1 00:00:09,349 --> 00:00:11,551 Welcome to the Clinical Center Grand Rounds, 2 00:00:11,551 --> 00:00:15,355 a weekly series of educational lectures for physicians and 3 00:00:15,355 --> 00:00:17,991 health care professionals broadcast from the Clinical 4 00:00:17,991 --> 00:00:20,960 Center at the National Institutes of Health in 5 00:00:20,960 --> 00:00:22,729 Bethesda, MD. 6 00:00:22,729 --> 00:00:26,299 The NIH Clinical Center is the world's largest hospital totally 7 00:00:26,299 --> 00:00:29,969 dedicated to investigational research and leads the global 8 00:00:29,969 --> 00:00:32,939 effort in training today's investigators and discovering 9 00:00:32,939 --> 00:00:35,108 tomorrow's cures. 10 00:00:35,108 --> 00:00:46,107 Learn more by visiting us online at http:/ /clinicalcenter.nih.gov 11 00:00:46,107 --> 00:00:50,411 GOOD AFTERNOON, MY NAME IS 12 00:00:50,411 --> 00:00:52,847 DR. DANIEL SHERTOW, WELCOME TO 13 00:00:52,847 --> 00:00:54,482 TODAY'S LIVE CLINICAL CENTER 14 00:00:54,482 --> 00:00:55,817 GRAND ROUNDS PRESENTATION. 15 00:00:55,817 --> 00:00:58,686 THE HOPKINS CLOUD CME CODE FOR 16 00:00:58,686 --> 00:01:02,490 TODAY'S GRAND ROUNDS IS 36728. 17 00:01:02,490 --> 00:01:04,692 PLEASE TEXT THIS CODE TO THE 18 00:01:04,692 --> 00:01:05,426 JOHNS HOPKINS CME PHONE NUMBER 19 00:01:05,426 --> 00:01:07,962 ON THE SLIDE TO RECEIVE CME 20 00:01:07,962 --> 00:01:10,798 CREDIT FOR THIS LECTURE. 21 00:01:10,798 --> 00:01:12,834 A REMINDER THAT THE EVALUATION 22 00:01:12,834 --> 00:01:14,469 FORM FOR TODAY'S LECTURE IS 23 00:01:14,469 --> 00:01:17,472 AVAILABLE AS WAY DOWNLOADABLE 24 00:01:17,472 --> 00:01:18,673 PDFOT CLINICAL CENTER GRAND 25 00:01:18,673 --> 00:01:19,040 ROUNDS WEBSITE. 26 00:01:19,040 --> 00:01:21,809 THIS FORM IS USED TO PROVIDE US 27 00:01:21,809 --> 00:01:22,844 WITH IMPORTANT FEEDBACK ABOUT 28 00:01:22,844 --> 00:01:24,445 THIS PRESENT HAITIAN AND ALLOWS 29 00:01:24,445 --> 00:01:26,147 YOU TO SUBMIT ANY SUGGESTIONS 30 00:01:26,147 --> 00:01:29,217 FOR FUTURE GRAND ROUNDS TOPICS. 31 00:01:29,217 --> 00:01:30,652 QUESTIONS FOR THE SPEAKER CAN BE 32 00:01:30,652 --> 00:01:32,987 SUBMITTED AT ANY TIME DURING THE 33 00:01:32,987 --> 00:01:35,290 LECTURE BY SCROLLING DOWN AND 34 00:01:35,290 --> 00:01:36,791 CLICKING THE LIVE FEEDBACK 35 00:01:36,791 --> 00:01:41,629 BUTTON LOCATED ON THE VIDEOCAST 36 00:01:41,629 --> 00:01:41,863 WEBSITE. 37 00:01:41,863 --> 00:01:43,398 QUESTIONS WILL BE ANSWERED IF 38 00:01:43,398 --> 00:01:45,833 TIME PERMITS AT THE CONCLUSION 39 00:01:45,833 --> 00:01:46,267 OF THE PRESENTATION. 40 00:01:46,267 --> 00:01:52,040 OW SPEAKER TODAY IS DR. CHARLES 41 00:01:52,040 --> 00:01:54,676 ROTIMI, SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR AND 42 00:01:54,676 --> 00:01:55,310 NIH DISTINGUISHED INVESTIGATOR 43 00:01:55,310 --> 00:01:56,277 FOR THE IMPOSSIBLE TO BUILD 44 00:01:56,277 --> 00:01:59,280 RAMURAL RESEARCH AND THE 45 00:01:59,280 --> 00:02:00,281 NATIONAL HUMAN GENOME RESEARCH 46 00:02:00,281 --> 00:02:01,716 INSTITUTE, HE'S ALSO THE 47 00:02:01,716 --> 00:02:03,384 DIRECTOR FOR CENTER FOR RESEARCH 48 00:02:03,384 --> 00:02:07,221 ON GENOMICS AND GLOBAL HEALTH. 49 00:02:07,221 --> 00:02:11,059 DR. ROTIMI RECEIVED HIS 50 00:02:11,059 --> 00:02:13,361 BACHELORS IN BIOCHEMISTRY FROM A 51 00:02:13,361 --> 00:02:15,363 UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, HE 52 00:02:15,363 --> 00:02:16,631 PURSUED A MASTERS FROM THE 53 00:02:16,631 --> 00:02:18,066 UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI AND 54 00:02:18,066 --> 00:02:20,401 EARNED A MASTERS PUBLIC HEALTH 55 00:02:20,401 --> 00:02:22,270 AND Ph.D. IN EPIDEMIOLOGY FROM 56 00:02:22,270 --> 00:02:24,939 THE UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT 57 00:02:24,939 --> 00:02:25,239 BIRMINGHAM. 58 00:02:25,239 --> 00:02:27,875 AFTER COMPLETING HIS Ph.D. 59 00:02:27,875 --> 00:02:30,178 DR. ROTIMI WORKED AS AN 60 00:02:30,178 --> 00:02:31,980 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR BEFORE 61 00:02:31,980 --> 00:02:32,613 BECOMING A ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR 62 00:02:32,613 --> 00:02:34,849 FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE 63 00:02:34,849 --> 00:02:37,018 AND EPIDEMIOLOGY AT LOYALA 64 00:02:37,018 --> 00:02:41,923 UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER IN 65 00:02:41,923 --> 00:02:42,323 ILLINOIS. 66 00:02:42,323 --> 00:02:44,425 FROM 1999-2008 DR. ROTIMI SERVED 67 00:02:44,425 --> 00:02:46,294 AS DIRECTOR OF GENETIC 68 00:02:46,294 --> 00:02:47,595 EPIDEMIOLOGY FOR THE NATIONAL 69 00:02:47,595 --> 00:02:50,198 HUMAN GENOME CENTER AT HOWARD 70 00:02:50,198 --> 00:02:51,899 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE. 71 00:02:51,899 --> 00:02:53,801 HE BECAME A TENURED PROFESSOR 72 00:02:53,801 --> 00:02:55,436 FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY 73 00:02:55,436 --> 00:02:57,071 AND FAMILY MEDICINE AT HOWARD IN 74 00:02:57,071 --> 00:02:59,273 2003 AND THE DIRECTOR FOR THE 75 00:02:59,273 --> 00:03:00,842 HUMAN, THE NATIONAL HUMAN GENOME 76 00:03:00,842 --> 00:03:07,248 CENTER AT HOWARD IN 2004. 77 00:03:07,248 --> 00:03:09,384 DR. ROTIMI CAME TO THE NIH IN 78 00:03:09,384 --> 00:03:11,285 2008 TO FOUND THE CENTER FOR 79 00:03:11,285 --> 00:03:12,453 RESEARCH AND GENOMICS AND GLOBAL 80 00:03:12,453 --> 00:03:14,956 HEALTH WITH THE MISSION OF 81 00:03:14,956 --> 00:03:17,325 ADVANCING RESEARCH INTO THE ROLE 82 00:03:17,325 --> 00:03:19,494 OF CULTURE, LIFESTYLE AND 83 00:03:19,494 --> 00:03:21,429 GENOMICS AND DISEASE ETIOLOGY, 84 00:03:21,429 --> 00:03:25,266 HEALTH DISPARITIES AND VARIABLE 85 00:03:25,266 --> 00:03:25,767 DRUG RESPONSE. 86 00:03:25,767 --> 00:03:27,635 DR. ROTIMI'S RESEARCH FOCUSES ON 87 00:03:27,635 --> 00:03:30,838 THE ETIOLOGY OF COMPLEX DISEASES 88 00:03:30,838 --> 00:03:32,173 AND HEALTH DISPARITIES. 89 00:03:32,173 --> 00:03:33,441 HIS TEAM STUDIES ETHNIC 90 00:03:33,441 --> 00:03:35,309 DIFFERENCES IN THE DISTRIBUTION 91 00:03:35,309 --> 00:03:36,611 OF GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL 92 00:03:36,611 --> 00:03:38,446 RISK FACTORS WITH PARTICULAR 93 00:03:38,446 --> 00:03:42,417 EMPHASIS ON POPULATIONS OF 94 00:03:42,417 --> 00:03:43,117 AFRICAN ANCESTRY. 95 00:03:43,117 --> 00:03:44,919 DR. ROTIMI'S LAB DEVELOPS MODELS 96 00:03:44,919 --> 00:03:45,953 AND CONDUCTS STUDIES THAT 97 00:03:45,953 --> 00:03:48,256 EXPLORE THE PATTERNS AND 98 00:03:48,256 --> 00:03:49,557 DETERMINANTS OF COMMON COMPLEX 99 00:03:49,557 --> 00:03:53,361 DISEASES AND HUMAN POPULATION 100 00:03:53,361 --> 00:03:54,529 ISSUES WITH THE PARTICULAR 101 00:03:54,529 --> 00:04:00,134 EMPHASIS OF POPULATIONS WITH THE 102 00:04:00,134 --> 00:04:08,509 AFRICAN DISP A ARA, HIS LAB 103 00:04:08,509 --> 00:04:09,911 CONTRIBUTED TO THE GLOBAL 104 00:04:09,911 --> 00:04:12,847 UNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN VARIATION 105 00:04:12,847 --> 00:04:18,820 BY ACTIVELY PARTICIPATE NOTHING 106 00:04:18,820 --> 00:04:21,089 THE ACTIVE GENOMES AND THE 107 00:04:21,089 --> 00:04:22,256 AFRICAN GENOME PROJECT. 108 00:04:22,256 --> 00:04:23,524 HE IS ON THE EXECUTIVE AND 109 00:04:23,524 --> 00:04:24,926 SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE FOR 110 00:04:24,926 --> 00:04:27,695 INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF 111 00:04:27,695 --> 00:04:29,597 HUMAN GENETIC STOATS AND ELECTED 112 00:04:29,597 --> 00:04:30,398 TO THE HUGO COUNCIL. 113 00:04:30,398 --> 00:04:32,200 HE IS THE FOUNDING AND PAST 114 00:04:32,200 --> 00:04:35,970 PRESIDENT OF THE AFRICAN SOCIETY 115 00:04:35,970 --> 00:04:38,739 OF HUMAN GENETICS. 116 00:04:38,739 --> 00:04:45,246 DR. OTIMI LED THE ESTABLISHMENT 117 00:04:45,246 --> 00:04:46,414 OF HUMANITARIAN INITTIA WITH 118 00:04:46,414 --> 00:04:47,982 76 MILLION COMMITMENT FROM THE 119 00:04:47,982 --> 00:04:50,651 NIH AND THE WELCOME TRUST. 120 00:04:50,651 --> 00:04:51,953 H3 AFRICA CREATED A SUPPORT 121 00:04:51,953 --> 00:04:54,555 NETWORK OF LABS THAT CONDUCTED 122 00:04:54,555 --> 00:04:57,091 LEADING EDGE RESEARCH INTO THE 123 00:04:57,091 --> 00:04:58,926 GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL 124 00:04:58,926 --> 00:05:00,294 DETERMINANTS OF DISEASE IN 125 00:05:00,294 --> 00:05:00,895 AFRICANS. 126 00:05:00,895 --> 00:05:03,831 HE IS ON THE EDITORIAL BOARD OF 127 00:05:03,831 --> 00:05:07,268 PUBLIC HEALTH GENOMICS, GENOMIC 128 00:05:07,268 --> 00:05:08,169 MEDICINE, CLENICAL GENETICS 129 00:05:08,169 --> 00:05:09,637 JOURNAL OF APPLIED TRANSLATIONAL 130 00:05:09,637 --> 00:05:12,874 GENOMICS AND THE CORNELL 131 00:05:12,874 --> 00:05:14,775 PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 132 00:05:14,775 --> 00:05:17,845 COLLABORATIVE BOARD. 133 00:05:17,845 --> 00:05:19,147 AWARDED AN HONORARY 134 00:05:19,147 --> 00:05:19,947 PROFESSORSHIP AT THE UNIVERSITY 135 00:05:19,947 --> 00:05:21,816 OF CAPE TOWN SOUTH AFFRIC 136 00:05:21,816 --> 00:05:27,155 ABECAME THE CHIEF OF 137 00:05:27,155 --> 00:05:29,724 CARDIOVASCULAR AND METAGENOMIC 138 00:05:29,724 --> 00:05:31,325 BRARCH OF 2014 AND HE STEPPED 139 00:05:31,325 --> 00:05:31,792 DOWN IN 2021. 140 00:05:31,792 --> 00:05:33,995 THE TIELTS OF HIS TALK TODAY IS 141 00:05:33,995 --> 00:05:35,329 ANCESTRY, AND DISEASE AND THE 142 00:05:35,329 --> 00:05:36,364 AGE OF PRECISION MEDICINE, 143 00:05:36,364 --> 00:05:40,468 PLEASE JOIN ME IN WELCOMING 144 00:05:40,468 --> 00:05:45,173 TODAY'S GRAND ROUNDS SPEAKER 145 00:05:45,173 --> 00:05:45,573 DR. ROTIMI. 146 00:05:45,573 --> 00:05:49,010 >> THANKS VERY MUCH DOCTOR FOR 147 00:05:49,010 --> 00:05:51,846 THAT WONDERFUL INTRODUCTION AND 148 00:05:51,846 --> 00:05:53,014 I'M GOING TO DO HARD WORK TO 149 00:05:53,014 --> 00:05:56,851 MAKE SURE I KEEP UP WITH THAT 150 00:05:56,851 --> 00:05:57,185 INTRODUCTION. 151 00:05:57,185 --> 00:06:07,762 I'M GOING TO SHARE MY SLIDE NOW 152 00:06:10,264 --> 00:06:10,565 LET'S SEE HERE. 153 00:06:10,565 --> 00:06:15,169 SO DO YOU SEE AND HEAR ME OKAY. 154 00:06:15,169 --> 00:06:16,037 >> YES. 155 00:06:16,037 --> 00:06:16,404 >> FANTASTIC. 156 00:06:16,404 --> 00:06:19,340 YES, I'M REALLY HONORED TO 157 00:06:19,340 --> 00:06:22,810 CONDUCT THIS GRAND ROUND FOR THE 158 00:06:22,810 --> 00:06:24,412 CLINICAL CENTER AND MY GOAL 159 00:06:24,412 --> 00:06:27,915 TODAY IS TO SHARE WITH YOU SOME 160 00:06:27,915 --> 00:06:32,086 OF THE WORK THAT YOU ALREADY 161 00:06:32,086 --> 00:06:34,855 HEARD IN MY INTRODUCTION AT THE 162 00:06:34,855 --> 00:06:37,725 CENTER FOR GENOMICS AND GLOBAL 163 00:06:37,725 --> 00:06:39,727 HEALTH AND ALSO TO USE OTHER 164 00:06:39,727 --> 00:06:42,263 PEOPLE'S WORK TO TALK TO YOU 165 00:06:42,263 --> 00:06:45,233 ABOUT HOW I VIEW ANCESTRY AND 166 00:06:45,233 --> 00:06:46,634 HOW, WHY ANCESTRY IS IMPORTANT 167 00:06:46,634 --> 00:06:49,470 IN GENOMICS AND HOW WE DEPLOY 168 00:06:49,470 --> 00:06:53,074 GENOMICS GLOBALLY TO MAKE SURE 169 00:06:53,074 --> 00:06:55,509 THAT WE ARE TRYING TO GAIN THE 170 00:06:55,509 --> 00:06:58,779 EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION OF 171 00:06:58,779 --> 00:06:59,680 PRECISION MEDICINE. 172 00:06:59,680 --> 00:07:02,183 SO YOU ALREADY HEARD ABOUT THE 173 00:07:02,183 --> 00:07:05,186 MISSION OF THE CENTER AND I WILL 174 00:07:05,186 --> 00:07:08,956 NOT REPEAT THAT BUT IMPORTANTLY 175 00:07:08,956 --> 00:07:10,157 IS THAT AT THIS CENTER BECAUSE 176 00:07:10,157 --> 00:07:16,731 OF WHAT WE FOCUS ON, WE ACTUALLY 177 00:07:16,731 --> 00:07:17,565 HAVE A MULTIETHNIC AND 178 00:07:17,565 --> 00:07:18,299 INDIVIDUALS FROM ALL OVER THE 179 00:07:18,299 --> 00:07:20,601 WORLD IN OUR LAB AND WE ARE 180 00:07:20,601 --> 00:07:23,471 EXTREMELY PROUD OF THAT AND 181 00:07:23,471 --> 00:07:25,306 SOMETIMES THEY CALL US THE 182 00:07:25,306 --> 00:07:28,175 LITTLE UNITED NATIONS BECAUSE OF 183 00:07:28,175 --> 00:07:30,344 THE COMBINATION OF PROFESSIONALS 184 00:07:30,344 --> 00:07:31,245 FROM DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE 185 00:07:31,245 --> 00:07:33,281 WORLD BUT AT THE CENTER WE'RE 186 00:07:33,281 --> 00:07:37,351 REALLY INTERESTED IN GENETIC, 187 00:07:37,351 --> 00:07:39,620 EPIGENETIC AND TRAITS AND WE DO 188 00:07:39,620 --> 00:07:41,289 GENETIC IS IT THES TO UNDERSTAND 189 00:07:41,289 --> 00:07:42,690 THE DISTRIBUTION OF VARIATIONS 190 00:07:42,690 --> 00:07:46,193 AND HOW THEY IMPACT OUR HISTORY 191 00:07:46,193 --> 00:07:46,494 AND HEALTH. 192 00:07:46,494 --> 00:07:48,829 AND WE ALSO, YOU KNOW CONDUCT 193 00:07:48,829 --> 00:07:51,132 RESEARCH AT WHAT I CALL THE 194 00:07:51,132 --> 00:07:53,334 JUNCTION OF GENOMICS AND SOCIETY 195 00:07:53,334 --> 00:07:55,903 TO UNDERSTAND THINGS LIKE 196 00:07:55,903 --> 00:07:57,872 EQUITY, DISTRIBUTION OF HOW WE 197 00:07:57,872 --> 00:08:02,443 DO BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH, AND 198 00:08:02,443 --> 00:08:03,944 GENOMICS STUDIES SPECIFICALLY 199 00:08:03,944 --> 00:08:06,247 AND SOMETIMES WE DEVELOP SPECIAL 200 00:08:06,247 --> 00:08:07,014 [INDISCERNIBLE] OR IMPROVE 201 00:08:07,014 --> 00:08:10,384 EXISTING 1S BECAUSE OF THE 202 00:08:10,384 --> 00:08:11,686 POPULATIONS THAT WE STUDY SO 203 00:08:11,686 --> 00:08:12,320 THAT'S BASICALLY THE WORK THAT 204 00:08:12,320 --> 00:08:19,160 WE DO AT THE CENTER AND MOAOF 205 00:08:19,160 --> 00:08:23,831 THED OF THE DATA YOU WILL SEE IN 206 00:08:23,831 --> 00:08:24,765 MY PRESENTATION TODAY, ARE 207 00:08:24,765 --> 00:08:26,434 PRODUCED IN THE CENTER AND ALSO 208 00:08:26,434 --> 00:08:29,603 BORROWED FROM OTHER SCIENTISTS 209 00:08:29,603 --> 00:08:31,906 AROUND THE WORLD. 210 00:08:31,906 --> 00:08:33,274 SO THE FIRST POINT AGAIN, A 211 00:08:33,274 --> 00:08:34,709 MAJOR PART OF THE TITLE OF MY 212 00:08:34,709 --> 00:08:37,845 TALK IS THE CONCEPT OF ANCESTRY. 213 00:08:37,845 --> 00:08:39,513 WHAT DOES IT REALLY MEAN WHEN WE 214 00:08:39,513 --> 00:08:42,717 TALK ABOUT ANCESTRY, WHAT DO WE 215 00:08:42,717 --> 00:08:43,084 MEAN? 216 00:08:43,084 --> 00:08:44,452 IT SEEMS LIKE A PREVIOUS 217 00:08:44,452 --> 00:08:45,953 STRAIGHT FORWARD CONCEPT BUT I 218 00:08:45,953 --> 00:08:50,391 CAN SHOW YOU, IT'S REALLY NOT 219 00:08:50,391 --> 00:08:51,559 THAT STRAIGHT FORWARD BECAUSE 220 00:08:51,559 --> 00:08:54,462 THE MEANING AND THE WAY PEOPLE 221 00:08:54,462 --> 00:08:56,497 USE IT VARIES BY CONTEXT AND I 222 00:08:56,497 --> 00:08:57,698 WILL TRY TO TELL YOU HOW WE LOOK 223 00:08:57,698 --> 00:09:02,136 AT IT IN TERMS OF GENOMICS AND 224 00:09:02,136 --> 00:09:04,972 GENETICS, SO AGAIN, JUST FROM 225 00:09:04,972 --> 00:09:07,108 THE SIMPLE CONCEPT, AN ANCESTOR 226 00:09:07,108 --> 00:09:09,810 IS SOMEONE FROM WHOM A PERSON IS 227 00:09:09,810 --> 00:09:12,380 DESCENDED BUT IT IS IMPORTANT TO 228 00:09:12,380 --> 00:09:14,615 KNOW THAT MOST PEOPLE DO NOT 229 00:09:14,615 --> 00:09:17,218 HAVE COMPREHENSIVE INFORMATION 230 00:09:17,218 --> 00:09:20,654 ABOUT YOUR ANCESTORS BEYOND 231 00:09:20,654 --> 00:09:21,455 FUTURE GENERATIONS AGO. 232 00:09:21,455 --> 00:09:25,726 THERE'S ALSO THE CONCEPT OF 233 00:09:25,726 --> 00:09:26,260 NEUROLOGICAL ANCESTORS OR 234 00:09:26,260 --> 00:09:28,629 ANCESTRY AND THAT IS WHAT YOU 235 00:09:28,629 --> 00:09:30,664 TEND TO HEAR MORE ABOUT AND THAT 236 00:09:30,664 --> 00:09:31,966 BASICALLY REP SESENTS ANYONE IN 237 00:09:31,966 --> 00:09:33,434 YOUR FAMILY TREE OR IN YOUR 238 00:09:33,434 --> 00:09:41,709 FAMILY TREE THAT YOU DRAW. 239 00:09:41,709 --> 00:09:42,343 [INDISCERNIBLE] IDENTIFIABLE, 240 00:09:42,343 --> 00:09:45,913 IDENTIFIABLE OF THE ANCESTORS IN 241 00:09:45,913 --> 00:09:46,614 YOUR FAMILY TREE. 242 00:09:46,614 --> 00:09:47,848 THE CONCEPT I WILL TALK MORE 243 00:09:47,848 --> 00:09:51,619 ABOUT TODAY IS THE CONCEPT OF 244 00:09:51,619 --> 00:09:55,923 GENETIC ANCESTORS AND/OR 245 00:09:55,923 --> 00:09:57,625 GENERATED ANCESTRY. 246 00:09:57,625 --> 00:10:00,194 WHICH IS A BIOLOGICAL ANCESTOR 247 00:10:00,194 --> 00:10:02,696 FROM WHOM YOUR DNA WAS DIRECTLY 248 00:10:02,696 --> 00:10:06,300 INHERITED, SO THAT'S A 249 00:10:06,300 --> 00:10:08,035 DISTINCTION SO ANCESTRY IS A 250 00:10:08,035 --> 00:10:11,739 SUBSET OF GEANIO LOGICAL 251 00:10:11,739 --> 00:10:12,006 ANCESTORS. 252 00:10:12,006 --> 00:10:14,742 THE PROBABILITY OF THAT A GEANIO 253 00:10:14,742 --> 00:10:17,478 LOGICAL ANCESTOR IS A GENETIC 254 00:10:17,478 --> 00:10:18,979 ANCESTOR DECREASES AS GENERATION 255 00:10:18,979 --> 00:10:23,083 PASSES AS YOU WILL IMAGINE. 256 00:10:23,083 --> 00:10:24,752 I WILL SAY THAT WHAT WE ACTUALLY 257 00:10:24,752 --> 00:10:27,288 MEASURED AND WHAT WE COLLECT DNA 258 00:10:27,288 --> 00:10:29,056 FROM INDIVIDUAL TO UNDERSTAND 259 00:10:29,056 --> 00:10:29,590 DISTRIBUTION OF ANCESTRIES 260 00:10:29,590 --> 00:10:34,695 AROUND THE WORLD IS WHAT IS 261 00:10:34,695 --> 00:10:37,665 REFERRED GENETIC SIMILARITY. 262 00:10:37,665 --> 00:10:42,803 HERE WE MEASURED THE ALLELE 263 00:10:42,803 --> 00:10:43,871 FREQUENCIES OR HAPLOTYPE 264 00:10:43,871 --> 00:10:46,707 FREQUENCIES THAT WE OBTAIN FROM 265 00:10:46,707 --> 00:10:48,843 INDIVIDUALS, AND WE DO THAT IN 266 00:10:48,843 --> 00:10:50,511 THE ANALYSIS OF CONTEXT 267 00:10:50,511 --> 00:10:51,645 REFERENCE GENOMIC DATABASE OR 268 00:10:51,645 --> 00:10:53,547 DID THEA BASES, AGAIN THE 269 00:10:53,547 --> 00:10:54,582 QUESTION OF REFERENCE IS REALLY 270 00:10:54,582 --> 00:10:56,250 IMPORTANT AND I WILL COME BACK 271 00:10:56,250 --> 00:11:00,321 TO IT DURING MY TALK. 272 00:11:00,321 --> 00:11:02,923 SO THIS DEFINITION OF GENETIC 273 00:11:02,923 --> 00:11:04,124 SIMILARITY IS WHAT WE REALLY 274 00:11:04,124 --> 00:11:08,195 TALKED ABOUT WHEN WE USE STATUS 275 00:11:08,195 --> 00:11:13,934 QUO GENETIC SOFTWARE SUCH AS 276 00:11:13,934 --> 00:11:15,069 ADMIXTURE TO REPORT INFORMATION 277 00:11:15,069 --> 00:11:15,436 TO INDIVIDUALS. 278 00:11:15,436 --> 00:11:17,304 AND IT IS ALSO WHAT YOU GET WHEN 279 00:11:17,304 --> 00:11:19,874 YOU SEND YOUR DNA TO SOME OF 280 00:11:19,874 --> 00:11:21,742 THESE DIRECT TO CONSUMERS 281 00:11:21,742 --> 00:11:30,150 COMPANIES LIKE 23 AND ME OR MY 282 00:11:30,150 --> 00:11:30,417 HERITAGE. 283 00:11:30,417 --> 00:11:31,986 SO THE CONCEPT OF ANCESTRY, YOU 284 00:11:31,986 --> 00:11:34,388 HEAR THINGS LIKE WHERE IN THE 285 00:11:34,388 --> 00:11:39,159 WORLD WERE YOUR ANCESTORS FROM? 286 00:11:39,159 --> 00:11:41,695 AND THE THINKING HERE IS THAT BY 287 00:11:41,695 --> 00:11:44,398 PROVIDING THE DNA IS A TRUE 288 00:11:44,398 --> 00:11:47,301 SURVIVOR O TRUE BY PROVIDING 289 00:11:47,301 --> 00:11:49,303 BLOOD SAMPLES WHERE DNA IS 290 00:11:49,303 --> 00:11:52,940 EXTRACTED FROM, WE CAN USE 291 00:11:52,940 --> 00:11:54,875 STATISTICAL METHODS TO CLUSTER 292 00:11:54,875 --> 00:11:57,611 THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF YOUR 293 00:11:57,611 --> 00:11:59,780 GENOME AND TO BE ABLE TO MAKE 294 00:11:59,780 --> 00:12:00,915 INFERENCE ABOUT WHERE YOUR 295 00:12:00,915 --> 00:12:05,019 ANCESTORS THAT WE CAN IDENTIFY 296 00:12:05,019 --> 00:12:06,520 THROUGH YOUR DNA, ACTUALLY COME 297 00:12:06,520 --> 00:12:09,123 FROM AND SO, YOU WILL NOT BE 298 00:12:09,123 --> 00:12:11,292 SURPRISING WHEN THEY GIVE YOU 299 00:12:11,292 --> 00:12:15,429 PERCENTAGES LIKE ENGLISH IS 50%, 300 00:12:15,429 --> 00:12:18,465 SCANDINAVIAN 20%, YOU KNOW, ET 301 00:12:18,465 --> 00:12:22,636 CETERA. 302 00:12:22,636 --> 00:12:23,837 NOW IT IS IMPORTANT THAT THE 303 00:12:23,837 --> 00:12:24,805 REFERENCE THAT USED FOR ALL OF 304 00:12:24,805 --> 00:12:30,444 THIS TYPE OF ANALYSIS CAN INDEED 305 00:12:30,444 --> 00:12:31,345 INNERFLU ENSEL THE RESULT THAT 306 00:12:31,345 --> 00:12:33,847 YOU GET AND THAT RESULT THAT YOU 307 00:12:33,847 --> 00:12:35,482 GET CAN INDEED CHANGE AS YOU 308 00:12:35,482 --> 00:12:37,718 CHANGE IN THE REFERENCE 309 00:12:37,718 --> 00:12:40,921 POPULATIONS OR AS WE IMPROVED 310 00:12:40,921 --> 00:12:47,494 REFERENCE POPULATIONS BY DOING 311 00:12:47,494 --> 00:12:48,529 MORE DIVERSE GENETICS AROUND THE 312 00:12:48,529 --> 00:12:49,063 WORLD. 313 00:12:49,063 --> 00:12:50,297 SO THAT IS REALLY IMPORTANT TO 314 00:12:50,297 --> 00:12:50,998 HAVE IN MIND. 315 00:12:50,998 --> 00:12:54,602 SO IN MY GROUP, AGAIN, AT THE 316 00:12:54,602 --> 00:12:59,473 NIH HERE, THIS WORK LED BY 317 00:12:59,473 --> 00:13:00,274 [INDISCERNIBLE] IN MY GROUP, 318 00:13:00,274 --> 00:13:03,510 DOES A LOT OF OUR POPULATION 319 00:13:03,510 --> 00:13:04,345 GENETICS WORK, IS REALLY BASED 320 00:13:04,345 --> 00:13:07,715 ON THE FACAS ACCOUNT THAT WE 321 00:13:07,715 --> 00:13:10,484 WANTED TO UNDERSTAND HOW 322 00:13:10,484 --> 00:13:11,652 ANCESTRY IS CLOSEST AROUND THE 323 00:13:11,652 --> 00:13:12,052 WORLD. 324 00:13:12,052 --> 00:13:15,889 FIRST OF ALL IF WE LOOK AT 325 00:13:15,889 --> 00:13:17,091 GLOBAL POPULATIONS HOW MANY 326 00:13:17,091 --> 00:13:18,993 ANCESTRIES ON DO WE SEE AND DOES 327 00:13:18,993 --> 00:13:20,027 THAT CORRELATE WITH OUR 328 00:13:20,027 --> 00:13:21,395 UNDERSTANDING OF LANGUAGE GROUPS 329 00:13:21,395 --> 00:13:24,164 AROUND THE WORLD. 330 00:13:24,164 --> 00:13:27,534 SO WE USED--WE PUT TOGETHER 331 00:13:27,534 --> 00:13:28,636 ABOUT 6000 INDIVIDUALS FROM 332 00:13:28,636 --> 00:13:31,538 AROUND THE WORLD AS YOU SEE IN 333 00:13:31,538 --> 00:13:34,875 THIS PICTURE HERE, THIS GLOBAL 334 00:13:34,875 --> 00:13:37,611 MAP FROM 30 PRIMARY LANGUAGE 335 00:13:37,611 --> 00:13:38,612 FAMILY GROUPS FROM PLACES ALL 336 00:13:38,612 --> 00:13:43,150 OVER THE WORLD AND WE BASICALLY 337 00:13:43,150 --> 00:13:44,952 IGNORE [INDISCERNIBLE] ANCESTORS 338 00:13:44,952 --> 00:13:47,421 AND THE ETHNICITY OR SOME PEOPLE 339 00:13:47,421 --> 00:13:49,923 MAYBE WILL USE THE CONCEPT OF 340 00:13:49,923 --> 00:13:52,826 RACE AND BASICALLY ASK OUR 341 00:13:52,826 --> 00:13:54,428 COMPUTER A STATISTICAL SOFTWARE 342 00:13:54,428 --> 00:13:57,231 PROGRAM TO CLUSTER PEOPLE USING 343 00:13:57,231 --> 00:13:59,800 THE GENETIC INFORMATION THAT WE 344 00:13:59,800 --> 00:14:00,134 HAVE. 345 00:14:00,134 --> 00:14:02,703 AT THE TIME WE DID THIS STUDY, 346 00:14:02,703 --> 00:14:04,238 IT WAS THE [INDISCERNIBLE] 347 00:14:04,238 --> 00:14:08,442 ASSAYS IN THE WORLD AND WHAT DID 348 00:14:08,442 --> 00:14:09,410 WE SEE? 349 00:14:09,410 --> 00:14:10,277 ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT POINTS 350 00:14:10,277 --> 00:14:12,146 I WANT TO MAKE IN MY 351 00:14:12,146 --> 00:14:15,049 PRESENTATION TODAY IS HOW COMMON 352 00:14:15,049 --> 00:14:17,284 AND HOW COMPLEX ANCESTRY IS. 353 00:14:17,284 --> 00:14:19,486 WHEN WE LOOK AT DIFFERENT 354 00:14:19,486 --> 00:14:22,122 CONTINENT, WE SAW THAT EACH 355 00:14:22,122 --> 00:14:25,025 CONTINENT HAD MULTIPLE 356 00:14:25,025 --> 00:14:27,261 ANCESTRIES AND THAT THERE'S NO 1 357 00:14:27,261 --> 00:14:29,096 CONTINENT WHERE YOU GO AND YOU 358 00:14:29,096 --> 00:14:31,498 WILL ONLY SEE YOUR ANCESTRY SO 359 00:14:31,498 --> 00:14:36,303 WE HAVE THE COMBINATIONS EACH 360 00:14:36,303 --> 00:14:38,772 LINE OF THIS CARTOON HERE REALLY 361 00:14:38,772 --> 00:14:44,545 DOES REPRESENT AN INDIVIDUAL 362 00:14:44,545 --> 00:14:45,679 TRYING TO [INDISCERNIBLE] HERE. 363 00:14:45,679 --> 00:14:47,881 SO IF YOU LOOK AT EACH LINE, A 364 00:14:47,881 --> 00:14:49,550 SOLID LINE, SO IT'S THE 365 00:14:49,550 --> 00:14:52,553 COMPLEXITY OF ANCESTRIES AND 366 00:14:52,553 --> 00:14:53,921 MIXTURE, SO--BUT IN TERMS OF THE 367 00:14:53,921 --> 00:14:55,923 RESULT, ACTUALLY IS THAT WE'RE 368 00:14:55,923 --> 00:15:02,196 ABLE TO USE STATISTICAL PROGRAM 369 00:15:02,196 --> 00:15:04,631 TO OBSERVE OUR ANCESTORS 370 00:15:04,631 --> 00:15:06,600 GLOBALLY, SO A LEVEL OF THOSE IN 371 00:15:06,600 --> 00:15:10,871 AFFRIC AWITH THE DIVERSITY OF 372 00:15:10,871 --> 00:15:11,572 POPULATIONS AND I WILL TALK 373 00:15:11,572 --> 00:15:14,742 ABOUT THAT MORE IN A MINUTE IF 374 00:15:14,742 --> 00:15:16,076 YOU DON'T TAKE ANY MESSAGE FROM 375 00:15:16,076 --> 00:15:17,945 OUR TALK TODAY, THIS IS REALLY 376 00:15:17,945 --> 00:15:22,716 THE KEY, THAT THE MAJORITY OF US 377 00:15:22,716 --> 00:15:27,688 AND THIS DATA SET HAVE MIXED 378 00:15:27,688 --> 00:15:29,623 ANCESTRY 93.7% OF INDIVIDUALS IN 379 00:15:29,623 --> 00:15:33,794 THIS GLOBAL DATA SET HAVE MIXED 380 00:15:33,794 --> 00:15:37,231 ANCESTRY AND INDIVIDUALS HAVE AN 381 00:15:37,231 --> 00:15:39,466 AVERAGE OF 4 ANCESTRIES AND 382 00:15:39,466 --> 00:15:41,902 HUMAN ANCESTRY IS VERY WELL WITH 383 00:15:41,902 --> 00:15:45,539 LANGUAGE GROUP BECAUSE 1 OF THE 384 00:15:45,539 --> 00:15:47,508 BARRIERS ON SHARING DNA AGAINST 385 00:15:47,508 --> 00:15:48,642 IS LANGUAGE. 386 00:15:48,642 --> 00:15:54,148 AND WE ALSO NOTE THAT THE WAY WE 387 00:15:54,148 --> 00:15:55,516 DESCRIBE OURSELVES USING CONCEPT 388 00:15:55,516 --> 00:15:57,918 OF RACE REALLY IS NOT AN 389 00:15:57,918 --> 00:15:58,819 OBJECTIVE GENOMIC CLASSIFIER AND 390 00:15:58,819 --> 00:16:08,896 I WILL SPEAK A LITTLE MORE ABOUT 391 00:16:08,896 --> 00:16:09,196 THAT. 392 00:16:09,196 --> 00:16:11,598 NOW WHAT IS THE TAKE HOME OF 393 00:16:11,598 --> 00:16:16,436 THIS WORK? 394 00:16:16,436 --> 00:16:16,904 HISTORY AND HELT. 395 00:16:16,904 --> 00:16:21,308 AND BECAUSE WE ARE USING DNA TO 396 00:16:21,308 --> 00:16:22,810 DEFINE ANCESTRIES, ANCESTRIES 397 00:16:22,810 --> 00:16:24,144 THEREFORE SUBJECT TO 398 00:16:24,144 --> 00:16:33,220 EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE AND THAT IS 399 00:16:33,220 --> 00:16:34,154 ANCESTRIES ARE INFLUENCED BY 400 00:16:34,154 --> 00:16:37,925 BIRTH AND DEATH CYCLES AND 401 00:16:37,925 --> 00:16:39,526 ANCESTRY CAN THEREFORE VARY AND 402 00:16:39,526 --> 00:16:46,900 CHANGE OVER TIME SO AGAIN VERY, 403 00:16:46,900 --> 00:16:47,401 VERY IMPORTANT CONCEPT. 404 00:16:47,401 --> 00:16:48,802 SO ALL OF THIS WHEN IT COMES TO 405 00:16:48,802 --> 00:16:50,504 THE CONCEPT OF PRECISION 406 00:16:50,504 --> 00:16:51,405 MEDICINE AND HISTORIES AND 407 00:16:51,405 --> 00:16:54,441 GENETIC SYSTEM THE CONCEPT OF 408 00:16:54,441 --> 00:16:59,446 GENETIC VARIATION AND THAT IS AS 409 00:16:59,446 --> 00:17:01,782 A RESULT OF SEQUENCING THE HUMAN 410 00:17:01,782 --> 00:17:03,383 GENOME, IN THE LAB AND A 411 00:17:03,383 --> 00:17:04,685 THOUSAND GENOME AND SUBSEQUENT 412 00:17:04,685 --> 00:17:06,820 STUDIES AFTER THAT WE HAVE BEGAN 413 00:17:06,820 --> 00:17:11,225 TO APPRECIATE THE FACT THAT THE 414 00:17:11,225 --> 00:17:12,926 DISTRIBUTION OF HUMAN GENETIC 415 00:17:12,926 --> 00:17:14,294 VARIATION IS NOT RANDOM, THERE 416 00:17:14,294 --> 00:17:19,199 IS STRUCTURE IN THERE, AROUND 417 00:17:19,199 --> 00:17:21,501 IT, AND THIS QUALITY OF 418 00:17:21,501 --> 00:17:22,636 INDIVIDUALS, ALL FAMILIES, 419 00:17:22,636 --> 00:17:23,770 ANCESTRIES OR GEOGRAPHY AND THE 420 00:17:23,770 --> 00:17:25,339 FACTORS THAT DRIVE THESE 421 00:17:25,339 --> 00:17:26,173 DIFFERENCES INCLUDES THINGS LIKE 422 00:17:26,173 --> 00:17:29,476 ANDROGEN ORDER OF MICRONS 423 00:17:29,476 --> 00:17:30,844 GENETIC DRIFT, ADAPTATION, AGAIN 424 00:17:30,844 --> 00:17:33,614 DUE TO CLIMATE, INFECIOUS 425 00:17:33,614 --> 00:17:34,448 AGENTS, [INDISCERNIBLE] AND 426 00:17:34,448 --> 00:17:35,449 ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS AND I WILL 427 00:17:35,449 --> 00:17:40,420 SHOW EMPLOY ANDS OF THAT. 428 00:17:40,420 --> 00:17:42,222 BUT TO TAKE US REALLY BACK TO 429 00:17:42,222 --> 00:17:43,991 WHERE WE ALL CAME FROM AND THAT 430 00:17:43,991 --> 00:17:46,260 IS, IT IS PRETTY CONCESTENT, NOW 431 00:17:46,260 --> 00:17:48,562 I DON'T THINK WE GET TOO MUCH 432 00:17:48,562 --> 00:17:51,531 ARGUMENT ABOUT THE FACT THAT 433 00:17:51,531 --> 00:17:53,901 HUMANS ORIGINATED IN AFRICA, 434 00:17:53,901 --> 00:17:58,438 SOME 300,000 YEARS AGO AND FROM 435 00:17:58,438 --> 00:18:00,274 THERE, A SUBSET MIGRATED TO 436 00:18:00,274 --> 00:18:01,541 POPULATING REST OF THE WORLD. 437 00:18:01,541 --> 00:18:05,679 IT IS BECAUSE OF THIS COMMON 438 00:18:05,679 --> 00:18:06,313 HISTORY, [INDISCERNIBLE] 439 00:18:06,313 --> 00:18:08,482 HISTORY, THAT WE ALL SHARE OVER 440 00:18:08,482 --> 00:18:17,491 99% OF OUR GENETIC INHERITANCE. 441 00:18:17,491 --> 00:18:19,693 AND HUMAN BEINGS HAVE LIVED ON 442 00:18:19,693 --> 00:18:21,428 THE AFRICAN CONTINENT AND THAT 443 00:18:21,428 --> 00:18:23,530 HAVE [INDISCERNIBLE] OF THE 444 00:18:23,530 --> 00:18:25,465 GENOME FOR THE AFRIRK ANS. 445 00:18:25,465 --> 00:18:27,668 SO WE ARE VERY SIMILAR BUT THERE 446 00:18:27,668 --> 00:18:30,437 ARE DIFFERENCES, 1 OF THE% 447 00:18:30,437 --> 00:18:32,239 ORIGINAL DIFFERENCES, I CALL IT 448 00:18:32,239 --> 00:18:35,242 ORIGINAL DIFFERENCE IS WHEN DO 449 00:18:35,242 --> 00:18:37,978 SUBSETS OF INDIVIDUALS, OF 450 00:18:37,978 --> 00:18:39,212 COURSE, WHO MIGRATED OUT OF 451 00:18:39,212 --> 00:18:40,614 AFRICA TO POPULATE THE REST OF 452 00:18:40,614 --> 00:18:42,316 THE WORLD, WHEN THEY LEFT, THEY 453 00:18:42,316 --> 00:18:44,885 ONLY TOOK A SUBSET OF GENETIC 454 00:18:44,885 --> 00:18:46,253 VARIATION THAT EXISTED IN AFRICA 455 00:18:46,253 --> 00:18:47,554 AT THAT POINT AND THEREFORE IT 456 00:18:47,554 --> 00:18:50,357 IS ONLY IN AFRICA THAT YOU CAN'T 457 00:18:50,357 --> 00:18:52,092 REALLY STUDY SOME OF THOSE 458 00:18:52,092 --> 00:18:55,529 GENETIC VARIATION THAT WAS LEFT 459 00:18:55,529 --> 00:18:55,762 BEHIND. 460 00:18:55,762 --> 00:18:59,566 AND IN THAT WAY, I TRIED TO 461 00:18:59,566 --> 00:19:02,402 REPRESENT THE DIVERSITY OF 462 00:19:02,402 --> 00:19:04,037 AFRICAN GENOMES AND THE 463 00:19:04,037 --> 00:19:05,706 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AFRICAN 464 00:19:05,706 --> 00:19:09,543 POPULATIONS IS REALLY WHEN YOU 465 00:19:09,543 --> 00:19:13,146 TAKE THIS EUROPE AND 466 00:19:13,146 --> 00:19:13,814 [INDISCERNIBLE] AND YOU COMPARE 467 00:19:13,814 --> 00:19:15,849 THEM TO EACH OTHER, THEY ARE 468 00:19:15,849 --> 00:19:17,384 MORE LIKELY TO BE DIFFERENT TO 469 00:19:17,384 --> 00:19:19,486 EACH OTHER WHEN YOU COMPARE THEM 470 00:19:19,486 --> 00:19:21,254 TO THIS INDIVIDUAL GUY, SO WE 471 00:19:21,254 --> 00:19:22,322 SORT OF BRING TO THE QUESTION, 472 00:19:22,322 --> 00:19:24,124 WHEN IT COMES TO GENETICS 473 00:19:24,124 --> 00:19:25,792 WHETHER YOU SAY AFRICAN, YOU 474 00:19:25,792 --> 00:19:28,028 NEED TO BE EXTREMELY CAREFUL AND 475 00:19:28,028 --> 00:19:30,597 YOU HAVE TO BE CLEAR AND BE 476 00:19:30,597 --> 00:19:35,836 SPECIFIC ABOUT WHAT YOU'RE 477 00:19:35,836 --> 00:19:36,570 ACTUALLY TALKING ABOUT. 478 00:19:36,570 --> 00:19:37,804 AND AGAIN, I WILL SHOW THE 479 00:19:37,804 --> 00:19:39,139 IMPLICATIONS OF THAT AS GIIVE BY 480 00:19:39,139 --> 00:19:39,573 TALK. 481 00:19:39,573 --> 00:19:42,409 SO AS A RESULT OF THAT LONG 482 00:19:42,409 --> 00:19:44,511 EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF AFRICAN 483 00:19:44,511 --> 00:19:45,979 PEOPLE AND AFRICAN GENOMES AND 484 00:19:45,979 --> 00:19:47,381 THAT THE DISTRIBUTION OF 485 00:19:47,381 --> 00:19:51,251 VARIATIONS AROUND THE WORLD 486 00:19:51,251 --> 00:19:52,486 ACTUALLY IS NOT RANDOM, WHAT YOU 487 00:19:52,486 --> 00:19:55,489 DO SEE IS THAT THE NUMBER OF 488 00:19:55,489 --> 00:19:56,623 VARIABLE SIZE BY GENOME AS 489 00:19:56,623 --> 00:19:59,292 REPORTED BY THE THOUSAND GENOME 490 00:19:59,292 --> 00:20:02,462 PROJECT YOU SEE THAT AFRICAN 491 00:20:02,462 --> 00:20:05,032 POPULATIONS, DISPLAY THE HIGHEST 492 00:20:05,032 --> 00:20:07,100 NUMBER OF VARIABLE SIZE BY 493 00:20:07,100 --> 00:20:09,903 GENOME FOLLOWED BY THE AMERICAS 494 00:20:09,903 --> 00:20:13,173 EAST ASIANS AND EUROPEONS AND 495 00:20:13,173 --> 00:20:15,976 THIS CAN INCLUDE VARIATION, A 496 00:20:15,976 --> 00:20:19,479 SINGLE POLYMORPHISM OR SNPs, 497 00:20:19,479 --> 00:20:21,248 OR [INDISCERNIBLE] LOSS OF 498 00:20:21,248 --> 00:20:24,151 FUNCTION VARIANTS SO IN THIS YOU 499 00:20:24,151 --> 00:20:26,720 SEE MORE MOBILITY IN AFRICAN 500 00:20:26,720 --> 00:20:27,554 POPULATIONS AND SIMPLY HAPPENS 501 00:20:27,554 --> 00:20:29,990 IN THE TYPE OF THE HAPLOTYPE 502 00:20:29,990 --> 00:20:32,993 STRUCTURE WHICH REFERS TO HOW TO 503 00:20:32,993 --> 00:20:34,661 TRAVEL TOGETHER IN THE GENOME 504 00:20:34,661 --> 00:20:37,230 BECAUSE THE AFRICAN GENOMES HAVE 505 00:20:37,230 --> 00:20:39,099 MORE TIME TO VALID AND RELIABLE 506 00:20:39,099 --> 00:20:45,839 EXPE THEREFORE TENDS TO MORPH 507 00:20:45,839 --> 00:20:47,541 THAT METHOD SX HEAT THAT CAN BE 508 00:20:47,541 --> 00:20:49,409 A VERY FINE TOOL FOR LOCALIZING 509 00:20:49,409 --> 00:20:50,477 GENES AT THE POPULATION LEVEL 510 00:20:50,477 --> 00:21:01,021 AND I WANT TO SHOW AN EXAMPLE OF 511 00:21:01,321 --> 00:21:02,155 THAT FROM [INDISCERNIBLE] OF MY 512 00:21:02,155 --> 00:21:08,728 GROUP AT THE NIH. 513 00:21:08,728 --> 00:21:12,866 SO THIS IS THE VIDEO SHOWING 514 00:21:12,866 --> 00:21:14,468 THE--I'M TRYING TO GET BACK, SO 515 00:21:14,468 --> 00:21:16,036 I WILL PLAY THIS VIDEO TO SHOW 516 00:21:16,036 --> 00:21:21,808 HOW WE USE THE AFRICAN GENOME TO 517 00:21:21,808 --> 00:21:25,412 FINE MAP A LOCI TO HEAR ABOUT 518 00:21:25,412 --> 00:21:27,881 THE AFRICAN VARIANT. 519 00:21:27,881 --> 00:21:31,218 >> THIS GROUP DR. ROTIMI'S 520 00:21:31,218 --> 00:21:32,986 GROUP, IDENTIFIED GENETIC 521 00:21:32,986 --> 00:21:34,154 ARCHITECTURE OF CIRCULATING 522 00:21:34,154 --> 00:21:36,356 RESISTANT LEVELS IN AFRICANS 523 00:21:36,356 --> 00:21:38,358 FROM NIGERIA, KENYA AND GANNAA 524 00:21:38,358 --> 00:21:40,026 AND AFRICAN AMERICANS FROM THE 525 00:21:40,026 --> 00:21:42,996 WASHINGTON D. C. AREA. 526 00:21:42,996 --> 00:21:44,664 RESISTIN IS A SMALL PEPTIDE 527 00:21:44,664 --> 00:21:45,899 SECRETED BY BONE MARROW IN 528 00:21:45,899 --> 00:21:51,304 HUMANS AND IT'S BEEN SUGGESTED 529 00:21:51,304 --> 00:21:58,211 AS A BIOMARKER FOR DIABETES. 530 00:21:58,211 --> 00:21:59,713 IDENTIFYING SIGNIFICANT 531 00:21:59,713 --> 00:22:01,414 ASSOCIATIONS WITH GENETIC 532 00:22:01,414 --> 00:22:04,784 VARIANTS, THE GENE THAT INKEDS 533 00:22:04,784 --> 00:22:07,821 RESISTIN, DR. ROUGH ATOM OTIMI'S 534 00:22:07,821 --> 00:22:12,859 GROUP CONDUCTED A STUDY USING 535 00:22:12,859 --> 00:22:15,362 18 MILLION MARKERS IN 536 00:22:15,362 --> 00:22:15,929 [INDISCERNIBLE] AFRICANS AND 537 00:22:15,929 --> 00:22:18,231 2000 AFRICAN AMERICANS 538 00:22:18,231 --> 00:22:18,732 SEPARATELY. 539 00:22:18,732 --> 00:22:22,169 BOTH GWAS IDENTIFIED THE SAME 540 00:22:22,169 --> 00:22:24,638 VARIANT, 75 KILOBASES UPSTREAM 541 00:22:24,638 --> 00:22:28,842 OF THE RTN GENE AS THE MOST 542 00:22:28,842 --> 00:22:31,178 SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED SNP. 543 00:22:31,178 --> 00:22:32,279 THE POPULATIONS ALLOWED THE 544 00:22:32,279 --> 00:22:33,480 RESEARCHERS TO DEFINE THIS 545 00:22:33,480 --> 00:22:35,415 LOCUST TO A SINGLE VARIOUS AND 546 00:22:35,415 --> 00:22:36,783 WHOLE EXOHM SEQUENCING STUDIES 547 00:22:36,783 --> 00:22:38,051 ROLLED OUT THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF 548 00:22:38,051 --> 00:22:42,355 CODING IN THE RTN GENE, FURGTSER 549 00:22:42,355 --> 00:22:46,526 THE GTEX DATA SET DEMONSTRATED 550 00:22:46,526 --> 00:22:48,361 ETL OF THE GENE EXPRESSION IN 551 00:22:48,361 --> 00:22:50,330 IMMUNE CELLS, TOGETHER THESE 552 00:22:50,330 --> 00:22:51,965 RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE 553 00:22:51,965 --> 00:22:53,500 VARIANTS THAT AFFECT RESISTANT 554 00:22:53,500 --> 00:22:55,202 EXPRESSION LEVELS DERIVE THE 555 00:22:55,202 --> 00:22:59,839 VARIATION OF PLASMA RESIST APT 556 00:22:59,839 --> 00:23:00,907 LEVELS. 557 00:23:00,907 --> 00:23:02,809 FINALLY THE AUTHORS PERFORMED 558 00:23:02,809 --> 00:23:03,643 ANALYSIS OF METABOLIC 559 00:23:03,643 --> 00:23:03,977 PHENOTYPES. 560 00:23:03,977 --> 00:23:05,912 HOWEVER THEY DID NOT FIND 561 00:23:05,912 --> 00:23:07,681 EVIDENCE OF A CAUSAL ASSOCIATION 562 00:23:07,681 --> 00:23:09,749 BETWEEN RESISTANT LEEVERLS AND 563 00:23:09,749 --> 00:23:14,621 METABOLIC SYNDROME RELATED 564 00:23:14,621 --> 00:23:15,188 PHENOTYPES. 565 00:23:15,188 --> 00:23:17,724 OVERALL THIS STUDY WAS ABLE TO 566 00:23:17,724 --> 00:23:19,659 FIND LOCUST FOR THE ASSOCIATIONS 567 00:23:19,659 --> 00:23:21,261 AND PERHAPS MORE INTERESTINGLY 568 00:23:21,261 --> 00:23:25,131 CAST DOUBTS ON THE IDEA OF 569 00:23:25,131 --> 00:23:27,400 RESISTIN AS A BIOMARKER FOR TYPE 570 00:23:27,400 --> 00:23:27,968 2 DIABETES. 571 00:23:27,968 --> 00:23:30,337 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH, AGAIN 572 00:23:30,337 --> 00:23:36,476 TAKING ADVANTAGE OF THE OF THE 573 00:23:36,476 --> 00:23:37,577 POPULATION POPULATIONS AND TO 574 00:23:37,577 --> 00:23:41,314 FINE MAP THE LOCUST IN THE 575 00:23:41,314 --> 00:23:42,382 GENOME ANOTHER DEMONSTRATION OF 576 00:23:42,382 --> 00:23:43,516 WHY AGAIN THIS IS REALLY 577 00:23:43,516 --> 00:23:46,286 IMPORTANT FOR US TO ENGAGE 578 00:23:46,286 --> 00:23:48,154 DIFFERENT ANCESTRY BIOGRAMS AND 579 00:23:48,154 --> 00:23:51,491 WHERE WE DEPLOY GENETICS AND 580 00:23:51,491 --> 00:23:53,460 GENOMICS AND AND GO TO PRECISION 581 00:23:53,460 --> 00:23:54,628 MEDICINE IS ALSO ILLUSTRATED IN 582 00:23:54,628 --> 00:23:59,466 THIS WORK THAT WE'VE BEEN DOING 583 00:23:59,466 --> 00:24:01,001 IN AFRICAN COUNTRIES AND 584 00:24:01,001 --> 00:24:02,202 [INDISCERNIBLE], GANNAA AND 585 00:24:02,202 --> 00:24:03,503 KENYA, THE FIRST PINTIE WANT TO 586 00:24:03,503 --> 00:24:05,572 MAKE SHER IS THAT USING GENOME 587 00:24:05,572 --> 00:24:07,274 WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY IN ABOUT 588 00:24:07,274 --> 00:24:10,110 A MILLION GROUP IN ANCESTRY 589 00:24:10,110 --> 00:24:11,811 INDIVIDUALS WE HAVE BEEN 590 00:24:11,811 --> 00:24:14,147 MATERIALLY VERY PRODUCTIVE IN 591 00:24:14,147 --> 00:24:17,951 IDENTIFYING LOCI FOR TYPE 2 592 00:24:17,951 --> 00:24:20,287 DIABETES, AND DELIVER 400 LO CI 593 00:24:20,287 --> 00:24:23,056 SO FAR, SO THUS BY THESE 594 00:24:23,056 --> 00:24:27,227 INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE STILL ABLE 595 00:24:27,227 --> 00:24:30,630 TO IDENTIFY LOCUST IN 596 00:24:30,630 --> 00:24:31,564 POPULATIONS IN THE CONCEST OF 597 00:24:31,564 --> 00:24:32,966 DIABETES IN THIS WORK WE'VE BEEN 598 00:24:32,966 --> 00:24:37,070 DOING FOR THE PAST 20 YEARS 599 00:24:37,070 --> 00:24:40,507 ACROSS THE AFRICAN COUNTRIES. 600 00:24:40,507 --> 00:24:46,379 WE IDENTIFIED THIS VERY 601 00:24:46,379 --> 00:24:49,316 INTERESTING WORK AND 0 AND 602 00:24:49,316 --> 00:24:52,686 BETWEEN THAT WAS ASSOCIATED WITH 603 00:24:52,686 --> 00:24:57,757 TYPE 2 DIABETES AND THE ZRAN B3 604 00:24:57,757 --> 00:25:00,293 ASSOCIATED VARIANTS WAS COMMON 605 00:25:00,293 --> 00:25:02,595 IN AFRICAN ANCESTRY OF 606 00:25:02,595 --> 00:25:07,334 POPULATIONS OF VERY RARE SUBSET 607 00:25:07,334 --> 00:25:08,768 IN NONAFRICAN POPULATIONS. 608 00:25:08,768 --> 00:25:11,371 AND WE WENT FOR THEIR USING THIS 609 00:25:11,371 --> 00:25:15,975 TO TRY TO UNDERSTAND HOW THESE 610 00:25:15,975 --> 00:25:18,845 GENE IMPACTS, YOU KNOW TYPE 2 611 00:25:18,845 --> 00:25:20,847 DIABETES AND 1 THING WE NOTICED 612 00:25:20,847 --> 00:25:25,552 WAS THAT WHEN WE KNOCKED DOWN 613 00:25:25,552 --> 00:25:28,021 ZRANB3, THERE WAS A MASSIVE 614 00:25:28,021 --> 00:25:29,456 REDUCTION IN BETA CELLS, THIS IS 615 00:25:29,456 --> 00:25:36,062 THE CONTROL AND THIS IS IN THE 616 00:25:36,062 --> 00:25:38,398 KNOCK DOWN IN ZEBRA FISH. 617 00:25:38,398 --> 00:25:40,667 SO AGAIN DEMONSTRATING THE 618 00:25:40,667 --> 00:25:41,634 IMPACT OF [INDISCERNIBLE] AND 619 00:25:41,634 --> 00:25:43,903 MORE IMPORTANTLY IN THE 620 00:25:43,903 --> 00:25:46,272 MAMMALIAN CELL LINES, WE WERE 621 00:25:46,272 --> 00:25:48,174 ABLE TO ASSURE THAT THAT 622 00:25:48,174 --> 00:25:57,150 SUPPRESS ANDROGENS WERE RELEASED 623 00:25:57,150 --> 00:25:59,919 TO THAT ARE SILENCED IN THE 624 00:25:59,919 --> 00:26:02,389 ENVIRONMENT WHICH BEGIN TO 625 00:26:02,389 --> 00:26:08,728 DEMONSTRATE TO US, OR HOW IT 626 00:26:08,728 --> 00:26:11,664 IMPACT TYPE 2 DIABETES RISK IN 627 00:26:11,664 --> 00:26:14,200 THE SECRETION PROCESSES AND 628 00:26:14,200 --> 00:26:15,368 RESPONSE TO GLUCOSE ENVIRONMENT, 629 00:26:15,368 --> 00:26:17,804 SO THAT WAS AGAIN SOMETHING THEY 630 00:26:17,804 --> 00:26:22,609 WAS REALLY, REALLY EXCITING TO 631 00:26:22,609 --> 00:26:24,010 TAKEN ADVANTAGE OF DIFFERENT 632 00:26:24,010 --> 00:26:25,812 ADVERSITY IN THESE POPULATIONS 633 00:26:25,812 --> 00:26:27,580 IN THIS PARTICULAR INSTANCE. 634 00:26:27,580 --> 00:26:30,650 THIS IS AN EXAMPLE, AGAIN WORK 635 00:26:30,650 --> 00:26:31,551 LED BY [INDISCERNIBLE] AND 636 00:26:31,551 --> 00:26:35,021 [INDISCERNIBLE] IN MY LAB, WHERE 637 00:26:35,021 --> 00:26:37,557 WE IDENTIFY NOVEL VARIANT FOR 638 00:26:37,557 --> 00:26:40,693 OBESITY IN WEST AFRICA, AND 639 00:26:40,693 --> 00:26:45,331 REPLICATED IN THE WORK IN ALMOST 640 00:26:45,331 --> 00:26:51,704 10,000 AFRICAN AMERICANS AND IN 641 00:26:51,704 --> 00:26:55,241 THE SEMA4 D GENE, THAT WAS IN 1% 642 00:26:55,241 --> 00:26:57,977 IN THE WEST AFRICANS AND AFRICAN 643 00:26:57,977 --> 00:26:58,778 AMERICANS AND BUT WHAT WAS 644 00:26:58,778 --> 00:27:00,580 INTERESTING IS THE CARRIER 645 00:27:00,580 --> 00:27:03,316 ALLELE, WHERE IT WAS 6-POUNDS 646 00:27:03,316 --> 00:27:05,418 HEAVIER THAN NONCARRIERS WHICH 647 00:27:05,418 --> 00:27:06,986 IS ABSOLUTELY SIGNIFICANT WITHIN 648 00:27:06,986 --> 00:27:09,856 THE DIFFERENCE IN WEIGHT AT A 649 00:27:09,856 --> 00:27:10,757 POPULATION LEVEL. 650 00:27:10,757 --> 00:27:14,961 WE WERE ABLE TO SHOW PERSONAL 651 00:27:14,961 --> 00:27:18,798 LEVEL OF SIGMA 4 D, VARYING BY 652 00:27:18,798 --> 00:27:24,671 OBESITY STATUS SO THESE ARE ARE 653 00:27:24,671 --> 00:27:28,808 NONBASED AND WHEN WE COMBINE THE 654 00:27:28,808 --> 00:27:30,543 DATA, AGAIN, THIS DISCOVERY 655 00:27:30,543 --> 00:27:32,378 POSSIBLY ANCESTRY OR ASIAN 656 00:27:32,378 --> 00:27:35,582 POPULATIONS BECAUSE THE VARIANTS 657 00:27:35,582 --> 00:27:42,589 AND MONOMORPHIC IN THIS ANCESTRY 658 00:27:42,589 --> 00:27:42,989 GROUPS. 659 00:27:42,989 --> 00:27:45,024 IN THAT WORK LED BY ED RAMS ON 660 00:27:45,024 --> 00:27:49,162 WHO IS AT THE CENTER, BUT WAS A 661 00:27:49,162 --> 00:27:50,730 POST DOC IN THE CENTER AND WHEN 662 00:27:50,730 --> 00:27:57,871 WE DID THIS WORK, WE SHOWED THAT 663 00:27:57,871 --> 00:28:02,408 IN THE IMPORTANT THAT WE 664 00:28:02,408 --> 00:28:03,376 DIFFERENT POPULATIONS AND 665 00:28:03,376 --> 00:28:04,077 ANCESTRY BACKGROUNDS BECAUSE IN 666 00:28:04,077 --> 00:28:07,547 THE VALID AND RELIABLE YABTS 667 00:28:07,547 --> 00:28:10,750 THAT MAYBE IMPORTANT IN THE 668 00:28:10,750 --> 00:28:14,354 DETERMINANT IN THIS INSTANCE IT 669 00:28:14,354 --> 00:28:15,788 WAS THE WARFORIN, MAY NOT BE 670 00:28:15,788 --> 00:28:18,358 DISTRIBUTED AROUND THE WORLD AND 671 00:28:18,358 --> 00:28:26,332 1 EXAMPLE IS THIS HAPLOTYPE,--SO 672 00:28:26,332 --> 00:28:29,769 THIS HAPLOTYPE TCHGC, THAT WE 673 00:28:29,769 --> 00:28:31,838 DID NOT SEE IN NONAFRICAN 674 00:28:31,838 --> 00:28:35,275 POPULATION WAS QUITE COMMON IN 675 00:28:35,275 --> 00:28:37,610 AFRICAN POPULATIONS PASS IMPACT 676 00:28:37,610 --> 00:28:39,512 ON WOR FORIN INDUCING WHICH WE 677 00:28:39,512 --> 00:28:41,814 SHOULD AGAIN NOT CURRENTLY 678 00:28:41,814 --> 00:28:44,117 ADEQUATELY REPRESENT INDEED HOW 679 00:28:44,117 --> 00:28:46,352 WE DO WAR FORIN, SO WE PUT 680 00:28:46,352 --> 00:28:49,756 INTOLET IMPORTANCE OF DOING THIS 681 00:28:49,756 --> 00:28:52,859 KIND OF WORK, SO IT'S 682 00:28:52,859 --> 00:28:53,626 UNDERSTANDING THE PRESSURE 683 00:28:53,626 --> 00:28:55,261 RESPONSE TO DRUGS THIS IS 1 OF 684 00:28:55,261 --> 00:28:57,130 THE BEST EXAMPLE THAT I CAN 685 00:28:57,130 --> 00:28:59,265 REALLY SHOW TO YOU AND THIS IS A 686 00:28:59,265 --> 00:29:06,406 PAPER THAT WAS PUBLISHED TO MY 687 00:29:06,406 --> 00:29:09,509 FRIEND LYNN JORDE, IN 2010 WITH 688 00:29:09,509 --> 00:29:14,147 WHERE WE SHOWED CLEARLY THAT THE 689 00:29:14,147 --> 00:29:21,988 HLA MARKER, THE NEGATIVE PREDICT 690 00:29:21,988 --> 00:29:25,692 ADVERSE REACTION TO ABACAVIR 691 00:29:25,692 --> 00:29:27,460 TREATMENT, SPECIALLY IN HIV THAT 692 00:29:27,460 --> 00:29:30,063 IT DOES HELP TREMEWOOUSLY AROUND 693 00:29:30,063 --> 00:29:30,997 BUT WHEN I WANT TO 694 00:29:30,997 --> 00:29:32,432 POINT OUT WHEN YOU LOOK AT 695 00:29:32,432 --> 00:29:34,434 INDIVIDUALS YOU MAY CALL AFRICAN 696 00:29:34,434 --> 00:29:37,770 THAT THE VARIATION, IT IS VERY, 697 00:29:37,770 --> 00:29:39,505 VERY DIFFERENT FROM AMONG THE 698 00:29:39,505 --> 00:29:40,440 [INDISCERNIBLE], THEY HAVE 1 OF 699 00:29:40,440 --> 00:29:42,208 THE HIGHEST RATES IN THE WORLD 700 00:29:42,208 --> 00:29:47,614 WHERE IT'S ALMOST 0 AMONG THE 701 00:29:47,614 --> 00:29:50,049 [INDISCERNIBLE] AND AFRICAN AND 702 00:29:50,049 --> 00:29:50,850 AMERICANS IT'S 1% SSO THE 703 00:29:50,850 --> 00:29:55,355 QUESTION IMENT TO MAKE IS THAT 704 00:29:55,355 --> 00:29:57,056 USING [INDISCERNIBLE] LIKE BLACK 705 00:29:57,056 --> 00:29:59,225 OR AFRICAN IS RADICALLY 706 00:29:59,225 --> 00:30:00,126 DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES OF VERY 707 00:30:00,126 --> 00:30:03,329 IMPORTANT VARIANT ARK ROUND THE 708 00:30:03,329 --> 00:30:06,666 WORLD AND CAN LEAD TO 1 PUBLIC 709 00:30:06,666 --> 00:30:09,535 HEALTH DECISIONS BY NOT 710 00:30:09,535 --> 00:30:10,169 ADEQUATELY UNDERSTANDING THIS 711 00:30:10,169 --> 00:30:11,804 DISTRIBUTION OR LOOKING AT 712 00:30:11,804 --> 00:30:13,072 SOMEBODY FROM THE VERY 713 00:30:13,072 --> 00:30:18,544 PHENOTYPIC POINT OF VIEW. 714 00:30:18,544 --> 00:30:20,046 SO AGAIN, AS WE MOVE THROUGH 715 00:30:20,046 --> 00:30:21,614 PRECISION MEDICINE WE NEED TO BE 716 00:30:21,614 --> 00:30:23,116 VERY, VERY CONSCIOUS OF THESE 717 00:30:23,116 --> 00:30:24,884 KINDS OF FINDINGS AND THAT'S 718 00:30:24,884 --> 00:30:27,387 ALSO A VARIATION THAT WE SEE IN 719 00:30:27,387 --> 00:30:28,521 TERMS OF ANCESTRAL BACKGROUND 720 00:30:28,521 --> 00:30:31,691 THAT IS VERY IMPORTANT FOR US TO 721 00:30:31,691 --> 00:30:33,192 TAKE INTO CONCENTRATION AS THE 722 00:30:33,192 --> 00:30:40,266 ECONOMIC MEDICINE IS THE 723 00:30:40,266 --> 00:30:44,070 EPITHELIALIGRATION AND 724 00:30:44,070 --> 00:30:45,571 ESPECIALLY IN THIS CASE 725 00:30:45,571 --> 00:30:46,139 [INDISCERNIBLE] PROGRESSION. 726 00:30:46,139 --> 00:30:50,009 IT IS NOW VERY CLEAR THAT 727 00:30:50,009 --> 00:30:51,844 SOMEWHERE AFTER THE ERA OF 728 00:30:51,844 --> 00:30:53,146 AFRICAN MIGRATION THAT THE 729 00:30:53,146 --> 00:30:56,249 POPULATIONS IN EUROPE AND ASIA, 730 00:30:56,249 --> 00:31:00,753 IT WAS THE CONCEPT OF 731 00:31:00,753 --> 00:31:01,287 INTEGRATION, WITH ANOTHER 732 00:31:01,287 --> 00:31:02,722 TELOMERE SHORTENING AND THAT 733 00:31:02,722 --> 00:31:03,790 [INDISCERNIBLE] THAT WERE 734 00:31:03,790 --> 00:31:10,530 PRESENT IN THAT PART OF THE 735 00:31:10,530 --> 00:31:12,565 WORLD AND A QUESTION THAT WAS 736 00:31:12,565 --> 00:31:14,734 IMPORTANT FOR US TO ASK IS DID 737 00:31:14,734 --> 00:31:17,036 THE REGION OF THESE INDIVIDUALS 738 00:31:17,036 --> 00:31:23,242 IMPORTANT IN TERMS OF HELT AND 739 00:31:23,242 --> 00:31:23,910 ALL THAT TRAITS. 740 00:31:23,910 --> 00:31:25,511 AND I WANT TO SHOW YOU EXAMPLES 741 00:31:25,511 --> 00:31:27,380 OF THAT AND I WILL USE EXAMPLES 742 00:31:27,380 --> 00:31:32,018 TO DEMONSTRATE THAT, THIS IS FOR 743 00:31:32,018 --> 00:31:33,152 TYPE 2 DIABETES, SO WHEN YOU 744 00:31:33,152 --> 00:31:35,922 LOOK AT THIS WORK THAT WAS 745 00:31:35,922 --> 00:31:42,328 ELEGANT WORK THAT WAS TYPE 2 746 00:31:42,328 --> 00:31:43,796 DIABETES CONSORTIUM, ARE LOOK 747 00:31:43,796 --> 00:31:46,432 BEING AT POPULATIONS DOING GWAS 748 00:31:46,432 --> 00:31:51,304 AND IF I FIND SIGNIFICANT SIGNAL 749 00:31:51,304 --> 00:31:58,177 AND SOME SORT OF CARRIER, IN THE 750 00:31:58,177 --> 00:32:00,847 SLC 16A 11 AND THE FREQUENCY OF 751 00:32:00,847 --> 00:32:03,483 THIS CARRIER OF ABSOLUTELY MUCH 752 00:32:03,483 --> 00:32:06,152 HIGHER AMONG INDIVIDUALS OF 753 00:32:06,152 --> 00:32:10,890 NATIVE ANCESTRY WAS ABOUT 10% IN 754 00:32:10,890 --> 00:32:12,458 AGENTS AND RARE EUROPEAN 755 00:32:12,458 --> 00:32:12,759 POPULATION. 756 00:32:12,759 --> 00:32:15,128 BUT THE POINT I WANT TO MAKE 757 00:32:15,128 --> 00:32:19,632 HERE IS WHEN THIS HAPLOTYPE WAS 758 00:32:19,632 --> 00:32:21,134 TRACED BACK USING SEQUENCING IT 759 00:32:21,134 --> 00:32:23,503 BECAME QUITE CLEAR THAT THE 760 00:32:23,503 --> 00:32:26,272 HAPLOTYPE HAD PROGRESSED INTO 761 00:32:26,272 --> 00:32:31,177 MODERN HUMANS WITH THE ADMIXTURE 762 00:32:31,177 --> 00:32:33,279 WITH NEANDERTHALS AND THAT 2-4% 763 00:32:33,279 --> 00:32:34,914 OF THE NEUROECTODERMAL ANDIE 764 00:32:34,914 --> 00:32:36,582 THAT WILL IS THE GENOME WE SEE 765 00:32:36,582 --> 00:32:39,318 PRESENTED IN THE GENOME 766 00:32:39,318 --> 00:32:41,687 POPULATIONS MAY INDEED HAVE 767 00:32:41,687 --> 00:32:42,922 BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND THAT 768 00:32:42,922 --> 00:32:45,491 WE NEED TO PAY ATTENTION TO IT. 769 00:32:45,491 --> 00:32:47,894 THIS IS MORE RECENT EXAMPLE 770 00:32:47,894 --> 00:32:48,928 SHOWING SAME [INDISCERNIBLE] BUT 771 00:32:48,928 --> 00:32:53,399 IN THE CONTEXT OF COVID. 772 00:32:53,399 --> 00:32:56,135 THIS WAS THE POPULATION IN THE 773 00:32:56,135 --> 00:33:00,072 JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, IN 2020 774 00:33:00,072 --> 00:33:05,111 THAT SHOWS A VERY STRONG 775 00:33:05,111 --> 00:33:06,546 CHROMOSOME 3 FOR COVID 776 00:33:06,546 --> 00:33:07,079 SUSCEPTIBLE AND WHAT WAS 777 00:33:07,079 --> 00:33:09,849 INTERESTING FTION THAT GROUPS 778 00:33:09,849 --> 00:33:11,317 THAT DON'T [INDISCERNIBLE] IN 779 00:33:11,317 --> 00:33:12,318 THE WORLD DEMONSTRATE THAD THIS 780 00:33:12,318 --> 00:33:14,120 SIGNATURES MENTORSHIP SKILL IN 781 00:33:14,120 --> 00:33:16,289 THE CHROMOSOME 3 WAS INDEED 782 00:33:16,289 --> 00:33:17,223 INHERITED FROM NEUROECTODERMAL 783 00:33:17,223 --> 00:33:22,829 ANDIE THAT WILL AND THAT ABOUT 784 00:33:22,829 --> 00:33:25,765 50% SOUTH ASIA AND 16% EUROPEAN, 785 00:33:25,765 --> 00:33:26,966 AND STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH 786 00:33:26,966 --> 00:33:28,134 SEVERE COVID INFECTION AND 787 00:33:28,134 --> 00:33:29,168 HOSPITALIZATION AND THEN THERE 788 00:33:29,168 --> 00:33:30,703 WAS SPECULATION THAT THE HIGHER 789 00:33:30,703 --> 00:33:35,308 FREQUENCY OF THIS GENOMIC REGION 790 00:33:35,308 --> 00:33:37,577 IMPRESSES OF THE ANCESTRY MAY 791 00:33:37,577 --> 00:33:40,913 HAVE EXPLAINED THEIR 2 TIMES 792 00:33:40,913 --> 00:33:42,114 MORTALITY FROM COVID COMPARED TO 793 00:33:42,114 --> 00:33:43,449 THE GENERAL UK POPULATIONS, 794 00:33:43,449 --> 00:33:46,152 AGAIN THESE ARE STUDIES THAT ARE 795 00:33:46,152 --> 00:33:47,420 ONGOING BUT BEGINNING TO SHOW US 796 00:33:47,420 --> 00:33:50,056 TO US AGAIN, HOW DOES 797 00:33:50,056 --> 00:33:51,023 INTEGRATIONS AS PART OF THE 798 00:33:51,023 --> 00:33:53,492 GENOME NEEDS TO BE STUDIED IN 799 00:33:53,492 --> 00:33:57,663 TERMS OF BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS. 800 00:33:57,663 --> 00:34:00,733 SO THIS IS THE--THIS HAS BEEN 801 00:34:00,733 --> 00:34:02,568 WHAT OOIVELGTS IN THE 802 00:34:02,568 --> 00:34:03,769 DISTRIBUTION OF HUMAN GENETIC 803 00:34:03,769 --> 00:34:05,605 VARIATION AND IN THIS CASE, AX 804 00:34:05,605 --> 00:34:07,473 DATA PROTECTIONIVE CAPABILITY 805 00:34:07,473 --> 00:34:09,375 FOR SPECIFIC TOXIN. 806 00:34:09,375 --> 00:34:11,811 THIS IS WHEN I READ THIS PAPER I 807 00:34:11,811 --> 00:34:12,812 WAS ABSOLUTELY TAKEN BACK BY IT. 808 00:34:12,812 --> 00:34:18,117 THE FACT THAT IT WAS A SMALL 809 00:34:18,117 --> 00:34:19,986 VILLAGE IN ARGENTINA THAT THE 810 00:34:19,986 --> 00:34:22,855 GROUND WATER IS CONTAMINATED 811 00:34:22,855 --> 00:34:24,090 WITH ARSENIC, OVER 20 TYPES 812 00:34:24,090 --> 00:34:25,324 ACCEPTABLE LEVEL AND IT LOOKS 813 00:34:25,324 --> 00:34:30,162 LIKE THIS LOCAL POPULATION HAVE 814 00:34:30,162 --> 00:34:32,265 INDEED ADAPTED TO THIS POISON 815 00:34:32,265 --> 00:34:37,303 EECT OF ARSENIC BY HAVING THIS 816 00:34:37,303 --> 00:34:38,437 [INDISCERNIBLE] PROCESS THAT 817 00:34:38,437 --> 00:34:39,939 ALLOWED IT TO METABOLIZE THE 818 00:34:39,939 --> 00:34:45,745 TOXIN INTO A LESS TOXIC 819 00:34:45,745 --> 00:34:46,979 MOLECULE, YOU KNOW AGAIN 820 00:34:46,979 --> 00:34:48,047 SUGGESTING VERY STRONG POSITIVE 821 00:34:48,047 --> 00:34:49,916 SELECTION IN THIS GROUP. 822 00:34:49,916 --> 00:34:52,251 WHAT WAS ACTUALLY INTERESTING TO 823 00:34:52,251 --> 00:34:55,855 ME IS THAT THE SURROUNDING 824 00:34:55,855 --> 00:34:58,791 VILLAGE THAT WERE NOT EXPOSED TO 825 00:34:58,791 --> 00:35:01,193 ARSENIC HAD LITTLE OR NO 826 00:35:01,193 --> 00:35:03,029 FREQUENT INCREASE IN PREQUENCY 827 00:35:03,029 --> 00:35:06,933 OR THIS PARTICULAR HAPLOTYPE 828 00:35:06,933 --> 00:35:08,134 THAT IS HELPING INDIVIDUALS IN 829 00:35:08,134 --> 00:35:09,669 IN VILLAGE TO BE ABLE TO LIVE IN 830 00:35:09,669 --> 00:35:13,306 AN ENVIRONMENT THAT IS 831 00:35:13,306 --> 00:35:17,843 CONTAMINATED BY ARSENIC. 832 00:35:17,843 --> 00:35:21,681 SO, WE SO SINCE THIS IS LIKELY 833 00:35:21,681 --> 00:35:22,882 POSITIVE SELECTION SINCE IT'S 834 00:35:22,882 --> 00:35:23,983 EMBEDDED IN THE HAPLOTYPE OF 835 00:35:23,983 --> 00:35:26,652 THIS GROUP AND AT MORE HIGH 836 00:35:26,652 --> 00:35:28,621 FREQUENCY THAN IN THE COMMUNITY, 837 00:35:28,621 --> 00:35:34,527 AND I BELIEVE THAT THIS IS THE 838 00:35:34,527 --> 00:35:35,995 FIRST EXAMPLE HUMAN ADAPTATION 839 00:35:35,995 --> 00:35:37,697 TO THE ENVIRONMENT, AGAIN 840 00:35:37,697 --> 00:35:39,098 EMPHASIZING THE IMPORTANCE OF 841 00:35:39,098 --> 00:35:39,999 STUDYING THE DIFFERENT 842 00:35:39,999 --> 00:35:41,801 ANCESTRIES AROUND THE WORLD AND 843 00:35:41,801 --> 00:35:48,708 DIFFERENT POPULATIONS, AS WE 844 00:35:48,708 --> 00:35:50,109 DEPLOY--TRY TONED THE BIOLOGY OF 845 00:35:50,109 --> 00:35:54,380 OUR GENOME OF VARIOUS DISEASES 846 00:35:54,380 --> 00:35:54,714 AND OUTCOMES. 847 00:35:54,714 --> 00:35:58,217 NOW I WILL USE THE AFRICAN DIAS 848 00:35:58,217 --> 00:35:59,752 PARATO MAKE ADDITIONAL POINTS 849 00:35:59,752 --> 00:36:01,921 ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF ANCESTRY 850 00:36:01,921 --> 00:36:08,527 AND 1 OF THE THINGS THAT THAT 851 00:36:08,527 --> 00:36:12,331 WAS A RESULT OF THE SLAVE TRADE, 852 00:36:12,331 --> 00:36:19,538 TO THIS, ALL THE WAY TO AREAS OF 853 00:36:19,538 --> 00:36:21,741 AN GOALA WERE FORCED ENSLAVED 854 00:36:21,741 --> 00:36:23,075 AND FORCED TO GO TO DIFFERENT 855 00:36:23,075 --> 00:36:26,946 PARTS OF THE WORLD AND START 856 00:36:26,946 --> 00:36:27,646 AMERICA AND EUROPE. 857 00:36:27,646 --> 00:36:30,649 WHAT THAT DID WAS CREATE A 858 00:36:30,649 --> 00:36:32,718 VARYING DEGREESS OF MIXTURE THAT 859 00:36:32,718 --> 00:36:35,554 WE SEE IN PRESENTING POPULATIONS 860 00:36:35,554 --> 00:36:41,727 WHETHER IT'S IN THE CARIBBEAN OR 861 00:36:41,727 --> 00:36:43,863 AMERICANS IN THE U.S. OR YOU 862 00:36:43,863 --> 00:36:44,497 KNOW INSIDE AMERICA. 863 00:36:44,497 --> 00:36:46,399 SO WHETHER YOU SEE IT LIKE THE 864 00:36:46,399 --> 00:36:47,666 CARTOON I SHOWED EARLIER, EACH 865 00:36:47,666 --> 00:36:52,538 OF THESE LINES HERE, THAT YOU 866 00:36:52,538 --> 00:36:53,606 SEE ARE INDIVIDUALS AND AGAIN AS 867 00:36:53,606 --> 00:36:56,275 YOU CAN SEE, THERE'S NO SOLID 868 00:36:56,275 --> 00:36:59,211 LINE, THIS IS WHOLE ADMIXTURE 869 00:36:59,211 --> 00:37:00,713 INDIVIDUAL, BUT VARYING DEGREE 870 00:37:00,713 --> 00:37:01,047 OF ADMIXTURE. 871 00:37:01,047 --> 00:37:04,617 SO FOR EXAMPLE, WHEN YOU LOOK AT 872 00:37:04,617 --> 00:37:05,951 INDIVIDUALS FROM PERU, YOU SLEEP 873 00:37:05,951 --> 00:37:07,720 APNEA AND OBESITYY A VERY HIGH 874 00:37:07,720 --> 00:37:09,588 LEVEL OF NATIVE AMERICAN 875 00:37:09,588 --> 00:37:10,556 ANCESTRY COMPARED TO FOR 876 00:37:10,556 --> 00:37:14,627 EXAMPLE, INDIVIDUALS FROM THE 877 00:37:14,627 --> 00:37:15,094 CARIBBEAN. 878 00:37:15,094 --> 00:37:17,329 AND BUT THE POINT I WANT TO MAKE 879 00:37:17,329 --> 00:37:18,998 IS AS A RESULT OF ANCESTRY, IT 880 00:37:18,998 --> 00:37:28,841 IS IMPORTANT THAT WE DO NOT 881 00:37:28,841 --> 00:37:31,210 ASSUME THAT HAVE THE SAME 882 00:37:31,210 --> 00:37:36,749 GENETIC BACKGROUND OR SAME 883 00:37:36,749 --> 00:37:37,450 ANCESTRY BACKGROUND AND BECAUSE 884 00:37:37,450 --> 00:37:41,287 WE LOOK AT THIS MIXTURE, IT 885 00:37:41,287 --> 00:37:44,757 VARIES FROM 0 TO ALMOST CLOSELY 886 00:37:44,757 --> 00:37:47,626 100% AND IN THE RIDGE OF NATIVE 887 00:37:47,626 --> 00:37:49,528 AMERICAN ANCESTRY ALSO COVER 888 00:37:49,528 --> 00:37:50,362 THIS BROAD SPECTRUM. 889 00:37:50,362 --> 00:37:51,764 SO AGAIN, BRING INTO QUESTION, 890 00:37:51,764 --> 00:37:53,999 WHEN WE SAY AFRICAN AMERICAN, 891 00:37:53,999 --> 00:37:55,835 WHO ARE WE REFERRING TO AND I 892 00:37:55,835 --> 00:37:57,636 WANT TO USE THIS EXAMPLE AGAIN 893 00:37:57,636 --> 00:38:03,075 TO MAKE THAT POINT EVEN 894 00:38:03,075 --> 00:38:03,342 STRONGER. 895 00:38:03,342 --> 00:38:06,178 WOVEN OF THE THINGS IS FOR 896 00:38:06,178 --> 00:38:13,552 WHATEVER REASON, AFRICAN 897 00:38:13,552 --> 00:38:18,757 AMERICANS HAVE MUCH MORE MORE ON 898 00:38:18,757 --> 00:38:19,725 THE TRIGLYCERIDE LEVEL SHOULD 899 00:38:19,725 --> 00:38:21,127 HAVE A DIET THAT SHOW OTHERWISE, 900 00:38:21,127 --> 00:38:22,962 SO IF YOU LOOK AT THIS RATIO, 901 00:38:22,962 --> 00:38:24,563 THEY ARE MUCH LOWER AND IF YOU 902 00:38:24,563 --> 00:38:26,565 LOOK AT THIS HERE, THEY ARE 903 00:38:26,565 --> 00:38:29,502 HIGHER, AND IF YOU PLOT THE 904 00:38:29,502 --> 00:38:31,770 LEVEL OF TRIGLYCERIDES AGAINST 905 00:38:31,770 --> 00:38:33,472 THE PROPORTION OF AFRICAN 906 00:38:33,472 --> 00:38:34,840 ANCESTRY, YOU SEE THAT 907 00:38:34,840 --> 00:38:37,409 TRIGLYCERIDE GO DOWN AS THE 908 00:38:37,409 --> 00:38:39,178 AFRICAN ANCESTRY INCREASES AND 909 00:38:39,178 --> 00:38:40,713 HDL GOES UP, SO WE WERE CURIOUS 910 00:38:40,713 --> 00:38:45,284 IN THAT LAB, AGAIN, WORK LED BY 911 00:38:45,284 --> 00:38:46,785 [INDISCERNIBLE], AND WE 912 00:38:46,785 --> 00:38:50,222 SEQUENCED 5 GENES THAT WERE 913 00:38:50,222 --> 00:38:57,029 IMPLICATED IN BIOCHEMISTRY AND 914 00:38:57,029 --> 00:38:59,365 WITH THE WORK THAT WE ARE DOING 915 00:38:59,365 --> 00:39:01,167 IN THE AFRICAN POPULATION IN 916 00:39:01,167 --> 00:39:03,802 THIS AREA, BUT THE POINT I WANT 917 00:39:03,802 --> 00:39:09,208 TO MAKE HERE IS THE 918 00:39:09,208 --> 00:39:09,975 [INDISCERNIBLE] SNP. 919 00:39:09,975 --> 00:39:11,777 ONE WE SERVED WHICH WAS 920 00:39:11,777 --> 00:39:13,479 WONDERFUL FOR US AND WE ARE 921 00:39:13,479 --> 00:39:16,248 EXCITED ABOUT THIS FINDING IS 922 00:39:16,248 --> 00:39:20,252 THAT THE LEVEL OF TRIGLYCERIDES 923 00:39:20,252 --> 00:39:28,327 AND HDL VARIES QUITE 924 00:39:28,327 --> 00:39:30,763 TREMENDOUSLY AMONG AFRICAN 925 00:39:30,763 --> 00:39:32,298 AMERICAN SO FOR EXAMPLE, WHEN 926 00:39:32,298 --> 00:39:35,768 YOU SEE AN AFRICAN AMERICANS WHO 927 00:39:35,768 --> 00:39:37,937 HAVE 2 COPIES OF THE 928 00:39:37,937 --> 00:39:40,539 [INDISCERNIBLE] AT THESE LOCUST, 929 00:39:40,539 --> 00:39:42,641 THEY DO HAVE TRIGLYCERIDES ON 930 00:39:42,641 --> 00:39:44,009 EACH LEVEL THAT ARE SIMILAR TO 931 00:39:44,009 --> 00:39:47,313 THAT OF WEST AFRICANS BUT WHEN 932 00:39:47,313 --> 00:39:49,682 THAT BAR GRAM IS EUROPEAN AND 933 00:39:49,682 --> 00:39:51,784 SEE THE AFRICAN AMERICANS THEY 934 00:39:51,784 --> 00:39:53,852 DISPLAY LIPID LEVELS THAT ARE 935 00:39:53,852 --> 00:39:58,090 SIMILAR TO THAT OF EUROPEAN. 936 00:39:58,090 --> 00:40:00,059 AGAIN, GIVING US CAUTION WHEN WE 937 00:40:00,059 --> 00:40:00,793 SAY AFRICAN AMERICAN THAT MAKE 938 00:40:00,793 --> 00:40:04,230 SURE THAT WE ARE NOT 939 00:40:04,230 --> 00:40:05,497 OVERGENERALIZING AND YOU KOOBT 940 00:40:05,497 --> 00:40:09,201 ASSUME THAT YOU SEE FROM THE 941 00:40:09,201 --> 00:40:13,038 FIELD REPRESENTS LARGER AFRICAN 942 00:40:13,038 --> 00:40:13,872 AMERICAN GROUP AND ANOTHER THING 943 00:40:13,872 --> 00:40:16,508 WE HAVE DONE IS USE ADMIXTURE 944 00:40:16,508 --> 00:40:18,143 MAPPING WHICH IS BASICALLY 945 00:40:18,143 --> 00:40:19,511 TAKING ADVANTAGE OF THE FACT 946 00:40:19,511 --> 00:40:24,149 THAT WE HAVE 2 POPULATIONS IN 947 00:40:24,149 --> 00:40:26,619 TERMS OF OUR EXAMPLE WHO HAVE 948 00:40:26,619 --> 00:40:28,854 YIER ANS AND AFRICANS AND 949 00:40:28,854 --> 00:40:35,728 MARRIED AND SHARED DNA AND WITH 950 00:40:35,728 --> 00:40:37,296 GENERATIONS WE HAVE DIFFERENT 951 00:40:37,296 --> 00:40:41,333 DISTRIBUTIONS FOR WHAT WE CALL 952 00:40:41,333 --> 00:40:43,102 LOCAL ANCESTRIES AND YOU CAN USE 953 00:40:43,102 --> 00:40:45,938 THE MAP TO TRY TO FIND THE 954 00:40:45,938 --> 00:40:47,640 REASON WHY YOU SEE FREQUENCY 955 00:40:47,640 --> 00:40:51,043 BEHIND THE DISEASE COMPARED TO 956 00:40:51,043 --> 00:40:54,246 SAY THE CONTROLS AND I WANT TO 957 00:40:54,246 --> 00:40:57,650 DEMONSTRATE THIS USING THE WORK, 958 00:40:57,650 --> 00:41:02,988 THE WORK VERY IMPORTANT WORK IN 959 00:41:02,988 --> 00:41:10,162 KIDNEY DISEASE IN AFRICAN 960 00:41:10,162 --> 00:41:10,929 AMERICANS. 961 00:41:10,929 --> 00:41:14,667 SO JUST TO REVIEW THE 962 00:41:14,667 --> 00:41:15,567 EPIDEMIOLOGY, AFRICAN AMERICANS 963 00:41:15,567 --> 00:41:17,169 ARE 13% OF THE U.S. POPULATION 964 00:41:17,169 --> 00:41:18,871 BUT THEY ACCOUNT FOR 32% OF 965 00:41:18,871 --> 00:41:20,439 KIDNEY FAILURE IN THE U.S., AND 966 00:41:20,439 --> 00:41:23,275 THEY ARE 4 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO 967 00:41:23,275 --> 00:41:25,277 DEVELOP KIDNEY FAILURE THAN 968 00:41:25,277 --> 00:41:25,844 THEIR EUROPEAN COUNTERPART. 969 00:41:25,844 --> 00:41:32,885 SO A GROUP FROM NIH AND HOPKINS 970 00:41:32,885 --> 00:41:35,087 DEVELOP--TO SAY IF INDEED THAT 971 00:41:35,087 --> 00:41:36,221 THESE DIFFERENCES IN KIDNEY 972 00:41:36,221 --> 00:41:41,727 DISEASE IS DUE TO GENETICS, 973 00:41:41,727 --> 00:41:43,829 GENETIC BACKGROUND, THAT YOU SEE 974 00:41:43,829 --> 00:41:46,532 THE HIGH FREQUENCY YOU WILL 975 00:41:46,532 --> 00:41:48,567 START AGAINST THE EUROPEAN GENE 976 00:41:48,567 --> 00:41:49,134 POOL. 977 00:41:49,134 --> 00:41:54,807 SO THEY USE ADMIXTURE MAPPING 978 00:41:54,807 --> 00:41:56,709 AND THEY'RE AGAIN JEFF 979 00:41:56,709 --> 00:41:57,476 [INDISCERNIBLE] AND LINDA 980 00:41:57,476 --> 00:41:58,644 [INDISCERNIBLE] WHO IS 981 00:41:58,644 --> 00:42:00,412 UNFORTUNATELY NO LONGER WITH US, 982 00:42:00,412 --> 00:42:03,949 DID THIS ELEGANT WORK, TO SEE 983 00:42:03,949 --> 00:42:06,919 THE VARIOUS SIGNAL OF 984 00:42:06,919 --> 00:42:09,655 [INDISCERNIBLE], AND 22 THAT WAS 985 00:42:09,655 --> 00:42:19,932 LATER SHOWN TO BE INDEED YOU 986 00:42:19,932 --> 00:42:20,833 KNOW WAS TRACKING 987 00:42:20,833 --> 00:42:23,569 [INDISCERNIBLE] 1 IN TERMS OF 988 00:42:23,569 --> 00:42:24,303 LINKAGE [INDISCERNIBLE]. 989 00:42:24,303 --> 00:42:25,738 BUT WHAT WAS IMPORTANT WITH IT 990 00:42:25,738 --> 00:42:27,306 FIEBDING WAS THAT INDIVIDUALS 991 00:42:27,306 --> 00:42:33,512 WHO CARRY 2 COPIES OF THE APOL1 992 00:42:33,512 --> 00:42:34,680 VARIANT HAVE END STAGE DISEASE 993 00:42:34,680 --> 00:42:37,516 AND THE FREQUENCY WAS ABSOLUTELY 994 00:42:37,516 --> 00:42:39,685 HIGHEST IN WEST AFRICA AND ABOUT 995 00:42:39,685 --> 00:42:42,688 20% IN AFRICAN AMERICANS AND 996 00:42:42,688 --> 00:42:44,957 ABSENT IN EUROPEAN AND ASIANS. 997 00:42:44,957 --> 00:42:46,792 THIS WAS ABSOLUTELY A WONDERFUL 998 00:42:46,792 --> 00:42:48,761 FINDINGS AND ALSO SURPRISING 999 00:42:48,761 --> 00:42:53,465 BECAUSE WHEN THINGS ARE THIS 1000 00:42:53,465 --> 00:42:54,066 DELETERIOUS, THE EVOLUTIONARY 1001 00:42:54,066 --> 00:42:55,734 PROCESS TEND TO REMOVE THEM 1002 00:42:55,734 --> 00:42:57,102 UNLESS THEY CAN FIND SOME 1003 00:42:57,102 --> 00:42:57,569 ADVANTAGE. 1004 00:42:57,569 --> 00:42:59,471 AND IT TURNS OUT THAT THIS AREA 1005 00:42:59,471 --> 00:43:03,575 THAT IS VERY DANGEROUS, FOR 1006 00:43:03,575 --> 00:43:05,911 KIDNEY DISEASE, ABSOLUTELY 1007 00:43:05,911 --> 00:43:09,782 PROTECT YOU BECAUSE THEY 1008 00:43:09,782 --> 00:43:10,416 [INDISCERNIBLE] THAT ARE 1009 00:43:10,416 --> 00:43:13,285 RESPONSIBLE FOR WHAT WE CALL THE 1010 00:43:13,285 --> 00:43:14,319 AFRICAN SLEEPING SICKNESS WHICH 1011 00:43:14,319 --> 00:43:16,655 IS MORE LIKELY TO KID YOU BEFORE 1012 00:43:16,655 --> 00:43:18,657 KIDNEY DISEASE IN AREAS WHERE IT 1013 00:43:18,657 --> 00:43:21,960 IS INDEMMIC SO YOU CAN SEE WHY 1014 00:43:21,960 --> 00:43:23,061 THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS WILL 1015 00:43:23,061 --> 00:43:24,363 SELECT THIS PROCESS AND NOTE 1016 00:43:24,363 --> 00:43:28,567 THAT IS DANGEROUS WHEN YOU 1017 00:43:28,567 --> 00:43:30,469 [INDISCERNIBLE] OF YOUR KIDNEY. 1018 00:43:30,469 --> 00:43:33,305 AND WHAT IT HAS DONE IS TO HELP 1019 00:43:33,305 --> 00:43:35,607 US EXPLAIN DISPARITY, NOT ALL OF 1020 00:43:35,607 --> 00:43:38,811 IT, SO 1 IN 5 PLACES OF PERFECT 1021 00:43:38,811 --> 00:43:44,249 [INDISCERNIBLE], YOU KNOW THE 1022 00:43:44,249 --> 00:43:45,851 AFRICAN AMERICANS, WITH 2 COPIES 1023 00:43:45,851 --> 00:43:47,019 OF THIS VARIANT ARE RESPONSIBLE 1024 00:43:47,019 --> 00:43:51,023 FOR THE RISK IN TERMS OF KIDNEY 1025 00:43:51,023 --> 00:43:52,224 DISEASE. 1026 00:43:52,224 --> 00:43:56,495 SO SENCHT% OF NONDIDN'TIC KIDNEY 1027 00:43:56,495 --> 00:43:57,196 DISEASES IN [INDISCERNIBLE], 1028 00:43:57,196 --> 00:44:05,137 AFRICAN AMERICANS IS DUE TO SWRG 1029 00:44:05,137 --> 00:44:06,872 2 COPIES OF THIS VARIATION, 1030 00:44:06,872 --> 00:44:08,407 SHOWING THAT AGAIN IT IS 1031 00:44:08,407 --> 00:44:09,575 ABSOLUTELY IMPORTANT. 1032 00:44:09,575 --> 00:44:11,043 SO ABOUT 4 IN 10 AFRICAN 1033 00:44:11,043 --> 00:44:12,077 AMERICANS ON DIALYSIS HAVE 1034 00:44:12,077 --> 00:44:16,582 KIDNEY FAILURE DUE TO THE APOL1 1035 00:44:16,582 --> 00:44:17,349 VARIANT. 1036 00:44:17,349 --> 00:44:22,855 AND IT'S ALSO HAS IMPLICATION IN 1037 00:44:22,855 --> 00:44:25,190 TERMS OF SURVIVAL AFTER KIDNEY 1038 00:44:25,190 --> 00:44:30,596 TRANSPLANTATIONS, HERE, SO 1039 00:44:30,596 --> 00:44:31,864 ALREADY HAVING SOME CLINICAL IMP 1040 00:44:31,864 --> 00:44:33,298 IICATIONS AND THIS IS CRITICALLY 1041 00:44:33,298 --> 00:44:34,500 IMPORTANT IN WEST AFRICA AND 1042 00:44:34,500 --> 00:44:39,905 SOME PARTS OF EAST AFRICA. 1043 00:44:39,905 --> 00:44:42,574 SO AGAIN, DUE TO ADMIXTURE THESE 1044 00:44:42,574 --> 00:44:43,876 VARIANTS HAVE NOW SPREAD ALL 1045 00:44:43,876 --> 00:44:46,612 OVER THE WORLD, SO THERE'S NO 1046 00:44:46,612 --> 00:44:50,148 REALLY WAY CAN YOU USE THE COLOR 1047 00:44:50,148 --> 00:44:52,117 OF PHENOTYPIC APPEARANCE TO 1048 00:44:52,117 --> 00:44:55,521 DETERMINE WHO WE HAVE THESE 1049 00:44:55,521 --> 00:44:56,221 VARIANTS, AGAIN REALLY IMPORTANT 1050 00:44:56,221 --> 00:44:58,991 THAT WE DO NOT MAKE ASSUMPTIONS 1051 00:44:58,991 --> 00:45:08,901 AND THE FACT THAT IS A RESULT OF 1052 00:45:08,901 --> 00:45:10,903 AFRICAN KIDNEY SICKNESS IS NOT 1053 00:45:10,903 --> 00:45:11,470 THE SUMMIT OF BEING AFRICAN 1054 00:45:11,470 --> 00:45:13,505 BECAUSE THERE ARE PARTS OF 1055 00:45:13,505 --> 00:45:15,641 AFRICA BECAUSE THEY DID NOT HAVE 1056 00:45:15,641 --> 00:45:19,344 OR DID NOT HAVE SUFFER THE 1057 00:45:19,344 --> 00:45:22,147 CONQUENCES OF THESE INFECTIONS, 1058 00:45:22,147 --> 00:45:28,086 AGAIN, IMPORTANT POINTS SO, 1 OF 1059 00:45:28,086 --> 00:45:31,456 THE POINTS, I WANT TO TRY TO 1060 00:45:31,456 --> 00:45:33,225 MAKE TO SUMMARIZE THE POINTS OF 1061 00:45:33,225 --> 00:45:37,596 ANCESTRY AND NOT USE PHENOTYPIC 1062 00:45:37,596 --> 00:45:40,766 APPEARANCE EIN TERMS OF CLINICAL 1063 00:45:40,766 --> 00:45:47,472 CARE, IS THIS IN CASE REPORT 1064 00:45:47,472 --> 00:45:52,477 THAT WAS PUBLISHED IN MEDICINE 1065 00:45:52,477 --> 00:45:54,546 1996, WE SHOWED THAT THE RACE OR 1066 00:45:54,546 --> 00:45:55,914 PHENOFINAL IPO PRICIC APIERANCE 1067 00:45:55,914 --> 00:45:57,482 CAN INDEED BE VERY DANGEROUS AS 1068 00:45:57,482 --> 00:45:58,650 WE MOVE TOWARDS PRECISION 1069 00:45:58,650 --> 00:46:01,186 MEDICINE AND THE PRACTICE OF 1070 00:46:01,186 --> 00:46:01,620 MEDICINE. 1071 00:46:01,620 --> 00:46:04,423 SO THIS IS A SERIOUS NEGATIVE 1072 00:46:04,423 --> 00:46:05,524 CONSEQUENCES OF PHYSICIAN'S 1073 00:46:05,524 --> 00:46:08,493 ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT A PATIENT'S 1074 00:46:08,493 --> 00:46:09,061 RACE. 1075 00:46:09,061 --> 00:46:10,996 AN 8 YEAR-OLD BOY 1076 00:46:10,996 --> 00:46:13,165 PHENOTYPEICALLY EUROPEAN PRESENT 1077 00:46:13,165 --> 00:46:15,367 WIDE ACUTE ABDOMINAL PAIN AND 1078 00:46:15,367 --> 00:46:20,906 ANEMIA, WITH A HEMATOCRIT OF 1079 00:46:20,906 --> 00:46:23,775 .21, TERM WAS ONLY 100-DEGREES 1080 00:46:23,775 --> 00:46:26,244 FAHRENHEIT, SURMINGRY WAS 1081 00:46:26,244 --> 00:46:31,249 CONSIDERED UNTIL A TECHNICIAN 1082 00:46:31,249 --> 00:46:32,784 RECOGNIZED THE HEMOLYTIC 1083 00:46:32,784 --> 00:46:36,388 CHARACTERISTICS ON A SMEAR. 1084 00:46:36,388 --> 00:46:37,923 SURGERY WAS CANCELED AFTER 1085 00:46:37,923 --> 00:46:40,492 RESULTS OF A SUBSEQUENT SICKLE 1086 00:46:40,492 --> 00:46:41,593 PREPARATION WERE FOUND TO BE 1087 00:46:41,593 --> 00:46:43,729 POSITIVE AND THE CHILD WAS 1088 00:46:43,729 --> 00:46:45,263 TREATED FOR UNDIAGNOSED SICKLE 1089 00:46:45,263 --> 00:46:47,366 CELL ANEMIA, NOW IT WOULD HAVE 1090 00:46:47,366 --> 00:46:48,834 BEEN PRETTY OBVIOUS, WHERE THIS 1091 00:46:48,834 --> 00:46:51,770 BAR GRAPH CAME FROM, EXPERIENCE 1092 00:46:51,770 --> 00:46:55,974 FROM GRENADDA AND INDIAN, NO 1 1093 00:46:55,974 --> 00:46:56,642 EUROPEAN AND MEDITERRANEAN 1094 00:46:56,642 --> 00:47:00,112 ANCESTRY AS YOU WILL RECALL OF 1095 00:47:00,112 --> 00:47:02,147 DISTRIBUTIONS SICKLE CELL USE IN 1096 00:47:02,147 --> 00:47:04,049 THESE PARTS OF THE WORLD INDEED 1097 00:47:04,049 --> 00:47:09,821 DO REFLECT THE ANCESTRAL 1098 00:47:09,821 --> 00:47:10,122 BACKGROUND. 1099 00:47:10,122 --> 00:47:11,690 SO, SO OVERALL THE POINT HERE IS 1100 00:47:11,690 --> 00:47:13,792 THAT INDIVIDUAL ANCESTRY IS MORE 1101 00:47:13,792 --> 00:47:15,827 IMPORTANT IN CONCEPT LIKE 1102 00:47:15,827 --> 00:47:22,601 AFRICAN HISPANIC OR ASIANS, 1103 00:47:22,601 --> 00:47:25,270 EUROPEANS AS WE MOVE TOWARDS HOW 1104 00:47:25,270 --> 00:47:26,872 WE DO PRECISION MEDICINE WE NEED 1105 00:47:26,872 --> 00:47:28,640 TO BE VERY, VERY KRSHES AND 1106 00:47:28,640 --> 00:47:31,576 RECOGNIZE THIS THAT YOU CAN USE 1107 00:47:31,576 --> 00:47:36,281 1 PERSON TO REPRESENT A GROUP. 1108 00:47:36,281 --> 00:47:37,549 AND THE DIVERSITY OF THE WORK 1109 00:47:37,549 --> 00:47:47,693 THAT WE DO ACROSS THE GLOBE, IS 1110 00:47:47,693 --> 00:47:51,229 REALLY UNEVEN AND WE PUSH TO 1111 00:47:51,229 --> 00:47:52,998 ESTABLISH THE HUMANITARIAN 1112 00:47:52,998 --> 00:47:54,399 EFFORT IN AMERICA, AND THE POINT 1113 00:47:54,399 --> 00:48:00,639 I WANT TO MAKE FOR THIS 1114 00:48:00,639 --> 00:48:02,441 CONSORTIUM AND MAKE ITS SO 1115 00:48:02,441 --> 00:48:05,544 WONDERFUL, IS THAT BY SEQUENCING 1116 00:48:05,544 --> 00:48:06,545 AFRICAN POPULATIONS AND FOCUSING 1117 00:48:06,545 --> 00:48:08,046 ON AFRICAN POPULATIONS THAT WE 1118 00:48:08,046 --> 00:48:09,614 ARE ABLE TO INFORM WHAT IS 1119 00:48:09,614 --> 00:48:10,449 HAPPENING AROUND THE WEST OF THE 1120 00:48:10,449 --> 00:48:10,916 WORLD. 1121 00:48:10,916 --> 00:48:13,885 SO IN ADDITION TO UNDERSTANDING 1122 00:48:13,885 --> 00:48:22,294 STRONG SELECTIONS IN TERMS OF 1123 00:48:22,294 --> 00:48:24,796 BACTERIA PROTECTION DEFENSE 1124 00:48:24,796 --> 00:48:26,031 AGAINST NEMATODES AND OTHER 1125 00:48:26,031 --> 00:48:33,472 TRAITS, WE WILL BE ABLE TO WORK 1126 00:48:33,472 --> 00:48:35,874 ON PATHOGENIC VARIANTS AND 1127 00:48:35,874 --> 00:48:37,809 BECAUSE THESE VARIANTS IN EUROPE 1128 00:48:37,809 --> 00:48:39,845 OR NORTH AMERICA, ARE COMMONLY 1129 00:48:39,845 --> 00:48:42,681 OBSERVED IN AFRICANS, SO 1130 00:48:42,681 --> 00:48:45,350 BRINGING INTO QUESTION WHETHER 1131 00:48:45,350 --> 00:48:46,184 IT'S TRULY PATHOGENIC, ALL WE 1132 00:48:46,184 --> 00:48:49,588 NEED TO UNDERSTAND THE GENETIC 1133 00:48:49,588 --> 00:48:51,256 BLACK GROUND IN WHICH VARIANT 1134 00:48:51,256 --> 00:48:55,794 MAY BE OPERATING AND AGAIN 1135 00:48:55,794 --> 00:48:56,795 UNDERSTANDING HISTORY I KNOW I'M 1136 00:48:56,795 --> 00:48:58,029 GOING OUT OF TIME A BIT SO I 1137 00:48:58,029 --> 00:48:58,997 WANT TO PUSH FORWARD. 1138 00:48:58,997 --> 00:49:02,100 SO I HOPE I HAVE CONVINCED YOU 1139 00:49:02,100 --> 00:49:06,138 BUT TO SOME EXTENT THAT 1140 00:49:06,138 --> 00:49:07,606 INCREASING DIVERSITY AND 1141 00:49:07,606 --> 00:49:08,607 UNDERSTANDING ANCESTRAL 1142 00:49:08,607 --> 00:49:11,009 BACKGROUND OF INDIVIDUALS IS A 1143 00:49:11,009 --> 00:49:14,746 SCIENTIFIC IMPERATIVE AND IF WE 1144 00:49:14,746 --> 00:49:16,882 DON'T DO IT IT'S A MISSED 1145 00:49:16,882 --> 00:49:18,350 OPPORTUNITY TO UNDERSTAND HUMAN 1146 00:49:18,350 --> 00:49:19,351 HISTORY AND HEALTH. 1147 00:49:19,351 --> 00:49:22,487 BUT THE OTHER POINT I WANT TO 1148 00:49:22,487 --> 00:49:25,323 MAKE IS THAT BETTER BEDDING OUR 1149 00:49:25,323 --> 00:49:27,259 ANCESTRY AND GENOMICS AND 1150 00:49:27,259 --> 00:49:28,627 BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH IN GENERAL 1151 00:49:28,627 --> 00:49:32,798 IS ALSO A SOCIAL JUSTICE ISSUE 1152 00:49:32,798 --> 00:49:34,766 IN THE SENSE OF WILL TOMORROW'S 1153 00:49:34,766 --> 00:49:36,501 MEDICINE WORK FOR ALL HUMAN 1154 00:49:36,501 --> 00:49:40,405 POPULATIONS OR ARE WE GOING TO 1155 00:49:40,405 --> 00:49:41,606 MISDIAGNOSE INDIVIDUALS BECAUSE 1156 00:49:41,606 --> 00:49:43,008 THE REFERENCE THAT THEY ARE 1157 00:49:43,008 --> 00:49:45,844 USING DO NOT SUFFICIENTLY 1158 00:49:45,844 --> 00:49:47,078 REPRESENT THE VARIATIONS THAT 1159 00:49:47,078 --> 00:49:50,715 EXIST IN THESE DIFFERENT GROUPS. 1160 00:49:50,715 --> 00:49:53,285 SO 1 WAY I WANT TO DEMONSTRATE 1161 00:49:53,285 --> 00:49:57,556 IN TERMS OF COMPLEX DISEASES IS 1162 00:49:57,556 --> 00:49:58,857 THE CONCEPT OF PATHOGENIC RISK 1163 00:49:58,857 --> 00:50:00,792 SCORES WHICH REALLY SAYS, BY 1164 00:50:00,792 --> 00:50:04,296 LOOKING AT THE VARIATIONS, AND 1165 00:50:04,296 --> 00:50:06,531 THE VARIANTS THAT WE HAVE 1166 00:50:06,531 --> 00:50:08,333 IDENTIFIED USING GWAS OR 1167 00:50:08,333 --> 00:50:09,401 DIFFERENT TRAITS, IF WE BRING 1168 00:50:09,401 --> 00:50:11,203 ALL OF THEM TOGETHER, WE CAN USE 1169 00:50:11,203 --> 00:50:13,605 IT TO STRATIFY INDIVIDUALS BY 1170 00:50:13,605 --> 00:50:16,675 RISK SO FOR EXAMPLE, INDIVIDUALS 1171 00:50:16,675 --> 00:50:20,378 AT THIS END WOULD BE CONSIDERED 1172 00:50:20,378 --> 00:50:21,813 HIGH RISK OR LOW RISK WILL 1173 00:50:21,813 --> 00:50:22,981 PROBABLY BE IN THE MIDDLE BUT 1174 00:50:22,981 --> 00:50:24,516 WHAT IS IMPORTANT HERE IS WHERE 1175 00:50:24,516 --> 00:50:28,320 WE DEVELOP THE STATISTICS, IS 1176 00:50:28,320 --> 00:50:31,156 HEAVILY INFLUENCED BY THE 1177 00:50:31,156 --> 00:50:33,625 DISCOVERY CIRCLES, SO IF FOR 1178 00:50:33,625 --> 00:50:36,394 EXAMPLE, THE DISCOVERY SAMPLES 1179 00:50:36,394 --> 00:50:37,662 IS MORE EUROPEAN, YOU SEE THAT 1180 00:50:37,662 --> 00:50:38,930 DWHEN WE TAKE THATA SET AND 1181 00:50:38,930 --> 00:50:42,300 USE IT TO TRAIN TO ELECTRIC AT 1182 00:50:42,300 --> 00:50:43,568 OTHER HEMO POPULATIONS WHAT 1183 00:50:43,568 --> 00:50:45,770 HAPPENS IS THAT AS THE DISTANCE 1184 00:50:45,770 --> 00:50:51,209 IN TERMS OF ANCESTRY, MOVED AWAY 1185 00:50:51,209 --> 00:50:53,411 FROM THE EUROPE, YOU SEE THE 1186 00:50:53,411 --> 00:50:57,415 ABILITY TO PREDICT INDIVIDUAL 1187 00:50:57,415 --> 00:51:00,619 RISK, REDUCES DRAMATICALLY AND 1188 00:51:00,619 --> 00:51:01,253 THEREFORE BEGIN EMPHASIZING THE 1189 00:51:01,253 --> 00:51:03,455 REASON WHY WE HAVE TO BE AGAIN, 1190 00:51:03,455 --> 00:51:04,322 TAKE ANCESTRY INTO CONCENTRATION 1191 00:51:04,322 --> 00:51:06,057 IN THE WORK THAT WE DO AND I'M 1192 00:51:06,057 --> 00:51:13,598 JUST GOING TO GO PAST THIS, 1193 00:51:13,598 --> 00:51:14,966 COMMITMENT POINT THAT GENETIC 1194 00:51:14,966 --> 00:51:16,801 VARIATION IS NORMAL FOR OUR 1195 00:51:16,801 --> 00:51:18,603 GENOME AND OUR DIVERSE IS NOT AN 1196 00:51:18,603 --> 00:51:20,005 ILLUSION, WE NEED TO STUDY THIS, 1197 00:51:20,005 --> 00:51:27,178 WE NEED TO DO THIS WITHOUT 1198 00:51:27,178 --> 00:51:28,146 FAMILY, PREJUDICE, NOTIONS OF 1199 00:51:28,146 --> 00:51:30,315 RACE, BECAUSE THE GENETIC 1200 00:51:30,315 --> 00:51:31,683 DIFFERENCES WE SEE BETWEEN US DO 1201 00:51:31,683 --> 00:51:34,753 NOT RISE TO THE LEVEL OF 1202 00:51:34,753 --> 00:51:36,655 [INDISCERNIBLE] OR UNIQUELY 1203 00:51:36,655 --> 00:51:39,724 DEFINE HEMO RACIAL GROUPS, SO 1204 00:51:39,724 --> 00:51:41,493 THE WHY WE ACTUALLY OR SERIOUSLY 1205 00:51:41,493 --> 00:51:44,396 TALK ABOUT THIS IN THE CONCEPT 1206 00:51:44,396 --> 00:51:46,631 OF RACE IS THAT TRYING TO USE 1207 00:51:46,631 --> 00:51:48,767 GENETICS TO DEFINE RACIAL GROUPS 1208 00:51:48,767 --> 00:51:50,435 IS LIKE SLICING SOUP. 1209 00:51:50,435 --> 00:51:53,705 YOU CAN CUT WHEREVER YOU WANT 1210 00:51:53,705 --> 00:51:56,708 BUT THE SOUP STAYS MIXED. 1211 00:51:56,708 --> 00:51:58,710 I HOPE I DEMONSTRATED THAT THAT 1212 00:51:58,710 --> 00:52:01,246 WE'RE ALL ARE MIXED WE JUST HAVE 1213 00:52:01,246 --> 00:52:02,080 DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS FROM 1214 00:52:02,080 --> 00:52:03,448 DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WORLD. 1215 00:52:03,448 --> 00:52:05,917 SO IN THIS CONTEXT, WE ARE 1 1216 00:52:05,917 --> 00:52:07,485 HUMANITY BUT MANY, MANY, MANY 1217 00:52:07,485 --> 00:52:11,856 GENOMES AND WE NEED TO STUDY. 1218 00:52:11,856 --> 00:52:16,194 SO WE NOW HAVE THE TOOLS TO 1219 00:52:16,194 --> 00:52:18,863 REPRESENT OUR DIVERSITY THERE, 1220 00:52:18,863 --> 00:52:20,498 YOU KNOW PRESENT ALL AROUND THE 1221 00:52:20,498 --> 00:52:22,200 WORLD IS WE ARE BEGINNING TO 1222 00:52:22,200 --> 00:52:24,569 FUND RESEARCH THAT WILL HELP US 1223 00:52:24,569 --> 00:52:25,770 TO DEVELOP BETTER REFERENCES, SO 1224 00:52:25,770 --> 00:52:31,109 THAT WE CAN BETTER UNDERSTAND 1225 00:52:31,109 --> 00:52:33,611 HUMAN DISEASES, AND GENETIC 1226 00:52:33,611 --> 00:52:35,347 VARIATIONS ACROSS THE WORLD FOR 1227 00:52:35,347 --> 00:52:36,748 INSTANCE OF THESE YOU HUMAN 1228 00:52:36,748 --> 00:52:38,383 DISEASES AND JUST EMPHASIZING 1229 00:52:38,383 --> 00:52:45,023 THE WORK FROM 1 OF OUR 1230 00:52:45,023 --> 00:52:45,890 COLLEAGUES AT THE 1231 00:52:45,890 --> 00:52:47,525 [INDISCERNIBLE] AND OTHERS WHO 1232 00:52:47,525 --> 00:52:48,593 HAVE DONE FANTASTIC WORK IN 1233 00:52:48,593 --> 00:52:49,894 HELPING US TO COMLITE THE 1234 00:52:49,894 --> 00:52:51,096 SEQUENCE OF THE HUMAN GENOME AS 1235 00:52:51,096 --> 00:52:52,897 YOU MAY REMEMBER, WHEN THE HUMAN 1236 00:52:52,897 --> 00:52:56,634 GENOME IS PUBLISH INDEED 2003 OR 1237 00:52:56,634 --> 00:52:59,437 SO, THERE WAS STILL ABOUT AN 8% 1238 00:52:59,437 --> 00:53:00,605 GAP, BUT WE HAVE THE TECHNOLOGY 1239 00:53:00,605 --> 00:53:06,311 TO DO HA AND THERE IS THE P A 1240 00:53:06,311 --> 00:53:08,413 NGENOME IS NOW SET TO DEVELOP A 1241 00:53:08,413 --> 00:53:11,649 MORE REFERENCES GENOME THAT WE 1242 00:53:11,649 --> 00:53:13,084 POISED TO DO PRECISION MEDICINE 1243 00:53:13,084 --> 00:53:15,020 IN THE WAY THAT WILL BE 1244 00:53:15,020 --> 00:53:18,656 EQUITABLE AND TO THE REST OF THE 1245 00:53:18,656 --> 00:53:19,424 WORLD. 1246 00:53:19,424 --> 00:53:20,458 AS GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGYS I WOULD 1247 00:53:20,458 --> 00:53:23,995 BE REMISS NOT TO TALK ABOUT THE 1248 00:53:23,995 --> 00:53:26,164 CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENT, 1249 00:53:26,164 --> 00:53:26,765 SPECIFICALLY GENE ENVIRONMENT 1250 00:53:26,765 --> 00:53:28,366 INTERACTIONS AND THE POINT I 1251 00:53:28,366 --> 00:53:30,402 WANT TO MAKE SURE HERE IS THAT 1252 00:53:30,402 --> 00:53:32,337 FOR THE WORK THAT WE DO, IN THE 1253 00:53:32,337 --> 00:53:38,610 CENTER IN MY LAB AND THE 1254 00:53:38,610 --> 00:53:41,413 [INDISCERNIBLE], ESPECIALLY FOR 1255 00:53:41,413 --> 00:53:46,084 [INDISCERNIBLE] DISFARRITY, WHEN 1256 00:53:46,084 --> 00:53:48,286 WE TALK ABOUT [INDISCERNIBLE] 1257 00:53:48,286 --> 00:53:50,155 DISPARITY, MAY NOT BE DUE TO OUR 1258 00:53:50,155 --> 00:53:51,990 GENETIC PACK GROUND BUT MAY BE 1259 00:53:51,990 --> 00:53:54,092 DUE TO EXPOSURE IN THE 1260 00:53:54,092 --> 00:53:54,426 ENVIRONMENT. 1261 00:53:54,426 --> 00:53:57,062 IN THIS PARTICULAR CARTOON HERE, 1262 00:53:57,062 --> 00:53:58,797 THE POINT I WANT TO MAKE HERE IS 1263 00:53:58,797 --> 00:54:01,199 WHEN YOU LOOK AT THIS IS CHICAGO 1264 00:54:01,199 --> 00:54:09,707 AREA, WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE LOOP, 1265 00:54:09,707 --> 00:54:14,312 AGAIN, THIS AFFLUENT DOWN TOWN 1266 00:54:14,312 --> 00:54:15,080 NEIGHBORHOOD COMPARED TO 1267 00:54:15,080 --> 00:54:17,315 [INDISCERNIBLE], YOU SEE A HUGE 1268 00:54:17,315 --> 00:54:18,383 DIFFERENCE IN DISPARITY, THERE'S 1269 00:54:18,383 --> 00:54:20,785 INDIVIDUAL WHO IS MAY BE AFRICAN 1270 00:54:20,785 --> 00:54:23,988 AMERICANS IN BOTH GROUPS BUT 1271 00:54:23,988 --> 00:54:26,691 WHAT IS REALLY, REALLY FOR ME 1272 00:54:26,691 --> 00:54:29,761 OUTSTANDING IS WHEN YOU LOOK AT 1273 00:54:29,761 --> 00:54:33,231 HYDE PARK, WE LOOK AT A MIXTURE 1274 00:54:33,231 --> 00:54:35,066 OF AMERICAN AND NONAFRICAN 1275 00:54:35,066 --> 00:54:37,702 AMERICANS, AND WASHINGTON PARK 1276 00:54:37,702 --> 00:54:38,536 PREDOMINANTLY AFRICAN AMERICANS, 1277 00:54:38,536 --> 00:54:40,038 IT'S A HUGE DIFFERENCE, IT'S 1278 00:54:40,038 --> 00:54:41,372 WHAT THEY CALL A FOOTBALL FIELD 1279 00:54:41,372 --> 00:54:43,408 BETWEEN EACH OF THEM BUT YOU SEE 1280 00:54:43,408 --> 00:54:44,776 THE RADICAL DIFFERENCE IN THE 1281 00:54:44,776 --> 00:54:46,611 TERMS OF LIFE EXPECTANCY THIS, 1282 00:54:46,611 --> 00:54:50,181 IS NOT GENETICS THIS IS SOCIAL 1283 00:54:50,181 --> 00:54:50,448 STRUCTURE. 1284 00:54:50,448 --> 00:54:51,716 SO IN EMERGING ITS OF DISPARITY, 1285 00:54:51,716 --> 00:54:54,986 I THINK WE NEED TO BE AWARE THAT 1286 00:54:54,986 --> 00:54:56,020 GENETICS MAY BE IMPORTANT LIKE I 1287 00:54:56,020 --> 00:54:58,756 SHOWED IN TERMS OF KIDNEY 1288 00:54:58,756 --> 00:55:00,291 DISEASE, BUT MORE IMPORTANTLY 1289 00:55:00,291 --> 00:55:01,426 THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE WAY WE 1290 00:55:01,426 --> 00:55:05,497 SET UP OUR SOCIETY IS WHAT DRIVE 1291 00:55:05,497 --> 00:55:07,265 PEOPLE TO EXPLORE HEALTH IN THE 1292 00:55:07,265 --> 00:55:08,099 CONTEXT OF HEALTH DISPARITY AND 1293 00:55:08,099 --> 00:55:09,701 IT IS SOMETHING THAT WE CAN 1294 00:55:09,701 --> 00:55:12,437 REVERSE IF WE PAY ATTENTION TO 1295 00:55:12,437 --> 00:55:12,604 IT. 1296 00:55:12,604 --> 00:55:14,873 AND I WOULD LIKE TO STAND BY 1297 00:55:14,873 --> 00:55:17,408 THIS QUOTE THAT SAYS, IF THE 1298 00:55:17,408 --> 00:55:20,311 MYSTERY OF OUR CORE, BECAUSE 1299 00:55:20,311 --> 00:55:24,048 NOBODY LOVES NATURE BUT BY 1300 00:55:24,048 --> 00:55:25,150 INSTITUTIONS [INDISCERNIBLE] 1301 00:55:25,150 --> 00:55:26,551 CHARLES DARWIN OR WHAT SOME 1302 00:55:26,551 --> 00:55:29,554 PEOPLE MAY CALL THE FATHER OF 1303 00:55:29,554 --> 00:55:30,555 MODERN DAY GENETICS. 1304 00:55:30,555 --> 00:55:32,090 SO I WANT TO THANK YOU AND I 1305 00:55:32,090 --> 00:55:35,460 HOPE I HAVE CONVINCED YOU THAT 1306 00:55:35,460 --> 00:55:38,296 ANCESTRY IS REALLY IMPORTANT IN 1307 00:55:38,296 --> 00:55:39,797 TERMS OF GENETICS, DENATIONAL 1308 00:55:39,797 --> 00:55:42,333 LIBRARY OF MEDICINICS, 1309 00:55:42,333 --> 00:55:42,934 BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AND 1310 00:55:42,934 --> 00:55:43,935 ESPECIALLY AS WE BEGIN TO THINK 1311 00:55:43,935 --> 00:55:47,305 ABOUT HOW WE CAN DEPLOY 1312 00:55:47,305 --> 00:55:49,007 PRECISION MEDICINE, YOU KNOW OR 1313 00:55:49,007 --> 00:55:51,643 DENATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINIC 1314 00:55:51,643 --> 00:55:53,678 MEDICINE GLOBALLY AND 1315 00:55:53,678 --> 00:56:00,285 NATIONALLY, SO THANK YOU. 1316 00:56:00,285 --> 00:56:01,419 >> OKAY, LDR. ROTIMI, HAVE TO 1317 00:56:01,419 --> 00:56:06,090 THANK YOU SO VERY MUCH FOR AN 1318 00:56:06,090 --> 00:56:11,396 EXTREMELY BROAD REACHING AND 1319 00:56:11,396 --> 00:56:19,504 HIGHLY IMPACTFUL TALK I REALLY 1320 00:56:19,504 --> 00:56:21,806 TRULY ENJOYED IT AND YOU MAKE A 1321 00:56:21,806 --> 00:56:23,708 FANTASTIC CASE FOR MOVING PAST 1322 00:56:23,708 --> 00:56:29,647 SOCIAL CONSTRUCTS OF SKIN COLOR 1323 00:56:29,647 --> 00:56:32,150 AND RACE AND AND THE MORE 1324 00:56:32,150 --> 00:56:34,619 IMPORTANCE OF GENETIC AND 1325 00:56:34,619 --> 00:56:37,555 SIMILARITIES IN ANCESTRY AS IT 1326 00:56:37,555 --> 00:56:41,125 RELATES TO INFORMING MEDICAL 1327 00:56:41,125 --> 00:56:43,361 CARE AND DECISIONS AND YOU ALSO 1328 00:56:43,361 --> 00:56:46,464 WITH GREAT WISDOM PUT THE 1329 00:56:46,464 --> 00:56:50,034 CONTEXT OF YOUR RESEARCH INTO 1330 00:56:50,034 --> 00:56:52,537 THE IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL 1331 00:56:52,537 --> 00:56:59,944 FACTORS WITH YOUR LAST POINTS 1332 00:56:59,944 --> 00:57:03,147 THAT ALSO MEANINGFULLY AND 1333 00:57:03,147 --> 00:57:05,116 PREDOMINANTLY AFFECT WELL BEING, 1334 00:57:05,116 --> 00:57:06,551 WHAT A FANTASTIC TALK. 1335 00:57:06,551 --> 00:57:09,287 WE DO HAVE A KOWP QUESTIONS SO 1336 00:57:09,287 --> 00:57:11,289 AS THE MODERATOR I WILL TAKE THE 1337 00:57:11,289 --> 00:57:12,223 ADVABTAGE OF ASKING THE FIRST 1338 00:57:12,223 --> 00:57:17,428 QUESTION AND MY QUESTION FOR YOU 1339 00:57:17,428 --> 00:57:19,030 DR. ROTIMI IS--WHAT DO YOU SEE 1340 00:57:19,030 --> 00:57:22,500 AS THE MOST SIGNIFICANT 1341 00:57:22,500 --> 00:57:25,069 OBSTACLE, AS FURTHER ADVANCING 1342 00:57:25,069 --> 00:57:28,506 THIS TYPE OF RESEARCH AND BY 1343 00:57:28,506 --> 00:57:33,278 THAT I MEAN, GWAS BASED STUDIES 1344 00:57:33,278 --> 00:57:37,382 THAT FIND ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN 1345 00:57:37,382 --> 00:57:41,219 GENES AND SPECIFIC ALLELIC 1346 00:57:41,219 --> 00:57:43,488 DIFFERENCES AND DISEASE STATES 1347 00:57:43,488 --> 00:57:46,824 AND THEN, TAKING THOSE 1348 00:57:46,824 --> 00:57:49,127 OBSERVATIONS AND THEN 1349 00:57:49,127 --> 00:57:55,833 IDENTIFYING OR SEEKING CAUSALITY 1350 00:57:55,833 --> 00:57:57,201 THROUGH TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 1351 00:57:57,201 --> 00:57:58,469 WHICH VERY ELEGANTLY SHOWED YOUR 1352 00:57:58,469 --> 00:57:59,304 EXAMPLES, WHAT DO YOU SLEEP 1353 00:57:59,304 --> 00:58:00,838 APNEA AND OBESITY AS THE BIGGEST 1354 00:58:00,838 --> 00:58:11,349 BARRIERS OFY VENTING THIS TYPE 1355 00:58:11,949 --> 00:58:14,719 OF RESEARCH FROM THOSE SUCH THAT 1356 00:58:14,719 --> 00:58:16,254 THOSE ALLEGATIONS AND CAUSALITY 1357 00:58:16,254 --> 00:58:19,557 GET TO FROM THE BEDSIDE. 1358 00:58:19,557 --> 00:58:21,459 >> YES, FIRST OF ALL THERE ARE 1359 00:58:21,459 --> 00:58:23,394 MULTIPLE LEVELS, WE NEED TO FUND 1360 00:58:23,394 --> 00:58:25,930 MORE DIVERSE COHORTS SO WE CAN 1361 00:58:25,930 --> 00:58:27,999 IDENTIFY MORE OF THESE TYPE OF 1362 00:58:27,999 --> 00:58:31,269 VARIANTS AND REALLY UNDERSTAND 1363 00:58:31,269 --> 00:58:32,303 THIS HUMAN HAPLOTYPE GLOBALLY SO 1364 00:58:32,303 --> 00:58:35,406 WE FLEED TO PROVIDE FUNDING TO 1365 00:58:35,406 --> 00:58:36,808 DO THIS DIFFERENTLY THAN WE 1366 00:58:36,808 --> 00:58:39,544 POSSIBLY WOULD BUT ONCE WE FIND 1367 00:58:39,544 --> 00:58:41,212 THESE VARIANTS, I THINK WE HAVE 1368 00:58:41,212 --> 00:58:45,550 A REAL BOTTLENECK IN TERMS OF 1369 00:58:45,550 --> 00:58:46,718 TRANSLATING OR UNDERSTANDING 1370 00:58:46,718 --> 00:58:48,186 WHAT THIS VARIANT WILL DO, I 1371 00:58:48,186 --> 00:58:49,887 THINK SOME OF IT THAT WE NEED TO 1372 00:58:49,887 --> 00:58:52,357 PUT IN PLACE IS WHAT I CALL 1373 00:58:52,357 --> 00:58:54,092 GENOME SCALE LEVEL TYPE OF 1374 00:58:54,092 --> 00:58:55,460 INTERROGATION OF THESE VARIANTS, 1375 00:58:55,460 --> 00:58:57,228 YOU KNOW IN A WAY THAT WE CAN 1376 00:58:57,228 --> 00:59:02,300 BEGIN TO UNDERSTAND THE BIOLOGY, 1377 00:59:02,300 --> 00:59:03,101 DEVELOPING MOTOR ORGANISMS CAN 1378 00:59:03,101 --> 00:59:06,571 HELP US TO UNDERSTAND SOME OF 1379 00:59:06,571 --> 00:59:07,772 THESE FUNCTIONS, LIKE WE 1380 00:59:07,772 --> 00:59:09,507 [INDISCERNIBLE] TYPE 2 DIABETES, 1381 00:59:09,507 --> 00:59:12,710 SO THERE NEEDS TO BE A RENEWED 1382 00:59:12,710 --> 00:59:17,949 EFFORT AND YOU KNOW ADDITIONAL 1383 00:59:17,949 --> 00:59:19,016 FUNDING AND THE ADDITIONAL 1384 00:59:19,016 --> 00:59:19,884 FUNCTIONAL INTERROGATION OF 1385 00:59:19,884 --> 00:59:23,154 VARIANTS THAT WE SEE AND THEN TO 1386 00:59:23,154 --> 00:59:25,156 HAVE AND TO LINK SOME OF THIS 1387 00:59:25,156 --> 00:59:28,459 VARIATION TO MEDICAL RECORDS SO 1388 00:59:28,459 --> 00:59:32,430 THAT WE CAN YOU KNOW DEVELOP A 1389 00:59:32,430 --> 00:59:34,632 PROCESS THAT SAYS MAKE WE CAN 1390 00:59:34,632 --> 00:59:36,167 STRATIFY INDIVIDUALS AND BE ABLE 1391 00:59:36,167 --> 00:59:39,604 TO KNOW HOW THESE VARIANTS MAY 1392 00:59:39,604 --> 00:59:40,872 BE IMPACTING THEIR HEALTH. 1393 00:59:40,872 --> 00:59:43,574 SO AGAIN TRYING TO LINK GENOMIC 1394 00:59:43,574 --> 00:59:45,610 VARIATIONS TO CLINICAL CONTEXT 1395 00:59:45,610 --> 00:59:47,712 IS REALLY IMPORTANT AND IS A 1396 00:59:47,712 --> 00:59:49,046 VERY DIFFICULT PROCESS, WE ARE 1397 00:59:49,046 --> 00:59:51,315 BEGINNING TO FUND STUDIES THAT 1398 00:59:51,315 --> 00:59:53,451 HELPING US TO DEMONSTRATE HOW WE 1399 00:59:53,451 --> 00:59:55,820 CAN LINK THIS KIND OF STUDIES 1400 00:59:55,820 --> 00:59:58,022 WITHIN THE CONCEPT OF CLINICAL 1401 00:59:58,022 --> 01:00:00,024 RECORDS TO FILL THIS GAP. 1402 01:00:00,024 --> 01:00:01,492 THE CLINICAL CENTER FOR EXAMPLE, 1403 01:00:01,492 --> 01:00:11,068 IS IDEAL FOR STUDYING THESE 1404 01:00:11,068 --> 01:00:12,970 TYPES OF EFFECTS SO WHEN IF WE 1405 01:00:12,970 --> 01:00:14,639 STUDY THREEZ, WE CAN COME TO THE 1406 01:00:14,639 --> 01:00:15,440 NIH CENTER, BRING IN INDIVIDUALS 1407 01:00:15,440 --> 01:00:18,543 IF ARE THIS AND PROPERLY 1408 01:00:18,543 --> 01:00:19,610 CHARACTERIZE THEM AND SEE AND 1409 01:00:19,610 --> 01:00:22,079 BEGIN TO BED WHAT THE VARIANTS 1410 01:00:22,079 --> 01:00:22,413 DO, YES. 1411 01:00:22,413 --> 01:00:27,084 >> THANK YOU FOR YOUR RESPONSE 1412 01:00:27,084 --> 01:00:28,786 DR. ROTIMI, LET ME SLIP IN 1 1413 01:00:28,786 --> 01:00:31,789 LAST QUESTION HERE THAT ASKS 1414 01:00:31,789 --> 01:00:32,523 ABOUT GENDER DIFFERENCES. 1415 01:00:32,523 --> 01:00:33,591 HAVE YOU LOOKED AT GENDER 1416 01:00:33,591 --> 01:00:36,194 DIFFERENCES IN YOUR COHORTS 1417 01:00:36,194 --> 01:00:39,764 EITHER FROM AFRICAN ANCESTRY OR 1418 01:00:39,764 --> 01:00:40,731 OTHERWISE WHERE YOU'VE 1419 01:00:40,731 --> 01:00:43,000 IDENTIFIED DIFFERENCES IN DEC 1420 01:00:43,000 --> 01:00:47,505 RISK FOR MEN VERSUS WOMEN. 1421 01:00:47,505 --> 01:00:51,375 SO WE TALK ABOUT GENDER IS 1422 01:00:51,375 --> 01:00:55,680 ANOTHER IMPORTANT FEATURE HERE. 1423 01:00:55,680 --> 01:00:57,982 >> YES, WE HAVE AGAIN, 1 OF THE 1424 01:00:57,982 --> 01:01:01,319 THINGS WE DO SEE VERY CLEARLY IS 1425 01:01:01,319 --> 01:01:03,421 GENDER DIFFERENCES FOR EXAMPLE 1426 01:01:03,421 --> 01:01:05,389 IN TERMS OF WEIGHT AND OBESITY. 1427 01:01:05,389 --> 01:01:08,459 SOME OF THAT IS TRULY BIOLOGICAL 1428 01:01:08,459 --> 01:01:10,828 BECAUSE I THINK VERY A VERY, 1429 01:01:10,828 --> 01:01:12,263 VERY LONG TIME WE'VE KNOWN THAT 1430 01:01:12,263 --> 01:01:13,264 THERE IS SEXUAL DISCIPLINARY 1431 01:01:13,264 --> 01:01:16,901 MORPHISM WHEN IT COMES TO HOW WE 1432 01:01:16,901 --> 01:01:17,168 STORE FAT. 1433 01:01:17,168 --> 01:01:20,204 SO FOR EXAMPLE, WE HAVE THIS 1434 01:01:20,204 --> 01:01:22,139 TYPICAL DESCRIPTION OF MEN 1435 01:01:22,139 --> 01:01:24,008 LOOKING APPLE OR WOMEN LOOKING 1436 01:01:24,008 --> 01:01:25,209 LIKE PAIRS AND THINGS LOAMACYIC 1437 01:01:25,209 --> 01:01:27,612 THAT SO THAT'S JUST AGAIN THE 1438 01:01:27,612 --> 01:01:29,514 MORPHISM IN HOW WE STORE FAT AND 1439 01:01:29,514 --> 01:01:33,818 THINGS LIKE THAT BUT WE DO SEE 1440 01:01:33,818 --> 01:01:35,753 DIFFERENCES, WHEN WE LOOK AT 1441 01:01:35,753 --> 01:01:41,092 PHENOTYPES LIKE THAT, BUT 1442 01:01:41,092 --> 01:01:42,360 OVERALL WE SEE THESE THINGS, WE 1443 01:01:42,360 --> 01:01:43,561 SLEEP APNEA AND OBESITY IT IN 1444 01:01:43,561 --> 01:01:45,997 DIFFERENT GROUPS MAYBE IN 1445 01:01:45,997 --> 01:01:47,164 DIFFERENT RATES, YOU KNOW SO 1446 01:01:47,164 --> 01:01:49,867 WITH THE KIND OF RESEARCH I DO, 1447 01:01:49,867 --> 01:01:53,271 WE HAVE NOT REALLY SEEN MAJOR 1448 01:01:53,271 --> 01:01:55,806 DIFFERENCES IN TERMS OF YOU KNOW 1449 01:01:55,806 --> 01:02:01,679 GENDER, YOU KNOW, SO, IT DOESN'T 1450 01:02:01,679 --> 01:02:03,614 MEAN THAT IT CAN EFFECT CANCER 1451 01:02:03,614 --> 01:02:04,549 AND HUGE DIFFERENCES DIFFERENT 1452 01:02:04,549 --> 01:02:08,986 TYPES OF CANCER, YOU KNOW, THAT 1453 01:02:08,986 --> 01:02:10,421 WE SEE AROUND THE WORLD. 1454 01:02:10,421 --> 01:02:15,226 SO BUT WHEN WE LOOK AT THINGS 1455 01:02:15,226 --> 01:02:16,761 LIKE DIABETES, HYPERTENSION, HOW 1456 01:02:16,761 --> 01:02:18,729 THOSE KIND OF CONDITIONS, THEY 1457 01:02:18,729 --> 01:02:20,298 ARE EQUAL OFFENDERS WHEN IT 1458 01:02:20,298 --> 01:02:25,136 COMES TO GENDER, YEAH. 1459 01:02:25,136 --> 01:02:25,836 >> DR. ROTIMI, AGAIN, WE'RE OUT 1460 01:02:25,836 --> 01:02:27,071 OF TIME AND I WILL FORWARD YOU 1461 01:02:27,071 --> 01:02:27,972 ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS FROM THE 1462 01:02:27,972 --> 01:02:28,973 AUDIENCE BUT WE WANT TO THANK 1463 01:02:28,973 --> 01:02:31,375 YOU SOPHISTICATEDY GREATLY FOR 1464 01:02:31,375 --> 01:02:32,076 YOUR EXCELLENT LECTURE TONIGHT 1465 01:02:32,076 --> 01:02:33,578 AND FOR YOUR THOUGHTFUL 1466 01:02:33,578 --> 01:02:35,313 RESPONSES TO THESE QUESTIONS. 1467 01:02:35,313 --> 01:02:37,982 THANK YOU AGAIN, DR. ROTIMI. 1468 01:02:37,982 --> 01:02:38,516 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 1469 01:02:38,516 --> 01:02:48,960 AND THANKS TO EVERYBODY.