1 00:00:05,131 --> 00:00:10,836 WELL, GREETINGS AND 2 00:00:10,836 --> 00:00:12,605 SALUTATIONS THE SCIENTIFIC 3 00:00:12,605 --> 00:00:15,808 DIRECTOR EMERITUS AND STILL 4 00:00:15,808 --> 00:00:18,411 ACTIVE POSITION SCIENTIST IN THE 5 00:00:18,411 --> 00:00:19,812 GENOME HUMAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE 6 00:00:19,812 --> 00:00:29,688 AT THE NIH AND IT'S MY ENORMOUS 7 00:00:29,688 --> 00:00:31,493 PLEASURE TO INVITE YOU TO 8 00:00:31,493 --> 00:00:36,398 DEMYSTIFYING MEDICINE 2025 9 00:00:36,398 --> 00:00:37,332 BRINGING BIOLOGY, ENGINEERING 10 00:00:37,332 --> 00:00:39,201 AND COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH 11 00:00:39,201 --> 00:00:39,468 MEDICINE. 12 00:00:39,468 --> 00:00:40,502 UP IN THE RIGHT HAND CORNER OF 13 00:00:40,502 --> 00:00:42,671 THE SLIDE YOU CAN PROBABLY SEE 14 00:00:42,671 --> 00:00:46,208 THE ICONIC PHOTO IN THE LATE 15 00:00:46,208 --> 00:00:50,779 1800s OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE 16 00:00:50,779 --> 00:00:52,681 BROOKLYN BRIDGE GOING FROM 17 00:00:52,681 --> 00:00:59,041 MANHATTAN TO BROOKLYN. 18 00:00:59,041 --> 00:01:01,577 AND YOU SEE UP ON THE CAT WALK 19 00:01:01,577 --> 00:01:05,681 TWO MEN, PROBABLY ONE OF THEM A 20 00:01:05,681 --> 00:01:06,715 PHYSICIAN FROM MANHATTAN AND 21 00:01:06,715 --> 00:01:08,918 ANOTHER A SCIENTIST FROM 22 00:01:08,918 --> 00:01:10,920 BROOKLYN OR MAYBE VICE VERSA, 23 00:01:10,920 --> 00:01:14,723 BUT IN ANY CASE, THEY'RE 24 00:01:14,723 --> 00:01:16,892 EXCHANGING IDEAS OF BRIDGING 25 00:01:16,892 --> 00:01:19,228 TOGETHER THE LATEST TOPICS IN 26 00:01:19,228 --> 00:01:21,330 MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 27 00:01:21,330 --> 00:01:23,632 PROBABLY FROM THE LATE 1800s 28 00:01:23,632 --> 00:01:25,534 FROM THEIR CLINICAL 29 00:01:25,534 --> 00:01:25,868 APPLICATIONS. 30 00:01:25,868 --> 00:01:29,605 AND WELL, TODAY WE'RE GOING TO 31 00:01:29,605 --> 00:01:31,340 BE FLYING EVEN HIGHER, EVEN 32 00:01:31,340 --> 00:01:34,543 HIGHER THAN THE HEIGHTS OF THE 33 00:01:34,543 --> 00:01:38,580 BROOKLYN BRIDGE TO OUTER PACE 34 00:01:38,580 --> 00:01:40,349 WHERE WE'LL BE TALKING ABOUT 35 00:01:40,349 --> 00:01:42,251 GENOMICS, ONE OF MY FAVORITE 36 00:01:42,251 --> 00:01:45,521 TOPICS IN OUTER SPACE. 37 00:01:45,521 --> 00:01:48,324 NOW, THIS IS A SERIES TO BRING 38 00:01:48,324 --> 00:01:50,125 YOU BACK DOWN TO EARTH THAT 39 00:01:50,125 --> 00:01:52,761 OCCURS EVERY TUESDAY AFTERNOON 40 00:01:52,761 --> 00:01:54,229 FROM JANUARY THROUGH MAY FROM 41 00:01:54,229 --> 00:01:55,898 3:00 TO 5:00 IN THE AFTERNOON. 42 00:01:55,898 --> 00:01:57,766 AND YOU CAN WATCH IT ON THE 43 00:01:57,766 --> 00:02:00,202 LINK, THE VIDEOCAST LINK THAT'S 44 00:02:00,202 --> 00:02:01,904 SHOWN ON THE SLIDE. 45 00:02:01,904 --> 00:02:03,572 YOU CAN GET CME CREDIT FOR THOSE 46 00:02:03,572 --> 00:02:06,241 WHO WANT IT AND THE CME CODE IS 47 00:02:06,241 --> 00:02:08,811 LISTED THERE FOR THOSE THAT 48 00:02:08,811 --> 00:02:14,483 CAN'T SEE IT, 58791. 49 00:02:14,483 --> 00:02:16,485 AGAIN, THAT'S 58791. 50 00:02:16,485 --> 00:02:17,753 IF YOU HAVE A QUESTIONS DURING 51 00:02:17,753 --> 00:02:20,756 THE COURSE OF THE PRESENTATIONS, 52 00:02:20,756 --> 00:02:24,393 WE'LL HAVE TWO PRESENTERS AND 53 00:02:24,393 --> 00:02:25,094 DURING THEIR PRESENTATIONS YOU 54 00:02:25,094 --> 00:02:26,962 WON'T BE ABLE TO ASK THEM 55 00:02:26,962 --> 00:02:29,431 QUESTIONS BUT YOU CAN SEND YOUR 56 00:02:29,431 --> 00:02:31,000 QUESTIONS USING THE SEND LIVE 57 00:02:31,000 --> 00:02:34,069 FEEDBACK BUTTON ON THE VIDEOCAST 58 00:02:34,069 --> 00:02:34,436 DISPLAY. 59 00:02:34,436 --> 00:02:35,838 ALL THE PREVIOUS SESSIONS ARE 60 00:02:35,838 --> 00:02:39,074 ARCHIVED AT THE LINK YOU CAN SEE 61 00:02:39,074 --> 00:02:40,876 THERE AND FOR ADDITIONAL 62 00:02:40,876 --> 00:02:42,745 INFORMATION THERE'S A LINK FOR 63 00:02:42,745 --> 00:02:44,713 THAT. 64 00:02:44,713 --> 00:02:47,649 IN THE LOWER RIGHT HAND CORNER 65 00:02:47,649 --> 00:02:51,653 IS TO THE SILO FROM THE FIELD 66 00:02:51,653 --> 00:02:52,788 OUT IN THE MIDDLE OF THE UNITED 67 00:02:52,788 --> 00:02:57,860 STATES WITH THE CORNFIELDS AND 68 00:02:57,860 --> 00:02:59,895 WE'RE TRYING TO BRIDGE THE SILOS 69 00:02:59,895 --> 00:03:03,098 AS WE'VE BEEN DOING SINCE 2023. 70 00:03:03,098 --> 00:03:06,902 IN ANY CASE, I WOULD LIKE TO 71 00:03:06,902 --> 00:03:09,938 INTRODUCE OUR FIRST SPEAKER WHO 72 00:03:09,938 --> 00:03:12,041 IS DR. AFSHIN BEHESHTI WHO IS 73 00:03:12,041 --> 00:03:15,511 THE DIRECTOR FOR THE CENTER OF 74 00:03:15,511 --> 00:03:18,313 SPACE BIO MEDICINE AND ASSOCIATE 75 00:03:18,313 --> 00:03:20,783 DIRECTOR OF THE McGOWAN 76 00:03:20,783 --> 00:03:22,518 INSTITUTE FOR REGENERATIVE BIO 77 00:03:22,518 --> 00:03:23,185 MEDICINE AT THE INVESTIGATION OF 78 00:03:23,185 --> 00:03:27,523 PITTSBURGH AND IS A MEMBER OF 79 00:03:27,523 --> 00:03:32,461 THE BLUE MARBLE SPACE INSTITUTE 80 00:03:32,461 --> 00:03:34,830 OF SCIENCE AND GOT HIS BACHELOR 81 00:03:34,830 --> 00:03:36,432 AS'S AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 82 00:03:36,432 --> 00:03:37,966 MINNESOTA AND GOT A Ph.D. IN 83 00:03:37,966 --> 00:03:39,268 PHYSICS FROM FLORIDA STATE 84 00:03:39,268 --> 00:03:39,635 UNIVERSITY. 85 00:03:39,635 --> 00:03:43,338 AND THEN SAW THE LIGHT AND WENT 86 00:03:43,338 --> 00:03:48,077 ON TO DO HIS POSTDOC IN ORAL 87 00:03:48,077 --> 00:03:51,046 BACTERIA AND GENETICS AND IN 88 00:03:51,046 --> 00:03:52,081 CANCER SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AT TUFT'S 89 00:03:52,081 --> 00:03:52,381 UNIVERSITY. 90 00:03:52,381 --> 00:03:55,784 HE'S WON A NUMBER OF AWARDS AND 91 00:03:55,784 --> 00:03:58,353 HONORS INCLUDING THE NASA 92 00:03:58,353 --> 00:04:00,789 EXCEPTIONAL SCIENTIFIC 93 00:04:00,789 --> 00:04:02,925 ACHIEVEMENT MEDAL, THE 94 00:04:02,925 --> 00:04:03,592 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION 95 00:04:03,592 --> 00:04:04,993 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AWARD 96 00:04:04,993 --> 00:04:06,795 AND NASA OUTSTANDING SERVICE 97 00:04:06,795 --> 00:04:06,995 AWARD. 98 00:04:06,995 --> 00:04:09,364 HIS RESEARCH GROUP CON CAN DUCTS 99 00:04:09,364 --> 00:04:13,902 STUDIES ON MICRORNAs AND 100 00:04:13,902 --> 00:04:15,137 MITOCHONDRIA IN SPACE BIOLOGY 101 00:04:15,137 --> 00:04:18,173 AND COUNTER MEASURES TOGETHER 102 00:04:18,173 --> 00:04:19,675 RADIATION AND MICROGRAVITY AND 103 00:04:19,675 --> 00:04:21,143 INTERESTED IN THAT IN PARTICULAR 104 00:04:21,143 --> 00:04:24,780 AND AFFECTS OF HIGH ALTITUDE ON 105 00:04:24,780 --> 00:04:25,380 HUMAN BIOLOGY. 106 00:04:25,380 --> 00:04:28,250 HE LEADS A SPACE BIO MEDICINE 107 00:04:28,250 --> 00:04:29,017 PROGRAM AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 108 00:04:29,017 --> 00:04:33,422 PITTSBURGH AND PARTNERED TO 109 00:04:33,422 --> 00:04:34,857 COORDINATE THE LARGEST 110 00:04:34,857 --> 00:04:36,024 COLLECTION OF SPACE BIOLOGY 111 00:04:36,024 --> 00:04:39,228 PAPER , THE SPACE OMICS AND 112 00:04:39,228 --> 00:04:40,429 MEDICAL ATLAS THAT WAS PUBLISHED 113 00:04:40,429 --> 00:04:45,934 IN NATURE IN AUGUST OF 2024. 114 00:04:45,934 --> 00:04:48,971 I'LL INTRODUCE YOU TO OUR SECOND 115 00:04:48,971 --> 00:04:50,839 SPEAKER WHO IS DR. CHRISTOPHER 116 00:04:50,839 --> 00:04:51,406 MASON. 117 00:04:51,406 --> 00:04:54,409 HE IS A PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY 118 00:04:54,409 --> 00:04:56,778 AND BIO PHYSICS AND 119 00:04:56,778 --> 00:05:00,782 COMPUTATIONAL GENOMICS AND 120 00:05:00,782 --> 00:05:04,786 COMPUTATIONAL BIO MEDICINE AT 121 00:05:04,786 --> 00:05:06,054 WEILL CORNELL AND PART OF THE 122 00:05:06,054 --> 00:05:08,023 INITIATIVE FOR QUANTITATIVE 123 00:05:08,023 --> 00:05:08,357 PREDICTION. 124 00:05:08,357 --> 00:05:10,325 HE OBTAINED HIS BACHELOR'S 125 00:05:10,325 --> 00:05:12,461 DEGREE IN GENETICS AND BIO 126 00:05:12,461 --> 00:05:16,698 CHEMISTRY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 127 00:05:16,698 --> 00:05:18,834 WISCONSIN-MADISON, HIS Ph.D. IN 128 00:05:18,834 --> 00:05:21,303 GENETICS IN YALE AND POSTDOC IN 129 00:05:21,303 --> 00:05:25,607 GENETICS IN YALE AND VISITING 130 00:05:25,607 --> 00:05:26,742 FELLOW AT YALE LAW SCHOOL. 131 00:05:26,742 --> 00:05:28,710 HE'S THE CHAIR OF THE STEERING 132 00:05:28,710 --> 00:05:30,445 COMMITTEE FOR THE NASA GENE LAB 133 00:05:30,445 --> 00:05:32,014 DATA AND ARCHIVE AND SELECTED BY 134 00:05:32,014 --> 00:05:34,983 THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 135 00:05:34,983 --> 00:05:37,419 FOR THE SURVEY FOR NASA. 136 00:05:37,419 --> 00:05:40,088 HIS GROUP IS INVOLVED IN THE 137 00:05:40,088 --> 00:05:41,423 IDENTIFICATION AND 138 00:05:41,423 --> 00:05:42,357 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE 139 00:05:42,357 --> 00:05:43,659 ESSENTIAL GENETIC ELEMENTS THAT 140 00:05:43,659 --> 00:05:46,028 GUIDE THE FUNCTION OF THE HUMAN 141 00:05:46,028 --> 00:05:47,196 GENOME WITH EMPHASIS ON THE 142 00:05:47,196 --> 00:05:49,731 DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN BRAIN. 143 00:05:49,731 --> 00:05:52,668 HE LED THE FIRST DEMONSTRATION 144 00:05:52,668 --> 00:05:54,603 OF DNA SEQUENCING AT ZERO 145 00:05:54,603 --> 00:05:58,006 GRAVITY AND DESIGN GENOMIC 146 00:05:58,006 --> 00:05:59,041 PROTOCOLS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL 147 00:05:59,041 --> 00:06:02,711 SPACE STATION AND WAS ONE OF THE 148 00:06:02,711 --> 00:06:07,749 P.I.s ON THE NASA TWINS STUDY. 149 00:06:07,749 --> 00:06:10,552 THE EVENTUAL GOAL IS THE ABILITY 150 00:06:10,552 --> 00:06:14,656 TO REPAIR, REENGINEER OR FORTIFY 151 00:06:14,656 --> 00:06:16,358 GENETIC NETWORKS WITHIN HUMAN 152 00:06:16,358 --> 00:06:16,658 CELLS. 153 00:06:16,658 --> 00:06:19,861 WITH THAT AND WITHOUT FURTHER 154 00:06:19,861 --> 00:06:24,032 ADO, I GIVE YOU DR. BEHESHTI WHO 155 00:06:24,032 --> 00:06:30,172 IS GOING TO RE-GAGALE US ON THE 156 00:06:30,172 --> 00:06:30,572 LATEST WORK. 157 00:06:30,572 --> 00:06:31,573 TAKE IT AWAY. 158 00:06:31,573 --> 00:06:34,876 >> THANK YOU FOR THE GREAT 159 00:06:34,876 --> 00:06:37,079 INTRODUCTION AND THANKS FOR 160 00:06:37,079 --> 00:06:37,646 HAVING ME HERE AND HAVE THE 161 00:06:37,646 --> 00:06:43,685 TALK. 162 00:06:43,685 --> 00:06:45,320 I WAS AT NASA AIMS UNTIL 163 00:06:45,320 --> 00:06:48,257 DECEMBER BUT I STILL HAVE THE 164 00:06:48,257 --> 00:06:49,224 BLUE MARBLE AFFILIATION. 165 00:06:49,224 --> 00:06:52,661 TODAY I'LL BE TALKING ABOUT THE 166 00:06:52,661 --> 00:06:56,798 MITOCHONDRIAL IMPACT WE'LL HAVE 167 00:06:56,798 --> 00:07:01,503 IB IN SPACE AND CHRIS WILL TALK 168 00:07:01,503 --> 00:07:04,606 ABOUT THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES. 169 00:07:04,606 --> 00:07:07,009 A BIT OF BACKGROUND ON ME AND 170 00:07:07,009 --> 00:07:08,043 THE CENTRAL THEME OF MY WORK. 171 00:07:08,043 --> 00:07:09,611 I HAVE TWO. 172 00:07:09,611 --> 00:07:11,980 ONE IS LOOK AT MICRORNAs WHICH 173 00:07:11,980 --> 00:07:14,950 EVERYONE KNOWS FROM LAST YEAR'S 174 00:07:14,950 --> 00:07:18,253 NOBEL PRIZE IT'S AN IMPORTANT 175 00:07:18,253 --> 00:07:22,324 FACTOR IN BIOLOGY WHICH I WON'T 176 00:07:22,324 --> 00:07:25,460 TALK ABOUT TODAY BECAUSE YOU 177 00:07:25,460 --> 00:07:28,196 DON'T WANT TO HEAR THE TALK FOR 178 00:07:28,196 --> 00:07:30,866 THREE HOURS AND THE SECOND IS 179 00:07:30,866 --> 00:07:32,801 MITOCHONDRIAL AND I'M A 180 00:07:32,801 --> 00:07:34,269 PHYSICIST THAT SWITCHED TO 181 00:07:34,269 --> 00:07:38,473 BIOLOGY AND I'M A SYSTEM'S 182 00:07:38,473 --> 00:07:41,176 BIOLOGY AND USE INTEGRATIVE 183 00:07:41,176 --> 00:07:43,345 MULTI-DISCIPLINARY TEAMS I WORK 184 00:07:43,345 --> 00:07:43,679 WITH. 185 00:07:43,679 --> 00:07:46,481 I WORK AS AN OPEN SCIENCE LARGE 186 00:07:46,481 --> 00:07:47,182 COLLABORATIVE NETWORK OF PEOPLE 187 00:07:47,182 --> 00:07:48,050 FROM AROUND THE WORLD. 188 00:07:48,050 --> 00:07:51,019 I BELIEVE THE MORE THE MERRIER 189 00:07:51,019 --> 00:07:51,386 APPROACH. 190 00:07:51,386 --> 00:07:54,656 PEOPLE AFTER HEARING THE TALK 191 00:07:54,656 --> 00:07:57,192 WANT TO COLLABORATE AND JOIN THE 192 00:07:57,192 --> 00:08:03,265 PROJECTS, THE MORE THE MERRIER. 193 00:08:03,265 --> 00:08:12,574 WE HAVE SENIOR AUTHORS AND FROM 194 00:08:12,574 --> 00:08:13,975 SENIOR FOLKS TO JUNIOR FOLKS YOU 195 00:08:13,975 --> 00:08:16,111 GET MORE DONE WHEN YOU JOIN 196 00:08:16,111 --> 00:08:19,915 FORCES WITH LOTS OF PEOPLE. 197 00:08:19,915 --> 00:08:23,719 WE WILL TALK ABOUT THE 198 00:08:23,719 --> 00:08:24,720 MITOCHONDRIAL AND COUNTER 199 00:08:24,720 --> 00:08:25,887 MEASURES WE STARTED DEVELOPING. 200 00:08:25,887 --> 00:08:27,789 I WORKED ON COVID AND LONG 201 00:08:27,789 --> 00:08:27,989 COVID. 202 00:08:27,989 --> 00:08:31,793 I WON'T GET INTO THIS BUT PLUG 203 00:08:31,793 --> 00:08:34,329 AND PLAY WE BELIEVE COVID AND 204 00:08:34,329 --> 00:08:36,531 LONG COVID IS PROBABLY 205 00:08:36,531 --> 00:08:37,165 MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASE THINGS 206 00:08:37,165 --> 00:08:38,500 WE'RE DEVELOPING AS COUNTER 207 00:08:38,500 --> 00:08:41,803 MEASURES CAN EASILY BE APPLIED 208 00:08:41,803 --> 00:08:46,007 TO SOME THINGS IN LONG COVID 209 00:08:46,007 --> 00:08:53,014 HEALTH AND CANCER WORK AND MICRO 210 00:08:53,014 --> 00:08:57,819 RNAs AND THINGS YOU CAN BE 211 00:08:57,819 --> 00:09:00,989 APPLIED TO CANCER BIOLOGY BUT 212 00:09:00,989 --> 00:09:04,459 WE'RE HERE FOR SPACE. 213 00:09:04,459 --> 00:09:08,930 I JOINED PITTSBURGH IN SEPTEMBER 214 00:09:08,930 --> 00:09:11,032 AND IT WAS PITT SPATE WE'RE 215 00:09:11,032 --> 00:09:13,168 CALLING IT WHERE THERE'S THREE 216 00:09:13,168 --> 00:09:16,004 DIFFERENT PILLARS IN PITT THE 217 00:09:16,004 --> 00:09:18,540 SPACE ENGINEERING FOLKS LED BY 218 00:09:18,540 --> 00:09:20,242 DR. GEORGE AND THE SPACE BIO 219 00:09:20,242 --> 00:09:22,444 MEDICINE AND ROBOTICS AND 220 00:09:22,444 --> 00:09:24,446 ENGINEERING COMPONENTS AND 221 00:09:24,446 --> 00:09:27,048 DIFFERENT THINGS MAKING HARDWARE 222 00:09:27,048 --> 00:09:29,851 RUN OR SHIPS DESIGN AND SPACE 223 00:09:29,851 --> 00:09:32,354 SCIENCE THE FUNDAMENTALS LIKE 224 00:09:32,354 --> 00:09:33,789 PHYSICS, GEOLOGY AND THINGS THAT 225 00:09:33,789 --> 00:09:37,192 CAN HAPPEN IN SPACE, 226 00:09:37,192 --> 00:09:39,995 ASTROPHYSICS. 227 00:09:39,995 --> 00:09:45,367 TODAY WE'LL TALK ABOUT SPACE BIO 228 00:09:45,367 --> 00:09:55,911 MEDICINE AND WE CALL OURSELVES 229 00:10:06,955 --> 00:10:08,790 MI 230 00:10:08,790 --> 00:10:13,662 MI 231 00:10:13,662 --> 00:10:15,597 MITOCONDRIACS AND HOW I'VE 232 00:10:15,597 --> 00:10:17,833 ESTABLISHED MY WORK AND HOW 233 00:10:17,833 --> 00:10:20,635 SPACE BIO MEDICINE AT PITT WILL 234 00:10:20,635 --> 00:10:24,039 BE A COLLABORATIVE THING WITHIN 235 00:10:24,039 --> 00:10:25,207 FACULTY AT PITTSBURGH BUT AROUND 236 00:10:25,207 --> 00:10:28,777 THE WORLD AND HELP US DEVELOP 237 00:10:28,777 --> 00:10:31,012 THE PROGRAM. 238 00:10:31,012 --> 00:10:38,353 SOME THINGS TOO AND THERE US AN 239 00:10:38,353 --> 00:10:39,554 ARTICLE IN THE NEW YORKER TO 240 00:10:39,554 --> 00:10:41,990 LEARN ABOUT SPACE AND HOW 241 00:10:41,990 --> 00:10:42,858 EXPERIMENTS ARE DONE. 242 00:10:42,858 --> 00:10:45,694 IT'S A NICE WAY OF FOLLOWING 243 00:10:45,694 --> 00:10:47,729 AFTER NOT SAMPLES TO EXPERIMENTS 244 00:10:47,729 --> 00:10:50,465 I DO HERE ON EARTH AND SIMILAR 245 00:10:50,465 --> 00:10:51,166 EXPERIMENTS TO OTHER THINGS. 246 00:10:51,166 --> 00:10:52,801 TAKE A LOOK AT THAT IF 247 00:10:52,801 --> 00:10:58,406 INTERESTED. 248 00:10:58,406 --> 00:11:03,211 ONE LITTLE PLUG IS I'M TRYING TO 249 00:11:03,211 --> 00:11:06,648 ESTABLISH A GLOBAL CERTIFICATE 250 00:11:06,648 --> 00:11:08,083 PROGRAM AEROSPACE MEDICINE IS 251 00:11:08,083 --> 00:11:08,984 TAUGHT IN DIFFERENT UNIVERSITIES 252 00:11:08,984 --> 00:11:09,985 AROUND THE WORLD. 253 00:11:09,985 --> 00:11:12,754 WELL, NO ONE IS THE EXPERT IN 254 00:11:12,754 --> 00:11:13,488 THE SUBJECT BECAUSE THERE'S LOTS 255 00:11:13,488 --> 00:11:15,457 AS YOU'LL SEE THAT WILL CHANGE 256 00:11:15,457 --> 00:11:17,192 IN YOUR BODIES FROM 257 00:11:17,192 --> 00:11:18,126 CARDIOVASCULAR TO BRAIN ISSUES 258 00:11:18,126 --> 00:11:21,630 TO MUSCLE AS YOU GO TO SPACE AND 259 00:11:21,630 --> 00:11:24,799 NO ONE CAN BE AN EXPERT SO WHY 260 00:11:24,799 --> 00:11:27,135 WE HAVE TO WORK TOGETHER SO GIVE 261 00:11:27,135 --> 00:11:28,370 THE SAME EDUCATION TO STUDENTS 262 00:11:28,370 --> 00:11:28,537 TOO. 263 00:11:28,537 --> 00:11:31,640 WE'RE STARTING TO SET UP A 264 00:11:31,640 --> 00:11:33,074 CERTIFICATE PROGRAM WHERE IT'S 265 00:11:33,074 --> 00:11:36,077 BASICALLY TAUGHT FROM THE KEY 266 00:11:36,077 --> 00:11:37,212 EXPERTS AROUND THE WORLD. 267 00:11:37,212 --> 00:11:38,480 THERE WILL BE GUEST LECTURES BUT 268 00:11:38,480 --> 00:11:39,848 EVERY UNIVERSITY AND INSTITUTION 269 00:11:39,848 --> 00:11:41,716 CAN INTEGRASE THIS INTO THEIR 270 00:11:41,716 --> 00:11:45,954 OWN SYSTEM AND HAVE THE SAME 271 00:11:45,954 --> 00:11:48,223 PEOPLE SIMULTANEOUSLY TEACHING 272 00:11:48,223 --> 00:11:49,558 THEIR STUDENTS FROM AROUND THE 273 00:11:49,558 --> 00:11:50,325 WORLD. 274 00:11:50,325 --> 00:11:52,594 IT'S NOT A ONE SIZE FITS ALL BUT 275 00:11:52,594 --> 00:11:55,196 HOWEVER YOU CAN USE THE PROGRAM 276 00:11:55,196 --> 00:11:56,765 WITHIN WE'RE DEVELOPING FROM 277 00:11:56,765 --> 00:11:59,167 EVERY INSTITUTION AROUND THE 278 00:11:59,167 --> 00:12:00,769 WORLD AND CREATE A GLOBAL 279 00:12:00,769 --> 00:12:02,337 EDUCATION WHERE THE STUDENTS ARE 280 00:12:02,337 --> 00:12:05,173 GETTING THE SAME EDUCATION 281 00:12:05,173 --> 00:12:07,075 HARMONIZED AND THE SAME PEOPLE 282 00:12:07,075 --> 00:12:11,179 FROM KEY PEOPLE FROM ASTRONAUTS 283 00:12:11,179 --> 00:12:16,651 TO AND OTHER UNIVERSITIES AND 284 00:12:16,651 --> 00:12:22,857 SPACE AGENCIES LINED UP ALREADY. 285 00:12:22,857 --> 00:12:25,160 BUT AGENCIES AND OTHER THINGS 286 00:12:25,160 --> 00:12:28,430 AND OTHER UNIVERSITIES SO WE'RE 287 00:12:28,430 --> 00:12:30,465 SLOWLY GETTING THIS MOVING AND 288 00:12:30,465 --> 00:12:31,967 THERE'S OTHER DRACSES IN THE 289 00:12:31,967 --> 00:12:36,171 U.S. HAPPENING THESE DAYS THAT 290 00:12:36,171 --> 00:12:37,472 SLOWING THINGS DOWN BUT 291 00:12:37,472 --> 00:12:39,207 HOPEFULLY BY 2026 WILL HAVE 292 00:12:39,207 --> 00:12:40,809 SOMETHING LAUNCHED IF NOT 293 00:12:40,809 --> 00:12:41,977 EARLIER IF NOT EVERY UNIVERSITY 294 00:12:41,977 --> 00:12:44,579 CAN TAKE ADVANTAGE AND EVERY 295 00:12:44,579 --> 00:12:46,047 STUDENT WILL BE ABLE TO TAKE 296 00:12:46,047 --> 00:12:46,948 ADVANTAGE TOO. 297 00:12:46,948 --> 00:12:48,783 STAY TUNED FOR THAT. 298 00:12:48,783 --> 00:12:53,421 NOW WE GO TO THE SCIENCE. 299 00:12:53,421 --> 00:12:54,990 SINCE I'M GOING FIRST AND WE 300 00:12:54,990 --> 00:12:55,991 HAVE TO GIVE LESS OF A 301 00:12:55,991 --> 00:12:59,160 BACKGROUND WHY YOU SHOULD CARE 302 00:12:59,160 --> 00:13:01,429 ABOUT SPACE. 303 00:13:01,429 --> 00:13:03,465 OTHER THAN CAPTURING YOUR 304 00:13:03,465 --> 00:13:05,333 IMAGINATION IN SCI-FI AND PEOPLE 305 00:13:05,333 --> 00:13:07,802 WHO WANT TO STUDY SPACE AND 306 00:13:07,802 --> 00:13:10,939 INTERESTED IN SPACE AND STAR 307 00:13:10,939 --> 00:13:16,778 TREK OR STAR WARS FANS AND 308 00:13:16,778 --> 00:13:18,913 THERE'S SCI-FI NOVELS BUT WE'RE 309 00:13:18,913 --> 00:13:22,384 ALSO PLANNING TO GO BACK TO THE 310 00:13:22,384 --> 00:13:23,785 MOON ACCORDING TO OUR 311 00:13:23,785 --> 00:13:24,786 ADMINISTRATION THEY WANT TO GO 312 00:13:24,786 --> 00:13:27,188 TO MARS IN THE NEXT TWO YEARSES 313 00:13:27,188 --> 00:13:31,292 MAY NOT BE ABOUT FOR HUMANS BUT 314 00:13:31,292 --> 00:13:36,765 EVENTUALLY EXPLORE THE UNIVERSE 315 00:13:36,765 --> 00:13:38,767 AND SOLAR SYSTEM. 316 00:13:38,767 --> 00:13:40,769 PEOPLE ASK WHY SHOULD WE SPEND 317 00:13:40,769 --> 00:13:43,571 ALL THIS MONEY TO SPEND A 318 00:13:43,571 --> 00:13:46,641 LIMITED NUMBER OF PEOPLE TO 319 00:13:46,641 --> 00:13:46,841 SPACE. 320 00:13:46,841 --> 00:13:48,777 NOT ONLY DOES GOING TO SPACE 321 00:13:48,777 --> 00:13:51,513 SOUND FUN FOR SOME AND EXCITING 322 00:13:51,513 --> 00:13:54,616 BUT IT'S ALSO AN ACCELERATING 323 00:13:54,616 --> 00:13:56,785 PLATFORM FOR AGING AND 324 00:13:56,785 --> 00:13:58,920 MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASES. 325 00:13:58,920 --> 00:14:00,188 FOR EXAMPLE, SOMETHING THAT 326 00:14:00,188 --> 00:14:02,257 TAKES A YEAR ON EARTH IN YOUR 327 00:14:02,257 --> 00:14:04,292 LAB FOR MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASE IN 328 00:14:04,292 --> 00:14:06,294 THIS CASE, IN SPACE IN 30 DAYS 329 00:14:06,294 --> 00:14:08,630 OR MONTHS YOU CAN GET THAT 330 00:14:08,630 --> 00:14:10,265 DISEASE DEVELOPED. 331 00:14:10,265 --> 00:14:14,335 THE WHOLE GOAL IS IF YOU'RE ABLE 332 00:14:14,335 --> 00:14:15,537 TO SELL THE MODEL WE SHOULD 333 00:14:15,537 --> 00:14:16,304 BRING IT BACK TO THE CLINIC. 334 00:14:16,304 --> 00:14:22,110 THERE'S APPLICATIONS. 335 00:14:22,110 --> 00:14:23,178 AND A LOT OF THE TECHNOLOGY WE 336 00:14:23,178 --> 00:14:26,281 HAVE HAS BEEN ACCELERATED OR 337 00:14:26,281 --> 00:14:26,514 CREATED. 338 00:14:26,514 --> 00:14:32,921 THE GLASSES YOU WEAR AND THE 339 00:14:32,921 --> 00:14:35,156 ANTI-SCRATCH COATING WAS FOR 340 00:14:35,156 --> 00:14:37,559 SPACE SUITS FOR THE ADVISERS SET 341 00:14:37,559 --> 00:14:40,161 UP TO DEFLECT SPACE DEBRIS. 342 00:14:40,161 --> 00:14:41,496 THAT'S HOW THE APPLICATION WENT 343 00:14:41,496 --> 00:14:44,399 TO THE GLASSES. 344 00:14:44,399 --> 00:14:48,036 THAT'S ONE THERE'S MANY THERE'S 345 00:14:48,036 --> 00:14:50,238 A LOT OF APPLICATIONS AND 346 00:14:50,238 --> 00:14:52,006 MEDICAL ADVANCES WORK IN SPACE 347 00:14:52,006 --> 00:14:53,541 AS YOU PROBABLY KNOW WE'RE 348 00:14:53,541 --> 00:14:55,043 CALLING IT THE SECOND SPACE AGE 349 00:14:55,043 --> 00:14:56,811 BUT IN THE PAST SINCE THE 350 00:14:56,811 --> 00:15:00,782 BEGINNING OF THE SPACE 351 00:15:00,782 --> 00:15:04,352 EXPLORATION DAYS IN THE IN THE 352 00:15:04,352 --> 00:15:08,089 1950s AND '60s THERE WERE 353 00:15:08,089 --> 00:15:11,192 LAUNCHES FROM THE UNITED STATES 354 00:15:11,192 --> 00:15:12,994 TO SATELLITES AND THERE WAS 355 00:15:12,994 --> 00:15:16,564 RUSSIA AND NOW THERE'S MORE 356 00:15:16,564 --> 00:15:17,198 COUNTRIES INVOLVED AND YOU CAN 357 00:15:17,198 --> 00:15:24,072 SEE THE HUGE AMOUNT LAUNCHED IN 358 00:15:24,072 --> 00:15:26,541 THE SPACE IT'S NOT A TWO-STATE 359 00:15:26,541 --> 00:15:29,110 PROBLEM BUT MULTIPLE COUNTRY 360 00:15:29,110 --> 00:15:32,080 PROBLEM BUT NOT PROBLEM BUT RACE 361 00:15:32,080 --> 00:15:34,916 TO SPACE AND COMPANIES LIKE 362 00:15:34,916 --> 00:15:37,218 SPACEX AND BLUE ORIGIN IT 363 00:15:37,218 --> 00:15:39,287 LAUNCHED A SHORT MISSION FOR THE 364 00:15:39,287 --> 00:15:44,793 SIX FEMALE CREW THAT WENT UP 365 00:15:44,793 --> 00:15:52,901 THERE. 366 00:15:52,901 --> 00:15:53,802 THERE'S DIFFERENT GOVERNMENTS 367 00:15:53,802 --> 00:15:55,670 FROM AROUND THE WORLD AND 368 00:15:55,670 --> 00:15:56,471 COMPANIES. 369 00:15:56,471 --> 00:15:58,306 SO AS I SAID THE EVENTUAL GOAL 370 00:15:58,306 --> 00:16:00,875 IS TO HAVE A BASE ON THE MOON 371 00:16:00,875 --> 00:16:02,577 AND EVENTUALLY GO TO MARS AND 372 00:16:02,577 --> 00:16:02,944 BEYOND. 373 00:16:02,944 --> 00:16:04,546 SO WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU GO TO 374 00:16:04,546 --> 00:16:07,215 SPACE AND WHY DO I DO ALL THIS 375 00:16:07,215 --> 00:16:08,550 AND CHRIS DOES ALL THIS RESEARCH 376 00:16:08,550 --> 00:16:11,219 AND OTHER FOLKS IN THE FIELD DO 377 00:16:11,219 --> 00:16:13,087 IT? 378 00:16:13,087 --> 00:16:18,326 WELL, WHAT HAPPENS IN SPACE WE 379 00:16:18,326 --> 00:16:21,563 NEED HUMANS TO ADAPT AND TRAVEL 380 00:16:21,563 --> 00:16:26,401 IN SPACE AND SPACE MAY NOT AS 381 00:16:26,401 --> 00:16:27,802 SEXY AND YOU'VE BEEN THINKING 382 00:16:27,802 --> 00:16:29,137 ABOUT AND MAY NOT GO TO SPACE 383 00:16:29,137 --> 00:16:30,705 BECAUSE OF HEALTH ISSUES BUT THE 384 00:16:30,705 --> 00:16:32,674 GOAL IS TO FIGURE THAT OUT AND 385 00:16:32,674 --> 00:16:33,875 MAKE IT SAFE. 386 00:16:33,875 --> 00:16:36,244 THERE'S FIVE HAZARDS. 387 00:16:36,244 --> 00:16:38,813 ONE IS DISTANCE FROM EARTH 388 00:16:38,813 --> 00:16:40,782 DEFINED BY NASA. 389 00:16:40,782 --> 00:16:42,150 YOU CAN'T GO TO THE EMERGENCY 390 00:16:42,150 --> 00:16:43,952 ROOM IF YOU GET SICK AND THAT'S 391 00:16:43,952 --> 00:16:47,288 A HAZARD PEOPLE ARE LOOK AT. 392 00:16:47,288 --> 00:16:49,791 CONFINEMENT MEANING YOUR STUCK 393 00:16:49,791 --> 00:16:51,926 IN A CLOSE TUBE WHICH MAY AFFECT 394 00:16:51,926 --> 00:16:54,429 YOUR FITNESS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL 395 00:16:54,429 --> 00:16:56,397 WHICH I WON'T TALK ABOUT NOW BUT 396 00:16:56,397 --> 00:16:58,733 IMAGINE IF YOU'RE STUCK IN A 397 00:16:58,733 --> 00:17:00,702 TUBE WITH TEN OTHER PEOPLE FOR A 398 00:17:00,702 --> 00:17:01,336 YEAR. 399 00:17:01,336 --> 00:17:02,937 WOULD YOU END UP MURDERING HALF 400 00:17:02,937 --> 00:17:03,805 OR GETTING ALONG? 401 00:17:03,805 --> 00:17:08,776 THAT'S AN ISSUE HAVE TO THINK 402 00:17:08,776 --> 00:17:10,545 ABOUT PSYCHOLOGISTS AND OTHERS 403 00:17:10,545 --> 00:17:11,679 ARE DOING RESEARCH ON THAT AND 404 00:17:11,679 --> 00:17:15,016 STRESS ON YOUR BODY AND ARE 405 00:17:15,016 --> 00:17:18,253 PEOPLE DOING ASSIMILATED 406 00:17:18,253 --> 00:17:18,553 EXPERIMENTS. 407 00:17:18,553 --> 00:17:26,027 THE HOSTILE CLOSE ENVIRONMENT. 408 00:17:26,027 --> 00:17:28,763 PRONE TO INFECTION AND MICROBES 409 00:17:28,763 --> 00:17:32,667 ARE DEVELOPING AND ANTIMICROBIAL 410 00:17:32,667 --> 00:17:34,702 RESISTANCE AND I'LL TALK ABOUT 411 00:17:34,702 --> 00:17:36,804 THE MICROGRAVITY AND SPACE 412 00:17:36,804 --> 00:17:37,839 RADIATION THAT CAUSE MANY 413 00:17:37,839 --> 00:17:39,307 DIFFERENT HEALTH RISKS. 414 00:17:39,307 --> 00:17:43,177 OF COURSE WE HAVE MANY TOOLS AND 415 00:17:43,177 --> 00:17:45,113 FROM EXPERIMENTS SENT TO SPACE 416 00:17:45,113 --> 00:17:47,215 AND MANY ANIMAL MODELS LIKE WE 417 00:17:47,215 --> 00:17:54,088 DO ON EARTH HUMANS AND COME UP 418 00:17:54,088 --> 00:17:56,457 WITH COUNTER MEASURES. 419 00:17:56,457 --> 00:17:58,393 THE ULTIMATE GOAL AGENCIES WANT 420 00:17:58,393 --> 00:18:04,565 IS THE MAGIC PILL YOU SEE IN 421 00:18:04,565 --> 00:18:05,967 SCI-FI MOVIES AND YOU GET IMMUNE 422 00:18:05,967 --> 00:18:07,201 TO HAZARDS IN SPACE. 423 00:18:07,201 --> 00:18:08,770 THAT'S THE ULTIMATE GOAL BUT WE 424 00:18:08,770 --> 00:18:11,205 HAVE TO DO THE SCIENCE TO FIGURE 425 00:18:11,205 --> 00:18:11,572 THAT OUT. 426 00:18:11,572 --> 00:18:15,510 THE TWO MAJOR HAZARDS I FOCUS ON 427 00:18:15,510 --> 00:18:23,751 ARE SPACE RADIATION AND MICRO 428 00:18:23,751 --> 00:18:23,985 GRAVITY. 429 00:18:23,985 --> 00:18:27,789 YOU DON'T HAVE THE YOU'LL GET 430 00:18:27,789 --> 00:18:34,862 OTHER ISSUES THAT HAPPEN THERE. 431 00:18:34,862 --> 00:18:36,998 BACK WHEN THE FANTASTIC FOUR 432 00:18:36,998 --> 00:18:41,202 DEVELOPED THEIR POWERS MARVEL 433 00:18:41,202 --> 00:18:46,808 THOUGHT YOU'LL GET SUPER POWERS. 434 00:18:46,808 --> 00:18:48,476 YOU HAVE TWO FORMS OF RADIATION. 435 00:18:48,476 --> 00:18:51,012 ONE IS THE SOLAR PARTICLE EVENTS 436 00:18:51,012 --> 00:18:54,649 THE ACUTE DOSE OF PROTONS THAT 437 00:18:54,649 --> 00:18:56,184 HAPPEN AT DIFFERENT ENERGIES 438 00:18:56,184 --> 00:18:58,086 THAT COME IN AND YOU MAY BE ABLE 439 00:18:58,086 --> 00:19:08,529 TO TAKE SOME PRECAUTIONS. 440 00:19:13,034 --> 00:19:15,970 AND THE MAJORITY OF DATA IS AT 441 00:19:15,970 --> 00:19:19,107 LOWER ORBIT IN EARTH'S MAGNETIC 442 00:19:19,107 --> 00:19:21,709 FIELD AND DUE TO THE PHYSICS 443 00:19:21,709 --> 00:19:22,610 WILL LOWER THE DOSE. 444 00:19:22,610 --> 00:19:25,513 EXPERIMENTS THAT HAPPEN THE DOSE 445 00:19:25,513 --> 00:19:28,116 AT LOWER ORBIT IS LESS THAN WHEN 446 00:19:28,116 --> 00:19:29,117 YOU GO TO DEEP SPACE. 447 00:19:29,117 --> 00:19:35,890 SO KEEP THAT IN MIND. 448 00:19:35,890 --> 00:19:43,431 WHAT IS COSM ARRAYS. 449 00:19:43,431 --> 00:19:50,505 WE HAVE THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY THE 450 00:19:50,505 --> 00:19:52,774 IONS TRANSFER AND EVERYONE'S 451 00:19:52,774 --> 00:19:55,109 USED TO GAMMA AND X-RAYS AND 452 00:19:55,109 --> 00:19:57,412 THINGS YOU'RE USED TO ARE FAST 453 00:19:57,412 --> 00:19:58,713 MOVING PARTICLES THAT GO THROUGH 454 00:19:58,713 --> 00:20:00,515 YOUR CELLS AND BODY AND TRANSFER 455 00:20:00,515 --> 00:20:02,383 ENERGY AS THEY GO THROUGH YOUR 456 00:20:02,383 --> 00:20:13,061 ENERGY AND SCATTERS ENERGY AND 457 00:20:16,297 --> 00:20:17,899 SOMETIMES YOU GET LARGER 458 00:20:17,899 --> 00:20:20,001 PARTICLES BUT DUE TO THEIR SIZE 459 00:20:20,001 --> 00:20:21,102 THEY MOVE SLOWER BUT TRANSFER 460 00:20:21,102 --> 00:20:23,838 ENERGY TO YOUR CELLS LIKE A 461 00:20:23,838 --> 00:20:25,440 BOWLING BALL BEING DEPOSITED TO 462 00:20:25,440 --> 00:20:27,275 YOUR CELL AND CAUSES MORE 463 00:20:27,275 --> 00:20:28,776 DAMAGE. 464 00:20:28,776 --> 00:20:32,647 SO THIS LITTLE CHART DOWN HERE 465 00:20:32,647 --> 00:20:37,118 IF YOU'RE A YEAR IN SPACE IN THE 466 00:20:37,118 --> 00:20:40,054 ISSI ONE OF THE PLACES WITH 467 00:20:40,054 --> 00:20:42,023 LOWER RADIATION AND HIGHEST IN 468 00:20:42,023 --> 00:20:50,865 IRAN IN A MOUNTAIN THAT HAS HIGH 469 00:20:50,865 --> 00:20:53,634 BACKGROUND RADIATION YOU'RE 470 00:20:53,634 --> 00:20:56,671 EXPOSED TO. 471 00:20:56,671 --> 00:21:04,779 DUE TO THE DIFFERENT BIOLOGY 472 00:21:04,779 --> 00:21:06,547 IT'S THOUGHT THE RADIATION WILL 473 00:21:06,547 --> 00:21:08,749 BE MORE DAMAGING BY TEN TIMES 474 00:21:08,749 --> 00:21:11,385 THAN EQUIVALENT TO EARTH. 475 00:21:11,385 --> 00:21:15,556 THE DAMAGE DONE ARE THE HEAVY 476 00:21:15,556 --> 00:21:18,192 IONS AND THE GRADES WILL BE MORE 477 00:21:18,192 --> 00:21:20,361 DIFFERENT TO YOUR BIOLOGY. 478 00:21:20,361 --> 00:21:21,762 IF YOU GET A CHEST X-RAY WHICH 479 00:21:21,762 --> 00:21:24,732 IS SMALL AN EQUIVALENT DOSE OF 480 00:21:24,732 --> 00:21:26,501 HIGH RADIATION WILL BE FIVE TO 481 00:21:26,501 --> 00:21:27,602 TEN TIMES MORE DAMAGING. 482 00:21:27,602 --> 00:21:31,072 SO IN REALITY IT WOULD HAVE BEEN 483 00:21:31,072 --> 00:21:38,779 A SHORT COMIC BOOK THAT WOULD 484 00:21:38,779 --> 00:21:40,815 HAVE HAPPENED WHEN PEOPLE ARE 485 00:21:40,815 --> 00:21:42,583 EXPOSED TO SPACE RADIATION. 486 00:21:42,583 --> 00:21:43,484 WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU GET 487 00:21:43,484 --> 00:21:45,052 EXPOSED TO ELEMENTS? 488 00:21:45,052 --> 00:21:45,987 YOU'LL HAVE MULTIPLE HEALTH 489 00:21:45,987 --> 00:21:51,192 RISKS THAT DEVELOP OVER TIME. 490 00:21:51,192 --> 00:21:53,761 THERE'S FEMALE AND MALE 491 00:21:53,761 --> 00:21:57,598 INDEPENDENT ONES AND OUR MIGHTY 492 00:21:57,598 --> 00:21:59,767 EMPEROR AND KING HAS TOLD US 493 00:21:59,767 --> 00:22:00,668 THERE'S NO DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 494 00:22:00,668 --> 00:22:04,138 MALE AND FEMALE BUT I THINK MOST 495 00:22:04,138 --> 00:22:06,040 PEOPLE BELIEVE THERE IS. 496 00:22:06,040 --> 00:22:07,542 THERE IS MALE AND FEMALE 497 00:22:07,542 --> 00:22:10,111 DEPENDENT CHANGES THAT DEVELOP 498 00:22:10,111 --> 00:22:10,678 OVER TIME. 499 00:22:10,678 --> 00:22:12,013 THERE'S SOME INDEPENDENT OF THAT 500 00:22:12,013 --> 00:22:14,148 RELATED TO THE CHARTS YOU SEE 501 00:22:14,148 --> 00:22:15,183 HERE. 502 00:22:15,183 --> 00:22:18,452 FOR EXAMPLE, BRAIN ISSUES, 503 00:22:18,452 --> 00:22:20,788 CARDIOVASCULAR RISK, RENAL 504 00:22:20,788 --> 00:22:22,456 KIDNEY ISSUES AND INTUITIVELY 505 00:22:22,456 --> 00:22:24,225 THE LONGER TIME YOU SPEND IN 506 00:22:24,225 --> 00:22:24,992 SPACE THE HEALTH RISK WILL BE 507 00:22:24,992 --> 00:22:33,701 COMPOUNDED OVER TIME. 508 00:22:33,701 --> 00:22:35,970 AND NOT EVERY ASTRONAUT LOSES 509 00:22:35,970 --> 00:22:37,772 VISION OR DECLINES IN VISION 510 00:22:37,772 --> 00:22:39,874 WHEN IN SPACE AS REPORTED BUT 511 00:22:39,874 --> 00:22:42,944 FOR EXAMPLE WHEN THEY'RE LONGER 512 00:22:42,944 --> 00:22:52,787 IN SPACE SOME GET VISION LOW AND 513 00:22:52,787 --> 00:22:55,256 NO ONE'S GONE BLIND BUT NEED 514 00:22:55,256 --> 00:22:58,459 GLASSES AND HOW IS THIS IMPACTED 515 00:22:58,459 --> 00:23:01,729 IN DEEP SPACE WITH LIKE A YEAR 516 00:23:01,729 --> 00:23:02,496 TRIP TO MARS. 517 00:23:02,496 --> 00:23:07,768 WHICH ASTRONAUTS ARE MORE 518 00:23:07,768 --> 00:23:10,137 INCLINED TO EXPERIENCE THIS THAN 519 00:23:10,137 --> 00:23:11,472 OTHERS AND WHY. 520 00:23:11,472 --> 00:23:13,074 THAT'S BEEN LOOKED AT BECAUSE WE 521 00:23:13,074 --> 00:23:18,346 DON'T WANT OUR ASTRONAUTS TO GO 522 00:23:18,346 --> 00:23:23,284 BLIND AND OTHER ISSUES TOO. 523 00:23:23,284 --> 00:23:24,619 SO HOW DO WE DO THESE 524 00:23:24,619 --> 00:23:27,121 EXPERIMENTS WHEN WE GO TO SPACE? 525 00:23:27,121 --> 00:23:31,626 ONE, YOU CAN SEND EXPERIMENTS TO 526 00:23:31,626 --> 00:23:31,826 SPACE. 527 00:23:31,826 --> 00:23:33,227 THESE ARE MICE ON THE ISS. 528 00:23:33,227 --> 00:23:35,429 THESE ARE VIDEOS OF THEM AND 529 00:23:35,429 --> 00:23:37,131 MICE SENT TO THE ISS. 530 00:23:37,131 --> 00:23:39,300 YOU CAN SEE THEY ENJOY THEIR 531 00:23:39,300 --> 00:23:40,868 TIME UP THERE UNTIL WE 532 00:23:40,868 --> 00:23:43,337 UNFORTUNATELY HAVE TO SACRIFICE 533 00:23:43,337 --> 00:23:49,043 THEM FOR SCIENCE BUT THEY TEND 534 00:23:49,043 --> 00:23:51,545 TO ADAPT VERY WELL AND HAVE A 535 00:23:51,545 --> 00:23:51,846 GOOD TIME. 536 00:23:51,846 --> 00:23:53,714 OF COURSE SENDING EXPERIMENTS UP 537 00:23:53,714 --> 00:23:55,316 LIKE MICE IS EXPENSIVE. 538 00:23:55,316 --> 00:23:56,884 NOT EVERYBODY HAS ACCESS. 539 00:23:56,884 --> 00:24:00,688 IF YOU DON'T HAVE ACCESS ANOTHER 540 00:24:00,688 --> 00:24:04,158 WAY IS A PLACE IN LONG ISLAND 541 00:24:04,158 --> 00:24:06,560 NEW YORK BROOK HAVEN NATIONAL 542 00:24:06,560 --> 00:24:10,531 LABS AND NASA EARLIER ON IN 543 00:24:10,531 --> 00:24:15,269 EARLY 2000s LATE '90s SENT UP 544 00:24:15,269 --> 00:24:16,771 THIS LABORATORY TO PRODUCE THE 545 00:24:16,771 --> 00:24:19,240 HEAVY IONS. 546 00:24:19,240 --> 00:24:21,642 BECAUSE THEY TAKE AT TOMS AND 547 00:24:21,642 --> 00:24:24,111 SMASH THEM AND YOU GET PROTEINS 548 00:24:24,111 --> 00:24:25,913 AND OXYGEN AND THINGS YOU CAN 549 00:24:25,913 --> 00:24:27,548 FIND IN SPACE. 550 00:24:27,548 --> 00:24:29,417 NASA TOOK PART OF THE BEAM AND 551 00:24:29,417 --> 00:24:31,385 MADE THE FACILITY TO PUT MICE, 552 00:24:31,385 --> 00:24:33,688 CELLS, PLANT, ANYTHING YOU WANT 553 00:24:33,688 --> 00:24:35,289 AND RADIATE THEM TO ASSIMILATE 554 00:24:35,289 --> 00:24:36,424 THE DOSES YOU MIGHT GET IN 555 00:24:36,424 --> 00:24:36,824 SPACE. 556 00:24:36,824 --> 00:24:40,761 THOSE ARE THE EXPERIMENTS ME AND 557 00:24:40,761 --> 00:24:42,396 OTHERS WOULD DO. 558 00:24:42,396 --> 00:24:43,731 THEN FOR MICRO GRAVITY THERE'S 559 00:24:43,731 --> 00:24:45,599 NO WAY TO ASSIMILATE IT ON EARTH 560 00:24:45,599 --> 00:24:47,134 BUT PEOPLE HAVE TO DO SOMETHING. 561 00:24:47,134 --> 00:24:52,740 ONE IS THE EXPERIMENT WE DO 562 00:24:52,740 --> 00:24:54,909 WHERE YOU HANG THE MICE BY THE 563 00:24:54,909 --> 00:24:58,579 TAIL AND UNLOADING THE WAIT FOR 564 00:24:58,579 --> 00:25:00,815 TWO OR THREE WEEKS AND GET THE 565 00:25:00,815 --> 00:25:02,350 MUSCLE GENERATION LIKE YOU MIGHT 566 00:25:02,350 --> 00:25:06,253 GET IN SPACE AND YOU SEE SIMILAR 567 00:25:06,253 --> 00:25:08,522 BIOLOGY CHANGE IN MUSCLE TISSUE 568 00:25:08,522 --> 00:25:14,295 OR BONE LOSS AND OTHER MODELS 569 00:25:14,295 --> 00:25:15,296 LIKE WEIGHT BEARING MODELS WHERE 570 00:25:15,296 --> 00:25:18,399 IT'S A HARNESS TO PUT RATS IN 571 00:25:18,399 --> 00:25:20,701 THERE AND ASSIMILATE THE GRAVITY 572 00:25:20,701 --> 00:25:23,371 ON THE MOON OR IN MARS AND SO 573 00:25:23,371 --> 00:25:23,537 ON. 574 00:25:23,537 --> 00:25:24,905 SOMETHING I WON'T TALK ABOUT 575 00:25:24,905 --> 00:25:26,507 TODAY, PEOPLE LAUNCH OTHER 576 00:25:26,507 --> 00:25:28,509 THINGS IN SPACE. 577 00:25:28,509 --> 00:25:32,780 YOU CAN IMAGINE ANY BIOLOGICAL 578 00:25:32,780 --> 00:25:36,717 OR ANIMALS OR SPECIMENS AND 579 00:25:36,717 --> 00:25:41,088 PEOPLE HAVE LAUNCHED WORMS, 580 00:25:41,088 --> 00:25:44,191 ZEBRAFISH, FRUIT FLIES, 581 00:25:44,191 --> 00:25:47,061 DROSOPHILA AND HOW PLANTS MAY 582 00:25:47,061 --> 00:25:50,765 CHANGE IN SPACE AND GROW THEM IN 583 00:25:50,765 --> 00:25:52,400 SPACE TO MAKE SUSTAINABLE FOOD 584 00:25:52,400 --> 00:25:56,437 AND HOW MICROBES CHANGE ON THE 585 00:25:56,437 --> 00:25:58,739 WALLS AND THE GUT MICROBIAL 586 00:25:58,739 --> 00:25:59,240 PROFILES. 587 00:25:59,240 --> 00:26:02,643 THERE'S BEEN STUDIES ON THOSE 588 00:26:02,643 --> 00:26:04,211 TOO AND EVEN FUNGI THAT ADAPT 589 00:26:04,211 --> 00:26:06,046 AND PEOPLE ARE LOOKING AT HOW 590 00:26:06,046 --> 00:26:07,782 THEY ADAPT AND WHY AND HOW THEY 591 00:26:07,782 --> 00:26:17,758 CAN BE USED FOR POSITIVE THINGS. 592 00:26:17,758 --> 00:26:19,727 THERE'S A LOT OF THINGS YOU CAN 593 00:26:19,727 --> 00:26:21,896 CHANGE IN SPACE AND THESE COULD 594 00:26:21,896 --> 00:26:27,968 BE USED IN THE CLINIC. 595 00:26:27,968 --> 00:26:31,872 SPACE AIDS IN AGING AND IT CAN 596 00:26:31,872 --> 00:26:34,375 BE APPLIED BACK TO CLINIC AND 597 00:26:34,375 --> 00:26:37,578 UNDERSTANDING FUNDAMENTAL OF 598 00:26:37,578 --> 00:26:42,283 AGING AND CURE DISEASES OR COME 599 00:26:42,283 --> 00:26:43,017 UP WITH THERAPIES. 600 00:26:43,017 --> 00:26:46,454 IF YOU DON'T HAVE MONEY OR 601 00:26:46,454 --> 00:26:47,321 RESOURCES, NASA CREATED THIS 602 00:26:47,321 --> 00:26:52,426 EARLY ON WHEN I FIRST JOINED 603 00:26:52,426 --> 00:26:54,462 NASA AIMS CALLED GENE LAB THEN 604 00:26:54,462 --> 00:26:56,764 AND NOW CALLED OPEN DATA 605 00:26:56,764 --> 00:26:59,934 PLATFORM AND NOW IT HAS 606 00:26:59,934 --> 00:27:04,205 EVERYTHING UNDER THE SUN RELATED 607 00:27:04,205 --> 00:27:08,108 TO DATA FOR WELLNESS SPACE OR 608 00:27:08,108 --> 00:27:08,709 ASSIMILATED ONES. 609 00:27:08,709 --> 00:27:11,946 A LOT OF MY EXPERIMENTS THAT END 610 00:27:11,946 --> 00:27:15,382 UP ARE HERE AND OTHERS' TOO. 611 00:27:15,382 --> 00:27:18,085 AND THE ANALYSIS IS THE RESOURCE 612 00:27:18,085 --> 00:27:23,357 FOR MICE SENT TO SPACE AND OTHER 613 00:27:23,357 --> 00:27:23,624 ORGANISMS. 614 00:27:23,624 --> 00:27:27,127 THIS SHOWS FOR PEOPLE THAT MAY 615 00:27:27,127 --> 00:27:29,096 HAVE A HYPOTHESIS AND WANT TO 616 00:27:29,096 --> 00:27:30,865 SEE IF IT WORKS. 617 00:27:30,865 --> 00:27:32,766 IT'S A GOOD HYPOTHESIS 618 00:27:32,766 --> 00:27:36,136 GENERATING PLATFORM. 619 00:27:36,136 --> 00:27:39,807 THERE'S A LOT OF PAPER PACKAGES. 620 00:27:39,807 --> 00:27:46,580 ONE WE DID EARLIER IF PEOPLE 621 00:27:46,580 --> 00:27:49,049 WANT TO GET FAMILIAR WITH AND 622 00:27:49,049 --> 00:27:52,786 SOME REVIEWS ARE THERE. 623 00:27:52,786 --> 00:27:55,789 THIS PACKAGE IN 2020 HAD THE 624 00:27:55,789 --> 00:27:57,958 FIRST FOCUS SHOWING 625 00:27:57,958 --> 00:28:02,229 MITOCHONDRIAL WAS KEY I'LL GO 626 00:28:02,229 --> 00:28:03,964 INTO AND IN THE INTRODUCTION 627 00:28:03,964 --> 00:28:06,901 TALKED ABOUT THE OTHER PORTFOLIO 628 00:28:06,901 --> 00:28:12,006 PACKAGE CHRIS AND I DID LAUNCHED 629 00:28:12,006 --> 00:28:14,074 IN JUNE AND RELATED TO 630 00:28:14,074 --> 00:28:14,808 COMMERCIAL MISSIONS. 631 00:28:14,808 --> 00:28:19,847 THIS IS A MISSION CHRIS WAS A 632 00:28:19,847 --> 00:28:23,050 MAIN P.I. ON AND THERE'S 44 633 00:28:23,050 --> 00:28:26,220 PAPERS AND SOME WERE FROM CHRIS 634 00:28:26,220 --> 00:28:36,664 AND I KNOW THERE'S A NEW 635 00:28:41,135 --> 00:28:43,571 DIRECTOR AND IS A NEW SHINING 636 00:28:43,571 --> 00:28:45,439 LIGHT IN SCIENCE AND HE BELIEVES 637 00:28:45,439 --> 00:28:51,679 IN SCIENCE AND WILL MAKE MY PUB 638 00:28:51,679 --> 00:28:56,984 DATA PUBLIC AND USE THE ACCESS 639 00:28:56,984 --> 00:28:58,319 TO SPACE TO CREATE KNOWLEDGE 640 00:28:58,319 --> 00:29:05,259 THAT CAN HELP FUTURE MISSIONS. 641 00:29:05,259 --> 00:29:08,329 AGE WE'LL TALK ABOUT THE 642 00:29:08,329 --> 00:29:11,098 PLATFORM AND IT'S A BEAUTIFUL 643 00:29:11,098 --> 00:29:13,534 PROGRAM AND MINE THE DATA AND 644 00:29:13,534 --> 00:29:15,102 PATHWAYS AND SURE CHRIS WILL 645 00:29:15,102 --> 00:29:17,071 TALK ABOUT THAT. 646 00:29:17,071 --> 00:29:19,206 SO THIS PACKAGE DATA FROM THERE. 647 00:29:19,206 --> 00:29:23,844 ONE THING TO KEEP IN MIND IS THE 648 00:29:23,844 --> 00:29:32,786 ISS IS 420 KILOMETERS AND IF YOU 649 00:29:32,786 --> 00:29:40,327 GO CLOSER THE RADIATION GOES UP 650 00:29:40,327 --> 00:29:46,300 AND THEY GOT HIGHER DOSE KEEP IN 651 00:29:46,300 --> 00:29:49,570 MIND WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE DATA 652 00:29:49,570 --> 00:29:54,775 AND THE DOSES THEY GOT WERE 653 00:29:54,775 --> 00:29:56,010 SOMETHING ELSE TO BE LOOKED AT. 654 00:29:56,010 --> 00:29:59,313 WHAT IS MORE RELEVANT THE 655 00:29:59,313 --> 00:30:00,781 MICROGRAVITY GRAVITY OR THE 656 00:30:00,781 --> 00:30:01,849 SPACE RADIATION. 657 00:30:01,849 --> 00:30:03,651 AND IN THE MISSION SINCE IT'S 658 00:30:03,651 --> 00:30:05,119 ONLY THREE AND A HALF DAYS THE 659 00:30:05,119 --> 00:30:06,086 EFFECTS I'LL SHOW YOU IS 660 00:30:06,086 --> 00:30:09,323 PROBABLY MORE RELATED TO THE 661 00:30:09,323 --> 00:30:10,290 RADIATION EFFECT THAN THE 662 00:30:10,290 --> 00:30:12,126 MICROGRAVITY AND IT HAS IMPACT 663 00:30:12,126 --> 00:30:12,693 BUT IT'S INTERESTING IN MY 664 00:30:12,693 --> 00:30:22,336 OPINION IS THAT. 665 00:30:22,336 --> 00:30:23,937 WE HAVE ANOTHER PAPER COMING OUT 666 00:30:23,937 --> 00:30:26,073 NEXT YEAR IN MARCH AND THIS TIME 667 00:30:26,073 --> 00:30:28,642 IT'S DEEP SPACE AND COUNTER 668 00:30:28,642 --> 00:30:28,909 MEASURES. 669 00:30:28,909 --> 00:30:30,310 A LOT OF IT'S GOING TO BE 670 00:30:30,310 --> 00:30:31,378 FOCUSSED ON CHRIS WHO IS ALSO 671 00:30:31,378 --> 00:30:34,415 THE P.I. ON THE MISSION THAT 672 00:30:34,415 --> 00:30:36,583 HAPPENED LAST SEPTEMBER HE'LL 673 00:30:36,583 --> 00:30:43,057 TALK ABOUT BUT THEY WENT UP AND 674 00:30:43,057 --> 00:30:44,792 WENT PAST FROM THE APOLLO 675 00:30:44,792 --> 00:30:46,493 MISSION AND FIRST TIME WE'RE 676 00:30:46,493 --> 00:30:48,762 GETTING DATA FROM THE AREA OF 677 00:30:48,762 --> 00:30:50,964 SPACE LARGELY UNTOUCHED THROUGH 678 00:30:50,964 --> 00:30:51,732 BIOLOGY. 679 00:30:51,732 --> 00:30:54,201 SO THIS PAPER PACKAGE IS IN THE 680 00:30:54,201 --> 00:30:54,401 WORKS. 681 00:30:54,401 --> 00:30:57,905 IF PEOPLE HAVE PAPER IDEAS OR 682 00:30:57,905 --> 00:31:00,340 SUBMISSIONS, CONTACT US. 683 00:31:00,340 --> 00:31:01,508 GLOBALLY WE SAID THE NATURE 684 00:31:01,508 --> 00:31:03,310 PACKAGE WAS THE LARGEST. 685 00:31:03,310 --> 00:31:13,987 WE HAVE 191 PAPER S PAPERS IN TT 686 00:31:19,860 --> 00:31:21,395 AND WHAT IS THE LARGE PAPER 687 00:31:21,395 --> 00:31:24,798 PACKAGES YOU CAN CREATE THE MATH 688 00:31:24,798 --> 00:31:25,332 EASILY. 689 00:31:25,332 --> 00:31:27,401 IF PEOPLE HAVE IDEAS ON PAPERS 690 00:31:27,401 --> 00:31:29,369 PLEASE CONTACT US AND WE CAN 691 00:31:29,369 --> 00:31:31,038 CREATE THAT MAGIC PILL AND MAKE 692 00:31:31,038 --> 00:31:34,308 IT SAFE FOR EVERYONE. 693 00:31:34,308 --> 00:31:36,777 SPACE ITSELF IS ESTIMATED TO BE 694 00:31:36,777 --> 00:31:39,146 A $2 TRILLION INDUSTRY IN THE 695 00:31:39,146 --> 00:31:42,549 NEXT 10 YEARS, NEXT DECADE. 696 00:31:42,549 --> 00:31:44,284 IT'S ALREADY GROWING PRETTY 697 00:31:44,284 --> 00:31:44,651 RAPIDLY. 698 00:31:44,651 --> 00:31:46,053 THAT'S ANOTHER REASON PEOPLE ARE 699 00:31:46,053 --> 00:31:47,354 INTERESTED IN SPACE BECAUSE 700 00:31:47,354 --> 00:31:49,623 THERE'S SO MANY THINGS TO DO AND 701 00:31:49,623 --> 00:31:51,024 DEFINITELY WE HAVE TO MAKE IT 702 00:31:51,024 --> 00:31:53,293 SAFE FOR PEOPLE TO TRAVEL IN 703 00:31:53,293 --> 00:31:53,494 SPACE. 704 00:31:53,494 --> 00:31:56,130 LET'S GET IN THE MITOCHONDRIAL 705 00:31:56,130 --> 00:32:04,738 PARTICIPANT OF SPACE. 706 00:32:04,738 --> 00:32:07,641 IT PROVIDES 90% OF YOUR BODY'S 707 00:32:07,641 --> 00:32:10,944 ENERGY AND 20% OF THE CELL 708 00:32:10,944 --> 00:32:13,914 VOLUME IS MITOCHONDRIA AND YOUR 709 00:32:13,914 --> 00:32:17,618 BRAIN IS 2% OF YOUR BODY MASS 710 00:32:17,618 --> 00:32:19,853 BUT 20% OF THE MITOCHONDRIA IN 711 00:32:19,853 --> 00:32:20,754 THE BRAIN. 712 00:32:20,754 --> 00:32:23,257 YOU DON'T WANT YOUR MITOCHONDRIA 713 00:32:23,257 --> 00:32:26,527 DAMAGE IN THE BRAIN BECAUSE IT 714 00:32:26,527 --> 00:32:29,296 CAN AFFECT THE COGNITIVE ISSUE 715 00:32:29,296 --> 00:32:34,101 AND IT HAS IN OWN DNA. 716 00:32:34,101 --> 00:32:35,469 MITOCHONDRIA WAS A BACTERIA 717 00:32:35,469 --> 00:32:36,603 PEOPLE THOUGHT AND NATURE 718 00:32:36,603 --> 00:32:40,674 DECIDED OR EVOLUTION DECIDED 719 00:32:40,674 --> 00:32:44,278 IT'S ADVANTAGEOUS FOR ORGANISMS 720 00:32:44,278 --> 00:32:46,680 AND NOW YOU HAVE MITOCHONDRIA 721 00:32:46,680 --> 00:32:57,224 PER CELL THAT CREATE ENERGY AND 722 00:33:00,127 --> 00:33:03,330 THIS IS THE BASIC HEALTHY 723 00:33:03,330 --> 00:33:07,801 FUNCTION OF MITOCHONDRIA AND YOU 724 00:33:07,801 --> 00:33:12,873 CAN PRODUCE ATP AND ENERGY 725 00:33:12,873 --> 00:33:16,276 PRODUCTION AND THEN YOU HAVE 726 00:33:16,276 --> 00:33:19,646 MITOCHONDRIAL DNAs THERE TO 727 00:33:19,646 --> 00:33:26,186 PRODUCE THE ENERGETIC MATERIAL 728 00:33:26,186 --> 00:33:32,759 YOU NEED AND THERE'S RELATED 729 00:33:32,759 --> 00:33:37,064 MITOCHONDRIA DNA AND THEN THE 730 00:33:37,064 --> 00:33:40,200 IMPACT CAN HAPPEN AND YOU KEEP 731 00:33:40,200 --> 00:33:41,401 HEALTHY IN YOUR CELLS. 732 00:33:41,401 --> 00:33:44,538 WHEN THERE'S DISEASE IN THE 733 00:33:44,538 --> 00:33:49,142 BODY, IT'S SOMETIMES STRESSED 734 00:33:49,142 --> 00:33:52,179 AND WE HAVE SPECIES CREATES 735 00:33:52,179 --> 00:34:02,689 CREATING A HYPOXIC AREA AND 736 00:34:02,689 --> 00:34:04,391 METABOLISM GETS IMPACTED AND 737 00:34:04,391 --> 00:34:07,794 IT'S DETRIMENTAL TO YOUR HEALTH 738 00:34:07,794 --> 00:34:09,796 AND START DEVELOPING DISEASES. 739 00:34:09,796 --> 00:34:12,266 OVERSIMPLIFIED VIEW FOR SAKE OF 740 00:34:12,266 --> 00:34:16,770 TIME BUT AGING INCREASES THE 741 00:34:16,770 --> 00:34:19,406 MITOCHONDRIAL MUTATIONS AND THE 742 00:34:19,406 --> 00:34:20,774 ENERGY PRODUCTION GOES DOWN AND 743 00:34:20,774 --> 00:34:22,609 THAT'S ANOTHER THING WITH AGING 744 00:34:22,609 --> 00:34:24,778 THAT'S A BIG PLAYER WITH 745 00:34:24,778 --> 00:34:26,680 MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION ONE OF 746 00:34:26,680 --> 00:34:28,382 THE HALLMARKS OF AGING THAT 747 00:34:28,382 --> 00:34:29,983 HELPS PROMOTE CERTAIN DISEASES 748 00:34:29,983 --> 00:34:30,150 TOO. 749 00:34:30,150 --> 00:34:31,919 THAT'S THE PARALLEL YOU'LL SEE A 750 00:34:31,919 --> 00:34:32,653 LOT WHEN I SHOW YOU THE DATA IN 751 00:34:32,653 --> 00:34:39,126 SPACE. 752 00:34:39,126 --> 00:34:42,062 MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASES ARE 753 00:34:42,062 --> 00:34:44,398 PASSED DOWN AND ONE DISCOVERED 754 00:34:44,398 --> 00:34:46,600 IN THE '80 WAS SHOWN TO BE 755 00:34:46,600 --> 00:34:49,236 PASSED DOWN BY THE MOTHER. 756 00:34:49,236 --> 00:34:53,473 NUCLEAR DNA PASSED BY BOTH. 757 00:34:53,473 --> 00:34:56,109 MITOCHONDRIAL CHANGES AND WOMEN 758 00:34:56,109 --> 00:34:58,478 ARE THE KEY AND MITOCHONDRIAL 759 00:34:58,478 --> 00:35:00,113 MUTATION THAT HAPPENS WITHIN THE 760 00:35:00,113 --> 00:35:01,415 MATERNAL SIDE WILL BE PASSED 761 00:35:01,415 --> 00:35:01,615 DOWN. 762 00:35:01,615 --> 00:35:03,417 SO IMAGINE IN SPACE IF YOU ARE 763 00:35:03,417 --> 00:35:07,087 EXPOSED TO THESE ELEMENTS AND 764 00:35:07,087 --> 00:35:08,755 GET IMPACTED BY MITOCHONDRIAL 765 00:35:08,755 --> 00:35:11,224 DNA MUTATIONS OCCUR AND THE 766 00:35:11,224 --> 00:35:12,793 WOMAN COMES BACK TO EARTH AND 767 00:35:12,793 --> 00:35:15,796 WANTS TO HAVE KIDS AND THAT 768 00:35:15,796 --> 00:35:17,030 COULD BE PASSED DOWN TO YOUR 769 00:35:17,030 --> 00:35:17,664 CHILDREN SO WE SHOULD LOOK OUT 770 00:35:17,664 --> 00:35:22,803 FOR THAT. 771 00:35:22,803 --> 00:35:24,471 AND ALMOST EVERY DISEASE AND 772 00:35:24,471 --> 00:35:27,307 ORGAN IN YOUR BODY CAN BE 773 00:35:27,307 --> 00:35:35,482 IMPACTED AND SIMILAR TO WHAT 774 00:35:35,482 --> 00:35:35,882 HAPPENS IN SPACE. 775 00:35:35,882 --> 00:35:37,751 YOU SEE THERE'S IT MITOCHONDRIAL 776 00:35:37,751 --> 00:35:38,018 DISEASES. 777 00:35:38,018 --> 00:35:41,488 THE FIRST PAPER WE WORKED ON 778 00:35:41,488 --> 00:35:52,032 HERE IN THE FIRST CELL PACKAGE 779 00:35:52,833 --> 00:35:59,106 AND WE HAD ANALYSIS WORKING 780 00:35:59,106 --> 00:36:01,341 GROUPS LED BY DIFFERENT PEOPLE 781 00:36:01,341 --> 00:36:05,045 IN THE MULTI-OMICS GROUP ANYONE 782 00:36:05,045 --> 00:36:08,382 CAN JOIN AND THIS IS A PROJECT 783 00:36:08,382 --> 00:36:10,884 THAT TURNED OUT TO BE A HIGH 784 00:36:10,884 --> 00:36:14,755 IMPACT PAPER AND IS THERE A 785 00:36:14,755 --> 00:36:16,990 MASTER REGULATOR AND SWITCH BUT 786 00:36:16,990 --> 00:36:18,458 EVERYONE WENT TO THE GENE LAB 787 00:36:18,458 --> 00:36:20,160 AND NOW IT'S THE OPEN DATA 788 00:36:20,160 --> 00:36:20,761 SCIENCE PLATFORM AND THE DATA 789 00:36:20,761 --> 00:36:28,735 WAS AVAILABLE AT THE TIME. 790 00:36:28,735 --> 00:36:32,039 LOOKED AT METABOLOMICS AND 791 00:36:32,039 --> 00:36:34,741 LOOKED AT THE ORGANS AND THE TOP 792 00:36:34,741 --> 00:36:41,348 HIT WAS MITOCHONDRIA. 793 00:36:41,348 --> 00:36:44,751 WE LOOKED AT DOWN STREAM IMPACT 794 00:36:44,751 --> 00:36:49,056 AND THAT WAS THE CASE AND WE HAD 795 00:36:49,056 --> 00:36:57,964 FROM OUR COLLABORATORS WE LOOK 796 00:36:57,964 --> 00:37:01,835 AT MARKERS CIRCLING IN THE BLOOD 797 00:37:01,835 --> 00:37:05,472 OR URINE WITH IMMUNE FUNCTIONS 798 00:37:05,472 --> 00:37:11,478 THAT INDEED WERE CONFIRMATORY 799 00:37:11,478 --> 00:37:14,848 FROM ASTRONAUTS. 800 00:37:14,848 --> 00:37:18,385 THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES OF 801 00:37:18,385 --> 00:37:25,592 SCIENCE LOOKED AT THIS AND THEY 802 00:37:25,592 --> 00:37:27,727 TALK ABOUT MITOCHONDRIA AS 803 00:37:27,727 --> 00:37:29,162 SOMETHING PEOPLE SHOULD LOOK AT 804 00:37:29,162 --> 00:37:32,199 IN THE NEXT 10 YEARS. 805 00:37:32,199 --> 00:37:33,467 THAT WAS NICE TO SEE. 806 00:37:33,467 --> 00:37:36,136 NOW WE'VE DONE THIS REALLY IN 807 00:37:36,136 --> 00:37:37,304 DEPTH ANALYSIS AND CHRIS IS 808 00:37:37,304 --> 00:37:38,472 INVOLVED IN THIS AND OTHER 809 00:37:38,472 --> 00:37:39,773 FOLKS. 810 00:37:39,773 --> 00:37:41,875 THESE ARE SOME OF THE PEOPLE. 811 00:37:41,875 --> 00:37:48,815 THERE'S ABOUT 50 AUTHORS AND 812 00:37:48,815 --> 00:37:52,486 THIS IS CALLED SPACE 813 00:37:52,486 --> 00:37:54,054 MITOCHONDRIA 2.0 AND WE'LL SEE 814 00:37:54,054 --> 00:38:00,460 IF I CAN SNEAK THE TITLE IN. 815 00:38:00,460 --> 00:38:03,563 I DO LOTS OF OTHER WORKS AND 816 00:38:03,563 --> 00:38:07,601 CREATE PATHWAYS RELATED TO OUR 817 00:38:07,601 --> 00:38:09,536 LONG COVID WORK AND THERE'S 818 00:38:09,536 --> 00:38:11,505 PATHWAYS AVAILABLE FROM 819 00:38:11,505 --> 00:38:13,707 MITOCHONDRIA AND WE APPLIED 820 00:38:13,707 --> 00:38:14,674 THESE PATHWAYS AND PIPELINES TO 821 00:38:14,674 --> 00:38:23,950 THIS WORK HERE. 822 00:38:23,950 --> 00:38:26,486 WOE WANT TO THE NASA OPEN DATA 823 00:38:26,486 --> 00:38:27,888 PLATFORM AND THEY HAVE MORE DATA 824 00:38:27,888 --> 00:38:29,456 SETS AVAILABLE PREVIOUSLY FROM 825 00:38:29,456 --> 00:38:30,557 FIVE YEARS AGO THAT WASN'T 826 00:38:30,557 --> 00:38:31,858 THERE. 827 00:38:31,858 --> 00:38:33,360 WE MINED EVERYTHING AND WANTED 828 00:38:33,360 --> 00:38:36,229 TO LOOK AT ALL ORGANISMS. 829 00:38:36,229 --> 00:38:40,800 SO THERE'S ALL THESE MISSIONS 830 00:38:40,800 --> 00:38:45,939 FROM DIFFERENT STRAINS FROM MICE 831 00:38:45,939 --> 00:38:48,408 UP IN THE ISS AND THEN RETURNED 832 00:38:48,408 --> 00:38:51,745 TO EARTH FOR DIFFERENT DURATIONS 833 00:38:51,745 --> 00:38:55,148 UP TO 30 DAYS. 834 00:38:55,148 --> 00:38:58,051 AND OLD SHUTTLE MISSIONS AND 835 00:38:58,051 --> 00:38:59,853 DURATIONS YOU SEE THE EQUIVALENT 836 00:38:59,853 --> 00:39:01,688 WE GOT. 837 00:39:01,688 --> 00:39:03,023 ONE THING THAT STRATIFIED THIS 838 00:39:03,023 --> 00:39:05,859 DEPENDING ON THE ORGAN YOU HAVE 839 00:39:05,859 --> 00:39:06,193 SENSITIVITIES. 840 00:39:06,193 --> 00:39:08,328 FOR EXAMPLE YOUR MUSCLE OR BONES 841 00:39:08,328 --> 00:39:11,331 ARE MORE RADIO RESISTANT DUE TO 842 00:39:11,331 --> 00:39:16,436 DENSITY AND OTHER FACTORS. 843 00:39:16,436 --> 00:39:18,205 THERE'S IMMUNE CELLS, SPLEEN AND 844 00:39:18,205 --> 00:39:19,773 SKIN AND EYES. 845 00:39:19,773 --> 00:39:21,741 WE CATEGORIZED WHAT YOU'LL SEE 846 00:39:21,741 --> 00:39:24,778 HERE AND GOT REVIEWER COMMENTS 847 00:39:24,778 --> 00:39:30,550 BACK AND OVER ALL IT SEEMS IT 848 00:39:30,550 --> 00:39:35,522 MAY BE TOO DEEP SO WE'RE REP 849 00:39:35,522 --> 00:39:37,557 REPRODING THEM BUT WE'RE STUCK 850 00:39:37,557 --> 00:39:46,866 WITH THIS FOR NOW. 851 00:39:46,866 --> 00:39:57,644 WE'LL SHOW EX-PHPHOS IS SUPPRES 852 00:39:57,644 --> 00:40:00,780 IN SPACE AND YOU SEE THE 853 00:40:00,780 --> 00:40:02,349 METABOLIC FACTORS AND THERE'S 854 00:40:02,349 --> 00:40:05,218 THINGS RELATED TO CALCIUM 855 00:40:05,218 --> 00:40:06,786 SIGNALLING CREATING THE SPECIES 856 00:40:06,786 --> 00:40:07,854 AND CONTRIBUTE TO THAT FURTHER. 857 00:40:07,854 --> 00:40:14,494 AND YOU'LL SEE ONCE THAT HAPPENS 858 00:40:14,494 --> 00:40:18,398 HYPOXIA GOES UP AND METABOLISM 859 00:40:18,398 --> 00:40:20,834 ACTIVITY GETS RANDOM LIKE CANCER 860 00:40:20,834 --> 00:40:25,438 BIOLOGY WHICH MOST PEOPLE KNOW. 861 00:40:25,438 --> 00:40:26,506 CANCER RISK IS ONE THING PEOPLE 862 00:40:26,506 --> 00:40:32,412 ARE WORRIED ABOUT TOO. 863 00:40:32,412 --> 00:40:35,081 THEN DOWN STREAM THE IMMUNE 864 00:40:35,081 --> 00:40:36,249 SYSTEM GETS DYSREGULATED. 865 00:40:36,249 --> 00:40:37,851 THIS IS WHAT WE SEE WHEN WE LOOK 866 00:40:37,851 --> 00:40:40,020 AT THE DATA. 867 00:40:40,020 --> 00:40:41,588 WITH ALL THE DATA WHICH I'M NOT 868 00:40:41,588 --> 00:40:42,555 GOING TO SHOW YOU. 869 00:40:42,555 --> 00:40:45,358 WE DID PROTEOMIC AND METHYLATION 870 00:40:45,358 --> 00:40:45,959 AND OTHER THINGS. 871 00:40:45,959 --> 00:40:49,362 I'LL SHOW HIGHLIGHTS DUE TO SAKE 872 00:40:49,362 --> 00:40:52,132 OF TIME SINCE I'M ALMOST AT THE 873 00:40:52,132 --> 00:40:54,901 END BUT I'LL GO THROUGH IT 874 00:40:54,901 --> 00:40:55,302 QUICKLY. 875 00:40:55,302 --> 00:40:59,072 WHEN YOU LOOK AT RADIATION 876 00:40:59,072 --> 00:40:59,906 RESISTANT TISSUE LIKE MUSCLE 877 00:40:59,906 --> 00:41:04,644 THESE WERE THE MICE IN ISS. 878 00:41:04,644 --> 00:41:08,281 THE LONGER YOU'RE IN SPACE YOU 879 00:41:08,281 --> 00:41:10,750 SEE THE EXPRESSION AND THIS IS 880 00:41:10,750 --> 00:41:12,819 EXPHOS AND THIS IS LOOKING AT 881 00:41:12,819 --> 00:41:23,129 PATHWAY ANALYSIS. 882 00:41:23,496 --> 00:41:26,966 THERE'S A VERSION WHERE YOU SEE 883 00:41:26,966 --> 00:41:28,835 THE EXPRESSION HAPPENING, GREEN 884 00:41:28,835 --> 00:41:33,473 OR PURPLE AND MAGENTA MEANS 885 00:41:33,473 --> 00:41:33,873 UPREGULATED. 886 00:41:33,873 --> 00:41:37,444 WE HAVE THE MITOCHONDRIA AND THE 887 00:41:37,444 --> 00:41:39,546 PATHWAY WE CAN GET THE OVER ALL 888 00:41:39,546 --> 00:41:39,746 VIEW. 889 00:41:39,746 --> 00:41:41,915 WE SEE INDEED THE LONGER THEY'RE 890 00:41:41,915 --> 00:41:46,653 IN SPACE WE SEE MORE SUPPRESSION 891 00:41:46,653 --> 00:41:48,054 IN THE MUSCLE AND 30 DAYS 892 00:41:48,054 --> 00:41:48,788 AFTERWARDS WE SEE THAT 893 00:41:48,788 --> 00:41:52,058 HAPPENING. 894 00:41:52,058 --> 00:41:56,629 THEN WE HAVE HYPOXIC EVENTS AND 895 00:41:56,629 --> 00:41:56,963 DYSREGULATING. 896 00:41:56,963 --> 00:42:01,768 WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE INTERMEDIUM 897 00:42:01,768 --> 00:42:03,770 RESISTANT ONES AND LONGER IN 898 00:42:03,770 --> 00:42:06,439 SPACE MORE SUPPRESSION HAPPENING 899 00:42:06,439 --> 00:42:10,410 AND START TO SEE THE BODY 900 00:42:10,410 --> 00:42:13,546 BECOMING DYSREGULATED AND THEN 901 00:42:13,546 --> 00:42:15,949 THE SUPPRESSION OF MITOCHONDRIA 902 00:42:15,949 --> 00:42:17,617 HAPPENS AND SUSTAINED WHEN THEY 903 00:42:17,617 --> 00:42:27,894 RETURN TO EARTH. 904 00:42:34,467 --> 00:42:37,237 AND IT WAS THOUGHT TO BE DUE TO 905 00:42:37,237 --> 00:42:39,506 THE PHYSICAL IMPACT OF HAVING NO 906 00:42:39,506 --> 00:42:40,206 GRAVITY. 907 00:42:40,206 --> 00:42:44,778 WE KNOW FROM CLINICAL DATA FROM 908 00:42:44,778 --> 00:42:46,246 MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASES CAN CAUSE 909 00:42:46,246 --> 00:42:47,614 BLINDNESS DUE TO THE 910 00:42:47,614 --> 00:42:48,448 MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION. 911 00:42:48,448 --> 00:42:49,582 I THINK THAT WILL BE SOMETHING 912 00:42:49,582 --> 00:42:52,786 WE'LL START SHOWING IS MORE AND 913 00:42:52,786 --> 00:42:56,756 MORE THE CASE AND THEN THE 914 00:42:56,756 --> 00:42:59,626 PHYSICAL IMPACT WILL MAKE IT 915 00:42:59,626 --> 00:43:04,431 PROGRESS FURTHER. 916 00:43:04,431 --> 00:43:07,901 THIS IS LOW DOSE SUMMARY LOOKING 917 00:43:07,901 --> 00:43:09,636 HOW THE ORGANS CHANGE. 918 00:43:09,636 --> 00:43:11,371 THE HIGHER THE DOSE THE MORE 919 00:43:11,371 --> 00:43:12,806 EXPRESSION OF MITOCHONDRIA ORE 920 00:43:12,806 --> 00:43:15,375 TIME AND THIS IS THE LONG 921 00:43:15,375 --> 00:43:16,376 LASTING AFFECT THAT HAPPENS. 922 00:43:16,376 --> 00:43:22,315 SO FOR THE SAKE OF TIME, THIS 923 00:43:22,315 --> 00:43:26,252 OUTLINES THE OVER ALL DATA WHERE 924 00:43:26,252 --> 00:43:28,788 THE MAIN DIFFERENCE THE 925 00:43:28,788 --> 00:43:30,857 SIMILARITIES HAPPEN WHETHER 926 00:43:30,857 --> 00:43:33,760 YOU'RE RADIO RESISTANT TISSUES 927 00:43:33,760 --> 00:43:37,096 AND WHAT HAPPENS BETWEEN THE 928 00:43:37,096 --> 00:43:47,640 RADIO -- RADIO SENSITIVE TISSUE 929 00:43:47,974 --> 00:43:51,044 VERSUS THE RADIO RESISTANT 930 00:43:51,044 --> 00:43:54,914 TISSUE IS THE EXPHOS TISSUES ARE 931 00:43:54,914 --> 00:43:56,883 BEING SUPPRESSED AND THAT WAS 932 00:43:56,883 --> 00:44:06,392 INTERESTING TO SEE. 933 00:44:06,392 --> 00:44:10,063 DID THEY GET COOKED AND THEY GOT 934 00:44:10,063 --> 00:44:14,534 4.7 MILLIGRADE WHICH IS HIGHER 935 00:44:14,534 --> 00:44:18,705 THAN THREE DAYS IF YOU'RE ON THE 936 00:44:18,705 --> 00:44:21,841 ISS FOR A MONTH YOU GET HALF THE 937 00:44:21,841 --> 00:44:23,610 DOSE IN THREE DAYS WHICH IS 938 00:44:23,610 --> 00:44:26,346 INTERESTING. 939 00:44:26,346 --> 00:44:28,781 THEY HAD AN 87 DAY RECOVERY TIME 940 00:44:28,781 --> 00:44:30,850 AND LONGER THAFT. 941 00:44:30,850 --> 00:44:32,452 -- LONGER AFTER THAT. 942 00:44:32,452 --> 00:44:33,786 AND THERE'S MITOCHONDRIAL 943 00:44:33,786 --> 00:44:34,721 DYSFUNCTION THAT HAPPENS FROM 944 00:44:34,721 --> 00:44:40,393 ONE DAY COMING BACK COMPARED TO 945 00:44:40,393 --> 00:44:41,427 THEIR BASELINE LEVELS BEFORE 946 00:44:41,427 --> 00:44:43,530 FLIGHT AND FROM 82 DAYS. 947 00:44:43,530 --> 00:44:46,065 OVER ALL WHEN YOU LOOK AT SINGLE 948 00:44:46,065 --> 00:44:49,335 CELL ANALYSIS OVER THE CELL 949 00:44:49,335 --> 00:44:51,671 TYPES YOU SEE IMMUNE AND 950 00:44:51,671 --> 00:44:53,172 EXPRESSION HAPPENS AND THIS 951 00:44:53,172 --> 00:44:58,878 SHOWS THE PATHWAYS COMPARED TO 952 00:44:58,878 --> 00:45:00,780 PREFLIGHT AND IF IT'S BLUE IT'S 953 00:45:00,780 --> 00:45:04,317 TO THE SIDE OF THE ACCESS AND 954 00:45:04,317 --> 00:45:04,617 SUPPRESSED. 955 00:45:04,617 --> 00:45:08,621 AND THE MONOCYTES AFTER 82 DAYS 956 00:45:08,621 --> 00:45:13,226 ARE HEAVILY IMPACTED SO QUE HAD 957 00:45:13,226 --> 00:45:15,662 TO ASK THEY PROBABLY DIDN'T 958 00:45:15,662 --> 00:45:17,030 ADMIT THEY WERE TIRED BUT 959 00:45:17,030 --> 00:45:21,701 PROBABLY HAD SOME FATIGUE OR 960 00:45:21,701 --> 00:45:23,369 SOME MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION 961 00:45:23,369 --> 00:45:25,438 HAPPENING. 962 00:45:25,438 --> 00:45:31,744 THIS I'LL GLANCE OVER BECAUSE WE 963 00:45:31,744 --> 00:45:35,148 SAW IN CHRIS'S LAB LOOKING AT 964 00:45:35,148 --> 00:45:38,284 THE SPECIFIC MITOCHONDRIAL GENES 965 00:45:38,284 --> 00:45:42,855 RELATED FOR EXAMPLE ARE 966 00:45:42,855 --> 00:45:43,890 SUSTAINING WITH 82 DAYS LONG 967 00:45:43,890 --> 00:45:45,658 TERM AFTER THEY'VE COME BACK. 968 00:45:45,658 --> 00:45:48,394 THIS IS PROBABLY SUSTAINED 969 00:45:48,394 --> 00:45:49,929 REMODELLING IN THE CHROMATIN 970 00:45:49,929 --> 00:45:52,065 IMPACTING BIO GENESIS. 971 00:45:52,065 --> 00:45:55,335 THAT IS SOMETHING THAT HAPPENED. 972 00:45:55,335 --> 00:45:57,170 WE SAW THAT IN THE EPIGENETIC 973 00:45:57,170 --> 00:46:00,873 LEVEL AND DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF 974 00:46:00,873 --> 00:46:01,074 SPACE. 975 00:46:01,074 --> 00:46:03,910 AND ONE LAST THING IS THE 976 00:46:03,910 --> 00:46:05,511 MITOCHONDRIAL DNA IS A MARKER OF 977 00:46:05,511 --> 00:46:09,115 THE SPACE HEALTH AND THIS IS A 978 00:46:09,115 --> 00:46:11,985 120 DAY MISSION IN THE ISS AND 979 00:46:11,985 --> 00:46:16,856 HAD DATA POINTS FOR 160 POINTS 980 00:46:16,856 --> 00:46:26,232 LATER AND WE LOOKED AT THE 981 00:46:26,232 --> 00:46:31,871 MITOCHONDRIAL DNA IN THE 982 00:46:31,871 --> 00:46:33,172 ASTRONAUTS AND DURING THE 983 00:46:33,172 --> 00:46:35,041 MISSION YOU SEE HEAVY 984 00:46:35,041 --> 00:46:36,676 UPREGULATION OF MITOCHONDRIAL 985 00:46:36,676 --> 00:46:37,043 DNA. 986 00:46:37,043 --> 00:46:39,445 WHEN THEY COME BACK NO MATTER 987 00:46:39,445 --> 00:46:40,747 THE MISSION THEY HAVE 988 00:46:40,747 --> 00:46:41,180 SUPPRESSION HAPPEN. 989 00:46:41,180 --> 00:46:45,852 MY HYPOTHESIS IS INDEED ONE 990 00:46:45,852 --> 00:46:56,062 THING IS METAPHAGY IS 991 00:46:56,062 --> 00:47:01,100 DYSREGULATED IN SPACE AND IT 992 00:47:01,100 --> 00:47:03,102 DIDN'T GO THROUGH THE REGULAR 993 00:47:03,102 --> 00:47:06,472 PROCESS OF YOUR BODY CLEARING IT 994 00:47:06,472 --> 00:47:09,108 OUT. 995 00:47:09,108 --> 00:47:11,277 IT CAUSES DYSREGULATION AND THEN 996 00:47:11,277 --> 00:47:15,214 WE SEE THE TRUE SUPPRESSION 997 00:47:15,214 --> 00:47:15,648 HAPPENING LONG TERM. 998 00:47:15,648 --> 00:47:17,417 IT'S NOT ALL GLOOM AND DOOM. 999 00:47:17,417 --> 00:47:21,120 ARE THERE PROTECTIVE COUNTER 1000 00:47:21,120 --> 00:47:21,587 MEASURES? 1001 00:47:21,587 --> 00:47:27,193 THERE MIGHT BE. 1002 00:47:27,193 --> 00:47:30,897 THERE'S A SUPPLEMENT THAT MIGHT 1003 00:47:30,897 --> 00:47:34,233 MITIGATION AND THERE'S A NATURAL 1004 00:47:34,233 --> 00:47:39,238 FLA 1005 00:47:39,238 --> 00:47:43,209 FLAVINOID OF THINGS YOU HE'D AND 1006 00:47:43,209 --> 00:47:45,344 BLUEBERRIES AND TOP GREEN LEAF 1007 00:47:45,344 --> 00:47:48,781 VEGETABLES IS WATER CRESS. 1008 00:47:48,781 --> 00:47:59,225 IT CONTAINS A LOT OF THE 1009 00:48:15,575 --> 00:48:18,644 KAEMPFEROL AND FROM THE 1010 00:48:18,644 --> 00:48:22,181 ASSIMILATED MICE EXPERIMENTS WE 1011 00:48:22,181 --> 00:48:24,717 LOOKED AT THE LIVERS WITH IT BY 1012 00:48:24,717 --> 00:48:25,952 ITSELF NO CHANGE IN THE LIVER 1013 00:48:25,952 --> 00:48:27,653 WEIGHTS BUT WHEN YOU GIVE THE 1014 00:48:27,653 --> 00:48:29,122 RADIATION YOU GET SIGNIFICANT 1015 00:48:29,122 --> 00:48:32,158 REDUCTION IN LIVER WEIGHTS WHICH 1016 00:48:32,158 --> 00:48:35,194 IS USUALLY BASED ON DISEASES. 1017 00:48:35,194 --> 00:48:39,265 THIS IS AN IMPLICATIONS IF YOU 1018 00:48:39,265 --> 00:48:40,566 HAD FATTY LIVER DISEASE AND HAVE 1019 00:48:40,566 --> 00:48:44,370 A DECLINE AND YOU SEE THIS A 1020 00:48:44,370 --> 00:48:46,939 WEEK AFTER BUT THE DOVE DEF 1021 00:48:51,377 --> 00:49:01,821 BUT THE KAEMPFEROL BEFORE AND 1022 00:49:05,124 --> 00:49:08,294 THEY START RECOVERING BACK TO 1023 00:49:08,294 --> 00:49:11,664 NORMAL LOOKING AT DIFFERENT 1024 00:49:11,664 --> 00:49:15,968 LIVER PRODUCTION AND SAME 1025 00:49:15,968 --> 00:49:17,703 PATTERNS WITH DRUG ABSORPTION 1026 00:49:17,703 --> 00:49:20,306 ACTIVITY IN THE ORGANOIDS AND 1027 00:49:20,306 --> 00:49:30,783 YOU RECOVER BACK TO NORMAL. 1028 00:49:32,151 --> 00:49:33,352 AND YOU SEE A GREAT RESPONSE 1029 00:49:33,352 --> 00:49:35,788 FROM THE THREE WEEKS WE GOT THE 1030 00:49:35,788 --> 00:49:45,898 MICE. 1031 00:49:57,210 --> 00:50:00,446 AND FUTURE WORK IS WE'RE LOOKING 1032 00:50:00,446 --> 00:50:02,682 AT ME MOON DOSE AND HOW THAT 1033 00:50:02,682 --> 00:50:05,785 IMPACTS THE MOON MISSION BECAUSE 1034 00:50:05,785 --> 00:50:10,389 THE MOON HAS VERY FINE POWDER 1035 00:50:10,389 --> 00:50:11,591 WHEN ONCE IT GETS IN THE SUIT 1036 00:50:11,591 --> 00:50:13,392 YOU BREATHE IT AND HOW DOES THAT 1037 00:50:13,392 --> 00:50:14,594 IMPACT YOUR BIOLOGY AND THAT'S 1038 00:50:14,594 --> 00:50:17,230 MORE TO COME. 1039 00:50:17,230 --> 00:50:24,937 THAT'S IT. 1040 00:50:24,937 --> 00:50:26,305 >> YOU TALKED JUST THE RIGHT 1041 00:50:26,305 --> 00:50:27,773 LENGTH OF TIME. 1042 00:50:27,773 --> 00:50:30,376 THAT WAS FANTASTIC. 1043 00:50:30,376 --> 00:50:31,978 VERY ENJOYABLE. 1044 00:50:31,978 --> 00:50:35,681 WE'LL GO RIGHT TO CHRIS'S 1045 00:50:35,681 --> 00:50:38,117 PRESENTATION. 1046 00:50:38,117 --> 00:50:40,786 AND THEN WE'LL HAVE THE Q&A 1047 00:50:40,786 --> 00:50:42,788 AFTERW 1048 00:50:42,788 --> 00:50:43,089 AFTERWARDS. 1049 00:50:43,089 --> 00:50:43,789 CHRIS, TAKE IT AWAY. 1050 00:50:43,789 --> 00:50:46,025 >> CAN YOU SEE AND HEAR ME OKAY. 1051 00:50:46,025 --> 00:50:47,693 IS IT COMING THROUGH ALL RIGHT? 1052 00:50:47,693 --> 00:50:49,061 >> YES, WE CAN HEAR YOU. 1053 00:50:49,061 --> 00:50:56,168 >> GREAT. 1054 00:50:56,168 --> 00:51:05,811 IT SETS THE STAGE PERFECTLY AND 1055 00:51:05,811 --> 00:51:16,355 AND THE BACKGROUND AND OUR LAB 1056 00:51:19,558 --> 00:51:21,527 LOOKS SOME OF THE QUESTIONS AND 1057 00:51:21,527 --> 00:51:23,763 YOU CAN SEE THE SLIDES AND HEAR 1058 00:51:23,763 --> 00:51:24,196 ME OKAY. 1059 00:51:24,196 --> 00:51:28,768 >> NO SLIDES BUT THE VOLUME IS 1060 00:51:28,768 --> 00:51:38,878 FINE. 1061 00:51:54,527 --> 00:51:55,561 >> SO THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR 1062 00:51:55,561 --> 00:51:55,928 HAVING ME. 1063 00:51:55,928 --> 00:51:59,765 IT'S A PLEASURE TO BE HERE AND 1064 00:51:59,765 --> 00:52:10,276 REALLY EXCITED TO AND IT'S A 1065 00:52:14,046 --> 00:52:15,381 DIFFERENT ERA AND WALK YOU 1066 00:52:15,381 --> 00:52:16,615 THROUGH THE WORK WE'VE DONE FROM 1067 00:52:16,615 --> 00:52:17,984 DIFFERENT MISSIONS AN DATA SETS 1068 00:52:17,984 --> 00:52:20,753 AND TOOLS AND IMPACT AND PLANS 1069 00:52:20,753 --> 00:52:22,922 LOOKING AHEAD. 1070 00:52:22,922 --> 00:52:24,590 FIRST, IT'S WORTH NOTING THERE'S 1071 00:52:24,590 --> 00:52:29,228 A PLAN TO MAKE HUMANS AND 1072 00:52:29,228 --> 00:52:29,929 INTERPLANETARY SPECIES AND THE 1073 00:52:29,929 --> 00:52:32,098 HOPE AND DREAM IS WE HAVE A 1074 00:52:32,098 --> 00:52:34,000 CONTINUAL EXCHANGE OF SCIENCE 1075 00:52:34,000 --> 00:52:35,301 AND TECHNOLOGY AND NEIGHBORING 1076 00:52:35,301 --> 00:52:36,602 EXPIRATION BETWEEN OUR PLANETS 1077 00:52:36,602 --> 00:52:38,404 AND THIS IS A NICE RENDERING OF 1078 00:52:38,404 --> 00:52:40,006 WHAT WE HOPE WILL HAPPEN OVER 1079 00:52:40,006 --> 00:52:41,874 THE COMING DECADES. 1080 00:52:41,874 --> 00:52:52,418 AND ORIGINALLY THOUGHT IT'D BE 1081 00:52:57,323 --> 00:53:00,026 '29 AND THEN MAYBE '30s AND LAST 1082 00:53:00,026 --> 00:53:02,194 FALL THERE WAS A NEW DISCUSSION 1083 00:53:02,194 --> 00:53:04,764 WE MIGHT GET THE FIRST UNCREWED 1084 00:53:04,764 --> 00:53:07,199 STAR SHIP TO GO TO MARS MAYBE 1085 00:53:07,199 --> 00:53:08,768 NEXT YEAR AND FIRST CREWED 1086 00:53:08,768 --> 00:53:10,736 FLIGHTS TO MARS COULD HAPPEN 1087 00:53:10,736 --> 00:53:13,372 WITHIN THREE TO FOUR YEARS 1088 00:53:13,372 --> 00:53:14,407 POTENTIALLY. 1089 00:53:14,407 --> 00:53:15,241 THERE'S EXCITING AND THERE'S 1090 00:53:15,241 --> 00:53:17,309 SOME TWEETS ABOUT WHAT COULD 1091 00:53:17,309 --> 00:53:23,783 HAPPEN BUT IT DOES DEPEND ON US 1092 00:53:23,783 --> 00:53:26,619 HAVING A SELF-SUSTAINING CITY ON 1093 00:53:26,619 --> 00:53:32,224 MARS AND THESE GOALS ARE VERY 1094 00:53:32,224 --> 00:53:33,292 AMBITIOUS. 1095 00:53:33,292 --> 00:53:37,630 SOME WILL SAY IT WILL TAKE 10 1096 00:53:37,630 --> 00:53:39,899 TIMES LONGER BUT UNTIL RECENTLY 1097 00:53:39,899 --> 00:53:40,499 IT WASN'T POSSIBLE. 1098 00:53:40,499 --> 00:53:43,035 WE LOOKED AT THE HISTORY OF 1099 00:53:43,035 --> 00:53:44,770 SPACE FLIGHT AND OBJECTS AND 1100 00:53:44,770 --> 00:53:49,408 GRUZ LAU OBJECTS AND CREWS AND 1101 00:53:49,408 --> 00:53:51,610 THERE'S BEEN A NUMBER OF OBJECTS 1102 00:53:51,610 --> 00:53:53,979 AND CREWS LAUNCHED INTO SPACE. 1103 00:53:53,979 --> 00:54:00,753 YOU SEE 1957 WAS SPUTNIK AND IT 1104 00:54:00,753 --> 00:54:04,723 WAS A SLOW CADENCE OF LAUNCHES 1105 00:54:04,723 --> 00:54:07,726 PER YEAR ACROSS THE WORLD AND 1106 00:54:07,726 --> 00:54:11,230 RECENTLY THE ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE 1107 00:54:11,230 --> 00:54:13,866 HIGHER AND LED BY SPACEX. 1108 00:54:13,866 --> 00:54:16,969 MAYBE IT'S POSSIBLE BECAUSE 1109 00:54:16,969 --> 00:54:20,506 THERE'S WHERE WE COULD IMAGINE 1110 00:54:20,506 --> 00:54:22,508 GETTING OUT IN THE MOON AND MARS 1111 00:54:22,508 --> 00:54:25,711 AND OTHER AMBITIOUS MISSION. 1112 00:54:25,711 --> 00:54:31,917 YOU HEARD CAN THE BODY SURVIVE 1113 00:54:31,917 --> 00:54:35,254 THE TRIP AND THERE'S A NICE 1114 00:54:35,254 --> 00:54:38,924 RENDERING AND SOME OF THE RISKS 1115 00:54:38,924 --> 00:54:43,696 WE DO KNOW ALREADY. 1116 00:54:43,696 --> 00:54:46,765 AND SOME HAVE LOOKED AT THE 1117 00:54:46,765 --> 00:54:49,201 HAZARDS OF SPACE ENVIRONMENT AND 1118 00:54:49,201 --> 00:54:52,638 SOME INCLUDE DAMAGE TO THE EYE 1119 00:54:52,638 --> 00:54:56,775 AND YOU CAN HAVE THROMBOSIS AND 1120 00:54:56,775 --> 00:54:58,377 ANEMIA HAS BEEN WELL DOCUMENTED 1121 00:54:58,377 --> 00:55:01,647 FOR ALMOST ALL CREWS AND CHANGES 1122 00:55:01,647 --> 00:55:05,684 IN THE BODY AND RESPIRATORY AND 1123 00:55:05,684 --> 00:55:07,620 METABOLISM AND CIRCADIAN RHYTHM. 1124 00:55:07,620 --> 00:55:12,625 IT'S NO JOKE A DIFFICULT 1125 00:55:12,625 --> 00:55:15,794 STRESSOR TO ABSORB THE RADIATION 1126 00:55:15,794 --> 00:55:18,697 AND MICROGRAVITY CHANGES AND THE 1127 00:55:18,697 --> 00:55:21,567 STRESS OF IT ALL IT'S NOT QUITE 1128 00:55:21,567 --> 00:55:23,702 A VACATION SPOT YET. 1129 00:55:23,702 --> 00:55:25,037 IT'S WORK AND STRESSFUL. 1130 00:55:25,037 --> 00:55:26,972 TO UNDERSTAND THE CHANGES YOU 1131 00:55:26,972 --> 00:55:29,575 HEARD A BIT ABOUT THE ANIMAL OR 1132 00:55:29,575 --> 00:55:30,676 MOUSE MODELS AND OTHER TOOLS TO 1133 00:55:30,676 --> 00:55:34,980 BETTER UNDERSTAND THE CHANGES IN 1134 00:55:34,980 --> 00:55:39,919 THE HUMAN BODY AND IN THE EARLY 1135 00:55:39,919 --> 00:55:42,254 DAYS THEY WOULD TAKE ANIMALS AND 1136 00:55:42,254 --> 00:55:45,357 PUT THEM IN APE PARABOLIC AND 1137 00:55:45,357 --> 00:55:47,726 ONE EXAMPLE IS CATS AND ASK THE 1138 00:55:47,726 --> 00:55:49,461 AGE OLD QUESTIONS DO CATS ALWAYS 1139 00:55:49,461 --> 00:55:50,963 LAND ON THEIR FEET? 1140 00:55:50,963 --> 00:55:56,969 NO, THEY DO NOT BUT THEY DO TRY. 1141 00:55:56,969 --> 00:55:58,771 THEY'RE WONDERFULLY EMBLEMATIC 1142 00:55:58,771 --> 00:56:00,773 OF WHAT HAPPENS TO HUMANS OR 1143 00:56:00,773 --> 00:56:01,540 RODENTS IN SPACE. 1144 00:56:01,540 --> 00:56:04,777 IT'S A HARD ADAPTATION TO THE 1145 00:56:04,777 --> 00:56:09,281 ENVIRONMENT. 1146 00:56:09,281 --> 00:56:11,917 NOW WE'VE HAD A CHANCE TO LOOK 1147 00:56:11,917 --> 00:56:20,359 AT THE LONG-TERM MISSIONS AND 1148 00:56:20,359 --> 00:56:23,629 THIS LOOKED AT WHAT CHANGES 1149 00:56:23,629 --> 00:56:25,497 HAPPENED TO SCOTT KELLY ONCE IN 1150 00:56:25,497 --> 00:56:27,099 SPACE AND THIS IS SENATOR MARK 1151 00:56:27,099 --> 00:56:30,703 KELLY ON THE LEFT NOW BECOMING A 1152 00:56:30,703 --> 00:56:41,180 SENATOR OR IS A SENATOR SIT 1153 00:56:43,015 --> 00:56:45,317 HARDER TO BE AN ASTRONAUT OR 1154 00:56:45,317 --> 00:56:48,320 SENATOR AND IS THERE A GENETIC 1155 00:56:48,320 --> 00:56:52,758 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A DEMOCRAT OR 1156 00:56:52,758 --> 00:56:55,961 REPUBLICAN? 1157 00:56:55,961 --> 00:56:58,464 COULD YOU MODIFY ONE? 1158 00:56:58,464 --> 00:57:00,232 IT'S NOT POSSIBLE AND WE DID A 1159 00:57:00,232 --> 00:57:03,469 PROMPT AND YOU MIGHT THINK, 1160 00:57:03,469 --> 00:57:05,671 WELL, THAT'S KIND OF 1161 00:57:05,671 --> 00:57:08,741 PREPOSTEROUS BUT PEOPLE HAVE 1162 00:57:08,741 --> 00:57:09,942 STUDIED THIS. 1163 00:57:09,942 --> 00:57:11,877 AND IS THERE AN ASSOCIATION 1164 00:57:11,877 --> 00:57:14,013 BETWEEN THE PEOPLE WHO DID AND 1165 00:57:14,013 --> 00:57:16,749 THEIR GENETICS AND TURNS OUT 1166 00:57:16,749 --> 00:57:19,752 THERE'S A SPOT ON CHROMOSOME 3 1167 00:57:19,752 --> 00:57:20,919 STRONGLY ASSOCIATED. 1168 00:57:20,919 --> 00:57:22,588 THIS WAS INTERESTING THINKING 1169 00:57:22,588 --> 00:57:25,157 ABOUT THE COMPONENTS OF WHAT 1170 00:57:25,157 --> 00:57:26,425 DRIVES PEOPLE'S BEHAVIOR OR 1171 00:57:26,425 --> 00:57:28,260 VOTING PATTERNS. 1172 00:57:28,260 --> 00:57:30,229 IT'S LIKELY JUST SUBTLE 1173 00:57:30,229 --> 00:57:33,332 POPULATION STRATIFICATION IN 1174 00:57:33,332 --> 00:57:36,435 THIS CASE IF YOU CHANGED THE 1175 00:57:36,435 --> 00:57:38,804 LOCUS WOULD YOU CHANGE THE VOTE? 1176 00:57:38,804 --> 00:57:41,874 IT'S FASCINATING THERE'S 1177 00:57:41,874 --> 00:57:44,810 POPULATION CERTIFICATION AND 1178 00:57:44,810 --> 00:57:45,978 THERE ARE OTHER REASONS. 1179 00:57:45,978 --> 00:57:47,813 FOR EXAMPLE, HOW CLOSE WERE YOU 1180 00:57:47,813 --> 00:57:52,451 TO A FISH AND CHIP SHOP IS A 1181 00:57:52,451 --> 00:57:58,657 STRONG DERM DETERMINATE. 1182 00:57:58,657 --> 00:58:01,193 IT'S INTERESTING TO END MY 1183 00:58:01,193 --> 00:58:02,561 POLITICAL SIDE BAR. 1184 00:58:02,561 --> 00:58:04,096 WE DID A DEEP ANALYSIS AND 1185 00:58:04,096 --> 00:58:07,533 LOOKED FOR CLUSTERS OF MOLECULES 1186 00:58:07,533 --> 00:58:12,171 AND CHANGES THAT CHANGE 1187 00:58:12,171 --> 00:58:17,042 DYNAMICALLY DURING THE FLIGHT 1188 00:58:17,042 --> 00:58:18,344 AND YOU CAN SEE HERE THERE ARE 1189 00:58:18,344 --> 00:58:20,045 SOME CLUSTERS OF BIOLOGY THAT 1190 00:58:20,045 --> 00:58:23,349 CHANGE BUT MOST WENT BACK TO 1191 00:58:23,349 --> 00:58:24,783 NORMAL AND WE CAN SEE MICROBES 1192 00:58:24,783 --> 00:58:29,855 WENT UP AND PROTEINS AND 1193 00:58:29,855 --> 00:58:33,425 METABOLITES AND THE TELOMERES 1194 00:58:33,425 --> 00:58:35,994 GOT LONGER AND WE VALIDATED THIS 1195 00:58:35,994 --> 00:58:38,464 WITH SEQUENCING AND CONFIRMED 1196 00:58:38,464 --> 00:58:43,001 THERE ARE LONGER TELOMERES AND 1197 00:58:43,001 --> 00:58:48,874 THERE'S A STRIKING FEATURE. 1198 00:58:48,874 --> 00:58:52,911 BASICALLY SCOTT KELLY GAINED TWO 1199 00:58:52,911 --> 00:58:56,181 INCHES DUE TO LACK OF 1200 00:58:56,181 --> 00:58:58,083 COMPRESSION AND GOT GENETICALLY 1201 00:58:58,083 --> 00:59:02,354 YOUNGER SO THERE'S HILARIOUS 1202 00:59:02,354 --> 00:59:04,757 HEADLINES HE GOT TALLER AND 1203 00:59:04,757 --> 00:59:08,527 YOUNGER AND THE BEST DIET IS 1204 00:59:08,527 --> 00:59:09,428 GOING TO SPACE BUT DOESN'T STAY 1205 00:59:09,428 --> 00:59:10,028 THAT WAY. 1206 00:59:10,028 --> 00:59:11,864 YOU GET THE BENEFIT AND YOUR 1207 00:59:11,864 --> 00:59:13,065 TELOMERES ARE LONGER AND THEY GO 1208 00:59:13,065 --> 00:59:16,101 BACK TO NORMAL. 1209 00:59:16,101 --> 00:59:20,773 YOU'RE HEIGHT GOES AWAY AND THE 1210 00:59:20,773 --> 00:59:25,911 WAIT NORMALLY COMES BACK. 1211 00:59:25,911 --> 00:59:28,080 AND SOME WE THINK YOU PERSIST 1212 00:59:28,080 --> 00:59:32,751 OUT IN THE MONTH'S TIME FRAME 1213 00:59:32,751 --> 00:59:35,888 LIKE MITOCHONDRIAL CHANGES. 1214 00:59:35,888 --> 00:59:40,058 THERE'S TWO BIG POINTS ABOUT THE 1215 00:59:40,058 --> 00:59:42,161 STUDY. 1216 00:59:42,161 --> 00:59:44,763 IF YOU LOOK AT THE MISSIONS OF 1217 00:59:44,763 --> 00:59:47,933 OTHER 29 ASTRONAUTS THERE'S 1218 00:59:47,933 --> 00:59:50,469 INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES BETWEEN 1219 00:59:50,469 --> 00:59:51,437 THE CREW MEMBERS. 1220 00:59:51,437 --> 00:59:58,377 ON A SIX-MONTH MISSION CHANGES 1221 00:59:58,377 --> 00:59:59,912 AND OTHER CASES HAD THE LARGEST 1222 00:59:59,912 --> 01:00:03,382 CHANGE OBSERVED ON THE DAY OF 1223 01:00:03,382 --> 01:00:09,421 LANDING AND YOU WANT THE RIGHT 1224 01:00:09,421 --> 01:00:11,190 TOOL AT THE RIGHT DOSE FOR THE 1225 01:00:11,190 --> 01:00:13,892 RIGHT PATIENT THE CHANGES IN 1226 01:00:13,892 --> 01:00:15,627 DYNAMICS IN RESPONSE TO SPACE 1227 01:00:15,627 --> 01:00:16,795 FLIGHT ARE INDIVIDUALIZED AND 1228 01:00:16,795 --> 01:00:19,865 SPECIFIC AND COULD BENEFIT FROM 1229 01:00:19,865 --> 01:00:21,700 SOME OF THE GOALS AND PRACTICES 1230 01:00:21,700 --> 01:00:23,869 AND TECHNOLOGIES OF PRECISION 1231 01:00:23,869 --> 01:00:25,103 MEDICINE AND PERSONALIZED 1232 01:00:25,103 --> 01:00:25,370 MEDICINE. 1233 01:00:25,370 --> 01:00:29,708 THAT'S ONE POINT I WANT TO MAKE. 1234 01:00:29,708 --> 01:00:40,252 THERE IS A LOT OF HETEROGENEITY 1235 01:00:40,819 --> 01:00:45,290 IN SPACE AND IT IS A SMALL END 1236 01:00:45,290 --> 01:00:45,524 PROBLEM. 1237 01:00:45,524 --> 01:00:46,458 CLEARLY WE THESE MORE DATA. 1238 01:00:46,458 --> 01:00:48,760 WE NEED THE ABILITY TO HAVE 1239 01:00:48,760 --> 01:00:51,897 ENOUGH DATA TO MAKE SIGNIFICANT 1240 01:00:51,897 --> 01:00:54,600 CONCLUSIONS AND BEGIN TO MAKE 1241 01:00:54,600 --> 01:00:58,070 CONCLUSIONS MORE ROBUST FOR THE 1242 01:00:58,070 --> 01:00:59,905 CREW MEMBERS. 1243 01:00:59,905 --> 01:01:08,614 WE MADE INACTIVE SPACE AND WANT 1244 01:01:08,614 --> 01:01:11,550 TO LOOK AT THE STUDY OFF THE 1245 01:01:11,550 --> 01:01:16,722 TWINS STUDY ACCRUE -- A CREW TO 1246 01:01:16,722 --> 01:01:20,125 SEE WHAT'S HAPPENING AND THE 1247 01:01:20,125 --> 01:01:23,595 FIRST WAS WITH THE MISSION AND 1248 01:01:23,595 --> 01:01:24,329 ALL CIVILIAN CREW MEMBERS 1249 01:01:24,329 --> 01:01:26,431 GETTING READY TO GO TO SPACE AND 1250 01:01:26,431 --> 01:01:28,767 DEPLOYED THIS THE PROTOCOLS FOR 1251 01:01:28,767 --> 01:01:32,905 THE SPACE OMICS AND PROTOCOL FOR 1252 01:01:32,905 --> 01:01:33,138 MEMBERS. 1253 01:01:33,138 --> 01:01:37,976 INCLUDING GENOMIC SEQUENCING AND 1254 01:01:37,976 --> 01:01:40,312 CYTOKINES AND WHAT WE LOOKED AT 1255 01:01:40,312 --> 01:01:47,753 IN THE TWIN STUDY, SKIN, SALIVA, 1256 01:01:47,753 --> 01:01:48,487 REPRODUCTIVE TISSUE AND INCLUDED 1257 01:01:48,487 --> 01:01:53,892 SKIN BIOPSIES TOE LOOK -- TO 1258 01:01:53,892 --> 01:01:56,795 LOOK AT THE SKIN AND THEY MADE 1259 01:01:56,795 --> 01:01:58,330 THEIR WAY UP TO SPACE AND THEY 1260 01:01:58,330 --> 01:02:00,465 TOOK A SELFIE IN SPACE AND IT'S 1261 01:02:00,465 --> 01:02:04,603 AN EXCITING TIME TO POKE AROUND 1262 01:02:04,603 --> 01:02:04,970 THE ENVIRONMENT. 1263 01:02:04,970 --> 01:02:08,740 WE WORKED WITH THE CREW AND THEY 1264 01:02:08,740 --> 01:02:11,910 DID THE FIRST EVER ACTUAL 1265 01:02:11,910 --> 01:02:14,012 ULTRASOUND OF THEIR EYES. 1266 01:02:14,012 --> 01:02:16,748 THEY DID THE BUTTERFLY DEVICE 1267 01:02:16,748 --> 01:02:17,849 WHICH CONNECTS TO YOUR PHONE. 1268 01:02:17,849 --> 01:02:21,653 YOU CAN DO A QUICK IMAGING OF 1269 01:02:21,653 --> 01:02:25,557 YOUR EYE EVEN WHILE YOU'RE ON 1270 01:02:25,557 --> 01:02:28,760 EARTH SO ENABLED THE REMOTE 1271 01:02:28,760 --> 01:02:28,961 CARE. 1272 01:02:28,961 --> 01:02:30,429 AND WE DID PUBLISH A LOT OF THE 1273 01:02:30,429 --> 01:02:32,998 WORK LAST SUMMER IN TERMS OF THE 1274 01:02:32,998 --> 01:02:35,033 LARGE SOMA PACKAGE OF DIFFERENT 1275 01:02:35,033 --> 01:02:37,069 METHODS AND TOOLS AND YOU CAN 1276 01:02:37,069 --> 01:02:40,939 SEE SOME OF THE OMICS DATA THAT 1277 01:02:40,939 --> 01:02:48,380 WAS DONE YOU CAN SEE A WIDE 1278 01:02:48,380 --> 01:02:52,751 RANGE OF ASSAYS THAT WERE DONE 1279 01:02:52,751 --> 01:02:56,355 AND THROUGH THE BLADDER AND 1280 01:02:56,355 --> 01:02:58,423 JUGULAR VEIN AND NOT ON THE EYE 1281 01:02:58,423 --> 01:02:59,825 BUT GOT 1078 METRICS. 1282 01:02:59,825 --> 01:03:03,228 AGAIN, THIS IS A CREW BUT THEY 1283 01:03:03,228 --> 01:03:05,731 HAD JUST BEEN TRAINED IN A 1284 01:03:05,731 --> 01:03:08,767 MATTER OF MONTHS AND MADE THEIR 1285 01:03:08,767 --> 01:03:12,638 WAY AND GOT TRAINING AND DID 1286 01:03:12,638 --> 01:03:12,971 MEASUREMENTS. 1287 01:03:12,971 --> 01:03:23,515 AND REMEMBER AND YOU SEE HERE IT 1288 01:03:30,055 --> 01:03:32,357 THEY ARE DID NOT CHANGE ON EARTH 1289 01:03:32,357 --> 01:03:35,160 AND IN DAYS WE SEE THE LONGER 1290 01:03:35,160 --> 01:03:38,463 TELOMERES IN FLIGHT AND THE 1291 01:03:38,463 --> 01:03:40,032 RECOVERY STAYED LOW. 1292 01:03:40,032 --> 01:03:44,636 IT WAS BARELY SIGNIFICANT BULL 1293 01:03:44,636 --> 01:03:47,239 WE COULD PICK THIS UP WHICH IS 1294 01:03:47,239 --> 01:03:50,709 INTERESTING TO SEE THE RAPID 1295 01:03:50,709 --> 01:03:53,645 DYNAMIC CHANGE. 1296 01:03:53,645 --> 01:03:55,981 AND WE LOOKED AT THE MICROBIOME. 1297 01:03:55,981 --> 01:03:57,249 FOR EXAMPLE, WE FLOW THE 1298 01:03:57,249 --> 01:04:00,752 MICROBIOME CAN CHANGE IN A 1299 01:04:00,752 --> 01:04:03,288 MATTER OF DAYS IF YOU'VE HAD A 1300 01:04:03,288 --> 01:04:04,322 G.I. PROBLEM YOU KNOW IT CAN 1301 01:04:04,322 --> 01:04:05,357 CHANGE IN HOURS OR MINUTES. 1302 01:04:05,357 --> 01:04:09,127 WE WANTED TO SEE HOW FAST THIS 1303 01:04:09,127 --> 01:04:12,764 WOULD CHANGE DUE TO SKIN 1304 01:04:12,764 --> 01:04:13,398 DYNAMICS IN SPACE. 1305 01:04:13,398 --> 01:04:19,237 WE LOOKED AT THE DYNAMICS 1306 01:04:19,237 --> 01:04:22,374 OBSERVED IN THE NUMBER OF 1307 01:04:22,374 --> 01:04:23,542 MICROBES REPRESENTED BY THE 1308 01:04:23,542 --> 01:04:26,478 THICKNESS OF THE LINE AND EACH 1309 01:04:26,478 --> 01:04:28,113 IS A DIFFERENT SPECIES. 1310 01:04:28,113 --> 01:04:34,019 WE SEE THE CHANGES OF TRANSFERS 1311 01:04:34,019 --> 01:04:36,021 IN THE SPACEX CAPSULE AND CREW 1312 01:04:36,021 --> 01:04:39,524 MEMBERS AND IT'S REALLY 1313 01:04:39,524 --> 01:04:42,194 INTRIGUING DYNAMIC CHANGE 1314 01:04:42,194 --> 01:04:44,796 MOVEMENT OF MICROBES WITHIN THE 1315 01:04:44,796 --> 01:04:45,597 MISSION. 1316 01:04:45,597 --> 01:04:51,369 IT'S FASCINATING TO SEE HOW THEY 1317 01:04:51,369 --> 01:04:51,603 CHANGE. 1318 01:04:51,603 --> 01:04:53,672 IS HOW THE MICROBIOME IS 1319 01:04:53,672 --> 01:04:56,675 CHANGING AND GOT MORE IN THE 1320 01:04:56,675 --> 01:04:57,442 MISSION WITHIN DAYS. 1321 01:04:57,442 --> 01:04:59,878 AND ANOTHER COUPLE THINGS WE 1322 01:04:59,878 --> 01:05:01,379 LOOKED AT WAS THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1323 01:05:01,379 --> 01:05:03,248 AND MICROBIOME AND YOU CAN LOOK 1324 01:05:03,248 --> 01:05:04,950 AT THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. 1325 01:05:04,950 --> 01:05:10,088 SOME CELLS ARE MORE SENSITIVE 1326 01:05:10,088 --> 01:05:12,691 PARTICULARLY T CELLS AND LARGER 1327 01:05:12,691 --> 01:05:14,960 CHANGES IN GRAY HOW MANY WERE 1328 01:05:14,960 --> 01:05:19,564 UNIQUE TO THE CELL TYPE BUT ALL 1329 01:05:19,564 --> 01:05:25,771 PRESENT IN THE CELL TYPE AND NOT 1330 01:05:25,771 --> 01:05:28,907 EVERY CELL HAS THE SAME 1331 01:05:28,907 --> 01:05:29,608 RESPONSE. 1332 01:05:29,608 --> 01:05:33,145 SOME ARE MORE RESILIENT AND SOME 1333 01:05:33,145 --> 01:05:37,015 ARE LESS DYNAMIC AND WE LOOK AT 1334 01:05:37,015 --> 01:05:38,216 CELL SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES IN 1335 01:05:38,216 --> 01:05:39,584 RESPONSE TO SPACE FLIGHT FOR THE 1336 01:05:39,584 --> 01:05:45,624 FIRST TIME HERE IN THIS MISSION. 1337 01:05:45,624 --> 01:05:52,531 AM WE LOOKED AT WHAT'S CALLED 1338 01:05:52,531 --> 01:05:54,399 EXOSOMES AND EXTRA CELLULAR 1339 01:05:54,399 --> 01:05:56,168 VESICLES AND PARTICLES IMAGINE 1340 01:05:56,168 --> 01:05:59,471 BUBBLES THAT COME UP FROM YOUR 1341 01:05:59,471 --> 01:06:03,942 CELLS AND EJECTED AND WE CAN 1342 01:06:03,942 --> 01:06:05,977 LOOK AT PLASMA AND SMALL 1343 01:06:05,977 --> 01:06:08,747 MOLECULES AND SEE WHAT CHANGED, 1344 01:06:08,747 --> 01:06:10,582 BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER THE 1345 01:06:10,582 --> 01:06:12,250 MISSION AND THE BRAIN ASSOCIATED 1346 01:06:12,250 --> 01:06:16,154 PEP TIGHTS. 1347 01:06:16,154 --> 01:06:18,924 AND THEY INCREASED WITHIN IT 1348 01:06:18,924 --> 01:06:22,694 LANDING AND WENT BACK TO NORMAL 1349 01:06:22,694 --> 01:06:26,364 AFTER BUT THERE WAS BRAIN 1350 01:06:26,364 --> 01:06:29,568 ASSOCIATED PEPTIDES THAT MADE US 1351 01:06:29,568 --> 01:06:40,145 HYPOTHESIZE THERE WAS A BLOOD 1352 01:06:44,883 --> 01:06:48,753 BRAIN BARRIER ISSUES AND WE HAD 1353 01:06:48,753 --> 01:06:51,890 FLOWN SOME RODENTS 1354 01:06:51,890 --> 01:07:00,031 >> SPACE AND THE PLATELET 1355 01:07:00,031 --> 01:07:04,769 INDICATES A MARKER FOR BLOOD 1356 01:07:04,769 --> 01:07:09,274 BRAIN BARRIER INTEGRITY AND 1357 01:07:09,274 --> 01:07:14,779 WE'RE SEEING IT MODIFIED AND 1358 01:07:14,779 --> 01:07:20,619 CHANGING IT'S PERMEABILITY AND 1359 01:07:20,619 --> 01:07:21,720 MAYBE THAT'S WHAT'S PART OF THE 1360 01:07:21,720 --> 01:07:25,724 STRESS ON THE EYES OR BODY AND 1361 01:07:25,724 --> 01:07:29,995 MAY HAVE IMPLICATIONS FOR DRUG 1362 01:07:29,995 --> 01:07:33,598 METABOLISM AND WE'LL KEEP 1363 01:07:33,598 --> 01:07:37,035 LOOKING AT THIS FOR FUTURE 1364 01:07:37,035 --> 01:07:37,302 MISSIONS. 1365 01:07:37,302 --> 01:07:41,039 WE HAVE DOZENS OF PAPERS AND 1366 01:07:41,039 --> 01:07:44,376 OVER 100 RESEARCH TEAMS AROUND 1367 01:07:44,376 --> 01:07:50,582 THE WORLD THIS LED TO OTHER 1368 01:07:50,582 --> 01:08:00,625 EFFORTS INCLUDING A AEROSPACE 1369 01:08:00,625 --> 01:08:04,262 DATA BANK AND YOU CAN LOOK 1370 01:08:04,262 --> 01:08:07,465 ACROSS THESE MISSIONS OR LEARNED 1371 01:08:07,465 --> 01:08:11,002 TO OTHER DATABASE OF MOUSE OR 1372 01:08:11,002 --> 01:08:12,971 RODENT DATA THAT'S FLOWN IN 1373 01:08:12,971 --> 01:08:16,408 SPACE WE ALSO LINKED TO THOSE 1374 01:08:16,408 --> 01:08:18,043 PROFILES TO BLEND CONCLUSIONS 1375 01:08:18,043 --> 01:08:24,015 AND CREATE NEW HYPOTHESES, NEW 1376 01:08:24,015 --> 01:08:28,753 IDEAS WE'VE BEEN GETTING 1377 01:08:28,753 --> 01:08:33,425 INTERESTING PAPERS AND WE WANT 1378 01:08:33,425 --> 01:08:35,493 THIS TO BE A HYPOTHESIS 1379 01:08:35,493 --> 01:08:36,294 GENERATION MACHINE FOR PEOPLE TO 1380 01:08:36,294 --> 01:08:44,235 COME THROUGH WITH NEW IDEAS. 1381 01:08:44,235 --> 01:08:46,338 YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THE FILES AND 1382 01:08:46,338 --> 01:08:47,872 PLAY WITH THE DATA YOURSELF. 1383 01:08:47,872 --> 01:08:52,477 SO FEEL FREE TO GO TO THE 1384 01:08:52,477 --> 01:08:56,114 REPOSITORY AND SEE THE CONTROL 1385 01:08:56,114 --> 01:08:56,581 DATA. 1386 01:08:56,581 --> 01:08:58,850 IT'S OPEN AND CONTROL ACCESS. 1387 01:08:58,850 --> 01:09:04,756 SOME ARE OPEN FOR ANYONE TO D 1388 01:09:04,756 --> 01:09:06,658 DOWNLOAD AND YOU MAY NEED AN IRB 1389 01:09:06,658 --> 01:09:10,562 BUT WE CAN HELP SET THAT UP WITH 1390 01:09:10,562 --> 01:09:13,531 NASA'S GENE IT LAB AND THE 1391 01:09:13,531 --> 01:09:14,933 COLLABORATORS THERE AS WELL SO 1392 01:09:14,933 --> 01:09:16,634 REACH OUT IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS 1393 01:09:16,634 --> 01:09:25,543 AND WE MODELLED THIS AFTER THE 1394 01:09:25,543 --> 01:09:27,479 U.K. BIO BANK AND THE TOOLS ARE 1395 01:09:27,479 --> 01:09:30,215 ENABLED BY THE LARGE SCALE 1396 01:09:30,215 --> 01:09:32,417 REPOSITORIES THAT LINK ITS AND 1397 01:09:32,417 --> 01:09:35,220 THAT'S WHAT WE WERE DOING HERE 1398 01:09:35,220 --> 01:09:36,755 AND WHAT'S INTERESTING IS I'M 1399 01:09:36,755 --> 01:09:41,659 WOND -- ONE OF THE SUBJECTS AND 1400 01:09:41,659 --> 01:09:43,762 YOU CAN SEE MY DATA AND THIS IS 1401 01:09:43,762 --> 01:09:45,096 THE DASHBOARD YOU GET WHEN YOU 1402 01:09:45,096 --> 01:09:45,964 LOG IN AND WHAT'S INTERESTING IS 1403 01:09:45,964 --> 01:09:52,504 WE WANT TO MAKE IT SO YOU CAN 1404 01:09:52,504 --> 01:09:53,738 LEARN, DO YOU HAVE RISK FOR 1405 01:09:53,738 --> 01:09:54,973 DISEASE OR OTHER TRAITS. 1406 01:09:54,973 --> 01:10:05,250 DO I LIKE CILANTRO? 1407 01:10:05,250 --> 01:10:11,423 I REALLY LOVE CILANTRO BUT IT 1408 01:10:11,423 --> 01:10:12,791 MAKES ME SMILE BECAUSE I KNOW 1409 01:10:12,791 --> 01:10:15,493 THIS IS A HARD TRAIT WE'RE STILL 1410 01:10:15,493 --> 01:10:16,094 LEARNING ABOUT. 1411 01:10:16,094 --> 01:10:18,463 I HOPE WHEN I LOG BACK IN WITHIN 1412 01:10:18,463 --> 01:10:21,099 A YEAR OR TWO WE'VE UPDATED THE 1413 01:10:21,099 --> 01:10:24,069 MODEL OF A POLY GENIC PHENOTYPE 1414 01:10:24,069 --> 01:10:25,870 SCORE AND THINK YOU WOULD LOVE 1415 01:10:25,870 --> 01:10:26,838 CILANTRO BECAUSE NEW STUDIES 1416 01:10:26,838 --> 01:10:28,773 CAME OUT WHICH IS INTERESTING TO 1417 01:10:28,773 --> 01:10:29,074 SEE. 1418 01:10:29,074 --> 01:10:31,176 NO DATABASE IS PERFECT BUT YOU 1419 01:10:31,176 --> 01:10:32,877 CAN'T BUILD BETTER MODELS IF YOU 1420 01:10:32,877 --> 01:10:34,312 DON'T HAVE THE DATA. 1421 01:10:34,312 --> 01:10:37,649 THIS IS WHAT'S EXCITING ABOUT 1422 01:10:37,649 --> 01:10:39,517 THESE EFFORTS AND WHAT I TRY TO 1423 01:10:39,517 --> 01:10:42,087 WORK ON THE ACCESS TO THE DATA 1424 01:10:42,087 --> 01:10:44,089 AROUND ABILITY IS PIVOTAL FOR 1425 01:10:44,089 --> 01:10:45,323 THE FIELD TO ADVANCE FOR MODELS 1426 01:10:45,323 --> 01:10:55,700 TO GENERALLY IMPROVE. 1427 01:11:03,274 --> 01:11:05,743 AND WE HAVE A RANGE OF PROJECTS 1428 01:11:05,743 --> 01:11:09,614 WITH SPACEX AND BLUE ORIGIN AND 1429 01:11:09,614 --> 01:11:14,152 NASA AND THE SPACE EXPLORATION 1430 01:11:14,152 --> 01:11:16,754 WORKING WITH NATIONAL AND 1431 01:11:16,754 --> 01:11:17,388 INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES AND THE 1432 01:11:17,388 --> 01:11:18,556 COMMISSION JUST COMPLETED LAST 1433 01:11:18,556 --> 01:11:20,692 WEEK SO IT WAS A BUSY WEEK IN 1434 01:11:20,692 --> 01:11:22,627 THE PAST TWO TO THREE WEEKS THE 1435 01:11:22,627 --> 01:11:24,863 MISSION WAS ALL CIVILIAN MISSION 1436 01:11:24,863 --> 01:11:28,766 LIKE THE INSPIRATION FOUR THAT 1437 01:11:28,766 --> 01:11:31,369 JUST COMPLETED ONE AROUND A 1438 01:11:31,369 --> 01:11:34,639 POLAR ORBIT AND DID THE FIRST 1439 01:11:34,639 --> 01:11:36,674 CRISPR SCREEN AND AVATAR 1440 01:11:36,674 --> 01:11:37,275 SAMPLES. 1441 01:11:37,275 --> 01:11:38,877 AN EXCITING MISSION THAT JUST 1442 01:11:38,877 --> 01:11:40,745 FINISHED ON THE HEELS OF THE 1443 01:11:40,745 --> 01:11:43,948 MISSION THAT FINISHED IN 1444 01:11:43,948 --> 01:11:44,215 SEPTEMBER. 1445 01:11:44,215 --> 01:11:47,585 THIS IS A PICTURE OF THE FIRST 1446 01:11:47,585 --> 01:11:50,155 SPACE WALK AND WHAT DID THE LIKE 1447 01:11:50,155 --> 01:11:53,458 FOR GEMINI 11. 1448 01:11:53,458 --> 01:11:56,761 A HIGH ELEVATION ORBIT AND 1449 01:11:56,761 --> 01:11:59,697 STRIKING VIEW OF THE PLANET YOU 1450 01:11:59,697 --> 01:12:01,132 CAN SEE HERE. 1451 01:12:01,132 --> 01:12:06,137 AND SARAH GILLIS PERFORMED THE 1452 01:12:06,137 --> 01:12:11,242 FIRST MINI VIOLIN CONCERT IN 1453 01:12:11,242 --> 01:12:17,815 SPACE AND NOW WE'RE DOING 1454 01:12:17,815 --> 01:12:22,687 EXAMPLES AND DATA ANALYSIS AND 1455 01:12:22,687 --> 01:12:25,490 AND WE'RE LIKELY TO HAVE THE NEW 1456 01:12:25,490 --> 01:12:28,359 NASA ADMINISTRATORS SUPPORTING 1457 01:12:28,359 --> 01:12:30,061 MORE AMBITIOUS MISSIONS IN THE 1458 01:12:30,061 --> 01:12:32,263 COMING YEARS. 1459 01:12:32,263 --> 01:12:40,004 AND WE MET WE GOT BLOOD 1460 01:12:40,004 --> 01:12:42,941 COLLECTION TOOLS AND OTHER 1461 01:12:42,941 --> 01:12:45,610 DEVICES TO USE IN THE FIELD AND 1462 01:12:45,610 --> 01:12:48,980 SPACE AND MAKE IT EASIER TO GIVE 1463 01:12:48,980 --> 01:12:52,750 BLOOD SAMPLES BECAUSE YOU WANT 1464 01:12:52,750 --> 01:12:56,554 TO MAKE IT CONVENIENT FOR THE 1465 01:12:56,554 --> 01:12:57,188 CREW MEMBERS. 1466 01:12:57,188 --> 01:12:58,623 THERE WAS A NEW YORK CITY 1467 01:12:58,623 --> 01:13:00,458 MARATHON LAST FALL AND WE 1468 01:13:00,458 --> 01:13:01,859 COLLECTED SAMPLES FROM A SUBSET 1469 01:13:01,859 --> 01:13:03,394 OF RUNNERS, MY SELF-INCLUDED IN 1470 01:13:03,394 --> 01:13:07,365 THE MIDDLE OF THEIR RUN TO GET 1471 01:13:07,365 --> 01:13:08,566 COLLECTIONS THERE AND DID DRY 1472 01:13:08,566 --> 01:13:10,602 BLOOD SPOT SAMPLING. 1473 01:13:10,602 --> 01:13:14,205 THIS IS ME IN THE MIDDLE OF A 1474 01:13:14,205 --> 01:13:15,406 MARATHON AND I CLEARLY NEED A 1475 01:13:15,406 --> 01:13:19,010 HAIRCUT AND A POST-BAC IN THE 1476 01:13:19,010 --> 01:13:21,980 LAB DID A COLLECTION IN THE 1477 01:13:21,980 --> 01:13:29,287 MIDDLE OF THE RUN THIS IS US AND 1478 01:13:29,287 --> 01:13:31,122 THIS IS MARTIN CONFUSED ABOUT 1479 01:13:31,122 --> 01:13:32,523 TAKING THE LAB BACK TO THE LAB 1480 01:13:32,523 --> 01:13:33,057 BUT DID WELL. 1481 01:13:33,057 --> 01:13:37,729 AND WE VALIDATED SOME OF THE 1482 01:13:37,729 --> 01:13:42,267 HARDWARE FOR IN FLIGHT 1483 01:13:42,267 --> 01:13:42,967 SKWEENSING AND WE DID THIS BACK 1484 01:13:42,967 --> 01:13:48,539 IN 2016 AND NOW THE TECHNOLOGY 1485 01:13:48,539 --> 01:13:49,607 GOT BETTER AND HIGHER 1486 01:13:49,607 --> 01:13:50,141 THROUGHPUT. 1487 01:13:50,141 --> 01:13:52,410 YOU CAN TAKE A SEQUENCE THIS BIG 1488 01:13:52,410 --> 01:13:54,946 AND READY TO FLY WITH THE 1489 01:13:54,946 --> 01:13:58,316 UPCOMING MISSIONS AND WHAT WE'RE 1490 01:13:58,316 --> 01:13:58,583 BUILDING. 1491 01:13:58,583 --> 01:14:08,760 THIS BRINGS UP QUESTIONS. 1492 01:14:08,760 --> 01:14:12,530 AND WHY WOULD BE THE YOU AND 1493 01:14:12,530 --> 01:14:15,833 THIS IS WORK WE DO IN SPACE AND 1494 01:14:15,833 --> 01:14:22,373 ALSO THE BED ROM OF A COMPANY 1495 01:14:22,373 --> 01:14:26,244 THAT HAS A WAY TO GET SEQUENCING 1496 01:14:26,244 --> 01:14:28,346 OF FOR EXAMPLE IF YOU HAVE AN 1497 01:14:28,346 --> 01:14:31,649 INSPECTION YOU CULTURE IT BUT 1498 01:14:31,649 --> 01:14:34,786 THESE DAYS YOU CAN SEQUENCE AND 1499 01:14:34,786 --> 01:14:36,854 THERE'S NOT A NEW YORK APPROVAL 1500 01:14:36,854 --> 01:14:40,425 FOR THE SEQUENCE BASED METHOD 1501 01:14:40,425 --> 01:14:44,262 AND SO THAT IS ON THE MEASURING 1502 01:14:44,262 --> 01:14:51,869 BIOLOGY BUT AND INSTEAD OF BEING 1503 01:14:51,869 --> 01:14:55,340 PASSIVE OBSERVERS AND STRESSES 1504 01:14:55,340 --> 01:15:00,111 ON THE BODY AND WE WANT METHODS 1505 01:15:00,111 --> 01:15:06,317 TO DEFEND AGAINST THE RADIATION. 1506 01:15:06,317 --> 01:15:08,753 AND ONE THING IS WE'RE WORKING 1507 01:15:08,753 --> 01:15:11,089 ON OPTIONS TO TAKE SYSTEMS BUILT 1508 01:15:11,089 --> 01:15:12,990 OFF CRISPR. 1509 01:15:12,990 --> 01:15:16,494 IT CAN DO GENE MODIFICATIONS OF 1510 01:15:16,494 --> 01:15:24,502 COURSE BUT IF YOU ELITE -- 1511 01:15:24,502 --> 01:15:27,939 ELIMINATE THE DOMAIN FOR THE 1512 01:15:27,939 --> 01:15:31,242 HISTONES OR DEMETHYLATION STATE 1513 01:15:31,242 --> 01:15:33,211 THERE'S NOW MANY WAYS TO HAVE 1514 01:15:33,211 --> 01:15:35,446 VARIATIONS OF THE MODIFIERS AND 1515 01:15:35,446 --> 01:15:37,115 TURN ON AND OFF GENES. 1516 01:15:37,115 --> 01:15:38,149 IT'S EXTRAORDINARY BECAUSE YOU 1517 01:15:38,149 --> 01:15:39,751 CAN REACH INTO A CELL AND TURN 1518 01:15:39,751 --> 01:15:41,652 ON THE GENE OR REACH INTO A CELL 1519 01:15:41,652 --> 01:15:44,222 AND TURN OFF THE GENE. 1520 01:15:44,222 --> 01:15:47,492 LIKE A LIGHT SWITCH AND WE CAN 1521 01:15:47,492 --> 01:15:48,960 NOW DO IT IN MY LAB WHICH IS 1522 01:15:48,960 --> 01:15:52,663 WHAT I WAS THINKING ABOUT AS A 1523 01:15:52,663 --> 01:15:58,169 KID. 1524 01:15:58,169 --> 01:16:01,072 AND IF YOU HAVE A PROBLEM WITH 1525 01:16:01,072 --> 01:16:11,682 YOUR ADULT HEMOGLOBIN IN YOUR 1526 01:16:12,183 --> 01:16:16,220 BODY WHAT IF IT DOESN'T CARRY 1527 01:16:16,220 --> 01:16:19,090 RIGHT AND YOU HAD A FETAL 1528 01:16:19,090 --> 01:16:20,958 HEMOGLOBIN GENE IN YOUR BODY AND 1529 01:16:20,958 --> 01:16:23,895 THE GENE STILL EXISTS THAT MAKES 1530 01:16:23,895 --> 01:16:26,297 FETAL HEMOGLOBIN AND FULLY 1531 01:16:26,297 --> 01:16:28,099 FUNCTIONAL TO CARRY OXYGEN IN 1532 01:16:28,099 --> 01:16:30,435 YOUR BODY. 1533 01:16:30,435 --> 01:16:31,736 THE QUESTION BECAME WHAT IF WE 1534 01:16:31,736 --> 01:16:33,805 CAN TURN IT BACK ON TO TREAT THE 1535 01:16:33,805 --> 01:16:34,038 DISEASE? 1536 01:16:34,038 --> 01:16:36,107 THAT'S WHAT WAS SHOWN FOR THE 1537 01:16:36,107 --> 01:16:39,677 FIRST TIME IN 2021 THE SYSTEM 1538 01:16:39,677 --> 01:16:42,346 TARGETED THE ENHANCER AND MODIFY 1539 01:16:42,346 --> 01:16:46,384 THIS TO TURN ON THE FETAL 1540 01:16:46,384 --> 01:16:48,619 HEMOGLOBIN AND IN BEFORE YOU YOU 1541 01:16:48,619 --> 01:16:51,389 SEE IT OKAY, WE'VE TURNED ON A 1542 01:16:51,389 --> 01:16:56,327 LONG SILENT GENE NOT JUST AS A 1543 01:16:56,327 --> 01:17:03,434 CURIOSITY BUT CURATIVE PROCESS 1544 01:17:03,434 --> 01:17:04,135 FOR IT SICKLE CELL DISEASE AND 1545 01:17:04,135 --> 01:17:06,170 THERE WAS AN FDA APPROVED 1546 01:17:06,170 --> 01:17:09,307 THERAPY TO GET TREATMENT FOR 1547 01:17:09,307 --> 01:17:12,643 SICKLE CELL DISEASE AND TREAT 1548 01:17:12,643 --> 01:17:17,215 BEING THE CELLS OF THE DISEASE 1549 01:17:17,215 --> 01:17:27,692 AND AS A FUN SIDE NOTE ONE 1550 01:17:28,826 --> 01:17:33,197 PATIENT TREATS WAS ABLE TO FIGHT 1551 01:17:33,197 --> 01:17:35,633 SICKLE CELL DISEASE AND CLIMB 1552 01:17:35,633 --> 01:17:39,871 AND IT WOULD BE UNTHINKABLE TO 1553 01:17:39,871 --> 01:17:42,106 THINK OF DOING A STRESSFUL TRIP 1554 01:17:42,106 --> 01:17:45,209 BUT OPENS THE DOOR FOR PEOPLE TO 1555 01:17:45,209 --> 01:17:47,645 OVERCOME EXISTING DISEASE GENE 1556 01:17:47,645 --> 01:17:52,750 OR SURVIVE IN PLACES THEY 1557 01:17:52,750 --> 01:17:53,918 COULDN'T. 1558 01:17:53,918 --> 01:17:57,688 ARE THERE PROTECTIVE ALLELE TO 1559 01:17:57,688 --> 01:17:59,857 DEPLOY TO PROTECT PEOPLE? 1560 01:17:59,857 --> 01:18:03,728 THINK OF PHYSICAL, PHARMACOLOGIC 1561 01:18:03,728 --> 01:18:06,063 PROTECTION AND COULD WE DO 1562 01:18:06,063 --> 01:18:07,999 GENOMIC PROTECTION AS WAYS TO 1563 01:18:07,999 --> 01:18:08,533 PROTECT PEOPLE? 1564 01:18:08,533 --> 01:18:11,402 WE PUBLISHED A LIST OF THE 1565 01:18:11,402 --> 01:18:12,770 INTERESTING TARGETS INVOLVED IN 1566 01:18:12,770 --> 01:18:14,305 RETENTION OR MUSCLE RETENTION 1567 01:18:14,305 --> 01:18:18,409 AND OTHER WAYS TO IMPROVE 1568 01:18:18,409 --> 01:18:20,444 ALTITUDE AND OXYGEN TOLERANCE 1569 01:18:20,444 --> 01:18:22,580 AND CANCER RISK AND THERE'S 1570 01:18:22,580 --> 01:18:28,219 EVIDENCE OF CHANGE IN SPACE FROM 1571 01:18:28,219 --> 01:18:32,757 AND OTHER LINKS RELATED TO 1572 01:18:32,757 --> 01:18:38,963 NUTRITION AND SOME ARE NOT AS 1573 01:18:38,963 --> 01:18:41,232 CLEAR. 1574 01:18:41,232 --> 01:18:46,971 WE HAVE INTRIGUE IING PHENOTYPE. 1575 01:18:46,971 --> 01:18:50,441 FOR EXAMPLE, ONE MISSION WE JUST 1576 01:18:50,441 --> 01:18:53,544 DISCUSSED LAST WAS WHAT IF WE 1577 01:18:53,544 --> 01:18:57,515 COULD MAKE OUR WAYS TO MARS AND 1578 01:18:57,515 --> 01:19:01,185 COME BACK AGAIN AND IT LINES UP 1579 01:19:01,185 --> 01:19:04,488 TO LEAVE EARTH AND PASS MARS AND 1580 01:19:04,488 --> 01:19:06,390 ZOOM AROUND TO VENUS AND GET 1581 01:19:06,390 --> 01:19:08,759 BACK TO EARTH ALL WITHIN 18 TO 1582 01:19:08,759 --> 01:19:10,995 19 MONTHS AND IT'S ACTUALLY 1583 01:19:10,995 --> 01:19:16,000 BASED ON THE PLANET FLY BUY. 1584 01:19:16,000 --> 01:19:19,770 SO I ALLUDED TO AN EXTRAORDINARY 1585 01:19:19,770 --> 01:19:22,106 TIME IN SPACE FLIGHT, SPACE BIO 1586 01:19:22,106 --> 01:19:23,040 MEDICINE, SPACE OPPORTUNITIES. 1587 01:19:23,040 --> 01:19:25,176 IT BEGS THE QUESTION CAN WE 1588 01:19:25,176 --> 01:19:25,409 SURVIVE? 1589 01:19:25,409 --> 01:19:30,114 WE NOW KNOW IN A YEAR WE COULD 1590 01:19:30,114 --> 01:19:32,049 SURVIVE BUT THIS IS THE FARTHEST 1591 01:19:32,049 --> 01:19:33,517 WE'LL HAVE EVER GONE AND 1592 01:19:33,517 --> 01:19:36,087 QUESTIONS REMAIN ABOUT THIS ONE 1593 01:19:36,087 --> 01:19:37,355 OR OTHER LONG DISTANCE TRIPS TO 1594 01:19:37,355 --> 01:19:40,257 SPACE, CAN WE SURVIVE AND WHAT 1595 01:19:40,257 --> 01:19:41,492 WOULD IT TAKE TO DO SO. 1596 01:19:41,492 --> 01:19:44,028 I'M OPTIMISTIC AND GUARDED 1597 01:19:44,028 --> 01:19:45,730 BECAUSE I WANT TO MAKE SURE WE 1598 01:19:45,730 --> 01:19:47,932 TRACK CREW MEMBERS WELL AND MAKE 1599 01:19:47,932 --> 01:19:53,004 SURE THEY'RE SAFE. 1600 01:19:53,004 --> 01:19:55,006 THAT'S A FORWARD LOOKING CONCEPT 1601 01:19:55,006 --> 01:19:58,643 AND ONE QUESTION I GET FROM BARS 1602 01:19:58,643 --> 01:20:04,115 AND RESTAURANTS AND WHY DOES 1603 01:20:04,115 --> 01:20:07,318 THIS WORK WHEN THERE IS OTHER 1604 01:20:07,318 --> 01:20:09,553 SOCIETAL PROBLEMS. 1605 01:20:09,553 --> 01:20:12,189 THERE'S PROBLEMS WITH POVERTY 1606 01:20:12,189 --> 01:20:14,659 AND JUSTICE AND PEOPLE 1607 01:20:14,659 --> 01:20:17,261 WRONGFULLY IMPRISONED AND MANY 1608 01:20:17,261 --> 01:20:19,030 PROBLEMS AND A LONG LITANY OF 1609 01:20:19,030 --> 01:20:19,997 PROBLEMS YOU CAN SPEND TIME, 1610 01:20:19,997 --> 01:20:23,768 ENERGY AND MONEY WORKING ON. 1611 01:20:23,768 --> 01:20:26,103 AND I GIVE TREE RESPONSES. 1612 01:20:26,103 --> 01:20:28,105 THE FIRST IS YOU CAN DO BOTH AT 1613 01:20:28,105 --> 01:20:29,573 THE SAME TIME. 1614 01:20:29,573 --> 01:20:31,075 YOU CAN WALK AND CHEW GUM AT THE 1615 01:20:31,075 --> 01:20:33,544 SAME TIME. 1616 01:20:33,544 --> 01:20:34,845 YOU CAN PASS RIVAL RIGHTS 1617 01:20:34,845 --> 01:20:35,513 LEGISLATION WHILE LANDING 1618 01:20:35,513 --> 01:20:37,014 SOMEONE ON THE MOON. 1619 01:20:37,014 --> 01:20:38,783 IT'S POSSIBLE TO DO BOTH AS A 1620 01:20:38,783 --> 01:20:44,555 SPECIES, AS A COUNTRY AND IT IS 1621 01:20:44,555 --> 01:20:47,825 POSSIBLE MAKE PROGRESS SOCIALLY, 1622 01:20:47,825 --> 01:20:50,061 STRUCTURALLY AND MAKING IT 1623 01:20:50,061 --> 01:20:53,864 SCIENTIFICALLY AND AMONG SPACE 1624 01:20:53,864 --> 01:20:55,733 EXPLORATION TARGETS. 1625 01:20:55,733 --> 01:20:59,203 AND SECOND POINT IS SOMETHING 1626 01:20:59,203 --> 01:21:04,442 THAT'S A BIT MORE INTANGIBLE AND 1627 01:21:04,442 --> 01:21:06,777 MY DAUGHTER WAS HANGING OUT IN 1628 01:21:06,777 --> 01:21:09,113 VENICE BEACH LAST SUMMER AND 1629 01:21:09,113 --> 01:21:11,015 HAVING A WONDERFUL CONVERSATION 1630 01:21:11,015 --> 01:21:14,518 ABOUT WHAT WOULD A SUNSET LOOK 1631 01:21:14,518 --> 01:21:17,888 LIKE ON MARS AND IF YOU WERE 1632 01:21:17,888 --> 01:21:20,424 GOING TO A SKATEBOARD PARK WHAT 1633 01:21:20,424 --> 01:21:22,760 WOULD THAT LOOK LIKE WITH 1634 01:21:22,760 --> 01:21:24,762 ONE-SIXTH GRAVITY AND IT WAS A 1635 01:21:24,762 --> 01:21:27,198 FUN CONVERSATION BUT IT WAS NOT 1636 01:21:27,198 --> 01:21:28,032 COMPLETELY ABSTRACT. 1637 01:21:28,032 --> 01:21:29,934 SHE BELIEVES WE'RE GOING TO BE 1638 01:21:29,934 --> 01:21:30,735 THERE SOON. 1639 01:21:30,735 --> 01:21:32,536 IT'S A SENSE OF HOPE THERE'S 1640 01:21:32,536 --> 01:21:33,738 GOING TO BE ADDITIONAL PROGRESS 1641 01:21:33,738 --> 01:21:37,007 IN THE FUTURE AND THE FUTURE IS 1642 01:21:37,007 --> 01:21:39,376 BRIGHTER THAN THE PAST. 1643 01:21:39,376 --> 01:21:42,179 IT'S A WONDERFUL ASSET SHE 1644 01:21:42,179 --> 01:21:44,315 CARRIES WITH HER NOT ALL YOUNG 1645 01:21:44,315 --> 01:21:44,615 PEOPLE DO. 1646 01:21:44,615 --> 01:21:48,252 I THINK MOST TEENAGERS ARE 1647 01:21:48,252 --> 01:21:49,220 PRETTY GRUMPY BECAUSE THEY'RE 1648 01:21:49,220 --> 01:21:50,755 UPSET ABOUT SAVING THE WORLD FOR 1649 01:21:50,755 --> 01:21:52,757 GOOD REASON OFTEN BUT THE SENSE 1650 01:21:52,757 --> 01:21:54,225 WE COULD HAVE THIS CONVERSATION 1651 01:21:54,225 --> 01:21:57,495 IN MARS IN 30 YEARS OR COULD 1652 01:21:57,495 --> 01:22:00,965 HAVE THE SKATEBOARD PARK ON THE 1653 01:22:00,965 --> 01:22:11,509 MOON AND IT'S VERY EXCITING AND 1654 01:22:21,786 --> 01:22:24,755 EVERY TIME WE'VE SEEN MASS 1655 01:22:24,755 --> 01:22:27,391 EXTINCTIONS THERE'S BEEN FIVE 1656 01:22:27,391 --> 01:22:30,194 MAJOR ONES EFFECTIVELY SO FAR 1657 01:22:30,194 --> 01:22:32,730 WE'VE HAD A WORLD WITH AND 1658 01:22:32,730 --> 01:22:33,764 WITHOUT POLAR ICE CAPS. 1659 01:22:33,764 --> 01:22:35,332 WE'VE HAD A WIDE RANGE OF 1660 01:22:35,332 --> 01:22:36,433 TEMPERATURE IN THE PLANET OVER 1661 01:22:36,433 --> 01:22:38,536 THE PAST SEVERAL MILLION YEARS 1662 01:22:38,536 --> 01:22:39,637 BUT EVERY TIME SOMETHING CHANGES 1663 01:22:39,637 --> 01:22:43,741 TOO FAST IS WHEN WE SEE MASS 1664 01:22:43,741 --> 01:22:44,375 EXTENSIONS. 1665 01:22:44,375 --> 01:22:46,477 THAT'S WHERE WE KNOW AS THE A 1666 01:22:46,477 --> 01:22:48,045 SUBSTANTIAL PROBLEM AND WE'RE 1667 01:22:48,045 --> 01:22:50,147 WORRIED IF IT GOES UP TOO FAST 1668 01:22:50,147 --> 01:22:53,350 WE'LL CREATE OUR OWN EXTENSION 1669 01:22:53,350 --> 01:22:59,390 ON THE PLANET AND IF YOU GO BACK 1670 01:22:59,390 --> 01:23:00,958 FURTHER IN TIME THERE'S A TIME 1671 01:23:00,958 --> 01:23:03,828 WHEN THE EARTH WAS A SNOWBALL 1672 01:23:03,828 --> 01:23:06,997 AND MOSTLY FROZEN. 1673 01:23:06,997 --> 01:23:10,734 IF WE TAKE THE 500 YEARS AND 1674 01:23:10,734 --> 01:23:12,203 ZOOM OUT TO THE PAST AND FUTURE 1675 01:23:12,203 --> 01:23:17,741 OF OUR PLANET WE'RE AT THIS NICE 1676 01:23:17,741 --> 01:23:21,412 TEMPERATURE CANYON. 1677 01:23:21,412 --> 01:23:23,581 THE EARTH USED TO BE HOT BUT 1678 01:23:23,581 --> 01:23:25,916 WE'LL GET HOT AND THE OCEANS 1679 01:23:25,916 --> 01:23:27,918 WILL GET HOT AND THE EARTH WILL 1680 01:23:27,918 --> 01:23:30,688 GET ENGULFED BY THE SUN WOULD 1681 01:23:30,688 --> 01:23:32,256 GET HOT. 1682 01:23:32,256 --> 01:23:33,924 I AND I ALWAYS THOUGHT WE HAVE 1683 01:23:33,924 --> 01:23:37,394 TIME BEFORE THAT HAPPENS BUT I'M 1684 01:23:37,394 --> 01:23:42,900 WORKING ON A BOOK AND THE OCEAN 1685 01:23:42,900 --> 01:23:44,501 MAY START TO BOIL AND WE MAY NOT 1686 01:23:44,501 --> 01:23:46,070 MAKE IT PAST THEN. 1687 01:23:46,070 --> 01:23:49,707 I GOT SAD AND WAS MOPING AROUND 1688 01:23:49,707 --> 01:23:51,342 THE KITCHEN AND MY WIFE ASKED 1689 01:23:51,342 --> 01:23:52,743 WHAT WAS WRONG AND I SAID I 1690 01:23:52,743 --> 01:23:54,578 THOUGHT WE HAD MORE TIME. 1691 01:23:54,578 --> 01:23:57,181 SHE LAUGHED AT ME BECAUSE IT IS 1692 01:23:57,181 --> 01:23:58,382 A LOT OF TIME BUT NOT THAT MUCH 1693 01:23:58,382 --> 01:23:59,416 IN THE CONTEXT OF WHAT YOU CAN 1694 01:23:59,416 --> 01:24:00,451 SEE IN FRONT OF US. 1695 01:24:00,451 --> 01:24:02,920 IF YOU THOUGHT YOU WERE GOING TO 1696 01:24:02,920 --> 01:24:06,323 LIVE TO BE 100 YEARS OLD AND IF 1697 01:24:06,323 --> 01:24:08,759 SOMEONE SAID YOU'D BE DEAD AT 20 1698 01:24:08,759 --> 01:24:17,101 YOU'D BE DEVASTATED AND AND IF 1699 01:24:17,101 --> 01:24:18,636 YOU THINK ABOUT WHAT LIFE IS AT 1700 01:24:18,636 --> 01:24:20,838 RISK AND THERE'S A PRODUCERS AND 1701 01:24:20,838 --> 01:24:22,206 CONSUMERS THERE'S THREE KINDS OF 1702 01:24:22,206 --> 01:24:25,876 LIFE GENERALLY ON THE PLANET. 1703 01:24:25,876 --> 01:24:31,015 BUT THIS IS A FOURTH KIND OF 1704 01:24:31,015 --> 01:24:31,215 LIFE. 1705 01:24:31,215 --> 01:24:35,219 THE KIND OF LIFE THAT CAN GUARD 1706 01:24:35,219 --> 01:24:36,887 AGAINST THE FOOD CHAIN OR 1707 01:24:36,887 --> 01:24:38,322 SPECIES LOSS. 1708 01:24:38,322 --> 01:24:40,758 ONLY ONE LIFE FORM CAN SERVE AS 1709 01:24:40,758 --> 01:24:42,993 THE GUARDIANS AND I WOULD ERRING 1710 01:24:42,993 --> 01:24:47,231 WE'RE LITERALLY THE GUARDIANS OF 1711 01:24:47,231 --> 01:24:49,833 THE GALAXY OR GUARDIANS OF THE 1712 01:24:49,833 --> 01:24:51,802 MITOCHONDRIA IS WORK WE'RE DOING 1713 01:24:51,802 --> 01:24:57,007 IN THE SMALL GALAXIES OUTSIDE OF 1714 01:24:57,007 --> 01:24:57,174 US. 1715 01:24:57,174 --> 01:25:00,044 ONLY HUMANS ARE EXTINCTION AWARE 1716 01:25:00,044 --> 01:25:03,147 AND IT'S ANOTHER FACET OF THE 1717 01:25:03,147 --> 01:25:06,216 EXPLANATION INTO SPACE IS THIS 1718 01:25:06,216 --> 01:25:10,788 IS AN INEVITABLE ARGUMENT AND 1719 01:25:10,788 --> 01:25:12,790 UNIQUE CARRY BECAUSE WE'RE THE 1720 01:25:12,790 --> 01:25:19,830 ONLY WITH THE UNIQUE AWARENESS. 1721 01:25:19,830 --> 01:25:21,865 WE CAN ALSO BRING BACK SPECIES. 1722 01:25:21,865 --> 01:25:23,334 WE BROUGHT BACK A WOLF LAST 1723 01:25:23,334 --> 01:25:23,534 WEEK. 1724 01:25:23,534 --> 01:25:25,703 THERE'S INTERESTING DYNAMICS AT 1725 01:25:25,703 --> 01:25:29,840 PLAY FOR GENETICS BECOMING TIME 1726 01:25:29,840 --> 01:25:35,546 DEPENDENT AND MOST THE BOOK 1727 01:25:35,546 --> 01:25:37,848 PUBLISHED A COUPLE YEARS AGO NOW 1728 01:25:37,848 --> 01:25:38,916 TRANSLATING INTO THE LANGUAGE 1729 01:25:38,916 --> 01:25:40,951 YOU SEE HERE AND WITH THAT I 1730 01:25:40,951 --> 01:25:43,487 WANT TO THANK THE LABORATORY FOR 1731 01:25:43,487 --> 01:25:46,290 WHICH I COULD NOT DO THE WORK. 1732 01:25:46,290 --> 01:25:49,593 I WAS BLESSED. 1733 01:25:49,593 --> 01:25:50,728 I HAVE AN EXTRAORDINARY CREW AND 1734 01:25:50,728 --> 01:25:54,798 TEAM AND THANKS FOR FUNDING FROM 1735 01:25:54,798 --> 01:25:59,603 THE NIH AND COORDINATION WITH 1736 01:25:59,603 --> 01:26:03,207 NASA AND SPACEX AND IT'S BEEN 1737 01:26:03,207 --> 01:26:06,210 WONDERFUL AND OF COURSE 1738 01:26:06,210 --> 01:26:10,147 DR. BEHESHTI AND FINALLY I WANT 1739 01:26:10,147 --> 01:26:14,451 TO THANK THE PATIENTS AND THE 1740 01:26:14,451 --> 01:26:19,990 DATA, RESOURCES AND SAMPLES WE 1741 01:26:19,990 --> 01:26:20,924 GET TO LEARN. 1742 01:26:20,924 --> 01:26:24,228 WITH THAT HAPPY TO TAKE ANY 1743 01:26:24,228 --> 01:26:31,602 QUESTIONS. 1744 01:26:31,602 --> 01:26:34,738 >> THANK YOU FOR THE WONDERFUL 1745 01:26:34,738 --> 01:26:36,006 PRESENTATION AND AFSHIN AS WELL. 1746 01:26:36,006 --> 01:26:40,177 I'M INTRIGUED BY THE QUESTION, 1747 01:26:40,177 --> 01:26:41,979 WHAT DOES THE VIOLIN SOUND LIKE 1748 01:26:41,979 --> 01:26:43,414 IN OUTER SPACE? 1749 01:26:43,414 --> 01:26:50,621 IS IT BETTER? 1750 01:26:50,621 --> 01:27:00,964 IT IS CAUCAPHONOUS. 1751 01:27:01,298 --> 01:27:05,769 >> IT WAS WEIRDLY VERY SIMILAR 1752 01:27:05,769 --> 01:27:08,705 AND THEY DID A SYNCHRONOUS 1753 01:27:08,705 --> 01:27:10,374 CONCERT WITH OTHER SITES AROUND 1754 01:27:10,374 --> 01:27:12,409 THE WORLD WHICH WAS QUITE 1755 01:27:12,409 --> 01:27:13,410 BEAUTIFUL. 1756 01:27:13,410 --> 01:27:16,380 A MOMENT OF GUARANTEED HAPPINESS 1757 01:27:16,380 --> 01:27:20,751 LOOK AT SARAH GILLIS' VIOLIN 1758 01:27:20,751 --> 01:27:30,894 PLAYING. 1759 01:27:33,697 --> 01:27:37,167 >> SO, ONE OF THE FIRST ONES 1760 01:27:37,167 --> 01:27:38,635 WHICH CAME IN DURING AFSHIN'S 1761 01:27:38,635 --> 01:27:40,771 TALK WAS HAVE YOU SETTLED ON THE 1762 01:27:40,771 --> 01:27:44,575 QUESTION AS TO WHETHER 1763 01:27:44,575 --> 01:27:45,209 MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION IS A 1764 01:27:45,209 --> 01:27:47,044 FREQUENT PREEXISTING CONDITION 1765 01:27:47,044 --> 01:27:48,812 FOR PEOPLE TRAINING TO GO INTO 1766 01:27:48,812 --> 01:27:52,282 HAD EXPEDITION CLASS MISSIONS IN 1767 01:27:52,282 --> 01:27:53,283 SPACE. 1768 01:27:53,283 --> 01:27:55,853 IN OTHER WORDS, HAVE YOU SOMEHOW 1769 01:27:55,853 --> 01:27:57,721 SELECTED FOR PEOPLE SENSITIVE TO 1770 01:27:57,721 --> 01:28:00,224 THIS AND MIGHT LIKE TO GO TO 1771 01:28:00,224 --> 01:28:01,358 OUTER SPACE. 1772 01:28:01,358 --> 01:28:04,761 THAT'S ONE OF THEIR UNDERLYING 1773 01:28:04,761 --> 01:28:13,270 CONDITIONS. 1774 01:28:13,270 --> 01:28:18,208 >> THEY DON'T WANT GENETIC 1775 01:28:18,208 --> 01:28:19,209 PREDISPOSITION TO PRE VEEPT 1776 01:28:19,209 --> 01:28:20,577 PEOPLE FROM GOING TO SPACE. 1777 01:28:20,577 --> 01:28:23,280 WE SHOULD PROBABLY SCREEN OUR 1778 01:28:23,280 --> 01:28:24,214 MITOCHONDRIA SO WE KNOW WHAT WE 1779 01:28:24,214 --> 01:28:26,383 GET INTO IF WE GO TO SPACE. 1780 01:28:26,383 --> 01:28:28,852 I WOULD COUNTER THAT BY SAYING I 1781 01:28:28,852 --> 01:28:30,687 THINK SO FAR THE PEOPLE THE DATA 1782 01:28:30,687 --> 01:28:33,690 WE HAVE FROM ASTRONAUTS ARE SO 1783 01:28:33,690 --> 01:28:34,925 FAR OTHER THAN THE COMMERCIAL 1784 01:28:34,925 --> 01:28:38,295 MISSION THEY'RE LIKE THE TOP 1785 01:28:38,295 --> 01:28:40,364 00.1% FIT PEOPLE SO THEIR MIGHT 1786 01:28:40,364 --> 01:28:43,300 CON GRA IS PROBABLY IN THE 1787 01:28:43,300 --> 01:28:43,567 CATEGORY. 1788 01:28:43,567 --> 01:28:47,638 THE MICE THEMSELVES ARE NOT 1789 01:28:47,638 --> 01:28:52,743 MITOCHONDRIAL C57 BACKGROUND 1790 01:28:52,743 --> 01:28:55,279 MICE AND HAVE MITOCHONDRIAL 1791 01:28:55,279 --> 01:28:56,747 ACTIVITY BUT OVER ALL THEY'RE 1792 01:28:56,747 --> 01:28:58,115 THE SAME MICE. 1793 01:28:58,115 --> 01:29:00,751 THEY DIDN'T HAVE DIFFERENT 1794 01:29:00,751 --> 01:29:04,254 MITOCHONDRIA AND WE PROBABLY SAY 1795 01:29:04,254 --> 01:29:05,989 THE DATA SHOWED THE MICE 1796 01:29:05,989 --> 01:29:11,862 WOULDN'T BE PREDISPOSITIONED TO 1797 01:29:11,862 --> 01:29:12,396 MITOCHONDRIAL DISPOSITION. 1798 01:29:12,396 --> 01:29:14,398 I WOULD PROPOSE WE SHOULD LOOK 1799 01:29:14,398 --> 01:29:16,400 AT THE MITOCHONDRIAL FITNESS OF 1800 01:29:16,400 --> 01:29:18,435 PEOPLE SO THEY KNOW WHAT TO GET 1801 01:29:18,435 --> 01:29:21,305 INTO AND MAYBE GET THEM ON A 1802 01:29:21,305 --> 01:29:22,839 BETTER COCKTAIL BEFORE THEY GO 1803 01:29:22,839 --> 01:29:25,442 TO SPACE TO HELP THEM SURVIVAL 1804 01:29:25,442 --> 01:29:25,676 BETTER. 1805 01:29:25,676 --> 01:29:30,113 >> AND FOLLOWING THE LINE OF 1806 01:29:30,113 --> 01:29:30,747 THOUGHT A LITTLE BIT THERE ARE 1807 01:29:30,747 --> 01:29:33,183 KNOWN HUMAN MITOCHONDRIAL 1808 01:29:33,183 --> 01:29:34,384 DISEASES AS YOU MENTIONED IN 1809 01:29:34,384 --> 01:29:36,286 YOUR TALK. 1810 01:29:36,286 --> 01:29:38,255 I WONDER WHETHER WE COULD GAIN 1811 01:29:38,255 --> 01:29:40,757 ANY INSIGHT FROM THOSE PATIENTS 1812 01:29:40,757 --> 01:29:42,993 THAT WOULD BE RELEVANT TO IN ANY 1813 01:29:42,993 --> 01:29:47,464 WAY PREVENTING OR TREATING OR 1814 01:29:47,464 --> 01:29:52,369 UNDERSTANDING THE CONDITIONS 1815 01:29:52,369 --> 01:29:54,504 ASTRONAUT FACE WHEN THEY GO TO 1816 01:29:54,504 --> 01:29:55,172 OUTER SPACE? 1817 01:29:55,172 --> 01:30:00,277 >> IN THE CLINIC WE LEARN 1818 01:30:00,277 --> 01:30:02,512 SIMILARITIES AND A LOT OF THE 1819 01:30:02,512 --> 01:30:04,548 TREATMENTS THEY MIGHT ALREADY 1820 01:30:04,548 --> 01:30:10,287 USE ARE THE SUPPLEMENTS LIKE 1821 01:30:10,287 --> 01:30:15,292 KAEMPFEROL AND THINGS WE DO IN 1822 01:30:15,292 --> 01:30:20,631 SPACE COULD HELP THEM OR THE 1823 01:30:20,631 --> 01:30:21,198 DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH THE 1824 01:30:21,198 --> 01:30:31,408 VISION LOSS. 1825 01:30:37,014 --> 01:30:38,382 WE SHOULD SEE HOW THAT HELPS AND 1826 01:30:38,382 --> 01:30:40,450 IF WE LOOK AT THAT AS A CLINICAL 1827 01:30:40,450 --> 01:30:44,354 MARKER OF WHAT PREVENTIVE 1828 01:30:44,354 --> 01:30:47,324 MEASURES ARE BEING DONE I THINK 1829 01:30:47,324 --> 01:30:49,826 WE CAN APPLY THAT AND SEE WHAT 1830 01:30:49,826 --> 01:30:50,394 HAPPENS. 1831 01:30:50,394 --> 01:30:54,097 >> CAN ONE GET THE MITOCHONDRIAL 1832 01:30:54,097 --> 01:30:56,166 COCKTAIL COMMERCIALLY? 1833 01:30:56,166 --> 01:30:58,368 IS THERE PLACE TO GET IT ON 1834 01:30:58,368 --> 01:31:00,537 AMAZON OR SOMETHING LIKE THAT? 1835 01:31:00,537 --> 01:31:05,776 >> THE KAEMPFEROL THE JAPANESE 1836 01:31:05,776 --> 01:31:07,611 COMPANY IS ALL ABOUT US 1837 01:31:07,611 --> 01:31:10,013 PUBLISHING THE DATA BUT THEY'RE 1838 01:31:10,013 --> 01:31:12,516 LUNCHING THE PRODUCT. 1839 01:31:12,516 --> 01:31:14,418 I DON'T WORK FOR THEM. 1840 01:31:14,418 --> 01:31:16,119 I'M NOT MAKING ANYTHING OFF THEM 1841 01:31:16,119 --> 01:31:19,723 BUT THEY'RE LAUNCHING IN 1842 01:31:19,723 --> 01:31:19,956 OCTOBER. 1843 01:31:19,956 --> 01:31:21,591 THE CEO TAKES IT HIMSELF AND 1844 01:31:21,591 --> 01:31:24,895 LOOKS LIKE IT MIGHT BE OKAY. 1845 01:31:24,895 --> 01:31:26,596 THAT COULD BE ONE VERSION PEOPLE 1846 01:31:26,596 --> 01:31:27,497 ARE GOING TO PURCHASE. 1847 01:31:27,497 --> 01:31:30,133 I THINK IT WILL BE A COCKTAIL OF 1848 01:31:30,133 --> 01:31:31,835 THING AND THE REST CHRIS AND I 1849 01:31:31,835 --> 01:31:34,037 AND OTHERS HAVE TO FIGURE OUT 1850 01:31:34,037 --> 01:31:36,273 THE OTHER COCKTAILS. 1851 01:31:36,273 --> 01:31:38,375 BECAUSE WE'RE GOING TO USE 1852 01:31:38,375 --> 01:31:40,577 THINGS GOING TO BE AVAILABLE OR 1853 01:31:40,577 --> 01:31:41,311 CURRENTLY AVAILABLE. 1854 01:31:41,311 --> 01:31:43,013 GIVE US A YEAR. 1855 01:31:43,013 --> 01:31:44,748 WE'LL HAVE A COCKTAIL 1856 01:31:44,748 --> 01:31:50,387 INFORMATION FOR YOU. 1857 01:31:50,387 --> 01:31:54,291 >> ANOTHER ANGLE IS I THINK YOU 1858 01:31:54,291 --> 01:31:57,661 BOTH MENTIONED ISSUES WITH 1859 01:31:57,661 --> 01:32:01,898 REGARD TO THE BRAIN AND THE 1860 01:32:01,898 --> 01:32:06,269 BREAK DOWN OF THE BLOOD BRAIN 1861 01:32:06,269 --> 01:32:06,503 BARRIER. 1862 01:32:06,503 --> 01:32:07,537 WOULDN'T THERE BE A SPECIAL 1863 01:32:07,537 --> 01:32:08,739 HELMET THAT WOULD HELP IN SOME 1864 01:32:08,739 --> 01:32:13,710 WAY? 1865 01:32:13,710 --> 01:32:15,112 >> THAT I DON'T KNOW. 1866 01:32:15,112 --> 01:32:16,747 UNFORTUNATELY THE RADIATION 1867 01:32:16,747 --> 01:32:20,751 IMPACT YOU WON'T BE ABLE TO STOP 1868 01:32:20,751 --> 01:32:23,954 PHYSICALLY BECAUSE OF THE HEAVY 1869 01:32:23,954 --> 01:32:24,154 IONS. 1870 01:32:24,154 --> 01:32:28,258 BUT YOU HAVE TO PUT A THICK 1871 01:32:28,258 --> 01:32:31,194 LAYER BETWEEN THE PERSON AND 1872 01:32:31,194 --> 01:32:41,505 IT'S HARD TO MUSH. 1873 01:32:46,643 --> 01:32:50,914 AND AN ENGINEER FIGURES OUT AN 1874 01:32:50,914 --> 01:32:55,318 ANTIGRAVITY MACHINE BUT SOME ARE 1875 01:32:55,318 --> 01:32:57,921 LOOKING AT LIGHT LIKE THE RED 1876 01:32:57,921 --> 01:32:59,723 LIGHT AND BLUE LIGHT THINK THAT 1877 01:32:59,723 --> 01:33:01,992 CAN ENHANCE MITOCHONDRIAL 1878 01:33:01,992 --> 01:33:04,895 FUNCTION AND THAT COULD POSSIBLY 1879 01:33:04,895 --> 01:33:06,863 BE SOMETHING YOU EXPOSE YOURSELF 1880 01:33:06,863 --> 01:33:11,101 TO THE RED LIGHT ACTIVITY. 1881 01:33:11,101 --> 01:33:13,303 IN CLINIC THEY'RE SHOWING SOME 1882 01:33:13,303 --> 01:33:14,237 IMPROVEMENT IN MITOCHONDRIAL 1883 01:33:14,237 --> 01:33:14,504 FUNCTION. 1884 01:33:14,504 --> 01:33:16,273 THAT COULD BE SOMETHING. 1885 01:33:16,273 --> 01:33:17,441 I DON'T KNOW. 1886 01:33:17,441 --> 01:33:22,245 I'M SURE THE AUDIENCE 1887 01:33:22,245 --> 01:33:23,747 RESEARCHING THIS STUFF I'D LOVE 1888 01:33:23,747 --> 01:33:24,381 TO HEAR FROM. 1889 01:33:24,381 --> 01:33:25,682 >> CHRIS, DO YOU HAVE ANYTHING 1890 01:33:25,682 --> 01:33:30,253 TO ADD ON THIS IN TERMS OF 1891 01:33:30,253 --> 01:33:31,121 SHIELDING RADIATION? 1892 01:33:31,121 --> 01:33:33,657 >> I MENTIONED A LITTLE BIT IN 1893 01:33:33,657 --> 01:33:35,859 THE TALK THERE'S A LOT OF SMALL 1894 01:33:35,859 --> 01:33:36,760 MOLECULES BEING TALKED ABOUT AND 1895 01:33:36,760 --> 01:33:40,497 THE METHODS I WAS REFERRING TO 1896 01:33:40,497 --> 01:33:45,268 AND I LIKE PROTEINS AND I TALKED 1897 01:33:45,268 --> 01:33:48,271 ABOUT TAKING GENES FROM OTHER 1898 01:33:48,271 --> 01:33:49,906 CREATURES THAT SHOW PROTECTION 1899 01:33:49,906 --> 01:33:51,942 FROM RADIATION AND LEVERAGE 1900 01:33:51,942 --> 01:33:52,142 THEM. 1901 01:33:52,142 --> 01:33:56,580 IT'S AN EXCITING TIME TO MAP THE 1902 01:33:56,580 --> 01:33:59,015 MOLECULES AND CHARACTERIZE WHICH 1903 01:33:59,015 --> 01:34:01,318 LEARNED TO RESIST RADIATION AND 1904 01:34:01,318 --> 01:34:03,854 IT'S AN EXTRAORDINARY TIME. 1905 01:34:03,854 --> 01:34:07,624 >> WOULD THERE BE ANY WAY -- 1906 01:34:07,624 --> 01:34:09,960 WOULD IT BE PHYSICALLY POSSIBLE 1907 01:34:09,960 --> 01:34:12,696 TO CREATE A LAUNCH TO CREATE 1908 01:34:12,696 --> 01:34:14,931 IT'S OWN MAGNETIC FIELD TO BLOCK 1909 01:34:14,931 --> 01:34:16,533 THE RADIATION. 1910 01:34:16,533 --> 01:34:18,301 IT'S THE MAGNETIC FIELD OF THE 1911 01:34:18,301 --> 01:34:20,504 EARTH THAT BLOCKS THE RADIATION. 1912 01:34:20,504 --> 01:34:21,071 >> CORRECT. 1913 01:34:21,071 --> 01:34:22,639 IT'S BEEN DISCUSSED BUT THE 1914 01:34:22,639 --> 01:34:23,240 POWER REQUIREMENTS WOULD BE 1915 01:34:23,240 --> 01:34:24,441 DIFFICULT TO CREATE IT. 1916 01:34:24,441 --> 01:34:25,775 NOT IMPOSSIBLE. 1917 01:34:25,775 --> 01:34:27,978 IF WE HAD FUSION WORKING WELL WE 1918 01:34:27,978 --> 01:34:31,515 COULD DO A LOT OF THINGS ON THE 1919 01:34:31,515 --> 01:34:31,815 SPACECRAFT. 1920 01:34:31,815 --> 01:34:33,383 THERE ARE NASA GRANTS WHERE WE 1921 01:34:33,383 --> 01:34:35,852 WORK ON FUSION DRIVES AND WAYS 1922 01:34:35,852 --> 01:34:37,721 TO GET INFUSION REACTORS INTO 1923 01:34:37,721 --> 01:34:38,054 SPACE. 1924 01:34:38,054 --> 01:34:39,823 ONCE THOSE START TO PAN OUT IT'S 1925 01:34:39,823 --> 01:34:40,090 POSSIBLE. 1926 01:34:40,090 --> 01:34:42,292 VERY POSSIBLE. 1927 01:34:42,292 --> 01:34:45,462 WE'LL NEED A FEW YEARS OR 1928 01:34:45,462 --> 01:34:51,668 DECADES OF ENGINEERING. 1929 01:34:51,668 --> 01:34:56,773 >> A PERSONALIZED MAGNETIC 1930 01:34:56,773 --> 01:34:56,973 FIELD. 1931 01:34:56,973 --> 01:34:59,509 >> SOMEONE IN THE AUDIENCE IS 1932 01:34:59,509 --> 01:35:02,512 WONDERING IF SPACE EXPERIMENTS 1933 01:35:02,512 --> 01:35:05,048 CAN TEST KIDNEY DISEASE THAT 1934 01:35:05,048 --> 01:35:08,018 DRIVE THE DISEASE BUT IN AN 1935 01:35:08,018 --> 01:35:09,286 ACCELERATED ANIMAL MODEL. 1936 01:35:09,286 --> 01:35:11,688 THIS SPEAKS TO WHAT CHRIS WAS 1937 01:35:11,688 --> 01:35:14,791 TALKING ABOUT IN TERMS OF ALL 1938 01:35:14,791 --> 01:35:25,502 THE DIFFERENT MEDICAL TEST IING 1939 01:35:27,704 --> 01:35:29,606 THAT IS NOW POSSIBLE TO DO. 1940 01:35:29,606 --> 01:35:31,708 >> WE'RE LOOKING AT KIDNEY 1941 01:35:31,708 --> 01:35:34,010 FUNCTION AND STRESS AND DISEASE 1942 01:35:34,010 --> 01:35:40,216 AND THE MOST IN DEPTH ANALYSIS 1943 01:35:40,216 --> 01:35:42,285 IN SPACE LAST YEAR AND RISK FOR 1944 01:35:42,285 --> 01:35:43,253 KIDNEY STONES. 1945 01:35:43,253 --> 01:35:44,788 IT'S A WELL KNOWN GENERAL RISK 1946 01:35:44,788 --> 01:35:47,023 AND THE CALCIUM BUILD UP AND 1947 01:35:47,023 --> 01:35:48,291 LOSS DURING SPACE FLIGHT. 1948 01:35:48,291 --> 01:35:50,026 IT'S A WELL DOCUMENTED RISK. 1949 01:35:50,026 --> 01:35:51,861 THE COUNTER MEASURES ARE STILL 1950 01:35:51,861 --> 01:35:54,831 BE TEASED OUT AND THE BETTER 1951 01:35:54,831 --> 01:35:59,336 UNDERSTANDING IS STILL BE TEASE 1952 01:35:59,336 --> 01:36:00,503 THE OUT BUT THERE'S THE LEADER 1953 01:36:00,503 --> 01:36:06,610 IN SPACE. 1954 01:36:06,610 --> 01:36:09,112 >> HE'S SHOWN THE TUBES OF THE 1955 01:36:09,112 --> 01:36:14,417 KIDNEY COLLAPSING AND THAT'S A 1956 01:36:14,417 --> 01:36:14,751 CONCERN TOO. 1957 01:36:14,751 --> 01:36:25,228 THE COLLAPSE OF RENAL TUBES. 1958 01:36:31,434 --> 01:36:34,204 HE'S ONE TO INVITE FOR THE 1959 01:36:34,204 --> 01:36:35,705 KIDNEY ISSUES BECAUSE HE ALWAYS 1960 01:36:35,705 --> 01:36:36,373 GIVES CREATE TALKS ABOUT WHAT 1961 01:36:36,373 --> 01:36:38,141 HAPPENS TO KIDNEYS IN SPACE. 1962 01:36:38,141 --> 01:36:40,510 >> SO ANOTHER QUESTION FROM THE 1963 01:36:40,510 --> 01:36:42,912 AUDIENCE WHICH WE SORT OF 1964 01:36:42,912 --> 01:36:44,614 TOUCHED UPON IN YOUR TALKS, WHAT 1965 01:36:44,614 --> 01:36:47,851 IS THE IMPACT OF SPACE RESIDENCY 1966 01:36:47,851 --> 01:36:48,551 IN ON IMMUNE RESPONSIVENESS? 1967 01:36:48,551 --> 01:36:48,618 1968 01:36:55,992 --> 01:37:00,363 THEY -- THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS 1969 01:37:00,363 --> 01:37:00,864 PERT 1970 01:37:00,864 --> 01:37:01,631 PERTURBED. 1971 01:37:01,631 --> 01:37:03,767 IT'S NOT DYSFUNCTIONAL BUT 1972 01:37:03,767 --> 01:37:04,134 PERTURBED. 1973 01:37:04,134 --> 01:37:06,670 WE SEE T CELL RECEPTOR AND 1974 01:37:06,670 --> 01:37:08,538 DYSFUNCTION FOR MAKING 1975 01:37:08,538 --> 01:37:11,775 ANTIBODIES ARE RELATIVELY 1976 01:37:11,775 --> 01:37:12,075 MAINTAINED. 1977 01:37:12,075 --> 01:37:19,215 WE DID A VACCINATION AND IT'S 1978 01:37:19,215 --> 01:37:20,350 NOT THE IMMUNE CAN'T OR DOESN'T 1979 01:37:20,350 --> 01:37:20,717 FUNCTION. 1980 01:37:20,717 --> 01:37:22,318 THAT'S NOT THE CASE. 1981 01:37:22,318 --> 01:37:23,753 IT'S MORE STRESSED AND PERTURBED 1982 01:37:23,753 --> 01:37:29,292 SO WE SEE MORE THAN HALF LIKE 1983 01:37:29,292 --> 01:37:31,895 THE HERPES REACTIVATION AND 1984 01:37:31,895 --> 01:37:33,430 SIGNATURES OF VIRAL RESPONSE IN 1985 01:37:33,430 --> 01:37:36,032 THE GENE EXPRESSION DATA. 1986 01:37:36,032 --> 01:37:37,467 WE SEE MACROPHAGE FUNCTION SEEMS 1987 01:37:37,467 --> 01:37:39,502 TO BE CHANGING. 1988 01:37:39,502 --> 01:37:42,572 THERE'S A LOT OF CHANGES BUT 1989 01:37:42,572 --> 01:37:45,608 CAN'T WAIT SAY IT'S NOT WORKING 1990 01:37:45,608 --> 01:37:47,077 BECAUSE IT'S STILL FUNCTIONAL 1991 01:37:47,077 --> 01:37:49,012 BUT SEEMS TO BE PERTURBED AND I 1992 01:37:49,012 --> 01:37:50,013 THINK SOMETIMES ON HIGH ALERT 1993 01:37:50,013 --> 01:37:52,682 WHEN IT SHOULD BE RESTING OR 1994 01:37:52,682 --> 01:37:54,350 SOMETIMES ON LOW ALERT WHEN IT 1995 01:37:54,350 --> 01:37:56,219 SHOULD BE ON MORE ALERT BUT IT'S 1996 01:37:56,219 --> 01:37:58,455 NOT THAT IT'S NOT WORKING IT 1997 01:37:58,455 --> 01:38:00,590 JUST NEED TO BE TWEAKED FOR 1998 01:38:00,590 --> 01:38:03,927 FUTURE MAINTENANCE. 1999 01:38:03,927 --> 01:38:08,031 >> I ALSO THINK IF IT'S 2000 01:38:08,031 --> 01:38:10,900 MITOCHONDRIA -- MITOCHONDRIAL 2001 01:38:10,900 --> 01:38:12,702 DYSFUNCTION CAUSES IMMUNE 2002 01:38:12,702 --> 01:38:13,002 DYSFUNCTION. 2003 01:38:13,002 --> 01:38:15,638 WE HAVE SHOWN IN THE MOUSE 2004 01:38:15,638 --> 01:38:19,576 STUDIES THE INNATE IMMUNE AND 2005 01:38:19,576 --> 01:38:23,613 ADAPTIVE AND SOME THINGS BECOME 2006 01:38:23,613 --> 01:38:25,482 HYPERACTIVE BECAUSE PERTURBED IS 2007 01:38:25,482 --> 01:38:29,486 A GOOD TERM TRYING TO OVERREACT 2008 01:38:29,486 --> 01:38:31,888 AND SOME ARE BEING SUPPRESSED 2009 01:38:31,888 --> 01:38:33,223 AND SUPPRESSES IMMUNE FUNCTION. 2010 01:38:33,223 --> 01:38:35,425 THERE'S A STUDY WE DID FOUR OR 2011 01:38:35,425 --> 01:38:40,930 FIVE YEARS AGO ON A MOUSE MODEL 2012 01:38:40,930 --> 01:38:44,734 LOOKING AT RADIATION AND THE 2013 01:38:44,734 --> 01:38:45,935 MICE INTERESTINGLY ENOUGH WHEN 2014 01:38:45,935 --> 01:38:48,171 YOU LOOK AT THE SPLEEN OF THE 2015 01:38:48,171 --> 01:38:52,742 MICE WE SAW THE CYTOTOXIC AND T 2016 01:38:52,742 --> 01:38:55,111 CELLS COMPLETELY SUPPRESSED. 2017 01:38:55,111 --> 01:38:58,114 SO THINGS LIKE THAT WE SEE AGAIN 2018 01:38:58,114 --> 01:39:03,219 THIS IS A LARGE ACUTE DOSE AND 2019 01:39:03,219 --> 01:39:06,222 OVER TIME YOU ALWAYS SEE THE LOW 2020 01:39:06,222 --> 01:39:08,625 DOSE BUT OVER TIME THE LOW 2021 01:39:08,625 --> 01:39:10,293 SUPPRESSION MIGHT HAPPEN IS WHAT 2022 01:39:10,293 --> 01:39:11,828 THE DATA INDICATES THAT WOULD 2023 01:39:11,828 --> 01:39:12,729 LEAD TO THAT. 2024 01:39:12,729 --> 01:39:16,332 THEN WE HAVE TO FIGURE OUT WAYS 2025 01:39:16,332 --> 01:39:19,335 TO STOP THE SUPPRESSION IN THE 2026 01:39:19,335 --> 01:39:20,570 HELPER CELLS TO MAKE THE IMMUNE 2027 01:39:20,570 --> 01:39:23,907 SYSTEM HAPPY TO KEEP GOING. 2028 01:39:23,907 --> 01:39:25,074 >> OKAY. 2029 01:39:25,074 --> 01:39:29,779 NOW HERE'S SOMEONE THAT'S A REAL 2030 01:39:29,779 --> 01:39:40,723 SPACE ENTHROUROUGHS -- ENTHUSIA 2031 01:39:42,091 --> 01:39:44,294 SAYS THIS APPLIES TO ASTRONAUTS 2032 01:39:44,294 --> 01:39:46,229 WHEN ORDINARY HUMANS VENTURE TO 2033 01:39:46,229 --> 01:39:47,664 SPACE BASIC PROTECTIONS WOULD 2034 01:39:47,664 --> 01:39:49,566 LIKELY BE THE NORM. 2035 01:39:49,566 --> 01:39:52,602 IS THERE RESEARCH ON UNAVOIDABLE 2036 01:39:52,602 --> 01:39:53,937 RISKS ORDINARY PEOPLE WOULD FACE 2037 01:39:53,937 --> 01:39:59,175 ON THE MOON OR ON MARS? 2038 01:39:59,175 --> 01:40:02,278 >> WE PUT OUT AN ETHICS PAPER IN 2039 01:40:02,278 --> 01:40:05,181 THE NATURE PACKAGE TO TALK ABOUT 2040 01:40:05,181 --> 01:40:07,317 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE WHEN 2041 01:40:07,317 --> 01:40:10,854 NORMAL PEOPLE GO UP AND THERE'S 2042 01:40:10,854 --> 01:40:12,188 THE WHOLE COMMERCIAL MISSION 2043 01:40:12,188 --> 01:40:15,325 WHERE THAT'S THE WHOLE CONCERN. 2044 01:40:15,325 --> 01:40:17,260 THERE'S LAWYERS LOOKING AT AND 2045 01:40:17,260 --> 01:40:18,494 DRAWING UP NEW PLANS TO MAKE IT 2046 01:40:18,494 --> 01:40:21,497 SAFE FOR THE NORMAL PEOPLE LIKE 2047 01:40:21,497 --> 01:40:26,836 MYSELF OR CHRIS TO GO UP THERE. 2048 01:40:26,836 --> 01:40:29,005 HAVE YOU TALKED ABOUT THE 2049 01:40:29,005 --> 01:40:29,372 GUIDELINES? 2050 01:40:29,372 --> 01:40:33,076 >> YEAH, THAT'S ONE OF THE 2051 01:40:33,076 --> 01:40:34,110 EXCITING THINGS. 2052 01:40:34,110 --> 01:40:35,912 ANYONE CAN GO INTO SPACE YOU 2053 01:40:35,912 --> 01:40:38,948 JUST NEED THE CAPITAL WE HAVE 2054 01:40:38,948 --> 01:40:42,218 THE YOUNGEST AMERICAN ON 2055 01:40:42,218 --> 01:40:44,020 INSPIRATION 4 IS A CANCER 2056 01:40:44,020 --> 01:40:46,689 SURVIVAL AND HAS A PROSTHETIC 2057 01:40:46,689 --> 01:40:48,391 LIMB AND VERY YOUNG AND WE'RE 2058 01:40:48,391 --> 01:40:50,560 GETTING OLD AND YOUNG PEOPLE AND 2059 01:40:50,560 --> 01:40:52,795 CANCER SURVIVORS AND PEOPLE WHO 2060 01:40:52,795 --> 01:40:55,164 HAVE BEEN THROUGH THE SLINGS AND 2061 01:40:55,164 --> 01:40:57,467 ARROWS OF LIFE AND STILL WANT TO 2062 01:40:57,467 --> 01:41:00,103 GO TO SPACE AND ENJOY IT. 2063 01:41:00,103 --> 01:41:01,804 IT'S EXCITING SPACE IS BEING 2064 01:41:01,804 --> 01:41:04,407 OPENED UP TO EVERYONE BUT IF 2065 01:41:04,407 --> 01:41:05,708 YOU'RE DIABETIC OR PRE-DIABETIC 2066 01:41:05,708 --> 01:41:07,143 IS THAT TOO MUCH OF A RISK AND 2067 01:41:07,143 --> 01:41:09,078 HOW DO YOU MANAGE THE RISK? 2068 01:41:09,078 --> 01:41:13,950 IT'S A QUESTION OF WHEN NOT IF 2069 01:41:13,950 --> 01:41:19,656 WE GET NUANCED COMPLEX FACTORS. 2070 01:41:19,656 --> 01:41:25,828 WE HAVE TO DO BETTER CONTINUED 2071 01:41:25,828 --> 01:41:30,233 MONITORING AND THE EPIGENETICS 2072 01:41:30,233 --> 01:41:31,301 ARE BECOMING VERY POSSIBLE IN 2073 01:41:31,301 --> 01:41:32,435 SPACE. 2074 01:41:32,435 --> 01:41:33,903 IT'S GREAT. 2075 01:41:33,903 --> 01:41:35,371 >> AND POTENTIAL COUNTER MEASURE 2076 01:41:35,371 --> 01:41:36,339 LIKE THE BOOSTERS MAY BE 2077 01:41:36,339 --> 01:41:37,707 SOMETHING AS YOU MENTIONED 2078 01:41:37,707 --> 01:41:39,642 EARLIER IF YOU'RE ABLE TO SCREEN 2079 01:41:39,642 --> 01:41:42,412 YOURSELF FOR MITOCHONDRIAL 2080 01:41:42,412 --> 01:41:43,746 MUTATIONS YOU CAN PREPARE 2081 01:41:43,746 --> 01:41:47,650 YOURSELF EASIER TO GO TO SPACE. 2082 01:41:47,650 --> 01:41:48,751 ANYTHING ELSE. 2083 01:41:48,751 --> 01:41:50,787 >> OKAY. 2084 01:41:50,787 --> 01:41:52,422 WELL, ANOTHER OF OUR VIEWERS IS 2085 01:41:52,422 --> 01:41:54,490 INTERESTED IN THE QUESTION OF 2086 01:41:54,490 --> 01:41:59,395 WHETHER IF ONE HAD A PROLONGED 2087 01:41:59,395 --> 01:42:01,097 SPACE FLIGHT WOULD THERE BE A 2088 01:42:01,097 --> 01:42:07,136 POINT IN HAVING THE ASTRONAUTS 2089 01:42:07,136 --> 01:42:07,837 HIBERNATE ON THE SPACE VEHICLE 2090 01:42:07,837 --> 01:42:15,979 WHILE IN TRANSIT? 2091 01:42:15,979 --> 01:42:18,414 >> WE HAVE A LAB WORKING ON THE 2092 01:42:18,414 --> 01:42:21,117 IDEA. 2093 01:42:21,117 --> 01:42:22,452 >> REALLY? 2094 01:42:22,452 --> 01:42:24,420 >> THEY'RE MAIN BREAD AND BUTTER 2095 01:42:24,420 --> 01:42:26,155 IS LOOKING AT EXERCISE AND HOW 2096 01:42:26,155 --> 01:42:27,690 IF YOU GO INTO DIFFERENT SLEEP 2097 01:42:27,690 --> 01:42:29,726 CYCLES CAN IMPROVE YOUR HEALTH, 2098 01:42:29,726 --> 01:42:30,526 THINGS LIKE THAT. 2099 01:42:30,526 --> 01:42:35,932 SHE GOT A POSTDOCTORAL AWARD 2100 01:42:35,932 --> 01:42:38,401 FROM TRANSLATION RESEARCH TO 2101 01:42:38,401 --> 01:42:40,269 LOOK AT HIBERNATION MODELS. 2102 01:42:40,269 --> 01:42:42,438 BECAUSE WHAT HAPPENS IS ONE 2103 01:42:42,438 --> 01:42:46,309 OTHER STUDY CHRIS AND I HAVE 2104 01:42:46,309 --> 01:42:51,347 COLLABORATED WITH PORTLAND STATE 2105 01:42:51,347 --> 01:42:55,585 IS A FISH AND THEY'RE FOUND IN 2106 01:42:55,585 --> 01:42:57,887 THE AMAZON RIVER BEDS WHERE IT 2107 01:42:57,887 --> 01:43:00,323 DRIES UP FOR THREE MONTHS AND 2108 01:43:00,323 --> 01:43:03,493 HAVE TO DEVELOP EXTREME 2109 01:43:03,493 --> 01:43:14,270 PROPERTIES AND IN THE EMBRYONIC 2110 01:43:14,270 --> 01:43:16,072 STAGE IT CAN WITHSTAND RADIATION 2111 01:43:16,072 --> 01:43:18,174 AND THOUGH THE DAMAGE IS STILL 2112 01:43:18,174 --> 01:43:21,911 GETTING DONE TO THE DNA FROM THE 2113 01:43:21,911 --> 01:43:25,848 RADIATION, IT DOESN'T PRODUCE 2114 01:43:25,848 --> 01:43:26,816 REACTIVE SPECIES AND THE 2115 01:43:26,816 --> 01:43:29,452 PROTEINS COME IN AND REPAIR IT 2116 01:43:29,452 --> 01:43:31,621 AND IT'S FINE. 2117 01:43:31,621 --> 01:43:33,856 WHEN IT HATCHES IT BECOMES A 2118 01:43:33,856 --> 01:43:34,190 FISH. 2119 01:43:34,190 --> 01:43:35,925 THAT'S AN EXTREME HIBERNATION 2120 01:43:35,925 --> 01:43:40,730 MODEL AND OTHERS ARE LOOKING AT 2121 01:43:40,730 --> 01:43:51,274 FLYING SQUIRRELS AND ONE COMPANY 2122 01:43:54,610 --> 01:43:57,013 WE'RE TALKING TO AND HIBERNATION 2123 01:43:57,013 --> 01:43:57,613 MIGHT BE ONE WAY. 2124 01:43:57,613 --> 01:44:00,416 >> AND THEY'RE THINKING ABOUT 2125 01:44:00,416 --> 01:44:03,920 IT. 2126 01:44:03,920 --> 01:44:06,522 IT'S VERY INTERESTING. 2127 01:44:06,522 --> 01:44:17,266 THERE'S AN YAANESTHESIOLOGIST A 2128 01:44:20,369 --> 01:44:23,206 CORNELL AND THEY'LL ROTATE YOUR 2129 01:44:23,206 --> 01:44:26,476 BODY IF YOU'RE UNDER ANESTHESIA 2130 01:44:26,476 --> 01:44:28,744 FOR A LONG TIME BUT HOW DO YOU 2131 01:44:28,744 --> 01:44:31,781 MAINTAIN THE BODY WHEN YOU 2132 01:44:31,781 --> 01:44:32,748 HIBERNATE AND BEARS HAVE MANAGED 2133 01:44:32,748 --> 01:44:35,585 TO DO BUT THEY MOVE WELL THEY 2134 01:44:35,585 --> 01:44:37,186 DON'T LAY DOWN COMPLETELY. 2135 01:44:37,186 --> 01:44:38,621 IT'S FUN TO LEARN FROM THE BEAR 2136 01:44:38,621 --> 01:44:42,758 BUT HARD TO GET A SAMPLE. 2137 01:44:42,758 --> 01:44:43,326 >> ALL RIGHT. 2138 01:44:43,326 --> 01:44:45,495 HERE'S ANOTHER QUESTION FROM OUR 2139 01:44:45,495 --> 01:44:49,365 AUDIENCE, CAN YOU ELABORATE 2140 01:44:49,365 --> 01:44:53,069 ABOUT THE TELOMERE LENGTH 2141 01:44:53,069 --> 01:44:55,805 ACTIVATION OF TELEMERASE. 2142 01:44:55,805 --> 01:44:58,307 >> WE KNOW IT'S GOING TO BE 2143 01:44:58,307 --> 01:44:58,941 ELEVATED. 2144 01:44:58,941 --> 01:45:01,210 THE GENES ONE IS CALLED TERRA 2145 01:45:01,210 --> 01:45:04,480 AND ONE IS A TELOMERE RESPONSIVE 2146 01:45:04,480 --> 01:45:06,482 GENES ARE ACTIVATED IN FLIGHT 2147 01:45:06,482 --> 01:45:09,952 AND THE QUESTION IS IT 2148 01:45:09,952 --> 01:45:15,591 MICROGRAVITY OR RADIATION? 2149 01:45:15,591 --> 01:45:24,534 IN VITRO STUDIES ON EARTH IF YOU 2150 01:45:24,534 --> 01:45:27,737 RADIATE CELLS YOU GET LONG 2151 01:45:27,737 --> 01:45:30,006 TELOMERES AND IT'S IN RESPONSE 2152 01:45:30,006 --> 01:45:31,908 TO THE DAMAGE AND NOT THAT MUCH 2153 01:45:31,908 --> 01:45:32,708 RADIATION BUT ENOUGH TO TO 2154 01:45:32,708 --> 01:45:36,479 STIMULATE THE RESPONSE FOR THE 2155 01:45:36,479 --> 01:45:37,747 CELLS. 2156 01:45:37,747 --> 01:45:40,750 >> ALL RIGHT. 2157 01:45:40,750 --> 01:45:41,117 WELL, THANK YOU. 2158 01:45:41,117 --> 01:45:50,026 SO NOW WE HAVE A QUESTION ABOUT 2159 01:45:50,026 --> 01:45:56,432 DID YOU LOOK FOR THE COMMON 2160 01:45:56,432 --> 01:45:57,033 MITOCHONDRIAL DELETION? 2161 01:45:57,033 --> 01:46:05,341 >> WE HAVEN'T LOOKED AT ANY. 2162 01:46:05,341 --> 01:46:06,576 THERE'S A LOT OF UNDER STUDIED 2163 01:46:06,576 --> 01:46:10,279 THINGS IN SPACE AND ONE IS 2164 01:46:10,279 --> 01:46:11,647 MITOCHONDRIAL HAS A LOT OF 2165 01:46:11,647 --> 01:46:14,884 THINGS TO UNCOVER. 2166 01:46:14,884 --> 01:46:16,385 THAT'S ONE. 2167 01:46:16,385 --> 01:46:19,622 THERE'S OMICS DATA BUT 2168 01:46:19,622 --> 01:46:20,823 COLLABORATORS AND PEOPLE THAT 2169 01:46:20,823 --> 01:46:25,294 HAVE ACCESS TO MOUSE TISSUE SO 2170 01:46:25,294 --> 01:46:28,731 WE CAN COLLABORATE AND LOOK AT 2171 01:46:28,731 --> 01:46:32,168 THE DELETIONS COMMON OR 2172 01:46:32,168 --> 01:46:32,468 NON-COMMON. 2173 01:46:32,468 --> 01:46:36,472 I WENT SAY EITHER WAY. 2174 01:46:36,472 --> 01:46:39,609 I DON'T KNOW. 2175 01:46:39,609 --> 01:46:42,345 >> WE DO HETERO PLASMA CHANGE 2176 01:46:42,345 --> 01:46:44,747 AND DIFFERENCES IN CHANGES BUT 2177 01:46:44,747 --> 01:46:46,983 HAVEN'T LOOKED DEEPLY AT THE 2178 01:46:46,983 --> 01:46:47,250 MUTATION. 2179 01:46:47,250 --> 01:46:48,517 IT'S A GREAT QUESTION. 2180 01:46:48,517 --> 01:46:49,785 WE HAVE A LOT OF DATA AND 2181 01:46:49,785 --> 01:46:50,953 SEQUENCE DATA SO WE CAN DO A 2182 01:46:50,953 --> 01:46:52,755 WHOLE STUDY ON THAT IN A WEEK OR 2183 01:46:52,755 --> 01:46:55,691 TWO PROBABLY. 2184 01:46:55,691 --> 01:46:58,694 >> ALL RIGHT. 2185 01:46:58,694 --> 01:47:04,734 NOW WE HAVE A QUESTION ABOUT 2186 01:47:04,734 --> 01:47:06,502 MYOKINES DO YOU THINK THEY ARE 2187 01:47:06,502 --> 01:47:11,207 CONSIDERED AS A PROGNOSTIC 2188 01:47:11,207 --> 01:47:12,975 BIOMARKER FOR AGING IN SPACE? 2189 01:47:12,975 --> 01:47:15,811 >> SHORT ANSWER, YES, MAYBE. 2190 01:47:15,811 --> 01:47:16,379 I HAVEN'T LOOKED AT THAT. 2191 01:47:16,379 --> 01:47:17,947 I DON'T KNOW. 2192 01:47:20,816 --> 01:47:22,051 IT'S A GOOD QUESTION. 2193 01:47:22,051 --> 01:47:24,820 >> IT'S A VERY INTRIGUING 2194 01:47:24,820 --> 01:47:26,856 QUESTION BUT I DON'T -- I CAN 2195 01:47:26,856 --> 01:47:28,257 TRY AND LOOK AT YOU WHILE WE'RE 2196 01:47:28,257 --> 01:47:28,791 ON THE CALL. 2197 01:47:28,791 --> 01:47:30,059 I'LL LOOK AND SEE IF THE 2198 01:47:30,059 --> 01:47:31,060 DATABASE IF WE SEE THAT. 2199 01:47:31,060 --> 01:47:33,462 I DON'T KNOW IF WE HAVE. 2200 01:47:33,462 --> 01:47:35,865 I WILL TAKE A LOOK. 2201 01:47:35,865 --> 01:47:36,899 >> ALL RIGHT. 2202 01:47:36,899 --> 01:47:38,601 >> FOR OTHER PEOPLE GO ON THE 2203 01:47:38,601 --> 01:47:42,605 PLATFORM AND DO THE SAME THING. 2204 01:47:42,605 --> 01:47:44,640 >> ALL RIGHT. 2205 01:47:44,640 --> 01:47:48,978 HERE'S A QUESTION WITH REGARD TO 2206 01:47:48,978 --> 01:47:52,248 IDEAL AGE OF AN ASTRONAUT TO 2207 01:47:52,248 --> 01:47:55,151 BEGIN AN EXPEDITION TO MARS. 2208 01:47:55,151 --> 01:47:57,753 IS IT BETTER TO HAVE SOMEONE IN 2209 01:47:57,753 --> 01:47:59,422 THEIR 20s OR A LITTLE BIT OLDER? 2210 01:47:59,422 --> 01:48:01,290 SOME ASTRONAUTS IN OUR SPACE 2211 01:48:01,290 --> 01:48:05,861 FORCE ARE MIDDLE AGE 2212 01:48:05,861 --> 01:48:06,162 INDIVIDUALS. 2213 01:48:06,162 --> 01:48:09,765 IS IT KNOWN WHAT WOULD BE THE 2214 01:48:09,765 --> 01:48:12,168 IDEAL AGE TO TAKE A PROLONGED 2215 01:48:12,168 --> 01:48:12,568 SPACE FLIGHT? 2216 01:48:12,568 --> 01:48:14,970 >> THAT I DON'T KNOW. 2217 01:48:14,970 --> 01:48:17,573 I HEARD DATA CANCER RISKS IN A 2218 01:48:17,573 --> 01:48:21,310 MOUSE MODEL IN YOU'RE OLDER WITH 2219 01:48:21,310 --> 01:48:25,681 SPACE IT MAY BE BETTER BUT A 2220 01:48:25,681 --> 01:48:27,216 HEALTH RISK. 2221 01:48:27,216 --> 01:48:28,884 I HAVEN'T DONE A HEALTH AGE 2222 01:48:28,884 --> 01:48:29,218 RISK. 2223 01:48:29,218 --> 01:48:34,623 CHRIS, YOU MIGHT HAVE DONE IT. 2224 01:48:34,623 --> 01:48:37,193 >> NO, GOOD QUESTION. 2225 01:48:37,193 --> 01:48:40,629 SO WE'VE DONE -- I THINK THERE 2226 01:48:40,629 --> 01:48:44,100 IS I WOULD SAY THE BEST IS GET 2227 01:48:44,100 --> 01:48:45,868 UP EARLY AND STAY UP THERE BUT 2228 01:48:45,868 --> 01:48:48,270 WE'RE NOT THERE YET. 2229 01:48:48,270 --> 01:48:50,439 RIGHT NOW IT'S PROBABLY MID TO 2230 01:48:50,439 --> 01:48:53,776 LATE 20s, 30s, 40s. 2231 01:48:53,776 --> 01:48:56,045 MIDDLE OF LIFE IS WHEN YOU'RE 2232 01:48:56,045 --> 01:49:01,083 THE MOST RESPONSIVE AND PLASTIC 2233 01:49:01,083 --> 01:49:02,785 AND MOST RESILIENT BUT PEOPLE IN 2234 01:49:02,785 --> 01:49:04,787 THEIR 50s AND 60s ARE GOING TO 2235 01:49:04,787 --> 01:49:05,488 SPACE JUST FINE. 2236 01:49:05,488 --> 01:49:06,822 WE DON'T KNOW IS THE SHORT 2237 01:49:06,822 --> 01:49:08,691 ANSWER BUT IT WOULD TRACK WITH 2238 01:49:08,691 --> 01:49:10,726 MOST OTHER METRICS FOR HEALTH 2239 01:49:10,726 --> 01:49:11,360 WHICH GENERALLY PEAK MIDDLE OF 2240 01:49:11,360 --> 01:49:16,665 LIFE. 2241 01:49:16,665 --> 01:49:20,069 IT'S A VERY PERSON DEPENDENT. 2242 01:49:20,069 --> 01:49:24,507 SOME PEOPLE 55 LOOK EASY AND 2243 01:49:24,507 --> 01:49:29,512 PEACE -- PEASE AND OTHERS ARE 2244 01:49:29,512 --> 01:49:31,747 SPIKING THEIR INFLAMMATORY 2245 01:49:31,747 --> 01:49:31,947 CELLS. 2246 01:49:31,947 --> 01:49:37,219 >> MAYBE DO THE SCREENING FOR 2247 01:49:37,219 --> 01:49:39,221 GENETICS AND OTHER FACTORS TO 2248 01:49:39,221 --> 01:49:40,356 FIGURE THAT OUT. 2249 01:49:40,356 --> 01:49:44,059 >> SO, CHRIS, TALKED A LITTLE 2250 01:49:44,059 --> 01:49:50,366 BIT ABOUT VARIOUS MEDICAL 2251 01:49:50,366 --> 01:49:52,101 EQUIPMENT AND SEQUENCING 2252 01:49:52,101 --> 01:49:52,735 APPARATUS AND SO FARTHER THAT 2253 01:49:52,735 --> 01:49:54,537 COULD BE TAKEN TO SPACE AND USED 2254 01:49:54,537 --> 01:49:57,440 THIS. 2255 01:49:57,440 --> 01:49:58,307 HAS ANYONE CONSIDERED WHAT IT 2256 01:49:58,307 --> 01:50:00,509 WOULD BE LIKE TO DO SURGERY IN 2257 01:50:00,509 --> 01:50:05,581 OUTER SPACE? 2258 01:50:05,581 --> 01:50:10,586 >> A POST -DOC IN THE LAB IS 2259 01:50:10,586 --> 01:50:12,354 THINKING ABOUT THIS ALL THE 2260 01:50:12,354 --> 01:50:15,057 STAGE AND THE FIRST SURGEON IN 2261 01:50:15,057 --> 01:50:16,592 SPACE IS HER CAREER GOAL. 2262 01:50:16,592 --> 01:50:17,760 TAKE A WHILE BECAUSE WE DON'T 2263 01:50:17,760 --> 01:50:19,829 KNOW THE BEST OR ANY WAY TO DO 2264 01:50:19,829 --> 01:50:26,368 IT BUT AT SOME POINT, YES. 2265 01:50:26,368 --> 01:50:28,704 THERE WILL BE INJURIES IN SPACE 2266 01:50:28,704 --> 01:50:30,539 AND DEATH AND IT'S NOT A 2267 01:50:30,539 --> 01:50:32,374 QUESTION OF IF BUT WHEN. 2268 01:50:32,374 --> 01:50:33,676 WHEREVER HUME CANS HAVE GO IF 2269 01:50:33,676 --> 01:50:35,744 YOU LIVE LONG ENOUGH SOMETHING 2270 01:50:35,744 --> 01:50:36,045 WILL HAPPEN. 2271 01:50:36,045 --> 01:50:38,047 WE HAVE TO BE PREPARED FOR THAT 2272 01:50:38,047 --> 01:50:39,915 BUT NOT YET AND WE'RE JUST 2273 01:50:39,915 --> 01:50:40,749 GETTING STARTED ON THAT QUESTION 2274 01:50:40,749 --> 01:50:42,885 I'D SAY. 2275 01:50:42,885 --> 01:50:47,022 >> WELL I SUPPOSE WITH 2276 01:50:47,022 --> 01:50:51,594 WEIGHTLESSNESS EVEN QUESTIONS OF 2277 01:50:51,594 --> 01:50:54,363 BLEEDING AND SO FORTH YOU'D HAVE 2278 01:50:54,363 --> 01:50:56,532 A DIFFERENT SITUATION IF IT 2279 01:50:56,532 --> 01:50:58,634 THERE WERE BLEEDING FROM A 2280 01:50:58,634 --> 01:50:58,834 WOUND. 2281 01:50:58,834 --> 01:51:01,804 AN INTERESTING THING TO THINK 2282 01:51:01,804 --> 01:51:02,171 ABOUT. 2283 01:51:02,171 --> 01:51:03,539 AND WE'LL PROBABLY HEAR MORE 2284 01:51:03,539 --> 01:51:04,974 ABOUT IT FROM YOU ALL. 2285 01:51:04,974 --> 01:51:09,979 SO THEN ANOTHER MEDICAL ISSUE 2286 01:51:09,979 --> 01:51:12,147 TOUCHED UPON IS THE 2287 01:51:12,147 --> 01:51:13,282 PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATED WITH 2288 01:51:13,282 --> 01:51:13,983 SPACE FLIGHT. 2289 01:51:13,983 --> 01:51:14,884 WOULD YOU WANT TO SAY ANYTHING 2290 01:51:14,884 --> 01:51:17,820 MORE ABOUT THAT? 2291 01:51:17,820 --> 01:51:19,989 >> I HAVEN'T LOOKED AT IT TOO 2292 01:51:19,989 --> 01:51:21,857 MUCH OTHER THAN TALKING TO 2293 01:51:21,857 --> 01:51:22,625 VARIOUS FOLKS. 2294 01:51:22,625 --> 01:51:27,196 BASICALLY PSYCHOLOGISTS SAID IF 2295 01:51:27,196 --> 01:51:30,900 YOU'RE STUCK IN A TUBE THERE'S A 2296 01:51:30,900 --> 01:51:40,576 50% CHANCE OF HAVING PSYCHOSES. 2297 01:51:40,576 --> 01:51:49,051 AND THEY'RE TRAINED FOR THAT. 2298 01:51:49,051 --> 01:51:50,986 BUT FOR NORMAL PEOPLE WE NEED TO 2299 01:51:50,986 --> 01:51:52,755 PREPARE THEM FOR THAT. 2300 01:51:52,755 --> 01:51:56,325 I HAVEN'T DONE FURTHER STUDIES 2301 01:51:56,325 --> 01:51:59,428 BUT I DON'T KNOW IF YOU'VE 2302 01:51:59,428 --> 01:52:09,838 LOOKED INTO PSYCHOSES. 2303 01:52:12,575 --> 01:52:20,749 >> PEOPLE THINK THEY'RE 2304 01:52:20,749 --> 01:52:24,219 FRIENDLIER THAN THEY ARE WHEN 2305 01:52:24,219 --> 01:52:27,489 THEY'RE GETTING GRUMPY AND THEY 2306 01:52:27,489 --> 01:52:28,457 GET SLEEPY AND THEY THINK 2307 01:52:28,457 --> 01:52:30,526 THEY'RE FINE BUT ARE NOT AND 2308 01:52:30,526 --> 01:52:33,662 THERE'S REAL CHALLENGES BEING 2309 01:52:33,662 --> 01:52:37,833 TEASED OUT BUT ONE THING IS 2310 01:52:37,833 --> 01:52:38,300 LOSING SLEEP. 2311 01:52:38,300 --> 01:52:39,935 IT'S NOT SURPRISING FOR ANYONE 2312 01:52:39,935 --> 01:52:41,337 WHO'S BEEN ALIVE ON THIS MILLION 2313 01:52:41,337 --> 01:52:44,673 ET BUT SOMETHING YOU HAVE TO 2314 01:52:44,673 --> 01:52:46,141 RELEARN ALMOST ALL THE TIME. 2315 01:52:46,141 --> 01:52:47,376 >> THAT'S AN IMPORTANT WORD TO 2316 01:52:47,376 --> 01:52:48,544 THE WISE. 2317 01:52:48,544 --> 01:52:52,715 THAT'S FOR SURE. 2318 01:52:52,715 --> 01:52:54,917 I THINK AT LEAST ONE OF YOU 2319 01:52:54,917 --> 01:52:58,020 MENTIONED THE IDEA OF TAKING A 2320 01:52:58,020 --> 01:53:02,725 BOTTLE OF WINE ON THE SPACE 2321 01:53:02,725 --> 01:53:03,092 FLIGHT. 2322 01:53:03,092 --> 01:53:09,098 ARE THERE ANY UNUSUAL AFFECTS OF 2323 01:53:09,098 --> 01:53:11,867 ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IN SPACE 2324 01:53:11,867 --> 01:53:12,234 FLIGHT? 2325 01:53:12,234 --> 01:53:15,871 >> I DON'T KNOW THAT BUT WE'RE 2326 01:53:15,871 --> 01:53:16,805 PROPOSING SOMETHING FOR NEXT 2327 01:53:16,805 --> 01:53:20,409 YEAR IF IT GET SELECTED TO 2328 01:53:20,409 --> 01:53:21,210 CULTURE YEAST. 2329 01:53:21,210 --> 01:53:23,312 WE'LL SEE IF WE GET THE 2330 01:53:23,312 --> 01:53:23,712 PROPOSAL. 2331 01:53:23,712 --> 01:53:26,448 OTHER THAN THAT -- I KNOW THEY 2332 01:53:26,448 --> 01:53:28,350 HAVE ALCOHOL ONCE IN A WHILE BUT 2333 01:53:28,350 --> 01:53:30,252 YOU DON'T HEAR MUCH HOW IT 2334 01:53:30,252 --> 01:53:32,755 CHANGES THE BIOLOGY OR THEIR 2335 01:53:32,755 --> 01:53:36,492 EFFECTS, YEAH. 2336 01:53:36,492 --> 01:53:40,729 >> OFFICIALLY THERE'S NOT 2337 01:53:40,729 --> 01:53:44,733 SUPPOSED TO BE ALCOHOL BECAUSE 2338 01:53:44,733 --> 01:53:46,969 THERE'S A RISK IN SPACE BUT WE 2339 01:53:46,969 --> 01:53:51,407 HEARD EVERY CREW SNEAKS SOME UP 2340 01:53:51,407 --> 01:53:52,007 THERE. 2341 01:53:52,007 --> 01:53:57,513 >> SOMEONE WAS ASKING ABOUT 2342 01:53:57,513 --> 01:53:58,914 PESTS ON THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE 2343 01:53:58,914 --> 01:53:59,948 STATION AND WHETHER ANYTHING 2344 01:53:59,948 --> 01:54:04,753 LIKE HOUSE FLIES OR OTHER PESTS 2345 01:54:04,753 --> 01:54:07,423 MAY HAVE GOTTEN ON TO THE SPACE 2346 01:54:07,423 --> 01:54:08,724 STATION AND IF SO HOW THAT WORKS 2347 01:54:08,724 --> 01:54:12,161 OUT. 2348 01:54:12,161 --> 01:54:14,797 >> I DON'T KNOW OF THAT. 2349 01:54:14,797 --> 01:54:16,465 I HAVEN'T HEARD OF ANYTHING. 2350 01:54:16,465 --> 01:54:17,733 >> THERE MAY BE SOMETHING. 2351 01:54:17,733 --> 01:54:19,702 IT'S AN INTERESTING QUESTION. 2352 01:54:19,702 --> 01:54:21,470 >> WELL, ANYWAY -- 2353 01:54:21,470 --> 01:54:24,106 >> WE CAN DO EXPERIMENTS WITH 2354 01:54:24,106 --> 01:54:26,075 THE DROSOPHILA. 2355 01:54:26,075 --> 01:54:28,744 THEY SEE HOW FLIES -- THE 2356 01:54:28,744 --> 01:54:30,412 PATTERN OF FLYING CHANGES IN 2357 01:54:30,412 --> 01:54:32,281 SPACE BUT THEY ADAPT OVER TIME. 2358 01:54:32,281 --> 01:54:34,850 AT LEAST THAT HAPPENS BUT THAT'S 2359 01:54:34,850 --> 01:54:36,151 A CONTROLLED SCIENCE EXPERIMENT 2360 01:54:36,151 --> 01:54:38,487 UP THERE. 2361 01:54:38,487 --> 01:54:42,424 >> WELL, I SUPPOSE ANY FLYING 2362 01:54:42,424 --> 01:54:45,928 INSECT IT WOULD HAVE A BIGGER 2363 01:54:45,928 --> 01:54:48,997 RANGE OR FASTER FLIGHT OR 2364 01:54:48,997 --> 01:54:54,603 WHATEVER IF THEY WERE IN A 2365 01:54:54,603 --> 01:54:56,371 GRAVITY SITUATION. 2366 01:54:56,371 --> 01:55:00,209 >> THERE'S MOVIES YOU CAN WATCH 2367 01:55:00,209 --> 01:55:02,578 ABOUT THE FRUIT FLY EXPERIMENT. 2368 01:55:02,578 --> 01:55:05,247 IT'S VERY ERRATIC UNTIL THEY 2369 01:55:05,247 --> 01:55:05,447 ADAPT. 2370 01:55:05,447 --> 01:55:08,751 YOU WATCH AND IT'S INTERESTING. 2371 01:55:08,751 --> 01:55:17,693 I RECOMMEND GOOGLING AND LIKE 2372 01:55:17,693 --> 01:55:19,895 THE MICE EVENTUALLY LEARN TO 2373 01:55:19,895 --> 01:55:21,563 WHIZ AROUND THE CAGE BUT TAKES A 2374 01:55:21,563 --> 01:55:24,633 DAY OR TWO TO ADAPT JUST LIKE 2375 01:55:24,633 --> 01:55:24,867 HUMANS. 2376 01:55:24,867 --> 01:55:27,069 >> YEAH, WELL, I MUST SAY THIS 2377 01:55:27,069 --> 01:55:29,638 IS A FASCINATING DISCUSSION AND 2378 01:55:29,638 --> 01:55:34,143 MAKES I THINK MANY OF US WANT TO 2379 01:55:34,143 --> 01:55:38,914 IMMEDIATELY SIGN UP FOR THE NEXT 2380 01:55:38,914 --> 01:55:39,515 AVAILABLE SPACE FLIGHT. 2381 01:55:39,515 --> 01:55:41,617 MY COLLEAGUE WIN MAY HAVE A 2382 01:55:41,617 --> 01:55:43,018 QUESTION OR TWO BEFORE WE GET TO 2383 01:55:43,018 --> 01:55:45,454 THE END. 2384 01:55:45,454 --> 01:55:48,157 WIN, DO YOU HAVE ANY -- HAVE YOU 2385 01:55:48,157 --> 01:55:52,961 BEEN WONDERING ABOUT A TRIP TO 2386 01:55:52,961 --> 01:55:53,262 OUTER SPACE? 2387 01:55:53,262 --> 01:55:56,498 YOU'RE MUTED. 2388 01:55:56,498 --> 01:55:59,101 WIN, YOU'RE MUTED. 2389 01:55:59,101 --> 01:56:09,411 WE CAN'T HEAR YOU. 2390 01:56:11,513 --> 01:56:12,614 WE CAN'T HEAR YOU. 2391 01:56:12,614 --> 01:56:15,918 >> OKAY. 2392 01:56:15,918 --> 01:56:17,719 THANK YOU BOTH OF YOU. 2393 01:56:17,719 --> 01:56:22,224 THIS REALLY HAS BEEN VERY 2394 01:56:22,224 --> 01:56:25,494 EXCITING AND HAVE DONE A SUPERB 2395 01:56:25,494 --> 01:56:26,829 JOB OF KEEP EVERYTHING MOVING 2396 01:56:26,829 --> 01:56:28,897 ALONG IN AN EXCITING FASHION. 2397 01:56:28,897 --> 01:56:30,299 TWO QUICK QUESTIONS AT LEAST ONE 2398 01:56:30,299 --> 01:56:31,033 TO THINK ABOUT. 2399 01:56:31,033 --> 01:56:35,504 AS I LOOK AT THE DIAGRAM THAT 2400 01:56:35,504 --> 01:56:38,006 YOU SHOWED OF THE SUMMARY OF ALL 2401 01:56:38,006 --> 01:56:42,611 THE EFFECT, IT LOOKS TO ME 2402 01:56:42,611 --> 01:56:48,750 THAT'S WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU 2403 01:56:48,750 --> 01:56:50,652 INHIBIT THE MPK AXIS. 2404 01:56:50,652 --> 01:56:54,356 SO YOU REALLY ARE DRIVING 2405 01:56:54,356 --> 01:56:55,490 GLYCOLYSIS AND SHUTTING DOWN 2406 01:56:55,490 --> 01:56:57,426 EVERYTHING ELSE. 2407 01:56:57,426 --> 01:56:59,027 IT LOOKS LIKE WHAT SPACE IS 2408 01:56:59,027 --> 01:57:02,364 DOING IS THE SAME THING WE, FOR 2409 01:57:02,364 --> 01:57:05,467 EXAMPLE, SEE IN THE OKB1 2410 01:57:05,467 --> 01:57:06,935 KNOCKOUT MICE AND SO ON. 2411 01:57:06,935 --> 01:57:12,708 IS THIS REALLY LARGELY AN AFFECT 2412 01:57:12,708 --> 01:57:18,113 MEDIATED THROUGH AMPK? 2413 01:57:18,113 --> 01:57:22,885 AND I'M CURIOUS, DO WE KNOW WHAT 2414 01:57:22,885 --> 01:57:24,720 HAPPENS TO OVULATION IN MAMMALS 2415 01:57:24,720 --> 01:57:26,355 IN SPACE? 2416 01:57:26,355 --> 01:57:29,825 LET ALONE FERTILIZATION? 2417 01:57:29,825 --> 01:57:32,160 >> THE FIRST QUESTION WE HAVEN'T 2418 01:57:32,160 --> 01:57:36,598 SPECIFICALLY LOOKED AT THE AMPK 2419 01:57:36,598 --> 01:57:38,667 PATHWAY AND SEE THE DYSFUNCTION. 2420 01:57:38,667 --> 01:57:41,203 IT'S PROBABLY HEAVILY INVOLVED 2421 01:57:41,203 --> 01:57:43,538 WITH THE CYCLE SOMEWHERE AND 2422 01:57:43,538 --> 01:57:46,909 JUST HAVE TO PUT THE CONNECTION 2423 01:57:46,909 --> 01:57:50,579 IN OUR NEXT PAPER. 2424 01:57:50,579 --> 01:57:52,748 OVULATION, UNFORTUNATELY NO ONE 2425 01:57:52,748 --> 01:57:56,585 HAS LOOKED AT IT TOO MUCH BUT 2426 01:57:56,585 --> 01:57:58,387 USUALLY FEMALE ASTRONAUTS TAKE 2427 01:57:58,387 --> 01:57:59,988 THE PILL THAT STOPS THEIR 2428 01:57:59,988 --> 01:58:03,025 PERIODS BECAUSE IT'S EASIER FOR 2429 01:58:03,025 --> 01:58:04,326 THEM NOT TO HAVE THAT. 2430 01:58:04,326 --> 01:58:06,628 THAT'S NEVER STUDIED IN FEMALE 2431 01:58:06,628 --> 01:58:09,665 ASTRONAUTS BECAUSE OF THE ISSUE. 2432 01:58:09,665 --> 01:58:15,203 BUT IN THE MICE STUDIES WE KNOW 2433 01:58:15,203 --> 01:58:20,742 FROM SOME STUDIES ESTROGEN AND 2434 01:58:20,742 --> 01:58:22,144 INSULIN RECEPTORS ARE 2435 01:58:22,144 --> 01:58:23,845 SUPPRESSED. 2436 01:58:23,845 --> 01:58:27,549 THAT HAPPENS IN THE MICE AND SEE 2437 01:58:27,549 --> 01:58:29,384 THE CIRCULATING FACTORS 2438 01:58:29,384 --> 01:58:31,253 CORRELATE FROM THE FEMALES. 2439 01:58:31,253 --> 01:58:33,956 WHETHER THAT SAYS ANYTHING TO 2440 01:58:33,956 --> 01:58:36,625 OVULATION OR NOT THERE'S NO 2441 01:58:36,625 --> 01:58:37,459 DIRECT CORRELATION TO THAT. 2442 01:58:37,459 --> 01:58:39,861 I DON'T KNOW, CHRIS. 2443 01:58:39,861 --> 01:58:40,662 HAVE YOU LOOKED AT THAT? 2444 01:58:40,662 --> 01:58:43,565 >> IN NUMBERS. 2445 01:58:43,565 --> 01:58:53,809 WE DON'T KNOW. 2446 01:58:57,746 --> 01:59:01,850 >> ABOUT WHAT WILL HAPPEN SO 2447 01:59:01,850 --> 01:59:03,385 FEMALE IS SOMETHING WE NEED TO 2448 01:59:03,385 --> 01:59:03,585 STUDY. 2449 01:59:03,585 --> 01:59:07,055 >> WE'RE AT OUR TIME LIMIT. 2450 01:59:07,055 --> 01:59:09,658 SO AGAIN WE WANT TO THANK YOU 2451 01:59:09,658 --> 01:59:12,761 BOTH VERY MUCH FOR A TERRIFIC 2452 01:59:12,761 --> 01:59:16,732 WONDERFUL STIMULATING FUN, 2453 01:59:16,732 --> 01:59:17,899 INSPIRING, ALL THOSE THINGS AND 2454 01:59:17,899 --> 01:59:21,269 MORE SESSION AND I THINK THAT 2455 01:59:21,269 --> 01:59:22,971 YOU WILL HAVE LOTS OF PEOPLE 2456 01:59:22,971 --> 01:59:25,474 WANTING TO SIGN UP FOR THE NEXT 2457 01:59:25,474 --> 01:59:27,309 SPACE MISSION OR MISSIONS. 2458 01:59:27,309 --> 01:59:31,046 SO ANYWAY, THANK YOU AGAIN AND 2459 01:59:31,046 --> 01:59:33,582 WE'LL LOOK FORWARD TO ANOTHER 2460 01:59:33,582 --> 01:59:34,649 SESSION MAYBE NEXT YEAR OR THE 2461 01:59:34,649 --> 01:59:34,950 YEAR AFTER. 2462 01:59:34,950 --> 01:59:37,052 >> THANK YOU. 2463 01:59:37,052 --> 01:59:38,587 >> WE'LL HAVE A COCKTAIL FOR 2464 01:59:38,587 --> 01:59:40,722 YOU. 2465 01:59:40,722 --> 01:59:42,591 >> INDEED. 2466 01:59:42,591 --> 01:59:42,858 ALL RIGHT. 2467 01:59:42,858 --> 01:59:43,091 BYE-BYE. 2468 01:59:43,091 --> 01:59:53,091 THANK YOU.