WHY DO WE SHOW THIS? SOME OF YOU HAVE NOT BEEN HERE BEFORE, I THINK, SO I SHOULD EXPLAIN. THIS IS THE MOST FAMOUS BRIDGE IN THE WORLD PARTICULARLY FOR THOSE OF US WHO GREW UP IN NEW YORK, BROOKLYN BRIDGE 1863, IT MORE OR LESS CONNECTED THE FARM AREA WITH THE ACTIVITIES OF MANHATTAN, MARKETS AND EVERYTHING ELSE. AND PEOPLE ON EACH SIDE OF THE BRIDGE, IT IS GOING TO BE TERRIBLE BECAUSE THE PEOPLE ON THE OTHER SIDE ARE GOING TO MESS UP OUR LIVES. WELL, THE TRUTH IS WHEN YOU BUILD A BRIDGE, EVERYTHING CHANGES ON BOTH SIDES. NOW, WHAT IS THIS ALL ABOUT? THESE TWO MEN IN THE CENTER OBSTENSIBLY ARE TALKING ABOUT SCIENCE WHICH IS LIKE SKYROCKETING AND YET THE APPLICATION OR THE UNDERSTANDING OF IT IN TERMS OF THERAPY AND DIAGNOSIS IS A REAL PROBLEM. SO WHAT CAN WE DO? AND THEY ARE SAYING ONE THING WE CAN DO IS TO COMMUNICATE. OKAY, SO TODAY'S TOPIC OF THE FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES PARTICULARLY FOR PHDS POST-DOCTORAL FELLOWS IS VERY TIMING. IT IS ONE OF THE IF NOT ONE OF THE MOST EXCITING TIMES FOR SCIENCE EVER AND ON THE OTHER HAND, IT IS CHALLENGING AND FRAUGHT WITH ANXIETIES ALONG THE WAY. SO WE HAVE TWO EXPERTS WHO WILL DIRECT COMMENTS ABOUT THIS AND THERE WILL BE AN A ABUNDANT OPPORTUNITY AND WE WILL ENCOURAGE YOU TO PLEASE ASK THE SPECIFIC QUESTIONS YOU WANT TO ASK AND DON'T BE AFRAID TO ASK ANYTHING. USE A MICROPHONE OR ASK ONE OF US TO GIVE YOU A MICROPHONE BECAUSE THERE ARE ALWAYS BETWEEN 200-400 PEOPLE AT NIH WHO ARE ONLINE FOR THESE PROGRAMS AND THEY SAY WE HEARD THE ANSWER BUT WE DIDN'T HEAR THE QUESTION. SO IT IS VERY IMPORTANT. SO I AM GOING TO SAY A FEW WORDS. OUR TWO SPEAKERS ARE GOING TO TALK ABOUT TODAY AND POTENTIALLY THE FUTURE AND BOTH OF THEM ARE IN A GREAT POSITION WHICH I WILL DESCRIBE IN A MOMENT TO DO THAT. BUT I WANT TO GO BACK A LITTLE BIT AND TALK ABOUT THE PAST, NAMELY HOW DID WE GET HERE IN TERMS OF THIS GREAT OPPORTUNITY AND THIS FRUSTRATION AND UNCERTAINTY AND I AM NOT SURE IF MUCH OF THIS IS KNOWN TO YOU AND I AM NOT GOING TO DWELL ON IT BECAUSE IT IS A VERY EXCITING AND LENGTHY STORY. I AM JUST GOING TO HIT THE HIGHLIGHTS. AND THE HIGHLIGHTS ARE THAT PRIOR TO THE SECOND WORLD WAR, THE SURGE IN -- RESEARCH IN MEDICAL CENTERS WAS AT A LOW EBB. THEY WERE REFERRED TO AS TRADE SCHOOLS AND NOT REALLY WHAT THEY ARE TODAY. WHAT CHANGED IT? DURING THE WAR, MALARIA IN SOUTHEAST ASIA SIDELINED MORE AMERICAN AND OTHER TROOPS THAN ALL THE JAPANESE BULLET OR ANYTHING ELSE. THE SAME WAS TRUE WITH TRAUMA AND BURNS. THE MALARIA IS DRUG RESISTANT. EVERYTHING WAS POWERLESS TO DEAL WITH THESE TWO THINGS. A PROGRAM WAS CREATED THROUGH THE DEPARTMENT, WAR DEPARTMENT IN THOSE DAYS, NOW THE DEFENSE DEPARTMENT, HEADED BY A WONDERFUL MAN NAMED VANDEBAR BUSH AND HE SET UP CRASH PROGRAMS IN MEDICAL CENTERS -- THERE WERE FIVE OF THEM AROUND THE COUNTRY -- WHERE THEY BROUGHT IN SCIENTISTS, ENGINEERS, A WHOLE BUNCH, PATHOLOGISTS, TO SOLVE PROBLEMS. ONE OF THEM WAS GOLDWATER HOSPITAL WHICH IS IN THE MIDDLE OF NEW YORK ISLAND HEADED BY THE EAST RIVER AND THEN SHANNON, THE FOUNDER OF THE MODERN NIH AND HAD A PROGRAM TO DEVELOP DRUGS THAT WOULD TREAT MALARIA AND THEY WERE SUCCESSFUL. AND THEY WERE SUCCESSFUL IN OTHER PLACES FOR DEVELOPING TREATMENTS FOR BURNS. REMEMBER AT THE END OF THE WAR, BUSH WROTE AN AMAZING DOCUMENT WHICH I ENCOURAE YOU TO READ AND IS ON OUR WEBSITE, HE DISCUSSES ALL THE PROBLEMS WE HAVE TODAY. BUT HE SAID THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD SET UP NATIONAL PROGRAMS OF INVESTING IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH, AND THEY DID. AND BY 1950, THE EXTRAMURAL PROGRAM OF THE NIH HAD CONVERTED MOST MEDICAL SCHOOLS INTO MAJOR RESOURCE CENTERS DEALING WITH BASIC BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, TAKING ADVANTAGE OF THE NOW-EXPANDING WORLD OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY. AND FOR THE FIRST TIME, MEDICAL SCHOOLS COULD GIVE A PHD DEGREE IN THE BASIC SCIENCE. BEFORE THEN, IT DIDN'T HAPPEN. WELL, THE RESULT IS THESE CENTERS OF RESEARCH OF COURSE FLOURISHED. THE OTHER PART OF THAT PROGRAM WAS HERE AT THE NIH, THE INTERMURAL PROGRAM WHICH MICHAEL GOTTSMAN WILL DISCUSS WITH YOU. BUT IT WAS THE CHANGE IN THE MEDICAL SCHOOLS THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY THAT CREATED THIS GREAT ACCUMULATION OF NEW INFORMATION AND TREMENDOUS ADVANCES. IT WAS THE GOLDEN ERA. WHY WAS IT GOLDEN? BECAUSE PEOPLE LIKE YOU AND PEOPLE LIKE ME, BECAUSE I WAS LIKE YOU AT THAT TIME, ALL WE HAD TO DO WAS BE SOMEWHAT BRIGHT, MOTIVATED AND HAVE AN INTERESTING IDEA AND YOU COULD GET A FELLOWSHIP, YOU COULD GET A GRANT. WHAT WAS LIMITING WAS IDEAS AND THAT WAS THE GOLDEN AGE. AND ALL SORTS OF INCREDIBLE THINGS HAPPENED. YOU KNOW AT ONE POINT THE RESEARCH LABORATORIES AT NIH, THE BASIC ONES, WERE RIGHT NEXT DOOR TO WHERE THE PATIENTS WERE IN THE CLINICAL CENTER. AND ALL OF THIS WAS BASED ON COMMUNICATION, THE GOLDEN ERA AND THEN THINGS STARTED TO HAPPEN IN ABOUT 1980. THE NUMBER OF PHYSICIANS SCIENTISTS PLUMMETED FOR MANY REASONS I WON'T GO INTO BUT IF YOU ARE INTERESED, WE CAN DISCUSS IT. AND THE NUMBER OF PHD SCIENTISTS INCREASED BECAUSE EVERYBODY WAS EXCITED BY THE ENORMOUS DEVELOPMENTS AND CAPABILITIES OF ADVANCING SCIENCE THAT GOES ON AT A FASTER AND FASTER CLIP. SO THE RESULT IS THERE IS A HUGE& GAP AND THAT IS WHAT THE BRIDGE COVERS. SO THIS BRIDGING THE GAP IS JUST ONE SMALL WAY OF TRYING TO GET BASIC SCIENTISTS, CLINICAL INVESTIGATORS, PATIENTS AND MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEMS IN THE SAME ROOM AT THE SAME TIME, BASICALLY TO SHARE WHAT THEY KNOW AND WHAT THEY DON'T KNOW. THAT IS THE WHOLE PURPOSE OF DEMYSTIFYING MEDICINE. THAT IS NOT THE ANSWER TO THE WORLD'S PROBLEMS BUT A STEP IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION. SO WHAT ADVICE MIGHT I OFFER TO PHD STUDENTS AT THIS TIME? YOU ARE GOING TO HEAR A LOT OF SPECIFIC SUGGESTIONS FROM OUR SPEAKERS BUT I WOULD JUST LEAVE YOU WITH THREE THINGS TO CONSIDER. ONE IS SERENDIPITY. SERENDIPITY MEANS THINGS THAT HAPPEN OUT OF THE BLUE, BUT YOU CAN WELCOME SERENDIPITY. HOW DO YOU DO THAT? YOU TALK TO THE PERSON SETTING NEXT TO YOU, MAYBE IN THE CAFETERIA, WHO TURNS OUT TO BE A WORLD-CLASS BIOPHYSICIST OR WHATEVER. YOU DON'T PLUG IN YOUR EAR THINGS AND LISTEN TO MUSIC WHEN YOU ARE SURROUNDED BY BRILLIANCE. AND YOU TAKE THE STEP -- AND THEY ARE INTERESTED IN WHO YOU ARE AND WHAT YOU ARE DOING. SERENDIPITY OCCURS ALL OVER THE PLACE, IF YOU ARE ON AN AIRPLANE, WHEREVER. NOT SAYING YOU GO AROUND THE STREET TALKING TO EVERY AM AND JOE -- EVERY SAM AND JOE BUT YOU KNOW WHAT I AM TALKING ABOUT. AND YOU SHOULD BE INTERESTED BECAUSE ONCE YOU LEARN THE LANGUAGE, I WOULD ARGUE, YOU BEGIN TO BUILD THE BRIDGE AND THINGS HAPPEN THAT NORMALLY WOULDN'T IF THEY WERE SOLELY RESTRICTED TO YOUR OWN PARTICULAR INTENSE RESEARCH INTEREST. AND ALL OF THIS THING IS BUILT UPON THIS CONCEPT OF BRIDGE BUILDING. WELL, THIS IS LIKE A SERMON. I DIDN'T MEAN IT QUITE THAT WAY BUT I THINK THESE THINGS ARE SOMETHING WE'RE THINKING ABOUT AND THEY AREN'T PAID MUCH ATTENTION TO OFTEN. IN THE BRIDGE BUILDING, I WONDER HOW MANY OF YOU HAVE EVER BEEN TO GRAND MEDICAL ROUNDS IN THE CLINICAL CENTER? OR TO THE CLINICAL ROUNDS AT THE NEUROLOGICAL INSTITUTE OR ANY OF THE OTHER INSTITUTES? WELL, THEY DO VERY INTERESTING STUFF THERE AND I THINK YOU WOULD FIND PEOPLE AND IDEAS THAT WILL CULMINATE IN YOU COMING UP WITH REGIONAL IDEAS WHICH IS WHAT IS GOING TO MAKE YOUR CAREER IN THE FUTURE. YOU ARE PROBABLY NOT GOING TO BE FAMOUS DOING THE SAME THING THAT YOUR CURRENT MENTORS DO. THINK ABOUT IT. OKAY, SO TODAY WE'RE FORTUNATE BECAUSE WE HAVE TWO PEOPLE AT THE FOREFRONT OF THE WHOLE NIH EFFORT IN DEALING WITH THE PROBLEMS TODAY. OUR SECOND SPEAKER WILL BE MICHAEL GOTTESMAN WHO I TRUST IS KNOWN TO ALL OF YOU. MICHAEL HAS BEEN THE NIH DEPUTY DIRECTOR FOR INTRAMURAL RESEARCH SINCE 1994. MICHAEL IS CHIEF OF THE LAB TORE OF CELL BIOLOGY AT THE NTI, A HIGHLY-RESPECTED SCIENTIST WHOSE WORK IS ON CANCER, DRUG RESISTANCE AND SO FORTH BUT AS DIRECTOR OF THE INTRAMURAL SERVICE, HE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR EVERYTHING. RECRUITMENT, OVERSEEING WHO IS DOING WHAT AND WHERE, COORDINATING ONE GROUP WITH ANOTHER, ALL KINDS OF THINGS AND CREATING NEW OPPORTUNITIES. AND SO HE IS IN AN IDEAL POSITION TO COMMENT ABOUT WHAT THE NIH IS THINKING IN TERMS OF THE FUTURE AND HOW TO CONFRONT THE DIFFICULT PROBLEMS THAT EXIST OUT THERE, IN ANY CAREER. AND THEN OUR FIRST SPEAKER IS SHARON MILLGRAM WHO HAS BEEN HERE SINCE 2007 AND SHE IS DIRECTOR OF THE OFFICE OF INTRAMURAL TRAINING AND EDUCATION AND PROBABLY KNOWN BY ALL OF THE POST-DOCS BECAUSE OF HER EXTRAORDINARY REAL EXPERTISE IN DEVELOPING PRO*EGS FOR STUDENTS -- PROGRAMS FOR STUDENTS SEEKING CAREERS IN ALL DIFFERENT APPROACHES. SHE HAS A BASIS IN SCIENCE, PHD FROM EMERY, INTERESTED IN THE TRAFFICKING OF EPITHELIAL CELLS AND IF YOU DID SOME CLASSIC WORK ON CYSTIC FIBROSIS, CFTR, THERE ARE CHLORIDE CHANNELS INVOLVED WITH CF. SO SHARON WILL SPEAK WITH US AND BRING US UP TO SNUFF ON WHAT HER VIEWS ARE ABOUT CAREER OPPORTUNITIES, PARTICULARLY FOR& PHDS HERE AT THE NIH. >> I THINK THAT I FIRST MET WIN AT THE GORDON CONFERENCE, THE INTERINTESTAL BIOLOGY. I WAS AN EARLY FACULTY MEMBER AND WIN WAS ONE OF THE SENIOR SCIENTISTS THERE CRITIQUING MY WORK AND ASKING QUESTIONS AND I DOUBT HE REMEMBERS BUT I VIVIDLY REMEMBER THE FIRST TIME THAT I MET HIM SO IT IS AN HONOR TO BE INVITED. LET ME JUST START BY SAYING THAT I HAVE AN AMAZING OPPORTUNITY TO WATCH THE CAREER PROGRESSION OF MANY PHD SCIENTISTS AND I WILL TALK MORE BROADLY BECAUSE I SEE THAT THERE ARE SOME POST-DOCS IN THE ROOM, PEOPLE CONSIDERING A VARIETY OF CAREERS. AND I GET THIS OPPORTUNITY TO HAVE THIS BROAD VIEW BECAUSE OUR OFFICE SEES, I DON'T KNOW HOW MANY THOUSANDS OF TRAINEES EACH YEAR THROUGH OUR CAREER CENTER. I LECTURE A LOT, MEET WITH STUDENTS MYSELF, TRAVEL AND TALK TO PEOPLE AT UNIVERSITIES ACROSS THE U.S. AND SO I FEEL LIKE I GET A PRETTY GOOD SENSE OF WHAT IS HAPPENING OUT THERE. AND I THINK IT IS SAFE TO SAY THAT THERE ARE SOME CHALLENGES, ALL RIGHT, THAT CAREER OPPORTUNITIES HAVE NARROWED IN SOME AREAS AND EXPANDED IN OTHER AREAS, THAT IT IS BECOMING INCREASINGLY CLEAR THAT PEOPLE NEED TO DEVELOP A VERY BROAD SKILLS SET, NOT JUST IN THEIR RESEARCH BUT THEIR INTERPERSONAL SKILLS, MANAGEMENT SKILLS, COMMUNICATION SKILLS, ET CETERA, AND THAT SCHOOLS DON'T ALWAYS PROVIDE THAT TRAINING AND THERE'S FRUSTRATION IN THAT. I THINK THERE ARE, WITHOUT A DOUBT, UNIQUE CHALLENGES THAT ARE VERY IMPORTANT VISITING FELLOW SPACE BECAUSE SCIENCE IS INTERNATIONAL AND WE NEED PEOPLE WITH A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE AND WE NEED PEOPLE TO COME HERE AND DO SCIENCE AND REALIZE THE WAYS OF NAVIGATING CREASE CAN BE CHALLENGING. THAT IS SAFE TO SAY THERE CONTINUES TO BE A LOT OF BIAS OF SOME CAREER PATHS OVER OTHER CAREER PATHS AND I WILL HAVE A LOT TO SAY ABOUT THAT. BUT I THINK THERE ARE SOME THINGS WHERE WE COULD SAY THERE ARE SOME ISSUES AND I THINK IT WAS REALLY BE POLYANNISH TO SAY WHAT A GREAT TIME TO BE A SCIENTIST BUT I WILL ACTUALLY SAY THAT BECAUSE I THINK IT IS TRUE. SO WITH THOSE PROBLEMS STILL ARE REMARKABLE OPPORTUNITIES. AND WE KNOW THAT WE LIVE IN A TRANSFORMED ECONOMY THAT IS BASED ON HIGH KNOWLEDGE WORKERS, THAT BROADLY ACROSS THE GLOBE, THERE IS AN AGREEMENT THAT WE CANNOT HAVE ENOUGH HIGHLY TRAINED INDIVIDUALS. THEY NEED TO BE TRAINED IN COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES AND QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES AND RIGOROUS SCIENCE, THEY NEED TO KNOW HOW TO PROBLEM-SOLVE AND THEY NEED TO DO THAT IN A VARIETY OF CONTEXTS. SO WHEN THE GLASS IS SOMETIMES HALF EMPTY AND WITHOUT A DOUBT, I SPEND TIME TALKING ABOUT TRAINEES WHO ARE FRUSTRATED ABOUT THE CAREER PLANNING PROCESS, THE GLASS IS ALSO VERY, VERY HALF-FULL. AND IF YOU WANT TO FILL YOUR GLASS A LITTLE BIT MORE, THERE ARE SOME BASIC THINGS YOU CAN CONSIDER. WE KNOW A LOT, JUST LIKE THERE IS A SCIENCE BEHIND ALL OF THE THINGS THAT YOU AND WIN HAVE BEEN DISCUSSING SINCE THE START OF THIS CLASS, THERE IS A SCIENCE BEHIND CAREER READINESS. THERE IS A SCIENCE BEHIND HOW IT IS THAT PEOPLE GET JOBS. AND I AGREE WITH THE CONCEPT OF SERENDIPITY BUT I ALSO AGREE WITH THE IDEA THAT WE NEED TO BE PREPARED TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THOSE OPPORTUNITIES SO WE NEED TO KNOW THE SCIENCE OF CAREER PLANNING. SO I WILL START WITH A COUPLE OF FIRST PRINCIPLES OF SCIENCE CAREERS, WALKING YOU QUICKLY THROUGH SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN THIS AREA, TURN IT OVER TO MICHAEL AND THEN THE THREE OF US WILL TAKE QUESTIONS. AND BECAUSE I AM WORRIED THAT I AM GOING TO FORGET AND IT IS REALLY IMPORTANT, I WILL SAY NOW THAT ON FRIDAY, AND I DON'T REMEMBER THE DATE BUT IT MUST BE LIKE MAY 10TH OR SOMETHING, IS THE 11TH ANNUAL NIH CAREER SYMPOSIUM AND WILL BE A REMARKABLE DAY OF CAREER EXPLORATION FOR BOTH PHD AND POST PHD SCIENTISTS IN A BROAD DEGREE OF DISCIPLINES. SO IF YOU WANT TO TAKE THE LEARNING TODAY AND APPLY IT, COME ON FRIDAY BECAUSE YOU WILL HAVE A CHANCE TO MEET PEOPLE, ASK QUESTIONS, ET CETERA. SO THE FIRST THING ABOUT SCIENCE CAREERS THAT WE NEED TO KEEP IN MIND IS WHEN IT COMES TO CHOOSING A CAREER, ONE SIZE DOES NOT FIT ALL AND UNFORTUNATELY ONE OF THE BIGGEST PROBLEMS FOR DECADES IS WE ACTED AS THOUGH ONE SIZE FITS ALL. YOU WOULD WRITE A PAPER, BECOME A FACULTY MEMBER. AND IF YOU DIDN'T WANT TO DO THAT, YOU HAD TO KEEP IT SECRET AND WORRY ABOUT WHAT PEOPLE WOULD THINK ABOUT YOU BUT THE HONEST TRUTH IS ONE SIZE DOES NOT FIT ALL, SOME OF US WANT TO RUN A LAB, SOME OF US DON'T, SOME OF US WANT TO BE IN FRONT THE CONGRESS DEBATING THE FUTURE, SOME OF US WANT TO BE IN A CLASSROOM. THIS IDEA CAME FROM WHEN THE ENTERPRISE WAS VERY SMALL, ESSENTIALLY ONE PERSON TRAINING ANOTHER PERSON SO IT MADE SENSE TO ASSUME THAT EVERYONE WAS GOING TO DO THE SAME THING. I HAVE A LAB FOR, I DON'T KNOW, WHEN WIN TALKED ABOUT MICHAEL, I REALIZE I STARTED MY JOB WHEN MICHAEL BECAME THE DEPUTY DIRECTOR FOR INTRAMURAL RESEARCH AND IN THAT AMOUNT OF TIME, MICHAEL HAS PROBABLY TRAINED 20 TO 30 PEOPLE AND I HAVE PROBABLY TRAINED 20 TO 30 PEOPLE SO IT IS INCONCEIVABLE THAT ONE SIZE FITS ALL WHEN IT IS SO BIG. SECOND, IT WILL FALL APART IF WE DON'T HAVE EXPERTS IN AND OFF OF THE BENCH, IN AND OUT OF ACADEMIA, INSIDE AND OUT OF SCIENCE, ET CETERA. SO YOU ARE NOT A ONE SIZE FITS ALL, YOU ARE BUT ONE OPTION AND MANY MORE WITH COMING ONLINE. SCIENCE IS GROWING, THE INTERSECTION BETWEEN HUMAN HEALTH AND WORLD HEALTH IS BECOMING CLEAR AND THAT WILL DRIVE AN IMPLOSION OF JOBS, THE GREENING OF CITIES, INFECTIOUS DISEASES OUR GLOBAL ECONOMY DRIVES JOBS. THE HONEST TRUTH IS YOU HAVE MANY, MANY OPTIONS IN ALL EMPLOYMENT SECTORS. THAT IS NOT TO SAY THAT ONE CAN DECIDE A MONTH BEFORE THEY ARE DONE, IT WOULD BE REALLY GREAT IT GET A JOB. IF YOU WANT TO REALLY MAKE THAT HAPPEN, CAREER PLANNING STARTS NOW, NOT RIGHT TOWARDS THE END. FURTHERMORE, THE DATA SHOWS THAT HIGH KNOWLEDGE WORKERS CHANGE JOBS A LOT THAT. COULD BE CHANGING JOBS WITHIN THE SAME INSTITUTION, MOVING FROM ONE POSITION TO ANOTHER, TAKING ON LEADERSHIP RESPONSIBILITIES, SORT OF GROWING YOUR UMBRELLA OF RESPONSIBILITY, THAT COULD BE SAYING I REALLY AM INTERESTED IN INDUSTRY AND I HAVE A GRADUATE STUDENT, SO LONG AGO GRADUATE STUDENT WHO REACHED OUT TO ME AND SAID I HAVE HAD AN AMAZING TIME WORKING IN INDUSTRY, I THINK I AM READY TO CHECK OUT ACADEMIA AND I WOULD LIKE TO HAVE YOU WHAT IS AVAILABLE AT NIH. SO YOU WILL HAVE MULTIPLE CAREER POSITIONS. MOST WORKERS TEND TO HAVE THREE TO FIVE CAREER CHANGES IN THEIR LIFETIME. THAT IS A BIG CHANGE FROM EARLIER WHEN PEOPLE TOOK UP A POSITION AND STAYED FOR A LONG TIME BUT THE DATA SHOWS VERY CLEARLY THAT HIGH-KNOWLEDGE WORKERS MOVE AROUND. ANOTHER FIRST IMPORTANT PRINCIPLE AND ONE THAT SOMETIMES CLASHES WITH INFORMATION YOU GET IN YOUR RESEARCH GROUP, IS THAT YOU WILL GET A JOB BASED ON YOUR RESEARCH AND BROADER SKILLS SET. CAN YOU MENTOR PEOPLE? CAN YOU MENTOR A DIVERSE GROUP OF PEOPLE? CAN YOU TEACH? CAN YOU SOLVE PROBLEMS? CAN YOU TALK ABOUT YOUR SCIENCE TO NONSCIENTISTS? CAN YOU WRITE? CAN YOU WRITE TECHNICAL MATERIAL, IT IS A BROADER SKILLS SET. SOME OF IT CAN BE INVOLVED IN YOUR RESEARCH GROUP BUT SOME OF IT YOU NEED TO STEP AWAY FROM YOUR RESEARCH GROUP TO DEVELOP. ANOTHER ONE AND I DON'T THINK WE TALK ABOUT THIS ENOUGH IS THAT CAREER AND JOB SEARCHES WILL BE TRANSITIONS AND WE KNOW FROM HEALTH AND WELLNESS THAT ALL TRANSSIXES ARE SUCCESSFUL. HEALTHY STRESS MAKES US GO TO THE NETWORK. IT REALLY PROPELS US FORWARD BUT WHEN STRESS HITS THE TIPPING POINT INTO REALLY NEGATIVE STRESS, WE DON'T SLEEP, WE DON'T TAKE CARE OF OURSELVES AND NOT ON THAT PROBLEM SOLVING. WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND THE SCIENCE OF STRESS MANAGEMENT TO DO WELL IN THIS CHANGING JOB SCENARIO. MENTORS MAKE A BIG DIFFERENCE IN ALL BUT THEY ARE NOT THE ONLY THING BUT YOU NEED MULTIPLE MENTORS. AND IF YOU ARE A PHD AND WORKING ON A DEVICE, IT MAY BE THAT YOUR RESEARCH MENTOR DOESN'T KNOW THAT MUCH. YOUR POST-LAB WAS DIFFERENT. THIS IS NOT SAYING THEY ARE BAD PEOPLE, THIS IS JUST SAYING THEY KNOW WHAT THEY KNOW, ALL RIGHT? AND REGARDLESS TO GET AHEAD, YOU NEED AN ENTIRE TEAM BEHIND YOU. SO THE PHRASE THAT IT TAKES A VILLAGE WHICH WAS FIRST SAID BY HILLARY CLINTON MANY YEARS AGO IS FOR REAL WHEN IT COMES TO DEFINING CAREERS. YOU WILL NEED TO BE THINKING MULTIPLE MENTORS. AND THEN THE HALF THE THING I WOULD SAY IS YOU HAVE TO UNDERSTAND THIS PROCESS TO GET AHEAD. WE SEE THROUGH OUR OFFICE MOST WEEKS, HUGE NUMBERS OF SUCCESSES. PEOPLE COMING IN TO SHARE THEY GOT THE JOB THEY WERE HOPING FOR, NEGOTIATED A HIGHER SALARY, WORK OUT THE START DATE, THAT IS WHERE WE LIVE. WE HEAR ABOUT A LOT OF SUCCESSES BECAUSE THOSE SUCCESSES COME BECAUSE PEOPLE LEARNED ABOUT AND ENGAGED IN THE PROCESS. SO THIS IS MY SUMMARY OF WHAT CAREER PLANNING LOOKS LIKE AND IT HAS TWO FOUNDATIONS AT THE BOTTOM. YOU HAVE TO KNOW YOURSELF AND YOUR OPTIONS. THAT LEADS TO A PERIOD OF TIME WHERE WE'RE TRYING THINGS ON, DOING THINGS WE THINK WE MIGHT LIKE, THE BEAUTIFUL THING ABOUT THAT IS SIMULTANEOUSLY AS WE ARE TRYING IT ON, WE THINK I REALLY MIGHT LIKE CREDENTIALS. SO IN THE COURSE WE ARE TRYING IT ON BUT AT THE SAME TIME WE GOT A MARK ON OUR CV THAT SAYS I LED A TALK. SO DO WE LIKE OR DON'T LIKE DOING IT? THAT MIGHT BE A JOB SEARCH WHICH LEADS US TO GETTING A JOB. ANY POINT ALONG THE WAY, WE CAN THINK WE LOVE SOMETHING AND THEN DECIDE WE REALLY DON'T. WE CAN REALIZE THAT WE HAVE A BIG GAP AND IT IS NOT GOING WELL, LEADING US BACK TO GETTING MORE CREDENTIALS. THIS IS NOT LINEAR. THE FUNNY THING ABOUT THIS IS ONCE WE GET A JOB, IT ALL STARTS OVER. SO I WILL GIVE YOU AN EXAMPLE. I LOOKED FOR A JOB AS A FACULTY MEMBER BECAUSE I WANTED TO TEACH. THAT WAS MY DRIVING FORCE TO GO TO GRADUATE SCHOOLS, GET A JOB AND START TEACHING. AND THEN I GOT INTO THE CLASSROOM AND IT TURNS OUT I DIDN'T LIKE IT VERY MUCH. I DIDN'T ENJOY IT AT ALL. IT WAS SO STRUCTURED AND I TAUGHT MED STUDENT AT THE UNC COURSES AT CHAPEL HILL. THEY WERE GREAT STUDENTS AND I COULDN'T FIT IN THAT STYLE OF TEACHING. I LOVE WORKING WITH 25 STUDENT BUT THEN I REALIZE I DON'T LIKE WORKING WITH 25 STUDENTS THAT FOLLOWS RIGOROUS CAUGHT LINES AND HAS TO GO ON SCHEDULE, AND I GO TO THE CHAIR OF MY DEPARTMENT, TALK GRADUATE COURSES, SMALL GROUPS, READING PAPERS, PERFECT FOR ME. THAT IS THE POINT HERE OF WHEN WE LEARN THIS PROCESS OF WHO AM I, WHAT DO I LIKE AND NOT LIKE? WHAT ARE MY GAPS AND STRENGTHS? WHERE AM I AND MY OPTIONS? IT IS LIKE A LIFE-LONG PROCESS ONCE YOU FINISH IT OFF. SO ONCE I LEARN THIS, THEN DO I WANT TO TAKE ON A ADMINISTRATIVE POSITION, BECOME THE DIRECTOR OF THAT FACILITY, DO I WANT TO APPLY WITH A JOB WITH MORE RESPONSIBILITY, DO I WANT TO WORK IN POST-DOC DEVELOPMENT OR TEACH UNDERGRADUATE AND JUST FIGURE IT OUT. SO WE HAVE TO FIGURE IT OUT AND GENERALLY WHAT HAPPENS IS PEOPLE OFTEN SKIP A SET. THEY GET SO STRESSED ABOUT NEEDING TO FIND A JOB THAT THEY START PUTTING MATERIALS TOGETHER AND DON'T SPEND A LOT OF TIME TOWN HERE AND WHEN I SAY NOWING YOUR OPTIONS, THIS IS NOT A COME LIST IN ANY WAY. THESE ARE CAREERS THAT POST-DOCS TALK TO US ABOUT FROM -- IN ALL SECTORS, IN CAN A -- IN ACADEMIA, CONSULTING, WRITING RESEARCH, HEALTHCARE AND DELIVERY MANAGEMENT, YOU NAME IT BUT THE OPTIONS ARE REALLY STAGGERING. THE THING IS THAT IS SORT OF OVERWHELMING AND THE OTHER THING IS PEOPLE LOOK AT THIS LIST AND START TO JUDGE WHICH ONES ARE GOOD AND WHICH ONES ARE BAD WHICH LEADS ME TO A QUESTION WHICH IS WHY ARE WE CONSIDERING IT IS AN ALTERNATVE AFTER SO MANY YEARS OF DISCUSSION? WHY WE CALL SOME OF THESE CAREERS ALTERNATIVE, I DON'T KNOW. THE CAREER IN THE BUSINESS OF SCIENCE IS NOT AN ALTERNATIVE CAREER, IT IS JUST A CAREER. UNLESS YOU MEAN ALTERNATIVE IN A COOL WAY, LIKE AN ALTERNATIVE TO DO WHAT YOU WANT, YOU SHOULD DROP IT BECAUSE IT REALLY IS JUST A CAREER. FURTHERMORE, I WOULD ARGUE, WIN TALKED ABOUT GOLDEN HERO AND MONEY WAS LIMITLESS AND I WAS FOLLOWING THE SCIENCE FOR SOME OF THAT AND IT WAS ANEN CREDIBLE TIME. FOR AT INTRAMURAL PROGRAM, IT WAS INCREDIBLE BUT EVEN AT EXTRAMURAL, YOU COULD GET A GRANT FOR THAT. BUT THAT STEP MAY NOT HAPPEN BECAUSE SCIENTISTS ARE ON THE STEPS OF CAPITOL HILL OR SOME ARE STANDING THERE WITH POSTERS. IT HAPPENED BECAUSE THEY WENT AND LOBBIES. IT HAPPENS BECAUSE SCIENCE BROTHERS WATCHED THE ENTIRE PRESS. SO THE WHOLE ENTERPRISE WOULDN'T EXIST WITHOUT THESE ALTERNATIVE CAREERS AND I THINK WE HAVE TO LOSE THAT LANGUAGE. IT IS ONE OF THE BIGGEST PROBLEMS. IT IS WHY WE SIT AND SAY THERE IS A PROBLEM. THE HONEST TRUTH IS THERE IS ONLY A PROBLEM NOT TO GET THE CAREER YOU WANT BUT IT IS NOT A PROBLEM IF YOU END UP IN ACADEMIICS. SOME PEOPLE, IT IS NOT EVEN A CONSCIENTIOUS BIAS AND ARE NOT AWARE WE'RE SEEING THIS IN BETTER-THAN OR WORSE-THAN. BUT I SEE IT AS A SERIOUS PART OF THE CULTURE CHANGE EARLY AND BEYOND. IF SOMEONE USES THE WORD AS ALTERNATIVE CAREER, YOU SAY THERE IS NO SUCH THING. SO NOW I WILL TALK A MOMENT ABOUT OPTIONS AND TURN IT OVER TO MIKE. THAT MEANS WHAT IS AVAILABLE TO YOU WITH THE DEGREE YOU HAVE. FOR PEOPLE FINISHING GRADUATE SCHOOL, YOU WILL FOCUS ON WHAT CAREERS -- HOW CAN I LEVERAGE MY PHD INTO THE CAREER I WANT. FOR POST-DOCS, DO I NEED A MPD, MASTERS IN DATA WORK, OR NOT. BUT FOR MANY IT IS WHAT CAN I DO WITH MY PHD AND WHAT ARE THE CAREERS AVAILABLE? YOU CAN READ BOOKS AND WEBSITES AND THE CAREER OF EVERYBODY AND TELL YOU WHAT IS GOOD AND BAD ABOUT THOSE CAREERS. YOU CAN GO TO WORKSHOPS AND PANEL DISCUSSIONS BUT IT IS ONLY TO RULE THINGS IN AND OUT AND FRIDAY IS ONE OF THE BEST OPPORTUNITIES AND IF THE REGISTRATION IS CLOSED, IT IS JUST PUBLIC, EVERYBODY IS WELCOME. IT IS OPEN TO PEOPLE AT NIH SO IF SOMEBODY IS LISTENING AND IS CLOSE BY AND CAN GET HERE ON FRIDAY, JOIN US AT THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE CENTER. THE BEAUTIFUL THING IS YOU SIT IN THE WORKSHOP AND HEAR PEOPLE TALK ABOUT THEIR CAREERS. THAT SAID, YOU NEVER WANT TO MAKE A CAREER BASED ON PANEL DISCUSSIONS. THEN THE NEXT THING, NETWORKING AND TALKING TO PEOPLE BUT MORE IMPORTANT, INFORMATIONAL INTERVIEWS. THE DATA SHOWS THAT IF YOU WANT TO GET A LEG UP IN ANY CAREER SEARCH WHETHER INDUSTRY, GOVERNMENT OR IN ACADEMIA, YOU WANT TO GET A LEG UP, YOU DO DIRECT INTERVIEWS BECAUSE PEOPLE WANT TO HIRE PEOPLE THEY KNOW, THEY ENJOY TALKING TO YOU AND THEY THEN FORWARD AN APPLICATION CALL TO YOU. THEY THEN TELL THEIR COLLEAGUE, OH, I MET THIS PERSON, YOU SHOULD TALK WITH THEM. INFORMATION INTERVIEWS ARE WHEN YOU GO AND TALK TO SOMEONE ABOUT CHAIR CAREER. PEOPLE SAY I HAVE AN IDEA OF WHAT THAT LOOKS LIKE AND THE HONEST TRUTH IS YOU HAVE AN IDEA WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE AT YOUR INSTITUTION WHERE YOU WENT TO SCHOOL. YOU DON'T REALLY KNOW WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE BROADLY AND SOMETIMES THINGS CHANGE A LOT. AND YOU ARE NOT DOING INTERVIEWS TO DECIDE WHETHER I LIKE TO DO THIS OR NOT BUT TO GET FEEDBACK ON WHAT MIGHT BE AVAILABLE. INFORMATIONAL INTERVIEWS ARE USEFUL BEFORE AND AFTER POSITIONS AND FOR MOST FELLOWS, THEY START OUT AND IT IS NOT THAT HELPFUL. SO THEN THEY RUN INTO THE SERENDIPITY THAT WIN TALKED ABOUT AND SAY WAIT A MINUTE, LET'S RETHINK THIS. MOST PEOPLE WILL TELL YOU THAT IT STARTS WITH THE INTERVIEW AND THERE IS A BLOG ON INTERVIEWS AND I ENCOURAGE YOU TO CHECK THAT OUT. I AM NOT GOING TO TALK TO YOU ABOUT WHAT TO DO ON INFORMATIONAL INTERVIEWS BECAUSE I WILL ASSUME THAT YOU WILL GET THAT AS YOU TALK WITH YOUR MENTORS ABOUT. SO THEN SELF KNOWLEDGE , WE NEED TO KNOW WHAT OUR INTEREST IS, PERSONALITY AND INTEREST STYLE IS, WE NEED TO KNOW OUR DEVELOPMENT OF SKILLS, WHAT MATTERS TO US. IN THE CAREER LITERATURE, YOU WILL SEE IT AS WORK VALUES BUT I THINK VALUES HAS A RELIGION OF GOOD AND BAD BUT THE REALITY IS OUR WORK IS NORMALLY JUST THE GOOD. SOME OF US WANT A SET SCHEDULE, SOME OF US HAS TRAVEL, SOME OF US WANT NO TRAVEL, SO I LIKE TO CALL THEM THE DOGMA. WE NEED TO SEE EACH OTHER WORKING IN A GROUP AND THEN WE NEED TO KNOW WHERE THE GAPS ARE IN THE CREDENTIAL AND WHAT WE CAN DO ABOUT IT AND SOMETIMES WE HAVE TO DECIDE CAN I STILL WORK TOWARD WHERE I WANT TO GO? THE BEST REASON TO REALLY KEEP ON TOP OF OUR CREDENTIALS IS THE EARLIER WE SEE A GAP, THE MORE LIKELY WE CAN FILL THE GAP. SO IF SOMEONE SAID YOU REALLY NEED A TEACHING EXPERIENCE OR MANAGE SOMEONE. YOU CAN SIGN UP TO HAVE A SUMMER VENTURE OR LOOKING AT A COURSE. I FIND PEOPLE AVOIDING THE COURSE BECAUSE IT CAN LOOK UNCOMFORTABLE BUT IF WE GAVE IT THE SUPPORT OF ANOTHER PERSON, WE WOULD HAVE A BETTER CHANCE OF FILLING THEM. SOMETIMES OUR CREDENTIALS STRUGGLE WITH THE LEARNING STYLE AND DEPENDING ON THE TYPES OF GAPS YOU ARE TARGETING, THE OTHER GAP GETS IN THERE AS WELL. THE OTHER THING I WANT TO TALK ABOUT IS THE JOB DESCRIPTION. WE WILL NOT GO ANYWHERE FOR A FAMILY AND SOMETIMES OUR BUS IS NOT GOING WITH US AND WE NEED TO STAY TOGETHER. SOMETIMES WE REALLY HAVE RESTRICTIONS AND IF WE DON'T ADDRESS THOSE IN ADVANCE, THEY ARE SORT OF THIS UNDERLYING GO OUCH IN OUR CAREER SEARCH AND I THINK THERE IS NOT ENOUGH TALK ABOUT THAT, IN PART BECAUSE SCIENTISTS SAY I WOULD GO ANYWHERE AND DO GOOD SIGNS BUT LET'S BE HONEST, THAT MEANS NOT FAR AWAY FROM THE PEOPLE WE WANT TO BE WITH. SO SELF KNOWLEDGE IS REALLY KNOWING THAT. THE HONEST TRUTH IS THIS IS A PRACTICE OF SITTING AND THINKING WHAT MATTERS TO ME, WHAT DO I LOVE, WHAT SACRIFICE, WHAT ARE MY SKILLS, THIS IS ALL ABOUT SITTING WITH OURSELVES BECAUSE A LOT OF PEOPLE DON'T REALLY KNOW HOW TO DO THAT. ONE OF THE WAYS TO DO THAT IS WITH YOUR CAREER COUNSELORS OR MENTORS AND THEY HAVE ACCESS AT THE EITE. IF YOU ARE LISTENING AT A UNIVERSITY, YOU CAN CHECK ON YOUR WHETHER THIS IS IMPORTANT ON THE CAMPUS. THIS IS AN IMPORTANT STEP OF SAYING THIS MATTERS, THIS DOESN'T MATTER. ALSO TALKING ABOUT OUR SKILLS WITH THIS ONE SLIDE, I WANT TO POINT OUT TWO THINGS. WE NEED TO LOOK AT OUR DEVELOPED OR HIGHLY DEVELOPED SKILLS. WE ALSO NEED TO LOOK AT WEAKER SILENCE THAT FILL ATTENTION. WE CAN'T FILL EVERY SKILL GAP BUT IF WE WANT A JOB, WE WILL HAVE TO DO IT ALL THE TIME. SOMEONE WILL SAY TO ME I AM A PEOPLE PERSON, WELL, WHAT IS THAT? WE HAVE TO HAVE EXAMPLES OF THAT TO TELL PEOPLE ABOUT AND IT IS REALLY GREAT IF WE REALLY BELIEVE IT, SAY I NEED TO FIND A TEACHER AND PUT IT ON AS A CREDENTIAL. YOU MAY HAVE SKILLS IN ALL THESE AREAS. YOU SHOULD BE DEVELOPING KILLS IN ALL THESE AREAS. IF YOU NOTICED, TECHNICAL IS THERE AND REALLY IMPORTANT BUT ONE OF MANY. TO GET AHEAD REGARDLESS OF THE ACCIDENT IS TORE, REGARDLESS OF THE CAREER, YOU NEED TO BE DEVELOPING SKILLS ON A FROG LIST WHICH MEANS SITTING DOWN WITH A COUNSELOR AND LOOKING AT WHAT YOU ARE DOING. THAT IS ALL I WANT TO SAY ABOUT SKILLS EXCEPT TO SAY PEOPLE LIKE TO GO TO WORK AND DO THINGS THEY ARE GOOD AT. THAT IS WHY IT IS SO IMPORTANT. WHEN WE GO TO WORK AND FEEL GOOD, WE ARE PLAYING TO OUR STRENGTHS. THAT SAID, SOMETIMES PEOPLE GET LOST IN I AM GOOD AT THIS SO I SHOULD DO IT. JUST BEING GOOD DOESN'T MEAN WE HAVE TO DO IT EVERY DAY SO WE HAVE TO BALANCE I WANT TO DO THINGS I AM GOOD AT BUT DON'T WANT TO GET CONSTRAINED BY WHAT I AM GOOD AT. THEN THE WORK PRESENTATIONS, THESE ARE VIRTUALLY IGNORED AND TEND TO BE WHY PEOPLE CHANGE CAREERS OR ARE UNHAPPY ABOUT THEIR WORK. SO THESE ARE THEIR VERY PERSONAL THINGS, IT IS WHAT WE NEED TO BE HAPPY AND GENERALLY WE DO THIS BY GIVING PEOPLE A LIST OF 25 THINGS AND THEY PULL OFF, I NEED A JOB THAT HAS A LOT OF TRAVEL, I NEED A JOB WITH A DOZEN EXPERTS, I NEED A JOB WITH COMPETITION AND WE DON'T HAVE TIME FOR THAT SO I WILL JUST SHOW YOU THREE, THIS COMES FROM ONE OF THE WORKSHOPS WE CONDUCTED HERE AT NIH. WE USUALLY TELL PEOPLE YOU CAN HAVE FOUR OR FIVE IN A JOB, OKAY? AND HERE SOMEWHAT THEY CHOSE. THIS PERSON PICKS FRIENDSHIPS, FLEXIBILITY. OPPORTUNITY FOR MENTORING AND STABILITY. AND THEN THIS PERSON TALKING ABOUT POWER. HIGH DEGREE OF PROPENSITY AND BETTER. WHICH ONE OF THESE WILL BE THE PEOPLE TO BE UNHAPPY AND I CAUGHT THAT THE 9000 RULE. THIS IS ON AN ENVELOPE, I CALCULATE HOW MANY HOURS I WORK A YEAR SO YOU OWE ME SOME OVERTIME. MOST OF US WORK PROBABLY 90,000. 90,000 HOURS OF DOING SOMETHING BECAUSE OUR FAMILY WANTED US TO DO IT OR OUR MENTOR OR PI WANTED US TO DO IT, IT IS NOT WORTH IT. THAT IS 90,000 HOURS OF UNHAPPINESS AND YOU CAN'T GET THIS FROM A REP SO YOU REALLY NEED TO THINK ABOUT WHAT YOU NEED AT WORK. SOMETIMES OUR WORK IS UNSTABLE. BIG CHANGES IN OUR LIVES CAN REPRIORITIZE OUR NEEDS. I USED TO TRAVEL A LOT, PUT IT FAR, FAR AWAY AND NOW I CRINGE WHEN I HAVE TO TRAVEL. THE OTHER THING IS THE HONEST TRUTH IS WE ALL HAVE A RIGHT TO CHOOSE OUR JOB. WE LOOK AT THE STORMS NEEDED AND THEN I WITH MYSELF WHAT IS LACKING, WHAT DO I NEED TO DO ABOUT IT, EVENTUALLY I START APPLYING. I FIND MOST FELLOWS DON'T START THIS EARLY WHERE YOU HAVE. I THINK MOST PEOPLE I NEED ONE MORE EXPERIENCE OR WHATEVER AND IN MY APPEARANCE, PEOPLE WHO START EARLIER DO BETTER THAN CLOCKS WHO ARE WAIT DATE OF TIME LINES AND DEADLINES OF THINGS THAT NEED TO BE HAPPEN SO I FIND THAT PEOPLE REALLY NEED HELP TO GET STARTED IN THIS AND MAYBE YOU ARE MISSING SOME EXPERIENCE AND WHY I CAN IT IS A PERFECT PLACE. IF YOU FEEL LIKE YOU ARE MISSING SOMETHING, YOU CAN FIND IT HERE. THERE IS JUST ABOUT EVERY OPPORTUNITY HERE AND IF IT IS NOT HERE, IT IS IN THE METRO D.C. AREA AND IF IT IS NOT, YOUR SCIENTIFIC AGENCIES HAVE IT, PEOPLE GO FED TO SCHOOL, FIND VOLUNTEER EXPERIENCE, BUILD THEIR CELLS SETS IN A LOT OF WAYS BUT I ENCOURAGE EVERYONE TO CONCENTRATE EARLY. ONE OF THE MOST DISHEARTENING OUTCOMES IS NOT HAVING ENOUGH TIME AND THAT IS BECAUSE THERE IS A HUGE TENSION BETWEEN BEING IN THE LAB AND MAKING IT HAPPEN. SO YOU SHOULD BE PREPARED FOR RESISTANCE FROM PEOPLE WHO ARE IMPORTANT TO YOU LIKE YOUR P PI. AND THERE IS SUCH A THING AS ONE MORE EXPERIMENT AND GOING TO THE WORKSHOP. TENSIONS ARE A PART OF LIFE AND IF YOU WANT THE CAREER THAT YOU WANT, YOU WILL NEED TO FIND WISCONSIN TO GAVE GAME -- FIND THAT. SO IN ADDITION TO SEARCHING THE JOB AND CAREER PROCESS ITSELF, WE ALSO HAVE TO MANAGE THE EMOTIONS AND DOUBT THAT GO ALONG WITH IT. IT IS SO HUMAN TO DOUBT THINGS IN A JOB SEARCH. IN FACT, IT IS THE THING THAT IT IS WITHIN OURSELVES AND WE DOUBT OURSELVES TOO MUCH SO YOU NEED TO KNOW HOW TO TAKE AN OF THE MYSTIC APPROACH AND THAT IS ALL THE RESILIENCE COMES IN. IT IS SO INTERESTING, EVERYBODY WANTS A JOB, RIGHT? AND WE SAY A PART OF THAT, SELF-DOUBT, HERE IS THIS AMAZING PROGRAM, YOU ALL SIGN UP AND THEN NEVER COME. SO INTERESTING. SO THERE IS A RESILIENCE FILM ONLINE AND IT IS BETTER IN PERSON BUT YOU CAN WATCH IT ONLINE. WE CAN BE OUR OWN WORST ENEMY. SOME FELLOWS FEEL INCREDIBLY STRESSED. NOT TO SAY THAT THE ROAD WILL BE EASY BUT WE ARE STILL SEEING ROBUST AND IMPROVING JOB ECONOMY FOR PHDS. ON FRIDAY, LOTS OF OUR WORKSHOPS ARE AVAILABLEUP LINE, LOTS OF THEM, YOU SHOULD -- ARE MUCH BETTER BUT IN SEATS, AND WITH THAT I WILL TURN THE PROGRAM OVER TO WIN. >> OBVIOUS SHARON THAT YOU FOUND THE RIGHT JOB. >> I HOPE SO BECAUSE MICHAEL IS SITTING HERE. >> SO I INTRODUCED MICHAEL TO YOU BEFORE AND GLAD THAT YOU WERE ABLE TO COME. >> ALL RIGHT, SAVES LOOKING AT THAT LIST OF CAREERS IN SCIENCE THAT SHARON PUT UP WHICH INCLUDED LAW AND BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND TEACHING AND ALL KINDS OF THINGS AND IT LOOKS FAMILIAR TO ME BECAUSE IT IS PRETTY MUCH THE DESCRIPTION OF MY JOB AND IT MAKES YOU REALIZE THAT CAREERS IN SCIENCE ARE NOT MONOLITHIC IN ANY SENSE. THAT YOU CAN CHOOSE JOBS, EVEN IF YOU ARE IN LAW, THERE IS PATENT LAW THAT INCLUDES A LOT OF PERHAPS THE KNOWLEDGE BASE THAT YOU DEVELOP WHEN YOU ARE IN THE LABORATORY. YOU CAN CHOOSE CAREERS THAT ARE CROSS-CUTTING AND THAT IS ONE OF THE FASCINATING THINGS ABOUT BEING A SCIENTIST. SO I WANTED TO BEGIN ACTUALLY BY TALKING A LITTLE BIT ABOUT THIS COURSE AND THE THEME OF THE COURSE IS THAT PEOPLE WHO HAVE PHDS AND PHYSICIANS WHO WORK IN THE LAB AND PHYSICIANS WHO WORK IN THE CLINIC ARE PEOPLE WHO SHOULD BE TALKING TO EACH OTHER, INTERACTING WITH EACH OTHER, THEY SHOULD BE HAVING IMPORTANT CONVERSATIONS AND BE EASILY MOVING BETWEEN THE TWO WORLDS OF A LABORATORY AND THE CLINIC. AND I THINK I AM ONE OF THOSE POLYANNISH, SHARON, WHO BELIEVES THIS IS THE MOST EXCITING TIME IN SCIENCE. THE SCIENCE ITSELF IS EXCITING AND THE OPPORTUNITIES FOR SCIENTISTS TO BE TRAINED ARE EXTRAORDINARY. AND I THOUGHT I WOULD BEGIN BY GIVING YOU SOME EXAMPLES OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN SCIENCE THAT ILLUSTRATE THE THEME THAT I THINK WIN HAS TRIED TO ENCOURAGE DURING COURSE THIS YEAR AND THAT IS THAT BASIC SCIENCE REALLY INFORMS CLINICAL SCIENCE AND CLINICAL SCIENCE INFORMS BASIC SCIENCE AND MOST OF THE EXCITING PROJECTIONS OVER THE LAST FEW YEARS REPRESENT CLINICAL AND BASIC SCIENCE. IT BEGAN WITH OBVIOUSLY THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT AND SPECIFICALLY BECAUSE WE CAN NOW IDENTIFY HUMAN DISEASES, BOTH MONOGENETIC DISEASES AND USING THE APPROACH FROM THE GENOME WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES, THEY WERE DEVELOPED IN THE LABORATORY BY OTHER SCIENTISTS. THESE WERE PHD SCIENTISTS WHO APPRECIATED ALL OF THIS WORK THAT THEY HAD DONE IN SIMPLE GENETIC SYSTEMS COULD BE APPLIED IN A CLEVER WAY TO HUMAN GENETICS AND NOW WE KNOW PROBABLY THE CAUSE OF MOST HUMAN GENETIC DECISIONS AND THAT IS INCREDIBLY OVERPOWERING. FURTHER, THE TECHNOLOGY YOU USE ALL THE TIME IN THE LABORATORY, LIKE CHIP SEQ, HYPER SENSITIVE WHICH DEFINE NOT ONLY GENES BUT EPHIGENETIC CHANGES, WHICH IS HOW CELLS USE THEIR GENES TO ACCOMPLISH THEIR GOALS ARE INCREDIBLY IMPORTANT AND ILLUSTRATE OTHER SAMPLES ON HOW BASIC LABORATORY SCIENTISTS HAVE DEVELOPED TECHNOLOGIES THAT REALLY ARE CHANGING THE WAY WE ARE CONDUCTING SCIENCE. MY OWN WORK INVOLVES THE STUDY OF DRUG RESISTANCE IN CANCER AND THINKING OF THE 35 OR SO YEARS I HAVE BEEN IN THIS FIELD, IT IS OBVIOUS TO ME THAT A LOT OF WHAT WE DO RELATIVE TO THE TREATMENT OF CANCER, COMES OUT OF TECHNOLOGY THAT DEVELOPS IN LABORATORIES. ONE RECENT EXAMPLE, TWO GREAT EXAMPLES ARE THE SINGLE CELLS, DISCOVER THE ALTERATIONS IN THE CELLS, FIGURE OUT WHICH GENES ARE TURNED ON AND OFF AND LEARN SOMETHING CRITICALLY IMPORTANT ABOUT A DISEASE PROCESS LIKE CANCER AND BEING ABLE TO SAMPLE CELLS FROM CANCERS USING WHAT ARE CALLED LIQUID BIOPSIES. IT IS A WHOLE NEW AREA THAT I THINK WILL RECOGNIZE WHAT WE DO. SECONDARY IN WHICH ADVANCES ARE BEING MADE IS THE AREA OF NEUROSCIENCE AND THAT I THINK REFLECTS AT ADVANCES IN BOTH AN AN IMAGING TECHNOLOGY, MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY, MEAN LEARNING, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND UNDERSTANDING PATHWAYS TO GOVERN OUR PENALTY -- PERSONALITYAND NIH HAS A PROJECT GOING ON ABOUT OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER. BUT IT COVERS APPETITE, OBESITY AND OTHER EFFECTS SO WE'RE GETTING CLOSE TO INTERVENE IN A WAY THAT CAN IMPROVE THE STATE OF WELL-BEING OF MANY PEOPLE WHO HAVE MENTAL ILLNESSES AND PEOPLE WHO ARE JUST WANTING TO FEEL BETTER ABOUT THEMSELVES. FURTHERMORE, WE'RE LEARNING A LOT USING THE SINGLE CELL APPROACHES ABOUT DISEASES LIKE SCHIZOPHRENIA AND AUTISM WHICH APPEAR TO BE DUE TO SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN CELLS THAT OCCUR AFTER FERTILIZATION AND I THINK THE TECHNOLOGY ALONE HAS BEEN AN ENORMOUS ADVANCE. SO EXAMPLES HERE OF HOW THE BASIC SCIENCES INFORM THE CLINICAL SCIENCES. AND FINALLY IN AN AREA WE ALL HEAR ABOUT ON A REGULAR BASIS, MERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES, WE LITERALLY NOW CAN MAKE VACCINES IN MONTHS USING DNA TEMPLATES. YOU HEARD OF HUNTER VIRUS, TURNED OUT TO BE A DENGUE VIRUS AND COULD GO FIGURED OUT BY TAKING THAT OUT AND PUTTING BACK IN HUNTEVIRUS AND IT HAS THE POTENTIAL TO SAVE MANY, MANY LIVES. EBOLA IS ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF A VACCINE THAT WAS DEVELOPED PRETTY QUICKLY. SO THINK ABOUT THE NEED FOR UNIVERSAL INFLUENZA VACCINES? THAT WAS DONE PRIMARILY FOR FINDING STRUCTURAL TARGETS FOR ANTIBODIES. THEN YOU GO TO A DOCTOR, THEY DO AN ANALYSIS OF YOUR SPUTUM OR SKIN AND THEY WILL TELL YOU VERY QUICKLY OF WHAT VIRUSES ARE INFECTING YOU. SO NOT TO FOCUS TOO MUCH ON THE NIH BUT YOU ARE ALL AT THE NIH AND IT TURNS OUT THERE ARE ALL THE OPPORTUNITIES THAT SHARON DESCRIBED THAT EXIST AT THE NIH AND OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AND I WANT TO TALK PARTICULARLY ABOUT OPPORTUITY TO PURSUE CAREERS AS A LABORATORY OR CLINICAL RESEARCHER HERE. AND ONE OF THE THINGS THAT I TRIED TO DO, AND I HAVE BEEN IN MY POSITION, IF YOU READ THE RECENT ARTICLE IN TERMS OF LEADERSHIP AT NIH, THE NEXT TO THE LAST SENTENCE WAS AND GOTTESMAN WHO HAS BEEN IN THIS POSITION FOR 26 YEARS MIGHT CONSIDER IT IS TIME FOR A CHANGE WHICH I THINK IS A NICE LITTLE ASIDE. BUT ONE OF THE THINGS I CONTINUE TO DO IS THINK ABOUT THE CONTINUUM OF SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT THAT SHOULD AND CAN EXIST AT NIH SO WHAT WE'RE DOING IS STARTING WITH SUMMER STUDENTS WORKING THEIR WAY THROUGH COLLEGE, BOTH-BACCALAUREATE POSITIONS, POST-DOCTORATE FELLOWS, HAVING ENOUGH FLEXIBILITY THAT YOU CAN TRY YOUR WINGS IN THESE AREAS AND AT THE RISK OF LISTING THINGS, I WANT TO TELL YOU A LITTLE ABOUT THESE PROGRAMS BECAUSE YOU MAY NOT BE AWARE OF THEM. THE MOST RECENT IS THE INDEPENDENT SCHOLAR RESEARCH PROGRAM FOR PEOPLE RELATIVELY IN THEIR POST-DOCTORAL RELATIONSHIP WHO HAVE DEMONSTRATED A DESIRE AND TALENT FOR INDEPENDENT REEF SEARCH, WHO NEED TO LEARN THE SKILLS SETS OF RUNNING A LABORATORY, FINDING PEOPLE, DOING INNOVATIVE RESEARCH AND SO A NUMBER OF INSTITUTES ARE SETTING UP PHYSICIANS IN WHICH YOU CAN HAVE A LITTLE BIT OF THE UNIVERSE OF INDEPENDENT SCIENCE WITHIN YOUR OWN LABORATORY SO A COUPLE OF PEOPLE TO WORK WITH YOU, EQUIPMENT RESOURCES TO PURSUE YOUR DREAMS IN TERMS OF A PROJECT YOU MAY WANT TO PURSUE WITHOUT THE OVERWHELMING PRESSURE OF WORKING FOR SOMEBODY ELSE BUT HOPEFULLY IN AN ENVIRONMENT THAT SUPPORTS AND NURTURES YOUR INDEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT. SO THAT IS CALLED INDEPENDENT RESEARCH SCHOLAR. LOOKS LIKE WE WILL HAVE ABOUT EIGHT. THIS IS THE FIRST YEAR OF THAT PROGRAM, EIGHT PEOPLE STARTING THIS YEAR. WE HAVE HAD FOR MANY YEARS SOMETHING CALLED AN AASSISTANT CLINICAL INVESTIGATOR WHICH IS A CLINICAL POSITION FOR INVESTIGATORS AND THIS IS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THEM TO LEARN THE SKILLS SETS NEEDED TO BECOME ACCOMPLISHED CLINICAL INVESTIGATORS AND THOSE ARE VERY DIFFERENT SKILLS THAN THOSE OF THE LABORATORY-BASED SKILLS. SIMILARLY AT THE JUNIOR FACULTY LEVEL, WE HAVE FOR OUR LABORATORY BASED INVESTIGATORS, THE STAFF POSITIONS WHICH ARE NOW FILLING MORE THAN HALF OF THE POSITIONS AT NIH AND THE CLINICAL SCHOLAR PROGRAM AIMED AT CLINICAL INVESTIGATORS GIVING THEM AN OPPORTUNITY TO DEVELOP PROGRAMS HERE. WE HAVE OTHER TRACKS FOR SCIENTISTS AT NIH, THERE IS A STAFF SCIENTIST, MANY OPPORTUNITIES TO SUPPORT A RESEARCH PROGRAM HERE BUT TO DEVELOP THEIR OWN INDEPENDENT SCIENCE. OUR STAFF CLINICIANS COME IN MANY FLAIRS, CALLED ASSOCIATE SENIOR RESEARCH POSITIONS AND THEY DO HAVE THE RESOURCES TO REALIZE THEIR DREAMS. ALL OF THESE ARE INTENDED TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE FACT THAT THERE IS AN INCREDIBLE AMOUNT OF TALENT HERE, THAT PEOPLE JUST WANT BE A OPPORTUNITY TO REALIZE WHAT THEY CAN DO IN A CLINIC AND ALL OF THOSE PROGRAMS ARE AIMED TO SUPPORT YOU, PROVIDE MENTORING AND SO ON. NOW, I DON'T WANT TO GO ON FOR TOO LONG BUT NONE OF THIS HAPPENS WITHOUT CHALLENGES AND PROBABLY THE GREATEST CHALLENGE FOR THE NIH IS TO DIVERSIFY OUR WORKFORCE, TO MAKE SURE THAT WOMEN ARE EQUALLY REPRESENTED TO MEN, AT ALL LEVELS AND ALSO AT THE VERY SENIOR LEVELS OF NIH, TO MAKE SURE THAT PEOPLE IN UNDER REPRESENTED GROUPS ARE MORE HIGHLY REPRESENTED HERE. TO MAKE SURE PEOPLE WHO ARE NOT UNDER REPRESENTED SUCH AS ASIAN SCIENTISTS WHO COME HERE HAVE OPPORTUNITIES TO MOVE UP IN THE ORGANIZATION TO HAVE TO TAKE ON LEADERSHIP ROLES. I THINK WE ARE IN THE MIDDLE OF A REVOLUTION. I SEE ELEMENTS OF IT. YOU KNOW ABOUT METOO, THE EFFORTS THAT NIH IS UNDERTAKING TO CREATE A CIVIL ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH HARASSMENT IS SIMPLY NOT TOLERATED AND THIS ALL REQUIRES A REAL CHANGE IN THE CULTURE AT NIH AND I AM HOPEFUL BECAUSE I AM INDEED POLYANNA TO -- THAT WE CAN CHANGE THESE THINGS AND ALL OF THESE THINGS WILL ENABLE US TO BECOME A MORE DIVERSE AND INCLUSIVE ORGANIZATION. SO IT IS A REVOLUTION THAT MIGHT BE A PEACEFUL REVOLUTION OR A LESS PEACEFUL REVOLUTION DEPENDING ON HOW THE LEADERSHIP AT NIH RESPONDS FOR THE NEED FOR CHANGE AND I CERTAINLY SUPPORT IT. WE HAVE INTERESTING EXAMPLES OF EFFORTS TO MAKE THESE CHANGES. NIH NOW HAS AN EQUITY COMMITTEE WHICH IS INTERVIEWING EACH OF THE SCIENTIST DIRECTORS OF THE NIH, ASKING ABOUT THE DEMOGRAPHICS OF THEIR WORKFORCE, EFFORTS THEY HAVE MADE TO DIVERSIFY AND CHANGE THE CULTURE IN A WAY THAT MAKES THIS AN ATTRACTIVE ENVIRONMENT. WE HAVE A PROGRAM CALLED DISTINGUISHED SCHOLARS PROGRAM WHICH INVITES MOSTLY EARLY CAREER FACULTY MEMBERS TO PARTICIPATE IN A MORE INTENSIVE MENTORING PROGRAM, A SERIES OF COURSE WORK THAT SHARON'S OFFICE HAS DEVELOPED THIS GENERALLY IS OPEN TO ALL THE TENURE TRACK PEOPLE AT NIH AND THE INTENT IS TO INCITE PEOPLE WHO REALLY INTERESTED IN DEVELOPING MUCH MORE MULTICULTURAL, MUCH MORE COMMUNITY AT NIH. THE SCHOLARS PROGRAM, I THINK THAT NUMBER OF INCREASE AND THAT WILL GIVE US AN OPPORTUNITY TO MAKING CHANGES BY PEOPLE DEDICATED TO THOSE CHANGES. MY PREVIOUS REFERENCE ABOUT CHANGE IN POLICY, LAB AND BRANCH CHIEFS AT THE NHIM N NIH, SOME OF YOU KNOW BECAUSE YOU WORK AS BRANCH CHIEFS OR LAB CHIEFS THAT IT REQUIRES SCIENCE TO MAKE CHANGES THAT CAN BOTH IMPROVE THE SCIENCE AND GET MANY MORE OPPORTUNITIES TO PEOPLE HERE WHO HAVE DIFFERENT IDEAS ABOUT HOW TO RUN LABORATORIES AND BRANCHES. I AM PLEASED TO SAY ALTHOUGH A FEW YEARS AGO THERE WERE ONLY A HANDFUL OF WOMEN AND MINORITIES WHO WERE IN POSITIONS AS INSTITUTE AND CENTER DIRECTORS OR SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS AND WE NOW HAVE NINE WOMEN WHO ARE INSTITUTE DIRECTORS, 27 AND 7 SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS OUT OF 23 SO WE'RE MOVING UP AND MY HOPE WOULD BE THAT WE WILL HEAD TOWARDS THE 50 PERCENT LEVEL PRETTY SOON. ANOTHER THING THAT HAS CHANGED DRAMATICALLY, YOU MAY HAVE NOTICED, IS THAT OUR LECTURE SERIES NOW INCLUDES MANY MORE WHO ARE WOMEN AND MINORITIES. THAT REPRESENTS THE REALIZATION ON THOSE IN THE NIH THAT HAS NOT HAPPENED MUCH IN THE PAST BUT THAT THERE ARE NEW WAYS OF THINKING ABOUT THE WORLD AND 50 PERCENT WILL ARE WOMEN AND 30 PERCENT OF UNDERREPRESENTED MINOR SPEAKERS AND I HOPE YOU WILL ATTEND THESE SESSIONS TO LEARN MORE ABOUT WHAT IS AVAILABLE. AND FINALLY WE ARE DEVELOPING FACULTY PROGRAM CALLED HASHIMOTO HERE TO CELEBRATE OUR FACULTY INVESTIGATORS AND HE WORKS CLOSELY WITH SHARON'S OFFICE TO DEVELOP PROGRAMS FOR THE FACULTY THAT ARE ALREADY HERE TO MAKE SURE THEY GET THE SUPPORT AND RESOURCES THEY NEED TO BE SUCCESSFUL. SO ON THAT NOTE, I HAVE GONE ON LONG ENOUGH. WIN, I TURN THE CHAIR BACK TO YOU AND I AM SURE SHARON AND I ARE HAPPY TO ANSWER QUESTIONS. [APPLAUSE] >> SO THIS IS YOUR OPPORTUNITY -- WE HAVE ALL FINISHED TALKING. WE WOULD REALLY LIKE TO HEAR YOUR QUESTIONS, YOUR COMMENTS, WHATEVER YOU WISH TO SAY. SO USE A MICROPHONE, RAISE YOUR HAND AND WE CAN BRING THE MICROPHONE TO YOU. SURELY THERE MUST BE QUESTIONS THAT YOU WISH TO ADDRESS? EVERYBODY IS COMPLETELY INTENT WITH ALL THAT WAS SAID? OR UNSAID? WELL, THINK ABOUT IT FOR A MINUTE. LET ME ASK SOMETHING. OKAY, WE ALL LOOK LIKE, TO A CONSIDER DEGREE, WHERE WE CAME FROM AND WHAT OUR TRAINING IS. SO MY CONCERN, A LITTLE BIT, IS THAT IN THESE LISTINGS OF CAREER POSSIBILITIES, PROBABILITIES, THE ONE THING THAT I DON'T SEE MENTIONED THERE IS ACTUALLY THE ROLE OF A PHD SCIENTIST IN A CLINICAL DEPARTMENT. NOW, MAYBE IT IS A LITTLE BIT HIDDEN IN THAT RUBERG OF HEALTHCARE AND DELIVERY BUT IN THE GOLDEN ERA I WAS TALKING ABOUT, THERE WERE LITERALLY TWO DOZEN PROFESSORS OF PEDIATRICS AND OTHERS, THEY DIDN'T HAVE THE BIG DEGREE. AND IN MANY OF THE CANCER CENTERS, AND SO FORTH, THERE ARE DEPARTMENTS THAT ARE LABELED AS MEDICINE, SURGERY, PEDIATRIC, PSYCHIATRY. AND THE PHDS WHO WORK THERE, SOME OF THEM WERE ELECTIVES OF THOSE PROGRAMS. AND IN FACT, THE DAYS WHEN A PHD IN A CLINICAL DEPARTMENT USED TO BE CONSIDERED SORT OF A SECOND-RATE APPOINTMENTS PAUSE YOU DIDN'T HAVE ANY STABILITY. STAB -- IF THE FIGURES SCIENTIST LOST ITS PLACE OR MOVED TO ANOTHER PLACE, TOUGH LUCK. THEN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AND RESEARCH ASSISTANT WERE CREATED BUT THEY LACKSTABILITY AND ARE ALL PART OF THE MISSION OF THE THING. SO MY POINT IS THERE ARE ENORMOUS OPPORTUNITIES IN TODAY'S WORLD FOR A PHD SCIENTIST TO BE A FREE, INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATOR IN SOME OF THE BEST CLINICAL DEPARTMENT IN THE WORLD AND IN THIS COUNTRY. AND WE NEVER QUITE HEAR ABOUT THAT. NOW, I AM SURE IT'S, YOU KNOW, RECOGNIZED, PHD, POST-DOC, ET CETERA THAT I SPEAK TO HAVE LITTLE AWARENESS THIS IS EVENING A POTENTIAL SO I DON'T UNDERSTAND. COULD YOU COMMENT ABOUT THAT? >> WELL, I SEE LOTS OF OUR POST-DOCS APPLYING IN CLINICAL DEPARTMENTS. PROBABLY THE LARGEST NUMBER ARE IN PSYCHIATRY, PEOPLE INTERESTED IN MENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH, ANESTHESIOLOGY SEEMS TO BE ONE THAT HIRES A FAIR NUMBER OF -- ONE OF MY POST-DOCS WORKED IN THE OTOLARYNGOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF SU AND INVOLVED IN THE BULLET POINT OF RESEARCH. WE ENCOURAGE PEOPLE TO SEARCH BROADLY FOR JOBS IN A VARIETY OF PLACES AND THE BASIC SCIENCE JOBS IN CRITICAL DEPARTMENTS ARE DEVICED THE SAME PLACES AS THE PHD JOB. >> THERE OFTEN ARE BIG ADVANTAGES TO BEING A PHD WITHIN THE DEPARTMENT BECAUSE YOU HAVE A LOT OF THESE VERY BRIGHT MEDICAL GRADUATES, TRAINED, MANY OF THEM HAVE OTHER DEGREES AND SO FORTH AND THE IDEA OF HAVING A REAL BASIC SCIENTIST IN THAT SAME CLINICAL ENVIRONMENT LEADS TO BRIDGING AND COMMUNICATION WHERE NEW AND NOVEL IDEAS COME ABOUT. >> WELL, I THOUGHT THAT WAS THE MAIN POINT I WAS TRYING TO MAKE, THAT PEOPLE WHO ARE TRAINED IN LABORATORY SCIENCE NOW ARE CRITICAL ELEMENTS OF THE CLINICAL ENTERPRISE. AND THE ONE THING THAT I BEMOAN, ACTUALLY, IS THAT PHYSICIANS, BECAUSE IN THE DISTANT PAST IT WAS DIFFICULT TO BE ABLE TO FIND PEOPLE LIKE THAT WHO WERE TRAINED TO DO CLINICAL WORK BUT NOT PHYSICIANS. PHYSICIANS THEMSELVES ARE DOING LESS AND LESS LABORATORY-BASED SCIENCE. WE USED TO HAVE A PROGRAM AT NIH TO SUPPORT THAT AND IT IS NOW MUCH LESS COMMON TO SEE THE SCIENTISTS WORKING SIDE BY SIDE WITH THE PHDS IN THE LABORATORY SO THE ROLE IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN EVER BEFORE IN SUPPORTING THE BASIC SCIENCE THAT UNDERPINS ALL THE CLINICAL RESEARCH. >> I THINK THAT IS MORE SO IN THE EXTRA MARITAL WORLD WHERE YOU HAVE BIG CLINICAL ENTERPRISES AND SO FORTH, RESEARCH LABORATORIES AND A PHYSICIANS CADRE OF SCIENTISTS AND SO FORTH, THERE ARE OPPORTUNITIES THERE THAT ARE -- >> YEAH, I WAS TRYING TO -- THE NIH TRADITIONALLY HAS LABORATORIES AND BRINGCH -- BRANCHES. BRANCHES ARE CLINICAL. OTHERS ARE LAB-BASED SCIENCE. MOST OF THE LABS USED TO BE RUN BY MDS. THAT IS NO LONGER TRUE. SOME OF THE BRANCHES ARE RUN BY PHDS WHICH IS ALONG THE LINES OF WHAT YOU SAID AND CERTAINLY PLAY A MAJOR ROLE AS INVESTIGATORS. THEY ALL HAVE ELEMENTS OF THE LABORATORY UNDERPINNINGS THAT ARE ESSENTIAL. >> YES. SO ARE THERE ANY LIMITATIONS ON THIS ROTATION OF BRANCH CHIEF TO LAB CHIEFS, ARE THERE ANY EXCEPTIONS OR IS THIS THE HARD AND FAST RULE NOW? >> SO THE POLICY HAS MET SEVERAL COMPONENTS. THE FIRST IS THAT THE QUALITIES OF BEING A GOOD LAB BRANCH CHIEF NEED TO BE EVALUATED ON A REGULAR BASIS AND THOSE ARE BOTH SCIENTIFIC VISION AS WELL AS ADMINISTRATIVE. THE SECOND IS THAT WE NEED TO DEFINE VERY CLEARLY WHAT THOSE RESPONSIBILITIES ARE. THIRD IS THAT NOBODY SHOULD BE œFOREVER.O BE BRANCH CHIEF IT IS NOT GOOD IN TERMS OF SCIENCE OR THE ECOSTRUCTURE OF THE ORGANIZATION. FINALLY THE PROPOSAL IS PEOPLE WILL BE LIMITED TO THREE FULL CYCLES WITHIN THE FIRST REVIEW, TIME BEFORE AND TIME AFTER THE FIRST REVIEW, WILL AVERAGE MORE LIKE 15, 16 YEARS WHICH IS A SUBSTANTIAL AMOUNT OF TIME TO ESTABLISH A LABORATORY AND DO SOME RECRUITS AND SEND THE PROGRAM IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION AND ENOUGH TIME, I THINK, TO HOPEFULLY TRAIN PEOPLE TO TAKE OVER AND CARRY ON IMPORTANT RESEARCH THAT IS GOING ON IN THE LABORATORY, OR DEVELOP NEW LABS. SCIENCE IS CHANGING AT A TERRIFIC RATE SO THAT IS THE ANSWER TO YOU QUESTION. THE OTHER PART IS THAT THERE WILL BE SOME EXCEPTIONS AT NIH THAT MAKE IT IMPOSSIBLE TO REPLACE SOME PEOPLE BUT IT IS PRETTY RARE BECAUSE IN MOST CASES, SOME KIND OF EXCEPTION IS EXPECTED AND TO OUR BEEN FIT. >> HI, I AM AT NIH AND IF I HAVE TO PUT MYSELF IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PRESENTATION, I AM GAINING MY POST-DOCTORAL. YOU MENTIONED THE INDEPENDENCE RESEARCH PROGRAM AND I HAVE EVERY HEARD ABOUT THAT. . AND IF YOU COULD TALK MORE ABOUT THAT? AND THEN THE SECOND QUESTION IS ABOUT SOMETHING THAT HAS BEEN BROUGHT UP DURING THE DISCUSSION WHICH IS HOW DO YOU REALLY CREATE OPPORTUNITIES FOR INTERACTION BETWEEN CLINICAL AND BENCH SCIENTIST AND I FEEL LIKE ONE OF THE STRUCTURAL DIFFICULT PIECES HERE ARE THAT THE LABS ARE VERY SMALL AND TERRITORIAL AND HAVE YOU CONSIDERED ABOUT OPEN SPACE OR HAVING SPACE WHERE, FOR EXAMPLE, IT COULD JUST BE LIKE A STUDY ROOM WHERE TRAINING FROM DIFFERENT LABS, YOU KNOW, COME TOGETHER AND JUST BY RANDOMLY CHATTING, YOU FIND OUT WHAT THE OTHER PERSON IS WORKING? ANOTHER ONE IS I WAS -- SOME OF MY TRAINING IS IN AN OPEN SPACE LAB SO EACH LAB HAD, FOR EXAMPLE, TWO PEOPLE TO TRAINEE BUT THEN ANOTHER LAB SO YOU WERE IN THE SAME ROOM WITH PEOPLE THAT WERE COMING FROM DIFFERENT LABS AND THEY COULD BE DOING COMPLETELY DIFFERENT THINGS FROM WHAT YOUR LAB EXPERTISE WAS. SO I AM WONDERING IF YOU CAN -- IF THOSE CHANGES WOULD SOMEHOW -- >> YES. >> IS THIS SOMETHING THAT NIH IS CONSIDERING, DEVELOPING OR -- >> YES, SO LET ME ADDRESS THE SECOND POINT LAST -- ARE FIRST. THE SCIENCE CENTER WAS DESIGNED WITH THAT IN MIND, THAT IS THE NEUROSCIENCE PROGRAMS FROM SEVEN DIFFERENT INSTITUTES CAME TOGETHER, THEY CREATED PODS OF COMMON INTEREST THAT CROSSED THE INSTITUTE BARRIERS. THE INTENT WAS TO ENCOURAGE PEOPLE TO INTERACT. I THINK THERE ARE PROS AND CONS. THE CON IS THAT THEY ACTUALLY BROUGHT PEOPLE TOGETHER WHO WERE ALREADY INTERACTING AND WHAT YOU JUST SAID ABOUT BRINGING IN DIFFERENT KINDS OF PEOPLE WITH DIFFERENT INFORMATION. 40 PERCENT OF THE LAB SPACE ON THIS CAMPUS WAS SUPPOSED TO BE A PLACE WHERE PEOPLE WOULD RUN INTO EACH OTHER IN THE ELEVATORS. MARTY ROBBELT, THE NOBEL LAUREATE, SAID HE GOT ALL OF HIS GOOD IDEAS ON THE ELEVATORS BECAUSE THEY WERE SO SLOW AND THERE WAS A CROWD OF PEOPLE IN THE ELEVATOR AND THAT IS WHERE THE ELEVATOR SPEECH CAME FROM. AND SUDDENLY AT THE END OF THE ELEVATOR RIDE, YOU HAD AN ANSWER. SO WE HAVE THE GEOGRAPHICAL WAVES, THE GROUPS OF SCIENTISTS WHO ARE ENCOURAGED TO GET TOGETHER. WHEN WE CREATE A BUILDING, WE TRY TO HAVE BREAK ROOMS WHERE PEOPLE CAN SIT DOWN, HAVE A CUP OF COFFEE, THIS IS THE FIRST YEAR OF THE PROGRAM. IT WAS DISCUSSED WITH THE SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS AND WE ASKED THEM TO NOMINATE PEOPLE WITHIN THEIR PROGRAM. SO THE EXTENT TO WHICH IT IT WAS ADVERTISED DEPENDED ON HOW MANY PEOPLE THEY NEEDED TO SATISFY. ANYONE HERE WHO THINKS IT SOUNDS LIKE A GREAT IDEA SHOULD TALK TO THEIR LAB CHIEF OR LAB ADMINISTRATOR. THIS HAS BEEN A CONFLICT IN PRODUCING THIS POSITION BUT HOPEFUL IT WILL WORK OUT SO A LOT OF PEOPLE WILL HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO WORK WITH LAB RESOURCES. >> PAID A LOT OF ATTENTION TO THE INTERVIEW AND I NEVER HEARD THAT TERM BEFORE. SO IS THIS SOMETHING YOU ARE SUPPOSED TO CALL UP A PERSON AND ASK ABOUT THE -- >> IT IS A FORMAL THING THAT YOU SET UP, OFTEN BY SENDING AN E-MAIL. IT MIGHT BE SOMEONE YOU FIRST MET AT A POSTER SESSION AND YOU THINK OH, WOULD LOAF TO -- LOVE TO WORK IN THAT TYPE OF JOB BUT THEN YOU SET UP A E-MAIL FOR A 30-MINUTE MEETING AND THERE ARE A LOT OF RESOURCES ON THE WEBSITE AND IF YOU CAN'T FIND THEM, SEND ME AN E-MAIL BUT THERE IS DATA OUT THERE THAT SAYS 1 IN 12 FIND THEIR JOB THROUGH AN INTERVIEW AND ONE IN 700 BY APPLYING ONLINE. SO WHICH ODDS WOULD YOU PREFER? 1 IN 12 OR 1 IN 700? I WILL SEND YOU SOME SOURCES BY E-MAIL. >> SO IT IS DONE BY PHONE, CORRECT? >> WELL, WE TELL PEOPLE IF YOU CAN DO IT FACE-TO-FACE IT IS BETTER BUT I DO THEM ALL THE TIME BY PHONE. PEOPLE ASK TO TALK TO ME FROM ALL OVER, THINKING OF COMING TO NIH, IT CAN BE YOUR OWN BUT START DEVELOPING THE SKILLS BEFORE YOU DO THE INTERVIEW. >> I ENCOURAGE A WILL THE OF PEOPLE UNDER A VARIETY OF CIRCUMSTANCES AND THE PEOPLE I HAVE ACTUALLY MET AND BEEN ENCOURAGED TO TALK TO ARE MUCH MORE LIKELY TO GET A RECOMMENDATION FROM ME THAN SOMEBODY WHO IS ANONYMOUS. >> I THINK IT IS WELL-KNOWN IN THIS ACCOUNT TREE AND AROUND THE WORLD THERE ARE MORE PHDS BEING REWARDED THAN PI POSITIONS AND BECAUSE OF OUR SKILLS SETS, NOT ALL OF US HAS TO GO ON TO BE A PI BUT SOME OF US WANT TO STAY ON THE BENCH. SO ARE THERE MORE PI OR RESEARCH POSITIONS AS WELL? AT NIH, THERE SOME WAYS TO BREACH THAT GAP BETWEEN THE PEOPLE WITH A PHD AND THOSE AVAILABLE WHO DON'T HAVE A PHD? >> NIH IS THE ROLE MODEL FOR STAFF SCIENTIST POSITIONS. WE HAVE 700 AT NIH AND ONLY A FEW PIS. SO IT HAS REALLY GROWN AND I DON'T KNOW THAT THERE IS ANY LIMIT. WE HAD A DISCUSSION SEVERAL MONTH AGO ABOUT THE HIRING AT NIH AND ONE OF THE SUGGESTIONS WAS TO CONSIDER LIMITING STAFF SCIENTISTS AND THEY BECAME HYSTERICAL AND SAID TAKE ANYTHING BUT NOT OUR STAFF SCIENTISTS SO THEY ARE THE MOST CRITICAL STAFF AT NIH. AND THERE IS NO LIMIT ON THE NUMBER BUT 1700 IS A LOT ALREADY. >> HI, I AM A POST-DOC AND MY QUESTION IS WHAT ADVICE COULD YOU GIVE SOMEONE WHO WANTS TO TRANSITION, I GUESS, FROM ONE FIELD TO A COMPLETELY DIFFERENT AREA? AND FOR EXAMPLE, FOR ME, I WORK WITH MOSQUITOS IN BIOLOGY AND I WANT TO KIND OF GO INTO LIKE CLINICAL RESEARCH WITH LIKE DIABETES. SO WHAT KIND OF ADVICE COULD YOU OFFER FOR SOMEONE TRANSITIONING TO A WHOLE DIFFERENT AREA? >> YOU KNOW, WE ACTUALLY SEE THAT A LOT MORE OVER TIME. I WOULD SAY IN MY CAREER, I HAVE SEEN A MUCH BROADER SORT OF ACCELERATION OF PEOPLE TAKING A SKILLS SET FROM ONE RESEARCH AREA AND WANTING TO APPLY IT TO ANOTHER. OF COURSE THAT IS A MODEL AT THE PHD TO POST-DOC LEVEL BUT NOW I AM SEEING PEOPLE LOOK AT THEIR POST-DOC EXPERIENCE, DECIDE WHAT THEY WANT TO DO AND SAY I WANT TO ADD THESE SKILLS SETS. A GOOD START IS DIDACTIC INFORMATION, GOING TO A CLASS. THAT IS A PRETTY BIG CHANGE BUT ON THE OTHER HAND, YOU MIGHT HAVE A TECHNIQUE THAT YOU COULD TAKE INTO A NEW ARENA. SOMETIMES JUST A ONE DAY I WANT TO COME TO YOUR LAB MEETING, STARTS OUT AS AN INFORMATIONAL INTERVIEW, THEN BECOMES A DISCUSSION AND IDEA FOR AN EXPERIMENT BUT I GENERALLY SEE PEOPLE GET THEIR FEET WET IN SMALL WAYS BEFORE SAYING I AM GOING TO END ONE POST-DOC AND DO ANOTHER BUT THE HONEST TRUTH IS THAT MANY FELLOWS WHO SUCCEED DO ONE SHORT POST-DOC AND ONE LONGER-ISH POST-DOC. WHERE IT GETS TO BE HARD IS YOU DO ONE LONG ONE AND THEN SAY I WOULD LIKE TO MAKE A CHANGE AND YOU ARE COMPRESSED. SO I RECOMMEND PEOPLE START ATTENDING LAB MEETINGS, GOING TO SEMINARS IN THE FIELD, GETTING ANY TRAINING THEY CAN, LIKE THE CLINICAL CENTER OFFERS TRACO, I DON'T KNOW WHAT IT STANDS FOR BUT A CHANCE FOR PHDS TO START A CAREER IN CLINICAL SETTINGS. >> I THINK ONE THING YOU FIND IF YOU ARE A PHD AND REACH OUT A LITTLE BIT INTO WHAT ARE THE MAJOR CLINICAL PROBLEMS AND WHERE THINGS STAND, WHAT IS KNOWN, WHAT IS NOT KNOWN, AND ONE OF THE THINGS BECOMES VERY APPARENT AND THAT IS THE TECHNICAL SKILLS, ANALYTICAL SKILLS THAT YOU MAY HAVE LEARNED WHEN YOU ARE STUDYING NEURONS, ARE THE SAME SKILLS IS THAT ARE CALLED FOR IN STUDYING WHAT MAY TURN OUT TO BE A MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEM. IT IS JUST THE CELL IS DIFFERENT. GRANTED THE BIOLOGY OF THE CELL IS DIFFERENT BUT THERE IS NOTHING GO MAGIC ABOUT THE TECHNIQUE ITSELF WITH FEW LIMITATIONS THAT RESTRICT IT TO A VERY SPECIFIC THING, WHETHER INFORMATICS, CELL BIOLOGY. YOU MIGHT LOOK TO WHAT ARE THE KEY QUESTIONS, THE PROBLEMS THAT ARE COP FRONTED OUT THERE FROM A DISEASE PERSPECTIVE AND MAYBE SOME OF YOUR IDEAS THAT YOU HAVE LEARNED IN WHATEVER YOU ARE SPECIALIZING IN AT THE MOMENT, MAY BE A NOVEL IDEA THAT HAS NOT BEEN THOUGHT OF OR PURSUED. DON'T MAKE THE ASSUMPTION THAT JUST BECAUSE SOMEBODY IS STUDYING A DISEASE THEY KNOW EVERYTHING ABOUT IT. OBVIOUSLY THEY DON'T AND ARE DESPERATE TO FIND NEW IDEAS AND WAYS OF THINKING ABOUT IT. THAT WAS ONE OF THE GREAT THINGS THESE PEOPLE WERE TOGETHER ALL THE TIME AND CONFERRING. THAT WAS A LITTLE BEFORE THE PERIOD YOU ARE TALKING ABOUT BUT IT REALLY WAS THAT TYPE OF OPEN, COMMUNICATIVE TYPE OF SOCIETY. YOU WANT TO TALK MORE ABOUT THAT? >> I MEAN, NO, ONE OF THE THINGS I I TRY TO DO IS CREATE AN ENVIRONMENT AT THE NIH WHICH IS VERY SUPPORTIVE OF THE PEOPLE WHO HERE. I THINK SHARON'S OFFICE IS A GREAT EXAMPLE OF HOW IMPORTANT IT IS TO SUPPORT CAREER DEVELOPMENT FOR THE POST-DOCTORAL FELLOWS AND GIVE EVERYONE AN OPPORTUNITY TO LEARN ABOUT OTHER KINDS OF SCIENCE. I USE THAT, MAYBE AS AN ADVERTISEMENT FOR THE AFTERNOON LECTURE SERIES WHICH ARE CHOSEN VERY CAREFULLY TO BE STATE-OF-THE-ART. GO TO LECTURES NOT IN YOUR FIELD BECAUSE YOU MAY BE AMAZED AT HOW MUCH AMAZING SCIENCE IS GOING ON. >> AND I WOULD EMPHASIZE THAT. YOU GO TO SEE SOMEBODY WHOSE NAME YOU HAVE LADDER ABOUT OR READ ABOUT, MAYBE WON THE NOBEL PRIZE LAST YEAR, GO HEAR WHAT THEY HAVE TO SAY. YOU DON'T HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY LIKE THAT VERY OFTEN AND THE NIH IS GREAT FOR THAT. AND COME TO THESE LECTURES, ABSOLUTELY. >> AND COME FOR TEA AND COOKIES AFTERWARDS. ANY OTHER QUESTIONS? WELL THANK YOU ALL FOR COMING