WELCOME TO THE 12TH ANNUAL MATILDA WHITE RILEY HONORS AWARDS. I'VE BEEN ON MY FEET MOST OF YESTERDAY SO IT'S NICE TO SIT FOR A FEW MINUTES. I'M SURE AS WELL, IT'S NORMAL FOR THE NIH, PEOPLE ARE NAVIGATING ALL THE PROCESSES AND PROCEDURES TO GET ON CAMPUS SO WE'LL HAVE MORE PEOPLE ARRIVE AS WE GO ALONG BUT I WANT TO GET US STARTED ON TIME BECAUSE WE HAVE A PACKED-FULL AGENDA. THOSE OF YOU WHO DON'T KNOW ME, I'M BILL RILEY, DIRECTOR OF THE OFFICE OF BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES RESEARCH HERE AT THE NIH. IT'S MY PLEASURE TO WELCOME YOU TO THE 12TH ANNUAL MATILDA WHITE RILEY HONOR AWARDS. WE HAVE BOTH FOR 12 YEARS HONORED A DISTINGUISHED LECTURER WHO'S HAD A CAREER OF WORK ADVANCING THE FIELD AND UNDERSTANDING THE RELATIONSHIP OF HEALTH AND BEHAVIOR. ONCE AGAIN, I WON'T SPOIL THE FUN FOR LATER WHEN WE INTRODUCE HIM, BUT IT WOULD BE GREAT TO HAVE MARK LANDINGHAM HERE FOR THAT. WE ALSO HAVE FIVE AWARDEES THIS YEAR FOR WHOM WILL PRESENT EARLY STAGE INVESTIGATOR AWARDS, GREAT TO HAVE THEM AS WELL, AND I'LL LET CHRISTINE SET THAT UP LATER WHEN WE GET TO THAT POINT. I DO WANT TO MAKE A FEW REMARKS ABOUT WHY THIS IS THE MATILDA WHITE RILEY AWARDS. AND IT'S NOT NAMED AFTER ME OR AFTER MY MOTHER. [LAUGHTER] MATILDA WHITE RILEY WAS A DISTINGUISHED RESEARCHER, TEACHER, MENTOR WHO, AFTER A FULL CAREER OF DOING THAT WORK, AT A TIME AND AGE WHERE MOST OF US WOULD GO, IT'S TIME TO RETIRE, DECIDED INSTEAD THAT SHE WOULD JOIN AT THAT TIME THE FLEDGLING NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AGING TO DEVELOP WHAT WAS THEN ONE OF THE FIRST DIVISIONS DEVOTED TO BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES. AND THAT WOULD HAVE BEEN ENOUGH IN AND OF ITSELF, BUT IN ADDITION TO THAT, SHE ALSO WORKED TO COORDINATE THE SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES ACROSS THE OTHER INSTITUTES AND CENTERS OF THE NIH. SHE ADVOCATED FOR THOSE SCIENCES IN PLACES WHERE THERE WASN'T A LOT OF RESEARCH AND A LOT OF INTEREST AT THAT TIME. THIS IS BACK IN THE 1980s AND EARLY 1990s. SHE WORKED HARD TO COMMUNICATE THAT SCIENCE TO A WEALTH OF VARIOUS STAKEHOLDERS. SHE ADVISED LEADERSHIP ON SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO THE NIH. AND SHE WAS INSTRUMENTAL IN A REPORT FROM THE NATIONAL ACAD ACADEMIES ON HEALTH AND BEHAVIOR THAT ULTIMATELY CREATED THE OFFICE OF SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES RESEARCH SO IT'S APPROPRIATE WE HONOR HER. SHE ESSENTIALLY DID WHAT OBSSR DID BEFORE THERE WAS AN OBSSR. SO IT'S GREAT THAT EVERY YEAR WE SPEND A FEW MINUTES TO HONOR SOMEONE WHO PUT THAT MUCH TIME AND EFFORT TO PUT US ON THE RIGHT TRAJECTORY HERE AT THE NIH, AND FOCUS ON WHAT WE KNOW ARE THE KEY FACTORS THAT ARE PRIMARILY RESPONSIBLE FOR HEALTH IN THIS COUNTRY, SOCIAL FACTORS, BEHAVIORAL FACTORS, THE VERY THINGS THAT WE TEND NOT TO THINK ABOUT IN HEALTHCARE BUT ARE CRITICAL TO THE TYPE OF WORK THAT WE NEED TO DO AND THE WAYS WE NEED TO IMPROVE HEALTH IN THE COUNTRY. I WILL STOP THERE BECAUSE I REALLY WANT TO HEAR FROM OUR EARLY STAGE INVESTIGATOR PAPER AWARDEES. I'M REALLY LOOKING FORWARD TO THAT: I'LL STEAL A LITTLE BIT OF CHRISTINE'S THUNDER TO SAY THAT THERE WERE 500 APPLICANTS THIS YEAR AND A LOT OF PAPERS TO READ TO FIND FIVE PEOPLE THAT WE THOUGHT EXEMPLIFIED THE TYPE OF RESEARCH THAT WE'D LIKE TO SEE MORE. BUT SO I WILL TURN THIS OVER NOW TO CHRISTINE TO INTRODUCE THEM AND GET US STARTED. >> SO GOOD MORNING. I'M CHRISTINE HUNTER. I'M THE DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF THE OFFICE OF BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH, AND JUST VERY PLEASED TO INTRODUCE THE EARLY STAGE INVESTIGATORS THIS MORNING. AS BILL SAID, IT WAS A VERY COMPETITIVE COMPETITION, AND IT'S JUST -- IT'S WONDERFUL TO SEE THE NEXT GENERATION, KIND OF THE INNOVATIVE WORK THEY'RE DOING, THE INNOVATIVE QUESTIONS THAT THEY'RE ASKING, AND SO CAN'T WAIT TO HEAR WHAT YOUR PRESENTATIONS ARE BUT WE'VE CERTAINLY READ YOUR PAPERS AND VERY EXCITED TO HEAR THE TALKS. I DO WANT TO ACKNOWLEDGE AND THANK BILL ELWOOD, WHO IS THE PERSON FROM OUR OFFICE WHO MANAGES THIS COMPETITION, AND IT IS A LARGE TASK AS YOU CAN IMAGINE. YOU NO HE. KNOW, SOLICITING, COLLATING ALL THOSE SUBMISSIONS, THEN GETTING THE REVIEWS FOR THOSE SUBMISSIONS, AND SO WITH THAT, I ALSO WANT TO THANK OUR NIH REVIEWERS. THEY REVIEWED MORE THAN -- MORE THAN ONE PERSON REVIEWED 500 PAPERS TO GET TO THE FIVE SELECTIONS, SO THAT IS PRETTY OUTSTANDING. BILL DOES SEND HIS REGRETS BUT I'M PLEASED TO FILL IN FOR HIM. SO FOR THIS SESSION, I'M GOING TO GIVE A BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF EACH OF THE SPEAKERS, THEN I'M GOING TO GIVE EACH SPEAKER 15 MINUTES FOR THEIR PRESENTATION, AND I'M GOING TO ASK THAT YOU HOLD YOUR QUESTIONS UNTIL THE END, BUT YOU KNOW WHAT HAPPENS, SOMETIMES PEOPLE REMEMBER SORT OF THE RECENCE EFFECT AND ASK THE LAST SPEAKER QUESTIONS SO WHAT I'D ENCOURAGE YOU TO DO IS WRITE DOWN YOUR THOUGHTS AND QUESTIONS AS EACH SPEAKER GOES SO WHEN WE MOVE TO THE PANEL, WE CAN REALLY ENGAGE THE FULL PANEL OF SPEAKERS. FOR THE SAKE OF GETTING TO THE EXCITING STUFF WHICH IS THEIR TALKS , I'M NOT GOING TO READ THEIR FULL BIOBUT IF YOU GO ONLINE, YOU'LL SEE THE FULL BIOS WE HAVE THERE. THERE'S ALSO A COPY OF THE BIOS IN THE BACK IF YOU WANT TO TAKE A QUICK LOOK AT THAT. THERE'S ALSO COPIES OF THE ARTICLES IN THE BACK, IF YOU WANT TO TAKE A COPY WITH YOU OR PICK IT UP AND LOOKALITY IT OVER LOOK AT I T OVER THE BREAK. SO LET ME INTRODUCE OUR FIVE AWARDEES, ALTHOUGH ONE CAN'T BE HERE. DR. JAMIE HANSON, WHO'S UNABLE TO PRESENT BECAUSE HE'S GOT A CONCURRENT PRESENTATION AT ANOTHER CONFERENCE, BUT HE'S AN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF PSYCHOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH, AND HIS RESEARCH FOCUSES ON THE NEURAL CIRCUITRY CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS USE TO LEARN ABOUT DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF THEIR ENVIRONMENT, HOW SUCH CIRCUITS ARE SHAPED BY EARLY LIFE, STRESS, THINGS LIKE CHILD POVERTY, MALTREATMENT, CHANGES DUE TO THE STRESS CONFER RISK FOR NEGATIVE OUTCOMES, "FAMILY FOCUSED INTERVENTION INFLUENCES HIPPOCAMPAL PREFRONTAL ACTIVITY," SO EXCELLENT PAPER, ENCOURAGE YOU TO TAKE A LOOK AT IT AND READ IT. THE SPEAKERS WE HAVE HERE TODAY ARE SITTING IN THE FRONT. RIGHT HERE, OUR FIRST SPEAKER IS GOING TO BE DR. TAYLOR HARGROVE, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF SOCIOLOGY, FACULTY FELLOW, CAROLINA POPULATION CENTER, UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHAPEL HILL. DR. HARGROVE'S RESEARCH PROGRAM EXAMINES HOW AND WHY SOCIAL INEQUALITIES IN HEALTH UNFOLD ACROSS THE LIFE COURSE, FOCUSING ON RACIAL, ETHNIC, SKIN COLOR, GENDER AND SOCIOECONOMIC DISPARITIES. SHE'S CURRENTLY ENGAGED IN RESEARCH THAT EXPLORES LINKAGES AMONG NEIGHBORHOOD CONTEXT, INDIVIDUAL LEVEL CHARACTERISTICS, AND BIOLOGICAL MEASURES OF HEALTH IN EARLY ADULTHOOD. THE GOAL OF THIS WORK IS TO ELUCIDATE HOW MACRO LEVEL ENVIRONMENTS SHAPE THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SOCIAL STATUSES AND MORE PROXIMATE CAUSES OF POOR HEALTH. HER PAPER IS ENTITLED "INTERSECTING SOCIAL INEQUALITIES AND BODY MASS INDEX TRAJECTORIES FROM ADOLESCENCE TO EARLY ADULTHOOD." SHE'LL BE FOLLOWED BY DR. JUNGEUN OLIVIA LEE, FROM UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, THANK YOU FOR YOUR LONG FLIGHT HERE, HAVING TO PRESENT EARLY IN THE MORNING I KNOW IS TOUGH. DR. LEE SEEKS TO DISENTANGLE A COMPLEX RELATIONSHIP AMONG SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES AND SUBSTANCE USE AND ITS CO-MORBID- MENTAL HEALTH DURING THE LIFE COURSE AND ACROSS GENERATIONS. HER PAPER IS ENTITLED "DEVELOPMENTAL PATHWAYS FROM PARENTAL SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS TO ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE USE: ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY REINFORCEMENT." DR. LEE WILL BE FOLLOWED BY DR. MARCO VENNIRO. HE IS AT THE CENTER COMPULSIVE BEHAVIOR. HE'S A POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH FELLOW THERE AT THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE. SO WELCOME TO THE TALK, BUT YOU DIDN'T HAVE TO COME VERY FAR BUT THAT'S WONDERFUL. WE'RE GLAD TO HAVE SOMEBODY FROM THE NIH THAT COMPETED WELL. HE IS INTERESTED IN BEHAVIOR AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH WITH A FOCUS ON THE SOCIAL COMMUNITY OF NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS. HIS PAPER IS TITLED "VOLITIONAL SOCIAL INTERACTION PREVENTS DRUG ADDICTION IN RAT MODELS." AND THEN LAST BUT DEFINITELY NOT LEAST, DR. ROBBEE WEDOW, WHO'S A POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH FELLOW AT THE BROAD INSTITUTE OF MIT AND HARVARD, FELLOW IN SOCIOLOGY, HARVARD DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY. HE USES COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN TRADITIONAL DEMOGRAPHIC METHODS. HIS WORKS SITS AT THE INTERSECTION OF SOCIOLOGY, DEM KRA DEMOGRAPHY, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, RISK TAKING BEHAVIOR, SMOKING AND DRINKING BEHAVIORS AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION. HIS PAPER IS ENTITLED "EDUCATION, SMOKING AND COHORT CHANGE: FORWARDING A MULTIDIMENSIONAL THEORY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MODERATION OF GENETIC EFFECTS." SO WITH THAT, I'M GOING TO TURN IT OVER TO DR. HARGROVE. AND AGAIN WE'LL GO THROUGH EACH OF THE PRESENTATIONS SO BE SURE TO WRITE NOTES AS YOU GO, AND COME ON UP, DR. HARGROVE. >> THANK YOU SO MUCH, DRS. RILEY, HUNTER AND MEMBERS OF THE OBSSR. IT'S A PLEASURE TO BE HERE AND I'M VERY GRATEFUL FOR THIS RECOGNITION AND I HOPE THAT MY WORK CAN CONTINUE TO HONOR THE LEGACY OF DR. MATILDA WHITE RILEY. THE PAPER I'M GOING TO BE PRESENTING TODAY REALLY LOOKS AT THE EXTENT TO WHICH RACIAL AND ETHNIC INEQUALITIES IN BMI VARY BY GENDER AND SOCIAL CLASS OF ORIGIN AND ASSESSES WHETHER THE INTERSECTIONS OF RACE, ETHNICITY, GENDER AND EARLY SOCIOECONOMIC INEQUALITY PERSIST IN WIDENING GAPS IN BMI WITH AGE DURING THE TRANSITION TO EARLY ADULTHOOD. SO JUST A LITTLE BIT OF MOTIVATION FOR THIS PROJECT. SO A HOST OF PRIOR WORK HAS DOCUMENTED THE SOCIAL DISTRIBUTION OF BMI ACROSS DIFFERENT STATUSES. SO WE KNOW THAT U.S.-BORN BLACKS, HISPANICS, WHITE WOMEN AND THOSE OF LOWER SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS HAVE UNHEALTHIER BMIs THAN THEIR WHITE, MALE AND HIGHER SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS COUNTERPARTS. SO THESE FINDINGS ARE CONSISTENT WITH THE FUNDAMENTAL CAUSES OF DISEASE THEORY, WHICH REALLY ARGUES THAT SOCIAL FACTORS EMBODY ACCESS TO IMPORTANT RESOURCES THAT CAN BE USED TO AVOID OR ALLAY HEALTH RISKS, SO SOCIOECONOMIC POSITION, RACISM AND SEXISM HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AS THEY SHAPE ACCESS TO CRITICAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH INCLUDING THINGS LIKE SOCIOECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, STRESSORS, TIME AND OPPORTUNITY FOR HEALTH PROMOTING ACTIVITIES, ACCELERATED PHYSIOLOGICAL AGING, ET CETERA. SO WHILE WE KNOW QUITE A LOT ABOUT SOCIAL INEQUALITIES AND BMI, PRIOR RESEARCH HAS BEEN LIMITED IN THAT IT HAS GENERALLY FOCUSED ON ONE DIMENSION OF INEQUALITY AT A TIME SO LOOKING AT ANY KIND OF RACIAL ETHNIC DISPARITY WHILE CONTROLLING FOR GENDER AND/OR CLASS SO THESE TYPES OF -- OPERATE INDEPENDENTLY OF ONE ANOTHER AND HAVE ADDITIVE CONSEQUENCES WHICH IS A BIT OF A TENUOUS ASSUMPTION GIVEN THAT WE GO THROUGH LIFE SIMULTANEOUSLY HOLDING A VARIETY OF STATUSES IN A VARIETY OF IDENTITIES AND WE DON'T EXPERIENCE THEM ONE AT A TIME AND NOR DO OTHERS INTERPRET THEM INDEPENDENTLY OF ONE ANOTHER SO IT'S VERY POSSIBLE THAT THE NATURE AND THE EXTENT MIGHT VARY BY GENDER AND CLASS. SO TO ASSESS THIS POSSIBILITY, THIS PAPER INCORPORATES A MULTIPLE HIERARCHY PERSPECTIVE TO THE STUDY OF HEALTH DISSPAIRTS WHICH HIGHLIGHTS THE CONSEQUENCES OF INTERACTING SYSTEMS OF INEQUALITY. SO THIS GENERATES SEVERAL HYPOTHESES REGARDING THE NATURE OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL STATUSES AND HEALTH. SO ONE HYPOTHESIS IS MULTI-JEOPARDY WHICH SUGGESTS THAT THE POOR HEALTH OF MULTIPLY DISADVANTAGED INDIVIDUALS IS DUE TO THE SUM OF HEALTH HAZARDS THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH EACH STATUS. SO REALLY LOW SES WOMEN OF COLOR, FOR EXAMPLE, ARE PIE POTASSIUM HYPOTHESIZED TO HAVE THE WORST HEALTH DUE TO SOME OF THEIR DISADVANTAGES STEMMING FROM BEING RACIAL AND ETHNIC MINORITY, A WOMAN AND OF LOWER SOCIAL CLASS. TAKING A MORE COMPLEX STANCE ON SOCIAL LIFE, THE INTERSECTIONALITY HYPOTHESIS PO SITS THAT SOCIAL INEQUALITIES ARE IND DEPENDENT AND THEY ALSO COMBINE TO MUTUALLY CONSTRUCT ONE ANOTHER, SOCIAL REALITIES THAT ARE CONSEQUENTIAL FOR HEALTH AND OTHER LIFE CHANCES. SO THIS PERSPECTIVE WOULD INDICATE THOSE LOCATED AT SIMILAR POSITIONS IN THE SOCIAL HIERARCHY MAY ACTUALLY HAVE SHARED BUT NOT EQUIVALENT EXPERIENCES THAT COULD DIFFERENTIALLY AFFECT PATHWAYS TO HEALTH. ALSO MISSING FROM THE LITERATURE IS ATTENTION GIVEN TO HOW BMI INEQUALITIES MIGHT CHANGE WITH AGE SO THERE'S BEEN A HOST OF RESEARCH THAT INDICATES AGE IS A KEY DIMENSION OF INEQUALITY THAT IS CRITICALLY IMPORTANT FOR UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL DISPARITIES IN HEALTH, GIVEN THAT THE NATURE OF HEALTH RISKS AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS VARY OVER TIME. WHAT WE DON'T KNOW IS HOW RISKS AND RESOURCES ASSOCIATED WITH UNIQUE POSITIONS IN THE SOCIAL HIERARCHY SO AT THESE INTERSECTIONS OF RACE, GENDER AND SES MIGHT CHANGE OVER TIME TO SHAPE BMI TRAJECTORIES, PARTICULARLY DURING THE LIFE STAGES OF ADOLESCENCE AND EARLY ADULTHOOD. AND SO THERE ARE TWO HYPOTHESES THAT I TEST THAT REALLY DESCRIBE HOW THE NATURE OF BMI INEQUALITIES MIGHT CHANGE WITH AGE, THE FIRST BEING PERSISTENT INEQUALITY WHICH ARGUES THAT HEALTH DISADVANTAGES OR ADVANTAGES HOLDOVER TIME WITH AGE LEADING THE NATURE OF HEALTH DISPARITIES UNALTERED SO THIS WOULD PREDIBLGHT THERE WOULD BE STABLE GAPS IN BMI WITH AGE. THE SECOND, CUMULATIVE INEQUALITY, SUGGESTS THAT HEALTH RELEVANT RISKS AND RESOURCES ACCUMULATE OVER TIME SO THOATION WHO EXPERIENCE ADVANTAGES IN EARLY LIFE CONTINUE TO EXPERIENCE RESOURCES AND -- WITH THOSE DISADVANTAGED IN LIFE ACCUMULATE MORE RISKS AND FEWER RESOURCES WITH AGE SO THIS WOULD RESULT IN WIDENING GAPS. TAKING ALL THIS TOGETHER AGAIN, THIS STUDY ADDRESSES PRIOR -- LIMITATIONS OF PRIOR RESEARCH BY COMBINING THESE MULTIPLE HIERARCHY STRATIFICATION AND LIFE COURSE PERSPECTIVES TO ASSESS THE EXTENT -- VARY BY GENDER AND SOCIAL CLASS OF ORIGIN AND WHETHER DISPARITIES REMAIN STABLE OR WIDEN WITH AGE. SO I USED DATA FROM THE NATIONAL LONGITUDINAL SURVEY OF YOUTH, THE 1997 COHORT. THE NLSY IS A NATIONAL REPRESENTATIVE ONGOING PANEL STUDY THAT COLLECTS INFORMATION ON EMPLOYMENT, EDUCATION, FAMILY, AND OF COURSE HEALTH. THE BASELINE INTERVIEW WAS AS YOU GUESSED IT IN 1997, AND THE STUDY TARGETED INDIVIDUALS BORN BETWEEN 1980 AND 1984, WHEN RESPONDENTS WERE BETWEEN THE AGES OF 12 AND 17. SO RESPONDENTS WERE INTERVIEWED ANNUALLY SINCE 1997. THIS PAPER STOPS AT THE 2011 WAVE BUT THE MOST RECENT WAVE AVAILABLE I BELIEVE IS FROM 2015 TO 2016 AND RETENTION RATES AVERAGED IN THE HIGH 80s. SO FOR THIS PAPER, THE ANALYTIC SAMPLE IS RESTRICTED TO U.S.-BORN, NON-HISPANIC WHRIETS, NON-HISPANIC BLACKS AND HISPANICS. USING INFORMATION ON WEIGHT AND HEIGHT AND FOLLOWING THIS EQUATION, I THINK IT'S IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT WOMEN WHO WERE PREGNANT AT A PARTICULAR WAVE WERE NOT INCLUDED IN THE BMI MEASURE FOR THAT WAVE. THE PREDICTERS OF INTEREST ARE SELF-IDENTIFIED RACE ETHNICITY, GENDER, STATUS OF ORIGIN, BEING ASSESSED BY PARENTAL EDUCATION AND WEALTH. AND THEN ALL OF THE MODELS CONTROL FOR WHETHER THE RESPONDENT IS MISSING ON WEALTH, WE KNOW THAT'S A FIN ICKY VARIABLE. ATTRITION ACROSS THE WAVES, WHETHER A RESPONDENT WAS EVER INCARCERATED, WHETHER THEY GREW UP IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT AND WHETHER THEY CAME FROM A TWO-PARENT HOUSEHOLD. GIVEN THE LONGITUDINAL NATURE OF THE DATA, MULTILVEL MODELS ARE USED TO ESTIMATE THE JOINT CONSEQUENCES OF RACE ETHNICITY GENDER AND SES OF ORIGIN ON THE MEAN LEVEL OF BMI BETWEEN AGES 13 AND 31. AND THESE MODELS ADJUST FOR CORRELATION, CORRELATIONS AND THE NON-INDEPENDENCE OF OBSERVATIONS THAT WOULD RESULT FROM REPEATED MEASURES OF THE SAME INDIVIDUALS ACROSS MULTIPLE WAVES. SO REALLY ATTACKING THAT LONGITUDINAL DATA STRUCTURE. SO FOR ALL MODELS, A QUADRATIC TERM WAS SHOWN TO HAVE THE BEST FIT SO BOTH IN LINEAR AGE AND A QUADRATIC AGE TERM ARE INCLUDED IN EACH MODEL AND ALL THE MODELS ARE STRATIFIED BY GENDER AND INTERACTIONS BETWEEN RACE ETHNICITY AND SES OF ORIGIN ARE ESTIMATED. FOR THE SECOND RESEARCH QUESTION, I USE GROWTH CURVE MODELS WHICH BASICALLY ADD INTERACTIONS WITH THE AGE SLOPES, JUST THE LINEAR AGE SLOPES IN THIS CASE TO ASSESS THE EXTENT TO WHICH ANY KIND OF DISPARITY MIGHT CHANGE WITH AGE. AND SO GROWTH CURVE MODELS ARE ABLE TO ESTIMATE PERSON-SPECIFIC INTERCEPT SO THE INITIAL VALUE AT AGE 13 AS WELL AS SLOPES OR RATES OF CHANGE WITH AGE THAT DESCRIBE INTRAINDIVIDUAL VARIATION AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AGE AND HEALTH. SO FINALLY THE RESULTS. SO THE FIRST SET OF RUTS LOOKS AT RESULTS LOOKS AT HOW THE INTERSECTIONS OF RACE/ETHNICITY AND GENDER ARE -- AVERAGE LEVELS OF BMI AGE 13 TO 31 SO THESE ARE THE AVERAGE BMI LEVELS FOR WHITE MEN AND WHITE WOMEN, FOR BLACK MEN AND WHITE WOMEN BOTH OF WHICH ARE HIGHER, AND FOR HISPANIC MEN AND HISPANIC WOMEN, BOTH AGAIN OF WHICH ARE HIGHER. WHAT'S IMPORTANT TO NOTE HERE IS THAT THE RACIAL ETHNIC DISPARITY AMONG WOMEN RANGES FROM ABOUT 2 TO 3 POINTS ON AVERAGE, WHERE AMONG MEP, MEN, IT'S USUALLY LESS THAN OR RIGHT AROUND ONE POINT. SO THIS INDICATES RACIAL ETHNIC DISPARITY IS ACTUALLY LARGER AMONG WOMEN. AND SO I'M GOING TO SHOW YOU THE RESULTS WHEN WE LET THE EFFECT OF RACE AND GENDER VARY ACROSS AGES AGAIN TO SEE HOW THESE DISPARITIES MIGHT CHANGE WITH AGE. AND SO FOR ALL GROUPS, THIS IS WHAT THE TRAJECTORY WOULD LOOK LIKE, AND WHICH BMI IS INCREASING WITH AGE AT A DECELERATING RATE, WHICH MEANS THAT WEIGHT GAIN IS STEEPER AT EARLIER AGES, AND THEN LEVELS OFF THE AT AT LATER AGES OF YOUNG ADULTHOOD SO THIS IS THE TRAJECTORY FOR WHITE MEN. FOR BLACK MEN IT'S A LITTLE BIT HIGHER AND THEN FOR HISPANIC MEN, IT'S EVEN HIGHER. AND WHAT'S IMPORTANT TO NOTE HERE ARE THESE PARALLEL LINES BETWEEN WHITE AND BLACK MEN, WHICH INDICATES PERSISTENT OR SUPPORTS THE PERSISTENT INEQUALITY HYPOTHESIS. THERE'S AN INITIAL GAP THAT REMAINS STABLE THROUGH AGE. WHEREAS FOR HISPANIC MEN, THERE'S ACTUALLY A WIDENING GAP WITH AGE BETWEEN HISPANIC AND WHITE MEN. FOR WOMEN, WE GET A SIMILAR STORY SO WHITE WOMEN ACTUALLY HAVE THE MOST ADVANTAGED TRAJECTORY, MEANING BEING THE LOWEST ON THE BMI SCALE. BLACK WOMEN HAVE PARTICULARLY HIGH BMI TRAJECTORY AND HISPANIC WOMEN ARE SOMEWHERE IN THE MIDDLE. WHAT'S IMPORTANT HERE IS THAT FOR BOTH BLACK WOMEN AND HISPANIC WOMEN, THEY'RE GAINING WEIGHT AT A FASTER RATE THAN THEIR WHITE COUNTERPARTS, SO AGAIN, THIS WOULD SUGGEST OR SUPPORT A CUMULATIVE INEQUALITY HYPOTHESIS. ALSO IMPORTANT TO NOTE IS THE GAPS ARE MUCH LARGER AMONG WOMEN, CONSISTENT WITH WHAT WE SAW IN THE PREVIOUS FIGURE. SO NOW WE'RE LOOKING AT THE JOINT CONSEQUENCES OF RACE ETHNICITY AND PARENTAL EDUCATION ON AVERAGE LEVELS OF BMI AMONG MEN. THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT THIS INTERACTION WAS ONLY SIGNIFICANT AMONG WOMEN SO WE WON'T LOOK MEN SO WE WO N'T LOOK AT WHAT IT WOULD BE FOR WOMEN. THIS IS THE EXPECTED RELATIONSHIP WE WOULD HOPE FOR, SO AS YOU INCREASE IN EDUCATION, YOUR BMI GOES DOWN. EDUCATION IS SUPPOSED TO BE A PROTECTIVE FACTOR. BUT WE SEE THE EXACT OPPOSITE RELATIONSHIP FOR BLACK AND HISPANIC MEN, WHERE THERE'S ACTUALLY AN INCREASE IN BMI ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASES IN EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT. WE SEE A SIMILAR STORY FOR THE EFFECTS OF RACE ETHNICITY AND WEALTH AMONG WOMEN, WHERE WE WOULD EXPECT BMI TO GO DOWN AT HIGHER LEVELS OF WEALTH BUT FOR BLACK WOMEN, IT ACTUALLY INCREASES SLIGHTLY. SO THAT BLACK WOMEN FROM PARTICULARLY WEALTHY BACKGROUNDS HAVE THE HIGHEST BMI LEVEL. SO AGAIN WE'RE GOING TO LOOK AT THESE PATTERNS BY AGE SO WE CAN SEE HOW DISPARITIES CHANGE WITH AGE. AND SO THESE ARE GOING TO BE THE TRAJECTORIES FOR MEN. I'M ONLY GOING TO SHOW THE TRAJECTORIES FOR WHITE AND HISPANIC MEN BECAUSE THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT PARENTL WEALTH SIMILAR LE BY AFFECTED THE TRAJECTORIES FOR WHITE AND BLACK MEN SO THE TRAJECTORIES WOULD BE OVERLAPPING WITH WHITE MEN ANYWAY. THE TRAJECTORY FOR WHITE MEN FROM VERY WEALTHY BACKGROUNDS, AGAIN, THE EXPECTED PATTERN WHERE THE TRAJECTORIES ARE UNHEALTHIER AS YOU GO DOWN THE WEALTH SCALE. BUT FOR HISPANIC MEN AT HIGH LEVELS OF WEALTH, THEY HAD THE WORST BMI TRAJECTORIES. AND THERE'S LESS VARIATION IN THE TRAJECTORIES BY WEALTH FOR HISPANIC MEN. AND ALL THIS CULMINATES INTO A 12-POINT INCREASE ACROSS THE AGES OF 13 AND 31 FOR WEALTHY HISPANIC MEN COMPARED TO ONLY AN 8-POINT INCREASE FOR THEIR WHITE COUNTERPARTS COMPARED AGAIN ONLY TO AN 8-POINT INCREASE AMONG WHITE MEN WITH LOW LEVELS OF WEALTH AND A 7-POINT INCREASE AMONG HISPANIC MEN FROM LESS WEALTHY BACKGROUNDS. ALSO IMPORTANT TO NOTE HERE IS AGAIN A WIDENING GAP BETWEEN HISPANIC AND WHITE MEN WHO COME FROM SIMILARLY WEALTHY BACKGROUNDS. AGAIN DUE TO THE FASTER RATE OF WEIGHT GAIN AMONG WEALTHY HISPANIC MEN. THIS WOULD BE THE LAST SET OF RESULTS THAT I SHOW YOU, IT'S THE SAME GRAPH AS BEFORE BUT FOR WOMEN, SO WE'RE LIVING THE EFFECT OF RACE AND PARENTAL WEALTH, HERE THE SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE WAS BETWEEN WHITE AND BLACK WOMEN. AND THE RESULTS ALSO INDICATED THAT THE INTERCEPTS AND THE AGE SLOPES DIDN'T SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFER BY LEVELS OF PARENTAL WEALTH AMONG WHITE WOMEN SO THAT'S WHY YOU WILL ONLY SEE THIS ONE LINE FOR WHITE WOMEN. SO AGAIN, SIMILAR STORY OF THAT, THERE ARE THESE PARTICULARLY HIGH RISKS OF BLACK WOMEN WHO COME FROM WEALTHY BACKGROUNDS. THEY HAVE VERY HIGH LEVELS OF BMI BY THE TIME THEY GET TO THEIR EARLY 30s. IN FACT, THE DIFFERENCE OR THE DISPARITY IN BMI BETWEEN BLACK AND WHITE WOMEN FROM SIMILAR WEALTHY BACKGROUNDS GROWS FROM 3 POINTS TO 9 POINTS BY THE END OF YOUNG ADULT -- OR THE BEGINNING OF YOUNG ADULTHOOD, I SHOULD SAY. SO I JUST WANT TO WRAP UP WITH SOME CONCLUSIONS AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY. SO THIS PAPER REALLY EXTENDS PRIOR WORK BY INVESTIGATING THE EXTENT TO WHICH SOCIAL STATUSES INTERSECT TO SHAPE TRAJECTORIES OF BMI ACROSS EARLY LIFE. AND SO THE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT CONSEQUENCES OF RACE/ETHNICITY ARE GENDERED WITH RACIAL AND ETHNIC INEQUALITIES GENERALLY BEING LARGER AMONG WOMEN. THE FINDINGS ALSO INDICATE THAT SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS OF ORIGIN DO NOT CONFER THE SAME BENEFITS ACROSS RACIAL/ETHNIC GROUPS. IN FACT, SOME OF THE LARGEST DISPARITIES IN BMI WERE AT THE HIGHEST LEVELS OF SES OF ORIGIN SO THERE'S BEEN PRIOR WORK THAT HAS ALSO FOUND THESE DIMINISHING RETURNS TO HEALTH OF SOCIOECONOMIC MOBILITY AMONG RACIAL AND ETHNIC MINORITIES, BUT WHAT IS PARTICULARLY NOVEL ABOUT THESE FINDINGS IS THAT SES OF ORIGIN WAS ALSO SHOWN TO IMPACT HEALTH IN ADULTHOOD, INDICATING THAT THE DIMINISHING RETURNS OF SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS ARE EXPERIENCED BY INDIVIDUALS' SOCIAL AND FAMILY NETWORKS AS WELL, SO THAT CHILDREN FROM HOUSEHOLDS WITH HIGHER LEVELS OF SES ARE SIMILARLY INFLUENCED BY THE CONTEXT THAT HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED BY THEIR PARENTS AND SO WE CAN TALK IN THE Q & A A LITTLE BIT ABOUT WHY THAT MIGHT BE. JUST QUICKLY A FEW LIMITATIONS AND AVENUES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH. I ONLY LOOKED AT BLACK, WHITE AND HISPANIC INDIVIDUALS, SO I WASN'T ABLE TO INDEPENDENTLY ANALYZE ASIANS, NATIVE AMERICANS AND SUBGROUPS OF THE LATINO POPULATION, SO FUTURE RESEARCH SHOULD TRY TO THE EXTENT THAT THEY CAN TO INCLUDE OTHER RACIAL/ETHNIC GROUPS. BMI IS BASED ON A SELF-REPORT MEASURE WHICH MIGHT BE SUBJECT TO REPORTING BIAS, BUT IF THERE WERE REPORTING BIAS, IT LIKELY WERE UNDERESTIMATES AMONG WOMEN AND THOSE OF LOWER SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS SO THOSE RESULTS WOULD ACTUALLY BE CONSERVATIVE. AND I'LL JUST LEAVE YOU THIS SLIDE BECAUSE I'M OUT OF TIME ABOUT THE TAKEHOME MESSAGE FOR THIS PAPER, MAINLY THAT HEALTH INEQUALITY ACROSS ADOLESCENCE AND EARLY ADULTHOOD IS DYNAMIC, INEQUALITY IS NOT EXPERIENCED EQUALLY ACROSS ALL MEMBERS OF BROADLY DEFINED SOCIAL GREUMS AND THERE'S A NEED FOR MULTIFACETED APPROACHES TO ADDRESS HEALTH INEQUALITY. THANK YOU. [APPLAUSE] >> SO THANK YOU FOR COMING. I'M OLIVIA LEE, AND I'M REALLY, REALLY EXCITED TO BE HERE, AND I WANT TO SAY THAT THIS SPECIFIC STUDY IS SUPPORTED BY NIDA SO I WANT TO EXPRESS GRATITUDE TO NIDA, AND ALSO ALL THE STUDY PARTICIPANTS WHO MADE THIS STUDY ACTUALLY POSSIBLE. SO A LITTLE BIT OF BACKGROUND. SO PARENTAL SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARENTAL SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE USE. AND THERE IS A STUDY LOOKING AT THE LOWER PARENTAL SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED SUBSTANCE USE PROBLEM IN YOUTH. BUT AT THE SAME TIME, IF YOU LOOK AT THE EXISTING STUDY, THERE IS NO CONSENSUS. THERE IS SOME DISCREPANCY IN THE EXISTING STUDY, SOME SAYING THAT ACTUALLY THAT IT'S NOT TRUE, WHAT IS HAPPENING IS LOWER SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER SUBSTANCE USE PROBLEM IN YOUTH. SO THESE DISCREPANCIES THEMSELVES IS TELLING US WE NEED MORE INVESTIGATION IN THIS TOPIC AREA. ALONG WITH THIS GENERAL OBSERVATION, WE IDENTIFIED TWO SPECIFIC GAPS. THE FIRST ONE IS MECHANISM LINKING PARENTAL SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND THE USE OF SUBSTANCE USE AND TOWARD THAT END, WE'RE THINKING THIS NOTION OF ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY REINFORCEMENT MAY HELP. WHAT ARE THOSE ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY REINFORCEMENT? I JUST WANT TO REFRESH OUR MIND ABOUT THAT ONE. SO ALTERNATIVE REINFORCEMENT IN ESSENTIALLY ACTIVITIES THAT COMPETE WITH SUBSTANCE USE. THEY DON'T GO TOGETHER. PLAYING A MUSICAL INSTRUMENT IF YOU ARE INTOXICATED WOULD BE REALLY TRICKY TO PLAY VIOLIN OR WHATEVER THAT KIND OF THING, SO THE COMPETING ONE. THE OTHER ONE IS A COMPLEMENTARY REINFORCEMENT. THAT ONE IS SUBSTANCE USE AND ACTIVITY GOES WELL REALLY WELL. LIKE CAN INCREASE THE PLEASURE OF A SPECIFIC ACTIVITY, SO COMPETING VERSUS LIKE ADDING MORE VALUE. THAT'S THE IDEA. AND THESE TWO NOTIONS MIGHT BE HELPFUL FOR US TO UNDERSTAND THE MECHANISM UNDERLYING SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND THE USE OF SUBSTANCE USE. FOR ALTERNATIVE REINFORCEMENT, BECAUSE LIMITED RESOURCES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR LOW INCOME YOUTH, POTENTIALLY THEY HAVE LIMITED ALTERNATIVE REINFORCEMENT. AND AT THE SAME TIME, BECAUSE THEIR RESOURCES AND OPPORTUNITIES ARE LIMITED, THE ACTIVITIES, PLEASURABLE ACTIVITIES THAT ARE AVAILABLE TO THEM ARE LOW QUALITY. SO THEY'RE LOOKING FOR SOMETHING SO THAT THEY CAN INCREASE THE PLEASURE OR REINFORCEMENT OF VALUE AND POTENTIALLY FOR LOW INCOME YOUTH, SUBSTANCES REPRESENT AN EASILY ACCESSIBLE AND AFFORDABLE THE WAY TO INCREASE THEIR REINFORCEMENT VALUE. SO NEXT ONE IS DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESS. THAT'S THE NEXT IDEA WE'RE LOOKING AT, AND TOWARD THAT END, WE'RE THINKING WE'RE GOING TO APPLY THE CASCADE MODEL. I'M GOING TO TALK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT THAT ONE. SO WHY THE DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECT WE NEED, BECAUSE WE KNOW SUBSTANCE USE IS INHERENTLY DEVELOPMENTAL. WE HAVE LEARNED THERE IS DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERN IN ALL OF THOSE, THAT'S ONE. AND THE OTHER ONE IS THIS NEGATIVE IMPACT OF EARLIER SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS POTENTIALLY PERSISTED OR WIDENED OVER TIME AS WE HEARD FROM A PREVIOUS PRESENTATION. SO WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND, WE NEED TO ADD A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE TO THIS WHOLE MECHANISM PIECE, SO TO THAT ONE, WE'RE GOING TO USE DEVELOPMENTAL CASCADE MODEL. DEVELOPMENTAL CASCADE MODEL, THERE ARE THREE KEY KIND OF COMPONENTS. THE FIRST ONE IS A CONTINUITY, CONTINUITY MEANS STABLE, LIKE THE INDIVIDUAL -- THE FUNCTIONINGS OF INDIVIDUALS OR THE FUNCTIONINGS OF ENVIRONMENT WILL BE STABLE OVER TIME. THAT IS THE NOTION OF CONTINUITY. BIDIRECTIONAL IS ENVIRONMENT HAS IMPACT ON THE INDIVIDUAL BUT AT THE SAME TIME, POTENTIALLY YOUTH HAVING INFLUENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AS WELL, THAT IS BIDIRECTIONAL ONE AND THE FINAL ONE IS THAT MEANS WHATEVER IMPACT HAPPENING THAT MAKES IT BIGGER OVER TIME AND ACROSS DOMAIN. THOSE ARE THE THREE ONES. SO WITH THAT ONE, BASED ON OBSERVATION OF STUDY, WE CAME UP WITH TWO SPECIFIC RESEARCH HYPOTHESES. THE FIRST ONE IS THIS: DIMINISHED ALTERNATIVE REINFORCEMENT AND ELEVATED COMPLEMENTARY REINFORCEMENT WOULD SERVE AS MEDIATING MECHANISMS LINKING BETWEEN THE PARENTAL SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, PARENTAL -- SPECIFICALLY PARENTAL EDUCATION AND THE YOUTH SUBSTANCE USE. AND THE SECOND RESEARCH QUESTION IS WE ARE HYPOTHESIZING THAT THAT MAY HAPPEN IN A CASCADING MANNER. AND THE CASCADING, WE'RE GOING TO LOOK AT CONTINUITY, SPECIFICALLY CONTINUITY AND BUY BIDIRECTIONALITY AND AMPLIFICATION. THE METHOD. THE STUDY, THE DATA FROM THE HAPPINESS AND HEALTH PROJECT, THIS WAS LED BY DR. LEVENTHAL, MY COLLEAGUE AT PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AT USC, AND WE HAVE ABOUT 3400 STUDENTS AND 10 SCHOOLS IN L.A. COUNTY, AND IT IS -- WE HAVE A HIGH RETENTION RATE, GENDER BALANCE AND RACIALLY AND ETHNICALLY DIVERSE SAMPLE. THE MEASURES, PARENTAL EDUCATION, THE WAVE ONE, SO PARENTAL EDUCATION IS WAVE ONE OVER HERE, AND THEN THE YOUTH SUBSTANCE USE, WE CONCEPTIONAL OPTION RANGE OF MOTIONALLIZE IN A WAY SUBSTANCE USE AND WE HAVE ALL OF THOSE POLYSUBSTANCE USE, AND THEN ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY REINFORCEMENT, WE USE A MODIFIED VERSION OF THE PLEASANT EVENTS SCHEDULE, AND THAT'S HOW WE MEASURED THESE ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY REINFORCEMENT. I WANT TO MENTION HOW WE SPECIFICALLY OPERATIONALIZE THESE MEASURES. THERE IS 44 TYPICALLY PLEASANT ACTIVITIES LIKE READING, GOING TO MOVIES, PLAYING WITH FRIENDS AND ALL OF THOSE, AND WE ASK THREE THINGS. THE FIRST ONE IS THE FREQUENCY OF ENGAGEMENT, AND THE SECOND ONE IS THE PLEASURE THEY EXPERIENCE, AND THE FINAL ONE IS WHETHER OR NOT THEIR ACTIVITIES WAS ENGAGED WHILE USING DRUGS. AND THE BASELINE INFORMATION, WE GOT THE REINFORCEMENT SCORE, THE GUIDELINE HOW TO GET THIS REINFORCEMENT SCORE AND IF SUBSTANCE USE WAS INVOLVED, THERE WILL BE THE COMPLEMENTARY REINFORCER. IF SUBSTANCE USE WAS NOT INVOLVED, THAT ONE IS CONSIDERED AS THE ALTERNATIVE REINFORCER. ANALYSIS IS A NEGATIVE -- BINOMIAL REGRESSION, WE CAN'T USE JUST REGULAR REGRESSION, PATH ANALYSIS, AND WE HAVE A BUNCH OF COVARIANT AND CONTROL VARIABLE. EVERYTHING WAS DONE IN M PLUS, AND THE OTHER ONE IS THIS DATA IS CLUSTERED IN SCHOOL SO WE USING A COMPLEX ANALYSIS TO HANDLE THAT INTERDEPENDENCE NOT QUITE INDEPENDENT OBSERVATION OF STUDENTS WHO ARE -- IN A SCHOOL. I JUST WANT TO SHOW YOU, THIS IS MY ANALYSIS MODEL, AND FROM NOW ON, I'M GOING TO SPECIFICALLY HIGHLIGHT WHICH SPECIFIC ANGLE IS RELEVANT TO WHICH SPECIFIC RESEARCH QUESTION. FIRST RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS, THIS IS JUST A REFRESHER, WE ARE LOOKING AT THE ROLE OF COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE REINFORCEMENT UNDERLYING THE LINK BETWEEN PARENTAL EDUCATION AND YOUTH SUBSTANCE USE. SO IT LOOKS LIKE THIS. I DIDN'T APPLY THE NUMBER BECAUSE SOMETIMES THE NUMBERS ARE TOO MUCH ON THE SCREEN BUT WHAT I'M GOING TO WALK THROUGH WHAT IS HAPPENING. THE FIRST ONE IS ALL THE PATH, ALL THE PATH WAS HAPPENING IN EXPECTED DIRECTION. SO IF I HAVE A LOWER PARENTAL EDUCATION, THAT DECREASE ALTERNATIVE REINFORCER. SO AGAIN REMINDER, ALTERNATIVE REINFORCER MEANS STUFF THAT ARE COMPETING WITH THE SUBSTANCE USE. SO THAT DECREASE. AND THE COMPLEMENTARY REINFORCER INCREASE. THAT MEANS IF I HAVE A LOWER PARENTAL EDUCATION, THAT INCREASES THE COMPLEMENTARY REINFORCER. SO ALL THE PATH IS HAPPENING IN AN EXPECTED DIRECTION. BECAUSE THIS IS A MEDIATING HYPOTHESES, A CRITICAL THING IS WHAT HAPPENED TO THESE, THE DIRECT IMPACT. WHEN I ADD ALL THE PATHS, WHAT HAPPENED IS IT DISAPPEARED. IT'S NOT STATISTICICALLY SIGNIFICANT ANYMORE. SO WHAT IT'S TELLING US IS THAT THE ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY REINFORCER DEFINITELY LOOKED LIKE FUNCTION AS A MECHANISM UNDERLYING LINK BETWEEN THE PARENTAL EDUCATION AND THE YOUTH SUBSTANCE USE. SO THE SECOND ONE AGAIN JUST AS A REMINDER WHERE I'M GOING, THE SECOND ONE NOW I'M LOOKING AT THE CASCADE MODEL, AND SPECIFICALLY THOSE ARE THREE. THE FIRST ONE I'M GOING TO LOOK AT IS A CONTINUITY. CONTINUITY ONE, THIS PATH IS SPEAKING TO THAT ONE. CONTINUITY MEANS STABLE IN EACH DOMAIN. SO ALL YOUR ALTERNATIVE REINFORCER IS PREDICTIVE OF A LATER PREDICTIVE REINFORCER. SUBSTANCE USE -- THIS IS STABLE, IS HAPPENING, SO MY HYPOTHESIS OF CONTINUITY IS SUPPORTED. THE SECOND ONE IS A BI-DIRECTIONAL INFLUENCES SO THE ENVIRONMENT HAS INFLUENCES ON THE YOUTH BUT AT THE SAME TIME, POTENTIAL YOUTH MAY HAVE INFLUENCES ON ENVIRONMENT AS WELL. THE FIRST ONE IS ALTERNATIVE REINFORCER HAS DEFINITELY INFLUENCE ON CHILDREN SO YOU HAVE ALTERNATIVE REINFORCER, THAT WILL DECREASE YOUR SUBSTANCE USE AT THE NEXT WAVE. AND IF YOU HAVE A LOT OF COMPLEMENTARY REINFORCER, THEN THAT WILL INCREASE THE YOUTH SUBSTANCE USE LATER ON. SO THAT IS HAPPENING THAT DIRECTION FROM ENVIRONMENTAL TO INDIVIDUAL, THAT'S THERE. NEXT ONE IS FROM THE YOUTH TO THE REINFORCER. AND THAT'S HAPPENING AS WELL. IF YOUTH USES SUBSTANCES, THAT DECREASES THE ALTERNATIVE REINFORCER AT THE LATER WAVE, AND THE YOUTH SUBSTANCE USE INCREASE COMPLEMENTARY REINFORCER LATER WAVE. SO BIDIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESES IS SUPPORTED. THE THIRD ONE IS M A PLI FIX OVER TIME, AND THIS AMPLIFICATION OVER TIME LOOKS LIKE THIS. SO WHEN WE JUST LOOK AT THE NUMBER, WE THOUGHT, OKAY, SO LOOKS LIKE REALLY BIG. THIS ONE IS -- THE MAGNITUDE-WISE, THIS ONE IS SMALLER THAN THIS ONE AND LOOKS LIKE THE AMPLIFIED OVER TIME, BUT WHEN WE DID A STA TIS STATISTICAL TEST, THEY WERE NOT. SO WHEN WE DID -- TO SEE WHETHER OR NOT THAT WORSENED THE MODEL FEED AND ALL THAT TEST, STATISTICALLY THEY'RE THE SAME, EVEN THOUGH THEY LOOK DIFFERENT. SO THE AMPLIFICATION HYPOTHESIS OVER TIME IS NOT SUPPORTED. SO THE CONCLUSION, THE FIRST ONE IS, ALTERNATIVE REINFORCERS AND COMPLEMENTARY REINFORCERS SERVE AS MECHANISMS LINKING PARENTAL SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND YOUTH SUBSTANCE USE, AND THE DIRECT EFFECT DISAPPEARED, DIRECT EFFECT OF PARENTAL EDUCATION TO THE CHILDREN'S SUBSTANCE USE BEHAVIOR THAT DISAPPEARED WHEN WE HAVE ALL THE REINFORCER AS MEDIATOR. AND A CASCADING PROCESS, I WAS -- WE WERE LOOKING FOR THREE SPECIFIC ONES: CONTINUITY, BIDIRECTIONALITY AND AMPLIFICATION. CONTINUITY, YES, THERE IS CONTINUITY. BIDIRECTIONALLY, YES, THERE IS, AND AMPLIFICATION, NO, BECAUSE THAT SEEMS TO BE HAPPENING. SO PREVENTION IMPLICATIONS, AT A COMMUNITY LEVEL, INCREASING ACCESS TO AFFORDABLE HIGH-QUALITY ACTIVITIES FOR YOUTH WHO LIVE IN LOW INCOME FAMILY AND LOW INCOME NEIGHBORHOOD WILL BE REALLY HELPFUL. AND THE OTHER ONE IS, WE REALLY WANT TO THINK ABOUT THE POTENTIAL WE MAY NEED COMMUNITY-BASED PREVENTION EFFORTS TO REDUCE ADOLESCENTS' ACCESS TO SUBSTANCES, ESPECIALLY THE YOUTH WHO ARE FROM THE LOW INCOME FAMILY AND THE LOW INCOME NEIGHBORHOOD. AND INDIVIDUAL LEVEL, PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTION PROGRAMS THAT CULTIVATE AWARENESS OF THE COSTS AND BENEFITS AND REINFORCEMENT AND EVALUATING AND THINKING ABOUT THAT ONE, POTENTIALLY THAT MIGHT BE HELPFUL SO THE YOUTH CAN UNDERSTAND WHAT ARE THE COSTS IF I GET INVOLVED IN SUBSTANCES, WHAT ARE THE COSTS, AND WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS, AND ALL OF THOSE. THAT'S IT. [APPLAUSE] >> OKAY. GOOD MORNING, EVERYBODY. I'M VERY EXCITED TO BE HERE AND EXTREMELY HONORED TO RECEIVE THIS AWARD TODAY. TODAY I'M GOING TO BE TALKING ABOUT OUR RECENT PAPER, VOLITIONAL SOCIAL INTERACTION PREVENTS DRUG ADDICTION IN RAT MODELS AND I'LL SHOW YOU SOME FOLLOW-UP ON THIS LINE OF RESEARCH. BEFORE I START, I WOULD LIKE TO THANK MY MENTORS FOR MY CENTER ON COMPULSIVE BEHAVIOR FELLOWSHIP. YAVIN SHAHAM, MARISELA MORALES, -- WE STUDIED TOGETHER THE CHOICE BETWEEN -- IN OUR LAB. SPECIAL THANKS ALL TO MICHELLE ZHANG, MY POSTBAC STUDENT, NOW SHE STARTED MEDICAL SCHOOL AND MY NEW POSTBAC STUDENT. ALSO I WOULD LIKE TO THANK ALL THESE PEOPLE AND SO MANY OTHERS, BECAUSE SCIENCE IS NOT JUST ABOUT A SINGLE PERSON, BUT IT'S JUST ABOUT A COMMUNITY THAT WORKS FOR A COMMON GOAL, TO ACHIEVE THE SAME RESULT. OKAY. SO IN OUR LAB, WE HAVE STUDY RELAPSE RATES FROM ABSTINENCE, DECREASE OVER TIME INDEPENDENTLY OF THE DRUG CLASS THAT WE ARE CONSIDERING, AND UNFORTUNATELY IN THE LAST 40 YEARS, THE SITUATION HASN'T CHANGED THAT MUCH. SO HOW DO WE MODEL OTHER CLINICAL LEVEL? WELL, -- AND THEN WE TRAIN THEM FOR SELF-ADMINISTRATION SO THE ANIMAL HAS TO PRESS THIS LEVER AND WE RECEIVE AN INFUSION OF THE DRUG AND AT THE SAME TIME, WE RECEIVE DIFFERENT COMPOUND OF QUEUES, CAN BE TONE OR LIGHT FOR EXAMPLE. THEN A DIFFERENT PHASE, WE TEST THE ANIMAL IN WHAT WE CALL RELAPSE TEST, EXTENSION OF CONDITION, MEANING THAT WE PRESENT THE LEVER AT THE QUEUE ASSOCIATED WITH THE DRUG SELF-ADMINISTRATION BUT THE DRUG IS NO LONGER AVAILABLE, MEANING THAT WHAT WE MEASURE IS THE RAT SEEKING THE DRUG DURING THE TEST. USING THIS MODEL, WE HAVE HUNDREDS OF PAPERS SHOWING THE DIFFERENT MOLECULES, DIFFERENT BRAIN REGION, DIFFERENT PATHWAY CRITICAL FOR LABS. UNFORTUNATELY, THOSE RESULTS FAIL TO TRANSLATE TO HUMANS. SO WHAT ARE THE LIMITATION OF OUR PRE-CLINICAL ANIMAL MODELS? THIS IS A TYPICAL DRUG SELF ADMINISTRATION PROCESSION AND HERE WE CAN SEE THAT THE ANIMAL PRESSES THE LEVER TO RECEIVE AN INFUSION OF THE DRUG THROUGH THESE SPRING. AND THE ANIMAL WILL DO THIS, THE ANIMAL WILL LOVE TO DO THAT, BUT WE CAN SEE HERE THERE IS A SINK ALE ANIMAL WITH ONE SINGLE OPTION, AND ACTUALLY IF WE DO NOT PREVENT OR REDUCE DRUG TAKING, THE ANIMAL WILL TAKE DRUG UNTIL WITH THE RISK DYING BECAUSE THEY GET SICK AND THEY CAN DIE OF OVERDOSE. BUT THIS IS NOT WHAT IS HAPPENING IN THE REAL WORLD. FOR HUMANS, DRUGS ARE COMPETING WITH DIFFERENT ALTERNATIVES. CAN BE SOCIAL ALTERNATIVE, CAN BE MONEY, ET CETERA. SO SINCE I JOINED THE LAB, THE MAIN QUESTION FOR US WAS, HOW CAN WE ACHIEVE -- HOW CAN WE INTRODUCE ALTERNATIVE NON-DRUG REWARDS IN OUR ANIMAL MODEL? WELL, AS OF THE -- NEUROSCIENCE, THE ANSWER IS ALWAYS PRESENT IN THE LITERATURE, IF YOU GO BACK IN TIME, YOU WILL FIND THE ANSWER THAT YOU'RE LOOKING FOR. INDEED IN 1940s, SPRAGG VERY ELOQUENTLY SHOWED THAT CHIMPANZEES WILL PREFER FOOD, IN THIS CASE A PIECE BANANA, RATHER THAN AN INJECTION OF MORPHINE. SINCE THE 70s, DIFFERENT LABS HAVE BEEN USING CHOICE PROCEDUE TO STUDY ALTERNATIVE NON-DRUG REWARDS COMPETING WITH THE DRUG. AND THEN RECENTLY, SERGE AHMED CONVINCED THE COMMUNITY THAT IF WE PROVIDE A CHOICE BETWEEN SOLUTION AND DRUG, A MAJORITY OF RATS WOULD PREFER -- WE WANTED TO IMPLEMENT THIS CHOICE IN OUR LAB. THIS IS HOW THE CHOICE WORKS. HE HAD -- THIS SITE IS ASSOCIATED WITH DRUG SELF ADMINISTRATION, THIS SIDE IS ASSOCIATED WITH FOOD SELF ADMINISTRATION. NOW THAT THE ANIMAL HAS AN ALTERNATIVE, IT'S NOT TAKING ANY MORTGAGE OF THE DRUG ON OTHER SIDE OF THE CHAMBER. MORE OF THE DRUG ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE CHAMBER. INCUBATION REFERS TO THE INTENSIFICATION OF DRUG SEEKING OVER TIME. HERE WE CAN SEE ON THE X AXIS -- ALL DAY WHEN THE ANIMAL WERE TESTED AND THE Y AXIS -- THE ANIMAL IS SEEKING MORE AND MORE OF THE DRUG OVER TIME. THIS IS TRANSLATIONAL -- NOW WE KNOW INCUBATION IS ALSO TRUE FOR HUMANS FOR EXAMPLE, HERE JUST EXAMPLE FOR METHAMPHETAMINE ABUSE AND FOR COCAINE USE. THERE IS A HUGE LIMITATION WITH THE CLASSICAL INCUBATION MODEL, THE LIMITATION IS DUE TO FORCED -- WE KNOW THAT ABSTINENCE IS OFTEN SELF-IMPOSED DESPITE DRUG AVAILABILITY DUAL TO THE PENDING LOSS OF ALTERNATIVE NON-DRUG REWARDS. SO WE ARE TRYING TO CREATE THESE EMERGING LITERATURE, TRYING TO MODEL THE VOLUNTARY -- CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT WHICH IS ONE OF THE MOST SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT FOR HUMANS WORKS IN THE SAME WAY. ABSTINENCE IS REWARDED WITH ALTERNATIVE NON-DRUG REWARDS. FOR EXAMPLE, VOUCHERS OR MONEY. IT'S IMPORTANT TO SAY THAT ONE CONTINGENCY THIS CONTINUES, HUMANS TEND TO RELAPSE. THIS IS PRETTY MUCH WHAT WE WERE ABLE TO SHOW IN OUR MODEL. WE ALSO EXTEND OUR FINDING TO FEMALE RATS AND HEROIN. WE FOUND THIS CRITICAL ROLE OF A SUBPOPULATION OF ACTIVATING NEURONS IN THE DORSAL MEDIAL STRIATUM AND ALSO WE IDENTIFY THESE PROJECTIONS FROM THE CORTEX TO THE -- CRITICAL FOR RELAPSE AFTER VOLUNTARY ABSTINENCE. ALTHOUGH WE SPEND -- YEARS IN MY LIFE, WE SPEND A LOT OF TIME WORKING ON THIS PROJECT, WE WERE FEELING THAT THERE WAS STILL A TRANSLATIONAL MISSING IN THIS MODEL BECAUSE THE FOOD WAS NOT THE PERFECT MATCH WITH THE HUMAN SITUATION. SO BECAUSE WE KNOW THE WITH DRUGS FOR HUMAN IS SOCIAL BY NATURE. YOU RISK TO LOSE YOUR FAMILY, YOUR PARTNER, YOUR KIDS. OBVIOUSLY I'M NOT SAYING THAT SOCIAL IS THE ONLY WAY TO CREATE A BETTER ANIMAL MODEL OF DRUG ADDICTION BECAUSE THE REASON FOR LIMITED TRANSLATIONAL SUCCESS STATUS USING ADDICTION MODELS ARE COMPLEX AND MULTIFACTORIAL, OBVIOUSLY WE'VE DONE A LOT IN THE LAST 30, 40 YEARS IN THE ADDICTION FIELD. WE MOVE FROM PASSIVE DRUG EXPOSURE TO DRUG SELF ADMINISTRATION. AS I SAID, WE INTRODUCE A CHOICE MODEL IN THE ADDICTION FIELD, BUT ALSO THERE IS IN THE OTHER PROVOCATIVE SIDE OTHER SCIENTISTS ARGUING THAT WE WILL NEVER GET A VERY GOOD TRANSLATIONAL MODEL IN THIS CASE FOR THE UNIQUE ABILITY OF HUMAN TO COMMUNICATE THROUGH LANGUAGES. AND I ACTUALLY AGREE WITH THEM BECAUSE LET'S BE HONEST, WE WILL NEVER BE ABLE TO GET FULL -- BETWEEN OUR MODEL AND THE HUMAN SITUATION. BUT WHAT I'M TRYING TO SAY HERE, PROBABLY WE CAN REDUCE THE GAP THAT IS STILL EXISTING BETWEEN THE RAT MODEL AND THE HUMAN SITUATION BY PROVIDING INDEED THE SOCIAL REWARD AS ALTERNATIVE TO DRUG USE. THIS IS PRETTY MUCH WHAT WAS SUGGESTED IN THIS PIECE, IT'S TIME TO CONNECT, BRINGING THE SOCIAL CONTEXT INTO ADDICTION NEUROSCIENCE. THIS IS CRITICAL BECAUSE A REALLY GOOD TREATMENT FOR ADDICTION DOESN'T HAVE JUST TO STOP OR REDUCE DRUG USE, BUT HE HAS TO PROMOTE BEHAVIOR -- DRUG ACTIVITY. I'M NOT INVENTING ANYTHING HERE BECAUSE WE KNOW THAT THIS IS SOMETHING THAT WE CAN DO. FOR EXAMPLE, A SOCIAL SUPPORT CAN BE USED FOR PREVENTION, WE HAVE THE ICELAND EXPERIENCE, THE COMMUNITY IS PROVIDING SPORT CLASSES OR GYM MEMBERSHIP FOR FREE, AND THEY SHOW INDEED ADOLESCENTS STAY AWAY FROM DRUGS BECAUSE OF THESE ALTERNATIVES THAT ARE FREE FOR THEM. AND SOCIAL SUPPOR CAN BE USED ALSO A TREATMENT, SHOWING THAT IF WE PROVIDE A THERAPEUTIC WORKPLACE, WE INCREASE THE OPPORTUNITY TO KEEP PEOPLE ABSTINENT. OBVIOUSLY THESE ARE VERY NUANCED AND RICH EXPERIENCES THAT WE CAN'T MODEL IN ANIMALS, BUT WE CAN MODEL SOME PART OF THESE SOCIAL INTERACTIONS. ONCE AGAIN, IN 1963, THEY SHOWED CHIMPANZEES WOULD PREFER TO INTERACT WITH AN EXPERIMENTAL JUST BEING PET RATHER THAN GET FOOD. AND THIS IS ONCE AGAIN TRANSLATIONAL CRITICAL BECAUSE THIS IS EXACTLY HOW THE COMMUNITY REINFORCING APPROACH WORKS. SO IT'S THE COMMUNITY, YOU CAN COMMUNICATE, YOU CAN HAVE SOCIAL SUPPORT TO STAY AWAY FROM DRUG. THIS IS WHAT WE WANTED TO DO IN OUR RECENT PAPER, BUT THE MAIN LIMITATION WAS EXACTLY HERE, WAS A METHODOLOGICAL LIMITATION BECAUSE WE DIDN'T HAVE ENOUGH -- TO MAKE THIS CHOICE POSSIBLE. LUCK LIE MY DAD IS A BLACKSMITH SO I GREW UP BUILDING EVERYTHING STARTING FROM A PIECE OF IRON. SO I START TO CUT PLASTIC AND METAL AND I CAME OUT WITH THIS DESIGN. THIS IS -- I BUILT THIS FROM SCRATCH SO I COMBINED THE CLASSICAL -- CHAMBER WITH A SMALLER CHAMBER ON OTHER SIDE AND IN BETWEEN, I PUT THIS LIGHTING ON. THIS IS HOW THAT CHOICE WORKS NOW. CHOICE IS PRETTY MUCH IDENTICAL TO THE ONE I SHOW YOU BEFORE BUT THE DIFFERENCE IS THIS TIME THIS WALL IS ASSOCIATED WITH SOCIAL SELF ADMINISTRATION. YOU CAN SEE, AS SOON AS THE LEVER ARE OUT, THE ANIMAL WILL PRESS BECAUSE HE KNOWS THERE'S -- ON OTHER SIDE WAITING FOR THEM BECAUSE THEY LIKE TO PLAY AND INTERACT. OBVIOUSLY IF THIS IS WHAT WE SEE FROM OUR SIDE, THIS IS WHAT A RAT SEES FROM HIS HALF SIDE. THIS IS MICHELLE, MY PREVIOUS POSTBAC STUDENT, TRYING TO REMOVE ALL THE PARTNERS ONCE THE ANIMALS WERE MAKING THE CHOICE AND AS YOU CAN SEE, IT WAS VERY INTENSE. THE FACE SAYS MUCH MORE THAN WHAT I CAN TELL. I THINK THIS WAS THE SAD MOMENT WHEN MICHELLE DECIDED TO GO TO MEDICAL SCHOOL, SHI WAS LIKE, I'M SORRY, I'M OUT OF PH.D., I'M NOT GOING TO DO THIS. THIS STORY ACCEDE, LET'S MOVE ASIDE, LET' S MOVE TO SOME DATA. SO WE WANTED TO SELECT A SELF POPULATION -- RATS THAT COMPULSIVELY SEEK THE DRUG, SO WE TRAIN THEM FOR METHAMPHETAMINE FOR 50 DAYS. THIS IS A VERY KIND OF DIFFICULT EXPERIMENT BECAUSE TO KEEP THE PATTERN FOR 50 DAYS IS CHALLENGING. AND WE TEST THEM FOR DIFFERENT œIF THEY WERE REALLY COMPULSIVELY SEEKING DRUG, SO WE WANTED TO SEE IF THEY WERE WILLING TO PRESS WHEN DRUG WAS NOT AVAILABLE, IF THEY WERE MOTIVATED TO SEEK THE DRUG WHEN THE RATIO RESPONDING WAS INCREASED MORE AND MORE, OR IF THEY WERE WILLING TO PRESS THIS DESPITE NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES. WHEN WE PUT ALL THESE INFORMATION TOGETHER, WE OBTAINED THE 19% OF THEM OBTAIN A HIGH ADDICTION SCORE. SO AT THIS POINT ACTUALLY WE WERE BETTING IN THE LAB BECAUSE WE SAID, OKAY, IF THIS RAT IS WILLING TO PRESS 1,000 TIMES TO GET A SINGLE REWARD METHAMPHETAMINE, OBVIOUSLY WHEN WE PROVIDE THE CHOICE, HE WILL PREFER DRUG OVER SOCIAL INTERACTION. WELL, WE ALL FAILED BECAUSE INDEPENDENT OF THE ADDICTION SCORE, SOCIAL INTERACTION WAS SO STRONG, WAS SO HIGH AS A REWARD THAT EVEN THE HIGH ADDICTED RATS PREFER SOCIAL OVER METHAMPHETAMINE. WE ALSO WANTED TO TEST IF THIS PROCEDURE WILL PREVENT OR NOT INCUBATIONAL DRUG CRAVING, SO WE TRAINED ANIMAL FOR SOCIAL MALE AND FEMALE, MALE WITH MALE AND FEMALE WITH FEMALE DURING THE CHOICE, AND THEN METHAMPHETAMINE, AND THEN YOU CAN SEE HERE THAT ALL THE ANIMAL PREFER SOCIAL OVER DRUGS, STARTING FROM DAY ONE, AND THIS IS THE VERY INTERESTING PART BECAUSE WE OBSERVE COMPLETELY BLOCKADE OF THE INCUBATIONAL DRUG SETTING AFTER THIS PERIOD OF SOCIAL INTERACTION COMPARED TO THE CLASSICAL FOUR SUBSTANCE WHERE WE KEEP THE ANIMAL BACK TO THE FACILITY. SO WE STARTED TO INVESTIGATE THE MECHANISM UNDERLYING THIS LANGE OF INCUBATION, AND WE IDENTIFIED THESE MICRO CIRCUIT WITHIN THE CENTRAL AMYGDALA SHOWING AFTER A PERIOD OF ACTIVATON OF THE MEDIAL PART OF THE CENTRAL AMYGDALA, BECAUSE OF THE SELECTIVE RECRUITMENT OF SUBPOPULATION OF NEURONS IN THE LATERAL PART OF THE CENTRAL AMYGDALA, CONVERSELY THIS PERIOD SOCIAL INTERAB ACTION PRESENTS -- FOR THIS REASON WE DON'T SEE INCUBATION. AS I SAID, I WOULD LIKE TO SHOW YOU JUST BRIEFLY THE FULL -- ON THE PAPER, AS I SAID IT WAS GETTING HARD TO HAVE SOME POSTBAC WORKING FOR ME BECAUSE EVERYBODY WAS LIKE I DON'T WANT TO DO ALL THIS WORK, SO I HAD TO DO SOMETHING, I HAD TO MAKE AN AUTOMATIC VERSION, AND THIS IS HOW THE AUTOMATIC VERSION LOOKS LIKE PRETTY MUCH I CREATED THESE MESH BETWEEN THE TWO SIDE OF THE CHAMBER SO NOW THE RAT CAN PRESS THIS LEVER, CAN PRESS THE LEVER AND THEY CAN INTERACT THROUGH THE HOLE. AND YOU CAN SEE THAT THEY CAN STILL TOUCH EACH OTHER, I CAN GO -- WE WANT EVERYBODY TO USE OUR MODEL AS I SAID, OUR PHILOSOPHY, SCIENCE IS FOR EVERYBODY, WE DON'T HOLD ANYTHING, WE WANT TO DISSEMINATE THE MODEL SO I CREATED THIS IKEA LIKE CONSTRUCTION, IT'S PRETTY EASY TO FOLLOW, I DON'T PROVIDE THE SCREWDRIVER BUT I PROVIDE THE INSTRUCTIONS. BUT NOW MED ASSOCIATION IS MAKING THESE BOXES COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE AND THESE ARE CUSTOMERS THAT ALREADY WILLING TO BUY THE BOX TO START THE MODEL BECAUSE WE THINK THIS CAN BE A TRANSLATIONAL UPGRADE FROM WHAT WE HAD SO FAR. SO IN CONCLUSION, I REALLY HOPE THAT I CONVINCE YOU THAT ADDICTION IS NOT JUST A NEUROBIOLOGICAL DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY COMPULSIVE DRUG USE DESPITE NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES. MIGHT ALSO NOT MUTUALLY EX-CLOW SIEVE WILL -- WHEN WE THINK ABOUT ADDICTION, WE NEED TO THINK MORE BROADLY ABOUT OTHER ASPECTS OF ADDICTION. AND THIS IS THE COVER THAT I MADE WHEN THE PAPER WAS ACCEPTED. I WAS HAPPIER FOR COVER THAN FOR PAPER. PRETTY MUCH HERE I WANTED TO SHOW THAT THERE IS A LIGHTER PATH THAN THE DRUG ADDICTION PATH AND THERE IS A FRIEND WILLING TO HELP US, WAITING FOR US TO GET OUT OF THE ADDICTION CYCLE. THANK YOU. [APPLAUSE] >> GREAT. SO I'M VERY HONORED TO BE HERE. THANK YOU, EVERYONE, FOR BEING HERE TO LISTEN TO THE PRESENTATION. I'M ALREADY WORRIED ABOUT TIME A LITTLE BIT SO I'M GOING TO SPEED A BIT AND GET SOME SLIDES IN THE INTRODUCTION SO WE CAN GET TO THE MEAT OF IT BUT I WANTED TO GIVE YOU A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THIS NEW EXCITING INTERDISCIPLINARY BRANCH OF RESEARCH CALLED SOCIAL SCIENCE GENETICS. WHETHER WE'RE GIVING IT THE TITLE SOCIOGENOMICS, GINO DEM ELENA GEE -- IT'S THE INCORPORATION OF GENETIC DATA INTO SOCIOLOGY, DEMOGRAPHY, THE SOCIAL SCIENCES OR HEALTH BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH, ESPECIALLY AS IT'S APPLIED TO THOSE BEHAVIORS SPECIFICALLY. WE THINK THERE ARE A LOT OF INTERESTING POTENTIAL PAYOFFS FOR DOING THIS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES INCLUDING WHAT WE'LL HIGHLIGHT HERE, UNDERSTANDING HOW THE ENVIRONMENT MIGHT INTERACT WITH BIOLOGY THROUGH THE FRAMEWORK OF A GENE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION. I ALSO JUST WANTED TO NOTE THIS WORK IS SOMETIMES HIGHLY CONTROVERSIAL, SO I URGE TA WHEN ENGAGING IN THIS TYPE OF RESEARCH, WE REALLY EMPHASIZE THAT THERE ARE MANY CHALLENGES& TO THE APPROPRIATE USE, INTERPRETATION AND COMMUNICATION OF THESE SOMETIMES CONTROVERSIAL OUTCOMES WHEN IT COMES TO GENETICS. I'LL SKIP THIS BUT I WILL TALK BRIEFLY ABOUT WHY WE'RE SO INTERESTED IN DOING THIS SORT OF WORK NOW AS OPPOSED TO IN THE PAST OR IN THE FUTURE. THE FIRST REASON IS THAT THERE'S BEEN RAPID ADVANCES IN MEASURING GENETIC DATA. SO WE'RE DOING THIS AT FAR GREATER SCALE AND WITH RAPIDLY FALLING COSTS. SO YOU CAN SEE BACK IN 2001, SEQUENCING A SINGLE GENOME COST ABOUT A MILL YOUR DOLLARS A MILLION DOLLA RS A POP, NOW IN 2019 WE'RE UNDER A THOUSAND DOLLARS. WE'RE ALSO BEGINNING TO INCORPORATE INTO SOCIAL SCIENCE DATASETS, LIKE THE HEALTH IN RETIREMENT STUDY, THE LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF ADD LE ADOLESCENT ADULT HEALTH, ALSO IN THE LAST FEW YEARS DRAMATIC ADVANCES NOT IN JUST MEDICAL OR PSYCHIATRIC INCOMES BUT ASSOCIATED WITH BEHAVIORAL OUTCOMES AS WELL. SO WHAT IS A GWAS? A GWAS IS SORT OF AN ATHEORETICAL APPROACH THAT REALLY HAS THE METHODOLOGICAL WORKHORSE OF GENE DISCOVERY OVER THE LAST FEW YEARS. SO IN STATISTICAL GENETICS AND SOCIOGENOMICS, THIS IS HOW WE FIND VARIANTS ASSOCIATED WITH OUTCOMES OF INTEREST. IT ALLOWS US TO SORT OF DISCOVER AT THE BASE LEVEL A VARIATION IN THE HUMAN GENOME AND THIS BASE LEVEL IS CALLED THE SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM OR SNP. THEY'RE VERY, VERY SMALL AND ADDITIVE IN NATURE, AND THIS MEANS TO BE STATISTICALLY WELL POWERED TO DISCOVER THESE SMALL EFFECTS, WE NEEDY NORMS NEED SM ENORMOUS SAMPLE SIZES. SO AGAIN, THIS THE NIP IS SNP IS THE BASE UNIT, THIS IS A DNA SEQUENCE VARIATION THAT OCCURS WHEN A SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE, HERE AN A, T, C OR G IN THE GENOME IS ALTERED. THERE ARE MILLIONS OF SNPS IN THE HUMAN GENOME. WE'RE GOING TO TRY TO MEASURE AS MANY OF THEM AS POSSIBLE WHEN DOING A GENOME WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY. IN THE GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY, IT LOOKS REALLY SIMPLE EVEN THOUGH IT'S COMPUTATIONALLY -- WE'RE REGRESSING THAT ON OUR GENOTYPES, X, I, J, INDIVIDUAL I FOR SNP J AND OUR BETA COEFFICIENTS ARE OUR GENETIC EFFECTS. THIS IS WHAT A MANHATTAN PLOT LOOKS LIKE. ALL OF THE PLACES IN THE GENOME THAT WE'RE MEASURING THERE ARE ON THE X AXIS ACROSS THE 22 CHROMOSOMES ON THE HUMAN GENOME AND SORT OF THE TALLEST PEAKS THERE REPRESENT THE SNPS THAT HAVE REACHED GENOME-WIDE SIGNIFICANCE. BECAUSE WE'RE TESTING MULTIPLE HYPOTHESES AT ONCE, THE P VALUE IN A GWAS INSTEAD OF .05 IS FIVE TIMES 10 TO THE NEGATIVE 8. OKAY. SO LIKE I SAID, THERE ARE LOTS INHERITED DISORDERS. THE INTERESTING THING ABOUT SOCIAL SCIENCE GENETICS IS THAT WE'VE BEEN MOVING FROM GWAS ON MEDICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC OUTCOMES INTO THIS TERRITORY OF SOCIOLOGICAL OR SOCIAL SCIENCE OUTCOMES. SO BACK IN 2013, THE FIRST BIG GWAS ON A BEHAVIORAL OUTCOME WAS PUBLISHED IN SCIENCE ON EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OR YEARS OF COMPLETED EDUCATION. AND YOU CAN SEE AS THOSE PROJECTS HAVE SORT OF GONE THROUGH TIME, SINCE 2013, THE NUMBER OF GENOME-WIDE SIGNIFICANT LOCI AS WELL AS THE SAMPLE SIZE OF THE DISCOVERY SAMPLE HAS BEEN INCREASING. SO I WAS VERY LUCKY LAST YEAR TO BE HIGHLY INVOLVED IN THIS PROJECT. WE REASSEMBLED 1.1 INDIVIDUALS' GENOMES AND PERFORMED A GWAS ON EDUCATIONAL ATAPEMENT. ATTAINMENT. WE FOUND 1,271 APPROXIMATELY INDEPENDENT LOCATIONS IN THE GENOME THAT WERE HIGHLY ASSOCIATED WITH YEARS OF COMPLETED EDUCATION. WE ALSO CAN DO SOME OF THIS WORK FOR HEALTH BEHAVIORS AS WELL, SO IT'S NOT JUST SOCIAL SCIENCE OUTCOMES BUT LAST YEAR, I WAS ALSO HIGHLY INVOLVED IN A PROJECT PUBLISHED IN NATURE GENETICS WHERE WE ASSEMBLED 1.2 MILLION INDIVIDUALS' GENOMES AND WE FOUND LOCATIONS IN THE GENOMES THAT WERE HIGHLY ASSOCIATED WITH SMOKING AND DRINKING BEHAVIORS LIKE AGE OF SMOKING INITIATION, CIGARETTES SMOKED PER DAY, IF SOMEONE EVER QUIT SMOKING, DRINKS OR ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES CONSUMED PER WEEK AND THIS VERY LARGE SAMPLE FOR WHETHER A PERSON WAS ACTUALLY EITHER A REGULAR SMOKER OR NOT. OKAY. SO ALL OF THAT TO SAY THAT IN THIS PAPER, THE ONE THAT I WON THE AWARD FOR, INSTEAD OF BEING INTERESTED IN SORT OF THE AGGREGATE SNP EFFECTS ACROSS THESE VERY LARGE SAMPLES OF MILLIONS OF PEOPLE, WE WANTED TO ASK A MORE NUANCED SOCIOLOGICAL QUESTION. DO THESE SORT OF SNP EFFECTS, THESE GENETIC EFFECTS INSTEAD DIFFER SOMEHOW BY ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT. SO HERE WE'RE USING THE FRAMEWORK OF A GENE BY ENVIRONMENT AND INTERACTION. SO MANY SOCIAL SCIENTISTS ARE INTERESTED IN GENE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS OR WHAT WE CALL THE ENVIRONMENTAL MODERATION OF GENETICS EFFECTS, BUT TO DATE, MUCH OF THIS WORK HAS BEEN DONE IN LOOKING AT SINGLE TRAITS, ONE TRAIT AT A TIME. SO IS THERE A GENE BY ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION FOR EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT. WHEN WE SAY THE ENVIRONMENT HERE, OF COURSE THIS IS A REALLY MESSY MEASURE OF THE ENVIRONMENT. WE ALWAYS NEED BETTER MEASURES OF THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES BUT WHAT WE'RE THINKING ABOUT HEERYLY IS, HERE IS, MIGHT SNP EFFECTS DIFFER BY COUNTRY, SOCIOECONOMIC STA TIS, BY NEIGHBORHOOD, OR HERE IN THIS PAPER, MIGHT THEY DIFFER BY BIRTH COHORT. SO WHAT WE'RE GOING TO BE DOING IS EXTENDING FROM THE SINGLE TRAIT CASE TO THE MULTIDIMENSIONAL CASE, POSITING THAT GENETIC CORRELATIONS, A PARAMETER THAT I'LL EXPLAIN ON THE NEXT SLIDE, MIGHT ALSO DIFFER ACROSS ENVIRONMENTS. WE'RE GOING TO CALL THIS INSTEAD OF A GENE BY ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION A GENETIC CORRELATION BY ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION. AND HERE, WE'LL BE LOOSELY OPERATIONALIZING THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT BY LOOKING AT THE BIRTH COHORT, EXTENDING THE THEORY OF THE SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY ONCOHORTS TO THE REALM OF THE GENETIC CORRELATION. WHAT IS A GENETIC CORRELATION? IT'S REALLY JUST A FANCY GENETIC VERSION OF A REGULAR CORRELATION COEFFICIENT. SO A GENETIC CORRELATION BETWEEN A GIVEN PHENOTYPE OR OUTCOME, LET'S SAY EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, A, AND PHENOTYPE OR OUTCOME B, LET'S SAY SMOKING HERE, MEASURES THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE SNPs, THE GENETIC PLACES IN THE GENOME THAT AFFECT PHENOTYPE A ALSO TEND TO SIMULTANEOUSLY AFFECT PHENOTYPE B. GENETIC CORRELATION IS SOMETIMES CLOAK WE'LLLY REFERRED TO AS GENETIC OVERLAP AND IT'S IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER THAT IT CAN APPLY TO TWO DIFFERENT GENOTYPES, SMOKING AND EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, OR IT CAN ALSO APPLY TO TWO DIFFERENT GROUPS FOR THE SAME PHENOTYPE. SO WE MIGHT BE INTERESTED IN LOOKING INSIDE OF SMOKING, WHAT IS THE GENETIC CORRELATION BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN. SO WE'RE GOING TO POSIT HERE THE GENETIC CORRELATION ITSELF COULD DIFFER ACROSS ENVIRONMENTS. THERE'S A COUPLE OF NECESSARY CRITERIA TO FULFILL IN ORDER TO BEGIN LOOKING AT WHAT AN RG BY E MIGHT LOOK LIKE. FIRST BOTH PHENOTYPES MUST BE INFLUENCED TO SOME DEGREE BY GENES AND WE MEASURE THAT WITH HERITABILITY. IT'S IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT ALMOST ALL HUMAN BEHAVIOR OUTCOMES ARE, IN FACT, HERITABLE, AND ALSO WE HAVE TO HAVE GENETIC EFFECTS ON ONE OR BOTH PHENOTYPES DIFFERING ACROSS ENVIRONMENTS, WHICH MEANS THERE HAS TO BE SOME BASE LEVEL OF G BY E FOR INDIVIDUAL TRAITS BEFORE WE CARRY IT FORWARD INTO THE GENETIC CORRELATION BY ENVIRONMENT FRAMEWORK. SO WE BEGAN TO THINK WHICH PHENOTYPES MIGHT HAVE UNDERGONE RG BY E, WHICH ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES MIGHT WE WANT TO BE STUDYING HERE, AND WE LANDED ON EDUCATION AND SMOKE. SMOKING. WE KNOW THE ENVIRONMENT BY WHICH WHICH -- WE HAVE INCREASED AND ECONOMIC SOCIAL RETURNS TO EDUCATION AND DIMINISHED ECONOMIC SECURITY AMONG PORELY EDUCATED WORKERS AS WELL AS HEIGHTENED PUBLIC AWARENESS OF THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON HEALTH, MOST NOTABLY, THE 1964 SURGEON GENERAL'S REPORT IN THE U.S. HERE ARE SOME NICE GRAPHS THAT DEMONSTRATE THOSE DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS, BOTH ON EDUCATION ON THE LEFT AND SMOKING BEHAVIOR ON THE RYE. AT THE SAME TIME, WE'VE SEEN SORT OF THIS TIED SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC GRADIENT IN SMOKING THAT'S SORT OF BECOME WELL-KNOWN IN THE LITERATURE. SO THIS STATISTIC FROM NHIS SHOWS US THAT IN 2015, 24% OF HIGH SCHOOL DROPOUTS REPORTED REGULAR SMOKING AT SOME POINT VERSUS ONLY 6%, AND EVEN THOUGH WE KNOW THIS TREND IS PERSISTENT IN THE LITERATURE, IT'S SORT OF SHOCKING TO SEE THE PARAMETERS HERE. WE ALSO KNOW BOTH CONDITIONS FOR RG BY E ARE MET FOR SMOKING AND EDUCATION, SO BOTH EDUCATION AND SMOKING ARE NOPE TO BE MODERATELY HERITABLE OUTCOMES AND THERE ARE ALSO SOME GOOD PAPERS THAT SHOW EVIDENCE OF STRONG BIRTH COHORT DIFFERENCES IN GENETIC EFFECT ON BOTH EDUCATION AND SMOKING. SO WE THOUGHT THESE WOULD BE GOOD CANDIDATES FOR TESTING THIS HYPOTHESIS. SO THE QUESTION IS, HAS THE GENETIC CORRELATION BETWEEN YEARS OF SCHOOLING AND SMOKING CHANGED ACROSS BIRTH COHORTS? IN THE FIRST ANALYSIS, WE USE TWO SEPARATE AND RELATIVELY SMALL U.S.-BASED DATASETS TEST THE HYPOTHESIS. ONE REPRESENTS EARLY BIRTH COHORTS, THE OTHER ONE LATER BIRTH COHORTS. YOU MIGHT BE ASKING WHY DID WE USE THESE SMALL COHORTS? THE ANSWER TO THAT IS BECAUSE THERE WASN'T AND THERE STILL ISN'T A LARGE U.S. GENOTYPE DATASET SPANNING A WIDE RANGE OF BIRTH COHORTS. LUCKILY FOR US AT THE TIME WERE DOING THIS ANALYSIS A REALLY SORT OF INTERESTING DATASET BASED IN THE U.K. BECAME AVAILABLE, THE U.K. BIOBANK, AND WE USE THIS TO REPLICATE THESE RESULTS IN A FAR MORE CONVINCING AND WELL POWERED WAY. SO IN THE FIRST ANALYSIS, WE'RE USING DATA FROM HEALTH AND RETIREMENT STUDY, AND ALSO THE ADD HEALTH STUDY. AS IS TRADITIONAL IN THESE ANALYSES, WE'LL LIMIT OUR SAMPLES TO UNRELATED INDIVIDUALS OF EUROPEAN ANCESTRY. THERE ARE SOME DESCRIPTIVES FOR HRS AND ADD HEALTH. SO WHAT WE DO, SORT OF THE METHOD HERE, THOUGH COMPUTATIONALLY INTENSIVE AGAIN IS PRETTY SIMPLE. WE RUN A GENOME WIDE ASSOCIATION STUL DI STU DWI OF EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND HAVING EVER REGULARLY SMOKED AND WE USE THIS METHODOLOGICAL SOFTWARE AND TOOL CALL TO CALCULATE THAT CORRELATION BETWEEN EDUCATION AND SMOKING IN BOTH THE HRS AND IN ADD HEALTH. SO HERE WHAT THE RESULTS FROM THAT FIRST ANALYSIS LOOK LIKE, YOU CAN SEE THAT AS WE MOVE FROM HRS TO ADD HEALTH, THE POINT ESTIMATE IN THE GENETIC CORRELATION HAS CHANGED. SO WE GO FROM NEGATIVE POINT THRE FIVE TO NEGATIVE .729. THE MAGNITUDE OF THE YES NE TICK CORRELATION, IN FACT, HAS INCREASED ACROSS THE TWO DATASETS. BUT AS YOU'LL NOTICE, BECAUSE WE HAVE VERY SMALL SAMPLES HERE, THE CON CONFIDENCE INTERVALS ARE VERY WIDE SO POINT ESTIMATES ARE INDISTINGUISHABLE FROM ONE ANOTHER. LUCKILY WE HAD THE U.K. BIOBANK AVAILABLE TO SORT OF DIG FURTHER AND REPLICATE OUR RESULTS. SO THE U.K. BIOBANK IS THIS SORT OF REALLY AMAZING DATASET BASED IN THE U.S., I THINK A FRAMEWORK FOR WHAT -- MIGHT WANT TO LOCK LIKE SOME DAY IN THE U.S. IT'S A SINGLE DATASET THAT CONTAINS WELL PHENOTYPE DATA AND GENOTYPE DATA ON 500,000 INDIVIDUALS. SO THAT'S A HUGE DATASET. WHAT WE DID HERE, IF WE DIVIDED OUR FULL SAMPLE INTO FIVE BIRTH COHORT GROWPS OF GROUPS OF ROUGHLY EQUAL SIZES AND ESTIMATED OUR GENETIC CORRELATIONS BETWEEN EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND SMOKING IN EACH OF THOSE FIVE EQUALLY POWERED BINS. SO HERE'S WHAT THIS RESULT LOOKS LIKE. SO YOU CAN SEE THAT THE SORT OF GRADIENT IN THE GENETIC CORRELATION CONTINUES. THE ESTIMATED GENETIC CORRELATION BETWEEN EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND HAVING EVER REGULARLY SMOKED GROWS IN MAGNITUDE ACROSS THE FIVE BIRTH COHORTS, AND HERE, EVEN THOUGH WE CAN'T DISTINGUISH ALL OF THE ESTIMATES FROM EACH OTHER, WE WERE ACTUALLY ABLE TO DISTINGUISH THE FIRST GENETIC CORRELATION ESTIMATE FROM THE LAST ONE HERE IN A STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT FASHION SO WE WERE ACTUALLY QUITE EXCITED TO SEE THIS REPLICATE IN A MUCH MORE WELL POWERED FASHION HERE. SO BROAD CONCLUSIONS BEFORE I MOVE INTO A LITTLE BIT OF DISCUSSION. FIRST FROM THIS PAPER IT LOOKS LIKE THE YES NE TICK GENETIC CORRELATION OF USE OF SMOKING AND HAVING REGULARLY SMOKED HAS GROWN ACROSS COHORTS. PERHAPS MORE GENERALLY, COULD IN FACT HAVE THE POWER TO CHANGE THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN COMPLEX SOCIAL OUTCOMES AT THE GENETIC LEVEL AS DRIVEN BY SOCIAL FACTORS. THIS IS RELEVANT FOR COHORT THEORY BECAUSE IT POSITS THAT PERHAPS DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS OF DNA ON WIDE RANGING OUTCOMES MAY BE BUNDLED UNIQUELY ACROSS BIRTH COHORTS DUE TO DIFFERENCES IN THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTS IN WHICH COHORTS PROGRESS THROUGH THE LIFE COURSE. A LITTLE BIT OF DISCUSSION, WHY DOES THIS MATTER? I THINK IT MATTERS IN A FEW IMPORTANT WAYS. SO FIRST, THE RG BY E PERSPECTIVE HIGHLIGHTS THE NEED TO SITUATE GENETIC EFFECTS AND SHARED GENETIC EFFECT WITHIN A PARTICULAR ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT. BUT THERE'S ONE PARTICULAR APPLICATION WHERE I THINK THIS IS GOING TO BE PARTICULARLY SALIENT IN THE COMING YEARS, AND THIS IS IN CONSIDERING POLYGENIC SCORES. SO POLYGENIC SCORES ARE THESE WONDERFUL TOOLS THAT COME TO US FROM STATISTICAL GENETICS THAT ALLOW US TO TAKE THE EFFECTS OF A GWAS AND ESSENTIALLY CALCULATE A SINGLE VARIABLE PREDICTER, GENETIC PREDICTER FOR THE OUTCOME OF INTEREST, AND IT SUMMARIZES THE EXTENT TO WHICH A PERSON MIGHT POSSESS SNPs ASSOCIATED WITH THAT OUTCOME. YOU MIGHT, FOR INSTANCE, TAKE GWAS OF EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND THEN CREATE A POLYGENIC SCORE FOR ADD HEALTH THAT ALLOWS YOU TO PREDICT COMPLETED EDUCATION OR OTHER RELATED OUTCOMES IN THE ADD HEALTH DATASET. HOWEVER, WE KNOW FROM ONE OF MY WONDERFUL COLLEAGUES AT THE BROAD INSTITUTE THAT THERE'S SOME CONCERN ABOUT WHETHER THESE GENETIC PREDICTERS CREATED IN EUROPEAN SAMPLES ARE ACTUALLY PORTABLE ACROSS DIVERSE ANCESTRAL GROUPS. IN A SIMILAR WAY FROM THE RESULTS OF THIS PAPER, I THINK IT'S IMPORTANT TO WONDER WHETHER THE POLYGENIC SCORES DEVELOPED IN THESE LARGE GWAS DISCOVERY SAMPLES ARE ACTUALLY PORTABLE ACROSS NOT JUST ANCESTRIES BUT DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL OR DEMOGRAPHIC COLORADO SPRINGS. CHARACTERISTICS. THERE'S ALREADY SOME PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE THAT THIS ACTUALLY MIGHT NOT BE THE CASE AND THAT THIS PROBLEM MIGHT BE PERSISTENT, BUT WHEN WE'RE CONSIDERING BASE CHARACTERISTICS LIKE SEX OR AGE. THIS IS SORT OF THE FINAL SLIDE THAT SUMMARIZES SORT OF MY RESEARCH AGENDA IN THIS AREA AND I THINK THE IMPORTANT BLESSAGE MESSAGES. I THINK IT'S CLEAR WITHOUT A DEEPER UNDERSTANDING OR APPRECIATION IN THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL OR DEMOGRAPHIC CONTEXT, WHETHER THAT'S SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, GENDER, CHILDHOOD ENVIRONMENT, IT WILL LIKELY BE IMPOSSIBLE TO MAKE THE RESULTS OF THE GENETICS FOR BEHAVIORAL AND HEALTH OUTCOMES MAXIMALLY USEFUL OR EVEN ACCURATE FOR EVERYONE. AND OF COURSE WE'RE INTERESTED IN THE HEALTH OF EVERYONE. AND FINALLY, I THINK THIS REALLY NECESSITATES THE IMPORTANCE OF TRULY INTERDISCIPLINARY EXPERTISE, TRAINING, AND COLLABORATION BETWEEN THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES AND STATISTICAL GENETICS. THANKS SO MUCH TO ALL THE FUNDERS WHO FUNDED THE WORK, AND THAT'S IT FOR ME. [APPLAUSE] >> THANK YOU FOR WONDERFUL PRESENTATIONS. I'D INVITE THE FOUR SPEAKERS TO œWE'LL START THE Q & A PROCESS. AS FOLKS ARE ASKING QUESTIONS, IF YOU'D BE SURE TO COME UP TO A MICROPHONE AND SAY WHO YOU ARE AND WHERE YOU'RE FROM, JUST BEFORE YOU ASK THE QUESTION TO GIVE THE SPEAKERS A LITTLE BIT OF CONTEXT. AND SO I SEE AS THEY'RE GETTING SEATED THAT YOU HAVE A QUESTION. DO YOU WANT TO COME UP TO THE TABLE AND ASK THE QUESTION HERE? WITH THE MICROPHONE? >> HI. CONGRATULATIONS TO ALL OF YOU. ASTONISHING WORK, AND THERE'S A LOT TO THINK ABOUT. MS. LEE, MY NAME IS DR. MINDY RISER, I'M A SOCIAL SCIENTIST, VICE PRESIDENT OF AN NGO THAT WORKS IN PEACE BUILDING AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION, SO THIS DOWN THE ROAD IS RATHER RELEVANT IN TERMS OF PEOPLE'S LIFE CHANCES AND BEHAVIORS. YOU LOOKED AT LOWER SOCIOECONOMIC LEVEL, BUT DIFFERENT COMMUNITIES MAY HAVE INDIVIDUALS WHO DO NOT HAVE HIGH LEVELS OF EDUCATION OR INCOME BUT THERE'S A RICH CULTURAL LIFE. THERE'S A RICH SENSE OF COMMUNITY. RELIGION PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE. I WONDER HOW YOU LOOK AT THAT, AGAIN, IF YOU'RE VIETNAMESE OR MEXICAN OR CAMBODIAN, YOUR MOSQUE, YOUR CHURCH, YOUR EXTENDED FAMILY MAY MATTER. HOW DOES THAT FACTOR INTO WHAT YOU'VE BEEN STUDYING? >> >> SO THANK YOU FOR THE QUESTION. SO THAT IS A REALLY EXCELLENT QUESTION. SO THE MODEL THAT I SET UP IS ESSENTIALLY RISK PROCESS, LIKE A CASCADING RISK PROCESS, BUT THE FACTORS THAT YOU TALK ABOUT IS THAT IS THAT IT CAN BE KIND OF BE COUNTER THAT ONE. SO POTENTIALLY THE WHOLE RISK CASCADE PROCESS, THAT ITSELF, THAT MIGHT BE DIFFERENT, DEPENDING ON CULTURAL CAPITAL THAT THE COMMUNITY HAS OR THE RELIGIOSITY, ALL THOSE KIND OF PROMOTING AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS CAN DISRUPT THE CASCADING PROCESS. AT THE MOMENT IN A GIVEN STUDY, WE DIDN'T HAVE A LOOK AT THAT ONE, IN THE HNH, HAPPINESS & HEALTH STUDY, WE HAVE NOT MEASURED THOSE ASPECTS, BUT WE'RE TALKING ABOUT IT, ESPECIALLY WE HAVE RACIALLY AND ETHNICICALLY DIVERSE STUDENTS WE HAVE AND LEAVING L.A., L.A. IS LIKE ANYWHERE BUT L.A. IS A VERY KIND OF CULTURALLY RICH PLACE AND THEY LIVE IN THERE, SO WE WANT TO TAKE A LOOK AT IT, LIKE FUTURE WORK. BUT CONCEPTUALLY, I CAN SEE THE ONE THAT WILL GENERATE THE RESILIENCE PROCESS, THAT CASE KAEDING RISK PROCESS. >> WHILE FOLKS ARE THINKING ABOUT QUESTIONS THEY WANT TO ASK, I'LL ASK SOME. I THINK IT'S INTERESTING THAT THREE OF THE FOUR STUDIES THAT WERE PRESENTED THOUGHT ABOUT PARENTAL EDUCATION OR EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND TWO, WE'RE LOOKING AT ALTERNATIVE REINFORCERS. I WANT TO FOCUS ON THE ALTERNATIVE REINFORCERS QUESTION, AND ASK TAYLOR, YOU IN YOUR PAPER TALK ABOUT SORT OF THE NEXT QUESTIONS THAT ARE NEEDED TO UNDERSTAND THESE MECHANISMS, THAT SORT OF EXPLAIN THESE DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS. I THOUGHT IT WAS INTERESTING THAT PARENTAL EDUCATION WASN'T AS PROTECTIVE FOR SOME OF THESE GROUPS AND HOW YOU WERE THINKING ABOUT AS MARCO AND OLIVIA WERE TALKING ABOUT ALTERNATIVE REINFORCERS, BECAUSE YOU CAN HYPOTHESIZE THAT BY HAVING MORE EDUCATION, MORE INCOME, YOU ACTUALLY HAVE AN ENVIRONMENT WITH A LOT OF ADDITIONAL ALTERNATIVE REINFORCERS TO COMPETE WITH FOOD AS A REINFORCER. ANY THOUGHTS ABOUT KIND OF NEXT STEPS OR SOME MECHANISMS AND HOW THAT TIES IN TO THE ALTERNATIVE REINFORCEMENT? >> THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR THAT QUESTION. SO I REALLY THINK WE HAVE TO THINK BROADER ABOUT THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH PEOPLE ARE SITUATED, IN WHICH THEY'RE NAVIGATING. JUST BECAUSE YOU MIGHT HAVE A OR GROW UP WITH A PARENT WHO HAS A PARTICULAR LEVEL OF EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT DOESN'T NECESSARILY MEAN YOU LIVE IN AN ENVIRONMENT THAT ALLOWS YOU TO HAVE HEALTHY CHOICES AND YOU COULD STILL LIVE IN AN ENVIRONMENT WHICH CONSTRAINS THE AMOUNT OF HEALTH PROMOTING ACTIVITIES THAT ARE AVAILABLE. SO I THINK IT'S GOING TO BE IMPORTANT FOR FUTURE RESEARCH TO CONSIDER THE CONTEXT IN WHICH PEOPLE ARE LIVING. ESPECIALLY BECAUSE WE KNOW THAT PARTICULARLY AMONG AFRICAN-AMERICANS, MIDDLE CLASS AFRICAN-AMERICANS STILL LIVE IN NEIGHBORHOODS AND ENVIRONMENTS THAT DON'T ALWAYS MEASURE UP TO THEIR EITHER INCOME LEVELS OR EDUCATIONAL LEVELS, SO I THINK, ONE, THERE IS SOMETHING TO BE SAID FOR UNIQUE PROTECTIVE FACTORS THAT MIGHT EXIST IN SOMEONE'S NEIGHBORHOOD OR SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT. I'M ACTUALLY DOING SOME CURRENT WORK LOOKING AT HOW THE SURROUNDING RACIAL COMPOSITION ONE'S NEIGHBORHOOD IS AT TIMES PROTECTIVE OF THE PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH OF AFRICAN-AMERICANS DEPENDING ON THEIR SKIN TONE AND HOW PREDOMINANTLY WHITE AREAS OR NEIGHBORHOODS SOMETIMES PUT AFRICAN-AMERICANS AT INCREASED RISK OF PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL HEALTH. SO I THINK OVERALL, IT'S IMPORTANT TO THINK ABOUT WHAT THE SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT, WHAT THE SURROUNDING CONTEXT LOOKS LIKE AND HOW THESE INDIVIDUAL RESOURCES ARE OPERATING WITHIN THOSE CONTEXTS. >> SUSAN? >> HI. I WANT TO EXTEND MY CONGRATULATIONS AS WELL. THEY WERE ALL FASCINATING, REALLY INFORMATIVE AND WELL DONE STUDIES. , BODIES OF WORK. I WANTED TO ASK DR. VENNIRO, YOUR EARLIER STU CAN STUDIES ON SUGAR SWEETENED FOODS AND THE RATS PREFERRING SUGAR SWEETENED FOODS. I KNOW SUGAR ADDICTION IS A CONTROVERSIAL AREA BUT HAS YOUR LAB LOOKED AT SOME OF THE SOCIAL REINFORCERS AS ALTERNATIVES TO THE FOOD AND WHAT HAVE YOU FOUND IN THAT CASE? >> ABSOLUTELY, FOOD ADDICTION IS KIND OF A TRICKY WORD, I WILL SAY, BUT IT'S A REAL THING. I MEAN, PEOPLE ARE SHOWING VERY CONVINCINGLY THAT THE CIRCUIT THAT UNDER LIES ADDICTION SOMEHOW MORE OR LESS THE SAME FOR FOOD ADDICTION. I HAVE DONE SOME SOCIAL VERSUS FOOD AND I WILL TELL YOU THAT SOCIAL IS STRONGER THAN FOOD. RATS PREFER SOCIAL INTERACTION OVER FOOD, EVEN WHEN I FOOD-DEPRIVE THEM. USUALLY IN WHATEVER I SHOW THE ANIMAL THEY ARE NOT FOOD-DEPRIVED BUT EVEN WHEN I FOOD-DEPRIVE THE ANIMAL THEY'RE STILL GOING FOR SOCIAL INTERACTION. SOCIAL INTERACTION IS LIKE THE STRONGEST REWARD I'VE SEEN, AT LEAST FOR RATS. >> I THINK LENNAE AND THEN HARVEY. >> I'LL ADD MY CONGRATULATIONS AS WELL. MY QUESTION IS FOR DR. VERY NEAR OWE. I THOUGHT YOU DID AN EXCELLENT JOB CREATING THIS NEW MODEL WITH THE SOCIAL INTERACTION. MY QUESTION IS, HOW WOULD YOU OR HAVE YOU THOUGHT ABOUT INCLUDING MENTAL HEALTH INTO THAT MODEL. SO FOR EXAMPLE, IF YOU HAVE A DEPRESSED AND ADDICTED RAT, WILL THEY STILL PRESS THE LEVER FOR SOCIAL INTERACTION OR WOULD THAT NO LONGER BE A REWARD? >> THAT'S A GREAT POINT, AND WE ARE STARTING TO DO THAT. WE ARE STARTING WITH SOME PTSD MODEL, SO WE ARE TRYING TO STRESS EITHER THE ANIMAL THAT HAS TO PRESS FOR THE SOCIAL PARTNER OR WE ARE STARTING TO STRESS THE SOCIAL PARTNER TO SEE IF THERE IS SOME SORT OF SOCIAL TRANSMISSION, BUT WE HAVEN'T DONE THAT YET BECAUSE AS I SAID, THE MODEL IS KIND OF NEW SO NOW IS TIME TO OPEN TO ALL THESE QUESTIONS BECAUSE I THINK THE MODEL CAN GO EVEN BROADLY FROM THE DRUG ADDICTION. WE CAN USE THIS MODEL TO STUDY -- FOR EXAMPLE BECAUSE WE NOW FINALLY AN OBJECTIVE MEASURE THE ANIMAL HAS TO PRESS TO INTERACT WITH THE OTHER RAT SO I THINK WE CAN DO THAT. >> WE'RE RECORDING THIS SO PEOPLE CAN HEAR THE QUESTIONS, THAT WOULD BE GREAT. >> SO I APOLOGIZE, THIS IS ALSO FOR MARCO, BUT I DID ALSO HAVE A QUESTION FOR OLIVIA. I DON'T KNOW IF YOU SAID WHICH SUBSTANCE WAS THE FOCUS OF YOUR STUDY. >> WE DID BOTH METHAMPHETAMINE AND -- NOW WE'RE DOING FENTANYL AND WE HAVE SOME DATA ALSO WITH ALCOHOL, PRETTY MUCH THE SITUATION IS IDENTICAL ACROSS DRUGS. >> OKAY. AND A FOLLOW-UP -- NOT A FOLLOW-UP BUT A DIFFERENT QUESTION. IT SEEMED LIKE THE EARLY PARTS OF THE WORK YOU WERE DESCRIBING WHERE YOU FOUND THE ALTERNATIVE REINFORCERS WOULDN'T HAVE NATURALLY LED YOU TO THEN LOOKING AT SOCIAL SUPPORT AND SOCIAL INTERACTION. I'M CURIOUS TO KNOW, THERE'S A COUPLE OF SOCIOLOGISTS ON THE PANEL, I KNOW WHY THEY WOULD DO THAT BUT IT WASN'T CLEAR TO ME WHAT DROVE YOU TO THAT PLACE. >> THAT'S A GREAT POINT. SO BECAUSE I'M INTERESTED IN THE TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE OF OUR MODELS, SO YOU KNOW, STUDYING THE HUMAN LITERATURE, I WAS CONSIDERING THAT OUR FOOD CHOICE WAS NOT EXACTLY THE WAY TO GO. SO I WANTED TO IMPLEMENT SOMETHING THAT -- BECAUSE ADDICTION IS A SOCIAL PROBLEM OVERALL BECAUSE IN THE LAST 30 YEARS, ESPECIALLY IN THE -- FIELD WE FOCUS ON ONLY ONE PART OF THE MODEL. SO I WANTED TO KIND OF OPEN THE FIELD IN THIS SOCIAL WORLD BY BRINGING SOCIAL ALTERNATIVES. SO I THOUGHT MY EXPERIENCE WOULD SHOW THE CHOICE DRUG VERSUS FOOD WAS A GREAT BASE TO START THE CHOICE USING SOCIAL AS AN ALTERNATIVE, BECAUSE WE HAVE DATA ON THE COMMUNITY REINFORCING, WE HAVE THERAPEUTIC WORKPLACE, SO I THOUGHT IT WAS TIME TO CREATE SOMETHING THAT WAS CLOSER TO THE HUMAN SITUATION BECAUSE WE'VE DONE A LOT, WE HAVE SO MUCH TECHNOLOGY THAT NOW WE CAN USE IN OUR MODEL BUT STILL THERE IS A HUGE GAP BETWEEN PRE-CLINICAL AND CLINICAL SO I THOUGHT THE WAY TO GO WAS TO TRY TO CLOSE THE GAP BETWEEN ME AND THEM. THAT WAS OVERALL THE PROCESS. >> ERIKA? >> SO ERIKA, OBSSR. SO GREAT TALKS, EVERYBODY. THIS IS REALLY ENERGIZING AND EXCITING. I HAVE KIND OF A QUESTION FOR ROBBEE. I LOVE HOW YOU INTEGRATE BOTH THE GENETICS AND THE SOCIOLOGY, SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT, EVERYTHING, AND I AGREE WITH YOU, I THINK WE NEED MORE OF THAT. MORE PEOPLE WHO ARE WELL TRAINED AND WELL EDUCATED IN A BROAD SPECTRUM OF THINGS. I GUESS I'D LIKE YOUR OPINION AS A YOUNG INVESTIGATOR, EARLY -- WHATEVER WE'RE CALLING YOU, EARLIER ON THAN SOME OF US, HOW DO WE DO THAT? >> OKAY. SO THE FIRST STEP IS TO ESTABLISH PROGRAMS THAT ARE DIRECTED AT DOING THIS IN BOTH WAYS, SO MY ADVISOR AT COLORADO WAS AWARDED A T32 TO SORT OF START TO FORMALIZE THE TYPE OF TRAINING THAT I DID. MY TRAINING WAS HIGHLY COBBLED TOGETHER AND IT WAS A LOT OF ME SORT OF FIGURING OUT WHAT PIECES I WOULD NEED, LEARNING SORT OF INTENSE PROGRAMMING AND COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS IS NOT AN EASY THING TO DO FOR A SOCIAL SCIENTIST RIGHT OFF THE BAT, AND SO I HAD TO IDENTIFY THE PLACES WHERE I COULD GET IT TRAINING AND SORT OF SEEK IT OUT. WHAT YOU NEED IS YOU NEED P.I.s, THERE ARE A FEW OF US, BUT YOU NEED P.I.s WHO ARE HIGHLY INVESTED AND KNOW WHAT IT TAKES TO PUT TOGETHER THIS TYPE OF TRAINING, AND YOU NEED THEM TO HELP BUILD PROGRAMS BETWEEN INSTITUTIONS. SO I'M SORT OF ALREADY THINKING AT THE BROAD INSTITUTE OF HOW I CAN SORT OF HAVE A POSITION WHERE I'M ABLE TO BRING COMPUTER SCIENTISTS, BIOLOGISTS, SOCIOLOGISTS TOGETHER UNDER ONE SORT OF UMBRELLA, BUT YOU SORT OF NEED THE INFRASTRUCTURE OF A FORMALIZED PROGRAM. I REALLY BELIEVE IN THAT. >> AARON ELLIS, I'M FROM THE OFFICE OF DISEASE PREVENTION HERE AT NIH, AND MY QUESTION IS FORTE LORE FOR TAYLOR, INFORMED BY ROBBEE'S WORK. I'M WONDERING IF YOU'VE CONSIDERED THE EXTENT TO WHICH SOME OF THE AGE EFFECTS YOU SEE AREN'T NECESSARILY AGE, PER SE, BUT CHANGES IN SOCIAL CONDITIONS FOR DIFFERENT RAIS/ETHNICITIES OVER TIME AND IF YOU EXPLORED THAT AT ALL. >> YEAH, SO WHETHER THE CHANGING CONTEXT MIGHT BE PLAYING A ROLE? THAT'S CERTAINLY SOMETHING TO LOOK AT. I THINK GIVEN THE WAY THAT SOCIETY HAS BEEN ARRANGED IN TERMS OF RESIDENTIAL LOCATION, THAT CHANGES VERY LITTLE. PARTICULARLY IN THE EARLY PARTS OF OUR LIVES, SO ACROSS THE AGES OF 13 TO 31, OUR ENVIRONMENTS AT LEAST WHERE WE'RE LIVING DON'T NECESSARILY CHANGE DRASTICALLY. THAT BEING SAID, I DO THINK THAT THE SURROUNDING CONTEXT PLAYS A VERY VITAL ROLE IN SOME OF THE FINDINGS THAT WE'RE SEEING. AGAIN SOME OF THE THINGS THAT I'M WORKING ON NOW AND HOPE TO CONTINUE TO PURSUE IN THE FUTURE REALLY DO EXACTLY THAT, EXPLICITLY TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE CONTEXT IN WHICH INDIVIDUALS ARE GROWING UP, AND THE CONTEXT IN WHICH THEY'RE MOVING INTO AS YOUNG AND MIDDLE AGED ADULTS. SO WITH THE NEW DATA THAT SOME COLLEAGUES AND I ARE COLLECTING, MERGING ON TO THE ADD HEALTH STUDY THAT ROBBEE MENTIONED, WE CAN TAKE A MORE EXPLICIT AND DEEPER LOOK AT THAT, ABSOLUTELY. >> THANK YOU. I THINK YOU HAD A QUESTION? SO TO EVER BEEN THAT'S SITTING AT THE TABLE, IT'S THE MIDDLE BUTTON WITH A FACE. YOU GET A RED LIGHT. THERE YOU GO. >> THANK YOU. I'M FROM THE NCI. I HAD A QUESTION FOR BOTH TAYLOR AND ROBBEE. SO FIRST, TAYLOR, I JUST LOVED READING YOUR PAPER. I MEAN, THE ANALYSIS IS REALLY INTERESTING, BUT I COULD NOT HELP ALSO THINK ABOUT THE NEXT STEP, RIGHT, LIKE IN TERMS OF INTERVENTIONS. YOU DO READ IN THE LITERATURE, FOR EXAMPLE, THE WIDE LITERATURE IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT THAT'S COMING UP, SO WHAT ARE YOUR THOUGHTS OR ARE YOU GOING TOWARDS THE NEXT STEP OF KIND OF WHAT DO WE DO AT THE COMMUNITY LEVEL IN ORDER TO AT LEAST BEGIN THE FIRST STEPS OF ADDRESSING THESE DISPARITIES. THAT WAS FOR YOU. AND ROBBEE, I JUST WANTED YOU TO TALK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT THE U.K. BIOBANK. WHAT KIND OF RESOURCES AND HOW LONG HAS IT BEEN GOING ON, AND WHAT WE DO HERE TO REPLICATE THESE TYPE OF STUDIES? >> THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR THAT QUESTION. RIGHT, SO THE PURPOSE OF THIS WORK IS TO REALLY THINK ABOUT EFFECTIVE POLICY INTERVENTIONS THAT WILL WORK FOR A BROADER COMMUNITY. I THINK BASED ON SOME OF THE FINDINGS I PRESENTED HERE, SOME OF THE FINDINGS THAT ARE COMING OUT, WHAT'S REALLY IMPORTANT AGAIN IS TO IDENTIFY THESE UNIQUE PROTECTIVE FACTORS THAT MIGHT EXIST IN PEOPLE'S ENVIRONMENTS. SO THE PAPER THAT I REFERENCED EARLIER IS REALLY LOOKING AT HOW AFRICAN-AMERICANS OF DIFFERENT SKIN TONES, HOW THEIR HEALTH VARIES COMPARED TO THEIR WHITE COUNTERPARTS, SO IN THIS PARTICULAR PROJECT, FINDING THAT FOR MEDIUM SKINNED AFRICAN-AMERICANS OR AFRICAN-AMERICANS PERCEIVED AS HAVING MEDIUM BROWN SKIN, THEY'RE ACTUALLY GIVEN THIS PROTECTIVE FACTOR WHEN GROWING UP IN PREDOMINANTLY BLACK NEIGHBORHOODS. PART OF THAT IS DUE TO FEELINGS OF BEING MORE SOCIALLY ACCEPTED, MORE INTEGRATED, BEING SEEN AS MORE ATTRACTIVE, HAVING MORE OF THOSE COMMUNITY KINDS OF NETWORKS AND COHESION. AND THEN ON THE FLIP SIDE, AFRICAN-AMERICANS OF DARKER BROWN SKIN ACTUALLY EXPERIENCE THIS INCREASED RISK OF POOR HEALTH WHEN GROWING UP IN PREDOMINANTLY WHITE NEIGHBORHOODS, AND SO REALLY THINKING ABOUT THE TYPES OF STRESSORS THAT ARE UNIQUE TO THOSE TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTS. AND SO IN TERMS OF COMMUNITY INTERVENTIONS, I THINK THERE'S GOING TO BE MORE WORK NEEDED TO IDENTIFY THE PROTECTIVE FACTORS, THE UNIQUE PROTECTIVE FACTORS THAT COULD BE CULTIVATED AT THE MOMENT, AND I THINK A LOT OF THAT HAS TO DO WITH JUST FEELING SOCIALLY SUPPORTED AND HAVING A KIND OF STRONG SOCIAL NETWORK, WHETHER THAT BE IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD, IN THE SCHOOL, ET CETERA. BUT IT REALLY DOES TAKE THAT TRYING TO IDENTIFY WHAT CAN BE USED AS A PROTECTIVE FACTOR, ESPECIALLY IF WE'RE THINKING ABOUT DIMINISHING RETURNS AND SOCIOECONOMIC -- NOT ALWAYS BEING BENEFICIAL OR AS BENEFICIAL FOR POPULATION SUBGROUPS. >> SO THE U.K. BIOBANK IS REALLY SORT OF A PHENOMENAL RESOURCE. IN THE LANDSCAPE OF STATISTIC CAL GENETICS, IT IS SORT OF THINGS WE CAN DO WITH GENETICS FORWARD, I DON'T KNOW, 50 YEARS IN THE ONE YEAR THAT IT WAS RELEASED. SO IT'S AN INSTRUMENTAL TOOLKIT FOR STATISTICAL GENETICISTS. I'M NOT SURE WHAT THE TIME FRAME OF THE COLLECTION HAS BEEN LIKE, BUT I JUST KNOW THAT THE FRAMEWORK THERE IS THAT THE DATA SHOULD BE AVAILABLE AS OFTEN AS POSSIBLE TO SCIENTISTS WITH MINIMAL SORT OF -- MINIMAL BARRIERS TO ACCESS TO GET THE DATA. AND SO I THINK THE FIRST STEP TO THINK ABOUT WHEN I THINK ABOUT WHAT SORT OF LARGE SCALE GENETI DATA EFFORTS LOOK LIKE IN THE U.S. CURRENTLY, I'M THINKING ABOUT DATASETS LIKE THE MILLION VETERANS PROGRAM WHICH IS SEEKING TO GENOTYPE A MILLION VET RARCHS IN VETERANS IN THE U.S. IN SOMETIMES VERY DIVERSE SAMPLES, THE ALL-OF-US DATA COLLECTION EFFORT INSTITUTE, THE BROAD INSTITUTE IS DOING A LOT OF THE COLLECTIONS THERE. BUT IN MY SORT OF EXPERIENCE TRYING TO GET ACCESS TO SOME OF THESE LARGER OR EVEN SMALLER GENETIC DATASETS THAT ARE SORT OF U.S.-BASED, THERE'S A LOT OF BARRIERS TO GETTING ACCESS TO THE DATA, SO I THINK THE FIRST THING YOU HAVE TO DO IS THINK ABOUT HOW TO MAKE THE DATA AS EASILY ACCESSIBLE AS DATA IN THE U.K. BIOBANK IS. OTHERWISE I THINK RECEIPT SOURCE WILL BE LIMITED TO SORT OF THE AMOUNT OF DISCOVERIES THAT CAN BE MADE IN THE DATA, AND THE SECOND THING I WOULD ADD IS THAT THERE ARE SOME WONDERFUL WELL PHENOTYPED SMALL DATASETS LIKE ADD HEALTH THAT HAVE GENETIC DATA COLLECTED IN THEM. GENETIC DATA AS I SHOWED YOU IS NOT SO EXPENSIVE TO COLLECT ANYMORE, AND I THINK IT CAN BE REALLY VALUABLE WHEN WE CONSIDER THINGS LIKE TESTING WHETHER SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS FOR POLYGENIC SCORES MIGHT MATTER FOR SOMETHING LIKE THAT SO FOR PROGRAM OFFICERS IN THE AUDIENCE THAT ARE IN CHARGE OF DATASETS OR WORKING WITH DATASETS, I'D SAY LIKE GET THE GENETIC DATA COLLECTED. IT'S NOT VERY EXPENSIVE. SO JUST DO IT BECAUSE SOME OF THE PHENOTYPING IS VERY VALUABLE IN THESE SMALL DATASETS. >> OVER HERE AND THEN YOU, STEPHANIE. >> >> HI, RONA POPKIN FROM NICHD. AS A FLIP TO AN EARLIER QUESTION, I HAVE A QUESTION FOR ROBBEE THAT'S INFORMED BY TAYLOR'S RESEARCH. SO ROBBEE, YOU MENTIONED THAT THERE'S BEEN KIND OF, YOU NO HE, CONCERNS ABOUT THE FACT THAT A LOT OF THIS RESEARCH IS ALMOST ALWAYS DONE IN PEOPLE OF EUROPEAN ANCESTRY AND HOW THAT'S PORTABLE ACROSS GROUPS OF DIFFERENT ANCESTRY, AND ALSO WE KNOW THAT ANCESTRY IS OFTEN USED AS A PROXY FOR RACE, WHICH WE KNOW IN THIS ROOM, THEY ARE NOT THE SAME IN A LOT OF THESE STUDIES, AND SO I'M KIND OF WONDERING IF YOU CAN DISCUSS TO WHAT EXTENT SOME OF THESE CORRELATION BY ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS THAT YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT ARE GENDERED, FIRST OF ALL, THINKING ABOUT TAYLOR'S WORK, AND THEN ALSO HOW DO WE EVEN BEGIN TO ACCOUNT FOR EXISTING INEQUALITIES THAT WE KNOW EXIST BY RACE YET ALONE AND IN AN INTERACTIVE MODEL WHEN ALL OF THESE STUDIES ARE REALLY DONE IN PEOPLE OF EUROPEAN ANCESTRY? >> HOW TO ACCOUNT FOR THE PROBLEM THAT YOU DISCUSSED, WHICH IS -- ANY SORT OF THE HETEROGENEITY IS THROWN INTO THIS TERM POPULATION STRATIFICATION IN GENETICS, HOW TO ACCOUNT FOR IT IS A REALLY COMPLICATED QUESTION. AND IT'S ONE A LOT OF SMART PEOPLE ARE BEGINNING TO THINK ABOUT AND DEVELOP METHODS FOR. I THINK THE ANSWER IS, YOU KNOW, WE'RE FAR AWAY FROM BEING ABLE TO SOLVE THE ANSWER. THE FIRST PART OF YOUR QUESTION HAD TO DO WITH THINGS LIKE BY DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS, HOW GENDERED ARE THINGS, FOR INSTANCE. THIS IS ACTUALLY A REALLY EXCITING TIME FOR ANSWERING QUESTIONS LIKE THAT, HOW DID GENETIC ASSOCIATIONS AT THE GENOME-WIDE LEVEL DIFFER BY THINGS LIKE SEX OR AGE, AND SO YOU KNOW, IN A SIMILAR FASHION THAT I DID BUT IN MUCH LARGER DATASETS WITH MUCH BITTER PHENOTYPING, PEOPLE ESPECIALLY AT THE BROAD INSTITUTE ARE REALLY BEGINNING TO WONDER WHAT THESE DIFFERENCES LOOK LIKE, SO THEY'RE EXCITING STUDIES THAT MYSELF AND OTHERS ARE A PART WHERE TAKING EVERY SINGLE PHENOTYPE IN THE U.K. BIOBANK, SPLITTING THE GWAS BY GENDER AND SEE WHAT THE DIFFERENCES LOOK LIKE, SPLITTING IT BY AGE BINS. I THINK THE ANSWER IS THAT THE DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTS MATTER FROM A MODERATE TO SORT OF A HIGH LEVEL, WHICH JUST SORT OF I THINK REINFORCES THE POINTS I WAS MAKING ABOUT THE PORTABILITY OF POLYGENIC SCORES. ONE REALLY INTERESTING, THOUGH CONTROVERSIAL PIECE THAT I'VE BEEN HEAVILY INVOLVED IN FOR THE LAST YEAR OR SO IS A NEW STUDY ON THE GENETICS OF SAME SEX SEX YOU'LL BEHAVIOR. SO IF YOU REALLY WANT A CONTROVERSIAL PIECE, THIS WILL BE ONE FOR BOOKS, I THINK. BUT IT'S SORT OF FASCINATING TO SEE BASED ON SORT HOW WE KNOW PEOPLE ENTER INTO SAME SEX SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, THE GENDER BARRIERS TO DOING SO, THE CHANGES IN THE TOLERANCE OF DIVERSE SEXUAL EXPRESSION OVER TIME, WHAT SORT OF THE CHANGES IN THE GENETIC ASSOCIATIONS ALSO LOOK LIKE. SO THERE'S LOTS OF FASCINATING WORK GOING ON IN THIS AREA AND I EXPECT IT WILL JUST CONTINUE AS WE GET BETTER PHENOTYPED AND LARGER GENETIC DATASETS AS WELL. BUT HOWL TO ACCOUNT FOR THOSE THINGS, THAT'S A TOUGH METHODOLOGICAL QUESTION. >> HI, I'M STEPHANIE GEORGE, I'M AT NIAMS. I HAVE A QUESTIO FOR OLIVIA INFORMED BY MARCO. SO -- EVERYONE IS MAKING ALL THESE CONNECTIONS HERE, SO YOU TWO ARE MY QUESTION. OLIVIA, YOU TALKED A LITTLE BIT ABOUT IN TERMS OF THE COMMUNITY LEVEL FOR PREVENTION, AND ACCESS TO HIGH QUALITY ACTIVITIES. SO WHAT ARE SOME OF YOUR TOP CONTENDERS FOR WHAT THOSE ACTIVITIES WOULD BE, AND HOW MIGHT THEY INTERACT WITH SOME OF THE THINGS MARCO MENTIONED ABOUT SOCIAL AS AN ALTERNATIVE? >> SO THE ACTIVITIES -- THANK YOU FOR THE QUESTION. THE ACTIVITIES THAT WE ARE TALKING AND WHEN WE'RE WORKING ON THIS PAPER ARE THE SOCIAL INTERACTION BUT IN THE CONTEXT OF SPECIFIC ACTIVITY LIKE A HIGH QUALITY SPORT, SOMETHING LIKE THAT, IF YOU GO TO THE LOW INCOME NEIGHBORHOOD, THEY HAVE SOME SPORTS THAT KIND OF HEALTHY ACTIVITY, BUT AT THE SAME TIME, WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE QUALITY, WHAT THEY DO, THEY PUT EVERYBODY IN A SMALL LITTLE AREA, AND THERE'S NO DIRECT LIKE INTERACTIVITY, INTERACTION BETWEEN A COACH AND NURTURING OR NOTHING LIKE THAT, VERSUS WHEN YOU GO TO THE HIGH INCOME NEIGHBORHOOD, THERE'S REALLY, LIKE, WELL TRAINED COACHES THERE, AND INTERACTION IS HAPPENING, NURTURING EVERYONE, SO THOSE TYPES OF ACTIVITIES ARE WHAT WE ARE THINKING. SO ADOLESCENTS CAN ENGAGE DEEPLY, AND THEY CAN SEE THAT THAT ONE IS SOMETHING THAT I CAN REALLY ENJOY AND THAT I CAN DO REALLY WELL. SO THAT THIS IDEA OF SUBSTANCES THAT MAY FUNCTION AS THIS COMPLEMENTARY, I DON'T NEED ANYTHING LIKE THAT. THIS IS A STATUS FINE ENOUGH, THIS IS PLEASURABLE ENOUGH AND I CAN HOLD ON TO ONE AND I CAN GET THE PLEASURE OUT OF THOSE. SO THOSE ARE THE ACTIVITIES WHAT WE ARE THINKING. SOCIAL ASPECT IS A PART OF IT, BUT WHAT WE ARE THINKING IS A REALLY CONCRETE ACTIVITY THE CHILDREN -- THE YOUTH ARE REALLY, REALLY ENJOYING INHERENTLY, BUT THEN IMPROVE THE QUALITY IN THE LOW INCOME NEIGBORHOOD. THAT WAS WHAT I WAS THINKING. >> THERE IS A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE RAT MODEL AND HUMAN POPULATION BECAUSE AS I SHOWED IN THE VIDEO, THE ANIMAL WILL PRESS THE LEVER AND RECEIVE IMMEDIATE SOCIAL INTERACTION. SO WE STILL DON'T KNOW WHAT IS REALLY REWARDING FOR THE RAT. WE IDENTIFY IT AS A SOCIAL INTERACTION BUT IT COULD BE JUST TOUCH. EVEN THE TOUCH SEEMS TO BE ENOUGH TO ACHIEVE THE SAME RESULT. SO OBVIOUSLY WE WANTED TO GO ON THE OTHER SIDE, WE WANTED TO CREATE 100% OF THE RAT -- BUT THERE ARE DIFFERENT WAY TO REDUCE THESE SOCIAL PREFERENCE. FOR EXAMPLE, IF YOU INTRODUCE A DELAY BETWEEN THE LEVER PRESS AND THE SOCIAL INTERACTION, THE ANIMAL WILL START TO SWITCH FOR THE DRUG BECAUSE SOME OF THE ANIMAL ARE NOT WILLING TO WAIT TOO MUCH. AND THIS IS SOMEHOW TRANSLATED TO THE COMMUNITY REINFORCING APPROACH BECAUSE AS YOU KNOW IN THE COMMUNITY REINFORCEMENT, IT'S NOT 100% OF PEOPLE THAT GET TREATED. SOME OF THEM WILL GET THE TREATMENT BECAUSE FOR SOME OF THEM, THAT SOCIAL COMMUNITY THAT STAY ON THE TABLE TALKING ABOUT SOMETHING IS NOT ENOUGH. ALSO THERE IS ANOTHER SUBPOPULATION OF PEOPLE, WHAT DO WE CALL PEOPLE THAT SELF-IDENTIFIED WITH OTHER ADDICTED. FOR EXAMPLE, IF YOU REMOVE A PERSON FROM THE ADDICTION CYCLE, THEY ARE LIKE, I DON'T WANT OTHER SOCIAL INTERACTION BECAUSE MY POSITIVE SOCIAL INTERACTION USE DRUGS BECAUSE I AM ACCEPTED IN THE COMMUNITY, I AM REINFORCED BY THE ACTIVITY THAT WE DO TOGETHER BECAUSE FOR THEM, THOSE ACTIVITIES ARE REWARDING ACTIVITIES. SO IF YOU REMOVE THE PERSON YOU BRING HOME, BECAUSE YOU THINK THIS IS THE POSITIVE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT, THE PERSON WILL BE KIND OF NEGATIVELY IMPACTED FROM THAT EVENT BECAUSE FOR THEM NOT NECESSARILY WHAT WE DEFINE AS POSITIVE IS POSITIVE FOR THEM. ACTUAL LITTLE FOR SOME OF THEM, BRINGING THEM TO THE POSITIVE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT CAN BE STRESSFUL BECAUSE THEY DON'T HAVE ANY MORE ACCESS TO THE DRUG, THEY ARE NOT ACCEPTED AS IS BECAUSE, YOU KNOW, WE NEED TO BE HONEST, WE HAVE SOME STIGMA AGAINST PEOPLE WITH SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER SO EVEN WHEN THEY BRING THEM TO THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT, WE ARE ALWAYS THINKING, OH, HE'S ADDICTED, AND IN THE ADDICTIVE CYCLE, THEY ARE ACCEPTED FOR WHAT THEY HAD, THEY LIKE THAT. SO IT'S KIND OF TRICKY. SO WHAT WE WANT TO DO FROM OUR PRE-CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE IS TO REDUCE THESE GAPS, SO THE SPECTRUM FROM 100% OF RATS PREFERRING SOCIAL TO THE RAT SWITCHING FOR SOME OTHER LIKE IF WE INDUCE STRESS, IF THE ANIMAL IS STRESSED, PROBABLY WILL GO FOR THE DRUG FOR SOME RELIEF, WE DON'T KNW YET, AND THEN WHEN WE HAVE EVERYTHING ESTABLISHED, WE CAN GO ON THE BRAIN AND SEE WHAT THE DIFFERENT MECHANISM IS FOR THE 100% VERSUS THE NOT 100%. >> I ALSO WANT TO ADD MY CONGRATULATIONS FOR THE WORK YOU GUYS HAVE DONE. I THINK IT'S NOT ONLY IMPORTANT THAT YOU'VE ASKED NOVEL QUESTIONS BUT YOU'VE CHALLENGED CONVENTION IN THE WAY WE ANSWER THOSE QUESTIONS. PARTICULARLY IN MARCO'S CASE, IF YOU'RE BUILDING MODIFIED SKINNER BOXES IN YOUR GARAGE, SOME& CHALLENGE TO THE TYPICAL CONVENTION. BUT FOR THE OTHER THREE OF YOU, YOU'VE ALSO CHALLENGED CONVEX OF THIS MORE STATIC -- HOW WE THINK ABOUT PHENOTYPES AND THINKING MORE ABOUT HOW THOSE CHANGE OVER TIME, AND HOW THE RELATIONSHIPS CHANGE OVER TIME. ROBBEE, I WAS PARTICULARLY SORT& OF STRUCK BY -- I JUST HADN'T THOUGHT ABOUT IT BEFORE I READ YOUR PAPER, BUT THE FACT THAT EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT IS OBVIOUSLY NOT A STATIC PROCESS AND THAT OPPORTUNITY FOR EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HAD OBVIOUSLY CHANGED FROM 50 YEARS AGO TO TODAY. IN SMOKING CESSATION, WE USED TO SAY THE REASON WE GOT FROM 40 TO 20 SO QUICKLY BUT THEN KIND OF PLATEAUED OUT IN TERMS OF PERCENT OF SMOKERS IS WE SORT TOOK THE CREAM OFF THE TOP IN THE EARLY DAYS OF SMOKING CESSATION INTERVENTIONS. SO UL AT PEOPLE WHO SMOKED JUST BECAUSE IT WAS SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE AND EVERYBODY DID IT, ET CETERA, ET CETERA, WE PRETTY EASILY SORT OF TOOK CARE OF THOSE BUT NOW WE WERE LEFT WITH WHAT WE CALL THE RESISTANT OR HARD CORE SPOKE SMOKER RS SMOKERS SO THAT 'S CHANGED OVER TIME, HASN'T IT? >> PHENOTYPES ARE JUST DISTRIBUTIONS, AND THAT MEANS THAT THE UNDERLYING GENETIC ASSOCIATIONS WILL CHANGE AS THE DISTRIBUTIONS CHANGE. SO ANOTHER WAY TO INTERPRET WHAT I DO IS THAT SOCIAL NORMS, SOCIAL POLICIES PUSH SOME OF THESE PHENOTYPES TO SORT OF TAKE ON SIMILAR-LOOKING DISTRIBUTIONS OVER TIME. AND THAT'S WHY WE SEE SORT OF SHARED GENETIC INFLUENCES SORT OF INCREASINGLY AS WE SORT OF ALTER THOSE SOCIAL POLICIES OR SOCIAL BEHAVIORS. >> LET'S GIVE ALL OF OUR AWARDEES A BIG ROUND OF APPLAUSE. [APPLAUSE] I WANT TO PRESENT THEM WITH THEIR CERTIFICATES, THEN THEY CAN COME OFF STAGE AND I'LL GIVE YOU A FEW ANNOUNCEMENTS ABOUT TRANSITIONING FROM THIS TO THE NEXT SECTION. [APPLAUSE] >> I'M BETWEEN YOU AND BREAK SO I JUST WANT TO TELL YOU IMPORTANT BREAK THINGS. DOWN THE HALL ON THE RIGHT BEFORE THE ELEVATORS IS THE LADIES ROOM, AFTER THE ELEVATORS ON THE RIGHT IS THE MEN'S ROOM, AND THERE'S A CAFETERIA AT THE END SO IF YOU NEED COFFEE, SNACKS, WHATEVER, AND YOU CAN GET THEM THERE AND WE WILL COME BACK AT 10:30 PROMPTLY, AND WE WILL GET STARTED WITH THE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SESSION OF THIS HALF DAY. THANK YOU SO MUCH. [APPLAUSE] I'M ERICA SPOTTS, I'M THE CHAIR OF THE MATILDA WHITE RILEY DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SELECTION COMMITTEE. WELCOME TO THE 12TH ANNUAL MATILDA WHITE RILEY DISTINGUISHED LECTURE. RECIPIENT OF THIS AWARD HAS A CAREER THAT HAS ADVANCED KNOWLEDGE WITHIN NIH'S MISSION. THE RECIPIENT'S RESEARCH ALSO FOLLOWS DR. WHITE RILEY'S VISION THROUGH AN EXPANDING CONCEPTUAL LAITION OF HEALTH HEALTH AND WELL-BEING THAT INCLUDES EFFECTIVE, COGNITIVE AND SOCIAL FUNCTIONING AND QUALITY OF LIFE, BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES RESEARCH RESULTS THAT IMPROVE THE LIVES OF PEOPLE AND SOCIETY, ILLUMINATING THE COMPLEX AND DYNAMIC INTERPLAY AMONG PROCESSES AT MULTIPLE LEVELS, SO INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GENES AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT, NATURAL AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTS, INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL FACTORS ON PHYSICAL HEALTH AND THE UTILITY OF THIS KNOWLEDGE FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE AND HEALTH POLICY, LIFE COURSE PERSPECTIVES ON DEVELOPMENT, HEALTH AND WELL-BEING OF INDIVIDUALS AND SOCIETIES, AND RESEARCH THAT APPROACHES -- RESEARCH APPROACHES THAT BUILD THEORY AND METHODS IN THE ADVANCEMENT OF KNOWLEDGE ON HEALTH AND WELL-BEING. THE NIH COMMUNITY NOMINATES RESEARCHERS FOR THIS AWARD AND THE RECIPIENT IS THEN SELECTED BY A COMMITTEE THAT I'M GOING TO THANK NOW. ANITA, REBECCA, REBECCA, EMILE YA, HE AMELIA AND BILL. IF WE CAN GIVE THEM A BRIEF ROUND OF APPLAUSE FOR THEIR WORK. THIS COMMITTEE VOLUNTEERS THEIR TIME AND EFFORT TO READING ALL OF THE NOMINATIONS AND THEN SELECT I ONE FROM MANY DESERVING NOMINEES. THIS IS USUALLY NOT AN EASY TASK. WE OFTEN GET A LOT OF REALLY GREAT POTENTIAL SPEAKERS. NOW IT'S WITH GREAT PLEASURE I PRESENT YOU THIS YEAR'S LECTURER, DR. MARK VANLANDINGHAM. HE IS THE THOMAS KELLER PROFESSOR AT TULANE UNIVERSITY, HE HE COLEADS THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT SECTION PROGRAM WITHIN THE DEPARTMENT OF GLOBAL COMMUNITY HEALTH AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES IN TULANE SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND TROPICAL MEDICINE. HE'S LN BEEN RECOGNIZED EXTENSIVELY FOR HIS MENTORING AND TEACHING. I'LL LET YOU READ MORE ABOUT HIS BIOAND RESEARCH ONLINE. I WILL ASK DR. VANLANDINGHAM TO COME TO THE PODIUM TO RECEIVE HIS AWARD AND THEN TO GIVE HIS TALK. [APPLAUSE] SO WE HAVE A PLAQUE FOR YOU. [APPLAUSE] >> THANK YOU, ERIKA. DO I REALLY HAVE TO DO THIS? THAT WASN'T A DIFFICULT ACT TO FOLLOW, THAT WAS AN IMPOSSIBLE ACT TO FOLLOW. CONGRATULATIONS TO THE EARLY STAGE INVESTIGATORS. MY HEAD IS STILL KIND OF GOING IN A MILLION DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS. I'D LOVE TO HAVE AN HOUR OR WEEK WITH EACH OF YOU. REALLY EXCITING RESEARCH. THANK YOU TO THE OFFICE OF BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH FOR HOSTING THIS EVENT AND HONORING ME WITH THIS AWARD. I'M VERY GRATEFUL. IT'S REALLY AN ESPECIALLY BIG HONOR BECAUSE SEVERAL OF MY HEROS COME THROUGH GRADUATE SCHOOL WERE PRIOR HONOREES OF THIS AWARD, AND IT FEELS VERY INCREDIBLE TO BE IN THAT NUMBER AS WE LIKE TO SAY IN NEW ORLEANS ON THE LIST OF PEOPLE WHO HAVE RECEIVED IT. I'M ACTUALLY GOING TO BUILD ON SOME THEMES THAT THESE EARLIER HONOREES HAVE ESTABLISHED IN THIS LECTURE. JOHN MCKINLEY TALKED A LOT ABOUT UPSTREAM VARIABLES WHEN HE GAVE ONE OF THE EARLY ADDRESSES, LINDA WHITE TALKED A LOT ABOUT HOUR OUR HOW OUR OWN INDIVIDUAL HEALTH STATUS IN THESE WEBS OF SOCIAL -- WE FIND OUR SES IN, IN 2011, HOW ISOLATION REALLY HAS BIG IMPACTS ON OUR HEALTH AND WELL-BEING AS WELL. SO I'M GOING TO TRY TO BUILD ON SOME OF THOSE TOPICS AS I INTRODUCE YOU TO SOME WORK THAT I'VE BEEN WORKING ON WITH STUDENTS AND COLLEAGUES THAT FOCUSES ON THE ROLE OF CULTURE IN POST DISASTER RECOVERY. IN MY TALK TODAY, I'M GOING TO DO A LITTLE BIT OF PREACHING TO THE CHOIR, I PROMISE IT'S GOING TO BE VERY LONG, I KIND OF NEED TO ONE BECAUSE WE AS SOCIAL SCIENTISTS, I DON'T THINK REALLY DRIVE HOME ENOUGH HOW CENTRAL -- GIVEN AN OPPORTUNITY TO DO THAT, I ALWAYS DO. AND I KIND OF NEED TO SAY A FEW THINGS THAT WILL BE OBVIOUS TO PEOPLE IN THIS ROOM TO KIND OF SET UP SOME THINGS LATER ON IN MY TALK THAT ARE NOT QUITE SO OBVIOUS. HEALTH STORIES, A SHORT STORY ABOUT HOW I'VE BECAME INTERESTED IN THIS BODY OF WORK, IT'S STILL KIND OF NEW FOR ME. EARLY PART OF MY CAREER FOCUSED ON VERY DIFFERENT TOPICS. KATRINA KIND OF CHANGED EVERYTHING FOR ME, BOTH AS A HOMEOWNER IN NEW ORLEANS AND ALSO AS A RESEARCHER. I'M GOING TO MAKE A CASE FOR CULTURE BEING A NEGLECTED ASPECT OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE THAT I THINK PROBABLY NEEDS A LOT MORE ATTENTION FOR PEOPLE LIKE US TO KIND OF SHOW ITS ROLE IN HOW SOCIAL SCIENCE CAN REALLY HELP TO MOVE FORWARD THIS TYPE OF RESEARCH. I'LL GIVE YOU SOME ILLUSTRATIONS ON THIS, THEN I'M GOING TO WRAP UP BY TELLING YOU SOME DIRECTIONS I HOPE TO GO IN NEXT. OKAY. THIS IS THE PREACHING TO THE CHOIR PART. BEHAVIOR IS CENTRAL TO MOST MAJOR HEALTH OUTCOMES AND BEHAVIOR DOESN'T REALLY MAKE INTO SENSE UNLESS YOU PUT IT IN A SOCIAL CONTEXT. SHOCKING STUFF, I KNOW. THIS IS A CHART OUT OF THE GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE. MOST EVERYBODY IN THIS ROOM COULD RECITE IT BY HEART. THE TOP CAUSES OF PREMATURE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. THEY CHANGE A BIT FROM YEAR TO YEAR SO I'VE GOT THE 1990 RANKED, THE 2017, MORE RECENT RANK. THAT'S NOT NEARLY AS IMPORTANT OR INTERESTING AS THIS, WHICH IS AGAIN NO BIG SURPRISE TO PEOPLE IN THIS ROOM, ABOUT THIS ACTUALLY A VERY CONSERVATIVE CHART FROM THE GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE ABOUT THE ROLE OF BEHAVIORAL RISK WHICH THEY'VE HIGHLIGHTED IN KIND OF A PURPLE COLOR HERE. IN FACT, ALL OF THESE THINGS, FOR ALL THESE THINGS, BEHAVIOR IS FRONT AND CENTER, AND BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL SCIENCE ARE ABSOLUTELY BIG PLAYERS IN THE GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE AND HEALTH DISPARITIES. SO BEHAVIOR MATTERS, SO DOES CONTEXT. WE AS INDIVIDUALS, OF COURSE WE HAVE AGENCY, WE MAKE DECISIONS ABOUT WHETHER TO ENGAGE IN EXERCISE, START ON A HEALTHIER DIET BUT THESE DECISIONS ARE OF COURSE EMBEDDED IN ALL DIFFERENT LAYERS OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE. FAMILIES, PEER NETWORKS, TYPES OF RESOURCES THAT OUR COMMUNITY AND LARGER SOCIETIES HAVE. THAT'S IT, THAT'S THE END OF THE LECTURE. THAT'S THE END OF THE PREACHING LECTURE. [LAUGHTER] WHERE I'M GOING TO MOVE NEXT IS, I'VE BEEN DOING A LOT OF THINKING ABOUT CULTURE RECENTLY, HOW TO MEASURE IT AND WHAT ROLE IT MIGHT PLAY IN KIND OF INFORMING SOME OF THESE DECISIONS THAT WE AS INDIVIDUALS HEALTH STATUS, AND I'M GOING TO TALK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT WHY IT HAS BEEN SO NEGLECTED IN HEALTH RESEARCH AND EVEN IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES AND WHY I THINK IT'S IMPORTANT. SO THE WAY ALL THIS GOT STARTED WAS BACK IN THE EARLY 2000s, I HAD AN EARLY CONVERSATION WITH REBECCA CLARKE, MY PROGRAM OFFICER, ABOUT THIS STUDY I WANTED TO DO ABOUT SELECTION MOST OF YOU KNOW ABOUT SELECTION EFFECTS BUT VERY BRIEFLY, I'M INTERESTED IN IMMIGRANTS AND OTHER TYPES OF MIGRANTS AND SORT OF HOW THE MIGRATION EXPERIENCE AFFECTS THEIR HEALTH AND WELL-BEING AT DESTINATION. THAT'S GOING TO BE DRIVEN, OF COURSE, BY THE MOVE ITSELF, PEOPLE MOVE TO A NEW PLACE, HAVE KIND OF NEW RESOURCES AND DIFFERENT KIND OF LIFE THERE, BUT IT'S ALSO DRIVEN BY THE FACT THAT PEOPLE WHO DECIDE TO MOVE ARE DIFFERENT FROM THOSE WHO DON'T IN THE FIRST PLACE. SO THAT'S SELECTION PART. SO I WAS VERY INTERESTED IN LOOKING IN THIS VIETNAMESE POPULATION THAT HAD MOVED TO THE U.S. POST 1975, AFTER THE END OF WHAT WE CALL THE VIETNAM WAR, SO I HAD THIS KIND OF BINATIONAL SAMPLE GOING, WHERE I HAD A COMMUNITY IN SOUTH VIETNAM, PEOPLE WHO HAD WANTED TO GO TO THE U.S. BUT WEREN'T ABLE TO, AND I ALSO HAD THIS SAMPLE IN NEW ORLEANS, WHICH IS ONE OF THE FIRST PLACES THE VIETNAMESE DECIDED TO SETTLE WHEN THEY FIRST CAME TO THE U.S. SO THAT RESEARCH WENT FORWARD, VERY INTERESTING RESULTS, THAT'S A STORY FOR A DIFFERENT DAY BUT THE PART RELEVANT FOR THIS IS I WAS COLLECTING THE DATA, ACTUALLY THIS WAS MY SECOND TIME TO COME TO THE OFFICE OF BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE -- BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH AND SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH. THE FIRST WAS ACTUALLY IN P., 2003, WE I CAME HERE TO TELL YOU ABOUT THIS BINATIONAL STUDY. SO THAT ONE WENT FORWARD, BUT JUST AS WE WERE STARTING TO DO THE DATA COLLECTION IN NEW ORLEANS, ACTUALLY JUST AS WE WERE FINISHING IT, WE HAD IT ALL SCHEDULED FOR DECEMBER OF 2005, LATE IN 2005 IS WHEN KATRINA HIT. I DIDN'T REALLY THINK MUCH OF THE STUDY FOR SEVERAL MONTHS, MY HOME FLOODED, THE WHOLE CITY FLOODED, WE WERE DISPLACED, I WAS TRYING TO FIGURE OUT MY OWN WHAT WAS GOING TO GO ON FOR ME PERSONALLY, AND AS AN ACADEMIC AT TULANE, TULANE HAD FLOODED BADLY TOO, BUT AS I WAS IN TEXAS DRYING OUT, I REALIZED PRETTY QUICKLY THAT THIS COMMUNITY OF VIETNAMESE WHO WERE IN EASTERN NEW ORLEANS HAD FLOODED VERY BADLY AND I WAS WORRIED ABOUT THEM AND WONDERING HOW THINGS WERE GOING TO TURN OUT, BUT I ALSO REALIZED PRETTY EARLY ON THAT ALL OF A SUDDEN I HAD SOMETHING REALLY DIFFERENT, DIFFERENT FROM WHAT I HAD ORIGINALLY INTENDED. SO I HAD REALLY GOOD, RELEVANT DATA OF AN IMMIGRANT ENCLAVE, JUST BEFORE THEY FLOODED, IF I COULD FOLLOW THEM AS A COHORT MOVING FORWARD, I WOULD HAVE WHAT MOST DISASTERS WOULD LIKE TO HAVE BUT DON'T, WHICH IS SOME INFORMATION ON HOW PEOPLE WERE DOING BEFORE A REALLY SIGNIFICANT EVENT LIKE KATRINA OCCURRED TO THEM. SO THAT'S WHAT I DECIDED TO DO. THE REASON WHY THAT'S REALLY IMPORTANT IS AS YOU WOULD GUESS, HOW PEOPLE DO AFTER A MAJOR DISASTER LIKE KATRINA HAS A LOT TO DO WITH HOW THEY BR WERE DOING BEFORE. SO IF I COULD FOLLOW THESE FAMILIES MOVING FORWARD, I WOULD BE ABLE TO SAY SOMETHING ABOUT THAT AND OPEN UP A WHOLE NEW RESEARCH QUESTION FOR ME, WHICH IS, HOW DO IMMIGRANTS FARE AFTER A MAJOR DISASTER? AND IT TURNS OUT WE DON'T REALLY KNOW MUCH ABOUT THAT. IMMIGRANT COMMUNITIES TEND TO FLY UNDER THE RADAR SCREEN, THEY KEEP TO THEMSELVES, DON'T DRAW A LOT OF ATTENTION TO THEMSELVES, AND THEN ALSO, AND THIS IS KIND OF A PROBLEM FOR DISASTER RESEARCH MORE GENERALLY, WE DON'T REALLY KNOW WHEN A DISASTER IS GOING TO HAPPEN SO IT'S UNUSUAL TO HAVE PRE AND POST DISASTER DATA, AND OBVIOUSLY I WAS WELL POSITIONED TO DO SOMETHING ABOUT THAT. SO WE DID. AND SO ABOUT A YEAR AFTER KATRINA HAPPENED, AFTER WE HAD COLLECTED THE ORIGINAL WHAT ENDED UP BEING THE PREKATRINA WAVE, I FOUND MYSELF BACK IN THE FIELD AND I REMEMBER SPECIFICALLY THIS PARTICULAR INTERVIEW WHICH WAS TAKING PLACE IN MAYBE SEPTEMBER 2006. THAT'S A SPECTACULAR DOCTORAL STUDENT WHO WAS WORKING WITH ME AT THE TIME INTERVIEWING THIS GUY AND SORT OF INBETWEEN -- IT WAS ALL IN VIETNAMESE, SO IN BETWEEN WHEN HE WOULD KIND OF PAUSE BETWEEN VARIOUS MODULES, I HAD A CHANCE TO CHAT WITH THE HOMEOWNER ABOUT HOW THINGS WERE GOING AND FOR ME AT THAT TIME, IT WAS A REAL DARK PERIOD. I WAS REALLY IN A BATTLE TO THE DEATH WITH MY INSURANCE COMPANIES, THEY WERE OFFERING TO PAY US MAYBE 20, 25 CENTS ON THE DOLLAR, TULANE WAS NOT DOING WELL, NOTHING WAS GOING RIGHT. THE CITY GOVERNMENT, STATE GOVERNMENT, FEDERAL GOVERNENT RESPONSE TO THE DISASTER AND REBUILDING OF NEW ORLEANS WAS HOPELESSLY INEPT, I WAS ANGRY, HAVING TROUBLE SLEEPING, I WAS NOT IN A REALLY GOOD POSITION. SO THIS GUY HAD EXPERIENCED ALL THE THINGS THAT I HAD, HIS HOME HAD FLOODED, HIS FAMILY WERE DISPLACED, AND HE WAS ALSO STRUGGLING WITH HIS INSURANCE COMPANIES BUT HE DECIDED TO SETTLE FOR ABOUT 25 OR 30 CENTS ON THE DOLLAR, I SAID YOU'RE CRAZY, YOU SHOULDN'T DO THAT, AND HIS ATTITUDE WAS COMPLETELY OPPOSITE OF MINE. HE SAYS ARE YOU KIDDING? HE SAYS, LOOK, WITH THE MONEY THAT I GOT, I GET TO REBUILD MY HOUSE, WAGES HAD SKYROCKETED SO I'M WORKING TWO JOBS, HE WAS GETTING RE TI TO GO TO HIS SARA LEE SHIFT FOR HIS SECOND JOB, HE WAS REBUILDING HIS HOUSE WITH HIM AND HIS FRIENDS AS JUST KIND OF A -- JUST ON THEIR OWN, AND SO KIND OF THE SAME SET OF CIRCUMSTANCES BUT HE WAS ON TOP OF THE WORLD. HE SAID, I'VE NEVER HAD IT SO GOOD. I'M BUYING A NEW CAR, EVERYTHING IS GOING TO BE SO MUCH BETTER AFTERWARDS. SO NOT LONG AFTER THE INTERVIEW WAS COMPLETED, WE COMPLETED THE REST OF THE INTERVIEWS, IT TURNED OUT THAT HE WASN'T REALLY UNUSUAL. THAT FOR THE VIETNAMESE, COMPARED TO BLACKS AND WHITES IN THE CITY, THEY WERE ACTUALLY FARING MUCH, MUCH BETTER IN A LOT OF WAYS THAT I'LL TELL YOU ABOUT IN A MOMENT THAN EVERYONE ELSE WAS. ESPECIALLY ME. [LAUGHTER] SO MY NEXT QUESTION WAS, WHAT'S GOING ON HERE, WHAT'S IT ABOUT VIETNAMESE THAT MIGHT HAVE GIVE THEM A LEG UP TO RECOVER FROM A MAJOR SET BACK LIKE KATRINA? SO IN THE PROJECT, THE THINGS I'VE BEEN TRYING TO PUSH AGAINST AS A SOCIAL SCIENTIST, THERE'S A LOT OF KIND OF LAY INTERPRETATION AND THINGS WRITTEN FOR GENERAL AUDIENCES THAT EMPHASIZE OR KIND OF PORTRAY THAT ALSO TALK ABOUT CULTURE, WHAT SOME PEOPLE -- OH WHY SOME GROUPS WOULD DO BETTER THAN OTHERS THAT ARE FAIRLY ESSENTIAL LIST IN NATURE. THAT'S THE WAY THEY ARE BECAUSE THAT'S THE WAY THEY ARE. REALLY DON'T WANT TO KIND OFICALLY COMPLICATE THAT A LOT MORE, AS A SOCIAL SCIENTIST, THE OTHER MAJOR THEORY WAS GOING AROUND AT THE TIME, ONE OF THE WORST MAYORS IMAGINABLE, PROVED TO BE HOPELESSLY INEPT LEADING NEW ORLEANS FORWARD, THEY HAD THIS FATHER -- VERY CAPABLE PRIEST, SAYING IT'S A QUESTION OF LEADERSHIP, WE GOT -- BUT WITHOUT KIND OF REALLY THINKING, FIRST IF DON'T THINK -- I THINK THAT'S QUITE TOO SIMPLISTIC, ALSO WHY IS IT THAT THAT WOULD EMERGE IN THE VIETNAMESE COMMUNITY RATHER THAN SOMEWHERE ELSE. SO I ALSO WANT TO TAKE A VERY CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE ON CULTURE. I DIDN'T REALLY KNOW MUCH ABOUT IT. I HAD A LITTLE BIT OF EXPOSURE TO THE SOCIOLOGY OF CULTURE IN GRADUATE SCHOOL, BUT HAD NOT REALLY FOLLOWED IT VERY CAREFULLY SINCE THEN AND I ALSO DIDN'T KNOW MUCH ABOUT WHAT SOCIAL SCIENTISTS HAD TO SAY ABOUT DISASTERS BECAUSE I HAD NOT REALLY THOUGHT VERY MUCH ABOUT IT UNTIL KATRINA OCCURRED. SO ONE THING THAT HAPPENED THAT WAS VERY FORTUITOUS DURING THIS PERIOD, I APPLIED FOR A IS A BAT CAL LEAVE AT THE RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION TOO GAVE ME A YEAR TO KIND OF IMMERSE MYSELF IN THESE LITERATURES AND FIND OUT WHAT DISASTER RESEARCHERS WERE DOING AND HOW OTHER SOCIAL SCIENTISTS WERE DEALING WITH TOPICS LIKE CULTURE, RECOVERY AND RESILIENCE. SO WHAT I'M GOING TO DO FOR THE 30 MINUTES OR SO THAT I HAVE TO TELL BULL THIS TELL YOU ABOUT THIS STUDY IS I WANT TO TELL YOU HOW I WENT ABOUT APPROACHING THIS QUESTION ABOUT WHY THE VIETNAMESE ARE DOING SO WELL, I'M GOING TO TRY TO CONVINCE YOU IN A SHORT AMOUNT OF TIME THAT THE EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THEY ARE. NONE OF IT'S PERFECT, ALL THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF EVIDENCE HAD THEIR OWN KIND OF FLAWS BUT IT ALL POINTS IN THE SAME DIRECTION SO I'M GOING TO GIVE YOU A LITTLE BIT OF TASTE OF THAT. I WANT TO TELL YOU A LITTLE ABOUT WHAT THE SOCIAL SCIENCES HAVE TO SAY ABOUT CULTURE RESILIENCE AND RECOULD COVER RE, PROPOSE RECOVERY, PROPOSE& A NEW CONCEPTUAL FRAME BORQUE THAT PRAY PROVIDE SOME ROLES FOR CULTURE IN IT AND THEN GIVE YOU SOME EXAMPLES. MY APPROACH IS MIBGED. I HAVE A LOT OF STATISTICAL DATA THAT TELLS YOU A LOT BEFORE AND AFTER KA TREE KATRINA ON HEALTH, WELL-BEING, SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS. SO JUST BEFORE KATRINA, ONE YEAR AFTER, FIVE YEARS AFTER, WE JUST A COUPLE WEEKS AGO FINEISHED I HOPE THE FINAL -- THEY HOPE THE FINAL WAVE OF DATA COLLECTION. THEY'RE VERY TIRED OF ME. SO WE HAD SEVERAL POST TA KATRINA WAVES AS WELL. THEN WE HAD QUAL KAYTIVE QUALITATIVE DATA WHERE I TALKED WITH COMMUNITY LEADERS, KEY INFORMANTS ABOUT WHAT WAS GOING WELL, WHAT WASN'T AND THEIR INTERPRETATIONS OF THAT. AND THEN OF COURSE I DID A LOT OF READING AND THINKING ABOUT IT DURING MY YEAR AT RUSSELL SAGE. THE MAIN DATA THAT I HAVE TO SORT OF EVALUATE HOW THE VIETNAMESE ARE DOING COMPARED TO EVERYONE ELSE ARE THOSE PRE AND POST SUREYS THAT WE DID AT THE TIME POINTS THAT I'VE ALREADY MENTIONED. IT'S 125 FAMILIES THAT WE STARTED OFF WITH. IN THE DECADE OR SO THAT'S GONE AFTER THAT, WE'VE RE-INTERVIEWED I THINK 89% OF THOSE IN THE FIRST WAVE, AND WE GOT 70% OF THEM FOR THE FINAL WAVE. SMALL COHORT, BUT THEY'VE BEEN VERY GOOD ABOUT STAYING WITH US THROUGHOUT THE DURATION OF THE STUDY. SO MY SURVEY IS FOCUSED ON VIETNAMESE BUT THERE ARE LOTS OF OTHER TEAMS IN THE AREA THAT WERE DOING MORE POPULATION-BASED SURVEYS, NEW ORLEANS IS MOSTLY BLACK AND WHITE WITH KIND OF A SMALL SMATTERING OF VEET IN MEES KIND OF VIETNAMESE CLUSTERED IN ONE AREA OF THE CITY. THERE WAS ONE STUDY, RAND AT UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, ALSO THIS GULF COAST CHILD AND FAMILY HEALTH STUDY AT NYU THAT SURVEYED A LOT OF PEOPLE IN THE PART OF THE CITY WHERE THE VIETNAMESE LIVE. THEY DO A LOT COMPARISONSCAN SO- BETWEEN THE VIETNAMESE AND THE AFRICAN-AMERICANS USING THOSE DATA. TELLS YOU ABOUT THE KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEWS, THEN WE HAVE LOTS OF QUALITATIVE DATA WHERE WE'RE DOING SOME INTERGENERATIONAL STUDIES, JUST KIND OF OVERWHELMED WITH ESPECIALLY THE QUALITATIVE DATA. SO WITH THAT KIND OF SUMMARY AND RECAP -- LET ME TELL YOU A LITTLE ABOUT THE VIETNAMESE AND WHERE THEY LIVE. SO THIS IS EASTERN NEW ORLEANS. IT'S NOT VERY -- IT'S NOT AFFLUENT AND IT'S ALSO NOT ESPECIALLY POOR. WHITE COLLAR AND THEN BLUE COLLAR, AFRICAN-AMERICANS, 95% AFRICAN-AMERICANS, THAT'S ALL THE BLUE DOTS, THEN YOU HAVE THIS VERY CONCENTRATED ENCLAVE OF VIETNAMESE RIGHT AT LAND'S END, RIGHT AT THE VERY EDGE OF THE DRY PART OF THE CITY OR PROTECTED PART OF THE CITY WHERE THEY'RE ALL CLUSTERED INTO THIS ENCLAVE WAY OUT IN THE EAST. THIS IS WHAT A TYPICAL HOUSE WOULD BE LIKE, SO WE CAME BACK TO THE CITY PRETTY SOON AFTER PEOPLE WERE ALLOWED BACK IN, SO I WAS ABLE TO GET OUT TO COMMUNITY JUST TO SEE HOW THEY WERE DOING. MOST OF THE HOUSES LOOKED LIKE THIS. THIS WAS IN THE VIETNAMESE COMMUNITY BUT IT COULD HAVE BEEN ANYWHERE. SO THE HOUSE -- YOU CAN SEE THE WATER LINE, NOT THAT MUCH WATER, MAYBE A COUPLE OF FEET, BUT IT RUINS EVERYTHING. IT RUINS THE FLOOR, RUINS THE SHEETROCK, THE CAR, YOU KNOW, IS FINISHED. SOME ROOF DAMAGE. YOU CAN SEE THE NATIONAL GUARD HAS BEEN OUT TO GET THE DOGS OUT, THINGS LIKE THAT. SO WHAT HAPPENS IN THE HOUSE AFTER IT SITS FOR A BIT IS, YOU KNOW, EVERYTHING IS WET, SO THE MOLD RAPIDLY TAKES OVER EVERYTHING, AND SO THAT'S WHY IT BECOMES SO EXPENSIVE EVEN WITH A FOOT OR TWO OF WATER, WHICH WAS PRETTY TYPICAL FOR OUT THERE. SO WITH THAT INTRODUCTION AND THE RECAP OF MY CENTRAL QUESTION, LET ME NOW KIND OF SHOW YOU SOME OF THE EVIDENCE THAT CONVINCED ME, AT LEAST, THAT THE VIETNAMESE ACTUALLY ARE VERY FARING MUCH BETTER IN POST KATRINA NEW ORLEANS THAN OTHER GROUPS. AND THE LAST PART OF MY QUESTION, HOW DID DISASTER RESEARCHERS ASSESS WHO'S DOING WELL AND WHO'S NOT AFTER A DISASTER, HOW DO THEY ASSESS RECOVERY, IF WE WERE TO COME UP WITH A MODEL JUST AMONG OURSELVES, IT WOULD BE SK SOMETHING LIKE THIS. IT'S PRETTY INTUITIVE. YOU WOULD WANT TO KNOW WHO'S BACK, AND ARE THEY BACK IN THE HOUSES THAT THEY STARTED FROM, YOU'RE GOING TO WANT TO KNOW ABOUT PHYSICAL, MENTAL HEALTH, EMPLOYMENT, AND HOW INVOLVED ARE THEY IN THEIR COMMUNITY. IES. SO ONE SET OF DATA THAT WE LOOKED AT IS RATES OF RETURN. THIS IS A KAPLAN MEIER CURVE FROM THE LIFE TABLE, EVERYBODY STARTS OFF AS EVERYTHING IS DISPLACED AT THE BEGINNING, THEN AS TIME MOVES ON, MORE AND MORE PEOPLE COME BACK. SO THE GREEN IS WHITES, WHITES CAME BACK EARLY RELATIVE TO OTHER GROUPS, BLACKS CAME BACK AT A STEADY BUT MUCH LOWER RATE, IT'S STILL MAJORITY BLACK BUT LESS SO THAN IT WAS. BLACKS WERE SLOWER TO RETURN AND THEN KIND OF CAME BACK AT NOT THE SAME RATES, AND THEN YOU'VE GOT THE VIETNAMESE IN THIS BLUE LINE, THEY'RE KIND OF LIKE THE ENERGIZER BUNNY, THEY KEPT COMING AND COMING AND COMING AND BY 14 MONTHS, ALMOST 90% OF THEM WERE BACK. SO THEY HAD A VERY FAST AND VERY ROBUST RATE OF RETURN. SO THE MENTAL HEALTH RESULTS FASCINATING. ONE EXAMPLE IS FOR PTSD, SOME STUDIES, KESSLER'S GROUP, FOR EXAMPLE, WERE SHOWING PEOPLE WHO ARE EXPERIENCED FLOODING, ESPECIALLY IF THEY'D SEEN REALLY HORRIBLE THINGS IN THE AFTERMATH OF KATRINA, ABOUT A THIRD WOULD SHOW SOME SYMPTOMS OF PTSD A YEAR OR SO AFTER THE EVENT. FOR THE VIETNAMESE, IT'S LOW SINGLE DIGITS. 3, 4, 5%, EXTREMELY LOW LEVELS OF PTSD. THEN WHEN WE DID SOMETHING MORE SYSTEMATIC TO MEASURE MENTAL HEALTH OF VIETNAMESE COMPARED TO THEIR NEIGHBORS WHO HAD EXPERIENCED -- SAME HOUSING STOCK, SAME LEVEL OF FLOODING, VERY SIMILAR SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, WE CONTROL FOR EVERYTHING THAT WE CAN THINK. THIS IS THE SF12 MEASURE, THE MENTAL HEALTH SUMMARY SCORE, VIETNAMESE STILL COME OUT WITH A BONUS IN TERMS OF THEIR MENTAL WELL-BEING. AGAIN, NOT PERFECT BUT ALL THE EVIDENCE ON MENTAL HEALTH POINTS IN THE SAME DIRECTION. THE SOCIAL ROLE MEASURES. BEFORE KATRINA, THE VIETNAMESE COMMUNITY WAS KIND OF YOUR TYPICAL IMMIGRANT ENCLAVE. PEOPLE KIND OF STUCK TO THEMSELVES, THEY WEREN'T VERY INVOLVED IN SORT OF MORE GENERAL NEW ORLEANS SOCIETIES, VERY DIFFICULT TO FIND GROUPS TO WORK WITH BECAUSE THERE REALLY WEREN'T ANY. THERE WAS THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THAT WAS BASICALLY IT. ALL OF THAT CHANGED AFTER KATRINA. YOU HAD A VARIETY OF DIFFERENT COMMUNITY GROUPS THAT ROSE UP AND BECAME VERY PROMINENT, AND THEY WERE ALSO VERY SUCCESSFUL. ONE OF THE BRILLIANT THINGS THAT THE CITY, STATE AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENT DID SOON AFTER KATRINA WAS TO PUT A TOXIC LANDFILL RIGHT NEXT TO THE VIETNAMESE COMMUNITY THINKING THEY WOULDN'T COMPLAIN, BUT THEY DID, THEY MOBILIZED VERY QUICKLY, HAD A LOT OF ASSISTANCE FROM OUTSIDE, AND WERE EFFECTIVE IN SHUTTING -- I DIDN'T THINK HAD A CHANCE BUT THEY MADE THEM SHUT IT DOWN. BIG SUCCESS FOR ONE OF THE BIG NGOs THAT DEVELOPED THERE, OR COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANIZATIONS THAT DEVELOPED THERE AFTER KATRINA. NEW ORLEANS HAS MAIN 10 OR 12,000 VIETNAMESE, SO EVERYBODY HAD BEEN WAITING ON SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA OR MAYBE HOUSTON. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA HAS MAYBE 700,000 VIETNAMESE LIVING THERE, HOUSTON HAYES MAYBE 1 OR 200,000 FOLKS, THEY'VE BEEN WAITING FOR THE FIRST VIETNAMESE CONGRESS PERSON. WHERE DOES IT COME FROM? NEW ORLEANS, AND THE FIRST TIME THAT THAT SEAT HAD GONE TO A REPUBLICAN SINCE THE 1890s. SO THERE WAS A LOT OF MASSIVE ORGANIZATION IN THE COMMUNITY, STARTING RIGHT AFTER KATRINA. I COULD SHOW YOU SOME UNEMPLOYMENT RATES THAT COMPARES VIETNAMESE TO THE OTHER GROUPS. IT ALL GOES THE SAME, JUST VERY DIFFERENT TRAJECTORY OF RECOVERY, MUCH MORE POSITIVE THAN BLACKS OR WHITES. SO LET ME TALK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT THE SOCIAL SCIENCE LITERATURE AND HOW IT DEALS WITH TRYING TO FIGURE OUT WHO'S GOING TO DO WELL AND WHO'S NOT AFTER A MAJOR DISASTER LIKE KATRINA. IN OTHER WORDS I WANT TO FOCUS ON THE "WHY" PART OF THIS QUESTION, WHY DO SOME GROUPS FARE BETTER THAN OTHERS. THE CENTRAL PARADIGM AS I DISCOVERED AS I KIND OF GOT INTO THIS FIELD IS ONE OF RESILIENCE. SOCIAL SCIENTISTS, DISASTER RESEARCHERS IN PARTICULAR USE THIS RESILIENCE PARADIGM TO TRY TO -- THE FLIP SIDE OF IT IS VULNERABILITY. SO HOW RESILINT OR VULNERABLE A COMMUNITY IS BEFORE A DISASTER WILL BE VERY PREDICTIVE HOW WELL THEY DO AFTER DISASTER. SO WE ALL KIND OF HAVE A GOOD INTUITIVE SENSE, OUR ABILITY TO BOUNCE BACK AFTER A SETBACK. THIS IS FRAN NORRIS' MODEL, SHE'S BEEN MORE FORMAL IN HER DEVELOPMENT OF IT BUT IT'S BASICALLY WHAT WE WOULD COME UP WITH, THE TYPES OF RESOURCES THE COMMUNITY -- ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGH LEVEL RESILIENCE WOULD BE MONEY AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, SOCIAL NETWORKS, HOW WELL INFORMATION FLOWS THROUGHOUT THE COMMUNITY, AND THEN SHE CALLS IT COMMUNITY COMPETENCE BUT IT'S CLEAR SHE'S TALKING ABOUT HUMAN CAPITAL. THE PROBLEM IS WHEN I KIND OF PUT THESE IN BOTH A FORMAL OR JUST KIND OF INFORMAL WAY OF THINKING ABOUT IT, THE VIETNAMESE END UP BEING REALLY DIFFERENT FROM EVERYBODY ELSE IN THE RECOVERY BUT ON ALL THESE THINGS THAT SHOULD MATTER, ALL THESE DIMENSIONS OF RESILIENCE, THERE WASN'T ANY KIND OF REAL -- NOTHING THAT REALLY DISTINGUISHED THEM. THEIR SOCIAL NETWORKS WERE REALLY TIGHT AND USEFUL WITHIN THE VIETNAMESE COMMUNITY BUT THEY WERE VERY ISOLATED FROM THE REST OF NEW ORLEANS, QUITE MODEST ECONOMICALLY, NOT VERY POOR, THERE'S DIFFERENTIALS OF COURSE BUT ALL IN ALL NOT VERY DIFFERENT FROM THE COMMUNITIES THAT SURROUNDED IT, AND SO THE RESILIENCE MODEL DIDN'T SEEM TO HOLD UP VERY WELL SO THAT LEFT ME WITH A QUESTION ABOUT YOU KNOW, WHY THAT WOULD BE, AND AS I STARTED THINKING MORE AND MORE ABOUT WHAT IS IT THAT DISTINGUISHES THE VIETNAMESE FROM THEIR NEIGHBORS, IT KIND OF DAWNED ON ME, BECAUSE THEY'RE VIETNAMESE, STUPID. THAT'S BASICALLY IT. AND BY BEING VIETNAMESE, WHAT I MEAN BY THAT IS THAT THEY AS A GROUP SHARE A PARTICULAR HISTORY OF THINGS THAT THEY WENT THROUGH, AND THEN THAT HISTORY KIND OF GIVES THEM A WAY OF VIEWING THE WORLD THAT'S GOING TO BE VERY DISTINCT FROM THE OTHER GROUPS. CLEARLY I'M TALKING ABOUT CULTURE HERE. SO AGAIN BACK TO MY PULPIT FACING THE CHOIR, EVERYBODY KNOWS THIS BUT JUST TO FIX IDEAS, JUST AND TO ROW MIND YOU REMIND YOU WHAT WE AS SOCIAL SCIENTISTS MEAN WHEN WE TALK ABOUT CULTURE, THESE SYMBOLIC SYSTEMS OF WHAT PEOPLE BELIEVE, WHAT THEY VALUE AND HOW THEY INTERPRET THE WORLD THAT MAKES IT MEANINGFUL TO THEM AS A PARTICULAR GROUP. THAT GOT ME THINKING WHAT IS IT ABOUT SOCIAL SCIENTISTS -- I GOT INTO DISCUSSION WITH MY COLLEAGUES AND ALSO FRAN NORRIS, WHY SHE SEEMS TO GO INTO GREAT LENGTHS NOT TO TALK ABOUT CULTURE. THE ANSWER BECAME REALLY CLEAR THAT I THINK SO MANY SOCIAL SCIENTISTS WERE SO WOUNDED BY WHAT HAPPENED IN THE 60s AND 70s AND WE'RE SO APPALLED BY CULTURE KIND OF BEING A WAY OF BLAMING THE VICTIM FOR THEIR OWN POVERTY AND THEIR OWN BAD LUCK IS THAT STUDIES OF CULTURE WENT THROUGH A REAL DARK PERIOD. IN THE LATE 70s, 80s AND EVEN THROUGH THE EARLY 90s. IT WASN'T UNTIL MAYBE A COUPLE OF DECADES AGO THAT SOCIAL SCIENTISTS KIND OF STARTED TO RETURN TO IT AND SAY YEAH, IT'S VERY FRAUGHT PLIT POLITICALLY, REVIEW PROPOSALS, WHEN I WAS KIND OF PROPOSING SOME OF THIS WORK, ONE COMMON COMMENT I WOULD GET IS THAT, WELL, YOU'RE GOING TO END UP LIONIZING ONE CULTURE AND KIND OF DISPARAGING THE OTHER CULTURE. I GET THAT, BUT I CAME TO THE CONCLUSION THAT THIS SHARED HISTORY IS GOING TO BE SO IMPORTANT FOR THE VIETNAMESE, THERE'S KIND OF REALLY NO WAY TO KIND OF AVOID DOING IT. SO I'M GOING TO JUMP IN AND SEE WHAT I CAN MAKE OF IT. SO A LOT OF THE EFFORT THAT I'VE EXTENDED IN KIND OF TRYING TO MOVE FORWARD THIS IDEA THAT CULTURE IS GOING TO BE IMPORTANT TO DISASTER RECOVERIES IS TO TRY TO DISTINGUISH IT FROM OTHER FEATURES OF SOCIAL SCIENCE THAT ARE KIND OF MORE AKIN TO PRIVILEGE. I THINK THIS IS WHERE A LOT OF KIND OF MORE POPULAR DEPICTIONS OF THIS ARGUMENT GO AWRY. EMMA CHU AND HER WORK ON THE TIGER MOTHERING AND THE TRIPLE PACKAGE, DOESN'T REALLY MAKE MUCH OF AN EFFORT AT ALL TO KIND OF UNPACKAGE CULTURE, THEY KIND KIND -- THE KIND OF INTERPRETIVE PART OF IT FROM OTHER THINGS MORE INTO PRIVILEGE, THE FACT THAT SO MANY IMMIGRANTS FROM VIETNAM AND ELSEWHERE OR FROM THE CREAM OF THE CROP, THE ABSOLUTELY 1% OF 1% OF INDIA, CHINA, MEXICO, AND VIETNAM. PEOPLE WHO COME HERE ARE SELECTED FOR SUCCESS AND KIND OF HAVE A LOT OF IF NOT MONEY, SKILLS AND KIND OF RIGHT KIND OF RISK-TAKING PERSONALITIES THAT ARE GOING TO MAKE THEM SUCCEED, SO THAT'S WHAT I MEAN BY THIS PIECE OF CULTURAL CONFOUNDERS THAT I'VE TRIED TO SEPARATE OUT. SO LET ME TELL YOU JUST A LITTLE BIT ABOUT THE HISTORY AND CULTURE OF THIS GROUP OF VIETNAMESE THAT ENDED UP IN NEW ORLEANS AFTER THE FALL OF VIETNAM IN 1975. THIS GROUP IS VERY CATHOLIC, THAT'S ONE OF THE REASONS WHY THEY CHOSE NEW ORLEANS AS A PLACE TO SETTLE IN, AND THEY ACTUALLY CAME FROM SOUTH VIETNAM BUT THEY SEE THEIR ORIGINAL ROOTS AS COMING FROM THE NORTH. THERE'S A COUPLE OF VILLAGES ABOUT 100 MILES SOUTH OF HANOI THAT I GOT TO VISIT WHEN I WAS SPENDING SOME TIME IN VIETNAM ON A FULBRIGHT, SO THIS IS A REALLY FAMOUS TEMPLE FROM THOSE -- FOR THESE TWO VILLAGES, WHERE THEY WERE IN. YOU CAN SEE THI KIND TOOK FRENCH VERY STOUT TYPES OF TRADITIONAL FRENCH ARCHITECTURE AND PUT THESE ASIAN FLOURISHES ON TO MAKE IT MEANINGFUL TO THEM. INTO URBAN SO IN 1954, WHEN THE NORTH WENT COMMUNIST AND THE SOUTH WAS GOING TO BECOME A REPUBLIC, ABOUT A MILLION VIETNAMESE LEFT THE NORTH BECAUSE THEY WERE AFRAID OF BEING PERSECUTED BY THE COMMUNIST, SO THIS WAS THEIR FIRST BIG DISPLACEMENT KIND OF UP AND LEFT, WHERE THEY SETTLE FOR THE NEXT COUPLE OF DECADES. , THEN THEY HAD ANOTHER DISPLACEMENT UNTIL SOUTH VIETNAM FELL AND THEN THE COMMUNISTS WERE GOING TO TAKE OVER THE ENTIRE COUNTRY SO THIS LED TO THE MASSIVE EXODUS THAT WE OFTEN CALL THE BOAT PEOPLE THAT TOOK& PLACE IN THE LATE 70s AND EARLY 80s. , ONE OF THE PLACES THEY CAME TO SETTLE WHEN THEY CAME TO THE U.S., DWAS CATHOLIC, THERE WERE SOME ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES WITH REGARD TO FISHING AND SHRIMPING, SO THIS IS A PICTURE OF A COMMUNITY OUT THERE IN EASTERN NEW ORLEANS, IT FLOODED VERY HEAVILY DURING KATRINA BUT THEY ALL CAME BACK SOON AFTERWARDS. I EVENTUALLY DECIDED RATHER THAN BEING A CONVENTION OF RESILIENCE ITSELF, THAT CULTURE PROBABLY BELONGS TO THE LEFT OF IT. THE REASON WHY IS MOST OF THE THINGS I CAN KIND OF THINK OF AS KIND OF BEING AKIN TO CULTURE LIKE RELIGIOUS BELIEFS, FOR EXAMPLE, COULDN'T IN AND OF THEMSELVES LEAD TO BETTER RECOVERY, IT HAS TO IPPED COUP OF WORK THROUGH SOME OF THESE OTHER DIMENSIONS OF RESILIENCE LIKE HAVING SOCIAL NETWORKS AT CHURCH, THINGS LIKE THAT SO YOU CAN GET A WORK GROUP TO KIND OF COME OUT AND WORK ON YOUR HOUSE. I'VE GOT CULTURE OUT TO THE LEFT, SEPARATE VARIABLE WHEN YOU REALLY GET MIXED UP WITH CULTURE, I THINK IT'S PART OF THE REASONS WHY SOCIAL SCIENTISTS DON'T SPEND THAT MUCH TIME ON IT IS SELECTION, WHICH I THINK I'VE ALREADY COVERED ENOUGH, BUT ALSO THERE ARE SOME OTHER THINGS THAT THE VIETNAMESE COMMUNITY HAD GOING FOR IT THAT REALLY HAVE NOTHING TO DO WITH CULTURE THAT I THINK GAVE IT SOME ADVANTAGES. IT'S PRETTY SMALL, EVERYBODY KIND OF KNOWS EVERYBODY AT LEAST KIND OF TANGENTIALLY WHEREAS -- THEN THERE'S KIND OF ONE CHURCH THERE THAT NOT EVERYBODY IS A MEMBER OF BUT PEOPLE ARE GOING TO GO THERE FOR BIG FESTIVALS AND COMMUNITY MEETINGS SO I UNDERSTAND KIND OF MANAGEABLE, WHEREAS THE AFRICAN-AMERICAN COMMUNITY IN CONTRAST, LOTS OF REALLY SMALL CHURCHES, NO KIND OF BIG PLACE FOR ANYBODY TO MEET AND WAY TOO LARGE FOR FOLKS TO KIND OF GET TOO DIVERSE FOR PEOPLE TO KIND OF GET TO KNOW EACH OTHER. THE OTHER THING THAT I REALIZE IN READING THROUGH ESPECIALLY A LOT OF MY TRANSCRIPTS OF VIETNAMESE AND THEN ALSO DONORS AND OTHER GROUPS WHO HAD WORKED WITH THEM IS THIS IDEA OF STEREOTYPE PROMISE WHICH ALSO WAS A REALLY IMPORTANT PIECE OF THIS. PEOPLE EXPECT THE VIETNAMESE TO SUCCEED, IT'S KIND OF LIKE THE OPPOSITE OF NEGATIVE STEREOTYPES. A LOT RESEARCH WILL SHOW THAT YOU HAVE TWO APPLICANTS FOR A JOB OR FOR RENTAL UNIT AND ONE OF THEM IS AFRICAN-AMERICAN AND THE OTHER ONE ISN'T, THAT THE EMPLOYER OR THE LANDLORD WILL ALWAYS SELECT AGAINST THE AFRICAN-AMERICAN. SO THE VIETNAMESE KIND OF HAVE THE OPPOSITE OF THAT. EVERYBODY KIND OF EXPECTS THEM TO SUCCEED AND DONORS IN PARTICULAR, THERE ARE PEOPLE WHO ARE KIND OF COMING OUT LOOKING FOR A PLACE TO INVEST IN POST KATRINA, WOULD OFTEN CHOOSE THE VIETNAMESE COMMUNITY, THEY'RE OFTEN VERY TRANSPARENT ABOUT IT BECAUSE THEY WERE SEEN AT WORTHY, THEY THOUGHT IT WAS GOING TO BE SUCCESSFUL, AND SO THIS KIND OF IMAGE OF THEM BEING HARD WORKERS KIND OF BUILDS ON EACH OTHER SO THIS KIND OF STEREOTYPE PROMISE ENDED UP BEING A REALLY BIG FACTOR, THEN KIND OF IMMIGRANT, THINGS THAT WOULD BENEFIT IMMIGRANTS MORE GENERALLY THAT HAVE NOTHING TO DO WITH CULTURE, BIRDS OF A FEATHER KIND OF LIVING CLOSE TO EACH OTHER THAT SHARE A LANGUAGE, THEY'RE GOING TO HELP EACH OTHER IN TERMS OF CRISIS JUST BECAUSE THIS HAVE THIS COMMONALITY THAT'S AN EFFECT WELL-KNOWN IN THE LITERATURE ON IMMIGRANT EFFECTS. NOTHING TO DO WITH CULTURE BUT IT IS SOMETHING THAT REALLY BENEFITED THE VIETNAMESE. SO IN COULD BE TRAS CONTRAST WITH THAT, L ET ME TALK ABOUT WHAT I'M REALLY KIND OF PUTTING IN THE CULTURE BASKET. BELIEF, VALUES AND SHARED UNDERSTANDINGS THAT RENDER THE WORLD MEANINGFUL AND INTELLIGIBLE FOR A PARTICULAR GROUP OF PEOPLE. AS I STARTED WORKING THROUGH WHAT SOCIAL SCIENTISTS HAVE DONE WITH CULTURE OVER THE LAST COUPLE OF DECADES, IT'S THIS LAST PIECE OF IT THAT'S RECEIVED THE MOST ATTENTION, THE SHARED UNDERSTANDINGS. THE REASON WHY IS THAT MOST QUANTITATIVE RESEARCHERS REALLY LIKE THE BELIEFS AND VALUES PART OF IT AND WEREN'T REALLY GETTING ANYWHERE WITH IT BECAUSE MOST PEOPLE KIND OF WANT THE SAME -- IT DOESN'T VARY THAT MUCH. PEOPLE WANT THEIR CHILDREN TO DO WELL IN SCHOOL, THEY BELIEVE THAT HARD WORK PAYS OFF. SO ALL THEES THINGS YOU CAN QUANTIFY AREN'T PARTICULARLY HELPFUL. THE SHARED UNDERSTANDINGS PART IS MUCH MORE DIFFICULT NUT TO CRACK, IT'S MESSIER, KIND OF MORE INTERPRETIVE, NOT REALLY SO AMENABLE TO A QUANTITATIVE RESPONSE. SO MOST OF THE REALLY GOOD WORK IN CULTURE HAS BEEN DONE BY MORE QUALITATIVE SOCIOLOGISTS OVER THE PAST DECADE OR TWO. SO FOCUSING ON THAT, THE SHARED UNDERSTANDINGS PART, FOUR DIFFERENT CATEGORIES THAT THEY'VE BEEN WORKING ON, FOUR DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS OF SHARED UNDERSTANDINGS. ONE IS A SET OF NARRATIVES THAT PEOPLE SHARE NOT ONLY WITHIN GENERATION BUT ACROSS GENERATIONS THAT KIND OF TELL THE STORY ABOUT WHERE THE COMMUNITY CAME FROM, WHAT MAKES IT TAKE -- WHAT ARE ITS KEY CHARACTERISTICS. THAT'S THE NARRATIVE PIECE OF THIS ASPECT OF CULTURE. THE OTHER DIMENSION OF IT IS WHAT CULTURE SCHOLARS ARE CALLING THE SYMBOLIC BOUNDARIES WHERE PEOPLE WITHIN THE GROUP WILL GO TO A LOT OF TROUBLE AND SPEND A LOT OF PSYCHIC ENERGY ON DISTINGUISHING US FROM THEM. SO I'VE GOT A LOT OF THIS IN MY INTERVIEWS AND THEY'RE NOT VERY KIND TO PEOPLE -- THEY KIND OF GET GOING ON SOME THINGS AND THEY'D SAY, OH, SORRY, WELL, IT'S OKAY, JUST TELL ME WHAT YOU THINK. VERY CRITICAL KIND OF MORE STEREOTYPICAL AMERICAN VIEWS OF CHILD-REARING, FOR EXAMPLE, WAY TOO PERMISSIVE, YOU KNOW, NOT ENOUGH PARENTAL CONTROL, PEOPLE TALK WAY TOO MUCH, AMERICANS CAN'T CONTROL THEIR MOUTHS. WE'RE NOT LIKE THAT. WE'RE VERY DIFFERENT. SO A LOT OF EFFORT AND KIND OF CREATING THESE SYMBOLIC BOUNDARIES BETWEEN THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VIETNAMESE AND OTHERS. THIS IDEA OF FRAMES IS ONE OF MY FAVORITE ONES, IT OFTEN WILL KIND OF COME FROM THESE NARRATIVES, THIS SHARED HISTORY THAT THEY'VE EXPERIENCED TO KIND OF FIF THEM A PARTICULAR WAY OF VIEWING THE WORLD, THAT WOULD BE VERY DIFFERENT FROM SOMEBODY WHO DIDN'T SHARE THAT SAME HISTORY FOR THEM. I'LL GIVE YOU A COUPLE EXAMPLES OF THAT IN A MOMENT, I THINK IT WILL BE MORE CLEAR. AS I WAS KIND OF ANALYZING, THIS IS QUALITATIVE WORK, WHERE I'M WORKING WITH GRADUATE STUDENTS GOING THROUGH THESE TRANSCRIPTS, INDEPENDENTLY CODING, SOME OVERLAP WITH WHAT WE DISCERN OUT OF THEM AND WE DO ACTUALLY, THE OVERLAP IS PRETTY -- WAS PRETTY IMPRESSIVE. SO ONE NARRATIVE THAT WE IDENTIFIED IS ONE THAT I'VE CALLED SURVIVAL. THIS IDEA THAT THE VIETNAMESE WOULD TELL THESE STORIES OR AS THEY'RE DESCRIBING THEMSELVES, AS A GROUP THAT CONTINUALLY FACES HARDSHIP, NOT SURPRISING, GIVEN HISTORY FROM LEAVING THE NOR, LEAVING VIETNAM, HAVING TO EVACUATE FOR KATRINA AND COMING BACK, PART OF THEIR IDENTITY AS A GROUP IS THIS IDEA THAT WE EXPERIENCE HARDSHIPS AND WE OVERCOME THEM. SO THERE'S A LOT OF THIS KIND OF TALK WHEN KA FREE THAT HAPPENS, IT'S JUST ANOTHER HARDSHIP, WE'LL GET THROUGH IT. GIVE YOU A COUPLE EXAMPLES OF FRAMES. THIS ONE I CALL INSULARITY. PEOPLE LIKE ME WHEN WE'RE REALLY JUST INDESCRIBE BLI UPSET AND DEMORALIZED BY THE FAILURE OF ALL INSTITUTIONS, GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS, TERRIBLE EXPERIENCE WITH CONTRACTORS, BIG AND SMALL, NOBODY WAS FULFILLING THEIR OBLIGATIONS THAT THEY HAD DECLARED RESPONSIBILITY FOR SO I WAS COMPLETELY DEMORALIZED BY THAT, ESPECIALLY IN THE FIRST YEAR OR TWO AFTER KA TREE TBH. KATRINA. IN CONTRAST, WHEN I TALKED TO MY VIETNAMESE KEY INFORMANTS, SOMETIMES I WOULD KIND OF WHINE ABOUT JUST HOW BAD THINGS ARE GOING AND SO THEIR PERSPECTIVE IS WHAT DO YOU EXPECT, OF COURSE THE CALVARY IS NOT COMING, AND IT NEVER HAS AND IT NEVER WILL, AND IT WAS VERY CLEAR THAT COMING FROM A VERY DYSFUNCTIONAL AND CORRUPT ENVIRONMENT THAT WAS SOUTH VIETNAM BEFORE THEY CAME TO THE U.S., THE LAST THING YOU WOULD WANT IS FOR THE GOVERNMENT OR THE POLICE TO BE COMING INTO YOUR NEIGHBORHOOD, SO THEY BROUGHT THAT VIEW OF INSTITUTION TO THE U.S. I'M NOT ADVOCATING IT, BUT I'M THEM -- PREPARED THEM WELL FOR WHAT WAS TO COME, WHICH WAS THE CAVALRY WASN'T COMING. INSTEAD THEY PULLED TOGETHER THEIR OWN RESOURCES AND PUT TOGETHER THEIR OWN WORK CREWS AND KIND OF MOVED FORWARD WHILE THE REST OF US WERE KIND OF SITTING AROUND WRINGING OUR HANDS. ANOTHER FRAME THAT'S ONE OF MY FAVORITES THAT I DON'T HAVE UP HERE IS ONE THAT I CALL HIERARCHY. AND SO THE VIETNAMESE ARE VERY COMFORTABLE WITH HIERARCHY. COUPLE OF MY STUDENTS HAVE DESCRIBED VEELT NA MEES FAMILY STRUCTURE AS FATHER KNOWS BEST ON STEROIDS, BEING ABSOLUTELY THE HEAD PERSON MAKES DECISIONS, EVERYBODY ELSE FALLS IN LINE. SO THERE WAS LOTS OF SQUAW BELLING AFTER KATRINA ABOUT WHAT TO COME BACK, WHAT TO DO, SO THERE WERE SOME DISAGREEMENTS BUT ONCE THEY DECIDED WHAT WAS GOING TO HAPPEN, THE LEADERSHIP, THE PRIESTS ALSO SOME OF THE OLD MILITARY LEADERS KIND OF SAID OKAY, DISCUSSION IS OVER, THIS WHAT WE'RE GOING TO DO. THEY WERE VERY COMFORTABLE TO FALLING INTO LINE AND MOVING FORWARD. IN CONTRAST, THE REST OF US COULDN'T DECIDE ANYTHING. WE HAD 4,050,000 FREE AGENTS TRYING 450,000 FREE AGENTS TRYING TO FIGURE OUT FOR THEMSELVES, I'M NOT ADVOCATING HIERARCHY AS A RESTRUCTURE OF SOCIETY I'M JUST SAYING THIS FRAME KIND OF POSITIONED THEM WELL FOR MOVING FORWARD IN THIS ENVIRONMENT WHERE THERE'S LITTLE LEADERSHIP. I TALK A LOT ABOUT SYMBOLIC BATTERIES, I WON'T BELABOR THAT. SO WHAT I'M GOING TO MOVE NEXT WITH THIS BODY OF RESEARCH IS, AT THIS POINT SOME OF THE STUFF THAT'S MORE INTERESTING FOR ME IS MORE QUALITATIVE, READING THROUGH THE TRANSCRIPT, TRYING TO INTERPRET THEM, TRYING TO COME UP WITH SOME SCHEMES OR SOME WAYS TO KIND OF LABEL THESE KIND OF MESSY PIECES OF CULTURE, BUT I'M A QUANTITATIVE DEMOGRAPHER SO I REALLY DO WANT TO JUST FIGURE OUT SOME WAYS TO MOVE FORWARD IN A MORE QUANTITATIVE APPROACH MOSTLY BECAUSE I THINK FOR TO BE GENERALIZABLE AND NOT JUST INTERESTING FOR THE VIETNAMESE, THERE NEEDS TO BE SOME WAYS TO KIND OF MAKE THIS KIND OF MORE TRANSFERABLE TO OTHER COMMUNITIES AND OTHER SITUATIONS. SO A FEW THINGS I'M LOOKING AT, WE ACTUALLY HAVE SOME REALLY GOOD INFORMATION ON ACCULTURATION. THESE MEASURES EXIST ALREADY. BASICALLY IT'S TO WHAT DEGREE DO THE VIETNAMESE OR ANYBODY ELSE KIND OF MORE IDENTIFY WITH VEET VIETNAMESE FOOD, LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL CONTEXTS VERSUS A MORE AMERICANIZED VERSION OF IT. SO THAT'S WORKING REALLY WELL. I'M HAVING A LOT FUN WITH IT AND THAT ALREADY EXISTS. THAT'S ONE WAY TO KIND OF MOVE FORWARD AND KIND OF MAKE THIS LINE OF RESEARCH MORE GENERALIZABLE IS THAT THERE'S A LOT WE CAN DO WITH ACCULTURATION. ALSO BEEN THINKING A LOT ABOUT ETHNIC CAPITAL, THESE MEASURES TO WHAT EXTENT DO THESE INDIVIDUALS HAVE BUY IN BEING AFRICAN-AMERICAN, VEET NA VIETNAMESE OR GUATEMALAN. BUT WHAT I'M MOST EXCITED ABOUT THIS IS CULTURAL CONSENSUS THEORY. I WAS AT UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MEDICAL BRANCH BEFORE COMING TO TULANE AND ONE OF MY FAVORITE COLLEAGUES THERE WAS SUE WELLERS. SHE AND ONE OF HER COLLEAGUES, ROMNEY, HAVE DONE A LOT OF WORK ON CULTURAL CONSENSUS THEORY THROUGHOUT -- FOR SEVERAL DECADES WHERE THEY'RE ESSENTIALLY TRYING TO -- THEY GO IN, TAKE A QUALITATIVE APPROACH AT FIRST TO TRY TO IDENTIFY SOME KIND OF KEY DEFINING BELIEFS AND UNDERSTANDINGS WITHIN THE COMMUNITY AND THEN THERE'S SOME MATHEMATICAL WAYS TO ASSESS TO WHAT DEGREE ARE THESE UNDERSTANDINGS SHARED THROUGHOUT THE COMMUNITY. SO MOVING FORWARD, THESE ABSTRACT IDEAS OF CULTURE AND ACCULTURATION AND THEN TRYING TO WORK ON TRYING TO MAKE IT A BIT MORE GENERALIZABLE AND QUANTITATIVE. SO A FEW CONCLUSIONS TO WRAP UP, I'VE CONCLUDED FROM A DECADE OR SO WORKING ON THIS THAT CULTURE DOES INFLUENCE OR HAS INFLUENCED THE RECOVERY TRAJECTORY OF THE VIETNAMESE COMMUNITY AFTER KATRINA. I'M FINDING THAT THE MORE KIND OF -- DELVN INTO THAT'S STORIES OF CULTURE, THE MORE COMPLICATED IT IS, VERY EASY TO MIX IT UP WITH OTHER ASPECTS OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE THAT REALLY HAVING IN TO DO WITH CULTURE AND CAN BE KIND OF DANGEROUS TO CONFLATE THE TWO. THEN I DO THINK IF IT'S GOING TO BE -- THIS IS INTERESTING FOR THE VIETNAMESE COMMUNITY, I THINK IT IS, I HOPE YOU DPO TOO, WITH YOU BUT TO BE VERY USEFUL AS A SOCIAL SCIENCE CONSTRUCT, IT NEEDS SOME WORK TO MAKE IT MORE GENERALIZABLE, APPLICABLE TO OTHER SITUATIONS AS WELL. IF ANYBODY WAS INTERESTED IN MORE READING, I FINALLY FINISHED A BOOK ON THE TOPIC CALLED WEATHERERRING KATRINA, YOU CAN GET IT ON AMAZON TOO, THIS KIND OF SHORT VERSION IS I HAD AN OPPORTUNITY TO DO AN OP-ED ON THE TOPIC A YEAR OR TWO AGO SO IT'S JUST REALLY BEAUTIFUL PHOTOGRAPHS, KIND OF A SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT. I WANT TO CLOSE BY THANKING THE FUNDERS OF MY RESEARCH, ESPECIALLY NIH, VERY GENEROUS TO ME, STARTED FROM THAT FIRST RO3 THAT LED TO THE CROSS NATIONAL STUDY AND THEN AN R21 TO KIND OF SHOW I REALLY CAN GO OUT AND FIND THESE VIETNAMESE AGAIN OR I THINK I CAN DO GO AND CONVINCE THEM TO STAY IN THE STUDY SO NIH HAS REALLY BEEN INSTRUMENTAL IN THIS BUT ALSO FULBRIGHT, RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION, MY HOME INSTITUTION TULANE HAS ALSO BEEN VERY GENEROUS AS WELL. THANKS SO MUCH. >> THANK YOU FOR A WONDERFUL TALK. I KNOW I'VE ALWAYS SHIED AWAY FROM CULTURE BECAUSE IT SEEMS LIKE THE BEHAVIORAL AND SEW SOCIAL SCIENCES HAS ALREADY BEEN STICKY, THE KL TOUR IS CULTURE IS REALLY STICKY BUT THIS WAS EXCELLENT, I JUST REALLY ENJOYED THIS TALK. I'M SURE THERE ARE QUESTIONS. OH, COME NOW. >> OKAY, TWO QUESTIONS. THE FIRST ONE IS MAYBE EASIER. THE ORIGINAL DECISION TO GO TO NEW ORLEANS, YOU MENTIONED THE CATHOLIC IDENTITY, THE FRENCH OM BEE ANS. AMBIANCE. WHO MADE THOSE DECISIONS AND HOW WAS THAT DISSEMINATED? THE SECOND ONE, IN TERMS OF THE DYNAMICS OF CULTURE, YOU TALKED ABOUT A HIERARCHICAL WORLD, YOU'VE TALKED ABOUT A PATERNALISTIC WORLD. THESE VIETNAMESE YOUNGER PEOPLE ARE PROBABLY GOING TO PUBLIC SCHOOLS. THEY ARE PROBABLY USING SOCIAL MEDIA, THEY ARE PROBABLY VERY MUCH AWARE OF PATTERNS AND TENDENCIES IN VARIOUS CIRCLES ON FEMINIST ISSUES ON HIERARCHY. WHAT WOULD THAT MEAN FOR THEIR RESILIENCE IN ANOTHER DISASTER? >> FIRST ONE IS PRETTY EASY, SECOND ONE IS PRETTY HARD. I'LL DO THE EASY ONEMENT MAYBE I'LL FORGET THE HARD ONE. THE WAY THAT THE DECISION WAS MADE WAS BY THE PRIESTS, SO KIND OF AN INTERESTING STORY, WHEN THE ARCHBISHOP IN NEW ORLEANS AT THE TIME, IT WAS ALWAYS THE ELITE WHO CAME FIRST, THE LEADERS OF THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND THE BUSINESS LEADERS, THEY WERE AFRAID OF BEING KILLED FOR SIDING WITH THE AMERICANS, PROBABLY WITH GOOD REASONS, THE AMERICANS ACTUALLY AIRLIFTED THEM OUT, AND SO THIS WAS STARTED IN APRIL OF 1975 AND WENT ON THROUGHOUT THE YEAR, SO FORTH CHAFFEE IN ARKANSAS WAS WHERE THEY FLEW THEM IN AND THEY'RE KIND WONDERING WHAT ARE WE GOING TO DO WITH THESE PEOPLE, THEY WERE KIND OF WAITING FOR VARIOUS COMMUNITIES, THEY WERE GOING TO TRY TO SPREAD THEM OUT THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY AT FIRST, WAITING FOR COMMUNITIES TO STEP UP AND SAY SOMETHING, SO THE ARCHBISHOP WENT TO FOR THE CHAFFEE AND A LOT OF THINGS HAPPENED THAT WERE VERY FORTUNATE FOR THE VIETNAMESE AND FOR US IN NEW ORLEANS. SO NEW ORLEANS LIKE A LOT OF CITIES, IT WAS FACING PRETTY STEADY POPULATION DECLINE THROUGH THE 60s AND 70s, MAYBE 700,000 OR SO IN THE 1960s AND PROBABLY MAYBE AROUND 500,000 OR SO BY THE TIME THE VIETNAMESE CAME, SO THERE WAS A LOT OF REALLY GOOD, CHEAP, UNOCCUPIED HOUSING. A LOT OF SECTION 8 HOUSING THAT WAS AVAILABLE FOR THE VIETNAMESE AND A LOT OF IT WAS CLUSTERED OUT IN THIS ENCLAVE OUT IN EASTERN NEW ORLEANS SO THE ARCHBISHOP SAID I KNOW YOU'RE CATHOLIC, I KNOW YOU'RE FRENCH, SO ARE WE, WE ARE THE FRENCH CATHOLIC CITY IN AMERICA, WE'LL TAKE WHOEVER WANTS TO COME. AND SO ESSENTIALLY THE CHURCH HIERARCHY DIDN'T TAKE VERY LONG TO DECIDE THERE'S A REALLY GOOD OPPORTUNITY HERE. GEOGRAPHICALLY IT'S PRETTY SIMILAR TO THE MAYCONG DELTA AS WELL, FISHING AND SHRIMPING INDUSTRY WAS NOT KIND OF FULLY -- I'M SURE THE BLACK AND WHITE -- WOULD ARGUE THIS BUT THERE WAS SOME OPPORTUNITY THERE FOR GROWTH A FEW OF THEM KNEW SOMETHING ABOUT SO THAT WAS KIND OF AN EARLY NICHE FOR THEM, SO THAT'S HOW THEY END ENDED UP IN NEW ORLEANS. THE SECOND GENERATION IS WHAT I'M REALLY INTERESTED IN BECAUSE THIS IS A PROBLEM THAT MOST IMMIGRANT COMMUNITIES HAVE, THE LEADERSHIP IN THE FIRST GENERATION IS USUALLY PRETTY CLEAR IN THE VIETNAMESE, IT'S GOING TO BE THE CHURCH HIERARCHY AND THE FORMER MILITARY LEADERS AND THERE'S SOMETHIN SIMILAR TO THAT IN OTHER IMMIGRANT COMMUNITIES. BUT THEN AS THE SECOND GENERATION GOES TO PUBLIC SCHOOLS, THEY BECOME MUCH MORE COMFORTABLE IN ENGLISH, RATHER THAN IN VIETNAMESE, AND THEY'RE YOUNGSTERS, THEY'RE NOT TAKEN VERY SERIOUSLY BY THE ELDERS, THAT BECAME REALLY INTERESTING AFTER KATRINA AS WELL. SO AS THE -- SO THE COMMUNITY HAD BEEN VERY ISOLATED BEFORE THEN, BUT AS GOVERNMENT CONTRACTORS, INSURANCE PEOPLE STARTED FILING -- STARTED TO COME IN TO THE COMMUNITY AND THEY NEED SOMEBODY WITH SOME LANGUAGE EXPERTISE AND ALSO SOME AMERICAN SAVVY TO BE ABLE TO TALK TO THEM, THEY HAD TO GO TO THEIR CHILDREN FOR HELP WITH IT. AND SO THAT WAS A REAL SHOT IN THE ARM FOR THE SECOND GENERATION AND ACTUALLY A COUPLE OF REALLY GOOD AND POWERFUL COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANIZATIONS FROM THE SECOND GENERATION EMERGED AS A RESULT OF IT. I DON'T THINK THAT WOULD HAVE HAPPENED WITHOUT KATRINA. >> HI. MY NAME IS AHMED, I WORK AT THE FOGARTY INTERNATIONAL CENTER HERE AT NIH. I WANTED TO ASK YOU MORE ABOUT YOUR RESEARCH APPROACH BEFORE AND AFTER THE DISASTER AND DID YOU HAVE TO CHANGE METHODOLOGIES, HOW DID YOU CHANGE YOUR RESEARCH WORKING WITH POPULATIONS AFTER THE HURRICANE COMPARED TO YOUR WORK WITH THE SAME COMMUNITIES BEFORE? >> I GUESS THE FIRST THING TO SAY IS THAT I HAD A LITTLE BIT -- IT BECAME REALLY CLEAR TO ME A LOT OF THIS WAS GOING TO BE INTERPRETIVE, THE STATISTICAL DATA WASN'T GOING TO BE -- IT WAS USEFUL BUT IT WASN'T GOING TO BE USEFUL IN ANSWERING THE KIND OF QUESTIONS THAT I WANTED TO. I WAS KIND OF REALLY MORE INTERESTED IN WHAT PEOPLE WERE THINKING AND HOW THEY WERE INTERPRETING THE RECOVERY PROCESS AND THE NEGOTIATION PROCESS WITHIN THE COMMUNITY, SO I NEEDED TO HAVE THESE KIND OF LONG WINDED CONVERSATIONS WITH PEOPLE SOMEWHAT STRUCTURED BUT SOMEWHAT NOT, AND SO I BECAME MUCH MORE INTERESTED IN LEARNING IN VIVO AND LEARNING ABOUT CODING AND INTERCODER RELIABILITY, SO THAT WAS ONE DIRECTION THAT I WENT INTO AFTERWARDS. FORTUNATELY, A LOT OF THE OUTCOMES THAT I WAS INTERESTED IN FOR THIS KIND OF ORIGINAL CROSS NATIONAL STUDY, DEPRESSION, EMPLOYMENT, HEALTH STATUS, ENDED UP BEING ALSO PERFECTLY RELEVANT FOR POST DISASTER STUDY AS WELL, WHICH WAS LUCKY BECAUSE I WANTED TO KIND OF EXPLOIT THE PREKATRINA DATA AND HAVE THE SAME MEASURES ON THE OTHER SIDE AS WELL. SO THAT PART OF IT DIDN'T CHANGE SO MUCH, I'D NOT DONE MUCH LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH UNTIL THEN SO KIND OF TRYING TO FIGURE OUT THE MAGIC OF KEEPING PEOPLE INTERESTED, YOU KNOW, ESPECIALLY WITH OUR SMALL SAMPLE. IT WAS REPRESENTATIVE OF THE WHOLE COMMUNITY, BUT IT WAS AN RO3, ACTUALLY IT WAS ONE OF THREE SAMPLES IN AN RO3, SO THAT'S WHY IT'S 125 PEOPLE. IT WAS REALLY SMALL BECAUSE WE HAD VERY LITTLE MONEY TO DEAL WITH, BUT YOU LOSE ANYBODY ON THAT, YOU'RE REALLY IN TROUBLE AND SO WE DID EVERYTHING WE COULD TO TRY TO MAXIMIZE COMMUNITY BUY-IN WITH A LOT OF BRIEFINGS AND A LOT OF CONVERSATIONS SHOWING UP TO A LOT OF THESE FESTIVALS AND ACTUALLY HAVING STUDENTS, VIETNAMESE STUDENTS FROM THE COMMUNITY WHO WERE INTERESTED IN PUBLIC HEALTH, YOU'RE COMING IN AND WORKING ON THE PROJECT HELPED A LOT, I WAS ABLE TO HIRE SOMEONE FROM ONE OF THE MAJOR CBOs KIND OF WORK AT TULANE TO KIND OF HELP PAVE THE WAY, BUT THAT WAS A HUGE CHALLENGE, TRYING TO KEEP PEOPLE IN. >> HI THERE. MY NAME IS ERIN AND I WORK AT THE OFFICE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES RESEARCH. FIRST OF ALL THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR YOUR PRESENTATION. IT WAS FANTASTIC. >> THANK YOU. >> I'M JUST CURIOUS IF IN YOUR STUDY, I RECOGNIZE IT WAS A SMALLER N, BUT WERE YOU ABLE TO LOOK AT DIFFERENT SUBSETS, POSSIBLY PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES OR THE ELDERLY, PEOPLE WHO ARE TRADITIONALLY VULNERABLE DURING DISASTERS, AND IF THERE'S SOMETHING ABOUT THE CULTURE THAT PROTECTED THOSE PEOPLE AND IF WE COULD TAKE PIECES OF THAT AND TRANSFER TO OTHER COMMUNITIES AS WELL. >> THE SHORT ANSWER IS NO. IT WAS -- SINCE IT WAS GOING TO BE SO -- I HAVE A LOT TO SAY ANYWAY BUT THE SHORT ANSWER IS NO. WE KNEW THE SAMPLE WAS GOING TO BE SMALL SO WE TRIED TO MAKE IT AS HOMOGENEOUS AS POSSIBLE IN TERMS OF AGE, AS WE COULD, SO IT'S A WORKING AGE POPULATION, NO CHILDREN, NO OLDER ADULTS, SO WE COULD KIND OF HAVE AT LEAST SOME STATISTICAL POWER TO TALK TO A PARTICULAR GROUP. I'VE GOTTEN REALLY INTERESTED IN THE SECOND GENERATION FROM JUST KIND OF WORKING IN THE COMMUNITY SO I'M STILL KIND OF THINKING ABOUT WHAT WE MIGHT DO NEXT TO KIND OF LOOK AT HOW THAT SECOND GENERATION MOVES FORWARD, MAYBE ESPECIALLY IN LIGHT OF A DISASTER WHERE THEIR SKILLS BECOME MUCH MORE HIGHLY VALUED THERE. SO WORKING ON A COUPLE OF IDEAS THERE. AND NIA WAS VERY GENEROUS TO GIVE YOU A US A SUPPLEMENT TO DO SOME WORK ON THE ELDERLY IN THE COMMUNITY ON COGNITIVE DECLINE, AND SO ONE OF THE QUESTIONS THAT WE'RE REALLY INTERESTED IN, ONE OF THE QUESTIONS IN STUDIES COGNITIVE DECLINE IS WHAT THE RELATIONSHIP MIGHT BE OF PRIOR TRAUMA WITH THE ONSET OF COGNITIVE DECLINE IN THIS OLDER POPULATION IS A HIGHLY TRAUMATIZED POPULATION WHERE EITHER CIVILIANS OR SOLDIERS, THEY EXPERIENCED REALLY HORRIFIC THINGS IN SOUTH VIETNAM TOWARDS THE WORLD, MANY OF THEM SAW COMBAT, MANY OF THEM SAW HORRIBLE THINGS AS THEY WERE COMING BY BOAT OR OVER LAND DURING THE ILLEGAL EXODUS, THEY WERE TRYING TO GET OUT OF VIETNAM. KATRINA WAS BAD BUT NOT NEARLY AS BAD AS THOAS THINGS BUT THEY SUFFERED A NUMBER OF TRAW MERES AND THEY WERE JUST REALLY INTERESTING, THEY WERE VERY SUCCESSFUL IN VIETNAM, KIND OF CAME OVER, HAD LOST EVERYTHING IN VIETNAM, THEN KIND OF RE-ESTABLISHED THESE VERY VIBRANT COMMUNITIES HERE SO IN SPITE OF ALL THESE HARDSHIPS, THEY'VE BEEN VERY SUCCESSFUL, SO THAT'S ACTUALLY ANOTHER AREA WHERE I'M HOPING TO GO NEXT. I'M REALLY EAGER TO DO SOME WORK ON THIS OLDER COMMUNITY. >> HI. AMELIA, NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON AGING. THAT WAS REALLY LOVELY. THIS SORT OF ENDING DISCUSSION YOU HAD HERE ABOUT THE QUANTIFICATION OR THE -- IT'S ALMOST LIKE QUANTIFICATION OF CULTURE SOUNDS BAD IN SOME WAYS, BUT YOU KNOW, IT'S A SORT OF QUESTION THAT WE'RE GRAPPLING WITH AS THE UNITED STATES BECOMING BECOMES INCREASINGLY DIVERSE. AT THE NIA, ONE OF THE THINGS WE'RE THINKING ABOUT, HOW DO WE MEASURE, IS THERE CULTURAL CONSENSUS FOR EXAMPLE, NORMS ABOUT CAREGIVING. WHAT ARE YOUR IDEAS ON SORT OF THE PROCESS OF HOW WE WOULD DEVELOP THESE MEASURES, AND ARE THEY SORT OF DOMAIN-SPECIFIC, SO FOR EXAMPLE, A CAREGIVING KIND OF QUESTION, OR ARE THERE SORT OF -- IS THIS SOMETHING THAT CAN BE -- IS THERE A GENERALIZED SUITE OF QUESTIONS THAT YOU COULD THINK ABOUT? >> I'M JUST STARTING TO KIND OF DIVE BACK INTO THIS LITERATURE. I KNEW A LITTLE ABOUT IT WHEN I WAS AT TEXAS A COUPLE OF DECADES AGO, BUT FROM WHAT I RECALL, IT DOES ACTUALLY HAVE VARIOUS DOMAINS OF KNOWLEDE WHERE THEY'LL KIND OF TRY TO FIGURE OUT HOW PEOPLE ARE STARTING TO -- HOW THEY INTERPRET SETBACKS, HOW THEY -- WHAT THEY VALUE IN TERMS OF TRYING TO MOVE THE COMMUNITY FORWARD. I DON'T THINK IT COULD EVER BE COMPLETELY QUANTITATIVE BECAUSE I THINK YOU NEED TO HAVE THESE CONVERSATIONS, YOU'RE GOING TO GET PEOPLE TALKING, KIND OF COMFORTABLY AND NATURALLY ABOUT SOME OF THESE THINGS BEFORE MAYBE SOMETHING KIND OF POPS UP AND YOU FIGURE OH, YOU'RE THE THIRD PERSON WHO MENTIONED WHATEVER IT MIGHT BE, SO I DON'T THINK IT'S A TOTAL KIND OF MOVE AWAY FROM QUALITATIVE METHODS TO QUANTITATIVE METHODS. IT'S LIKE ONE OF THE THINGS I FOUND REALLY FUN ABOUT THIS DWREUP IS I'VE BEEN ABLE TO ATTRACT A NUMBER OF COLLEAGUES WITH DIFFERENT SKILLS AND METHODOLOGIES TO WORK ON THIS WHERE WE'RE ALL TALKING ABOUT THE SAME BROAD TOPIC BUT ALSO USING VARIOUS METHODOLOGIES TO GO AT IT. >> HI. MIKE STAIRT FROM THE NIMH. THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR YOUR FASCINATING WORK AND TALK. IT'S A RELATED QUESTION. WE HAVE OURSELVES AND NIH AND SO MANY OF THE INVESTIGATORS THAT WE FUND WHO ARE LOOKING INTO DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH AND HEALTH BEHAVIOR, AND WE DO FREQUENTLY LOOK AT THE LEVELS THAT ARE BEHAVIORAL AND A SOCIAL. YOU MAKE SUCH A COMPELLING ARGUMENT ABOUT INCLUDING THE CULTURAL IN THAT MIX, SO I JUST WONDER WHAT YOUR RECOMMENDATIONS ARE TO US AND OTHER RESEARCHERS ABOUT HOW THEY CAN BETTER FOLD ATTENTION TO THE CULTURAL IN THE RESEARCH STUDIES THAT THEY'RE PLANNING ON CONDUCTING, WHAT ARE THE METHODOLOGICAL TOOLS TAT WOULD BE BEST FOR ACCOMPLISHING THAT? >> THE CULTURE CONSENSUS WORK IS SOMETHING THAT I HAD A LOT OF EXCITEMENT ABOUT, DON'T REALLY HAVE A GOOD FIRM GRIP TO ANSWER THE QUESTION ON IT YET, BUT MY SENSE IS THAT THAT'S GOING TO GO SOMEPLACE. I THINK I COULD GIVE A MORE SOLID ANSWER FOR THE ETHNIC CAPITAL IDEA. LOTS OF SOCIAL SCIENTISTS ARE WORKING ON THAT AND IT SEEMS TO BE REALLY IMPORTANT, THE DEGREE TO WHICH A PERSON FEELS INVESTED IN HIS OR HER COMMUNITY, THE KIND OF MORE THEY FEEL INVESTED IN THEIR IDENTITY AS A LATINO, FOR EXAMPLE, SEEMS TO CORRELATE HIGHLY WITH BEING ABLE TO DRAW UPON RESOURCES FROM THAT PARTICULAR COMMUNITY. SO THE ETHNIC CAPITAL IDEA IS MOVING FORWARD AND THERE'S SOME REALLY GOOD PROMISE THERE. I'VE REALLY ENJOYED WORKING ON SOME OF THIS ACCULTURATION -- THESE ACCULTURATION MEASURES THAT I THINK WOULD WORK WELL WITH ANY IMMIGRANT GROUP, THE DEGREE TO WHICH THEY ARE KIND OF MORE COMFORTABLE WITH AMERICAN FRIENDS, LANGUAGE, AND FOOD VERSUS WHATEVER IT WAS BACK IN THE HOME COUNTRY ALSO SEEMS TO HAVE A LOT OF IMPLICATIONS FOR ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE, FOR EXAMPLE. IT SEEMS THAT AS THE VIETNAMESE -- IT'S ALL VERY MESSY BUT ALSO VERY INTERESTING THAT THE VIETNAMESE, IN THE TIME AFTER KATRINA, ACTUALLY BECAME MUCH BETTER IN THEIR LANGUAGE ABILITY I THINK BY VIRTUE OF KIND OF HAVING TO INTERACT WITH SO MANY MORE MAINSTREAM AMERICAN ENTITIES THAT THEY WERE ABLE TO SUCCESSFULLY AVOID BEFORE KATRINA, BUT BECAME MUCH LESS COMFORTABLE DOING SO, SO THEY KIND OF BECAME MUCH MORE KEEN TO JUST NARROW THEIR FOCUS -- THEIR SOCIAL INTERACTIONS AMONG THEMSELVES AND EVEN WITH REGARD TO FOOD, BECAME MUCH MORE VIETNAMESE EVEN AS THEY KIND OF BECAME MORE FAMILIAR WITH AND ADEPT WITH MORE MAINSTREAM AMERICAN SOCIETY. SO BEFORE KATRINA, THIS KIND OF VERY STRONG VIETNAMESE AFFILIATION HAD REALLY NEGATIVE IMPLICATIONS FOR ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE, WHICH KIND OF MAKES SENSE BECAUSE THEY WEREN'T REALLY COMFORTABLE INTERACTING WITH THE AMERICAN SYSTEM, BUT AFTERWARDS IT BECAME LESS SO BECAUSE THEY BECAME MUCH MORE CAPABLE OF DOING IT EVEN IF THEY DIDN'T WANT TO. >> THANK YOU. >> DR. VANLANDINGHAM, THANK YOU AGAIN, CONGRATULATIONS ON YOUR AWARD, THIS IS A REALLY FANTASTIC TALK, CONGRATULATIONS ON THE BAD LUCK OF BEING ABLE TO CONDUCT A STUDY IN THE WAKE OF DISASTER. RESILIENCE ON FUTURE DISASTERS AND THIS QUESTION ABOUT SECOND GENERATION IMMIGRANTS -- SECOND GENERATION VIETNAMESE FAMILIES. SO IN 2009 OR SO, WEI LEE AT ALL FROM TULANE DID A STUDY FROM A POPULATION PERSPECTIVE THAT MAPPED MIGRATION -- VIETNAMESE OUT OF NEW ORLEANS ALONG WITH AMPS AND NON-HISPANIC WHITES AND THEN THE RETURN MIGRATION, THEY FOUND THE SAME PATTERN THAT YOU PRESENTED IN YOUR KAPLAN MEIER PLOT WITH VERY ACCELERATED RETURN MIGRATION AMONGST THOSE FIRST GENERATION VIETNAMESE FAMILIES. MY QUESTION IS, DO YOU THINK THAT THE RETURN ACCELERATION WAS THE RESULT OF THEM HAVING NO ALL TERPTIVES, THEY ALTERNATIVES, THEY HAD TO COME BASICALLY BACK HERE BECAUSE THEIR AFRICAN-AMERICAN AND WHITE COUNTERPARTS HAD FAMILY AND FRIENDS AND SOCIAL NETWORKS THAT WERE SORT OF BROADLY DISTRIBUTED AROUND THE REGION THAT THEY COULD STAY WITH FOR LONGER PERIODS OF TIME. SO THAT'S THE FIRST PART. THE SECOND PART IS, DO YOU THINK THAT THE SECOND GENERATION NOW HAS BUILT THESE SORT OF TIES THAT IF THERE WERE -- AND THERE WILL BE -- ANOTHER DISASTER IN NEW ORLEANS AFFECTING THIS COMMUNITY THAT THEY WOULD THEN BE ABLE TO RELY UPON IN THESE SORT OF ANCILLARY REGIONS AROUND NEW ORLEANS? >> IT WAS A REALLY HARD DECISION BECAUSE HOUSTON IS WHERE MANY OF US WENT AFTER KATRINA, AND IT HAS A VERY LARGE VIETNAMESE COMMUNITY THERE THAT OPENED -- THAT WELCOMED THE VIETNAMESE, ACTUALLY THEY WELCOMED ALL OF US WITH OPEN ARMS BUT THE VIETNAMESE IN PARTICULAR HAD PLACES TO GO. AND SO THEY HAD REAL KIN, AND THERE'S THIS IDEA OF FICTIVE KIN, WHERE THEY ALL THINK THEY'RE KIND OF COUSINS INFORMALLY ANYWAY. SO IT WAS REALLY CLEAR AS I SPOKE WITH THEM THAT STAYING IN HOUSTON WAS A VERY ATTRACTIVE OPTION FOR THEM BECAUSE THEY HAD NO IDEA -- I MEAN, THE CITY WAS NOT DOING WELL AT ALL, ESPECIALLY WHERE THEY WERE OUT IN EASTERN NEW ORLEANS, IT WAS LAST ON EVERYBODY'S RADAR LIST SO IT WAS VERY DIFFICULT DECISION FOR THEM TO COME BACK AND MY SENSE WAS THAT IN SPEAKING WITH THEM, THERE WAS A LOT OF VERY HEATED DEBATE ABOUT WHETHER THEY GO BACK AS A COMMUNITY AT ALL, AND THERE WERE SOME INDIVIDUAL DECISIONS OF COURSE, SOME PEOPLE DID END UP IN HOUSTON OR SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA OR ELSEWHERE BECAUSE THEY SAID IT WAS BEST FOR THEIR FAMILY, BUT WHAT I FOUND REMARKABLE WAS, ONCE THEY KIND OF -- THE SWITCH FLIPPED AND THEY DECIDED, NO, WE'RE GOING BACK, THEN WHAT EVERYBODY WOULD SAY IS, HEY, THE PRIESTS SAID WE'RE GOING BACK, WE'RE GOING BACK. AND THEY DID. VERY QUICKLY, KIND OF AT THE SAME TIME, OF COURSE THEY WERE KIND OF TIGHTLY NETWORKED AND EVERYTHING SO THEY WOULD GO BACK AND KIND WORK ON EACH OTHER'S HOMES AND REBUILD AND KIND OF -- AND THERE WAS ALSO COMMUNITY ON THE UNPOLLUTED WEST BANK THAT GAVE THEM A STAGING AREA WHERE THEY COULD HAVE STAYED OVER THERE TOO, BUT ONE STORY THAT SEVERAL OF THEM TOLD ABOUT, YOU KNOW, WHY THEY DECIDED TO DO THAT, FIRST OF ALL THE REASON WHY IT WAS HARD IS BECAUSE THINGS WEREN'T LOOKING GOOD FOR NEW ORLEANS AND FOR THEIR CHILDREN, THE ECONOMY DOESN'T REALLY OFFER A LOT OF ATTRACTIVE JOBS FOR THEM. THE CHILDREN ARE DOING VERY WELL IN SCHOOL, THEY'RE NOT GOING TO WORK IN FISHING OR KIND OF -- OR BLUE COLLAR JOBS. THEY'RE ENGINEERS, YOU KNOW, AND DOCTORS AND SCIENTISTINGS. SCIENTISTS. SO THERE AREN'T THAT MANY OPPORTUNITIES FOR THEM THERE. AND THE SCHOOLS WERE IN REALLY ROUGH SHAPE TOO COMING BACK SO IT WAS A VERY DIFFICULT DECISION, BUT ONCE THEY DECIDED THEY WERE GOING TO DO IT, THEY DECIDED AS A GROUP TO COME BACK. SO ANYWAY, THE STORY THAT'S OFTEN TOLD IS THAT MANY OF THE FAMILIES ARE MULTIGENERATIONAL, SO THE KIND OF FOLKS AROUND MY AGE CAME BACK FIRST, IT WAS KIND OF THE FIRST GENERATION THAT KIND OF GOT THE COMMUNITY SETTLED, AND THEN THEY KIDS IN THE U.S. BUT THEY BROUGHT THEIR ELDERLY PARENTS OVER EVENTUALLY FROM VIETNAM AS WELL, AND SO MANY TIMES THEY WOULD SAY, MY PARENTS SAY THEY'RE NOT MOVING AGAIN. YOU KNOW, THIS IS THEIR HOME, THEY DID IT ONCE, I WOULDN'T MIND GOING SOMEPLACE ELSE BUT THEY SAY NO. YOU KNOW, SO I THINK THAT WAS -- IT'S JUST A STORY BUT I HEARD IT SEVERAL TIMES, AND IT KIND OF HAD SOME TRACTION WITH ME. >> I'M SUTASHI FROM THE CENTER FOR GLOBAL HEALTH AT THE NCI. SO THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR YOUR LECTURE, AND I'M REALLY FASCINATED BY THE SHARED UNDERSTANDINGS COMPONENT OF THE DEFINITION OF CULTURE, AND I'M THINKING, YOU KNOW, YOU TALKED ABOUT KATRINA, BUT I WAS ALSO THINKING I GUESS THE BP DISASTER FOLLOWED SOON AFTER, RIGHT, THE DEEP WATER HORIZON. >> YES, ABOUT FIVE YEARS AFTER. >> YEAH, SO IN YOUR POST KATRINA INTERVIEWS, DID YOU SEE ANY EVIDENCE PERHAPS FROM THE QUALITATIVE INTERVIEWS AS TO HOW SOME OF THE COMPONENTS OF THE DIMENSIONS OF SHARED UNDERSTANDING OF LIKE US VERSES VERSUS THEM OR YOU TALKED ABOUT FRAMING, DID THAT CHANGE IN ANY WAY IN TERMS OF KIND OF BEING MORE RYE SILL YENT IN RESPONSE TO SOMETHING NOW THAT DIRECTLY AFFECTED ONLY THEIR LIVELIHOOD AS COMPARED TO KATRINA THAT AFFECTED THE LARGER POPULATION OF THE CITY? >> GOOD QUESTION. KIND OF HARD TO ANSWER. BUT LET ME TRY IT THIS WAY. SO WHEN THE VIETNAMESE FIRST CAME OVER, THERE WAS THIS KIND OF NICHE THAT WAS AVAILABLE FOR THEM IN FISHING AND SHRIMPING AND A FEW OF THEM KNEW ENOUGH ABOUT WHEN THEY POOLED RESOURCES, BOUGHT SOME BOATS, WORKED ALL THE TIME, MADE A LOT OF MONEY, THEN WERE ABLE TO KIND OF PULL FRIENDS AND NEIGHBORS INTO THE INDUSTRY TOO. AND IT'S STILL A PRETTY IMPORTANT PART OF THE VIETNAMESE ECONOMY BUT MUCH LESS SO NOW AND MUCH LESS SO WHEN KATRINA HIT, IT HAD BECOME MUCH MORE DIVERSE BY THAT TIME WHERE THEY WERE KIND OF DOING EVERYTHING. SO PROPORTIONATELY KIND OF MORE IN FISH AND SHRIMPING THAN THE WHITE AND BLACK POPULATION BUT NOT SO HEAVILY INVOLVED IN IT. SO WHETHER THE BP DEEP WATER HORIZON INCIDENT MIGHT HAVE CHANGED SOME OF YOUR FEELINGS OF RESILIENCE, I DON'T KNOW BUT I KIND OF THINK SO, OR MAYBE THESE THINGS THAT I'VE BEEN TALKING ABOUT POSITIONED THEM WELL FOR SAYING IT'S JUST ANOTHER SETBACK, YOU KNOW, IT WILL EVENTUALLY RECEDE OR GO SOMEPLACE ELSE OR WORK HARDER, YOU KNOW, JUST TO MAKE ENDS MEET BUT I DON'T HAVE ANY FIRM DATA ON THAT. >> I HAVE ONE FINAL QUESTION BEFORE WE TURN THINGS OVER TO OUR DIRECTOR. YOU TOUCHED ON THIS A LITTLE BIT, BUT I'M WONDERING IF YOU COULD TALK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT HOW THIS RESEARCH STARTED. YOU TALKED ABOUT R3s AND R21s AND I THINK IT MIGHT BE IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE THAT THIS DIDN'T ALL GET STARTED WITH SOME BIG CENTER GRANT OR SOMETHING LIKE THAT. >> YEAH, AGAIN, I'M REALLY GRATEFUL TO NIH, NICHD IN PARTICULAR FOR HAVING CONFIDENCE IN THE RESEARCH AND ALSO FOR HAVING THESE MECHANISMS THAT ARE AVAILABLE FOR JUNIOR RESEARCHERS LIKE I WAS AT THE TIME. IT WAS REALLY, RISKY, ESPECIALLY THIS CROSS NATIONAL STUDY, WHETHER IT'S GOING TO FLY OR NOT, WE DIDN'T KNOW. WITH REBECCA CLARKE, THIS IS KIND OF A CLASSIC HIGH RISK/HIGH REWARD AND YOU'VE GOT A SHOT AT IT FOR AN RO3. AN R01, FORGET IT, THERE'S NO WAY. YOU DON'T HAVE THE TRACK RECORD, YOU KNOW, IT'S KIND OF TOO HIGH RISK. AN RO3, STILL HAS TO BE GOOD, BUT YOU'VE GOT A SHOT AT IT. SO KIND OF GOING FOR THE KIND OF SMALLER TICKET AWARDS, TRYING TO BUILD SOMETHING FOR THAT WHERE YOU SHOW PROOF OF CONCEPT, TO GO FOR SOMETHING A LITTLE LATER ON, I WAS COACHED VERY WELL BY DR. CLARKE ON THAT AND I'M VERY APPRECIATIVE OF THAT TOO. >> THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR AN END TO A WONDERFUL MORNING. I GUESS, BILL, YOU HAVE A FEW 2350EU7B89 COMMENTS? OKAY. [APPLAUSE] >> ALL RIGHT. FIRST OF ALL, JOIN ME AGAIN IN THANKING BOTH AN EXCELLENT DISTINGUISHED LECTURER THIS YEAR FOR OUR 12TH YEAR, MARK VANLANDINGHAM. [APPLAUSE] AND I THINK AGAIN THIS HAS PROBABLY BEEN OUR THIRD OR FOURTH YEAR OF DOING THIS, BUT THE EARLY STAGE INVESTIGATOR PAPER AWARDS, I THOUGHT WERE JUST EXCEPTIONAL THIS YEAR AS THEY'VE BEEN EVERY YEAR BEFORE. SO JOIN ME IN THANKING THEM AS WELL. [APPLAUSE] I HAVE TO SAY ONE POINT THAT MARK MADE AT THE BEGINNING OF HIS PRESENTATION AND AT THE END OF THE LAST QUESTIONS AND I THINK IS IMPORTANT FOR EVERY INVESTIGATOR TO HEAR WAS, I TALK TALKED TO MY PROJECT OFFICER. IT'S KIND OF AN IMPORTANT THING, IT'S SOMETHING WE THINK IS REALLY IMPORTANT AT THE NIH AND I THINK IT HELPS PEOPLE NOT HAVE A LOT OF MISTAKES EARLY IN THEIR CAREER AS THEY'RE TRYING TO FIGURE OUT, EVEN LATER IN THEIR CAREERS, THEY'RE TRYING TO FIGURE OUT WHAT TO DO NEXT AND HOW TO DO IT. I REALLY WANT TO THANK, AS I SAID BEFORE, THERE WERE 500 PAPERS THAT CAME IN FOR THE FIVE PEOPLE THAT WE'VE SELECTED AS THE AWARDEES THIS YEAR. THAT'S A PRETTY GOOD SUCCESS RATE FOR YOU GUYS. JUST SO YOU KNOW. I DO THE MATH IN MY HEAD, SO THIS IS JUST -- THE LIST IS SMALL, YOU'RE NOT GOING TO SEE ALL OF THEM, BUT SOMEBODY HAS TO READ ALL 500 PAPERS. I DID NOT READ ALL 500 PAPERS ON MY OWN. ALL OF THESE PEOPLE HAD A LOT TO DO WITH DOING THAT, REVIEWING THEM, RATING THEM AND DETERMINING THEM, AND WHAT THEIR RATING OUGHT TO BE AND KIND OF LETTING THE CREAM SORT OF RISE TO THE TOP IN SELECTING THE ONES THAT WE SELECT. SO I WANT TO THANK ALL OF THOSE FOLKS AT THE NIH WHO SPENT TIME AND EFFORT TO READ PAPERS, WHICH I WILL TELL YOU IS ACTUALLY QUITE FUN. YOU KNOW, READING 500 IS NOT FUN BUT READING FIVE OR 10 OR 15 IS ACTUALLY VERY INTERESTING TO SEE SOME OF THE RECENT RESEARCH THAT'S BEING FUNDED. AND I WILL MENTION HERE AS WELL THE BREADTH AND DIVERSITY OF THE RESEARCH IN THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SIGH EPS IS FUNDED BY THE NIH I THINK IS REALLY ON DISPLAY HERE TODAY. IT HAPPENS OVER AND OVER AGAIN AS WE DO THESE PRESENTATIONS. ALL OF US IN OUR VARIOUS INSTITUTES AND CENTERS KIND OF SEE, OKAY, THIS IS WHAT WE DO IN CHILD HEALTH, THIS IS WHAT WE DO IN AGING, IN CANCER, IN DIABETES. WHEN YOU COME TO SOMETHING LIKE THIS AND YOU SEE THE BREADTH OF RESEARCH THAT THE NIH FUNDS, I THINK IT'S REALLY AN IMPORTANT TAKE HOME MESSAGE FOR ALL OF US. OKAY. I DO HAVE A FEW SORT OF SHAMELESS ANNOUNCEMENTS FROM THE OBSSR TO FINISH THINGS OFF. WE RECENTLY REVISED OUR BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE DEFINITION, IT HAD BEEN ON THE BOOKS SINCE I THINK 1990 SECH, AND IT WAS AN EFFORT FOR US TO SORT OF UPDATE IT A BIT FROM WHERE IT WAS PREVIOUSLY, AND ALSO PREPARE US A LITTLE BIT BETTER TO HAVE A REFERENCE CRITERIA FROM WHICH WE CAN THEN JUDGE IS IS THIS GRANT A SOCIAL OR BEHAVIOR SCIENCE GRANT SO IT LETS US BETTER TRACK THE RESEARCH THAT GOES ON AT THE NIH. NONE OF THAT WILL SURPRISE YOU OR LOOK PARTICULARLY -- I DON'T THINK WE CHANGED BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE DEFINITION IN SOME MAJOR WAY AND DISRUPTED THE WORLD AS WE KNOW IT, BUT IT WILL HELP US SORT OF DO A BETTER JOB AT LOOKING AT THIS MOVING FORWARD. THAT WAS OUR FIRST SORT OF CROWD SOURCING EFFORT. THIS IS THE CURRENT ONE THAT WE HAVE GOING ON. MANY PEOPLE AT THE NIH AND AMONG OUR VARIOUS STAKEHOLDERS KEPT SAYING WHAT ARE THE ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES? WE HAD A FEW AND WE ACTUALLY HAD A FACT SHEET BACK FROM 2013, I THINK, THAT LISTED SOME SORT OF ACCOMPLISHMENTS, SOME KEY ONES. THE DIABETES PREVENTION PROGRAM, OUR REDUCTIONS IN RIS AND RISKS SMOKING CESSATION OVER THE LAST 20 YEARS OR ET CETERA. BUT WE FELT LIKE WE COULD EXPAND ON IT, UPDATE IT, REVISE IT AND MAKE IT A MUCH LARGER THING FOR PEOPLE TO PULL FROM SO THAT WHEN YOUR CONGRESSMEN OR WHOEVER IT IS SAYS, WELL, WHAT HAD THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES ACCOMPLISHED IN THE LAST 20 YEARS, YOU CAN PULL FROM THE SITE AND BE ABLE TO DO THAT. THIS CROWD SOURCE IS NOW OPEN, IT'S OPEN UNTIL JULY 31ST, AND JUST ENCOURAGE ANYONE AND EVERYONE AND FOR YOU TO ENCOURAGE YOUR NETWORKS TO TAKE AN OPPORTUNITY TO PUT IN SOME ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT ACCOMPLISHMENTS THAT WE HAVE GOING ON. SO THAT'S THAT. AND THEN A COUPLE OF THINGS ARE COMING UP THERE. TWO MAJOR EVENTS THAT OUR OFFICE DOES, THIS IS ONE, THE MATILDA WHITE RILEY AWARDS EVERY YEAR. THE OTHER IS THE NIH BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH FESTIVAL THAT WE DO EVERY LATE FALL/EARLY WINTER. THIS IS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR US TO LOOK BACK ON WHAT WE FUNDED IN THE PRIOR YEAR, AND SORT OF TAKE STOCK AT WHAT HAVE WE DONE AND WHERE DO WE NEED TO GO MOVING FORWARD. SO THAT'S IN TERMS OF SAVE THE DATE IS FRIDAY, DECEMBER THE 6TH, 2019. AND THEN ALL OF OUR CONTACT INFORMATION, I WILL -- THE LAST THING ON THAT SLIDE IS THE ONE THAT'S PROBABLY MOST IMPORTANT. IF YOU DON'T SUBSCRIBE TO OUR NEWSLETTER, SUBSCRIBE TO OUR NEWSLETTER. WE PUT ON THE THINGS THAT SORT FUNDING AND GRANT OPPORTUNITIES AND FUNDING ANNOUNCEMENTS THAT HAVE COME UP. WE SPOTLIGHT SOME RESEARCH THAT WAS PUBLISHED IN THE LAST MONTH ON A REGULAR BASIS. JUST TO TRY TO KEEP THE FIELD A LITTLE BIT UP TO DATE ON WHAT'S GOING ON AT THE NIH. THEN WHEN SOME POLICY THINGS COME ALONG THAT MIGHT BE A LITTLE DISCONCERTING THAT YOU MIGHT WANT TO KNOW ABOUT, WE PUT THOSE ON THERE AS WELL SO THAT'S ALSO IMPORTANT. SO THANK YOU ALL AGAIN, . [APPLAUSE]