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WELCOME TO THE CLINICAL
CENTER GRAND ROUNDS,

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A WEEKLY SERIES OF EDUCATIONAL
LECTURES FOR PHYSICIANS AND

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HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS
BROADCAST FROM THE CLINICAL

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CENTER AT THE NATIONAL
INSTITUTES OF HEALTH IN

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BETHESDA, MD.

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THE NIH CLINICAL CENTER IS THE
WORLD'S LARGEST HOSPITAL TOTALLY

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DEDICATED TO INVESTIGATIONAL
RESEARCH AND LEADS THE GLOBAL

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EFFORT IN TRAINING TODAY'S
INVESTIGATORS AND DISCOVERING

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TOMORROW'S CURES.

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LEARN MORE BY VISITING US ONLINE
AT HTTP://CLINICALCENTER.NIH.GOV

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GOOD AFTERNOON.

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WELCOME TO TODAY'S CLINICAL

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CENTER GRADUATE MEDICAL

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EDUCATION GRAND ROUNDS.

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I WANT TO FIRST START WITH THE

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CME INFORMATION, THE HOPKINS

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CLOUD CME ACTIVITY CODE FOR

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TODAY'S GRAND ROUNDS IS 50567.

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SO PLEASE TEXT THIS CODE TO THE

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JOHNS HOPKINS CME PHONE NUMBER

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ON THE SLIDE TO RECEIVE CME

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CREDIT FOR THIS LECTURE.

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WE ALSO KINDLY INVITE YOU TO

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PROVIDE FEEDBACK ON

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LECTURE BY SCANNING THE QR CODE

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SHOWN ON THE CME SLIDE AND IF

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YOU ARE APPLYING FOR CME, YOU

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WILL PROVIDE THE SURVEY LINK VIA

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EMAIL.

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THE SURVEY WILL BE USED TO

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PROVIDE US WITH IMPORTANT

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FEEDBACK ABOUT THIS PRESENTATION

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AND ALLOW YOU TO SUBMIT ANY

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SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE GRAND

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ROUND TOPICS.

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FOLLOWING DR. CAPERS'

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PRESENTATION, I'M ABOUT TO

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INTRODUCE HIM, THE QUESTIONS

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WILL BE TAKEN FROM THE

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MICROPHONES IN THE AISLES FOR

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THOSE OF YOU IN PERSON.

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ADDITIONALLY, VIDEOCAST VIEWERS

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MAY SUBMIT QUESTIONS AT ANY TIME

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DURING THE LECTURE BY SCROLLING

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DOWN AND CLICKING THE LIVE

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FEEDBACK BUTTON LOCATED ON THE

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VIDEOCAST WEBSITE.

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QUESTIONS FROM THE VIDEOCAST

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WILL BE ANSWERED AS TIME PERMITS

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AT THE END OF THE PRESENTATION.

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SO I'M VERY EXCITED TODAY TO

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INTRODUCE OUR GRAND ROUNDS

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SPEAKER, DR. QUINN CAPERS.

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DR. CAPERS HAS BEEN WIDELY

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RECOGNIZED AS AN EDUCATOR,

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CLINICIAN, AND CHAMPION OF

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DIVERSITY ENHANCEMENT IN

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MEDICINE.

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HE'S A GRADUATE OF THE HOWARD

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UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND

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SCIENCES AND THEN THE OHIO STATE

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UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE,

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AND THEN HE TRAINED IN INTERNAL

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MEDICINE, CARDIOVASCULAR

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DISEASES AND INTERVENTIONAL

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CARDIOLOGY AT EMORY UNIVERSITY.

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HE SPENT TIME IN PRIVATE

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PRACTICE AND THEN HAD HELD

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FACULTY APPOINTMENTS AT

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VANDERBILT, MEHARRY MEDICAL

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COLLEGE, THE OHIO STATE

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UNIVERSITY AND UNIVERSITY OF

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TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL

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CENTER.

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BEFORE JOINING HOWARD AS CHAIR

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OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE IN

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JANUARY OF 2024.

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SO JUST WITHIN THE LAST SIX

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MONTHS.

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AS AN INTERVENTIONAL

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CARDIOLOGIST, HE HAS AN INTEREST

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IN THE TRANS RADIAL APPROACH TO

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CORONARY STENTING AND THE

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TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH ACUTE

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MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.

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HE HAS PERFORM MOED MORE THAN 40

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CORONARY ARTERY STENTING

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PROCEDURES AND HIS PHYSICIAN

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PEERS HAVE NAMED HIM ONE OF

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AMERICA'S BEST DOCTORS 10 YEARS

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IN A ROW.

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IMPORTANTLY HIS PATIENT

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SATISFACTION SCORES HAVE ALSO

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PLACED IN THE 90TH PERCENTILE

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NATIONALLY FOR SIX YEARS IN A

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ROW, AND IN 2019, HE WAS ELECTED

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TO THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY

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SOCIETY OF MASTER CLINICIANS.

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AS AN EDUCATOR, HE HAS RECEIVED

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NUMEROUS TEACHING AND MENTORING

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AWARDS.

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HE RECEIVED THE AMERICAN HEART

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ASSOCIATION'S NATIONAL CLINICIAN

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EDUCATOR AWARD IN 2018, AND THE

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OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF

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MEDICINE'S GRADUATING CLASS OF

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2019 NAMED HIM THE PROFESSOR OF

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THE YEAR.

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WHICH IS AN AWARD RESERVED FOR

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THE MOST IMPACTFUL EDUCATOR IN

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THEIR FOUR YEARS OF MEDICAL

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SCHOOL.

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AT OHIO STATE, HE SERVED AS THE

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ASSOCIATE DEAN FOR ADMISSIONS

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FROM 2009 TO 2019, LEADING

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STRATEGIES TO RECRUIT, INTERVIEW

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AND SELECT OVER 2,000 FUTURE

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PHYSICIANS.

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AND THEN AT THE UNIVERSITY OF

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TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN, HE RECEIVED

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SEVERAL TEACHING AWARDS AND LED

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EFFORTS TO APPOINT AND MENTOR

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VICE CHAIRS AND LEADERS OF

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DIVERSITY IN ALL THREE BASIC

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SCIENCE AND CLINICAL

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DEPARTMENTS.

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DR. CAPERS IS A THOUGHT LEADER

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IN THE AREAS OF DIVERSE IN

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MEDICINE, RACIAL HET HEALTHCARE

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DISPARITIES AND HAS TRAINED

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THOUSANDS OF PHYSICIANS AND

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SCIENTISTS IN STRATEGIES TO

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REDUCE IMPLICIT RACIAL BIAS IN

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PATIENT CARE AND THE SELECTION

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OF STUDENTS, TRAINEES AND

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FACULTY.

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HE CURRENTLY SERVES AS INAUGURAL

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CHAIR OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF

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CARDIOLOGY' DIVISION AND

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INCLUSION COMMITTEE.

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IN THAT ROLE, HE LEADS NATIONAL

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EFFORTS TO DIVERSIFY THE

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SPECIALTY OF CARDIOLOGY.

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SO WE ARE HONORED TODAY TO HAVE

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DR. CAPERS SPEAK TO US.

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THE TITLE OF HIS PRESENTATION IS

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"THE EVIDENCE-BASED ARGUMENT FOR

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A DIVERSE PHYSICIAN WORKFORCE."

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PLEASE JOIN ME IN WELCOMING

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DR. CAPERS.

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[APPLAUSE]

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>> THANK YOU SO MUCH.

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THANK YOU FOR INVITING ME.

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THANK YOU, EVERYBODY, FOR COMING

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OUT.

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HELLO!

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SO THIS IS MY FIRST VISIT TO NIH

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AND I'M VERY PLEASED TO BE HERE.

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AND I'M GRATEFUL THAT I WAS

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ASKED TO COME HERE AND

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SPECIFICALLY TO TALK ABOUT

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DIVERSITY AND DIVERSITY, EQUITY

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AND INCLUSION.

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YOU KNOW, THIS IS -- THESE ARE

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INTERESTING TIMES TO TALK ABOUT

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DIVERSITY, EQUITY AND INCLUSION,

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RIGHT?

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WE'VE GOT PRESIDENTIAL

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CANDIDATES BEING LABELED DEI

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CANDIDATE AND SOME HAVE TRIED TO

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MAKE THE CONCEPT OF DIVERSITY,

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EQUITY AND INCLUSION, WHICH IS

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EXTENDING OPPORTUNITIES TO

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GROUPS WHO ARE TRADITIONALLY

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SHUT OUT OF OPPORTUNITIES.

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BUT THERE'S BEEN SOME MOVEMENT

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AFOOT TO TRY TO MAKE JUST DEI A

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BAD WORD, A BAD PHRASE, AND MAKE

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IT HAVE A NEGATIVE CONNOTATION.

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SO I THOUGHT  -- IT WOULD BE NIE

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TO, SINCE YOUR WHOLE CAREER HERE

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IS ABOUT MAKING AND PRODUCING

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THE EVIDENCE THAT REALLY GUIDES

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WHAT WE DO IN MEDICINE, TO TALK

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ABOUT THE EVIDENCE THAT

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DIVERSITY ACTUALLY IS A POSITIVE

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FORCE IN THE WORLD AND DOES A

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LOT OF GOOD THINGS.

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I THOUGHT IT WOULD BE FUN TO DO

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THAT IN THE FORM OF A QUIZ, SO I

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HOPE YOU'RE READY.

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WE WANT TO GIVE YOU A QUIZ ON

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DIVERSITY.

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WHAT I MEAN BY THAT IS, IF YOU

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WERE IN, LET'S SAY, THE DOCTOR'S

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LOUNGE AND SOMEONE CHALLENGED

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YOU AND WHY YOU'RE USING DRUG A

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VERSUS DRUG B, I WOULD BET YOU

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COULD PROBABLY VERY RAPIDLY

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QUOTE STUDIES SHOWING WHY YOU DO

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WHAT YOU DO.

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ON THE OTHER HAND, IF IN THAT

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SAME LOUNGE SOMEBODY CHALLENGED

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YOU AND SAID WHY ARE YOU ALWAYS

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TALKING ABOUT DIVERSITY, WHY ARE

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YOU ALWAYS PUSHING DIVERSITY?

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MY QUESTION TO YOU IS, WOULD YOU

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BE ABLE TO, IN THE SAME MANNER,

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DEFEND YOURSELF BY QUOTING STUDY

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AFTER STUDY?

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AND IF THE ANSWER TO THAT IS NO,

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WELL, HOPEFULLY IT WILL BE YES

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BY THE END OF THIS TALK.

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SO THIS TALK WILL REVIEW

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EVIDENCE THAT DIVERSITY WILL

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IMPROVE HEALTHCARE OUTCOMES.

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WE'LL TALK ABOUT SOME OF THE

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BARRIERS, WHY WE'RE NOT THERE

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YET, AND THEN FINALLY, WE'LL

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TALK ABOUT STRATEGIES TO ENHANCE

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DIVERSITY IN MEDICINE.

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SO HERE WE ARE, MULTIPLE CHOICE

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QUESTION.

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THIS IS A QUIZ.

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THE QUESTION IS, WHY DO WE SEEK

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DIVERSITY IN MEDICINE?

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THIS IS A SINGLE-BEST ANSWER

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TYPE MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION,

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AND AS YOU KNOW, I'M SURE

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EVERYONE IN HERE, YOU'RE ALL

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GOOD TEST-TAKERS.

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THE BEST WAY TO APPROACH A

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MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTION IS TO

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CROSS OUT THE STATEMENTS THAT

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YOU KNOW ARE INCORRECT UNTIL

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YOU'RE LEFT WITH THE ONES, MAYBE

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TWO, MAYBE, AND THEN YOU'VE GOT

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TO USE YOUR NOGGIN TO FIGURE IT

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OUT.

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SO THE QUESTION IS, WHY DO WE

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SEEK DIVERSITY IN MEDICINE?

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AND I'M ON YOUR SIDE.

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I WANT YOU TO DO WELL ON THIS.

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WHY DO WE SEEK DIVERSITY IN

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MEDICINE?

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IS IT A?

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BECAUSE UNDERREPRESENTED

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MINORITY PHYSICIANS ARE MORE

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LIKELY TO SERVE THE UNDERSERVED?

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IS IT B, BECAUSE MINORITY

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PATIENTS ARE MORE LIKELY TO

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FOLLOW THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF

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MINORITY PHYSICIANS?

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MAYBE IT'S C, THAT DIVERSITY ON

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RESEARCH TEAMS ENHANCES THE

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IMPACT OF RESEARCH, OR MAYBE

257
00:08:38,266 --> 00:08:40,602
IT'S D, THAT A DIVERSE PHYSICIAN

258
00:08:40,602 --> 00:08:43,738
WORKFORCE WILL REDUCE THE

259
00:08:43,738 --> 00:08:45,039
INEQUITIES, DISPARITIES, RACIAL

260
00:08:45,039 --> 00:08:46,341
HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES.

261
00:08:46,341 --> 00:08:47,742
REMEMBER, THIS IS SINGLE-BEST

262
00:08:47,742 --> 00:08:48,076
ANSWER.

263
00:08:48,076 --> 00:08:50,612
SO YOUR JOB IS TO CROSS OUT THE

264
00:08:50,612 --> 00:08:51,913
THREE INCORRECT ANSWERS, SO

265
00:08:51,913 --> 00:08:55,049
LET'S GET STARTED WITH ME GIVEIG

266
00:08:55,049 --> 00:08:56,317
YOU SOME BACKGROUND INFORMATION.

267
00:08:56,317 --> 00:08:58,586
THIS IS AN ANALYSIS AND BRIEF

268
00:08:58,586 --> 00:08:59,354
FROM THE AAMC.

269
00:08:59,354 --> 00:09:04,492
IF YOU ARE A GRADUATE OF A AAMC

270
00:09:04,492 --> 00:09:06,027
M.D. SCHOOL, YOU MIGHT NOT

271
00:09:06,027 --> 00:09:07,128
REMEMBER IT BUT YOUR FIRST WEEK

272
00:09:07,128 --> 00:09:08,763
OF SCHOOL WITH THE POMP AND

273
00:09:08,763 --> 00:09:10,665
CIRCUMSTANCE OF ORIENTATION, YOU

274
00:09:10,665 --> 00:09:12,066
SAT DOWN YOU AND TOOK A SURVEY

275
00:09:12,066 --> 00:09:14,135
FROM THE AAMC.

276
00:09:14,135 --> 00:09:17,505
AND YOU ALSO MIGHT NOT REMEMBER

277
00:09:17,505 --> 00:09:19,040
THAT IN YOUR LAST WEEK OF

278
00:09:19,040 --> 00:09:20,675
SCHOOL, YOUR FOURTH YEAR, YOU

279
00:09:20,675 --> 00:09:22,644
TOOK ANOTHER AAMC SURVEY.

280
00:09:22,644 --> 00:09:24,279
SOME OF THE QUESTIONS, THEY ASK

281
00:09:24,279 --> 00:09:26,314
THE SAME QUESTION TO SEE HOW YOU

282
00:09:26,314 --> 00:09:28,216
CHANGED FROM YOUR FIRST YEAR OF

283
00:09:28,216 --> 00:09:28,817
MEDICAL SCHOOL TO YOUR LAST

284
00:09:28,817 --> 00:09:29,751
YEAR.

285
00:09:29,751 --> 00:09:33,788
THIS ANALYSIS LOOKS AT, ANALYZES

286
00:09:33,788 --> 00:09:34,422
ANSWERS FOR 80,000 MEDICAL

287
00:09:34,422 --> 00:09:35,089
STUDENTS.

288
00:09:35,089 --> 00:09:37,292
THE QUESTION WAS, DO YOU PLAN TO

289
00:09:37,292 --> 00:09:38,960
LOCATE YOUR PRACTICE IN AN

290
00:09:38,960 --> 00:09:42,564
UNDERSERVED AREA?

291
00:09:42,564 --> 00:09:45,066
THERE WERE THREE POSSIBLE

292
00:09:45,066 --> 00:09:46,401
ANSWERS, YES, NO OR MAYBE.

293
00:09:46,401 --> 00:09:47,468
ONE OF THE FIRST THINGS THEY

294
00:09:47,468 --> 00:09:48,603
FOUND IS THAT BLACK AND HISPANIC

295
00:09:48,603 --> 00:09:50,338
STUDENTS WERE MORE LIKELY TO

296
00:09:50,338 --> 00:09:51,639
ANSWER YES.

297
00:09:51,639 --> 00:09:52,974
WHITE AND ASIAN STUDENTS WERE

298
00:09:52,974 --> 00:09:55,677
MORE LIKELY TO ANSWER NO.

299
00:09:55,677 --> 00:09:56,878
BUT THEY WERE PARTICULARLY

300
00:09:56,878 --> 00:09:59,080
INTERESTED IN THOSE WHO WERE

301
00:09:59,080 --> 00:10:00,281
INITIALLY UNDECIDED, SO THOSE

302
00:10:00,281 --> 00:10:01,616
WHO SAID MAYBE IN THEIR FIRST

303
00:10:01,616 --> 00:10:03,785
WEEK OF MEDICAL SCHOOL.

304
00:10:03,785 --> 00:10:05,286
AND IT TURNS OUT THAT BLACK AND

305
00:10:05,286 --> 00:10:07,222
HISPANIC STUDENTS THAT WERE

306
00:10:07,222 --> 00:10:08,156
INITIALLY UNDECIDED WERE MORE

307
00:10:08,156 --> 00:10:09,791
LIKELY TO ANSWER YES BY

308
00:10:09,791 --> 00:10:10,658
GRADUATION, WHITE AND ASIAN

309
00:10:10,658 --> 00:10:12,093
STUDENTS THAT WERE INITIALLY

310
00:10:12,093 --> 00:10:13,294
UNDECIDED WERE MORE LIKELY TO

311
00:10:13,294 --> 00:10:15,930
ANSWER THAT QUESTION NO BY

312
00:10:15,930 --> 00:10:16,798
GRADUATION, WHICH MAKES ME WANT

313
00:10:16,798 --> 00:10:18,099
TO TALK TO OUR CURRICULAR

314
00:10:18,099 --> 00:10:19,734
PEOPLE, WHAT ARE WE DOING DURING

315
00:10:19,734 --> 00:10:21,603
MEDICAL SCHOOL THAT'S TURNING

316
00:10:21,603 --> 00:10:22,904
PEOPLE OFF TO THE IDEA OF

317
00:10:22,904 --> 00:10:24,906
SERVING THE UNDERSERVED?

318
00:10:24,906 --> 00:10:26,841
BUT THAT IS MEDICAL SCHOOL, AND

319
00:10:26,841 --> 00:10:32,113
THESE ARE STUDENTS UPON ENTRY.

320
00:10:32,113 --> 00:10:34,182
ON THIS NEXT SLIDE, I FELL SHORT

321
00:10:34,182 --> 00:10:35,817
OF MY GOAL TO PUT ON ONE SLIDE

322
00:10:35,817 --> 00:10:38,887
EVERY STUDY THAT HAS EVER SHOWN

323
00:10:38,887 --> 00:10:40,188
THAT PHYSICIANS OF BLACK,

324
00:10:40,188 --> 00:10:43,358
HISPANIC AND NATIVE AMERICAN

325
00:10:43,358 --> 00:10:44,993
DESCENT ARE MORE LIKELY THAN

326
00:10:44,993 --> 00:10:45,894
DOCTORS OF OTHER GROUPS TO

327
00:10:45,894 --> 00:10:47,962
LOCATE THEIR PRACTICE IN

328
00:10:47,962 --> 00:10:48,730
UNDERSERVED COMMUNITIES.

329
00:10:48,730 --> 00:10:50,498
AND I FELL SHORT OF THAT GOAL

330
00:10:50,498 --> 00:10:51,566
BECAUSE THE SLIDE WASN'T BIG

331
00:10:51,566 --> 00:10:52,567
ENOUGH.

332
00:10:52,567 --> 00:10:55,069
SO YOU'LL HAVE TO SETTLE FOR 10

333
00:10:55,069 --> 00:10:56,604
STUDIES FROM FOUR DIFFERENT

334
00:10:56,604 --> 00:10:58,573
DECADES THAT ALL REMARKABLY SHOW

335
00:10:58,573 --> 00:11:00,441
THE SAME THING, IT'S NOT EVEN

336
00:11:00,441 --> 00:11:00,875
CLOSE.

337
00:11:00,875 --> 00:11:02,844
DOCTORS FROM UNDERREPRESENTED

338
00:11:02,844 --> 00:11:04,379
AND UNDERSERVED RACIAL

339
00:11:04,379 --> 00:11:05,680
BACKGROUNDS ARE MORE LIKELY THAN

340
00:11:05,680 --> 00:11:07,649
OTHERS TO GO RIGHT BACK TO

341
00:11:07,649 --> 00:11:08,983
COMMUNITIES LIKE THE ONES THAT

342
00:11:08,983 --> 00:11:11,185
THEY CAME FROM.

343
00:11:11,185 --> 00:11:13,554
SO YOU MIGHT FEEL GOOD ABOUT A

344
00:11:13,554 --> 00:11:17,058
AS THE ANSWER.

345
00:11:17,058 --> 00:11:18,593
BUT WAIT, THERE'S MORE.

346
00:11:18,593 --> 00:11:20,228
AS THEY SAY.

347
00:11:20,228 --> 00:11:23,698
HERE'S A STUDY BY SAHA AND

348
00:11:23,698 --> 00:11:25,366
COLLEAGUES, SAHA IS AN

349
00:11:25,366 --> 00:11:27,435
INVESTIGATOR I TRULY ADMIRE,

350
00:11:27,435 --> 00:11:28,536
HE'S DONE A LOT OF INKRED BIBL

351
00:11:28,536 --> 00:11:28,970
WORK.

352
00:11:28,970 --> 00:11:31,039
IN THIS STUDY, WE ALL KNOW WHAT

353
00:11:31,039 --> 00:11:31,839
STANDARDIZED PATIENTS ARE,

354
00:11:31,839 --> 00:11:33,141
ACTORS PLAYING THE ROLES OF

355
00:11:33,141 --> 00:11:33,908
PATIENTS.

356
00:11:33,908 --> 00:11:35,009
THEY USE STANDARDIZED

357
00:11:35,009 --> 00:11:35,343
PHYSICIANS.

358
00:11:35,343 --> 00:11:37,278
SO ACTORS PLAYING THE ROLE OF

359
00:11:37,278 --> 00:11:38,713
PHYSICIANS, AND IN THIS STUDY,

360
00:11:38,713 --> 00:11:40,248
THESE ACTORS WERE PLAYING THE

361
00:11:40,248 --> 00:11:42,216
ROLE OF CARDIOLOGISTS, AND SO

362
00:11:42,216 --> 00:11:43,952
YOU SEE A PICTURE OF THE

363
00:11:43,952 --> 00:11:45,586
CARDIOLOGISTS THERE USED IN THE

364
00:11:45,586 --> 00:11:46,487
STUDY.

365
00:11:46,487 --> 00:11:48,990
ALL OF THESE ACTORS IN THE WHITE

366
00:11:48,990 --> 00:11:50,959
COATS READ AN IDENTICAL SCRIPT,

367
00:11:50,959 --> 00:11:53,695
AND THE SCRIPT SAID, I HAVE

368
00:11:53,695 --> 00:11:56,431
LOOKED AT YOUR TEST RESULTS, I

369
00:11:56,431 --> 00:11:59,834
RECOMMEND OPEN HEART SURGERY.

370
00:11:59,834 --> 00:12:01,569
THE VIEWERS OF THE VIDEOS WERE

371
00:12:01,569 --> 00:12:03,438
ACTUAL PATIENTS, SO THEY

372
00:12:03,438 --> 00:12:05,273
ACTUALLY WENT OUT AND HAD HEART

373
00:12:05,273 --> 00:12:06,808
PATIENTS, PATIENTS WITH HEART

374
00:12:06,808 --> 00:12:10,311
DISEASE, VIEW THESE VIDEOS, AND

375
00:12:10,311 --> 00:12:13,281
EACH PATIENT ONLY SAW ONE VIDEO.

376
00:12:13,281 --> 00:12:14,916
BUT AT THE END, THEY ASKED THE

377
00:12:14,916 --> 00:12:16,017
PATIENTS, WELL, WHAT DO YOU

378
00:12:16,017 --> 00:12:16,351
THINK?

379
00:12:16,351 --> 00:12:18,753
WILL YOU HAVE THE HEART SURGERY

380
00:12:18,753 --> 00:12:19,887
BASED ON WHAT YOU HEARD THE

381
00:12:19,887 --> 00:12:20,621
DOCTOR SAY?

382
00:12:20,621 --> 00:12:22,123
AND IT TURNS OUT THAT THE BLACK

383
00:12:22,123 --> 00:12:23,458
PATIENTS WERE MORE LIKELY TO

384
00:12:23,458 --> 00:12:25,193
AGREE TO OPEN HEART SURGERY IF

385
00:12:25,193 --> 00:12:26,627
IT WAS RECOMMENDED BY A BLACK

386
00:12:26,627 --> 00:12:28,596
DOCTOR.

387
00:12:28,596 --> 00:12:32,867
SO THAT IS A SIMULATION.

388
00:12:32,867 --> 00:12:34,602
LET'S GO TO REAL LIFE.

389
00:12:34,602 --> 00:12:38,506
HOPEFULLY YOU'VE HEARD OF

390
00:12:38,506 --> 00:12:43,444
MARCELLA AWSAN'S STUDY FROM

391
00:12:43,444 --> 00:12:44,145
2014.

392
00:12:44,145 --> 00:12:45,780
THEY DID A STUDY, THIS IS NOW

393
00:12:45,780 --> 00:12:47,615
REAL LIFE IN SOME OAKLAND

394
00:12:47,615 --> 00:12:49,250
PRIMARY CARE CLINICS WHERE THEY

395
00:12:49,250 --> 00:12:50,485
RANDOMIZED BLACK MALE PATIENTS,

396
00:12:50,485 --> 00:12:51,786
THE PATIENTS WERE ALL BLACK

397
00:12:51,786 --> 00:12:53,521
MALES, TO BEING SEEN IN THIS

398
00:12:53,521 --> 00:12:55,590
PRIMARY CARE CLINIC BY EITHER A

399
00:12:55,590 --> 00:12:58,026
WHITE MALE PHYSICIAN, A BLACK

400
00:12:58,026 --> 00:12:59,427
MALE PHYSICIAN OR AN ASIAN MALE

401
00:12:59,427 --> 00:13:00,528
PHYSICIAN.

402
00:13:00,528 --> 00:13:02,497
THOSE PHYSICIANS ALL AS A PART

403
00:13:02,497 --> 00:13:04,999
OF THE STUDY HAD THE SAME

404
00:13:04,999 --> 00:13:06,200
PROTOCOL AND DID THE SAME THING

405
00:13:06,200 --> 00:13:09,871
WHERE THEY RECOMMENDED THAT THE

406
00:13:09,871 --> 00:13:12,607
PATIENT GET A FINGER STICK FOR

407
00:13:12,607 --> 00:13:15,443
BLOOD GLUCOSE CHECK, A FINGER

408
00:13:15,443 --> 00:13:16,778
STICK FOR CHOLESTEROL AND GET A

409
00:13:16,778 --> 00:13:17,412
FLU SHOT.

410
00:13:17,412 --> 00:13:20,048
THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE

411
00:13:20,048 --> 00:13:21,449
BLACK MEN WERE MORE LIKELY TO

412
00:13:21,449 --> 00:13:22,450
FOLLOW THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF

413
00:13:22,450 --> 00:13:23,985
THE BLACK MALE DOCTORS THAN THEY

414
00:13:23,985 --> 00:13:25,053
WERE THE WHITE AND ASIAN DOCTORS

415
00:13:25,053 --> 00:13:26,621
BUT I'M REALLY GLAD THAT THE

416
00:13:26,621 --> 00:13:28,489
INVESTIGATORS DIDN'T STOP THERE.

417
00:13:28,489 --> 00:13:29,690
THEY WENT INTO THE PROGRESS

418
00:13:29,690 --> 00:13:30,758
NOTES.

419
00:13:30,758 --> 00:13:32,827
YOU KNOW, YOU AND I SEE A

420
00:13:32,827 --> 00:13:33,828
PATIENT, WE'VE GOT TO WRITE A

421
00:13:33,828 --> 00:13:34,829
NOTE ABOUT IT.

422
00:13:34,829 --> 00:13:36,431
AND THEY SAW A THEME.

423
00:13:36,431 --> 00:13:37,698
REMEMBER ALL OF THE PATIENTS

424
00:13:37,698 --> 00:13:38,866
WERE BLACK MALES.

425
00:13:38,866 --> 00:13:41,469
WHAT THEY SAW IS THAT THE WHITE

426
00:13:41,469 --> 00:13:43,237
PHYSICIANS AND THE ASIAN

427
00:13:43,237 --> 00:13:44,639
PHYSICIANS, THEIR PROGRESS NOTES

428
00:13:44,639 --> 00:13:45,840
WERE VERY SHORT.

429
00:13:45,840 --> 00:13:49,243
THEY WERE ABRUPT, THEY WERE

430
00:13:49,243 --> 00:13:50,144
FACT-BASED, AND VERY OBJECTIVE.

431
00:13:50,144 --> 00:13:50,978
JUST THE FACTS.

432
00:13:50,978 --> 00:13:53,414
JUST THE FACTS, MA'AM.

433
00:13:53,414 --> 00:13:54,582
I'LL GIVE YOU AN EXAMPLE.

434
00:13:54,582 --> 00:13:57,018
HERE ARE SOME ILLUSTRATIVE

435
00:13:57,018 --> 00:13:58,519
EXAMPLES OF SOME PROGRESS NOTES

436
00:13:58,519 --> 00:13:59,954
WRITTEN BY THE WHITE AND ASIAN

437
00:13:59,954 --> 00:14:00,855
PHYSICIANS.

438
00:14:00,855 --> 00:14:04,125
WEIGHT LOSS.

439
00:14:04,125 --> 00:14:04,792
THAT'S IT.

440
00:14:04,792 --> 00:14:07,628
THAT'S THE ENTIRE PROGRESS NOTE.

441
00:14:07,628 --> 00:14:08,296
TB TEST.

442
00:14:08,296 --> 00:14:11,232
THAT'S ANOTHER ONE.

443
00:14:11,232 --> 00:14:14,068
AND HERE'S A ONE-WORDER FOR YOU.

444
00:14:14,068 --> 00:14:14,402
ANXIETY.

445
00:14:14,402 --> 00:14:16,037
I DON'T KNOW ABOUT YOU, BUT IN

446
00:14:16,037 --> 00:14:17,805
MY CLINIC, IF THAT WAS MY

447
00:14:17,805 --> 00:14:19,107
PROGRESS NOTE, MY CODERS WOULD

448
00:14:19,107 --> 00:14:20,308
BE ON MY CASE.

449
00:14:20,308 --> 00:14:22,076
THEY'D SAY QUINN, THAT'S NOT A

450
00:14:22,076 --> 00:14:23,044
LEVEL III VISIT.

451
00:14:23,044 --> 00:14:24,812
YOU'VE GOT TO WRITE MORE THAN

452
00:14:24,812 --> 00:14:25,213
THAT.

453
00:14:25,213 --> 00:14:26,981
AND LET'S LOOK AT SOME

454
00:14:26,981 --> 00:14:28,182
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES OF

455
00:14:28,182 --> 00:14:30,651
PROGRESS NOTES THE BLACK DOCTORS

456
00:14:30,651 --> 00:14:32,220
WROTE ABOUT THEIR BLACK PATIENT.

457
00:14:32,220 --> 00:14:34,355
NEEDS FOOD, SHELTER, CLOTHING

458
00:14:34,355 --> 00:14:34,856
AND A JOB.

459
00:14:34,856 --> 00:14:36,390
SUBJECT YELLED AT ME, HE'S

460
00:14:36,390 --> 00:14:37,425
TALKING ABOUT THE PATIENT HERE,

461
00:14:37,425 --> 00:14:38,893
BUT THEN AGREED TO GET THE FLU

462
00:14:38,893 --> 00:14:40,428
SHOT BECAUSE I RECOMMENDED IT.

463
00:14:40,428 --> 00:14:42,396
MADE PATIENT LAUGH.

464
00:14:42,396 --> 00:14:43,831
DO YOU FEEL A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

465
00:14:43,831 --> 00:14:48,102
THOSE GROUPS OF PROGRESS NOTES?

466
00:14:48,102 --> 00:14:51,172
AND POSSIBLY, BECAUSE OF THAT

467
00:14:51,172 --> 00:14:51,873
DIFFERENCE, MORE OF A CONCERN

468
00:14:51,873 --> 00:14:53,341
FOR THE ECOLOGY OF THE PATIENT,

469
00:14:53,341 --> 00:14:55,109
THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF

470
00:14:55,109 --> 00:14:57,712
HEALTH THAT SURROUND THE

471
00:14:57,712 --> 00:14:59,046
PATIENT, PERHAPS THAT HAD

472
00:14:59,046 --> 00:15:02,950
SOMETHING TO DO WITH THE

473
00:15:02,950 --> 00:15:04,152
PATIENTS BEING MORE LIKELY TO

474
00:15:04,152 --> 00:15:05,453
AGREE TO THE BLOOD TEST AND THE

475
00:15:05,453 --> 00:15:05,920
FLU SHOT.

476
00:15:05,920 --> 00:15:09,190
SO THIS NOW IS NOT A SIMULATION

477
00:15:09,190 --> 00:15:09,757
BUT REAL LIFE.

478
00:15:09,757 --> 00:15:11,192
AND SO I MIGHT HAVE CONVINCED

479
00:15:11,192 --> 00:15:12,727
YOU THAT B IS THE ANSWER,

480
00:15:12,727 --> 00:15:13,794
BECAUSE MINORITY PATIENTS ARE

481
00:15:13,794 --> 00:15:15,530
MORE LIKELY TO FOLLOW THE

482
00:15:15,530 --> 00:15:16,531
RECOMMENDATIONS OF MINORITY

483
00:15:16,531 --> 00:15:20,134
PHYSICIANS.

484
00:15:20,134 --> 00:15:22,303
BUT THERE'S MORE.

485
00:15:22,303 --> 00:15:25,706
HERE IS A VERY INTERESTING STUDY

486
00:15:25,706 --> 00:15:27,341
DONE PUBLISHED IN 2018.

487
00:15:27,341 --> 00:15:30,178
THEY HAD A HYPOTHESIS AND THAT

488
00:15:30,178 --> 00:15:32,079
WAS THAT RACIAL DIVERSITY ON THE

489
00:15:32,079 --> 00:15:33,915
RESEARCH TEAM, ON THE TEAM DOING

490
00:15:33,915 --> 00:15:35,883
THE RESEARCH AND WRITING THE

491
00:15:35,883 --> 00:15:39,520
PAPER, ACTUALLY IMPACTS THE

492
00:15:39,520 --> 00:15:42,223
QUALITY OF THE RESEARCH AND THE

493
00:15:42,223 --> 00:15:43,624
IMPACT OF THE RESEARCH, AND HERE

494
00:15:43,624 --> 00:15:45,726
THEY DEFINED IMPACT BY THE

495
00:15:45,726 --> 00:15:47,929
NUMBER OF TIMES THE RESEARCH

496
00:15:47,929 --> 00:15:50,531
PAPER WAS CITED.

497
00:15:50,531 --> 00:15:53,267
SO THEY ANALYZED OVER 9 MILLION

498
00:15:53,267 --> 00:15:55,903
PAPERS, AND THEY STUDY THE

499
00:15:55,903 --> 00:15:58,739
RELATIONSHIP OF SEVERAL TYPES OF

500
00:15:58,739 --> 00:16:01,375
DIVERSITY, DIVERSITY OF RACE AND

501
00:16:01,375 --> 00:16:03,010
ETHNICITY, DISCIPLINE,

502
00:16:03,010 --> 00:16:03,844
AFFILIATION, ACADEMIC AGE, AND

503
00:16:03,844 --> 00:16:05,546
THEY TRIED TO RELATE TO NUMBER

504
00:16:05,546 --> 00:16:06,714
OF CITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH

505
00:16:06,714 --> 00:16:09,584
PAPER.

506
00:16:09,584 --> 00:16:12,954
BY FAR, THE STRONGEST

507
00:16:12,954 --> 00:16:15,056
CORRELATION WITH IMPACT, IE,

508
00:16:15,056 --> 00:16:16,791
NUMBER OF CITATIONS, WAS THE

509
00:16:16,791 --> 00:16:18,559
RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY OF

510
00:16:18,559 --> 00:16:20,194
THE RESEARCH TEAM.

511
00:16:20,194 --> 00:16:21,796
SO THAT MEANS IT'S LIKELY THAT

512
00:16:21,796 --> 00:16:23,564
IF YOU WANT YOUR RESEARCH TO BE

513
00:16:23,564 --> 00:16:25,499
HIGHLY CITED AND IMPORTANT, TAKE

514
00:16:25,499 --> 00:16:26,867
A LOOK AT YOUR RESEARCH TEAM.

515
00:16:26,867 --> 00:16:28,502
YOU WANT TO HAVE SOME RACIAL

516
00:16:28,502 --> 00:16:31,005
DIVERSITY ON YOUR RESEARCH TEAM.

517
00:16:31,005 --> 00:16:32,006
THERE ARE OTHER STUDIES THAT

518
00:16:32,006 --> 00:16:32,873
SHOW THE SAME THING.

519
00:16:32,873 --> 00:16:34,508
I THOUGHT THIS ONE WOULD SUFFICE

520
00:16:34,508 --> 00:16:36,277
AND MAKE YOU FEEL GOOD ABOUT C

521
00:16:36,277 --> 00:16:37,345
AS THE ANSWER.

522
00:16:37,345 --> 00:16:38,879
DIVERSITY ON RESEARCH TEAM

523
00:16:38,879 --> 00:16:42,617
ENHANCES THE IMPACT OF RESEARCH.

524
00:16:42,617 --> 00:16:46,120
I WANT TO -- IF YOU DON'T MIND,

525
00:16:46,120 --> 00:16:48,055
GET KIND OF CARDIOLOGY-CENTRIC

526
00:16:48,055 --> 00:16:50,258
FOR A MINUTE AS I TALK ABOUT

527
00:16:50,258 --> 00:16:52,026
RACIAL HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES.

528
00:16:52,026 --> 00:16:53,761
WE AS CARDIOLOGISTS HAVE

529
00:16:53,761 --> 00:16:55,296
WONDERFUL TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY

530
00:16:55,296 --> 00:16:57,164
TO IMPROVE THE LIVES OF OUR

531
00:16:57,164 --> 00:16:58,899
PATIENTS.

532
00:16:58,899 --> 00:17:00,234
AND IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE

533
00:17:00,234 --> 00:17:00,968
OF OUR PATIENTS.

534
00:17:00,968 --> 00:17:03,337
WE HAVE DEFIBRILLATORS TO

535
00:17:03,337 --> 00:17:04,472
INSTALL ON OUR PATIENTS WHO ARE

536
00:17:04,472 --> 00:17:06,440
AT RISK OF CARDIAC ARREST.

537
00:17:06,440 --> 00:17:08,542
WE HAVE WONDERFUL WAYS IN A CATH

538
00:17:08,542 --> 00:17:13,581
LAB TO REA ST RESTORE BLOOD FLON

539
00:17:13,581 --> 00:17:14,682
PATIENTS HAVING A HEART ATTACK

540
00:17:14,682 --> 00:17:16,617
AND WE HAVE WAYS TO TREAT POOR

541
00:17:16,617 --> 00:17:16,951
CIRCULATION.

542
00:17:16,951 --> 00:17:18,919
EACH OF THOSE AREAS CAN ENHANCE

543
00:17:18,919 --> 00:17:22,323
AND PROLONG THE LIVES OF OUR

544
00:17:22,323 --> 00:17:23,524
PATIENTS, AND WHILE YOU MIGHT

545
00:17:23,524 --> 00:17:25,259
ALREADY BE FAMILIAR WITH IT, I'M

546
00:17:25,259 --> 00:17:28,763
SAD TO REINFORCE TO YOU THAT

547
00:17:28,763 --> 00:17:30,731
THERE ARE RACIAL DISPARITIES

548
00:17:30,731 --> 00:17:33,467
RIGHT ALONG RACIAL LINES IN EACH

549
00:17:33,467 --> 00:17:35,770
OF THOSE MODALITIES.

550
00:17:35,770 --> 00:17:39,273
LET'S TALK SPECIFICALLY ABOUT

551
00:17:39,273 --> 00:17:40,675
RESTORING BLOOD FLOW TO BLOCKED

552
00:17:40,675 --> 00:17:41,075
LEG ARTERIES.

553
00:17:41,075 --> 00:17:43,110
WHAT HAPPENS ACROSS THIS NATION

554
00:17:43,110 --> 00:17:44,745
WHEN SOMEONE PRESENTS WITH

555
00:17:44,745 --> 00:17:47,214
CRITICAL LOWER EXTREMITY

556
00:17:47,214 --> 00:17:48,683
ISCHEMIA?

557
00:17:48,683 --> 00:17:50,217
DATA HAS BEEN SHOWING THIS FOR A

558
00:17:50,217 --> 00:17:51,285
LONG TIME, WHAT HAPPENS.

559
00:17:51,285 --> 00:17:54,689
HERE IS A STUDY PUBLISHED

560
00:17:54,689 --> 00:17:55,990
ACTUALLY JUST LAST YEAR WHERE

561
00:17:55,990 --> 00:18:00,394
THEY LOOKED AT A LARGE NATIONAL

562
00:18:00,394 --> 00:18:01,228
DATABASE OF PATIENTS WHO

563
00:18:01,228 --> 00:18:02,463
PRESENTED TO THE EMERGENCY ROOM

564
00:18:02,463 --> 00:18:06,300
WITH AN ACUTELY ISCHEMIC LIMB,

565
00:18:06,300 --> 00:18:07,501
SO BLUE FOOT WITH NO PULSE.

566
00:18:07,501 --> 00:18:08,569
YOU'VE GOT TO DO SOMETHING OR

567
00:18:08,569 --> 00:18:09,570
ELSE THIS PERSON MIGHT LOSE

568
00:18:09,570 --> 00:18:10,538
THEIR LIMB.

569
00:18:10,538 --> 00:18:13,274
WHAT THIS SHOWS IS -- LET ME SEE

570
00:18:13,274 --> 00:18:15,142
IF I CAN -- THIS IS PRETTY COOL.

571
00:18:15,142 --> 00:18:18,746
I LIKE THIS.

572
00:18:18,746 --> 00:18:20,081
SO THIS SHOWS YOU THE HAZARD

573
00:18:20,081 --> 00:18:25,686
RATIO OF RECEIVING AN AM EU AN N

574
00:18:25,686 --> 00:18:27,121
AS COMPARED TO WHITE PATIENTS.

575
00:18:27,121 --> 00:18:30,558
SO BLACK PATIENTS WERE 30% MORE

576
00:18:30,558 --> 00:18:32,927
LIKELY, HISPANIC PATIENTS, 59%

577
00:18:32,927 --> 00:18:34,328
MORE LIKELY THAN WHITE TO

578
00:18:34,328 --> 00:18:35,896
RECEIVE A LIMB AMPUTATION.

579
00:18:35,896 --> 00:18:37,098
WHERE THE WHITES WERE MORE

580
00:18:37,098 --> 00:18:39,033
LIKELY TO GET A PROCEDURE TO

581
00:18:39,033 --> 00:18:41,569
RESTORE BLOOD FLOW TO THE LEGS.

582
00:18:41,569 --> 00:18:43,337
THIS IS ALL-COMERS, THIS IS

583
00:18:43,337 --> 00:18:44,972
TAKING EVERYBODY.

584
00:18:44,972 --> 00:18:47,007
SO THOSE OF YOU WHO -- WHICH IS

585
00:18:47,007 --> 00:18:48,542
ALL OF YOU WHO THINK LIKE A

586
00:18:48,542 --> 00:18:49,677
SCIENTIST, YOU SAY HOLD ON, WAIT

587
00:18:49,677 --> 00:18:52,513
A MINUTE, WE'VE GOT TO CONTROL

588
00:18:52,513 --> 00:18:53,047
FOR CERTAIN THINGS.

589
00:18:53,047 --> 00:18:54,248
WE'VE GOT TO CONTROL FOR THE

590
00:18:54,248 --> 00:18:58,419
EXTENT OF DISEASE AT

591
00:18:58,419 --> 00:18:59,320
PRESENTATION, THE SEVERITY OF

592
00:18:59,320 --> 00:19:00,488
THE DISEASE AT PRESENTATION,

593
00:19:00,488 --> 00:19:02,223
BECAUSE IF IT'S TRUE AND DATA

594
00:19:02,223 --> 00:19:04,959
SHOWS THAT IT IS, THAT OFTEN

595
00:19:04,959 --> 00:19:07,695
PEOPLE FROM UNDERREPRESENTED AND

596
00:19:07,695 --> 00:19:08,796
UNDERSERVED BACKGROUNDS WAIT

597
00:19:08,796 --> 00:19:10,765
VERY LONG IN THE COURSE OF THEIR

598
00:19:10,765 --> 00:19:11,632
DISEASE BEFORE PRESENTING.

599
00:19:11,632 --> 00:19:12,833
SO IF YOU SHOW UP IN THE

600
00:19:12,833 --> 00:19:14,635
EMERGENCY ROOM WITH AN ISCHEMIC

601
00:19:14,635 --> 00:19:16,771
FOOT AND EVERY BLOOD VESSEL FROM

602
00:19:16,771 --> 00:19:19,173
YOUR FEMORAL ARTERY TO YOUR TOE

603
00:19:19,173 --> 00:19:20,808
IS OCCLUDED, THERE'S NOTHING FOR

604
00:19:20,808 --> 00:19:22,576
A SURGEON TO BYPASS INTO.

605
00:19:22,576 --> 00:19:24,211
AND THERE'S NOTHING FOR A

606
00:19:24,211 --> 00:19:25,546
BALLOON OR A STENT TO OPEN.

607
00:19:25,546 --> 00:19:27,415
SO IF YOU PRESENT VERY LATE,

608
00:19:27,415 --> 00:19:28,916
THEN YOU WILL SEE THESE KIND OF

609
00:19:28,916 --> 00:19:30,017
DISPARITIES.

610
00:19:30,017 --> 00:19:31,419
SO THEY CONTROLLED FOR THAT.

611
00:19:31,419 --> 00:19:34,822
THEY SAID LET'S CONTROL FOR THE

612
00:19:34,822 --> 00:19:36,590
EXTENT AND SEVERITY OF DISEASE.

613
00:19:36,590 --> 00:19:38,559
AND I'D LIKE YOU TO LOOK AT THE

614
00:19:38,559 --> 00:19:40,528
HAZARD RATIOS AND SEE WHAT

615
00:19:40,528 --> 00:19:43,030
HAPPENS TO THEM WHEN WE

616
00:19:43,030 --> 00:19:44,231
CONTROLLED FOR EXTENT AND

617
00:19:44,231 --> 00:19:48,068
SEVERITY OF DISEASE.

618
00:19:48,068 --> 00:19:50,471
DID YOU SEE THAT?

619
00:19:50,471 --> 00:19:52,773
THEN IT SEEMED LIKE THE

620
00:19:52,773 --> 00:19:53,307
INVESTIGATORS SAID WAIT A

621
00:19:53,307 --> 00:19:55,810
MINUTE, WE'VE GOT TO MAKE THESE

622
00:19:55,810 --> 00:19:56,911
DISPARITIES GO AWAY.

623
00:19:56,911 --> 00:19:58,779
LET'S CROW FOR PAYOR MIX, LET'S

624
00:19:58,779 --> 00:20:00,514
CONTROL FOR SOUTH VERSUS THE

625
00:20:00,514 --> 00:20:02,149
NORTH, LET'S CONTROL FOR PUBLIC

626
00:20:02,149 --> 00:20:03,384
VERSUS PRIVATE HOSPITAL, LET'S

627
00:20:03,384 --> 00:20:06,086
CONTROL FOR PRIVATE INSURANCE

628
00:20:06,086 --> 00:20:06,821
VERSUS PUBLIC INSURANCE.

629
00:20:06,821 --> 00:20:07,755
LET'S CONTROL FOR EVERYTHING YOU

630
00:20:07,755 --> 00:20:08,556
CAN THINK.

631
00:20:08,556 --> 00:20:11,692
AND WHEN THEY DID THAT, THEN IT

632
00:20:11,692 --> 00:20:12,993
DID AFFECT THOSE HAZARD RATIOS A

633
00:20:12,993 --> 00:20:14,094
LITTLE BIT, THEN AFTER

634
00:20:14,094 --> 00:20:15,095
CONTROLLING FOR EVERY SINGLE

635
00:20:15,095 --> 00:20:16,730
THING YOU CAN THINK OF, THEN

636
00:20:16,730 --> 00:20:18,899
BLACKS WERE ONLY 12% MORE LIKELY

637
00:20:18,899 --> 00:20:22,169
AND HISPANICS ONLY 34% MORE

638
00:20:22,169 --> 00:20:24,705
LIKELY TO HAVE AN AMPUTATION

639
00:20:24,705 --> 00:20:25,673
COMPARED TO WHITE PATIENTS.

640
00:20:25,673 --> 00:20:27,107
THEY COULDN'T MAKE THE DISPARITY

641
00:20:27,107 --> 00:20:28,309
GO AWAY.

642
00:20:28,309 --> 00:20:29,410
NO STATISTICAL MANIPULATION

643
00:20:29,410 --> 00:20:32,480
WOULD T DO THAT.

644
00:20:32,480 --> 00:20:36,517
SO THIS IS THE CURRENT STATE OF

645
00:20:36,517 --> 00:20:41,021
TREATING ISCHEMIA, THIS IS LIKE

646
00:20:41,021 --> 00:20:41,722
LOOKING AT ART.

647
00:20:41,722 --> 00:20:43,624
WE LOVE LOOKING AT AN ARTERY,

648
00:20:43,624 --> 00:20:45,159
THIS IS THE RIGHT CORONARY

649
00:20:45,159 --> 00:20:47,228
ARTERY, IT'S OCCLUDED BEFORE AND

650
00:20:47,228 --> 00:20:48,996
THEN AFTER OPENING IT UP WITH

651
00:20:48,996 --> 00:20:51,065
BALLOONS AND STENTS.

652
00:20:51,065 --> 00:20:52,867
HOW ARE WE DOING WITH TREATING

653
00:20:52,867 --> 00:20:56,103
PATIENTS WITH ACUTE CORONARY

654
00:20:56,103 --> 00:20:56,704
SYNDROMES?

655
00:20:56,704 --> 00:20:59,840
THIS STUDY PUBLISHED AGAIN JUST

656
00:20:59,840 --> 00:21:03,043
LAST YEAR LOOKED AT A NATIONAL

657
00:21:03,043 --> 00:21:04,612
DATABASE OF PATIENTS PRESENTING

658
00:21:04,612 --> 00:21:08,215
WITH A NON-ST SEGMENT MYOCARDIAL

659
00:21:08,215 --> 00:21:09,550
INFARCTION WHICH IS A TYPE OF

660
00:21:09,550 --> 00:21:10,651
HEART ATTACK YOU CAN HAVE.

661
00:21:10,651 --> 00:21:12,953
AS WE ALL KNOW A HEART ATTACK

662
00:21:12,953 --> 00:21:15,022
MEANS THE CORONARY ARTERY IS

663
00:21:15,022 --> 00:21:16,123
SEVERELY BLOCKED OR CLOSED.

664
00:21:16,123 --> 00:21:19,059
THE BEST WAY TO TREAT IT IS TO

665
00:21:19,059 --> 00:21:20,494
OPEN THAT CORONARY ARTERY

666
00:21:20,494 --> 00:21:21,395
MECHANICALLY AND THE FIRST STEP

667
00:21:21,395 --> 00:21:24,298
IS DOING A HEART CATH, DOING A

668
00:21:24,298 --> 00:21:25,099
CORONARY ANGIOGRAM.

669
00:21:25,099 --> 00:21:27,167
SO WHAT THEY LOOKED AT WAS WERE

670
00:21:27,167 --> 00:21:28,235
THERE RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN

671
00:21:28,235 --> 00:21:29,870
PERFORMING CORONARY ANGIOGRAM IN

672
00:21:29,870 --> 00:21:31,338
PATIENTS WHO PRESENT TO THE

673
00:21:31,338 --> 00:21:33,207
HOSPITAL WITH A HEART ATTACK AT

674
00:21:33,207 --> 00:21:34,708
FOUR DIFFERENT TIME POINTS.

675
00:21:34,708 --> 00:21:38,312
AND THIS SLIDE COMPARES WHITE

676
00:21:38,312 --> 00:21:39,947
PATIENTS, THAT'S THE CIRCLE, AND

677
00:21:39,947 --> 00:21:41,582
BLACK PATIENTS, AND AT FOUR

678
00:21:41,582 --> 00:21:44,118
DIFFERENT TIME POINTS.

679
00:21:44,118 --> 00:21:45,653
THE WHITE HEART ATTACK PATIENT

680
00:21:45,653 --> 00:21:46,954
WAS SIGNIFICANTLY MORE LIKELY

681
00:21:46,954 --> 00:21:48,255
DURING THE ENTIRE

682
00:21:48,255 --> 00:21:49,356
HOSPITALIZATION TO HAVE A HEART

683
00:21:49,356 --> 00:21:51,325
CATH THAN THE BLACK PATIENT.

684
00:21:51,325 --> 00:21:52,459
LET'S MOVE ON TO A DIFFERENT

685
00:21:52,459 --> 00:21:52,760
GROUP.

686
00:21:52,760 --> 00:21:55,362
THIS IS WHITE'S VERSUS ASIANS

687
00:21:55,362 --> 00:21:57,565
AND FA CIVIC ISLANDER.

688
00:21:57,565 --> 00:21:59,633
THEY DEFINE IT BOTH AS EAST

689
00:21:59,633 --> 00:22:01,068
ASIANS AND SOUTH ASIANS YOU AND

690
00:22:01,068 --> 00:22:02,703
SEE ONCE AGAIN AT EACH TIME

691
00:22:02,703 --> 00:22:03,804
POINT WHEN YOU'RE PRESENTED WITH

692
00:22:03,804 --> 00:22:05,339
A HEART ATTACK THE WHITE PATIENT

693
00:22:05,339 --> 00:22:08,075
WAS MORE LIKELY TO HAVE THE

694
00:22:08,075 --> 00:22:09,710
CORONARY ANGIOGRAM THAN WAS THE

695
00:22:09,710 --> 00:22:10,778
ASIAN PATIENT WHO PRESENTED WITH

696
00:22:10,778 --> 00:22:11,679
A HEART ATTACK.

697
00:22:11,679 --> 00:22:13,847
THIS IS NATIONAL DATA NOW, NOT

698
00:22:13,847 --> 00:22:15,516
JUST ONE REASON.

699
00:22:15,516 --> 00:22:17,785
THE LAST ONE LOOKS AT

700
00:22:17,785 --> 00:22:19,119
DISPARITIES AMONG THOSE WHO ARE

701
00:22:19,119 --> 00:22:19,887
HISPANIC.

702
00:22:19,887 --> 00:22:21,722
THE FIRST TWO TIME POINTS, WE

703
00:22:21,722 --> 00:22:24,458
ACTUALLY WERE PRETTY CLOSE, SO

704
00:22:24,458 --> 00:22:26,327
THOSE WERE GOOD TIMES BUT THEN

705
00:22:26,327 --> 00:22:27,428
THERE WAS A SPLAY AS YOU WENT

706
00:22:27,428 --> 00:22:27,628
OUT.

707
00:22:27,628 --> 00:22:28,996
SO THAT MEANS IN THIS COUNTRY,

708
00:22:28,996 --> 00:22:30,064
IF YOU PRESENT TO THE HOSPITAL

709
00:22:30,064 --> 00:22:33,200
WITH A HEART ATTACK, THE BEST

710
00:22:33,200 --> 00:22:37,371
WAY TO MAKE SURE YOU RECEIVE A

711
00:22:37,371 --> 00:22:40,441
HEART CATHETERIZATION IS TO BE

712
00:22:40,441 --> 00:22:41,976
WHITE.

713
00:22:41,976 --> 00:22:44,144
I KNOW THAT'S PAINFUL FOR YOU TO

714
00:22:44,144 --> 00:22:45,579
HEAR, IT'S PAINFUL FOR ME TO

715
00:22:45,579 --> 00:22:47,014
SAY, BUT I'M JUST QUOTING THE

716
00:22:47,014 --> 00:22:47,548
STUDIES.

717
00:22:47,548 --> 00:22:51,585
AND I KNOW THAT YOU FIND THIS AS

718
00:22:51,585 --> 00:22:53,187
SHOCKING AND UNACCEPTABLE AS I

719
00:22:53,187 --> 00:22:57,491
DO.

720
00:22:57,491 --> 00:22:59,026
IN 2014, WE DID A REVIEW OF

721
00:22:59,026 --> 00:23:00,361
PAPERS JUST LIKE THE ONES I JUST

722
00:23:00,361 --> 00:23:01,996
SHOWED YOU, THE ONES SHOWING

723
00:23:01,996 --> 00:23:04,164
RACIAL DISPARITIES IN

724
00:23:04,164 --> 00:23:05,265
CARDIOVASCULAR CARE, AND WE

725
00:23:05,265 --> 00:23:06,700
FOUND OUT SOMETHING THAT -- WE

726
00:23:06,700 --> 00:23:08,535
FOUND THAT IN A 20-YEAR PERIOD,

727
00:23:08,535 --> 00:23:10,404
THERE WERE MORE THAN 300 STUDIES

728
00:23:10,404 --> 00:23:12,706
LIKE THE ONES I JUST SHOWED YOU,

729
00:23:12,706 --> 00:23:16,310
300, SHOWING DISPARITIES ALONG

730
00:23:16,310 --> 00:23:17,845
RACIAL LINES.

731
00:23:17,845 --> 00:23:19,913
AND THE SOBERING THING WE FOUND

732
00:23:19,913 --> 00:23:21,849
IS THAT THINGS WERE NO BETTER AT

733
00:23:21,849 --> 00:23:23,851
THE END OF THAT 20-YEAR PERIOD

734
00:23:23,851 --> 00:23:25,819
AND DOCUMENTING THE PROBLEM 300

735
00:23:25,819 --> 00:23:27,588
TIMES AS THEY WERE AT THE

736
00:23:27,588 --> 00:23:31,191
BEGINNING OF THAT PERIOD.

737
00:23:31,191 --> 00:23:32,593
SO THE ONE THING WE'VE LEARNED

738
00:23:32,593 --> 00:23:33,694
IS DOCUMENTING THE PROBLEM,

739
00:23:33,694 --> 00:23:34,895
WHILE IMPORTANT, IS NOT ENOUGH

740
00:23:34,895 --> 00:23:40,167
TO CHANGE.

741
00:23:40,167 --> 00:23:42,436
WE ALSO NOTED WHILE WE WERE

742
00:23:42,436 --> 00:23:44,772
LOOKING AT THIS, CARDIOLOGY HAS

743
00:23:44,772 --> 00:23:45,839
ANOTHER PROBLEM, A DIVERSITY

744
00:23:45,839 --> 00:23:46,940
PROBLEM.

745
00:23:46,940 --> 00:23:48,575
THESE ARE CURRENT STATS FROM THE

746
00:23:48,575 --> 00:23:50,010
AAMC COMPARED TO THE U.S.

747
00:23:50,010 --> 00:23:52,746
CENSUS, WE HAVE A SEVERE

748
00:23:52,746 --> 00:23:53,547
DIVERSITY PROBLEM IN THE

749
00:23:53,547 --> 00:23:55,249
SPECIALTY OF CARDIOLOGY.

750
00:23:55,249 --> 00:23:57,217
THE LAST U.S. CENSUS SHOWS THAT

751
00:23:57,217 --> 00:23:58,852
51% OF AMERICANS IDENTIFY AS

752
00:23:58,852 --> 00:24:01,388
WOMEN YET ONLY 13% OF

753
00:24:01,388 --> 00:24:03,157
CARDIOLOGISTS ARE WOMEN.

754
00:24:03,157 --> 00:24:06,193
17% OF AMERICANS IDENTIFY AS

755
00:24:06,193 --> 00:24:08,162
HISPANIC, ONLY 5% OF

756
00:24:08,162 --> 00:24:09,463
CARDIOLOGISTS ARE HISPANIC, AND

757
00:24:09,463 --> 00:24:11,331
WHILE 13% OF AMERICANS IDENTIFY

758
00:24:11,331 --> 00:24:13,200
AS BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN,

759
00:24:13,200 --> 00:24:15,335
NOT EVEN 3% OF CARDIOLOGISTS ARE

760
00:24:15,335 --> 00:24:15,936
BLACK AND AFRICAN AMERICAN.

761
00:24:15,936 --> 00:24:21,341
MANY OF US, CAN YOU COUNT ME INN

762
00:24:21,341 --> 00:24:23,410
THIS NUMBER, THINK WE WON'T FIX

763
00:24:23,410 --> 00:24:24,511
THOSE OTHER PROBLEMS I SHOWED

764
00:24:24,511 --> 00:24:25,813
YOU UNTIL WE FIX THIS PROBLEM.

765
00:24:25,813 --> 00:24:27,448
NOW HOW DO I KNOW THAT?

766
00:24:27,448 --> 00:24:28,549
THAT'S SOMETHING THAT YOU'VE GOT

767
00:24:28,549 --> 00:24:29,750
TO BACK UP WITH DATA AND WE'RE

768
00:24:29,750 --> 00:24:30,951
STARTING TO GET THAT KIND OF

769
00:24:30,951 --> 00:24:31,919
DATA.

770
00:24:31,919 --> 00:24:33,787
THIS STUDY BY SNYDER AND

771
00:24:33,787 --> 00:24:35,656
ASSOCIATES NOT NECESSARILY

772
00:24:35,656 --> 00:24:37,958
CARDIOLOGY, LOOKED AT EVERY

773
00:24:37,958 --> 00:24:40,928
COUNTY IN THE UNITED STATES OF

774
00:24:40,928 --> 00:24:41,328
AMERICA.

775
00:24:41,328 --> 00:24:42,863
AND THEY LOOKED AT THE NUMBER OF

776
00:24:42,863 --> 00:24:44,198
BLACK PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIANS IN

777
00:24:44,198 --> 00:24:47,034
THAT COUNTY.

778
00:24:47,034 --> 00:24:49,103
AND THEY FOUND AN ASTOUNDING

779
00:24:49,103 --> 00:24:49,770
STATISTIC.

780
00:24:49,770 --> 00:24:51,171
THE MORE BLACK PHYSICIANS THAT

781
00:24:51,171 --> 00:24:54,274
JUST LIVED AND WORKED IN THAT

782
00:24:54,274 --> 00:24:55,576
COUNTY, THE LONGER THE LIFE

783
00:24:55,576 --> 00:24:56,643
EXPECTANCY OF BLACK PATIENTS WHO

784
00:24:56,643 --> 00:25:00,047
LIVED IN THAT COUNTY.

785
00:25:00,047 --> 00:25:01,482
AND THE MORE BLACK DOCTORS IN

786
00:25:01,482 --> 00:25:03,884
THAT COUNTY, THE LOWER WAS THE

787
00:25:03,884 --> 00:25:05,319
BLACK-WHITE MORTALITY GAP IN

788
00:25:05,319 --> 00:25:07,054
THAT COUNTY.

789
00:25:07,054 --> 00:25:09,022
SUGGESTING THAT JUST HAVING MORE

790
00:25:09,022 --> 00:25:11,859
DIVERSE DOCTORS AROUND IMPACTS

791
00:25:11,859 --> 00:25:13,894
THE LIVES OF THOSE MINORITY

792
00:25:13,894 --> 00:25:14,361
PATIENTS.

793
00:25:14,361 --> 00:25:16,230
AND SO TO SUMMARIZE A PORTION OF

794
00:25:16,230 --> 00:25:19,733
WHAT I'VE BEEN SAYING, BLACK AND

795
00:25:19,733 --> 00:25:20,834
HISPANIC STUDENTS ENTER MED

796
00:25:20,834 --> 00:25:22,035
SCHOOL, THEY COME IN WITH A

797
00:25:22,035 --> 00:25:25,773
DESIRE TO SERVE THE UNDERSERVED.

798
00:25:25,773 --> 00:25:26,640
IT'S NOT JUST TALK.

799
00:25:26,640 --> 00:25:27,708
WHEN THEY COMPLETE THEIR

800
00:25:27,708 --> 00:25:28,709
TRAINING, THEY GO OUT AND DO

801
00:25:28,709 --> 00:25:29,276
JUST THAT.

802
00:25:29,276 --> 00:25:30,577
AND WE'RE NOW STARTING TO GET

803
00:25:30,577 --> 00:25:32,546
THE DATA THAT THE PATIENTS

804
00:25:32,546 --> 00:25:34,615
BENEFIT.

805
00:25:34,615 --> 00:25:36,049
AND SO I HOPE THAT I'VE

806
00:25:36,049 --> 00:25:38,218
CONVINCED SOME OF YOU THAT THE

807
00:25:38,218 --> 00:25:39,653
ANSWER IS THAT A DIVERSE

808
00:25:39,653 --> 00:25:41,822
PHYSICIAN WORKFORCE WILL REDUCE

809
00:25:41,822 --> 00:25:44,658
RACIAL HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES.

810
00:25:44,658 --> 00:25:48,195
SO OKAY, NIH, IT'S TIME.

811
00:25:48,195 --> 00:25:50,130
SO YOU NEED TO ELIMINATE THREE

812
00:25:50,130 --> 00:25:51,231
ANSWERS AND COME UP WITH THE

813
00:25:51,231 --> 00:25:52,966
RIGHT ANSWER.

814
00:25:52,966 --> 00:25:54,101
SO WHAT'S THE ANSWER?

815
00:25:54,101 --> 00:25:58,772
ANYBODY?

816
00:25:58,772 --> 00:26:01,408
ALL OF THE ABOVE?

817
00:26:01,408 --> 00:26:01,909
[LAUGHTER]

818
00:26:01,909 --> 00:26:04,044
YOU MEAN YOU THINK IT'S A TRICK

819
00:26:04,044 --> 00:26:04,912
QUESTION AND THE ANSWER IS

820
00:26:04,912 --> 00:26:06,213
REALLY ALL OF THE ABOVE?

821
00:26:06,213 --> 00:26:06,880
YOU'RE ABSOLUTELY RIGHT.

822
00:26:06,880 --> 00:26:08,315
THE ANSWER IS ALL OF THE ABOVE.

823
00:26:08,315 --> 00:26:10,584
AND SO WHAT I HOPE IS THAT NOW,

824
00:26:10,584 --> 00:26:13,754
IF YOU ARE IN A DEBATE, WHETHER

825
00:26:13,754 --> 00:26:15,289
IT'S THE FRIENDLY DEBATE OR NOT

826
00:26:15,289 --> 00:26:18,892
SO FRIENDLY, AND SOMEONE PRESSES

827
00:26:18,892 --> 00:26:24,298
YOU ABOUT EVIDENCE OR DATA THAT

828
00:26:24,298 --> 00:26:26,033
DIVERSITY WILL IMPROVE WHAT WE

829
00:26:26,033 --> 00:26:28,669
DO, THAT IT WILL IMPROVE

830
00:26:28,669 --> 00:26:29,870
HEALTHCARE, THAT IT WILL IMPROVE

831
00:26:29,870 --> 00:26:30,304
SCIENCE.

832
00:26:30,304 --> 00:26:31,738
I HOPE THAT NOW YOU FEEL

833
00:26:31,738 --> 00:26:32,840
SOMEWHAT ARMED TO HAVE THAT

834
00:26:32,840 --> 00:26:33,574
DEBATE.

835
00:26:33,574 --> 00:26:35,342
SO IF WE KNOW THESE THINGS, THEN

836
00:26:35,342 --> 00:26:36,343
WHY AREN'T WE THERE?

837
00:26:36,343 --> 00:26:37,845
WHAT ARE SOME OF THE BARRIERS TO

838
00:26:37,845 --> 00:26:40,047
ACHIEVING A DIVERSE WORKFORCE?

839
00:26:40,047 --> 00:26:42,449
WELL, ONE IS, SOME LEADERS DON'T

840
00:26:42,449 --> 00:26:43,984
BELIEVE IT'S NECESSARY.

841
00:26:43,984 --> 00:26:45,485
OR DON'T BELIEVE THAT IT IS THE

842
00:26:45,485 --> 00:26:47,721
RIGHT THING TO DO TO TRY TO

843
00:26:47,721 --> 00:26:49,990
DIVERSIFY OUR PHYSICIAN

844
00:26:49,990 --> 00:26:50,757
WORKFORCE.

845
00:26:50,757 --> 00:26:52,092
NUMBER TWO, WE'RE ALSO BATTLING

846
00:26:52,092 --> 00:26:53,360
SOME JUDICIAL RULINGS FROM THE

847
00:26:53,360 --> 00:26:54,628
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED

848
00:26:54,628 --> 00:26:57,331
STATES, AND ALSO SOME

849
00:26:57,331 --> 00:26:58,432
LEGISLATION AT THE STATE LEVEL

850
00:26:58,432 --> 00:27:00,067
AND MAYBE EVEN BEYOND THE STATE

851
00:27:00,067 --> 00:27:03,403
LEVEL THAT SEVERELY RESTRICT

852
00:27:03,403 --> 00:27:04,972
EFFORTS TO ENHANCE DIVERSITY IN

853
00:27:04,972 --> 00:27:05,873
MEDICINE.

854
00:27:05,873 --> 00:27:07,374
NOW HERE IS MY EVIDENCE THAT

855
00:27:07,374 --> 00:27:09,910
SOME LEADERS, AND SOME DOCTORS

856
00:27:09,910 --> 00:27:12,546
EVEN, AND SOME SCIENTISTS DON'T

857
00:27:12,546 --> 00:27:13,747
NECESSARILY BELIEVE IT'S THE

858
00:27:13,747 --> 00:27:15,182
NECESSARY OR RIGHT THING TO DO.

859
00:27:15,182 --> 00:27:17,885
THIS IS A SURVEY STUDY PUBLISHED

860
00:27:17,885 --> 00:27:19,319
IN THE ANNALS OF THORACIC

861
00:27:19,319 --> 00:27:21,054
SURGERY.

862
00:27:21,054 --> 00:27:21,822
THE SOCIETY OF THORACIC

863
00:27:21,822 --> 00:27:22,589
SURGEONS, A NATIONAL

864
00:27:22,589 --> 00:27:25,759
ORGANIZATION OF CARDIOTHORACIC

865
00:27:25,759 --> 00:27:27,628
SURGEONS, THEY RECOGNIZE THAT

866
00:27:27,628 --> 00:27:29,263
LIKE CARDIOLOGY, THEY'RE NOT

867
00:27:29,263 --> 00:27:30,998
VERY DIVERSE, SO THEY DID A

868
00:27:30,998 --> 00:27:35,402
SURVEY TO SURVEY THEIR MEMBERS

869
00:27:35,402 --> 00:27:36,536
TO SEE HOW THEY FEEL ABOUT THE

870
00:27:36,536 --> 00:27:38,505
LACK OF DIVERSITY AND WHAT CAN

871
00:27:38,505 --> 00:27:39,239
BE DONE ABOUT IT.

872
00:27:39,239 --> 00:27:40,641
LIKE SO MANY SURVEYS JUST LIKE

873
00:27:40,641 --> 00:27:43,176
THIS, THE REAL GOALS, THE REAL

874
00:27:43,176 --> 00:27:44,878
GOOD PART OF THE SURVEY WAS WHEN

875
00:27:44,878 --> 00:27:46,880
YOU GOT TO THE LAST QUESTION,

876
00:27:46,880 --> 00:27:48,649
WAS JUST AN OPEN-ENDED QUESTION

877
00:27:48,649 --> 00:27:50,384
THAT SAID TELL US WHATEVER YOU

878
00:27:50,384 --> 00:27:52,886
WANT TO ABOUT THIS TOPIC.

879
00:27:52,886 --> 00:27:54,755
AND HERE ARE SOME OF THOSE

880
00:27:54,755 --> 00:27:56,056
RESPONSES.

881
00:27:56,056 --> 00:27:57,925
SO ONE RESPONDENT SAID, WHITE

882
00:27:57,925 --> 00:28:01,428
MALES ARE CURRENTLY BEING

883
00:28:01,428 --> 00:28:02,195
DISCRIMINATED AGAINST IN

884
00:28:02,195 --> 00:28:03,497
ADMISSION TO COLLEGE, MED SCHOOL

885
00:28:03,497 --> 00:28:05,132
AND RESIDENCY PROGRAMS.

886
00:28:05,132 --> 00:28:07,567
CT SURGERY SHOULD BE A

887
00:28:07,567 --> 00:28:08,235
MERITOCRACY.

888
00:28:08,235 --> 00:28:09,970
ANOTHER PERSON SAID I DO NOT

889
00:28:09,970 --> 00:28:12,139
BELIEVE BARRIERS EXIST.

890
00:28:12,139 --> 00:28:13,840
THIS MYTH OF THE NECESSITY OF

891
00:28:13,840 --> 00:28:16,209
DIVERSITY AND INCLUSIVENESS IS

892
00:28:16,209 --> 00:28:17,511
POLITICAL CORRECTNESS ON

893
00:28:17,511 --> 00:28:17,945
STEROIDS.

894
00:28:17,945 --> 00:28:19,146
WE NEED TO WORRY ABOUT TURNING

895
00:28:19,146 --> 00:28:21,014
OUT WELL-TRAINED RESIDENTS.

896
00:28:21,014 --> 00:28:23,517
FINALLY, SOMEBODY SAID THE STS

897
00:28:23,517 --> 00:28:25,152
DOESN'T NEED TO ADDRESS

898
00:28:25,152 --> 00:28:26,053
DIVERSITY AND IN FACT THIS

899
00:28:26,053 --> 00:28:27,454
SHOULDN'T EVEN BE ON THE RADAR

900
00:28:27,454 --> 00:28:29,423
OF THINGS FOR OUR ORGANIZATION

901
00:28:29,423 --> 00:28:30,223
TO DO.

902
00:28:30,223 --> 00:28:31,758
SO THAT'S CARDIOTHORACIC

903
00:28:31,758 --> 00:28:32,859
SURGEONS.

904
00:28:32,859 --> 00:28:34,528
WE'VE GOT -- CARDIOLOGISTS,

905
00:28:34,528 --> 00:28:36,363
WE'VE GOT A VERY CLOSE

906
00:28:36,363 --> 00:28:37,331
RELATIONSHIP WITH CARDIAC

907
00:28:37,331 --> 00:28:39,399
SURGEONS SO I DON'T WANT TO FEEL

908
00:28:39,399 --> 00:28:41,702
LIKE I'M JUST PICKING ON THEM SO

909
00:28:41,702 --> 00:28:42,903
WE'VE GOT TO GET OUR OWN HOUSE

910
00:28:42,903 --> 00:28:43,236
IN ORDER.

911
00:28:43,236 --> 00:28:45,639
SO WE DID A SURVEY IN 2020 OF

912
00:28:45,639 --> 00:28:47,074
CARDIOLOGY FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM

913
00:28:47,074 --> 00:28:47,407
DIRECTORS.

914
00:28:47,407 --> 00:28:50,010
THEY ARE IN A SENSE THE

915
00:28:50,010 --> 00:28:51,778
GATEKEEPERS TO THE PROFESSION OF

916
00:28:51,778 --> 00:28:52,079
CARDIOLOGY.

917
00:28:52,079 --> 00:28:54,281
YOU DON'T GET TO BECOME A

918
00:28:54,281 --> 00:28:56,683
CARDIOLOGIST UNLESS YOU GET

919
00:28:56,683 --> 00:28:58,452
PAST, SO TO SPEAK, THE

920
00:28:58,452 --> 00:29:00,287
CARDIOLOGY FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM

921
00:29:00,287 --> 00:29:01,288
DIRECTOR AND THEIR FELLOWSHIP

922
00:29:01,288 --> 00:29:01,989
COMMITTEE.

923
00:29:01,989 --> 00:29:03,690
SO WE SURVEYED THOSE PROGRAM

924
00:29:03,690 --> 00:29:06,193
DIRECTORS TO SEE HOW THEY FEEL

925
00:29:06,193 --> 00:29:07,394
ABOUT DIVERSITY AND THE LACK OF

926
00:29:07,394 --> 00:29:09,262
DIVERSITY IN CARDIOLOGY AND

927
00:29:09,262 --> 00:29:10,130
CARDIOLOGY FELLOWSHIPS.

928
00:29:10,130 --> 00:29:11,331
ONE OF THE FIRST QUESTIONS WE

929
00:29:11,331 --> 00:29:13,967
ASKED WAS THIS:  DIVERSITY IS A

930
00:29:13,967 --> 00:29:15,302
DRIVER OF EXCELLENCE IN

931
00:29:15,302 --> 00:29:16,236
HEALTHCARE DELIVERY, IN OTHER

932
00:29:16,236 --> 00:29:18,238
WORDS, THE MORE DIVERSITY

933
00:29:18,238 --> 00:29:19,106
REPRESENTED AMONGST YOUR

934
00:29:19,106 --> 00:29:20,874
PROVIDERS, THE BETTER THE CARE

935
00:29:20,874 --> 00:29:21,975
DELIVERED.

936
00:29:21,975 --> 00:29:25,245
DO YOU BELIEVE THIS?

937
00:29:25,245 --> 00:29:29,049
FORTUNATELY ALMOST 70% SAID YES.

938
00:29:29,049 --> 00:29:30,817
BUT 5% SAID NO, I DON'T BELIEVE

939
00:29:30,817 --> 00:29:33,220
THAT, AND 25% SAID MAYBE.

940
00:29:33,220 --> 00:29:37,057
SO THAT'S 30%, 3 OUT OF 10,

941
00:29:37,057 --> 00:29:38,492
FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM DIRECTORS

942
00:29:38,492 --> 00:29:41,428
AREN'T SURE IF DIVERSITY IS

943
00:29:41,428 --> 00:29:43,263
SOMETHING THAT SHOULD BE SOUGHT,

944
00:29:43,263 --> 00:29:45,932
IF DIVERSITY ENHANCES QUALITY.

945
00:29:45,932 --> 00:29:47,334
SO NOT EVERYBODY BELIEVES IT,

946
00:29:47,334 --> 00:29:48,668
AND NOT ONLY -- THAT'S ONE

947
00:29:48,668 --> 00:29:49,636
THING.

948
00:29:49,636 --> 00:29:50,404
NOT EVERYBODY BELIEVES IT.

949
00:29:50,404 --> 00:29:52,372
BUT SOME PEOPLE ARE MAKING

950
00:29:52,372 --> 00:29:53,774
ACTIVE MOVES AGAINST IT.

951
00:29:53,774 --> 00:29:56,643
YOU HEARD IN MY RESUME THAT I

952
00:29:56,643 --> 00:29:58,945
SPENT A WONDERFUL THREE YEARS IN

953
00:29:58,945 --> 00:30:00,347
DALLAS, TEXAS AT UT

954
00:30:00,347 --> 00:30:01,481
SOUTHWESTERN, VERY GRATEFUL FOR

955
00:30:01,481 --> 00:30:02,883
MY TIME THERE AND REALLY ENJOYED

956
00:30:02,883 --> 00:30:06,486
MY COLLEAGUES THERE.

957
00:30:06,486 --> 00:30:07,587
TEXAS WAS ONE OF THE FIRST

958
00:30:07,587 --> 00:30:11,858
STATES TO ACTUALLY PASS AN

959
00:30:11,858 --> 00:30:13,060
ANTIDIVERSITY, EQUITY AND

960
00:30:13,060 --> 00:30:13,427
INCLUSION BILL.

961
00:30:13,427 --> 00:30:15,128
IT'S NOT A BILL ANYMORE, IT'S A

962
00:30:15,128 --> 00:30:15,896
LAW, SINCE JANUARY.

963
00:30:15,896 --> 00:30:17,998
AND IT BANS CERTAIN THINGS AND

964
00:30:17,998 --> 00:30:20,033
IT HAS HERE -- I SHOW YOU THE

965
00:30:20,033 --> 00:30:23,103
DIFFERENT THINGS THAT IT BANDS.

966
00:30:23,103 --> 00:30:24,638
WE'LL GET BACK TO THOSE DETAILS

967
00:30:24,638 --> 00:30:26,073
BUT WHAT I'LL TELL YOU IS THAT

968
00:30:26,073 --> 00:30:27,841
IT TRULY RESTRICT THE ABILITY TO

969
00:30:27,841 --> 00:30:30,477
TRY TO ENHANCE DIVERSITY IN

970
00:30:30,477 --> 00:30:32,012
PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS, WHICH

971
00:30:32,012 --> 00:30:33,613
INCLUDES UNIVERSITIES, WHICH

972
00:30:33,613 --> 00:30:35,048
INCLUDES UT SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL

973
00:30:35,048 --> 00:30:36,683
SCHOOL.

974
00:30:36,683 --> 00:30:38,218
FLORIDA WAS THE FIRST STATE,

975
00:30:38,218 --> 00:30:40,053
TEXAS WAS SECOND, AND NOW THERE

976
00:30:40,053 --> 00:30:42,489
ARE 7 OR 8 STATES THAT HAVE

977
00:30:42,489 --> 00:30:47,727
PASSED ANTI-D EI BILLS INTO LAW.

978
00:30:47,727 --> 00:30:52,299
WHAT ABOUT MARYLAND?

979
00:30:52,299 --> 00:30:53,767
DO YOU KNOW ABOUT MARYLAND?

980
00:30:53,767 --> 00:30:54,734
THE QUESTION PEOPLE WILL START

981
00:30:54,734 --> 00:30:56,169
TO TALK ABOUT IS, WELL, YOU

982
00:30:56,169 --> 00:30:57,504
KNOW, MY STATE, WE'RE A LITTLE

983
00:30:57,504 --> 00:30:58,338
BIT DIFFERENT, I THINK WE'RE

984
00:30:58,338 --> 00:31:00,340
GOING TO BE OKAY.

985
00:31:00,340 --> 00:31:02,175
IS YOUR STATE SAFE IS THE

986
00:31:02,175 --> 00:31:04,277
QUESTION THAT I ASK, AND THE

987
00:31:04,277 --> 00:31:06,346
ANSWER THAT I GIVE IS GUESS

988
00:31:06,346 --> 00:31:08,648
AGAIN, BECAUSE A U.S. CONGRESS

989
00:31:08,648 --> 00:31:09,850
PERSON, GREG MURPHY, HAS

990
00:31:09,850 --> 00:31:11,351
INTRODUCED A BILL IN CONGRESS TO

991
00:31:11,351 --> 00:31:14,221
BAN WHAT HE CALLS RACE-BASED

992
00:31:14,221 --> 00:31:16,389
MANDATES AT MEDICAL SCHOOLS.

993
00:31:16,389 --> 00:31:20,127
SO ESSENTIALLY A NATIONAL

994
00:31:20,127 --> 00:31:21,128
ANTI-DEI BILL AND THIS ONE IS

995
00:31:21,128 --> 00:31:22,329
NOT JUST PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES,

996
00:31:22,329 --> 00:31:23,530
IT'S NOT LIBRARIES, NOT

997
00:31:23,530 --> 00:31:24,030
COLLEGES.

998
00:31:24,030 --> 00:31:25,632
THIS IS COMING FOR US.

999
00:31:25,632 --> 00:31:26,700
THIS IS MEDICAL SCHOOLS.

1000
00:31:26,700 --> 00:31:27,501
SPECIFICALLY ABOUT MEDICAL

1001
00:31:27,501 --> 00:31:28,435
SCHOOLS.

1002
00:31:28,435 --> 00:31:30,637
THAT NATIONAL LAW WOULD BAN

1003
00:31:30,637 --> 00:31:33,573
DIVERSITY OFFICES AT MEDICAL

1004
00:31:33,573 --> 00:31:34,007
SCHOOLS.

1005
00:31:34,007 --> 00:31:36,209
AND TO SHOW THAT THE PEOPLE

1006
00:31:36,209 --> 00:31:39,713
MAKING LEGISLATION TO RESTRICT

1007
00:31:39,713 --> 00:31:40,714
THESE EFFORTS DON'T REALLY

1008
00:31:40,714 --> 00:31:41,681
UNDERSTAND WHAT DIVERSITY

1009
00:31:41,681 --> 00:31:42,649
OFFICES DO.

1010
00:31:42,649 --> 00:31:47,154
ONE OF THE AT THE NETS OF THIS

1011
00:31:47,154 --> 00:31:48,722
BILL IS YOU MAY NOT COMPEL

1012
00:31:48,722 --> 00:31:50,223
FACULTY TO AFFIRM THAT AMERICA

1013
00:31:50,223 --> 00:31:52,526
IS SYSTEMICALLY RACIST.

1014
00:31:52,526 --> 00:31:54,828
WHICH I DON'T KNOW ABOUT YOU,

1015
00:31:54,828 --> 00:31:55,929
BUT THAT'S USUALLY THE FIRST

1016
00:31:55,929 --> 00:31:57,998
THING I DO WHEN I WALK INTO A

1017
00:31:57,998 --> 00:31:58,532
ROOM.

1018
00:31:58,532 --> 00:32:00,100
I TELL EVERYBODY TO PLEASE STAND

1019
00:32:00,100 --> 00:32:01,401
UP, RAISE YOUR HAND AND REPEAT

1020
00:32:01,401 --> 00:32:02,469
AFTER ME.

1021
00:32:02,469 --> 00:32:04,671
AMERICA IS SYSTEMICALLY RACIST.

1022
00:32:04,671 --> 00:32:05,138
RIGHT?

1023
00:32:05,138 --> 00:32:06,439
SO WHO'S DOING THAT?

1024
00:32:06,439 --> 00:32:07,741
NOBODY'S DOING THAT.

1025
00:32:07,741 --> 00:32:09,843
BUT THE PEOPLE WRITING THESE

1026
00:32:09,843 --> 00:32:11,044
BILLS, THEY'RE SMART ENOUGH TO

1027
00:32:11,044 --> 00:32:12,345
KNOW THAT IT REALLY DOESN'T

1028
00:32:12,345 --> 00:32:15,282
MATTER WHAT YOU PUT IN THE BILL.

1029
00:32:15,282 --> 00:32:16,716
BECAUSE PEOPLE WON'T READ THE

1030
00:32:16,716 --> 00:32:18,385
DETAILS, THEY'LL JUST KNOW IT'S

1031
00:32:18,385 --> 00:32:19,586
AN ANTI-DIVERSITY BILL.

1032
00:32:19,586 --> 00:32:23,423
SO WHAT CAN WE DO, YOU AND I?

1033
00:32:23,423 --> 00:32:24,591
LET'S GET ON TO THE MORE

1034
00:32:24,591 --> 00:32:25,492
POSITIVE PART OF THE TALK.

1035
00:32:25,492 --> 00:32:27,127
WHAT CAN WE DO TO ENHANCE

1036
00:32:27,127 --> 00:32:28,028
DIVERSITY IN MEDICINE?

1037
00:32:28,028 --> 00:32:31,097
AND IF THIS LAW COMES TO

1038
00:32:31,097 --> 00:32:33,600
MARYLAND, IF IT PASSES IN THE

1039
00:32:33,600 --> 00:32:36,236
U.S. CONGRESS, WHAT CAN WE DO?

1040
00:32:36,236 --> 00:32:38,638
ONE THING THAT'S REALLY

1041
00:32:38,638 --> 00:32:39,606
IMPORTANT IS THAT YOU'VE GOT TO

1042
00:32:39,606 --> 00:32:42,042
CONSULT WITH YOUR LAWYERS.

1043
00:32:42,042 --> 00:32:44,644
YOU YOU HAVE TO COMPLY, BUT YOU

1044
00:32:44,644 --> 00:32:46,179
DON'T HAVE TO OVERCOMPLY.

1045
00:32:46,179 --> 00:32:48,582
AND I TRULY THINK THAT SOME OF

1046
00:32:48,582 --> 00:32:52,619
THE PEOPLE, THEY'RE BETTING ON

1047
00:32:52,619 --> 00:32:53,620
YOU TO OVERCOMPLY.

1048
00:32:53,620 --> 00:32:55,689
LET ME TELL YOU WHAT I MEAN.

1049
00:32:55,689 --> 00:32:57,357
IN THAT BILL WHICH IS NOW A LAW

1050
00:32:57,357 --> 00:33:01,895
IN TEXAS, ONE OF THE TENETS IS

1051
00:33:01,895 --> 00:33:03,697
THAT YOU SHALL NOT REQUIRE OR

1052
00:33:03,697 --> 00:33:08,201
MAKE MANDATORY DEI TRAINING.

1053
00:33:08,201 --> 00:33:09,603
AND WHAT I'D LIKE TO ASK YOU IS,

1054
00:33:09,603 --> 00:33:11,504
HOW DOES THAT HIT YOUR BRAIN?

1055
00:33:11,504 --> 00:33:13,607
YOU SHALL NOT REQUIRE OR MAKE

1056
00:33:13,607 --> 00:33:17,310
MANDATORY DEI TRAINING.

1057
00:33:17,310 --> 00:33:19,145
I'M KIND OF A NATURAL-BORN

1058
00:33:19,145 --> 00:33:20,714
REBEL, SO I READ THAT AND THAT

1059
00:33:20,714 --> 00:33:24,684
HITS MY BRAIN AS, OKAY, SO

1060
00:33:24,684 --> 00:33:26,653
YOU'RE SAYING WE CAN HAVE DEI

1061
00:33:26,653 --> 00:33:27,954
TRAINING, IT JUST CAN'T BE

1062
00:33:27,954 --> 00:33:28,288
MANDATORY.

1063
00:33:28,288 --> 00:33:29,823
SO WE'LL JUST MAKE IT ALL

1064
00:33:29,823 --> 00:33:31,791
OPTIONAL.

1065
00:33:31,791 --> 00:33:34,527
THAT'S ONE WAY THAT THAT MIGHT

1066
00:33:34,527 --> 00:33:37,697
HIT YOUR BRAIN.

1067
00:33:37,697 --> 00:33:39,466
KEEP YOUR TRAINING, MAKE IT

1068
00:33:39,466 --> 00:33:39,966
OPTIONAL.

1069
00:33:39,966 --> 00:33:41,868
THAT'S COMPLYING.

1070
00:33:41,868 --> 00:33:43,203
OVERCOMPLYING WOULD BE SAYING

1071
00:33:43,203 --> 00:33:44,938
YOU KNOW WHAT, JUST SHUT IT ALL

1072
00:33:44,938 --> 00:33:47,140
DOWN.

1073
00:33:47,140 --> 00:33:48,675
BECAUSE WE DON'T WANT TO TAKE A

1074
00:33:48,675 --> 00:33:49,142
CHANCE.

1075
00:33:49,142 --> 00:33:51,211
WE DON'T WANT TO TAKE A CHANCE,

1076
00:33:51,211 --> 00:33:52,846
THE LAST THING WE WANT IS THE

1077
00:33:52,846 --> 00:33:54,047
STATE LEGISLATURE COMING IN HERE

1078
00:33:54,047 --> 00:33:56,716
ASKING FOR MINUTES OF MEETINGS,

1079
00:33:56,716 --> 00:33:58,551
AND JUST TO BE ON THE SAFE SIDE,

1080
00:33:58,551 --> 00:34:01,288
LET'S JUST SHUT IT ALL DOWN.

1081
00:34:01,288 --> 00:34:04,557
WHICH IS WHAT MANY OF THE

1082
00:34:04,557 --> 00:34:06,993
MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN TEXAS DID

1083
00:34:06,993 --> 00:34:10,463
BEGINNING JANUARY 2024.

1084
00:34:10,463 --> 00:34:12,132
ANOTHER EXAMPLE WOULD BE FROM

1085
00:34:12,132 --> 00:34:15,502
THAT LAW IN TEXAS, ANOTHER TENET

1086
00:34:15,502 --> 00:34:18,471
WAS THAT YOU SHALL NOT GRANT

1087
00:34:18,471 --> 00:34:21,341
PREFERENCE ON THE BASIS OF RACE,

1088
00:34:21,341 --> 00:34:23,843
SEX, AND SOME OTHER CATEGORIES

1089
00:34:23,843 --> 00:34:25,478
FOR EMPLOYMENT, PROMOTION OR

1090
00:34:25,478 --> 00:34:27,147
TENURE.

1091
00:34:27,147 --> 00:34:28,648
AND HOW DOES THAT HIT YOUR

1092
00:34:28,648 --> 00:34:29,049
BRAIN?

1093
00:34:29,049 --> 00:34:31,985
YOU KNOW, IT HITS MY BRAIN THIS

1094
00:34:31,985 --> 00:34:33,820
WAY, I SAY OH, OKAY, SO WHAT

1095
00:34:33,820 --> 00:34:35,155
YOU'RE REALLY SAYING IS I CAN

1096
00:34:35,155 --> 00:34:36,790
KEEP DOING EVERYTHING I'VE BEEN

1097
00:34:36,790 --> 00:34:37,023
DOING.

1098
00:34:37,023 --> 00:34:41,194
BECAUSE I HAVE NEVER HIRED

1099
00:34:41,194 --> 00:34:44,664
SOMEBODY JUST BECAUSE THEY'RE A

1100
00:34:44,664 --> 00:34:46,433
WOMAN OR PROMOTED SOMEBODY JUST

1101
00:34:46,433 --> 00:34:48,435
BECAUSE THEY'RE HISPANIC, OR

1102
00:34:48,435 --> 00:34:49,936
GRANTED TENURE TO SOMEBODY JUST

1103
00:34:49,936 --> 00:34:52,138
BECAUSE THEY'RE BLACK.

1104
00:34:52,138 --> 00:34:55,875
TO ME, TO LOOK AT THAT TENET AND

1105
00:34:55,875 --> 00:34:57,844
KEEP DOING WHAT WE'RE DOING, BUT

1106
00:34:57,844 --> 00:34:59,813
PUT THE EMPHASIS ON RECRUITING,

1107
00:34:59,813 --> 00:35:01,348
THERE'S NOTHING HERE THAT SAYS

1108
00:35:01,348 --> 00:35:03,316
YOU CAN'T DO EVERYTHING YOU CAN

1109
00:35:03,316 --> 00:35:05,719
TO ENRICH DIVERSITY IN YOUR

1110
00:35:05,719 --> 00:35:07,587
PIPELINE.

1111
00:35:07,587 --> 00:35:10,990
THAT WOULD BE COMPLYING WITH THE

1112
00:35:10,990 --> 00:35:12,525
LAW.

1113
00:35:12,525 --> 00:35:13,426
OVERCOMPLYING WOULD BE TO SAY,

1114
00:35:13,426 --> 00:35:14,861
YOU KNOW WHAT, LET'S GO FROM

1115
00:35:14,861 --> 00:35:17,797
WEBSITE TO WEBSITE ON OUR

1116
00:35:17,797 --> 00:35:21,501
WEBPAGES, AND SCRUB OUT THE

1117
00:35:21,501 --> 00:35:23,570
WORDS DIVERSITY, EQUITY OR

1118
00:35:23,570 --> 00:35:24,270
INCLUSION ON ALL OF THE

1119
00:35:24,270 --> 00:35:24,804
WEBSITES.

1120
00:35:24,804 --> 00:35:27,874
THAT'S OVERCOMPLYING.

1121
00:35:27,874 --> 00:35:28,942
WE HAVE TO COMPLY WITH THE LAW

1122
00:35:28,942 --> 00:35:30,377
BUT YOU DON'T HAVE TO

1123
00:35:30,377 --> 00:35:30,844
OVERCOMPLY.

1124
00:35:30,844 --> 00:35:32,712
WHAT I JUST SAID TO YOU IS WHAT

1125
00:35:32,712 --> 00:35:34,013
MANY OF THE MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN

1126
00:35:34,013 --> 00:35:34,814
TEXAS DID.

1127
00:35:34,814 --> 00:35:37,550
AND AGAIN, I THINK THE PEOPLE

1128
00:35:37,550 --> 00:35:38,952
WHO ARE WRITING THESE LAWS,

1129
00:35:38,952 --> 00:35:41,921
THAT'S WHAT THEY'RE BANKING ON.

1130
00:35:41,921 --> 00:35:42,889
THEY'RE BANKING ON THAT YOU WILL

1131
00:35:42,889 --> 00:35:45,725
BE SO RISK-AVERSE THAT YOU WILL

1132
00:35:45,725 --> 00:35:46,393
OVERCOMPLY.

1133
00:35:46,393 --> 00:35:47,961
SO GETTING BACK ON TRACK, WHAT

1134
00:35:47,961 --> 00:35:50,029
CAN YOU AND I DO TO ENHANCE

1135
00:35:50,029 --> 00:35:52,665
DIVERSITY IN MEDICINE, AGAIN

1136
00:35:52,665 --> 00:35:55,502
RECRUITING ESPECIALLY IN THE

1137
00:35:55,502 --> 00:35:56,936
U.S. PRY CHAIN SO THAT WE HAVE

1138
00:35:56,936 --> 00:36:00,640
MORE AND MORE AND MORE QUALIFIED

1139
00:36:00,640 --> 00:36:02,509
PEOPLE FROM DIVERSE BACKGROUNDS

1140
00:36:02,509 --> 00:36:04,277
ENTERING COLLEGE, ENTERING

1141
00:36:04,277 --> 00:36:07,113
MEDICAL SCHOOL, ET CETERA.

1142
00:36:07,113 --> 00:36:08,982
THE IMMEDIATE SUPPLY CHAIN,

1143
00:36:08,982 --> 00:36:10,083
COLLEGE STUDENTS, PRE-MED

1144
00:36:10,083 --> 00:36:11,084
STUDENTS, PEOPLE WHO ARE RIGHT

1145
00:36:11,084 --> 00:36:12,619
AROUND THE CORNER, AND I MEAN

1146
00:36:12,619 --> 00:36:13,486
ACTIVE RECRUITING.

1147
00:36:13,486 --> 00:36:15,021
IT'S NOT JUST ENOUGH TO HAVE A

1148
00:36:15,021 --> 00:36:16,856
NICE WEBSITE, BUT ARE YOU GOING

1149
00:36:16,856 --> 00:36:18,625
TO COLLEGE CAMPUSES, ARE YOU

1150
00:36:18,625 --> 00:36:19,826
GOING TO HIGH SCHOOLS?

1151
00:36:19,826 --> 00:36:20,927
NUMBER THREE, THERE'S A LOT OF

1152
00:36:20,927 --> 00:36:21,361
BIAS.

1153
00:36:21,361 --> 00:36:24,230
THERE'S A LOT OF BIAS IN THE

1154
00:36:24,230 --> 00:36:25,398
DECISION-MAKING PROCESS, THE

1155
00:36:25,398 --> 00:36:26,433
ADMISSIONS COMMITTEES FOR

1156
00:36:26,433 --> 00:36:27,834
COLLEGE, THE ADMISSION

1157
00:36:27,834 --> 00:36:30,136
COMMITTEES FOR MEDICAL SCHOOL,

1158
00:36:30,136 --> 00:36:31,538
RESIDENCY, FELLOWSHIP, AND EVEN

1159
00:36:31,538 --> 00:36:33,740
THE SEARCH COMMITTEES TO BE ON

1160
00:36:33,740 --> 00:36:36,810
THE FACULTY.

1161
00:36:36,810 --> 00:36:38,344
NUMBER FOUR, WHAT IF WE DID

1162
00:36:38,344 --> 00:36:42,949
THIS, WHAT IF IN OUR SELECTION

1163
00:36:42,949 --> 00:36:45,685
CRITERIA, WHETHER IT'S MEDICAL

1164
00:36:45,685 --> 00:36:49,155
SCHOOL, MEDICAL SCHOOL, FACULTY,

1165
00:36:49,155 --> 00:36:50,723
WHAT IF WE MADE THE COMPETENCY,

1166
00:36:50,723 --> 00:36:53,693
THE HEALTH EQUITY COMPETENCY, A

1167
00:36:53,693 --> 00:36:55,662
VALUABLE TRAIT AND A METRIC THAT

1168
00:36:55,662 --> 00:36:58,965
WE LACK FOR?

1169
00:36:58,965 --> 00:37:02,001
AND SAID DIFFERENTLY, THE LIKELY

1170
00:37:02,001 --> 00:37:02,902
LIKELIHOOD THAT THIS PERSON IS

1171
00:37:02,902 --> 00:37:04,370
GOING TO BE A CHAMPION OF HEALTH

1172
00:37:04,370 --> 00:37:05,438
EQUITY IN THIS SPECIALTY,

1173
00:37:05,438 --> 00:37:07,607
WHETHER IT'S ALLERGY,

1174
00:37:07,607 --> 00:37:12,979
CARDIOLOGY, CANCER, ORTHOPEDIC

1175
00:37:12,979 --> 00:37:13,746
SURGERY, WHAT WOULD THAT LOOK

1176
00:37:13,746 --> 00:37:14,314
LIKE?

1177
00:37:14,314 --> 00:37:16,182
AND THEN FINALLY, WE'VE GOT TO

1178
00:37:16,182 --> 00:37:17,484
GET ACTIVE.

1179
00:37:17,484 --> 00:37:18,718
OUR STUDENTS ARE WATCHING US.

1180
00:37:18,718 --> 00:37:21,688
THIS IS THE TIME IN THE WORLD TO

1181
00:37:21,688 --> 00:37:22,655
BE AN ACTIVIST.

1182
00:37:22,655 --> 00:37:24,524
IT IS NO LONGER ENOUGH,

1183
00:37:24,524 --> 00:37:26,793
UNFORTUNATELY, TO IMPROVE THE

1184
00:37:26,793 --> 00:37:27,961
HUMAN CONDITION BY PRACTICING

1185
00:37:27,961 --> 00:37:29,596
MEDICINE AND HELPING EVERY

1186
00:37:29,596 --> 00:37:31,364
PATIENT THAT YOU PHYSICALLY GET

1187
00:37:31,364 --> 00:37:32,365
YOUR HANDS ON.

1188
00:37:32,365 --> 00:37:34,901
AND BY DOING EXCELLENT RESEARCH

1189
00:37:34,901 --> 00:37:36,603
THAT SHOWS THE BEST WAY TO TREAT

1190
00:37:36,603 --> 00:37:37,370
DISEASES.

1191
00:37:37,370 --> 00:37:38,671
YOU ALMOST HAVE TO GO A LITTLE

1192
00:37:38,671 --> 00:37:40,874
BIT BEYOND THAT, DO SOME THINGS

1193
00:37:40,874 --> 00:37:44,511
TO BE AN ACT VIT, TO TRULY

1194
00:37:44,511 --> 00:37:46,579
IMPROVE THE LIVES OF OUR

1195
00:37:46,579 --> 00:37:47,814
PATIENTS.

1196
00:37:47,814 --> 00:37:49,482
EXAMPLES, RECRUIT DEEP INTO THE

1197
00:37:49,482 --> 00:37:49,816
SUPPLY CHAIN.

1198
00:37:49,816 --> 00:37:51,050
I'M GOING TO BET THAT THIS IS

1199
00:37:51,050 --> 00:37:52,352
THE CUTEST SLIDE YOU'LL SEE ALL

1200
00:37:52,352 --> 00:37:55,522
DAY.

1201
00:37:55,522 --> 00:37:57,690
THESE ARE KINDERGARTNERS AT

1202
00:37:57,690 --> 00:38:00,793
THEIR WHITE COAT CEREMONY AT A

1203
00:38:00,793 --> 00:38:02,762
K-12 HEALTH SCIENCES ACADEMY IN

1204
00:38:02,762 --> 00:38:03,530
COLUMBUS, OHIO.

1205
00:38:03,530 --> 00:38:06,499
A JOINT VENTURE BETWEEN THE OHIO

1206
00:38:06,499 --> 00:38:08,234
STATE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER

1207
00:38:08,234 --> 00:38:10,770
AND COLUMBUS CITY SCHOOLS.

1208
00:38:10,770 --> 00:38:12,305
FROM KINDERGARTEN THROUGH 12TH

1209
00:38:12,305 --> 00:38:13,506
GRADE, THESE KIDS WILL ACTUALLY

1210
00:38:13,506 --> 00:38:17,777
HAVE THE HEALTH SCIENCES

1211
00:38:17,777 --> 00:38:20,313
INTRODUCED INTO THE CURRICULUM.

1212
00:38:20,313 --> 00:38:21,614
MOST IMPORTANTLY, THREE TIMES A

1213
00:38:21,614 --> 00:38:23,182
YEAR STARTING IN KINDERGARTEN,

1214
00:38:23,182 --> 00:38:25,251
THEY ARE GOING TO HAVE VISITS

1215
00:38:25,251 --> 00:38:26,786
FROM DENTAL STUDENTS, MEDICAL

1216
00:38:26,786 --> 00:38:27,887
STUDENTS, PHARMACY STUDENTS,

1217
00:38:27,887 --> 00:38:29,188
NURSING STUDENTS, ET CETERA, SO

1218
00:38:29,188 --> 00:38:31,157
THAT YOU CAN IMAGINE, BY THE

1219
00:38:31,157 --> 00:38:32,258
TIME THEY GRADUATE FROM HIGH

1220
00:38:32,258 --> 00:38:33,359
SCHOOL, THE IDEA OF BEING A

1221
00:38:33,359 --> 00:38:35,662
DOCTOR IS GOING TO FEEL LIKE

1222
00:38:35,662 --> 00:38:36,763
THAT'S NO BIG DEAL.

1223
00:38:36,763 --> 00:38:38,064
I'VE BEEN SEEING DOCTORS MY

1224
00:38:38,064 --> 00:38:39,165
WHOLE LIFE.

1225
00:38:39,165 --> 00:38:43,136
SO THIS IS FOUR YEARS ON AND WE

1226
00:38:43,136 --> 00:38:45,104
DON'T HAVE DATA YET BUT WE HOPE

1227
00:38:45,104 --> 00:38:47,907
TO HAVE SOME DATA SOON DEEP IN

1228
00:38:47,907 --> 00:38:49,075
THE SUPPLY CHAIN.

1229
00:38:49,075 --> 00:38:50,710
EVEN THE IMMEDIATE SUPPLY CHAIN.

1230
00:38:50,710 --> 00:38:53,479
SO I'LL GET CARDIOLOGY-CENTRIC

1231
00:38:53,479 --> 00:38:55,815
FOR A MINUTE, BUT WE CERTAINLY

1232
00:38:55,815 --> 00:38:57,317
HOPE OTHERS WILL COPY THIS

1233
00:38:57,317 --> 00:38:58,084
WONDERFUL INITIATIVE.

1234
00:38:58,084 --> 00:39:02,055
SO MY TERM AS THE INAUGURAL

1235
00:39:02,055 --> 00:39:03,957
CHAIR HAS COME TO AN END, BUT

1236
00:39:03,957 --> 00:39:07,193
ONE OF MY FAVORITE PROJECTS WITH

1237
00:39:07,193 --> 00:39:08,962
THAT WAS OUR INTERNAL MEDICINE

1238
00:39:08,962 --> 00:39:09,963
MENTORING PROGRAM.

1239
00:39:09,963 --> 00:39:11,598
SO WE REACHED OUT TO THE

1240
00:39:11,598 --> 00:39:14,100
IMMEDIATE SUPPLY CHAIN, INTERNAL

1241
00:39:14,100 --> 00:39:16,202
MEDICINE RESIDENTS, AND WE HAVE

1242
00:39:16,202 --> 00:39:20,139
COHORTS OF RESIDENTS THAT WE

1243
00:39:20,139 --> 00:39:21,474
MENTOR, THEY ENTER INTO A

1244
00:39:21,474 --> 00:39:23,676
PROGRAM, IT'S COMPETITIVE, THEY

1245
00:39:23,676 --> 00:39:25,878
HAVE A MONTHLY WEBINAR ABOUT

1246
00:39:25,878 --> 00:39:27,080
CARDIOLOGY, THEY HAVE PANEL

1247
00:39:27,080 --> 00:39:28,815
DISCUSSIONS WITH CARDIOLOGY

1248
00:39:28,815 --> 00:39:29,916
FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM DIRECTORS,

1249
00:39:29,916 --> 00:39:32,251
AND YES, WE PICK UP THE TAB AND

1250
00:39:32,251 --> 00:39:33,987
BRING ALL OF THEM TO THE ACC

1251
00:39:33,987 --> 00:39:35,555
MEETING ONCE A YEAR.

1252
00:39:35,555 --> 00:39:38,791
WE WANT TO DEMYSTIFY CARDIOLOGY

1253
00:39:38,791 --> 00:39:40,593
AS A SPECIALTY FOR THESE GROUPS

1254
00:39:40,593 --> 00:39:42,462
THAT ARE SEVERELY

1255
00:39:42,462 --> 00:39:43,630
UNDERREPRESENTED IN CARDIOLOGY,

1256
00:39:43,630 --> 00:39:46,399
AND WHAT WE HOPE IS TO IMPACT

1257
00:39:46,399 --> 00:39:47,800
THE DIVERSITY IN THE FIELD.

1258
00:39:47,800 --> 00:39:51,204
WE START OFF EACH OF THOSE

1259
00:39:51,204 --> 00:39:55,041
COHORTS WITH A ZOOM MEETING, SO

1260
00:39:55,041 --> 00:39:56,509
THIS IS THE KICKOFF FOR OUR

1261
00:39:56,509 --> 00:39:57,477
AFRICAN AMERICAN COHORT.

1262
00:39:57,477 --> 00:39:58,344
THESE ARE AFRICAN AMERICAN

1263
00:39:58,344 --> 00:40:00,213
RESIDENTS WHO ASPIRE TO BE

1264
00:40:00,213 --> 00:40:00,980
CARDIOLOGISTS.

1265
00:40:00,980 --> 00:40:03,983
THIS IS A GROUP OF INTERNAL

1266
00:40:03,983 --> 00:40:05,051
MEDICINE RESIDENTS WHO IDENTIFY

1267
00:40:05,051 --> 00:40:08,988
AS MEMBERS OF THE LGBTQ+

1268
00:40:08,988 --> 00:40:10,523
COMMUNITY, ANOTHER VERY

1269
00:40:10,523 --> 00:40:11,324
UNDERREPRESENTED GROUP IN

1270
00:40:11,324 --> 00:40:12,425
CARDIOLOGY.

1271
00:40:12,425 --> 00:40:15,261
THIS IS A GROUP OF INTERNAL

1272
00:40:15,261 --> 00:40:17,363
MEDICINE RESIDENTS WHO ASPIRE TO

1273
00:40:17,363 --> 00:40:19,132
BE CARDIOLOGISTS WHO ARE OF

1274
00:40:19,132 --> 00:40:20,533
NATIVE AND INDIGENOUS

1275
00:40:20,533 --> 00:40:22,402
BACKGROUNDS AND THIS IS OUR

1276
00:40:22,402 --> 00:40:23,169
HISPANIC COHORT.

1277
00:40:23,169 --> 00:40:24,404
IF JUST ALL OF THOSE PEOPLE GOT

1278
00:40:24,404 --> 00:40:26,039
INTO A CARDIOLOGY FELLOWSHIP,

1279
00:40:26,039 --> 00:40:27,473
THAT WOULD MAKE A SIZABLE

1280
00:40:27,473 --> 00:40:28,808
UPSWING IN DIVERSITY IN

1281
00:40:28,808 --> 00:40:31,477
CARDIOLOGY AND THIS IS US AT

1282
00:40:31,477 --> 00:40:32,545
ACC, THEY'VE CALLED ME -- I'VE

1283
00:40:32,545 --> 00:40:34,847
BEEN CALLED BEFORE THE SELFIE

1284
00:40:34,847 --> 00:40:36,749
KING, AND THIS IS NOW ONE OF MY

1285
00:40:36,749 --> 00:40:37,717
FAVORITE SELFIES.

1286
00:40:37,717 --> 00:40:40,453
YOU SEE STANDING BEHIND ME 400

1287
00:40:40,453 --> 00:40:42,388
INTERNAL MEDICINE RESIDENTS WHO

1288
00:40:42,388 --> 00:40:44,657
ARE WOMEN, HISPANIC, BLACK,

1289
00:40:44,657 --> 00:40:46,826
NATIVE AMERICAN, LGBTQ+, WHO

1290
00:40:46,826 --> 00:40:48,161
ASPIRE TO BE CARDIOLOGISTS.

1291
00:40:48,161 --> 00:40:50,163
IT IS OUR GOAL TO MENTOR THEM

1292
00:40:50,163 --> 00:40:52,765
UNTIL THEY ARE VERY COMPETITIVE

1293
00:40:52,765 --> 00:40:53,433
CARDIOLOGY FELLOWSHIP

1294
00:40:53,433 --> 00:40:53,766
APPLICANTS.

1295
00:40:53,766 --> 00:40:55,535
THAT IS REACHING BACK TO THE

1296
00:40:55,535 --> 00:41:01,441
IMMEDIATE SUPPLY CHAIN MED

1297
00:41:01,441 --> 00:41:02,408
MITIGATING BIAS IN THE SELECTION

1298
00:41:02,408 --> 00:41:02,675
PROCESS.

1299
00:41:02,675 --> 00:41:05,011
WHEN I WAS DEAN OF ADMISSIONS AT

1300
00:41:05,011 --> 00:41:08,047
THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY

1301
00:41:08,047 --> 00:41:09,716
ADMISSIONS -- WE HAD A BIG

1302
00:41:09,716 --> 00:41:10,283
GROUP, 140 PEOPLE.

1303
00:41:10,283 --> 00:41:12,552
THOSE OF YOU WHO KNOW THE OHIO

1304
00:41:12,552 --> 00:41:13,319
STATE UNIVERSITY KNOW WE DO

1305
00:41:13,319 --> 00:41:13,753
THINGS BIG.

1306
00:41:13,753 --> 00:41:15,755
SO THERE WERE 140 PEOPLE ON THE

1307
00:41:15,755 --> 00:41:16,255
ADMISSIONS COMMITTEE.

1308
00:41:16,255 --> 00:41:18,157
WE HAD ALL OF THEM TAKE THESE

1309
00:41:18,157 --> 00:41:19,726
ONLINE IMPLICIT ASSOCIATION

1310
00:41:19,726 --> 00:41:23,362
TESTS TO UNCOVER HIDDEN UNKNOWN,

1311
00:41:23,362 --> 00:41:26,099
UNCONSCIOUS BIASES, IF THEY WERE

1312
00:41:26,099 --> 00:41:28,201
THERE, AND TO IDENTIFY THEM, AND

1313
00:41:28,201 --> 00:41:32,338
TO QUANTIFY THEM.

1314
00:41:32,338 --> 00:41:33,906
ONE TEST THAT YOU CAN DO IS THE

1315
00:41:33,906 --> 00:41:35,408
BLACK WHITE IMPLICIT ASSOCIATION

1316
00:41:35,408 --> 00:41:38,077
TEST, AND IT HAS THREE OUTCOMES.

1317
00:41:38,077 --> 00:41:39,479
ONE, IT CAN SHOW THAT YOU HAVE

1318
00:41:39,479 --> 00:41:42,148
WHAT'S CALLED IMPLICIT WHITE

1319
00:41:42,148 --> 00:41:42,682
RACE PREFERENCE.

1320
00:41:42,682 --> 00:41:44,150
IF I HAVE THAT, WHAT THAT MEANS

1321
00:41:44,150 --> 00:41:45,551
IS THAT WHEN I SEE A WHITE

1322
00:41:45,551 --> 00:41:49,288
PERSON'S FACE, I AUTOMATICALLY

1323
00:41:49,288 --> 00:41:49,956
UNCONSCIOUSLY ASSOCIATE THAT

1324
00:41:49,956 --> 00:41:53,693
WHITE PERSON'S FACE WITH GOOD

1325
00:41:53,693 --> 00:41:57,830
THINGS, LIKE FAMILY, HOME, LOVE,

1326
00:41:57,830 --> 00:41:59,832
JOY, WARMTH, ET CETERA.

1327
00:41:59,832 --> 00:42:01,501
AND IF I SEE BLACK PERSON'S

1328
00:42:01,501 --> 00:42:03,436
FACE, I AUTOMATICALLY,

1329
00:42:03,436 --> 00:42:04,103
UNCONSCIOUSLY, NOW THIS IS

1330
00:42:04,103 --> 00:42:06,072
BEYOND YOUR CONSCIOUS CONTROL,

1331
00:42:06,072 --> 00:42:07,940
IDENTIFY THAT BLACK PERSON'S

1332
00:42:07,940 --> 00:42:10,042
FACE WITH NEGATIVE THINGS LIKE

1333
00:42:10,042 --> 00:42:13,880
VIOLENCE, FEAR, MISERY, DANGER,

1334
00:42:13,880 --> 00:42:14,213
ET CETERA.

1335
00:42:14,213 --> 00:42:15,448
SO THAT'S ONE RESULT.

1336
00:42:15,448 --> 00:42:18,251
IF I HAVE IMPLICIT WHITE RACE

1337
00:42:18,251 --> 00:42:20,153
PREFERENCE, CAN YOU HAVE THE

1338
00:42:20,153 --> 00:42:21,053
OPPOSITE, IMPLICIT BLACK RACE

1339
00:42:21,053 --> 00:42:21,921
PREFERENCE, OR YOU COULD BE

1340
00:42:21,921 --> 00:42:25,191
NEUTRAL.

1341
00:42:25,191 --> 00:42:26,759
WHAT WE FOUND IS THAT ON OUR

1342
00:42:26,759 --> 00:42:27,994
ADMISSIONS COMMITTEE, IT DIDN'T

1343
00:42:27,994 --> 00:42:29,195
MATTER IF YOU WERE A MAN, A

1344
00:42:29,195 --> 00:42:30,930
WOMAN, A MEDICAL STUDENT WHOSE

1345
00:42:30,930 --> 00:42:32,331
AVERAGE AGE WAS 23 OR FACULTY,

1346
00:42:32,331 --> 00:42:33,966
ALL OF THOSE GROUPS DISPLAYED

1347
00:42:33,966 --> 00:42:35,668
SIGNIFICANT LEVELS OF IMPLICIT

1348
00:42:35,668 --> 00:42:38,104
WHITE RACE PREFERENCE.

1349
00:42:38,104 --> 00:42:41,174
WE IMMEDIATELY WENT INTO AN

1350
00:42:41,174 --> 00:42:42,809
IMPLICIT BIAS MITIGATION

1351
00:42:42,809 --> 00:42:44,377
WORKSHOP, SOMETHING I SPEND A

1352
00:42:44,377 --> 00:42:45,912
LOT OF TIME DOING, BECAUSE IT

1353
00:42:45,912 --> 00:42:47,980
TURNS OUT THERE ARE ACTUALLY

1354
00:42:47,980 --> 00:42:51,818
SOME VERY EASY TO USE TOOLS WHEN

1355
00:42:51,818 --> 00:42:53,152
YOU'RE CONVERSING WITH SOMEONE

1356
00:42:53,152 --> 00:42:54,453
THAT YOU CAN USE TO HELP

1357
00:42:54,453 --> 00:42:56,556
OVERRIGHT ANY UNCONSCIOUS BIASES

1358
00:42:56,556 --> 00:42:58,424
THAT YOU MAY NOT EVEN KNOW ARE

1359
00:42:58,424 --> 00:42:59,091
THERE.

1360
00:42:59,091 --> 00:43:01,394
WE WENT INTO AN IMPLICIT BIAS

1361
00:43:01,394 --> 00:43:04,997
MITIGATION WORKSHOP, AND

1362
00:43:04,997 --> 00:43:06,132
PARTIALLY WE THINK AS A RESULT,

1363
00:43:06,132 --> 00:43:07,667
THE NEXT CLASS THAT WE ADMITTED

1364
00:43:07,667 --> 00:43:09,468
WAS THE MOST DIVERSE CLASS IN

1365
00:43:09,468 --> 00:43:11,470
THE HISTORY OF THE OHIO STATE

1366
00:43:11,470 --> 00:43:12,104
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE.

1367
00:43:12,104 --> 00:43:14,507
SO WE IMMEDIATELY MADE ANNUAL

1368
00:43:14,507 --> 00:43:15,708
IMPLICIT BIAS MITIGATION

1369
00:43:15,708 --> 00:43:18,110
TRAINING A REQUIREMENT FOR BEING

1370
00:43:18,110 --> 00:43:19,679
ON THE ADMISSIONS COMMITTEE.

1371
00:43:19,679 --> 00:43:20,980
I'VE BEEN ALL OVER THE COUNTRY

1372
00:43:20,980 --> 00:43:22,648
FROM EAST COAST TO WEST COAST,

1373
00:43:22,648 --> 00:43:24,984
TRAINING ADMISSIONS COMMITTEES,

1374
00:43:24,984 --> 00:43:26,385
TRAINING PHYSICIANS, TRAINING

1375
00:43:26,385 --> 00:43:30,923
SCIENTISTS, AND SOM, IN SOME OFE

1376
00:43:30,923 --> 00:43:33,759
WAYS TO OVERRIDE, OVERCOME OUR

1377
00:43:33,759 --> 00:43:34,760
UNCONSCIOUS BIASES THAT ARE

1378
00:43:34,760 --> 00:43:35,928
REALLY BEYOND OUR CONSCIOUS

1379
00:43:35,928 --> 00:43:37,430
CONTROL BUT THERE ARE SOME

1380
00:43:37,430 --> 00:43:38,197
THINGS WE CAN DO.

1381
00:43:38,197 --> 00:43:39,999
SO WE'VE GOT TO GET THE BIAS OUT

1382
00:43:39,999 --> 00:43:41,267
OF THE SELECTION PROCESS.

1383
00:43:41,267 --> 00:43:42,468
NUMBER FOUR, WHAT IF YOU

1384
00:43:42,468 --> 00:43:44,103
ELEVATED HEALTH EQUITY

1385
00:43:44,103 --> 00:43:45,638
COMPETENCY TO A TOP

1386
00:43:45,638 --> 00:43:46,138
CONSIDERATION?

1387
00:43:46,138 --> 00:43:47,440
WELL, THAT'S WHAT WE DID WHEN I

1388
00:43:47,440 --> 00:43:49,909
WAS AT OHIO STATE AND I WAS FOR

1389
00:43:49,909 --> 00:43:52,178
A SHORT TIME THE FELLOWSHIP

1390
00:43:52,178 --> 00:43:53,145
PROGRAM DIRECTOR OF THE

1391
00:43:53,145 --> 00:43:55,248
INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY

1392
00:43:55,248 --> 00:43:55,581
FELLOWSHIP.

1393
00:43:55,581 --> 00:43:57,984
IN THIS EDITORIAL PIECE THAT WE

1394
00:43:57,984 --> 00:43:58,751
CALL BLACK LIVES MATTER IN THE

1395
00:43:58,751 --> 00:44:00,186
CATH LAB TOO, WE TALKED ABOUT

1396
00:44:00,186 --> 00:44:03,155
WHAT WE DID AT OHIO STATE

1397
00:44:03,155 --> 00:44:03,456
UNIVERSITY.

1398
00:44:03,456 --> 00:44:06,025
WE HAD A POINT SCORE SYSTEM TO

1399
00:44:06,025 --> 00:44:08,761
SELECT FELLOWS.

1400
00:44:08,761 --> 00:44:11,731
YOU RECEIVED POINTS FOR EACH ONE

1401
00:44:11,731 --> 00:44:14,667
OF THESE:  CLINICAL SKILLS,

1402
00:44:14,667 --> 00:44:15,902
COLLEGIALITY, ACADEMIC

1403
00:44:15,902 --> 00:44:18,070
CURIOSITY, LEADERSHIP POTENTIAL,

1404
00:44:18,070 --> 00:44:19,305
AND LIKELIHOOD OF PROMOTING

1405
00:44:19,305 --> 00:44:20,740
HEALTH EQUITY IN THE FIELD.

1406
00:44:20,740 --> 00:44:22,408
THAT'S REALLY IMPORTANT IN

1407
00:44:22,408 --> 00:44:22,942
INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY

1408
00:44:22,942 --> 00:44:24,377
BECAUSE SOME OF THE NEW

1409
00:44:24,377 --> 00:44:26,579
ADVANCES, THE NEW MEDICATED

1410
00:44:26,579 --> 00:44:29,682
STEPTS, MEDICATED BALLOONS,

1411
00:44:29,682 --> 00:44:31,751
TAVERS, BEING ABLE TO REPAIR AN

1412
00:44:31,751 --> 00:44:33,119
AORTIC VALVE WITHOUT OPEN HEART

1413
00:44:33,119 --> 00:44:34,320
SURGERY BUT DOING IT THROUGH A

1414
00:44:34,320 --> 00:44:35,421
PUNCTURE IN THE GROIN AND THESE

1415
00:44:35,421 --> 00:44:36,722
DAYS SOME PEOPLE ARE GOING HOME

1416
00:44:36,722 --> 00:44:39,191
THE NEXT DAY, FIXING MITRAL

1417
00:44:39,191 --> 00:44:39,592
VALVES.

1418
00:44:39,592 --> 00:44:42,762
WE KNOW THAT THE DATA SHOWS THAT

1419
00:44:42,762 --> 00:44:45,331
THOSE ARE VERY UNDERUTILIZED IN

1420
00:44:45,331 --> 00:44:46,098
MINORITY COMMUNITIES.

1421
00:44:46,098 --> 00:44:48,067
AND SO IF IN OUR FELLOWSHIP WE

1422
00:44:48,067 --> 00:44:50,569
REASONED ALL WE DID WAS IN THAT

1423
00:44:50,569 --> 00:44:52,571
YEAR WAS SHOW FELLOWS HOW TO DO

1424
00:44:52,571 --> 00:44:54,340
THE PROCEDURES, HOW TO BECOME AN

1425
00:44:54,340 --> 00:44:56,575
EXPERT AT PUNCTURING THE ARTERY,

1426
00:44:56,575 --> 00:44:59,312
ADVANCING A WIRE DOWN THE LAD,

1427
00:44:59,312 --> 00:45:01,047
OPENING THE LAD, IF THAT'S ALL

1428
00:45:01,047 --> 00:45:02,615
WE SHOWED THEM, THEN THEY WERE

1429
00:45:02,615 --> 00:45:04,150
GOING TO GRADUATE AND PROBABLY

1430
00:45:04,150 --> 00:45:05,451
GO OUT THERE AND CONTINUE TO ADD

1431
00:45:05,451 --> 00:45:07,086
TO THIS DISPARITY.

1432
00:45:07,086 --> 00:45:09,455
SO WHAT IF WE TRY TO SELECT

1433
00:45:09,455 --> 00:45:11,190
PEOPLE WHO HAVE THINGS ON THE

1434
00:45:11,190 --> 00:45:15,261
BALL, THOSE THESE OTHER THINGS

1435
00:45:15,261 --> 00:45:16,729
BUT ALSO SHOWN A PROPENSITY TO

1436
00:45:16,729 --> 00:45:18,130
BE AN ADVOCATE FOR HEALTH

1437
00:45:18,130 --> 00:45:18,464
EQUITY?

1438
00:45:18,464 --> 00:45:19,532
LET'S GIVE IT A TRY.

1439
00:45:19,532 --> 00:45:21,033
NOW HOW DO YOU SCREEN FOR THAT?

1440
00:45:21,033 --> 00:45:22,868
WELL, SOME OF IT IS YOU JUST ASK

1441
00:45:22,868 --> 00:45:23,436
THE QUESTION.

1442
00:45:23,436 --> 00:45:24,804
SO THIS ACTUALLY COMES FROM THAT

1443
00:45:24,804 --> 00:45:29,108
PAPER, NUMBER ONE, WHAT WE DO IS

1444
00:45:29,108 --> 00:45:30,743
WE GIVE A SCORE FOR COMMUNITY

1445
00:45:30,743 --> 00:45:31,177
OUTREACH.

1446
00:45:31,177 --> 00:45:32,845
HAVE THEY PARTICIPATED IN

1447
00:45:32,845 --> 00:45:34,180
COMMUNITY OUTREACH SINCE MEDICAL

1448
00:45:34,180 --> 00:45:35,915
SCHOOL, AND WE QUANTIFY IT.

1449
00:45:35,915 --> 00:45:39,552
HAVE THEY BEEN IMMERSED IN A

1450
00:45:39,552 --> 00:45:40,453
CULTURE OTHER THAN THEIR OWN?

1451
00:45:40,453 --> 00:45:41,654
AND WE QUANTIFY THAT.

1452
00:45:41,654 --> 00:45:43,289
HAVE THEY TRAINED AT A HOSPITAL

1453
00:45:43,289 --> 00:45:45,591
THAT SERVES UNDERSERVED OR

1454
00:45:45,591 --> 00:45:46,625
DISADVANTAGED POPULATIONS, AND

1455
00:45:46,625 --> 00:45:47,727
WE QUANTIFY THAT.

1456
00:45:47,727 --> 00:45:49,495
DO THEY HAVE EXPERIENCE WORKING

1457
00:45:49,495 --> 00:45:51,597
ON OR INVESTIGATING PROBLEMS OF

1458
00:45:51,597 --> 00:45:52,365
DISPARITIES, WE QUANTIFY THAT,

1459
00:45:52,365 --> 00:45:54,333
THEN WE SEE HOW THEY DO ON A

1460
00:45:54,333 --> 00:45:55,534
QUESTION RELATED TO THEIR

1461
00:45:55,534 --> 00:45:56,569
UNDERSTANDING OF HEALTHCARE

1462
00:45:56,569 --> 00:46:00,172
DISPARITIES.

1463
00:46:00,172 --> 00:46:01,507
AND WHAT I'D LIKE TO SAY, IT WAS

1464
00:46:01,507 --> 00:46:02,742
A VERY COMPETITIVE FELLOWSHIP,

1465
00:46:02,742 --> 00:46:04,276
AND I CAN PROUDLY SAY THIS, IF

1466
00:46:04,276 --> 00:46:07,179
YOU DID VERY WELL ON THESE FIRST

1467
00:46:07,179 --> 00:46:08,647
FOUR THINGS BUT YOU COMPLETELY

1468
00:46:08,647 --> 00:46:10,416
BOMBED NUMBER FIVE, YOU WEREN'T

1469
00:46:10,416 --> 00:46:11,984
GETTING INTO OHIO STATE'S

1470
00:46:11,984 --> 00:46:12,718
CARDIOLOGY FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM.

1471
00:46:12,718 --> 00:46:15,287
I ALSO WANT TO POINT OUT TO YOU

1472
00:46:15,287 --> 00:46:16,288
THAT NOTHING ABOUT THOSE

1473
00:46:16,288 --> 00:46:18,124
QUESTIONS I JUST SHOWED YOU HAD

1474
00:46:18,124 --> 00:46:19,258
ANYTHING TO DO WITH YOUR RACE.

1475
00:46:19,258 --> 00:46:20,026
THE RACE OF THE PERSON.

1476
00:46:20,026 --> 00:46:21,594
SO YOU COULD BE -- YOU COULD

1477
00:46:21,594 --> 00:46:23,262
HAVE THE WHITEST SKIN AND THE

1478
00:46:23,262 --> 00:46:24,730
BLONDEST HAIR AND THE BLUEST

1479
00:46:24,730 --> 00:46:26,766
EYE, BUT STILL BE SOMEONE WHO

1480
00:46:26,766 --> 00:46:28,401
SCORED VERY HIGH ON ALL OF THOSE

1481
00:46:28,401 --> 00:46:29,068
THINGS.

1482
00:46:29,068 --> 00:46:30,369
AND SO WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE IF

1483
00:46:30,369 --> 00:46:34,340
YOU MAKE THIS A PART OF YOUR

1484
00:46:34,340 --> 00:46:34,874
DECISION-MAKING PROCESS?

1485
00:46:34,874 --> 00:46:38,744
HERE'S WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE.

1486
00:46:38,744 --> 00:46:41,347
EIGHT YEARS IN A ROW WE HAD

1487
00:46:41,347 --> 00:46:42,815
EIGHT INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY

1488
00:46:42,815 --> 00:46:43,883
FELLOWS, AT LEAST ONE OF THOSE

1489
00:46:43,883 --> 00:46:45,084
THREE CAME FROM A BACKGROUND

1490
00:46:45,084 --> 00:46:46,352
THAT WAS UNDERREPRESENTED IN

1491
00:46:46,352 --> 00:46:46,619
MEDICINE.

1492
00:46:46,619 --> 00:46:48,220
BECAUSE WE HAD SELECTED THEM

1493
00:46:48,220 --> 00:46:49,422
THUSLY, WE WERE CONFIDENT THAT

1494
00:46:49,422 --> 00:46:51,223
THEY GO OUT INTO THE COMMUNITY

1495
00:46:51,223 --> 00:46:54,827
OR OUT INTO ACADEMIA BUT IT IS

1496
00:46:54,827 --> 00:46:56,362
IN THEIR HEART, IT'S IN THEIR

1497
00:46:56,362 --> 00:46:59,365
DNA TO DO SOMETHING TO PROMOTE

1498
00:46:59,365 --> 00:47:00,866
HEALTH EQUITY.

1499
00:47:00,866 --> 00:47:02,535
FINALLY, WE'VE GOT TO BE AN

1500
00:47:02,535 --> 00:47:02,968
ACTIVIST.

1501
00:47:02,968 --> 00:47:03,936
THEY'RE WATCHING US.

1502
00:47:03,936 --> 00:47:05,204
OUR STUDENTS ARE WATCHING US,

1503
00:47:05,204 --> 00:47:07,373
OUR RESIDENTS ARE WATCHING US,

1504
00:47:07,373 --> 00:47:09,508
OUR FELLOWS ARE WATCHING US, SO

1505
00:47:09,508 --> 00:47:12,478
MAKE A STAND, TAKE SOME ACTION

1506
00:47:12,478 --> 00:47:14,113
FOR HEALTH EQUITY BECAUSE IT

1507
00:47:14,113 --> 00:47:14,880
SAVES LIVES.

1508
00:47:14,880 --> 00:47:19,151
SO WHETHER THAT'S TAKING THE

1509
00:47:19,151 --> 00:47:20,920
KNEE TO PROTEST POLICE BRUTALITY

1510
00:47:20,920 --> 00:47:22,555
OR MARCHING IN THE STREET TO

1511
00:47:22,555 --> 00:47:24,990
HAVE RACISM DECLARED A PUBLIC

1512
00:47:24,990 --> 00:47:26,125
HEALTH ISSUE, THE REASON FOR

1513
00:47:26,125 --> 00:47:27,993
THAT IS THAT THEN THERE CAN BE

1514
00:47:27,993 --> 00:47:30,296
FUNDS FUNNELED INTO THE HEALTH

1515
00:47:30,296 --> 00:47:33,032
OUTCOMES OF RACISM, OR LIKE

1516
00:47:33,032 --> 00:47:35,267
THESE MEDICAL STUDENTS AT UT

1517
00:47:35,267 --> 00:47:36,135
SOUTHWESTERN, YOU CAN DO WHAT

1518
00:47:36,135 --> 00:47:36,669
THEY'RE DOING.

1519
00:47:36,669 --> 00:47:37,770
YOU KNOW WHAT THEY'RE DOING IN

1520
00:47:37,770 --> 00:47:40,439
THE LOBBY OF PARTHON HOSPITAL?

1521
00:47:40,439 --> 00:47:41,407
THEY'RE REGISTERING VOTERS.

1522
00:47:41,407 --> 00:47:43,309
SO CAN YOU IMAGINE GOING TO YOUR

1523
00:47:43,309 --> 00:47:44,877
DOCTOR TO GET A REA FILL ON YOUR

1524
00:47:44,877 --> 00:47:45,845
PRESCRIPTION AND WHILE YOU'RE

1525
00:47:45,845 --> 00:47:47,213
THERE, SOMEBODY SAYS OH, BY THE

1526
00:47:47,213 --> 00:47:48,814
WAY, ARE YOU REGISTERED TO VOTE?

1527
00:47:48,814 --> 00:47:50,015
PLEASE STEP RIGHT OVER HERE TO

1528
00:47:50,015 --> 00:47:51,550
THIS TABLE AND WE CAN HELP YOU

1529
00:47:51,550 --> 00:47:52,985
GET REGISTERED.

1530
00:47:52,985 --> 00:47:54,120
NOW OF COURSE WHAT WE'RE VERY

1531
00:47:54,120 --> 00:47:55,654
CAREFUL ABOUT IS WE CAN'T TELL

1532
00:47:55,654 --> 00:47:57,656
YOU WHO TO VOTE FOR, BUT WE CAN

1533
00:47:57,656 --> 00:47:59,425
GET YOU REGISTERED TO VOTE.

1534
00:47:59,425 --> 00:48:00,526
THIS IS OF COURSE BEING

1535
00:48:00,526 --> 00:48:02,361
REGISTERED TO VOTE AND VOTING IS

1536
00:48:02,361 --> 00:48:03,696
A NEW SOCIAL DETERMINANT OF

1537
00:48:03,696 --> 00:48:04,230
HEALTH.

1538
00:48:04,230 --> 00:48:06,365
SO IN CONCLUSION, DIVERSITY IN

1539
00:48:06,365 --> 00:48:08,033
MEDICINE WILL SAVE LIVES AND

1540
00:48:08,033 --> 00:48:09,635
REDUCE HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES.

1541
00:48:09,635 --> 00:48:10,903
LEGISLATION THAT RESTRICTS OUR

1542
00:48:10,903 --> 00:48:13,973
EFFORTS TO DO SO WILL ULTIMATELY

1543
00:48:13,973 --> 00:48:16,041
EXACERBATE RACIAL HEALTHCARE

1544
00:48:16,041 --> 00:48:16,609
DISPARITIES.

1545
00:48:16,609 --> 00:48:17,743
THERE ARE MANY EFFECTIVE

1546
00:48:17,743 --> 00:48:19,478
STRATEGIES TO ENHANCE DIVERSITY

1547
00:48:19,478 --> 00:48:21,247
THAT ARE NOT IMPACTED BY THE NEW

1548
00:48:21,247 --> 00:48:24,016
AND PROPOSED LEGISLATION, SO DO

1549
00:48:24,016 --> 00:48:27,219
NOT OVERCOMPLY.

1550
00:48:27,219 --> 00:48:28,521
AND JUST WANT TO SAY IN THE

1551
00:48:28,521 --> 00:48:30,689
CURRENT CLIMATE, ENHANCING

1552
00:48:30,689 --> 00:48:32,057
DIVERSITY REQUIRES COURAGE.

1553
00:48:32,057 --> 00:48:33,259
YOU HAVE THAT.

1554
00:48:33,259 --> 00:48:34,393
THAT'S ONE OF THE REASONS THAT

1555
00:48:34,393 --> 00:48:35,661
YOU INVITED ME TO COME HERE AND

1556
00:48:35,661 --> 00:48:37,463
SPEAK TO YOU AND SHARE SOME

1557
00:48:37,463 --> 00:48:38,030
THOUGHTS.

1558
00:48:38,030 --> 00:48:40,799
AND SO CONTINUE TO PURSUE

1559
00:48:40,799 --> 00:48:42,568
JUSTICE, CONTINUE TO BE

1560
00:48:42,568 --> 00:48:43,536
COURAGEOUS BECAUSE OUR PATIENTS

1561
00:48:43,536 --> 00:48:45,604
DESERVE THIS, AND I'LL END WITH

1562
00:48:45,604 --> 00:48:49,141
THIS PICTURE FROM A NIGHT ON

1563
00:48:49,141 --> 00:48:50,476
CALL WHEN I WAS AT UT

1564
00:48:50,476 --> 00:48:51,777
SOUTHWESTERN, AND WE REALLY PUT

1565
00:48:51,777 --> 00:48:53,445
A VALUE ON DIVERSITY IN

1566
00:48:53,445 --> 00:48:54,046
CARDIOLOGY.

1567
00:48:54,046 --> 00:48:55,981
AND SO THIS WAS A RANDOM

1568
00:48:55,981 --> 00:48:56,615
OCCURRENCE.

1569
00:48:56,615 --> 00:48:59,518
ONE NIGHT OF STEMI CALL AT

1570
00:48:59,518 --> 00:49:00,619
PARKLAND HOSPITAL FROM LEFT TO

1571
00:49:00,619 --> 00:49:01,987
RIGHT, YOU SEE THE

1572
00:49:01,987 --> 00:49:03,622
INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY

1573
00:49:03,622 --> 00:49:05,824
FELLOW, THE GENERAL CARDIOLOGY

1574
00:49:05,824 --> 00:49:07,126
ATTENDING, THE INTERVENTIONAL

1575
00:49:07,126 --> 00:49:08,127
CARDIOLOGY ATTENDING AND THE

1576
00:49:08,127 --> 00:49:11,564
GENERAL CARDIOLOGY FELLOW.

1577
00:49:11,564 --> 00:49:13,766
WE PUT OUT THIS TWEET AND SAID

1578
00:49:13,766 --> 00:49:14,733
TONIGHT IS A GOOD NIGHT TO HAVE

1579
00:49:14,733 --> 00:49:17,303
A HEART ATTACK IN DALLAS, TEXAS.

1580
00:49:17,303 --> 00:49:17,603
[LAUGHTER]

1581
00:49:17,603 --> 00:49:19,271
I WANT TO THANK YOU FOR INVITING

1582
00:49:19,271 --> 00:49:21,240
ME, AND I HOPE NOW YOU ARE ARMED

1583
00:49:21,240 --> 00:49:22,374
TO HAVE THIS DEBATE.

1584
00:49:22,374 --> 00:49:23,309
THANK YOU SO VERY MUCH.

1585
00:49:23,309 --> 00:49:32,151
[APPLAUSE]

1586
00:49:32,151 --> 00:49:33,686
>> I'D LIKE TO INVITE
PEOPLE IN

1587
00:49:33,686 --> 00:49:35,955
THE AUDIENCE TO COME UP TO THE

1588
00:49:35,955 --> 00:49:38,424
MICROPHONES AND ASK QUESTIONS

1589
00:49:38,424 --> 00:49:40,626
AND THEN WE ALSO HAVE THE

1590
00:49:40,626 --> 00:49:41,927
OPPORTUNITY FOR THOSE ON

1591
00:49:41,927 --> 00:49:43,495
VIDEOCAST IF THEY HAVE ANY

1592
00:49:43,495 --> 00:49:43,929
QUESTIONS.

1593
00:49:43,929 --> 00:49:46,031
SO FEEL FREE TO COME UP.

1594
00:49:46,031 --> 00:49:47,566
THAT WAS AN EXCELLENT TALK, VERY

1595
00:49:47,566 --> 00:49:48,200
THOUGHTFUL TALK.

1596
00:49:48,200 --> 00:49:49,335
I'M SURE THERE'S SOME DISCUSSION

1597
00:49:49,335 --> 00:49:53,105
TO BE HAD.

1598
00:49:53,105 --> 00:49:54,340
>> THANK YOU FOR THE
EXCELLENT

1599
00:49:54,340 --> 00:49:54,673
PRESENTATION.

1600
00:49:54,673 --> 00:49:55,007
>> THANK YOU.

1601
00:49:55,007 --> 00:49:56,609
>> PROBABLY WOULD BE
ACCUSED OF

1602
00:49:56,609 --> 00:49:58,277
SOMEONE WHO SAYS I WANT TO

1603
00:49:58,277 --> 00:49:59,245
MINIMALLY COMPLY, AND SO I

1604
00:49:59,245 --> 00:50:00,412
WONDER WITH ALL THE DATA THAT

1605
00:50:00,412 --> 00:50:03,682
YOU'VE SHOWN, COULD YOU SIMPLY

1606
00:50:03,682 --> 00:50:05,050
REBRAND, AS OPTIMIZING

1607
00:50:05,050 --> 00:50:06,418
HEALTHCARE OUTCOMES, AND TEACH

1608
00:50:06,418 --> 00:50:07,720
EVERY SINGLE LECTURE THAT YOU

1609
00:50:07,720 --> 00:50:10,089
WOULD HAVE UNDER THE BANNER OF

1610
00:50:10,089 --> 00:50:11,624
DEI, EVEN IN THE STATE OF TEXAS

1611
00:50:11,624 --> 00:50:14,059
SINCE YOU'RE NOT TEACHING DEI

1612
00:50:14,059 --> 00:50:15,027
LECTURES ANYMORE, YOU'RE TELLING

1613
00:50:15,027 --> 00:50:16,862
PEOPLE HOW TO OPTIMIZE OUTCOMES?

1614
00:50:16,862 --> 00:50:17,796
>> SO I REALLY LIKE THAT

1615
00:50:17,796 --> 00:50:18,264
QUESTION.

1616
00:50:18,264 --> 00:50:20,032
IT'S A VERY INTELLIGENT

1617
00:50:20,032 --> 00:50:20,466
QUESTION.

1618
00:50:20,466 --> 00:50:23,002
AND THAT CAN BE SOME GOOD ADVICE

1619
00:50:23,002 --> 00:50:29,041
FOR US IN THAT.

1620
00:50:29,041 --> 00:50:30,609
UNFORTUNATELY, AT SOME OF THE

1621
00:50:30,609 --> 00:50:32,478
STATE MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN TEXAS,

1622
00:50:32,478 --> 00:50:33,545
THE WAY THEY INTERPRETED SOME OF

1623
00:50:33,545 --> 00:50:35,047
THE ASPECTS OF THIS LAW WAS THAT

1624
00:50:35,047 --> 00:50:36,982
YOU SHOULDN'T TALK ABOUT EVEN

1625
00:50:36,982 --> 00:50:37,316
RACISM.

1626
00:50:37,316 --> 00:50:39,184
AND THE IMPACT OF RACISM ON

1627
00:50:39,184 --> 00:50:39,618
HEALTH.

1628
00:50:39,618 --> 00:50:41,587
THAT THAT'S -- SHHH, DON'T TALK

1629
00:50:41,587 --> 00:50:42,021
ABOUT THAT.

1630
00:50:42,021 --> 00:50:43,389
WHICH IS VERY UNFORTUNATE.

1631
00:50:43,389 --> 00:50:46,792
AND IT'S A LITTLE BIT ODD THAT

1632
00:50:46,792 --> 00:50:51,463
AT SOME OF THESE TEXAS MEDICAL

1633
00:50:51,463 --> 00:50:52,564
SCHOOLS, IF YOU'RE ON THE

1634
00:50:52,564 --> 00:50:53,432
FACULTY, IF YOU WORK THERE, YOU

1635
00:50:53,432 --> 00:50:55,434
CAN'T DO IT, BUT IF THEY INVITE

1636
00:50:55,434 --> 00:50:57,102
AN OUTSIDE SPEAKER TO COME IN,

1637
00:50:57,102 --> 00:50:58,304
THAT OUTSIDE SPEAKER CAN TALK

1638
00:50:58,304 --> 00:50:59,672
ABOUT BUT YOU AS AN EMPLOYEE OF

1639
00:50:59,672 --> 00:51:00,973
THE STATE AND IF YOU WORK AT ONE

1640
00:51:00,973 --> 00:51:02,541
OF THESE STATE MEDICAL SCHOOLS,

1641
00:51:02,541 --> 00:51:04,276
YOU'RE A STATE EMPLOYEE, IT'S

1642
00:51:04,276 --> 00:51:05,210
NOW AGAINST THE LAW FOR YOU TO

1643
00:51:05,210 --> 00:51:05,644
TALK ABOUT THAT.

1644
00:51:05,644 --> 00:51:07,179
SO WE HAVE TO BE -- AND I THINK

1645
00:51:07,179 --> 00:51:09,515
WHAT YOU'RE SUGGESTING IS, BE

1646
00:51:09,515 --> 00:51:10,382
CREATIVE.

1647
00:51:10,382 --> 00:51:20,492
BE CREATIVE IN HOW YOU DO THIS.

1648
00:51:20,492 --> 00:51:21,327
>> HI.

1649
00:51:21,327 --> 00:51:23,395
THANKS FOR THE GREAT TALK.

1650
00:51:23,395 --> 00:51:23,729
>> THANK YOU.

1651
00:51:23,729 --> 00:51:25,597
>> IT'S VERY INSPIRING.

1652
00:51:25,597 --> 00:51:29,435
I HAVE A QUESTION FROM A

1653
00:51:29,435 --> 00:51:30,836
PERSONAL EXPERIENCE.

1654
00:51:30,836 --> 00:51:32,037
AT ONE POINT BACK IN THE DARK

1655
00:51:32,037 --> 00:51:33,806
AGES OF MY LIFE, I WAS AT THE

1656
00:51:33,806 --> 00:51:35,507
NEW JERSEY MEDICAL SCHOOL, AND

1657
00:51:35,507 --> 00:51:37,543
WE TOOK CARE OF PATIENTS AT

1658
00:51:37,543 --> 00:51:38,744
UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL, WHICH WAS

1659
00:51:38,744 --> 00:51:41,914
THE ONLY HOSPITAL IN NEW JERSEY

1660
00:51:41,914 --> 00:51:44,883
THAT REALLY TOOK CARE OF THE

1661
00:51:44,883 --> 00:51:45,751
POOR SPECIFICALLY.

1662
00:51:45,751 --> 00:51:47,886
AND I WAS DOING CLINICAL

1663
00:51:47,886 --> 00:51:49,521
RESEARCH, AND LEARNED THAT I WAS

1664
00:51:49,521 --> 00:51:52,257
QUITE IGNORANT ABOUT THE

1665
00:51:52,257 --> 00:51:55,694
TUSKEGEE EXPERIMENT, WHICH WAS

1666
00:51:55,694 --> 00:51:58,630
SURPRISINGLY TO ME CARRIED FORTH

1667
00:51:58,630 --> 00:52:01,700
IN GENERATION AFTER GENERATION

1668
00:52:01,700 --> 00:52:04,770
OF AFRICAN-AMERICANS IN NEWARK.

1669
00:52:04,770 --> 00:52:07,005
AND EVEN THOUGH WE MAY NOT WANT

1670
00:52:07,005 --> 00:52:09,308
TO SYSTEMATICALLY EDUCATE

1671
00:52:09,308 --> 00:52:10,409
ACCORDING TO SOME OF OUR

1672
00:52:10,409 --> 00:52:14,113
POLITICIANS NOW, DO YOU THINK

1673
00:52:14,113 --> 00:52:18,684
THAT EDUCATING MEDICAL STUDENTS

1674
00:52:18,684 --> 00:52:21,220
ABOUT DISASTERS LIKE THAT WOULD

1675
00:52:21,220 --> 00:52:23,288
BE HELPFUL AND SORT OF WAKE

1676
00:52:23,288 --> 00:52:24,456
PEOPLE UP A BIT?

1677
00:52:24,456 --> 00:52:26,191
>> YES, THANK YOU VERY
MUCH FOR

1678
00:52:26,191 --> 00:52:28,694
THAT QUESTION.

1679
00:52:28,694 --> 00:52:29,027
ABSOLUTELY.

1680
00:52:29,027 --> 00:52:30,129
I THINK PHYSICIANS NEED TO KNOW

1681
00:52:30,129 --> 00:52:33,332
ABOUT SOME OF THESE HISTORICAL

1682
00:52:33,332 --> 00:52:34,099
ATROCITIES AND THE FACT THAT

1683
00:52:34,099 --> 00:52:36,635
THEY DO HAVE A LINGERING EFFECT,

1684
00:52:36,635 --> 00:52:38,370
AND I PERSONALLY HAVE -- YOU

1685
00:52:38,370 --> 00:52:39,538
KNOW, FOR MORE THAN A DECADE

1686
00:52:39,538 --> 00:52:41,840
NOW, GIVEN A LECTURE ON RACIAL

1687
00:52:41,840 --> 00:52:42,808
HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES IN

1688
00:52:42,808 --> 00:52:43,976
MEDICAL SCHOOL AND WE TALK ABOUT

1689
00:52:43,976 --> 00:52:46,145
THE TUSKEGEE EXPERIMENT.

1690
00:52:46,145 --> 00:52:48,680
IF YOU'VE HEARD OF IT BUT YOU

1691
00:52:48,680 --> 00:52:49,948
DON'T KNOW THE DETAILS, YOU

1692
00:52:49,948 --> 00:52:50,916
REALLY SHOULD READ ABOUT IT, BUT

1693
00:52:50,916 --> 00:52:52,117
HERE'S THE 15-SECOND PRIMER.

1694
00:52:52,117 --> 00:52:55,621
IT WAS A 40-YEAR STUDY FUNDED BY

1695
00:52:55,621 --> 00:52:58,190
THE U.S. GOVERNMENT WHERE ABOUT

1696
00:52:58,190 --> 00:53:01,460
400 MEN IN ALABAMA WHO HAD

1697
00:53:01,460 --> 00:53:03,028
SYPHILIS WERE ENTERED INTO A

1698
00:53:03,028 --> 00:53:04,396
STUDY, THE PURPOSE OF WHICH WAS

1699
00:53:04,396 --> 00:53:06,799
TO SEE WHAT IS THE LONG-TERM

1700
00:53:06,799 --> 00:53:08,567
CONSEQUENCE OF NOT TREATING THAT

1701
00:53:08,567 --> 00:53:09,668
SYPHILIS, LIKE IF WE JUST

1702
00:53:09,668 --> 00:53:11,470
WATCHED THESE PEOPLE YEAR AFTER

1703
00:53:11,470 --> 00:53:12,971
YEAR, WHAT RAVAGES WILL HAPPEN

1704
00:53:12,971 --> 00:53:14,306
TO THEM.

1705
00:53:14,306 --> 00:53:16,375
AND THEY WERE LIED TO.

1706
00:53:16,375 --> 00:53:18,177
SO THESE WERE MEN WITH VERY

1707
00:53:18,177 --> 00:53:19,411
LITTLE FORMAL EDUCATION SO THEY

1708
00:53:19,411 --> 00:53:20,479
WERE BEING TOLD THAT THEY WERE

1709
00:53:20,479 --> 00:53:21,246
BEING TREATED.

1710
00:53:21,246 --> 00:53:22,948
AND WHAT THEY WERE BEING GIVEN

1711
00:53:22,948 --> 00:53:24,583
WAS COCA-COLA, AND THEY WERE

1712
00:53:24,583 --> 00:53:26,018
TOLD THAT THE SPINAL TAPS THAT

1713
00:53:26,018 --> 00:53:27,453
THEY HAD EVERY YEAR WAS ACTUALLY

1714
00:53:27,453 --> 00:53:28,487
A TREATMENT.

1715
00:53:28,487 --> 00:53:30,456
WHAT WE FOUND OUT FROM THE

1716
00:53:30,456 --> 00:53:31,990
TUSKEGEE STUDY IS THAT UNTREATED

1717
00:53:31,990 --> 00:53:34,560
SYPHILIS LEADS TO AORTIC

1718
00:53:34,560 --> 00:53:35,894
ANEURYSMS AND DEMENTIA AMONGST

1719
00:53:35,894 --> 00:53:38,263
OTHER THINGS.

1720
00:53:38,263 --> 00:53:39,832
SO THAT'S YOUR 15-SECOND PRIMER

1721
00:53:39,832 --> 00:53:41,600
ON THE TUSKEGEE EXPERIMENT.

1722
00:53:41,600 --> 00:53:42,734
ABSOLUTELY, I THINK MEDICAL

1723
00:53:42,734 --> 00:53:43,902
STUDENTS, NURSING STUDENTS,

1724
00:53:43,902 --> 00:53:45,037
PHARMACY STUDENTS NEED TO KNOW

1725
00:53:45,037 --> 00:53:47,372
THAT AND OTHER SUCH HISTORICAL

1726
00:53:47,372 --> 00:53:55,714
ATROCITIES.

1727
00:53:55,714 --> 00:53:57,449
>> THANK YOU, DR. CAPERS,
FOR

1728
00:53:57,449 --> 00:54:00,052
YOUR INCREDIBLE TALK.

1729
00:54:00,052 --> 00:54:01,553
I REALLY APPRECIATED THE

1730
00:54:01,553 --> 00:54:02,554
SPECIFICITY AND THE BREADTH OF

1731
00:54:02,554 --> 00:54:03,489
WHAT YOU PRESENTED.

1732
00:54:03,489 --> 00:54:05,357
>> THANK YOU.

1733
00:54:05,357 --> 00:54:08,527
>> I'M JUST CURIOUS ABOUT
YOU'RE

1734
00:54:08,527 --> 00:54:09,061
NEWLY AT HOWARD.

1735
00:54:09,061 --> 00:54:09,461
>> YES.

1736
00:54:09,461 --> 00:54:12,965
>> AND WE KNOW HOWARD TO
BE AN

1737
00:54:12,965 --> 00:54:15,367
INCREDIBLE HISTORICALLY BLACK --

1738
00:54:15,367 --> 00:54:17,970
PART OF THE HBCU GROUP KIND OF A

1739
00:54:17,970 --> 00:54:21,507
LEADER IN THAT ACADEMIC

1740
00:54:21,507 --> 00:54:22,641
INSTITUTIONS, AND I'M WONDERING

1741
00:54:22,641 --> 00:54:24,042
WHAT DREW YOU TO COMING TO

1742
00:54:24,042 --> 00:54:24,510
HOWARD.

1743
00:54:24,510 --> 00:54:27,212
I KNOW YOU WENT TO COLLEGE AT

1744
00:54:27,212 --> 00:54:28,814
HOWARD, AND SO GOING FROM SOME

1745
00:54:28,814 --> 00:54:31,450
OF THESE MORE MAJORITY WHITE

1746
00:54:31,450 --> 00:54:33,519
INSTITUTIONS TO ONE LIKE HOWARD,

1747
00:54:33,519 --> 00:54:35,420
WHAT IS YOUR VISION, WHAT IS

1748
00:54:35,420 --> 00:54:37,523
YOUR REASON FOR COMING -- GOING

1749
00:54:37,523 --> 00:54:38,957
THERE AND HOW DO YOU THINK THAT

1750
00:54:38,957 --> 00:54:40,993
CAN HELP YOUR PLATFORM, WHICH IS

1751
00:54:40,993 --> 00:54:42,227
INCREDIBLY IMPORTANT?

1752
00:54:42,227 --> 00:54:43,862
>> WELL, THANK YOU VERY
MUCH FOR

1753
00:54:43,862 --> 00:54:46,164
YOUR KIND COMMENTS.

1754
00:54:46,164 --> 00:54:48,233
SO THE MOVE BACK TO HOWARD WAS

1755
00:54:48,233 --> 00:54:49,334
FOR BOTH PERSONAL AND

1756
00:54:49,334 --> 00:54:50,702
PROFESSIONAL REASONS, NUMBER

1757
00:54:50,702 --> 00:54:52,237
ONE, BECAUSE I STARTED OFF THERE

1758
00:54:52,237 --> 00:54:53,639
IN COLLEGE, IT REALLY FEELS LIKE

1759
00:54:53,639 --> 00:54:55,073
A WONDERFUL FULL CIRCLE MOMENT

1760
00:54:55,073 --> 00:54:57,776
IN MY CAREER.

1761
00:54:57,776 --> 00:55:00,312
BUT I PREVIOUSLY WAS AT UT

1762
00:55:00,312 --> 00:55:02,047
SOUTHWESTERN, THAT WAS MY MOST

1763
00:55:02,047 --> 00:55:03,582
PREVIOUS STOP, AND I CAN TELL

1764
00:55:03,582 --> 00:55:07,252
YOU WHAT HAPPENED THERE, I LOVE

1765
00:55:07,252 --> 00:55:08,120
THAT INSTITUTION AND I LOVE

1766
00:55:08,120 --> 00:55:09,154
THOSE PEOPLE THERE AND I DON'T

1767
00:55:09,154 --> 00:55:10,589
WANT TO -- I WANT TO MAKE IT

1768
00:55:10,589 --> 00:55:11,924
CLEAR, MY PROBLEM WAS NOT WITH

1769
00:55:11,924 --> 00:55:12,457
UT SOUTHWESTERN.

1770
00:55:12,457 --> 00:55:15,794
THEY WERE JUST OBEYING THE LAW.

1771
00:55:15,794 --> 00:55:19,531
THIS LAW HAD BEEN PASSED.

1772
00:55:19,531 --> 00:55:21,166
BUT KIND OF A FINAL STRAW FOR ME

1773
00:55:21,166 --> 00:55:22,634
WAS WHEN I WAS PREPARING A

1774
00:55:22,634 --> 00:55:27,673
WORKSHOP ON IMPLICIT BIAS, AND

1775
00:55:27,673 --> 00:55:28,674
SOME SENIOR LEADERSHIP SAID

1776
00:55:28,674 --> 00:55:31,243
WELL, YOU CAN TALK ABOUT

1777
00:55:31,243 --> 00:55:35,113
IMPLICIT WEIGHT BUY A WHICH IS A

1778
00:55:35,113 --> 00:55:36,481
THING BECAUSE PEOPLE WHO ARE

1779
00:55:36,481 --> 00:55:37,783
OBESE DO SUFFER FROM BIASES AND

1780
00:55:37,783 --> 00:55:39,351
CAN YOU TALK ABOUT IMPLICIT BIAS

1781
00:55:39,351 --> 00:55:40,252
AGAINST PEOPLE WITH

1782
00:55:40,252 --> 00:55:41,286
DISABILITIES, WHICH IS A THING,

1783
00:55:41,286 --> 00:55:43,689
BUT NOT RACE BIAS.

1784
00:55:43,689 --> 00:55:44,990
YOU CAN'T TALK ABOUT RACE BIAS

1785
00:55:44,990 --> 00:55:46,825
IN YOUR WORKSHOP.

1786
00:55:46,825 --> 00:55:49,027
AND THAT MADE ME PULL OUT THE CV

1787
00:55:49,027 --> 00:55:52,764
AND START JOB HUNTING.

1788
00:55:52,764 --> 00:55:54,132
AND SO BEING BACK AT HOWARD

1789
00:55:54,132 --> 00:55:55,701
REALLY ALLOWS ME THE ABILITY TO

1790
00:55:55,701 --> 00:55:58,070
DO WHAT I'VE DONE AT ALL OF MY

1791
00:55:58,070 --> 00:56:00,872
STOPS, WHICH IS TEACH, PRACTICE,

1792
00:56:00,872 --> 00:56:05,143
SUPPORT RESEARCHERS, DO MY OWN

1793
00:56:05,143 --> 00:56:06,979
RESEARCH, BUT DO IT IN A PLACE

1794
00:56:06,979 --> 00:56:08,280
WHERE I'M EEN MORE AMPLIFYING

1795
00:56:08,280 --> 00:56:10,682
WHAT I LIKE TO DO, WHICH IS

1796
00:56:10,682 --> 00:56:12,317
PRODUCE MINORITY PHYSICIANS WHO

1797
00:56:12,317 --> 00:56:18,090
ARE ARMED AS TRIPLE THREATS.

1798
00:56:18,090 --> 00:56:19,825
>> DR. CAPERS, FIRST I
WANT TO

1799
00:56:19,825 --> 00:56:21,460
SAY THANK YOU FOR OFFERING THE

1800
00:56:21,460 --> 00:56:22,527
EVIDENCE AND CAUSING US TO

1801
00:56:22,527 --> 00:56:24,062
REFLECT DEEPLY IN THE NEED FOR

1802
00:56:24,062 --> 00:56:25,931
CALL FOR ACTION, SO THANK YOU

1803
00:56:25,931 --> 00:56:27,332
FOR BEING HERE WITH SHARING ALL

1804
00:56:27,332 --> 00:56:27,532
THAT.

1805
00:56:27,532 --> 00:56:27,866
>> THANK YOU.

1806
00:56:27,866 --> 00:56:29,134
>> WE DO HAVE A FEW
QUESTIONS

1807
00:56:29,134 --> 00:56:32,337
COME IN FROM VIDEOCAST VIEWERS.

1808
00:56:32,337 --> 00:56:34,039
SEVERAL THINGS ACTUALLY.

1809
00:56:34,039 --> 00:56:37,209
BUT ONE IS, THE DAY YOU

1810
00:56:37,209 --> 00:56:38,744
PRESENTED, CLEARLY CONVEYED THAT

1811
00:56:38,744 --> 00:56:40,145
DIVERSITY IS NOT SOLELY ABOUT

1812
00:56:40,145 --> 00:56:41,680
DIVERSITY IN THE WORKFORCE BUT

1813
00:56:41,680 --> 00:56:42,447
IMPROVING HEALTH OUTCOMES.

1814
00:56:42,447 --> 00:56:44,182
WHEN IT COMES FROM DIVERSITY IN

1815
00:56:44,182 --> 00:56:45,851
THE SCIENTIFIC WORKFORCE, IS

1816
00:56:45,851 --> 00:56:48,654
THERE THE DATA AND IS IT STRONG

1817
00:56:48,654 --> 00:56:49,955
THAT DIVERSITY ULTIMATELY

1818
00:56:49,955 --> 00:56:51,056
IMPROVES OUTCOMES IN TERMS OF

1819
00:56:51,056 --> 00:56:51,423
HEALTH?

1820
00:56:51,423 --> 00:56:53,392
SO THIS IS INSTEAD OF THE

1821
00:56:53,392 --> 00:56:54,192
CLINICAL WORKFORCE, WE'RE

1822
00:56:54,192 --> 00:56:55,260
TALKING ABOUT SCIENTIFIC

1823
00:56:55,260 --> 00:56:56,995
WORKFORCE AND BIOMEDICAL

1824
00:56:56,995 --> 00:56:57,462
WORKFORCE COMMUNITY.

1825
00:56:57,462 --> 00:56:58,530
>> SO THANK YOU FOR THAT

1826
00:56:58,530 --> 00:56:59,831
QUESTION, AND I DID SHOW YOU

1827
00:56:59,831 --> 00:57:02,768
SOME DATA THAT DIVERSITY IN THE

1828
00:57:02,768 --> 00:57:03,969
SCIENTIFIC WORKFORCE IMPROVES

1829
00:57:03,969 --> 00:57:05,504
THE IMPACT OF THE RESEARCH, THE

1830
00:57:05,504 --> 00:57:07,572
MORE PEOPLE ARE READING THE

1831
00:57:07,572 --> 00:57:08,173
PAPER.

1832
00:57:08,173 --> 00:57:09,608
I'VE NOT YET SEEN A PAPER THAT

1833
00:57:09,608 --> 00:57:13,011
CONNECTS THE TWO, THE RESEARCH

1834
00:57:13,011 --> 00:57:14,646
IS MORE IMPACTFUL WITH

1835
00:57:14,646 --> 00:57:15,814
ULTIMATELY IMPROVING HEALTH

1836
00:57:15,814 --> 00:57:16,381
OUTCOMES.

1837
00:57:16,381 --> 00:57:19,317
I HAVE TO IMAGINE THAT IT WOULD

1838
00:57:19,317 --> 00:57:21,186
IN THE SAME WAY THAT A DIVERSE

1839
00:57:21,186 --> 00:57:21,920
PHYSICIAN WORKFORCE WOULD.

1840
00:57:21,920 --> 00:57:23,321
BUT WE'RE WAITING ON THAT DATA.

1841
00:57:23,321 --> 00:57:24,856
AND MAYBE THE PEOPLE IN THIS

1842
00:57:24,856 --> 00:57:28,560
AUDIENCE WILL WRITE THAT PAPER.

1843
00:57:28,560 --> 00:57:29,528
>> HI.

1844
00:57:29,528 --> 00:57:30,729
THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR YOUR TALK.

1845
00:57:30,729 --> 00:57:32,130
SO I REALIZE THAT MOST OF THE

1846
00:57:32,130 --> 00:57:34,433
PEOPLE HERE ARE FURTHER ALONG IN

1847
00:57:34,433 --> 00:57:35,834
THEIR CAREERS THAN ME AND YOU'RE

1848
00:57:35,834 --> 00:57:36,702
MOSTLY TALKING TO THEM --

1849
00:57:36,702 --> 00:57:39,337
>> OH, NO, WE'RE TALKING
TO YOU

1850
00:57:39,337 --> 00:57:39,504
TOO.

1851
00:57:39,504 --> 00:57:40,939
>> I'M A MED SCHOOL
APPLICANT,

1852
00:57:40,939 --> 00:57:42,340
I'M REALLY EXCITED ABOUT

1853
00:57:42,340 --> 00:57:43,709
CARDIOLOGY, AND I WAS WONDERING

1854
00:57:43,709 --> 00:57:46,478
IF YOU HAVE ANY ADVICE FOR ME ON

1855
00:57:46,478 --> 00:57:47,779
WHAT SPECIFIC THINGS I SHOULD

1856
00:57:47,779 --> 00:57:49,648
LOOK FOR IN A MED SCHOOL AND HOW

1857
00:57:49,648 --> 00:57:51,450
DO I TELL IF THEY'RE FOR REAL

1858
00:57:51,450 --> 00:57:52,984
WHEN THEY TALK ABOUT HEALTH

1859
00:57:52,984 --> 00:57:53,952
EQUITY BECAUSE EVERYONE TALKS

1860
00:57:53,952 --> 00:57:55,620
ABOUT IT ON THEIR WEBSITE BUT

1861
00:57:55,620 --> 00:57:56,321
WHO'S FOR REAL?

1862
00:57:56,321 --> 00:57:58,090
>> WHAT A WONDERFUL
QUESTION

1863
00:57:58,090 --> 00:57:59,858
BECAUSE YOU WANT TO BE -- OH,

1864
00:57:59,858 --> 00:58:01,026
YEAH, PLEASE, WE'VE GOT TO

1865
00:58:01,026 --> 00:58:02,661
APPLAUD THAT.

1866
00:58:02,661 --> 00:58:04,296
BECAUSE YOU WANT TO BE AN

1867
00:58:04,296 --> 00:58:06,598
INFORMED CONSUMER.

1868
00:58:06,598 --> 00:58:07,599
AND YOU'RE RIGHT, MANY PEOPLE

1869
00:58:07,599 --> 00:58:10,836
WILL HAVE WEBSITES THAT REALLY

1870
00:58:10,836 --> 00:58:12,037
SOUND ATTRACTIVE REGARDING

1871
00:58:12,037 --> 00:58:14,439
HEALTH EQUITY.

1872
00:58:14,439 --> 00:58:16,508
BUT I WOULD TAKE A LOOK AT --

1873
00:58:16,508 --> 00:58:18,577
SEE IS IT BEYOND THAT, BEYOND

1874
00:58:18,577 --> 00:58:20,312
HAVING A STATEMENT, YOU ALSO BE

1875
00:58:20,312 --> 00:58:21,947
ABLE TO FIND ON THE WEBSITE SOME

1876
00:58:21,947 --> 00:58:23,548
ACTUAL PROGRAMS, LIKE WHAT ARE

1877
00:58:23,548 --> 00:58:24,116
THEY DOING?

1878
00:58:24,116 --> 00:58:26,518
ARE THEY DOING SOMETHING LIKE

1879
00:58:26,518 --> 00:58:29,588
WORK IN THE COMMUNITY TO

1880
00:58:29,588 --> 00:58:30,655
IDENTIFY PEOPLE WHO ARE AT RISK

1881
00:58:30,655 --> 00:58:31,823
FOR CERTAIN THINGS, ARE THEY

1882
00:58:31,823 --> 00:58:35,093
DOING THINGS TO HELP WITH FOOD

1883
00:58:35,093 --> 00:58:36,094
DESERTS IN THE COMMUNITY,

1884
00:58:36,094 --> 00:58:37,362
BECAUSE IF MEDICAL SCHOOLS ARE

1885
00:58:37,362 --> 00:58:38,396
DOING THAT, THEY'RE USUALLY

1886
00:58:38,396 --> 00:58:39,798
PROUD OF IT AND THEY HAVE THAT

1887
00:58:39,798 --> 00:58:42,701
ON THEIR WEBSITE AS WELL.

1888
00:58:42,701 --> 00:58:44,136
SO GO BEYOND THE STATEMENT AND

1889
00:58:44,136 --> 00:58:45,670
LOOK AND SEE ARE THERE ACTUAL

1890
00:58:45,670 --> 00:58:46,438
PROJECTS OR PROGRAMS THAT YOU

1891
00:58:46,438 --> 00:58:47,539
CAN GET INVOLVED IN.

1892
00:58:47,539 --> 00:58:48,573
>> THANK YOU.

1893
00:58:48,573 --> 00:58:49,241
>> OKAY.

1894
00:58:49,241 --> 00:58:49,574
YEP.

1895
00:58:49,574 --> 00:58:53,211
THEY'LL BE LUCKY TO HAVE YOU.

1896
00:58:53,211 --> 00:58:54,546
>> I'LL JUST MAKE ONE
COMMENT,

1897
00:58:54,546 --> 00:58:57,616
WE HAVE HERE AT THE NIH PROGRAM

1898
00:58:57,616 --> 00:58:59,050
CALLED THE MEDICAL RESEARCH

1899
00:58:59,050 --> 00:59:01,353
SCHOLARS PROGRAM, WHICH HAS --

1900
00:59:01,353 --> 00:59:02,220
>> WOO!

1901
00:59:02,220 --> 00:59:02,921
>> THANK YOU.

1902
00:59:02,921 --> 00:59:03,822
>> SHOUT OUT FOR THAT.

1903
00:59:03,822 --> 00:59:06,124
>> MEDICAL STUDENTS,
DENTAL

1904
00:59:06,124 --> 00:59:07,292
STUDENTS, VET STUDENTS LOOKING

1905
00:59:07,292 --> 00:59:09,461
TO TAKE A YEAR OFF TO DO

1906
00:59:09,461 --> 00:59:10,462
RESEARCH, RESEARCH TRAINING, WE

1907
00:59:10,462 --> 00:59:11,329
ACTUALLY HAVE SEVERAL STUDENTS

1908
00:59:11,329 --> 00:59:11,963
FROM HOWARD UNIVERSITY.

1909
00:59:11,963 --> 00:59:12,497
>> YES.

1910
00:59:12,497 --> 00:59:14,699
>> AND EVERY YEAR -- I
WILL SAY

1911
00:59:14,699 --> 00:59:15,467
THAT'S ONE OF THE PROGRAMS IN

1912
00:59:15,467 --> 00:59:16,034
OUR PORTFOLIO.

1913
00:59:16,034 --> 00:59:17,202
I MEET WITH THESE STUDENTS AND I

1914
00:59:17,202 --> 00:59:19,805
JUST WANT TO SAY, I AM VERY

1915
00:59:19,805 --> 00:59:20,806
OPTIMISTIC ABOUT OUR FUTURE

1916
00:59:20,806 --> 00:59:22,340
BECAUSE WE HAVE SO MANY STUDENTS

1917
00:59:22,340 --> 00:59:23,608
WHO ARE COMING IN REGARDLESS OF

1918
00:59:23,608 --> 00:59:26,444
THEIR OWN BACKGROUND REALIZING

1919
00:59:26,444 --> 00:59:27,445
THE INHERENT PROBLEMS WE'VE HAD

1920
00:59:27,445 --> 00:59:31,016
IN TERMS OF DIVERSITY IN

1921
00:59:31,016 --> 00:59:32,117
OUTCOMES AND THEIR FOCUS ON

1922
00:59:32,117 --> 00:59:34,419
THAT, SO I DO THINK THE FUTURE

1923
00:59:34,419 --> 00:59:36,788
IS GOOD FOR US BUT IT DOESN'T

1924
00:59:36,788 --> 00:59:40,058
MEAN TAKE THE FOOT OFF THE

1925
00:59:40,058 --> 00:59:43,295
ACCELERATOR EA EITHER.

1926
00:59:43,295 --> 00:59:45,497
HOW CAN YOU FIND DOCTORS THAT

1927
00:59:45,497 --> 00:59:46,698
SUPPORT DEI?

1928
00:59:46,698 --> 00:59:49,901
IF I WANT TO FIND A PROVIDER,

1929
00:59:49,901 --> 00:59:52,037
HOW WOULD I KNOW, HOW COULD I

1930
00:59:52,037 --> 00:59:52,237
KNOW?

1931
00:59:52,237 --> 00:59:53,572
>> THAT'S A GOOD QUESTION.

1932
00:59:53,572 --> 00:59:57,375
I WOULD START BY LOOKING AT

1933
00:59:57,375 --> 01:00:00,545
INSTITUTIONS THAT EMPLOY THE

1934
01:00:00,545 --> 01:00:01,947
PHYSICIANS, AND GENERALLY IF THE

1935
01:00:01,947 --> 01:00:04,149
INSTITUTION CARES ABOUT

1936
01:00:04,149 --> 01:00:05,851
DIVERSITY, HEALTH EQUITY AND

1937
01:00:05,851 --> 01:00:10,488
INCLUSION, THE FACULTY THAT THEY

1938
01:00:10,488 --> 01:00:12,757
EMPLOY ALSO CARE ABOUT

1939
01:00:12,757 --> 01:00:16,328
DIVERSITY, HEALTH IK W EQUITY AD

1940
01:00:16,328 --> 01:00:17,095
INCLUSION SO THAT WOULD BE A

1941
01:00:17,095 --> 01:00:17,762
GOOD PLACE TO START.

1942
01:00:17,762 --> 01:00:18,096
>> HI.

1943
01:00:18,096 --> 01:00:20,031
THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR YOUR TALK.

1944
01:00:20,031 --> 01:00:21,333
IT'S REALLY INTERESTING.

1945
01:00:21,333 --> 01:00:21,833
>> YOU'RE WELCOME.

1946
01:00:21,833 --> 01:00:23,768
>> I'M WONDERING IF YOU
HAVE ANY

1947
01:00:23,768 --> 01:00:25,503
ADVICE FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS IN

1948
01:00:25,503 --> 01:00:27,038
STATES WHERE DEI INITIATIVES ARE

1949
01:00:27,038 --> 01:00:27,472
LIMITED.

1950
01:00:27,472 --> 01:00:28,907
I'M A MEDICAL STUDENT, I GO TO

1951
01:00:28,907 --> 01:00:29,841
SCHOOL IN NEW YORK STATE AND I

1952
01:00:29,841 --> 01:00:31,243
KIND OF WANT TO KNOW IF I CAN

1953
01:00:31,243 --> 01:00:32,244
SHARE ANY OF THE RESOURCES THAT

1954
01:00:32,244 --> 01:00:33,345
I'VE HAD WITH THESE STUDENTS.

1955
01:00:33,345 --> 01:00:34,646
I HAVE FRIENDS WHO GO TO SCHOOL

1956
01:00:34,646 --> 01:00:35,847
IN THE SOUTH AND I WOULD JUST

1957
01:00:35,847 --> 01:00:37,382
LIKE WANT THEM TO HAVE THE SAME

1958
01:00:37,382 --> 01:00:39,217
OPPORTUNITIES THAT I DO.

1959
01:00:39,217 --> 01:00:40,952
>> OH, ABSOLUTELY.

1960
01:00:40,952 --> 01:00:42,254
SO -- AND THAT'S KIND OF WHAT WE

1961
01:00:42,254 --> 01:00:42,787
NEED TO DO.

1962
01:00:42,787 --> 01:00:44,756
SO WHAT ARE WE EACH DOING THAT'S

1963
01:00:44,756 --> 01:00:46,491
INNOVATIVE THAT CAN HELP OUT

1964
01:00:46,491 --> 01:00:49,227
ANOTHER INSTITUTION OR EVEN

1965
01:00:49,227 --> 01:00:49,995
OTHER INDIVIDUALS?

1966
01:00:49,995 --> 01:00:52,364
THE AAMC IS A GREAT WAY TO DO

1967
01:00:52,364 --> 01:00:55,200
THAT, IF YOU GOT SOME INNOVATIVE

1968
01:00:55,200 --> 01:00:57,068
PROGRAM PRESENTING THAT AT THE

1969
01:00:57,068 --> 01:00:59,337
AAMC OR SOME OTHER LOCAL

1970
01:00:59,337 --> 01:01:00,672
MEETING, OR OF COURSE, YOU KNOW,

1971
01:01:00,672 --> 01:01:02,140
WRITING IT UP INTO A PAPER IF

1972
01:01:02,140 --> 01:01:03,708
YOU HAVE SOMETHING THAT'S ONE OF

1973
01:01:03,708 --> 01:01:05,343
THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAYS TO SHARE

1974
01:01:05,343 --> 01:01:06,444
SOMETHING BECAUSE THEN IT'S WITH

1975
01:01:06,444 --> 01:01:10,148
US FOREVER.

1976
01:01:10,148 --> 01:01:13,184
BUT THESE DAYS, SOCIAL MEDIA,

1977
01:01:13,184 --> 01:01:14,052
PODCASTS, I'M STILL -- I THINK

1978
01:01:14,052 --> 01:01:15,887
WE'RE SUPPOSED TO CALL IT X, I

1979
01:01:15,887 --> 01:01:17,222
STILL CALL IT TWITTER.

1980
01:01:17,222 --> 01:01:18,523
I'M ACTIVE ON TWITTER AND ONE OF

1981
01:01:18,523 --> 01:01:21,126
THE REASONS THAT I'M ACTIVE ON

1982
01:01:21,126 --> 01:01:22,961
TWITTER EVEN THOUGH I'LL SAY

1983
01:01:22,961 --> 01:01:24,396
SOCIAL MEDIA CAN BE USED FOR

1984
01:01:24,396 --> 01:01:26,164
GOOD PURPOSES OR EVIL PURPOSES.

1985
01:01:26,164 --> 01:01:27,999
I USE IT FOR GOOD PURPOSES, IS

1986
01:01:27,999 --> 01:01:30,268
TO GET THE WORD OUT QUICKLY.

1987
01:01:30,268 --> 01:01:32,203
SO IF YOU HAVE SOME RESOURCES

1988
01:01:32,203 --> 01:01:35,106
THAT CAN BE HELPFUL TO

1989
01:01:35,106 --> 01:01:36,741
INSTITUTIONS THAT WANT TO TACKLE

1990
01:01:36,741 --> 01:01:38,810
THIS PROBLEM OR TO INDIVIDUALS,

1991
01:01:38,810 --> 01:01:41,179
I WOULD SAY YOU'RE PROBABLY MORE

1992
01:01:41,179 --> 01:01:43,515
SAVVY IN SOCIAL MEDIA THAN I AM.

1993
01:01:43,515 --> 01:01:45,016
I'M ONLY ON TWITTER AND A LITTLE

1994
01:01:45,016 --> 01:01:46,751
BIT ON INSTAGRAM AND I JUST

1995
01:01:46,751 --> 01:01:48,420
CAN'T FIGURE THE OTHER ONES OUT,

1996
01:01:48,420 --> 01:01:50,255
BUT SOCIAL MEDIA IS A GOOD WAY

1997
01:01:50,255 --> 01:01:51,656
TO GET THOSE IDEAS OUT.

1998
01:01:51,656 --> 01:01:54,225
>> THANK YOU.

1999
01:01:54,225 --> 01:01:55,026
>> THANK YOU FOR THAT.

2000
01:01:55,026 --> 01:01:56,261
THAT WAS GREAT.

2001
01:01:56,261 --> 01:01:57,762
MY QUESTION IS LOOKING WHEN YOU

2002
01:01:57,762 --> 01:01:59,664
WERE DISCUSSING THE CONTROL

2003
01:01:59,664 --> 01:02:01,800
AFTER DISCUSSING THE AMPUTATIONS

2004
01:02:01,800 --> 01:02:03,435
AND THAT THEY WERE HIRING

2005
01:02:03,435 --> 01:02:04,536
AFRICAN-AMERICANS AND HISPANICS,

2006
01:02:04,536 --> 01:02:06,371
AND JUST FOR THOSE WHO ARE KAUR

2007
01:02:06,371 --> 01:02:08,273
JUST ABOUT THE PRESENTATION WHEN

2008
01:02:08,273 --> 01:02:09,507
THEY CAME TO THE HOSPITAL, WHAT

2009
01:02:09,507 --> 01:02:10,742
STAGE OF DISEASE THEY WERE AT.

2010
01:02:10,742 --> 01:02:12,577
I JUST WANTED TO KNOW WHAT ROLE

2011
01:02:12,577 --> 01:02:14,145
AS FAR AS PATIENT EDUCATION

2012
01:02:14,145 --> 01:02:15,747
ABILITY TO DETECT THAT YOU'RE

2013
01:02:15,747 --> 01:02:19,150
SICK PLAYS IN THE -- BETTER IN

2014
01:02:19,150 --> 01:02:21,186
IMPROVING HEALTH OUTCOMES FOR

2015
01:02:21,186 --> 01:02:21,686
THOSE PATIENTS.

2016
01:02:21,686 --> 01:02:22,721
>> THANK YOU FOR THE
QUESTION.

2017
01:02:22,721 --> 01:02:23,922
VERY GOOD QUESTION.

2018
01:02:23,922 --> 01:02:25,123
SO I'LL CALL WHAT YOU'RE ASKING

2019
01:02:25,123 --> 01:02:27,959
ABOUT HEALTH LITERACY, SO ARE

2020
01:02:27,959 --> 01:02:29,160
PATIENTS INFORMED ABOUT THEIR

2021
01:02:29,160 --> 01:02:30,128
OPTIONS.

2022
01:02:30,128 --> 01:02:34,499
AND WE KNOW THAT THERE ARE

2023
01:02:34,499 --> 01:02:36,468
INEQUITIES IN HEALTH LITERACY

2024
01:02:36,468 --> 01:02:38,203
JUST AT BASELINE, JUST AS KIND

2025
01:02:38,203 --> 01:02:41,873
OF A RESIDUAL EFFECT OF RACISM

2026
01:02:41,873 --> 01:02:43,341
IN THIS COUNTRY, STRUCTURAL

2027
01:02:43,341 --> 01:02:44,075
RACISM.

2028
01:02:44,075 --> 01:02:45,076
BUT ALSO YOU KNOW, THERE ARE

2029
01:02:45,076 --> 01:02:49,180
SOME STUDIES THAT SHOW THAT

2030
01:02:49,180 --> 01:02:53,585
DOCTORS, SOME DOCTORS SHARE

2031
01:02:53,585 --> 01:02:54,352
INFORMATION WITH SOME GROUPS AND

2032
01:02:54,352 --> 01:02:55,220
NOT OTHER GROUPS.

2033
01:02:55,220 --> 01:02:58,256
SO IF YOU COME IN KNOWING THAT

2034
01:02:58,256 --> 01:02:59,391
LISTEN, I KNOW I'VE GOT A

2035
01:02:59,391 --> 01:03:00,592
PROBLEM, AND I'VE READ ABOUT IT,

2036
01:03:00,592 --> 01:03:01,760
SO I KNOW THERE ARE THREE

2037
01:03:01,760 --> 01:03:03,628
OPTIONS TO TREAT MY PROBLEM,

2038
01:03:03,628 --> 01:03:06,131
WHEN A DOCTOR SAYS THERE'S ONLY

2039
01:03:06,131 --> 01:03:07,132
ONE OPTION, THEN YOU ARE ARMED

2040
01:03:07,132 --> 01:03:08,099
TO SAY WAIT A MINUTE, DOCTOR,

2041
01:03:08,099 --> 01:03:09,534
WHAT ABOUT OTHER THING I READ

2042
01:03:09,534 --> 01:03:10,168
ABOUT?

2043
01:03:10,168 --> 01:03:12,670
AND PEOPLE FROM DISADVANTAGED

2044
01:03:12,670 --> 01:03:14,539
AND VULNERABLE COMMUNITIES ARE

2045
01:03:14,539 --> 01:03:15,840
LESS LIKELY TO BE ARMED WITH

2046
01:03:15,840 --> 01:03:16,841
THAT KIND OF INFORMATION.

2047
01:03:16,841 --> 01:03:18,043
SO THAT'S SOMETHING THAT WE HAVE

2048
01:03:18,043 --> 01:03:25,483
TO FIX AS WELL.

2049
01:03:25,483 --> 01:03:27,786
>> DR. CAPERS, WE NEVER
GOT TO

2050
01:03:27,786 --> 01:03:29,654
MEET, BUT I AM ACTUALLY ONE OF

2051
01:03:29,654 --> 01:03:32,390
THE MRSP FELLOWS THAT

2052
01:03:32,390 --> 01:03:33,358
DR. BERKELEY WAS TALKING ABOUT

2053
01:03:33,358 --> 01:03:34,959
AND I'M AN OHIO STATE MEDICAL

2054
01:03:34,959 --> 01:03:35,360
STUDENT, SO --

2055
01:03:35,360 --> 01:03:38,696
>> OH!

2056
01:03:38,696 --> 01:03:39,497
>> IO.

2057
01:03:39,497 --> 01:03:40,265
>> THERE YOU GO.

2058
01:03:40,265 --> 01:03:41,833
>> THANK YOU FOR ONE OF
THE BEST

2059
01:03:41,833 --> 01:03:43,568
LECTURES I HAD IN MEDICAL SCHOOL

2060
01:03:43,568 --> 01:03:45,570
ON ACS SO THANK YOU VERY MUCH

2061
01:03:45,570 --> 01:03:46,838
FOR THAT IN ADDITION TO YOUR

2062
01:03:46,838 --> 01:03:47,172
LECTURE TODAY.

2063
01:03:47,172 --> 01:03:47,505
>> THANK YOU.

2064
01:03:47,505 --> 01:03:49,707
>> SO AT OHIO STATE, WE
HAVE A

2065
01:03:49,707 --> 01:03:53,411
LOT OF FREE CLINICS, WHICH IS

2066
01:03:53,411 --> 01:03:54,279
ONE OF THE -- ONE OF THE BEST

2067
01:03:54,279 --> 01:03:55,914
OPPORTUNITIES TO HELP KIND OF

2068
01:03:55,914 --> 01:03:58,850
RECTIFY SOME OF THE DISPARITIES

2069
01:03:58,850 --> 01:04:03,221
AS A ME MEDICAL STUDENT STARTS E

2070
01:04:03,221 --> 01:04:03,388
CAN.

2071
01:04:03,388 --> 01:04:04,222
>> I AGREE.

2072
01:04:04,222 --> 01:04:05,857
>> BUT ONE OF THE KIND OF

2073
01:04:05,857 --> 01:04:08,793
CHALLENGES THAT WE FACE A LOT IS

2074
01:04:08,793 --> 01:04:10,061
NOT ONLY GETTING THE

2075
01:04:10,061 --> 01:04:11,529
FINANCIAL -- OR NOT ONLY GETTING

2076
01:04:11,529 --> 01:04:13,665
THE FINANCIAL RESOURCES BUT ALSO

2077
01:04:13,665 --> 01:04:16,000
THE PEOPLE TO HELP TREAT THE

2078
01:04:16,000 --> 01:04:18,403
VAST NEED THAT'S THERE.

2079
01:04:18,403 --> 01:04:19,938
DO YOU HAVE ANY RECOMMENDATIONS

2080
01:04:19,938 --> 01:04:22,674
FOR HOW WE CAN GET MORE PEOPLE

2081
01:04:22,674 --> 01:04:24,409
INTERESTED IN ENGAGING IN THAT

2082
01:04:24,409 --> 01:04:26,077
DIRECT CARE BUT THEN ALSO HOW WE

2083
01:04:26,077 --> 01:04:29,547
CAN GET MAYBE SOME MORE

2084
01:04:29,547 --> 01:04:30,648
RESOURCES IN ORDER TO HELP THOSE

2085
01:04:30,648 --> 01:04:32,383
PEOPLE WHO ARE IN THE GREATEST

2086
01:04:32,383 --> 01:04:32,584
NEED?

2087
01:04:32,584 --> 01:04:34,119
>> YEAH, THE RESOURCES ARE

2088
01:04:34,119 --> 01:04:35,420
TOUGH, AND IT COMES BACK -- ONE

2089
01:04:35,420 --> 01:04:36,721
OF THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAYS THAT

2090
01:04:36,721 --> 01:04:38,723
I CAN THINK OF FOR THAT IS

2091
01:04:38,723 --> 01:04:39,691
VOTING WITH YOUR FEET.

2092
01:04:39,691 --> 01:04:42,193
SO AGAIN, THAT SLIDE WITH THOSE

2093
01:04:42,193 --> 01:04:44,062
PEOPLE REGISTERING VOTERS, WE

2094
01:04:44,062 --> 01:04:47,665
ALL NEED TO BE WRECK SISTERED TO

2095
01:04:47,665 --> 01:04:49,300
VOTE, AND VOTE FOR HEALTH

2096
01:04:49,300 --> 01:04:49,834
EQUITY.

2097
01:04:49,834 --> 01:04:50,935
WHEN YOU'RE AT THE POLLING

2098
01:04:50,935 --> 01:04:52,337
PLACE, VOTE FOR HEALTH EQUITY

2099
01:04:52,337 --> 01:04:53,638
AND ONE THING I'LL JUST PUT IN A

2100
01:04:53,638 --> 01:04:55,507
PLUG TO SAY, IT'S SO IMPORTANT,

2101
01:04:55,507 --> 01:04:57,876
AND YOU KNOW, YOU ALL KNOW THIS,

2102
01:04:57,876 --> 01:05:00,078
TO NOT ONLY GET REALLY FIRED UP

2103
01:05:00,078 --> 01:05:01,613
ABOUT VOTING EVERY FOUR YEARS

2104
01:05:01,613 --> 01:05:02,747
FOR THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION,

2105
01:05:02,747 --> 01:05:06,084
BUT THOSE SMALLER ELECTIONS IN

2106
01:05:06,084 --> 01:05:07,051
BETWEEN, THOSE ARE THE ONES THAT

2107
01:05:07,051 --> 01:05:08,553
HAVE A REAL IMPACT ON OUR DAY TO

2108
01:05:08,553 --> 01:05:09,654
DAY LIVES.

2109
01:05:09,654 --> 01:05:11,656
SO VOTE FOR HEALTH EQUITY IN

2110
01:05:11,656 --> 01:05:14,592
TERMS OF GETTING MORE RESOURCES

2111
01:05:14,592 --> 01:05:15,460
FOR HEALTH AND THE WAY OUR

2112
01:05:15,460 --> 01:05:16,928
NEIGHBORHOODS ARE STRUCTURED, ET

2113
01:05:16,928 --> 01:05:17,228
CETERA.

2114
01:05:17,228 --> 01:05:19,063
IN TERMS OF GETTING MORE PEOPLE

2115
01:05:19,063 --> 01:05:20,431
INVOLVED IN THE FREE CLINICS,

2116
01:05:20,431 --> 01:05:22,667
PARTICULARLY AT OHIO STATE, I

2117
01:05:22,667 --> 01:05:24,302
THINK IT'S JUST A MATTER OF

2118
01:05:24,302 --> 01:05:25,503
HOPEFULLY JUST A MATTER OF

2119
01:05:25,503 --> 01:05:28,606
GETTING THE WORD OUT.

2120
01:05:28,606 --> 01:05:30,542
I RECALL THAT THERE WERE A SMALL

2121
01:05:30,542 --> 01:05:31,609
GROUP OF ATTENDING PHYSICIANS

2122
01:05:31,609 --> 01:05:33,811
WHO LOVED BACKING UP TO STUDENTS

2123
01:05:33,811 --> 01:05:37,448
AT THOSE FREE CLINICS, BUT I

2124
01:05:37,448 --> 01:05:38,616
REMEMBER WHEN I WAS THERE THAT I

2125
01:05:38,616 --> 01:05:39,951
JUST HAPPENED TO KNOW ABOUT IT,

2126
01:05:39,951 --> 01:05:41,586
AND I WAS THE DEAN OF

2127
01:05:41,586 --> 01:05:44,856
ADMISSIONS, BUT THERE WERE -- IT

2128
01:05:44,856 --> 01:05:46,124
DIDN'T SEEM TO ME LIKE THERE WAS

2129
01:05:46,124 --> 01:05:47,592
A GOOD PR TO LET ALL THE FACULTY

2130
01:05:47,592 --> 01:05:48,226
KNOW.

2131
01:05:48,226 --> 01:05:49,327
AND THAT WOULD COME FROM YOUR

2132
01:05:49,327 --> 01:05:50,428
FACULTY PARTNERS.

2133
01:05:50,428 --> 01:05:52,297
LET ALL THE FACULTY KNOW ABOUT

2134
01:05:52,297 --> 01:05:52,597
THIS.

2135
01:05:52,597 --> 01:05:54,599
TALK ABOUT YOUR SUCCESSES.

2136
01:05:54,599 --> 01:05:57,902
AND AGAIN, USE SOCIAL MEDIA TO

2137
01:05:57,902 --> 01:05:59,637
LET PEOPLE KNOW WHAT YOU'RE

2138
01:05:59,637 --> 01:05:59,837
DOING.

2139
01:05:59,837 --> 01:06:00,838
HIPAA, YOU'VE GOT TO FOLLOW THE

2140
01:06:00,838 --> 01:06:02,140
GUIDELINES OF HIPAA.

2141
01:06:02,140 --> 01:06:04,542
DON'T HAVE A PICTURE OF THE

2142
01:06:04,542 --> 01:06:05,643
PATIENT BUT JUST TALK ABOUT

2143
01:06:05,643 --> 01:06:06,511
GREAT THINGS YOU'VE

2144
01:06:06,511 --> 01:06:06,844
ACCOMPLISHED.

2145
01:06:06,844 --> 01:06:07,579
IT'S GOOD TO SEE YOU.

2146
01:06:07,579 --> 01:06:09,113
SO YOU'RE A MEDICAL STUDENT HERE

2147
01:06:09,113 --> 01:06:09,581
DOING RESEARCH?

2148
01:06:09,581 --> 01:06:09,881
>> YES.

2149
01:06:09,881 --> 01:06:10,648
>> ALL RIGHT.

2150
01:06:10,648 --> 01:06:13,952
MY MAN.

2151
01:06:13,952 --> 01:06:14,485
[LAUGHTER]

2152
01:06:14,485 --> 01:06:15,887
>> THANK YOU SO MUCH,

2153
01:06:15,887 --> 01:06:16,588
DR. CAPERS, AND THANK YOU,

2154
01:06:16,588 --> 01:06:16,854
EVERYBODY.

2155
01:06:16,854 --> 01:06:27,031
[APPLAUSE]