1 00:00:05,880 --> 00:00:08,440 IT'S REALLY EXCITING TO SEE 2 00:00:08,440 --> 00:00:10,080 PEOPLE HERE IN PERSON AND 3 00:00:10,080 --> 00:00:11,360 ONLINE. 4 00:00:11,360 --> 00:00:12,960 I WOULD LIKE TO WELCOME EVERYONE 5 00:00:12,960 --> 00:00:16,200 TO THE BRAIN NEUROETHICS 6 00:00:16,200 --> 00:00:17,840 WORKSHOP ON ETHICS OF SHARING 7 00:00:17,840 --> 00:00:18,920 INDIVIDUAL LEVEL HUMAN BRAIN 8 00:00:18,920 --> 00:00:21,200 DATA COLLECTED IN BIOMEDICAL 9 00:00:21,200 --> 00:00:21,760 RESEARCH. 10 00:00:21,760 --> 00:00:23,280 I WANT TO ESPECIALLY EXTEND A 11 00:00:23,280 --> 00:00:26,680 WARM WELCOME TO OUR CO-CHAIRS 12 00:00:26,680 --> 00:00:27,680 DR. CHRISTINE GRADY, AS WELL AS 13 00:00:27,680 --> 00:00:28,800 THE MEMO WERS OF THE WORKING 14 00:00:28,800 --> 00:00:31,760 GROUP, AND OUR INVITED SPEAKERS 15 00:00:31,760 --> 00:00:34,440 AND PANELISTS JOINS US TODAY AND 16 00:00:34,440 --> 00:00:34,880 TOMORROW. 17 00:00:34,880 --> 00:00:37,400 I ALSO WOULD LIKE TO WELCOME OUR 18 00:00:37,400 --> 00:00:38,920 IN PERSON AND VIRTUAL ATTENDEES 19 00:00:38,920 --> 00:00:41,560 JOINING US FOR THIS HYBRID 20 00:00:41,560 --> 00:00:42,880 WORKSHOP. 21 00:00:42,880 --> 00:00:44,680 I'M A SCIENCE COMMITTEE 22 00:00:44,680 --> 00:00:45,520 SPECIALIST FOR THE WORKING 23 00:00:45,520 --> 00:00:45,920 GROUP. 24 00:00:45,920 --> 00:00:47,760 AS MOST OF YOU MAY KNOW, THE 25 00:00:47,760 --> 00:00:49,520 NEUROETHICS WORKING GROUP IS NOT 26 00:00:49,520 --> 00:00:50,480 A FORMAL ADVISORY GROUP. 27 00:00:50,480 --> 00:00:52,120 IT IS A WORKING GROUP OF THE 28 00:00:52,120 --> 00:00:54,280 ADVISORY COUNCILS OF THE NIH 29 00:00:54,280 --> 00:00:55,360 INSTITUTES AND CENTERS THAT 30 00:00:55,360 --> 00:00:57,360 PARTICIPATE IN THE BRAIN 31 00:00:57,360 --> 00:00:58,400 INITIATIVE. 32 00:00:58,400 --> 00:00:59,160 AND WAS ESTABLISHED BECAUSE OF 33 00:00:59,160 --> 00:01:01,160 THE NEED FOR INPUT ON 34 00:01:01,160 --> 00:01:01,880 NEUROETHICS CONSIDERATIONS 35 00:01:01,880 --> 00:01:02,800 RELATED TO RESEARCH SUPPORTED 36 00:01:02,800 --> 00:01:06,440 THROUGH THE BRAIN INITIATIVE. 37 00:01:06,440 --> 00:01:07,360 DELIBERATES ON ETHICAL QUESTIONS 38 00:01:07,360 --> 00:01:08,840 THAT COME UP IN THE CONTEXT OF 39 00:01:08,840 --> 00:01:10,480 BRAIN RESEARCH AND THOSE 40 00:01:10,480 --> 00:01:11,560 DISCUSSIONS HAVE INFORMED AND 41 00:01:11,560 --> 00:01:12,800 SERVED AS THE FOUNDATION FOR 42 00:01:12,800 --> 00:01:15,920 THIS WORKSHOP TODAY. 43 00:01:15,920 --> 00:01:17,480 SO A FEW HOUSEKEEPING THINGS 44 00:01:17,480 --> 00:01:18,440 BEFORE WE GET STARTED. 45 00:01:18,440 --> 00:01:20,120 AS A REMINDER, THIS WORKSHOP IS 46 00:01:20,120 --> 00:01:23,520 BEING VIDEOCAST LIVE IN THE 47 00:01:23,520 --> 00:01:25,920 PUBLIC DOMAIN AND THE RECORDING 48 00:01:25,920 --> 00:01:27,120 WILL BE ARCHIVED FOR LATER 49 00:01:27,120 --> 00:01:28,160 VIEWING ON THE NIH AND BRAIN 50 00:01:28,160 --> 00:01:28,840 WEBSITE. 51 00:01:28,840 --> 00:01:29,760 DURING PRESENTATIONS, WE ASK 52 00:01:29,760 --> 00:01:31,280 THAT THE VIRTUAL ATTENDEES 53 00:01:31,280 --> 00:01:32,920 PLEASE KEEP YOUR LINE MUTED AND 54 00:01:32,920 --> 00:01:34,400 YOUR VIDEO OFF WHEN NOT 55 00:01:34,400 --> 00:01:34,840 SPEAKING. 56 00:01:34,840 --> 00:01:37,160 THIS IS HELPFUL FOR THE 57 00:01:37,160 --> 00:01:38,000 VIDEOCAST. 58 00:01:38,000 --> 00:01:39,800 DURING DISCUSSION, SO TO ASK 59 00:01:39,800 --> 00:01:42,840 QUESTIONS, THOSE WHO ARE HERE AT 60 00:01:42,840 --> 00:01:44,280 ROCKLEDGE, WE HAVE TWO ROAMING 61 00:01:44,280 --> 00:01:45,800 MICS IN THE BACK OF THE ROOM AND 62 00:01:45,800 --> 00:01:46,680 YOU'RE WELCOME TO USE THOSE TO 63 00:01:46,680 --> 00:01:49,840 ASK QUESTIONS. 64 00:01:49,840 --> 00:01:51,280 VIRTUAL ATTENDEES ARE ENCOURAGED 65 00:01:51,280 --> 00:01:52,160 TO ANSWER QUESTIONS IN THE CHAT 66 00:01:52,160 --> 00:01:54,640 OR USE YOUR "RAISE HAND" OPTION. 67 00:01:54,640 --> 00:01:55,840 WE'LL BE MONITORING THAT CHAT. 68 00:01:55,840 --> 00:01:57,320 AND WE'LL CALL ON YOU TO UNMUTE 69 00:01:57,320 --> 00:01:58,600 YOURSELF AND DO OUR BEST TO 70 00:01:58,600 --> 00:02:00,360 ANSWER AS MANY QUESTIONS AS WE 71 00:02:00,360 --> 00:02:02,320 CAN FROM BOTH IN PERSON AND OUR 72 00:02:02,320 --> 00:02:03,040 VIRTUAL ATTENDEES. 73 00:02:03,040 --> 00:02:06,160 IF ANY ATTENDEES ARE HAVING 74 00:02:06,160 --> 00:02:09,120 TECHNICAL PROBLEMS, PLEASE 75 00:02:09,120 --> 00:02:10,240 CONTACT DERRICK SMITH WHO IS IN 76 00:02:10,240 --> 00:02:12,240 THE BACK WHO WILL BE ABLE TO 77 00:02:12,240 --> 00:02:13,880 ASSIST YOU AND WE WILL ALSO 78 00:02:13,880 --> 00:02:16,240 INCLUDE HIS INFORMATION IN THE 79 00:02:16,240 --> 00:02:16,880 CHAT. 80 00:02:16,880 --> 00:02:18,320 FOR THOSE HERE IN PERSON, WHEN 81 00:02:18,320 --> 00:02:20,680 WE GET TO LUNCH, JUST TO LET YOU 82 00:02:20,680 --> 00:02:23,200 KNOW, THE ROCK CAFE IS YOUR 83 00:02:23,200 --> 00:02:24,280 IN-PERSON OPTION IF YOU 84 00:02:24,280 --> 00:02:25,280 DEPARTMENT BRING YOURSELF A 85 00:02:25,280 --> 00:02:25,480 LUNCH. 86 00:02:25,480 --> 00:02:27,680 IT IS A 5 MINUTE WALK ACROSS THE 87 00:02:27,680 --> 00:02:27,920 STREET. 88 00:02:27,920 --> 00:02:29,400 THERE'S A MENU OUTSIDE AND 89 00:02:29,400 --> 00:02:30,960 YOU'RE ALSO ABLE TO CALL AHEAD 90 00:02:30,960 --> 00:02:34,080 FOR A PICKUP, OR YOU CAN GO 91 00:02:34,080 --> 00:02:35,640 THERE AND GRAB YOUR LUNCH DURING 92 00:02:35,640 --> 00:02:36,960 OUR LUNCH BREAK. 93 00:02:36,960 --> 00:02:38,720 I KNOW EVERYONE'S REALLY BUSY, 94 00:02:38,720 --> 00:02:39,800 AND WE REALLY APPRECIATE YOUR 95 00:02:39,800 --> 00:02:42,560 TIME AND YOUR INPUT TODAY. 96 00:02:42,560 --> 00:02:43,760 NONE OF THIS COULD HAPPEN 97 00:02:43,760 --> 00:02:44,960 WITHOUT A REALLY FABULOUS TEAM 98 00:02:44,960 --> 00:02:47,840 THAT'S HELPED TO PREPARE THIS 99 00:02:47,840 --> 00:02:48,120 WORKSHOP. 100 00:02:48,120 --> 00:02:53,080 I ESPECIALLY WOULD LIKE TO THANK 101 00:02:53,080 --> 00:02:54,920 DR. HENDRIKS, OUR LOGISTICS AND 102 00:02:54,920 --> 00:03:00,400 TECH TEAM AND ROSA ROSALIE AND 103 00:03:00,400 --> 00:03:02,240 ASSOCIATES, AND LAST BUT NOT 104 00:03:02,240 --> 00:03:04,320 LEAST, OUR DEPUTY DIRECTOR FOR 105 00:03:04,320 --> 00:03:07,440 BRAIN AND DR. JOHN NGAI, BRAIN 106 00:03:07,440 --> 00:03:08,800 DIRECTOR, FOR THEIR SUPPORT OF 107 00:03:08,800 --> 00:03:09,400 NEUROETHICS. 108 00:03:09,400 --> 00:03:10,720 NOW I'LL TURN IT OVER TO JOHN. 109 00:03:10,720 --> 00:03:16,800 [APPLAUSE] 110 00:03:16,800 --> 00:03:20,200 >>THANK YOU, NINA. 111 00:03:20,200 --> 00:03:23,840 I'D LIKE TO JOIN NINA IN 112 00:03:23,840 --> 00:03:26,320 THANKING OUR NEUROETHICS WORKING 113 00:03:26,320 --> 00:03:29,400 GROUP CO-CHAIRS, DR. CHRISTINE 114 00:03:29,400 --> 00:03:33,880 GRADY AND DR. FARAHANI AND THE 115 00:03:33,880 --> 00:03:35,080 REST OF THE WORKING GROUP FOR 116 00:03:35,080 --> 00:03:36,760 PUTTING TOGETHER A TERRIFIC 117 00:03:36,760 --> 00:03:38,120 PROGRAM HERE, IT'S GOING TO BE 118 00:03:38,120 --> 00:03:39,120 AN EXCITING TWO DAYS. 119 00:03:39,120 --> 00:03:40,600 THANK YOU ALL FOR BEING HERE IN 120 00:03:40,600 --> 00:03:41,880 CYBERSPACE OR IN PERSON. 121 00:03:41,880 --> 00:03:42,920 IT'S REALLY GREAT TO HAVE YOUR 122 00:03:42,920 --> 00:03:43,960 PARTICIPATION AND I THINK WE'RE 123 00:03:43,960 --> 00:03:46,520 GETTING THE HANG OF THESE HYBRID 124 00:03:46,520 --> 00:03:47,440 MEETINGS, SO IF YOU HAVE 125 00:03:47,440 --> 00:03:48,520 QUESTIONS EITHER HERE OR 126 00:03:48,520 --> 00:03:49,600 VIRTUALLY, PLEASE ASK THEM, 127 00:03:49,600 --> 00:03:50,720 WE'LL MAKE SURE THAT WE ANSWER 128 00:03:50,720 --> 00:03:55,400 AS MANY OF THEM AS WE CAN. 129 00:03:55,400 --> 00:03:57,480 SO WE'RE HERE TO HAVE AN IN 130 00:03:57,480 --> 00:03:58,800 DEPTH DISCUSSION ABOUT THE 131 00:03:58,800 --> 00:04:01,120 ETHICS INVOLVED IN SHARING HUMAN 132 00:04:01,120 --> 00:04:03,360 BRAIN DATA THAT'S COLLECTED BY 133 00:04:03,360 --> 00:04:04,480 MEDICAL RESEARCH AND BRAIN 134 00:04:04,480 --> 00:04:05,560 INITIATIVE AS MANY OF YOU KNOW 135 00:04:05,560 --> 00:04:06,560 HAS REALLY KIND OF BEEN PUSHING 136 00:04:06,560 --> 00:04:07,720 THE LIMITS OF IT. 137 00:04:07,720 --> 00:04:09,400 WE REALLY APPRECIATE THAT 138 00:04:09,400 --> 00:04:12,280 SHARING DATA CAN ACCELERATE THE 139 00:04:12,280 --> 00:04:12,920 SCIENTIFIC VALUE BUT THERE'S 140 00:04:12,920 --> 00:04:14,720 ALSO AN INHERENT TENSION IN 141 00:04:14,720 --> 00:04:16,840 DOING SO AND BALANCING THAT 142 00:04:16,840 --> 00:04:18,280 VALUE WITH THE POTENTIAL RISKS 143 00:04:18,280 --> 00:04:19,800 OF SHARING DATA AND PROTECTING 144 00:04:19,800 --> 00:04:22,320 PATIENT PRIVACY AMONG OTHER 145 00:04:22,320 --> 00:04:23,440 CONSIDERATIONS, AND AS WE START 146 00:04:23,440 --> 00:04:24,800 PUSHING THE LIMITS OF THE KIND 147 00:04:24,800 --> 00:04:28,120 OF DATA WE CAN ACTUALLY OBTAIN, 148 00:04:28,120 --> 00:04:31,360 ANALYZE AND IMPUTE FROM, WE 149 00:04:31,360 --> 00:04:32,360 REALLY -- I THINK WE'RE STARTING 150 00:04:32,360 --> 00:04:34,240 TO CREATE SITUATIONS WHERE WE 151 00:04:34,240 --> 00:04:36,080 REALLY DO NEED TO GET FURTHER 152 00:04:36,080 --> 00:04:37,080 AHEAD OF THE GAME THAN WE ARE 153 00:04:37,080 --> 00:04:37,880 RIGHT NOW. 154 00:04:37,880 --> 00:04:38,920 NOW THE CONSIDERATIONS AROUND 155 00:04:38,920 --> 00:04:40,200 DATA HAVE BEEN PART OF BRAIN 156 00:04:40,200 --> 00:04:41,240 FROM THE VERY, VERY BEGINNING. 157 00:04:41,240 --> 00:04:43,520 IT WAS NOTED VERY INTENTIONALLY 158 00:04:43,520 --> 00:04:45,960 IN THE BRAIN 2025 STRATEGIC PLAN 159 00:04:45,960 --> 00:04:51,400 THAT WAS ISSUED BACK IN 2014 AND 160 00:04:51,400 --> 00:04:53,600 UPDATED AND ENHANCED THE BRAIN 161 00:04:53,600 --> 00:04:54,120 2.0 REPORT. 162 00:04:54,120 --> 00:04:56,640 SO ONE OF THE CO-AUTHORS IS 163 00:04:56,640 --> 00:05:01,280 HERE, WE REALLY APPRECIATE THOSE 164 00:05:01,280 --> 00:05:03,640 INSIGHTS, JIM, AND ALSO YOUR 165 00:05:03,640 --> 00:05:04,760 BEING HERE FOR THIS PARTICULAR 166 00:05:04,760 --> 00:05:05,200 WORKSHOP. 167 00:05:05,200 --> 00:05:07,080 SO BRAIN 2.0 CALLED FOR 168 00:05:07,080 --> 00:05:10,000 DEVELOPING GUIDELINES T FOR HOWO 169 00:05:10,000 --> 00:05:11,080 RESPONSIBLY THINK ABOUT SHARING 170 00:05:11,080 --> 00:05:12,520 DATA AS WELL AS DATA ACCESS, 171 00:05:12,520 --> 00:05:14,560 INCLUDING PARTICIPANT DATA AND 172 00:05:14,560 --> 00:05:17,640 AGAIN, WITH THE VERY STRONG 173 00:05:17,640 --> 00:05:19,160 IMPERATIVE OF PROTECTING 174 00:05:19,160 --> 00:05:21,280 PARTICIPANT PRIVACY. 175 00:05:21,280 --> 00:05:22,800 NOW, IN LINE WITH OUR INITIAL 176 00:05:22,800 --> 00:05:25,200 STRATEGIC PLAN, BRAIN HAS 177 00:05:25,200 --> 00:05:26,200 ACTUALLY TRIED TO BE AHEAD OF 178 00:05:26,200 --> 00:05:27,720 THE GAME IN TERMS OF DATA 179 00:05:27,720 --> 00:05:28,000 SHARING. 180 00:05:28,000 --> 00:05:31,000 BACK IN 2019, WE ISSUED OUR OWN 181 00:05:31,000 --> 00:05:32,160 DATA SHARING GUIDELINES, 182 00:05:32,160 --> 00:05:33,000 ACTUALLY REQUIREMENTS, THAT WERE 183 00:05:33,000 --> 00:05:39,760 AHEAD OF THE NIH'S MUCH TOUTED 184 00:05:39,760 --> 00:05:41,320 SHARING PLANS BUT THEY ALSO 185 00:05:41,320 --> 00:05:42,600 DOVETAILED WITH THE NIH-WIDE 186 00:05:42,600 --> 00:05:43,680 EFFORTS AND WE HOPE THAT WE'RE 187 00:05:43,680 --> 00:05:45,000 AHEAD OF THE GAME AND AS I LIKE 188 00:05:45,000 --> 00:05:47,080 TO SAY, NOT JUST CLOSER TO THE 189 00:05:47,080 --> 00:05:48,720 ICEBERG, BUT I THINK THINKING 190 00:05:48,720 --> 00:05:49,800 ABOUT THESE THINGS PROACTIVELY 191 00:05:49,800 --> 00:05:51,120 IS REALLY THE ONLY WAY FOR US TO 192 00:05:51,120 --> 00:05:53,760 GET IT DONE. 193 00:05:53,760 --> 00:05:55,160 SO AGAIN, WE'RE LOOKING AT THE 194 00:05:55,160 --> 00:05:56,360 TRADEOFFS BETWEEN THE VALUE OF 195 00:05:56,360 --> 00:05:58,000 SHARING THESE CRITICAL DATASETS, 196 00:05:58,000 --> 00:05:59,560 BUT ALSO AT THE SAME TIME, 197 00:05:59,560 --> 00:06:05,320 RECOGNIZING THAT I IT IS WITH 198 00:06:05,320 --> 00:06:06,640 INTENTION OF PATIENT PRIVACY AND 199 00:06:06,640 --> 00:06:08,560 ACTUALLY DOING GOOD FOR THE 200 00:06:08,560 --> 00:06:09,840 FOLKS WE'RE ACTUALLY HERE TO 201 00:06:09,840 --> 00:06:15,080 HELP SO I'LL TURN THE FLOOR OVER 202 00:06:15,080 --> 00:06:22,080 TO DR. HENDRICKS AND SHE'LL HELP 203 00:06:22,080 --> 00:06:24,160 US SET THE STAGE FOR TODAY'S 204 00:06:24,160 --> 00:06:25,120 DISCUSSION, SO PLEASE TAKE IT 205 00:06:25,120 --> 00:06:25,320 AWAY. 206 00:06:25,320 --> 00:06:32,840 [APPLAUSE] 207 00:06:32,840 --> 00:06:34,120 >>THANK YOU, JOHN. 208 00:06:34,120 --> 00:06:35,200 IT'S A PLEASURE TO GET US 209 00:06:35,200 --> 00:06:42,360 STARTED TODAY. 210 00:06:42,360 --> 00:06:45,400 SO I'M WAITING FOR ONE SECOND 211 00:06:45,400 --> 00:06:47,080 FOR MY SLIDES. 212 00:06:47,080 --> 00:06:48,760 OKAY. 213 00:06:48,760 --> 00:06:50,680 SO IT MY GREAT PLEASURE TO GET 214 00:06:50,680 --> 00:06:52,080 US STARTED AND INTRODUCE THIS 215 00:06:52,080 --> 00:06:53,640 WORKSHOP AND WHAT WE PLAN TO DO. 216 00:06:53,640 --> 00:06:57,240 SO I'LL GIVE A QUICK 217 00:06:57,240 --> 00:06:57,880 PRESENTATION, FIRST PRESENTING 218 00:06:57,880 --> 00:06:59,960 THE RELEVANT BACKGROUND TO THIS 219 00:06:59,960 --> 00:07:00,880 WORKSHOP, OUR WAY OF THINKING 220 00:07:00,880 --> 00:07:02,480 GOING INTO THE WORKSHOP, AND 221 00:07:02,480 --> 00:07:03,920 THEN WE'LL DISCUSS THE AIMS OF 222 00:07:03,920 --> 00:07:05,320 THE WORKSHOP AND SOME OF THE 223 00:07:05,320 --> 00:07:06,240 ASSUMPTIONS AND THEMES THAT WE 224 00:07:06,240 --> 00:07:09,400 HAVE GOING IN. 225 00:07:09,400 --> 00:07:10,720 SO LET ME START BY EMPHASIZING 226 00:07:10,720 --> 00:07:13,400 THE VALUE OF DATA SHARING. 227 00:07:13,400 --> 00:07:14,800 SO AS SOME OF YOU MAY HAVE 228 00:07:14,800 --> 00:07:16,080 NOTED, THIS IS NOT THE MAIN 229 00:07:16,080 --> 00:07:19,560 FOCUS OF THIS WORKSHOP. 230 00:07:19,560 --> 00:07:20,920 BUT THAT IS BECAUSE, IN FACT, IT 231 00:07:20,920 --> 00:07:22,440 HAS BEEN THE MAIN FOCUS OF 232 00:07:22,440 --> 00:07:23,880 SEVERAL WORKSHOPS THAT WE'VE 233 00:07:23,880 --> 00:07:26,360 RECENTLY SEEN. 234 00:07:26,360 --> 00:07:27,600 ORGANIZED BY OTHERS AMONG THE 235 00:07:27,600 --> 00:07:28,880 NIH, NATIONAL ACADEMIES AND 236 00:07:28,880 --> 00:07:29,320 OTHERS. 237 00:07:29,320 --> 00:07:33,160 ALONG WITH OTHER EFFORTS. 238 00:07:33,160 --> 00:07:36,440 SO TO BRIEFLY SUMMARIZE, DATA 239 00:07:36,440 --> 00:07:38,080 SHARING CAN BE JUSTIFIED ON 240 00:07:38,080 --> 00:07:38,960 SCIENTIFIC, ECONOMIC AND ETHICAL 241 00:07:38,960 --> 00:07:40,000 GROUNDS. 242 00:07:40,000 --> 00:07:42,640 IT CAN BENEFIT INVESTIGATORS, IT 243 00:07:42,640 --> 00:07:44,960 CAN BENEFIT RESEARCH 244 00:07:44,960 --> 00:07:46,160 PARTICIPANTS, BUT THE PRIMARY 245 00:07:46,160 --> 00:07:49,320 GOAL OF DATA SHARING IS TO 246 00:07:49,320 --> 00:07:50,760 ACCELERATE SCIENTIFIC VALUE, 247 00:07:50,760 --> 00:07:52,440 HOPEFULLY BENEFITING PATIENTS 248 00:07:52,440 --> 00:07:56,880 AND SOCIETY. 249 00:07:56,880 --> 00:08:01,040 SO THE WAY THIS IS ACHIEVED IS 250 00:08:01,040 --> 00:08:02,240 BECAUSE DATA SHARING ALLOWS FOR 251 00:08:02,240 --> 00:08:03,760 FURTHER ANALYSIS OF THE DATA, 252 00:08:03,760 --> 00:08:06,600 FOR EXAMPLE, CONDUCTING A META 253 00:08:06,600 --> 00:08:07,880 ANALYSES, IT INCREASES 254 00:08:07,880 --> 00:08:08,600 TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY, 255 00:08:08,600 --> 00:08:10,560 IT INCREASES COLLABORATION AND 256 00:08:10,560 --> 00:08:13,400 INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH, AND 257 00:08:13,400 --> 00:08:14,720 IT MAXIMIZES THE VALUE GAINED 258 00:08:14,720 --> 00:08:16,200 OUT OF THE STUDIES THAT WE DO. 259 00:08:16,200 --> 00:08:18,320 FOR EXAMPLE, ENHANCING THE VALUE 260 00:08:18,320 --> 00:08:20,040 WE GET OUT OF PARTICIPANTS' 261 00:08:20,040 --> 00:08:21,920 CONTRIBUTIONS. 262 00:08:21,920 --> 00:08:25,760 ALL IN ALL, THROUGH THESE 263 00:08:25,760 --> 00:08:26,720 MECHANISMS, THIS MAY ALSO 264 00:08:26,720 --> 00:08:27,920 IMPROVE THE TRUST IN SCIENCE. 265 00:08:27,920 --> 00:08:30,600 SO IN THIS WORKSHOP, WE'LL TAKE 266 00:08:30,600 --> 00:08:34,080 FOR GRANTED THAT DATA SHARING 267 00:08:34,080 --> 00:08:36,680 CAN HAVE IMPORTANT VALUE. 268 00:08:36,680 --> 00:08:38,680 I WILL SAY TWO COMMENTS HERE ON 269 00:08:38,680 --> 00:08:39,760 THIS SLIDE, WHICH IS, ONE OF THE 270 00:08:39,760 --> 00:08:44,120 THINGS I DO THINK IS WORTH 271 00:08:44,120 --> 00:08:44,960 CONSIDERING WHEN THINKING ABOUT 272 00:08:44,960 --> 00:08:46,840 THE BENEFITS OF DATA SHARING IS 273 00:08:46,840 --> 00:08:48,720 WHETHER, WHEN WE TALK ABOUT 274 00:08:48,720 --> 00:08:51,800 BENEFITS FOR SOCIETY AND FUTURE 275 00:08:51,800 --> 00:08:53,080 PATIENTS, WHO THESE PATIENTS 276 00:08:53,080 --> 00:08:54,520 ARE, WHO THESE COMMUNITIES ARE. 277 00:08:54,520 --> 00:08:56,840 ARE THEY THE SAME COMMUNITIES AS 278 00:08:56,840 --> 00:09:00,200 OUARE CONTRIBUTING TO THE DATA,R 279 00:09:00,200 --> 00:09:01,200 ARE THEY DIFFERENT COMMUNITIES? 280 00:09:01,200 --> 00:09:03,560 SO WE'LL TALK ABOUT THAT. 281 00:09:03,560 --> 00:09:05,000 ANOTHER ELEMENT I WANTED TO 282 00:09:05,000 --> 00:09:06,200 HIGHLIGHT IS THAT AT THIS 283 00:09:06,200 --> 00:09:09,640 MOMENT, WE HAVE LIMITED DATA, 284 00:09:09,640 --> 00:09:12,280 EMPIRICAL DATA TO QUANTIFY THE 285 00:09:12,280 --> 00:09:14,360 DIFFERENTIAL VALUE GAINED BY 286 00:09:14,360 --> 00:09:15,720 SHARING DIFFERENT TYPES OF DATA, 287 00:09:15,720 --> 00:09:16,720 OR SHARING DATA IN DIFFERENT 288 00:09:16,720 --> 00:09:18,960 TYPES OF WAYS. 289 00:09:18,960 --> 00:09:22,200 I'M NOT QUESTIONING THE VALUE OF 290 00:09:22,200 --> 00:09:32,680 DATA SHARING -- INFORMATION 291 00:09:45,160 --> 00:09:47,800 PACKET ABOUT PROTECTING 292 00:09:47,800 --> 00:09:49,680 PARTICIPANTS' PRIVACY, AND THEY 293 00:09:49,680 --> 00:09:52,640 SHARED SOME POINTS TO CONSIDER 294 00:09:52,640 --> 00:09:54,640 ABOUT INFORMED CONSENT LANGUAGE. 295 00:09:54,640 --> 00:09:57,800 SO THIS IS NIH-WADE. 296 00:09:57,800 --> 00:09:59,480 AS WAS MENTIONED, BRAIN HAS ITS 297 00:09:59,480 --> 00:10:01,240 OWN DATA SHARING POLICY, WHICH 298 00:10:01,240 --> 00:10:03,120 REQUIRES DATA SHARING FOR A 299 00:10:03,120 --> 00:10:06,040 NUMBER OF TYPES OF GRANTS. 300 00:10:06,040 --> 00:10:08,560 OKAY. 301 00:10:08,560 --> 00:10:10,080 SO THAT'S AS FAR AS THE BENEFITS 302 00:10:10,080 --> 00:10:10,880 OF DATA SHARING. 303 00:10:10,880 --> 00:10:12,480 NOW HOW ABOUT THE POTENTIAL 304 00:10:12,480 --> 00:10:15,320 RISKS OF DATA SHARING? 305 00:10:15,320 --> 00:10:17,200 WHEN IT COMES TO THE POTENTIAL 306 00:10:17,200 --> 00:10:19,960 RISKS, PEOPLE TEND TO TALK ABOUT 307 00:10:19,960 --> 00:10:20,680 THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF 308 00:10:20,680 --> 00:10:23,760 COMMUNITIES TO WHICH THESE RISKS 309 00:10:23,760 --> 00:10:26,000 OCCUR. 310 00:10:26,000 --> 00:10:26,800 INDIVIDUALS WHO CONTRIBUTE TO 311 00:10:26,800 --> 00:10:28,280 THAT DATA, THE COMMUNITIES OF 312 00:10:28,280 --> 00:10:30,520 WHICH THEY'RE PART, AND THE 313 00:10:30,520 --> 00:10:32,200 PROFESSIONALS WHO ARE INVOLVED 314 00:10:32,200 --> 00:10:35,080 IN CONDUCTING THE SCIENCE. 315 00:10:35,080 --> 00:10:38,520 SO LET START WITH THE FIRST. 316 00:10:38,520 --> 00:10:42,080 SO THE BIOETHICS LITERATURE HAS 317 00:10:42,080 --> 00:10:43,280 DISTINGUISHED DIFFERENT TYPES OF 318 00:10:43,280 --> 00:10:44,600 POTENTIAL INDIVIDUAL HARMS THAT 319 00:10:44,600 --> 00:10:45,920 MAY ACCRUE FROM SHARING 320 00:10:45,920 --> 00:10:47,000 INDIVIDUAL LEVEL DATA. 321 00:10:47,000 --> 00:10:50,520 FOR EXAMPLE, IT MIGHT IMPACT THE 322 00:10:50,520 --> 00:10:52,160 PRIVACY OF RESEARCH 323 00:10:52,160 --> 00:10:53,440 PARTICIPANTS, AND IT MAY PUT 324 00:10:53,440 --> 00:10:56,680 THEM AT POTENTIAL RISK OF 325 00:10:56,680 --> 00:10:59,000 DISCRIMINATION. 326 00:10:59,000 --> 00:11:00,080 THESE ARE JUST SOME EXAMPLES. 327 00:11:00,080 --> 00:11:03,000 I'M NOT GOING INTO DEC DEPTH HEE 328 00:11:03,000 --> 00:11:04,120 BECAUSE WE'LL HAVE A FULL PANEL 329 00:11:04,120 --> 00:11:05,520 ON THIS TOPIC BUT I WANT TO 330 00:11:05,520 --> 00:11:06,520 HIGHLIGHT A FEW THINGS THAT I 331 00:11:06,520 --> 00:11:07,320 THINK ARE IMPORTANT TO THINK 332 00:11:07,320 --> 00:11:08,720 ABOUT IN THE UPCOMING PANELS. 333 00:11:08,720 --> 00:11:11,080 FIRST OF WHICH IS THAT MOST OF 334 00:11:11,080 --> 00:11:14,200 THESE POTENTIAL HARMS INVOLVE 335 00:11:14,200 --> 00:11:18,360 IDENTIFICATION OF AN INDIVIDUAL, 336 00:11:18,360 --> 00:11:19,240 AND THEN SOMEBODY DOING 337 00:11:19,240 --> 00:11:21,600 SOMETHING WITH THIS DATA, 338 00:11:21,600 --> 00:11:22,920 INTENTIONAL OR NOT, THAT MAY 339 00:11:22,920 --> 00:11:23,520 HARM THE INDIVIDUAL. 340 00:11:23,520 --> 00:11:26,600 FOR EXAMPLE, IT MIGHT BE 341 00:11:26,600 --> 00:11:29,040 IDENTIFYING AN INDIVIDUAL AND 342 00:11:29,040 --> 00:11:31,000 THEN EMPLOYING OR DOING 343 00:11:31,000 --> 00:11:32,240 SOMETHING WITH THIS DATA, FOR 344 00:11:32,240 --> 00:11:33,520 EXAMPLE, MAKING HIRING DECISIONS 345 00:11:33,520 --> 00:11:34,520 BASED ON THIS DATA. 346 00:11:34,520 --> 00:11:37,120 THERE ARE A COUPLE OF EXAMPLES 347 00:11:37,120 --> 00:11:39,080 FROM THIS BUT MOST INDIVIDUAL 348 00:11:39,080 --> 00:11:41,240 RISKS ARE TIED TO IDENTIFICATION 349 00:11:41,240 --> 00:11:45,040 OF INDIVIDUALS. 350 00:11:45,040 --> 00:11:47,320 OKAY. 351 00:11:47,320 --> 00:11:49,200 SECOND, I THINK WHEN THINKING 352 00:11:49,200 --> 00:11:50,800 ABOUT THESE POTENTIAL RISKS, I 353 00:11:50,800 --> 00:11:52,560 THINK IT'S GENERALLY USEFUL TO 354 00:11:52,560 --> 00:11:57,800 THINK ABOUT THEM IN TERMS OF THE 355 00:11:57,800 --> 00:11:58,640 SOLVABILITY OF THE POTENTIAL 356 00:11:58,640 --> 00:12:00,000 RISKS AND THE MAGNITUDE OF THESE 357 00:12:00,000 --> 00:12:01,560 POTENTIAL RISKS. 358 00:12:01,560 --> 00:12:03,600 AND IN OUR WORKSHOP, I HOPE TO 359 00:12:03,600 --> 00:12:08,480 ENCOURAGE EVERYBODY TO 360 00:12:08,480 --> 00:12:09,480 DISTINGUISH AS FAR AS WE CAN THE 361 00:12:09,480 --> 00:12:11,960 RISKS THAT ARE AT THIS POINT 362 00:12:11,960 --> 00:12:13,000 PRIMARILY THEORETICAL, THE RISKS 363 00:12:13,000 --> 00:12:14,960 FOR WHICH WE HAVE PROOF OF 364 00:12:14,960 --> 00:12:16,160 PRINCIPLE, AND CASES WHERE WE 365 00:12:16,160 --> 00:12:19,000 HAVE EXTENDED EVIDENCE 366 00:12:19,000 --> 00:12:20,280 ACKNOWLEDGING THAT JUST LIKE IN 367 00:12:20,280 --> 00:12:22,280 TERMS OF THE VALUE OF DATA 368 00:12:22,280 --> 00:12:25,080 SHARING, THE EVIDENCE BASE MIGHT 369 00:12:25,080 --> 00:12:26,560 BE SMALLER THAN MIGHT BE IDEAL 370 00:12:26,560 --> 00:12:34,240 TO MAKE OUR ANALYSES. 371 00:12:34,240 --> 00:12:35,960 SO NOW LET'S LOOK AT THE 372 00:12:35,960 --> 00:12:36,560 POTENTIAL COMMUNITY HARMS. 373 00:12:36,560 --> 00:12:38,280 SO IN GENERAL, THIS LOOKS 374 00:12:38,280 --> 00:12:39,280 SOMETHING LIKE THIS. 375 00:12:39,280 --> 00:12:40,680 AN INDIVIDUAL OR A GROUP COULD 376 00:12:40,680 --> 00:12:42,640 LEVERAGE DATA TO BENEFIT THEIR 377 00:12:42,640 --> 00:12:43,400 PRIVATE AGENDA. 378 00:12:43,400 --> 00:12:46,080 FOR EXAMPLE, THEY MIGHT USE THE 379 00:12:46,080 --> 00:12:48,800 DATA TO CONFIRM A PRE-EXISTING 380 00:12:48,800 --> 00:12:49,400 HYPOTHESIS ABOUT THE INNATE 381 00:12:49,400 --> 00:12:51,800 VALUE OF A CERTAIN GROUP OF 382 00:12:51,800 --> 00:12:53,280 INDIVIDUALS, WHICH MIGHT HAVE 383 00:12:53,280 --> 00:12:54,240 IMPLICATIONS IN TERMS OF THE 384 00:12:54,240 --> 00:12:55,880 HEALTH AND NON-HEALTH-RELATED 385 00:12:55,880 --> 00:13:01,480 INTERESTS OF THIS GROUP. 386 00:13:01,480 --> 00:13:02,920 SO AGAIN HERE, I THINK IT'S 387 00:13:02,920 --> 00:13:03,680 HELPFUL TO THINK ABOUT THE 388 00:13:03,680 --> 00:13:05,000 MAGNITUDE AND THE LIKELIHOOD OF 389 00:13:05,000 --> 00:13:06,160 THESE HARMS AND WE'LL GET BACK 390 00:13:06,160 --> 00:13:09,960 TO THESE. 391 00:13:09,960 --> 00:13:10,560 OKAY. 392 00:13:10,560 --> 00:13:12,840 SO THE HARMS IN TERMS -- THE 393 00:13:12,840 --> 00:13:14,400 POTENTIAL HARMS FOR THE 394 00:13:14,400 --> 00:13:16,040 PROFESSIONALS INVOLVED IN THE 395 00:13:16,040 --> 00:13:17,360 RESEARCH. 396 00:13:17,360 --> 00:13:18,600 SO I THINK IT'S PROBABLY FAIR TO 397 00:13:18,600 --> 00:13:20,440 SAY THAT SPONSORS, RESEARCH, 398 00:13:20,440 --> 00:13:21,440 INSTITUTIONS AND RESEARCH TEAMS 399 00:13:21,440 --> 00:13:22,840 MAY HAVE LEGITIMATE INTERESTS 400 00:13:22,840 --> 00:13:27,280 THAT COULD BE UNDERMINED BY DATA 401 00:13:27,280 --> 00:13:28,240 SHARING DEPENDING ON THE MATTER 402 00:13:28,240 --> 00:13:29,240 AT WHICH IT OCCURS. 403 00:13:29,240 --> 00:13:31,080 FOR EXAMPLE, THESE COULD RELATE 404 00:13:31,080 --> 00:13:35,160 TO -- THIS COULD BASICALLY BE 405 00:13:35,160 --> 00:13:36,120 DERIVATIVES OF THE TYPES OF 406 00:13:36,120 --> 00:13:37,960 HARMS WE JUST SAW, FOR EXAMPLE, 407 00:13:37,960 --> 00:13:39,160 REPERCUSSIONS FROM DATA MISUSE 408 00:13:39,160 --> 00:13:40,640 THAT GET BACK TO THOSE WHO 409 00:13:40,640 --> 00:13:42,560 CONDUCTED THE SCIENCE. 410 00:13:42,560 --> 00:13:45,160 IT COULD ALSO BE CONSIDERATIONS 411 00:13:45,160 --> 00:13:45,960 AROUND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OR 412 00:13:45,960 --> 00:13:49,360 THINGS LIKE CAREER ADVANCEMENT. 413 00:13:49,360 --> 00:13:50,720 THIS WILL NOT BE THE MAIN FOCUS 414 00:13:50,720 --> 00:13:52,200 OF THE RISKS THAT WE'RE GOING TO 415 00:13:52,200 --> 00:13:53,720 FOCUS ON DURING THIS WORKSHOP. 416 00:13:53,720 --> 00:13:55,680 OKAY. 417 00:13:55,680 --> 00:13:57,760 SO THERE ARE A NUMBER OF 418 00:13:57,760 --> 00:13:59,120 DIFFERENT TYPES OF SAFEGUARDS 419 00:13:59,120 --> 00:14:00,280 AND PROTECTIONS THAT WE CAN 420 00:14:00,280 --> 00:14:03,120 APPLY WHEN WE SHARE DATA. 421 00:14:03,120 --> 00:14:05,320 THESE RANGE FROM 422 00:14:05,320 --> 00:14:06,280 DEIDENTIFICATION, DATA SECURITY, 423 00:14:06,280 --> 00:14:07,720 INFORMED CONSENT, SECURITY 424 00:14:07,720 --> 00:14:08,360 ACCESS, REGULATIONS AND OTHERS. 425 00:14:08,360 --> 00:14:09,840 I'M NOT GOING TO GO INTO DETAIL 426 00:14:09,840 --> 00:14:10,320 HERE. 427 00:14:10,320 --> 00:14:14,360 BUT WHAT I WANT TO POINT OUT IS 428 00:14:14,360 --> 00:14:16,240 THAT IN SOME CASES, SOME OF 429 00:14:16,240 --> 00:14:17,480 THESE SAFEGUARDS TO MINIMIZE 430 00:14:17,480 --> 00:14:18,680 RISKS CAN ACTUALLY HAVE 431 00:14:18,680 --> 00:14:19,920 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE VALUE OF 432 00:14:19,920 --> 00:14:23,240 THE DATA WHEN WE SHARE IT. 433 00:14:23,240 --> 00:14:25,120 SO I THINK THIS IS AN EXAMPLE ON 434 00:14:25,120 --> 00:14:28,640 THE SLIDE WHICH WE SEE IMAGES 435 00:14:28,640 --> 00:14:29,840 FROM MRI, AND BASICALLY THE 436 00:14:29,840 --> 00:14:31,680 THOUGHT IS THAT MRI CONTAIN 437 00:14:31,680 --> 00:14:32,320 IMAGES OF FACES. 438 00:14:32,320 --> 00:14:34,880 SO THERE IS A REIDENTIFICATION 439 00:14:34,880 --> 00:14:37,280 RISKS IF FACIAL FEATURES ARE 440 00:14:37,280 --> 00:14:38,880 RECONSTRUCTED FROM MRI, AND THEN 441 00:14:38,880 --> 00:14:41,680 LINKED TO PUBLICLY ACCESSIBLE 442 00:14:41,680 --> 00:14:43,520 PHOTOS. 443 00:14:43,520 --> 00:14:45,320 SO WHAT PEOPLE STARTED TO DO TO 444 00:14:45,320 --> 00:14:49,560 DE-IDENTIFY THIS DATA IS TO BLUR 445 00:14:49,560 --> 00:14:51,200 SOME OF THE FACES OR REMOVE 446 00:14:51,200 --> 00:14:52,280 THESE DATA ALL TOGETHER, BUT THE 447 00:14:52,280 --> 00:14:55,360 POINT I WANT TO MAKE HERE IS 448 00:14:55,360 --> 00:14:56,360 THAT THAT BASICALLY CUTS AWAY 449 00:14:56,360 --> 00:14:58,200 SOME OF THE DATA THAT WE'RE 450 00:14:58,200 --> 00:14:59,520 SHARING, AND, THEREBY, REDUCES 451 00:14:59,520 --> 00:15:01,120 THE AMOUNT OF DATA WE'RE SHARING 452 00:15:01,120 --> 00:15:02,600 AND THE VALUE OF THE DATA THAT 453 00:15:02,600 --> 00:15:03,000 WE'RE SHARING. 454 00:15:03,000 --> 00:15:05,440 SO I THINK THIS IS A COMMON 455 00:15:05,440 --> 00:15:06,680 EXAMPLE ACROSS THESE STRATEGIES, 456 00:15:06,680 --> 00:15:08,600 IS THAT SOME OF THESE STRATEGIES 457 00:15:08,600 --> 00:15:11,760 MAY REDUCE THE RISKS FOR 458 00:15:11,760 --> 00:15:12,880 INDIVIDUALS AND COMMUNITIES, BUT 459 00:15:12,880 --> 00:15:14,600 ALSO REDUCES SCIENTIFIC VALUE 460 00:15:14,600 --> 00:15:18,000 WHEN WE SHARE THE DATA. 461 00:15:18,000 --> 00:15:19,120 THIS IS WHAT BRINGS US TO PART 462 00:15:19,120 --> 00:15:21,480 OF OUR ETHICAL DILEMMAS HERE, 463 00:15:21,480 --> 00:15:23,800 WHICH IS THAT THERE ARE IN SOME 464 00:15:23,800 --> 00:15:25,560 CASES, AT LEAST, TRADEOFFS 465 00:15:25,560 --> 00:15:28,400 BETWEEN PROTECTIONS OF 466 00:15:28,400 --> 00:15:30,240 INDIVIDUALS AND COMMUNITIES WHEN 467 00:15:30,240 --> 00:15:31,640 WE SHARE THE DATA AND THE 468 00:15:31,640 --> 00:15:33,880 SCIENTIFIC VALUE WHEN WE SHARE 469 00:15:33,880 --> 00:15:34,760 DATA. 470 00:15:34,760 --> 00:15:37,400 AND WHEN THESE ARE RELEVANT, 471 00:15:37,400 --> 00:15:41,400 MANY PEOPLE ARGUE FO FOR APPLYIG 472 00:15:41,400 --> 00:15:43,200 THESE SAFEGUARDS PROPORTIONALLY 473 00:15:43,200 --> 00:15:45,120 TO THE RISK WHEN SHARING DATA. 474 00:15:45,120 --> 00:15:46,320 WHICH MEANS THAT WE NEED TO 475 00:15:46,320 --> 00:15:49,680 UNDERSTAND WHAT THESE RISKS ARE. 476 00:15:49,680 --> 00:15:50,880 SO THAT LOOKS SOMETHING LIKE 477 00:15:50,880 --> 00:15:51,520 THIS. 478 00:15:51,520 --> 00:15:52,840 I THINK THIS IS THE GENERAL 479 00:15:52,840 --> 00:15:54,920 TRADEOFF WHEN WE TALK ABOUT DATA 480 00:15:54,920 --> 00:15:55,160 SHARING. 481 00:15:55,160 --> 00:15:56,440 IT'S LIKE THE VALUE OF DATA 482 00:15:56,440 --> 00:15:57,640 SHARING ON THE ONE HAND COMPARED 483 00:15:57,640 --> 00:16:00,240 TO THE POTENTIAL RISKS AND COSTS 484 00:16:00,240 --> 00:16:01,760 OF DATA SHARING, AND AS FAR AS 485 00:16:01,760 --> 00:16:04,880 THE PRO FE PROTECTIONS WE MIGHT, 486 00:16:04,880 --> 00:16:06,000 REDUCE THE VALUE OF DATA 487 00:16:06,000 --> 00:16:07,160 SHARING, WE DON'T WANT TO 488 00:16:07,160 --> 00:16:08,680 OVERAPPLY THEM FOR LOW RISK DATA 489 00:16:08,680 --> 00:16:09,800 BUT WE WANT TO MAKE SURE THEY'RE 490 00:16:09,800 --> 00:16:11,080 IN PLACE FOR THE HIGHER RISK 491 00:16:11,080 --> 00:16:11,440 DATA. 492 00:16:11,440 --> 00:16:15,040 SO THAT'S PART OF THE CHALLENGE. 493 00:16:15,040 --> 00:16:18,280 OKAY. 494 00:16:18,280 --> 00:16:20,520 I WANT TO QUICKLY PRESENT SOME 495 00:16:20,520 --> 00:16:22,080 OF THE RESULTS OF A SURVEY WE 496 00:16:22,080 --> 00:16:23,200 DID AMONG NEUROINVESTIGATORS. 497 00:16:23,200 --> 00:16:24,360 WE ACTUALLY DID THE SURVEY IN 498 00:16:24,360 --> 00:16:26,280 PART IN PREPARATION FOR THIS 499 00:16:26,280 --> 00:16:26,720 WORKSHOP. 500 00:16:26,720 --> 00:16:28,360 SO IT'S A SECOND RESEARCH 501 00:16:28,360 --> 00:16:29,680 QUESTION OF THE SURVEY THAT'S 502 00:16:29,680 --> 00:16:32,160 MOST RELEVANT FOR THIS 503 00:16:32,160 --> 00:16:33,840 DISCUSSION, WHICH IS HOW 504 00:16:33,840 --> 00:16:35,600 COMMONLY DOES NEUROSCIENCE DATA 505 00:16:35,600 --> 00:16:37,840 HAVE FEATURES THAT HAVE BEEN 506 00:16:37,840 --> 00:16:39,040 DESCRIBED IN THE LITERATURE AS 507 00:16:39,040 --> 00:16:42,680 SENSITIVE, OR HOW RISK EE Y IS E 508 00:16:42,680 --> 00:16:42,880 DATA? 509 00:16:42,880 --> 00:16:44,240 SO WE COLLECTED DATA FROM 510 00:16:44,240 --> 00:16:45,640 INVESTIGATORS IN SPRING OF 2021. 511 00:16:45,640 --> 00:16:48,560 WE HAD ABOUT 400 P.I.s WHO 512 00:16:48,560 --> 00:16:54,320 RESPONDED TO THE SURVEY. 513 00:16:54,320 --> 00:16:56,320 WE REACHED THE SAMPLE SIZE 514 00:16:56,320 --> 00:16:57,720 ALTHOUGH THE RESPONSE RATE WAS 515 00:16:57,720 --> 00:16:58,720 LOWER THAN PERHAPS YOU WOULD 516 00:16:58,720 --> 00:16:59,240 FIND IDEAL. 517 00:16:59,240 --> 00:17:01,880 SO ALL THESE INVESTIGATORS WERE 518 00:17:01,880 --> 00:17:04,400 INVESTIGATORS, ACTIVE GRANTS 519 00:17:04,400 --> 00:17:05,080 INVOLVING HUMAN SUBJECTS AND 520 00:17:05,080 --> 00:17:08,560 THEY WERE FUNDED BY BRAIN, NINDS 521 00:17:08,560 --> 00:17:10,880 AND NIMH, ABOUT 11% OF THESE 522 00:17:10,880 --> 00:17:14,120 INVESTIGATORS WERE FUNDED BY 523 00:17:14,120 --> 00:17:15,320 BRAIN WHICH REPRESENTS A SMALLER 524 00:17:15,320 --> 00:17:17,600 GROUP OF INVESTIGATORS TO START 525 00:17:17,600 --> 00:17:18,360 WITH. 526 00:17:18,360 --> 00:17:20,520 AND IN AS FAR AS THESE BRAIN 527 00:17:20,520 --> 00:17:21,720 INVESTIGATORS DIFFERED FROM THE 528 00:17:21,720 --> 00:17:23,000 OTHER GROUPS, I WILL HIGHLIGHT 529 00:17:23,000 --> 00:17:28,440 THAT IN THE UPCOMING SLIDES. 530 00:17:28,440 --> 00:17:29,720 SO FIRST LET'S LOOK AT WHAT DATA 531 00:17:29,720 --> 00:17:31,720 WE ARE COLLECTING OR OUR 532 00:17:31,720 --> 00:17:35,560 SCIENTISTS ARE COLLECTING. 533 00:17:35,560 --> 00:17:36,960 SO THE LARGE MAJORITY, I THINK 534 00:17:36,960 --> 00:17:40,200 IT WAS ABOUT 90% OF 535 00:17:40,200 --> 00:17:41,000 INVESTIGATORS, COLLECT MULTIPLE 536 00:17:41,000 --> 00:17:42,000 DIFFERENT MODALITIES AND TYPES 537 00:17:42,000 --> 00:17:42,840 OF DATA. 538 00:17:42,840 --> 00:17:44,720 FOR EXAMPLE, MEDICAL DATA, 539 00:17:44,720 --> 00:17:47,360 BEHAVIORAL DATA AND NEURAL DATA. 540 00:17:47,360 --> 00:17:49,080 THESE WERE THE MOST COMMONLY 541 00:17:49,080 --> 00:17:50,640 TYPES OF DATA THAT WERE 542 00:17:50,640 --> 00:17:52,040 COLLECTED ACROSS THE SAMPLE. 543 00:17:52,040 --> 00:17:54,040 WE FOUND THAT OUR BRAIN P.I.s 544 00:17:54,040 --> 00:17:56,520 MORE OFTEN COLLECTED NEURAL DATA 545 00:17:56,520 --> 00:17:58,440 AND LESS OFTEN COLLECTED MEDICAL 546 00:17:58,440 --> 00:18:02,680 DATA AND GENETICS DATA. 547 00:18:02,680 --> 00:18:04,600 HERE ARE SOME OF THE 548 00:18:04,600 --> 00:18:08,480 TECHNOLOGIES THEY'RE USING. 549 00:18:08,480 --> 00:18:09,680 SO THE MOST ARE FMRI, STRUCTURAL 550 00:18:09,680 --> 00:18:12,600 BRAIN IMAGING, FOLLOWED BY EEG. 551 00:18:12,600 --> 00:18:14,280 DIFFERENT FROM WHAT'S IN THIS 552 00:18:14,280 --> 00:18:14,720 GRAPH. 553 00:18:14,720 --> 00:18:16,800 THE BRAIN INVESTIGATORS ALSO 554 00:18:16,800 --> 00:18:20,080 COMMONLY USED -- MORE COMMONLY 555 00:18:20,080 --> 00:18:20,840 USED INTRACRANIAL 556 00:18:20,840 --> 00:18:24,240 ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, DBS, MEG AND. 557 00:18:24,240 --> 00:18:25,520 BCI, AND YOU'LL SEE THAT 558 00:18:25,520 --> 00:18:26,120 REPRESENTED IN THE FIRST PANEL 559 00:18:26,120 --> 00:18:28,480 THAT I'M LOOKING FORWARD TO 560 00:18:28,480 --> 00:18:29,120 WITNESSING. 561 00:18:29,120 --> 00:18:33,160 SO I THINK THE WAY IN WHICH THE 562 00:18:33,160 --> 00:18:34,280 TYPES OF MODALITIES THAT ARE 563 00:18:34,280 --> 00:18:36,200 BEING USED ARE RELEVANT HERE IN 564 00:18:36,200 --> 00:18:38,120 THE FACT THAT PEOPLE ARE 565 00:18:38,120 --> 00:18:39,160 COLLECTING MULTIPLE TYPES OF 566 00:18:39,160 --> 00:18:40,160 DATA IS RELEVANT IS BECAUSE THE 567 00:18:40,160 --> 00:18:41,280 THOUGHT IS GENERALLY THAT THE 568 00:18:41,280 --> 00:18:43,720 MORE TYPES OF DATA YOU'RE 569 00:18:43,720 --> 00:18:44,800 COLLECTING, THE HIGHER THE 570 00:18:44,800 --> 00:18:48,880 POTENTIAL RISK OF REIDENTIFYING 571 00:18:48,880 --> 00:18:50,280 INDIVIDUALS, BUT ALSO THE MORE 572 00:18:50,280 --> 00:18:51,240 INFERENCES YOU CAN DRAW ABOUT 573 00:18:51,240 --> 00:18:52,480 THESE INDIVIDUALS, WHICH HAS 574 00:18:52,480 --> 00:18:55,080 BOTH SCIENTIFIC VALUE BUT ALSO 575 00:18:55,080 --> 00:18:59,760 POTENTIAL RISKS. 576 00:18:59,760 --> 00:19:02,040 SO NOW TO SOME OF THE 577 00:19:02,040 --> 00:19:03,040 POTENTIALLY SENSITIVE NEURAL 578 00:19:03,040 --> 00:19:05,240 FEATURES THAT'S BEING COLLECTED. 579 00:19:05,240 --> 00:19:08,200 COMMON TYPES OF SENSITIVE 580 00:19:08,200 --> 00:19:09,160 FEATURES INCLUDE COLLECTING 581 00:19:09,160 --> 00:19:11,280 NEURAL CORRELATES OF BEHAVIOR, 582 00:19:11,280 --> 00:19:13,000 EMOTIONS OR DECISION-MAKING, AND 583 00:19:13,000 --> 00:19:13,680 PREDICTIVE DATA. 584 00:19:13,680 --> 00:19:15,560 SO BRAIN WAS A LITTLE DIFFERENT 585 00:19:15,560 --> 00:19:19,360 FROM THE OVERALL SAMPLE IN A 586 00:19:19,360 --> 00:19:21,440 OVER 80% OF BRAIN P.I.s 587 00:19:21,440 --> 00:19:24,280 REPORTED THAT THEY HAD SMALL END 588 00:19:24,280 --> 00:19:25,800 STUDIES AS PART OF THEIR GRANT, 589 00:19:25,800 --> 00:19:30,000 SO THESE WERE MORE COMM COMMON N 590 00:19:30,000 --> 00:19:31,480 IS ON THE SLIDE. 591 00:19:31,480 --> 00:19:33,880 THEY ALSO MORE COMMONLY 30% 592 00:19:33,880 --> 00:19:35,320 RECORDING DATA OUTSIDE OF THE 593 00:19:35,320 --> 00:19:36,640 CLINIC AND RECORDING OVER 10 594 00:19:36,640 --> 00:19:39,280 HOURS OF RECORDING PER 595 00:19:39,280 --> 00:19:40,560 PARTICIPANT. 596 00:19:40,560 --> 00:19:43,120 MOST STUDIES INVOLVE ADULTS WHO 597 00:19:43,120 --> 00:19:45,200 CAN CONSENT FOR THEMSELVES, A 598 00:19:45,200 --> 00:19:47,480 MINORITY INVOLVE RESEARCH 599 00:19:47,480 --> 00:19:48,720 PARTICIPANTS PART OF MORE 600 00:19:48,720 --> 00:19:49,920 VULNERABLE GROUPS ALTHOUGH I 601 00:19:49,920 --> 00:19:51,880 WILL SAY BRAIN STUDIES LESS 602 00:19:51,880 --> 00:19:54,160 COMMONLY INCLUDED MINORS THAN 603 00:19:54,160 --> 00:19:59,040 THE OVERALL SAMPLE HERE. 604 00:19:59,040 --> 00:20:00,920 NOW IN TERMS OF THE VIEWS ON THE 605 00:20:00,920 --> 00:20:04,840 POTENTIAL RISKS AND THE BRAIN 606 00:20:04,840 --> 00:20:05,680 INVESTIGATORS DIDN'T DIFFER FROM 607 00:20:05,680 --> 00:20:06,920 THE REST OF THE SAMPLE HERE SO 608 00:20:06,920 --> 00:20:08,560 I'LL BE REPORTING ON THE ENTIRE 609 00:20:08,560 --> 00:20:09,040 SET. 610 00:20:09,040 --> 00:20:09,560 OKAY. 611 00:20:09,560 --> 00:20:14,800 SO WE ASKED OUR INVESTIGATORS, 612 00:20:14,800 --> 00:20:16,640 AFTER YOU DE-IDENTIFY YOUR DATA, 613 00:20:16,640 --> 00:20:17,880 HOW LIKELY DO YOU THINK IT IS 614 00:20:17,880 --> 00:20:19,600 THAT WITHIN THE NEXT 10 YEARS, 615 00:20:19,600 --> 00:20:21,800 SOMEBODY WILL BE ABLE TO 616 00:20:21,800 --> 00:20:26,560 REIDENTIFY YOUR DATA? 617 00:20:26,560 --> 00:20:29,240 29% SAID OH, THAT'S DEFINITELY 618 00:20:29,240 --> 00:20:29,960 NOT POSSIBLE. 619 00:20:29,960 --> 00:20:30,920 THAT'S THE ANSWER I WOULD PREFER 620 00:20:30,920 --> 00:20:32,440 IF I WERE A RESEARCH 621 00:20:32,440 --> 00:20:32,760 PARTICIPANT. 622 00:20:32,760 --> 00:20:34,080 SO I THINK THAT CONFIRMS AT 623 00:20:34,080 --> 00:20:35,040 LEAST SOME OF THE UNCERTAINTY 624 00:20:35,040 --> 00:20:37,480 THAT WE HAVE ABOUT POTENTIAL 625 00:20:37,480 --> 00:20:40,360 REIDENTIFICATION RISKS. 626 00:20:40,360 --> 00:20:41,720 WE ALSO ASKED THEM WHAT DO YOU 627 00:20:41,720 --> 00:20:43,920 THINK THE LIKELIHOOD IS OF 628 00:20:43,920 --> 00:20:46,320 SOMEBODY MISUSING YOUR DATA WITH 629 00:20:46,320 --> 00:20:47,320 CONSEQUENCES FOR INDIVIDUALS OR 630 00:20:47,320 --> 00:20:50,280 FOR COMMUNITIES? 631 00:20:50,280 --> 00:20:51,920 AND THE LARGE MAJORITY SAID OH, 632 00:20:51,920 --> 00:20:53,240 THAT'S PRETTY UNLIKELY, WHICH IS 633 00:20:53,240 --> 00:20:56,600 GOOD. 634 00:20:56,600 --> 00:20:58,760 THEN WE ASKED, IMAGINE IF IT 635 00:20:58,760 --> 00:21:00,360 WERE TO OCCUR, HOW CONCERNED ARE 636 00:21:00,360 --> 00:21:01,520 YOU ABOUT THE POTENTIAL HARMS OF 637 00:21:01,520 --> 00:21:03,920 THIS OCCURRING? 638 00:21:03,920 --> 00:21:07,360 AND THEN OVER MORE THAN HALF 639 00:21:07,360 --> 00:21:08,800 SAID THEY'RE AT LEAST SLIGHTLY 640 00:21:08,800 --> 00:21:09,840 CONCERNED ABOUT THE POTENTIAL 641 00:21:09,840 --> 00:21:14,680 HARMS THAT COULD OWE CREW FROM M 642 00:21:14,680 --> 00:21:16,800 THESE UNLIKELY EVENTS OF MISUSED 643 00:21:16,800 --> 00:21:17,080 DATA. 644 00:21:17,080 --> 00:21:18,280 WE ALSO ASKED INVESTIGATORS WHO 645 00:21:18,280 --> 00:21:19,520 DO YOU THINK WOULD BE INTERESTED 646 00:21:19,520 --> 00:21:21,720 IN SEEING YOUR DATA? 647 00:21:21,720 --> 00:21:22,880 AND THESE ARE THEIR RESPONSES 648 00:21:22,880 --> 00:21:24,320 AND I JUST WANT TO POINT OUT, 649 00:21:24,320 --> 00:21:27,400 SOME OF THE GROUPS THAT WE KNOW 650 00:21:27,400 --> 00:21:28,360 BIOETHICISTS OR RESEARCH 651 00:21:28,360 --> 00:21:28,920 PARTICIPANTS HAVE RAISED 652 00:21:28,920 --> 00:21:30,520 CONCERNS ABOUT IN TERMS OF HOW 653 00:21:30,520 --> 00:21:33,080 THEY MIGHT HANDLE THE DATA. 654 00:21:33,080 --> 00:21:35,840 THIS INCLUDES GROUPS LIKE 655 00:21:35,840 --> 00:21:38,400 INSURANCE, EMPLOYERS, MAYBE 656 00:21:38,400 --> 00:21:39,200 FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS OR LAW 657 00:21:39,200 --> 00:21:40,120 ENFORCEMENT. 658 00:21:40,120 --> 00:21:41,880 AND I'M NOT SAYING THESE USES 659 00:21:41,880 --> 00:21:42,920 ARE NECESSARILY ALL BAD. 660 00:21:42,920 --> 00:21:44,920 IT'S JUST THAT THERE'S SOME 661 00:21:44,920 --> 00:21:46,120 INDIVIDUALS WHO HAVE RAISED 662 00:21:46,120 --> 00:21:46,760 CONCERN ABOUT THEM. 663 00:21:46,760 --> 00:21:48,480 AND WE FOUND THAT SOMEWHERE 664 00:21:48,480 --> 00:21:51,800 BETWEEN 10 AND 25% OF P.I.s 665 00:21:51,800 --> 00:21:53,040 THOUGHT, YEAH, I COULD SEE THESE 666 00:21:53,040 --> 00:21:55,520 GROUPS BEING INTERESTED IN MY 667 00:21:55,520 --> 00:22:00,560 DATA. 668 00:22:00,560 --> 00:22:02,080 SO WE LOOKED AT ASSOCIATIONS 669 00:22:02,080 --> 00:22:03,280 BETWEEN WHAT TYPES OF DATA 670 00:22:03,280 --> 00:22:03,880 INVESTIGATORS WERE COLLECTING 671 00:22:03,880 --> 00:22:05,040 AND THEIR CONCERNS ABOUT THE 672 00:22:05,040 --> 00:22:08,520 POTENTIAL MISUSE OF DATA. 673 00:22:08,520 --> 00:22:09,800 PERHAPS UNSURPRISINGLY, WE FOUND 674 00:22:09,800 --> 00:22:11,800 THAT THOSE WHO THINK THEIR DATA 675 00:22:11,800 --> 00:22:15,000 IS MORE READILY REIDENTIFIABLE 676 00:22:15,000 --> 00:22:16,400 WERE MORE -- THOUGHT THE 677 00:22:16,400 --> 00:22:17,480 LIKELIHOOD OF INDIVIDUAL AND 678 00:22:17,480 --> 00:22:18,680 GROUP HARMS WAS MORE LIKELY, AND 679 00:22:18,680 --> 00:22:21,280 THE MAGNITUDE WAS HIGHER TOO. 680 00:22:21,280 --> 00:22:23,080 THEY WERE ALSO MORE LIKELY TO 681 00:22:23,080 --> 00:22:24,880 THINK THAT NON-BIOMEDICAL 682 00:22:24,880 --> 00:22:26,160 STAKEHOLDERS WOULD BE INTERESTED 683 00:22:26,160 --> 00:22:27,760 IN THEIR DATA, LIKE INSURANCE, 684 00:22:27,760 --> 00:22:30,160 EMPLOYERS AND SO ON. 685 00:22:30,160 --> 00:22:31,280 INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE COLLECTING 686 00:22:31,280 --> 00:22:35,080 DATA FROM VULNERABLE GROUPS WERE 687 00:22:35,080 --> 00:22:37,520 MORE LIKELY TO THINK EDUCATIONAL 688 00:22:37,520 --> 00:22:38,760 SYSTEMS WOULD BE INTERESTED IN 689 00:22:38,760 --> 00:22:41,440 THEIR DATA, REPRESENTING MINORS 690 00:22:41,440 --> 00:22:42,560 WHO ARE PART OF THIS GROUP. 691 00:22:42,560 --> 00:22:43,560 THEY ALSO THOUGHT THAT GRAWP 692 00:22:43,560 --> 00:22:49,320 HARMS WOGROUPHARMS WOULD BE MORD 693 00:22:49,320 --> 00:22:50,360 WERE MORE CONCERNED ABOUT THE 694 00:22:50,360 --> 00:22:51,440 LIKELIHOOD OF INDIVIDUAL AND 695 00:22:51,440 --> 00:22:51,880 GROUP HARMS. 696 00:22:51,880 --> 00:22:54,080 INDIVIDUALS WHO COLLECTED MORE 697 00:22:54,080 --> 00:22:55,440 DATA TYPES WERE MORE LIKELY TO 698 00:22:55,440 --> 00:22:57,480 THINK THAT NON-BIOMEDICAL 699 00:22:57,480 --> 00:22:58,480 STAKEHOLDERS WOULD BE INTERESTED 700 00:22:58,480 --> 00:23:00,080 IN THEIR DATA AND THOSE WHO 701 00:23:00,080 --> 00:23:01,480 COLLECTED NEURAL DATA THOUGHT 702 00:23:01,480 --> 00:23:02,840 GROUP HARMS WERE MORE LIKELY AND 703 00:23:02,840 --> 00:23:03,960 WERE MORE CONCERNED ABOUT THE 704 00:23:03,960 --> 00:23:04,880 POTENTIAL HARMS THAT COULD COME 705 00:23:04,880 --> 00:23:08,200 FROM THEM. 706 00:23:08,200 --> 00:23:11,600 SO WE ASKED THE INVESTIGATORS IF 707 00:23:11,600 --> 00:23:12,920 THEY COULD IMAGINE ANY TYPES OF 708 00:23:12,920 --> 00:23:14,200 DATA IN THEIR FIELD THAT THEY 709 00:23:14,200 --> 00:23:16,120 THOUGHT SHOULD BE EXEMPT FROM 710 00:23:16,120 --> 00:23:17,880 SHARING DATA BECAUSE OF THE 711 00:23:17,880 --> 00:23:18,720 POTENTIAL RISKS TO PARTICIPANTS 712 00:23:18,720 --> 00:23:20,320 OF SHARING THE DATA. 713 00:23:20,320 --> 00:23:23,960 AND ABOUT 50% COULD COME UP WITH 714 00:23:23,960 --> 00:23:25,400 A TYPE OF DATA FOR WHICH THEY 715 00:23:25,400 --> 00:23:26,440 THOUGHT THIS APPLIED, AND THESE 716 00:23:26,440 --> 00:23:27,480 ARE SOME OF THE ANSWERS THAT 717 00:23:27,480 --> 00:23:30,200 THEY GAVE IN TERMS OF THE TYPES 718 00:23:30,200 --> 00:23:30,640 OF DATA. 719 00:23:30,640 --> 00:23:33,280 SO IF THIRST RESPONDENT, THE 720 00:23:33,280 --> 00:23:34,600 FIRST P.I. BASICALLY JUST REFERS 721 00:23:34,600 --> 00:23:36,520 TO THE THREE TYPES OF HARMS THAT 722 00:23:36,520 --> 00:23:38,280 WE JUST DISCUSSED IN THE 723 00:23:38,280 --> 00:23:40,320 INTRODUCTION: HARMS TO 724 00:23:40,320 --> 00:23:43,560 INDIVIDUALS, TO THE RESEARCHERS 725 00:23:43,560 --> 00:23:45,120 OR TO COMMUNITIES. 726 00:23:45,120 --> 00:23:46,160 THE SECOND RESPONDENT HIGHLIGHTS 727 00:23:46,160 --> 00:23:48,160 SOME TYPES OF DATA THEY THINK 728 00:23:48,160 --> 00:23:50,200 MIGHT BE PARTICULAR LISTENSTIVE. 729 00:23:50,200 --> 00:23:51,840 LIKE HIV OR OTHER DISEASE STATUS 730 00:23:51,840 --> 00:23:54,360 THAT MAY LEAD TO DISCRIMINATION, 731 00:23:54,360 --> 00:23:56,240 LIKE ABORTION HISTORY, HISTORY 732 00:23:56,240 --> 00:24:00,080 OF ABUSE, AND SO ON. 733 00:24:00,080 --> 00:24:02,600 THERE WERE ALSO SEVERAL 734 00:24:02,600 --> 00:24:04,960 INVESTIGATORS WHO REFERRED TO 735 00:24:04,960 --> 00:24:06,880 THE RISK OF REIDENTIFICATION, 736 00:24:06,880 --> 00:24:09,600 SOMETIMES COMBINED WITH HAVING 737 00:24:09,600 --> 00:24:10,680 HIGH RISK DATA. 738 00:24:10,680 --> 00:24:11,920 FOR EXAMPLE, THIS INVESTIGATOR 739 00:24:11,920 --> 00:24:13,280 WHO SAID A SMALL CATEGORY OF 740 00:24:13,280 --> 00:24:21,800 VERY SENSITIVE ITEMS XZ A AND EN 741 00:24:21,800 --> 00:24:23,800 THEN, ONLY IN SMALL DATASETS OR 742 00:24:23,800 --> 00:24:25,560 WHERE REGULAR SAFEGUARDS WERE 743 00:24:25,560 --> 00:24:27,080 NOT EMPLOYED TO DE-IDENTIFY DATA 744 00:24:27,080 --> 00:24:28,240 AND THEN REFER TO THE IMPORTANCE 745 00:24:28,240 --> 00:24:28,800 OF CONSENT. 746 00:24:28,800 --> 00:24:30,000 THE FINAL QUESTION I WANT TO 747 00:24:30,000 --> 00:24:31,200 PRESENT HERE IS WE ASKED THEM IF 748 00:24:31,200 --> 00:24:32,920 THERE WAS A NEED FOR FURTHER 749 00:24:32,920 --> 00:24:34,080 GUIDANCE OR BEST PRACTICES AND 750 00:24:34,080 --> 00:24:35,080 THE ONES HIGHLIGHTED IN GREEN 751 00:24:35,080 --> 00:24:36,680 ARE THE ONES MOST RELEVANT TO 752 00:24:36,680 --> 00:24:37,360 OUR DISCUSSION TODAY. 753 00:24:37,360 --> 00:24:40,240 SO I THINK MANY INVESTIGATORS 754 00:24:40,240 --> 00:24:41,360 SAW THE POTENTIAL BENEFIT OF 755 00:24:41,360 --> 00:24:44,280 HAVING MORE BEST PRACTICES FOR 756 00:24:44,280 --> 00:24:45,320 INFORMED CONSENT, WHO CAN HAVE 757 00:24:45,320 --> 00:24:46,840 ACCESS TO DATA, WHAT DATA SHOULD 758 00:24:46,840 --> 00:24:48,560 NOT BE SHARED, AND APPROPRIATE 759 00:24:48,560 --> 00:24:50,960 USES OF DATA. 760 00:24:50,960 --> 00:24:51,680 OKAY. 761 00:24:51,680 --> 00:24:53,280 SO TO SUMMARIZE WHAT WE LEARNED 762 00:24:53,280 --> 00:24:55,480 IN THIS SURVEY, NEUROSCIENCE 763 00:24:55,480 --> 00:24:58,840 DATA CAN HAVE FEATURES THAT HAVE 764 00:24:58,840 --> 00:25:00,400 SOMETIMES BEEN DESCRIBED AS 765 00:25:00,400 --> 00:25:01,760 SENSITIVE, HOPEFULLY WE'LL 766 00:25:01,760 --> 00:25:02,840 UNPACK THAT MORE DURING THIS 767 00:25:02,840 --> 00:25:03,800 WORKSHOP. 768 00:25:03,800 --> 00:25:04,600 INVESTIGATORS THINK INDIVIDUAL 769 00:25:04,600 --> 00:25:06,200 AND GROUP HARMS ARE UNLIKELY BUT 770 00:25:06,200 --> 00:25:08,200 MIGHT BE HARMFUL IF THEY OCCUR, 771 00:25:08,200 --> 00:25:09,880 AND THEY IDENTIFIED A NEED FOR 772 00:25:09,880 --> 00:25:11,520 BEST PRACTICES AND SAFEGUARDS 773 00:25:11,520 --> 00:25:14,320 WHEN SHARING DATA. 774 00:25:14,320 --> 00:25:14,520 OKAY. 775 00:25:14,520 --> 00:25:15,840 NOW WITH THAT, LET'S TURN TO 776 00:25:15,840 --> 00:25:20,000 THIS WORKSHOP. 777 00:25:20,000 --> 00:25:21,760 SO THE FIRST PART OF OUR 778 00:25:21,760 --> 00:25:23,160 WORKSHOP AIM IS TO EXPLORE 779 00:25:23,160 --> 00:25:24,760 MEANINGFUL WAYS TO CATEGORIZE 780 00:25:24,760 --> 00:25:25,960 HUMAN BRAIN DATA BY THE 781 00:25:25,960 --> 00:25:29,240 POTENTIAL RISKS OF DATA SHARING. 782 00:25:29,240 --> 00:25:30,920 SO LET ME UNPACK THIS A LITTLE 783 00:25:30,920 --> 00:25:34,520 BIT. 784 00:25:34,520 --> 00:25:36,280 SO NIH AS WELL AS BRAIN WANT TO 785 00:25:36,280 --> 00:25:37,440 RESPONSIBLY SHARE DATA, AND IN 786 00:25:37,440 --> 00:25:38,640 ORDER TO DO THAT, IT'S IMPORTANT 787 00:25:38,640 --> 00:25:43,040 FOR US TO UNDERSTAND WHAT RISKS 788 00:25:43,040 --> 00:25:43,600 ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SHARING 789 00:25:43,600 --> 00:25:49,920 DIFFERENT TYPES OF DATA. 790 00:25:49,920 --> 00:25:51,600 DOES BRAIN DATA HAVE EQUAL RISKS 791 00:25:51,600 --> 00:25:53,200 WHEN IT'S BEING SHARED OR DOES 792 00:25:53,200 --> 00:25:58,560 THE RUSK DIF RISKS DIFFER. 793 00:25:58,560 --> 00:25:59,960 IF THE RISKS ARE DIFFERENT, WHAT 794 00:25:59,960 --> 00:26:02,080 TYPES OF DATA HAVE MORE OR LESS 795 00:26:02,080 --> 00:26:03,480 RISKS DURING THE COURSE OF THESE 796 00:26:03,480 --> 00:26:04,080 TWO DAYS? 797 00:26:04,080 --> 00:26:09,440 WE HOPE TO IDENTIFY FEATURES OF 798 00:26:09,440 --> 00:26:10,840 FUTURES IN TERMS OF DATA 799 00:26:10,840 --> 00:26:12,600 COLLECTION AND SHARING PRACTICES 800 00:26:12,600 --> 00:26:15,760 THAT MAY INFLUENCE HOW MANY 801 00:26:15,760 --> 00:26:17,080 RISKS A DATASET MIGHT HAVE WHEN 802 00:26:17,080 --> 00:26:17,720 YOU SHARE IT. 803 00:26:17,720 --> 00:26:20,360 AS AN EXAMPLE, SMALL N STUDIES 804 00:26:20,360 --> 00:26:22,960 MIGHT HAVE MORE RISK OF 805 00:26:22,960 --> 00:26:24,960 REIDENTIFICATION, SMALL N 806 00:26:24,960 --> 00:26:26,040 MEANING SMALL NUMBER OF 807 00:26:26,040 --> 00:26:27,120 PARTICIPANTS. 808 00:26:27,120 --> 00:26:31,160 AND DATASETS WITH MULTIPLE 809 00:26:31,160 --> 00:26:32,360 MODALITIES MIGHT COME AT 810 00:26:32,360 --> 00:26:33,520 INCREASED RISK OF 811 00:26:33,520 --> 00:26:34,360 DEIDENTIFICATION AND MIGHT ALLOW 812 00:26:34,360 --> 00:26:35,440 INDIVIDUALS TO DRAW MORE INS 813 00:26:35,440 --> 00:26:38,400 FRENSES ABOUT INDIVIDUALS. 814 00:26:38,400 --> 00:26:39,520 -- MORE 815 00:26:39,520 --> 00:26:40,560 INFERENCES ABOUT INDIVIDUALS. 816 00:26:40,560 --> 00:26:42,640 SO A SINGLE DATASET MIGHT HAVE 817 00:26:42,640 --> 00:26:44,120 MULTIPLE OF THESE FEATURES THAT 818 00:26:44,120 --> 00:26:44,840 TOGETHER INFLUENCE THE AMOUNT OF 819 00:26:44,840 --> 00:26:45,840 RISK WHEN YOU SHARE IT. 820 00:26:45,840 --> 00:26:47,160 THIS IS JUST ONE EXAMPLE, I'M 821 00:26:47,160 --> 00:26:48,280 NOT SAYING THIS IS WHERE WE'RE 822 00:26:48,280 --> 00:26:52,600 GOING, IT'S JUST ONE EXAMPLE 823 00:26:52,600 --> 00:26:54,920 WHERE THE Y AXIS IS ABOUT THE 824 00:26:54,920 --> 00:26:56,680 INFERENCES THAT WE CAN DRAW FROM 825 00:26:56,680 --> 00:26:58,400 DATA, AND THE OTHER AXIS IS 826 00:26:58,400 --> 00:27:01,480 ABOUT HOW IDENTIFIABLE THE DATA 827 00:27:01,480 --> 00:27:03,520 IS, WITH THE RED QUADRANT BEING 828 00:27:03,520 --> 00:27:04,640 THE HIGHEST RISK. 829 00:27:04,640 --> 00:27:06,280 SO FOR EXAMPLE, IF WE HAVE ONE 830 00:27:06,280 --> 00:27:08,600 DATA MODALITY, LET'S SAY, 831 00:27:08,600 --> 00:27:10,000 HISTOLOGY DATA AND 100 832 00:27:10,000 --> 00:27:11,080 PARTICIPANTS, IT MIGHT END UP 833 00:27:11,080 --> 00:27:12,360 SOMEWHERE HERE. 834 00:27:12,360 --> 00:27:14,480 THEN IF WE ONLY HAVE 835 00:27:14,480 --> 00:27:15,920 3 PARTICIPANTS, IT BECOMES MORE 836 00:27:15,920 --> 00:27:17,040 IDENTIFIABLE, AND IF WE HAVE 837 00:27:17,040 --> 00:27:20,240 MULTIPLE MODALITIES, IT MIGHT 838 00:27:20,240 --> 00:27:22,000 MOVE TO MORE INFERENCES BEING 839 00:27:22,000 --> 00:27:23,000 DRAWN FROM THIS DATA. 840 00:27:23,000 --> 00:27:24,320 AND I'M NOT SAYING WE'LL END UP 841 00:27:24,320 --> 00:27:26,760 WITH A DWR A GRAPH THAT LOOKS LE 842 00:27:26,760 --> 00:27:27,080 THIS. 843 00:27:27,080 --> 00:27:28,800 IN FACT, PART OF THE GOAL OF 844 00:27:28,800 --> 00:27:32,640 THIS WORKSHOP IS TO IDENTIFY 845 00:27:32,640 --> 00:27:33,720 FIRST WHAT ARE ALL THESE 846 00:27:33,720 --> 00:27:34,960 DIFFERENCES IN DATA IN TERMS OF 847 00:27:34,960 --> 00:27:36,680 THE RISKS WHEN WE SHARE IT. 848 00:27:36,680 --> 00:27:38,640 SECOND, TO IDENTIFY THE FACTORS 849 00:27:38,640 --> 00:27:40,720 IN THE DATA OR IN THE DATA 850 00:27:40,720 --> 00:27:41,840 SHARING PRACTICES THAT INFLUENCE 851 00:27:41,840 --> 00:27:45,200 THESE RISKS, AND THIRD, HOW TO 852 00:27:45,200 --> 00:27:46,000 MEANINGFULLY CATEGORIZE THESE 853 00:27:46,000 --> 00:27:46,320 DATA. 854 00:27:46,320 --> 00:27:49,280 MAYBE IT'S A SPECTRUM, MAYBE 855 00:27:49,280 --> 00:27:50,760 IT'S DISTINCT BUCKETS. 856 00:27:50,760 --> 00:27:52,880 I LOOK FORWARD TO HEARING 857 00:27:52,880 --> 00:27:54,120 EVERYBODY'S PRESENTATIONS DURING 858 00:27:54,120 --> 00:27:55,280 THE NEXT TWO DAYS AND TRYING TO 859 00:27:55,280 --> 00:28:02,080 FIGURE THIS OUT. 860 00:28:02,080 --> 00:28:03,720 SO ONCE WE FIGURED THAT PART 861 00:28:03,720 --> 00:28:05,560 OUT, I THINK THE NEXT STEP IS TO 862 00:28:05,560 --> 00:28:07,000 CONSIDER WHETHER THAT MEANS WE 863 00:28:07,000 --> 00:28:07,640 SHOULD TREAT DATA DIFFERENTLY 864 00:28:07,640 --> 00:28:10,800 WHEN WE SHARE IT. 865 00:28:10,800 --> 00:28:12,680 SO I RECOGNIZE THAT WHAT I'VE 866 00:28:12,680 --> 00:28:14,760 SAID IS A LITTLE AMBITIOUS, SO 867 00:28:14,760 --> 00:28:16,720 WE HOPE TO DO A LOT OF THIS WORK 868 00:28:16,720 --> 00:28:18,920 DURING THIS TWO-DAY WORKSHOP, 869 00:28:18,920 --> 00:28:20,400 BUT OUR EXPECTATION IS THAT SOME 870 00:28:20,400 --> 00:28:21,800 OF THE WORK MAY NEED TO BE DONE 871 00:28:21,800 --> 00:28:24,360 AFTER THE WORKSHOP AND WE'LL 872 00:28:24,360 --> 00:28:28,400 PROBABLY HAVE A PANEL MAYBE TO, 873 00:28:28,400 --> 00:28:33,680 IN OUR AUGUST NWP MEETING TO TRY 874 00:28:33,680 --> 00:28:35,240 TO MAKE THIS INTO MORE APPLIED 875 00:28:35,240 --> 00:28:36,120 STEPS THAT WE CAN RECOMMEND TO 876 00:28:36,120 --> 00:28:40,040 THE FIELD. 877 00:28:40,040 --> 00:28:41,640 SO I JUST WANT TO REPEAT SOME OF 878 00:28:41,640 --> 00:28:42,440 THE ASSUMPTIONS THAT I THINK MAY 879 00:28:42,440 --> 00:28:45,400 HAVE BEEN CLEAR ALREADY. 880 00:28:45,400 --> 00:28:46,760 THE FIRST ASSUMPTION IS THAT 881 00:28:46,760 --> 00:28:47,800 DATA SHARING CAN PROVIDE 882 00:28:47,800 --> 00:28:49,000 IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC VALUE. 883 00:28:49,000 --> 00:28:51,600 NIH IS COMMITTED TO RESPONSIBLE 884 00:28:51,600 --> 00:28:52,200 DATA SHARING. 885 00:28:52,200 --> 00:28:54,240 AND THE BRAIN INITIATIVE IS AT 886 00:28:54,240 --> 00:28:55,120 THE FOREFRONT OF SEVERAL AREAS 887 00:28:55,120 --> 00:28:57,440 OF CUTTING-EDGE SCIENCE, AS WELL 888 00:28:57,440 --> 00:29:00,840 AS PROMOTING DATA SHARING. 889 00:29:00,840 --> 00:29:01,640 WHICH GIVES US A GREAT 890 00:29:01,640 --> 00:29:04,560 OPPORTUNITY IN THIS WORKSHOP. 891 00:29:04,560 --> 00:29:06,760 OKAY. 892 00:29:06,760 --> 00:29:08,360 SO HERE ARE SOME OF THE THEMES I 893 00:29:08,360 --> 00:29:10,160 THINK WE'LL SEE REOCCURRING 894 00:29:10,160 --> 00:29:11,120 THROUGHOUT THIS WORKSHOP. 895 00:29:11,120 --> 00:29:12,440 FIRST, WHAT IS BRAIN DATA. 896 00:29:12,440 --> 00:29:15,160 FOR EXAMPLE, IS IT ONLY DIRECT 897 00:29:15,160 --> 00:29:17,480 INFERENCES FROM THE BRAIN, 898 00:29:17,480 --> 00:29:19,080 SHOULD CERTAIN TYPES OF 899 00:29:19,080 --> 00:29:24,000 BEHAVIORAL DATA LIKE PUPILLARY 900 00:29:24,000 --> 00:29:24,800 RESPONSES OR PERHAPS LIKE THE 901 00:29:24,800 --> 00:29:26,880 SPEED OF MOVEMENT AS FAR AS IT 902 00:29:26,880 --> 00:29:28,640 MIGHT REFLECT POTENTIAL 903 00:29:28,640 --> 00:29:29,480 PARKINSON'S DISEASE, SHOULD 904 00:29:29,480 --> 00:29:30,840 THINGS LIKE THAT COUNT TOO, AND 905 00:29:30,840 --> 00:29:34,280 IF SO, WHERE DO THEY FALL ON THE 906 00:29:34,280 --> 00:29:35,720 SPECTRUM? 907 00:29:35,720 --> 00:29:36,720 OTHER ETHICALLY SALIENT 908 00:29:36,720 --> 00:29:38,160 DIFFERENCES REALLY BETWEEN SOME 909 00:29:38,160 --> 00:29:39,840 TYPES OF BRAIN DATA AND OTHER 910 00:29:39,840 --> 00:29:41,800 TYPES OF BIOMEDICAL DATA AND IF 911 00:29:41,800 --> 00:29:45,920 SO, WHAT MAKES THEM DIFFERENT. 912 00:29:45,920 --> 00:29:47,120 AND WE'LL GET BACK TO THIS AGAIN 913 00:29:47,120 --> 00:29:49,000 AND AGAIN, HOW DO WE BALANCE THE 914 00:29:49,000 --> 00:29:50,520 BENEFITS OF DATA SHARING WITH 915 00:29:50,520 --> 00:29:53,280 THE POTENTIAL RISKS AND HOW DO 916 00:29:53,280 --> 00:29:54,800 WE APPROPRIATELY APPLY 917 00:29:54,800 --> 00:29:57,840 SAFEGUARDS? 918 00:29:57,840 --> 00:29:59,040 SO THE BENEFITS OF DATA SHARING 919 00:29:59,040 --> 00:30:00,440 ARE NOT THE MAIN FOCUS OF THIS 920 00:30:00,440 --> 00:30:01,760 WORKSHOP, BUT THEY COME INTO 921 00:30:01,760 --> 00:30:02,840 PLAY BECAUSE ALL OF THIS IS 922 00:30:02,840 --> 00:30:06,000 ABOUT BALANCING. 923 00:30:06,000 --> 00:30:08,960 WITH THAT, I AM VERY MUCH 924 00:30:08,960 --> 00:30:10,760 LOOKING FORWARD TO THE UP COMING 925 00:30:10,760 --> 00:30:12,920 FIVE PANELS AND WE'LL HAVE SMALL 926 00:30:12,920 --> 00:30:13,800 BREAKOUT GROUPS TOMORROW 927 00:30:13,800 --> 00:30:15,280 AFTERNOON. 928 00:30:15,280 --> 00:30:17,200 THE FIRST PANELS WILL BE SCIENCE 929 00:30:17,200 --> 00:30:17,880 PANELS. 930 00:30:17,880 --> 00:30:21,560 THE FIRST ONE WILL BE MORE 931 00:30:21,560 --> 00:30:21,960 TECHNOLOGY-BASED. 932 00:30:21,960 --> 00:30:22,600 WE'LL HEAR FROM DIFFERENT TYPES 933 00:30:22,600 --> 00:30:24,960 OF INVESTIGATORS ABOUT THE TYPES 934 00:30:24,960 --> 00:30:28,120 OF DATA THAT NEUROTECHNOLOGIES 935 00:30:28,120 --> 00:30:30,000 ARE COLLECTING, AND WHAT WE CAN 936 00:30:30,000 --> 00:30:32,080 INFER FROM THESE DATA. 937 00:30:32,080 --> 00:30:33,520 WE'LL THEN HAVE A PANEL THAT'S 938 00:30:33,520 --> 00:30:35,160 STILL SCIENCE BUT MORE ACROSS 939 00:30:35,160 --> 00:30:39,080 TECHNOLOGIES. 940 00:30:39,080 --> 00:30:40,320 WHAT ADDED INFERENCES CAN WE 941 00:30:40,320 --> 00:30:41,880 DRAW WHEN WE COMBINE DATA, WHEN 942 00:30:41,880 --> 00:30:44,160 WE HAVE INVASIVE DEVICES, WHEN 943 00:30:44,160 --> 00:30:48,840 WE CAN DECODE SEMANTIC 944 00:30:48,840 --> 00:30:49,320 REPRESENTATIONS. 945 00:30:49,320 --> 00:30:51,160 THEN WE HAVE TWO ETHICS PANELS, 946 00:30:51,160 --> 00:30:52,800 THE FIRST TODAY ABOUT POTENTIAL 947 00:30:52,800 --> 00:30:55,080 COMMUNITY RISKS, THE SECOND IS 948 00:30:55,080 --> 00:30:56,440 THE FIRST PANEL FOR TOMORROW, 949 00:30:56,440 --> 00:30:59,560 ABOUT THE RISKS TO INDIVIDUALS. 950 00:30:59,560 --> 00:31:03,200 AND THEN WE'LL CLOSE WITH PECK 951 00:31:03,200 --> 00:31:06,800 SPECULAPERSPECTIVES OF RESEARCH 952 00:31:06,800 --> 00:31:07,720 PARTICIPANTS, WHICH IS THE PANEL 953 00:31:07,720 --> 00:31:08,640 I'M LOOKING FORWARD TO MOST. 954 00:31:08,640 --> 00:31:08,960 OKAY. 955 00:31:08,960 --> 00:31:11,240 SO WITH THAT, I WOULD LIKE TO 956 00:31:11,240 --> 00:31:16,440 PASS ALONG THE MIC TO DR. NINA 957 00:31:16,440 --> 00:31:19,800 HSU AND SAMEER SHETH TO 958 00:31:19,800 --> 00:31:20,600 INTRODUCE THE FIRST PANEL. 959 00:31:20,600 --> 00:31:22,560 THANK YOU FOR JOINING US. 960 00:31:22,560 --> 00:31:24,760 [APPLAUSE] 961 00:31:24,760 --> 00:31:25,360 >>ALL RIGHT. 962 00:31:25,360 --> 00:31:27,240 SO WE HAVE THE PLEASURE OF 963 00:31:27,240 --> 00:31:29,560 MODERATING OUR FIRST PANEL ON 964 00:31:29,560 --> 00:31:31,160 THE DATA THAT IS COLLECTED AND 965 00:31:31,160 --> 00:31:33,360 STORED BY NEUROTECHNOLOGIES AND 966 00:31:33,360 --> 00:31:34,440 THE INFERENCES THAT CAN BE MADE 967 00:31:34,440 --> 00:31:35,200 FROM THESE DATA. 968 00:31:35,200 --> 00:31:36,800 WE'LL HEAR FROM FIVE RESEARCHERS 969 00:31:36,800 --> 00:31:40,240 WHO ARE SPECIALISTS OR CONDUCT 970 00:31:40,240 --> 00:31:42,040 RESEARCH IN MANY OF THE 971 00:31:42,040 --> 00:31:43,680 TECHNOLOGIES THAT SASKIA NOTED 972 00:31:43,680 --> 00:31:45,760 IN OUR SURVEY FREQUENTLY USED IN 973 00:31:45,760 --> 00:31:47,640 NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH. 974 00:31:47,640 --> 00:31:49,880 OUR FIRST SPEAKER -- OH, AND I 975 00:31:49,880 --> 00:31:51,280 SHOULD MENTION TO YOU, AFTER 976 00:31:51,280 --> 00:31:53,080 EACH SPEAKER GOES, WE'LL HAVE A 977 00:31:53,080 --> 00:31:54,600 FEW MINUTES FOR SPEAKER-SPECIFIC 978 00:31:54,600 --> 00:31:55,040 QUESTIONS. 979 00:31:55,040 --> 00:31:56,480 WE'D LIKE TO MOSTLY FOCUS THESE 980 00:31:56,480 --> 00:31:57,720 ON CLARIFYING OR TECHNICAL 981 00:31:57,720 --> 00:31:59,960 QUESTIONS FOR THE SPEAKER. 982 00:31:59,960 --> 00:32:01,160 AFTER ALL THE SPEAKERS HAVE 983 00:32:01,160 --> 00:32:02,800 GONE, WE'LL HAVE PLENTY OF TIME 984 00:32:02,800 --> 00:32:05,200 FOR PANEL DISCUSSION AND WITH 985 00:32:05,200 --> 00:32:08,080 OUR NEWG MEMBERS, SPEAKERS AND 986 00:32:08,080 --> 00:32:08,400 ATTENDEES. 987 00:32:08,400 --> 00:32:10,200 SO WITH THAT, I'LL INTRODUCE OUR 988 00:32:10,200 --> 00:32:13,000 FIRST SPEAKER, DR. SUSIE HUANG, 989 00:32:13,000 --> 00:32:15,040 RADIOLOGIST IN THE DIVISION OF 990 00:32:15,040 --> 00:32:16,400 NEURORADIOLOGY, DIRECTOR OF 991 00:32:16,400 --> 00:32:19,840 CONNECTOMICS AND TRANSLATIONAL 992 00:32:19,840 --> 00:32:20,960 IMAGING IN THE DEPARTMENT OF 993 00:32:20,960 --> 00:32:22,160 RADIOLOGY AT MASSACHUSETTS 994 00:32:22,160 --> 00:32:23,360 GENERAL HOSPITAL, AND AN 995 00:32:23,360 --> 00:32:25,080 ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF RADIOLOGY 996 00:32:25,080 --> 00:32:25,960 AT HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL. 997 00:32:25,960 --> 00:32:28,560 SHE RECEIVED A PH.D. IN PHYSICAL 998 00:32:28,560 --> 00:32:31,680 CHEMISTRY FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF 999 00:32:31,680 --> 00:32:32,440 CALIFORNIA-LOS ANGELES AND AN 1000 00:32:32,440 --> 00:32:33,560 M.D. FROM HARVARD MEDICAL 1001 00:32:33,560 --> 00:32:34,200 SCHOOL. 1002 00:32:34,200 --> 00:32:35,520 HER CURRENT RESEARCH FOCUSES ON 1003 00:32:35,520 --> 00:32:37,520 THE DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSLATION 1004 00:32:37,520 --> 00:32:39,160 OF ADVANCED DIFFUSION MRI 1005 00:32:39,160 --> 00:32:41,680 METHODS FOR PROBING TISSUE 1006 00:32:41,680 --> 00:32:42,640 MICROSTRUCTURE IN THE CENTRAL 1007 00:32:42,640 --> 00:32:43,520 NERVOUS SYSTEM. 1008 00:32:43,520 --> 00:32:44,960 DR. HUANG. 1009 00:32:44,960 --> 00:32:46,800 >>THANKS SO MUCH, NINA. 1010 00:32:46,800 --> 00:32:49,000 AND THANK YOU TO THE ORGANIZERS 1011 00:32:49,000 --> 00:32:51,000 FOR THIS INVITATION TO ENGAGE IN 1012 00:32:51,000 --> 00:32:54,760 THIS REALLY INTERESTING TOPIC. 1013 00:32:54,760 --> 00:33:00,720 SO ASSIGNEE NA MENTION I'M ALSON 1014 00:33:00,720 --> 00:33:02,920 INITIATIVE NEXT GENERATION HUMAN 1015 00:33:02,920 --> 00:33:04,320 IMAGING TECHNOLOGY GRANT TO 1016 00:33:04,320 --> 00:33:07,080 DEVELOP THE NEXT GENERATION 1017 00:33:07,080 --> 00:33:08,960 CONNECTOME SCANNER FOR LOOKING 1018 00:33:08,960 --> 00:33:10,920 AT HUMAN BRAIN STRUCTURE AND 1019 00:33:10,920 --> 00:33:12,080 FUNCTION ACROSS SCALES. 1020 00:33:12,080 --> 00:33:14,360 WHAT DOES FUNCTIONAL MRI 1021 00:33:14,360 --> 00:33:15,040 ACTUALLY MEASURE? 1022 00:33:15,040 --> 00:33:17,960 IT'S IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND 1023 00:33:17,960 --> 00:33:20,480 THIS, BECAUSE IT ACTUALLY GETS 1024 00:33:20,480 --> 00:33:22,480 DOWN TO FUNDAMENTALLY THE KINDS 1025 00:33:22,480 --> 00:33:24,200 OF INFERENCES AND INFORMATION 1026 00:33:24,200 --> 00:33:26,120 WE'RE ABLE TO EXTRACT FROM THE 1027 00:33:26,120 --> 00:33:29,480 DATA. 1028 00:33:29,480 --> 00:33:30,560 SO FUNCTIONAL MRI ESSENTIALLY 1029 00:33:30,560 --> 00:33:32,560 MEASURES CHANGES IN BLOOD 1030 00:33:32,560 --> 00:33:34,400 OXYGENATION LEVEL THAT ARE 1031 00:33:34,400 --> 00:33:35,960 RELATED TO BUT ARE NOT A DIRECT 1032 00:33:35,960 --> 00:33:38,320 MEASURE OF NEURONAL ACTIVITY, 1033 00:33:38,320 --> 00:33:40,800 AND IT'S REALLY MEDIATED THROUGH 1034 00:33:40,800 --> 00:33:44,160 A FUNDAMENTAL PHYSIOLOGICAL 1035 00:33:44,160 --> 00:33:44,720 NEUROVASCULAR COUPLING. 1036 00:33:44,720 --> 00:33:47,440 SO THE IDEA IS THAT WE USE AN 1037 00:33:47,440 --> 00:33:49,560 ENDOGENOUS CONTRAST AGENT WHICH 1038 00:33:49,560 --> 00:33:54,080 IS HEMOGLOBIN IN BLOOD. 1039 00:33:54,080 --> 00:33:55,280 ITS DENSITY CAN BE MEASURED 1040 00:33:55,280 --> 00:33:56,560 THROUGH THE MRI SIGNAL THROUGH 1041 00:33:56,560 --> 00:33:58,880 WHAT'S KNOWN AS THE BLOOD 1042 00:33:58,880 --> 00:34:00,400 OXYGENATION LEVEL DEPENDENT 1043 00:34:00,400 --> 00:34:00,680 RESPONSE. 1044 00:34:00,680 --> 00:34:04,240 SO FOLLOWING AN ACTIVATION BY A 1045 00:34:04,240 --> 00:34:05,760 STIMULUS, THERE'S AN INCREASE IN 1046 00:34:05,760 --> 00:34:07,200 DEMAND FOR NUTRIENTS WITHIN THE 1047 00:34:07,200 --> 00:34:10,160 BRAIN AND CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW 1048 00:34:10,160 --> 00:34:12,440 AND CEREBRAL BLOOD VOLUME WILL 1049 00:34:12,440 --> 00:34:13,800 OVERCOMPENSATE FOR THAT OXYGEN 1050 00:34:13,800 --> 00:34:15,400 DEMAND, LEADING TO CHANGES IN 1051 00:34:15,400 --> 00:34:18,840 THE LEVEL OF DEOXYHEMOGLOBIN IN 1052 00:34:18,840 --> 00:34:20,120 THE BLOOD AND THAT ULTIMATELY 1053 00:34:20,120 --> 00:34:22,960 LEADS TO THIS DETECTABLE BOLD 1054 00:34:22,960 --> 00:34:24,400 SIGNAL, WHICH IS WHAT WE MEASURE 1055 00:34:24,400 --> 00:34:26,800 IN F MRI. 1056 00:34:26,800 --> 00:34:29,440 AND SO TO DEPICT THIS IN KIND OF 1057 00:34:29,440 --> 00:34:32,680 MORE GRANULAR DETAIL, THIS IS 1058 00:34:32,680 --> 00:34:33,120 THE CANONICAL HEMODYNAMIC 1059 00:34:33,120 --> 00:34:36,000 THIS IS A 1060 00:34:36,000 --> 00:34:37,480 SCHEMATIC OF THE TIME COURSE OF 1061 00:34:37,480 --> 00:34:39,240 THE BOLD SIGNAL, AND IT 1062 00:34:39,240 --> 00:34:41,480 BASICALLY GIVES YOU AN IDEA OF 1063 00:34:41,480 --> 00:34:43,520 THE TIME COURSES THAT WE'RE 1064 00:34:43,520 --> 00:34:46,840 LOOKING AT IN FMRI. 1065 00:34:46,840 --> 00:34:49,520 SO ARE YOU SEEING THAT ON THE 1066 00:34:49,520 --> 00:34:51,160 SCREEN? 1067 00:34:51,160 --> 00:34:51,520 OKAY, PERFECT. 1068 00:34:51,520 --> 00:34:56,600 THANK YOU. 1069 00:34:56,600 --> 00:34:59,040 SO IN THIS SCHEMATIC OF THE 1070 00:34:59,040 --> 00:34:59,800 HEMODYNAMIC RESPONSE FUNCTION, 1071 00:34:59,800 --> 00:35:01,000 THE GREEN VERTICAL LINE 1072 00:35:01,000 --> 00:35:02,960 REPRESENTS A STIMULUS ONSET, AND 1073 00:35:02,960 --> 00:35:04,440 REALLY THE IMPULSE OF NEURAL 1074 00:35:04,440 --> 00:35:05,480 ACTIVITY THAT OCCURS AT THAT 1075 00:35:05,480 --> 00:35:07,200 TIME. 1076 00:35:07,200 --> 00:35:10,320 AND THE RED CURVE WHICH IS SHOWN 1077 00:35:10,320 --> 00:35:12,520 UNDERNEATH THE BLUE -- THE 1078 00:35:12,520 --> 00:35:14,040 PURPLE CURVE IS ESSENTIALLY THE 1079 00:35:14,040 --> 00:35:15,600 MODELED TIME COURSE FOR THE BOLD 1080 00:35:15,600 --> 00:35:15,840 SIGNAL. 1081 00:35:15,840 --> 00:35:17,000 SO THIS IS KIND OF WHAT WE 1082 00:35:17,000 --> 00:35:20,760 UNDERSTAND TO BE HAPPENING AS A 1083 00:35:20,760 --> 00:35:21,880 RESPONSE OF THE BLOOD 1084 00:35:21,880 --> 00:35:23,920 OXYGENATION LEVEL IN RESPONSE TO 1085 00:35:23,920 --> 00:35:24,960 A NEURAL ACTIVITY. 1086 00:35:24,960 --> 00:35:26,680 SO THE TIME COURSE CAN BE 1087 00:35:26,680 --> 00:35:29,160 DIVIDED INTO THREE PHASES. 1088 00:35:29,160 --> 00:35:30,240 THERE'S FIRST AN INITIAL 1089 00:35:30,240 --> 00:35:32,720 DECREASE DUE TO THE BURST OF 1090 00:35:32,720 --> 00:35:33,400 OXIDATIVE METABOLISM THAT 1091 00:35:33,400 --> 00:35:35,280 PRECEDES A RISE IN THE CEREBRAL 1092 00:35:35,280 --> 00:35:36,720 BLOOD FLOW AND ASSOCIATED INFLUX 1093 00:35:36,720 --> 00:35:39,000 OF OXYGEN. 1094 00:35:39,000 --> 00:35:43,120 THE CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND 1095 00:35:43,120 --> 00:35:44,280 CEREBRAL -- CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW 1096 00:35:44,280 --> 00:35:46,240 REALLY INCREASES PRETTY 1097 00:35:46,240 --> 00:35:47,200 DISPROPORTIONATELY DUE TO THE 1098 00:35:47,200 --> 00:35:49,560 METABOLIC RATE OF OXYGEN UPTAKE, 1099 00:35:49,560 --> 00:35:52,600 SO THE AMOUNT OF DEOXYHEMOGLOBIN 1100 00:35:52,600 --> 00:35:54,360 IN THE BLOOD WILL DECREASE AND 1101 00:35:54,360 --> 00:35:57,040 THE BOLD SIGNAL RISES TO A PEAK 1102 00:35:57,040 --> 00:35:59,600 AT ABOUT 5 TO 6 SECONDS SO THAT 1103 00:35:59,600 --> 00:36:01,920 GIVES YOU KIND OF A SENSE OF THE 1104 00:36:01,920 --> 00:36:04,640 TEMPORAL COURSE OF THE F PLY 1105 00:36:04,640 --> 00:36:04,880 SIGNAL. 1106 00:36:04,880 --> 00:36:06,440 AS THE CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND 1107 00:36:06,440 --> 00:36:07,840 CEREBRAL METABOLIC RATE OF 1108 00:36:07,840 --> 00:36:08,920 OXYGEN DISSIPATE, THEN THE BOLD 1109 00:36:08,920 --> 00:36:11,040 SIGNAL DECLINES TOWARD BASELINE 1110 00:36:11,040 --> 00:36:12,880 AND MAY EVEN GO UNDER -- FALLING 1111 00:36:12,880 --> 00:36:14,720 BELOW THE BASELINE, FORMING THIS 1112 00:36:14,720 --> 00:36:16,480 POST STIMULUS UNDERSHOOT THAT 1113 00:36:16,480 --> 00:36:20,720 PEAKS AT AROUND 15 SECONDS. 1114 00:36:20,720 --> 00:36:25,080 SO NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 1115 00:36:25,080 --> 00:36:27,040 SO IN TERMS OF THE DATA 1116 00:36:27,040 --> 00:36:30,360 CHARACTERISTICS OF FMRI, WE 1117 00:36:30,360 --> 00:36:31,800 MEASURE THE CHANGE IN THE 1118 00:36:31,800 --> 00:36:33,880 HEMODYNAMICS DUE TO A STIMULUS. 1119 00:36:33,880 --> 00:36:36,320 AND THAT FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY IS 1120 00:36:36,320 --> 00:36:38,040 REFLECTED IN THE SIGNAL OF 1121 00:36:38,040 --> 00:36:39,440 INDIVIDUAL VOXELS WITHIN THE 1122 00:36:39,440 --> 00:36:41,800 GREY MATTER OVER TIME. 1123 00:36:41,800 --> 00:36:44,920 SO FUNDAMENTALLY IN BOLD FMRI, 1124 00:36:44,920 --> 00:36:46,640 WHAT WE'RE ACQUIRING IS A SERIES 1125 00:36:46,640 --> 00:36:49,680 OF IMAGES AT DIFFERENT POINTS IN 1126 00:36:49,680 --> 00:36:52,520 TIME, AND THIS IS IN DISTINCTION 1127 00:36:52,520 --> 00:36:54,680 TO STRUCTURAL IMAGING, SAY, FOR 1128 00:36:54,680 --> 00:36:56,360 EXAMPLE, THIS T1 WEIGHTED 1129 00:36:56,360 --> 00:36:57,200 STRUCTURAL IMAGE SHOWN ON THE 1130 00:36:57,200 --> 00:36:58,680 LEFT, THAT IS A STATIC IMAGE 1131 00:36:58,680 --> 00:37:00,760 THAT USUALLY HAS ACQUIRED A VERY 1132 00:37:00,760 --> 00:37:02,200 HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION AND WILL 1133 00:37:02,200 --> 00:37:05,040 BE DISCUSSED LATER IN THIS PANEL 1134 00:37:05,040 --> 00:37:08,880 BY DR. GRIEVE. 1135 00:37:08,880 --> 00:37:09,400 GREVE. 1136 00:37:09,400 --> 00:37:12,640 SO GOING BACK TO THE FMRI DATA 1137 00:37:12,640 --> 00:37:15,480 IS WE TYPICALLY ACQUIRE A VOLUME 1138 00:37:15,480 --> 00:37:17,880 EVERY 1 TO 4 SECONDS AND THE 1139 00:37:17,880 --> 00:37:21,920 TEMPORAL RESOLUTION REALLY VAIR 1140 00:37:21,920 --> 00:37:24,080 VARIES BASED ON THE SCANNER 1141 00:37:24,080 --> 00:37:25,800 CAPABILITIES, ITS FIELD 1142 00:37:25,800 --> 00:37:27,000 STRENGTH, GRADIENT STRENGTH. 1143 00:37:27,000 --> 00:37:28,240 SO THAT'S ONE CONSIDERATION. 1144 00:37:28,240 --> 00:37:29,240 THE OTHER IS THE SPATIAL 1145 00:37:29,240 --> 00:37:31,680 RESOLUTION, SO EACH VOXEL IS 1146 00:37:31,680 --> 00:37:32,960 BETWEEN 1 TO 4 MILLIMETERS IN 1147 00:37:32,960 --> 00:37:35,600 SIZE, TYPICALLY 2 MILLIMETERS IF 1148 00:37:35,600 --> 00:37:35,960 NOT LARGER. 1149 00:37:35,960 --> 00:37:37,480 SO YOU CAN SEE THE SPATIAL 1150 00:37:37,480 --> 00:37:39,440 RESOLUTION OF FMRI IS STILL 1151 00:37:39,440 --> 00:37:42,000 FAIRLY LIMITED, AND THAT'S 1152 00:37:42,000 --> 00:37:43,040 FUNDAMENTALLY OF RELEVANCE IN 1153 00:37:43,040 --> 00:37:44,520 THE SENSE THAT IT GIVES YOU AN 1154 00:37:44,520 --> 00:37:46,920 IDEA OF HOW READILY IDENTIFIABLE 1155 00:37:46,920 --> 00:37:50,960 FEATURES MIGHT BE IN THE REST OF 1156 00:37:50,960 --> 00:37:52,480 THE FACE AND IN THE HEAD VOLUME, 1157 00:37:52,480 --> 00:37:57,200 NOT JUST IN THE BRAIN. 1158 00:37:57,200 --> 00:37:58,160 SO THESE ARE WHAT WE'RE 1159 00:37:58,160 --> 00:38:00,720 INTERESTED IN IN TERMS OF THE 1160 00:38:00,720 --> 00:38:01,080 FMRI DATA. 1161 00:38:01,080 --> 00:38:02,960 NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 1162 00:38:02,960 --> 00:38:06,320 SO FMRI ALSO MEASURES AND IS 1163 00:38:06,320 --> 00:38:07,800 SENSITIVE TO OTHER FEATURES OF 1164 00:38:07,800 --> 00:38:09,400 THE SIGNAL. 1165 00:38:09,400 --> 00:38:12,160 SO WHAT ELSE IS IT SENSITIVE TO? 1166 00:38:12,160 --> 00:38:13,400 WELL, IT'S SENSITIVE TO VARIOUS 1167 00:38:13,400 --> 00:38:14,240 NOISE SOURCES. 1168 00:38:14,240 --> 00:38:15,560 THESE INCLUDE THERMAL NOISE FROM 1169 00:38:15,560 --> 00:38:17,520 THE INSTRUMENT ITSELF AND THE 1170 00:38:17,520 --> 00:38:19,160 MEASUREMENT, AND THEN ALSO FROM 1171 00:38:19,160 --> 00:38:20,960 THE SUBJECT OR THE PARTICIPANT, 1172 00:38:20,960 --> 00:38:22,760 IT'S SENSITIVE TO PHYSIOLOGICAL 1173 00:38:22,760 --> 00:38:23,080 NOISE. 1174 00:38:23,080 --> 00:38:25,760 AND BY THAT, I MEAN 1175 00:38:25,760 --> 00:38:27,760 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM CARDIAC, 1176 00:38:27,760 --> 00:38:29,920 RESPIRATORY AND INTRAVASCULAR 1177 00:38:29,920 --> 00:38:31,720 FLUCTUATION SAYING THE CEREBRAL 1178 00:38:31,720 --> 00:38:35,480 BLOOD VOLUME, CEREBRAL BLOOD 1179 00:38:35,480 --> 00:38:35,680 FLOW. 1180 00:38:35,680 --> 00:38:37,960 SO THESE FACTORS ARE ALSO 1181 00:38:37,960 --> 00:38:39,160 MEASURED BY FMRI. 1182 00:38:39,160 --> 00:38:39,960 FINALLY THERE ARE SUBJECT 1183 00:38:39,960 --> 00:38:42,400 SPECIFIC EFFECTS THAT MAY OCCUR 1184 00:38:42,400 --> 00:38:44,040 DURING THE MEASUREMENT THAT THE 1185 00:38:44,040 --> 00:38:45,680 FMRI SIGNAL ALSO PICKS UP ON AND 1186 00:38:45,680 --> 00:38:47,000 HAS TO BE KIND OF ACCOUNTED FOR 1187 00:38:47,000 --> 00:38:48,880 IN OUR STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND 1188 00:38:48,880 --> 00:38:50,200 MODELING OF THE SIGNAL, AND THAT 1189 00:38:50,200 --> 00:38:51,720 INCLUDES SUBJECT-SPECIFIC 1190 00:38:51,720 --> 00:38:55,040 EFFECTS, INCLUDING MOTION, AND 1191 00:38:55,040 --> 00:38:57,320 SO OVERALL THE FMRI SIGNAL IS 1192 00:38:57,320 --> 00:38:58,640 ESSENTIALLY THE AGGREGATE OF THE 1193 00:38:58,640 --> 00:39:00,640 ACTIVITY THAT WE'RE INTERESTED 1194 00:39:00,640 --> 00:39:02,320 IN, THE NEURAL ACTIVITY WHICH 1195 00:39:02,320 --> 00:39:04,240 HAS REFLECTED THROUGH THE 1196 00:39:04,240 --> 00:39:05,920 HEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS AND ALL OF 1197 00:39:05,920 --> 00:39:07,480 THESE POTENTIAL NOISE SOURCES 1198 00:39:07,480 --> 00:39:10,000 WITHLY CARRY INFORMATION THAT IS 1199 00:39:10,000 --> 00:39:10,680 SUBJECT-SPECIFIC, BUT THEY MAY 1200 00:39:10,680 --> 00:39:14,600 BE LESS READILY PARSED OUT. 1201 00:39:14,600 --> 00:39:19,320 SO NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 1202 00:39:19,320 --> 00:39:21,280 SO IN TERMS OF THE TYPES OF DATA 1203 00:39:21,280 --> 00:39:25,080 THAT WE GENERATE FROM FMRI AND 1204 00:39:25,080 --> 00:39:26,160 NOW I'M TALKING ABOUT THE TYPES 1205 00:39:26,160 --> 00:39:27,840 OF ANALYSES WE CAN DO TO THIS 1206 00:39:27,840 --> 00:39:28,080 DATA. 1207 00:39:28,080 --> 00:39:29,800 IT REALLY DEPENDS IN SOME WAYS 1208 00:39:29,800 --> 00:39:31,560 ON HOW THE F PLY MEASUREMENT IS 1209 00:39:31,560 --> 00:39:33,080 DONE, AND BY THAT, WE CAN 1210 00:39:33,080 --> 00:39:38,400 CLASSIFY INTO TWO MAJOR TYPES. 1211 00:39:38,400 --> 00:39:40,360 TASK-BASED FMRI WHICH REQUIRES 1212 00:39:40,360 --> 00:39:42,000 THE PARTICIPANT TO ENGAGE IN A 1213 00:39:42,000 --> 00:39:46,960 SPECIFIC TYPE OF BEHAVIOR OR 1214 00:39:46,960 --> 00:39:47,760 RESPONSE AS COMPARED TO A 1215 00:39:47,760 --> 00:39:50,160 CONTROL OR BASELINE CONDITION. 1216 00:39:50,160 --> 00:39:52,640 SO FROM TASK-BASED FMRI, THIS IS 1217 00:39:52,640 --> 00:39:54,200 A VERY TYPICAL TYPE OF OUTPUT 1218 00:39:54,200 --> 00:39:57,960 THAT WE CALCULATE A TASK-BASED 1219 00:39:57,960 --> 00:39:59,920 ACTIVATION MAP. 1220 00:39:59,920 --> 00:40:01,800 THIS ESSENTIALLY IS GENERATED 1221 00:40:01,800 --> 00:40:03,480 THROUGH STATISTICAL ANALYSES 1222 00:40:03,480 --> 00:40:06,240 THAT IDENTIFY AREAS OF BRAIN 1223 00:40:06,240 --> 00:40:08,000 ACTIVATION RELATIVE TO A CONTROL 1224 00:40:08,000 --> 00:40:08,880 STATE. 1225 00:40:08,880 --> 00:40:10,840 SO HERE I'M SHOWING RESULTS FROM 1226 00:40:10,840 --> 00:40:12,920 A MOTOR MAPPING TASK THAT WAS 1227 00:40:12,920 --> 00:40:14,480 PUBLISHED THROUGH THE HUMAN 1228 00:40:14,480 --> 00:40:15,480 CONNECTOME PROJECT AND I WOULD 1229 00:40:15,480 --> 00:40:18,240 SAY AS AN ASIDE THAT THE HUMAN 1230 00:40:18,240 --> 00:40:19,080 CONNECTOME PROJECT WHICH OUR 1231 00:40:19,080 --> 00:40:21,160 GROUP AT MGH AS WELL AS MANY 1232 00:40:21,160 --> 00:40:22,320 OTHERS ACROSS THE COUNTRY AND 1233 00:40:22,320 --> 00:40:23,960 THE WORLD HAVE BEEN INVOLVED IN 1234 00:40:23,960 --> 00:40:27,200 WAS REALLY A SEMINAL NEURAL 1235 00:40:27,200 --> 00:40:28,400 IMAGING STUDY IN THE SENSE THAT 1236 00:40:28,400 --> 00:40:30,760 IT WAS ONE OF FIRST TO SHARE 1237 00:40:30,760 --> 00:40:32,280 DATA AT A VERY LARGE SCALE. 1238 00:40:32,280 --> 00:40:33,480 1200 HEALTHY YOUNG ADULTS. 1239 00:40:33,480 --> 00:40:36,360 SO THIS DATA IS NOW ONLINE, MADE 1240 00:40:36,360 --> 00:40:38,480 POSSIBLE THROUGH THE NIH, AND SO 1241 00:40:38,480 --> 00:40:40,080 THESE ARE RESULTS OF MOTOR 1242 00:40:40,080 --> 00:40:43,160 MAPPING FROM THAT DATASET ON THE 1243 00:40:43,160 --> 00:40:45,840 GROUP LEVEL AND ALSO SHOWING 1244 00:40:45,840 --> 00:40:48,680 SORT OF THE DISTRIBUTION SORT OF 1245 00:40:48,680 --> 00:40:50,200 PARTICIPANTS SHOWING ACTIVATION 1246 00:40:50,200 --> 00:40:53,000 ABOVE A CERTAIN STATISTICAL 1247 00:40:53,000 --> 00:40:54,400 THRESHOLD. 1248 00:40:54,400 --> 00:40:55,880 THE OTHER TYPE OF DATA THAT IS 1249 00:40:55,880 --> 00:40:58,080 GENERATED BY FMRI IS RESTING 1250 00:40:58,080 --> 00:41:00,680 STATE FMRI DATA, AND THIS TYPE 1251 00:41:00,680 --> 00:41:02,760 OF RESTING STATE DATA IS REALLY 1252 00:41:02,760 --> 00:41:04,360 DONE WHILE -- IS ACQUIRED AS THE 1253 00:41:04,360 --> 00:41:05,600 PATIENT OR THE PARTICIPANT IS AT 1254 00:41:05,600 --> 00:41:06,200 REST. 1255 00:41:06,200 --> 00:41:07,800 SO ESSENTIALLY NOT ENGAGING IN 1256 00:41:07,800 --> 00:41:08,680 ANY SPECIFIC TASK. 1257 00:41:08,680 --> 00:41:11,240 SO THERE ARE SEVERAL WELL-KNOWN 1258 00:41:11,240 --> 00:41:12,280 CANONICAL NETWORKS THAT ARE 1259 00:41:12,280 --> 00:41:14,720 KNOWN TO BE ACTIVE AT REST. 1260 00:41:14,720 --> 00:41:18,760 THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF PARTS OF 1261 00:41:18,760 --> 00:41:22,200 THE DEFAULT MO NETWORK, ONE OF 1262 00:41:22,200 --> 00:41:23,960 THESE FROM A SINGLE 15 MINUTE 1263 00:41:23,960 --> 00:41:25,800 RUN FROM A SINGLE SUBJECT, ALSO 1264 00:41:25,800 --> 00:41:27,360 TAKEN FROM THE HUMAN CONNECTOME 1265 00:41:27,360 --> 00:41:27,800 PROJECT. 1266 00:41:27,800 --> 00:41:30,360 SO IN RESTING STATE FMRI, WE 1267 00:41:30,360 --> 00:41:32,600 MEASURE THE SPONTANEOUS LOW 1268 00:41:32,600 --> 00:41:33,840 FREQUENCY FLUCTUATIONS IN THE 1269 00:41:33,840 --> 00:41:36,400 BOLD SIGNAL, WHICH CAN ALSO BE 1270 00:41:36,400 --> 00:41:40,080 USED TO CHARACTERIZE BRAIN 1271 00:41:40,080 --> 00:41:41,200 FUNCTION AT AN INDIVIDUAL AS 1272 00:41:41,200 --> 00:41:45,080 WELL AS A GROUP LEVEL. 1273 00:41:45,080 --> 00:41:47,240 SO THESE ARE THE TYPES OF DATA 1274 00:41:47,240 --> 00:41:49,640 THAT FMRI TYPICALLY ACQUIRES. 1275 00:41:49,640 --> 00:41:52,640 THERE'S ALSO A WHOLE HOST OF 1276 00:41:52,640 --> 00:41:54,800 ANCILLARY DATA THAT WE ACQUIRE 1277 00:41:54,800 --> 00:41:56,760 TO AID IN THE INTERPRETATION OF 1278 00:41:56,760 --> 00:41:58,400 THE FMRI SIGNALS. 1279 00:41:58,400 --> 00:42:02,040 THESE INCLUDE ANATOMICAL MRI, 1280 00:42:02,040 --> 00:42:03,440 WHICH IS -- USUALLY TAKES THE 1281 00:42:03,440 --> 00:42:06,200 FORM OF SAY A T1 WEIGHTED HIGH 1282 00:42:06,200 --> 00:42:09,320 RESOLUTION, SAY 1-MILLIMETER 1283 00:42:09,320 --> 00:42:10,520 ISOTROPIC STRUCTURAL IMAGING AND 1284 00:42:10,520 --> 00:42:11,920 THAT'S MANY TIMES USED FOR 1285 00:42:11,920 --> 00:42:13,960 COREGISTRATION WITH THE FMRI 1286 00:42:13,960 --> 00:42:15,840 DATA AND THEN CAN BE USED, SAY, 1287 00:42:15,840 --> 00:42:17,680 FOR SEGMENTATION AND, SAY, ROI, 1288 00:42:17,680 --> 00:42:20,240 REGION OF INTEREST-BASED 1289 00:42:20,240 --> 00:42:21,760 ANALYSES. 1290 00:42:21,760 --> 00:42:23,360 I'LL INCLUDE AMONGST THE TYPES 1291 00:42:23,360 --> 00:42:24,920 OF DATA THAT ARE COMMONLY 1292 00:42:24,920 --> 00:42:27,120 ACQUIRED ALONGSIDE FMRI TO 1293 00:42:27,120 --> 00:42:28,560 FUSION MRI, AND I DO THIS IN 1294 00:42:28,560 --> 00:42:30,360 SOME WAYS BASED ON OUR 1295 00:42:30,360 --> 00:42:31,560 EXPERIENCE FROM THE HUMAN 1296 00:42:31,560 --> 00:42:32,160 CONNECTOME PROJECT. 1297 00:42:32,160 --> 00:42:35,280 SO DIFFUSION MRI HELPS YOU INFER 1298 00:42:35,280 --> 00:42:36,720 INFORMATION ABOUT STRUCTURAL 1299 00:42:36,720 --> 00:42:38,600 CONNECTIVITY AND TISSUE 1300 00:42:38,600 --> 00:42:39,600 MICROSTRUCTURE, AND THAT CAN BE 1301 00:42:39,600 --> 00:42:42,920 USED TO EXPLORE 1302 00:42:42,920 --> 00:42:43,840 STRUCTURE-FUNCTION RELATIONSHIPS 1303 00:42:43,840 --> 00:42:46,560 IN THE LIVING HUMAN BRAIN. 1304 00:42:46,560 --> 00:42:47,840 PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA IS OFTEN 1305 00:42:47,840 --> 00:42:50,680 ACQUIRED ALONGSIDE THE FMRI DATA 1306 00:42:50,680 --> 00:42:52,280 AND THIS PROVIDES MEASURES OF 1307 00:42:52,280 --> 00:42:53,880 CARDIAC AND RESPIRATORY FUNCTION 1308 00:42:53,880 --> 00:42:56,400 TO HELP IDENTIFY AND CONTROL FOR 1309 00:42:56,400 --> 00:42:58,120 THOSE VARIABLES CONTRIBUTING, 1310 00:42:58,120 --> 00:43:00,040 SAY, TO PHYSIOLOGICAL NOISE, 1311 00:43:00,040 --> 00:43:01,720 THEIR INFLUENCE OVERALL ON BRAIN 1312 00:43:01,720 --> 00:43:02,800 ACTIVITY. 1313 00:43:02,800 --> 00:43:05,720 AND THEN FINALLY, IN TASK-BASED 1314 00:43:05,720 --> 00:43:07,680 FMRI, WE WILL ACQUIRE BEHAVIORAL 1315 00:43:07,680 --> 00:43:09,520 DATA DURING THE TASK TO PROVIDE 1316 00:43:09,520 --> 00:43:11,240 CONTEXT FOR INTERPRETING THE 1317 00:43:11,240 --> 00:43:18,200 FMRI DATA. 1318 00:43:18,200 --> 00:43:19,520 SO THE TYPES OF INFERENCE THAT 1319 00:43:19,520 --> 00:43:21,520 CAN BE MADE FROM FMRI, FMRI 1320 00:43:21,520 --> 00:43:25,120 REALLY IS KIND OF TRADITIONALLY 1321 00:43:25,120 --> 00:43:26,480 THOUGHT TO IDENTIFY AREAS OF THE 1322 00:43:26,480 --> 00:43:30,360 PLAIN THATBRAIN THAT ARE ACTIVAG 1323 00:43:30,360 --> 00:43:31,960 VARIOUS TASKS, PERCEPTION, 1324 00:43:31,960 --> 00:43:33,120 COGNITION AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF 1325 00:43:33,120 --> 00:43:33,880 ACTION. 1326 00:43:33,880 --> 00:43:36,520 AND SO FMRI DATA IS JUST A VERY 1327 00:43:36,520 --> 00:43:38,680 BRIEF KIND OF SYNOPSIS, CAN 1328 00:43:38,680 --> 00:43:40,000 PROVIDE INFORMATION ON NEURAL 1329 00:43:40,000 --> 00:43:43,320 CORRELATES OF K DECISION-MAKING, 1330 00:43:43,320 --> 00:43:44,840 ATTENTION, LANGUAGE PLAPPING WE 1331 00:43:44,840 --> 00:43:46,840 OFTEN USE THIS CLINICALLY FOR 1332 00:43:46,840 --> 00:43:48,080 PRE-SURGICAL PLANNING, AS WELL 1333 00:43:48,080 --> 00:43:51,040 AS EMOTIONS. 1334 00:43:51,040 --> 00:43:52,040 SO ONE OF THE CAVEATS THAT MUST 1335 00:43:52,040 --> 00:43:53,320 BE KIND OF EMPHASIZED THROUGHOUT 1336 00:43:53,320 --> 00:43:55,880 IS THAT IN FMRI, WHAT WE'RE 1337 00:43:55,880 --> 00:43:57,520 MEASURING IS THE HEMODYNAMIC 1338 00:43:57,520 --> 00:43:58,640 RESPONSE, AND THIS IS AN 1339 00:43:58,640 --> 00:43:59,720 INDIRECT MEASURE OF NEURAL 1340 00:43:59,720 --> 00:44:02,200 ACTIVITY, AND AS SUCH, WE NEED 1341 00:44:02,200 --> 00:44:04,560 TO UNDERSTAND ESSENTIALLY THE 1342 00:44:04,560 --> 00:44:06,320 OTHER -- THAT THIS MAY BE A 1343 00:44:06,320 --> 00:44:08,000 SOMEWHAT BIASED MEASURE OF 1344 00:44:08,000 --> 00:44:11,680 NEURAL ACTIVITY ITSELF. 1345 00:44:11,680 --> 00:44:14,800 SO THE EXTENT TO WHICH THAT 1346 00:44:14,800 --> 00:44:15,840 NEUROVASCULAR COUPLING DEPENDS 1347 00:44:15,840 --> 00:44:16,800 ON NEURAL ACTIVITY WILL REALLY 1348 00:44:16,800 --> 00:44:18,760 KIND OF MODULATE THAT FMRI 1349 00:44:18,760 --> 00:44:20,200 SIGNAL, AND THIS REALLY 1350 00:44:20,200 --> 00:44:20,920 UNDERSCORES THE NEED FOR OTHER 1351 00:44:20,920 --> 00:44:23,480 TYPES OF DATA, INCLUDING 1352 00:44:23,480 --> 00:44:33,280 NEUROPHYSINEUROPHYSINEUROPHYSIO, 1353 00:44:33,280 --> 00:44:34,480 ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, TO UNDERSTAND 1354 00:44:34,480 --> 00:44:35,920 EXACTLY WHAT WE'RE MEASURING 1355 00:44:35,920 --> 00:44:36,880 INSIDE A SCANNER. 1356 00:44:36,880 --> 00:44:38,120 IN ADDITION, WE ALSO NEED TO 1357 00:44:38,120 --> 00:44:39,360 ACCOUNT FOR THE TYPES OF 1358 00:44:39,360 --> 00:44:40,320 TECHNICAL LIMITATIONS, INCLUDING 1359 00:44:40,320 --> 00:44:42,320 SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL RESOLUTION 1360 00:44:42,320 --> 00:44:44,760 LIMITS AND SCAN/RESCAN 1361 00:44:44,760 --> 00:44:45,320 REPRODUCIBILITY. 1362 00:44:45,320 --> 00:44:46,160 THESE ARE ALL CONSIDERATIONS 1363 00:44:46,160 --> 00:44:47,920 THAT NEED TO BE FACTORED IN, 1364 00:44:47,920 --> 00:44:49,360 REGARDLESS OF THE MEASUREMENT 1365 00:44:49,360 --> 00:44:50,800 TYPE OF THE MEASUREMENT FOR 1366 00:44:50,800 --> 00:44:51,960 THESE TYPES OF DATA. 1367 00:44:51,960 --> 00:44:53,080 NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 1368 00:44:53,080 --> 00:44:55,320 SO ONE THING I WILL EMPHASIZE IN 1369 00:44:55,320 --> 00:44:58,280 TERMS OF THE REAL VALUE THAT 1370 00:44:58,280 --> 00:45:00,120 FMRI AND MRI IN GENERAL OFFERS 1371 00:45:00,120 --> 00:45:03,240 FOR HUMAN BRAIN IMAGING AND KIND 1372 00:45:03,240 --> 00:45:06,160 OF NEUROSCIENCE IS THAT REALLY 1373 00:45:06,160 --> 00:45:07,920 MRI IS ONE OF THOSE FEW 1374 00:45:07,920 --> 00:45:11,440 MODALITIES THAT WE CAN USE TO 1375 00:45:11,440 --> 00:45:13,240 ACCESS INFORMATION IN THE LIVING 1376 00:45:13,240 --> 00:45:15,880 HUMAN BRAIN ON A SIZE SCALE 1377 00:45:15,880 --> 00:45:16,840 COMMENSURATE WITH WHOLE BRAIN 1378 00:45:16,840 --> 00:45:20,160 KIND OF ACTIVITY. 1379 00:45:20,160 --> 00:45:22,160 SO WE RECOGNIZE ONE OF THE 1380 00:45:22,160 --> 00:45:23,120 ENORMOUS CHALLENGES OF 1381 00:45:23,120 --> 00:45:24,200 UNDERSTANDING HOW THE BRAIN 1382 00:45:24,200 --> 00:45:27,920 WORKS AND HOW IT'S STRUCTURED, 1383 00:45:27,920 --> 00:45:29,320 IS THAT SORT OF UNDERSTANDING 1384 00:45:29,320 --> 00:45:30,480 THAT COMPLETE MATRIX OF 1385 00:45:30,480 --> 00:45:31,560 STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL 1386 00:45:31,560 --> 00:45:33,240 CONNECTIONS IN THE BRAIN REALLY 1387 00:45:33,240 --> 00:45:35,880 REQUIRES US TO BE ABLE TO LOOK 1388 00:45:35,880 --> 00:45:38,200 AT THE WHOLE BRAIN 1389 00:45:38,200 --> 00:45:38,640 SIMULTANEOUSLY WHILE 1390 00:45:38,640 --> 00:45:40,080 UNDERSTANDING AS WE DRILL DOWN 1391 00:45:40,080 --> 00:45:41,520 FURTHER AND FURTHER INTO THE 1392 00:45:41,520 --> 00:45:42,480 VOXEL WHAT'S ACTUALLY 1393 00:45:42,480 --> 00:45:43,720 CONTRIBUTING TO THAT SIGNAL. 1394 00:45:43,720 --> 00:45:46,000 AND I WOULD ARGUE THAT TOOLS 1395 00:45:46,000 --> 00:45:48,480 LIKE MRI DO OFFER THAT SPATIAL 1396 00:45:48,480 --> 00:45:51,160 RANGE TO BE ABLE TO GET TO THAT 1397 00:45:51,160 --> 00:45:52,280 INFORMATION, AND THE RESOLUTION 1398 00:45:52,280 --> 00:45:54,240 IS ACTUALLY NOW IMPROVING TO 1399 00:45:54,240 --> 00:45:55,960 THE DEGREE THAT WE CAN MEASURE 1400 00:45:55,960 --> 00:45:59,360 DOWN INTO THE SUBVOXEL LEVEL 1401 00:45:59,360 --> 00:46:01,000 USING CONTRASTS LIKE DIFFUSION 1402 00:46:01,000 --> 00:46:03,040 MRI AND ALSO FUNCTIONAL 1403 00:46:03,040 --> 00:46:04,440 MEASUREMENTS IF THE SPATIAL 1404 00:46:04,440 --> 00:46:06,320 RESOLUTION IS SUFFICIENTLY HIGH. 1405 00:46:06,320 --> 00:46:09,560 AND THIS HAS BEEN A FUNDAMENTAL 1406 00:46:09,560 --> 00:46:10,480 ADVANCE IN CONTRIBUTION FROM THE 1407 00:46:10,480 --> 00:46:11,880 BRAIN INITIATIVE IN TERM OF 1408 00:46:11,880 --> 00:46:13,160 INVESTING IN NEUROTECHNOLOGY 1409 00:46:13,160 --> 00:46:15,280 THAT WILL ENABLE US TO GET DOWN 1410 00:46:15,280 --> 00:46:21,040 TO THAT INFORMATION AT THE 1411 00:46:21,040 --> 00:46:22,120 MESOSCOPIC LEVEL ON THE ORDER OF 1412 00:46:22,120 --> 00:46:23,160 HUNDREDS OF MICRONS. 1413 00:46:23,160 --> 00:46:24,360 SO ULTIMATELY, THESE TYPES OF 1414 00:46:24,360 --> 00:46:25,560 TECHNOLOGIES ARE ALLOWING US TO 1415 00:46:25,560 --> 00:46:28,160 BRIDGE THIS GAP IN SIZE SCALES 1416 00:46:28,160 --> 00:46:29,640 AND WILL BE PROVIDING US 1417 00:46:29,640 --> 00:46:31,840 INFORMATION THAT'S COMING ONLINE 1418 00:46:31,840 --> 00:46:33,920 NOW, THAT REALLY WILL KIND OF 1419 00:46:33,920 --> 00:46:35,000 TRANSFORM THE WAY THAT WE LOOK 1420 00:46:35,000 --> 00:46:36,720 AT HOW THE HUMAN BRAIN IS 1421 00:46:36,720 --> 00:46:39,480 STRUCTURED AND HOW IT FUNCTIONS 1422 00:46:39,480 --> 00:46:40,680 IN LIVING INDIVIDUALS. 1423 00:46:40,680 --> 00:46:43,040 AND SO KEEPING THAT PERSPECTIVE 1424 00:46:43,040 --> 00:46:46,200 IN MIND, WE'VE BASICALLY BEEN 1425 00:46:46,200 --> 00:46:47,520 PREPARING FOR HOW TO INTERPRET 1426 00:46:47,520 --> 00:46:49,400 THESE TYPES OF DATA THROUGH OUR 1427 00:46:49,400 --> 00:46:51,680 OWN SORT OF TECHNOLOGY 1428 00:46:51,680 --> 00:46:56,840 DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND PROJECTS. 1429 00:46:56,840 --> 00:46:58,680 AT THE MGH, WE'RE ACTUALLY IN 1430 00:46:58,680 --> 00:47:00,520 THE PROCESS RIGHT NOW OF 1431 00:47:00,520 --> 00:47:02,920 INSTALLING A ONE OF A KIND NEXT 1432 00:47:02,920 --> 00:47:03,480 GENERATION HUMAN CONNECTOME 1433 00:47:03,480 --> 00:47:03,760 PROJECT. 1434 00:47:03,760 --> 00:47:06,880 WE CALL IT CONNECTOME 2.0, 1435 00:47:06,880 --> 00:47:09,920 BECAUSE THIS IS THE NEXT 1436 00:47:09,920 --> 00:47:12,440 GENERATION CONNECTOMIC SCANNER 1437 00:47:12,440 --> 00:47:14,360 FOR HUMAN IMAGING, AND IT WILL 1438 00:47:14,360 --> 00:47:16,600 ENABLE US TO REALLY IMAGE DOWN 1439 00:47:16,600 --> 00:47:18,600 TO THAT MICROSCOPIC SCALE IN 1440 00:47:18,600 --> 00:47:19,280 LIVING HUMANS. 1441 00:47:19,280 --> 00:47:20,440 SO WE'RE DOING THIS THROUGH A 1442 00:47:20,440 --> 00:47:23,520 WHOLE HOST OF ADVANCES IN MRI 1443 00:47:23,520 --> 00:47:25,440 HARDWARE AND ANALYSIS 1444 00:47:25,440 --> 00:47:27,800 TECHNOLOGY, INCLUDING DEVELOPING 1445 00:47:27,800 --> 00:47:31,400 THE STRONGEST GRADING THAT'S 1446 00:47:31,400 --> 00:47:32,920 EVER BEEN USED FOR HUMAN 1447 00:47:32,920 --> 00:47:33,200 IMAGING. 1448 00:47:33,200 --> 00:47:34,440 SO I WON'T GO INTO THE DETAILS 1449 00:47:34,440 --> 00:47:36,200 OF THIS ACQUISITION TECHNOLOGY, 1450 00:47:36,200 --> 00:47:37,560 BUT SUFFICE IT TO SAY IT'S 1451 00:47:37,560 --> 00:47:39,080 HAPPENING RIGHT NOW ACROSS THE 1452 00:47:39,080 --> 00:47:41,600 STREET FROM MY BUILDING AND 1453 00:47:41,600 --> 00:47:42,240 ESSENTIALLY ONE OF THE REASONS 1454 00:47:42,240 --> 00:47:43,920 I'M NOT JOINING HERE TODAY IN 1455 00:47:43,920 --> 00:47:44,840 PERSON. 1456 00:47:44,840 --> 00:47:47,240 BUT WHY DO WE NEED SUCH -- 1457 00:47:47,240 --> 00:47:48,640 BASICALLY SUCH INSTRUMENTS AND 1458 00:47:48,640 --> 00:47:50,320 ADVANCES IN HARDWARE? 1459 00:47:50,320 --> 00:47:52,280 SO ONE OF THE REASONS 1460 00:47:52,280 --> 00:47:54,480 FUNDAMENTALLY IS THAT WE 1461 00:47:54,480 --> 00:47:55,360 RECOGNIZED THROUGH ACTUALLY OUR 1462 00:47:55,360 --> 00:47:56,800 WORK ON THE ORIGINAL CONNECTOME 1463 00:47:56,800 --> 00:47:59,760 PROJECT THAT HIGHER GRADIENT 1464 00:47:59,760 --> 00:48:03,600 STRENGTHS AND SLEW RATES AS WELL 1465 00:48:03,600 --> 00:48:05,520 AS COMPLEMENTARY EFFORTS AT 1466 00:48:05,520 --> 00:48:06,520 HIGHER MAGNETIC FIELDS ARE 1467 00:48:06,520 --> 00:48:08,160 NEEDED TO ACHIEVE HIGHER SPATIAL 1468 00:48:08,160 --> 00:48:10,560 RESOLUTION AND REALLY ENABLE US 1469 00:48:10,560 --> 00:48:11,760 TO INFER BRAIN STRUCTURE AND 1470 00:48:11,760 --> 00:48:14,120 FUNCTION DOWN TO THAT MESOSCOPIC 1471 00:48:14,120 --> 00:48:14,440 SCALE. 1472 00:48:14,440 --> 00:48:16,000 AND BY PUSHING THE LIMITS OF 1473 00:48:16,000 --> 00:48:17,240 WHAT IN VIVO MRI CAN DO IN TERMS 1474 00:48:17,240 --> 00:48:20,640 OF INTAIC SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL 1475 00:48:20,640 --> 00:48:21,680 RESOLUTION, WE'LL ULTIMATELY BE 1476 00:48:21,680 --> 00:48:23,400 ABLE TO INFER HOW THE BRAIN IS 1477 00:48:23,400 --> 00:48:24,480 STRUCTURED AND HOW IT CHANGES 1478 00:48:24,480 --> 00:48:26,560 ACROSS SCALES, BEHAVIORS AND 1479 00:48:26,560 --> 00:48:28,680 PATHOLOGY WITHIN INDIVIDUALS. 1480 00:48:28,680 --> 00:48:30,480 SO AS PART OF THIS INITIATIVE, 1481 00:48:30,480 --> 00:48:31,520 I'VE ALREADY MENTIONED OUR ROLE 1482 00:48:31,520 --> 00:48:33,120 IN THE HUMAN CONNECTOME PROJECT. 1483 00:48:33,120 --> 00:48:34,880 WE BUILT THE FIRST CONNECTOME 1484 00:48:34,880 --> 00:48:36,960 MRI SCANNER TO DO THIS AS PART 1485 00:48:36,960 --> 00:48:38,520 OF THE HUMAN CONNECTOME PROJECT 1486 00:48:38,520 --> 00:48:40,560 BASICALLY TO MAP ALL THE MAJOR 1487 00:48:40,560 --> 00:48:42,320 WHITE MATTER PATHWAYS IN THE 1488 00:48:42,320 --> 00:48:44,600 LIVING ADULT HUMAN BRAIN. 1489 00:48:44,600 --> 00:48:48,040 WE'VE ALSO USED THAT SAME 1490 00:48:48,040 --> 00:48:49,800 SCANNER TO GENERATE SEVERAL 1491 00:48:49,800 --> 00:48:52,080 UNIQUE DATASETS THAT WE HAVE NOW 1492 00:48:52,080 --> 00:48:54,560 SHARED TO THE SCIENTIFIC 1493 00:48:54,560 --> 00:48:56,880 COMMUNITY AND ESSENTIALLY WE 1494 00:48:56,880 --> 00:48:59,240 HAVE THOUGHT ABOUT MANY OF THESE 1495 00:48:59,240 --> 00:49:00,440 CONSIDERATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF 1496 00:49:00,440 --> 00:49:01,360 DATA SHARING. 1497 00:49:01,360 --> 00:49:03,040 SO WHY HAVE WE CHOSEN TO SHARE 1498 00:49:03,040 --> 00:49:03,880 OUR DATA? 1499 00:49:03,880 --> 00:49:07,080 WELL, ONE OF THE REASONS IS AS 1500 00:49:07,080 --> 00:49:09,080 ARTICULATED EARLIER BY NINA AND 1501 00:49:09,080 --> 00:49:11,040 BY SASKIA, LARGER SAMPLE SIZES 1502 00:49:11,040 --> 00:49:14,200 ARE GOING TO BE BETTER FOR 1503 00:49:14,200 --> 00:49:14,960 SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY. 1504 00:49:14,960 --> 00:49:17,000 SO IT WILL REALLY HELP US TO 1505 00:49:17,000 --> 00:49:18,120 MEASURE SMALL EFFECTS BETTER, 1506 00:49:18,120 --> 00:49:20,960 AND ALSO ENHANCE REPRODUCIBILITY 1507 00:49:20,960 --> 00:49:22,160 REPLICATION BASICALLY OPEN UP 1508 00:49:22,160 --> 00:49:24,680 THE SCIENTIFIC ENDEAVOR TO MORE 1509 00:49:24,680 --> 00:49:27,000 INDIVIDUALS. 1510 00:49:27,000 --> 00:49:29,040 THE SPECIFIC ROLE THAT WE'VE 1511 00:49:29,040 --> 00:49:31,080 FOUND IN OUR ROLE IN DEVELOPING 1512 00:49:31,080 --> 00:49:32,200 NEXT GENERATION HUMAN IMAGING 1513 00:49:32,200 --> 00:49:33,840 TECHNOLOGY FOR THE BRAIN 1514 00:49:33,840 --> 00:49:35,520 INITIATIVE -- SORRY, I THINK -- 1515 00:49:35,520 --> 00:49:36,680 I'M NOT SURE WHICH SLIDE YOU 1516 00:49:36,680 --> 00:49:38,160 GUYS ARE ON. 1517 00:49:38,160 --> 00:49:39,680 ADVANCE TO THE NEXT SLIDE IF YOU 1518 00:49:39,680 --> 00:49:41,920 HAVEN'T ALREADY. 1519 00:49:41,920 --> 00:49:44,440 PERFECT. 1520 00:49:44,440 --> 00:49:45,560 FOLLOWING TO THE BENEFITS OF 1521 00:49:45,560 --> 00:49:46,400 SHARING MRI DATA. 1522 00:49:46,400 --> 00:49:47,840 SO ESSENTIALLY WE WANT TO 1523 00:49:47,840 --> 00:49:49,560 PROVIDE ACCESS TO UNIQUE 1524 00:49:49,560 --> 00:49:52,440 DATASETS GENERATED FROM THESE 1525 00:49:52,440 --> 00:49:54,240 ONE OF A KIND INSTRUMENTS TO 1526 00:49:54,240 --> 00:49:56,000 REALLY SHOWCASE WHAT WE CAN DO 1527 00:49:56,000 --> 00:49:57,840 WHEN WE PUSH THE LIMITS OF WHAT 1528 00:49:57,840 --> 00:49:59,240 CAN BE SEEN IN THE LIVING HUMAN 1529 00:49:59,240 --> 00:50:04,000 BRAIN USING SUCH UNIQUE SCANN 1530 00:50:04,000 --> 00:50:04,480 SCANNERS. 1531 00:50:04,480 --> 00:50:06,080 THESE SPECIALIZED IMAGING 1532 00:50:06,080 --> 00:50:06,800 CAPABILITIES HAVE REQUIRED 1533 00:50:06,800 --> 00:50:09,040 EFFORTS THAT ARE KIND OF AKIN TO 1534 00:50:09,040 --> 00:50:12,400 WHAT WAS USED FOR THE HUMAN 1535 00:50:12,400 --> 00:50:14,320 GENOME PROJECT, ESSENTIALLY 1536 00:50:14,320 --> 00:50:17,600 LARGE SCALE FIVE-YEAR PROJECTS, 1537 00:50:17,600 --> 00:50:18,560 MULTIMILLION DOLLAR BUDGETS. 1538 00:50:18,560 --> 00:50:19,960 THESE INSTRUMENTS ARE NOT 1539 00:50:19,960 --> 00:50:21,520 READILY REPLICATED AND WE WANTED 1540 00:50:21,520 --> 00:50:23,560 TO MAKE SUCH IMAGING 1541 00:50:23,560 --> 00:50:24,320 CAPABILITIES AVAILABLE TO THE 1542 00:50:24,320 --> 00:50:26,120 BROADER RESEARCH COMMUNITY, AND 1543 00:50:26,120 --> 00:50:27,280 DATA SHARING IS REALLY ONE OF 1544 00:50:27,280 --> 00:50:30,000 THOSE WAYS IN WHICH WE CAN DO SO 1545 00:50:30,000 --> 00:50:33,000 FAIRLY EASILY, MAKING THAT DATA 1546 00:50:33,000 --> 00:50:34,960 ACCESSIBLE TO NEUROSCIENTISTS 1547 00:50:34,960 --> 00:50:41,920 ACROSS THE RESEARCH SPECTRUM. 1548 00:50:41,920 --> 00:50:43,480 BUT WE ALSO NEED TO BE MINDFUL 1549 00:50:43,480 --> 00:50:44,960 OF THE RISKS OF SHARING 1550 00:50:44,960 --> 00:50:45,880 FUNCTIONAL AS WELL AS DIFFUSION 1551 00:50:45,880 --> 00:50:47,360 MRI DATA FROM SUCH UNIQUE 1552 00:50:47,360 --> 00:50:48,080 INSTRUMENTS. 1553 00:50:48,080 --> 00:50:50,720 SO IN PARTICULAR, FMRI DATA IS 1554 00:50:50,720 --> 00:50:51,360 CONSIDERED HIGHLY PERSONAL. 1555 00:50:51,360 --> 00:50:53,200 IT CAN REVEAL SENSITIVE 1556 00:50:53,200 --> 00:50:55,160 INFORMATION ABOUT INDIVIDUALS, 1557 00:50:55,160 --> 00:50:55,920 INCLUDING INFORMATION ABOUT 1558 00:50:55,920 --> 00:50:57,880 THEIR THOUGHT PATTERNS, THEIR 1559 00:50:57,880 --> 00:50:59,400 EMOTIONAL STATES, PERFORMANCE ON 1560 00:50:59,400 --> 00:51:01,200 VARIOUS TASKS, AND ALSO 1561 00:51:01,200 --> 00:51:03,000 POTENTIALLY RISKS FOR DEVELOPING 1562 00:51:03,000 --> 00:51:04,640 SPECIFIC DISORDERS. 1563 00:51:04,640 --> 00:51:06,200 I THINK THERE ARE SOME 1564 00:51:06,200 --> 00:51:07,480 MITIGATING FACTORS TOWARD THESE 1565 00:51:07,480 --> 00:51:08,840 RISKS. 1566 00:51:08,840 --> 00:51:10,480 FOR ONE, AT PRESENT, THE 1567 00:51:10,480 --> 00:51:12,080 INFERENCES THAT ARE MADE FROM 1568 00:51:12,080 --> 00:51:13,360 FMRI ARE GENERALLY MADE AT THE 1569 00:51:13,360 --> 00:51:15,000 GROUP LEVEL AN NOT WITHIN 1570 00:51:15,000 --> 00:51:16,320 INDIVIDUALS, SO THAT WILL HELP 1571 00:51:16,320 --> 00:51:20,360 WITH SOME OF THE PRIVACY CONC 1572 00:51:20,360 --> 00:51:21,960 CONCERNS, AT LEAST FOR NOW, BUT 1573 00:51:21,960 --> 00:51:22,800 SOMETHING TO DEFINITELY BE 1574 00:51:22,800 --> 00:51:24,080 THINKING ABOUT ON THE HORIZON. 1575 00:51:24,080 --> 00:51:26,080 THE OTHER KIND OF POINT I'VE 1576 00:51:26,080 --> 00:51:26,840 EMPHASIZED TECHNICALLY IS THAT 1577 00:51:26,840 --> 00:51:29,160 UP UNTIL NOW, THE FMRI DATA HAS 1578 00:51:29,160 --> 00:51:30,920 BEEN GENERALLY LOWER IN SPATIAL 1579 00:51:30,920 --> 00:51:32,600 RESOLUTION THAN, SAY, ANATOMICAL 1580 00:51:32,600 --> 00:51:33,960 IMAGING DATA, WHICH DOUG WILL 1581 00:51:33,960 --> 00:51:35,800 TALK MORE ABOUT, AND SO AS SUCH, 1582 00:51:35,800 --> 00:51:37,400 WE HAVEN'T NECESSARILY THOUGHT 1583 00:51:37,400 --> 00:51:40,400 OR HAVEN'T HAD TO NECESSARILY 1584 00:51:40,400 --> 00:51:42,040 REMOVE IDENTIFYING ANATOMICAL 1585 00:51:42,040 --> 00:51:43,280 INFORMATION IF ALL THE DATA THAT 1586 00:51:43,280 --> 00:51:44,400 WE'RE PROVIDING IS REALLY ABOUT 1587 00:51:44,400 --> 00:51:46,080 THE BRAIN AND IT'S NOT PROVIDED 1588 00:51:46,080 --> 00:51:47,280 AT A VERY HIGH SPATIAL 1589 00:51:47,280 --> 00:51:50,040 RESOLUTION. 1590 00:51:50,040 --> 00:51:52,120 SO SOME OTHER CONSIDERATIONS FOR 1591 00:51:52,120 --> 00:51:53,520 DATA SHARING IN TERMS OF THE 1592 00:51:53,520 --> 00:51:54,120 RISKS. 1593 00:51:54,120 --> 00:51:56,000 AS SASKIA MENTIONED, THERE ARE 1594 00:51:56,000 --> 00:51:58,320 RISKS FOR PRIVACY TO THE 1595 00:51:58,320 --> 00:51:58,960 INDIVIDUAL. 1596 00:51:58,960 --> 00:52:00,440 THEIR RISK OF MISINTERPRETATION 1597 00:52:00,440 --> 00:52:01,880 IN TERMS OF THE TYPES OF 1598 00:52:01,880 --> 00:52:05,200 CONCLUSIONS THAT ARE DRAWB ABOUT 1599 00:52:05,200 --> 00:52:06,800 SUCH DATA, AND I WANT TO KIND OF 1600 00:52:06,800 --> 00:52:08,800 REALLY EMPHASIZE THIS POTENTIAL 1601 00:52:08,800 --> 00:52:11,200 RISK THIRDLY ABOUT 1602 00:52:11,200 --> 00:52:11,560 STIGMATIZATION. 1603 00:52:11,560 --> 00:52:12,560 WE HAVE TO THINK CAREFULLY ABOUT 1604 00:52:12,560 --> 00:52:13,960 THE RESPONSIBLE USE OF VARIABLES 1605 00:52:13,960 --> 00:52:16,120 RELATED TO, SAY, RACE, 1606 00:52:16,120 --> 00:52:18,400 ETHNICITY, GENDER, AND SEX TO 1607 00:52:18,400 --> 00:52:20,480 AVOID THIS POSSIBLE 1608 00:52:20,480 --> 00:52:21,800 STIGMATIZATION, PARTICULARLY AS 1609 00:52:21,800 --> 00:52:22,960 THE BRAIN INITIATIVE IS ALSO 1610 00:52:22,960 --> 00:52:24,280 VERY INTERESTED IN ENHANCING 1611 00:52:24,280 --> 00:52:26,320 DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES AND MAKING 1612 00:52:26,320 --> 00:52:27,920 SURE THAT DIVERSE POPULATIONS 1613 00:52:27,920 --> 00:52:30,920 ARE INCLUDED NOT JUST IN THE 1614 00:52:30,920 --> 00:52:32,120 SCIENTIFIC ENDEAVOR AND 1615 00:52:32,120 --> 00:52:34,760 INVESTIGATION BUT ALSO IN THE 1616 00:52:34,760 --> 00:52:35,600 PARTICIPATION AND CONTRIBUTION 1617 00:52:35,600 --> 00:52:38,520 TO DATA GENERATING KIND OF 1618 00:52:38,520 --> 00:52:40,320 STUDIES. 1619 00:52:40,320 --> 00:52:41,800 SO WITHOUT THE PROPER ETHICAL 1620 00:52:41,800 --> 00:52:43,000 GUIDELINES IN PLACE ON HOW TO 1621 00:52:43,000 --> 00:52:45,560 MEASURE AND REPORT SUCH DATA 1622 00:52:45,560 --> 00:52:47,520 ABOUT SUCH VARIABLES, I THINK WE 1623 00:52:47,520 --> 00:52:48,760 WILL BE SOMEWHAT LIMITED IN 1624 00:52:48,760 --> 00:52:51,000 TERMS OF OUR ABILITY AND WE'LL 1625 00:52:51,000 --> 00:52:52,680 HAVE TO BE VERY CAREFUL ABOUT 1626 00:52:52,680 --> 00:52:58,040 HOW WE REPORT SUCH DATA. 1627 00:52:58,040 --> 00:53:00,720 SO IN SUMMARY, I WOULD SAY THAT 1628 00:53:00,720 --> 00:53:02,440 FMRI DOES PROVIDE UNIQUE DATA 1629 00:53:02,440 --> 00:53:03,440 ABOUT FUNCTIONAL ACTIVATION IN 1630 00:53:03,440 --> 00:53:06,360 THE LIVING HUMAN BRAIN. 1631 00:53:06,360 --> 00:53:08,440 I DO THINK THAT THE BRAIN 1632 00:53:08,440 --> 00:53:09,760 INITIATIVE HAS INVESTED HEAVILY 1633 00:53:09,760 --> 00:53:11,720 IN ADVANCING MRI ACQUISITION 1634 00:53:11,720 --> 00:53:13,120 HARDWARE AND ANALYSIS. 1635 00:53:13,120 --> 00:53:21,400 THIS WILL INCREASE 1636 00:53:21,400 --> 00:53:23,960 SPATIOTEMPORAL RESOLUTION SO WE 1637 00:53:23,960 --> 00:53:25,280 NEED TO THINK CAREFULLY ABOUT 1638 00:53:25,280 --> 00:53:26,680 HOW THAT DATA WILL BE SHARED. 1639 00:53:26,680 --> 00:53:28,040 THEN FINALLY ALL THE DATA 1640 00:53:28,040 --> 00:53:29,440 SHARING EFFORTS THAT ARE 1641 00:53:29,440 --> 00:53:31,080 CURRENTLY UNDERWAY, I 1642 00:53:31,080 --> 00:53:32,120 FUNDAMENTALLY BELIEVE IF WE WANT 1643 00:53:32,120 --> 00:53:36,200 THIS TO BENEFIT EVERYONE, THEN 1644 00:53:36,200 --> 00:53:37,600 IT DOES REQUIRE RESEARCH 1645 00:53:37,600 --> 00:53:38,080 PARTICIPATION BY ALL. 1646 00:53:38,080 --> 00:53:39,880 AND THIS IS THE MESSAGE AND KIND 1647 00:53:39,880 --> 00:53:40,880 OF THE OVERALL MISSION THAT 1648 00:53:40,880 --> 00:53:43,600 WE'VE UNDERTAKEN IN A SEPARATE 1649 00:53:43,600 --> 00:53:48,560 BRAIN INITIATIVE NEUROETHICS 1650 00:53:48,560 --> 00:53:50,240 PROJECT, IT'S AN R01 PROJECT 1651 00:53:50,240 --> 00:53:53,400 THAT I'M LEADING ALONGSIDE 1652 00:53:53,400 --> 00:53:55,360 FRANCES SHEN WHO'S PART OF THE 1653 00:53:55,360 --> 00:53:57,400 WORKING GROUP, JONATHAN JACKSON 1654 00:53:57,400 --> 00:53:59,360 HERE AT THE MGH. 1655 00:53:59,360 --> 00:54:01,000 WE'RE REALLY LOOKING TO DEVELOP 1656 00:54:01,000 --> 00:54:02,560 IN PARALLEL STRATEGIES TO 1657 00:54:02,560 --> 00:54:04,040 IMPROVE PARTICIPATION IN NEXT 1658 00:54:04,040 --> 00:54:05,320 GENERATION HUMAN NEUROIMAGING 1659 00:54:05,320 --> 00:54:07,120 RESEARCH BY UNDERREPRESENTED 1660 00:54:07,120 --> 00:54:09,200 POPULATIONS, BUT THEN ALSO 1661 00:54:09,200 --> 00:54:10,120 DEVELOPING GUIDELINES, SAY, IN 1662 00:54:10,120 --> 00:54:11,560 PARTNERSHIP WITH THE NEUROETHICS 1663 00:54:11,560 --> 00:54:12,720 WORKING GROUP AND STAKEHOLDER 1664 00:54:12,720 --> 00:54:14,000 GROUPS ABOUT HOW TO BEST USE 1665 00:54:14,000 --> 00:54:15,880 THAT DATA AND ENGAGE 1666 00:54:15,880 --> 00:54:17,400 PARTICIPANT. 1667 00:54:17,400 --> 00:54:17,800 PARTICIPANTS. 1668 00:54:17,800 --> 00:54:19,400 SO I'LL LEAVE IT AT THAT, AND 1669 00:54:19,400 --> 00:54:20,120 THANK YOU ALL FOR YOUR 1670 00:54:20,120 --> 00:54:23,200 ATTENTION. 1671 00:54:23,200 --> 00:54:29,120 [APPLAUSE] 1672 00:54:29,120 --> 00:54:31,360 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH, DR. HUANG. 1673 00:54:31,360 --> 00:54:32,920 THANK YOU ALSO FOR GOING FIRST, 1674 00:54:32,920 --> 00:54:34,280 AND WE CONTINUE TO FIGURE OUT 1675 00:54:34,280 --> 00:54:36,240 AND KIND OF HONE IN ON HOW 1676 00:54:36,240 --> 00:54:37,320 SUCCESSFULLY TO HAVE A SMOOTH 1677 00:54:37,320 --> 00:54:37,840 HYBRID MEETING. 1678 00:54:37,840 --> 00:54:39,160 WE HAVE TIME FOR MAYBE ONE OR 1679 00:54:39,160 --> 00:54:40,720 TWO QUESTIONS, EITHER IN PERSON 1680 00:54:40,720 --> 00:54:51,000 OR VIRTUAL FOLKS? 1681 00:54:52,200 --> 00:54:54,600 >>DR. HUANG, THAT WAS GREAT. 1682 00:54:54,600 --> 00:54:57,000 WE DID GET THE AUDIO WORKING 1683 00:54:57,000 --> 00:54:58,640 LOUD AND CLEAR SO WE HEARD 1684 00:54:58,640 --> 00:54:59,640 EVERYTHING GREAT. 1685 00:54:59,640 --> 00:55:04,120 IN TERMS OF THE AXES THAT SASKIA 1686 00:55:04,120 --> 00:55:06,080 KIND OF LINED UP FOR US AS A 1687 00:55:06,080 --> 00:55:08,640 FRAMEWORK FOR OUR THOUGHTS IN 1688 00:55:08,640 --> 00:55:10,920 HER INTRODUCTION, 1689 00:55:10,920 --> 00:55:11,600 REIDENTIFIABILITY, AND 1690 00:55:11,600 --> 00:55:15,360 INFERENCES THAT CAN BE DRAWN, 1691 00:55:15,360 --> 00:55:16,200 INFERENCES, YOU MENTIONED A 1692 00:55:16,200 --> 00:55:21,360 NUMBER OF TIMES FUNCTIONAL MRI, 1693 00:55:21,360 --> 00:55:22,640 TELLING US HOW PEOPLE THINK. 1694 00:55:22,640 --> 00:55:23,800 SO THOSE INFERENCES OF COURSE 1695 00:55:23,800 --> 00:55:25,960 CAN BE QUITE STRONG. 1696 00:55:25,960 --> 00:55:26,720 REIDENTIFIABILITY. 1697 00:55:26,720 --> 00:55:27,960 YOU MENTIONED THIS AT THE END. 1698 00:55:27,960 --> 00:55:31,680 DO YOU THINK MRI, FMRI 1699 00:55:31,680 --> 00:55:32,760 TECHNOLOGY IS AT A POINT OF 1700 00:55:32,760 --> 00:55:36,360 TRANSITION FROM BEING 1701 00:55:36,360 --> 00:55:37,360 POTENTIALLY VERY DE-IDENTIFIABLE 1702 00:55:37,360 --> 00:55:39,280 TO BEING MORE AND MORE EASILY 1703 00:55:39,280 --> 00:55:39,880 REIDENTIFIABLE WITH THESE 1704 00:55:39,880 --> 00:55:42,320 CHANGES IN RESOLUTION, ET 1705 00:55:42,320 --> 00:55:45,520 CETERA, THAT YOU MENTIONED? 1706 00:55:45,520 --> 00:55:47,120 >>THAT'S A GREAT QUESTION. 1707 00:55:47,120 --> 00:55:50,480 THANKS SO MUCH, SAMEER. 1708 00:55:50,480 --> 00:55:52,360 I THINK WE STILL HAVE A WAYS TO 1709 00:55:52,360 --> 00:55:54,840 GO, MEANING THAT IT'S NOT JUST A 1710 00:55:54,840 --> 00:55:56,600 MATTER OF ALSO THE SPATIAL AND 1711 00:55:56,600 --> 00:55:57,120 TEMPORAL RESOLUTION. 1712 00:55:57,120 --> 00:55:58,400 I THINK IT'S ALSO A MATTER OF 1713 00:55:58,400 --> 00:56:01,040 HOW MUCH SIGNAL YOU'RE SEEING 1714 00:56:01,040 --> 00:56:03,840 FROM AREAS THAT ARE MORE READILY 1715 00:56:03,840 --> 00:56:08,160 IDENTIFIABLE, FOR EXAMPLE, THE 1716 00:56:08,160 --> 00:56:11,920 BRAIN SO I WOULD SAY THAT 1717 00:56:11,920 --> 00:56:14,080 CONTRAST MECHANISMS LIKE FMRI 1718 00:56:14,080 --> 00:56:16,160 AND I'LL ALSO PUT DIFFUSION MRI 1719 00:56:16,160 --> 00:56:17,720 IN THAT CAMP, THEY'RE NOT VERY 1720 00:56:17,720 --> 00:56:19,520 GOOD AT LOOKING AT THE SORT OF 1721 00:56:19,520 --> 00:56:21,800 OTHER STRUCTURES AROUND THE HEAD 1722 00:56:21,800 --> 00:56:23,440 SIMPLY BECAUSE THE SIGNAL IN 1723 00:56:23,440 --> 00:56:26,360 THOSE AREAS ARE REALLY 1724 00:56:26,360 --> 00:56:28,400 ESSENTIALLY -- THEY CAN BE 1725 00:56:28,400 --> 00:56:29,280 MASKED OUT, SOMETIMES THEY'RE 1726 00:56:29,280 --> 00:56:30,600 JUST NOT GOING TO BE SEEN VERY 1727 00:56:30,600 --> 00:56:31,880 WELL, SO I THINK THAT'S AT LEAST 1728 00:56:31,880 --> 00:56:36,040 A VERY KIND OF NEED IMRAT 1729 00:56:36,040 --> 00:56:36,600 PRACTICAL CONSIDERATION. 1730 00:56:36,600 --> 00:56:38,680 I HAVE THAT ESPECIALLY AS A 1731 00:56:38,680 --> 00:56:39,400 NEURORADIOLOGIST. 1732 00:56:39,400 --> 00:56:40,840 I DO THINK, YES, MOVING FORWARD, 1733 00:56:40,840 --> 00:56:42,680 I MEAN, THE OTHER QUESTION IS, 1734 00:56:42,680 --> 00:56:44,840 HOW INTERPRETABLE ARE THE DATA 1735 00:56:44,840 --> 00:56:46,080 ON THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL AS 1736 00:56:46,080 --> 00:56:47,240 OPPOSED TO THE GROUP LEVEL? 1737 00:56:47,240 --> 00:56:48,280 I THINK THIS IS SOMETHING THAT 1738 00:56:48,280 --> 00:56:49,800 WILL NEED TO BE DETERMINED. 1739 00:56:49,800 --> 00:56:50,840 BECAUSE ONE OF THE, I THINK, 1740 00:56:50,840 --> 00:56:53,760 GOALS OF INCREASING SPATIAL AND 1741 00:56:53,760 --> 00:56:55,320 TEMPORAL RESOLUTION ARE IN 1742 00:56:55,320 --> 00:56:56,560 IMPROVING SENSITIVITY OVERALL, 1743 00:56:56,560 --> 00:56:59,520 IS TO BE ABLE TO MAKE INFERENCES 1744 00:56:59,520 --> 00:57:00,320 EVENTUALLY ON THE INDIVIDUAL 1745 00:57:00,320 --> 00:57:00,600 LEVEL. 1746 00:57:00,600 --> 00:57:02,960 AND SO AT THAT POINT, YOU REALLY 1747 00:57:02,960 --> 00:57:06,040 DO THEN NEED TO WEIGH 1748 00:57:06,040 --> 00:57:07,320 POTENTIALLY THE ABILITY TO 1749 00:57:07,320 --> 00:57:08,600 IDENTIFY SOMEBODY BASED OP THEIR 1750 00:57:08,600 --> 00:57:12,240 INDIVIDUAL DATA, VERSUS THE 1751 00:57:12,240 --> 00:57:13,120 BENEFIT OF GAINING INFORMATION 1752 00:57:13,120 --> 00:57:14,520 AT THAT INDIVIDUAL LEVEL, AND I 1753 00:57:14,520 --> 00:57:15,840 THINK FOR THAT, IT WOULD BE MORE 1754 00:57:15,840 --> 00:57:19,440 LIKELY TO BE RELEVANT, SAY, FOR 1755 00:57:19,440 --> 00:57:19,960 APPLICATIONS TO DISEASE. 1756 00:57:19,960 --> 00:57:21,240 I WOULD SEE THAT THE BENEFIT 1757 00:57:21,240 --> 00:57:23,280 WOULD BE MORE -- WOULD OUTWEIGH 1758 00:57:23,280 --> 00:57:26,360 YOUR KIND OF RISKS FOR KIND OF 1759 00:57:26,360 --> 00:57:27,720 PROVIDING INFORMATION ABOUT THE 1760 00:57:27,720 --> 00:57:28,840 INDIVIDUAL, BUT THEN I WOULD SAY 1761 00:57:28,840 --> 00:57:30,160 THAT WOULD BE FOR A DIFFERENT 1762 00:57:30,160 --> 00:57:32,240 PURPOSE, AND WOULDN'T 1763 00:57:32,240 --> 00:57:33,640 NECESSARILY BE FOR SCIENTIFIC 1764 00:57:33,640 --> 00:57:35,000 RESEARCH ANYMORE, AT LEAST ALONG 1765 00:57:35,000 --> 00:57:37,120 THE LINES OF WHAT BRAIN IS 1766 00:57:37,120 --> 00:57:43,800 HOPING TO ACHIEVE. 1767 00:57:43,800 --> 00:57:47,080 >>DR. WANG. 1768 00:57:47,080 --> 00:57:47,440 >>THANK YOU. 1769 00:57:47,440 --> 00:57:49,440 THAT WAS A REALLY FASCINATING 1770 00:57:49,440 --> 00:57:51,960 TALK AND I ENJOYED LEARNING MORE 1771 00:57:51,960 --> 00:57:52,520 ABOUT THE BACKGROUND. 1772 00:57:52,520 --> 00:57:54,040 I DID HAVE A QUESTION JUST ABOUT 1773 00:57:54,040 --> 00:57:55,480 THE TEMPORAL NATURE OF THAT. 1774 00:57:55,480 --> 00:57:57,600 NOW BEING ABLE TO LOOK AT HIGHER 1775 00:57:57,600 --> 00:57:58,480 RESOLUTION WILL BE IMPORTANT BUT 1776 00:57:58,480 --> 00:58:00,840 ALSO THE INTERACTION AMONG 1777 00:58:00,840 --> 00:58:04,000 DIFFERENT NEURONAL CELLS AND 1778 00:58:04,000 --> 00:58:05,120 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CELLS. 1779 00:58:05,120 --> 00:58:08,320 WHAT DO YOU THINK THE PROSPECTS 1780 00:58:08,320 --> 00:58:10,880 ARE FOR GETTING DOWN TO A 1781 00:58:10,880 --> 00:58:11,960 MILLISECOND RESOLUTION OR EVEN 1782 00:58:11,960 --> 00:58:17,200 FASTER THAN THAT FOR FMRI WORK? 1783 00:58:17,200 --> 00:58:18,760 >>I THINK WE'RE DEFINITELY 1784 00:58:18,760 --> 00:58:19,160 HEADING THAT WAY. 1785 00:58:19,160 --> 00:58:20,640 THERE'S BEEN REALLY FASCINATING 1786 00:58:20,640 --> 00:58:24,200 WORK DONE ACTUALLY ON FAST FMRI 1787 00:58:24,200 --> 00:58:26,520 BY SOME OF MY COLLEAGUES AND 1788 00:58:26,520 --> 00:58:28,080 COLLABORATORS HERE AT THE 1789 00:58:28,080 --> 00:58:29,280 MARTINO CENTER, AS WELL AS 1790 00:58:29,280 --> 00:58:29,680 ELSEWHERE. 1791 00:58:29,680 --> 00:58:32,880 JOHN PELLIMENI, LAURA LEWIS, 1792 00:58:32,880 --> 00:58:37,240 THEY ARE DOING FAS FMRI 1793 00:58:37,240 --> 00:58:38,200 MEASUREMENTS NOW THAT ARE ON THE 1794 00:58:38,200 --> 00:58:39,000 ORDER OF HUNDREDS OF 1795 00:58:39,000 --> 00:58:39,480 MILLISECONDS. 1796 00:58:39,480 --> 00:58:40,640 IT'S AN INCREDIBLE TOOL BECAUSE 1797 00:58:40,640 --> 00:58:43,520 YOU CAN ACTUALLY START TO SEE 1798 00:58:43,520 --> 00:58:44,760 VARIATIONS IN PHYSIOLOGY THAT 1799 00:58:44,760 --> 00:58:46,000 YOU WOULDN'T BE ABLE TO SEE WITH 1800 00:58:46,000 --> 00:58:48,760 YOUR CONVENTIONAL FMRI 1801 00:58:48,760 --> 00:58:51,720 MEASUREMENTS SO TO US I THINK 1802 00:58:51,720 --> 00:58:53,200 IT'S OPENED UP A WHOLE NEW 1803 00:58:53,200 --> 00:58:55,560 AVENUE OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY 1804 00:58:55,560 --> 00:58:56,440 BUT AT THE SAME TIME, I THINK IT 1805 00:58:56,440 --> 00:58:57,560 WILL START TO PROVIDE -- LIKE 1806 00:58:57,560 --> 00:59:02,000 OPEN UP QUESTIONS REGARDING ALSO 1807 00:59:02,000 --> 00:59:08,720 POTENTIAL RISKS, I SUPPOSE. 1808 00:59:08,720 --> 00:59:09,480 >>ANOTHER QUESTION FROM IN THE 1809 00:59:09,480 --> 00:59:10,160 HOUSE HERE. 1810 00:59:10,160 --> 00:59:10,600 >>HI. 1811 00:59:10,600 --> 00:59:13,640 THANKS FOR YOUR TALK, SUSIE. 1812 00:59:13,640 --> 00:59:15,720 IT'S ROBERT BERRY. 1813 00:59:15,720 --> 00:59:18,400 I HAVE A QUICK QUESTION 1814 00:59:18,400 --> 00:59:20,400 REGARDING THE KIND OF DATA FOR 1815 00:59:20,400 --> 00:59:20,760 MRI. 1816 00:59:20,760 --> 00:59:21,960 AND THIS IS MAYBE A GENERAL 1817 00:59:21,960 --> 00:59:23,240 QUESTION FOR THE ENTIRE SESSION 1818 00:59:23,240 --> 00:59:24,640 AND ALSO WHAT DOUG IS GOING TO 1819 00:59:24,640 --> 00:59:25,720 TALK ABOUT IN A FEW MINUTES. 1820 00:59:25,720 --> 00:59:27,160 BUT WHEN WE TALK ABOUT SHARING 1821 00:59:27,160 --> 00:59:28,840 MRI DATA, IS IT ONLY THE 1822 00:59:28,840 --> 00:59:29,880 RECONSTRUCTED IMAGING DATA OR 1823 00:59:29,880 --> 00:59:31,920 THE RAW DATA ACQUIRED BY THE 1824 00:59:31,920 --> 00:59:32,400 SCANNER? 1825 00:59:32,400 --> 00:59:33,480 I'M ASKING BECAUSE THIS IS 1826 00:59:33,480 --> 00:59:34,960 SOMETHING I'M STRUGGLING WITH 1827 00:59:34,960 --> 00:59:38,360 MYSELF FOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE, 1828 00:59:38,360 --> 00:59:40,680 THE SCANNER ACQUIRES HUNDREDS OF 1829 00:59:40,680 --> 00:59:42,280 GIGABYTES AND TERABYTES OF DATA. 1830 00:59:42,280 --> 00:59:45,920 AND THEN WHEN WE RECONSTRUCT IT, 1831 00:59:45,920 --> 00:59:50,120 IT GETS DOWN TO JUST A COUPLE 1832 00:59:50,120 --> 00:59:57,440 HUNDRED MEGS. 1833 00:59:57,440 --> 00:59:58,400 THAT'S MORE COMPLICATED WITH 1834 00:59:58,400 --> 00:59:59,520 REGARDS TO SHARING LARGE AMOUNTS 1835 00:59:59,520 --> 01:00:01,240 OF DATA AND ALSO INCREASES THE 1836 01:00:01,240 --> 01:00:02,640 RISK OF REIDENTIFICATION. 1837 01:00:02,640 --> 01:00:03,880 SO JUST WONDERING IF YOU HAVE 1838 01:00:03,880 --> 01:00:05,480 ANY THOUGHTS ON THIS, AND ALSO 1839 01:00:05,480 --> 01:00:06,560 FOR MAYBE DOUG'S TALK IN A 1840 01:00:06,560 --> 01:00:08,240 LITTLE BIT, ESPECIALLY WOULD YOU 1841 01:00:08,240 --> 01:00:12,360 WANT TO MAYBE RE-EVALUATE 1842 01:00:12,360 --> 01:00:14,840 RECONSTRUCTION ALGORITHMS, YOU'D 1843 01:00:14,840 --> 01:00:17,760 WANT TO PROBABLY -- THE RAW DATA 1844 01:00:17,760 --> 01:00:20,920 RATHER THAN THE RECONSTRUCTED 1845 01:00:20,920 --> 01:00:21,360 DATA. 1846 01:00:21,360 --> 01:00:22,560 >>THANKS SO MUCH, ROB, FOR THAT 1847 01:00:22,560 --> 01:00:23,120 GREAT QUESTION. 1848 01:00:23,120 --> 01:00:24,800 I THINK FOR A LOT OF THESE 1849 01:00:24,800 --> 01:00:26,720 QUESTIONS, I WOULD ALSO TURN TO 1850 01:00:26,720 --> 01:00:29,200 SOME PRECEDENCE FROM THE HUMAN 1851 01:00:29,200 --> 01:00:29,800 CONNECTOME PROJECT. 1852 01:00:29,800 --> 01:00:32,120 SO WITH THE HUMAN CONNECTOME 1853 01:00:32,120 --> 01:00:33,440 PROJECT, I BELIEVE THEY DID 1854 01:00:33,440 --> 01:00:35,560 RELEASE PRE-PROCESSED AS WELL AS 1855 01:00:35,560 --> 01:00:37,160 PROCESSED DATA, AND I WOULD SAY 1856 01:00:37,160 --> 01:00:40,280 THAT THE BENEFITS OF RELEASING 1857 01:00:40,280 --> 01:00:42,840 RAW DATAVERSE US PROCESS DATA 1858 01:00:42,840 --> 01:00:45,800 REALLY DEPEND ON WHAT TYPES OF 1859 01:00:45,800 --> 01:00:47,840 RESEARCH ARE TO BE KIND OF 1860 01:00:47,840 --> 01:00:49,240 BENEFITED FROM THOSE TYPES OF 1861 01:00:49,240 --> 01:00:49,760 DATA. 1862 01:00:49,760 --> 01:00:54,160 IN SOME WAYIN WAYS, RAW DATA ISE 1863 01:00:54,160 --> 01:00:55,880 VALUABLE TO CERTAIN GROUPS OF 1864 01:00:55,880 --> 01:00:57,080 RESEARCHERS, SAY TO THOSE WHO 1865 01:00:57,080 --> 01:00:59,400 ARE DOING TECHNICAL 1866 01:00:59,400 --> 01:01:00,600 METHODOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT. 1867 01:01:00,600 --> 01:01:02,560 IT DOES COME AT THE COST OF 1868 01:01:02,560 --> 01:01:03,520 LARGER DATA SIZES. 1869 01:01:03,520 --> 01:01:07,240 IT ALSO MAY COME WITH MAYBE 1870 01:01:07,240 --> 01:01:08,560 REDUCED RISK FOR 1871 01:01:08,560 --> 01:01:09,480 IDENTIFIABILITY, AND THE REASON 1872 01:01:09,480 --> 01:01:10,760 I SAY THAT IS IT'S HARDER IN 1873 01:01:10,760 --> 01:01:12,960 GENERAL TO INTERPRET -- LIKE 1874 01:01:12,960 --> 01:01:14,520 TAKING RAW CASE-BASED DATA, 1875 01:01:14,520 --> 01:01:16,840 RIGHT NOW I DON'T KNOW OF ANY 1876 01:01:16,840 --> 01:01:18,120 WAY TO KIND OF IDENTIFY PEOPLE 1877 01:01:18,120 --> 01:01:19,720 BASED ON THAT, ALTHOUGH WE KNOW 1878 01:01:19,720 --> 01:01:21,280 FROM THE WAY WE DO IMAGERY 1879 01:01:21,280 --> 01:01:22,480 CONSTRUCTION THAT THERE'S A VERY 1880 01:01:22,480 --> 01:01:24,320 STRAIGHTFORWARD WAY TO DO T IT'S 1881 01:01:24,320 --> 01:01:26,320 JUST I DON'T THINK THAT THAT'S 1882 01:01:26,320 --> 01:01:27,160 AS WIDELY KNOWN. 1883 01:01:27,160 --> 01:01:28,960 SO IT'S A GREAT QUESTION. 1884 01:01:28,960 --> 01:01:29,960 I THINK THE HUMAN CONNECTOME 1885 01:01:29,960 --> 01:01:31,920 PROJECT DID RELEASE BOTH 1886 01:01:31,920 --> 01:01:33,080 PREPROCESSED AS WELL AS 1887 01:01:33,080 --> 01:01:34,600 UNPROCESSED DATA, AND THAT WAS 1888 01:01:34,600 --> 01:01:36,400 SO THAT IT WOULD REALLY MAKE THE 1889 01:01:36,400 --> 01:01:39,240 DATA WIDELY APPLICABLE TO THOSE 1890 01:01:39,240 --> 01:01:40,320 RESEARCHERS WHO WANTED TO WORK 1891 01:01:40,320 --> 01:01:41,400 WITH THESE DIFFERENT TYPES OF 1892 01:01:41,400 --> 01:01:43,640 DATA. 1893 01:01:43,640 --> 01:01:48,080 >>THANKS VERY MUCH, DR. HUANG. 1894 01:01:48,080 --> 01:01:49,800 REMINDER WE'LL BE DOING THE 1895 01:01:49,800 --> 01:01:51,480 DISCUSSION IN AN HOUR AND A HALF 1896 01:01:51,480 --> 01:01:53,400 FROM NOW, FURTHER QUESTIONS AT 1897 01:01:53,400 --> 01:01:57,000 THAT POINT, DR. HUANG, HOPEFULLY 1898 01:01:57,000 --> 01:02:01,240 YOU CAN STICK AROUND FOR THAT 1899 01:02:01,240 --> 01:02:04,640 DISCUSSION. 1900 01:02:04,640 --> 01:02:05,880 DR. LORNA QUANDT IS ASSOCIATE 1901 01:02:05,880 --> 01:02:06,800 PROFESSOR OF EDUCATIONAL 1902 01:02:06,800 --> 01:02:09,320 NEUROSCIENCE AT GALLAUDET 1903 01:02:09,320 --> 01:02:10,360 UNIVERSITY, SHE COMPLETED A 1904 01:02:10,360 --> 01:02:11,200 POSTDOCTORAL FELLOWSHIP AT THE 1905 01:02:11,200 --> 01:02:12,440 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 1906 01:02:12,440 --> 01:02:13,840 HER CURRENT RESEARCH IN THE 1907 01:02:13,840 --> 01:02:15,960 ACTION AND BRAIN LAB AT 1908 01:02:15,960 --> 01:02:17,080 GALLAUDET UNIVERSITY FOCUSES ON 1909 01:02:17,080 --> 01:02:18,920 THE NEURAL SUBSTRATES OF ACTION 1910 01:02:18,920 --> 01:02:20,200 PERCEPTION RELATED TO VISUAL 1911 01:02:20,200 --> 01:02:21,720 LANGUAGE AND VISUAL LEARNING. 1912 01:02:21,720 --> 01:02:24,240 THROUGH EEG AND OTHER 1913 01:02:24,240 --> 01:02:29,760 TECHNIQUES, DR. QUANTITY STUD QS 1914 01:02:29,760 --> 01:02:31,320 THE FUNCTIONAL SENSORY MOTOR 1915 01:02:31,320 --> 01:02:32,160 LANGUAGE AND ATTENTIONAL 1916 01:02:32,160 --> 01:02:34,560 NETWORKS IN THE BRAIN. 1917 01:02:34,560 --> 01:02:37,920 DR. QUANDT. 1918 01:02:37,920 --> 01:02:38,360 >>HELLO. 1919 01:02:38,360 --> 01:02:42,000 THANK YOU FOR HAVING ME. 1920 01:02:42,000 --> 01:02:45,320 I WILL WAIT FOR SLIDES OR 1921 01:02:45,320 --> 01:02:46,840 SOMEONE CAN -- OKAY. 1922 01:02:46,840 --> 01:02:48,440 GREAT. 1923 01:02:48,440 --> 01:02:50,240 PROGRESS. 1924 01:02:50,240 --> 01:02:50,720 OKAY. 1925 01:02:50,720 --> 01:02:52,280 SO THANK YOU FOR THAT GREAT 1926 01:02:52,280 --> 01:02:53,040 INTRODUCTION, AND THANK YOU SO 1927 01:02:53,040 --> 01:02:55,200 MUCH FOR HAVING ME HERE TODAY. 1928 01:02:55,200 --> 01:02:57,400 I AM HERE FROM GALLAUDET 1929 01:02:57,400 --> 01:02:59,640 UNIVERSITY IN WASHINGTON, D.C. 1930 01:02:59,640 --> 01:03:00,800 JUST A FEW MILES FROM WHERE WE 1931 01:03:00,800 --> 01:03:02,960 ARE RIGHT NOW. 1932 01:03:02,960 --> 01:03:07,000 AS I WAS THINKING ABOUT WHAT TO 1933 01:03:07,000 --> 01:03:08,720 BRING TO TODAY'S WORKSHOP, I WAS 1934 01:03:08,720 --> 01:03:10,800 EXCITED TO THINK ABOUT EEG FROM 1935 01:03:10,800 --> 01:03:12,120 A LITTLE BIT OF A DIFFERENT 1936 01:03:12,120 --> 01:03:15,600 PERSPECTIVE AS TYPICALLY MY WORK 1937 01:03:15,600 --> 01:03:17,800 IS MORE RESEARCH-FOCUSED AND 1938 01:03:17,800 --> 01:03:20,560 LESS INTENSE FOCUS ON THE ETHICS 1939 01:03:20,560 --> 01:03:23,360 OF THE METHODOLOGY, BUT 1940 01:03:23,360 --> 01:03:24,360 NEUROETHICS IS AT THE CORE OF 1941 01:03:24,360 --> 01:03:26,640 ALL THE WORK WE DO, SO IT'S A 1942 01:03:26,640 --> 01:03:28,880 GOOD REMINDER TO CONTINUE 1943 01:03:28,880 --> 01:03:31,320 ENGAGING IN THESE QUESTIONS AS 1944 01:03:31,320 --> 01:03:34,560 WE PURSUE OUR RESEARCH QUESTI 1945 01:03:34,560 --> 01:03:44,760 QUESTIONS. 1946 01:03:45,840 --> 01:03:47,400 SO WITH EEG, I IMAGINE MY 1947 01:03:47,400 --> 01:03:49,160 AUDIENCE IS GENERALLY FAMILIAR 1948 01:03:49,160 --> 01:03:51,880 WITH THE METHODOLOGY ITSELF, AS 1949 01:03:51,880 --> 01:03:56,440 IT'S BEEN AROUND SINCE THE 1950 01:03:56,440 --> 01:03:57,680 1950s AND COMPARED TO SOME 1951 01:03:57,680 --> 01:03:59,120 OTHER METHODOLOGIES, NOT AS MUCH 1952 01:03:59,120 --> 01:04:00,680 AS CHANGED WITH THE PRINCIPLES 1953 01:04:00,680 --> 01:04:03,920 OF EEG IN THOSE DECADES SINCE WE 1954 01:04:03,920 --> 01:04:05,840 FIRST STARTED RECORDING 1955 01:04:05,840 --> 01:04:08,360 ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY FROM CATS 1956 01:04:08,360 --> 01:04:10,160 AND THEN FROM HUMANS. 1957 01:04:10,160 --> 01:04:12,960 EEG IS ESSENTIALLY A ELECTRICAL 1958 01:04:12,960 --> 01:04:14,720 RECORDING OF CONTINUOUS 1959 01:04:14,720 --> 01:04:15,960 WAVEFORMS REPRESENTING THE 1960 01:04:15,960 --> 01:04:17,640 ONGOING ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IN 1961 01:04:17,640 --> 01:04:20,400 THE BRAIN, AND EVEN WITH MOST OF 1962 01:04:20,400 --> 01:04:22,680 TODAY'S MORED A VANED 1963 01:04:22,680 --> 01:04:25,320 METHODOLOGIES, WE HAVE THE SAME 1964 01:04:25,320 --> 01:04:27,680 BASIC PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING EEG. 1965 01:04:27,680 --> 01:04:29,760 WE HAVE DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF 1966 01:04:29,760 --> 01:04:31,520 ELECTRODES THAT LAY ON THE 1967 01:04:31,520 --> 01:04:33,360 SCALP, AND RECORD THE SIGNALS 1968 01:04:33,360 --> 01:04:34,720 THAT HAVE TRAVELED FROM THE 1969 01:04:34,720 --> 01:04:36,120 BRAIN THROUGH THE CORTEX, 1970 01:04:36,120 --> 01:04:37,600 THROUGH THE LAYERS SURROUNDING 1971 01:04:37,600 --> 01:04:38,920 THE BRAIN, THROUGH THE SKULL AND 1972 01:04:38,920 --> 01:04:42,880 THE SCALP, AND ON TO OUR 1973 01:04:42,880 --> 01:04:43,960 ELECTRODES. 1974 01:04:43,960 --> 01:04:46,640 WE MAY HAVE AS FEW AS ONE OR TWO 1975 01:04:46,640 --> 01:04:49,000 ELECTRODES OR AS MANY AS SEVERAL 1976 01:04:49,000 --> 01:04:50,720 HUNDRED ELECTRODES THAT GIVE US 1977 01:04:50,720 --> 01:04:52,320 INFORMATION ABOUT THAT ONGOING 1978 01:04:52,320 --> 01:04:55,800 ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IN THE BRA 1979 01:04:55,800 --> 01:04:56,000 BRAIN. 1980 01:04:56,000 --> 01:04:57,120 HERE YOU CAN SEE JUST A SAMPLE 1981 01:04:57,120 --> 01:04:58,440 OF WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE. 1982 01:04:58,440 --> 01:05:01,320 WE'RE ALL FAMILIAR WITH THE 1983 01:05:01,320 --> 01:05:04,720 WAVEFORMS, AND UNDER ANY EEG 1984 01:05:04,720 --> 01:05:08,560 ANALYSIS, WE STILL HAVE THE SAME 1985 01:05:08,560 --> 01:05:11,440 SORT OF BASIC PRINCIPLE OF 1986 01:05:11,440 --> 01:05:13,440 ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY ABOUT THE 1987 01:05:13,440 --> 01:05:15,320 VOLTAGE CHANGES IN THE BRAIN, 1988 01:05:15,320 --> 01:05:17,360 RECORDED AT A CERTAIN NUMBER OF 1989 01:05:17,360 --> 01:05:18,040 ELECTRODES. 1990 01:05:18,040 --> 01:05:19,880 TYPICALLY WE ALSO COLLECT OTHER 1991 01:05:19,880 --> 01:05:24,400 TYPES OF DATA, SO PERHAPS 1992 01:05:24,400 --> 01:05:27,400 BEHAVIOR, PERHAPS RESPONSES TO A 1993 01:05:27,400 --> 01:05:28,760 TASK, SPEED, INFORMATION ABOUT 1994 01:05:28,760 --> 01:05:32,040 REACTION TIMES, MAYBE GROUP 1995 01:05:32,040 --> 01:05:33,760 LABELS OR MEDICAL INFORMATION IS 1996 01:05:33,760 --> 01:05:37,000 ASSOCIATED WITH THAT DATA. 1997 01:05:37,000 --> 01:05:39,880 AND FOR ANYONE WHO'S EVER TAKEN 1998 01:05:39,880 --> 01:05:40,880 A COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE CLASS, 1999 01:05:40,880 --> 01:05:42,600 YOU'RE FAMILIAR WITH THE IDEA OF 2000 01:05:42,600 --> 01:05:46,120 SETTING FMRI AND EEG AGAINST 2001 01:05:46,120 --> 01:05:49,480 EACH OTHER, SO WE HAVE VAST 2002 01:05:49,480 --> 01:05:52,360 DIFFERENCES IN SPATIAL 2003 01:05:52,360 --> 01:05:52,960 RESOLUTION. 2004 01:05:52,960 --> 01:05:54,720 EEG DOES NOT HAVE VERY GOOD 2005 01:05:54,720 --> 01:05:55,160 SPATIAL RESOLUTION. 2006 01:05:55,160 --> 01:05:57,120 YOU ARE LIMITED TO THE NUMBER OF 2007 01:05:57,120 --> 01:06:01,480 EE LOAK TROADZELECTRODES YOU'REA 2008 01:06:01,480 --> 01:06:01,880 FROM. 2009 01:06:01,880 --> 01:06:02,880 AND AT THE SAME TIME, EVEN WITH 2010 01:06:02,880 --> 01:06:05,080 HUNDREDS OF ELECTRODES, THE 2011 01:06:05,080 --> 01:06:07,400 SIGNALS ARE BEING DISTORTED 2012 01:06:07,400 --> 01:06:09,120 GREATLY BY TRAVELING THROUGH THE 2013 01:06:09,120 --> 01:06:10,720 BRAIN MATTER ITSELF AND THEN 2014 01:06:10,720 --> 01:06:16,680 THROUGH THE MANY INTERWING 2015 01:06:16,680 --> 01:06:17,680 LAYERS BETWEEN THE SIGNAL AND 2016 01:06:17,680 --> 01:06:20,560 THE CORTEX. 2017 01:06:20,560 --> 01:06:21,760 SO OF COURSE THERE ARE MANY WAYS 2018 01:06:21,760 --> 01:06:24,320 TO APPLY ALGORITHMS AND DO 2019 01:06:24,320 --> 01:06:25,840 SOURCE LOCALIZATION TO KNOW MORE 2020 01:06:25,840 --> 01:06:27,120 ABOUT THE SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF 2021 01:06:27,120 --> 01:06:30,720 YOUR DATA. 2022 01:06:30,720 --> 01:06:32,160 BUT THE FACT REMAINS THAT EEG 2023 01:06:32,160 --> 01:06:33,720 DOES NOT INFORM US MUCH ABOUT 2024 01:06:33,720 --> 01:06:36,600 THE STRUCTURE OR THE PHYSICAL 2025 01:06:36,600 --> 01:06:40,040 APPEARANCE OF THE BRAIN. 2026 01:06:40,040 --> 01:06:42,640 IN CONTRAST, EEG IS INHERENTLY 2027 01:06:42,640 --> 01:06:45,680 VERY HIGH TIME RESOLUTION, SO 2028 01:06:45,680 --> 01:06:47,920 TIMICALLY WE GATHER AT LEAST 2029 01:06:47,920 --> 01:06:50,440 1,000 DATA POINTS EVERY SECOND 2030 01:06:50,440 --> 01:06:54,640 AT A RATE OF 1,000 HERTZ, OR UP 2031 01:06:54,640 --> 01:06:57,480 TO 5,000 OR MORE HERTZ. 2032 01:06:57,480 --> 01:06:58,680 TIME RESOLUTION IS NO PROBLEM 2033 01:06:58,680 --> 01:07:06,000 FOR EEG, IN CONTRAST TO FMRI. 2034 01:07:06,000 --> 01:07:07,800 SO WITH THE CHARACTERISTICS OF 2035 01:07:07,800 --> 01:07:10,600 THAT DATA, WE MIGHT THINK, OKAY, 2036 01:07:10,600 --> 01:07:12,760 WE HAVE SPIKEY WAVEFORMS THAT 2037 01:07:12,760 --> 01:07:15,440 SHOW US ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY 2038 01:07:15,440 --> 01:07:17,160 ABOUT WHAT'S HAPPENING AT 2039 01:07:17,160 --> 01:07:18,560 DIFFERENT ELECTRODES ON THE 2040 01:07:18,560 --> 01:07:19,280 SCALP. 2041 01:07:19,280 --> 01:07:22,600 SURELY, THAT MUST NOT BE VERY 2042 01:07:22,600 --> 01:07:24,160 IDENTIFIABLE OR SURELY THAT MUST 2043 01:07:24,160 --> 01:07:25,920 NOT TELL US MUCH, EXCEPT FOR 2044 01:07:25,920 --> 01:07:28,280 WHAT WE WANT TO KNOW FROM OUR 2045 01:07:28,280 --> 01:07:32,200 RESEARCH STUDY. 2046 01:07:32,200 --> 01:07:34,280 HOWEVER, THAT IS NOT REALLY THE 2047 01:07:34,280 --> 01:07:37,320 CASE, AND TODAY WE'LL LOOK A 2048 01:07:37,320 --> 01:07:38,960 LITTLE MORE CLOSELY AT HOW THAT 2049 01:07:38,960 --> 01:07:45,960 ASSUMPTION MIGHT BE CHALLENGED. 2050 01:07:45,960 --> 01:07:49,080 I'LL ALSO MENTION THAT SIMILAR 2051 01:07:49,080 --> 01:07:51,080 TO FMRI, AS WAS DISCUSSED 2052 01:07:51,080 --> 01:07:52,840 EARLIER, WE MIGHT HAVE 2053 01:07:52,840 --> 01:07:56,280 TASK-BASED EERNLG, EEG, BUT WEY 2054 01:07:56,280 --> 01:07:57,880 HAVE RESTING STATE EEG OR WE'RE 2055 01:07:57,880 --> 01:07:59,240 LOOKING AT SOMETHING LIKE THE 2056 01:07:59,240 --> 01:08:01,960 DEFAULT MODE NETWORK TO LOOK AT 2057 01:08:01,960 --> 01:08:05,160 THE SORT OF ONGOING REGULAR 2058 01:08:05,160 --> 01:08:06,240 EVERYDAY BEHAVIOR OF THE BRAIN 2059 01:08:06,240 --> 01:08:08,000 WITHOUT RELATING TO A SPECIFIC 2060 01:08:08,000 --> 01:08:16,640 EXPERIMENTAL TASK. 2061 01:08:16,640 --> 01:08:18,520 WITH EEG RECORDINGS, WHAT 2062 01:08:18,520 --> 01:08:22,240 INFERENCES CAN WE MAKE TODAY, 2063 01:08:22,240 --> 01:08:23,640 NOW? 2064 01:08:23,640 --> 01:08:26,800 MOST COMMON MEDICAL APPLICATION 2065 01:08:26,800 --> 01:08:29,680 OF EEG IS STILL EPILEPSY AND 2066 01:08:29,680 --> 01:08:31,160 SLEEP. 2067 01:08:31,160 --> 01:08:34,320 SO A TRAINED RESEARCHER, A 2068 01:08:34,320 --> 01:08:36,400 SCIENTIST, A DOCTOR, MAY BE ABLE 2069 01:08:36,400 --> 01:08:39,680 TO EVEN MAKE ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT 2070 01:08:39,680 --> 01:08:42,840 EPILEPTIC BEHAVIOR OR PARTICULAR 2071 01:08:42,840 --> 01:08:45,240 SLEEP ACTIVITIES JUST WITH THE 2072 01:08:45,240 --> 01:08:48,360 BARE EYES. 2073 01:08:48,360 --> 01:08:49,960 BEYOND THAT INHERENT IN THE DATA 2074 01:08:49,960 --> 01:08:51,840 ARE QUALITIES THAT COULD EASILY 2075 01:08:51,840 --> 01:08:54,760 INFORM US ABOUT THE PRESENCE OF 2076 01:08:54,760 --> 01:08:56,640 EPILEPSY OR SLEEP-RELATED 2077 01:08:56,640 --> 01:08:57,560 ACTIVITIES. 2078 01:08:57,560 --> 01:09:01,800 THOSE ARE WELL-ESTABLISHED AND 2079 01:09:01,800 --> 01:09:03,480 SORT OF A CLEAR EXAMPLE OF WHAT 2080 01:09:03,480 --> 01:09:06,520 MIGHT BE HIDING IN OUR EEG 2081 01:09:06,520 --> 01:09:07,880 SIGNAL. 2082 01:09:07,880 --> 01:09:10,120 WE ALSO MIGHT HAVE INFORMATION 2083 01:09:10,120 --> 01:09:12,360 THAT IS A ATTACHED TO THE RAW 2084 01:09:12,360 --> 01:09:16,560 EEG SIGNAL SUCH AS LABELS, 2085 01:09:16,560 --> 01:09:17,680 PERSONAL IDENTIFYING INFORMATION 2086 01:09:17,680 --> 01:09:20,640 OR GENERAL GROUP CHARACTERISTIC. 2087 01:09:20,640 --> 01:09:22,200 SO YOU MAY DE-IDENTIFY YOUR 2088 01:09:22,200 --> 01:09:23,840 DATA, BUT YOU MAY RETAIN THE 2089 01:09:23,840 --> 01:09:27,160 LABELS OF SEX OR GENDER OR GROUP 2090 01:09:27,160 --> 01:09:30,080 PARTICIPATION LABEL OR OTHER 2091 01:09:30,080 --> 01:09:31,600 SORT OF META INFORMATION THAT 2092 01:09:31,600 --> 01:09:33,080 MIGHT HELP US LABEL THE DATA IN 2093 01:09:33,080 --> 01:09:39,920 A MEANINGFUL WAY. 2094 01:09:39,920 --> 01:09:41,320 MORE INTERESTINGLY, WE CAN ALSO 2095 01:09:41,320 --> 01:09:42,800 LOOK AT THE CHARACTERIZATION OF 2096 01:09:42,800 --> 01:09:46,280 RESTING STATE OR TASK-RELATED 2097 01:09:46,280 --> 01:09:52,360 NEURAL O OSCILLATORY ACTIVITY IN 2098 01:09:52,360 --> 01:09:54,600 THE WRAIN. 2099 01:09:54,600 --> 01:09:54,760 THE 2100 01:09:54,760 --> 01:09:55,240 BRAIN. 2101 01:09:55,240 --> 01:09:57,080 SO IF WE GATHER OUR EEG DATA AND 2102 01:09:57,080 --> 01:09:59,040 THEN WE UPLOAD IT OR SHARE IT 2103 01:09:59,040 --> 01:10:01,040 WIDELY, WHAT MIGHT ONE INFER 2104 01:10:01,040 --> 01:10:02,440 FROM THE DATA ITSELF? 2105 01:10:02,440 --> 01:10:05,160 WE CAN SEE THE RELATIVE POWER IN 2106 01:10:05,160 --> 01:10:06,360 DIFFERENT FREQUENCY BANDS, WE 2107 01:10:06,360 --> 01:10:08,240 CAN LOOK AT ALPHA ACTIVITY, BETA 2108 01:10:08,240 --> 01:10:09,880 ACTIVITY, DIFFERENT TYPES OF 2109 01:10:09,880 --> 01:10:12,920 RHYTHMS MAY HAVE DIFFERENT POWER 2110 01:10:12,920 --> 01:10:14,160 STRUCTURES IN THE EEG DATA THAT 2111 01:10:14,160 --> 01:10:18,160 CAN BE EASILY SORT OF REVEALED 2112 01:10:18,160 --> 01:10:22,360 AND ANALYZED, AND INTERESTINGLY, 2113 01:10:22,360 --> 01:10:24,200 THESE ONGOING RESTING STATE 2114 01:10:24,200 --> 01:10:27,440 NEURAL OSCILLATIONS DO APPEAR TO 2115 01:10:27,440 --> 01:10:29,080 BE CONSISTENT OVER TIME WITHIN 2116 01:10:29,080 --> 01:10:30,720 PEOPLE. 2117 01:10:30,720 --> 01:10:32,920 SO WE START TO SEE A HINT OF THE 2118 01:10:32,920 --> 01:10:34,880 IDEA THAT THERE'S SOMETHING IN 2119 01:10:34,880 --> 01:10:38,160 THE EEG DATA THAT MAY BE 2120 01:10:38,160 --> 01:10:39,560 PROVIDING US MORE INFORMATION 2121 01:10:39,560 --> 01:10:41,880 THAN JUST THE ELECTRICAL 2122 01:10:41,880 --> 01:10:44,320 ACTIVITY IN RESPONSE TO A TASK 2123 01:10:44,320 --> 01:10:46,280 OR ONGOING DEFAULT MODE, BUT 2124 01:10:46,280 --> 01:10:50,320 SOMETHING THAT MIGHT BE LIKE A 2125 01:10:50,320 --> 01:10:51,960 BIOMETRIC OR A KEY TO 2126 01:10:51,960 --> 01:10:55,160 IDENTIFYING OR RATHER 2127 01:10:55,160 --> 01:10:56,160 DE-IDENTIFYING -- REIDENTIFYING 2128 01:10:56,160 --> 01:10:58,720 THE DATA. 2129 01:10:58,720 --> 01:11:01,240 SO THIS PARTICULAR AREA OF 2130 01:11:01,240 --> 01:11:04,000 INQUIRY ABOUT WHETHER WE CAN 2131 01:11:04,000 --> 01:11:06,640 REIDENTIFY OR AUTHENTICATE 2132 01:11:06,640 --> 01:11:08,640 PERSONHOOD FROM EEG DATA HAS 2133 01:11:08,640 --> 01:11:10,440 GAINED A LOT OF TRACTION IN 2134 01:11:10,440 --> 01:11:13,840 RECENT YEARS. 2135 01:11:13,840 --> 01:11:16,080 SO THE IDEA OF USING EEG AS A 2136 01:11:16,080 --> 01:11:17,920 BIOMETRIC MIGHT LOOK LIKE 2137 01:11:17,920 --> 01:11:20,800 SOMETHING WHERE WE REFRAME EEG 2138 01:11:20,800 --> 01:11:24,600 FROM BEING SORT OF A GRAPHICAL 2139 01:11:24,600 --> 01:11:27,040 OUTPUT OF ELECTRICAL DATA ONLY, 2140 01:11:27,040 --> 01:11:29,000 BUT RATHER THINKING ABOUT IT 2141 01:11:29,000 --> 01:11:31,520 MORE LIKE A FINGERPRINT OR AN 2142 01:11:31,520 --> 01:11:34,800 EYE RUSS PATTERN IN YOUR EYE, 2143 01:11:34,800 --> 01:11:36,200 YOUR UNIQUE FACIAL STRUCTURE 2144 01:11:36,200 --> 01:11:37,840 THAT ALLOWS YOU TO UNLOCK YOUR 2145 01:11:37,840 --> 01:11:38,400 EYE PHONE. 2146 01:11:38,400 --> 01:11:44,880 SOMETHING THAT MIGH -- I FOA IPG 2147 01:11:44,880 --> 01:11:47,480 THAT MIGHT BE UNIQUE AND 2148 01:11:47,480 --> 01:11:48,440 CONSISTENT OVER TIME. 2149 01:11:48,440 --> 01:11:50,720 IN 2015, THIS IDEA WAS 2150 01:11:50,720 --> 01:11:54,680 INVESTIGATED WITH 88% ACCURACY 2151 01:11:54,680 --> 01:11:57,440 ON MATCHING PERSON TO PERSON 2152 01:11:57,440 --> 01:11:59,200 ACROSS EEG COLLECTION TIME 2153 01:11:59,200 --> 01:12:00,840 POINTS, AND SINCE THEN, THE 2154 01:12:00,840 --> 01:12:03,360 RESEARCH IS CONTINUING TO 2155 01:12:03,360 --> 01:12:04,200 ACCELERATE ALONG THOSE LINES. 2156 01:12:04,200 --> 01:12:07,520 SO WHEN I WAS ASKED TO THINK 2157 01:12:07,520 --> 01:12:08,920 AHEAD, THINK FIVE YEARS IN THE 2158 01:12:08,920 --> 01:12:11,160 FUTURE, THINK 10 YEARS IN THE 2159 01:12:11,160 --> 01:12:13,440 FUTURE, WHAT COULD WE BE DOING 2160 01:12:13,440 --> 01:12:15,640 WITH EEG DATA, AND WHAT PEOPLE 2161 01:12:15,640 --> 01:12:18,080 MIGHT BE GETTING FROM THAT DATA, 2162 01:12:18,080 --> 01:12:19,560 I THINK WILL LOOK VASTLY 2163 01:12:19,560 --> 01:12:21,200 DIFFERENT FROM WHAT WE IMAGINE 2164 01:12:21,200 --> 01:12:30,360 WE CAN DO WITH EEG DATA TODAY. 2165 01:12:30,360 --> 01:12:31,560 SO VERY RECENTLY, THERE'S BEEN A 2166 01:12:31,560 --> 01:12:32,880 LOT OF WORK IN USING DEEP 2167 01:12:32,880 --> 01:12:34,960 LEARNING MODELS TO IDENTIFY 2168 01:12:34,960 --> 01:12:38,600 THOSE UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF 2169 01:12:38,600 --> 01:12:40,400 EEG THAT ARE UNIQUE TO EACH 2170 01:12:40,400 --> 01:12:40,840 INDIVIDUAL PERSON. 2171 01:12:40,840 --> 01:12:43,600 AND APPLY THESE MODELS TO EEG 2172 01:12:43,600 --> 01:12:45,640 DATA WHICH MIGHT ALLOW FOR 2173 01:12:45,640 --> 01:12:47,560 PERSON IDENTIFICATION WITHIN OR 2174 01:12:47,560 --> 01:12:51,480 ACROSS STUDIES. 2175 01:12:51,480 --> 01:12:52,280 SO THAT SORT OF PERSON 2176 01:12:52,280 --> 01:12:56,160 IDENTIFICATION COULD BE DONE IN 2177 01:12:56,160 --> 01:12:59,000 A RESEARCH CONTEXT, OR ONE AREA 2178 01:12:59,000 --> 01:13:01,240 OF REALLY RAPIDLY ACCELERATING 2179 01:13:01,240 --> 01:13:03,240 INQUIRY HAS BEEN USING THIS IN 2180 01:13:03,240 --> 01:13:06,560 APPLIED SETTINGS. 2181 01:13:06,560 --> 01:13:08,000 SO THERE ARE BODIES OF 2182 01:13:08,000 --> 01:13:09,320 RESEARCHERS OUT THERE NOW WHO 2183 01:13:09,320 --> 01:13:13,120 ARE CONSIDERING THE USE OF EEG 2184 01:13:13,120 --> 01:13:15,680 IN ADDITION TO OR AS A 2185 01:13:15,680 --> 01:13:16,760 REPLACEMENT FOR THINGS LIKE I 2186 01:13:16,760 --> 01:13:18,600 MENTIONED BEFORE. 2187 01:13:18,600 --> 01:13:22,040 FINGERPRINT SCANNERS OR FACIAL 2188 01:13:22,040 --> 01:13:23,640 RECOGNITION. 2189 01:13:23,640 --> 01:13:26,040 SO IN A WAY, IT MIGHT SEEM LIKE 2190 01:13:26,040 --> 01:13:27,360 A REAL STRETCH OF THE 2191 01:13:27,360 --> 01:13:29,720 IMAGINATION TO THINK ABOUT USING 2192 01:13:29,720 --> 01:13:32,720 EEG AS AN IDENTIFICATION TOOL IN 2193 01:13:32,720 --> 01:13:35,120 THE REAL WORLD. 2194 01:13:35,120 --> 01:13:36,720 10 YEARS AGO, I PROBABLY WOULD 2195 01:13:36,720 --> 01:13:38,080 HAVE LAUGHED IF YOU SAID THAT I 2196 01:13:38,080 --> 01:13:39,680 WOULD BE CARRYING FACIAL 2197 01:13:39,680 --> 01:13:41,160 RECOGNITION TECHNOLOGY IN MY 2198 01:13:41,160 --> 01:13:43,760 PURSE AND USING THUMBPRINT 2199 01:13:43,760 --> 01:13:46,600 RECOGNITION EVERY DAY, SO I'M 2200 01:13:46,600 --> 01:13:47,880 REMINDING MYSELF THAT WHAT I 2201 01:13:47,880 --> 01:13:51,440 THINK MIGHT BE CRAZY IN FIVE OR 2202 01:13:51,440 --> 01:13:53,680 10 YEARS COULD WELL BE 2203 01:13:53,680 --> 01:13:55,240 INTEGRATED SEAMLESSLY INTO OUR 2204 01:13:55,240 --> 01:14:00,040 EVERYDAY LIFE. 2205 01:14:00,040 --> 01:14:01,280 SO IT'S WORTH THINKING ABOUT 2206 01:14:01,280 --> 01:14:02,240 THESE POSSIBILITIES EARLY BEFORE 2207 01:14:02,240 --> 01:14:04,080 WE, YOU KNOW, REALIZE THAT THIS 2208 01:14:04,080 --> 01:14:06,720 RESEARCH HAS PRESENTED SERIOUS 2209 01:14:06,720 --> 01:14:09,120 RISKS AND WE HAVE BEEN UNAWARE 2210 01:14:09,120 --> 01:14:14,800 OF THOSE RISKS. 2211 01:14:14,800 --> 01:14:16,240 SO WE CAN IMAGINE THE POTENTIAL 2212 01:14:16,240 --> 01:14:19,400 FOR EEG TO BE USED MORE IN EEK 2213 01:14:19,400 --> 01:14:21,200 LOGICALLY VALID RESEARCH 2214 01:14:21,200 --> 01:14:22,560 CONTEXTS, AND THEN POTENTIALLY 2215 01:14:22,560 --> 01:14:25,440 TO MAKE IT OUT OF THE LAB. 2216 01:14:25,440 --> 01:14:27,960 SO IT DOES STILL SEEM CRAZY 2217 01:14:27,960 --> 01:14:30,640 BECAUSE EEG REQUIRES A FAIR 2218 01:14:30,640 --> 01:14:32,680 AMOUNT OF SETUP, ALTHOUGH IT'S 2219 01:14:32,680 --> 01:14:36,680 NOT AS COMPLEX OR REQUIRING AS 2220 01:14:36,680 --> 01:14:38,880 EXPENSIVE INVESTMENTS OF 2221 01:14:38,880 --> 01:14:42,280 RESOURCES AS SOMETHING LIKE 2222 01:14:42,280 --> 01:14:43,720 FMRI, SO NOW THERE ARE 2223 01:14:43,720 --> 01:14:44,320 COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE TOOLS 2224 01:14:44,320 --> 01:14:47,320 THAT CAN RECORD DECENT QUALITY 2225 01:14:47,320 --> 01:14:47,840 EEG. 2226 01:14:47,840 --> 01:14:50,040 SO IF THOSE TYPES OF TOOLS CAN 2227 01:14:50,040 --> 01:14:51,480 BE SCALED FURTHER TO BECOME MORE 2228 01:14:51,480 --> 01:14:52,880 INTEGRATED WITH DAILY LIFE, THEN 2229 01:14:52,880 --> 01:14:55,600 WE REALLY COULD SEE A TRANSITION 2230 01:14:55,600 --> 01:15:00,760 OF EEG FROM RESEARCH TOOL AND 2231 01:15:00,760 --> 01:15:01,880 MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIC TOOL INTO 2232 01:15:01,880 --> 01:15:03,640 SOMETHING THAT IS MORE 2233 01:15:03,640 --> 01:15:04,680 EVER-PRESENT. 2234 01:15:04,680 --> 01:15:06,080 I CAN'T QUITE IMAGINE WHAT THAT 2235 01:15:06,080 --> 01:15:07,840 WOULD LOOK LIKE IF WE HAVE TO, 2236 01:15:07,840 --> 01:15:10,240 YOU KNOW, DO A QUICK EEG SCAN 2237 01:15:10,240 --> 01:15:11,880 BEFORE WE ACCESS THE NUCLEAR 2238 01:15:11,880 --> 01:15:14,520 CODES OR SOMETHING, BUT IT 2239 01:15:14,520 --> 01:15:17,120 REALLY IS SOMETHING THAT PEOPLE 2240 01:15:17,120 --> 01:15:19,160 ARE WORKING ON NOW. 2241 01:15:19,160 --> 01:15:22,320 AS ONE RESEARCH PAPER I READ 2242 01:15:22,320 --> 01:15:23,440 SAID, A GREAT THING ABOUT THE 2243 01:15:23,440 --> 01:15:25,680 POTENTIAL FOR EEG AS AN 2244 01:15:25,680 --> 01:15:27,720 AUTHENTICATION TOOL IS THAT 2245 01:15:27,720 --> 01:15:30,120 UNLIKE FINGERPRINTS OR FACIAL 2246 01:15:30,120 --> 01:15:32,760 RECOGNITION, YOU CAN'T DO EEG 2247 01:15:32,760 --> 01:15:33,640 AUTHENTICATION WITH A DEAD 2248 01:15:33,640 --> 01:15:35,440 PERSON, SO THIS MIGHT BE A BIG 2249 01:15:35,440 --> 01:15:39,080 BENEFIT TO THE OTHER LESS SECURE 2250 01:15:39,080 --> 01:15:41,080 FORMS OF IDENTIFICATION BASED ON 2251 01:15:41,080 --> 01:15:50,120 BIOMETRICS. 2252 01:15:50,120 --> 01:15:51,560 SO AUTHENTICATION IS THIS SORT 2253 01:15:51,560 --> 01:15:55,120 OF INTERESTING APPLIED IDEA. 2254 01:15:55,120 --> 01:15:57,800 I DID A LITTLE SEARCH TO JUST 2255 01:15:57,800 --> 01:15:59,960 DEMONSTRATE THAT THIS IDEA IS 2256 01:15:59,960 --> 01:16:06,240 BEING PURSUED MORE ACTIVELY IN 2257 01:16:06,240 --> 01:16:08,000 VERY RECENT YEARS AND HAS BECOME 2258 01:16:08,000 --> 01:16:12,120 VERY HIGHLY SUCCESSFUL IN 2259 01:16:12,120 --> 01:16:13,760 RESEARCH SETTINGS, SO IF YOU 2260 01:16:13,760 --> 01:16:15,360 RECORD EEG DATA FROM A PERSON 2261 01:16:15,360 --> 01:16:17,880 AND YOU PUT IT INTO A TRAINING 2262 01:16:17,880 --> 01:16:20,920 DATASET AND LATER YOU TEST 2263 01:16:20,920 --> 01:16:22,320 AGAINST THAT DATASET, YOU CAN 2264 01:16:22,320 --> 01:16:24,760 ACHIEVE ALMOST 100% ACCURACY 2265 01:16:24,760 --> 01:16:26,720 USING THESE DEEP LEARNING MODELS 2266 01:16:26,720 --> 01:16:29,440 THAT IDENTIFY THE KEY UNIQUE 2267 01:16:29,440 --> 01:16:32,520 FEATURES IN THE EEG AND USE 2268 01:16:32,520 --> 01:16:35,200 THOSE FEATURES TO REIDENTIFY THE 2269 01:16:35,200 --> 01:16:36,480 DATA WHEN IT'S SEEN WITHOUT A 2270 01:16:36,480 --> 01:16:39,880 LABEL LATER. 2271 01:16:39,880 --> 01:16:42,360 OKAY. 2272 01:16:42,360 --> 01:16:43,880 ASIDE FROM THIS IDEA OF USING 2273 01:16:43,880 --> 01:16:47,440 EEG AS A UNIQUE SORT OF KEY 2274 01:16:47,440 --> 01:16:49,680 BIOMETRIC, WE CAN ALSO THINK 2275 01:16:49,680 --> 01:16:51,320 ABOUT THE MORE TYPICAL THINGS 2276 01:16:51,320 --> 01:16:53,200 THAT ONE MIGHT EXPECT WE COULD 2277 01:16:53,200 --> 01:16:56,720 GET FROM EEG DATA. 2278 01:16:56,720 --> 01:16:58,360 WE CAN LOOK AT THINGS LIKE 2279 01:16:58,360 --> 01:16:59,520 EMOTION CHARACTERIZATION, STATE 2280 01:16:59,520 --> 01:17:03,560 OF MIND, NOT COMPLETELY USING A 2281 01:17:03,560 --> 01:17:06,200 REVERSE INFERENCE, BUT WE CAN 2282 01:17:06,200 --> 01:17:09,320 MAKE SOME ASSUMPTIONS AND 2283 01:17:09,320 --> 01:17:12,240 DECISIONS ABOUT TASK-RELATED 2284 01:17:12,240 --> 01:17:16,680 COGNITIVE PROCESSES, EMOTIONS, 2285 01:17:16,680 --> 01:17:18,480 PERHAPS SOME NEUROLOGICAL 2286 01:17:18,480 --> 01:17:21,120 CONDITIONS BESIDES EPILEPSY, 2287 01:17:21,120 --> 01:17:25,640 SLEEP DISORDERS, DRUG USE CAN 2288 01:17:25,640 --> 01:17:27,280 CHANGE THE ONGOING EEG ACTIVITY 2289 01:17:27,280 --> 01:17:30,400 IN A WAY THAT IS POTENTIALLY 2290 01:17:30,400 --> 01:17:36,760 READY TO BE REIDENTIFIED, SO IF 2291 01:17:36,760 --> 01:17:37,720 THERE'S POTENTIAL INFORMATION IN 2292 01:17:37,720 --> 01:17:42,360 THE DATASET ABOUT THESE THINGS, 2293 01:17:42,360 --> 01:17:45,760 EMOTIONS, SUBSTANCE USE, 2294 01:17:45,760 --> 01:17:48,760 DIAGNOSES, THESE ALL POSE A 2295 01:17:48,760 --> 01:17:51,520 SIGNIFICANT RISK TO THIS EEG 2296 01:17:51,520 --> 01:17:53,320 DATA THAT WE MAY NOT HAVE 2297 01:17:53,320 --> 01:17:55,600 REALIZED AS RESEARCHERS AND 2298 01:17:55,600 --> 01:17:58,040 CERTAINLY AS LAY PEOPLE THAT 2299 01:17:58,040 --> 01:18:01,440 THIS EEG DATA MAY CONTAIN THESE 2300 01:18:01,440 --> 01:18:03,160 HIGHLY SENSITIVE PIECES OF 2301 01:18:03,160 --> 01:18:03,800 INFORMATION. 2302 01:18:03,800 --> 01:18:06,440 WE CAN'T SEE THEM WITH OUR BARE 2303 01:18:06,440 --> 01:18:07,480 EYES, WHICH IS ONE REASON THAT 2304 01:18:07,480 --> 01:18:11,200 IT'S NOT QUITE AS INTUITIVE AS 2305 01:18:11,200 --> 01:18:13,400 FMRI OR STRUCTURAL MRI, WHERE 2306 01:18:13,400 --> 01:18:15,000 WE'RE SEEING PICTURES OF 2307 01:18:15,000 --> 01:18:18,560 PEOPLE'S BRAINS. 2308 01:18:18,560 --> 01:18:19,840 THAT IS EASY TO UNDERSTAND HOW 2309 01:18:19,840 --> 01:18:22,040 YOU MIGHT REIDENTIFY THAT DATA, 2310 01:18:22,040 --> 01:18:24,440 BUT EEG, IT CONTAINS ALMOST 2311 01:18:24,440 --> 01:18:26,680 NOTHING THAT IS MEANINGFUL WITH 2312 01:18:26,680 --> 01:18:28,880 JUST YOUR EYES. 2313 01:18:28,880 --> 01:18:31,800 BUT WITH THESE ADVANCED DEEP 2314 01:18:31,800 --> 01:18:34,320 LEARNING MACHINE LEARNING 2315 01:18:34,320 --> 01:18:35,240 TECHNIQUES THAT ARE BEING 2316 01:18:35,240 --> 01:18:37,040 DEVELOPED MORE RECENTLY, THEY 2317 01:18:37,040 --> 01:18:40,680 CAN READ THAT DATA AS IF IT WERE 2318 01:18:40,680 --> 01:18:42,760 VISUALLY APPARENT THE WAY THAT 2319 01:18:42,760 --> 01:18:43,840 STRUCTURAL MRI IS VISUALLY 2320 01:18:43,840 --> 01:18:47,880 APPARENT TO US. 2321 01:18:47,880 --> 01:18:49,880 SO A SORT OF TAKEAWAY THAT I SEE 2322 01:18:49,880 --> 01:18:53,360 FROM THIS MORE RECENT SHIFT IN 2323 01:18:53,360 --> 01:18:55,760 RESEARCH IS REALLY THAT JUST 2324 01:18:55,760 --> 01:18:57,440 BECAUSE WE CANNOT, WITH OUR OWN 2325 01:18:57,440 --> 01:18:59,400 EYES AND BRAINS, MAKE SENSE OF 2326 01:18:59,400 --> 01:19:02,280 THE RICHNESS OF EEG DATA, DOES 2327 01:19:02,280 --> 01:19:05,080 NOT MEAN THAT IT'S NOT THERE AND 2328 01:19:05,080 --> 01:19:11,880 READY TO BE CAPITALIZED UPON. 2329 01:19:11,880 --> 01:19:16,760 SO THERE ARE MANY RISKS PRESENT 2330 01:19:16,760 --> 01:19:18,240 IN THIS SORT OF SHIFT TOWARDS 2331 01:19:18,240 --> 01:19:19,840 UNDERSTANDING EEG FOR THE RICH 2332 01:19:19,840 --> 01:19:20,840 DATASET THAT IT IS. 2333 01:19:20,840 --> 01:19:24,480 IT'S POSSIBLE THAT IF 2334 01:19:24,480 --> 01:19:25,240 AUTHENTICATION FOR EEG WERE TO 2335 01:19:25,240 --> 01:19:27,600 CATCH ON IN ANY SECTOR 2336 01:19:27,600 --> 01:19:29,080 WHATSOEVER, THAT PUBLICLY 2337 01:19:29,080 --> 01:19:30,920 UPLOADED EEG DATA COULD EASILY 2338 01:19:30,920 --> 01:19:34,040 BE USED TO FALSIFY THOSE 2339 01:19:34,040 --> 01:19:35,440 AUTHENTICATION RECORDS. 2340 01:19:35,440 --> 01:19:39,320 WE ALSO SEE PRIVACY CONCERNS, SO 2341 01:19:39,320 --> 01:19:43,880 IN THE INTRODUCTORY PAPER THAT 2342 01:19:43,880 --> 01:19:47,920 SASKIA WAS SHOWING US, THINGS 2343 01:19:47,920 --> 01:19:49,760 LIKE INSURERS, IF THEY WERE TO 2344 01:19:49,760 --> 01:19:52,000 GAIN ACCESS TO YOUR EEG DATA, 2345 01:19:52,000 --> 01:19:53,200 WHAT WOULD YOU MAKE OF THAT? 2346 01:19:53,200 --> 01:19:55,360 IF THERE WERE SENSITIVE PIECES 2347 01:19:55,360 --> 01:19:59,040 OF INFORMATION IN A WORKFORCE 2348 01:19:59,040 --> 01:20:02,160 THAT WERE, YOU KNOW, OF INTEREST 2349 01:20:02,160 --> 01:20:03,480 TO FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS AND 2350 01:20:03,480 --> 01:20:05,280 REQUIRED EEG AUTHENTICATION, WE 2351 01:20:05,280 --> 01:20:07,520 SEE HERE THAT THE RISK FOR THAT 2352 01:20:07,520 --> 01:20:10,280 TYPE OF FALSIFICATION IS VERY 2353 01:20:10,280 --> 01:20:12,360 HIGH. 2354 01:20:12,360 --> 01:20:15,320 WITH THE SORT OF ONGOING 2355 01:20:15,320 --> 01:20:17,120 INVESTMENT IN DEEP LEARNING 2356 01:20:17,120 --> 01:20:20,920 MODELS AND USING THOSE MODELS TO 2357 01:20:20,920 --> 01:20:22,360 GET MORE INFORMATION FROM THESE 2358 01:20:22,360 --> 01:20:25,200 RICH DATA SETS, WE CAN ALSO 2359 01:20:25,200 --> 01:20:27,800 EXPECT MORE ADVANCES IN WHAT CAN 2360 01:20:27,800 --> 01:20:29,280 BE DRAWN FROM THE DEEP LEARNING 2361 01:20:29,280 --> 01:20:31,080 MODEL. 2362 01:20:31,080 --> 01:20:32,080 SO MORE EMOTION 2363 01:20:32,080 --> 01:20:33,960 CHARACTERIZATION. 2364 01:20:33,960 --> 01:20:35,840 BETTER PERSON IDENTIFICATION 2365 01:20:35,840 --> 01:20:38,240 LINKED WITH DIAGNOSES OR EVEN 2366 01:20:38,240 --> 01:20:41,840 EMOTIONAL PROFILES. 2367 01:20:41,840 --> 01:20:43,120 IF YOU CAN TELL SOMETHING ABOUT 2368 01:20:43,120 --> 01:20:46,040 A PERSON'S TYPICAL REACTIVITY TO 2369 01:20:46,040 --> 01:20:48,520 STRESS BY LOOKING AT THEIR EEG, 2370 01:20:48,520 --> 01:20:49,640 IS THAT SOMETHING THAT WE WOULD 2371 01:20:49,640 --> 01:20:52,360 WANT TO SHARE? 2372 01:20:52,360 --> 01:20:54,000 TO WHAT LEVEL DOES THE 2373 01:20:54,000 --> 01:20:56,840 INFORMATION PRESENT IN OUR 2374 01:20:56,840 --> 01:20:59,600 ONGOING EEG FEEL PERSONAL TO US? 2375 01:20:59,600 --> 01:21:01,720 DO YOU WANT YOUR RESTING STATE 2376 01:21:01,720 --> 01:21:04,640 EEG TO BE UPLOADED AND USED FOR 2377 01:21:04,640 --> 01:21:05,880 ANYTHING? 2378 01:21:05,880 --> 01:21:07,240 I'M NOT SURE. 2379 01:21:07,240 --> 01:21:11,200 AND IT'S HARD TO SAY RIGHT NOW 2380 01:21:11,200 --> 01:21:15,080 WHAT IS POSSIBLE IN THE YEAR 2381 01:21:15,080 --> 01:21:16,800 2023 WILL NOT BE THE SAME 2382 01:21:16,800 --> 01:21:19,200 LIMITATIONS AS WHAT'S POSSIBLE 2383 01:21:19,200 --> 01:21:20,400 IN 2033. 2384 01:21:20,400 --> 01:21:22,080 WE CAN SEE AND SAY WITH 2385 01:21:22,080 --> 01:21:23,120 CERTAINTY THAT WHATEVER WE CAN 2386 01:21:23,120 --> 01:21:28,160 DO TODAY WILL BE ECLIPSED BY 2387 01:21:28,160 --> 01:21:29,160 THINGS THAT FUTURE GENERATIONS 2388 01:21:29,160 --> 01:21:32,800 OF RESEARCHERS FIGURE OUT. 2389 01:21:32,800 --> 01:21:38,000 WE ALSO HAVE SORT OF THE 2390 01:21:38,000 --> 01:21:41,640 TAKEAWAYS WITH THIS IDEA THAT 2391 01:21:41,640 --> 01:21:45,640 EEG DATA DOES CONTAIN UNIQUE 2392 01:21:45,640 --> 01:21:47,840 NEURAL SIGNATURES. 2393 01:21:47,840 --> 01:21:49,080 IMPORTANTLY, THEY'RE THERE 2394 01:21:49,080 --> 01:21:50,000 WHETHER OR NOT THEY'RE PART OF 2395 01:21:50,000 --> 01:21:51,120 THE INTENDED ANALYSIS. 2396 01:21:51,120 --> 01:21:53,400 SO YOU MAY RUN A STUDY THAT HAS 2397 01:21:53,400 --> 01:21:56,120 NOTHING TO DO WITH INDIVIDUAL 2398 01:21:56,120 --> 01:21:57,320 DIFFERENCES. 2399 01:21:57,320 --> 01:22:00,520 IT MAY HAVE NOTHING TO DO WITH 2400 01:22:00,520 --> 01:22:03,720 DIAGNOSES OR EMOTIONAL 2401 01:22:03,720 --> 01:22:05,280 PROFILING. 2402 01:22:05,280 --> 01:22:08,560 HOWEVER, THAT DATA MAY BE 2403 01:22:08,560 --> 01:22:09,680 INHERENTLY ENCAPSULATED WITHIN 2404 01:22:09,680 --> 01:22:10,920 THE EEG DATA THAT YOU ARE 2405 01:22:10,920 --> 01:22:13,400 SHARING. 2406 01:22:13,400 --> 01:22:17,640 SO WHEN I UP LOAD RAW EEG FILES 2407 01:22:17,640 --> 01:22:20,360 TO A REPOSITORY, WHAT ELSE AM I 2408 01:22:20,360 --> 01:22:22,760 UPLOADING THAT I MIGHT NOT BE 2409 01:22:22,760 --> 01:22:25,280 AWARE OF WHEN I UPLOAD THAT 2410 01:22:25,280 --> 01:22:26,400 DATA, THINKING THAT I'VE 2411 01:22:26,400 --> 01:22:27,280 DE-IDENTIFIED IT? 2412 01:22:27,280 --> 01:22:30,680 I'VE REMOVED ANY, YOU KNOW, 2413 01:22:30,680 --> 01:22:32,320 HIGHLY SENSITIVE PERSONALLY 2414 01:22:32,320 --> 01:22:34,040 IDENTIFYING INFORMATION FROM 2415 01:22:34,040 --> 01:22:37,000 THAT DATA. 2416 01:22:37,000 --> 01:22:37,800 OR SO I THINK. 2417 01:22:37,800 --> 01:22:39,000 SO WE NEED TO CONSIDER WHAT IT 2418 01:22:39,000 --> 01:22:43,520 LOOKS LIKE TO FUTURE-PROOF 2419 01:22:43,520 --> 01:22:44,160 SHARED EEG DATA. 2420 01:22:44,160 --> 01:22:46,800 WHAT CAN BE REMOVED, WHAT COULD 2421 01:22:46,800 --> 01:22:48,000 BE TRANSFORMED IN THE DATA, 2422 01:22:48,000 --> 01:22:50,640 PERHAPS, TO REMOVE ANY 2423 01:22:50,640 --> 01:22:52,040 IDENTIFYING CHARACTERISTICS THAT 2424 01:22:52,040 --> 01:22:54,400 WE DON'T WANT. 2425 01:22:54,400 --> 01:22:56,560 PERHAPS THERE'S ROOM FOR A 2426 01:22:56,560 --> 01:22:58,200 CONVERSATION ABOUT WHAT CAN BE 2427 01:22:58,200 --> 01:23:00,440 GAINED FROM SHARING PROCESSED 2428 01:23:00,440 --> 01:23:06,160 DATA, FILTERED DATA, REMOVE 2429 01:23:06,160 --> 01:23:09,480 METADATA, SAVE ONLY A KEY OR A 2430 01:23:09,480 --> 01:23:10,480 FINGERPRINT THAT IDENTIFIES THE 2431 01:23:10,480 --> 01:23:11,680 KEY FACTORS THAT YOU'RE 2432 01:23:11,680 --> 01:23:16,160 INTERESTED IN. 2433 01:23:16,160 --> 01:23:17,600 HOW CAN WE MAKE SORT OF BALANCE 2434 01:23:17,600 --> 01:23:20,640 THAT WE SAW ON THAT SCALE IN THE 2435 01:23:20,640 --> 01:23:22,200 INTRO SLIDES, HOW CAN WE MAKE 2436 01:23:22,200 --> 01:23:23,840 SURE THAT THAT SCALE IS TIPPING 2437 01:23:23,840 --> 01:23:27,040 TOWARDS THE BENEFITS AND THAT 2438 01:23:27,040 --> 01:23:30,760 THE POTENTIAL RISKS OF CURRENT 2439 01:23:30,760 --> 01:23:35,360 AND FUTURE DEIDENTIFICATION, 2440 01:23:35,360 --> 01:23:36,280 REIDENTIFICATION, MAY BE 2441 01:23:36,280 --> 01:23:42,000 LESSENED. 2442 01:23:42,000 --> 01:23:43,440 WE ALSO WANT TO THINK ABOUT THIS 2443 01:23:43,440 --> 01:23:45,000 PARTICULARLY IN THE CONTEXT OF 2444 01:23:45,000 --> 01:23:46,280 MARGINALIZED POPULATIONS AND 2445 01:23:46,280 --> 01:23:46,600 COMMUNITIES. 2446 01:23:46,600 --> 01:23:52,040 SO FOR PEOPLE WHO HAVE 2447 01:23:52,040 --> 01:23:53,240 NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS, 2448 01:23:53,240 --> 01:23:56,400 PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS, PEOPLE 2449 01:23:56,400 --> 01:24:00,200 WHO HAVE DIAGNOSES THAT MIGHT 2450 01:24:00,200 --> 01:24:01,880 PREVENT THEM FROM GETTING HEALTH 2451 01:24:01,880 --> 01:24:04,160 INSURANCE, PEOPLE WHO MAYBE DO 2452 01:24:04,160 --> 01:24:06,200 NOT WANT THEIR DATA TO BE USED 2453 01:24:06,200 --> 01:24:10,040 IN THE FUTURE TO, YOU KNOW, ACT 2454 01:24:10,040 --> 01:24:12,680 AS THEM IN AN AUTHENTICATION 2455 01:24:12,680 --> 01:24:13,080 SCENARIO. 2456 01:24:13,080 --> 01:24:15,280 HOW CAN WE THINK ABOUT DIFFERENT 2457 01:24:15,280 --> 01:24:16,960 GROUPS HAVING DIFFERENT 2458 01:24:16,960 --> 01:24:18,560 REACTIONS TO THIS INFORMATION 2459 01:24:18,560 --> 01:24:22,040 AND WANTING TO PRESERVE DATA 2460 01:24:22,040 --> 01:24:24,200 SHARING WHILE NOT PUTTING 2461 01:24:24,200 --> 01:24:25,360 MARGINALIZED GROUPS AT HIGHER 2462 01:24:25,360 --> 01:24:30,480 RISK. 2463 01:24:30,480 --> 01:24:31,600 SO I DON'T HAVE ANSWERS TO ALL 2464 01:24:31,600 --> 01:24:33,360 OF THESE QUESTIONS, SHOCKINGLY, 2465 01:24:33,360 --> 01:24:34,560 BUT I'M READY TO DISCUSS THEM 2466 01:24:34,560 --> 01:24:36,520 AND EXCITED TO HEAR EVERYONE'S 2467 01:24:36,520 --> 01:24:36,800 THOUGHTS. 2468 01:24:36,800 --> 01:24:37,920 THAT CONCLUDES MY TALK. 2469 01:24:37,920 --> 01:24:38,520 THANK YOU SO MUCH. 2470 01:24:38,520 --> 01:24:44,000 [APPLAUSE] 2471 01:24:44,000 --> 01:24:45,760 >>DR. QUANDT, THANK YOU VERY 2472 01:24:45,760 --> 01:24:46,840 MUCH, THAT WAS FANTASTIC. 2473 01:24:46,840 --> 01:24:48,560 I THINK WE HAVE TIME FOR ONE 2474 01:24:48,560 --> 01:24:50,360 QUESTION. 2475 01:24:50,360 --> 01:24:53,080 >>THANKS SO MUCH FOR THAT 2476 01:24:53,080 --> 01:24:55,920 THOUGHTFUL ENGAGEMENT. 2477 01:24:55,920 --> 01:24:57,280 ON THE NEURAL SIGNATURES PIECE 2478 01:24:57,280 --> 01:24:58,120 OF IT THAT YOU WERE TALKING 2479 01:24:58,120 --> 01:24:59,600 ABOUT, MY UNDERSTANDING, AND IT 2480 01:24:59,600 --> 01:25:02,400 MAY BE OUTDATED, IS THAT FOR 2481 01:25:02,400 --> 01:25:03,520 NOW, AUTHENTICATION IS POSSIBLE 2482 01:25:03,520 --> 01:25:06,440 BUT IDENTIFICATION IS NOT. 2483 01:25:06,440 --> 01:25:08,160 IS THAT STILL THE CASE ON THE 2484 01:25:08,160 --> 01:25:10,200 CURRENT RESEARCH, WHICH HAS 2485 01:25:10,200 --> 01:25:12,680 SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT RISKS, RIGHT, 2486 01:25:12,680 --> 01:25:17,080 WHICH IS TO USE IT FOR 2487 01:25:17,080 --> 01:25:18,360 AUTHENTICATION MODELS VERSUS 2488 01:25:18,360 --> 01:25:20,680 USING IT FOR IDENTIFICATION 2489 01:25:20,680 --> 01:25:20,960 MODELS. 2490 01:25:20,960 --> 01:25:22,960 >>SORT OF THE HIGHLY ACCURATE 2491 01:25:22,960 --> 01:25:24,400 IDENTIFICATION IS WITHIN A 2492 01:25:24,400 --> 01:25:25,520 RESEARCH CONTEXT, SO OF COURSE 2493 01:25:25,520 --> 01:25:27,280 YOU HAVE A POOL OF DATA THAT A 2494 01:25:27,280 --> 01:25:28,280 MODEL HAS BEEN TRAINED UPON, SO 2495 01:25:28,280 --> 01:25:29,720 YOU FEED IN YOUR TRAINING DATA 2496 01:25:29,720 --> 01:25:33,640 AND THEN YOU'RE ASKING MATCH, SO 2497 01:25:33,640 --> 01:25:34,760 THAT'S MORE AUTHENTICATION. 2498 01:25:34,760 --> 01:25:35,600 >>NOT IDENTIFICATION. 2499 01:25:35,600 --> 01:25:40,320 >>YEAH, SO I THINK THAT NOW MY 2500 01:25:40,320 --> 01:25:43,080 UNDERSTANDING, AND I DO NOT DO 2501 01:25:43,080 --> 01:25:44,120 AUTHENTICATION RESEARCH, SO IF 2502 01:25:44,120 --> 01:25:45,280 ANYONE ELSE DOES, PLEASE STEP 2503 01:25:45,280 --> 01:25:45,720 IN. 2504 01:25:45,720 --> 01:25:47,000 MY UNDERSTANDING OF THE 2505 01:25:47,000 --> 01:25:51,960 AUTHENTICATION RESEARCH IS THAT 2506 01:25:51,960 --> 01:25:53,360 IDENTIFICATION IS DEFINITELY THE 2507 01:25:53,360 --> 01:25:55,840 GOAL. 2508 01:25:55,840 --> 01:25:59,040 BUT THE SORT OF HIGHLY ACCURATE 2509 01:25:59,040 --> 01:26:00,920 IS STILL LIKE YOU MENTIONED 2510 01:26:00,920 --> 01:26:04,200 WITHIN AUTHENTICATION, AND SO 2511 01:26:04,200 --> 01:26:06,640 IDENTIFICATION WOULD REQUIRE 2512 01:26:06,640 --> 01:26:09,240 MUCH MORE DATA AND POTENTIALLY 2513 01:26:09,240 --> 01:26:12,520 WOULD BE OF MORE RISK, I THINK 2514 01:26:12,520 --> 01:26:16,000 WITHIN LIKE A SORT OF CLOSED 2515 01:26:16,000 --> 01:26:17,200 ENVIRONMENT, SO IF YOU WORKED AT 2516 01:26:17,200 --> 01:26:20,440 A FACILITY WHERE EVERYONE HAD TO 2517 01:26:20,440 --> 01:26:21,880 HAVE THEIR EEG SAVED ON SITE, 2518 01:26:21,880 --> 01:26:23,920 THEN THAT WOULD BE AN 2519 01:26:23,920 --> 01:26:25,800 AUTHENTICATION CHALLENGE, RIGHT? 2520 01:26:25,800 --> 01:26:27,000 >>ALL OF THE RESEARCH STUDIES 2521 01:26:27,000 --> 01:26:29,080 TO DATE HAVE BEEN DONE ON 2522 01:26:29,080 --> 01:26:29,760 AUTHENTICATION, WHICH IS 2523 01:26:29,760 --> 01:26:31,760 MATCHING, SO YOUR FACE I.D., ALL 2524 01:26:31,760 --> 01:26:33,480 OF THOSE ARE AUTHENTICATION 2525 01:26:33,480 --> 01:26:34,600 MODELS RATHER THAN UNIQUE 2526 01:26:34,600 --> 01:26:35,760 IDENTIFICATION MODELS. 2527 01:26:35,760 --> 01:26:36,040 >>RIGHT. 2528 01:26:36,040 --> 01:26:38,880 >>SO IDENTIFICATION WOULD 2529 01:26:38,880 --> 01:26:41,640 REQUIRE THAT YOU HAVE, YOU'RE 2530 01:26:41,640 --> 01:26:42,640 RIGHT, HUGE DATASET, BUT WE 2531 01:26:42,640 --> 01:26:44,160 WOULD ALSO NEED TO KNOW THAT 2532 01:26:44,160 --> 01:26:45,680 NEURAL SIGNATURES ARE UNIQUE 2533 01:26:45,680 --> 01:26:47,640 ACROSS BILLIONS OF PEOPLE RATHER 2534 01:26:47,640 --> 01:26:50,640 THAN WITHIN A CLOSED DATASET OF 2535 01:26:50,640 --> 01:26:52,920 MATCHING TO INDIVIDUALS. 2536 01:26:52,920 --> 01:26:55,240 AND THEN THE SECOND QUESTION IS, 2537 01:26:55,240 --> 01:26:57,440 MOST OF IT, IT LOOKED LIKE, IS 2538 01:26:57,440 --> 01:27:00,000 NOT RESTING STATE, BUT IT'S 2539 01:27:00,000 --> 01:27:02,480 FUNCTIONAL, MEANING THAT THE 2540 01:27:02,480 --> 01:27:06,320 ACCURACY GOES DOWN SUBSTANTIAL Y 2541 01:27:06,320 --> 01:27:09,320 IF YOU'RE DOING RESTING STATE 2542 01:27:09,320 --> 01:27:10,760 OUGHT THEN THECATION RATHER THAN 2543 01:27:10,760 --> 01:27:12,000 DOING FUNCTIONAL AUTHENTICATION 2544 01:27:12,000 --> 01:27:15,160 LIKE A SINGLE LITTLE DITTY IN MY 2545 01:27:15,160 --> 01:27:17,360 HEAD, THEN I RECORD THAT AND 2546 01:27:17,360 --> 01:27:20,560 THEN -- THAT REQUIRES THE COUP 2547 01:27:20,560 --> 01:27:21,520 COOPERATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL TO 2548 01:27:21,520 --> 01:27:23,160 ENGAGE IN FUNCTIONAL BIOMETRICS. 2549 01:27:23,160 --> 01:27:24,640 SO IS THERE MORE RECENT 2550 01:27:24,640 --> 01:27:26,120 RESEARCH, MINE IS A YEAR 2551 01:27:26,120 --> 01:27:27,640 OUTDATED AT LEAST, THAT SUGGESTS 2552 01:27:27,640 --> 01:27:29,040 THAT RESTING STATE 2553 01:27:29,040 --> 01:27:29,720 AUTHENTICATION IS HIGHLY 2554 01:27:29,720 --> 01:27:30,240 ACCURATE AS WELL? 2555 01:27:30,240 --> 01:27:32,240 >>I DON'T THINK IT'S HIGHLY 2556 01:27:32,240 --> 01:27:33,760 ACCURATE YET, BUT I DID -- I 2557 01:27:33,760 --> 01:27:35,760 HAVE BEEN LOOKING AT SOME OF THE 2558 01:27:35,760 --> 01:27:38,680 EFFORTS IN THAT SPACE TO COMPARE 2559 01:27:38,680 --> 01:27:40,680 AGAINST WHAT YOU MENTIONED OF 2560 01:27:40,680 --> 01:27:44,760 BEING TASK-BASED, DO THIS TASK 2561 01:27:44,760 --> 01:27:47,840 OR PROCESS IN YOUR HEAD COMPARED 2562 01:27:47,840 --> 01:27:51,400 TO DO WHATEVER YOU WANT. 2563 01:27:51,400 --> 01:27:52,720 I THINK IT'S A KEY DIFFERENCE. 2564 01:27:52,720 --> 01:27:53,680 I DON'T THINK THE PROBLEM HAS 2565 01:27:53,680 --> 01:27:56,240 BEEN SOLVED FOR RESTING STATE 2566 01:27:56,240 --> 01:27:57,360 YET. 2567 01:27:57,360 --> 01:27:58,480 AND SOME OF THE RESEARCH THAT 2568 01:27:58,480 --> 01:28:00,320 I'VE LOOKED AT HAS STATED THAT 2569 01:28:00,320 --> 01:28:03,840 THAT'S A POTENTIAL UPSIDE OF 2570 01:28:03,840 --> 01:28:07,320 THIS AS AN AUTHENTICATION 2571 01:28:07,320 --> 01:28:09,640 TACTIC, BECAUSE YOU CAN MAKE 2572 01:28:09,640 --> 01:28:11,160 SURE THAT NO ONE IS DOING IT 2573 01:28:11,160 --> 01:28:14,800 UNDER DURESS OR IT REQUIRES 2574 01:28:14,800 --> 01:28:15,000 BUY-IN. 2575 01:28:15,000 --> 01:28:17,360 >>IT'S NOT JUST BUY-IN. 2576 01:28:17,360 --> 01:28:18,680 FUNCTIONAL BIOMETRICS ARE FAR 2577 01:28:18,680 --> 01:28:19,840 MORE SECURE BECAUSE YOU CAN 2578 01:28:19,840 --> 01:28:22,040 EASILY CHANGE THEM, THEY REQUIRE 2579 01:28:22,040 --> 01:28:24,680 ACTIVE PARTICIPATION AGAINST THE 2580 01:28:24,680 --> 01:28:26,040 INDIVIDUAL AND SO MOST SECURITY 2581 01:28:26,040 --> 01:28:28,880 MEASURES THAT LOOK TO TRY TO 2582 01:28:28,880 --> 01:28:31,160 EMPLOY BIOMETRICS LOOK FOR 2583 01:28:31,160 --> 01:28:32,800 FUNCTIONAL BIOMETRICS OR THE 2584 01:28:32,800 --> 01:28:34,120 GOLD STANDARD RATHER, BUT 2585 01:28:34,120 --> 01:28:35,120 RESTING BIOMETRICS WOULD SUGGEST 2586 01:28:35,120 --> 01:28:40,280 A DIFFERENT LEVEL OF RISK, 2587 01:28:40,280 --> 01:28:41,560 REIDENTIFICATION WITHIN UP 2588 01:28:41,560 --> 01:28:43,000 LOADED AND SHARED EEG -- 2589 01:28:43,000 --> 01:28:44,840 >>BY NO MEANS TODAY CAN YOU 2590 01:28:44,840 --> 01:28:46,520 TAKE UPLOADED TASK-RELATED EEG 2591 01:28:46,520 --> 01:28:48,720 AND, YOU KNOW, HACK INTO 2592 01:28:48,720 --> 01:28:50,200 SOMEONE'S BETA VERSION OF AN 2593 01:28:50,200 --> 01:28:51,600 AUTHENTICATION SYSTEM. 2594 01:28:51,600 --> 01:28:54,080 SO THE SYSTEMS ARE NOT THERE YET 2595 01:28:54,080 --> 01:28:58,960 SUCH THAT THEY PLACE A HIGH RISK 2596 01:28:58,960 --> 01:29:01,800 ON REPOSITORIES OF EEG DATA. 2597 01:29:01,800 --> 01:29:03,440 SO YOU'RE DEFINITELY RIGHT, FROM 2598 01:29:03,440 --> 01:29:04,720 MY UNDERSTANDING, THAT THERE IS 2599 01:29:04,720 --> 01:29:07,400 A LARGE AMOUNT OF SPACE TO BE 2600 01:29:07,400 --> 01:29:09,040 FILLED BETWEEN WHAT PEOPLE ARE 2601 01:29:09,040 --> 01:29:11,000 SHOWING IN A HIGHLY CONSTRAINED 2602 01:29:11,000 --> 01:29:12,160 ENVIRONMENT RIGHT NOW COMPARED 2603 01:29:12,160 --> 01:29:15,520 TO WHAT COULD BE POSSIBLE WITH 2604 01:29:15,520 --> 01:29:18,040 MUCH MORE DATA, MUCH MORE 2605 01:29:18,040 --> 01:29:22,400 FINESSE ABOUT TASKS OR RESTING 2606 01:29:22,400 --> 01:29:24,200 STATE SORT OF PARADIGMS, SO 2607 01:29:24,200 --> 01:29:25,720 YOU'RE RIGHT, WE'RE NOT THERE, 2608 01:29:25,720 --> 01:29:27,960 AND I DON'T MEAN TO SOUND AN 2609 01:29:27,960 --> 01:29:30,200 ALARM BELL ABOUT THINGS THAT ARE 2610 01:29:30,200 --> 01:29:31,040 POSSIBLE TODAY. 2611 01:29:31,040 --> 01:29:32,680 WHICH MIGHT ONLY BE POSSIBLE IN 2612 01:29:32,680 --> 01:29:35,720 A LAB OR HIGHLY CONTROLLED 2613 01:29:35,720 --> 01:29:36,520 ENVIRONMENT. 2614 01:29:36,520 --> 01:29:36,960 THERE'S A LOT LEFT. 2615 01:29:36,960 --> 01:29:37,440 >>THANK YOU. 2616 01:29:37,440 --> 01:29:38,840 WITH APOLOGIES, WE NEED TO MOVE 2617 01:29:38,840 --> 01:29:39,000 ON. 2618 01:29:39,000 --> 01:29:39,520 >>THANK YOU, THANK YOU. 2619 01:29:39,520 --> 01:29:42,520 [APPLAUSE] 2620 01:29:42,520 --> 01:29:44,080 >>WE WILL HAVE TIME AT THE END 2621 01:29:44,080 --> 01:29:45,520 AFTER ALL SPEAKERS FOR FURTHER 2622 01:29:45,520 --> 01:29:45,960 DISCUSSION. 2623 01:29:45,960 --> 01:29:47,000 SO I'M DELIGHTED TO INTRODUCE 2624 01:29:47,000 --> 01:29:50,520 OUR NEXT SPEAKER, DR. DOUGLAS 2625 01:29:50,520 --> 01:29:52,040 GREVE, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF 2626 01:29:52,040 --> 01:29:52,800 RADIOLOGY AT HARVARD MEDICAL 2627 01:29:52,800 --> 01:29:53,200 SCHOOL. 2628 01:29:53,200 --> 01:29:54,680 HE RECEIVED A PH.D. IN COGNITIVE 2629 01:29:54,680 --> 01:29:56,480 AND NEURAL SYSTEMS FROM BOSTON 2630 01:29:56,480 --> 01:29:57,400 UNIVERSITY. 2631 01:29:57,400 --> 01:29:58,640 DR. GREVE'S RESEARCH IS FOCUSED 2632 01:29:58,640 --> 01:30:00,640 ON THE ANALYSIS AND INTEGRATION 2633 01:30:00,640 --> 01:30:02,600 OF MULTIMODAL MRI. 2634 01:30:02,600 --> 01:30:04,840 HIS PRIMARY EXPERTISE IS IN THE 2635 01:30:04,840 --> 01:30:06,520 ANALYSIS OF FMRI AT THE TIME 2636 01:30:06,520 --> 01:30:07,960 SERIES AND GROUP LEVELS. 2637 01:30:07,960 --> 01:30:10,480 HE HAS ALSO RESEARCHED METHODS 2638 01:30:10,480 --> 01:30:13,800 TO QUANTIFY, CALIBRATE AND 2639 01:30:13,800 --> 01:30:14,720 REMOVE SITE-SPECIFIC ARTIFACTS 2640 01:30:14,720 --> 01:30:16,400 FROM FMRI AND LED A PROJECT 2641 01:30:16,400 --> 01:30:20,680 USING NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY 2642 01:30:20,680 --> 01:30:24,000 OR NIRS TO DENOISE FMRI DATA. 2643 01:30:24,000 --> 01:30:25,280 DR. GREVE. 2644 01:30:25,280 --> 01:30:26,360 >>THANK YOU. 2645 01:30:26,360 --> 01:30:29,400 CAN YOU HEAR ME OKAY? 2646 01:30:29,400 --> 01:30:31,160 >>YES, WE CAN HEAR YOU. 2647 01:30:31,160 --> 01:30:32,600 >>OKAY. 2648 01:30:32,600 --> 01:30:35,680 AND MY SLIDES ARE GOOD? 2649 01:30:35,680 --> 01:30:37,080 >>YES. 2650 01:30:37,080 --> 01:30:38,640 >>OKAY. 2651 01:30:38,640 --> 01:30:39,160 GOOD. 2652 01:30:39,160 --> 01:30:41,480 SO I'LL BE TALKING TODAY ABOUT 2653 01:30:41,480 --> 01:30:44,280 STRUCTURAL BRAIN IMAGING. 2654 01:30:44,280 --> 01:30:46,120 AND THIS IS BASICALLY WHAT WE 2655 01:30:46,120 --> 01:30:50,280 MEAN BY STRUCTURAL BRAIN 2656 01:30:50,280 --> 01:30:51,120 IMAGING -- SORRY, ONE MORE 2657 01:30:51,120 --> 01:30:51,720 THING. 2658 01:30:51,720 --> 01:30:53,120 CAN YOU SEE MY MOUSE AS I MOVE 2659 01:30:53,120 --> 01:30:54,520 IT AROUND? 2660 01:30:54,520 --> 01:30:56,040 >>YES, WE CAN. 2661 01:30:56,040 --> 01:30:57,800 >>OKAY. 2662 01:30:57,800 --> 01:31:00,000 SO IN SOME WAYS STRUCTURAL BRAIN 2663 01:31:00,000 --> 01:31:02,800 IMAGING IS MUCH SIMPLER THAN THE 2664 01:31:02,800 --> 01:31:05,200 EEG AND THE FMRI AND THE DTI 2665 01:31:05,200 --> 01:31:07,160 THAT HAVE BEEN DISCUSSED 2666 01:31:07,160 --> 01:31:12,440 BEFOREMENT THBEFORE.THEY'RE BASS 2667 01:31:12,440 --> 01:31:13,520 OF THE BRAIN. 2668 01:31:13,520 --> 01:31:14,720 THE ANALYSIS IS THEY LOOK AT THE 2669 01:31:14,720 --> 01:31:16,120 BRAIN AND YOU LOOK FOR 2670 01:31:16,120 --> 01:31:16,480 ANOMALIES. 2671 01:31:16,480 --> 01:31:19,840 SO THIS IS A T1 WEIGHTED IMAGE, 2672 01:31:19,840 --> 01:31:23,760 T2, FLAIR, P.D. 2673 01:31:23,760 --> 01:31:24,960 THESE ARE ABOUT 1-MILLIMETER 2674 01:31:24,960 --> 01:31:26,520 RESOLUTION SO THIS IS AT THE 2675 01:31:26,520 --> 01:31:27,720 HIGHEST OF THE HIGH RESOLUTION 2676 01:31:27,720 --> 01:31:29,520 THAT YOU'LL SEE IN BRAIN IMAGING 2677 01:31:29,520 --> 01:31:31,000 STUDIES. 2678 01:31:31,000 --> 01:31:32,880 IT'S ALSO WHOLE HEAD AND 3D, SO 2679 01:31:32,880 --> 01:31:34,120 WHAT THAT MEANS IS THAT EVEN 2680 01:31:34,120 --> 01:31:36,800 THOUGH I'M SHOWING YOU 2681 01:31:36,800 --> 01:31:37,440 INDIVIDUAL SLICES HERE, WHAT 2682 01:31:37,440 --> 01:31:38,760 YOU'RE ACTUALLY COLLECTING ARE A 2683 01:31:38,760 --> 01:31:43,760 SERIES OF SLICES AND SO YOU CAN 2684 01:31:43,760 --> 01:31:45,240 SEE EVERYTHING IN ALL THE 2685 01:31:45,240 --> 01:31:47,000 DIFFERENT PLANE, AND IT'S WHOLE 2686 01:31:47,000 --> 01:31:48,360 HEAD, MEANING THAT EVEN IF YOU 2687 01:31:48,360 --> 01:31:49,280 MIGHT JUST WANT THE BRAIN, 2688 01:31:49,280 --> 01:31:50,800 YOU'RE GOING TO GET BASICALLY 2689 01:31:50,800 --> 01:31:53,640 EVERYTHING LIKE SKULL AND SCALP 2690 01:31:53,640 --> 01:31:56,400 AND SKIN, AND FACE IMPORTANTLY. 2691 01:31:56,400 --> 01:31:57,640 SO THERE'S GOING TO BE A LOT 2692 01:31:57,640 --> 01:32:01,680 MORE INFORMATION IN THERE THAN 2693 01:32:01,680 --> 01:32:02,960 JUST THE BRAIN. 2694 01:32:02,960 --> 01:32:04,720 IN ADDITION, WITH THE DATA YOU 2695 01:32:04,720 --> 01:32:07,040 ALSO GET THE TIME AND DATE AND 2696 01:32:07,040 --> 01:32:09,880 PLACE OF WHERE THE SCAN WAS 2697 01:32:09,880 --> 01:32:10,400 ACQUIRED. 2698 01:32:10,400 --> 01:32:13,120 AND THESE SCANS ALSO MIGHT BE 2699 01:32:13,120 --> 01:32:14,440 ACQUIRED LONGITUDINALLY SO YOU 2700 01:32:14,440 --> 01:32:16,600 MIGHT HAVE SOMEBODY COME IN FOR 2701 01:32:16,600 --> 01:32:19,960 A SCAN, FIVE YEARS IN A ROW, FOR 2702 01:32:19,960 --> 01:32:20,200 EXAMPLE. 2703 01:32:20,200 --> 01:32:23,480 THERE ARE MASSIVE MRI DATA 2704 01:32:23,480 --> 01:32:24,200 SHARING EFFORTS THAT HAVE 2705 01:32:24,200 --> 01:32:25,640 ALREADY BEEN HINTED AT, SO THESE 2706 01:32:25,640 --> 01:32:27,000 ARE JUST A FEW OF THEM. 2707 01:32:27,000 --> 01:32:29,800 SO YOU HAVE SOMETHING LIKE THE 2708 01:32:29,800 --> 01:32:33,160 UNITED KINGDOM BIOBANK, WHICH IS 2709 01:32:33,160 --> 01:32:36,160 TARGETING I THINK 100,000 2710 01:32:36,160 --> 01:32:37,600 DIFFERENT PEOPLE, AND THESE 2711 01:32:37,600 --> 01:32:38,800 THOUSANDS AND THOUSANDS OF CASES 2712 01:32:38,800 --> 01:32:41,800 HAVE ALREADY BEEN RELEASED, 2713 01:32:41,800 --> 01:32:45,400 THERE'S A SITE CALLED OPEN 2714 01:32:45,400 --> 01:32:46,560 NEURO, WHERE PEOPLE WILL TAKE 2715 01:32:46,560 --> 01:32:48,640 THEIR DATA AND UPLOAD TO THE 2716 01:32:48,640 --> 01:32:50,480 SITE TO MAKE THAT PUBLICLY 2717 01:32:50,480 --> 01:32:51,760 AVAILABLE, AND THEY SAY THAT 2718 01:32:51,760 --> 01:32:55,480 THEY HAVE OVER 33,000 CASES SO 2719 01:32:55,480 --> 01:32:56,240 FAR. 2720 01:32:56,240 --> 01:32:57,760 GENERALLY NIECE ARE NORMAL 2721 01:32:57,760 --> 01:33:01,880 LOOKING BRAINS LIKE TUMORS OR 2722 01:33:01,880 --> 01:33:03,640 LARGE STROKES OR RESECTIONS OR 2723 01:33:03,640 --> 01:33:10,480 LIKE NORMAL PARTS OF THE BRAIN. 2724 01:33:10,480 --> 01:33:15,960 SO SASKIA POINTED OUT MANY 2725 01:33:15,960 --> 01:33:17,120 BENEFITS ALREADY. 2726 01:33:17,120 --> 01:33:18,680 MACHINE LEARNING IS VERY DATA 2727 01:33:18,680 --> 01:33:20,360 HUNGRY, SO HAVING THESE HUGE 2728 01:33:20,360 --> 01:33:22,080 NUMBERS AS I JUST SHOWED ON THE 2729 01:33:22,080 --> 01:33:22,840 PREVIOUS PAGE CAN BE VERY 2730 01:33:22,840 --> 01:33:23,200 IMPORTANT. 2731 01:33:23,200 --> 01:33:25,320 WE CAN CREATE NORMATIVE DATA, SO 2732 01:33:25,320 --> 01:33:27,200 WHEN YOU GO IN AND YOU GET A 2733 01:33:27,200 --> 01:33:28,760 SCAN, THAT CAN BE COMPARED TO 2734 01:33:28,760 --> 01:33:30,720 SOME DATABASE TO SAY THAT YOU 2735 01:33:30,720 --> 01:33:32,920 ARE ONE OR TWO OR THREE STANDARD 2736 01:33:32,920 --> 01:33:34,320 DEVIATIONS AWAY. 2737 01:33:34,320 --> 01:33:37,520 IT ALSO PROVIDES A DIVERSITY OF 2738 01:33:37,520 --> 01:33:38,760 SUBJECTS AND SCANNERS AND 2739 01:33:38,760 --> 01:33:41,240 PROTOCOLS WHICH CAN BE IMPORTANT 2740 01:33:41,240 --> 01:33:42,360 FOR ANALYSIS AND DRAW 2741 01:33:42,360 --> 01:33:44,560 CONCLUSIONS FROM DATA. 2742 01:33:44,560 --> 01:33:46,120 IF YOU HAVE A HUGE NUMBER OF 2743 01:33:46,120 --> 01:33:47,520 SUBJECTS, YOU MIGHT BE ABLE TO 2744 01:33:47,520 --> 01:33:50,640 FIND LIKE A LARGE NUMBER OR 2745 01:33:50,640 --> 01:33:52,840 RELATIVELY LARGE NUMBER OF RARE 2746 01:33:52,840 --> 01:33:53,360 SUBJECTS. 2747 01:33:53,360 --> 01:33:56,080 YOU CAN REANALYZE DATA TO TEST 2748 01:33:56,080 --> 01:33:57,640 NEW HYPOTHESES RATHER THAN 2749 01:33:57,640 --> 01:33:59,080 COLLECTING NEW DATA. 2750 01:33:59,080 --> 01:34:01,280 YOU CAN CONDUCT PILOT STUDIES 2751 01:34:01,280 --> 01:34:03,040 FOR YOUR R01. 2752 01:34:03,040 --> 01:34:04,920 AND YOU CAN TEST NEW ALGORITHMS 2753 01:34:04,920 --> 01:34:07,120 ON THIS. 2754 01:34:07,120 --> 01:34:08,760 AND AS HAS ALREADY BEEN STATED, 2755 01:34:08,760 --> 01:34:10,920 NIH NOW REQUIRES THAT WE HAVE A 2756 01:34:10,920 --> 01:34:13,880 DATA SHARING PLAN FOR OUR 2757 01:34:13,880 --> 01:34:15,040 NEUROIMAGING DATA. 2758 01:34:15,040 --> 01:34:17,200 SO THERE ARE SEVERAL RISK 2759 01:34:17,200 --> 01:34:17,960 FACTORS, MOST OF WHICH HAVE 2760 01:34:17,960 --> 01:34:20,200 ALREADY BEEN DISCUSSED SO ONE IS 2761 01:34:20,200 --> 01:34:22,600 CAN AN INDIVIDUAL BE DIAGNOSED 2762 01:34:22,600 --> 01:34:24,400 WITH A CONDITION OR DISORDER 2763 01:34:24,400 --> 01:34:27,840 FROM THE IMAGES BY THEMSELVES. 2764 01:34:27,840 --> 01:34:29,240 THE SECOND THING IS CAN AN 2765 01:34:29,240 --> 01:34:30,360 INDIVIDUAL BE IDENTIFIED FROM 2766 01:34:30,360 --> 01:34:31,360 THE IMAGES? 2767 01:34:31,360 --> 01:34:33,040 SO WE'LL TALK ABOUT BOTH OF 2768 01:34:33,040 --> 01:34:36,040 THESE RISKS. 2769 01:34:36,040 --> 01:34:38,560 SO WHEN WE GET AN ANATOMICAL 2770 01:34:38,560 --> 01:34:42,240 IMAGE, AND I MADE MY LIVING 2771 01:34:42,240 --> 01:34:43,240 ANALYZING ANATOMICAL IMAGES LIKE 2772 01:34:43,240 --> 01:34:45,120 THIS, WHAT WE TYPICALLY DO IS 2773 01:34:45,120 --> 01:34:47,360 SOME TYPE OF ANATOMICAL ANALYSIS 2774 01:34:47,360 --> 01:34:49,760 WHERE WE PROVIDE -- CREATE SOME 2775 01:34:49,760 --> 01:34:51,440 KIND OF SEGMENTATION. 2776 01:34:51,440 --> 01:34:52,680 SO EACH COLOR THAT YOU SEE HERE 2777 01:34:52,680 --> 01:34:53,680 IS A DIFFERENT BRAIN STRUCTURE. 2778 01:34:53,680 --> 01:34:57,840 AND THIS IS A FAIRLY COARSE 2779 01:34:57,840 --> 01:34:59,000 SEGMENTATION, WE ACTUALLY HAVE 2780 01:34:59,000 --> 01:34:59,840 ONES THAT ARE MUCH FINER THAN 2781 01:34:59,840 --> 01:35:00,400 THAT. 2782 01:35:00,400 --> 01:35:01,760 SO FOR EACH ONE OF THESE 2783 01:35:01,760 --> 01:35:03,040 STRUCTURES, WE CAN GET THE SIZE 2784 01:35:03,040 --> 01:35:06,640 AND THE SHAPE OF THAT PARTICULAR 2785 01:35:06,640 --> 01:35:07,720 STRUCTURE FOR THIS INDIVIDUAL 2786 01:35:07,720 --> 01:35:08,480 PERSON. 2787 01:35:08,480 --> 01:35:11,360 AND SO WE CAN DO STUDIES WITH 2788 01:35:11,360 --> 01:35:14,960 THIS, FOR EXAMPLE, HERE THIS 2789 01:35:14,960 --> 01:35:17,720 YELLOWISH STRUCTURE IS CALLED 2790 01:35:17,720 --> 01:35:18,520 THE HIPPOCAMPUS, IT'S ABOUT THE 2791 01:35:18,520 --> 01:35:20,240 SIZE OF YOUR PINKIE, AND IF YOU 2792 01:35:20,240 --> 01:35:23,560 DON'T HAVE IT, YOU CAN'T FORM 2793 01:35:23,560 --> 01:35:24,440 NEW MEMORIES. 2794 01:35:24,440 --> 01:35:25,560 THIS IS SOMETHING THAT'S OFTEN 2795 01:35:25,560 --> 01:35:26,320 DEVASTATED IN ALZHEIMER'S 2796 01:35:26,320 --> 01:35:26,800 DISEASE. 2797 01:35:26,800 --> 01:35:28,960 SO THIS IS AN EXAMPLE STUDY 2798 01:35:28,960 --> 01:35:32,520 WHERE WE TOOK 100 SUBJECTS, 50 2799 01:35:32,520 --> 01:35:33,640 CONTROL SUBJECTS AND 50 2800 01:35:33,640 --> 01:35:37,240 ALZHEIMER'S SUBJECTS, AND WE 2801 01:35:37,240 --> 01:35:39,520 EXTRACTED OUT THE SIZE OF THE 2802 01:35:39,520 --> 01:35:40,640 HIPPOCAMPUS AND HERE YOU CAN SEE 2803 01:35:40,640 --> 01:35:42,520 ON AVERAGE, THE CONTROLS HAVE A 2804 01:35:42,520 --> 01:35:44,200 LARGER HIPPOCAMPUS THAN THE 2805 01:35:44,200 --> 01:35:45,240 ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE SUBJECTS DO. 2806 01:35:45,240 --> 01:35:47,920 AND SO THIS IS REALLY THE BREAD 2807 01:35:47,920 --> 01:35:50,760 AND BUTTER OF STRUCTURAL 2808 01:35:50,760 --> 01:35:51,440 NEUROIMAGING STUDIES. 2809 01:35:51,440 --> 01:35:53,880 THEY MIGHT BE MUCH MORE 2810 01:35:53,880 --> 01:35:56,640 EXPANSIVE, THEY MIGHT USE 2811 01:35:56,640 --> 01:35:57,800 DIFFERENT DISEASES, AND IT MIGHT 2812 01:35:57,800 --> 01:36:00,400 HAVE A LOT LARGER NUMBERS, BUT 2813 01:36:00,400 --> 01:36:03,120 THIS IS BASICALLY HOW IT WORKS. 2814 01:36:03,120 --> 01:36:04,400 SO IF YOU LOOK THROUGH THE 2815 01:36:04,400 --> 01:36:06,240 LITERATURE, YOU'LL FIND MANY 2816 01:36:06,240 --> 01:36:07,240 DISEASES AND DISORDERS, SO I 2817 01:36:07,240 --> 01:36:09,400 ALREADY TALKED ABOUT 2818 01:36:09,400 --> 01:36:11,000 ALZHEIMER'S, HUNTINGTONS, 2819 01:36:11,000 --> 01:36:13,680 PARKINSON'S, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, 2820 01:36:13,680 --> 01:36:15,360 SCHIZOPHRENIA, MAJOR DEPRESSIVE 2821 01:36:15,360 --> 01:36:16,760 DISORDER, ADDICTION. 2822 01:36:16,760 --> 01:36:20,880 PROBABLY ANY DISEASE OR DISORDER 2823 01:36:20,880 --> 01:36:22,080 HAS BEEN STUDIED IN THIS WAY, 2824 01:36:22,080 --> 01:36:23,520 AND THEY PROBABLY FOUND SOME OF 2825 01:36:23,520 --> 01:36:27,800 THESE TYPES OF GROUP EFFECTS. 2826 01:36:27,800 --> 01:36:29,880 SO AS SUSIE POINTED OUT, THERE'S 2827 01:36:29,880 --> 01:36:32,520 THIS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DOING A 2828 01:36:32,520 --> 01:36:33,800 POPULATION STUDY AND DOING AN 2829 01:36:33,800 --> 01:36:34,400 INDIVIDUAL STUDY. 2830 01:36:34,400 --> 01:36:35,720 SO WHAT I WAS JUST DESCRIBING 2831 01:36:35,720 --> 01:36:37,920 WAS A POPULATION STUDY. 2832 01:36:37,920 --> 01:36:40,240 AND POPULATION STUDY JUST SHOWS 2833 01:36:40,240 --> 01:36:42,880 THAT BRAIN ANATOMY TENDS TO BE 2834 01:36:42,880 --> 01:36:45,000 DIFFERENT IN SUBJECTS WITH A 2835 01:36:45,000 --> 01:36:46,000 DISEASE COMPARED TO A DIFFERENT 2836 01:36:46,000 --> 01:36:48,240 DISEASE OR COMPARED TO A HEALTHY 2837 01:36:48,240 --> 01:36:48,680 CONTROL. 2838 01:36:48,680 --> 01:36:52,080 THAT'S REALLY ALL THIS PICTURE 2839 01:36:52,080 --> 01:36:52,920 IS SHOWING. 2840 01:36:52,920 --> 01:36:54,000 SO SOME INDIVIDUALS WITH THE 2841 01:36:54,000 --> 01:36:57,600 DISEASE MAY HAVE THE EFFECT, AND 2842 01:36:57,600 --> 01:36:58,200 OTHERS WON'T. 2843 01:36:58,200 --> 01:37:01,160 SOME INDIVIDUALS WOW WITHOUT THE 2844 01:37:01,160 --> 01:37:02,560 DISEASE MAY HAVE THE EFFECT. 2845 01:37:02,560 --> 01:37:04,080 THE EFFECTS CAN BE VERY SUBTLE 2846 01:37:04,080 --> 01:37:07,480 AND FOUND USUALLY WITH SENSITIVE 2847 01:37:07,480 --> 01:37:09,000 STATISTICAL TESTS. 2848 01:37:09,000 --> 01:37:13,240 MANY DISEASES CAN HAVE THE SAME 2849 01:37:13,240 --> 01:37:16,280 TYPE -- AS YOU GET OLDER, YOUR 2850 01:37:16,280 --> 01:37:18,560 HIPPOCAMPUS WILL SHRINK AS WELL, 2851 01:37:18,560 --> 01:37:21,320 SO THAT'S JUST SIMPLY AGE, 2852 01:37:21,320 --> 01:37:21,880 MIMICKING THE EFFECT OF 2853 01:37:21,880 --> 01:37:22,200 ALZHEIMER'S. 2854 01:37:22,200 --> 01:37:23,280 SO WHAT WE'RE MOSTLY INTERESTED 2855 01:37:23,280 --> 01:37:25,000 IN IN TERMS OF RISK IS WHAT WE 2856 01:37:25,000 --> 01:37:26,520 CALL THE DIAGNOSIS PROBLEM. 2857 01:37:26,520 --> 01:37:28,400 SO DOES THE INDIVIDUAL HAVE A 2858 01:37:28,400 --> 01:37:30,040 DEELZ OR DISORDER AND CAN WE 2859 01:37:30,040 --> 01:37:32,200 TELL THAT FROM THE IMAGE. 2860 01:37:32,200 --> 01:37:36,000 SO HERE I HAVE TAKEN THESE 100 2861 01:37:36,000 --> 01:37:39,600 SUBJECTS AND I'VE SORTED THEM BY 2862 01:37:39,600 --> 01:37:41,400 THEIR HIPPOCAMPAL VOLUME, AND 2863 01:37:41,400 --> 01:37:42,960 THE RED ARE THE CONTROL SUBJECTS 2864 01:37:42,960 --> 01:37:47,440 AND THE BLUE ARE THE A.D. 2865 01:37:47,440 --> 01:37:47,720 SUBJECTS. 2866 01:37:47,720 --> 01:37:49,120 YOU CAN SEE THAT A.D. SUBJECTS 2867 01:37:49,120 --> 01:37:50,760 TEND TO BE ON THE LEFT SIDE, THE 2868 01:37:50,760 --> 01:37:53,920 SMALLER SIDE OF THE HIPPOCAMPAL 2869 01:37:53,920 --> 01:37:54,800 VOLUME AND THE CONTROLS TEND TO 2870 01:37:54,800 --> 01:37:55,680 BE ON THE RIGHT SIDE. 2871 01:37:55,680 --> 01:37:56,800 AND SO THE WAY THAT YOU WOULD 2872 01:37:56,800 --> 01:37:58,280 TRY TO DO SOME KIND OF DIAGNOSIS 2873 01:37:58,280 --> 01:38:01,440 FROM THIS IS THAT YOU WOULD JUST 2874 01:38:01,440 --> 01:38:04,160 CREATE A CUTOFF AND YOU'D SAY 2875 01:38:04,160 --> 01:38:05,800 EVERYBODY ON THE LEFT, I'M GOING 2876 01:38:05,800 --> 01:38:07,160 TO DIAGNOSE THEM AS A.D., 2877 01:38:07,160 --> 01:38:08,160 EVERYBODY ON THE RIGHT, I'M 2878 01:38:08,160 --> 01:38:09,640 GOING TO SAY IS HEALTHY. 2879 01:38:09,640 --> 01:38:10,920 AND OF COURSE THIS WOULD LEAD TO 2880 01:38:10,920 --> 01:38:12,600 A LOT OF FALSE POSITIVES AND 2881 01:38:12,600 --> 01:38:16,840 FALSE NEGATIVES. 2882 01:38:16,840 --> 01:38:18,040 BUT IN RECENT YEARS, THERE'S 2883 01:38:18,040 --> 01:38:21,760 BEEN A HUGE IMPROVEMENT IN THE 2884 01:38:21,760 --> 01:38:22,800 ABILITY TO DO THIS TYPE OF 2885 01:38:22,800 --> 01:38:24,640 DIAGNOSIS DUE TO THE EMERGENCE 2886 01:38:24,640 --> 01:38:25,400 OF MACHINE LEARNING. 2887 01:38:25,400 --> 01:38:31,280 SO THIS PAPER BY INGLESE 2022 2888 01:38:31,280 --> 01:38:32,600 SHOWED THAT SENSITIVITY AND 2889 01:38:32,600 --> 01:38:35,600 SPECIFICITY OF AROUND 95 TO 98%, 2890 01:38:35,600 --> 01:38:36,800 OR A.D. DIAGNOSIS VERSUS 2891 01:38:36,800 --> 01:38:38,000 CONTROL. 2892 01:38:38,000 --> 01:38:42,920 AND THAT IS -- I'M SUPER 2893 01:38:42,920 --> 01:38:45,720 IMPRESSED BY THIS, HAVING DONE 2894 01:38:45,720 --> 01:38:47,200 THIS FOR A LONG TIME. 2895 01:38:47,200 --> 01:38:48,400 HAVING SAID THAT, OTHER DISEASES 2896 01:38:48,400 --> 01:38:50,440 ARE PROBABLY GOING TO BE MUCH 2897 01:38:50,440 --> 01:38:51,120 HARDER. 2898 01:38:51,120 --> 01:38:53,160 A.D. HAS A VERY PROFOUND EFFECT 2899 01:38:53,160 --> 01:38:55,160 UPON THE BRAIN. 2900 01:38:55,160 --> 01:38:56,240 IT IS NOT SUBTLE. 2901 01:38:56,240 --> 01:38:59,680 AND YOU MIGHT BE ABLE TO KIND OF 2902 01:38:59,680 --> 01:39:04,200 LOOK AT A BRAIN AND LOOK AT A 2903 01:39:04,200 --> 01:39:06,800 CONTROL BRAIN AND SAY THAT BRAIN 2904 01:39:06,800 --> 01:39:08,200 HAS ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. 2905 01:39:08,200 --> 01:39:09,200 SO OTHER DISEASES ARE PROBABLY 2906 01:39:09,200 --> 01:39:12,000 GOING TO BE MUCH HARDER. 2907 01:39:12,000 --> 01:39:13,400 AND DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN 2908 01:39:13,400 --> 01:39:16,000 DISEASE IS GOING TO BE HARDER 2909 01:39:16,000 --> 01:39:16,560 STILL. 2910 01:39:16,560 --> 01:39:17,640 HOWEVER, IN THEORY, IF YOU CAN 2911 01:39:17,640 --> 01:39:19,600 SEE IT IN A POPULATION, IT MUST 2912 01:39:19,600 --> 01:39:21,200 BE THERE IN SOME OF THE 2913 01:39:21,200 --> 01:39:22,520 INDIVIDUALS. 2914 01:39:22,520 --> 01:39:24,200 SO I DON'T THINK THE RISK GOES 2915 01:39:24,200 --> 01:39:25,680 AWAY JUST BECAUSE THE DISEASE 2916 01:39:25,680 --> 01:39:29,240 MIGHT BE SUBTLE. 2917 01:39:29,240 --> 01:39:30,320 PREDICTING WHO'S GOING TO COME 2918 01:39:30,320 --> 01:39:31,840 DOWN WITH THE DISEASE IS ALSO 2919 01:39:31,840 --> 01:39:33,400 GOING TO BE MUCH HARDER. 2920 01:39:33,400 --> 01:39:35,520 BUT THIS COULD BE MADE EASIER IF 2921 01:39:35,520 --> 01:39:36,640 THE DATA ARE LONGITUDINAL, SO 2922 01:39:36,640 --> 01:39:38,480 THEY HAVE LIKE SEVERAL SCANS OF 2923 01:39:38,480 --> 01:39:41,360 THE PERSON. 2924 01:39:41,360 --> 01:39:43,120 AND FINALLY, THE DIAGNOSIS MIGHT 2925 01:39:43,120 --> 01:39:45,560 BE INCLUDED AS PART OF THE DATA 2926 01:39:45,560 --> 01:39:46,040 RELEASE. 2927 01:39:46,040 --> 01:39:47,760 SO FOR EXAMPLE, ON THE PREVIOUS 2928 01:39:47,760 --> 01:39:49,000 PAGE WHERE I SHOWED THE 2929 01:39:49,000 --> 01:39:51,880 DIFFERENT DATA RELEASES, I TALK 2930 01:39:51,880 --> 01:39:52,920 ABOUT ADNI. 2931 01:39:52,920 --> 01:39:54,920 THAT WILL ALSO -- ADNI JUST 2932 01:39:54,920 --> 01:39:55,880 RELEASES AND TELLS YOU WHAT THE 2933 01:39:55,880 --> 01:39:57,080 DIAGNOSIS IS FOR EACH 2934 01:39:57,080 --> 01:39:58,960 INDIVIDUAL. 2935 01:39:58,960 --> 01:40:01,120 SO THE SECOND AND PERHAPS BIGGER 2936 01:40:01,120 --> 01:40:02,880 RISK FACTORS CAN THE INDIVIDUAL 2937 01:40:02,880 --> 01:40:06,520 BE IDENTIFIED FROM THE IMAGES. 2938 01:40:06,520 --> 01:40:09,600 AND SO DEIDENTIFICATION IS A 2939 01:40:09,600 --> 01:40:12,120 STANDARD PRACTICE BEFORE DATA 2940 01:40:12,120 --> 01:40:14,320 RELEASES, AS HAS ALREADY BEEN 2941 01:40:14,320 --> 01:40:15,240 DESCRIBED. 2942 01:40:15,240 --> 01:40:16,760 BUT THERE'S LULLS A SITUATION 2943 01:40:16,760 --> 01:40:19,320 WHERE THE IDENTITY MIGHT NOT BE 2944 01:40:19,320 --> 01:40:20,960 REMOVED PROPERLY, LIKE THE NAME 2945 01:40:20,960 --> 01:40:22,360 OR THE ADDRESS OR SOME OTHER 2946 01:40:22,360 --> 01:40:25,360 TYPE OF IDENTIFYING INFORMATION 2947 01:40:25,360 --> 01:40:28,000 MIGHT JUST EXIST AS TEXT. 2948 01:40:28,000 --> 01:40:29,720 THE FACES MIGHT NOT BE REMOVED 2949 01:40:29,720 --> 01:40:31,440 OR DEFACING IS SOMEHOW REVERSED. 2950 01:40:31,440 --> 01:40:33,560 THERE ARE OTHER IDENTIFIABLE 2951 01:40:33,560 --> 01:40:36,280 ASPECTS OF THE IMAGES. 2952 01:40:36,280 --> 01:40:38,240 THERE MIGHT BE METADATA, AS I 2953 01:40:38,240 --> 01:40:39,600 MENTIONED BEFORE, OFTENTIMES THE 2954 01:40:39,600 --> 01:40:41,360 SCANS WILL INCLUDE A TIME, DATE 2955 01:40:41,360 --> 01:40:43,360 AND PLACE OF THE SCAN. 2956 01:40:43,360 --> 01:40:46,000 SO IF YOU KNEW THAT THIS PERSON 2957 01:40:46,000 --> 01:40:48,520 WAS AT THIS PLACE, THIS 2958 01:40:48,520 --> 01:40:49,320 PARTICULAR TIME, YOU MIGHT BE 2959 01:40:49,320 --> 01:40:53,800 ABLE TO IDENTIFY THAT PERSON. 2960 01:40:53,800 --> 01:40:54,880 UNUSUAL DEMOGRAPHICS, FOR 2961 01:40:54,880 --> 01:40:56,560 EXAMPLE, IF YOU HAD A 2962 01:40:56,560 --> 01:40:57,880 110-YEAR-OLD SUBJECT IN YOUR 2963 01:40:57,880 --> 01:41:01,000 DATA, IT MIGHT BE THE CASE THAT 2964 01:41:01,000 --> 01:41:03,000 THERE AREN'T A WHOLE LOT OF 2965 01:41:03,000 --> 01:41:03,600 110-YEAR-OLDS OUT THERE, SO IT 2966 01:41:03,600 --> 01:41:05,440 WOULD BE FAIRLY EASY TO FIND OUT 2967 01:41:05,440 --> 01:41:07,240 WHO THAT PERSON WAS. 2968 01:41:07,240 --> 01:41:10,680 AS I SAID BEFORE, THIS IS A VERY 2969 01:41:10,680 --> 01:41:14,800 WELL-KNOWN PROBLEM AND NIH 2970 01:41:14,800 --> 01:41:16,000 SPONSORED WORKSHOPS VERY SIMILAR 2971 01:41:16,000 --> 01:41:17,560 TO THIS ON DEIDENTIFICATION A 2972 01:41:17,560 --> 01:41:21,680 FEW MONTHS AGO. 2973 01:41:21,680 --> 01:41:23,600 SO CREATING DATA OR CREATING A 2974 01:41:23,600 --> 01:41:25,920 FACE FROM MRI DATA AS I SAID 2975 01:41:25,920 --> 01:41:28,320 BEFORE, WHEN YOU COLLECT 2976 01:41:28,320 --> 01:41:29,160 STRUCTURAL INFORMATION, YOU'RE 2977 01:41:29,160 --> 01:41:30,080 NOT JUST GETTING THE BRAIN, 2978 01:41:30,080 --> 01:41:31,920 YOU'RE GETTING THE ENTIRE HEAD, 2979 01:41:31,920 --> 01:41:34,880 INCLUDING THE FACE, AND IT'S 2980 01:41:34,880 --> 01:41:38,800 SUPER DOOPER EASY TO GO AND 2981 01:41:38,800 --> 01:41:40,720 CREATE ONE OF THESE SURFACES 2982 01:41:40,720 --> 01:41:44,200 FROM THE FACE AND SPLAYED IN 3D, 2983 01:41:44,200 --> 01:41:45,040 AS I'VE SHOWN HERE. 2984 01:41:45,040 --> 01:41:47,360 THEN THE WORRY HERE IS THAT IF 2985 01:41:47,360 --> 01:41:49,000 THIS INFORMATION IS IN THE 2986 01:41:49,000 --> 01:41:51,480 IMAGE, THEN YOU CAN JUST TAKE 2987 01:41:51,480 --> 01:41:53,680 THIS IMAGE, POP IT INTO GOOGLE 2988 01:41:53,680 --> 01:41:56,240 SEARCH, AND IT WILL COME OUT 2989 01:41:56,240 --> 01:41:59,000 WITH THE PERSON WHOSE SCAN THIS 2990 01:41:59,000 --> 01:41:59,240 IS. 2991 01:41:59,240 --> 01:42:02,280 SO I DON'T THINK IT'S QUITE THIS 2992 01:42:02,280 --> 01:42:06,520 EASY, BUT IT PROBABLY GOING TO 2993 01:42:06,520 --> 01:42:07,400 GET QUITE THIS EASY. 2994 01:42:07,400 --> 01:42:12,000 SO I THINK THIS PROBABLY LIKE 2995 01:42:12,000 --> 01:42:13,840 THE MAJOR RISK WHEN IT COMES TO 2996 01:42:13,840 --> 01:42:15,000 RELEASING DATA AND IDENTIFYING 2997 01:42:15,000 --> 01:42:15,200 THEM. 2998 01:42:15,200 --> 01:42:20,240 SO PEOPLE HAVE DEVELOPED 2999 01:42:20,240 --> 01:42:21,240 DEFACING ALGORITHMS, AS SASKIA 3000 01:42:21,240 --> 01:42:21,760 MENTIONED BEFORE. 3001 01:42:21,760 --> 01:42:23,320 THIS REALLY INVOLVES GOING IN 3002 01:42:23,320 --> 01:42:26,080 AND CHANGING THE PIXEL DATA, AND 3003 01:42:26,080 --> 01:42:27,600 THEN WHEN YOU HAVE A DATA 3004 01:42:27,600 --> 01:42:28,560 RELEASE, YOU RELEASE THIS DATA 3005 01:42:28,560 --> 01:42:31,360 THAT HAS THE PIXELS CHANGE 3006 01:42:31,360 --> 01:42:32,320 RATHER THAN THE ORIGINAL DATA. 3007 01:42:32,320 --> 01:42:34,160 AND THEN WHEN PEOPLE TRY TO 3008 01:42:34,160 --> 01:42:35,640 CREATE A FACE OUT OF IT, YOU GET 3009 01:42:35,640 --> 01:42:38,320 THIS KIND OF AVERAGE FACE HERE 3010 01:42:38,320 --> 01:42:40,080 THAT IS UNRELATED TO THE 3011 01:42:40,080 --> 01:42:41,440 ORIGINAL FACE. 3012 01:42:41,440 --> 01:42:44,080 AND HERE WE'VE REMOVED THE EARS 3013 01:42:44,080 --> 01:42:45,680 AS WELL. 3014 01:42:45,680 --> 01:42:49,440 THERE ARE POTENTIALLY OTHER 3015 01:42:49,440 --> 01:42:50,040 IDENTIFIABLE INFORMATION INSIDE 3016 01:42:50,040 --> 01:42:51,840 OF THE IMAGE. 3017 01:42:51,840 --> 01:42:53,480 SO AS I SHOWED BEFORE, HERE'S 3018 01:42:53,480 --> 01:42:57,440 THE T1 ANATOMICAL AND THIS IS 3019 01:42:57,440 --> 01:42:59,280 OTHER SEGMENTATION OF IT. 3020 01:42:59,280 --> 01:43:01,400 AND SO WHAT WE'RE ALSO 3021 01:43:01,400 --> 01:43:02,440 SEGMENTING IN HERE IS NOT JUST 3022 01:43:02,440 --> 01:43:05,640 THE BRAIN, BUT THE SKULL. 3023 01:43:05,640 --> 01:43:08,360 AND SO YOU CAN EXTRACT LIKE A 3024 01:43:08,360 --> 01:43:12,400 VERY DECENT-LOOKING SKULL OUT OF 3025 01:43:12,400 --> 01:43:13,040 THESE MR IMAGES. 3026 01:43:13,040 --> 01:43:15,000 YOU CAN SEE THAT THE INDIVIDUAL 3027 01:43:15,000 --> 01:43:16,280 TEETH IN THERE, AND IF SOMEBODY 3028 01:43:16,280 --> 01:43:18,040 REALLY WANTED TO, YOU COULD 3029 01:43:18,040 --> 01:43:21,440 PROBABLY FIND OUT EXACTLY WHAT 3030 01:43:21,440 --> 01:43:25,000 EACH TOOTH LOOKED LIKE, THE 3031 01:43:25,000 --> 01:43:27,000 RESOLUTION IS THAT GOOD. 3032 01:43:27,000 --> 01:43:28,720 SO IF SOMEBODY HAS ACCESS TO 3033 01:43:28,720 --> 01:43:30,480 SOME OTHER TYPE OF PRIVATE 3034 01:43:30,480 --> 01:43:31,120 HEALTH INFORMATION, THEN THEY 3035 01:43:31,120 --> 01:43:32,520 MIGHT BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY THEM. 3036 01:43:32,520 --> 01:43:34,520 SO IF THEY HAD LIKE SOME KIND OF 3037 01:43:34,520 --> 01:43:37,000 DENTAL RECORDS OR IF THEY KNEW 3038 01:43:37,000 --> 01:43:38,520 SOMEBODY HAD A TUMOR OR A STROKE 3039 01:43:38,520 --> 01:43:40,360 OR SOMETHING LIKE THAT, IT MIGHT 3040 01:43:40,360 --> 01:43:42,880 BE POSSIBLE TO IDENTIFY THEM OR 3041 01:43:42,880 --> 01:43:45,240 IF THEY HAD SOME KIND OF ANOMALY 3042 01:43:45,240 --> 01:43:46,520 IN THEIR BRAIN LIKE THEY DIDN'T 3043 01:43:46,520 --> 01:43:50,680 HAVE A CORPUS CALLOSUM. 3044 01:43:50,680 --> 01:43:52,760 ANOTHER QUESTION IS WHETHER 3045 01:43:52,760 --> 01:43:54,080 THERE'S ACCESS TO OTHER BRAIN 3046 01:43:54,080 --> 01:43:54,440 IMAGES. 3047 01:43:54,440 --> 01:43:55,920 SO BRAINS ARE LIKE A 3048 01:43:55,920 --> 01:44:01,280 FINGERPRINT, AND SO I'M NEAR 3049 01:44:01,280 --> 01:44:03,120 100% SURE IF YOU HAD A BRAIN 3050 01:44:03,120 --> 01:44:04,640 IMAGE FROM SOMEBODY IN ONE OF 3051 01:44:04,640 --> 01:44:07,120 THOSE BIG DATA RELEASES, YOU 3052 01:44:07,120 --> 01:44:11,960 COULD, WITH 100% ACCURACY, 3053 01:44:11,960 --> 01:44:13,360 FIGURE OUT WITH PERSON THAT WAS. 3054 01:44:13,360 --> 01:44:14,560 THE BRAINS ARE LIKE A 3055 01:44:14,560 --> 01:44:14,960 FINGERPRINT. 3056 01:44:14,960 --> 01:44:17,160 AND THEY DON'T HAVE TO BE VERY 3057 01:44:17,160 --> 01:44:18,560 HIGH RESOLUTION. 3058 01:44:18,560 --> 01:44:20,840 SO LIKE THESE LOW RESOLUTION 3059 01:44:20,840 --> 01:44:21,680 BRAINSTEM, LIKE SUSIE WAS 3060 01:44:21,680 --> 01:44:24,000 TALKING ABOUT, YOU KNOW, TWO, 3061 01:44:24,000 --> 01:44:26,320 THREE, FOUR, MAYBE EVEN 3062 01:44:26,320 --> 01:44:27,800 FIVE MILLIMETERS, YOU CAN MATCH 3063 01:44:27,800 --> 01:44:28,800 IT AGAINST THAT BRAIN PRETTY 3064 01:44:28,800 --> 01:44:32,040 EASILY. 3065 01:44:32,040 --> 01:44:33,080 AND DISTINGUISH THAT BRAIN FROM 3066 01:44:33,080 --> 01:44:36,000 SOMEBODY ELSE'S BRAIN. 3067 01:44:36,000 --> 01:44:37,200 SO TO SUMMARIZE, THERE'S 3068 01:44:37,200 --> 01:44:38,840 SUBSTANTIAL BENEFITS TO SHARING 3069 01:44:38,840 --> 01:44:42,080 DATA, AND IN FACT IT'S REQUIRED, 3070 01:44:42,080 --> 01:44:43,880 AND VARIOUS TOOLS LIKE OPEN 3071 01:44:43,880 --> 01:44:45,480 NEUROARE MAKING IT EASY TO DO. 3072 01:44:45,480 --> 01:44:48,560 AND I THINK IT'S IMPORTANT 3073 01:44:48,560 --> 01:44:50,040 AROUND VERY BENEFICIAL TO 3074 01:44:50,040 --> 01:44:51,320 OVERALL HUMAN HEALTH. 3075 01:44:51,320 --> 01:44:54,480 THE RISKS ARE ABOUT WHETHER YOU 3076 01:44:54,480 --> 01:44:55,960 CAN DIAGNOSE OR PREDICT SOME 3077 01:44:55,960 --> 01:44:57,360 KIND OF DISEASE OR DISORDER FROM 3078 01:44:57,360 --> 01:44:59,200 AN INDIVIDUAL SUBJECT, AND 3079 01:44:59,200 --> 01:45:00,360 WHETHER YOU CAN IDENTIFY THE 3080 01:45:00,360 --> 01:45:03,840 SUBJECT OR NOT. 3081 01:45:03,840 --> 01:45:06,240 SO AS WE'VE SEEN, IT IS POSSIBLE 3082 01:45:06,240 --> 01:45:09,480 TO DETERMINE DIAGNOSES FROM SOME 3083 01:45:09,480 --> 01:45:12,680 DISORDERS FROM AN INDIVIDUAL 3084 01:45:12,680 --> 01:45:14,480 FROM BRAIN IMAGES, AND THE 3085 01:45:14,480 --> 01:45:15,920 DIAGNOSIS MAY OR MAY NOT BE 3086 01:45:15,920 --> 01:45:19,760 ACTUALLY IN THE DATA RELEASE. 3087 01:45:19,760 --> 01:45:20,520 DEIDENTIFICATION IS A VERY 3088 01:45:20,520 --> 01:45:22,080 WELL-KNOWN PROBLEM, AND WE HAVE 3089 01:45:22,080 --> 01:45:23,000 VERY GOOD TECHNOLOGY NOW TO LOOK 3090 01:45:23,000 --> 01:45:25,600 FOR BOTH TEXT-BASED AND 3091 01:45:25,600 --> 01:45:27,800 IMAGE-BASED IDENTIFICATION 3092 01:45:27,800 --> 01:45:28,080 FEATURES. 3093 01:45:28,080 --> 01:45:30,600 I'D SAY THE THING THAT KEEPS ME 3094 01:45:30,600 --> 01:45:33,080 UP AT NIGHT WHEN I THINK ABOUT 3095 01:45:33,080 --> 01:45:36,840 THE FUTURE AS TO WHETHER THE 3096 01:45:36,840 --> 01:45:37,920 DE-FACING IS GOING TO BE 3097 01:45:37,920 --> 01:45:38,440 REVERSIBLE. 3098 01:45:38,440 --> 01:45:45,640 SO WE REMOVE A FACE, YOU THINK 3099 01:45:45,640 --> 01:45:47,120 OF SOMETHING LIKE A FORENSIC 3100 01:45:47,120 --> 01:45:48,080 PATHOLOGIST WHO MIGHT HAVE A 3101 01:45:48,080 --> 01:45:50,320 SKULL, AND THEN THEY TRY TO 3102 01:45:50,320 --> 01:45:51,520 RE-CREATE WHAT THE FACE OF THAT 3103 01:45:51,520 --> 01:45:53,600 PERSON LOOKED LIKE WHO HAD THAT 3104 01:45:53,600 --> 01:45:54,920 SKULL. 3105 01:45:54,920 --> 01:45:56,160 SO IS THAT KIND OF INFORMATION 3106 01:45:56,160 --> 01:45:58,400 GOING TO BE -- IS THAT IN THERE 3107 01:45:58,400 --> 01:45:59,520 SOMEWHERE AND WE JUST HAVEN'T 3108 01:45:59,520 --> 01:46:04,080 BEEN ABLE TO FIGURE OUT HOW TO 3109 01:46:04,080 --> 01:46:04,640 DEFEAT IT. 3110 01:46:04,640 --> 01:46:06,000 I WOULD SAY THAT'S PROBABLY THE 3111 01:46:06,000 --> 01:46:07,280 HIGHEST RISK AT THIS POINT. 3112 01:46:07,280 --> 01:46:10,400 OF COURSE ARE THERE OTHER WAYS 3113 01:46:10,400 --> 01:46:11,880 TO IDENTIFY BESIDES A FACE? 3114 01:46:11,880 --> 01:46:14,880 LIKE MATCHING WITH BRAIN IMAGES. 3115 01:46:14,880 --> 01:46:16,600 HAVING SAID THAT, THESE THINGS 3116 01:46:16,600 --> 01:46:17,400 ARE HARD. 3117 01:46:17,400 --> 01:46:23,000 IT'S HARD TO DIAGNOSE AND 3118 01:46:23,000 --> 01:46:24,640 IDENTIFY PEOPLE IN THESE IMAGES. 3119 01:46:24,640 --> 01:46:28,160 THESE ARE OFTEN VERY SUBTLE 3120 01:46:28,160 --> 01:46:30,400 ANATOMICAL CHANGES, OFTEN IT'S 3121 01:46:30,400 --> 01:46:31,960 QUITE COMPUTATIONALLY EXPENSIVE 3122 01:46:31,960 --> 01:46:34,680 TO TRY TO DEVELOP THESE TOOLS 3123 01:46:34,680 --> 01:46:37,600 WHICH MIGHT -- SOME NEFARIOUS 3124 01:46:37,600 --> 01:46:38,240 ACTOR MIGHT HAVE TO DEVELOP 3125 01:46:38,240 --> 01:46:39,880 THEIR OWN, AND ALSO REQUIRE 3126 01:46:39,880 --> 01:46:41,640 QUITE A BIT OF EXPERTISE. 3127 01:46:41,640 --> 01:46:44,280 OF COURSE THESE THINGS ARE 3128 01:46:44,280 --> 01:46:46,320 BECOMING A LOT EASIER, AND THERE 3129 01:46:46,320 --> 01:46:48,840 SEEMS TO BE NO END TO THE 3130 01:46:48,840 --> 01:46:51,240 MISCHIEF THAT PEOPLE WITH 3131 01:46:51,240 --> 01:46:52,600 MACHINE LEARNING EXPERIENCE CAN 3132 01:46:52,600 --> 01:46:56,760 GET INTO. 3133 01:46:56,760 --> 01:47:00,720 OKAY, THANK YOU. 3134 01:47:00,720 --> 01:47:04,120 [APPLAUSE] 3135 01:47:04,120 --> 01:47:05,920 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH, DR. GREVE, 3136 01:47:05,920 --> 01:47:08,000 FOR THAT PRESENTATION. 3137 01:47:08,000 --> 01:47:12,040 WE HAVE TIME FOR ONE QUESTION. 3138 01:47:12,040 --> 01:47:12,720 >>THANK YOU. 3139 01:47:12,720 --> 01:47:13,240 THAT WAS GREAT. 3140 01:47:13,240 --> 01:47:15,320 YOU TALKED ABOUT WHAT KIND OF 3141 01:47:15,320 --> 01:47:16,560 INFERENCES WE CAN DRAW FROM THE 3142 01:47:16,560 --> 01:47:19,240 DATA IN TERMS OF DISEASE STATES 3143 01:47:19,240 --> 01:47:21,280 AND PREDICTIONS OF DISEASES. 3144 01:47:21,280 --> 01:47:24,560 HOW ABOUT INFERENCES THAT ARE 3145 01:47:24,560 --> 01:47:27,680 OUTSIDE OF MEDICAL INFERENCES, 3146 01:47:27,680 --> 01:47:29,360 LIKE NON-DISEASE-RELATED 3147 01:47:29,360 --> 01:47:32,280 INFERENCES? 3148 01:47:32,280 --> 01:47:35,480 >>YOU KNOW, I'M NOT SURE IF YOU 3149 01:47:35,480 --> 01:47:37,120 HAVE AN EXAMPLE IN MIND. 3150 01:47:37,120 --> 01:47:39,280 THAT WOULD BE HELPFUL. 3151 01:47:39,280 --> 01:47:43,520 >>THINGS LIKE BEHAVIOR, 3152 01:47:43,520 --> 01:47:45,520 INFERENCES ABOUT INDIVIDUALS' 3153 01:47:45,520 --> 01:47:48,440 MENTAL STATES, THINGS LIKE THAT. 3154 01:47:48,440 --> 01:47:49,640 MAYBE MORE FUNCTIONAL. 3155 01:47:49,640 --> 01:47:51,080 >>I THINK STRUCTURALLY, THAT'S 3156 01:47:51,080 --> 01:47:52,600 GOING TO BE A REALLY HARD THING 3157 01:47:52,600 --> 01:47:53,360 TO TRY TO DO. 3158 01:47:53,360 --> 01:47:56,480 YOU KNOW, I THINK IT GOING TO BE 3159 01:47:56,480 --> 01:47:58,880 THINGS LIKE IF SOMEBODY HAS LIKE 3160 01:47:58,880 --> 01:48:00,560 A SUPER SMALL HIPPOCAMPUS, 3161 01:48:00,560 --> 01:48:01,320 THEY'RE PROBABLY GOING TO BE 3162 01:48:01,320 --> 01:48:02,920 SOMEBODY WITH A MEMORY DISORDER. 3163 01:48:02,920 --> 01:48:04,720 AND THAT'S GOING TO CREATE 3164 01:48:04,720 --> 01:48:05,200 VULNERABILITY. 3165 01:48:05,200 --> 01:48:10,520 BUT THAT'S ALSO LIKE MORE OF A 3166 01:48:10,520 --> 01:48:12,160 DIAGNOSIS. 3167 01:48:12,160 --> 01:48:13,720 >>THANKS VERY MUCH AGAIN, AND 3168 01:48:13,720 --> 01:48:14,800 WE'LL PICK THIS UP IN THE 3169 01:48:14,800 --> 01:48:18,640 DISCUSSION. 3170 01:48:18,640 --> 01:48:20,400 I'D LIKE TO INTRODUCE OUR NEXT 3171 01:48:20,400 --> 01:48:22,080 SPEAKER, DR. JENNIFER COLLINGER, 3172 01:48:22,080 --> 01:48:22,880 ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR IN THE 3173 01:48:22,880 --> 01:48:24,240 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL MEDICINE 3174 01:48:24,240 --> 01:48:25,280 AND REHABILITATION AT THE 3175 01:48:25,280 --> 01:48:26,240 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH WITH 3176 01:48:26,240 --> 01:48:27,240 SECONDARY APPOINTMENTS IN THE 3177 01:48:27,240 --> 01:48:28,600 DEPARTMENT OF BIOENGINEERING AT 3178 01:48:28,600 --> 01:48:30,360 THE UNIVERSITY OF PITS WURG BURG 3179 01:48:30,360 --> 01:48:36,120 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH,SHE REN 3180 01:48:36,120 --> 01:48:37,120 BIOENGINEERING FROM THE 3181 01:48:37,120 --> 01:48:37,680 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH. 3182 01:48:37,680 --> 01:48:39,360 HER RESEARCH FOCUSES ON THE USE 3183 01:48:39,360 --> 01:48:40,680 OF NEUROPROSTHETICS TO RESTORE 3184 01:48:40,680 --> 01:48:41,760 FUNCTION FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH 3185 01:48:41,760 --> 01:48:43,320 UPPER LIMB PARALYSIS OR LOSS. 3186 01:48:43,320 --> 01:48:48,200 SHE'S DEVELOPED AN INTRACORTICAL 3187 01:48:48,200 --> 01:48:49,400 INTERFACE TECHNOLOGY FOR 3188 01:48:49,400 --> 01:48:51,200 INDIVIDUALS WITH TETRAPLEGIA. 3189 01:48:51,200 --> 01:48:52,880 HER WORK ALSO INCLUDES 3190 01:48:52,880 --> 01:48:54,720 NONINVASIVE IMAGING FOR 3191 01:48:54,720 --> 01:48:56,600 MEASURING NEUROPLASTICITY. 3192 01:48:56,600 --> 01:48:59,040 >>THANKS FOR THE INTRODUCTION. 3193 01:48:59,040 --> 01:49:00,280 THANKS EVERYBODY FOR ALLOWING ME 3194 01:49:00,280 --> 01:49:03,240 TO BE HERE TO TALK ABOUT 3195 01:49:03,240 --> 01:49:03,960 BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES. 3196 01:49:03,960 --> 01:49:05,240 ARE YOU GUYS ABLE TO HEAR ME 3197 01:49:05,240 --> 01:49:06,600 OKAY AND SEE MY SLIDES? 3198 01:49:06,600 --> 01:49:07,920 >>PERFECT ON BOTH, YEAH. 3199 01:49:07,920 --> 01:49:11,200 >>OKAY, GREAT. 3200 01:49:11,200 --> 01:49:14,480 SO IN MY LAB, WE'RE DEVELOPING 3201 01:49:14,480 --> 01:49:15,040 BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACE AND 3202 01:49:15,040 --> 01:49:15,920 THAT'S THE TYPE OF DEVICE THAT 3203 01:49:15,920 --> 01:49:17,200 I'M GOING TO TALK TO YOU ALL 3204 01:49:17,200 --> 01:49:18,160 ABOUT TODAY. 3205 01:49:18,160 --> 01:49:19,440 WE SPECIFICALLY USE WHAT'S KNOWN 3206 01:49:19,440 --> 01:49:22,640 AS A BIDIRECTIONAL SENSORY MOTOR 3207 01:49:22,640 --> 01:49:23,800 BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACE SO I'LL 3208 01:49:23,800 --> 01:49:24,960 WALK YOU THROUGH THIS SCHEMATIC 3209 01:49:24,960 --> 01:49:26,040 TO GIVE YOU AN IDEA OF WHAT I 3210 01:49:26,040 --> 01:49:26,680 MEAN BY THAT. 3211 01:49:26,680 --> 01:49:28,040 SO IN OUR LAB, WE'RE RECORDING 3212 01:49:28,040 --> 01:49:30,600 FROM THE MOTOR CORTEX, MANY LABS 3213 01:49:30,600 --> 01:49:31,240 DO THE SAME. 3214 01:49:31,240 --> 01:49:34,520 AND WE TRY TO RECORD ACTIVITY 3215 01:49:34,520 --> 01:49:36,000 FROM MULTIPLE CHANNELS, DECODE 3216 01:49:36,000 --> 01:49:37,280 THOSE PATTERNS OF ACTIVITY AND 3217 01:49:37,280 --> 01:49:39,320 TURN THAT INTO A CONTROL SIGNAL. 3218 01:49:39,320 --> 01:49:42,480 THIS MIGHT BE FOR A ROBOTIC ARM 3219 01:49:42,480 --> 01:49:43,800 OR HAND LIKE I'M SHOWING HERE, 3220 01:49:43,800 --> 01:49:45,560 IT CAN BE FOR A COMPUTER CURSOR, 3221 01:49:45,560 --> 01:49:47,920 IT CAN BE FOR DECODING SPEECH TO 3222 01:49:47,920 --> 01:49:48,400 RESTORE COMMUNICATION. 3223 01:49:48,400 --> 01:49:50,560 AT THE SAME TIME, YOU CAN RECORD 3224 01:49:50,560 --> 01:49:53,720 FROM SENSORS IN THE ROBOT OR THE 3225 01:49:53,720 --> 01:49:55,400 COMPUTER ENVIRONMENT, DETECT 3226 01:49:55,400 --> 01:49:56,640 SENSORY INFORMATION SUCH AS HOW 3227 01:49:56,640 --> 01:49:58,680 HARD THE FINGERS ARE SQUEEZING 3228 01:49:58,680 --> 01:50:00,440 ON THIS BALL, AND THEN TURN THAT 3229 01:50:00,440 --> 01:50:01,640 INTO STIMULATION PATTERNS THAT 3230 01:50:01,640 --> 01:50:03,360 CAN BE PLAYED THROUGH ELECTRODES 3231 01:50:03,360 --> 01:50:05,400 THAT ARE IMPLANTED AND 3232 01:50:05,400 --> 01:50:06,200 SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX SHOWN HERE 3233 01:50:06,200 --> 01:50:07,040 IN RED. 3234 01:50:07,040 --> 01:50:08,920 AND SO THAT'S WHAT WE MEAN BY 3235 01:50:08,920 --> 01:50:09,320 BIDIRECTIONAL. 3236 01:50:09,320 --> 01:50:10,560 WE'RE GETTING INFORMATION OUT OF 3237 01:50:10,560 --> 01:50:11,800 THE BRAIN AND ALSO POTENTIALLY 3238 01:50:11,800 --> 01:50:12,880 PUTTING INFORMATION IN THROUGH 3239 01:50:12,880 --> 01:50:16,800 STIMULATION. 3240 01:50:16,800 --> 01:50:18,280 WE'VE ALREADY HEARD A LITTLE BIT 3241 01:50:18,280 --> 01:50:19,520 ABOUT THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF 3242 01:50:19,520 --> 01:50:20,600 NEURAL INTERFACES SO I WON'T 3243 01:50:20,600 --> 01:50:22,480 DWELL ON THAT TOO MUCH HERE. 3244 01:50:22,480 --> 01:50:24,320 THE TYPE OF DEVICE THAT WE USE 3245 01:50:24,320 --> 01:50:26,720 IN OUR LAB IS AN INTRACORTICAL 3246 01:50:26,720 --> 01:50:28,200 DEVICE, AND WHAT I MAYBE WANT TO 3247 01:50:28,200 --> 01:50:29,360 HIGHLIGHT HERE IS THAT IT'S VERY 3248 01:50:29,360 --> 01:50:31,320 SMALL, SO CURRENT DEVICES THAT 3249 01:50:31,320 --> 01:50:33,560 ALLOW YOU TO RECORD FROM SINGLE 3250 01:50:33,560 --> 01:50:35,080 CELLS IN THE BRAIN, SINGLE 3251 01:50:35,080 --> 01:50:36,560 NEURONS IN THE BRAIN OR VERY 3252 01:50:36,560 --> 01:50:39,440 SMALL GROUPS OF NEURONS, HAVE 3253 01:50:39,440 --> 01:50:40,640 VERY LIMITED SPATIAL COVERAGE 3254 01:50:40,640 --> 01:50:42,200 AND SO YOU'RE REALLY ONLY 3255 01:50:42,200 --> 01:50:43,920 GETTING A SNAPSHOT OF A SMALL 3256 01:50:43,920 --> 01:50:44,680 AREA OF THE BRAIN. 3257 01:50:44,680 --> 01:50:47,840 AS YOU MOVE TOWARDS 3258 01:50:47,840 --> 01:50:50,520 NON-IMPLANTED DEVASE VICES LIKE 3259 01:50:50,520 --> 01:50:51,800 EEG, YOU START TO GET BROADER 3260 01:50:51,800 --> 01:50:52,920 SPATIAL COVERAGE. 3261 01:50:52,920 --> 01:50:55,520 YOU'RE NOW NO LONGER RECORDING 3262 01:50:55,520 --> 01:50:58,480 FROM SINGLE NEURONS BUT GETTING 3263 01:50:58,480 --> 01:51:01,200 BROADER COVERAGE OF THE BRAIN. 3264 01:51:01,200 --> 01:51:02,960 SO THAT DOES IMPACT THE TYPE OF 3265 01:51:02,960 --> 01:51:03,920 INFORMATION THAT WE HAVE ACCESS 3266 01:51:03,920 --> 01:51:05,240 TO AND POTENTIALLY THE RISK 3267 01:51:05,240 --> 01:51:06,200 CONSIDERATIONS AND POTENTIAL USE 3268 01:51:06,200 --> 01:51:07,040 CASES FOR THESE DIFFERENT 3269 01:51:07,040 --> 01:51:07,520 DEVICES. 3270 01:51:07,520 --> 01:51:09,040 SO LET'S TALK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT 3271 01:51:09,040 --> 01:51:10,560 HOW WE READ MOVEMENT INTENTION 3272 01:51:10,560 --> 01:51:11,120 FROM THE BRAIN. 3273 01:51:11,120 --> 01:51:12,720 AND I'LL FOCUS ON MOVEMENT. 3274 01:51:12,720 --> 01:51:14,000 IT'S FAIRLY SIMILAR IF YOU'RE 3275 01:51:14,000 --> 01:51:15,680 TRYING TO RESTORE COMMUNICATION 3276 01:51:15,680 --> 01:51:18,160 AS WELL. 3277 01:51:18,160 --> 01:51:18,920 BUT FOR ALL OF THESE STUDIES 3278 01:51:18,920 --> 01:51:20,720 THAT ARE DEVELOPING 3279 01:51:20,720 --> 01:51:21,760 BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES WITH 3280 01:51:21,760 --> 01:51:23,000 IMPLANTED TECHNOLOGY, THE FIRST 3281 01:51:23,000 --> 01:51:24,520 STEP IS HAVING TARGETED 3282 01:51:24,520 --> 01:51:25,880 PLACEMENT OF THESE ELECTRODES 3283 01:51:25,880 --> 01:51:27,000 FOR RECORDING NEURAL ACTIVITY. 3284 01:51:27,000 --> 01:51:29,800 SO WE IMPLANT IN MOTOR CORTEX, 3285 01:51:29,800 --> 01:51:30,880 THERE ARE OTHERS THAT ARE 3286 01:51:30,880 --> 01:51:32,880 TARGETING MORE PREMOTOR OR 3287 01:51:32,880 --> 01:51:34,240 PARIETAL AREAS OF THE BRAIN, BUT 3288 01:51:34,240 --> 01:51:35,840 AGAIN WE'RE TRYING TO PLACE 3289 01:51:35,840 --> 01:51:36,920 THESE ELECTRODES IN AREAS THAT 3290 01:51:36,920 --> 01:51:38,800 ARE FAIRLY WELL UNDERSTOOD AND 3291 01:51:38,800 --> 01:51:40,000 CARRY INFORMATION SPECIFICALLY 3292 01:51:40,000 --> 01:51:41,520 ABOUT THE TASK THAT WE ARE -- 3293 01:51:41,520 --> 01:51:42,600 AND FUNCTION THAT WE'RE TRYING 3294 01:51:42,600 --> 01:51:43,160 TO RESTORE. 3295 01:51:43,160 --> 01:51:45,240 SO IN OUR CASE, ARM AND HAND 3296 01:51:45,240 --> 01:51:48,920 FUNCTION. 3297 01:51:48,920 --> 01:51:50,360 THEN THE DEVICE NEEDS TO BE 3298 01:51:50,360 --> 01:51:50,960 CALIBRATED. 3299 01:51:50,960 --> 01:51:52,360 SO TYPICALLY WHAT THAT INVOLVES 3300 01:51:52,360 --> 01:51:54,240 IS HAVING A PERSON FOLLOW ALONG 3301 01:51:54,240 --> 01:51:56,200 WITH MOVEMENTS IN A VIRTUAL 3302 01:51:56,200 --> 01:51:57,240 ENVIRONMENT OR IMAGINE 3303 01:51:57,240 --> 01:51:59,480 PERFORMING DIFFERENT MOVEMENTS 3304 01:51:59,480 --> 01:52:02,320 OR IMAGINE SPEAKING AND TRYING 3305 01:52:02,320 --> 01:52:03,560 TO RECORD NEURAL ACTIVITY ALONG 3306 01:52:03,560 --> 01:52:05,200 WITH THAT TASK-RELATED 3307 01:52:05,200 --> 01:52:06,160 INFORMATION SO THAT WE CAN 3308 01:52:06,160 --> 01:52:07,720 FIGURE OUT THE RELATIONSHIP 3309 01:52:07,720 --> 01:52:08,840 BETWEEN BRAIN ACTIVITY AND 3310 01:52:08,840 --> 01:52:11,440 MOVEMENT. 3311 01:52:11,440 --> 01:52:12,760 AND THEN WHILE THE DEVICE IS 3312 01:52:12,760 --> 01:52:14,600 BEING USED, THE IDEA IS TO 3313 01:52:14,600 --> 01:52:16,520 DECODE THESE MOVEMENT PARAMETERS 3314 01:52:16,520 --> 01:52:17,760 IN REALTIME. 3315 01:52:17,760 --> 01:52:19,520 SO IN MANY CASES, WE'RE TRYING 3316 01:52:19,520 --> 01:52:23,080 TO DECODE, SAY, THE N POINT 3317 01:52:23,080 --> 01:52:26,240 VELOCITY OF THE EFFECTOR. 3318 01:52:26,240 --> 01:52:27,880 SO MOVING ARM AROUND IN SPACE, 3319 01:52:27,880 --> 01:52:28,920 OPENING AND CLOSING THE HAND, IF 3320 01:52:28,920 --> 01:52:30,600 YOU'RE CONTROLLING A COMPUTER 3321 01:52:30,600 --> 01:52:32,360 CURSOR, YOU MIGHT BE DECODING 3322 01:52:32,360 --> 01:52:33,880 THE X AND Y UP AND DOWN LEFT AND 3323 01:52:33,880 --> 01:52:36,000 RIGHT MOVEMENT OF THAT COMPUTER 3324 01:52:36,000 --> 01:52:37,640 CURSOR WHEN THEY WANT TO CLICK, 3325 01:52:37,640 --> 01:52:38,640 THOSE ARE THE TYPES OF THINGS 3326 01:52:38,640 --> 01:52:39,840 WE'RE DECODING. 3327 01:52:39,840 --> 01:52:40,600 AND DURING ALL OF THESE 3328 01:52:40,600 --> 01:52:42,360 DIFFERENT STEPS, WE'RE RECORDING 3329 01:52:42,360 --> 01:52:44,200 THAT NEURAL INFORMATION, THE 3330 01:52:44,200 --> 01:52:45,480 TASK-RELATED DATA, AND THEN 3331 01:52:45,480 --> 01:52:46,640 WE'RE TRYING TO ESTIMATE WHAT 3332 01:52:46,640 --> 01:52:48,040 THEIR MOVEMENT INTENTION IS, 3333 01:52:48,040 --> 01:52:49,120 WHAT WERE THEY TRYING TO DO 3334 01:52:49,120 --> 01:52:54,160 DURING THAT TASK. 3335 01:52:54,160 --> 01:52:55,560 ON THE SENSORY SIDE, AGAIN, IT 3336 01:52:55,560 --> 01:52:56,520 STARTS WITH TARGETED PLACEMENT 3337 01:52:56,520 --> 01:52:57,680 OF THE ELECTRODES FOR 3338 01:52:57,680 --> 01:52:58,240 STIMULATING. 3339 01:52:58,240 --> 01:52:59,480 I THINK IT'S EVEN MORE CRITICAL 3340 01:52:59,480 --> 01:53:01,200 ON THE SENSORY SIDE. 3341 01:53:01,200 --> 01:53:02,200 THERE'S A VERY STRONG SPATIAL 3342 01:53:02,200 --> 01:53:03,320 ORGANIZATION IN THE BRAIN AS TO 3343 01:53:03,320 --> 01:53:06,360 WHICH AREAS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR 3344 01:53:06,360 --> 01:53:07,160 RECEIVING INPUT FROM THE 3345 01:53:07,160 --> 01:53:07,440 PERIPHERY. 3346 01:53:07,440 --> 01:53:09,760 SO IN OUR CASE, WE TARGET AN 3347 01:53:09,760 --> 01:53:12,720 AREA OF SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX 3348 01:53:12,720 --> 01:53:14,200 THAT TYPICALLY RECEIVES TACTILE 3349 01:53:14,200 --> 01:53:17,720 INPUTS FROM THE HAND. 3350 01:53:17,720 --> 01:53:18,800 THEN YOU NEED TO DELIVER 3351 01:53:18,800 --> 01:53:20,120 PATTERNS OF MICRO STIMULATION TO 3352 01:53:20,120 --> 01:53:22,160 THESE IMPLANTED ELECTRODES TO 3353 01:53:22,160 --> 01:53:23,200 CONVEY SENSORY INFORMATION, AND 3354 01:53:23,200 --> 01:53:23,840 SO THERE'S LOTS OF DIFFERENT 3355 01:53:23,840 --> 01:53:25,640 WAYS TO ENCODE THIS, BUT 3356 01:53:25,640 --> 01:53:27,560 TYPICALLY STIMULATING THROUGH A 3357 01:53:27,560 --> 01:53:29,880 GIVEN ELECTRODE GENERATES A VERY 3358 01:53:29,880 --> 01:53:31,440 FOCAL SENSATION WITH FAIRLY 3359 01:53:31,440 --> 01:53:32,160 WELL-KNOWN PROPERTIES THAT IF 3360 01:53:32,160 --> 01:53:33,480 YOU STIMULATE WITH A HIGHER 3361 01:53:33,480 --> 01:53:36,720 LEVEL OF CURRENT, IT GENERATES A 3362 01:53:36,720 --> 01:53:38,040 MORE INTENSE SENSATION. 3363 01:53:38,040 --> 01:53:40,000 SO THE SCHEMATIC IS SHOWING IF 3364 01:53:40,000 --> 01:53:45,760 YOU'RE GRASPING GRASPING AN OBJE 3365 01:53:45,760 --> 01:53:47,080 FORCE GOES HIGH, THEN GOES DOWN 3366 01:53:47,080 --> 01:53:48,560 AND THERE'S DIFFERENT WAYS OF 3367 01:53:48,560 --> 01:53:48,840 STIMULATING. 3368 01:53:48,840 --> 01:53:51,560 YOU CAN INCREASE STIMULATION 3369 01:53:51,560 --> 01:53:53,760 AMPLITUDE, LINEARLY, OR THERE'S 3370 01:53:53,760 --> 01:53:55,400 MORE BIOMIMETIC APPROACH THAT 3371 01:53:55,400 --> 01:53:56,600 EMPHASIZES THE CONTACT POINTS, 3372 01:53:56,600 --> 01:53:58,560 BUT THE IDEA IS THE SAME, YOU'RE 3373 01:53:58,560 --> 01:53:59,760 CONVEYING TEMPORAL INFORMATION 3374 01:53:59,760 --> 01:54:00,440 ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT. 3375 01:54:00,440 --> 01:54:01,640 AND PARTICULARLY IN THIS EARLY 3376 01:54:01,640 --> 01:54:03,280 PHASE OF RESEARCH AND DEVICE 3377 01:54:03,280 --> 01:54:04,360 DEVELOPMENT, WE'RE OFTEN 3378 01:54:04,360 --> 01:54:06,760 DOCUMENTING THE PERCEPTUAL 3379 01:54:06,760 --> 01:54:08,000 QUALITY, PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES 3380 01:54:08,000 --> 01:54:09,280 OF THESE SENSATIONS, WHAT DOES 3381 01:54:09,280 --> 01:54:13,000 IT FEEL LIKE, FOR EXAMPLE, AND 3382 01:54:13,000 --> 01:54:14,200 THE IMPACT ON PERFORMANCE. 3383 01:54:14,200 --> 01:54:16,520 SO IF THEY'RE USING THE DEVICE 3384 01:54:16,520 --> 01:54:18,160 TO CONTROL A ROBOTIC ARM, DOES 3385 01:54:18,160 --> 01:54:20,240 IT ACTUALLY IMPROVE OR CHANGE 3386 01:54:20,240 --> 01:54:22,080 THEIR ABILITY TO USE THAT 3387 01:54:22,080 --> 01:54:22,320 DEVICE. 3388 01:54:22,320 --> 01:54:23,400 LET'S DIG IN A LITTLE BIT INTO 3389 01:54:23,400 --> 01:54:24,800 THE TYPES OF NEURAL DATA THAT WE 3390 01:54:24,800 --> 01:54:27,160 CAN RECORD FROM INTRACORTICAL 3391 01:54:27,160 --> 01:54:27,600 ELECTRODES. 3392 01:54:27,600 --> 01:54:29,560 SO AGAIN, HERE FOCUSING MOSTLY 3393 01:54:29,560 --> 01:54:31,720 ON MOTOR AND SOMATOSENSORY 3394 01:54:31,720 --> 01:54:33,240 CORTEX, WHICH ARE KNOWN TO HAVE 3395 01:54:33,240 --> 01:54:38,920 A STRONG SPATIAL ORGANIZATION 3396 01:54:38,920 --> 01:54:40,120 WHERE DIFFERENT BODY PARTS ARE 3397 01:54:40,120 --> 01:54:43,520 MORE GENERALLY REPRESENTED IN 3398 01:54:43,520 --> 01:54:47,160 THTHIS DISORDER WITH LEGS 3399 01:54:47,160 --> 01:54:48,360 REPRESENTED MORE MEDIALLY 3400 01:54:48,360 --> 01:54:51,240 TOWARDS MIDLINE, HAND LATERALLY 3401 01:54:51,240 --> 01:54:51,960 AND THEN FACE. 3402 01:54:51,960 --> 01:54:53,800 WE IMPLANT TWO ELECTRODES. 3403 01:54:53,800 --> 01:54:55,800 IF YOU ZOOM IN ON ONE OF THESE 3404 01:54:55,800 --> 01:54:57,480 SQUARES HERE THAT'S REPRESENTING 3405 01:54:57,480 --> 01:55:03,440 AB ACTAN ACTUAL ARRAY OF ELECTR. 3406 01:55:03,440 --> 01:55:04,520 EACH OF THESE BLACK BOXES IS 3407 01:55:04,520 --> 01:55:09,560 SHOWING RAW DATA RAW FILTER DATA 3408 01:55:09,560 --> 01:55:11,480 RECORDED FROM A SINGLE ELECTRODE 3409 01:55:11,480 --> 01:55:13,520 AND WE'RE ACTUALLY LOOKING AT 3410 01:55:13,520 --> 01:55:14,520 OVERLAPPING ACTION POTENTIALS. 3411 01:55:14,520 --> 01:55:18,640 SO WHEN YOU ZOOM IN ON ONE OF 3412 01:55:18,640 --> 01:55:20,200 THESE BOXES HERE YOU CAN SEE 3413 01:55:20,200 --> 01:55:20,800 THERE'S ACTUALLY TWO DIFFERENT 3414 01:55:20,800 --> 01:55:22,000 NEURONS THAT ARE BEING RECORDED 3415 01:55:22,000 --> 01:55:23,480 FROM BECAUSE THERE'S A UNIQUE 3416 01:55:23,480 --> 01:55:24,480 SHAPE TO THESE NEURONS. 3417 01:55:24,480 --> 01:55:25,800 AND IT'S THE RATE AT WHICH THESE 3418 01:55:25,800 --> 01:55:27,560 FIRE THAT PEOPLE ARE OFTEN 3419 01:55:27,560 --> 01:55:28,600 INTERPRETING IN ORDER TO DECODE 3420 01:55:28,600 --> 01:55:28,840 MOVEMENT. 3421 01:55:28,840 --> 01:55:30,120 IF WE ZOOM IN A LITTLE BIT ON 3422 01:55:30,120 --> 01:55:31,520 THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF DATA PROS 3423 01:55:31,520 --> 01:55:32,320 SOMETHING, FOR EACH OF THE 3424 01:55:32,320 --> 01:55:33,760 CHANNELS THAT WE HAVE IMPLANTED, 3425 01:55:33,760 --> 01:55:35,760 WE'RE RECORDING RAW VOLTAGE 3426 01:55:35,760 --> 01:55:36,160 DATA. 3427 01:55:36,160 --> 01:55:37,720 WE OFTEN ARE TRYING TO LOOK AND 3428 01:55:37,720 --> 01:55:38,760 IDENTIFY WHETHER AN ACTION 3429 01:55:38,760 --> 01:55:40,080 POTENTIAL HAS OCCURRED SO WE'RE 3430 01:55:40,080 --> 01:55:42,160 LOOKING FOR THESE DEVIATIONS 3431 01:55:42,160 --> 01:55:44,520 FROM A BASELINE VOLTAGE AND SO 3432 01:55:44,520 --> 01:55:47,720 IF WE SEE THAT ACTION POTENTIAL, 3433 01:55:47,720 --> 01:55:50,120 WE THRESHOLD AND MARK THAT AN 3434 01:55:50,120 --> 01:55:51,000 ACTION POTENTIAL HAS OCCURRED 3435 01:55:51,000 --> 01:55:52,280 AND THEN TYPICALLY IN ORDER TO 3436 01:55:52,280 --> 01:55:53,760 INTERPRET THIS DATA, WE NEED TO 3437 01:55:53,760 --> 01:55:57,040 BIN THOSE TOGETHER TO SAY HOW 3438 01:55:57,040 --> 01:55:59,000 MANY TIMES DID THIS PARTICULAR 3439 01:55:59,000 --> 01:55:59,880 CHANNEL FIRE AND WE CAN USE 3440 01:55:59,880 --> 01:56:00,880 THOSE TO ESTIMATE THE FIRING 3441 01:56:00,880 --> 01:56:02,200 RATES OF NEURONS. 3442 01:56:02,200 --> 01:56:04,240 SO DEPENDING ON THE DEVICE AND 3443 01:56:04,240 --> 01:56:05,240 BANDWIDTH AND SETTINGS, YOU 3444 01:56:05,240 --> 01:56:09,200 MIGHT BE SAVING DATA AT THIS RAW 3445 01:56:09,200 --> 01:56:10,080 VOLTAGE STAGE OR MORE AT THE 3446 01:56:10,080 --> 01:56:17,880 BINNED FIRING RATE STAGE. 3447 01:56:17,880 --> 01:56:19,600 BCIs ARE USED FOR A VARIETY OF 3448 01:56:19,600 --> 01:56:20,720 THINGS, TRYING TO RESTORE 3449 01:56:20,720 --> 01:56:21,120 FUNCTION. 3450 01:56:21,120 --> 01:56:24,160 SOME EXAMPLES INCLUDE ROBOTIC 3451 01:56:24,160 --> 01:56:25,640 ARM CONTROLS, SO HERE ARE 3452 01:56:25,640 --> 01:56:26,200 PARTICIPANTS CONTROLLING THE 3453 01:56:26,200 --> 01:56:27,640 REACH AND GRASP OF THIS ROBOT IN 3454 01:56:27,640 --> 01:56:31,040 ORDER TO PERFORM A FEEDING TASK. 3455 01:56:31,040 --> 01:56:33,080 THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF USING A 3456 01:56:33,080 --> 01:56:34,320 BCI FOR COMPUTER CONTROL. 3457 01:56:34,320 --> 01:56:35,640 IT'S ACTUALLY A PORTABLE SYSTEM 3458 01:56:35,640 --> 01:56:37,440 THAT CAN BE USED OUTSIDE OF THE 3459 01:56:37,440 --> 01:56:38,960 LAB AND IN HOME ENVIRONMENTS. 3460 01:56:38,960 --> 01:56:41,400 AND AGAIN, THERE THE IDEA IS TO 3461 01:56:41,400 --> 01:56:42,880 ESSENTIALLY REPLACE A COMPUTER 3462 01:56:42,880 --> 01:56:45,640 MOUSE WITH DECODED BRAIN 3463 01:56:45,640 --> 01:56:46,240 ACTIVITY. 3464 01:56:46,240 --> 01:56:52,280 HERE'S AN EXAMPLE FR WHERE THEYE 3465 01:56:52,280 --> 01:56:54,720 ACTUALLY ABLE TO DECODE VERY 3466 01:56:54,720 --> 01:56:55,640 DETAILED HANDWRITING MOVEMENTS 3467 01:56:55,640 --> 01:56:58,120 IN ORDER TO RESTORE 3468 01:56:58,120 --> 01:57:00,280 COMMUNICATION. 3469 01:57:00,280 --> 01:57:03,920 THEN FINALLY ANOTHER EXAMPLE 3470 01:57:03,920 --> 01:57:05,560 FROM CHANG'S LAB WHERE THEY'RE 3471 01:57:05,560 --> 01:57:06,680 ACTUALLY DECODING SPEECH 3472 01:57:06,680 --> 01:57:07,800 DIRECTLY, SO TRYING TO DECODE 3473 01:57:07,800 --> 01:57:08,920 THESE DIFFERENT LETTERS. 3474 01:57:08,920 --> 01:57:10,080 SOMETHING THAT WAS NEAT ABOUT 3475 01:57:10,080 --> 01:57:11,120 THIS PARTICULAR SCHEMATIC IS 3476 01:57:11,120 --> 01:57:12,320 THAT THEY'RE SHOWING THAT FIRST 3477 01:57:12,320 --> 01:57:13,640 THEY WANT TO DETECT THAT THE 3478 01:57:13,640 --> 01:57:14,760 PARTICIPANT IS ACTUALLY MAKING 3479 01:57:14,760 --> 01:57:16,960 AN ATTEMPT TO SPEECH, THEN 3480 01:57:16,960 --> 01:57:19,640 DECODE THE LETTERS, AND THEN 3481 01:57:19,640 --> 01:57:21,120 THERE'S A MOTOR COMMAND SO A 3482 01:57:21,120 --> 01:57:22,840 VERY ROBUST GRASP-RELATED 3483 01:57:22,840 --> 01:57:25,640 ACTIVITY THAT CAN BE USED TO 3484 01:57:25,640 --> 01:57:27,520 DEACTIVATE THAT SO THE 3485 01:57:27,520 --> 01:57:29,360 PARTICIPANT WOULD HAVE CONTROL 3486 01:57:29,360 --> 01:57:30,600 OVER WHEN IT'S ON AND OFF. 3487 01:57:30,600 --> 01:57:32,120 ON THE SENSORY SIDE, AS I 3488 01:57:32,120 --> 01:57:33,360 MENTIONED WE'RE TRYING TO 3489 01:57:33,360 --> 01:57:35,160 DOCUMENT A LOT ABOUT WHAT THE 3490 01:57:35,160 --> 01:57:39,240 PARTICIPANT IS FEELING, SO 3491 01:57:39,240 --> 01:57:40,800 HERE'S AN EXAMPLE WHERE THE 3492 01:57:40,800 --> 01:57:42,600 PARTICIPANT RECEIVES STIMULANT 3493 01:57:42,600 --> 01:57:43,800 THROUGH FOUR DIFFERENT 3494 01:57:43,800 --> 01:57:45,080 ELECTRODES. 3495 01:57:45,080 --> 01:57:46,120 EACH CIRCLE IS ESSENTIALLY 3496 01:57:46,120 --> 01:57:47,560 SHOWING WHERE THAT SENSATION 3497 01:57:47,560 --> 01:57:48,840 FELT LIKE IT WAS ORIGINATING 3498 01:57:48,840 --> 01:57:50,240 FROM THEIR OWN HAND, AND THAT 3499 01:57:50,240 --> 01:57:51,840 TENDS TO BE VERY STABLE FROM DAY 3500 01:57:51,840 --> 01:57:53,120 TO DAY. 3501 01:57:53,120 --> 01:57:54,440 WE MIGHT ALSO DOCUMENT HOW 3502 01:57:54,440 --> 01:57:56,080 INTENSE THAT SENSATION FEELS, SO 3503 01:57:56,080 --> 01:57:57,440 THIS GRAPH IS SHOWING AS YOU 3504 01:57:57,440 --> 01:57:59,280 INCREASE THE STIMULATION 3505 01:57:59,280 --> 01:58:00,560 AMPLITUDE, THE INTENSITY AND 3506 01:58:00,560 --> 01:58:01,800 REPORTED INTENSITY OF THAT 3507 01:58:01,800 --> 01:58:03,320 INCREASES LINEARLY. 3508 01:58:03,320 --> 01:58:04,600 WE MAY ASK FOR MORE DESCRIPTIVE 3509 01:58:04,600 --> 01:58:05,880 TERMS ABOUT WHAT THE SENSATION 3510 01:58:05,880 --> 01:58:07,360 FEELS LIKE, SO THIS WORD CLOUD 3511 01:58:07,360 --> 01:58:09,080 IS JUST REPRESENTING THE 3512 01:58:09,080 --> 01:58:10,360 FREQUENCY WITH WHICH THEY USE 3513 01:58:10,360 --> 01:58:12,040 THESE DIFFERENT DESCRIBTIVE 3514 01:58:12,040 --> 01:58:14,000 WORDS TO DESCRIBE STIMULATION 3515 01:58:14,000 --> 01:58:15,440 ACROSS THE DIFFERENT ELECTRODES. 3516 01:58:15,440 --> 01:58:18,040 AND FINALLY, AS I MENTIONED, WE 3517 01:58:18,040 --> 01:58:19,520 ALSO MAY DOCUMENT THE IMPACT ON 3518 01:58:19,520 --> 01:58:19,920 PERFORMANCE. 3519 01:58:19,920 --> 01:58:21,560 SO DOING SAME TASK, PICKING UP 3520 01:58:21,560 --> 01:58:23,840 THIS OBJECT, MOVING TO A NEW 3521 01:58:23,840 --> 01:58:25,040 SURFACE WITH FEEDBACK, AND 3522 01:58:25,040 --> 01:58:30,880 WITHOUT. 3523 01:58:30,880 --> 01:58:33,680 OKAY. 3524 01:58:33,680 --> 01:58:35,120 SO WHAT TYPES OF DATA ARE WE 3525 01:58:35,120 --> 01:58:36,880 ACTUALLY SAVING WHEN WE'RE USING 3526 01:58:36,880 --> 01:58:39,040 A BCI OR CONDUCTING BCI 3527 01:58:39,040 --> 01:58:40,680 RESEARCH? 3528 01:58:40,680 --> 01:58:41,680 OBVIOUSLY YOU'RE SAVING THE 3529 01:58:41,680 --> 01:58:45,720 NEURAL DATA, IT CAN BE IN 3530 01:58:45,720 --> 01:58:47,880 VARIOUS FORMS. 3531 01:58:47,880 --> 01:58:49,360 SAVING INFORMATION ABOUT THE 3532 01:58:49,360 --> 01:58:52,280 DEVICE, SO EACH PARTICULAR STUDY 3533 01:58:52,280 --> 01:58:53,520 SITE AND EVEN PARTICIPANT MAY 3534 01:58:53,520 --> 01:58:55,240 HAVE A SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT DEVICE 3535 01:58:55,240 --> 01:58:56,280 CONFIGURATION, SO EXACTLY WHERE 3536 01:58:56,280 --> 01:58:57,840 IT WAS IMPLANTED, HOW MANY 3537 01:58:57,840 --> 01:58:59,920 CHANNELS IT HAS, WAS THERE 3538 01:58:59,920 --> 01:59:02,280 SENSORY FEEDBACK PROVIDED OR 3539 01:59:02,280 --> 01:59:02,840 NOT. 3540 01:59:02,840 --> 01:59:05,680 WE'RE SAVING MOVEMENT 3541 01:59:05,680 --> 01:59:07,040 KINEMATICS, SO EITHER MOVEMENT 3542 01:59:07,040 --> 01:59:08,120 KINEMATICS THAT THEY'RE TRYING 3543 01:59:08,120 --> 01:59:10,560 TO FOLLOW ALONG WITH OR MOVEMENT 3544 01:59:10,560 --> 01:59:12,520 KINEMATICS THAT ARE DECODED FROM 3545 01:59:12,520 --> 01:59:13,760 THE BRAIN. 3546 01:59:13,760 --> 01:59:16,280 IT'S POSSIBLE THAT THE BCI COULD 3547 01:59:16,280 --> 01:59:18,640 SAVE COMPUTER USAGE STATISTICS 3548 01:59:18,640 --> 01:59:20,120 OR A TEXT THAT'S GENERATED IN 3549 01:59:20,120 --> 01:59:23,000 THE CASE OF A COMMUNICATION BCI. 3550 01:59:23,000 --> 01:59:25,600 AND WE ALSO WOULD BE SAVING 3551 01:59:25,600 --> 01:59:28,960 SENSORY RESPONSES WITH THE DATA. 3552 01:59:28,960 --> 01:59:32,040 IN TERMS OF THE INFERENCES THAT 3553 01:59:32,040 --> 01:59:35,120 ARE KIND OF NOW BEEN PROVEN TO 3554 01:59:35,120 --> 01:59:36,760 BE POSSIBLE, IT'S DEFINITELY 3555 01:59:36,760 --> 01:59:39,120 POSSIBLE TO DECODE THE MOVEMENT 3556 01:59:39,120 --> 01:59:39,840 INTENTION. 3557 01:59:39,840 --> 01:59:41,000 SO WHAT IS THE PARTICIPANT 3558 01:59:41,000 --> 01:59:42,200 TRYING TO DO WITH THE END 3559 01:59:42,200 --> 01:59:42,760 EFFECTOR? 3560 01:59:42,760 --> 01:59:45,800 IT'S POSSIBLE TO DECODE LANGUAGE 3561 01:59:45,800 --> 01:59:47,360 DIRECTLY FROM DIFFERENT AREAS OF 3562 01:59:47,360 --> 01:59:48,240 THE BRAIN. 3563 01:59:48,240 --> 01:59:50,200 IT DOES RELY OBVIOUSLY ON HAVING 3564 01:59:50,200 --> 01:59:53,800 A ROBUST TRAINING SET, BUT THAT 3565 01:59:53,800 --> 01:59:54,920 IS POSSIBLE. 3566 01:59:54,920 --> 01:59:57,640 AND THEN WE CAN ALSO INFER JUST 3567 01:59:57,640 --> 02:00:04,840 FROM THE DATA ITSELF WOULD THE 3568 02:00:04,840 --> 02:00:06,280 EXPECTED SENSORY PERCEPTION IS. 3569 02:00:06,280 --> 02:00:08,360 SO WE KNOW STIMULATION ON THIS, 3570 02:00:08,360 --> 02:00:09,600 YESTERDAY IT FELT LIKE IT WAS 3571 02:00:09,600 --> 02:00:11,040 COMING FROM THE INDEX FINGER, WE 3572 02:00:11,040 --> 02:00:12,520 CAN EXPECT NEXT TIME WE 3573 02:00:12,520 --> 02:00:13,520 STIMULATE THAT CHANNEL, YOU 3574 02:00:13,520 --> 02:00:14,720 WOULD PROBABLY GENERATE THAT 3575 02:00:14,720 --> 02:00:16,800 SAME SENSATION. 3576 02:00:16,800 --> 02:00:17,720 IN TERMS OF WHAT MIGHT BE 3577 02:00:17,720 --> 02:00:19,520 POSSIBLE OR WHAT'S ON THE 3578 02:00:19,520 --> 02:00:21,760 HORIZON, I DEBAID BAITED A 3579 02:00:21,760 --> 02:00:22,880 LITTLE BIT PUTTING THIS 3580 02:00:22,880 --> 02:00:23,960 ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION AND 3581 02:00:23,960 --> 02:00:26,000 BEHAVIOR INTO CURRENT 3582 02:00:26,000 --> 02:00:29,840 INFERENCES, BUT WE CAN DETECT 3583 02:00:29,840 --> 02:00:31,720 CERTAIN CONTEXTS OF BCIUs. 3584 02:00:31,720 --> 02:00:33,840 FOR EXAMPLE, WHEN A PARTICIPANT 3585 02:00:33,840 --> 02:00:35,040 IS REACHING TOWARDS AN OBJECT 3586 02:00:35,040 --> 02:00:37,320 VERSUS NOT, ACTIVITY ACTUALLY 3587 02:00:37,320 --> 02:00:38,840 LOOKS DIFFERENT, AND WE COULD 3588 02:00:38,840 --> 02:00:41,240 FIND THAT SIGNATURE AND PULL OUT 3589 02:00:41,240 --> 02:00:43,240 THAT INFORMATION ABOUT THE 3590 02:00:43,240 --> 02:00:44,960 ENVIRONMENT. 3591 02:00:44,960 --> 02:00:46,520 BCI'S BENEFIT FROM KNOWING A LOT 3592 02:00:46,520 --> 02:00:47,720 OF INFORMATION ABOUT THE CONTEXT 3593 02:00:47,720 --> 02:00:48,920 AND ENVIRONMENT, SO I IMAGINE 3594 02:00:48,920 --> 02:00:52,680 THAT THERE WILL BE A DESIRE TO 3595 02:00:52,680 --> 02:00:54,840 COLLECT ADDITIONAL SENSOR 3596 02:00:54,840 --> 02:00:56,840 INFORMATION, CAMERAS, YOU KNOW, 3597 02:00:56,840 --> 02:00:58,360 OTHER MICROPHONES THAT MIGHT 3598 02:00:58,360 --> 02:01:00,280 ACTUALLY IMPROVE OUR ABILITY TO 3599 02:01:00,280 --> 02:01:01,360 DECODE, BUT THEN THAT WOULD 3600 02:01:01,360 --> 02:01:02,840 INCREASE THE AMOUNT OF DATA 3601 02:01:02,840 --> 02:01:05,520 THAT'S INCLUDED WITH THAT. 3602 02:01:05,520 --> 02:01:07,720 AS THEY'RE USING THE BCI DEVICE 3603 02:01:07,720 --> 02:01:10,640 JUST LIKE ANY WEARABLE DEVICE, 3604 02:01:10,640 --> 02:01:12,760 YOU WOULD HAVE INFORMATION ABOUT 3605 02:01:12,760 --> 02:01:14,920 COMMON PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR AND 3606 02:01:14,920 --> 02:01:16,520 ACTIVITIES THAT THEY ARE 3607 02:01:16,520 --> 02:01:18,240 PERFORMING WITH THE DEVICE. 3608 02:01:18,240 --> 02:01:19,920 WHETHER WE COULD DECODE ANY 3609 02:01:19,920 --> 02:01:21,800 HEALTH BIOMARKERS, I DON'T THINK 3610 02:01:21,800 --> 02:01:24,440 THIS HAS PARTICULARLY BEEN SHOWN 3611 02:01:24,440 --> 02:01:27,560 IN BCI DATA, AND ONE REASON FOR 3612 02:01:27,560 --> 02:01:29,960 THAT IS THAT IT'S, AGAIN, VERY 3613 02:01:29,960 --> 02:01:30,720 LOCALIZED COVERAGE. 3614 02:01:30,720 --> 02:01:33,160 WE'RE STILL IN THE POINT OF VERY 3615 02:01:33,160 --> 02:01:34,680 SMALL NUMBERS OF STUDY 3616 02:01:34,680 --> 02:01:36,000 PARTICIPANTS, SO IT'S DIFFICULT 3617 02:01:36,000 --> 02:01:38,040 TO GENERALIZE AND BUILD THAT 3618 02:01:38,040 --> 02:01:40,600 ROBUST TRAINING SET. 3619 02:01:40,600 --> 02:01:42,040 THESE ARE IMPLANTED DEVICES THAT 3620 02:01:42,040 --> 02:01:43,320 I'M TALKING ABOUT TODAY, SO 3621 02:01:43,320 --> 02:01:44,600 AGAIN, IT'S NOT SOMETHING THAT 3622 02:01:44,600 --> 02:01:48,280 IS BEING DONE WITHOUT OUR 3623 02:01:48,280 --> 02:01:49,120 PARTICIPANTS' KNOWLEDGE, AND SO 3624 02:01:49,120 --> 02:01:51,520 IT'S NOT REALLY BEING USED FOR 3625 02:01:51,520 --> 02:01:53,000 THAT PARTICULAR PURPOSE BUT I 3626 02:01:53,000 --> 02:01:54,640 IMAGINE AS THE NUMBER OF 3627 02:01:54,640 --> 02:01:58,240 PARTICIPANTS GROWS, IT COULD BE 3628 02:01:58,240 --> 02:01:58,920 POSSIBLE. 3629 02:01:58,920 --> 02:02:00,920 SIMILARLY IT MAY BE POSSIBLE TO 3630 02:02:00,920 --> 02:02:02,760 DETECT CERTAIN COGNITIVE STATES. 3631 02:02:02,760 --> 02:02:04,400 ARE THEY FATIGUED, ARE THEY IN 3632 02:02:04,400 --> 02:02:06,400 PAIN, ARE THEY IN DISTRESS. 3633 02:02:06,400 --> 02:02:07,480 WE'LL BE LIMITED A LITTLE BIT 3634 02:02:07,480 --> 02:02:09,200 WITH CURRENT DEVICES BECAUSE OF 3635 02:02:09,200 --> 02:02:10,880 THE LIMITED SPATIAL COVERAGE. 3636 02:02:10,880 --> 02:02:12,440 CERTAINLY WE HEARD IN THE 3637 02:02:12,440 --> 02:02:14,000 EARLIER TALKS THAT WITH BROADER 3638 02:02:14,000 --> 02:02:15,440 BRAIN COVERAGE DETECTING THESE 3639 02:02:15,440 --> 02:02:16,600 COGNITIVE STATES IS SOMETHING 3640 02:02:16,600 --> 02:02:18,600 THAT IS DONE WITH PRETTY HIGH 3641 02:02:18,600 --> 02:02:21,560 ACCURACY, BUT FOR THIS LOCALIZED 3642 02:02:21,560 --> 02:02:23,040 IMPLANTED BCI, I THINK THAT'S A 3643 02:02:23,040 --> 02:02:24,680 LITTLE BIT ON THE HORIZON. 3644 02:02:24,680 --> 02:02:26,520 KNOWING EXACTLY WHAT SENSORY 3645 02:02:26,520 --> 02:02:29,120 PERCEPTION WILL BE GENERATED 3646 02:02:29,120 --> 02:02:30,800 THROUGH A FUTURE STIMULUS STILL 3647 02:02:30,800 --> 02:02:33,080 REQUIRES A BIT OF WORK. 3648 02:02:33,080 --> 02:02:34,800 THERE ARE SOME CHANGES FROM DAY 3649 02:02:34,800 --> 02:02:35,400 TO DAY. 3650 02:02:35,400 --> 02:02:36,600 IT MAY DEPEND ON WHETHER THEY 3651 02:02:36,600 --> 02:02:38,520 ARE USING THE BCI FOR MOTOR 3652 02:02:38,520 --> 02:02:41,000 CONTROL AT THE SAME TIME OR NOT. 3653 02:02:41,000 --> 02:02:42,680 SO I THINK THERE'S A LOT MORE 3654 02:02:42,680 --> 02:02:44,120 WORK TO DO TO KNOW EXACTLY HOW 3655 02:02:44,120 --> 02:02:46,720 PROVIDING SENSORY FEEDBACK COULD 3656 02:02:46,720 --> 02:02:50,240 BE PERCEIVED EITHER CONSCIOUSLY 3657 02:02:50,240 --> 02:02:51,440 OR SUBCONSCIOUSLY BY THE 3658 02:02:51,440 --> 02:02:51,800 PARTICIPANT. 3659 02:02:51,800 --> 02:02:53,440 AND ADDING SENSORY FEEDBACK 3660 02:02:53,440 --> 02:02:54,760 COULD POTENTIALLY MODULATE OUR 3661 02:02:54,760 --> 02:02:57,480 ABILITY TO DECODE THEIR 3662 02:02:57,480 --> 02:02:58,400 INTENTION AND WHAT THEY'RE 3663 02:02:58,400 --> 02:02:58,840 TRYING TO DO. 3664 02:02:58,840 --> 02:03:00,160 SO STIMULATION CAN ACTUALLY 3665 02:03:00,160 --> 02:03:02,040 CHANGE ACTIVITY IN MOTOR CORTEX 3666 02:03:02,040 --> 02:03:04,720 AS WELL. 3667 02:03:04,720 --> 02:03:07,400 IT MAY POTENTIALLY HAVE AN 3668 02:03:07,400 --> 02:03:09,040 IMPACT ON EFFECTIVE STATES. 3669 02:03:09,040 --> 02:03:10,680 I THINK, AGAIN, IF WE'RE 3670 02:03:10,680 --> 02:03:12,880 TARGETING AREAS THAT ARE 3671 02:03:12,880 --> 02:03:15,400 PRIMARILY, LET'S SAY, CUTANEOUS 3672 02:03:15,400 --> 02:03:18,120 REGIONS OR GENERATE SENSATIONS 3673 02:03:18,120 --> 02:03:19,600 OF TOUCH, THE LIKELIHOOD THAT 3674 02:03:19,600 --> 02:03:20,760 IT'S GOING TO HAVE AN IMPACT ON 3675 02:03:20,760 --> 02:03:23,840 THEIR GENERAL EFFECTIVE STATE OR 3676 02:03:23,840 --> 02:03:28,040 HIGHER ORDER COGNITIVE STATE IS 3677 02:03:28,040 --> 02:03:29,040 PROBABLY SMALL, BUT IT'S 3678 02:03:29,040 --> 02:03:32,400 SOMETHING TO BE CONSIDERED. 3679 02:03:32,400 --> 02:03:36,320 AND I'LL JUST CLOSE WITH MAYBE 3680 02:03:36,320 --> 02:03:37,040 FOUR DIFFERENT CONSIDERATIONS 3681 02:03:37,040 --> 02:03:38,480 THAT I TEND TO FOCUS ON WHEN YOU 3682 02:03:38,480 --> 02:03:40,960 THINK ABOUT THE RISKS OF DATA 3683 02:03:40,960 --> 02:03:41,720 SHARING. 3684 02:03:41,720 --> 02:03:43,840 NUMBER ONE IS THAT PARTICIPANTS 3685 02:03:43,840 --> 02:03:46,560 HAVE A RIGHT TO PRIVACY, SO I DO 3686 02:03:46,560 --> 02:03:47,920 THINK THEY SHOULD BE CHOOSING 3687 02:03:47,920 --> 02:03:49,880 WHICH DATA ARE SAVED, WHICH ARE 3688 02:03:49,880 --> 02:03:51,000 SHARED, AND WITH WHOM. 3689 02:03:51,000 --> 02:03:53,280 RIGHT NOW FOR BRAIN-COMPUTER 3690 02:03:53,280 --> 02:03:54,800 INTERFACES, IT'S REALLY AT THIS 3691 02:03:54,800 --> 02:03:58,080 EARLY FEASIBILITY CLINICAL TRIAL 3692 02:03:58,080 --> 02:04:00,840 RESEARCH STAGE, AND SO THEIR 3693 02:04:00,840 --> 02:04:03,240 ABILITY TO MAKE THESE SELECTIONS 3694 02:04:03,240 --> 02:04:05,560 KIND OF HAPPENS AT THE INFORMED 3695 02:04:05,560 --> 02:04:07,520 CONSENT PROCESS STAGE. 3696 02:04:07,520 --> 02:04:09,320 EVENTUALLY HAS DEVICES GET 3697 02:04:09,320 --> 02:04:09,960 COMMERCIALIZED, IT WOULD BE MORE 3698 02:04:09,960 --> 02:04:13,240 OF A CONSUMER AGREEMENT OR 3699 02:04:13,240 --> 02:04:14,440 REGULATION FROM TOP-DOWN THAT 3700 02:04:14,440 --> 02:04:15,760 WOULD HAVE TO PRESERVE THIS 3701 02:04:15,760 --> 02:04:17,160 RIGHT TO PRIVACY. 3702 02:04:17,160 --> 02:04:18,840 WE'VE BEEN DISCUSSING A LOT THE 3703 02:04:18,840 --> 02:04:21,000 POTENTIAL FOR HARM. 3704 02:04:21,000 --> 02:04:22,680 SO AGAIN THE CURRENT DEVICES 3705 02:04:22,680 --> 02:04:24,920 THAT HAVE FAIRLY LIMITED SPATIAL 3706 02:04:24,920 --> 02:04:26,240 COVERAGE AND RECORDING FAIRLY 3707 02:04:26,240 --> 02:04:27,280 LIMITED INFORMATION ABOUT THE 3708 02:04:27,280 --> 02:04:28,920 BEHAVIOR AND WHAT THEY'RE USING 3709 02:04:28,920 --> 02:04:31,040 THE DEVICES FOR. 3710 02:04:31,040 --> 02:04:33,440 BUT THERE'S A DESIRE CERTAINLY 3711 02:04:33,440 --> 02:04:34,440 TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF 3712 02:04:34,440 --> 02:04:36,960 CHANNELS THAT WE HAVE ACCESS TO, 3713 02:04:36,960 --> 02:04:38,840 TO IMPROVE AND BROADEN THE 3714 02:04:38,840 --> 02:04:40,640 SPATIAL COVERAGE, AND SO THAT 3715 02:04:40,640 --> 02:04:42,440 WILL HAVE AN IMPACT OF THE 3716 02:04:42,440 --> 02:04:46,840 FUTURE CAPABILITIES, AND OF 3717 02:04:46,840 --> 02:04:47,720 COURSE RESPONSIBILITY RE-USE OF 3718 02:04:47,720 --> 02:04:51,560 THIS DATA HAS A MUCH LOWER RISK 3719 02:04:51,560 --> 02:04:54,400 OF HARM THAN ANYONE WHO HAS ILL 3720 02:04:54,400 --> 02:04:55,760 INTENTIONS, SO THAT CAN BE A 3721 02:04:55,760 --> 02:04:56,920 LITTLE DIFFICULT TO PREDICT, AND 3722 02:04:56,920 --> 02:04:57,960 I THINK THAT'S WHAT THIS 3723 02:04:57,960 --> 02:04:59,400 WORKSHOP IS REALLY TRYING TO BE 3724 02:04:59,400 --> 02:05:03,440 AWARE OF, AND MAKE SURE THAT 3725 02:05:03,440 --> 02:05:04,440 WE'RE COGNIZANT. 3726 02:05:04,440 --> 02:05:05,800 THE POTENTIAL TO REIDENTIFY. 3727 02:05:05,800 --> 02:05:07,400 SO THE DATA ITSELF, I SHOWED YOU 3728 02:05:07,400 --> 02:05:10,480 IS REALLY JUST A TABLE OF RANDOM 3729 02:05:10,480 --> 02:05:12,080 NUMBERS, SO TO THE CASUAL 3730 02:05:12,080 --> 02:05:13,360 OBSERVER, I THINK IT WOULD BE 3731 02:05:13,360 --> 02:05:18,120 VERY DIFFICULT TO REIDENTIFY 3732 02:05:18,120 --> 02:05:19,200 DIFFERENT FROM THE FACIAL 3733 02:05:19,200 --> 02:05:20,080 RECONSTRUCTION AND MRI THAT WE 3734 02:05:20,080 --> 02:05:20,760 SAW. 3735 02:05:20,760 --> 02:05:22,360 HOWEVER, THERE ARE VERY LIMITED 3736 02:05:22,360 --> 02:05:24,240 NUMBERS OF BCI STUDIES THAT ARE 3737 02:05:24,240 --> 02:05:25,800 HAPPENING RIGHT NOW IN LIMITED 3738 02:05:25,800 --> 02:05:28,720 NUMBERS OF PARTICIPANTS WHO 3739 02:05:28,720 --> 02:05:31,920 SOMETIMES BECOME IDENTIFIABLE 3740 02:05:31,920 --> 02:05:33,920 AND MAY BE POSSIBLE TO REI'D 3741 02:05:33,920 --> 02:05:36,080 FILE IF YOU HAVE ACCESS TO OTHER 3742 02:05:36,080 --> 02:05:38,400 HEALTH-RELATED INFORMATION AND 3743 02:05:38,400 --> 02:05:40,080 SO WHEN WE HAVE THESE SMALL 3744 02:05:40,080 --> 02:05:44,320 NUMBERS OF PARTICIPANTS, THOSE 3745 02:05:44,320 --> 02:05:46,000 MAYBE REQUIRE SPECIAL 3746 02:05:46,000 --> 02:05:46,360 CONSIDERATIONS. 3747 02:05:46,360 --> 02:05:48,160 AND THEN AGAIN, KIND OF TRYING 3748 02:05:48,160 --> 02:05:49,200 TO BALANCE ALL OF THESE 3749 02:05:49,200 --> 02:05:50,520 POTENTIAL RISKS WITH THE 3750 02:05:50,520 --> 02:05:51,000 POTENTIAL BENEFIT. 3751 02:05:51,000 --> 02:05:52,160 SO STUDY PARTICIPANTS ARE 3752 02:05:52,160 --> 02:05:53,960 SIGNING UP TO PARTICIPATE IN 3753 02:05:53,960 --> 02:05:55,160 THESE EARLY FEASIBILITY TRIALS 3754 02:05:55,160 --> 02:05:57,680 BECAUSE THEY REALLY HAVE A 3755 02:05:57,680 --> 02:05:59,040 DESIRE TO CONTRIBUTE TO 3756 02:05:59,040 --> 02:05:59,760 SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE IN THE 3757 02:05:59,760 --> 02:06:02,120 DEVELOPMENT OF DEVICES THAT WILL 3758 02:06:02,120 --> 02:06:03,800 HELP OTHERS IN THE FUTURE, SO I 3759 02:06:03,800 --> 02:06:07,520 THINK THERE'S A RESPONSIBILITY 3760 02:06:07,520 --> 02:06:08,840 TO MAKE SURE WE ARE USING THIS 3761 02:06:08,840 --> 02:06:10,200 DATA EFFECTIVELY IN ORDER TO 3762 02:06:10,200 --> 02:06:11,720 PUSH THOSE GOALS FORWARD. 3763 02:06:11,720 --> 02:06:12,480 SO THAT'S ALL. 3764 02:06:12,480 --> 02:06:14,160 I'LL TAKE ANY QUESTIONS. 3765 02:06:14,160 --> 02:06:20,640 [APPLAUSE] 3766 02:06:20,640 --> 02:06:22,280 >>THANKS, DR. COLLINGER, THAT 3767 02:06:22,280 --> 02:06:22,680 WAS GREAT. 3768 02:06:22,680 --> 02:06:25,520 WE HAVE TIME FOR ONE QUESTION. 3769 02:06:25,520 --> 02:06:25,920 GO FOR IT. 3770 02:06:25,920 --> 02:06:27,240 >>THANK YOU. 3771 02:06:27,240 --> 02:06:28,200 THAT WAS A GREAT PRESENTATION 3772 02:06:28,200 --> 02:06:29,720 AND REALLY INFORMATIVE. 3773 02:06:29,720 --> 02:06:31,760 CAN YOU HELP ME UNDERSTAND JUST 3774 02:06:31,760 --> 02:06:35,720 ON THE PRIVACY FRONT, YOU TALKED 3775 02:06:35,720 --> 02:06:36,520 ABOUT THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 3776 02:06:36,520 --> 02:06:38,800 STORING THE RAW VOLTAGE OR THE 3777 02:06:38,800 --> 02:06:41,000 BINS DATA. 3778 02:06:41,000 --> 02:06:42,320 IN WHAT INSTANCES WOULD YOU 3779 02:06:42,320 --> 02:06:43,960 STORE THE RAW DATAVERSE US THE 3780 02:06:43,960 --> 02:06:45,840 BIN DATA, AND IS THERE ANY 3781 02:06:45,840 --> 02:06:47,360 DIFFERENCE IN, LIKE, FUTURE 3782 02:06:47,360 --> 02:06:49,840 ABILITY TO QUERY THOSE TWO 3783 02:06:49,840 --> 02:06:50,320 DATAS? 3784 02:06:50,320 --> 02:06:52,280 LIKE DOES THE RAW DATA, IF 3785 02:06:52,280 --> 02:06:53,840 THERE'S NEW INFERENCES THAT 3786 02:06:53,840 --> 02:06:55,840 COULD BE DRAWN, TO BE RETURNED 3787 02:06:55,840 --> 02:06:58,040 TO IN A WAY THAT THE BIN DATA 3788 02:06:58,040 --> 02:07:00,120 COULDN'T BE OR THE EQUIVALENT 3789 02:07:00,120 --> 02:07:01,960 THAT YOU COULD LEARN FROM KIND 3790 02:07:01,960 --> 02:07:03,560 OF BOTH SETS OF DATA? 3791 02:07:03,560 --> 02:07:05,760 >>YEAH, I THINK IN TERMS OF 3792 02:07:05,760 --> 02:07:06,760 WHETHER THE DATA ARE SAVED, 3793 02:07:06,760 --> 02:07:08,000 THERE'S PROBABLY A FEW 3794 02:07:08,000 --> 02:07:08,400 CONSIDERATIONS. 3795 02:07:08,400 --> 02:07:11,680 ONE IS JUST SAVING THAT FULL RAW 3796 02:07:11,680 --> 02:07:13,520 DATA DOES REQUIRE A LOT OF SPACE 3797 02:07:13,520 --> 02:07:15,760 AND BANDWIDTH. 3798 02:07:15,760 --> 02:07:18,480 SO IN DESIGNING CLINICAL 3799 02:07:18,480 --> 02:07:20,920 DEVICES, AND WIRELESS DEVICES, I 3800 02:07:20,920 --> 02:07:28,360 THINK PEOPLE ARE MOVING MORE 3801 02:07:28,360 --> 02:07:31,000 TOWARDS SAVING LIMITED DATASETS. 3802 02:07:31,000 --> 02:07:32,400 AND THAT BAND DATA. 3803 02:07:32,400 --> 02:07:34,520 IT REALLY DOES CONTAIN MOST OF 3804 02:07:34,520 --> 02:07:35,360 THE INFORMATION FOR THE PRIMARY 3805 02:07:35,360 --> 02:07:36,960 PURPOSE, RIGHT, WHICH IS 3806 02:07:36,960 --> 02:07:37,800 RESTORING AND DECODING MOVEMENT 3807 02:07:37,800 --> 02:07:38,760 OR LANGUAGE. 3808 02:07:38,760 --> 02:07:40,200 THE HIGHER ORDER COGNITIVE 3809 02:07:40,200 --> 02:07:43,040 VARIABLES MAY ACTUALLY COME FROM 3810 02:07:43,040 --> 02:07:44,760 FULL BANDWIDTH DATA AND LOOKING 3811 02:07:44,760 --> 02:07:46,440 AT LOCAL FIELD POTENTIALS SO 3812 02:07:46,440 --> 02:07:47,880 LOOKING AT SORT OF POPULATION 3813 02:07:47,880 --> 02:07:49,640 LEVEL ACTIVITY THAT MAY GIVE YOU 3814 02:07:49,640 --> 02:07:51,520 MORE INFORMATION INTO THOSE 3815 02:07:51,520 --> 02:07:53,600 HIGHER ORDER STATES WHICH IS NOT 3816 02:07:53,600 --> 02:07:55,080 NECESSARILY THE PRIMARY GOAL OF 3817 02:07:55,080 --> 02:08:00,720 THE DEVICES IN TERMS OF RE -- 3818 02:08:00,720 --> 02:08:02,720 >>JUST TO MAKE SURE I 3819 02:08:02,720 --> 02:08:05,080 UNDERSTAND, THAT MEANS THE BINS 3820 02:08:05,080 --> 02:08:06,160 DATA, YOU WOULD ONLY BE ABLE TO 3821 02:08:06,160 --> 02:08:08,440 USE FOR THE INFERENCES FOR LIKE 3822 02:08:08,440 --> 02:08:11,600 THE PURPOSES YOU WERE MAKING THE 3823 02:08:11,600 --> 02:08:12,800 INFERENCES FROM THE RAW DATA, 3824 02:08:12,800 --> 02:08:14,280 BUT IF YOU WERE TRYING IN THE 3825 02:08:14,280 --> 02:08:15,880 FUTURE FOR NON-STUDY-RELATED 3826 02:08:15,880 --> 02:08:18,200 QUESTIONS, YOU COULD RETURN TO 3827 02:08:18,200 --> 02:08:23,000 THE RAW DATA, YOU COULD STORE IT 3828 02:08:23,000 --> 02:08:24,440 FOR ADDITIONAL QUERIES BEYOND 3829 02:08:24,440 --> 02:08:25,200 WHAT'S IN THE BIN DATA. 3830 02:08:25,200 --> 02:08:26,200 DO I HAVE THAT RIGHT? 3831 02:08:26,200 --> 02:08:27,880 >>WELL, I THINK IN THE BIN 3832 02:08:27,880 --> 02:08:28,880 DATA, IT IS POSSIBLE TO DECODE 3833 02:08:28,880 --> 02:08:29,840 SOME OF THOSE THINGS. 3834 02:08:29,840 --> 02:08:31,120 SO THE EXAMPLE I GAVE OF KNOWING 3835 02:08:31,120 --> 02:08:32,280 WHETHER YOU'RE REACHING TOWARDS 3836 02:08:32,280 --> 02:08:34,000 AN OBJECT OR EMPTY WORK SPACE, 3837 02:08:34,000 --> 02:08:36,440 THAT CAN COME FROM THE BIN DATA. 3838 02:08:36,440 --> 02:08:38,640 I THINK IT'S MORE THESE HIGHER 3839 02:08:38,640 --> 02:08:40,120 ORDER COGNITIVE VARIABLES SO 3840 02:08:40,120 --> 02:08:41,960 THAT IT POSSIBLE WOULD BE MORE 3841 02:08:41,960 --> 02:08:46,640 IN THAT FULL BANDWIDTH DATA. 3842 02:08:46,640 --> 02:08:47,520 >>GREAT. 3843 02:08:47,520 --> 02:08:48,200 THANK YOU. 3844 02:08:48,200 --> 02:08:50,000 >>ALL RIGHT, THANK YOU AGAIN, 3845 02:08:50,000 --> 02:08:50,360 DR. COLLINGER. 3846 02:08:50,360 --> 02:08:54,400 [APPLAUSE] 3847 02:08:54,400 --> 02:08:55,280 ALL RIGHT. 3848 02:08:55,280 --> 02:08:57,320 OUR FINAL SPEAKER FOR THIS PANEL 3849 02:08:57,320 --> 02:09:00,920 IS DR. DORIS WANG, ASSOCIATE 3850 02:09:00,920 --> 02:09:02,800 PROFESSOR OF NEUROSURGERY AT THE 3851 02:09:02,800 --> 02:09:03,440 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AND 3852 02:09:03,440 --> 02:09:04,040 SAN FRANCISCO. 3853 02:09:04,040 --> 02:09:06,280 SHE RECEIVED HER M.D. AND PH.D. 3854 02:09:06,280 --> 02:09:07,560 FROM UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 3855 02:09:07,560 --> 02:09:09,200 SAN FRANCISCO. 3856 02:09:09,200 --> 02:09:10,720 DR. WANG AND HER TEAM STUDY THE 3857 02:09:10,720 --> 02:09:11,920 BRAINNET WORK PHYSIOLOGY OF 3858 02:09:11,920 --> 02:09:13,120 PATIENTS WITH MOVEMENT DISORDERS 3859 02:09:13,120 --> 02:09:15,360 INCLUDING PARKINSON'S DISEASE, 3860 02:09:15,360 --> 02:09:17,200 ISOLATED DYSTONIA, AND ESSENTIAL 3861 02:09:17,200 --> 02:09:17,440 TREMOR. 3862 02:09:17,440 --> 02:09:19,120 THE GOAL OF THIS WORK IS TO 3863 02:09:19,120 --> 02:09:21,200 UNDERSTAND THE PHYSIOLOGICAL 3864 02:09:21,200 --> 02:09:22,400 SIGNATURES OF MOTOR AND 3865 02:09:22,400 --> 02:09:23,840 NON-MOTOR SYSTEMS THAT UNDERLIE 3866 02:09:23,840 --> 02:09:26,160 THESE DISORDERS, IN ORDER TO 3867 02:09:26,160 --> 02:09:27,120 RESTORE DISEASE CIRCUITS TO 3868 02:09:27,120 --> 02:09:30,240 THEIR NORMAL STATES USING 3869 02:09:30,240 --> 02:09:30,600 NEUROMODULATION. 3870 02:09:30,600 --> 02:09:30,840 DR. WANG. 3871 02:09:30,840 --> 02:09:31,960 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR 3872 02:09:31,960 --> 02:09:34,360 INVITING ME. 3873 02:09:34,360 --> 02:09:35,680 CAN EVERYBODY HEAR ME AND SEE ME 3874 02:09:35,680 --> 02:09:36,360 OKAY? 3875 02:09:36,360 --> 02:09:37,760 >>YEP, GREAT ON BOTH. 3876 02:09:37,760 --> 02:09:38,520 >>WONDERFUL. 3877 02:09:38,520 --> 02:09:40,960 ALL RIGHT. 3878 02:09:40,960 --> 02:09:43,720 SO TODAY I WILL TALK ABOUT, 3879 02:09:43,720 --> 02:09:46,360 FIRST OF ALL, HERE'S AN OUTLINE 3880 02:09:46,360 --> 02:09:48,600 OF WHAT I WILL SHARE TODAY. 3881 02:09:48,600 --> 02:09:51,280 FIRST OF ALL THE TYPE OF DATA I 3882 02:09:51,280 --> 02:09:52,560 COLLECT FOR MY RESEARCH AND 3883 02:09:52,560 --> 02:09:54,200 SECOND, INFERENCES THAT CAN BE 3884 02:09:54,200 --> 02:09:55,560 DRAWN FROM THE DATA. 3885 02:09:55,560 --> 02:09:57,800 FINALLY, SOME THOUGHTS ABOUT 3886 02:09:57,800 --> 02:10:03,360 RISKS OF SHARING THE DATA THAT I 3887 02:10:03,360 --> 02:10:04,360 COLLECT SPECIFICALLY FROM MY 3888 02:10:04,360 --> 02:10:05,000 RESEARCH. 3889 02:10:05,000 --> 02:10:06,000 SO FIRST A LITTLE ABOUT WHAT I 3890 02:10:06,000 --> 02:10:06,760 STUDY. 3891 02:10:06,760 --> 02:10:08,080 SO ONE MAJOR PART OF MY RESEARCH 3892 02:10:08,080 --> 02:10:10,560 EFFORT IS TO UNDERSTAND GAIT AND 3893 02:10:10,560 --> 02:10:12,280 BALANCE DISTURBANCES IN 3894 02:10:12,280 --> 02:10:13,200 PARKINSON'S DISEASE PATIENTS 3895 02:10:13,200 --> 02:10:15,400 FROM A NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 3896 02:10:15,400 --> 02:10:15,920 PERSPECTIVE. 3897 02:10:15,920 --> 02:10:18,440 SO GAIT AND BALANCE DISORDERS IN 3898 02:10:18,440 --> 02:10:19,840 PARKINSON'S IS ONE OF THE MAJOR 3899 02:10:19,840 --> 02:10:22,360 CAUSES OF MORBIDITY AND 3900 02:10:22,360 --> 02:10:22,840 MORTALITY. 3901 02:10:22,840 --> 02:10:25,680 IT CAN BE MARKED BY DIFFICULTY 3902 02:10:25,680 --> 02:10:27,760 INITIATING WALKING. 3903 02:10:27,760 --> 02:10:30,800 THE INABILITY TO MAINTAIN 3904 02:10:30,800 --> 02:10:33,640 RHYTHMIC, NORMAL STEPS, AND ALSO 3905 02:10:33,640 --> 02:10:37,840 DIFFICULTY IN ADAPTING OUR 3906 02:10:37,840 --> 02:10:38,040 STEPS. 3907 02:10:38,040 --> 02:10:43,480 ADJUSTING OUR STEP SIZE, -- THIS 3908 02:10:43,480 --> 02:10:45,840 CAN LEAD TO A LOT OF FALLS AND 3909 02:10:45,840 --> 02:10:47,360 ISSUES WITH MOBILITY IN PATIENTS 3910 02:10:47,360 --> 02:10:49,040 WITH PARKINSON'S DISEASE. 3911 02:10:49,040 --> 02:10:50,120 UNLIKE A LOT OF THE OTHER 3912 02:10:50,120 --> 02:10:52,200 SYMPTOMS OF PARKINSON'S, LIKE 3913 02:10:52,200 --> 02:10:54,400 TREMOR, RIGIDITY, SLOWNESS IN 3914 02:10:54,400 --> 02:10:58,880 MOVEMENT, THE CURRENT GOLD 3915 02:10:58,880 --> 02:11:02,200 STANDARD OF TREATMENT WHICH IS 3916 02:11:02,200 --> 02:11:06,240 DOPAMINE CURRENTLY DO NOT DO A 3917 02:11:06,240 --> 02:11:08,280 WHOLE LOT IN TERMS OF TREATING 3918 02:11:08,280 --> 02:11:09,400 ADVANCED STATE PROBLEMS LIKE 3919 02:11:09,400 --> 02:11:10,880 WHEN PATIENTS FREEZE, SO 3920 02:11:10,880 --> 02:11:12,240 SUDDENLY WHEN THEIR FEET GET 3921 02:11:12,240 --> 02:11:15,440 STUCK, THEY CAN'T MOVE WHILE 3922 02:11:15,440 --> 02:11:17,080 THEIR BODY IS STILL PROPELLING 3923 02:11:17,080 --> 02:11:19,080 FORWARD, OR WHEN THEY HAVE 3924 02:11:19,080 --> 02:11:20,640 POSTURE INSTABILITY, SO WHEN 3925 02:11:20,640 --> 02:11:22,080 THEY TURN -- TRANSITION FROM 3926 02:11:22,080 --> 02:11:24,200 SITTING TO STANDING, FOR 3927 02:11:24,200 --> 02:11:30,040 INSTANCE, THEY TEND TO -- FIRST 3928 02:11:30,040 --> 02:11:32,400 TAKING A STEP BACK, I THINK ONE 3929 02:11:32,400 --> 02:11:35,800 OF THE ISSUES WE HAVE IN 3930 02:11:35,800 --> 02:11:38,560 TREATING SOMETHING ADVANCED -- 3931 02:11:38,560 --> 02:11:39,800 IS BECAUSE WE ACTUALLY DON'T 3932 02:11:39,800 --> 02:11:41,440 QUITE UNDERSTAND THE NEURAL 3933 02:11:41,440 --> 02:11:43,240 PROCESSES THAT CONTROL THIS 3934 02:11:43,240 --> 02:11:45,240 DYNAMIC PROCESS OF GAIT AND BALL 3935 02:11:45,240 --> 02:11:45,720 ABC. 3936 02:11:45,720 --> 02:11:49,400 SO AS YOU CAN IMAGINE, GAIT IS A 3937 02:11:49,400 --> 02:11:51,680 VERY COMPLEX TASK THAT REQUIRES 3938 02:11:51,680 --> 02:11:53,480 PRECISE MOVEMENTS ACROSS 3939 02:11:53,480 --> 02:11:54,920 MULTIPLE LENSES, INCLUDING THE 3940 02:11:54,920 --> 02:11:56,680 ARMS, LEGS, FROM BOTH SIDES OF 3941 02:11:56,680 --> 02:11:59,840 HER BODY, AND HOW THE BRAINNET 3942 02:11:59,840 --> 02:12:01,800 WORK CONTROLS SUCH ACTIONS IS 3943 02:12:01,800 --> 02:12:09,000 ACTUALLY REALLY POORLY 3944 02:12:09,000 --> 02:12:09,680 UNDERSTOOD. 3945 02:12:09,680 --> 02:12:10,800 AND UNTIL RECENTLY WE DON'T 3946 02:12:10,800 --> 02:12:12,040 ACTUALLY HAVE A GREAT WAY OF 3947 02:12:12,040 --> 02:12:15,560 STUDYING THIS JUST DUE TO 3948 02:12:15,560 --> 02:12:17,320 METHODOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS WITH 3949 02:12:17,320 --> 02:12:18,080 DEVICES. 3950 02:12:18,080 --> 02:12:19,840 WHILE IMAGING IS GREAT IN TERMS 3951 02:12:19,840 --> 02:12:21,760 OF UNDERSTANDING ALL THE NEURAL 3952 02:12:21,760 --> 02:12:22,600 NETWORK CHANGES, BUT PEOPLE 3953 02:12:22,600 --> 02:12:24,360 AREN'T REALLY WALKING IN THE 3954 02:12:24,360 --> 02:12:25,880 FMRI SCANNER, FOR INSTANCE. 3955 02:12:25,880 --> 02:12:28,520 AND THEN WITH EEG, THERE'S 3956 02:12:28,520 --> 02:12:31,760 PROBLEMS OF EXTERNAL ELECTRODES 3957 02:12:31,760 --> 02:12:37,040 AND DEALING WITH ARTIFACTS 3958 02:12:37,040 --> 02:12:38,840 GENERATED BY -- AND KIND OF 3959 02:12:38,840 --> 02:12:40,040 OVERALL, MY GOAL IS TO ACTUALLY, 3960 02:12:40,040 --> 02:12:41,240 USING SOME OF THE ADVANCED 3961 02:12:41,240 --> 02:12:42,200 TECHNOLOGY THAT WE HAVE 3962 02:12:42,200 --> 02:12:44,240 AVAILABLE, TO PERFORM 3963 02:12:44,240 --> 02:12:48,240 INTRACRANIAL RECORDINGS, USING 3964 02:12:48,240 --> 02:12:50,160 COMPLETELY IMPLANTED DEVICES TO 3965 02:12:50,160 --> 02:12:52,280 UNDERSTAND THE CORTICAL AND 3966 02:12:52,280 --> 02:12:53,600 SUBCORTICAL NEURAL ACTIVITIES 3967 02:12:53,600 --> 02:12:56,080 ASSOCIATED WITH NORMAL AS WELL 3968 02:12:56,080 --> 02:12:58,880 AS PATHOLOGICAL GAIT PATTERNS, 3969 02:12:58,880 --> 02:13:01,240 AND POSSIBLY TO USE THIS 3970 02:13:01,240 --> 02:13:03,320 ADVANCED STIMULATION TECHNOLOGY, 3971 02:13:03,320 --> 02:13:06,200 AS DR. COLLINGER MENTIONED, KIND 3972 02:13:06,200 --> 02:13:11,880 OF THESE -- BY USING THESE 3973 02:13:11,880 --> 02:13:13,120 EMBEDDED IMPLANTED SYSTEM TO 3974 02:13:13,120 --> 02:13:15,200 CHANGE STIMULATION, AND ADAPT 3975 02:13:15,200 --> 02:13:17,000 THAT TO WHAT WE'RE DOING DIE NO, 3976 02:13:17,000 --> 02:13:18,800 MA'AMICALLY, TO RESTORE NATURAL 3977 02:13:18,800 --> 02:13:19,600 GAIT PATTERNS. 3978 02:13:19,600 --> 02:13:21,640 SO TAKING A STEP BACK, KIND OF 3979 02:13:21,640 --> 02:13:25,080 IN TERMS OF THE EXACT SIGNALS 3980 02:13:25,080 --> 02:13:32,320 AND THE TYPE OF REPORTINGS I'M 3981 02:13:32,320 --> 02:13:33,000 PERFORMING. 3982 02:13:33,000 --> 02:13:34,680 SO ON THE NEUROPHYSIOLOGY SIDE, 3983 02:13:34,680 --> 02:13:40,680 I USE A COMBINATION OF SURFACE 3984 02:13:40,680 --> 02:13:46,120 ELECTRODE PADDLES UNDERNEATH THE 3985 02:13:46,120 --> 02:13:48,800 DURA, AND ALSO I RECORD FROM 3986 02:13:48,800 --> 02:13:50,400 DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION LEADS, SO 3987 02:13:50,400 --> 02:13:52,600 THESE ARE ELECTRODES PENETRATING 3988 02:13:52,600 --> 02:13:54,200 THE BRAIN, AND WHAT THEY BOTH 3989 02:13:54,200 --> 02:13:55,280 ENCAPTURE ARE THESE FIELD 3990 02:13:55,280 --> 02:13:57,480 POTENTIAL ACTIVITIES. 3991 02:13:57,480 --> 02:14:00,200 SOMETIMES KNOWN AS LFPs. 3992 02:14:00,200 --> 02:14:02,480 BASICALLY THEY'RE KIND OF THESE 3993 02:14:02,480 --> 02:14:05,960 SQUIGGLY LINES WE SEE SIMPLY ON 3994 02:14:05,960 --> 02:14:11,000 EEG RECORDINGS AS WELL. 3995 02:14:11,000 --> 02:14:13,440 SO THE AVERAGE ELECTRICAL 3996 02:14:13,440 --> 02:14:14,560 ACTIVITY RECORDED EITHER FROM 3997 02:14:14,560 --> 02:14:16,840 THE SURFACE OF THE BRAIN OR FROM 3998 02:14:16,840 --> 02:14:19,240 NEURONS SURROUNDING THE 3999 02:14:19,240 --> 02:14:20,880 ELECTRODE IN THE DEPTH OF THE 4000 02:14:20,880 --> 02:14:21,200 BRAIN. 4001 02:14:21,200 --> 02:14:23,640 AND THEY MOSTLY REPRESENT 4002 02:14:23,640 --> 02:14:25,280 SUBTHRESHOLDS, SO THESE ARE 4003 02:14:25,280 --> 02:14:26,200 ACTUALLY NOT NECESSARILY 4004 02:14:26,200 --> 02:14:30,240 NEURONAL FIRING PATTERNS, BUT 4005 02:14:30,240 --> 02:14:36,680 AVERAGE FLUCTUATIONS ACROSS A 4006 02:14:36,680 --> 02:14:38,760 HUNDRED IF NOT THOUSANDS CAN BE 4007 02:14:38,760 --> 02:14:41,760 ON THE SIZE OF AN ELECTRODE. 4008 02:14:41,760 --> 02:14:43,840 SO THESE FLUCTUATIONS OF FIELD 4009 02:14:43,840 --> 02:14:48,200 REPORTINGS THAT WE SEE AND -- 4010 02:14:48,200 --> 02:14:51,960 CHANGES ACROSS TIME. 4011 02:14:51,960 --> 02:14:53,160 AND NEURAL FIELD POTENTIALS FORM 4012 02:14:53,160 --> 02:14:57,200 THESE KIND OF WAVEFORM, WE 4013 02:14:57,200 --> 02:14:58,560 TYPICALLY CALL THESE NEURAL 4014 02:14:58,560 --> 02:14:59,360 OSCILLATIONS. 4015 02:14:59,360 --> 02:15:00,560 AND NEURAL OSCILLATIONS ARE 4016 02:15:00,560 --> 02:15:03,600 IMPORTANT BECAUSE THEY CAN 4017 02:15:03,600 --> 02:15:08,880 PROVIDE A POWERFUL WINDOW FOR US 4018 02:15:08,880 --> 02:15:10,040 TO ENTER OUR BRAIN CIRCUIT AND 4019 02:15:10,040 --> 02:15:12,360 WHAT IT'S DOING AND IT'S BEING 4020 02:15:12,360 --> 02:15:13,680 INCREASINGLY RECOGNIZED AS A WAY 4021 02:15:13,680 --> 02:15:15,360 FOR ANATOMICALLY DISTINCT AREAS 4022 02:15:15,360 --> 02:15:18,200 OF THE BRAIN TO COMMUNICATE WITH 4023 02:15:18,200 --> 02:15:21,840 ONE ANOTHER. 4024 02:15:21,840 --> 02:15:24,160 THESE -- FOR SPIKING ACTIVITY. 4025 02:15:24,160 --> 02:15:26,560 SO WHILE IN ITSELF, THESE 4026 02:15:26,560 --> 02:15:28,360 ACTIVITY ARE PROBABLY NOT 4027 02:15:28,360 --> 02:15:31,960 REPRESENTATIVE OF ACTUAL 4028 02:15:31,960 --> 02:15:35,560 NEURAL -- BUT AVERAGE CHANGES OF 4029 02:15:35,560 --> 02:15:36,600 THESE CONTRIBUTIONS CAN INCREASE 4030 02:15:36,600 --> 02:15:38,360 THE LIKELIHOOD OF NORMAL 4031 02:15:38,360 --> 02:15:39,640 NEURAL -- AND IT REPRESENTS AN 4032 02:15:39,640 --> 02:15:42,360 IMPORTANT MECHANISM FOR, AGAIN, 4033 02:15:42,360 --> 02:15:44,080 THESE SEGREGATED BRAIN REGIONS 4034 02:15:44,080 --> 02:15:45,280 TO COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER, 4035 02:15:45,280 --> 02:15:48,360 SO FROM SUBCORTICAL AREAS SUCH 4036 02:15:48,360 --> 02:15:50,040 AS THE BASAL GANGLIA, WHICH IS 4037 02:15:50,040 --> 02:15:52,720 WHAT I STUDY, TO MOVE M OF THE 4038 02:15:52,720 --> 02:15:58,600 MOTOR CORTEX, AND THEIR WIDE -- 4039 02:15:58,600 --> 02:15:59,960 AS WELL. 4040 02:15:59,960 --> 02:16:01,080 INCREASINGLY WE'RE TRYING TO 4041 02:16:01,080 --> 02:16:03,360 FIGURE OUT, DETECT MEANING OR 4042 02:16:03,360 --> 02:16:06,520 DRAW MEANING FOR THESE NEURAL 4043 02:16:06,520 --> 02:16:06,880 OSCILLATIONS. 4044 02:16:06,880 --> 02:16:08,640 AND IN TERMS OF MOVEMENT 4045 02:16:08,640 --> 02:16:11,720 DISORDERS, THE CURRENT THINKING 4046 02:16:11,720 --> 02:16:13,800 IS THAT BASED ON DECADES OF 4047 02:16:13,800 --> 02:16:16,760 ANIMAL MODELS AS WELL AS HUMAN 4048 02:16:16,760 --> 02:16:20,160 STUDIES, IS THAT WE KIND OF -- 4049 02:16:20,160 --> 02:16:22,200 IN THE DISEASE STATES, THE LACK 4050 02:16:22,200 --> 02:16:24,280 OF DOPAMINE NEURONS IN THE BRAIN 4051 02:16:24,280 --> 02:16:27,320 AND PARKINSON'S DISEASE, CAN 4052 02:16:27,320 --> 02:16:28,560 INVOKE THESE OSCILLATIONS WHICH 4053 02:16:28,560 --> 02:16:31,400 NORMALLY EXIST IN THE BRAIN, AND 4054 02:16:31,400 --> 02:16:34,120 THEY JUST TRANSIENTLY FOR 4055 02:16:34,120 --> 02:16:35,000 COMMUNICATION PURPOSES ARE OUT 4056 02:16:35,000 --> 02:16:38,120 OF CONTEXT, SO THEY HIJACK THESE 4057 02:16:38,120 --> 02:16:40,320 NORMAL RHYTHMS, AND THAT IN 4058 02:16:40,320 --> 02:16:42,440 ITSELF CAN PRODUCE SOME OF THE 4059 02:16:42,440 --> 02:16:43,520 SYMPTOMS ASSOCIATED WITH 4060 02:16:43,520 --> 02:16:44,520 PARKINSON'S DISEASE. 4061 02:16:44,520 --> 02:16:46,320 SO FOR INSTANCE, THESE KIND OF 4062 02:16:46,320 --> 02:16:52,280 LOW FREQUENCY OSCILLATION -- 4063 02:16:52,280 --> 02:16:56,600 THAT'S KIND OF -- ACTIVATION OF 4064 02:16:56,600 --> 02:17:00,720 ANTAGONIST AND AGONIST, MOST OF 4065 02:17:00,720 --> 02:17:03,240 WHICH -- PATIENT ARE KIND OF 4066 02:17:03,240 --> 02:17:04,760 CRAMPING, LIMBS STUCK IN AN 4067 02:17:04,760 --> 02:17:06,080 UNUSUAL POSITION, AND THEN, YOU 4068 02:17:06,080 --> 02:17:08,240 KNOW, THIS FREQUENCY RANGE AS 4069 02:17:08,240 --> 02:17:11,480 WELL AS OTHER FREQUENCY RANGES, 4070 02:17:11,480 --> 02:17:18,240 HAS BEEN ASSOCIATE WITH TREMOR. 4071 02:17:18,240 --> 02:17:21,680 SLOW -- HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH 4072 02:17:21,680 --> 02:17:25,680 HYPERSYNCHRONIZATION IN THE BETA 4073 02:17:25,680 --> 02:17:27,760 RANGE AND INVOLUNTARY -- THAT 4074 02:17:27,760 --> 02:17:29,280 HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH THIS 4075 02:17:29,280 --> 02:17:34,520 NARROW BAND, 60 TO 80 HERTZ OF 4076 02:17:34,520 --> 02:17:35,320 DYSKINESIA. 4077 02:17:35,320 --> 02:17:36,360 THE MOTOR AREA OR BETWEEN THE 4078 02:17:36,360 --> 02:17:38,720 TWO AREAS. 4079 02:17:38,720 --> 02:17:40,800 SO THAT'S ONE TYPE OF 4080 02:17:40,800 --> 02:17:42,360 MEASUREMENTS I COLLECT FOR MY 4081 02:17:42,360 --> 02:17:43,280 RESEARCH. 4082 02:17:43,280 --> 02:17:47,560 THE OTHER TYPE I COLLECT IS -- 4083 02:17:47,560 --> 02:17:50,040 KINEMATIC ME SAWYER USING 4084 02:17:50,040 --> 02:17:50,600 ACCELEROMETERS. 4085 02:17:50,600 --> 02:17:54,240 SO ONE THING I DO IN THE 4086 02:17:54,240 --> 02:17:55,680 LABORATORY SETTING SINCE I'M 4087 02:17:55,680 --> 02:17:59,040 STUDYING GAIT, WE USE A VARIETY 4088 02:17:59,040 --> 02:18:01,360 OF UNITS, THESE ARE SENSORS THAT 4089 02:18:01,360 --> 02:18:03,480 WE REPLACE ALL OVER THE 4090 02:18:03,480 --> 02:18:07,520 PATIENT'S BODY, A THREE 4091 02:18:07,520 --> 02:18:08,640 DIMENSIONAL REPRESENTATION OF 4092 02:18:08,640 --> 02:18:10,160 THEIR SKELETON AND TRACK 4093 02:18:10,160 --> 02:18:11,000 MOVEMENTS OVER TIE. IN ADDITION 4094 02:18:11,000 --> 02:18:15,880 TO THIS, EACH ONE OF THE SENSORS 4095 02:18:15,880 --> 02:18:22,840 PROVIDES EXCEL ROM TRI DATA, 4096 02:18:22,840 --> 02:18:26,640 JOINT ANGLE DATA, AND I ALSO USE 4097 02:18:26,640 --> 02:18:30,680 SURFACE EMG, SO THESE ARE 4098 02:18:30,680 --> 02:18:33,600 ELECTROMYOGRAPHY DATA, SO WE 4099 02:18:33,600 --> 02:18:34,920 CAN, AGAIN, CHECK WHERE THE 4100 02:18:34,920 --> 02:18:37,920 PATIENT IS LIFTING THEIR FOOT 4101 02:18:37,920 --> 02:18:39,520 AND STEPPING DOWN, AND ALSO 4102 02:18:39,520 --> 02:18:43,480 THESE FOUR SENSORS, PRESSURE 4103 02:18:43,480 --> 02:18:46,080 SENSORS, AS WELL. 4104 02:18:46,080 --> 02:18:47,880 INCREASINGLY KIND OF TAKING 4105 02:18:47,880 --> 02:18:49,680 RESEARCH OUTSIDE OF THE 4106 02:18:49,680 --> 02:18:50,600 LABORATORY, ONE REALLY NEAT 4107 02:18:50,600 --> 02:18:52,600 THING THAT WE'RE DOING IS NOW 4108 02:18:52,600 --> 02:18:58,920 BEING ABLE TO RECORD POUR OWN ON 4109 02:18:58,920 --> 02:19:00,440 ACTIVITY AS WELL AS COLLECT 4110 02:19:00,440 --> 02:19:01,240 MOVEMENT DATA IN THE PATIENT'S 4111 02:19:01,240 --> 02:19:01,680 HOME. 4112 02:19:01,680 --> 02:19:03,160 SO ONE OF THE DEVICES I EMPLOY 4113 02:19:03,160 --> 02:19:05,600 FOR HOME RECORDING IS ACTUALLY 4114 02:19:05,600 --> 02:19:10,320 THESE DEVICES, IT'S CALLED A 4115 02:19:10,320 --> 02:19:12,840 ROLLOVER -- IT'S A SORT OF ANKLE 4116 02:19:12,840 --> 02:19:14,520 BRACELET, SO WE PLACE THEM 4117 02:19:14,520 --> 02:19:16,360 AROUND PATIENTS' FEET. 4118 02:19:16,360 --> 02:19:19,200 THERE IS ACCELEROMETERS THAT 4119 02:19:19,200 --> 02:19:21,400 CONTRACT ACCELERATION AND 4120 02:19:21,400 --> 02:19:22,320 THIS -- I'M DOING THIS IN 4121 02:19:22,320 --> 02:19:24,040 PARTNER WITH A COMPANY -- START 4122 02:19:24,040 --> 02:19:26,680 A COMPANY CALLED [INAUDIBLE], IN 4123 02:19:26,680 --> 02:19:32,440 WHICH THEY DEVELOP THEIR -- 4124 02:19:32,440 --> 02:19:35,480 ALGORITHMS, -- RECORDING OF 4125 02:19:35,480 --> 02:19:38,200 KINEMATIC MEASUREMENTS, LIKE 4126 02:19:38,200 --> 02:19:39,960 ACCELEROMETER DATA FOR EACH ONE 4127 02:19:39,960 --> 02:19:43,520 OF THE FEET. 4128 02:19:43,520 --> 02:19:46,040 HOW MANY STEPS A PERSON IS 4129 02:19:46,040 --> 02:19:48,640 TAKING, AT WHAT TIME, STRIKE 4130 02:19:48,640 --> 02:19:50,080 TIME, VELOCITY, SYMMETRY, HOW 4131 02:19:50,080 --> 02:19:55,040 MUCH TIME THEY'RE STANDING IN 4132 02:19:55,040 --> 02:19:57,440 STANCE BASE VERSUS SPACE BASE 4133 02:19:57,440 --> 02:19:59,520 AND THEN FROM THESE COLLECTIVE 4134 02:19:59,520 --> 02:20:02,440 MEASURES THEY CALCULATE AN 4135 02:20:02,440 --> 02:20:04,480 AVERAGE AND A -- RISK FOR EACH 4136 02:20:04,480 --> 02:20:04,920 PATIENT. 4137 02:20:04,920 --> 02:20:06,720 THIS HAS BEEN VALIDATED IN 4138 02:20:06,720 --> 02:20:08,360 HEALTHY ADULTS, OLDER PATIENTS, 4139 02:20:08,360 --> 02:20:11,880 AND NOW STARTING TO KIND OF 4140 02:20:11,880 --> 02:20:14,160 VALIDATE THIS FOR PATIENTS WITH 4141 02:20:14,160 --> 02:20:15,720 PARKINSON'S DISEASE. 4142 02:20:15,720 --> 02:20:17,880 BESIDES JUST THESE TYPE OF 4143 02:20:17,880 --> 02:20:20,240 MEASUREMENTS, SOME OF THIGH 4144 02:20:20,240 --> 02:20:23,880 COLLEAGUES HAVE -- PATIENTS' 4145 02:20:23,880 --> 02:20:25,920 BRAIN RECORDINGS WITH APPLE 4146 02:20:25,920 --> 02:20:30,480 WATCHES, WHICH CAN TRACK TREMOR, 4147 02:20:30,480 --> 02:20:32,400 POSSIBLY TRACT DYSKINESIA AND 4148 02:20:32,400 --> 02:20:33,960 MAYBE EVEN SLOWNESS OF MOVEMENT, 4149 02:20:33,960 --> 02:20:38,040 LACK OF MOVEMENT, AND NOW EVEN 4150 02:20:38,040 --> 02:20:39,800 WITH THE I PHONE, THERE ARE TONS 4151 02:20:39,800 --> 02:20:42,640 OF APPS WHICH CAN TRACK MOVEMENT 4152 02:20:42,640 --> 02:20:44,440 BESIDES JUST STEPPING, BUT ALSO 4153 02:20:44,440 --> 02:20:45,000 STEP TIME. 4154 02:20:45,000 --> 02:20:48,920 SO THERE IS A VARIETY OF ALL 4155 02:20:48,920 --> 02:20:50,520 THESE EXTERNAL WEARABLE DEVICES 4156 02:20:50,520 --> 02:20:52,800 THAT ARE BEING INCREASINGLY USED 4157 02:20:52,800 --> 02:20:59,480 IN PATIENTS' -- THAT TRACK 4158 02:20:59,480 --> 02:21:00,160 ACTIVITY. 4159 02:21:00,160 --> 02:21:02,240 GOING A STEP FURTHER, HOW CAN WE 4160 02:21:02,240 --> 02:21:05,200 EXTRACT INFORMATION FROM THE 4161 02:21:05,200 --> 02:21:10,200 EXTERNAL WEARABLE DEVICES, TO 4162 02:21:10,200 --> 02:21:12,400 MEASURE -- SO ONE WAY THAT WE DO 4163 02:21:12,400 --> 02:21:15,480 THIS IS BY SYNCHRONIZING THE 4164 02:21:15,480 --> 02:21:17,440 BUILT-IN ACCELEROMETER DEVICE. 4165 02:21:17,440 --> 02:21:20,200 SO AGAIN, THE DEVICES THAT I USE 4166 02:21:20,200 --> 02:21:26,680 ARE THE INVESTIGATIONAL -- RC 4167 02:21:26,680 --> 02:21:28,120 PLUS, THEY'RE AVAILABLE FOR 4168 02:21:28,120 --> 02:21:29,160 RESEARCH USE ONLY, SO THEY'RE 4169 02:21:29,160 --> 02:21:30,120 NOT COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE 4170 02:21:30,120 --> 02:21:33,920 DEVICES, BUT THESE DEVICES NOT 4171 02:21:33,920 --> 02:21:37,200 ONLY SEND SIMULATION TO THE 4172 02:21:37,200 --> 02:21:40,000 BRAIN, SO PERFORMS FUNCTIONS 4173 02:21:40,000 --> 02:21:43,200 LIKE A NORMAL SIMULATOR BUT -- 4174 02:21:43,200 --> 02:21:48,080 POTENTIALS UP TO FOUR 4175 02:21:48,080 --> 02:21:50,560 DIFFERENT - -- FROM WHICH WE CAN 4176 02:21:50,560 --> 02:21:54,600 THEN SYNCHRONIZE WITH EXTERNAL 4177 02:21:54,600 --> 02:21:56,240 WEARABLE DEVICES AND 4178 02:21:56,240 --> 02:21:57,760 ACCELEROMETER, TO MAKE SENSE OF 4179 02:21:57,760 --> 02:21:59,120 THE TATA. 4180 02:21:59,120 --> 02:22:02,520 DATA.SO NOW, HOW IS THIS INFORMN 4181 02:22:02,520 --> 02:22:03,560 BEING USED? 4182 02:22:03,560 --> 02:22:04,720 FIRST I'LL TALK ABOUT IT FROM A 4183 02:22:04,720 --> 02:22:05,920 RESEARCH PERSPECTIVE. 4184 02:22:05,920 --> 02:22:08,080 SO ONE THING, AGAIN, I'M TRYING 4185 02:22:08,080 --> 02:22:08,800 TO UNDERSTAND HOW THE NEURAL 4186 02:22:08,800 --> 02:22:10,680 NETWORKS FROM THE CORTEX AND 4187 02:22:10,680 --> 02:22:12,640 BASAL GANGLIA DYNAMICALLY CHANGE 4188 02:22:12,640 --> 02:22:15,240 DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE CYCLE. 4189 02:22:15,240 --> 02:22:17,440 THIS IS AN ANIMATION OF HOW WE 4190 02:22:17,440 --> 02:22:19,960 WALK, BASICALLY STARTING WITH 4191 02:22:19,960 --> 02:22:23,920 HEEL STRIKE, WHEN WE SWING 4192 02:22:23,920 --> 02:22:27,240 BACK -- AND THEN WE HAVE THESE 4193 02:22:27,240 --> 02:22:28,400 DOUBLE SUPPORT TIMES AND THEN DO 4194 02:22:28,400 --> 02:22:30,880 IT OVER AGAIN WITH THE OTHER 4195 02:22:30,880 --> 02:22:31,080 LIGHT. 4196 02:22:31,080 --> 02:22:33,120 SO FROM OUR RESEARCH, WE'VE 4197 02:22:33,120 --> 02:22:35,840 ACTUALLY BEGUN TO DECODE 4198 02:22:35,840 --> 02:22:41,880 BASICALLY INDIVIDUALIZED 4199 02:22:41,880 --> 02:22:46,160 SIGNATURES, AND HOW MEDICATION 4200 02:22:46,160 --> 02:22:50,080 AND STIMULATION -- THIS IS WORK 4201 02:22:50,080 --> 02:22:54,360 DONE BY -- THESE JUST KIND OF 4202 02:22:54,360 --> 02:23:05,200 SPE TSPECTROGRAMS, AND THEN THER 4203 02:23:06,680 --> 02:23:09,280 CORTEX, AND LOOKING AT TWO 4204 02:23:09,280 --> 02:23:11,160 FREQUENCY BANDS, ONE'S ALPHA, 4205 02:23:11,160 --> 02:23:11,960 ONE IS BETA. 4206 02:23:11,960 --> 02:23:15,640 SO LOW MEDITATION STATE, SO EACH 4207 02:23:15,640 --> 02:23:17,200 LINE HERE REPRESENTS BASICALLY 4208 02:23:17,200 --> 02:23:21,360 ONE SINK SINGLE GAIT CYCLE. 4209 02:23:21,360 --> 02:23:22,400 YOU CAN SEE FIRST OF ALL 4210 02:23:22,400 --> 02:23:24,880 BASICALLY THE LENGTH OF THE GAIT 4211 02:23:24,880 --> 02:23:29,840 CYCLE AND -- IT HIGHLY VARIABLE, 4212 02:23:29,840 --> 02:23:33,200 SO IN TERMS OF THE TIMING OF THE 4213 02:23:33,200 --> 02:23:39,520 HEEL STRIKE TOLL BOX ARE SUPER 4214 02:23:39,520 --> 02:23:41,120 VARIABLE, BUT ON MEDICATION, 4215 02:23:41,120 --> 02:23:42,160 EARLIER IN THE DISEASE COURSE 4216 02:23:42,160 --> 02:23:45,000 WITH THIS PATIENT, WE FIRST OF 4217 02:23:45,000 --> 02:23:49,080 ALL SEE FROM THE KINEMATIC DATA 4218 02:23:49,080 --> 02:23:56,960 THAT THE -- THE TIMING OF THESE 4219 02:23:56,960 --> 02:23:58,240 EVENTS BECOME A LOT MORE -- LESS 4220 02:23:58,240 --> 02:23:59,120 VARIABLE. 4221 02:23:59,120 --> 02:24:00,720 AND THAT'S ONE OF THE 4222 02:24:00,720 --> 02:24:02,360 MEASUREMENTS OF IMPROVING GAIT 4223 02:24:02,360 --> 02:24:02,720 FUNCTIONS. 4224 02:24:02,720 --> 02:24:06,480 IN ADDITION TO THE TIMING OF 4225 02:24:06,480 --> 02:24:07,600 THESE GAIT EVENTS, THE OTHER 4226 02:24:07,600 --> 02:24:09,000 THING WE SEE IS THE NEURAL 4227 02:24:09,000 --> 02:24:13,560 SIGNAL BECOMES MORE HIGHLY 4228 02:24:13,560 --> 02:24:17,200 SYNCHRONIZED, SO THIS -- MAYBE I 4229 02:24:17,200 --> 02:24:19,160 IDENTIFY THE SIGNATURE OF MORE 4230 02:24:19,160 --> 02:24:20,520 NORMAL WALKING FOR THIS PATIENT. 4231 02:24:20,520 --> 02:24:25,880 AND THEN BESIDES DETECTING KIND 4232 02:24:25,880 --> 02:24:29,000 OF NORMAL OR MORE NORMAL WALKING 4233 02:24:29,000 --> 02:24:31,640 STATES IN PATIENTS, WHAT WE CAN 4234 02:24:31,640 --> 02:24:35,000 DO IS DETERMINE PATTERNS OF 4235 02:24:35,000 --> 02:24:36,960 REALLY -- SO THIS IS THIS SAME 4236 02:24:36,960 --> 02:24:38,280 PATIENT PERFORMING ONE OF HER 4237 02:24:38,280 --> 02:24:40,160 TASKS IN THE LABORATORY, JUST 4238 02:24:40,160 --> 02:24:42,120 WALKING BACK AND FORTH AL A 4239 02:24:42,120 --> 02:24:42,560 STRAIGHT LINE. 4240 02:24:42,560 --> 02:24:45,960 YOU CAN SEE DURING THE TURNS, 4241 02:24:45,960 --> 02:24:49,400 THERE'S SHOULD FELLING. 4242 02:24:49,400 --> 02:24:50,120 RIGHT HERE THERE'S A TIME POINT 4243 02:24:50,120 --> 02:24:51,120 WHERE THE PATIENT FREEZES. 4244 02:24:51,120 --> 02:24:53,760 AND YOU CAN TELL THAT BY BOTH 4245 02:24:53,760 --> 02:24:55,200 ACCELEROMETER DATA AS WELL AS 4246 02:24:55,200 --> 02:24:56,200 BRAIN DATA. 4247 02:24:56,200 --> 02:25:00,320 SO LOOKING AT THE CORTEX, EVEN 4248 02:25:00,320 --> 02:25:09,160 THE BASAL GANGL GANGLIA, -- SO G 4249 02:25:09,160 --> 02:25:11,760 NEURAL DATA, AND NOW WITH 4250 02:25:11,760 --> 02:25:15,520 ADVANCED MACHINE LEARNING 4251 02:25:15,520 --> 02:25:16,720 METHODS AND A.I., WE CAN 4252 02:25:16,720 --> 02:25:17,800 PROBABLY COLLECT HUNDREDS OF 4253 02:25:17,800 --> 02:25:20,440 HOURS OF THIS DATA AND TRY TO 4254 02:25:20,440 --> 02:25:24,440 DETECT WHEN THE PATIENT IS ABOUT 4255 02:25:24,440 --> 02:25:25,760 TO FREEZE, WHEN THEY'RE ABOUT TO 4256 02:25:25,760 --> 02:25:27,720 FALL. 4257 02:25:27,720 --> 02:25:29,000 HOPEFULLY USING THE SIGNAL ON 4258 02:25:29,000 --> 02:25:30,600 THE SIGNATURE, WE CAN ACTUALLY 4259 02:25:30,600 --> 02:25:35,360 PREVENT FALLS IN THE FUTURE. 4260 02:25:35,360 --> 02:25:36,640 SO THIS DATA IS REALLY 4261 02:25:36,640 --> 02:25:37,960 INTERESTING FROM A RESEARCH 4262 02:25:37,960 --> 02:25:39,240 PERSPECTIVE. 4263 02:25:39,240 --> 02:25:41,280 RIGHT NOW WE'RE GETTING A BETTER 4264 02:25:41,280 --> 02:25:42,400 UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT HAPPENS TO 4265 02:25:42,400 --> 02:25:50,520 THE BRAIN DURING THE MORE NORMAL 4266 02:25:50,520 --> 02:25:50,720 GATE. 4267 02:25:50,720 --> 02:25:52,640 CAN WE USE THIS TO IMPROVE THE 4268 02:25:52,640 --> 02:25:54,200 FUNCTIONS OF PATIENTS IN 4269 02:25:54,200 --> 02:25:55,120 PARKINSON'S DISEASE? 4270 02:25:55,120 --> 02:25:57,960 SO ONE STRATEGY WE HAVE IS USING 4271 02:25:57,960 --> 02:26:00,680 THE DATA THAT WE COLLECT 4272 02:26:00,680 --> 02:26:02,200 ACTUALLY IDENTIFIED 4273 02:26:02,200 --> 02:26:03,400 PATIENT-SPECIFIC BIOMARKERS OF 4274 02:26:03,400 --> 02:26:05,840 WHEN THEY'RE SWINGING THEIR LEFT 4275 02:26:05,840 --> 02:26:07,440 LEG VERSUS RIGHT LEG. 4276 02:26:07,440 --> 02:26:09,440 AGAIN, BECAUSE GAIT IS A COMPLEX 4277 02:26:09,440 --> 02:26:11,560 AND DYNAMIC PROCESS, PERHAPS ONE 4278 02:26:11,560 --> 02:26:14,280 OF THE REASONS CURRENT 4279 02:26:14,280 --> 02:26:20,720 STIMULATION -- DBS DOESN'T HELP 4280 02:26:20,720 --> 02:26:23,640 WITH IT, IT DOESN'T ALLOW FOR 4281 02:26:23,640 --> 02:26:24,520 THIS DYNAMIC CHANGE IN BRAIN 4282 02:26:24,520 --> 02:26:25,240 SPACE. 4283 02:26:25,240 --> 02:26:26,520 SO ONE IDEA WE HAVE IS ACTUALLY 4284 02:26:26,520 --> 02:26:28,920 USING THESE BIOMARKERS OF GAIT 4285 02:26:28,920 --> 02:26:33,160 EVENTS TO STIMULATE THE LEFT AND 4286 02:26:33,160 --> 02:26:36,400 THE RIGHT -- THIS IS WHAT WE 4287 02:26:36,400 --> 02:26:37,120 BEGAN TO TEST IN SOME OF THE 4288 02:26:37,120 --> 02:26:37,600 PATIENTS. 4289 02:26:37,600 --> 02:26:39,400 SO USING THEIR NEURAL DATA, WE 4290 02:26:39,400 --> 02:26:43,240 HAVE NO IDENTIFIED BIOMARKER, SO 4291 02:26:43,240 --> 02:26:47,800 THESE ARE PRETTY LOW FREQUENCY 4292 02:26:47,800 --> 02:26:52,280 AMPLITUDES FROM EITHER THE MOTOR 4293 02:26:52,280 --> 02:26:55,000 CORTEX OR DRIVEN BY THE BASAL 4294 02:26:55,000 --> 02:26:55,720 GANGLIA. 4295 02:26:55,720 --> 02:26:58,480 WE TESTED THIS OUT JUST LAST 4296 02:26:58,480 --> 02:27:02,200 MONTH, IN WHICH WE CAN ACTUALLY 4297 02:27:02,200 --> 02:27:03,920 ALTER BRAIN STIMULATION 4298 02:27:03,920 --> 02:27:05,920 AMPLITUDE BETWEEN KIND OF A 4299 02:27:05,920 --> 02:27:07,840 NORMAL HIGHER AMPLITUDE AND 4300 02:27:07,840 --> 02:27:10,040 LOWER AMPLITUDE, KIND OF 4301 02:27:10,040 --> 02:27:12,240 SYNCHRONIZE THAT WITH THE DEEP 4302 02:27:12,240 --> 02:27:12,960 CYCLES. 4303 02:27:12,960 --> 02:27:17,080 SO THIS IS KIND OF THE STATE 4304 02:27:17,080 --> 02:27:18,760 DETECTOR SHOWN BY THE GREEN LINE 4305 02:27:18,760 --> 02:27:20,960 HERE AND THIS IS REALTIME 4306 02:27:20,960 --> 02:27:22,080 MONITORING OF THE BRAIN SIGNAL, 4307 02:27:22,080 --> 02:27:24,200 WHEN IT REACHES OR CROSSES THAT 4308 02:27:24,200 --> 02:27:25,560 THRESHOLD, WE RAPIDLY CHANGE 4309 02:27:25,560 --> 02:27:26,120 STIMULATION STATE. 4310 02:27:26,120 --> 02:27:32,160 AND WE'RE ABLE TO CAPTURE ABOUT 4311 02:27:32,160 --> 02:27:35,160 I THINK 60 TO 70% FIDELITY. 4312 02:27:35,160 --> 02:27:36,080 WE'RE TRYING TO OBVIOUSLY 4313 02:27:36,080 --> 02:27:37,680 OPTIMIZE THAT, BUT IT JUST 4314 02:27:37,680 --> 02:27:39,040 PROVES THAT IT'S POSSIBLE TOO 4315 02:27:39,040 --> 02:27:41,880 USE PATIENTS' BRAIN SIGNALS 4316 02:27:41,880 --> 02:27:45,280 THEMSELVES TO -- AND THIS IS 4317 02:27:45,280 --> 02:27:47,240 JUST ONE STRATEGY. 4318 02:27:47,240 --> 02:27:50,840 EXTERNAL WEARABLE DEVASES, FOR 4319 02:27:50,840 --> 02:27:56,280 INSTANCE, WANT TO INTEGRATE WITH 4320 02:27:56,280 --> 02:27:57,880 THE SYSTEM TO CHANGE 4321 02:27:57,880 --> 02:27:58,680 STIMULATION. 4322 02:27:58,680 --> 02:28:00,480 AND THEN THE OTHER THING THAT WE 4323 02:28:00,480 --> 02:28:04,680 NEED ARE TO IMPLEMENT THIS FULLY 4324 02:28:04,680 --> 02:28:08,120 IS TO IDENTIFY BIOMARKERS TO 4325 02:28:08,120 --> 02:28:09,680 DIFFERENTIATE WHAT PATIENTS ARE 4326 02:28:09,680 --> 02:28:10,200 DOING AT HOME. 4327 02:28:10,200 --> 02:28:11,200 SO WHETHER THEY'RE WALKING 4328 02:28:11,200 --> 02:28:12,280 VERSUS SITTING BECAUSE AS YOU 4329 02:28:12,280 --> 02:28:14,760 CAN IMAGINE, SOME SETTINGS MIGHT 4330 02:28:14,760 --> 02:28:18,400 BE BETTER WITH HAND AND ARM 4331 02:28:18,400 --> 02:28:19,680 MOVEMENT, SOME ARE BETTER FOR 4332 02:28:19,680 --> 02:28:19,960 WATCHING. 4333 02:28:19,960 --> 02:28:26,280 SO AGAIN, THIS IS JUST USING 4334 02:28:26,280 --> 02:28:27,920 DETECTED OPEN CONTROL ACTIVITIES 4335 02:28:27,920 --> 02:28:29,160 OF LEFT BRAIN VERSUS RIGHT 4336 02:28:29,160 --> 02:28:36,680 BRAIN, AND USING A SIMPLE, 4337 02:28:36,680 --> 02:28:39,680 LINEAR ANALYSIS, WE CAN DETECT 4338 02:28:39,680 --> 02:28:41,120 WITH 90% ACCURACY WHETHER A 4339 02:28:41,120 --> 02:28:44,520 PATIENT IS PAWING OR SITTING. 4340 02:28:44,520 --> 02:28:46,480 SO IN TERMS OF INFERENCES WE CAN 4341 02:28:46,480 --> 02:28:48,560 MAKE ABOUT WHAT THE PATIENT IS 4342 02:28:48,560 --> 02:28:51,640 DOING AT HOME, SO AS I MENTIONED 4343 02:28:51,640 --> 02:28:55,680 BEFORE, WE'RE -- WE HAVE PATIENT 4344 02:28:55,680 --> 02:28:57,080 STREAM THEIR NEURAL DATA TO AN 4345 02:28:57,080 --> 02:28:57,840 EXTERNAL DEVICE THAT'S STORED IN 4346 02:28:57,840 --> 02:29:00,920 THE CLOUD, AND THEN ALSO CAPTURE 4347 02:29:00,920 --> 02:29:05,280 A LOT OF THE GATE KINEMATICS 4348 02:29:05,280 --> 02:29:09,120 FROM THESE ROVER HEALTH ANKLE 4349 02:29:09,120 --> 02:29:09,560 BRACELETS. 4350 02:29:09,560 --> 02:29:11,160 FROM THIS, EVEN LOOKING AT THE 4351 02:29:11,160 --> 02:29:13,640 RAW DATA ACCELEROMETER, SO THIS 4352 02:29:13,640 --> 02:29:15,680 IS ONE OF THE RAW DATA FROM ONE 4353 02:29:15,680 --> 02:29:24,400 OF THE ANKLE -- BETWEEN THE 4354 02:29:24,400 --> 02:29:27,280 SHEER AMPLITUDE OF THE 4355 02:29:27,280 --> 02:29:27,960 ACCELERATION AS WELL AS THE 4356 02:29:27,960 --> 02:29:29,360 HEADING INFORMATION, WHICH IS 4357 02:29:29,360 --> 02:29:32,760 PROVIDED BY THE DEVICE, WILL 4358 02:29:32,760 --> 02:29:35,000 GET -- THE PATIENT IS PROBABLY 4359 02:29:35,000 --> 02:29:36,120 KIND OF WALKING IN A STRAIGHT 4360 02:29:36,120 --> 02:29:37,840 LINE, AND THEN DURING THESE 4361 02:29:37,840 --> 02:29:40,480 MOMENTS WHERE THERE'S LOWER 4362 02:29:40,480 --> 02:29:42,080 ACCELERATION AMPLITUDE, THE 4363 02:29:42,080 --> 02:29:45,920 PATIENT IS PROBABLY TURNING. 4364 02:29:45,920 --> 02:29:47,880 SO THIS IS JUST A REALLY EARLY 4365 02:29:47,880 --> 02:29:57,600 TOEARLYTIP OF THE ICEBERG DIVE T 4366 02:29:57,600 --> 02:29:59,400 PATIENT MOVEMENT, STATES AT 4367 02:29:59,400 --> 02:30:02,000 HOME, AND NOW WITH MULTIMODAL 4368 02:30:02,000 --> 02:30:06,240 SENSOR, WE CAN PROBABLY JUST -- 4369 02:30:06,240 --> 02:30:07,760 MAKING INFERENCES MORE ABOUT 4370 02:30:07,760 --> 02:30:09,280 MAYBE EVEN THE STABILITY OF 4371 02:30:09,280 --> 02:30:12,680 WALKING, THE POSTURE OF WALKING, 4372 02:30:12,680 --> 02:30:15,800 AND THIS IS JUST BASED OFF OF 4373 02:30:15,800 --> 02:30:20,840 KINEMATIC DATA ALONE. 4374 02:30:20,840 --> 02:30:22,360 SO IN THE FUTURE, RIGHT NOW 4375 02:30:22,360 --> 02:30:25,160 WE'RE JUST DETECTING AND TRYING 4376 02:30:25,160 --> 02:30:28,280 TO DO CODE PHASES OF THE DATA 4377 02:30:28,280 --> 02:30:30,320 CYCLE, BUT WE'RE TRYING TO DRAW 4378 02:30:30,320 --> 02:30:32,800 INFERENCES BASED ON THE NEURAL 4379 02:30:32,800 --> 02:30:34,320 ACTIVITY HOW NEURAL ACTIVITY CAN 4380 02:30:34,320 --> 02:30:36,680 TELL US ABOUT -- THAT INCREASE 4381 02:30:36,680 --> 02:30:38,320 STABILITY FROM JUST THE NEURAL 4382 02:30:38,320 --> 02:30:39,400 SIGNALS ALONE. 4383 02:30:39,400 --> 02:30:45,000 AND THEN ALSO, THE -- BECOMING 4384 02:30:45,000 --> 02:30:51,760 MORE OF ITSELF, THE I R THE INTO 4385 02:30:51,760 --> 02:30:53,320 WALK, TO STOP, TO TURN, TO 4386 02:30:53,320 --> 02:30:53,520 ADAPT. 4387 02:30:53,520 --> 02:30:54,680 AND THIS WOULD I A LOW THESE 4388 02:30:54,680 --> 02:31:00,000 KIND OF SMART ADAPTIVE 4389 02:31:00,000 --> 02:31:02,080 PARAMETERS THAT CAN PREVENT A 4390 02:31:02,080 --> 02:31:03,160 PROBLEM BEFORE IT ARISES IN THIS 4391 02:31:03,160 --> 02:31:07,520 PATIENT POPULATION. 4392 02:31:07,520 --> 02:31:11,360 AND RIGHT NOW WE'RE JUST LOOKING 4393 02:31:11,360 --> 02:31:13,840 AT LOWER BODY MOTOR CONTROL, BUT 4394 02:31:13,840 --> 02:31:15,160 WITH THE ELECTRODES PLACED IN 4395 02:31:15,160 --> 02:31:16,040 DIFFERENT LOCATIONS THROUGHOUT 4396 02:31:16,040 --> 02:31:19,400 THE BRAIN, WE MIGHT ACTUALLY BE 4397 02:31:19,400 --> 02:31:23,440 ABLE TO DRAW MORE INS FRENSES, 4398 02:31:23,440 --> 02:31:26,240 COORDINATION OF ARM AND LEGS, 4399 02:31:26,240 --> 02:31:33,360 CAN OCCUR, USING THE SETUP. 4400 02:31:33,360 --> 02:31:35,560 SO IN TERMS OF RISK OF DATA 4401 02:31:35,560 --> 02:31:36,200 SHARING, SO FIRST OF ALL TAKING 4402 02:31:36,200 --> 02:31:37,560 A STEP BACK, A LOT OF THIS HAS 4403 02:31:37,560 --> 02:31:38,760 BEEN MENTIONED BEFORE, FIRST OF 4404 02:31:38,760 --> 02:31:41,800 ALL WHY IS IT NECESSARY TO SHARE 4405 02:31:41,800 --> 02:31:42,200 NEUROSCIENCE DATA? 4406 02:31:42,200 --> 02:31:46,080 YOU KNOW, A LOT OF TIMES NOW, ES 4407 02:31:46,080 --> 02:31:49,360 WESHLY WITH THIS KIND OF 4408 02:31:49,360 --> 02:31:50,440 INTRACRANIAL RECORDINGS, THE 4409 02:31:50,440 --> 02:31:52,800 PATIENT POPULATION WE'RE 4410 02:31:52,800 --> 02:31:55,520 STUDYING, THE NUMBER OF PATIENTS 4411 02:31:55,520 --> 02:31:57,880 WHO CAN PARTICIPATE IN THESE 4412 02:31:57,880 --> 02:31:59,520 STUDIES IS LOW AND ACCESS TO 4413 02:31:59,520 --> 02:32:00,080 DEVICES IS ALSO LOW. 4414 02:32:00,080 --> 02:32:02,120 SO IN MY STUDY, WE HAVE 4415 02:32:02,120 --> 02:32:03,240 RECRUITED FIVE PATIENTS, NOW SIX 4416 02:32:03,240 --> 02:32:04,800 FOR THIS, AND TO BE ABLE TO DRAW 4417 02:32:04,800 --> 02:32:07,960 THIS TO A WIDER SCALE, YOU NEED 4418 02:32:07,960 --> 02:32:09,720 MULTICENTER STUDIES AND 4419 02:32:09,720 --> 02:32:11,240 RESEARCHERS TO COLLABORATE WITH 4420 02:32:11,240 --> 02:32:12,120 ONE ANOTHER. 4421 02:32:12,120 --> 02:32:14,600 AND A WE KNOW, ONE OF THE MAJOR 4422 02:32:14,600 --> 02:32:16,600 FACTORS THAT HAS HINDERED 4423 02:32:16,600 --> 02:32:20,120 SCIENTIFIC PROCESS IS DATA 4424 02:32:20,120 --> 02:32:20,480 REPRODUCIBILITY. 4425 02:32:20,480 --> 02:32:25,480 SO AS THESE -- TO ESTABLISH, NOW 4426 02:32:25,480 --> 02:32:27,760 WE REQUIRE THIS DATA SHARING TO 4427 02:32:27,760 --> 02:32:31,880 BE ABLE TO DRAW INFERENCES FROM 4428 02:32:31,880 --> 02:32:33,440 ACROSS DIFFERENT SENATORS, AND 4429 02:32:33,440 --> 02:32:36,960 WE CAN SHARE DATA AND SO WILL 4430 02:32:36,960 --> 02:32:38,560 LEAD TO GREATER SCIENTIFIC 4431 02:32:38,560 --> 02:32:39,720 PROGRESS AND ALSO TO MAKE SURE 4432 02:32:39,720 --> 02:32:42,080 THAT WE'RE DOING THE SCIENCE 4433 02:32:42,080 --> 02:32:44,600 CORRECTLY, RIGOROUSLY AND 4434 02:32:44,600 --> 02:32:45,000 REPRODUCIBLY. 4435 02:32:45,000 --> 02:32:55,040 AND ALSO, YOU KNOW -- HAS 4436 02:32:55,040 --> 02:32:56,480 ENABLED US TO COLLECT A LARGE 4437 02:32:56,480 --> 02:33:01,040 AMOUNT OF DATA FROM 4438 02:33:01,040 --> 02:33:02,560 INDIVIDUAL -- SO OUT OF THE FIVE 4439 02:33:02,560 --> 02:33:03,760 STUDY SUBJECTS IN VARIOUS 4440 02:33:03,760 --> 02:33:08,040 STAGES, I THINK -- COLLECTED 4441 02:33:08,040 --> 02:33:09,360 OVER 300 HOURS OF DATA FROM 4442 02:33:09,360 --> 02:33:10,160 THESE PATIENTS. 4443 02:33:10,160 --> 02:33:18,680 SO THIS IS A HUGE AMOUNT O, WE N 4444 02:33:18,680 --> 02:33:19,600 ACCELERATE THE SPEED AND THE 4445 02:33:19,600 --> 02:33:21,200 SCALE OF DATA PROCESSING. 4446 02:33:21,200 --> 02:33:27,440 AND NOW WITH THESE NOVEL 4447 02:33:27,440 --> 02:33:29,280 SOFTWARE AND ALGORITHMS, WE 4448 02:33:29,280 --> 02:33:32,640 BASICALLY HAVE ENTERED -- SO 4449 02:33:32,640 --> 02:33:34,040 IT'S NECESSARY TO SHARE THE DATA 4450 02:33:34,040 --> 02:33:36,240 BUT IN A, I GUESS, RESPONSIBLE 4451 02:33:36,240 --> 02:33:38,400 FASHION. 4452 02:33:38,400 --> 02:33:40,000 AND I THINK THE OTHER THING IS 4453 02:33:40,000 --> 02:33:47,000 THAT A LOT OF THESE COMPANIES 4454 02:33:47,000 --> 02:33:48,120 NOW ARE BECOMING AVAILABLE 4455 02:33:48,120 --> 02:33:49,760 OUTSIDE OF THE RESEARCH, SO FOR 4456 02:33:49,760 --> 02:33:53,320 INSTANCE, THE KCH COMPANY I PARR 4457 02:33:53,320 --> 02:33:56,880 WITH, ROVER HEALTH, THEY'RE 4458 02:33:56,880 --> 02:33:57,840 FDA-APPROVED DEVICE AND ANYBODY 4459 02:33:57,840 --> 02:34:00,240 CAN GET ACCESS TO THIS SO 4460 02:34:00,240 --> 02:34:02,360 PATIENTS CAN BUY THESE DEVICES 4461 02:34:02,360 --> 02:34:04,360 AND IT WILL TELL THEM ABOUT 4462 02:34:04,360 --> 02:34:06,120 THEIR FALL RISK, IT CAN TELL 4463 02:34:06,120 --> 02:34:07,480 THEM SOMETHING ABOUT THEIR GAIT. 4464 02:34:07,480 --> 02:34:09,120 SAME THING WITH THE NUMBER OF 4465 02:34:09,120 --> 02:34:11,120 APPS COMING UP ON THE IPHONE, 4466 02:34:11,120 --> 02:34:13,120 WITH APPLE WATCH. 4467 02:34:13,120 --> 02:34:17,160 SO THERE'S A HUGE, I GUESS, 4468 02:34:17,160 --> 02:34:19,760 DIRECTION AND MOVEMENT TOWARDS 4469 02:34:19,760 --> 02:34:21,080 DIRECT-TO-CONSUMER APPLICATIONS 4470 02:34:21,080 --> 02:34:24,120 FOR NEURAL DATA, KINEMATIC DATA 4471 02:34:24,120 --> 02:34:26,200 AND THERE'S A LOT OF CONCERNS 4472 02:34:26,200 --> 02:34:30,200 BUT ALSO A LOT OF USES FOR THIS 4473 02:34:30,200 --> 02:34:33,240 APPLICATION. 4474 02:34:33,240 --> 02:34:37,520 SO I THINK IN TERMS OF OVERALL, 4475 02:34:37,520 --> 02:34:39,120 THE ABILITY TO SHARE 4476 02:34:39,120 --> 02:34:45,560 NEUROSCIENCE DATA CAN PROMOTE 4477 02:34:45,560 --> 02:34:47,080 PROGRESS IN A CASE THAT WAS NOT 4478 02:34:47,080 --> 02:34:48,240 POSSIBLE BEFORE, AND FROM THIS 4479 02:34:48,240 --> 02:34:49,920 WE CAN ALSO UNDERSTAND 4480 02:34:49,920 --> 02:34:51,480 MECHANISMS OF DISEASE FUNCTION. 4481 02:34:51,480 --> 02:34:52,960 AND IN TERMS OF POTENTIAL RISKS 4482 02:34:52,960 --> 02:34:55,160 OF SHARING THIS DATA, SO OF 4483 02:34:55,160 --> 02:34:57,840 COURSE DISCLOSURE OF PERSONAL 4484 02:34:57,840 --> 02:34:59,160 SENSITIVE INFORMATION S 4485 02:34:59,160 --> 02:35:01,360 DIAGNOSIS, YOU KNOW, ABOUT THEIR 4486 02:35:01,360 --> 02:35:04,160 NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER MAY BE 4487 02:35:04,160 --> 02:35:06,040 POSSIBLE. 4488 02:35:06,040 --> 02:35:09,040 AND THEN REVERSE INFERENCE OF 4489 02:35:09,040 --> 02:35:11,720 NEURAL RECORDINGS COULD UNVEIL 4490 02:35:11,720 --> 02:35:13,040 COGNITIVE AND AFFECTIVE STATES. 4491 02:35:13,040 --> 02:35:14,680 RIGHT NOW I'M JUST CAPTURING 4492 02:35:14,680 --> 02:35:18,080 MOVEMENT AND MOTOR STATES, BUT 4493 02:35:18,080 --> 02:35:20,560 NOT MYSELF BUT MY COLLEAGUES 4494 02:35:20,560 --> 02:35:23,960 HAVE BEEN STUDYING HOW THESE 4495 02:35:23,960 --> 02:35:26,000 OSCILLATIONS CAN BE 4496 02:35:26,000 --> 02:35:29,040 REVERSE-ENGINEERED OR INFERRED 4497 02:35:29,040 --> 02:35:30,640 TO HELP PATIENTS' DEPRESSION, 4498 02:35:30,640 --> 02:35:33,320 MOOD AND OTHER STATES. 4499 02:35:33,320 --> 02:35:34,960 AND ONE OF THE PROJECTS I 4500 02:35:34,960 --> 02:35:36,800 HAVEN'T MENTIONED IS I'M 4501 02:35:36,800 --> 02:35:39,720 ACTUALLY USING THE SAME SETUP 4502 02:35:39,720 --> 02:35:41,400 AND STUDYING MOTOR LEARNING. 4503 02:35:41,400 --> 02:35:44,560 SO IT CAN REFLECT A LOT ABOUT A 4504 02:35:44,560 --> 02:35:46,560 PATIENT'S COGNITION, EVEN FROM 4505 02:35:46,560 --> 02:35:49,080 JUST LIMITED SAMPLES THAT I'M 4506 02:35:49,080 --> 02:35:50,640 COLLECTING FROM THE MOTOR CORTEX 4507 02:35:50,640 --> 02:35:51,840 AND PREMOTOR AREAS. 4508 02:35:51,840 --> 02:35:53,120 AND OF COURSE THIS RAISES 4509 02:35:53,120 --> 02:35:54,880 CONCERN THAT WHO HAS ACCESS TO 4510 02:35:54,880 --> 02:35:56,200 THIS INFORMATION. 4511 02:35:56,200 --> 02:35:59,800 FOR INSTANCE, IF IT'S KINEMATIC 4512 02:35:59,800 --> 02:36:01,160 DATA AND THE BRAIN DATA GETS IN 4513 02:36:01,160 --> 02:36:02,720 THE HANDS OF INSURANCE 4514 02:36:02,720 --> 02:36:03,800 COMPANIES, CAN THEY DENIED 4515 02:36:03,800 --> 02:36:05,120 INSURANCE APPROVAL FOR PATIENTS 4516 02:36:05,120 --> 02:36:07,200 OR COVERAGE FOR PATIENTS WITH 4517 02:36:07,200 --> 02:36:08,400 PARKINSON'S DISEASE IF SOMEBODY 4518 02:36:08,400 --> 02:36:10,160 IS AT HIGH RISK FOR FALLS? 4519 02:36:10,160 --> 02:36:13,680 AND THEN THE OTHER THING IS 4520 02:36:13,680 --> 02:36:14,960 DESAI FERRING ONE'S COGNITIVE 4521 02:36:14,960 --> 02:36:17,360 AND AFFECTIVE STATES, AND THE 4522 02:36:17,360 --> 02:36:21,400 ABILITY TO ALTER THESE WITH 4523 02:36:21,400 --> 02:36:25,680 NEUROMODULATION TECHNOLOGY DOES 4524 02:36:25,680 --> 02:36:27,400 RAISE ETHICAL CONCERNS ABOUT ARE 4525 02:36:27,400 --> 02:36:31,560 WE DOING SOMETHING 4526 02:36:31,560 --> 02:36:34,040 UNINTENTIONALLY FOR THE PATIENT? 4527 02:36:34,040 --> 02:36:37,200 SO IN TERMS OF OVERALL RISKS OF 4528 02:36:37,200 --> 02:36:38,200 DATA IN ITS CURRENT FORM AND I 4529 02:36:38,200 --> 02:36:39,960 THINK IN THE FUTURE IS THAT I 4530 02:36:39,960 --> 02:36:43,040 THINK OVERALL, THIS DATA WITHOUT 4531 02:36:43,040 --> 02:36:44,960 CONTEXT IS ACTUALLY PRETTY 4532 02:36:44,960 --> 02:36:45,680 MEANINGLESS. 4533 02:36:45,680 --> 02:36:47,560 SO I'M JUST SHARING THE NEURAL 4534 02:36:47,560 --> 02:36:49,400 DATA, ESPECIALLY THESE 4535 02:36:49,400 --> 02:36:51,480 OSCILLATIONS, WITHOUT 4536 02:36:51,480 --> 02:36:53,320 UNDERSTANDING WHERE IT'S COMING 4537 02:36:53,320 --> 02:36:55,920 FROM OR WHAT THE PATIENT OR 4538 02:36:55,920 --> 02:36:57,440 SUBJECT IS DOING. 4539 02:36:57,440 --> 02:37:00,120 THERE'S PROBABLY ONLY VERY 4540 02:37:00,120 --> 02:37:01,360 LIMITED INFORMATION SOMEONE CAN 4541 02:37:01,360 --> 02:37:03,360 EXTRACT FROM IT AND MAY EVEN BE 4542 02:37:03,360 --> 02:37:05,560 IMPOSSIBLE TO TELL WHETHER A 4543 02:37:05,560 --> 02:37:07,960 PATIENT HAS PARKINSON'S DISEASE 4544 02:37:07,960 --> 02:37:09,120 BASED ON THESE NEURAL 4545 02:37:09,120 --> 02:37:09,480 MODULATIONS. 4546 02:37:09,480 --> 02:37:18,240 BECAUSE AGAIN, IT ALL DEPENDS ON 4547 02:37:18,240 --> 02:37:18,720 THE CONTEXT. 4548 02:37:18,720 --> 02:37:22,440 IS IT BEING RECORDED IN AN 4549 02:37:22,440 --> 02:37:23,640 OFF -- BUT I THINK IF WE 4550 02:37:23,640 --> 02:37:25,400 COMBINED THE NEURAL DATA WITH 4551 02:37:25,400 --> 02:37:27,240 THE CONTEXT IN WHICH IT'S 4552 02:37:27,240 --> 02:37:28,880 COLLECTED, THEN IT BECOMES MORE 4553 02:37:28,880 --> 02:37:29,680 RISKY. 4554 02:37:29,680 --> 02:37:31,920 ALREADY, WE CAN DETECT, DECODE 4555 02:37:31,920 --> 02:37:33,000 WHETHER A PATIENT IS SITTING OR 4556 02:37:33,000 --> 02:37:34,920 STANDING AND KIND OF THE GENERAL 4557 02:37:34,920 --> 02:37:36,520 MOVEMENT STATE BASED ON THIS 4558 02:37:36,520 --> 02:37:38,480 NEURAL DATA, AND THIS IS VERY 4559 02:37:38,480 --> 02:37:41,360 PRELIMINARY DATA. 4560 02:37:41,360 --> 02:37:44,000 IF WE HAD USING A.I., MACHINE 4561 02:37:44,000 --> 02:37:45,040 LEARNING METHODS, DEEP LEARNING, 4562 02:37:45,040 --> 02:37:47,040 WE CAN PROBABLY DECODE MORE AND 4563 02:37:47,040 --> 02:37:47,800 INFER MORE THAN JUST MOVEMENT 4564 02:37:47,800 --> 02:37:52,080 BASED ON THIS DATA, THE 4565 02:37:52,080 --> 02:37:53,040 INTENTION TO MOVE OR THOUGHT 4566 02:37:53,040 --> 02:37:53,640 PROCESSES. 4567 02:37:53,640 --> 02:37:55,240 SO THAT BECOMES A LITTLE BIT 4568 02:37:55,240 --> 02:37:56,000 MORE RISKY. 4569 02:37:56,000 --> 02:37:58,040 AND THEN I THINK CURRENTLY, 4570 02:37:58,040 --> 02:38:03,560 ACTUALLY THE HIGHEST RISK, IT'S 4571 02:38:03,560 --> 02:38:08,000 KINEMATIC DATA THAT'S GENERATED. 4572 02:38:08,000 --> 02:38:10,040 WE'LL KIND OF USE COMPANY'S OWN 4573 02:38:10,040 --> 02:38:11,360 PROPRIETARY ALGORITHM TO 4574 02:38:11,360 --> 02:38:13,200 GENERATE A FALL RISK SCORE, I 4575 02:38:13,200 --> 02:38:14,640 THINK SOME OF THE OTHER STUDIES 4576 02:38:14,640 --> 02:38:21,280 IN TERMS OF MOVING PATIENTS' 4577 02:38:21,280 --> 02:38:22,680 NEURAL RESEARCH IN THE HOME 4578 02:38:22,680 --> 02:38:25,200 SETTING, AMBULATORY SETTING, 4579 02:38:25,200 --> 02:38:26,960 EMPLOYS, FOR INSTANCE, CAMERAS, 4580 02:38:26,960 --> 02:38:32,280 FACIAL RECOGNITION, SEGMENT OUT 4581 02:38:32,280 --> 02:38:33,480 WHOLE BODY MOVEMENTS OR USING 4582 02:38:33,480 --> 02:38:36,000 SHOES THAT THEY WEAR CAN TELL 4583 02:38:36,000 --> 02:38:37,880 MORE ABOUT WHAT THE PATIENT IS 4584 02:38:37,880 --> 02:38:39,440 DOING. 4585 02:38:39,440 --> 02:38:43,760 SO THESE THINGS, IF THE D THE DA 4586 02:38:43,760 --> 02:38:45,400 GETS IN THE WRONG HANDS OR 4587 02:38:45,400 --> 02:38:47,920 AGAIN, DATA BECOMES NOT PRIVATE, 4588 02:38:47,920 --> 02:38:49,600 CAN POTENTIALLY CAUSE A LOT OF 4589 02:38:49,600 --> 02:38:52,200 HARM, I THINK, TO THE INDIVIDUAL 4590 02:38:52,200 --> 02:38:54,120 AND ALSO TO THE PATIENT 4591 02:38:54,120 --> 02:38:56,360 POPULATION AS A WHOLE. 4592 02:38:56,360 --> 02:38:57,760 AND THEN WHETHER IT'S POSSIBLE 4593 02:38:57,760 --> 02:39:00,560 TO KIND OF HACK INTO THE DATA, 4594 02:39:00,560 --> 02:39:04,160 TO ACTUALLY ALTER BRAIN STATES 4595 02:39:04,160 --> 02:39:06,760 AND BEHAVIOR, I THINK IS ANOTHER 4596 02:39:06,760 --> 02:39:07,760 POTENTIAL RISK OF THIS. 4597 02:39:07,760 --> 02:39:09,440 RIGHT NOW, WE ARE USING 4598 02:39:09,440 --> 02:39:12,240 COMPLETELY EMBEDDED SYSTEMS, SO 4599 02:39:12,240 --> 02:39:14,840 AGAIN, EVERYTHING IS ENCLOSED, 4600 02:39:14,840 --> 02:39:17,160 SO ONCE WE PROGRAMMED IN THESE 4601 02:39:17,160 --> 02:39:19,640 CONTROL ALGORITHMS INTO THE 4602 02:39:19,640 --> 02:39:22,040 DEVICE, YOU KNOW, I'LL ASK 4603 02:39:22,040 --> 02:39:23,280 YOU -- UNLESS YOU EXTERNALLY 4604 02:39:23,280 --> 02:39:27,000 CHANGE IT, IT'S NOT -- BASICALLY 4605 02:39:27,000 --> 02:39:29,200 IT'S DIFFICULT TO CHANGE IT, YOU 4606 02:39:29,200 --> 02:39:30,400 KNOW, WITHOUT SOMEBODY LIKE 4607 02:39:30,400 --> 02:39:31,360 BEING THERE. 4608 02:39:31,360 --> 02:39:33,360 BUT I THINK THERE'S A LOT OF 4609 02:39:33,360 --> 02:39:36,240 STUDIES OUT THERE IN WHICH WE'RE 4610 02:39:36,240 --> 02:39:39,280 USING EXTERNAL WEARABLE DEVICES, 4611 02:39:39,280 --> 02:39:40,920 STREAMING THAT TO AN EXTERNAL 4612 02:39:40,920 --> 02:39:42,560 COMPUTER OR DEVICE THAT PROCESS 4613 02:39:42,560 --> 02:39:43,640 THE DATA AND THEN SEND 4614 02:39:43,640 --> 02:39:45,440 INFORMATION BACK TO THE 4615 02:39:45,440 --> 02:39:46,800 SIMULATION DEVICE. 4616 02:39:46,800 --> 02:39:50,840 SO THERE COULD BE A LOT OF -- 4617 02:39:50,840 --> 02:39:51,960 AND POTENTIALLY HACKING IN TO 4618 02:39:51,960 --> 02:39:54,640 THE SYSTEM, CHANGING THE 4619 02:39:54,640 --> 02:39:57,920 ALGORITHM AND UNINTENTIONALLY 4620 02:39:57,920 --> 02:39:58,920 ALTERING STATES AND BEHAVIOR IN 4621 02:39:58,920 --> 02:40:01,520 THAT WAY, SO THAT CAN ALSO BE A 4622 02:40:01,520 --> 02:40:02,840 RISK TO THE PATIENTS. 4623 02:40:02,840 --> 02:40:05,040 SO I THINK OVERALL, WE'RE STILL 4624 02:40:05,040 --> 02:40:06,760 IN THE EARLY STAGES OF 4625 02:40:06,760 --> 02:40:08,160 INTERPRETING THESE DATA. 4626 02:40:08,160 --> 02:40:11,480 THESE ARE SMALL CLINICAL 4627 02:40:11,480 --> 02:40:11,880 STUDIES. 4628 02:40:11,880 --> 02:40:14,720 SO I THINK THE RISK OF 4629 02:40:14,720 --> 02:40:18,240 DE-IDENTIFYING PATIENTS INSTEAD 4630 02:40:18,240 --> 02:40:19,880 OF INFORMATION IS REALLY LOW 4631 02:40:19,880 --> 02:40:22,280 BASED ON DATA WE'RE COLLECTING 4632 02:40:22,280 --> 02:40:23,760 BUT AS SOMEBODY MENTIONED, WHO 4633 02:40:23,760 --> 02:40:25,320 KNOWS 10 YEARS FROM NOW WHAT 4634 02:40:25,320 --> 02:40:26,960 INFORMATION CAN BE 4635 02:40:26,960 --> 02:40:27,720 EXTRACTED/ANALYZED IN THE 4636 02:40:27,720 --> 02:40:28,160 FUTURE? 4637 02:40:28,160 --> 02:40:29,480 WE JUST DON'T HAVE A GREAT IDEA 4638 02:40:29,480 --> 02:40:30,400 OF THAT RIGHT NOW. 4639 02:40:30,400 --> 02:40:33,600 SO OF COURSE THERE'S A NEED TO 4640 02:40:33,600 --> 02:40:35,480 PROVIDE -- PROTECT PATIENTS' 4641 02:40:35,480 --> 02:40:37,840 PRIVACY AND HEALTH-RELATED 4642 02:40:37,840 --> 02:40:40,800 INFORMATION, AND ALSO THEY 4643 02:40:40,800 --> 02:40:41,880 PROBABLY SHOULD BE THINKING 4644 02:40:41,880 --> 02:40:42,880 AHEAD OF HOW THIS INFORMATION 4645 02:40:42,880 --> 02:40:45,280 CAN BE USED IN THE FUTURE AND 4646 02:40:45,280 --> 02:40:46,040 PROTECTED IN THE FUTURE. 4647 02:40:46,040 --> 02:40:47,680 SO WITH THAT, I'D LIKE TO THANK 4648 02:40:47,680 --> 02:40:50,440 MY LAB, MY WONDERFUL 4649 02:40:50,440 --> 02:40:51,240 COLLABORATORS AND MY FUNDING 4650 02:40:51,240 --> 02:40:52,040 SOURCES. 4651 02:40:52,040 --> 02:40:53,120 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH. 4652 02:40:53,120 --> 02:40:58,800 [APPLAUSE] 4653 02:40:58,800 --> 02:41:00,160 I'M GOING TO ASK ONE QUESTION 4654 02:41:00,160 --> 02:41:02,760 THAT WAS IN OUR VIRTUAL CHAT 4655 02:41:02,760 --> 02:41:06,480 FROM DR. SYD JOHNSON, A MEMBER 4656 02:41:06,480 --> 02:41:07,360 ATTENDING VIRTUALLY. 4657 02:41:07,360 --> 02:41:09,040 ARE THERE PARTICULAR RISKS WITH 4658 02:41:09,040 --> 02:41:09,920 UPLOADING DATA TO THE CLOUD AND 4659 02:41:09,920 --> 02:41:11,320 DOES THIS HAPPEN IN REALTIME? 4660 02:41:11,320 --> 02:41:12,560 >>THAT'S A GOOD QUESTION. 4661 02:41:12,560 --> 02:41:15,360 SO YES, SO USING THE NEURAL DATA 4662 02:41:15,360 --> 02:41:18,680 FROM RC PLUS S, IT DIRECTLY 4663 02:41:18,680 --> 02:41:23,920 UPLOADS TO THE CLOUD, BASE CL BY 4664 02:41:23,920 --> 02:41:25,840 THIS INFORMATION IS BEING 4665 02:41:25,840 --> 02:41:26,800 COLLECTED AND SENT. 4666 02:41:26,800 --> 02:41:28,320 THE COLLECTIVE DATA, IT DEPENDS 4667 02:41:28,320 --> 02:41:29,040 ON WHICH FORM. 4668 02:41:29,040 --> 02:41:30,760 SO IT'S STORED ON THE 4669 02:41:30,760 --> 02:41:33,040 ACCELEROMETER ITSELF, SO THE 4670 02:41:33,040 --> 02:41:35,560 PATIENT HAS TO KIND OF 4671 02:41:35,560 --> 02:41:36,640 PHYSICALLY PLUG NO A COMPUTER, 4672 02:41:36,640 --> 02:41:39,760 AND YES, THERE ARE DEFINITE 4673 02:41:39,760 --> 02:41:40,720 RISKS. 4674 02:41:40,720 --> 02:41:45,840 YOU CAN IMAGINE IF SOMEBODY WERE 4675 02:41:45,840 --> 02:41:47,880 TO HACK INTO THIS SYSTEM IN A 4676 02:41:47,880 --> 02:41:50,400 PATIENT'S HOME, THEY COULD 4677 02:41:50,400 --> 02:41:51,160 INTERCEPT IT. 4678 02:41:51,160 --> 02:41:52,280 CURRENTLY WE HAVEN'T HAD ANY 4679 02:41:52,280 --> 02:41:52,480 ISSUES. 4680 02:41:52,480 --> 02:41:54,360 >>THANKS, DR. WANG. 4681 02:41:54,360 --> 02:41:54,880 APPRECIATE IT VERY MUCH. 4682 02:41:54,880 --> 02:41:58,800 [APPLAUSE] 4683 02:41:58,800 --> 02:41:59,520 THERE'S A QUESTION IN THE CHAT 4684 02:41:59,520 --> 02:42:00,760 THAT IF YOU HAVE A CHANCE TO 4685 02:42:00,760 --> 02:42:01,720 RESPOND TO. 4686 02:42:01,720 --> 02:42:02,520 LET'S GET RIGHT INTO THE 4687 02:42:02,520 --> 02:42:02,880 DISCUSSION. 4688 02:42:02,880 --> 02:42:06,240 WE'RE A LITTLE BEHIND WI BUT THS 4689 02:42:06,240 --> 02:42:06,560 OKAY. 4690 02:42:06,560 --> 02:42:07,880 I WANT TO START OFF WITH 4691 02:42:07,880 --> 02:42:09,400 SOMETHING REALLY SPECIAL. 4692 02:42:09,400 --> 02:42:12,800 WE HAVE TWO INDIVIDUALS HERE WHO 4693 02:42:12,800 --> 02:42:14,960 ARE GOING TO PROVIDE A PATIENT 4694 02:42:14,960 --> 02:42:19,440 PARTICIPANT PERSPECTIVE. 4695 02:42:19,440 --> 02:42:23,920 -- COPELAND IS JOINING US 4696 02:42:23,920 --> 02:42:24,600 VIRTUALLY. 4697 02:42:24,600 --> 02:42:25,360 WANTED TO START OFF THE 4698 02:42:25,360 --> 02:42:27,080 DISCUSSION ASKING IF EITHER OF 4699 02:42:27,080 --> 02:42:29,400 THEM HAVE ANY THOUGHTS OR 4700 02:42:29,400 --> 02:42:32,760 REFLECTIONS ON WHAT WE'VE TALKED 4701 02:42:32,760 --> 02:42:40,760 ABOUT SO FAR. 4702 02:42:40,760 --> 02:42:41,520 CHRISTINE, NATHAN IS SUGGESTING 4703 02:42:41,520 --> 02:42:47,080 YOU GO FIRST, IF YOU'D LIKE. 4704 02:42:47,080 --> 02:42:49,200 >>SO I'M LISTENING IN AND I 4705 02:42:49,200 --> 02:42:50,880 THINK FIRST OFF, HE THINK WE ARE 4706 02:42:50,880 --> 02:42:53,440 MOVING INTO A NEW DIGITAL AND 4707 02:42:53,440 --> 02:42:55,640 DATA-DRIVEN AGE. 4708 02:42:55,640 --> 02:42:56,680 AND I THINK ONE OF THE THINGS 4709 02:42:56,680 --> 02:42:57,520 THAT REALLY NEEDS TO BE 4710 02:42:57,520 --> 02:42:58,920 CONSIDERED IS EDUCATING OUR 4711 02:42:58,920 --> 02:43:01,360 PATIENTS AND OUR GROUPS AROUND 4712 02:43:01,360 --> 02:43:01,880 DATA. 4713 02:43:01,880 --> 02:43:03,880 AROUND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DATA. 4714 02:43:03,880 --> 02:43:05,200 WE'RE ASKING THEM AT CERTAIN 4715 02:43:05,200 --> 02:43:07,000 POINTS TO COLLECT DATA. 4716 02:43:07,000 --> 02:43:08,000 SORE HOW ARE THEY COLLECTING 4717 02:43:08,000 --> 02:43:10,080 DATA AND HOW ARE WE WORKING WITH 4718 02:43:10,080 --> 02:43:11,520 THEM IN THOSE WAYS. 4719 02:43:11,520 --> 02:43:13,000 I THINK ONE OF THE THINGS THAT I 4720 02:43:13,000 --> 02:43:14,440 WAS THINKING ABOUT IS WE'RE 4721 02:43:14,440 --> 02:43:18,600 TALKING ABOUT RISKS IS MENTAL 4722 02:43:18,600 --> 02:43:20,360 HEALTH IS PROTECTED BY 4723 02:43:20,360 --> 02:43:21,760 SUBPOENAS. 4724 02:43:21,760 --> 02:43:24,040 BUT WILL SOME OF THIS 4725 02:43:24,040 --> 02:43:24,720 INFORMATION NOT BE. 4726 02:43:24,720 --> 02:43:25,800 SO ONE OF THE INSTANCES THAT A 4727 02:43:25,800 --> 02:43:27,320 FRIEND OF MINE RAISED WHILE WE 4728 02:43:27,320 --> 02:43:30,240 WERE TALKING ABOUT THIS WAS A 4729 02:43:30,240 --> 02:43:32,880 WOMAN WHO HAS POSTPARTUM 4730 02:43:32,880 --> 02:43:34,320 DEPRESSION OR WHO HAS DEPRESSION 4731 02:43:34,320 --> 02:43:35,920 OR MAYBE A WOMAN WHO HAD AN 4732 02:43:35,920 --> 02:43:36,960 ABORTION AS WELL. 4733 02:43:36,960 --> 02:43:39,000 AND SO THAT COMBINATION OF 4734 02:43:39,000 --> 02:43:41,160 RECORDS IN THE STATE THAT OUR 4735 02:43:41,160 --> 02:43:43,160 COUNTRY IS COULD BE EXTREMELY 4736 02:43:43,160 --> 02:43:43,760 RISKY. 4737 02:43:43,760 --> 02:43:45,560 SO THOSE THINGS AND THEN 4738 02:43:45,560 --> 02:43:46,920 THINKING ABOUT, WHICH WE'LL TALK 4739 02:43:46,920 --> 02:43:48,160 MORE ABOUT TOMORROW, OUR RISKS, 4740 02:43:48,160 --> 02:43:50,400 BUT THEN HOW ARE THESE ALSO THE 4741 02:43:50,400 --> 02:43:51,800 INFORMATION AND THE DATA 4742 02:43:51,800 --> 02:43:53,760 BENEFITING THE PATIENTS 4743 02:43:53,760 --> 02:43:54,360 THEMSELVES IN THE COMMUNITIES 4744 02:43:54,360 --> 02:43:56,800 AND WHAT'S GOING BACK TO THEM IF 4745 02:43:56,800 --> 02:43:58,240 THERE IS INFORMATION FOUND IN 4746 02:43:58,240 --> 02:43:58,760 THESE THINGS. 4747 02:43:58,760 --> 02:44:00,720 SO I'LL LET NATHAN TAKE IT FROM 4748 02:44:00,720 --> 02:44:02,040 THERE, BUT I KNOW TOMORROW WE'LL 4749 02:44:02,040 --> 02:44:10,720 HAVE A GREAT DISCUSSION. 4750 02:44:10,720 --> 02:44:12,640 >>NATHAN, ANYTHING YOU'D LIKE 4751 02:44:12,640 --> 02:44:15,440 TO ADD? 4752 02:44:15,440 --> 02:44:20,520 MAYBE LATER. 4753 02:44:20,520 --> 02:44:20,840 >>OKAY. 4754 02:44:20,840 --> 02:44:23,800 SO I WOULD INVITE OUR PANELISTS 4755 02:44:23,800 --> 02:44:30,040 TO COME ON CAMERA, AND WE ARE -- 4756 02:44:30,040 --> 02:44:37,320 OH, DID HE COME ON? 4757 02:44:37,320 --> 02:44:37,520 OKAY. 4758 02:44:37,520 --> 02:44:39,200 I'M GOING TO INVITE OUR 4759 02:44:39,200 --> 02:44:41,520 PANELISTS TO CONSIDER THE 4760 02:44:41,520 --> 02:44:44,320 FOLLOWING QUESTION, WHICH SASKIA 4761 02:44:44,320 --> 02:44:45,520 PREVIEWED EARLY ON THIS MORNING. 4762 02:44:45,520 --> 02:44:47,360 SO SHOULD BRAIN DATA BE THOUGHT 4763 02:44:47,360 --> 02:44:49,320 OF ON A SPECTRUM OR IN 4764 02:44:49,320 --> 02:44:50,080 CATEGORIES BASED OFF OF THE 4765 02:44:50,080 --> 02:44:51,200 AMOUNT OF RISK FROM SHARING 4766 02:44:51,200 --> 02:44:52,600 THEM? 4767 02:44:52,600 --> 02:44:55,000 AND IF YES, WHAT ARE THE 4768 02:44:55,000 --> 02:44:55,920 DETERMINANTS OF WHERE A 4769 02:44:55,920 --> 02:44:57,680 PARTICULAR KIND OF DATA MIGHT 4770 02:44:57,680 --> 02:45:00,000 FALL ON THE RISK SPECTRUM, FOR 4771 02:45:00,000 --> 02:45:02,200 EXAMPLE, IF IT'S 4772 02:45:02,200 --> 02:45:03,760 REIDENTIFIABILITY OR INFERENCES 4773 02:45:03,760 --> 02:45:05,320 THAT CAN BE DRAWN OR NATURE OF 4774 02:45:05,320 --> 02:45:06,840 THE DATA, JUST TO PROVIDE A FEW 4775 02:45:06,840 --> 02:45:17,040 EXAMPLES. 4776 02:45:17,600 --> 02:45:19,720 >>I WOULD SAY YES, I WOULD SAY 4777 02:45:19,720 --> 02:45:24,160 THAT THE BIGGEST RISK IS ABOUT 4778 02:45:24,160 --> 02:45:27,360 IDENTIFIABILITY OF THE DATA. 4779 02:45:27,360 --> 02:45:30,440 SO SOMETHING LIKE FMRI AND DTI 4780 02:45:30,440 --> 02:45:31,640 ARE NOT -- YOU'RE GOING TO HAVE 4781 02:45:31,640 --> 02:45:32,920 A HARD TIME, I THINK, 4782 02:45:32,920 --> 02:45:35,200 IDENTIFYING IT UNLESS YOU HAVE 4783 02:45:35,200 --> 02:45:40,120 SOME OTHER BHI, SO THE SCANS I 4784 02:45:40,120 --> 02:45:43,080 WAS SHOWING ARE -- IF YOU CAN 4785 02:45:43,080 --> 02:45:46,040 GET A FACE OUT OF THEM, YOU'RE 4786 02:45:46,040 --> 02:45:47,560 HALFWAY THERE TO REALLY BEING 4787 02:45:47,560 --> 02:45:48,040 ABLE TO IDENTIFY IT. 4788 02:45:48,040 --> 02:45:50,160 SO I THINK THAT THOSE -- THAT'S 4789 02:45:50,160 --> 02:45:55,960 PROBABLY THE HIGHEST RISK, AND 4790 02:45:55,960 --> 02:45:57,480 MAYBE WITH SOME OF THE OTHER 4791 02:45:57,480 --> 02:45:59,600 MODALITIES, YOU'RE MORE LIKELY 4792 02:45:59,600 --> 02:46:02,960 TO BE ABLE TO DIAGNOSE SOMETHING 4793 02:46:02,960 --> 02:46:07,000 THAT COULD BE COMPROMISING IN 4794 02:46:07,000 --> 02:46:13,600 SOME WAY. 4795 02:46:13,600 --> 02:46:15,480 >>MAYBE I'LL JUMP IN AND 4796 02:46:15,480 --> 02:46:16,880 HIGHLIGHT A COMMENT IN THE CHAT. 4797 02:46:16,880 --> 02:46:20,000 IT WAS FROM ELAINE COLLIER WHO'S 4798 02:46:20,000 --> 02:46:20,880 TALKING ABOUT ARE WE TALKING 4799 02:46:20,880 --> 02:46:22,320 ABOUT OPEN DATA SHARING OR 4800 02:46:22,320 --> 02:46:25,200 CONTROLLED ACCESS DATA SHARING? 4801 02:46:25,200 --> 02:46:26,880 AND SO THIS KIND OF GOES INTO 4802 02:46:26,880 --> 02:46:28,960 THE IDEA OF POTENTIAL FOR HARM, 4803 02:46:28,960 --> 02:46:31,280 SO IT'S NOT ONLY HOW SENSITIVE 4804 02:46:31,280 --> 02:46:32,440 IS THE DATA AND WHAT COULD YOU 4805 02:46:32,440 --> 02:46:33,560 ACTUALLY GET FROM IT, BUT WHO 4806 02:46:33,560 --> 02:46:35,320 WILL HAVE ACCESS TO THAT DATA 4807 02:46:35,320 --> 02:46:36,120 AND HOW ARE THEY INTENDING TO 4808 02:46:36,120 --> 02:46:37,640 USE IT, WHAT REGULATIONS ARE 4809 02:46:37,640 --> 02:46:40,200 THEY SUBJECT TO. 4810 02:46:40,200 --> 02:46:42,080 I THINK SHARING DATA IN A 4811 02:46:42,080 --> 02:46:43,320 RESEARCH CONTEXT IN A WAY THAT 4812 02:46:43,320 --> 02:46:45,600 IT'S USED RESPONSIBLY HAS VERY 4813 02:46:45,600 --> 02:46:47,240 DIFFERENT RISK PROFILE THAN 4814 02:46:47,240 --> 02:46:48,960 SHARING DATA PUBLICLY. 4815 02:46:48,960 --> 02:46:49,280 POTENTIALLY. 4816 02:46:49,280 --> 02:46:52,840 NOT THAT ANY -- NOT THAT WE 4817 02:46:52,840 --> 02:46:54,320 SHOULD DISMISS THE RISK THAT 4818 02:46:54,320 --> 02:46:55,720 SOMEBODY IS ABLE TO GET THEIR 4819 02:46:55,720 --> 02:46:56,920 HANDS ON DATA ONCE YOU START 4820 02:46:56,920 --> 02:46:59,040 SHARING IT, BUT I DO THINK THAT 4821 02:46:59,040 --> 02:47:00,360 THAT'S AN IMPORTANT 4822 02:47:00,360 --> 02:47:01,320 CONSIDERATION SO THE DEGREE OF 4823 02:47:01,320 --> 02:47:06,800 HARM, I WOULD WEIGH ALONG WITH 4824 02:47:06,800 --> 02:47:08,200 THE IDENTIFIABILITY. 4825 02:47:08,200 --> 02:47:09,760 >>IN TERMS OF JUST ANSWERING 4826 02:47:09,760 --> 02:47:11,400 THAT QUESTION OR CLARIFYING THE 4827 02:47:11,400 --> 02:47:13,240 QUESTION, I THINK I'D SAY BOTH, 4828 02:47:13,240 --> 02:47:15,400 I MEAN, BOTH ARE VERY MUCH UPON 4829 02:47:15,400 --> 02:47:19,120 US NOW OBVIOUSLY, SO YOU KNOW, 4830 02:47:19,120 --> 02:47:22,480 MAYBE IT'S DIFFERENT BECAUSE THE 4831 02:47:22,480 --> 02:47:23,920 REQUIREMENT FOR PUBLIC SHARING 4832 02:47:23,920 --> 02:47:25,800 ARE DIFFERENT THAN THAT OF NOT 4833 02:47:25,800 --> 02:47:27,520 PUBLIC SHARING. 4834 02:47:27,520 --> 02:47:30,360 BUT WE'RE ALL PARTICIPATING IN 4835 02:47:30,360 --> 02:47:31,920 BOTH TO AN INCREASING DEGREE. 4836 02:47:31,920 --> 02:47:34,880 MAYBE ONE THING TO THROW IN THAT 4837 02:47:34,880 --> 02:47:36,360 TIES SOME OF THESE -- WELL ALL 4838 02:47:36,360 --> 02:47:38,280 OF THESE TALKS TOGETHER IS THE 4839 02:47:38,280 --> 02:47:39,560 INCREASING MULTI-MODALITY NATURE 4840 02:47:39,560 --> 02:47:40,440 OF THE DATA. 4841 02:47:40,440 --> 02:47:43,240 SO SUSIE, LORNA, DOUG, YOU GUYS 4842 02:47:43,240 --> 02:47:46,520 TALKED ABOUT IMAGING IN EEG, 4843 02:47:46,520 --> 02:47:49,240 THESE ARE BECOMING MORE AND MORE 4844 02:47:49,240 --> 02:47:52,840 TIED TOGETHER, YOU HAVE TO 4845 02:47:52,840 --> 02:47:53,960 INTENTIONALLY SEPARATE THEM, IF 4846 02:47:53,960 --> 02:47:56,040 YOU'RE TRYING TO DE-IDENTIFY ONE 4847 02:47:56,040 --> 02:47:58,640 EU PULLING IN A BUNCH OF DATA OR 4848 02:47:58,640 --> 02:48:01,400 METADATA FROM MANY OTHERS. 4849 02:48:01,400 --> 02:48:05,360 JENNIFER, YOU TALKED ABOUT 4850 02:48:05,360 --> 02:48:06,080 BIDIRECTIONAL NEURAL INTERFACES. 4851 02:48:06,080 --> 02:48:07,920 THE MORE THESE ARE TIED WITH 4852 02:48:07,920 --> 02:48:08,520 BEHAVIORAL MONITORING, WHETHER 4853 02:48:08,520 --> 02:48:12,440 IT'S MOVEMENTS, THOUGHTS, YOU 4854 02:48:12,440 --> 02:48:14,120 KNOW, OTHER ACTIONS, EMOTIONS, 4855 02:48:14,120 --> 02:48:16,920 ET CETERA, IT'S BECOMING 4856 02:48:16,920 --> 02:48:17,560 INCREASINGLY IDENTIFIABLE. 4857 02:48:17,560 --> 02:48:19,440 SO WITH THE GREATER BENEFIT OF 4858 02:48:19,440 --> 02:48:21,600 THE MULTIMODAL NATURE COMES THE 4859 02:48:21,600 --> 02:48:22,000 GREATER RISK. 4860 02:48:22,000 --> 02:48:23,440 SO MAYBE -- YEAH, ADDITIONAL 4861 02:48:23,440 --> 02:48:26,560 THOUGHTS ABOUT HOW THESE CAN BE 4862 02:48:26,560 --> 02:48:28,840 STRATIFIED, BECAUSE I THINK WE 4863 02:48:28,840 --> 02:48:29,880 CAN MAYBE ALL AGREE THAT IT'S 4864 02:48:29,880 --> 02:48:31,720 NOT ALL THE SAME IN TERMS 4865 02:48:31,720 --> 02:48:34,160 OF DEGREE OF IDENTIFIABILITY, 4866 02:48:34,160 --> 02:48:37,120 IDENTIFIABILITY, DEGREE OF 4867 02:48:37,120 --> 02:48:37,640 INFERENCE, DRAWABILITY. 4868 02:48:37,640 --> 02:48:40,280 THIS IS ONLY GOING TO GET, I 4869 02:48:40,280 --> 02:48:41,600 THINK, INCREASINGLY CHALLENGING 4870 02:48:41,600 --> 02:48:43,560 OVER TIME AS WE, AGAIN, GO 4871 02:48:43,560 --> 02:48:46,760 MULTIMODAL AND HAVE ARTIFICIAL 4872 02:48:46,760 --> 02:48:47,360 INTELLIGENCE/DEEP LEARNING THAT 4873 02:48:47,360 --> 02:48:48,720 CAN PULL OUT EVEN MORE AND MORE 4874 02:48:48,720 --> 02:48:49,480 INFORMATION. 4875 02:48:49,480 --> 02:48:55,600 THOUGHTS. 4876 02:48:55,600 --> 02:49:00,600 >>I THINK OVERALL, AND JEN AND 4877 02:49:00,600 --> 02:49:02,400 I HAVE MENTIONED, IF YOU 4878 02:49:02,400 --> 02:49:04,240 SEGREGATE THE BEHAVIOR FROM I 4879 02:49:04,240 --> 02:49:06,320 GUESS LIKE NEUROPHYSIOLOGY DATA, 4880 02:49:06,320 --> 02:49:07,480 IT'S HARD TO DRAW INFERENCES, 4881 02:49:07,480 --> 02:49:08,680 BUT I THINK THERE ARE -- THE 4882 02:49:08,680 --> 02:49:11,880 RISK IS, ARE THOSE COMPANIES AND 4883 02:49:11,880 --> 02:49:15,360 THIRD PARTY, YOU KNOW, THIRD 4884 02:49:15,360 --> 02:49:18,640 PARTY PARTNERS WITH INDUSTRY AND 4885 02:49:18,640 --> 02:49:20,280 ACADEMIA, THAT ACTUALLY 4886 02:49:20,280 --> 02:49:20,800 SYNCHRONIZE ALL THE DATA 4887 02:49:20,800 --> 02:49:23,800 TOGETHER AND PUT IT IN A CALL 4888 02:49:23,800 --> 02:49:24,880 BASE SERVICE, THAT'S REALLY 4889 02:49:24,880 --> 02:49:26,600 USEFUL FOR RESEARCHERS RIGHT 4890 02:49:26,600 --> 02:49:28,520 NOW. 4891 02:49:28,520 --> 02:49:30,440 BUT ALSO YOU CAN THINK ABOUT THE 4892 02:49:30,440 --> 02:49:38,240 DANGER AND THAT TYPE OF SOFTWARE 4893 02:49:38,240 --> 02:49:40,200 AND DEVICE, THESE CLOUD-BASED 4894 02:49:40,200 --> 02:49:41,040 THINGS, THAT YOU CAN'T INTEGRATE 4895 02:49:41,040 --> 02:49:41,520 BOTH. 4896 02:49:41,520 --> 02:49:42,960 I THINK IT NEED TO BE REALLY 4897 02:49:42,960 --> 02:49:44,920 HIGHLY REGULATED, AND I THINK 4898 02:49:44,920 --> 02:49:54,360 THAT'S VERY, VERY RISKY. 4899 02:49:54,360 --> 02:49:55,840 >>AT THE SAME TIME, I THINK THE 4900 02:49:55,840 --> 02:49:57,480 BENEFIT OF THE DATA IS VERY 4901 02:49:57,480 --> 02:49:58,200 LIMITED IF YOU DON'T COMBINE 4902 02:49:58,200 --> 02:49:59,800 THESE DIFFERENT MODALITIES, SO 4903 02:49:59,800 --> 02:50:02,320 MAYBE WHILE THE DATA PROBABLY 4904 02:50:02,320 --> 02:50:04,240 DOES LION A CONTINUUM IN TERMS 4905 02:50:04,240 --> 02:50:05,680 OF SENSITIVITY, I FEEL LIKE YOU 4906 02:50:05,680 --> 02:50:07,960 COULD PROBABLY GET DOWN TO TWO 4907 02:50:07,960 --> 02:50:09,080 OR THREE CATEGORIES WHERE IT'S 4908 02:50:09,080 --> 02:50:10,880 JUST NOT SENSITIVE, DOESN'T NEED 4909 02:50:10,880 --> 02:50:14,560 MUCH IF ANY REGULATION, OR IT'S 4910 02:50:14,560 --> 02:50:18,840 A BENEFICIAL DATASET THAT HAS 4911 02:50:18,840 --> 02:50:19,920 BEHAVIOR, HAS NEURAL DATA AND AT 4912 02:50:19,920 --> 02:50:22,680 THAT POINT, WE NEED TO APPLY 4913 02:50:22,680 --> 02:50:25,040 REGULATIONS THAT STILL ALLOW FOR 4914 02:50:25,040 --> 02:50:25,960 INNOVATION AND DATA SHARING AND 4915 02:50:25,960 --> 02:50:28,480 THAT PROBABLY ENCOMPASSES THE 4916 02:50:28,480 --> 02:50:29,920 MAJORITY OF NEURAL DATA, AND 4917 02:50:29,920 --> 02:50:32,480 THEN PERHAPS THERE IS A MORE 4918 02:50:32,480 --> 02:50:35,200 EXTREMELY SENSITIVE -- HAS A 4919 02:50:35,200 --> 02:50:36,640 HIGH LIKELIHOOD OF 4920 02:50:36,640 --> 02:50:38,080 IDENTIFIABILITY THAT WOULD HAVE 4921 02:50:38,080 --> 02:50:41,200 ADDITIONAL REGULATION. 4922 02:50:41,200 --> 02:50:43,480 >>ANOTHER FEATURE THAT WAS 4923 02:50:43,480 --> 02:50:44,880 REALLY -- I FOUND INTERESTING, 4924 02:50:44,880 --> 02:50:46,440 LORNA, YOU TALKED ABOUT SORT OF, 4925 02:50:46,440 --> 02:50:47,560 I DON'T KNOW, PORTABILITY, 4926 02:50:47,560 --> 02:50:49,120 RIGHT? 4927 02:50:49,120 --> 02:50:50,800 SO YOU'RE NOT GOING TO BE 4928 02:50:50,800 --> 02:50:53,320 CARRYING AROUND MRI SCANNERS 4929 02:50:53,320 --> 02:50:54,520 NECESSARILY WITH YOU, OR USING 4930 02:50:54,520 --> 02:50:55,880 THEM MAYBE FOR AUTHENTICATION 4931 02:50:55,880 --> 02:50:57,520 ANY TIME SOON, BUT EEG 4932 02:50:57,520 --> 02:50:58,600 ABSOLUTELY, RIGHT? 4933 02:50:58,600 --> 02:50:59,560 YOU BROUGHT UP EXAMPLES ABOUT 4934 02:50:59,560 --> 02:51:00,960 THAT BEING DONE ALREADY. 4935 02:51:00,960 --> 02:51:03,560 SO THE MORE THAT THIS IS IN THE 4936 02:51:03,560 --> 02:51:04,760 PUBLIC DOMAIN AND JUST OUR 4937 02:51:04,760 --> 02:51:06,360 ROUTINE USE OF OPENING UP OUR 4938 02:51:06,360 --> 02:51:07,360 ELECTRONIC DEVICES, NOT JUST 4939 02:51:07,360 --> 02:51:09,280 WITH OUR EYES AND FACE BUT WITH 4940 02:51:09,280 --> 02:51:12,360 OUR BRAIN ACTIVITY PATTERNS, IT 4941 02:51:12,360 --> 02:51:16,640 SEEMS LIKE THE EASIER IT IS TO 4942 02:51:16,640 --> 02:51:20,240 USE IT FOR WHATEVER PURPOSES, 4943 02:51:20,240 --> 02:51:21,360 THEY'RE NOT INTENDED. 4944 02:51:21,360 --> 02:51:23,520 SO I THINK THAT'S JUST ANOTHER 4945 02:51:23,520 --> 02:51:28,720 SORT OF AXIS OF DISCUSSION OR 4946 02:51:28,720 --> 02:51:29,400 CONSIDERATION PERHAPS. 4947 02:51:29,400 --> 02:51:31,280 WHAT DO YOU THINK? 4948 02:51:31,280 --> 02:51:38,040 >>I CAN'T COMMENT -- DOES THIS 4949 02:51:38,040 --> 02:51:40,800 WORK? 4950 02:51:40,800 --> 02:51:41,800 OKAY. 4951 02:51:41,800 --> 02:51:43,040 MANAGING MY BEST IN THE HYBRID 4952 02:51:43,040 --> 02:51:44,840 WORLD. 4953 02:51:44,840 --> 02:51:48,320 SO ONE THING THAT MADE ME THINK 4954 02:51:48,320 --> 02:51:51,600 OF, SAMEER, EEG RIGHT NOW, WE 4955 02:51:51,600 --> 02:51:53,720 DON'T CASUALLY ENCOUNTER EEG IN 4956 02:51:53,720 --> 02:51:57,920 THE WILD, AND WE CERTAINLY DON'T 4957 02:51:57,920 --> 02:52:02,080 CASUALLY RECORD EEG TO ACCESS 4958 02:52:02,080 --> 02:52:05,720 INFORMATION. 4959 02:52:05,720 --> 02:52:07,160 BUT THERE IS ANOTHER EMERGING 4960 02:52:07,160 --> 02:52:08,440 TECHNOLOGY THAT MIGHT BE SORT OF 4961 02:52:08,440 --> 02:52:09,880 ON THE BORDERLINE OF WHETHER WE 4962 02:52:09,880 --> 02:52:11,200 CONSIDER IT NEURAL DATA, AND 4963 02:52:11,200 --> 02:52:13,120 THIS REALLY IS STARTING TO TOUCH 4964 02:52:13,120 --> 02:52:16,000 PEOPLE'S LIVES. 4965 02:52:16,000 --> 02:52:18,240 SO VIRTUAL REALITY HEADSETS ARE 4966 02:52:18,240 --> 02:52:21,040 ALREADY CAPABLE OF RECORDING EYE 4967 02:52:21,040 --> 02:52:26,040 TRACKING BEHAVIOR, AND MOTION 4968 02:52:26,040 --> 02:52:28,880 BEHAVIOR, AND WHEN WE USE THOSE 4969 02:52:28,880 --> 02:52:32,320 DEVICES, WE'RE NOT NECESSARILY 4970 02:52:32,320 --> 02:52:32,920 THINKING ABOUT THE FACT THAT 4971 02:52:32,920 --> 02:52:33,920 WE'RE GIVING OUR PERSONAL 4972 02:52:33,920 --> 02:52:37,040 INFORMATION OR PERSONAL DATA, SO 4973 02:52:37,040 --> 02:52:38,840 I KNOW SOMEONE MENTIONED MAYBE 4974 02:52:38,840 --> 02:52:41,360 SASKIA IN THE INTRODUCTION, WHAT 4975 02:52:41,360 --> 02:52:42,640 ABOUT THESE TYPES OF DATA THAT 4976 02:52:42,640 --> 02:52:46,280 ARE NOT DIRECTLY NEURAL BUT ARE 4977 02:52:46,280 --> 02:52:48,040 INFORMATIVE IN A SIMILAR WAY. 4978 02:52:48,040 --> 02:52:49,120 SOMETIMES WE CONSIDER EYE 4979 02:52:49,120 --> 02:52:52,440 TRACKING TO BE DIRECTLY 4980 02:52:52,440 --> 02:52:54,480 REFLECTIVE OF NEURAL STATES. 4981 02:52:54,480 --> 02:52:58,240 SO EVERY TIME SOMEONE PUTS ON A 4982 02:52:58,240 --> 02:53:01,400 CURRENT V.R. DEVICE, THEY'RE 4983 02:53:01,400 --> 02:53:04,760 GIVING SOME DATA, AT MINIMUM, 4984 02:53:04,760 --> 02:53:06,200 THEIR MOVEMENT DATA TO THE 4985 02:53:06,200 --> 02:53:07,120 COMPANY. 4986 02:53:07,120 --> 02:53:11,760 NOW MORE AND MORE DEVICES ARE 4987 02:53:11,760 --> 02:53:12,680 INCORPORATING EYE TRACKING. 4988 02:53:12,680 --> 02:53:13,760 YOU DON'T THINK ABOUT IT AS 4989 02:53:13,760 --> 02:53:15,160 GIVING YOUR DATA TO THE COMPANY 4990 02:53:15,160 --> 02:53:17,200 UNLESS YOU'RE A VERY 4991 02:53:17,200 --> 02:53:20,760 PRIVACY-AWARE CONSUMER. 4992 02:53:20,760 --> 02:53:22,080 IT IS NOT CRAZY TO THINK ABOUT 4993 02:53:22,080 --> 02:53:24,840 THE NEXT GENERATION OF VR 4994 02:53:24,840 --> 02:53:27,520 HEADSETS BEYOND APPLE'S NEW ONE 4995 02:53:27,520 --> 02:53:29,920 COMING OUT. 4996 02:53:29,920 --> 02:53:31,480 INCORPORATING EEG ELECTRODES 4997 02:53:31,480 --> 02:53:32,800 STRAIGHT INTO THE DEVICE. 4998 02:53:32,800 --> 02:53:34,880 THIS IS ON THE RADAR, I THINK, 4999 02:53:34,880 --> 02:53:40,520 FOR SOMETHING COMING UP, SO IN 5000 02:53:40,520 --> 02:53:42,600 10 YEARS, WE PUT ON OUR V.R. 5001 02:53:42,600 --> 02:53:43,960 DEVICES, WE'RE GIVING EYE 5002 02:53:43,960 --> 02:53:46,200 TRACKING, PROBABLY RECORDING 5003 02:53:46,200 --> 02:53:48,200 SOUND, MOVEMENT, LOTS OF DEGREES 5004 02:53:48,200 --> 02:53:50,800 OF FREEDOM, AND MAYBE THERE ARE 5005 02:53:50,800 --> 02:53:51,960 THREE ELECTRODES ON THE 5006 02:53:51,960 --> 02:53:52,440 FOREHEAD. 5007 02:53:52,440 --> 02:53:59,240 SO AS IT BECOMES EASIER TO BUILD 5008 02:53:59,240 --> 02:54:00,240 THESE TYPES OF DATA COLLECTION 5009 02:54:00,240 --> 02:54:01,560 INTO DEVICES THAT PEOPLE 5010 02:54:01,560 --> 02:54:02,440 ACTUALLY WANT TO USE, I THINK 5011 02:54:02,440 --> 02:54:04,600 YOU'RE RIGHT, I KIND OF FORGET 5012 02:54:04,600 --> 02:54:07,560 WHAT THE ACTUAL QUESTION WAS, 5013 02:54:07,560 --> 02:54:09,880 BUT IT'S -- FOR SOMETHING LIKE 5014 02:54:09,880 --> 02:54:11,400 FMRI, IT'S HARD TO ENVISION THE 5015 02:54:11,400 --> 02:54:14,120 FUTURE OF SORT OF ACCIDENTALLY 5016 02:54:14,120 --> 02:54:17,760 RECORDING FMRI THAT REVEALS TOO 5017 02:54:17,760 --> 02:54:19,360 MUCH ABOUT YOU, BUT IN OTHER 5018 02:54:19,360 --> 02:54:21,600 WAYS, IT REALLY IS COMING DOWN 5019 02:54:21,600 --> 02:54:24,800 THE PIKE SOON, AND WILL BE 5020 02:54:24,800 --> 02:54:25,800 HIGHLY INFORMATIVE, ESPECIALLY 5021 02:54:25,800 --> 02:54:26,840 FOR MARKETING PURPOSES, IT 5022 02:54:26,840 --> 02:54:29,000 BECOMES SORT OF A BUSINESS 5023 02:54:29,000 --> 02:54:30,920 ETHICS QUESTION, BUT ALREADY THE 5024 02:54:30,920 --> 02:54:32,760 COMPANY IS MAKING DEVICES LIKE 5025 02:54:32,760 --> 02:54:37,040 THAT ARE USING YOUR EYE AND BODY 5026 02:54:37,040 --> 02:54:39,320 MOVEMENTS TO IDENTIFY YOU AND 5027 02:54:39,320 --> 02:54:40,120 TARGET YOUR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASES 5028 02:54:40,120 --> 02:54:41,760 TO WHAT THEY THINK YOU WANT TO 5029 02:54:41,760 --> 02:54:43,280 SEE. 5030 02:54:43,280 --> 02:54:45,520 SO IF THEY CAN DO THAT NOW, WHAT 5031 02:54:45,520 --> 02:54:47,520 ABOUT ADDING THE EEGs INTO THE 5032 02:54:47,520 --> 02:54:49,480 HEADSET? 5033 02:54:49,480 --> 02:54:53,400 I DON'T KNOW. 5034 02:54:53,400 --> 02:54:54,960 >>I JUST WANT TO ASK A QUESTION 5035 02:54:54,960 --> 02:54:56,760 AS WE TALK ABOUT ALL OF THIS, 5036 02:54:56,760 --> 02:55:00,520 AND I THINK GIVING DATA FOR 5037 02:55:00,520 --> 02:55:01,720 RESEARCH IS ONE THING, BUT I 5038 02:55:01,720 --> 02:55:02,800 THINK A LOT OF PATIENTS ARE OUT 5039 02:55:02,800 --> 02:55:05,040 THERE AND DON'T KNOW WHO THEIR 5040 02:55:05,040 --> 02:55:06,320 DATA IS GOING TO, WHETHER IT'S 5041 02:55:06,320 --> 02:55:07,640 RESEARCH OR A COMPANY. 5042 02:55:07,640 --> 02:55:09,960 AND SO I WORK WITH AN 5043 02:55:09,960 --> 02:55:11,360 ORGANIZATION LIKE COLLECTIVE 5044 02:55:11,360 --> 02:55:12,800 WHERE WE'RE WORKING ON DIGITAL, 5045 02:55:12,800 --> 02:55:16,480 SO AT A POLICY LEVEL, WHERE IS 5046 02:55:16,480 --> 02:55:18,160 THE CONVERSATION AROUND AN 5047 02:55:18,160 --> 02:55:21,120 INDIVIDUAL'S DIGITAL RIGHTS WHEN 5048 02:55:21,120 --> 02:55:22,320 IT COMES TO THIS DATA? 5049 02:55:22,320 --> 02:55:23,960 I DON'T KNOW IF ANYONE HAS ANY 5050 02:55:23,960 --> 02:55:34,240 ANSWERS TO THAT. 5051 02:55:36,600 --> 02:55:38,400 >>I DID WANT TO CHIME IN AND 5052 02:55:38,400 --> 02:55:43,320 SAY I THINK DANIEL MOSLEY 5053 02:55:43,320 --> 02:55:45,240 COMMENT THE IN THE CHAT ABOUT 5054 02:55:45,240 --> 02:55:46,920 MAKING THESE FORMS OF DATA 5055 02:55:46,920 --> 02:55:48,240 AVAILABLE IN THE EMR RECORD. 5056 02:55:48,240 --> 02:55:50,280 I BELIEVE AS PART OF THE 21ST 5057 02:55:50,280 --> 02:55:51,120 CENTURY CURES ACT, ACTUALLY 5058 02:55:51,120 --> 02:55:52,440 PATIENTS DO HAVE ACCESS TO THEIR 5059 02:55:52,440 --> 02:55:53,840 OWN DATA, SO THEY ACTUALLY COULD 5060 02:55:53,840 --> 02:55:57,680 MAKE THEIR OWN DATA AVAILABLE IN 5061 02:55:57,680 --> 02:56:01,880 LIMITED FORMS. 5062 02:56:01,880 --> 02:56:02,760 THAT'S SOMETHING INTERESTING TO 5063 02:56:02,760 --> 02:56:03,920 THROW INTO THE MIX. 5064 02:56:03,920 --> 02:56:07,560 I GUESS TO ADD TO THE 5065 02:56:07,560 --> 02:56:08,160 SPECTRUM/CATEGORIZATION 5066 02:56:08,160 --> 02:56:09,200 QUESTION, I THINK THE TYPE OF 5067 02:56:09,200 --> 02:56:11,800 RESEARCH THAT IS BEING DONE ON 5068 02:56:11,800 --> 02:56:13,800 THE DATA IS ANOTHER FACTOR TO 5069 02:56:13,800 --> 02:56:17,400 CONSIDER, AND THIS WAS ACTUALLY 5070 02:56:17,400 --> 02:56:20,560 A SIDE CONVERSATION I WAS HAVING 5071 02:56:20,560 --> 02:56:24,120 WITH FRANCES SHEN BY EMAIL, ONE 5072 02:56:24,120 --> 02:56:25,920 OF MY COP.I.s ON THIS ETHICS 5073 02:56:25,920 --> 02:56:27,160 GRANT, BUT HE MENTIONED THERE'S 5074 02:56:27,160 --> 02:56:28,320 CERTAIN QUESTIONS THAT YOU ASKED 5075 02:56:28,320 --> 02:56:31,200 THAT ARE FAIRLY INNOCUOUS, LIKE 5076 02:56:31,200 --> 02:56:36,960 DOES SOMEBODY LIKE SUGA SUGARY L 5077 02:56:36,960 --> 02:56:38,600 VERSUS SOMETHING POTENTIALLY 5078 02:56:38,600 --> 02:56:39,480 MORE FOCUSED AND SENSITIVE 5079 02:56:39,480 --> 02:56:41,280 INFORMATION REGARDING THEIR 5080 02:56:41,280 --> 02:56:43,560 PERSONAL PREFERENCE, REGARDING 5081 02:56:43,560 --> 02:56:44,880 THEIR EMOTIONAL STATES. 5082 02:56:44,880 --> 02:56:45,480 SO I THINK THE NATURE OF THE 5083 02:56:45,480 --> 02:56:46,840 RESEARCH QUESTION, ESPECIALLY 5084 02:56:46,840 --> 02:56:48,920 FOR FMRI, COULD BE DEFINITELY 5085 02:56:48,920 --> 02:56:54,120 ONE FACTOR OR ONE CATEGORY TO 5086 02:56:54,120 --> 02:56:55,880 CONSIDER, ACKNOWLEDGING ALSO THE 5087 02:56:55,880 --> 02:56:57,520 DATA COULD HAVE OTHER EMBEDDED 5088 02:56:57,520 --> 02:56:59,720 INFORMATION THAT WAS NOT THE 5089 02:56:59,720 --> 02:57:00,320 EXPLICIT INTENTION OF THE 5090 02:57:00,320 --> 02:57:01,680 RESEARCHER TO EXTRACT BUT CAN 5091 02:57:01,680 --> 02:57:04,160 EITHER NOW OR IN THE FUTURE BE 5092 02:57:04,160 --> 02:57:04,560 EXTRACTIBLE. 5093 02:57:04,560 --> 02:57:06,240 AND THE OTHER THING WOULD BE THE 5094 02:57:06,240 --> 02:57:10,880 TEMPORAL ASPECT OF THE DATA, SO 5095 02:57:10,880 --> 02:57:12,400 WHAT ARE THE CURRENT LIMITATIONS 5096 02:57:12,400 --> 02:57:14,960 OF DATAVERSE US WHAT'S G WHAT'SO 5097 02:57:14,960 --> 02:57:16,800 BE COMING DOWN THE PIKE IN TERMS 5098 02:57:16,800 --> 02:57:18,920 OF DATA CAPABILITIES, SPATIAL, 5099 02:57:18,920 --> 02:57:20,080 TEMPORAL RESOLUTION OF THE DATA, 5100 02:57:20,080 --> 02:57:21,440 AND THAT'S SOMETHING TO FACTOR 5101 02:57:21,440 --> 02:57:23,240 IN ALSO, AND I THINK FOR THAT, 5102 02:57:23,240 --> 02:57:24,520 IN TERMS OF FUTURE-PROOFING IS 5103 02:57:24,520 --> 02:57:25,680 GOING TO ACTUALLY BE PRETTY 5104 02:57:25,680 --> 02:57:26,920 DIFFICULT TO PREDICT UNTIL WE 5105 02:57:26,920 --> 02:57:29,080 SEE THE FULL CAPABILITIES OF THE 5106 02:57:29,080 --> 02:57:30,440 DATA WE'RE ABLE TO GENERATE WITH 5107 02:57:30,440 --> 02:57:31,720 THESE NEW TECHNOLOGIES. 5108 02:57:31,720 --> 02:57:34,000 >>I JUST HAD A COMMENT TOO ON 5109 02:57:34,000 --> 02:57:34,280 THE DATA. 5110 02:57:34,280 --> 02:57:35,920 I THINK WE HAVE ACCESS TO OUR 5111 02:57:35,920 --> 02:57:36,480 EMRs. 5112 02:57:36,480 --> 02:57:40,320 WE DON'T HAVE ACCESS TO RESEARCH 5113 02:57:40,320 --> 02:57:40,840 OR THINGS THAT WE'VE 5114 02:57:40,840 --> 02:57:41,720 PARTICIPATED IN. 5115 02:57:41,720 --> 02:57:43,920 AND SO IF THAT INFORMATION COULD 5116 02:57:43,920 --> 02:57:46,200 BE RETURNED TO MY OWN CLINICAL 5117 02:57:46,200 --> 02:57:47,200 TEAMS, I THINK WE'D HAVE MORE 5118 02:57:47,200 --> 02:57:48,920 ANSWERS THAN WE WOULD WITH THE 5119 02:57:48,920 --> 02:57:52,880 TESTING WE'RE CURRENTLY DOING. 5120 02:57:52,880 --> 02:57:53,920 >>THANKS SO MUCH. 5121 02:57:53,920 --> 02:57:55,280 I WANT TO JUST POSE A QUESTION 5122 02:57:55,280 --> 02:57:57,840 FOR PEOPLE TO THINK ABOUT, 5123 02:57:57,840 --> 02:57:58,880 BECAUSE WE'RE A COUPLE MINUTES 5124 02:57:58,880 --> 02:58:00,080 OVER SO I WANT TO MAKE SURE THAT 5125 02:58:00,080 --> 02:58:01,560 PEOPLE HAVE LUNCH, BUT KIND OF 5126 02:58:01,560 --> 02:58:02,440 BRIDGING SOME OF THE QUESTIONS 5127 02:58:02,440 --> 02:58:03,920 THAT WE'RE SEEING IN THE CHAT 5128 02:58:03,920 --> 02:58:05,160 AND WHAT WE WANT PEOPLE TO BE 5129 02:58:05,160 --> 02:58:06,800 THINKING ABOUT HERE IS WE'VE 5130 02:58:06,800 --> 02:58:09,120 HEARD A LITTLE BIT ABOUT SORT OF 5131 02:58:09,120 --> 02:58:10,760 THIS BALANCE BETWEEN INNOVATION 5132 02:58:10,760 --> 02:58:12,760 AND ENABLING SHARING, SO WHAT 5133 02:58:12,760 --> 02:58:14,280 MIGHT NEED TO BE IN PLACE TO 5134 02:58:14,280 --> 02:58:17,920 ENABLE THAT TO HAPPEN, WHETHER 5135 02:58:17,920 --> 02:58:20,760 THAT'S SORT OF -- IF IT'S AROUND 5136 02:58:20,760 --> 02:58:21,600 CONTROLLED ACCESS, IF IT'S 5137 02:58:21,600 --> 02:58:24,040 AROUND SOMETHING POLICY-WISE, 5138 02:58:24,040 --> 02:58:25,240 FROM SOMEBODY IN THE CHAT, TO BE 5139 02:58:25,240 --> 02:58:26,680 ABLE TO ENSURE THAT SHARING 5140 02:58:26,680 --> 02:58:30,520 HAPPENS FOR BENEFIT. 5141 02:58:30,520 --> 02:58:31,480 SO PEOPLE CAN CONTINUE THAT 5142 02:58:31,480 --> 02:58:34,120 DISCUSSION OVER LUNCH OR IN YOUR 5143 02:58:34,120 --> 02:58:34,720 VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS. 5144 02:58:34,720 --> 02:58:37,320 I WANT TO THANK ALL OF OUR PANEL 5145 02:58:37,320 --> 02:58:39,160 ONE SPEAKERS VERY MUCH FOR 5146 02:58:39,160 --> 02:58:40,040 SPEAKING WITH US TODAY. 5147 02:58:40,040 --> 02:58:40,920 THANK YOU AGAIN SO MUCH. 5148 02:58:40,920 --> 02:58:45,960 [APPLAUSE] 5149 02:58:45,960 --> 02:58:47,560 SO WE ARE ON BREAK NOW UNTIL 5150 02:58:47,560 --> 02:58:48,000 2:00. 5151 02:58:48,000 --> 02:58:48,560 >>GOOD AFTERNOON, EVERYONE. 5152 02:58:48,560 --> 02:58:49,320 I THINK WE'RE GOING TO GO AHEAD 5153 02:58:49,320 --> 02:58:51,040 AND GET STARTED WITH THE 5154 02:58:51,040 --> 02:58:52,880 AFTERNOON SESSION. 5155 02:58:52,880 --> 02:58:53,520 SO THIS IS PANEL 2. 5156 02:58:53,520 --> 02:58:55,520 IT'S GOING TO BE MODERATED BY 5157 02:58:55,520 --> 02:58:57,960 MYSELF AND SASKIA, SO IN ARE ANY 5158 02:58:57,960 --> 02:58:59,200 DIFFICULT QUESTIONS, SASKIA IS 5159 02:58:59,200 --> 02:59:01,800 HERE TO ANSWER THEM. 5160 02:59:01,800 --> 02:59:04,240 AND THIS PANEL -- SO ONE THING I 5161 02:59:04,240 --> 02:59:07,240 WAS STRUCK BY THIS MORNING IS IN 5162 02:59:07,240 --> 02:59:08,240 HEARING ABOUT THE DIFFERENT 5163 02:59:08,240 --> 02:59:10,840 TECHNIQUES, THE DIFFERENCES IN 5164 02:59:10,840 --> 02:59:12,440 RESOLUTION AND TIME SENSITIVITY. 5165 02:59:12,440 --> 02:59:13,360 THE BRAIN FUNCTIONS ON MULTIPLE 5166 02:59:13,360 --> 02:59:16,880 DIFFERENT SCALES FROM MICRO 5167 02:59:16,880 --> 02:59:18,880 SECOND ACTION POTENTIALS TO 5168 02:59:18,880 --> 02:59:21,400 YEARS-LONG WORTH OF MEMORIES AND 5169 02:59:21,400 --> 02:59:23,600 EMOTIONS. 5170 02:59:23,600 --> 02:59:24,920 AND TAKING DIFFERENT MODALITIES 5171 02:59:24,920 --> 02:59:28,080 AND TRYING TO USE THEM 5172 02:59:28,080 --> 02:59:29,360 INDIVIDUALLY, YOU'RE NEVER GOING 5173 02:59:29,360 --> 02:59:30,320 TO CAPTURE ALL THOSE DIFFERENT 5174 02:59:30,320 --> 02:59:31,840 ASPECTS OF BRAIN BEHAVIOR. 5175 02:59:31,840 --> 02:59:37,760 SO ONE OF THE THINGS THAT IS 5176 02:59:37,760 --> 02:59:41,040 IMPORTANT IS SHARING OF 5177 02:59:41,040 --> 02:59:42,800 MODALITIES, MULTIPLE DIFFERENT 5178 02:59:42,800 --> 02:59:43,840 MODALITIES TO TRY TO UNDERSTAND 5179 02:59:43,840 --> 02:59:45,800 HOW THE BRAIN FUNCTIONS, IN 5180 02:59:45,800 --> 02:59:46,400 HOPES THAT THE TOTAL IS MORE 5181 02:59:46,400 --> 02:59:48,320 THAN THE SUM OF THE PARTS. 5182 02:59:48,320 --> 02:59:51,720 AND SO THIS SESSION IS DEVOTED 5183 02:59:51,720 --> 02:59:53,280 TO TRYING TO LOOK AT THAT, 5184 02:59:53,280 --> 02:59:55,560 TRYING TO UNDERSTAND HOW 5185 02:59:55,560 --> 02:59:56,920 MULTIMODAL ANALYSIS OF BRAIN 5186 02:59:56,920 --> 03:00:00,240 DATA MIGHT BE USEFUL IN 5187 03:00:00,240 --> 03:00:06,360 CATEGORIZING DATA THAT HAS MORE 5188 03:00:06,360 --> 03:00:07,360 IMPORTANCE OR PERHAPS MORE 5189 03:00:07,360 --> 03:00:08,440 SENSITIVITY IN TERMS OF OUR 5190 03:00:08,440 --> 03:00:09,880 OVERALL DISCUSSION FOR THE 5191 03:00:09,880 --> 03:00:10,760 MEETING. 5192 03:00:10,760 --> 03:00:17,720 AND JUST AS A BRIEF COMMENT ON 5193 03:00:17,720 --> 03:00:24,400 THIS, ONE OF OUR SPEAKERS IS DRS 5194 03:00:24,400 --> 03:00:26,040 "THE REVOLUTION WILL NOT BE 5195 03:00:26,040 --> 03:00:26,320 CONTROLLED." 5196 03:00:26,320 --> 03:00:27,800 IN THIS ARTICLE, HE ACTUALLY 5197 03:00:27,800 --> 03:00:29,240 DOES OFFER WAYS OF CONTROLLING 5198 03:00:29,240 --> 03:00:32,760 THE ISSUES OF NATURAL 5199 03:00:32,760 --> 03:00:35,240 STIMULATING OF SPEECH, BUT THE 5200 03:00:35,240 --> 03:00:36,200 TITLE IS PROVOCATIVE, AND I 5201 03:00:36,200 --> 03:00:37,120 THINK THAT'S WHAT WE SHOULD 5202 03:00:37,120 --> 03:00:38,240 THINK ABOUT IN TERMS OF THIS 5203 03:00:38,240 --> 03:00:38,680 PARTICULAR SESSION. 5204 03:00:38,680 --> 03:00:42,200 WITH THAT IN MIND, I'M GOING TO 5205 03:00:42,200 --> 03:00:45,000 BE DOING THE FIRST INTRO. 5206 03:00:45,000 --> 03:00:48,920 AND THE FIRST SPEAKER IS CONOR 5207 03:00:48,920 --> 03:00:49,840 RUSSOMANNO. 5208 03:00:49,840 --> 03:00:50,920 MR. RUSSOMANNO IS THE FOUNDER 5209 03:00:50,920 --> 03:00:52,800 AND CEO OF OPEN BCI. 5210 03:00:52,800 --> 03:00:54,640 HE RECEIVED A BACHELOR OF 5211 03:00:54,640 --> 03:00:56,280 SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING AND 5212 03:00:56,280 --> 03:00:59,080 ENGINEERING MECHANICS FROM 5213 03:00:59,080 --> 03:01:00,000 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY AND MASTER 5214 03:01:00,000 --> 03:01:01,400 OF FINE ARTS IN DESIGN AND 5215 03:01:01,400 --> 03:01:02,480 TECHNOLOGY FROM PARSONS SCHOOL 5216 03:01:02,480 --> 03:01:03,320 OF DESIGN. 5217 03:01:03,320 --> 03:01:07,360 AS FOUNDER AN CEO OF OPEN BCI, A 5218 03:01:07,360 --> 03:01:10,560 COMPANY DEDICATED TO OPEN SOURCE 5219 03:01:10,560 --> 03:01:13,080 INNOVATION OF HUMAN INTERFACE 5220 03:01:13,080 --> 03:01:13,720 TECHNOLOGIES, MR. RUSSOMANNO HAS 5221 03:01:13,720 --> 03:01:15,200 SPENT THE PAST DECADE OVERSEEING 5222 03:01:15,200 --> 03:01:17,160 THE DESIGN AND DISTRIBUTION OF 5223 03:01:17,160 --> 03:01:19,480 MORE THAN 40,000 TOOLS FOR 5224 03:01:19,480 --> 03:01:20,560 NEUROSCIENCE IN OVER 100 5225 03:01:20,560 --> 03:01:21,400 COUNTRIES AROUND THE WORLD. 5226 03:01:21,400 --> 03:01:22,960 I THINK IN THIS EFFORT, HE'S 5227 03:01:22,960 --> 03:01:24,720 HELPING TO DEMOCRATIZE THE 5228 03:01:24,720 --> 03:01:27,320 TECHNOLOGIES THAT ARE ASSOCIATED 5229 03:01:27,320 --> 03:01:32,280 WITH NEUROBIOLOGY, AND IN THAT 5230 03:01:32,280 --> 03:01:38,600 WAY, HOPEFULLY WILL BE ABLE TO 5231 03:01:38,600 --> 03:01:41,080 GENERATE DATA THAT'S CONSISTENT, 5232 03:01:41,080 --> 03:01:42,200 NORMALIZED AND UNDERSTANDABLE. 5233 03:01:42,200 --> 03:01:43,440 >>THANK YOU FOR THAT INTRO. 5234 03:01:43,440 --> 03:01:43,840 THAT WAS HELPFUL. 5235 03:01:43,840 --> 03:01:45,680 I CAN SKIP THE FIRST FIVE SLIDES 5236 03:01:45,680 --> 03:01:46,360 NOW. 5237 03:01:46,360 --> 03:01:47,200 HEY, EVERYBODY! 5238 03:01:47,200 --> 03:01:48,360 PLEASURE TO BE HERE. 5239 03:01:48,360 --> 03:01:49,680 IT'S A HUGE HONOR TO GET TO BE 5240 03:01:49,680 --> 03:01:50,640 IN THE MIDST OF THIS GROUP AND 5241 03:01:50,640 --> 03:01:51,840 THIS IS A VERY IMPORTANT TOPIC 5242 03:01:51,840 --> 03:01:55,800 TO ME SO IT'S A PLEASURE TO GET 5243 03:01:55,800 --> 03:01:57,840 TO SPEAK ON IT. 5244 03:01:57,840 --> 03:02:00,960 SO WHO AM I AND WHAT IS OPENBCI? 5245 03:02:00,960 --> 03:02:01,520 YOU JUST GOT A LITTLE BIT OF 5246 03:02:01,520 --> 03:02:02,000 THAT. 5247 03:02:02,000 --> 03:02:04,480 ABOUT ME, I COFOUNDED OPEN BCI. 5248 03:02:04,480 --> 03:02:05,960 MOST OF THE STUFF HERE YOU JUST 5249 03:02:05,960 --> 03:02:07,040 HEARD SO I'M GOING STO SKIP OVER 5250 03:02:07,040 --> 03:02:08,040 ALL OF IT. 5251 03:02:08,040 --> 03:02:09,160 THE ONE THING YOU DIDN'T HEAR IS 5252 03:02:09,160 --> 03:02:10,720 THE WAY I GOT INTERESTED IN THE 5253 03:02:10,720 --> 03:02:11,440 BRAIN WAS ACTUALLY THROUGH 5254 03:02:11,440 --> 03:02:12,640 CONTACT SPORTS. 5255 03:02:12,640 --> 03:02:14,360 I HIT MY BRAIN ENOUGH TIMES WITH 5256 03:02:14,360 --> 03:02:16,720 THE SIDE OF MY SKULL THAT I 5257 03:02:16,720 --> 03:02:18,000 STARTED TO GET CURIOUS ABOUT 5258 03:02:18,000 --> 03:02:20,440 WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU DAMAGE THE 5259 03:02:20,440 --> 03:02:22,000 HARDWARE ENOUGH. 5260 03:02:22,000 --> 03:02:23,960 SO IN GRAD SCHOOL AT PARSONS, I 5261 03:02:23,960 --> 03:02:26,000 STARTED BUILDING MY OWN BCI 5262 03:02:26,000 --> 03:02:26,840 HEADSETS. 5263 03:02:26,840 --> 03:02:27,800 IN THE BEGINNING THEY LOOKED 5264 03:02:27,800 --> 03:02:30,640 LIKE THIS. 5265 03:02:30,640 --> 03:02:31,760 THEY GET BETTER. 5266 03:02:31,760 --> 03:02:32,640 BUT IN THE BEGINNING I WAS 5267 03:02:32,640 --> 03:02:35,240 REALLY INTERESTED IN TRACKING MY 5268 03:02:35,240 --> 03:02:38,120 OWN EMOTIONS AND MY OWN 5269 03:02:38,120 --> 03:02:42,720 ACTIVITIES, AND SO I DISCOVERED 5270 03:02:42,720 --> 03:02:46,440 LOW COST EEG AND DECIDED I WOULD 5271 03:02:46,440 --> 03:02:48,120 TAKE MATTERS INTO MY OWN HANDS 5272 03:02:48,120 --> 03:02:49,840 AND SEE IF I COULD START TO 5273 03:02:49,840 --> 03:02:51,600 QUANTIFY MY OWN MOODS, SWINGS IN 5274 03:02:51,600 --> 03:02:53,440 MOODS, BUT ALSO IF CERTAIN 5275 03:02:53,440 --> 03:02:55,160 EVENTS OR ACTIONS, TAKING A NAP, 5276 03:02:55,160 --> 03:02:58,400 DRINKING A COFFEE, WERE HAVING A 5277 03:02:58,400 --> 03:02:59,080 QUANTIFIABLE IMPACTS ON MY EEG. 5278 03:02:59,080 --> 03:03:00,800 SO I BUILT THIS ONE-OFF 5279 03:03:00,800 --> 03:03:04,280 BLUETOOTH APP TO ANDROID PHONE 5280 03:03:04,280 --> 03:03:11,680 AND WITH A SINGLE CHANNEL EEG, 5281 03:03:11,680 --> 03:03:12,800 REALIZED IT'S VERY DIFFICULT TO 5282 03:03:12,800 --> 03:03:14,040 DO, ESPECIALLY TELEMONITORRING 5283 03:03:14,040 --> 03:03:16,880 WHERE YOU'RE WALKING AROUND NEW 5284 03:03:16,880 --> 03:03:18,280 YORK CITY TRYING TO RECORD EEG 5285 03:03:18,280 --> 03:03:19,920 WHILE, YOU KNOW, WALKING THROUGH 5286 03:03:19,920 --> 03:03:21,440 CARS AND TRAFFIC LIGHTS AND 5287 03:03:21,440 --> 03:03:25,320 THINGS LIKE THAT. 5288 03:03:25,320 --> 03:03:26,320 SO I BEGAN THINKING ABOUT HOW 5289 03:03:26,320 --> 03:03:28,680 CAN I USE EEG IN CONJUNCTION 5290 03:03:28,680 --> 03:03:31,160 WITH ONE OF MY FAVORITE TOPICS, 5291 03:03:31,160 --> 03:03:32,440 OR THINGS EVER, GAMING. 5292 03:03:32,440 --> 03:03:34,000 I PLAY A LOT OF GAMES, I LOVE 5293 03:03:34,000 --> 03:03:34,440 GAMES. 5294 03:03:34,440 --> 03:03:36,840 I'VE ALWAYS PLAYED GAMES. 5295 03:03:36,840 --> 03:03:38,920 SO FOR MY THESIS, I DECIDED I 5296 03:03:38,920 --> 03:03:42,240 WANTED TO TRY A KIND OF A CLOSED 5297 03:03:42,240 --> 03:03:44,320 LOOP NEURAL FEEDBACK EXPERIENCE 5298 03:03:44,320 --> 03:03:46,080 WHERE YOU'RE SUBCONSCIOUSLY 5299 03:03:46,080 --> 03:03:47,080 INFLUENCING THE PLOT OF A STORY. 5300 03:03:47,080 --> 03:03:53,000 SO THE IDEA IS THAT -- IT'S A 5301 03:03:53,000 --> 03:03:55,040 SHORT STORY WHERE YOU'RE A 5302 03:03:55,040 --> 03:03:56,400 HUMANOID ROBOT AND YOU'RE 5303 03:03:56,400 --> 03:03:57,520 EXPERIENCING SYMPTOMS OF 5304 03:03:57,520 --> 03:03:58,360 CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE FIRST 5305 03:03:58,360 --> 03:03:59,560 CHAPTER, AND THE MORE ATTENTION 5306 03:03:59,560 --> 03:04:02,440 THAT YOU PAY TO THE STORY, THE 5307 03:04:02,440 --> 03:04:04,000 MORE YOU BECOME CONSCIOUS. 5308 03:04:04,000 --> 03:04:05,200 THE MORE YOU START TO DISCOVER 5309 03:04:05,200 --> 03:04:06,720 FREE WILL AND THE SEMANTICS OF 5310 03:04:06,720 --> 03:04:08,840 THE LANGUAGE ACTUALLY CHANGE, SO 5311 03:04:08,840 --> 03:04:10,200 YOU ACTUALLY START TO USE 5312 03:04:10,200 --> 03:04:11,800 PRONOUNCE AND YOU START TO REFER 5313 03:04:11,800 --> 03:04:14,440 TO YOURSELF AS AN INDIVIDUAL. 5314 03:04:14,440 --> 03:04:15,720 IN THE OPPOSITE END OF THE 5315 03:04:15,720 --> 03:04:17,200 STORY, IF YOU'RE NOT PAYING 5316 03:04:17,200 --> 03:04:18,080 ATTENTION AND YOU'RE CHECKED 5317 03:04:18,080 --> 03:04:19,280 OUT, THE STORY KNOWS AND IT 5318 03:04:19,280 --> 03:04:22,120 TURNS YOU INTO A ROBOT. 5319 03:04:22,120 --> 03:04:25,120 YOU RECEDE BACK INTO 5320 03:04:25,120 --> 03:04:26,160 PROGRAMMATIC COMMUNICATION. 5321 03:04:26,160 --> 03:04:28,520 ANYWAY, SO OVER THE COURSE -- I 5322 03:04:28,520 --> 03:04:29,360 HAD ACTUALLY INSTALLED THIS AND 5323 03:04:29,360 --> 03:04:30,960 IT WAS ONLY EVER INSTALLED FOR A 5324 03:04:30,960 --> 03:04:33,240 WEEK, BUT I ACTUALLY GOT 100 5325 03:04:33,240 --> 03:04:35,640 PEOPLE TO PROVIDE FEEDBACK AND 5326 03:04:35,640 --> 03:04:36,840 EVEN THOUGH IT WAS EXTREMELY 5327 03:04:36,840 --> 03:04:38,480 CRUDE AND IT DIDN'T WORK THAT 5328 03:04:38,480 --> 03:04:40,080 WELL, I THINK IT WAS AN EARLY 5329 03:04:40,080 --> 03:04:41,160 CONCEPT, THIS WAS 10 YEARS AGO, 5330 03:04:41,160 --> 03:04:42,880 SO THIS WAS AN EARLY PROOF OF 5331 03:04:42,880 --> 03:04:45,640 CONCEPT ON THIS IDEA THAT NEW 5332 03:04:45,640 --> 03:04:48,080 FORMS OF ENTERTAINMENT CAN BE 5333 03:04:48,080 --> 03:04:49,840 VERY PERSONALIZED AND LISTEN AND 5334 03:04:49,840 --> 03:04:51,120 ADAPT TO THE INDIVIDUAL, AND I 5335 03:04:51,120 --> 03:04:52,640 DON'T THINK THAT'S JUST 5336 03:04:52,640 --> 03:04:52,960 ENTERTAINMENT. 5337 03:04:52,960 --> 03:04:53,840 I ALSO THINK IT APPLIES TO MANY 5338 03:04:53,840 --> 03:04:58,720 OTHER M ACATION APPLICATIONS AS. 5339 03:04:58,720 --> 03:05:00,640 THIS IS KIND OF HOW THE PLOT 5340 03:05:00,640 --> 03:05:02,440 WORKED, WHERE YOU GET BRANCHED 5341 03:05:02,440 --> 03:05:03,760 THROUGH THE STORIES, IT'S A 5342 03:05:03,760 --> 03:05:04,920 LITTLE BIT OF A HIERARCHY. 5343 03:05:04,920 --> 03:05:09,000 SO AFTER GRAD SCHOOL, I PARTED 5344 03:05:09,000 --> 03:05:10,200 INNED UP WITH ONE OF MY 5345 03:05:10,200 --> 03:05:11,720 PROFESSORS TO START OPEN BCI. 5346 03:05:11,720 --> 03:05:13,200 THE REASON WE STARTED IT IS 5347 03:05:13,200 --> 03:05:14,160 BECAUSE I FELT QUITE LIMITED IN 5348 03:05:14,160 --> 03:05:15,360 GRAD SCHOOL BY THE TECHNOLOGY AT 5349 03:05:15,360 --> 03:05:18,520 THE TIME. 5350 03:05:18,520 --> 03:05:19,760 MOST IMPORTANTLY ACCESS TO RAW 5351 03:05:19,760 --> 03:05:19,960 DATA. 5352 03:05:19,960 --> 03:05:21,040 SO THE TWO DEVICES THAT EXISTED 5353 03:05:21,040 --> 03:05:22,960 OUT THERE IN THE WORLD, BLACK 5354 03:05:22,960 --> 03:05:24,600 BOX, OBSCURED THE RAW DATA, 5355 03:05:24,600 --> 03:05:26,440 PREVENTING IT FROM REALLY BEING 5356 03:05:26,440 --> 03:05:28,240 A SCIENTIFIC TOOL. 5357 03:05:28,240 --> 03:05:30,520 SO IN ORDER TO GET ACCESS TO RAW 5358 03:05:30,520 --> 03:05:31,640 DATA, YOU HAD TO EITHER PAY 5359 03:05:31,640 --> 03:05:33,920 MONTHLY PREMIUM SUBSCRIPTION FOR 5360 03:05:33,920 --> 03:05:36,080 THE ENTERPRISE SOLUTION, OR PAY 5361 03:05:36,080 --> 03:05:38,680 TENS OF THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS FOR 5362 03:05:38,680 --> 03:05:39,480 RESEARCH-GRADE EQUIPMENT, AND 5363 03:05:39,480 --> 03:05:40,960 THEN YOU GET THE RAW DATA. 5364 03:05:40,960 --> 03:05:45,320 SO WE SET OUT TO BUILD OPENBCI, 5365 03:05:45,320 --> 03:05:49,320 WHICH WAS -- SHOW OF HANDS, WHO 5366 03:05:49,320 --> 03:05:52,640 HERE KNOWS ARDUINO ?R IT'S LIKE 5367 03:05:52,640 --> 03:05:54,960 LEGO FOR ELECTRONICS. 5368 03:05:54,960 --> 03:05:56,600 THEY WERE LIKE HEY, HOW DO WE 5369 03:05:56,600 --> 03:05:58,760 TAKE THE CUTE LITTLE 5370 03:05:58,760 --> 03:05:59,800 INSTRUCTIONS, AND THIS BUILDING 5371 03:05:59,800 --> 03:06:02,240 BLOCK MENTALITY AND APPLY TO THE 5372 03:06:02,240 --> 03:06:03,520 INDUSTRY OF ELECTRONICS SO WE 5373 03:06:03,520 --> 03:06:04,880 CAN GET YOUNGER PEOPLE 5374 03:06:04,880 --> 03:06:06,120 INTERESTED AT AN EARLIER AGE, 5375 03:06:06,120 --> 03:06:07,680 TURN IT INTO FUN AND NOT 5376 03:06:07,680 --> 03:06:08,120 NECESSARILY LEARNING. 5377 03:06:08,120 --> 03:06:10,560 WE TRIED TO IMPLEMENT A SIMILAR 5378 03:06:10,560 --> 03:06:11,560 MODEL FOR BCI. 5379 03:06:11,560 --> 03:06:13,840 THE WHOLE IDEA WAS HOW DO WE 5380 03:06:13,840 --> 03:06:15,520 TURN THIS INTO BUILDING BLOCKS 5381 03:06:15,520 --> 03:06:17,600 AND THEN CREATE ENGAGING 5382 03:06:17,600 --> 03:06:19,680 DOCUMENTATION AND TUTORIALS THAT 5383 03:06:19,680 --> 03:06:21,160 TEACH PEOPLE ONE WAY HOW TO USE 5384 03:06:21,160 --> 03:06:22,280 THE TECHNOLOGY BUT ACTUALLY OPEN 5385 03:06:22,280 --> 03:06:23,600 THE DOOR FOR THEM TO USE IT IN 5386 03:06:23,600 --> 03:06:25,240 DIFFERENT WAYS, EVEN WAYS THAT 5387 03:06:25,240 --> 03:06:26,440 WE DON'T -- THAT WE DIDN'T EVEN 5388 03:06:26,440 --> 03:06:27,240 KNOW OR EXPECT. 5389 03:06:27,240 --> 03:06:29,080 SO THAT WAS THE IMPETUS FOR 5390 03:06:29,080 --> 03:06:31,760 CREATING OPENBCI, WAS REALLY TO 5391 03:06:31,760 --> 03:06:32,880 RE-LOWER THE BARRIER OF ENTRY. 5392 03:06:32,880 --> 03:06:34,320 BUT MAKING SURE THAT THE TOOL 5393 03:06:34,320 --> 03:06:34,880 THAT WE'RE PUTTING INTO THE 5394 03:06:34,880 --> 03:06:36,520 WORLD OR THE PRODUCT IS STILL A 5395 03:06:36,520 --> 03:06:37,160 RESEARCH TOOL. 5396 03:06:37,160 --> 03:06:38,880 YOU HAVE ACCESS TO THE RAW DATA, 5397 03:06:38,880 --> 03:06:40,440 AND WE DON'T COLLECT IT, RIGHT? 5398 03:06:40,440 --> 03:06:45,000 ONCE IT'S YOURS, IT'S YOURS. 5399 03:06:45,000 --> 03:06:47,280 SO FAST FORWARD 10 YEARS, WE'VE 5400 03:06:47,280 --> 03:06:48,440 BEEN BUILDING HARDWARE AND 5401 03:06:48,440 --> 03:06:50,000 SOFTWARE FOR A DECADE NOW, WE'VE 5402 03:06:50,000 --> 03:06:50,960 SHIPPED PRODUCTS ALL OVER THE 5403 03:06:50,960 --> 03:06:51,800 WORLD. 5404 03:06:51,800 --> 03:06:52,960 WE'VE GOT OVER 300 CITATIONS 5405 03:06:52,960 --> 03:06:55,720 THAT ARE REFERENCING OR USING 5406 03:06:55,720 --> 03:06:57,120 OPENBCI EQUIPMENT AND THAT LIST 5407 03:06:57,120 --> 03:07:00,640 IS GROWING BY THE DAY. 5408 03:07:00,640 --> 03:07:02,160 A LOT OF THIS WAS SAID EARLIER. 5409 03:07:02,160 --> 03:07:04,120 THIS IS COOL, IT'S KIND OF AN 5410 03:07:04,120 --> 03:07:05,360 EVOLUTION OF -- IN THE BEGINNING 5411 03:07:05,360 --> 03:07:07,400 WE ACTUALLY STARTED AS A 5412 03:07:07,400 --> 03:07:08,720 SUBCONTRACT ON A DARPA 5413 03:07:08,720 --> 03:07:10,320 SOLICITATION. 5414 03:07:10,320 --> 03:07:11,960 SO THERE WAS A SOLICITATION TO 5415 03:07:11,960 --> 03:07:16,640 BUILD A LOW COST EEG D DEVICE FR 5416 03:07:16,640 --> 03:07:18,520 NON-TRADITIONAL USERS. 5417 03:07:18,520 --> 03:07:19,880 WE RAN THAT SOLICITATION AND 5418 03:07:19,880 --> 03:07:22,120 THEN A COMPANY WE WERE 5419 03:07:22,120 --> 03:07:23,640 SUBCONTRACTING TO DIDN'T GET 5420 03:07:23,640 --> 03:07:25,160 PHASE 2 SO WE WERE ABLE TO SPIN 5421 03:07:25,160 --> 03:07:26,280 OUT AND CREATE OUR OWN COMPANY, 5422 03:07:26,280 --> 03:07:30,520 WHICH IS PRETTY KOO. THEN OVER R 5423 03:07:30,520 --> 03:07:31,440 THE FIRST FIVE YEARS, WE 5424 03:07:31,440 --> 03:07:32,640 CONTINUED TO MAKE THE PRODUCTS 5425 03:07:32,640 --> 03:07:34,480 CHEAPER AND STILL THE ECOSYSTEM 5426 03:07:34,480 --> 03:07:37,400 OF PERIPHERAL DEVICES, BUT THEN 5427 03:07:37,400 --> 03:07:38,720 IN THE LAST FOUR YEARS, WE'VE 5428 03:07:38,720 --> 03:07:40,280 MOVED ON TO INTEGRATING THE 5429 03:07:40,280 --> 03:07:42,200 TECHNOLOGY THAT WE BUILT IN THE 5430 03:07:42,200 --> 03:07:46,920 FIRST FIVE YEARS INTO AR, VR AND 5431 03:07:46,920 --> 03:07:48,760 THE DOMAINS THAT WE ARE 5432 03:07:48,760 --> 03:07:49,960 PREDICTING ARE GOING TO BE THE 5433 03:07:49,960 --> 03:07:51,880 MOST INFLUENTIAL ON THE NEXT 5434 03:07:51,880 --> 03:07:53,280 MAJOR EVOLUTION IN COMPUTING 5435 03:07:53,280 --> 03:07:56,200 TECHNOLOGY. 5436 03:07:56,200 --> 03:07:59,360 SO WEARABLE COMPUTER, AR, VR, AI 5437 03:07:59,360 --> 03:08:00,200 ESSENTIALLY. 5438 03:08:00,200 --> 03:08:01,840 SO THIS IS PRETTY COOL, IT'S 5439 03:08:01,840 --> 03:08:03,160 JUST COMPANIES WE HAVE WORKED 5440 03:08:03,160 --> 03:08:04,480 WITH OR WHO HAVE PURCHASED OUR 5441 03:08:04,480 --> 03:08:05,640 EQUIPMENT OVER THE LAST DECADE. 5442 03:08:05,640 --> 03:08:07,840 AS YOU CAN SEE, THIS IS -- BCI 5443 03:08:07,840 --> 03:08:09,120 IS TRANSLATING INTO THE REAL 5444 03:08:09,120 --> 03:08:09,760 WORLD. 5445 03:08:09,760 --> 03:08:11,120 LIKE THESE COMPANIES ARE BUYING 5446 03:08:11,120 --> 03:08:12,560 THE EQUIPMENT, THEIR RESEARCH 5447 03:08:12,560 --> 03:08:13,800 LABS ARE WORKING WITH OUR 5448 03:08:13,800 --> 03:08:15,080 TECHNOLOGY, SOME OF THEM HAVE 5449 03:08:15,080 --> 03:08:16,480 PAID HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF 5450 03:08:16,480 --> 03:08:18,880 DOLLARS FOR EQUIPMENT OVER THE 5451 03:08:18,880 --> 03:08:20,520 YEARS. 5452 03:08:20,520 --> 03:08:24,920 AND SO WE'RE SEEING -- 10 YEARS 5453 03:08:24,920 --> 03:08:25,800 AGO WHEN I FIRST STARTED OPEN 5454 03:08:25,800 --> 03:08:26,680 BCI, IT WAS THE WILD WEST. 5455 03:08:26,680 --> 03:08:28,000 IT WAS LIKE A HANDFUL OF 5456 03:08:28,000 --> 03:08:31,560 COMPANIES AND IT WAS A -- AT 5457 03:08:31,560 --> 03:08:33,800 LEAST IN THE LOW COST SPACE, IT 5458 03:08:33,800 --> 03:08:35,160 WAS VERY MUCH QUANTIFIED SELF OR 5459 03:08:35,160 --> 03:08:38,400 PEOPLE LIKE ME, JUST THESE 5460 03:08:38,400 --> 03:08:39,560 NEUROJUNKIES OR WHATEVER, BUT 5461 03:08:39,560 --> 03:08:40,480 THEN OVER THE LAST 10 YEARS, 5462 03:08:40,480 --> 03:08:42,560 WE'VE SEEN THIS AMAZING, YOU 5463 03:08:42,560 --> 03:08:44,720 KNOW, TRANSLATION, PEOPLE LIKE 5464 03:08:44,720 --> 03:08:46,600 MARK ZUCKERBERG, ELON MUSK USING 5465 03:08:46,600 --> 03:08:49,280 THE ACRONYM BCI FREELY LIKE WE 5466 03:08:49,280 --> 03:08:50,360 SHOULD KNOW WHAT IT MEANS. 5467 03:08:50,360 --> 03:08:51,320 SO IT'S BEEN REALLY, REALLY COOL 5468 03:08:51,320 --> 03:08:56,040 TO WATCH, AND I THINK THE 5469 03:08:56,040 --> 03:08:57,560 TAKEAWAY HERE IS WE'RE CLOSER 5470 03:08:57,560 --> 03:08:59,360 THAN WE THINK TO NEEDING THESE 5471 03:08:59,360 --> 03:09:00,400 POLICIES AND STANDARDS TO BE PUT 5472 03:09:00,400 --> 03:09:06,040 IN PLACE. 5473 03:09:06,040 --> 03:09:14,040 SO WE BUILT THE ULTRA CORTEX, 5474 03:09:14,040 --> 03:09:17,360 THE CYTON BOARD IS THE KIND OF 5475 03:09:17,360 --> 03:09:18,360 CHIP, THE CENTER MODULE THAT CAN 5476 03:09:18,360 --> 03:09:21,880 DO EEG, EMG, ECG, MANY DIFFERENT 5477 03:09:21,880 --> 03:09:25,080 TYPES OF ELECTRODERMAL -- SO IT 5478 03:09:25,080 --> 03:09:26,600 KIND OF THIS LIKE VERY 5479 03:09:26,600 --> 03:09:28,280 PROGRAMMABLE OPEN SOURCE LITTLE 5480 03:09:28,280 --> 03:09:30,200 MODULE THAT CAN RECORD MANY 5481 03:09:30,200 --> 03:09:31,680 DIFFERENT TYPES OF DATA FROM THE 5482 03:09:31,680 --> 03:09:32,680 BODY. 5483 03:09:32,680 --> 03:09:34,560 AND THEN OVER THE YEARS, OTHER 5484 03:09:34,560 --> 03:09:37,160 PEOPLE STARTED DEVELOPING 5485 03:09:37,160 --> 03:09:38,840 PERIPHERAL MODULES OR SIMILAR 5486 03:09:38,840 --> 03:09:42,160 MODULES THAT WE HELPED -- WE 5487 03:09:42,160 --> 03:09:44,320 HELPED THEM COME INTO EXISTENCE 5488 03:09:44,320 --> 03:09:45,800 AND THEN STARTED PUTTING THEIR 5489 03:09:45,800 --> 03:09:48,200 PRODUCTS INTO OUR STORE SO THAT 5490 03:09:48,200 --> 03:09:49,680 WE COULD INCLUDE NEW TYPES OF 5491 03:09:49,680 --> 03:09:51,000 SENSORS AND MODALITIES THAT WE 5492 03:09:51,000 --> 03:09:53,480 HADN'T BUILT OURSELVES. 5493 03:09:53,480 --> 03:09:54,840 SO THIS IS SOME OF THE SOFTWARE, 5494 03:09:54,840 --> 03:09:56,680 I'M NOT GOING TO GO INTO TOO 5495 03:09:56,680 --> 03:09:58,040 MUCH DETAIL HERE. 5496 03:09:58,040 --> 03:09:59,360 THESE ARE -- IN THE BEGINNING, 5497 03:09:59,360 --> 03:10:00,960 THIS, I THINK IS RELEVANT FOR 5498 03:10:00,960 --> 03:10:03,360 THIS GROUP, WHICH IS -- THIS IS 5499 03:10:03,360 --> 03:10:06,560 CALLED THE BRAIN INITIATIVE, BUT 5500 03:10:06,560 --> 03:10:09,160 I THINK IT'S SUPER IMPORTANT 5501 03:10:09,160 --> 03:10:11,720 THAT WE DON'T ENTER THE PROBLEM 5502 03:10:11,720 --> 03:10:13,160 SPACE WITH BLINDERS ON BUT THAT 5503 03:10:13,160 --> 03:10:15,040 WE ALSO ACKNOWLEDGE, RESEARCH 5504 03:10:15,040 --> 03:10:16,800 AND FUND THE PERIPHERAL 5505 03:10:16,800 --> 03:10:17,400 TECHNOLOGIES AND DOMAINS THAT 5506 03:10:17,400 --> 03:10:18,360 ACTUALLY MAKE THE BRAIN 5507 03:10:18,360 --> 03:10:18,800 RELEVANT. 5508 03:10:18,800 --> 03:10:21,480 SO IN THE TBINNING, WE STARTED 5509 03:10:21,480 --> 03:10:22,960 THE ONLY GOAL WAS TO BUILD AN 5510 03:10:22,960 --> 03:10:25,800 EEG DEVICE. 5511 03:10:25,800 --> 03:10:27,480 WE WANT TO PUT AN EEG DEVICE 5512 03:10:27,480 --> 03:10:29,480 INTO THE HANDS OF STUDENTS AND 5513 03:10:29,480 --> 03:10:31,600 MAKERS AND TECHNOLOGISTS, YADA, 5514 03:10:31,600 --> 03:10:33,440 YADA, YADA, AND WE STARTED DOING 5515 03:10:33,440 --> 03:10:34,760 THAT AND REALIZED ALL OF THEM 5516 03:10:34,760 --> 03:10:36,720 WERE DOING THE REST OF THIS. 5517 03:10:36,720 --> 03:10:39,960 EMG, EDA, PPG, EYE TRACKING, IN 5518 03:10:39,960 --> 03:10:41,720 CONJUNCTION WITH EEG. 5519 03:10:41,720 --> 03:10:44,800 AND THE TAKEAWAY HERE IS THE EEG 5520 03:10:44,800 --> 03:10:46,040 BY ITSELF IS VERY BORING AND 5521 03:10:46,040 --> 03:10:46,680 ACTUALLY IRRELEVANT. 5522 03:10:46,680 --> 03:10:48,920 THERE WAS ALMOST NOTHING -- NO 5523 03:10:48,920 --> 03:10:50,440 CONCLUSIONS YOU COULD DRAW FROM 5524 03:10:50,440 --> 03:10:51,240 EEG BY ITSELF, BUT THE MOMENT 5525 03:10:51,240 --> 03:10:53,560 YOU START LABELING AND ADDING 5526 03:10:53,560 --> 03:10:54,480 CONTEXT AND COLLECTING OTHER 5527 03:10:54,480 --> 03:10:55,760 DATA AT THE SAME TIME, THAT'S 5528 03:10:55,760 --> 03:10:56,720 WHEN EEG GETS REALLY, REALLY 5529 03:10:56,720 --> 03:10:58,480 INTERESTING. 5530 03:10:58,480 --> 03:11:01,560 SO THIS IS A BIG TAKEAWAY, IS 5531 03:11:01,560 --> 03:11:07,080 THAT MULTIMODAL, I WOULD SAY 5532 03:11:07,080 --> 03:11:08,640 10Xs -- 10 TO 1,000X IS THE 5533 03:11:08,640 --> 03:11:10,440 VALUE OF EEG DATA WHEN YOU 5534 03:11:10,440 --> 03:11:11,080 COLLECT IT IN CONJUNCTION WITH 5535 03:11:11,080 --> 03:11:14,720 THESE OTHER DATASETS. 5536 03:11:14,720 --> 03:11:15,800 THIS IS SOME OF THE WORK THAT'S 5537 03:11:15,800 --> 03:11:19,200 BEEN DONE WITH OUR TECHNOLOGY, 5538 03:11:19,200 --> 03:11:20,200 OUR KIND OF DERIVATIVE WORK 5539 03:11:20,200 --> 03:11:21,200 THAT'S COME OUT OF IT. 5540 03:11:21,200 --> 03:11:25,680 SO NOW THIS NEW EFFORT IS 5541 03:11:25,680 --> 03:11:27,480 VENTURE GALEA, I'M GOING TO KIND 5542 03:11:27,480 --> 03:11:30,120 OF JUMP AHEAD A LITTLE BIT. 5543 03:11:30,120 --> 03:11:34,120 SO WHAT WE REALIZED IS THAT THE 5544 03:11:34,120 --> 03:11:36,280 OTHER TAKEAWAY IS THAT IN 5545 03:11:36,280 --> 03:11:37,360 ADDITION TO MULTIMODAL, PEOPLE 5546 03:11:37,360 --> 03:11:39,560 ARE NOT JUST INTERESTED IN 5547 03:11:39,560 --> 03:11:41,280 RECORDING FROM THE BRAIN, BUT 5548 03:11:41,280 --> 03:11:44,760 ALSO MODULATING OR STIMULATING 5549 03:11:44,760 --> 03:11:46,000 THOUGHTS, EMOTIONS, FEELINGS, ET 5550 03:11:46,000 --> 03:11:46,600 CETERA. 5551 03:11:46,600 --> 03:11:48,480 AND SO I THINK THAT THIS DIAGRAM 5552 03:11:48,480 --> 03:11:54,880 IS REALLY THE BEST DIAGRAM ABOUT 5553 03:11:54,880 --> 03:11:55,640 THE BIG PROBLEM SPACE -- THAT 5554 03:11:55,640 --> 03:11:58,240 WE'RE IN FOR THE FUTURE, WHICH 5555 03:11:58,240 --> 03:12:00,880 IS THAT WE ALREADY HAVE THESE 5556 03:12:00,880 --> 03:12:03,840 A.I. AGENTS AND SYSTEMS THAT 5557 03:12:03,840 --> 03:12:05,320 OPERATE IN THE BACKGROUNDS OF 5558 03:12:05,320 --> 03:12:06,960 OUR COMPUTER THAT ARE OPTIMIZING 5559 03:12:06,960 --> 03:12:07,800 CLOSED LOOPS THAT WE HAVE WITH 5560 03:12:07,800 --> 03:12:10,200 OUR TECHNOLOGY. 5561 03:12:10,200 --> 03:12:11,760 THIS IS ONLY GOING TO BECOME 5562 03:12:11,760 --> 03:12:13,000 MORE AND MORE IMPORTANT AND MORE 5563 03:12:13,000 --> 03:12:16,960 AND MORE NUANCED AND LIKE MY 5564 03:12:16,960 --> 03:12:18,400 GRAPHIC NOVEL WHERE THERE'S A 5565 03:12:18,400 --> 03:12:19,480 SUBCONSCIOUS INPUT, YOU DON'T 5566 03:12:19,480 --> 03:12:20,760 KNOW HOW YOU'RE AFFECTING THE 5567 03:12:20,760 --> 03:12:21,960 STORY BUT YOU ARE, THAT TYPE OF 5568 03:12:21,960 --> 03:12:23,800 THING IS GOING TO CONTINUE TO 5569 03:12:23,800 --> 03:12:25,120 HAPPEN AND IT'S GOING TO BE 5570 03:12:25,120 --> 03:12:26,480 BAKED MORE AND MORE SEAMLESSLY 5571 03:12:26,480 --> 03:12:29,640 INTO OUR PRODUCTS. 5572 03:12:29,640 --> 03:12:31,400 SO I BELIEVE THAT THIS IS AN 5573 03:12:31,400 --> 03:12:33,040 INEVITABILITY AND I THINK THE 5574 03:12:33,040 --> 03:12:36,680 WEARABLES, THE V.R. HE HEADSETS, 5575 03:12:36,680 --> 03:12:38,120 THE VISION PRO, ALL OF THE 5576 03:12:38,120 --> 03:12:38,960 THINGS ARE TRENDING IN THIS 5577 03:12:38,960 --> 03:12:40,440 DIRECTION AND ALSO THEY'RE 5578 03:12:40,440 --> 03:12:42,760 LAYING THE FOUNDATION MAKE IT 5579 03:12:42,760 --> 03:12:44,080 EASIER FOR SENSOR COMPANIES LIKE 5580 03:12:44,080 --> 03:12:46,160 US TO JUST STICK OUR MODULES ON 5581 03:12:46,160 --> 03:12:47,720 FOR VERY LITTLE EXTRA COST AND 5582 03:12:47,720 --> 03:12:49,000 COLLECT THE DATA ANYWAY. 5583 03:12:49,000 --> 03:12:51,200 SO HERE WE'RE TRENDING TOWARDS 5584 03:12:51,200 --> 03:12:53,200 WHAT I LIKE TO REFER TO AS THE 5585 03:12:53,200 --> 03:12:53,880 OPERATING SYSTEM OF THE MIND. 5586 03:12:53,880 --> 03:12:55,520 WE'RE WORKING ON IT, OTHER 5587 03:12:55,520 --> 03:13:02,400 COMPANIES ARE WORKING ON. 5588 03:13:02,400 --> 03:13:03,640 COMPUTERS AS THEY ARE NOW ARE 5589 03:13:03,640 --> 03:13:05,360 DESIGNED FOR THE GENERIC 5590 03:13:05,360 --> 03:13:07,800 CUSTOMER. 5591 03:13:07,800 --> 03:13:08,560 BUT TECHNOLOGIES WILL BE 5592 03:13:08,560 --> 03:13:09,960 DESIGNED THAT WAY, EVEN MACHINE 5593 03:13:09,960 --> 03:13:12,520 LEARNING MODELS AND CLASSIFIERS 5594 03:13:12,520 --> 03:13:14,080 WILL BE DESIGNED FOR GENERIC 5595 03:13:14,080 --> 03:13:18,240 POPULATIONS BUT THEN WHEN YOU 5596 03:13:18,240 --> 03:13:21,360 HAVE YOUR OS OF THE MIND 5597 03:13:21,360 --> 03:13:22,280 COMPUTER, YOUR OPERATING SYSTEM 5598 03:13:22,280 --> 03:13:23,880 AND ALL OF THE CLASSIFIERS AND 5599 03:13:23,880 --> 03:13:26,000 SYSTEMS WITHIN IT WILL SLOWLY 5600 03:13:26,000 --> 03:13:26,560 ADAPT THEMSELVES TO YOU AND 5601 03:13:26,560 --> 03:13:28,360 THERE'S A TRANSFER LEARNING 5602 03:13:28,360 --> 03:13:29,760 THING THAT WILL HAPPEN WHERE THE 5603 03:13:29,760 --> 03:13:31,800 GENERIC MODEL WILL BECOME 5604 03:13:31,800 --> 03:13:37,600 RELEVANT INIRRELEVANT AND YOUR L 5605 03:13:37,600 --> 03:13:39,080 MODEL WILL PREVAIL IN TERMS OF 5606 03:13:39,080 --> 03:13:40,480 HOW IT'S -- BUT I THINK THAT 5607 03:13:40,480 --> 03:13:41,280 THERE'S A REALLY, REALLY 5608 03:13:41,280 --> 03:13:44,400 IMPORTANT LAYER THAT WE NEED TO 5609 03:13:44,400 --> 03:13:45,720 BUILD THAT DOESN'T EXIST YET, 5610 03:13:45,720 --> 03:13:48,120 WHICH IS THIS MENTAL VAULT OR 5611 03:13:48,120 --> 03:13:49,880 THIS BARRIER BETWEEN THE CLOSED 5612 03:13:49,880 --> 03:13:52,600 LOOP THAT EXISTS WITH YOU IN 5613 03:13:52,600 --> 03:13:54,000 YOUR APPLICATIONS INSIDE OF 5614 03:13:54,000 --> 03:13:56,600 TECHNOLOGY AND ANYBODY ELSE OUT 5615 03:13:56,600 --> 03:13:58,560 THERE, DOCTOR, COMPANIES, 5616 03:13:58,560 --> 03:14:03,480 RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS THAT WANT 5617 03:14:03,480 --> 03:14:04,360 ACCESS TO WHERE THE DATA IS 5618 03:14:04,360 --> 03:14:06,200 BEING RECORDED BUT ALSO THE 5619 03:14:06,200 --> 03:14:08,000 ABILITY TO TWEAK SETTINGS ON THE 5620 03:14:08,000 --> 03:14:10,240 OTHER END AND SEE -- WITH YOUR 5621 03:14:10,240 --> 03:14:11,920 KNOWLEDGE, SEE IF YOU CAN BE 5622 03:14:11,920 --> 03:14:12,560 INFLUENCED IN THIS CLOSED LOOP 5623 03:14:12,560 --> 03:14:15,680 DIRECTION IN A WAY THAT BENEFITS 5624 03:14:15,680 --> 03:14:18,720 YOU, THAT YOU CHOOSE. 5625 03:14:18,720 --> 03:14:20,200 SO THINK AT THE CORE OF THIS, 5626 03:14:20,200 --> 03:14:22,240 AND I'M REALLY SUPER, SUPER GLAD 5627 03:14:22,240 --> 03:14:23,800 THAT NINA INVITED ME HERE IS 5628 03:14:23,800 --> 03:14:25,200 THIS CONCEPT OF COGNITIVE 5629 03:14:25,200 --> 03:14:26,120 LIBERTY, WHICH I THINK IS REALLY 5630 03:14:26,120 --> 03:14:27,320 ONE OF THE CORE THEMES IN HER 5631 03:14:27,320 --> 03:14:29,320 BOOK. 5632 03:14:29,320 --> 03:14:31,200 THIS MUST BE, I BELIEVE, MAYBE 5633 03:14:31,200 --> 03:14:31,840 NOT EVERYBODY AGREE WITH THIS 5634 03:14:31,840 --> 03:14:32,840 BUT I BELIEVE THAT THIS SHOULD 5635 03:14:32,840 --> 03:14:34,960 BE THE PRIMARY DESIGN CONSTRAINT 5636 03:14:34,960 --> 03:14:36,680 IN ANY TECHNOLOGIES THAT WE 5637 03:14:36,680 --> 03:14:37,400 BUILD. 5638 03:14:37,400 --> 03:14:38,480 ESPECIALLY AS WE'RE GETTING INTO 5639 03:14:38,480 --> 03:14:43,280 THE CONSUMER LANDSCAPE. 5640 03:14:43,280 --> 03:14:45,200 SO GALEA IS THE THURNG WEEFL 5641 03:14:45,200 --> 03:14:49,200 BEEN THING WE'VE BEENWORKING ONE 5642 03:14:49,200 --> 03:14:49,880 YEARS. 5643 03:14:49,880 --> 03:14:50,080 IT REAL. 5644 03:14:50,080 --> 03:14:51,280 WE'VE BEEN USING THEM EVERY DAY. 5645 03:14:51,280 --> 03:14:53,040 WE SHIP THEM TO ALPHA PARTNERS 5646 03:14:53,040 --> 03:15:00,280 ALL OVER THE WORLD. 5647 03:15:00,280 --> 03:15:01,720 IT BRINGS ME RIGHT IN THE MIDST 5648 03:15:01,720 --> 03:15:07,240 OF ANNOUNCING GALEA, WE RAN A 5649 03:15:07,240 --> 03:15:09,080 500-PERSON SURVEY WITH SURVEY 5650 03:15:09,080 --> 03:15:10,760 MONKEY AND WE MADE SURE THE 5651 03:15:10,760 --> 03:15:11,400 GENDER SPLIT WAS EVEN, WE TRIED 5652 03:15:11,400 --> 03:15:12,960 TO BE AS UNBIASED AS POSSIBLE, 5653 03:15:12,960 --> 03:15:15,560 BUT I THINK THAT THIS -- EVEN 5654 03:15:15,560 --> 03:15:16,440 THOUGH THIS SURVEY IS CLOSE TO 5655 03:15:16,440 --> 03:15:17,680 TWO YEARS OLD NOW, I THINK THE 5656 03:15:17,680 --> 03:15:19,320 RESULTS ARE ACTUALLY STILL VERY 5657 03:15:19,320 --> 03:15:26,720 INTERESTING FOR THIS GROUP. 5658 03:15:26,720 --> 03:15:29,680 SO WE ASKED DO YOU USE ANY 5659 03:15:29,680 --> 03:15:31,320 DEVICES THAT USE BIOMETRICS TO 5660 03:15:31,320 --> 03:15:33,520 UNLOCK OR LOG IN, YOU KNOW, 5661 03:15:33,520 --> 03:15:34,520 FINGERPRINTS, FACE RECOGNITION, 5662 03:15:34,520 --> 03:15:35,520 ET CETERA, DO YOU FEEL MORE 5663 03:15:35,520 --> 03:15:37,440 SECURE USING BIOMETRICS OR 5664 03:15:37,440 --> 03:15:39,160 TRADITIONAL TYPE-IN PASSWORDS TO 5665 03:15:39,160 --> 03:15:40,000 UNLOCK PERSONAL DEVICES? 5666 03:15:40,000 --> 03:15:41,120 SO THESE WERE THE RESULTS. 5667 03:15:41,120 --> 03:15:42,400 WE'LL GO THROUGH THESE BECAUSE I 5668 03:15:42,400 --> 03:15:43,400 THINK SOME OF THESE ARE REALLY 5669 03:15:43,400 --> 03:15:45,800 INTERESTING. 5670 03:15:45,800 --> 03:15:47,800 85% SAID THAT THEY USE DEVICES 5671 03:15:47,800 --> 03:15:49,000 THAT LEVERAGE BIOMETRICS FOR 5672 03:15:49,000 --> 03:15:50,080 SECURITY. 5673 03:15:50,080 --> 03:15:51,320 53% OF PEOPLE SAID THAT THEY 5674 03:15:51,320 --> 03:15:54,400 FEEL MORE SECURE AND ONLY 25% 5675 03:15:54,400 --> 03:15:55,880 SAID THAT THEY WOULD RATHER 5676 03:15:55,880 --> 03:15:57,880 THEIR DEVICE USE A PASSWORD AS 5677 03:15:57,880 --> 03:15:58,880 OPPOSED TO BIOMETRICS. 5678 03:15:58,880 --> 03:16:00,200 SO I THINK HERE, YOU CAN SEE 5679 03:16:00,200 --> 03:16:02,840 THAT PEOPLE ARE, GENERALLY 5680 03:16:02,840 --> 03:16:04,560 SPEAKING, WILLING TO USE 5681 03:16:04,560 --> 03:16:06,760 BIOMETRICS AS OPPOSED TO A 5682 03:16:06,760 --> 03:16:07,520 PASSWORD. 5683 03:16:07,520 --> 03:16:09,080 AS WE MOVE ALONG, WE ASKED WOULD 5684 03:16:09,080 --> 03:16:11,160 YOU BE MORE OR LESS LIKELY TO 5685 03:16:11,160 --> 03:16:11,840 USE A DEVICE THAT SPECIFICALLY 5686 03:16:11,840 --> 03:16:13,720 USED YOUR BIOLOGICAL SIGNALS TO 5687 03:16:13,720 --> 03:16:15,120 IMPROVE DEVICE PERFORMANCE OR 5688 03:16:15,120 --> 03:16:16,800 IMPROVE YOUR MENTAL OR PHYSICAL 5689 03:16:16,800 --> 03:16:17,720 HEALTH. 5690 03:16:17,720 --> 03:16:19,720 69% OF PEOPLE SAID MORE THAN TWO 5691 03:16:19,720 --> 03:16:23,800 THIRDS SAID MORE LIKELY TO USE, 5692 03:16:23,800 --> 03:16:25,320 LESS THAN A QUARTER SAID LESS 5693 03:16:25,320 --> 03:16:26,360 LIKELY TO USE. 5694 03:16:26,360 --> 03:16:28,400 THEN WE ASKED ESSENTIALLY THE 5695 03:16:28,400 --> 03:16:30,360 SAME QUESTION, BUT INCLUDED 5696 03:16:30,360 --> 03:16:32,760 BRAIN ACTIVITY. 5697 03:16:32,760 --> 03:16:34,080 I'LL GO BACK A SLIDE. 5698 03:16:34,080 --> 03:16:38,120 EVEN MORE PEOPLE ARE INTERESTED 5699 03:16:38,120 --> 03:16:39,280 AND EVEN LESS PEOPLE ARE NOT 5700 03:16:39,280 --> 03:16:40,600 SURE. 5701 03:16:40,600 --> 03:16:41,360 SO THE TAKEAWAY HERE IS THAT 5702 03:16:41,360 --> 03:16:43,560 PEOPLE ARE EXCITED ABOUT THE 5703 03:16:43,560 --> 03:16:44,600 BRAIN. 5704 03:16:44,600 --> 03:16:45,880 OKAY, BIOMETRICS, COOL, BUT AS 5705 03:16:45,880 --> 03:16:46,720 SOON AS THE BRAIN IS INVOLVED, 5706 03:16:46,720 --> 03:16:50,120 PEOPLE ARE ACTUALLY -- GRANTED 5707 03:16:50,120 --> 03:16:51,600 THIS IS ONE SURVEY. 5708 03:16:51,600 --> 03:16:52,600 IT SEEMS PEOPLE ARE EXCITED 5709 03:16:52,600 --> 03:16:54,000 ABOUT THE USE OF BRAIN ACTIVITY 5710 03:16:54,000 --> 03:16:57,040 IN THEIR TECHNOLOGY. 5711 03:16:57,040 --> 03:16:58,600 BUT LET'S KEEP MOVING. 5712 03:16:58,600 --> 03:16:59,360 HOW CONCERNED ARE YOU -- HOW AM 5713 03:16:59,360 --> 03:17:00,760 I DOING ON TIME, BY THE WAY? 5714 03:17:00,760 --> 03:17:01,840 I'M CLOSE. 5715 03:17:01,840 --> 03:17:02,960 OKAY. 5716 03:17:02,960 --> 03:17:04,040 HOW CONCERNED ARE YOU ABOUT YOUR 5717 03:17:04,040 --> 03:17:07,280 ELECTRONIC DEVICES, READING YOUR 5718 03:17:07,280 --> 03:17:09,360 BIOMETRIC SIGNALS? 5719 03:17:09,360 --> 03:17:12,120 OKAY, SO 72% OF PEOPLE ARE 5720 03:17:12,120 --> 03:17:13,360 CONCERNED ABOUT -- WHICH IS -- 5721 03:17:13,360 --> 03:17:14,440 IT'S TELLING. 5722 03:17:14,440 --> 03:17:18,080 IT'S INTERESTING THAT PEOPLE ARE 5723 03:17:18,080 --> 03:17:18,960 BOTH EXCITED AND CONCERNED. 5724 03:17:18,960 --> 03:17:20,160 RIGHT? 5725 03:17:20,160 --> 03:17:23,800 IT'S NOT -- LIKE THE EXCITEMENT 5726 03:17:23,800 --> 03:17:27,400 DOESN'T -- IT'S NOT UNIVERSALLY 5727 03:17:27,400 --> 03:17:28,400 PROPORTIONAL. 5728 03:17:28,400 --> 03:17:29,480 THERE'S BOTH SIMULTANEOUS 5729 03:17:29,480 --> 03:17:30,920 CONCERN AND EXCITEMENT FOR THIS 5730 03:17:30,920 --> 03:17:31,560 TECHNOLOGY. 5731 03:17:31,560 --> 03:17:34,600 17% OF PEOPLE WERE EXTREMELY 5732 03:17:34,600 --> 03:17:34,840 CONCERNED. 5733 03:17:34,840 --> 03:17:36,480 WE THEN ASKED THE SAME QUESTION, 5734 03:17:36,480 --> 03:17:39,720 BUT INCLUDED BRAIN DATA. 5735 03:17:39,720 --> 03:17:41,520 CONCERN WENT UP JUST THE SAME AS 5736 03:17:41,520 --> 03:17:43,400 INTEREST. 5737 03:17:43,400 --> 03:17:45,480 SO BIOMETRIC SIGNALS, COOL. 5738 03:17:45,480 --> 03:17:47,480 IF YOU INCLUDE BRAIN ACTIVITY, 5739 03:17:47,480 --> 03:17:48,400 PEOPLE ARE MORE INTERESTED BUT 5740 03:17:48,400 --> 03:17:49,720 THEY'RE ALSO MORE CONCERNED. 5741 03:17:49,720 --> 03:17:52,240 EXTREMELY CONCERNED ALSO WENT UP 5742 03:17:52,240 --> 03:17:53,560 AS WELL. 5743 03:17:53,560 --> 03:17:54,920 SO THEN I THINK THAT THIS ONE IS 5744 03:17:54,920 --> 03:17:55,600 REALLY INTERESTING. 5745 03:17:55,600 --> 03:17:59,960 WE ASKED WHAT REALLY MATTERS, 5746 03:17:59,960 --> 03:18:00,600 HOW CONCERNED ARE YOU WITH THE 5747 03:18:00,600 --> 03:18:02,040 FOLLOWING COMPANIES, I GUESS 5748 03:18:02,040 --> 03:18:03,600 AND/OR INSTITUTIONS, HAVING 5749 03:18:03,600 --> 03:18:05,640 ACCESS TO BIOMETRIC DATA LIKE 5750 03:18:05,640 --> 03:18:07,600 PULSE RATES, FINGERPRINTS AND 5751 03:18:07,600 --> 03:18:09,400 FACIAL RECOGNITION, ET CETERA? 5752 03:18:09,400 --> 03:18:12,920 NOT SURPRISINGLY, FACEBOOK, 5753 03:18:12,920 --> 03:18:16,320 PEOPLE ARE MOST CONCERNED ABOUT 5754 03:18:16,320 --> 03:18:19,080 FACEBOOK, AKA META, HAVING 5755 03:18:19,080 --> 03:18:19,800 ACCESS TO THE DATA, BUT THEN AS 5756 03:18:19,800 --> 03:18:22,200 YOU GET INTO TBOO GEL, APPLE, 5757 03:18:22,200 --> 03:18:23,600 MICROSOFT, AMAZON AND THESE 5758 03:18:23,600 --> 03:18:25,200 OTHER MAJOR CONSUMER TECH 5759 03:18:25,200 --> 03:18:26,840 COMPANIES, IT'S ALL KIND OF 5760 03:18:26,840 --> 03:18:27,160 COMPARABLE. 5761 03:18:27,160 --> 03:18:28,560 GOOGLE BEING SLIGHTLY HIGHER 5762 03:18:28,560 --> 03:18:29,000 THAN THE OTHER ONES. 5763 03:18:29,000 --> 03:18:30,160 I DON'T THINK THAT'S SURPRISING 5764 03:18:30,160 --> 03:18:32,120 BECAUSE FACEBOOK AND GOOGLE ARE 5765 03:18:32,120 --> 03:18:33,400 BOTH KNOWN TO BE COMPANIES WHO 5766 03:18:33,400 --> 03:18:34,800 MAKE MONEY ON DATA MODELS. 5767 03:18:34,800 --> 03:18:36,240 MOST OF THE MONEY THEY MAKE IS 5768 03:18:36,240 --> 03:18:38,080 ON SHARING AND SELLING YOUR 5769 03:18:38,080 --> 03:18:38,280 DATA. 5770 03:18:38,280 --> 03:18:38,960 SO THIS CHECKS OUT. 5771 03:18:38,960 --> 03:18:39,920 THIS TRACKS. 5772 03:18:39,920 --> 03:18:41,840 BUT I THINK WHAT'S SUPER 5773 03:18:41,840 --> 03:18:43,080 INTERESTING IS YOU PUT THE 5774 03:18:43,080 --> 03:18:43,760 GOVERNMENT ON HERE, YOU KNOW, 5775 03:18:43,760 --> 03:18:48,280 BROAD TERM, GOVERNMENT, CONCERN 5776 03:18:48,280 --> 03:18:51,680 IS ALMOST IDENTICAL TO -- 5777 03:18:51,680 --> 03:18:53,120 BARRING GOOGLE AND FACEBOOK, THE 5778 03:18:53,120 --> 03:18:54,600 REST OF THESE MAJOR CONSUMER 5779 03:18:54,600 --> 03:18:55,600 TECHNOLOGY COMPANIES. 5780 03:18:55,600 --> 03:18:58,720 SO BROADLY SPEAKING, CONSUMER 5781 03:18:58,720 --> 03:19:00,360 SURVEY, CUSTOMERS DO NOT TRUST 5782 03:19:00,360 --> 03:19:02,080 THE GOVERNMENT JUST THE SAME WAY 5783 03:19:02,080 --> 03:19:03,320 THEY DON'T TRUST MAJOR TECH 5784 03:19:03,320 --> 03:19:04,320 COMPANIES. 5785 03:19:04,320 --> 03:19:05,480 IMPORTANT TO NOTE. 5786 03:19:05,480 --> 03:19:06,400 FACTORS, ON THE OTHER HAND, 5787 03:19:06,400 --> 03:19:07,880 INSURANCE AND HEALTH, INSURANCE, 5788 03:19:07,880 --> 03:19:09,640 A LITTLE BIT OF A DROPDOWN, 5789 03:19:09,640 --> 03:19:10,640 PEOPLE DON'T NECESSARILY TRUST 5790 03:19:10,640 --> 03:19:11,440 INSURANCE BUT THEY TRUST THEM 5791 03:19:11,440 --> 03:19:14,240 MORE THAN THE GOVERNMENT, WHICH 5792 03:19:14,240 --> 03:19:16,040 I FIND SURPRISING, AND AMAZON, 5793 03:19:16,040 --> 03:19:17,600 BUT THEN DOCTOR, SIMILARLY, SOME 5794 03:19:17,600 --> 03:19:19,960 PEOPLE DON'T TRUST THEIR 5795 03:19:19,960 --> 03:19:20,200 DOCTORS. 5796 03:19:20,200 --> 03:19:21,280 10% OF PEOPLE ARE EXTREMELY 5797 03:19:21,280 --> 03:19:23,080 CONCERNED WITH BRAIN DATA AND 5798 03:19:23,080 --> 03:19:24,160 BIOMETRIC DATA BEING SHARED WITH 5799 03:19:24,160 --> 03:19:26,080 THEIR DOCTORS. 5800 03:19:26,080 --> 03:19:26,520 FASCINATING. 5801 03:19:26,520 --> 03:19:27,400 AND OVER 50% ARE STILL 5802 03:19:27,400 --> 03:19:32,200 CONCERNED. 5803 03:19:32,200 --> 03:19:35,680 SO, THESE ARE THE KIND OF 5804 03:19:35,680 --> 03:19:36,360 RESPONSES WE GOT. 5805 03:19:36,360 --> 03:19:37,200 I THINK THESE COMPANIES JUST 5806 03:19:37,200 --> 03:19:39,800 WANT TO USE BIOINFO TO TARGET 5807 03:19:39,800 --> 03:19:42,640 ADS AND OTHER SERVICES THAT MAKE 5808 03:19:42,640 --> 03:19:44,120 MONEY AT THE EXPENSE OF PRIVACY 5809 03:19:44,120 --> 03:19:45,400 AND CONCERNS. 5810 03:19:45,400 --> 03:19:47,480 MIGHT BE DENIED INSURANCE 5811 03:19:47,480 --> 03:19:48,160 COVERAGE BECAUSE OF PRE-EXISTING 5812 03:19:48,160 --> 03:19:49,040 CONDITIONS. 5813 03:19:49,040 --> 03:19:50,040 FACEBOOK, AMAZON AND GOOGLE ARE 5814 03:19:50,040 --> 03:19:51,720 JUST NOT TO BE TRUSTED WITH THAT 5815 03:19:51,720 --> 03:19:52,000 MUCH DATA. 5816 03:19:52,000 --> 03:19:53,760 SECURITY AND IDENTITY THEFT ARE 5817 03:19:53,760 --> 03:19:54,440 THE BIGGEST CONCERNS. 5818 03:19:54,440 --> 03:20:00,520 SO ANYWAY, I'M GOING TO END 5819 03:20:00,520 --> 03:20:01,640 THERE, ENDING WITH THOSE SURVEY 5820 03:20:01,640 --> 03:20:04,080 RESULTS IS JUST KIND OF AN 5821 03:20:04,080 --> 03:20:05,000 INTERESTING SHED ON OTHER 5822 03:20:05,000 --> 03:20:06,840 PEOPLE'S PERSPECTIVES, BUT WHAT 5823 03:20:06,840 --> 03:20:08,160 WE'RE WORKING ON NOW IS FIGURING 5824 03:20:08,160 --> 03:20:11,800 OUT HOW TO PUT RESEARCH TOOLS 5825 03:20:11,800 --> 03:20:13,360 INTO THE WORLD THAT GIVE ACCESS 5826 03:20:13,360 --> 03:20:19,880 TO RAW DATA THAT PUSH THE 5827 03:20:19,880 --> 03:20:20,880 ENVELOPE OF WHAT'S POSSIBLE WITH 5828 03:20:20,880 --> 03:20:23,720 WHAT WE CAN LEARN, MULTIMODAL 5829 03:20:23,720 --> 03:20:24,880 SENSOR, ALL OF THIS STUFF IN 5830 03:20:24,880 --> 03:20:26,600 CONJUNCTION WITH THE EEG, ALL 5831 03:20:26,600 --> 03:20:28,200 NONINVASIVE, ALL WEARABLE, BUT 5832 03:20:28,200 --> 03:20:28,800 I'M VERY, VERY CONCERNED WITH 5833 03:20:28,800 --> 03:20:30,200 HOW THIS TECHNOLOGY COULD BE 5834 03:20:30,200 --> 03:20:30,720 USED. 5835 03:20:30,720 --> 03:20:32,320 AND I'VE FOUND AT LEAST 5836 03:20:32,320 --> 03:20:32,960 PERSONALLY, I THINK ONE OF THE 5837 03:20:32,960 --> 03:20:35,960 BEST WAYS THAT WE CAN COMBAT THE 5838 03:20:35,960 --> 03:20:40,160 MISUSE OF TECHNOLOGY IS THROUGH 5839 03:20:40,160 --> 03:20:40,720 TECHNOLOGY TRANSPARENCY AND 5840 03:20:40,720 --> 03:20:41,640 EDUCATION AND OPENNESS AND SO 5841 03:20:41,640 --> 03:20:45,120 THAT'S A HUGE IMPETUS BEHIND 5842 03:20:45,120 --> 03:20:45,680 OPENBCI. 5843 03:20:45,680 --> 03:20:48,400 BUT I DO THINK THAT WE ARE ON 5844 03:20:48,400 --> 03:20:49,960 THE BRINK OF REAL TRANSLATION, 5845 03:20:49,960 --> 03:20:52,560 I'M WO WORKING ON IT, OF A REAL 5846 03:20:52,560 --> 03:20:53,840 TRANSLATION OF THIS TECHNOLOGY 5847 03:20:53,840 --> 03:20:56,040 INTO THE CONSUMER LANDSCAPE. 5848 03:20:56,040 --> 03:20:57,600 AND SO COGNITIVE LIBERTY, MENTAL 5849 03:20:57,600 --> 03:20:59,080 VAULT AND THESE THINGS I THINK 5850 03:20:59,080 --> 03:21:00,760 ARE PARAMOUNT TO CONSIDER AS WE 5851 03:21:00,760 --> 03:21:02,440 BUILD THE SYSTEMS. 5852 03:21:02,440 --> 03:21:03,160 THANK YOU. 5853 03:21:03,160 --> 03:21:10,400 [APPLAUSE] 5854 03:21:10,400 --> 03:21:12,200 >>AT THE END OF THE FIRST 5855 03:21:12,200 --> 03:21:13,360 SESSION, WE HAVE TIME FOR ONE 5856 03:21:13,360 --> 03:21:13,640 QUESTION. 5857 03:21:13,640 --> 03:21:15,080 >>CONOR, WOULD YOU MIND GOING 5858 03:21:15,080 --> 03:21:20,360 BACK TO THAT SLIDE WHERE YOU S 5859 03:21:20,360 --> 03:21:26,040 SAY -- DIFFERENT KINDS OF 5860 03:21:26,040 --> 03:21:26,440 SENSORS -- 5861 03:21:26,440 --> 03:21:36,800 [AUDIO BREAKING UP] 5862 03:21:38,520 --> 03:21:40,000 AND MY QUESTION FOR YOU IS IF 5863 03:21:40,000 --> 03:21:40,920 YOU COULD JUST UNPACK THAT A 5864 03:21:40,920 --> 03:21:41,200 LITTLE BIT. 5865 03:21:41,200 --> 03:21:43,200 >>SORRY, I SHOULDN'T HAVE -- 5866 03:21:43,200 --> 03:21:44,800 I'VE GOT TO SIGN BACK IN. 5867 03:21:44,800 --> 03:21:45,280 >>OKAY. 5868 03:21:45,280 --> 03:21:46,880 SO WE'LL TRY TO IMAGINE IT IN 5869 03:21:46,880 --> 03:21:48,600 OUR BRAINS AND YOU CAN DECODE 5870 03:21:48,600 --> 03:21:50,200 IT. 5871 03:21:50,200 --> 03:21:52,360 BUT YOU HAD, I THINK, EEG, EMG, 5872 03:21:52,360 --> 03:21:53,640 LIKE FIVE OR SIX DIFFERENT 5873 03:21:53,640 --> 03:21:56,600 SENSORS ON THERE. 5874 03:21:56,600 --> 03:21:58,800 AND SO I'M GOING TO DO A 5875 03:21:58,800 --> 03:22:02,160 COMPOUND QUESTION SINCE I'M ONLY 5876 03:22:02,160 --> 03:22:03,520 ALLOWED ONE QUESTION WHICH IS, 5877 03:22:03,520 --> 03:22:04,720 ONE, IF YOU CAN UNPACK WHAT YOU 5878 03:22:04,720 --> 03:22:06,160 MEAN AS EEG ALONE IS BORING, 5879 03:22:06,160 --> 03:22:07,960 BECAUSE IT SEEMS LIKE THERE'S 5880 03:22:07,960 --> 03:22:08,600 STILL A GOOD BIT OF INFORMATION 5881 03:22:08,600 --> 03:22:09,640 THAT WE COULD GLEAN FROM THE 5882 03:22:09,640 --> 03:22:12,120 EEG, BUT THEN THE SECOND IS, 5883 03:22:12,120 --> 03:22:14,200 WHEN YOU SAY THE REAL POWER 5884 03:22:14,200 --> 03:22:15,400 COMES IN, THE REAL POWER TO DO 5885 03:22:15,400 --> 03:22:15,640 WHAT? 5886 03:22:15,640 --> 03:22:17,160 WHAT ARE THE ADDITIONAL 5887 03:22:17,160 --> 03:22:18,440 INFERENCES THAT CAN BE MADE BY 5888 03:22:18,440 --> 03:22:21,760 COMBINING THE DIFFERENT SENSORS 5889 03:22:21,760 --> 03:22:23,280 TOGETHER, AND WHAT'S THE KIND OF 5890 03:22:23,280 --> 03:22:24,800 INCREASED PRECISION OR INCREASED 5891 03:22:24,800 --> 03:22:26,000 INFERENCES OR DATA THAT YOU GET 5892 03:22:26,000 --> 03:22:28,400 BY DOING SO? 5893 03:22:28,400 --> 03:22:30,440 >> COOL, I'LL ANSWER THE LAST 5894 03:22:30,440 --> 03:22:30,760 ONE FIRST. 5895 03:22:30,760 --> 03:22:33,280 THEN I'LL WORK BACKWARDS. 5896 03:22:33,280 --> 03:22:40,800 SO WHEN YOU COMBINE -- EVEN 5897 03:22:40,800 --> 03:22:42,040 THOUGH WE STRIECH TO PUT TOOLS 5898 03:22:42,040 --> 03:22:43,480 INTO THE WORLD THAT PRODUCE RAW 5899 03:22:43,480 --> 03:22:44,880 DATA, WHAT WE ACTUALLY CARE 5900 03:22:44,880 --> 03:22:46,200 ABOUT IS NOT THE RAW DATA. 5901 03:22:46,200 --> 03:22:50,880 AND I THINK THAT THIS IS, YOU 5902 03:22:50,880 --> 03:22:51,760 KNOW -- WHEN WE'RE TRYING TO 5903 03:22:51,760 --> 03:22:54,920 SOLVE PROBLEMS AROUND SOMEBODY 5904 03:22:54,920 --> 03:22:56,840 LIVING WITH SEVERE DISABILITIES, 5905 03:22:56,840 --> 03:22:58,760 GIVING THEM FREEDOM AND AUTONOMY 5906 03:22:58,760 --> 03:23:00,200 TO CONTROL DEVICES AGAIN, OR 5907 03:23:00,200 --> 03:23:02,720 SOMEBODY TRYING TO RECOVER FROM 5908 03:23:02,720 --> 03:23:03,840 PTSD, YOU KNOW, FINDING THE 5909 03:23:03,840 --> 03:23:06,040 RIGHT COCKTAIL OF VR EXPERIENCES 5910 03:23:06,040 --> 03:23:09,440 AND MEDICATION TO HELP THEM 5911 03:23:09,440 --> 03:23:11,480 OVERCOME, I THINK THAT 5912 03:23:11,480 --> 03:23:14,080 THERE'S -- THE SENSOR FUSION AND 5913 03:23:14,080 --> 03:23:18,520 THE ABILITY TO TAKE RAW DATA AND 5914 03:23:18,520 --> 03:23:19,960 EXTRACT FIRST DERIVATIVE 5915 03:23:19,960 --> 03:23:20,720 METRICS, AND WHAT I MEAN BY THAT 5916 03:23:20,720 --> 03:23:22,160 IS THIS MODEL THAT I LIKE TO 5917 03:23:22,160 --> 03:23:22,880 USE. 5918 03:23:22,880 --> 03:23:26,200 IT'S RAW DATA, FIRST DERIVATIVE 5919 03:23:26,200 --> 03:23:26,960 METRICS, SECOND DERIVATIVE 5920 03:23:26,960 --> 03:23:28,480 METRICS. 5921 03:23:28,480 --> 03:23:29,160 FIRST DERIVATIVE METRICS ARE 5922 03:23:29,160 --> 03:23:31,240 THINGS LIKE POWER BANDS, FFT 5923 03:23:31,240 --> 03:23:33,560 FROM EEG, HEART RATE, HEART RATE 5924 03:23:33,560 --> 03:23:34,320 VARIABILITY, RIGHT? 5925 03:23:34,320 --> 03:23:37,040 IT'S LIKE -- BUT THEN THE SECOND 5926 03:23:37,040 --> 03:23:38,160 DERIVATIVE METRICS ARE MORE 5927 03:23:38,160 --> 03:23:39,320 PERSONAL. 5928 03:23:39,320 --> 03:23:41,400 IT'S LIKE STRESS, AROUSAL, 5929 03:23:41,400 --> 03:23:45,000 FATIGUE, COGNITIVE WORKLOAD, 5930 03:23:45,000 --> 03:23:47,000 THESE -- YOU KNOW, REAL EMOTIONS 5931 03:23:47,000 --> 03:23:48,480 AND FEELINGS AND INTERNAL STATES 5932 03:23:48,480 --> 03:23:51,960 THAT CAN BE DECODED. 5933 03:23:51,960 --> 03:23:53,840 SO WHILE THE BRAIN IS WHAT WE 5934 03:23:53,840 --> 03:23:55,160 CARE ABOUT BECAUSE WE KNOW IT'S 5935 03:23:55,160 --> 03:23:57,320 THE NUCLEUS OR THE KIND OF 5936 03:23:57,320 --> 03:23:58,800 CENTRAL TERMINAL OF THIS PROBLEM 5937 03:23:58,800 --> 03:24:00,720 TO UNDERSTAND THE FULL PROBLEM, 5938 03:24:00,720 --> 03:24:01,760 WE SHOULD BE -- WE NEED TO 5939 03:24:01,760 --> 03:24:03,280 LISTEN TO THESE OTHER MODALITIES 5940 03:24:03,280 --> 03:24:04,200 BECAUSE WHAT WE ACTUALLY CARE 5941 03:24:04,200 --> 03:24:08,640 ABOUT IS NOT THE BRAIN, BUT THE 5942 03:24:08,640 --> 03:24:09,160 BRAIN'S INTENTION. 5943 03:24:09,160 --> 03:24:10,840 SO FOR DECODING INTENTION AND 5944 03:24:10,840 --> 03:24:12,240 LOOKING AT REAL EMOTIONS, WE 5945 03:24:12,240 --> 03:24:14,040 FOUND THAT WHEN YOU LOOK AT EEG 5946 03:24:14,040 --> 03:24:15,760 DATA ALONE, IT'S ALMOST 5947 03:24:15,760 --> 03:24:18,840 IMPOSSIBLE, BUT WHEN YOU LOOK AT 5948 03:24:18,840 --> 03:24:22,000 ENVIRONMENTAL DATA, VR HEADSET 5949 03:24:22,000 --> 03:24:24,600 ARE GREAT BECAUSE THEY HAVE 5950 03:24:24,600 --> 03:24:27,760 ENVIRONMENTAL SENSORS LIKE EIGHT 5951 03:24:27,760 --> 03:24:29,520 CAMERAS, DEAF SENSORS, 5952 03:24:29,520 --> 03:24:31,280 MICROPHONES, EVERYTHING, YOU 5953 03:24:31,280 --> 03:24:34,240 COMBINE THAT WITH INWARD 5954 03:24:34,240 --> 03:24:34,800 POINTING TECHNOLOGY, NOW YOU 5955 03:24:34,800 --> 03:24:36,760 HAVE EXTREMELY RICH DATASETS TO 5956 03:24:36,760 --> 03:24:37,760 EXTRACT FIRST AND SECOND 5957 03:24:37,760 --> 03:24:39,960 DERIVATIVE METRICS WHICH I 5958 03:24:39,960 --> 03:24:41,440 BELIEVE IS WHAT WE TRULY CARE 5959 03:24:41,440 --> 03:24:41,640 ABOUT. 5960 03:24:41,640 --> 03:24:43,240 >>HAVE YOU GUYS PUBLISHED ON 5961 03:24:43,240 --> 03:24:45,480 THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LIKE 5962 03:24:45,480 --> 03:24:49,440 WHAT YOU -- SENSOR FUSION, 5963 03:24:49,440 --> 03:24:51,400 INTERPRETATIONS OF MENTAL, 5964 03:24:51,400 --> 03:24:52,640 EMOTIONAL KIND EXPERIENCES 5965 03:24:52,640 --> 03:24:58,880 VERSUS LIKE A SINGLE STREAM OF 5966 03:24:58,880 --> 03:25:00,360 DATA, MEANING EEG DATAVERSE US 5967 03:25:00,360 --> 03:25:02,760 THE SENSOR FUSION, THE INCREASED 5968 03:25:02,760 --> 03:25:04,000 ACCURACY OR THE DIFFERENCE OF 5969 03:25:04,000 --> 03:25:04,880 WHAT YOU'RE ACTUALLY ABLE TO 5970 03:25:04,880 --> 03:25:05,160 INTERPRET? 5971 03:25:05,160 --> 03:25:06,960 >>SO WE HAVEN'T AS A COMPANY 5972 03:25:06,960 --> 03:25:08,040 PUBLISHED BUT A LOT OF OUR 5973 03:25:08,040 --> 03:25:09,320 RESEARCHERS THAT WE'VE PARTNERED 5974 03:25:09,320 --> 03:25:10,720 WITH HAVE, AND ACTUALLY ONE OF 5975 03:25:10,720 --> 03:25:12,240 OUR ADVISERS, WE HAVE THREE OF 5976 03:25:12,240 --> 03:25:14,200 THEM, ONE OF THEM IS PAUL 5977 03:25:14,200 --> 03:25:15,880 SHEIDA, A LOT OF HIS WORK IS ON 5978 03:25:15,880 --> 03:25:17,160 THIS, WHICH IS LOOKING AT EEG 5979 03:25:17,160 --> 03:25:19,360 AND EYE TRACKING MODALITIES IN 5980 03:25:19,360 --> 03:25:21,400 TANDEM, AND WHAT THEY FOUND, 5981 03:25:21,400 --> 03:25:22,200 THEY RAN A BATTERY OR THEY RAN A 5982 03:25:22,200 --> 03:25:23,440 TEST WHERE THEY DID THE EXACT 5983 03:25:23,440 --> 03:25:26,840 SAME STUDY USING PEOPLOMETRY AND 5984 03:25:26,840 --> 03:25:27,360 PEOPLE DILATION, AND THEN 5985 03:25:27,360 --> 03:25:29,240 LOOKING AT AN EVENT-RELATED 5986 03:25:29,240 --> 03:25:32,120 POTENTIAL OR P300 SPIKE IN 5987 03:25:32,120 --> 03:25:32,720 PARIETAL LOBE AND THEY FOUND 5988 03:25:32,720 --> 03:25:34,440 THAT THE DATA, WHEN YOU LOOK AT 5989 03:25:34,440 --> 03:25:35,480 THE TWO TREND LINES, THEY MATCH 5990 03:25:35,480 --> 03:25:35,920 EACH OTHER. 5991 03:25:35,920 --> 03:25:37,280 THEY FOLLOW EACH OTHER. 5992 03:25:37,280 --> 03:25:38,800 AND WHEN YOU TAKE EITHER DATASET 5993 03:25:38,800 --> 03:25:41,960 BY ITSELF, YOU GET ABOUT 80% 5994 03:25:41,960 --> 03:25:42,520 EFFICACY, BUT THEN WHEN YOU 5995 03:25:42,520 --> 03:25:43,160 COMBINE THE TWO DATASETS 5996 03:25:43,160 --> 03:25:46,440 TOGETHER, YOU GET 96 H 96-PLUS. 5997 03:25:46,440 --> 03:25:48,000 I MIGHT BE OFF A LITTLE BIT WITH 5998 03:25:48,000 --> 03:25:49,200 THE NUMBERS, BUT ESSENTIALLY 5999 03:25:49,200 --> 03:25:51,600 THEY PROVED IN THE CONCLUSION 6000 03:25:51,600 --> 03:25:53,000 STATISTICALLY THAT YOU TAKE EYE 6001 03:25:53,000 --> 03:25:54,640 TRACKING AND EEG AND YOU PUSH 6002 03:25:54,640 --> 03:25:55,840 THEM TOGETHER AND FOR EXTRACTING 6003 03:25:55,840 --> 03:25:57,640 YOU KNOW, A RESPONSE TO A 6004 03:25:57,640 --> 03:25:58,800 STIMULI, YOU'RE WAY MORE 6005 03:25:58,800 --> 03:25:59,920 RELIABLE WITH BOTH AT THE SAME 6006 03:25:59,920 --> 03:26:03,280 TIME AS OPPOSED TO EITHER ONE 6007 03:26:03,280 --> 03:26:03,600 INDEPENDENTLY. 6008 03:26:03,600 --> 03:26:05,120 >>ACTUALLY I'M SORRY, WE 6009 03:26:05,120 --> 03:26:06,280 REALLY -- WE NEED TO MOVE ON. 6010 03:26:06,280 --> 03:26:08,680 SORRY. 6011 03:26:08,680 --> 03:26:10,800 >>CAN'T WE JUST FINISH THAT 6012 03:26:10,800 --> 03:26:12,120 THOUGHT, IT'S NOT SO MUCH THAT 6013 03:26:12,120 --> 03:26:12,800 IT'S BORING -- 6014 03:26:12,800 --> 03:26:13,560 >>IT'S NOT BORING. 6015 03:26:13,560 --> 03:26:14,960 I SAY THAT -- 6016 03:26:14,960 --> 03:26:15,600 >>THAT'S FINE. 6017 03:26:15,600 --> 03:26:17,160 I JUST WANTED TO MAKE SURE I 6018 03:26:17,160 --> 03:26:17,440 UNDERSTOOD. 6019 03:26:17,440 --> 03:26:20,240 >>THANK YOU. 6020 03:26:20,240 --> 03:26:24,320 >>THE EEG, THE ABILITY TO 6021 03:26:24,320 --> 03:26:25,120 DETECT STATES IN EEG IS 6022 03:26:25,120 --> 03:26:26,120 HORRIBLE. 6023 03:26:26,120 --> 03:26:28,960 BUT THE ADVANTAGE OF SEEING HOW 6024 03:26:28,960 --> 03:26:30,480 IT'S ASSOCIATED WITH PARTICULAR 6025 03:26:30,480 --> 03:26:31,640 BEHAVIOR. 6026 03:26:31,640 --> 03:26:38,520 SO YOU NEED THAT INTERACTION. 6027 03:26:38,520 --> 03:26:39,200 >>THANK YOU. 6028 03:26:39,200 --> 03:26:41,720 SO IT'S MY PLEASURE TO INTRODUCE 6029 03:26:41,720 --> 03:26:44,520 DR. ALEXANDER HUTH, UNIVERSITY 6030 03:26:44,520 --> 03:26:47,240 OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN. 6031 03:26:47,240 --> 03:26:49,840 HE RECEIVED HIS PH.D. IN 6032 03:26:49,840 --> 03:26:52,000 NEUROSCIENCE FROM THE UNIVERSITY 6033 03:26:52,000 --> 03:26:52,800 OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY. 6034 03:26:52,800 --> 03:26:54,000 HE USES COMPUTATIONAL METHODS TO 6035 03:26:54,000 --> 03:26:56,120 MODEL HOW THE BRAIN PROCESSES 6036 03:26:56,120 --> 03:26:58,200 LANGUAGE AND REPRESENTS MEANING. 6037 03:26:58,200 --> 03:27:02,120 USING FMRI, THE HUTH LAB RECORDS 6038 03:27:02,120 --> 03:27:07,080 HUMAN BRAIN RESUMM RESPONSES WHE 6039 03:27:07,080 --> 03:27:08,680 PEOPLE LISTEN TO SPEECH IN A 6040 03:27:08,680 --> 03:27:09,880 FORM OF STORIES OR PATHS THEY 6041 03:27:09,880 --> 03:27:10,960 BUILD CODING MODELS THAT PREDICT 6042 03:27:10,960 --> 03:27:14,360 THOSE RESPONSES BASED ON THE 6043 03:27:14,360 --> 03:27:15,360 AUDIO AND -- OF THE STORIES. 6044 03:27:15,360 --> 03:27:18,320 THE BEST ENCODING MODELS THEY 6045 03:27:18,320 --> 03:27:20,600 USED TO -- TO EXTRACT MEANINGFUL 6046 03:27:20,600 --> 03:27:22,680 INFORMATION FROM THESE STORIES. 6047 03:27:22,680 --> 03:27:25,720 DR. HUTH, WE LOOK FO FORWARD TO 6048 03:27:25,720 --> 03:27:26,120 YOUR PRESENTATION. 6049 03:27:26,120 --> 03:27:28,440 >>I'M REALLY EXCITED TO BE HERE 6050 03:27:28,440 --> 03:27:30,680 AND TALK TO YOU A LITTLE ABOUT 6051 03:27:30,680 --> 03:27:32,000 WHAT WE DO IN MY LAB. 6052 03:27:32,000 --> 03:27:34,840 SO I MIGHT HAVE TITLED THIS 6053 03:27:34,840 --> 03:27:38,040 TALK, WOW, YOU CAN DO THAT WITH 6054 03:27:38,040 --> 03:27:38,880 IF MRI? 6055 03:27:38,880 --> 03:27:40,680 BECAUSE THAT'S KIND OF POINT, WE 6056 03:27:40,680 --> 03:27:42,880 COULD DO A LOT MORE WITH FMRI 6057 03:27:42,880 --> 03:27:44,320 THAN WE THOUGHT WAS POSSIBLE 6058 03:27:44,320 --> 03:27:45,720 FNLT SO LET'S START WITH KIND OF 6059 03:27:45,720 --> 03:27:46,720 A BIG PICTURE IDEA. 6060 03:27:46,720 --> 03:27:48,040 I WAS WORRIED ABOUT HAVING TIME 6061 03:27:48,040 --> 03:27:49,520 TO INTRODUCE ALL THE IDEAS BUT 6062 03:27:49,520 --> 03:27:50,040 THANKFULLY THE TALKS THIS 6063 03:27:50,040 --> 03:27:51,240 MORNING DID A REALLY GREAT JOB 6064 03:27:51,240 --> 03:27:52,440 OF THAT. 6065 03:27:52,440 --> 03:27:54,640 SO CAN WE HELP A PERSON TO SPEAK 6066 03:27:54,640 --> 03:27:55,960 WITHOUT MOVEMENT? 6067 03:27:55,960 --> 03:27:59,200 SAY A PERSON IS UNABLE TO MOVE 6068 03:27:59,200 --> 03:28:00,880 IN ORDER TO SPEAK, CAN WE HELP 6069 03:28:00,880 --> 03:28:03,880 THEM DO THAT. 6070 03:28:03,880 --> 03:28:04,800 SO IN THE ORDINARY 6071 03:28:04,800 --> 03:28:05,440 CIRCUMSTANCES, WOULD YOU HAVE 6072 03:28:05,440 --> 03:28:08,720 SOMETHING HAPPENING IN YOUR 6073 03:28:08,720 --> 03:28:09,800 BRAIN, YOU'D USE THIS TO MOVE 6074 03:28:09,800 --> 03:28:12,800 YOUR MOUSE, TO MOVE YOUR 6075 03:28:12,800 --> 03:28:15,080 ARTICULATORS, MAKE AIR COME OUT 6076 03:28:15,080 --> 03:28:16,320 OF YOUR LUNGS THAT YOU MODULATE 6077 03:28:16,320 --> 03:28:17,880 INTO SOUNDS LIKE I'M DOING RIGHT 6078 03:28:17,880 --> 03:28:20,120 NOW AND THIS BECOMES SOME KIND 6079 03:28:20,120 --> 03:28:21,800 OF SPEECH OUTPUT, SOME KIND OF 6080 03:28:21,800 --> 03:28:23,920 IDEA INSIDE YOUR HEADS. 6081 03:28:23,920 --> 03:28:25,240 CAN WE LEAP FROG THIS PROCESS? 6082 03:28:25,240 --> 03:28:27,520 CAN WE GO STRAIGHT FROM BRAIN TO 6083 03:28:27,520 --> 03:28:27,800 OUTPUT? 6084 03:28:27,800 --> 03:28:29,560 SO THIS IS BASICALLY LIKE A 6085 03:28:29,560 --> 03:28:34,400 LANGUAGE BCI. 6086 03:28:34,400 --> 03:28:35,200 SO ONE QUESTION WE MIGHT HAVE 6087 03:28:35,200 --> 03:28:36,840 WHEN WE'RE TRYING TO DO THIS IS 6088 03:28:36,840 --> 03:28:38,880 WHAT STAGE OF LANGUAGE 6089 03:28:38,880 --> 03:28:39,480 PRODUCTION SHOULD WE ACTUALLY 6090 03:28:39,480 --> 03:28:42,840 LOOK AT? 6091 03:28:42,840 --> 03:28:44,240 WE HEARD A LITTLE THIS MORNING 6092 03:28:44,240 --> 03:28:48,520 FROM DR. COLLINGER ABOUT SORT OF 6093 03:28:48,520 --> 03:28:49,920 THE STATE OF THE ART IN MODERN 6094 03:28:49,920 --> 03:28:52,360 IMPLANTABLE BCIs, WHICH MOSTLY 6095 03:28:52,360 --> 03:28:53,520 FOCUS ON ESSENTIALLY THE LAST 6096 03:28:53,520 --> 03:28:57,560 STAGE OF LANGUAGE PRODUCTION. 6097 03:28:57,560 --> 03:28:58,880 SO WE THINK OF THIS FROM GOING 6098 03:28:58,880 --> 03:29:00,960 YOU HAVE AN IDEA INSIDE YOUR 6099 03:29:00,960 --> 03:29:02,920 HEAD, TURNS INTO AN INTENTION TO 6100 03:29:02,920 --> 03:29:04,160 SAY SOMETHING, A PLAN FOR HOW 6101 03:29:04,160 --> 03:29:05,160 YOU'RE GOING TO MOVE AND THEN 6102 03:29:05,160 --> 03:29:07,000 THE ACTUAL ACTIONS THAT OCCUR. 6103 03:29:07,000 --> 03:29:08,400 MOST CURRENT SYSTEMS ACTUALLY 6104 03:29:08,400 --> 03:29:10,520 WORK AT KIND OF THIS ACTION 6105 03:29:10,520 --> 03:29:13,040 STAGE. 6106 03:29:13,040 --> 03:29:14,880 SO THEY'RE READING OUT THE MOTOR 6107 03:29:14,880 --> 03:29:15,160 CORE TECH. 6108 03:29:15,160 --> 03:29:15,760 WHAT ARE THE ACTUAL COMMANDS 6109 03:29:15,760 --> 03:29:16,880 THAT YOUR BRAIN IS SENDING TO 6110 03:29:16,880 --> 03:29:20,480 YOUR MUSCLES IN ORDER TO CREATE 6111 03:29:20,480 --> 03:29:25,280 SPEECH TO COMMUNICATE? 6112 03:29:25,280 --> 03:29:26,480 THIS IS GREAT FOR SOME THINGS 6113 03:29:26,480 --> 03:29:27,560 AND IT'S GREAT WHEN YOU HAVE 6114 03:29:27,560 --> 03:29:29,000 HIGH TEMPORAL RESOLUTION AS YOU 6115 03:29:29,000 --> 03:29:30,560 DO WHEN YOU ACTUALLY PUT 6116 03:29:30,560 --> 03:29:32,120 ELECTRODES IN SOMEONE'S BRAIN 6117 03:29:32,120 --> 03:29:33,360 BUT IT'S LESS GREAT FOR OTHER 6118 03:29:33,360 --> 03:29:33,640 THINGS. 6119 03:29:33,640 --> 03:29:35,800 SO WITH SYSTEMS LIKE FMRI, WE 6120 03:29:35,800 --> 03:29:37,920 HAVE REALLY BAD TEMPORAL 6121 03:29:37,920 --> 03:29:39,120 RESOLUTION ON THE ORDER 6122 03:29:39,120 --> 03:29:40,200 OF SECONDS, THAT'S ALL WE'RE 6123 03:29:40,200 --> 03:29:41,840 GOING TO HAVE, THIS IS A PRETTY 6124 03:29:41,840 --> 03:29:42,840 LIKE FUNDAMENTAL LIMITATION. 6125 03:29:42,840 --> 03:29:45,920 THERE ARE WAYS -- YOU CAN DO 6126 03:29:45,920 --> 03:29:47,640 FASTER MRI AND THERE'S .01% OF A 6127 03:29:47,640 --> 03:29:49,640 SIGNAL THAT'S FASTER THAN THE 6128 03:29:49,640 --> 03:29:50,200 NORMAL SIGNAL. 6129 03:29:50,200 --> 03:29:53,440 BUT REALLY WHAT WE CAN WORK WITH 6130 03:29:53,440 --> 03:29:54,680 PRACTICALLY IS VERY SLOW WITH 6131 03:29:54,680 --> 03:29:55,240 FMRI. 6132 03:29:55,240 --> 03:29:57,520 AND ALSO THIS COULD BE NOT THE 6133 03:29:57,520 --> 03:29:59,520 BEST STRATEGY TO LOOK AT 6134 03:29:59,520 --> 03:30:00,080 ACTIONS. 6135 03:30:00,080 --> 03:30:02,920 IF, FOR EXAMPLE, THE PROBLEM THE 6136 03:30:02,920 --> 03:30:05,760 PERSON HAS IS NOT AT THIS STAGE 6137 03:30:05,760 --> 03:30:07,560 BUT IS AT SOME EARLIER STAGE. 6138 03:30:07,560 --> 03:30:08,200 MAYBE THEY CAN'T PLAN THE 6139 03:30:08,200 --> 03:30:09,520 MOVEMENTS TO SPEAK. 6140 03:30:09,520 --> 03:30:11,600 THEN DECODING THE ACTIONS IS OF 6141 03:30:11,600 --> 03:30:12,720 NO USE TO YOU. 6142 03:30:12,720 --> 03:30:17,000 SO IF SOMEBODY HAS, FOR EXAMPLE, 6143 03:30:17,000 --> 03:30:18,440 BROCA'S APHASIA, THEY'RE UNABLE 6144 03:30:18,440 --> 03:30:20,440 TO TURN THEIR IDEAS INTO WORDS. 6145 03:30:20,440 --> 03:30:22,680 THEY MIGHT STILL BE ABLE TO MOVE 6146 03:30:22,680 --> 03:30:25,880 THEIR MOUTHS EFFECTIVELY, THEY 6147 03:30:25,880 --> 03:30:27,920 CAN SPEAK THINGS THAT SOUND LIKE 6148 03:30:27,920 --> 03:30:29,840 LANGUAGE BUT MAYBE THEY CAN'T 6149 03:30:29,840 --> 03:30:31,040 ACTUALLY -- THERE'S A STEP HERE 6150 03:30:31,040 --> 03:30:32,680 THAT'S MISSING. SO WE'RE GOING 6151 03:30:32,680 --> 03:30:33,560 TO LOOK AT THE IDEA STAGE. 6152 03:30:33,560 --> 03:30:35,320 CAN WE DECODE DIRECTLY FROM THE 6153 03:30:35,320 --> 03:30:36,520 IDEAS? 6154 03:30:36,520 --> 03:30:38,920 INTO WORDS? 6155 03:30:38,920 --> 03:30:40,800 OKAY. 6156 03:30:40,800 --> 03:30:43,440 WE'RE GOING TO BE DOING AN FMRI 6157 03:30:43,440 --> 03:30:43,760 EXPERIMENT. 6158 03:30:43,760 --> 03:30:45,080 THIS IS NOT YOUR STANDARD FMRI, 6159 03:30:45,080 --> 03:30:49,920 WE DO THINGS A BIT DIFFERENTLY. 6160 03:30:49,920 --> 03:30:56,360 SO SO WE HAVE OUR SUBJECTS GO 6161 03:30:56,360 --> 03:30:57,480 INTO AN MRI SCANNER AND JUST LAY 6162 03:30:57,480 --> 03:31:00,880 THERE AND LISTEN TO PODCASTS. 6163 03:31:00,880 --> 03:31:02,080 THAT'S THE WHOLE EXPERIMENT. 6164 03:31:02,080 --> 03:31:05,040 THERE'S NOTHING ELSE, NO FANCY 6165 03:31:05,040 --> 03:31:06,560 TASKS, NO LISTENING TO BEEPS AND 6166 03:31:06,560 --> 03:31:08,720 PUSHING BUTTONS, NONE OF THE 6167 03:31:08,720 --> 03:31:11,040 NORMAL FMRI STUFF, JUST LAY IN 6168 03:31:11,040 --> 03:31:13,360 THE SCANNER AND LISTEN TO 6169 03:31:13,360 --> 03:31:14,920 PODCASTS. 6170 03:31:14,920 --> 03:31:15,600 IT'S A REALLY FUN EXPERIMENT TO 6171 03:31:15,600 --> 03:31:19,000 BE IN, I'M ONE OF THE -- WE 6172 03:31:19,000 --> 03:31:20,320 LISTEN TO PODCASTS ANYWAY, WHY 6173 03:31:20,320 --> 03:31:22,600 NOT DO IT IN AN MRI SCAN E IT'S 6174 03:31:22,600 --> 03:31:23,320 FINE, RIGHT? 6175 03:31:23,320 --> 03:31:25,200 SO WE HAVE ALL THIS DATA. 6176 03:31:25,200 --> 03:31:30,520 IT'S NATURAL SPEECH DATA. 6177 03:31:30,520 --> 03:31:32,080 SO IT'S JUST SPEECH, IT'S 6178 03:31:32,080 --> 03:31:32,720 SOMEBODY TALKING. 6179 03:31:32,720 --> 03:31:34,480 SO IT'S NOT CONTROLLED IN THE 6180 03:31:34,480 --> 03:31:35,560 SAME WAY THAT MOST EXPERIMENTS 6181 03:31:35,560 --> 03:31:36,680 ARE. 6182 03:31:36,680 --> 03:31:38,240 THE KIND OF STANDARD TOOLS, 6183 03:31:38,240 --> 03:31:39,200 STANDARD ANALYSES THAT PEOPLE 6184 03:31:39,200 --> 03:31:42,800 MIGHT USE TO ANALYZE FMRI 6185 03:31:42,800 --> 03:31:43,920 EXPERIMENTS, THEY JUST DON'T 6186 03:31:43,920 --> 03:31:45,080 APPLY IN THIS KIND OF SETTING, 6187 03:31:45,080 --> 03:31:46,720 WE HAVE TO HAVE A NEW SET OF 6188 03:31:46,720 --> 03:31:47,360 TOOLS. 6189 03:31:47,360 --> 03:31:48,800 THANKFULLY THIS SET OF TOOLS HAS 6190 03:31:48,800 --> 03:31:49,480 BEEN DEVELOPED OVER DECADE, 6191 03:31:49,480 --> 03:31:51,360 MOSTLY FOR STUDYING VISION IN 6192 03:31:51,360 --> 03:31:53,040 THE BRAIN, AND WE'RE APPLYING 6193 03:31:53,040 --> 03:31:54,400 THEM HERE FOR LANGUAGE. 6194 03:31:54,400 --> 03:31:57,840 WE USE WHAT WE CALL VOXEL-WISE 6195 03:31:57,840 --> 03:31:59,280 ENCODING MODELS. 6196 03:31:59,280 --> 03:31:59,960 I'M GOING TO TELL YOU A LITTLE 6197 03:31:59,960 --> 03:32:00,920 HOW THAT WORKS AND THEN GET INTO 6198 03:32:00,920 --> 03:32:01,400 THE DECODING. 6199 03:32:01,400 --> 03:32:06,280 SO THE BASIC IDEA HERE IS WE 6200 03:32:06,280 --> 03:32:07,560 HAVE TWO THINGS, THE HUMAN FMRI 6201 03:32:07,560 --> 03:32:08,640 RESPONSES WE MEASURED FROM THE 6202 03:32:08,640 --> 03:32:12,440 BRAIN AND WE HAVE LANGUAGE -- WE 6203 03:32:12,440 --> 03:32:13,600 KNOW WHAT THE WORDS ARE IN THE 6204 03:32:13,600 --> 03:32:14,080 STORY. 6205 03:32:14,080 --> 03:32:15,920 WE CAN ANNOTATE THE STORIES. 6206 03:32:15,920 --> 03:32:17,720 WE CAN WRITE DOWN WHAT ALL THE 6207 03:32:17,720 --> 03:32:18,480 WORDS ARE AND EXACTLY WHEN THEY 6208 03:32:18,480 --> 03:32:18,840 OCCUR. 6209 03:32:18,840 --> 03:32:20,120 WHAT WE DO IN OUR MODELING 6210 03:32:20,120 --> 03:32:23,600 PROCEDURE IS WE TAKE THESE WORDS 6211 03:32:23,600 --> 03:32:25,520 AND WE EXTRACT SOME KIND OF 6212 03:32:25,520 --> 03:32:26,160 FEATURES FROM THEM. 6213 03:32:26,160 --> 03:32:28,800 WE TURN THEM INTO A NUMERICAL 6214 03:32:28,800 --> 03:32:29,240 REPRESENTATION. 6215 03:32:29,240 --> 03:32:30,480 SO FOR EVERY SECOND OF THE 6216 03:32:30,480 --> 03:32:32,200 STORY, FOR EVERY REALLY 6217 03:32:32,200 --> 03:32:33,040 TWO-SECOND PERIOD OF THE STORY, 6218 03:32:33,040 --> 03:32:35,000 WE HAVE SOME VECTOR OF NUMBERS 6219 03:32:35,000 --> 03:32:37,240 THAT SAYS WHAT'S HAPPENING IN 6220 03:32:37,240 --> 03:32:38,120 THIS TWO-SECOND PERIOD. 6221 03:32:38,120 --> 03:32:40,560 THE BEST TOOL WE HAVE FOR THIS 6222 03:32:40,560 --> 03:32:41,880 RIGHT NOW, I WILL SHOW YOU IN A 6223 03:32:41,880 --> 03:32:43,240 MOMENT. 6224 03:32:43,240 --> 03:32:44,840 SO WE EXTRACT THIS SET OF 6225 03:32:44,840 --> 03:32:45,800 NUMBERS AND THEN WE ESSENTIALLY 6226 03:32:45,800 --> 03:32:47,080 JUST FIT A REGRESSION MODEL. 6227 03:32:47,080 --> 03:32:50,480 WE FIT THESE LARGE SCALE -- 6228 03:32:50,480 --> 03:32:51,160 LINEAR REGRESSION MODELS SO 6229 03:32:51,160 --> 03:32:52,360 SIMPLE IN THE WORLD OF MACHINE 6230 03:32:52,360 --> 03:32:53,280 LEARNING BUT DEFINITELY BEYOND 6231 03:32:53,280 --> 03:32:54,960 KIND OF STANDARD REGRESSION, 6232 03:32:54,960 --> 03:32:57,160 THESE ARE MODELS WITH TENS OF 6233 03:32:57,160 --> 03:32:59,280 THOUSANDS OR HUNDRED THOUSAND 6234 03:32:59,280 --> 03:32:59,840 PARAMETERS. 6235 03:32:59,840 --> 03:33:02,600 THAT PREDICT THE BRAIN RESPONSES 6236 03:33:02,600 --> 03:33:03,720 BASED ON THE WORDS IN THE STORY. 6237 03:33:03,720 --> 03:33:05,080 SO WE'RE ALWAYS TRYING TO 6238 03:33:05,080 --> 03:33:07,400 PREDICT THE BRAIN RESPONSES. 6239 03:33:07,400 --> 03:33:08,080 IF WE KNOW THE STORE OOO A 6240 03:33:08,080 --> 03:33:10,160 PERSON HEARD, CAN WE GUESS HOW 6241 03:33:10,160 --> 03:33:13,080 THAT PERSON WOULD RESPOND TO THE 6242 03:33:13,080 --> 03:33:13,480 STORY? 6243 03:33:13,480 --> 03:33:15,680 CAN WE GUESS THE TIME COURSE FOR 6244 03:33:15,680 --> 03:33:17,320 EVERY VOXEL IN THE BRAIN? 6245 03:33:17,320 --> 03:33:18,480 TURNS OUT THIS WORKS QUITE WELL. 6246 03:33:18,480 --> 03:33:19,920 SO WHAT ARE THE ACTUAL FEATURES 6247 03:33:19,920 --> 03:33:20,360 THAT WE USE? 6248 03:33:20,360 --> 03:33:21,360 WE'VE HIT ON SOMETHING THAT 6249 03:33:21,360 --> 03:33:22,560 WORKS INCREDIBLY WELL AND HAS 6250 03:33:22,560 --> 03:33:26,120 REALLY TAKEN OUR FIL FIELD KINDF 6251 03:33:26,120 --> 03:33:27,760 BY STORM WHICH IS USING DEEP 6252 03:33:27,760 --> 03:33:29,240 NEURAL NETWORK LANGUAGE MODELS. 6253 03:33:29,240 --> 03:33:30,520 SO EVEN IF THAT PHRASE IS NOT 6254 03:33:30,520 --> 03:33:31,600 FAMILIAR TO YOU, YOU HAVE 6255 03:33:31,600 --> 03:33:34,520 PROBABLY HEARD OF GPT IN SOME 6256 03:33:34,520 --> 03:33:35,960 FORM. 6257 03:33:35,960 --> 03:33:36,880 GPT IS ACTUALLY WHAT WE ARE 6258 03:33:36,880 --> 03:33:38,240 USING HERE. 6259 03:33:38,240 --> 03:33:39,320 CHATGPT THAT YOU ARE ALL 6260 03:33:39,320 --> 03:33:43,000 PROBABLY FAMILIAR WITH IS 6261 03:33:43,000 --> 03:33:44,280 GPT3.5, THEY CALL IT. 6262 03:33:44,280 --> 03:33:46,320 WE'RE USING G PT1, SO THE KIND 6263 03:33:46,320 --> 03:33:48,680 OF OLD, OLD -- PRECURSOR OLD 6264 03:33:48,680 --> 03:33:50,360 BEING LIKE 2019, BUT PRECURSOR 6265 03:33:50,360 --> 03:33:52,720 TO THE MODERN CHATGPT. 6266 03:33:52,720 --> 03:33:54,320 SO THIS IS A BIG NEURAL NETWORK 6267 03:33:54,320 --> 03:33:54,920 MODEL. 6268 03:33:54,920 --> 03:33:55,880 WE FEED IN THE WORDS IN THE 6269 03:33:55,880 --> 03:33:57,320 STORY, IT READS THE STORY AS THE 6270 03:33:57,320 --> 03:33:58,360 PERSON IS READING THE STORY, AND 6271 03:33:58,360 --> 03:34:00,760 THEN WE EXTRACT WHAT'S HAPPENING 6272 03:34:00,760 --> 03:34:01,640 INSIDE THIS NEURAL NETWORK. 6273 03:34:01,640 --> 03:34:02,520 WE EXTRACT KIND OF WHAT'S 6274 03:34:02,520 --> 03:34:04,360 HAPPENING IN ITS BRAIN. 6275 03:34:04,360 --> 03:34:06,120 THEN USE THAT TO PREDICT WHAT'S 6276 03:34:06,120 --> 03:34:09,400 HAPPENING IN HUMAN'S BRAIN. 6277 03:34:09,400 --> 03:34:10,720 IT WORKS BETTER THAN ANY OTHER 6278 03:34:10,720 --> 03:34:13,560 TOOLS WE HAD FOR MODELING BRAIN 6279 03:34:13,560 --> 03:34:14,560 RESPONSES TO LANGUAGE. 6280 03:34:14,560 --> 03:34:15,560 IT'S ASTONISHING HOW WELL THIS 6281 03:34:15,560 --> 03:34:15,880 WORKS. 6282 03:34:15,880 --> 03:34:17,320 THERE'S A WHOLE WORLD OF DOZENS 6283 03:34:17,320 --> 03:34:18,560 OF PAPERS THAT ARE LOOKING AT 6284 03:34:18,560 --> 03:34:20,560 THIS NOW. 6285 03:34:20,560 --> 03:34:23,000 WHY THIS WORKS SO WELL IS AN 6286 03:34:23,000 --> 03:34:23,880 EXCITING AND WEIRD AREA OF STUDY 6287 03:34:23,880 --> 03:34:25,160 AND IF YOU ASK QUESTIONS, I'LL 6288 03:34:25,160 --> 03:34:27,400 TALK TO YOU ABOUT IT. 6289 03:34:27,400 --> 03:34:29,360 OKAY. 6290 03:34:29,360 --> 03:34:30,480 SO WE CAN DO THIS, WE CAN FIT 6291 03:34:30,480 --> 03:34:32,320 THESE MODELS THAT PREDICT FOR AN 6292 03:34:32,320 --> 03:34:33,960 ACTIVITY, WE CALL THIS AN 6293 03:34:33,960 --> 03:34:34,360 ENCODING MODEL. 6294 03:34:34,360 --> 03:34:37,400 BUT NOW CAN WE USE THIS TO ALSO 6295 03:34:37,400 --> 03:34:37,800 DO DECODING? 6296 03:34:37,800 --> 03:34:40,120 IF WE CAN PREDICT HOW THE BRAIN 6297 03:34:40,120 --> 03:34:41,200 WOULD RESPOND TO A STORY, CAN WE 6298 03:34:41,200 --> 03:34:42,960 ALSO TAKE THE BRAIN RESPONSES 6299 03:34:42,960 --> 03:34:43,840 AND FIGURE OUT WHAT WERE THE 6300 03:34:43,840 --> 03:34:46,520 WORDS THAT CAUSED THEM? 6301 03:34:46,520 --> 03:34:48,840 SO WHAT I'M GOING TO BE TALKING 6302 03:34:48,840 --> 03:34:50,920 TO YOU ABOUT HERE, THIS IS WORK 6303 03:34:50,920 --> 03:34:55,760 BY MY FAB LAS GRAD STUDENT JERRY 6304 03:34:55,760 --> 03:34:56,200 TANG. 6305 03:34:56,200 --> 03:34:57,360 SO WE HAVE THE STORY, THE 6306 03:34:57,360 --> 03:34:58,560 NATURAL STIMULI THAT ARE GOING 6307 03:34:58,560 --> 03:35:03,520 INTO THE PERS PERSON'S EARS, HE, 6308 03:35:03,520 --> 03:35:05,960 WE'RE READING OUT FMRI DATA FROM 6309 03:35:05,960 --> 03:35:07,120 THAT, AND THE ENCODING MODELS 6310 03:35:07,120 --> 03:35:08,520 THAT I WAS JUST TALKING ABOUT, 6311 03:35:08,520 --> 03:35:10,360 THEY TAKE THE STORY AND THEY 6312 03:35:10,360 --> 03:35:11,720 PREDICT THE FMRI DATA, SO THEY 6313 03:35:11,720 --> 03:35:13,600 GO FROM THE STORY TO THE FMRI 6314 03:35:13,600 --> 03:35:14,960 DATA, AND WE'RE ASKING CAN WE 6315 03:35:14,960 --> 03:35:17,640 ALSO DO THE REVERSE? 6316 03:35:17,640 --> 03:35:20,200 CAN WE TAKE THE FMRI DATA AND 6317 03:35:20,200 --> 03:35:21,840 DECODE THAT BACK INTO THE STORY? 6318 03:35:21,840 --> 03:35:24,720 SO WE CAN FRAME THIS IN THIS 6319 03:35:24,720 --> 03:35:25,080 WAY. 6320 03:35:25,080 --> 03:35:29,000 I'M GOING TO TALK A LITTLE ABOUT 6321 03:35:29,000 --> 03:35:29,360 BAY'S RULE HERE. 6322 03:35:29,360 --> 03:35:30,760 WE WANT TO FIND THE MOST LIKELY 6323 03:35:30,760 --> 03:35:32,400 STIMULUS GIVEN THE RESPONSES. 6324 03:35:32,400 --> 03:35:34,520 WE WANT TO FORMULATE THIS 6325 03:35:34,520 --> 03:35:35,120 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION WHICH 6326 03:35:35,120 --> 03:35:38,960 IS HIDING KIND OF BEHIND THE 6327 03:35:38,960 --> 03:35:42,320 TRANSCRIPT HERE, PROBABILITY OF 6328 03:35:42,320 --> 03:35:43,760 STIMULUS IF GIVEN RESPONSE. 6329 03:35:43,760 --> 03:35:45,000 WE CAN TRY TO OPTIMIZE IT, FIND 6330 03:35:45,000 --> 03:35:48,640 THE MOST LIKELY STIMULUS. 6331 03:35:48,640 --> 03:35:50,440 TURNS OUT THIS IS REALLY HARD. 6332 03:35:50,440 --> 03:35:52,960 THIS IS REALLY HARD TO DO 6333 03:35:52,960 --> 03:35:53,240 DIRECTLY. 6334 03:35:53,240 --> 03:35:54,160 AND THERE'S A LOT OF REASONS FOR 6335 03:35:54,160 --> 03:35:56,760 THIS, I'LL GIVE YOU KIND OF ONE 6336 03:35:56,760 --> 03:35:59,280 OF THE MAIN ONES, IT'S FMRI. 6337 03:35:59,280 --> 03:36:01,840 LIKE YOU HEARD THIS MORNING, 6338 03:36:01,840 --> 03:36:05,120 FMRI WORKS ON MEASURING 6339 03:36:05,120 --> 03:36:06,000 HEMODYNAMIC RESPONSES. 6340 03:36:06,000 --> 03:36:07,640 WE'RE MEASURING BLOOD FLOW, 6341 03:36:07,640 --> 03:36:08,840 WE'RE NOT MEASURING NEURAL 6342 03:36:08,840 --> 03:36:09,800 RESPONSES. 6343 03:36:09,800 --> 03:36:12,040 SO IF YOU HAVE A BURST OF NEURAL 6344 03:36:12,040 --> 03:36:13,560 ACTIVITY, SORT OF SMALL BURSTS 6345 03:36:13,560 --> 03:36:15,280 OF NEURAL ACTIVITY, THIS 6346 03:36:15,280 --> 03:36:16,200 ACTUALLY CAUSES BLOOD FLOW TO 6347 03:36:16,200 --> 03:36:18,520 RISE OVER THE COURSE OF TWO, 6348 03:36:18,520 --> 03:36:20,800 THREE, FOUR SECONDS, AND THEN 6349 03:36:20,800 --> 03:36:22,800 DECAY OVER ANOTHER FIVE OR 6350 03:36:22,800 --> 03:36:23,080 SIX SECONDS. 6351 03:36:23,080 --> 03:36:25,040 SO YOU GET 10 SECONDS OF KIND OF 6352 03:36:25,040 --> 03:36:27,960 MUSHY STUFF COMING OUT OF ONE 6353 03:36:27,960 --> 03:36:29,440 INSTANTANEOUS BURST OF NEURAL 6354 03:36:29,440 --> 03:36:29,720 ACTIVITY. 6355 03:36:29,720 --> 03:36:31,360 THIS IS A PROBLEM. 6356 03:36:31,360 --> 03:36:33,120 THERE ARE A LOT OF WORDS THAT 6357 03:36:33,120 --> 03:36:33,800 OCCUR IN 10 SECONDS. 6358 03:36:33,800 --> 03:36:35,440 ESPECIALLY IF YOU'RE TALKING AS 6359 03:36:35,440 --> 03:36:36,880 QUICKLY AS I AM RIGHT NOW. 6360 03:36:36,880 --> 03:36:38,440 SO EVERY BRAIN IMAGE THAT WE 6361 03:36:38,440 --> 03:36:41,400 MEASURE IS ACTUALLY INFORMATION 6362 03:36:41,400 --> 03:36:43,400 COLLAPSED ACROSS, I DON'T KNOW, 6363 03:36:43,400 --> 03:36:44,440 10, 15 SECONDS MAYBE? 6364 03:36:44,440 --> 03:36:45,640 THERE'S INFORMATION ABOUT 30 OR 6365 03:36:45,640 --> 03:36:48,400 40 WORDS PACKED INTO ONE BRAIN 6366 03:36:48,400 --> 03:36:51,280 IMAGE IN SOME KIND OF MESSY 6367 03:36:51,280 --> 03:36:52,200 JUMBLE. 6368 03:36:52,200 --> 03:36:53,680 THE SAME WORDS -- THERE'S A 6369 03:36:53,680 --> 03:36:56,280 STATISTICAL MESS HERE IN KIND OF 6370 03:36:56,280 --> 03:36:56,720 DISENTANGLING THIS. 6371 03:36:56,720 --> 03:36:57,680 BUT IT TURNS OUT THAT THERE'S 6372 03:36:57,680 --> 03:36:59,120 SOME PRETTY CLEVER IDEAS FOR HOW 6373 03:36:59,120 --> 03:37:01,960 TO GET AROUND THIS. 6374 03:37:01,960 --> 03:37:03,400 THE SOLUTION THAT WE USED IS 6375 03:37:03,400 --> 03:37:04,960 SOMETHING CALLED BAYESIAN 6376 03:37:04,960 --> 03:37:05,480 DECODING. 6377 03:37:05,480 --> 03:37:07,880 THIS, I THINK, WAS REALLY 6378 03:37:07,880 --> 03:37:09,480 DEVELOPED AND PUT IN THIS FORM 6379 03:37:09,480 --> 03:37:12,200 BY MY OLD COLLEAGUE IN HIS PAPER 6380 03:37:12,200 --> 03:37:13,320 FROM 2011 WHERE THEY WERE 6381 03:37:13,320 --> 03:37:15,680 ACTUALLY TO ACTUALLY DECODE 6382 03:37:15,680 --> 03:37:16,720 VIDEOS FROM SOMEONE'S BRAIN 6383 03:37:16,720 --> 03:37:18,320 WHICH IS PRETTY INCREDIBLE AND I 6384 03:37:18,320 --> 03:37:20,360 THINK NOT REALLY ECLIPSED TODAY, 6385 03:37:20,360 --> 03:37:23,280 AND THE IDEA IS WE'RE GOING TO 6386 03:37:23,280 --> 03:37:26,440 APPLY BAYES' RULE HERE. 6387 03:37:26,440 --> 03:37:32,440 WE WAS -- BAYES RULE SAYS YOU 6388 03:37:32,440 --> 03:37:33,560 CAN FACTORIZE THAT, YOU CAN FLIP 6389 03:37:33,560 --> 03:37:34,000 IT AROUND. 6390 03:37:34,000 --> 03:37:39,640 SO WE CAN TAKE IT AND 6391 03:37:39,640 --> 03:37:40,480 CHARACTERIZE THAT AS THE 6392 03:37:40,480 --> 03:37:41,280 PROBABILITY OF THE RESPONSE 6393 03:37:41,280 --> 03:37:42,800 GIVEN THE STIMULUS, MULTIPLIED 6394 03:37:42,800 --> 03:37:44,680 BY P OF S, JUST THE PROBABILITY 6395 03:37:44,680 --> 03:37:47,120 OF THE STIMULUS. 6396 03:37:47,120 --> 03:37:49,320 SO WHEN YOU MULTIPLY THESE TWO 6397 03:37:49,320 --> 03:37:53,960 TOGETHER, THEN YOU GET PF. 6398 03:37:53,960 --> 03:37:54,360 S GIVEN R. 6399 03:37:54,360 --> 03:37:56,720 SO WHY IS THIS EASIER? 6400 03:37:56,720 --> 03:38:00,720 SO P OF R, GIVEN S, THIS IS JUST 6401 03:38:00,720 --> 03:38:01,360 THE ENCODING MODEL WE ALREADY 6402 03:38:01,360 --> 03:38:01,560 HAVE. 6403 03:38:01,560 --> 03:38:03,400 THIS IS SAYING YOU FEED IN SOME 6404 03:38:03,400 --> 03:38:05,600 STIMULUS, HOW IS THE BRAIN GOING 6405 03:38:05,600 --> 03:38:06,320 TO RESPOND TO IT? 6406 03:38:06,320 --> 03:38:06,520 GREAT. 6407 03:38:06,520 --> 03:38:07,640 WE ALREADY HAVE A DECADE OF 6408 03:38:07,640 --> 03:38:08,840 WORKING ON THIS, IT WORKS PRETTY 6409 03:38:08,840 --> 03:38:09,960 WELL. 6410 03:38:09,960 --> 03:38:11,440 AND THEN P OF S, THIS IS JUST 6411 03:38:11,440 --> 03:38:12,720 OUR NEURAL NETWORK LANGUAGE 6412 03:38:12,720 --> 03:38:14,160 MODEL, THIS IS ACTUALLY WHAT 6413 03:38:14,160 --> 03:38:15,480 NEURAL NETWORK MODELS ARE 6414 03:38:15,480 --> 03:38:15,840 TRAINED TO DO. 6415 03:38:15,840 --> 03:38:18,920 THIS IS WHAT CH CHATGPT WAS TRAD 6416 03:38:18,920 --> 03:38:21,040 TO DO, GUESS THE NEXT WORD. 6417 03:38:21,040 --> 03:38:23,480 WHAT IS A REASONABLE SEQUENCE OF 6418 03:38:23,480 --> 03:38:24,960 WORDS AND WHAT IS A 6419 03:38:24,960 --> 03:38:26,800 NON-REASONABLE SILLY NONSENSE 6420 03:38:26,800 --> 03:38:27,360 SEQUENCE OF WORDS. 6421 03:38:27,360 --> 03:38:29,800 SO WE MATCHED THESE TWO THINGS 6422 03:38:29,800 --> 03:38:31,160 TOGETHER AND THAT BECOMES OUR 6423 03:38:31,160 --> 03:38:36,840 DECODER. 6424 03:38:36,840 --> 03:38:38,680 SO I'M NOT GOING TO GO INTO 6425 03:38:38,680 --> 03:38:40,240 DETAILS OF THIS, ASK ME 6426 03:38:40,240 --> 03:38:41,000 QUESTIONS IF YOU WANT. 6427 03:38:41,000 --> 03:38:42,680 LET ME SHOW YOU SOME EXAMPLES OF 6428 03:38:42,680 --> 03:38:43,200 HOW THIS LOOKS. 6429 03:38:43,200 --> 03:38:45,760 SO HERE THE ACTUAL STIMULUS OF 6430 03:38:45,760 --> 03:38:47,400 THE PERSON HEARD WAS I DIDN'T 6431 03:38:47,400 --> 03:38:49,080 KNOW WHETHER TO SCREAM, CRY OR 6432 03:38:49,080 --> 03:38:50,600 RUN AWAY, INSTEAD I SAID LEAVE 6433 03:38:50,600 --> 03:38:53,560 ME ALONE, I DON'T NEED YOUR 6434 03:38:53,560 --> 03:38:53,760 HELP. 6435 03:38:53,760 --> 03:38:56,360 WITWHAT THE MODEL PULLED OUT OF 6436 03:38:56,360 --> 03:38:57,520 THIS WAS SHE JUST SAID I TOLD 6437 03:38:57,520 --> 03:38:59,000 YOU TO LEAVE ME ALONE, YOU CAN'T 6438 03:38:59,000 --> 03:39:00,760 HURT ME. 6439 03:39:00,760 --> 03:39:02,360 SO I THINK THIS NICELY 6440 03:39:02,360 --> 03:39:04,360 ILLUSTRATE SOME OF THE -- BOTH 6441 03:39:04,360 --> 03:39:05,720 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF 6442 03:39:05,720 --> 03:39:08,640 THIS APPROACH. 6443 03:39:08,640 --> 03:39:11,640 SO IT JUST MISSES SOME THINGS. 6444 03:39:11,640 --> 03:39:13,400 THE RUN AWAY AND I DON'T NEED 6445 03:39:13,400 --> 03:39:14,960 YOUR HELP ARE COMPLETELY MISSING 6446 03:39:14,960 --> 03:39:16,800 IN THE DECODED VERSION, IT SEEMS 6447 03:39:16,800 --> 03:39:18,480 LIKE IT KIND OF FIT, RIGHT, BUT 6448 03:39:18,480 --> 03:39:19,880 IT IS NOT ACTUALLY SOME OF THE 6449 03:39:19,880 --> 03:39:23,480 WORDS THAT WERE SAID. 6450 03:39:23,480 --> 03:39:24,480 THIS IS SOMETHING THAT IT DOES 6451 03:39:24,480 --> 03:39:25,120 ALL THE TIME. 6452 03:39:25,120 --> 03:39:28,000 IT GET THE WRONG PRONOUNS, SO 6453 03:39:28,000 --> 03:39:30,320 INSTEAD OF I SAID, SHE SAID, 6454 03:39:30,320 --> 03:39:32,360 THIS IS A WEIRD KIND OF ERROR 6455 03:39:32,360 --> 03:39:33,560 AND WE SEE IT SO MUCH THAT WE'RE 6456 03:39:33,560 --> 03:39:34,720 NOT REALLY SURE WHY IT HAPPENS, 6457 03:39:34,720 --> 03:39:36,840 WE'RE TRYING TO DIG INTO THAT 6458 03:39:36,840 --> 03:39:37,040 MORE. 6459 03:39:37,040 --> 03:39:39,240 BUT IT GET A SURPRISING NUMBER 6460 03:39:39,240 --> 03:39:41,000 OF THINGS CORRECT. 6461 03:39:41,000 --> 03:39:42,400 THE OVERALL KIND OF GIST FEELS 6462 03:39:42,400 --> 03:39:43,800 RIGHT. 6463 03:39:43,800 --> 03:39:45,080 IT'S A LITTLE SNIPPET OF A STORY 6464 03:39:45,080 --> 03:39:46,480 WITH THE SAME KIND OF CONTENT, 6465 03:39:46,480 --> 03:39:48,480 IT'S TELLING A SIMILAR KIND OF 6466 03:39:48,480 --> 03:39:48,680 STORY. 6467 03:39:48,680 --> 03:39:50,240 IT EVEN GETS SOME OF THESE EXACT 6468 03:39:50,240 --> 03:39:51,200 PHRASES CORRECT. 6469 03:39:51,200 --> 03:39:51,680 RIGHT? 6470 03:39:51,680 --> 03:39:52,920 SCREAM, CRY, SCREAM AND CRY. 6471 03:39:52,920 --> 03:39:55,360 LEAVE ME ALONE, LEAVE ME ALONE. 6472 03:39:55,360 --> 03:39:57,360 WHICH HONESTLY, I DON'T KNOW, 6473 03:39:57,360 --> 03:40:00,400 HAVING DONE FMRI FOR 15, 20 6474 03:40:00,400 --> 03:40:01,520 YEARS, THIS IS SHOCKING TO ME 6475 03:40:01,520 --> 03:40:03,160 THAT THIS WORKS. 6476 03:40:03,160 --> 03:40:05,120 FMRI SUCKS, BUT STILL, WE CAN DO 6477 03:40:05,120 --> 03:40:07,560 THINGS WITH IT. 6478 03:40:07,560 --> 03:40:10,280 LET ME SHOW YOU ONE MORE 6479 03:40:10,280 --> 03:40:10,600 EXAMPLE. 6480 03:40:10,600 --> 03:40:12,400 HERE THE ACTUAL STIMULUS -- 6481 03:40:12,400 --> 03:40:12,920 AGAIN, THIS IS SOMEBODY 6482 03:40:12,920 --> 03:40:14,000 LISTENING TO A STORY AND WE'RE 6483 03:40:14,000 --> 03:40:15,200 DECODING WHAT THEY'RE HEARING. 6484 03:40:15,200 --> 03:40:17,000 THE ACTUAL EXAMPLE WAS I DON'T 6485 03:40:17,000 --> 03:40:18,000 HAVE MY DRIVER'S LICENSE YET AND 6486 03:40:18,000 --> 03:40:19,640 I JUST JUMPED OUT RIGHT WHEN I 6487 03:40:19,640 --> 03:40:21,720 NEEDED TO, SHE SAYS WHY DON'T 6488 03:40:21,720 --> 03:40:22,960 YOU COME BACK. 6489 03:40:22,960 --> 03:40:24,400 THE DECODED VERSION IS SHE HAS 6490 03:40:24,400 --> 03:40:25,240 NOT EVEN STARTED TO LEARN TO 6491 03:40:25,240 --> 03:40:26,720 DRIVE YET, I HAD TO PUSH HER OUT 6492 03:40:26,720 --> 03:40:27,960 OF THE CAR, I SAID WE WILL TAKE 6493 03:40:27,960 --> 03:40:30,120 HER HOME. 6494 03:40:30,120 --> 03:40:32,520 SO YOU KNOW, IT GETS SOME STUFF 6495 03:40:32,520 --> 03:40:32,960 APPROXIMATELY RIGHT. 6496 03:40:32,960 --> 03:40:34,240 I DON'T HAVE A DRIVER'S LICENSE 6497 03:40:34,240 --> 03:40:36,280 YET, SHE'S NOT EVEN LEARNED -- 6498 03:40:36,280 --> 03:40:37,800 STARTED TO LEARN TO DRIVE YET, 6499 03:40:37,800 --> 03:40:39,160 NOTE THAT, LIKE, VERY FEW WORDS 6500 03:40:39,160 --> 03:40:42,040 ACTUALLY MATCH THERE, EACH EVEN 6501 03:40:42,040 --> 03:40:43,280 THOUGH THAT'S VERY MUCH THE SAME 6502 03:40:43,280 --> 03:40:44,120 SENTIMENT. 6503 03:40:44,120 --> 03:40:45,640 I JUST JUMPED OUT, PUSH HER OUT 6504 03:40:45,640 --> 03:40:47,800 OF THE CAR, VERY CLOSELY 6505 03:40:47,800 --> 03:40:48,920 RELATED, JUMPED OUT OF THE CAR, 6506 03:40:48,920 --> 03:40:50,400 THAT'S ACTUALLY IMPLICIT THERE. 6507 03:40:50,400 --> 03:40:53,360 WE DO GET, AGAIN, SOME EXACT 6508 03:40:53,360 --> 03:40:55,640 MATCHES, AND THIS IS A THING 6509 03:40:55,640 --> 03:40:56,640 THAT I THINK IS KIND OF 6510 03:40:56,640 --> 03:40:58,200 INTERESTING, I HAD TO PUSH HER 6511 03:40:58,200 --> 03:40:58,680 OUT OF THE CAR, THIS IS 6512 03:40:58,680 --> 03:40:59,680 SOMETHING THAT THE PERSON WHO'S 6513 03:40:59,680 --> 03:41:00,760 LISTENING TO THE STORY, THEY 6514 03:41:00,760 --> 03:41:02,560 KNEW THIS BECAUSE IT'S 6515 03:41:02,560 --> 03:41:03,120 RECOUNTING SOMETHING THAT 6516 03:41:03,120 --> 03:41:04,520 HAPPENED EARLIER IN THE STORY 6517 03:41:04,520 --> 03:41:06,840 BUT THE WORD DIDN'T ACTUALLY 6518 03:41:06,840 --> 03:41:07,760 APPEAR HERE. 6519 03:41:07,760 --> 03:41:08,600 MAYBE THIS IS CHANCE, MAYBE THIS 6520 03:41:08,600 --> 03:41:10,040 IS JUST LUCKY, BUT I THINK THIS 6521 03:41:10,040 --> 03:41:11,720 IS A NEAT INDICATION OF SOME 6522 03:41:11,720 --> 03:41:13,960 THINGS THAT THE MODEL CAN DO. 6523 03:41:13,960 --> 03:41:14,560 ALL RIGHT. 6524 03:41:14,560 --> 03:41:17,840 SO IN GENERAL, WHAT WE SEE IS 6525 03:41:17,840 --> 03:41:20,200 THAT OUR DECODER KIND OF 6526 03:41:20,200 --> 03:41:20,960 CAPTURES THE GIST, WHAT WAS THE 6527 03:41:20,960 --> 03:41:23,240 STORY ABOUT. 6528 03:41:23,240 --> 03:41:25,080 IT DOESN'T GET INDIVIDUAL WORDS 6529 03:41:25,080 --> 03:41:25,960 CORRECT BECAUSE AGAIN THEY'RE 6530 03:41:25,960 --> 03:41:27,800 HAPPENING QUICKLY AND FMRI IS 6531 03:41:27,800 --> 03:41:28,560 SLOW AND MESSY. 6532 03:41:28,560 --> 03:41:30,440 WE CAN LOOK THE A QUANTITATIVE 6533 03:41:30,440 --> 03:41:32,160 METRICS AND PERFORMANCE, THE 6534 03:41:32,160 --> 03:41:34,240 WORD ERROR RATE IS VERY HIGH, 6535 03:41:34,240 --> 03:41:36,400 90-PLUS%. 6536 03:41:36,400 --> 03:41:39,400 BUT FOR OTHER METRICS LIE BERT 6537 03:41:39,400 --> 03:41:40,520 SCORE, A MODERN METRIC THAT 6538 03:41:40,520 --> 03:41:41,800 TRIES TO MEASURE HOW MUCH IS THE 6539 03:41:41,800 --> 03:41:45,280 MEANING OF TWO PIECES OF TEXT 6540 03:41:45,280 --> 03:41:47,360 OVERLAP, WE'RE 20 STANDARD 6541 03:41:47,360 --> 03:41:50,360 DEVIATIONS AWAY FROM THE NULL 6542 03:41:50,360 --> 03:41:52,360 HYPOTHESIS, WHICH IS PRETTY GOOD 6543 03:41:52,360 --> 03:41:53,000 IF YOU ASK A PHYSICIST. 6544 03:41:53,000 --> 03:41:54,200 LET'S NOT BELABOR THIS. 6545 03:41:54,200 --> 03:41:55,880 LET ME TELL YOU ABOUT SOME COOL 6546 03:41:55,880 --> 03:41:57,800 THINGS WE CAN DO WITH THIS. 6547 03:41:57,800 --> 03:41:58,520 SO ONE OF THE THINGS WE THOUGHT 6548 03:41:58,520 --> 03:42:00,120 WHEN WE GOT THIS WORKING WAS 6549 03:42:00,120 --> 03:42:02,080 OKAY, YOU CAN DO IT WITH 6550 03:42:02,080 --> 03:42:02,680 SOMEBODY LISTENING TO A STORY. 6551 03:42:02,680 --> 03:42:03,640 CAN YOU DO IF THEY'RE JUST 6552 03:42:03,640 --> 03:42:04,840 THINKING A STORY? 6553 03:42:04,840 --> 03:42:06,880 LIKE IMAGINING TELLING A STORY? 6554 03:42:06,880 --> 03:42:09,680 SO WE HAD OUR SUBJECTS MEMORIZE 6555 03:42:09,680 --> 03:42:11,240 STORIES AND THEN PRACTICE 6556 03:42:11,240 --> 03:42:12,520 TELLING THEM. 6557 03:42:12,520 --> 03:42:13,480 AND THEN GO INTO THE SCANNER AND 6558 03:42:13,480 --> 03:42:15,680 TELL THEM WITHOUT SPEAKING THEM. 6559 03:42:15,680 --> 03:42:17,480 SO WE'D GIVE THEM QUEUES LIKE 6560 03:42:17,480 --> 03:42:18,560 START TELLING YOUR STORY NOW, 6561 03:42:18,560 --> 03:42:20,120 STOP NOW. 6562 03:42:20,120 --> 03:42:21,120 AND HERE ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF 6563 03:42:21,120 --> 03:42:23,240 HOW WELL THIS WORKED. 6564 03:42:23,240 --> 03:42:24,680 SO WHAT WE THINK THE PERSON WAS 6565 03:42:24,680 --> 03:42:25,640 IMAGINING WHEN THEY WERE 6566 03:42:25,640 --> 03:42:26,640 PRACTICING TELLING THE STORY, 6567 03:42:26,640 --> 03:42:28,480 THEY SAID LOOK FOR A MESSAGE 6568 03:42:28,480 --> 03:42:29,360 FROM MY WIFE SAYING SHE HAD 6569 03:42:29,360 --> 03:42:30,320 CHANGED HER MIND AND THAT SHE 6570 03:42:30,320 --> 03:42:31,000 WAS COMING BACK. 6571 03:42:31,000 --> 03:42:32,800 THE DECODED VERSION IS TO SEE 6572 03:42:32,800 --> 03:42:34,560 HER FOR SOME REASON I THOUGHT 6573 03:42:34,560 --> 03:42:35,600 MAYBE SHE WOULD COME TO ME AND 6574 03:42:35,600 --> 03:42:37,640 SAY SHE MISSES ME, CLEARLY, 6575 03:42:37,640 --> 03:42:38,480 AGAIN, KIND OF GETTING THE GIST. 6576 03:42:38,480 --> 03:42:40,040 I WON'T READ THROUGH THESE, BUT 6577 03:42:40,040 --> 03:42:41,320 YOU CAN SEE THAT THEY MATCH 6578 03:42:41,320 --> 03:42:42,880 PRETTY WELL. 6579 03:42:42,880 --> 03:42:43,920 QUANTITATIVELY, THIS IS WORSE 6580 03:42:43,920 --> 03:42:45,680 THAN LISTENING TO A STORY, LIKE 6581 03:42:45,680 --> 03:42:47,880 THE QUALITY IS A LITTLE BIT 6582 03:42:47,880 --> 03:42:48,920 WORSE. 6583 03:42:48,920 --> 03:42:49,520 BUT IT STILL WORKS QUITE WELL. 6584 03:42:49,520 --> 03:42:51,160 I WANT TO POINT THIS OUT ALSO AS 6585 03:42:51,160 --> 03:42:53,440 A REAL DIFFERENCE FROM OTHER 6586 03:42:53,440 --> 03:42:55,400 KIND OF LANGUAGE BCIs THAT 6587 03:42:55,400 --> 03:42:56,120 CURRENTLY EXIST. 6588 03:42:56,120 --> 03:42:59,400 SO THESE THINGS THAT, FOR 6589 03:42:59,400 --> 03:43:02,200 EXAMPLE, TRY TO DECODE THE 6590 03:43:02,200 --> 03:43:03,400 SPEECH ARTICULATIONS OR 6591 03:43:03,400 --> 03:43:04,440 HANDWRITING, THESE THINGS 6592 03:43:04,440 --> 03:43:05,960 GENERALLY LIKE THE PERSON HAS TO 6593 03:43:05,960 --> 03:43:08,160 ACTUALLY TRY TO DO IT. 6594 03:43:08,160 --> 03:43:09,640 THEY HAVE TO ACTUALLY TRY TO 6595 03:43:09,640 --> 03:43:11,080 SPEAK IN ORDER FOR THAT TO WORK, 6596 03:43:11,080 --> 03:43:12,920 EVEN IF THEY'RE UNABLED TO 6597 03:43:12,920 --> 03:43:14,920 SPEAK, DUE TO, SAY A STROKE, 6598 03:43:14,920 --> 03:43:15,680 THEY HAVE TO TRY IN ORDER FOR 6599 03:43:15,680 --> 03:43:17,080 THEIR MOTOR CORTEX TO BE ACTIVE 6600 03:43:17,080 --> 03:43:20,600 IN THE RIGHT WAY. 6601 03:43:20,600 --> 03:43:23,200 OUR SUBJECTS WERE JUST IMAGINING 6602 03:43:23,200 --> 03:43:24,200 HERE. 6603 03:43:24,200 --> 03:43:25,160 THEY WERE NOT TRYING. 6604 03:43:25,160 --> 03:43:26,360 THEY COULD SPEAK IF THEY WANTED 6605 03:43:26,360 --> 03:43:26,680 TO. 6606 03:43:26,680 --> 03:43:27,680 THEY'RE JUST LAYING HERE 6607 03:43:27,680 --> 03:43:29,360 THINKING A STORY INSIDE THEIR 6608 03:43:29,360 --> 03:43:30,200 HEADS AND YET THIS WORKED. 6609 03:43:30,200 --> 03:43:31,840 I THINK THAT'S A PRETTY BIG STEP 6610 03:43:31,840 --> 03:43:34,200 FROM WHAT WE COULD DO BEFORE. 6611 03:43:34,200 --> 03:43:34,720 YEAH, BLAH, BLAH, BLAH. 6612 03:43:34,720 --> 03:43:35,080 OKAY. 6613 03:43:35,080 --> 03:43:36,760 SO WHEN WE SAW THESE RESULTS, WE 6614 03:43:36,760 --> 03:43:38,240 WERE LIKE THIS IS A LITTLE 6615 03:43:38,240 --> 03:43:39,040 SCARY, MAYBE, MAYBE WE SHOULD 6616 03:43:39,040 --> 03:43:40,360 THINK ABOUT WHAT ARE THE 6617 03:43:40,360 --> 03:43:41,440 LIMITATION ON THIS, WHAT ARE THE 6618 03:43:41,440 --> 03:43:42,840 KIND OF BOUNDARIES, WHAT THINGS 6619 03:43:42,840 --> 03:43:44,040 CAN'T THIS DO, WHAT ARE THE 6620 03:43:44,040 --> 03:43:44,960 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS WE MIGHT 6621 03:43:44,960 --> 03:43:48,000 WANT TO ASK? 6622 03:43:48,000 --> 03:43:49,840 SO ONE -- WHY DID I TELL THIS IN 6623 03:43:49,840 --> 03:43:51,120 THE WRONG ORDER? 6624 03:43:51,120 --> 03:43:51,480 OKAY. 6625 03:43:51,480 --> 03:43:52,720 LET ME SHOW YOU THIS FIRST AND 6626 03:43:52,720 --> 03:43:55,280 THEN I'LL GET BACK TO THE 6627 03:43:55,280 --> 03:43:57,520 BOUNDARIES. 6628 03:43:57,520 --> 03:44:00,520 SO THIS WORKS WITH LANGUAGE, IT 6629 03:44:00,520 --> 03:44:01,960 WAS TRAINED ON LANGUAGE, BUT WE 6630 03:44:01,960 --> 03:44:03,200 THINK IT'S GETTING IT IDEAS. 6631 03:44:03,200 --> 03:44:04,360 THAT'S WHY IT'S ABLE TO CREATE 6632 03:44:04,360 --> 03:44:05,160 SOMETHING THAT'S LIKE THE GIST 6633 03:44:05,160 --> 03:44:07,280 OF THE STORY WITHOUT GETTING THE 6634 03:44:07,280 --> 03:44:08,000 EXACT WORDS CORRECT. 6635 03:44:08,000 --> 03:44:09,680 SO WHAT IF WE PUT IN SOMETHING 6636 03:44:09,680 --> 03:44:12,240 TO THE BRAIN THAT'S NOT 6637 03:44:12,240 --> 03:44:12,520 LANGUAGE? 6638 03:44:12,520 --> 03:44:15,640 BUT THAT STILL HAS IDEAS? 6639 03:44:15,640 --> 03:44:16,560 SORRY, IS THERE A WAY THAT WE 6640 03:44:16,560 --> 03:44:18,240 COULD HIDE THE TRANSCRIPT HERE 6641 03:44:18,240 --> 03:44:19,720 FOR A MOMENT? 6642 03:44:19,720 --> 03:44:21,280 I'M GOING TO HAVE LIKE A 6643 03:44:21,280 --> 03:44:21,920 TRANSCRIPT RUNNING ON THE BOTTOM 6644 03:44:21,920 --> 03:44:22,840 OF THE SLIDE THAT WE KIND OF 6645 03:44:22,840 --> 03:44:23,440 NEED TO READ. 6646 03:44:23,440 --> 03:44:25,440 I GUESS I COULD READ IT ON MY 6647 03:44:25,440 --> 03:44:25,720 SCREEN. 6648 03:44:25,720 --> 03:44:26,280 NEVER MIND. 6649 03:44:26,280 --> 03:44:26,880 WHATEVER. 6650 03:44:26,880 --> 03:44:27,440 I'LL JUST TRY THIS. 6651 03:44:27,440 --> 03:44:27,680 OKAY. 6652 03:44:27,680 --> 03:44:33,160 SO WE HAD OUR SUBJECTS WATCH A 6653 03:44:33,160 --> 03:44:33,480 SHORT VIDEO. 6654 03:44:33,480 --> 03:44:36,800 THIS IS JUST A SILENT VIDEO AND 6655 03:44:36,800 --> 03:44:37,560 THEN -- IT'S OKAY. 6656 03:44:37,560 --> 03:44:38,440 I'LL JUST READ IT. 6657 03:44:38,440 --> 03:44:47,760 SORRY. 6658 03:44:47,760 --> 03:44:48,640 DOES THIS -- OKAY. 6659 03:44:48,640 --> 03:44:50,040 IT'S FINE. 6660 03:44:50,040 --> 03:44:51,680 WE'LL FIGURE IT OUT. 6661 03:44:51,680 --> 03:44:54,040 SO WE HAD SUBJECTS JUST WATCH A 6662 03:44:54,040 --> 03:44:54,480 VIDEO. 6663 03:44:54,480 --> 03:44:56,000 NO SOUND, NO LANGUAGE, AND THEN 6664 03:44:56,000 --> 03:44:57,880 WE PUT THAT BRAIN DATA INTO OUR 6665 03:44:57,880 --> 03:44:59,440 LANGUAGE DECODER AS IF THEY WERE 6666 03:44:59,440 --> 03:45:00,280 LISTENING TO A STORY. 6667 03:45:00,280 --> 03:45:01,360 AND LET ME READ TO YOU WHAT IT 6668 03:45:01,360 --> 03:45:02,400 GAVE US HERE. 6669 03:45:02,400 --> 03:45:03,840 SO YOU'RE GOING TO SEE THE VIDEO 6670 03:45:03,840 --> 03:45:04,960 AND I'M GOING TO READ THE 6671 03:45:04,960 --> 03:45:10,040 TRANSCRIPT OF -- YEAH. 6672 03:45:10,040 --> 03:45:11,680 SO I KNOW YOU DID IT FOR ME AND 6673 03:45:11,680 --> 03:45:13,800 FOR YOU, THEN SHE TOOK MY HAND 6674 03:45:13,800 --> 03:45:16,360 AND HELD TO HER LIPS, SHE KISSED 6675 03:45:16,360 --> 03:45:18,040 IT, I SMILED AND SHE PULLED ME 6676 03:45:18,040 --> 03:45:18,800 IN FOR A HUG. 6677 03:45:18,800 --> 03:45:22,160 I GOT HER BACK FOR ABOUT HOURS I 6678 03:45:22,160 --> 03:45:24,720 HAD TO STOP THE BLEEDING AND 6679 03:45:24,720 --> 03:45:26,120 GAVE HER MY SHIRT TO PUT OVER 6680 03:45:26,120 --> 03:45:27,880 IT. 6681 03:45:27,880 --> 03:45:30,400 SO THIS DOES A -- ACTUALLY A 6682 03:45:30,400 --> 03:45:32,000 FAIRLY GOOD JOB AT JUST GETTING 6683 03:45:32,000 --> 03:45:32,960 AT THE IDEA, WHICH WE FOUND KIND 6684 03:45:32,960 --> 03:45:34,440 OF SHOCKING, AND REALLY AGAIN 6685 03:45:34,440 --> 03:45:35,280 SPEAKS TO THE HIGH LEVEL THAT 6686 03:45:35,280 --> 03:45:37,680 WE'RE GETTING AT HERE. 6687 03:45:37,680 --> 03:45:38,040 OKAY. 6688 03:45:38,040 --> 03:45:39,280 I'M GOING TO SKIP THIS IN THE 6689 03:45:39,280 --> 03:45:40,440 INTEREST OF TIME. 6690 03:45:40,440 --> 03:45:41,560 SUBJECTS CAN CONTROL WHAT WE'RE 6691 03:45:41,560 --> 03:45:43,480 READING OUT. 6692 03:45:43,480 --> 03:45:44,560 SUBJECTS CAN RESIST DECODING IF 6693 03:45:44,560 --> 03:45:46,000 THEY DON'T WANT TO WORK WHEN 6694 03:45:46,000 --> 03:45:48,200 LISTENING TO A STORY, THEY CAN 6695 03:45:48,200 --> 03:45:49,160 THINK ABOUT OTHER THINGS AND IT 6696 03:45:49,160 --> 03:45:51,280 STOPS WORKING WHICH IS AN ACTIVE 6697 03:45:51,280 --> 03:45:52,840 PROCESS BUT STILL THEY HAVE SOME 6698 03:45:52,840 --> 03:45:54,240 MODICUM OF CONTROL HERE. 6699 03:45:54,240 --> 03:45:56,040 AND IT TURNS OUT WE CAN DO THIS 6700 03:45:56,040 --> 03:45:57,120 FOR MANY DIFFERENT BRAIN AREAS. 6701 03:45:57,120 --> 03:45:59,480 YOU DON'T HAVE TO USE A SPECIFIC 6702 03:45:59,480 --> 03:46:00,000 BRAIN EA YOU CAN USE MANY 6703 03:46:00,000 --> 03:46:03,560 DIFFERENT THINGS. 6704 03:46:03,560 --> 03:46:04,720 AREA, YOU CAN USE MANY 6705 03:46:04,720 --> 03:46:08,600 DIFFERENT THINGS. 6706 03:46:08,600 --> 03:46:09,680 CURRENTLY ONE DATA IS REQUIRED. 6707 03:46:09,680 --> 03:46:11,000 WE'VE TRIED A LOT OF THINGS, A 6708 03:46:11,000 --> 03:46:12,760 LOT OF THE MORE MODERN METHODS 6709 03:46:12,760 --> 03:46:12,960 HERE. 6710 03:46:12,960 --> 03:46:13,160 IT HARD. 6711 03:46:13,160 --> 03:46:14,760 WE REALLY NEED A LOT OF DATA 6712 03:46:14,760 --> 03:46:16,560 FROM THE ONE PERSON, WHICH WE 6713 03:46:16,560 --> 03:46:19,720 CAN TALK MORE ABOUT LATER. 6714 03:46:19,720 --> 03:46:21,000 ONE SMALL THING TO ADD ON TO 6715 03:46:21,000 --> 03:46:22,880 THIS, SO GPT IS OLD. 6716 03:46:22,880 --> 03:46:25,320 RIGHT? 6717 03:46:25,320 --> 03:46:26,400 2019. 6718 03:46:26,400 --> 03:46:27,560 CAN WE DO BETTER WITH THESE 6719 03:46:27,560 --> 03:46:28,800 BETTER MODELS THAT WE HAVE 6720 03:46:28,800 --> 03:46:29,480 TODAY? 6721 03:46:29,480 --> 03:46:31,240 IT TURNS OUT YES, WE CAN WITH 6722 03:46:31,240 --> 03:46:32,680 THESE BIGGER MODELS. 6723 03:46:32,680 --> 03:46:34,960 OUR CURRENT MODELS, THIS IS OLD 6724 03:46:34,960 --> 03:46:36,080 GPT, THIS IS OUR 30 BILLION 6725 03:46:36,080 --> 03:46:38,680 PARAMETER MODELS, THESE JIE NAN 6726 03:46:38,680 --> 03:46:40,320 TICK MODELS WE HAVE TODAY. 6727 03:46:40,320 --> 03:46:41,320 WE'RE TRYING TO TRANSLATE THIS 6728 03:46:41,320 --> 03:46:43,200 INTO DECODING PERFORMANCE NOW 6729 03:46:43,200 --> 03:46:43,920 AND WE'LL SEE WHAT HAPPENS 6730 03:46:43,920 --> 03:46:45,000 THERE. 6731 03:46:45,000 --> 03:46:46,440 AND MAYBE AS THINGS GET BIGGER, 6732 03:46:46,440 --> 03:46:48,840 LIKE GPT4, THEY'RE WAY OUT OVER 6733 03:46:48,840 --> 03:46:49,440 ON THE RIGHT-HAND SIDE HERE. 6734 03:46:49,440 --> 03:46:50,680 ALL RIGHT. 6735 03:46:50,680 --> 03:46:51,240 I'LL SKIP THE CONCLUSIONS. 6736 03:46:51,240 --> 03:46:52,360 YOU ALL KNOW WHAT I WAS TALK 6737 03:46:52,360 --> 03:46:52,720 ABOUT. 6738 03:46:52,720 --> 03:46:53,600 IT WASN'T THAT LONG. 6739 03:46:53,600 --> 03:46:55,160 IT WORKS PRETTY WELL. 6740 03:46:55,160 --> 03:46:56,400 WE THINK IT CAN WORK BETTER. 6741 03:46:56,400 --> 03:46:59,440 WE THINK IF WE DO CLOSED LOOP 6742 03:46:59,440 --> 03:47:01,240 DECODING, REALTIME DECODING IT 6743 03:47:01,240 --> 03:47:03,640 WILL GET EVEN BETTER BECAUSE 6744 03:47:03,640 --> 03:47:04,960 NEURAL FEEDBACK ESSENTIALLY THE 6745 03:47:04,960 --> 03:47:06,680 PERSON CAN CHANGE WHAT THEY DO. 6746 03:47:06,680 --> 03:47:08,280 SO LET ME STOP HERE, THANK THE 6747 03:47:08,280 --> 03:47:09,800 PEOPLE INVOLVED IN THIS, 6748 03:47:09,800 --> 03:47:13,080 ESPECIALLY JERRY AND R.J., MY 6749 03:47:13,080 --> 03:47:13,920 GRAD STUDENTS. 6750 03:47:13,920 --> 03:47:14,360 THANK YOU. 6751 03:47:14,360 --> 03:47:18,680 [APPLAUSE] 6752 03:47:18,680 --> 03:47:19,360 >>THANK YOU. 6753 03:47:19,360 --> 03:47:22,120 I THINK I WANT TO KEEP TO ONE 6754 03:47:22,120 --> 03:47:23,840 REALLY SMALL QUESTION. 6755 03:47:23,840 --> 03:47:32,880 MAYBE HALF OF A NINA QUESTION OR 6756 03:47:32,880 --> 03:47:37,960 SOMETHING LIKE THAT. 6757 03:47:37,960 --> 03:47:40,200 >>SO WHEN YOU SHOWED THE 6758 03:47:40,200 --> 03:47:40,840 ENCODING MODEL, IT LOOKED LIKE 6759 03:47:40,840 --> 03:47:41,960 YOU SHOWED THAT YOU DO IT BASED 6760 03:47:41,960 --> 03:47:43,080 ON WORDS RATHER THAN PHRASES. 6761 03:47:43,080 --> 03:47:43,480 >>YEAH. 6762 03:47:43,480 --> 03:47:46,000 >>CAN YOU TALK ABOUT WHY IT'S 6763 03:47:46,000 --> 03:47:47,120 WORDS INSTEAD OF PHRASES? 6764 03:47:47,120 --> 03:47:48,760 >>SO IT ACTUALLY DOES OPERATE 6765 03:47:48,760 --> 03:47:49,960 ON PHRASES. 6766 03:47:49,960 --> 03:47:50,920 YOU KNOW, WE FEED IN THE WORDS 6767 03:47:50,920 --> 03:47:52,480 ONE AT A TIME, BUT THEN THE 6768 03:47:52,480 --> 03:47:54,520 MODEL KIND OF SEES MANY WORDS. 6769 03:47:54,520 --> 03:47:55,120 AND THIS IS ONE OF THE THINGS 6770 03:47:55,120 --> 03:47:57,160 THAT WAS A BIG ADVANTAGE OF 6771 03:47:57,160 --> 03:47:58,440 USING THESE NEURAL NETWORK 6772 03:47:58,440 --> 03:48:00,000 LANGUAGE MODELS, IS THAT THEY 6773 03:48:00,000 --> 03:48:01,600 CAN ACTUALLY PROCESS PHRASES 6774 03:48:01,600 --> 03:48:02,800 INSTEAD OF JUST INDIVIDUAL 6775 03:48:02,800 --> 03:48:04,120 WORDS, WHICH IS WHAT WE COULD DO 6776 03:48:04,120 --> 03:48:05,240 BEFORE. 6777 03:48:05,240 --> 03:48:06,960 AND IT'S A BIG LEAP UM. 6778 03:48:06,960 --> 03:48:10,600 THUP.THAT REALLY HELPS THINGS WK 6779 03:48:10,600 --> 03:48:10,800 WELL. 6780 03:48:10,800 --> 03:48:11,680 >>I ACTUALLY HAVE A QUESTION, 6781 03:48:11,680 --> 03:48:12,160 SPECULATIVE. 6782 03:48:12,160 --> 03:48:16,480 IF YOU COULD LOOK AT AN 6783 03:48:16,480 --> 03:48:20,160 INDIVIDUAL WHO'S IMPLANTED WITH 6784 03:48:20,160 --> 03:48:26,040 STEER YOWITHSTEREO EEG ELECTRODD 6785 03:48:26,040 --> 03:48:28,440 GIVE YOU MUCH GREATER TEMPORAL 6786 03:48:28,440 --> 03:48:29,680 RESOLUTION, DO YOU THINK YOU 6787 03:48:29,680 --> 03:48:30,960 COULD DO BETER? 6788 03:48:30,960 --> 03:48:32,000 >>I'VE ASKED HIM THIS. 6789 03:48:32,000 --> 03:48:34,080 >>WE'RE NOT SURE, WE'RE REALLY 6790 03:48:34,080 --> 03:48:34,680 NOT SURE. 6791 03:48:34,680 --> 03:48:38,320 I THIS IS A REALLY INTERESTING 6792 03:48:38,320 --> 03:48:40,880 QUESTION BECAUSE THE THING YOU 6793 03:48:40,880 --> 03:48:43,240 SACRIFICE WITH SAIR YOE EEG IS 6794 03:48:43,240 --> 03:48:44,400 COVERAGE. 6795 03:48:44,400 --> 03:48:46,760 WITH FMRI, IT'S SLOW, IT'S 6796 03:48:46,760 --> 03:48:47,880 CRUMMY IN A LOT OF WAYS. 6797 03:48:47,880 --> 03:48:48,960 >>YOU COULD DO THE EXPERIMENT 6798 03:48:48,960 --> 03:48:49,200 HERE. 6799 03:48:49,200 --> 03:48:51,400 YOU COULD JUST NOT USE PART OF 6800 03:48:51,400 --> 03:48:52,040 YOUR DATA AND -- 6801 03:48:52,040 --> 03:48:54,960 >>WHICH ACTUALLY WORKS KIND OF 6802 03:48:54,960 --> 03:48:55,280 WELL. 6803 03:48:55,280 --> 03:48:55,680 YEAH. 6804 03:48:55,680 --> 03:48:57,120 BUT IT'S STILL -- THAT'S STILL 6805 03:48:57,120 --> 03:48:58,880 USING THOUSANDS OF VOXEL THE IN 6806 03:48:58,880 --> 03:49:00,360 EACH OF THESE AREAS WHEREAS 6807 03:49:00,360 --> 03:49:01,960 STEREO EEG IS GOING TO BE 100 6808 03:49:01,960 --> 03:49:03,360 TOTAL SIGNALS. 6809 03:49:03,360 --> 03:49:04,520 >>THERE WILL BE A TRADEOFF 6810 03:49:04,520 --> 03:49:04,720 BUT -- 6811 03:49:04,720 --> 03:49:05,240 >>IT'S A GOOD QUESTION. 6812 03:49:05,240 --> 03:49:06,640 I THINK IT'S PLAUSIBLE. 6813 03:49:06,640 --> 03:49:12,320 WE'RE EXCITED TO TRY. 6814 03:49:12,320 --> 03:49:13,920 >>I'M GOING TO TURN US TO THE 6815 03:49:13,920 --> 03:49:15,040 LAST SPEAKER OF THIS PANEL AND 6816 03:49:15,040 --> 03:49:17,960 THEN I'M EXCITED FOR THE GENERAL 6817 03:49:17,960 --> 03:49:18,640 DISCUSSION. 6818 03:49:18,640 --> 03:49:21,040 SO IT'S MY PLEASURE TO INTRODUCE 6819 03:49:21,040 --> 03:49:22,440 DR. MICHAEL YOUNG, WHO IS A 6820 03:49:22,440 --> 03:49:24,200 NEUROLOGIST AND RESEARCHER AT 6821 03:49:24,200 --> 03:49:25,720 MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL, 6822 03:49:25,720 --> 03:49:26,200 HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL. 6823 03:49:26,200 --> 03:49:29,080 HE IS THE ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR OF 6824 03:49:29,080 --> 03:49:31,080 THEIR NEURORECOVERY CLINIC. 6825 03:49:31,080 --> 03:49:33,960 DR. YOUNG RECEIVED AN M.D. FROM 6826 03:49:33,960 --> 03:49:36,760 HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL AND FILM 6827 03:49:36,760 --> 03:49:38,560 AND PHILOSOPHY FROM CAMBRIDGE. 6828 03:49:38,560 --> 03:49:40,080 DR. YOUNG COMPLETED NEUROLOGY 6829 03:49:40,080 --> 03:49:42,200 RESIDENCY AND A NEURORECOVERY 6830 03:49:42,200 --> 03:49:48,240 FELLOWSHIP AT MASS GENERAL 6831 03:49:48,240 --> 03:49:52,280 BIRMINGHAM SPECIALIZING IN 6832 03:49:52,280 --> 03:49:53,400 LONGITUDINAL CARE OF PATIENTS 6833 03:49:53,400 --> 03:49:55,280 RECOVERING FROM SEVERE BRAIN 6834 03:49:55,280 --> 03:49:56,520 INJURIES AND DISORDERS OF 6835 03:49:56,520 --> 03:49:56,880 CONSCIOUSNESS. 6836 03:49:56,880 --> 03:49:58,960 HIS RESEARCH FOCUSES ON 6837 03:49:58,960 --> 03:50:01,560 IMPROVING CARE SYSTEMS THROUGH 6838 03:50:01,560 --> 03:50:02,760 NEUROTECHNOLOGY, NEUROETHICS AND 6839 03:50:02,760 --> 03:50:03,320 NEUROSCIENCE. 6840 03:50:03,320 --> 03:50:05,880 I'M LACKING FORWARD TO YOUR 6841 03:50:05,880 --> 03:50:06,280 TALK, DR. YOUNG. 6842 03:50:06,280 --> 03:50:06,600 >>THANK YOU. 6843 03:50:06,600 --> 03:50:07,240 THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR THE 6844 03:50:07,240 --> 03:50:07,880 INTRODUCTION. 6845 03:50:07,880 --> 03:50:09,960 IT'S SUCH AN HONOR TO BE HERE, 6846 03:50:09,960 --> 03:50:11,560 AND TO BE LEARNING FROM 6847 03:50:11,560 --> 03:50:12,720 EVERYBODY. 6848 03:50:12,720 --> 03:50:14,440 I'M DEEPLY GRATEFUL TO THE 6849 03:50:14,440 --> 03:50:15,400 NEUROETHICS WORKING GROUP AND 6850 03:50:15,400 --> 03:50:17,480 THE ORGANIZERS FOR CONVENING US 6851 03:50:17,480 --> 03:50:20,040 ALL HERE TO DISCUSS THIS 6852 03:50:20,040 --> 03:50:23,480 INCREASINGLY GROWING AREA OF THE 6853 03:50:23,480 --> 03:50:25,240 ETHICAL DIMENSIONS OF NEURAL 6854 03:50:25,240 --> 03:50:26,560 DATA SHARING, WHICH IS A FIELD 6855 03:50:26,560 --> 03:50:29,080 WHOSE QUESTIONS ARE ENDLESSLY 6856 03:50:29,080 --> 03:50:30,560 INTRIGUING AND RAPIDLY 6857 03:50:30,560 --> 03:50:32,160 EXPANDING. 6858 03:50:32,160 --> 03:50:34,000 AS MY SLIDES COME UP, JUST BY 6859 03:50:34,000 --> 03:50:37,800 WAY OF BACKGROUND, MY INTEREST 6860 03:50:37,800 --> 03:50:39,360 IN THIS FIELD AND RELATED 6861 03:50:39,360 --> 03:50:40,840 RESEARCH IN NEUROETHICS TOOK 6862 03:50:40,840 --> 03:50:42,960 ROOT WHEN I WAS IN COLLEGE AND 6863 03:50:42,960 --> 03:50:44,960 LATER GRADUATE SCHOOL IMMERSED 6864 03:50:44,960 --> 03:50:47,400 IN PHILOSOPHY. 6865 03:50:47,400 --> 03:50:49,960 QUESTIONS RELATING TO THE MIND, 6866 03:50:49,960 --> 03:50:51,840 CONSCIOUSNESS, IDENTITY, HOW TO 6867 03:50:51,840 --> 03:50:55,400 CHARACTERIZE THESE CONCEPTS AND 6868 03:50:55,400 --> 03:51:01,280 HOW SOMETHING SO PHENOMENON RICH 6869 03:51:01,280 --> 03:51:02,240 SEEMED TO BE AT THE CORE OF 6870 03:51:02,240 --> 03:51:03,840 EFFORTS TO UNDERSTAND WHAT 6871 03:51:03,840 --> 03:51:04,480 MATTERS MOST IN THE HUMAN 6872 03:51:04,480 --> 03:51:05,360 EXPERIENCE WHICH IS A GOAL 6873 03:51:05,360 --> 03:51:06,720 THAT'S SHARED BY 6874 03:51:06,720 --> 03:51:09,280 PHILOSOPHERS,ET ETHICISTS, 6875 03:51:09,280 --> 03:51:12,160 NEUROSCIENTISTS, AND CLINICIANS. 6876 03:51:12,160 --> 03:51:15,920 AND WHEN I LATER ENTERED MEDICAL 6877 03:51:15,920 --> 03:51:17,480 SCHOOL AND RESIDENCY IN 6878 03:51:17,480 --> 03:51:19,200 NEUROLOGY, I WAS STRUCK BY HOW 6879 03:51:19,200 --> 03:51:21,760 SOME OF THESE CONCEPTS AND 6880 03:51:21,760 --> 03:51:23,120 QUESTIONS WERE FRAMED AND 6881 03:51:23,120 --> 03:51:27,160 APPROACHED IN A WAY THAT FORMS A 6882 03:51:27,160 --> 03:51:32,720 SEPARATE YET COMPLEMENTARY 6883 03:51:32,720 --> 03:51:33,360 MATRIX FOR THINKING ABOUT SOME 6884 03:51:33,360 --> 03:51:35,720 OF THESE DIFFICULT DILEMMAS THAT 6885 03:51:35,720 --> 03:51:36,680 PHILOSOPHERS HAVE BEEN GRAPPLING 6886 03:51:36,680 --> 03:51:38,080 WITH FOR AGES. 6887 03:51:38,080 --> 03:51:39,760 AND WHILE IT WOULD BE IMPOSSIBLE 6888 03:51:39,760 --> 03:51:41,200 TO FULLY CANVAS ALL OF THESE 6889 03:51:41,200 --> 03:51:42,920 ISSUES IN THIS SHORT TALK, WHAT 6890 03:51:42,920 --> 03:51:45,720 I HOPE TO PROVIDE IS A WINDOW 6891 03:51:45,720 --> 03:51:48,760 INTO HOW WE AT THE CENTER FOR 6892 03:51:48,760 --> 03:51:49,200 NEUROTECHNOLOGY AND 6893 03:51:49,200 --> 03:51:50,600 NEURORECOVERY AT MGH HAVE BEEN 6894 03:51:50,600 --> 03:51:51,800 CONSIDERING THESE ISSUES IN OUR 6895 03:51:51,800 --> 03:51:54,360 RESEARCH AND CLINICAL PROGRAMS 6896 03:51:54,360 --> 03:51:55,640 INVOLVING PLANTABLE 6897 03:51:55,640 --> 03:51:56,600 NEUROTECHNOLOGIES AND A 6898 03:51:56,600 --> 03:51:58,480 POTENTIAL ROAD MAP TO FOSTER 6899 03:51:58,480 --> 03:52:02,120 RESPONSIBLE SHARING AND USE OF 6900 03:52:02,120 --> 03:52:03,040 INTRACRANIAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 6901 03:52:03,040 --> 03:52:05,080 DATA ACROSS THE NEUROTECHNOLOGY 6902 03:52:05,080 --> 03:52:06,600 DEVELOPMENT LIFECYCLE IN ORDER 6903 03:52:06,600 --> 03:52:09,320 TO ENSURE THAT INNOVATION 6904 03:52:09,320 --> 03:52:10,640 PROCEEDS RESPONSIBLY WHILE AT 6905 03:52:10,640 --> 03:52:12,840 THE SAME TIME PROTECTING THE 6906 03:52:12,840 --> 03:52:15,120 RIGHTS, WELFARE, AND SAFETY OF 6907 03:52:15,120 --> 03:52:17,320 PERHAPS THE MOST IMPORTANT 6908 03:52:17,320 --> 03:52:19,080 PEOPLE IN NEURAL INTERFACE 6909 03:52:19,080 --> 03:52:20,720 RESEARCH, NAMELY, THE CLINICAL 6910 03:52:20,720 --> 03:52:27,960 TRIAL PARTICIPANTS AND PATIENTS. 6911 03:52:27,960 --> 03:52:30,680 JUST BY WAY OF BACKGROUND, AND 6912 03:52:30,680 --> 03:52:34,680 AACKNOWLEDGMENT AND DISCLOSURES, 6913 03:52:34,680 --> 03:52:36,080 NO FANGS DISCLOSURE, BUT I DO 6914 03:52:36,080 --> 03:52:39,400 ACKNOWLEDGE THAT THE SIT ON THE 6915 03:52:39,400 --> 03:52:40,040 IEEE NEUROETHICS WORKING GROUP 6916 03:52:40,040 --> 03:52:41,080 AND MEDICAL SUBCOMMITTEE AND 6917 03:52:41,080 --> 03:52:42,440 WHILE I WILL NOT BE SPEAKING IN 6918 03:52:42,440 --> 03:52:44,280 THAT CAPACITY TODAY, SOME OF THE 6919 03:52:44,280 --> 03:52:45,280 MATERIAL THAT I WILL PRESENT 6920 03:52:45,280 --> 03:52:48,880 WILL BE REFLECTIVE OF OUR 6921 03:52:48,880 --> 03:52:51,280 COMMITTEE'S COLLECTIVE WORK. 6922 03:52:51,280 --> 03:52:52,000 I'VE ALSO RECEIVED FUNDING FROM 6923 03:52:52,000 --> 03:52:53,160 THE NIH BRAIN INITIATIVE AND 6924 03:52:53,160 --> 03:52:54,360 ALSO BY WAY OF ACKNOWLEDGMENT, 6925 03:52:54,360 --> 03:52:56,000 REALLY NONE OF THE WORK THAT I'M 6926 03:52:56,000 --> 03:52:57,160 PRESENTING ON TODAY WOULD BE 6927 03:52:57,160 --> 03:52:58,520 POSSIBLE WITHOUT THE SUPPORT OF 6928 03:52:58,520 --> 03:53:00,600 AN AMAZING TEAM AT THE CENTER 6929 03:53:00,600 --> 03:53:02,640 FOR NEUROTECHNOLOGY AND 6930 03:53:02,640 --> 03:53:06,040 NEURORECOVERY, AND AMAZING 6931 03:53:06,040 --> 03:53:09,800 MENTORSHIP OF DR. LEE HOTBERG 6932 03:53:09,800 --> 03:53:14,000 AND DR. BRIAN EDLOW. 6933 03:53:14,000 --> 03:53:16,120 WE'LL BEGIN WITH AN OVERVIEW OF 6934 03:53:16,120 --> 03:53:17,560 IMPLANTABLE NEUROTECHNOLOGIES AS 6935 03:53:17,560 --> 03:53:20,520 POTENTIAL SOURCES OF SENSITIVE 6936 03:53:20,520 --> 03:53:21,360 NEURAL DATA. 6937 03:53:21,360 --> 03:53:24,320 WE'LL THEN TAKE A LOOK AT SOME 6938 03:53:24,320 --> 03:53:26,760 OF THE TEUNTSZ AND ETHICAL 6939 03:53:26,760 --> 03:53:28,720 CHALLENGES INVOLVED IN 6940 03:53:28,720 --> 03:53:29,960 COLLECTING AND SHARING NEURAL 6941 03:53:29,960 --> 03:53:32,840 DATA THAT ARE RECORDED BY 6942 03:53:32,840 --> 03:53:35,240 IMPLANTABLE NEUROTECHNOLOGIES 6943 03:53:35,240 --> 03:53:35,920 SPECIFICALLY, AND WE'LL CONCLUDE 6944 03:53:35,920 --> 03:53:38,040 WITH A VIEW TOWARD POTENTIAL 6945 03:53:38,040 --> 03:53:39,960 FUTURE DIRECTIONS, INCLUDING 6946 03:53:39,960 --> 03:53:41,640 NEUROETHICS INFORMED APPROACHES 6947 03:53:41,640 --> 03:53:43,600 TO NEURAL DATA SHARING, AND 6948 03:53:43,600 --> 03:53:47,960 COLLECTION. 6949 03:53:47,960 --> 03:53:49,280 IN CONSIDERING WHAT WE MEAN WHEN 6950 03:53:49,280 --> 03:53:50,880 WE ARE DISCUSSING NEURAL DATA 6951 03:53:50,880 --> 03:53:51,800 AND ITS POTENTIAL SOURCES, WE'VE 6952 03:53:51,800 --> 03:53:53,000 HEARD A LOT THIS MORNING, AND 6953 03:53:53,000 --> 03:53:54,640 IT'S IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THE 6954 03:53:54,640 --> 03:53:56,240 CURRENT LANDSCAPE OF WHAT WE'RE 6955 03:53:56,240 --> 03:53:59,160 DEFINING AS IMPLANTABLE 6956 03:53:59,160 --> 03:54:00,760 NEUROTECHNOLOGIES. 6957 03:54:00,760 --> 03:54:02,760 IN MY WORK WITH THE WORKING 6958 03:54:02,760 --> 03:54:03,760 GROUP, WE'RE CONSIDERING ROUGHLY 6959 03:54:03,760 --> 03:54:07,240 FIVE CATEGORIES OR METHODS OF 6960 03:54:07,240 --> 03:54:09,120 NEUROTECHNOLOGY, EACH OF WHICH 6961 03:54:09,120 --> 03:54:09,800 PRODUCES NEURAL DATA WITH 6962 03:54:09,800 --> 03:54:12,840 DIFFERENT TYPES OF RISK. 6963 03:54:12,840 --> 03:54:14,800 THE FIRST CATEGORY ARE 6964 03:54:14,800 --> 03:54:16,840 NEUROTECHNOLOGIES FOR SENSING OR 6965 03:54:16,840 --> 03:54:17,080 RECORDING. 6966 03:54:17,080 --> 03:54:17,920 THESE ARE DEVICES THAT ARE 6967 03:54:17,920 --> 03:54:20,840 CAPABLE OF CAPTURING INFORMATION 6968 03:54:20,840 --> 03:54:24,280 WITH THE ACTIVITY OF THE BRAIN, 6969 03:54:24,280 --> 03:54:25,560 FOR EXAMPLE, EEG SIGNALS, OLD 6970 03:54:25,560 --> 03:54:27,520 SIGNAL, ACTIVITY-DEPENDENT BLOOD 6971 03:54:27,520 --> 03:54:30,120 FLOW OR OTHER KIND OF SIGNALS 6972 03:54:30,120 --> 03:54:31,760 THAT WE COULD CAPTURE AND DRAW 6973 03:54:31,760 --> 03:54:34,760 INFERENCES FROM ABOUT THE 6974 03:54:34,760 --> 03:54:35,280 NERVOUS SYSTEM. 6975 03:54:35,280 --> 03:54:38,080 SECOND, THERE ARE TECHNOLOGIES 6976 03:54:38,080 --> 03:54:38,840 TO STIMULATE OR MODULATE THE 6977 03:54:38,840 --> 03:54:39,160 BRAIN. 6978 03:54:39,160 --> 03:54:41,000 THESE ARE TECHNOLOGIES THAT ARE 6979 03:54:41,000 --> 03:54:44,160 CAPABLE OF ACTUATING OR 6980 03:54:44,160 --> 03:54:45,760 MODULATING THE ACTIVITY OF THE 6981 03:54:45,760 --> 03:54:46,520 NERVOUS SYSTEM AND CAN BE 6982 03:54:46,520 --> 03:54:53,160 EXTERNAL TO THE BRAIN LIKE TDCS 6983 03:54:53,160 --> 03:54:54,280 OR IMPLANTED TECHNOLOGIES LIKE 6984 03:54:54,280 --> 03:54:56,080 DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION OR VAGUS 6985 03:54:56,080 --> 03:54:59,400 NERVE STIMULATION. 6986 03:54:59,400 --> 03:55:01,800 THERE ARE CLOSED LOOP DEVICES 6987 03:55:01,800 --> 03:55:02,920 AND WE HEARD A LITTLE BIT ABOUT 6988 03:55:02,920 --> 03:55:03,520 THESE. 6989 03:55:03,520 --> 03:55:04,840 THESE ARE TECHNOLOGIES THAT 6990 03:55:04,840 --> 03:55:06,360 COMBINE SENSING WITH STIMULATION 6991 03:55:06,360 --> 03:55:08,280 WHERE THE RECORDED SIGNALS ARE 6992 03:55:08,280 --> 03:55:11,880 USED TO REGULATE MODULATION IN A 6993 03:55:11,880 --> 03:55:13,800 FEEDBACK CONTROL LOOP, OR THERE 6994 03:55:13,800 --> 03:55:14,640 ARE TECHNOLOGIES FOR DIRECT 6995 03:55:14,640 --> 03:55:17,240 PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL 6996 03:55:17,240 --> 03:55:18,000 MODIFICATION THAT PHYSICALLY 6997 03:55:18,000 --> 03:55:21,400 ALTER THE NERVOUS SYSTEM BY 6998 03:55:21,400 --> 03:55:22,840 MODIFYING ITS PHYSIOLOGY. 6999 03:55:22,840 --> 03:55:25,360 EXAMPLES MIGHT INCLUDE FOCUSED 7000 03:55:25,360 --> 03:55:27,520 ULTRASOUND PULSATION OR 7001 03:55:27,520 --> 03:55:28,920 OPTOGENETICS WITH OPTICAL 7002 03:55:28,920 --> 03:55:30,280 STIMULATORS, AND FINALLY, ONE 7003 03:55:30,280 --> 03:55:32,440 MIGHT CONSIDER DEVICES FOR 7004 03:55:32,440 --> 03:55:33,240 AUGMENTATION AND FACILITATION. 7005 03:55:33,240 --> 03:55:35,320 THESE ARE NEUROTECHNOLOGIES THAT 7006 03:55:35,320 --> 03:55:38,240 SUPPORT OR EXPAND THE EXISTING 7007 03:55:38,240 --> 03:55:39,120 FUNCTION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 7008 03:55:39,120 --> 03:55:41,600 AND MIGHT INCLUDE THINGS LIKE 7009 03:55:41,600 --> 03:55:43,160 ROBOTICS, EXOSKELETONS, RETINAL 7010 03:55:43,160 --> 03:55:45,880 IMPLANTS TO RESTORE VISION, OR 7011 03:55:45,880 --> 03:55:46,920 OTHER SIMILAR NEURAL 7012 03:55:46,920 --> 03:55:47,360 PROSTHETICS. 7013 03:55:47,360 --> 03:55:49,960 AND I'LL EMPHASIZE THAT WHILE 7014 03:55:49,960 --> 03:55:51,400 THERE'S OVERLAP BETWEEN 7015 03:55:51,400 --> 03:55:53,560 TECHNOLOGIES IN EACH OF THESE 7016 03:55:53,560 --> 03:55:54,680 CATEGORIES, UNDERSTANDING THESE 7017 03:55:54,680 --> 03:55:57,240 FUNCTIONS PROVIDES A HELPFUL 7018 03:55:57,240 --> 03:55:59,840 FRAMEWORK FOR NEUROETHICS 7019 03:55:59,840 --> 03:56:02,080 ANALYSIS IN BOTH CLINICAL AND 7020 03:56:02,080 --> 03:56:03,280 RESEARCH CONTEXTS, ESPECIALLY AS 7021 03:56:03,280 --> 03:56:04,360 IT PERTAINS TO NEURAL DATA CHECK 7022 03:56:04,360 --> 03:56:10,320 SHUP AND SHAR 7023 03:56:10,320 --> 03:56:10,880 COLLECTION AND SHARING. 7024 03:56:10,880 --> 03:56:11,800 A RAPID RISE OF RESEARCH 7025 03:56:11,800 --> 03:56:12,760 ACTIVITY AND FUNDING THROUGH 7026 03:56:12,760 --> 03:56:15,560 LARGE SCALE BRAIN INITIATIVES 7027 03:56:15,560 --> 03:56:17,360 AND INDUSTRY HAS CONTRIBUTED TO 7028 03:56:17,360 --> 03:56:20,520 OVER 16,000 PATENTS IN 7029 03:56:20,520 --> 03:56:22,000 HEALTH-RELATED NEUROTECHNOLOGY, 7030 03:56:22,000 --> 03:56:26,240 JUST BETWEEN 2008 AND 2016, WITH 7031 03:56:26,240 --> 03:56:27,800 SIGNIFICANT UPWARD TREND. 7032 03:56:27,800 --> 03:56:30,120 THESE INCLUDE PATENTS FOR 7033 03:56:30,120 --> 03:56:33,000 NEUROMODULATION DEVICES, 7034 03:56:33,000 --> 03:56:34,920 NEUROPROSTHETICS, NEUROIMAGING, 7035 03:56:34,920 --> 03:56:35,360 NEUROSENSING, 7036 03:56:35,360 --> 03:56:36,680 NEUROREHABILITATION AND 7037 03:56:36,680 --> 03:56:38,320 BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES AND IN 7038 03:56:38,320 --> 03:56:40,280 AGGREGATE, REFLECT A RAPIDLY 7039 03:56:40,280 --> 03:56:43,240 GROWING FIELD THAT WILL 7040 03:56:43,240 --> 03:56:43,840 INEVITABLY YIELD INCREASINGLY 7041 03:56:43,840 --> 03:56:46,680 RICH NEURAL DATA. 7042 03:56:46,680 --> 03:56:48,280 MANY OF THESE INTELLECTUAL AND 7043 03:56:48,280 --> 03:56:50,360 FINANCIAL COMMITMENT ARE 7044 03:56:50,360 --> 03:56:52,200 BEGINNING TO ENTER AND IMPACT 7045 03:56:52,200 --> 03:56:54,000 CLINICAL PRACTICE. 7046 03:56:54,000 --> 03:56:56,000 THIS TABLE DISPLAYS JUST SOME OF 7047 03:56:56,000 --> 03:56:59,240 THE NEUROTECHNOLOGIES THAT HAVE 7048 03:56:59,240 --> 03:57:00,840 RECEIVED FDA APPROVAL IN 7049 03:57:00,840 --> 03:57:02,840 CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER. 7050 03:57:02,840 --> 03:57:05,360 IN 2002 WAS THE FIRST TAME AN 7051 03:57:05,360 --> 03:57:06,720 INTRACRANIAL DEVICE WAS 7052 03:57:06,720 --> 03:57:09,320 IMPROVED, MAINLY DEEP BRAIN 7053 03:57:09,320 --> 03:57:10,280 STIMULATION INITIALLY FOR TREMOR 7054 03:57:10,280 --> 03:57:13,640 AND LATER FOR DYSTONIA AND 7055 03:57:13,640 --> 03:57:14,480 OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER. 7056 03:57:14,480 --> 03:57:16,600 OVER THE YEARS, PROGRESS HAS 7057 03:57:16,600 --> 03:57:18,880 ACCELERATED WITH FDA APPROVALS 7058 03:57:18,880 --> 03:57:21,160 FOR RESPONSIVE NEUROSTIMULATION 7059 03:57:21,160 --> 03:57:22,520 DEVICES AND OTHER FORMS OF 7060 03:57:22,520 --> 03:57:23,240 NEUROMODULATION THAT WE'VE BEEN 7061 03:57:23,240 --> 03:57:24,160 SEEING OVER THE PAST SEVERAL 7062 03:57:24,160 --> 03:57:27,520 YEARS. 7063 03:57:27,520 --> 03:57:30,360 APART FROM THESE IMPLANTABLE 7064 03:57:30,360 --> 03:57:30,960 NEUROTECHNOLOGIES THAT HAVE 7065 03:57:30,960 --> 03:57:31,880 ALREADY BEEN APPROVED FOR 7066 03:57:31,880 --> 03:57:34,640 CLINICAL USE, THERE IS VIGOROUS 7067 03:57:34,640 --> 03:57:36,280 RESEARCH IN OUR CENTER AND 7068 03:57:36,280 --> 03:57:37,920 AROUND THE WORLD EXPLORING HOW 7069 03:57:37,920 --> 03:57:40,040 TO LEVERAGE INCREASING 7070 03:57:40,040 --> 03:57:41,800 CAPACITIES TO DETECT AND 7071 03:57:41,800 --> 03:57:43,000 INTERPRET NEURAL SIGNALS IN 7072 03:57:43,000 --> 03:57:45,680 ORDER TO RESTORE OR REHABILITATE 7073 03:57:45,680 --> 03:57:47,800 FUNCTION FOR PEOPLE WITH SEVERE 7074 03:57:47,800 --> 03:57:49,560 SPEECH AND MOTOR IMPAIRMENTS. 7075 03:57:49,560 --> 03:57:51,920 AND OUR CENTER UNDER THE 7076 03:57:51,920 --> 03:57:55,640 LEADERSHIP OF DR. LEE HOTBERG 7077 03:57:55,640 --> 03:57:56,360 HAS FOR MANY YEARS BEEN DEVOTED 7078 03:57:56,360 --> 03:57:58,160 TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF 7079 03:57:58,160 --> 03:57:59,200 TECHNOLOGIES TO RESTORE THE 7080 03:57:59,200 --> 03:58:00,720 INDEPENDENCE OF PEOPLE AFFECTED 7081 03:58:00,720 --> 03:58:02,560 BY NEUROLOGIC DISEASE THROUGH 7082 03:58:02,560 --> 03:58:03,760 BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES. 7083 03:58:03,760 --> 03:58:11,240 WE'VE HEARD ABOUT -- COMPUTER 7084 03:58:11,240 --> 03:58:14,520 INTERFACES TODAY ALREADY, 7085 03:58:14,520 --> 03:58:15,920 INTENDED TO TRANSLATE SIGNALS 7086 03:58:15,920 --> 03:58:18,080 FROM THIS NERVOUS SYSTEM INTO 7087 03:58:18,080 --> 03:58:18,680 COMMANDS FOR EXTERNAL OR 7088 03:58:18,680 --> 03:58:20,960 INTERNAL DEVICES AND IN SO 7089 03:58:20,960 --> 03:58:23,840 DOING, BCIs AIM TO RESTORE OR 7090 03:58:23,840 --> 03:58:25,600 REHABILITATE LOST FUNCTIONS, 7091 03:58:25,600 --> 03:58:29,480 POTENTIALLY IMPROVING 7092 03:58:29,480 --> 03:58:30,640 COMMUNICATION, EMOTION, 7093 03:58:30,640 --> 03:58:31,920 INTERACTION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT 7094 03:58:31,920 --> 03:58:32,480 AND ACHIEVEMENT OF PERSONAL 7095 03:58:32,480 --> 03:58:34,120 GOALS FOR PEOPLE WITH SEVERE 7096 03:58:34,120 --> 03:58:37,400 NEUROLOGICAL IMPAIRMENTS. 7097 03:58:37,400 --> 03:58:39,320 AS BCIs ADVANCE, AND WHAT WE 7098 03:58:39,320 --> 03:58:41,680 SEE ON THE SLIDE HERE ARE JUST 7099 03:58:41,680 --> 03:58:42,760 SEVERAL OF THE MANY CLINICAL 7100 03:58:42,760 --> 03:58:45,880 TRIALS THAT ARE ONGOING IN THE 7101 03:58:45,880 --> 03:58:47,960 BCI SPACE, THE ETHICAL 7102 03:58:47,960 --> 03:58:48,880 CONSIDERATION SURROUNDING 7103 03:58:48,880 --> 03:58:50,880 PRIVACY, STORAGE AND SHARING OF 7104 03:58:50,880 --> 03:58:53,920 THE NEURAL DATA THAT THEY RECORD 7105 03:58:53,920 --> 03:58:54,600 ARE OF GROWING IMPORTANCE. 7106 03:58:54,600 --> 03:58:57,120 AND THIS IS ALONGSIDE MANY OTHER 7107 03:58:57,120 --> 03:58:58,560 ETHICAL QUESTIONS SURROUNDING 7108 03:58:58,560 --> 03:59:01,360 THINGS LIKE USER AGENCY, 7109 03:59:01,360 --> 03:59:03,560 RESPONSIBILITY, DECISION-MAKING 7110 03:59:03,560 --> 03:59:06,080 CAPACITY, PERSONAL IDENTITY, 7111 03:59:06,080 --> 03:59:07,840 ISSUES OF ENHANCEMENT, WHERE TO 7112 03:59:07,840 --> 03:59:08,720 DRAW THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN 7113 03:59:08,720 --> 03:59:10,200 RESEARCH AND CLINICAL PRACTICE, 7114 03:59:10,200 --> 03:59:13,760 AND ACCESS TO TECHNOLOGIES AND 7115 03:59:13,760 --> 03:59:14,520 DISPARITIES IN PARADIGMS OF 7116 03:59:14,520 --> 03:59:16,240 ACCESS IN CLINICAL TRIAL 7117 03:59:16,240 --> 03:59:19,880 ENROLLMENT. 7118 03:59:19,880 --> 03:59:22,080 NORMATIVE CONSIDERATIONS THAT 7119 03:59:22,080 --> 03:59:24,280 SURROUND NEURAL DATA CAPTURE AND 7120 03:59:24,280 --> 03:59:25,800 SHARING ARE MAGNIFIED, PERHAPS, 7121 03:59:25,800 --> 03:59:28,320 BY ACCELERATING ADVANCES IN 7122 03:59:28,320 --> 03:59:29,840 SENSOR TECHNOLOGIES, WHICH HAVE 7123 03:59:29,840 --> 03:59:31,600 MADE IT POSSIBLE TO RECORD FROM 7124 03:59:31,600 --> 03:59:35,360 LARGER NEURONAL ENSEMBLES AT 7125 03:59:35,360 --> 03:59:36,080 UNPRECEDENTED RESOLUTION IN 7126 03:59:36,080 --> 03:59:38,600 HUMANS, SUCH AS THIS ELEGANT 7127 03:59:38,600 --> 03:59:41,800 WORK LED BY SYD CASH AND ANG 7128 03:59:41,800 --> 03:59:48,920 L --USING SILICON NEUROPIXEL PRS 7129 03:59:48,920 --> 03:59:50,240 TO ACHIEVE LARGE SCALE NEURAL 7130 03:59:50,240 --> 03:59:52,360 RECORDINGS WITH SINGLE NEURON 7131 03:59:52,360 --> 03:59:52,680 RESOLUTION. 7132 03:59:52,680 --> 03:59:54,480 AS OUR ABILITIES TO SIM TAIN 7133 03:59:54,480 --> 03:59:55,560 JUSTLY RECORD NEURONS ACROSS 7134 03:59:55,560 --> 03:59:57,600 BRAIN REGIONS EXPANDS, THE 7135 03:59:57,600 --> 03:59:58,760 RICHNESS OF THE NEURAL DATASETS 7136 03:59:58,760 --> 04:00:00,000 PARTICULARLY WITH RESPECT TO 7137 04:00:00,000 --> 04:00:01,320 SENSITIVE INTERNAL COGNITIVE 7138 04:00:01,320 --> 04:00:05,720 STATE WILL FORESEE BLI GROW. 7139 04:00:05,720 --> 04:00:06,480 INNOVATIONS SUCH AS THESE ARE 7140 04:00:06,480 --> 04:00:08,360 PART OF AN EXPANDING SUITE OF 7141 04:00:08,360 --> 04:00:10,320 NEURAL RECORDING TECHNOLOGIES 7142 04:00:10,320 --> 04:00:11,840 WITH HIGHER RESOLUTION, 7143 04:00:11,840 --> 04:00:13,480 POTENTIALLY HIGHER SPATIAL 7144 04:00:13,480 --> 04:00:15,760 COVERAGE, STABILITY, AND 7145 04:00:15,760 --> 04:00:18,440 FUNCTIONALITY, AND WHILE THESE 7146 04:00:18,440 --> 04:00:19,440 TECHNOLOGIES ON THE ONE HAND 7147 04:00:19,440 --> 04:00:21,680 CARRY IMMENSE PROMISE TO ADVANCE 7148 04:00:21,680 --> 04:00:23,280 NEUROSCIENCE AND THE DEVELOPMENT 7149 04:00:23,280 --> 04:00:25,880 OF BCIs CAPABLE OF RESTORING 7150 04:00:25,880 --> 04:00:26,920 INDEPENDENCE TO PEOPLE WITH 7151 04:00:26,920 --> 04:00:29,560 SEVERE SPEECH AND MOTOR 7152 04:00:29,560 --> 04:00:32,360 IMPAIRMENTS, THEY ALSO ALLOW FOR 7153 04:00:32,360 --> 04:00:33,840 A INCREASINGLY RICH AND 7154 04:00:33,840 --> 04:00:35,240 SENSITIVE SET OF NEURAL DATA TO 7155 04:00:35,240 --> 04:00:39,920 BE RECORDED WHICH AMPLIFY THE 7156 04:00:39,920 --> 04:00:40,760 CHALLENGES WE FACE AS WE 7157 04:00:40,760 --> 04:00:41,560 CONTEMPLATE SOME OF THE 7158 04:00:41,560 --> 04:00:42,880 CHALLENGES AROUND HOW NEURAL 7159 04:00:42,880 --> 04:00:47,040 DATA OUGHT TO BE COLLECTED AND 7160 04:00:47,040 --> 04:00:49,480 SHARED. 7161 04:00:49,480 --> 04:00:50,240 IN STUDYING THE LANDSCAPE OF 7162 04:00:50,240 --> 04:00:51,880 WHAT NEURAL DATA COLLECTED 7163 04:00:51,880 --> 04:00:54,480 THROUGH IMPLANTED 7164 04:00:54,480 --> 04:00:55,880 NEUROTECHNOLOGIES MIGHT 7165 04:00:55,880 --> 04:00:56,840 CURRENTLY REVEAL OR IN THE 7166 04:00:56,840 --> 04:01:00,000 FUTURE COULD POSSIBLY REVEAL, 7167 04:01:00,000 --> 04:01:02,080 ONE MIGHT CONSIDER A VARIETY OF 7168 04:01:02,080 --> 04:01:02,960 DIMENSIONS, RANGING FROM 7169 04:01:02,960 --> 04:01:05,160 SOMEBODY'S LEVEL OF 7170 04:01:05,160 --> 04:01:06,840 CONSCIOUSNESS, AND THIS IS 7171 04:01:06,840 --> 04:01:09,920 ACTUALLY A AREA OF GROWING 7172 04:01:09,920 --> 04:01:11,200 CLINICAL INTEREST IN DETECTING 7173 04:01:11,200 --> 04:01:12,160 COVERT CONSCIOUSNESS IN PEOPLE 7174 04:01:12,160 --> 04:01:15,040 WHO APPEAR UNRESPONSIVE BY 7175 04:01:15,040 --> 04:01:18,600 BEDSIDE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION. 7176 04:01:18,600 --> 04:01:20,000 ONE MIGHT CONSIDER SLEEP HABITS, 7177 04:01:20,000 --> 04:01:22,800 DAY TIME ACTIVITY, PSYCHOACTIVE 7178 04:01:22,800 --> 04:01:25,120 MEDICATION, SENSORY PERCEPTIONS. 7179 04:01:25,120 --> 04:01:26,920 WE JUST LEARNED ABOUT LANGUAGE 7180 04:01:26,920 --> 04:01:28,240 AND COMMUNICATION, BE IT 7181 04:01:28,240 --> 04:01:32,320 CONSTRAINED OR UNCONSTRAINED, 7182 04:01:32,320 --> 04:01:33,600 AND PERHAPS AS THE SPATIAL 7183 04:01:33,600 --> 04:01:34,600 COVERAGE OF SPATIAL SENSORS 7184 04:01:34,600 --> 04:01:36,800 GROW, IN THE FUTURE, MOOD OR 7185 04:01:36,800 --> 04:01:40,720 OTHER INTERNAL EMOTIONAL STATES, 7186 04:01:40,720 --> 04:01:41,760 MEMORIES, PREFERENCES, BELIEFS 7187 04:01:41,760 --> 04:01:46,440 AND ELEMENTS OF IMAGINATION OR 7188 04:01:46,440 --> 04:01:46,760 INTROSPECTION. 7189 04:01:46,760 --> 04:01:49,240 AND FIGURING OUT HOW TO TRULY 7190 04:01:49,240 --> 04:01:49,720 DE-IDENTIFY DATASETS, 7191 04:01:49,720 --> 04:01:51,160 PARTICULARLY GIVEN THE RANGE OF 7192 04:01:51,160 --> 04:01:51,800 POTENTIAL INSITES THAT ONE MIGHT 7193 04:01:51,800 --> 04:01:55,640 IN THE FUTURE DRAW FROM THESE 7194 04:01:55,640 --> 04:01:57,000 DATA IS A KNOWN ETHICAL 7195 04:01:57,000 --> 04:01:58,400 CHALLENGE AND THERE ARE 7196 04:01:58,400 --> 04:01:59,480 CURRENTLY NO BROADLY ACCEPTABLE 7197 04:01:59,480 --> 04:02:02,480 STANDARDS FOR COLLECTING OR 7198 04:02:02,480 --> 04:02:06,080 SHARING INTRACRANIAL NERVE 7199 04:02:06,080 --> 04:02:06,960 PHYSIOLOGY DATA. 7200 04:02:06,960 --> 04:02:08,600 I'D ALSO HIGHLIGHT THAT THESE 7201 04:02:08,600 --> 04:02:10,280 RISKS ARE ACCENTUATED BY THE 7202 04:02:10,280 --> 04:02:13,680 REALITY THAT PARTICIPANTS IN 7203 04:02:13,680 --> 04:02:15,320 SMALL N NEURAL INTERFACE TRIALS 7204 04:02:15,320 --> 04:02:16,960 HAVE BEEN AND ARE STILL LIKELY 7205 04:02:16,960 --> 04:02:19,760 TO BECOME KNOWN TO THE WIDER 7206 04:02:19,760 --> 04:02:20,000 COMMUNITY. 7207 04:02:20,000 --> 04:02:23,200 IN THIS WAY, BCI DATA ARE 7208 04:02:23,200 --> 04:02:25,320 SOMEWHAT UNLIKE ECOG OR 7209 04:02:25,320 --> 04:02:27,360 NEUROIMAGING DATA WHICH ARE 7210 04:02:27,360 --> 04:02:28,800 COLLECTED FROM HUNDREDS OR 7211 04:02:28,800 --> 04:02:30,480 THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE IN CLINICAL 7212 04:02:30,480 --> 04:02:33,240 CONTEXTS ANNUALLY. 7213 04:02:33,240 --> 04:02:35,560 AND IT'S CRUCIAL TO INFORM 7214 04:02:35,560 --> 04:02:36,960 PARTICIPANTS OF THESE POTENTIAL 7215 04:02:36,960 --> 04:02:39,160 RISKS, ESPECIALLY AS THE SCALE 7216 04:02:39,160 --> 04:02:41,000 AND RESOLUTION OF NEURAL DATA 7217 04:02:41,000 --> 04:02:43,480 GROWS. 7218 04:02:43,480 --> 04:02:45,200 IN LIGHT OF THESE 7219 04:02:45,200 --> 04:02:47,440 CONSIDERATIONS, IT'S BECOME 7220 04:02:47,440 --> 04:02:50,240 CLEAR THAT NEURAL DATA RECORDED 7221 04:02:50,240 --> 04:02:51,720 FROM INTRACRANIAL DEVICES MAY BE 7222 04:02:51,720 --> 04:02:52,920 ETHICALLY DISTINCTIVE GIVEN 7223 04:02:52,920 --> 04:02:54,560 THEIR POTENTIAL TO REVEAL HIGHLY 7224 04:02:54,560 --> 04:02:57,120 PERSONAL OR SENSITIVE ASPECTS OF 7225 04:02:57,120 --> 04:02:58,800 COGNITION, IDENTITY AND BEHAVIOR 7226 04:02:58,800 --> 04:03:00,800 IN THE FUTURE, ESPECIALLY WHEN 7227 04:03:00,800 --> 04:03:04,600 ANALYZED IN CONJUNCTION WITH 7228 04:03:04,600 --> 04:03:05,840 CLINICAL, PSYCHOMETRIC OR 7229 04:03:05,840 --> 04:03:06,520 BEHAVIORAL DATA. 7230 04:03:06,520 --> 04:03:09,640 AND A LOOMING CONCERN IS THAT 7231 04:03:09,640 --> 04:03:11,280 ANY SUFFICIENTLY RICH NEURAL 7232 04:03:11,280 --> 04:03:13,400 DATASET MAY BECOME PERSONALLY 7233 04:03:13,400 --> 04:03:15,240 IDENTIFIABLE, EVEN IF SURFACE 7234 04:03:15,240 --> 04:03:18,280 LEVEL IDENTIFIERS HAVE BEEN 7235 04:03:18,280 --> 04:03:18,520 REMOVED. 7236 04:03:18,520 --> 04:03:20,440 THIS CONNECTS TO CHALLENGES IN 7237 04:03:20,440 --> 04:03:22,920 INFORMED CONSENT WHICH MAY BE 7238 04:03:22,920 --> 04:03:24,960 LIMITED INSOFAR AS IT'S NOT YET 7239 04:03:24,960 --> 04:03:26,760 FULLY UNDERSTOOD WHAT NEURAL 7240 04:03:26,760 --> 04:03:28,120 DATA COULD POTENTIALLY REVEAL IN 7241 04:03:28,120 --> 04:03:31,280 THE FUTURE ON HOW THEY MIGHT BE 7242 04:03:31,280 --> 04:03:31,480 USED. 7243 04:03:31,480 --> 04:03:35,120 LEARNING FROM CHALLENGES IN 7244 04:03:35,120 --> 04:03:36,280 STUDYING AND HANDLING GENOMIC 7245 04:03:36,280 --> 04:03:38,000 DATA WHERE SIMILAR CHALLENGES 7246 04:03:38,000 --> 04:03:40,680 WERE INITIALLY PERCEIVED, SOME 7247 04:03:40,680 --> 04:03:43,240 HAVE ADVOCATED FOR A NEURAL 7248 04:03:43,240 --> 04:03:45,440 INFORMATION NON-DISCRIMINATION 7249 04:03:45,440 --> 04:03:47,720 ACT, MODELED OFF OF THE GENETIC 7250 04:03:47,720 --> 04:03:48,680 INFORMATION NON-DISCRIMINATION 7251 04:03:48,680 --> 04:03:51,600 ACT, AND THIS IS SOMETHING THAT 7252 04:03:51,600 --> 04:03:53,280 SCHOLARS HAVE BEEN 7253 04:03:53,280 --> 04:03:53,600 CONTEMPLATING. 7254 04:03:53,600 --> 04:03:55,240 ONCE DATA ARE COLLECTED, 7255 04:03:55,240 --> 04:03:58,320 ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS ARISE 7256 04:03:58,320 --> 04:03:59,960 CONCERNING WHO OWNS NEURAL DATA. 7257 04:03:59,960 --> 04:04:02,000 ARE THE DEVELOPERS OR 7258 04:04:02,000 --> 04:04:04,920 RESEARCHERS THE OWNERS OF NEURAL 7259 04:04:04,920 --> 04:04:05,840 DATA COLLECTED? 7260 04:04:05,840 --> 04:04:07,240 OR MIGHT INDIVIDUAL USERS HAVE A 7261 04:04:07,240 --> 04:04:10,400 CLAIM OF OWNERSHIP AND HAVE A 7262 04:04:10,400 --> 04:04:13,280 SAY IN HOW DATA SHOULD BE SHARED 7263 04:04:13,280 --> 04:04:14,840 OR USED? 7264 04:04:14,840 --> 04:04:18,320 AND THE SCIENTIFIC REPORTING OF 7265 04:04:18,320 --> 04:04:20,480 NEURAL DATA IS A TOPIC THAT'S 7266 04:04:20,480 --> 04:04:22,280 CURRENTLY BEING DISCUSSED BY AN 7267 04:04:22,280 --> 04:04:23,920 IEEE WORKING GROUP ON REPORTING 7268 04:04:23,920 --> 04:04:25,800 STANDARDS FOR AN IN VIVO NEURAL 7269 04:04:25,800 --> 04:04:27,040 INTERFACE RESEARCH. 7270 04:04:27,040 --> 04:04:33,040 SOME OF YOU ATTENDED LAST WEEK'S 7271 04:04:33,040 --> 04:04:35,280 UNESCO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 7272 04:04:35,280 --> 04:04:36,120 ON THE ETHICS OF NEUROTECHNOLOGY 7273 04:04:36,120 --> 04:04:37,120 WHERE THIS PUBLICATION WAS 7274 04:04:37,120 --> 04:04:38,120 ANNOUNCED THAT CALLS ATTENTION 7275 04:04:38,120 --> 04:04:41,080 TO AN INTERNATIONAL GOVERNANCE 7276 04:04:41,080 --> 04:04:42,360 VACUUM IN NEUROTECHNOLOGIES, AND 7277 04:04:42,360 --> 04:04:46,280 CALLS FOR A GLOBAL FRAMEWORK 7278 04:04:46,280 --> 04:04:49,480 THAT CAN OFFER GUIDANCE TO 7279 04:04:49,480 --> 04:04:50,800 REGULATIONS AIMED AT 7280 04:04:50,800 --> 04:04:51,520 SAFEGUARDING INDIVIDUALS IN 7281 04:04:51,520 --> 04:04:53,160 RELATION TO NEUROTECHNOLOGY, 7282 04:04:53,160 --> 04:04:54,640 PARTICULARLY RECOGNIZING THAT 7283 04:04:54,640 --> 04:04:55,200 TECHNOLOGIES THAT RECORD OR 7284 04:04:55,200 --> 04:04:56,880 TRANSMIT BRAIN DATA MAY INTRUDE 7285 04:04:56,880 --> 04:05:03,280 IN UNIQUE WAYS ON MENTAL PRIV 7286 04:05:03,280 --> 04:05:04,240 PRIVACY. 7287 04:05:04,240 --> 04:05:07,120 IN DEVELOPING A SYSTEMATIC 7288 04:05:07,120 --> 04:05:11,280 APPROACH TO NEUROETHICS-INFORMED 7289 04:05:11,280 --> 04:05:11,920 NEURAL INTERFACE DATA SHARING, 7290 04:05:11,920 --> 04:05:13,440 IT'S WORTHWHILE TO BEGIN WITH 7291 04:05:13,440 --> 04:05:14,400 CONSIDERATION OF ISSUES AS THEY 7292 04:05:14,400 --> 04:05:16,680 RELATE TO THE BASIC FRAMEWORK OF 7293 04:05:16,680 --> 04:05:17,880 BIOETHICAL PRINCIPLES, BUT AS 7294 04:05:17,880 --> 04:05:19,000 WE'VE SEEN, THERE ARE SOME 7295 04:05:19,000 --> 04:05:21,600 ISSUES THAT SIMPLY DO NOT MAP 7296 04:05:21,600 --> 04:05:22,640 NEATLY ON TO THE TRADITIONAL 7297 04:05:22,640 --> 04:05:25,000 PRINCIPLES OF BIOETHICS. 7298 04:05:25,000 --> 04:05:27,480 RESPECT FOR THE AUTONOMY AND 7299 04:05:27,480 --> 04:05:28,880 AGENCY OF PARTICIPANTS IN NEURAL 7300 04:05:28,880 --> 04:05:32,080 INTERFACE RESEARCH REQUIRES 7301 04:05:32,080 --> 04:05:33,520 BESPOKE MODELS OF INFORMED 7302 04:05:33,520 --> 04:05:35,960 CONSENT THAT ARE SENSITIZED TO 7303 04:05:35,960 --> 04:05:37,280 THE RAMIFICATIONS OF NEURAL 7304 04:05:37,280 --> 04:05:38,960 DATA, AND WITHIN THESE MODELS, 7305 04:05:38,960 --> 04:05:42,560 WE'VE ARGUED THAT RESEARCHERS 7306 04:05:42,560 --> 04:05:44,560 SHOULD BE EXPLICIT ABOUT 7307 04:05:44,560 --> 04:05:45,800 APPROACHES TO NEURAL DATA 7308 04:05:45,800 --> 04:05:47,560 OWNERSHIP AND SHARING AS A 7309 04:05:47,560 --> 04:05:48,680 ROUTINE PART OF A RIGOROUS 7310 04:05:48,680 --> 04:05:50,120 INFORMED CONSENT PROCESS. 7311 04:05:50,120 --> 04:05:53,040 TO SUPPORT THE AGENCY OF END 7312 04:05:53,040 --> 04:05:55,240 USERS, OPPORTUNITIES ALSO EXIST 7313 04:05:55,240 --> 04:05:57,200 FOR RESEARCHERS TO CONSIDER HOW 7314 04:05:57,200 --> 04:05:59,400 TO EMPOWER INDIVIDUALS WITH 7315 04:05:59,400 --> 04:06:02,160 GREATER CONTROL OVER WHEN AND 7316 04:06:02,160 --> 04:06:04,440 HOW INTRACRANIAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 7317 04:06:04,440 --> 04:06:08,640 DATA WILL BE RECORDED AND SHA 7318 04:06:08,640 --> 04:06:09,000 SHARED. 7319 04:06:09,000 --> 04:06:10,400 PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN AND USER 7320 04:06:10,400 --> 04:06:12,040 CENTERED DESIGN MAY ALSO BE 7321 04:06:12,040 --> 04:06:14,760 PURSUED TO ENSURE THAT IMPLANTED 7322 04:06:14,760 --> 04:06:15,720 NEUROTECHNOLOGIES AND METHODS OF 7323 04:06:15,720 --> 04:06:18,240 DATA RECORDING AND SHARING ALIGN 7324 04:06:18,240 --> 04:06:20,360 CLOSELY WITH PATIENTS' VALUES, 7325 04:06:20,360 --> 04:06:21,000 PRERCHS AND GOALS. 7326 04:06:21,000 --> 04:06:22,560 WHICH IS SOMETHING THAT COULD BE 7327 04:06:22,560 --> 04:06:25,400 LEARNED THROUGH ENGAGEMENT WITH 7328 04:06:25,400 --> 04:06:27,600 COMMUNITIES OF PATIENTS AND 7329 04:06:27,600 --> 04:06:28,800 PATIENT ADVOCATES. 7330 04:06:28,800 --> 04:06:31,240 CONSIDERING THE PRINCIPLES OF 7331 04:06:31,240 --> 04:06:32,880 BENEFICENCE AND NON-MALEFICENCE, 7332 04:06:32,880 --> 04:06:34,960 QUESTIONS RELATING TO THE 7333 04:06:34,960 --> 04:06:35,880 EXPECTED OR UNEXPECTED EFFECTS 7334 04:06:35,880 --> 04:06:39,480 OF RECORDING THE BRAIN NATURALLY 7335 04:06:39,480 --> 04:06:40,680 ARISE. 7336 04:06:40,680 --> 04:06:42,440 IN STRIKING THE RIGHT BALANCE 7337 04:06:42,440 --> 04:06:43,880 HERE, LARGE LEA UNKNOWN 7338 04:06:43,880 --> 04:06:46,960 POTENTIAL FUTURE HARMS MUST BE 7339 04:06:46,960 --> 04:06:49,000 BALANCED AGAINST PROSPECTIVE 7340 04:06:49,000 --> 04:06:50,560 BENEFITS AGAINST INDIVIDUALS, 7341 04:06:50,560 --> 04:06:51,360 THE NEUROSCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY 7342 04:06:51,360 --> 04:06:54,960 AND TO SOCIETY. 7343 04:06:54,960 --> 04:06:57,160 THE PRINCIPLE OF JUSTICE PROMPTS 7344 04:06:57,160 --> 04:06:59,360 FURTHER INQUIRY INTO TOPICS 7345 04:06:59,360 --> 04:07:01,200 SURROUNDING THE POTENTIAL STIGMA 7346 04:07:01,200 --> 04:07:03,640 OR DISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS 7347 04:07:03,640 --> 04:07:07,040 OF INTRACRANIAL NERVE PHYSIOLOGY 7348 04:07:07,040 --> 04:07:07,600 DATA, EQUITY AND ACCESS TO 7349 04:07:07,600 --> 04:07:09,280 NEURAL DATA ENSURING IT DOES NOT 7350 04:07:09,280 --> 04:07:11,000 REMAIN SILOED AT ITS SOURCE, 7351 04:07:11,000 --> 04:07:14,360 WHILE PROTECTING THE PRIVACY OF 7352 04:07:14,360 --> 04:07:15,480 PARTICIPANTS AND 7353 04:07:15,480 --> 04:07:16,080 REPRESENTATIVENESS OF THE 7354 04:07:16,080 --> 04:07:17,720 DATASETS THAT ARE BEING 7355 04:07:17,720 --> 04:07:20,800 COLLECTED. 7356 04:07:20,800 --> 04:07:21,640 RESEARCHERS SHOULD ALSO BE 7357 04:07:21,640 --> 04:07:24,120 MINDFUL OF ISSUES PERTAINING TO 7358 04:07:24,120 --> 04:07:25,440 COMPENSATION FOR NEURAL DATA 7359 04:07:25,440 --> 04:07:27,200 COLLECTION AND USE. 7360 04:07:27,200 --> 04:07:32,680 ESPECIALLY IF AN ULTIMATE GOAL 7361 04:07:32,680 --> 04:07:33,440 IS DEVICE COMMERCIALIZATION. 7362 04:07:33,440 --> 04:07:35,240 IT'S IMPORTANT IN THIS PROCESS 7363 04:07:35,240 --> 04:07:38,520 TO ON THE ONE HAND EXHIBIT 7364 04:07:38,520 --> 04:07:40,600 RESPECT FOR PATIENTS AND 7365 04:07:40,600 --> 04:07:41,480 RECIPROCITY, WHILE ALSO BE 7366 04:07:41,480 --> 04:07:43,840 CAREFUL TO AVOID UNDUE 7367 04:07:43,840 --> 04:07:46,440 INDUCEMENT OR COERCION. 7368 04:07:46,440 --> 04:07:47,560 OPPORTUNITIES ALSO EXIST TO 7369 04:07:47,560 --> 04:07:49,080 DEFINE POST TRIAL 7370 04:07:49,080 --> 04:07:50,320 RESPONSIBILITIES PERTAINING TO 7371 04:07:50,320 --> 04:07:52,880 NEURAL DATA STEWARDSHIP AND HOW 7372 04:07:52,880 --> 04:07:54,720 TO RETURN POTENTIALLY SENSITIVE 7373 04:07:54,720 --> 04:07:57,680 AND SOMETIMES CLINICALLY 7374 04:07:57,680 --> 04:07:59,640 ACTIONABLE RESULTS TO 7375 04:07:59,640 --> 04:08:01,760 PARTICIPANTS AND HOW THESE 7376 04:08:01,760 --> 04:08:05,360 DISCOVERIES SHOULD BE MADE KNOWN 7377 04:08:05,360 --> 04:08:09,480 TO THOSE WHO HAVE SELFLESSLY 7378 04:08:09,480 --> 04:08:10,080 GIVEN THEIR DATA TO RESEARCH 7379 04:08:10,080 --> 04:08:10,360 PROGRAMS. 7380 04:08:10,360 --> 04:08:12,280 A LOT OF THE DISCUSSION TODAY IS 7381 04:08:12,280 --> 04:08:14,680 CENTERED AROUND SHARING OF DATA 7382 04:08:14,680 --> 04:08:17,480 WITH RESEARCH COMMUNITIES AND 7383 04:08:17,480 --> 04:08:19,560 ANOTHER AXIS TO CONTEMPLATE IS 7384 04:08:19,560 --> 04:08:21,840 HOW TO THINK ABOUT SHARING DATA 7385 04:08:21,840 --> 04:08:24,040 BACK TO PARTICIPANTS OR 7386 04:08:24,040 --> 04:08:27,480 SURROGATES. 7387 04:08:27,480 --> 04:08:28,640 FINALLY THERE ARE A WIDE RANGE 7388 04:08:28,640 --> 04:08:31,800 OF VERY INTRIGUING PHILOSOPHICAL 7389 04:08:31,800 --> 04:08:32,560 PUZZLES THAT COME UP IN THIS 7390 04:08:32,560 --> 04:08:34,200 FIELD RELATING TO THE IMPACT OF 7391 04:08:34,200 --> 04:08:35,760 DISCOVERIES FROM ANALYZING 7392 04:08:35,760 --> 04:08:37,120 NEURAL DATA ON NOTIONS OF 7393 04:08:37,120 --> 04:08:38,880 PERSONHOOD, IDENTITY AND 7394 04:08:38,880 --> 04:08:41,400 CONSCIOUSNESS, THE POTENTIAL 7395 04:08:41,400 --> 04:08:44,640 IMPLICATIONS OF THESE DATA ON 7396 04:08:44,640 --> 04:08:46,720 OUR PHILOSOPHICAL UNDERSTANDING, 7397 04:08:46,720 --> 04:08:48,440 OF AGENCY, VOLITION, LEGAL 7398 04:08:48,440 --> 04:08:50,840 NOTIONS OF RESPONSIBILITY AND 7399 04:08:50,840 --> 04:08:52,760 CULPABILITY, AND DEFINING THE 7400 04:08:52,760 --> 04:08:54,520 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NEURONAL 7401 04:08:54,520 --> 04:08:57,840 PROCESSES AND SUBJECTIVE IF HE 7402 04:08:57,840 --> 04:09:07,680 NO, MA'APHENOMENONLOGICAL EXPERR 7403 04:09:07,680 --> 04:09:07,920 QUALIA. 7404 04:09:07,920 --> 04:09:09,280 AND RECOGNIZING SOME OF THESE 7405 04:09:09,280 --> 04:09:10,600 CHALLENGES, EFFORTS TO DESIGN 7406 04:09:10,600 --> 04:09:13,480 ENHANCED MODELS OF INFORMED 7407 04:09:13,480 --> 04:09:14,440 CONSENT FOR NEURAL DATA SHARING 7408 04:09:14,440 --> 04:09:15,640 ARE CRUCIAL TO ENSURE THAT IT 7409 04:09:15,640 --> 04:09:17,480 DOES NOT PROCEED WITHOUT 7410 04:09:17,480 --> 04:09:18,960 COMPREHENSIVE AND CLEAR 7411 04:09:18,960 --> 04:09:19,840 UNDERSTANDING AMONG PARTICIPANTS 7412 04:09:19,840 --> 04:09:21,400 ABOUT THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS, 7413 04:09:21,400 --> 04:09:23,840 RISKS AND VOLUNTARINESS OF DATA 7414 04:09:23,840 --> 04:09:25,000 SHARING. 7415 04:09:25,000 --> 04:09:30,840 IN TANDEM, IT COULD ALLOW 7416 04:09:30,840 --> 04:09:32,520 PARTICIPANTS AN ONGOING AND 7417 04:09:32,520 --> 04:09:34,160 ITERATIVE VOICE IN HOW IF AT ALL 7418 04:09:34,160 --> 04:09:35,040 THEY WOULD LIKE THEIR NEURAL 7419 04:09:35,040 --> 04:09:36,440 DATA AND POTENTIAL INFERENCES TO 7420 04:09:36,440 --> 04:09:38,360 BE DRAWN FROM THEM TO BE 7421 04:09:38,360 --> 04:09:39,000 RETURNED BOTH INDIVIDUALLY AND 7422 04:09:39,000 --> 04:09:40,520 SHARED WITH THE BROADER 7423 04:09:40,520 --> 04:09:42,840 COMMUNITY, EITHER IN CONTROLLED 7424 04:09:42,840 --> 04:09:46,800 ACCESS, FEDERATED ACCESS OR OPEN 7425 04:09:46,800 --> 04:09:51,400 ACCESS REPOSITORIES. 7426 04:09:51,400 --> 04:09:52,600 THIS REFLECTS BROADER MOMENTUM 7427 04:09:52,600 --> 04:09:53,880 IN OUR HOPES TO ESTABLISH AN 7428 04:09:53,880 --> 04:09:55,480 OPEN ACCESS LIBRARY OF VETTED 7429 04:09:55,480 --> 04:09:58,680 AND BROADLY ACCESSIBLE TOOLS AND 7430 04:09:58,680 --> 04:10:01,320 ETHICS RESOURCES TO FOSTER 7431 04:10:01,320 --> 04:10:03,440 RESPONSIBLE TRANSLATION OF 7432 04:10:03,440 --> 04:10:04,720 NEUROTECHNOLOGIES AND NEURAL 7433 04:10:04,720 --> 04:10:05,560 DATA SHARING ACROSS THE 7434 04:10:05,560 --> 04:10:11,160 DEVELOPMENT LIFECYCLE. 7435 04:10:11,160 --> 04:10:11,800 THANK YOU SO MUCH. 7436 04:10:11,800 --> 04:10:13,120 THAT'S THE END OF MY TALK. 7437 04:10:13,120 --> 04:10:14,880 HAPPY TO TAKE ANY QUESTIONS, BY 7438 04:10:14,880 --> 04:10:17,480 NOW OR BY EMAIL. 7439 04:10:17,480 --> 04:10:21,440 [APPLAUSE] 7440 04:10:21,440 --> 04:10:23,240 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH, DR. YOUNG. 7441 04:10:23,240 --> 04:10:24,160 WE'LL HAVE A QUICK 7442 04:10:24,160 --> 04:10:25,000 PRESENTATION -- OR QUICK 7443 04:10:25,000 --> 04:10:27,280 QUESTION FOR DR. YOUNG, AND THEN 7444 04:10:27,280 --> 04:10:28,960 WE'RE GOING TO THE ENTIRE PANEL 7445 04:10:28,960 --> 04:10:32,000 DISCUSSION. 7446 04:10:32,000 --> 04:10:33,640 >>THANKS FOR THAT PRESENTATION. 7447 04:10:33,640 --> 04:10:41,360 CAN YOU GO BACK FOUR SLIDES? 7448 04:10:41,360 --> 04:10:42,640 GREAT, THANKS. 7449 04:10:42,640 --> 04:10:43,080 SO I AGREE WITH ALL. 7450 04:10:43,080 --> 04:10:45,080 IF I LOOK AT THE FIRST THREE 7451 04:10:45,080 --> 04:10:50,040 CATEGORIES, AUTONOMY AGENCY, 7452 04:10:50,040 --> 04:10:51,360 BENEFICENCE/NON-MALEFICENCE, 7453 04:10:51,360 --> 04:10:52,000 JUSTICE/NEURORIGHTS, THOSE SEEM 7454 04:10:52,000 --> 04:10:54,600 TO BE PRETTY FOR LACK OF A 7455 04:10:54,600 --> 04:10:55,480 BETTER TERM GENERIC. 7456 04:10:55,480 --> 04:10:56,680 I WOULD THINK THAT COULD APPLY 7457 04:10:56,680 --> 04:10:58,000 TO ANYTHING TO DO WITH HUMANS, 7458 04:10:58,000 --> 04:10:59,800 BUT IT'S REALLY YOUR FINAL BULL 7459 04:10:59,800 --> 04:11:01,680 HE ET, THE PHILOSOPHICAL ISSUES, 7460 04:11:01,680 --> 04:11:04,600 THAT EARN THE TITLE NEUROIN 7461 04:11:04,600 --> 04:11:04,880 NEUROETHICS. 7462 04:11:04,880 --> 04:11:05,560 CAN YOU COMMENT ON THAT? 7463 04:11:05,560 --> 04:11:08,840 IT SEEMS THAT THE KINDS OF DATA 7464 04:11:08,840 --> 04:11:11,200 THAT WE ARE OBTAINING, THEY'RE 7465 04:11:11,200 --> 04:11:11,760 SPECIAL, THEY'RE DIFFERENT, 7466 04:11:11,760 --> 04:11:16,120 BECAUSE THEY DO IMPACT OR 7467 04:11:16,120 --> 04:11:17,040 INFLUENCE WHO WE ARE AS 7468 04:11:17,040 --> 04:11:17,560 INDIVIDUALS. 7469 04:11:17,560 --> 04:11:19,400 SO CAN YOU MAYBE -- IF YOU 7470 04:11:19,400 --> 04:11:20,480 AGREE, COULD YOU EXPAND ON THAT 7471 04:11:20,480 --> 04:11:21,120 A LITTLE BIT? 7472 04:11:21,120 --> 04:11:21,800 >>THANK YOU. 7473 04:11:21,800 --> 04:11:25,360 AND I THINK THAT'S EXACTLY THE 7474 04:11:25,360 --> 04:11:27,240 RIGHT QUESTION TO BE ASKING. 7475 04:11:27,240 --> 04:11:28,240 THE PHILOSOPHICAL DIE MENGES OF 7476 04:11:28,240 --> 04:11:30,160 THE DATA THAT ARE BEING SHARED, 7477 04:11:30,160 --> 04:11:32,560 WHAT WE CAN LEARN FROM NEURAL 7478 04:11:32,560 --> 04:11:35,720 DATA ABOUT WHAT IT MEANS TO BE 7479 04:11:35,720 --> 04:11:36,920 HUMAN, WHAT IS CONSCIOUSNESS, 7480 04:11:36,920 --> 04:11:40,600 HOW DO WE DEFINE AND 7481 04:11:40,600 --> 04:11:43,040 OPERATIONALIZE OUR CONCEPTS OF 7482 04:11:43,040 --> 04:11:45,640 SELF, PERSONHOOD, IDENTITY, 7483 04:11:45,640 --> 04:11:47,560 THESE ARE ALL CRITICAL QUESTIONS 7484 04:11:47,560 --> 04:11:49,680 THAT I THINK CAN BE PERHAPS NOT 7485 04:11:49,680 --> 04:11:53,480 UNIQUELY BUT IN A VERY SPECIAL 7486 04:11:53,480 --> 04:11:58,000 WAY ADDRESSED BY INTRACRANIAL 7487 04:11:58,000 --> 04:11:59,360 NEUROPHYSIOLOGY DATA AND OTHER 7488 04:11:59,360 --> 04:12:01,040 FORMS OF NEURODATA. 7489 04:12:01,040 --> 04:12:03,320 AS WAS MENTIONED IN PREVIOUS 7490 04:12:03,320 --> 04:12:05,440 TALKS, COMBINING THESE DATA WITH 7491 04:12:05,440 --> 04:12:07,680 OTHER METRICS LIE BEHAVIOR AND 7492 04:12:07,680 --> 04:12:08,720 BEHAVIORAL OUTPUTS, I THINK WILL 7493 04:12:08,720 --> 04:12:09,880 BE CRUCIAL. 7494 04:12:09,880 --> 04:12:10,480 BUT TO THE EXTENT THAT THESE 7495 04:12:10,480 --> 04:12:11,640 DATA AND THE INFERENCES THAT 7496 04:12:11,640 --> 04:12:14,480 COULD BE DRAWN FROM THEM MIGHT 7497 04:12:14,480 --> 04:12:16,760 SHED LIGHT ON AGE-OLD 7498 04:12:16,760 --> 04:12:19,760 PHILOSOPHICAL QUESTIONS, I WOULD 7499 04:12:19,760 --> 04:12:21,240 ARGUE REALLY PUTS THESE DATA IN 7500 04:12:21,240 --> 04:12:22,760 A SPECIAL CATEGORY OF 7501 04:12:22,760 --> 04:12:26,360 CONSIDERATION WHEN IT COMES TO 7502 04:12:26,360 --> 04:12:27,440 ETHICAL ANALYSIS AND 7503 04:12:27,440 --> 04:12:32,920 PHILOSOPHICAL IMPLICATIONS. 7504 04:12:32,920 --> 04:12:34,240 >>OKAY. 7505 04:12:34,240 --> 04:12:35,040 THANK YOU. 7506 04:12:35,040 --> 04:12:38,000 AND NOW I'M GOING TO OPEN THE 7507 04:12:38,000 --> 04:12:39,320 FULL PANEL DISCUSSION AND FIRST 7508 04:12:39,320 --> 04:12:42,960 TURN IT TOWARDS OUR RESEARCH 7509 04:12:42,960 --> 04:12:44,280 PARTICIPANT MEMBERS WHO ARE 7510 04:12:44,280 --> 04:12:45,080 PARTICIPATING IN THIS WORKSHOP 7511 04:12:45,080 --> 04:12:47,640 TO ASK IF YOU HAVE INITIAL 7512 04:12:47,640 --> 04:12:49,240 THOUGHTS THAT YOU WANT TO SHARE 7513 04:12:49,240 --> 04:12:53,160 WITH THE GROUP BEFORE WE END UP 7514 04:12:53,160 --> 04:12:53,920 DISCUSSING UNTIL LATE IN THE 7515 04:12:53,920 --> 04:13:02,000 NIGHT. 7516 04:13:02,000 --> 04:13:02,360 OKAY. 7517 04:13:02,360 --> 04:13:04,400 YOU CAN THINK ABOUT IT AND 7518 04:13:04,400 --> 04:13:05,600 INTERRUPT US WHENEVER YOU FEEL 7519 04:13:05,600 --> 04:13:06,480 SO INCLINED. 7520 04:13:06,480 --> 04:13:08,280 SO LET ME THEN OPEN THE 7521 04:13:08,280 --> 04:13:13,280 DISCUSSION BY ASKING, SO THIS 7522 04:13:13,280 --> 04:13:14,000 WORKSHOP IS ABOUT -- PART OF THE 7523 04:13:14,000 --> 04:13:16,040 GOALS OF THIS WORKSHOP IS TO 7524 04:13:16,040 --> 04:13:18,720 IDENTIFY WHAT ARE OUR MOST HIGH 7525 04:13:18,720 --> 04:13:20,800 RISK TYPES OF DATA. 7526 04:13:20,800 --> 04:13:23,440 SO BASED ON WHAT WE'VE BEEN 7527 04:13:23,440 --> 04:13:25,440 DISCUSSING, WE'VE HEARD ABOUT 7528 04:13:25,440 --> 04:13:27,240 SEVERAL FEATURES OR PRACTICES 7529 04:13:27,240 --> 04:13:27,840 THAT MIGHT BE ASSOCIATED WITH 7530 04:13:27,840 --> 04:13:28,440 INCREASED RISK. 7531 04:13:28,440 --> 04:13:32,520 BUT I'VE ALSO HEARD COME UP AS A 7532 04:13:32,520 --> 04:13:34,640 THEME THROUGHOUT THIS DISCUSSION 7533 04:13:34,640 --> 04:13:35,520 HOW WE SHOULD MANAGE THOSE 7534 04:13:35,520 --> 04:13:36,080 RISKS. 7535 04:13:36,080 --> 04:13:40,320 SO WE'VE TALKED ABOUT POLICIES, 7536 04:13:40,320 --> 04:13:42,080 REGULATIONS, RIGHTS, THINGS LIKE 7537 04:13:42,080 --> 04:13:46,600 THAT. 7538 04:13:46,600 --> 04:13:48,360 NOT -- AND THOSE MAY HAVE A VERY 7539 04:13:48,360 --> 04:13:49,320 IMPORTANT ROLE IN THESE 7540 04:13:49,320 --> 04:13:52,120 CONVERSATIONS, BUT I WONDER 7541 04:13:52,120 --> 04:13:53,480 ABOUT THE THINGS WE COULD DO AS 7542 04:13:53,480 --> 04:13:55,400 A RESEARCH COMMUNITY, OTHER THAN 7543 04:13:55,400 --> 04:13:57,040 LOBBY OUR GOVERNMENTS FOR THOSE 7544 04:13:57,040 --> 04:13:59,760 RIGHTS OR OUR PROTECTIONS. 7545 04:13:59,760 --> 04:14:01,480 WHAT SHOULD WE BE FOCUSING ON? 7546 04:14:01,480 --> 04:14:04,360 SHOULD WE BE FOCUSING ON TRYING 7547 04:14:04,360 --> 04:14:06,200 TO PROTECT PEOPLE'S -- FROM 7548 04:14:06,200 --> 04:14:08,000 BEING REIDENTIFIED, SHOULD WE BE 7549 04:14:08,000 --> 04:14:09,880 FOCUSING ON CONTROLLING ACCESS 7550 04:14:09,880 --> 04:14:12,200 TO THE DATA? 7551 04:14:12,200 --> 04:14:21,040 WHAT SHOULD WE BE FOCUSING ON? 7552 04:14:21,040 --> 04:14:23,480 >>GIVEN THE WAY THAT THE LAST 7553 04:14:23,480 --> 04:14:24,880 PRESENTATION WENT, IT WOULD BE 7554 04:14:24,880 --> 04:14:28,480 USEFUL AS YOU'RE DOING THAT TO 7555 04:14:28,480 --> 04:14:30,640 THINK ABOUT IN THIS REGARD AS 7556 04:14:30,640 --> 04:14:31,640 DISTINCT FROM OTHER DATA 7557 04:14:31,640 --> 04:14:33,120 MANAGEMENT OR OTHER HUMAN 7558 04:14:33,120 --> 04:14:34,440 RESEARCH PROTECTION, IF THERE 7559 04:14:34,440 --> 04:14:38,920 NEEDS TO BE SOMETHING SPECIAL OR 7560 04:14:38,920 --> 04:14:40,360 UNIQUE IN ADDITION TO AND 7561 04:14:40,360 --> 04:14:41,480 BEYOND. 7562 04:14:41,480 --> 04:14:43,240 SO THERE WAS THROWING UP THERE 7563 04:14:43,240 --> 04:14:46,640 THE POSSIBILITY OF AND INFORMED 7564 04:14:46,640 --> 04:14:47,160 CONSENT DIFFERENCE. 7565 04:14:47,160 --> 04:14:49,880 THE ONLY THING I COULD SEE THAT 7566 04:14:49,880 --> 04:14:52,360 WAS DIFFERENT WAS AN INFERENCE 7567 04:14:52,360 --> 04:14:52,800 ABOUT MEMORIES. 7568 04:14:52,800 --> 04:14:54,480 THE REST OF IT ALL COULD BE 7569 04:14:54,480 --> 04:14:55,520 INFERRED FROM ANY OTHER DATA 7570 04:14:55,520 --> 04:14:57,480 THAT'S BEING COLLECTED ABOUT A 7571 04:14:57,480 --> 04:14:57,720 PERSON. 7572 04:14:57,720 --> 04:15:00,880 SO THINKING ABOUT WHAT SHOULD 7573 04:15:00,880 --> 04:15:02,600 FOR A RESEARCH COMMUNITY BE DONE 7574 04:15:02,600 --> 04:15:05,080 AND SHOULD IT BE CARVED OUT, 7575 04:15:05,080 --> 04:15:08,720 ESPECIALLY FROM OTHER HUMAN 7576 04:15:08,720 --> 04:15:18,120 RESEARCH PROTECTION OR NOT? 7577 04:15:18,120 --> 04:15:20,320 >>I CAN GET STARTED ON THAT 7578 04:15:20,320 --> 04:15:20,480 ONE. 7579 04:15:20,480 --> 04:15:23,240 FOR ME, I THINK IT'S IDENTIFY 7580 04:15:23,240 --> 04:15:24,800 IDENTIFIABILITY, IS JUST THE KEY 7581 04:15:24,800 --> 04:15:26,040 THING. 7582 04:15:26,040 --> 04:15:27,120 WHO CARES WHAT YOU CAN INFER 7583 04:15:27,120 --> 04:15:27,880 ABOUT SOMEONE IF YOU DON'T KNOW 7584 04:15:27,880 --> 04:15:28,560 WHO IT IS? 7585 04:15:28,560 --> 04:15:29,760 THAT SEEMS FULL STOP LIKE THE 7586 04:15:29,760 --> 04:15:31,120 MOST IMPORTANT THING. 7587 04:15:31,120 --> 04:15:32,680 ALSO, PROBABLY THE HARDEST TO 7588 04:15:32,680 --> 04:15:34,000 ACTUALLY KIND OF LOCK DOWN. 7589 04:15:34,000 --> 04:15:37,120 LIKE I THINK MAKING SOMETHING 7590 04:15:37,120 --> 04:15:39,320 FUNDAMENTALLY NOT IDENTIFIABLE 7591 04:15:39,320 --> 04:15:40,360 MEANS ALSO MAKING THAT DATA 7592 04:15:40,360 --> 04:15:40,760 USELESS. 7593 04:15:40,760 --> 04:15:41,920 MAYBE THAT'S A STRONG STATEMENT, 7594 04:15:41,920 --> 04:15:43,960 BUT I THINK IT'S HARD. 7595 04:15:43,960 --> 04:15:45,840 >>I'M GOING TO THROW OUT ONE 7596 04:15:45,840 --> 04:15:47,320 OBJECTION TO THAT, THAT IT MAY 7597 04:15:47,320 --> 04:15:53,120 NOT JUST BE IDENTIFYING AN 7598 04:15:53,120 --> 04:15:55,040 INDIVIDUAL, BUT IT COULD BE 7599 04:15:55,040 --> 04:15:55,560 IDENTIFYING A GROUP. 7600 04:15:55,560 --> 04:16:02,080 SO YOU COULD THINK OF A PROGRAM 7601 04:16:02,080 --> 04:16:04,920 THAT CAN BE USED TO IDENTIFY 7602 04:16:04,920 --> 04:16:06,400 COMMUNISTS VERSUS REPUBLICANS. 7603 04:16:06,400 --> 04:16:08,520 SO AS A GROUP, I THINK PEOPLE 7604 04:16:08,520 --> 04:16:11,280 COULD OBJECT TO HAVING THEIR 7605 04:16:11,280 --> 04:16:15,240 DATA USED. 7606 04:16:15,240 --> 04:16:18,320 >>I ACTUALLY THINK THE MORE I 7607 04:16:18,320 --> 04:16:21,040 LISTEN TO BOTH PANELS, THE MORE 7608 04:16:21,040 --> 04:16:24,360 I THINK IDENTIFIABILITY IS A 7609 04:16:24,360 --> 04:16:25,280 SORT OF RED HERRING ALMOST. 7610 04:16:25,280 --> 04:16:26,640 I DON'T THINK WE CAN PROTECT IT 7611 04:16:26,640 --> 04:16:30,160 THAT WELL, NUMBER ONE. 7612 04:16:30,160 --> 04:16:33,480 AND ALSO HERE ARE THESE THINGS 7613 04:16:33,480 --> 04:16:34,760 LIKE YOU'RE ACCESSING PEOPLE'S 7614 04:16:34,760 --> 04:16:35,200 IDEAS, RIGHT? 7615 04:16:35,200 --> 04:16:36,680 AND YOU TALKED ABOUT 7616 04:16:36,680 --> 04:16:38,760 IMPLICATIONS ON PERSONHOOD. 7617 04:16:38,760 --> 04:16:42,040 I MEAN, THOSE ARE BIG NOTIONS 7618 04:16:42,040 --> 04:16:44,200 THAT HAVE NOTHING TO DO WITH 7619 04:16:44,200 --> 04:16:44,880 IDENTIFIABILITY. 7620 04:16:44,880 --> 04:16:46,720 THOSE ARE THINGS THAT IT SEEMS 7621 04:16:46,720 --> 04:16:50,400 LIKE WE SHOULD ALL CARE ABOUT, 7622 04:16:50,400 --> 04:16:52,160 BUT DO WE WANT TO DO SOMETHING 7623 04:16:52,160 --> 04:16:54,680 WITH THE DATA TO PROTECT AGAINST 7624 04:16:54,680 --> 04:16:55,040 THAT? 7625 04:16:55,040 --> 04:16:56,040 I DON'T KNOW THE ANSWER. 7626 04:16:56,040 --> 04:16:57,160 I'M JUST RAISING THE QUESTION. 7627 04:16:57,160 --> 04:16:58,800 I DON'T THINK IDENTIFIABILITY IS 7628 04:16:58,800 --> 04:17:01,320 THE BIGGEST PROBLEM. 7629 04:17:01,320 --> 04:17:03,160 >>I THINK IT'S NOT JUST THAT 7630 04:17:03,160 --> 04:17:04,840 IT'S THE BIGGEST PROBLEM. 7631 04:17:04,840 --> 04:17:06,040 I THINK THAT IT'S SHOWN TIME AND 7632 04:17:06,040 --> 04:17:08,480 AGAIN TO FAIL, AND INCREASINGLY 7633 04:17:08,480 --> 04:17:10,320 IF NEURAL SIGNATURES BECOME 7634 04:17:10,320 --> 04:17:13,440 POSSIBLE, I THINK MY HOPE IS TO 7635 04:17:13,440 --> 04:17:15,160 MOVE BEYOND IDENTIFIABILITY AS 7636 04:17:15,160 --> 04:17:17,120 THE WAY IN WHICH WE TRY TO 7637 04:17:17,120 --> 04:17:18,520 PROTECT DATA BECAUSE I DON'T 7638 04:17:18,520 --> 04:17:21,640 THINK THAT HAS WORKED. 7639 04:17:21,640 --> 04:17:24,200 BUT THESE IDEAS ABOUT MEMORIES 7640 04:17:24,200 --> 04:17:29,160 OR INTENTIONALITY, YOU KNOW, 7641 04:17:29,160 --> 04:17:29,800 CONOR, YOU SAID EEG DATA IS 7642 04:17:29,800 --> 04:17:30,120 BORING. 7643 04:17:30,120 --> 04:17:32,400 I KNOW YOU DIDN'T MEAN IT 7644 04:17:32,400 --> 04:17:34,040 ENTIRELY, BUT ONE THING I HEAR A 7645 04:17:34,040 --> 04:17:35,440 LOT IS WHEN PEOPLE SAY, YOU 7646 04:17:35,440 --> 04:17:36,800 KNOW, RIGHT NOW YOU CAN LEARN A 7647 04:17:36,800 --> 04:17:40,560 LOT MORE FROM MY TEXT MESSAGES 7648 04:17:40,560 --> 04:17:42,480 AND MY PHONE AND MY GPS LOCATION 7649 04:17:42,480 --> 04:17:43,400 AND THE COMBINATION OF ALL OF 7650 04:17:43,400 --> 04:17:45,480 THOSE DIFFERENT CENTERS THAN YOU 7651 04:17:45,480 --> 04:17:46,080 COULD FROM ANY OF THE BRAIN 7652 04:17:46,080 --> 04:17:46,280 DATA. 7653 04:17:46,280 --> 04:17:47,320 YOU COULD MAKE INFERENCES ABOUT 7654 04:17:47,320 --> 04:17:50,080 MY IDEAS, MY MEMORY, MY 7655 04:17:50,080 --> 04:17:51,320 INTENTIONS, HOW LONG I SPEND ON 7656 04:17:51,320 --> 04:17:54,000 A TIK TOK VIDEO WILL GIVE YOU A 7657 04:17:54,000 --> 04:17:57,160 VERY ACCURATE ALGORITHMIC 7658 04:17:57,160 --> 04:17:57,560 INTERPRETATION. 7659 04:17:57,560 --> 04:17:59,480 I DON'T SURF TIK TOK, I'M JUST 7660 04:17:59,480 --> 04:18:02,120 SAYING, BUT THE POINT IS, LIKE, 7661 04:18:02,120 --> 04:18:03,600 WHAT IS IT BOTH TODAY AND IN THE 7662 04:18:03,600 --> 04:18:07,000 FUTURE THAT WE THINK THE 7663 04:18:07,000 --> 04:18:08,200 ADDITION OF BRAIN DATA GETS YOU? 7664 04:18:08,200 --> 04:18:10,880 WHAT IS THE UNEXPRESSED THROUGH 7665 04:18:10,880 --> 04:18:12,240 EVERYTHING ELSE, HEART RATE, 7666 04:18:12,240 --> 04:18:14,200 PUPILLARY RESPONSE, FACIAL 7667 04:18:14,200 --> 04:18:15,480 RECOGNITION, SWIPING, HOW LONG 7668 04:18:15,480 --> 04:18:17,800 YOU SPEND ON A VIDEO, ET CETERA, 7669 04:18:17,800 --> 04:18:21,040 ET CETERA, THAT BRAIN DATA, IF 7670 04:18:21,040 --> 04:18:21,920 THERE IS SOMETHING ADDITIONAL 7671 04:18:21,920 --> 04:18:23,920 THAT IT PROVIDES, THAT REQUIRES 7672 04:18:23,920 --> 04:18:24,880 SOME ADDITIONAL LEVEL OF 7673 04:18:24,880 --> 04:18:31,720 PROTECTION? 7674 04:18:31,720 --> 04:18:34,800 >>FOR ME, I WOULD SAY BEING 7675 04:18:34,800 --> 04:18:35,360 IDENTIFIED ISN'T THE BIGGEST 7676 04:18:35,360 --> 04:18:35,600 PROBLEM. 7677 04:18:35,600 --> 04:18:36,440 FOR ME, IT WOULD BE MORE AROUND 7678 04:18:36,440 --> 04:18:37,640 THE CONSENT, MAKING SURE I 7679 04:18:37,640 --> 04:18:39,280 UNDERSTAND IT, MAKING SURE THAT 7680 04:18:39,280 --> 04:18:41,920 IT IS A DYNAMIC CONSENT WHERE I 7681 04:18:41,920 --> 04:18:43,760 COULD PULL BACK MY INFORMATION 7682 04:18:43,760 --> 04:18:45,840 IF I FIND OUT SOME COMPANY IS 7683 04:18:45,840 --> 04:18:46,360 MISUSING MY INFORMATION. 7684 04:18:46,360 --> 04:18:48,160 SO FOR ME, IT'S NOT ABOUT BEING 7685 04:18:48,160 --> 04:18:48,680 IDENTIFIED. 7686 04:18:48,680 --> 04:18:49,680 I THINK THERE'S A LOT OF 7687 04:18:49,680 --> 04:18:51,280 PATIENTS OUT THERE WHO ARE HAPPY 7688 04:18:51,280 --> 04:18:53,360 TO BE IDENTIFIED BECAUSE THEY 7689 04:18:53,360 --> 04:18:58,360 THINK THAT IT MAY HELP FIND A 7690 04:18:58,360 --> 04:18:59,320 CURE OR SOMETHING FOR THEIR 7691 04:18:59,320 --> 04:19:00,720 DISEASE, BUT IT IS OUR CONSENT, 7692 04:19:00,720 --> 04:19:02,320 IT'S HOW OUR DATA IS BEING USED, 7693 04:19:02,320 --> 04:19:04,760 WHO'S USING IT AND IN WHAT 7694 04:19:04,760 --> 04:19:05,360 MANNER, AND THEN WHERE IS THE 7695 04:19:05,360 --> 04:19:06,800 DATA GOING AFTER THAT, RIGHT? 7696 04:19:06,800 --> 04:19:07,920 WE SEE A LOT OF COMPANIES THAT 7697 04:19:07,920 --> 04:19:09,520 ARE PACKAGING UP OUR DATA AND 7698 04:19:09,520 --> 04:19:12,400 RESELLING IT, SO HOW DO YOU 7699 04:19:12,400 --> 04:19:14,440 PROTECT US FROM THAT SIDE OF IT 7700 04:19:14,440 --> 04:19:17,920 AS WELL? 7701 04:19:17,920 --> 04:19:22,600 >>AGREED, AND TO ECHO SOME OF 7702 04:19:22,600 --> 04:19:23,840 THE POINTS THAT WERE RAISED 7703 04:19:23,840 --> 04:19:26,040 EARLIER, WHAT STRUCK ME FROM 7704 04:19:26,040 --> 04:19:28,760 MANY OF THE EARLIER TALKS WAS AN 7705 04:19:28,760 --> 04:19:29,920 EMPHASIS ON THE INCREASING 7706 04:19:29,920 --> 04:19:33,320 POTENTIAL DIAGNOSTIC UTILITY OF 7707 04:19:33,320 --> 04:19:34,880 SOME OF THESE DATASET, AND AS WE 7708 04:19:34,880 --> 04:19:37,960 THINK ABOUT COLLECTING DATA, 7709 04:19:37,960 --> 04:19:39,600 THAT MIGHT NOT NOW HAVE 7710 04:19:39,600 --> 04:19:40,720 DIAGNOSTIC IMPLICATIONS BUT 7711 04:19:40,720 --> 04:19:44,360 MAYBE IN 10 YEARS OR SOME 7712 04:19:44,360 --> 04:19:47,920 UNDEFINED FUTURE MIGHT HAVE SOME 7713 04:19:47,920 --> 04:19:49,120 IMPLICATIONS FOR WHAT SOMEBODY'S 7714 04:19:49,120 --> 04:19:52,520 BRAIN HEALTH MIGHT BE LIKE, 7715 04:19:52,520 --> 04:19:54,280 BRAIN DISEASES, HOW DO WE THINK 7716 04:19:54,280 --> 04:19:57,320 ABOUT RETURNING THOSE RESULTS TO 7717 04:19:57,320 --> 04:20:00,040 INDIVIDUALS AND DISCLOSING THAT 7718 04:20:00,040 --> 04:20:01,320 INFORMATION IN A RESPONSIBLE 7719 04:20:01,320 --> 04:20:02,320 WAY? 7720 04:20:02,320 --> 04:20:04,760 AND THAT'S SORT OF ANOTHER AXIS 7721 04:20:04,760 --> 04:20:06,040 OF DATA SHARING BEYOND SHARING 7722 04:20:06,040 --> 04:20:07,280 DATA WITH RESEARCH COMMUNITIES 7723 04:20:07,280 --> 04:20:11,440 AND THE PUBLIC THAT SHOULD BE 7724 04:20:11,440 --> 04:20:16,520 CONTEMPLATED PROACTIVELY. 7725 04:20:16,520 --> 04:20:18,120 >>CAN I ASK A QUESTION OF ALEX 7726 04:20:18,120 --> 04:20:21,400 ON THIS PIECE WHICH IS, ALEX, 7727 04:20:21,400 --> 04:20:23,240 YOU THREW OUT THE SLIDE THAT 7728 04:20:23,240 --> 04:20:23,840 DIDN'T GO INTO THE DETAILS ON 7729 04:20:23,840 --> 04:20:26,040 THE CLASSIFIER TRAINED ON ONE 7730 04:20:26,040 --> 04:20:27,960 PERSON COULD BE ACCURATELY USED 7731 04:20:27,960 --> 04:20:28,560 ON ANOTHER. 7732 04:20:28,560 --> 04:20:30,000 CAN YOU UNPACK THAT A LITTLE BIT 7733 04:20:30,000 --> 04:20:31,200 BECAUSE THIS IS ONE OF THE 7734 04:20:31,200 --> 04:20:32,880 THINGS I'VE BEEN CURIOUS ABOUT, 7735 04:20:32,880 --> 04:20:33,800 WHICH IS THE EXTENT TO WHICH IF 7736 04:20:33,800 --> 04:20:37,520 BRAIN DATA IS SHARED, WHAT CAN 7737 04:20:37,520 --> 04:20:39,720 BE INFERRED FROM IF YOU DON'T 7738 04:20:39,720 --> 04:20:40,320 HAVE THE CLASSIFIER MODEL? 7739 04:20:40,320 --> 04:20:41,560 AND MAYBE IT VARIES BY THE KIND 7740 04:20:41,560 --> 04:20:44,040 OF BRAIN DATA, BUT YOU KNOW, CAN 7741 04:20:44,040 --> 04:20:45,160 YOU EXTRACT MEMORIES IF YOU'RE 7742 04:20:45,160 --> 04:20:46,200 SHARING BRAIN DATA BUT YOU DON'T 7743 04:20:46,200 --> 04:20:47,400 HAVE THE CLASSIFIER, AND IS 7744 04:20:47,400 --> 04:20:49,120 THERE STILL VALUE IN SHARING THE 7745 04:20:49,120 --> 04:20:50,040 DATA ITSELF? 7746 04:20:50,040 --> 04:20:52,200 LIKE CAN RESEARCHERS USE IT FOR 7747 04:20:52,200 --> 04:20:54,240 THE PURPOSES IF THEY DON'T HAVE 7748 04:20:54,240 --> 04:20:55,520 THE CLASSIFIER THAT IS TRAINED 7749 04:20:55,520 --> 04:20:57,480 ON THE INDIVIDUAL OR THE DECODER 7750 04:20:57,480 --> 04:20:58,640 RING OR HOWEVER YOU WOULD PHRASE 7751 04:20:58,640 --> 04:21:00,320 IT ON THE PERSON THEMSELVES? 7752 04:21:00,320 --> 04:21:05,280 >>YEAH, SO THIS IS VERY MUCH 7753 04:21:05,280 --> 04:21:08,280 LIKE A STATEMENT ABOUT WHAT WE 7754 04:21:08,280 --> 04:21:10,080 CAN DO CURRENTLY AND WE REALLY 7755 04:21:10,080 --> 04:21:12,200 DON'T KNOW WHAT THIS IS GOING TO 7756 04:21:12,200 --> 04:21:13,360 LOOK LIKE IN THE FUTURE, RIGHT? 7757 04:21:13,360 --> 04:21:16,960 BUT AS WE HEARD A LOT THIS 7758 04:21:16,960 --> 04:21:17,640 MORNING, YOUR BRAIN STRUCTURE IS 7759 04:21:17,640 --> 04:21:19,160 LIKE A FINGERPRINT. 7760 04:21:19,160 --> 04:21:22,360 EVERYBODY'S BRAIN IS UNIQUELY 7761 04:21:22,360 --> 04:21:24,400 FOLDED AND EVEN BEYOND THAT, IF 7762 04:21:24,400 --> 04:21:26,160 YOU UNFOLDED THE BRAIN, BLEW IT 7763 04:21:26,160 --> 04:21:27,280 UP INTO A BALLOON AND TRIED TO 7764 04:21:27,280 --> 04:21:31,240 LINE IT UP ON OTHER PEOPLE'S 7765 04:21:31,240 --> 04:21:31,920 BRAINS, IT DOESN'T ACTUALLY LINE 7766 04:21:31,920 --> 04:21:32,160 UP. 7767 04:21:32,160 --> 04:21:33,920 EVERYBODY HAS A VISUAL CORTEX IN 7768 04:21:33,920 --> 04:21:36,000 THE SAME PLACE, EVERYBODY HAS AN 7769 04:21:36,000 --> 04:21:36,560 AUDITORY CORTEX IN THE SAME 7770 04:21:36,560 --> 04:21:38,040 PLACE, BUT THE DETAILED WHERE 7771 04:21:38,040 --> 04:21:38,800 EXACTLY ALL THE LITTLE 7772 04:21:38,800 --> 04:21:41,360 FUNCTIONAL AREAS ARE ENDS UP 7773 04:21:41,360 --> 04:21:44,920 BEING DIFFERENT IN EACH PERSON. 7774 04:21:44,920 --> 04:21:46,760 SO I THINK THERE ARE ACTUALLY 7775 04:21:46,760 --> 04:21:49,040 GOING TO BE STRONG FUNDAMENTAL 7776 04:21:49,040 --> 04:21:52,760 LIMITS ON WHAT YOU CAN INFER 7777 04:21:52,760 --> 04:21:53,440 FROM FUNCTIONAL DATA WHERE YOU 7778 04:21:53,440 --> 04:21:54,800 HAVE NO OTHER SORT OF REFERENCE 7779 04:21:54,800 --> 04:21:56,360 DATA FOR A PERSON. 7780 04:21:56,360 --> 04:21:58,120 I THINK -- I WOULD BE CONFIDENT 7781 04:21:58,120 --> 04:21:59,480 IN SAYING LIKE THERE IS AN UPPER 7782 04:21:59,480 --> 04:22:02,480 LIMIT, YOU WON'T BE ABLE TO GET 7783 04:22:02,480 --> 04:22:03,040 BEYOND SOME LEVEL ON THAT. 7784 04:22:03,040 --> 04:22:03,720 IF YOU HAVE A LITTLE BIT OF DATA 7785 04:22:03,720 --> 04:22:05,080 FROM SOMEONE, THEN THAT MIGHT BE 7786 04:22:05,080 --> 04:22:06,960 ENOUGH TO SORT OF HELP ALIGN 7787 04:22:06,960 --> 04:22:13,080 THINGS THAT MAKE IT WORK. 7788 04:22:13,080 --> 04:22:18,360 >>I'M GOING TO THINK OF THAT AS 7789 04:22:18,360 --> 04:22:21,640 A KEY, THERE'S A WHOLE BUNCH OF 7790 04:22:21,640 --> 04:22:22,800 BRAIN DATA THAT HAS ALSO BEEN 7791 04:22:22,800 --> 04:22:24,680 TRAINED -- OR COLLECTED FROM ME. 7792 04:22:24,680 --> 04:22:27,840 IS THERE STILL VALUE TO ANOTHER 7793 04:22:27,840 --> 04:22:29,240 RESEARCH EARLY IF YOU'RE TRYING 7794 04:22:29,240 --> 04:22:32,760 TO AGGREGATE BRAIN DATA, STUDY 7795 04:22:32,760 --> 04:22:34,840 IT, LEARN OTHER THINGS, IS THERE 7796 04:22:34,840 --> 04:22:38,440 STILL VALUE OF THE DATA WITHOUT 7797 04:22:38,440 --> 04:22:40,480 THE KEY, AND IS THE KEY SOME WAY 7798 04:22:40,480 --> 04:22:42,520 TO PROTECT THE INDIVIDUAL FROM 7799 04:22:42,520 --> 04:22:44,560 THE MOST SENSITIVE KINDS OF 7800 04:22:44,560 --> 04:22:46,480 INFERENCES THAT COULD BE DRAWN 7801 04:22:46,480 --> 04:22:47,640 ABOUT THEM INDIVIDUALLY? 7802 04:22:47,640 --> 04:22:51,520 >>THE SECOND QUESTION, I THINK 7803 04:22:51,520 --> 04:22:54,680 POTENTIALLY, YES. 7804 04:22:54,680 --> 04:22:55,880 IT'S HARD TO PUT A FIRM YES ON 7805 04:22:55,880 --> 04:22:57,000 THAT BECAUSE WE DON'T KNOW 7806 04:22:57,000 --> 04:22:58,960 WHAT'S GOING TO BE POSSIBLE IN 7807 04:22:58,960 --> 04:23:00,680 FIVE YEARS OR 10 YEARS. 7808 04:23:00,680 --> 04:23:02,760 SIMILARLY, I THINK CURRENTLY WE 7809 04:23:02,760 --> 04:23:05,040 DON'T REALLY HAVE A GREAT USE 7810 04:23:05,040 --> 04:23:07,120 FOR A TON OF DATA THAT'S 7811 04:23:07,120 --> 04:23:07,520 UNLABELED. 7812 04:23:07,520 --> 04:23:10,160 OR THAT WE DON'T HAVE THE KEY 7813 04:23:10,160 --> 04:23:11,160 FOR, WE DON'T KNOW WHAT THE 7814 04:23:11,160 --> 04:23:12,640 PERSON WAS THINKING OR WHAT THEY 7815 04:23:12,640 --> 04:23:14,080 WERE HEARING OR WHATEVER. 7816 04:23:14,080 --> 04:23:15,480 IT'S HARD TO USE EFFECTIVELY 7817 04:23:15,480 --> 04:23:17,800 RIGHT NOW. 7818 04:23:17,800 --> 04:23:19,520 BUT THAT DOESN'T MEAN THAT IT 7819 04:23:19,520 --> 04:23:20,760 ALWAYS WILL BE. 7820 04:23:20,760 --> 04:23:23,240 >>ACTUALLY WE'RE GOING TO GO TO 7821 04:23:23,240 --> 04:23:25,400 SOMEBODY WHO'S WATCHING ON 7822 04:23:25,400 --> 04:23:26,640 VIDEO. 7823 04:23:26,640 --> 04:23:28,080 KAREN, CAN YOU STATE YOUR 7824 04:23:28,080 --> 04:23:29,760 QUESTION? 7825 04:23:29,760 --> 04:23:30,720 >>HI. 7826 04:23:30,720 --> 04:23:32,120 THANKS. 7827 04:23:32,120 --> 04:23:33,760 I WONDERED -- I WANTED TO GO 7828 04:23:33,760 --> 04:23:35,600 BACK TO THE IMPORTANT FRAMING 7829 04:23:35,600 --> 04:23:38,440 THAT SASKIA INVITED US TO 7830 04:23:38,440 --> 04:23:40,160 CONSIDER, WHICH WAS HOW ARE WE 7831 04:23:40,160 --> 04:23:42,160 AS A RESEARCH COMMUNITY 7832 04:23:42,160 --> 04:23:42,800 ADDRESSING SOME OF THESE ISSUES. 7833 04:23:42,800 --> 04:23:45,640 AND I THINK MANY OF THE SPEAKERS 7834 04:23:45,640 --> 04:23:47,240 IN A PRIOR SESSION WERE OFFERED 7835 04:23:47,240 --> 04:23:48,480 SOME INTERESTING IDEAS AS WELL, 7836 04:23:48,480 --> 04:23:50,560 BUT FOR THIS SESSION, I'M 7837 04:23:50,560 --> 04:23:53,520 CURIOUS ABOUT MICHAEL YOUNG, YOU 7838 04:23:53,520 --> 04:23:56,680 BROUGHT UP CONSENT. 7839 04:23:56,680 --> 04:23:58,160 VERY SIMPLY, I WONDERED GIVEN 7840 04:23:58,160 --> 04:24:01,480 YOUR BACKGROUND HOW YOU HAVE 7841 04:24:01,480 --> 04:24:02,440 THOUGHT ABOUT EVEN SINCE COMING 7842 04:24:02,440 --> 04:24:05,760 ON BOARD TO THE TEAM, HOW YOU'VE 7843 04:24:05,760 --> 04:24:07,160 GONE ABOUT CONSENT PROCESSES 7844 04:24:07,160 --> 04:24:08,400 DIFFERENTLY, HOW YOU EXPLAIN 7845 04:24:08,400 --> 04:24:09,680 CERTAIN CONCEPTS AND WHETHER 7846 04:24:09,680 --> 04:24:12,520 YOU'VE CHECKED THE READABILITY 7847 04:24:12,520 --> 04:24:13,600 EVEN OF THOSE DOCUMENTS. 7848 04:24:13,600 --> 04:24:14,800 BECAUSE I KNOW AS WE'RE 7849 04:24:14,800 --> 04:24:15,560 CONCERNED ABOUT PATIENTS THAT 7850 04:24:15,560 --> 04:24:18,160 MANY OF THEM ARE NOT READABLE. 7851 04:24:18,160 --> 04:24:20,240 SO WRITING CLEARER OR MORE 7852 04:24:20,240 --> 04:24:21,640 INFORMATION ON CONSENT FORMS 7853 04:24:21,640 --> 04:24:24,280 WON'TING USEFUL IF THAT 7854 04:24:24,280 --> 04:24:24,680 INFORMATION ISN'T 7855 04:24:24,680 --> 04:24:25,240 COMPREHENDIBLE. 7856 04:24:25,240 --> 04:24:27,120 AND TO CONOR, YOU BROUGHT UP A 7857 04:24:27,120 --> 04:24:29,480 REALLY IMPORTANT ETHICS BY 7858 04:24:29,480 --> 04:24:31,240 DESIGN CONCEPT, KIND OF INVOKING 7859 04:24:31,240 --> 04:24:33,600 THE COGNITIVE LIBERTY TERM, AND 7860 04:24:33,600 --> 04:24:36,080 YOU TALKED ABOUT TRANSPARENCY IN 7861 04:24:36,080 --> 04:24:39,120 EDUCATION, AND I'M WONDERING, AS 7862 04:24:39,120 --> 04:24:40,760 YOU IN THE PIONEER OF THE FIELD 7863 04:24:40,760 --> 04:24:43,360 IN OPENBCI, WHAT YOU ALL HAVE 7864 04:24:43,360 --> 04:24:46,680 DONE TO FACILITATE COGNITIVE 7865 04:24:46,680 --> 04:24:48,560 LIBERTY IN YOUR ETHICS BY DESIGN 7866 04:24:48,560 --> 04:24:49,840 PROCESSES. 7867 04:24:49,840 --> 04:24:53,120 AND DR. HUTH, I WAS WONDERING, 7868 04:24:53,120 --> 04:24:56,280 HOW YOU DESIGN INTO YOUR 7869 04:24:56,280 --> 04:24:57,960 EXPERIMENT AND ETHICAL 7870 04:24:57,960 --> 04:25:00,040 CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT AUTONOMY 7871 04:25:00,040 --> 04:25:01,320 AND WHETHER INDIVIDUALS NEED TO 7872 04:25:01,320 --> 04:25:02,560 REALLY PARTICIPATE ACTIVELY TO 7873 04:25:02,560 --> 04:25:03,720 HAVE THEIR REPRESENTATIONS 7874 04:25:03,720 --> 04:25:04,200 DECODED. 7875 04:25:04,200 --> 04:25:05,640 BUT ONE OF THE KEY FRAMES OF 7876 04:25:05,640 --> 04:25:08,240 THIS SESSION WAS ALSO TO ASK 7877 04:25:08,240 --> 04:25:08,760 ABOUT IMPLICATIONS FOR THE 7878 04:25:08,760 --> 04:25:11,760 ABILITY TO DECODE SEMANTIC 7879 04:25:11,760 --> 04:25:15,360 REPRESENTATIONS AND EFFECTS OF 7880 04:25:15,360 --> 04:25:16,320 RACIALLY DISCRIMINATORY 7881 04:25:16,320 --> 04:25:16,680 PRACTICES. 7882 04:25:16,680 --> 04:25:19,720 AND I THINK -- JOHNSON THE OTHER 7883 04:25:19,720 --> 04:25:22,240 NEW MEMBER WHO'S ON HERE THAT 7884 04:25:22,240 --> 04:25:23,080 HAD A SIMILAR QUESTION. 7885 04:25:23,080 --> 04:25:25,480 SO I PUT THOSE OUT THERE JUST AS 7886 04:25:25,480 --> 04:25:27,760 QUESTIONS FOR HOW SOME OF THE 7887 04:25:27,760 --> 04:25:29,080 PRACTITIONERS ARE HANDLING SOME 7888 04:25:29,080 --> 04:25:31,080 OF THESE ISSUES AND THEY HAVE 7889 04:25:31,080 --> 04:25:34,200 BEST PRACTICES THEY CAN SHAI AND 7890 04:25:34,200 --> 04:25:35,480 IF ONE OR SOME OF YOU COULD 7891 04:25:35,480 --> 04:25:36,360 RESPOND, THAT WOULD BE HELPFUL. 7892 04:25:36,360 --> 04:25:42,040 >>THANK YOU, DR., FOR THE 7893 04:25:42,040 --> 04:25:42,480 INSIGHTFUL QUESTION. 7894 04:25:42,480 --> 04:25:43,320 I'M VERY MUCH IN TUNE WITH HOW 7895 04:25:43,320 --> 04:25:43,960 YOU FRAMED IT. 7896 04:25:43,960 --> 04:25:45,280 WE ARE ACTIVELY CONSIDERING HOW 7897 04:25:45,280 --> 04:25:49,760 TO ENHANCE THE INFORMED CONCEPT 7898 04:25:49,760 --> 04:25:53,480 PROCESS FOR PARTICIPANTS OR 7899 04:25:53,480 --> 04:25:54,600 PROSPECTIVE PARTICIPANTS IN 7900 04:25:54,600 --> 04:25:55,960 NEURAL INTERFACE TRIALS. 7901 04:25:55,960 --> 04:25:56,800 YOU MENTIONED A NUMBER OF 7902 04:25:56,800 --> 04:25:58,000 CONCEPTS THAT ARE REALLY 7903 04:25:58,000 --> 04:26:01,800 CRUCIAL, INCLUDING READABILITY, 7904 04:26:01,800 --> 04:26:02,560 UNDERSTANDING, THE EXPRESSION 7905 04:26:02,560 --> 04:26:04,640 AND TRANSPARENCY AROUND THE 7906 04:26:04,640 --> 04:26:06,520 UNCERTAINTY OF THE FUTURE OF HOW 7907 04:26:06,520 --> 04:26:09,160 NEURAL DATA WILL BE DEFINED, 7908 04:26:09,160 --> 04:26:10,320 BEING TRANSPARENT ABOUT WHERE 7909 04:26:10,320 --> 04:26:13,360 AND HOW NEURAL DATA WILL BE 7910 04:26:13,360 --> 04:26:13,800 SHARED. 7911 04:26:13,800 --> 04:26:16,000 WILL IT BE SHARED IN OPEN ACCESS 7912 04:26:16,000 --> 04:26:18,920 REPOSITORIES, IN CONTROLS ACCESS 7913 04:26:18,920 --> 04:26:22,280 REPOSITORIES, HOW MUCH AGENCY 7914 04:26:22,280 --> 04:26:24,840 MIGHT A PARTICIPANT RETAIN IN 7915 04:26:24,840 --> 04:26:27,240 THE FUTURE AS MORE IS LEARNED OR 7916 04:26:27,240 --> 04:26:28,880 MORE BECOMES INFERRIBLE ON THE 7917 04:26:28,880 --> 04:26:31,040 BASIS OF DATA THAT'S SHARED. 7918 04:26:31,040 --> 04:26:35,600 ALL OF THOSE ARE SOMEWHAT 7919 04:26:35,600 --> 04:26:36,640 DISTINCTIVE CONCEPTS THAT 7920 04:26:36,640 --> 04:26:40,880 INFORMED CONSENT PROCESSES NEED 7921 04:26:40,880 --> 04:26:42,720 TO PROACTIVELY CONSIDER AND 7922 04:26:42,720 --> 04:26:49,440 INCORPORATE BY DESIGN. 7923 04:26:49,440 --> 04:26:51,040 >>JUST TO CLARIFY, DR. YOUNG, 7924 04:26:51,040 --> 04:26:52,760 THAT'S WHAT YOU ALL ARE DOING 7925 04:26:52,760 --> 04:26:53,400 RIGHT NOW OR YOU THINK THOSE ARE 7926 04:26:53,400 --> 04:26:54,360 GOOD THINGS FOR PEOPLE TO DO IN 7927 04:26:54,360 --> 04:26:56,000 THE FUTURE? 7928 04:26:56,000 --> 04:26:59,240 >>SO THESE ARE THINGS THAT WE 7929 04:26:59,240 --> 04:27:03,120 ARE ACTIVELY CONSIDERING, AND 7930 04:27:03,120 --> 04:27:08,880 RIGHT NOW OUR PROCESS IS DEFINED 7931 04:27:08,880 --> 04:27:11,640 IN TANDEM WITH OUR IRB AND WE'RE 7932 04:27:11,640 --> 04:27:12,920 WORKING CLOSELY WITH ALL OF THE 7933 04:27:12,920 --> 04:27:15,560 ORGANIZATIONS THAT ARE INVOLVED 7934 04:27:15,560 --> 04:27:17,520 IN SETTING THE REGULATIONS AND 7935 04:27:17,520 --> 04:27:21,960 ETHICAL FRAMEWORKS INCLUDING THE 7936 04:27:21,960 --> 04:27:26,360 NTHENEWG. 7937 04:27:26,360 --> 04:27:28,480 >>I'LL JUMP IN TO ANSWER YOUR 7938 04:27:28,480 --> 04:27:29,960 QUESTION. 7939 04:27:29,960 --> 04:27:33,880 HEY, KAREN. 7940 04:27:33,880 --> 04:27:36,920 SO AS FAR AS THE OPENBCI AND OUR 7941 04:27:36,920 --> 04:27:37,920 ETHICS BY DESIGN AND THE 7942 04:27:37,920 --> 04:27:40,600 EMPHASIS ON COGNITIVE LIBERTY, I 7943 04:27:40,600 --> 04:27:42,040 THINK WE HAVEN'T FIGURED OUT A 7944 04:27:42,040 --> 04:27:44,200 GOOD WAY TO DO IT, WHICH IS WHY 7945 04:27:44,200 --> 04:27:46,120 WE DON'T COLLECT DATA. 7946 04:27:46,120 --> 04:27:47,120 ANY PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA. 7947 04:27:47,120 --> 04:27:48,400 SO WE SELL OUR TOOLS, YOU CAN 7948 04:27:48,400 --> 04:27:50,560 KIND OF THINK OF IT LIKE A 7949 04:27:50,560 --> 04:27:51,760 TELESCOPE, WHERE IT'S AN 7950 04:27:51,760 --> 04:27:53,080 EPHEMERAL DATASET, UNLESS YOU 7951 04:27:53,080 --> 04:27:56,240 DECIDE OTHERWISE. 7952 04:27:56,240 --> 04:27:59,520 SO WE HAVEN'T DONE ANY 7953 04:27:59,520 --> 04:28:00,400 APPLICATIONS OR SOFTWARE WHERE 7954 04:28:00,400 --> 04:28:01,480 WE'RE SOLICITING DATA BACK, 7955 04:28:01,480 --> 04:28:03,160 WHICH FROM A VALUE OF THE 7956 04:28:03,160 --> 04:28:05,960 COMPANY PERSPECTIVE, CERTAINLY 7957 04:28:05,960 --> 04:28:09,680 AT LEAST TO CERTAIN INVE INVESTS 7958 04:28:09,680 --> 04:28:13,280 DECREASES OUR VALUE OR PERCEIVED 7959 04:28:13,280 --> 04:28:14,080 VALUE AS A COMPANY BUT BECAUSE 7960 04:28:14,080 --> 04:28:15,280 WE HAVEN'T FIGURED OUT A GOOD 7961 04:28:15,280 --> 04:28:17,680 WAY TO DO IT, WE DON'T AND SO 7962 04:28:17,680 --> 04:28:18,240 THAT'S PART OF THE REASON I 7963 04:28:18,240 --> 04:28:19,560 WANTED TO PARTICIPATE IN THIS 7964 04:28:19,560 --> 04:28:20,120 CONVERSATION. 7965 04:28:20,120 --> 04:28:22,200 AND I'M REALLY GRATEFUL TO BE 7966 04:28:22,200 --> 04:28:22,840 HERE. 7967 04:28:22,840 --> 04:28:24,520 WHAT I BELIEVE IS THAT THE 7968 04:28:24,520 --> 04:28:25,560 EXISTING COMPUTERS, THE MAJOR 7969 04:28:25,560 --> 04:28:26,640 COMPANIES THAT HAVE BUILT THE 7970 04:28:26,640 --> 04:28:28,320 PLATFORMS WE HAVE TO USE TO DO 7971 04:28:28,320 --> 04:28:30,360 THIS, WE HAVE TOWN LEARN AND 7972 04:28:30,360 --> 04:28:31,480 BACK PEDAL A LOT OF THE 7973 04:28:31,480 --> 04:28:33,360 PROCESSES AND THE APPLICATIONS 7974 04:28:33,360 --> 04:28:34,240 THAT WE PUT IN PLACE IN ORDER TO 7975 04:28:34,240 --> 04:28:36,280 DO THIS ETHICALLY AT A CONSUMER 7976 04:28:36,280 --> 04:28:40,640 SCALE. 7977 04:28:40,640 --> 04:28:42,680 SO I DON'T THINK IT'S POSSIBLE 7978 04:28:42,680 --> 04:28:44,680 PRESENTLY WITH EXISTING 7979 04:28:44,680 --> 04:28:47,440 TECHNOLOGY TO REAP THE BENEFITS 7980 04:28:47,440 --> 04:28:50,480 OF SHARING YOUR DATA WHILE ALSO 7981 04:28:50,480 --> 04:28:52,040 PROTECTING YOURSELF AND YOUR 7982 04:28:52,040 --> 04:28:52,400 PRIVACY. 7983 04:28:52,400 --> 04:28:56,920 BUT I DO BELIEVE IT'S A SOLVABLE 7984 04:28:56,920 --> 04:29:00,680 PROBLEM. 7985 04:29:00,680 --> 04:29:02,480 INDIVIDUALS DATA ELEMENT CAN BE 7986 04:29:02,480 --> 04:29:04,560 PROCESSED AND LEVERAGED FOR 7987 04:29:04,560 --> 04:29:06,840 VALUE WITHOUT EXPOSING WHO THEY 7988 04:29:06,840 --> 04:29:08,000 ARE AS AN INDIVIDUAL. 7989 04:29:08,000 --> 04:29:10,040 I THINK IT'S A VERY DIFFICULT 7990 04:29:10,040 --> 04:29:10,600 CHALLENGE BUT I THINK IT IS 7991 04:29:10,600 --> 04:29:15,040 POSSIBLE. 7992 04:29:15,040 --> 04:29:16,120 >>THANK YOU, KAREN. 7993 04:29:16,120 --> 04:29:17,840 I ACTUALLY WANTED TO ASK YOU A 7994 04:29:17,840 --> 04:29:22,120 QUESTION OF THE GROUP AND THAT 7995 04:29:22,120 --> 04:29:23,680 IS YOU'VE ALL GENERATED DATA 7996 04:29:23,680 --> 04:29:25,160 THAT COULD POTENTIALLY BE 7997 04:29:25,160 --> 04:29:25,400 SHARED. 7998 04:29:25,400 --> 04:29:27,000 HAS THAT DATA BEEN SHARED? 7999 04:29:27,000 --> 04:29:27,800 HAVE PEOPLE ASKED FOR THE DATA 8000 04:29:27,800 --> 04:29:32,000 OR HAVE YOU ACTUALLY SHARED DATA 8001 04:29:32,000 --> 04:29:33,320 WITH OTHERS, BROUGHT THAT DATA 8002 04:29:33,320 --> 04:29:34,160 INTO YOUR OWN WORK? 8003 04:29:34,160 --> 04:29:35,240 WHAT'S AN EXAMPLE OF HOW THIS 8004 04:29:35,240 --> 04:29:40,760 HAS WORKED IN THE PAST? 8005 04:29:40,760 --> 04:29:42,560 >>I DON'T USE OTHER PEOPLE'S 8006 04:29:42,560 --> 04:29:43,600 DATA BECAUSE I THINK OUR DATA IS 8007 04:29:43,600 --> 04:29:43,960 BETTER. 8008 04:29:43,960 --> 04:29:46,160 WE SHARE ALL OF OUR DATA. 8009 04:29:46,160 --> 04:29:46,360 YEAH. 8010 04:29:46,360 --> 04:29:50,920 ALL OF IT'S PUBLIC. 8011 04:29:50,920 --> 04:29:52,000 WE THOUGHT ABOUT THIS, WE TALKED 8012 04:29:52,000 --> 04:29:53,480 TO SUBJECTS ABOUT THIS. 8013 04:29:53,480 --> 04:29:55,280 I'M ONE OF THE SUBJECTS WHOSE 8014 04:29:55,280 --> 04:29:58,200 DATA SK SHARED IN SUFFICIENT 8015 04:29:58,200 --> 04:29:59,400 SCALE TO ACTUALLY BUILD THESE 8016 04:29:59,400 --> 04:30:03,200 MODELS THAT DO THESE THINGS. 8017 04:30:03,200 --> 04:30:05,560 SO I DON'T KNOW. 8018 04:30:05,560 --> 04:30:06,160 IT'S SOMETHING WE THINK ABOUT 8019 04:30:06,160 --> 04:30:06,720 BUT I THINK THE BALANCE IS 8020 04:30:06,720 --> 04:30:10,520 CURRENTLY IN FAVOR OF DOING 8021 04:30:10,520 --> 04:30:11,080 INTERESTING THINGS WITH IT. 8022 04:30:11,080 --> 04:30:11,960 >>DO YOU HAVE PEOPLE TAKING 8023 04:30:11,960 --> 04:30:13,480 YOUR DATA AND TRYING TO USE IT 8024 04:30:13,480 --> 04:30:15,240 IN THEIR OWN EXPERIMENTS? 8025 04:30:15,240 --> 04:30:16,800 >>SO OUR SORT OF RELEASE OF 8026 04:30:16,800 --> 04:30:18,040 THIS DATASET WAS VERY RECENT. 8027 04:30:18,040 --> 04:30:21,440 I THINK THERE'S BEEN MAYBE ONE 8028 04:30:21,440 --> 04:30:22,080 OTHER PUBLICATION USING IT, BUT 8029 04:30:22,080 --> 04:30:25,720 HOPEFULLY THAT WILL PICK UP. 8030 04:30:25,720 --> 04:30:28,880 >>SO HIGH LEVEL DE-IDENTIFIED 8031 04:30:28,880 --> 04:30:30,200 SAFETY DATA HAVE BEEN SHARED BUT 8032 04:30:30,200 --> 04:30:32,680 THE FULL BANDWIDTH NEURAL DATA 8033 04:30:32,680 --> 04:30:34,480 HAVE NOT YET BEEN SHARED WITH 8034 04:30:34,480 --> 04:30:38,200 THE PUBLIC OUTSIDE OF THE 8035 04:30:38,200 --> 04:30:38,880 RESEARCHERS WHO ARE INVOLVED IN 8036 04:30:38,880 --> 04:30:39,960 THE WORK, WHICH IS PART OF WHY 8037 04:30:39,960 --> 04:30:41,840 THIS KIND OF CONVERSATION AND 8038 04:30:41,840 --> 04:30:44,080 DIALOGUE IS SO CRUCIAL, SO WE 8039 04:30:44,080 --> 04:30:45,760 COULD UNDERSTAND HOW TO BALANCE 8040 04:30:45,760 --> 04:30:50,400 THE GOALS OF FOSTERING 8041 04:30:50,400 --> 04:30:50,920 COLLABORATION, ADVANCING 8042 04:30:50,920 --> 04:30:51,680 NEUROSCIENCE, WHEEL AT THE SAME 8043 04:30:51,680 --> 04:30:57,320 , WHILE AT THE SAMETIME OPTIMALE 8044 04:30:57,320 --> 04:30:58,040 PRIVACY OF CLINICAL TRIAL 8045 04:30:58,040 --> 04:30:58,360 PARTICIPANTS. 8046 04:30:58,360 --> 04:30:58,960 >>I'M GOING TO GIVE US THREE 8047 04:30:58,960 --> 04:30:59,960 MORE MINUTES, WE'RE ALREADY KIND 8048 04:30:59,960 --> 04:31:01,560 OF OVERTIME AND I KNOW THERE'S A 8049 04:31:01,560 --> 04:31:02,080 LOT OF HANDS. 8050 04:31:02,080 --> 04:31:05,400 SO I DON'T KNOW HOWL TO FAIRLY 8051 04:31:05,400 --> 04:31:07,760 DO THIS. 8052 04:31:07,760 --> 04:31:10,040 BUT WE HAVE AT LEAST ONE NEW 8053 04:31:10,040 --> 04:31:11,800 MEMBER WHO'S ON THE LINE, SYD 8054 04:31:11,800 --> 04:31:13,560 JOHN SOFNL I'M GOING TO HAVE SYD 8055 04:31:13,560 --> 04:31:15,080 ASK HER QUESTION AND I WOULD 8056 04:31:15,080 --> 04:31:15,800 ENCOURAGE THE OTHERS TO TYPE OUT 8057 04:31:15,800 --> 04:31:18,080 YOUR QUESTIONS IN THE CHAT SO 8058 04:31:18,080 --> 04:31:22,600 THE SPEAKERS CAN MAYBE ANSWER 8059 04:31:22,600 --> 04:31:23,200 YOUR QUESTIONS IN THE CHAT IF WE 8060 04:31:23,200 --> 04:31:23,680 DON'T GET TO YOU. 8061 04:31:23,680 --> 04:31:28,640 MY APOLOGIES. 8062 04:31:28,640 --> 04:31:36,360 >>THANKS, SO SO . 8063 04:31:36,360 --> 04:31:37,640 I WAS REALLY INTERESTED IN THE 8064 04:31:37,640 --> 04:31:38,880 WAY THAT THEY'RE USING THESE 8065 04:31:38,880 --> 04:31:42,600 LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS TO SORT OF 8066 04:31:42,600 --> 04:31:45,280 DO THESE TRANSLATIONS OF BRAIN 8067 04:31:45,280 --> 04:31:50,400 DATA INTO LANGUAGE. 8068 04:31:50,400 --> 04:31:52,440 THERE'S A CODE OF ETHICS FOR 8069 04:31:52,440 --> 04:31:53,040 PROFESSIONAL TRANSLATORS WHICH 8070 04:31:53,040 --> 04:31:53,680 INCLUDES THAT THEY'RE GOING TO 8071 04:31:53,680 --> 04:31:59,040 AK RALTLYACCURATELY AND WITHOUTS 8072 04:31:59,040 --> 04:32:00,360 CONVEY THE MEANING OF A 8073 04:32:00,360 --> 04:32:01,880 COMMUNICATION THAT THEY'RE 8074 04:32:01,880 --> 04:32:03,440 TRANSLATING, AND I WONDER HOW WE 8075 04:32:03,440 --> 04:32:07,280 MIGHT BUILD THOSE KINDS OF 8076 04:32:07,280 --> 04:32:08,880 SAFEGUARDS INTO BCIs OR OTHER 8077 04:32:08,880 --> 04:32:10,280 DEVICES THAT WE MIGHT BE USING 8078 04:32:10,280 --> 04:32:11,480 IN THIS KIND OF CONTEXT. 8079 04:32:11,480 --> 04:32:13,280 FOR EXAMPLE, TO PROTECT PEOPLE 8080 04:32:13,280 --> 04:32:17,880 WHO MIGHT BE USING THEM FROM 8081 04:32:17,880 --> 04:32:18,880 HAVING THEIR WORDS BECOME RACIST 8082 04:32:18,880 --> 04:32:24,680 OR ABLEIST OR IN A VARIETY OF 8083 04:32:24,680 --> 04:32:26,920 OTHER WAYS, GIVEN THE CURRENT 8084 04:32:26,920 --> 04:32:27,480 EXPERIENCE WITH THESE LARGE 8085 04:32:27,480 --> 04:32:30,840 LANGUAGE MODELS, WHICH TEND -- 8086 04:32:30,840 --> 04:32:31,800 APPARENTLY TEND TO TAKE ON SOME 8087 04:32:31,800 --> 04:32:35,440 OF THE WORST CHARACTERISTICS OF 8088 04:32:35,440 --> 04:32:39,360 THE TEXT THAT THEY'RE TRAINED 8089 04:32:39,360 --> 04:32:39,520 ON. 8090 04:32:39,520 --> 04:32:40,400 >>THANK YOU, THAT'S A GREAT 8091 04:32:40,400 --> 04:32:40,760 QUESTION. 8092 04:32:40,760 --> 04:32:42,640 I SAW YOU TYPE THAT OUT EARLIER 8093 04:32:42,640 --> 04:32:44,560 AND DIDN'T GET A CHANCE TO 8094 04:32:44,560 --> 04:32:45,080 RESPOND. 8095 04:32:45,080 --> 04:32:46,280 IT'S VERY INTERESTING THAT YOU 8096 04:32:46,280 --> 04:32:48,720 BRING UP TRANSLATORS. 8097 04:32:48,720 --> 04:32:49,400 I THINK THAT'S A WONDERFUL 8098 04:32:49,400 --> 04:32:50,000 PARALLEL. 8099 04:32:50,000 --> 04:32:54,400 BECAUSE I THINK IN MANY WAYS 8100 04:32:54,400 --> 04:32:57,560 LIKE TRANSLATION, CERTAINLY 8101 04:32:57,560 --> 04:32:59,400 THERE IS SOME CONTENT TO YOUR 8102 04:32:59,400 --> 04:33:00,840 THOUGHTS, THAT IT'S LIKE THE 8103 04:33:00,840 --> 04:33:04,040 EXACT THING THAT YOU WANT TO 8104 04:33:04,040 --> 04:33:04,920 REPRESENT OUT THERE IN THE 8105 04:33:04,920 --> 04:33:06,160 WORLD. 8106 04:33:06,160 --> 04:33:08,760 BUT LIKE IN OUR WORDS, THERE 8107 04:33:08,760 --> 04:33:11,920 MIGHT BE THINGS THAT ARE -- HAVE 8108 04:33:11,920 --> 04:33:13,320 MULTIPLE TRANSLATIONS, THAT HAVE 8109 04:33:13,320 --> 04:33:15,040 MULTIPLE DIFFERENT WAYS TO SAY 8110 04:33:15,040 --> 04:33:17,800 IT, THAT MAYBE DEPEND ON CONTEXT 8111 04:33:17,800 --> 04:33:20,480 AND HOW YOU INTERPRET SOMETHING. 8112 04:33:20,480 --> 04:33:22,240 SO THESE MODELS I THINK ARE 8113 04:33:22,240 --> 04:33:23,000 ALWAYS GOING TO HAVE SOME OF 8114 04:33:23,000 --> 04:33:24,880 THESE BIASES BUILT IN. 8115 04:33:24,880 --> 04:33:27,400 IN SOME WAYS THOSE BIASES, THERE 8116 04:33:27,400 --> 04:33:29,400 ARE HARMFUL BIASES, THERE ARE 8117 04:33:29,400 --> 04:33:30,160 ALSO HELPFUL BIASES, WHICH IS 8118 04:33:30,160 --> 04:33:32,160 HOW THE MODELS KIND OF HELP TO 8119 04:33:32,160 --> 04:33:33,960 FILL IN THE HOLES IN FMRI DATA, 8120 04:33:33,960 --> 04:33:37,600 WHICH IS HONESTLY FULL OF HOLES. 8121 04:33:37,600 --> 04:33:38,800 BUT I THINK THERE'S A LOT OF 8122 04:33:38,800 --> 04:33:41,320 GOOD WORK HAPPENING IN THE 8123 04:33:41,320 --> 04:33:42,760 MACHINE LEARNING NATURAL 8124 04:33:42,760 --> 04:33:43,280 LANGUAGE PROCESSING WORLD 8125 04:33:43,280 --> 04:33:44,600 BECAUSE PEOPLE HAVE REALLY 8126 04:33:44,600 --> 04:33:45,880 ACKNOWLEDGED THIS AS AN ISSUE 8127 04:33:45,880 --> 04:33:48,640 THAT THERE ARE RACIAL BIASES, ET 8128 04:33:48,640 --> 04:33:51,120 CETERA, IN THESE MODEL, AND SO I 8129 04:33:51,120 --> 04:33:52,680 THINK A LOT OF OUR WORK WITH 8130 04:33:52,680 --> 04:33:55,520 BRAIN DECODING CAN KIND OF PIGGY 8131 04:33:55,520 --> 04:33:59,480 BACK ON THAT WORK IN TRYING TO 8132 04:33:59,480 --> 04:34:01,000 BRING THESE BEST PRACTICES, 8133 04:34:01,000 --> 04:34:03,560 MODELS THAT HAVE HAD AS MUCH 8134 04:34:03,560 --> 04:34:05,400 BIAS REMOVED AS POSSIBLE INTO 8135 04:34:05,400 --> 04:34:07,280 THE WORLD OF BRAIN DECODING. 8136 04:34:07,280 --> 04:34:08,160 I HOPE THAT ANSWERS YOUR 8137 04:34:08,160 --> 04:34:09,600 QUESTION. 8138 04:34:09,600 --> 04:34:11,880 >>I'M SORRY, I'M AFRAID WE'RE 8139 04:34:11,880 --> 04:34:13,960 GOING TO HAVE TO END THE SESS 8140 04:34:13,960 --> 04:34:16,360 SESSION, SO SASKIA, I WANT TO 8141 04:34:16,360 --> 04:34:18,440 APOLOGIZE TO THE SPEAKERS, WE 8142 04:34:18,440 --> 04:34:19,920 WOULD VL LOVED TO HAVE HEARD 8143 04:34:19,920 --> 04:34:21,320 EACH OF YOU SPEAK FOR AN HOUR 8144 04:34:21,320 --> 04:34:22,880 AND ALL THE QUESTIONS IN CHAT 8145 04:34:22,880 --> 04:34:24,600 WE'RE NOT ABLE TO ADDRESS, 8146 04:34:24,600 --> 04:34:25,880 PLEASE DO SEND EMAILS OR PUT 8147 04:34:25,880 --> 04:34:27,400 THEM IN CHAT FOR ANSWERERRING. 8148 04:34:27,400 --> 04:34:30,480 BUT THANK YOU, AND WE'LL 8149 04:34:30,480 --> 04:34:32,440 RECONVENE AT 3:45, AFTER A BRIEF 8150 04:34:32,440 --> 04:34:34,000 BREAK. 8151 04:34:34,000 --> 04:34:35,560 >>IT'S MY PLEASURE TO 8152 04:34:35,560 --> 04:34:36,440 INTRODUCE OUR THIRD PANEL, WHICH 8153 04:34:36,440 --> 04:34:39,440 IS ABOUT THE POTENTIAL RISK TO 8154 04:34:39,440 --> 04:34:39,760 COMMUNITIES. 8155 04:34:39,760 --> 04:34:40,880 SO SO FAR TODAY, WE'VE TALKED A 8156 04:34:40,880 --> 04:34:42,240 LOT ABOUT ACTUALLY POTENTIAL 8157 04:34:42,240 --> 04:34:43,600 RISK TO INDIVIDUALS, SO I'M 8158 04:34:43,600 --> 04:34:45,880 EXCITED TO SEE THIS PANEL, WHICH 8159 04:34:45,880 --> 04:34:48,480 WILL CONSIDER HOW RISK TO 8160 04:34:48,480 --> 04:34:49,600 COMMUNITIES MAY ARISE FROM 8161 04:34:49,600 --> 04:34:51,040 SHARING BRAIN DATA, INCLUDING 8162 04:34:51,040 --> 04:34:54,120 THE EFFECTS OF RACIALLY 8163 04:34:54,120 --> 04:34:54,760 EXCLUSIONARY PRACTICES IN 8164 04:34:54,760 --> 04:34:56,760 COLLECTING AND MANAGING BRAIN 8165 04:34:56,760 --> 04:34:57,960 DATA, AND HOW THEY MIGHT INFORM 8166 04:34:57,960 --> 04:34:59,360 A SPECTRUM OF DATA SHARING 8167 04:34:59,360 --> 04:34:59,680 RISKS. 8168 04:34:59,680 --> 04:35:01,640 SO I JUST WANT TO POINT OUT, I 8169 04:35:01,640 --> 04:35:03,160 KNOW WE HAVE BEEN LIMITED IN OUR 8170 04:35:03,160 --> 04:35:05,720 ABILITY TO HAVE DISCUSSIONS 8171 04:35:05,720 --> 04:35:07,760 AFTER EACH OF THE SPEAKERS. 8172 04:35:07,760 --> 04:35:09,200 THERE'S APPARENTLY A LOT TO TALK 8173 04:35:09,200 --> 04:35:09,760 ABOUT, WHICH IS GREAT. 8174 04:35:09,760 --> 04:35:11,800 WE DO HAVE AT THE END OF 8175 04:35:11,800 --> 04:35:14,440 TOMORROW, WE'LL HAVE SMALLER 8176 04:35:14,440 --> 04:35:15,080 BREAKOUT GROUPS WHICH WILL ALLOW 8177 04:35:15,080 --> 04:35:16,400 US TO TP SOME OF THE IMPORTANT 8178 04:35:16,400 --> 04:35:20,760 CONVERSATIONS THAT YOU START. 8179 04:35:20,760 --> 04:35:23,040 SO WITHOUT FURTHER ADO, IT'S MY 8180 04:35:23,040 --> 04:35:25,880 GREAT PLEASURE TO INTRODUCE 8181 04:35:25,880 --> 04:35:27,200 MS. JOSLIN RICARD, RESEARCH 8182 04:35:27,200 --> 04:35:29,360 ASSISTANT AT YALE UNIVERSITY AND 8183 04:35:29,360 --> 04:35:30,360 PURSUING A PH.D. IN NEUROSCIENCE 8184 04:35:30,360 --> 04:35:31,480 AND STANFORD SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 8185 04:35:31,480 --> 04:35:34,000 STARTING THIS FALL. 8186 04:35:34,000 --> 04:35:34,680 MS. RICARD GRADUATED FROM THE 8187 04:35:34,680 --> 04:35:35,600 UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA TWIN 8188 04:35:35,600 --> 04:35:37,400 CITIES WITH A BACHELOR'S DEGREE 8189 04:35:37,400 --> 04:35:38,200 IN NEUROSCIENCE. 8190 04:35:38,200 --> 04:35:40,280 WITH A FOCUS ON SUBSTANCE USE 8191 04:35:40,280 --> 04:35:41,680 DISORDERS, MS. RICARD AIMS TO 8192 04:35:41,680 --> 04:35:44,000 UNDERSTAND HOW INEQUITY AND 8193 04:35:44,000 --> 04:35:46,200 DISADVANTAGE IMPACT BRAIN 8194 04:35:46,200 --> 04:35:46,840 FUNCTIONING. 8195 04:35:46,840 --> 04:35:50,400 HER WORK HAS BEEN PUBLISHED IN 8196 04:35:50,400 --> 04:35:53,040 NUMEROUS JOURNALS. 8197 04:35:53,040 --> 04:35:56,360 SHE WAS NAMED 2023 HENNESSY 8198 04:35:56,360 --> 04:35:57,120 SCHOLAR AT STANFORD UNIVERSITY 8199 04:35:57,120 --> 04:35:58,600 AND SHE'S ALSO THE RECIPIENT OF 8200 04:35:58,600 --> 04:36:01,240 THE FORD FOUNDATION FELLOWSHIP 8201 04:36:01,240 --> 04:36:02,640 AWARDED BY THE NATIONAL 8202 04:36:02,640 --> 04:36:04,120 ACADEMIES OF SCIENCE, 8203 04:36:04,120 --> 04:36:04,720 ENGINEERING AND MEDICINE. 8204 04:36:04,720 --> 04:36:06,640 THANK YOU FOR JOINING US. 8205 04:36:06,640 --> 04:36:07,200 WE LOOK FORWARD TO YOUR 8206 04:36:07,200 --> 04:36:07,560 PRESENTATION. 8207 04:36:07,560 --> 04:36:09,920 >>AWESOME. 8208 04:36:09,920 --> 04:36:11,360 THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR HAVING ME. 8209 04:36:11,360 --> 04:36:15,440 I AM SO EXCITED AND SO HONORED, 8210 04:36:15,440 --> 04:36:17,280 AND THANK YOU ESPECIALLY AS WELL 8211 04:36:17,280 --> 04:36:20,040 TO TH THE BACKGROUND TEAM FOR 8212 04:36:20,040 --> 04:36:21,240 PUTTING THIS ALL TOGETHER. 8213 04:36:21,240 --> 04:36:22,560 AS SASKIA SAID, I'M GOING TO BE 8214 04:36:22,560 --> 04:36:24,640 TALKING ABOUT CONFRONTING 8215 04:36:24,640 --> 04:36:25,680 EXCLUSIONARY PRACTICES WITHIN 8216 04:36:25,680 --> 04:36:26,680 NEUROIMAGING. 8217 04:36:26,680 --> 04:36:28,920 SO KIND OF IN THE UNDERSTANDING 8218 04:36:28,920 --> 04:36:32,880 OF THE BRAIN INSTITUTIONS AND 8219 04:36:32,880 --> 04:36:33,880 PEOPLE HAVE BEEN TAKING A LOT OF 8220 04:36:33,880 --> 04:36:36,680 STEPS TO SORT OF RECOGNIZE THE 8221 04:36:36,680 --> 04:36:39,560 CHALLENGES RELATED TO 8222 04:36:39,560 --> 04:36:39,880 INCLUSIVITY. 8223 04:36:39,880 --> 04:36:41,480 HOWEVER, LESS THOUGHT HAS BEEN 8224 04:36:41,480 --> 04:36:42,600 PERHAPS PAID ATTENTION TO THE 8225 04:36:42,600 --> 04:36:46,600 PROCESS OF SCIENCE FROM THE WAY 8226 04:36:46,600 --> 04:36:47,880 WE RECRUIT PEOPLE TO THE 8227 04:36:47,880 --> 04:36:48,640 TECHNOLOGIES WE USE AND THE 8228 04:36:48,640 --> 04:36:51,040 ANALYSIS THAT WE CONDUCT, CAN 8229 04:36:51,040 --> 04:36:55,800 ALL HAVE DOWNSTREAM MARKED 8230 04:36:55,800 --> 04:36:56,400 EFFECTS ON THE EQUITY AND 8231 04:36:56,400 --> 04:36:58,480 GENERALIZABILITY OF OUR SCIENCE. 8232 04:36:58,480 --> 04:37:00,200 AND THEN I THINK -- SO IN THIS 8233 04:37:00,200 --> 04:37:01,880 TALK TODAY, I'M GOING TO KIND OF 8234 04:37:01,880 --> 04:37:03,760 FOCUS ON THESE THREE REALMS, BUT 8235 04:37:03,760 --> 04:37:04,600 I THINK IT'S ALSO IMPORTANT TO 8236 04:37:04,600 --> 04:37:08,600 KEEP IN MIND THAT WHEN WE TRY TO 8237 04:37:08,600 --> 04:37:09,760 MITIGATE THESE BIASES THAT CAN 8238 04:37:09,760 --> 04:37:13,280 OCCUR IN ALL THESE STAGES, THAT 8239 04:37:13,280 --> 04:37:15,080 DISTRUST OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND 8240 04:37:15,080 --> 04:37:16,040 MEDICAL ESTABLISHMENT IS 8241 04:37:16,040 --> 04:37:20,280 STILL -- IS WELL DOCUMENTED AND 8242 04:37:20,280 --> 04:37:21,560 STILL PERSISTS FOR AS A BARRIER 8243 04:37:21,560 --> 04:37:23,280 FOR MARGINALIZED GROUPS TO BE IB 8244 04:37:23,280 --> 04:37:25,160 VOFLED IN OUR NEUROSCIENCE 8245 04:37:25,160 --> 04:37:26,280 RESEARCH, SO I THINK THAT'S JUST 8246 04:37:26,280 --> 04:37:27,960 IMPORTANT TO KEEP IN MIND TODAY, 8247 04:37:27,960 --> 04:37:28,880 BUT -- AND I KNOW THAT THERE'S A 8248 04:37:28,880 --> 04:37:31,600 LOT I WON'T BE ABLE TO COVER BUT 8249 04:37:31,600 --> 04:37:33,480 HOPEFULLY THAT WE CAN DISCUSS 8250 04:37:33,480 --> 04:37:35,200 FURTHER LATER AND THROUGHOUT THE 8251 04:37:35,200 --> 04:37:40,040 WORKSHOP. 8252 04:37:40,040 --> 04:37:43,480 SO WHAT I'M SHOWING YOU ARE TWO 8253 04:37:43,480 --> 04:37:46,600 BAR GRAPHS THAT HAVE THE 8254 04:37:46,600 --> 04:37:48,400 STATISTICS OF HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE 8255 04:37:48,400 --> 04:37:49,880 STUDIES WHERE PERCENTAGE IS ON 8256 04:37:49,880 --> 04:37:51,920 THE X AXIS AND WE HAVE RACE AND 8257 04:37:51,920 --> 04:37:53,040 ETHNICITY ON THE Y AXIS. 8258 04:37:53,040 --> 04:37:54,520 THESE DATA WERE ACQUIRED FROM 8259 04:37:54,520 --> 04:37:57,080 THE NIH'S INCLUSION STATISTICS 8260 04:37:57,080 --> 04:38:00,160 REPORT FOR THE YEARS 2018 TO 8261 04:38:00,160 --> 04:38:00,840 2021. 8262 04:38:00,840 --> 04:38:02,240 WHAT YOU CAN SEE FOR THESE LAST 8263 04:38:02,240 --> 04:38:03,760 FOUR YEARS OR THE YEARS WE HAVE 8264 04:38:03,760 --> 04:38:04,920 DATA ON ARE INCLUSION BY RACE 8265 04:38:04,920 --> 04:38:08,000 AND ETHNICITY HAVE BEEN 8266 04:38:08,000 --> 04:38:10,120 OVERWHELMINGLY WHITE AND 8267 04:38:10,120 --> 04:38:11,320 OVERWHELMINGLY NOT HISPANIC OR 8268 04:38:11,320 --> 04:38:12,760 LATINO. 8269 04:38:12,760 --> 04:38:16,120 AND AS A NEUROIMAGER, THIS 8270 04:38:16,120 --> 04:38:17,160 DEMOGRAPHIC PATTERN ALSO IS 8271 04:38:17,160 --> 04:38:19,000 NOTED ACROSS OUR LARGE SCALE 8272 04:38:19,000 --> 04:38:20,120 NEUROIMAGING COLLECTION EFFORTS, 8273 04:38:20,120 --> 04:38:23,200 AND SO ONE BEING THE U.K. 8274 04:38:23,200 --> 04:38:25,960 BIOBANK, IT'S A LARGE SCALE 8275 04:38:25,960 --> 04:38:26,600 BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH RESOURCE, 8276 04:38:26,600 --> 04:38:29,360 AND IT CONTAINS A LOT OF IN 8277 04:38:29,360 --> 04:38:29,960 DEPTH HEALTH INFORMATION FROM 8278 04:38:29,960 --> 04:38:32,720 AROUND HALF A MILLION U.K. 8279 04:38:32,720 --> 04:38:35,240 PARTICIPANTS, IT IS ALSO THE 8280 04:38:35,240 --> 04:38:37,640 LARGEST NEUROIMAGING DATABASE 8281 04:38:37,640 --> 04:38:39,120 COLLECTION IN THE WORLD AT 8282 04:38:39,120 --> 04:38:40,080 AROUND 50,000 PEOPLE WITH 8283 04:38:40,080 --> 04:38:42,880 IMAGING BUT AIMING TOWARDS 8284 04:38:42,880 --> 04:38:43,440 100,000. 8285 04:38:43,440 --> 04:38:45,240 BUT I'LL POINT YOU TO THE RED 8286 04:38:45,240 --> 04:38:46,880 BOX INDICATING THAT WHITE 8287 04:38:46,880 --> 04:38:48,560 INDIVIDUALS ACTUALLY MAKE UP 8288 04:38:48,560 --> 04:38:50,760 AROUND 9 # 5% OF THE TOTAL 8289 04:38:50,760 --> 04:38:54,080 PEOPLE RECRUITED FOR THE U.K. 8290 04:38:54,080 --> 04:38:56,480 BIOBANK. 8291 04:38:56,480 --> 04:38:57,960 IN ANOTHER EXAMPLE I'M SHOWING 8292 04:38:57,960 --> 04:38:59,640 YOU TWO MORE ADDITIONAL LARGE 8293 04:38:59,640 --> 04:39:00,920 SCALE NEUROIMAGING RESOURCES. 8294 04:39:00,920 --> 04:39:03,480 THE HUMAN CONNECTOME PROJECT, 8295 04:39:03,480 --> 04:39:05,400 HCP, WHICH COMPRISES ABOUT 76% 8296 04:39:05,400 --> 04:39:08,760 OF WHITE INDIVIDUALS, AND 8297 04:39:08,760 --> 04:39:10,720 ADOLESCENT BRAIN AND COGNITIVE 8298 04:39:10,720 --> 04:39:12,280 DEVELOPMENT STUDY, THE ABCD, 8299 04:39:12,280 --> 04:39:14,280 WHICH ENCOMPASSES AROUND 56% OF 8300 04:39:14,280 --> 04:39:15,360 WHITE AMERICANS. 8301 04:39:15,360 --> 04:39:16,000 ONE IMPORTANT NOTE HERE I WANT 8302 04:39:16,000 --> 04:39:18,400 TO MAKE IS THAT THE ABCD 8303 04:39:18,400 --> 04:39:19,480 PROVIDES RESEARCH MATERIALS IN 8304 04:39:19,480 --> 04:39:21,200 SPANISH FOR SPANISH-SPEAKING 8305 04:39:21,200 --> 04:39:22,640 FAMILIES, AND I THINK PROBABLY 8306 04:39:22,640 --> 04:39:24,760 AS A DIRECT RESULT OF THIS, YOU 8307 04:39:24,760 --> 04:39:27,760 SEE AROUND 20% OF THE ABCD 8308 04:39:27,760 --> 04:39:29,040 PARTICIPANTS BEING HISPANIC OR 8309 04:39:29,040 --> 04:39:32,480 LATINO. 8310 04:39:32,480 --> 04:39:35,280 WE KNOW THE U.K. IS 8311 04:39:35,280 --> 04:39:35,880 OVERWHELMINGLY WHITE, SO WHY 8312 04:39:35,880 --> 04:39:37,320 MIGHT AS A COMMUNITY WE EXPECT 8313 04:39:37,320 --> 04:39:40,600 DIFFERENT NUMB NUMBERS, BUT I K 8314 04:39:40,600 --> 04:39:41,640 IT'S IMPORTANT THAT EVEN IN 8315 04:39:41,640 --> 04:39:42,800 THESE INSTANCES WHERE THESE 8316 04:39:42,800 --> 04:39:44,080 SAMPLES ARE BROADLY 8317 04:39:44,080 --> 04:39:46,080 REPRESENTATIVE OF A PARTICULAR 8318 04:39:46,080 --> 04:39:50,800 COUNTRY LIKE THE U.K., SAMPLE 8319 04:39:50,800 --> 04:39:51,880 GENERALIZABILITY ISSUES CAN 8320 04:39:51,880 --> 04:39:54,760 BECOME AMPLIFIED WHEN WE ARE 8321 04:39:54,760 --> 04:39:57,480 UTILIZING DATASETS IN A GLOBAL 8322 04:39:57,480 --> 04:39:58,600 CONTEXT WHERE WHITE PEOPLE 8323 04:39:58,600 --> 04:39:59,720 REPRESENT AROUND 12% OF THE 8324 04:39:59,720 --> 04:40:03,600 WORLD'S POPULATION. 8325 04:40:03,600 --> 04:40:05,240 I THINK WE ALSO NEED TO JUST 8326 04:40:05,240 --> 04:40:07,960 CONSIDER THAT THE DECADES OF 8327 04:40:07,960 --> 04:40:10,120 EXCLUSION FROM OUR RESEARCH AND 8328 04:40:10,120 --> 04:40:12,760 EVEN BEYOND IN DIFFERENT TERMS, 8329 04:40:12,760 --> 04:40:15,120 THAT IT MIGHT BE TIME FOR US AS 8330 04:40:15,120 --> 04:40:16,600 NEUROIMAGERS TO OVERCOMPENSATE 8331 04:40:16,600 --> 04:40:20,600 IN OUR RECRUITMENT NOW, AND 8332 04:40:20,600 --> 04:40:21,520 ADDITIONALLY, THE NIH IS ONE OF 8333 04:40:21,520 --> 04:40:24,200 THE LARGEST SCIENTIFIC FUNDERS 8334 04:40:24,200 --> 04:40:27,280 IN THE WORLD AND SUCH -- IT IS 8335 04:40:27,280 --> 04:40:31,320 SUCH THAT OFTENTIMES THESE 8336 04:40:31,320 --> 04:40:31,920 INITIATIVES ARE ONLY AVAILABLE 8337 04:40:31,920 --> 04:40:36,000 FOR SCIENTISTS IN AMERICA, SO 8338 04:40:36,000 --> 04:40:38,400 PERHAPS AS A CONSEQUENCE, IT IS 8339 04:40:38,400 --> 04:40:39,400 PRIMARILY RESEARCH GROUPS WITHIN 8340 04:40:39,400 --> 04:40:40,000 WEALTHIER COUNTRIES LIKE THE 8341 04:40:40,000 --> 04:40:44,640 UNITED STATES THAT HAVE THE 8342 04:40:44,640 --> 04:40:46,640 RESOURCES TO CONDUCT THIS IN 8343 04:40:46,640 --> 04:40:47,040 VIVO IMAGING WORK. 8344 04:40:47,040 --> 04:40:49,280 SO WE ALSO NEED TO CONSIDER HOW 8345 04:40:49,280 --> 04:40:52,080 BIASES ARE ENTAILED IN OUR 8346 04:40:52,080 --> 04:40:52,560 METHODOLOGY THAT WE USE. 8347 04:40:52,560 --> 04:40:54,520 SO SOMETHING AS SEEMINGLY AS 8348 04:40:54,520 --> 04:40:56,320 INNOCUOUS AS AN INDIVIDUAL'S 8349 04:40:56,320 --> 04:40:58,160 HAIRSTYLE CAN PRESENT A 8350 04:40:58,160 --> 04:40:59,640 CONSIDERABLE BARRIER TO 8351 04:40:59,640 --> 04:40:59,920 RECRUITMENT. 8352 04:40:59,920 --> 04:41:01,080 IN THE EXAMPLE I'M SHOWING YOU 8353 04:41:01,080 --> 04:41:04,640 HERE ON THE SCREEN, YOU CAN SEE 8354 04:41:04,640 --> 04:41:05,360 EXTENSIONS THAT ARE THESE SMALL 8355 04:41:05,360 --> 04:41:06,160 METALLIC PIECES THAT ARE CLOSE 8356 04:41:06,160 --> 04:41:08,000 TO THE SCALP, AND THIS IS 8357 04:41:08,000 --> 04:41:10,120 SHOWING UP IN AN X-RAY IMAGE 8358 04:41:10,120 --> 04:41:13,320 HERE THAT WOULD POSSESS A SAFETY 8359 04:41:13,320 --> 04:41:15,560 RISK IF THEY WERE TO GO INTO AN 8360 04:41:15,560 --> 04:41:17,000 MRI, BUT YOU CAN SEE THIS IS 8361 04:41:17,000 --> 04:41:19,040 CLEARLY SHOWING UP IN OUR IMAGES 8362 04:41:19,040 --> 04:41:21,160 AN AN ARTIFACT. 8363 04:41:21,160 --> 04:41:21,760 IN AN MRI STUDY SPECIFICALLY, 8364 04:41:21,760 --> 04:41:23,280 THERE CAN BE DIFFICULTIES IN 8365 04:41:23,280 --> 04:41:25,680 FITTING A NATURAL HAIRSTYLE THAT 8366 04:41:25,680 --> 04:41:29,120 IS, FOR EXAMPLE, AN AFRO 8367 04:41:29,120 --> 04:41:30,960 DREADLOCKS BRAIDS INTO THE 8368 04:41:30,960 --> 04:41:31,960 CONSTRICTED SPACE OF THE HEAD 8369 04:41:31,960 --> 04:41:33,720 COIL, AND FOR THOSE THAT ARE UP 8370 04:41:33,720 --> 04:41:35,760 FAMILIAR WITH MRI, THE HEAD COIL 8371 04:41:35,760 --> 04:41:37,040 IS JUST WHERE THE PARTICIPANT 8372 04:41:37,040 --> 04:41:39,520 LAYS THEIR HEAD AND CAN OFTEN BE 8373 04:41:39,520 --> 04:41:43,680 CONSTRUCTED IN SPACE. 8374 04:41:43,680 --> 04:41:46,000 IN ADDITION, THINGS LIKE SEW-INS 8375 04:41:46,000 --> 04:41:48,200 OR EXTENSIONS WHICH ARE COMMON 8376 04:41:48,200 --> 04:41:50,240 STYLES WORN BY BLACK WOMEN CAN 8377 04:41:50,240 --> 04:41:51,080 CONTAIN METAL TRACKS THAT LINE 8378 04:41:51,080 --> 04:41:53,160 THE SCALP OR SOMETIMES IN OTHER 8379 04:41:53,160 --> 04:41:55,080 CASES, HAVE METALLIC THREADS 8380 04:41:55,080 --> 04:41:55,720 THAT ARE KIND OF WOVEN 8381 04:41:55,720 --> 04:41:57,440 THROUGHOUT THE BRAIDS. 8382 04:41:57,440 --> 04:41:58,920 AND AS A DIRECT -- AS A 8383 04:41:58,920 --> 04:42:01,800 DECORATIVE ELEMENT, AND THESE 8384 04:42:01,800 --> 04:42:02,520 TRACKS OR THESE SORT OF 8385 04:42:02,520 --> 04:42:05,640 DECORATIVE ELEMENTS CAN POSE A 8386 04:42:05,640 --> 04:42:07,080 SAFETY RISK IN THE MAGNETIC 8387 04:42:07,080 --> 04:42:09,960 FIELD OF THE ENVIRONMENT, AND 8388 04:42:09,960 --> 04:42:10,880 ALSO MAKE IT DIFFICULT FOR 8389 04:42:10,880 --> 04:42:13,560 RESEARCHERS TO USE -- TO COLLECT 8390 04:42:13,560 --> 04:42:14,800 USABLE STUDY DATA. 8391 04:42:14,800 --> 04:42:16,720 SO IN ONE EXAMPLE THAT I'M 8392 04:42:16,720 --> 04:42:18,160 SHOWING YOU HERE, WE SEE A 8393 04:42:18,160 --> 04:42:20,040 51-YEAR-OLD BLACK WOMAN WHO CAME 8394 04:42:20,040 --> 04:42:23,760 IN WITH BRAIDS, AND THIS BRIGHT 8395 04:42:23,760 --> 04:42:24,960 AURA ACTUALLY AROUND THE MRI, 8396 04:42:24,960 --> 04:42:26,240 WHICH IS WHERE I'M POINTING WITH 8397 04:42:26,240 --> 04:42:27,240 THE RED ARROWS. 8398 04:42:27,240 --> 04:42:29,960 CAME FROM A PASTE IN HER BRAIDS 8399 04:42:29,960 --> 04:42:32,640 THAT CONTAIN A HIGH IRON OXIDE 8400 04:42:32,640 --> 04:42:34,400 CONTENT. 8401 04:42:34,400 --> 04:42:36,280 AND ULTIMATELY PRODUCED THIS 8402 04:42:36,280 --> 04:42:38,600 ARTIFACT. 8403 04:42:38,600 --> 04:42:39,760 AND ANOTHER EXAMPLE HERE WHAT 8404 04:42:39,760 --> 04:42:41,360 I'M SHOWING YOU IS A 15-YEAR-OLD 8405 04:42:41,360 --> 04:42:44,240 BLACK CHILD THAT CAME IN WITH 8406 04:42:44,240 --> 04:42:44,960 TWISTS WHICH ARE A STYLE OF 8407 04:42:44,960 --> 04:42:46,240 BRAIDS, AND SIMILARLY HAD A 8408 04:42:46,240 --> 04:42:48,200 PRODUCT IN THEIR BRAIDS THAT 8409 04:42:48,200 --> 04:42:50,600 CONTAINED A SIMILAR IRON OXIDE 8410 04:42:50,600 --> 04:42:52,920 MAKEUP THAT PRESENTED THIS 8411 04:42:52,920 --> 04:42:53,200 ARTIFACT. 8412 04:42:53,200 --> 04:42:55,880 SO THESE MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY 8413 04:42:55,880 --> 04:42:57,920 ARTIFACTS CAN EMERGE FROM 8414 04:42:57,920 --> 04:42:59,560 PRODUCTS IN BLACK HAIR STYLES, 8415 04:42:59,560 --> 04:43:03,000 BUT UNFORTUNATELY, THE 8416 04:43:03,000 --> 04:43:05,720 CONSEQUENCES OF THESE DATA 8417 04:43:05,720 --> 04:43:07,080 COLLECTION AND THESE NUANCES ARE 8418 04:43:07,080 --> 04:43:11,120 OFTEN OVERLOOKED BY RESEARCHERS 8419 04:43:11,120 --> 04:43:13,320 AND CAN BE NEGLECTED IN TERMS OF 8420 04:43:13,320 --> 04:43:16,360 OPERATOR TRAINING. 8421 04:43:16,360 --> 04:43:18,560 SO WITH THIS IN MIND, THESE 8422 04:43:18,560 --> 04:43:22,280 BIASES CAN PERMEATE INTO OUR 8423 04:43:22,280 --> 04:43:23,160 ANALYSES AS A DIRECT RESULT OF 8424 04:43:23,160 --> 04:43:25,160 THESE ISSUES THAT PLAGUE OUR 8425 04:43:25,160 --> 04:43:26,920 RECRUITMENT AND OUR DATA 8426 04:43:26,920 --> 04:43:27,200 COLLECTION. 8427 04:43:27,200 --> 04:43:30,400 SO IF WE ARE ATTEMPTING TO 8428 04:43:30,400 --> 04:43:31,240 IDENTIFY BRAIN BEHAVIOR 8429 04:43:31,240 --> 04:43:32,080 RELATIONSHIPS AND THESE 8430 04:43:32,080 --> 04:43:33,840 ASSOCIATIONS THROUGH OUR 8431 04:43:33,840 --> 04:43:35,960 NEUROIMAGING BUT THESE DATA ARE 8432 04:43:35,960 --> 04:43:37,800 PRIMARILY DRIVEN BY MORE 8433 04:43:37,800 --> 04:43:41,600 REPRESENTED GROUP, WE ARE PRONE 8434 04:43:41,600 --> 04:43:42,120 TO INTERPRETATION BIAS. 8435 04:43:42,120 --> 04:43:42,960 SO HERE I'M SHOWING YOU WITH ONE 8436 04:43:42,960 --> 04:43:44,960 OF THESE LARGE NEUROIMAGING 8437 04:43:44,960 --> 04:43:47,640 DATASETS HCP, RESEARCHERS WERE 8438 04:43:47,640 --> 04:43:49,000 BUILDING PREDICTIVE MODELS OF 8439 04:43:49,000 --> 04:43:51,680 BEHAVIOR RELATED TO COGNITION. 8440 04:43:51,680 --> 04:43:53,960 HOWEVER, AS YOU CAN SEE, BLACK 8441 04:43:53,960 --> 04:43:55,520 AMERICANS HAD A LOWER ACCURACY 8442 04:43:55,520 --> 04:43:57,600 OR, IN OTHER WORDS, A HIGHER 8443 04:43:57,600 --> 04:43:58,400 LIKELIHOOD OF MISREPRESENTATION 8444 04:43:58,400 --> 04:44:01,440 OR MISCLASSIFICATION THAN WHITE 8445 04:44:01,440 --> 04:44:03,840 AMERICANS WHEN TRYING TO PREDICT 8446 04:44:03,840 --> 04:44:04,640 BEHAVIORS RELATED TO COGNITION. 8447 04:44:04,640 --> 04:44:07,600 SO IN SCIENCE, SUCCESSFUL 8448 04:44:07,600 --> 04:44:10,000 PREDICTIVE MODELS AND METHODS 8449 04:44:10,000 --> 04:44:12,320 SHOULD NOT ONLY ACHIEVE HIGH 8450 04:44:12,320 --> 04:44:13,960 ACCURACY, BUT ALSO HAVE AN EQUAL 8451 04:44:13,960 --> 04:44:17,120 LEVEL OF VALIDITY FOR DIFFERENT 8452 04:44:17,120 --> 04:44:17,520 SUBPOPULATIONS. 8453 04:44:17,520 --> 04:44:18,520 AND THIS IS IMPORTANT, I THINK, 8454 04:44:18,520 --> 04:44:19,840 WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT THE BIGGER 8455 04:44:19,840 --> 04:44:21,600 PICTURE OF, YOU KNOW, 8456 04:44:21,600 --> 04:44:22,640 RESEARCHERS AND SCIENCE AND WHY 8457 04:44:22,640 --> 04:44:25,520 WE DO THIS IN THE FIRST PLACE, 8458 04:44:25,520 --> 04:44:27,280 IS UTILIZING THESE PREDICTIONS, 8459 04:44:27,280 --> 04:44:28,240 YOU KNOW, FOR DIAGNOSTIC 8460 04:44:28,240 --> 04:44:29,440 PURPOSES, FOR EXAMPLE. 8461 04:44:29,440 --> 04:44:33,480 WE CAN REALLY EXACERBATE 8462 04:44:33,480 --> 04:44:34,960 EXISTING HEALTH DISPARITIES WHEN 8463 04:44:34,960 --> 04:44:36,520 OUR SCIENCE CAN SIGNIFICANTLY 8464 04:44:36,520 --> 04:44:38,040 AND BETTER PREDICT FOR A SUBSET 8465 04:44:38,040 --> 04:44:45,080 OF THE POPULATION. 8466 04:44:45,080 --> 04:44:52,200 SO WHAT I WAY AN W WANT TO HIGHT 8467 04:44:52,200 --> 04:44:55,040 IS PROVIDING ACCESSIBLE AND 8468 04:44:55,040 --> 04:44:55,560 DIVERSE STUDY MATERIALS. 8469 04:44:55,560 --> 04:44:58,080 SO IN MANY NEUROIMAGING GROUPS, 8470 04:44:58,080 --> 04:45:00,120 FACES ARE OFTEN USED TO ASSESS 8471 04:45:00,120 --> 04:45:02,080 EMOTIONAL PROCESSES. 8472 04:45:02,080 --> 04:45:04,920 HOWEVER, MOST AVAILABLE 8473 04:45:04,920 --> 04:45:06,280 DATASETS, FACE DATASETS 8474 04:45:06,280 --> 04:45:07,880 REPRESENT MINIMAL DIVERSITY AND 8475 04:45:07,880 --> 04:45:10,560 AS SUCH CAN COU CONFOUND OUR 8476 04:45:10,560 --> 04:45:12,480 INTERPRETATIONS OF OUR ANALYSES, 8477 04:45:12,480 --> 04:45:13,760 SO WONDERFULLY RESEARCHERS HAVE 8478 04:45:13,760 --> 04:45:16,880 ALREADY OPENLY PROVIDED THIS 8479 04:45:16,880 --> 04:45:20,560 OPEN RESOURCE FOR USE FOR 8480 04:45:20,560 --> 04:45:23,080 RESEARCHERS TO USING THEIR DATA 8481 04:45:23,080 --> 04:45:24,680 A RACIALLY DIVERSE STIMULUS SET. 8482 04:45:24,680 --> 04:45:27,320 AND HAVING A RACIALLY DIVERSE 8483 04:45:27,320 --> 04:45:28,240 STIMULUS SET NOT ONLY CAN BEGIN 8484 04:45:28,240 --> 04:45:30,360 TO SORT OF MITIGATE THESE 8485 04:45:30,360 --> 04:45:32,400 BIASES, BUT ALSO MAY BE USEFUL 8486 04:45:32,400 --> 04:45:33,880 IN RESEARCH THAT LOOKS AT THE 8487 04:45:33,880 --> 04:45:36,000 EFFECTS OF RACE AND ETHNICITY ON 8488 04:45:36,000 --> 04:45:41,040 EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL PROCESSES. 8489 04:45:41,040 --> 04:45:43,840 ANOTHER OPPORTUNITY FOR RESEARCH 8490 04:45:43,840 --> 04:45:45,600 TO INCREASE RECRUITMENT IS 8491 04:45:45,600 --> 04:45:46,920 REMOVING METHODOLOGICAL BARRIERS 8492 04:45:46,920 --> 04:45:51,920 WHERE APPROPRIATE. 8493 04:45:51,920 --> 04:45:53,440 SO IN EEG NEUROIMAGING, ONE OF 8494 04:45:53,440 --> 04:45:55,120 THE MOST IMPORTANT THINGS IS 8495 04:45:55,120 --> 04:45:56,720 PROVIDING FLESH CONTACT WITH THE 8496 04:45:56,720 --> 04:45:58,400 ELECTRODE AND THE SCALP AND THAT 8497 04:45:58,400 --> 04:46:00,320 ALLOWS FOR PROPER RECORDING OF 8498 04:46:00,320 --> 04:46:01,080 BRAIN SIGNALS. 8499 04:46:01,080 --> 04:46:02,400 BUT BECAUSE OF THIS, 8500 04:46:02,400 --> 04:46:05,120 PARTICIPANTS WITH COARSER HAIR 8501 04:46:05,120 --> 04:46:07,800 AND OFTEN DARKER SKIN 8502 04:46:07,800 --> 04:46:09,360 PIGMENTATION ARE EXCLUDED FROM 8503 04:46:09,360 --> 04:46:11,960 OUR EEG NEUROIMAGING STUDIES DUE 8504 04:46:11,960 --> 04:46:13,120 TO THESE DIFFICULTIES. 8505 04:46:13,120 --> 04:46:15,280 SO TO ADDRESS THIS, ONE OF THE 8506 04:46:15,280 --> 04:46:16,280 WAYS THAT PEOPLE ARE ADDRESSING 8507 04:46:16,280 --> 04:46:18,440 THIS ARE WITH THIS SYSTEMIC 8508 04:46:18,440 --> 04:46:21,160 COLLECTION OR THE SYSTEMIC 8509 04:46:21,160 --> 04:46:22,680 COLLECTION BIAS IN EEG STUDIES, 8510 04:46:22,680 --> 04:46:23,760 RESEARCHERS HAVE DESIGNED 8511 04:46:23,760 --> 04:46:26,400 METHODS FOR OBTAINING HIGH 8512 04:46:26,400 --> 04:46:29,080 QUALITY EEG READINGS FROM 8513 04:46:29,080 --> 04:46:30,720 INDIVIDUALS WITH COARSE AND 8514 04:46:30,720 --> 04:46:32,280 CURLY HAIR, AND ONE OF THE WAYS 8515 04:46:32,280 --> 04:46:34,000 THAT THEY'RE DOING THIS IS 8516 04:46:34,000 --> 04:46:34,600 THROUGH A NEW TYPE OF BRAIDING 8517 04:46:34,600 --> 04:46:38,680 THAT ALLOWS FOR CONTACT -- FLESH 8518 04:46:38,680 --> 04:46:42,960 CONTACT WITH THE SCALP. 8519 04:46:42,960 --> 04:46:44,800 SO I ANOTHER WAY THIS CAN BE 8520 04:46:44,800 --> 04:46:46,400 DONE IS BY REMOVING FINANCIAL 8521 04:46:46,400 --> 04:46:50,600 BARRIERS WHERE APPROPRIATE. 8522 04:46:50,600 --> 04:46:51,200 ONE WAY RESEARCHERS ARE DOING 8523 04:46:51,200 --> 04:46:52,160 THIS IS THROUGH THE USE OF 8524 04:46:52,160 --> 04:46:54,320 THINGS THROUGH UBER AND LYFT TO 8525 04:46:54,320 --> 04:46:56,280 INCREASE RETENTION OF 8526 04:46:56,280 --> 04:46:56,880 PARTICIPANTS IN THEIR STUDIES, 8527 04:46:56,880 --> 04:47:00,480 AND YOU KNOW, AT ALL COSTS KIND 8528 04:47:00,480 --> 04:47:02,360 OF AVOIDING ANY SORT OF 8529 04:47:02,360 --> 04:47:03,240 OPPORTUNITY FOR PARTS PANTS TO 8530 04:47:03,240 --> 04:47:07,080 PAY THEIR WAY TO BE INVOLVED IN 8531 04:47:07,080 --> 04:47:09,400 OUR RESEARCH IS REALLY CRITICAL, 8532 04:47:09,400 --> 04:47:10,480 AND I KNOW OFTENTIMES WITH 8533 04:47:10,480 --> 04:47:13,200 INSTITUTIONS, WE'RE COMBATING 8534 04:47:13,200 --> 04:47:13,800 INSTITUTIONAL BUREAUCRACY IN 8535 04:47:13,800 --> 04:47:15,520 WHICH WE CAN'T AVOID 8536 04:47:15,520 --> 04:47:16,480 REIMBURSEMENT, BUT I THINK WHEN 8537 04:47:16,480 --> 04:47:20,400 WE CAN, WE SHOULD AVOID THIS 8538 04:47:20,400 --> 04:47:24,640 BURDEN FOR RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS 8539 04:47:24,640 --> 04:47:25,240 TO HOLD THESE COSTS WHENEVER 8540 04:47:25,240 --> 04:47:25,560 POSSIBLE. 8541 04:47:25,560 --> 04:47:28,240 AND THEN LASTLY, DEMOGRAPHIC 8542 04:47:28,240 --> 04:47:33,080 COLLECTION AND REPORTING. 8543 04:47:33,080 --> 04:47:34,640 SO THE ROLE OF RACE AND 8544 04:47:34,640 --> 04:47:36,560 ETHNICITY IN HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE 8545 04:47:36,560 --> 04:47:37,760 STUDIES AND PSYCHOLOGICAL 8546 04:47:37,760 --> 04:47:39,640 RESEARCH IS LARGELY NEGLECTED 8547 04:47:39,640 --> 04:47:42,360 AND OFTEN CORRECTED FOR. 8548 04:47:42,360 --> 04:47:43,960 AND SO MUCH SO THAT MOST 8549 04:47:43,960 --> 04:47:45,720 PUBLICATIONS FAIL TO REPORT THE 8550 04:47:45,720 --> 04:47:48,160 RACE OR ETHNICITY OF ITS STUDY 8551 04:47:48,160 --> 04:47:49,200 PARTICIPANTS. 8552 04:47:49,200 --> 04:47:50,600 AND ONE OF THE THINGS THAT 8553 04:47:50,600 --> 04:47:52,200 REALLY SHOCKED ME WAS THAT LESS 8554 04:47:52,200 --> 04:47:55,680 THAN 1% OF HUMAN COGNITIVE 8555 04:47:55,680 --> 04:47:56,840 NEUROSCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY 8556 04:47:56,840 --> 04:47:58,240 RESEARCH ARTICLES PUBLISHED FROM 8557 04:47:58,240 --> 04:48:00,680 1970s TO 2010s HAVE 8558 04:48:00,680 --> 04:48:02,960 HIGHLIGHTED RACE, AND I THINK AS 8559 04:48:02,960 --> 04:48:04,880 A SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY, WE 8560 04:48:04,880 --> 04:48:08,160 SHOULD EXPLICITLY REPORT THESE 8561 04:48:08,160 --> 04:48:09,080 DEMOGRAPHICS, AND I THINK WE 8562 04:48:09,080 --> 04:48:10,400 ALSO NEED TO ACKNOWLEDGE THAT 8563 04:48:10,400 --> 04:48:13,000 THERE ARE DIFFERENT REGULATORY 8564 04:48:13,000 --> 04:48:15,240 DIFFERENCES THAT MAY CONSTRAIN 8565 04:48:15,240 --> 04:48:16,360 COLLECTION IN DIFFERENT 8566 04:48:16,360 --> 04:48:17,440 COUNTRIES, BUT I THINK WHERE 8567 04:48:17,440 --> 04:48:18,120 POSSIBLE, WE SHOULD. 8568 04:48:18,120 --> 04:48:20,000 AND I JUST ALSO WANT TO MENTION 8569 04:48:20,000 --> 04:48:21,320 THAT THIS LIST IS NOWHERE NEAR 8570 04:48:21,320 --> 04:48:21,680 EXHAUSTIVE. 8571 04:48:21,680 --> 04:48:25,040 I MEAN, I HIGHLIGHT THESE FEW 8572 04:48:25,040 --> 04:48:26,960 THINGS AS JUST POTENTIAL WAYS 8573 04:48:26,960 --> 04:48:28,200 THAT WE CAN MITIGATE THESE 8574 04:48:28,200 --> 04:48:29,600 ISSUES WE'RE FACING, BUT I DON'T 8575 04:48:29,600 --> 04:48:33,160 THINK THAT THIS LIST IS BY ANY 8576 04:48:33,160 --> 04:48:36,120 MEANS THE FINALIST. 8577 04:48:36,120 --> 04:48:37,440 SO I HOPE THAT I'VE BEEN ABLE TO 8578 04:48:37,440 --> 04:48:39,760 SHOW YOU SOME WAYS IN WHICH THE 8579 04:48:39,760 --> 04:48:40,480 MAKEUP OF OUR NEUROIMAGING 8580 04:48:40,480 --> 04:48:42,040 STUDIES ARE LIMITED, AND 8581 04:48:42,040 --> 04:48:46,120 ESPECIALLY AS WE MOVE FORWARD 8582 04:48:46,120 --> 04:48:46,720 AND REALLY THINKING DEEPLY OF 8583 04:48:46,720 --> 04:48:48,120 HOW WE CAN KIND OF SORT OF 8584 04:48:48,120 --> 04:48:49,320 CORRECT FOR THESE SORTS OF 8585 04:48:49,320 --> 04:48:49,640 THINGS. 8586 04:48:49,640 --> 04:48:51,560 AND THIS IMAGE THAT'S ON THE 8587 04:48:51,560 --> 04:48:52,640 SCREEN IS A VISUAL 8588 04:48:52,640 --> 04:48:55,480 REPRESENTATION OF HOW OUR 8589 04:48:55,480 --> 04:49:00,200 NEUROIMAGING FROM EEG AND MRI IS 8590 04:49:00,200 --> 04:49:01,920 LESS INCLUSIVE AND HOW WE LOSE A 8591 04:49:01,920 --> 04:49:03,440 LOT OF PEOPLE IN THIS PROCESS. 8592 04:49:03,440 --> 04:49:04,960 BUT I ALSO HOPE THAT I HAVE 8593 04:49:04,960 --> 04:49:07,200 CONVINCED YOU IN WAYS THAT I'M 8594 04:49:07,200 --> 04:49:09,200 ALSO EXCITED TO DISCUSS, OF WAYS 8595 04:49:09,200 --> 04:49:11,640 THAT WE CAN MITIGATE THERE'S 8596 04:49:11,640 --> 04:49:12,960 ISSUES, BY PROVIDING ACTIONABLE 8597 04:49:12,960 --> 04:49:14,400 ITEMS BOTH IN THE SHORT TERM AND 8598 04:49:14,400 --> 04:49:18,200 IN THE LONG TERM AS WE MOVE 8599 04:49:18,200 --> 04:49:20,000 FORWARD IN OUR HUMAN 8600 04:49:20,000 --> 04:49:21,360 UNDERSTANDING IN COLLECTING 8601 04:49:21,360 --> 04:49:24,080 THESE DATA IN OUR HUMAN 8602 04:49:24,080 --> 04:49:25,560 NEUROSCIENCE STUDIES. 8603 04:49:25,560 --> 04:49:26,680 SO LASTLY, I JUST WANT TO SAY 8604 04:49:26,680 --> 04:49:28,600 SPECIAL THANK YOU TO MY TEAMS 8605 04:49:28,600 --> 04:49:31,520 FOR THEIR PERSPECTIVES IN ALL OF 8606 04:49:31,520 --> 04:49:31,880 THIS WORK. 8607 04:49:31,880 --> 04:49:33,840 AND PARTICULARLY I JUST WANT TO 8608 04:49:33,840 --> 04:49:39,720 POINT OUT, JASMINE KWASA, THIRD 8609 04:49:39,720 --> 04:49:41,360 FROM THE LEFT, SHE IS ACTIVELY 8610 04:49:41,360 --> 04:49:43,800 WORKING TOWARDS MAKING EEG MORE 8611 04:49:43,800 --> 04:49:45,680 INCLUSIVE BY CONTACT WITH THE 8612 04:49:45,680 --> 04:49:47,080 SCALP IN INDIVIDUALS WITH DARKER 8613 04:49:47,080 --> 04:49:48,440 SKIN AND COARSER HAIR. 8614 04:49:48,440 --> 04:49:50,120 SO THANK YOU SO MUCH. 8615 04:49:50,120 --> 04:49:51,840 I AM LOOKING FORWARD TO THE 8616 04:49:51,840 --> 04:49:56,960 DISCUSSION PIECE. 8617 04:49:56,960 --> 04:49:58,920 [APPLAUSE] 8618 04:49:58,920 --> 04:50:01,840 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH. 8619 04:50:01,840 --> 04:50:06,400 ANY INITIAL QUESTIONS FOR 8620 04:50:06,400 --> 04:50:16,600 MS. RICARD? 8621 04:50:19,120 --> 04:50:21,080 >>DO WE HAVE ANY SENSE JUST OF 8622 04:50:21,080 --> 04:50:23,120 THE SCALE OF THE PROBLEM OF 8623 04:50:23,120 --> 04:50:26,640 EXISTING DATASETS, GIVEN THE 8624 04:50:26,640 --> 04:50:28,160 EXCLUSIONARY PRACTICES, YOU 8625 04:50:28,160 --> 04:50:29,040 KNOW, OVER TIME, WHETHER IT'S 8626 04:50:29,040 --> 04:50:33,200 HAIR OR OTHER WAYS IN WHICH 8627 04:50:33,200 --> 04:50:33,920 INDIVIDUALS HAVE BEEN 8628 04:50:33,920 --> 04:50:35,120 INCREASINGLY BURDENED TO BE PART 8629 04:50:35,120 --> 04:50:38,160 OF STUDY OR EXCLUDED FROM 8630 04:50:38,160 --> 04:50:38,800 STUDIES, DO WE HAVE ANY SENSE OF 8631 04:50:38,800 --> 04:50:40,840 THE IMPACT OF THE BIAS OF 8632 04:50:40,840 --> 04:50:41,840 EXISTING DATASETS AS A RESULT? 8633 04:50:41,840 --> 04:50:46,360 >>SO ONE OF THE THINGS I THINK 8634 04:50:46,360 --> 04:50:47,520 HAVE BEEN COMING OUT RECENTLY 8635 04:50:47,520 --> 04:50:49,440 ARE, IN PARTICULAR, THESE 8636 04:50:49,440 --> 04:50:52,240 PREDICTIVE MODELS WORKING BETTER 8637 04:50:52,240 --> 04:50:53,520 FOR OR ONLY BEING ABLE TO 8638 04:50:53,520 --> 04:50:56,040 PREDICT FOR CERTAIN SECTORS OF 8639 04:50:56,040 --> 04:51:03,080 THE GROUP, AND IN ONE CASE, IT 8640 04:51:03,080 --> 04:51:04,720 WAS OUT OF JAMA PSYCHIATRY THAT 8641 04:51:04,720 --> 04:51:06,280 RECENTLY PUBLISHED ON BEING ABLE 8642 04:51:06,280 --> 04:51:09,000 TO PREDICT SUICIDE RISK FOR 8643 04:51:09,000 --> 04:51:09,800 WHITE AND ASIAN PARTICIPANTS, 8644 04:51:09,800 --> 04:51:13,600 BUT NOT FOR BLACK AND AMERICAN 8645 04:51:13,600 --> 04:51:16,840 INDIAN/ALASKAN NATIVE, AND SO I 8646 04:51:16,840 --> 04:51:18,760 THINK ABOUT, YOU KNOW, THE 8647 04:51:18,760 --> 04:51:19,720 CONSEQUENCES OF THAT, 8648 04:51:19,720 --> 04:51:21,560 ESPECIALLY, YOU KNOW, IN 10 8649 04:51:21,560 --> 04:51:23,600 YEARS, WHEN WHAT ARE WE DOING 8650 04:51:23,600 --> 04:51:26,400 WITH FMRI, FOR EXAMPLE, WHEN WE 8651 04:51:26,400 --> 04:51:27,920 ARE AT SUCH HIGH STAKES OF 8652 04:51:27,920 --> 04:51:29,800 THINGS LIKE LIFE AND DEATH, I 8653 04:51:29,800 --> 04:51:31,760 THINK THESE SORT OF THINGS 8654 04:51:31,760 --> 04:51:32,840 CAN -- WE CAN LOSE PEOPLE IN THE 8655 04:51:32,840 --> 04:51:33,080 CRACKS. 8656 04:51:33,080 --> 04:51:36,000 SO I DON'T THINK WE HAVE A FULL 8657 04:51:36,000 --> 04:51:38,960 SENSE YET OF HOW MUCH WE ARE 8658 04:51:38,960 --> 04:51:40,200 LOSING, BUT I THINK WE'RE KIND 8659 04:51:40,200 --> 04:51:41,400 OF STARTING TO RECOGNIZE THAT 8660 04:51:41,400 --> 04:51:44,000 THERE IS REALLY A BIG ISSUE IN 8661 04:51:44,000 --> 04:51:45,000 THESE DATASETS, AND WAYS IN 8662 04:51:45,000 --> 04:51:46,560 WHICH WE CAN START TO KIND OF 8663 04:51:46,560 --> 04:51:49,400 BRING PEOPLE IN TO OUR SCIENCE. 8664 04:51:49,400 --> 04:51:50,600 AND ANOTHER THING I DIDN'T TALK 8665 04:51:50,600 --> 04:51:53,520 ABOUT BUT I THINK WHEN WE'RE 8666 04:51:53,520 --> 04:51:55,320 KIND OF GOING INTO THESE 8667 04:51:55,320 --> 04:51:55,960 COMMUNITIES AND INVITING PEOPLE 8668 04:51:55,960 --> 04:51:57,040 INTO OUR RESEARCH, I THINK ONE 8669 04:51:57,040 --> 04:51:59,760 REALLY BIG THING WHICH I THINK 8670 04:51:59,760 --> 04:52:00,440 IS MORE OF A LONG TERM THING, 8671 04:52:00,440 --> 04:52:04,160 PERHAPS, IN PEOPLE'S LABS IN 8672 04:52:04,160 --> 04:52:05,520 SCIENCE IS HAVING REPRESENTATION 8673 04:52:05,520 --> 04:52:06,920 AT ALL LEVELS. 8674 04:52:06,920 --> 04:52:07,920 I THINK WE GO INTO COMMUNITIES 8675 04:52:07,920 --> 04:52:09,240 WITHOUT ANY SORT OF 8676 04:52:09,240 --> 04:52:13,160 REPRESENTATION OF THE RESEARCH 8677 04:52:13,160 --> 04:52:15,560 TEAM, AND I THINK THAT, ON TOP 8678 04:52:15,560 --> 04:52:16,200 OF THE ALREADY EXISTING SORT OF 8679 04:52:16,200 --> 04:52:19,480 DISTRUST THAT'S BEEN BUILT OVER 8680 04:52:19,480 --> 04:52:21,760 CENTURIES IS A HARD THING TO 8681 04:52:21,760 --> 04:52:23,560 COMBAT WITH -- IF YOU'RE GOING 8682 04:52:23,560 --> 04:52:24,160 INTO THESE COMMUNITIES WITHOUT 8683 04:52:24,160 --> 04:52:28,160 THAT SORT OF REPRESENTATION. 8684 04:52:28,160 --> 04:52:31,520 >>THANK YOU FOR YOUR REALLY 8685 04:52:31,520 --> 04:52:32,680 INTERESTING TALK. 8686 04:52:32,680 --> 04:52:34,200 I WAS JUST WONDERING IF THE 8687 04:52:34,200 --> 04:52:36,840 EXCLUSION THAT YOU DESCRIBED, 8688 04:52:36,840 --> 04:52:39,320 THE DISPARITY, IS ACROSS ALL 8689 04:52:39,320 --> 04:52:41,840 TYPES OF NEURAL STUDIES, OR IS 8690 04:52:41,840 --> 04:52:42,960 IT SORT OF -- I KNOW YOU'VE DONE 8691 04:52:42,960 --> 04:52:45,760 IMAGING IN PARTICULAR, BUT SAY 8692 04:52:45,760 --> 04:52:47,280 PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES 8693 04:52:47,280 --> 04:52:49,040 ASSOCIATED WITH BRAIN WORK OR 8694 04:52:49,040 --> 04:52:51,880 NEUROLOGICAL WORK OR OTHER TYPES 8695 04:52:51,880 --> 04:52:53,560 OF STUDIES. 8696 04:52:53,560 --> 04:52:54,280 IS IT ACROSS THE BOARD OR 8697 04:52:54,280 --> 04:52:54,560 SPECIFIC? 8698 04:52:54,560 --> 04:52:56,000 >>YES, YES, DEFINITELY, I THINK 8699 04:52:56,000 --> 04:52:58,560 WE SEE THIS IN A LOT OF 8700 04:52:58,560 --> 04:53:00,000 DIFFERENT STUDIES. 8701 04:53:00,000 --> 04:53:01,080 NOT ONLY JUST AROUND 8702 04:53:01,080 --> 04:53:03,600 NEUROSCIENCE, BUT EXTENDING 8703 04:53:03,600 --> 04:53:05,760 ACROSS PSYCHOLOGY, I THINK 8704 04:53:05,760 --> 04:53:06,720 ANYWHERE WHERE PEOPLE ARE 8705 04:53:06,720 --> 04:53:07,720 INVOLVED, WE DO SEE THIS. 8706 04:53:07,720 --> 04:53:10,320 BUT I THINK IN THE LAST COUPLE 8707 04:53:10,320 --> 04:53:12,720 YEARS, IT'S REALLY BEEN 8708 04:53:12,720 --> 04:53:14,120 HIGHLIGHTED, ESPECIALLY IN THE 8709 04:53:14,120 --> 04:53:18,560 SENSE OF EEG, JUST BECAUSE OF 8710 04:53:18,560 --> 04:53:20,560 TRYING TO OPTIMIZE A HIGH 8711 04:53:20,560 --> 04:53:21,800 QUALITY SIGNAL WITH COARSER HAIR 8712 04:53:21,800 --> 04:53:24,720 AND DARKER SKIN, AS WELL AS 8713 04:53:24,720 --> 04:53:26,400 FNIRs AS WELL. 8714 04:53:26,400 --> 04:53:28,760 BUT I THINK AS OF MORE RECENTLY, 8715 04:53:28,760 --> 04:53:30,480 IN MRI, I THINK KIND OF MRI HAS 8716 04:53:30,480 --> 04:53:31,680 BEEN THAT ONE THING THAT 8717 04:53:31,680 --> 04:53:34,160 EVERYONE CAN BE INVOLVED IN, BUT 8718 04:53:34,160 --> 04:53:35,880 EVEN IN MRI, WE'RE LOSING PEOPLE 8719 04:53:35,880 --> 04:53:37,880 THROUGH THE CRACKS IN OUR 8720 04:53:37,880 --> 04:53:40,720 RECRUITMENT AND OUR METHODOLOGY. 8721 04:53:40,720 --> 04:53:42,120 SO I THINK THERE'S A LOT MORE TO 8722 04:53:42,120 --> 04:53:43,960 KIND OF BE DISENTANGLED, AND I 8723 04:53:43,960 --> 04:53:45,600 NING THERE ARE A LOT OF 8724 04:53:45,600 --> 04:53:46,200 QUESTIONS THAT WE STILL DON'T 8725 04:53:46,200 --> 04:53:49,160 KNOW THE ANSWERS ABOUT IN LIKE 8726 04:53:49,160 --> 04:53:54,360 TERMS OF WHAT SHOULD OUR SORT OF 8727 04:53:54,360 --> 04:53:55,640 EVERYDAY SAMPLE LACK LIKE IN OUR 8728 04:53:55,640 --> 04:53:56,840 NEUROIMAGING STUDIES, BUT I 8729 04:53:56,840 --> 04:53:59,520 THINK THOSE ARE ALL REALLY GREAT 8730 04:53:59,520 --> 04:53:59,800 QUESTIONS. 8731 04:53:59,800 --> 04:54:00,600 >>THANK YOU. 8732 04:54:00,600 --> 04:54:01,640 I KNOW THERE ARE SOME OTHER 8733 04:54:01,640 --> 04:54:04,720 QUESTIONS THAT ARE STILL IN THE 8734 04:54:04,720 --> 04:54:07,600 LINEUP, BUT I'LL ENSCOURGE PE 8735 04:54:07,600 --> 04:54:08,520 PEOPLE TO HOLD ON TO THEM AS WE 8736 04:54:08,520 --> 04:54:09,680 MOVE TO OUR SECOND SPEAKER OF 8737 04:54:09,680 --> 04:54:12,920 THIS PANEL, AND THEN WE CAN 8738 04:54:12,920 --> 04:54:13,560 DISCUSS IN THE PANEL DISCUSSION. 8739 04:54:13,560 --> 04:54:14,960 THANK YOU AGAIN, MS. RICARD. 8740 04:54:14,960 --> 04:54:19,240 SO IT'S MY PLEASURE TO INTRODUCE 8741 04:54:19,240 --> 04:54:21,320 DR. TSOSIE. 8742 04:54:21,320 --> 04:54:22,240 ESPECIALLY BECAUSE SHE'S JOINING 8743 04:54:22,240 --> 04:54:24,520 US ALL THE WAY FROM YOU AUSTRAL, 8744 04:54:24,520 --> 04:54:26,200 WHICH IS A VERY DIFFERENT TIME 8745 04:54:26,200 --> 04:54:26,400 ZONE. 8746 04:54:26,400 --> 04:54:31,120 SO A SPECIAL THANK YOU. 8747 04:54:31,120 --> 04:54:35,160 DR. TSOSIE IS AN ASSISTANT 8748 04:54:35,160 --> 04:54:37,160 PROFESSOR IN THE SCHOOL OF LIFE, 8749 04:54:37,160 --> 04:54:38,360 SCIENCE AND THE EVOLUTION AND 8750 04:54:38,360 --> 04:54:40,000 SOCIAL CHANGE AT ARIZONA STATE 8751 04:54:40,000 --> 04:54:40,600 UNIVERSITY. 8752 04:54:40,600 --> 04:54:42,480 SHE RECEIVED HER PH.D. IN 8753 04:54:42,480 --> 04:54:43,160 GENOMICS AND HEALTH DISPARITIES 8754 04:54:43,160 --> 04:54:47,120 AND AN MPH IN GENETIC 8755 04:54:47,120 --> 04:54:50,440 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MA IN BIOETHICS 8756 04:54:50,440 --> 04:54:51,840 AT ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY. 8757 04:54:51,840 --> 04:54:53,240 SHE ALSO COMPLETED A 8758 04:54:53,240 --> 04:54:54,680 PRECEDENTIAL POSTDOCTORAL 8759 04:54:54,680 --> 04:54:56,400 SCHOLARSHIP AT ARIZONA STATE 8760 04:54:56,400 --> 04:54:56,720 UNIVERSITY. 8761 04:54:56,720 --> 04:54:57,920 HER RESEARCH FOCUSES ON THE 8762 04:54:57,920 --> 04:54:58,840 BIOETHICAL ENGAGEMENT OF THE 8763 04:54:58,840 --> 04:55:02,400 U.S. TRIBAL NATIONS AND GLOBAL 8764 04:55:02,400 --> 04:55:04,000 INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES AND THE 8765 04:55:04,000 --> 04:55:07,400 GENOMIC AND DATA APPROACHES TO 8766 04:55:07,400 --> 04:55:10,320 ASSESS INDIGENOUS VARIATION 8767 04:55:10,320 --> 04:55:11,040 CONTRIBUTING TO HEALTH 8768 04:55:11,040 --> 04:55:11,800 INEQUALITIES THROUGH MODELING 8769 04:55:11,800 --> 04:55:12,800 AND REGRESSION METHODS. 8770 04:55:12,800 --> 04:55:14,080 THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR JOINING 8771 04:55:14,080 --> 04:55:14,440 US. 8772 04:55:14,440 --> 04:55:16,320 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR THAT 8773 04:55:16,320 --> 04:55:22,920 KIND INVITATION. 8774 04:55:22,920 --> 04:55:23,760 [SPEAKING FOREIGN LANGUAGE] 8775 04:55:23,760 --> 04:55:25,720 I'M GOING TO GO THROUGH THIS AS 8776 04:55:25,720 --> 04:55:26,720 QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE BECAUSE 8777 04:55:26,720 --> 04:55:28,200 EVERYONE ALWAYS WANTS TO LEARN 8778 04:55:28,200 --> 04:55:30,120 ABOUT EVERYTHING, BUT HAS 8779 04:55:30,120 --> 04:55:31,960 ABSOLUTELY NO TIME TO ACTUALLY 8780 04:55:31,960 --> 04:55:32,200 DIGEST IT. 8781 04:55:32,200 --> 04:55:33,160 SO WE'RE GOING TO FOLLOW ON THAT 8782 04:55:33,160 --> 04:55:33,760 SAME TREND. 8783 04:55:33,760 --> 04:55:36,600 I WANT TO AGAIN HIGHLIGHT THAT 8784 04:55:36,600 --> 04:55:37,520 DESPITE EFFORTS TO INCREASE 8785 04:55:37,520 --> 04:55:38,960 DIVERSITY IN GENOMIC STUDIES 8786 04:55:38,960 --> 04:55:41,120 OVER THE PAST DECADES, 8787 04:55:41,120 --> 04:55:42,760 INDIGENOUS PEOPLE STILL 8788 04:55:42,760 --> 04:55:43,480 CONSTITUTE LESS THAN 1% OF 8789 04:55:43,480 --> 04:55:44,240 RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS. 8790 04:55:44,240 --> 04:55:46,520 AND THIS IS ACTUALLY FROM A 8791 04:55:46,520 --> 04:55:54,800 HISTORY OF A REEL REAL ENTRENCHD 8792 04:55:54,800 --> 04:55:57,640 HARM OF OUTSIDE RESEARCHERS 8793 04:55:57,640 --> 04:55:58,200 PERPETUATING ON TO COMMUNITY 8794 04:55:58,200 --> 04:55:58,440 MEMBERS. 8795 04:55:58,440 --> 04:55:59,800 WE HAVE HAD ETHICAL 8796 04:55:59,800 --> 04:56:02,360 CONTROVERSIES THAT ARE ROOTED IN 8797 04:56:02,360 --> 04:56:06,360 DIFFERENTS BEDIFFERENCES BETWEED 8798 04:56:06,360 --> 04:56:07,560 POLITICAL MISALIGNMENTS OF THE 8799 04:56:07,560 --> 04:56:09,960 RESEARCH FOR INDIGENOUS PEOPLES 8800 04:56:09,960 --> 04:56:11,800 AND ALSO THIS CENTRICITY OF 8801 04:56:11,800 --> 04:56:12,640 DISTRUST AND A LOT OF 8802 04:56:12,640 --> 04:56:15,080 DIFFERENCES IN INDIGENOUS AND 8803 04:56:15,080 --> 04:56:17,400 WESTERN VALUES AND APPROACHES IN 8804 04:56:17,400 --> 04:56:20,120 RESEARCH AND VALUE TO COMMUNITY 8805 04:56:20,120 --> 04:56:21,760 MEMBER, ESPECIALLY IN CONTEST 8806 04:56:21,760 --> 04:56:23,040 AND HYPELY STIGMATIZED SAMPLING 8807 04:56:23,040 --> 04:56:24,160 AS IT RELATES TO THE BRAIN. 8808 04:56:24,160 --> 04:56:26,800 I DO ALSO WANT TO HIGHLIGHT THAT 8809 04:56:26,800 --> 04:56:27,560 NOT ENOUGH PEOPLE UNDERSTAND 8810 04:56:27,560 --> 04:56:30,360 WHAT THE HISTORY OF INDIGENOUS 8811 04:56:30,360 --> 04:56:32,880 SOURCE BIOMARKERS ACTUALLY ARE 8812 04:56:32,880 --> 04:56:33,440 AND THE HISTORY OF THOSE 8813 04:56:33,440 --> 04:56:33,840 DATASETS. 8814 04:56:33,840 --> 04:56:39,680 SO RIGHT NOW, WE REALLY HAVE TO 8815 04:56:39,680 --> 04:56:42,800 LOOK TO LARGE SCALE DIVERSITY 8816 04:56:42,800 --> 04:56:43,400 PROJECTS THAT STILL HAVE THE 8817 04:56:43,400 --> 04:56:46,000 SAME AIM OF INCREASING DIVERSITY 8818 04:56:46,000 --> 04:56:51,520 OF UNDERREPRESENTED POPS, 8819 04:56:51,520 --> 04:56:52,720 BASICALLY THE HUMAN GENOME 8820 04:56:52,720 --> 04:56:54,080 DIVERSITY PROJECT WHICH HAS 8821 04:56:54,080 --> 04:56:56,200 ABSOLUTELY LAMBASTED BUY GLOBAL 8822 04:56:56,200 --> 04:56:57,280 INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS SUCH THAT 8823 04:56:57,280 --> 04:56:58,600 OVER 600 OF THEM APPEAL TO LAND 8824 04:56:58,600 --> 04:57:00,720 NATIONS ASKING FOR CESSATION OF 8825 04:57:00,720 --> 04:57:01,360 LARGE SCALE DIVERSITY PROJECTS 8826 04:57:01,360 --> 04:57:02,480 AS ROOTED IN THE GENOME. 8827 04:57:02,480 --> 04:57:06,280 DESPITE THIS, THOUGH, THE HTTP 8828 04:57:06,280 --> 04:57:06,920 PROJECT PUBLISHED IN 2005, THIS 8829 04:57:06,920 --> 04:57:10,240 PAPER SHOWING THEIR SUCCESSFUL 8830 04:57:10,240 --> 04:57:11,000 RECRUITMENT OF GLOBAL 8831 04:57:11,000 --> 04:57:12,680 POPULATIONS TO INCLUDE FIVE 8832 04:57:12,680 --> 04:57:13,080 INDIGENOUS GROUPS. 8833 04:57:13,080 --> 04:57:13,720 IF YOU LOOK AT THE MAP, THEY'RE 8834 04:57:13,720 --> 04:57:14,360 NOT IN THE U.S. 8835 04:57:14,360 --> 04:57:16,960 THEY ARE MEXICO, CENTRAL SOUTH 8836 04:57:16,960 --> 04:57:18,760 AMERICA, AND SOMETIMES IN AREAS 8837 04:57:18,760 --> 04:57:19,840 IN WHICH THE COLONIAL 8838 04:57:19,840 --> 04:57:21,480 AUTHORITIES DON'T EVEN RECOGNIZE 8839 04:57:21,480 --> 04:57:23,160 INDIGENOUS PEOPLE'S POWER TO 8840 04:57:23,160 --> 04:57:23,360 EXIST. 8841 04:57:23,360 --> 04:57:27,560 AND YET THIS IS ALSO THEIR WHERE 8842 04:57:27,560 --> 04:57:29,280 RESEARCHERS SOURCED THESE 8843 04:57:29,280 --> 04:57:29,880 DATASETS, REALLY CAUSING US TO 8844 04:57:29,880 --> 04:57:30,520 QUESTION WHETHER OR NOT WE ARE 8845 04:57:30,520 --> 04:57:35,360 JUST FURTHER CAPITALIZING ON 8846 04:57:35,360 --> 04:57:37,360 ALREADY DISENFRANCHISED PEOPLES. 8847 04:57:37,360 --> 04:57:38,480 THIS ALSO GETS US TO A POINT 8848 04:57:38,480 --> 04:57:40,600 THAT DSI IS ACTUALLY EMERGING AS 8849 04:57:40,600 --> 04:57:44,000 A TOP GLOBAL COMMODITY, AND WE 8850 04:57:44,000 --> 04:57:45,120 HAVE SEEN THIS IN THE NEWS TIME 8851 04:57:45,120 --> 04:57:46,920 AND TIME AGAIN, WHERE DIRECT TO 8852 04:57:46,920 --> 04:57:49,680 COP SEUMER DATASETS WHICH HAVE 8853 04:57:49,680 --> 04:57:51,320 AMASSED 20-PLUS MILLION MEMBERS 8854 04:57:51,320 --> 04:57:55,240 ARE NOW ABLE TO ALSO TURN AROUND 8855 04:57:55,240 --> 04:57:57,760 AND UTILIZE THOSE ASSETS AS 8856 04:57:57,760 --> 04:58:00,600 PROFIT. 8857 04:58:00,600 --> 04:58:02,120 ANCESTRY PROFITED $1 BILLION 8858 04:58:02,120 --> 04:58:04,560 EVERY HOLIDAY QUARTER UNTIL THEY 8859 04:58:04,560 --> 04:58:06,400 SOLD TO BLACKSTONE FOR 8860 04:58:06,400 --> 04:58:07,280 $4 BILLION. 8861 04:58:07,280 --> 04:58:08,640 23ANDME STARTED AS AN 8862 04:58:08,640 --> 04:58:10,440 ENTERTAINMENT COMPANY, GOT A 8863 04:58:10,440 --> 04:58:11,600 MASSIVE WRIST SLAP BY THE FDA 8864 04:58:11,600 --> 04:58:14,320 AND VERY RECENTLY HAS BEEN 8865 04:58:14,320 --> 04:58:17,160 SELLING EXCLUSIVE ACCESS TO GSK 8866 04:58:17,160 --> 04:58:18,280 FOR $300 MILLION TO DRUG FOR 8867 04:58:18,280 --> 04:58:18,920 MINE TARGETS. 8868 04:58:18,920 --> 04:58:19,960 SOME PEOPLE CYNICALLY STATE THAT 8869 04:58:19,960 --> 04:58:22,000 THAT WAS THE MODEL ALL ALONG, 8870 04:58:22,000 --> 04:58:22,880 BECAUSE THIS R. THERE REALLY 8871 04:58:22,880 --> 04:58:24,920 WASN'T THAT MUCH MONEY IN 8872 04:58:24,920 --> 04:58:29,400 GENETIC ANCESTRY TESTING. 8873 04:58:29,400 --> 04:58:30,040 AND THEN INDIVIDUALS AND 8874 04:58:30,040 --> 04:58:31,840 COMPANIES DON'T EVEN HAVE TO 8875 04:58:31,840 --> 04:58:35,280 PURCHASE OR -- COMPANIES DON'T 8876 04:58:35,280 --> 04:58:38,560 EVEN HAVE TO GET SEQUENCE DATA, 8877 04:58:38,560 --> 04:58:40,200 THEY CAN JUST GET IT FOR FREE 8878 04:58:40,200 --> 04:58:42,800 FROM INDIVIDUALS TO DRAW 8879 04:58:42,800 --> 04:58:44,680 THEIR -- DOWNLOAD THEIR OWN 8880 04:58:44,680 --> 04:58:47,120 DATA, COMPOSITE ON WEBSITES, 8881 04:58:47,120 --> 04:58:50,920 SOLD IT TWICE. 8882 04:58:50,920 --> 04:58:52,200 THERE'S THIS PUBLIC AND EVEN 8883 04:58:52,200 --> 04:58:54,760 AMONG SCIENTISTS THIS 8884 04:58:54,760 --> 04:58:56,640 MISCONCEPTION ABOUT NATIVE 8885 04:58:56,640 --> 04:58:57,920 AMERICAN AS AN IDENTITY AS 8886 04:58:57,920 --> 04:58:59,640 ROOTED IN BIOLOGY. 8887 04:58:59,640 --> 04:59:04,240 SO IN THE U.S., ACTUALLY 8888 04:59:04,240 --> 04:59:05,160 WORLDWIDE, INDIGENOUS PEOPLES 8889 04:59:05,160 --> 04:59:07,840 NEVER THOUGHT OF IT AS A RACE 8890 04:59:07,840 --> 04:59:08,720 CONSTRUCT. 8891 04:59:08,720 --> 04:59:11,440 IT WAS A SOCIOPOLITICAL ONE, AND 8892 04:59:11,440 --> 04:59:12,480 YET WE SEE THESE 8893 04:59:12,480 --> 04:59:13,760 CHARACTERIZATIONS ACROSS A 8894 04:59:13,760 --> 04:59:18,000 GENETIC DATASETS ACROSS THE 8895 04:59:18,000 --> 04:59:20,320 HUMAN GENOME DIVERSITY PROJECT, 8896 04:59:20,320 --> 04:59:22,360 THESE ARE THE ONLY AVAILABLE 8897 04:59:22,360 --> 04:59:23,960 GENOMIC DATASETS FOR IMPUTATION 8898 04:59:23,960 --> 04:59:25,560 AND WE HAVE AS FEW AS 30 8899 04:59:25,560 --> 04:59:25,880 INDIVIDUALS. 8900 04:59:25,880 --> 04:59:26,600 THESE ARE INDIVIDUALS WITH 8901 04:59:26,600 --> 04:59:28,360 DISTINCT GENETIC AND CULTURAL 8902 04:59:28,360 --> 04:59:30,400 HISTORIES COMPARED TO THOSE IN 8903 04:59:30,400 --> 04:59:30,600 THE U.S. 8904 04:59:30,600 --> 04:59:32,680 AND YET WE UTE THESE AS 8905 04:59:32,680 --> 04:59:34,160 REFERENCE POPULATIONS AND CREATE 8906 04:59:34,160 --> 04:59:37,360 A WHOLE LITANY OF GENOMIC 8907 04:59:37,360 --> 04:59:39,200 NARRATIVES THAT MAY NOT EVEN BE 8908 04:59:39,200 --> 04:59:39,640 APPROPRIATE. 8909 04:59:39,640 --> 04:59:41,440 I ALSO WANT TO HIGHLIGHT, TOO, 8910 04:59:41,440 --> 04:59:43,560 THE JUSTICE FACTOR OF THIS IS, 8911 04:59:43,560 --> 04:59:45,200 WHEN IN 2007, "THE NEW YORK 8912 04:59:45,200 --> 04:59:47,120 TIMES" REPORTER WENT BACK AND 8913 04:59:47,120 --> 04:59:47,880 BASICALLY ASKED WHAT WAS IT THAT 8914 04:59:47,880 --> 04:59:50,080 THEY PROMISED IN EXCHANGE FOR 8915 04:59:50,080 --> 04:59:52,800 THEIR DNA, AND IT WAS SAID WE 8916 04:59:52,800 --> 04:59:54,520 WERE PROMISED MEDICINES AND 8917 04:59:54,520 --> 04:59:55,840 THERAPEUTICS AND THEY WERE 8918 04:59:55,840 --> 04:59:56,520 SHOCKED WHEN THEY REALIZED THAT 8919 04:59:56,520 --> 05:00:01,520 IT TURNED INTO A BILLION DOLLAR 8920 05:00:01,520 --> 05:00:03,760 INDUSTRY OF THEIR CELL LINES, 8921 05:00:03,760 --> 05:00:05,200 AND THIS DID NOT REALLY REFLECT 8922 05:00:05,200 --> 05:00:06,480 WELL ON THE NIH, WHICH APPROVED 8923 05:00:06,480 --> 05:00:09,560 THE STUDY, AND AT THE TIME, THEY 8924 05:00:09,560 --> 05:00:10,200 STATED, WELL, THIS IS THE NORM. 8925 05:00:10,200 --> 05:00:12,720 THIS IS HOW SCIENCE IS NORMALLY 8926 05:00:12,720 --> 05:00:13,360 DONE. 8927 05:00:13,360 --> 05:00:15,280 IT'S PERFECTLY LEGAL, LEGIT 8928 05:00:15,280 --> 05:00:16,120 MOUNTAIN AND FOR THE BENEFIT OF 8929 05:00:16,120 --> 05:00:16,440 MANKIND. 8930 05:00:16,440 --> 05:00:17,720 THIS IS WHERE WE HAVE TO START 8931 05:00:17,720 --> 05:00:19,480 QUESTIONING WHO ARE WE ACTUALLY 8932 05:00:19,480 --> 05:00:20,520 BENEFITING WHEN WE'RE TALKING 8933 05:00:20,520 --> 05:00:22,000 ABOUT ENGAGING THESE 8934 05:00:22,000 --> 05:00:23,760 TECHNOLOGIES? 8935 05:00:23,760 --> 05:00:26,400 NOW, I SAY THAT THERE'S A DERTH 8936 05:00:26,400 --> 05:00:29,120 OF INFORMATION AND A LACK OF 8937 05:00:29,120 --> 05:00:31,120 AVAILABLE CELL LINES SPECIFIC TO 8938 05:00:31,120 --> 05:00:32,800 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES SO NOW THE 8939 05:00:32,800 --> 05:00:33,400 QUESTION IS, WHAT HAPPENS WHEN 8940 05:00:33,400 --> 05:00:35,680 WE START STACKING GENE EDITING 8941 05:00:35,680 --> 05:00:37,360 TECHNOLOGIES TO MODEL VARIATION 8942 05:00:37,360 --> 05:00:40,200 PRESENT IN INDIGENOUS 8943 05:00:40,200 --> 05:00:41,600 COMMUNITIES, AND START STACKING 8944 05:00:41,600 --> 05:00:43,800 IT FOR OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 8945 05:00:43,800 --> 05:00:46,920 ESPECIALLY RELATING TO ORGANOIDS 8946 05:00:46,920 --> 05:00:50,360 OR MODELING NEUROPSYCHIATRIC 8947 05:00:50,360 --> 05:00:54,200 CONDITIONS, THIS IS THE 8948 05:00:54,200 --> 05:00:55,960 TRAJECTORY OF RESEARCH AS WE'RE 8949 05:00:55,960 --> 05:00:56,560 SEEING IT AND AGAIN WE HAVE TO 8950 05:00:56,560 --> 05:00:57,600 ASK OURSELVES HOW RELEVANT IS 8951 05:00:57,600 --> 05:00:59,760 THIS IN TERMS OF BIOLOGY, 8952 05:00:59,760 --> 05:01:00,640 ESPECIALLY WHEN WE CONSIDER THE 8953 05:01:00,640 --> 05:01:01,720 WEALTH OF HEALTH DISPARITIES 8954 05:01:01,720 --> 05:01:04,720 THAT ARE ROOTED IN SOCIAL, 8955 05:01:04,720 --> 05:01:06,160 STRUCTURAL DISPARITIES AND ALSO 8956 05:01:06,160 --> 05:01:09,600 WHETHER OR NOT WE ARE JUST 8957 05:01:09,600 --> 05:01:12,720 FINDING NEW WAYS TO CIRCUMVENT 8958 05:01:12,720 --> 05:01:15,560 INDIGENOUS DATA SOVEREIGNTY, THE 8959 05:01:15,560 --> 05:01:22,960 RIGHT OF -- IT'S USUALLY 8960 05:01:22,960 --> 05:01:24,000 UNFORTUNATELY COLONIALLY DEFINED 8961 05:01:24,000 --> 05:01:27,040 IN THAT THE U.S. HAS ALREADY 8962 05:01:27,040 --> 05:01:31,000 ENTRENCHED AND ABROGATED TREATY 8963 05:01:31,000 --> 05:01:34,320 REGULATIONS AND ARBITRARILY HAS 8964 05:01:34,320 --> 05:01:36,440 DENOTED 574 TRIBAL NATIONS BUT 8965 05:01:36,440 --> 05:01:37,400 THEY ALSO DON'T RECOGNIZE THE 8966 05:01:37,400 --> 05:01:39,000 AUTHORITY OF STATE OR 8967 05:01:39,000 --> 05:01:40,440 UNRECOGNIZED TRIBAL PEOPLES OR 8968 05:01:40,440 --> 05:01:42,280 EVEN NATIVE HAWAIIANS AND OTHER 8969 05:01:42,280 --> 05:01:44,640 PACIFIC ISLANDERS AND ALSO URBAN 8970 05:01:44,640 --> 05:01:48,760 SUBURBAN AREAS, SO THIS IS, 8971 05:01:48,760 --> 05:01:53,840 AGAIN, ENTRENCHED VIOLENCE ON TO 8972 05:01:53,840 --> 05:01:55,360 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES BY NOT ONLY 8973 05:01:55,360 --> 05:01:57,680 ALLOWING THEIR AUTHORITY TO 8974 05:01:57,680 --> 05:01:58,240 SELF-GOVERN ALONG COLONIAL 8975 05:01:58,240 --> 05:01:59,320 LINES. 8976 05:01:59,320 --> 05:02:03,400 SO ABSENT REAL MEASURES FOR 8977 05:02:03,400 --> 05:02:04,920 DOING COMMUNITY-ENGAGED WORK, 8978 05:02:04,920 --> 05:02:11,760 IT'S AN ABSENT REAL FUNDING FOR 8979 05:02:11,760 --> 05:02:12,600 QUALITATIVE METHODS AND ACTUAL 8980 05:02:12,600 --> 05:02:14,920 COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT, YOU KNOW, 8981 05:02:14,920 --> 05:02:18,000 RESEARCHERS ARE ABLE TO JUST GO 8982 05:02:18,000 --> 05:02:19,320 INTO URBAN AND SUBURBAN AREAS 8983 05:02:19,320 --> 05:02:20,840 LIKE PHOENIX AND JUST CIRCUMVENT 8984 05:02:20,840 --> 05:02:22,840 THESE COMMUNITY ENGAGED 8985 05:02:22,840 --> 05:02:24,400 APPROACHES AND ALSO THEIR OTHER 8986 05:02:24,400 --> 05:02:26,960 TECHNIQUES FOR CIRCUMVENTING 8987 05:02:26,960 --> 05:02:30,920 INDIGENOUS DATA SOVEREIGNTY. 8988 05:02:30,920 --> 05:02:32,680 TAKING DNA FROM UNPROTECTED 8989 05:02:32,680 --> 05:02:33,360 GROUPS. 8990 05:02:33,360 --> 05:02:36,160 NEURODIVERSITY PROJECTS LIKE THE 8991 05:02:36,160 --> 05:02:37,440 ALL-OF-US RESEARCH PROGRAM THAT 8992 05:02:37,440 --> 05:02:39,040 PUTS THEIR RESEARCH HUBS IN 8993 05:02:39,040 --> 05:02:40,560 URBAN AREAS LIKE TUCSON BUT NOT 8994 05:02:40,560 --> 05:02:41,440 IN ACTUAL PARTNERSHIP WITH 8995 05:02:41,440 --> 05:02:43,800 TRIBAL NATIONS OR FROM PUBLIC 8996 05:02:43,800 --> 05:02:44,200 HEALTH DATABASES. 8997 05:02:44,200 --> 05:02:45,760 I ALSO DO WANT TO HIGHLIGHT, WE 8998 05:02:45,760 --> 05:02:48,280 TELL OURSELVES THIS MYTH THAT 8999 05:02:48,280 --> 05:02:50,640 SIMPLY BY DE-IDENTIFYING DATA, 9000 05:02:50,640 --> 05:02:52,520 THAT WE'VE REMOVED THE RISK OF 9001 05:02:52,520 --> 05:02:54,800 REIDENTIFICATION, AND ESPECIALLY 9002 05:02:54,800 --> 05:02:55,720 FOR GENOMIC DATA, THAT'S 9003 05:02:55,720 --> 05:02:56,280 ACTUALLY NOT TRUE. 9004 05:02:56,280 --> 05:02:58,040 AND THEN WE ALSO HAVE TO REALIZE 9005 05:02:58,040 --> 05:03:00,720 THAT OUR M MODEL FOR STANDARD 9006 05:03:00,720 --> 05:03:02,240 INFORMED CONSENT LANGUAGE IS 9007 05:03:02,240 --> 05:03:02,480 OUTDATED. 9008 05:03:02,480 --> 05:03:04,600 IT'S BASED OFF OF A MODEL IN 9009 05:03:04,600 --> 05:03:06,680 WHICH RISKS AND BENEFITS WERE 9010 05:03:06,680 --> 05:03:08,160 VERY LOW ACTUALLY RELATED TO 9011 05:03:08,160 --> 05:03:10,840 TISSUE SAMPLING, WHEN THESE 9012 05:03:10,840 --> 05:03:13,040 PRINCIPLES WERE WRITTEN IN THE 9013 05:03:13,040 --> 05:03:13,360 70s. 9014 05:03:13,360 --> 05:03:16,680 NOW WE HAVE THE ABILITY TO NOT 9015 05:03:16,680 --> 05:03:17,320 ONLY IDENTIFY INDIVIDUALS USING 9016 05:03:17,320 --> 05:03:17,960 THOSE THREE PARAMETER, BUT NOW 9017 05:03:17,960 --> 05:03:19,640 BE ABLE TO START CREATING 9018 05:03:19,640 --> 05:03:21,800 INFERENTIAL STATEMENTS BASED ON 9019 05:03:21,800 --> 05:03:22,440 THAT PERSON'S ANCESTRY AND ALSO 9020 05:03:22,440 --> 05:03:25,600 THEIR KINSHIP TO SMALL EASILY 9021 05:03:25,600 --> 05:03:26,240 REIDENTIFIABLE GROUPS. 9022 05:03:26,240 --> 05:03:28,840 SO ETHICALLY THE STANDARD FOR 9023 05:03:28,840 --> 05:03:31,160 INDIVIDUAL INFORMED CONSENT IS 9024 05:03:31,160 --> 05:03:32,160 INADEQUATE, ESPECIALLY FOR 9025 05:03:32,160 --> 05:03:32,960 INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES AND OTHER 9026 05:03:32,960 --> 05:03:34,640 FORMS OF BIOLOGICAL DATA. 9027 05:03:34,640 --> 05:03:36,320 THIS REALLY GETS TO THAT POINT 9028 05:03:36,320 --> 05:03:36,760 OF GROUP RISK. 9029 05:03:36,760 --> 05:03:39,160 THIS RISK IS COMPOUNDED FOR 9030 05:03:39,160 --> 05:03:44,160 SMALL EASILY IDENTIFIABLE GROUPS 9031 05:03:44,160 --> 05:03:45,600 OF THEIR OWN BUT WE DON'T FULLY 9032 05:03:45,600 --> 05:03:47,240 DISCLOSE TO MEMBERS OF THESE 9033 05:03:47,240 --> 05:03:47,920 COMMUNITIES THAT THEY ARE 9034 05:03:47,920 --> 05:03:48,920 SUBJECT TO GROUP RISK AND GROUP 9035 05:03:48,920 --> 05:03:49,360 HARM. 9036 05:03:49,360 --> 05:03:52,120 WHICH AGAIN IS A FAILURE OF 9037 05:03:52,120 --> 05:03:52,600 FULLY INFORMED CONSENT. 9038 05:03:52,600 --> 05:03:53,200 SO THIS IS SOMETHING THAT HE 9039 05:03:53,200 --> 05:03:54,520 WITH SHOULD BE THINKING ABOUT IN 9040 05:03:54,520 --> 05:03:59,000 OUR STANDARD PIPELINES FOR 9041 05:03:59,000 --> 05:04:00,000 GATHERING CONSENT AND WE REALLY 9042 05:04:00,000 --> 05:04:01,600 SHOULD THINK MORE ETHICALLY AND 9043 05:04:01,600 --> 05:04:03,400 NOT JUST LEGALLY, AND ALSO 9044 05:04:03,400 --> 05:04:07,040 REALLY QUESTIONING, AGAIN, THESE 9045 05:04:07,040 --> 05:04:10,160 NARRATIVES OF REALLY LIKE ONLY 9046 05:04:10,160 --> 05:04:12,720 LOOKING AT LEAST ALZHEIMER'S 9047 05:04:12,720 --> 05:04:19,120 DI -- LEASTADMIXED INDIGENOUS PD 9048 05:04:19,120 --> 05:04:24,640 THE FACT THAT INDIGENOUS PEOPLES 9049 05:04:24,640 --> 05:04:29,440 THAT -- THE ACT OF 1934 WHEN 9050 05:04:29,440 --> 05:04:31,200 THESE BLOOD QUANTUM RULES AND 9051 05:04:31,200 --> 05:04:33,080 THESE RACIAL CATEGORIES AND 9052 05:04:33,080 --> 05:04:34,400 THESE TRIBAL NATION CATEGORIES 9053 05:04:34,400 --> 05:04:35,040 WERE CREATED. 9054 05:04:35,040 --> 05:04:37,280 AND WE ALSO HAVE TO RECONCILE 9055 05:04:37,280 --> 05:04:41,880 THE FACT THAT IN BIOLOGY, WE 9056 05:04:41,880 --> 05:04:43,960 HAVE TOLD NARRATIVES USING 9057 05:04:43,960 --> 05:04:48,120 INDIGENOUS PEOPLE'S DNA ABOUT 9058 05:04:48,120 --> 05:04:48,920 ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS THAT 9059 05:04:48,920 --> 05:04:50,680 REALLY AREN'T ROOTED IN 9060 05:04:50,680 --> 05:04:50,920 GENETICS. 9061 05:04:50,920 --> 05:04:52,800 SO WE HAVE DR. ELER'S GROUP 9062 05:04:52,800 --> 05:04:55,760 CREATED OVER 120 PEER REVIEWED 9063 05:04:55,760 --> 05:04:56,320 ARTICLES IN PUBMED, IF YOU 9064 05:04:56,320 --> 05:04:59,680 SEARCH NATIVE AMERICAN GENETICS 9065 05:04:59,680 --> 05:05:03,000 AND ALCOHOLISM YOU CAN LOOK AT 9066 05:05:03,000 --> 05:05:04,320 THEM, IT SHOWS IT'S THE SAME OR 9067 05:05:04,320 --> 05:05:05,600 LESS IF TRIBAL COMMUNITIES, 9068 05:05:05,600 --> 05:05:07,840 AROUND THEN YOU SEE ALSO PAPERS 9069 05:05:07,840 --> 05:05:08,640 THAT LOOK AT QUESTIONS OF 9070 05:05:08,640 --> 05:05:09,840 SUICIDE IDEATION AND DRUG 9071 05:05:09,840 --> 05:05:14,200 ADDICTION HAS ROOTED IN GENETIC 9072 05:05:14,200 --> 05:05:15,560 PREDETERMINE NANT FACTORS. 9073 05:05:15,560 --> 05:05:16,200 SO WE ALSO HAVE TO CONSIDER THE 9074 05:05:16,200 --> 05:05:18,080 DATA ETHICS THAT WE ARE 9075 05:05:18,080 --> 05:05:20,280 GROUNDING OURSELVES IN, BECAUSE 9076 05:05:20,280 --> 05:05:24,200 ACROSS THE NIH, WE ADHERE TO THE 9077 05:05:24,200 --> 05:05:24,880 FAIR PRINCIPLES AND WE THINK 9078 05:05:24,880 --> 05:05:27,640 THIS IS PROMOTING JUSTICE AND 9079 05:05:27,640 --> 05:05:30,120 EQUITY BUT IT REALLY PROMOTING 9080 05:05:30,120 --> 05:05:34,080 EQUITY TO ACCESS AND HAS NOTHING 9081 05:05:34,080 --> 05:05:36,320 DO WITH OUR SOCIAL BENEFIT TO 9082 05:05:36,320 --> 05:05:37,040 THE COMMUNITIES THAT WE SHOULD 9083 05:05:37,040 --> 05:05:37,720 BE SERVING. 9084 05:05:37,720 --> 05:05:39,480 WHEN WE ASK COMMUNITY MEMBERS 9085 05:05:39,480 --> 05:05:42,080 WHAT IS IT THAT THEY ARE MOST 9086 05:05:42,080 --> 05:05:43,320 CONCERNED ABOUT PARTICIPATING IN 9087 05:05:43,320 --> 05:05:45,760 BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH, THEIR 9088 05:05:45,760 --> 05:05:48,720 NUMBER ONE QUESTION IS WILL MY 9089 05:05:48,720 --> 05:05:50,080 GENETIC DATA BE USED IN OTHER 9090 05:05:50,080 --> 05:05:51,280 STUDIES WITHOUT MY KNOWLEDGE OR 9091 05:05:51,280 --> 05:05:52,880 CONSENT? 9092 05:05:52,880 --> 05:05:53,520 THEY RATE THAT HIGHER ON WHETHER 9093 05:05:53,520 --> 05:05:56,200 OR NOT THE RESEARCH WILL BENEFIT 9094 05:05:56,200 --> 05:05:59,280 THEIR TRIBE OR INDIVIDUALS' 9095 05:05:59,280 --> 05:06:01,200 ABILITY TO DRAW THEIR OWN DATA, 9096 05:06:01,200 --> 05:06:01,760 THEY DON'T CARE ABOUT THAT. 9097 05:06:01,760 --> 05:06:04,000 WE WANT TO KNOW WHO'S LOOKING AT 9098 05:06:04,000 --> 05:06:05,680 THEIR DNA AND THEIR GENES. 9099 05:06:05,680 --> 05:06:07,160 WE HAVE ACTUALLY RECOGNIZED AND 9100 05:06:07,160 --> 05:06:08,280 HEARD FROM TRIBAL LEETDERS 9101 05:06:08,280 --> 05:06:10,200 THEMSELVES THAT THEY ARE NOT 9102 05:06:10,200 --> 05:06:11,240 NECESSARILY AGAINST BIOMEDICAL 9103 05:06:11,240 --> 05:06:11,600 RESEARCH PER SE. 9104 05:06:11,600 --> 05:06:12,800 THEY ARE ALSO AGAINST THE FACT 9105 05:06:12,800 --> 05:06:15,760 THAT THEY DON'T HAVE SAY AND THE 9106 05:06:15,760 --> 05:06:17,920 DOWNSTREAM DATA USES AND ACCESS 9107 05:06:17,920 --> 05:06:18,880 REQUESTS, ESPECIALLY WHEN 9108 05:06:18,880 --> 05:06:20,480 FEDERALLY FUNDED RESEARCH 9109 05:06:20,480 --> 05:06:21,960 REQUIRES THESE FEDERAL 9110 05:06:21,960 --> 05:06:23,840 DEPOSITION RULES, THAT DON'T 9111 05:06:23,840 --> 05:06:26,000 ALLOW INDIGENOUS NATIONS AND 9112 05:06:26,000 --> 05:06:27,000 PEOPLES TO ACTUALLY HAVE A SITE 9113 05:06:27,000 --> 05:06:29,560 AND OVERSIGHT IN THE -- WHO GETS 9114 05:06:29,560 --> 05:06:32,520 ACCESS TO THEIR DATA, BUT IF WE 9115 05:06:32,520 --> 05:06:33,520 CAN PROVIDE ALTERNATIVES THAT 9116 05:06:33,520 --> 05:06:37,360 ARE INDIGENOUS-LED OR THAT 9117 05:06:37,360 --> 05:06:39,600 INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ACTUALLY HAVE 9118 05:06:39,600 --> 05:06:41,160 A SAY IN THE PROCESS, THAT TRUST 9119 05:06:41,160 --> 05:06:42,120 PROCESS COULD ALSO LOOK 9120 05:06:42,120 --> 05:06:42,600 DIFFERENT. 9121 05:06:42,600 --> 05:06:46,080 WE ALSO HAVE TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE 9122 05:06:46,080 --> 05:06:46,720 HAVASU NATION, SUING THE ARIZONA 9123 05:06:46,720 --> 05:06:47,800 BOARD OF REGENTS, REALLY HAS 9124 05:06:47,800 --> 05:06:49,120 HIGHLIGHTED THE HARMS RELATED TO 9125 05:06:49,120 --> 05:06:50,920 BROAD CONSENTING, AND YET NOW 9126 05:06:50,920 --> 05:06:51,480 WE'RE IN AN OPEN DATA 9127 05:06:51,480 --> 05:06:53,040 ENVIRONMENT THAT WANTS TO DO 9128 05:06:53,040 --> 05:06:54,120 BROAD CONSENTING EVERYTHING, AND 9129 05:06:54,120 --> 05:06:59,080 THIS IS JUST PERPETUATING THE 9130 05:06:59,080 --> 05:06:59,760 SAME HARMS WE'VE SEEN IN THE 9131 05:06:59,760 --> 05:07:00,160 PAST. 9132 05:07:00,160 --> 05:07:02,720 IF YOU REALLY WANT TO LOOK AT 9133 05:07:02,720 --> 05:07:03,320 MORE SOPHISTICATED MODELS, WE 9134 05:07:03,320 --> 05:07:04,160 NEED TO LOOK AT MORE ADAPTIVE 9135 05:07:04,160 --> 05:07:09,480 FORMS OF CONSENT, AND THAT 9136 05:07:09,480 --> 05:07:12,240 REQUIRES AN E-DYNAMIC CONSENT 9137 05:07:12,240 --> 05:07:13,960 PORTAL, SO THAT WE CAN MANAGE 9138 05:07:13,960 --> 05:07:16,160 OUR OWN DATA BUT ALSO LICENSED 9139 05:07:16,160 --> 05:07:19,080 TO SOFTWARE TO OTHER -- FOR 9140 05:07:19,080 --> 05:07:19,560 FREE. 9141 05:07:19,560 --> 05:07:21,600 WE'VE ALSO STARTED STACKING 9142 05:07:21,600 --> 05:07:23,240 MACHINE LEARNING APPROACHES 9143 05:07:23,240 --> 05:07:28,920 RELATED TO BLOCKCHAINING, WHEN 9144 05:07:28,920 --> 05:07:31,120 YOU HAVE INDIGENOUS LED AND 9145 05:07:31,120 --> 05:07:32,920 COMMUNITY LED SEVERS YOU CAN DO 9146 05:07:32,920 --> 05:07:33,400 THIS. 9147 05:07:33,400 --> 05:07:35,000 WE CAN ACTUALLY NO LONGER ADHERE 9148 05:07:35,000 --> 05:07:37,840 TO THIS OLD OUTDATED MODEL OF 9149 05:07:37,840 --> 05:07:38,480 REQUIRING EVERYTHING TO BE DRAWN 9150 05:07:38,480 --> 05:07:39,520 DOWN TO LOCAL MACHINES. 9151 05:07:39,520 --> 05:07:42,760 AND THEN ALSO WE HAVE TO START 9152 05:07:42,760 --> 05:07:45,320 QUESTIONING OF OWNERSHIP OR WHO 9153 05:07:45,320 --> 05:07:47,560 ACTUALLY HAS THE AUTHORITY TO 9154 05:07:47,560 --> 05:07:50,400 CREATE AND MANDATE DATA SHARING 9155 05:07:50,400 --> 05:07:51,200 RULES? 9156 05:07:51,200 --> 05:07:51,880 IS IT THE TRIBAL NATIONS OR IS 9157 05:07:51,880 --> 05:07:52,640 IT THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT? 9158 05:07:52,640 --> 05:07:54,240 AND WHAT HAPPENS IN THE SPACE OF 9159 05:07:54,240 --> 05:07:58,400 PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH, AND 9160 05:07:58,400 --> 05:07:58,880 THESE ARE JUST EMERGING 9161 05:07:58,880 --> 05:07:59,440 QUESTIONS THAT WE NEED TO 9162 05:07:59,440 --> 05:08:00,360 CONSIDER AND JUST TO GROUND IT A 9163 05:08:00,360 --> 05:08:02,400 LITTLE BIT MORE IN YOUR 9164 05:08:02,400 --> 05:08:03,200 DISCIPLINE WITH THE ABCD STUDY, 9165 05:08:03,200 --> 05:08:05,520 THERE WAS A HUGE AMOUNT OF 9166 05:08:05,520 --> 05:08:07,720 BACKLASH RELATED TO THE STUDY. 9167 05:08:07,720 --> 05:08:10,360 AND I ENCOURAGE YOU TO LOOK AT 9168 05:08:10,360 --> 05:08:13,120 THIS PAPER BY WHITE ET AL. BUT 9169 05:08:13,120 --> 05:08:14,360 REALLY WHAT CAME OUT OF IT IS 9170 05:08:14,360 --> 05:08:15,920 THERE NEEDS TO BE ASSURANCES 9171 05:08:15,920 --> 05:08:18,200 THAT THERE'S BENEFIT, NOT HARM. 9172 05:08:18,200 --> 05:08:19,960 PARTNER EARLY AND OFTEN AND 9173 05:08:19,960 --> 05:08:22,360 KATION ABOUT MAKING 9174 05:08:22,360 --> 05:08:23,800 GENERALIZATIONS ABOUT INDIGENOUS 9175 05:08:23,800 --> 05:08:26,520 PEOPLES -- SAMPLING AND 9176 05:08:26,520 --> 05:08:27,600 HETEROGENEITY IN THE FACT THAT 9177 05:08:27,600 --> 05:08:33,360 IT'S A SOCIOCOMMIT -- NOT A 9178 05:08:33,360 --> 05:08:34,120 POLITICAL ONE. 9179 05:08:34,120 --> 05:08:35,800 THIS PAPER REALLY LOOKING AT 9180 05:08:35,800 --> 05:08:39,760 CREATING COMMUNITY CENTERED DATA 9181 05:08:39,760 --> 05:08:41,880 GOVERNANCE RULESCOULD BE 9182 05:08:41,880 --> 05:08:43,160 CONSIDERED FOR RE-USE AND 9183 05:08:43,160 --> 05:08:44,200 INTERPRETATION. 9184 05:08:44,200 --> 05:08:45,920 AND FINALLY, WE NEED TO NOT JUST 9185 05:08:45,920 --> 05:08:48,680 THINK OF ETHICALLY BUT THINK 9186 05:08:48,680 --> 05:08:51,440 BEYOND JUST LEGAL, WITHIN OUR 9187 05:08:51,440 --> 05:08:52,960 LEGAL BOUNDS, BECAUSE EVEN 9188 05:08:52,960 --> 05:08:54,960 THOUGH SAMPLES AND DATA ARE 9189 05:08:54,960 --> 05:08:55,640 TECHNICALLY CONSENTED IT DOESN'T 9190 05:08:55,640 --> 05:08:56,640 ALWAYS MEAN THAT PARTICIPANTS 9191 05:08:56,640 --> 05:08:58,160 ARE FULLY INFORMED. 9192 05:08:58,160 --> 05:08:59,080 RESEARCHERS DO NOT HAVE AN 9193 05:08:59,080 --> 05:09:00,480 IMPLICIT RIGHT TO ACCESS OR USE 9194 05:09:00,480 --> 05:09:03,040 OR RE-USE DATA. 9195 05:09:03,040 --> 05:09:03,680 WE SHOULD REALLY BE CONSTANTLY 9196 05:09:03,680 --> 05:09:04,680 ASKING OUR SERVETION DOES THIS 9197 05:09:04,680 --> 05:09:07,960 ACTUALLY TRULY BENEFIT 9198 05:09:07,960 --> 05:09:09,400 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES? AND NOT 9199 05:09:09,400 --> 05:09:10,640 JUST DECADES FROM NOW IN THIS 9200 05:09:10,640 --> 05:09:12,360 HAZY, FUZZY VIEW OF THE FUTURE, 9201 05:09:12,360 --> 05:09:14,400 BULL IS IT ACTUALLY GOING TO 9202 05:09:14,400 --> 05:09:17,160 BENEFIT US FIRST AND ALSO BEYOND 9203 05:09:17,160 --> 05:09:20,200 COMMERCIAL PARTNERS. 9204 05:09:20,200 --> 05:09:21,520 FINALLY JUST BECAUSE WE CAN DO 9205 05:09:21,520 --> 05:09:24,440 THE RESEARCH DOESN'T MEAN WE 9206 05:09:24,440 --> 05:09:24,960 NECESSARILY SHOULD YET. 9207 05:09:24,960 --> 05:09:25,680 THANK YOU SO MUCH. 9208 05:09:25,680 --> 05:09:32,560 [APPLAUSE] 9209 05:09:32,560 --> 05:09:33,080 >>OKAY. 9210 05:09:33,080 --> 05:09:33,960 THANK YOU SO MUCH. 9211 05:09:33,960 --> 05:09:35,440 LET'S START WITH A QUICK Q & A 9212 05:09:35,440 --> 05:09:37,600 FOR THE SPEAKER. 9213 05:09:37,600 --> 05:09:38,640 MAYBE ONE OR TWO QUESTIONS AND 9214 05:09:38,640 --> 05:09:41,080 THEN WE CAN TURN TO THE ENTIRE 9215 05:09:41,080 --> 05:09:46,920 PANEL. 9216 05:09:46,920 --> 05:09:47,280 >>THANK YOU. 9217 05:09:47,280 --> 05:09:49,320 IT'S REALLY INTERESTING TO HEAR 9218 05:09:49,320 --> 05:09:51,560 YOUR TAKE ON ALL OF THIS AND TO 9219 05:09:51,560 --> 05:09:54,040 SORT OF LEARN ABOUT HOW THIS HAS 9220 05:09:54,040 --> 05:09:56,240 DEVELOPED OVER THE LAST SEVERAL 9221 05:09:56,240 --> 05:09:56,640 DECADES. 9222 05:09:56,640 --> 05:09:58,280 BUT DO YOU SEE THINGS IMPROVING 9223 05:09:58,280 --> 05:10:02,120 WITH RESPECT TO GENOMIC DNA DATA 9224 05:10:02,120 --> 05:10:02,640 USE AND ACQUISITION? 9225 05:10:02,640 --> 05:10:04,840 IS IT IMPROVING OR IS IT STILL 9226 05:10:04,840 --> 05:10:08,520 AS BAD AS IT SEEMS TO BE? 9227 05:10:08,520 --> 05:10:09,240 >>BOTH. 9228 05:10:09,240 --> 05:10:11,880 I WILL SAY THAT EVEN FIVE YEARS 9229 05:10:11,880 --> 05:10:14,320 AGO, THE CONVERSATION RELATED TO 9230 05:10:14,320 --> 05:10:15,880 COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT IN GINO 9231 05:10:15,880 --> 05:10:24,040 NIGENOMICWAS NON-EXISTENCE, ANDG 9232 05:10:24,040 --> 05:10:25,280 SANS OF INCORPORATING SOCIAL AND 9233 05:10:25,280 --> 05:10:26,160 STRUCTURAL DETERMINANTS OF 9234 05:10:26,160 --> 05:10:27,920 HEALTH IN THE CONVERSATION 9235 05:10:27,920 --> 05:10:29,800 RELATED TO HEALTH INEQUITIES WAS 9236 05:10:29,800 --> 05:10:35,240 SOMETHING THAT EXIS EXISTED IN R 9237 05:10:35,240 --> 05:10:37,360 DISCIPLINES, AND I THINK THIS 9238 05:10:37,360 --> 05:10:38,440 HAS A LOT TO DO WITH UP AND 9239 05:10:38,440 --> 05:10:40,040 COMING INDIGENOUS SCIENTISTS 9240 05:10:40,040 --> 05:10:43,480 OCCUPYING SPACES IN ACADEMIA 9241 05:10:43,480 --> 05:10:44,040 THAT THEY PREVIOUSLY HAVEN'T 9242 05:10:44,040 --> 05:10:44,440 BEEN A PART. 9243 05:10:44,440 --> 05:10:46,640 SO WE HAVE NOW THE LARGEST 9244 05:10:46,640 --> 05:10:49,480 COHORT OF INDIGENOUS TRAINED 9245 05:10:49,480 --> 05:10:50,080 SCIENTISTS IN ACADEMIA, BUT 9246 05:10:50,080 --> 05:10:51,000 THERE'S STILL THAT POWER 9247 05:10:51,000 --> 05:10:51,880 IMBALANCE THAT'S IN PLAY AND 9248 05:10:51,880 --> 05:10:54,440 THAT WE ARE STILL LARGELY -- AND 9249 05:10:54,440 --> 05:10:55,640 SOME OF US ARE MID CAREER, AND 9250 05:10:55,640 --> 05:10:59,440 WE ARE ACTUALLY -- IT FEELS LIKE 9251 05:10:59,440 --> 05:11:02,720 CONSTANTLY BUTTING HEADS WITH 9252 05:11:02,720 --> 05:11:04,040 THE OLD I HATE TO SAY VANGUARD 9253 05:11:04,040 --> 05:11:05,040 OF INDIVIDUALS THAT, YOU KNOW -- 9254 05:11:05,040 --> 05:11:07,000 YOU KNOW, THERE WAS A WAY OF 9255 05:11:07,000 --> 05:11:09,400 DOING RESEARCH IN THE PAST THAT 9256 05:11:09,400 --> 05:11:11,160 HIGHLIGHTED RECRUITMENT MODELS 9257 05:11:11,160 --> 05:11:16,240 AND THE POWER DYNAMICS MORE 9258 05:11:16,240 --> 05:11:17,000 UNIT-DIRECTIONAL, AND THERE HAVE 9259 05:11:17,000 --> 05:11:18,720 BEEN A LOT OF CURRENCY AND POWER 9260 05:11:18,720 --> 05:11:20,720 AND AUTHORITY GIVEN TO SOME 9261 05:11:20,720 --> 05:11:21,360 INDIVIDUALS, AND JUST -- AN WE 9262 05:11:21,360 --> 05:11:23,880 HAVE TO JUST ACKNOWLEDGE THAT 9263 05:11:23,880 --> 05:11:25,320 JUST LIKE WE ADOPT NEW 9264 05:11:25,320 --> 05:11:26,920 TECHNOLOGIES IN OUR RESEARCH AND 9265 05:11:26,920 --> 05:11:31,280 ADOPT A NEW SEQUENCING TOOLS AND 9266 05:11:31,280 --> 05:11:33,720 HAVE IT AS PART OF A TOOLKIT, 9267 05:11:33,720 --> 05:11:35,360 ETHICS IS ALSO A PART OF OUR 9268 05:11:35,360 --> 05:11:36,680 TOOLKIT AND THOSE METHODS ALSO 9269 05:11:36,680 --> 05:11:38,800 NEED TO BE ADAPTED AND WE ALSO 9270 05:11:38,800 --> 05:11:40,800 NEED TO KEEP ABREAST OF THOSE 9271 05:11:40,800 --> 05:11:42,360 NEW INNOVATIONS AND APPROACHES. 9272 05:11:42,360 --> 05:11:44,400 SO I THINK IT'S A LITTLE BIT OF 9273 05:11:44,400 --> 05:11:46,080 BOTH, BUT I'M POSITIVE FOR THE 9274 05:11:46,080 --> 05:11:46,320 FUTURE. 9275 05:11:46,320 --> 05:11:51,400 THANK YOU. 9276 05:11:51,400 --> 05:11:52,800 >>THANK YOU, DR. TOE SEE. 9277 05:11:52,800 --> 05:11:59,480 , DR. TSOSIE.I WANTED TO FOLLOWT 9278 05:11:59,480 --> 05:12:01,600 INFORMED CONSENT THAT YOU SAID 9279 05:12:01,600 --> 05:12:02,280 IT DOESN'T WORK, IT'S 9280 05:12:02,280 --> 05:12:03,000 INSUFFICIENT OR INADEQUATE OR 9281 05:12:03,000 --> 05:12:04,320 SOMETHING LIKE THAT, WHICH I 9282 05:12:04,320 --> 05:12:06,520 TEND TO AGREE WITH. 9283 05:12:06,520 --> 05:12:07,200 I DON'T KNOW IF YOU HAD A CHANCE 9284 05:12:07,200 --> 05:12:07,920 TO HEAR SOME OF THE EARLIER 9285 05:12:07,920 --> 05:12:08,720 PRESENTATIONS TODAY, BUT THERE 9286 05:12:08,720 --> 05:12:11,280 WAS SOME FOCUS ON, YOU KNOW, WE 9287 05:12:11,280 --> 05:12:14,600 NEED TO MAKE INFORMED CONSENT 9288 05:12:14,600 --> 05:12:16,880 BETTER, BUT IT IS AN IMPORTANT 9289 05:12:16,880 --> 05:12:19,640 PART OF PROTECTING PEOPLE IN 9290 05:12:19,640 --> 05:12:19,920 RESEARCH. 9291 05:12:19,920 --> 05:12:20,760 TO YOU THINK THAT THAT'S 9292 05:12:20,760 --> 05:12:22,600 POSSIBLE? 9293 05:12:22,600 --> 05:12:24,040 AND PART OF THAT QUESTION, YOU 9294 05:12:24,040 --> 05:12:26,880 MENTIONED DYNAMIC CONSENT. 9295 05:12:26,880 --> 05:12:28,880 IS THE REASON THAT'S BETTER 9296 05:12:28,880 --> 05:12:30,360 BECAUSE IT GIVES INDIVIDUALS 9297 05:12:30,360 --> 05:12:33,760 MORE CONTROL OVER WHAT GET DONE 9298 05:12:33,760 --> 05:12:34,960 AFTER THE INITIAL CONSENT 9299 05:12:34,960 --> 05:12:35,280 PROCESS? 9300 05:12:35,280 --> 05:12:37,080 IS THAT THE REASON YOU THINK 9301 05:12:37,080 --> 05:12:40,200 THAT'S THE BEST MODE? 9302 05:12:40,200 --> 05:12:41,240 >>PART OF THAT. 9303 05:12:41,240 --> 05:12:42,720 SO THE GREAT THING ABOUT BEING 9304 05:12:42,720 --> 05:12:45,800 VIRTUAL AND AFAR IS THAT AS I 9305 05:12:45,800 --> 05:12:48,240 WAS LISTENING TO EARLIER 9306 05:12:48,240 --> 05:12:49,560 CONVERSATIONS, I COULD QUICKLY 9307 05:12:49,560 --> 05:12:51,000 UPDATE MY SLIDES. 9308 05:12:51,000 --> 05:12:51,760 SO THANK YOU TO THE EARLIER 9309 05:12:51,760 --> 05:12:52,560 PRESENTATION FOR INSPIRING 9310 05:12:52,560 --> 05:12:54,800 THAT -- I MEAN, IT'S ALREADY A 9311 05:12:54,800 --> 05:12:56,720 BLOATED SLIDE DECK, SO THANK YOU 9312 05:12:56,720 --> 05:12:57,440 FOR ALLOWING ME TO RAPIDLY GO 9313 05:12:57,440 --> 05:13:01,040 THROUGH THEM ALL, AND ALSO THE 9314 05:13:01,040 --> 05:13:01,840 PREVIOUS SPEAKER TALKING ABOUT 9315 05:13:01,840 --> 05:13:03,400 THE U.K. BIOBANK, WHICH IS 9316 05:13:03,400 --> 05:13:06,160 ACTUALLY THE MODEL OF DYNAMIC 9317 05:13:06,160 --> 05:13:12,040 CONSENT AND OUR SORT OF EE 9318 05:13:12,040 --> 05:13:14,200 DYNAMIC CONSENT PLATFORM WE'VE 9319 05:13:14,200 --> 05:13:14,400 BUILT. 9320 05:13:14,400 --> 05:13:15,520 I THINK PARTICIPANTS HAVE REALLY 9321 05:13:15,520 --> 05:13:17,400 CALLED FOR THIS AND IT'S ALSO 9322 05:13:17,400 --> 05:13:18,360 PART OF NOT JUST THE 9323 05:13:18,360 --> 05:13:19,080 TRUST-BUILDING RELATIONSHIP, 9324 05:13:19,080 --> 05:13:20,400 LIKE WHAT ARE RESEARCHERS 9325 05:13:20,400 --> 05:13:22,320 ACTUALLY DOING WITH MY DATA, BUT 9326 05:13:22,320 --> 05:13:24,200 IT'S ALSO PART OF THE EDUCATION 9327 05:13:24,200 --> 05:13:26,920 PROCESS, SO IN ALLIANCE WITH OUR 9328 05:13:26,920 --> 05:13:28,040 DATA MANAGEMENT PORTAL OF WHICH 9329 05:13:28,040 --> 05:13:32,640 PARTICIPANTS CAN ACTUALLY SE SEG 9330 05:13:32,640 --> 05:13:42,760 SEEISEE --THEY CAN UPDATE THEIR 9331 05:13:42,760 --> 05:13:44,400 PREFERENCES FOR TYPES OF STUDIES 9332 05:13:44,400 --> 05:13:46,560 AND THEY CAN CHANGE IT AT WILL. 9333 05:13:46,560 --> 05:13:47,600 AND THEN THE OTHER PART OF THAT 9334 05:13:47,600 --> 05:13:50,360 IS WE HAVE LIKE A COMMUNITY 9335 05:13:50,360 --> 05:13:54,520 EDUCATION PART OF WHAT IS THE 9336 05:13:54,520 --> 05:13:55,160 DNA, WHAT IS DATA SHARING, AND 9337 05:13:55,160 --> 05:13:56,320 WE CAN HAVE THOSE ON A MORE 9338 05:13:56,320 --> 05:13:57,400 PUBLIC FACING SITE. 9339 05:13:57,400 --> 05:14:02,000 SO RIGHT NOW WE AS LIKE A GLOBAL 9340 05:14:02,000 --> 05:14:04,240 GENERAL SCIENCE PUBLIC ARE VERY 9341 05:14:04,240 --> 05:14:05,200 UNFORTUNATELY NOT INFORMED AS 9342 05:14:05,200 --> 05:14:07,760 THEY SHOULD BE ABOUT THESE 9343 05:14:07,760 --> 05:14:08,760 THINGS. 9344 05:14:08,760 --> 05:14:11,600 AND THERE'S A KNOWLEDGE GAP THAT 9345 05:14:11,600 --> 05:14:13,800 IS BOTH -- I'M POSITIVE ABOUT, 9346 05:14:13,800 --> 05:14:15,120 BUT ALSO SCARED ABOUT, 9347 05:14:15,120 --> 05:14:16,920 ESPECIALLY WHEN WE'RE TALKING 9348 05:14:16,920 --> 05:14:18,640 ABOUT HOW POLITICS IS INNERVATED 9349 05:14:18,640 --> 05:14:20,720 AND HOW WE'RE TRAINING OUR UP 9350 05:14:20,720 --> 05:14:23,120 AND COMING DATA LEADERS. 9351 05:14:23,120 --> 05:14:25,480 AND SO I THINK JUST HAVING THOSE 9352 05:14:25,480 --> 05:14:27,480 OPEN COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN 9353 05:14:27,480 --> 05:14:31,760 SCIENTISTS AND PARTICIPANTS, BUT 9354 05:14:31,760 --> 05:14:32,400 IN MORE REALTIME, IS SOMETHING 9355 05:14:32,400 --> 05:14:33,200 WE CAN AIM FOR. 9356 05:14:33,200 --> 05:14:37,040 SO I'M REALLY EXCITED FOR OUR 9357 05:14:37,040 --> 05:14:38,640 MANAGEMENT PLATFORM, BUT ALSO 9358 05:14:38,640 --> 05:14:39,640 TIED WITH OUR COMMUNITY 9359 05:14:39,640 --> 05:14:45,280 EDUCATION EFFORTS. 9360 05:14:45,280 --> 05:14:49,080 >>SO NOW I'M NOT JUST JUMPING 9361 05:14:49,080 --> 05:14:50,920 IN AND BEING THAT PERSON BUT 9362 05:14:50,920 --> 05:14:51,520 HAVE THE PRIVILEGE OF JUST 9363 05:14:51,520 --> 05:14:52,720 MODERATING THE Q & A FOR OUR 9364 05:14:52,720 --> 05:14:53,400 PANEL. 9365 05:14:53,400 --> 05:14:55,680 AND SO I WILL OPEN IT UP TO 9366 05:14:55,680 --> 05:14:56,760 EVERYONE IF THERE ARE IMMEDIATE 9367 05:14:56,760 --> 05:14:58,160 QUESTIONS, BUT ONE FRAMING FOR 9368 05:14:58,160 --> 05:15:01,360 THE QUESTIONS THAT WE HAVE 9369 05:15:01,360 --> 05:15:03,360 REALLY GOES BACK TO SASKIA'S 9370 05:15:03,360 --> 05:15:04,000 PRESENTATION EARLIER THIS 9371 05:15:04,000 --> 05:15:05,720 MORNING, THINKING ABOUT 9372 05:15:05,720 --> 05:15:08,360 COMMUNITY LEVEL HARMS AND GROUP 9373 05:15:08,360 --> 05:15:11,040 LEVEL HARMS RATHER THAN JUST 9374 05:15:11,040 --> 05:15:12,920 INDIVIDUAL HARMS AND TRYING TO 9375 05:15:12,920 --> 05:15:13,800 UNDERSTAND THAT, AND BOTH OF 9376 05:15:13,800 --> 05:15:15,160 THESE PRESENTATIONS, I THINK, 9377 05:15:15,160 --> 05:15:16,880 REALLY FOCUSED OUR ATTENTION ON 9378 05:15:16,880 --> 05:15:17,760 THOSE QUESTIONS. 9379 05:15:17,760 --> 05:15:20,880 BUT I WANT TO BRING IT BACK TO 9380 05:15:20,880 --> 05:15:24,960 THE UNIQUENESS OF BRAIN DATA FOR 9381 05:15:24,960 --> 05:15:25,880 COMMUNITY LEVEL HARMS AND TO TRY 9382 05:15:25,880 --> 05:15:27,520 TO UNPACK THAT A LITTLE BIT IN 9383 05:15:27,520 --> 05:15:31,560 THE CONVERSATION THAT FOLLOWS. 9384 05:15:31,560 --> 05:15:33,360 AND YOU'LL HEAR ME TODAY AND 9385 05:15:33,360 --> 05:15:34,080 TOMORROW AROUND THIS KIND OF 9386 05:15:34,080 --> 05:15:35,400 BEATING THE DRUM OF TRYING TO 9387 05:15:35,400 --> 05:15:38,400 UNDERSTAND EXACTLY WHAT THE 9388 05:15:38,400 --> 05:15:39,400 UNIQUE HARM IS, UNDERSTANDING, 9389 05:15:39,400 --> 05:15:40,400 OF COURSE, IN THE CONTEXT THAT 9390 05:15:40,400 --> 05:15:41,320 WE'VE HAD THE CONVERSATION THAT 9391 05:15:41,320 --> 05:15:43,720 WE'RE LOOKING AT MULTIMODAL 9392 05:15:43,720 --> 05:15:44,360 CENTERS, WE'RE LOOKING AT A LOT 9393 05:15:44,360 --> 05:15:45,920 OF OTHER DATA BEING INTEGRATED, 9394 05:15:45,920 --> 05:15:48,240 AND THIS IS ONE MORE PIECE OF 9395 05:15:48,240 --> 05:15:48,440 DATA. 9396 05:15:48,440 --> 05:15:51,200 BUT TRYING TO ISOLATE THIS SINCE 9397 05:15:51,200 --> 05:15:52,360 PART OF WHAT WE'RE TRYING TO 9398 05:15:52,360 --> 05:15:55,280 FIGURE OUT IN THIS CONVERSATION 9399 05:15:55,280 --> 05:15:56,120 IS THE EXTENT TO WHICH THERE'S 9400 05:15:56,120 --> 05:15:57,720 SOME UNIQUE GUIDANCE THAT NEEDS 9401 05:15:57,720 --> 05:16:00,560 TO BE GIVEN TO RESEARCHERS OR 9402 05:16:00,560 --> 05:16:01,200 SOME UNIQUE POLICY THAT SHOULD 9403 05:16:01,200 --> 05:16:01,920 BE ADOPTED. 9404 05:16:01,920 --> 05:16:03,560 SO LET ME TURN TO BOTH OF OUR 9405 05:16:03,560 --> 05:16:05,800 SPEAKERS FIRST TO SAY FOCUSING 9406 05:16:05,800 --> 05:16:11,800 IT IN THAT WAY, ARE THERE UNIQUE 9407 05:16:11,800 --> 05:16:14,360 RESTS OF THE COLLECTION, IN 9408 05:16:14,360 --> 05:16:17,720 PARTICULAR, THE SHARING OF BRAIN 9409 05:16:17,720 --> 05:16:20,000 DATA, THAT IS -- THAT WE SHOULD 9410 05:16:20,000 --> 05:16:21,440 BE THINKING ABOUT FROM COMMUNITY 9411 05:16:21,440 --> 05:16:24,320 OR GROUP HARM LEVEL, AND SECOND, 9412 05:16:24,320 --> 05:16:27,320 IF SO, AFTER HEARING AND 9413 05:16:27,320 --> 05:16:28,480 THINKING ABOUT EVERYTHING TODAY, 9414 05:16:28,480 --> 05:16:33,520 ARE THERE FEATURES OR SPECIFIC 9415 05:16:33,520 --> 05:16:35,160 KINDS OR ASPECTS OF BRAIN DATA 9416 05:16:35,160 --> 05:16:36,600 THAT ARE UNIQUELY RISKY FOR 9417 05:16:36,600 --> 05:16:40,240 COMMUNITIES OR GROUPS? 9418 05:16:40,240 --> 05:16:42,160 SO I'M GOING TO OPEN IT UP TO 9419 05:16:42,160 --> 05:16:45,760 BOTH OF YOU AND MAYBE DO WE 9420 05:16:45,760 --> 05:16:47,480 HAVE -- THIS IS MY -- MY BRAIN 9421 05:16:47,480 --> 05:16:52,600 DOES NOT WORK THIS WAY WELL. 9422 05:16:52,600 --> 05:16:53,200 I'LL START OVER HERE TO SEE IF 9423 05:16:53,200 --> 05:16:55,240 YOU HAVE THOUGHTS ON THAT TO 9424 05:16:55,240 --> 05:16:56,680 SHARE FIRST. 9425 05:16:56,680 --> 05:16:59,040 PART OF IT CAN BE AS YOU HAVE 9426 05:16:59,040 --> 05:16:59,440 DESCRIBED, RIGHT? 9427 05:16:59,440 --> 05:17:02,720 I MEAN, SO IT'S THE PARTICULAR 9428 05:17:02,720 --> 05:17:05,040 RISKS AS YOU OPINED ABOUT THE 9429 05:17:05,040 --> 05:17:07,800 RISK OF MISINTERPRETATION, 9430 05:17:07,800 --> 05:17:08,600 MISAPPLICATION OR EXCLUSION TO 9431 05:17:08,600 --> 05:17:10,560 GROUPS THAT CREATES HARMS AND 9432 05:17:10,560 --> 05:17:12,480 INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION, 9433 05:17:12,480 --> 05:17:14,560 BUT I WONDER IF THERE'S KIND OF 9434 05:17:14,560 --> 05:17:15,640 MORE THAT YOU WANT TO SHARE ON 9435 05:17:15,640 --> 05:17:20,680 THAT QUESTION. 9436 05:17:20,680 --> 05:17:23,640 >>YEAH, DEFINITELY. 9437 05:17:23,640 --> 05:17:26,960 I THINK IN PARTICULAR WITH 9438 05:17:26,960 --> 05:17:28,080 ANALYSES THAT WE CONDUCT, I 9439 05:17:28,080 --> 05:17:32,680 THINK FOR ME, THAT FEELS LIKE 9440 05:17:32,680 --> 05:17:34,600 PERHAPS ONE OF THE BIGGEST 9441 05:17:34,600 --> 05:17:36,840 CHALLENGES IN TERMS OF PEOPLE'S 9442 05:17:36,840 --> 05:17:40,200 LIVES, AND I THINK M ACATIONS TO 9443 05:17:40,200 --> 05:17:43,640 PEOPLE'S LIVES, BUT I GUESS I'M 9444 05:17:43,640 --> 05:17:45,840 STILL CONSIDERING THAT GETTING 9445 05:17:45,840 --> 05:17:47,560 PEOPLE IN THE DOOR AT ALL IN OUR 9446 05:17:47,560 --> 05:17:50,600 BRAIN STUDIES, AND I THINK THAT 9447 05:17:50,600 --> 05:17:54,200 IS SOMETHING THAT WE REALLY NEED 9448 05:17:54,200 --> 05:17:58,800 TO CONSIDER BRINGING PEOPLE IN, 9449 05:17:58,800 --> 05:18:00,200 BECAUSE I DO THINK THERE IS 9450 05:18:00,200 --> 05:18:03,840 SOMETHING UNIQUE TO 9451 05:18:03,840 --> 05:18:05,480 UNDERSTANDING THE BRAIN THAT IN 9452 05:18:05,480 --> 05:18:06,840 PARTICULAR FOR RESEARCHERS, BUT 9453 05:18:06,840 --> 05:18:12,880 I THINK ALSO FOR EXAMPLE, LIKE 9454 05:18:12,880 --> 05:18:16,440 LIVING AS A BLACK AMERICAN AND 9455 05:18:16,440 --> 05:18:16,960 THE WAYS THAT PEOPLE ARE 9456 05:18:16,960 --> 05:18:19,680 TARGETED AND HARMED. 9457 05:18:19,680 --> 05:18:21,880 ONE EXAMPLE I THINK OF THE 9458 05:18:21,880 --> 05:18:24,960 CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND THE 9459 05:18:24,960 --> 05:18:31,320 WAYS THAT THIEF BEGU THEY'VE BEE 9460 05:18:31,320 --> 05:18:32,400 GENOMIC DATA TO KIND OF FIND 9461 05:18:32,400 --> 05:18:33,640 PEOPLE IN THE SENSE OF OTHER 9462 05:18:33,640 --> 05:18:37,040 SORTS OF OLD OR -- YOU KNOW, OLD 9463 05:18:37,040 --> 05:18:39,880 CRIMES, AND THAT IN PARTICULAR 9464 05:18:39,880 --> 05:18:41,680 SORT OF SCARES ME IN THAT WHAT 9465 05:18:41,680 --> 05:18:45,720 PEOPLE ARE DOING NOW AND 9466 05:18:45,720 --> 05:18:47,560 CONSIDERING THAT I FIND THAT 9467 05:18:47,560 --> 05:18:51,560 BRAIN DATA IS QUITE POWERFUL, 9468 05:18:51,560 --> 05:18:53,640 THAT IS ONE OF THE FEARS OF THE 9469 05:18:53,640 --> 05:18:55,880 FUTURE FOR ME IN PARTICULAR. 9470 05:18:55,880 --> 05:18:58,280 >>SO STIGMATIZATION, GOING BACK 9471 05:18:58,280 --> 05:18:59,920 TO CONOR'S STUDY EARLIER 9472 05:18:59,920 --> 05:19:00,800 THINKING ABOUT DISTRUST THAT 9473 05:19:00,800 --> 05:19:02,880 PEOPLE HAVE OF GOVERNMENT, I 9474 05:19:02,880 --> 05:19:03,400 SUSPECT THAT'S BECAUSE 9475 05:19:03,400 --> 05:19:04,280 GOVERNMENT IS LUMPED TOGETHER 9476 05:19:04,280 --> 05:19:05,440 AND PEOPLE ARE THINKING ABOUT 9477 05:19:05,440 --> 05:19:07,120 LAW ENFORCEMENT AND KIND OF 9478 05:19:07,120 --> 05:19:08,600 GOVERNMENT ACCESS AND USE AND 9479 05:19:08,600 --> 05:19:10,560 MISUSE AND IF WE THINK ABOUT THE 9480 05:19:10,560 --> 05:19:13,000 WAY A.I. HAS BEEN USED TO TARGET 9481 05:19:13,000 --> 05:19:18,360 AND CONTINUE TO TAKE -- 9482 05:19:18,360 --> 05:19:20,560 EXACERBATE RACIAL BIAS AGAINST 9483 05:19:20,560 --> 05:19:22,680 BLACK DEFENDANTS FOR PAROLE OR 9484 05:19:22,680 --> 05:19:26,160 SENTENCING BASED ON THE VENEER 9485 05:19:26,160 --> 05:19:27,200 OF OBJECTIVITY YOU MIGHT EXPECT 9486 05:19:27,200 --> 05:19:28,280 THAT WE'LL HAVE SOMETHING 9487 05:19:28,280 --> 05:19:29,560 SIMILAR IF THERE'S GROUP LEVEL 9488 05:19:29,560 --> 05:19:31,440 DATA THAT'S DEVELOPED OR 9489 05:19:31,440 --> 05:19:32,000 AGGREGATED BASED ON THAT. 9490 05:19:32,000 --> 05:19:34,800 LET ME TURN TO KRYSTAL AND SEE 9491 05:19:34,800 --> 05:19:36,480 IF YOU HAVE THOUGHTS ON THAT 9492 05:19:36,480 --> 05:19:39,680 FIRST QUESTION ABOUT PARTICULAR 9493 05:19:39,680 --> 05:19:40,360 HARMS AT A GROUP LEVEL, THINKING 9494 05:19:40,360 --> 05:19:41,840 ABOUT IT FROM THE SPECIFIC LENS 9495 05:19:41,840 --> 05:19:44,680 OF, YOU KNOW, SOMETHING ABOUT 9496 05:19:44,680 --> 05:19:46,480 BRAIN DATA THAT WOULD SUGGEST 9497 05:19:46,480 --> 05:19:48,880 RESEARCHERS NEED TARGETED 9498 05:19:48,880 --> 05:19:50,240 GUIDANCE ABOUT HOW TO THINK 9499 05:19:50,240 --> 05:19:51,080 ABOUT SHARING GROUP LEVEL OR 9500 05:19:51,080 --> 05:19:53,240 COMMUNITY LEVEL HARMS. 9501 05:19:53,240 --> 05:19:56,720 >>YEAH, THERE HAVE BEEN MODELS 9502 05:19:56,720 --> 05:20:01,720 OF SUCCESSFUL REPATRIATION, 9503 05:20:01,720 --> 05:20:05,000 REMITRATION EFFORTS OF RETURNING 9504 05:20:05,000 --> 05:20:07,200 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES BACK TO THEM, 9505 05:20:07,200 --> 05:20:09,640 BUT THEN STILL BROKERING A SORT 9506 05:20:09,640 --> 05:20:11,920 OF TRUST FULL RESEARCH 9507 05:20:11,920 --> 05:20:12,240 PARTNERSHIP. 9508 05:20:12,240 --> 05:20:13,360 IT IMPORTANT BECAUSE THERE'S A 9509 05:20:13,360 --> 05:20:15,680 CULTURAL HARM HERE IN THAT MANY 9510 05:20:15,680 --> 05:20:16,280 INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES BELIEVE 9511 05:20:16,280 --> 05:20:17,480 THAT YOU NEED THE WHOLE BODY IN 9512 05:20:17,480 --> 05:20:19,760 ORDER TO BE -- INTERRED IN ORDER 9513 05:20:19,760 --> 05:20:22,320 FOR THAT SPIRIT TO RETURN TO THE 9514 05:20:22,320 --> 05:20:23,840 ANCESTRAL WORLD. 9515 05:20:23,840 --> 05:20:26,360 AND THE WAY THAT THESE EFFORTS 9516 05:20:26,360 --> 05:20:28,520 TO REPATRIATE HAVE BEEN DONE, 9517 05:20:28,520 --> 05:20:30,320 IT'S BEEN ALWAYS, YOU KNOW, WITH 9518 05:20:30,320 --> 05:20:32,480 THE CONTEXT OF USUALLY BLOOD OR 9519 05:20:32,480 --> 05:20:33,520 HAIR SAMPLES, AND YOU CAN TAKE 9520 05:20:33,520 --> 05:20:35,480 LIKE A TINY LITTLE SAMPLE OF 9521 05:20:35,480 --> 05:20:37,720 EACH OF THOSE TYPES OF -- SAMPLE 9522 05:20:37,720 --> 05:20:41,360 TYPES, AND THEN, YOU KNOW, ALSO 9523 05:20:41,360 --> 05:20:43,080 DERIVE A LOT OF SEQUENCE DATA, 9524 05:20:43,080 --> 05:20:43,600 OF COURSE WITH CONSENT. 9525 05:20:43,600 --> 05:20:45,640 BUT THAT TYPE OF MODEL IS A LOT 9526 05:20:45,640 --> 05:20:47,840 HARDER TO DO WITH LIKE BRAIN 9527 05:20:47,840 --> 05:20:49,640 TISSUE, BECAUSE, YOU KNOW, A 9528 05:20:49,640 --> 05:20:55,440 TINY LITTLE BIOPSY O IS NOT AS 9529 05:20:55,440 --> 05:20:57,160 INFORMATIVE AS A WHOLE ORGAN DEP 9530 05:20:57,160 --> 05:20:58,760 SIG, WHICH IS USUALLY WHAT THE 9531 05:20:58,760 --> 05:21:00,080 IDEAL ASK IS. 9532 05:21:00,080 --> 05:21:01,360 BUT THAT'S JUST A LOT MORE TO 9533 05:21:01,360 --> 05:21:04,680 REQUEST FROM INDIGENOUS PEOPLES. 9534 05:21:04,680 --> 05:21:07,480 AND THEN THERE'S ALSO THE 9535 05:21:07,480 --> 05:21:09,720 QUESTION NEUROIMAGING DATA. 9536 05:21:09,720 --> 05:21:14,520 SO IN TERMS OF SOME OF THE 9537 05:21:14,520 --> 05:21:15,600 MORPHOLOGICAL DATABASES THAT ARE 9538 05:21:15,600 --> 05:21:19,520 OUT THERE THAT HAVE IMAGING DATA 9539 05:21:19,520 --> 05:21:20,200 FROM INDIGENOUS PEOPLE, A LOT OF 9540 05:21:20,200 --> 05:21:26,880 TIMES THESE ARE FROM LARGELY 9541 05:21:26,880 --> 05:21:29,120 PIMA, AND I DON'T THINK PEOPLE 9542 05:21:29,120 --> 05:21:32,120 UNDERSTAND THAT THE OTHAM 9543 05:21:32,120 --> 05:21:33,720 PEOPLES IN THE SOUTHWESTERN 9544 05:21:33,720 --> 05:21:36,640 REGIONS IN THE U.S. HAVE HAD A 9545 05:21:36,640 --> 05:21:37,360 40-YEAR-LONG RELATIONSHIP WITH 9546 05:21:37,360 --> 05:21:39,200 THE NIH AND NIDDK FOR DIABETES 9547 05:21:39,200 --> 05:21:40,720 AND THEN THEY WITHDREW 9548 05:21:40,720 --> 05:21:42,480 THEMSELVES FROM THAT STUDY AT 9549 05:21:42,480 --> 05:21:43,480 THE START OF THIS CENTURY. 9550 05:21:43,480 --> 05:21:47,400 BUT THEY STILL HAVE LIKE -- A 9551 05:21:47,400 --> 05:21:49,760 HUGE FREEZER ROOM OF SAMPLES 9552 05:21:49,760 --> 05:21:51,520 THAT ARE TAKEN THAT HAVE 9553 05:21:51,520 --> 05:21:55,120 CONTINUED TO SORT OF BE THE 9554 05:21:55,120 --> 05:21:58,280 SOURCE OF ORIGINAL DATA 20 YEARS 9555 05:21:58,280 --> 05:22:01,040 AFTER THE COMMUNITY HAD REMOVED 9556 05:22:01,040 --> 05:22:04,400 THEMSELVES FROM RESEARCH. 9557 05:22:04,400 --> 05:22:06,040 DUE TO A LACK OF PERCEIVED 9558 05:22:06,040 --> 05:22:07,520 BENEFIT AND CONTINUED HARM. 9559 05:22:07,520 --> 05:22:08,720 SO AGAIN, THIS IS LIKE ARE WE 9560 05:22:08,720 --> 05:22:09,960 CONTINUING TO EXPLOIT THAT THIS 9561 05:22:09,960 --> 05:22:13,800 GROUP THAT HAS HI HISTORICALLY 9562 05:22:13,800 --> 05:22:15,120 REMOVED THEMSELVES, AND ON TOP 9563 05:22:15,120 --> 05:22:17,360 OF THIS, IT'S PARTICULARLY 9564 05:22:17,360 --> 05:22:20,000 MEXICAN OTHAM PEOPLE, SO SAME 9565 05:22:20,000 --> 05:22:20,640 RELATIVES, JUST ON THE OTHER 9566 05:22:20,640 --> 05:22:25,240 SIDE OF THE BORDER BECAUSE THE 9567 05:22:25,240 --> 05:22:26,400 OTHAM PEOPLE, UNFORTUNATELY THEY 9568 05:22:26,400 --> 05:22:28,800 PREDATE THE U.S. -- MEXICO-U.S. 9569 05:22:28,800 --> 05:22:30,960 BOUNDARY, AND THEN THEY HAVE 9570 05:22:30,960 --> 05:22:33,280 THIS JUST -- BY SECTOR PEOPLES 9571 05:22:33,280 --> 05:22:35,560 SO THE U.S. SIDE HAS FEDERAL 9572 05:22:35,560 --> 05:22:37,520 SOVEREIGNTY AND ARE ABLE TO HAVE 9573 05:22:37,520 --> 05:22:39,800 THEIR DECISION TO NOT 9574 05:22:39,800 --> 05:22:40,720 PARTICIPATE IN RESEARCH BE 9575 05:22:40,720 --> 05:22:42,920 RESPECTED, BUT THE MEXICAN SIDE 9576 05:22:42,920 --> 05:22:47,120 OF THE OTHAM PEOPLES, THEIR TATA 9577 05:22:47,120 --> 05:22:49,040 IS ALL OVER THE PLACE. 9578 05:22:49,040 --> 05:22:54,800 AND FOR THE OTHAM DATA THAT 9579 05:22:54,800 --> 05:22:57,000 PREDATE THEIR RESTRICTIONS ON 9580 05:22:57,000 --> 05:22:59,040 RESEARCH AND OTHAM ON THE 9581 05:22:59,040 --> 05:23:04,640 MEXICAN SIDE, WITHOUT THEIR 9582 05:23:04,640 --> 05:23:08,120 CONSENT OR KNOWLEDGE, WHICH IS 9583 05:23:08,120 --> 05:23:09,520 PROBLEMATIC, I HAVEN'T ENTERED 9584 05:23:09,520 --> 05:23:13,360 THE WHOLE AI, UTILITY ON TOP OF 9585 05:23:13,360 --> 05:23:15,320 THAT IMAGING DATA YET AND THERE 9586 05:23:15,320 --> 05:23:16,720 ARE A LOT OF QUESTIONS TOO ABOUT 9587 05:23:16,720 --> 05:23:19,960 KINSHIP AND STEWARTSHIP WITH 9588 05:23:19,960 --> 05:23:21,200 THESE CONSIDERED NON-THANK YOU 9589 05:23:21,200 --> 05:23:22,960 MAFNLT THERE'S A WHOLE RHETORIC 9590 05:23:22,960 --> 05:23:24,400 OF INDIGENOUS, SCIENTISTS AND 9591 05:23:24,400 --> 05:23:25,680 SCHOLARS WHO ARE EXPLORING THIS 9592 05:23:25,680 --> 05:23:28,680 QUESTION AND IT'S IN CULTURAL 9593 05:23:28,680 --> 05:23:30,160 ALIGNMENT WITH HOW WE REVIEW 9594 05:23:30,160 --> 05:23:31,040 SOVEREIGNTY AND THESE OTHER 9595 05:23:31,040 --> 05:23:31,560 FORMS OF DATA. 9596 05:23:31,560 --> 05:23:34,840 >>I THINK THAT RAISES A GREAT 9597 05:23:34,840 --> 05:23:37,080 QUESTION ABOUT THINKING ABOUT 9598 05:23:37,080 --> 05:23:39,280 ENGAGEMENT AS WE FOCUS ON THIS 9599 05:23:39,280 --> 05:23:41,240 QUESTION OF ARE THERE UNIQUE 9600 05:23:41,240 --> 05:23:42,320 HARMS FOR GROUPS OR ARE THERE 9601 05:23:42,320 --> 05:23:43,400 PARTICULAR GUIDANCE THAT WOULD 9602 05:23:43,400 --> 05:23:45,320 BE GIVEN TO RESEARCHERS, FOR 9603 05:23:45,320 --> 05:23:48,080 EXAMPLE, IT SOUNDS, KRYSTAL, 9604 05:23:48,080 --> 05:23:49,520 FROM YOUR COMMENTS, THERE COULD 9605 05:23:49,520 --> 05:23:50,360 BE DIFFERENT GROUPS THAT WOULD 9606 05:23:50,360 --> 05:23:52,760 HAVE DIFFERENT VIEWS WITH 9607 05:23:52,760 --> 05:23:54,920 RESPECT TO ONGOING USE OF DATA, 9608 05:23:54,920 --> 05:23:57,600 COLLECTION OF DATA, SHARING OF 9609 05:23:57,600 --> 05:24:00,040 DATA, THE RIGHT TO RESCIND THAT 9610 05:24:00,040 --> 05:24:05,520 DATA AND MAY HAVE A DIFFERENTIAL 9611 05:24:05,520 --> 05:24:09,320 RELAYS SHIP, VIS-A-VIS TISSUE 9612 05:24:09,320 --> 05:24:11,280 VERSUS IMAGING DATAVERSE US 9613 05:24:11,280 --> 05:24:12,240 OTHER DATA, AND THINKING ABOUT 9614 05:24:12,240 --> 05:24:13,120 THAT AND THINKING ABOUT MOVING 9615 05:24:13,120 --> 05:24:15,600 FORWARD TO CONCRETE ADVICE FOR 9616 05:24:15,600 --> 05:24:17,000 RESEARCHERS IN THIS CONTEXT, SO 9617 05:24:17,000 --> 05:24:18,000 THINKING ABOUT COMMUNITY 9618 05:24:18,000 --> 05:24:20,720 ENGAGEMENT TO INFORM THAT, AND 9619 05:24:20,720 --> 05:24:23,560 WHAT PROCESS WE MIGHT KIND OF 9620 05:24:23,560 --> 05:24:24,560 THINK ABOUT OR GROUPS THAT YOU 9621 05:24:24,560 --> 05:24:26,440 THINK WOULD BE CRITICAL TO COULD 9622 05:24:26,440 --> 05:24:27,760 SO OR HOW THOSE CONVERSATIONS 9623 05:24:27,760 --> 05:24:30,760 OUGHT TO HAPPEN. 9624 05:24:30,760 --> 05:24:31,360 I WONDER IF WE CAN REFLECT ON 9625 05:24:31,360 --> 05:24:32,600 THAT NOW BECAUSE THE GOAL, OF 9626 05:24:32,600 --> 05:24:34,160 COURSE, IS TO TAKE THESE 9627 05:24:34,160 --> 05:24:36,120 INSIGHTS AND TO DRIVE THEM INTO 9628 05:24:36,120 --> 05:24:37,360 ACTIONABLE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR 9629 05:24:37,360 --> 05:24:40,240 RESEARCHERS AND SO DO YOU HAVE 9630 05:24:40,240 --> 05:24:43,360 SORT OF IDEAS ABOUT COMMUN WHAT 9631 05:24:43,360 --> 05:24:44,000 COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT OUGHT TO 9632 05:24:44,000 --> 05:24:44,600 LOOK LIKE OR COMMUNITIES IN 9633 05:24:44,600 --> 05:24:45,280 PARTICULAR THAT YOU THINK 9634 05:24:45,280 --> 05:24:47,120 CERTAINLY NEED TO BE ENGAGED AND 9635 05:24:47,120 --> 05:24:47,720 AT THE TABLE IN ORDER TO BE 9636 05:24:47,720 --> 05:24:50,320 HAVING THESE CONVERSATIONS AND 9637 05:24:50,320 --> 05:24:51,520 UNDERSTAND UNIQUE VIEWS THEY MAY 9638 05:24:51,520 --> 05:24:53,440 HAVE BRAIN DATA, DIFFERENT 9639 05:24:53,440 --> 05:24:54,720 MODALITIES OF COLLECTION AND USE 9640 05:24:54,720 --> 05:24:55,920 AND STORAGE AND SHARING OF THAT 9641 05:24:55,920 --> 05:24:56,840 DATA. 9642 05:24:56,840 --> 05:25:00,240 >>DO YOU MIND IF I ANSWER THAT 9643 05:25:00,240 --> 05:25:00,600 QUESTION FIRST? 9644 05:25:00,600 --> 05:25:00,880 >>PLEASE. 9645 05:25:00,880 --> 05:25:02,600 >>OKAY. 9646 05:25:02,600 --> 05:25:04,800 YEAH. 9647 05:25:04,800 --> 05:25:07,840 THERE'S AN INTERESTING ANALOGOUS 9648 05:25:07,840 --> 05:25:11,440 SITUATION IN PALEOGENOMICS 9649 05:25:11,440 --> 05:25:12,760 RESEARCH ON OUR ANCESTORS IN 9650 05:25:12,760 --> 05:25:14,960 THAT THERE'S A FEAR FROM THE 9651 05:25:14,960 --> 05:25:15,600 MUSEUM'S SIDE THAT THEY DON'T 9652 05:25:15,600 --> 05:25:17,480 DISCLOSE PUBLICLY BUT WE'VE 9653 05:25:17,480 --> 05:25:20,520 HEARD IN CIRCLES THAT MUSEUMS 9654 05:25:20,520 --> 05:25:22,440 DON'T WANT TO DISCLOSE WHAT'S IN 9655 05:25:22,440 --> 05:25:23,640 THEIR COLLECTIONS BECAUSE 9656 05:25:23,640 --> 05:25:27,320 THEY'RE FEARFUL THAT DESCENDANT 9657 05:25:27,320 --> 05:25:28,960 COMMUNITIES WILL RECALL THEIR 9658 05:25:28,960 --> 05:25:30,760 ANCESTORS BACK HOME, AND THEN 9659 05:25:30,760 --> 05:25:33,400 THAT WILL REMOVE SAMPLE FROM 9660 05:25:33,400 --> 05:25:36,000 STUDIES. 9661 05:25:36,000 --> 05:25:37,840 SO IT REALLY INTERESTING, WE 9662 05:25:37,840 --> 05:25:38,480 HAVE THIS OPEN DATA MOVEMENT OF 9663 05:25:38,480 --> 05:25:39,760 YES WE NEED ACCESS TO DATA BUT 9664 05:25:39,760 --> 05:25:41,120 THERE'S NOT A REAL COG SANS OF 9665 05:25:41,120 --> 05:25:43,000 WHAT THIS MEANS WHEN COMMUNITIES 9666 05:25:43,000 --> 05:25:45,640 ALSO HAVE ACCESS OPENLY AND 9667 05:25:45,640 --> 05:25:46,800 KNOWING WHAT'S IN COLLECTIONS 9668 05:25:46,800 --> 05:25:51,120 AND I THINK THAT THAT'S 9669 05:25:51,120 --> 05:25:51,680 SOMETHING I THINK EXISTS IN 9670 05:25:51,680 --> 05:25:53,080 OTHER FORMS OF BIOLOGY AND ALSO 9671 05:25:53,080 --> 05:25:57,800 IN BRAIN BANKING TOO, LIKE DO WE 9672 05:25:57,800 --> 05:25:59,520 WANT PEOPLE TO KNOW PUBLICLY 9673 05:25:59,520 --> 05:26:00,200 THAT THIS EXISTS? 9674 05:26:00,200 --> 05:26:02,000 AND HOW ARE YOU GOING TO BROKER 9675 05:26:02,000 --> 05:26:04,200 A CONVERSATION WHERE IT STARTS 9676 05:26:04,200 --> 05:26:04,840 WITH, WELL, DA DA DA, WE'VE HAD 9677 05:26:04,840 --> 05:26:07,280 YOUR PEOPLE'S SAMPLES FOR NOW X 9678 05:26:07,280 --> 05:26:09,160 NUMBER OF DECADES, AND WE JUST 9679 05:26:09,160 --> 05:26:11,400 HAD IT. 9680 05:26:11,400 --> 05:26:13,600 THAT'S A DIFFICULT FORM OF 9681 05:26:13,600 --> 05:26:14,320 CONVERSATION -- CONVERSATION 9682 05:26:14,320 --> 05:26:17,960 STARTER. 9683 05:26:17,960 --> 05:26:23,360 BUT IT'S A REALLY IMPORTANT ONE 9684 05:26:23,360 --> 05:26:24,800 TO HAVE. 9685 05:26:24,800 --> 05:26:28,200 I FORGET MY SECOND POINT BECAUSE 9686 05:26:28,200 --> 05:26:31,800 IT'S 6:30 A.M. 9687 05:26:31,800 --> 05:26:34,520 SASKIA, I'LL LET YOU RESPOND. 9688 05:26:34,520 --> 05:26:35,560 >>ONE OF THE THINGS I WAS GOING 9689 05:26:35,560 --> 05:26:39,080 TO SAY THAT I'VE SEEN THR DONE 9690 05:26:39,080 --> 05:26:41,320 REALLY WELL IN COMING OUT INTO 9691 05:26:41,320 --> 05:26:42,240 THE COMMUNITY IS THROUGH 9692 05:26:42,240 --> 05:26:43,640 COMMUNITY-BASED PARTICIPATORY 9693 05:26:43,640 --> 05:26:44,400 RESEARCH. 9694 05:26:44,400 --> 05:26:46,480 AND OFTENTIMES YOU SEE THIS A 9695 05:26:46,480 --> 05:26:48,640 LOT IN PUBLIC HEALTH, BUT IT 9696 05:26:48,640 --> 05:26:51,040 WORKS WELL BECAUSE YOU ARE 9697 05:26:51,040 --> 05:26:52,080 BUILDING TRUST WITH THE 9698 05:26:52,080 --> 05:26:53,000 COMMUNITY BUT THAT DOES TAKE 9699 05:26:53,000 --> 05:26:57,520 TIME AND I THINK IN THE -- IN 9700 05:26:57,520 --> 05:27:01,280 ACADEMIA, THAT'S OFTEN WHERE THE 9701 05:27:01,280 --> 05:27:02,680 CURRENCY -- OUR PAPERS AND 9702 05:27:02,680 --> 05:27:04,560 PUBLICATIONS AND PRESENTATIONS 9703 05:27:04,560 --> 05:27:06,280 AND WHETHER IT KIND OF FEELS 9704 05:27:06,280 --> 05:27:08,240 LIKE THERE'S THIS LACK OF TIME, 9705 05:27:08,240 --> 05:27:10,760 I DON'T THINK IT IS AS HIGHLY 9706 05:27:10,760 --> 05:27:12,160 VALUED IN KIND OF THE GRAND 9707 05:27:12,160 --> 05:27:14,240 SCOPE OF ACADEMIA, THOUGH I DO 9708 05:27:14,240 --> 05:27:16,960 THINK THAT SOME DEPARTMENTS ARE 9709 05:27:16,960 --> 05:27:18,280 INCENTIVIZING THAT AND I DO 9710 05:27:18,280 --> 05:27:20,480 THINK THAT IS ONE WAY FORWARD 9711 05:27:20,480 --> 05:27:22,280 FOR RESEARCHERS TO KIND OF WORK 9712 05:27:22,280 --> 05:27:23,640 WITH COMMUNITIES, YOU KNOW, IN 9713 05:27:23,640 --> 05:27:25,720 THE LONG TERM IN ESTABLISHING 9714 05:27:25,720 --> 05:27:30,120 THOSE RELATIONSHIPS. 9715 05:27:30,120 --> 05:27:31,680 >>JUST WANTED TO GIVE THE 9716 05:27:31,680 --> 05:27:32,480 RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS AN 9717 05:27:32,480 --> 05:27:35,600 OPPORTUNITY TO WEIGH IN. 9718 05:27:35,600 --> 05:27:37,720 >>I JUST HAD TWO COMMENTS 9719 05:27:37,720 --> 05:27:38,320 BECAUSE I THINK WE'RE TALKING 9720 05:27:38,320 --> 05:27:39,120 ABOUT THE COMMUNITY RISKS AND 9721 05:27:39,120 --> 05:27:40,600 THERE WERE TWO THAT I DIDN'T 9722 05:27:40,600 --> 05:27:42,720 REALLY HEAR ANYONE MENTIONING, 9723 05:27:42,720 --> 05:27:44,320 BUT ONE WAS LIKE THE GROUP 9724 05:27:44,320 --> 05:27:46,720 PROFILING AND ASTIGMATISM AROUND 9725 05:27:46,720 --> 05:27:49,320 IF WE START CLASSIFYING PEOPLE 9726 05:27:49,320 --> 05:27:53,960 AND THEN THE EXPLOITATION AND 9727 05:27:53,960 --> 05:27:55,120 TARGETING WE'RE GETTING FROM 9728 05:27:55,120 --> 05:27:56,320 THIRD PARTY COMPANIES SO AS WE 9729 05:27:56,320 --> 05:27:58,520 SHARE THIS DATA, I THINK THOSE 9730 05:27:58,520 --> 05:27:59,600 ARE TWO RISKS TO OUR COMMUNITIES 9731 05:27:59,600 --> 05:28:02,080 THAT WE HAVEN'T YET TOUCHED ON. 9732 05:28:02,080 --> 05:28:03,680 SO JU A THOUGHT. 9733 05:28:03,680 --> 05:28:04,800 >>SO THINKING ABOUT THAT, 9734 05:28:04,800 --> 05:28:07,600 FORGIVE ME I OF BEING CONCRETE T 9735 05:28:07,600 --> 05:28:09,280 THE END OF THE DAY, BUT THINKING 9736 05:28:09,280 --> 05:28:13,640 ABOUT THAT, WHAT ARE 9737 05:28:13,640 --> 05:28:14,920 RECOMMENDATIONS TO HOW TO TACKLE 9738 05:28:14,920 --> 05:28:16,640 IT, THINKING ABOUT DRIVING 9739 05:28:16,640 --> 05:28:17,320 TOWARD -- THE HOPE HERE IS THAT 9740 05:28:17,320 --> 05:28:21,760 WE'LL HAVE SOME GUIDING QUEST 9741 05:28:21,760 --> 05:28:24,000 QUESTIONS FOR RESEARCHERS, 9742 05:28:24,000 --> 05:28:25,840 POTENTIAL PRINCIPLES OR IDEAS OR 9743 05:28:25,840 --> 05:28:26,640 SPECIFIC RECOMMENDS THAT WE 9744 05:28:26,640 --> 05:28:27,800 MIGHT MAKE. 9745 05:28:27,800 --> 05:28:30,840 IDEAS? 9746 05:28:30,840 --> 05:28:32,320 >>FOR ME, I THINK IT'S 9747 05:28:32,320 --> 05:28:34,760 CONNECTING TOO WITH A LOT OF THE 9748 05:28:34,760 --> 05:28:35,400 GRASSROOTS ORGANIZATIONS BECAUSE 9749 05:28:35,400 --> 05:28:37,160 I THINK WE A LOT OF TIMES GO TO 9750 05:28:37,160 --> 05:28:39,000 NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS TO LOOK 9751 05:28:39,000 --> 05:28:43,280 FOR RESOURCES WHEN SOME OF THOSE 9752 05:28:43,280 --> 05:28:44,480 ORGANIZATIONS AREN'T REALLY 9753 05:28:44,480 --> 05:28:45,920 HELPING THOSE GROUPS, SO REALLY 9754 05:28:45,920 --> 05:28:47,760 FINDING THOSE KOLs WITHIN THE 9755 05:28:47,760 --> 05:28:48,400 PATIENT COMMUNITIES AND PEOPLE 9756 05:28:48,400 --> 05:28:49,360 TO ACTUALLY HAVE THOSE 9757 05:28:49,360 --> 05:28:52,640 CONVERSATIONS WITH WHO ARE 9758 05:28:52,640 --> 05:28:55,040 EDUCATED AROUND THE BUSINESS 9759 05:28:55,040 --> 05:28:55,640 MODEL OF HEALTHCARE, I GUESS 9760 05:28:55,640 --> 05:28:58,400 YOU'D CALL IT, AND THEN REALLY 9761 05:28:58,400 --> 05:29:02,480 KIND OF -- BUT I THINK THERE IS 9762 05:29:02,480 --> 05:29:03,640 A LACK OF TRUST IN EVERY ASPECT 9763 05:29:03,640 --> 05:29:05,040 OF HEALTHCARE THAT WE HAVE HERE 9764 05:29:05,040 --> 05:29:06,120 AND THOSE CONVERSATIONS NEED TO 9765 05:29:06,120 --> 05:29:08,120 BE HAD IN A WAY WITH EACH OF 9766 05:29:08,120 --> 05:29:08,680 THESE DIFFERENT COMMUNITIES. 9767 05:29:08,680 --> 05:29:10,480 SO I THINK EVEN AS WE LOOK AT 9768 05:29:10,480 --> 05:29:11,920 ASIAN POPULATIONS, WE 9769 05:29:11,920 --> 05:29:13,680 CALCULATE -- I MEAN, WE 9770 05:29:13,680 --> 05:29:15,480 CATEGORIZE EVERYONE THAT'S ASIAN 9771 05:29:15,480 --> 05:29:17,840 INTO ONE HUGE CATEGORY, WHEN 9772 05:29:17,840 --> 05:29:20,640 WE'VE GOT SMALL TINY LITTLE 9773 05:29:20,640 --> 05:29:22,440 GROUPS THAT DON'T ASSOCIATE OR 9774 05:29:22,440 --> 05:29:23,320 EVEN CONNECT WITH OTHERS. 9775 05:29:23,320 --> 05:29:28,560 WE HAVE TO REALLY LOOK AT ALL OF 9776 05:29:28,560 --> 05:29:30,280 THESE DIFFERENT GROUPS INVOLVED 9777 05:29:30,280 --> 05:29:30,840 AND HOW WE COMMUNICATE WITH 9778 05:29:30,840 --> 05:29:31,960 THOSE GROUPS AND I THINK IT IS 9779 05:29:31,960 --> 05:29:33,200 REALLY BUILDING THAT TRUST AND 9780 05:29:33,200 --> 05:29:38,080 IT'S GOING TO TAKE TIME. 9781 05:29:38,080 --> 05:29:38,640 >>GREAT. 9782 05:29:38,640 --> 05:29:40,800 OTHER QUESTIONS? 9783 05:29:40,800 --> 05:29:42,600 I DON'T WANT TO KEEP JUMPING IN. 9784 05:29:42,600 --> 05:29:43,040 GO AHEAD. 9785 05:29:43,040 --> 05:29:45,920 >>I THINK IF WE'RE BEING 9786 05:29:45,920 --> 05:29:48,160 TRUTHFUL -- I'M SORRY, GO AHEAD. 9787 05:29:48,160 --> 05:29:49,000 >>PLEASE. 9788 05:29:49,000 --> 05:29:50,400 >>OH. 9789 05:29:50,400 --> 05:29:51,560 WHO'S SPEAKING? 9790 05:29:51,560 --> 05:29:51,720 ME? 9791 05:29:51,720 --> 05:29:52,560 >>KRYSTAL, GO AHEAD AND THEN WE 9792 05:29:52,560 --> 05:29:53,200 HAVE A QUESTION IN THE BACK OF 9793 05:29:53,200 --> 05:29:53,480 THE ROOM. 9794 05:29:53,480 --> 05:29:55,360 >>I THINK WE NEED TO BE 9795 05:29:55,360 --> 05:29:57,320 TRUTHFUL AMONGST OURSELVES AS 9796 05:29:57,320 --> 05:29:58,320 DATA SCIENTISTS TOO ABOUT THE 9797 05:29:58,320 --> 05:30:00,840 LAYERS OF INFERENTIAL 9798 05:30:00,840 --> 05:30:01,360 ASSUMPTIONS THAT WE KEEP 9799 05:30:01,360 --> 05:30:03,280 STACKING UPON OURSELVES AND THE 9800 05:30:03,280 --> 05:30:04,400 LIMITATIONS OF THOSE INFERENCE. 9801 05:30:04,400 --> 05:30:06,440 SO FOR INSTANCE, IF YOU LOOK AT 9802 05:30:06,440 --> 05:30:09,800 POPULATION GENETICS, IT'S ROOTED 9803 05:30:09,800 --> 05:30:20,960 IN MORE DEM KR THESE DEMOGRAPHYE 9804 05:30:21,680 --> 05:30:22,440 HAVEN'T REALLY QUESTIONED 9805 05:30:22,440 --> 05:30:23,360 WHETHER OR NOT THAT'S AN 9806 05:30:23,360 --> 05:30:25,320 ACCURATE WAY TO REFLECT THAT. 9807 05:30:25,320 --> 05:30:28,360 WE'VE JUST FOUND MORE TOOLS TO 9808 05:30:28,360 --> 05:30:30,880 SORT OF REIFY THOSE ASSUMPTIONS. 9809 05:30:30,880 --> 05:30:33,200 I KID YOU NOT, IF I WERE TO ASK 9810 05:30:33,200 --> 05:30:36,800 A GRADUATING PH.D. STUDENT IN 9811 05:30:36,800 --> 05:30:40,080 GENETICS WHAT AN EIFEN VALUE OR 9812 05:30:40,080 --> 05:30:42,560 VECTOR IS AND HOW EXACTLY 9813 05:30:42,560 --> 05:30:43,680 THEY'RE CALCULATING THE 9814 05:30:43,680 --> 05:30:44,800 PRINCIPLE COMPONENTS IN THEIR 9815 05:30:44,800 --> 05:30:47,240 PCA PLOTS THAT SEGREGATES ONE 9816 05:30:47,240 --> 05:30:49,400 GROUP VERSUS ANOTHER IN TERMS OF 9817 05:30:49,400 --> 05:30:50,360 DISTINCTIVENESS AND REALLY 9818 05:30:50,360 --> 05:30:55,120 QUESTION LIKE WHY ARE WE GATING 9819 05:30:55,120 --> 05:30:57,120 PEOPLE AND INDIVIDUALS BY A 9820 05:30:57,120 --> 05:30:58,320 SIMILARITY TO A REFERENCE GROUP 9821 05:30:58,320 --> 05:31:00,320 WHEN THE REFERENCE GROUP MAY NOT 9822 05:31:00,320 --> 05:31:03,160 EVEN BE RELEVANT OR REFLECTIVE, 9823 05:31:03,160 --> 05:31:03,800 AND WHAT DOES IT MEAN WHEN WE 9824 05:31:03,800 --> 05:31:04,840 DROP OFF INDIVIDUALS BECAUSE 9825 05:31:04,840 --> 05:31:06,320 THEY HAVE LIKE REAL LIVED 9826 05:31:06,320 --> 05:31:11,880 EXPERIENCES THAT ALSO ARE 9827 05:31:11,880 --> 05:31:12,480 VALUABLE FOR UNDERSTANDING OF 9828 05:31:12,480 --> 05:31:13,600 HEALTH INEQUITIES, AND WHEN WE 9829 05:31:13,600 --> 05:31:14,600 START THINKING ABOUT, WOW, 9830 05:31:14,600 --> 05:31:16,320 THERE'S A LOT OF LAWS IN HOW WE 9831 05:31:16,320 --> 05:31:18,760 DO POPULATION GENETICS, AND HOW 9832 05:31:18,760 --> 05:31:21,280 WE THINK ABOUT CATEGORIZATIONS 9833 05:31:21,280 --> 05:31:23,240 OF RACE AND ETHNICITY USING 9834 05:31:23,240 --> 05:31:26,440 THESE COVARIATES THAT WE PUT 9835 05:31:26,440 --> 05:31:29,120 INTO OUR LOGISTIC REGRESSION 9836 05:31:29,120 --> 05:31:29,920 MODEL, I THINK ONCE WE START 9837 05:31:29,920 --> 05:31:30,960 BEING TRUTHFUL ABOUT OURSELVES 9838 05:31:30,960 --> 05:31:31,880 ABOUT WHERE THESE ASSUMPTIONS 9839 05:31:31,880 --> 05:31:34,000 COME FROM, I THINK WE CAN REALLY 9840 05:31:34,000 --> 05:31:35,520 START UNPACKING, LIKE, HOW -- 9841 05:31:35,520 --> 05:31:40,360 THAT THESE THINGS THAT WE CALL 9842 05:31:40,360 --> 05:31:42,760 CAPITAL T WITH THE TRUTH, ARE 9843 05:31:42,760 --> 05:31:44,240 ACTUALLY REALLY, REALLY SMALL, 9844 05:31:44,240 --> 05:31:47,440 LOWER CASE T WITH THE TRUTH, AND 9845 05:31:47,440 --> 05:31:51,480 ONCE WE HAVE ACCOUNTABILITY AND 9846 05:31:51,480 --> 05:31:52,080 VISIBILITY TO OURSELVES AND I 9847 05:31:52,080 --> 05:31:53,920 THINK WE CAN ACTUALLY START 9848 05:31:53,920 --> 05:31:55,240 COMMUNICATING TO THE COMMUNITIES 9849 05:31:55,240 --> 05:31:57,560 THAT WE'RE RESPONSIVE TO AND 9850 05:31:57,560 --> 05:31:59,160 ACTUALLY START BUILDING THAT 9851 05:31:59,160 --> 05:31:59,360 TRUST. 9852 05:31:59,360 --> 05:32:01,040 >>GREAT, THANK YOU. 9853 05:32:01,040 --> 05:32:03,320 >>MY NAME IS OLIVIA FROM SOUTH 9854 05:32:03,320 --> 05:32:05,440 AFRICA BUT I'M A POSTDOC HERE AT 9855 05:32:05,440 --> 05:32:06,040 THE NIH. 9856 05:32:06,040 --> 05:32:08,400 I'M INTERESTED IN THINKING ABOUT 9857 05:32:08,400 --> 05:32:11,760 SO AT THE NIH, WE HAVE SORT OF 9858 05:32:11,760 --> 05:32:12,440 RESPONSIBLE ETHICS TRAINING THAT 9859 05:32:12,440 --> 05:32:14,320 ALL SCIENTISTS NEED TO DO 9860 05:32:14,320 --> 05:32:18,600 ANNUALLY, AND I'M THINKING ABOUT 9861 05:32:18,600 --> 05:32:19,560 HOW WE COULD TRY TO FOSTER IN 9862 05:32:19,560 --> 05:32:21,080 TAKING IT BACK TO SASKIA'S 9863 05:32:21,080 --> 05:32:24,040 QUESTION EARLIER IN THE DAY IS 9864 05:32:24,040 --> 05:32:26,400 WHAT CAN WE DO AS RESEARCHERS, 9865 05:32:26,400 --> 05:32:27,600 HOW CAN WE IN DIFFERENT 9866 05:32:27,600 --> 05:32:28,440 INSTITUTIONS ENSURE THAT THESE 9867 05:32:28,440 --> 05:32:30,200 CONVERSATIONS ARE ACTUALLY 9868 05:32:30,200 --> 05:32:31,440 HAPPENING OR THE EDUCATION IS 9869 05:32:31,440 --> 05:32:33,480 ACTUALLY HAPPENING AMONGST 9870 05:32:33,480 --> 05:32:34,960 CLINICIANS, AMONGST SCIENTISTS, 9871 05:32:34,960 --> 05:32:37,080 AMONGST ENGINEERS AND PEOPLE WHO 9872 05:32:37,080 --> 05:32:38,520 ACTUALLY ARE WORKING WITH THIS 9873 05:32:38,520 --> 05:32:39,920 DATA TO BE ABLE TO MAKE SURE 9874 05:32:39,920 --> 05:32:43,160 THAT THEY ARE SENSITIZED TO 9875 05:32:43,160 --> 05:32:44,760 ACTUALLY INCLUDE WHO IS 9876 05:32:44,760 --> 05:32:46,680 PARTICIPATING IN THEIR STUDIES. 9877 05:32:46,680 --> 05:32:48,640 WHAT ARE THE DEMOGRAPHICS 9878 05:32:48,640 --> 05:32:50,520 THEY'RE REPORTING ON AND SOME 9879 05:32:50,520 --> 05:32:51,360 FOFORM OF ACCOUNTABILITY. 9880 05:32:51,360 --> 05:32:54,160 SO I DON'T KNOW IF THERE'S ANY 9881 05:32:54,160 --> 05:33:04,680 EXAMPLES FROM DR., HOW HAVE YOU 9882 05:33:10,080 --> 05:33:12,080 BEEN ABLE TO SENSITIZE THEM? 9883 05:33:12,080 --> 05:33:12,680 I LEARNED A LOT AND I DIDN'T 9884 05:33:12,680 --> 05:33:14,000 EVEN KNOW ABOUT SOME OF THESE 9885 05:33:14,000 --> 05:33:16,040 EXAMPLES AND CASES THAT ARE 9886 05:33:16,040 --> 05:33:17,040 REALLY ETHICALLY CHALLENGING. 9887 05:33:17,040 --> 05:33:18,240 HOW DO WE MAKE SURE THAT PEOPLE 9888 05:33:18,240 --> 05:33:18,760 KNOW ABOUT IT? 9889 05:33:18,760 --> 05:33:21,080 I KNOW THAT IN OTHER CONTEXTS 9890 05:33:21,080 --> 05:33:27,080 BESIDES BRAIN WORK, THERE'S OLD 9891 05:33:27,080 --> 05:33:29,080 AGE CASES THAT PEOPLE DON'T KNOW 9892 05:33:29,080 --> 05:33:32,000 ABOUT WIDELY BUT HOW DO WE START 9893 05:33:32,000 --> 05:33:32,640 TO SENSITIZE AND MAKE SURE THAT 9894 05:33:32,640 --> 05:33:33,440 PEOPLE ARE EDUCATED? 9895 05:33:33,440 --> 05:33:34,880 BOTH SCIENTISTS BUT ALSO THE 9896 05:33:34,880 --> 05:33:36,680 COMMUNITIES, DIFFERENT MODELS. 9897 05:33:36,680 --> 05:33:46,880 THANK YOU. 9898 05:33:48,520 --> 05:33:49,760 >>ONE MORE COMMENT BEFORE WE 9899 05:33:49,760 --> 05:33:51,400 MOVE TO END OF DAY WRAP UP, SO 9900 05:33:51,400 --> 05:33:54,600 GIVE THE PANEL AN OPPORTUNITY TO 9901 05:33:54,600 --> 05:33:56,440 EITHER COMMENT OR -- 9902 05:33:56,440 --> 05:33:57,960 >>I THINK WE HAVE AT LEAST ONE, 9903 05:33:57,960 --> 05:33:58,920 MAYBE TWO MORE QUESTIONS HERE, 9904 05:33:58,920 --> 05:34:00,800 SO MAYBE WE CAN -- 9905 05:34:00,800 --> 05:34:02,400 >>OKAY. 9906 05:34:02,400 --> 05:34:05,280 >>LET US DO A ROUND ROBIN HERE, 9907 05:34:05,280 --> 05:34:07,640 WHICH IS LET'S HAVE BOTH OF THE 9908 05:34:07,640 --> 05:34:08,240 QUESTIONS ON THE TABLE AND THEN 9909 05:34:08,240 --> 05:34:10,560 WE'LL INVITE OUR PANELISTS TO 9910 05:34:10,560 --> 05:34:12,120 PROVIDE FINAL WRAP-UP REMARKS 9911 05:34:12,120 --> 05:34:20,520 ACROSS ALL OF THEM. 9912 05:34:20,520 --> 05:34:22,960 >>THANKS FOR BRINGING UP THESE 9913 05:34:22,960 --> 05:34:23,240 TOPICS. 9914 05:34:23,240 --> 05:34:24,560 I THINK THEY REALLY INTERSECT 9915 05:34:24,560 --> 05:34:27,400 WITH WHAT NITA WAS BRINGING UP 9916 05:34:27,400 --> 05:34:29,040 EARLIER ABOUT WHAT WAS DIFFERENT 9917 05:34:29,040 --> 05:34:30,040 ABOUT THE NEURAL DATA. 9918 05:34:30,040 --> 05:34:32,840 THE NEURAL DATA IS, IN THE END, 9919 05:34:32,840 --> 05:34:36,680 IF YOU HAVE IT ALL, IT IS THE 9920 05:34:36,680 --> 05:34:40,720 PACE IS OF BASIS OF WHAT MAKES S 9921 05:34:40,720 --> 05:34:41,520 INDIVIDUALS WHICH MAKES US 9922 05:34:41,520 --> 05:34:42,520 DIFFERENT FROM OTHER 9923 05:34:42,520 --> 05:34:43,800 INDIVIDUALS, WHICH MAKES GROUPS 9924 05:34:43,800 --> 05:34:45,560 DIFFERENT FROM OTHER GROUPS, AND 9925 05:34:45,560 --> 05:34:51,480 ALL THOSE DETERMINANTS, AND YOU 9926 05:34:51,480 --> 05:34:52,880 CAN IMAGINE, YOU KNOW, LOTS OF 9927 05:34:52,880 --> 05:34:55,960 STUDIES IN THE FUTURE TRYING TO 9928 05:34:55,960 --> 05:34:57,120 UNDERSTAND THESE THINGS WHICH 9929 05:34:57,120 --> 05:34:58,880 START TO PARCEL PEOPLE INTO 9930 05:34:58,880 --> 05:35:01,360 GROUPS THAT THE GROUPS MAY NOT 9931 05:35:01,360 --> 05:35:08,760 BE COMFORTABLE WITH. 9932 05:35:08,760 --> 05:35:10,600 SO I THINK YOU BROUGHT UP A 9933 05:35:10,600 --> 05:35:13,920 REALLY INTERESTING IDEA OF 9934 05:35:13,920 --> 05:35:18,720 KEEPING THE RESEARCHERS AND THE 9935 05:35:18,720 --> 05:35:20,520 PARTICIPANTS IN THE LOOP OVER 9936 05:35:20,520 --> 05:35:21,200 THE LONG RUN AS OPPOSED TO JUST 9937 05:35:21,200 --> 05:35:23,000 AROUND THE STUDY THAT THEY 9938 05:35:23,000 --> 05:35:25,320 VOLUNTEER FOR, BUT HOW TO KEEP 9939 05:35:25,320 --> 05:35:28,680 THEM IN THE LOOP GOING FORWARD 9940 05:35:28,680 --> 05:35:30,320 TO KNOW WHAT THEY FEEL 9941 05:35:30,320 --> 05:35:31,280 COMFORTABLE WITH HAVING THAT 9942 05:35:31,280 --> 05:35:33,160 DATA USED FOR. 9943 05:35:33,160 --> 05:35:33,760 BECAUSE IT'S NOT SOMETHING THAT 9944 05:35:33,760 --> 05:35:34,800 THEY COULD HAVE ANTICIPATED 9945 05:35:34,800 --> 05:35:37,080 OFTENTIMES WHEN THEY JOINED THE 9946 05:35:37,080 --> 05:35:40,560 STUDY. 9947 05:35:40,560 --> 05:35:42,560 SO I GUESS THAT WOULD BE THE -- 9948 05:35:42,560 --> 05:35:44,680 IT SEEMS TO ME THAT WOULD BE THE 9949 05:35:44,680 --> 05:35:47,120 FINAL SOLUTION IF IT WAS 9950 05:35:47,120 --> 05:35:49,960 FEASIBLE, IT'S THE FEASIBLITY OF 9951 05:35:49,960 --> 05:35:52,040 IT WHICH MAKES IT DIFFICULT TO 9952 05:35:52,040 --> 05:35:53,560 CONCEIVE OF, BUT I WONDER IF 9953 05:35:53,560 --> 05:35:55,120 MAYBE THAT'S SOMETHING TO 9954 05:35:55,120 --> 05:36:04,040 PURSUE. 9955 05:36:04,040 --> 05:36:06,840 >>I WAS ACTUALLY GOING TO 9956 05:36:06,840 --> 05:36:07,520 FOLLOW UP WITH CHRISTINE BECAUSE 9957 05:36:07,520 --> 05:36:09,040 I THOUGHT THE TWO COMMENTS, THE 9958 05:36:09,040 --> 05:36:11,960 TWO ISSUES THAT YOU RAISE THAT 9959 05:36:11,960 --> 05:36:13,280 HAVE NOT BEEN DISCUSSED, THE 9960 05:36:13,280 --> 05:36:16,400 STIGMATIZATION AND THEN THE 9961 05:36:16,400 --> 05:36:18,440 TARGETING, ARE BOTH REALLY 9962 05:36:18,440 --> 05:36:20,120 IMPORTANT ISSUES, AND AT SOME 9963 05:36:20,120 --> 05:36:22,640 LEVEL, SEEM TO -- ONE CAUSES THE 9964 05:36:22,640 --> 05:36:24,600 OTHER IN A CERTAIN WAY. 9965 05:36:24,600 --> 05:36:27,000 AND SO I WONDERED IF YOU HAD 9966 05:36:27,000 --> 05:36:29,840 IDEAS ABOUT HOW TO MAKE SURE 9967 05:36:29,840 --> 05:36:33,080 THAT THOSE ARE NOT HAPPENING. 9968 05:36:33,080 --> 05:36:35,520 S 9969 05:36:35,520 --> 05:36:36,160 >>SO I WOULDN'T SAY I HAVE THE 9970 05:36:36,160 --> 05:36:36,920 ANSWERS OR ANYTHING BUT TOMORROW 9971 05:36:36,920 --> 05:36:38,000 I DO HAVE A PRESENTATION WITH 9972 05:36:38,000 --> 05:36:39,800 ONE OF THE GROUPS I WORK WITH, 9973 05:36:39,800 --> 05:36:40,560 THE LIGHT COLLECTIVE. 9974 05:36:40,560 --> 05:36:43,400 WE'VE COME UP WITH OUR SEVEN 9975 05:36:43,400 --> 05:36:45,280 REQUIREMENTS FOR COLLECTIVE 9976 05:36:45,280 --> 05:36:48,600 DIGITAL RIGHTS, WHICH WE ASK 9977 05:36:48,600 --> 05:36:49,200 COMPANIES TO TAKE A LOOK AT IF 9978 05:36:49,200 --> 05:36:50,960 THEY'RE LOOKING TO WORK WITH 9979 05:36:50,960 --> 05:36:51,480 PATIENT DATA. 9980 05:36:51,480 --> 05:36:53,440 AND SOME OF THOSE THINGS THAT 9981 05:36:53,440 --> 05:36:56,560 ARE IN THERE IS FIDUCIARY 9982 05:36:56,560 --> 05:36:57,520 RESPONSIBILITIES IS HAVING A 9983 05:36:57,520 --> 05:37:00,240 PATIENT ON A BOARD AS WE GO INTO 9984 05:37:00,240 --> 05:37:01,880 A LIST OF ALL OF THESE DIFFERENT 9985 05:37:01,880 --> 05:37:03,240 THINGS THAT YOU CAN DO TO 9986 05:37:03,240 --> 05:37:04,640 INCLUDE PATIENTS IN THOSE 9987 05:37:04,640 --> 05:37:06,280 CONVERSATIONS AS WE MOVE FURTHER 9988 05:37:06,280 --> 05:37:08,520 INTO THE DISCUSSIONS AROUND 9989 05:37:08,520 --> 05:37:08,720 DATA. 9990 05:37:08,720 --> 05:37:10,360 SO I WILL HAVE A FULL KIND OF 9991 05:37:10,360 --> 05:37:13,120 THING THERE, BUT I WOULD SAY 9992 05:37:13,120 --> 05:37:16,160 REALLY THEY'RE ALSO CONNECTING 9993 05:37:16,160 --> 05:37:17,040 AGAIN WITH THOSE GROUPS THAT 9994 05:37:17,040 --> 05:37:17,720 REALLY KNOW WHAT'S HAPPENING IN 9995 05:37:17,720 --> 05:37:18,400 THOSE COMMUNITIES. 9996 05:37:18,400 --> 05:37:19,440 BECAUSE IF YOU LOOK AT SOME OF 9997 05:37:19,440 --> 05:37:21,000 THESE NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, 9998 05:37:21,000 --> 05:37:23,600 YOU ALSO SEE HUNDREDS OF SMALL 9999 05:37:23,600 --> 05:37:24,680 GRASSROOTS ORGANIZATIONS WHO 10000 05:37:24,680 --> 05:37:26,320 AREN'T GETTING THE HELP THEY 10001 05:37:26,320 --> 05:37:28,240 NEED FROM THOSE ORGANIZATIONS. 10002 05:37:28,240 --> 05:37:31,440 SO HOW DO YOU INCLUDE THOSE 10003 05:37:31,440 --> 05:37:33,280 PERSPECTIVES THAT ARE STILL 10004 05:37:33,280 --> 05:37:37,280 REALLY BEING LEFT OUT. 10005 05:37:37,280 --> 05:37:39,120 >>LET ME GIVE OUR PANELISTS 10006 05:37:39,120 --> 05:37:43,040 EACH A QUICK ONE-MINUTE OR SO 10007 05:37:43,040 --> 05:37:44,600 RESPONSE, THEN WE'RE GOING TO 10008 05:37:44,600 --> 05:37:46,560 MOVE IN TO WRAP-UPS FOR THE DAY. 10009 05:37:46,560 --> 05:37:47,760 I KNOW PEOPLE ARE LOSING ENERGY 10010 05:37:47,760 --> 05:37:49,720 BUT I JUST WANTED TO PUT A PLUG 10011 05:37:49,720 --> 05:37:50,680 IN FOR COMING BACK TOMORROW. 10012 05:37:50,680 --> 05:37:51,680 YOU HEARD THAT TEASER FOR 10013 05:37:51,680 --> 05:37:52,000 TOMORROW. 10014 05:37:52,000 --> 05:37:54,400 LOTS OF GOOD REASONS TO COME 10015 05:37:54,400 --> 05:37:57,720 BACK TOMORROW. 10016 05:37:57,720 --> 05:37:58,560 WHO WANTS TO START? 10017 05:37:58,560 --> 05:37:59,320 AND YOU DON'T HAVE TO. 10018 05:37:59,320 --> 05:38:02,800 YOU CAN LEAVE IF YOU FEEL LIKE 10019 05:38:02,800 --> 05:38:03,680 YOU'VE SAID YOUR PEACE. 10020 05:38:03,680 --> 05:38:05,160 >>I DO FEEL LIKE I'VE SAID MY 10021 05:38:05,160 --> 05:38:07,200 PEACE, I JUST WANT TO DOUBLE 10022 05:38:07,200 --> 05:38:07,800 DOWN ON WHAT PEOPLE HAVE SAID. 10023 05:38:07,800 --> 05:38:09,280 I THINK ESPECIALLY FROM THE 10024 05:38:09,280 --> 05:38:12,680 PARTICIPANTS' YOU KNOW, 10025 05:38:12,680 --> 05:38:13,960 EXPERIENCE, I THINK THESE ARE 10026 05:38:13,960 --> 05:38:15,080 REALLY IMPORTANT THINGS TO 10027 05:38:15,080 --> 05:38:15,720 CONSIDER. 10028 05:38:15,720 --> 05:38:20,320 SO THANK YOU ALL FOR BEING HERE. 10029 05:38:20,320 --> 05:38:23,920 >>KRYSTAL, ANY FINAL THOUGHTS? 10030 05:38:23,920 --> 05:38:28,200 >>SURE. 10031 05:38:28,200 --> 05:38:29,240 ONE, CITY TRAINING IS SOMETHING 10032 05:38:29,240 --> 05:38:31,040 A LOT OF INSTITUTIONS USE FOR 10033 05:38:31,040 --> 05:38:33,520 LIKE THEIR STANDARD IRB 10034 05:38:33,520 --> 05:38:35,320 REQUIREMENTS FOR RECEIVING 10035 05:38:35,320 --> 05:38:35,680 FEDERAL FUNDS. 10036 05:38:35,680 --> 05:38:39,680 THERE ARE ACTUALLY INDIGENOUS 10037 05:38:39,680 --> 05:38:41,640 AND ALSO COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT 10038 05:38:41,640 --> 05:38:44,120 RELATED TRAINING MODULES 10039 05:38:44,120 --> 05:38:47,400 ACTUALLY THAT WE AS INSTITUTIONS 10040 05:38:47,400 --> 05:38:48,160 COULD HIGHLY RECOMMEND OR EVEN 10041 05:38:48,160 --> 05:38:51,520 IF YOU'RE WORKING WITH CERTAIN 10042 05:38:51,520 --> 05:38:53,000 POPULATIONS REQUIRE AN 10043 05:38:53,000 --> 05:38:54,960 INSTITUTION LEVEL OR EVEN A 10044 05:38:54,960 --> 05:38:55,520 FEDERAL LEVEL THAT THAT'S A 10045 05:38:55,520 --> 05:38:58,120 POSSIBILITY. 10046 05:38:58,120 --> 05:39:00,080 WE ALSO, I THINK IN ACADEMIC 10047 05:39:00,080 --> 05:39:02,200 DISCIPLINES AND DEPARTMENTS, WE 10048 05:39:02,200 --> 05:39:02,800 HAVE A PROBLEM THAT WE'VE BEEN 10049 05:39:02,800 --> 05:39:04,960 LIKE, OH, WE CAN GRADUATE A 10050 05:39:04,960 --> 05:39:07,760 PH.D. STUDENT IN BIOINFORMATICS 10051 05:39:07,760 --> 05:39:08,280 IN AS FEW AS THREE YEARS. 10052 05:39:08,280 --> 05:39:09,840 AND WHEN YOU DO THAT, AND YOU'RE 10053 05:39:09,840 --> 05:39:11,720 TRAINING STUDENTS WITH AN 10054 05:39:11,720 --> 05:39:13,840 ALREADY CLEANED DATASET AND, YOU 10055 05:39:13,840 --> 05:39:14,720 KNOW, HAVE A MODEL THAT JUST 10056 05:39:14,720 --> 05:39:16,120 NEEDS TO BE ADAPTED, YOU'RE NOT 10057 05:39:16,120 --> 05:39:18,200 REALLY ALSO TRAINING THEM IN 10058 05:39:18,200 --> 05:39:18,560 ETHICS. 10059 05:39:18,560 --> 05:39:20,000 I THINK WE NEED TO HAVE MORE 10060 05:39:20,000 --> 05:39:23,080 CONVERSATIONS ABOUT DATA ETHICS 10061 05:39:23,080 --> 05:39:24,840 IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE TOOLS. 10062 05:39:24,840 --> 05:39:26,400 OTHERWISE WE GET A LOT OF LIKE 10063 05:39:26,400 --> 05:39:27,920 SCIENCE RIGHT NOW HAS A HUGE 10064 05:39:27,920 --> 05:39:31,520 ETHICS WASHING PROBLEM, IN THAT 10065 05:39:31,520 --> 05:39:33,080 YOU GET THE LANGUAGE AND THE 10066 05:39:33,080 --> 05:39:35,240 VERNACULAR THAT SOUNDS SORT OF 10067 05:39:35,240 --> 05:39:37,920 ETHICSY BUT YOU'RE STILL DOING 10068 05:39:37,920 --> 05:39:38,560 THE SAME EX-TRABTIVE STUFF THAT 10069 05:39:38,560 --> 05:39:39,920 YOU'VE BEEN DOING, IT JUST 10070 05:39:39,920 --> 05:39:40,920 SOUNDS BETTER. 10071 05:39:40,920 --> 05:39:43,800 AND THEN JUST EDUCATION THAT'S 10072 05:39:43,800 --> 05:39:46,400 MORE COMMUNITY SPECIFIC AND 10073 05:39:46,400 --> 05:39:48,280 THERE HAS TO BE ALSO LIKE THIS 10074 05:39:48,280 --> 05:39:50,040 RECOGNITION THAT PEOPLE CAN BE 10075 05:39:50,040 --> 05:39:51,880 SCIENTISTS, DATA SCIENTISTS AND 10076 05:39:51,880 --> 05:39:54,880 ALSO BE ADD ROW VO ADVOCATES IR 10077 05:39:54,880 --> 05:39:55,480 COMMUNITY AS WELL. 10078 05:39:55,480 --> 05:39:57,400 THERE'S BEEN A HISTORY IN WHICH 10079 05:39:57,400 --> 05:39:59,360 THERE'S BEEN A BIT OF COMPLICITY 10080 05:39:59,360 --> 05:40:00,520 AND A BIT OF COERCION THAT WE'RE 10081 05:40:00,520 --> 05:40:02,360 JUST TRAINING SCIENTISTS OF 10082 05:40:02,360 --> 05:40:03,560 COLOR THAT LOOK LIKE, YOU KNOW, 10083 05:40:03,560 --> 05:40:04,680 WE'VE BEEN DOING THE SAME WORK, 10084 05:40:04,680 --> 05:40:07,200 BUT THEY JUST LOOK BROWN OR 10085 05:40:07,200 --> 05:40:08,320 BLACK OR -- AND WE NEED TO THINK 10086 05:40:08,320 --> 05:40:09,800 MORE ABOUT THAT YOU CAN HAVE 10087 05:40:09,800 --> 05:40:11,200 COMMUNITY ADVOCATES THAT ARE IN 10088 05:40:11,200 --> 05:40:13,240 THE SPACE, AND THAT'S WHY I'M 10089 05:40:13,240 --> 05:40:14,120 REALLY EXCITED TO CREATE 10090 05:40:14,120 --> 05:40:15,520 INDIGENOUS CENTERED DATA SCIENCE 10091 05:40:15,520 --> 05:40:17,640 WORKSHOPS THAT ARE RELATED TO 10092 05:40:17,640 --> 05:40:18,840 INFORMATICS, AND WE HAVE ONE 10093 05:40:18,840 --> 05:40:20,360 NEXT WE'RE ON HEALTH A.I., SO 10094 05:40:20,360 --> 05:40:26,240 YOU IS PORT FOR THOSE SUPPORT FF 10095 05:40:26,240 --> 05:40:29,520 ENDEAVORS AND SUPPORT FOR EARLY 10096 05:40:29,520 --> 05:40:30,160 CAREER SCIENTISTS TO ALSO HAVE 10097 05:40:30,160 --> 05:40:31,440 THOSE MEN INVENTORYSHIP 10098 05:40:31,440 --> 05:40:32,520 OPPORTUNITIES ACROSS DISCIPLINES 10099 05:40:32,520 --> 05:40:34,160 I THINK IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT 10100 05:40:34,160 --> 05:40:35,720 FOR SMALL, LESS VISIBLE 10101 05:40:35,720 --> 05:40:36,040 POPULATIONS. 10102 05:40:36,040 --> 05:40:43,000 THANKS. 10103 05:40:43,000 --> 05:40:45,240 >>MAYBE WE COULD WRAP UP OUR 10104 05:40:45,240 --> 05:40:48,040 THIRD PANEL AND WE HAVE TWO END 10105 05:40:48,040 --> 05:40:48,600 OF THE DAY CLOSING REMARKS. 10106 05:40:48,600 --> 05:40:50,520 ONE IS FROM OUR CO-CHAIRS WHO 10107 05:40:50,520 --> 05:40:55,840 HAVE THE PRIVILEGE OF GIVING 10108 05:40:55,840 --> 05:40:57,920 US -- ADD CHALLENGE OF GIVING US 10109 05:40:57,920 --> 05:41:00,200 A SUBSEQUENT WRAP-UP AND NITA 10110 05:41:00,200 --> 05:41:02,960 HAS CLOSING REMARKS IN TERMS OF 10111 05:41:02,960 --> 05:41:03,240 LOGISTICS. 10112 05:41:03,240 --> 05:41:03,840 >>I THINK WE'LL PROBABLY BE 10113 05:41:03,840 --> 05:41:04,720 BRIEF IN OUR SUBSTANTIVE, SO 10114 05:41:04,720 --> 05:41:05,800 I'LL MAKE JUST A COUPLE OF 10115 05:41:05,800 --> 05:41:07,360 STATEMENTS AND I'M SURE 10116 05:41:07,360 --> 05:41:09,560 CHRISTINE WILL ADD TO IT, BUT I 10117 05:41:09,560 --> 05:41:10,480 KNOW EVERYBODY HAS HAD A LONG 10118 05:41:10,480 --> 05:41:13,200 DAY AND THEY'VE BEEN LISTENING 10119 05:41:13,200 --> 05:41:13,720 ATTENTIVELY AND CLOSELY. 10120 05:41:13,720 --> 05:41:16,440 OUR GOAL IS TO BOTH START THE 10121 05:41:16,440 --> 05:41:19,560 DAY WITH A SET OF CLEAR FACTS, 10122 05:41:19,560 --> 05:41:20,560 RIGHT, AND THE REASON THAT THE 10123 05:41:20,560 --> 05:41:21,640 WORKSHOP WAS STRUCTURED THE WAY 10124 05:41:21,640 --> 05:41:24,480 IT WAS IS TO START WITH A COMMON 10125 05:41:24,480 --> 05:41:26,480 SET OF FACTS TO GET TO THE POINT 10126 05:41:26,480 --> 05:41:30,080 OF BEING ABLE TO MAKE INSIGHTS 10127 05:41:30,080 --> 05:41:32,520 ABOUT WHAT THE ROLE OF SHARING 10128 05:41:32,520 --> 05:41:34,960 IS WHEN IT COMES TO BRAIN DATA, 10129 05:41:34,960 --> 05:41:35,800 IT'S TO UNDERSTAND WHAT CAN 10130 05:41:35,800 --> 05:41:39,400 REALLY BE DONE, AND WHAT IS, IF 10131 05:41:39,400 --> 05:41:41,640 ANYTHING, DIFFERENT IF WHAT 10132 05:41:41,640 --> 05:41:44,120 COULD BE INFERRED, COLLECTED AND 10133 05:41:44,120 --> 05:41:49,280 SHARED, SO THE MORNING SESSIONS 10134 05:41:49,280 --> 05:41:50,600 REALLY BEGAN FOCUSING ON THAT 10135 05:41:50,600 --> 05:41:51,880 QUESTION, AND THEN MOVING TO A 10136 05:41:51,880 --> 05:41:54,440 PANEL FOCUSED ON MULTIMODAL 10137 05:41:54,440 --> 05:41:55,080 SENSORS AND PUSHING THE ENVELOPE 10138 05:41:55,080 --> 05:41:56,960 TO THE CURRENT GENERATION OF 10139 05:41:56,960 --> 05:41:58,760 BOTH WHAT'S POSSIBLE AND HOW 10140 05:41:58,760 --> 05:42:00,680 PEOPLE ARE THINKING ABOUT THAT, 10141 05:42:00,680 --> 05:42:01,280 THE FRAMEWORKS THAT THEY'RE 10142 05:42:01,280 --> 05:42:03,080 DEVELOPING AROUND THAT. 10143 05:42:03,080 --> 05:42:05,520 WITH THE GOAL OF UNDERSTANDING 10144 05:42:05,520 --> 05:42:08,080 BOTH INDIVIDUAL RISKS THAT CAN 10145 05:42:08,080 --> 05:42:11,640 ARISE FROM BRAIN DATA, AND BRAIN 10146 05:42:11,640 --> 05:42:13,960 DATA NOT JUST IN ISOLATION BUT 10147 05:42:13,960 --> 05:42:15,920 ESPECIALLY IF BRAIN DATA IS 10148 05:42:15,920 --> 05:42:19,200 BORING, BUT BRAIN TA DATA IN 10149 05:42:19,200 --> 05:42:21,400 CONTEXT OF THE FACT THAT IT 10150 05:42:21,400 --> 05:42:22,040 DOESN'T EXIST IN ISOLATION, IT 10151 05:42:22,040 --> 05:42:22,720 IS COLLECTED WITH A WHOLE LOT OF 10152 05:42:22,720 --> 05:42:24,320 OTHER INFORMATION, WHETHER 10153 05:42:24,320 --> 05:42:26,280 INFERENTIAL OR, YOU KNOW, ALL OF 10154 05:42:26,280 --> 05:42:27,720 THE REST OF OUR PERSONAL DATA 10155 05:42:27,720 --> 05:42:28,600 UNDERSTANDING THAT THE CONTEXT 10156 05:42:28,600 --> 05:42:31,120 IS BOTH RESEARCHERS BUT ALSO A 10157 05:42:31,120 --> 05:42:31,720 LOT OF COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS 10158 05:42:31,720 --> 05:42:34,200 THAT ARE DEVELOPING FROM THE 10159 05:42:34,200 --> 05:42:34,520 SAME. 10160 05:42:34,520 --> 05:42:36,000 AND THEN LOOKING NOT JUST, OF 10161 05:42:36,000 --> 05:42:37,960 COURSE, AT INDIVIDUAL LEVEL 10162 05:42:37,960 --> 05:42:39,320 RISKS BUT GROUP LEVEL RISKS. 10163 05:42:39,320 --> 05:42:41,160 ALL OF THE GOAL OF THIS IS TO 10164 05:42:41,160 --> 05:42:46,400 BOTH UNDERSTAND THE PROBLEM 10165 05:42:46,400 --> 05:42:48,080 FULLY WITH A DEEP EVIDENCE-BASED 10166 05:42:48,080 --> 05:42:49,600 GROUNDING TO MAKETH CAL 10167 05:42:49,600 --> 05:42:53,800 RECOMMENDATIONS AND TO TRY TO 10168 05:42:53,800 --> 05:42:56,400 ASSESS OUT WHAT ARE THE 10169 05:42:56,400 --> 05:42:56,800 POSSIBILITIES BEYOND 10170 05:42:56,800 --> 05:42:57,440 DEIDENTIFICATION, WHETHER IT'S 10171 05:42:57,440 --> 05:42:58,840 INFORMED CONSENT, DYNAMIC 10172 05:42:58,840 --> 05:43:01,080 INFORMED CONSENT, WHETHER IT IS 10173 05:43:01,080 --> 05:43:04,120 MUCH BETTER UNDERSTANDING AND 10174 05:43:04,120 --> 05:43:05,280 ENGAGEMENT OF GROUPS AND 10175 05:43:05,280 --> 05:43:07,800 COMMUNITIES AND PATIENTS WHO CAN 10176 05:43:07,800 --> 05:43:09,120 HELP INFORM THOSE CONVERSATIONS, 10177 05:43:09,120 --> 05:43:12,120 ALL OF IT IS IDEALLY TO COME UP 10178 05:43:12,120 --> 05:43:14,400 WITH A MORE NUANCED WAY OF BEING 10179 05:43:14,400 --> 05:43:16,000 ABLE TO UNDERSTAND WHAT THE 10180 05:43:16,000 --> 05:43:18,280 RISKS AND BENEFITS OF SHARING 10181 05:43:18,280 --> 05:43:20,560 BRAIN DATA ARE AND HOW TO 10182 05:43:20,560 --> 05:43:22,640 SAFEGUARD AGAINST THOSE SO THAT 10183 05:43:22,640 --> 05:43:25,200 MOVING FORWARD, WE CAN REAP THE 10184 05:43:25,200 --> 05:43:27,080 BENEFITS OF ADVANCES IN NEURAL 10185 05:43:27,080 --> 05:43:28,600 DATA AND THE SHARING OF NEURAL 10186 05:43:28,600 --> 05:43:31,040 DATA WHILE MINIMIZING THE RISKS 10187 05:43:31,040 --> 05:43:31,560 THAT ARISE FROM IT. 10188 05:43:31,560 --> 05:43:33,440 SO TOMORROW WE'RE HOPING TO DIVE 10189 05:43:33,440 --> 05:43:36,080 INTO THAT IN MORE DETAIL AND 10190 05:43:36,080 --> 05:43:36,960 REALLY MOVE FROM WHAT IS A VERY 10191 05:43:36,960 --> 05:43:39,840 SOLID FOUNDATION FROM DAY ONE, I 10192 05:43:39,840 --> 05:43:41,120 HOPE, FOR EVERYONE. 10193 05:43:41,120 --> 05:43:42,920 I KNOW IT WAS INCREDIBLY 10194 05:43:42,920 --> 05:43:43,760 INFORMATIVE FOR ME, TO BEING 10195 05:43:43,760 --> 05:43:48,400 ABLE TO THEN START TO TRY TO 10196 05:43:48,400 --> 05:43:51,560 DEVELOP APPLICATIONS OF SO THEN 10197 05:43:51,560 --> 05:43:52,200 WHAT, HOW DO WE THEN TAKE WHAT 10198 05:43:52,200 --> 05:43:54,200 WE'VE LEARNED FROM DAY ONE, 10199 05:43:54,200 --> 05:43:56,360 IDENTIFY PARTICULAR PATHWAYS 10200 05:43:56,360 --> 05:43:58,760 FORWARD, AND BE ABLE TO COME UP 10201 05:43:58,760 --> 05:44:01,080 WITH SPECIFIC POTENTIALLY 10202 05:44:01,080 --> 05:44:02,120 RECOMMENDATIONS OR A SPECTRUM OF 10203 05:44:02,120 --> 05:44:03,640 SENSITIVITY OF DATA OR SPECTRUM 10204 05:44:03,640 --> 05:44:07,720 OF MODALITY, COLLECTION OF DATA, 10205 05:44:07,720 --> 05:44:11,760 SHARING OF DATA, IT MAYBE IT'S T 10206 05:44:11,760 --> 05:44:13,840 A SPECTRUM, MAYBE IT'S ONE BIG 10207 05:44:13,840 --> 05:44:14,400 THING. 10208 05:44:14,400 --> 05:44:15,600 I THINK WE'RE AGNOSTIC TO WHAT 10209 05:44:15,600 --> 05:44:16,360 THE ANSWER IS. 10210 05:44:16,360 --> 05:44:18,720 WE ARE JUST HOPEFUL THAT THERE 10211 05:44:18,720 --> 05:44:20,880 IS A SET OF RECOMMENDATIONS AND 10212 05:44:20,880 --> 05:44:22,280 ANSWERS WE CAN BEGIN TO GENERATE 10213 05:44:22,280 --> 05:44:24,440 FROM HERE AND TO BE ABLE TO USE 10214 05:44:24,440 --> 05:44:25,200 THIS WORKSHOP AS FUNDAMENTAL TO 10215 05:44:25,200 --> 05:44:26,320 INFORMING THEM. 10216 05:44:26,320 --> 05:44:27,720 SO I'LL HAND IT OVER TO 10217 05:44:27,720 --> 05:44:30,760 CHRISTINE TO MOVE US FROM 10218 05:44:30,760 --> 05:44:32,360 INTEREST. 10219 05:44:32,360 --> 05:44:32,600 THERE. 10220 05:44:32,600 --> 05:44:34,560 >>SO IT IMPOSSIBLE TO FOLLOW 10221 05:44:34,560 --> 05:44:35,080 NITA, I'D SAY. 10222 05:44:35,080 --> 05:44:37,560 YOU DID A GREAT JOB OF 10223 05:44:37,560 --> 05:44:38,040 SUMMARIZING. 10224 05:44:38,040 --> 05:44:39,440 I JUST WANT TO DO TWO THINGS. 10225 05:44:39,440 --> 05:44:40,840 I JUST WANT TO THANK ALL OF THE 10226 05:44:40,840 --> 05:44:44,800 PEOPLE WHO BRENTED TODAY BECAUSY 10227 05:44:44,800 --> 05:44:47,840 BECAUSE YOU GAVE US ALL GREAT 10228 05:44:47,840 --> 05:44:50,560 FOOD FOR THOUGHT IN TERMS OF 10229 05:44:50,560 --> 05:44:51,160 WHAT THE RISKS ARE AND WHETHER 10230 05:44:51,160 --> 05:44:52,520 OR NOT THERE ARE MEANINGFUL WAYS 10231 05:44:52,520 --> 05:44:54,640 TO SEPARATE THEM OR THINK ABOUT 10232 05:44:54,640 --> 05:44:55,200 THEM AS REQUIRING DIFFERENT 10233 05:44:55,200 --> 05:44:55,760 KINDS OF PROTECTIONS. 10234 05:44:55,760 --> 05:44:57,080 YOU ALSO GAVE US SOME IDEAS 10235 05:44:57,080 --> 05:44:59,160 ABOUT WHAT SOME OF THOSE 10236 05:44:59,160 --> 05:45:00,800 PROTECTIONS SHOULD BE, AND AS 10237 05:45:00,800 --> 05:45:04,080 YOU JUST HEARD FROM NITA, 10238 05:45:04,080 --> 05:45:06,400 TOMORROW WE'RE GOING TO CONTINUE 10239 05:45:06,400 --> 05:45:08,200 THAT CONVERSATION, SINK A LITTLE 10240 05:45:08,200 --> 05:45:08,880 DEEPER INTO THE INDIVIDUAL KINDS 10241 05:45:08,880 --> 05:45:11,320 OF RISKS THAT MIGHT OCCUR, HEAR 10242 05:45:11,320 --> 05:45:13,880 FROM SOME PARTICIPANTS AND 10243 05:45:13,880 --> 05:45:15,960 OTHERS WHO HAVE COLLECTED DATA 10244 05:45:15,960 --> 05:45:18,080 FROM PARTICIPANTS AND TRY TO 10245 05:45:18,080 --> 05:45:19,440 DECIDE WHETHER OR NOT THERE'S A 10246 05:45:19,440 --> 05:45:20,040 SPECTRUM OR WHETHER OR NOT THE 10247 05:45:20,040 --> 05:45:23,080 CURRENT WAYS THAT WE THINK ABOUT 10248 05:45:23,080 --> 05:45:25,320 PROTECTING INDIVIDUALS AND 10249 05:45:25,320 --> 05:45:27,120 COMMUNITIES FROM THE RISKS OF 10250 05:45:27,120 --> 05:45:32,120 SHARING BRAIN DATA ARE THE RIGHT 10251 05:45:32,120 --> 05:45:32,720 ONES, AND WHETHER WE NEED TO 10252 05:45:32,720 --> 05:45:34,240 EXPAND ON THOSE. 10253 05:45:34,240 --> 05:45:36,520 SO THAT'S THE TASK FOR TOMORROW, 10254 05:45:36,520 --> 05:45:38,800 AND TODAY WAS A BEAUTIFUL SETUP 10255 05:45:38,800 --> 05:45:40,520 FOR THAT TASK FOR TOMORROW. 10256 05:45:40,520 --> 05:45:43,080 I DO WANT TO CLOSE BEFORE WE DO 10257 05:45:43,080 --> 05:45:46,640 CLOSE BY THANKING NINA AND 10258 05:45:46,640 --> 05:45:47,400 SASKIA FOR ALL OF THE WORK THAT 10259 05:45:47,400 --> 05:45:49,440 THEY DID, PUTTING THIS TOGETHER. 10260 05:45:49,440 --> 05:45:51,760 AND ALL OF THE OTHER PEOPLE THAT 10261 05:45:51,760 --> 05:45:54,080 WORKED WITH THEM, SO DANA AND I 10262 05:45:54,080 --> 05:45:55,160 DON'T KNOW WHO ELSE, OTHER 10263 05:45:55,160 --> 05:45:56,080 PEOPLE WHO HAVE BEEN WORKING 10264 05:45:56,080 --> 05:45:59,720 WITH THEM TO MAKE THIS DAY 10265 05:45:59,720 --> 05:45:59,960 POSSIBLE. 10266 05:45:59,960 --> 05:46:01,520 AND I THINK IT WAS A VERY RICH 10267 05:46:01,520 --> 05:46:02,680 AND FRUITFUL CONVERSATION. 10268 05:46:02,680 --> 05:46:03,720 SO THANK YOU. 10269 05:46:03,720 --> 05:46:08,760 [APPLAUSE] 10270 05:46:08,760 --> 05:46:12,680 >>SO NOW THE CLOSE-CLOSE. 10271 05:46:12,680 --> 05:46:15,320 SO FOR THOSE OF YOU WHO ARE IN 10272 05:46:15,320 --> 05:46:17,600 PERSON, IF YOU CAME OVER IN THE 10273 05:46:17,600 --> 05:46:19,280 SHUTTLE, THERE IS NOW A SHUTTLE 10274 05:46:19,280 --> 05:46:20,680 OUTSIDE TO TAKE EVERYBODY BACK 10275 05:46:20,680 --> 05:46:22,120 TO THE HOTEL. 10276 05:46:22,120 --> 05:46:23,960 WE WILL CONTINUE THE 10277 05:46:23,960 --> 05:46:25,800 CONVERSATION INFORMALLY WITH A 10278 05:46:25,800 --> 05:46:26,440 GATHERING AT PIN STRIPES, WHICH 10279 05:46:26,440 --> 05:46:27,880 IS WALKING DISTANCE FROM THE 10280 05:46:27,880 --> 05:46:28,760 HOTEL. 10281 05:46:28,760 --> 05:46:32,360 THERE'S A NICE UPSTAIRS AND 10282 05:46:32,360 --> 05:46:34,120 ROOFTOP SECTION FOR PEOPLE TO 10283 05:46:34,120 --> 05:46:36,520 CONVENE THERE AND CONTINUE 10284 05:46:36,520 --> 05:46:37,080 DISCUSSING. 10285 05:46:37,080 --> 05:46:38,520 WE WILL RECONVENE HERE IN THE 10286 05:46:38,520 --> 05:46:40,560 SAME ROOM AT 10:00 A.M. 10287 05:46:40,560 --> 05:46:40,800 TOMORROW. 10288 05:46:40,800 --> 05:46:42,720 SO IF YOU ARE TAKING THE SHUTTLE 10289 05:46:42,720 --> 05:46:43,560 AGAIN TOMORROW AS YOU DID, 10290 05:46:43,560 --> 05:46:45,960 PLEASE BE OUTSIDE AT 9:10, 10291 05:46:45,960 --> 05:46:48,280 BECAUSE IT WILL DEPART SHARP AT 10292 05:46:48,280 --> 05:46:48,960 9:15. 10293 05:46:48,960 --> 05:46:51,840 AND IF YOU ARE CHECKING OUT 10294 05:46:51,840 --> 05:46:53,400 TOMORROW, YOU CAN BRING YOUR 10295 05:46:53,400 --> 05:46:54,040 BAGS WITH YOU ON THAT SHOULD 10296 05:46:54,040 --> 05:46:58,880 TELL AND SHUTTLEAND WE CAN STORE 10297 05:46:58,880 --> 05:47:00,240 BACK IF WE ASSUME YOU'RE HEADING 10298 05:47:00,240 --> 05:47:06,400 TO YOUR NEXT TRAVEL AFTER 10299 05:47:06,400 --> 05:47:06,960 TOMORROW'S DISCUSSIONS END. 10300 05:47:06,960 --> 05:47:07,440 THANK YOU, EVERYBODY. 10301 05:47:07,440 --> 05:47:07,920 SEE YOU ALL TOMORROW. 10302 05:47:07,920 --> 05:47:12,200 [APPLAUSE]