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>>I'M CHRISTINE HUNTER

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ACTING ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR AT NIH

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AND ACTING DIRECTOR FOR OFFICE 

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OF BEHAVIORAL AND -- THIS IS AN 

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OPPORTUNITY 

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WITH RESEARCHERS LIKE EVENT 

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NAMESAKE APPLIED CLARITY AND 

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RIGOR TO CHALLENGE ACCEPTED 

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NOTIONS ABOUT HOW BEHAVIORAL AND

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SOCIAL ASPECTS OF PUBLIC HEALTH 

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ARE AND PURSUE RESEARCH EXPERTS 

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TO IMPROVE UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT

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CAN BE. 

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IT IS SO GRATIFYING TO LEARN 

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FROM EARLY TAJ INVESTIGATORS AND

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ESIS AS WE CALL THEM AND DR. 

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JENNIFER MANLY FROM COLUMBIA 

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UNIVERSITY WHO WILL DELIVER OUR 

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KEY NOTE ADDRESS LIFE COURSE AND

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SOCIAL STRUCTURAL MECHANISMS 

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FROM INEQUALITIES AND ENGAGING 

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IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND 

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SELECTED OUT OF GROUP OF 150 

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RESEARCHERS SUBMITTING PUBLISHED

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PEER REVIEW RESEARCH PAMERS TO 

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OUR ESI COMPETITION -- HOW 

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POTENTIALLY IMPACTFUL OR 

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INFLUENCE SHL IS THIS PAPER ON 

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HEALTH RELATED BEHAVIORAL AND 

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SOCIAL SCIENCES AND NEXT 

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QUESTION HOW WELL DOES PAPER USE

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SOPHISTICATED METHODOLOGY AND 

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ADDRESSING EMPIRICAL IMPORTANT 

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QUESTIONS DERIVED FROM AND 

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PERFORM THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS 

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AND HOW WELL DOES THIS PAPER 

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INTEGRATE MULTIPLE LEVELS OF 

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INFLUENCE AND DYNAMIC 

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LONGITUDINAL BIDIRECT EFFECTS ON

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SYSTEMS AND VICE VERSA AND HOW 

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WELL PAPER INTEGRATES -- DR. 

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ALENA AND DR. MARISSABURGER 

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MASTER AND DR. FINLEY AND SIDNEY

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O'CONNOR -- WILL MODERATE THE 

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DISTINGUISHED LECTURE 

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PRESENTATIONS AND TODAY'S EVENT 

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IS BROADCAST THROUGH THE NIH 

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VIDEOCAST AND IF YOU WANT TO 

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SUBMIT A QUESTION SELECT LIVE 

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FEEDBACK ICON AND NIH VIDEOCAST 

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PAGE AND ENTERR COMMENT OR 

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QUESTION AND WE WILL RECEIVE IN 

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REAL-TIME AND FEEL FREE TO SEND 

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QUESTIONS AT ANY TIME DURING 

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PRESENTATIONS.  WE WILL MONITOR 

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IT AND THANKS AGAIN FOR JOINING 

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16TH MATT ILL TA WHITE RILEY 

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BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE 

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HONORS AND HOPE YOU ENJOY 

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TODAY'S EVENT AND TURNING IT 

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OVER TO DR. SIDNEY O'CONNOR.  

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THANK YOU, SIDY. 

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>>THANK YOU DR. HUNTER
EACH ESI

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WILL DELIVER A 15 MINUTE 

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PRESENTATION FOLLOWED BY Q &
A 

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EXCEPTION. 

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AS DR. HUNTER MENTIONED THIS WAS

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AN EXTREMELY COMPETITIVE YEAR 

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RESULTING IN SELECTION FOR FOUR 

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ESI HONOREES AND DR.'S A- LEANA 

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ANDBURGER MASTER AND JESSICA 

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FINALLY AND TED KASANG AND 

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EXCITED TO INTRODUCE THE FIRST 

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SPEAKER.  

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NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE T15

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POST DOCTORAL TRAINEE IN 

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BIOMEDICAL INFORMATICS AND 

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF SOCIOLOGY

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AT PURDUE UNIVERSITY CURRENTLY 

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ON LEAVE FOR POST DOCTORAL 

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TRAINING AND SHE IS A 

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COMPUTATIONAL CULTURAL 

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PSYCHOLOGIST WITH SUBSTANTIVE 

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INTEREST IN LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL 

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HEALTH AND DEBATES ABOUT 

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CULTURAL MEANING AND SOCIOLOGY 

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ON FOCUS OF CASES MEANING IS 

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LINKED TO INEQUALITY AND HEALTH 

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AND INVESTIGATING TOPICS USING 

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COMPUTATIONAL METHOD AND MACHINE

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LEARNING AND TEXT ANALYSIS AND 

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EARNED A MASTERS IN SOCIOLOGY 

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FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF 

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CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES AND BA IN

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SOCIOLOGY FROM UNIVERSITY OF 

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WASHINGTON.  DR. KOHLER'S 

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PRESENTATION IS ENTITLED 

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DEVELOPING AND APPLYING NATURAL 

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LANGUAGE PROCESSING APPROACH -- 

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TO NATIONAL VIOLENCE DEATH 

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REPORTING SYSTEM AND DR. KOHLER,

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YOU ARE WELCOME TO BEGIN YOUR 

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PRESENTATION. 

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>>THANK YOU.  I'M HONORED
AND 

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EXCITED TO SHARE THIS RESEARCH 

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WITH ALL OF YOU TODAY. 

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I WANT TO QUICKLY THANK 

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COLLABORATORS AND MENTORS AND 

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SOURCES OF FUNDING THAT MAKE 

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THIS RESEARCH POSSIBLE. 

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NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 

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ACROSS MANY DOMAINS FOR SOCIAL 

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MEDIA ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS 

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AND AS I TELL YOU ABOUT TODAY IN

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SURVEILLANCE OF VIOLENT DEATHS 

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LIKE HOMICIDE AND SUICIDE AND 

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PROVIDE UNDERSTANDING FOR 

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UNDERSTANDING HEALTH ILLNESS AND

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MORTALITY AND CAN ENCODE LATENT 

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KNOWLEDGE AND PATTERNS TALKED 

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ABOUT COMMONLY BY INDIVIDUALS 

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AND WRITERS BUT MIGHT NOT BE 

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KNOWN EXPLICITLY OR AT SCALE AND

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DESPITE AS PROMISED LARGE SCALE 

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DATA IS CHALLENGING TO HARNESS 

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AND RESEARCH RESPONDS CHALLENGES

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AND PROMISED DEXT DATA MOTIVATED

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BY CASE OF NATIONAL VIOLENT 

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DEATH REPORTING SYSTEM OR NVDRS,

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NATIONAL SURVEILLANCE DATA 

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SYSTEM IN THE US FOR VIOLENT 

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DEATHS THAT IS A COMPLEX AND 

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MAJOR PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM AND 

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NVDS IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT IS 

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A CORE SOURCE OF INFORMATION 

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ABOUT DEATHS AND AS OF 2020, 

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THIS DATA SYSTEM DOCUMENTS OVER 

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$5 HUNDRED TH500,000 DEATHS. 

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EACH IS ACCOMPANIED BY TWO TEXT 

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VARIABLES FIRST SUMMARY OF 

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CORONER OR MEDICAL EXAMINER 

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REPORT AND LAW ENFORCEMENT 

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REPORTS AND THESE HUNDREDS OF 

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THOUSANDS OF NARRATIVE DEATHS 

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HAVE LARGELY UNTOUCHED 

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INFORMATION ABOUT SUICIDE AND 

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HOMICIDE AND OTHER TYPES OF 

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LETHAL VIOLENCE. 

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NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 

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IN SPONLS AIMED TO DEVELOP A 

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NATURAL LANGUAGING PROCESS METH 

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USED TO WRANGLE DATA AND 

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SUMMARIZING EXTRACTING 

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INFORMATION FROM TEXT DATA 

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APPLYING METHOD TO DEATH 

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NARRATIVES IN NVDRS TO 

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UNDERSTAND CIRCUMSTANCES OF 

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HOMICIDE AND SUICIDE AT SCALE 

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METHOD NEEDS TO BE COMPUTATIONAL

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AND ROBUST TO TYPOS ACRONYMS AND

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JARRIGONS SPECIFIC TO CONTEXT O 

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NVDRS AND WANTED IT TO BE 

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INDUCTIVE DIDN'T KNOW WHAT 

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INFORMATION WOULD BE BURIED IN 

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THE HAYSTACK OF DATA AND METHOD 

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WE DEVELOPED TO ACCOMPLISH THIS 

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IS DISCOURSE ATOM TOPIC MODEL. 

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NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 

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INTEGRATING TWO CORE APPROACHES 

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TO DATA.  I WILL GIVE A BRIEF 

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OVERVIEW HERE AND FOCUS ON 

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APPLICATION TO NVDRS DATA.  THIS

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INTEGRATES TWO CORE APPROACHES 

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FIRST TOPIC MODELING OVERALL 

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APPROACH TO EXTRACT LATENT 

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TOPICS FROM A PILE OF TEXT DATA 

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AND IDENTIFY WHICH TOPICS ARE 

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BEING TALKED ABOUT IN WHICH 

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DOCUMENTS TO WHICH EXTENTS AND 

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DOESN'T WORK WELL IN MANY 

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REAL-WORLD CONTEXTS LIKE NVDRS 

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WHERE LANGUAGE IS MESSY LEADING 

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TO CONTEXT AND DOCUMENTS THAT 

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ARE RADICALLY LENGTHED.  SECOND 

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IS WORD IMBEDDING RECENT 

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APPROACH TO MODEL MEANINGS OF 

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WORDS BASED ON HOW WORDS 

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CO-OCCURRED TEXT DATA AND 

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EXCELLED AT MODELING MEANING OF 

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WORDS IN VERY HUMANLIKE WAYS AND

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INTEGRATING TWO APPROACHES INTO 

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SDROURS AND TOPIC MODEL WE HAVE 

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ONE COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH 

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CAPITALIZING ON DISTINCT 

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CAPABILITIES OF EACH AND NOW 

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TOPICS ARE MODELED IN WAYS 

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TAKING ADVANTAGE OF RECENT 

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INNOVATIONS FROM WORD IMBEDINGS 

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TO MACHINE LEARNING LATENT 

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MEANING TEXT DATA. 

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I WILL SHOW YOU TODAY TOPIC 

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DISCOURSE ATOM TOPIC MODEL 

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OFFERS IMPROVED WAY TO DO TOPIC 

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MODELING THAT IS ROBUST AND 

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FLEXIBLE TO WIDE RANGE OF 

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ANALYSIS AND CONTEXT AND WILL 

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SHOW YOU NEXT IT PRODUCES TOPICS

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THAT ARE VERY INTERPRETABLE TO 

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HUMANS. 

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NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 

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SO, WHEN WE APPLIED THIS NEW 

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METHOD TO NVDRS SUMMARIES FROM 

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2003 TO 2017 TABLE ON LEFT HAS 

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SHOWN 225 RESULTING TOPICS THAT 

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WE IDENTIFIED AND EACH ROW HERE 

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IS A TOPIC AND GETTING FROM A 

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TOPIC MODEL A LIST OF THE MOST 

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REPRESENTATIVE TERMS AND WE CAN 

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ALSO LOOK AT THE SUMMARIES THAT 

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OUR MODEL SUGGESTS HAVE MOST OF 

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A GIVEN TOPIC AND SHOWING FIVE 

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MOST REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES FROM

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THESE TOPICS INTERPRETING EACH 

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FROM THE 25 MOST REPRESENTED 

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TERMS AND ASSIGN THE IT MANUALLY

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A LABEL BASED ON THE 

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INTERPRETATION. 

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THESE TOPICS ARE SHOWING US THE 

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WIDE RANGE OF ASPECTS OF VIOLENT

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DEATH TALKED ABOUT ACROSS 

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HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF 

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SUMMARIES AND LET US ZOOM OUT 

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GETTING BIG PICTURE OF THE 

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SUMMARY DATA. 

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THE TOPICS ARE ALSO REVEALING 

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PATTERNS THAT ARE TALKED ABOUT 

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IN TEXT DATA NOT YET PART OF OUR

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STANDARDIZED WAY OF THINKING 

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ABOUT VIOLENT DEATH AND TO GIVE 

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AN EXAMPLE SECOND TOPIC 

241
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PREPARATION FOR DEATH IS 

242
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REPRESENTED BY TERMS LIKE 

243
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PREPAID FUNERAL AND DEEDS AND 

244
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SHOWING THAT ACTIONS THAT CAN BE

245
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TAKEN AND POTENTIAL WARNING 

246
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SIGNALS WHEN SOMEONE IS 

247
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PREPARING FOR THEIR OWN DEATH 

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AND ON THE RIGHT IS I'M SHOWING 

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A HEAT MAP THAT EVERY ROW 

250
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CORRESPONDS TO A TOPIC AND EACH 

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COLUMN CORRESPONDS TO A TYPE OF 

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DEATH AND WHEN THE CELL IS 

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DARKER THAT LEAVES MORE OF THAT 

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PARTICULAR TOPIC OF 245 TOPICS 

255
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OF THOSE TYPES OF DEATHS AND AT 

256
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FIRST GLANCE WHAT THE HEAT MAP 

257
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WILL SHOW YOU IS DIFFERENT TYPES

258
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OF DEATHS HAVE SUMMARIES WITH 

259
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VARIOUS DISTRIBUTIONS OF TOPICS 

260
00:11:12,960 --> 00:11:15,560
BROUGHT UP AND SEE FROM THIS 

261
00:11:15,560 --> 00:11:17,040
DENDROGRAM ON TOP OF THE HEAT 

262
00:11:17,040 --> 00:11:19,480
MAP IF WE WERE TO GROUP TYPES OF

263
00:11:19,480 --> 00:11:21,400
DEATH BASED ON TYPES OF TOPICS 

264
00:11:21,400 --> 00:11:23,440
THEY TEND TO TALK ABOUT, WE 

265
00:11:23,440 --> 00:11:25,520
WOULD SEE UNDETERMINED INTENT 

266
00:11:25,520 --> 00:11:28,320
DEATHS AND SUICIDES TEND TO TALK

267
00:11:28,320 --> 00:11:31,440
ABOUT MOST SIMILAR TOPICS TO ONE

268
00:11:31,440 --> 00:11:33,040
ANOTHER LEGAL INTERVENTION 

269
00:11:33,040 --> 00:11:35,760
DEATHS AND HOMICIDES TALK ABOUT 

270
00:11:35,760 --> 00:11:38,120
SIMILAR TOPICS TO THOSE 

271
00:11:38,120 --> 00:11:39,520
SUMMARIES AND MAKE SENSE AND 

272
00:11:39,520 --> 00:11:41,880
THOUGHT WOULD BE UNDETECTED 

273
00:11:41,880 --> 00:11:44,320
SUICIDES AND UNDOCUMENTED 

274
00:11:44,320 --> 00:11:45,360
SUICIDES AND LEGAL INTERVENTION 

275
00:11:45,360 --> 00:11:47,480
DEATHS ARE CONSIDERED SPECIFIC 

276
00:11:47,480 --> 00:11:49,880
KIND OF HOMICIDE PERPETRATOR HAS

277
00:11:49,880 --> 00:11:54,680
LEGAL AUTHORITY TO KILL.  

278
00:11:54,680 --> 00:11:57,520
NEXT SLIDE. 

279
00:11:57,520 --> 00:11:59,800
SO, IN ADDITION TO SUMMARIZING 

280
00:11:59,800 --> 00:12:02,760
LARGE QUANTITY OF DATA RESULTING

281
00:12:02,760 --> 00:12:03,920
TOPICS CAN ALSO SPARK FURTHER 

282
00:12:03,920 --> 00:12:05,920
QUESTIONS BASED ON WHAT WE KNOW 

283
00:12:05,920 --> 00:12:06,920
ABOUT VIOLENCE. 

284
00:12:06,920 --> 00:12:09,760
ONE OF THE MAJOR RESEARCH AREAS 

285
00:12:09,760 --> 00:12:13,800
IN THE FIELD IS WEAPON GIFTS AND

286
00:12:13,800 --> 00:12:16,400
EXAMINED TWO RELATED WEAPON 

287
00:12:16,400 --> 00:12:19,400
TOPICS IN DEPTH.  ONE ABOUT 

288
00:12:19,400 --> 00:12:21,320
SEDATIVE AND PAIN MEDICATIONS 

289
00:12:21,320 --> 00:12:23,840
AND OTHER ABOUT RIFLES AND 

290
00:12:23,840 --> 00:12:25,600
SHOTGUNS AND FIREARMS THAT ARE 

291
00:12:25,600 --> 00:12:27,880
OWNED FOR HUNTING AND SPORTS 

292
00:12:27,880 --> 00:12:30,040
SHOOTING USED TO SHOOT AT FAR 

293
00:12:30,040 --> 00:12:32,720
RANGES COMPARED TO SAY HANDGUNS.

294
00:12:32,720 --> 00:12:36,840
FOR EACH OF THE TWO TOPICS USED 

295
00:12:36,840 --> 00:12:38,560
LOGISTIC REGRESSION 

296
00:12:38,560 --> 00:12:40,000
CHARACTERIZING DEATH THAT 

297
00:12:40,000 --> 00:12:41,880
MENTIONED THE TOPIC IN THE 

298
00:12:41,880 --> 00:12:44,560
NARRATIVE AND SUGGESTING FOR 

299
00:12:44,560 --> 00:12:49,040
CO-VARIATES WE SAW SEDATIVE AND 

300
00:12:49,040 --> 00:12:50,880
PAIN MEDICATIONS HAPPEN OFTEN IN

301
00:12:50,880 --> 00:12:53,080
WOMENS NARRATIVES THAN MENS AND 

302
00:12:53,080 --> 00:12:55,040
-- AND THAT RESONATES WITH 

303
00:12:55,040 --> 00:12:57,720
BROADER SCHOLARSHIPED ON GENDER 

304
00:12:57,720 --> 00:12:59,880
DIFFERENCES AND WEAPON USE AND 

305
00:12:59,880 --> 00:13:01,200
PRIOR WORK SUGGESTING MORE MEN 

306
00:13:01,200 --> 00:13:03,680
AND WOMEN OWN THOSE KINDS OF 

307
00:13:03,680 --> 00:13:05,040
GUNS SPECIFICALLY AND WE ALSO 

308
00:13:05,040 --> 00:13:08,480
OBSERVED OTHER PATTERNS ALLOWING

309
00:13:08,480 --> 00:13:10,000
CHALLENGE AND WORK ON WEAPONS 

310
00:13:10,000 --> 00:13:12,600
AND FOR EXAMPLE PREVIOUS WORK 

311
00:13:12,600 --> 00:13:15,280
SUGGESTS MOST FIREARM RELATED 

312
00:13:15,280 --> 00:13:16,520
DECREEDIENTS ARE BLACK AND 

313
00:13:16,520 --> 00:13:18,400
RESULTS ARE SUGGESTING STORY IS 

314
00:13:18,400 --> 00:13:20,800
MORE NUANCED LOOKING AT THESE 

315
00:13:20,800 --> 00:13:22,400
KINDS OF GUNS SPECIFICALLY AND 

316
00:13:22,400 --> 00:13:25,240
THIS TOPIC ABOUT RIFLES AND 

317
00:13:25,240 --> 00:13:27,240
SHOTGUNS IS FAR MORE COMMON 

318
00:13:27,240 --> 00:13:30,120
AMONG AMERICAN INDIAN AND ALASKA

319
00:13:30,120 --> 00:13:32,040
NATIVES COMPARED TO WHITES AND 

320
00:13:32,040 --> 00:13:34,200
OTHER RACE ETHNICITY GROUPS 

321
00:13:34,200 --> 00:13:35,880
COMPARED TO WHITES AND SAW THIS 

322
00:13:35,880 --> 00:13:38,280
TOPIC ABOUT RIFLES AND SHOTGUNS 

323
00:13:38,280 --> 00:13:39,800
WAS COMMON IN INSTANCE OF 

324
00:13:39,800 --> 00:13:42,240
MULTIPLE DEATHS AND IN MASS 

325
00:13:42,240 --> 00:13:43,120
SHOOTINGS COMPARED TO SINGLE 

326
00:13:43,120 --> 00:13:46,160
DEATH LIKE WHAT YOU MIGHT SEE IN

327
00:13:46,160 --> 00:13:48,560
A SINGLE VICTIM HOMICIDE CASE OR

328
00:13:48,560 --> 00:13:50,360
SUICIDE CASE. 

329
00:13:50,360 --> 00:13:52,320
IN THIS CASE, THE FINDINGS FROM 

330
00:13:52,320 --> 00:13:55,240
THIS PARTICULAR TOPIC ABOUT 

331
00:13:55,240 --> 00:13:58,320
RIFLES AND SHOTGUNS UNDERSCORE 

332
00:13:58,320 --> 00:14:01,040
NEED FOR WORK ON SPECIFIC KINDS 

333
00:14:01,040 --> 00:14:04,320
OF GUNS, CLASSES OF GUNS AND HOW

334
00:14:04,320 --> 00:14:06,800
THEY ARE GROUPED AND TYPES OF 

335
00:14:06,800 --> 00:14:09,840
CIRCUMSTANCES THEY TEND TO OCCUR

336
00:14:09,840 --> 00:14:11,880
IN. 

337
00:14:11,880 --> 00:14:13,120
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 

338
00:14:13,120 --> 00:14:16,120
SO, IN THAT -- IN THIS PAPER WE 

339
00:14:16,120 --> 00:14:19,120
FOCUSED ON INTRODUCING THE 

340
00:14:19,120 --> 00:14:20,120
METHOD ESTABLISHING ITS VALIDITY

341
00:14:20,120 --> 00:14:22,600
AND USING IT TO CONTRIBUTE TO 

342
00:14:22,600 --> 00:14:24,880
BROADER WORK ON WEAPON USE AND 

343
00:14:24,880 --> 00:14:27,120
LETHAL VIOLENCE AND NOW THAT WE 

344
00:14:27,120 --> 00:14:28,240
TRUST THE METHOD WE KNOW IT 

345
00:14:28,240 --> 00:14:30,400
COULD BE USED TO DIVE INTO 

346
00:14:30,400 --> 00:14:32,000
NUANCED QUESTIONS AND 

347
00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:34,760
POPULATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF 

348
00:14:34,760 --> 00:14:36,760
NVDRS AND IN OTHER CONTEXTS AND 

349
00:14:36,760 --> 00:14:40,280
IN ONE FOLLOW UP STUDY FOCUSING 

350
00:14:40,280 --> 00:14:43,920
ON NVDRS DATA WE RELATED TO 

351
00:14:43,920 --> 00:14:46,160
TOPICS ON PHYSICAL INTEGRATION 

352
00:14:46,160 --> 00:14:48,600
AND MEN'S DEATH AND 

353
00:14:48,600 --> 00:14:49,360
INTERVENTIONS LIKE POLICE 

354
00:14:49,360 --> 00:14:51,120
SHOOTINGS AND SAW TOPIC ABOUT 

355
00:14:51,120 --> 00:14:52,400
PHYSICAL AGGRESSION WAS 

356
00:14:52,400 --> 00:14:54,200
MENTIONED MORE OFTEN IN 

357
00:14:54,200 --> 00:14:55,800
NARRATIVES WHEN DECREEDIENT DIED

358
00:14:55,800 --> 00:14:57,600
BY LEGAL INTERVENTION MAKING 

359
00:14:57,600 --> 00:15:01,200
SENSE IN TOPIC MIGHT BE USED AS 

360
00:15:01,200 --> 00:15:04,040
A WAY TO EXPLAIN WHY LETHAL 

361
00:15:04,040 --> 00:15:05,840
MEASURES NEED TODAY BE USED AND 

362
00:15:05,840 --> 00:15:08,640
SAW THAT TOPIC IS COMMONLY 

363
00:15:08,640 --> 00:15:10,360
MENTIONED IN BLACK MEN'S 

364
00:15:10,360 --> 00:15:11,720
NARRATIVES COMPARED TO WHITE 

365
00:15:11,720 --> 00:15:15,160
MEN'S NARRATIVES AFTER ADJUSTING

366
00:15:15,160 --> 00:15:16,360
FOR CO-VARIATES SUGGESTING LESS 

367
00:15:16,360 --> 00:15:19,520
EVIDENCE OF AGGRESSION IN BLACK 

368
00:15:19,520 --> 00:15:21,720
MEN'S DEATH BY LEGAL 

369
00:15:21,720 --> 00:15:23,080
INTERVENTION COMPARED TO WHITE 

370
00:15:23,080 --> 00:15:25,080
MEN'S DEATH AND BROADER WORK 

371
00:15:25,080 --> 00:15:27,560
SUGGESTING LEGAL AUTHORITIES 

372
00:15:27,560 --> 00:15:30,840
HAVE THRESHOLD FOR USING LETHAL 

373
00:15:30,840 --> 00:15:33,160
MEANS FOR BLACK VERSUS WHITE 

374
00:15:33,160 --> 00:15:33,480
INDIVIDUALS. 

375
00:15:33,480 --> 00:15:35,280
IN OUR CURRENT PROJECT WE 

376
00:15:35,280 --> 00:15:37,880
RETRAINED THE WHOLE TOPIC MODEL 

377
00:15:37,880 --> 00:15:41,040
TO INCORPORATE RECENT WAVES OF 

378
00:15:41,040 --> 00:15:43,400
NVDRS DATA THROUGH 2020 AND NOW 

379
00:15:43,400 --> 00:15:47,120
FOCUS ON TOPICS AND THE 

380
00:15:47,120 --> 00:15:49,120
STRUCTURE TO PRECODED VARIABLES 

381
00:15:49,120 --> 00:15:50,720
TO BETTER UNDERSTAND MENTAL 

382
00:15:50,720 --> 00:15:53,880
HEALTH AND SUICIDES AND GENDERED

383
00:15:53,880 --> 00:15:56,160
PATTERNS IN MENTAL HEALTH 

384
00:15:56,160 --> 00:15:57,240
AMONGST SUICIDES AND HAVE SEEN 

385
00:15:57,240 --> 00:15:59,840
NARRATIVE TOPICS ARE REVEALING 

386
00:15:59,840 --> 00:16:01,160
INFORMATION OF MENTAL HEALTH NO 

387
00:16:01,160 --> 00:16:03,640
THE CAPTURED IN PRECODED 

388
00:16:03,640 --> 00:16:07,720
VARIABLES AND EXAMPLES ARE 

389
00:16:07,720 --> 00:16:09,320
TOPICS OF ACTING STRANGELY 

390
00:16:09,320 --> 00:16:12,000
LATELY AND AGITATION AND TOPIC 

391
00:16:12,000 --> 00:16:15,440
OF MOOD SWINGS. 

392
00:16:15,440 --> 00:16:17,320
AND THE -- USING PRECODED 

393
00:16:17,320 --> 00:16:19,960
VARIABLES ABOUT MENTAL HEALTH 

394
00:16:19,960 --> 00:16:22,440
SUCH AS WHETHER DECREEDIENT HAD 

395
00:16:22,440 --> 00:16:25,160
KNOWN MENTAL PROBLEM AND 

396
00:16:25,160 --> 00:16:26,480
CURRENTLY SEEKING TREATMENT OF 

397
00:16:26,480 --> 00:16:28,080
TIME OF DEATH AND VARIABLES WE 

398
00:16:28,080 --> 00:16:30,400
SEE MEN APPEAR TO BE FAR LESS 

399
00:16:30,400 --> 00:16:32,480
LIKELY THAN WOMEN TO HAVE A 

400
00:16:32,480 --> 00:16:34,280
MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEM THEN 

401
00:16:34,280 --> 00:16:36,720
WOMEN.  WHEN WE LOOK AT TOPICS 

402
00:16:36,720 --> 00:16:39,280
WE SEE A FAR WIDER RANGE OF 

403
00:16:39,280 --> 00:16:41,040
GENDERED PATTERNS AND SOME OF 

404
00:16:41,040 --> 00:16:44,480
THE TOPICS ABOUT MENTAL HEALTH 

405
00:16:44,480 --> 00:16:46,000
ARE BROUGHT UP MORE OFTEN IN 

406
00:16:46,000 --> 00:16:48,600
CONTEXT TO MEN'S VERSUS WOMEN'S 

407
00:16:48,600 --> 00:16:50,440
SUICIDES AND TOPICS PULLED OUT 

408
00:16:50,440 --> 00:16:53,560
BY TOPIC MODEL ENABLE US TO 

409
00:16:53,560 --> 00:16:54,840
DISCOVER NEW POTENTIAL 

410
00:16:54,840 --> 00:16:57,040
INDICATORS OF MENTAL HEALTH 

411
00:16:57,040 --> 00:17:00,880
WARNING SIGNS FOR SUICIDE AND 

412
00:17:00,880 --> 00:17:01,520
CHALLENGE EXISTING KNOWLEDGE 

413
00:17:01,520 --> 00:17:03,600
ABOUT OUR UNDERSTANDING OF 

414
00:17:03,600 --> 00:17:05,680
GENDERED PATTERNS AND MENTAL 

415
00:17:05,680 --> 00:17:08,360
HEALTH AMONG SUICIDES AND OFFER 

416
00:17:08,360 --> 00:17:10,080
CLUES TO SIGNALS OF MENTAL 

417
00:17:10,080 --> 00:17:13,240
HEALTH THAT ARE SPECIFIC TO MEN 

418
00:17:13,240 --> 00:17:15,600
AND MEN'S GENDER ROLES ACROSS 

419
00:17:15,600 --> 00:17:18,640
OTHER PROJECTS I'M USING A MODEL

420
00:17:18,640 --> 00:17:20,960
TO LOOK AT SOME OTHER CONTEXTS. 

421
00:17:20,960 --> 00:17:22,760
IN ONE CASE I'M WORKING WITH A 

422
00:17:22,760 --> 00:17:24,800
TEAM AND USING A MODEL TO LOOK 

423
00:17:24,800 --> 00:17:27,680
AT RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FAMILY 

424
00:17:27,680 --> 00:17:30,760
HEALTH AND FINANCES BY ADAPTING 

425
00:17:30,760 --> 00:17:32,480
MODEL TO WORK WITH 

426
00:17:32,480 --> 00:17:34,440
TRANSCRIPTIONS OF NATIONALLY 

427
00:17:34,440 --> 00:17:36,320
REPRESENTATIVE INTERVIEWS AND IN

428
00:17:36,320 --> 00:17:38,720
ANOTHER PROJECT USING MODEL TO 

429
00:17:38,720 --> 00:17:40,200
BETTER UNDERSTAND PATIENT 

430
00:17:40,200 --> 00:17:42,120
EXPERIENCES BY APPLYING THE 

431
00:17:42,120 --> 00:17:45,480
MODEL TO WRITTEN FEEDBACK FROM 

432
00:17:45,480 --> 00:17:48,200
IN-PATIENTS AND OUT-PATIENTS AT 

433
00:17:48,200 --> 00:17:53,040
UC SAN DIEGO HEALTH. 

434
00:17:53,040 --> 00:17:55,240
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 

435
00:17:55,240 --> 00:17:58,040
ALL RIGHT.  TO SUM UP, THIS 

436
00:17:58,040 --> 00:18:00,760
RESEARCH FIRST DEVELOPED A NEW 

437
00:18:00,760 --> 00:18:02,920
METHOD AND NEW NATURAL LANGUAGE 

438
00:18:02,920 --> 00:18:05,280
PROCESSING METHOD TO APPLY TO 

439
00:18:05,280 --> 00:18:07,720
UNCOVER WIDE RANGE OF PATTERNS 

440
00:18:07,720 --> 00:18:09,920
BY VIOLENT DEATH BURIED IN A 

441
00:18:09,920 --> 00:18:11,760
HAYSTACK OF NARRATIVES AND THIS 

442
00:18:11,760 --> 00:18:14,160
METHOD ENABLES RESEARCHERS LIKE 

443
00:18:14,160 --> 00:18:16,600
US TO SUMMARIZE A LARGE DATA SET

444
00:18:16,600 --> 00:18:18,960
AND TO ZOOM IN ON NEEDLES IN THE

445
00:18:18,960 --> 00:18:20,200
HAYSTACK OR WHAT YOU MIGHT THINK

446
00:18:20,200 --> 00:18:23,080
OF AS PATTERNS THAT MIGHT BE 

447
00:18:23,080 --> 00:18:24,280
REALLY SPECIFIC BUT CRUCIAL 

448
00:18:24,280 --> 00:18:27,080
PUZZLE PIECES TO UNDERSTANDING 

449
00:18:27,080 --> 00:18:29,000
PHENOMENON LIKE VILIENT DEATHS 

450
00:18:29,000 --> 00:18:31,160
AND THIS INCLUDES FOR EXAMPLE 

451
00:18:31,160 --> 00:18:33,760
TOPICS ABOUT MENTAL HEALTH THAT 

452
00:18:33,760 --> 00:18:36,200
ARE COMMONLY NOTED IN THE 

453
00:18:36,200 --> 00:18:37,680
NARRATIVES AND NOT YET 

454
00:18:37,680 --> 00:18:40,640
EXPLICITLY KNOWN OR PART OF OUR 

455
00:18:40,640 --> 00:18:41,560
STANDARD CLASSIFICATION SCHEME 

456
00:18:41,560 --> 00:18:42,880
FOR MENTAL HEALTH. 

457
00:18:42,880 --> 00:18:45,440
ONE OF THE POWERS OF THE METHODS

458
00:18:45,440 --> 00:18:47,880
THAT IS INDEFINITE AND ENABLES 

459
00:18:47,880 --> 00:18:50,320
RESEARCHERS TO BREAK AWAY FROM 

460
00:18:50,320 --> 00:18:51,760
ENTRENCHED WAYS OF THINKING 

461
00:18:51,760 --> 00:18:53,400
ABOUT VIOLENT DEATH AND 

462
00:18:53,400 --> 00:18:55,800
MENTIONED WE FOUND TOPICS NOT 

463
00:18:55,800 --> 00:18:57,520
INCLUDED IN STRUCTURED VARIABLES

464
00:18:57,520 --> 00:19:01,760
AND IN THE PAPER WE DESCRIBED 

465
00:19:01,760 --> 00:19:03,960
ALL 225 TOPICS WE IDENTIFIED 

466
00:19:03,960 --> 00:19:06,040
WITH THE METHOD AND GOAL HERE IS

467
00:19:06,040 --> 00:19:09,080
WE ARE HOPING TO SPARK READERS 

468
00:19:09,080 --> 00:19:10,920
FOLLOW-UP QUESTIONS AND RESEARCH

469
00:19:10,920 --> 00:19:12,160
BASED ON BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE 

470
00:19:12,160 --> 00:19:15,440
AND ALSO PROVIDE CODES SO 

471
00:19:15,440 --> 00:19:19,600
RESEARCHERS WANTING TO USE EXACT

472
00:19:19,600 --> 00:19:22,200
METHODS ARE ABLE TO. 

473
00:19:22,200 --> 00:19:25,800
WE DEVELOPED A METHOD TO HARNESS

474
00:19:25,800 --> 00:19:27,960
NVDRS TEXT DATA AND ARE 

475
00:19:27,960 --> 00:19:30,200
MOTIVATED BY GREATER CHALLENGES 

476
00:19:30,200 --> 00:19:33,760
AND PROMISED TEXT DATA AND 

477
00:19:33,760 --> 00:19:36,880
DISCOURSE ATOM TOPIC DATA USEFUL

478
00:19:36,880 --> 00:19:39,280
TO WIDE RANGE OF REAL-WORLD 

479
00:19:39,280 --> 00:19:41,240
CONTEXT WHETHER SOCIAL MEDIA 

480
00:19:41,240 --> 00:19:43,680
INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPTIONS OR 

481
00:19:43,680 --> 00:19:45,240
CLINICAL NOTES OR OTHER NEW 

482
00:19:45,240 --> 00:19:47,440
DOMAIN. 

483
00:19:47,440 --> 00:19:50,480
NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 

484
00:19:50,480 --> 00:19:52,120
THANK YOU.  I WELCOME YOUR 

485
00:19:52,120 --> 00:19:56,360
QUESTIONS IN THE Q & A AT
THIS 

486
00:19:56,360 --> 00:20:01,600
POINT. 

487
00:20:01,600 --> 00:20:04,240
>>ALL RIGHT.  THANK YOU
FOR 

488
00:20:04,240 --> 00:20:08,400
YOUR WONDERFUL PRESENTATION DR. 

489
00:20:08,400 --> 00:20:09,840
ARSENIA COALER AND WILL START 

490
00:20:09,840 --> 00:20:12,040
THE Q & A SESSION AND
VIRTUAL 

491
00:20:12,040 --> 00:20:14,720
ATTENDEES COULD SUBMIT QUESTIONS

492
00:20:14,720 --> 00:20:16,200
ANYTIME USING THIS SEND LIVE 

493
00:20:16,200 --> 00:20:19,560
FEEDBACK BUTTON ON THE VIDEOCAST

494
00:20:19,560 --> 00:20:21,720
AND ADDITIONALLY WELCOME 

495
00:20:21,720 --> 00:20:23,880
IN-PERSON ATTENDEES COMING TO 

496
00:20:23,880 --> 00:20:26,120
ONE OF TWO MICROPHONES SET UP IN

497
00:20:26,120 --> 00:20:28,960
THE AISLES TO POSE QUESTIONS TO 

498
00:20:28,960 --> 00:20:32,600
DR. ARSENIA COALER AS WELL AND 

499
00:20:32,600 --> 00:20:34,440
WE HAVE OUR FIRST QUESTION 

500
00:20:34,440 --> 00:20:38,000
COMING UP FROM ONE IN-PERSON 

501
00:20:38,000 --> 00:20:39,520
ATTENDEE.  PLEASE GO AHEAD. 

502
00:20:39,520 --> 00:20:42,040
>>HI.  CONGRATULATIONS
AND 

503
00:20:42,040 --> 00:20:44,920
FASCINATING WORK AND MIKE FROM 

504
00:20:44,920 --> 00:20:46,920
NIMH AND I COULDN'T HELP BUT 

505
00:20:46,920 --> 00:20:50,040
REFLECT ON HOW IT WAS TWO YEARS 

506
00:20:50,040 --> 00:20:53,920
AGO THAT MATILDA WHITE RILEY 

507
00:20:53,920 --> 00:20:56,520
LECTURE WAS DELIVERED BY ANNE 

508
00:20:56,520 --> 00:20:58,480
CASE TALKING ABOUT DESPAIR AND 

509
00:20:58,480 --> 00:20:59,360
CONNECTIONS ABOUT THIS WORK AND 

510
00:20:59,360 --> 00:21:03,000
HER TALKS AND HER AWARD AND I 

511
00:21:03,000 --> 00:21:04,480
ACTUALLY DID WANT TO ASK ABOUT 

512
00:21:04,480 --> 00:21:05,960
THAT POINT ABOUT TIME.  THIS IS 

513
00:21:05,960 --> 00:21:09,400
A FASCINATING METHOD FOR 

514
00:21:09,400 --> 00:21:10,600
DERIVING NEW INSIGHTS FROM 

515
00:21:10,600 --> 00:21:13,000
EXISTING DATA AND YOU ARE USING 

516
00:21:13,000 --> 00:21:14,200
IT TO CHARACTERIZE TRENDS YOU 

517
00:21:14,200 --> 00:21:16,480
ARE SEEING BY POPULATION AND 

518
00:21:16,480 --> 00:21:17,760
WONDER ABOUT TRENDS OVER TIME 

519
00:21:17,760 --> 00:21:20,440
AND WILL IT LET US SEE EMERGING 

520
00:21:20,440 --> 00:21:23,840
PATTERNS OR TRENDS WITH RESPECT 

521
00:21:23,840 --> 00:21:24,680
TO VIOLENT DEATHS?  

522
00:21:24,680 --> 00:21:26,840
>>THANK YOU.  THAT IS A
GREAT 

523
00:21:26,840 --> 00:21:28,840
QUESTION.  YEAH.  WE DIDN'T -- 

524
00:21:28,840 --> 00:21:31,120
WE HAVE NOT YET FOCUSED ON TIME 

525
00:21:31,120 --> 00:21:32,320
AND SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT IS 

526
00:21:32,320 --> 00:21:34,480
WHEN YOU ARE PULLING OUT TOPICS,

527
00:21:34,480 --> 00:21:36,360
GREAT THING ABOUT IT, IT BECOMES

528
00:21:36,360 --> 00:21:38,760
LIKE ANY OTHER STRUCTURED 

529
00:21:38,760 --> 00:21:39,280
VARIABLE. 

530
00:21:39,280 --> 00:21:41,600
YOU NOW HAVE EACH ROW THAT IS A 

531
00:21:41,600 --> 00:21:44,000
DEATH INCIDENT AND LIKE YOU HAVE

532
00:21:44,000 --> 00:21:45,840
DEMOGRAPHICS YOU HAVE TOPIC IN 

533
00:21:45,840 --> 00:21:47,320
THE NARRATIVE LIKE A STRUCTURED 

534
00:21:47,320 --> 00:21:50,240
VARIABLE YOU CAN INPUT INTO SOME

535
00:21:50,240 --> 00:21:51,880
REGRESSION OR DOWNSTREAM 

536
00:21:51,880 --> 00:21:53,720
ANALYSIS AND YOU CAN LOOK AT IT 

537
00:21:53,720 --> 00:21:55,520
BY POPULATIONS AND START TO 

538
00:21:55,520 --> 00:21:57,560
SEPARATE OUT THINGS BY TIME AND 

539
00:21:57,560 --> 00:21:59,440
WHICH TOPICS AND NARRATIVES ARE 

540
00:21:59,440 --> 00:22:02,040
GOING UP ACROSS TIME OR DOWN AND

541
00:22:02,040 --> 00:22:05,800
HOW IT RELATES TO PATTERNS GOING

542
00:22:05,800 --> 00:22:08,280
ON THAT IS SOMETHING THAT IS 

543
00:22:08,280 --> 00:22:09,960
REALLY PROMISING WORK AND ONE OF

544
00:22:09,960 --> 00:22:15,200
THE STRENGTHS OF NVDRS IS 

545
00:22:15,200 --> 00:22:17,760
LONGITUDINAL GOING FROM 2023 TO 

546
00:22:17,760 --> 00:22:19,920
LATEST WAVE OF 2020.  

547
00:22:19,920 --> 00:22:24,480
>>THANK YOU SO MUCH.  

548
00:22:24,480 --> 00:22:28,320
>>THANK YOU FOR THAT
QUESTION. 

549
00:22:28,320 --> 00:22:32,360
WE HAVE ANOTHER THAT IS YOU 

550
00:22:32,360 --> 00:22:35,360
PREVIOUSLY FOUND UNIDENTIFIED 

551
00:22:35,360 --> 00:22:38,560
TOPICS IN NVDS DATA SET IN THE 

552
00:22:38,560 --> 00:22:40,400
METHOD IS THERE SOMETHING YOU 

553
00:22:40,400 --> 00:22:42,360
PARTICULARLY FOUND SURPRISING OR

554
00:22:42,360 --> 00:22:42,760
COUNTERINTUITIVE?  

555
00:22:42,760 --> 00:22:44,680
>>YEAH.  THERE IS A LOT. 

556
00:22:44,680 --> 00:22:47,080
THAT IS WHY WE THOUGHT IT WAS 

557
00:22:47,080 --> 00:22:48,600
IMPORTANT TO HAVE SUPPLEMENTARY 

558
00:22:48,600 --> 00:22:50,240
MATERIALS WHERE WE PUT IT ALL 

559
00:22:50,240 --> 00:22:52,240
OUT THERE AND ALSO EVERYONE IS 

560
00:22:52,240 --> 00:22:53,560
COMING FROM DIFFERENT 

561
00:22:53,560 --> 00:22:55,240
BACKGROUNDS AND HAS DIFFERENT 

562
00:22:55,240 --> 00:22:56,800
THINGS.  I NOTICED THAT THEY 

563
00:22:56,800 --> 00:22:59,120
PICK UP ON DIFFERENT PATTERNS I 

564
00:22:59,120 --> 00:23:01,760
MIGHT NOT HAVE NOTICED OR 

565
00:23:01,760 --> 00:23:03,080
COLLABORATORS MIGHT NOT NOTICE 

566
00:23:03,080 --> 00:23:04,600
BECAUSE THEY HAVE A DIFFERENT 

567
00:23:04,600 --> 00:23:07,000
MINDSET AND THINGS THAT HAVE 

568
00:23:07,000 --> 00:23:08,920
BEEN SURPRISING TO ME IS, FOR 

569
00:23:08,920 --> 00:23:11,120
EXAMPLE, SEEING A WIDE RANGE OF 

570
00:23:11,120 --> 00:23:13,720
TOPICS ABOUT MENTAL HEALTH, FOR 

571
00:23:13,720 --> 00:23:14,080
EXAMPLE. 

572
00:23:14,080 --> 00:23:16,200
FOR OTHERS THAT HAVE LOOKED AT 

573
00:23:16,200 --> 00:23:18,360
THE TOPIC, WHAT IS INTERESTING 

574
00:23:18,360 --> 00:23:20,600
TO SEE IS TOPICS ABOUT 

575
00:23:20,600 --> 00:23:21,960
SUBSTANCES AND IN MEDICATIONS. 

576
00:23:21,960 --> 00:23:23,800
THERE IS A NUMBER OF TOPICS 

577
00:23:23,800 --> 00:23:25,520
ABOUT THOSE THAT ARE GROUPED IN 

578
00:23:25,520 --> 00:23:26,680
DIFFERENT WAYS SUGGESTING THAT 

579
00:23:26,680 --> 00:23:29,800
THEY ARE TALKED ABOUT IN 

580
00:23:29,800 --> 00:23:32,600
CONSISTENT PATTERNS AND 

581
00:23:32,600 --> 00:23:34,800
CONSISTENT WAYS CERTAIN 

582
00:23:34,800 --> 00:23:36,000
SUBSTANCES AND MEDICATIONS ARE 

583
00:23:36,000 --> 00:23:36,800
BEING TALKED ABOUT AND I -- 

584
00:23:36,800 --> 00:23:38,600
THERE IS SO MANY I COULD GO ON 

585
00:23:38,600 --> 00:23:41,040
AND ON ABOUT LIKE ALL OF THE 

586
00:23:41,040 --> 00:23:41,320
SURPRISES. 

587
00:23:41,320 --> 00:23:43,560
SO, I THINK I WILL LEAVE IT 

588
00:23:43,560 --> 00:23:44,120
THERE. 

589
00:23:44,120 --> 00:23:45,520
>>ALL RIGHT.  THANK YOU
FOR 

590
00:23:45,520 --> 00:23:46,280
THAT RESPONSE. 

591
00:23:46,280 --> 00:23:47,760
WE HAVE TIME FOR ONE MORE 

592
00:23:47,760 --> 00:23:49,600
QUESTION THAT CAME THROUGH THE 

593
00:23:49,600 --> 00:23:50,520
VIDEO CAST. 

594
00:23:50,520 --> 00:23:52,560
COULD YOU ELABORATE ON 

595
00:23:52,560 --> 00:23:53,480
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EXTRACTING 

596
00:23:53,480 --> 00:23:55,680
OBJECTIVE FACTS FOR EXAMPLE 

597
00:23:55,680 --> 00:23:58,560
MENTIONS OF FUNERAL PLANNING AND

598
00:23:58,560 --> 00:24:00,000
VERSUS DESCRIPTIONS AND 

599
00:24:00,000 --> 00:24:01,720
NARRATIVES OF VIOLENCE FROM DATA

600
00:24:01,720 --> 00:24:03,280
AND HOW TO MAKE DECISIONS ABOUT 

601
00:24:03,280 --> 00:24:05,080
HOW TO INTERPRET CATEGORIES?  

602
00:24:05,080 --> 00:24:06,800
>>THAT IS ALSO A GREAT
QUESTION

603
00:24:06,800 --> 00:24:10,520
AND PART OF IT IS A DISTINCTION 

604
00:24:10,520 --> 00:24:13,000
THAT IS BETWEEN NARRATIVE DATA 

605
00:24:13,000 --> 00:24:21,040
AND PRECODED VARIABLES. 

606
00:24:21,040 --> 00:24:25,040
NARRATIVE DATE A-- DATA IS 

607
00:24:25,040 --> 00:24:26,000
SUMMARIZING CIRCUMSTANCES AND 

608
00:24:26,000 --> 00:24:29,000
THERE IS A CERTAIN CONCEPT OR 

609
00:24:29,000 --> 00:24:32,480
TOPIC TALKED ABOUT MORE THAT 

610
00:24:32,480 --> 00:24:37,240
DOESN'T NECESSARILY OCCUR IN -- 

611
00:24:37,240 --> 00:24:38,640
THERE COULD BE A DISTINCTION 

612
00:24:38,640 --> 00:24:39,840
BETWEEN THOSE TWO AND SAME TIME 

613
00:24:39,840 --> 00:24:42,400
I THINK THIS IS A CHALLENGE OF 

614
00:24:42,400 --> 00:24:45,320
DEATH DATA MORE BROADLY AND WE 

615
00:24:45,320 --> 00:24:48,120
HAVE A LOT OF RETROSPECTIVE DATA

616
00:24:48,120 --> 00:24:50,720
AND IMPRESSIONS FOR EXAMPLE OF 

617
00:24:50,720 --> 00:24:52,400
EVEN WITH STRUCTURED VARIABLES 

618
00:24:52,400 --> 00:24:56,440
THAT THERE IS A STRUCTURED 

619
00:24:56,440 --> 00:25:01,120
VARIABLE DID DECREEDIENT APPEAR 

620
00:25:01,120 --> 00:25:03,880
TO BE IN DEPRESSED MOOD FROM 

621
00:25:03,880 --> 00:25:06,200
PATIENTS AND FROM THOSE AROUND 

622
00:25:06,200 --> 00:25:09,960
THEM AND PARTLY NARRATIVE DATA 

623
00:25:09,960 --> 00:25:13,040
AND BIG CHALLENGE WE HAVE WITH 

624
00:25:13,040 --> 00:25:15,040
COLLECTING INFORMATION AFTER A 

625
00:25:15,040 --> 00:25:15,680
VIOLENT DEATH. 

626
00:25:15,680 --> 00:25:17,480
>>ALL RIGHT.  THANK YOU
SO 

627
00:25:17,480 --> 00:25:20,680
MUCH.  WE WOULD LIKE TO THANK 

628
00:25:20,680 --> 00:25:22,600
YOU AGAIN DR. AR SEINIA COALER 

629
00:25:22,600 --> 00:25:24,800
FOR EXCELLENT PRESENTATION AND 

630
00:25:24,800 --> 00:25:26,400
CONGRATULATE YOU ON BEING AN 

631
00:25:26,400 --> 00:25:28,080
AWARDEE THIS YEAR.  WE WILL MOVE

632
00:25:28,080 --> 00:25:31,360
TO THE SECOND PRESENTER OF THE 

633
00:25:31,360 --> 00:25:34,880
DAY.  MARISSA BURGER MASTER PHD 

634
00:25:34,880 --> 00:25:39,680
IS ASSISTANT PROFESSOR WITH 

635
00:25:39,680 --> 00:25:45,040
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AUSTIN 

636
00:25:45,040 --> 00:25:46,600
NUTRITIONAL SCIENCES AND 

637
00:25:46,600 --> 00:25:49,520
DR.BURGER MASTER'S RESEARCH -- 

638
00:25:49,520 --> 00:25:51,000
IMPROVE NUTRITION AND COMMUNITY 

639
00:25:51,000 --> 00:25:52,560
HEALTH AND GOAL OF RESEARCH 

640
00:25:52,560 --> 00:25:56,120
PROGRAM IS LEVERAGING PATIENT 

641
00:25:56,120 --> 00:25:59,360
GENERATED DATA TO PERSONALIZE 

642
00:25:59,360 --> 00:26:01,160
NUTRITION SPECIAL FOCUS ON 

643
00:26:01,160 --> 00:26:02,360
GROUPS FOR WHOM NEW TECHNOLOGIES

644
00:26:02,360 --> 00:26:04,880
ARE NOT DEVELOPED AND DR. BURGER

645
00:26:04,880 --> 00:26:10,000
MASTER EARNED PHD IN BEHAVIORAL 

646
00:26:10,000 --> 00:26:13,000
NUTRITION -- MONTCLAIR STATE 

647
00:26:13,000 --> 00:26:15,240
UNIVERSITY AND M ED IN 

648
00:26:15,240 --> 00:26:16,480
CURRICULUM INSTRUCTION FROM 

649
00:26:16,480 --> 00:26:18,920
WILLIAM AND MARY AND COMPLETED A

650
00:26:18,920 --> 00:26:22,120
POST DOCTORAL FELLOWSHIP AND 

651
00:26:22,120 --> 00:26:26,080
BIOMEDICAL INFORMATICS AND DR. 

652
00:26:26,080 --> 00:26:30,080
BURGER MASTER WILL PRESENT -- 

653
00:26:30,080 --> 00:26:32,640
FOR PRECISION BEHAVIORAL 

654
00:26:32,640 --> 00:26:36,560
NUTRITION AND DR. BURGER MASTER 

655
00:26:36,560 --> 00:26:40,800
FLOOR IS YOURS. 

656
00:26:40,800 --> 00:26:43,400
>>I NEED REMOTE. 

657
00:26:43,400 --> 00:26:46,240
>>THANK YOU EVERYONE FOR 

658
00:26:46,240 --> 00:26:50,000
INVITING ME AND HONOR BEING HERE

659
00:26:50,000 --> 00:26:56,080
SHARING WORK ON THE PAPER THAT I

660
00:26:56,080 --> 00:26:56,280
NEEDED. 

661
00:26:56,280 --> 00:27:00,520
LET'S SEE.  PAPER THAT I WILL 

662
00:27:00,520 --> 00:27:05,600
FOCUS ON IS ON PSYCHOSOCIAL 

663
00:27:05,600 --> 00:27:14,840
BEHAVIORAL PHENOTYPING AND WHICH

664
00:27:14,840 --> 00:27:16,440
MACHINE LEARNING AND TEASING 

665
00:27:16,440 --> 00:27:18,160
ABOUT FUTURE DIRECTIONS TOWARDS 

666
00:27:18,160 --> 00:27:21,560
END AND GENESIS OF THIS PROJECT 

667
00:27:21,560 --> 00:27:26,680
WAS CENTRAL PROBLEM IN AREA OF 

668
00:27:26,680 --> 00:27:27,800
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE WHICH IS 

669
00:27:27,800 --> 00:27:29,800
TREATMENT EFFECT HETEROGENEITY 

670
00:27:29,800 --> 00:27:34,240
AND SPECIFICALLY THAT THIS 

671
00:27:34,240 --> 00:27:35,000
INDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY IN 

672
00:27:35,000 --> 00:27:37,400
RESPONSES TO INTERVENTIONS IS 

673
00:27:37,400 --> 00:27:40,200
TYPICALLY DESCRIBED AFTER THE 

674
00:27:40,200 --> 00:27:42,560
INTERVENTION HAPPENS; RIGHT?  

675
00:27:42,560 --> 00:27:44,800
SOME DISSERTATION WORK EVEN WAS 

676
00:27:44,800 --> 00:27:48,520
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH THAT IS 

677
00:27:48,520 --> 00:27:55,120
FOCUSED ON EXPLAINING PROCESS OF

678
00:27:55,120 --> 00:27:58,600
INTERVENTION OUTCOMES IN CHILD 

679
00:27:58,600 --> 00:28:01,320
OBESITY PREVENTION INTERVENTION 

680
00:28:01,320 --> 00:28:05,880
AND WE KNOW INTERVENTIONAL 

681
00:28:05,880 --> 00:28:08,120
RESPONSES ARE HIGHLY CONTEXTUAL 

682
00:28:08,120 --> 00:28:09,680
AND IS DISCONNECT BETWEEN 

683
00:28:09,680 --> 00:28:11,640
EXPLAINING WHAT HAPPENED AFTER 

684
00:28:11,640 --> 00:28:14,640
AND IS AT LEAST LEAVING 

685
00:28:14,640 --> 00:28:16,560
HYPOTHESIZED BREAD CRUMBS PEOPLE

686
00:28:16,560 --> 00:28:18,440
CAN FOLLOW AND WHAT WOULD BE 

687
00:28:18,440 --> 00:28:20,640
IMPACTFUL IS IF WE HAD A 

688
00:28:20,640 --> 00:28:22,000
SCALEABLE SYSTEMATIC APPROACH 

689
00:28:22,000 --> 00:28:25,360
THAT ALLOWED US TO PREDICT 

690
00:28:25,360 --> 00:28:28,440
INTERVENTION RESPONSE AND 

691
00:28:28,440 --> 00:28:29,840
POTENTIALLY PRESCRIBE IDEAL 

692
00:28:29,840 --> 00:28:31,240
COMBINATION OF INTERVENTION 

693
00:28:31,240 --> 00:28:33,640
COMPONENTS AND THIS WOULD LEAD 

694
00:28:33,640 --> 00:28:37,040
TO PRECISION HEALTH 

695
00:28:37,040 --> 00:28:38,720
INTERVENTIONS THAT COMES FROM 

696
00:28:38,720 --> 00:28:45,840
SORT OF THE IDEA OF PRECISION 

697
00:28:45,840 --> 00:28:47,760
MEDICINE AND SPECIFIC METHOD 

698
00:28:47,760 --> 00:28:49,720
DEVELOPED PART OF PRECISION 

699
00:28:49,720 --> 00:28:51,200
MEDICINE INITIATIVE THAT IS IDEA

700
00:28:51,200 --> 00:28:58,480
OF FOO ENNO TYPING TAKING 

701
00:28:58,480 --> 00:28:59,600
HETDERRO GENIUS GROUP OF PEOPLE 

702
00:28:59,600 --> 00:29:03,640
AND WHO IS RESPONDING BEST BY 

703
00:29:03,640 --> 00:29:06,640
THOSE THAT GROUP THEM AND AN 

704
00:29:06,640 --> 00:29:08,280
OBSERVABLE CHARACTERISTIC AND 

705
00:29:08,280 --> 00:29:10,080
BEFORE I TALK ABOUT THE METHOD 

706
00:29:10,080 --> 00:29:11,880
WE DEVELOPED TO SOLVE THIS 

707
00:29:11,880 --> 00:29:14,000
PROBLEM I'M SPEAKING TO AN 

708
00:29:14,000 --> 00:29:15,640
AUDIENCE WHO FOR THE MOST PART 

709
00:29:15,640 --> 00:29:19,080
IS FAMILIAR WITH BEHAVIORAL 

710
00:29:19,080 --> 00:29:20,360
INTERVENTIONS AND FOR THOSE -- 

711
00:29:20,360 --> 00:29:22,080
FOR WHUM THIS IS MAYBE NOT YOUR 

712
00:29:22,080 --> 00:29:26,520
MAIN AREA OF FOCUS. 

713
00:29:26,520 --> 00:29:29,040
IF YOU SIMPLIFY THE MANY, MANY, 

714
00:29:29,040 --> 00:29:31,480
MANY, MANY THEORIES OF 

715
00:29:31,480 --> 00:29:33,760
BEHAVIORAL CHANGE IN HEALTH 

716
00:29:33,760 --> 00:29:35,920
BEHAVIOR CHANGE, YOU CAN 

717
00:29:35,920 --> 00:29:37,560
BASICALLY DISTILL DOWN TO THIS 

718
00:29:37,560 --> 00:29:40,600
IDEA THAT MODERATORS OR 

719
00:29:40,600 --> 00:29:43,880
CONTEXTUAL FACTORS AND MEDIATORS

720
00:29:43,880 --> 00:29:45,480
AND INTERVENTION TARGETS 

721
00:29:45,480 --> 00:29:49,040
TOGETHER CAN BE INFLUENCED TO 

722
00:29:49,040 --> 00:29:51,240
CHANGE BEHAVIOR. 

723
00:29:51,240 --> 00:29:53,040
SO, BEHAVIOR CHANGED STRATEGIES 

724
00:29:53,040 --> 00:29:55,400
ALSO OFTEN CALLED BEHAVIOR 

725
00:29:55,400 --> 00:29:56,840
CHANGED TECHNIQUES ARE WHAT WE 

726
00:29:56,840 --> 00:29:59,840
USE TO INTERVENE ON THESE 

727
00:29:59,840 --> 00:30:01,480
MEDIATORS OR CHANGEABLE FACTORS 

728
00:30:01,480 --> 00:30:03,960
ABOUT BEHAVIOR AND WE USE 

729
00:30:03,960 --> 00:30:05,960
STRATIFICATION OR TAILORING TO 

730
00:30:05,960 --> 00:30:08,640
TAKE THESE CONTEXTUAL FACTORS 

731
00:30:08,640 --> 00:30:11,240
INTO ACCOUNT.  

732
00:30:11,240 --> 00:30:15,520
SO, WE APPLIED OR THOUGHT ABOUT 

733
00:30:15,520 --> 00:30:19,480
IN CONTEXT OF BEHAVIORAL 

734
00:30:19,480 --> 00:30:22,600
INTERVENTION WHAT IT WOULD TAKE 

735
00:30:22,600 --> 00:30:25,040
REALLY TO DO PRECISION HEALTH 

736
00:30:25,040 --> 00:30:26,840
AND BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 

737
00:30:26,840 --> 00:30:29,480
THAT IS THROUGH LOOKING THROUGH 

738
00:30:29,480 --> 00:30:31,560
LITERATURE AND THE CALLS FOR 

739
00:30:31,560 --> 00:30:33,720
PRECISION APPROACHES TO BE 

740
00:30:33,720 --> 00:30:36,520
APPLIED IN HEALTH AND NOT JUST 

741
00:30:36,520 --> 00:30:37,200
MEDICINE.  

742
00:30:37,200 --> 00:30:40,840
WE DEVELOPED A SERIES OF 

743
00:30:40,840 --> 00:30:44,160
DISITIER ATA AND IF WE DEVELOP A

744
00:30:44,160 --> 00:30:47,720
PHENOTYPING METHOD TO SOLVE THIS

745
00:30:47,720 --> 00:30:49,080
PROBLEM OF TREATMENT EFFECT 

746
00:30:49,080 --> 00:30:52,760
ETTERO JENAETY IT WOULD NEED TO 

747
00:30:52,760 --> 00:30:54,920
SXRIEZ PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL 

748
00:30:54,920 --> 00:30:56,120
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH SO 

749
00:30:56,120 --> 00:30:57,520
INDIVIDUAL AND CONTEXTUAL 

750
00:30:57,520 --> 00:31:00,960
FACTORS THAT WOULD NEED TO HAVE 

751
00:31:00,960 --> 00:31:02,640
CONCEPTUALLY MEANINGFUL 

752
00:31:02,640 --> 00:31:04,680
SUBGROUPS AND HIGHLIGHT ELEMENTS

753
00:31:04,680 --> 00:31:07,680
TO BE INTERVENED UPON OTHERWISE 

754
00:31:07,680 --> 00:31:09,880
IT WOULD BE DIFFICULT TO DEVELOP

755
00:31:09,880 --> 00:31:11,240
AN INTERVENTION AND NEEDS TO BE 

756
00:31:11,240 --> 00:31:14,240
LINKED TO A RELEVANT HEALTH 

757
00:31:14,240 --> 00:31:14,480
OUTCOME. 

758
00:31:14,480 --> 00:31:18,040
SO, OUR QUESTION THAT DROVE THIS

759
00:31:18,040 --> 00:31:18,520
RESEARCH IS ARE THERE 

760
00:31:18,520 --> 00:31:22,080
SYSTEMATICALLY IDENTIFIABLE 

761
00:31:22,080 --> 00:31:24,600
POPULATION SUBGROUPS WITH UNIQUE

762
00:31:24,600 --> 00:31:26,720
COMBINATIONS OF CANDIDATE 

763
00:31:26,720 --> 00:31:29,560
TARGETS AND CONTEXTUALIZED 

764
00:31:29,560 --> 00:31:32,920
FACTORS AND WANTING TO IDENTIFY 

765
00:31:32,920 --> 00:31:34,600
SUBGROUPS PSYCHOSOCIAL 

766
00:31:34,600 --> 00:31:35,800
BEHAVIORAL PHENOTYPES WE WANT TO

767
00:31:35,800 --> 00:31:37,720
IDENTIFY WHICH ARE RELATED TO 

768
00:31:37,720 --> 00:31:40,520
WEIGHT STATUS THAT IS A 

769
00:31:40,520 --> 00:31:41,480
REVELLENT HEALTH OUTCOME AND 

770
00:31:41,480 --> 00:31:47,880
FINALLY WE WANTED TO BE ABLE TO 

771
00:31:47,880 --> 00:31:50,640
DESCRIBE PHENOTYPES IN WAY TO 

772
00:31:50,640 --> 00:31:52,760
HIGHLIGHT POTENTIAL INTERVEJS 

773
00:31:52,760 --> 00:31:57,680
TARGETS AND USED DATA FROM 

774
00:31:57,680 --> 00:31:59,200
COMMUNITY COHORT THAT IS A 

775
00:31:59,200 --> 00:32:04,120
LARGER DATA SET OF COMMUNITY 

776
00:32:04,120 --> 00:32:07,800
MEMBERS IN NORTHERN MANHATTAN 

777
00:32:07,800 --> 00:32:10,160
UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER AND IN

778
00:32:10,160 --> 00:32:12,360
AREA OF NEW YORK CITY AND DR. 

779
00:32:12,360 --> 00:32:14,160
[INDISCERNIBLE] IS INTIMATELY 

780
00:32:14,160 --> 00:32:16,200
FAMILIAR.  THIS IS A SERIES OF 

781
00:32:16,200 --> 00:32:23,440
-- WORK OF DR. SUE BACKEN'S 

782
00:32:23,440 --> 00:32:26,280
GROUP AT UNIVERSITY OF NURSING 

783
00:32:26,280 --> 00:32:27,960
DOING WORK WITH RELATIONSHIPS 

784
00:32:27,960 --> 00:32:29,080
WITH COMMUNITY MEMBERS AND 

785
00:32:29,080 --> 00:32:31,600
COLLECTING DATA WITH ENORMOUS 

786
00:32:31,600 --> 00:32:33,120
COHORT OF PARTICIPANTS WHO 

787
00:32:33,120 --> 00:32:35,120
ANSWERED MANY SURVEYS INCLUDING 

788
00:32:35,120 --> 00:32:37,240
HEALTH MEASURES INCLUDING WEIGHT

789
00:32:37,240 --> 00:32:39,200
AND HEIGHT AND WERE VALIDATED 

790
00:32:39,200 --> 00:32:42,160
MEASURES OF DIET AND PHYSICAL 

791
00:32:42,160 --> 00:32:45,000
ACTIVITY AND SAID YEN TEAR 

792
00:32:45,000 --> 00:32:47,720
BEHAVIORS AND ATTITUDES AND 

793
00:32:47,720 --> 00:32:49,560
OUTCOME EXPECTATIONS AND HEALTH 

794
00:32:49,560 --> 00:32:54,240
LITERACY ON MEASURES AND NYC 

795
00:32:54,240 --> 00:32:57,040
MEASURES AND PROMISE MEASURES 

796
00:32:57,040 --> 00:32:59,480
AND VARIOUS MEASURES MANY USE IN

797
00:32:59,480 --> 00:33:02,440
LOTS OF THE RESEARCH AND COHORT 

798
00:33:02,440 --> 00:33:05,640
IS 96% HISPANIC OR LATINO AND 

799
00:33:05,640 --> 00:33:09,040
MEAN AGE IS 50 AND THERE IS A 

800
00:33:09,040 --> 00:33:14,120
WIDE VARIETY IN AGES AND 75% 

801
00:33:14,120 --> 00:33:15,840
FEMALE AND WE DEVELOPED MODEL 

802
00:33:15,840 --> 00:33:19,120
THAT IS BASED ON TOPIC MODELING 

803
00:33:19,120 --> 00:33:26,480
AND THANKS TO DR. ARSENIO COALER

804
00:33:26,480 --> 00:33:28,200
YOU ARE FAMILIAR WITH ALREADY 

805
00:33:28,200 --> 00:33:35,280
AND SPECIFIC TYPE OF MODELING 

806
00:33:35,280 --> 00:33:38,000
USING TEXT-BASED DATA 

807
00:33:38,000 --> 00:33:39,320
PRE-PROCESSED SURVEY RESPONSES 

808
00:33:39,320 --> 00:33:41,280
AND THE POWER OF THE MODEL IS 

809
00:33:41,280 --> 00:33:45,560
THAT IT MODELS ALL OF THE DATA 

810
00:33:45,560 --> 00:33:49,040
WITHIN CHANNELS THAT I WAS ABLE 

811
00:33:49,040 --> 00:33:54,160
TO CATEGORIZE BASED ON CONSTRUCT

812
00:33:54,160 --> 00:33:58,000
THROWING DATA INTO A TOPIC MODEL

813
00:33:58,000 --> 00:34:04,880
IT WOULD ELEVATE THINGS 

814
00:34:04,880 --> 00:34:07,280
REPRESENTED IN DATA SET 

815
00:34:07,280 --> 00:34:07,920
ELEVATING THINGS FROM CONSTRUCT 

816
00:34:07,920 --> 00:34:10,040
AND SEEING THINGS ABOUT FOOD 

817
00:34:10,040 --> 00:34:16,240
ENVIRONMENT AND ABOUT DIET AND 

818
00:34:16,240 --> 00:34:17,880
ABOUT PERCEIVED SAFETY OF THE 

819
00:34:17,880 --> 00:34:19,320
NEIGHBORHOOD AND THINGS COMING 

820
00:34:19,320 --> 00:34:21,440
TO SURFACE THAT ARE MOST 

821
00:34:21,440 --> 00:34:23,360
IMPORTANT AND THIS MODEL 

822
00:34:23,360 --> 00:34:26,400
ULTIMATELY GAVE TWO IMPORTANT 

823
00:34:26,400 --> 00:34:30,000
TYPES OF OUTPUT ONE IS PERSON 

824
00:34:30,000 --> 00:34:31,800
PHENOTYPE DISTRIBUTIONS THAT IS 

825
00:34:31,800 --> 00:34:35,840
A PROBABILISTIC MODEL THAT MEANS

826
00:34:35,840 --> 00:34:38,880
THAT THERE IS PROBABILITY OF 

827
00:34:38,880 --> 00:34:40,080
EVERY SINGLE POSSIBLE OUTPUT 

828
00:34:40,080 --> 00:34:41,280
ASSIGNED TO EACH OF THE 

829
00:34:41,280 --> 00:34:48,120
INDIVIDUALS IN THE DATA SET. 

830
00:34:48,120 --> 00:34:51,680
WE WERE ABLE TO SEE HOW MUCH 

831
00:34:51,680 --> 00:34:54,320
EACH PHENOTYPE REPRESENTED THAT 

832
00:34:54,320 --> 00:34:57,200
IS PHENOTYPE DISTRIBUTION AND 

833
00:34:57,200 --> 00:35:00,440
PHENOTYPE TOKEN DISTRIBUTIONS IS

834
00:35:00,440 --> 00:35:03,640
WHAT PHENOTYPE IS COMPRISED OF 

835
00:35:03,640 --> 00:35:05,440
AND CONSTRUCTS AND VARIABLES IN 

836
00:35:05,440 --> 00:35:08,200
EACH CONSTRUCT THAT CAME TO THE 

837
00:35:08,200 --> 00:35:12,040
SURFACE AS IMPORTANT WITHIN A 

838
00:35:12,040 --> 00:35:16,600
GIVEN PHENOTYPE WE HAVE 

839
00:35:16,600 --> 00:35:19,680
PHENOTYPES AND PEOPLE ASSIGNED 

840
00:35:19,680 --> 00:35:25,040
TO FEENLO TYPE RESULTS I 

841
00:35:25,040 --> 00:35:29,280
WILL GROUP BY DISITIER ATA AND 

842
00:35:29,280 --> 00:35:30,760
CONTEXTUAL VARIABLES INCLUDED 

843
00:35:30,760 --> 00:35:34,040
THAT BY DEFINITION HAPPENED 

844
00:35:34,040 --> 00:35:40,600
BECAUSE THAT IS THE WEISER DATA 

845
00:35:40,600 --> 00:35:44,720
SET WE USED. 

846
00:35:44,720 --> 00:35:52,640
WE SET A CUTOFF VALUE FOR ACTIVE

847
00:35:52,640 --> 00:35:57,080
VERSUS INACTIVE VALUE. 

848
00:35:57,080 --> 00:36:00,720
THIS WOULDN'T BE HELPFUL BUT 

849
00:36:00,720 --> 00:36:08,440
MEAN A BUNCH OF -- WE KNOW THIS 

850
00:36:08,440 --> 00:36:12,000
IS NOT REALLY HOW THE WORLD WORK

851
00:36:13,120 --> 00:36:15,400
WOR

852
00:36:15,400 --> 00:36:15,640
WORKS. 

853
00:36:15,640 --> 00:36:17,560
WE FOUND MOST PARTICIPANTS HAD 

854
00:36:17,560 --> 00:36:19,760
AN ACTIVE PHENOTYPE ONE WITH TWO

855
00:36:19,760 --> 00:36:21,800
AND NO PEOPLE HAD MORE THAN 

856
00:36:21,800 --> 00:36:23,840
THREE ACTIVE PHENOTYPES AND WHAT

857
00:36:23,840 --> 00:36:26,960
IS IMPORTANT IS ACROSS OUR 20 

858
00:36:26,960 --> 00:36:29,080
PHENOTYPES THERE IS A WIDE 

859
00:36:29,080 --> 00:36:31,320
VARIABILITY.  EVERY PHENOTYPE 

860
00:36:31,320 --> 00:36:32,840
WAS REPRESENTED WITH SOME 

861
00:36:32,840 --> 00:36:34,680
FREQUENCY AND THERE IS A LOT OF 

862
00:36:34,680 --> 00:36:37,040
DIFFERENT GROUPS WE COULD 

863
00:36:37,040 --> 00:36:40,400
POTENTIALLY IDENTIFY WAYS TO 

864
00:36:40,400 --> 00:36:41,360
INTERVENE UPON.  

865
00:36:41,360 --> 00:36:45,040
SECOND IS THAT WE WANTED AND 

866
00:36:45,040 --> 00:36:48,040
SECOND DISITIER ATTIM IS WE 

867
00:36:48,040 --> 00:36:51,360
WANTED TO HAVE INTERVENTION 

868
00:36:51,360 --> 00:36:52,600
TARGETS IN CONTEXT. 

869
00:36:52,600 --> 00:36:54,560
WORD CLOUDS HAVE PROS AND CONS 

870
00:36:54,560 --> 00:36:58,640
AND ONE THING USEFUL ABOUT THEM 

871
00:36:58,640 --> 00:37:01,160
IS YOU CAN GET A GUEST AULT WHAT

872
00:37:01,160 --> 00:37:03,000
IS GOING ON WITH A PARTICULAR 

873
00:37:03,000 --> 00:37:10,160
GROUP IN THIS CASE PHENOTYPE. 

874
00:37:10,160 --> 00:37:20,640
THEY ARE TWO PHENOTYPES -- 

875
00:37:25,440 --> 00:37:29,480
THOUGH THESE PARTICIPANTS HAD NO

876
00:37:29,480 --> 00:37:33,040
CHRONIC STRESSORS -- IT IS 

877
00:37:33,040 --> 00:37:36,760
INTERESTING DICHOTOMY THERE AND 

878
00:37:36,760 --> 00:37:40,600
RELEVANT TO MY -- RESEARCH 

879
00:37:40,600 --> 00:37:51,040
TALKING ABOUT IN A MINUTE 

880
00:37:52,120 --> 00:37:56,120
INTERESTING POINTER HERE.  

881
00:37:56,120 --> 00:38:02,120
THIS GROUP DOWN HERE WOULD 

882
00:38:02,120 --> 00:38:03,960
SELF-ADVOCATE IF DOCTOR WAS BUSY

883
00:38:03,960 --> 00:38:07,680
AND SHARED DECISION MAKING IN 

884
00:38:07,680 --> 00:38:12,520
HEALTH CARE AND ARE CLEAR 

885
00:38:12,520 --> 00:38:14,880
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TWO GROUPS 

886
00:38:14,880 --> 00:38:18,960
IN SOME ASPECTS BETWEEN HOW 

887
00:38:18,960 --> 00:38:23,640
ATTITUDES PRESENT THEMSELVES AND

888
00:38:23,640 --> 00:38:25,800
ADDITIONAL WORK IN PAPERS AND 

889
00:38:25,800 --> 00:38:29,840
POINTING OUT FINALLY RESULTS ARE

890
00:38:29,840 --> 00:38:37,720
LINKED TO ELEVATED WEIGHT STATUS

891
00:38:37,720 --> 00:38:41,040
DEFINED AS BMI29.9 THAT IS 

892
00:38:41,040 --> 00:38:42,400
IMPERFECT MEASURE OF HEALTH THAT

893
00:38:42,400 --> 00:38:44,920
IS ONE THAT IS USEFUL IN CONTEXT

894
00:38:44,920 --> 00:38:51,160
OF LARGE POPULATION STUDIES. 

895
00:38:51,160 --> 00:38:55,640
WE FOUND SIX PHENOTYPES 

896
00:38:55,640 --> 00:38:57,040
SIGNIFICANTLY RELATED TO 

897
00:38:57,040 --> 00:38:58,520
ELEVATED WEIGHT STATUS TO THE 

898
00:38:58,520 --> 00:39:01,080
TWO I SHOWED THAT WERE RELATED 

899
00:39:01,080 --> 00:39:03,480
TO ELEVATED WEIGHT STATUS AND 

900
00:39:03,480 --> 00:39:06,880
FOUR ARE NEGATIVELY RELATED TO 

901
00:39:06,880 --> 00:39:10,600
ELEVATED WAIT STATUS AND 

902
00:39:10,600 --> 00:39:13,240
IMPLICATIONS THAT THESE GROUPS 

903
00:39:13,240 --> 00:39:20,880
MAY BE MEANINGFUL IN THERE 

904
00:39:20,880 --> 00:39:22,680
SHOWING INTERVENTION CONTEXTS 

905
00:39:22,680 --> 00:39:23,760
AND TARGETS AND SOMETHING THAT 

906
00:39:23,760 --> 00:39:31,160
IS LINKING THEM TO A HEALTH 

907
00:39:31,160 --> 00:39:33,000
OUTCOME AND WHAT WE DID THAT I'M

908
00:39:33,000 --> 00:39:34,720
PLEASED TO HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY 

909
00:39:34,720 --> 00:39:39,440
TO SHARE WE ARE ABLE TO COMBINE 

910
00:39:39,440 --> 00:39:41,040
LATENT TOPIC VAIRIABLE MODELING 

911
00:39:41,040 --> 00:39:44,800
WITH MACHINE LEARNING WITH 

912
00:39:44,800 --> 00:39:46,200
BEHAVIORAL THEORY AND SCIENCE 

913
00:39:46,200 --> 00:39:49,680
AND THOSE ALLOW US TO DEPICT 

914
00:39:49,680 --> 00:39:51,760
COMPLEXITY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL AND 

915
00:39:51,760 --> 00:39:53,120
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH 

916
00:39:53,120 --> 00:39:55,480
IDENTIFYING SIMILARITIES AND 

917
00:39:55,480 --> 00:39:56,760
DIFFERENCES IN RISK FACTORS 

918
00:39:56,760 --> 00:39:58,920
AMONG MEMBERS OF THE SAME 

919
00:39:58,920 --> 00:40:01,120
COMMUNITY THAT ARE MORE 

920
00:40:01,120 --> 00:40:05,000
REINFORCEMENT OF HETEROGENEITY 

921
00:40:05,000 --> 00:40:13,040
EVEN AMONG GROUPS THAT ARE OFTEN

922
00:40:13,040 --> 00:40:14,880
ASSUMED TO BE SIMILAR AND 

923
00:40:14,880 --> 00:40:16,680
POINTING OUT THAT THESE 

924
00:40:16,680 --> 00:40:18,680
PHENOTYPES THEMSELVES ARE 

925
00:40:18,680 --> 00:40:21,040
UNLIKELY TO BE GENERALIZABLE. 

926
00:40:21,040 --> 00:40:23,080
HOWEVER, THE METHOD COULD BE 

927
00:40:23,080 --> 00:40:25,680
USED IN OTHER LARGE DATA SETS IN

928
00:40:25,680 --> 00:40:31,160
ORDER TO IDENTIFY SIMILAR 

929
00:40:31,160 --> 00:40:31,480
PHENOTYPES. 

930
00:40:31,480 --> 00:40:34,000
THIS WOULD POTENTIALLY ALLOW 

931
00:40:34,000 --> 00:40:36,800
EXPLANATION OF RISK FACTORS AND 

932
00:40:36,800 --> 00:40:38,880
INTERVENTION STRATIFICATION AND 

933
00:40:38,880 --> 00:40:42,080
TAILORING FOR PRECISION 

934
00:40:42,080 --> 00:40:45,040
INTERVENTIONS AND HOPEFULLY 

935
00:40:45,040 --> 00:40:45,840
PREDICTING INTERVENTION RESPONSE

936
00:40:45,840 --> 00:40:49,080
WITH MORE CONTINUOUS AND 

937
00:40:49,080 --> 00:40:52,880
DETAILED PATIENT REPORTED DATA. 

938
00:40:52,880 --> 00:40:56,880
AS PROMISED I TEASED ADDITIONAL 

939
00:40:56,880 --> 00:41:01,360
METHODS FOR PRECISION BEHAVIORAL

940
00:41:01,360 --> 00:41:05,400
NUTRITION I TALKED ABOUT BRIEFLY

941
00:41:05,400 --> 00:41:12,920
AND MOVE GS TO AUST YIN RELATED 

942
00:41:12,920 --> 00:41:15,440
DIFFICULT TO IDENTIFY SUBGROUPS 

943
00:41:15,440 --> 00:41:17,040
WITH PATIENTS AND CLINICAL 

944
00:41:17,040 --> 00:41:19,200
CONTEXT IMPLICATIONS TALKING 

945
00:41:19,200 --> 00:41:21,040
ABOUT NUTRITION WITH PATIENTS 

946
00:41:21,040 --> 00:41:23,640
AND DEVELOPED A CLINICAL 

947
00:41:23,640 --> 00:41:25,880
DECISION SUPPORT TOOL TO HELP 

948
00:41:25,880 --> 00:41:28,840
PRIMARY CARE PROVIDERS TALK WITH

949
00:41:28,840 --> 00:41:30,800
PATIENTS IN PERSONALIZED WAY TO 

950
00:41:30,800 --> 00:41:34,200
HELP PATIENTS SET A GOAL TO 

951
00:41:34,200 --> 00:41:37,040
CHANGE DIETARY BEHAVIOR AND HAS 

952
00:41:37,040 --> 00:41:40,920
BEEN PILOT TESTED IN A CLINIC 

953
00:41:40,920 --> 00:41:45,000
WITH VERY POSITIVE RESULTS 

954
00:41:45,000 --> 00:41:46,720
LOOKING AT FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF 

955
00:41:46,720 --> 00:41:52,200
HOW WE MIGHT APPLY THIS 

956
00:41:52,200 --> 00:41:55,480
PRECISION APPROACH IN AREA OF 

957
00:41:55,480 --> 00:41:57,720
NUTRITION AND WITH THAT WOULD 

958
00:41:57,720 --> 00:42:01,160
LIKE TO ACKNOWLEDGE CO-AUTHOR 

959
00:42:01,160 --> 00:42:06,880
VICTOR RODRIGUEZ OF COLLUMAR 

960
00:42:06,880 --> 00:42:10,440
UNIVERSITY SUCCESSFULLY 

961
00:42:10,440 --> 00:42:14,080
DEFENDING DOCTORAL AND DR. 

962
00:42:14,080 --> 00:42:16,600
BACHENS WEISER AND GEORGE 

963
00:42:16,600 --> 00:42:21,040
[INDISCERNIBLE] TRAINING GRANT 

964
00:42:21,040 --> 00:42:25,080
AND THANK YOU FOR HAVING ME. 

965
00:42:25,080 --> 00:42:26,480
>>ALL RIGHT.  THANK YOU
FOR 

966
00:42:26,480 --> 00:42:29,280
THAT PRESENTATION.  WE WILL MOVE

967
00:42:29,280 --> 00:42:32,320
INTO THE Q & A SESSION NOW. 
IF 

968
00:42:32,320 --> 00:42:34,080
THE IN-PERSON AUDIENCE HAS 

969
00:42:34,080 --> 00:42:35,800
QUESTIONS FEEL FRE TO COME TO 

970
00:42:35,800 --> 00:42:37,280
THE MICROPHONE. I WILL MONITOR 

971
00:42:37,280 --> 00:42:41,480
TO SEE AS VIRTUAL QUESTIONS COME

972
00:42:41,480 --> 00:42:41,640
IN. 

973
00:42:41,640 --> 00:42:43,880
I WOULD LIKE TO START OFF WITH A

974
00:42:43,880 --> 00:42:48,160
FE FOR YOU IS GOAL OF BEHAVIORAL

975
00:42:48,160 --> 00:42:52,760
PHENOTYPING FOR EACH IDENTIFIED 

976
00:42:52,760 --> 00:42:55,560
SUBGROUPS TO ACHIEVE SAME HEALTH

977
00:42:55,560 --> 00:42:57,880
OUTCOME OR PART OF THE 

978
00:42:57,880 --> 00:42:59,680
PHENOTYPING RECOGNIZING THAT 

979
00:42:59,680 --> 00:43:00,400
APPROPRIATE INTERVENTION 

980
00:43:00,400 --> 00:43:02,720
OUTCOMES MAY ACTUALLY VARY 

981
00:43:02,720 --> 00:43:04,160
ACROSS SUBGROUP SNZ. 

982
00:43:04,160 --> 00:43:09,080
>>YOU BRING UP A GOOD
POINT IN 

983
00:43:09,080 --> 00:43:13,320
THAT I ENVISION PLACEMENT FOR 

984
00:43:13,320 --> 00:43:15,280
PSYCHOSOCIAL BEHAVIORAL 

985
00:43:15,280 --> 00:43:17,040
PHENOTYPES AT BEGINNING OF THE 

986
00:43:17,040 --> 00:43:21,040
PROCESS THAT SHOULD LEAD TO AN 

987
00:43:21,040 --> 00:43:22,320
EVIDENCE-BASED INTERVENTION 

988
00:43:22,320 --> 00:43:23,960
THAT, THAT FIRST PART OF THE, 

989
00:43:23,960 --> 00:43:28,440
YOU KNOW, SORT OF SCIENCE AND 

990
00:43:28,440 --> 00:43:32,440
BEHAVIOR CHANGE APPROACH TO 

991
00:43:32,440 --> 00:43:33,600
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE IS WHAT ARE 

992
00:43:33,600 --> 00:43:35,640
THE -- WHO ARE CANDIDATES AND 

993
00:43:35,640 --> 00:43:37,240
TARGET AUDIENCE?  

994
00:43:37,240 --> 00:43:39,920
WHAT IS CANDIDATE INTERVENTIONS?

995
00:43:39,920 --> 00:43:41,600
THERE IS ANOTHER STEP TO HAPPEN 

996
00:43:41,600 --> 00:43:43,760
TO ENSURE THAT THE ACTUAL 

997
00:43:43,760 --> 00:43:46,240
INTERVENTION TARGETS DO MOVE THE

998
00:43:46,240 --> 00:43:47,840
NEEDLE ON THE HEALTH OUTCOME?  

999
00:43:47,840 --> 00:43:56,000
I WOULD SAY THAT THIS IS REALLY 

1000
00:43:56,000 --> 00:43:59,800
STILL A HYPOTHESIS GENERATING 

1001
00:43:59,800 --> 00:44:03,120
APPROACH AND ANOTHER STEP TO 

1002
00:44:03,120 --> 00:44:04,640
HAPPEN BEFORE EFFICACY TESTING 

1003
00:44:04,640 --> 00:44:06,560
AND BY DEFINITION THAT IS 

1004
00:44:06,560 --> 00:44:08,760
CLEARER IN THE ARTICLE THAT SOME

1005
00:44:08,760 --> 00:44:12,040
PHENOTYPES RELATED TO ELEVATED 

1006
00:44:12,040 --> 00:44:15,000
WEIGHT STATUS AND OTHERS THAT 

1007
00:44:15,000 --> 00:44:17,520
ARE NEGATIVELY RELATED TO 

1008
00:44:17,520 --> 00:44:19,440
ELEVATED WEIGHT STATUS IMPLYING 

1009
00:44:19,440 --> 00:44:21,680
IF INTERESTED IN WEIGHT 

1010
00:44:21,680 --> 00:44:24,760
REDUCTION INTERVENTION IT IS 

1011
00:44:24,760 --> 00:44:27,480
PROBABLY NOT NECESSARILY 

1012
00:44:27,480 --> 00:44:28,760
IMPORTANT FOR EVERYBODY AND 

1013
00:44:28,760 --> 00:44:33,040
TARGETING ELEMENT AND IN NITTY 

1014
00:44:33,040 --> 00:44:35,160
GRITTY WHAT IS IN PHENOTYPES 

1015
00:44:35,160 --> 00:44:37,200
FINDING TARGETS YOU HYPOTHESIZE 

1016
00:44:37,200 --> 00:44:39,040
THAT ARE CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT 

1017
00:44:39,040 --> 00:44:41,360
WEIGHT REDUCTION FOR EXAMPLE. 

1018
00:44:41,360 --> 00:44:43,080
>>THANK YOU FOR THE
RESPONSE.  

1019
00:44:43,080 --> 00:44:45,120
QUESTION FROM IN-PERSON 

1020
00:44:45,120 --> 00:44:45,480
AUDIENCE. 

1021
00:44:45,480 --> 00:44:48,520
>>HI.  JOHN KING NIA. 
REALLY 

1022
00:44:48,520 --> 00:44:48,880
COOL STUFF.  

1023
00:44:48,880 --> 00:44:50,120
>>THANKS. 

1024
00:44:50,120 --> 00:44:54,920
>>I'M NOT INTO WHATEVER
YOU 

1025
00:44:54,920 --> 00:44:55,520
SAID MULTICHANNEL YES THAT. 

1026
00:44:55,520 --> 00:44:58,920
>>MC3M. 

1027
00:44:58,920 --> 00:45:01,000
>>QUESTION THOUGH YOU
SAID IN 

1028
00:45:01,000 --> 00:45:03,000
END YOU WERE CONCERNED WHETHER 

1029
00:45:03,000 --> 00:45:04,800
YOU WOULD GET SAME OR GENERALIZE

1030
00:45:04,800 --> 00:45:07,200
AND SEEMS TO ME AND MAYBE I 

1031
00:45:07,200 --> 00:45:08,520
DON'T KNOW ENOUGH ABOUT THIS BUT

1032
00:45:08,520 --> 00:45:11,560
YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO SEE OR 

1033
00:45:11,560 --> 00:45:14,480
TAKE DIFFERENT DATA SET AND -- 

1034
00:45:14,480 --> 00:45:16,560
LOOK LIKE PEOPLE THAT YOU HAD IN

1035
00:45:16,560 --> 00:45:18,200
INITIAL SAMPLE AND IN OTHER 

1036
00:45:18,200 --> 00:45:19,760
WORDS I UNDERSTAND YOU HAVE 

1037
00:45:19,760 --> 00:45:22,200
WEIGHTS AND PHENOTYPES AND 

1038
00:45:22,200 --> 00:45:23,840
REPRESENTED PERSON AND IS A SET 

1039
00:45:23,840 --> 00:45:25,280
OF PROFILE THAT YOU ARE LOOKING 

1040
00:45:25,280 --> 00:45:27,880
AT AND FIND OUT THAT IT GIVES 

1041
00:45:27,880 --> 00:45:30,000
YOU PROFILES.  IS THAT HOW IT 

1042
00:45:30,000 --> 00:45:31,320
COULD WORK?  

1043
00:45:31,320 --> 00:45:32,320
>>IT WOULD. 

1044
00:45:32,320 --> 00:45:32,840
>>OKAY. 

1045
00:45:32,840 --> 00:45:35,800
>>TRICKY PART IS.  SOME
OF YOU 

1046
00:45:35,800 --> 00:45:38,200
IN THE ROOM MAY KNOW ABOUT THIS.

1047
00:45:38,200 --> 00:45:39,960
THERE HAVE BEEN EFFORTS TO 

1048
00:45:39,960 --> 00:45:42,520
SYNCHRONIZE MEASURES ACROSS 

1049
00:45:42,520 --> 00:45:42,800
STUDIES. 

1050
00:45:42,800 --> 00:45:44,480
FOR THE MOST PART. 

1051
00:45:44,480 --> 00:45:52,760
>>THAT FIT MS S MY OTHER
LIFE, 

1052
00:45:52,760 --> 00:45:52,960
YEAH. 

1053
00:45:52,960 --> 00:45:54,880
>>DIFFERENT SET OF
QUESTIONS 

1054
00:45:54,880 --> 00:45:56,720
THEY ANSWERED YOU COULDN'T 

1055
00:45:56,720 --> 00:45:58,520
DIRECTLY MAP PHENOTYPES AND WILL

1056
00:45:58,520 --> 00:46:01,160
SAY WHEN PAPER CAME OUT IN 

1057
00:46:01,160 --> 00:46:03,800
BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE AND WE HAD 

1058
00:46:03,800 --> 00:46:04,960
FANTASTIC REVIEWERS GIVING 

1059
00:46:04,960 --> 00:46:07,400
REALLY CONSTRUCTIVE AND HELPFUL 

1060
00:46:07,400 --> 00:46:07,680
FEEDBACK. 

1061
00:46:07,680 --> 00:46:08,000
>>OKAY. 

1062
00:46:08,000 --> 00:46:12,320
>>THEY WANTED US TO LABEL

1063
00:46:12,320 --> 00:46:12,600
PHENOTYPES. 

1064
00:46:12,600 --> 00:46:13,760
>>YOU WOULDN'T DO IT. 

1065
00:46:13,760 --> 00:46:15,360
>>WE WOULDN'T DO IT. 

1066
00:46:15,360 --> 00:46:16,000
>>RIGHT. 

1067
00:46:16,000 --> 00:46:18,080
>>THIS HAS GONE THROUGH
MANY 

1068
00:46:18,080 --> 00:46:19,680
ITERATIONS THAT WE TALKED ABOUT 

1069
00:46:19,680 --> 00:46:20,080
EARLIER.  

1070
00:46:20,080 --> 00:46:22,360
IT WAS JUST -- IT WASN'T -- IT 

1071
00:46:22,360 --> 00:46:23,720
DIDN'T FEEL AUTHENTIC. 

1072
00:46:23,720 --> 00:46:27,000
THERE WERE ISSUES WITH MAKING 

1073
00:46:27,000 --> 00:46:27,680
GENERALIZATIONS ABOUT PEOPLE 

1074
00:46:27,680 --> 00:46:30,040
FROM THESE PHENOTYPES AND SO I 

1075
00:46:30,040 --> 00:46:32,720
THINK THAT WITHOUT HAVING 

1076
00:46:32,720 --> 00:46:35,320
HARMONIZED DATA SETS IT WOULD BE

1077
00:46:35,320 --> 00:46:37,080
REALLY HARD TO DO AN EXTERNAL 

1078
00:46:37,080 --> 00:46:41,160
VALIDATION OF THE PHENOTYPES 

1079
00:46:41,160 --> 00:46:43,720
THEMSELVES AND THAT SAID THIS 

1080
00:46:43,720 --> 00:46:50,400
MODEL IS GENERALIZABLE TO LARGE 

1081
00:46:50,400 --> 00:46:51,840
ENOUGH DATA SET.  

1082
00:46:51,840 --> 00:46:54,000
ALL THESE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF

1083
00:46:54,000 --> 00:46:58,360
HEALTH ABOUT SET OF OLDER ADULTS

1084
00:46:58,360 --> 00:47:03,320
THAT YOU COULD TAKE THIS MODEL 

1085
00:47:03,320 --> 00:47:08,200
AND TUNING TO HAVE PHENOTYPES TO

1086
00:47:08,200 --> 00:47:12,120
INTERPRET FROM THAT DATA SET. 

1087
00:47:12,120 --> 00:47:13,000
>>>>THIS WAS
GREAT. 

1088
00:47:13,000 --> 00:47:16,800
>>THAT IS ALL TIME WE
HAVE FOR 

1089
00:47:16,800 --> 00:47:21,040
QUESTIONS THANK YOU FOR YOUR 

1090
00:47:21,040 --> 00:47:31,720
PRESENTATION AND CONGRATUL

1091
00:47:31,720 --> 00:47:32,080
CONGRATULATIONS. 

1092
00:47:32,080 --> 00:47:33,720
RESEARCH INVESTIGATOR FOR SOCIAL

1093
00:47:33,720 --> 00:47:35,720
ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH PROGRAM 

1094
00:47:35,720 --> 00:47:40,720
AT UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 

1095
00:47:40,720 --> 00:47:42,520
INSTITUTE. 

1096
00:47:42,520 --> 00:47:47,840
SHE USES NIX METHODS FOR -- 

1097
00:47:47,840 --> 00:47:50,400
LIFESTYLE BEHAVIORS AND QUALITY 

1098
00:47:50,400 --> 00:47:53,480
OF LIFE AND IN PARTICULAR SHE 

1099
00:47:53,480 --> 00:47:55,640
FOCUSES ON AGING IN PLACE AND 

1100
00:47:55,640 --> 00:47:58,800
COGNITIVE HEALTH DISPARITIES 

1101
00:47:58,800 --> 00:48:00,440
AMONG UNDER-REPRESENTED AND 

1102
00:48:00,440 --> 00:48:02,160
UNDERSERVED ADULTS AND GOAL OF 

1103
00:48:02,160 --> 00:48:03,480
RESEARCH IS ADVANCING KNOWLEDGE 

1104
00:48:03,480 --> 00:48:06,400
OF SOCIETY'S PRESSING CHALLENGES

1105
00:48:06,400 --> 00:48:08,920
INFORMING POLICY TO BUILD 

1106
00:48:08,920 --> 00:48:10,800
EQUITABLE LIFE-LONG COMMUNITIES 

1107
00:48:10,800 --> 00:48:15,560
AND EARNED MASTER'S AND PHD FROM

1108
00:48:15,560 --> 00:48:16,800
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA AND 

1109
00:48:16,800 --> 00:48:20,320
PRESENTATION IS ENTITLED 

1110
00:48:20,320 --> 00:48:24,200
COGNITIVABILITY FOR AGING.  YOU 

1111
00:48:24,200 --> 00:48:25,040
ARE WELCOME TO BEGIN. 

1112
00:48:25,040 --> 00:48:26,000
>>THANK YOU. 

1113
00:48:26,000 --> 00:48:27,760
>>RIGHT THERE. 

1114
00:48:27,760 --> 00:48:28,600
>>WONDERFUL. 

1115
00:48:28,600 --> 00:48:31,040
>>THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR
HAVING 

1116
00:48:31,040 --> 00:48:31,360
ME. 

1117
00:48:31,360 --> 00:48:33,400
PLEASURE AND HONOR TO BE PART OF

1118
00:48:33,400 --> 00:48:37,880
THIS EVENT.  AS MENTIONED I'M A 

1119
00:48:37,880 --> 00:48:41,120
GEOGRAPHER AND COME AT WORK FROM

1120
00:48:41,120 --> 00:48:43,720
PERSPECTIVE THAT MOST FOLKS ARE 

1121
00:48:43,720 --> 00:48:46,680
AND INTERESTED IN WHERE PEOPLE 

1122
00:48:46,680 --> 00:48:49,360
LIVE WITH AGE AND AGING PLACE 

1123
00:48:49,360 --> 00:48:52,800
EXPERIENCE AS CROSS MINNEAPOLIS 

1124
00:48:52,800 --> 00:48:54,360
METROPOLITAN AREA AND WHAT DO 

1125
00:48:54,360 --> 00:48:56,000
THEY FEEL THEY NEEDED TO SUPPORT

1126
00:48:56,000 --> 00:48:58,200
THEM IN THEIR HOMES AND 

1127
00:48:58,200 --> 00:48:59,600
NEIGHBORHOODS AND WHAT COMMUNITY

1128
00:48:59,600 --> 00:49:01,200
SUPPORTS THEY NEED TO FEEL THEY 

1129
00:49:01,200 --> 00:49:04,240
COULD AGE WELL IN PLACE AND BE 

1130
00:49:04,240 --> 00:49:05,840
SUPPORTED IN HEALTH AND WELL 

1131
00:49:05,840 --> 00:49:07,720
BEING EXPERIENCES AT TIME WHAT 

1132
00:49:07,720 --> 00:49:10,680
WAS SURPRISING NOW 10 YEARS 

1133
00:49:10,680 --> 00:49:11,960
LATER NOT TOO SURPRISING ONE 

1134
00:49:11,960 --> 00:49:14,680
THING PEOPLE TALKED ABOUT WERE 

1135
00:49:14,680 --> 00:49:17,520
ALZHEIMER'S AND DEMENTIA AND 

1136
00:49:17,520 --> 00:49:19,400
RELATABLE FEAR LOSING YOURSELF 

1137
00:49:19,400 --> 00:49:20,360
AND ABILITY TO [INDISCERNIBLE] 

1138
00:49:20,360 --> 00:49:22,160
HOME PEOPLE WOULD SAY WHAT IF I 

1139
00:49:22,160 --> 00:49:24,680
STARTED A HOUSE FIRE OR WANDER? 

1140
00:49:24,680 --> 00:49:26,480
WHAT IF I NEED COSTLY CARE OR IF

1141
00:49:26,480 --> 00:49:30,200
I'M A BURDEN UPON MY FAMILY OR 

1142
00:49:30,200 --> 00:49:30,840
COMMUNITY?  

1143
00:49:30,840 --> 00:49:33,560
THIS REALLY INSPIRED ME PURSUING

1144
00:49:33,560 --> 00:49:38,280
POST DOCTORAL RESEARCH AT 

1145
00:49:38,280 --> 00:49:39,040
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AND 

1146
00:49:39,040 --> 00:49:41,600
LIVING WITH DEMENTIA PREVENTION 

1147
00:49:41,600 --> 00:49:45,040
EFFORT IS LARGE EFFORT TO 

1148
00:49:45,040 --> 00:49:47,720
CONSOLIDATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

1149
00:49:47,720 --> 00:49:49,920
ON -- THEY IDENTIFIED 12 ACROSS 

1150
00:49:49,920 --> 00:49:52,520
LIFE COURSE SUCH AS EARLY LIFE 

1151
00:49:52,520 --> 00:49:54,520
EDUCATION AND MID LIFE HEARING 

1152
00:49:54,520 --> 00:49:57,120
LOSS AND HEAD INJURY AND LATER 

1153
00:49:57,120 --> 00:49:59,360
LIFE SMOKING DEPRESSION AND 

1154
00:49:59,360 --> 00:50:01,760
THESE COMBINED COULD PREVENT ORE

1155
00:50:01,760 --> 00:50:04,320
DELAY 40% DEMENTIA CASES 

1156
00:50:04,320 --> 00:50:04,800
WORLDWIDE?  

1157
00:50:04,800 --> 00:50:07,960
AS A GEOGRAPHER I LOOK AT THIS 

1158
00:50:07,960 --> 00:50:09,720
THINKING HOW COULD ENVIRONMENTS 

1159
00:50:09,720 --> 00:50:13,400
STRUCTURE RISK FACTORS?  

1160
00:50:13,400 --> 00:50:18,120
NO. 11, WOW.  THIS IS A FUNKY 

1161
00:50:18,120 --> 00:50:20,080
ONE.  AIR POLLUTION NO. 11 IS 

1162
00:50:20,080 --> 00:50:22,800
ROBUST AND WELL KNOWN AREA OF 

1163
00:50:22,800 --> 00:50:24,720
ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS FOR 

1164
00:50:24,720 --> 00:50:27,640
DEMENTIA AND ALZHEIMER'S AND 

1165
00:50:27,640 --> 00:50:29,640
WORK IS A LOT MORE ABOUT 

1166
00:50:29,640 --> 00:50:31,080
COMMUNITY CONTEXTS ABOUT 

1167
00:50:31,080 --> 00:50:33,040
POSITIVES AND NEGATIVES 

1168
00:50:33,040 --> 00:50:33,800
OCCURRING SIMULTANEOUSLY IN A 

1169
00:50:33,800 --> 00:50:36,200
SPACE IN WHERE WE LIVE AND FOR 

1170
00:50:36,200 --> 00:50:38,720
ME I THINK THAT WELL HOW DOES 

1171
00:50:38,720 --> 00:50:40,040
YOUR NEIGHBORHOOD MATTER FOR 

1172
00:50:40,040 --> 00:50:41,400
EXAMPLE FOR BEING SOCIALLY 

1173
00:50:41,400 --> 00:50:43,760
CONNECTED OR PHYSICALLY ACTIVE? 

1174
00:50:43,760 --> 00:50:54,280
NOW, THE CHALLENGE OF THIS IS 

1175
00:50:55,400 --> 00:50:57,600
IDENTIFYING FEATURES THAT MAT 

1176
00:50:57,600 --> 00:50:59,560
ERRAND THAT IS PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

1177
00:50:59,560 --> 00:51:01,720
AND SOCIAL CONNECTION AND 

1178
00:51:01,720 --> 00:51:03,560
COGNITIVE STIMULATION AND BEING 

1179
00:51:03,560 --> 00:51:05,240
INVOLVED IN CREATIVE COMPLEX AND

1180
00:51:05,240 --> 00:51:08,400
EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES THAT IS A

1181
00:51:08,400 --> 00:51:10,760
TRICKY PART GETTING AT SPECIFIC 

1182
00:51:10,760 --> 00:51:11,520
SITES AND ANSWERING THAT 

1183
00:51:11,520 --> 00:51:16,320
QUESTION WE USED MIXED METHODS 

1184
00:51:16,320 --> 00:51:20,040
APPROACH WHERE QUALITATIVE DATA 

1185
00:51:20,040 --> 00:51:30,560
LED TO HYPOTHESES SAYING WHERE 

1186
00:51:33,840 --> 00:51:36,680
AND HOW DO SOCIALIZE AND ENGAGE 

1187
00:51:36,680 --> 00:51:38,600
IN COMPLEX ACTIVITIES OUTSIDE OF

1188
00:51:38,600 --> 00:51:40,720
YOUR HOMES GIVING SPECIFIC SITES

1189
00:51:40,720 --> 00:51:43,000
TO IDENTIFY TO TEST IN THIS 

1190
00:51:43,000 --> 00:51:44,960
LARGE NATIONAL AGING SAMPLE OF 

1191
00:51:44,960 --> 00:51:48,640
REGARDS AND REASONS FOR 

1192
00:51:48,640 --> 00:51:53,880
GEOGRAPHIC AND RACIAL 

1193
00:51:53,880 --> 00:51:57,120
DIFFERENCES IN STROKE STUDY AND 

1194
00:51:57,120 --> 00:51:59,560
TESTING IN QUANTITATIVE SAMPLE 

1195
00:51:59,560 --> 00:52:01,720
IS AVAILABILITY AND ACCESS TO 

1196
00:52:01,720 --> 00:52:03,800
NEIGHBORHOOD SITES ASSOCIATED 

1197
00:52:03,800 --> 00:52:06,320
WITH COGNITIVE FUNCTION AND 

1198
00:52:06,320 --> 00:52:10,160
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS YIELDED 

1199
00:52:10,160 --> 00:52:13,960
WELL OVER 50 SITES. 

1200
00:52:13,960 --> 00:52:15,200
MULTIPLE SITES SIMULTANEOUSLY 

1201
00:52:15,200 --> 00:52:16,840
BEING IMPORTANT TO FOLKS AND 

1202
00:52:16,840 --> 00:52:19,480
SCALED DOWN TO LIST OF 12 TO 15 

1203
00:52:19,480 --> 00:52:22,120
SITES THAT PEOPLE WERE MOST 

1204
00:52:22,120 --> 00:52:23,040
GENERALIZABLE ACROSS THIS SAMPLE

1205
00:52:23,040 --> 00:52:25,920
AND THEORETICALLY WERE POSITIVE 

1206
00:52:25,920 --> 00:52:29,400
PLACES LIKE CIVIC AND SOCIAL 

1207
00:52:29,400 --> 00:52:32,800
ORGANIZATIONS AND GROCERY STORES

1208
00:52:32,800 --> 00:52:37,080
AND THEORETICALLY NEGSIVE SITES 

1209
00:52:37,080 --> 00:52:38,920
HIGHWAYS AND POLLUTING SITES AND

1210
00:52:38,920 --> 00:52:42,760
BASED UPON REGARDS OVER 30,000 

1211
00:52:42,760 --> 00:52:48,000
AGING BLACK AND WHITE ADULT AS 

1212
00:52:48,000 --> 00:52:49,800
CROSS THE UNITED STATES AVERAGE 

1213
00:52:49,800 --> 00:52:52,680
WERE 64ARIES OLD AT BASELINE AND

1214
00:52:52,680 --> 00:52:55,680
ANNUAL FOLLOW UPS PHYSICAL AND 

1215
00:52:55,680 --> 00:52:57,040
MENTAL HEALTH DOING COGNITIVE 

1216
00:52:57,040 --> 00:52:59,240
TESTING TALKING MORE ABOUT THAT 

1217
00:52:59,240 --> 00:53:01,000
ON NEXT SLIDE AND NOT MOST 

1218
00:53:01,000 --> 00:53:02,720
IMPORTANTLY THERE IS LOTS OF 

1219
00:53:02,720 --> 00:53:04,400
GREAT THINGS REGARDLESS AND TO 

1220
00:53:04,400 --> 00:53:09,240
ME AS A GEOGRAPHER I AM JAZZED 

1221
00:53:09,240 --> 00:53:12,000
ABOUT WE HAVE ADDRESSES TO 

1222
00:53:12,000 --> 00:53:13,600
GEOCODE KNOWING ACROSS STUDY 

1223
00:53:13,600 --> 00:53:16,360
PERIOD EVERY HOME ADDRESS THEY 

1224
00:53:16,360 --> 00:53:19,560
LIVED AT TO UPDATE NEIGHBORHOODS

1225
00:53:19,560 --> 00:53:20,600
IF THEY MOVE. 

1226
00:53:20,600 --> 00:53:25,040
QUANTITY OF ANALYSIS CO-LED WITH

1227
00:53:25,040 --> 00:53:27,200
BRILLIANT AMAZING COLLEAGUE WITH

1228
00:53:27,200 --> 00:53:31,440
MICHAEL ESPOS EATO FROM 

1229
00:53:31,440 --> 00:53:35,680
WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY AT ST. 

1230
00:53:35,680 --> 00:53:36,240
LOUIS. 

1231
00:53:36,240 --> 00:53:39,040
 -- INTO THIS WORLD OF 

1232
00:53:39,040 --> 00:53:40,680
QUANTITATIVE MODELING GLOBAL 

1233
00:53:40,680 --> 00:53:42,520
COGNITIVE FUNCTION WE DON'T HAVE

1234
00:53:42,520 --> 00:53:44,480
DOMAINS SPECIFIC HYPOTHESES THAT

1235
00:53:44,480 --> 00:53:46,880
IS EARLY AND EXPLORETATIVE WORK 

1236
00:53:46,880 --> 00:53:48,440
AND TAKING MULTIPLE SOURCES OF 

1237
00:53:48,440 --> 00:53:52,360
INFORMATION AVAILABLE TO US FOR 

1238
00:53:52,360 --> 00:53:53,960
REGARDS AND COMPETENCE SCORE 

1239
00:53:53,960 --> 00:53:56,200
FIVE TESTS LANGUAGE EXECUTIVE 

1240
00:53:56,200 --> 00:54:01,080
FUNCTION LEARNING MEMORY AND 

1241
00:54:01,080 --> 00:54:03,480
ORIENTATION NEIGHBORHOODS ARE 

1242
00:54:03,480 --> 00:54:08,040
TRICKY TO MEASURE AND SITES FOR 

1243
00:54:08,040 --> 00:54:10,000
1,000 PEOPLE. 

1244
00:54:10,000 --> 00:54:14,360
WHO ARE ACTIVE FROM 2006 TO 27 

1245
00:54:14,360 --> 00:54:16,240
TAENADJUSTING FOR HOST OF 

1246
00:54:16,240 --> 00:54:18,480
INDIVIDUAL AT INDIVIDUAL LEVEL 

1247
00:54:18,480 --> 00:54:20,120
CO-VARIATES AT INDIVIDUAL LEVEL 

1248
00:54:20,120 --> 00:54:22,920
AGE GENDER RACE AND EDUCATION 

1249
00:54:22,920 --> 00:54:24,720
AND CENSUS TRACK LEVEL 

1250
00:54:24,720 --> 00:54:26,200
POPULATIONS AND NEIGHBORHOODS 

1251
00:54:26,200 --> 00:54:29,600
AND PROPORTIONS LIVING BELOW 

1252
00:54:29,600 --> 00:54:31,800
POVERTY LINE AND PROPORTION 

1253
00:54:31,800 --> 00:54:33,560
OWNER OCCUPIED HOUSING UNITS. 

1254
00:54:33,560 --> 00:54:36,760
AND THE SAMPLE IS OVER 21,000 

1255
00:54:36,760 --> 00:54:39,080
OLDER ADULTS LIVING ACROSS THE 

1256
00:54:39,080 --> 00:54:41,280
WHOLE US AND NOTE WE WILL 

1257
00:54:41,280 --> 00:54:44,680
RESTRICT TO URBAN AND SUBURBAN 

1258
00:54:44,680 --> 00:54:52,200
DWELLING REGARDS PARTICIPANTS --

1259
00:54:52,200 --> 00:54:57,720
I WILL TALK ABOUT RURAL 

1260
00:54:57,720 --> 00:55:00,160
COGNITIVABILITY AND 56% WERE 

1261
00:55:00,160 --> 00:55:04,920
FEMALE AND 60% WERE IDENTIFIED 

1262
00:55:04,920 --> 00:55:10,320
AS WHITE AND 40% BLACK AND 

1263
00:55:10,320 --> 00:55:12,360
VARIED WIDELY ACROSS THE SAMPLE 

1264
00:55:12,360 --> 00:55:14,160
AND SO WHAT WE FOUND IS THAT I 

1265
00:55:14,160 --> 00:55:16,560
HAVE PULLED OUT THE 6 KIND OF 

1266
00:55:16,560 --> 00:55:18,400
SIGNIFICANT RESULTS AND OF THOSE

1267
00:55:18,400 --> 00:55:21,040
15 NEIGHBORHOOD FEATURES WE PUT 

1268
00:55:21,040 --> 00:55:22,480
IN SIMULTANEOUSLY THEY ARE ONES 

1269
00:55:22,480 --> 00:55:24,680
THAT CAME OUT HAVING SIGNIFICANT

1270
00:55:24,680 --> 00:55:25,560
ASSOCIATION WITH COGNITIVE 

1271
00:55:25,560 --> 00:55:28,640
FUNCTION AND WILL TAKE A MOMENT 

1272
00:55:28,640 --> 00:55:30,520
TO ORIENTATE YOU TO THE SLIDES 

1273
00:55:30,520 --> 00:55:34,920
AND Y AXIS WE HAVE PREDICTIVE 

1274
00:55:34,920 --> 00:55:36,000
COGNITIVE FUNCTION AND 0 

1275
00:55:36,000 --> 00:55:37,240
INDICATES WORSE COGNITIVE 

1276
00:55:37,240 --> 00:55:40,120
FUNCTION AND HIGHER .6 INDICATES

1277
00:55:40,120 --> 00:55:41,600
[INDISCERNIBLE] FUNCTION AND X 

1278
00:55:41,600 --> 00:55:44,360
AXIS WE HAVE NUMBER OF SITES PER

1279
00:55:44,360 --> 00:55:46,640
1,000 LIVING IN NEIGHBORHOOD AND

1280
00:55:46,640 --> 00:55:49,240
WE HAVE 0 INDICATING NO SUCH 

1281
00:55:49,240 --> 00:55:50,880
CIVIC AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS 

1282
00:55:50,880 --> 00:55:55,720
AND IN THIS EXAMPLE AND 3 OR 3.5

1283
00:55:55,720 --> 00:55:58,520
OR 4 HAVING HIGH NUMBER OF SITES

1284
00:55:58,520 --> 00:56:00,480
PER PERSON AND BIG POSITIVE IS 

1285
00:56:00,480 --> 00:56:01,560
CIVIC AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS 

1286
00:56:01,560 --> 00:56:03,560
THAT IS RED ONES HERE IN THIS 

1287
00:56:03,560 --> 00:56:07,040
TOP LEFT AND LIVING IN AREA WITH

1288
00:56:07,040 --> 00:56:10,960
GREATER CIVIC AND ORGANIZATIONS 

1289
00:56:10,960 --> 00:56:19,200
PER PERSON MUSEUMS AND 

1290
00:56:19,200 --> 00:56:25,960
RECREA

1291
00:56:25,960 --> 00:56:28,760
RECREATIONCREMENT ERRS THIS IN 

1292
00:56:28,760 --> 00:56:34,520
AREA AND THERE IS HIGHWAYS BUSY 

1293
00:56:34,520 --> 00:56:40,360
CONGESTIVE THIS IS ACCOUNTING IF

1294
00:56:40,360 --> 00:56:43,600
FOR AREA AND INDIVIDUAL LEVEL 

1295
00:56:43,600 --> 00:56:46,080
SCS AND MAKES SENSE GIVEN WHAT 

1296
00:56:46,080 --> 00:56:48,600
WE KNOW ABOUT POLLUTION 

1297
00:56:48,600 --> 00:56:49,480
EXPOSURES AIR AND NOISE 

1298
00:56:49,480 --> 00:56:53,680
POLLUTION FOR BARRIERS AND 

1299
00:56:53,680 --> 00:56:55,000
NEIGHBORHOODS THAT ARE CUT OFF 

1300
00:56:55,000 --> 00:56:58,960
ACROSS OUR COUNTRY AND COFFEE 

1301
00:56:58,960 --> 00:57:09,520
SHOPS AND FAST FOOD --  NOW WE 

1302
00:57:12,120 --> 00:57:14,360
KNOW NEIGHBORHOODS ARE NOT ONE 

1303
00:57:14,360 --> 00:57:17,120
SIZE FITS ALL AND LOOK AT ACCESS

1304
00:57:17,120 --> 00:57:19,720
AND POWER AND PRIVILEGE 

1305
00:57:19,720 --> 00:57:23,520
EFFECTING ACCESS TO SITES AND 

1306
00:57:23,520 --> 00:57:24,520
INVESTIGATE STRUCTURAL RACISM 

1307
00:57:24,520 --> 00:57:27,560
SEXISM AND CLASSISM AND WE RUN 

1308
00:57:27,560 --> 00:57:29,280
AND RACE AND GENDER EDUCATION 

1309
00:57:29,280 --> 00:57:32,080
SPECIFIC MODELS COMPARED TO ASCS

1310
00:57:32,080 --> 00:57:34,160
OF MODELS AND WHAT CAME OUT IS 

1311
00:57:34,160 --> 00:57:36,320
THAT ALLOWING THE FULL SET.  SO,

1312
00:57:36,320 --> 00:57:39,560
ALL 13 TO 15 NEIGHBORHOOD 

1313
00:57:39,560 --> 00:57:41,120
DRIVERS OF COGNITIVE FUNCTION TO

1314
00:57:41,120 --> 00:57:43,520
VARY BY GENDER RACE AND 

1315
00:57:43,520 --> 00:57:44,560
EDUCATION DIDN'T YIELD 

1316
00:57:44,560 --> 00:57:48,560
SUBSTANTIAL IMPROVEMENTS TO FULL

1317
00:57:48,560 --> 00:57:50,880
MODEL CAUTIONING EARLY AND 

1318
00:57:50,880 --> 00:57:52,600
EXPLORATORY APPROACH AND LOOKING

1319
00:57:52,600 --> 00:57:55,880
AT INDIVIDUAL FEATURES THEY 

1320
00:57:55,880 --> 00:57:57,840
DIFFERED BY GROUP AND BLACK 

1321
00:57:57,840 --> 00:57:58,960
PARTICIPANTS IN STUDY HIGHER 

1322
00:57:58,960 --> 00:58:01,120
NUMBER OF ORGANIZATIONS IN 

1323
00:58:01,120 --> 00:58:01,840
NEIGHBORHOOD WITH SIGNIFICANT 

1324
00:58:01,840 --> 00:58:04,160
AND POSITIVE ASSOCIATION WITH 

1325
00:58:04,160 --> 00:58:05,560
COGNITIVE FUNCTION THAT AFFIRM 

1326
00:58:05,560 --> 00:58:08,200
RESEARCH WE HAVE SEEN IN 

1327
00:58:08,200 --> 00:58:10,360
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH HOW SITES 

1328
00:58:10,360 --> 00:58:11,840
AND FORMAL SUPPORT AND CARE 

1329
00:58:11,840 --> 00:58:15,360
AMONG BLACK COMMUNITIES AND 

1330
00:58:15,360 --> 00:58:20,480
DIDN'T WANT TO ALTER TESTS AND 

1331
00:58:20,480 --> 00:58:21,720
RESULTS AND SEE AS OPPORTUNITY 

1332
00:58:21,720 --> 00:58:25,040
FOR US AND OTHERS TO EXPLORE 

1333
00:58:25,040 --> 00:58:25,680
NEIGHBORHOOD COMPLEXITIES AND 

1334
00:58:25,680 --> 00:58:28,560
THEY'LL COGNITIVE AGING. 

1335
00:58:28,560 --> 00:58:31,920
ALL TOGETHER WE ARE ABLE TO 

1336
00:58:31,920 --> 00:58:33,440
BUILT UP THU THAT WHAT IS 

1337
00:58:33,440 --> 00:58:35,560
IMPORTANT ABOUT THIS WORK IS WE 

1338
00:58:35,560 --> 00:58:38,000
ARE MOVING BEYOND NEIGHBORHOODS 

1339
00:58:38,000 --> 00:58:40,080
AS POLLUTING SITES FOR 

1340
00:58:40,080 --> 00:58:41,560
ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS AND 

1341
00:58:41,560 --> 00:58:42,960
ABLE TO IDENTIFY CONSTELLATION 

1342
00:58:42,960 --> 00:58:45,120
OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE 

1343
00:58:45,120 --> 00:58:48,080
NEIGHBORHOOD FEATURES LINKED TO 

1344
00:58:48,080 --> 00:58:50,680
HEALTHY COGNITIVE AGING AND ARE 

1345
00:58:50,680 --> 00:58:55,200
ABLE TO MOVE BEYOND MEASURES OF 

1346
00:58:55,200 --> 00:58:58,720
SES AND THIS WORK LET'S US ASK 

1347
00:58:58,720 --> 00:59:01,080
HOW IS A NEIGHBORHOOD 

1348
00:59:01,080 --> 00:59:02,760
UNDERSERVED AND WHAT SITES ARE 

1349
00:59:02,760 --> 00:59:05,560
MISSING AND WHAT ARTS CULTURE 

1350
00:59:05,560 --> 00:59:06,720
RECREATION SUPPORT WHAT IS 

1351
00:59:06,720 --> 00:59:08,520
MISSING FROM A NEIGHBORHOOD AND 

1352
00:59:08,520 --> 00:59:10,320
WHAT IS THERE TO BUILD UP AND 

1353
00:59:10,320 --> 00:59:12,680
SUPPORT HEALTH AND AGING IN OUR 

1354
00:59:12,680 --> 00:59:13,000
COMMUNITY. 

1355
00:59:13,000 --> 00:59:14,920
NOW, THERE IS A LOT OF NEXT 

1356
00:59:14,920 --> 00:59:16,640
STEPS AND I'M EXCITED TO TAKE 

1357
00:59:16,640 --> 00:59:18,520
AND HOPE THAT OTHERS WILL TAKE 

1358
00:59:18,520 --> 00:59:19,920
AS WELL IN FURTHERING THIS TYPE 

1359
00:59:19,920 --> 00:59:21,680
OF RESEARCH AND I WILL EXPLAIN A

1360
00:59:21,680 --> 00:59:24,960
FEW IN THE REFT OF THE TALK. 

1361
00:59:24,960 --> 00:59:26,560
SO, AT FIRST IT IS IMPORTANT TO 

1362
00:59:26,560 --> 00:59:30,160
ME AND COLLEAGUES NOT JUST TO 

1363
00:59:30,160 --> 00:59:32,000
DEVELOP PAPERS AND GRANTS OFF 

1364
00:59:32,000 --> 00:59:34,440
THIS BUT CREATE USEFUL 

1365
00:59:34,440 --> 00:59:37,000
INFORMATION TO HELP FOLKS INFORM

1366
00:59:37,000 --> 00:59:40,040
COMMUNITY DECISIONS AND UPSTREAM

1367
00:59:40,040 --> 00:59:42,160
NEIGHBORHOOD DEMONSTRATION AND 

1368
00:59:42,160 --> 00:59:42,680
MORE CRITICALLY ABOUT 

1369
00:59:42,680 --> 00:59:44,840
[INDISCERNIBLE] AND CREATING 

1370
00:59:44,840 --> 00:59:46,400
PUBLIC WEBSITE AND 

1371
00:59:46,400 --> 00:59:49,840
[INDISCERNIBLE] AND WE SCORED 

1372
00:59:49,840 --> 00:59:51,800
EVERY NEIGHBORHOOD WHILE -- 

1373
00:59:51,800 --> 00:59:55,480
WELL, SORRY EVERY URBAN AND 

1374
00:59:55,480 --> 00:59:57,040
SUBURBAN CENSUS TRACT ACROSS THE

1375
00:59:57,040 --> 00:59:59,320
US AND GAVE A COGNITIVE SCORE 

1376
00:59:59,320 --> 01:00:01,640
AND BASED ON ANALYSIS WHAT IS 

1377
01:00:01,640 --> 01:00:04,240
THERE AND NOT THERE.  ARE THERE 

1378
01:00:04,240 --> 01:00:07,000
OVERCONCENTRATIONS OF HIGHWAYS 

1379
01:00:07,000 --> 01:00:10,560
OR FAST FOOD THAT LET US SCORE 

1380
01:00:10,560 --> 01:00:12,840
CENSUS TRACKS.  YOU CAN PULL UP 

1381
01:00:12,840 --> 01:00:14,920
WEBSITE TYPING ADDRESS AND 

1382
01:00:14,920 --> 01:00:17,560
LIVING IN URBAN OR SUBURBAN AREA

1383
01:00:17,560 --> 01:00:20,080
YOU CAN SEE SCORES IN THAT AREA 

1384
01:00:20,080 --> 01:00:23,520
IF YOU DON'T LIKE SCORE MANY 

1385
01:00:23,520 --> 01:00:26,160
LIMITATIONS I MYSELF AM 

1386
01:00:26,160 --> 01:00:27,320
FRUSTRATED WITH THE SCORE AND 

1387
01:00:27,320 --> 01:00:28,960
EVEN THOUGH I LIVE HERE IT CUT 

1388
01:00:28,960 --> 01:00:31,080
ME OFF WHICH IS A LIMITATION OF 

1389
01:00:31,080 --> 01:00:33,400
THIS WORK AND AREAS TO RESEARCH 

1390
01:00:33,400 --> 01:00:35,960
AND HERE YOU CAN SEE EXAMPLE.  

1391
01:00:35,960 --> 01:00:39,520
WE HAVE DOWNTOWN DETROIT IS A 

1392
01:00:39,520 --> 01:00:41,360
ZONE OF HIGH COGNITIVABILITY 

1393
01:00:41,360 --> 01:00:44,200
HERE SURROUNDED BY PATCHWORK OF 

1394
01:00:44,200 --> 01:00:46,920
LOWER AND MIXED COGNITIVABILITY 

1395
01:00:46,920 --> 01:00:49,040
SCORES AND ACCOUNTS FOR LOWER 

1396
01:00:49,040 --> 01:00:51,880
SES AND IDENTIFY SPECIFIC AREAS 

1397
01:00:51,880 --> 01:00:53,320
WORKING WITH SERVICE PROVIDERS 

1398
01:00:53,320 --> 01:00:55,320
TO TARGET WHERE TO PUT IN 

1399
01:00:55,320 --> 01:00:58,920
SERVICES AMENITIES PRIORITIZING 

1400
01:00:58,920 --> 01:01:02,680
-- UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN IS 

1401
01:01:02,680 --> 01:01:04,760
HERE AND LARGELY BLUE AND 

1402
01:01:04,760 --> 01:01:06,640
SURPRISING IN WAYS AND THERE IS 

1403
01:01:06,640 --> 01:01:09,600
AREAS AGAIN WE CAN TARGET IN 

1404
01:01:09,600 --> 01:01:16,960
MORE RESOURCE AND AFFLUENT 

1405
01:01:16,960 --> 01:01:21,000
AREAS. 

1406
01:01:21,000 --> 01:01:23,520
I WANT TO KNOW WHAT 

1407
01:01:23,520 --> 01:01:25,120
COGNITIVABILITY MEANS TO THESE 

1408
01:01:25,120 --> 01:01:28,360
FOLKS AND RESEARCH IS BASED UPON

1409
01:01:28,360 --> 01:01:31,480
URBAN AND SUBURBAN HYPOTHESES 

1410
01:01:31,480 --> 01:01:35,800
AND DOES THIS APPLY TO RURAL 

1411
01:01:35,800 --> 01:01:42,600
COMMUNITIES FOR EXAMPLE -- THERE

1412
01:01:42,600 --> 01:01:45,920
IS 4500 FOLKS LIVING THERE YOU 

1413
01:01:45,920 --> 01:01:50,640
CAN SEE RED DOTS SCATTERED 

1414
01:01:50,640 --> 01:01:53,600
ACROSS THE COUNTRY. 

1415
01:01:53,600 --> 01:01:57,600
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PERSON AND 

1416
01:01:57,600 --> 01:02:05,240
PLACED CONTEXT. 

1417
01:02:05,240 --> 01:02:07,120
COGNITIVABILITY IS BASED ON THIS

1418
01:02:07,120 --> 01:02:10,160
ANALYSIS AND HOPE THAT IT IS 

1419
01:02:10,160 --> 01:02:11,840
SOMETHING THAT WE NEED TO TEST 

1420
01:02:11,840 --> 01:02:14,640
AND THINK ABOUT IN US-BASED 

1421
01:02:14,640 --> 01:02:16,360
COHORTS AND INTERNATIONAL 

1422
01:02:16,360 --> 01:02:19,640
COHORTS AND FORCED TO RECEIVE 

1423
01:02:19,640 --> 01:02:22,840
K99R00 TO VALIDATE AND EXTEND 

1424
01:02:22,840 --> 01:02:24,560
COGNITIVABILITY IN THE HEALTH 

1425
01:02:24,560 --> 01:02:26,360
AND RETIREMENT STUDY AND WORK TO

1426
01:02:26,360 --> 01:02:29,240
BUILD A CONCEPT AND COVID-19 

1427
01:02:29,240 --> 01:02:30,840
CHANGED WHAT NEIGHBOR YRHOODS 

1428
01:02:30,840 --> 01:02:33,080
LOOK LIKE AND OLDER ADULTS USE 

1429
01:02:33,080 --> 01:02:35,520
FOR NEIGHBORHOODS AND 

1430
01:02:35,520 --> 01:02:36,920
IMPLICATIONS OF COGNITIVE HEALTH

1431
01:02:36,920 --> 01:02:39,720
AND MIXED METHODS WORK AND 

1432
01:02:39,720 --> 01:02:41,720
[INDISCERNIBLE] COPING STUDY TO 

1433
01:02:41,720 --> 01:02:44,520
INVESTIGATE WHAT ARE POTENTIALLY

1434
01:02:44,520 --> 01:02:47,040
FUNDAMENTAL LONG-TERM CHANGES TO

1435
01:02:47,040 --> 01:02:49,520
ACCOUNT FOR IN COGNITIVABILITY 

1436
01:02:49,520 --> 01:02:51,960
WORK AND ONE EXAMPLE IS THAT IT 

1437
01:02:51,960 --> 01:02:54,720
DOESN'T INCLUDE INTERNET ACCESS 

1438
01:02:54,720 --> 01:02:57,400
THAT IS NOT UNIFORM ACROSS OUR 

1439
01:02:57,400 --> 01:02:59,640
COUNTRY SOME URBAN AREAS WE 

1440
01:02:59,640 --> 01:03:01,680
DON'T HAVE HIGH-SPEED INTERNET 

1441
01:03:01,680 --> 01:03:03,200
ACCESS AND ARE QUESTIONS TO LOOK

1442
01:03:03,200 --> 01:03:06,040
AT AND RUNNING ANALYSIS AGAIN 

1443
01:03:06,040 --> 01:03:10,560
GIVEN LAST MINUTE MIXED MESSAGE 

1444
01:03:10,560 --> 01:03:12,720
RESULTS AND HEALTH AND 

1445
01:03:12,720 --> 01:03:14,520
RETIREMENT STUDY AND IN FUTURE 

1446
01:03:14,520 --> 01:03:17,280
DO MIXED METHODS WORK TO GROUND 

1447
01:03:17,280 --> 01:03:20,000
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT AND 

1448
01:03:20,000 --> 01:03:21,480
HARMONIZE STUDIES TAKING INTO 

1449
01:03:21,480 --> 01:03:23,400
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT.  

1450
01:03:23,400 --> 01:03:26,640
THE LAST I HAVE LOTS OF IDEAS IN

1451
01:03:26,640 --> 01:03:28,800
THIS WORK THAT IS ALSO FROM 

1452
01:03:28,800 --> 01:03:30,920
ANOTHER JUST SLIGHTLY AMBITIOUS 

1453
01:03:30,920 --> 01:03:33,200
IDEA.  IT IS THAT SO MUCH 

1454
01:03:33,200 --> 01:03:34,960
COGNITIVE HEALTH HAS BEEN SET BY

1455
01:03:34,960 --> 01:03:37,880
TIME YOU REACH 65 OR EVEN 50.  

1456
01:03:37,880 --> 01:03:39,880
ALSO, NEIGHBORHOODS ARE 

1457
01:03:39,880 --> 01:03:41,480
COMPLICATED LIVING IN DIFFERENT 

1458
01:03:41,480 --> 01:03:44,240
PLACES ACROSS OUR LIVES WHERE 

1459
01:03:44,240 --> 01:03:46,520
POTENTIALLY DIFFERENT IMPACTS IN

1460
01:03:46,520 --> 01:03:48,760
HEALTH AND WELL-BEING AND IN 

1461
01:03:48,760 --> 01:03:51,720
EARLY STAGES PUTTING TOGETHER 

1462
01:03:51,720 --> 01:03:55,600
THIS R01 APPLICATION AND MIXED 

1463
01:03:55,600 --> 01:03:57,680
METHOD AS PROECH -- INTERVIEWS 

1464
01:03:57,680 --> 01:03:59,480
TO ASK PEOPLE WHERE MATTERS TO 

1465
01:03:59,480 --> 01:04:01,040
ENGAGE IN HEALTHY COGNITIVE 

1466
01:04:01,040 --> 01:04:03,840
AGING BEHAVIORS AT WHAT SCALE 

1467
01:04:03,840 --> 01:04:05,400
AND DIFFERENT POINTS OF THE LIFE

1468
01:04:05,400 --> 01:04:08,120
COURSE AND RUNNING PILOT 

1469
01:04:08,120 --> 01:04:11,640
INTERVIEWS THIS SUMMER ACROSS 

1470
01:04:11,640 --> 01:04:14,080
METROPOLITAN AREA AND TAKE THAT 

1471
01:04:14,080 --> 01:04:16,720
PUTTING INTO TESTABLE 

1472
01:04:16,720 --> 01:04:18,560
QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATES IN LARGE 

1473
01:04:18,560 --> 01:04:19,880
AGING SAMPLES KNOWING THAT 

1474
01:04:19,880 --> 01:04:22,120
PEOPLE HAVE LIVED ACROSS ENTIRE 

1475
01:04:22,120 --> 01:04:24,080
LIFE FORCE AND ADDRESS SOMEONE 

1476
01:04:24,080 --> 01:04:26,400
LIVED FOLLOW THROUGH TIME AND 

1477
01:04:26,400 --> 01:04:27,520
REPORTED ADDRESSES TO US AND 

1478
01:04:27,520 --> 01:04:30,400
LINK TO COGNITIVE AGING 

1479
01:04:30,400 --> 01:04:32,200
TRAJECTORIES TO BUILD A STORY 

1480
01:04:32,200 --> 01:04:34,800
WHERE THEY LIVED AND MATTER 

1481
01:04:34,800 --> 01:04:38,680
ACROSS HEALTHY LIFE COURSE FOR 

1482
01:04:38,680 --> 01:04:39,840
COGNITIVE AGING AND QUICK THANKS

1483
01:04:39,840 --> 01:04:42,120
TO PARTICIPANTS IN REGARDS STUDY

1484
01:04:42,120 --> 01:04:43,880
AND WHO HAVE GIVEN SO MUCH TIME 

1485
01:04:43,880 --> 01:04:45,800
AND CARE AND EFFORT TO THIS AND 

1486
01:04:45,800 --> 01:04:48,240
ALSO THANK YOU TO AMAZING FOLKS 

1487
01:04:48,240 --> 01:04:53,000
AT ISR AT MICHIGAN AND AMAZING 

1488
01:04:53,000 --> 01:04:55,560
MENTOR AND INCLUDING NIH AND 

1489
01:04:55,560 --> 01:04:58,880
MICHIGAN INSTITUTE FOR CLINICAL 

1490
01:04:58,880 --> 01:05:02,000
HEALTH RESEARCH AND RESEARCH 

1491
01:05:02,000 --> 01:05:06,160
CENTER REC PROGRAM AND I WILL 

1492
01:05:06,160 --> 01:05:09,920
PUT HERE I HAVE MIXED METHODS 

1493
01:05:09,920 --> 01:05:12,480
BUILDING BLOCK PAPERS MULTI-YEAR

1494
01:05:12,480 --> 01:05:14,920
EFFORT TO BUILD CONCEPT AND 

1495
01:05:14,920 --> 01:05:17,000
IDEAS AND THERE IS PAPERS HERE 

1496
01:05:17,000 --> 01:05:19,960
TO LEARN MORE AND LINKS BETWEEN 

1497
01:05:19,960 --> 01:05:22,520
NEIGHBORHOODS MRARND HEALTH 

1498
01:05:22,520 --> 01:05:24,960
BEHAVIORS AND GOT FANCY 

1499
01:05:24,960 --> 01:05:26,160
MAINTAINING Q.R. CODE THAT IS UP

1500
01:05:26,160 --> 01:05:27,880
THERE TOO AND HOPE IT GOES TO 

1501
01:05:27,880 --> 01:05:31,480
THE RIGHT PLACE.  THANKS VERY 

1502
01:05:31,480 --> 01:05:33,760
MUCH.  I APPRECIATE IT. 

1503
01:05:33,760 --> 01:05:36,200
>>ALL RIGHT.  THANK YOU. 
THAT 

1504
01:05:36,200 --> 01:05:37,920
WAS A FANTASTIC PRESENTATION AND

1505
01:05:37,920 --> 01:05:39,600
WE APPRECIATE IT.  WE HAVE 

1506
01:05:39,600 --> 01:05:40,960
SEVERAL QUESTIONS COMING IN 

1507
01:05:40,960 --> 01:05:44,400
THROUGH THE VIDEOCAST AND WONDER

1508
01:05:44,400 --> 01:05:45,720
IF ANYONE IN PERSON WOULD LIKE 

1509
01:05:45,720 --> 01:05:48,360
TO POSE A QUESTION.  IF NOT I 

1510
01:05:48,360 --> 01:05:52,960
WILL GO INTO THE VIRTUAL 

1511
01:05:52,960 --> 01:05:55,440
QUESTIONS.  

1512
01:05:55,440 --> 01:05:57,360
>>I WILL ASK ABOUT COFFEE
SHOPS

1513
01:05:57,360 --> 01:06:00,920
AND FAST FOOD AND WHAT IS GOING 

1514
01:06:00,920 --> 01:06:01,640
ON WITH THOSE. 

1515
01:06:01,640 --> 01:06:05,720
>>WE DID A TEST RUN PAPER
THAT 

1516
01:06:05,720 --> 01:06:08,160
WAS COFFEE SHOPS AND FOOD AND 

1517
01:06:08,160 --> 01:06:11,400
TALKED ABOUT SITES THAT FOLKS 

1518
01:06:11,400 --> 01:06:15,360
COULD GO TO GET COFFEE AND SIT 

1519
01:06:15,360 --> 01:06:20,440
FOR AN HOUR SOME WALKABLE PLACES

1520
01:06:20,440 --> 01:06:22,840
TO GET TO LED TO TEST IT AND 

1521
01:06:22,840 --> 01:06:25,880
ISOLATION COFFEE SHOPS AND FAST 

1522
01:06:25,880 --> 01:06:28,160
FOOD HAD SIGNIFICANT POSITIVE 

1523
01:06:28,160 --> 01:06:29,080
ASSOCIATION WITH COGNITIVE 

1524
01:06:29,080 --> 01:06:31,480
HEALTH AND SEPARATED THEM AND 

1525
01:06:31,480 --> 01:06:33,680
JUST DID FAST FOOD AND WAS HARD 

1526
01:06:33,680 --> 01:06:37,000
TO SEPARATE THEM AND FOLKS USED 

1527
01:06:37,000 --> 01:06:40,440
MCDONALDS TO GET THAT CUP OF 

1528
01:06:40,440 --> 01:06:42,000
COFFEE AND NOT SEPARATE IN WAY 

1529
01:06:42,000 --> 01:06:44,720
THAT FOLKS WOULD USE IT AND 

1530
01:06:44,720 --> 01:06:47,040
BROUGHT CATEGORY SOCIAL 

1531
01:06:47,040 --> 01:06:48,640
INFRASTRUCTURE NO. 2 PAPER UP 

1532
01:06:48,640 --> 01:06:50,960
THERE BROUGHT IN CATEGORY 

1533
01:06:50,960 --> 01:06:52,960
QUALITATIVE RESULTS TO INCLUDE 

1534
01:06:52,960 --> 01:06:55,280
RESTAURANTS AND EATERIES AND 

1535
01:06:55,280 --> 01:06:57,080
DINING PLACES BECOMING 

1536
01:06:57,080 --> 01:06:58,120
INSIGNIFICANT AND DIDN'T SEE 

1537
01:06:58,120 --> 01:07:00,040
ANYTHING AND FULL MODEL PUT 

1538
01:07:00,040 --> 01:07:01,840
EVERYTHING IN THERE ACCOUNTING 

1539
01:07:01,840 --> 01:07:02,960
FOR NEIGHBORHOOD FEATURES 

1540
01:07:02,960 --> 01:07:06,400
BECOMING A NEGATIVE ASSOCIATION.

1541
01:07:06,400 --> 01:07:10,160
COUPLE IDEAS WHY IT MIGHT BE 

1542
01:07:10,160 --> 01:07:17,200
MAYBE IN FULL MODEL OF COGNITIVE

1543
01:07:17,200 --> 01:07:20,560
ABILITY TO SOCIALIZE AND WALK TO

1544
01:07:20,560 --> 01:07:23,000
AND ASPECTS FOR FAST FOOD AND 

1545
01:07:23,000 --> 01:07:26,000
WHAT TYPES OF FOOD WOULD BE 

1546
01:07:26,000 --> 01:07:28,800
CONSUMED THERE AND WEIGHS MORE 

1547
01:07:28,800 --> 01:07:33,080
AND PERHAPS WE HAVE PAPERS THAT 

1548
01:07:33,080 --> 01:07:35,840
CHANGED MEASUREMENT AS THEY HAVE

1549
01:07:35,840 --> 01:07:43,000
GONE AND TEST RUN THOUGHT PAPER 

1550
01:07:43,000 --> 01:07:43,960
ARE KERNEL DENSITIES CREATING 

1551
01:07:43,960 --> 01:07:46,120
HEAT MAP FOR NEIGHBORHOODS AND 

1552
01:07:46,120 --> 01:07:50,320
HIGHER PEAKS AND PUTTING PEOPLE 

1553
01:07:50,320 --> 01:07:53,520
ON A MAP AND APPROACH BLEW UP 

1554
01:07:53,520 --> 01:07:56,040
MODEL AND WERE NOT APPROPRIATE 

1555
01:07:56,040 --> 01:07:58,400
MEASUREMENT TO MATCH PEOPLE'S 

1556
01:07:58,400 --> 01:07:59,640
LIVED EXPERIENCES AND ONE FINAL 

1557
01:07:59,640 --> 01:08:02,800
THOUGHT IS PLACES WITH HIGH 

1558
01:08:02,800 --> 01:08:04,200
CONCENTRATIONS WITH COFFEE SHOPS

1559
01:08:04,200 --> 01:08:06,360
FOR EXAMPLE ARE NOT NECESSARILY 

1560
01:08:06,360 --> 01:08:10,520
SERVING OLDER ADULTS DOWN IN 

1561
01:08:10,520 --> 01:08:12,520
STARBUCKS IN HOTEL NO ADULTS 

1562
01:08:12,520 --> 01:08:15,280
THERE HIGHER CONCENTRATION MANY 

1563
01:08:15,280 --> 01:08:17,080
COULD CHOOSE FROM NOT SITES 

1564
01:08:17,080 --> 01:08:19,040
RESULTS TO GATHER SOCIALIZE AND 

1565
01:08:19,040 --> 01:08:21,600
GRAB A CUP OF COFFEE AND CHAT 

1566
01:08:21,600 --> 01:08:23,720
AND WAY THAT YOUNGER GENERATIONS

1567
01:08:23,720 --> 01:08:25,160
USE COFFEE SHOPS IS DIFFERENT 

1568
01:08:25,160 --> 01:08:26,800
FROM OLDER FOLKS THAT TELL ME 

1569
01:08:26,800 --> 01:08:28,520
I'M NOT GOING TO STARBUCK NOZ 

1570
01:08:28,520 --> 01:08:31,840
THE MY SPACE BUT WILL GO TO THAT

1571
01:08:31,840 --> 01:08:33,240
IMPORTANCE AND MCDONALDS AND SIT

1572
01:08:33,240 --> 01:08:36,760
WITH FOLKS I KNOW TO CHAT WITH 

1573
01:08:36,760 --> 01:08:38,360
THEM AND DIFFERENCES 

1574
01:08:38,360 --> 01:08:41,560
GENERATIONALLY IN HOW WE USE 

1575
01:08:41,560 --> 01:08:42,840
THESE PLACE. 

1576
01:08:42,840 --> 01:08:44,800
>>THANK YOU FOR THAT
RESPONSE. 

1577
01:08:44,800 --> 01:08:46,520
WE HAVE ANOTHER.  STEPHANIE, 

1578
01:08:46,520 --> 01:08:47,640
PLEASE GO AHEAD. 

1579
01:08:47,640 --> 01:08:51,000
>>STEPHANIE GEORGE FROM
NIH AND

1580
01:08:51,000 --> 01:08:51,920
LOVELY PRESENTATION AND I'M A 

1581
01:08:51,920 --> 01:08:53,640
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY RESEARCHER. 

1582
01:08:53,640 --> 01:08:54,240
>>THANK YOU. 

1583
01:08:54,240 --> 01:08:59,520
>>I WANT TO TALK TO YOU
ABOUT 

1584
01:08:59,520 --> 01:09:05,000
THE LIFE COURSE PIECE AND 

1585
01:09:05,000 --> 01:09:15,520
EXTENSION OF WORK AND HOW YOU 

1586
01:09:21,800 --> 01:09:31,400
CAN THINK ABOUT -- 

1587
01:09:31,400 --> 01:09:32,480
>>GREAT QUESTION.  

1588
01:09:32,480 --> 01:09:35,640
>>THANK YOU. 

1589
01:09:35,640 --> 01:09:41,400
I THINK I LIVE A 

1590
01:09:41,400 --> 01:09:43,240
MULTIGENERATIONAL LIFE WITH 

1591
01:09:43,240 --> 01:09:45,840
FAMILY AND I THINK THAT WAYS 

1592
01:09:45,840 --> 01:09:47,880
THAT WE HELP TO BUILD AND EXTEND

1593
01:09:47,880 --> 01:09:49,320
WORK IS THE DIFFERENT SITES WILL

1594
01:09:49,320 --> 01:09:51,800
MATTER I THINK.  I HAVE HEARD IN

1595
01:09:51,800 --> 01:09:54,280
JUST ANECDOTAL CONVERSATIONS 

1596
01:09:54,280 --> 01:09:56,480
WITH IMPORTANCE OF PARKS FOR 

1597
01:09:56,480 --> 01:09:58,400
YOUNGER GENERATIONS AND ABOUT 

1598
01:09:58,400 --> 01:10:00,360
WALKABILITY AND SCHOOL TRANSIT 

1599
01:10:00,360 --> 01:10:01,760
INFRASTRUCTURE FOR YOUNGER KIDS 

1600
01:10:01,760 --> 01:10:06,760
AND OLDER OR MIDDLE AGED ADULTS 

1601
01:10:06,760 --> 01:10:11,000
TALKING ABOUT GYM NEARBY WITH 

1602
01:10:11,000 --> 01:10:13,720
SUBSIDIZED PROGRAM FOR FOLKS AND

1603
01:10:13,720 --> 01:10:17,600
LAYERS OF ACCESSIBILITY TO BUILD

1604
01:10:17,600 --> 01:10:23,000
IN THIS WORK AND WE ARE USING 

1605
01:10:23,000 --> 01:10:25,040
GEOGRAPHIC ACCESS NOW AND HOPE 

1606
01:10:25,040 --> 01:10:28,520
TO GIVE OPPORTUNITIES ACROSS 

1607
01:10:28,520 --> 01:10:30,920
LIFE COURSE ASS WELL AS BUILDING

1608
01:10:30,920 --> 01:10:33,520
ECONOMIC ACCESS AND ACCESS OF 

1609
01:10:33,520 --> 01:10:34,960
STRUCTURAL RACISM AND CLASSISM 

1610
01:10:34,960 --> 01:10:37,000
AND THINK WE WILL SEE DIFFERENT 

1611
01:10:37,000 --> 01:10:39,720
SITES MATTER ACROSS LIFE COURSE 

1612
01:10:39,720 --> 01:10:41,800
AND SCALES OF THOSE MATTER GIVEN

1613
01:10:41,800 --> 01:10:43,840
MOBILITY AND TRAVEL PATTERNS AND

1614
01:10:43,840 --> 01:10:45,920
GREAT HRS HAS WHERE FOLKS LIVE 

1615
01:10:45,920 --> 01:10:48,200
FOR EXAMPLE AND THINKING ABOUT 

1616
01:10:48,200 --> 01:10:50,080
WORK AND ZONE BETWEEN WORK PLACE

1617
01:10:50,080 --> 01:10:52,840
AND HOME PLACE AND THERE IS WAYS

1618
01:10:52,840 --> 01:10:55,160
TO BUILD IN DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF

1619
01:10:55,160 --> 01:10:57,520
YOUR LIFE MOVING THROUGH THE 

1620
01:10:57,520 --> 01:10:59,240
LIFESPAN IN THIS MOVING FORWARD.

1621
01:10:59,240 --> 01:10:59,840
GREAT QUESTION. 

1622
01:10:59,840 --> 01:11:01,560
>>ALL RIGHT.  THANK YOU
SO MUCH

1623
01:11:01,560 --> 01:11:03,440
DR. FINLEY THAT IS ALL TIME WE 

1624
01:11:03,440 --> 01:11:05,480
HAVE FOR QUESTIONS AND WE 

1625
01:11:05,480 --> 01:11:08,200
APPRECIATE YOUR PRESENTATION AND

1626
01:11:08,200 --> 01:11:09,040
CONGRATULATIONS. 

1627
01:11:09,040 --> 01:11:11,000
>>THANK YOU. 

1628
01:11:11,000 --> 01:11:11,520
>>[APPLAUSE]. 

1629
01:11:11,520 --> 01:11:22,040
>>ALL RIGHT.  I WOULD NOW
LIKE 

1630
01:11:27,280 --> 01:11:29,920
TO WELCOME TED WHO IS AN 

1631
01:11:29,920 --> 01:11:34,120
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT ARIZONA 

1632
01:11:34,120 --> 01:11:35,360
STATE UNIVERSITY AND INCOMING 

1633
01:11:35,360 --> 01:11:39,520
PROFESSOR AT RUSH UNIVERSITY 

1634
01:11:39,520 --> 01:11:46,280
MEDICAL CENTER.  

1635
01:11:46,280 --> 01:11:53,040
HIS RESEARCH PROGRAM FOCUSES ON 

1636
01:11:53,040 --> 01:11:57,120
MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS DR. ANG 

1637
01:11:57,120 --> 01:12:06,480
EARNED A  PHD IN PSYCHOLOGICAL 

1638
01:12:06,480 --> 01:12:07,600
MEDICINE. 

1639
01:12:07,600 --> 01:12:12,840
HE WAS A RESEARCH FELLOW AT DUKE

1640
01:12:12,840 --> 01:12:16,520
IF UNIVERSITY AT SINGAPORE AND 

1641
01:12:16,520 --> 01:12:20,400
INVESTIGATING BIOLOGICAL 

1642
01:12:20,400 --> 01:12:20,880
PATHWAYS UNDERPINNING 

1643
01:12:20,880 --> 01:12:25,040
LONGITUDINAL ASSOCIATION AND YOU

1644
01:12:25,040 --> 01:12:31,840
ARE WELCOME TO BEGIN. 

1645
01:12:31,840 --> 01:12:33,840
I WILL TEST THIS.  HI, 

1646
01:12:33,840 --> 01:12:37,160
EVERYBODY.  GOOD AFTERNOON.  LET

1647
01:12:37,160 --> 01:12:40,600
ME JUST SAY.  

1648
01:12:40,600 --> 01:12:42,440
THANK YOU FOR THE INTRODUCTION 

1649
01:12:42,440 --> 01:12:47,160
AND THANK YOU NIH FOR ACTUALLY 

1650
01:12:47,160 --> 01:12:50,840
AWARDING THIS TO [INDISCERNIBLE]

1651
01:12:50,840 --> 01:12:59,440
AND THIS IS A DREAM AWARD.  

1652
01:12:59,440 --> 01:13:03,320
THANK YOU.  TALKING ABOUT 

1653
01:13:03,320 --> 01:13:05,120
LONELINESS THAT IS ISSUE 

1654
01:13:05,120 --> 01:13:09,320
AGGRAVATED BY PANDEMIC AND 

1655
01:13:09,320 --> 01:13:15,560
SPECIFICALLY WOULD LIKE TO 

1656
01:13:15,560 --> 01:13:18,440
INVESTIGATE LONELINESS GETTING 

1657
01:13:18,440 --> 01:13:24,960
UNDER SKIN A LOT MIGHT BE AWARE 

1658
01:13:24,960 --> 01:13:27,240
US SURGEON GENERAL RECENTLY PUB 

1659
01:13:27,240 --> 01:13:29,720
CRIEDS THAT LONELINESS IS A 

1660
01:13:29,720 --> 01:13:31,520
PUBLIC ISSUE AND HAS BEEN 

1661
01:13:31,520 --> 01:13:33,560
EFFECTING OLDER ADULTS AND 

1662
01:13:33,560 --> 01:13:35,040
PANDEMIC AND NOT JUST IT IS NO 

1663
01:13:35,040 --> 01:13:37,600
THE JUST SOCIAL ISSUE AND CAN 

1664
01:13:37,600 --> 01:13:41,640
IMPACT THE HALF OF OLDER ADULTS 

1665
01:13:41,640 --> 01:13:44,720
AND [INDISCERNIBLE] AS MOST HERE

1666
01:13:44,720 --> 01:13:48,160
PROBABLY KNOW. 

1667
01:13:48,160 --> 01:13:49,960
ASSOCIATION ITSELF AND THIS IS 

1668
01:13:49,960 --> 01:14:00,440
ALSO SO-CALLED SUPPORTED BY 

1669
01:14:00,960 --> 01:14:02,000
EVOLUTIONARY [INDISCERNIBLE] -- 

1670
01:14:02,000 --> 01:14:04,000
IN RESPONSE TO STRESSORS THAT 

1671
01:14:04,000 --> 01:14:06,320
LONELINESS IS ONE OF THEM.  

1672
01:14:06,320 --> 01:14:11,040
BECAUSE OF STRESSORS AND 

1673
01:14:11,040 --> 01:14:12,280
PHYSIOLOGICAL DEREGULATION BUILD

1674
01:14:12,280 --> 01:14:14,320
CHRONIC CONDITIONS AS WELL AND 

1675
01:14:14,320 --> 01:14:18,000
FOR SIMPLICITY SAKE I WILL HAVE 

1676
01:14:18,000 --> 01:14:21,520
[INDISCERNIBLE] OF CEI FOR NOW 

1677
01:14:21,520 --> 01:14:25,040
AND [INDISCERNIBLE] MANY OTHER 

1678
01:14:25,040 --> 01:14:28,760
REVIEW PAPERS HAVE BEEN 

1679
01:14:28,760 --> 01:14:32,000
SUGGESTED AND LACK OF EMPIRICAL 

1680
01:14:32,000 --> 01:14:34,040
DATA AND UNDERLYING MECHANISM 

1681
01:14:34,040 --> 01:14:37,040
AND I MEAN BY THAT HOW DOES 

1682
01:14:37,040 --> 01:14:38,440
LONELINESS GET UNDER THE SKIN 

1683
01:14:38,440 --> 01:14:40,240
MEANING THAT UNDERLYING PATHWAY 

1684
01:14:40,240 --> 01:14:45,080
FROM LONELINESS TO COGNITIVE 

1685
01:14:45,080 --> 01:14:45,440
IMPAIRMENT. 

1686
01:14:45,440 --> 01:14:47,360
AS MOST ARE PROBABLY AWARE 

1687
01:14:47,360 --> 01:14:50,720
REPORT OF NATIONAL ACADEMY IN 

1688
01:14:50,720 --> 01:14:52,320
2002 HIGHLIGHTED THIS AS WELL.  

1689
01:14:52,320 --> 01:14:57,080
THIS IS IN RESPONSE TO THAT 

1690
01:14:57,080 --> 01:14:59,880
REPORT.  HERE IS A WORRY THAT IS

1691
01:14:59,880 --> 01:15:01,560
KIND OF BACKGROUND OF STATE OF 

1692
01:15:01,560 --> 01:15:03,720
THE ART.  YOU SEE LONELINESS AND

1693
01:15:03,720 --> 01:15:06,320
RISKS OF DEMENTIA IS 

1694
01:15:06,320 --> 01:15:09,040
[INDISCERNIBLE] AND TO BE HONEST

1695
01:15:09,040 --> 01:15:10,520
IS CONFLICTING DATA AND SOME 

1696
01:15:10,520 --> 01:15:13,440
DATA SET DID NOT FIND THERE IS A

1697
01:15:13,440 --> 01:15:17,040
SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION OR 

1698
01:15:17,040 --> 01:15:26,920
ASSOCIA

1699
01:15:26,920 --> 01:15:27,240
ASSOCIATION. 

1700
01:15:27,240 --> 01:15:29,440
YOU CAN SEE MOST OF THESE PAPERS

1701
01:15:29,440 --> 01:15:31,560
CORRELATE OR ASSOCIATE TO 

1702
01:15:31,560 --> 01:15:33,520
[INDISCERNIBLE] INSTEAD OF ALL 3

1703
01:15:33,520 --> 01:15:35,640
CONSTRUCT TOGETHER.  LONELINESS 

1704
01:15:35,640 --> 01:15:39,000
AND DEMENTIA AND LO ENLINESS AND

1705
01:15:39,000 --> 01:15:40,400
INFLAMMATION AND INFLAMMATION 

1706
01:15:40,400 --> 01:15:41,240
AND DATA HAS BEEN 

1707
01:15:41,240 --> 01:15:44,200
[INDISCERNIBLE] AS WELL AND LOTS

1708
01:15:44,200 --> 01:15:48,200
OF TIMES NOT ONE REACHING AND 

1709
01:15:48,200 --> 01:15:49,200
CONNECTING WITH ONE CONSTRUCT 

1710
01:15:49,200 --> 01:15:51,080
AND STUDY AND WHAT WE ARE TRYING

1711
01:15:51,080 --> 01:15:54,440
TO DO HERE.  APART FROM THAT 

1712
01:15:54,440 --> 01:15:56,160
KNOWLEDGE WE CAN SEE METHOD 

1713
01:15:56,160 --> 01:15:59,920
LOGICAL ISSUES THAT WE KIND OF 

1714
01:15:59,920 --> 01:16:02,560
TRY TO ADDRESS IN THIS STUDY.  

1715
01:16:02,560 --> 01:16:05,960
YOU SEE AS I MENTIONED 

1716
01:16:05,960 --> 01:16:06,840
PHYSIOLOGICALLY MOST OF THE 

1717
01:16:06,840 --> 01:16:09,000
STUDY HAS BEEN INFERRED BECAUSE 

1718
01:16:09,000 --> 01:16:11,560
THEY HAVE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN 

1719
01:16:11,560 --> 01:16:13,600
LONELINESS AND BIOMARKERS AND 

1720
01:16:13,600 --> 01:16:16,000
HAVE COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT LIKELY

1721
01:16:16,000 --> 01:16:17,720
AND THIS INFERENCE WOULDN'T BE 

1722
01:16:17,720 --> 01:16:19,880
-- IT IS NECESSARY BUT NOT 

1723
01:16:19,880 --> 01:16:21,560
SUFFICIENT AND YOU NEED FREQUENT

1724
01:16:21,560 --> 01:16:23,040
CONSTRUCTS TOGETHER TO SEE 

1725
01:16:23,040 --> 01:16:25,080
PATHWAY OR IT IS A CAUSAL 

1726
01:16:25,080 --> 01:16:27,040
INFERENCE THAT A LOT OF TIME 

1727
01:16:27,040 --> 01:16:28,880
MAKES BASED ON 

1728
01:16:28,880 --> 01:16:32,040
CROSS-ASSOCIATION. 

1729
01:16:32,040 --> 01:16:34,320
SO, YOU CAN SEE OTHER METHOD 

1730
01:16:34,320 --> 01:16:36,000
LOGICAL ISSUE INCLUDING 

1731
01:16:36,000 --> 01:16:36,960
CONTINUOUS COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING

1732
01:16:36,960 --> 01:16:39,000
SCORE AND NOT SAYING THAT IS NOT

1733
01:16:39,000 --> 01:16:41,640
IMPORTANT BUT I WAS CHAMPIONED 

1734
01:16:41,640 --> 01:16:44,480
THAT THIS CONNECTIVITY STATUS 

1735
01:16:44,480 --> 01:16:46,000
NORMAL CONDITIONS AND DEMENTIA 

1736
01:16:46,000 --> 01:16:48,120
WOULD BE INFORMATIVE TO 

1737
01:16:48,120 --> 01:16:49,800
CLINICIANS AS WELL. 

1738
01:16:49,800 --> 01:16:52,840
AND ACTUALLY ONE RECENT STUDY 

1739
01:16:52,840 --> 01:16:55,400
THAT IS FIRST STUDY IN FIELD 

1740
01:16:55,400 --> 01:16:56,880
THEY MENTION [INDISCERNIBLE] 

1741
01:16:56,880 --> 01:16:59,880
THAT IS MEASURE FINDING MEASURE 

1742
01:16:59,880 --> 01:17:01,880
DID NOT MEDIATE THIS LONELINESS 

1743
01:17:01,880 --> 01:17:06,720
AND CI RELATIONSHIP AND TWO 

1744
01:17:06,720 --> 01:17:09,000
STUDIES FOLLOWING THAT AND URGE 

1745
01:17:09,000 --> 01:17:12,080
FUTURE STUDY TO USE TARGETED 

1746
01:17:12,080 --> 01:17:14,160
ASSESSMENT SUCH AS INDIVIDUAL 

1747
01:17:14,160 --> 01:17:15,520
BIOMARKERS AND IMPORTANT ONE IS 

1748
01:17:15,520 --> 01:17:17,840
INFLAMMATORY MARKERS AND ACROSS 

1749
01:17:17,840 --> 01:17:20,240
THESE CONFOUMDING EFFECTS AND SO

1750
01:17:20,240 --> 01:17:23,040
THIS BRINGS ME TO THIS STUDY AND

1751
01:17:23,040 --> 01:17:26,960
AIM IS TO USE HAD TO SEE WHETHER

1752
01:17:26,960 --> 01:17:29,040
FIVE DIFFERENT BIOMARKERS 

1753
01:17:29,040 --> 01:17:31,280
INCLUDING THOSE LISTED HERE 

1754
01:17:31,280 --> 01:17:33,880
INFLAMMATORY AND CARDIOVASCULAR 

1755
01:17:33,880 --> 01:17:35,760
BIOMARKERS AND YOU ARE FAMILIAR 

1756
01:17:35,760 --> 01:17:38,040
WITH [INDISCERNIBLE] HERE I 

1757
01:17:38,040 --> 01:17:38,280
ASSUME. 

1758
01:17:38,280 --> 01:17:41,360
THOSE ARE THE ONE OF THE FIRST 

1759
01:17:41,360 --> 01:17:42,960
BIOMARKERS THAT HRS 

1760
01:17:42,960 --> 01:17:45,200
[INDISCERNIBLE] ARE LOTS MORE 

1761
01:17:45,200 --> 01:17:47,720
BIOMARKERS COMING OUT LATER ON 

1762
01:17:47,720 --> 01:17:49,840
AND HERE IS A MODEL YOU CAN SEE 

1763
01:17:49,840 --> 01:17:52,680
I TRY TO ASSOCIATE BIOLOGICAL 

1764
01:17:52,680 --> 01:17:54,480
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL MODEL 

1765
01:17:54,480 --> 01:17:56,400
AND LIFKED OF THREE 

1766
01:17:56,400 --> 01:17:57,680
CONSTRUCTIONS TOGETHER IN ONE 

1767
01:17:57,680 --> 01:17:59,920
MODEL AND SEEING WHETHER 

1768
01:17:59,920 --> 01:18:01,040
LONELINESS GETS UNDER THE SKIN 

1769
01:18:01,040 --> 01:18:04,360
BY EFFECTING PHYSIOLOGICAL 

1770
01:18:04,360 --> 01:18:06,240
DISREGULATION INDICATED BY 

1771
01:18:06,240 --> 01:18:09,080
BIOMARKERS THAT IS LIKE I 

1772
01:18:09,080 --> 01:18:10,200
MENTIONED USING THIS WE USE 

1773
01:18:10,200 --> 01:18:13,760
THREE WAVES IN DATA SET AND 

1774
01:18:13,760 --> 01:18:15,440
PARTICIPANTS WERE NATIONALLY 

1775
01:18:15,440 --> 01:18:17,200
REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE OF OLDER 

1776
01:18:17,200 --> 01:18:19,440
ADULTS AGE 50 AND OVER.  WE 

1777
01:18:19,440 --> 01:18:22,600
EXCLUDED DEMENTIA TO PREVENT 

1778
01:18:22,600 --> 01:18:25,040
THIS CAUSALITY AND THIS FINAL 

1779
01:18:25,040 --> 01:18:27,240
EXAMPLE INCLUDE SLIGHTLY MORE 

1780
01:18:27,240 --> 01:18:29,960
THAN 7,000 PARTICIPANTS AND YOU 

1781
01:18:29,960 --> 01:18:32,640
CAN SEE WELL THIS IS NOT EXACTLY

1782
01:18:32,640 --> 01:18:35,120
THE AGE 7 THAT IS TOO YOUNG.  IT

1783
01:18:35,120 --> 01:18:37,800
IS ABOUT 67, I BELIEVE.  

1784
01:18:37,800 --> 01:18:43,960
AND ALSO 57% ARE NOT FEMALE. 

1785
01:18:43,960 --> 01:18:45,960
AND METHOD OF COURSE I HAVE BEEN

1786
01:18:45,960 --> 01:18:47,080
[INDISCERNIBLE] WE HAVE THREE 

1787
01:18:47,080 --> 01:18:50,360
DIFFERENT MEASURES OF CONSTRUCT 

1788
01:18:50,360 --> 01:18:53,080
AND USE THESE SKILLS AND FIVE 

1789
01:18:53,080 --> 01:18:54,920
BIOMARKERS EXAMINE HRS AND TAKES

1790
01:18:54,920 --> 01:18:59,080
AND TAKES WE CAN BASED ON CUTOFF

1791
01:18:59,080 --> 01:19:00,440
CATEGORIZE PARTICIPANTS INTO 

1792
01:19:00,440 --> 01:19:06,240
THREE CATEGORIES AND THEY ARE 

1793
01:19:06,240 --> 01:19:07,880
COGNITIVELY HEALTHY AND DEMENTIA

1794
01:19:07,880 --> 01:19:12,240
AND DEFINE CIND OR NCI AND 

1795
01:19:12,240 --> 01:19:13,440
DEMENTIA INTO CI. 

1796
01:19:13,440 --> 01:19:17,040
IT IS CONNECTIVE IMPAIRMENT AND 

1797
01:19:17,040 --> 01:19:17,680
STATISTICS USING [INDISCERNIBLE]

1798
01:19:17,680 --> 01:19:20,400
AND IMPORTANTLY WE HAVE THREE 

1799
01:19:20,400 --> 01:19:24,720
MODELS SO SEQUENTIAL MODEL 

1800
01:19:24,720 --> 01:19:25,720
INCLUDING [INDISCERNIBLE] ADDING

1801
01:19:25,720 --> 01:19:27,760
SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH 

1802
01:19:27,760 --> 01:19:31,840
STATUS AND IS ONE OF THE FIRST 

1803
01:19:31,840 --> 01:19:35,000
RESULTS AND SO COMPLICATED 

1804
01:19:35,000 --> 01:19:37,000
ANALYSIS WE TRIED TO SEE WHETHER

1805
01:19:37,000 --> 01:19:39,120
ASSOCIATION THAT THIS STUDY HAVE

1806
01:19:39,120 --> 01:19:40,480
FOUND ALSO THAT WERE REPLICATED 

1807
01:19:40,480 --> 01:19:43,640
IN THE HAD.  ARE.  S SAMPLE AND 

1808
01:19:43,640 --> 01:19:45,920
WE FOUND THAT ALL THREE 

1809
01:19:45,920 --> 01:19:49,000
CONSTRUCT BASED ON SO-CALLED 

1810
01:19:49,000 --> 01:19:50,920
CORRELATION METRICS AND ARE ALL 

1811
01:19:50,920 --> 01:19:52,840
SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH 

1812
01:19:52,840 --> 01:19:55,640
EACH OTHER INCLUDING LONELINESS 

1813
01:19:55,640 --> 01:19:57,160
AND COGNITIVE STATUS AND 

1814
01:19:57,160 --> 01:20:00,600
LONELINESS AND BIOMARKERS AND 

1815
01:20:00,600 --> 01:20:03,200
BIOMARKERS AND COGNITIVE STATUS.

1816
01:20:03,200 --> 01:20:06,160
SO, COMPLICATED MODEL WE DO 

1817
01:20:06,160 --> 01:20:07,880
FIRST A CROSS-SECTIONAL MODEL 

1818
01:20:07,880 --> 01:20:10,080
AND WE WILL DO LONGITUDINAL 

1819
01:20:10,080 --> 01:20:12,840
MODEL.  YOU CAN SEE HERE THIS IS

1820
01:20:12,840 --> 01:20:15,640
A BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL FRAMEWORK AND 

1821
01:20:15,640 --> 01:20:18,480
FIVE DIFFERENT BIOMARKERS 

1822
01:20:18,480 --> 01:20:20,280
MEASURED IN HRS.  THIS DOESN'T 

1823
01:20:20,280 --> 01:20:22,680
REALLY SHOW YOU A LOT OF THINGS.

1824
01:20:22,680 --> 01:20:24,280
SO, WHAT I'M TRYING TO SAY IS 

1825
01:20:24,280 --> 01:20:28,720
THAT A LOT OF TIMES WE WILL 

1826
01:20:28,720 --> 01:20:31,240
THINK THAT WHEN CANDIDATE 

1827
01:20:31,240 --> 01:20:34,040
BIOMARKERS WOULD BE SO-CALLED 

1828
01:20:34,040 --> 01:20:37,200
PHYSIOLOGICAL DISREGULATION.  

1829
01:20:37,200 --> 01:20:39,400
HOWEVER, WE FOUND THAT 

1830
01:20:39,400 --> 01:20:41,120
[INDISCERNIBLE] FOR CO-VARIATES 

1831
01:20:41,120 --> 01:20:44,640
ONE BIOMARKER HDL SIGNIFICANTLY 

1832
01:20:44,640 --> 01:20:46,320
ASSOCIATE THESE RELATIONSHIPS 

1833
01:20:46,320 --> 01:20:49,040
AND KEEP IN MIND CROSS-SECTIONAL

1834
01:20:49,040 --> 01:20:51,840
NOT LONGITUDINAL MODEL THIS IS 

1835
01:20:51,840 --> 01:20:54,080
MEANS FINDING OF THIS STUDY AND 

1836
01:20:54,080 --> 01:20:56,200
THAT COULD BE SAME MODEL WHEREAS

1837
01:20:56,200 --> 01:20:59,160
WE HAVE LONELINESS AT BASELINE 

1838
01:20:59,160 --> 01:21:01,800
AND BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS AT 

1839
01:21:01,800 --> 01:21:03,920
SECOND FOLLOW UP AND COGNITIVE 

1840
01:21:03,920 --> 01:21:05,480
IMPAIRMENT AT THIRD FOLLOW UP 

1841
01:21:05,480 --> 01:21:07,800
THAT IS LONGITUDINAL MODEL AND 

1842
01:21:07,800 --> 01:21:09,400
FOUND USING SAME BIOMARKERS 

1843
01:21:09,400 --> 01:21:11,800
AFTER CONTROLLING FOR ALL 

1844
01:21:11,800 --> 01:21:13,760
CO-VARIATES IN FINAL MODEL THERE

1845
01:21:13,760 --> 01:21:17,400
IS NO SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION OF

1846
01:21:17,400 --> 01:21:19,320
BIOMARKER WITH ANY MEASURE AND 

1847
01:21:19,320 --> 01:21:23,080
THIS MODEL DID NOT HOLD UP AFTER

1848
01:21:23,080 --> 01:21:26,320
CONTROLLING FOR COVID RISKS AND 

1849
01:21:26,320 --> 01:21:27,680
HIGHLIGHTING COVID RISKS 

1850
01:21:27,680 --> 01:21:30,040
WEAKENING ASSOCIATION IS TWO AND

1851
01:21:30,040 --> 01:21:31,280
ONE IS [INDISCERNIBLE] HEALTH 

1852
01:21:31,280 --> 01:21:33,600
AND OTHER IS CHRONIC CONDITIONS 

1853
01:21:33,600 --> 01:21:35,760
OR COMORBIDITIES THAT IS 

1854
01:21:35,760 --> 01:21:37,200
REASONABLE THAT I WILL EXPLAIN 

1855
01:21:37,200 --> 01:21:38,400
LATER ON.  

1856
01:21:38,400 --> 01:21:41,760
THIS IS A BRIEF SUMMARY OF 

1857
01:21:41,760 --> 01:21:42,840
FINDING AND ALL THREE 

1858
01:21:42,840 --> 01:21:44,800
CONSTRUCTIONS ARE SIGNIFICANTLY 

1859
01:21:44,800 --> 01:21:46,800
ASSOCIATED WITH EACH OTHER AS A 

1860
01:21:46,800 --> 01:21:49,040
PAIR AND SECOND ONE AS YOU CAN 

1861
01:21:49,040 --> 01:21:54,160
SEE LDL WAS SIGNIFICANT THIS IS 

1862
01:21:54,160 --> 01:21:55,920
KIND OF SIGNIFICANT IN THE 

1863
01:21:55,920 --> 01:21:58,240
UNADJUST AND PARTIALLY ADJUSTED 

1864
01:21:58,240 --> 01:22:00,600
MODEL AND FULLY ADJUSTED WAS NOT

1865
01:22:00,600 --> 01:22:02,280
SIGNIFICANT AND HOW DO WE MAKE 

1866
01:22:02,280 --> 01:22:03,520
SENSE OF THESE FINDINGS?  

1867
01:22:03,520 --> 01:22:08,520
AS I ELUDED TO HEALTH STATUS 

1868
01:22:08,520 --> 01:22:10,480
COVID RISK AS [INDISCERNIBLE] 

1869
01:22:10,480 --> 01:22:14,440
HEALTH AND CHRONIC CONDITIONS 

1870
01:22:14,440 --> 01:22:16,440
ATTENUATED MEDIATIONAL 

1871
01:22:16,440 --> 01:22:17,600
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HB1C. 

1872
01:22:17,600 --> 01:22:22,240
THIS IS SUPPORTED BY PREVIOUS 

1873
01:22:22,240 --> 01:22:24,120
FINDING BECAUSE METHOD ANALYSIS 

1874
01:22:24,120 --> 01:22:25,840
SHOW FINDING IN LONELINESS THAT 

1875
01:22:25,840 --> 01:22:28,160
HAS BEEN CONFOUNDED BY OTHER 

1876
01:22:28,160 --> 01:22:30,960
CO-VARIATES AND CONFOUNDERS AND 

1877
01:22:30,960 --> 01:22:32,400
CONTROLLING THEN RELATIONSHIP 

1878
01:22:32,400 --> 01:22:34,640
WITH COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IS 

1879
01:22:34,640 --> 01:22:37,520
WHEN OTHER HEALTH OUTCOMES 

1880
01:22:37,520 --> 01:22:39,280
WEREN'T SIGNIFICANT. 

1881
01:22:39,280 --> 01:22:40,960
SO SOCIO ISOLATION IN STATE HAS 

1882
01:22:40,960 --> 01:22:43,160
BEEN FOUND TO BE CONSISTENTLY 

1883
01:22:43,160 --> 01:22:45,120
ASSOCIATED WITH COGNITIVE 

1884
01:22:45,120 --> 01:22:47,960
IMPAIRMENT AND OTHER OUTCOMES 

1885
01:22:47,960 --> 01:22:49,640
AFTER FULLY CONTROLLING FOR 

1886
01:22:49,640 --> 01:22:53,040
BUNCH OF CO-VARIATE AND SOCIAL 

1887
01:22:53,040 --> 01:22:55,400
ISOLATION IS BETTER TARGET 

1888
01:22:55,400 --> 01:22:57,640
LONELINESS TARGET FOR OLDER 

1889
01:22:57,640 --> 01:23:00,560
ADULTS AND ACROSS AS MENTIONING 

1890
01:23:00,560 --> 01:23:02,640
IN THE FIRST POINT THERE MIGHT 

1891
01:23:02,640 --> 01:23:04,280
BE POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE 

1892
01:23:04,280 --> 01:23:09,440
UNDERPINNING PATHWAY AND HEALTH 

1893
01:23:09,440 --> 01:23:09,720
S

1894
01:23:09,720 --> 01:23:16,280
STATUS IS A MEDIATOR. 

1895
01:23:16,280 --> 01:23:18,160
THIS LEAD ME TO QUESTION WHETHER

1896
01:23:18,160 --> 01:23:20,960
HEALTH STATUS IS A NECESSARY 

1897
01:23:20,960 --> 01:23:23,080
MEDIATOR IN LONGITUDINAL 

1898
01:23:23,080 --> 01:23:25,920
RELATIONSHIP AND INSTEAD OF 

1899
01:23:25,920 --> 01:23:27,400
BIOMARKERS THIS IS COST RELATED 

1900
01:23:27,400 --> 01:23:30,600
TO BIOMARKERS AND DON'T BELONG 

1901
01:23:30,600 --> 01:23:33,040
TO CATEGORY OF BIOMARKERS 

1902
01:23:33,040 --> 01:23:34,400
FOCUSING ON THAT INSTEAD AND 

1903
01:23:34,400 --> 01:23:37,440
QUESTION TO ASK MYSELF.  

1904
01:23:37,440 --> 01:23:38,360
[INDISCERNIBLE] CAUSALITY IN 

1905
01:23:38,360 --> 01:23:41,040
THAT PEOPLE WITH COGNITIVE 

1906
01:23:41,040 --> 01:23:42,560
IMPAIRMENT HAVING HIGH LEVEL OF 

1907
01:23:42,560 --> 01:23:44,720
CERTAIN BIOMARKERS AND PERHAPS 

1908
01:23:44,720 --> 01:23:47,120
BECAUSE OF THAT THEY HAVE A 

1909
01:23:47,120 --> 01:23:48,440
HIGHER LONELINESS LEVEL THAT IS 

1910
01:23:48,440 --> 01:23:50,480
OUT OF THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY 

1911
01:23:50,480 --> 01:23:52,960
AND WE TRY TO MITIGATE THAT 

1912
01:23:52,960 --> 01:23:54,560
USING SOME STUDY SIGN. 

1913
01:23:54,560 --> 01:23:59,000
SO, THESE ARE CONCLUSIONS AND 

1914
01:23:59,000 --> 01:24:00,880
IMPLICATIONS AND WE CONTRIBUTED 

1915
01:24:00,880 --> 01:24:03,440
TO FOUR DIFFERENT LESSONS FOR 

1916
01:24:03,440 --> 01:24:05,040
FUTURE STUDY AND MOST IMPORTANT 

1917
01:24:05,040 --> 01:24:08,640
ONE IS BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL 

1918
01:24:08,640 --> 01:24:10,240
RELATING THREE CONSTRUCTS OF 

1919
01:24:10,240 --> 01:24:12,640
DIFFERENT NATURE INTO ONE STUDY 

1920
01:24:12,640 --> 01:24:14,280
AND CHECK -- ALSO VALIDATE 

1921
01:24:14,280 --> 01:24:24,960
WHETHER THEORY IS ACTUALLY 

1922
01:24:24,960 --> 01:24:30,000
SO-CALLED SUPPORTED BY DATA AND 

1923
01:24:30,000 --> 01:24:31,680
CO-FOUNDERS THAT ARE IN 

1924
01:24:31,680 --> 01:24:34,000
LONELINESS RESEARCH AND WE CAN'T

1925
01:24:34,000 --> 01:24:36,520
EXTRAPOLATE FINDINGS ON 

1926
01:24:36,520 --> 01:24:38,800
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CONSTRUCT 

1927
01:24:38,800 --> 01:24:39,840
INFERRING COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT 

1928
01:24:39,840 --> 01:24:41,800
AND OTHER OUTCOMES THAT YOU NEED

1929
01:24:41,800 --> 01:24:44,880
THREE IN ONE STUDY TO 

1930
01:24:44,880 --> 01:24:48,480
EXTRAPOLATE OR I WOULD SAY TO 

1931
01:24:48,480 --> 01:24:51,920
INTERPRET COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT 

1932
01:24:51,920 --> 01:24:56,560
OUTCOMES AND WE SUGGEST OTHER 

1933
01:24:56,560 --> 01:24:57,960
MEDIATORS WORTH PURSUING AND 

1934
01:24:57,960 --> 01:25:01,200
ORAL CONTRIBUTIONS FIRST STUDY 

1935
01:25:01,200 --> 01:25:03,040
TO LINK TOGETHER TO UNDERSTAND 

1936
01:25:03,040 --> 01:25:05,440
LONGITUDINAL RELATIONSHIPS AND 

1937
01:25:05,440 --> 01:25:07,560
THESE ARE OTHER STUDIES I HAVE 

1938
01:25:07,560 --> 01:25:09,760
PERFORMED RELATED TO GENERAL 

1939
01:25:09,760 --> 01:25:11,160
BROAD TEAM OF SOCIAL 

1940
01:25:11,160 --> 01:25:12,920
CONNECTEDNESS AND COMMITTED TO 

1941
01:25:12,920 --> 01:25:14,200
PURSUING THESE RESEARCH AND YOU 

1942
01:25:14,200 --> 01:25:17,280
CAN SEE THAT ONE OF THE PAPERS 

1943
01:25:17,280 --> 01:25:20,480
IS ALSO A CO-AUTHOR HERE YOU CAN

1944
01:25:20,480 --> 01:25:20,720
SEE. 

1945
01:25:20,720 --> 01:25:22,560
AND FUTURE DIRECTION FOR PROJECT

1946
01:25:22,560 --> 01:25:27,560
I'M WRITING NIH ON WHETHER 21 OR

1947
01:25:27,560 --> 01:25:31,160
01 SO I COULD USE FEEDBACK FROM 

1948
01:25:31,160 --> 01:25:34,240
THE STAFF HERE. 

1949
01:25:34,240 --> 01:25:38,600
IN THIS SO-CALLED NIH GRANT AND 

1950
01:25:38,600 --> 01:25:41,480
BEFORE I TRY TO APPLY TO ARIZONA

1951
01:25:41,480 --> 01:25:44,560
[INDISCERNIBLE] THAT WAS PILOT 

1952
01:25:44,560 --> 01:25:47,120
GRANT AND SCORE IS NOT BAD AND 

1953
01:25:47,120 --> 01:25:50,400
NO ISSUE IN STUDY DESIGN THAT 

1954
01:25:50,400 --> 01:25:53,720
WAS RAISED BY TWO REVIEWERS AND 

1955
01:25:53,720 --> 01:25:55,480
ONE CONCERN IS NOVELTY OF STUDY 

1956
01:25:55,480 --> 01:25:58,360
AND I HAVE COME UP WITH MODEL 

1957
01:25:58,360 --> 01:26:00,360
AND HAVE RUN STUDIES BASED ON 

1958
01:26:00,360 --> 01:26:02,640
DATA ON MODEL AND WHY DO I HAVE 

1959
01:26:02,640 --> 01:26:05,920
TO REPLICATE STUDY?  

1960
01:26:05,920 --> 01:26:08,960
I'M TRYING TO HAVE SCOPE OF 

1961
01:26:08,960 --> 01:26:12,040
PROJECT TO BE LARGER 

1962
01:26:12,040 --> 01:26:12,960
INCORPORATING PREVALENCIN 

1963
01:26:12,960 --> 01:26:16,200
KRIDENCE MODEL TO GET A PROPOSAL

1964
01:26:16,200 --> 01:26:23,920
TO THE 21 ORE 01 MECHANISM AND 

1965
01:26:23,920 --> 01:26:26,840
INCORPORATE HEALTH DISPARITY 

1966
01:26:26,840 --> 01:26:27,880
FRAMEWORK IN PRESENTER AND 

1967
01:26:27,880 --> 01:26:31,080
[INDISCERNIBLE] WILL ALSO TALK 

1968
01:26:31,080 --> 01:26:38,520
ABO

1969
01:26:38,520 --> 01:26:38,760
ABOUT. 

1970
01:26:38,760 --> 01:26:45,040
I WILL CONTROL FOR BIOMARKERS 

1971
01:26:45,040 --> 01:26:50,480
AND A1D BIOMARKERS AND 

1972
01:26:50,480 --> 01:26:53,320
BIOMARKERS AND WILL JOIN RAJ IN 

1973
01:26:53,320 --> 01:27:01,160
A MONTH TIME AND COHORTS TO TAP 

1974
01:27:01,160 --> 01:27:01,720
INTO AND THAT IS DEFINITELY 

1975
01:27:01,720 --> 01:27:04,320
SOMETHING OF IMPORTANCE AND 

1976
01:27:04,320 --> 01:27:04,840
CONSIDERATION AS WELL. 

1977
01:27:04,840 --> 01:27:08,320
THAT MIGHT BE TOO DIFFERENT FOR 

1978
01:27:08,320 --> 01:27:09,720
[INDISCERNIBLE] AND THAT IS ONE 

1979
01:27:09,720 --> 01:27:11,640
THING AND WILL SEE WHETHER WE 

1980
01:27:11,640 --> 01:27:13,720
WILL GO TO THAT AND LAST SLIDE 

1981
01:27:13,720 --> 01:27:18,680
AND FUTURE DIRECTION FOR MY LAB.

1982
01:27:18,680 --> 01:27:20,720
I HAVE [INDISCERNIBLE]. 

1983
01:27:20,720 --> 01:27:27,440
FIRST ONE IS WHAT I PRESENTED SO

1984
01:27:27,440 --> 01:27:30,160
FAR TWO STUDIES TRYING TO GET 

1985
01:27:30,160 --> 01:27:33,080
FUNDING FOR DATA AS WELL PILOT 

1986
01:27:33,080 --> 01:27:36,480
DATA FROM SINGAPORE AND I 

1987
01:27:36,480 --> 01:27:40,120
RELOCATED TO UNITED STATES 1.5 

1988
01:27:40,120 --> 01:27:43,200
YEARS AGO.  NIH IS NEW TO ME AND

1989
01:27:43,200 --> 01:27:45,120
OTHER FUNDING MECHANISMS AND UP 

1990
01:27:45,120 --> 01:27:47,000
TO SPEED, I GUESS. 

1991
01:27:47,000 --> 01:27:49,480
THIRD ONE IS ON AWARENESS 

1992
01:27:49,480 --> 01:27:51,240
INTERVENTION AND SIMILAR TO 

1993
01:27:51,240 --> 01:27:54,720
SECOND ONE INCORPORATE STUDY ON 

1994
01:27:54,720 --> 01:27:57,040
LONG COVID AND BRAIN FOG AND 

1995
01:27:57,040 --> 01:28:00,440
FUNDED BY ASU AND PILOT DATA ON 

1996
01:28:00,440 --> 01:28:03,920
THAT.  IDENTIFYING MECHANISM FOR

1997
01:28:03,920 --> 01:28:06,000
USING THIS DATA AND CAREER GOAL 

1998
01:28:06,000 --> 01:28:09,400
IS TO SEE REDUCING INCIDENCE AND

1999
01:28:09,400 --> 01:28:14,040
BURDEN OF AD IN THE LONG RUN.  

2000
01:28:14,040 --> 01:28:16,200
I WOULD LIKE TO [INDISCERNIBLE] 

2001
01:28:16,200 --> 01:28:18,800
AND ALSO DO THIS ON OTHER PAPERS

2002
01:28:18,800 --> 01:28:21,760
I PUBLISH AND I WILL SHOW YOU 

2003
01:28:21,760 --> 01:28:23,120
NOW AND I WOULDN'T BE HERE 

2004
01:28:23,120 --> 01:28:25,400
WITHOUT CAREER MENTORS AND ALSO 

2005
01:28:25,400 --> 01:28:27,200
THIS PAPER WOULDN'T BE POSSIBLE 

2006
01:28:27,200 --> 01:28:30,120
WITHOUT HRS AND INVESTIGATOR AND

2007
01:28:30,120 --> 01:28:32,920
PARTICIPANTS AND I LEARNED TOED 

2008
01:28:32,920 --> 01:28:35,000
THAT NIH STAFF AND OFFICER THAT 

2009
01:28:35,000 --> 01:28:37,640
HAVE BEEN SUPPORTIVE OF HRS 

2010
01:28:37,640 --> 01:28:40,000
ALONG WAY MANY YEARS AND ALSO IT

2011
01:28:40,000 --> 01:28:42,680
HAS BEEN GIVING LOTS OF GOOD 

2012
01:28:42,680 --> 01:28:43,480
COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS. 

2013
01:28:43,480 --> 01:28:46,680
AND FUNDING TO ME AND MY 

2014
01:28:46,680 --> 01:28:47,880
COAUTHOR AND WOULD LIKE TO THANK

2015
01:28:47,880 --> 01:28:49,560
YOU FOR ATTENTION AND IF YOU 

2016
01:28:49,560 --> 01:28:53,440
WOULD LIKE TO TAKE QUESTIONS. 

2017
01:28:53,440 --> 01:28:59,880
>>ALL RIGHT.  THANK YOU
DR. 

2018
01:28:59,880 --> 01:29:01,880
ANG.  QUESTION FROM THE 

2019
01:29:01,880 --> 01:29:02,160
AUDIENCE. 

2020
01:29:02,160 --> 01:29:04,240
>>HI.  THANK YOU SO MUCH
FOR AN

2021
01:29:04,240 --> 01:29:05,600
INTERESTING TALK AND THANK YOU 

2022
01:29:05,600 --> 01:29:09,240
FOR CALLING OUT PSYCHOSOCIAL AND

2023
01:29:09,240 --> 01:29:12,760
BIOLOGIC AS INTERACTING IN A 

2024
01:29:12,760 --> 01:29:13,080
MODEL. 

2025
01:29:13,080 --> 01:29:15,880
IT IS INTERESTING TO ME THROWING

2026
01:29:15,880 --> 01:29:18,200
IN A1C EFFECTS ONE WAY AND 

2027
01:29:18,200 --> 01:29:20,440
QUESTION HAS TO DO WITH YOUR 

2028
01:29:20,440 --> 01:29:25,040
MEASUREMENT OF THE BIOLOGIC AND 

2029
01:29:25,040 --> 01:29:25,960
PSYCHOSOCIAL MARKERS AND IN 

2030
01:29:25,960 --> 01:29:27,960
OTHER WORDS SECOND MODEL IS A 

2031
01:29:27,960 --> 01:29:29,680
TIME COURSE I THINK YOU SAID. 

2032
01:29:29,680 --> 01:29:31,840
YOU HAD MEASUREMENTS AT 

2033
01:29:31,840 --> 01:29:33,800
DIFFERENT TIMES AND I WAS 

2034
01:29:33,800 --> 01:29:35,560
WONDERING, AGAIN, HOW YOU USE 

2035
01:29:35,560 --> 01:29:37,400
MEASUREMENTS WHETHER REPEATED OR

2036
01:29:37,400 --> 01:29:40,280
IF USING A1C REPEATEDLY AND DID 

2037
01:29:40,280 --> 01:29:42,240
YOU USE AS A CONTINUOUS 

2038
01:29:42,240 --> 01:29:42,840
VARIABLE?  

2039
01:29:42,840 --> 01:29:45,080
I WILL SIT AND TAKE MY ANSWER.  

2040
01:29:45,080 --> 01:29:45,600
THANK YOU. 

2041
01:29:45,600 --> 01:29:49,720
>>THANK YOU.  THIS IS A
VERY 

2042
01:29:49,720 --> 01:29:52,120
VALID QUESTION THAT GOES THROUGH

2043
01:29:52,120 --> 01:29:54,440
A LOT IN 50 MINUTES AND 

2044
01:29:54,440 --> 01:29:56,600
APPRECIATE YOUR QUESTION AND ONE

2045
01:29:56,600 --> 01:29:58,800
FUTURE DIRECTION I DIDN'T 

2046
01:29:58,800 --> 01:30:01,000
MENTION BECAUSE AS YOU ARE AWARE

2047
01:30:01,000 --> 01:30:04,240
THAT THERE ARE MANY BIOMARKERS 

2048
01:30:04,240 --> 01:30:08,920
AND LONELINESS COULD BE CHANGING

2049
01:30:08,920 --> 01:30:10,240
FOR LONELINESS COULD BE 

2050
01:30:10,240 --> 01:30:13,040
MOMENTARY AND THIS I FEEL LONELY

2051
01:30:13,040 --> 01:30:14,960
AND NEXT I WOULDN'T FEEL LONELY 

2052
01:30:14,960 --> 01:30:17,480
AND SOMETHING THAT I NEED TO 

2053
01:30:17,480 --> 01:30:21,880
ADDRESS INCLUDING ONE 21 OR 

2054
01:30:21,880 --> 01:30:23,880
OLDER PROPOSAL I'M SUGGESTING WE

2055
01:30:23,880 --> 01:30:26,320
WOULD TRACK THEM LONGITUDINALLY 

2056
01:30:26,320 --> 01:30:28,640
AND CHANGES IN MEASURE IN THIS 

2057
01:30:28,640 --> 01:30:30,280
DISCRETE TIME POINT AND 

2058
01:30:30,280 --> 01:30:31,960
ANSWERING QUESTION LONELINESS IS

2059
01:30:31,960 --> 01:30:35,320
AT BASELINE AND THIS WAS AT 

2060
01:30:35,320 --> 01:30:38,040
TIMEPOINT AND COGNITIVE 

2061
01:30:38,040 --> 01:30:40,600
IMPAIRMENT AT EAT YEAR TIME 

2062
01:30:40,600 --> 01:30:42,080
POINT THAT ARE ALL DISCRETE.  

2063
01:30:42,080 --> 01:30:46,640
EACH MEASURE BELONG TO ONE TIME 

2064
01:30:46,640 --> 01:30:48,360
POINT SEPARATELY ACROSS TIME 

2065
01:30:48,360 --> 01:30:48,960
CHANGE COULD BE IMPORTANT 

2066
01:30:48,960 --> 01:30:52,320
BECAUSE OF REASON YOU ARE 

2067
01:30:52,320 --> 01:30:53,080
THINKING OF. 

2068
01:30:53,080 --> 01:30:57,040
>>[INDISCERNIBLE]. 

2069
01:30:57,040 --> 01:30:59,280
>>YEAH.  DEFINITELY THE
THING. 

2070
01:30:59,280 --> 01:31:02,320
ONE THING I DIDN'T MENTION IS 

2071
01:31:02,320 --> 01:31:06,120
THAT SO CALLED THEORETICAL 

2072
01:31:06,120 --> 01:31:08,760
PROPOSITION BY HAWKLY AND THAT 

2073
01:31:08,760 --> 01:31:11,400
HEALTH STATUS IS IN WAY 

2074
01:31:11,400 --> 01:31:14,600
MEDIATING H1BC AND COGNITIVE 

2075
01:31:14,600 --> 01:31:15,360
IMPAIRMENT AND THREE CONSTRUCT 

2076
01:31:15,360 --> 01:31:18,240
AND NEEDING TO THROW IN 4TH 

2077
01:31:18,240 --> 01:31:20,640
CONSTRUCT IN COMPLICATED 

2078
01:31:20,640 --> 01:31:22,400
LONGITUDINAL MEDIATION MODEL. 

2079
01:31:22,400 --> 01:31:24,560
DOES THAT ANSWER YOUR QUESTION? 

2080
01:31:24,560 --> 01:31:26,480
>>ALL RIGHT.  THANKS SO
MUCH 

2081
01:31:26,480 --> 01:31:29,200
AND THAT IS ALL TIME WE HAVE FOR

2082
01:31:29,200 --> 01:31:31,800
QUESTIONS AND THANKING YOU AGAIN

2083
01:31:31,800 --> 01:31:35,200
FOR YOUR FANTASTIC PRESENTATION 

2084
01:31:35,200 --> 01:31:38,520
AND CONGRATULATIONS. 

2085
01:31:38,520 --> 01:31:40,560
>>ALL RIGHT.  WE WOULD
LIKE TO 

2086
01:31:40,560 --> 01:31:43,160
THANK ALL ESI HONOREES AGAIN.  

2087
01:31:43,160 --> 01:31:47,160
WE WILL TAKE A 10 MINUTE BREAK. 

2088
01:31:47,160 --> 01:31:49,880
PLEASE RETURN AT 10 -- EXCUSE 

2089
01:31:49,880 --> 01:31:52,640
ME.  3:10 P.M. EASTERN TIME AND 

2090
01:31:52,640 --> 01:31:54,600
AT THAT TIME ERICA WILL TAKE 

2091
01:31:54,600 --> 01:31:57,040
OVER AND INTRODUCE THE 

2092
01:31:57,040 --> 01:31:58,240
DISTINGUISHED LECTURE.  PLEASE 

2093
01:31:58,240 --> 01:32:03,200
TAKE YOUR BREAK.  THANK YOU. 

2094
01:32:03,200 --> 01:32:04,560
>>AT THE DEPARTMENT OF 

2095
01:32:04,560 --> 01:32:06,360
NEUROLOGY THERE IS A LOT OF BITS

2096
01:32:06,360 --> 01:32:07,760
TO THIS.  [INDISCERNIBLE] 

2097
01:32:07,760 --> 01:32:12,920
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND -- 

2098
01:32:12,920 --> 01:32:15,160
SORRY IF I BUTCHERED THAT AND 

2099
01:32:15,160 --> 01:32:18,400
AUTHOR OF MORE THAN 200 

2100
01:32:18,400 --> 01:32:19,880
SCIENTIFIC PAPERS AND RESEARCH 

2101
01:32:19,880 --> 01:32:21,680
IS CRITICAL IN UNDERSTANDING 

2102
01:32:21,680 --> 01:32:24,800
IMPACT OF AGING BRAIN AND 

2103
01:32:24,800 --> 01:32:26,680
QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION WILL

2104
01:32:26,680 --> 01:32:27,840
FOLLOW PRESENTATION AND WELCOME 

2105
01:32:27,840 --> 01:32:30,640
QUESTIONS FROM VIRTUAL AND 

2106
01:32:30,640 --> 01:32:31,120
IN-PERSON ATTENDEES. 

2107
01:32:31,120 --> 01:32:33,680
>>RECORDING IN PROGRESS. 

2108
01:32:33,680 --> 01:32:36,120
VIRTUAL ATTENDEES MIGHT SUBMIT A

2109
01:32:36,120 --> 01:32:40,360
QUESTION AT ANY TIME DURING THIS

2110
01:32:40,360 --> 01:32:41,760
AND SELECT SEND LIVE FEEDBACK 

2111
01:32:41,760 --> 01:32:45,200
ICON ON NIH VIDEO CAST PAGE AND 

2112
01:32:45,200 --> 01:32:48,400
ENTER COMMENT OR QUESTION THAT 

2113
01:32:48,400 --> 01:32:53,200
WE WILL RECEIVE IN REAL-TIME. 

2114
01:32:53,200 --> 01:32:55,000
THIS IS OUR FIRST IN-PERSON 

2115
01:32:55,000 --> 01:32:59,400
EVENT IN A FEW YEARS AND HAPPY 

2116
01:32:59,400 --> 01:33:02,840
TO ASK TO COME TO PODIUM TO 

2117
01:33:02,840 --> 01:33:10,560
RECEIVE HER AWARD. 

2118
01:33:10,560 --> 01:33:13,040
INSTEAD OF SPENDING TIME ON HER 

2119
01:33:13,040 --> 01:33:15,120
BIOGRAPHY I WILL LET HER GET 

2120
01:33:15,120 --> 01:33:17,000
STARTED.  I THINK THAT I WILL DO

2121
01:33:17,000 --> 01:33:17,360
THIS. 

2122
01:33:17,360 --> 01:33:19,640
>>ALL RIGHT.  I'M
ADMIRING MY 

2123
01:33:19,640 --> 01:33:21,920
AWARD TOO MUCH.  IT IS 

2124
01:33:21,920 --> 01:33:26,160
BEAUTIFUL.  THANKS SO MUCH, 

2125
01:33:26,160 --> 01:33:35,720
EVERYONE. 

2126
01:33:35,720 --> 01:33:39,040
I'M HUMBLED TO ACTUALLY BE THE 

2127
01:33:39,040 --> 01:33:41,960
RECIPIENT OF THIS AWARD THAT IS 

2128
01:33:41,960 --> 01:33:42,840
INTIMIDATING TO LOOK TO SEE WHO 

2129
01:33:42,840 --> 01:33:53,320
HAS RECEIVED IT IN THE PAST.  

2130
01:33:55,080 --> 01:33:57,160
I WANT TO THANK A NUMBER OF 

2131
01:33:57,160 --> 01:34:00,640
PEOPLE THAT INFLUENCED MY WORK 

2132
01:34:00,640 --> 01:34:10,920
IN THIS TALK.  

2133
01:34:37,440 --> 01:34:40,320
COHORTS AND COLLEAGUES THAT SHOW

2134
01:34:40,320 --> 01:34:44,440
EVIDENCE FOR INFLUENCE AND 

2135
01:34:44,440 --> 01:34:46,600
SOCIAL FACTORS FOR BRAIN HEALTH 

2136
01:34:46,600 --> 01:34:49,640
AS WE GET OLDER AND ALZHEIMER'S 

2137
01:34:49,640 --> 01:34:53,280
DISEASE AND DEMENTIAS AND GOAL 

2138
01:34:53,280 --> 01:35:03,800
IS TO SHOW POTENTIAL PATHWAYS 

2139
01:35:04,120 --> 01:35:05,840
AND ALSO INCREASE RESILIENCE YOU

2140
01:35:05,840 --> 01:35:08,680
WILL SEE IN THE TALK AND 

2141
01:35:08,680 --> 01:35:12,440
POTENTIALLY IS A KEY PATHWAY TO 

2142
01:35:12,440 --> 01:35:14,440
MAKING A DIFFERENCE IN THE 

2143
01:35:14,440 --> 01:35:16,080
PREVALENCE IN COGNITIVE 

2144
01:35:16,080 --> 01:35:19,880
IMPAIRMENT AS WE GET OLDER 

2145
01:35:19,880 --> 01:35:21,440
INCREASING RESILIENCE TO 

2146
01:35:21,440 --> 01:35:23,920
NEUROPATHOLOGY AND AFTER READING

2147
01:35:23,920 --> 01:35:28,440
A LITTLE MORE ABOUT DR. MATILDA 

2148
01:35:28,440 --> 01:35:37,520
WHITE RILELY I SAW HOW HER 

2149
01:35:37,520 --> 01:35:48,000
ADVOCACY AND ENTHUSIASM IN 

2150
01:35:50,040 --> 01:35:54,680
INTHUZ AX CHANGES FACE IN 

2151
01:35:54,680 --> 01:35:58,480
RESEARCH AND AGING AND I WILL 

2152
01:35:58,480 --> 01:36:02,760
TAKE TIME TO TALK ABOUT WAYS TO 

2153
01:36:02,760 --> 01:36:06,440
UPDATE INFRASTRUCTURE OF 

2154
01:36:06,440 --> 01:36:08,440
ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE RESEARCH TO 

2155
01:36:08,440 --> 01:36:15,360
MAKE MORE ACCELERATED PROGRESS 

2156
01:36:15,360 --> 01:36:16,200
IN AGING. 

2157
01:36:16,200 --> 01:36:23,080
SO, HERE IS A MODEL. 

2158
01:36:23,080 --> 01:36:26,760
BASICALLY THIS IS A MODEL THAT 

2159
01:36:26,760 --> 01:36:30,560
CENTERS AND PRIORITIZES 

2160
01:36:30,560 --> 01:36:32,840
FUNDAMENTAL STRUCTURAL CAUSES OF

2161
01:36:32,840 --> 01:36:35,400
INEQUALITIES IN HEALTH THAT ARE 

2162
01:36:35,400 --> 01:36:40,600
RACISM AND SEXISM AND XENO 

2163
01:36:40,600 --> 01:36:41,040
PHO

2164
01:36:41,040 --> 01:36:41,280
PHOBIA. 

2165
01:36:41,280 --> 01:36:44,760
THEY ARE ON THE LEFT SIDE OF THE

2166
01:36:44,760 --> 01:36:54,920
MODEL AND ARE STRUCTURAL FORCES 

2167
01:36:54,920 --> 01:36:56,800
THAT ARE TO BE SOCIAL 

2168
01:36:56,800 --> 01:36:59,240
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH WHAT WE 

2169
01:36:59,240 --> 01:37:01,480
THINK OF SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF 

2170
01:37:01,480 --> 01:37:05,760
HEALTH IS DOWNSTREAM FROM 

2171
01:37:05,760 --> 01:37:08,600
FUNDAMENTAL FORCES THAT CAUSE 

2172
01:37:08,600 --> 01:37:12,880
IMBALANCE IN POWER AND IMBALANCE

2173
01:37:12,880 --> 01:37:19,760
IN ACCESS AND IN OPPORTUNITY AND

2174
01:37:19,760 --> 01:37:22,960
THESE EVENTUALLY DOWNSTREAM LEAD

2175
01:37:22,960 --> 01:37:26,800
TO DISPARITIES IN HEALTH AND WE 

2176
01:37:26,800 --> 01:37:27,840
HEARD AMAZING TALKS EARLIER 

2177
01:37:27,840 --> 01:37:30,360
TODAY THAT TALK ABOUT POTENTIAL 

2178
01:37:30,360 --> 01:37:34,800
BIOLOGICAL MEDIATORS BETWEEN 

2179
01:37:34,800 --> 01:37:36,480
SOCIAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS 

2180
01:37:36,480 --> 01:37:39,040
AND HOW THEY RELATE TO LATER 

2181
01:37:39,040 --> 01:37:42,480
LIFE COGNITION AND ONE THING I 

2182
01:37:42,480 --> 01:37:44,160
WANT TO POINT OUT IS THAT 

2183
01:37:44,160 --> 01:37:48,360
GENETICS AND HEALTH CARE ACCESS 

2184
01:37:48,360 --> 01:37:51,720
ARE VERY MUCH DOWN THE ROAD HERE

2185
01:37:51,720 --> 01:37:55,520
IN THIS MODEL. 

2186
01:37:55,520 --> 01:37:59,920
RED ARROWS ARE POINTING TO AND 

2187
01:37:59,920 --> 01:38:01,160
THIS COMPUTER DID A FUNCTIONY 

2188
01:38:01,160 --> 01:38:09,800
THING TO MY ARROWS THAT IS OKAY.

2189
01:38:09,800 --> 01:38:13,280
THEY ARE POTENTIALLY MODERATING 

2190
01:38:13,280 --> 01:38:14,480
BETWEEN NEUROPATHOLOGY IN THE 

2191
01:38:14,480 --> 01:38:18,080
BRAIN AND EXPERIENCE OF 

2192
01:38:18,080 --> 01:38:28,600
COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN LIFE LA

2193
01:38:36,560 --> 01:38:37,840
LATER. 

2194
01:38:37,840 --> 01:38:43,600
THIS IS ME LOOKING BACK INTO THE

2195
01:38:43,600 --> 01:38:44,600
OVERALL STRUCTURE AND HOW I 

2196
01:38:44,600 --> 01:38:47,040
STARTED OUT IN THIS WORK AND WAS

2197
01:38:47,040 --> 01:38:49,560
REALLY AS A POST DOCTORAL FELLOW

2198
01:38:49,560 --> 01:38:53,520
ARRIVING IN NEW YORK CITY AT 

2199
01:38:53,520 --> 01:38:56,440
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY IN 1996 AND 

2200
01:38:56,440 --> 01:38:58,560
WAS FRESH OFF MY DISSERTATION 

2201
01:38:58,560 --> 01:39:02,800
THAT I DID IN SAN DIEGO AND 

2202
01:39:02,800 --> 01:39:08,640
DISSERTATION ADVISORS EGOR GRANT

2203
01:39:08,640 --> 01:39:14,800
AND BOB HEATON LET ME DO A 

2204
01:39:14,800 --> 01:39:16,080
DISSERTATION WHERE GOAL WAS TO 

2205
01:39:16,080 --> 01:39:21,880
HAVE ONLY BLACK PEOPLE ON MY 

2206
01:39:21,880 --> 01:39:26,800
DISSERTATION OF NEUROLOGICAL -- 

2207
01:39:26,800 --> 01:39:37,320
AND -- IT MADE SENSE TO HAVE 

2208
01:39:37,760 --> 01:39:39,840
BLACK PEOPLE IN MY DISSERTATION 

2209
01:39:39,840 --> 01:39:46,640
THAT WASN'T COMMON IN THOSE DAYS

2210
01:39:46,640 --> 01:39:49,720
TO HAVE A DISSERTATION LIKE 

2211
01:39:49,720 --> 01:39:52,360
THAT.  I'M THANKING DISSERTATION

2212
01:39:52,360 --> 01:39:55,520
ADVISORS FOR -- WITHOUT, YOU 

2213
01:39:55,520 --> 01:40:00,160
KNOW, ANY OF THAT DOUBT OR 

2214
01:40:00,160 --> 01:40:03,280
HESITATION THAT REALLY GOES WITH

2215
01:40:03,280 --> 01:40:08,080
MY IDEA ALLOWING TO GROW TO THAT

2216
01:40:08,080 --> 01:40:13,280
AND CAME TO BE AT COLUMBIA 

2217
01:40:13,280 --> 01:40:15,280
UNIVERSITY AND I WANTED TO HAVE 

2218
01:40:15,280 --> 01:40:17,080
EXPERIENCE IN AGING AND WANTED 

2219
01:40:17,080 --> 01:40:18,760
TO LOOK FOR A STUDY THAT HAD 

2220
01:40:18,760 --> 01:40:23,680
BEEN SUCCESSFUL IN RECRUITING 

2221
01:40:23,680 --> 01:40:26,800
AFRICAN AMERICAN AMERICAN AND 

2222
01:40:26,800 --> 01:40:28,240
HISPANIC PARTICIPANTS AND LOOKED

2223
01:40:28,240 --> 01:40:31,240
AT PUB MED AT THE TIME AND 

2224
01:40:31,240 --> 01:40:33,520
FORGET IF IT WAS OVID OR 

2225
01:40:33,520 --> 01:40:35,520
SOMETHING AND LOOKED FOR STUDY 

2226
01:40:35,520 --> 01:40:38,320
WITH MOST PARTICIPANTS THAT ARE 

2227
01:40:38,320 --> 01:40:41,840
AFRICAN AMERICAN AND 

2228
01:40:41,840 --> 01:40:44,400
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL DATA THAT IS 

2229
01:40:44,400 --> 01:40:47,640
Y CAP STUDY IN WASHINGTON 

2230
01:40:47,640 --> 01:40:51,960
HEIGHTS THAT IS AS A SAID IN 96.

2231
01:40:51,960 --> 01:40:57,000
SO, I CAME TO NEW YORK NOT 

2232
01:40:57,000 --> 01:40:58,760
KNOW

2233
01:40:58,760 --> 01:41:01,840
KNOWING ABOUT AGING AND CULTURAL

2234
01:41:01,840 --> 01:41:03,400
EXPERIENCES WITHIN AFRICAN 

2235
01:41:03,400 --> 01:41:06,880
AMERICANS AND HOW IT RELATED TO 

2236
01:41:06,880 --> 01:41:08,600
COGNITIVE TEST PERFORMANCE AND 

2237
01:41:08,600 --> 01:41:12,440
KNOWING I DIDN'T KNOW A LOT 

2238
01:41:12,440 --> 01:41:16,720
ABOUT BLACK PEOPLE IN NEW YORK 

2239
01:41:16,720 --> 01:41:18,200
CITY AND HAD OPPORTUNITY TO 

2240
01:41:18,200 --> 01:41:21,440
VISIT PARTICIPANTS IN STUDY IN 

2241
01:41:21,440 --> 01:41:22,880
THEIR HOMES ASKING QUESTIONS 

2242
01:41:22,880 --> 01:41:24,600
ABOUT THEIR LIVES AND BACKGROUND

2243
01:41:24,600 --> 01:41:26,760
AND WHERE THEY GREW UP AND WENT 

2244
01:41:26,760 --> 01:41:30,880
TO SCHOOL AND WHAT FAMILIES WERE

2245
01:41:30,880 --> 01:41:39,080
LIKE.  I HAVE TO THANK 

2246
01:41:39,080 --> 01:41:40,440
PARTICIPANTS FOR CHANGING COURSE

2247
01:41:40,440 --> 01:41:41,960
OF MY CAREER AND IN TALKING TO 

2248
01:41:41,960 --> 01:41:43,760
THEM I LEARNED THAT MOST BLACK 

2249
01:41:43,760 --> 01:41:46,560
PEOPLE LIVING IN NEW YORK CITY 

2250
01:41:46,560 --> 01:41:49,360
NOW WEREN'T BORN AND RAISE THE 

2251
01:41:49,360 --> 01:41:52,520
IN NEW YORK CITY BUT SOUTH 

2252
01:41:52,520 --> 01:41:55,040
CAROLINA NORTH CAROLINA AND 

2253
01:41:55,040 --> 01:41:56,800
VIRGINIA AND ARE LOTS OF 

2254
01:41:56,800 --> 01:41:58,840
PATTERNS OF MIGRATION FROM THE 

2255
01:41:58,840 --> 01:42:02,080
SOUTH IN THE GREAT MIGRATION 

2256
01:42:02,080 --> 01:42:03,400
THAT IS WHERE BLACK PEOPLE 

2257
01:42:03,400 --> 01:42:05,720
LIVING IN NEW YORK CITY MOSTLY 

2258
01:42:05,720 --> 01:42:07,840
COME FROM THOSE STATES THAT TOLD

2259
01:42:07,840 --> 01:42:10,920
ME AMAZING STORIES ABOUT THEIR 

2260
01:42:10,920 --> 01:42:15,200
EDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCE.  FIRST, 

2261
01:42:15,200 --> 01:42:25,040
THAT THE ALL-BLACK TEACHERS 

2262
01:42:25,040 --> 01:42:31,840
INVESTED AND CARED ABOUT THEIR 

2263
01:42:31,840 --> 01:42:37,600
EDUCATION DURING THE YEAR. 

2264
01:42:37,600 --> 01:42:41,360
FUNDING AND FACT WORKING IN 

2265
01:42:41,360 --> 01:42:45,080
FIELDS AND THE SCHOOL YEAR WAS 

2266
01:42:45,080 --> 01:42:48,080
FOCUSED AND CLOSED DURING TIMES 

2267
01:42:48,080 --> 01:42:50,200
OF HARVEST AND OTHER WORK THAT 

2268
01:42:50,200 --> 01:42:52,480
HAD TO BE DONE AND WAS ONE THING

2269
01:42:52,480 --> 01:42:55,640
THEY TOLD ME STORIES LIKE THEY 

2270
01:42:55,640 --> 01:42:57,000
WEREN'T ALLOWED TO DROP BOOKS ON

2271
01:42:57,000 --> 01:42:59,200
THE GROUND.  BOOKS WERE SO 

2272
01:42:59,200 --> 01:43:04,440
PRECIOUS THAT THEY NEED TODAY BE

2273
01:43:04,440 --> 01:43:14,960
KEPT IN TACT AND WERE HAND ME 

2274
01:43:14,960 --> 01:43:19,880
DOWNS AND WORRIED ABOUT THE FATE

2275
01:43:19,880 --> 01:43:21,800
OF CHILDREN AND GRANDCHILDREN 

2276
01:43:21,800 --> 01:43:23,160
WHO WERE IN SCHOOL WHERE'S THEY 

2277
01:43:23,160 --> 01:43:24,800
WEREN'T SURE THAT TEACHERS HAD 

2278
01:43:24,800 --> 01:43:28,160
SUCH AN INVESTMENT IN THEIR 

2279
01:43:28,160 --> 01:43:28,880
LEARNING.  

2280
01:43:28,880 --> 01:43:31,240
SO, YOU KNOW, THIS IS SUCH A 

2281
01:43:31,240 --> 01:43:32,680
RICH, YOU KNOW, SOURCE OF 

2282
01:43:32,680 --> 01:43:35,040
INFORMATION TO ME.  I ACTUALLY 

2283
01:43:35,040 --> 01:43:39,840
BECAME REALLY INTERESTED AND 

2284
01:43:39,840 --> 01:43:43,680
OBSESSED ABOUT EDUCATIONAL 

2285
01:43:43,680 --> 01:43:46,120
QUALITY AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGIST WE

2286
01:43:46,120 --> 01:43:49,040
HAVE LOOKED AT EDUCATIONAL 

2287
01:43:49,040 --> 01:43:52,840
QUALITY FOR SOME TIME AND YEARS 

2288
01:43:52,840 --> 01:43:55,720
OF EDUCATION AND HOW IT RELATED 

2289
01:43:55,720 --> 01:43:57,200
TO COGNITIVE TEST PERFORMANCE 

2290
01:43:57,200 --> 01:43:58,680
AND QUALITY HAD NOT BEEN 

2291
01:43:58,680 --> 01:44:01,360
EXAMINED IN THE FIELD.  

2292
01:44:01,360 --> 01:44:05,640
SO, THIS IS THE Y CAP STUDY AND 

2293
01:44:05,640 --> 01:44:08,800
RICHARD WAS PI WHEN I STARTED 

2294
01:44:08,800 --> 01:44:12,200
OFF AND NOW MPI WITH RICHARD 

2295
01:44:12,200 --> 01:44:15,440
BRICKMAN AND OVER COURSE OF 

2296
01:44:15,440 --> 01:44:18,160
YEARS STUDIED 6500 ADULTS THAT 

2297
01:44:18,160 --> 01:44:20,560
THESE PEOPLE ARE MEDICARE 

2298
01:44:20,560 --> 01:44:22,520
ELIGIBLE AND WE GET THEIR 

2299
01:44:22,520 --> 01:44:24,320
INFORMATION AND WE HAVE GOTTEN 

2300
01:44:24,320 --> 01:44:28,360
INFORMATION FROM CMS AND NOT 

2301
01:44:28,360 --> 01:44:30,600
ANYMORE. 

2302
01:44:30,600 --> 01:44:34,560
LOOKING AT JOHN KING IN THE PAST

2303
01:44:34,560 --> 01:44:37,200
AND CONTACTED THESE PEOPLE.  

2304
01:44:37,200 --> 01:44:39,520
THEY ARE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE 

2305
01:44:39,520 --> 01:44:41,200
CENSUS TRACKS THAT ARE AROUND 

2306
01:44:41,200 --> 01:44:45,440
THE HOSPITAL AND ARE NOT A 

2307
01:44:45,440 --> 01:44:46,400
CLINIC-BASED POPULATION BUT 

2308
01:44:46,400 --> 01:44:47,080
COMMUNITY REPRESENTATIVE 

2309
01:44:47,080 --> 01:44:49,360
POPULATION AND THIS WAS ALSO 

2310
01:44:49,360 --> 01:44:54,320
REALLY CRITICAL FOR ME AS A 

2311
01:44:54,320 --> 01:45:00,040
NEUROPSYCHOLOGIST HOW DIFFERENT 

2312
01:45:00,040 --> 01:45:11,080
IT WAS FROM A NEURO PSYCHOLPSYC 

2313
01:45:14,200 --> 01:45:18,120
-- CLINICS SPECIALIZING FOR 

2314
01:45:18,120 --> 01:45:19,040
ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND WHAT 

2315
01:45:19,040 --> 01:45:21,120
THEY WERE FINDING IN THIS Y CAP 

2316
01:45:21,120 --> 01:45:24,280
STUDY WHEN I ARRIVED WAS 

2317
01:45:24,280 --> 01:45:25,160
DRAMATICALLY DIFFERENT THAN WHAT

2318
01:45:25,160 --> 01:45:27,520
OTHER STUDIES WERE FINDING IN 

2319
01:45:27,520 --> 01:45:28,920
CLINICS AND ONE EXAMPLE OF THAT 

2320
01:45:28,920 --> 01:45:32,920
IS THAT THEY FOUND THAT THE 

2321
01:45:32,920 --> 01:45:34,840
[INDISCERNIBLE] 4 ALLELE WAS NOT

2322
01:45:34,840 --> 01:45:37,080
ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER RISK OF 

2323
01:45:37,080 --> 01:45:41,440
DEVELOPING DEMENTIA IN BLACK AND

2324
01:45:41,440 --> 01:45:43,200
LATINX PEOPLE IN THE COHORT.  

2325
01:45:43,200 --> 01:45:46,000
THAT WAS A GIVEN IN ALL OF THE 

2326
01:45:46,000 --> 01:45:48,800
OTHER STUDIES THAT HAD INCLUDED 

2327
01:45:48,800 --> 01:45:50,840
MOSTLY WHITE PEOPLE AND SO THAT 

2328
01:45:50,840 --> 01:45:53,040
IS WASHINGTON HEIGHTS AND IN 

2329
01:45:53,040 --> 01:45:57,640
WOOD AND CATCHMENT AREA AND 

2330
01:45:57,640 --> 01:46:02,960
COHORT IS MOSTLY HISPANIC 

2331
01:46:02,960 --> 01:46:04,600
PEOPLE.  ALSO A GOOD NUMBER OF 

2332
01:46:04,600 --> 01:46:07,920
PEOPLE THAT DESCRIBED THEMSELVES

2333
01:46:07,920 --> 01:46:10,040
AS NON-HISPANIC AND BLACK AND 

2334
01:46:10,040 --> 01:46:11,640
NON-HISPANIC AND WHITE AND 

2335
01:46:11,640 --> 01:46:13,520
THINGS WERE CUT OFF IN SLIDES A 

2336
01:46:13,520 --> 01:46:15,600
LITTLE BIT AND WANT TO GIVE 

2337
01:46:15,600 --> 01:46:20,240
THANKS TO REVIEWER 2 OF FIRST 

2338
01:46:20,240 --> 01:46:20,800
R01.  

2339
01:46:20,800 --> 01:46:24,440
ON THE APTA STUDY SECTION 

2340
01:46:24,440 --> 01:46:33,480
WHEREVER YOU ARE AND WHOEVER YOU

2341
01:46:33,480 --> 01:46:34,000
ARE, 

2342
01:46:34,000 --> 01:46:35,560
, YOU CHANGED MY LIFE AND ASKED 

2343
01:46:35,560 --> 01:46:37,720
ABOUT PILOTING AND ASKED THEM 

2344
01:46:37,720 --> 01:46:39,320
ABOUT SCHOOLING I WAS MEASURING 

2345
01:46:39,320 --> 01:46:41,840
READING LEVEL AS A WAY OF TRYING

2346
01:46:41,840 --> 01:46:43,960
TO GET AT SCHOOL QUALITY OR 

2347
01:46:43,960 --> 01:46:46,760
GRADE EQUIVALENT AS OPPOSED TO 

2348
01:46:46,760 --> 01:46:48,600
THE ACTUAL NUMBER OF YEARS OF 

2349
01:46:48,600 --> 01:46:51,600
SCHOOL AND LOOKING AT DIFFERENCE

2350
01:46:51,600 --> 01:46:53,800
BETWEEN NUMBER OF YEARS OF 

2351
01:46:53,800 --> 01:46:55,200
SCHOOL AND THEIR READING LEVEL 

2352
01:46:55,200 --> 01:46:57,600
AS AN INDICATOR OF SCHOOL 

2353
01:46:57,600 --> 01:46:59,120
QUALITY.  REVIEWER 2 SAID DON'T 

2354
01:46:59,120 --> 01:47:00,680
YOU KNOW ABOUT ALL OF THE WORK 

2355
01:47:00,680 --> 01:47:03,960
THAT HAS BEEN GOING ON IN THESE 

2356
01:47:03,960 --> 01:47:06,880
OTHER FIELDS ON QUALITY OF 

2357
01:47:06,880 --> 01:47:09,440
SCHOOL?  NAME SOME RESOURCES FOR

2358
01:47:09,440 --> 01:47:12,480
ME IN PARTICULAR THIS PAPER BY 

2359
01:47:12,480 --> 01:47:16,160
CARD AND CREWINGER THAT ARE 

2360
01:47:16,160 --> 01:47:20,320
ECONOMISTS LOOKING AT CAROLINAS 

2361
01:47:20,320 --> 01:47:24,120
AND COUNTIES IN NORTH AND SOUTH 

2362
01:47:24,120 --> 01:47:26,120
CAROLINA AND FINDING INVESTMENT 

2363
01:47:26,120 --> 01:47:29,000
IN BLACK SCHOOLS IN NORTH 

2364
01:47:29,000 --> 01:47:30,560
CAROLINA IS DRAMATICALLY 

2365
01:47:30,560 --> 01:47:32,440
DIFFERENT AND HIGHER IN 

2366
01:47:32,440 --> 01:47:34,360
INVESTMENT IN BLACK SCHOOLS AND 

2367
01:47:34,360 --> 01:47:37,920
SOUTH CAROLINA AND SORT OF 

2368
01:47:37,920 --> 01:47:40,920
AGRICULTURE AND ECONOMIES AND 

2369
01:47:40,920 --> 01:47:43,080
CHARACTERISTICS OF ECONOMIES ARE

2370
01:47:43,080 --> 01:47:46,480
SIMILAR OTHERWISE, BLACK MEN IN 

2371
01:47:46,480 --> 01:47:48,040
COUNTIES WHERE THERE IS MORE 

2372
01:47:48,040 --> 01:47:49,880
INVESTMENT HAD MUCH BETTER 

2373
01:47:49,880 --> 01:47:54,720
PAYING JOBS AND MUCH HIGHER 

2374
01:47:54,720 --> 01:47:56,800
STATUS JOBS THAN BLACK MEN 

2375
01:47:56,800 --> 01:48:00,400
ATTENDING SCHOOLS IN LOWER 

2376
01:48:00,400 --> 01:48:02,480
INVESTED COUNTIES. 

2377
01:48:02,480 --> 01:48:04,800
PEOPLE LIKE ROBERT MARGO HAD 

2378
01:48:04,800 --> 01:48:08,440
COLLECTED DATA AND PUBLISHED IT 

2379
01:48:08,440 --> 01:48:12,920
IN A BOOK ON THESE SCHOOLS.  

2380
01:48:12,920 --> 01:48:15,120
JAMES ANDERSON WROTE A BOOK 

2381
01:48:15,120 --> 01:48:17,720
ABOUT, YOU KNOW, SORT OF THE 

2382
01:48:17,720 --> 01:48:20,040
EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM FOR BLACK 

2383
01:48:20,040 --> 01:48:23,000
PEOPLE IN THE SOUTH.  

2384
01:48:23,000 --> 01:48:24,800
AS WELL.  

2385
01:48:24,800 --> 01:48:28,320
SO, AFTER READING THESE 

2386
01:48:28,320 --> 01:48:31,200
RESOURCES, I PROPOSED IN ORDER 

2387
01:48:31,200 --> 01:48:33,000
TO RESPOND TO MY REVIEWERS TO 

2388
01:48:33,000 --> 01:48:37,960
COLLECT SOME OF THE HISTORICAL 

2389
01:48:37,960 --> 01:48:39,280
ADMINISTRATIVE DATA. 

2390
01:48:39,280 --> 01:48:41,880
AND I -- I WAS DOING THAT WITH 

2391
01:48:41,880 --> 01:48:48,440
MY SMALL RESEARCH TEAM WHEN I 

2392
01:48:48,440 --> 01:48:50,800
WAS INVITED TO BY TAYLOR HARDEN 

2393
01:48:50,800 --> 01:48:54,600
WHO WAS A PROGRAM OFFICER AT NIA

2394
01:48:54,600 --> 01:48:56,760
AND HEAD OF OFFICE OF SPECIAL 

2395
01:48:56,760 --> 01:48:58,840
POPULATIONS AT NIA TO GIVE A 

2396
01:48:58,840 --> 01:49:00,840
TALK AT SUMMER AGING INSTITUTE 

2397
01:49:00,840 --> 01:49:03,400
FOR RESEARCH THAT SHE HAD IT OUT

2398
01:49:03,400 --> 01:49:05,320
IN Y RIVER AND WE WERE TALK 

2399
01:49:05,320 --> 01:49:07,440
BEING IT EARLIER IN MARYLAND. 

2400
01:49:07,440 --> 01:49:10,040
AND IN READING THE ABSTRACTS OF 

2401
01:49:10,040 --> 01:49:13,800
SOME OF THE TRAINEES WHO WOULD 

2402
01:49:13,800 --> 01:49:16,120
BE THERE I SAW ONE BY MARIA WHO 

2403
01:49:16,120 --> 01:49:20,880
WAS PROPOSING TO LOOK AT THESE 

2404
01:49:20,880 --> 01:49:22,680
ADMINISTRATIVE DATA FOR HER 

2405
01:49:22,680 --> 01:49:25,640
RESEARCH WHICH WAS I DON'T KNOW 

2406
01:49:25,640 --> 01:49:27,520
IF IT WAS DEMENTIA AT THE TIME. 

2407
01:49:27,520 --> 01:49:30,560
SHE WAS GOING TO LOOK AT HRS AS 

2408
01:49:30,560 --> 01:49:32,560
HER COHORT.  

2409
01:49:32,560 --> 01:49:35,480
SO, I MADE SURE I MADE A B-LINE 

2410
01:49:35,480 --> 01:49:38,320
TO HER AT SUMMER AGING INSTITUTE

2411
01:49:38,320 --> 01:49:39,680
AND WE BEGAN A COLLABORATION 

2412
01:49:39,680 --> 01:49:42,440
THAT IS STILL GOING ON TO 

2413
01:49:42,440 --> 01:49:45,000
COLLECT SOME OLDER DATA FROM 

2414
01:49:45,000 --> 01:49:47,640
SURVEYS ON EDUCATION WHERE THEY 

2415
01:49:47,640 --> 01:49:49,560
PROVIDE YOU KNOW THIS 

2416
01:49:49,560 --> 01:49:54,440
ADMINISTRATIVE DATA FOR BLACK 

2417
01:49:54,440 --> 01:49:59,080
AND WHITE SCHOOLS FROM 1960S AND

2418
01:49:59,080 --> 01:49:59,480
70S. 

2419
01:49:59,480 --> 01:50:01,120
BY THE WAY, ANOTHER PERSON I 

2420
01:50:01,120 --> 01:50:04,360
WANT TO THANK IS MOLLY WAGSTER 

2421
01:50:04,360 --> 01:50:08,160
WHO IS A PROGRAM OFFICER AT 

2422
01:50:08,160 --> 01:50:11,080
DIVISION OF NEUROSCIENCE IN NIA 

2423
01:50:11,080 --> 01:50:13,640
WHO REALLY ENCOURAGED ME TO KEEP

2424
01:50:13,640 --> 01:50:16,000
GOING AFTER GETTING MY INITIAL, 

2425
01:50:16,000 --> 01:50:19,080
YOU KNOW, SCORE BUT NOT FUNDABLE

2426
01:50:19,080 --> 01:50:24,080
SCORE ON MY R01.  

2427
01:50:24,080 --> 01:50:26,920
THIS IS WHAT DATA THAT MARIA AND

2428
01:50:26,920 --> 01:50:30,760
I COLLECTED THAT IT SORT OF 

2429
01:50:30,760 --> 01:50:34,520
LOOKS LIKE.  

2430
01:50:34,520 --> 01:50:36,800
IF YOU ARE BLACK AND GOING TO 

2431
01:50:36,800 --> 01:50:40,360
SCHOOL IN SOUTH CAROLINA, SCHOOL

2432
01:50:40,360 --> 01:50:42,360
YEAR IS HALF AS LONG FOR YOU AS 

2433
01:50:42,360 --> 01:50:45,400
IT IS FOR BLACK PEOPLE WHO WERE 

2434
01:50:45,400 --> 01:50:48,800
GOING TO SCHOOL THAT IS ALL 

2435
01:50:48,800 --> 01:50:50,400
ELEMENTARY SCHOOL DATA AND BLACK

2436
01:50:50,400 --> 01:50:52,440
PEOPLE GOING TO SCHOOL IN NEW 

2437
01:50:52,440 --> 01:50:54,720
YORK CITY AND WHITE PEOPLE IN 

2438
01:50:54,720 --> 01:50:56,680
SAME STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND

2439
01:50:56,680 --> 01:50:58,560
THIS IS ELEMENTARY SCHOOL AND 

2440
01:50:58,560 --> 01:51:00,920
YOU ARE SHARING CLASSROOM WITH 

2441
01:51:00,920 --> 01:51:03,120
40 OR 50 OTHER CHILDREN.  IF YOU

2442
01:51:03,120 --> 01:51:06,400
WERE BLACK AND IN DESEGREGATED 

2443
01:51:06,400 --> 01:51:08,760
SCHOOLS IN THE SOUTHERN STATES. 

2444
01:51:08,760 --> 01:51:11,160
THAT IS NOT A GOOD STUDENT 

2445
01:51:11,160 --> 01:51:15,280
TEACHER RATIO IF ANYBODY IS 

2446
01:51:15,280 --> 01:51:18,160
WONDERING.  

2447
01:51:18,160 --> 01:51:20,040
WHAT WE FOUND IN OUR -- THOSE 

2448
01:51:20,040 --> 01:51:23,800
INITIAL STUDIES IS THAT FIRST IF

2449
01:51:23,800 --> 01:51:25,560
YOU CHARACTERIZE SCHOOL QUALITY 

2450
01:51:25,560 --> 01:51:28,240
AS I ORIGINALLY WANTED TO WITH 

2451
01:51:28,240 --> 01:51:30,920
THIS READING LEVEL MEASURE, YOU 

2452
01:51:30,920 --> 01:51:33,480
CAN, YOU KNOW, SEE THAT PEOPLE 

2453
01:51:33,480 --> 01:51:35,520
IN THE STUDY REGARDLESS OF THEIR

2454
01:51:35,520 --> 01:51:38,360
RACE AND ETHNICITY WITH LOWER 

2455
01:51:38,360 --> 01:51:41,200
READING LEVEL HAD A LOWER MEMORY

2456
01:51:41,200 --> 01:51:43,800
AT BASELINE AND MORE RAPID 

2457
01:51:43,800 --> 01:51:45,600
DECLINE OVER TIME.  

2458
01:51:45,600 --> 01:51:49,160
THEN WITH THOSE ADMINISTRATIVE 

2459
01:51:49,160 --> 01:51:52,400
DATA, A COMPOSITE VARIABLE FOR 

2460
01:51:52,400 --> 01:51:55,080
ADMINISTRATIVE DATA AND STUDENT 

2461
01:51:55,080 --> 01:52:00,320
TEACHER RATIOS PER PEOPLE 

2462
01:52:00,320 --> 01:52:03,400
EXPENDITURES THAT ATTENDANCE 

2463
01:52:03,400 --> 01:52:05,880
RATIO, YOU COULD USE THOSE DATA 

2464
01:52:05,880 --> 01:52:09,680
TO COME UP WITH A COMPOSITE 

2465
01:52:09,680 --> 01:52:10,680
CHARACTERIZING Y CAP 

2466
01:52:10,680 --> 01:52:14,000
PARTICIPANTS HAVING LOW EARLY 

2467
01:52:14,000 --> 01:52:16,440
LIFE EDUCATIONAL QUALITY OR HIGH

2468
01:52:16,440 --> 01:52:17,400
EDUCATIONAL QUALITY SHANNON 

2469
01:52:17,400 --> 01:52:20,960
WROTE THIS PAPER YOU CAN SEE 

2470
01:52:20,960 --> 01:52:22,960
RANDOM TRAJECTORIES PULLED OUT 

2471
01:52:22,960 --> 01:52:26,040
FOR THIS PAPER AND IS NOT A HUGE

2472
01:52:26,040 --> 01:52:29,480
DIFFERENCE IN SLOPE OVER TIME OR

2473
01:52:29,480 --> 01:52:30,840
CHANGE OVER TIME USING 

2474
01:52:30,840 --> 01:52:32,120
ADMINISTRATIVE DATA AND 

2475
01:52:32,120 --> 01:52:34,680
INTERCEPT IS MASSIVE.  YOU ARE 

2476
01:52:34,680 --> 01:52:38,400
LOOKING AT SEVERAL YEARS OF AGE 

2477
01:52:38,400 --> 01:52:45,240
OF BENEFIT. 

2478
01:52:45,240 --> 01:52:49,520
MEMORY SCORE OR HIGHER QUALITY 

2479
01:52:49,520 --> 01:52:52,800
OF SCHOOL REGARDLESS OF RACE AND

2480
01:52:52,800 --> 01:52:54,400
FOUND OPERATIONALIZING QUALITY 

2481
01:52:54,400 --> 01:52:56,160
AS READING LEVEL MEASURE 

2482
01:52:56,160 --> 01:53:00,400
ACCOUNTED FOR THE INNO QUALITIES

2483
01:53:00,400 --> 01:53:03,240
IN INCIDENT ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE 

2484
01:53:03,240 --> 01:53:05,240
IN LONGITUDINAL STUDIES THAT WE 

2485
01:53:05,240 --> 01:53:07,280
HEARD IN ONE OF THE EARLIER 

2486
01:53:07,280 --> 01:53:09,680
TALKS WHAT YOU -- WHAT YOU WOULD

2487
01:53:09,680 --> 01:53:13,080
DO IS IN LONGITUDINAL STUDIES IS

2488
01:53:13,080 --> 01:53:14,480
ELIMINATE EVERYBODY FROM 

2489
01:53:14,480 --> 01:53:16,720
BASELINE WITH DEMENTIA AND 

2490
01:53:16,720 --> 01:53:18,720
FOLLOWING OVER TIME TO SEE WHO 

2491
01:53:18,720 --> 01:53:22,160
DEVELOPED DEMENTIA LOOKING AT 

2492
01:53:22,160 --> 01:53:23,720
ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE INCIDENTS. 

2493
01:53:23,720 --> 01:53:25,560
WE FOUND THAT TYPICALLY THIS IS 

2494
01:53:25,560 --> 01:53:28,720
TRUE OF MANY OTHER STUDIES 

2495
01:53:28,720 --> 01:53:30,160
INCLUDING Y CAP THAT AFRICAN 

2496
01:53:30,160 --> 01:53:36,440
AMERICANS IN STUDY WERE ABOUT 

2497
01:53:36,440 --> 01:53:39,640
TWO TO 2.5 MORE TIMES LIKELY TO 

2498
01:53:39,640 --> 01:53:41,960
DEVELOP ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AT 

2499
01:53:41,960 --> 01:53:43,360
FOLLOW UP NOT EXPLAINED BY 

2500
01:53:43,360 --> 01:53:44,800
EDUCATION ALONE AND ACCOUNTED 

2501
01:53:44,800 --> 01:53:47,160
FOR READING LEVEL AND PROXY FOR 

2502
01:53:47,160 --> 01:53:49,880
SCHOOL QUALITY WE COULD ACCOUNT 

2503
01:53:49,880 --> 01:53:53,320
FOR THAT RACIAL DIFFERENCE IN --

2504
01:53:53,320 --> 01:54:03,880
IN RISK FOR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE.

2505
01:54:10,240 --> 01:54:11,600
ANOTHER SOURCE OF EVIDENCE THAT 

2506
01:54:11,600 --> 01:54:16,480
IS CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP Y CAP 

2507
01:54:16,480 --> 01:54:19,440
STUDY WITH THREE DIFFERENT 

2508
01:54:19,440 --> 01:54:21,640
RECRUITMENTS STUDYING WITH 

2509
01:54:21,640 --> 01:54:24,440
ADULTS LONGITUDINALLY WITH 

2510
01:54:24,440 --> 01:54:26,720
DIFFERENT BIRTH YEARS AND BIRTH 

2511
01:54:26,720 --> 01:54:28,760
COHORTS YOU CAN STUDY AT SAME 

2512
01:54:28,760 --> 01:54:31,200
AGE RECRUITING PEOPLE AGE 65 

2513
01:54:31,200 --> 01:54:35,720
YEARS OF AGE OR OLDER TO FOLLOW 

2514
01:54:35,720 --> 01:54:38,760
FOR SAME AMOUNT OF TIME AND 

2515
01:54:38,760 --> 01:54:40,440
MATCHED TWO BIRTH COHORTS FOR 

2516
01:54:40,440 --> 01:54:42,560
AGE AT STUDY AND IN STUDY AND 

2517
01:54:42,560 --> 01:54:48,240
THEIR FOLLOW UP TIME AND FOUND 

2518
01:54:48,240 --> 01:54:51,720
THAT PEOPLE IN LATER BIRTH 

2519
01:54:51,720 --> 01:55:02,160
COHORT HAD AN ADVANTAGE. 

2520
01:55:03,000 --> 01:55:11,560
MY POST DOC WHO IS AT UCSF 

2521
01:55:11,560 --> 01:55:16,840
SHOWED LESS RAPID DECLINE FOR 

2522
01:55:16,840 --> 01:55:20,080
THOSE BORN LATER AND THIS WAS 

2523
01:55:20,080 --> 01:55:23,360
EVIDENT ACROSS ETHNIC AND RACIAL

2524
01:55:23,360 --> 01:55:28,280
GROUPS ACROSS Y CAP AND 

2525
01:55:28,280 --> 01:55:30,920
EXPLAINED BY DIFFERENCES ACROSS 

2526
01:55:30,920 --> 01:55:33,160
COHORTS IN EDUCATIONAL 

2527
01:55:33,160 --> 01:55:36,320
ATTAINMENT YEARS OF EDUCATION 

2528
01:55:36,320 --> 01:55:39,600
AND QUALITY OF EDUCATION AND 

2529
01:55:39,600 --> 01:55:42,800
CHANGES IN EDUCATION AT TIME 

2530
01:55:42,800 --> 01:55:44,960
PEOPLE WENT TO SCHOOL WAS 

2531
01:55:44,960 --> 01:55:48,600
LARGELY DRIVEN BY CHANGES IN 

2532
01:55:48,600 --> 01:55:49,880
COMPULSORY SCHOOL LAWS FOR 

2533
01:55:49,880 --> 01:55:53,040
AMOUNT OF YEARS OF EDUCATION. 

2534
01:55:53,040 --> 01:55:56,560
ALSO INVESTMENT IN SCHOOLS THAT 

2535
01:55:56,560 --> 01:56:00,440
GIVES EVIDENCE THAT EDUCATIONAL 

2536
01:56:00,440 --> 01:56:04,520
POLICIES HAVE A LONG TERM EFFECT

2537
01:56:04,520 --> 01:56:09,360
ON COGNITION LATER IN LIFE. 

2538
01:56:09,360 --> 01:56:12,080
I'M SHOWING THE SAME -- YES!  

2539
01:56:12,080 --> 01:56:15,480
SHE IS EXPLAINING ON REGARDS FOR

2540
01:56:15,480 --> 01:56:17,200
ME AND ANOTHER OPPORTUNITY TO 

2541
01:56:17,200 --> 01:56:18,960
STUDY THESE POLICIES IS THE 

2542
01:56:18,960 --> 01:56:21,600
REGARD STUDY FOR ALL OF THE 

2543
01:56:21,600 --> 01:56:23,160
REASONS THAT DR. FINLEY 

2544
01:56:23,160 --> 01:56:28,400
EXPLAINED IN HER EARLIER TALK.  

2545
01:56:28,400 --> 01:56:29,680
PRIMARILY RESIDENTIAL HISTORY 

2546
01:56:29,680 --> 01:56:35,080
MEASURE AND EVERY PLACE YOU HAVE

2547
01:56:35,080 --> 01:56:38,360
EVER LIVED TRACKING AT COUNTY 

2548
01:56:38,360 --> 01:56:42,240
LEVEL WHERE PEOPLE WERE WHEN 

2549
01:56:42,240 --> 01:56:44,320
THEY BEGAN SCHOOL AND WERE OF 

2550
01:56:44,320 --> 01:56:48,440
SCHOOL AGE AND WHAT WE DID WITH 

2551
01:56:48,440 --> 01:56:52,200
AUDREY AND MARIA AGAIN IS 

2552
01:56:52,200 --> 01:56:54,840
INCLUDED OVER 20,000 PEOPLE IN 

2553
01:56:54,840 --> 01:56:57,040
THE STUDY CREATING A COMPOSITE 

2554
01:56:57,040 --> 01:56:59,960
OF ADMINISTRATIVE SCHOOL 

2555
01:56:59,960 --> 01:57:02,040
VARIABLES I TALKED TO YOU ABOUT 

2556
01:57:02,040 --> 01:57:04,800
BEFORE.  WE CALL IT POLICY 

2557
01:57:04,800 --> 01:57:07,440
PREDICTED YEARS OF EDUCATION.  

2558
01:57:07,440 --> 01:57:09,000
NOT ACTUAL YEARS OF EDUCATION 

2559
01:57:09,000 --> 01:57:11,560
BUT POLICY PREDICTED YEARS OF 

2560
01:57:11,560 --> 01:57:14,720
EDUCATION GIVEN CONDITIONS IN 

2561
01:57:14,720 --> 01:57:17,960
COUNTY WHEN PEOPLE WERE OF 

2562
01:57:17,960 --> 01:57:27,400
ELEMENTARY SCHOOL AGE WE FOUND 

2563
01:57:27,400 --> 01:57:29,560
MORE INVESTMENT THERE WAS IN 

2564
01:57:29,560 --> 01:57:31,600
SCHOOLS IN COUNTY WHERE PEOPLE 

2565
01:57:31,600 --> 01:57:35,040
GREW UP LOWER RISK WAS HAVING 

2566
01:57:35,040 --> 01:57:35,760
COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT AND REGARD 

2567
01:57:35,760 --> 01:57:39,000
STUDY LATER IN LIFE THAT WAS 

2568
01:57:39,000 --> 01:57:41,480
ESPECIALLY CASE IN WHITE MEN AND

2569
01:57:41,480 --> 01:57:44,840
IN WHITE WOMEN BUT NOT SUCH A 

2570
01:57:44,840 --> 01:57:48,360
STRONG EFFECT IN BLACK PEOPLE 

2571
01:57:48,360 --> 01:57:57,720
ESPECIALLY IN BLACK MEN YOU SEE 

2572
01:57:57,720 --> 01:58:03,960
A DIFFERENCE IN RETURNS TO 

2573
01:58:03,960 --> 01:58:06,240
SCHOOL QUALITY AND MARIA AND I 

2574
01:58:06,240 --> 01:58:07,640
THINKING ABOUT WHAT IT IS ABOUT 

2575
01:58:07,640 --> 01:58:10,680
SCHOOL POLICIES AND EDUCATIONAL 

2576
01:58:10,680 --> 01:58:12,960
EXPERIENCE TO TRANSLATE TO LATER

2577
01:58:12,960 --> 01:58:16,520
LIFE COGNITIVE EFFECTS WROTE 

2578
01:58:16,520 --> 01:58:19,840
COMMENTARY WHERE WE ARE THINKING

2579
01:58:19,840 --> 01:58:23,400
ABOUT IT IS NOT JUST BENEFIT TO 

2580
01:58:23,400 --> 01:58:24,960
AN INDIVIDUAL FOR EXAMPLE MORE 

2581
01:58:24,960 --> 01:58:27,760
TIME IN THE CLASSROOM AND LESS 

2582
01:58:27,760 --> 01:58:31,760
TIME BEING YOU KNOW OUT SMOKING 

2583
01:58:31,760 --> 01:58:34,200
OR BEING EXPOSED TO WORK 

2584
01:58:34,200 --> 01:58:36,280
CONDITIONS THAT ARE REALLY 

2585
01:58:36,280 --> 01:58:38,040
HARSH. 

2586
01:58:38,040 --> 01:58:42,760
BUT, ALSO SCHOOLS ARE SORT OF A 

2587
01:58:42,760 --> 01:58:52,640
NEIGHBORHOOD LEVEL RESOURCE 

2588
01:58:52,640 --> 01:58:55,400
POTENTIAL OF BETTER EDUCATED 

2589
01:58:55,400 --> 01:58:57,560
PEOPLE AND NUTRITION AND BETTER 

2590
01:58:57,560 --> 01:58:59,560
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT AND MORE 

2591
01:58:59,560 --> 01:59:02,800
COMMUNITY RESOURCES COULD BE 

2592
01:59:02,800 --> 01:59:04,920
FACILITATED THROUGH SCHOOLS. 

2593
01:59:04,920 --> 01:59:08,440
SO, WE TALK ABOUT A COMMUNITY 

2594
01:59:08,440 --> 01:59:11,400
AND ALSO BEING EFFECTED BY HIGH 

2595
01:59:11,400 --> 01:59:13,520
QUALITY SCHOOLS AND HAVING 

2596
01:59:13,520 --> 01:59:15,840
PEOPLE WHO ARE ATTAINING 

2597
01:59:15,840 --> 01:59:17,240
EVENTUALLY MORE YEARS OF SCHOOLS

2598
01:59:17,240 --> 01:59:19,680
AS WELL AS HIGHER CREDENTIALS IN

2599
01:59:19,680 --> 01:59:23,480
THE COMMENTARY AND I WILL PUT IT

2600
01:59:23,480 --> 01:59:26,600
HERE TO TRIGGER THE IDEA THAT 

2601
01:59:26,600 --> 01:59:28,920
THERE COULD BE MANY, MANY 

2602
01:59:28,920 --> 01:59:31,400
DIFFERENT MECHANISMS AND WE 

2603
01:59:31,400 --> 01:59:34,360
WON'T KNOW UNLESS THERE IS YOU 

2604
01:59:34,360 --> 01:59:37,600
KNOW A STUDY THAT CAN UNDERSTAND

2605
01:59:37,600 --> 01:59:39,200
ALL THESE DIFFERENT LEVELS RIGHT

2606
01:59:39,200 --> 01:59:41,440
IN -- YOU KNOW, RIGHT WITH 

2607
01:59:41,440 --> 01:59:43,400
REGARDS AND Y CAP WE ARE ASKING 

2608
01:59:43,400 --> 01:59:45,280
PEOPLE ABOUT THEIR SCHOOL 

2609
01:59:45,280 --> 01:59:46,480
EXPERIENCE AND GETTING 

2610
01:59:46,480 --> 01:59:48,480
RESIDENTIAL HISTORY AND MAY NOT 

2611
01:59:48,480 --> 01:59:50,280
KNOW.  WE DON'T HAVE SCHOOL 

2612
01:59:50,280 --> 01:59:51,400
BASED DATA ON THEM OR ASKING 

2613
01:59:51,400 --> 01:59:54,800
THEM TO LOOK AT IT 

2614
01:59:54,800 --> 01:59:55,720
RETROSPECTIVELY ON ALL THESE 

2615
01:59:55,720 --> 01:59:57,000
DIFFERENT MECHANISMS THAT COULD 

2616
01:59:57,000 --> 02:00:00,520
BE GOING ON.  WE NEED ANOTHER 

2617
02:00:00,520 --> 02:00:01,120
MODEL.  

2618
02:00:01,120 --> 02:00:04,160
AND NOW I GET TO THANK YOU JOHN 

2619
02:00:04,160 --> 02:00:08,360
KING FOR INTRODUCING ME TO THE 

2620
02:00:08,360 --> 02:00:11,040
PROJECT TALENT STUDY THAT WAS A 

2621
02:00:11,040 --> 02:00:15,000
STUDY OF SCHOOLS IN 1960. 

2622
02:00:15,000 --> 02:00:17,040
AND OF THOSE CHILDREN IN THOSE 

2623
02:00:17,040 --> 02:00:22,680
SCHOOLS AND IN 1960 THEY -- THE 

2624
02:00:22,680 --> 02:00:26,880
NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION 

2625
02:00:26,880 --> 02:00:31,640
RECRUITED 377,000 CHILDREN AND 

2626
02:00:31,640 --> 02:00:33,760
REPRESENTATIVE IN SCHOOLS ACROSS

2627
02:00:33,760 --> 02:00:36,400
THE COUNTRY AND DID A FEW FOLLOW

2628
02:00:36,400 --> 02:00:39,360
UPS OVER TIME AND PROJECT TALENT

2629
02:00:39,360 --> 02:00:44,440
AGING STUDY ACTUALLY STARTED IN 

2630
02:00:44,440 --> 02:00:48,680
2018 AND PROPOSED TO CONTACT A 

2631
02:00:48,680 --> 02:00:51,000
REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE OF THOSE 

2632
02:00:51,000 --> 02:00:54,040
PEOPLE NOW IN THEIR 70S. 

2633
02:00:54,040 --> 02:00:56,960
AND YOU CAN SEE HOW STUDIES 

2634
02:00:56,960 --> 02:00:58,520
PANNED OUT AT THE END AND WE 

2635
02:00:58,520 --> 02:01:03,160
WERE ABLE TO GET COGNITIVE TEST 

2636
02:01:03,160 --> 02:01:05,720
PERFORM

2637
02:01:05,720 --> 02:01:10,080
PERFORM

2638
02:01:10,080 --> 02:01:13,480
PERFORMANCE  FROM 2300 PEOPLE 

2639
02:01:13,480 --> 02:01:18,680
AND 2600 PEOPLE ANSWERS 

2640
02:01:18,680 --> 02:01:19,880
QUESTIONNAIRES OVER THE PHONE 

2641
02:01:19,880 --> 02:01:22,080
FOR US AND TALKING ABOUT LIFE 

2642
02:01:22,080 --> 02:01:25,520
COURSE STUDY OF EDUCATION ALSO 

2643
02:01:25,520 --> 02:01:28,440
THE OTHER PIECE OF IT IS THAT WE

2644
02:01:28,440 --> 02:01:31,960
KNOW WHO IS NOT WITH US. 

2645
02:01:31,960 --> 02:01:33,880
WE KNOW WHO DIDN'T PARTICIPATE 

2646
02:01:33,880 --> 02:01:35,920
AND WHO DIDN'T SURVIVE.  

2647
02:01:35,920 --> 02:01:38,360
THAT IS INCREDIBLY IMPORTANT 

2648
02:01:38,360 --> 02:01:42,240
WHEN YOU KNOW MAKING CONCLUSIONS

2649
02:01:42,240 --> 02:01:47,360
ABOUT EARLY LIFE PREDICTORS AND 

2650
02:01:47,360 --> 02:01:57,720
LATER LIFE COGNITION. 

2651
02:01:59,280 --> 02:02:03,800
 -- BASICALLY WHAT WE FOUND IS 

2652
02:02:03,800 --> 02:02:06,240
ASPECTS OF THE SCHOOLS THAT 

2653
02:02:06,240 --> 02:02:08,800
RELATED TO BETTER COGNITION 

2654
02:02:08,800 --> 02:02:10,920
LATER IN LIFE AND IN PARTICULAR 

2655
02:02:10,920 --> 02:02:14,960
WERE NUMBER OF TEACHERS WITH 

2656
02:02:14,960 --> 02:02:15,800
GRADUATE TRAINING AND PROPORTION

2657
02:02:15,800 --> 02:02:18,880
OF TEACHERS WITH GRADUATE 

2658
02:02:18,880 --> 02:02:21,720
TRAINING IN SCHOOL AND TEACHER'S

2659
02:02:21,720 --> 02:02:23,400
SALARIES ARE STRONGEST 

2660
02:02:23,400 --> 02:02:26,640
PREDICTORS OF COGNITION LATER IN

2661
02:02:26,640 --> 02:02:28,360
LIFE. 

2662
02:02:28,360 --> 02:02:38,880
THERE WAS SOME EVIDENCE THAT MEN

2663
02:02:41,640 --> 02:02:44,680
BENEFITS MORE FROM THESE QUALITY

2664
02:02:44,680 --> 02:02:47,960
OF INDICATORS AND SOME WHITE 

2665
02:02:47,960 --> 02:02:51,000
PARTICIPANTS HAD MORE BENEFIT 

2666
02:02:51,000 --> 02:02:54,520
FROM QUALITY INCREASES IN 

2667
02:02:54,520 --> 02:02:55,640
[INDISCERNIBLE] OF PARTICIPANT 

2668
02:02:55,640 --> 02:03:00,400
AND SO THIS -- I WAS TELLING YOU

2669
02:03:00,400 --> 02:03:10,880
NOW A COUPLE RESULTS OF MY WORK 

2670
02:03:10,880 --> 02:03:17,320
AND RACIALIZED WORKS MOVING INTO

2671
02:03:17,320 --> 02:03:21,000
MORE STUDIES OF SYSTEMS THAT 

2672
02:03:21,000 --> 02:03:23,000
POTENTIALLY CREATE IMBALANCES 

2673
02:03:23,000 --> 02:03:26,880
AND DIFFERENTIAL BENEFITS AND 

2674
02:03:26,880 --> 02:03:37,240
LOVE HOW AJ EXPLAINS 

2675
02:03:41,240 --> 02:03:44,040
INTERLOCKING EXPRESSIONS 

2676
02:03:44,040 --> 02:03:46,560
RACIALIZED BY PHENOTYPIC 

2677
02:03:46,560 --> 02:03:48,200
CHARACTERISTICS AND THOSE ARE 

2678
02:03:48,200 --> 02:03:50,520
ASSIGNED A VALUE AND RESOURCES 

2679
02:03:50,520 --> 02:03:51,320
AND OPPORTUNITIES ARE 

2680
02:03:51,320 --> 02:03:52,920
DISTRIBUTED ACCORDING TO THE 

2681
02:03:52,920 --> 02:04:03,440
VALUE THAT HAS BEEN ASSIGNED 

2682
02:04:04,400 --> 02:04:08,720
THAT HAS BEEN HELPFUL IN MY 

2683
02:04:08,720 --> 02:04:11,080
GROUP IN DESCRIBING HOW SYSTEMS 

2684
02:04:11,080 --> 02:04:14,400
GO BACK AND FORTH AND INFLUENCE 

2685
02:04:14,400 --> 02:04:16,480
EACH OTHER AND HOW BIOLOGY OF 

2686
02:04:16,480 --> 02:04:20,200
THE BRAIN MIGHT BE EFFECTED DOWN

2687
02:04:20,200 --> 02:04:24,160
THE LINE. 

2688
02:04:24,160 --> 02:04:28,440
NIKA AND A TRAINEE WE HAD OVER 

2689
02:04:28,440 --> 02:04:38,200
THE SUMMER FOR T35 GRANT WE HAVE

2690
02:04:38,200 --> 02:04:41,480
AND DANY A MEDICAL STUDENT 

2691
02:04:41,480 --> 02:04:45,880
LOOKED AT NEIGHBORHOOD CONTEXT 

2692
02:04:45,880 --> 02:04:51,040
OF STUDENTS AND LOOKED AT THESE 

2693
02:04:51,040 --> 02:04:52,040
TRADITIONAL INDICATORS OF 

2694
02:04:52,040 --> 02:04:54,520
SEGREGATION IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD 

2695
02:04:54,520 --> 02:04:57,000
THAT FOUND THAT AMONG OUR 

2696
02:04:57,000 --> 02:05:01,320
PARTICIPANTS LIVING IN 

2697
02:05:01,320 --> 02:05:03,600
SEGREGATED AREAS IN WASHINGTON 

2698
02:05:03,600 --> 02:05:06,160
HEIGHTS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH 

2699
02:05:06,160 --> 02:05:08,640
LOWER SCORES ON COGNITIVE 

2700
02:05:08,640 --> 02:05:11,400
BATTERY AND FLIPSIDE LIVING IN 

2701
02:05:11,400 --> 02:05:13,320
DESEGREGATED NEIGHBORHOODS WAS 

2702
02:05:13,320 --> 02:05:14,760
ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER SCORES 

2703
02:05:14,760 --> 02:05:18,200
AND WE ACCOUNTED FOR MEDIATORS 

2704
02:05:18,200 --> 02:05:20,800
THAT WERE NEIGHBORHOOD POVERTY 

2705
02:05:20,800 --> 02:05:23,480
AND INDIVIDUAL LEVEL MEDIATORS 

2706
02:05:23,480 --> 02:05:26,120
ATTENUATING ASSOCIATION AND 

2707
02:05:26,120 --> 02:05:28,680
THERE WAS STILL OVERALL PATTERN 

2708
02:05:28,680 --> 02:05:32,320
OF DESEGREGATED NEIGHBORHOODS 

2709
02:05:32,320 --> 02:05:35,320
ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER LEVEL 

2710
02:05:35,320 --> 02:05:45,480
COGNIT

2711
02:05:45,880 --> 02:05:46,440
COGNITION. 

2712
02:05:46,440 --> 02:05:49,560
I WANT TO POINT OUT I HAD AN 

2713
02:05:49,560 --> 02:05:51,240
AMAZING TEAM AND LAURA WAS MY 

2714
02:05:51,240 --> 02:05:56,440
POST DOCK AND IS NOW A TENURED 

2715
02:05:56,440 --> 02:06:00,040
PROFESSOR AT UNIVERSITY OF 

2716
02:06:00,040 --> 02:06:04,240
MICHIGAN WHO POINTED OUT IN 

2717
02:06:04,240 --> 02:06:07,520
MIDAS STUDY NARROWING OF 

2718
02:06:07,520 --> 02:06:09,600
DISPARITY AND COGNITION AS 

2719
02:06:09,600 --> 02:06:12,440
PEOPLE IN EACH STUDY GET OLDER 

2720
02:06:12,440 --> 02:06:15,880
THIS IS AGE LEVELER EFFECT. 

2721
02:06:15,880 --> 02:06:18,000
ONLY HARDEST PEOPLE FROM 

2722
02:06:18,000 --> 02:06:20,000
MINORITIZED GROUPS SURVIVED AND 

2723
02:06:20,000 --> 02:06:24,640
GET NARROWING OF YOUR DISPARITY 

2724
02:06:24,640 --> 02:06:35,200
OVER WITH AGE -- THIS REALLY BY 

2725
02:06:38,840 --> 02:06:41,200
THE TIME OF RECRUITING FROM 

2726
02:06:41,200 --> 02:06:44,080
BLACK AND LATINX PEOPLE FROM AGE

2727
02:06:44,080 --> 02:06:47,040
55 THERE WAS A LOT GOING ON WITH

2728
02:06:47,040 --> 02:06:50,160
RESPECT TO THEIR COGNITION AND 

2729
02:06:50,160 --> 02:06:51,520
NEUROPANELOLOGY AND SO WE 

2730
02:06:51,520 --> 02:06:53,280
DECIDED TO MOVE BACK IN AGE AND 

2731
02:06:53,280 --> 02:06:56,120
DO THAT BY STARTING IN 

2732
02:06:56,120 --> 02:06:59,120
INTERGENERATIONAL STUDY AND IN 

2733
02:06:59,120 --> 02:07:00,760
ORDER TO UNDERSTAND YOU KNOW 

2734
02:07:00,760 --> 02:07:04,680
WHAT WERE THE MECHANISMS OF INNO

2735
02:07:04,680 --> 02:07:06,080
QUALITIES AND STRUCTURAL AND 

2736
02:07:06,080 --> 02:07:09,320
SOCIAL INFLUENCES WE DID RECRUIT

2737
02:07:09,320 --> 02:07:12,560
CHILDREN OF THE OFFSPRING OF THE

2738
02:07:12,560 --> 02:07:14,200
OFFSPRING AND SLIDES ARE BAD BUT

2739
02:07:14,200 --> 02:07:20,440
YOU CAN SEE PERCENTAGES THERE 

2740
02:07:20,440 --> 02:07:23,560
AMONG 2,000 PEOPLE IN OFFSPRING 

2741
02:07:23,560 --> 02:07:30,000
STUDY NOW AND MOST ARE LATINX 

2742
02:07:30,000 --> 02:07:31,880
AND ARE ALMOST EVENLY 

2743
02:07:31,880 --> 02:07:34,800
DISTRIBUTED BETWEEN PEOPLE 

2744
02:07:34,800 --> 02:07:36,560
SPEAKING ENGLISH AND WHO FEEL 

2745
02:07:36,560 --> 02:07:39,840
MOST COMFORTABLE SPEAK ENGLISH 

2746
02:07:39,840 --> 02:07:43,840
IN OUR EVALUATION PEOPLE WHO 

2747
02:07:43,840 --> 02:07:46,920
SPEAK SPANISH WE HAVE A HARD 

2748
02:07:46,920 --> 02:07:49,400
TIME FINDING WHITE PEOPLE IN OUR

2749
02:07:49,400 --> 02:07:53,280
STUDY AND 26% ARE DESCRIBED OR 

2750
02:07:53,280 --> 02:07:55,640
DESCRIBE THEMSELVES AS 

2751
02:07:55,640 --> 02:07:59,680
RACIALIZED AS NON-LATINX AND 

2752
02:07:59,680 --> 02:08:10,240
BLACK BY PUTTING THIS IN A PIE 

2753
02:08:18,280 --> 02:08:23,120
CHART IT COVERS UP A LOT OF 

2754
02:08:23,120 --> 02:08:24,120
HETEROGENEITY AND 

2755
02:08:24,120 --> 02:08:27,360
INTERSECTIONALITY AND IS 

2756
02:08:27,360 --> 02:08:29,920
OBVIOUSLY VERY DIFFERENT 

2757
02:08:29,920 --> 02:08:32,600
ENTERSECTING LEVELS OF 

2758
02:08:32,600 --> 02:08:35,200
EXPERIENCE HERE EFFECTING THEIR 

2759
02:08:35,200 --> 02:08:36,560
EXPERIENCE. 

2760
02:08:36,560 --> 02:08:40,160
ESSENTIALLY WE TRIED TO MEASURE 

2761
02:08:40,160 --> 02:08:42,200
SORT OF YOU KNOW DIFFERENT 

2762
02:08:42,200 --> 02:08:44,760
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL RACISM IN 

2763
02:08:44,760 --> 02:08:47,320
THE COHORT. 

2764
02:08:47,320 --> 02:08:57,880
WE FOUND THAT PEOPLE RACIALIZED 

2765
02:09:02,640 --> 02:09:04,560
EXPERIENCED DAILY EXPERIENCES OF

2766
02:09:04,560 --> 02:09:06,400
DISCRIMINATION AND THIS IS 

2767
02:09:06,400 --> 02:09:07,440
UNEXPERIENCE A WEEK YOU CAN 

2768
02:09:07,440 --> 02:09:10,880
COMPARE TO REPORTED EXPERIENCES 

2769
02:09:10,880 --> 02:09:14,360
THAT WERE USING [INDISCERNIBLE] 

2770
02:09:14,360 --> 02:09:17,880
WILLIAMS SCALE AND EXPERIENCE OF

2771
02:09:17,880 --> 02:09:20,640
LATINX AND WHITE PEOPLE IN THE 

2772
02:09:20,640 --> 02:09:21,760
STUDY AND DISCRIMINATION SCALE 

2773
02:09:21,760 --> 02:09:25,240
LOOKED AT LIFETIME INSTITUTIONAL

2774
02:09:25,240 --> 02:09:27,160
SXEEXPERIENCES OF DISCRIMINATIOO

2775
02:09:27,160 --> 02:09:28,840
BLACK PEOPLE IN THE STUDY 

2776
02:09:28,840 --> 02:09:32,360
REPORTED EXPERIENCING OVER FIVE 

2777
02:09:32,360 --> 02:09:34,200
INCIDENCES OVER CIVIL RIGHTS 

2778
02:09:34,200 --> 02:09:37,840
VIOLATIONS OVER THEIR LIFETIME. 

2779
02:09:37,840 --> 02:09:40,360
AND HERE IS RESIDENTIAL 

2780
02:09:40,360 --> 02:09:42,680
SEGREGATION.  WE HAVE AN 

2781
02:09:42,680 --> 02:09:43,640
INTERGENERATIONAL STUDY AND ARE 

2782
02:09:43,640 --> 02:09:46,600
ABLE TO LOOK AT SEGREGATION 

2783
02:09:46,600 --> 02:09:50,040
INDICES OF PARENTS IN THE Y CAP 

2784
02:09:50,040 --> 02:09:52,960
STUDY WHERE PARENTS LIVED AND SO

2785
02:09:52,960 --> 02:09:56,880
WE CHARACTERIZE THIS AS THEIR 

2786
02:09:56,880 --> 02:10:00,680
EARLY LIFE EXPOSURE TO 

2787
02:10:00,680 --> 02:10:11,200
RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION WE NOUND

2788
02:10:13,840 --> 02:10:15,400
OFFSPRING STUDY AND 

2789
02:10:15,400 --> 02:10:16,640
DISCRIMINATION AND IN WHOLE 

2790
02:10:16,640 --> 02:10:20,240
SAMPLE WAS ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER

2791
02:10:20,240 --> 02:10:30,360
SCORES ON OUR MEASURE AND WAS 

2792
02:10:30,360 --> 02:10:33,520
EXAGGERATED IN BLACK PEOPLE AND 

2793
02:10:33,520 --> 02:10:37,600
WE HAD LIVE CONFIDENCE INTERVALS

2794
02:10:37,600 --> 02:10:45,720
AND EFFECT IS COMPARABLE FROM 

2795
02:10:45,720 --> 02:10:47,280
EFFECT OF ONE YEAR OF AGE THAT 

2796
02:10:47,280 --> 02:10:49,600
IS THIS ON RIGHT SIDE AND WILL 

2797
02:10:49,600 --> 02:10:52,240
KEEP THIS STRUCTURE GOING WHEN I

2798
02:10:52,240 --> 02:10:56,040
DESCRIBE RELATIONSHIP WITH CIVIL

2799
02:10:56,040 --> 02:11:04,560
RIGHTS VIOLATIONS TO MEMORY 

2800
02:11:04,560 --> 02:11:06,280
FUNCTION WHERE BLACK PEOPLE IN 

2801
02:11:06,280 --> 02:11:08,160
AFTERSPRING STUDY AND 

2802
02:11:08,160 --> 02:11:10,280
RELATIONSHIP WITH EXPERIENCE OF 

2803
02:11:10,280 --> 02:11:13,160
MAJOR DISCRIMINATION AND DELAYED

2804
02:11:13,160 --> 02:11:17,600
MEMORY THAT WAS MANY TIMES MORE 

2805
02:11:17,600 --> 02:11:25,240
STRONGER THAN ONE YEAR OF AGE 

2806
02:11:25,240 --> 02:11:27,200
STRUCTURAL RACISM OVERALL YOU 

2807
02:11:27,200 --> 02:11:29,400
CAN'T SEE IT BECAUSE OF WIDE 

2808
02:11:29,400 --> 02:11:31,600
CONFIDENCE INTERVALS IN 

2809
02:11:31,600 --> 02:11:33,960
STRATIFIED GROUPS AND OVERALL 

2810
02:11:33,960 --> 02:11:37,280
HAVING A SEGREGATED RESIDENTIAL 

2811
02:11:37,280 --> 02:11:38,680
SEGREGATION IN CHILDHOOD WAS 

2812
02:11:38,680 --> 02:11:40,960
ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER MEMORY 

2813
02:11:40,960 --> 02:11:44,040
SCORES IN OFFSPRING STUDY AND 

2814
02:11:44,040 --> 02:11:47,000
AMAZING THING THAT IS GOING ON 

2815
02:11:47,000 --> 02:11:49,320
AT COLUMBIA IS WE HAVE MANY 

2816
02:11:49,320 --> 02:11:50,440
DIFFERENT OPPORTUNITIES TO 

2817
02:11:50,440 --> 02:11:53,600
INTERACT WITH TRAINEES AND 

2818
02:11:53,600 --> 02:11:56,840
CAMERON DIXON IS A STAR U 

2819
02:11:56,840 --> 02:12:01,200
TRAINEE AND STAR U IS AN R25 

2820
02:12:01,200 --> 02:12:03,720
MECHANISM FOR SUMMER 

2821
02:12:03,720 --> 02:12:05,440
TRANSLATIONAL AGING RESEARCH.  

2822
02:12:05,440 --> 02:12:08,680
SHE IS AN UNDERGRAD AND CAME IN 

2823
02:12:08,680 --> 02:12:12,440
A COUPLE SUMMERS AGO ASKING WE 

2824
02:12:12,440 --> 02:12:14,960
HAVE EXPERIENCES WITH 

2825
02:12:14,960 --> 02:12:16,320
DISCRIMINATION AND WHAT ABOUT 

2826
02:12:16,320 --> 02:12:20,440
CAN HOW PEOPLE COPE WITH 

2827
02:12:20,440 --> 02:12:22,480
EXPERIENCES BUFFER THEIR -- THE 

2828
02:12:22,480 --> 02:12:26,000
EFFECT ON COGNITION AND IN FACT 

2829
02:12:26,000 --> 02:12:31,520
SHE FOUND THAT PEOPLE WHO WERE 

2830
02:12:31,520 --> 02:12:35,640
EXPERIENCING HIGH LEVELS OF -- 

2831
02:12:35,640 --> 02:12:37,320
PEOPLE THAT COPED WITH 

2832
02:12:37,320 --> 02:12:43,720
DISCRIMINATION USING HIGH LEVELS

2833
02:12:43,720 --> 02:12:45,080
VIGILANCE HAD BUFFERING OF 

2834
02:12:45,080 --> 02:12:47,120
EFFECT OF DISCRIMINATION ON 

2835
02:12:47,120 --> 02:12:48,880
MEMORY IN OFFSPRING STUDY THAT 

2836
02:12:48,880 --> 02:12:52,440
TRACKS ALONG WITH SOME OTHER 

2837
02:12:52,440 --> 02:12:57,960
RESEARCH SHOWING THAT VIGILANT 

2838
02:12:57,960 --> 02:13:00,000
COPING HAS SHORT TERM BENEFIT ON

2839
02:13:00,000 --> 02:13:04,560
OUTCOMES AND COPING MECHANISMS 

2840
02:13:04,560 --> 02:13:15,080
ARE STRESSFUL THEY THINK ABOUT 

2841
02:13:21,160 --> 02:13:24,880
STRESS AS A REAL CAUSE OF 

2842
02:13:24,880 --> 02:13:26,600
PROBLEMS AND DEMENTIA LATER IN 

2843
02:13:26,600 --> 02:13:28,960
LIFE AND LINKS ARE THERE AND 

2844
02:13:28,960 --> 02:13:31,160
COMMUNITY AND WE HAVE A POST DOC

2845
02:13:31,160 --> 02:13:35,800
ON A K99 NOW AND THEIR ATTORNEY 

2846
02:13:35,800 --> 02:13:40,160
WHO WAS INTERESTED IN WEATHERING

2847
02:13:40,160 --> 02:13:49,520
PHENOMENON ANDAC CELLRATED AGING

2848
02:13:49,520 --> 02:13:52,320
AND RELATING TO BRAIN 

2849
02:13:52,320 --> 02:13:54,440
NEUROPATHOLOGY AS THEY GET OLDER

2850
02:13:54,440 --> 02:13:56,560
AND EASED THIS DESIGN TO LOOK AT

2851
02:13:56,560 --> 02:14:04,360
EFFECT OF AGE ON MRI MARKERS 

2852
02:14:04,360 --> 02:14:06,800
ASSOCIATED WITH ALZHEIMER'S 

2853
02:14:06,800 --> 02:14:09,600
DISEASE AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT

2854
02:14:09,600 --> 02:14:12,320
IN PARENT AND OFFSPRING 

2855
02:14:12,320 --> 02:14:13,040
GENERATIONS. 

2856
02:14:13,040 --> 02:14:16,640
YOU ARE SEEING IN LIGHTER COLOR 

2857
02:14:16,640 --> 02:14:19,960
IN EACH OF THESE FIGURES YOU SEE

2858
02:14:19,960 --> 02:14:24,320
A PLOT OF THE 500 OR SO 

2859
02:14:24,320 --> 02:14:25,120
OFFSPRING PARTICIPANTS WE HAVE 

2860
02:14:25,120 --> 02:14:35,600
DONE MRI STUDIES ON AND THEIR 

2861
02:14:36,440 --> 02:14:39,640
AGE AND YOU CAN SEE IN GENERAL 

2862
02:14:39,640 --> 02:14:43,840
IF YOU ARE NOT WHITE AND YOU ARE

2863
02:14:43,840 --> 02:14:47,000
IN AN OFF SPRING PARTICIPANT AS 

2864
02:14:47,000 --> 02:14:49,360
YOU GET OLDER WHITE MATTER 

2865
02:14:49,360 --> 02:14:53,280
HYPERTENSETY INCREASE AND IN 

2866
02:14:53,280 --> 02:14:55,640
OLDER AND PARENT GENERATIONS YOU

2867
02:14:55,640 --> 02:14:58,640
SEE AGAIN AS YOU GET OLDER WHITE

2868
02:14:58,640 --> 02:15:00,760
MATTER HYPERTENSETIES INCREASE 

2869
02:15:00,760 --> 02:15:02,640
AND INFLECTION POINT IN WHITE 

2870
02:15:02,640 --> 02:15:05,080
AND LATINX GROUPS THERE IS NOT 

2871
02:15:05,080 --> 02:15:06,960
IN BLACK AND AFRICAN AMERICAN 

2872
02:15:06,960 --> 02:15:08,960
GROUP AND SHE INTERPRETED LACK 

2873
02:15:08,960 --> 02:15:12,440
OF INFLECTION AS INCREASED 

2874
02:15:12,440 --> 02:15:16,920
WEATHERING OR ACCELERATED BRAIN 

2875
02:15:16,920 --> 02:15:19,400
AGING IN BLACK OFFSPRING AND IS 

2876
02:15:19,400 --> 02:15:23,280
NOTHING THERE IN LESS RESOURCES 

2877
02:15:23,280 --> 02:15:30,200
PERHAPS OR FEWER OPPORTUNITIES 

2878
02:15:30,200 --> 02:15:33,000
TO REDUCE OR BUFFER EFFECT OF 

2879
02:15:33,000 --> 02:15:35,680
AGE ON BRAIN IN BLACK 

2880
02:15:35,680 --> 02:15:39,240
PARTICIPANTS IN STUDY AND FOUND 

2881
02:15:39,240 --> 02:15:42,880
SAME LACK OF INFLECTION POINT OF

2882
02:15:42,880 --> 02:15:45,680
COURTI COLTHICKNESS MEASURES 

2883
02:15:45,680 --> 02:15:49,440
PUBLISHED IN JAMMA NEUROLOGY 

2884
02:15:49,440 --> 02:15:52,280
RECENT

2885
02:15:52,280 --> 02:15:52,840
RECEN

2886
02:15:52,840 --> 02:15:54,680
RECENTLY THAT STUDY POINTED OUT 

2887
02:15:54,680 --> 02:15:57,160
AND MANY OTHERS HAVE IN 

2888
02:15:57,160 --> 02:15:58,880
IMPORTANCE OF BACKING UP IN AGE 

2889
02:15:58,880 --> 02:16:01,880
OR LOOKING AT PEOPLE AT RISK FOR

2890
02:16:01,880 --> 02:16:04,000
DEVELOPING ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE 

2891
02:16:04,000 --> 02:16:07,680
YOU NEED THE MEASURE OF NEURAL 

2892
02:16:07,680 --> 02:16:08,520
PATHOLOGY TO UNDERSTAND WHAT IS 

2893
02:16:08,520 --> 02:16:14,360
GOING ON AT THIS TIME OF LIFE. 

2894
02:16:14,360 --> 02:16:22,320
BECAUSE THERE IS A GAP BE GAP O 

2895
02:16:22,320 --> 02:16:24,280
THAT CAN BUFFER WITH LEVEL OF 

2896
02:16:24,280 --> 02:16:26,120
NEUROPATHOLOGY IN THE BRAIN AND 

2897
02:16:26,120 --> 02:16:28,360
COGNITIVE DISFUNCTION PEOPLE 

2898
02:16:28,360 --> 02:16:33,680
HAVE WE NEED MEASURES OF 

2899
02:16:33,680 --> 02:16:34,600
NEUROLNEU

2900
02:16:34,600 --> 02:16:37,520
NEUROPATHOLOGY AND NOT EVERYONE 

2901
02:16:37,520 --> 02:16:39,520
CAN DO MRI FOR MANY REASONS.  

2902
02:16:39,520 --> 02:16:41,920
YOU HAVE TO LEAVE YOUR HOUSE TO 

2903
02:16:41,920 --> 02:16:52,440
COME TO MRI MACHINE AT THIS TIME

2904
02:16:55,720 --> 02:16:57,360
WE STARTED TO LOOK AT 

2905
02:16:57,360 --> 02:17:01,640
REVOLUTIONARY WAYS OF LOOKING AT

2906
02:17:01,640 --> 02:17:05,320
TAO AM ILLOID IN THE BLOOD AND 

2907
02:17:05,320 --> 02:17:08,840
WHITE CAP OR PARENT STUDY ADAM 

2908
02:17:08,840 --> 02:17:11,000
BURKEMAN WROTE TAPERS AND LIKE Y

2909
02:17:11,000 --> 02:17:14,600
CAP STUDY THERE IS NO RACIAL AND

2910
02:17:14,600 --> 02:17:18,360
ETHNIC DIFFERENCE IN TAO OR AM 

2911
02:17:18,360 --> 02:17:22,040
ILLOID IN OFFSPRING STUDY OR 

2912
02:17:22,040 --> 02:17:24,600
DATA AND EXAMPLE I USED WHEN 

2913
02:17:24,600 --> 02:17:28,320
FIRST STARTING HOW DIFFERENT Y 

2914
02:17:28,320 --> 02:17:31,360
CAP STUDY IS FROM THOSE OUT 

2915
02:17:31,360 --> 02:17:33,120
THERE THAT ARE CONVENIENT 

2916
02:17:33,120 --> 02:17:35,040
SAMPLES AND YOU MIGHT HAVE VERY 

2917
02:17:35,040 --> 02:17:37,840
DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS FROM 

2918
02:17:37,840 --> 02:17:40,000
PEOPLE AT DIFFERENT RACIAL AND 

2919
02:17:40,000 --> 02:17:40,920
ETHNIC GROUPS COMING TO 

2920
02:17:40,920 --> 02:17:44,160
PARTICIPATE IN STUDIES OR 

2921
02:17:44,160 --> 02:17:47,360
RESPONDING TO ADS AND THIS 

2922
02:17:47,360 --> 02:17:51,120
AFRICAN AMERICANS HAVE LOWER TAO

2923
02:17:51,120 --> 02:17:58,280
OR LOWER AMYLOID OR HIGHER TAO 

2924
02:17:58,280 --> 02:18:02,000
THAN WHITE PEOPLE DO WE DON'T 

2925
02:18:02,000 --> 02:18:04,160
REPLICATE THAT IN 

2926
02:18:04,160 --> 02:18:06,680
COMMUNITY-BASED REPRESENTATIVE 

2927
02:18:06,680 --> 02:18:10,760
STUDY IN WASHINGTON HEIGHT AND 

2928
02:18:10,760 --> 02:18:13,000
PTAO1 NEGATIVE LEVELS WERE 

2929
02:18:13,000 --> 02:18:15,120
ASSOCIATED WITH MEMORY ON THE 

2930
02:18:15,120 --> 02:18:18,280
LEVEL AND YOU HAVE AN IMMEDIATE 

2931
02:18:18,280 --> 02:18:23,080
LEARNING FROM ON TSELECTIVE 

2932
02:18:23,080 --> 02:18:25,800
REMINDING TEST AND DELAYED 

2933
02:18:25,800 --> 02:18:30,080
RECALL AND TAO IS SKEWED IN 

2934
02:18:30,080 --> 02:18:32,640
DISTRIBUTION IN THE COHORT AND 

2935
02:18:32,640 --> 02:18:36,120
WE WANTED TO KNOW YOU SEE THIS 

2936
02:18:36,120 --> 02:18:40,080
AND JUSTINA WHO IS A K99 IN OUR 

2937
02:18:40,080 --> 02:18:49,440
GROUP LOOKED AT PARENT 

2938
02:18:49,440 --> 02:18:52,360
GENERATION AND COMPRISED THEIR 

2939
02:18:52,360 --> 02:18:55,560
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND THEY 

2940
02:18:55,560 --> 02:18:59,880
DID THAT BY DEVELOPING COMPOSITE

2941
02:18:59,880 --> 02:19:01,120
OF EDUCATION AND OCCUPATION AND 

2942
02:19:01,120 --> 02:19:07,400
THIS IS A DISTRIBUTION OF THE 

2943
02:19:07,400 --> 02:19:09,480
CHILDHOOD SES MEASURE BY GROUPS 

2944
02:19:09,480 --> 02:19:12,440
THAT I DESCRIBED TO YOU EARLIER 

2945
02:19:12,440 --> 02:19:14,240
IN THE OFFSPRING STUDY.  

2946
02:19:14,240 --> 02:19:19,000
WE FOUND IN THIS PRELIMINARY 

2947
02:19:19,000 --> 02:19:27,080
ANALYSIS WAS THAT OFFSPRING WITH

2948
02:19:27,080 --> 02:19:32,760
PARENTS WITH HIGHER SES WE 

2949
02:19:32,760 --> 02:19:34,160
ASSOCIATED WITH CHILDHOOD 

2950
02:19:34,160 --> 02:19:38,400
OFFSPRING AND HIGHER EARLY LIFE 

2951
02:19:38,400 --> 02:19:44,880
SES DIDN'T HAVE AS DEEP OR 

2952
02:19:44,880 --> 02:19:47,000
STRONG RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 

2953
02:19:47,000 --> 02:19:49,680
PLASMA TAO AND MEMORY COMPARED 

2954
02:19:49,680 --> 02:19:54,720
TO OFFSPRING WHO HAD LOWER 

2955
02:19:54,720 --> 02:19:55,760
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS DURING 

2956
02:19:55,760 --> 02:19:58,120
CHILDHOOD AND WAS MORE LESS 

2957
02:19:58,120 --> 02:20:02,320
BUFFERING OF THAT EFFECT OR OF 

2958
02:20:02,320 --> 02:20:07,000
TAO ON THEIR MEMORY THAT WAS 

2959
02:20:07,000 --> 02:20:09,640
MORE OR LESS HELD UP ACROSS 

2960
02:20:09,640 --> 02:20:10,760
DIFFERENT RACIAL AND ETHNIC 

2961
02:20:10,760 --> 02:20:15,200
GROUPS IN THE STUDY AND LANGUAGE

2962
02:20:15,200 --> 02:20:24,280
GROUPS I WILL END AND TALK A BIT

2963
02:20:24,280 --> 02:20:28,160
IF I HAVE TIME AND HAVEN'T 

2964
02:20:28,160 --> 02:20:31,280
GOTTEN A CARD YET ABOUT WAYS TO 

2965
02:20:31,280 --> 02:20:32,840
UPDATE INFRASTRUCTURE.  WERE YOU

2966
02:20:32,840 --> 02:20:43,360
SUPPOSED TO SHOW ME THE CARD?  

2967
02:20:44,400 --> 02:20:46,960
OKAY.  ALL RIGHT.  TALKING ABOUT

2968
02:20:46,960 --> 02:20:48,320
UPDATES TO INFRASTRUCTURE 

2969
02:20:48,320 --> 02:20:50,880
RESEARCH AND STARTS WITH REALLY 

2970
02:20:50,880 --> 02:20:52,440
RECOGNITION OF WHOLE RESEARCH 

2971
02:20:52,440 --> 02:20:53,920
ENTERPRISE AS A RACIALIZED 

2972
02:20:53,920 --> 02:20:55,400
ORGANIZATION AND THAT MEANS 

2973
02:20:55,400 --> 02:20:58,920
THERE ARE NORMS AND PRACTICES 

2974
02:20:58,920 --> 02:21:03,160
AND POLICIES THAT ARE IMBEDDED 

2975
02:21:03,160 --> 02:21:05,120
IN WHITENESS AND THAT EFFECT HOW

2976
02:21:05,120 --> 02:21:07,920
WE DO RESEARCH AND I WILL TALK 

2977
02:21:07,920 --> 02:21:13,880
ABOUT INTRODUCING REPARATIVE 

2978
02:21:13,880 --> 02:21:15,560
SOLUTIONS FOR THAT AND IN PART 

2979
02:21:15,560 --> 02:21:17,160
START WITH UNDERSTANDING HOW 

2980
02:21:17,160 --> 02:21:19,880
RACE IS MADE AND PROTECTING AND 

2981
02:21:19,880 --> 02:21:21,400
SUPPORTING NEXT GENERATION OF 

2982
02:21:21,400 --> 02:21:28,440
RESEARCHERS AND ADVOCACY IN THE 

2983
02:21:28,440 --> 02:21:30,440
SPIRIT OF MATILDA WHITE RILEY 

2984
02:21:30,440 --> 02:21:32,200
AND DESCRIBED THAT PROCESS OF 

2985
02:21:32,200 --> 02:21:33,880
ORGANIZATION BEFORE.  I AM 

2986
02:21:33,880 --> 02:21:38,400
SHOWING PICTURES FROM KAMARA 

2987
02:21:38,400 --> 02:21:48,440
JOAN'S GARDENER'S TALE OR 

2988
02:21:48,440 --> 02:21:49,080
ARTICLE THAT IS A CLASSIC HERE 

2989
02:21:49,080 --> 02:21:49,720
THAT IS UNDERSTANDING HOW RACE 

2990
02:21:49,720 --> 02:21:51,200
IS MADE AND PEOPLE WHO WRITE 

2991
02:21:51,200 --> 02:21:55,000
ABOUT THIS IN SOCIUS YOL AND 

2992
02:21:55,000 --> 02:22:01,080
LIKE EDUARDO WHO REALLY 

2993
02:22:01,080 --> 02:22:04,320
UNDERSTAND PROCESS AND SYSTEMS 

2994
02:22:04,320 --> 02:22:07,520
OF EXPOSURE AND SYSTEMS OF RACE 

2995
02:22:07,520 --> 02:22:10,480
MAKING AND CHANGING OVER TIME 

2996
02:22:10,480 --> 02:22:12,120
AND HOW IT CHANGES OVER THE LIFE

2997
02:22:12,120 --> 02:22:14,920
COURSE AND YOU HEAR PEOPLE LIKE 

2998
02:22:14,920 --> 02:22:19,160
AJ JACKSON IN HER PAPERS THAT 

2999
02:22:19,160 --> 02:22:24,000
TALKS ABOUT PEOPLE RACIALIZED AS

3000
02:22:24,000 --> 02:22:25,000
BLACK AND AS WHITE. 

3001
02:22:25,000 --> 02:22:27,200
SHE IS TALKING ABOUT THAT TRYING

3002
02:22:27,200 --> 02:22:29,560
TO REMIND US WE ARE ALL 

3003
02:22:29,560 --> 02:22:32,640
RACIALIZED AND IS SOMETHING WE 

3004
02:22:32,640 --> 02:22:35,280
MAKE AND DO.  IT IS NOT A 

3005
02:22:35,280 --> 02:22:38,840
CHARACTERISTIC OF PEOPLE THAT IS

3006
02:22:38,840 --> 02:22:40,480
REALLY THAT YOU KNOW IMPORTANT 

3007
02:22:40,480 --> 02:22:44,120
FOR ADRD RESEARCH.  THERE IS 

3008
02:22:44,120 --> 02:22:45,400
LOTS INTERPRETATION OF RACIAL 

3009
02:22:45,400 --> 02:22:48,440
DIFFERENCES AS BEING GENETIC OR 

3010
02:22:48,440 --> 02:22:50,920
AS BEING BIOLOGICAL OR RELATED 

3011
02:22:50,920 --> 02:22:53,000
TO DIFFERENCES IN BIOMARKERS 

3012
02:22:53,000 --> 02:22:56,560
THAT ARE SOMEHOW INNATE AND IS 

3013
02:22:56,560 --> 02:23:01,360
LOTS OF INTERPRETATION OF RACIAL

3014
02:23:01,360 --> 02:23:03,760
AND ETHNIC DIFFERENCES RELATED 

3015
02:23:03,760 --> 02:23:07,360
TO LIFESTYLE FACTORS READING 

3016
02:23:07,360 --> 02:23:09,320
GARDENER'S TALE YOU ARE SEEING 

3017
02:23:09,320 --> 02:23:17,720
LIFESTYLE AND IF YOU LOOK AT 

3018
02:23:17,720 --> 02:23:20,480
HEALTH EQUITY RESEARCH IS WAY 

3019
02:23:20,480 --> 02:23:22,880
DOWN THE LINE OF THE FRAMEWORK 

3020
02:23:22,880 --> 02:23:25,080
AND OTHER THING TO POINT OUT IS 

3021
02:23:25,080 --> 02:23:27,920
THAT ADRD RESEARCH HAS BEEN 

3022
02:23:27,920 --> 02:23:33,640
REALLY, YOU KNOW, CORR CENTERED 

3023
02:23:33,640 --> 02:23:35,080
PLACES WHERE BLACK AND BROWN 

3024
02:23:35,080 --> 02:23:39,240
PEOPLE WITH ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE 

3025
02:23:39,240 --> 02:23:44,280
ARE NOT.  THIS SHOWS OVERLAY OF 

3026
02:23:44,280 --> 02:23:48,480
THE SITES FOR ADRDS AND FOR THE 

3027
02:23:48,480 --> 02:23:54,520
-- FOR THE BSR CENTERS AND, YOU 

3028
02:23:54,520 --> 02:23:57,960
KNOW, OVERLAID WITH PREVALENCE 

3029
02:23:57,960 --> 02:24:00,440
AT COUNTY LEVEL OF DEMENTIA 

3030
02:24:00,440 --> 02:24:04,400
AMONG BLACK HISPANIC'S ASIAN 

3031
02:24:04,400 --> 02:24:05,960
AMERICANS AND NORTH AMERICAN 

3032
02:24:05,960 --> 02:24:08,200
NATIVES AND IF WE WANT TO CHANGE

3033
02:24:08,200 --> 02:24:10,920
I THINK THE WAY THAT WE DO THIS 

3034
02:24:10,920 --> 02:24:12,440
RESEARCH WE NEED TO BE PRESENT 

3035
02:24:12,440 --> 02:24:15,160
IN THOSE COMMUNITIES AND THIS 

3036
02:24:15,160 --> 02:24:18,680
MAP IS ONE EXAMPLE OF HOW, YOU 

3037
02:24:18,680 --> 02:24:21,480
KNOW, JUST ADRD RESEARCHERS ARE 

3038
02:24:21,480 --> 02:24:23,080
REALLY NOT PRESENT IN THOSE 

3039
02:24:23,080 --> 02:24:24,160
COMMUNITIES AND IS A REASON FOR 

3040
02:24:24,160 --> 02:24:28,440
THAT.  YOU KNOW, THE WAY THAT 

3041
02:24:28,440 --> 02:24:36,120
ADRD RESEARCH AROSE IN 1980S AND

3042
02:24:36,120 --> 02:24:39,200
RESEARCH OF WHAT IS A CLEAN 

3043
02:24:39,200 --> 02:24:40,600
ALZHEIMER'S CASE YOU COULDN'T 

3044
02:24:40,600 --> 02:24:42,400
HAVE STROKE OR DIABETES OR 

3045
02:24:42,400 --> 02:24:43,960
DEPRESSION AND WHAT THEY REALLY 

3046
02:24:43,960 --> 02:24:46,480
WANTED TO STUDY AND WHO WERE 

3047
02:24:46,480 --> 02:24:49,880
PEOPLE DOING AUTOPSIES?  

3048
02:24:49,880 --> 02:24:51,600
PEOPLE THAT HAD EQUIPMENT IN THE

3049
02:24:51,600 --> 02:24:54,760
YOU KNOW ELITE UNIVERSITIES THAT

3050
02:24:54,760 --> 02:24:56,080
COULD ACTUALLY EXAMINE TISSUE AT

3051
02:24:56,080 --> 02:24:58,320
THAT LEVEL.  YOU KNOW, THESE 

3052
02:24:58,320 --> 02:24:59,720
WERE ALL WHITE PEOPLE.  

3053
02:24:59,720 --> 02:25:02,920
SO, I MEAN, WE ARE TALKING ABOUT

3054
02:25:02,920 --> 02:25:05,160
REALLY A MAJOR SHIFT IN WHO IS 

3055
02:25:05,160 --> 02:25:06,840
DOING RESEARCH AND WHERE WE ARE 

3056
02:25:06,840 --> 02:25:10,000
DOING RESEARCH AND WHAT THE 

3057
02:25:10,000 --> 02:25:10,960
PRIORITIES ARE.  

3058
02:25:10,960 --> 02:25:13,160
AND THAT IS WHY IT IS NOT 

3059
02:25:13,160 --> 02:25:17,240
SHOCKING WHEN YOU LOOK AT 

3060
02:25:17,240 --> 02:25:21,640
STUDIES LIKE CLINICAL TRIALS FOR

3061
02:25:21,640 --> 02:25:24,880
ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE FROM THIS A4

3062
02:25:24,880 --> 02:25:29,800
TRIAL IS AMAZING PAPER BY CASEY 

3063
02:25:29,800 --> 02:25:31,960
DEETERS WHO LOOKED AT PROCESS OF

3064
02:25:31,960 --> 02:25:34,240
HOW BLACK AND WHITE PEOPLE WERE 

3065
02:25:34,240 --> 02:25:38,520
INCLUDED OR EXCLUDED BASED ON 

3066
02:25:38,520 --> 02:25:41,120
VARIOUS SCREENING LEVELS FIRST 

3067
02:25:41,120 --> 02:25:43,200
BLACK PEOPLE WERE MORE LIKELY TO

3068
02:25:43,200 --> 02:25:50,400
BE EXCLUDED AND THEY DIDPER FORS

3069
02:25:50,400 --> 02:25:53,520
WELL OR HAVE SCORES ABOVE CUTOFF

3070
02:25:53,520 --> 02:25:57,200
FOR MEMORY LEVELS FROM INITIAL 

3071
02:25:57,200 --> 02:26:00,080
SCREENING AND LIKELY TO BE 

3072
02:26:00,080 --> 02:26:02,480
SCREEN THE OUT OF PET LEVEL THEY

3073
02:26:02,480 --> 02:26:05,360
WERE LESS LIKELY AS PARTICIPANTS

3074
02:26:05,360 --> 02:26:08,480
WITH WHITE AM ILLOIDS TO GET 

3075
02:26:08,480 --> 02:26:12,440
INTO THEIR BRAIN IN AND GET INTO

3076
02:26:12,440 --> 02:26:18,040
A4 TRIAL AND FIGHTING INCLUSION 

3077
02:26:18,040 --> 02:26:21,560
AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA. 

3078
02:26:21,560 --> 02:26:24,440
I WANT TO POINT OUT COMING TO 

3079
02:26:24,440 --> 02:26:27,000
POLICY YOU KNOW US GETTING AS 

3080
02:26:27,000 --> 02:26:28,400
RESEARCHERS GETTING EVIDENCE 

3081
02:26:28,400 --> 02:26:32,800
THAT IS USEFUL FOR POLICY MAKERS

3082
02:26:32,800 --> 02:26:35,680
IS A HIGH PRIORITY AND WE 

3083
02:26:35,680 --> 02:26:37,160
UNDERSTAND WHAT IT IS THAT WE 

3084
02:26:37,160 --> 02:26:40,120
ARE COMMUNICATING AND HOW WE ARE

3085
02:26:40,120 --> 02:26:43,520
COMMUNICATING IT.  POLICY 

3086
02:26:43,520 --> 02:26:44,360
LANGUAGE MATTERS. 

3087
02:26:44,360 --> 02:26:47,240
THIS IS NAPPA LEGISLATION IN 19 

3088
02:26:47,240 --> 02:26:50,440
-- 2011.  YOU CAN SEE HERE 

3089
02:26:50,440 --> 02:26:52,640
LANGUAGE IS TO INSURE INCLUSION 

3090
02:26:52,640 --> 02:26:55,120
OF ETHNIC AND RACIAL POPULATIONS

3091
02:26:55,120 --> 02:26:58,080
FOR HIGH RISK ALZHEIMER'S AND 

3092
02:26:58,080 --> 02:26:59,560
LIKELY TO RECEIVE CARE IN 

3093
02:26:59,560 --> 02:27:03,480
CLINICAL RESEARCH AND EFFORTS 

3094
02:27:03,480 --> 02:27:06,160
PURPOSES FOR INCREASING HEALTH 

3095
02:27:06,160 --> 02:27:10,200
DISPARITIES IN ALZHEIMER'S AND 

3096
02:27:10,200 --> 02:27:12,560
THAT PARAGRAPH HAS DIRECTED 

3097
02:27:12,560 --> 02:27:15,880
UNBELIEVABLE AMOUNT OF RESOURCES

3098
02:27:15,880 --> 02:27:21,040
THAT WERE NOT AVAILABLE FOR TO 

3099
02:27:21,040 --> 02:27:24,600
ALZHEIMER'S RESEARCH ON SDS 

3100
02:27:24,600 --> 02:27:27,200
PAIRTIES WE NEED POLITICAL WILL 

3101
02:27:27,200 --> 02:27:29,360
TO CREATE LEGISLATION LIKE THIS 

3102
02:27:29,360 --> 02:27:31,560
AND BE ABLE TO KNOW HOW YOU KNOW

3103
02:27:31,560 --> 02:27:33,520
WHAT ARE STRATEGIES TO BE ABLE 

3104
02:27:33,520 --> 02:27:35,600
TO DIRECT RESOURCES TO THIS KIND

3105
02:27:35,600 --> 02:27:36,440
OF WORK?  

3106
02:27:36,440 --> 02:27:38,520
I WANT TO FINALLY SAY THAT YOU 

3107
02:27:38,520 --> 02:27:41,200
KNOW IT REALLY DOES MATTER WHO 

3108
02:27:41,200 --> 02:27:46,920
DOES RESEARCH.  I LOVE THIS.  IT

3109
02:27:46,920 --> 02:27:50,600
CAME OUT THE OTHER DAY 

3110
02:27:50,600 --> 02:27:57,920
COMMENTARY AND RESEARCH IT 

3111
02:27:57,920 --> 02:27:58,520
MATTERS IN SCIENCE AND FOUND 

3112
02:27:58,520 --> 02:27:59,160
AMONG PEOPLE I WORK WITH THAT WE

3113
02:27:59,160 --> 02:28:03,240
ARE ABLE TO INNOVATE MORE IF WE 

3114
02:28:03,240 --> 02:28:07,280
HAVE MORE INCLUSIVE RESEARCHERS.

3115
02:28:07,280 --> 02:28:11,480
WE ARE ABLE TO ACCELERATE IDEAS 

3116
02:28:11,480 --> 02:28:15,280
AND FINDINGS IF WE HAVE PEOPLE 

3117
02:28:15,280 --> 02:28:19,080
WHO ARE COMING FROM DIFFERENT 

3118
02:28:19,080 --> 02:28:20,240
BACKGROUNDS AND DIFFERENT 

3119
02:28:20,240 --> 02:28:20,840
EXPERIENCES. 

3120
02:28:20,840 --> 02:28:22,440
FINALLY, YOU KNOW, I THINK THAT 

3121
02:28:22,440 --> 02:28:26,040
WE NEED TO REALLY PROTECT OUR 

3122
02:28:26,040 --> 02:28:28,160
JUNIOR COLLEAGUES FROM 

3123
02:28:28,160 --> 02:28:29,160
MINORITIZED BACKGROUNDS. 

3124
02:28:29,160 --> 02:28:36,440
THEY ARE ONES WHO WILL REALLY 

3125
02:28:36,440 --> 02:28:42,360
BLOW THIS UNDERSTANDING OF 

3126
02:28:42,360 --> 02:28:43,480
MECHANISMS INTO WHERE IT NEEDS 

3127
02:28:43,480 --> 02:28:46,680
TO BE.  YOU KNOW, QUICKLY, 

3128
02:28:46,680 --> 02:28:49,640
INCLUSION IS NOT EQUITY AND I 

3129
02:28:49,640 --> 02:28:54,040
LOVE THIS PAPER BY SANDRA SUJEN 

3130
02:28:54,040 --> 02:28:55,440
LEE WHO TALKS ABOUT DIFFERENCE 

3131
02:28:55,440 --> 02:28:57,920
BETWEEN HAVING THAT DIVERSITY 

3132
02:28:57,920 --> 02:28:59,360
CHECKBOX THAT IS A REAL THREAT 

3133
02:28:59,360 --> 02:29:03,560
TO HEALTH EQUITY RESEARCH AND 

3134
02:29:03,560 --> 02:29:05,760
HAVING THAT INSTRUMENTAL 

3135
02:29:05,760 --> 02:29:08,040
DIVERSITY IN A STUDY THAT IS 

3136
02:29:08,040 --> 02:29:10,400
ABOUT RECRUITING AND IS ON THE 

3137
02:29:10,400 --> 02:29:13,560
SURFACE NOT ABOUT LEADERSHIP OR 

3138
02:29:13,560 --> 02:29:15,560
ABOUT CHANGING DIRECTION OF 

3139
02:29:15,560 --> 02:29:18,120
RESEARCH AND INVESTMENT IN 

3140
02:29:18,120 --> 02:29:20,040
RESEARCH THAT IS A REAL THREAT 

3141
02:29:20,040 --> 02:29:22,400
TO ADRD RESEARCH IF WE CAN'T 

3142
02:29:22,400 --> 02:29:24,520
GETTIN INSTRUMENTAL DIVERSITY IN

3143
02:29:24,520 --> 02:29:26,960
OUR WORK AND I'M REALLY DONE 

3144
02:29:26,960 --> 02:29:31,160
NOW.  I WANT TO THANK THESE 

3145
02:29:31,160 --> 02:29:35,560
PEOPLE ADAM BURKEMAN AND MY WORK

3146
02:29:35,560 --> 02:29:41,120
PARTNER MARIA GLEE MOOR AND LISA

3147
02:29:41,120 --> 02:29:47,840
BARNES AND DESIREE BURN AND 

3148
02:29:47,840 --> 02:29:50,560
[INDISCERNIBLE] WHO WERE POST 

3149
02:29:50,560 --> 02:29:52,520
DOCKS WITH ME AND COLLEAGUES 

3150
02:29:52,520 --> 02:29:54,720
THAT HEAVILY INFLUENCED MY WORK 

3151
02:29:54,720 --> 02:29:58,720
AND BUNCH OF POST DOCS MIGUEL IS

3152
02:29:58,720 --> 02:30:04,560
AN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AND EMILY

3153
02:30:04,560 --> 02:30:09,080
HOEKET AND JUSTINA REEGER AND 

3154
02:30:09,080 --> 02:30:14,880
ATTORNEY AND NIKA SABULA. 

3155
02:30:14,880 --> 02:30:18,880
LAST THING IS TO THANK NIA FOR 

3156
02:30:18,880 --> 02:30:20,960
ALL FUNDING THAT HAS SUPPORTED 

3157
02:30:20,960 --> 02:30:22,280
THIS WORK AND PARTICIPANTS IN 

3158
02:30:22,280 --> 02:30:24,680
ALL OF THE STUDIES THAT WENT 

3159
02:30:24,680 --> 02:30:28,160
INTO THE WORK THAT I SHOWED 

3160
02:30:28,160 --> 02:30:28,400
TODAY. 

3161
02:30:28,400 --> 02:30:30,400
THANK YOU!  

3162
02:30:30,400 --> 02:30:31,120
>>[APPLAUSE]. 

3163
02:30:31,120 --> 02:30:32,920
>>YES.  THANK YOU SO
MUCH.  

3164
02:30:32,920 --> 02:30:35,240
PLEASE DO STAY.  I AM GLAD YOU 

3165
02:30:35,240 --> 02:30:37,040
-- I DON'T KNOW WHEN YOU WERE 

3166
02:30:37,040 --> 02:30:40,160
SUPPOSED TO STOP BUT LAST BIT 

3167
02:30:40,160 --> 02:30:43,280
WAS PARTICULARLY -- LAST BIT WAS

3168
02:30:43,280 --> 02:30:45,000
ALL IMPORTANT.  ANYWAY, I WILL 

3169
02:30:45,000 --> 02:30:48,000
USE MY PODIUM TO ASK MY OWN 

3170
02:30:48,000 --> 02:30:49,600
QUESTION.  

3171
02:30:49,600 --> 02:30:51,440
SO, I HAVE CERTAINLY APPRECIATED

3172
02:30:51,440 --> 02:30:54,840
CONNECTION BETWEEN EARLY AND 

3173
02:30:54,840 --> 02:30:56,400
LATER LIFE. 

3174
02:30:56,400 --> 02:30:59,680
AS WE KNOW THINGS MAY NOT CHANGE

3175
02:30:59,680 --> 02:31:02,600
IN EARLY LIFE BUT THINGS WE CAN 

3176
02:31:02,600 --> 02:31:04,880
DO IN MID LIFE?  PLEASE SAY YES.

3177
02:31:04,880 --> 02:31:08,880
>>YES.  YES.  I THINK
THAT IS 

3178
02:31:08,880 --> 02:31:12,760
ONE MAIN REASON WE THINK WE HAVE

3179
02:31:12,760 --> 02:31:15,160
SO MUCH INTEREST IN OFFSPRING 

3180
02:31:15,160 --> 02:31:18,800
STUDY AND ONE THING THAT YOU 

3181
02:31:18,800 --> 02:31:23,840
KNOW I CAN TELL YOU YOU KNOW IS 

3182
02:31:23,840 --> 02:31:26,640
THAT YOU KNOW IN THE OFFSPRING 

3183
02:31:26,640 --> 02:31:33,520
GENERATION THERE IS REALLY AN 

3184
02:31:33,520 --> 02:31:34,000
ON

3185
02:31:34,000 --> 02:31:36,000
ONNING EDUCATION PROCESS AND 

3186
02:31:36,000 --> 02:31:38,520
PEOPLE ARE GOING BACK TO SCHOOL 

3187
02:31:38,520 --> 02:31:39,960
AND FINDING OPPORTUNITIES TO GO 

3188
02:31:39,960 --> 02:31:43,920
BACK TO SCHOOL AND WHETHER IT IS

3189
02:31:43,920 --> 02:31:46,560
ENGAGEMENT OR SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

3190
02:31:46,560 --> 02:31:50,560
AROUND THAT, I THINK IT REALLY 

3191
02:31:50,560 --> 02:31:54,120
HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH BENEFIT

3192
02:31:54,120 --> 02:31:59,000
EVEN IN MID-LIFE.  I THINK THAT 

3193
02:31:59,000 --> 02:32:02,240
ACTUALLY JESSICA FINLEY TALKED 

3194
02:32:02,240 --> 02:32:04,040
TO US ABOUT OTHER IMPORTANT 

3195
02:32:04,040 --> 02:32:06,840
MECHANISMS LIKE SOCIAL 

3196
02:32:06,840 --> 02:32:07,680
ENVIRONMENT. 

3197
02:32:07,680 --> 02:32:10,440
YOU KNOW, FAMILY SUPPORT IS NOT 

3198
02:32:10,440 --> 02:32:13,920
NECESSARILY ASSOCIATED WITH 

3199
02:32:13,920 --> 02:32:14,760
BETTER COGNITIVE FUNCTION AS 

3200
02:32:14,760 --> 02:32:16,440
PEOPLE GET OLDER BUT FRIEND 

3201
02:32:16,440 --> 02:32:17,720
SUPPORT IS.  

3202
02:32:17,720 --> 02:32:21,080
SO, I THINK THAT IS WHERE, YOU 

3203
02:32:21,080 --> 02:32:23,760
KNOW, IN MID-LIFE WE CAN FOCUS 

3204
02:32:23,760 --> 02:32:27,640
THOSE MEANINGFUL CONNECTIONS. 

3205
02:32:27,640 --> 02:32:31,800
AND ALSO MAYBE THOSE, YOU KNOW, 

3206
02:32:31,800 --> 02:32:38,040
I SAW THAT TONY ANTONUCCI WAS 

3207
02:32:38,040 --> 02:32:41,160
QUOTED IN NEW YORK TIMES ABOUT 

3208
02:32:41,160 --> 02:32:44,840
WEAK TIES THAT CAN SUPPORT YOU 

3209
02:32:44,840 --> 02:32:48,480
KNOW THAT SOCIAL INTERACTION AS 

3210
02:32:48,480 --> 02:32:50,920
WE GET OLDER. 

3211
02:32:50,920 --> 02:32:52,360
>>THERE HAS TO BE
QUESTIONS 

3212
02:32:52,360 --> 02:32:54,160
FROM THE AUDIENCE AND LOST 

3213
02:32:54,160 --> 02:32:56,200
CONNECTION TO ONLINE QUESTIONS. 

3214
02:32:56,200 --> 02:32:57,320
COULD YOU SCREEN FOR ME. 

3215
02:32:57,320 --> 02:32:58,440
>>YEAH. 

3216
02:32:58,440 --> 02:33:02,960
>>THANKS.  IF ANY COME
UP.  I 

3217
02:33:02,960 --> 02:33:05,320
GUESS THERE WAS -- JOHN CAME UP.

3218
02:33:05,320 --> 02:33:08,400
I WOULDN'T BE SURPRISED IF HE 

3219
02:33:08,400 --> 02:33:10,160
DIDN'T HAVE A QUESTION. 

3220
02:33:10,160 --> 02:33:13,000
>>THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR
KIND 

3221
02:33:13,000 --> 02:33:13,240
WORDS. 

3222
02:33:13,240 --> 02:33:14,200
>>WELL DESERVED. 

3223
02:33:14,200 --> 02:33:16,320
>>SHE ELUDE TODAY I'M
PROJECT 

3224
02:33:16,320 --> 02:33:18,680
SCIENTIST FOR HEALTH AND 

3225
02:33:18,680 --> 02:33:19,920
RETIREMENT STUDY AND FOR SEVERAL

3226
02:33:19,920 --> 02:33:23,520
RELATED PROJECTS AND IS 

3227
02:33:23,520 --> 02:33:24,680
INTERESTING AND POINTING OUT 

3228
02:33:24,680 --> 02:33:27,360
FREE RESOURCE AND USING DATA IN 

3229
02:33:27,360 --> 02:33:29,200
FACT ONE SPEAKER DID TODAY 

3230
02:33:29,200 --> 02:33:31,200
ALREADY.  ONE THING POINTING OUT

3231
02:33:31,200 --> 02:33:33,800
PARTICULARLY SINCE I THINK IT 

3232
02:33:33,800 --> 02:33:35,880
COMES INTO QUESTIONS THAT ARE 

3233
02:33:35,880 --> 02:33:36,800
GETTING RAISED HERE ABOUT 

3234
02:33:36,800 --> 02:33:38,760
EFFECTS OF EDUCATION AND 

3235
02:33:38,760 --> 02:33:40,680
EDUCATIONAL AATTAINMENT AND 

3236
02:33:40,680 --> 02:33:42,680
QUALITY IS NIA SUPPORTS 

3237
02:33:42,680 --> 02:33:45,480
BASICALLY AN ENTIRE FAMILY OF 

3238
02:33:45,480 --> 02:33:47,040
EDUCATIONAL COHORT STUDIES THAT 

3239
02:33:47,040 --> 02:33:50,040
WERE STUDIES THAT STARTED EITHER

3240
02:33:50,040 --> 02:33:52,440
PROJECT TALENT BY WHAT NOW 

3241
02:33:52,440 --> 02:33:53,720
BECAME DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 

3242
02:33:53,720 --> 02:33:56,520
AND I WILL ALSO INCLUDE THE 

3243
02:33:56,520 --> 02:33:58,840
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND NLSY79 

3244
02:33:58,840 --> 02:34:01,360
IS THE NATIONAL LONGITUDINAL 

3245
02:34:01,360 --> 02:34:03,800
STUDY OF YOUTH IN 1979 AND ARE 

3246
02:34:03,800 --> 02:34:06,040
NOT YOUTH ANYMORE ABOUT YOU LIKE

3247
02:34:06,040 --> 02:34:09,200
ME.  SIMILARLY I GUESS WE WILL 

3248
02:34:09,200 --> 02:34:12,440
HAVE TO HEAR NEXT TALKS ABOUT 

3249
02:34:12,440 --> 02:34:13,760
HIGH SCHOOL AND BEYOND STUDY 

3250
02:34:13,760 --> 02:34:17,120
THAT IS INVOLVED IN AND ADDING 

3251
02:34:17,120 --> 02:34:20,320
HEALTH AND NLS72 AND SO ON THAT 

3252
02:34:20,320 --> 02:34:22,080
IS GREAT AND GIVES WHAT WE WANT 

3253
02:34:22,080 --> 02:34:25,040
FOR THIS STUDY THAT IS AGE 

3254
02:34:25,040 --> 02:34:27,120
PERIOD COHORT KIND OF THING AND 

3255
02:34:27,120 --> 02:34:28,520
LOOK AT PEOPLE WITH MANY 

3256
02:34:28,520 --> 02:34:30,560
DIFFERENT AGES NOW AND DIFFERENT

3257
02:34:30,560 --> 02:34:32,440
PERIODS AND COHORTS THAT IS GOOD

3258
02:34:32,440 --> 02:34:35,200
TO HELP US UNDERSTAND TO GET TO 

3259
02:34:35,200 --> 02:34:38,440
ERICA'S QUESTION WHAT MIGHT BE 

3260
02:34:38,440 --> 02:34:40,520
REVERSIBLE AND CHANGEABLE IN 

3261
02:34:40,520 --> 02:34:42,600
MID-LIFE AND DIFFERENCES IN VERY

3262
02:34:42,600 --> 02:34:44,760
EARLY EXPERIENCE WHAT IT MIGHT 

3263
02:34:44,760 --> 02:34:46,760
MEAN TODAY OR MORE LIKE TODAY 

3264
02:34:46,760 --> 02:34:49,640
THAN WE HAVE GOT RIGHT NOW 

3265
02:34:49,640 --> 02:34:50,280
GOING. 

3266
02:34:50,280 --> 02:34:52,000
I GUESS THAT WASN'T A QUESTION. 

3267
02:34:52,000 --> 02:34:55,000
>>OKAY, JOHN.  I FORGIVE
YOU.  

3268
02:34:55,000 --> 02:34:56,440
YOU ARE PLUGGING REALLY 

3269
02:34:56,440 --> 02:34:58,360
IMPORTANT COHORTS THAT, YOU 

3270
02:34:58,360 --> 02:35:00,160
KNOW, FOR PEOPLE WHO ARE 

3271
02:35:00,160 --> 02:35:02,000
INTERESTED IN EDUCATION AND ALSO

3272
02:35:02,000 --> 02:35:08,000
THE REVERSIBILITY, YOU KNOW, OF 

3273
02:35:08,000 --> 02:35:13,400
MAYBE EDUCATIONAL DISADVANTAGE 

3274
02:35:13,400 --> 02:35:15,440
THAT, YOU KNOW, IN FOLLOWING 

3275
02:35:15,440 --> 02:35:17,880
PEOPLE OVER THE COURSE OF THEIR 

3276
02:35:17,880 --> 02:35:19,880
LIVES WE CAN LOOK AT DIFFERENT 

3277
02:35:19,880 --> 02:35:21,240
TRAJECTORIES AND LOOK TO SEE 

3278
02:35:21,240 --> 02:35:25,440
WHAT IS PUSHING AND PULLING 

3279
02:35:25,440 --> 02:35:28,560
COGNITION ONE WAY OR ANOTHER. 

3280
02:35:28,560 --> 02:35:32,200
>>I WILL TRY TO BALANCE. 

3281
02:35:32,200 --> 02:35:34,000
THANKS HERE.  THERE IS -- THANKS

3282
02:35:34,000 --> 02:35:37,760
SO MUCH FOR A TALK AND PERSON 

3283
02:35:37,760 --> 02:35:48,520
WOULD PREDIVIGILANCE -- PREDICTG

3284
02:35:53,320 --> 02:35:54,360
VIGILANCE ON SLEEP QUALITY AND 

3285
02:35:54,360 --> 02:35:56,120
HEALTH OUTCOMES. 

3286
02:35:56,120 --> 02:35:59,520
>>I THINK VIGILANCE
RESOURCE 

3287
02:35:59,520 --> 02:36:03,280
I'M NOT SURE THERE IS A -- YOU 

3288
02:36:03,280 --> 02:36:08,400
KNOW, ONE-STOP SHOP ON SORT OF 

3289
02:36:08,400 --> 02:36:18,960
WHAT OUTCOME IS ON COPING STYLE 

3290
02:36:19,600 --> 02:36:21,560
AND FOR US WE ARE TRYING TO 

3291
02:36:21,560 --> 02:36:23,360
UNDERSTAND HOW IT -- YOU KNOW, 

3292
02:36:23,360 --> 02:36:27,160
HOW IT TRACKS OVER TIME AND WE 

3293
02:36:27,160 --> 02:36:29,640
ARE GETTING A FOLLOW UP FOR 

3294
02:36:29,640 --> 02:36:31,040
OFFSPRING COHORT THAT IS 

3295
02:36:31,040 --> 02:36:33,280
IMPORTANT TO LOOK AT COPING 

3296
02:36:33,280 --> 02:36:36,280
STYLES OVER TIME AND MUCH OF OUR

3297
02:36:36,280 --> 02:36:39,600
RESEARCH IN OFFSPRING COHORT WAS

3298
02:36:39,600 --> 02:36:44,440
COLLECTED BEFORE AND DURING THE 

3299
02:36:44,440 --> 02:36:54,600
PANDEMIC WE WILL SEE BIRTH 

3300
02:36:54,600 --> 02:36:57,800
COHORT AND EXPERIENTIAL 

3301
02:36:57,800 --> 02:37:00,640
DIFFERENCES AND HOW PEOPLE ARE 

3302
02:37:00,640 --> 02:37:01,640
HANDLING DISCRIMINATION AND 

3303
02:37:01,640 --> 02:37:04,560
ANOTHER THING IS YOU KNOW THERE 

3304
02:37:04,560 --> 02:37:08,400
IS SO MUCH MORE I THINK. 

3305
02:37:08,400 --> 02:37:11,080
THERE ALWAYS HAS BEEN SO MUCH 

3306
02:37:11,080 --> 02:37:14,920
MORE SORT OF VICARIOUS 

3307
02:37:14,920 --> 02:37:16,440
EXPERIENCE OF RACISM. 

3308
02:37:16,440 --> 02:37:19,360
AND WHETHER THAT -- HOW THAT 

3309
02:37:19,360 --> 02:37:21,000
EFFECTS DIFFERENT COPING STYLES 

3310
02:37:21,000 --> 02:37:22,640
AND DIFFERENT WAYS OF DEALING 

3311
02:37:22,640 --> 02:37:26,680
WITH RACISM AND HOW IT EFFECTS 

3312
02:37:26,680 --> 02:37:28,920
COGNITIVE BURDEN AND COGNITIVE 

3313
02:37:28,920 --> 02:37:32,440
LOAD AND MAGGIE IS A PERSON I 

3314
02:37:32,440 --> 02:37:35,840
ADMIRE FOR THINKING ABOUT 

3315
02:37:35,840 --> 02:37:38,840
COGNITIVE LOAD AND STRUCTURAL 

3316
02:37:38,840 --> 02:37:41,320
RACISM IN HER WORK. 

3317
02:37:41,320 --> 02:37:44,200
I DON'T KNOW HOW IT RELATES TO 

3318
02:37:44,200 --> 02:37:46,520
COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT YET BUT HAS

3319
02:37:46,520 --> 02:37:48,480
REAL PROMISE LOOKING FORWARD. 

3320
02:37:48,480 --> 02:37:52,160
>>THANK YOU.  GO AHEAD. 

3321
02:37:52,160 --> 02:37:54,360
>>THANK YOU FOR GREAT
TALK THAT

3322
02:37:54,360 --> 02:37:55,920
IS FANTASTIC AND INSPIRING AND 

3323
02:37:55,920 --> 02:37:58,600
ALL THINGS AMAZING AND ONE 

3324
02:37:58,600 --> 02:38:01,360
QUESTION I THINK A LOT ABOUT 

3325
02:38:01,360 --> 02:38:03,160
SCALE AS A GEOGRAPHER AND 

3326
02:38:03,160 --> 02:38:05,520
RESULTS SHOWING THAT ARE 

3327
02:38:05,520 --> 02:38:07,720
STATE-BASED SCALE OF SCHOOLS AND

3328
02:38:07,720 --> 02:38:10,000
WONDERING HAVING CONVERSATIONS 

3329
02:38:10,000 --> 02:38:12,920
AT LUNCH EARLIER AND IN CITY AND

3330
02:38:12,920 --> 02:38:14,640
SCHOOLS OPERATE DIFFERENTLY AND 

3331
02:38:14,640 --> 02:38:15,840
HAVE DIFFERENT QUALITY 

3332
02:38:15,840 --> 02:38:17,600
EXPERIENCES AND DO YOU THINK 

3333
02:38:17,600 --> 02:38:19,800
OTHER -- IMAGINE HISTORICALLY 

3334
02:38:19,800 --> 02:38:21,920
COULD BE DIFFICULT TO GET 

3335
02:38:21,920 --> 02:38:23,760
SUB-SCALE INFORMATION AND DO YOU

3336
02:38:23,760 --> 02:38:26,520
THINK IT IS POSSIBLE?  I ASSUME 

3337
02:38:26,520 --> 02:38:28,880
MOVING FORWARD WITH COVID-19 AND

3338
02:38:28,880 --> 02:38:30,840
CONTEXTS OF DIFFERENT 

3339
02:38:30,840 --> 02:38:32,240
EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES AND 

3340
02:38:32,240 --> 02:38:34,600
DISADVANTAGES AND WAYS TO MONTH 

3341
02:38:34,600 --> 02:38:36,840
OF TO FINER GRAIN SCHOOLS OF 

3342
02:38:36,840 --> 02:38:38,840
SCHOOLING TO CAPTURE WHAT MIGHT 

3343
02:38:38,840 --> 02:38:41,080
BE LOST IN STATE IS AN IMPORTANT

3344
02:38:41,080 --> 02:38:43,680
TALK OF MECHANISMS THINKING OF 

3345
02:38:43,680 --> 02:38:45,920
SCHOOL DISTRICTS AND WITH THAT 

3346
02:38:45,920 --> 02:38:47,920
COULD BE QUITE DIFFERENTIAL 

3347
02:38:47,920 --> 02:38:49,280
EXPERIENCES LEADING TO DIFFERENT

3348
02:38:49,280 --> 02:38:51,520
OPPORTUNITIES AND DISADVANTAGES 

3349
02:38:51,520 --> 02:38:52,560
FOR COGNITION. 

3350
02:38:52,560 --> 02:38:54,720
>>ABSOLUTELY.  OTHER
PIECE IS 

3351
02:38:54,720 --> 02:38:56,440
YOU KNOW POLICY IS NOT AS WE 

3352
02:38:56,440 --> 02:38:58,440
WERE TALKING ABOUT AT LUNCH NOT 

3353
02:38:58,440 --> 02:39:02,520
MADE AT STATE LEVEL OR NOT 

3354
02:39:02,520 --> 02:39:03,760
EXPERIENCED AT STATE LEVEL. 

3355
02:39:03,760 --> 02:39:06,000
MORE GRANULAR WE CAN GET WITH 

3356
02:39:06,000 --> 02:39:07,400
THAT THE BETTER. 

3357
02:39:07,400 --> 02:39:10,160
WE DO HAVE COUNTY LEVEL DATA FOR

3358
02:39:10,160 --> 02:39:13,240
THE REGARD STUDY. 

3359
02:39:13,240 --> 02:39:13,800
>>YEAH. 

3360
02:39:13,800 --> 02:39:19,720
>>IT -- RESULTS IN TERMS
OF 

3361
02:39:19,720 --> 02:39:22,720
VALIDATION WITH RESPECT TO 

3362
02:39:22,720 --> 02:39:26,880
SCHOOL QUALITY ARE SAME AS STATE

3363
02:39:26,880 --> 02:39:27,120
LEVEL. 

3364
02:39:27,120 --> 02:39:27,520
>>YEAH. 

3365
02:39:27,520 --> 02:39:32,320
>>FOR THE BIRTH COHORT. 
YOU 

3366
02:39:32,320 --> 02:39:33,920
WILL SAY IT WILL CHANGE AND 

3367
02:39:33,920 --> 02:39:37,720
THING WE NEED TO GET THERE IS WE

3368
02:39:37,720 --> 02:39:41,480
NEED TO GET COUNTY LEVEL 

3369
02:39:41,480 --> 02:39:44,400
RESIDENTIAL DATA THROUGHOUT 

3370
02:39:44,400 --> 02:39:46,080
EVERYONE'S LIFE AND WHERE JOHN 

3371
02:39:46,080 --> 02:39:49,120
MENTIONED THERE ARE SCHOOL 

3372
02:39:49,120 --> 02:39:50,680
COHORTS LIKE [INDISCERNIBLE] 72 

3373
02:39:50,680 --> 02:39:52,800
AND HIGH SCHOOL AND BEYOND WE 

3374
02:39:52,800 --> 02:39:55,120
KNOW WHERE THE PARTICIPANTS 

3375
02:39:55,120 --> 02:39:56,480
LIVED AND WHAT COUNTY SCHOOLS 

3376
02:39:56,480 --> 02:39:58,560
WERE AND RESOURCES OF SCHOOLS 

3377
02:39:58,560 --> 02:40:00,320
THAT IS PROBABLY THE BEST 

3378
02:40:00,320 --> 02:40:02,080
OPPORTUNITY TO FIGURE OUT SORT 

3379
02:40:02,080 --> 02:40:05,680
OF WHAT THESE DIFFERENT 

3380
02:40:05,680 --> 02:40:08,680
SCHOOL-BASED RESOURCES YOU KNOW 

3381
02:40:08,680 --> 02:40:11,760
AND UP TO THE CLASSROOM LEVEL 

3382
02:40:11,760 --> 02:40:12,920
AND INDIVIDUAL LEVEL AND WHAT 

3383
02:40:12,920 --> 02:40:15,320
PEERS WE WERE DOING WHAT CLASSES

3384
02:40:15,320 --> 02:40:20,840
WERE AVAILABLE AND CHILD TOOK 

3385
02:40:20,840 --> 02:40:23,480
STEM AND WHAT COGNITIVE FUNCTION

3386
02:40:23,480 --> 02:40:26,160
AT ADOLESCENCE AND POTENTIAL 

3387
02:40:26,160 --> 02:40:27,680
SOURCE FOR REVERSE CAUSATION 

3388
02:40:27,680 --> 02:40:29,680
PEOPLE WHO DO BETTER ON 

3389
02:40:29,680 --> 02:40:32,440
ACHIEVEMENT TESTS TEND TO GET 

3390
02:40:32,440 --> 02:40:36,280
MORE YEARS OF SCHOOL AND SO I 

3391
02:40:36,280 --> 02:40:38,760
THINK COHORTS OF PEOPLE ARE 

3392
02:40:38,760 --> 02:40:39,880
PROBABLY BEST OPPORTUNITY TO 

3393
02:40:39,880 --> 02:40:41,600
ADDRESS THE QUESTION YOU HAVE. 

3394
02:40:41,600 --> 02:40:46,520
>>SPARKS IDEA OF WE CAN
LINK TO

3395
02:40:46,520 --> 02:40:50,200
WORKING IN 1940S AND 50S SENSUS.

3396
02:40:50,200 --> 02:40:51,040
>>YES. 

3397
02:40:51,040 --> 02:40:52,880
>>PAIRING UP DETAILED
TRACK 

3398
02:40:52,880 --> 02:40:57,240
LEVEL SOCIOECONOMIC DATA TO 

3399
02:40:57,240 --> 02:40:59,880
SCHOOLS JUST THINKING ALOUD. 

3400
02:40:59,880 --> 02:41:00,360
>>YES. 

3401
02:41:00,360 --> 02:41:02,640
>>WAYS TO CAPTURE
DISTINCTIONS 

3402
02:41:02,640 --> 02:41:05,640
WHERE DATA IS LACKING AND PULL 

3403
02:41:05,640 --> 02:41:07,320
DATA LIKE SENSUS INTO IT. 

3404
02:41:07,320 --> 02:41:08,800
>>AGREED.  THERE MIGHT BE

3405
02:41:08,800 --> 02:41:11,320
PEOPLE DOING IT WITH HEALTH AND 

3406
02:41:11,320 --> 02:41:16,240
RETIREMENT STUDY RIGHT NOW AND 

3407
02:41:16,240 --> 02:41:21,200
1940 SENSUS. 

3408
02:41:21,200 --> 02:41:26,240
>>MOST OF THOSE PEOPLE IN

3409
02:41:26,240 --> 02:41:27,800
SENSUS 1/4 OF THEM 

3410
02:41:27,800 --> 02:41:28,920
[INDISCERNIBLE] THAT WILL BE 

3411
02:41:28,920 --> 02:41:31,080
IMPORTANT COMING UP.  NOW WE 

3412
02:41:31,080 --> 02:41:32,440
HAVE COMPUTERS OWE. 

3413
02:41:32,440 --> 02:41:34,480
>>CAN YOU GIVE HIM THE
MIC FOR 

3414
02:41:34,480 --> 02:41:36,440
A SECOND?  

3415
02:41:36,440 --> 02:41:37,760
>>SORRY. 

3416
02:41:37,760 --> 02:41:43,040
>>SORRY NO.  THIS TIME
AROUND 

3417
02:41:43,040 --> 02:41:45,560
1950 SENSUS IS MUCH EASIER TO 

3418
02:41:45,560 --> 02:41:48,600
PROCESS THAN 1940 CENSUS AND 

3419
02:41:48,600 --> 02:41:52,200
GETTING OUT TO RESEARCHERS AND 

3420
02:41:52,200 --> 02:41:55,160
SUPPORTING LINKAGES OF COHORTS 

3421
02:41:55,160 --> 02:41:57,800
TO CENSUSES CENSI AND PRIMARY 

3422
02:41:57,800 --> 02:42:00,280
SUPPORT OF THE WORK IS THIS IS 

3423
02:42:00,280 --> 02:42:05,280
NOT ADVERTISEMENT BUT ANCESTRY.C

3424
02:42:05,280 --> 02:42:07,080
OWE, M IS FUNDAMENTALLY 

3425
02:42:07,080 --> 02:42:08,480
INTERESTED IN THIS STUFF THERE 

3426
02:42:08,480 --> 02:42:09,080
YOU GO. 

3427
02:42:09,080 --> 02:42:10,080
>> I FEEL A TELEPHONE
CALL IS 

3428
02:42:10,080 --> 02:42:12,160
IN THE FOO UTURE FOR YOU THREE 

3429
02:42:12,160 --> 02:42:15,080
AT LEAST IN THE FUTURE.  NEXT 

3430
02:42:15,080 --> 02:42:15,920
QUESTION, DEBRA. 

3431
02:42:15,920 --> 02:42:17,600
>>MY QUESTION FOLLOWS ON 

3432
02:42:17,600 --> 02:42:22,640
REGARDING I WON'T SAY TELLGANTLY

3433
02:42:22,640 --> 02:42:24,760
BUT WANT TO GIVE YOU BACK STORY 

3434
02:42:24,760 --> 02:42:26,800
FIRST.  ONE OF MY DEER FRIENDS 

3435
02:42:26,800 --> 02:42:31,400
IS FIRST BLACK PROFESSOR OF 

3436
02:42:31,400 --> 02:42:35,160
MEDICINE AT JOHNS HOPKINS 

3437
02:42:35,160 --> 02:42:36,280
MEDICAL SCHOOL. 

3438
02:42:36,280 --> 02:42:39,840
SHE HAS A BRILLIANT SON AND 

3439
02:42:39,840 --> 02:42:41,280
SINCE LEFT AND BRILLIANT SON WHO

3440
02:42:41,280 --> 02:42:44,440
HAS DONE AMAZING ACADEMIC 

3441
02:42:44,440 --> 02:42:49,440
OPPORTUNITIES AND IS NOW IN THE 

3442
02:42:49,440 --> 02:42:51,120
ENGINEERING PROGRAM AT COLUMBIA 

3443
02:42:51,120 --> 02:42:53,040
AND ONE EVENING OVER DINNER SHE 

3444
02:42:53,040 --> 02:42:56,760
TOLD MY HUSBAND AND I ABOUT 

3445
02:42:56,760 --> 02:42:57,960
HAVING THE TALK.  

3446
02:42:57,960 --> 02:42:59,000
OKAY?  

3447
02:42:59,000 --> 02:43:01,680
HE WAS WITH HIS COHORT FROM HIS 

3448
02:43:01,680 --> 02:43:03,800
SCHOOL AND THEY WENT TO THE 

3449
02:43:03,800 --> 02:43:06,040
MOVIES.  HE WAS THE ONLY BLACK 

3450
02:43:06,040 --> 02:43:07,960
KID IN THE GROUP.  THEY WOULDN'T

3451
02:43:07,960 --> 02:43:10,360
LET HIM INTO THE MOVIE THEATRE. 

3452
02:43:10,360 --> 02:43:12,200
THEY WOULDN'T LET HIM IN AND 

3453
02:43:12,200 --> 02:43:13,800
DIDN'T BELIEVE HE WAS WITH A 

3454
02:43:13,800 --> 02:43:15,720
GROUP AND HE WAS BRANDED WITH 

3455
02:43:15,720 --> 02:43:17,480
HIS SCHOOL OR WHATEVER. 

3456
02:43:17,480 --> 02:43:19,120
MY QUESTION IS WHAT IS THE -- 

3457
02:43:19,120 --> 02:43:24,360
WHAT IS THE RESEARCH ON THE 

3458
02:43:24,360 --> 02:43:25,040
INTERACTION BETWEEN STRUCTURAL 

3459
02:43:25,040 --> 02:43:28,280
RACISM AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT 

3460
02:43:28,280 --> 02:43:31,880
AS A MEDIATOR OR MODERATOR OR 

3461
02:43:31,880 --> 02:43:34,120
VICE VERSA?  

3462
02:43:34,120 --> 02:43:36,800
YOU TOUCHED ON IT A LITTLE 

3463
02:43:36,800 --> 02:43:38,200
EARLIER IN YOUR TALK AND WONDER 

3464
02:43:38,200 --> 02:43:41,840
WHERE IT IS GOING. 

3465
02:43:41,840 --> 02:43:42,240
YEAH?  

3466
02:43:42,240 --> 02:43:45,680
AMONG MORE -- MORE KIDS WHO HAVE

3467
02:43:45,680 --> 02:43:50,640
HAD THE ADVANTAGES OF GOOD 

3468
02:43:50,640 --> 02:43:50,920
EDUCATION. 

3469
02:43:50,920 --> 02:43:54,960
>>WHAT WE FIND IN Y CAP
STUDY 

3470
02:43:54,960 --> 02:43:59,960
OR OFFSPRING STUDY AND ANOTHER 

3471
02:43:59,960 --> 02:44:03,720
RESEARCH STUDY I DID A WHILE 

3472
02:44:03,720 --> 02:44:05,760
BACK WITH DISCRIMINATION AMONG 

3473
02:44:05,760 --> 02:44:09,360
AFRICAN AMERICAN ADULTS AGE 60 

3474
02:44:09,360 --> 02:44:11,640
YEARS OR OLDER AND PEOPLE REPORT

3475
02:44:11,640 --> 02:44:13,880
MORE EXPERIENCES OF 

3476
02:44:13,880 --> 02:44:15,440
DISCRIMINATION AND KEY THING I 

3477
02:44:15,440 --> 02:44:20,400
THINK ABOUT HAVING MORE 

3478
02:44:20,400 --> 02:44:21,160
EXPERIENCES WITH DISCRIMINATION 

3479
02:44:21,160 --> 02:44:24,480
ON WILLIAMS EVERY DAY AND MAJOR 

3480
02:44:24,480 --> 02:44:25,880
EXPERIENCES OF DISCRIMINATION 

3481
02:44:25,880 --> 02:44:27,280
SCALE IS BEING AROUND WHITE 

3482
02:44:27,280 --> 02:44:30,440
PEOPLE AND MORE WHITE PEOPLE YOU

3483
02:44:30,440 --> 02:44:36,160
ARE AROUND MORE EXPERIENCES OF 

3484
02:44:36,160 --> 02:44:37,040
DISCRIMINATION YOU WILL 

3485
02:44:37,040 --> 02:44:39,480
ENCOUNTER AND MORE PEOPLE 

3486
02:44:39,480 --> 02:44:40,800
ATTAINING MORE AND MORE 

3487
02:44:40,800 --> 02:44:44,800
EDUCATION AND LIKELIHOOD IS THAT

3488
02:44:44,800 --> 02:44:47,520
THEY WILL BE AS -- THEY GET INTO

3489
02:44:47,520 --> 02:44:50,160
HIGHER AND HIGHER EDUCATION AND 

3490
02:44:50,160 --> 02:44:51,240
OCCUPATIONS THAT REQUIRE MORE 

3491
02:44:51,240 --> 02:44:54,120
AND MORE CREDENTIALS AND WILL BE

3492
02:44:54,120 --> 02:44:57,200
AROUND MORE WHITE PEOPLE.  

3493
02:44:57,200 --> 02:45:00,080
NOW, THERE IS A POST DOC 

3494
02:45:00,080 --> 02:45:02,760
MARYLAND THOMAS AT UCSF WHOSE 

3495
02:45:02,760 --> 02:45:05,360
RESEARCH I WANT YOU TO CHECK OUT

3496
02:45:05,360 --> 02:45:09,680
AND SHE GOT A K99R00 TO LOOK AT 

3497
02:45:09,680 --> 02:45:13,000
BLACK COLLEGES AND HISTORICAL 

3498
02:45:13,000 --> 02:45:16,200
WILL I BLACK COLLEGES AT 

3499
02:45:16,200 --> 02:45:18,400
UNIVERSITIES.  THERE IS SOME 

3500
02:45:18,400 --> 02:45:20,200
RESEARCH SHOWING PEOPLE THAT ARE

3501
02:45:20,200 --> 02:45:22,200
OLDER ADULTS GOING TO 

3502
02:45:22,200 --> 02:45:24,160
HISTORICALLY BLACK COLLEGES AND 

3503
02:45:24,160 --> 02:45:28,280
UNIVERSITIES ARE LIKELY TO BE 

3504
02:45:28,280 --> 02:45:29,360
DEPRESSED THAN PEOPLE WHO WENT 

3505
02:45:29,360 --> 02:45:31,480
TO PRIMARILY WHITE INSTITUTIONS 

3506
02:45:31,480 --> 02:45:35,080
LOOKING AT ADRD PERSPECTIVE NOT 

3507
02:45:35,080 --> 02:45:37,840
ONLY EDUCATIONAL HISTORY FROM 

3508
02:45:37,840 --> 02:45:42,120
REGARDS OR HEALTH AND RETIREMENT

3509
02:45:42,120 --> 02:45:45,360
STUDY AND FROM RESIDENTS. 

3510
02:45:45,360 --> 02:45:46,960
IDEA IS PERHAPS BEING OR GROWING

3511
02:45:46,960 --> 02:45:49,200
UP AROUND A HISTORICALLY BLACK 

3512
02:45:49,200 --> 02:45:50,600
COLLEGE OR UNIVERSITY NOT 

3513
02:45:50,600 --> 02:45:52,040
NECESSARILY GOING TO IT AND 

3514
02:45:52,040 --> 02:45:55,680
BEING A CHILD IN THAT 

3515
02:45:55,680 --> 02:45:59,080
ENVIRONMENT OR HAVING RESIDENT 

3516
02:45:59,080 --> 02:46:01,920
DEPARTMENTS AROUND COLLEGES AND 

3517
02:46:01,920 --> 02:46:08,960
UNIVERSITIES MIGHT BE A 

3518
02:46:08,960 --> 02:46:13,320
DIFFERENTIAL BENEFIT.  THERE ARE

3519
02:46:13,320 --> 02:46:14,680
INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER LEARNING 

3520
02:46:14,680 --> 02:46:19,400
AND MORE AND MORE EDUCATION THAT

3521
02:46:19,400 --> 02:46:22,800
IS NOT NECESSARILY CONFRONTING 

3522
02:46:22,800 --> 02:46:25,040
PEOPLE WITH EXPERIENCES OF 

3523
02:46:25,040 --> 02:46:27,120
RACISM THAT IS AS A RESULT OF 

3524
02:46:27,120 --> 02:46:29,480
THAT IS HARD TO TEAR APART WITH 

3525
02:46:29,480 --> 02:46:31,480
RESPECT TO COGNITIVE OUTCOMES 

3526
02:46:31,480 --> 02:46:33,000
AND HAVING BETTER EDUCATION AND 

3527
02:46:33,000 --> 02:46:36,480
HIGHER QUALITY OF EDUCATION IS 

3528
02:46:36,480 --> 02:46:40,000
BETTER FOR YOUR PERFORMANCE ON 

3529
02:46:40,000 --> 02:46:41,560
MEASURES OF COGNITION. 

3530
02:46:41,560 --> 02:46:43,200
YOU ALSO HAVE MORE EXPERIENCES 

3531
02:46:43,200 --> 02:46:46,760
WITH DISCRIMINATION AND I THINK 

3532
02:46:46,760 --> 02:46:50,760
LONGITUDINAL STUDIES IS REALLY 

3533
02:46:50,760 --> 02:46:52,640
IMPORTANT DIVERSIFYING WAYS WE 

3534
02:46:52,640 --> 02:46:54,240
MEASURED DISCRIMINATION AND 

3535
02:46:54,240 --> 02:46:56,800
EXPERIENCES OF DISCRIMINATION 

3536
02:46:56,800 --> 02:46:59,560
AND LOOKING AT VIJ LENTD COPING 

3537
02:46:59,560 --> 02:47:02,680
IS ONE STRATEGY.  THERE ARE 

3538
02:47:02,680 --> 02:47:04,320
OTHERS AND UNDERSTANDING 

3539
02:47:04,320 --> 02:47:06,160
RELATIONSHIP WHAT WE ARE TRYING 

3540
02:47:06,160 --> 02:47:08,080
TO DO NOW. 

3541
02:47:08,080 --> 02:47:11,520
>>WE WILL LET SIDNEY HAVE
THE 

3542
02:47:11,520 --> 02:47:12,400
LAST QUESTION. 

3543
02:47:12,400 --> 02:47:14,320
>> THANK YOU SO MUCH DR.
MANLY.

3544
02:47:14,320 --> 02:47:16,640
I ENJOYED YOUR TALK AND ENJOYED 

3545
02:47:16,640 --> 02:47:20,440
HOW YOU SHARED HOW REVIEWER 2 

3546
02:47:20,440 --> 02:47:21,960
SHAPED NEXT STEPS IN YOUR CAREER

3547
02:47:21,960 --> 02:47:23,640
AND YOU MENTIONED HOW YOU ENDED 

3548
02:47:23,640 --> 02:47:25,920
UP GOING TO COLUMBIA.  YOU WERE 

3549
02:47:25,920 --> 02:47:28,400
INTERESTED IN COHORTS WITH HIGH 

3550
02:47:28,400 --> 02:47:29,840
PERCENTAGE OF BLACK PARTICIPANTS

3551
02:47:29,840 --> 02:47:31,520
AND CURIOUS IF YOU WOULD BE 

3552
02:47:31,520 --> 02:47:33,040
WILLING TO GIVE REFLECTIONS ON 

3553
02:47:33,040 --> 02:47:36,200
YOUR CAREER AND HOW YOU THINK 

3554
02:47:36,200 --> 02:47:37,840
ABOUT SMALL MOMENTS THAT CHANGED

3555
02:47:37,840 --> 02:47:39,440
COURSE OF YOUR CAREER AND HOW 

3556
02:47:39,440 --> 02:47:42,400
YOU THINK ABOUT THEM AND PUT 

3557
02:47:42,400 --> 02:47:44,280
THEM INTO YOUR STORY. 

3558
02:47:44,280 --> 02:47:48,560
>>I THINK THEY WERE HUGE
AS IT 

3559
02:47:48,560 --> 02:47:52,160
TURNS OUT IN PREPARING FOR THIS 

3560
02:47:52,160 --> 02:47:54,760
TALK AND THINKING BACK KNOWING 

3561
02:47:54,760 --> 02:47:56,560
AUDIENCE WOULD BE MOSTLY NIH 

3562
02:47:56,560 --> 02:48:01,080
PEOPLE AND THAT I REALLY WANT TO

3563
02:48:01,080 --> 02:48:07,040
LET YOU KNOW HOW VITAL IT WAS TO

3564
02:48:07,040 --> 02:48:09,040
HEAR FROM MY PROGRAM OFFICERS TO

3565
02:48:09,040 --> 02:48:13,440
GET ENCOURAGED.  WHEN I GOT A 

3566
02:48:13,440 --> 02:48:15,880
BAD SCORE, YOU KNOW, INSTEAD OF 

3567
02:48:15,880 --> 02:48:18,760
GIVING UP, YOU KNOW, ENCOURAGING

3568
02:48:18,760 --> 02:48:20,720
ME TO KEEP GOING AND CONNECTING 

3569
02:48:20,720 --> 02:48:23,520
ME WITH OTHER RESEARCHER WHO'S I

3570
02:48:23,520 --> 02:48:25,680
HAD NO IDEA EXISTED BECAUSE I 

3571
02:48:25,680 --> 02:48:28,840
WAS IN A LITTLE SILO OF 

3572
02:48:28,840 --> 02:48:30,920
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY.  THEY WERE 

3573
02:48:30,920 --> 02:48:31,920
CRITICAL MOMENTS. 

3574
02:48:31,920 --> 02:48:36,200
YOU KNOW, I THINK THAT THE -- 

3575
02:48:36,200 --> 02:48:38,960
THE OTHER PIECE, YOU KNOW, IS 

3576
02:48:38,960 --> 02:48:41,480
THAT NOW AS A MENTOR I REALLY 

3577
02:48:41,480 --> 02:48:43,760
TRY TO MAKE AS MANY OF THE 

3578
02:48:43,760 --> 02:48:46,360
OPPORTUNITIES FOR MENTEES AS I 

3579
02:48:46,360 --> 02:48:49,200
CAN.  YOU KNOW, BY -- ON MY OWN 

3580
02:48:49,200 --> 02:48:52,040
AND IN MY RESEARCH TEAM AND ALSO

3581
02:48:52,040 --> 02:48:54,640
ON A WIDER LEVEL.  I THINK THAT 

3582
02:48:54,640 --> 02:48:57,320
JUST YOU KNOW HEARING STORIES OF

3583
02:48:57,320 --> 02:49:00,280
THE NUMBER OF TIMES THAT PEOPLE 

3584
02:49:00,280 --> 02:49:01,880
ARE DISCOURAGED BY A LITTLE 

3585
02:49:01,880 --> 02:49:03,320
THING THAT SOMEONE SAYS ABOUT 

3586
02:49:03,320 --> 02:49:05,000
THEIR IDEA AND KNOCKING IT DOWN 

3587
02:49:05,000 --> 02:49:07,720
AND SAYING IT CAN'T HAPPEN.  

3588
02:49:07,720 --> 02:49:11,080
THAT -- THE DISPROPORTIONATE 

3589
02:49:11,080 --> 02:49:13,880
EFFECT THAT, THAT HAS ON 

3590
02:49:13,880 --> 02:49:16,440
TRAINEES FROM BACKGROUNDS THAT 

3591
02:49:16,440 --> 02:49:19,680
ARE TRADITIONALLY, YOU KNOW, NOT

3592
02:49:19,680 --> 02:49:21,360
INCLUDED IN OUR SCIENCE.  

3593
02:49:21,360 --> 02:49:23,360
IT IS REALLY REMARKABLE AND 

3594
02:49:23,360 --> 02:49:26,560
THOSE CAN REALLY -- THOSE CUTS 

3595
02:49:26,560 --> 02:49:28,240
THAT I THINK ARE OFTEN MEANT TO 

3596
02:49:28,240 --> 02:49:31,520
BE HELPFUL AND ARE REALLY VERY 

3597
02:49:31,520 --> 02:49:32,720
DISCOURAGING CAN GO A LONG WAY. 

3598
02:49:32,720 --> 02:49:35,840
YOU KNOW, DOING THE OPPOSITE AND

3599
02:49:35,840 --> 02:49:38,520
ENCOURAGING PEOPLE AND GIVING 

3600
02:49:38,520 --> 02:49:42,120
THEM YOUR ENCOURAGEMENT AND 

3601
02:49:42,120 --> 02:49:47,080
GIVING THEM YOUR SUPPORT AND 

3602
02:49:47,080 --> 02:49:48,760
YOUR PROTECTION ESPECIALLY.  

3603
02:49:48,760 --> 02:49:51,120
THERE IS RISKS OUT THERE AND 

3604
02:49:51,120 --> 02:49:52,480
GIVING THEM A BUBBLE TO FUNCTION

3605
02:49:52,480 --> 02:49:55,200
IN.  YOU KNOW, THAT I OPERATED 

3606
02:49:55,200 --> 02:49:58,920
IN BECAUSE I HAD ACCESS TO THIS 

3607
02:49:58,920 --> 02:50:02,200
ENORMOUS COHORT OF PEOPLE FROM 

3608
02:50:02,200 --> 02:50:03,120
MINORITIZED BACKGROUND AND NO 

3609
02:50:03,120 --> 02:50:05,080
ONE ELSE WAS WORKING IN THAT 

3610
02:50:05,080 --> 02:50:08,320
AREA AT THAT TIME.  I WAS 

3611
02:50:08,320 --> 02:50:11,240
ALLOWED TO REALLY PURSUE THESE 

3612
02:50:11,240 --> 02:50:13,600
IDEAS ALONG WITH PARTNERSHIP OF 

3613
02:50:13,600 --> 02:50:15,480
THE COMMUNITY.  

3614
02:50:15,480 --> 02:50:17,600
SO, YEAH.  THAT IS WHAT I WOULD 

3615
02:50:17,600 --> 02:50:21,400
SAY AND IS A GREAT QUESTION.  

3616
02:50:21,400 --> 02:50:23,920
>>THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR
AN 

3617
02:50:23,920 --> 02:50:25,120
AMAZING TALK AND BEFORE 

3618
02:50:25,120 --> 02:50:27,440
CHRISTINE COMES UP MENTIONING 

3619
02:50:27,440 --> 02:50:30,880
ESIS AND DR. MANLY SHOULD COME 

3620
02:50:30,880 --> 02:50:33,120
BACK UP AFTER CHRISTINE WRAPS UP

3621
02:50:33,120 --> 02:50:35,760
TO GIVE PICTURES AND 

3622
02:50:35,760 --> 02:50:37,040
CERTIFICATES AND WRAPPING UP THE

3623
02:50:37,040 --> 02:50:44,440
DAY IS DR. HUNTER.  THANK YOU.  

3624
02:50:44,440 --> 02:50:53,040
>>>>ALL RIGHT. 
WOW.  WHAT AN 

3625
02:50:53,040 --> 02:50:55,880
AFTERNOON.  I WILL BE BRIEF AND 

3626
02:50:55,880 --> 02:50:58,920
WANT TO THANK DR. O'CONNOR FOR A

3627
02:50:58,920 --> 02:51:00,680
WELL DONE QUESTION AND ANSWER 

3628
02:51:00,680 --> 02:51:03,400
MONITORING TO DO ONLINE AND IN 

3629
02:51:03,400 --> 02:51:10,720
PERSON AND THANK YOU ESIS DR. 

3630
02:51:10,720 --> 02:51:16,400
YESENIA AND DR. ING.  YOU WERE 

3631
02:51:16,400 --> 02:51:18,360
INSPIRING AND CONGRATULATIONS 

3632
02:51:18,360 --> 02:51:21,240
AND BIG THANK YOU DR. MANLY YOUR

3633
02:51:21,240 --> 02:51:24,320
TALK WAS PHENOMENAL AND BODY OF 

3634
02:51:24,320 --> 02:51:26,960
WORK WAS EQUALLY PHENOMENAL AND 

3635
02:51:26,960 --> 02:51:28,680
PROUD YOU ARE HERE WITH US TODAY

3636
02:51:28,680 --> 02:51:34,760
AND WE GET TO HONOR WITH YOU 

3637
02:51:34,760 --> 02:51:39,400
THIS MATILDA WHITE RILEY AWARD 

3638
02:51:39,400 --> 02:51:44,320
AND TALKING ABOUT FUTURE THINGS 

3639
02:51:44,320 --> 02:51:48,440
WANT TO MARK CALENDARS WE HAVE A

3640
02:51:48,440 --> 02:51:51,360
WEBINAR AT 2 P.M. EASTERN. 

3641
02:51:51,360 --> 02:51:54,200
 -- AND HER TALK IS TITLED 

3642
02:51:54,200 --> 02:51:56,200
VIOLENCE IS A PUBLIC HEALTH 

3643
02:51:56,200 --> 02:51:57,720
PROBLEM WHAT WE KNOW AND WHERE 

3644
02:51:57,720 --> 02:52:01,400
WE ARE GOING AND LIKE THAT TITLE

3645
02:52:01,400 --> 02:52:03,440
THAT SHOULD BE INTERESTING AND 

3646
02:52:03,440 --> 02:52:05,600
YOU CAN REGISTER ON WEBSITE NOT 

3647
02:52:05,600 --> 02:52:11,880
UP HERE WISH IT WAS 

3648
02:52:11,880 --> 02:52:12,720
OBSSR.OD.NIH.GOV AND INCLUDES 

3649
02:52:12,720 --> 02:52:15,920
OUR 16TH -- HAS TO BE AN AT IN 

3650
02:52:15,920 --> 02:52:18,880
THERE TYPED WITH DOTS BUT HAS TO

3651
02:52:18,880 --> 02:52:23,160
BE AT IN THAT ADDRESS ERICA?  

3652
02:52:23,160 --> 02:52:27,000
THERE IS?  OKAY.  I GOT IT 

3653
02:52:27,000 --> 02:52:30,680
RIGHT.  THAT CONCLUDES OUR 16TH 

3654
02:52:30,680 --> 02:52:34,040
NIH MATILDA WHITE RILEY HONORS 

3655
02:52:34,040 --> 02:52:35,800
EVENT THANK YOU FOR THOSE ONLINE

3656
02:52:35,800 --> 02:52:54,000
AND COULDN'T BE HERE IN PERSON 

3657
02:52:54,000 --> 02:53:04,480
THIS WAS AN EXCELLENT AFTERNOON.