1 00:00:05,280 --> 00:00:09,560 WELCOME TO THIS TALK HOSTED BY 2 00:00:09,560 --> 00:00:12,480 NIH LANGUAGE PROCESSING 3 00:00:12,480 --> 00:00:16,720 GROUP. 4 00:00:16,720 --> 00:00:18,160 THIS WILL BE THE LAST TALK OF 5 00:00:18,160 --> 00:00:19,960 THE YEAR. 6 00:00:19,960 --> 00:00:21,360 WE'VE HAD SEVERAL WONDERFUL 7 00:00:21,360 --> 00:00:22,760 SPEAKERS AND LAST BUT NOT LEAST, 8 00:00:22,760 --> 00:00:24,560 OUR SPEAKER TODAY IS DR. NADIA 9 00:00:24,560 --> 00:00:27,320 BIASSOU. 10 00:00:27,320 --> 00:00:28,440 SHE IS GOING TO TALK ABOUT A 11 00:00:28,440 --> 00:00:30,880 FAST 12 00:00:30,880 --> 00:00:32,400 FASCINATING TOPIC ABOUT LANGUAGE 13 00:00:32,400 --> 00:00:33,160 AND THE NEUROSCIENCE OF 14 00:00:33,160 --> 00:00:33,440 LANGUAGE. 15 00:00:33,440 --> 00:00:40,600 LET ME INTRODUCE OUR SPEAKER. 16 00:00:40,600 --> 00:00:48,840 SHE IS A HOLDS A JOINT APPOINTMENT IN 17 00:00:48,840 --> 00:00:50,320 THE IMAGING SCIENCES DEPARTMENT 18 00:00:50,320 --> 00:00:53,920 AT THE NIH CLINICAL CENTER. 19 00:00:53,920 --> 00:00:57,120 SHE'S CHIEF OF THE INTEGRATED 20 00:00:57,120 --> 00:01:01,680 NEUROSCIENCE -- UNIT AT NIDCD. 21 00:01:01,680 --> 00:01:03,440 SHE OBTAINED HER TRAINING IN 22 00:01:03,440 --> 00:01:04,640 CLINICAL DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY 23 00:01:04,640 --> 00:01:06,840 FROM GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY 24 00:01:06,840 --> 00:01:07,960 HOSPITAL WITH SUBSPECIALTY 25 00:01:07,960 --> 00:01:11,920 FELLOWSHIP TRAINING IN 26 00:01:11,920 --> 00:01:12,560 NEURORADIOLOGY FROM THE HOSPITAL 27 00:01:12,560 --> 00:01:14,120 OF THE UNIVERSITY OF 28 00:01:14,120 --> 00:01:16,360 PENNSYLVANIA. 29 00:01:16,360 --> 00:01:18,360 SHE ALSO HOLDS A BACHELOR OF 30 00:01:18,360 --> 00:01:19,280 ARTS DEGREE IN ENGLISH 31 00:01:19,280 --> 00:01:21,840 LITERATURE FROM AMHERST COLLEGE, 32 00:01:21,840 --> 00:01:23,760 A MASTER'S OF ARTS AND PH.D. IN 33 00:01:23,760 --> 00:01:24,840 APPLIED LINGUISTICS AND 34 00:01:24,840 --> 00:01:26,160 COGNITIVE SCIENCE FROM THE 35 00:01:26,160 --> 00:01:27,120 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, AND 36 00:01:27,120 --> 00:01:28,840 A MEDICAL DEGREE FROM THE 37 00:01:28,840 --> 00:01:31,600 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO-PRITZKER 38 00:01:31,600 --> 00:01:32,040 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE. 39 00:01:32,040 --> 00:01:34,280 THE SCOPE OF HER RESEARCH SPANS 40 00:01:34,280 --> 00:01:38,240 FROM THE APPLIED COMPUTATIONAL 41 00:01:38,240 --> 00:01:40,800 NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGY 42 00:01:40,800 --> 00:01:42,000 AND APPLIED LINGUISTICS. 43 00:01:42,000 --> 00:01:43,080 IT'S MY PLEASURE TO INTRODUCE 44 00:01:43,080 --> 00:01:44,360 DR. NADIA BIASSOU. 45 00:01:44,360 --> 00:01:45,920 WITHOUT FURTHER ADO, NADIA, 46 00:01:45,920 --> 00:01:46,560 PLEASE. 47 00:01:46,560 --> 00:01:48,160 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH, I'M REALLY 48 00:01:48,160 --> 00:01:49,480 VERY HAPPY YOU ASKED ME TO COME 49 00:01:49,480 --> 00:01:54,840 AND TALK TO YOUR GROUP TODAY. 50 00:01:54,840 --> 00:01:58,000 I'M ACTUALLY 51 00:01:58,000 --> 00:01:59,200 VERY HAPPY TO COME AND TALK TO 52 00:01:59,200 --> 00:02:00,840 YOU GUYS, AND I FIND THAT WHAT 53 00:02:00,840 --> 00:02:07,720 YOU'RE WORKING ON IN YOUR GROUP 54 00:02:07,720 --> 00:02:09,240 AS BEING SOMETHING THAT'S 55 00:02:09,240 --> 00:02:11,440 ENORMOUSLY IMPORTANT, AND 56 00:02:11,440 --> 00:02:12,640 ACTUALLY HAS RELEVANCE TO WHAT 57 00:02:12,640 --> 00:02:16,120 I'M TRYING TO DO, ALTHOUGH I 58 00:02:16,120 --> 00:02:17,760 DON'T WORK NECESSARILY ON THAT 59 00:02:17,760 --> 00:02:21,280 BUT IT'S AN IMPORTANT ELEMENT OF 60 00:02:21,280 --> 00:02:28,480 THIS KIND OF WORK. 61 00:02:28,480 --> 00:02:30,440 SO THE FIELD THAT DOES THIS KIND 62 00:02:30,440 --> 00:02:34,160 OF WORK IS REALLY BY ITS NATURE 63 00:02:34,160 --> 00:02:34,560 INTERDISCIPLINARY. 64 00:02:34,560 --> 00:02:36,880 IT REALLY DOES INVOLVE COGNITIVE 65 00:02:36,880 --> 00:02:37,960 SCIENCE, WHICH YOU KNOW IS MADE 66 00:02:37,960 --> 00:02:43,560 UP OF LINGUISTICS, PSYCHOLOGY, 67 00:02:43,560 --> 00:02:44,960 NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, 68 00:02:44,960 --> 00:02:45,520 PSYCHOLINGUISTICS, COMPUTER 69 00:02:45,520 --> 00:02:47,320 SCIENCE AND INCREASINGLY, PEOPLE 70 00:02:47,320 --> 00:02:49,320 ARE USING ARTIFICIAL 71 00:02:49,320 --> 00:02:50,600 INTELLIGENCE AND NEURAL NETWORKS 72 00:02:50,600 --> 00:02:57,160 TO TRY TO EXTRACT EVEN MORE 73 00:02:57,160 --> 00:02:58,800 INFORMATION FROM THESE DATA, BUT 74 00:02:58,800 --> 00:03:02,080 IT ALSO INVOLVES NEUROLOGY AND 75 00:03:02,080 --> 00:03:04,360 IN PARTICULAR, NEUROSCIENCE AND 76 00:03:04,360 --> 00:03:04,720 NEUROIMAGING. 77 00:03:04,720 --> 00:03:07,000 AND IN MY TRAINING, I TRIED TO 78 00:03:07,000 --> 00:03:08,360 COVER AS MUCH OF THESE FIELDS AS 79 00:03:08,360 --> 00:03:11,480 I COULD, BUT I HAVE TO STOP AT 80 00:03:11,480 --> 00:03:15,520 SOME POINT. 81 00:03:15,520 --> 00:03:21,520 SO IT'S REALLY A TOPIC THAT 82 00:03:21,520 --> 00:03:22,520 ACTUALLY I BECAME VERY 83 00:03:22,520 --> 00:03:23,840 INTERESTED IN AT A VERY EARLY 84 00:03:23,840 --> 00:03:24,040 AGE. 85 00:03:24,040 --> 00:03:26,000 I THINK I WAS STILL IN COLLEGE. 86 00:03:26,000 --> 00:03:28,320 I THINK WE HAD SPOKEN BRIEFLY 87 00:03:28,320 --> 00:03:30,600 ABOUT THAT IN WHICH I HAD TAKEN 88 00:03:30,600 --> 00:03:32,120 A CLASS IN THE NEUROPSYCHOLOGY 89 00:03:32,120 --> 00:03:35,840 OF LANGUAGE, IN THE PSYCHOLOGY 90 00:03:35,840 --> 00:03:36,960 DEPARTMENT AT AMHERST COLLEGE 91 00:03:36,960 --> 00:03:38,640 AND I WAS UTTERLY FASCINATED BY 92 00:03:38,640 --> 00:03:40,320 THE FACT THAT WHEN YOU THINK 93 00:03:40,320 --> 00:03:43,520 ABOUT IT, THESE ARE JUST CELLS 94 00:03:43,520 --> 00:03:46,320 THAT ARE EXCHANGING POTASSIUM 95 00:03:46,320 --> 00:03:50,360 AND SODIUM IONS, AND THAT CAN 96 00:03:50,360 --> 00:03:53,720 GENERATE AN INCREDIBLE WEALTH OF 97 00:03:53,720 --> 00:03:56,240 RICH IDEAS AND THOUGHTS AND HOW 98 00:03:56,240 --> 00:03:57,320 THOSE THOUGHTS GET EXPRESSED IN 99 00:03:57,320 --> 00:03:58,640 A WAY THAT WE DON'T EVEN THINK 100 00:03:58,640 --> 00:04:00,080 ABOUT IT. 101 00:04:00,080 --> 00:04:01,480 BUT IT'S INSTANTANEOUS IN TERMS 102 00:04:01,480 --> 00:04:02,680 OF WHAT WE THINK AND IT COMES 103 00:04:02,680 --> 00:04:04,000 OUT OF OUR MOUTHS AND WHAT WE 104 00:04:04,000 --> 00:04:05,840 HEAR AND WE COMPREHEND. 105 00:04:05,840 --> 00:04:07,840 BUT IT'S SOMETHING THAT ACTUALLY 106 00:04:07,840 --> 00:04:11,880 SPANS THE ENTIRE LIFESPAN, FROM 107 00:04:11,880 --> 00:04:14,600 CHILDHOOD IN TERMS OF ACQUIRING 108 00:04:14,600 --> 00:04:19,920 LANGUAGE ACCESSION DEFICITS, 109 00:04:19,920 --> 00:04:21,600 AUTISM AND STUTTERING, EPILEPSY, 110 00:04:21,600 --> 00:04:27,160 STROKE, ALL OF THESE DISORDERS 111 00:04:27,160 --> 00:04:31,320 ALL TOUCH ON LANGUAGE IN SOME 112 00:04:31,320 --> 00:04:37,000 WAY, SHAPE OR FORM. 113 00:04:37,000 --> 00:04:38,720 BUT YOU COULD TALK ABOUT MANY 114 00:04:38,720 --> 00:04:39,840 DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE. 115 00:04:39,840 --> 00:04:41,120 WE'RE GOING TO TALK ABOUT A 116 00:04:41,120 --> 00:04:42,240 SPECIFIC ASPECT OF LANGUAGE 117 00:04:42,240 --> 00:04:43,320 BECAUSE THE FIELD IS JUST TOO 118 00:04:43,320 --> 00:04:43,880 BROAD. 119 00:04:43,880 --> 00:04:45,320 WE COULD TALK ABOUT SEMANTICS 120 00:04:45,320 --> 00:04:47,480 AND SEMANTIC MEMORY ISSUES AND 121 00:04:47,480 --> 00:04:52,640 SEMANTIC DEFICIT AND SIN TACTIC 122 00:04:52,640 --> 00:04:53,680 DEFICIT ISSUES, BUT I THINK I'M 123 00:04:53,680 --> 00:04:55,040 ONLY GOING TO TALK ABOUT ONE 124 00:04:55,040 --> 00:04:55,400 SPECIFIC THING. 125 00:04:55,400 --> 00:04:56,320 AND THE REASON WHY I WAS 126 00:04:56,320 --> 00:04:57,320 ACTUALLY VERY INTERESTED IN THAT 127 00:04:57,320 --> 00:04:59,040 IS BECAUSE I DO HAVE MORE OF A 128 00:04:59,040 --> 00:05:00,840 KIND OF A BIOLOGICAL BENT, AND 129 00:05:00,840 --> 00:05:04,800 IT WAS VERY ORGANIC FOR ME TO 130 00:05:04,800 --> 00:05:06,560 UNDERSTAND SOUND, BECAUSE IT'S 131 00:05:06,560 --> 00:05:07,320 ESSENTIALLY PHYSICS. 132 00:05:07,320 --> 00:05:15,640 IT'S JUST A SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORM 133 00:05:15,640 --> 00:05:18,920 MOVING IN SPACE, AND CAN BE 134 00:05:18,920 --> 00:05:20,720 DISTORTED BY THE ACOUSTICS OF A 135 00:05:20,720 --> 00:05:24,800 ROOM, IT CAN BE DISTORTED BY THE 136 00:05:24,800 --> 00:05:27,320 ARTICULATION OF THE AURAL TRACT, 137 00:05:27,320 --> 00:05:28,320 AND FOR ME, THAT WAS JUST 138 00:05:28,320 --> 00:05:31,160 SOMETHING THAT I COULD REALLY 139 00:05:31,160 --> 00:05:33,840 UNDERSTAND IN A WAY THAT MY OWN 140 00:05:33,840 --> 00:05:37,280 MIND WORKS FAIRLY WELL. 141 00:05:37,280 --> 00:05:39,680 SO JUST TO GO OVER THIS A LITTLE 142 00:05:39,680 --> 00:05:41,200 BIT, AND I KNOW THAT THERE ARE 143 00:05:41,200 --> 00:05:44,720 NOT PEOPLE WHO ARE NECESSARILY 144 00:05:44,720 --> 00:05:46,120 LINGUISTS WHO ARE IN THIS GROUP, 145 00:05:46,120 --> 00:05:47,680 BUT WHAT WE'RE TALKING ABOUT, AS 146 00:05:47,680 --> 00:05:53,400 I MENTIONED, IS THE SINUSOIDAL 147 00:05:53,400 --> 00:05:54,720 WAVEFORMS OF SOUND. 148 00:05:54,720 --> 00:05:55,480 NOW, LANGUAGE IS DIFFERENT IN 149 00:05:55,480 --> 00:05:57,760 THE SENSE THAT IT HAS -- THAT 150 00:05:57,760 --> 00:05:59,640 SOUND HAS SOME MEANING THAT'S 151 00:05:59,640 --> 00:06:00,920 ASSOCIATED WITH IT, AND THAT'S 152 00:06:00,920 --> 00:06:03,560 WHAT THE BRAIN BASICALLY USES TO 153 00:06:03,560 --> 00:06:04,520 UNDERSTAND WHAT PEOPLE ARE 154 00:06:04,520 --> 00:06:06,160 SAYING, AND THAT'S WHAT IT USES 155 00:06:06,160 --> 00:06:08,920 TO INTERACT WITH THE 156 00:06:08,920 --> 00:06:09,920 ENVIRONMENT, BUT IT'S ACTUALLY 157 00:06:09,920 --> 00:06:19,840 DONE IN A VERY SPECIFIC WAY. 158 00:06:19,840 --> 00:06:23,120 AND IF YOU HAVE CONSONANTS AND 159 00:06:23,120 --> 00:06:24,640 VOWELS, THERE ARE VERY 160 00:06:24,640 --> 00:06:25,920 PARTICULAR POINTS AT WHICH YOU 161 00:06:25,920 --> 00:06:29,520 CAN MEASURE THE ACOUSTICS 162 00:06:29,520 --> 00:06:30,120 ASSOCIATED WITH THOSE SOUNDS, 163 00:06:30,120 --> 00:06:31,720 AND THOSE ACOUSTICS ARE VERY 164 00:06:31,720 --> 00:06:33,720 PARTICULAR TO THE SOUND THAT'S 165 00:06:33,720 --> 00:06:35,480 BEING GENERATED AT ANY GIVEN 166 00:06:35,480 --> 00:06:37,680 MOMENT IN TIME. 167 00:06:37,680 --> 00:06:39,920 BUT FOR EXAMPLE, IF I WERE TO 168 00:06:39,920 --> 00:06:46,080 LOOK AT THE ACOUSTICS OF KA OR 169 00:06:46,080 --> 00:06:49,840 TA PA OR 170 00:06:49,840 --> 00:06:51,920 TA OR KA, EACH IS SLIGHTLY 171 00:06:51,920 --> 00:06:52,360 DIFFERENT. 172 00:06:52,360 --> 00:06:54,880 BECAUSE OF THE ACOUSTICS OF A, 173 00:06:54,880 --> 00:06:56,080 YOU'D THINK IT WOULD BE THE SAME 174 00:06:56,080 --> 00:06:57,520 NO MATTER WHAT, BUT IT DOESN'T 175 00:06:57,520 --> 00:06:58,720 BECAUSE IT'S ACTUALLY BLENDED 176 00:06:58,720 --> 00:07:02,080 AND INFLUENCED BY THE 177 00:07:02,080 --> 00:07:02,960 SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT. 178 00:07:02,960 --> 00:07:04,920 SO THE ACOUSTICS OF THE A, IF 179 00:07:04,920 --> 00:07:06,680 IT'S PRECEDED BY A P OR IT'S 180 00:07:06,680 --> 00:07:09,960 FOLLOWED BY A T, IS A LITTLE 181 00:07:09,960 --> 00:07:11,520 DIFFERENT THAN IF IT'S PRECEDED 182 00:07:11,520 --> 00:07:13,760 BY A T AND FOLLOWED BY A D AND 183 00:07:13,760 --> 00:07:14,640 SO ON AND SO FORTH. 184 00:07:14,640 --> 00:07:17,000 SO THERE ARE VERY SPECIFIC 185 00:07:17,000 --> 00:07:19,080 ASPECTS OF ACOUSTIC SIGNATURE 186 00:07:19,080 --> 00:07:23,280 THAT YOU CAN MEASURE AND YOU CAN 187 00:07:23,280 --> 00:07:25,120 ALTER IT, YOU CAN STRETCH IT AND 188 00:07:25,120 --> 00:07:26,320 CHANGE THE WAVE FORM AND 189 00:07:26,320 --> 00:07:29,520 WAVELENGTHS AND HAVE VERY 190 00:07:29,520 --> 00:07:30,280 PARTICULAR CHANGES THAT OCCUR TO 191 00:07:30,280 --> 00:07:32,640 THE SOUNDS THAT YOU PERCEIVE. 192 00:07:32,640 --> 00:07:37,680 AND I'VE FOUND THAT TO BE VERY, 193 00:07:37,680 --> 00:07:38,240 VERY EXCITING AND VERY 194 00:07:38,240 --> 00:07:38,560 INTERESTING. 195 00:07:38,560 --> 00:07:40,120 NOW PART OF THE REASON WHY THIS 196 00:07:40,120 --> 00:07:42,920 HAPPENS IS BECAUSE OF THE AURAL 197 00:07:42,920 --> 00:07:44,280 TRACT, AND THERE ARE PEOPLE WHO 198 00:07:44,280 --> 00:07:45,560 HAVE DONE STUDIES ON THIS IN 199 00:07:45,560 --> 00:07:46,760 TERMS OF LOOKING AT THE 200 00:07:46,760 --> 00:07:48,040 FREQUENCY THAT'S GENERATED BY 201 00:07:48,040 --> 00:07:51,320 THE VOCAL CORDS, AND WHAT THE 202 00:07:51,320 --> 00:07:53,000 FREQUENCIES WILL BE IF YOUR 203 00:07:53,000 --> 00:07:55,360 TONGUE TOUCHES THE TOP OF THE 204 00:07:55,360 --> 00:07:57,120 RIDGE OF YOUR MOUTH AT THIS 205 00:07:57,120 --> 00:07:59,400 POINT VERSUS THIS POINT VERSUS 206 00:07:59,400 --> 00:08:00,960 THIS POINT VERSUS THAT POINT. 207 00:08:00,960 --> 00:08:06,480 AND THOSE ARE RESONATING 208 00:08:06,480 --> 00:08:08,400 CALFITIES 209 00:08:08,400 --> 00:08:10,520 CAVITIES THAT CAN BE MEASURED IN 210 00:08:10,520 --> 00:08:14,720 A SPECTROGRAM OF SPEECH, AND 211 00:08:14,720 --> 00:08:16,360 THIS IS A SPECTROGRAM OF SPEECH 212 00:08:16,360 --> 00:08:19,520 AND YOU CAN SEE THE RESONATING 213 00:08:19,520 --> 00:08:21,800 FREQUENCIES THAT WILL RESONATE 214 00:08:21,800 --> 00:08:25,400 AT 1, 3, 5, 7 AND SO ON AND SO 215 00:08:25,400 --> 00:08:26,640 FORTH OF THE FUNDAMENTAL 216 00:08:26,640 --> 00:08:28,120 FREQUENCY. 217 00:08:28,120 --> 00:08:32,080 SO THESE, YOU CAN SEE ON A 218 00:08:32,080 --> 00:08:34,720 SPECTROGRAM, AND IT HAS -- YOU 219 00:08:34,720 --> 00:08:36,440 CAN ACTUALLY LOOK AT IT AND 220 00:08:36,440 --> 00:08:37,640 GUESS TO KNOW WHAT SOUND IS 221 00:08:37,640 --> 00:08:40,920 COMING AND WHAT SOUND HAD JUST 222 00:08:40,920 --> 00:08:42,120 RECENTLY BEEN ARTICULATED. 223 00:08:42,120 --> 00:08:44,640 AND I FOUND THAT TO BE A REALLY, 224 00:08:44,640 --> 00:08:49,120 REALLY FASCINATING KIND OF -- 225 00:08:49,120 --> 00:08:50,600 IT'S ALMOST A THUMBPRINT, YOU 226 00:08:50,600 --> 00:08:54,320 COULD SAY, BUT THE BRAIN 227 00:08:54,320 --> 00:08:57,040 ACTIVELY USES THIS KIND OF 228 00:08:57,040 --> 00:08:58,280 INFORMATION TO LISTEN AND 229 00:08:58,280 --> 00:08:59,440 PREDICT WHAT SOUND IS GOING TO 230 00:08:59,440 --> 00:09:01,880 COME AND WHAT THE WORD IS MOST 231 00:09:01,880 --> 00:09:05,480 LIKELY THAT WAS SAID, AND IT 232 00:09:05,480 --> 00:09:06,920 USES A WHOLE HOST OF OTHER 233 00:09:06,920 --> 00:09:07,960 STRATEGIES TO TRY TO PREDICT 234 00:09:07,960 --> 00:09:08,640 THOSE THINGS. 235 00:09:08,640 --> 00:09:09,920 BUT IF YOU JUST WERE TO SAY A 236 00:09:09,920 --> 00:09:11,720 WORD IN ISOLATION OR EVEN A 237 00:09:11,720 --> 00:09:14,880 SOUND IN ISOLATION, IT DOES USE 238 00:09:14,880 --> 00:09:16,920 THESE KINDS OF FREQUENCIES TO 239 00:09:16,920 --> 00:09:19,680 TRY TO MAKE SENSE OF THE WORLD 240 00:09:19,680 --> 00:09:21,000 AND THE STRINGS OF SOUNDS THAT 241 00:09:21,000 --> 00:09:29,080 IT'S LISTENING TO. 242 00:09:29,080 --> 00:09:34,200 AGAIN, THIS IS A SCHEMATIC 243 00:09:34,200 --> 00:09:37,320 RENDITION OF WHAT I'VE JUST 244 00:09:37,320 --> 00:09:38,120 MENTIONED, AND AGAIN, YOU CAN 245 00:09:38,120 --> 00:09:41,640 SEE DIFFERENCES IN THE 246 00:09:41,640 --> 00:09:44,520 TRANSITION OF THE FORMANTS WHERE 247 00:09:44,520 --> 00:09:47,320 THE TONGUE IS GOING AT ANY 248 00:09:47,320 --> 00:09:48,640 PARTICULAR MOMENT OF TIME TO 249 00:09:48,640 --> 00:09:49,840 PREDICT WHAT SOUND IS GOING TO 250 00:09:49,840 --> 00:09:52,960 OCCUR NEXT. 251 00:09:52,960 --> 00:09:57,160 BUT WHEN THE BRAIN HAS A DEFICIT 252 00:09:57,160 --> 00:09:58,560 OR HAS DAMAGE TO IT, EITHER 253 00:09:58,560 --> 00:10:00,640 BECAUSE OF SOME SORT OF STROKE 254 00:10:00,640 --> 00:10:03,840 OR BECAUSE THERE'S A 255 00:10:03,840 --> 00:10:04,600 NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE, 256 00:10:04,600 --> 00:10:09,280 THAT'S KIND OF UNDERMINING THE 257 00:10:09,280 --> 00:10:10,600 NEURAL BASIS BY WHICH THE BRAIN 258 00:10:10,600 --> 00:10:15,920 IS ABLE TO DECODE ITS 259 00:10:15,920 --> 00:10:16,200 ENVIRONMENT. 260 00:10:16,200 --> 00:10:17,040 INTERESTINGLY, IT'S VERY -- 261 00:10:17,040 --> 00:10:20,760 THERE'S A VERY PARTICULAR 262 00:10:20,760 --> 00:10:25,120 PATTERN THAT EMERGES DEPENDING 263 00:10:25,120 --> 00:10:26,960 ON WHERE THE DEFICIT IS. 264 00:10:26,960 --> 00:10:28,600 MANY INVESTIGATORS OVER THE LAST 265 00:10:28,600 --> 00:10:30,800 50 OR 60 YEARS HAVE REALLY BEEN 266 00:10:30,800 --> 00:10:32,680 LOOKING AT THESE KINDS OF LESION 267 00:10:32,680 --> 00:10:35,640 DEFICIT, ACTUALLY I SHOULD EVEN 268 00:10:35,640 --> 00:10:39,880 SAY LONGER THAN THAT, CARL 269 00:10:39,880 --> 00:10:43,120 WERNICKE AND PAUL BROCA WERE 270 00:10:43,120 --> 00:10:44,600 NEUROSCIENTISTS AND NEUROLOGISTS 271 00:10:44,600 --> 00:10:46,120 LOOKING AT THESE KINDS OF ISSUES 272 00:10:46,120 --> 00:10:48,680 OVER A CENTURY AGO, AND WE ARE 273 00:10:48,680 --> 00:10:50,000 STILL LOOKING AT THOSE THINGS 274 00:10:50,000 --> 00:10:53,400 BUT NOW USING MORE AND MORE 275 00:10:53,400 --> 00:10:57,960 SOPHISTICATED TECHNIQUES TO TRY 276 00:10:57,960 --> 00:10:59,280 TO UNDERSTAND THE NEURAL BASIS 277 00:10:59,280 --> 00:11:01,080 OF LANGUAGE IN AN INTEGRATED 278 00:11:01,080 --> 00:11:03,880 FASHION. 279 00:11:03,880 --> 00:11:07,080 FROM THE LESION SPHU STUDIES, ONE OF 280 00:11:07,080 --> 00:11:12,720 THE WAYS IN WHICH YOU CAN LOOK 281 00:11:12,720 --> 00:11:16,120 AT THE NEURAL BASIS OF LANGUAGE 282 00:11:16,120 --> 00:11:17,520 IS IN LESION STUDIES. 283 00:11:17,520 --> 00:11:19,360 PEOPLE HAVE BEEN DOING THAT FOR 284 00:11:19,360 --> 00:11:20,520 OVER A CENTURY. 285 00:11:20,520 --> 00:11:21,600 ALTHOUGH IN MEDICAL SCHOOL, WE 286 00:11:21,600 --> 00:11:24,400 TEND TO STILL SPEAK IN RATHER 287 00:11:24,400 --> 00:11:26,720 SIMPLISTIC TERMS ABOUT APHASIA, 288 00:11:26,720 --> 00:11:31,840 WE KEND TO TEND TO TALK ABOUT BROCA'S 289 00:11:31,840 --> 00:11:34,240 AREA, WHICH IS AN ANTERIOR KIND 290 00:11:34,240 --> 00:11:36,640 OF LOCATION, AND WE HAVE OFTEN 291 00:11:36,640 --> 00:11:38,400 ASSOCIATED THAT WITH EFFORTFUL 292 00:11:38,400 --> 00:11:39,920 TYPE OF SPEECH, THE PATIENT 293 00:11:39,920 --> 00:11:41,800 KNOWS WHAT THEY WANT TO SAY BUT 294 00:11:41,800 --> 00:11:43,000 THEY HAVE DIFFICULTY 295 00:11:43,000 --> 00:11:45,520 ARTICULATING THAT, AND VERSUS A 296 00:11:45,520 --> 00:11:48,320 MORE POSTERIOR TYPE OF APHASIA, 297 00:11:48,320 --> 00:11:52,680 WHICH WE CALL THE WERNICKE'S 298 00:11:52,680 --> 00:11:55,840 APHASIA, WHERE THE SPEECH IS 299 00:11:55,840 --> 00:12:01,120 ACTUALLY QUITE FLUENT BUT JUST 300 00:12:01,120 --> 00:12:02,320 DOESN'T MAKE ANY SENSE, KIND OF 301 00:12:02,320 --> 00:12:04,040 LIKE A WORD SALAD. 302 00:12:04,040 --> 00:12:06,200 THOSE ARE TWO VERY SIMPLE AND 303 00:12:06,200 --> 00:12:07,880 BROADWAYS WE CAN TALK ABOUT 304 00:12:07,880 --> 00:12:09,160 APHASIA, NON-FLUENT VERSUS 305 00:12:09,160 --> 00:12:10,280 FLUENT, BUT THERE'S A WHOLE 306 00:12:10,280 --> 00:12:11,560 RANGE OF THINGS, A WHOLE RANGE 307 00:12:11,560 --> 00:12:13,320 OF APHASIAS THAT CAN OCCUR, SUCH 308 00:12:13,320 --> 00:12:17,040 AS A GLOBAL APHASIA, MIXED TRANS 309 00:12:17,040 --> 00:12:19,000 CORTICAL APHASIA, TRANS CORTICAL 310 00:12:19,000 --> 00:12:20,760 MOTOR APHASIA, CONDUCTION 311 00:12:20,760 --> 00:12:21,960 APHASIA, AND THAT CAN HAPPEN 312 00:12:21,960 --> 00:12:25,000 ALONG THE ENTIRE SPECTRUM OF THE 313 00:12:25,000 --> 00:12:27,600 BRAIN CONNECTING THESE TWO 314 00:12:27,600 --> 00:12:28,920 AREAS, AND WE'RE FINDING OUT 315 00:12:28,920 --> 00:12:32,880 MORE AND MORE WITH STUDIES THAT 316 00:12:32,880 --> 00:12:35,400 ARE BEING DONE NOT ONLY IN 317 00:12:35,400 --> 00:12:36,320 COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS BUT 318 00:12:36,320 --> 00:12:37,600 ALSO LOOKING AT NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 319 00:12:37,600 --> 00:12:42,600 IN TERMS OF MEASURING THE 320 00:12:42,600 --> 00:12:43,800 ELECTRICAL CORTICAL ACTIVITY 321 00:12:43,800 --> 00:12:45,320 WITHIN THE BRAIN IN THE 322 00:12:45,320 --> 00:12:48,920 OPERATING ROOM OR ONCE THEY HAVE 323 00:12:48,920 --> 00:12:51,200 PUT AN ELECTRICAL CORTICAL GRID 324 00:12:51,200 --> 00:12:53,080 OVER IT, THEY CAN MEASURE MANY 325 00:12:53,080 --> 00:12:53,720 DIFFERENT THINGS. 326 00:12:53,720 --> 00:12:54,920 WE'RE REALLY BEGINNING TO 327 00:12:54,920 --> 00:12:56,880 UNDERSTAND THE NEUROSCIENCE OF 328 00:12:56,880 --> 00:13:00,920 HOW LANGUAGE IS MANIFESTED IN 329 00:13:00,920 --> 00:13:04,640 THE BRAIN, AND MAKING MORE SENSE 330 00:13:04,640 --> 00:13:08,480 OF THE KINDS OF APHASIAS THAT 331 00:13:08,480 --> 00:13:11,960 WERE DESCRIBED MAYBE 50 YEARS 332 00:13:11,960 --> 00:13:13,960 AGO USING PURELY LESION 333 00:13:13,960 --> 00:13:20,720 ANALYSIS. 334 00:13:20,720 --> 00:13:24,960 PEOPLE USED TO LOOK AT THEIR 335 00:13:24,960 --> 00:13:26,400 PAIBILITY TO REPETITION AND 336 00:13:26,400 --> 00:13:28,120 FLUENCY AND COMPREHENSION AND 337 00:13:28,120 --> 00:13:30,320 WHETHER THEY COULD READ OR 338 00:13:30,320 --> 00:13:35,440 WRITE, AND SO THERE IS AN 339 00:13:35,440 --> 00:13:42,120 EXTENSIVE BODY OF PHASIOLOGY 340 00:13:42,120 --> 00:13:44,520 THAT DESCRIBES THE TYPES OF 341 00:13:44,520 --> 00:13:45,840 LANGUAGE OUTPUTS THAT HAPPEN AS 342 00:13:45,840 --> 00:13:47,240 THE BRAIN BREAKS DOWN. 343 00:13:47,240 --> 00:13:51,040 ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WAS 344 00:13:51,040 --> 00:13:52,560 ASSUMED WAS THAT WE HAD A 345 00:13:52,560 --> 00:13:54,520 NETWORK, IT WAS DISTRIBUTED 346 00:13:54,520 --> 00:14:01,120 ACROSS THE HEMISPHERE, BUT IF WE 347 00:14:01,120 --> 00:14:03,080 HAD A LESION, IT WAS THAT 348 00:14:03,080 --> 00:14:04,240 NETWORK MINUS THE LESION BUT 349 00:14:04,240 --> 00:14:09,400 THAT THE NETWORK CONTINUES TO 350 00:14:09,400 --> 00:14:10,880 OPERATE AS IT DID BEFORE, BUT 351 00:14:10,880 --> 00:14:11,360 MINUS THAT. 352 00:14:11,360 --> 00:14:12,320 AND NOW WE'RE BEGINNING TO 353 00:14:12,320 --> 00:14:14,720 UNDERSTAND THAT THAT'S ACTUALLY 354 00:14:14,720 --> 00:14:15,880 NOT WHAT MAY BE GOING ON, AND 355 00:14:15,880 --> 00:14:17,720 THERE MAY BE AN ENTIRE 356 00:14:17,720 --> 00:14:20,320 REORGANIZATION OF THE ENTIRE 357 00:14:20,320 --> 00:14:21,520 NETWORK, INCLUDING NETWORKS THAT 358 00:14:21,520 --> 00:14:22,520 ARE ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE 359 00:14:22,520 --> 00:14:26,200 BRAIN. 360 00:14:26,200 --> 00:14:27,520 HOW DID WE LEARN MANY OF THESE 361 00:14:27,520 --> 00:14:27,760 THINGS? 362 00:14:27,760 --> 00:14:29,400 AS I MENTIONED BEFORE, THERE ARE 363 00:14:29,400 --> 00:14:30,920 SOME PERIOPERATIVE MAPPING OF 364 00:14:30,920 --> 00:14:34,200 LANGUAGE THAT HAS BEEN 365 00:14:34,200 --> 00:14:36,320 HAPPENING, THAT PRETTY MUCH 366 00:14:36,320 --> 00:14:38,240 BEGAN WITH A NEUROSURGEON BY THE 367 00:14:38,240 --> 00:14:41,400 NAME OF PENFIELD BACK IN THE 368 00:14:41,400 --> 00:14:44,320 1940s AND 50s, AND THERE WAS 369 00:14:44,320 --> 00:14:50,120 EVEN MORE WORK THAT WAS DONE BY 370 00:14:50,120 --> 00:14:53,720 GEORGE OGEMANN WHERE HE 371 00:14:53,720 --> 00:14:55,040 BASICALLY LAID ELECTRICAL 372 00:14:55,040 --> 00:14:56,320 CORTICAL GRIDS OVER THE SURFACE 373 00:14:56,320 --> 00:14:58,320 OF THE BRAIN, THEY HAD 374 00:14:58,320 --> 00:15:00,360 ELECTRICAL CORTICAL WIRES THAT 375 00:15:00,360 --> 00:15:02,000 WERE ATTACHED TO THESE 376 00:15:02,000 --> 00:15:03,520 ELECTRICAL GRIDS, AND THEY COULD 377 00:15:03,520 --> 00:15:08,480 PASS A VERY LOW CURRENT. 378 00:15:08,480 --> 00:15:10,000 PATIENTS WERE ACTUALLY AWAKE 379 00:15:10,000 --> 00:15:12,840 WHEN THEY DID THESE THINGS, AND 380 00:15:12,840 --> 00:15:13,920 THEY WOULD ASK THE PATIENTS TO 381 00:15:13,920 --> 00:15:16,320 DO A CERTAIN TASK AND THEY WOULD 382 00:15:16,320 --> 00:15:17,880 PASS THE SMALL CURRENT AND OFTEN 383 00:15:17,880 --> 00:15:18,640 THE PATIENT WOULD STOP WHAT IT 384 00:15:18,640 --> 00:15:19,760 WAS THAT THEY WERE DOING. 385 00:15:19,760 --> 00:15:22,000 SO IF THEY WERE SAYING, I WANT 386 00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:24,880 YOU TO SAY AHHH AND THEN THEY 387 00:15:24,880 --> 00:15:26,280 PASS THE CURRENT, THE PERSON 388 00:15:26,280 --> 00:15:30,720 WOULD SAY AHH -- AHH SO THEY 389 00:15:30,720 --> 00:15:32,080 WOULD KNOW THERE WAS THIS AREA, 390 00:15:32,080 --> 00:15:33,720 AT LEAST THE AREA DIRECTLY UNDER 391 00:15:33,720 --> 00:15:35,960 THE ELECTRODES THAT THEY WERE 392 00:15:35,960 --> 00:15:37,320 TESTING WERE INVOLVED IN 393 00:15:37,320 --> 00:15:38,320 ARTICULATION OF SPEECH, AND THEY 394 00:15:38,320 --> 00:15:40,720 WOULD DO THAT FOR ALL ASPECTS OF 395 00:15:40,720 --> 00:15:41,680 LANGUAGE. 396 00:15:41,680 --> 00:15:44,120 NOW OF COURSE YOU CAN'T LEAVE 397 00:15:44,120 --> 00:15:47,680 THE BRAIN EXPOSED TO AIR FOR AN 398 00:15:47,680 --> 00:15:48,840 EXTENDED PERIOD OF TIME BECAUSE 399 00:15:48,840 --> 00:15:51,880 THAT IN AND OF ITSELF CAN CAUSE 400 00:15:51,880 --> 00:15:52,960 DAMAGE TO THE BRAIN. 401 00:15:52,960 --> 00:15:56,960 SO THERE HAVE BEEN NEWER 402 00:15:56,960 --> 00:15:58,800 TECHNIQUES WHERE THE 403 00:15:58,800 --> 00:16:00,040 NEUROSURGEON WILL LAY THE 404 00:16:00,040 --> 00:16:00,920 CORTICAL GRIDS OVER THE SURFACE 405 00:16:00,920 --> 00:16:02,160 OF THE BRAIN, THEY WILL CLOSE 406 00:16:02,160 --> 00:16:04,080 THE BRAIN UP AND DO EXTENSIVE 407 00:16:04,080 --> 00:16:06,920 AMOUNTS OF TESTING OVER A PERIOD 408 00:16:06,920 --> 00:16:08,320 OF TIME. 409 00:16:08,320 --> 00:16:09,600 SINCE I AM A RADIOLOGIST, I'M 410 00:16:09,600 --> 00:16:11,040 NOT A NEUROSURGEON, OF COURSE 411 00:16:11,040 --> 00:16:13,880 I'M VERY EXCITED BY ALL OF THE 412 00:16:13,880 --> 00:16:15,520 WORK THAT HAS BEEN DONE IN 413 00:16:15,520 --> 00:16:17,920 TRYING TO CAPTURE THE SAME KINDS 414 00:16:17,920 --> 00:16:22,160 OF DATA BUT USING NONINVASIVE 415 00:16:22,160 --> 00:16:23,800 TECHNIQUES, AND THAT WAS REALLY 416 00:16:23,800 --> 00:16:28,600 ONLY SOMETHING THAT WAS ABLE -- 417 00:16:28,600 --> 00:16:31,040 THAT REALLY DEVELOPED SINCE THE 418 00:16:31,040 --> 00:16:36,280 1980s WITH DEVELOPMENT OF 419 00:16:36,280 --> 00:16:37,920 FMRI, AND ALL OF THE 420 00:16:37,920 --> 00:16:39,200 COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS THAT WENT 421 00:16:39,200 --> 00:16:41,320 INTO DEVELOPING ALL OF THESE 422 00:16:41,320 --> 00:16:42,080 TECHNIQUES, AND SOME OF THE 423 00:16:42,080 --> 00:16:44,120 PEOPLE WHO WERE QUITE 424 00:16:44,120 --> 00:16:45,680 INSTRUMENTAL AND SEMINAL IN 425 00:16:45,680 --> 00:16:46,760 DOING A LOT OF THAT WORK ARE 426 00:16:46,760 --> 00:16:48,920 HERE AT NIH. 427 00:16:48,920 --> 00:16:51,080 AND SO WE HAVE A RICH, RICH BODY 428 00:16:51,080 --> 00:16:53,520 OF PEOPLE WHO ARE HIGHLY 429 00:16:53,520 --> 00:16:55,920 KNOWLEDGEABLE ABOUT DOING THIS 430 00:16:55,920 --> 00:17:00,280 KIND OF -- DOING THESE KINDS OF 431 00:17:00,280 --> 00:17:01,480 COMPUTATIONS, NOT ONLY FOR 432 00:17:01,480 --> 00:17:02,760 SPEECH BUT FOR MOTOR AND SENSORY 433 00:17:02,760 --> 00:17:03,440 CORTEX AS WELL. 434 00:17:03,440 --> 00:17:05,080 AND WHAT WE'VE LEARNED IN 435 00:17:05,080 --> 00:17:07,280 LOOKING AT A LOT OF THESE KINDS 436 00:17:07,280 --> 00:17:12,840 OF DATA IS THAT IT REALLY IS A 437 00:17:12,840 --> 00:17:13,920 DISTRIBUTED NETWORK THAT 438 00:17:13,920 --> 00:17:15,800 INVOLVES A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT 439 00:17:15,800 --> 00:17:19,520 PARTS OF THE BRAIN THAT ARE 440 00:17:19,520 --> 00:17:20,600 COLLABORATING TOGETHER, BUT WE 441 00:17:20,600 --> 00:17:23,000 HAD ALWAYS THOUGHT THAT IT WAS 442 00:17:23,000 --> 00:17:26,280 MORE KIND OF LEFT DOMINANT, 443 00:17:26,280 --> 00:17:29,440 NON-RIGHT BRAIN DOMINANT 444 00:17:29,440 --> 00:17:30,720 DISTRIBUTION FOR LANGUAGE, AND 445 00:17:30,720 --> 00:17:32,600 WE'RE KIND OF FINDING OUT THAT 446 00:17:32,600 --> 00:17:34,560 THAT MIGHT NOT NECESSARILY BE 447 00:17:34,560 --> 00:17:35,440 TRUE. 448 00:17:35,440 --> 00:17:39,920 THAT THERE MAY BE FOR CERTAIN 449 00:17:39,920 --> 00:17:41,800 ROBUST BILATERAL NETWORK, AND 450 00:17:41,800 --> 00:17:44,520 WE'VE FOUND THIS EVEN IN OUR OWN 451 00:17:44,520 --> 00:17:45,320 DATA, ESPECIALLY WHEN YOU'RE 452 00:17:45,320 --> 00:17:46,400 STARTING TO LOOK AT 453 00:17:46,400 --> 00:17:47,240 COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES TO 454 00:17:47,240 --> 00:17:48,960 THAT, YOU REALLY ARE NOT JUST 455 00:17:48,960 --> 00:17:50,760 INTERESTED IN LOOKING AT ONE 456 00:17:50,760 --> 00:17:52,560 AREA, BUT YOU'RE INTERESTED IN 457 00:17:52,560 --> 00:17:53,880 LOOKING AT THE CORRELATIONS 458 00:17:53,880 --> 00:17:54,520 BETWEEN AREAS. 459 00:17:54,520 --> 00:17:56,360 HOW ARE THESE AREAS OF THE BRAIN 460 00:17:56,360 --> 00:17:58,240 TALKING TO EACH OTHER, NOT ONLY 461 00:17:58,240 --> 00:17:59,560 ON THE SAME SIDE OF THE BRAIN, 462 00:17:59,560 --> 00:18:00,880 BUT ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE 463 00:18:00,880 --> 00:18:02,600 BRAIN, AND WHAT IS THE TIME 464 00:18:02,600 --> 00:18:05,760 COURSE OVER WHICH THAT 465 00:18:05,760 --> 00:18:06,440 COMMUNICATION TAKES PLACE. 466 00:18:06,440 --> 00:18:07,640 AND THAT'S THE WORK THAT WE'RE 467 00:18:07,640 --> 00:18:10,160 DOING IN THIS NEWLY ESTABLISHED 468 00:18:10,160 --> 00:18:19,120 LAB THAT WE HAVE OVER AT NIDCD. 469 00:18:19,120 --> 00:18:20,120 SO ONE OF THE THINGS I WANT TO 470 00:18:20,120 --> 00:18:23,800 TALK ABOUT IN PARTICULAR IS 471 00:18:23,800 --> 00:18:24,360 BROCA'S AREA. 472 00:18:24,360 --> 00:18:26,120 AS I MENTIONED TO YOU BEFORE, WE 473 00:18:26,120 --> 00:18:28,040 TYPICALLY TEND TO TALK ABOUT 474 00:18:28,040 --> 00:18:29,000 BROCA'S AREA AS SOMETHING THAT 475 00:18:29,000 --> 00:18:30,360 IS INVOLVED IN THE ARTICULATION 476 00:18:30,360 --> 00:18:32,760 OF SPEECH, PLANNING OF SPEECH, 477 00:18:32,760 --> 00:18:34,120 BECAUSE PATIENTS WHO HAD A 478 00:18:34,120 --> 00:18:36,280 DEFICIT OR A LESION IN THAT AREA 479 00:18:36,280 --> 00:18:40,120 TEND TO SPEAK WITH VERY -- A 480 00:18:40,120 --> 00:18:46,720 GREAT DEAL OF EFFORT AND THE 481 00:18:46,720 --> 00:18:50,720 SPEECH IS QUITE DISFLUENT, AND 482 00:18:50,720 --> 00:18:53,120 SOMETIMES IT'S CONSIDERED TO BE 483 00:18:53,120 --> 00:18:57,400 AGRA 484 00:18:57,400 --> 00:18:58,200 AGRAMATIC, ALMOST TELEGRAPHIC IN 485 00:18:58,200 --> 00:18:58,840 A WAY. 486 00:18:58,840 --> 00:18:59,920 THERE ARE A LOT OF PEOPLE WHO 487 00:18:59,920 --> 00:19:06,600 HAVE BEEN WORKING ON AGR 488 00:19:06,600 --> 00:19:07,680 AMMATISM, EVEN THOUGH WE HAVE 489 00:19:07,680 --> 00:19:10,880 THESE KIND OF MAPS OF THE BRAIN 490 00:19:10,880 --> 00:19:12,360 THAT WE HAVE NUMBERED IN A 491 00:19:12,360 --> 00:19:14,680 NUMBER OF DIFFERENT WAYS, 492 00:19:14,680 --> 00:19:20,200 BROCA'S AREA TENDS TO FALL IN 493 00:19:20,200 --> 00:19:21,480 BROADMAN AREA 44 AND 45, BUT 494 00:19:21,480 --> 00:19:24,520 WHEN YOU REALLY LOOK AT THE 495 00:19:24,520 --> 00:19:29,000 CYTOARCHITECT TONGUES OF TONICS. 496 00:19:29,000 --> 00:19:30,840 BRAIN, YOU CAN'T REALLY TELL 497 00:19:30,840 --> 00:19:33,720 WHERE IS THE BEGINNING OF AREA 498 00:19:33,720 --> 00:19:35,680 45, WHERE DOES IT END, WHERE 499 00:19:35,680 --> 00:19:37,080 DOES 45 BEGIN AND SO FORTH? 500 00:19:37,080 --> 00:19:38,080 SO ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WE 501 00:19:38,080 --> 00:19:48,000 WANTED TO DO WAS TO TRY TO USE 502 00:19:48,000 --> 00:19:50,640 LANGUAGE TASKS, BEHAVIORAL TASKS 503 00:19:50,640 --> 00:19:52,280 TO TRY TO UNDERSTAND, IS BROCA'S 504 00:19:52,280 --> 00:19:54,440 AREA REALLY JUST SOMETHING THAT 505 00:19:54,440 --> 00:19:59,000 IS ABOUT ARTICULATION OF SPEECH 506 00:19:59,000 --> 00:20:00,800 AND EFFORT, AS WE HAVE BEEN 507 00:20:00,800 --> 00:20:03,640 TAUGHT TO THINK ABOUT? 508 00:20:03,640 --> 00:20:08,120 AND THIS IS AN EXPERIMENT THAT I 509 00:20:08,120 --> 00:20:11,800 HAD DONE ON USING PATIENTS WHO 510 00:20:11,800 --> 00:20:13,040 SPOKE FRENCH, AND THERE'S A 511 00:20:13,040 --> 00:20:14,440 REASON FOR THAT, BECAUSE THE 512 00:20:14,440 --> 00:20:18,600 FRENCH LANGUAGE HAS LOTS OF 513 00:20:18,600 --> 00:20:23,720 WORDS THAT ARE VERY SIMILAR IN 514 00:20:23,720 --> 00:20:24,840 PHONOLOGICAL MAKEUP SO THE 515 00:20:24,840 --> 00:20:27,240 SOUNDS OF THE WORDS ARE VERY 516 00:20:27,240 --> 00:20:28,640 SIMILAR, BUT THEY SERVE 517 00:20:28,640 --> 00:20:30,600 DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS IN THE 518 00:20:30,600 --> 00:20:31,320 GRAMMAR. 519 00:20:31,320 --> 00:20:33,440 VERY DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS. 520 00:20:33,440 --> 00:20:37,840 AND ONE IS KIND OF A CONTENT 521 00:20:37,840 --> 00:20:40,000 WORD, CONCRETE CONTENT WORD, 522 00:20:40,000 --> 00:20:41,680 NOUNS AND THINGS LIKE THAT. 523 00:20:41,680 --> 00:20:44,360 ANOTHER CLASSIFICATION IS A VERY 524 00:20:44,360 --> 00:20:48,160 GRAMMATICAL TYPE OF FUNCTION BUT 525 00:20:48,160 --> 00:20:49,400 THEY SOUND VERY, VERY SIMILAR. 526 00:20:49,400 --> 00:20:58,520 SO YOU COULD THINK OF WORDS LIKE 527 00:20:58,520 --> 00:21:00,720 SYRUP AND CITO, WHICH IS AS SOON 528 00:21:00,720 --> 00:21:02,360 AS, AND WE ASK THESE PATIENTS TO 529 00:21:02,360 --> 00:21:04,040 SIMPLY REPEAT THE WORDS AND/OR 530 00:21:04,040 --> 00:21:07,840 READ THEM, AND READ THEM IN 531 00:21:07,840 --> 00:21:09,120 ISOLATION AND READ THEM IN A 532 00:21:09,120 --> 00:21:10,680 SENTENCE. 533 00:21:10,680 --> 00:21:13,640 NOW, IF BROCA'S AREA WAS REALLY 534 00:21:13,640 --> 00:21:17,440 JUST ABOUT ARTICULATION, WE 535 00:21:17,440 --> 00:21:19,840 SHOULD SEE THE SAME KIND OF 536 00:21:19,840 --> 00:21:22,920 LABORED SPEECH OUTPUT FOR EITHER 537 00:21:22,920 --> 00:21:26,640 KIND OF WORD. 538 00:21:26,640 --> 00:21:28,080 BUT THAT'S NOT WHAT WE FOUND. 539 00:21:28,080 --> 00:21:29,760 WE FOUND THAT EVEN THOUGH THE 540 00:21:29,760 --> 00:21:35,280 WORDS ARE REALLY CONTROLLED FOR 541 00:21:35,280 --> 00:21:43,920 THE STRUCTURE, THAT'S CONSONANT 542 00:21:43,920 --> 00:21:46,080 VOWEL -- SO ON, SO FORTH, 543 00:21:46,080 --> 00:21:47,080 THEY'RE VERY CONTROLLED, THESE 544 00:21:47,080 --> 00:21:54,760 PATIENTS HAD A -- THE WORDS THAT 545 00:21:54,760 --> 00:21:56,600 WERE GRA GRAMMATICAL, NOT THE WORDS 546 00:21:56,600 --> 00:21:58,280 THAT WERE OF NOUN OR A CONTENT 547 00:21:58,280 --> 00:22:00,920 WORD, FOR EXAMPLE. 548 00:22:00,920 --> 00:22:02,520 SO WE ARE BEGINNING TO REALIZE, 549 00:22:02,520 --> 00:22:04,920 OKAY, WELL, MAYBE THE LEXICON OR 550 00:22:04,920 --> 00:22:07,240 THE KIND OF A DICTIONARY POS TRI 551 00:22:07,240 --> 00:22:12,360 WHERE WE 552 00:22:12,360 --> 00:22:13,360 REPOSITORY WHERE WE HAVE ALL 553 00:22:13,360 --> 00:22:16,040 THESE WORDS WE KNOW IS MAYBE NOT 554 00:22:16,040 --> 00:22:17,400 ORGANIZED AS JUST AN INPUT WHERE 555 00:22:17,400 --> 00:22:19,920 WORDS GO IN AND YOU HAVE TO JUST 556 00:22:19,920 --> 00:22:20,440 ARTICULATE THEM, AND THEN 557 00:22:20,440 --> 00:22:21,520 BECAUSE YOU HAVE A DEFICIT IN 558 00:22:21,520 --> 00:22:23,640 THAT PARTICULAR AREA OF 559 00:22:23,640 --> 00:22:26,520 ARTICULATION, ALL THE WORDS ARE 560 00:22:26,520 --> 00:22:26,920 IMPACTED EQUALLY. 561 00:22:26,920 --> 00:22:27,560 THEY ARE NOT. 562 00:22:27,560 --> 00:22:29,200 AND SO WE HAVE TO KIND OF THINK 563 00:22:29,200 --> 00:22:32,600 ABOUT WHAT'S GOING ON, AND WHY 564 00:22:32,600 --> 00:22:34,200 WOULD BROCA'S AREA EVEN BE SET 565 00:22:34,200 --> 00:22:36,960 UP THIS WAY? 566 00:22:36,960 --> 00:22:38,280 IF YOU LOOK AT THE WORDS, YOU 567 00:22:38,280 --> 00:22:39,680 ASK THEM TO ARTICULATE THESE 568 00:22:39,680 --> 00:22:40,760 WORDS NOT ONLY IN ISOLATION BULL 569 00:22:40,760 --> 00:22:44,280 IN A SENTENCE, BUT 570 00:22:44,280 --> 00:22:46,680 IN A SENTENCE, THE ARTICULATION 571 00:22:46,680 --> 00:22:47,920 IS EVEN MORE LABORED. 572 00:22:47,920 --> 00:22:48,800 SO THERE'S SOMETHING GOING ON 573 00:22:48,800 --> 00:22:52,080 THAT WE DON'T QUITE UNDERSTAND, 574 00:22:52,080 --> 00:22:54,360 úSO BROCA'S AREA CAN'T REALLY 575 00:22:54,360 --> 00:22:55,920 JUST BE DOING SPEECH PLANNING. 576 00:22:55,920 --> 00:22:58,920 IT MUST BE DOING SOMETHING ELSE. 577 00:22:58,920 --> 00:23:01,600 AS WE GO THROUGH THIS TALK, I 578 00:23:01,600 --> 00:23:02,800 HAVE SOME IDEAS ON WHAT I THINK 579 00:23:02,800 --> 00:23:06,720 IS GOING ON AND WE ARE TRYING TO 580 00:23:06,720 --> 00:23:09,320 USE COMPUTATIONAL PURCHASE TO 581 00:23:09,320 --> 00:23:14,040 TRY TOEST TEST THOSE HYPOTHESES. 582 00:23:14,040 --> 00:23:18,720 SO THIS IS AGAIN LOOKING AT OPEN 583 00:23:18,720 --> 00:23:22,680 VERSUS CLOSED, CLASS WORDS. 584 00:23:22,680 --> 00:23:24,200 THERE'S TWO BROAD 585 00:23:24,200 --> 00:23:26,280 CLASSIFICATIONS OF LEXICAL 586 00:23:26,280 --> 00:23:26,720 ITEMS. 587 00:23:26,720 --> 00:23:30,840 SO AS I MENTIONED HERE, AS I 588 00:23:30,840 --> 00:23:35,040 MENTIONED BEFORE, BROCA'S AREA, 589 00:23:35,040 --> 00:23:41,360 AGAIN, IS IN THESE TWO AREAS 590 00:23:41,360 --> 00:23:45,800 THAT ARE CONSIDERED BROADMAN 44 591 00:23:45,800 --> 00:23:47,960 AND BROADMAN 45 BUT AS I 592 00:23:47,960 --> 00:23:48,880 MENTIONED, YOU REALLY DON'T 593 00:23:48,880 --> 00:23:51,920 KNOW, THERE ARE SIX-LAYER 594 00:23:51,920 --> 00:23:53,320 CORTICAL LAYERS AND YOU CAN'T 595 00:23:53,320 --> 00:23:55,200 REALLY TELL WHERE YOU ARE. 596 00:23:55,200 --> 00:23:59,120 IS THIS 45 OR 44, WHERE ARE WE? 597 00:23:59,120 --> 00:24:14,560 SO WE LOOK FROM THE CYTOT 598 00:24:14,560 --> 00:24:15,320 CYTOTITONIC -- WE COULDN'T 599 00:24:15,320 --> 00:24:17,040 REALLY TELL WHAT WAS GOING ON 600 00:24:17,040 --> 00:24:21,960 FROM A CORTICAL LAYER 601 00:24:21,960 --> 00:24:26,320 PERSPECTIVE, BUT COULD WE TELL 602 00:24:26,320 --> 00:24:27,320 DIFFERENCES IN THESE AREAS AS A 603 00:24:27,320 --> 00:24:29,800 FUNCTION OF POPULATION OF 604 00:24:29,800 --> 00:24:30,160 NEURORECEPTORS. 605 00:24:30,160 --> 00:24:31,720 SO THEY DID A NEURORECEPTOR 606 00:24:31,720 --> 00:24:36,920 DISTRIBUTION STUDY AND DID FIND 607 00:24:36,920 --> 00:24:40,920 THAT THERE WERE VERY SPECIFIC 608 00:24:40,920 --> 00:24:42,920 DISTRIBUTION OF NEURORECEPTORS 609 00:24:42,920 --> 00:24:45,560 IN THESE SPECIFIC AREAS, AND 610 00:24:45,560 --> 00:24:48,800 THAT BROCA'S AREA WAS MADE UP OF 611 00:24:48,800 --> 00:24:51,000 RECEPTOR DISTRIBUTIONS THAT WERE 612 00:24:51,000 --> 00:24:54,520 A COMBINATION OF WHAT YOU WOULD 613 00:24:54,520 --> 00:24:58,320 SEE IN THE SUPPLEMENTAL MOTOR 614 00:24:58,320 --> 00:24:59,400 CORTEX AND TRANSITIONS OUT TO 615 00:24:59,400 --> 00:25:02,240 WHAT YOU WOULD SEE IN THE DORSO 616 00:25:02,240 --> 00:25:04,120 LATERAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX, WHICH 617 00:25:04,120 --> 00:25:05,320 MOST PEOPLE HAVE CONSIDERED TO 618 00:25:05,320 --> 00:25:06,920 BE INVOLVED WITH WORKING MEMORY 619 00:25:06,920 --> 00:25:08,120 AND THINGS LIKE THAT. 620 00:25:08,120 --> 00:25:11,560 SO IF THAT'S TRUE, YOU WOULD 621 00:25:11,560 --> 00:25:13,600 EXPECT THAT CERTAIN TYPES OF 622 00:25:13,600 --> 00:25:17,200 TASKS MIGHT BRING OUT, MIGHT 623 00:25:17,200 --> 00:25:18,440 ACTIVATE THAT AREA MORE SO THAN 624 00:25:18,440 --> 00:25:20,160 OTHER TYPES OF TASKS. 625 00:25:20,160 --> 00:25:24,520 AND THIS WAS JUST THE SAME PAPER 626 00:25:24,520 --> 00:25:25,640 WHERE THEY PUBLISHED THIS AND 627 00:25:25,640 --> 00:25:27,360 THEY WERE REALLY LOOKING AT KIND 628 00:25:27,360 --> 00:25:34,520 OF TRANSITION ZONES OF 629 00:25:34,520 --> 00:25:38,080 MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS VERSUS GABA 630 00:25:38,080 --> 00:25:38,960 NEURORECEPTORS AND IT'S A VERY 631 00:25:38,960 --> 00:25:39,520 CLEAR DISTRIBUTION. 632 00:25:39,520 --> 00:25:40,600 I LOVE THIS EXPERIMENT. 633 00:25:40,600 --> 00:25:42,320 AND AGAIN, THEY ARE LOOKING 634 00:25:42,320 --> 00:25:45,520 AT -- THIS WAS LOOKING AT 635 00:25:45,520 --> 00:25:49,720 BROADMAN AREA 45, VERY 636 00:25:49,720 --> 00:25:52,120 PARTICULAR CONCENTRATION OF 637 00:25:52,120 --> 00:25:53,120 NEURORECEPTORS IN KEY AREAS OF 638 00:25:53,120 --> 00:26:02,400 THE BRAIN. 639 00:26:02,400 --> 00:26:04,360 SO FROM WHAT THEY HAVE 640 00:26:04,360 --> 00:26:05,920 DESCRIBED, IT SEEMS THAT BROCA'S 641 00:26:05,920 --> 00:26:08,520 AREA REALLY IS KIND OF A 642 00:26:08,520 --> 00:26:10,920 TRANSITION AREA, NOT JUST AN 643 00:26:10,920 --> 00:26:14,760 AREA THAT WOULD BE DOING SPEECH 644 00:26:14,760 --> 00:26:17,520 PLANNING, WHICH IS WHAT -- IN A 645 00:26:17,520 --> 00:26:18,360 SUPPLEMENTAL MOTOR CORTEX TYPE 646 00:26:18,360 --> 00:26:21,360 OF AREA, BUT IT ALSO HAS 647 00:26:21,360 --> 00:26:22,920 NEURORECEPTORS THAT MAKE IT LOOK 648 00:26:22,920 --> 00:26:27,320 MORE LIKE FRONTAL LOBE AND DORSO 649 00:26:27,320 --> 00:26:29,000 LATERAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX WHICH 650 00:26:29,000 --> 00:26:31,280 WE KNOW IS REALLY INVOLVED IN 651 00:26:31,280 --> 00:26:32,800 DOING MANIPULATION OF TASKS 652 00:26:32,800 --> 00:26:35,400 INVOLVED IN ATTENTION AND ALSO 653 00:26:35,400 --> 00:26:40,240 WORKING MEMORY TYPE OF ROLES, SO 654 00:26:40,240 --> 00:26:41,880 IT SHOULD BE ABLE TO DO THOSE 655 00:26:41,880 --> 00:26:43,520 TWO TYPES OF TASKS. 656 00:26:43,520 --> 00:26:47,920 SO WHAT WE DID WAS THAT WE 657 00:26:47,920 --> 00:26:50,320 LOOKED AT -- WE CONDUCTED AN 658 00:26:50,320 --> 00:26:54,040 EXPERIMENT WHERE WE WERE ASKING 659 00:26:54,040 --> 00:26:55,920 PATIENTS TO MANIPULATE CERTAIN 660 00:26:55,920 --> 00:27:01,480 THINGS ABOUT A SENTENCE, AND WE 661 00:27:01,480 --> 00:27:03,440 DID FIND THAT BROADMAN'S AREA 662 00:27:03,440 --> 00:27:05,520 DID BECOME ACTIVE IN THAT 663 00:27:05,520 --> 00:27:06,720 PARTICULAR TYPE OF AREA. 664 00:27:06,720 --> 00:27:10,000 OF COURSE WE FOUND THE BILATERAL 665 00:27:10,000 --> 00:27:13,600 AREAS OF ACTIVATION AS WE HAD 666 00:27:13,600 --> 00:27:15,040 SEEN IN THE SCHEMATICS FROM WAY 667 00:27:15,040 --> 00:27:20,280 BEFORE, BUT WE DID FIND AREAS OF 668 00:27:20,280 --> 00:27:20,920 ACTIVATION INVOLVING BROCA'S 669 00:27:20,920 --> 00:27:23,960 AREA IF THE BRAIN HAD TO 670 00:27:23,960 --> 00:27:26,320 MANIPULATE THE STIMULUS IN A 671 00:27:26,320 --> 00:27:28,960 PARTICULAR WAY, BUT IF IT DID 672 00:27:28,960 --> 00:27:32,720 NOT HAVE TO, WE DID NOT SEE THAT 673 00:27:32,720 --> 00:27:34,160 KIND OF ACTIVATION. 674 00:27:34,160 --> 00:27:40,520 THIS WAS THEN ALSO CONFIRMED IN 675 00:27:40,520 --> 00:27:44,120 A NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING 676 00:27:44,120 --> 00:27:45,920 TASKING IN WHICH SUBJECTS WERE 677 00:27:45,920 --> 00:27:48,720 ASKED TO LISTEN TO SENTENCES OR 678 00:27:48,720 --> 00:27:52,240 A STORY WHICH DID NOT REQUIRE A 679 00:27:52,240 --> 00:27:55,080 GREAT DEAL OF MANIPULATION OF 680 00:27:55,080 --> 00:28:00,440 THE TASK, AND YOU DID NOT FIND 681 00:28:00,440 --> 00:28:01,760 BROAD MAN'S AREA BECOMING 682 00:28:01,760 --> 00:28:05,720 ACTIVE, BUT YOU DID FIND 683 00:28:05,720 --> 00:28:06,920 BILATERAL PRIMARY AUDITORY 684 00:28:06,920 --> 00:28:08,200 CORTEX BEING ACTIVATED, SO ON 685 00:28:08,200 --> 00:28:09,840 AND SO FORTH, BUT NOT BROCA'S 686 00:28:09,840 --> 00:28:10,280 AREA. 687 00:28:10,280 --> 00:28:12,560 HOWEVER, WHEN THEY CONDENSED AND 688 00:28:12,560 --> 00:28:16,760 THEY CHANGED THE BANDWIDTH OF 689 00:28:16,760 --> 00:28:19,560 THE SPEECH THAT WAS BEING HEARD, 690 00:28:19,560 --> 00:28:20,920 AND NOW THE BRAIN HAS TO 691 00:28:20,920 --> 00:28:21,880 ACTUALLY WORK A LITTLE BIT 692 00:28:21,880 --> 00:28:23,520 HARDER TO TRY TO PROCESS THE 693 00:28:23,520 --> 00:28:26,320 SAME KINDS OF SPEECH, WELL, NOW 694 00:28:26,320 --> 00:28:27,960 WE FIND THESE AREAS OF 695 00:28:27,960 --> 00:28:36,080 ACTIVATION BECOMING ACTIVE. 696 00:28:36,080 --> 00:28:38,920 SO I THINK WE MAY NOW BEGIN TO 697 00:28:38,920 --> 00:28:41,120 UNDERSTAND WHY IT WAS THE FRENCH 698 00:28:41,120 --> 00:28:42,400 WERE HAVING MORE DIFFICULTY FOR 699 00:28:42,400 --> 00:28:45,120 THE PRODUCTION OF SENTENCES -- 700 00:28:45,120 --> 00:28:46,320 PRODUCTION OF THESE WORDS WHEN 701 00:28:46,320 --> 00:28:47,520 THEY WERE IN A SENTENCE, BECAUSE 702 00:28:47,520 --> 00:28:49,040 WE WERE ASKING THEM TO ACTUALLY 703 00:28:49,040 --> 00:28:51,520 DO SOMETHING THAT THEY WERE NOT 704 00:28:51,520 --> 00:28:53,080 ABLE TO DO BECAUSE THERE WAS 705 00:28:53,080 --> 00:28:55,720 DAMAGE TO THAT AREA, BUT WE CAN 706 00:28:55,720 --> 00:28:57,880 ACTUALLY SEE WHY WE WOULD HAVE 707 00:28:57,880 --> 00:29:01,600 EXPECTED FOR THERE TO BE WORSE 708 00:29:01,600 --> 00:29:02,360 SPEECH PRODUCTION IN THE 709 00:29:02,360 --> 00:29:04,440 SENTENCE AS OPPOSED TO IN 710 00:29:04,440 --> 00:29:10,240 ISOLATION. 711 00:29:10,240 --> 00:29:12,440 SO WE TYPICALLY THINK OF BROCA'S 712 00:29:12,440 --> 00:29:14,160 AREA AS BEING INVOLVED IN SPEECH 713 00:29:14,160 --> 00:29:16,560 PRODUCTION, BUT IT'S ALSO 714 00:29:16,560 --> 00:29:18,120 INVOLVED IN SPEECH PERCEPTION 715 00:29:18,120 --> 00:29:21,000 AND COMPREHENSION, LIKE I'VE 716 00:29:21,000 --> 00:29:24,120 TOLD YOU IN THESE LAST TWO SETS 717 00:29:24,120 --> 00:29:29,320 OF EXPERIMENTS, BUT THAT THE 718 00:29:29,320 --> 00:29:30,320 NEURORECEPTOR DISTRIBUTION 719 00:29:30,320 --> 00:29:31,440 ANALYSIS MAKES US REALIZE THAT 720 00:29:31,440 --> 00:29:34,720 THIS IS A TRANSITIONAL CORTEX 721 00:29:34,720 --> 00:29:40,280 BETWEEN PREMOTOR CORTEX AND 722 00:29:40,280 --> 00:29:41,560 ANTEROLATERAL FRONTAL CORTICES, 723 00:29:41,560 --> 00:29:43,000 AND FOR THAT REASON, IT'S 724 00:29:43,000 --> 00:29:44,520 INVOLVED IN THE PROCESSING OF 725 00:29:44,520 --> 00:29:49,320 SPEECH AND LANGUAGE WHEN THAT 726 00:29:49,320 --> 00:29:51,120 REQUIRES ADDITIONAL COGNITIVE 727 00:29:51,120 --> 00:29:53,280 RESOURCES IN ORDER FOR YOU TO 728 00:29:53,280 --> 00:29:55,040 PROCESS THAT KIND OF SPEECH. 729 00:29:55,040 --> 00:29:57,280 AND THE ONE THING I ALSO WANT TO 730 00:29:57,280 --> 00:30:01,920 TELL YOU IS THAT THIS FOR ME 731 00:30:01,920 --> 00:30:06,480 BRINGS UP AN IMPORTANT POINT IN 732 00:30:06,480 --> 00:30:08,280 TERMS OF -- IT'S NOT NECESSARILY 733 00:30:08,280 --> 00:30:10,520 THE SPEECH ITSELF, IT'S THE 734 00:30:10,520 --> 00:30:12,280 CONTEXT IN WHICH THAT SPEECH IS 735 00:30:12,280 --> 00:30:14,600 BEING PROCESSED THAT IS 736 00:30:14,600 --> 00:30:15,680 REQUIRING THE ACTIVATION OF 737 00:30:15,680 --> 00:30:16,880 CERTAIN AREAS OF THE BRAIN. 738 00:30:16,880 --> 00:30:18,200 IT'S NOT JUST THE LANGUAGE IN 739 00:30:18,200 --> 00:30:19,080 AND OF ITSELF. 740 00:30:19,080 --> 00:30:20,720 IT'S THE CONTEXT IN WHICH THAT 741 00:30:20,720 --> 00:30:26,800 LANGUAGE IS BEING PROCESSED. 742 00:30:26,800 --> 00:30:30,720 AND SO I THINK THAT THESE ARE 743 00:30:30,720 --> 00:30:32,600 VERY INTERESTING POINTS THAT YOU 744 00:30:32,600 --> 00:30:35,320 HAVE TO THINK ABOUT, ESPECIALLY 745 00:30:35,320 --> 00:30:36,880 WHEN YOU'RE TRYING TO DEVELOP 746 00:30:36,880 --> 00:30:38,080 COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES THAT 747 00:30:38,080 --> 00:30:40,520 WILL ENABLE YOU TO MAYBE PREDICT 748 00:30:40,520 --> 00:30:42,920 WHAT WILL BE A PATIENT'S OUTPUT 749 00:30:42,920 --> 00:30:44,640 AFTER WE HAVE DONE A CERTAIN 750 00:30:44,640 --> 00:30:44,960 INTERVENTION. 751 00:30:44,960 --> 00:30:46,600 FOR EXAMPLE, IN PATIENTS WITH 752 00:30:46,600 --> 00:30:48,320 EPILEPSY, WHERE WE'RE GOING TO 753 00:30:48,320 --> 00:30:50,040 REMOVE A PART OF THE BRAIN, CAN 754 00:30:50,040 --> 00:30:54,960 WE PREDICT WHAT WILL BE THE 755 00:30:54,960 --> 00:30:56,000 PATIENT'S OUTPUT, BUT IN ORDER 756 00:30:56,000 --> 00:30:58,560 FOR US TO DO THAT, WE WILL HAVE 757 00:30:58,560 --> 00:31:00,200 TO KNOW WHAT IS THE BRAIN'S 758 00:31:00,200 --> 00:31:02,320 ABILITY TO PROCESS THINGS IN A 759 00:31:02,320 --> 00:31:04,120 NUMBER OF DIFFERENT CONTEXTS, 760 00:31:04,120 --> 00:31:06,760 NOT JUST USING META LINGUISTIC 761 00:31:06,760 --> 00:31:08,960 TASKS, BUT ALSO USING NATURAL 762 00:31:08,960 --> 00:31:10,160 LANGUAGE TASK, BECAUSE THOSE 763 00:31:10,160 --> 00:31:12,120 AREAS OF THE BRAIN BECOME ACTIVE 764 00:31:12,120 --> 00:31:15,520 UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS FOR 765 00:31:15,520 --> 00:31:17,120 THE SAME STIMULI. 766 00:31:17,120 --> 00:31:19,680 AND WE ALSO -- I THINK I'VE 767 00:31:19,680 --> 00:31:23,800 SHOWN YOU A COUPLE OF SLIDES NOW 768 00:31:23,800 --> 00:31:25,120 THAT HAVE SHOWN THERE IS 769 00:31:25,120 --> 00:31:26,320 ACTUALLY BILATERAL LANGUAGE 770 00:31:26,320 --> 00:31:27,120 ACTIVATION IN PARTS OF THE 771 00:31:27,120 --> 00:31:28,920 BRAIN, AND WE HAVE ALWAYS BEEN 772 00:31:28,920 --> 00:31:30,600 THINKING OF LEFT BRAIN DOMINANT 773 00:31:30,600 --> 00:31:33,040 VERSUS NON-DOMINANT ASPECTS OF 774 00:31:33,040 --> 00:31:36,160 THE BRAIN, AND MANY PARTS OF OUR 775 00:31:36,160 --> 00:31:38,760 WORKUP OF PATIENTS WHO ARE GOING 776 00:31:38,760 --> 00:31:40,640 TO UNDERGO SURGERY, WE ARE 777 00:31:40,640 --> 00:31:41,960 TRYING TO IDENTIFY THE DOMINANT 778 00:31:41,960 --> 00:31:46,600 PART OF THE BRAIN FOR LANGUAGE, 779 00:31:46,600 --> 00:31:48,040 BUT ACTUALLY IT'S A MOSAIC, AND 780 00:31:48,040 --> 00:31:49,680 IT MAY BE DOMINANT FOR CERTAIN 781 00:31:49,680 --> 00:31:50,960 ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE UNDER 782 00:31:50,960 --> 00:31:55,440 CERTAIN CONDITIONS OF LANGUAGE 783 00:31:55,440 --> 00:31:56,880 PROCESSING BUT MAY ALSO BE 784 00:31:56,880 --> 00:31:58,080 BILATERAL FOR OTHER ASPECTS OF 785 00:31:58,080 --> 00:31:58,320 LANGUAGE. 786 00:31:58,320 --> 00:31:59,520 SO WE HAVE TO BEGIN TO THINK A 787 00:31:59,520 --> 00:32:00,280 LITTLE DIFFERENTLY ABOUT WHAT WE 788 00:32:00,280 --> 00:32:01,480 MEAN WHEN WE TALK ABOUT THE 789 00:32:01,480 --> 00:32:06,920 DOMINANCE OF LANGUAGE BECAUSE WE 790 00:32:06,920 --> 00:32:07,600 REALLY SHOULD BE THINKING ABOUT 791 00:32:07,600 --> 00:32:10,440 IT MORE AS A MOSAIC THAT'S A 792 00:32:10,440 --> 00:32:15,320 KIND OF DYNAMIC PROCESS, AND 793 00:32:15,320 --> 00:32:17,200 THAT MAY BE BILATERAL FOR SOME 794 00:32:17,200 --> 00:32:18,640 ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE UNDER 795 00:32:18,640 --> 00:32:21,120 CERTAIN CONDITIONS AND NOT UNDER 796 00:32:21,120 --> 00:32:22,440 OTHERS AND FOR OTHER ASPECTS OF 797 00:32:22,440 --> 00:32:23,000 LANGUAGE AS WELL. 798 00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:24,640 SO WHAT OUR LAB IS TRYING TO DO 799 00:32:24,640 --> 00:32:26,520 IS TAKING ALL OF THESE ASPECTS 800 00:32:26,520 --> 00:32:32,920 AND LOOKING AT ALL OF THESE 801 00:32:32,920 --> 00:32:34,480 VARIOUS SCENARIOS, INCLUDING 802 00:32:34,480 --> 00:32:37,440 BEHAVIORAL TASKS, INCLUDING 803 00:32:37,440 --> 00:32:38,840 ELECTRICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL 804 00:32:38,840 --> 00:32:40,800 TASKS, USING META LINGUISTIC AND 805 00:32:40,800 --> 00:32:42,000 NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSES TO 806 00:32:42,000 --> 00:32:46,040 TRY TO COME UP WITH 807 00:32:46,040 --> 00:32:48,400 COMPUTATIONAL MODELS THAT ENABLE 808 00:32:48,400 --> 00:32:50,360 US TO UNDERSTAND THE STRENGTH OF 809 00:32:50,360 --> 00:32:56,160 THESE AREAS BETWEEN IN ACTIVATION, HOW 810 00:32:56,160 --> 00:32:57,160 STRONGLY ARE THEY TALKING TO 811 00:32:57,160 --> 00:32:59,000 EACH OTHER, AND CAN WE PREDICT 812 00:32:59,000 --> 00:33:03,600 WHAT THAT STRENGTH WOULD BE IF 813 00:33:03,600 --> 00:33:04,600 WE SYSTEMATICALLY CHANGED 814 00:33:04,600 --> 00:33:05,800 SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE AND 815 00:33:05,800 --> 00:33:07,920 WE CAN GO BACK AND LOOK TO SEE 816 00:33:07,920 --> 00:33:11,800 HOW THOSE COMBINATIONS, THOSE 817 00:33:11,800 --> 00:33:13,000 STRENGTHS HAVE CHANGED, AND DO 818 00:33:13,000 --> 00:33:14,320 THEY CHANGE ONLY ON THE SAME 819 00:33:14,320 --> 00:33:16,240 SIDE OF THE BRAIN, DO THEY 820 00:33:16,240 --> 00:33:17,360 CHANGE ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE 821 00:33:17,360 --> 00:33:19,240 BRAIN, AND WE ARE LOOKING AT 822 00:33:19,240 --> 00:33:23,600 THESE KINDS OF QUESTIONS, AND 823 00:33:23,600 --> 00:33:25,000 THEN TRYING TO SET UP MODELS 824 00:33:25,000 --> 00:33:26,520 THAT WILL PREDICT WHAT WE WOULD 825 00:33:26,520 --> 00:33:29,160 EXPECT FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL 826 00:33:29,160 --> 00:33:32,680 SUBJECT OF THEIR OWN BASED ON 827 00:33:32,680 --> 00:33:36,800 WHAT WE WOULD EXPECT THEIR OUT 828 00:33:36,800 --> 00:33:38,400 OUTPUT MIGHT BE OR THE CHANGE IN 829 00:33:38,400 --> 00:33:39,120 CORRELATION MIGHT BE AS A 830 00:33:39,120 --> 00:33:39,880 FUNCTION OF WHATEVER 831 00:33:39,880 --> 00:33:40,920 INTERVENTION IS GOING TO HAPPEN, 832 00:33:40,920 --> 00:33:43,720 AND THEN GOING BACK AND LOOKING 833 00:33:43,720 --> 00:33:47,720 AT WHAT WAS, IN FACT, THE 834 00:33:47,720 --> 00:33:49,800 CORRELATION POSTOPERATIVELY ONE, 835 00:33:49,800 --> 00:33:58,120 TWO OR EVEN THREE YEARS OUT. 836 00:33:58,120 --> 00:33:59,840 AGAIN, WE LOOK AT A NUMBER OF 837 00:33:59,840 --> 00:34:03,240 DIFFERENT STRENGTHS IN 838 00:34:03,240 --> 00:34:04,520 TEE% CORRELATION STRENGTH, AND 839 00:34:04,520 --> 00:34:05,720 WHAT WE FIND IS THAT AT LEAST 840 00:34:05,720 --> 00:34:09,320 FOR AUDITORY SPEECH PERCEPTION, 841 00:34:09,320 --> 00:34:12,520 THAT THIS IS REALLY A BILATERAL 842 00:34:12,520 --> 00:34:13,280 AUDITORY NETWORK. 843 00:34:13,280 --> 00:34:16,520 AND NOT ONE THAT IS DOMINATED 844 00:34:16,520 --> 00:34:20,960 WITHIN ONE SIDE OF THE BRAIN. 845 00:34:20,960 --> 00:34:22,240 THE REASON THAT WE WANT TO DO 846 00:34:22,240 --> 00:34:25,400 THIS IS BECAUSE WE REALLY WANT 847 00:34:25,400 --> 00:34:26,720 TO BE ABLE TO SEE IF WE CAN HAVE 848 00:34:26,720 --> 00:34:28,680 A KIND OF MECHANISTIC APPROACH 849 00:34:28,680 --> 00:34:30,200 AND UNDERSTANDING OF THE NEURAL 850 00:34:30,200 --> 00:34:31,520 BASIS OF SPEECH AND LANGE WANL 851 00:34:31,520 --> 00:34:34,240 DISORDERS. 852 00:34:34,240 --> 00:34:34,560 LANGUAGE 853 00:34:34,560 --> 00:34:35,000 DISORDERS. 854 00:34:35,000 --> 00:34:36,200 WE ARE TRYING TO DO THIS LOOK 855 00:34:36,200 --> 00:34:38,160 BEING AT IT IN NORMAL, HEALTHY 856 00:34:38,160 --> 00:34:39,280 INDIVIDUALS, THEN DEVELOPING OUR 857 00:34:39,280 --> 00:34:42,680 MODELS TO SEE HOW THAT CAN 858 00:34:42,680 --> 00:34:44,960 EXPLAIN -- HOW CHANGES IN THE 859 00:34:44,960 --> 00:34:46,920 NORMAL MODELS CAN EXPLAIN WHAT'S 860 00:34:46,920 --> 00:34:48,320 HAPPENING IN A PARTICULAR 861 00:34:48,320 --> 00:34:53,120 PATIENTS, AND THEN USING THAT 862 00:34:53,120 --> 00:34:54,640 SAME PATIENT'S PERFORMANCE AND 863 00:34:54,640 --> 00:34:56,720 THE CONTROL FOR THEIR 864 00:34:56,720 --> 00:35:00,680 PERFORMANCE POST INTERVENTION. 865 00:35:00,680 --> 00:35:02,080 BUT YOU CAN USE IT, WE'RE JUST 866 00:35:02,080 --> 00:35:03,360 USING THAT FOR AUDITORY 867 00:35:03,360 --> 00:35:04,760 PROCESSING, BUT YOU CAN USE THAT 868 00:35:04,760 --> 00:35:08,200 FOR ANY KIND OF MODALITY, 869 00:35:08,200 --> 00:35:09,680 WHETHER IT'S SEMANTICS, SYNTAX 870 00:35:09,680 --> 00:35:13,560 AND SO ON, SO FORTH, AND ALSO 871 00:35:13,560 --> 00:35:17,720 FOR LOOKING AT OTHER RESOURCES, 872 00:35:17,720 --> 00:35:19,000 NON-LINGUISTIC RESOURCES THAT 873 00:35:19,000 --> 00:35:19,880 SUBSERVE A LANGUAGE. 874 00:35:19,880 --> 00:35:23,040 SO THIS IS AN APPROACH, A 875 00:35:23,040 --> 00:35:24,040 METHODOLOGY APPROACH THAT YOU 876 00:35:24,040 --> 00:35:27,320 CAN USE TO ASSESS ANY ASPECT OF 877 00:35:27,320 --> 00:35:30,280 COGNITION, AND THEN TRY TO 878 00:35:30,280 --> 00:35:32,120 EXPLAIN AND COME UP WITH NEW 879 00:35:32,120 --> 00:35:35,920 DIAGNOSTICS THAT ENABLE YOU TO 880 00:35:35,920 --> 00:35:37,080 IDENTIFY REALLY SUBTLE ASPECTS 881 00:35:37,080 --> 00:35:43,520 IN THE CHANGES THAT SUBSERVE 882 00:35:43,520 --> 00:35:46,760 THESE NETWORKS. 883 00:35:46,760 --> 00:35:49,920 AND AGAIN, WE WILL BE USING THAT 884 00:35:49,920 --> 00:35:51,520 FOR OUR LAB TO TRY TO PREDICT 885 00:35:51,520 --> 00:35:55,480 WHAT WOULD REALLY BE THE TRUE 886 00:35:55,480 --> 00:35:57,520 SURGICAL RISK IF WE WERE TO DO 887 00:35:57,520 --> 00:36:00,240 NEUROSURGERY, IF WE WERE TO DO 888 00:36:00,240 --> 00:36:01,720 GAMMA KNIFE, IF WE WERE -- IN 889 00:36:01,720 --> 00:36:03,880 PATIENTS WHO HAVE TUMORS, AND 890 00:36:03,880 --> 00:36:06,920 ALSO FOR HIGH INTENSITY FOCUSED 891 00:36:06,920 --> 00:36:08,360 ULTRASOUND, WHICH IS A NEWER 892 00:36:08,360 --> 00:36:11,400 TECHNIQUE THAT PEOPLE ARE USING, 893 00:36:11,400 --> 00:36:12,840 TO DO INTERVENTIONS IN THE 894 00:36:12,840 --> 00:36:16,440 BRAIN. 895 00:36:16,440 --> 00:36:19,280 IT'S REALLY A DEVELOPING FIELD 896 00:36:19,280 --> 00:36:22,560 KNOWN AS NEURAL ENGINEERING. 897 00:36:22,560 --> 00:36:23,960 AS I MENTIONED AT THE BEGINNING 898 00:36:23,960 --> 00:36:25,840 OF THE TALK, THIS IS AN 899 00:36:25,840 --> 00:36:26,600 EXTREMELY INTERDISCIPLINARY 900 00:36:26,600 --> 00:36:28,240 APPROACH, AND IT REALLY DOES 901 00:36:28,240 --> 00:36:31,520 COMBINE ALL OF THESE DIFFERENT 902 00:36:31,520 --> 00:36:32,080 NETWORKS. 903 00:36:32,080 --> 00:36:34,480 NOW I MEAN, WE HAVE PEOPLE -- I 904 00:36:34,480 --> 00:36:38,720 FORGOT TO MENTION THIS THIS IN THIS LIST 905 00:36:38,720 --> 00:36:40,160 DATA SCIENTISTS AS WELL, BUT I 906 00:36:40,160 --> 00:36:41,720 KIND OF INCLUDED THAT IN 907 00:36:41,720 --> 00:36:44,960 COMPUTER SCIENCE REALLY. 908 00:36:44,960 --> 00:36:47,280 BUT BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING IS 909 00:36:47,280 --> 00:36:49,520 INVOLVED IN THAT, AUDIOLOGY, 910 00:36:49,520 --> 00:36:50,720 SPEECH PATHOLOGISTS ARE INVOLVED 911 00:36:50,720 --> 00:36:53,320 IN THIS AND THE USUAL CAST OF 912 00:36:53,320 --> 00:36:55,280 CHARACTERS SUCH AS THE 913 00:36:55,280 --> 00:36:56,520 LINGUISTS, PSYCHOLOGISTS AND 914 00:36:56,520 --> 00:36:57,360 NEUROSCIENTISTS WHO REALLY HAVE 915 00:36:57,360 --> 00:37:00,200 A VESTED INTEREST IN TRYING TO 916 00:37:00,200 --> 00:37:02,720 UNDERSTAND HOW THIS HAPPENS 917 00:37:02,720 --> 00:37:08,400 BECAUSE LANGUAGE IS REALLY WHAT 918 00:37:08,400 --> 00:37:11,120 ARGUABLY MAKES US UNIQUELY 919 00:37:11,120 --> 00:37:11,920 HUMAN. 920 00:37:11,920 --> 00:37:14,520 AND KEEPING OUR ABILITY TO 921 00:37:14,520 --> 00:37:17,440 COMMUNICATE WITH OUR ENVIRONMENT 922 00:37:17,440 --> 00:37:20,000 IS REALLY THE BASIS OF ALL OF 923 00:37:20,000 --> 00:37:25,480 THIS WORK. 924 00:37:25,480 --> 00:37:28,040 AGAIN IT REQUIRES BIG TEAM OF 925 00:37:28,040 --> 00:37:29,720 PEOPLE WHO ARE HIGHLY TALENTED, 926 00:37:29,720 --> 00:37:31,120 AND I WAS VERY, VERY FORTUNATE 927 00:37:31,120 --> 00:37:32,440 TO HAVE BEEN TRAINED BY PEOPLE 928 00:37:32,440 --> 00:37:38,640 WHO WERE REALLY EXCEPTIONAL. 929 00:37:38,640 --> 00:37:42,640 ALL OF THESE PEOPLE, MY MENTOR 930 00:37:42,640 --> 00:37:44,400 WHEN I WAS IN FRANCE, AND OF 931 00:37:44,400 --> 00:37:46,520 COURSE YOU NEED TO HAVE A 932 00:37:46,520 --> 00:37:48,560 WONDERFUL GROUP OF COLLABORATORS 933 00:37:48,560 --> 00:37:50,520 AND I WAS VERY FORTUNATE TO HAVE 934 00:37:50,520 --> 00:37:55,240 A GREAT DEAL OF COLLABORATORS 935 00:37:55,240 --> 00:37:56,440 WHO ARE AT THE NINDS WHO ARE 936 00:37:56,440 --> 00:37:58,120 WILLING TO WORK WITH ME AND TO 937 00:37:58,120 --> 00:38:00,040 SHARE SOME OF THE DATA THAT THEY 938 00:38:00,040 --> 00:38:02,560 HAVE BEEN ACQUIRING SO THAT WE 939 00:38:02,560 --> 00:38:04,520 CAN DO THE KINDS OF ANALYSIS 940 00:38:04,520 --> 00:38:10,120 WE'RE DOING IN THE LAB. 941 00:38:10,120 --> 00:38:13,000 SARA AND BILL ARE THE ONES I 942 00:38:13,000 --> 00:38:20,040 THINK OF, ORIT LAVI, WONDERFUL 943 00:38:20,040 --> 00:38:20,920 MATHEMATICIAN THAT JUST RETURNED 944 00:38:20,920 --> 00:38:26,600 TO ISRAEL. 945 00:38:26,600 --> 00:38:30,520 OUR CURRENT STAFF SCIENTIST, 946 00:38:30,520 --> 00:38:31,240 WONDERFUL BIOSTATISTICIAN, BUT 947 00:38:31,240 --> 00:38:33,080 YOU NEED ALL OF THESE PEOPLE TO 948 00:38:33,080 --> 00:38:34,800 BE ABLE TO DO THIS KIND OF WORK, 949 00:38:34,800 --> 00:38:36,520 AND I'M ACTUALLY QUITE FORTUNATE 950 00:38:36,520 --> 00:38:39,840 THAT I HAVE HAD THE KIND OF 951 00:38:39,840 --> 00:38:42,440 TRAINING AND MENTORING WITH THE 952 00:38:42,440 --> 00:38:43,640 EXCEPTIONAL FOLKS, AND I'VE HAD 953 00:38:43,640 --> 00:38:46,040 THE WONDERFUL ENVIRONMENT HERE 954 00:38:46,040 --> 00:38:47,480 AT NIH THAT IS PERMITTING ME TO 955 00:38:47,480 --> 00:38:48,840 DO THIS KIND OF WORK. 956 00:38:48,840 --> 00:38:54,120 IT'S EXCITING, AND WE HAVE JUST 957 00:38:54,120 --> 00:38:57,800 A TREMENDOUS AMOUNT OF WORK TO 958 00:38:57,800 --> 00:38:59,560 DO, AND I KNOW THAT MANY PEOPLE 959 00:38:59,560 --> 00:39:00,440 IN THE COMMUNITY ARE ALSO 960 00:39:00,440 --> 00:39:01,960 INTERESTED IN THIS TOPIC, AND I 961 00:39:01,960 --> 00:39:03,400 LOOK FORWARD TO INTERACTING WITH 962 00:39:03,400 --> 00:39:06,680 ALL OF THEM. 963 00:39:06,680 --> 00:39:10,080 AND THAT'S PRETTY MUCH WHAT WE 964 00:39:10,080 --> 00:39:11,120 HAVE -- WHAT I HAVE TO SHARE 965 00:39:11,120 --> 00:39:20,320 WITH YOU TODAY. 966 00:39:20,320 --> 00:39:21,920 >> NADIA, THANK YOU SO MUCH. 967 00:39:21,920 --> 00:39:23,160 THIS TALK WAS FASCINATING. 968 00:39:23,160 --> 00:39:25,240 IT WAS SO INTERESTING AND SO 969 00:39:25,240 --> 00:39:27,640 MANY QUESTIONS IN MY MIND. 970 00:39:27,640 --> 00:39:28,720 I DON'T KNOW WHICH ONE TO START 971 00:39:28,720 --> 00:39:30,160 WITH. 972 00:39:30,160 --> 00:39:31,320 BUT BEFORE WE START WITH 973 00:39:31,320 --> 00:39:32,760 QUESTIONS, CAN I PLEASE ASK OUR 974 00:39:32,760 --> 00:39:34,400 TEAM TO BRING UP THE INTRO 975 00:39:34,400 --> 00:39:34,640 SLIDE. 976 00:39:34,640 --> 00:39:36,360 I WANT TO SHARE THE EMAIL WHERE 977 00:39:36,360 --> 00:39:39,000 OUR AUDIENCE CAN SEND QUESTIONS 978 00:39:39,000 --> 00:39:48,720 BY EMAIL. 979 00:39:48,720 --> 00:39:50,480 SO -- YES, THANK YOU SO MUCH. 980 00:39:50,480 --> 00:39:56,360 SO YOU CAN EITHER SEND ME YOUR 981 00:39:56,360 --> 00:40:04,200 EMAIL QUESTIONS, YEGANO 982 00:40:04,200 --> 00:40:04,800 YEGANOVA@MAIL.NIH.GOV, OR YOU 983 00:40:04,800 --> 00:40:06,000 CAN SEND EMAILS TO HER AND WE'RE 984 00:40:06,000 --> 00:40:06,720 OPEN FOR QUESTIONS. 985 00:40:06,720 --> 00:40:07,960 THANK YOU VERY MUCH, NADIA. 986 00:40:07,960 --> 00:40:09,040 WE HAVE SOME QUESTIONS FOR YOU. 987 00:40:09,040 --> 00:40:09,720 >> OKAY. 988 00:40:09,720 --> 00:40:13,320 TERRIFIC. 989 00:40:13,320 --> 00:40:15,080 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH, NADIA, FOR 990 00:40:15,080 --> 00:40:15,720 THE GREAT TALK. 991 00:40:15,720 --> 00:40:21,600 SO WE HAVE TWO QUESTIONS COMING 992 00:40:21,600 --> 00:40:26,400 FROM THE AUDIENCE FROM -- SMITH. 993 00:40:26,400 --> 00:40:27,720 HE'S ASKING, WHAT IS YOUR 994 00:40:27,720 --> 00:40:29,040 DEFINITION OF NATURAL LANGUAGE 995 00:40:29,040 --> 00:40:30,280 PROCESSING IN THIS CONTEXT, AND 996 00:40:30,280 --> 00:40:32,520 TO WHAT EXTENT IS NATURAL 997 00:40:32,520 --> 00:40:35,040 LANGUAGE PROCESSING IN THE 998 00:40:35,040 --> 00:40:36,400 COMPUTER SCIENCE DEFINITION USED 999 00:40:36,400 --> 00:40:38,680 IN THE EXPERIMENTS? 1000 00:40:38,680 --> 00:40:42,920 >> WELL, WE USED A LOT OF META 1001 00:40:42,920 --> 00:40:44,040 LINGUISTIC TASKS. 1002 00:40:44,040 --> 00:40:45,520 WE DO NOT USE NATURAL LANGUAGE 1003 00:40:45,520 --> 00:40:46,640 PROCESSING. 1004 00:40:46,640 --> 00:40:54,560 BUT I DO THINK THAT WHEN YOU ARE 1005 00:40:54,560 --> 00:41:01,480 LOOKING AT WHRAJ THAT'S JUST A 1006 00:41:01,480 --> 00:41:03,200 NATURAL CONTEXT OF LANGUAGE, 1007 00:41:03,200 --> 00:41:07,280 THAT DATA IN AND OF ITSELF HAS A 1008 00:41:07,280 --> 00:41:11,160 VERY IMPORTANT ELEMENT TO THE 1009 00:41:11,160 --> 00:41:12,680 KINDS OF WORK YOU ARE GOING TO 1010 00:41:12,680 --> 00:41:14,120 DO, BECAUSE AS I MENTIONED, THE 1011 00:41:14,120 --> 00:41:15,680 CONTEXT IN WHICH THE LANGUAGE IS 1012 00:41:15,680 --> 00:41:22,680 BEING PROCESSED ALSO INFLUENCES 1013 00:41:22,680 --> 00:41:25,600 SO YOU CAN'T JUST USE 1014 00:41:25,600 --> 00:41:26,480 EXPERIMENTS THAT YOU'VE 1015 00:41:26,480 --> 00:41:29,640 CONCOCTED IN A LAB BECAUSE I 1016 00:41:29,640 --> 00:41:32,920 OFTEN SAY TO MY STUDENTS THAT 1017 00:41:32,920 --> 00:41:35,480 YOU WILL GET AN ANSWER, IT MAY 1018 00:41:35,480 --> 00:41:38,280 NOT BE THE ANSWER THAT THE BRAIN 1019 00:41:38,280 --> 00:41:42,440 WOULD TYPICALLY USE IN EVERYDAY 1020 00:41:42,440 --> 00:41:46,040 ENVIRONENT, SO IT'S IMPORTANT 1021 00:41:46,040 --> 00:41:47,480 TO TRY TO SIMULATE AS MUCH AS 1022 00:41:47,480 --> 00:41:52,120 YOU CAN A NATURAL ENVIRONMENT 1023 00:41:52,120 --> 00:41:53,320 BECAUSE THE ACTIVATION WILL BE 1024 00:41:53,320 --> 00:41:55,080 VERY DIFFERENT, AND IF YOUR GOAL 1025 00:41:55,080 --> 00:41:58,920 IS ULTIMATELY TO BE ABLE TO 1026 00:41:58,920 --> 00:42:01,480 PREDICT WHAT A PATIENT MIGHT OR 1027 00:42:01,480 --> 00:42:03,120 MIGHT NOT BE ABLE TO DO 1028 00:42:03,120 --> 00:42:04,800 NATURALLY AFTER AN INTERVENTION, 1029 00:42:04,800 --> 00:42:09,720 IT'S IMPORTANT FOR YOU TO USE A 1030 00:42:09,720 --> 00:42:12,120 KIND OF NATURAL TYPE OF 1031 00:42:12,120 --> 00:42:15,920 ENVIRONMENT TO TRY TO TRAIN SOME 1032 00:42:15,920 --> 00:42:17,240 OF YOUR ALGORITHMS. 1033 00:42:17,240 --> 00:42:23,600 OTHERWISE YOU MAY END UP WITH AN 1034 00:42:23,600 --> 00:42:25,680 ARTIFICIAL OUTPUT. 1035 00:42:25,680 --> 00:42:27,720 THAT WILL NOT BE GENERALIZABLE 1036 00:42:27,720 --> 00:42:30,120 AND IT WILL NOT HELP YOU WITH 1037 00:42:30,120 --> 00:42:33,000 YOUR CLINICAL OUTCOMES. 1038 00:42:33,000 --> 00:42:37,240 >> THANK YOU. 1039 00:42:37,240 --> 00:42:38,520 I HAVE ANOTHER QUESTION FROM THE 1040 00:42:38,520 --> 00:42:38,880 SAME PERSON. 1041 00:42:38,880 --> 00:42:42,480 SO HE'S ASKING DO CONCEPT WORDS, 1042 00:42:42,480 --> 00:42:44,920 NOUNS AND VERBS, HAVE LINKS TO 1043 00:42:44,920 --> 00:42:46,320 VISUAL REPRESENTATIONS THAT MAKE 1044 00:42:46,320 --> 00:42:49,120 THEM DIFFERENT TO STORE AND 1045 00:42:49,120 --> 00:42:50,520 ACCESS FROM FUNCTION WORDS? 1046 00:42:50,520 --> 00:42:57,000 >> WELL, THERE IS -- THERE ARE 1047 00:42:57,000 --> 00:43:02,000 WORDS THAT ARE MORE IMAGEABLE, 1048 00:43:02,000 --> 00:43:06,600 FOR EXAMPLE, A DOG IS MORE 1049 00:43:06,600 --> 00:43:09,320 IMAGEABLE THAN THE WORD "THE." 1050 00:43:09,320 --> 00:43:10,720 RIGHT? 1051 00:43:10,720 --> 00:43:12,080 BUT YOU CAN FIND WORDS THAT ARE 1052 00:43:12,080 --> 00:43:17,640 NOT AS IMAGEABLE AND TRY TO LOOK 1053 00:43:17,640 --> 00:43:22,760 AT THOSE -- USE THOSE KINDS OF 1054 00:43:22,760 --> 00:43:24,200 WORDS, AND SO PEOPLE ARE STILL 1055 00:43:24,200 --> 00:43:27,040 TRYING TO FIGURE OUT WHAT IS IT 1056 00:43:27,040 --> 00:43:29,000 THAT MAKES CONTENT WORDS REALLY 1057 00:43:29,000 --> 00:43:31,920 CONTENT. 1058 00:43:31,920 --> 00:43:35,000 AND IMAGABILITY IS ONLY ONE 1059 00:43:35,000 --> 00:43:35,880 TOPIC, BECAUSE YOU CAN STILL 1060 00:43:35,880 --> 00:43:39,560 HAVE WORDS THAT ARE CONTENT 1061 00:43:39,560 --> 00:43:43,640 WORDS SUCH AS JUSTICE THAT IS 1062 00:43:43,640 --> 00:43:47,720 NOT NECESSARILY IMAGEABLE, YOU 1063 00:43:47,720 --> 00:43:51,120 KNOW, AND A BELIEF, YOU KNOW, 1064 00:43:51,120 --> 00:43:52,920 THAT IS -- THOSE ARE ALSO 1065 00:43:52,920 --> 00:43:55,520 CONTENT WORDS BUT THEY'RE NOT 1066 00:43:55,520 --> 00:43:56,600 IMAGEABLE. 1067 00:43:56,600 --> 00:43:57,920 SO WHERE PEOPLE ARE STILL 1068 00:43:57,920 --> 00:44:03,720 LOOKING AT THAT, IT'S NOT CLEAR 1069 00:44:03,720 --> 00:44:05,240 WHAT DIFFERENTIATES THOSE TWO 1070 00:44:05,240 --> 00:44:07,520 THINGS, EXCEPT THAT ONE IS KIND 1071 00:44:07,520 --> 00:44:12,680 OF A FINITE GROUP OF WORDS THAT 1072 00:44:12,680 --> 00:44:14,520 SERVE IN A GRAMMATICAL CONTENT 1073 00:44:14,520 --> 00:44:17,480 AND THE OTHER WORDS ARE NOT. 1074 00:44:17,480 --> 00:44:19,640 BUT AT LEAST WHAT WE'RE ABLE TO 1075 00:44:19,640 --> 00:44:27,520 SHOW, AT LEAST FOR THE 1076 00:44:27,520 --> 00:44:32,520 FRENCH-SPEAKING IGRAMATICS, IT 1077 00:44:32,520 --> 00:44:35,480 JUST FILTERS THROUGH THE SAME 1078 00:44:35,480 --> 00:44:43,400 ARTICULATORY MECHANISM. 1079 00:44:43,400 --> 00:44:44,240 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 1080 00:44:44,240 --> 00:44:46,120 IF I MAY FOLLOW WITH MY OWN 1081 00:44:46,120 --> 00:44:49,200 QUESTION, YOU SPOKE ABOUT THE 1082 00:44:49,200 --> 00:44:50,880 TRAUMA AND INJURY TO A BRAIN 1083 00:44:50,880 --> 00:44:54,120 THAT CAUSES LANGUAGE 1084 00:44:54,120 --> 00:44:54,800 DISTORTIONS. 1085 00:44:54,800 --> 00:44:55,520 >> YES. 1086 00:44:55,520 --> 00:44:58,400 >> OR NEUROSURGERY, RIGHT, WHERE 1087 00:44:58,400 --> 00:45:00,040 YOU SAID HOW YOU'RE TRYING TO 1088 00:45:00,040 --> 00:45:01,760 PREDICT WHAT WILL HAPPEN WITH 1089 00:45:01,760 --> 00:45:03,520 PATIENT IN CASE OF A PARTICULAR 1090 00:45:03,520 --> 00:45:04,320 NEUROSURGERY. 1091 00:45:04,320 --> 00:45:05,560 CAN YOU TELL US A LITTLE BIT 1092 00:45:05,560 --> 00:45:07,480 WHAT HAPPENS DURING THE AGING, 1093 00:45:07,480 --> 00:45:13,920 SO THE NATURAL PROCESS OF AGING 1094 00:45:13,920 --> 00:45:16,080 AND WHY WE TEND TO LOSE MEMORY 1095 00:45:16,080 --> 00:45:18,280 AS WE AGE AND WHY WE DEVELOP 1096 00:45:18,280 --> 00:45:19,720 THOSE SPEECH DELAYS AND MEMORY 1097 00:45:19,720 --> 00:45:21,320 DELAYS AS WE AGE, AND WHAT WOULD 1098 00:45:21,320 --> 00:45:23,640 BE THE BEST WAY TO PREVENT IT? 1099 00:45:23,640 --> 00:45:27,920 >> WELL, IT'S ACTUALLY A VERY 1100 00:45:27,920 --> 00:45:29,160 INTERESTING TOPIC, AND MANY 1101 00:45:29,160 --> 00:45:31,120 PEOPLE HAVE SPENT A GREAT DEAL 1102 00:45:31,120 --> 00:45:36,440 OF TIME LOOKING AT THAT. 1103 00:45:36,440 --> 00:45:37,800 NOW THERE ARE DIFFERENT THINGS 1104 00:45:37,800 --> 00:45:39,480 THAT HAVE BEEN SAID IN THE 1105 00:45:39,480 --> 00:45:40,160 LITERATURE. 1106 00:45:40,160 --> 00:45:42,880 SOME PEOPLE HAVE SAID, WELL, THE 1107 00:45:42,880 --> 00:45:46,800 LANGUAGE DEFICITS THAT HAPPEN IN 1108 00:45:46,800 --> 00:45:52,120 NORMAL AGING MAY BE PERIPHERAL. 1109 00:45:52,120 --> 00:45:53,960 IT MAY BE A PERIPHERAL HEARING 1110 00:45:53,960 --> 00:45:55,920 LOSS, BECAUSE WE KNOW THAT WE 1111 00:45:55,920 --> 00:46:00,000 HAVE SOME PATIENTS WHO AGE DO 1112 00:46:00,000 --> 00:46:01,520 HAVE DEFICITS IN PERIPHERAL 1113 00:46:01,520 --> 00:46:03,280 HEARING LOSS. 1114 00:46:03,280 --> 00:46:07,160 BUT OTHER INVESTIGATORS HAVE 1115 00:46:07,160 --> 00:46:08,400 SHOWN THAT, NO, THERE IS A 1116 00:46:08,400 --> 00:46:12,800 ACCEPT TRAL AUDITORY 1117 00:46:12,800 --> 00:46:14,640 CENTRAL AUDITORY PROCESSING. 1118 00:46:14,640 --> 00:46:15,840 PEOPLE CAN SAY NO, I CAN LEAR 1119 00:46:15,840 --> 00:46:17,000 YOU, I JUST CAN'T UNDERSTAND 1120 00:46:17,000 --> 00:46:17,800 WHAT YOU'RE SAYING. 1121 00:46:17,800 --> 00:46:22,520 OR THE LANGUAGE PROCESSING 1122 00:46:22,520 --> 00:46:24,040 DEFICITS BECOME MORE PRONOUNCED 1123 00:46:24,040 --> 00:46:25,240 IF THEY'RE IN A -- WITH A GROUP 1124 00:46:25,240 --> 00:46:29,720 OF A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT PEOPLE, 1125 00:46:29,720 --> 00:46:31,200 SO THEY CAN HEAR WHAT YOU'RE 1126 00:46:31,200 --> 00:46:32,320 SAYING, BUT TO BE ABLE TO KEEP 1127 00:46:32,320 --> 00:46:33,640 TRACK OF WHAT IS BEING SAID IS 1128 00:46:33,640 --> 00:46:37,920 MORE DIFFICULT. 1129 00:46:37,920 --> 00:46:40,400 SO WE ACTUALLY HAVE A STUDY THAT 1130 00:46:40,400 --> 00:46:41,920 WE'RE DOING WHICH I DON'T WANT 1131 00:46:41,920 --> 00:46:45,200 TO SAY WHAT THE RESULTS WERE 1132 00:46:45,200 --> 00:46:47,160 BECAUSE WE'RE STILL ANALYZING A 1133 00:46:47,160 --> 00:46:48,880 LARGER DATASET, BUT THE 1134 00:46:48,880 --> 00:46:50,720 PRELIMINARY DATA SUGGESTS THAT 1135 00:46:50,720 --> 00:46:53,120 THERE'S SOME SORT OF FLUIDITY IN 1136 00:46:53,120 --> 00:46:59,160 TERMS OF THE IMPORTANCE OF THE 1137 00:46:59,160 --> 00:47:02,120 AGING EFFECTS ON THE NETWORKS 1138 00:47:02,120 --> 00:47:05,720 THAT SUBSERVE LANGUAGE, AND IF 1139 00:47:05,720 --> 00:47:08,920 YOU'RE YOUNGER, THE AGING 1140 00:47:08,920 --> 00:47:11,720 EFFECTS ARE NOT AS PRONOUNCED. 1141 00:47:11,720 --> 00:47:14,320 GENDER IS MORE -- GENDER 1142 00:47:14,320 --> 00:47:17,480 DIFFERENCES ARE MORE PRONOUNCED. 1143 00:47:17,480 --> 00:47:18,400 WHEN YOU'RE YOUNGER. 1144 00:47:18,400 --> 00:47:23,840 BUT AS YOU GET OLDER, THE AGING 1145 00:47:23,840 --> 00:47:31,160 DEFICITS KIND OF OUTWEIGH THEM. 1146 00:47:31,160 --> 00:47:34,120 SO WE'RE STILL LOOKING AT A 1147 00:47:34,120 --> 00:47:37,840 LARGER DATASET TO SEE IF THAT 1148 00:47:37,840 --> 00:47:40,360 REALLY HOLDS TRUE, BUT SO I 1149 00:47:40,360 --> 00:47:43,960 THINK IT'S PROBABLY 1150 00:47:43,960 --> 00:47:45,360 MULTIFACTORIAL WHY PEOPLE WILL 1151 00:47:45,360 --> 00:47:47,440 HAVE THAT, AND UNDERSTANDING 1152 00:47:47,440 --> 00:47:48,600 EACH 1153 00:47:48,600 --> 00:47:49,920 EVEN THE INTERACTION BETWEEN 1154 00:47:49,920 --> 00:47:51,320 WHEN YOU HAVE A PERIPHERAL 1155 00:47:51,320 --> 00:47:55,400 DEFICIT, WHAT IS THE IMPACT ON 1156 00:47:55,400 --> 00:47:58,240 THE CENTRAL AUDITORY PROCESSING 1157 00:47:58,240 --> 00:47:59,760 HAS NOT YET BEEN FIGURED OUT. 1158 00:47:59,760 --> 00:48:00,680 SO THAT'S ACTUALLY ONE OF THE 1159 00:48:00,680 --> 00:48:06,160 THINGS THAT WE WILL BE LOOKING 1160 00:48:06,160 --> 00:48:09,520 AT IN OUR WORK, AND I'M HOPING 1161 00:48:09,520 --> 00:48:11,440 WE CAN COLLABORATE WITH MANY 1162 00:48:11,440 --> 00:48:13,200 WONDERFUL INVESTIGATORS WHO ARE 1163 00:48:13,200 --> 00:48:19,280 AT NIDCD WHO KNOW A TREMENDOUS 1164 00:48:19,280 --> 00:48:21,080 AMOUNT ABOUT THE PERIPHERAL 1165 00:48:21,080 --> 00:48:23,240 ASPECTS APPEARING IN AGING, AND 1166 00:48:23,240 --> 00:48:24,680 WE STILL HAVE A LOT TO LEARN. 1167 00:48:24,680 --> 00:48:26,520 BUT I THINK WE CAN USE SOME OF 1168 00:48:26,520 --> 00:48:31,760 THAT INFORMATION TO BE ABLE TO 1169 00:48:31,760 --> 00:48:32,760 MAYBE PREDICT THOSE WHO MIGHT 1170 00:48:32,760 --> 00:48:36,280 END UP WITH NOT JUST NORMAL 1171 00:48:36,280 --> 00:48:38,320 LANGUAGE DEFICITS WITH NORMAL 1172 00:48:38,320 --> 00:48:39,960 AGING, BUT ALSO WITH 1173 00:48:39,960 --> 00:48:41,520 PATHOLOGICALLY DETERMINED 1174 00:48:41,520 --> 00:48:42,720 LANGUAGE PROCESSING DEFICITS. 1175 00:48:42,720 --> 00:48:46,440 THERE ARE PEOPLE AT HOPKINS WHO 1176 00:48:46,440 --> 00:48:50,320 HAVE WRITTEN PAPERS THAT HAVE 1177 00:48:50,320 --> 00:48:52,400 TALKED ABOUT PERIPHERAL HEARING 1178 00:48:52,400 --> 00:48:54,960 LOSS AND DEMENTIA. 1179 00:48:54,960 --> 00:48:56,320 SO THERE IS A GREAT DEAL OF 1180 00:48:56,320 --> 00:48:58,040 INTEREST IN THAT TOPIC. 1181 00:48:58,040 --> 00:49:00,360 BUT I THINK -- LIKE I SAID, I 1182 00:49:00,360 --> 00:49:04,520 THINK IT'S MULTIFACTORIAL. 1183 00:49:04,520 --> 00:49:06,480 >> THAT'S FASCINATING. 1184 00:49:06,480 --> 00:49:08,640 I DON'T HAVE ANY MORE QUESTIONS. 1185 00:49:08,640 --> 00:49:09,600 DO YOU HAVE A QUESTION? 1186 00:49:09,600 --> 00:49:11,320 >> SO WE DON'T HAVE ANY FROM THE 1187 00:49:11,320 --> 00:49:14,320 AUDIENCE, THAT I RECEIVED, BUT 1188 00:49:14,320 --> 00:49:16,120 MAYBE I WILL FOLLOW UP. 1189 00:49:16,120 --> 00:49:20,920 I COME FROM A COMPUTER SCIENCE 1190 00:49:20,920 --> 00:49:24,320 NLP IN OUR TERMINOLOGY, SO I WAS 1191 00:49:24,320 --> 00:49:27,040 WONDERING, BECAUSE YOU TALKED 1192 00:49:27,040 --> 00:49:33,240 DURING YOUR PRESENTATION ABOUT 1193 00:49:33,240 --> 00:49:36,640 THE COMPUTATION MODELS TO 1194 00:49:36,640 --> 00:49:37,720 UNDERSTAND THE -- BETWEEN 1195 00:49:37,720 --> 00:49:39,280 ACTIVATION AND ALSO HOW TO 1196 00:49:39,280 --> 00:49:42,680 PREDICT THE PATIENT'S OUTPUT. 1197 00:49:42,680 --> 00:49:43,720 I'M WONDERING IF YOU AND YOUR 1198 00:49:43,720 --> 00:49:45,720 TEAM EXPLORED THE ABILITY TO 1199 00:49:45,720 --> 00:49:48,560 KIND OF USE MACHINE LEARNING 1200 00:49:48,560 --> 00:49:51,000 MODELS IN SUCH A SCENARIO? 1201 00:49:51,000 --> 00:49:52,800 >> THAT'S WHAT WE WANT TO DO. 1202 00:49:52,800 --> 00:49:59,160 WE'RE TRYING TO SEE IF WE CAN 1203 00:49:59,160 --> 00:50:00,240 IMPLEMENT OR TRY TO UNDERSTAND 1204 00:50:00,240 --> 00:50:02,200 THE CHANGES IN STRENGTH USING 1205 00:50:02,200 --> 00:50:05,480 GRAPH THEORY, AND THEN BE ABLE 1206 00:50:05,480 --> 00:50:07,240 TO APPLY MACHINE LEARNING 1207 00:50:07,240 --> 00:50:11,800 ALGORITHMS. 1208 00:50:11,800 --> 00:50:13,120 TO TRY TO PREDICT WHAT'S GOING 1209 00:50:13,120 --> 00:50:14,200 TO BE THE OUTCOME. 1210 00:50:14,200 --> 00:50:15,760 BUT THAT'S SO FAR DOWN THE ROAD, 1211 00:50:15,760 --> 00:50:18,040 WE HAVE SO MANY THINGS TO DO, 1212 00:50:18,040 --> 00:50:19,920 MAYBE I'LL COME TO YOU GUYS, 1213 00:50:19,920 --> 00:50:21,320 YOU'LL HAVE TO WORK WITH ME TO 1214 00:50:21,320 --> 00:50:22,000 DO THAT. 1215 00:50:22,000 --> 00:50:23,520 BUT I DO THINK THAT THERE'S A 1216 00:50:23,520 --> 00:50:25,480 LOT OF REALLY FASCINATING WORK 1217 00:50:25,480 --> 00:50:27,760 THAT HAS YET TO BE DONE, BUT 1218 00:50:27,760 --> 00:50:29,960 THAT'S, IN FACT, WHY THIS LAB 1219 00:50:29,960 --> 00:50:31,720 WAS CREATED AND WHAT WE PLAN TO 1220 00:50:31,720 --> 00:50:36,960 DO. 1221 00:50:36,960 --> 00:50:39,320 >> I'M TRYING TO TIE WHAT I 1222 00:50:39,320 --> 00:50:40,640 REMEMBER FROM THE WORKSHOP ON 1223 00:50:40,640 --> 00:50:42,120 MENTAL HEALTH, AND I REMEMBER 1224 00:50:42,120 --> 00:50:47,840 THAT ONE OF THE OBSERVATIONS WAS 1225 00:50:47,840 --> 00:50:49,120 THAT PEOPLE WERE TRACKING -- 1226 00:50:49,120 --> 00:50:52,960 ACTUALLY THE EXPERIMENT WAS DONE 1227 00:50:52,960 --> 00:50:54,080 ON TWEETS, AND FROM THE TWEETS, 1228 00:50:54,080 --> 00:50:55,920 THEY COULD PREDICT WHETHER THE 1229 00:50:55,920 --> 00:51:02,280 PERSON IS LIKELY TO DEVELOP OR 1230 00:51:02,280 --> 00:51:03,600 HAS ALREADY DEVELOPED A MENTAL 1231 00:51:03,600 --> 00:51:04,920 HEALTH ISSUE. 1232 00:51:04,920 --> 00:51:08,840 AND IF SO, IF SOMEBODY IS SAYING 1233 00:51:08,840 --> 00:51:10,240 THAT PERSON HAS DEVELOPED A 1234 00:51:10,240 --> 00:51:11,680 MENTAL HEALTH ISSUE, SOME 1235 00:51:11,680 --> 00:51:13,920 REACTION COULD HAVE PROVIDED TO 1236 00:51:13,920 --> 00:51:17,560 THAT PERSON. 1237 00:51:17,560 --> 00:51:22,480 AND THE WAY THAT WE'RE AN ANALYZES, 1238 00:51:22,480 --> 00:51:23,880 YOU IMAGINE TWEETS WHY SHORT, 1239 00:51:23,880 --> 00:51:25,200 BUT THEY WERE LOOKING AT 1240 00:51:25,200 --> 00:51:26,680 FREQUENCY OF WORDS AND OTHER 1241 00:51:26,680 --> 00:51:27,920 PARAMETERS, AND IT IS SO AMAZING 1242 00:51:27,920 --> 00:51:30,720 THAT THEY WERE ABLE TO FIND 1243 00:51:30,720 --> 00:51:32,520 CERTAIN FEATURES AND PREDICT 1244 00:51:32,520 --> 00:51:38,400 WITH SIGNIFICANT ACCURACY THAT 1245 00:51:38,400 --> 00:51:39,960 THIS PERSON MAY NEED MENTAL 1246 00:51:39,960 --> 00:51:40,400 HEALTH INTERVENTION. 1247 00:51:40,400 --> 00:51:41,480 >> WOW. 1248 00:51:41,480 --> 00:51:43,840 I MEAN, THERE ARE SOME PEOPLE AT 1249 00:51:43,840 --> 00:51:48,720 THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 1250 00:51:48,720 --> 00:51:49,960 WHO I KNOW PERSONALLY ARE 1251 00:51:49,960 --> 00:51:51,160 LOOKING AT THESE KINDS OF THINGS 1252 00:51:51,160 --> 00:51:52,800 BUT NOT FOR PSYCHIATRIC ANSWERS 1253 00:51:52,800 --> 00:51:54,880 BUT LOOKING AT DEMENTIAS AND 1254 00:51:54,880 --> 00:51:59,560 TRYING TO USE THAT -- THESE SAME 1255 00:51:59,560 --> 00:52:01,120 KIND OF ALGORITHMS THAT THEY'RE 1256 00:52:01,120 --> 00:52:02,640 TRYING TO DEVELOP TO 1257 00:52:02,640 --> 00:52:03,840 DIFFERENTIATE THE DIFFERENT 1258 00:52:03,840 --> 00:52:07,920 TYPES OF DEMENTIAS, LIKE 1259 00:52:07,920 --> 00:52:09,720 FRONTOTEMPORO DMEN SHALL, 1260 00:52:09,720 --> 00:52:11,040 ALZHEIMER'S DEMENTIA, SO ON AND 1261 00:52:11,040 --> 00:52:11,680 SO FORTH. 1262 00:52:11,680 --> 00:52:17,920 I MEAN, THEY HAVE A LARGE 1263 00:52:17,920 --> 00:52:24,160 WHEN I WAS AT AT PENN, WE WERE 1264 00:52:24,160 --> 00:52:25,600 DOING PAPER AND PENCIL TASKS 1265 00:52:25,600 --> 00:52:27,120 LOOKING AT LANGUAGE PROFILES FOR 1266 00:52:27,120 --> 00:52:28,440 THESE DIFFERENT TYPES OF 1267 00:52:28,440 --> 00:52:29,440 DEMENTIAS, BUT NOW THEY HAVE 1268 00:52:29,440 --> 00:52:31,920 EVEN MORE DATA AND THEY HAVE 1269 00:52:31,920 --> 00:52:34,680 CONVERSATIONS THAT THEY HAVE 1270 00:52:34,680 --> 00:52:36,160 RECORDED WITH THESE PATIENTS AND 1271 00:52:36,160 --> 00:52:41,640 THEY'RE LOOKING AT THE 1272 00:52:41,640 --> 00:52:42,600 PROBABILITIES OF WORD 1273 00:52:42,600 --> 00:52:45,600 ASSOCIATIONS AND WHAT PEOPLE 1274 00:52:45,600 --> 00:52:46,120 SAY. 1275 00:52:46,120 --> 00:52:47,480 SOME OF THE THINGS THAT -- WELL, 1276 00:52:47,480 --> 00:52:50,680 WHAT I HAD DONE IN THE PAST WAS 1277 00:52:50,680 --> 00:52:56,040 TO LOOK AT READING COMPREHENSION 1278 00:52:56,040 --> 00:52:57,120 IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, AND ONE 1279 00:52:57,120 --> 00:52:58,760 OF THE THINGS THAT I FELT WAS 1280 00:52:58,760 --> 00:53:00,080 VERY INTERESTING, WE WERE KIND 1281 00:53:00,080 --> 00:53:03,920 OF LOOKING AT ASSOCIATIONS WHEN 1282 00:53:03,920 --> 00:53:08,520 YOU'RE READING A PARAGRAPH, YOU 1283 00:53:08,520 --> 00:53:09,760 CAN -- THE PARAGRAPH CAN MAKE 1284 00:53:09,760 --> 00:53:11,320 SENSE TO YOU ON A NUMBER OF 1285 00:53:11,320 --> 00:53:13,200 DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS. 1286 00:53:13,200 --> 00:53:15,320 ONE OVER TIME, A TIME DIMENSION, 1287 00:53:15,320 --> 00:53:16,800 SO YOU KNOW THAT THIS HAPPENED 1288 00:53:16,800 --> 00:53:19,520 FIRST, THEN THIS, THEN THAT. 1289 00:53:19,520 --> 00:53:24,680 OR YOU ARE ABLE TO TIE PRONOUNCE 1290 00:53:24,680 --> 00:53:26,080 TOGETHER SO I'M MENTIONING JOE, 1291 00:53:26,080 --> 00:53:27,080 I'M SAYING HE. 1292 00:53:27,080 --> 00:53:29,360 SO THAT PROBABLY -- HE PROBABLY 1293 00:53:29,360 --> 00:53:31,440 HAPPENED AFTER THE SENTENCE THAT 1294 00:53:31,440 --> 00:53:35,920 MENTIONED HIM, HIS NAME. 1295 00:53:35,920 --> 00:53:38,920 AND SO WE DID THIS EXPERIMENT 1296 00:53:38,920 --> 00:53:43,520 WHERE WE HAD NORMAL HEALTHY 1297 00:53:43,520 --> 00:53:45,440 AGING ADULTS, WE HAD THEM 1298 00:53:45,440 --> 00:53:47,920 REORGANIZE A SERIES OF 16 SENTENCES 1299 00:53:47,920 --> 00:53:49,640 THAT WERE PRESENTED TO THEM IN 1300 00:53:49,640 --> 00:53:53,480 RANDOM ORDER BASED ON TIME, 1301 00:53:53,480 --> 00:53:56,600 BASED ON PRONOUNS, AND THEN JUST 1302 00:53:56,600 --> 00:53:58,160 RANDOM SENTENCES THAT DON'T MAKE 1303 00:53:58,160 --> 00:53:59,920 UP ANY STORY WHATSOEVER AND THE 1304 00:53:59,920 --> 00:54:01,240 NORMAL HEALTHY INDIVIDUAL WOULD 1305 00:54:01,240 --> 00:54:03,840 SAY, ARE YOU SURE THAT THESE 1306 00:54:03,840 --> 00:54:04,400 SENTENCES BELONG TOGETHER? 1307 00:54:04,400 --> 00:54:05,600 BECAUSE WHATEVER THEY DID, THEY 1308 00:54:05,600 --> 00:54:06,680 COULDN'T MAKE SENSE OF IT. 1309 00:54:06,680 --> 00:54:08,120 BUT THE INTERESTING THING WAS, 1310 00:54:08,120 --> 00:54:12,040 THE PERSON WHO WAS REALLY AT THE 1311 00:54:12,040 --> 00:54:17,840 VERY EARLY STAGES OF ALZHEIMER'S 1312 00:54:17,840 --> 00:54:20,480 WAS ALWAYS ABLE TO MAKE A STORY, 1313 00:54:20,480 --> 00:54:22,880 THEY CREATED AN INCREDIBLY 1314 00:54:22,880 --> 00:54:23,920 ELABORATE STORY THAT DIDN'T MAKE 1315 00:54:23,920 --> 00:54:25,360 ANY SENSE AT ALL, BUT THEY 1316 00:54:25,360 --> 00:54:27,680 ALWAYS PUT SOME STORY TOGETHER. 1317 00:54:27,680 --> 00:54:28,960 THEY DID NOT -- THEY WERE NOT 1318 00:54:28,960 --> 00:54:35,640 ABLE TO TRACK THOSE THINGS TO 1319 00:54:35,640 --> 00:54:37,160 REALIZE THAT THESE SENTENCES ARE 1320 00:54:37,160 --> 00:54:40,560 RANDOM. 1321 00:54:40,560 --> 00:54:42,120 AND SO THEY ARE ABLE TO -- WHEN 1322 00:54:42,120 --> 00:54:43,600 THEY SAW THAT, THEY THEN WENT 1323 00:54:43,600 --> 00:54:48,160 BACK AND LOOKED AT THEIR 1324 00:54:48,160 --> 00:54:52,640 CONVERSATIONAL SPEECH TO LOOK 1325 00:54:52,640 --> 00:54:53,960 AT, ARE THEY ABLE TO KIND OF 1326 00:54:53,960 --> 00:54:57,680 KEEP TRACK OF TIME WHEN THEY'RE 1327 00:54:57,680 --> 00:54:58,200 TALKING. 1328 00:54:58,200 --> 00:54:59,320 WHEN THEY'RE MAKING REFERENCE OF 1329 00:54:59,320 --> 00:55:01,080 SOMETHING, DO THEY LOSE TRACK OF 1330 00:55:01,080 --> 00:55:01,840 THE PRONOUNCE. 1331 00:55:01,840 --> 00:55:04,240 AND THESE ARE ALSO THINGS THAT 1332 00:55:04,240 --> 00:55:06,440 THEY HAD TROUBLE WITH IN THEIR 1333 00:55:06,440 --> 00:55:10,680 SPONTANEOUS SPEECH. 1334 00:55:10,680 --> 00:55:14,720 SO THEY'RE NOW USING A LOT OF 1335 00:55:14,720 --> 00:55:20,320 THESE SPEECH CORPRA TO 1336 00:55:20,320 --> 00:55:23,520 IDENTIFIED PATIENT EVEN EARLIER, 1337 00:55:23,520 --> 00:55:25,200 AFTER THEY ARE PRESENTING AT THE 1338 00:55:25,200 --> 00:55:26,320 NEUROLOGIST'S OFFICE, BECAUSE AT 1339 00:55:26,320 --> 00:55:27,280 THAT POINT, IT'S PROBABLY 1340 00:55:27,280 --> 00:55:28,160 ALREADY TOO LATE, THE PATIENT 1341 00:55:28,160 --> 00:55:29,920 ALREADY KNOWS THEY HAVE A 1342 00:55:29,920 --> 00:55:31,440 PROBLEM, OR FAMILY MEMBERS KNOW 1343 00:55:31,440 --> 00:55:32,920 THAT. 1344 00:55:32,920 --> 00:55:37,840 BUT IF YOU COULD COME UP WITH AN 1345 00:55:37,840 --> 00:55:39,200 ALGORITHM THAT COULD DETECT THAT 1346 00:55:39,200 --> 00:55:41,360 EVEN EARLIER, JUST AS A 1347 00:55:41,360 --> 00:55:44,840 ROUTINE -- ON A ROUTINE 1348 00:55:44,840 --> 00:55:45,800 PHYSICAL, THAT WOULD BE 1349 00:55:45,800 --> 00:55:48,400 EXTREMELY HELPFUL. 1350 00:55:48,400 --> 00:55:49,840 OF COURSE WE HAVE TO HAVE DRUGS 1351 00:55:49,840 --> 00:55:55,320 THAT MIGHT BE ABLE TO SLOW DOWN 1352 00:55:55,320 --> 00:55:57,040 THE RATE AT WHICH THE NEURONS 1353 00:55:57,040 --> 00:55:59,000 ARE DEGENERATING, BUT AS WE 1354 00:55:59,000 --> 00:55:59,800 DEVELOP THOSE KINDS OF THINGS, 1355 00:55:59,800 --> 00:56:02,400 THOSE KINDS OF TESTS WILL BECOME 1356 00:56:02,400 --> 00:56:03,800 MORE AND MORE RELEVANT AND MORE 1357 00:56:03,800 --> 00:56:07,640 IMPORTANT. 1358 00:56:07,640 --> 00:56:10,280 BECAUSE IDENTIFYING IT AT THE 1359 00:56:10,280 --> 00:56:11,200 PRE-CLINICAL STAGE IS REALLY 1360 00:56:11,200 --> 00:56:15,480 GOING TO BE THE GAME CHANGER. 1361 00:56:15,480 --> 00:56:17,320 >> THIS IS FASCINATING, AND THIS 1362 00:56:17,320 --> 00:56:21,680 IS WHERE NLP ALGORITHMS ARE IN A 1363 00:56:21,680 --> 00:56:24,320 CERTAIN DEGREE SHOULD BE ABLE TO 1364 00:56:24,320 --> 00:56:25,800 HELP WITH THAT, AND THIS JUST 1365 00:56:25,800 --> 00:56:27,800 OPENS SO MANY AVENUES FOR 1366 00:56:27,800 --> 00:56:28,120 COLLABORATION. 1367 00:56:28,120 --> 00:56:31,760 >> THAT'S EXACTLY RIGHT. 1368 00:56:31,760 --> 00:56:33,040 WE'RE HOPING WE'RE GOING TO DO 1369 00:56:33,040 --> 00:56:36,320 THOSE COLLABORATIONS WITH 1370 00:56:36,320 --> 00:56:36,640 PEOPLE. 1371 00:56:36,640 --> 00:56:41,560 SO IT'S A REALLY -- IT'S A BROAD 1372 00:56:41,560 --> 00:56:42,760 FIELD, IT'S EXCITING, IT JUST 1373 00:56:42,760 --> 00:56:44,200 HAD SO MUCH GOING FOR IT. 1374 00:56:44,200 --> 00:56:45,200 I LOVE THE FACT THAT WE HAVE ALL 1375 00:56:45,200 --> 00:56:46,440 THESE REALLY SMART PEOPLE WHO 1376 00:56:46,440 --> 00:56:51,400 GET TO WORK TOGETHER, TO PUT 1377 00:56:51,400 --> 00:56:52,280 SOMETHING TOGETHER TO HELP 1378 00:56:52,280 --> 00:56:53,320 PEOPLE CONTINUE TO COMMUNICATE 1379 00:56:53,320 --> 00:56:57,040 IN A WAY THAT'S MEANINGFUL. 1380 00:56:57,040 --> 00:56:59,640 I THINK THAT'S JUST FASCINATING. 1381 00:56:59,640 --> 00:56:59,880 INTO 1382 00:56:59,880 --> 00:57:02,080 >> WELL, NADIA, THANK YOU SO 1383 00:57:02,080 --> 00:57:02,480 VERY MUCH. 1384 00:57:02,480 --> 00:57:06,880 THIS WAS VERY EXCITING AND VERY 1385 00:57:06,880 --> 00:57:07,760 INFORMATIVE, ACTUALLY VERY 1386 00:57:07,760 --> 00:57:08,520 INFORMATIVE. 1387 00:57:08,520 --> 00:57:10,040 IT'S AMAZING HOW WE DON'T TEND 1388 00:57:10,040 --> 00:57:11,320 TO THINK ABOUT THINGS AS WE 1389 00:57:11,320 --> 00:57:13,400 SPEAK, AS WE COMPREHEND, BUT SO 1390 00:57:13,400 --> 00:57:14,400 MANY THINGS ARE HAPPENING IN OUR 1391 00:57:14,400 --> 00:57:15,440 BRAIN AS WE DO SO. 1392 00:57:15,440 --> 00:57:17,680 >> YES. 1393 00:57:17,680 --> 00:57:18,800 >> THIS WAS VERY INTERESTING. 1394 00:57:18,800 --> 00:57:19,560 WELL, THANK YOU SO MUCH. 1395 00:57:19,560 --> 00:57:20,080 >> THANK YOU. 1396 00:57:20,080 --> 00:57:21,960 >> I THINK WE ARE CLOSING -- 1397 00:57:21,960 --> 00:57:26,200 WE'RE NEARING THE END OF OUR 1398 00:57:26,200 --> 00:57:27,840 VIDEOCAST HOUR AND WE HAVE TO 1399 00:57:27,840 --> 00:57:28,280 SAY GOODBYE. 1400 00:57:28,280 --> 00:57:30,600 THANK YOU AGAIN, NADIA, AND 1401 00:57:30,600 --> 00:57:34,400 HAPPY HOLIDAYS TO ALL OUR 1402 00:57:34,400 --> 00:57:35,600 AUDIENCE, AND WE'LL SEE YOU NEXT 1403 00:57:35,600 --> 00:57:35,800 YEAR. 1404 00:57:35,800 --> 00:57:36,960 >> OKAY, GREAT. 1405 00:57:36,960 --> 00:57:37,000 THANK YOU. 1406 00:57:37,000 --> 00:58:37,280 BYE.