAT 1182 00:52:18,440 --> 00:52:20,240 OBVIOUSLY PUSHED A LITTLE ON 1183 00:52:20,240 --> 00:52:22,280 SIDELINES BY EMERGENCE OF 1184 00:52:22,280 --> 00:52:23,800 VARIANCE OF CONCERN AND WE WERE 1185 00:52:23,800 --> 00:52:25,360 VERY INTERESTED IN THAT AND WHAT 1186 00:52:25,360 --> 00:52:27,440 ARE EVOLUTIONARY BENEFITS OF THE 1187 00:52:27,440 --> 00:52:32,560 NEW VARIANTS AND THIS, AGAIN, IS 1188 00:52:32,560 --> 00:52:36,640 A STUDY DONE BY JUDY AND QUAY 1189 00:52:36,640 --> 00:52:38,560 WHO DESIGNED TRANSMISSION MODEL 1190 00:52:38,560 --> 00:52:40,440 I TALK ABOUT NOW PREVIOUSLY BUT 1191 00:52:40,440 --> 00:52:44,680 NOW ONLY DO A SINGLE INFECTED TO 1192 00:52:44,680 --> 00:52:47,680 SENTIN OL BUT MODEL A 1193 00:52:47,680 --> 00:52:49,480 TRANSMISSION CHAIN AND EXPOSE 1194 00:52:49,480 --> 00:52:50,560 SECOND SEINE CONTINUE OL TO 1195 00:52:50,560 --> 00:52:52,920 THESE ANIMALS AND OVER NOT JUST 1196 00:52:52,920 --> 00:52:55,200 USING ONE VIRUS BUT MIXTURE IN 1197 00:52:55,200 --> 00:53:00,360 THIS CASE WA1 ANCESTRAL VIRUS 1198 00:53:00,360 --> 00:53:03,640 WITH FIRST VAR YEN SHAL CONCERN 1199 00:53:03,640 --> 00:53:05,000 ALPHA AND DEEP SEQUENCE VIER 1200 00:53:05,000 --> 00:53:08,480 YUGS COMING OUT MOVING TO 1201 00:53:08,480 --> 00:53:11,280 TRANSMISSION CHAIN AND ORIGINAL 1202 00:53:11,280 --> 00:53:13,680 ANCESTRAL VIRUS IS BLUE AND 1203 00:53:13,680 --> 00:53:15,440 ALPHA VARRANT IS IN RED AND SEE 1204 00:53:15,440 --> 00:53:17,000 AFTER TRANSMISSION THERE IS 1205 00:53:17,000 --> 00:53:18,880 ALMOST VERY RAPIDLY COMPLETELY 1206 00:53:18,880 --> 00:53:22,120 TAKING OVER BY THE A--LE FA 1207 00:53:22,120 --> 00:53:23,640 VARIANT OVER THE ORIGINAL I WILL 1208 00:53:23,640 --> 00:53:28,160 SAY REALLY SUGGESTING THAT THE 1209 00:53:28,160 --> 00:53:30,080 EVOLUTIONARY PRESSURE IS REALLY 1210 00:53:30,080 --> 00:53:32,040 IN INITIAL VARIANTS OF CONCERN 1211 00:53:32,040 --> 00:53:33,760 ON TRANSMISSION. SO, HOW IS 1212 00:53:33,760 --> 00:53:36,120 THAT FOR OMICRON? 1213 00:53:36,120 --> 00:53:38,440 OMICRON IS OBVIOUSLY EXTENSIVELY 1214 00:53:38,440 --> 00:53:40,040 DIFFERENT. IT THIS IS A REALLY 1215 00:53:40,040 --> 00:53:43,600 NICE WAY OF SHOWING WHERE WE USE 1216 00:53:43,600 --> 00:53:46,560 VIRUS DATA OF HAMSTERS WITH -- 1217 00:53:46,560 --> 00:53:48,720 WE HAVE BEEN INFECTED WITH 1218 00:53:48,720 --> 00:53:50,520 VARIANTS OF CONCERN AND IF WE 1219 00:53:50,520 --> 00:53:54,600 LOOK AT AVAILABILITY OF THESE 1220 00:53:54,600 --> 00:53:56,040 AGAINST GENERATED AGAINST FOR 1221 00:53:56,040 --> 00:54:00,480 INSTANCE DELTA TO NEUTRALIZE 1222 00:54:00,480 --> 00:54:03,080 OMICRON AND VICE VERSA AND USING 1223 00:54:03,080 --> 00:54:08,120 TECHNOLOGY CALLED ANTHROGENIC 1224 00:54:08,120 --> 00:54:09,800 CARTOGRAPHY BY RUSSELL 1225 00:54:09,800 --> 00:54:12,360 UNIVERSITY IN AMSTERDAM HE COULD 1226 00:54:12,360 --> 00:54:14,400 ACTUALLY DISPLAY THAT NICE THAT 1227 00:54:14,400 --> 00:54:17,280 THIS IS ANTIGENIC DISTANCE 1228 00:54:17,280 --> 00:54:20,000 BETWEEN ALL PREVIOUS VIRUS AND 1229 00:54:20,000 --> 00:54:21,920 VARIANTS OF CONCERN AND OMICRON 1230 00:54:21,920 --> 00:54:25,120 REALLY SUGGESTING THAT OMICRON 1231 00:54:25,120 --> 00:54:28,640 CHANGED THE KIND OF LANDSCAPE 1232 00:54:28,640 --> 00:54:28,920 LITERALLY. 1233 00:54:28,920 --> 00:54:30,800 SO, CAN WE MODEL THAT AS WELL? 1234 00:54:30,800 --> 00:54:35,520 AGAIN, THIS IS A STUDY BY YULIA. 1235 00:54:35,520 --> 00:54:39,040 WELL, IF OMICRON IS ANTIGENIC 1236 00:54:39,040 --> 00:54:41,840 AND THIS EMERGED IN CONTEXT OF 1237 00:54:41,840 --> 00:54:44,080 PREEXIST IMMUNITY AND SHE WAS 1238 00:54:44,080 --> 00:54:45,280 TRYING TO DO INFECTION 1239 00:54:45,280 --> 00:54:46,800 EXPERIMENT IN TRANSMISSION MODEL 1240 00:54:46,800 --> 00:54:50,040 WHERE ON ONE HAND WE HAVE 1241 00:54:50,040 --> 00:54:52,160 INTERMUSSICALLY VACCINATED 1242 00:54:52,160 --> 00:54:54,560 MODELS WITH ASTTRA ZENNICA 1243 00:54:54,560 --> 00:54:57,440 VACCINE AND INTRANASALLY VACCINE 1244 00:54:57,440 --> 00:55:00,760 IN HAMSTERS AND PREVIOUSLY 1245 00:55:00,760 --> 00:55:03,280 EXPOSED MAMMALS AND DELTA AND 1246 00:55:03,280 --> 00:55:05,720 EXPOSED THEM AND MOVED THEM 1247 00:55:05,720 --> 00:55:07,120 THROUGH TRANSMISSION CHAIN THEY 1248 00:55:07,120 --> 00:55:08,520 WILL BE EXPOSED TO COMBINATION 1249 00:55:08,520 --> 00:55:11,440 OF ONE-ON-ONE AGAIN WITH DELTA 1250 00:55:11,440 --> 00:55:12,560 AND OMICRON AND FIRST THING WE 1251 00:55:12,560 --> 00:55:14,560 CAN SHOW HERE IS REALLY THAT 1252 00:55:14,560 --> 00:55:20,840 THERE IS A LETTERIZED DEGREE OF 1253 00:55:20,840 --> 00:55:24,040 IMMUNORESPONSE -- AND PREVIOUSLY 1254 00:55:24,040 --> 00:55:28,760 INFECTED AND PREVIOUSLY INFECT 1255 00:55:28,760 --> 00:55:30,720 INDUCES STRONGEST 1256 00:55:30,720 --> 00:55:31,280 IMMUNORESPONSE. 1257 00:55:31,280 --> 00:55:33,840 SO, IF WE THEN TAKE THIS 1258 00:55:33,840 --> 00:55:36,200 ONE-ON-ONE MIXTURE IN ANIMALS 1259 00:55:36,200 --> 00:55:37,960 THROUGHOUT TRANSMISSION CHAIN, 1260 00:55:37,960 --> 00:55:40,320 INTERESTING PART IS OMICRON 1261 00:55:40,320 --> 00:55:42,880 REALLY DOESN'T LIKE TO TRANSMIT 1262 00:55:42,880 --> 00:55:43,720 IN HAMSTERS. 1263 00:55:43,720 --> 00:55:46,000 HOWEVER, WE WERE ABLE TO TEASE 1264 00:55:46,000 --> 00:55:48,000 OUT SOME [INAUDIBLE] THAT 1265 00:55:48,000 --> 00:55:51,000 STRONGER IMMUNORESPONSE THAT I 1266 00:55:51,000 --> 00:55:53,520 SHOWED OVER HERE MORE RELATIVE 1267 00:55:53,520 --> 00:55:55,400 OMICRON YOU GET SUGGESTING THAT 1268 00:55:55,400 --> 00:55:59,360 OMICRON REALLY FAVORS LIKE AN 1269 00:55:59,360 --> 00:56:02,040 ENVIRONMENT OF ANTIBODIES TO BE 1270 00:56:02,040 --> 00:56:04,080 ABLE TO COMPETE WITH ALL 1271 00:56:04,080 --> 00:56:04,520 PREVIOUS VARIANTS. 1272 00:56:04,520 --> 00:56:06,920 AND THEN YOU CAN ACTUALLY LOOK 1273 00:56:06,920 --> 00:56:09,000 IF YOU MOVE IT THROUGH THE CHAIN 1274 00:56:09,000 --> 00:56:11,280 AND HOW WELL THESE DIFFERENT 1275 00:56:11,280 --> 00:56:14,120 VACCINATION STRATEGIES AND 1276 00:56:14,120 --> 00:56:15,320 PREVIOUS EXPOSURE STRATEGIES 1277 00:56:15,320 --> 00:56:16,480 COULD BLOCK VACCINATION AND YOU 1278 00:56:16,480 --> 00:56:19,760 SEE THAT IT IS ACTUALLY EASIER 1279 00:56:19,760 --> 00:56:21,520 TO BLOCK AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION 1280 00:56:21,520 --> 00:56:24,080 THAN DIRECT CONTACT TRANSMISSION 1281 00:56:24,080 --> 00:56:26,880 AND, AGAIN, INTRANASAL 1282 00:56:26,880 --> 00:56:28,160 VACCINATION AND PREVIOUSLY 1283 00:56:28,160 --> 00:56:30,120 EXPOSED WORKING EQUALLY AS WELL 1284 00:56:30,120 --> 00:56:31,400 BEING ABLE TO REDUCE 1285 00:56:31,400 --> 00:56:32,440 TRANSMISSION AND THERE IS 1286 00:56:32,440 --> 00:56:34,320 REDUCTION OF TRANSMISSION THAT 1287 00:56:34,320 --> 00:56:35,640 DOESN'T CHAIN AND TAKE PLACE OF 1288 00:56:35,640 --> 00:56:36,880 ONE CHAIN AND YOU HAVE TO 1289 00:56:36,880 --> 00:56:39,640 ACTUALLY MEASURE IT OVER A 1290 00:56:39,640 --> 00:56:41,760 COUPLE ROUNDS OF TRANSMISSION. 1291 00:56:41,760 --> 00:56:45,360 SO, WHERE WILL WE GO IN MY LAB? 1292 00:56:45,360 --> 00:56:48,320 ONE EXCITING POINT WE ARE 1293 00:56:48,320 --> 00:56:50,840 WORKING ON IS COUNTER MEASURES 1294 00:56:50,840 --> 00:56:53,080 VERSUS FUTURE EMERGING VIRUSES 1295 00:56:53,080 --> 00:56:55,160 AND BOB IS WORKING ON USING 1296 00:56:55,160 --> 00:56:58,600 INITIAL MODEL OF TRANSMISSION 1297 00:56:58,600 --> 00:57:01,280 AIRBORNE MODEL AND USING 1298 00:57:01,280 --> 00:57:03,000 PREEMPTIVE MODELS TO BLOCK 1299 00:57:03,000 --> 00:57:04,080 TRANSMISSION WHERE HE WAS ABLE 1300 00:57:04,080 --> 00:57:08,000 TO SHOW THAT IF YOU USE UBC, YOU 1301 00:57:08,000 --> 00:57:10,080 CAN COMPLETELY BLOCK 1302 00:57:10,080 --> 00:57:12,640 TRANSMISSION AND REALLY LIKE A 1303 00:57:12,640 --> 00:57:14,720 PREEMPTIVE MEASURE AND WORKING 1304 00:57:14,720 --> 00:57:19,800 WITH PAMELA'S LAB ON MOSAIC 1305 00:57:19,800 --> 00:57:21,920 VACCINES THAT ARE NANOPARTICLES 1306 00:57:21,920 --> 00:57:23,760 EXPRESSING DIFFERENT RBDS FROM A 1307 00:57:23,760 --> 00:57:26,840 WHOLE VARIETY OF DIFFERENT 1308 00:57:26,840 --> 00:57:29,440 CORONAVIRUSES SHOWING PROTECTION 1309 00:57:29,440 --> 00:57:34,600 NOT ONLY AGAINST SARS COV2 BUT 1310 00:57:34,600 --> 00:57:36,360 SARS COV1 AND WHERE WE ARE GOING 1311 00:57:36,360 --> 00:57:37,720 ON WITH THE LAB AND NOT TALKING 1312 00:57:37,720 --> 00:57:40,440 TOO MUCH ABOUT THAT AND DR. 1313 00:57:40,440 --> 00:57:42,280 HOLLAND POINTED IT OUT BUT PART 1314 00:57:42,280 --> 00:57:45,680 OF MY WORK IS IN SUBIS A HAIRANT 1315 00:57:45,680 --> 00:57:50,080 AFRICA AND FOCUSED ON EMERGING 1316 00:57:50,080 --> 00:57:51,920 INFECTIOUS DISEASES INCLUDING 1317 00:57:51,920 --> 00:57:53,320 IMMUNOVIRUSES POINTING OUT WE 1318 00:57:53,320 --> 00:57:55,320 SEE DRAMATIC CHANGES NOT OWE 1319 00:57:55,320 --> 00:57:58,880 NENL AFRICA THAT IS OBVIOUSLY 1320 00:57:58,880 --> 00:58:00,840 TAKEN WORLDWIDE BUT SEE 1321 00:58:00,840 --> 00:58:03,440 URBANIZATION AND DEFORESTATION 1322 00:58:03,440 --> 00:58:05,560 AND GREATER POPULATION THAT THEY 1323 00:58:05,560 --> 00:58:08,360 COULD ALL HAVE AN INFLUENCE ON 1324 00:58:08,360 --> 00:58:12,320 ABILITY TO INCREASE ZOONOTIC 1325 00:58:12,320 --> 00:58:13,280 SPILLOVER AND WE HAVE LOOIM 1326 00:58:13,280 --> 00:58:15,520 LIGHT THAT IS A LITTLE BIT IN 1327 00:58:15,520 --> 00:58:19,120 RECENT COUPLE OF WEEKS THAT IS 1328 00:58:19,120 --> 00:58:21,840 MONKEY POX AND HAVE WORKED ON 1329 00:58:21,840 --> 00:58:23,920 MONKEY POX SPILLOVER IN THIS 1330 00:58:23,920 --> 00:58:28,000 PART OF THE REPUBLIC OF CONGO 1331 00:58:28,000 --> 00:58:32,760 BASIN THAT IS DISTINCT FROM ONE 1332 00:58:32,760 --> 00:58:36,040 CAUSING OUTBREAK 10% AND STARTS 1333 00:58:36,040 --> 00:58:37,200 INITIALLY WITH YOUNGER CHILDREN 1334 00:58:37,200 --> 00:58:39,120 AND WHY IS THAT IMPORTANT? 1335 00:58:39,120 --> 00:58:44,360 I THINK THE RE CECENT DEVELOPME 1336 00:58:44,360 --> 00:58:48,400 WITH MONKEY POX THAT IS A NICE 1337 00:58:48,400 --> 00:58:51,560 COMPILATION OF DATA BROUGHT 1338 00:58:51,560 --> 00:58:54,040 TOGETHER BY JAY POST DOC IN MY 1339 00:58:54,040 --> 00:58:56,520 LAB THAT IS CLASSIC CIRCULATION 1340 00:58:56,520 --> 00:58:58,680 OF MONKEY POX ENDEMIC AREA THAT 1341 00:58:58,680 --> 00:59:01,320 WE SEE SPILLOVER INTO THE HUMAN 1342 00:59:01,320 --> 00:59:02,800 POPULATION AND THIS IS THE 1343 00:59:02,800 --> 00:59:05,560 CURRENT CIRCULATION OF THIS WEST 1344 00:59:05,560 --> 00:59:07,480 AFRICAN VARIANT OF MONKEY POX 1345 00:59:07,480 --> 00:59:10,960 THAT IS SPREADING THROUGHOUT 1346 00:59:10,960 --> 00:59:14,040 WORLD INITIALLY REALLY TARGETING 1347 00:59:14,040 --> 00:59:16,520 THE MSN POPULATION AND REALLY 1348 00:59:16,520 --> 00:59:18,400 POINTS OUT THAT, AGAIN, NOW WE 1349 00:59:18,400 --> 00:59:19,960 HAVE ALL THIS DETECTION OVER 1350 00:59:19,960 --> 00:59:22,960 HERE AND DIAGNOSTICS AND WHILE 1351 00:59:22,960 --> 00:59:26,520 WE ARE STILL ABLE TO FAIL SET UP 1352 00:59:26,520 --> 00:59:28,320 SIGNIFICANT SURVEILLANCE AND 1353 00:59:28,320 --> 00:59:30,920 DIAGNOSTICS THAT IS LIKE A 1354 00:59:30,920 --> 00:59:32,520 CLASSIC NEGLECTED TROPICAL 1355 00:59:32,520 --> 00:59:34,920 DISEASE ON THIS END AND WE WANT 1356 00:59:34,920 --> 00:59:37,320 TO PUSH FOR NOT ONLY DEVELOPMENT 1357 00:59:37,320 --> 00:59:41,200 OF DIAGNOSTICS BUT BRINGING THEM 1358 00:59:41,200 --> 00:59:43,200 WHERE WE EXPECT OUTBREAKS 1359 00:59:43,200 --> 00:59:44,800 BRINGING THEM IN CLINICAL TRIALS 1360 00:59:44,800 --> 00:59:48,000 IN COUNTRIES FOCUSING ON VACCINE 1361 00:59:48,000 --> 00:59:51,080 CLINICAL TRIALS AND INTERPRETIVE 1362 00:59:51,080 --> 00:59:52,720 CLINICAL TRIALS IN THESE AREAS 1363 00:59:52,720 --> 00:59:55,000 AND LASTLY THAT OF COURSE GOES 1364 00:59:55,000 --> 00:59:58,600 HAND IN HAND WITH CAPACITY 1365 00:59:58,600 --> 01:00:00,120 BUILDING. MY LAB HAS BEEN QUITE 1366 01:00:00,120 --> 01:00:04,720 ACTIVE IN THAT FROM THE WEST 1367 01:00:04,720 --> 01:00:07,320 AFRICAN EBOLA OUTBRAEM OF 2013 1368 01:00:07,320 --> 01:00:10,120 AND 2014 AND DR. BOB FISHER 1369 01:00:10,120 --> 01:00:12,360 WORKING IN REPUBLIC OF CONGO 1370 01:00:12,360 --> 01:00:13,720 TRAINING PEOPLE IN THE CLASS AND 1371 01:00:13,720 --> 01:00:16,280 TRAINING ISOLATED AND WE SEE 1372 01:00:16,280 --> 01:00:19,280 THEM REALLY TRYING TO WORK ON 1373 01:00:19,280 --> 01:00:20,920 TRAINING OF PEOPLE IN JORDAN TO 1374 01:00:20,920 --> 01:00:24,720 DO MIDDLE EAST RESPIRATORY 1375 01:00:24,720 --> 01:00:26,560 SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS 1376 01:00:26,560 --> 01:00:29,720 SURVEILLANCE AND ACTIVE FELLOW 1377 01:00:29,720 --> 01:00:34,680 DR. OOIR EVEN WUSHU BACK INGANA 1378 01:00:34,680 --> 01:00:40,160 AND SPEAR HEADING -- AND THEY 1379 01:00:40,160 --> 01:00:42,360 HAVE MONKEY POX OUTBREAK INGANA 1380 01:00:42,360 --> 01:00:44,120 AS WELL AND DRIVING HOME WE NEED 1381 01:00:44,120 --> 01:00:46,160 TO INVEST IN COUNTRIES THAT 1382 01:00:46,160 --> 01:00:48,720 NEEDS TO BE SUSTAINABLE AND WE 1383 01:00:48,720 --> 01:00:51,720 NEED TO TRAIN THESE PEOPLE MORE 1384 01:00:51,720 --> 01:00:53,240 AND BETTER. 1385 01:00:53,240 --> 01:00:54,800 OBVIOUSLY, AS I SAID ALREADY, 1386 01:00:54,800 --> 01:00:57,720 THIS IS A HUGE AMOUNT OF WORK 1387 01:00:57,720 --> 01:00:59,240 THAT HAS LOTS OF DIFFERENT 1388 01:00:59,240 --> 01:01:00,880 COLLABORATORS POINTING OUT IN MY 1389 01:01:00,880 --> 01:01:02,520 LAB HERE IN THE MOMENT A LOT OF 1390 01:01:02,520 --> 01:01:04,680 WORK IS DONE BY ALL OF THEM AND 1391 01:01:04,680 --> 01:01:11,720 FORMER LAB MEMBERS FROM 2020 TO 1392 01:01:11,720 --> 01:01:14,560 2022 AND ALL PEOPLE IN 1393 01:01:14,560 --> 01:01:17,880 LABORATORY OF VIROLOGY AND TEAM 1394 01:01:17,880 --> 01:01:20,120 WORK DOESN'T JUST INCLUDE 1395 01:01:20,120 --> 01:01:21,440 RESEARCH BUT LARGE SUPPORT STACK 1396 01:01:21,440 --> 01:01:25,600 AT ROCKY MOUNTAIN LABORATORIES 1397 01:01:25,600 --> 01:01:27,680 FROM VEGETARIAN AND RECENT 1398 01:01:27,680 --> 01:01:30,600 BRANDS AND SUPPORT STAFF THAT 1399 01:01:30,600 --> 01:01:33,840 INCLUDING LIKE JANITORS AND 1400 01:01:33,840 --> 01:01:38,240 CLEANING PEOPLE. SO, WITH THAT, 1401 01:01:38,240 --> 01:01:39,080 I WILL CONCLUDE MY PRESENTATION 1402 01:01:39,080 --> 01:01:43,600 AND OPEN IT UP FOR QUESTIONS. 1403 01:01:43,600 --> 01:01:50,520 >> THANK YOU, VINCENT. THAT WAS 1404 01:01:50,520 --> 01:01:52,480 REALLY SUPERHERB AND A TERRIFIC 1405 01:01:52,480 --> 01:01:54,120 TOUR. WE HAVE A COUPLE 1406 01:01:54,120 --> 01:01:56,000 QUESTIONS. DO WE HAVE TIME TO 1407 01:01:56,000 --> 01:01:56,880 GO THROUGH THOSE? 1408 01:01:56,880 --> 01:01:58,320 >> WE CAN DO A FEW. 1409 01:01:58,320 --> 01:02:03,320 >> OKAY. QUICKLY, FROM MATTHEW 1410 01:02:03,320 --> 01:02:06,520 O., VINCENT HAS ANYBODY 1411 01:02:06,520 --> 01:02:10,240 CONSIDERED -- GAUNA IN BAT CAVES 1412 01:02:10,240 --> 01:02:11,880 SOUNDS NOT LIKE FUN BUT OTHERS 1413 01:02:11,880 --> 01:02:17,320 WOULD FIND IT EXCITING AND -- 1414 01:02:17,320 --> 01:02:20,840 PERSIST BULK SAMPLING -- SIMILAR 1415 01:02:20,840 --> 01:02:24,360 TO WASTEWATER SAMPLING. 1416 01:02:24,360 --> 01:02:25,600 >> GOOD QUESTION. PEOPLE HAVE 1417 01:02:25,600 --> 01:02:28,760 DONE THAT. I VISITED A COUPLE 1418 01:02:28,760 --> 01:02:31,120 OF THE CASES WHICH IS INDEED 1419 01:02:31,120 --> 01:02:32,400 VERY INTERESTING AND PEOPLE HAVE 1420 01:02:32,400 --> 01:02:35,640 DONE THAT. ALTHOUGH LIKE THESE 1421 01:02:35,640 --> 01:02:38,560 ARE OUR VIRUSES THAT I THINK 1422 01:02:38,560 --> 01:02:39,880 OVERALL STABILITY IN GAUNO IS 1423 01:02:39,880 --> 01:02:43,840 NOT THAT HIGH. I THINK IT IS 1424 01:02:43,840 --> 01:02:46,720 STILL TARGETING ACTUAL BATS AND 1425 01:02:46,720 --> 01:02:49,080 IS PROBABLY A BETTER WAY TO GET 1426 01:02:49,080 --> 01:02:52,240 GOOD QUALITY SIGNATURES. 1427 01:02:52,240 --> 01:02:56,720 LIKE AS I SAID THESE ARE 30KB 1428 01:02:56,720 --> 01:02:58,360 GENOMES AND YOU ARE NOT JUST 1429 01:02:58,360 --> 01:03:00,000 WANTING TO DETECT PRESENCE OF 1430 01:03:00,000 --> 01:03:01,560 VIRUS BUT SEEING FULL GENOME AND 1431 01:03:01,560 --> 01:03:03,960 WHAT SPIKE LOOKS LIKE AND THAT 1432 01:03:03,960 --> 01:03:07,200 SAID, I THINK FOR A WHOLE NUMBER 1433 01:03:07,200 --> 01:03:10,840 OF PATHOGENS AND RESERVIORS, 1434 01:03:10,840 --> 01:03:12,440 THAT COULD BE A QUITE GOOD WAY 1435 01:03:12,440 --> 01:03:14,160 OF LOOKING INTO IT. WE HAVE 1436 01:03:14,160 --> 01:03:16,360 ACTUALLY BEEN DOING IT A LITTLE 1437 01:03:16,360 --> 01:03:19,840 BIT ON USING INSTANCE FECAL 1438 01:03:19,840 --> 01:03:23,000 ANTIBODIES IN SCAT COLLECTED 1439 01:03:23,000 --> 01:03:26,040 FROM WILD WESTERN LOWLAND 1440 01:03:26,040 --> 01:03:26,920 GORILLAS AND WHAT THEY ARE 1441 01:03:26,920 --> 01:03:28,720 EXPOSE TODAY AND IF THEY ARE 1442 01:03:28,720 --> 01:03:30,440 EXPOSED TO EBOLA AND THERE IS 1443 01:03:30,440 --> 01:03:32,760 LOTS OF POTENTIAL COMBINING ON 1444 01:03:32,760 --> 01:03:34,640 ONE END SURVEILLANCE TECHNOLOGY 1445 01:03:34,640 --> 01:03:37,520 WITH BETTER AND NOVEL AND MORE 1446 01:03:37,520 --> 01:03:38,720 SENSITIVE TOOLS TO REALLY LIKE 1447 01:03:38,720 --> 01:03:41,000 AS YOU SAID LIKE IT IS NOT ABOUT 1448 01:03:41,000 --> 01:03:43,680 LIKE ONE VIRUS AND ONE SAMPLE 1449 01:03:43,680 --> 01:03:47,200 BUT REALLY GET A LARGE 1450 01:03:47,200 --> 01:03:48,440 VIROSNAPSHOT WHAT IS CIRCULATING 1451 01:03:48,440 --> 01:03:50,120 IN ALL OF THE DIFFERENT BATS. 1452 01:03:50,120 --> 01:03:53,120 >> THANK YOU. THE OTHER 1453 01:03:53,120 --> 01:03:55,120 QUESTION IS FROM MARY P. ASKING 1454 01:03:55,120 --> 01:03:57,880 WHAT ARE X AND Y AXIS ON THE 1455 01:03:57,880 --> 01:03:59,680 GRAPH SHOWING EVOLUTIONARY 1456 01:03:59,680 --> 01:04:02,560 DISTANCE BETWEEN OMICRON AND 1457 01:04:02,560 --> 01:04:04,160 OTHER VARIANTS OF CONCERN? 1458 01:04:04,160 --> 01:04:07,160 >> THERE ARE -- THERE ARE 1459 01:04:07,160 --> 01:04:09,160 BASICALLY TWO FULL DILUTION 1460 01:04:09,160 --> 01:04:11,120 ACTION IN PRIORITIZATION ESSAY 1461 01:04:11,120 --> 01:04:14,680 AND THERE IS A REALLY NICE PAPER 1462 01:04:14,680 --> 01:04:18,520 OUT. I THINK THEY RECENTLY 1463 01:04:18,520 --> 01:04:20,240 PUBLISHED IT IN SCIENCE. EITHER 1464 01:04:20,240 --> 01:04:22,600 NATURE AND MEDICINE OR SCIENCE 1465 01:04:22,600 --> 01:04:24,480 TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE AND THEY 1466 01:04:24,480 --> 01:04:26,880 LAY THAT NICELY OUT ANTIGENIC 1467 01:04:26,880 --> 01:04:29,040 EVOLUTION OF ALL OF THE VARIANTS 1468 01:04:29,040 --> 01:04:31,880 OF CONCERN AND THEN OMICRON BI1 1469 01:04:31,880 --> 01:04:34,760 AND BI2 THAT WASN'T INCLUDED IN 1470 01:04:34,760 --> 01:04:38,040 OUR MAP AND BR2 IS 1471 01:04:38,040 --> 01:04:38,720 ANTEGENERALICALLY MORE DISTANT 1472 01:04:38,720 --> 01:04:40,560 FROM BA1 AS WELL. 1473 01:04:40,560 --> 01:04:42,680 LOOK UP PAPER BY HALF MONTHS 1474 01:04:42,680 --> 01:04:45,320 THAT IS LAST. THEY REALLY 1475 01:04:45,320 --> 01:04:48,640 MAPPED IT OUT REALLY NICELY. 1476 01:04:48,640 --> 01:04:50,760 >> ALL RIGHT. I THINK WE BETTER 1477 01:04:50,760 --> 01:04:54,400 CLOSE HERE. THANKS VERY MUCH, 1478 01:04:54,400 --> 01:04:54,640 VINCENT. 1479 01:04:54,640 --> 01:04:56,520 WE ARE EXTREMELY EXCITED ABOUT 1480 01:04:56,520 --> 01:04:58,080 WORK YOU ARE DOING AND EXCITED 1481 01:04:58,080 --> 01:04:59,400 YOU ARE BACK IN THE UNITED 1482 01:04:59,400 --> 01:05:00,680 STATES FOR NOW. THANKS VERY 1483 01:05:00,680 --> 01:05:01,000 MUCH. 1484 01:05:01,000 --> 00:00:00,000 >>THANK YOU, STEVE.