1 00:00:05,040 --> 00:00:08,320 IT'S MY DISTINCT PLEASURE TO 2 00:00:08,320 --> 00:00:11,160 WELCOME YOU TO THE 14TH ANNUAL 3 00:00:11,160 --> 00:00:13,120 PHILIP CHEN DISTINGUISHED 4 00:00:13,120 --> 00:00:14,720 LECTURE ON INNOVATION AND 5 00:00:14,720 --> 00:00:15,920 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER. 6 00:00:15,920 --> 00:00:18,280 ACTUALLY IT'S THE 15TH. 7 00:00:18,280 --> 00:00:20,320 I'M CORRECTED THERE. 8 00:00:20,320 --> 00:00:22,600 I'M AS MANY OF YOU PROBABLY KNOW 9 00:00:22,600 --> 00:00:23,960 MICHAEL GOTTESMAN, THE DEPUTY 10 00:00:23,960 --> 00:00:25,400 DIRECTOR FOR INTRAMURAL RESEARCH 11 00:00:25,400 --> 00:00:26,600 AT THE NIH. 12 00:00:26,600 --> 00:00:28,280 BEFORE I INTRODUCE TODAY'S 13 00:00:28,280 --> 00:00:29,840 SPEAKER, I WANT TO TELL YOU A 14 00:00:29,840 --> 00:00:32,080 LITTLE ABOUT PHIL CHEN, WHOSE 15 00:00:32,080 --> 00:00:33,560 SERVICE TO THE NIH WE HONOR IN 16 00:00:33,560 --> 00:00:35,600 THIS LECTURE SERIES. 17 00:00:35,600 --> 00:00:37,160 PHIL RETIRED 17 YEARS AGO, AFTER 18 00:00:37,160 --> 00:00:39,800 MORE THAN 40 YEARS AT THE NIH. 19 00:00:39,800 --> 00:00:41,520 BUT ENOUGH TIME HAS PASSED THAT 20 00:00:41,520 --> 00:00:42,880 I SUSPECT SOME OF YOU IN THE 21 00:00:42,880 --> 00:00:43,920 AUDIENCE MAY NOT ACTUALLY KNOW 22 00:00:43,920 --> 00:00:45,080 HIM. 23 00:00:45,080 --> 00:00:47,080 AT THE TIME OF HIS RETIREMENT, 24 00:00:47,080 --> 00:00:48,720 PHIL WAS THE ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR 25 00:00:48,720 --> 00:00:50,560 FOR INTRAMURAL RESEARCH, AND HE 26 00:00:50,560 --> 00:00:52,960 WORKED IN MY OFFICE. 27 00:00:52,960 --> 00:00:55,400 THIS WAS CERTAINLY MY GREAT, 28 00:00:55,400 --> 00:00:56,240 GOOD FORTUNE. 29 00:00:56,240 --> 00:00:57,880 PHIL MADE DIVERSE AND CREATIVE 30 00:00:57,880 --> 00:00:59,240 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NIH, BOTH 31 00:00:59,240 --> 00:01:02,160 AS A SCIENTIST AND AS AN 32 00:01:02,160 --> 00:01:03,600 ADMINISTRATOR OF MANY IMPORTANT 33 00:01:03,600 --> 00:01:04,880 INNOVATIVE PROGRAMS. 34 00:01:04,880 --> 00:01:06,640 AS A SCIENTIST, PHIL IS THE 35 00:01:06,640 --> 00:01:08,400 AUTHOR OF ONE OF THE MOST HIGHLY 36 00:01:08,400 --> 00:01:10,720 CITED PAPERS IN BIOMEDICAL 37 00:01:10,720 --> 00:01:12,760 LITERATURE, WHICH ESTABLISHES 38 00:01:12,760 --> 00:01:14,960 THE CHEN ANALYSIS FOR PHOSPHATE. 39 00:01:14,960 --> 00:01:17,200 WE USE THIS ALL THE TIME IN MY 40 00:01:17,200 --> 00:01:19,120 OWN LABORATORY, THE CHEN 41 00:01:19,120 --> 00:01:19,880 PHOSPHATE TECHNIQUE, AND I 42 00:01:19,880 --> 00:01:23,120 SUSPECT MANY OF YOU DO AS WELL. 43 00:01:23,120 --> 00:01:25,320 AND PHIL CHEN IS THAT CHEN. 44 00:01:25,320 --> 00:01:27,280 BY THE MIDDLE OF HIS CAREER, 45 00:01:27,280 --> 00:01:29,120 PHIL BEGAN TO TAKE ON MORE AND 46 00:01:29,120 --> 00:01:30,440 MORE ADMINISTRATIVE ROLES, 47 00:01:30,440 --> 00:01:32,040 MOSTLY IN THE OFFICE OF THE 48 00:01:32,040 --> 00:01:33,640 DIRECTOR, AND THEN THE OFFICE OF 49 00:01:33,640 --> 00:01:35,560 INTRAMURAL RESEARCH IN THE 50 00:01:35,560 --> 00:01:37,040 1980s, BEFORE I WAS DEPUTY 51 00:01:37,040 --> 00:01:38,160 DIRECTOR FOR INTRAMURAL 52 00:01:38,160 --> 00:01:39,480 RESEARCH. 53 00:01:39,480 --> 00:01:41,480 PHIL WAS WELL-KNOWN FOR MAKING 54 00:01:41,480 --> 00:01:43,200 THINGS WORK BETTER. 55 00:01:43,200 --> 00:01:46,360 HE WAS BOTH SENSITIVE TO 56 00:01:46,360 --> 00:01:47,480 PEOPLE'S ISSUES AND VERY 57 00:01:47,480 --> 00:01:49,280 PRACTICAL IN HIS SOLUTIONS. 58 00:01:49,280 --> 00:01:51,160 THIS ASPECT OF PHIL WAS 59 00:01:51,160 --> 00:01:52,240 PARTICULARLY INSPIRING FOR ME, 60 00:01:52,240 --> 00:01:53,960 AND I THINK HELPED PAVE THE WAY 61 00:01:53,960 --> 00:01:59,520 FOR WHAT I HOPE HAS BEEN MY 62 00:01:59,520 --> 00:02:00,360 TENURE. 63 00:02:00,360 --> 00:02:01,600 INTRAMURAL SCIENTISTS WOULD COME 64 00:02:01,600 --> 00:02:02,800 TO HIS OFFICE CONCERNED THAT ONE 65 00:02:02,800 --> 00:02:05,160 OR ANOTHER SYSTEM OR PROGRAM 66 00:02:05,160 --> 00:02:06,200 WASN'T SERVING THEM VERY WELL, 67 00:02:06,200 --> 00:02:07,360 AND PHIL WOULD FIX IT. 68 00:02:07,360 --> 00:02:09,000 HE WAS A VERY ACTIVE PARTICIPANT 69 00:02:09,000 --> 00:02:11,560 IN MAKING SURE THAT THE 70 00:02:11,560 --> 00:02:12,880 INTRAMURAL RESEARCH PROGRAM 71 00:02:12,880 --> 00:02:14,560 WHIRLED LIKE A WELL OILED 72 00:02:14,560 --> 00:02:14,800 MACHINE. 73 00:02:14,800 --> 00:02:18,200 FOR EXAMPLE, PHIL CHAMPIONED NEW 74 00:02:18,200 --> 00:02:20,360 PAY AND PERSONNEL SYSTEMS FOR 75 00:02:20,360 --> 00:02:21,880 RESEARCHERS AND HE IMPROVED 76 00:02:21,880 --> 00:02:23,400 PROGRAMS FOR TRAINING SCIENTIST, 77 00:02:23,400 --> 00:02:24,360 PARTICULARLY FOREIGN SCIENTISTS 78 00:02:24,360 --> 00:02:25,480 AT THE NIH. 79 00:02:25,480 --> 00:02:27,600 HE WAS ALSO INVOLVED IN NOVEL 80 00:02:27,600 --> 00:02:29,200 ENDEAVORS SUCH AS HIS LEADING 81 00:02:29,200 --> 00:02:31,600 ROLE IN AN INTERAGENCY PROGRAM 82 00:02:31,600 --> 00:02:33,520 ON ARCTIC RESEARCH. 83 00:02:33,520 --> 00:02:35,640 MOST RELEVANT TO THIS LECTURE 84 00:02:35,640 --> 00:02:38,600 SERIES, PHIL ESTABLISHED IN 1986 85 00:02:38,600 --> 00:02:39,880 THE OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY 86 00:02:39,880 --> 00:02:42,200 TRANSFER AT THE NIH IN RESPONSE 87 00:02:42,200 --> 00:02:43,640 TO THE NEW FEDERAL TECHNOLOGY 88 00:02:43,640 --> 00:02:45,400 TRANSFER ACT. 89 00:02:45,400 --> 00:02:47,800 HE FORMULATED ALL THE GUIDING 90 00:02:47,800 --> 00:02:49,600 PRINCIPLES THAT LEAD TO 91 00:02:49,600 --> 00:02:50,600 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER HERE AT NIH, 92 00:02:50,600 --> 00:02:52,560 AND HE ESSENTIALLY INVENTED THE 93 00:02:52,560 --> 00:02:53,360 COOPERATIVE RESEARCH AND 94 00:02:53,360 --> 00:02:54,680 DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT, OR AS WE 95 00:02:54,680 --> 00:02:56,360 CALL IT, THE CRADA. 96 00:02:56,360 --> 00:02:58,320 THESE ARE PROFOUND 97 00:02:58,320 --> 00:02:59,560 CONTRIBUTIONS, AND WE ARE VERY, 98 00:02:59,560 --> 00:03:02,760 VERY GRATEFUL FOR PHIL'S MAKING 99 00:03:02,760 --> 00:03:07,600 THEM POSSIBLE. 100 00:03:07,600 --> 00:03:09,120 PHIL'S COUNSEL TO ME AND NO 101 00:03:09,120 --> 00:03:10,560 DOUBT ANYONE WHO CAME TO SEE HIM 102 00:03:10,560 --> 00:03:11,560 WAS ALWAYS WISE AND 103 00:03:11,560 --> 00:03:13,200 COMPASSIONATE. 104 00:03:13,200 --> 00:03:14,400 PHIL HAS ATTENDED EACH OF THESE 105 00:03:14,400 --> 00:03:17,040 LECTURES IN HIS NAME, AND HE IS 106 00:03:17,040 --> 00:03:20,400 WITH US TODAY. 107 00:03:20,400 --> 00:03:22,080 HOWEVER, INGER LISE CHEN, HIS 108 00:03:22,080 --> 00:03:23,800 WIFE OF MANY YEARS, PASSED AWAY 109 00:03:23,800 --> 00:03:24,400 LAST SEPTEMBER. 110 00:03:24,400 --> 00:03:26,360 WE MISS HER GREATLY, AND HER 111 00:03:26,360 --> 00:03:28,440 CONSTANT PRESENCE AT PHIL'S 112 00:03:28,440 --> 00:03:30,920 SIDE, AND AT ALL 14 PREVIOUS 113 00:03:30,920 --> 00:03:32,040 CHEN LECTURES. 114 00:03:32,040 --> 00:03:35,200 WE REALLY DO MISS HER, PHIL, AND 115 00:03:35,200 --> 00:03:38,760 WE ARE SAD AT HER DEPARTURE. 116 00:03:38,760 --> 00:03:40,800 PHIL, IF YOU'RE FEELING BRAVE, 117 00:03:40,800 --> 00:03:42,080 PERHAPS TURN ON YOUR CAMERA AND 118 00:03:42,080 --> 00:03:42,440 SAY HI. 119 00:03:42,440 --> 00:03:43,160 I SEE YOU. 120 00:03:43,160 --> 00:03:47,000 YOU WANT TO SAY HELLO? 121 00:03:47,000 --> 00:03:49,600 >> HELLO, EVERYBODY. 122 00:03:49,600 --> 00:03:52,120 I'M GLAD YOU'RE ABLE TO ATTEND 123 00:03:52,120 --> 00:03:54,200 THIS LECTURE TODAY, AND I'M 124 00:03:54,200 --> 00:03:56,680 PROUD TO BE ABLE TO ATTEND 125 00:03:56,680 --> 00:03:59,600 MYSELF. 126 00:03:59,600 --> 00:04:01,120 ALTHOUGH I'M IN TENNESSEE, ABOUT 127 00:04:01,120 --> 00:04:02,400 600 MILES AWAY. 128 00:04:02,400 --> 00:04:04,400 THANK YOU ALL FOR BEING HERE, 129 00:04:04,400 --> 00:04:07,600 AND HOPE TO SEE YOU IN PERSON 130 00:04:07,600 --> 00:04:08,320 SOMETIME. 131 00:04:08,320 --> 00:04:09,560 >> TECHNOLOGY IS WONDERFUL. 132 00:04:09,560 --> 00:04:11,040 PHIL ALSO INVENTED THE INTERNET, 133 00:04:11,040 --> 00:04:12,480 IN CASE YOU'RE INTERESTED. 134 00:04:12,480 --> 00:04:13,480 [LAUGHTER] 135 00:04:13,480 --> 00:04:14,640 IT'S SUCH A PITY THAT WE 136 00:04:14,640 --> 00:04:16,520 COULDN'T HAVE AN IN-PERSON 137 00:04:16,520 --> 00:04:17,120 LECTURE. 138 00:04:17,120 --> 00:04:20,440 OUR LAST CHEN LECTURE WAS IN 139 00:04:20,440 --> 00:04:20,640 2019. 140 00:04:20,640 --> 00:04:23,600 WE POSTPONED THE LECTURE IN 141 00:04:23,600 --> 00:04:25,080 NOVEMBER '20 AND THEN AGAIN IN 142 00:04:25,080 --> 00:04:26,400 '21, BUT WE FELT WE COULDN'T 143 00:04:26,400 --> 00:04:27,880 WAIT ANY LONGER, SO THE REMOTE 144 00:04:27,880 --> 00:04:29,800 LECTURE. 145 00:04:29,800 --> 00:04:31,400 NOW IT'S MY PLEASURE TO 146 00:04:31,400 --> 00:04:32,600 INTRODUCE TODAY'S PHIL CHEN 147 00:04:32,600 --> 00:04:35,240 LECTURER, DR. PETER BASSER, AN 148 00:04:35,240 --> 00:04:36,680 NIH SENIOR INVESTIGATOR AND HEAD 149 00:04:36,680 --> 00:04:38,240 OF THE SECTION ON QUANTITATIVE 150 00:04:38,240 --> 00:04:44,320 IMAGING AND TISSUE SCIENCES AT 151 00:04:44,320 --> 00:04:50,360 THE EUNICE SHRIVER KENNEDY CHILD 152 00:04:50,360 --> 00:04:53,320 HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT. 153 00:04:53,320 --> 00:04:54,840 PETER STUDIES THE RELATIONSHIP 154 00:04:54,840 --> 00:04:56,200 BETWEEN FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE 155 00:04:56,200 --> 00:04:58,240 IN LIVING TISSUES. 156 00:04:58,240 --> 00:05:01,160 PARTICULARLY HOW THEIR MICRO 157 00:05:01,160 --> 00:05:03,560 STRUCK TEU HIERARCHICAL 158 00:05:03,560 --> 00:05:04,640 ORGANIZATION, COMPOSITION AND 159 00:05:04,640 --> 00:05:06,120 MATERIAL PROPERTIES AFFECT THEIR 160 00:05:06,120 --> 00:05:07,840 FUNCTION OR DYSFUNCTION. 161 00:05:07,840 --> 00:05:10,120 TO DO THIS, HE AND HIS LAB HAVE 162 00:05:10,120 --> 00:05:11,680 DEVELOPED SEVERAL NONINVASIVE 163 00:05:11,680 --> 00:05:13,480 IMAGING METHODS THAT ALLOW THEM 164 00:05:13,480 --> 00:05:16,640 TO OBSERVE AND STUDY VARIOUS 165 00:05:16,640 --> 00:05:19,000 TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN TISSUES, 166 00:05:19,000 --> 00:05:20,400 WHICH PROVIDE A LINK BETWEEN 167 00:05:20,400 --> 00:05:21,400 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION. 168 00:05:21,400 --> 00:05:23,480 THE MOST WIDELY USED OF WHICH 169 00:05:23,480 --> 00:05:25,520 PETER IS THE PRINCIPAL INVENTOR 170 00:05:25,520 --> 00:05:28,680 IS DIFFUSION TENSOR MAGNETIC 171 00:05:28,680 --> 00:05:30,440 RESONANCE IMAGING, OR D.T.I., 172 00:05:30,440 --> 00:05:32,960 AND ANYBODY WHO'S HAD AN IMAGE 173 00:05:32,960 --> 00:05:35,360 REALIZES THAT THIS IS REALLY AN 174 00:05:35,360 --> 00:05:36,760 IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION, BOTH TO 175 00:05:36,760 --> 00:05:38,600 BASIC RESEARCH AND TO CLINICAL 176 00:05:38,600 --> 00:05:38,840 SCIENCE. 177 00:05:38,840 --> 00:05:40,880 PETER EARNED HIS 178 00:05:40,880 --> 00:05:41,760 UNDERGRADUATE DEGREE IN 179 00:05:41,760 --> 00:05:43,560 ENGINEERING SCIENCES, OR AS WE 180 00:05:43,560 --> 00:05:47,760 USED TO CALL IT, ENGSCI FROM 181 00:05:47,760 --> 00:05:49,920 HARVARD COLLEGE AND HIS PH.D. IN 182 00:05:49,920 --> 00:05:50,880 ENGINEERING MECHANICS FROM 183 00:05:50,880 --> 00:05:52,920 HARVARD UNIVERSITY IN 1986. 184 00:05:52,920 --> 00:05:54,600 IT WAS AT HARVARD THAT HE CAME 185 00:05:54,600 --> 00:05:56,320 TO REALIZE THAT ENGINEERING AND 186 00:05:56,320 --> 00:05:58,000 PHYSICS PRINCIPLES COULD BE 187 00:05:58,000 --> 00:05:59,640 APPLIED TO UNDERSTANDING THE 188 00:05:59,640 --> 00:06:02,280 WORKINGS OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS, 189 00:06:02,280 --> 00:06:03,600 PARTICULARLY IN ELUCIDATING 190 00:06:03,600 --> 00:06:05,200 STRUCTURE FUNCTION 191 00:06:05,200 --> 00:06:05,560 RELATIONSHIPS. 192 00:06:05,560 --> 00:06:06,720 THIS REALIZATION BECAME HIS 193 00:06:06,720 --> 00:06:09,960 PRIMARY RESEARCH FOCUS, AND HIS 194 00:06:09,960 --> 00:06:12,000 MAIN MOTIVATION FOR ACCEPTING A 195 00:06:12,000 --> 00:06:13,440 POSTDOCTORAL FELLOWSHIP IN 196 00:06:13,440 --> 00:06:15,200 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING AT THE 197 00:06:15,200 --> 00:06:15,800 NIH. 198 00:06:15,800 --> 00:06:18,600 PETER CAME TO THE NIH AS A 199 00:06:18,600 --> 00:06:19,040 FELLOW IN '86. 200 00:06:19,040 --> 00:06:23,600 HE HELD VARIOUS POSITIONS AT THE 201 00:06:23,600 --> 00:06:23,800 NCRR. 202 00:06:23,800 --> 00:06:25,440 IN 1997, HE BECAME A TENURED 203 00:06:25,440 --> 00:06:27,920 INVESTIGATOR AT NICHD, AND HAS 204 00:06:27,920 --> 00:06:29,680 STAYED THERE EVER SINCE. 205 00:06:29,680 --> 00:06:31,440 PETER PICKED UP NUMEROUS HONORS 206 00:06:31,440 --> 00:06:32,600 ALONG THE WAY. 207 00:06:32,600 --> 00:06:35,080 THESE INCLUDE THE VICTOR 208 00:06:35,080 --> 00:06:37,840 HAUGHTON AWARD FROM THE AMERICAN 209 00:06:37,840 --> 00:06:38,840 SOCIETY OF FUNCTIONAL 210 00:06:38,840 --> 00:06:40,000 NEURORADIOLOGY AND THE 211 00:06:40,000 --> 00:06:40,840 CONSORTIUM AWARD FOR EXCELLENCE 212 00:06:40,840 --> 00:06:42,800 IN TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER. 213 00:06:42,800 --> 00:06:45,600 HE HAS THE UNIQUE DISTINCTION OF 214 00:06:45,600 --> 00:06:47,800 BEING THE ONLY CURRENT NIH P.I. 215 00:06:47,800 --> 00:06:49,240 ELECTED TO THE NATIONAL ACADEMY 216 00:06:49,240 --> 00:06:51,320 OF ENGINEERING. 217 00:06:51,320 --> 00:06:53,000 IN FACT, WE HAD TO MAKE A 218 00:06:53,000 --> 00:06:55,200 SPECIAL PAGE FOR HIM FOR THE 219 00:06:55,200 --> 00:06:56,600 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING 220 00:06:56,600 --> 00:07:00,320 SINCE THE ONLY IRP WEBSITE WE 221 00:07:00,320 --> 00:07:03,160 HAD INCLUDED ONLY NIS AND NIM 222 00:07:03,160 --> 00:07:03,560 MEMBERS. 223 00:07:03,560 --> 00:07:05,560 HOPEFULLY WITH OUR NEW EMPHASIS 224 00:07:05,560 --> 00:07:07,080 ON CREATION OF A BIOENGINEERING 225 00:07:07,080 --> 00:07:09,520 CENTER AT THE NIH, HE WILL BE 226 00:07:09,520 --> 00:07:12,560 THE FIRST OF MANY ON THIS LIST. 227 00:07:12,560 --> 00:07:16,160 PETER'S TALK TODAY IS TITLED 228 00:07:16,160 --> 00:07:16,760 USING WATER MIGRATION TO PROBE 229 00:07:16,760 --> 00:07:17,400 BRAIN STRUCTURE AND 230 00:07:17,400 --> 00:07:18,240 ARCHITECTURE. 231 00:07:18,240 --> 00:07:19,040 PETER, THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR 232 00:07:19,040 --> 00:07:20,720 JOINING US TODAY. 233 00:07:20,720 --> 00:07:25,560 THE MIC IS YOURS. 234 00:07:25,560 --> 00:07:28,680 >> THANK YOU, MICHAEL, SO MUCH. 235 00:07:28,680 --> 00:07:31,640 AND THANK YOU TOO FOR INVITING 236 00:07:31,640 --> 00:07:33,360 ME TO GIVE THIS PHILIP CHEN 237 00:07:33,360 --> 00:07:34,200 DISTINGUISHED LECTURE ON 238 00:07:34,200 --> 00:07:35,680 INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY 239 00:07:35,680 --> 00:07:38,880 TRANSFER. 240 00:07:38,880 --> 00:07:40,040 SO MICHAEL STOLE SOME OF MY 241 00:07:40,040 --> 00:07:41,880 THUNDER, BUT I DID WANT TO SHARE 242 00:07:41,880 --> 00:07:43,040 ONE BRIEF ANECDOTE ABOUT PHIL 243 00:07:43,040 --> 00:07:47,320 AND HOW IMPORTANT HIS WORK WAS 244 00:07:47,320 --> 00:07:49,520 IN CHANGING THE INTELLECTUAL 245 00:07:49,520 --> 00:07:50,160 PROPERTY LANDSCAPE. 246 00:07:50,160 --> 00:07:51,640 WHEN I ACTUALLY ARRIVED AT NIH, 247 00:07:51,640 --> 00:07:56,600 IT WAS IN 1987, IN THE SPRING, 248 00:07:56,600 --> 00:07:58,320 AND BEING A SERIAL INVENTOR, I 249 00:07:58,320 --> 00:08:01,080 SOON HAD TO HAVE MEETINGS WITH 250 00:08:01,080 --> 00:08:03,600 THE NIH PATENT COUNSEL, AND IT 251 00:08:03,600 --> 00:08:05,200 WAS A LOVELY ELDERLY GENTLEMAN 252 00:08:05,200 --> 00:08:07,000 WHO USED TO BE PART OF THE 253 00:08:07,000 --> 00:08:08,000 WASHINGTON PATENT BAR WHO 254 00:08:08,000 --> 00:08:10,040 RETIRED AND CAME TO THE NIH. 255 00:08:10,040 --> 00:08:11,400 I'M SORRY I DON'T REMEMBER HIS 256 00:08:11,400 --> 00:08:11,720 NAME. 257 00:08:11,720 --> 00:08:14,160 BUT HE HAD AN ASSISTANT, AND ONE 258 00:08:14,160 --> 00:08:16,400 PERSON COVERED ALL OF THE 259 00:08:16,400 --> 00:08:19,480 INTRAMURAL PROGRAM'S I.P., IF 260 00:08:19,480 --> 00:08:20,800 YOU CAN BELIEVE THAT. 261 00:08:20,800 --> 00:08:25,200 AND WITHIN ABOUT A YEAR, THE 262 00:08:25,200 --> 00:08:29,360 WHOLE LANDSCAPE CHANGED. 263 00:08:29,360 --> 00:08:31,000 THERE WAS AN OFFICE OF 264 00:08:31,000 --> 00:08:32,640 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER, AND 265 00:08:32,640 --> 00:08:34,240 CRADAs BEGAN TO COME INTO 266 00:08:34,240 --> 00:08:34,520 EXISTENCE. 267 00:08:34,520 --> 00:08:35,720 THIS WAS ALL DUE TO PHIL'S 268 00:08:35,720 --> 00:08:37,680 EFFORTS, AND IT REALLY CHANGED 269 00:08:37,680 --> 00:08:39,560 THE OPPORTUNITIES FOR INVENTOR 270 00:08:39,560 --> 00:08:42,160 SCIENTISTS AND SCIENTIST 271 00:08:42,160 --> 00:08:43,400 INVENTORS ON THE NIH GROUNDS. 272 00:08:43,400 --> 00:08:47,640 SO I'M VERY GRATEFUL TO HIM. 273 00:08:47,640 --> 00:08:51,640 SO IN TALKING ABOUT ELUCIDATING 274 00:08:51,640 --> 00:08:53,320 BRAIN MICROSTRUCTURE 275 00:08:53,320 --> 00:08:54,480 ARCHITECTURE ORGANIZATION, I 276 00:08:54,480 --> 00:08:59,440 THINK OF THE WORK BY JEFF 277 00:08:59,440 --> 00:09:00,400 LICHTMAN'S GROUP AT HARVARD. 278 00:09:00,400 --> 00:09:02,600 THIS IS A SECTION OF HUMAN BRAIN 279 00:09:02,600 --> 00:09:04,440 CORTICAL TISSUE, THESE 280 00:09:04,440 --> 00:09:07,680 PIE-SHAPED PIECES WERE REMOVED 281 00:09:07,680 --> 00:09:10,960 FROM THE BRAIN OF A SUBJECT 282 00:09:10,960 --> 00:09:11,960 UNDERGOING A NEUROSURGERY 283 00:09:11,960 --> 00:09:12,440 PROCEDURE 284 00:09:12,440 --> 00:09:15,600 SO IN TERMS OF ELUCIDATING BRAIN 285 00:09:15,600 --> 00:09:20,520 MICROSTRUCTURE AND ARCHITECTURE, 286 00:09:20,520 --> 00:09:22,360 THIS IMAGE FROM JEFF LICHTMAN'S 287 00:09:22,360 --> 00:09:27,080 GROUP SHOWS QUITE CLEARLY WHAT 288 00:09:27,080 --> 00:09:30,080 WE HAVE IN MIND IN TERMS OF 289 00:09:30,080 --> 00:09:33,280 COMPLETE PARCELLATION AND 290 00:09:33,280 --> 00:09:35,040 ANALYSIS OF TISSUES OF INTEREST. 291 00:09:35,040 --> 00:09:39,720 THIS SHOWS SMOOTH NEURONS, 292 00:09:39,720 --> 00:09:41,680 ASTROCYTES, MICROGLIA, AXONS 293 00:09:41,680 --> 00:09:43,280 THAT GO FROM THE SUBCORTICAL 294 00:09:43,280 --> 00:09:44,880 WHITE MATTER ON THE LOWER LEFT 295 00:09:44,880 --> 00:09:47,520 TO THE PERIPHERY TO THE CORTEX 296 00:09:47,520 --> 00:09:49,360 ON THE RIGHT. 297 00:09:49,360 --> 00:09:52,280 AND REALLY THIS IS A MAGNIFICENT 298 00:09:52,280 --> 00:09:56,360 SORT OF STRUCTURAL 299 00:09:56,360 --> 00:09:59,960 DECONSTRUCTION OF WHAT'S IN THE 300 00:09:59,960 --> 00:10:00,840 BRAIN. 301 00:10:00,840 --> 00:10:02,480 THE PROBLEM IS, THIS IS DONE 302 00:10:02,480 --> 00:10:07,280 OVER MANY MONTHS WITH VERY HIGH 303 00:10:07,280 --> 00:10:08,240 RESOLUTION NANOMETER SLICES OF 304 00:10:08,240 --> 00:10:14,040 BRAIN TISSUE, AND A WHOLE FARM 305 00:10:14,040 --> 00:10:16,320 OF -- TO DO THIS KIND OF 306 00:10:16,320 --> 00:10:17,360 ANALYSIS, AND REALLY TO BE ABLE 307 00:10:17,360 --> 00:10:23,320 TO DO THIS INA VERY V IN VIVO AND 308 00:10:23,320 --> 00:10:24,640 NON-INVASIVELY, SO IT'S A BIG 309 00:10:24,640 --> 00:10:25,960 TASK. 310 00:10:25,960 --> 00:10:29,280 I WILL TELL YOU THAT WE WILL 311 00:10:29,280 --> 00:10:31,440 CERTAINLY MAKE AN EFFORT AND 312 00:10:31,440 --> 00:10:32,400 YOU'LL SEE -- THERE'S SOME GOOD 313 00:10:32,400 --> 00:10:32,960 RESULTS ABOUT IT. 314 00:10:32,960 --> 00:10:36,680 SO HOW DO WE DO NONINVASIVE IN 315 00:10:36,680 --> 00:10:38,400 VIVO MICROSTRUCTURE ELUCIDATION? 316 00:10:38,400 --> 00:10:40,840 WE USE WATER MIGRATION AND WATER 317 00:10:40,840 --> 00:10:42,480 DIFFUSION AS A MEANS TO PROBE 318 00:10:42,480 --> 00:10:44,880 TISSUE MICROSTRUCTURE USING 319 00:10:44,880 --> 00:10:46,120 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING. 320 00:10:46,120 --> 00:10:49,480 FOR THOSE OF YOU WHO DON'T KNOW, 321 00:10:49,480 --> 00:10:51,280 DIFFUSION IS A TRANSPORT 322 00:10:51,280 --> 00:10:56,080 MECHANISM THAT INVOLVES MIXING 323 00:10:56,080 --> 00:10:58,120 COMPONENTS OF MOLECULES, ATOMS, 324 00:10:58,120 --> 00:10:59,880 PARTICLES, PRIMARILY THROUGH 325 00:10:59,880 --> 00:11:02,200 THERMAL AGITATION OR THERMAL 326 00:11:02,200 --> 00:11:03,800 COLLISIONS AMONG THEM. 327 00:11:03,800 --> 00:11:06,440 AND THE BEAUTY IS THAT IT'S 328 00:11:06,440 --> 00:11:07,760 SENSITIVE TO LOCAL 329 00:11:07,760 --> 00:11:08,560 MICROSTRUCTURE BECAUSE IT CAN BE 330 00:11:08,560 --> 00:11:11,480 USED IN A WAY TO PALPATE THE 331 00:11:11,480 --> 00:11:13,560 LOCAL STRUCTURES' MEMBRANES, 332 00:11:13,560 --> 00:11:15,960 MOLECULES, SO YOU CAN SEE 333 00:11:15,960 --> 00:11:17,480 SOMEWHAT BY WATCHING 334 00:11:17,480 --> 00:11:18,400 PARTICULARLY WATER DIFFUSION, 335 00:11:18,400 --> 00:11:22,960 YOU CAN SEE FEATURES OF THE 336 00:11:22,960 --> 00:11:24,320 LOCAL MICROSTRUCTURE IN WHICH 337 00:11:24,320 --> 00:11:28,640 THOSE WATER MOLECULES ARE -- SO 338 00:11:28,640 --> 00:11:36,800 THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF FICKIAN 339 00:11:36,800 --> 00:11:38,520 DIFFUSION WHERE YOU HAVE 340 00:11:38,520 --> 00:11:39,760 PARTICLES CONFINED IN A CERTAIN 341 00:11:39,760 --> 00:11:42,160 POINT IN A SPACE, LET'S SAY IN A 342 00:11:42,160 --> 00:11:50,280 LIQUID BATH, AND THEN YOU LET 343 00:11:50,280 --> 00:11:53,280 THEM -- EXCUSE ME. 344 00:11:53,280 --> 00:11:53,800 THERE WE GO. 345 00:11:53,800 --> 00:11:56,480 YOU LET THEM DIFFUSE, YOU LET 346 00:11:56,480 --> 00:11:58,080 THEM -- YOU RELEASE THEM AND 347 00:11:58,080 --> 00:11:59,720 THEY START TO COLLIDE WITH ONE 348 00:11:59,720 --> 00:12:01,280 ANOTHER, AND THEY START TO 349 00:12:01,280 --> 00:12:02,520 SPREAD OUT. 350 00:12:02,520 --> 00:12:04,880 AND EVENTUALLY, IF YOU WAIT 351 00:12:04,880 --> 00:12:06,440 ENOUGH TIME, THE CONCENTRATION 352 00:12:06,440 --> 00:12:07,920 WILL BE UNIFORM. 353 00:12:07,920 --> 00:12:11,800 THIS IS DESCRIBED BY FICK'S LAW, 354 00:12:11,800 --> 00:12:14,280 WHICH IS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 355 00:12:14,280 --> 00:12:15,680 THE FLUX OF THE PARTICLES AND 356 00:12:15,680 --> 00:12:16,920 THE CONCENTRATION DIFFERENCE OR 357 00:12:16,920 --> 00:12:18,040 GRADIENT, AND THE COEFFICIENT 358 00:12:18,040 --> 00:12:22,680 THAT RELATES TO THEM IS CALLED A 359 00:12:22,680 --> 00:12:24,840 DIFFUSIVITY OR DIFFUSION 360 00:12:24,840 --> 00:12:25,080 CONSTANT. 361 00:12:25,080 --> 00:12:26,960 IN 1827, ROBERT BROWN OBSERVED 362 00:12:26,960 --> 00:12:29,480 UNDER A MICRO SCOPE THAT HIS -- 363 00:12:29,480 --> 00:12:32,600 THAT PARTICLES THAT WERE VISIBLE 364 00:12:32,600 --> 00:12:35,000 WERE MOVING IN A RA A RANDOM WAY. 365 00:12:35,000 --> 00:12:40,360 I REFER TO THIS AS DANCING. 366 00:12:40,360 --> 00:12:41,880 HE THOUGHT MAYBE IT WAS A LIFE 367 00:12:41,880 --> 00:12:43,680 FORCE INITIALLY, BUT EVENTUALLY 368 00:12:43,680 --> 00:12:44,880 HE DISABUSED HIMSELF OF THAT 369 00:12:44,880 --> 00:12:46,880 NOTION WHEN HE USED COAL DUST 370 00:12:46,880 --> 00:12:49,200 AND OTHER KINDS OF INERT 371 00:12:49,200 --> 00:12:50,400 MATERIALS, AND RECOGNIZED THAT 372 00:12:50,400 --> 00:12:53,040 IT WAS A PROPERTY OF MANY 373 00:12:53,040 --> 00:12:54,240 PARTICLE SYSTEMS. 374 00:12:54,240 --> 00:12:56,280 BUT DIDN'T HAVE AN EXPLANATION 375 00:12:56,280 --> 00:12:57,760 FOR WHAT WAS GOING ON. 376 00:12:57,760 --> 00:13:01,720 AND IT WAS REALLY EINSTEIN IN 377 00:13:01,720 --> 00:13:03,920 1905 WHO SYNTHESIZED THE FICKIAN 378 00:13:03,920 --> 00:13:07,080 AND THE BROWNIAN VIEW OF DI 379 00:13:07,080 --> 00:13:10,840 VEUTION, AND WAS ABLE TO 380 00:13:10,840 --> 00:13:13,000 DESCRIBE THEM USING A NET 381 00:13:13,000 --> 00:13:14,480 DISPLACEMENT DISTRIBUTION, A 382 00:13:14,480 --> 00:13:15,680 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION THAT 383 00:13:15,680 --> 00:13:17,200 DESCRIBED THE PROBABILITY OF 384 00:13:17,200 --> 00:13:20,280 FINDING A PARTICLE AT ONE POINT, 385 00:13:20,280 --> 00:13:22,400 AT ONE TIME, GIVEN THAT IT WAS 386 00:13:22,400 --> 00:13:24,080 RELEASED AT ANOTHER POINT, AT 387 00:13:24,080 --> 00:13:24,920 ANOTHER TIME. 388 00:13:24,920 --> 00:13:27,080 SO IT WAS A DISPLACEMENT 389 00:13:27,080 --> 00:13:29,840 DISTRIBUTION. 390 00:13:29,840 --> 00:13:34,720 THIS WAS PART OF HIS -- THE 391 00:13:34,720 --> 00:13:42,280 MIRACLE YEAR, THE ONUS 392 00:13:42,280 --> 00:13:44,560 MIRABOLIS, CITED IN HIS NOBEL 393 00:13:44,560 --> 00:13:45,840 PRIZE AS ONE OF HIS GREAT 394 00:13:45,840 --> 00:13:46,400 CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCIENCE. 395 00:13:46,400 --> 00:13:47,720 IF YOU GO AHEAD ABOUT 50 YEARS 396 00:13:47,720 --> 00:13:51,560 TO THE WORK OF ED PURCELL AND 397 00:13:51,560 --> 00:13:54,960 HERMAN CARR, THEY USED NMR 398 00:13:54,960 --> 00:13:57,800 METHODS TO ACTUALLY MEASURE 399 00:13:57,800 --> 00:13:58,720 EINSTEIN'S DISPLACEMENT 400 00:13:58,720 --> 00:14:01,600 DISTRIBUTION, AND ACTUALLY FOR 401 00:14:01,600 --> 00:14:04,400 THAT, PURCELL WON A NOBEL PRIZE. 402 00:14:04,400 --> 00:14:06,400 AND THIS MEASUREMENT WAS 403 00:14:06,400 --> 00:14:08,440 DESCRIBED AS A GOLD STANDARD, 404 00:14:08,440 --> 00:14:09,880 AND AN INTERESTING POINT THAT 405 00:14:09,880 --> 00:14:11,880 CARR AND PURCELL MADE IN THEIR 406 00:14:11,880 --> 00:14:15,080 CLASSIC PAPER WAS THAT A MORE 407 00:14:15,080 --> 00:14:15,880 INNOCUOUS LABEL WOULD BE 408 00:14:15,880 --> 00:14:17,640 DIFFICULT TO IMAGINE. 409 00:14:17,640 --> 00:14:18,840 THE NMR EXPERIMENT DOESN'T 410 00:14:18,840 --> 00:14:22,080 REQUIRE INTRODUCING A DYE OR A 411 00:14:22,080 --> 00:14:25,320 CONTRAST AGENT OR ALTER THE 412 00:14:25,320 --> 00:14:26,680 WATER MOLECULES AT ALL. 413 00:14:26,680 --> 00:14:30,480 IT JUST PERTURBS THE 414 00:14:30,480 --> 00:14:31,680 MAGNETIZATION, WHICH IS REALLY 415 00:14:31,680 --> 00:14:34,360 AN INNOCUOUS LABEL IF YOU COULD 416 00:14:34,360 --> 00:14:35,800 THINK OF ANOTHER ONE, I WOULD 417 00:14:35,800 --> 00:14:40,520 LIKE TO HEAR IT. 418 00:14:40,520 --> 00:14:42,760 SO HOW DOES THIS MEASUREMENT 419 00:14:42,760 --> 00:14:43,280 WORK? 420 00:14:43,280 --> 00:14:44,480 I'M NOT GOING TO GO INTO 421 00:14:44,480 --> 00:14:47,240 EXPLAINING THE DETAILS OF THE 422 00:14:47,240 --> 00:14:48,600 PULSE SEQUENCES AT THE TOP OF 423 00:14:48,600 --> 00:14:50,080 THE PAGE, BUT I WILL TELL YOU 424 00:14:50,080 --> 00:14:53,440 THAT THE GENIUS OF THE CARR AND 425 00:14:53,440 --> 00:14:59,320 PURCELL EXPERIMENT IS THAT IT 426 00:14:59,320 --> 00:15:00,800 ESSENTIALLY EMBODIES THE 427 00:15:00,800 --> 00:15:01,320 DISPLACEMENT DISTRIBUTION 428 00:15:01,320 --> 00:15:02,760 MEASUREMENT THAT EINSTEIN WAS 429 00:15:02,760 --> 00:15:03,280 REFERRING TO. 430 00:15:03,280 --> 00:15:08,760 SO IN THAT FIRST PULSE, THE 431 00:15:08,760 --> 00:15:10,160 SPINS GET A PHASE AND IN THE 432 00:15:10,160 --> 00:15:14,320 SECOND PULSE, THEY GET A PHASE 433 00:15:14,320 --> 00:15:14,720 REVERSAL. 434 00:15:14,720 --> 00:15:16,080 AND IF THEY'VE MOVED DURING THAT 435 00:15:16,080 --> 00:15:19,080 PERIOD OF TIME, THEY'LL ACQUIRE 436 00:15:19,080 --> 00:15:21,200 A NET PHASE, AND THAT NET PHASE 437 00:15:21,200 --> 00:15:23,080 IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE NET 438 00:15:23,080 --> 00:15:23,680 DISPLACEMENT. 439 00:15:23,680 --> 00:15:24,840 SO IN OTHER WORDS, THIS 440 00:15:24,840 --> 00:15:26,120 MEASUREMENT ALLOWS YOU TO 441 00:15:26,120 --> 00:15:31,800 MEASURE IN A VOLUME, AN EXCITED 442 00:15:31,800 --> 00:15:33,000 VOLUME, THE DISPLACEMENT 443 00:15:33,000 --> 00:15:35,480 VARIATION OR THE DISPLACEMENT 444 00:15:35,480 --> 00:15:36,680 DISTRIBUTION, THE SAME THING 445 00:15:36,680 --> 00:15:40,240 THAT EINSTEIN HAD MENTIONED, BUT 446 00:15:40,240 --> 00:15:41,840 IT'S DONE THROUGH THE 447 00:15:41,840 --> 00:15:42,880 MAGNETIZATION, AND IT'S NOT A 448 00:15:42,880 --> 00:15:46,520 DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF 449 00:15:46,520 --> 00:15:49,480 DISPLACEMENT BUT EVEN FURTHER 450 00:15:49,480 --> 00:15:50,680 DISPLACEMENT FROM IT. 451 00:15:50,680 --> 00:15:59,960 SKIPPING AHEAD TO 1973, PAUL 452 00:15:59,960 --> 00:16:02,280 LAUTERBUR IS THE PERSON CREDITED 453 00:16:02,280 --> 00:16:04,000 WITH INVENTING MRI BUT HE ALSO 454 00:16:04,000 --> 00:16:06,920 CONCEIVED OF SOMETHING WE CALL 455 00:16:06,920 --> 00:16:08,120 NOW DIFFUSION MRI, AND HE 456 00:16:08,120 --> 00:16:09,760 BASICALLY SAID THAT WHEN YOU 457 00:16:09,760 --> 00:16:12,320 MAKE THE MAGNETIC RESONANCE 458 00:16:12,320 --> 00:16:16,240 IMAGING MEASUREMENTS, YOU CAN IN 459 00:16:16,240 --> 00:16:17,680 EACH VOXEL OR PIXEL IN WHICH 460 00:16:17,680 --> 00:16:19,200 YOU, LET'S SAY, MEASURE THE 461 00:16:19,200 --> 00:16:22,960 PROTON DENSITY OF THE WATER 462 00:16:22,960 --> 00:16:23,760 CONCENTRATION, YOU CAN COMBINE 463 00:16:23,760 --> 00:16:25,720 THAT WITH THE MEASUREMENT OF 464 00:16:25,720 --> 00:16:27,280 CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS, AND HE 465 00:16:27,280 --> 00:16:28,560 MENTIONED SPECIFICALLY DIFFUSION 466 00:16:28,560 --> 00:16:29,240 COEFFICIENTS AND OTHER 467 00:16:29,240 --> 00:16:31,520 PROPERTIES OF OBJECTS MEASURABLE 468 00:16:31,520 --> 00:16:33,320 BY NMR SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES. 469 00:16:33,320 --> 00:16:34,200 SO IN OTHER WORDS, HE'S SAYING 470 00:16:34,200 --> 00:16:39,200 THAT YOU CAN COMBINE MRI WITH 471 00:16:39,200 --> 00:16:41,080 THE EXPERIMENTS THAT CARR AND 472 00:16:41,080 --> 00:16:44,000 PURCELL HAD CONCEIVED OF AND 473 00:16:44,000 --> 00:16:45,200 DID, AND SOME OF THE OTHER 474 00:16:45,200 --> 00:16:46,480 SUBSEQUENT DIFFUSION EXPERIMENTS 475 00:16:46,480 --> 00:16:49,400 THAT HAD TAKEN PLACE SINCE. 476 00:16:49,400 --> 00:16:52,480 SO TWO PROPERTY OF DIFFUSION 477 00:16:52,480 --> 00:16:59,080 THAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT IS 478 00:16:59,080 --> 00:17:01,880 ISOTROPY AND ANISOTROPY. 479 00:17:01,880 --> 00:17:03,080 IN A JAR OF WATER IF YOU'RE 480 00:17:03,080 --> 00:17:04,280 WATCHING PARTICLES RELEASED FROM 481 00:17:04,280 --> 00:17:05,520 A SINGLE POINT AND YOU KEEP 482 00:17:05,520 --> 00:17:06,920 DOING THAT EXPERIMENT MANY 483 00:17:06,920 --> 00:17:07,920 TIMES, THEY WON'T GO TO THE SAME 484 00:17:07,920 --> 00:17:11,080 PLACE EACH TIME, BUT OVER TIME, 485 00:17:11,080 --> 00:17:12,800 THEY'LL EXPLORE THE SPACE AND IF 486 00:17:12,800 --> 00:17:14,080 YOU WAIT A CERTAIN DIFFUSION 487 00:17:14,080 --> 00:17:15,440 TIME AND YOU SEE WHERE THEY 488 00:17:15,440 --> 00:17:18,600 WENT, YOU CAN PRODUCE A FIGURE 489 00:17:18,600 --> 00:17:19,960 THAT LOOKS LIKE THIS. 490 00:17:19,960 --> 00:17:23,480 THESE ARE EINSTEIN'S SURFACES OF 491 00:17:23,480 --> 00:17:26,320 CONSTANT DISPLACEMENT, AND IN A 492 00:17:26,320 --> 00:17:28,200 WATER JAR, THESE WOULD BE 493 00:17:28,200 --> 00:17:30,640 SPHERES THAT ARE CONCENTRIC, 494 00:17:30,640 --> 00:17:31,600 BECAUSE THE PROBABILITY OF 495 00:17:31,600 --> 00:17:33,400 FINDING A PARTICLE IN ONE 496 00:17:33,400 --> 00:17:35,480 DIRECTION -- GOING IN ONE 497 00:17:35,480 --> 00:17:36,600 DIRECTION WOULD BE THE SAME AS 498 00:17:36,600 --> 00:17:37,880 IN ANY OTHER DIRECTION. 499 00:17:37,880 --> 00:17:41,280 BUT IN A LOT OF BIOLOGICAL 500 00:17:41,280 --> 00:17:44,480 MEDIA, LIKE NERVES, SKELETAL 501 00:17:44,480 --> 00:17:46,680 MUSCLE, AXONS THAT RUN IN THE 502 00:17:46,680 --> 00:17:49,480 BRAIN, THAT ISN'T THE CASE. 503 00:17:49,480 --> 00:17:54,040 THERE IS A DIRECTIONAL BIAS, AND 504 00:17:54,040 --> 00:17:55,520 IF YOU RELEASE PARTICLES, LET'S 505 00:17:55,520 --> 00:17:56,800 SAY, IN SKELETAL MUSCLE OR IN 506 00:17:56,800 --> 00:17:59,560 WHITE MATTER, YOU'LL FIND THAT 507 00:17:59,560 --> 00:18:01,040 PARTICLES TEND TO MIGRATE IN 508 00:18:01,040 --> 00:18:02,760 SOME DIRECTIONS MORE RAPIDLY 509 00:18:02,760 --> 00:18:04,640 THAN IN OTHERS. 510 00:18:04,640 --> 00:18:07,520 AND THESE SURFACES OF CONSTANT 511 00:18:07,520 --> 00:18:11,560 DISPLACEMENT OR PROBABILITY ARE 512 00:18:11,560 --> 00:18:19,000 ELLIPSES IN 2D AND ELIPSOIDS IN 513 00:18:19,000 --> 00:18:19,520 2 DIMENSIONS. 514 00:18:19,520 --> 00:18:20,400 THAT'S SOMETHING WE'LL GET TO 515 00:18:20,400 --> 00:18:20,840 SHORTLY. 516 00:18:20,840 --> 00:18:23,440 SO MIKE MOSELY WAS THE FIRST 517 00:18:23,440 --> 00:18:24,440 PERSON TO DO DIFFUSION, TO 518 00:18:24,440 --> 00:18:29,680 DEMONSTRATE DIFFUSION IMAGING IN 519 00:18:29,680 --> 00:18:31,520 1991 AND SHOWED THAT THERE ARE 520 00:18:31,520 --> 00:18:33,880 CERTAIN TISSUE TYPES IN BRAIN 521 00:18:33,880 --> 00:18:35,880 THAT WERE ISOTROPIC AND CERTAIN 522 00:18:35,880 --> 00:18:37,720 TISSUE TYPES THAT WERE 523 00:18:37,720 --> 00:18:38,240 ANISOTROPIC. 524 00:18:38,240 --> 00:18:41,480 SO FOR INSTANCE, IF YOU LOOK IN 525 00:18:41,480 --> 00:18:44,520 THE TOP RIGHT IMAGE WITH THE X 526 00:18:44,520 --> 00:18:45,920 UNDERNEATH, IF YOU LOOK AT THE 527 00:18:45,920 --> 00:18:47,960 CORTEX, THE SURFACE OF THE 528 00:18:47,960 --> 00:18:50,280 BRAIN, YOU'LL SEE THAT THE 529 00:18:50,280 --> 00:18:52,040 CONTRAST, THE INTENSITIES ARE 530 00:18:52,040 --> 00:18:55,080 PRETTY MUCH THE SAME WHEN YOU 531 00:18:55,080 --> 00:18:58,240 LOOK AT DISPLACEMENTS IN THE X, 532 00:18:58,240 --> 00:19:00,360 Y OR Z DIRECTION, IN THE THREE 533 00:19:00,360 --> 00:19:02,040 OORTHOGONAL DIRECTIONS. 534 00:19:02,040 --> 00:19:03,280 BUT I DON'T KNOW IF YOU CAN SEE 535 00:19:03,280 --> 00:19:05,800 MY CURSOR, BUT IF YOU LOOK AT 536 00:19:05,800 --> 00:19:07,560 THIS, THAT BLACK STRIPE IN THE 537 00:19:07,560 --> 00:19:09,840 MIDDLE, IN THE UPPER RIGHT 538 00:19:09,840 --> 00:19:12,000 FIGURE, THAT'S THE CORPUS 539 00:19:12,000 --> 00:19:12,600 CALLOSUM. 540 00:19:12,600 --> 00:19:14,080 IN THAT FIGURE, IT'S DARK, BUT 541 00:19:14,080 --> 00:19:16,600 IF YOU LOOK AT THE Z AND THE Y 542 00:19:16,600 --> 00:19:17,480 FIGURES AT THE BOTTOM RIGHT AND 543 00:19:17,480 --> 00:19:19,960 THE BOTTOM LEFT, IT'S BRIGHT. 544 00:19:19,960 --> 00:19:22,840 SO WHEN YOU'RE LOOKING AT 545 00:19:22,840 --> 00:19:24,560 DISPLACEMENTS IN THE X, Y AND Z 546 00:19:24,560 --> 00:19:25,640 DIRECTION IN THE WHITE MATTER 547 00:19:25,640 --> 00:19:29,040 AND THE CORPUS CALLOSUM, THOSE 548 00:19:29,040 --> 00:19:30,920 SIGNAL DIFFERENCES INDICATE THAT 549 00:19:30,920 --> 00:19:33,920 THAT'S ANISOTROPIC. 550 00:19:33,920 --> 00:19:35,160 MIKE UNDERSTOOD THAT BUT HE 551 00:19:35,160 --> 00:19:36,160 DIDN'T REALLY KNOW WHAT TO DO 552 00:19:36,160 --> 00:19:38,400 WITH IT FROM A MEASUREMENT 553 00:19:38,400 --> 00:19:38,680 PERSPECTIVE. 554 00:19:38,680 --> 00:19:39,480 SO I DIDN'T KNOW ABOUT REALLY 555 00:19:39,480 --> 00:19:44,280 ANY OF THIS STUFF WHEN I 556 00:19:44,280 --> 00:19:47,560 STUMBLED UPON DOUEK'S POSTER AT 557 00:19:47,560 --> 00:19:49,560 AN NIH RESEARCH FESTIVAL IN 558 00:19:49,560 --> 00:19:49,760 1991. 559 00:19:49,760 --> 00:19:51,480 IT WAS AT THE END OF THE DAY AND 560 00:19:51,480 --> 00:19:53,760 I DECIDED TO GO INTO THE BACK 561 00:19:53,760 --> 00:19:55,480 TENT AS I HADN'T DONE MY DUE 562 00:19:55,480 --> 00:19:58,680 DILIGENCE, AND I THOUGHT THAT 563 00:19:58,680 --> 00:20:00,160 THIS POSTER WAS STAGGERING TO 564 00:20:00,160 --> 00:20:00,880 ME. 565 00:20:00,880 --> 00:20:03,480 FIRST, I FOUND OUT THAT 566 00:20:03,480 --> 00:20:04,760 DIFFUSION WAS HETEROGENEOUS IN 567 00:20:04,760 --> 00:20:06,320 THE BRAIN, THAT IT COULD BE 568 00:20:06,320 --> 00:20:09,920 MEASURED BY NMR OR MRI, AND THAT 569 00:20:09,920 --> 00:20:12,440 SOME TISSUES, LIKE THE WHITE 570 00:20:12,440 --> 00:20:14,880 MATTER, WAS ANISOTROPIC, AND 571 00:20:14,880 --> 00:20:16,360 ANOTHER THING THAT WAS CLEAR TO 572 00:20:16,360 --> 00:20:17,880 ME WAS THAT THE METHODOLOGY THAT 573 00:20:17,880 --> 00:20:19,880 THEY WERE USING WASN'T REALLY 574 00:20:19,880 --> 00:20:21,720 ADD THE QUESTION TO CHARACTERIZE 575 00:20:21,720 --> 00:20:23,880 THE ANISOTROPIC DIFFUSION 576 00:20:23,880 --> 00:20:24,360 PROCESS. 577 00:20:24,360 --> 00:20:27,440 THEY WERE USING SCALER 578 00:20:27,440 --> 00:20:28,880 DIFFUSIVITIES WHEN THEY REALLY 579 00:20:28,880 --> 00:20:30,080 SHOULD HAVE BEEN USING TENSORS. 580 00:20:30,080 --> 00:20:32,600 AND I STARTED TO IMAGINE WHAT WE 581 00:20:32,600 --> 00:20:35,880 COULD DO WITH THIS INFORMATION, 582 00:20:35,880 --> 00:20:40,520 IF YOU STARTED TO USE A FULL 583 00:20:40,520 --> 00:20:43,440 TENSOR MODEL TO DESCRIBE THIS 584 00:20:43,440 --> 00:20:47,400 ANASEISOTROPY. 585 00:20:47,400 --> 00:20:51,840 YOU COULD PRODUCE EINSTEIN'S 586 00:20:51,840 --> 00:20:54,640 DIFFUSION ELLIPSOIDS BECAUSE YOU 587 00:20:54,640 --> 00:20:56,240 COULD MEASURE THE WHOLE 588 00:20:56,240 --> 00:20:57,640 DISPLACEMENT DISTRIBUTION, YOU 589 00:20:57,640 --> 00:21:00,120 COULD DO TRACTOGRAPHY, YOU COULD 590 00:21:00,120 --> 00:21:02,480 FOLLOW STREAMLINES, MAXIMUM 591 00:21:02,480 --> 00:21:02,880 DIFFUSIVITY. 592 00:21:02,880 --> 00:21:05,280 YOU COULD CHARACTERIZE THE 593 00:21:05,280 --> 00:21:08,400 FRAMES OF REFERENCE IN WHICH THE 594 00:21:08,400 --> 00:21:09,800 DIFFUSION PROCESS IS THE 595 00:21:09,800 --> 00:21:11,920 SIMPLEST, SO EACH CHUNK OF 596 00:21:11,920 --> 00:21:15,080 TISSUE HAS ITS OWN INHERENT 597 00:21:15,080 --> 00:21:16,280 FIBER COORDINATE SYSTEM WHICH 598 00:21:16,280 --> 00:21:17,840 YOU COULD DISCOVER WITH THAT 599 00:21:17,840 --> 00:21:19,480 QUANTITY, AND YOU COULD ALSO 600 00:21:19,480 --> 00:21:22,320 PRODUCE VARIOUS KINDS OF STAINS, 601 00:21:22,320 --> 00:21:25,680 SO-CALLED SCALER INVARIANTS THAT 602 00:21:25,680 --> 00:21:26,920 WOULD TELL YOU OF NEW FEATURES 603 00:21:26,920 --> 00:21:28,400 ABOUT THE TISSUE, SUCH AS 604 00:21:28,400 --> 00:21:32,320 THE DEGREE OF ANISOPRO PEE. 605 00:21:32,320 --> 00:21:33,160 ISOTROPY. 606 00:21:33,160 --> 00:21:35,080 SO I BEGAN DRAFTING A MEMO AND A 607 00:21:35,080 --> 00:21:36,840 FEW WEEKS LATER, I GOT THE 608 00:21:36,840 --> 00:21:40,560 GUMPTION TO PRESENT TO PHILIP 609 00:21:40,560 --> 00:21:42,480 DOUEK, MY COLLEAGUE, BOB TURNER, 610 00:21:42,480 --> 00:21:45,000 BRAD ROTH, KIND OF OUTLINING A 611 00:21:45,000 --> 00:21:46,160 RESEARCH PROPOSAL THAT WE COULD 612 00:21:46,160 --> 00:21:48,440 ALL WORK ON TOGETHER. 613 00:21:48,440 --> 00:21:51,000 AND THIS IS IN DERRICK JONES' 614 00:21:51,000 --> 00:21:52,720 BOOK, THESE LAB NOTEBOOK PAGES 615 00:21:52,720 --> 00:21:55,120 THAT ARE REPRODUCED, BUT THE 616 00:21:55,120 --> 00:21:58,440 TENSOR CAN BE DESCRIBED BY THIS 617 00:21:58,440 --> 00:22:00,880 3 BY 3 MATRIX THAT HAS THREE 618 00:22:00,880 --> 00:22:02,520 ROWS, THREE COLUMNS, AND FROM 619 00:22:02,520 --> 00:22:04,720 IT, YOU CAN CALCULATE MANY 620 00:22:04,720 --> 00:22:06,880 USEFUL FEATURES. 621 00:22:06,880 --> 00:22:10,320 AS I SAID, THE COORDINATE 622 00:22:10,320 --> 00:22:11,920 SYSTEM, YOU CAN GO FROM THE 623 00:22:11,920 --> 00:22:13,800 LABORATORY COORDINATE SYSTEM TO 624 00:22:13,800 --> 00:22:15,240 THIS PREFERRED PRINCIPLE 625 00:22:15,240 --> 00:22:16,640 COORDINATE SYSTEM, YOU CAN FIND 626 00:22:16,640 --> 00:22:18,600 THE PRINCIPLE DIFFUSIVITIES. 627 00:22:18,600 --> 00:22:22,560 THIS IS A CARTOON OF THE 628 00:22:22,560 --> 00:22:24,000 TRACTOGRAPHY IDEA FOLLOWING THE 629 00:22:24,000 --> 00:22:26,520 DIRECTION OF MAXIMUM DIFFUSIVITY 630 00:22:26,520 --> 00:22:30,480 ALONG THESE STREAMLINES, AND THE 631 00:22:30,480 --> 00:22:33,560 MATHEMATICS TO PRODUCE THESE 632 00:22:33,560 --> 00:22:35,640 DIFFUSION ELLIPSOIDS AS I SAID 633 00:22:35,640 --> 00:22:36,720 REPRESENTS EINSTEIN'S 634 00:22:36,720 --> 00:22:38,160 DISPLACEMENT DISTRIBUTION, AND 635 00:22:38,160 --> 00:22:39,480 THE SIZE AND SHAPE AND 636 00:22:39,480 --> 00:22:41,240 ORIENTATION TELL YOU A LOT ABOUT 637 00:22:41,240 --> 00:22:43,280 THE LOCAL MICROSTRUCTURE AND 638 00:22:43,280 --> 00:22:44,280 DIFFUSION PROCESS. 639 00:22:44,280 --> 00:22:45,640 AND THEN SOME PARAMETERS THAT 640 00:22:45,640 --> 00:22:48,680 YOU GET FOR FREE THAT ARE 641 00:22:48,680 --> 00:22:50,480 INTRINSIC TO THE TISSUE AND 642 00:22:50,480 --> 00:22:52,800 DON'T DEPEND ON THE SPECIFICS OF 643 00:22:52,800 --> 00:22:57,040 THE MEASUREMENT. 644 00:22:57,040 --> 00:22:59,000 SO HE TURNED TO ME AND SAID YOU 645 00:22:59,000 --> 00:23:00,640 KNOW, IN A VERY STRONG FRENCH 646 00:23:00,640 --> 00:23:02,480 ACCENT, HE SAID THIS IS ALL VERY 647 00:23:02,480 --> 00:23:04,240 INTERESTING, HE SAID, BUT NOBODY 648 00:23:04,240 --> 00:23:06,200 KNOWS HOW TO MEASURE A DIFFUSION 649 00:23:06,200 --> 00:23:06,440 TENSOR. 650 00:23:06,440 --> 00:23:08,200 THAT WAS AN ASSUMPTION I MADE 651 00:23:08,200 --> 00:23:10,000 AND IT WAS AN INCORRECT ONE WHEN 652 00:23:10,000 --> 00:23:11,360 I VISITED HIS POSTERMENT SO I'M 653 00:23:11,360 --> 00:23:13,720 GLAD THAT I HAD THE PRESENCE OF 654 00:23:13,720 --> 00:23:15,360 MIND TO TURN AROUND WHEN I WAS 655 00:23:15,360 --> 00:23:18,800 LEAVING THE ROOM AND ASK BOB 656 00:23:18,800 --> 00:23:20,720 TURNER AND DENIS, I SAID IF I 657 00:23:20,720 --> 00:23:22,040 REALLY WANTED TO LEARN HOW TO DO 658 00:23:22,040 --> 00:23:23,720 THIS MYSELF, WHAT DO I NEED TO 659 00:23:23,720 --> 00:23:26,080 KNOW, WHAT ARTICLES DO I NEED TO 660 00:23:26,080 --> 00:23:26,280 READ? 661 00:23:26,280 --> 00:23:29,480 AND THEY BOTH SUGGESTED READING 662 00:23:29,480 --> 00:23:33,080 WORK BY STEJSKAL AND TANNER. 663 00:23:33,080 --> 00:23:34,640 SO I STARTED TO DO THAT. 664 00:23:34,640 --> 00:23:35,800 I WENT TO THE LIBRARY AND AT 665 00:23:35,800 --> 00:23:37,880 THAT TIME, ALL OF THE JOURNALS 666 00:23:37,880 --> 00:23:39,080 WERE IN STACKS IN THE BASEMENT, 667 00:23:39,080 --> 00:23:40,800 AND ONCE WE FOUND ONE, WE WOULD 668 00:23:40,800 --> 00:23:44,320 LINE UP AND GET THEM MIMEOGRAPHS 669 00:23:44,320 --> 00:23:46,080 OR XEROXED, AND WE HOPED THAT 670 00:23:46,080 --> 00:23:47,880 THE XEROX MACHINE DIDN'T GET 671 00:23:47,880 --> 00:23:49,160 JAMMED OR FAIL WHILE WE WERE 672 00:23:49,160 --> 00:23:50,280 DOING THAT. 673 00:23:50,280 --> 00:23:54,280 AND I STARTED TO READ PAPERS BY 674 00:23:54,280 --> 00:23:56,080 STEJSKAL AND TANNER AND FRANKLY 675 00:23:56,080 --> 00:23:57,280 I COULDN'T REALLY UNDERSTAND 676 00:23:57,280 --> 00:24:00,080 THEM THAT WELL, BUT I NOTICED IN 677 00:24:00,080 --> 00:24:01,520 THE BIBLIOGRAPHY THERE WERE 678 00:24:01,520 --> 00:24:11,640 PAPERS BY ERWIN HAHN, NICHOLAS 679 00:24:11,640 --> 00:24:13,000 BLUMBURG, ED PURCELL AND OTHER 680 00:24:13,000 --> 00:24:14,280 PEOPLE AND I STARTED READING 681 00:24:14,280 --> 00:24:17,120 THOSE PAPERS AND I CAME BACK TO 682 00:24:17,120 --> 00:24:18,280 THE STEJSKAL AND TANNER PAPERS 683 00:24:18,280 --> 00:24:19,560 AND I STARTED TO UNDERSTAND THEM 684 00:24:19,560 --> 00:24:19,880 BETTER. 685 00:24:19,880 --> 00:24:21,920 I ACTUALLY HIT GOLD WHEN I READ 686 00:24:21,920 --> 00:24:26,480 ONE OF THE PAPERS ABOUT THE 687 00:24:26,480 --> 00:24:27,520 ANISOTROPIC DIFFUSION AND I WAS 688 00:24:27,520 --> 00:24:29,000 ABLE TO REFORMULATE THE MODEL 689 00:24:29,000 --> 00:24:34,640 AND EXTEND IT AND APPLY TO 690 00:24:34,640 --> 00:24:35,480 IMAGING, AND CREATE A 691 00:24:35,480 --> 00:24:36,960 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SIGNAL 692 00:24:36,960 --> 00:24:38,040 ATTENUATION, THE SAME SIGNALS 693 00:24:38,040 --> 00:24:42,960 THAT MIKE MOSTLY SHOWE MOSLEY SHOWED IN TH AT 694 00:24:42,960 --> 00:24:44,440 FIGURE OF THE CAT BRAIN I SHOWED 695 00:24:44,440 --> 00:24:47,240 YOU A FEW MOMENTS AGO, AND THE 696 00:24:47,240 --> 00:24:49,600 DIFFUSION TENSOR. 697 00:24:49,600 --> 00:24:51,160 I ALSO FIGURED OUT A WAY TO 698 00:24:51,160 --> 00:24:52,440 MEASURE THE DIFFUSION TENSOR 699 00:24:52,440 --> 00:24:53,840 FROM A MULTIPLICITY OF THOSE 700 00:24:53,840 --> 00:24:56,920 IMAGES. 701 00:24:56,920 --> 00:24:58,520 SO THAT WAS THE SECOND, I GUESS, 702 00:24:58,520 --> 00:24:59,480 EUREKA MOMENT, THAT WAS THE WAY 703 00:24:59,480 --> 00:25:01,840 IN WHICH WE COULD ACTUALLY MAKE 704 00:25:01,840 --> 00:25:02,880 THIS PHYSICAL MEASUREMENT. 705 00:25:02,880 --> 00:25:04,160 THEN FAST FORWARD A FEW -- ABOUT 706 00:25:04,160 --> 00:25:10,880 A MONTH OR SO, JIM MAT TIELO, 707 00:25:10,880 --> 00:25:12,480 ANOTHER POSTDOC IN THE GROUP IN 708 00:25:12,480 --> 00:25:13,640 THE BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 709 00:25:13,640 --> 00:25:14,560 PROGRAM WANTED TO WORK WITH ME 710 00:25:14,560 --> 00:25:18,240 ON THIS, AND HE COLLECTED SOME 711 00:25:18,240 --> 00:25:19,560 OF THE DATA HERE. 712 00:25:19,560 --> 00:25:20,880 THIS IS THAT MATRIX THAT YOU SEE 713 00:25:20,880 --> 00:25:23,120 ON THE LEFT COLUMN, THAT'S THE 714 00:25:23,120 --> 00:25:24,440 FIRST DIFFUSION TENSOR THAT I'M 715 00:25:24,440 --> 00:25:26,000 AWARE OF THAT WAS EVER MEASURED 716 00:25:26,000 --> 00:25:30,360 WITH NMR METHODS. 717 00:25:30,360 --> 00:25:32,200 THIS WAS MADE OF WATER, AND IT'S 718 00:25:32,200 --> 00:25:33,800 SUPPOSED TO HAVE DIAGONAL 719 00:25:33,800 --> 00:25:39,920 ELEMENTS THAT ARE ALL EQUAL AND 720 00:25:39,920 --> 00:25:42,880 ABOUT .00025, BUT THEY'RE NOT 721 00:25:42,880 --> 00:25:44,760 QUITE, AND THE OFF DIAGONAL 722 00:25:44,760 --> 00:25:45,960 ELEMENTS ARE ALSO SUPPOSED TO BE 723 00:25:45,960 --> 00:25:47,280 PRETTY CLOSE TO ZERO. 724 00:25:47,280 --> 00:25:48,640 THEY'RE MUCH SMALL THEARN THE 725 00:25:48,640 --> 00:25:49,680 DIAGONAL ELEMENTS BUT THEY'RE 726 00:25:49,680 --> 00:25:51,880 STILL NOT, YOU KNOW, WITHIN 727 00:25:51,880 --> 00:25:54,120 STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE ZERO. 728 00:25:54,120 --> 00:25:55,400 SO THAT BOTHERED ME ACTUALLY 729 00:25:55,400 --> 00:25:59,280 QUITE A BIT, BECAUSE I WAS 730 00:25:59,280 --> 00:26:01,560 THINKING IF WE CAN'T MEASURE 731 00:26:01,560 --> 00:26:02,520 WATER DIFFUSION TENSORS IN 732 00:26:02,520 --> 00:26:07,040 WATER, HOW ARE WE SUPPOSED TO 733 00:26:07,040 --> 00:26:07,880 MAKE CREDIBLE ESTIMATES IN WHITE 734 00:26:07,880 --> 00:26:09,400 MATTER OR IN OTHER BIOLOGICAL 735 00:26:09,400 --> 00:26:09,800 TISSUE? 736 00:26:09,800 --> 00:26:11,840 BUT WE FIGURED THAT OUT TO SOME 737 00:26:11,840 --> 00:26:16,040 EXTENT, AND IT CAME TIME TO 738 00:26:16,040 --> 00:26:20,040 SUBMIT THIS TO THE ISM -- IT WAS 739 00:26:20,040 --> 00:26:22,000 THE SOCIETY OF MAGNETIC 740 00:26:22,000 --> 00:26:25,160 RESONANCE IN MEDICINE, AND YOU 741 00:26:25,160 --> 00:26:29,240 DON'T HAVE TO GO THROUGH THIS, 742 00:26:29,240 --> 00:26:31,400 BUT THE POSTER OR THE ABSTRACT 743 00:26:31,400 --> 00:26:35,320 ON THE LEFT IS THE MEASUREMENT 744 00:26:35,320 --> 00:26:36,400 THAT DESCRIBES HOW YOU ACTUALLY 745 00:26:36,400 --> 00:26:39,800 MEASURE THE DIFFUSION TENSOR 746 00:26:39,800 --> 00:26:41,280 FROM DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED SIGNALS 747 00:26:41,280 --> 00:26:43,440 AND EXAMPLES IN WATER AND IN 748 00:26:43,440 --> 00:26:46,160 SKELETAL MUSCLE, AND THE 749 00:26:46,160 --> 00:26:47,480 ABSTRACT ON THE RIGHT BASICALLY 750 00:26:47,480 --> 00:26:49,400 IS A RE-DO OF THE MEMORANDUM 751 00:26:49,400 --> 00:26:52,640 THAT YOU SAW EARLIER WITH SOME 752 00:26:52,640 --> 00:26:54,720 ADDITIONAL DIFFUSION ELLIPSOIDS 753 00:26:54,720 --> 00:26:57,920 OF SKELETAL MUSCLE THAT WAS 754 00:26:57,920 --> 00:27:00,880 ORIENTED INITIALLY IN THE Z 755 00:27:00,880 --> 00:27:02,480 DIRECTION IN THE MAGNET AND THEN 756 00:27:02,480 --> 00:27:02,680 ROTATED. 757 00:27:02,680 --> 00:27:05,880 YOU CAN SEE THAT ELLIPSOID GETS 758 00:27:05,880 --> 00:27:07,920 ROTATED AS THE TISSUE GETS 759 00:27:07,920 --> 00:27:10,120 ROTATED, INDICATING THAT IT'S AN 760 00:27:10,120 --> 00:27:11,880 INTRINSIC PROPERTY OF THE 761 00:27:11,880 --> 00:27:13,880 TISSUE, AND DOESN'T FOLLOW THE 762 00:27:13,880 --> 00:27:19,480 LABORATORY COORDINATE SYSTEM. 763 00:27:19,480 --> 00:27:23,600 SO THIS ENDED UP BEING ACTUALLY 764 00:27:23,600 --> 00:27:27,760 RELEGATED TO THE CORNER OF THE 765 00:27:27,760 --> 00:27:30,280 ISMRM DIMENSION CENTER, AND I 766 00:27:30,280 --> 00:27:31,880 THINK ONLY ABOUT FIVE PEOPLE 767 00:27:31,880 --> 00:27:33,920 SHOWED UP AND ASKED ME QUESTIONS 768 00:27:33,920 --> 00:27:35,120 ABOUT IT. 769 00:27:35,120 --> 00:27:37,000 SO IT WASN'T A HIGH POINT BUT, 770 00:27:37,000 --> 00:27:38,520 YOU KNOW, I THINK THIS IS THE 771 00:27:38,520 --> 00:27:40,840 KEY THING, YOU JUST HAVE TO 772 00:27:40,840 --> 00:27:41,080 PERSIST. 773 00:27:41,080 --> 00:27:43,560 SO THE NEXT STEP WAS TO COMBINE 774 00:27:43,560 --> 00:27:45,880 THE NMR EXPERIMENT WITH IMAGING, 775 00:27:45,880 --> 00:27:47,440 AND THIS IS WHAT WE CALL 776 00:27:47,440 --> 00:27:50,280 DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING NOW. 777 00:27:50,280 --> 00:27:51,400 THIS IS ONE OF THE WAYS IN WHICH 778 00:27:51,400 --> 00:27:53,160 WE WOULD CALIBRATE THE SYSTEM, 779 00:27:53,160 --> 00:27:56,360 WE WOULD PUT JUGS OF WATER IN 780 00:27:56,360 --> 00:27:57,920 THE MAGNET AND WE WOULD MEASURE 781 00:27:57,920 --> 00:27:59,880 THE DIAGONAL ELEMENTS THAT WOULD 782 00:27:59,880 --> 00:28:02,480 BE AT THE TOP ROW AND THE 783 00:28:02,480 --> 00:28:03,120 OFF-DIAGONAL ELEMENTS WHICH 784 00:28:03,120 --> 00:28:04,640 WOULD BE CLOSE TO ZERO IN THE 785 00:28:04,640 --> 00:28:06,280 BOTTOM ROW, AND THIS WOULD BE A 786 00:28:06,280 --> 00:28:08,320 WAY FOR US TO SEE WHETHER THERE 787 00:28:08,320 --> 00:28:09,680 ARE ANY ARTIFACTS AND WHETHER 788 00:28:09,680 --> 00:28:12,600 OUR PIPELINE WAS WORKING. 789 00:28:12,600 --> 00:28:16,040 AND THIS IS SOMETHING THAT WAS 790 00:28:16,040 --> 00:28:18,800 AN IMPORTANT INNOVATION, THE 791 00:28:18,800 --> 00:28:20,720 COMBINATION OF THE DIFFUSION 792 00:28:20,720 --> 00:28:22,320 TENSOR NMR EXPERIMENT AND WHAT 793 00:28:22,320 --> 00:28:26,360 BOB TURNER DEVELOPED AT THE NIH 794 00:28:26,360 --> 00:28:27,760 CALLED ECHO PLANAR IMAGING. 795 00:28:27,760 --> 00:28:30,000 HERE THESE ARE DIFFUSION 796 00:28:30,000 --> 00:28:32,560 ELLIPSOIDS OF WATER WITH THE HE 797 00:28:32,560 --> 00:28:39,480 COPLANAECHO PLANAR IMAGING, THERE ARE 798 00:28:39,480 --> 00:28:40,680 NO BIASES ACCORDING TO WHERE 799 00:28:40,680 --> 00:28:42,560 THOSE ELLIPSOIDS ARE IN THE 800 00:28:42,560 --> 00:28:44,200 IMAGING VOLUME SO THAT WE'RE CON 801 00:28:44,200 --> 00:28:46,120 CONFIDENT THAT THERE AREN'T ANY 802 00:28:46,120 --> 00:28:46,680 IMAGING ARTIFACTS EITHER. 803 00:28:46,680 --> 00:28:50,640 THIS IS THE FIRST MEAN 804 00:28:50,640 --> 00:28:52,640 DIFFUSIVITY OR TRACE MAP, AND 805 00:28:52,640 --> 00:28:53,960 THIS WAS IN VIVO CAT BRAIN, AND 806 00:28:53,960 --> 00:28:55,920 THIS IS AN IMPORTANT QUANTITY AS 807 00:28:55,920 --> 00:28:59,400 WE'LL SEE IN A MOMENT. 808 00:28:59,400 --> 00:29:02,120 THE STRIATIONS OR STRIPES, TO ME 809 00:29:02,120 --> 00:29:05,600 NOW WITH WHAT I KNOW, ARE 810 00:29:05,600 --> 00:29:08,480 ARTIFACTS ASSOCIATED WITH GIBBS 811 00:29:08,480 --> 00:29:11,560 RINGING, BUT GENERALLY THE 812 00:29:11,560 --> 00:29:15,280 SIGNAL IS UNIFORM IN THE BRAIN 813 00:29:15,280 --> 00:29:16,680 EXCEPT FOR THOSE BRIGHT POCKETS 814 00:29:16,680 --> 00:29:18,960 THAT ARE CEREBROSPINAL FILLED, 815 00:29:18,960 --> 00:29:21,840 THEY'RE ALMOST LIKE -- 816 00:29:21,840 --> 00:29:23,520 INCLUSIONS IN THE BRAIN THAT 817 00:29:23,520 --> 00:29:28,960 HAVE A HIGHER DIFFUSIVITY. 818 00:29:28,960 --> 00:29:31,160 THIS WAS THE FIRST HUMAN 819 00:29:31,160 --> 00:29:32,560 DIFFUSION ELLIPSE VERSION WE 820 00:29:32,560 --> 00:29:32,960 PRODUCED. 821 00:29:32,960 --> 00:29:34,480 YOU CAN'T SEE IT SO WELL HERE, 822 00:29:34,480 --> 00:29:36,280 BUT ON THE TOP LEFT AND TOP 823 00:29:36,280 --> 00:29:37,880 RIGHT, THOSE ARE SCREEN ROW 824 00:29:37,880 --> 00:29:46,080 SPINAARE CEREBROSPINALFLUID FILLED ELLIPSE S THAT ARE 825 00:29:46,080 --> 00:29:48,080 LARGELY CIRCULAR BUT THEY'RE A 826 00:29:48,080 --> 00:29:48,840 LITTLE BIT SQUASHED. 827 00:29:48,840 --> 00:29:51,560 IN THAT DARKER RIM AREA BELOW, 828 00:29:51,560 --> 00:29:54,920 YOU CAN SEE ELLIPSES THAT ARE 829 00:29:54,920 --> 00:29:58,680 ORIENTED ALONG THE DIRECTION OF 830 00:29:58,680 --> 00:30:01,160 WHAT IS THE CORPUS CALLOSUM, AND 831 00:30:01,160 --> 00:30:01,800 YOU'LL SEE BETTER EXAMPLES OF 832 00:30:01,800 --> 00:30:04,200 THIS LATER ON. 833 00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:09,280 AND IF YOU LOOK AT JIM MAT 834 00:30:09,280 --> 00:30:11,080 TIELLO'S AND MY NOTEBOOKS, 835 00:30:11,080 --> 00:30:17,160 YOU'LL SEE EXAMPLES OF MISOTROPY 836 00:30:17,160 --> 00:30:18,280 YOU'LL SEE SOME IN SUBSEQUENT 837 00:30:18,280 --> 00:30:18,520 SLIDES. 838 00:30:18,520 --> 00:30:19,680 THIS IS PROBABLY THE -- AND 839 00:30:19,680 --> 00:30:20,840 MAYBE THIS IS THE ONLY EQUATION 840 00:30:20,840 --> 00:30:22,080 I'M SHOWING, THIS IS SOMETHING 841 00:30:22,080 --> 00:30:25,880 CALLED THE FRACTIONAL 842 00:30:25,880 --> 00:30:28,240 ANISOTROPY, MEASURES THE DEGREE 843 00:30:28,240 --> 00:30:30,760 OF PRO LATENESS OF EINSTEIN'S 844 00:30:30,760 --> 00:30:32,680 ELLIPSOID, AND YOU CAN USE THAT 845 00:30:32,680 --> 00:30:38,360 AS WE'LL SEE AS A MEASURE OF 846 00:30:38,360 --> 00:30:39,480 MICROSTRUCTURE AND A STAIN FOR 847 00:30:39,480 --> 00:30:42,440 WHITE MATTER IN THE BRAIN. 848 00:30:42,440 --> 00:30:46,080 SO CARLO PIERPAOLI AND I STARTED 849 00:30:46,080 --> 00:30:47,520 WORKING TOGETHER, AND HE DECIDED 850 00:30:47,520 --> 00:30:52,480 TO APPLY HIMSELF TO DEVELOP 851 00:30:52,480 --> 00:30:54,800 CLINICALLY VIABLE WAY TO PRODUCE 852 00:30:54,800 --> 00:30:56,760 HIGH QUALITY RADIOLOGICALLY 853 00:30:56,760 --> 00:30:59,080 ACCEPTABLE D.T.I. DATA, AND THIS 854 00:30:59,080 --> 00:31:02,080 IS A BEAUTIFUL EXAMPLE OF AXIAL 855 00:31:02,080 --> 00:31:06,800 SLICES OF DIFFUSION TENSOR DATA, 856 00:31:06,800 --> 00:31:09,320 THE TOP ROW SHOWS THE DIAGONAL 857 00:31:09,320 --> 00:31:12,080 ELEMENTS, THE BOTTOM, THE 858 00:31:12,080 --> 00:31:12,880 OFF-DIAGONAL ELEMENTS, AND YOU 859 00:31:12,880 --> 00:31:18,400 CAN DERIVE FROM THEM THESE 860 00:31:18,400 --> 00:31:19,960 PRINCIPLE DIFFUSIVITIES, THE 861 00:31:19,960 --> 00:31:21,120 DIFFUSIVITIES ALONG THE AXES OF 862 00:31:21,120 --> 00:31:23,040 THE ELLIPSOID THAT I MENTIONED 863 00:31:23,040 --> 00:31:24,680 BEFORE. 864 00:31:24,680 --> 00:31:27,280 THESE ARE -- THE MIDDLE MAP HERE 865 00:31:27,280 --> 00:31:30,560 ARE DIFFUSION ANISOTROPY 866 00:31:30,560 --> 00:31:31,760 MEASURES LIKE THE FA, THE 867 00:31:31,760 --> 00:31:33,880 FRACTIONAL ANISOTROPY, AND YOU 868 00:31:33,880 --> 00:31:36,800 CAN SEE THE REGIONS THAT ARE 869 00:31:36,800 --> 00:31:38,640 WHITE ARE BRIGHT MATTER AND THE 870 00:31:38,640 --> 00:31:41,560 REGIONS THAT ARE DARK ARE 871 00:31:41,560 --> 00:31:42,560 CEREBROSPINAL AND DARK MATTER, 872 00:31:42,560 --> 00:31:43,800 THIS IS REALLY LIKE A STAIN FOR 873 00:31:43,800 --> 00:31:45,640 WHITE MATTER, AND THE TRACE 874 00:31:45,640 --> 00:31:46,800 RELATED TO THE AVERAGE 875 00:31:46,800 --> 00:31:49,040 DIFFUSIVITY IS VERY UNIFORM IN 876 00:31:49,040 --> 00:31:52,920 THE PARENCHYMA, EXCEPT IN THE 877 00:31:52,920 --> 00:31:55,240 CEREBROSPINAL FLUID POCKETS, THE 878 00:31:55,240 --> 00:31:56,880 VENTRICLES, WHERE THE 879 00:31:56,880 --> 00:31:58,600 DIFFUSIVITY IS THE SAME AS FREE 880 00:31:58,600 --> 00:32:01,120 WATER AT BODY TEMPERATURE. 881 00:32:01,120 --> 00:32:02,400 THIS IS A LOVELY IMAGE THAT 882 00:32:02,400 --> 00:32:04,240 SHOWS THAT SAME AREA IN THE 883 00:32:04,240 --> 00:32:07,480 CORPUS CALLOSUM, YOU SEE THE 884 00:32:07,480 --> 00:32:09,680 LATERAL VENTRICLE, THEY LOOK 885 00:32:09,680 --> 00:32:11,560 LIKE THE ROUND COTTON BALLS, AND 886 00:32:11,560 --> 00:32:13,840 YOU CAN SEE NOW THE CORPUS 887 00:32:13,840 --> 00:32:16,480 CALLOSUM COURSING THROUGH 888 00:32:16,480 --> 00:32:17,800 UNDERNEATH THOSE FLUID-FILLED 889 00:32:17,800 --> 00:32:20,560 POCKETS, AND NOW YOU CAN SEE THE 890 00:32:20,560 --> 00:32:23,800 ANGULAR CHANGES IN THE DIFFUSION 891 00:32:23,800 --> 00:32:24,960 ELLIPSOIDS CLEARLY, AND YOU CAN 892 00:32:24,960 --> 00:32:28,760 SEE SMALLER SPHERICAL ELLIPSOIDS 893 00:32:28,760 --> 00:32:32,040 THAT CORRESPOND TO GREY MATTER. 894 00:32:32,040 --> 00:32:37,120 THEY'RTHERE THE DIFFUSIVITY IS LOWER 895 00:32:37,120 --> 00:32:38,240 THAN IN THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID, 896 00:32:38,240 --> 00:32:40,000 BUT THERE'S NO ORIENTATIONAL 897 00:32:40,000 --> 00:32:40,960 DEPENDENCE THE WAY THERE IS IN 898 00:32:40,960 --> 00:32:42,640 THE WHITE MATTER. 899 00:32:42,640 --> 00:32:51,480 AND HERE ON THE RIGHT IS THE 900 00:32:51,480 --> 00:32:53,720 FRACTIONAL ANISOTROPY MAP, A 901 00:32:53,720 --> 00:32:55,360 GOOD STAIN FOR WHITE MATTER IN 902 00:32:55,360 --> 00:32:55,640 THE BRAIN. 903 00:32:55,640 --> 00:32:56,560 THESE ARE DIRECTION MAPS. 904 00:32:56,560 --> 00:32:58,360 THEY SHOW YOU THE ORIENTATIONS 905 00:32:58,360 --> 00:33:02,280 OF THOSE WHITE MATTER PATHWAYS, 906 00:33:02,280 --> 00:33:04,800 AND WE'LL BE TRACKING THOSE IN A 907 00:33:04,800 --> 00:33:05,280 SECOND. 908 00:33:05,280 --> 00:33:10,680 AND THIS IS A METHOD THAT CARLO 909 00:33:10,680 --> 00:33:14,800 AND PAJEVIC PIONEERED, 910 00:33:14,800 --> 00:33:16,120 COLOR-CODED MAPPING. 911 00:33:16,120 --> 00:33:17,680 YOU TAKE THE MAP I SHOWED YOU 912 00:33:17,680 --> 00:33:19,600 BEFORE THAT TELLS YOU WHERE THE 913 00:33:19,600 --> 00:33:21,840 WHITE MATTER IS AND YOU SUPER 914 00:33:21,840 --> 00:33:22,920 IMPOSE ON IT A COLOR THAT'S 915 00:33:22,920 --> 00:33:24,160 RELATED TO THE ORIENTATION OF 916 00:33:24,160 --> 00:33:25,280 THE FIBER. 917 00:33:25,280 --> 00:33:27,480 SO THAT COLOR WHEEL ON THE 918 00:33:27,480 --> 00:33:31,760 BOTTOM RIGHT TELLS YOU -- IT'S A 919 00:33:31,760 --> 00:33:33,920 LEGEND FOR DIRECTIONALITY OF THE 920 00:33:33,920 --> 00:33:34,920 FIBER PATHWAY. 921 00:33:34,920 --> 00:33:36,760 THIS IS REALLY NOVEL INFORMATION 922 00:33:36,760 --> 00:33:39,480 THAT WAS NEVER AVAILABLE BEFORE. 923 00:33:39,480 --> 00:33:41,880 AND THIS IS, I THINK, STILL A 924 00:33:41,880 --> 00:33:42,920 STUNNING IMAGE. 925 00:33:42,920 --> 00:33:47,040 IT'S A CORONAL SLICE SHOWING 926 00:33:47,040 --> 00:33:48,480 WHITE MATTER PATHWAYS WITH THE 927 00:33:48,480 --> 00:33:50,800 COLOR MAPPING, AND FOR THE FIRST 928 00:33:50,800 --> 00:33:53,680 TIME, YOU REALLY SEE THESE 929 00:33:53,680 --> 00:33:54,840 DIFFERENT DISTINCT WHITE MATTER 930 00:33:54,840 --> 00:33:58,240 PATHWAYS THAT POP OUT, AND YOU 931 00:33:58,240 --> 00:34:00,760 CAN SEE NEARBY PATHWAYS LIKE 932 00:34:00,760 --> 00:34:05,880 THIS CINGULUM BUNDLE IN THE 933 00:34:05,880 --> 00:34:06,320 UPPER LEFT. 934 00:34:06,320 --> 00:34:08,560 THESE ARE FIBERS THAT GO ACROSS 935 00:34:08,560 --> 00:34:09,920 THE TOP OF THE CORPUS CALLOSUM. 936 00:34:09,920 --> 00:34:11,280 YOU CAN SEE THEY HAVE A 937 00:34:11,280 --> 00:34:15,080 DIFFERENT COLOR GREEN THRAN THE THAN THE 938 00:34:15,080 --> 00:34:16,600 CORPUS CALLOSUM THAT RUNS 939 00:34:16,600 --> 00:34:17,880 UNDERNEATH THEM THAT'S RED. 940 00:34:17,880 --> 00:34:19,480 SO FOR THE FIRST TIME, YOU CAN 941 00:34:19,480 --> 00:34:21,760 REALLY SEE THESE DISTINCT 942 00:34:21,760 --> 00:34:22,880 PATHWAYS, EVEN ONES THAT RUN 943 00:34:22,880 --> 00:34:24,920 CLOSE TO ONE ANOTHER WITH THIS 944 00:34:24,920 --> 00:34:27,520 CONSTRUCTION. 945 00:34:27,520 --> 00:34:31,000 AND CARLO SHOWED ALSO WITH 946 00:34:31,000 --> 00:34:32,880 SINESHA THAT THESE T2 WEIGHTED 947 00:34:32,880 --> 00:34:33,880 IMAGES WHICH ARE KIND OF 948 00:34:33,880 --> 00:34:37,360 STANDARD CONVENTIONAL IMAGES ARE 949 00:34:37,360 --> 00:34:40,440 REALLY NOT VERY ELOQUENT WHEN IT 950 00:34:40,440 --> 00:34:42,880 COMES TO LOOKING AT WHITE 951 00:34:42,880 --> 00:34:43,200 MATTER. 952 00:34:43,200 --> 00:34:45,000 IF YOU LOOK AT THESE COLOR MAP, 953 00:34:45,000 --> 00:34:47,400 THE SAME REGION IN THE PONS, 954 00:34:47,400 --> 00:34:50,560 NEAR THE BRAINSTEM, YOU CAN SEE 955 00:34:50,560 --> 00:34:53,080 WHITE MATTER FIBERS, THE MOTOR 956 00:34:53,080 --> 00:34:55,520 FIBERS, SENSORY FIBERS AND THESE 957 00:34:55,520 --> 00:34:57,440 FIBERS THAT RUN LEFT AND RIGHT, 958 00:34:57,440 --> 00:34:58,600 THE TRANSVERSE PONTINE FIBERS 959 00:34:58,600 --> 00:34:59,680 ARE VERY APPARENT. 960 00:34:59,680 --> 00:35:01,880 AND THEY'RE NOT VISIBLE AT ALL 961 00:35:01,880 --> 00:35:04,320 IN CONVENTIONAL IMAGING. 962 00:35:04,320 --> 00:35:07,520 SO WHAT ARE SOME OF THE CLINICAL 963 00:35:07,520 --> 00:35:10,320 AAPPLICATIONS OF THIS TECHNOLOGY? 964 00:35:10,320 --> 00:35:14,280 WELL, MIKE MOSELY, AGAIN, WAS 965 00:35:14,280 --> 00:35:16,480 RESPONSIBLE FOR SHOWING THAT IN 966 00:35:16,480 --> 00:35:26,520 ISCHEMIA, WHEN THERE'S A LOSS 967 00:35:26,520 --> 00:35:34,880 OF -- PERCENT, AND THIS ISCHEMIA 968 00:35:34,880 --> 00:35:39,280 AND STROKE WERE REALLY AN 969 00:35:39,280 --> 00:35:40,640 INVISIBLE CONDITION TO 970 00:35:40,640 --> 00:35:41,640 RADIOLOGISTS BECAUSE THERE WERE 971 00:35:41,640 --> 00:35:44,040 NO MR METHODS OR CT METHODS THAT 972 00:35:44,040 --> 00:35:46,720 REALLY ALLOWED YOU TO SEE A 973 00:35:46,720 --> 00:35:48,400 STROKE IN PROGRESS LIKE THIS IN 974 00:35:48,400 --> 00:35:49,920 THE PARENCHYMA, IN THE BRAIN 975 00:35:49,920 --> 00:35:50,400 TISSUE. 976 00:35:50,400 --> 00:35:52,160 THIS WAS A REAL BREAKTHROUGH. 977 00:35:52,160 --> 00:35:54,560 BUT THERE WAS A PROBLEM, WHICH 978 00:35:54,560 --> 00:35:56,000 WAS THAT DEPENDING ON WHICH 979 00:35:56,000 --> 00:35:59,440 DIRECTION YOU APPLIED YOUR 980 00:35:59,440 --> 00:36:01,080 GRADIENTS, WHICH DIRECTION YOU 981 00:36:01,080 --> 00:36:02,920 ARE LOOKING AT DIFFUSION, YOU 982 00:36:02,920 --> 00:36:04,280 WOULD GET DIFFERENT AREAS THAT 983 00:36:04,280 --> 00:36:07,560 WERE BRIGHT AND DARK, VERY MUCH 984 00:36:07,560 --> 00:36:09,320 LIKE HIS PREVIOUS PAPER THAT I 985 00:36:09,320 --> 00:36:12,600 SHOWED YOU FROM 1991. 986 00:36:12,600 --> 00:36:15,960 SO THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF THIS 987 00:36:15,960 --> 00:36:18,840 THAT'S MORE PALPABLE, THIS IS A 988 00:36:18,840 --> 00:36:20,600 CAT BRAIN, THIS IS AN ISCHEMIA 989 00:36:20,600 --> 00:36:25,400 THAT WAS IP DUED, AN INDUCED, AND YOU CAN 990 00:36:25,400 --> 00:36:27,000 SEE IN DIFFERENT AREAS, THE 991 00:36:27,000 --> 00:36:27,960 DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS ARE 992 00:36:27,960 --> 00:36:30,080 BRIGHT AND DARK, AND THE FIRST 993 00:36:30,080 --> 00:36:31,560 ONE ON THE LEFT, IT LOOKS LIKE 994 00:36:31,560 --> 00:36:34,200 IT COULD BE DARK ON BOTH SIDES. 995 00:36:34,200 --> 00:36:35,840 ON THE ONE IN THE MIDDLE, IT'S 996 00:36:35,840 --> 00:36:36,920 DARKER ON THE LEFT SIDE, BUT 997 00:36:36,920 --> 00:36:39,880 THEN THERE ARE STRIPES AND AREAS 998 00:36:39,880 --> 00:36:40,920 THAT ARE MUCH DARKER THAN IN ANY 999 00:36:40,920 --> 00:36:44,560 OF THE OTHER IMAGES, AND SO 1000 00:36:44,560 --> 00:36:47,120 FORTH, FOR THE DXX COMPONENT. 1001 00:36:47,120 --> 00:36:49,800 IT TURNS OUT THAT WHEN YOU PLOT 1002 00:36:49,800 --> 00:36:52,480 ONE OF THESE DIFFUSION TENSOR 1003 00:36:52,480 --> 00:36:54,400 DERIVED QUANTITIES, THE AVERAGE 1004 00:36:54,400 --> 00:36:57,200 DIFFUSIVITY, IT WIPES AWAY THE 1005 00:36:57,200 --> 00:36:59,160 ARTIFACT OF ANISOTROPY, THE 1006 00:36:59,160 --> 00:37:00,320 STRIPES THAT YOU SEE IN 1007 00:37:00,320 --> 00:37:02,880 DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS THAT MIKE 1008 00:37:02,880 --> 00:37:04,320 MOSELY HAD ALREADY IDENTIFIED, 1009 00:37:04,320 --> 00:37:05,440 AND WHAT YOU'RE LEFT WITH IS A 1010 00:37:05,440 --> 00:37:07,840 REGION ON THE LEFT WHICH IS 1011 00:37:07,840 --> 00:37:10,000 CLEARLY IDENTIFIED AS THE 1012 00:37:10,000 --> 00:37:10,720 ISCHEMIC REGION AND THE REST OF 1013 00:37:10,720 --> 00:37:13,720 THE BRAIN LOOKS OKAY. 1014 00:37:13,720 --> 00:37:15,160 SO THIS WAS AN IMPORTANT 1015 00:37:15,160 --> 00:37:16,480 INNOVATION, AND IT ALLOWED 1016 00:37:16,480 --> 00:37:18,080 RADIOLOGISTS TO MAKE BETTER 1017 00:37:18,080 --> 00:37:19,880 DETERMINATIONS ABOUT WHERE 1018 00:37:19,880 --> 00:37:24,600 STROKE WAS OCCURRING. 1019 00:37:24,600 --> 00:37:26,600 THE DTI DATA IS ALSO VERY WIDELY 1020 00:37:26,600 --> 00:37:29,440 USED IN BRAIN TUMOR ASSESSMENT 1021 00:37:29,440 --> 00:37:31,520 AND DIAGNOSIS, AND HERE, FOR 1022 00:37:31,520 --> 00:37:33,680 INSTANCE, THIS IS PRETTY EARLY 1023 00:37:33,680 --> 00:37:36,640 WORK BY AARON FIELD AND ANDY 1024 00:37:36,640 --> 00:37:39,960 ALEXANDER, AND IT SHOWS TUMOR 1025 00:37:39,960 --> 00:37:42,160 AND THE BRAIN, IT'S A BRIGHTER 1026 00:37:42,160 --> 00:37:47,280 AREA ON THE ADC MAP, AND THE 1027 00:37:47,280 --> 00:37:49,680 FRACTIONAL ANISOTROPY, WHITE 1028 00:37:49,680 --> 00:37:53,240 MATTER STAIN IS ALL BUT ABSENT 1029 00:37:53,240 --> 00:37:55,960 IN THE AREA THAT'S AFFECTED BY 1030 00:37:55,960 --> 00:37:58,120 THE TUMOR, LOOKS LIKE AN 1031 00:37:58,120 --> 00:37:58,800 INFILTRATING TUMOR. 1032 00:37:58,800 --> 00:38:00,240 AND YOU CAN SEE IN THIS 1033 00:38:00,240 --> 00:38:03,080 DISTRIBUTION OF THE FRACTIONAL 1034 00:38:03,080 --> 00:38:06,720 ANISOTROPY VERSUS THE APPARENT 1035 00:38:06,720 --> 00:38:08,000 DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT 2 TENSOR 1036 00:38:08,000 --> 00:38:09,160 DERIVED PROPERTIES, YOU CAN VERY 1037 00:38:09,160 --> 00:38:10,600 CLEANLY SEPARATE THE TUMOR 1038 00:38:10,600 --> 00:38:12,040 TISSUE FROM THE NORMAL TISSUE. 1039 00:38:12,040 --> 00:38:14,640 ANOTHER WAY IN WHICH DIFFUSION 1040 00:38:14,640 --> 00:38:15,840 TENSOR INFORMATION IS USED IN 1041 00:38:15,840 --> 00:38:20,640 THE CANCER DIAGNOSIS FIELD IS TO 1042 00:38:20,640 --> 00:38:23,080 ASSESS HOW WELL A SUBJECT -- A 1043 00:38:23,080 --> 00:38:25,680 PATIENT IS DOING ONCE 1044 00:38:25,680 --> 00:38:29,000 CHEMOTHERAPY OR RADIATION HAS 1045 00:38:29,000 --> 00:38:30,520 BEEN GIVEN. 1046 00:38:30,520 --> 00:38:31,800 SO THESE FIGURES ON THE BOTTOM 1047 00:38:31,800 --> 00:38:34,120 SHOW THE PROGRESSION OF THE 1048 00:38:34,120 --> 00:38:37,640 APPARENT DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT, 1049 00:38:37,640 --> 00:38:41,800 AND INITIALLY, THE YELL LOW 1050 00:38:41,800 --> 00:38:45,680 AREAYELLOW AREASSHOW WHERE THE CANCER IS, AND 1051 00:38:45,680 --> 00:38:47,640 WHERE THE RESOLUTION OCCURS, 1052 00:38:47,640 --> 00:38:49,000 THEY BECOME MORE AND MORE RED. 1053 00:38:49,000 --> 00:38:51,160 THIS IS A FUNCTIONAL METHOD THAT 1054 00:38:51,160 --> 00:38:52,320 THEY PROPOSE. 1055 00:38:52,320 --> 00:38:54,080 BUT BASICALLY IT'S AN ADC 1056 00:38:54,080 --> 00:38:56,480 MEASURE. 1057 00:38:56,480 --> 00:39:06,160 AND AS THE AD SEA CHANGE, IT ADC CHANGES, IT SHOWS 1058 00:39:06,160 --> 00:39:06,440 RESPONSE. 1059 00:39:06,440 --> 00:39:10,040 WEEK 3, WEEK 10 UNCHANGED 1060 00:39:10,040 --> 00:39:11,040 BECAUSE OF RESPONSE TO THE DRUG 1061 00:39:11,040 --> 00:39:11,680 THERAPY. 1062 00:39:11,680 --> 00:39:15,280 SO I WANTED TO CUT BACK TO TRACT 1063 00:39:15,280 --> 00:39:15,920 TRACTOGRAPHY AND TRACKING 1064 00:39:15,920 --> 00:39:16,920 BECAUSE THAT'S BECOME REALLY A 1065 00:39:16,920 --> 00:39:24,560 FIELD IN ITSELF. 1066 00:39:24,560 --> 00:39:25,880 ONE OF THOSE ABSTRACTS I SHOWED 1067 00:39:25,880 --> 00:39:27,560 YOU IN 1992, I INCLUDED A 1068 00:39:27,560 --> 00:39:28,760 SENTENCE THAT I WANTED TO READ 1069 00:39:28,760 --> 00:39:31,320 OUT LOUD, WHICH IS, ONE COULD 1070 00:39:31,320 --> 00:39:33,400 ENVISION 3D FIBER MAPS OR 1071 00:39:33,400 --> 00:39:35,360 DIFFUSION ELLIPSOIDS DISPLAYED 1072 00:39:35,360 --> 00:39:37,200 IN EACH VOXEL, CONNECTED LIKE 1073 00:39:37,200 --> 00:39:39,480 LINK SAUSAGES THAT FOLLOW FIBER 1074 00:39:39,480 --> 00:39:40,600 TRACTS. 1075 00:39:40,600 --> 00:39:43,200 SO HERE'S A CHEF HOLDING LINKED 1076 00:39:43,200 --> 00:39:44,240 SAUSAGES, FOR THOSE WHO DON'T 1077 00:39:44,240 --> 00:39:47,280 KNOW WHAT A LINKED SAUSAGE IS, 1078 00:39:47,280 --> 00:39:50,680 AND THE IDEA I HAD THERE WAS 1079 00:39:50,680 --> 00:39:52,200 THAT YOU COULD SOMEHOW STRING 1080 00:39:52,200 --> 00:39:54,600 TOGETHER THESE ELLIPSOIDS, AND 1081 00:39:54,600 --> 00:40:00,160 TURN THEM INTO INTO CONTINUOUS 1082 00:40:00,160 --> 00:40:00,440 PATHWAYS. 1083 00:40:00,440 --> 00:40:02,120 I USED TO GIVE LECTURES AND SAY 1084 00:40:02,120 --> 00:40:03,680 YOU CAN LOOK AT THE ELLIPSOIDS 1085 00:40:03,680 --> 00:40:07,400 AND YOU CAN CONTINUE THEM AROUND 1086 00:40:07,400 --> 00:40:10,320 AND I WOULD SAY IT'S LIKE A 1087 00:40:10,320 --> 00:40:11,960 POINTLESS PAINTING IF YOU STAND 1088 00:40:11,960 --> 00:40:13,960 IN THE BACK OF THE ROOM AND YOU 1089 00:40:13,960 --> 00:40:15,760 SQUINT, YOU CAN KIND OF MAKE OUT 1090 00:40:15,760 --> 00:40:16,960 AN ARC THAT ELABORATES A 1091 00:40:16,960 --> 00:40:17,760 PATHWAY. 1092 00:40:17,760 --> 00:40:20,480 BUT IT TURNS OUT FROM A 1093 00:40:20,480 --> 00:40:21,280 MATHEMATICAL STANDPOINT, IT'S 1094 00:40:21,280 --> 00:40:25,120 NOT THAT EASY TO COME UP WITH 1095 00:40:25,120 --> 00:40:27,680 LINKED SAUSAGE TRACTOGRAPHY 1096 00:40:27,680 --> 00:40:28,880 ALGORITHMS. 1097 00:40:28,880 --> 00:40:30,440 AN EASIER THING TO DO WAS TO CUT 1098 00:40:30,440 --> 00:40:32,080 BACK TO THE STREAMLINE ALGORITHM 1099 00:40:32,080 --> 00:40:36,320 AND BEING AN OLD FLUID 1100 00:40:36,320 --> 00:40:38,200 MECHANICIAN, IT WASN'T SO 1101 00:40:38,200 --> 00:40:38,840 DIFFICULT TO FIGURE OUT HOW TO 1102 00:40:38,840 --> 00:40:39,160 DO THAT. 1103 00:40:39,160 --> 00:40:40,960 SO IN 1997, I PROPOSED THIS SET 1104 00:40:40,960 --> 00:40:41,680 OF EQUATIONS. 1105 00:40:41,680 --> 00:40:42,680 YOU DON'T HAVE TO -- I DON'T 1106 00:40:42,680 --> 00:40:46,000 HAVE TO REALLY EXPLAIN THEM 1107 00:40:46,000 --> 00:40:48,920 MATHEMATICALLY, BUT THE BASIC 1108 00:40:48,920 --> 00:40:50,360 IDEA IS THAT THE TRACT IS 1109 00:40:50,360 --> 00:40:53,200 DESCRIBED AS A SPACE CURVE, A 1110 00:40:53,200 --> 00:40:54,760 CURVE THAT GOES THROUGH THE 1111 00:40:54,760 --> 00:40:56,200 IMAGING VOLUME, AND AT EVERY 1112 00:40:56,200 --> 00:40:58,000 POINT ON THAT CURVE, THE SLOPE 1113 00:40:58,000 --> 00:41:02,000 OF THAT CURVE IS THE DIRECTION 1114 00:41:02,000 --> 00:41:04,120 ASSOCIATED WITH THE LARGEST 1115 00:41:04,120 --> 00:41:04,440 DIFFUSIVITY. 1116 00:41:04,440 --> 00:41:06,480 SO YOU'RE ALWAYS MOVING ALONG 1117 00:41:06,480 --> 00:41:08,840 THE DIRECTION OF MAXIMUM 1118 00:41:08,840 --> 00:41:10,480 DIFFUSIVITY, AND YOU JUST KEEP 1119 00:41:10,480 --> 00:41:15,520 CHUGGING ALONG AND SOLVING THAT 1120 00:41:15,520 --> 00:41:17,440 EQUATION AND SEEING WHERE THAT 1121 00:41:17,440 --> 00:41:18,840 FIBER TRACT TAKES YOU. 1122 00:41:18,840 --> 00:41:23,160 AND THIS IS KIND OF AN ANIMATION 1123 00:41:23,160 --> 00:41:29,720 THAT'THAT SEEDPOINT MADE FOR ME MANY 1124 00:41:29,720 --> 00:41:32,880 YEARS AGO, AND I IT SHOWS HOW YOU 1125 00:41:32,880 --> 00:41:33,800 MIGHT DO THIS EXPERIMENT. 1126 00:41:33,800 --> 00:41:36,120 YOU LAUNCH A FIBER FROM THE C ., 1127 00:41:36,120 --> 00:41:39,680 YOU FIND OUT WHAT AS THE MAXIMUM 1128 00:41:39,680 --> 00:41:41,120 DIRECTION OF DIFFUSIVITY, YOU 1129 00:41:41,120 --> 00:41:42,160 STOP AND EVENTUALLY YOU MIGHT 1130 00:41:42,160 --> 00:41:43,080 GET TO THE END OF THE TRACT. 1131 00:41:43,080 --> 00:41:44,280 YOU DON'T WANT TO GO THROUGH THE 1132 00:41:44,280 --> 00:41:46,440 SKULL, YOU DON'T WANT TO GO 1133 00:41:46,440 --> 00:41:48,160 THROUGH THE CORTEX, YOU DON'T 1134 00:41:48,160 --> 00:41:49,360 WANT TO CHANGE DIRECTIONS TOO 1135 00:41:49,360 --> 00:41:50,440 RAPIDLY SO THERE ARE ALL KINDS 1136 00:41:50,440 --> 00:41:52,200 OF CRITERIA FOR STOPPING, BUT 1137 00:41:52,200 --> 00:41:53,040 THAT'S BASICALLY HOW YOU MAKE 1138 00:41:53,040 --> 00:41:54,400 YOUR PATHWAY, YOUR TRACT. 1139 00:41:54,400 --> 00:41:57,800 AND THIS IS FIBER TRACKING, THE 1140 00:41:57,800 --> 00:41:58,200 MOVIE. 1141 00:41:58,200 --> 00:42:06,280 THIS WAS ALSO AN ORIGINAL. 1142 00:42:06,280 --> 00:42:09,680 YOU START AT A POINT ON THE 1143 00:42:09,680 --> 00:42:10,320 CORPUS CALLOSUM, YOU TRACE IT 1144 00:42:10,320 --> 00:42:11,800 AROUND AND FIND YOURSELF AT A 1145 00:42:11,800 --> 00:42:12,800 POINT IN THE CORTEX ON THE OTHER 1146 00:42:12,800 --> 00:42:17,440 SIDE OF THE BRAIN AND YOU STOP. 1147 00:42:17,440 --> 00:42:18,880 SO THEY ALSO DEVELOPED 1148 00:42:18,880 --> 00:42:21,880 ALGORITHMS TO GENERATE THE FIRST 1149 00:42:21,880 --> 00:42:23,560 DEPICTION OF THE CORPUS CALLOSUM 1150 00:42:23,560 --> 00:42:25,400 ACTUALLY WITH D.T.I. DATA. 1151 00:42:25,400 --> 00:42:29,680 HE STARTED WITH A SLICE DOWN THE 1152 00:42:29,680 --> 00:42:30,760 INTERHEMISPHERIC PLANE, THAT'S 1153 00:42:30,760 --> 00:42:32,160 THIS KIND OF CUT. 1154 00:42:32,160 --> 00:42:39,480 THIS IS LIKE THE MACH BET MC BETH CUT, 1155 00:42:39,480 --> 00:42:41,960 YOU CUT THE BRAIN AT THIS 1156 00:42:41,960 --> 00:42:43,200 ORIENTATION. 1157 00:42:43,200 --> 00:42:44,840 HE STARTED IN A REGION WHERE HE 1158 00:42:44,840 --> 00:42:46,160 KNEW THERE WAS WHITE MATTER AND 1159 00:42:46,160 --> 00:42:49,720 HE JUST BASICALLY RELEASED -- 1160 00:42:49,720 --> 00:42:51,680 FROM THOSE SEED POINTS, HE 1161 00:42:51,680 --> 00:42:53,480 RELEASED TRACTS ON BOTH SIDES 1162 00:42:53,480 --> 00:42:58,320 AND WAS ABLE TO ELABORATE THE 1163 00:42:58,320 --> 00:42:59,120 ENTIRE CORPUS CALLOSUM AND SOME 1164 00:42:59,120 --> 00:43:00,320 OF THE OTHER TRACTS. 1165 00:43:00,320 --> 00:43:02,640 AND THIS WAS ACTUALLY USED AS A 1166 00:43:02,640 --> 00:43:09,640 POSTER FOR THE D.T.I. CLOAK QEEM COLLOQUIU M 1167 00:43:09,640 --> 00:43:11,280 AT THE NIH WE ORGANIZED IN THE 1168 00:43:11,280 --> 00:43:13,880 EARLY 2000s. 1169 00:43:13,880 --> 00:43:16,600 MY POSTDOC WHO'S NOW IN WALES 1170 00:43:16,600 --> 00:43:18,760 RUNNING A LARGE BRAIN IMAGE 1171 00:43:18,760 --> 00:43:24,000 CENTER, DERRIC DEREK JONES, MADE THIS 1172 00:43:24,000 --> 00:43:27,560 CONSTRUCTION OF TRACTS USING 1173 00:43:27,560 --> 00:43:28,520 STREAMTUBES WHICH IS A VERY 1174 00:43:28,520 --> 00:43:29,880 EFFECTIVE MEANS OF DISPLAYING 1175 00:43:29,880 --> 00:43:30,080 THESE. 1176 00:43:30,080 --> 00:43:32,120 IN TERMS OF APPLICATIONS OF 1177 00:43:32,120 --> 00:43:33,320 TRACTOGRAPHY, A VERY IMPORTANT 1178 00:43:33,320 --> 00:43:35,480 ONE IS, IN NEUROSCIENCE, AS 1179 00:43:35,480 --> 00:43:36,680 WE'RE TRYING TO UNDERSTAND HOW 1180 00:43:36,680 --> 00:43:38,560 THE BRAIN WORKS, WE LOOK AT 1181 00:43:38,560 --> 00:43:40,760 DIFFERENT KINDS OF CONNECTIVITY. 1182 00:43:40,760 --> 00:43:42,280 SO FUNCTIONAL IMAGING PEOPLE 1183 00:43:42,280 --> 00:43:44,440 LOOK AT TIME SERIES OF AREAS OF 1184 00:43:44,440 --> 00:43:46,280 THE BRAIN THAT ARE TURNING ON 1185 00:43:46,280 --> 00:43:48,360 AND TURNING OFF, AND THOSE ARE 1186 00:43:48,360 --> 00:43:49,280 PRESUMABLY CONNECTED THROUGH 1187 00:43:49,280 --> 00:43:51,400 WHITE MATTER PATHWAYS. 1188 00:43:51,400 --> 00:43:53,920 SO ANATOMICAL CONNECTIVITY AND 1189 00:43:53,920 --> 00:43:55,120 FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY ARE USED 1190 00:43:55,120 --> 00:43:56,880 TOGETHER A LOT TO TRY TO 1191 00:43:56,880 --> 00:43:58,600 UNDERSTAND HOW BRAINNET WORKS 1192 00:43:58,600 --> 00:44:00,920 BEHAVE AND FUNCTION. 1193 00:44:00,920 --> 00:44:03,520 AND THIS IS A WHOLE BRAIN TRACT 1194 00:44:03,520 --> 00:44:06,880 MAP THAT IS ON THE DANA 1195 00:44:06,880 --> 00:44:11,440 FOUNDATION WEBSITE. 1196 00:44:11,440 --> 00:44:13,000 CHALEZ, A WONDERFUL MAN AND 1197 00:44:13,000 --> 00:44:15,000 GREAT RADIOLOGIST, HAS A CENTER 1198 00:44:15,000 --> 00:44:20,200 NAMED AFTER HIM FOLLOWING HIS 1199 00:44:20,200 --> 00:44:23,120 DEATH, AND HERE, THIS DISPLAYS A 1200 00:44:23,120 --> 00:44:24,000 NEUROSURGICAL PLANNING SOFTWARE 1201 00:44:24,000 --> 00:44:29,080 THAT THEY MAKE 1202 00:44:29,080 --> 00:44:29,880 AVAILABLE AND IT SHOWS HOW 1203 00:44:29,880 --> 00:44:31,320 YOU CAN USE TRACTS TO IDENTIFY 1204 00:44:31,320 --> 00:44:33,040 PARTS OF THE BRAIN AND ALSO 1205 00:44:33,040 --> 00:44:35,400 DISPLAY ELOQUENT AREAS THAT YOU DON'T 1206 00:44:35,400 --> 00:44:37,880 WANT TO TRANSECT IF YOU'RE 1207 00:44:37,880 --> 00:44:39,520 CUTTING OUT TUMORS OR DOING 1208 00:44:39,520 --> 00:44:43,000 OTHER KINDS OF BRAIN SURGERY. 1209 00:44:43,000 --> 00:44:44,040 THERE ARE COMMERCIAL -- YOU 1210 00:44:44,040 --> 00:44:49,520 KNOW, THERE'S THIS STEALTH VIZ 1211 00:44:49,520 --> 00:44:52,920 D.T.I. MODULE SOLD BY MEDTRONIC 1212 00:44:52,920 --> 00:44:55,080 TO HELP SURGEONS SEE WHERE WHITE 1213 00:44:55,080 --> 00:44:56,640 MATTER PATHWAYS ARE IN RELATION 1214 00:44:56,640 --> 00:44:58,480 TO TUMORS THAT THEY'RE TRYING TO 1215 00:44:58,480 --> 00:45:00,120 RESECT. 1216 00:45:00,120 --> 00:45:04,080 AND THIS IS ANOTHER VIEW OF A 1217 00:45:04,080 --> 00:45:06,880 NEUROLOGICAL VISUALIZATION 1218 00:45:06,880 --> 00:45:09,720 METHOD THAT THEY OFFER TO BE 1219 00:45:09,720 --> 00:45:12,280 ABLE TO IDENTIFY TRACTS AND SEE 1220 00:45:12,280 --> 00:45:14,880 MAYBE HOW THEY MOVED OR HAVE 1221 00:45:14,880 --> 00:45:17,480 BEEN DISPLACED BY TUMORS. 1222 00:45:17,480 --> 00:45:20,600 IN RADIOTHERAPY PLANNING, IT'S 1223 00:45:20,600 --> 00:45:27,760 VERY SIMILAR, THE TRACTS ARE 1224 00:45:27,760 --> 00:45:30,720 AVOIDED TO THE BEST EXTENT BY 1225 00:45:30,720 --> 00:45:32,920 USING DIFFUSION -- OR 1226 00:45:32,920 --> 00:45:40,000 TRACTOGRAPHY SO YOU CAN PLAN 1227 00:45:40,000 --> 00:45:44,960 YOUR DELIVERY OF YOUR RADIO 1228 00:45:44,960 --> 00:45:46,880 LOGIC COMPOUND OR YOUR X-RAYS 1229 00:45:46,880 --> 00:45:53,520 ESSENTIALLY, AND YOU CAN AVOID 1230 00:45:53,520 --> 00:45:55,840 THE DAMAGING WHITE MATTER 1231 00:45:55,840 --> 00:45:59,040 PATHWAYS AND REDUCE THE DOSAGE 1232 00:45:59,040 --> 00:46:00,920 OF THE RADIATION THAT IS 1233 00:46:00,920 --> 00:46:02,680 EXPERIENCED IN DIFFERENT PARTS 1234 00:46:02,680 --> 00:46:04,640 OF THE BRAIN BY INCLUDING A 1235 00:46:04,640 --> 00:46:06,440 TRACT INFORMATION IN YOUR 1236 00:46:06,440 --> 00:46:08,720 PLANNING PROCESS. 1237 00:46:08,720 --> 00:46:11,560 NOW, THIS TYPE OF DATA IS ALSO 1238 00:46:11,560 --> 00:46:14,920 USED TO STIMULATE OUR 1239 00:46:14,920 --> 00:46:16,720 IMAGINATION WITH REGARD TO 1240 00:46:16,720 --> 00:46:20,720 VARIOUS NIH FUNDED PROJECTS, THE 1241 00:46:20,720 --> 00:46:22,280 HUMAN CONNECTOME PROJECT WAS 1242 00:46:22,280 --> 00:46:25,520 STARTED, I GUESS ABOUT 15 YEARS 1243 00:46:25,520 --> 00:46:27,880 AGO, MAYBE MORE RECENTLY, AND 1244 00:46:27,880 --> 00:46:32,280 THE IDEA WAS TO TRY TO DEVELOP 1245 00:46:32,280 --> 00:46:35,400 THE TECHNIQUES AND METHODS FOR 1246 00:46:35,400 --> 00:46:37,200 ESTABLISHING CONNECTIONS BETWEEN 1247 00:46:37,200 --> 00:46:39,200 DIFFERENT BRAIN AREAS, AND 1248 00:46:39,200 --> 00:46:39,800 TRACTOGRAPHY WAS A VERY 1249 00:46:39,800 --> 00:46:41,960 IMPORTANT PART, AND THIS IS 1250 00:46:41,960 --> 00:46:46,200 ALMOST AN ADVERTISE M FOMENT FOR THAT 1251 00:46:46,200 --> 00:46:48,240 PROGRAM AT HUMANCONNECT 1252 00:46:48,240 --> 00:46:48,560 TOMORROW.ORG. 1253 00:46:48,560 --> 00:46:55,280 ANOME.ORG.THIS WEBSITE IS ACTUALLY STILL 1254 00:46:55,280 --> 00:46:55,680 ACTIVE. 1255 00:46:55,680 --> 00:46:58,080 YOU CAN SEE A WHOLE BRAIN 1256 00:46:58,080 --> 00:46:59,480 TRACTOGRAPHY MAP, AND WHY IS THE 1257 00:46:59,480 --> 00:47:00,600 BRAIN INITIATIVE NEEDED? 1258 00:47:00,600 --> 00:47:02,480 BECAUSE WE WANT TO UNDERSTAND 1259 00:47:02,480 --> 00:47:04,600 THESE CONNECTIONS, AND HOW THEY 1260 00:47:04,600 --> 00:47:08,560 ARE FUNCTIONALLY OPERATING IN 1261 00:47:08,560 --> 00:47:09,680 THE BRAIN AND HOW WE CAN USE 1262 00:47:09,680 --> 00:47:13,520 THEM TO GET A DEEPER INSIGHT 1263 00:47:13,520 --> 00:47:15,520 INTO DISEASE, VARIOUS 1264 00:47:15,520 --> 00:47:16,800 PSYCHIATRIC CONDITIONS, 1265 00:47:16,800 --> 00:47:17,400 DEVELOPMENT, AGING PROCESSES 1266 00:47:17,400 --> 00:47:19,360 THAT GO ON IN THE BRAIN. 1267 00:47:19,360 --> 00:47:21,800 AND ANOTHER PAGE FROM THE BRAIN 1268 00:47:21,800 --> 00:47:24,520 INITIATIVE ALSO SHOWS THESE 1269 00:47:24,520 --> 00:47:28,120 TRACTS FROM MAGNETIC RESONANCE 1270 00:47:28,120 --> 00:47:32,640 DIFFUSION METHODS, YOU KNOW, 1271 00:47:32,640 --> 00:47:35,600 THAT EXPLAIN THE RATIONALE IN 1272 00:47:35,600 --> 00:47:38,640 THE WAY FOR DOING THESE 1273 00:47:38,640 --> 00:47:40,040 MULTI-INSTITUTE INITIATIVES TO 1274 00:47:40,040 --> 00:47:41,600 SUPPORT BRAIN RESEARCH. 1275 00:47:41,600 --> 00:47:48,720 IN TERMS OF MEDICAL EDUCATION, 1276 00:47:48,720 --> 00:47:50,480 IN TRAINING AND ACIN ADDITION 1277 00:47:50,480 --> 00:47:57,840 MEEAMATTANATOMY, THEYWOULD USE THESE TO ID ENTIFY 1278 00:47:57,840 --> 00:47:59,680 NERVES AND MUSCLES AND OTHER 1279 00:47:59,680 --> 00:48:00,640 STRUCTURE, PARTICULARLY IN THE 1280 00:48:00,640 --> 00:48:01,080 BRAIN. 1281 00:48:01,080 --> 00:48:07,520 NOW IF YOU LOOK AT GRAY'S 1282 00:48:07,520 --> 00:48:08,520 ANATOMY, YOU'LL SEE THE SHORT 1283 00:48:08,520 --> 00:48:09,720 AND LONG CONNECTIONS OF THE HAND 1284 00:48:09,720 --> 00:48:11,400 REACH IN THE HUMAN BRAIN, WHICH 1285 00:48:11,400 --> 00:48:12,760 ARE TRACTOGRAPHY MODELS THAT 1286 00:48:12,760 --> 00:48:17,800 WERE OBTAINED BY MARCOUX KATANI 1287 00:48:17,800 --> 00:48:23,280 AND FLAVIO DELAQUA AND USED ON 1288 00:48:23,280 --> 00:48:25,480 THE COVER OF GRAY'S ANATOMY. 1289 00:48:25,480 --> 00:48:27,000 SO IT LOOKS LIKE THESE KIND OF 1290 00:48:27,000 --> 00:48:28,960 APPROACHES ARE BECOMING PART OF 1291 00:48:28,960 --> 00:48:31,240 THE WAY NEUROANATOMY IS TAUGHT 1292 00:48:31,240 --> 00:48:32,600 IN MEDICAL SCHOOL. 1293 00:48:32,600 --> 00:48:36,320 AND THIS IS ANOTHER 1294 00:48:36,320 --> 00:48:36,880 NEUROANATOMY, NEUROSCIENCE 1295 00:48:36,880 --> 00:48:38,480 TEXTBOOK THAT SHOWS A WHOLE 1296 00:48:38,480 --> 00:48:40,800 BRAIN TRACTOGRAPHY ON THE COVER. 1297 00:48:40,800 --> 00:48:43,320 IT SHOWS THE WHITE MATTER 1298 00:48:43,320 --> 00:48:44,600 PATHWAYS, CORTICAL SPINAL TRACTS 1299 00:48:44,600 --> 00:48:47,480 IN BLUE COMING DOWN, THE CORPUS 1300 00:48:47,480 --> 00:48:48,960 CALLOSUM COMING OUT TO THE TOP 1301 00:48:48,960 --> 00:48:50,800 OF THE BRAIN AND THEN FANNING 1302 00:48:50,800 --> 00:48:51,200 OUT. 1303 00:48:51,200 --> 00:48:55,560 YOU CAN SEE THE PONS AT THE 1304 00:48:55,560 --> 00:48:57,440 BOTTOM, THAT BASKET THAT'S 1305 00:48:57,440 --> 00:49:00,920 HOLDING THE CORTICAL SPINAL 1306 00:49:00,920 --> 00:49:01,120 TRACT. 1307 00:49:01,120 --> 00:49:02,520 IT REALLY QUITE BEAUTIFUL, BUT 1308 00:49:02,520 --> 00:49:03,920 ACTUALLY THERE ARE A LOT OF 1309 00:49:03,920 --> 00:49:06,080 FIBERS THAT THAT LOOK SPURIOUS 1310 00:49:06,080 --> 00:49:06,520 TO ME. 1311 00:49:06,520 --> 00:49:08,000 SO I DON'T KNOW HOW MUCH EDITING 1312 00:49:08,000 --> 00:49:09,240 WAS DONE. 1313 00:49:09,240 --> 00:49:10,800 IN TERMS OF POPULAR CULTURE, I 1314 00:49:10,800 --> 00:49:14,200 FOUND THIS ON ONE OF MY FAVORITE 1315 00:49:14,200 --> 00:49:19,680 WEBSITES, THE CEREBRANAUTS, 1316 00:49:19,680 --> 00:49:20,400 SCIENCE FICTION. 1317 00:49:20,400 --> 00:49:21,800 I HAVEN'T READ IT BUT YOU CAN 1318 00:49:21,800 --> 00:49:23,200 SEE THERE'S A TRACTOGRAPHY MODEL 1319 00:49:23,200 --> 00:49:25,160 OF THE BRAIN AND IT LOOKS LIKE A 1320 00:49:25,160 --> 00:49:25,840 SCIENCE FICTION THRILLER THAT 1321 00:49:25,840 --> 00:49:29,280 I'LL HAVE TO READ THIS SUMMER. 1322 00:49:29,280 --> 00:49:30,680 AND THERE ARE EVEN T-SHIRTS YOU 1323 00:49:30,680 --> 00:49:33,680 CAN BUY NOW THAT ARE D.T.I. 1324 00:49:33,680 --> 00:49:35,600 FIBER TRACTS OF THE BRAIN. 1325 00:49:35,600 --> 00:49:37,120 THERE'S A WOMAN'S SIZE AND A 1326 00:49:37,120 --> 00:49:38,280 CHILDREN'S SIZE HERE. 1327 00:49:38,280 --> 00:49:40,680 THEY'RE NOT THAT INEXPENSIVE. 1328 00:49:40,680 --> 00:49:42,480 AND IF YOU GO TO THE BEACH THIS 1329 00:49:42,480 --> 00:49:44,960 SUMMER AND YOU SEE SOMEBODY 1330 00:49:44,960 --> 00:49:48,880 CARRYING A TOTE BAG, IT MIGHT BE 1331 00:49:48,880 --> 00:49:51,160 A D.T.I. TRACTOGRAPHY TOTE BAG. 1332 00:49:51,160 --> 00:49:58,760 SO THIS IS KIND OF A MOVEMENT -- 1333 00:49:58,760 --> 00:50:01,120 BEDSIDE AND BEYOND. 1334 00:50:01,120 --> 00:50:03,520 I THINK WHAT'S INTERESTING IS 1335 00:50:03,520 --> 00:50:04,720 THAT MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF 1336 00:50:04,720 --> 00:50:06,720 TISSUE HAVE STILL BEEN 1337 00:50:06,720 --> 00:50:08,000 UNEXPLORED IN TERMS OF THESE 1338 00:50:08,000 --> 00:50:09,680 KINDS OF APPROACHES. 1339 00:50:09,680 --> 00:50:14,560 EVEN 30 YEARS AFTER THE FACT. 1340 00:50:14,560 --> 00:50:16,400 SPINAL CORD PERIPHERAL NERVES, 1341 00:50:16,400 --> 00:50:17,960 VARIOUS MUSCLES, CARDIAC MUSCLES 1342 00:50:17,960 --> 00:50:20,280 JUST BECOMING IMAGEABLE WITH 1343 00:50:20,280 --> 00:50:21,760 D.T.I. BECAUSE THE HEART IS 1344 00:50:21,760 --> 00:50:23,760 MOVING SO MUCH. 1345 00:50:23,760 --> 00:50:25,520 IT VERY DIFFICULT TO FREEZE THE 1346 00:50:25,520 --> 00:50:28,840 MOTION AND MEASURE DIFFUSION. 1347 00:50:28,840 --> 00:50:29,000 AT 1348 00:50:29,000 --> 00:50:30,960 THE SAME TIME THE HEART IS 1349 00:50:30,960 --> 00:50:33,360 CONTRACTING AND SQUEEZING. 1350 00:50:33,360 --> 00:50:35,120 BUT THERE ARE A LOT OF 1351 00:50:35,120 --> 00:50:36,960 POSSIBILITIES FOR WHOLE BODY 1352 00:50:36,960 --> 00:50:38,640 IMAGING THAT I THINK STILL CAN 1353 00:50:38,640 --> 00:50:42,120 BE EXPLORED AND WILL BE 1354 00:50:42,120 --> 00:50:42,720 EXPLORED. 1355 00:50:42,720 --> 00:50:45,720 SO BASICALLY THE D.T.I. PIPELINE 1356 00:50:45,720 --> 00:50:48,240 IS LARGELY UNCHANGED SINCE THE 1357 00:50:48,240 --> 00:50:49,240 BEGINNING, WHEN I WAS THINKING 1358 00:50:49,240 --> 00:50:49,840 ABOUT IT. 1359 00:50:49,840 --> 00:50:52,360 YOU START WITH DIFFUSION WAITED 1360 00:50:52,360 --> 00:50:56,600 IMAGING DATA. 1361 00:50:56,600 --> 00:50:58,680 WEIGHTED IMAGING DATA. 1362 00:50:58,680 --> 00:51:00,080 YOU START WITH THIS WORK AND USE 1363 00:51:00,080 --> 00:51:01,720 DATA THAT YOU ACQUIRE THAT'S, 1364 00:51:01,720 --> 00:51:03,280 QUOTE, DIFFUSION WEIGHTED TO 1365 00:51:03,280 --> 00:51:06,880 ESTIMATE THE DIFFUSION TENSOR 1366 00:51:06,880 --> 00:51:08,480 THAT'S SHOWN ON THE BOTTOM LEFT. 1367 00:51:08,480 --> 00:51:12,320 AND THEN YOU CAN CALCULATE MANY 1368 00:51:12,320 --> 00:51:13,640 DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED AND DIFFUSION 1369 00:51:13,640 --> 00:51:18,840 TENSOR DERIVED STAINS OR 1370 00:51:18,840 --> 00:51:21,920 CONTRASTS, THE PRINCIPLE 1371 00:51:21,920 --> 00:51:23,280 DIFFUSIVITY, EINSTEIN'S 1372 00:51:23,280 --> 00:51:24,480 DIFFUSION ELLIPSOID, AND THE NEW 1373 00:51:24,480 --> 00:51:26,440 COORDINATE SYSTEM IN WHICH 1374 00:51:26,440 --> 00:51:29,600 DIFFUSION BECOMES SIMPLE AND 1375 00:51:29,600 --> 00:51:32,040 UNCORRELATED, MEAN DIFFUSIVITY 1376 00:51:32,040 --> 00:51:38,320 STAINS OF WHITE MATTER, THE DEK 1377 00:51:38,320 --> 00:51:38,720 MAN. 1378 00:51:38,720 --> 00:51:40,760 YOU CAN MAKE MAPS OF THE 1379 00:51:40,760 --> 00:51:41,880 ELLIPSOIDS AND YOU CAN MAKE 1380 00:51:41,880 --> 00:51:43,800 FIBER TRACTS. 1381 00:51:43,800 --> 00:51:46,280 AND THAT'S A PRETTY 1382 00:51:46,280 --> 00:51:46,880 COMPREHENSIVE SUMMARY. 1383 00:51:46,880 --> 00:51:50,000 IN TERMS OF ELUCIDATING BRAIN 1384 00:51:50,000 --> 00:51:53,840 MICROSTRUCTURE AND ARCHITECTURE, 1385 00:51:53,840 --> 00:51:57,200 THIS STILL REPRESENTS GOLD FOR 1386 00:51:57,200 --> 00:51:58,560 ME, BUT WE'RE ACTUALLY GETTING A 1387 00:51:58,560 --> 00:52:00,080 LITTLE BIT BETTER AT GETTING 1388 00:52:00,080 --> 00:52:01,720 THESE KINDS OF IMAGES OURSELVES 1389 00:52:01,720 --> 00:52:02,960 WITH MRI. 1390 00:52:02,960 --> 00:52:05,640 THIS IS A MACAQUE BRAIN, AND 1391 00:52:05,640 --> 00:52:08,040 VARIOUS STAINS OF CORTICAL 1392 00:52:08,040 --> 00:52:10,640 ARCHITECTURE THAT WE USE AND 1393 00:52:10,640 --> 00:52:14,280 JUXTAPOSED WITH THEM ARE MR DATA 1394 00:52:14,280 --> 00:52:15,600 THAT WE'VE ACQUIRED THAT SHOW 1395 00:52:15,600 --> 00:52:20,120 THAT CORTICAL LAYERS ONE THROUGH 1396 00:52:20,120 --> 00:52:21,320 SIX, THE WHITE LAYER THAT'S 1397 00:52:21,320 --> 00:52:24,080 BELOW LAYER SIX, THE SO-CALLED 1398 00:52:24,080 --> 00:52:25,400 SUBCORTICAL WHITE MATTER, AND 1399 00:52:25,400 --> 00:52:28,280 THEY MATCH UP QUITE WELL WITH 1400 00:52:28,280 --> 00:52:29,880 HISTOLOGICAL STAINS THAT ARE 1401 00:52:29,880 --> 00:52:31,560 OBTAINED ON THE SAME SPECIMEN. 1402 00:52:31,560 --> 00:52:33,400 AND HERE IS A GOOD EXAMPLE, 1403 00:52:33,400 --> 00:52:36,560 WE'RE STARTING TO BE ABLE TO SEE 1404 00:52:36,560 --> 00:52:37,240 MICROSTRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION 1405 00:52:37,240 --> 00:52:41,680 IN THE CORTEX REALLY IN AN 1406 00:52:41,680 --> 00:52:43,760 UNPRECEDENTED LEVEL WITH MRI. 1407 00:52:43,760 --> 00:52:46,280 AND WE'RE HOPING TO CONTINUE TO 1408 00:52:46,280 --> 00:52:49,520 DEVELOP THIS AND MAKE IT MORE 1409 00:52:49,520 --> 00:52:50,480 CLINICALLY ACCESSIBLE AND 1410 00:52:50,480 --> 00:52:52,240 ACCESSIBLE TO NEUROSCIENTISTS, 1411 00:52:52,240 --> 00:52:57,200 SO THEY CAN UNDERSTAND STRUCTURE 1412 00:52:57,200 --> 00:52:59,960 AND FUNCTION RELATIONSHIPS AND 1413 00:52:59,960 --> 00:53:01,200 UNDERSTAND DISEASE PROCESSES OF 1414 00:53:01,200 --> 00:53:02,480 THE BRAIN IN A WAY THAT WE 1415 00:53:02,480 --> 00:53:04,960 HAVEN'T BEEN ABLE TO PREVIOUSLY. 1416 00:53:04,960 --> 00:53:08,480 SO I'D LIKE TO THANK AND LIST 1417 00:53:08,480 --> 00:53:10,400 PEOPLE WHO WORKED WITH ME OVER 1418 00:53:10,400 --> 00:53:13,520 THE YEARS ON DIFFUSION TENSOR 1419 00:53:13,520 --> 00:53:20,360 IMAGING. 1420 00:53:20,360 --> 00:53:24,560 SADLY MAT TIELLO PASSED AWAY I 1421 00:53:24,560 --> 00:53:35,880 THINK IN 2017 AND WE'R 2017 AND SHRAGER, B UT 1422 00:53:35,880 --> 00:53:38,320 WE'RE GETTING ALONG WELL AND I'D 1423 00:53:38,320 --> 00:53:40,280 LIKE TO THANK PHIL BECAUSE 1424 00:53:40,280 --> 00:53:41,960 WITHOUT SOME OF THESE 1425 00:53:41,960 --> 00:53:42,600 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY STRUCTURES 1426 00:53:42,600 --> 00:53:44,520 THAT HE PUT IN PLACE LIKE 1427 00:53:44,520 --> 00:53:46,360 CRADAs AND THE OFFICE OF 1428 00:53:46,360 --> 00:53:47,240 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER, THIS 1429 00:53:47,240 --> 00:53:48,280 PROBABLY WOULD HAVE BEEN SITTING 1430 00:53:48,280 --> 00:53:49,680 IN SOME LIBRARY SOMEWHERE AND 1431 00:53:49,680 --> 00:53:51,280 NEVER BEING USED, AND NOW A LOT 1432 00:53:51,280 --> 00:53:53,640 OF PEOPLE CAN REALLY BENEFIT 1433 00:53:53,640 --> 00:53:55,240 FROM IT AND CONTINUE TO DEVELOP 1434 00:53:55,240 --> 00:53:56,200 IT. 1435 00:53:56,200 --> 00:53:57,840 SO THANK YOU, PHIL, AND THANK 1436 00:53:57,840 --> 00:54:02,160 YOU ALL FOR ATTENDING. 1437 00:54:02,160 --> 00:54:04,640 >> PETER, THANK YOU FOR A REALLY 1438 00:54:04,640 --> 00:54:05,880 FASCINATING INTELLECTUAL ODD 1439 00:54:05,880 --> 00:54:07,520 SIGH. 1440 00:54:07,520 --> 00:54:07,760 ODYSSEY. 1441 00:54:07,760 --> 00:54:09,480 I HAVE TO SAY I DIDN'T KNOW THE 1442 00:54:09,480 --> 00:54:10,920 COMPLETE STORY OF HOW DIFFUSION 1443 00:54:10,920 --> 00:54:13,080 TENSOR IMAGING CAME TO HE BE. 1444 00:54:13,080 --> 00:54:17,320 STARTINBE.STARTING WITH A POSTER SESSION, 1445 00:54:17,320 --> 00:54:18,880 A REMINDER TO US THAT IN-PERSON 1446 00:54:18,880 --> 00:54:19,800 MEETINGS ACTUALLY RESULT IN 1447 00:54:19,800 --> 00:54:22,080 CONVERSATIONS THAT CAN LEAD TO 1448 00:54:22,080 --> 00:54:24,520 GREAT INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTS 1449 00:54:24,520 --> 00:54:27,560 AND THE WHOLE TEAM SCIENCE THAT 1450 00:54:27,560 --> 00:54:29,320 WE WERE DOING AT NIH TO DEVELOP 1451 00:54:29,320 --> 00:54:31,000 SOME OF THIS TECHNOLOGY. 1452 00:54:31,000 --> 00:54:32,880 IT JUST A WONDERFUL, WONDERFUL 1453 00:54:32,880 --> 00:54:34,360 STORY, AND I THINK A GOOD 1454 00:54:34,360 --> 00:54:36,840 TESTAMENT TO THE SUPPORT THAT 1455 00:54:36,840 --> 00:54:40,800 PHIL'S WORK HAS GIVEN US IN 1456 00:54:40,800 --> 00:54:43,080 COMMERCIALIZING AND MAKING 1457 00:54:43,080 --> 00:54:44,280 USEFUL SOME OF THE IDEAS THAT 1458 00:54:44,280 --> 00:54:45,960 HAVE COME OUT OF NIH. 1459 00:54:45,960 --> 00:54:47,480 ALSO I HAD MENTIONED 1460 00:54:47,480 --> 00:54:48,840 BIOENGINEERING AT NIH, AND IT'S 1461 00:54:48,840 --> 00:54:50,480 A GREAT EXAMPLE OF HOW 1462 00:54:50,480 --> 00:54:52,120 BIOENGINEERS AND BIOLOGISTS NEED 1463 00:54:52,120 --> 00:54:54,080 TO WORK TOGETHER. 1464 00:54:54,080 --> 00:54:55,760 LET ME START WITH A QUESTION, 1465 00:54:55,760 --> 00:54:57,600 AND LET ME FIRST REMIND PEOPLE 1466 00:54:57,600 --> 00:55:00,440 THAT IF THEY HAVE QUESTIONS, 1467 00:55:00,440 --> 00:55:05,080 THAT THEY CAN LOOK ON YOUR 1468 00:55:05,080 --> 00:55:05,360 VIDEOCAST. 1469 00:55:05,360 --> 00:55:07,280 THERE'S A BUTTON CALLED SEND 1470 00:55:07,280 --> 00:55:08,480 LIVE FEEDBACK TOWARDS THE BOTTOM 1471 00:55:08,480 --> 00:55:10,160 OF YOUR SCREEN, AND IF YOU CLICK 1472 00:55:10,160 --> 00:55:13,440 ON THAT, YOU CAN DIRECTLY ASK A 1473 00:55:13,440 --> 00:55:14,880 QUESTION AND IT WILL EVENTUALLY 1474 00:55:14,880 --> 00:55:18,480 MAKITY WAY TO MMAKE ITS WAY TO ME AND I'LL PASS 1475 00:55:18,480 --> 00:55:19,240 IT ALONG TO PETER. 1476 00:55:19,240 --> 00:55:20,680 SO I HAVE A QUESTION WHICH IS 1477 00:55:20,680 --> 00:55:24,120 PROBABLY SOMEWHAT NIGH EE NAIVE. 1478 00:55:24,120 --> 00:55:25,760 THE EINSTEIN TENSOR ELLIPSOID 1479 00:55:25,760 --> 00:55:27,280 WHICH IS A MATHEMATICAL FEATURE 1480 00:55:27,280 --> 00:55:30,280 OF THE ANALYSIS THAT YOU DO, IS 1481 00:55:30,280 --> 00:55:34,080 THAT IN ITSELF AN ADVANTAGE IN 1482 00:55:34,080 --> 00:55:35,920 TERMS OF THE WAY IN WHICH THE 1483 00:55:35,920 --> 00:55:39,080 IMAGES ARE ANALYZED, OR IS IT A 1484 00:55:39,080 --> 00:55:39,400 DISADVANTAGE? 1485 00:55:39,400 --> 00:55:41,000 IF THE MATH WERE DIFFERENT, THIS 1486 00:55:41,000 --> 00:55:42,840 IS KIND OF A VERY THEORETICAL 1487 00:55:42,840 --> 00:55:44,000 QUESTION, WOULD THAT BE BETTER 1488 00:55:44,000 --> 00:55:48,280 OR IS HAVING THE ELLIPSOID A 1489 00:55:48,280 --> 00:55:49,440 SPECIFIC ELEMENT THAT MAKES IT 1490 00:55:49,440 --> 00:55:50,080 POSSIBLE TO DO EVERYTHING THAT 1491 00:55:50,080 --> 00:55:50,920 YOU CAN DO? 1492 00:55:50,920 --> 00:55:52,800 >> WELL, THAT'S A GOOD QUESTION. 1493 00:55:52,800 --> 00:55:54,320 WELL, FIRST OF ALL, YOU KNOW, IN 1494 00:55:54,320 --> 00:55:56,000 THE INTEREST OF FULL DISCLOSURE, 1495 00:55:56,000 --> 00:56:00,160 I JUST READ EINSTEIN'S PAPER 1496 00:56:00,160 --> 00:56:02,080 AGAIN YESTERDAY TO RELOAD, AND 1497 00:56:02,080 --> 00:56:04,680 HE NEVER TALKED ABOUT AN 1498 00:56:04,680 --> 00:56:06,360 ELLIPSOID OR EVEN THESE SURFACES 1499 00:56:06,360 --> 00:56:08,000 OF CONSTANT CONCENTRATION. 1500 00:56:08,000 --> 00:56:09,120 HE DID MENTION DIFFUSION IN 1501 00:56:09,120 --> 00:56:12,400 THREE DIRECTIONS, AND THE FACT 1502 00:56:12,400 --> 00:56:16,200 THAT THE DIFFUSIVITY, THE 1503 00:56:16,200 --> 00:56:17,600 EQUATIONS CHANGE WHEN YOU'RE 1504 00:56:17,600 --> 00:56:20,600 CONSIDERING DIFFUSION IN THREE 1505 00:56:20,600 --> 00:56:23,120 DIRECTIONS OR IN 3D AS OPPOSED 1506 00:56:23,120 --> 00:56:23,680 TO 1D. 1507 00:56:23,680 --> 00:56:29,320 THE FACT THAT THE ELLIPSOIDS 1508 00:56:29,320 --> 00:56:31,920 HAVE STRUCTURE OR PRO LATE OR 1509 00:56:31,920 --> 00:56:34,160 OBLATE REALLY GIVE YOU A LOT OF 1510 00:56:34,160 --> 00:56:35,920 INFORMATION ABOUT THE 1511 00:56:35,920 --> 00:56:36,880 MICROSTRUCTURE. 1512 00:56:36,880 --> 00:56:37,600 IF THEY'RE SPHERICAL, THEY'RE 1513 00:56:37,600 --> 00:56:39,800 NOT AT HELPFUL TO YOU. 1514 00:56:39,800 --> 00:56:41,640 THERE'S NO PARTICULAR COORDINATE 1515 00:56:41,640 --> 00:56:43,520 SYSTEM THAT IS BETTER THAN 1516 00:56:43,520 --> 00:56:45,800 ANOTHER TO DESCRIBE THEM. 1517 00:56:45,800 --> 00:56:48,960 AND THERE ISN'T ANYTHING USEFUL 1518 00:56:48,960 --> 00:56:50,800 REALLY THAT YOU CAN EXTRACT FROM 1519 00:56:50,800 --> 00:56:52,240 THE DIFFUSION TENSOR THAT YOU 1520 00:56:52,240 --> 00:56:54,640 CAN'T GET FROM JUST A SCALER 1521 00:56:54,640 --> 00:56:57,880 MEASUREMENT. 1522 00:56:57,880 --> 00:57:00,040 SO THE FEATURES OF THE ELLIPSOID 1523 00:57:00,040 --> 00:57:00,920 ACTUALLY GIVE YOU THE 1524 00:57:00,920 --> 00:57:03,880 INFORMATION ABOUT THE PREFERRED 1525 00:57:03,880 --> 00:57:04,880 COORDINATE SYSTEM, AND ALL OF 1526 00:57:04,880 --> 00:57:06,800 THE PARAMETERS THAT TELL YOU HOW 1527 00:57:06,800 --> 00:57:08,960 THE DIFFUSION PROCESS DEVIATES 1528 00:57:08,960 --> 00:57:12,800 FROM ISOTROPIC OR SPHERICAL 1529 00:57:12,800 --> 00:57:14,080 ELLIPSOID DIFFUSION PROCESS, SO 1530 00:57:14,080 --> 00:57:17,640 I WOULD SAY I LIKE ELLIPSOIDS AS 1531 00:57:17,640 --> 00:57:19,200 OPPOSED TO SPHERE, AND THEY DO 1532 00:57:19,200 --> 00:57:22,000 GIVE US A LOT OF ADDITIONAL 1533 00:57:22,000 --> 00:57:22,280 INFORMATION. 1534 00:57:22,280 --> 00:57:25,480 NOW WE HAVE DRILLED INTO THE 1535 00:57:25,480 --> 00:57:26,840 FOXHOLE QUITE A BIT OVER THE -- 1536 00:57:26,840 --> 00:57:28,400 YOU KNOW, A LOT OF THIS 1537 00:57:28,400 --> 00:57:29,560 DIFFUSION TENSOR STUFF IS A 1538 00:57:29,560 --> 00:57:31,760 NUMBER OF YEARS OLD. 1539 00:57:31,760 --> 00:57:34,360 SO SINCE MAYBE 2000, WE'VE BEEN 1540 00:57:34,360 --> 00:57:35,640 LOOKING AT DIFFUSION PROCESSES 1541 00:57:35,640 --> 00:57:38,880 ON A MUCH FINER LINK SCALE, AND 1542 00:57:38,880 --> 00:57:44,440 EVEN THOUGH THINGS MIGHT BE 1543 00:57:44,440 --> 00:57:45,480 ISOTROPIC OR SPHERICAL ON THE 1544 00:57:45,480 --> 00:57:47,120 VOXEL LEVEL, YOU STILL MIGHT 1545 00:57:47,120 --> 00:57:54,880 HAVE A LOT OF ANISOTROPIC -- 1546 00:57:54,880 --> 00:57:56,480 RANDOMLY ORGANIZED MICRO 1547 00:57:56,480 --> 00:58:00,400 SCOPICALLY THAT PRODUCE AT 1548 00:58:00,400 --> 00:58:01,160 MACROSCOPIC SPHERE. 1549 00:58:01,160 --> 00:58:02,800 SO WE'RE STARTING TO DRILL INTO 1550 00:58:02,800 --> 00:58:03,640 THOSE SPHERES AND PULL OUT 1551 00:58:03,640 --> 00:58:05,520 INFORMATION ABOUT MICROSTRUCTURE 1552 00:58:05,520 --> 00:58:09,760 THAT IS KIND OF BELIED BY THE 1553 00:58:09,760 --> 00:58:10,880 SPHERICAL DIFFUSION TENSOR IN 1554 00:58:10,880 --> 00:58:11,960 THOSE TISSUES. 1555 00:58:11,960 --> 00:58:13,320 LIKE GRAY MATTER. 1556 00:58:13,320 --> 00:58:16,280 YOU KNOW IT'S NOT LIKE GELATIN 1557 00:58:16,280 --> 00:58:20,640 OR WATER, IT HAS A LOT OF FIBERS 1558 00:58:20,640 --> 00:58:21,240 AND -- IN IT. 1559 00:58:21,240 --> 00:58:23,040 SO THAT IS AN ACTIVITY OF OURS. 1560 00:58:23,040 --> 00:58:24,000 IT'S A GOOD QUESTION, AND YOU 1561 00:58:24,000 --> 00:58:25,200 GOT ME STARTED. 1562 00:58:25,200 --> 00:58:25,400 SORRY. 1563 00:58:25,400 --> 00:58:27,000 >> WELL, I'M GLAD TO HEAR. 1564 00:58:27,000 --> 00:58:29,120 I THINK PEOPLE AS DIVERSE AS 1565 00:58:29,120 --> 00:58:32,200 KEPPLER AND MILLIONS OF FOOTBALL 1566 00:58:32,200 --> 00:58:33,760 FANS ALSO APPRECIATE ELLIPSOIDS. 1567 00:58:33,760 --> 00:58:35,360 WE HAVE A QUESTION FROM ROLAND 1568 00:58:35,360 --> 00:58:35,680 OWENS. 1569 00:58:35,680 --> 00:58:37,880 DO YOU NEED TO COMPENSATE FOR 1570 00:58:37,880 --> 00:58:38,800 GRAVITY IN THE DIFFUSION 1571 00:58:38,800 --> 00:58:39,200 IMAGING? 1572 00:58:39,200 --> 00:58:40,720 IF SO, COULD YOU GET MORE 1573 00:58:40,720 --> 00:58:43,360 ACCURATE IMAGES IN A 1574 00:58:43,360 --> 00:58:43,880 MICROGRAVITY ENVIRONMENT? 1575 00:58:43,880 --> 00:58:45,120 >> WELL, THAT'S VERY 1576 00:58:45,120 --> 00:58:45,680 INTERESTING. 1577 00:58:45,680 --> 00:58:51,640 YOU KNOW, LIKE EINSTEIN REALLY 1578 00:58:51,640 --> 00:58:53,040 SPECIFICALLY IGNORED GRAVITY, 1579 00:58:53,040 --> 00:58:55,720 AND I THINK THAT IT BECAUSE THE 1580 00:58:55,720 --> 00:58:56,760 EFFECTS ARE VERY, VERY LIMITED. 1581 00:58:56,760 --> 00:58:59,440 I MEAN, WE'RE NOT LIVING IN AN 1582 00:58:59,440 --> 00:59:03,960 ULTRA CENTRIFEUJ WHERE YOU WOULDCENTRIFUGE WHERE YOU WOULD 1583 00:59:03,960 --> 00:59:06,120 HAVE TO REALLY INCLUDE IT. 1584 00:59:06,120 --> 00:59:07,360 BUT DIFFUSION DOES FIGHT AGAINST 1585 00:59:07,360 --> 00:59:07,880 GRAVITY. 1586 00:59:07,880 --> 00:59:09,160 AND IF YOU THINK ABOUT GAS 1587 00:59:09,160 --> 00:59:15,280 MOLECULES THAT ARE SURROUNDING 1588 00:59:15,280 --> 00:59:16,800 US, THEY'RE DIFFUSING AND MIXING 1589 00:59:16,800 --> 00:59:18,080 AND TRYING TO GET AS FAR FROM 1590 00:59:18,080 --> 00:59:19,720 EACH OTHER AS POSSIBLE BUT ARE 1591 00:59:19,720 --> 00:59:21,120 ALSO BEING PULLED DOWN BY 1592 00:59:21,120 --> 00:59:21,800 GRAVITY. 1593 00:59:21,800 --> 00:59:23,200 THEY CREATE A CONCENTRATION 1594 00:59:23,200 --> 00:59:24,880 VARIATION THAT'S NOT VERY 1595 00:59:24,880 --> 00:59:27,000 SIGNIFICANT BUT IT'S MEASURABLE. 1596 00:59:27,000 --> 00:59:31,360 SO TO FIRST -- EINSTEIN IGNORED 1597 00:59:31,360 --> 00:59:32,680 IT. 1598 00:59:32,680 --> 00:59:33,680 I'M NOT GOING TO SAY JUST 1599 00:59:33,680 --> 00:59:34,880 BECAUSE HE DID IT THAT IT'S 1600 00:59:34,880 --> 00:59:36,280 RIGHT, BUT FOR THE MOST PART, IT 1601 00:59:36,280 --> 00:59:38,200 DOESN'T ENTER INTO OUR 1602 00:59:38,200 --> 00:59:39,560 CALCULATIONS. 1603 00:59:39,560 --> 00:59:42,080 WE'RE NOT NEARLY SENSITIVE 1604 00:59:42,080 --> 00:59:43,480 ENOUGH TO BE ABLE TO MEASURE 1605 00:59:43,480 --> 00:59:45,240 THESE MINUTE DIFFERENCES THAT 1606 00:59:45,240 --> 00:59:49,280 YOU MIGHT EXPECT TO SEE, BUT YOU 1607 00:59:49,280 --> 00:59:51,720 KNOW, MAYBE LET'S FLY UP IN A 1608 00:59:51,720 --> 00:59:53,000 SPACE SHUTTLE AND CHECK IT OUT. 1609 00:59:53,000 --> 00:59:53,240 >> OKAY. 1610 00:59:53,240 --> 00:59:55,120 I'M SURE WE CAN FIND SOME 1611 00:59:55,120 --> 00:59:55,640 VOLUNTEERS. 1612 00:59:55,640 --> 00:59:59,640 SO ANOTHER QUESTION FROM 1613 00:59:59,640 --> 01:00:00,280 MUSTAFASBURARA. 1614 01:00:00,280 --> 01:00:01,480 QUICK QUESTION. 1615 01:00:01,480 --> 01:00:02,880 CROSSING FIBERS ARE AN ISSUE IN 1616 01:00:02,880 --> 01:00:04,760 MR DIFFUSION-TYPE MEASUREMENTS, 1617 01:00:04,760 --> 01:00:07,480 WHICH MAY BIAS RESULTS 1618 01:00:07,480 --> 01:00:09,280 INTERPRETATION, INCLUDING IN 1619 01:00:09,280 --> 01:00:09,760 TRACTOGRAPHY. 1620 01:00:09,760 --> 01:00:14,880 A FEW TECHNIQUES HAVE BEEN BEEN 1621 01:00:14,880 --> 01:00:15,760 SUGGESTED BUT MOST OF THE TIME 1622 01:00:15,760 --> 01:00:16,320 ARE NOT VERIFIED. 1623 01:00:16,320 --> 01:00:17,280 IN YOUR OPINION, WHAT ARE THE 1624 01:00:17,280 --> 01:00:19,480 BEST STRATEGIES OR METHODS TO 1625 01:00:19,480 --> 01:00:21,880 MITIGATE THIS ISSUE THAT CAN YOU 1626 01:00:21,880 --> 01:00:23,520 USED IN CLINICAL INVESTIGATIONS? 1627 01:00:23,520 --> 01:00:27,120 >> THAT'S A GREAT QUESTION, AND 1628 01:00:27,120 --> 01:00:29,520 THE D.T.I. TRACTOGRAPHY DOES 1629 01:00:29,520 --> 01:00:30,520 SUFFER FROM THE PROBLEM OF 1630 01:00:30,520 --> 01:00:31,760 CROSSING FIBERS, AND IT'S NOT 1631 01:00:31,760 --> 01:00:33,280 THAT WE DIDN'T KNOW ABOUT IT. 1632 01:00:33,280 --> 01:00:36,240 ACTUALLY IN THAT ABSTRACT THAT I 1633 01:00:36,240 --> 01:00:38,480 SHOWED YOU FROM 1998, I 1634 01:00:38,480 --> 01:00:42,440 MENTIONED KISSING AND CROSSING 1635 01:00:42,440 --> 01:00:45,000 AND MERGING AND AS ARTIFACT THAT 1636 01:00:45,000 --> 01:00:45,840 COULD POTENTIALLY AFFECT YOUR 1637 01:00:45,840 --> 01:00:47,480 ABILITY TO FOLLOW TRACTS. 1638 01:00:47,480 --> 01:00:50,560 SO THERE ARE MORE SOPHISTICATED 1639 01:00:50,560 --> 01:00:52,440 DIFFUSION METHODS YOU CAN USE 1640 01:00:52,440 --> 01:00:53,960 BESIDES D.T.I. THAT ARE MORE 1641 01:00:53,960 --> 01:00:55,040 ORIENTATIONAL LISTENSTIVE. 1642 01:00:55,040 --> 01:00:56,480 THEY DON'T MAKE AN ELLIPSOID, 1643 01:00:56,480 --> 01:00:58,880 THEY ACTUALLY MEASURE DIRECTLY 1644 01:00:58,880 --> 01:01:01,000 THAT DISPLACEMENT DISTRIBUTION. 1645 01:01:01,000 --> 01:01:03,320 IN FACT, THE MAP MRI THAT I 1646 01:01:03,320 --> 01:01:04,760 SHOWED YOU, ONE OF MY LAST 1647 01:01:04,760 --> 01:01:09,880 SLIDES, IS ONE SUCH METHOD. 1648 01:01:09,880 --> 01:01:11,080 AND YOU CAN FOLLOW THE 1649 01:01:11,080 --> 01:01:14,280 PROBABILITIES MUCH MORE CLEANLY 1650 01:01:14,280 --> 01:01:16,040 WHEN YOU'RE NOT ASSUMING THEY 1651 01:01:16,040 --> 01:01:19,880 FOLLOW AN ELLIPSOIDAL SHAPE BUT 1652 01:01:19,880 --> 01:01:20,920 THEY'RE MULTILOBULAR AND YOU CAN 1653 01:01:20,920 --> 01:01:25,640 FOLLOW PATHWAYS FROM LOBE TO 1654 01:01:25,640 --> 01:01:27,480 LOBE IN THOSE PROBABILITY 1655 01:01:27,480 --> 01:01:27,840 DISTRIBUTIONS. 1656 01:01:27,840 --> 01:01:29,320 I THINK A SMART THING TO BE ABLE 1657 01:01:29,320 --> 01:01:31,280 TO DO, AND IT'S REALLY NOT DONE 1658 01:01:31,280 --> 01:01:35,480 YET BUT -- IS TO USE 1659 01:01:35,480 --> 01:01:36,920 COMPLEMENTARY INFORMATION THAT 1660 01:01:36,920 --> 01:01:39,920 WE CAN OBTAIN ABOUT TRACTS AND 1661 01:01:39,920 --> 01:01:41,600 FIBERS IN THE NEARBY REGIONS AND 1662 01:01:41,600 --> 01:01:43,760 CONSTRAIN THE TRACT FOLLOWING SO 1663 01:01:43,760 --> 01:01:46,600 THAT IT KIND OF ANATOMICALLY 1664 01:01:46,600 --> 01:01:48,800 KOSHER TO DO IT, SO YOU DON'T 1665 01:01:48,800 --> 01:01:52,800 END UP GOING KISSING VERSUS 1666 01:01:52,800 --> 01:01:54,000 CROSSING OR JUMPING OFF ON TO 1667 01:01:54,000 --> 01:01:58,920 THE WRONG PATHWAY. 1668 01:01:58,920 --> 01:02:03,640 SO I WOULD SAY THOSE ARE 1669 01:02:03,640 --> 01:02:05,280 APPROACHES. 1670 01:02:05,280 --> 01:02:08,200 IT NOT FULL -- TRACTOGRAPHY IS 1671 01:02:08,200 --> 01:02:08,640 REALLY A MODEL. 1672 01:02:08,640 --> 01:02:10,000 YOU'RE BASICALLY FOLLOWING 1673 01:02:10,000 --> 01:02:12,680 DIFFUSION AND THE FASTEST 1674 01:02:12,680 --> 01:02:14,600 DIRECTION AND YOU CAN BE LED 1675 01:02:14,600 --> 01:02:14,840 ASTRAY. 1676 01:02:14,840 --> 01:02:17,280 THERE'S NO QUESTION ABOUT IT. 1677 01:02:17,280 --> 01:02:18,920 IT NOT FOOLPROOF. 1678 01:02:18,920 --> 01:02:22,040 >> SO QUESTION FROM ROB TYCO. 1679 01:02:22,040 --> 01:02:24,400 YOU MENTIONED HIGHER RESOLUTION 1680 01:02:24,400 --> 01:02:26,240 IMAGES TOWARDS THE END OF THIS 1681 01:02:26,240 --> 01:02:26,840 BEAUTIFUL LECTURE. 1682 01:02:26,840 --> 01:02:29,080 ARE THERE SPECIFIC TECHNOLOGICAL 1683 01:02:29,080 --> 01:02:30,440 ADVANCES THAT ARE CONTRIBUTING 1684 01:02:30,440 --> 01:02:31,800 TO PROGRESS IN THIS DIRECTION? 1685 01:02:31,800 --> 01:02:34,200 IS THERE A NEED FOR BETTER 1686 01:02:34,200 --> 01:02:35,480 HARDWARE, HIGHER FIELD MAGNET OR 1687 01:02:35,480 --> 01:02:36,440 SUCH THINGS? 1688 01:02:36,440 --> 01:02:38,640 OR NEW DATA ANALYSIS ALGORITHM 1689 01:02:38,640 --> 01:02:41,880 OR JUST NEW IDEAS? 1690 01:02:41,880 --> 01:02:43,280 >> ROB, THAT'S A GREAT QUESTION 1691 01:02:43,280 --> 01:02:44,240 AND HIGHER RESOLUTION IS 1692 01:02:44,240 --> 01:02:45,880 SOMETHING WE REALLY ARE LOOKING 1693 01:02:45,880 --> 01:02:46,480 TOWARD. 1694 01:02:46,480 --> 01:02:49,480 I THINK IT A COMBINATION OF 1695 01:02:49,480 --> 01:02:55,240 IMPROVED HARDWARE, MAYBE HAVING 1696 01:02:55,240 --> 01:02:59,160 BETTER RADIO FREQUENCY PICKUP 1697 01:02:59,160 --> 01:03:03,480 COILS THAT HAVE LESS NOISE. 1698 01:03:03,480 --> 01:03:05,680 STRONGER MAGNETIC FIELDS, IT'S A 1699 01:03:05,680 --> 01:03:06,520 DOUBLE EDGED SWORD. 1700 01:03:06,520 --> 01:03:07,760 YOU CAN GET HIGHER SIGNAL TO 1701 01:03:07,760 --> 01:03:09,240 NOISE THAT WAY, BUT THEN IT 1702 01:03:09,240 --> 01:03:11,520 MAKES A LOT OF THE OTHER 1703 01:03:11,520 --> 01:03:17,120 ELECTRONICS MORE PROBLEMATIC. 1704 01:03:17,120 --> 01:03:18,280 I THINK IT'S A COMBINATION OF 1705 01:03:18,280 --> 01:03:20,640 ALL THE THINGS YOU MENTIONED: 1706 01:03:20,640 --> 01:03:22,920 BETTER MODELING, BETTER 1707 01:03:22,920 --> 01:03:24,440 HARDWARE, BETTER ELECTRICAL 1708 01:03:24,440 --> 01:03:26,280 ENGINEERING CONCEPTS, BETTER 1709 01:03:26,280 --> 01:03:29,400 GRADIENT DESIGN. 1710 01:03:29,400 --> 01:03:30,440 I THINK -- I'D LOVE TO TALK TO 1711 01:03:30,440 --> 01:03:33,080 YOU MORE ABOUT IF YOU HAVE SOME 1712 01:03:33,080 --> 01:03:33,760 IDEAS, BECAUSE IT'S REALLY 1713 01:03:33,760 --> 01:03:36,200 SOMETHING THAT IS PROVIDING 1714 01:03:36,200 --> 01:03:37,120 TECHNOLOGICAL LIMITS NOW TO WHAT 1715 01:03:37,120 --> 01:03:39,080 WE CAN SEE. 1716 01:03:39,080 --> 01:03:41,200 >> SO WE HAVE ONE FINAL QUESTION 1717 01:03:41,200 --> 01:03:45,400 FROM YOUR COLLEAGUE, CARLO. 1718 01:03:45,400 --> 01:03:46,880 THIS IS SORT OF AN OPEN-ENDED 1719 01:03:46,880 --> 01:03:48,480 QUESTION BUT I THINK IT'S 1720 01:03:48,480 --> 01:03:50,480 SPECIFICALLY IN YOUR EXPERIENCE, 1721 01:03:50,480 --> 01:03:53,200 COULD YOU COMMENT ON THE PROCESS 1722 01:03:53,200 --> 01:03:54,040 FOR GETTING INTELLECTUAL 1723 01:03:54,040 --> 01:03:58,640 PROPERTY PROTECTED BY NIH? 1724 01:03:58,640 --> 01:03:59,560 OBVIOUSLY THE ANSWER TO THAT -- 1725 01:03:59,560 --> 01:04:00,920 MAYBE WE SHOULD ASK PHIL. 1726 01:04:00,920 --> 01:04:02,080 IT'S A LONG ANSWER. 1727 01:04:02,080 --> 01:04:04,280 BUT DO YOU WANT TO SAY IN TERMS 1728 01:04:04,280 --> 01:04:06,360 OF YOUR CONTRIBUTIONS WHAT 1729 01:04:06,360 --> 01:04:08,000 ISSUES YOU FACED? 1730 01:04:08,000 --> 01:04:10,280 >> WELL, I MEAN, I COULD HAVE 1731 01:04:10,280 --> 01:04:14,120 GIVEN A WHOLE HOUR-LONG SAGA 1732 01:04:14,120 --> 01:04:16,480 ABOUT INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 1733 01:04:16,480 --> 01:04:16,920 ISSUES. 1734 01:04:16,920 --> 01:04:17,680 BUT I DIDN'T THINK THAT WAS 1735 01:04:17,680 --> 01:04:19,640 GOING TO BE AS INTERESTING, EVEN 1736 01:04:19,640 --> 01:04:22,200 THOUGH, YOU KNOW, MAYBE THERE 1737 01:04:22,200 --> 01:04:23,400 ARE SOME PEOPLE IN THE AUDIENCE 1738 01:04:23,400 --> 01:04:24,840 WHO WOULD HAVE LIKED TO HAVE 1739 01:04:24,840 --> 01:04:26,320 HEARD THAT. 1740 01:04:26,320 --> 01:04:30,000 BUT GENERALLY IF YOU HAVE AN 1741 01:04:30,000 --> 01:04:31,800 IDEA, YOU GO TO YOUR TECHNOLOGY 1742 01:04:31,800 --> 01:04:33,080 TRANSFER COORDINATOR IN YOUR 1743 01:04:33,080 --> 01:04:36,000 INSTITUTE AND YOU FILL OUT AN 1744 01:04:36,000 --> 01:04:37,280 EMPLOYEE INVENTION REPORT, AND 1745 01:04:37,280 --> 01:04:40,360 THAT GETS CONSIDERED AND IT MAY 1746 01:04:40,360 --> 01:04:44,280 GET FILED BY A LAW FIRM OR BY 1747 01:04:44,280 --> 01:04:46,480 THE OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY 1748 01:04:46,480 --> 01:04:47,920 TRANSFER. 1749 01:04:47,920 --> 01:04:51,880 AND THAT REALLY IS THE BEST WAY 1750 01:04:51,880 --> 01:04:54,160 TO PROTECT GOVERNMENT OWNED 1751 01:04:54,160 --> 01:04:54,640 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. 1752 01:04:54,640 --> 01:04:55,200 IT IMPORTANT THAT EVERYBODY 1753 01:04:55,200 --> 01:04:56,680 KNOWS IF THEY INVENT STUFF AT 1754 01:04:56,680 --> 01:04:58,400 THE NIH, THAT THEY'RE NOT REALLY 1755 01:04:58,400 --> 01:05:00,080 THE OWNER, THEY END UP ASSIGNING 1756 01:05:00,080 --> 01:05:02,080 TO THE GOVERNMENT, AND THE 1757 01:05:02,080 --> 01:05:02,880 GOVERNMENT DOES WITH IT WHAT 1758 01:05:02,880 --> 01:05:06,760 THEY WANT. 1759 01:05:06,760 --> 01:05:10,080 BUT WE HAVE A VERY WELL 1760 01:05:10,080 --> 01:05:11,960 ESTABLISHED PROGRAM FOR 1761 01:05:11,960 --> 01:05:13,800 INVENTING THINGS AND 1762 01:05:13,800 --> 01:05:14,520 DISSEMINATING THEM. 1763 01:05:14,520 --> 01:05:15,760 ONCE THE PATENTS ARE ISSUED, 1764 01:05:15,760 --> 01:05:19,440 THEY CAN BE LICENSED TO 1765 01:05:19,440 --> 01:05:20,480 COMPANIES AND THEY VERY OFTEN 1766 01:05:20,480 --> 01:05:22,080 WILL TAKE THINGS TO THE FDA TO 1767 01:05:22,080 --> 01:05:24,080 GET APPROVAL AND THEN THEY MAY 1768 01:05:24,080 --> 01:05:27,640 EVEN FIND THEIR WAY INTO THE 1769 01:05:27,640 --> 01:05:29,080 MARKETPLACE. 1770 01:05:29,080 --> 01:05:34,560 SO THAT'S SORT OF THE OVERALL 1771 01:05:34,560 --> 01:05:36,240 OUTLINE, BUT THERE IS 1772 01:05:36,240 --> 01:05:39,280 BASICALLY -- IT WAS PHIL CHEN'S 1773 01:05:39,280 --> 01:05:40,440 WORK THAT ALLOWED THIS MECHANISM 1774 01:05:40,440 --> 01:05:43,520 TO GO FORWARD IN A SEAMLESS WAY 1775 01:05:43,520 --> 01:05:45,280 SO THAT NIH INVENTORS CAN SEE 1776 01:05:45,280 --> 01:05:49,200 THINGS THAT THEY DO EEBTL EVENTUALLY 1777 01:05:49,200 --> 01:05:51,680 FIND THEIR WAY TO BEING SOLD AS 1778 01:05:51,680 --> 01:05:53,880 INSTRUMENTS OR METHODS OR DRUGS 1779 01:05:53,880 --> 01:05:58,280 OR WHATEVER. 1780 01:05:58,280 --> 01:05:58,960 >> PETER, THANK YOU. 1781 01:05:58,960 --> 01:06:00,040 THAT'S THE LAST QUESTION THAT I 1782 01:06:00,040 --> 01:06:01,960 HAVE, AND WE'RE A LITTLE BIT 1783 01:06:01,960 --> 01:06:03,480 OVER TIME, BUT LET ME THANK YOU 1784 01:06:03,480 --> 01:06:06,400 FOR A REALLY FASCINATING, 1785 01:06:06,400 --> 01:06:08,560 TERRIFIC LECTURE, AND THANK PHIL 1786 01:06:08,560 --> 01:06:09,960 AGAIN FOR MAKING ALL OF THIS 1787 01:06:09,960 --> 01:06:10,240 POSSIBLE. 1788 01:06:10,240 --> 01:06:11,840 WE REALLY APPRECIATE IT. 1789 01:06:11,840 --> 01:06:13,280 ANY FINAL WORDS, PHIL? 1790 01:06:13,280 --> 01:06:15,480 >> WOW, THIS HAS BEEN 1791 01:06:15,480 --> 01:06:16,880 HEARTWARMING TO HEAR THE 1792 01:06:16,880 --> 01:06:20,680 ADVANCES, YOU KNOW, NMR AND MRI 1793 01:06:20,680 --> 01:06:21,960 ALL CAME ALONG THROUGH THE 1794 01:06:21,960 --> 01:06:24,480 YEARS, AND NIH WAS AT THE 1795 01:06:24,480 --> 01:06:26,600 FOREFRONT OF MUCH OF THIS. 1796 01:06:26,600 --> 01:06:28,880 I REMEMBER WHEN TED BECKER WAS 1797 01:06:28,880 --> 01:06:36,160 DOING THINGS IN THE LAB AND THE 1798 01:06:36,160 --> 01:06:37,040 RADIOLOGY DEPARTMENT STARTED 1799 01:06:37,040 --> 01:06:39,280 GETTING EQUIPMENT AND SO ON. 1800 01:06:39,280 --> 01:06:41,760 FINALLY NOW WE'VE GOT THIS 1801 01:06:41,760 --> 01:06:44,080 WONDERFUL NEW TECHNIQUE WHICH 1802 01:06:44,080 --> 01:06:47,080 WAS UNHEARD OF BACK THEN. 1803 01:06:47,080 --> 01:06:48,480 I HAD NO IDEA THAT SOMETHING 1804 01:06:48,480 --> 01:06:49,760 LIKE THIS COULD HAPPEN. 1805 01:06:49,760 --> 01:06:54,080 >> WELL, PHIL, TED WAS REALLY A 1806 01:06:54,080 --> 01:06:54,360 VISIONARY. 1807 01:06:54,360 --> 01:06:57,320 TED WAS A VISIONARY, AND HE 1808 01:06:57,320 --> 01:07:00,240 REALLY CREATED AN -- I DON'T 1809 01:07:00,240 --> 01:07:01,400 KNOW IF CAN YOU HEAR ME. 1810 01:07:01,400 --> 01:07:06,000 HE CREATED AN INFRASTRUCTURE FOR 1811 01:07:06,000 --> 01:07:11,040 MRI RESEARCH, WHICH WAS AN 1812 01:07:11,040 --> 01:07:13,360 INCREDIBLE STIMULUS FOR MANY, 1813 01:07:13,360 --> 01:07:15,280 MANY GREAT INVESTIGATORS ON THE 1814 01:07:15,280 --> 01:07:15,680 CAMPUS. 1815 01:07:15,680 --> 01:07:18,680 AND WE'RE VERY GRATEFUL TO HIM 1816 01:07:18,680 --> 01:07:20,840 AS WELL FOR HIS -- HE WAS THE 1817 01:07:20,840 --> 01:07:22,640 PHIL CHEN OF MRI, AND WE'RE VERY 1818 01:07:22,640 --> 01:07:24,720 GRATEFUL TO ED BECKER AS WELL 1819 01:07:24,720 --> 00:00:00,000 FOR HIS EFFORTS.