GOOD MORNING & WELCOME BACK THIS IS DAY THREE, THE LAST DAY OF DRUPAL GOVCON. [APPLAUSE] >> BEFORE I GET INTO ALL OF THE ANNOUNCEMENTS AND STUFF, I DO WANT TO TAKE A MOMENT OF SILENCE FOR THAT SHOOTING THEY JUST FOUND OUT ABOUT IN LOUISIANA LAST NIGHT. SO ANOTHER MOVIE THEATER SHOOTING. SO JUST PAUSE FOR A SECOND. >> SO FIRST OF ALL, AGAIN, THIS CONFERENCE WOULDN'T HAVE HAPPENED WITHOUT LOTS OF HELP. FIRST WE HAVE OUR PLANNERS, THE MANY PEOPLE THAT ARE OUT THERE RUNNING AROUND THAT HAVE BEEN WORKING FOR THE LAST YEAR ON THIS CONFERENCE. THE VOLUNTEERS THAT HAVE STEPPED UP AND HELPED WITH REGISTRATION, MONITORS AND SO FORTH. OUR SPONSORS, MAKE SURE WE MAKE -- HOPEFULLY EVEN TAKING ADVANTAGE OF THEIR PRESENCE UPSTAIRS AND TALKING WITH THEM, BUT ALSO THANK THEM FOR SPONSORING THIS. IT'S NOT TOO MANY CONFERENCES THAT DON'T COST ANYTHING AND PROVIDE LUNCH, SO IT MAKE SURE YOU THANK THEM FOR THAT. AND THEN THE NIH LIBRARY WHERE I WORK WHO'S WILLING TO BE THE HOST FOR THIS, COORDINATE LOTS OF THE SPACE AND EVERYTHING. I WANT TO THANK THE EVENT STAFF, MANY PEOPLE BEHIND THE SCENES, BEHIND THE GLASS AND SO FORTH THAT ARE WORKING VERY HARD TO MAKE THIS LOOK ORGANIZED AND ALL TOGETHER, SO I WANT TO THANK THEM AS WELL. [APPLAUSE] THE SCAVENGER HUNDRED. IF YOU'VE BEEN PARTICIPATING IN THE SCAVENGER HUNT, THAT IS TODAY. YOU NEED TO FINISH UP, GET YOUR STAMPS IN AND TURN THEM IN TO THE HELP DESK BY 1:00. AT 1:00, WHEN YOU TURN THAT IN, YOU'LL GET A TICKET BACK AND THEN THE DRAWING WILL HAPPEN AT THE CLOSING, AT 2:45, THERE'S A CLOSING CEREMONY HERE, YOU HAVE TO BE PRESENT TO WIN. REMEMBER YOU'RE WINNING A MAC BOOK PRO, SO IF YOU'VE GONE THROUGH AND YOU'VE GOTTEN DRUPAL, THEN PLEASE TURN THAT IN. LUNCH, AGAIN, YOUR BADGES, TICKET, GLUTEN FREE STUFF IS AT THE HELP DESK, YOU KNOW THE DRILL, YOU ALSO KNOW DON'T BE LATE. WE SHOULDN'T HAVE AS MUCH PROBLEM TODAY, I KNOW WE RAN OUT YESTERDAY. WE SHOULD BE FINE TODAY. IF YOU'RE A ROOM MONITOR OR IF YOU'RE SPEAKING, MAKE SURE TO RECORD YOUR SESSION. AT A MINIMUM, MAKE SURE YOU'RE UPLOADING YOUR SLIDES TO THE GOOGLE DRIVE, ALSO IF YOU CAN RECORD, WE HAVE THE BAR SET UP IN ALL THE BREAKOUT ROOMS, WE'RE STRIVING TO RECORD AS MANY OF THESE SESSIONS AS POSSIBLE SO THAT WE CAN PUT THEM UP ON THE SITE AND BE ABLE TO DIG BACK THROUGH THEM LATER OR FOR PEOPLE THAT COULDN'T COME. SO PLEASE HELP US OUT WITH THAT. I ALSO WANT TO IT MAKE SUR MAKE SURE WE PROMOTE THE DRUPAL CAMP PITTSBURGH, COMING UP NEXT WEEK. SO MAKE SURE YOU PAY ATTENTION TO THAT. THERE HAVE BEEN -- I HAVEN'T DONE AS WELL WITH ANNOUNCING IT, BUT THERE HAVE BEEN CHANGES TO THE SCHEDULE. WE'VE BEEN PAYING ATEDGES TO THE "MY SCHEDULE" AND ATTENDEES AND WE HAVE BEEN SHUFFLING THINGS AROUND, SO RATHER THAN LOOKING AT A PREDEFINED OR -- IF YOU PRINTED OUT THE SCHEDULE, THAT KEEPS CHANGING. SO REFER TO THE ONLINE. THAT'S WHY WE PUT A LOT OF WORK INTO MAKING SURE THAT THE SITE IS MOBILE-FRIENDLY SO YOU CAN KEEP REFERRING TO IT. THERE WAS A DRUPAL -- FEATURES FOR DRUPAL8 SESSION THAT WAS SUPPOSED TO BE WEDNESDAY. IT IS ACTUALLY HAPPENING TODAY. SO IF YOU'RE INTERESTED IN THAT SESSION, LOOK ON THE SCHEDULE AND IT IS SCHEDULED FOR TODAY, BUT THERE'S BEEN A NUMBER OF ROOM CHANGES AND SO FORTH, SO PLEASE CHECK THE ONLINE SCHEDULE. THE AT THIS POINT, I'D LIKE TO INVITE FRED JORGENSON TO COME UP AND INTRODUCE OUR LAST KEYNOTE SPEAKER. [APPLAUSE] >> GOOD MORNING. MY NAME IS FRED JORGENSON. AS PART OF OUR SPONSORSHIP, WE WERE EXTENDED THE OPPORTUNITY TO INTRODUCE TODAY'S KEYNOTE SPEAKER, DR. DARRELL HURT. BUT BEFORE I DO THAT, IF YOU WOULD INDULGE ME WITH A FEW SENTENCES. FOR THOSE WHO AREN'T FAMILY, IT'S A SERVICES FIRM THAT LEADS DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION INITIATIVES SPECIFICALLY FOR THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, AND OF COURSE DRUPAL OFTEN PLAYS A SIGNIFICANT PART IN THOSE ENGAGEMENTS, SO OVER THE YEARS, WE'VE DEVELOPED A VERY PROLIFIC DRUPAL PRACTICE. I THINK THE BEST EVIDENCE OF THAT IS AVAILABLE TO YOU ALL TODAY THROUGH TWO SESSIONS THAT WE ARE LEADING, ONE AT 11:15, WHICH IS THE NUTS AND BOLTS OF A PHASED DRUPAL PAL MIGRATION, AND ANOTHER ONE I WANT TO CLOCK WHICH WE'RE COLEADING WITH OUR HHS.GOV CUSTOMER ON OPTIMIZING STRUCTURED CONTENT, SO I WOULD ENCOURAGE AND INVITE YOU TO ATTEND BOTH OF THOSE SESSION TRACKS, AND A SPECIAL NOTE FOR ANYONE IN THE AUDIENCE WHO IS EXPLORING SOME KIND OF CAREER TRANSITION EITHER SOMETIME TODAY OR IN THE FUTURE, PLEASE STOP BY OUR TABLE UP ON THE BALCONY AND VISIT WITH OUR RECRUITER, MARY PORTER. THINK SHE CAN REALLY TAKE YOU THROUGH -- IF YOU AR IN THAT SPACE RIGHT NOW, PLEASE VISIT OUR TABLE UPSTAIRS. NOW I WILL PIVOT TO THE INTRODUCTION OF DR. DARRELL HURT. DARRELL HAS EARNED A PH.D. IN CHEMISTRY FROM CORNEL. HE IS CURRENTLY THE ACTING CHIEF OF BIOINFORMATICS IN COMPUTATIONAL BIOSCIENCES BRANCH WITHIN THE NIAID INSTITUTE HERE AT NIH, AND DARRELL HAS BEEN WITH NIH, MY UNDERSTANDING, SINCE 2003. TODAY DARRELL WILL SHARE WITH US THE PROJECT HE FOUNDED, THE NIH 3D PRINT EXCHANGE, A COMMUNITY-DRIVEN EXCHANGE BASED ON THE DRUPAL FRAMEWORK PROVIDING ACCESS TO BIOSCIENTIFIC 3D PRINTABLE FILES, AND BASICALLY EVERYTHING ELSE YOU WOULD NEED FOR CREATING BIOSCIENTIFIC 3D MODELS. DARRELL WILL COVER HOW HE AND HIS TEAM HAVE INNOVATED ON THE SITE IN THE PAST YEAR WITH WEB SERVICES, PROTOCLS, OPEN STANDARDS, NEW WORK FLOWS TO AGAIN FOSTER UPTAKE AMONG THIS COMMUNITY OF NEW AND POTENTIAL USERS OF THE SITE. SO WITH THAT, IT SHOULD BE VERY EXCITING, PLEASE HELP ME WELCOME DR. DARRELL HURT THIS MORNING. [APPLAUSE] >> ALL RIGHT, WELL, THANK YOU, FRED. THANK YOU, JAMES. THANK YOU ALL FOR BEING HERE. I'D LIKE TO REALLY EXTEND A THANKS, ESPECIALLY, IT'S THE MORNING, ON THE LAST DAY, AND IT'S ALSO A PRIVILEGE TO COME BACK HERE THIS YEAR. I WAS ABLE TO COME LAST YEAR AND PRESENT WHAT AT THE TIME WAS A VERY BRAND NEW INITIATIVE THAT WE HAD DONE A LOT OF INNOVATION ON TO GET TO THAT POINT, BUT THEN OVER THE PAST YEAR, WE'VE LEARNED SOME MORE THINGS, ADD SOME MORE INNOVATION, AND I HOPE THAT WHAT YOU'LL SEE TODAY WILL INSPIRE YOU AND OPEN YOUR MIND TO THE KINDS OF THINGS YOU COULD DO WITHDREW PAL THA WITH DRUPAL THAT MAYBE YOU HADN'T CONSIDERED PF. I'M GOINBEFORE. I'M GOING TO FINISH GETTING SET UP HERE. I THINK WE'RE GOOD TO GO. ALL RIGHT. SO AGAIN, MY NAME IS DARRELL HURT, AND I'M FORTUNATE THAT IT'S NOT JUST ME ON THIS IT PROJECT. SEATED IN THE AUDIENCE TODAY, WE HAVE MEGAN COAKLEY, DR. MEGAN COAKLEY, WHO IS PART OF THE TEAM, AS IS NICK WEBER, THEY'RE PART OF THE INITIAL THREE OF US WHO KIND OF PUSHED THIS FORWARD ALONG WITH A FEW OTHER PEOPLE, AND ALSO WANT TO REALLY THANK OUR PRIMARY DRUPAL DEVELOPER, SHE'S REALLY DONE A BRILLIANT JOB OF BRINGING OUR SITE WHICH WE KIND OF, ASSIGNE AS NEOPHYTES, NOT KNOWING WHAT WE WERE DOING TO REALLY A PRODUCTION LEVEL ENVIRONMENT. SO JUST A FEW RESOURCES. NICK ACTUALLY PRESENTED YESTERDAY, AND IS ALREADY I -- IT'S ALREADY IN THE GOOGLE DRIVE IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE CONFERENCE, THEIR TALK ON DRUPAL AND FISMA, AND WHAT IT TAKES TO GET A DRUPAL SITE AUTHORIZED AND GOING IN A GOVERNMENT ENVIRONMENT. AND THEY HAD A LOT OF REALLY GREAT RESOURCES THERE. SO I'D ENCOURAGE YOU TO CHECK IT OUT, IT'S A PDF DOWNLOAD. ALSO I'D ENCOURAGE YOU AS ALWAYS WITH THIS CONFERENCE TO BE TAKING NOTES ON HACK PAD. CHECK THAT OUT. ALL RIGHT. SO THE NIH 3D PRINT EXCHANGE, WHAT IS IT? FRED MENTIONED IT'S DATABASE AND IT'S COMMUNITY-DRIVEN, AND SO THAT'S TWO ELEMENTS, IT'S A DATABASE, IT'S A VENUE FOR SCIENTIFIC 3D BIOPRINTING, BUT IT IS ALSO A COLLECTION OF TOOLS. TOOLS THAT DON'T EXIST ANYWHERE ELSE, THAT ALLOW USERS TO UPLOAD THEIR SCIENTIFIC DATA AND TURN IT INTO A 3D PRINT, AND I'LL TALK A LITTLE BIT MORE ABOUT THAT IN A MINUTE. SO TAKE AWAYS FROM TODAY. I WANT TO SHARE WITH YOU HOW 3D PRINTING IS REVOLUTIONIZING MEDICINE AND THEN HOW WE USE DRUPAL TO DO THAT -- THOSE THREE THINGS. THE DATABASE, THE VENUE AND THE TOOLS. AND THEN BEYOND THAT, HOW WE'RE LEVERAGING OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE TO IMPLEMENT OPEN DATA PRINCIPLES AND REALLY TRY TO FACILITATE REPRODUCIBLE SCIENCE. SO BACK IN THE 2013 STATE OF THE UNION ADDRESS, THE PRESIDENT REMARKED THAT 3D PRINTING HAS THE POTENTIAL TO REVOLUTIONIZE THE WAY WE MAKE ALMOST EVERYTHING. AND IN THE 2014 STATE OF THE UNION, THE PRESIDENT REITERATED THIS POINT. WE KNOW THAT KIND OF MANUFACTURING 2.0 HAS BEEN PART OF HIS AGENDA FROM THE VERY BEGINNING, AND WE ALSO KNOW THAT THE MAKER MOVEMENT HAS RECEIVED QUITE A LOT OF SUPPORT FROM THE WHITE HOUSE, AND I'LL BE TALKING A LITTLE BIT MORE ABOUT THE MAKER MOVEMENT AND MANUFACTURING 2.0 LATER IN THE TALK. SO WHAT IS 3D PRINTING? WELL, IF YOU'VE SEEN IT TV OR MOVIES, YOU'VE PROBABLY SEEN IT. IN FACT, I WENT TO "ANTMAN" OND MONDAY. AT ONE POINT THEY OPEN UP THE LAB AND THEY'RE TALKING ABOUT SOMETHING AND I SAW RIGHT ON THE BENCH, THEY HAD A FORM 1 3D PRINTER. I TOTALLY RECOGNIZED IT. I JUMPED UP OUT OF MY SEAT AND HIT MY KID AND SAID, HEY, LOOK AT THE IT 3D PRINTER? HE'S LIKE YEAH, I'VE SEEN THEM BEFORE, DAD. IT'S OKAY. SO HERE WE ARE, WHAT 3D PRINTING IS, BASICALLY YOU DESIGN A 3D OBECT IN A COMPUTER AND A MACHINE LAYS DOWN WITH COMPUTER CONTROL LAYER UPON LAYER AND EVENTUALLY YOU GET A 3D OBJECT OUT OF THIS PROCESS. IT'S CALLED 3D PRINTING, SOME PEOPLE CONSIDER THIS A MISNOMER. THEY PREFER "ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING," AND DEPENDING ON YOUR CONTEXT IT, ONE WORD OR PHRASE MAY BE MORE APPROPRIATE THAN THE OTHER. BUT 3D PRINTING IS KIND OF AN EASY CATCH PHRASE FOR ALL THESE DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES. IT CAN BE -- YOU CAN DO 3D PRINTING IN A VARIETY OF MATERIALS, DEPEND ON WHAT YOUR INTENDED USE IS. IN FACT, YOU CAN EVEN PRINT IN METAL, AND THAT'S ACTUALLY VERY USEFUL, AS WE'LL SEE IN A LITTLE BIT, AND SURGICAL TECHNIQUES. VERSUS PLASTER PRINTING, WHICH IS HOW I FIRST GOT INTO 3D PRINTING, WHICH HAS THE ADVANTAGE OF BEING ABLE TO PRINT IN COLOR. FULL COLOR. WE KNOW 3D PRINTING IS USED FOR A VARIETY OF THINGS. YOU'VE SEEN IT EVERYWHERE, EVEN IN "ANT MAN." SO HERE'S AN EXAMPLE OF KIND OF ONE KIND OF 3D PRINTER. THIS IS USUALLY THE LEAST EXPENSIVE TYPE OF 3D PRINTDER PRINTER THAT YOU MIGHT FIND. IT'S BASICALLY A HOT GLUE GUN FOR PLASTIC, COMPUTER CONTROLLED HOT GLUE GUN. YOU CAN SEE THIS SILVER THING IS LAYING DOWN, IT HEATS UP A FILAMENT OF PLASTIC WHICH IS THEN EXTRUDED BY COMPUTER CONTROL INTO VERY PRECISE LOCATIONS, AND OVER TIME, YOU BUILD UP AN OBJECT. ANOTHER TYPE OF 3D PRINTER YOU CAN SEE HERE, THIS IS A KIND OF A JET PRINTING AND THIS IS -- IT ACTUALLY USES INKJET PRINT HEADS. HP11 INKJET PRINT HEADS. AND THESE PRINT HEADS ARE -- THE INK IS REPLACED AND INSTEAD YOU FEED INTO IT A MIXTURE OF BASICALLY BINDER OR GLUE AND INK. AND THIS WAY, YOU BUILD UP THE PART. WHAT YOU NOTICE IS THAT THERE'S A SHEET OF POWDER THAT IS RAKED ACROSS THE BUILD AREA, AND THEN THE INK AND GLUE IS LAID DOWN. THE POWDER THEN DROPS DOWN, PUT MORE POWDER ON OP IT AND YOU TOP AND YOU REPEAT THE PROCESS. THE ADVANTAGE OF THIS SYSTEM IS FIRST THAT YOU GET COLOR, FULL COLOR, THE SECOND IS YOU DON'T NEED TO BUILD IN SUPPORT MATERIALS SO YOU CAN ACTUALLY BUILD MUCH MORE COMPLICATED ROBUST THINGS. THE DISADVANTAGE IS THAT THIS TECHNOLOGY IS ABOUT 10 OR 20 TIMES MORE EXPENSIVE OR EVEN MORE THAN THAT THAN THE CONSUMER GRADE 3D PRINTERS THAT YOU MAY HAVE SEEN. RECENTLY THERE HAVE BEEN ADDITIONAL TYPES OF 3D PRINTERS LIKE THAT FORM 1 I TALKED ABOUT THAT USED PHOTOLITHOGRAPHY. THERE'S ACTUALLY A LASER UNDERNEATH THE BED OF THIS GOOP, AND IT'S A PHOTOPOLYMER THAT WHEN THE LASER HITS IT, IT SOLIDIFIES IN A LAYER AND YOU JUST -- AS YOU CONTINUE TO SHINE THE LASER OVER THE LAYERS, YOU LITERALLY DRAW YOUR OBJECT OUT OF THE LIQUID. IT'S VERY TERMINATOR-LIKE. IF I CAN EXTEND OUR MOVIE ANALOGIES HERE. ALL RIGHT. SO 3D PRINTING IS VERY COOL BUT WHY IS IT DISRUPTIVE? THERE WAS A BOOK WRITTEN FROM MY ALMA MATER, CORNEL, AND THEY OUTLINED A FEW YEARS AGO IN THIS BOOK WHY 3D PRINTING IS MAKING SUCH A BIG DIFFERENCE. WHAT IS IT THAT IS IMPACTING OUR WORLD? THEY HAD 10 POINTS HERE. I'M NOT GOING TO GO THROUGH ALL IT 10 POINTS, BUT A FEW THINGS IT I'D LIKE TO HIGHLIGHT OF. FIRST OF ALL, THAT VARIETY IS FREE, AS WELL AS COMPLEXITY. MEANING THAT YOU DON'T NEED A DIFFERENT MACHINE TO BUILD A DIFFERENT THING. ONE MACHINE CAN BUILD ANYTHING YOU WANT WITH ALMOST ANY COMPLEXITY THAT YOU KNEE. NEED. WHAT THAT MEANS IS THAT -- AND THE MACHINE IS RELATIVELY SIMPLE TO OPERATE, SO THE SKILL IS NOT IN THE OPERATION OF THE DEVICE, ALTHOUGH THERE IS SOME SKILL REQUIRED FOR THAT, BUT RATHER IN THE DESIGN OF THE FILE, THIS HAS IMPLICATIONS FOR WHAT WE TEACH OUR STUDENTS OF THE FUTURE. AND WHAT WE FOCUS ON IN TERMS OF THIS MANUFACTURING 2.0 THAT THE PRESIDENT IS TALKING ABOUT. I THINK I'LL JUST MOVE ON, BUT THIS IS A WONDERFUL BOOK AND SOME GREAT POINTS HERE. SO WE KNOW THERE ARE ACTUALLY PLACES ONLINE AND EVEN BRICK AND MORTAR STORES NOW WHERE YOU CAN GET A 3D PRINT. SOME OF THE MOST POPULAR ONLINE ARE THESE, AND YOU CAN SEE THE KINDS OF THINGS YOU CAN BUY HERE. YOU CAN ORDER KIND OF WHATEVER MATERIAL YOU WANT, IN FACT, YOU CAN EVEN PRINT IF GOLD. SO IF YOU HAVE A -- I ACTUALLY MET SOMEONE A COUPLE WEEKS AGO WHO DECIDED HE DIDN'T WANT TO BUY A WEDDING BAND FOR HE AND HIS WIFE SO INSTEAD HE DESIGNED AND HAD 3D PRINTED HIS OWN WEDDING BAND. TURNS OUT THE WEDDING BAND HE BOUGHT FOR HIS WIFE WAS A LITTLE TOO SMALL, SO HE JUST ALTERED THE DESIGN AND PRINTED ANOTHER AND IT WASN'T A BIG DEAL BECAUSE IT WAS SO INEXPENSIVE. HE ACTUALLY SAID THEY HAVE A DRAW FULL OF HIS REJECT RINGS. [LAUGHTER] IN ADDITION TO THESE PLACES WHERE YOU CAN GET 3D PRINTS, THERE'S ALSO PLACES WHERE YOU CAN GET THE MODELS. SO WE TALKED ABOUT HOW DESIGNING THAT MODEL IS ONE OF THE MORE COMPLICATED DIFFICULT THINGS YOU THAT NEED IT TO DO. NOT EVERYBODY HAS THAT SKILL, SO IF YOU WANT IT TO GET A GADGET LIKE MAYBE THIS RED IPHONE CASE THAT I GUESS ALLOWS YOU OH PLAY A GAMTO PLAYA GAME BETTER OR SOMETHING, OR MAYBE YOU WANT AN ACCESSORY FOR YOUR DRONE, YOU COME HERE AND SOMEONE ELSE HAS PROBABLY ALREADY BUILT IT. NOW THERE'S SOMETHING LACKING HERE. WE CAN SEE A HINT OF IT HERE UNDER LEARNING. YOU SEE THE MODEL OF DNA THERE? THESE REPOSITORIES HAVE LITERALLY TENS OR EVEN HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF MODELS IN THEM. BUT VERY, VERY FEW, MAYBE HUNDREDS OF MODELS THAT HAVE ANYTHING TO DO WITH BIOLOGY OR SCIENCE IN GENERAL, IN FACT. SO WE SAW AN OPPORTUNITY TO USE DRUPAL TO ESTABLISH A DIGITAL OBJECT OR COLLECTION USING THE DRUPAL CONTENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. THAT'S AGAIN PART 1 OF OUR 3D PRINT EXCHANGE. HERE'S AN EXAMPLE OF THE KINDS OF THINGS I'M TALKING ABOUT. THIS IS THE RECEPTOR ON THE INFLUENZA VIRUS. THIS PARTICULAR RECEPTOR, YOU CAN SEE IT'S COMPLICATED, IT'S QUITE LARGE. THIS IS -- MUTATIONS TO THIS ARE WHAT ALLOW THE FLU TO JUMP FROM SWINE TO BIRD TO IT HUMAN. SO IT'S IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THE STRUCTURE OF THIS RECEPTOR. AND YOU KNOW, I COULD TRY TO DESCRIBE IT FOR YOU IN WORDS. BETTER, I COULD GIVE YOU A PICTURE OF IT, A RENDER OF IT LIKE THIS, OR MAYBE EVEN A MOVIE WITH IT SPINNING AROUND. BUT WHAT IF I COULD GIVE IT THIS SAME MODEL TO YOU IN SOMETHING THAT YOU COULD HOLD IN YOUR HANDS? WE KNOW THROUGH EXPERIENCE THAT WHEN WE DO THIS, AND EVEN WHEN WE GIVE THESE 3D PRINTED MODELS TO SCIENTISTS HERE AT THE NIH, WHO HAVE BEEN WORKING WITH THESE COMPLICATED 3 DIMENSIONAL OBJECTS FOR MORE THAN A DECADE, THAT WHEN THEY PUT IT IN THEIR HANDS, THEY LEARN SOMETHING. THIS HAS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE VELOCITY AT WHICH WE MAKE SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES. BECAUSE IF WE CAN UNDERSTAND THE THINGS WE'RE TRYING TO WORK WITH THAT ARE SO MICROSCOPIC, IF IT WE CAN UNDERSTAND THEM BETTER, THEN WE CAN POTENTIALLY MAKE BETTER MEDICINES. BETTER VACCINES, BETTER THEIR PEW IT TICKS, EVEN BETTER DIAGNOSTICS THAT WILL ALLOW US TO ACCELERATE BIOMEDICAL DISCOVERY, AND IN THE END, AS PAST IT EUR SAID, HELP SUFFERING HUMANITY. THAT IS OUR MISSION HERE AT THE NIH. SO IN ADDITION, NOT ONLY DO THESE MODELS HELP THE SCIENTISTS HERE AT THE NIH, BUT YOU CAN SEE THAT THEY ALSO HELP EVEN VERY YOUNG PEOPLE, STUDENTS, ANYBODY WHO'S INTERESTED IN THESE THINGS, THEY CAN GET IN ON THIS SCIENCE AND BECOME PART OF THE DIY BIO OR THE MAKER MOVEMENT OR THE -- KIND OF THE PATIENT CENTERED MEDICINE EFFORTS THAT ARE IN PLACE AND THAT ARE GROWING IN THE UNITED STATES. 3D PRINTING ALLOWS FOR THAT. IN FACT, THE PROMISE OF 3D PRINTING IS IN PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, AND WE KNOW THERE'S AN INITIATIVE BY THE WHITE HOUSE TO EMPHASIZE PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, AND WE THINK WE MAY HAVE SOME ROLE TO PLAY WITH THAT, AND I'LL MENTION THAT A LITTLE BIT LATER AS WELL. SO HERE ARE SOME EXAMPLES, EXOWP AND I'M SORRY THAT THE ONE ON THE RIGHT HAND IS A LITTLE GRAPHIC BUT IN THIS CASE THIS IS A MAN NAMED ERIC MOGER IN THE U.K. WHOSE LIFE WAS SAVED BECAUSE HE HAD A TERRIBLE CANCEROUS GROWTH IN HIS FACE. WHEN IT WAS REMOVED, HIS LIFE WAS SAVED, BUT YOU COULD ALSO SAY THAT HIS LIFE WAS RUINED. WHO WOULD WAN TO GO THROUGH LIFE WITH SUCH A TERRIBLE WOUND EXPOSED? WELL, 3D PRINTING ALLOWED A PROSTHETIC TO BE MADE, WHICH YOU SEE HIM HOLDING HERE, THAT HE ACTUALLY APPLIES AND HE CAN WALK DOWN THE STREET AND ONLY IF YOU GET VERY CLOSE DO YOU KNOW THAT THERE IS ANYTHING A LITTLE BIT DIFFERENT ABOUT ERIC. WE KNOW THAT ACROSS THE STREET AT WALTER REED, IT THERE ARE SOLDIERS COMING BACK FROM BATTLE WITH TERRIBLE CRANIAL INJURIES. AND IN FACT WHAT THEY DO ON THE BATTLEFIELD IS THAT WHEN YOU HAVE A SHRAPNEL WOUND AND IT TEARS OUT PART OF YOUR CRANIUM, TO PREVENT BRAIN SWELLING, WHICH WOULD GIVE YOU BRAIN DAMAGE, PERMANENT LASTING BRAIN DAMAGE, THEY ACTUALLY REMOVE MORE OF THE CRANIUM RIGHT THERE, ALLOWING YOUR BRAIN TO SWELL JUST LIKE WHEN YOU GET A BUMP ON YOUR LEG, YOU GET A BRUISE AND THAT SWELLS. WHEN THE SWELLING GOES DOWN, THE GREAT THING IS YOU DON'T HAVE BRAIN DAMAGE. BUT YOU'VE NOW GOT THIS HUGE HOLE IN YOUR HEAD. IN SURGERY WHAT THEY DO IS THEY TAKE THE PART OF THE CRANIUM THAT THEY REOF MOVE FOR SURGERY AND IMPLANT IT SOMEWHERE ELSE MOUNTAIN BODY, ALLOWING THE BONE TO REMAIN ALIVE, WHICH CAN THEN BE REAPPLIED. BUT HERE, THE BONE HAS BEEN LOST IN BATTLE. SO THE IDEA IS THAT WHAT IF WE CAN PRINT IN TI TITANIUM A PLATE, SO YOU TAKE A SCAN OF THE SKULL ON THIS SIDE, USE A COMPUTER TO INVERT IT, AND NOW YOU CAN PRINT IN TITANIUM, AN IMPLANT THAT MATCHES THE SAME SIZE AS YOUR HEAD. IF YOU HAVE THE SAME BARBER THAT I DO, THAT MAKES A BIG DIFFERENCE. [LAUGHTER] >> SO AGAIN, THESE ARE KINDS OF -- I'M NOT -- I'M TRYING NOT TO MAKE YOU UNCOMFORTABLE BUT I WANT YOU TO SEE REALLY THE REMARKABLE THINGS THAT CAN BE DONE WITH 3D PRINTING IN MEDICINE. WE KNOW THERE'S ALSO A LOT OF HYPE AROUND BIOPRINTING, PRINTING ACTUALLY IN THE CELLS, THE PRINTING OF ORGANS. YOU MAY HAVE SEEN SOME NEWS ABOUT PRINTING KIDNEYS AND LIVERS. AND THERE ARE PROTOTYPES OF THIS, BUT I THINK THAT THAT TECHNOLOGY IS A LITTLE BIT FURTHER OFF. BUT THE TECHNOLOGY THAT I'M SHOWING HERE IN THE OTHER, THAT'S IN THE LOWER LEFT-HAND CORNER. THE OTHER TECHNOLOGY IS HERE NOW, AND BEING USED NOW. EVERY YEAR, I KNOW -- NOT EVERY YEAR BUT I KNOW THERE ARE AT LEAST SEVERAL HUNDRED SOLDIERS OR VETERANS TODAY WHO ARE WALKING AROUND WITH CRANIAL IMPLANTS BUILT RIGHT ACROSS THE STREET AT WALTER REID. ALL RIGHT. SO LET ME TALK A LITTLE BIT MORE ABOUT DRUPAL HERE FOR A MINUTE. SO FORTUNATELY AT THE NIH, THE NIH HAS 27 INSTITUTES AND CENTERS, THAT'S WHY WE CALL IT THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH, AND OUR PARTICULAR INSTITUTE IS ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES. WITHIN THAT INSTITUTE, WE'RE PART OF THE OFFICE OF CYBER INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND OUR BRANCH IS THE SCIENTIFIC AMPLE O ARM OF THAT. WITHIN THAT BRANCH, THE GREAT HINGE IS WE HAVE A COLLECTION OF I.T. SPECIALISTS WHO CAN PROVISION US WITH THE SERVERS AND THE NETWORK AND THE STORAGE THAT WE NEED TO BE ABLE TO QUICKLY ITERATE AND INNOVATE ON OUR DESIGNS. THE OTHER GREAT THING IS THIS BRINGS TOGETHER A WHOLE LOT OF INTERDISCIPLINARY SPECIALISTS IN I.T., IN SCIENCE, IN BIOMEDICINE THAT ALLOW US TO MOVE THAT MUCH FASTER. SO LET ME TELL YOU VERY QUICKLY ABOUT OUR SERVER ENVIRONMENT, THE 3D PRINT EXCHANGE IS SO BIG THAT WE CAN'T DEVELOP ON OUR OWN LAPTOPS. THE KINDS OF -- THERE IS ENOUGH DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE MAC ENVIRONMENT AND THE LINUX ENVIRONMENT THAT WE ACTUALLY DO OUR DEVELOPMENT ON A SERVER AND EVERYBODY HAS A DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT, WHICH WE THEN MERGE INTO WHAT WE CALL A MASTER DEVELOPMENT, WHICH THEN GOES ON -- QUALITY ENVIRONMENT TO MAKE SURE IT'S GOING TO WORK SO WE CAN BE SURE AS SOON AS WE PULL THE GET REPOSITORY, THAT WE KNOW THAT PROD IS GOING TO BE OKAY. AND I CAN TALK MORE ABOUT THAT MAYBE IF WE HAVE QUESTIONS. I WANT TO TALK NOW ABOUT HOW WE'RE USING THAT DRUPAL AS CMS. HERE'S THE CLASSIC CMS WHERE WE'VE GOT DIFFERENT KINDS OF OBJECTS WE'RE TRYING TO SHARE AND DESCRIBE. HERE'S SOME EXAMPLES OF THEM. YOU CAN SEE WE HAVE PROTEIN MODEL, ANATOMICAL MODELS, ELECTROMICROSCOPY MODELS, AND EACH OF THESE MODELS IS THEN DESCRIBED HERE, YOU CAN SEE THIS IS WHAT ONE OF THE INDIVIDUAL NODES LOOK LIKE, AND THE GREAT THING IS THAT THERE'S NOT ONLY A 2D IMAGE PREVIEW BUT ALSO A 3D IMAGE PREVIEW, WHICH I'LL TALK ABOUT IN A LITTLE BIT. IN ADDITION, WE HAVE META DATA ASSOCIATED ON THE SIDE, AND IN THIS WAY, IT'S BASICALLY A STANDARD DRUPAL SITE, WHERE WE'RE HAVING NODES, EACH WITH CONTENT, AND WE'RE SERVING THEM OUT. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF ANOTHER OBJECT, AND SOMETHING THAT IS KIND OF THE 3D PREVIEW THAT YOU MIGHT SEE IN A FULL SCREEN VIEWER IN THE 3D PRINT EXCHANGE. SO HERE'S SOME OBJECTS THAT ARE 3D PRINTED. OF COURSE THESE MODELS ARE IMPORTANT BUT ALSO LAB GADGETS. THIS IS IMPORTANT -- EVEN AT THE NIH, THERE'S NEVER ENOUGH MONEY. SO IF YOU CAN MAKE A HACK THAT MAKES YOUR LIFE EASIER AND ALLOWS YOU TO SAVE A LITTLE MONEY IN THE LAB, WHY NOT DO IT? THE AMOUNT OF PLASTIC HA THIS PLASTIC THAT THIS TAKES IS PENNIES, LITERALLY, MAYBE A QUARTER, SO WHY NOT PRINT IT I INSTEAD OF PAYING HUNDREDS OF DOLLARS FOR A CUSTOM PART? HERE'S ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF SOMETHING THAT WAS UPLOADED TO THE 3D PRINT EXCHANGE. IT'S A RASPBERRY PIE SCOPE, MICROSCOPE. SO HOW COOL IS THIS? NOT ONLY DO WE HAVE 3D PRINTING BUT WE'VE ALSO GOT RASPBERRY PIE AND PRINT HACKING AND IT ALL COMES TOGETHER ON THE PRINT EXCHANGE. A ROBOT, 3D PRINTING, FOR SCIENCE, OASED AT THE PRINT EXCHANGE. HOW COOL. SO WHY DRUPAL? WHY DO WE PICK DRUPAL FOR THIS? FIRST OF ALL, WE DIDN'T KNOW ANY BETTER. [LAUGHTER] BUT THERE ARE SOME OTHER REASONS WHICH ARE ACTUALLY TRUE. IT WAS OPEN SOURCE, EASY TO IMPLEMENT. IT WAS -- OF COURSE IT HAS A GREAT REPUTATION. WAS ALSO -- WE SAID HEY, LET'S DO IT. WE KNOW THAT DRUPAL POWERS A SIGNIFICANT PERCENTAGE OF THE WORLD'S REPOSITORIES, SO I SAID LET'S GO WITH WHAT WORKS. SO WE STARTED WITH THIS AND HAD IS KIND OF OUR -- THE TIMELINE THAT WE FOLLOWED IN JUNE OF 2014 IS ACTUALLY WHEN THE WEBSITE LAUNCHED. AT THE WHITE HOUSE MAKER FAIR. SINCE THAT TIME, IT WAS ACTUALLY LAUNCHED BECAUSE OF SOME SEED FUNDING THAT WE GOT AND AN INCUBATOR PROGRAM FROM HHS CALLED IGNITE. ONCE IT WAS LAUNCHED, WE GOT MORE ANGEL VENTURE FUNDS, SO IT TO SPEAK, FROM HHS TO CONTINUE TO EXPAND THE SITE. NOW, OF COURSE, THESE FUNDS ARE IMPORTANT BUT THERE'S ALSO BEEN MATCHING FUNDS BY EXECUTIVE LEADERSHIP HERE AT THE NIH. MORE IMPORTANTLY WAS THE ENDORSEMENT AND THE TRUST OF THE VERY HIGH EXECUTIVE LEVELS IN THE HHS THAT ALLOWED US TO PUSH THROUGH SOME ROAD BLOCKS AND GET THIS GOING. IN FACT OUR WORK WAS SUCCESSFUL ENOUGH THAT WE WERE HONORED WITH THE HHS INNOVATES AT THE IT MAKER FAIR A MONTH AGO. SO LET ME SAY ONE THING HERE. WE'VE GOT A LOT OF REALLY TALENTED DEVELOPERS AND CYST IT TEM ADMINISTRATORS BUT WE HAD NO EXPERIENCE WITHDREW PAL. THE HHS INNOVATES PROGRAM ENCOURAGED US TO REALLY KIND OF REACH OUT OF OUR COMFORT ZONE AND TRY AN ITERATIVE AGILE APPROACH, AND THIS IS VERY DIFFERENT TO SOME OF OUR DEVELOPERS THAT WE HAD NEVER WORKED WITH BEFORE -- THAT WE HAD NEVER DONE KIND OF THIS THING BEFORE. AND SO ONE OF THE THINGS ONE OF OUR DEVELOPERS ASKED US, WHAT ARE THE PROJECT REQUIREMENTS? WE SAID WE DON'T KNOW YET. AND AT THE SAME TIME, MEGAN IS HERE MAKING CHANGES TO THE PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT, HE JUST LOOKED AT US AND SAID, YOU GUYS ARE BREAKING ALL THE RULES! AND YET THE BREAKING OF THE RULES HAS HELPED US TO GET TO WHERE WE ARE. NOW OF COURSE AS WE'RE MORE ESTABLISHED, WE'RE STARTING TO BEND BACK AND FOLLOW MORE OF THE RULES THAT WE BROKE, BUT IN THIS CASE, BREAKING THE RULES WAS HELPFUL TO GET US QUICKLY TO THE POINT WHERE WE HAD A PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT. THIS IS AT THE WHITE HOUSE EVENT LAST YEAR, WE HAD DR. COLLINS THERE, IT WAS VERY SATISFYING TO SEE HIS SUPPORT FOR THIS, AND HERE WE ARE WITH SECRETARY BURWELL JUST LAST MONTH. ALL RIGHT. SO NOW I WANT TO IT TALK ABOUT HOTALK ABOUT HOWWE'VE TURNED DRUPAL INTO A CONTENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM INTO A CONTENT CREATION SYSTEM. HERE'S WHAT I MEAN BY THAT. REMEMBER I TALKED ABOUT HOW THE 3D PRINT EXCHANGE IS A COLLECTION OF DATA, IT'S A DATABASE, IT'S A COMMUNITY-DRIVEN VENUE FOR THIS KIND OF CONTENT BUT IT'S ALSO COLLECTION OF TOOLS. BECAUSE EVEN THOUGH SCIENTISTS KNOW HOW TO WORK WITH THEIR 3D DATA THAT COMES OUT OF THEIR MICROSCOPES, X-RAY EXPERIMENTS OR DOCTORS AND RADIOLOGISTS KNOW HOW TO WORK WITH THE CT I SCANS AND MRIs THAT THEY TAKE FROM PATIENTS, TURNING THAT INTO A 3D PRINT IS MORE CHALLENGING. THAT WAS THE SPECIALIZED KNOWLEDGE THAT WE HAD THAT WE WANTED TO PROVIDE EVERYBODY ELSE. THESE TOOLS ONLY EXIST ON THE 3D PRINT EXCHANGE AT LEAST IN THE FORM THEY ARE TODAY. SE ARE THE KINDS OF KAY DATDATAWE CAN PRING IN THEN WE TURN THEM INTO 3D PRINTABLE FILES. THEY CAN BE ZIPPED OUT TO A PLACE LIKE SHAPEWAYS OR SOME OTHER VENUE FOR ACTUAL PRINTING OR YOUR OWN 3D PRINTER. SO HERE'S AN EXAMPLE OF WHAT THAT DATA LOOKS LIKE. IN THE UPPER LEFT-HAND CORNER, YOU SEE WHAT'S CALLED A PD -- PROTEIN DATA BANK FILE, ATOMIC COORDINATED, ANNOTATED ATOMIC COORDINATES. YOU HAVE TO TURN THESE ATOMIC POINTS INTO A MESH, A WATER-ITE MESH THAT CAN BE THEN PRINTED ON A 3D PRINTER. THIS IS THE WORK FLOW THAT WE'VE ESTABLISHED USING WRAPPERS OF PYTHON PHP, SOME SHELL SCRIPTING EVEN, AND LEVERAGING SOME OPEN SOURCE PRODUCTS SUCH AS CHIMERA, MESHLAB, NOT METH LAB, MESHLAB AND BLENDER, AS WELL AS -- TO PROCESS SCIENTIFIC DATA INTO A 3D PRINTABLE FORMAT, SUCH AS STL OR WRL FILES. SO THE INPUT IS THAT TEXT FILE. WHAT YOU GET OUT ARE NINE DIFFERENT PROTEIN STRUCTURAL VARIANTS IN FOUR DIFFERENT FORMATS. SO WHAT WE'RE CREATING HERE, 4 TIMES 9, THAT'S 36 NEW DIGITAL OBJECTS CREATED BASED ON ONE INPUT, AND THESE DIGITAL OBJECTS ARE COMPLETELY NEW, NOVEL. THEY DIDN'T EXIST BEFORE. BUT THEY EXIST NOW AND ARE AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLED BECAUSE OF WHAT THE SCIENTISTS SHARED. WE USED TO HAVE ONLY 7, BUT NOW WE HAVE 9. ALL RIGHT. OTHER CONVERSION TOOLS EXIST ON THE EXCHANGE. SO WE TALKED ABOUT PROTEIN FILES BUT YOU COULD ALSO UPLOAD IMAGE STACKS THAT COME OUT OF MICROSCOPY, LIGHT OR CRYOELECTRON, AS WELL AS MEDICAL IMAGING DATA. SO WHEN YOU GET A CT, RIGHT, THE X-RAY KIND OF TAKES SLICES OF YOU ONE AT A TIME, AND WHAT THE COMPUTER ALLOWS YOU TO DO IS VISUALIZE THAT SLICE THROUGH THE CHEST, BUT THEN THE COMPUTER CAN ALSO SHOW YOU THE SLICE IF YOU WOULD HAVE TAKEN THE SLICE VERTICALLY, OR IN THE OTHER DIRECTION. NOW TURNING THIS KIND OF DATA INTO A 3D PRINT, THAT'S A LITTLE BIT TRICKY, AND THAT'S WHAT OUR TOOLS DO. SO THEY CONVERT THIS VOXL-BASED FIELD DATA, TO BE A LITTLE TECHNICAL, INTO MESH DATA THAT CAN BE 3D PRINTED. SO IN OUR CASE, OUR TOOLS ALLOW US TO PULL OUT THE BONES AND PRINT THE BONES. SO IF YOU HAPPEN TO HAVE A CT SCAN OR AN MRI, YOU COULD UPLOAD IT TO THE SITE, AND SEE YOUR VERY OWN BONES. PRINT THEM OUT AND PUT IT ON YOUR SHELF. [LAUGHTER IT] IN FACT, MY FATHER HAD A STROKE, AND FORTUNATELY HE'S FINE, AND HIS PERSONALITY ONLY GOT A LITTLE MORE FUNNY. AND IN FACT, IT WAS HUMOROUS ENOUGH THAT HE SAID WELL, I'VE GOT HAD IT BIG HOLE IN MY BRAIN, WHY DON'T YOU PRINT THAT OUT FOR NE? SO THAT'ME? SO THAT'S THE PLAN. ALL RIGHT. LET ME JUST TALK ABOUT HOW WE'RE TRYING TO EMBRACE OPENNESS. WE KNOW DRUPAL IS OPEN SOURCE, WE KNOW THE TOOLS WE'RE USING ARE OPEN, OPEN SOURCE. BUT HOW CAN WE HAVE THIS DATA OPEN? CLEARLY THE DAY I DATA IS AVAILABLE. THE CONTENT ON THE SITE IS ACTUALLY PUBLIC DOMAIN, ALTHOUGH WE DO PROVIDE LICENSES IF PEOPLE WANT TO CREATE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY WITH LICENSES THAT EXIST, BUT THE VAST MAJORITY IS TOTALLY PUBLIC DOMAIN. TOTALLY OPEN SOURCE. AND WE THINK THAT OUR EFFORTS HAVE AT LEAST A STEP TOWARD THE IDEA OF OPEN SCIENCE AND EVEN OPEN GOVERNMENT. SO CLEARLY WE'RE USING DRUPAL, HERE ARE SOME OF THE OTHER TOOLS AND LANGUAGES THAT WE'RE USING. IT'S A MISHMASH. THESE ARE THE DATA THAT WE'RE USING. SO THIS DATA THAT COMES FROM THE DATA BANKS, IT'S VERY EASY ACTUALLY, INSTEAD OF HAVING TO GO TO THESE WEBSITES, GRAB THE DATA, BRING IT DOWN, UPLOAD IT BACK TO THE SITE. WE HAVE TOOLS THAT ALLOW YOU TO JUST SPECIFY THE ACCESSION CODE FOR THESE DATA AS THESE REPOSITORIES. OUR TOOLS REACH OUT TO THOSE REPOSITORIES THROUGH WEB SERVICES AND BRING THE DATA BACK BACK. THEN PROCESSED AND INSTANTLY CREATE NEIGHBORHOOD A 3D PRINT. SO THIS IS ONE WAY IN THAT WE'RE TRYING TO USE, AGAIN, WEB SERVICES AND BRING MORE OF THIS DATA THAT ALREADY EXISTS, MORE INTO MORE PEOPLE'S LIVES THROUGH 3D PRINTING. THIS IS ACTUALLY IN SUPPORT OF A MEMO THAT CAME OUT VIA THE WHITE HOUSE OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY EARLIER THIS YEAR. OR EARLIER LAST YEAR, I SHOULD SAY, WITH WHERE WE SHOULD MAKE FREELY AND EASILY ACCESSIBLE PHOTOGRAPHS, VIDEOS AND DIGITAL 3D MODELS AS WELL AS THE ASSOCIATED RECORDS AND DOCUMENTATION. RIGHT? WE HAD NO IDEA THIS WAS COMING OUT, BUT FORTUNATELY WE WERE RIGHT IN LINE WITH IT. AND IN ADDITION, AGENCIES TO WORK TOGETHER, TO SHARE AND COORDINATE POLICIES. THAT'S KIND OF WHAT WE'VE BEEN TRYING TO DO, AS WAS DEMONSTRATED YESTERDAY ABOUT DRUPAL AND FSMA. IN ADDITION, WE'RE TRYING TO MAKE THE THINGS THAT WE DEVELOPED OPEN AS WELL. SO THE SCIENTIFIC WORK FLOWS THAT TURN THE SCIENTIFIC DATA IN TO 3D PRINTS, THEY WERE WRITTEN BY MEE AND A FEW OTHE ME AND A FEW OTHER P EOPLE, AND THOSE SCRIPTS ARE ONE OR TWO CLICKS AWAY FROM GETTING FULLY -- NEED MORE DOCUMENTATION. DOES THAT SOUND FAMILIAR? BUT CAN YOU GO TO 3DPRINT.NIH.GOV, AND ALSO SEE THE GITHUB SITE, WHICH ALREADY EXISTS OF. I'D LIKE TO THANK ERIC MILLER AND GREG, GLC, AS HE'S KNOWN. WE MET THEM HERE LAST YEAR AT CAPITAL CAMP AND DRUPAL GOV DAYS. FROM SQUISHY MEDIA. WE MET THEM HERE ACTUALLY. THEY WERE SO ENGAGING, WE WERE ABLE TO TALK WITH THEM RIGHT AWAY, AND VERY QUICKLY, THEY BUILT AN API FOR US USING THE DRUPAL -- OUR DRUPAL FRAMEWORK. THEY BUILT AN API WHICH ALLOWS OTHER PEOPLE TO IT GRAB OUR DATA AND PUT IT INTO -- IN FACT, WE'VE ALREADY SEEN A PROTOTYPE MOBILE APP THAT ALLOWS YOU TO SPIN AROUND THESE MODELS IN 3D AND VIEW ALL THE META DATA ASSOCIATED WITH THEM. IT ALSO ALLOWS YOU TO AUTOMATICALLY SUBMIT DOZENS OR EVEN HUNDREDS OR EVEN THOUSANDS OF MODELS TO THE SITE BY MACHINE, INSTEAD OF HAVING TO CLICK, CLICK, CLICK AS A HUMAN. SO WE'RE REALLY GRATEFUL TO THEM FOR THEIR SUPPORT AND HELP. WE'D ALSO LIKE TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE DP GSA AND 18F. IN FACT, THE API EVANGELIST RECOGNIZED OUR WORK AND HE POINTED OUT AS AN EXAMPLE OF HOW TO REALLY ONBOARD WITH AN API. THERE'S A GREAT WEB LINK TO THAT AND IT WAS JUST REALLY GRATIFYING TO SEE THAT. GREG HAS MOVED ON, HE'S NOW AT TAG ONE, BUT ERIC, OF COURSE, IS STILL WITH SQUISHY AND OF COURSE THERE ARE OTHER VENDORS UPSTAIRS WHO COULD PROBABLY DO VERY SIMILAR THINGS FOR YOU. SO NOT ONLY DID WE WRITE AN API, WE'RE LEVERAGING OTHER PEOPLE'S APIs. HERE'S AN EXAMPLE OF A SMALL MOLECULE, THIS PARTICULAR CHEMISTRY LOOKS LIKE A NUCLEOTIDE PART OF DNA. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF THE KIND OF THINGS THAT WE WOULD SEND OUT BY APIs TO THE NET FABB SOFTWARE, WHICH IS ALSO SORT OF OPEN, AND THEN, YOU KNOW, THAT API GOES TO THE ASSURE CLOUD. AZURE CLOUD. I KNOW IT'S MICROSOFT -- THAT'S STILL CLOUD, THAT'S COOL, RUNS NET FABB FOR US AND SENDS US BACK WATERTIGHT MODELS THAT WE CAN ASSURE OUR USERS WILL PRINT. SO THIS IS THE GREAT USE OF THE AI. ALSO, IN PREPARATION FOR IT THAT PRINTING, THEY CAN ALSO USE AN API THROUGH ASTROPRINT TO SEND THE PROCESSED FILES HOW TO ASTROPRINT FOR PREPARATION FOR ACTUAL 3D PRINTING. SO IT SPEEDS UP THE PROCESS AND MAKES A VERY REPRODUCIBLE RELIABLE 3D PRINT. JUST LET ME TALK -- FINISH UP WITH A FEW THINGS ABOUT HOW WE'RE TRYING TO GIVE BACK AS WELL TO THE DRUPAL COMMUNITY. WE ACTUALLY LOOKED AROUND BECAUSE WE KNEW WE WANTED TO SHARE THESE 3D MODELS IN A DRUPAL WEBPAGE TO ACTUALLY HAVE A 3D PREVIEW THAT YOU COULD SPIN AROUND IN A DRUPAL ENVIRONMENT AND LOOK AT. AND THERE ARE ACTUALLY MODULES THAT DO THIS IN DRUPAL. ONE IS CALLED -- THERE WAS -- THERE'S ANOTHER ONE CALLED 3. JS, BUT THESE MODULES WEREN'T ABLE TO WORK WITH THE DATA WE WORKED WITH AND PESHESLY THEY WEREN'T ABLE TO WORK WITH COLOR. SO HERE'S AN EXAMPLE OF HOW OTHER PEOPLE ARE USING -- HAVING 3D PRINT, WHAT YOU CAN SEE THIS IS THE NASA WRENCH PRINTED ON THE SPACE STATION. THIS IS THE 3D VIEWER USED IN OTHER PLACES TO VIEW THIS 3D OBJECT, BUT YOU CAN SEE IT'S NOT IN COLOR. AN IMPORTANT THING FOR US WAS COLOR, SO HERE YOU CAN SEE ON THE RIGHT, THERE'S A LOT MORE INFORMATION THAT WE GET FROM COLOR. NOT ONLY IN THE 3D PRINT BUT ALSO IN THE 3D PREVIEW. SO WE WANTED TO USE A MODULE OR SOFTWARE THAT WOULD ALLOW US TO PREVIEW IN COLOR, SO WE LOOKED AND FOUND X FREEDOM, IT'S PRONOUNCED X FREEDOM WHICH LEVERAGES JAVA SCRIPT, WEB GL TECHNOLOGIES TO DISPLAY USING AN OPEN STANDARD COLOR INFORMATION. WE USE THIS OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE, PUT IT INTO OUR DRUPAL ENVIRONMENT, THEN BUILT A MODULE AROUND IT. HAD IT VERY SIMPLE MOD ACTUAL EXIST, IT'S IN THE SANDBOX OF TRUE PAL, WE'RE HOPING TO GET IT OUT OF THE SANDBOX VERY SOON, BUT MEGAN ACTUALLY WENT TO DRUPAL CON IN L.A. AND PRESENTED IT FOR THE WEB 3D CONSORTIUM. YOU CAN SEE THERE WAS A TWEET THAT IN LESS THAN 15 MINUTES, THIS USER WHO WAS A DRUPAL ADMINISTRATOR BUT WHO HAD NEVER USED THIS MODULE OR DONE ANYTHING WITH 3D IN HIS DRUPAL ENVIRONMENT, USED OUR MODULE TO GET 3D GOING IN HIS DRUPAL ENVIRONMENT. HE DID IT WHILE IN THE MIDDLE OF THEIR BIRDS OF A FEATHER SESSION. MEGAN WAS KIND OF ANNOYED, WHO IS THAT GUY SITTING IN THE CORNER NOT PAYING ATTENTION TO ME? TURNS OUT HE WAS INSTALLING THE MODULE AND DOING IT, SO SHE WAS HAPPY TO SEE THAT. LET ME JUST SAY A FEW CLOSING REMARKS HERE. ONE OF THE GREAT THINGS THAT DRUPAL ALLOWS US TO DO IS HAVE SOCIAL INTERACTION AND BUILD COMMUNITIES. SO WE'VE BUILT WHAT WE CALL LIBRARIES OR SPECIAL CONTENT COLLECTIONS WITHIN THEED ABOUT PRINT EXCHANGE FOR PROSTHETICS OR NEUROSCIENCE, AND A HEART LIBRARY. OTHER PEOPLE HAVE TAKEN OWNERSHIP AND THESE THINGS, SO THEY'VE USED THE PLATFORM TO BUILD THEIR OWN COMMUNITIES AND THEIR OWN ENVIRONMENTS. SO LET ME GIVE YOU A FEW EXAMPLES OF WHAT THOSE LOOK LIKE. HERE'S JOHN WITH THE ENABLE CROWD. ROBERT DOWNEY, JR. PRESENTED A PROSTHETIC IRONMAN HAND TO A KID WHO HAD UPPER LIMB -- WHO NEEDED AN UPPER LIMB PROSTHETIC. THESE ARE THE KINDS OF OPEN SOURCE, OPEN HARDWARE DESIGNS THAT ARE BEING HOSTED AND INNOVATED ON BY THE EN ABLE CROWD AND HOSTED ON THE EXCHANGE. WE'RE VERY PROUD TO PARTNER WITH THEM TO DO SO. IN ADDITION, WE HAVE, I THINK NEXT MOCHTT MONTH THE V.A. IS STARTING A PROSTHETIC CHA CHALLENGE FOR NEW AND INNOVATIVE PROSTHETICS DEVELOPED AS PART OF THIS CHALLENGE. IN ADDITION, WE HAVE DR. MATTHEW BRANLETT WHO CONTACTED US KIND OF OUT OF THE BLUE FROM ILLINOIS WHO THEY'VE BEEN BUILDING 3D MODELS OF HEARTS FOR CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS. MOST OF THE TIME, WHEN AN ADULT GOES IN FOR CARDIAC CARE, THE DOCTOR, THE SURGEON HAS SEEN ALL THIS BEFORE. PEDIATRIC PATIENTS ARE DIFFERENT, EVERY ONE. AND THEIR OUTCOMES ARE IMPROVED. AT LEAST THAT'S THE ANECDOTAL STORY. WE DON'T HAVE GREAT DOUBLE BLIND SCIENTIFIC STUDIES OF THIS, BUT WE ARE PRETTY CONFIDENT THAT OUTCOMES ARE IMPROVED NOT ONLY ON THE SCREEN OR WITH 3D CLASSES, BUT WE CAN HOLD IT IN OUR HANDS IT IF SURGEONS CAN HAVE SUCCESS. THERE ARE SO MANY ANECDOTAL STORIES OF HOW HOLDING THAT HEART MODEL IN THEIR HAND HAS ALLOWED THE SURGEON TO SEE THINKS THAT THEY WOULD NOT HAVE SEEN UNTIL THEY HAD ALREADY CRACKED OPEN THE CHEST AND WERE WORKING ON THE HEART, AT WHICH POINT THEY MAY HAVE EXTENDED A SURGERY OR THEY WOULD HAVE NOT BEEN ABLE TO ADDRESS IT AT THIS TIME, SO THIS ALLOWS THE PATIENT TO HAVE MUCH BETTER OUTCOMES. SO HERE WE ARE PARTNERING WITH THEM. THE GREAT THING IS AS WE'VE GIVEN THEM RESOURCES, THEY'VE GIVEN US PRESS. WE'RE GRATEFUL TO MATTHEW FOR HIS WORK. IN FACT, WE EXHIBITED TOGETHER AT THE RECENT NATIONAL MAKER FAIR. SO HERE'S AN EXAMPLE OF ONE OF THOSE 3D PRINTED HEARTS. SO JUST MOVING FORWARD, WE IMAGINED THAT THERE ARE OTHER THINGS TO BE DONE, THAT MATTHEW'S WORK WITH HEARTS COULD BE EXTENDED TO MAYBE LUNGS FOR TB PATIENTS OR LUNG CANCER PATIENTS, OR MAYBE BRAINS FOR NEUROSURGEONS. AND IN FACT, WE HAVE SOMETHING CALLED THE B BELLARUSE TUBERCULOSIS PORTAL, WHERE WE HAVE HUNDREDS OF CT DATASETS READY TO BE THROWN THROUGH OUR WORK FLOWS AND POSSIBLY 3D PRINTED, HOPEFULLY HELPING US TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE PROGRESS OF THE DISEASE. ALSO THERE'S A MAKER INTERAGENCY INITIATIVE BY THE WHITE HOUSE THAT WE'RE PART OF AND CONTRIBUTING TO. IT'S REALLY KIND OF EXCITING. INCLUDING SOMETHING CALLED BLUE BUTTON, AND THE PRECISION MEDICINE -- IT DIDN'T SHOW UP, THE PRECISION MEDICINE INITIATIVE BY THE PRESIDENT. SO YOU NEVER KNOW WHAT YOUR DRUPAL SITE MIGHT GET YOU INTO. WE NEVER THOUGHT ANY OF THIS WOULD HAPPEN, AND YET DRUPAL ALLOWED IT TO HAPPEN FOR US. SO LET ME JUST GIVE A FEW SHOUT OUTS. FIRST OF ALL, WE HAVE A GREAT TEAM WORKING AT SEVERAL DIFFERENT INSTITUTES HERE AT THE NIH. IN PARTICULAR, ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND THE NATIONAL LAY BREAR OF MEDICIN LIBRARY OF M EDICINE. WE ALSO HAVE SOME CONTRIBUTIONS FROM NICHD, THE NIH LIBRARY AND A FEW OTHER INSTITUTES HERE. WE HAVE A GREAT COLLECTION OF ADVISORS, COLLABORATORS AND FRIENDS THAT HAVE EXPANDED OVER TIME FROM ALL OVER THE CUP TRI, AND BIG SCHOOLS, SMALL SCHOOLS, MILITARY INSTITUTIONS, AT SMALL COMPANIES, AT NON-PROFITS, AND EVEN AT THE SMITH ZONE YON. SO IT'S REALLY KIND OF FUN TO WORK WITH ALL THESE FRIENDS. FINALLY WE HAVE GREAT EXECUTIVE LEADERSHIP THAT HAS ALLOWED US TO REALLY MOVE FORWARD ON THIS. I WANT TO IT THANK IN PARTICULAR DR. TRAM WENN, BRANCH CHIEF BEFORE I BEGAN ACTING IN HER PLACE, AND OUR CHIEF INFORMATION OFFICER, MIKE, AS WELL AS OUR EXECUTIVE LEADERSHIP AT NIAID, DR. J.J. MCGOWAN AND DR. ANTHONY FAUCI. SO I WANT TO THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME AND ATTENTION. I ALSO WANT TO GIVE A SHOUT OUT TO NICK, WHO IS A HIGH SCHOOL STUDENT WHO FOLLOWS THIS AND WAS SO EXCITED THAT HIS MOM WAS ABLE TO BE HERE TO SEE THIS PRESENTATION. SO THANKS, NICK, AND THANK YOU ALL FOR YOUR TIME AND AIT TENSION. [APPLAUSE] THANK YOU. I'D BE HAPPY TO ANSWER ANY QUESTIONS THAT YOU MIGHT HAVE FROM THE FLOOR. PLEASE, FRED. THIS WAY THE REMOTE AUDIENCE CAN HEAR YOU IF YOU GO TO THE MIC. >> I'M INTERESTED IN JUST THE GOVERNANCE ASPECT, PARTICULARLY FROM CONTENT THAT'S CONTRIBUTED BY THE COMMUNITY, MAY OR MAY NOT BE A VETTED CONTRIBUTOR? >> THAT'S A GREAT POINT. I'M GLAD YOU BROUGHT THAT UP. WE'RE ADDRESSING IT IN A FEW WAYS. FIRST OF ALL, WE ASSERT THAT THE DATA THAT GOES THROUGH OUR PIPELINES FROM OPEN REPOSITORIES LIKE THE PDB AND THE -- THAT HAVE BEEN ALREADY VETTED AND CURATED, WE ASSERT THAT OUR REPRESENTATION OF THEM, AT THE NIH, WE ASSERT THAT THOSE REPRESENTATIONS ARE ACCURATE AND ARE PRINTAB. NOW OTHER PEOPLE -- IT IS POSSIBLE TO CREATE A PDB FILE OUT OF NOTHING, AND THAT PDB FILE COULD GO THROUGH OUR WORK FLOWS, AND AT THAT POINT, WE AFFIRM THAT OUR PRINT OF IT IS CORRECT, BUT WE CAN'T AFFIRM THAT WHAT IT REPRESENTS IS ACCURATE IN ANY WAY. THE SAME THING GOES FOR THE DATA OF THE EMDB AND MICROSCOPY IMAGES AND THAT KIND OF THING, BUT IN PARTICULAR, WHAT MATTHEW BRANLETT HAS DONE WITH THE HEART LIBRARY IS ASSEMBLE -- AND IT'S VERY INTERESTING THAT HE'S ACTUALLY ASSEMBLED -- THE SALES FORCE? SALES FORCE IS HELPING HIM ASSEMBLE A BOARD OF CURATORS WHO HAVE LOOKED AT HEART MODELS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THAT SPECIAL COLLECTION AND MAKE SURE THAT THEY ARE VALID AND ACCURATE ENOUGH AND ARE PRECISE ENOUGH TO BE USED TO HELP SURGEONS AND DOCTORS. SO NOT EVERYTHING IS, BUT WE HOPE THAT THE SPECIALIZED NATURE OF THE OF THE SITE AND THE NIH BRAND, WE THINK GO A LONG WAY, AND WE DO ACTUALLY TAG THE DIFFERENT MODELS WITH TAGS INDICATING HOW TRUSTWORTHY THE MODEL IS. >> HI. I NOTICED THAT YOU HAVE A LOT OF DIFFERENT WAYS TO IT APPLY USE OF THE HEART. HAVE YOU STARTED TO CONSIDER OTHER ORGANS LIKE LIVER, PANCREAS, BRAIN, LIKE -- GOD FORBID THE BRAIN, RIGHT? BUT HAVE YOU ALREADY STARTED CONVERSATIONS ON THINGS LIKE THAT? >> WELL, WE DO HAVE SOME VERY NASCENT PLANS FOR LUNGS, LIKE I MENTIONED WITH THE BELARUS THING, WHICH IS EXPANDING TO OTHER COUNTRIES AND HOPEFULLY ROMANIA, GEORGIA, MALL DOUGH VA. WE MAY SEE ADDITIONAL COUNTRIES. THE GREAT THING ABOUT THOSE COUNTRIES IS THEY HAVE PROGRAMS IN IT PLACE TO COLLECT THIS DATA AND MAKE IT PUBLICLY AVAILABLE, WHICH WE'RE HELP THEING THEM DO. SO WE'RE NOT EXPOSING THINGS THAT WE SHOULDN'T BE EXPOSING. IN TERMS OF BRAIN, WE DO HAVE SOME PEOPLE WHO HAVE UPLOADED BRAIN, BUT IT'S A LITTLE BIT HARDER FOR OUR AUTOMATED TOOLS TO PROCESS SOFTER TISSUES. WE DO HAVE TUTORIALS IN PLACE THAT TEACH PEOPLE HOW TO USE OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE THAT'S RELATIVELY EASY TO USE, TUTORIALS THAT ALLOW THEM TO WHAT'S CALLED SIGMENT OUT VARIOUS TISSUES AND UPLOAD THEM. SO THIS IS IMPORTANT IF YOU'RE DOING ANYTHING OTHER THAN BONE. SO WE'RE DEFINITELY THINKING ABOUT IT, BUT THERE ARE SOME TAL PROBLEMS WE NEED TO WORK OUT. OKAY. I THANK YOU AGAIN VERY MUCH FOR YOUR TIME AND ATTENTION. I HOPE YOU HAVE A GREAT DAY AT DRUPAL GOVCON. [APPLAUSE] >> SO IF HE'S NOT PROOF THAT YOU SHOULD GO NETWORK WITH THE EXHIBITORS, PLEASE ENJOY YOUR BREAK AND THE REST OF YOUR DAY.