1 00:00:09,272 --> 00:00:11,474 WELCOME TO THE CLINICAL CENTER GRAND ROUNDS, 2 00:00:11,474 --> 00:00:15,278 A WEEKLY SERIES OF EDUCATIONAL LECTURES FOR PHYSICIANS AND 3 00:00:15,278 --> 00:00:17,914 HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS BROADCAST FROM THE CLINICAL 4 00:00:17,914 --> 00:00:20,884 CENTER AT THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH IN 5 00:00:20,884 --> 00:00:22,685 BETHESDA, MD. 6 00:00:22,685 --> 00:00:26,222 THE NIH CLINICAL CENTER IS THE WORLD'S LARGEST HOSPITAL TOTALLY 7 00:00:26,222 --> 00:00:29,926 DEDICATED TO INVESTIGATIONAL RESEARCH AND LEADS THE GLOBAL 8 00:00:29,926 --> 00:00:32,862 EFFORT IN TRAINING TODAY'S INVESTIGATORS AND DISCOVERING 9 00:00:32,862 --> 00:00:35,031 TOMORROW'S CURES. 10 00:00:35,031 --> 00:00:45,208 LEARN MORE BY VISITING US ONLINE AT HTTP://CLINICALCENTER.NIH.GOV 11 00:00:45,208 --> 00:00:46,343 GOOD AFTERNOON 12 00:00:46,343 --> 00:00:47,544 EVERYBODY, NICE TO SEE THOSE OF 13 00:00:47,544 --> 00:00:49,579 YOU IN PERSON AND ALSO, THANK 14 00:00:49,579 --> 00:00:50,914 YOU FOR YOINING US ONLINE. 15 00:00:50,914 --> 00:00:51,748 IT IS MY GREAT PLEASURE TO 16 00:00:51,748 --> 00:00:55,685 WELCOME YOU TO TODAY'S LIVE 17 00:00:55,685 --> 00:00:56,720 VIRTUAL CLINICAL CENTER 18 00:00:56,720 --> 00:00:57,887 CONTEMPORARY CLINICAL MEDICINE, 19 00:00:57,887 --> 00:01:00,824 GREAT TEACHERS GRAND ROUNDS. 20 00:01:00,824 --> 00:01:02,359 THE HOPKINS CLOUD CME ACTIVITY 21 00:01:02,359 --> 00:01:07,130 CODE FOR TODAY'S GRAND ROUNDS IS 22 00:01:07,130 --> 00:01:07,364 50526. 23 00:01:07,364 --> 00:01:10,166 PLEASE TEXT THIS CODE TO JOHNS 24 00:01:10,166 --> 00:01:12,168 HOPKINS CME PHONE NUMBER ON THE 25 00:01:12,168 --> 00:01:16,139 SLIDE TO RECEIVE CME CREDIT FOR 26 00:01:16,139 --> 00:01:16,606 THIS LECTURE. 27 00:01:16,606 --> 00:01:18,241 WE KINDLY INVITE TO YOU PROVIDE 28 00:01:18,241 --> 00:01:20,277 FEEDBACK ON TODAY'S LECTURE BY 29 00:01:20,277 --> 00:01:21,645 KAN--KANAING THE QR CODE SHOWN 30 00:01:21,645 --> 00:01:24,814 ON THE CME SLIDE. 31 00:01:24,814 --> 00:01:26,449 FOR THOSE APPLYING FOR CME, YOU 32 00:01:26,449 --> 00:01:28,585 WILL RECEIVE THE FEEDBACK SURVEY 33 00:01:28,585 --> 00:01:29,352 LINK VIA E-MAIL. 34 00:01:29,352 --> 00:01:30,687 THE SURVEY WILL BE USED TO 35 00:01:30,687 --> 00:01:32,689 PROVIDE US WITH IMPORTANT 36 00:01:32,689 --> 00:01:34,524 FEEDBACK ABOUT THIS PRESENTATION 37 00:01:34,524 --> 00:01:38,895 AND ALSO ALLOWS YOU TO SUBMIT 38 00:01:38,895 --> 00:01:40,430 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE GRANDS 39 00:01:40,430 --> 00:01:40,764 ROUNDS TOPICS. 40 00:01:40,764 --> 00:01:42,499 QUESTIONS FOR THE SPEAKER MAY BE 41 00:01:42,499 --> 00:01:44,301 SUBMITTED AT ANY TIME DURING THE 42 00:01:44,301 --> 00:01:46,236 LECTURE BY SCROLLING DOWN AND 43 00:01:46,236 --> 00:01:47,637 CLICKING THE LIVE FEEDBACK 44 00:01:47,637 --> 00:01:49,572 BUTTON LOCATED ON THE VIDEOCAST 45 00:01:49,572 --> 00:01:49,806 WEBSITE. 46 00:01:49,806 --> 00:01:51,308 QUESTIONS WILL BE ANSWERED AT 47 00:01:51,308 --> 00:01:53,410 TIME PERMITS AT THE CONCLUSION 48 00:01:53,410 --> 00:01:54,277 OF THIS PRESENTATION. 49 00:01:54,277 --> 00:01:57,614 SO TODAY WE'RE HONORED TO HAVE 50 00:01:57,614 --> 00:02:05,388 OUR SPEAKER DR. PHIL EPIGENETIC 51 00:02:05,388 --> 00:02:07,991 A. MACKOWIAK, HE IS THE FELLOW 52 00:02:07,991 --> 00:02:09,592 AND SULLIVAN HISTORY OF MEDICINE 53 00:02:09,592 --> 00:02:10,760 AND SCHOLAR OF RESIDENCE AT THE 54 00:02:10,760 --> 00:02:13,129 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF 55 00:02:13,129 --> 00:02:13,396 MEDICINE. 56 00:02:13,396 --> 00:02:14,998 HE IS ALSO A FORMER SENIOR 57 00:02:14,998 --> 00:02:16,599 LECTURER IN THE DEPARTMENT OF 58 00:02:16,599 --> 00:02:22,339 HISTORY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 59 00:02:22,339 --> 00:02:25,675 MARYLAND COLLEGE PARK. 60 00:02:25,675 --> 00:02:27,410 DR. MACKOWIERK AK RECEIVED HIS 61 00:02:27,410 --> 00:02:28,611 BACHELORS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 62 00:02:28,611 --> 00:02:29,646 PENNSYLVANIA AND EARNED HIS M. 63 00:02:29,646 --> 00:02:32,649 D. AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 64 00:02:32,649 --> 00:02:34,017 AND COMPLOATED MASTERS IN 65 00:02:34,017 --> 00:02:35,985 BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AT JOHNS 66 00:02:35,985 --> 00:02:36,853 HOPKINS UNIVERSITY. 67 00:02:36,853 --> 00:02:39,022 SHORTLY AFTER HE BEGAN HIS 68 00:02:39,022 --> 00:02:42,659 CAREER IN ACADEMIC MEDICINE AS 69 00:02:42,659 --> 00:02:43,626 AN EPIDEMIC INTELIENCE OFFICER 70 00:02:43,626 --> 00:02:45,428 FOR THE CENTER FOR DISEASE 71 00:02:45,428 --> 00:02:47,297 CONTROL IN THE EARLY 1970S. 72 00:02:47,297 --> 00:02:49,632 IN 1975, HE YOINEDLET FACULTY OF 73 00:02:49,632 --> 00:02:50,900 THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS 74 00:02:50,900 --> 00:02:52,235 SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL SCHOOL IN 75 00:02:52,235 --> 00:02:54,104 DALLAS WHERE HE BECAME A 76 00:02:54,104 --> 00:02:55,638 PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE BEFORE 77 00:02:55,638 --> 00:02:56,473 JOINING THE FACULTY OF THE 78 00:02:56,473 --> 00:02:59,876 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF 79 00:02:59,876 --> 00:03:01,244 MEDICINE IN 1988. 80 00:03:01,244 --> 00:03:05,115 THROUGHOUT HIS CAREER, 81 00:03:05,115 --> 00:03:05,915 DR. MACKOWIAK HAS BEEN 82 00:03:05,915 --> 00:03:07,851 RECOGNIZED FOR HIWORK AS A 83 00:03:07,851 --> 00:03:08,952 TEACHER AND MENTOR. 84 00:03:08,952 --> 00:03:10,186 TWELVE TIMES SINCE 1993, THE 85 00:03:10,186 --> 00:03:11,321 GRADUATING CLASS OF THE 86 00:03:11,321 --> 00:03:12,789 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF 87 00:03:12,789 --> 00:03:15,925 MEDICINE HAS SLEBTED HIM AS A 88 00:03:15,925 --> 00:03:18,495 FACULTY MARSHAL, 4 TIMES AS THE 89 00:03:18,495 --> 00:03:19,929 MACE BEARER. 90 00:03:19,929 --> 00:03:22,866 IN 1992, THE GRADUATING CLASS 91 00:03:22,866 --> 00:03:24,801 HONORED HIM FURTHER BY INDUCKING 92 00:03:24,801 --> 00:03:30,006 HIM INTO THE ALPHA OMEGA ALPHA 93 00:03:30,006 --> 00:03:32,041 HONORS SOCIETY HE RECEIVED THE 94 00:03:32,041 --> 00:03:33,476 DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE'S HOUSE 95 00:03:33,476 --> 00:03:36,679 STAFF TEACHING AWARD IN 1993, 96 00:03:36,679 --> 00:03:38,081 STUDENT FACULTY AWARD IN 94 AND 97 00:03:38,081 --> 00:03:40,717 98, AND THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF 98 00:03:40,717 --> 00:03:42,919 PHYSICIANS MARYLAND CHAPTERS 99 00:03:42,919 --> 00:03:49,225 THEODORE E. WOODWARD AWARD FOR 100 00:03:49,225 --> 00:03:50,527 TEACHING EXCELLENCE IN 2009. 101 00:03:50,527 --> 00:03:52,195 IN 2007 HE WAS THE FACULTY 102 00:03:52,195 --> 00:03:54,230 MEMBER CHOSEN TO ADDRESS THE 103 00:03:54,230 --> 00:03:56,666 GRADUATING CLASS AT THE MEDICAL 104 00:03:56,666 --> 00:03:57,834 SCHOOL'S BICENTENNIAL 105 00:03:57,834 --> 00:03:59,903 CELEBRATION AND IN 2010, THE 106 00:03:59,903 --> 00:04:01,738 MARYLAND CHAPTER OF THE ACP 107 00:04:01,738 --> 00:04:04,574 HONORED HIM BY NAMING ITS ANNUAL 108 00:04:04,574 --> 00:04:09,612 STUDENT AWARD, THE PHILLIP A. 109 00:04:09,612 --> 00:04:10,346 MACKOWIAK AWARD. 110 00:04:10,346 --> 00:04:11,748 FOR OVER 2 DECADES THE DOCTOR 111 00:04:11,748 --> 00:04:14,184 HAS HOSTED AN BRAGZALLYALLY 112 00:04:14,184 --> 00:04:16,252 ACCLAIMED SERIES OF HISTORICALLY 113 00:04:16,252 --> 00:04:16,953 PATHOLOGICAL CLINICAL 114 00:04:16,953 --> 00:04:17,720 CONFERENCES IN BALTIMORE. 115 00:04:17,720 --> 00:04:19,088 THESE HAVE GIVEN RISE TO SCORES 116 00:04:19,088 --> 00:04:21,691 OF PEER REVIEW ARTICLES AS WELL 117 00:04:21,691 --> 00:04:26,696 AS A BOOK TITLED POSTMORTEM 118 00:04:26,696 --> 00:04:27,697 SOLVING HISTORY'S GREATEST 119 00:04:27,697 --> 00:04:28,765 MEDICAL MYSTERIES. 120 00:04:28,765 --> 00:04:33,336 THESE WORKS EARNED DR. MACKOWIAK 121 00:04:33,336 --> 00:04:36,239 EARNED HIM THE 2010 NICHOLAS E. 122 00:04:36,239 --> 00:04:37,774 DAVIES MEMORIAL SCHOLAR ARK WARD 123 00:04:37,774 --> 00:04:39,242 FOR SCHOLARLY ACTIVITIES IN THE 124 00:04:39,242 --> 00:04:40,076 HUMANITIES AND HISTORY OF 125 00:04:40,076 --> 00:04:42,278 MEDICINE AND HAVE ESTABLISHED 126 00:04:42,278 --> 00:04:45,315 HIM AS 1 OF TODAY'S FOREMOST 127 00:04:45,315 --> 00:04:48,918 MEDICAL HISTORIANS. 128 00:04:48,918 --> 00:04:51,187 IN 2013 OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 129 00:04:51,187 --> 00:04:55,992 PUBLISHED A SEQUEL TO POSTMORTEM 130 00:04:55,992 --> 00:04:57,327 TITLED: DIAGNOSING GIANTS, 131 00:04:57,327 --> 00:04:58,561 SOLVING THE MEDICAL MYSTERIES OF 132 00:04:58,561 --> 00:05:00,730 13 PATIENT WHO IS CHANGED THE 133 00:05:00,730 --> 00:05:01,164 WORLD. 134 00:05:01,164 --> 00:05:03,466 HIS LATEST BOOK, PATIENTS AS 135 00:05:03,466 --> 00:05:05,335 ART, 40,000 YEARS OF MEDICAL 136 00:05:05,335 --> 00:05:09,138 HISTORY IN DRAWINGS, PAINTINGS 137 00:05:09,138 --> 00:05:10,940 AND SCULPTURES WAS PUBLISH 138 00:05:10,940 --> 00:05:12,809 INDEED 2018 BY THE UNIVERSITY 139 00:05:12,809 --> 00:05:13,109 PRESS. 140 00:05:13,109 --> 00:05:15,211 THE DOCTOR HAS PUBLISHED OVER 141 00:05:15,211 --> 00:05:17,146 150 PEER REVIEWED ARTICLES, 142 00:05:17,146 --> 00:05:18,281 EDITORIALS AND BOOK CHAPTERS ON 143 00:05:18,281 --> 00:05:20,183 A VARIETY OF MEDICAL TOPICS AND 144 00:05:20,183 --> 00:05:21,084 PERHAPS BEST KNOWN IN THE 145 00:05:21,084 --> 00:05:23,953 MEDICAL COMMUNITY FOR HIS WORK 146 00:05:23,953 --> 00:05:27,257 ON THE DIAGNOSIS PROGNOSIS AND 147 00:05:27,257 --> 00:05:28,725 TREATMENT OF FEVER. 148 00:05:28,725 --> 00:05:29,993 HIS BOOK, FEVER, BASIC 149 00:05:29,993 --> 00:05:31,794 MECHANISMS AND MANAGEMENT NOW IN 150 00:05:31,794 --> 00:05:34,197 ITS SECOND EDITION, IS THE FIRST 151 00:05:34,197 --> 00:05:37,433 COMPREHENSIVE MONOGRAPH ON THE 152 00:05:37,433 --> 00:05:42,238 SUBJECT SINCE 1 WAS PUBLISHED BY 153 00:05:42,238 --> 00:05:44,941 WANDERLECHEART ATTACK T IN 1998. 154 00:05:44,941 --> 00:05:51,781 SO PLEASE JOIN ME IN WELCOMING 155 00:05:51,781 --> 00:05:55,385 FOR HIS TALK PERICLES AND THE 156 00:05:55,385 --> 00:05:56,119 PLAGUE OF ATHENS. 157 00:05:56,119 --> 00:05:59,055 >> THANK YOU CHRIS, THANK YOU 158 00:05:59,055 --> 00:06:00,390 FOR THE INVITATION AND THANK YOU 159 00:06:00,390 --> 00:06:05,862 FOR THAT KIND INTRODUCTION WHICH 160 00:06:05,862 --> 00:06:06,229 I WROTE MYSELF. 161 00:06:06,229 --> 00:06:09,666 SO IT IS A GREAT HONOR TO BE 162 00:06:09,666 --> 00:06:09,866 HERE. 163 00:06:09,866 --> 00:06:13,102 LET ME SEE IF I CAN FIGURE OUT 164 00:06:13,102 --> 00:06:15,204 HOW TO WORK THIS SO DISCLOSURE 165 00:06:15,204 --> 00:06:19,275 WISE, I SAY I HAVE HERE NO 166 00:06:19,275 --> 00:06:20,510 FINANCIAL RELATIONSHIPS TO 167 00:06:20,510 --> 00:06:20,877 DISCLOSE. 168 00:06:20,877 --> 00:06:22,378 WELL, IN FACT, I'M GOING TO TELL 169 00:06:22,378 --> 00:06:25,081 YOU IN JUST A MINUTE THAT I DO 170 00:06:25,081 --> 00:06:26,616 HAVE A DISCLOSURE TO MAKE, AND 171 00:06:26,616 --> 00:06:30,386 THAT IS I SHAMELESSLY PROMOTE 172 00:06:30,386 --> 00:06:34,457 THOSE HISTORY OF MEDICINE BOOKS 173 00:06:34,457 --> 00:06:35,725 THAT CHRIS MENTIONED. 174 00:06:35,725 --> 00:06:37,827 SHAMELESSLY, BUT I'M NOT ASHAMED 175 00:06:37,827 --> 00:06:40,897 OF DOING IT BECAUSE I'VE BECOME 176 00:06:40,897 --> 00:06:43,199 RICH DUE TO THOSE BOOKS. 177 00:06:43,199 --> 00:06:45,168 AS A MATTER OF FACT, THE 178 00:06:45,168 --> 00:06:47,136 ROYALTIES HAVE COME IN SO 179 00:06:47,136 --> 00:06:53,776 REGULARLY, THAT I COULD TAKE 180 00:06:53,776 --> 00:06:56,045 DR. KO AND DR. MONFORD WHO IS 181 00:06:56,045 --> 00:06:58,648 BACK HERE WITH US, OUT TO LUNCH 182 00:06:58,648 --> 00:07:08,358 1 DAY IF 2 OF US PAID OUR OWN 183 00:07:08,358 --> 00:07:11,160 WAY. 184 00:07:11,160 --> 00:07:14,998 SO LEARNING OBJECTIVES: I WILL 185 00:07:14,998 --> 00:07:17,400 BE DISCUSSING A NUMBER OF THINGS 186 00:07:17,400 --> 00:07:18,301 THAT HAVE RELEVANCE TODAY IN 187 00:07:18,301 --> 00:07:20,103 THIS TIME OF MULTIPLE PANDEMICS 188 00:07:20,103 --> 00:07:24,040 EMPLOY I WILL BE KISS CUSSING 189 00:07:24,040 --> 00:07:25,742 PERICLES, AND HIS RELATIONSHIP 190 00:07:25,742 --> 00:07:30,413 TO THE GOLDEN AGE OF GREECE. 191 00:07:30,413 --> 00:07:32,048 I'LL BE DISCUSSING THE WAR, I 192 00:07:32,048 --> 00:07:34,951 WILL DISCUSS THE EEIVETS OF THE 193 00:07:34,951 --> 00:07:42,625 PANDEMIC THAT RAGED IN ATHENS 194 00:07:42,625 --> 00:07:44,460 DURING THE WAR AND THE LIKELY 195 00:07:44,460 --> 00:07:46,629 CAUSES OF THE DISORDERS. 196 00:07:46,629 --> 00:07:48,064 AND THE LATERAL WILL BE 197 00:07:48,064 --> 00:07:50,767 THEORETICAL SO THAT IN THE Q&A, 198 00:07:50,767 --> 00:07:52,402 IF THOSE ARE WHO HAVE OTHER 199 00:07:52,402 --> 00:07:57,206 IDEAS, I WILL CERTAINLY BE EAGER 200 00:07:57,206 --> 00:07:57,874 TO HEAR THEM. 201 00:07:57,874 --> 00:08:00,910 SO THIS IS 1 OF THE BOOKS THAT I 202 00:08:00,910 --> 00:08:04,347 SHAMELESSLY PROMOTE, THAT'S 203 00:08:04,347 --> 00:08:05,815 THE--I SHOW THIS 1 BECAUSE 1 OF 204 00:08:05,815 --> 00:08:08,351 THE CHAPTERS IN THIS PARTICULAR 205 00:08:08,351 --> 00:08:16,793 BOOK IS DEVOTED TO PERICLES AND 206 00:08:16,793 --> 00:08:20,196 THE PLAGUE OF ATHENS AND THAT IS 207 00:08:20,196 --> 00:08:21,364 WHAT I WILL SUMMARIZE TODAY 208 00:08:21,364 --> 00:08:25,635 EMPLOY SO THE GOLDEN AGE OF 209 00:08:25,635 --> 00:08:28,271 ATHENS, WHAT WAS IT? 210 00:08:28,271 --> 00:08:34,243 IT WAS AN AMAZING INTELLECTUAL 211 00:08:34,243 --> 00:08:36,112 TIME IN THE FIFTH CENTURY BCE. 212 00:08:36,112 --> 00:08:44,320 IT WAS THE TIME IN WHEN ESA 213 00:08:44,320 --> 00:08:45,755 CLEESE, ARIPH IDESE WROTE THEIR 214 00:08:45,755 --> 00:08:51,360 ORIGINAL WORK, IT WAS A TIME 215 00:08:51,360 --> 00:08:52,428 WITH HERODITISES, AND THEY WROTE 216 00:08:52,428 --> 00:08:53,963 THE HISTORIES THAT BECAME THE 217 00:08:53,963 --> 00:08:55,131 FOUNDATION FOR THE CURRENT 218 00:08:55,131 --> 00:08:55,598 SCIENCE OF HISTORY. 219 00:08:55,598 --> 00:09:03,239 IT WAS A TIME IN WHICH HIPIECE 220 00:09:03,239 --> 00:09:04,974 OF CONTENTRITYS HYPICROTESE AND 221 00:09:04,974 --> 00:09:06,242 HIS DISCIPLES CREATED THE 222 00:09:06,242 --> 00:09:07,944 PHILOSOPHY THAT BECAME THE 223 00:09:07,944 --> 00:09:09,612 FOUNDATION OF MODERN MEDICINE. 224 00:09:09,612 --> 00:09:12,949 DEMOCRACY AS WE KNOW IT TODAY 225 00:09:12,949 --> 00:09:14,050 FIRST FLOURISHED IN GREECE AT 226 00:09:14,050 --> 00:09:14,550 THAT TIME. 227 00:09:14,550 --> 00:09:18,054 AND IT WAS A TIME WHEN THIS 228 00:09:18,054 --> 00:09:26,462 STRUCTURE HERE, THE P A RTHENON 229 00:09:26,462 --> 00:09:30,733 FIRST TOOK PLACE OF THE 230 00:09:30,733 --> 00:09:32,135 BUILDING. 231 00:09:32,135 --> 00:09:34,070 THE GOLDEN AGE OF ATHENS OR 232 00:09:34,070 --> 00:09:37,840 GREECE IS ALSO REFERRED TO AS 233 00:09:37,840 --> 00:09:39,308 THE AGE OF PERICLES, IMAGE OF 234 00:09:39,308 --> 00:09:41,511 WHICH IS SHOWN HERE. 235 00:09:41,511 --> 00:09:44,080 IT'S REFERRED TO AS THE AGE OF 236 00:09:44,080 --> 00:09:48,618 PERICLES BECAUSE HE WAS THE 1 TO 237 00:09:48,618 --> 00:09:54,090 PRESIDED OVER THAT AGE AS 238 00:09:54,090 --> 00:09:55,291 STRATEGOS, THE TOP GENERAL AND 239 00:09:55,291 --> 00:09:56,325 POLITICIAN OF THAT ERA. 240 00:09:56,325 --> 00:10:01,097 HE WAS THE 1 WHO GATHERED AND 241 00:10:01,097 --> 00:10:02,098 NURTURED THE ILLUMINATI, WHO 242 00:10:02,098 --> 00:10:06,002 WERE THE GOLDEN AGE OF GREECE. 243 00:10:06,002 --> 00:10:09,438 HE WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR 244 00:10:09,438 --> 00:10:12,208 INAUGURATING CONSTRUCTION OF THE 245 00:10:12,208 --> 00:10:16,445 ACROPOLIS, AND IN PARTICULAR THE 246 00:10:16,445 --> 00:10:17,079 P A RTENON. 247 00:10:17,079 --> 00:10:19,916 HOWEVER, HE WAS ALSO THE 1 WHO 248 00:10:19,916 --> 00:10:26,556 PRECIPITATED THE WAR WITH 249 00:10:26,556 --> 00:10:35,164 SPARTA, AND SPARTA AND THE 250 00:10:35,164 --> 00:10:37,934 PENELOPENES ISLANDS WHICH WAS 251 00:10:37,934 --> 00:10:39,268 OCCUPIED BY SPARTA. 252 00:10:39,268 --> 00:10:47,910 THIS PARTICULAR WAR, THE 253 00:10:47,910 --> 00:10:49,212 PENELOPENNIAN WAR SWEPT AWAY 254 00:10:49,212 --> 00:10:53,516 PERICLES GOALEN AGE IN LESS THAN 255 00:10:53,516 --> 00:10:57,186 50 YEARS. 256 00:10:57,186 --> 00:10:59,856 AMAZING HISTORICAL TRAGEDY. 257 00:10:59,856 --> 00:11:01,090 SO, PERICLES WAS MANY THINGS AND 258 00:11:01,090 --> 00:11:05,695 I MENTIONED SOME OF THEM. 259 00:11:05,695 --> 00:11:16,239 ONE FOR WHICH HE IS NOTED IS HIS 260 00:11:18,474 --> 00:11:20,109 ORA TORACLE ABILITIES. 261 00:11:20,109 --> 00:11:25,715 HE IS WIDELY CONSIDERED 1 OF THE 262 00:11:25,715 --> 00:11:27,216 GREATEST ORATORS OF ALL TIMES. 263 00:11:27,216 --> 00:11:29,719 THIS IS WHAT HE SAID OVER THE 264 00:11:29,719 --> 00:11:31,187 GRAVES OF ATHEENIANS THAT WERE 265 00:11:31,187 --> 00:11:32,688 KILLED IN THE FIRST YEAR OF THE 266 00:11:32,688 --> 00:11:32,922 WAR. 267 00:11:32,922 --> 00:11:34,924 HE SAID I WOULD HAVE YOU DAY BY 268 00:11:34,924 --> 00:11:41,731 DAY FIX YOUR EYES UPON THE 269 00:11:41,731 --> 00:11:42,999 GREATNESS OF ATHENS UNTIL YOU 270 00:11:42,999 --> 00:11:43,733 BECOME FILLED WITH THE LOVE OF 271 00:11:43,733 --> 00:11:46,068 HER AND WHEN YOU ARE IMPRESSED 272 00:11:46,068 --> 00:11:47,503 BY THE SPECTACLE OF HER GLORY 273 00:11:47,503 --> 00:11:50,239 REFLECT THAT THIS EMPIRE AS BEEN 274 00:11:50,239 --> 00:11:53,542 ACQUIRED BY MEN WHO KNEW THEIR 275 00:11:53,542 --> 00:11:56,946 DUTY AND HAD THE COURAGE TO DO 276 00:11:56,946 --> 00:11:58,681 IT WHO IN THE HOUR OF CONFLICT 277 00:11:58,681 --> 00:12:00,917 HAD THE FEAR OF DISHONOR ALWAYS 278 00:12:00,917 --> 00:12:02,952 PRESENT TO THEM AND WHO IF EVER 279 00:12:02,952 --> 00:12:04,520 THEY FAILED IN AN BRISE WOULD 280 00:12:04,520 --> 00:12:06,122 NOT ALLOW THEIR VIRTUES TO BE 281 00:12:06,122 --> 00:12:10,660 LOST TO THEIR COUNTRY. 282 00:12:10,660 --> 00:12:12,461 BUT FREELY GAVE THEIR LIVES TO 283 00:12:12,461 --> 00:12:15,264 HER AS THE FAIREST OFFERING THEY 284 00:12:15,264 --> 00:12:16,766 COULD PRESENT AT HER FEAST. 285 00:12:16,766 --> 00:12:20,603 FOR THE LOVE OF HONOR ALONE, IS 286 00:12:20,603 --> 00:12:22,471 EVER YOUNG AND NOT RICHES AS 287 00:12:22,471 --> 00:12:29,011 SOME SAY BUT HONOR IS THE 288 00:12:29,011 --> 00:12:32,882 DELIGHT OF MEN WHEN THEY ARE OLD 289 00:12:32,882 --> 00:12:35,017 AND USELESS. 290 00:12:35,017 --> 00:12:39,021 PERICLES. 291 00:12:39,021 --> 00:12:39,689 THE ORATOR. 292 00:12:39,689 --> 00:12:50,066 SO PERICLES AS I SAID 293 00:12:55,271 --> 00:12:56,806 PRECIPITATED THE PELEPNISAIAN 294 00:12:56,806 --> 00:13:04,680 WAR, AND ALSO THE STRATEGY FOR 295 00:13:04,680 --> 00:13:04,914 THE WAR. 296 00:13:04,914 --> 00:13:06,282 AFTER THE BALTIMORE NUMBER OF 297 00:13:06,282 --> 00:13:10,553 MARATHON WHICH THE GREEKS WON, 298 00:13:10,553 --> 00:13:14,423 THE GREEK CITY-STATES GOT 299 00:13:14,423 --> 00:13:15,925 TOGETHER AND DEVELOPED A COMMON 300 00:13:15,925 --> 00:13:25,568 DEFENSE FUND TO WHICH THEY ALL 301 00:13:25,568 --> 00:13:28,204 ADDED THEIR FUNDS. 302 00:13:28,204 --> 00:13:29,672 PERICLES CO-OPTED THAT FUND PER 303 00:13:29,672 --> 00:13:30,906 LOINED THE MONIES WHICH HE USED 304 00:13:30,906 --> 00:13:36,746 FOR A NUMBER OF THINGS, 1 IT WAS 305 00:13:36,746 --> 00:13:43,953 BIG IN CONSTRUCTION OF THE P A 306 00:13:43,953 --> 00:13:46,188 RTHENON, AND UPGRADE THE NAVY 307 00:13:46,188 --> 00:13:49,658 AND THE NAVY RULED THE AEGEAN AT 308 00:13:49,658 --> 00:13:50,960 THIS TIME. 309 00:13:50,960 --> 00:13:52,328 AND WHEN SPARTA COULD NO 310 00:13:52,328 --> 00:13:53,396 LOPPINGER TOLERATE BEING A 311 00:13:53,396 --> 00:14:04,273 SUBJECT OF ABNORMAL ABNORMAL -O 312 00:14:06,842 --> 00:14:09,879 RAFFLE JACKPOT EDUCATIONAL THE 313 00:14:09,879 --> 00:14:10,446 AREA AROUND ATHENS. 314 00:14:10,446 --> 00:14:14,750 SO PERICLES SORT OF DEPICTED IN 315 00:14:14,750 --> 00:14:15,785 THIS DIAGRAM, STRATEGY, WAS TO 316 00:14:15,785 --> 00:14:19,121 HUDDLE WITH HIS POPULATION 317 00:14:19,121 --> 00:14:23,993 BEHIND THE WALLS OF ATHENS WHICH 318 00:14:23,993 --> 00:14:25,294 SURROUNDED ATHENS ITSELF AND 319 00:14:25,294 --> 00:14:26,729 WERE CONNECTED BY WHAT WAS KNOWN 320 00:14:26,729 --> 00:14:35,104 AS A LONG WALL TO THEIR PORT OF 321 00:14:35,104 --> 00:14:35,805 PYRCERTAINLY--CERTAINLY AUS, HIS 322 00:14:35,805 --> 00:14:38,340 STRATEGY WAS TO STAY THERE, 323 00:14:38,340 --> 00:14:43,612 HUDDLED UP WHILE THE SPARTANS 324 00:14:43,612 --> 00:14:45,347 DESECRATED THE LAND OUTSIDE AND 325 00:14:45,347 --> 00:14:50,686 WAS ABLE TO SUPPLY THE NEEDS OF 326 00:14:50,686 --> 00:14:52,988 HIS POPULATION WITH HIS NAVY 327 00:14:52,988 --> 00:15:00,463 WHICH RULED THE AGEAN SEA. 328 00:15:00,463 --> 00:15:03,699 AND THIS WORKED FOR A WHILE BUT 329 00:15:03,699 --> 00:15:07,369 ULTIMATELY ATHENS AS YOU WILL 330 00:15:07,369 --> 00:15:13,809 SEE COLLAPSED. 331 00:15:13,809 --> 00:15:17,446 SO--SORRY--SO THAT WAS THE 332 00:15:17,446 --> 00:15:19,381 PELEPENESI,A N WAR, IT WAS THE 333 00:15:19,381 --> 00:15:22,685 MOST VICIOUS AND COSTLY WAR OF 334 00:15:22,685 --> 00:15:25,421 GREEK AGAINST GREEK EVER. 335 00:15:25,421 --> 00:15:28,157 IT RAGED FROM 431-40 FOWF BCE 336 00:15:28,157 --> 00:15:34,563 AND AS I IBDICATED WAS A RESULT 337 00:15:34,563 --> 00:15:39,635 OF ATHEENIAN HUBEROUS AS 338 00:15:39,635 --> 00:15:41,670 ORCHESTRATED BY PERICLES. 339 00:15:41,670 --> 00:15:45,741 A DEVASTATING SEVERE AND 340 00:15:45,741 --> 00:15:48,477 MYSTERIOUS PLAGUE ATTACKED 341 00:15:48,477 --> 00:15:49,445 ATHENS ALMOST IMMEDIATELY AFTER 342 00:15:49,445 --> 00:15:54,383 THE BEGENERATEDDING OF THE WAR 343 00:15:54,383 --> 00:15:56,852 IN THE SUMMER OF 431 BCE. 344 00:15:56,852 --> 00:16:02,625 IT FIRST ARRIVED IN PYREAUS. 345 00:16:02,625 --> 00:16:05,561 THE PORT OF ATHENS AND ARRIVED 346 00:16:05,561 --> 00:16:10,199 SO SUDDENLY AND FURIOUSLY THAT 347 00:16:10,199 --> 00:16:11,267 THE ATHENNIANS IN THAT 348 00:16:11,267 --> 00:16:14,770 PARTICULAR AREA THOUGHT THAT THE 349 00:16:14,770 --> 00:16:17,039 SPARTANS HAD POISONED THE 350 00:16:17,039 --> 00:16:19,542 CISTERNS BUT THEN IN SHORT ORDER 351 00:16:19,542 --> 00:16:22,311 IT MOVED ALONG THE LONG WALL AND 352 00:16:22,311 --> 00:16:24,346 INTO ATHENS PROPER AND RAGED 353 00:16:24,346 --> 00:16:33,122 THERE FOR ANOTHER 3 OR 4 YEARS. 354 00:16:33,122 --> 00:16:36,892 IT CONTINUES TO BE 1 OF THE MOST 355 00:16:36,892 --> 00:16:39,795 MYSTERIOUS, 1 OF THE FIRST TRULY 356 00:16:39,795 --> 00:16:44,333 WELL DESCRIBED PANDEMICS OF ALL 357 00:16:44,333 --> 00:16:44,567 TIME. 358 00:16:44,567 --> 00:16:45,868 MYSTERIOUS AND IS YET TO BE 359 00:16:45,868 --> 00:16:46,969 DIAGNOSED, THE CAUSE OF WHICH IS 360 00:16:46,969 --> 00:16:50,072 YET TO BE DIAGNOSED IN SPITE OF 361 00:16:50,072 --> 00:16:52,708 OVER 2000 YEARS OF SPECULATION. 362 00:16:52,708 --> 00:16:54,677 PERICLES DIED IN THE SECOND YEAR 363 00:16:54,677 --> 00:16:55,678 OF THE WAR. 364 00:16:55,678 --> 00:16:57,179 THE PRESUMPTION IS THAT HE DIED 365 00:16:57,179 --> 00:17:01,050 OF THE PLAGUE, BUT WE DON'T KNOW 366 00:17:01,050 --> 00:17:01,650 THAT FOR CERTAIN. 367 00:17:01,650 --> 00:17:03,586 BUT WHAT WE DO KNOW FOR CERTAIN 368 00:17:03,586 --> 00:17:07,456 WAS THAT UPON HIS DEATH AT AGE 369 00:17:07,456 --> 00:17:12,861 65 HE WAS REPLACED BY LESSER MEN 370 00:17:12,861 --> 00:17:14,997 AND THAT MAY HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO 371 00:17:14,997 --> 00:17:15,764 ABNORMAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCEN'S 372 00:17:15,764 --> 00:17:21,737 FAILURE TO STAND UP TO SPARTAN 373 00:17:21,737 --> 00:17:23,239 DURING THE PENELOPIAN WAR. 374 00:17:23,239 --> 00:17:30,246 SO MANY OF YOU PROBABLY KNOW 375 00:17:30,246 --> 00:17:31,747 THIS QUOTE: ALWAYS SOMETHING 376 00:17:31,747 --> 00:17:33,649 NEW FROM AFRICA BY PLAYING THE 377 00:17:33,649 --> 00:17:33,916 ELDER. 378 00:17:33,916 --> 00:17:37,753 SO THERE'S SOMETHING NEW IN THE 379 00:17:37,753 --> 00:17:40,589 FIFTH CENTURY BCE ACCORDING TO 380 00:17:40,589 --> 00:17:42,758 FUCIDES, WHO I WILL DISCUSS IN A 381 00:17:42,758 --> 00:17:45,728 MINUTE WHO WAS THE PLAGUE THAT 382 00:17:45,728 --> 00:17:46,428 DESCENDED UPON ATHENS. 383 00:17:46,428 --> 00:17:51,133 IN PRESENT DAY WE HAVE AIDS TO 384 00:17:51,133 --> 00:17:59,708 ADD TO THE LIST, EBOLA, ET 385 00:17:59,708 --> 00:18:01,143 CETERA. 386 00:18:01,143 --> 00:18:11,387 SO EX AFRICA S 387 00:18:12,087 --> 00:18:12,621 EMPER ALIQUID NOVI. 388 00:18:12,621 --> 00:18:14,757 SO FLUCIDES, IS LARGELY CREDITOR 389 00:18:14,757 --> 00:18:16,458 OF BEING THE FESTER MODERN 390 00:18:16,458 --> 00:18:16,825 HISTORIAN. 391 00:18:16,825 --> 00:18:24,733 HE WROTE A HISTORY OF THE 392 00:18:24,733 --> 00:18:27,403 PENELOPESIAN WAR, DURING EXILE 393 00:18:27,403 --> 00:18:32,107 ELSEWHERE AND I'M NOT SURE WHERE 394 00:18:32,107 --> 00:18:33,509 HE RESIDED BUT HE WROTE A 395 00:18:33,509 --> 00:18:37,546 HISTORY OF IT WHICH HE COMPLETED 396 00:18:37,546 --> 00:18:41,417 SOME 20 QUEERS AFTER HE HAD BEEN 397 00:18:41,417 --> 00:18:41,650 EXILED. 398 00:18:41,650 --> 00:18:43,319 HE WAS ECILED BECAUSE HE WAS A 399 00:18:43,319 --> 00:18:45,554 GENERAL WHO HAD FAILED TO 400 00:18:45,554 --> 00:18:51,660 PROTECT 1 OF THE ATHENNIAN 401 00:18:51,660 --> 00:18:55,631 ENCLAVES IN THIPILIS AND THE 402 00:18:55,631 --> 00:18:56,365 GREEKS WERE EXPECTING THEIR 403 00:18:56,365 --> 00:18:58,534 GENERALS TO WIN THEIR ENGAGE AMS 404 00:18:58,534 --> 00:19:01,003 SO HE WAS EXILED. 405 00:19:01,003 --> 00:19:02,805 COMPREHEND HE WAS NOT A 406 00:19:02,805 --> 00:19:06,642 PHYSICIAN WHICH IS IMPORTANT, 407 00:19:06,642 --> 00:19:10,412 ALTHOUGH HE WAS A VICTIM OF THE 408 00:19:10,412 --> 00:19:10,646 PLAGUE. 409 00:19:10,646 --> 00:19:15,351 HE DEVELOPED THE SIGNS AND 410 00:19:15,351 --> 00:19:16,852 SYMPTOMS OF THE DISORDER WHICH 411 00:19:16,852 --> 00:19:21,056 MAY HAVE GIVEN HIM SPECIAL 412 00:19:21,056 --> 00:19:22,224 INSIGHT INTO THAT DISORDER. 413 00:19:22,224 --> 00:19:24,460 IT'S ALSO BEEN SUSPECTED THAT IT 414 00:19:24,460 --> 00:19:27,830 MAY HAVE PREJUDICED HIM TO THINK 415 00:19:27,830 --> 00:19:29,665 THAT HIS SYMPTOMS WEREN'T 416 00:19:29,665 --> 00:19:32,501 NECESSARILY TYPICAL OF THE 417 00:19:32,501 --> 00:19:34,103 SYMPTOMS OF THE PEOPLE IN 418 00:19:34,103 --> 00:19:44,646 GENERAL WHO WERE AFFECTED BY THE 419 00:19:45,214 --> 00:19:45,381 PLAGUE. 420 00:19:45,381 --> 00:19:47,149 LET MAY READ FOR YOU A 421 00:19:47,149 --> 00:19:49,084 DESCRIPTION WHICH YOU SEE 422 00:19:49,084 --> 00:19:51,387 SUMMARIZED HERE, THE CLINICAL 423 00:19:51,387 --> 00:19:55,357 CHARACTERISTICS OF THIS EPIDEMIC 424 00:19:55,357 --> 00:19:56,458 WHICH FLUCIDESE DESCRIBED. 425 00:19:56,458 --> 00:19:58,827 SO ACCORDING TO HIM, THE ILLNESS 426 00:19:58,827 --> 00:20:01,463 BEGAN WITH INTENSE HEAT IN THE 427 00:20:01,463 --> 00:20:02,531 HEAD, MORE LIKELY WE'RE TALKING 428 00:20:02,531 --> 00:20:04,433 ABOUT HEADACHE BUT WE DON'T KNOW 429 00:20:04,433 --> 00:20:06,902 FOR SURE AND INFLM EGG OF THE 430 00:20:06,902 --> 00:20:07,536 EYES AND THROAT. 431 00:20:07,536 --> 00:20:10,739 SO KEEP THESE THINGS IN MIND AS 432 00:20:10,739 --> 00:20:13,409 I GO THROUGH POSSIBLE CAUSES OF 433 00:20:13,409 --> 00:20:14,576 THIS DISORDER. 434 00:20:14,576 --> 00:20:16,412 THESE WERE FOLLOWED BY SNEEZING 435 00:20:16,412 --> 00:20:19,081 AND HORSENESS AND THEN VIOLENT 436 00:20:19,081 --> 00:20:20,349 COUGHING, VOMITING AND WRETCHING 437 00:20:20,349 --> 00:20:22,751 WERE NEXT AND FINALLY A 438 00:20:22,751 --> 00:20:24,553 GENERALIZED RASH, THE PREICIZE 439 00:20:24,553 --> 00:20:27,122 NATURE OF WHICH AS I WILL 440 00:20:27,122 --> 00:20:32,294 DISCUSS FURTHER IS UNCERTAIN. 441 00:20:32,294 --> 00:20:34,296 BUT I HAVE DEFINITE THOUGHTS 442 00:20:34,296 --> 00:20:36,231 ABOUT IT THAT WERE GIVEN TO ME 443 00:20:36,231 --> 00:20:39,268 BY AN EXPERT IN THIS AREA. 444 00:20:39,268 --> 00:20:42,104 THERE WAS FEVER, RESTLESSNESS, 445 00:20:42,104 --> 00:20:43,672 SLEEPLESSNESS AND EXTREME 446 00:20:43,672 --> 00:20:44,540 THIRST. 447 00:20:44,540 --> 00:20:46,108 THERE WAS ALSO AN AVERSION TO 448 00:20:46,108 --> 00:20:50,179 CLOTHING AND DESIRE TO SUBMERGE 449 00:20:50,179 --> 00:20:51,346 1'S SELF-IN WATER. 450 00:20:51,346 --> 00:20:53,315 DAVID DECKER URAK WHO DISCUSSED 451 00:20:53,315 --> 00:20:58,854 THIS CASE FOR US DURING 1 OF THE 452 00:20:58,854 --> 00:21:00,155 HISTORICAL CPCs, DURAK WAS 453 00:21:00,155 --> 00:21:01,123 HEAD OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES AT 454 00:21:01,123 --> 00:21:05,594 DUKE FOR A WHILE, THOUGHT THAT 455 00:21:05,594 --> 00:21:07,896 MAYBE THAT WAS EVIDENCE IN 456 00:21:07,896 --> 00:21:09,598 SUPPORT OF MEASLES AS I RECALL 457 00:21:09,598 --> 00:21:11,767 BECAUSE THERE WAS AN OUTBREAK OF 458 00:21:11,767 --> 00:21:14,770 MEASLES IN WHICH PATIENTS WERE 459 00:21:14,770 --> 00:21:17,473 JUMPING INTO CISTERNS TO COOL 460 00:21:17,473 --> 00:21:17,706 OFF. 461 00:21:17,706 --> 00:21:21,376 PHYSICAL WASTING WAS NOT 462 00:21:21,376 --> 00:21:26,782 MENTIONED NOR WAS ALTERED 463 00:21:26,782 --> 00:21:28,083 MENTALMENTATION AT LEAST NOT 464 00:21:28,083 --> 00:21:29,718 UNTIL THE FINAL STAGE OF THE 465 00:21:29,718 --> 00:21:30,252 DISORDER. 466 00:21:30,252 --> 00:21:32,554 THOSE WHO DIED DID SO ON THE 467 00:21:32,554 --> 00:21:35,624 SEVENTH OR NINTH DAYS, THESE ARE 468 00:21:35,624 --> 00:21:37,659 TARTING TO THE TYPICAL DAYS 469 00:21:37,659 --> 00:21:38,961 ACCORDING TO THE TRADITION. 470 00:21:38,961 --> 00:21:40,929 WHY 7 AND 9, I DON'T KNOW. 471 00:21:40,929 --> 00:21:43,131 THE AVERAGE DURATION OF ILLNESS 472 00:21:43,131 --> 00:21:45,667 IN NONFATAL CASES WAS NOT 473 00:21:45,667 --> 00:21:46,935 DESCRIBED. 474 00:21:46,935 --> 00:21:55,577 IN FATAL CASES DIARRHEA WAS A 475 00:21:55,577 --> 00:21:57,012 PROMINENT TERMINAL COMPLAINT. 476 00:21:57,012 --> 00:21:59,147 AND AT LEAST SOME CASES IT WAS 477 00:21:59,147 --> 00:22:01,083 LOSS OF DIGITS OR GENITALIA, IN 478 00:22:01,083 --> 00:22:04,253 SOME OF THOSE RECOVERED THERE 479 00:22:04,253 --> 00:22:06,421 WAS PROFOUND AMNESIA. 480 00:22:06,421 --> 00:22:09,291 SO KEEP THOSE CHARACTERISTICS IN 481 00:22:09,291 --> 00:22:10,192 MIND. 482 00:22:10,192 --> 00:22:11,727 SO HERE THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL 483 00:22:11,727 --> 00:22:15,764 CHARACTERISTICS WHICH WOULD HAVE 484 00:22:15,764 --> 00:22:17,165 TO BE EXPLAINED IDEALLY IN 485 00:22:17,165 --> 00:22:25,741 COMING UP WITH THE DIAGNOSIS, SO 486 00:22:25,741 --> 00:22:28,377 JUST JUST AN EPIDIBLGIC IN AGHT 487 00:22:28,377 --> 00:22:32,714 ENS BUT ACCORDING TO FLUCIDESE, 488 00:22:32,714 --> 00:22:35,751 THE PAN DEMAT LEAST TO THE 489 00:22:35,751 --> 00:22:38,420 EXTENT AS DESCRIBED AS HAVING 490 00:22:38,420 --> 00:22:41,390 ASHINGED THE ENTIRE EASTERN 491 00:22:41,390 --> 00:22:42,858 MEDITERRANEAN, WHAT WAS THEN THE 492 00:22:42,858 --> 00:22:52,301 MAJOR PART OF THE KNOWN WORLD. 493 00:22:52,301 --> 00:22:55,737 AND ACCORDING TO WAS THOUGHT TO 494 00:22:55,737 --> 00:22:59,308 HAVE ORIGINATED IN AFRICA, 495 00:22:59,308 --> 00:23:00,809 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA AND WORKED 496 00:23:00,809 --> 00:23:03,178 ITS WAY DOWN INTO THE ETHIOPIA 497 00:23:03,178 --> 00:23:05,247 DOWN IN THE BASINS. 498 00:23:05,247 --> 00:23:09,451 BASED ON WHAT FLUCIDES, ABOUT 499 00:23:09,451 --> 00:23:10,619 THE DEATH RATE, THEY THOUGHT 500 00:23:10,619 --> 00:23:12,654 THERE WAS A FATALITY RATE OF 501 00:23:12,654 --> 00:23:12,988 ABOUT 25%. 502 00:23:12,988 --> 00:23:15,958 A QUARTER OF THE POPULATION OF 503 00:23:15,958 --> 00:23:17,993 ATHENS WHICH WAS HUDDLED 504 00:23:17,993 --> 00:23:21,797 TOGETHER IN HORRIBLE 505 00:23:21,797 --> 00:23:23,231 CONCENTRATION CAMPS, EXCUSE ME, 506 00:23:23,231 --> 00:23:27,002 LIKE SOME CONCENTRATION CAMP HAD 507 00:23:27,002 --> 00:23:29,805 A 25% MORTALITY RATE. 508 00:23:29,805 --> 00:23:32,641 SOCIAL ACTIVITIES BECAME TOTALLY 509 00:23:32,641 --> 00:23:36,745 DISRUPTED ENEMY FORCES ACCORDING 510 00:23:36,745 --> 00:23:38,447 TO FLUCIDESE WERE NOT AFGHTED. 511 00:23:38,447 --> 00:23:39,414 NOW THAT SEEMS HARD TO BELIEVE 512 00:23:39,414 --> 00:23:42,551 BASED ON THE FACT THAT THE 513 00:23:42,551 --> 00:23:43,552 ENTIRE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN 514 00:23:43,552 --> 00:23:49,124 SEEMS TO BE AFFECTED. 515 00:23:49,124 --> 00:23:52,094 SOME SUSPECT THAT FLUCIDESE MADE 516 00:23:52,094 --> 00:23:54,329 THIS CONTENTION AS A MEANS OF 517 00:23:54,329 --> 00:24:01,069 JUSTIFYING ATHENS DEFEAT DURING 518 00:24:01,069 --> 00:24:03,472 THE PENELOPESIAN WAR. 519 00:24:03,472 --> 00:24:06,108 SURVIVORS WERE IMMUNE FROM 520 00:24:06,108 --> 00:24:09,311 ATTACKS, IF NEVER CAME DOWN WITH 521 00:24:09,311 --> 00:24:11,413 THE DISEASE OR IF THEY DID, IT 522 00:24:11,413 --> 00:24:13,081 WAS NOT AS SEVERE AS THE FIRST 523 00:24:13,081 --> 00:24:14,616 TIME SUGGESTING THIS WAS AN 524 00:24:14,616 --> 00:24:15,417 INFECTION THAT IMMUNITY 525 00:24:15,417 --> 00:24:16,618 DEVELOPED OR THE PERSON WAS 526 00:24:16,618 --> 00:24:16,852 KILLED. 527 00:24:16,852 --> 00:24:24,526 WHETHER OR NOT ANIMALS WERE 528 00:24:24,526 --> 00:24:24,993 AFFECTED 529 00:24:24,993 --> 00:24:26,461 AFLUCIDCERTAINLY--CERTAINLY SE 530 00:24:26,461 --> 00:24:27,396 SUGGESTS IS A QUESTIONABLE 531 00:24:27,396 --> 00:24:28,997 BECAUSE THIS WAS A TROAP THAT 532 00:24:28,997 --> 00:24:31,400 WAS COMMONLY USED IN ANCIENT 533 00:24:31,400 --> 00:24:33,635 DEKRIPGZS OF EPIDEMICS IN 534 00:24:33,635 --> 00:24:40,642 GENERAL AND THERE WAS NO 535 00:24:40,642 --> 00:24:45,047 SEASONAL SEASONAL AND THIS ORDER 536 00:24:45,047 --> 00:24:47,382 RAGED DURING THE SUMMER OF 431 537 00:24:47,382 --> 00:24:48,550 B. C. DURING THE HEAT OF THAT 538 00:24:48,550 --> 00:24:55,991 SUMMER AND THIS IS IMPORTANT 539 00:24:55,991 --> 00:24:57,392 BECAUSE HANS ZINETWORK SER 540 00:24:57,392 --> 00:24:59,895 SUGJEFFS THAT IF THAT WAS TRUE, 541 00:24:59,895 --> 00:25:03,432 THE NECROSIS WAS DIGITS AND 542 00:25:03,432 --> 00:25:05,067 EXTREMITIES WAS UNLIKELY TO BE 543 00:25:05,067 --> 00:25:06,702 CAUSED BY EPIDEMIC TYPHUS IN 544 00:25:06,702 --> 00:25:10,338 WHICH THAT HAPPENS ALMOST DURING 545 00:25:10,338 --> 00:25:16,278 WINTER ATTACKS. 546 00:25:16,278 --> 00:25:19,347 IT WAS JUST 1 OF ANCIENT 547 00:25:19,347 --> 00:25:25,687 EPIDEMICS SEEN HERE MUCH THE 548 00:25:25,687 --> 00:25:28,323 PLAGUE OF SYRACUSE, THE KARGTA 549 00:25:28,323 --> 00:25:30,959 GENERATEDDIAN SIEGE OF SYRACUSE 550 00:25:30,959 --> 00:25:39,634 AND THE ROMAN PLAGUE HAD 551 00:25:39,634 --> 00:25:40,302 CHARACTERISTICS ALMOST IDENTICAL 552 00:25:40,302 --> 00:25:42,137 TO THE PLAGUE OF ATHENS BUT 553 00:25:42,137 --> 00:25:42,971 THESE CAME LATER. 554 00:25:42,971 --> 00:25:47,743 SO WHY AFTER ALL THIS TIME AND 555 00:25:47,743 --> 00:25:54,783 THERE'S BEEN INTENSE SPECULATION 556 00:25:54,783 --> 00:26:01,189 HOWEVER WHAT THE PLAGUE WAS 557 00:26:01,189 --> 00:26:10,799 ATHENS WAS MANY THINGS HAVE BEEN 558 00:26:10,799 --> 00:26:14,903 THE FATHER OF THE EISPROGRAM THE 559 00:26:14,903 --> 00:26:18,373 AT CTHIS, C, WAS CAUSED BY 560 00:26:18,373 --> 00:26:23,879 INFLUENZA COMPLICATED BY TOXIC 561 00:26:23,879 --> 00:26:24,346 SHOCK SYNDROME. 562 00:26:24,346 --> 00:26:25,480 I HOPE I GO THROUGH 563 00:26:25,480 --> 00:26:28,150 POSSIBILITIES YOU WILL REALIZE 564 00:26:28,150 --> 00:26:31,653 THAT THIS IS JUST IS NOT LIKELY 565 00:26:31,653 --> 00:26:33,822 ALTHOUGH IT WAS PUBLISHED IN THE 566 00:26:33,822 --> 00:26:34,956 NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE. 567 00:26:34,956 --> 00:26:38,994 WE HAVE TO GIVE THEM CREDIT FOR 568 00:26:38,994 --> 00:26:39,494 THAT. 569 00:26:39,494 --> 00:26:41,463 I THINK HE HAD CONTEXT THERE 570 00:26:41,463 --> 00:26:41,763 THOUGH. 571 00:26:41,763 --> 00:26:45,367 CERTAINLY THIS IS AN INFECTIOUS 572 00:26:45,367 --> 00:26:47,135 DEC GIVEN THE FACT THAT NO 1 573 00:26:47,135 --> 00:26:50,405 SEEMED TO COME DOWN WITH IT MORE 574 00:26:50,405 --> 00:26:50,672 THAN ONCE. 575 00:26:50,672 --> 00:26:52,741 BUT IT WAS LIKE NO OTHER SEEN 576 00:26:52,741 --> 00:26:53,208 BEFORE OR AFTERWARDS. 577 00:26:53,208 --> 00:26:55,677 WHAT ARE THE POSSIBILITIES IN 578 00:26:55,677 --> 00:26:58,146 WELL 1 POSSIBILITY IT WAS A 579 00:26:58,146 --> 00:26:59,548 UNIQUE DISORDER THAT OCCURRED 580 00:26:59,548 --> 00:27:01,216 ONCE DURING THE HISTORICAL 581 00:27:01,216 --> 00:27:04,219 RECORD NEVER TO REAPPEAR. 582 00:27:04,219 --> 00:27:06,655 IS THERE ANOTHER EXAMPLE OR 583 00:27:06,655 --> 00:27:11,526 OTHER EXAMPLES OF SUCH, 584 00:27:11,526 --> 00:27:11,960 POSSIBLY. 585 00:27:11,960 --> 00:27:12,527 [INDISCERNIBLE] ENCEPHALITIS 586 00:27:12,527 --> 00:27:14,796 WHICH WAS AN UNUSUAL FORM OF 587 00:27:14,796 --> 00:27:17,766 ENCEPHALITIS THAT'S FOLLOWED THE 588 00:27:17,766 --> 00:27:19,868 SPANISH FLU OF 1918, 1919, 589 00:27:19,868 --> 00:27:23,438 KILLED A MILLION PEOPLE WORLD 590 00:27:23,438 --> 00:27:23,638 WIDE. 591 00:27:23,638 --> 00:27:26,808 AS FAR AS I KNOW THERE'S NEVER 592 00:27:26,808 --> 00:27:31,780 BEEN AN OUTBREAK LIKE THAT 593 00:27:31,780 --> 00:27:35,450 AGAIN. 594 00:27:35,450 --> 00:27:35,917 NOR BEFORE. 595 00:27:35,917 --> 00:27:39,521 COULD HAVE BEEN A DISORDER THAT 596 00:27:39,521 --> 00:27:41,623 CHANGED OR MODIFIED OVER TIME TO 597 00:27:41,623 --> 00:27:43,558 CHANGE TO SUCH AN EXTENT THAT 598 00:27:43,558 --> 00:27:46,194 CURRENT VARIETIES OF THE 599 00:27:46,194 --> 00:27:47,963 DISORDER ARE JUST UNRECOGNIZABLE 600 00:27:47,963 --> 00:27:49,631 WHEN COMPARED TO THE ORIGINAL. 601 00:27:49,631 --> 00:27:54,135 IS THERE AN EXAMPLE OF THIS? 602 00:27:54,135 --> 00:27:56,271 WELL I THINK CIVILIS IS AN 603 00:27:56,271 --> 00:28:00,175 EXAMPLE BECAUSE YOU WILL RECALL 604 00:28:00,175 --> 00:28:02,644 WHEN COLUMBUS' CREW GRIEWSED 605 00:28:02,644 --> 00:28:08,917 SYPHILIS INTO THE OLD WORLD IN 606 00:28:08,917 --> 00:28:12,487 THE 1494 IT WAS A HIGHLY 607 00:28:12,487 --> 00:28:13,188 AGGRESSIVE ACUTE DISORDER, VERY 608 00:28:13,188 --> 00:28:16,791 DIFFERENT FROM WHAT WE SEE 609 00:28:16,791 --> 00:28:16,992 TODAY. 610 00:28:16,992 --> 00:28:21,363 IT COULD ALSO HAVE BEEN MULTIPLE 611 00:28:21,363 --> 00:28:23,064 DISORDERS, IMPOSSIBLE TO TEASE 612 00:28:23,064 --> 00:28:25,367 APART AT A DISTANCE AND TIME OF 613 00:28:25,367 --> 00:28:30,772 OVER 2 MILLENNIA. 614 00:28:30,772 --> 00:28:34,342 HERE'S WHAT HANS ZINSER, HE IS 1 615 00:28:34,342 --> 00:28:35,343 OF THE GREATEST MICROBIOLOGIST 616 00:28:35,343 --> 00:28:39,080 OF ALL TIME AND THE MOST 617 00:28:39,080 --> 00:28:40,048 PROMINENT EXPERT ON EPIDEMIC 618 00:28:40,048 --> 00:28:42,784 TYPHUS OF ALL TIME. 619 00:28:42,784 --> 00:28:45,086 HE SAID: IT IS IMPORTANT TO 620 00:28:45,086 --> 00:28:46,988 REMEMBER THAT IN ANY GREAT 621 00:28:46,988 --> 00:28:54,396 OUTBREAK WHILE THE LARGE 622 00:28:54,396 --> 00:28:55,730 MAJORITY MAY REPRESENT A SINGLE 623 00:28:55,730 --> 00:28:57,933 TYPE OF INFECTION, THERE IS 624 00:28:57,933 --> 00:28:59,100 USUALLY A CO INSURE MARKET DENT 625 00:28:59,100 --> 00:29:03,305 INCREASE IN OTHER FORMS OF 626 00:29:03,305 --> 00:29:03,805 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES, FOR 627 00:29:03,805 --> 00:29:05,240 CIRCUMSTANCES THAT SPREAD 628 00:29:05,240 --> 00:29:07,242 INFECTIOUS TO 1 AGENT OFTEN 629 00:29:07,242 --> 00:29:08,777 CREATE OPPORTUNITIES TO THE 630 00:29:08,777 --> 00:29:09,644 TRANSFORMATION OF OTHERS. 631 00:29:09,644 --> 00:29:10,278 CERTAINLY MAKES SENSE. 632 00:29:10,278 --> 00:29:11,680 SO PERHAPS WE WERE DEALING WITH 633 00:29:11,680 --> 00:29:16,952 THAT, AND THEN FINALLY, IT'S 634 00:29:16,952 --> 00:29:24,092 POSSIBLE, MAYBE EVEN LIKELY THAT 635 00:29:24,092 --> 00:29:24,659 FLUCIDESE, WHO WAS A 636 00:29:24,659 --> 00:29:26,127 NONPHYSICIAN AND MAY HAVE BEEN 637 00:29:26,127 --> 00:29:31,733 PREJUDICE BY THE FACT THAT HE 638 00:29:31,733 --> 00:29:33,201 HAD THE DISORDER WAS UNEQUAL TO 639 00:29:33,201 --> 00:29:38,373 THE TASK OF GIVING A 640 00:29:38,373 --> 00:29:39,240 COMPREHENSIVE ACCURATE DEKRIPGZ 641 00:29:39,240 --> 00:29:44,145 OF THE DISORDER WHICH COULD 642 00:29:44,145 --> 00:29:54,689 BE--LEND THE DIAGNOSIS TO LATER 643 00:29:58,827 --> 00:29:59,594 INVESTIGATORS. 644 00:29:59,594 --> 00:30:04,199 MOST OF THE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 645 00:30:04,199 --> 00:30:05,133 THAT FLUCIDESE DESCRIBES ARE 646 00:30:05,133 --> 00:30:06,801 NONSPECIFIC AND COULD BE SEEN IN 647 00:30:06,801 --> 00:30:08,937 ALMOST ANY DISORDER YOU WANT TO 648 00:30:08,937 --> 00:30:09,204 MENTION. 649 00:30:09,204 --> 00:30:16,544 THE KEY TO DIAGNOSIS IS THE TERM 650 00:30:16,544 --> 00:30:21,316 HE USED WAS LIKE THE BLISTERS 651 00:30:21,316 --> 00:30:26,254 FOUND IN THE RASH PH YLKTAINAI, 652 00:30:26,254 --> 00:30:30,358 IT WAS JUST BE BLED, BULLA, 653 00:30:30,358 --> 00:30:33,361 ERUPTION, PUOF THULE, VESICLE, 654 00:30:33,361 --> 00:30:36,097 PIMPLE OR WELK. 655 00:30:36,097 --> 00:30:37,599 NOW ROBERT LITTMAN WHO DISCUSSED 656 00:30:37,599 --> 00:30:41,603 THIS CASE, POINTED OUT THAT THE 657 00:30:41,603 --> 00:30:44,005 TERM IS USED IN ANCIENT GREEK 658 00:30:44,005 --> 00:30:45,707 LITERATURE TO DESCRIBE THE 659 00:30:45,707 --> 00:30:48,410 BLISTERS FOUND ON A LOAF OF 660 00:30:48,410 --> 00:30:58,953 BREAD OR ON THE HANDS OF ROWERS 661 00:31:00,588 --> 00:31:04,859 SUGGESTING THAT MAYBE THERE WAS 662 00:31:04,859 --> 00:31:15,370 AN ERUPTION, VESICLE ERUPTION, 663 00:31:18,039 --> 00:31:19,541 PUSTULE, THAT HAD RUPTURED. 664 00:31:19,541 --> 00:31:22,877 SO WITH ALL OF THESE THAT HAVE 665 00:31:22,877 --> 00:31:30,518 BEEN MENTIONED, TOXIC SHOCK, 666 00:31:30,518 --> 00:31:31,486 PLAGUE, ERGAATISM, THE 2 MOST 667 00:31:31,486 --> 00:31:33,321 LIKELY ARE SHOWN IN THE NEXT 2 668 00:31:33,321 --> 00:31:33,555 SLIDES. 669 00:31:33,555 --> 00:31:39,694 THIS 1 YOU SEE HERE IS A PATIENT 670 00:31:39,694 --> 00:31:42,363 THAT DR. THEO WOODWARD TOOK A 671 00:31:42,363 --> 00:31:44,632 PHOTOGRAPH OF DURING THE SECOND 672 00:31:44,632 --> 00:31:49,037 WORLD WAR AND IT IS RIP ROARING 673 00:31:49,037 --> 00:31:49,938 EPIDEMIC TYPHUS. 674 00:31:49,938 --> 00:31:52,841 THERE'S MANY FEATURES OF 675 00:31:52,841 --> 00:31:54,576 EPIDEMIC FEATURES OF TYPHUS THAT 676 00:31:54,576 --> 00:31:56,845 SAYS IT'S WORRY AS A CAUSE OF 677 00:31:56,845 --> 00:31:58,146 THE PLAGUE OF ATHENS. 678 00:31:58,146 --> 00:32:00,582 SO FOR THOSE WHO HAVEN'T SEEN A 679 00:32:00,582 --> 00:32:02,150 CASE OF EPIDEMIC TYPHUS, ANYBODY 680 00:32:02,150 --> 00:32:09,657 HERE SEEN A CASE. 681 00:32:09,657 --> 00:32:16,097 SO CHARLES [INDISCERNIBLE] WHO 682 00:32:16,097 --> 00:32:18,066 WAS A RICKETTESIA, TAUGHT ME 683 00:32:18,066 --> 00:32:20,468 MICROBIOLOGY AND SPOKE TO US 684 00:32:20,468 --> 00:32:22,604 ABOUT EPIDEMIC TYPHUS WHICH HE 685 00:32:22,604 --> 00:32:23,404 HAD BEEN STUDYING AT THE TIME 686 00:32:23,404 --> 00:32:25,073 BUT I HAD NEVER SEEN A CASE. 687 00:32:25,073 --> 00:32:26,374 SO HERE'S WHAT HA BEEN WRITTEN 688 00:32:26,374 --> 00:32:29,110 ABOUT IT, IT'S A DEVASTATING 689 00:32:29,110 --> 00:32:34,649 INFECTION TODAY IN WHICH 690 00:32:34,649 --> 00:32:37,752 PATHOGENIC BACTERIA, TALKING 691 00:32:37,752 --> 00:32:38,686 ABOUT RICKETSIA, DAMAGED A WIDE 692 00:32:38,686 --> 00:32:43,958 VARIETY OF CELLS THRUT THE BODY, 693 00:32:43,958 --> 00:32:45,693 ESPECIALLY THOSE LINING THE RED 694 00:32:45,693 --> 00:32:48,763 BLOOD VESSELS, THIS CAUSES 695 00:32:48,763 --> 00:32:50,165 DIFFUSE VASCULAR DAMAGE 696 00:32:50,165 --> 00:32:51,699 CHARACTERIZED FIRST BI 697 00:32:51,699 --> 00:32:54,335 DELETATION OF CAPILLARIES AND 698 00:32:54,335 --> 00:32:56,337 THEN THROMBOSIS OF PROGRESSIVELY 699 00:32:56,337 --> 00:32:58,706 LARGER VESSELS. 700 00:32:58,706 --> 00:33:02,143 RUPTURE OF VESSELS RESULS IN 701 00:33:02,143 --> 00:33:03,011 LOCALIZED HEM RANKINGS. 702 00:33:03,011 --> 00:33:05,480 IN TD SKIN THIS PROCESS FIRST 703 00:33:05,480 --> 00:33:08,983 MANIFEST AS FLAT OR MACULAR OR 704 00:33:08,983 --> 00:33:12,053 SLIGHTLY RAISED OR PACKULAR 705 00:33:12,053 --> 00:33:14,789 LESIONS, LATER AN AS RASH, BLOOD 706 00:33:14,789 --> 00:33:17,358 VEASESLES OF A WAY PRODUCES 707 00:33:17,358 --> 00:33:22,230 EARLIEST AND MOST PROMINENT 708 00:33:22,230 --> 00:33:22,864 SYMPTOMS, EXCRUCIATING HEADACHE. 709 00:33:22,864 --> 00:33:25,767 IN SEVERE CASES INFLAMMATION OF 710 00:33:25,767 --> 00:33:28,136 VESSELS CAN CAUSE STROKE AS WELL 711 00:33:28,136 --> 00:33:32,740 AS ALTERED CONSCIOUSNESS AND 712 00:33:32,740 --> 00:33:33,975 AMNESIA. 713 00:33:33,975 --> 00:33:36,744 SOUND FAMILIAR IN IF VESSELS 714 00:33:36,744 --> 00:33:39,180 SUPPLYING THE OPTIC NERVE, 715 00:33:39,180 --> 00:33:42,617 BLINDNESS CAN ENSUE AND IN VASC 716 00:33:42,617 --> 00:33:44,352 LIGHTIS IS CONCERNED, AND INN 717 00:33:44,352 --> 00:33:46,554 VOLVES THE LARGER EXTREMITIES OF 718 00:33:46,554 --> 00:33:49,591 THE IMENTALLIA THERE WILL BE A 719 00:33:49,591 --> 00:33:54,195 NECROSIS OF FINGERS, TOES AND 720 00:33:54,195 --> 00:33:54,495 GENITALIA. 721 00:33:54,495 --> 00:34:00,235 SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT. 722 00:34:00,235 --> 00:34:02,503 SO IF IT'S NOT EPIDEPRIVATIONIC 723 00:34:02,503 --> 00:34:05,573 TYPHUS, THE ONLY OTHER MAJOR 724 00:34:05,573 --> 00:34:06,641 CONSIDERATION I WOULD BE 725 00:34:06,641 --> 00:34:08,610 THINKING IS THE DISORDER THAT 726 00:34:08,610 --> 00:34:09,811 THIS WOMAN SUFFERED AND DAYED 727 00:34:09,811 --> 00:34:12,046 OF. 728 00:34:12,046 --> 00:34:14,315 SHE WAS A VICTIM OF AN EPIDEMIC 729 00:34:14,315 --> 00:34:15,950 OF SMALLPOX THAT TOOK PLACE IN 730 00:34:15,950 --> 00:34:17,952 BOSTON AT THE TURN OF THE 20th 731 00:34:17,952 --> 00:34:19,721 CENTURY AND YOU CAN SEE THE 732 00:34:19,721 --> 00:34:21,022 PROGRESS OF THE DISORDER ISSUES 733 00:34:21,022 --> 00:34:26,294 JUST A HORRIBLE, HORRIBLE 734 00:34:26,294 --> 00:34:26,728 INFECTION. 735 00:34:26,728 --> 00:34:30,131 I HAD AN OPPORTUNITY TO SEE 1 OF 736 00:34:30,131 --> 00:34:32,233 THE FINAL CASES OF SMALLPOX WHEN 737 00:34:32,233 --> 00:34:36,971 I WAS IN BANGLADESH BUT I HAD 738 00:34:36,971 --> 00:34:37,639 ALREADY BEEN OUT IN THE FIELD 739 00:34:37,639 --> 00:34:40,475 AND I WAS TIRED AND SICK AND 740 00:34:40,475 --> 00:34:41,576 COULDN'T GET MYSELF TO GO OUT 741 00:34:41,576 --> 00:34:43,845 ANDEE THIS CASE AND I'VE BEEN 742 00:34:43,845 --> 00:34:47,649 KICKING MYSELF EVER SINCE, SO I 743 00:34:47,649 --> 00:34:50,118 HAVE NO PARTICULAR INSIGHT, BUT 744 00:34:50,118 --> 00:34:51,853 HERE'S WHAT'S BEEN WRITTEN ABOUT 745 00:34:51,853 --> 00:34:53,254 SMALLPOX FOR THOSE WHO HAVEN'T 746 00:34:53,254 --> 00:34:54,589 SEEN A CASE. 747 00:34:54,589 --> 00:34:58,860 SMALLPOX HAS AN INCUBATION 748 00:34:58,860 --> 00:35:02,363 PERIOD OF A WEEK TO 17 DAYS. 749 00:35:02,363 --> 00:35:06,034 SO IF IT'S A WEEK TO 17 DAYS, 750 00:35:06,034 --> 00:35:10,672 SMALL BOX, COULD HAVE POPPED UP 751 00:35:10,672 --> 00:35:15,343 VERY QUICKLY IN PYREUA OF THE 752 00:35:15,343 --> 00:35:16,978 FFORT DAY OF THE WAR. 753 00:35:16,978 --> 00:35:19,013 THE ILLNESS BEGINS ABRUPTLY WITH 754 00:35:19,013 --> 00:35:27,455 AN INITIAL PHASE OF 2-3 DAYS OF 755 00:35:27,455 --> 00:35:29,090 SEVERE HEADACHE, REMEMBER THE 756 00:35:29,090 --> 00:35:30,458 DESCRIPTION OF A HEAD PROBLEM IN 757 00:35:30,458 --> 00:35:32,794 THE CASE THAT I WENT THROUGH 758 00:35:32,794 --> 00:35:36,431 EARLIER, BACK ACHE AND FEVER. 759 00:35:36,431 --> 00:35:38,566 AT FIRST THE FEVER WAS HIGH AND 760 00:35:38,566 --> 00:35:41,269 THEN SUBSIDES OVER 2-3 DAYS. 761 00:35:41,269 --> 00:35:42,236 NEXT THERE'S INFLAMMATION OF THE 762 00:35:42,236 --> 00:35:43,971 TONGUE MOUTH AND THROAT AND 763 00:35:43,971 --> 00:35:44,706 SHORTLY THEREAFTER, THE 764 00:35:44,706 --> 00:35:52,313 APPEARANCE OF THE CHARACTERISTIC 765 00:35:52,313 --> 00:35:52,513 RASH. 766 00:35:52,513 --> 00:35:56,417 THE CARB OVER THE COURSE OF 1-2 767 00:35:56,417 --> 00:35:59,687 DAYS BECOME RAISED WITH 768 00:35:59,687 --> 00:36:00,955 DIAMETERS OF 2-3-MILLILITERS, IT 769 00:36:00,955 --> 00:36:03,057 APPEARS FIRST ON THE FACE, 770 00:36:03,057 --> 00:36:04,225 EXTREMITIES AND GRADUALLY 771 00:36:04,225 --> 00:36:05,693 SPREADS TO COVER THE ENTIRE BODY 772 00:36:05,693 --> 00:36:08,963 EMPLOY AS IT MATURES, THE RASH 773 00:36:08,963 --> 00:36:12,734 TRANSFORMS INTO PUOF THULES WITH 774 00:36:12,734 --> 00:36:13,901 DIAMETERS OF 4-6-MILLIMETERS. 775 00:36:13,901 --> 00:36:15,970 THESE FIRST APPEAR 4-7 DAYS 776 00:36:15,970 --> 00:36:18,473 AFTER THE RASH IS' ONSET 7 DAYS. 777 00:36:18,473 --> 00:36:20,041 REMEMBER THAT'S A CRITICAL 778 00:36:20,041 --> 00:36:26,647 PERIOD THAT THE GREEK'S 779 00:36:26,647 --> 00:36:28,282 MENTIONED IN THEIR DESCRIPTION 780 00:36:28,282 --> 00:36:30,218 EMPLOY A SECOND GRADE FEVER 781 00:36:30,218 --> 00:36:31,185 SOMETIMES DEVELOPED 5-8 DAYS 782 00:36:31,185 --> 00:36:32,587 AFTER THE APPEARANCE OF THE RASH 783 00:36:32,587 --> 00:36:34,589 ANDENTIOUS SPECIALLY IN CASES 784 00:36:34,589 --> 00:36:36,624 WITH SECONDARY BACTERIAL 785 00:36:36,624 --> 00:36:36,891 ENFEKSS. 786 00:36:36,891 --> 00:36:37,925 OF THE PATES WITH SEVERE 787 00:36:37,925 --> 00:36:44,132 INFECTION WHO IS SURVIVE, 65-80% 788 00:36:44,132 --> 00:36:44,966 ARE PERMANENTLY SCARED WITH 789 00:36:44,966 --> 00:36:55,510 PIECE OF CONTENT MARKS PRIMARILY 790 00:36:58,413 --> 00:36:58,946 ON THE FACE. 791 00:36:58,946 --> 00:37:01,349 ALTHOUGH COUGH IS NOT USUALLY 792 00:37:01,349 --> 00:37:04,886 PROMINENT, IN SEVERE CASES WITH 793 00:37:04,886 --> 00:37:07,121 RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS IN 794 00:37:07,121 --> 00:37:08,456 PNEUMONIA MAY DEVELOP, 795 00:37:08,456 --> 00:37:09,557 GASTROINTESTINAL COMPLAINTS SUCH 796 00:37:09,557 --> 00:37:11,626 AS VOMITING AND DIARRHEA MAY BE 797 00:37:11,626 --> 00:37:13,728 A TERMINAL COXEM RAW DATA AND 798 00:37:13,728 --> 00:37:14,328 TERMINAL FATAL CASES. 799 00:37:14,328 --> 00:37:16,964 SMALLPOX AS A CASE FATALITY RATE 800 00:37:16,964 --> 00:37:21,469 OF 30%, THIS SEVERE CASE OF 801 00:37:21,469 --> 00:37:24,372 SMALLPOX, AS OPPOSE TO DWIF%. 802 00:37:24,372 --> 00:37:28,743 CALCULATED FOR THE PLAGUE OF 803 00:37:28,743 --> 00:37:30,344 ATHENS. 804 00:37:30,344 --> 00:37:33,314 SPREADS PRIMARILY BY RESPIRATORY 805 00:37:33,314 --> 00:37:37,785 AEROSOL HOWEVER INFECTED BED OR 806 00:37:37,785 --> 00:37:42,356 CLOTHING CAN SERVE AS A VEHICLE 807 00:37:42,356 --> 00:37:43,758 FOR TRANSPORTATION. 808 00:37:43,758 --> 00:37:45,259 IT'S LESS CONTAGIOUS THAN 809 00:37:45,259 --> 00:37:51,899 MEASLES OR CHICKEN POX AND IS 810 00:37:51,899 --> 00:37:53,468 SPREAD OFTEN BY CLOSE CONTACTS 811 00:37:53,468 --> 00:37:55,303 SUCH AS FAMILY MEMBERS OR 812 00:37:55,303 --> 00:37:56,170 HEALTHCARE WORKERS. 813 00:37:56,170 --> 00:38:00,308 SO THIS COULD EXPLAIN POSSIBLY 814 00:38:00,308 --> 00:38:02,577 WHY THE PANDEMIC WAS MORE SEVERE 815 00:38:02,577 --> 00:38:04,745 AMONG THE ATHEENIANS WHO CROWDED 816 00:38:04,745 --> 00:38:09,984 TOGETHER BEHIND THE WALLS THEN 817 00:38:09,984 --> 00:38:10,718 AMONG THE SPARTANS. 818 00:38:10,718 --> 00:38:12,787 PATIENTS WHO HAVE SEVERE 819 00:38:12,787 --> 00:38:13,621 INFECTIONS, ESPECIALLY THOSE 820 00:38:13,621 --> 00:38:17,625 WITH INROFULMENT OF ARE THES OF 821 00:38:17,625 --> 00:38:27,034 THEIR RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ARE 822 00:38:27,034 --> 00:38:28,402 HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS. 823 00:38:28,402 --> 00:38:31,005 THERE IT IS. 824 00:38:31,005 --> 00:38:31,272 OKAY. 825 00:38:31,272 --> 00:38:34,675 SO LET'S DO THE PROS AND CONS. 826 00:38:34,675 --> 00:38:39,180 TYPHUS, YOU SEE THE EVIDENCE FR 827 00:38:39,180 --> 00:38:40,948 THE DIAGNOSE. 828 00:38:40,948 --> 00:38:42,783 FEVER, RASH, MORTALITY RATE'S 829 00:38:42,783 --> 00:38:45,786 OKAY, MORTALITY IN UNTREATED 830 00:38:45,786 --> 00:38:50,191 TYPHUS IS AT LEAST 20% DURING 831 00:38:50,191 --> 00:38:52,326 THE PREANTIBIOTIC AREA. 832 00:38:52,326 --> 00:38:54,662 IT'S A ERA DISORDER BUT NOT A 833 00:38:54,662 --> 00:38:55,463 PANDEMIC DISORDER BECAUSE OF THE 834 00:38:55,463 --> 00:39:01,869 NEED FOR THE POPULATION TO BE 835 00:39:01,869 --> 00:39:02,803 INFESTED WITH LICE, AND IT'S 836 00:39:02,803 --> 00:39:06,107 HARD TO IMAGINE THAT THE ENTIRE 837 00:39:06,107 --> 00:39:08,075 EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN WAS 838 00:39:08,075 --> 00:39:10,044 INFECTED WITH LICE. 839 00:39:10,044 --> 00:39:11,946 AND THE SEQUELA ARE CONSISTENT 840 00:39:11,946 --> 00:39:14,081 WITH WHAT WAS DESCRIBED. 841 00:39:14,081 --> 00:39:17,518 I'VE ALREADY MENTIONED ZENSER'S 842 00:39:17,518 --> 00:39:20,755 VIEW THAT NECROSIS OF DIGITS AND 843 00:39:20,755 --> 00:39:27,228 EXTREMITIES OCCURS PRIMARILY IN 844 00:39:27,228 --> 00:39:30,531 WINTER MONTHS, WHEREAS FLUCIDESE 845 00:39:30,531 --> 00:39:31,666 PLAGUE ATTACKED IN THE SUMMER. 846 00:39:31,666 --> 00:39:40,241 THE RASH IS NOT RIGHT, TYPHUS 847 00:39:40,241 --> 00:39:41,576 DOES NOT CAUSE A RASH. 848 00:39:41,576 --> 00:39:42,910 YOU CAN SEE OTHER SYMPTOMS BUT 849 00:39:42,910 --> 00:39:45,313 THAT THE UNXON. 850 00:39:45,313 --> 00:39:47,715 NECROSIS, WINTER MONTHS AND THE 851 00:39:47,715 --> 00:39:49,717 EPIDEMIOLOGY, IT CAUSES 852 00:39:49,717 --> 00:39:51,352 LOCALIZED OUTBREAKS, NOT 853 00:39:51,352 --> 00:39:53,554 PANDEMICS. 854 00:39:53,554 --> 00:39:58,559 WHAT ABOUT SYPHILIS IN 855 00:39:58,559 --> 00:40:01,862 SORRY--MAKE THAT SMALLPOX IF YOU 856 00:40:01,862 --> 00:40:03,497 DON'T MIND. 857 00:40:03,497 --> 00:40:05,433 I THINK THE EVIDENT ALTHOUGH NOT 858 00:40:05,433 --> 00:40:08,569 PERFECT BY A LONG SHOT, IS MUCH 859 00:40:08,569 --> 00:40:10,671 STRONGER FOR THIS DIAGNOSIS, SO 860 00:40:10,671 --> 00:40:13,074 THE PRODROAM IS RIGHT, CASE 861 00:40:13,074 --> 00:40:19,213 FATALITY IS RIGHT, THE 862 00:40:19,213 --> 00:40:20,247 EPIDEMIOLOGY IS CORRECT, IF IT 863 00:40:20,247 --> 00:40:23,618 IS BRUCEED FOR THE FIRST TIME TO 864 00:40:23,618 --> 00:40:25,753 A TOTALLY NONIMMUNE POPULATION, 865 00:40:25,753 --> 00:40:28,155 WHICH IS THOUGHT THAT HAVE BEEN 866 00:40:28,155 --> 00:40:30,257 THE CASE IN THE FIFTH CENTURY 867 00:40:30,257 --> 00:40:32,293 BCE WHEN THE INFECTION FOUND ITS 868 00:40:32,293 --> 00:40:36,364 WAY OUT OF AFRICA AND INTO THE 869 00:40:36,364 --> 00:40:36,797 MEDITERRANEAN BASIS. 870 00:40:36,797 --> 00:40:38,766 ADDITIONAL NECROSIS IS NOT 871 00:40:38,766 --> 00:40:39,867 SOMETHING YOU WOULD NECESSARILY 872 00:40:39,867 --> 00:40:44,905 SEE UNLESS THEY WERE SECONDARY 873 00:40:44,905 --> 00:40:46,007 BACTERIAL INFECTION. 874 00:40:46,007 --> 00:40:47,575 THE MOST DAMNING EVIDENT AGAINST 875 00:40:47,575 --> 00:40:50,778 THE DIAGNOSE IS THE ABSENCE OF 876 00:40:50,778 --> 00:40:55,549 BACK ACHE WHICH IS EXTREMELY 877 00:40:55,549 --> 00:41:01,322 COMMON DURING INITIAL PHASES OF 878 00:41:01,322 --> 00:41:03,024 SMALLPOX AND FLUCIDESE FAILURE 879 00:41:03,024 --> 00:41:03,658 TO DESCRIBE PIECE OF CONTENT 880 00:41:03,658 --> 00:41:05,459 MARKS ON THE FACES WHICH HE 881 00:41:05,459 --> 00:41:08,696 COULDN'T POSSIBLY HAVE MISSED OF 882 00:41:08,696 --> 00:41:15,169 PATIENTS WHO HAD SURVIVE THE 883 00:41:15,169 --> 00:41:15,436 PANDEMIC. 884 00:41:15,436 --> 00:41:16,671 THERE ARE 2 POSSIBLE 885 00:41:16,671 --> 00:41:17,471 EXPLANATIONS FOR THESE, FIRST OF 886 00:41:17,471 --> 00:41:19,006 ALL HE MAY HAVE BEEN 1 OF THE 887 00:41:19,006 --> 00:41:20,641 FEW PATIENTS WHO DID NOT HAVE 888 00:41:20,641 --> 00:41:21,942 BACK ACHE AND HE DIDN'T THINK 889 00:41:21,942 --> 00:41:25,479 BACK ACHE WAS A PROBLEM, NOR DID 890 00:41:25,479 --> 00:41:30,184 HE DEVELOP PIECE --POKS BUT ALO 891 00:41:30,184 --> 00:41:31,719 HIPPOCRATIC PHYSICIANS WERE MORE 892 00:41:31,719 --> 00:41:36,791 INTERESTED IN PROGNOSIS THAN 893 00:41:36,791 --> 00:41:39,026 OUTCOME OF INFECTIONS AND THE 894 00:41:39,026 --> 00:41:42,363 POK MARKS IN THE AFTERMATH OF AN 895 00:41:42,363 --> 00:41:52,773 ACUTE INFECTION HAVE NO 896 00:41:53,240 --> 00:41:53,674 PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE. 897 00:41:53,674 --> 00:41:58,579 SO I AM GOING TO FINISH UP NOW 898 00:41:58,579 --> 00:41:59,246 WITH A CONCLUSION. 899 00:41:59,246 --> 00:42:05,586 SO HERE'S WHAT I HAVE TO SAY. 900 00:42:05,586 --> 00:42:06,954 THE PENELOPESIAN WAR RAGED ON 901 00:42:06,954 --> 00:42:08,055 FOR 20 YEARS AFTER PERICLES 902 00:42:08,055 --> 00:42:11,125 DEATH AND AFTER THE FLUCIDESE 903 00:42:11,125 --> 00:42:11,358 PLAGUE. 904 00:42:11,358 --> 00:42:13,360 IN VIEW OF THE EPIDEMICS 905 00:42:13,360 --> 00:42:13,694 DEVELOPMENTAL 906 00:42:13,694 --> 00:42:15,996 ENDOCRINOLOGYITATING EFFECT ON 907 00:42:15,996 --> 00:42:18,165 THE ATHENNIAN MILITARY, IT IS 908 00:42:18,165 --> 00:42:21,402 UNLIKELY THAT ATHENS COULD HAVE 909 00:42:21,402 --> 00:42:22,703 DENIED THIS SPARTAN VICTORY FOR 910 00:42:22,703 --> 00:42:24,572 SO LONG AFTER THE DEPRIVATION 911 00:42:24,572 --> 00:42:26,107 DEMIC HAD DONE ITS WORST. 912 00:42:26,107 --> 00:42:31,112 HAD THE PLAGUE ALSO MAYBE NOT 913 00:42:31,112 --> 00:42:32,780 DECIMATED BUT ALSO ADVERSELY 914 00:42:32,780 --> 00:42:37,752 ASHING THE SPARTAN WAR MACHINE. 915 00:42:37,752 --> 00:42:40,321 SIMILARLY BAZ THE ATHENNIAN 916 00:42:40,321 --> 00:42:41,355 DEFENDERS CONTINUED THEIR 917 00:42:41,355 --> 00:42:42,690 STRUGGLE FOR 2 DECADES AFTER THE 918 00:42:42,690 --> 00:42:47,862 EPIDEMIC AND AFTER THE DETH OF 919 00:42:47,862 --> 00:42:51,532 PERICLES, NEITHER THROUGH 920 00:42:51,532 --> 00:42:53,968 THUCYDIDES, OR PERICLES CAN 921 00:42:53,968 --> 00:42:56,771 FULLY PLAIN THE SURRENDER TO 922 00:42:56,771 --> 00:42:58,105 SPATTERRA IN 4040 BCE. 923 00:42:58,105 --> 00:42:59,673 NOW AFTER MORE THAN 2000 YEARS 924 00:42:59,673 --> 00:43:00,975 WE CONTINUE TO PONDER THE CAUSE 925 00:43:00,975 --> 00:43:03,043 OF THE PLAGUE THAT TOOK PERICLES 926 00:43:03,043 --> 00:43:06,614 AND SO MANY OTHERS DURING THE 927 00:43:06,614 --> 00:43:10,351 FIRST FEW YEARS OF THE 928 00:43:10,351 --> 00:43:11,018 PELEPENETWORK SIAN WAR. 929 00:43:11,018 --> 00:43:14,221 IF SMALLPOX WAS THE CAUSE, 930 00:43:14,221 --> 00:43:18,192 SKELETONS DATING TO 430 BCE 931 00:43:18,192 --> 00:43:24,632 WHICH WERE UNCOVERED IN ATHENS 932 00:43:24,632 --> 00:43:27,201 IN 1994, 1995, FOR EXCAVATIONS 933 00:43:27,201 --> 00:43:31,605 FOR A SUBWAY TO SUPPORT THE 934 00:43:31,605 --> 00:43:33,874 TWEBT 11 OLYMPICS, MAYBE THEY 935 00:43:33,874 --> 00:43:35,042 WILL PROVIDE THE DIAGNOSIS AND 936 00:43:35,042 --> 00:43:40,614 THEY HAD BEEN IN THE Q&A, I CAN 937 00:43:40,614 --> 00:43:42,950 DISCUSS THOSE FINDINGS ABOUT YOU 938 00:43:42,950 --> 00:43:43,717 THEY WERE INCONCLUSIVE. 939 00:43:43,717 --> 00:43:46,320 SO IF THEY WERE SUBJECTED TO 940 00:43:46,320 --> 00:43:47,354 PROPER MOLECULAR ANALYSIS MAYBE 941 00:43:47,354 --> 00:43:57,865 THEY COULD PROVIDE AN ANSWER. 942 00:44:00,701 --> 00:44:03,771 IF NOT HE WILL TAUNTED. 943 00:44:03,771 --> 00:44:05,773 HE SAID NOW LET EVERY MAN, 944 00:44:05,773 --> 00:44:07,441 PHYSICIAN OR OTHER CONCERNING 945 00:44:07,441 --> 00:44:09,210 GROUND OF THIS SICKNESS, WHERE 946 00:44:09,210 --> 00:44:11,912 IT SPRUNG, AND WHAT CAUSES HE 947 00:44:11,912 --> 00:44:13,614 THINKS ABLE TO PRODUCE SO GREAT 948 00:44:13,614 --> 00:44:15,449 AN ALTERATION, SPEAK ACCORDING 949 00:44:15,449 --> 00:44:16,417 TO HIS OWN KNOWLEDGE. 950 00:44:16,417 --> 00:44:17,718 FOR MY OWN PART, I WILL DELIVER 951 00:44:17,718 --> 00:44:20,654 BUT THE MANNER OF IT AND LAY 952 00:44:20,654 --> 00:44:23,190 OPEN ONLY SUCH THINGS AS 1 MAY 953 00:44:23,190 --> 00:44:24,592 TAKE HIS MARK BY TO DISCOVER THE 954 00:44:24,592 --> 00:44:28,062 SAME IF IT COMES AGAIN. 955 00:44:28,062 --> 00:44:38,572 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION. 956 00:44:42,042 --> 00:44:42,409 [ APPLAUSE ] 957 00:44:42,409 --> 00:44:44,812 >> THANK YOU FOR PRESENTING THIS 958 00:44:44,812 --> 00:44:45,246 EXCELLENT CASE. 959 00:44:45,246 --> 00:44:46,080 WHILE WE'RE WAITING FOR 960 00:44:46,080 --> 00:44:48,549 QUESTIONS TO COME IN ONLINE, IF 961 00:44:48,549 --> 00:44:50,017 THERE ARE ANY, ANYBODY WITH 962 00:44:50,017 --> 00:44:50,718 QUESTIONS PLEASE FEEL FREE TO 963 00:44:50,718 --> 00:44:54,121 COME UP TO THE MICROPHONES. 964 00:44:54,121 --> 00:44:59,126 I CAN START WITH A QUESTION. 965 00:44:59,126 --> 00:45:00,895 DO YOU HAVE ANY INFORMATION DID 966 00:45:00,895 --> 00:45:04,932 IT TAIL OFF AS QUICKLY AS IT 967 00:45:04,932 --> 00:45:05,532 CAME ON? 968 00:45:05,532 --> 00:45:08,469 >> NO IT WAS MOST SEVERE DURING 969 00:45:08,469 --> 00:45:15,142 THE FIRST YEAR OF THE PANDEMIC. 970 00:45:15,142 --> 00:45:17,645 BUT THEN DID DISAPPEAR GRADUALLY 971 00:45:17,645 --> 00:45:20,047 AS MYSTERIOUSLY AS IT ARRIVED, 972 00:45:20,047 --> 00:45:22,182 CHRIS, AND THAT'S 1 OF THE MANY 973 00:45:22,182 --> 00:45:25,819 MYSTERIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE 974 00:45:25,819 --> 00:45:26,086 PANDEMIC. 975 00:45:26,086 --> 00:45:27,588 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR 976 00:45:27,588 --> 00:45:27,788 TALK. 977 00:45:27,788 --> 00:45:31,892 IT WAS REALLY FASCINATING. 978 00:45:31,892 --> 00:45:32,826 >> THANK YOU EMPLOY. 979 00:45:32,826 --> 00:45:35,562 >> MY QUESTION ABOUT WHAT DO WE 980 00:45:35,562 --> 00:45:37,231 KNOW ABOUT SPARTA'S MILITARY 981 00:45:37,231 --> 00:45:39,099 STRATEGY IN TERMS OF HOW THEY 982 00:45:39,099 --> 00:45:39,934 QUARTERED THEIR TROOPS, RIGHT IN 983 00:45:39,934 --> 00:45:42,803 BECAUSE IF WE THINK ABOUT LATER 984 00:45:42,803 --> 00:45:44,305 PANDEMICS HAVE SPREAD WHERE 985 00:45:44,305 --> 00:45:45,673 TROOPS WERE CONCENTRATED IN 986 00:45:45,673 --> 00:45:49,276 PLACES, RIGHT IN AND I KNOW 987 00:45:49,276 --> 00:45:51,445 SPARTA WE HAVE LESS RECORDS 988 00:45:51,445 --> 00:45:52,579 ABOUT SPARTA COMPARED TO ATHENS 989 00:45:52,579 --> 00:45:57,017 BUT I WAS CURIOUS DO WE KNOW 990 00:45:57,017 --> 00:46:00,921 KIND OF HOW SPARTA TROOPS WERE 991 00:46:00,921 --> 00:46:01,622 QUARTERED IN. 992 00:46:01,622 --> 00:46:05,626 >> IT SAID THAT SIEGES AND 993 00:46:05,626 --> 00:46:06,760 PROBABLY NOW WERE POROUS AFFAIRS 994 00:46:06,760 --> 00:46:09,897 AND SO THERE WAS A LOT OF 995 00:46:09,897 --> 00:46:17,037 INTERCHANGE GOING ON OF FOODS 996 00:46:17,037 --> 00:46:18,539 AND MATERIALS AND ARMOR SO THEY 997 00:46:18,539 --> 00:46:19,940 MUST HAVE BEEN INTERACTING WITH 998 00:46:19,940 --> 00:46:21,375 THE ATHEENIANS AND THE IDEA THAT 999 00:46:21,375 --> 00:46:23,010 SOMEHOW EVEN SO, THEY WERE NOT 1000 00:46:23,010 --> 00:46:24,912 AFFECTED BY THE PLAGUE, JUST 1001 00:46:24,912 --> 00:46:29,783 DOESN'T SEEM REASONABLE, THEY 1002 00:46:29,783 --> 00:46:33,654 MUST HAVE ALSO HAD LESSER EXTENT 1003 00:46:33,654 --> 00:46:34,488 TO INFECTIONS AMONG THEIR OWN 1004 00:46:34,488 --> 00:46:36,256 FORCES BUT THEY WERE NOT NEARLY 1005 00:46:36,256 --> 00:46:39,927 AS CONCENTRATED IN TERMS OF 1006 00:46:39,927 --> 00:46:42,796 THEIR POPULATION AS THE 1007 00:46:42,796 --> 00:46:43,797 ATHENNIANS WERE HUDDLED BEHIND 1008 00:46:43,797 --> 00:46:47,234 THE WALLS. 1009 00:46:47,234 --> 00:46:48,068 >> THANK YOU. 1010 00:46:48,068 --> 00:46:49,136 NSO 1 OTHER QUESTION THAT CAME 1011 00:46:49,136 --> 00:46:57,578 IN ONLINE IS WHY NOT VARICEL LA? 1012 00:46:57,578 --> 00:47:02,683 >> I WAS RECENTLY WONDERING 1013 00:47:02,683 --> 00:47:08,889 ABOUT THAT MYSELF. 1014 00:47:08,889 --> 00:47:14,628 VARIC ELLA, HAS BEEN IN RECENT 1015 00:47:14,628 --> 00:47:16,430 TIMES AS BEEN IMMUNIZED IN EARLY 1016 00:47:16,430 --> 00:47:18,032 POPULATIONINGS SO ADULLS WERE 1017 00:47:18,032 --> 00:47:19,433 SUBSTANTIALLY LESS LIKELY TO 1018 00:47:19,433 --> 00:47:23,070 COME DOWN WITH VARICELLA, IT IS 1019 00:47:23,070 --> 00:47:24,905 A BLISTERING ERUPTION AND IT'S 1020 00:47:24,905 --> 00:47:27,374 CONCEIVABLE THAT IN A POPULATION 1021 00:47:27,374 --> 00:47:37,918 THAT HAS NO IMMUNITY WHATSOEVER, 1022 00:47:38,352 --> 00:47:41,722 IT COULD PRODUCE A DISORDER THAT 1023 00:47:41,722 --> 00:47:48,796 WAS SO DESTRUCTIVE THAT 1024 00:47:48,796 --> 00:47:50,230 THYUCIDES, WOULD ARE CONSIDER. 1025 00:47:50,230 --> 00:47:52,299 >> THANK YOU NTHANK YOU VERY 1026 00:47:52,299 --> 00:47:52,933 MUCH, ENJOYED THE PRESENTATION 1027 00:47:52,933 --> 00:47:56,236 EMPLOY MY QUESTION IS AFTER THIS 1028 00:47:56,236 --> 00:47:57,971 PANDEMIC, FROM HISTORICAL RECORD 1029 00:47:57,971 --> 00:47:59,239 OR GREEK LITERATURE, IS THERE 1030 00:47:59,239 --> 00:48:01,108 ANY RECORD OR OCCUPATION FOR HOW 1031 00:48:01,108 --> 00:48:04,178 MA MAY BE ATHENNIAN CULTURE 1032 00:48:04,178 --> 00:48:05,913 WOULD HAVE CHANGED, LOOKING AT 1033 00:48:05,913 --> 00:48:07,614 MORE RECENT HISTORY, THE SPANISH 1034 00:48:07,614 --> 00:48:09,316 FLU, IT SEEMED LIKE THAT WAS 1035 00:48:09,316 --> 00:48:11,585 SORT OF LIKE MASS AMNESIA, 1036 00:48:11,585 --> 00:48:12,686 EVERYONE FORGOT ABOUT IT. 1037 00:48:12,686 --> 00:48:14,588 I THINK WE'RE STILL WAITING TO 1038 00:48:14,588 --> 00:48:16,056 SEE, WHAT HAPPENED WITH COVID 1039 00:48:16,056 --> 00:48:20,527 AND HOW THAT'S CHANGING OUR 1040 00:48:20,527 --> 00:48:22,062 DAY-TO-DAY LIVES. 1041 00:48:22,062 --> 00:48:23,630 BUT I'M WONDERING WITHIN THAT 1042 00:48:23,630 --> 00:48:28,102 PARTICULAR PLAGUE, WAS THERE ANY 1043 00:48:28,102 --> 00:48:28,535 FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE. 1044 00:48:28,535 --> 00:48:29,169 >> THERE CERTAINLY WAS DURING 1045 00:48:29,169 --> 00:48:31,872 THE WAR AND DURING THE--IN 1046 00:48:31,872 --> 00:48:32,940 PARTICULAR DURING THE EARLY 1047 00:48:32,940 --> 00:48:39,179 PHASES WITH THE PLAGUE, SOCIAL 1048 00:48:39,179 --> 00:48:41,748 ORDER TOTALLY DISINTEGRATED, 1049 00:48:41,748 --> 00:48:46,587 THERE ARE AND WE SEE EVIDENCE OF 1050 00:48:46,587 --> 00:48:50,724 THIS IN SOME RECENT PLAGUES, 1051 00:48:50,724 --> 00:48:56,563 EBOLA FOR INSTANCE, THEY WERE 1052 00:48:56,563 --> 00:48:57,664 ACCORDING TO THYUCIDES, BODIES 1053 00:48:57,664 --> 00:49:01,602 LYING ALL OVER THE CITY. 1054 00:49:01,602 --> 00:49:06,807 PEOPLE HAD GIVEN UP ALL PRETENSE 1055 00:49:06,807 --> 00:49:07,875 OF PROPER DECORUM. 1056 00:49:07,875 --> 00:49:15,015 THEY RESEARCH WERE LIVING FOR 1057 00:49:15,015 --> 00:49:16,884 THE MOMENT WHEREAS FUNERAL 1058 00:49:16,884 --> 00:49:19,686 BURIALS WERE A FORMAL THING IN 1059 00:49:19,686 --> 00:49:21,555 ANCIENT GREASE, IT TOTALLY 1060 00:49:21,555 --> 00:49:23,157 DISINTEGRATED SO MEMBERS OF THE 1061 00:49:23,157 --> 00:49:25,159 POPULATION WHEN THEY LOST A 1062 00:49:25,159 --> 00:49:28,195 RELATIVE AND DIDN'T HAVE THE 1063 00:49:28,195 --> 00:49:31,098 WHERE WITH ALL TO DEAL WITH A 1064 00:49:31,098 --> 00:49:32,733 DEAD RELATIVE WOULD JUST SNEAK 1065 00:49:32,733 --> 00:49:36,203 UP AND DUMP THEM ON THE PYRE 1066 00:49:36,203 --> 00:49:39,840 THAT WAS ALREADY BURNING. 1067 00:49:39,840 --> 00:49:41,808 SO THERE WAS THAT AND THEN 1068 00:49:41,808 --> 00:49:45,746 LONG-TERM, WHAT I WOULD SAY IS, 1069 00:49:45,746 --> 00:49:52,419 THE GOLDEN AGE OF GREASE WITH 1070 00:49:52,419 --> 00:49:55,255 ALL THOSE WONDERFUL ILLUM NATTY 1071 00:49:55,255 --> 00:49:56,390 JUST DISAPPEARED AFTER THAT AND 1072 00:49:56,390 --> 00:50:01,895 IT'S SORT OF REMINISCENT OF 1073 00:50:01,895 --> 00:50:02,563 SPECULATION ABOUT MOZART. 1074 00:50:02,563 --> 00:50:04,565 WHAT COULD HAVE BEEN 1075 00:50:04,565 --> 00:50:12,406 ACCOMPLISHED IN TERMS OF HIS 1076 00:50:12,406 --> 00:50:15,242 AKIGZAL SYMPHONYS IF HE LIVED 1077 00:50:15,242 --> 00:50:17,110 LONGER WHAT ELSE COULD THE 1078 00:50:17,110 --> 00:50:18,812 GREEKS HAVE ACCOMPLISHED IF 1079 00:50:18,812 --> 00:50:20,214 THEIR GOLDEN AGE HADN'T 1080 00:50:20,214 --> 00:50:26,119 BASICALLY BEEN DESTROYED BY THE 1081 00:50:26,119 --> 00:50:27,054 WAR. YES, SIR? 1082 00:50:27,054 --> 00:50:29,923 >> IT SAYS RECURRING DISEASE, 1083 00:50:29,923 --> 00:50:30,924 [INDISCERNIBLE] DISEASE, WHEREAS 1084 00:50:30,924 --> 00:50:32,359 WEEKS OR MONTHS AFTER YOU GET 1085 00:50:32,359 --> 00:50:35,195 WELL, YOU GET SICK AGAIN. 1086 00:50:35,195 --> 00:50:37,164 AND THERE'S NO MENTION OF THIS 1087 00:50:37,164 --> 00:50:37,664 IN THAT. 1088 00:50:37,664 --> 00:50:39,733 >> YES THAT'S EXACTLY RIGHT NSO 1089 00:50:39,733 --> 00:50:41,768 IS THAT AGAINST THE DIAGNOSIS OF 1090 00:50:41,768 --> 00:50:45,038 TYPHUS IN I DON'T KNOW HOW 1091 00:50:45,038 --> 00:50:45,672 COMMON [INDISCERNIBLE] DISEASE 1092 00:50:45,672 --> 00:50:46,840 MIGHT HAVE BEEN BACK THEN. 1093 00:50:46,840 --> 00:50:47,774 >> YOU WOULD CERTAINLY KNOW 1094 00:50:47,774 --> 00:50:48,875 BETTER THAN I AND I'M NOT GOING 1095 00:50:48,875 --> 00:50:52,045 TO TRY TO ADD ANY THOUGHTS YOU 1096 00:50:52,045 --> 00:50:53,780 MIGHT HAVE BUT OTHER THAN TO 1097 00:50:53,780 --> 00:51:01,321 SAY, IT IS SUBSTANDIALLY LESS 1098 00:51:01,321 --> 00:51:01,822 SEVERE. 1099 00:51:01,822 --> 00:51:06,026 BUT YOU'RE RIGHT THYUCIDES, 1100 00:51:06,026 --> 00:51:06,960 DOESN'T MENTION ANYTHING ALONG 1101 00:51:06,960 --> 00:51:07,427 THOSE LINES. 1102 00:51:07,427 --> 00:51:09,429 GOOD TO SEE YOU DR. BENNETT. 1103 00:51:09,429 --> 00:51:10,797 >> YOU HAD MENTIONED DURING YOUR 1104 00:51:10,797 --> 00:51:13,333 TALK THAT THEY RECENTLY DUG UP A 1105 00:51:13,333 --> 00:51:15,402 LOT OF ARTIFACTS AND YOU KNOW 1106 00:51:15,402 --> 00:51:16,737 WHILE PREPARING FOR THE 1107 00:51:16,737 --> 00:51:17,771 OLYMPICS, ANYTHING YOU WANT TO 1108 00:51:17,771 --> 00:51:20,974 SHARE WITH US THAT NEED 1109 00:51:20,974 --> 00:51:21,308 FINDINGS? 1110 00:51:21,308 --> 00:51:29,549 NYEAH, THIS WAS VERY 1111 00:51:29,549 --> 00:51:30,784 INTERESTING. 1112 00:51:30,784 --> 00:51:35,722 SO IN PREPARATION FOR THE 2011 1113 00:51:35,722 --> 00:51:38,425 OLYMPICS, THE GREEKS WERE 1114 00:51:38,425 --> 00:51:42,195 EXCAVATING OUTSIDE OF ATHENS TO 1115 00:51:42,195 --> 00:51:45,666 PRODUCE A NEW SUBWAY SYSTEM AND 1116 00:51:45,666 --> 00:51:48,402 THEY UNCOVERED A GROUP OF BODIES 1117 00:51:48,402 --> 00:51:51,071 THAT WERE BURIED IN A TOTALLY 1118 00:51:51,071 --> 00:51:52,939 DISORDERED FASHION AND THEY WERE 1119 00:51:52,939 --> 00:51:54,141 DATED BACK TO THE FIFTH CENTURY 1120 00:51:54,141 --> 00:51:55,642 BCE, AND SO THEY WERE PRETTY 1121 00:51:55,642 --> 00:51:57,477 SURE THAT THESE WERE BODIES THAT 1122 00:51:57,477 --> 00:52:01,415 FROM THE PLAGUE OF ATHENS, SO 1123 00:52:01,415 --> 00:52:02,349 SCIENTISTS FROM THE UNIVERSITY 1124 00:52:02,349 --> 00:52:11,591 OF ATHENS GOT AHOLD OF ACTUALLY 1125 00:52:11,591 --> 00:52:15,262 TEETH FROM THESE ABOUTS AND THEY 1126 00:52:15,262 --> 00:52:17,931 EXAMINED THEM FOR A NUMBER OF 1127 00:52:17,931 --> 00:52:22,269 THINGS 1 OF WHICH WAS THE 1128 00:52:22,269 --> 00:52:23,870 TYPHOID BACILLUS, I HAVE THEM 1129 00:52:23,870 --> 00:52:25,072 WRITTEN DOWN HERE SOMEWHERE, AND 1130 00:52:25,072 --> 00:52:32,379 SEVERAL OTHER THINGS AND THE 1131 00:52:32,379 --> 00:52:34,314 ONLY--THE ONLY POSITIVE RESULT 1132 00:52:34,314 --> 00:52:36,950 THEY OBTAINED USING MODERN 1133 00:52:36,950 --> 00:52:39,686 MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES WAS 1134 00:52:39,686 --> 00:52:43,590 EVIDENCE OF TYPHOID BACILLUS. 1135 00:52:43,590 --> 00:52:46,059 AND SO FIRST OF ALL UNLESS 1136 00:52:46,059 --> 00:52:48,528 TYPHOID WAS A TOTALLY DIFFERENT 1137 00:52:48,528 --> 00:52:51,965 DISORDER IN THE FIFTH CENTURY 1138 00:52:51,965 --> 00:52:58,672 BCE, IT JUST DOESN'T FIT WITH 1139 00:52:58,672 --> 00:52:59,906 THE CLINICAL DESCRIPTION. 1140 00:52:59,906 --> 00:53:02,709 THEY DID NOT CHECK FOR SMALLPOX, 1141 00:53:02,709 --> 00:53:04,111 THEY CHECKED FOR COW POX AND I 1142 00:53:04,111 --> 00:53:08,048 DON'T KNOW WHETHER THERE'S ANY 1143 00:53:08,048 --> 00:53:09,149 OVERLAP BETWEEN THE 2 BUT I 1144 00:53:09,149 --> 00:53:11,685 SUSPECT NOT AND THEN THERE WAS A 1145 00:53:11,685 --> 00:53:14,454 LETTER TO THE EDITOR AND A 1146 00:53:14,454 --> 00:53:17,958 SUBSEQUENT ISSUE FROM A GROUP AT 1147 00:53:17,958 --> 00:53:20,727 OXFORD AND IN COLLABORATION WITH 1148 00:53:20,727 --> 00:53:21,928 ANOTHER INVESTIGATOR FROM THE 1149 00:53:21,928 --> 00:53:25,832 [INDISCERNIBLE] INSTITUTE AND 1150 00:53:25,832 --> 00:53:28,568 THEY BASICALLY POO POO'D THEIR 1151 00:53:28,568 --> 00:53:31,138 TECHNOLOGY AND SAID, NO, THEY 1152 00:53:31,138 --> 00:53:32,539 DIDN'T SHOW ANYTHING. 1153 00:53:32,539 --> 00:53:35,675 SO I'M INCLINED BASED ON THE 1154 00:53:35,675 --> 00:53:37,544 FACT THAT THERE'S NO CLINICAL 1155 00:53:37,544 --> 00:53:38,745 EVIDENCE OF TYPHOID FEVER, AT 1156 00:53:38,745 --> 00:53:41,748 LEAST IF WE KNOW IT TODAY TO 1157 00:53:41,748 --> 00:53:48,755 SUPPORT THE DIAGNOSE TO THINK 1158 00:53:48,755 --> 00:53:51,291 THAT THEIR INVESTIGATION BOGUS 1159 00:53:51,291 --> 00:53:53,493 EMPLOY 1160 00:53:53,493 --> 00:53:54,828 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH. 1161 00:53:54,828 --> 00:53:57,798 I ENI DIDN'TED THE LECTURE, I 1162 00:53:57,798 --> 00:54:00,100 ALWAYS LEARN ABOUT MEDICAL 1163 00:54:00,100 --> 00:54:00,333 HISTORY. 1164 00:54:00,333 --> 00:54:00,700 >> SAME HERE. 1165 00:54:00,700 --> 00:54:02,202 >> IN LISTENING TO YOUR TALK, I 1166 00:54:02,202 --> 00:54:04,070 WAS WONDERING HOW IMPORTANT 1167 00:54:04,070 --> 00:54:07,474 MEDICAL HISTORY IS FOR ALL OF US 1168 00:54:07,474 --> 00:54:08,842 THAT IN THIS PROFESSION AND IN 1169 00:54:08,842 --> 00:54:10,610 TERMS OF JUST AN OPPORTUNITY TO 1170 00:54:10,610 --> 00:54:15,215 REFLECT ON LESSONS LEARNED AND 1171 00:54:15,215 --> 00:54:18,084 ALSO EVEN IMPORTANT THINGS LIKE 1172 00:54:18,084 --> 00:54:19,686 PHYSICAL DIAGNOSIS, AND JUST AN 1173 00:54:19,686 --> 00:54:24,925 APPRECIATION FOR HOW WE'VE COME 1174 00:54:24,925 --> 00:54:25,225 PERHAPS-- 1175 00:54:25,225 --> 00:54:27,961 >> OR HOW FAR WE HAVEN'T COME. 1176 00:54:27,961 --> 00:54:28,495 >> --THAT'S RIGHT. 1177 00:54:28,495 --> 00:54:30,597 DO YOU HAPPEN TO KNOW IF THE 1178 00:54:30,597 --> 00:54:32,999 MEDICAL HISTORY IS BECOMING MORE 1179 00:54:32,999 --> 00:54:35,702 OF A FOCUS IN MEDICAL EDUCATION 1180 00:54:35,702 --> 00:54:37,537 AND IF NOT, GOOD WAYS IN WHICH 1181 00:54:37,537 --> 00:54:38,972 WE CAN INCORPORATE IT MORE SO 1182 00:54:38,972 --> 00:54:44,211 AND MAKE IT RELEVANT TO MOTERN 1183 00:54:44,211 --> 00:54:45,679 MEDICAL STUDENTS? 1184 00:54:45,679 --> 00:54:47,781 >> SADLY, EVERYTHING I KNOW 1185 00:54:47,781 --> 00:54:50,283 ABOUT THE TEACHING OF THE 1186 00:54:50,283 --> 00:54:53,520 HISTORY OF MEDICINE IS THAT IT 1187 00:54:53,520 --> 00:54:59,125 IS NOT A PROMINENT PART OF OUR 1188 00:54:59,125 --> 00:54:59,793 MEDICAL EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM. 1189 00:54:59,793 --> 00:55:03,630 THERE ARE ONLY A FEW HIGH 1190 00:55:03,630 --> 00:55:07,367 PROFILE UNIVERSITIES THAT HAVE 1191 00:55:07,367 --> 00:55:10,704 MEDICAL HISTORY PROGRAMS, 1192 00:55:10,704 --> 00:55:13,807 HOPKINS, YALE, UNIVERSITY OF 1193 00:55:13,807 --> 00:55:15,775 MARYLAND AND A FEW OTHERS AND IT 1194 00:55:15,775 --> 00:55:20,514 DOESN'T LOOK LIKE WE'RE MOVING 1195 00:55:20,514 --> 00:55:22,382 IN THE DIRECTION OF MORE 1196 00:55:22,382 --> 00:55:23,950 TEACHING OF MEDICAL HISTORY AND 1197 00:55:23,950 --> 00:55:25,051 I CAN UNDERSTAND THIS. 1198 00:55:25,051 --> 00:55:27,220 I MEAN THE VOLUME OF INFORMATION 1199 00:55:27,220 --> 00:55:30,991 THAT WE'RE TRYING TO GIVE TO OUR 1200 00:55:30,991 --> 00:55:35,629 TRAINEES IS JUST OVER WHELMING 1201 00:55:35,629 --> 00:55:37,264 TO SAY THE LEAST. 1202 00:55:37,264 --> 00:55:39,866 SO THERE ARE A NUMBER OF THINGS 1203 00:55:39,866 --> 00:55:40,867 THAT MEDICAL HISTORY CAN TEACH 1204 00:55:40,867 --> 00:55:45,572 US WHICH I THINK ARE CRITICALLY 1205 00:55:45,572 --> 00:55:47,007 IMPORTANT IN THE PROFESSION, 1206 00:55:47,007 --> 00:55:52,445 MOST IMPORTANT OF WHICH IS 1207 00:55:52,445 --> 00:55:53,380 HUMILITY. 1208 00:55:53,380 --> 00:55:56,316 BECAUSE IF YOU--IF YOU'RE 1209 00:55:56,316 --> 00:55:58,585 SERIOUS ABOUT DELVING INTO 1210 00:55:58,585 --> 00:56:00,754 MEDICAL HISTORY, IT CAN'T HELP 1211 00:56:00,754 --> 00:56:03,290 BUT OCCUR TO YOU THAT WHAT 1212 00:56:03,290 --> 00:56:06,359 YOU'RE DOING NOW WHICH JUST 1213 00:56:06,359 --> 00:56:08,528 SEEMS SO OBVIOUSLY RIGHT AND 1214 00:56:08,528 --> 00:56:10,363 PROPER IN ANOTHER GENERATION 1215 00:56:10,363 --> 00:56:12,666 WILL BE THOUGHT OF AS JUST 1216 00:56:12,666 --> 00:56:14,034 ABSOLUTE FOLLY BECAUSE IT 1217 00:56:14,034 --> 00:56:16,736 HAPPENS OVER AND OVER AGAIN. 1218 00:56:16,736 --> 00:56:19,039 AND I THINK THAT TYPE OF 1219 00:56:19,039 --> 00:56:20,307 HUMILITY IS WORTH SOMETHING. 1220 00:56:20,307 --> 00:56:25,211 THANK YOU FOR THOSE COMMENTS. 1221 00:56:25,211 --> 00:56:26,079 >> ALL RIGHT. 1222 00:56:26,079 --> 00:56:27,714 WELL, THANK YOU ALL VERY MUCH 1223 00:56:27,714 --> 00:56:30,216 FOR JOINING US AT THE 1224 00:56:30,216 --> 00:56:31,418 CONTEMPORARY CLINICAL GREAT 1225 00:56:31,418 --> 00:56:32,986 TEACHER GRAND ROUNDS. 1226 00:56:32,986 --> 00:56:36,323 THANK YOU DR. FOR YOUR WONDERFUL 1227 00:56:36,323 --> 00:56:39,326 TALK AND THIS CONCLUDES OUR 1228 00:56:39,326 --> 00:56:40,860 SESSION. 1229 00:56:40,860 --> 00:56:41,261 THANK YOU. 1230 00:56:41,261 --> 00:56:51,261 THANK YOU FOR COMING.