1 00:00:05,520 --> 00:00:08,360 >>WELCOME BACK. 2 00:00:08,360 --> 00:00:11,440 YESTERDAY WE HAD TWO FANTASTIC 3 00:00:11,440 --> 00:00:15,880 PLENARY LECTURES ONE FROM DIANA 4 00:00:15,880 --> 00:00:18,360 BAUTISTA WITH THE IMMUNE 5 00:00:18,360 --> 00:00:21,480 INTERACTIONS REMINDING US YES, 6 00:00:21,480 --> 00:00:23,080 THE BRAIN INTERACT WITH STUFF IN 7 00:00:23,080 --> 00:00:27,000 THE PERIPHERY AND THEN BETH 8 00:00:27,000 --> 00:00:28,200 BUFFALO COVERED SPATIAL 9 00:00:28,200 --> 00:00:34,200 NAVIGATION IN PRIMATES GIVING US 10 00:00:34,200 --> 00:00:37,360 TANTALIZING CLUES AND WE HAD A 11 00:00:37,360 --> 00:00:42,480 GREAT POSTER SESSION AND HAD 12 00:00:42,480 --> 00:00:44,480 HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS SUBMIT 13 00:00:44,480 --> 00:00:47,440 ESSAYS ON THE ETHICAL 14 00:00:47,440 --> 00:00:48,240 IMPLICATIONS OF NEURAL 15 00:00:48,240 --> 00:00:49,680 TECHNOLOGY AND GRATIFYING TO SEE 16 00:00:49,680 --> 00:00:54,560 THE NEXT GENERATION OF HOPEFULLY 17 00:00:54,560 --> 00:00:57,040 SCIENTISTS CONSIDERING THE 18 00:00:57,040 --> 00:00:58,080 ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF NOT ONLY 19 00:00:58,080 --> 00:01:02,960 WHAT WE DO HERE BUT ALL THEY 20 00:01:02,960 --> 00:01:03,240 PURSUE. 21 00:01:03,240 --> 00:01:13,760 WE HAD SYMPOSIA COVERING THE 22 00:01:16,080 --> 00:01:20,480 AREA AND A REPORT ON RACE, 23 00:01:20,480 --> 00:01:21,920 ETHNICITY AND GENDER IN NEURAL 24 00:01:21,920 --> 00:01:26,360 IMAGING PUBLICATIONS AND 25 00:01:26,360 --> 00:01:29,280 RECOGNIZING THESE ARE IMPERFECT 26 00:01:29,280 --> 00:01:29,560 MEASURES. 27 00:01:29,560 --> 00:01:31,280 RACE IS NOT GROUNDED FIRMLY IN 28 00:01:31,280 --> 00:01:37,000 SCIENCE SO MOVING FORWARD WE DO 29 00:01:37,000 --> 00:01:39,480 NEED TO BE MINDFUL OF THE 30 00:01:39,480 --> 00:01:41,320 HISTORIC RACISM EMBEDDED IN THE 31 00:01:41,320 --> 00:01:44,040 FIELD WHEN COLLECTING DATA AND 32 00:01:44,040 --> 00:01:46,080 KEEPING IN MIND SOCIAL ECONOMIC 33 00:01:46,080 --> 00:01:47,000 FACTORS DO AFFECT THE BRAIN AND 34 00:01:47,000 --> 00:01:48,600 NEED TO BE INCLUDED IN OUR 35 00:01:48,600 --> 00:01:53,280 ANALYSIS BUT WE HAVE THE 36 00:01:53,280 --> 00:01:55,440 RESPONSIBILITY TO DO SO IN A WAY 37 00:01:55,440 --> 00:01:58,040 THAT IMPROVE DIVERSITY AND 38 00:01:58,040 --> 00:02:00,960 REVEALS THE UNDERLYING BIOLOGY 39 00:02:00,960 --> 00:02:02,480 AND BEING CAREFUL TO SAFEGUARD 40 00:02:02,480 --> 00:02:03,280 THE DATA FROM MISUSE AS WE'VE 41 00:02:03,280 --> 00:02:08,360 SEEN IN THE PAST. 42 00:02:08,360 --> 00:02:11,080 THERE WAS A USER GUIDE TO THE 43 00:02:11,080 --> 00:02:12,040 RESOURCES AND HERE THE GROUP 44 00:02:12,040 --> 00:02:13,280 COVERED THE ORGANIZATION AND 45 00:02:13,280 --> 00:02:17,320 ACCESS TO DATA GENERATED FROM 46 00:02:17,320 --> 00:02:20,840 THE BRAIN INITIATIVE CELL CENSUS 47 00:02:20,840 --> 00:02:21,240 PROJECT. 48 00:02:21,240 --> 00:02:25,960 THERE'S HUNDREDS OF TERABYTES 49 00:02:25,960 --> 00:02:31,400 AND THEY COVERED THE 50 00:02:31,400 --> 00:02:36,680 REPLICABILITY OF THE SINGLE CELL 51 00:02:36,680 --> 00:02:37,280 DATA. 52 00:02:37,280 --> 00:02:39,080 LATER WE HAD THE NEUROMECHANISMS 53 00:02:39,080 --> 00:02:41,320 ACROSS ORGANISMS. 54 00:02:41,320 --> 00:02:43,240 ALL TALKS HIGHLIGHTED THE MOMENT 55 00:02:43,240 --> 00:02:45,280 TO MOMENT VARIATION ACROSS 56 00:02:45,280 --> 00:02:55,680 SPECIES FROM C ELEGANS, 57 00:02:57,200 --> 00:02:58,520 ZEBRAFISH AND MICE AND 58 00:02:58,520 --> 00:02:59,200 MONITORING NEURONS. 59 00:02:59,200 --> 00:03:00,600 LOTS OF PROGRESS THERE. 60 00:03:00,600 --> 00:03:03,880 FINALLY, THERE WAS A SYMPOSIUM 61 00:03:03,880 --> 00:03:07,640 ON THE RESPONSIBLE RESEARCH AND 62 00:03:07,640 --> 00:03:10,160 INNOVATION OF NOVEL NEURO 63 00:03:10,160 --> 00:03:13,640 TECHNOLOGIES HIGHLIGHTS AGENCY, 64 00:03:13,640 --> 00:03:14,960 RESPONSIBILITY AND ACCESS. 65 00:03:14,960 --> 00:03:16,680 WE NEED TO BE MINDFUL OF THE 66 00:03:16,680 --> 00:03:18,040 IMPLICATIONS OF WHAT WE'RE DOING 67 00:03:18,040 --> 00:03:20,760 AS WE DEVELOP NEW TECHNOLOGIES 68 00:03:20,760 --> 00:03:24,880 FOR HUMAN BRAIN DISORDERS. 69 00:03:24,880 --> 00:03:26,400 YESTERDAY'S PANEL EXPLORED THE 70 00:03:26,400 --> 00:03:27,800 NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES FOR A RANGE 71 00:03:27,800 --> 00:03:29,280 OF CONDITIONS AND THESE 72 00:03:29,280 --> 00:03:30,720 QUESTIONS OF AGENCY 73 00:03:30,720 --> 00:03:32,880 RESPONSIBILITY AND ACCESS. 74 00:03:32,880 --> 00:03:35,920 THE PANEL'S PRESENTATIONS DREW 75 00:03:35,920 --> 00:03:37,640 UPON INTERVIEWS FROM 76 00:03:37,640 --> 00:03:39,320 PARTICIPANTS AND SHED LIGHT ON 77 00:03:39,320 --> 00:03:41,360 THE FIRST PERSON PERSPECTIVE AND 78 00:03:41,360 --> 00:03:42,680 OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES 79 00:03:42,680 --> 00:03:44,120 THEY FACED WHEN USING THE LIFE 80 00:03:44,120 --> 00:03:45,040 CHANGING TECHNOLOGIES. 81 00:03:45,040 --> 00:03:47,200 I'D LIKE TO UNDER SCORE THE MOST 82 00:03:47,200 --> 00:03:48,240 IMPORTANT PERSPECTIVE AS WE 83 00:03:48,240 --> 00:03:51,000 DEVELOP THESE NEW TECHNOLOGIES 84 00:03:51,000 --> 00:03:53,000 FOR TREATING THE PATIENTS IS 85 00:03:53,000 --> 00:03:54,320 PERSPECTIVE OF THE PATIENTS 86 00:03:54,320 --> 00:03:54,600 THEMSELVES. 87 00:03:54,600 --> 00:04:03,800 TODAY WE HAVE TWO UPCOMING 88 00:04:03,800 --> 00:04:04,600 SYMPOSIA. 89 00:04:04,600 --> 00:04:06,640 WE HAVE MORE POSTERS AND WE'LL 90 00:04:06,640 --> 00:04:08,560 HAVE A TRAINEE HIGHLIGHT AWARD 91 00:04:08,560 --> 00:04:09,960 TALKS, VERY EXCITING AND WE'RE 92 00:04:09,960 --> 00:04:11,720 ALL LOOKING FORWARD TO ANOTHER 93 00:04:11,720 --> 00:04:13,280 GREAT DAY OF SCIENCE AND WE'RE 94 00:04:13,280 --> 00:04:16,480 GOING KICK IT OFF TODAY WITH A 95 00:04:16,480 --> 00:04:19,120 PLENARY TALK FROM DR. KAFUI 96 00:04:19,120 --> 00:04:20,760 DZIRASA FROM DUKE UNIVERSITY. 97 00:04:20,760 --> 00:04:25,200 IT'S MY PLEASURE TO INTRODUCE 98 00:04:25,200 --> 00:04:25,360 HIM. 99 00:04:25,360 --> 00:04:26,560 THE ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR IN THE 100 00:04:26,560 --> 00:04:28,560 DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY AND 101 00:04:28,560 --> 00:04:32,400 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES AT DUKE. 102 00:04:32,400 --> 00:04:35,440 AND HAS JOINT APPOINTMENTS. 103 00:04:35,440 --> 00:04:37,880 HE RECEIVED HIS BACHELOR'S 104 00:04:37,880 --> 00:04:41,640 DEGREE FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF 105 00:04:41,640 --> 00:04:47,920 MARYLAND COUNTY AND Ph.D. IN 106 00:04:47,920 --> 00:04:48,880 NEUROBIOLOGY IF DUKE AND 107 00:04:48,880 --> 00:04:51,200 COMPLETED RESIDENCY TRAINING IN 108 00:04:51,200 --> 00:04:53,920 GENERAL PSYCHIATRY FROM DUKE IN 109 00:04:53,920 --> 00:04:54,280 2016. 110 00:04:54,280 --> 00:04:57,360 HE HAS A LONG STANDING INTEREST 111 00:04:57,360 --> 00:04:59,360 IN CHANGES IN THE BRAIN CAUSE 112 00:04:59,360 --> 00:05:01,280 NEUROLOGICAL AND MENTAL ILLNESS 113 00:05:01,280 --> 00:05:06,000 AND HIS GRADUATE WORK LED TO 114 00:05:06,000 --> 00:05:07,800 SEVERAL DISTINCTIONS AND WON ME 115 00:05:07,800 --> 00:05:11,480 AWARDS FOR MOST OUTSTANDING 116 00:05:11,480 --> 00:05:17,280 DISSERTATION THESIS AND THE UNCF 117 00:05:17,280 --> 00:05:19,960 SCIENCE FELLOWSHIP AND WAKEMAN 118 00:05:19,960 --> 00:05:21,480 FELLOWSHIP AND RECEIVED THE 119 00:05:21,480 --> 00:05:22,600 LEADERSHIP AWARD IN 2007 AND 120 00:05:22,600 --> 00:05:25,480 RECOGNIZED AS ONE OF EBONY 121 00:05:25,480 --> 00:05:30,880 MAGAZINE'S 30 YOUNG LEADERS OF 122 00:05:30,880 --> 00:05:35,160 THE FUTURE IN 2008. 123 00:05:35,160 --> 00:05:37,040 HE'S RECEIVED THE RISING STAR 124 00:05:37,040 --> 00:05:43,800 AWARD AND HIS LABORATORY IS 125 00:05:43,800 --> 00:05:49,360 FEATURED ON "60 MINUTES" IN 2019 126 00:05:49,360 --> 00:05:52,320 AND WON AN WARD FROM THE 127 00:05:52,320 --> 00:05:54,400 PRESIDENTIAL EARLY CAREER AWARD 128 00:05:54,400 --> 00:05:56,080 FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS THE 129 00:05:56,080 --> 00:06:00,920 NATION'S HIGHEST AWARD FOR 130 00:06:00,920 --> 00:06:02,640 BEGINNING SCIENTISTS. 131 00:06:02,640 --> 00:06:09,320 HE WAS RECOGNIZED IN 40 UNDER 40 132 00:06:09,320 --> 00:06:10,640 IN THE NATIONAL MINORITY FORUM 133 00:06:10,640 --> 00:06:13,400 AND HE WAS INDUCTED IN THE 134 00:06:13,400 --> 00:06:14,760 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR CLINICAL 135 00:06:14,760 --> 00:06:17,120 INVESTIGATION IN 2019 ELECTED TO 136 00:06:17,120 --> 00:06:18,560 THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF MEDICINE 137 00:06:18,560 --> 00:06:21,640 IN 2021 AND RECENTLY APPOINTED 138 00:06:21,640 --> 00:06:24,440 AS AN INVESTIGATOR OF THE HOWARD 139 00:06:24,440 --> 00:06:25,320 HUGHES MEDICAL INSTITUTE AND 140 00:06:25,320 --> 00:06:28,480 SERVED AS AN ADVISER FOR THE 141 00:06:28,480 --> 00:06:29,840 TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE AND 142 00:06:29,840 --> 00:06:32,720 MEMBER OF THE CONGRESSIONALLY 143 00:06:32,720 --> 00:06:34,320 MANDATED RESEARCH INITIATIVE AND 144 00:06:34,320 --> 00:06:36,480 EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD FOR TED 145 00:06:36,480 --> 00:06:38,520 MED AND ALSO ON OUR BRAIN 146 00:06:38,520 --> 00:06:39,600 MULTI-COUNCIL WORKING GROUP 147 00:06:39,600 --> 00:06:41,320 WHICH ADVISES ME AND MY 148 00:06:41,320 --> 00:06:42,880 COLLEAGUES FOR THE DIRECTIONS OF 149 00:06:42,880 --> 00:06:45,080 WHERE WE'RE GOING AND JUST 150 00:06:45,080 --> 00:06:49,120 APPOINTED TO THE NIH DIRECTOR'S 151 00:06:49,120 --> 00:06:49,520 ADVISORY COUNCIL. 152 00:06:49,520 --> 00:06:57,160 HIS ULTIMATE GOAL IS TO COMBINE 153 00:06:57,160 --> 00:06:58,840 HIS RESEARCH TRAINING FOR 154 00:06:58,840 --> 00:06:59,880 POPULATIONS SUFFERING FROM 155 00:06:59,880 --> 00:07:02,480 PSYCHOLOGICAL ILLNESSES. 156 00:07:02,480 --> 00:07:10,280 NOW TO KAF IN REWIRING NEURAL 157 00:07:10,280 --> 00:07:12,040 CIRCUITS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. 158 00:07:12,040 --> 00:07:22,320 IT'S ALL YOURS. 159 00:07:27,480 --> 00:07:29,840 >>I'M IN THE DEPARTMENT OF 160 00:07:29,840 --> 00:07:32,400 PSYCHIATRY AND BEHAVIORAL 161 00:07:32,400 --> 00:07:34,040 SCIENCES AND NEUROBIOLOGY AND 162 00:07:34,040 --> 00:07:35,040 NEUROSURGERY AT DUKE. 163 00:07:35,040 --> 00:07:36,960 I WANT TO WALK YOU THROUGH A SET 164 00:07:36,960 --> 00:07:38,400 OF EXPERIMENTS WE'VE WORKED ON 165 00:07:38,400 --> 00:07:42,800 IN THE LAST FEW YEARS TO THINK 166 00:07:42,800 --> 00:07:46,160 ABOUT HOW WE ULTIMATELY REWIRE 167 00:07:46,160 --> 00:07:48,880 OUR CIRCUITS IN HEALTH AND THIS 168 00:07:48,880 --> 00:07:51,680 WAS FUNDED THROUGH A BRAIN 169 00:07:51,680 --> 00:07:52,520 INITIATIVE R21 GRANT. 170 00:07:52,520 --> 00:07:55,920 WHEN I START MY TALKS I THINK 171 00:07:55,920 --> 00:07:57,800 IT'S IMPORTANT TO HIGHLIGHT THE 172 00:07:57,800 --> 00:08:00,480 IMPACT MENTAL ILLNESS HAS HAD ON 173 00:08:00,480 --> 00:08:01,440 INDIVIDUALS. 174 00:08:01,440 --> 00:08:06,320 MENTAL DISORDERS LIKE DEPRESSION 175 00:08:06,320 --> 00:08:15,480 AND ANXIETY AND POSTTRAUMATIC 176 00:08:15,480 --> 00:08:17,480 DISORDER ARE DIFFICULT AND NOW 177 00:08:17,480 --> 00:08:20,160 WITH THE GLOBAL PANDEMIC THE 178 00:08:20,160 --> 00:08:23,600 INCIDENTS OF ILLNESSES HAVE 179 00:08:23,600 --> 00:08:23,920 SKYROCKETED. 180 00:08:23,920 --> 00:08:26,800 IF YOU LOOK AT EMERGING ADULTS 181 00:08:26,800 --> 00:08:30,360 AND TEENAGERS, 130 HAVE DEALT 182 00:08:30,360 --> 00:08:32,080 WITH SUICIDALITY IN THE LAST TWO 183 00:08:32,080 --> 00:08:33,160 TO THREE YEARS. 184 00:08:33,160 --> 00:08:37,320 ANY IMPACT THE ILLNESSES THESE 185 00:08:37,320 --> 00:08:43,600 HAVE GONE UP AFFECTING OUR AND 186 00:08:43,600 --> 00:08:46,240 I'VE BEEN WRESTLING WITH THIS 187 00:08:46,240 --> 00:08:48,880 QUESTION NOT SIMPLY HOW TO 188 00:08:48,880 --> 00:08:51,360 DIAGNOSE AND TREAT ILLNESSES BUT 189 00:08:51,360 --> 00:08:54,080 COMING UP WITH THERAPEUTIC 190 00:08:54,080 --> 00:08:55,280 STRATEGIES TO PREVENT THEM. 191 00:08:55,280 --> 00:08:56,960 YOU'RE THINKING ABOUT PREVENTION 192 00:08:56,960 --> 00:08:58,440 YOU NEED TWO THINGS. 193 00:08:58,440 --> 00:09:01,360 WE SEE THIS THROUGH MEDICINE. 194 00:09:01,360 --> 00:09:03,080 WE NEED TO PREDICT WHICH 195 00:09:03,080 --> 00:09:05,280 INDIVIDUAL ARE AT RISK FOR 196 00:09:05,280 --> 00:09:08,920 DEVELOPING THE ILLNESS SO YOU 197 00:09:08,920 --> 00:09:10,520 HAVE TOO HAVE GOOD RISK 198 00:09:10,520 --> 00:09:12,720 PREVENTION AND IDENTIFY THE 199 00:09:12,720 --> 00:09:14,680 INDIVIDUALS AND INTERVENE 200 00:09:14,680 --> 00:09:16,880 ULTIMATELY CHANGE THEIR DISEASE 201 00:09:16,880 --> 00:09:17,960 TRAJECTORY. 202 00:09:17,960 --> 00:09:20,840 NOW, THIS FRAMEWORK THAT I'VE 203 00:09:20,840 --> 00:09:22,040 ALWAYS APPRECIATED SINCE EARLY 204 00:09:22,040 --> 00:09:23,600 IN MEDICAL SCHOOL AND THIS IS 205 00:09:23,600 --> 00:09:30,640 THERE IN CARDIOLOGY AND IN 206 00:09:30,640 --> 00:09:31,720 CANCER AS WELL IF YOU THINK OF 207 00:09:31,720 --> 00:09:34,440 THE INDIVIDUALS IN RED IN THE 208 00:09:34,440 --> 00:09:36,320 BOTTOM RED HAND CORNER WHAT WE 209 00:09:36,320 --> 00:09:40,160 TRIED TO DO IS MOVE THEM FROM 210 00:09:40,160 --> 00:09:42,120 THE RED BOX TO THE RESILIENCE 211 00:09:42,120 --> 00:09:44,800 CASE AND WE TRY TO DO THIS BY 212 00:09:44,800 --> 00:09:47,000 CHANGING BLOOD PRESSURE IN THE 213 00:09:47,000 --> 00:09:48,240 CASE OF SOME HEART DISEASE OR WE 214 00:09:48,240 --> 00:09:50,880 TRY TO GET RID OF THE CANCER IN 215 00:09:50,880 --> 00:09:52,520 THE CASE WITH SOMEBODY WITH 216 00:09:52,520 --> 00:09:53,280 CANCER. 217 00:09:53,280 --> 00:09:56,760 ONE THING I REGULARLY 218 00:09:56,760 --> 00:09:57,480 APPRECIATED IN THE IN PATIENT 219 00:09:57,480 --> 00:10:00,800 UNIT IS WHEN INDIVIDUALS CAME 220 00:10:00,800 --> 00:10:02,960 IN, MANY TIMES THE WORSENING 221 00:10:02,960 --> 00:10:05,480 SYMPTOMS WERE PROCEEDED BY A 222 00:10:05,480 --> 00:10:07,160 MAJOR LIFE EVENT. 223 00:10:07,160 --> 00:10:08,040 SOME STRESSFUL EVENT WHETHER IT 224 00:10:08,040 --> 00:10:10,720 WAS THE FIRST TIME THE ILLNESS 225 00:10:10,720 --> 00:10:14,760 WAS SHOWING UP OR ACUTELY GOT 226 00:10:14,760 --> 00:10:14,960 WORSE. 227 00:10:14,960 --> 00:10:19,720 IT TURNS OUT SEVERE 228 00:10:19,720 --> 00:10:20,840 PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS IS A RISK 229 00:10:20,840 --> 00:10:23,600 FACTOR FOR MAJOR PSYCHIATRIC 230 00:10:23,600 --> 00:10:24,240 ILLNESS. 231 00:10:24,240 --> 00:10:26,360 I WANT TO ASK IS IT POSSIBLE TO 232 00:10:26,360 --> 00:10:29,120 SEPARATE OUT INDIVIDUALS TO 233 00:10:29,120 --> 00:10:31,080 PREDICT WHO WILL RESPOND WELL 234 00:10:31,080 --> 00:10:33,160 AND WHO WILL BE RESILIENT. 235 00:10:33,160 --> 00:10:35,600 SO IF WE SEPARATE OUT THE 236 00:10:35,600 --> 00:10:36,840 INDIVIDUALS, PERHAPS WE CAN FIND 237 00:10:36,840 --> 00:10:40,280 A BIOLOGICAL SIGNATURE WHICH IN 238 00:10:40,280 --> 00:10:42,480 THIS CASE WE'LL CALL RISK AND 239 00:10:42,480 --> 00:10:44,360 WE'RE ABLE TO FIND IT AND 240 00:10:44,360 --> 00:10:46,680 PUBLISH IT AND THE WAY I THINK 241 00:10:46,680 --> 00:10:48,080 OF THE BIOLOGICAL SIGNATURE IS 242 00:10:48,080 --> 00:10:49,920 LIKE BLOOD PRESSURE OR 243 00:10:49,920 --> 00:10:54,200 CHOLESTEROL IS A BIOLOGICAL 244 00:10:54,200 --> 00:10:55,800 SIGNATURE FOR DEVELOPING HEART 245 00:10:55,800 --> 00:10:57,360 DISEASE OR STROKE AND WALK YOU 246 00:10:57,360 --> 00:10:58,920 THROUGH HOW WE DEVELOP THE 247 00:10:58,920 --> 00:11:00,320 BIOLOGICAL SIGNATURE. 248 00:11:00,320 --> 00:11:02,040 WE WORKED IN THE LAB PRIMARILY 249 00:11:02,040 --> 00:11:05,520 BY RECORDING ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY 250 00:11:05,520 --> 00:11:08,480 OF MANY BRAIN SITES 251 00:11:08,480 --> 00:11:10,680 SIMULTANEOUSLY. 252 00:11:10,680 --> 00:11:12,800 THE SAME WAY YOU RECORD ACTIVITY 253 00:11:12,800 --> 00:11:14,440 IN THE SCALP EXCEPT ON THE TIPS 254 00:11:14,440 --> 00:11:24,640 OF WIRES THAT HAD BEEN IMPLANTED 255 00:11:24,640 --> 00:11:25,560 IN BRAIN FOR MANY SITES 256 00:11:25,560 --> 00:11:27,240 SIMULTANEOUSLY AND THEN WE CAN 257 00:11:27,240 --> 00:11:28,800 DO STANDARD ENGINEERING. 258 00:11:28,800 --> 00:11:32,480 AND WE CAN TAKE ADVANTAGE OF 259 00:11:32,480 --> 00:11:34,240 STATISTICAL FORECASTING. 260 00:11:34,240 --> 00:11:37,080 AND WHAT WE ASK IS IF ACTIVITY 261 00:11:37,080 --> 00:11:39,120 IN ONE BRAIN AREA CAN BE LINKED 262 00:11:39,120 --> 00:11:41,680 OR CAN WE USE THAT TO PREDICT 263 00:11:41,680 --> 00:11:45,000 FUTURE ACTIVITY IN ANOTHER BRAIN 264 00:11:45,000 --> 00:11:45,200 AREA. 265 00:11:45,200 --> 00:11:49,080 IN OTHER WORDS, IN ACTIVITY SAY 266 00:11:49,080 --> 00:11:51,120 IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS LINKED TO THE 267 00:11:51,120 --> 00:11:52,880 CORTEX AND WE CAN INFER IS 268 00:11:52,880 --> 00:11:55,240 MOVING FROM ONE BRAIN AREA TO 269 00:11:55,240 --> 00:11:55,840 ANOTHER. 270 00:11:55,840 --> 00:11:56,920 INFER THE DIRECTIONALITY AND 271 00:11:56,920 --> 00:11:58,880 LOOK AT THAT THE OTHER WAY. 272 00:11:58,880 --> 00:12:00,760 IS INFORMATION IN ONE WAY LINKED 273 00:12:00,760 --> 00:12:01,840 TO PAST INFORMATION IN THE OTHER 274 00:12:01,840 --> 00:12:05,480 AREA AND IF IT IS WE INFER THE 275 00:12:05,480 --> 00:12:06,200 INFORMATION IS IN THE OTHER 276 00:12:06,200 --> 00:12:07,040 BRAIN AREA. 277 00:12:07,040 --> 00:12:08,920 WE'RE SIMULTANEOUSLY COLLECTING 278 00:12:08,920 --> 00:12:11,480 ALL THE DATA FROM MANY AREAS 279 00:12:11,480 --> 00:12:13,520 SIMULTANEOUSLY AND SEE IF IT'S 280 00:12:13,520 --> 00:12:17,000 SYNCHRONIZING AND LEADING AND 281 00:12:17,000 --> 00:12:19,760 LAGGING AND ONCE WE COLLECT THE 282 00:12:19,760 --> 00:12:20,400 INCREDIBLE AMOUNT OF INFORMATION 283 00:12:20,400 --> 00:12:22,800 WE REALIZED WE HAD A CHALLENGE 284 00:12:22,800 --> 00:12:24,560 IN MAKING SENSE OF IT. 285 00:12:24,560 --> 00:12:27,440 WE REACHED OUT TO OUR COLLEAGUES 286 00:12:27,440 --> 00:12:30,440 IN COMPUTER AND ELECTRICAL 287 00:12:30,440 --> 00:12:31,600 ENGINEERING HERE AT DUKE AT THE 288 00:12:31,600 --> 00:12:35,600 TIME AND NOW A FACULTY MEMBER, 289 00:12:35,600 --> 00:12:36,840 DAVID CARLSON. 290 00:12:36,840 --> 00:12:38,360 I'LL SHOW YOU THE SET OF 291 00:12:38,360 --> 00:12:39,520 ALGORITHMS WE CAME UP WITH TO 292 00:12:39,520 --> 00:12:41,760 MAKE SENSE OF THE DATA AND THIS 293 00:12:41,760 --> 00:12:45,600 WILL BE IN A SET OF APPROACHES 294 00:12:45,600 --> 00:12:46,800 CALLED MACHINE LEARNING OR 295 00:12:46,800 --> 00:12:47,320 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. 296 00:12:47,320 --> 00:12:49,920 TO EXPLAIN THE MODEL I'LL USE 297 00:12:49,920 --> 00:12:51,320 THE ANALOGY OF MUSIC. 298 00:12:51,320 --> 00:12:54,000 WHEN YOU HEAR MUSIC YOUR SENSE 299 00:12:54,000 --> 00:12:55,040 OF HEARING PRESSURE WAVES TRAVEL 300 00:12:55,040 --> 00:12:56,960 THROUGH THE AREA AND THEY'RE 301 00:12:56,960 --> 00:12:58,440 OSCILLATING ABOUT 10,000 TIMES 302 00:12:58,440 --> 00:12:59,800 PER SECOND. 303 00:12:59,800 --> 00:13:02,520 WHEN YOU THINK OF YOUR LOCAL 304 00:13:02,520 --> 00:13:04,520 BRAIN WAVES THE EASIEST WAY TO 305 00:13:04,520 --> 00:13:06,920 THINK ABOUT THEM IS LISTENING TO 306 00:13:06,920 --> 00:13:08,080 BRAIN MUSIC. 307 00:13:08,080 --> 00:13:09,640 AND THEN WE'LL TAKE THAT BRAIN 308 00:13:09,640 --> 00:13:11,680 MUSIC AND CHUNK IT UP TO THE 309 00:13:11,680 --> 00:13:14,720 FEATURES I JUST MENTIONED, 310 00:13:14,720 --> 00:13:15,960 POWER, COHERENCE AND 311 00:13:15,960 --> 00:13:17,000 DIRECTIONALITY AND WE'RE 312 00:13:17,000 --> 00:13:21,600 ESSENTIALLY TAKING THE MUSIC AND 313 00:13:21,600 --> 00:13:23,520 CHALKING IT UP AND ASK HOW DO 314 00:13:23,520 --> 00:13:24,960 THE NOTES CHANGE TOGETHER OVER 315 00:13:24,960 --> 00:13:25,760 SECONDS OF TIME? 316 00:13:25,760 --> 00:13:28,880 WE'RE GOING TO DO THAT USING A 317 00:13:28,880 --> 00:13:32,960 TOOL A MACHINE LEARNING TOOL 318 00:13:32,960 --> 00:13:37,640 CALLED THE SUPERVISED AUTOTUNER. 319 00:13:37,640 --> 00:13:39,240 WE'LL LEARN THE CORDS AND WHEN 320 00:13:39,240 --> 00:13:40,400 NOTES ARE PLAYING TOGETHER AND 321 00:13:40,400 --> 00:13:41,600 WHEN INSTRUMENTS ARE PLAYING 322 00:13:41,600 --> 00:13:44,280 TOGETHER AND THEN APPLY LEVEL OF 323 00:13:44,280 --> 00:13:46,640 ANALYSIS CALLED SUPERVISION AND 324 00:13:46,640 --> 00:13:47,920 IT'S ESSENTIALLY GOING TO LEARN 325 00:13:47,920 --> 00:13:49,080 THE CHORDS AND INSTRUMENTS 326 00:13:49,080 --> 00:13:51,360 RELATED TO OUR BEHAVIOR OF 327 00:13:51,360 --> 00:13:51,640 INTEREST. 328 00:13:51,640 --> 00:13:52,520 IN OTHER WORDS, MOVING OR NOT 329 00:13:52,520 --> 00:13:56,800 MOVING, FEEL OR NOT FEELING. 330 00:13:56,800 --> 00:13:58,840 THIS PART OF THE MODEL 331 00:13:58,840 --> 00:13:59,800 ESSENTIALLY LINKS THE CHORDS TO 332 00:13:59,800 --> 00:14:01,120 BEHAVIOR AND FINALLY THERE'S A 333 00:14:01,120 --> 00:14:04,160 FINAL PART OF THE MODEL THAT WE 334 00:14:04,160 --> 00:14:06,840 BUILT IN AND THIS PART OF THE 335 00:14:06,840 --> 00:14:09,160 MODEL IS BUILT IN SO IT 336 00:14:09,160 --> 00:14:11,040 GENERALIZES IT. 337 00:14:11,040 --> 00:14:15,280 THE BEST WAY TO THINK ABOUT IT 338 00:14:15,280 --> 00:14:18,600 IS MAYBE YOU HEAR A TEMPO OR 339 00:14:18,600 --> 00:14:20,560 DIFFERENT SET OF INSTRUMENTS YOU 340 00:14:20,560 --> 00:14:22,600 STILL KNOW IT'S THE SAME SONG. 341 00:14:22,600 --> 00:14:24,440 IF WE'RE GOING TO DISCOVER A 342 00:14:24,440 --> 00:14:27,040 BRAIN STATE ASSOCIATED WITH 343 00:14:27,040 --> 00:14:28,680 DEPRESSION OR ANXIETY WE WANT TO 344 00:14:28,680 --> 00:14:29,960 MAKE SURE THAT IT'S GOING TO 345 00:14:29,960 --> 00:14:32,120 WORK IN THE NEXT SET OF PATIENTS 346 00:14:32,120 --> 00:14:33,120 THAT COME IN THE DOOR NOT ONLY 347 00:14:33,120 --> 00:14:34,560 THE ONES WE SEE. 348 00:14:34,560 --> 00:14:38,960 SO IF A NEW PATIENT COMES IN THE 349 00:14:38,960 --> 00:14:39,360 MER 350 00:14:39,360 --> 00:14:41,640 EMERGENCY ROOM WE WANT TO MAKE 351 00:14:41,640 --> 00:14:45,080 SURE THE SIGNALS GENERALIZE TO 352 00:14:45,080 --> 00:14:45,880 THIS PATIENT AS WELL. 353 00:14:45,880 --> 00:14:49,080 HERE'S THE PARADIGM WE HAVE. 354 00:14:49,080 --> 00:14:51,400 WE TAKE A SET OF ANIMALS AND 355 00:14:51,400 --> 00:14:54,760 IMPLANT THEM IN MULTIPLE BRAIN 356 00:14:54,760 --> 00:14:58,440 REGIONS IMPLICATED IN STRESS 357 00:14:58,440 --> 00:14:58,720 BEHAVIOR. 358 00:14:58,720 --> 00:15:03,160 AND THE CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPUS 359 00:15:03,160 --> 00:15:06,760 AND TWO VARIES OF THE CENTRAL 360 00:15:06,760 --> 00:15:07,960 AMYGDALA AND THEN WE'LL RECORD 361 00:15:07,960 --> 00:15:10,240 BRAIN ACTIVITY FROM ALL OF THESE 362 00:15:10,240 --> 00:15:12,000 MICE WHEN THEY'RE BASICALLY IN 363 00:15:12,000 --> 00:15:14,640 THEIR HOME CAGE RESTING AND WHEN 364 00:15:14,640 --> 00:15:16,920 THEY'RE EXPOSED TO A MINOR LEVEL 365 00:15:16,920 --> 00:15:18,680 OF AN AROUSAL EXPRESSER. 366 00:15:18,680 --> 00:15:21,240 THEN WE'LL TAKE THE ANIMALS AND 367 00:15:21,240 --> 00:15:25,480 EXPOSE THEM TO A REALLY BIG, 368 00:15:25,480 --> 00:15:27,200 REALLY AGGRESSIVE MOUSE. 369 00:15:27,200 --> 00:15:31,560 IT'S 50% BIGGER AND PICKED THE 370 00:15:31,560 --> 00:15:33,080 MOST AGGRESSIVE MOUSE 371 00:15:33,080 --> 00:15:34,680 ESSENTIALLY A TERMINATOR MOUSE. 372 00:15:34,680 --> 00:15:37,080 WE'RE GOING TO GIVE IT ABOUT 373 00:15:37,080 --> 00:15:38,200 FIVE MINUTES. 374 00:15:38,200 --> 00:15:39,880 IT DOESN'T GO WELL FOR THE 375 00:15:39,880 --> 00:15:41,200 FRIENDLY MOUSE AT ALL AND AT THE 376 00:15:41,200 --> 00:15:43,520 END OF FIVE MINUTES WE HAVE TO 377 00:15:43,520 --> 00:15:47,440 SEPARATE THEM AND LET THEM LIVE 378 00:15:47,440 --> 00:15:49,240 NEXT TO EACH OTHER FOR 24 HOURS 379 00:15:49,240 --> 00:15:52,240 AND THEY CAN SEE AND HEAR THE 380 00:15:52,240 --> 00:15:53,000 TERMINATOR MOUSE IT'S LIKE AN 381 00:15:53,000 --> 00:15:54,360 OLDER SIBLING. 382 00:15:54,360 --> 00:15:56,840 SO THE MOUSE GETS BULLIED BY THE 383 00:15:56,840 --> 00:15:58,840 TERMINATOR MOUSE AND AT THE END 384 00:15:58,840 --> 00:16:03,920 OF 24 HOURS WE EXPOSE IT TO 385 00:16:03,920 --> 00:16:06,120 ANOTHER BIGGER MOUSE AND IT GETS 386 00:16:06,120 --> 00:16:09,000 EXPOSED AND IT'S BEAT UP BY 10 387 00:16:09,000 --> 00:16:10,560 DIFFERENT MICE FOR 10 DIFFERENT 388 00:16:10,560 --> 00:16:12,440 DAYS AND AT THE END OF THE 389 00:16:12,440 --> 00:16:13,760 PROCESS THE MICE THAT HAVE BEEN 390 00:16:13,760 --> 00:16:16,680 BEAT UP NO LONGER SLEEP WELL, 391 00:16:16,680 --> 00:16:19,320 THEY NO LONGER ENJOY REWARDING 392 00:16:19,320 --> 00:16:21,560 SUBSTANCES LIKE INTERACTING WITH 393 00:16:21,560 --> 00:16:24,360 OTHER MICE OR SUGAR. 394 00:16:24,360 --> 00:16:26,120 THEY HAVE ANXIETY LIKE PHENOTYPE 395 00:16:26,120 --> 00:16:30,400 AS WELL AND THE SYNDROME OF THE 396 00:16:30,400 --> 00:16:32,320 BEHAVIORS THAT ARE PROBLEMATIC 397 00:16:32,320 --> 00:16:33,920 YOU CAN TREAT WITH MEDICATIONS 398 00:16:33,920 --> 00:16:35,720 USED TO TREAT DEPRESSION, 399 00:16:35,720 --> 00:16:38,120 ANXIETY AND PTSD IN HUMANS. 400 00:16:38,120 --> 00:16:41,880 THE OTHER THING THAT'S IMPORTANT 401 00:16:41,880 --> 00:16:46,000 ABOUT THE STRESS INDUCED 402 00:16:46,000 --> 00:16:48,120 SYNDROME IS NOT ALL SHOW IT. 403 00:16:48,120 --> 00:16:51,120 ABOUT 40% OF THE ANIMALS WE PUT 404 00:16:51,120 --> 00:16:53,000 THROUGH THE PARADIGM HAVE NORMAL 405 00:16:53,000 --> 00:16:54,560 BEHAVIOR ON THE OTHER SIDE, IN 406 00:16:54,560 --> 00:16:56,040 OTHER WORDS, THEY'RE RESILIENT. 407 00:16:56,040 --> 00:16:58,360 WE HAVE EVERYBODY'S BRAIN 408 00:16:58,360 --> 00:17:00,840 ACTIVITY BEFORE STRESS AND THEN 409 00:17:00,840 --> 00:17:02,880 WE KNOW WHO IS SUSCEPTIBLE AND 410 00:17:02,880 --> 00:17:05,880 RESILIENT AFTER THE STRESSOR. 411 00:17:05,880 --> 00:17:08,240 WE CAN SOLVE THAT MAP OR MODEL I 412 00:17:08,240 --> 00:17:10,200 SHOWED ADDITIONALLY WHICH IS 413 00:17:10,200 --> 00:17:11,600 FIGURING OUT WHAT VULNERABILITY 414 00:17:11,600 --> 00:17:13,360 LOOKS LIKE IN THE BRAIN BEFORE 415 00:17:13,360 --> 00:17:14,000 ANIMALS ARE STRESSED. 416 00:17:14,000 --> 00:17:15,160 I'M GOING TO SHOW WHAT YOU THE 417 00:17:15,160 --> 00:17:16,320 MAPS LOOK LIKE. 418 00:17:16,320 --> 00:17:17,680 WE HAVE TWO OF THEM. 419 00:17:17,680 --> 00:17:18,960 ON THE RIGHT I'M SHOWING THE MAP 420 00:17:18,960 --> 00:17:20,600 OF WHAT THE BRAIN STATE LOOKS 421 00:17:20,600 --> 00:17:22,200 LIKE IN THE ANIMALS THAT SHOW 422 00:17:22,200 --> 00:17:23,800 THE STRESS-INDUCED PHENOTYPE. 423 00:17:23,800 --> 00:17:25,560 AROUND THE RIM OF THE CIRCLE ON 424 00:17:25,560 --> 00:17:27,760 THE TOP YOU SEE TO THE BRAIN 425 00:17:27,760 --> 00:17:29,440 AREAS AND THEN YOU SEE 426 00:17:29,440 --> 00:17:31,480 FREQUENCIES FROM ONE UP TO 50 427 00:17:31,480 --> 00:17:32,760 HERTZ. 428 00:17:32,760 --> 00:17:34,160 IF THERE IS COLOR AROUND THE 429 00:17:34,160 --> 00:17:37,320 TIRE OF THE WHEEL IT MEANS THAT 430 00:17:37,320 --> 00:17:40,080 BRAIN AREA IN THAT FREQUENCY 431 00:17:40,080 --> 00:17:41,560 CONTRIBUTED TO THE CHORD BEING 432 00:17:41,560 --> 00:17:43,440 PLAYED IN THE STRESS-INDUCED 433 00:17:43,440 --> 00:17:44,080 BEHAVIORAL STATE. 434 00:17:44,080 --> 00:17:46,800 IF THERE'S LINES CONNECTING, 435 00:17:46,800 --> 00:17:49,520 SPOKES IN THE WHEEL, IT MEANS 436 00:17:49,520 --> 00:17:51,520 THOSE TWO BRAIN AREAS ARE 437 00:17:51,520 --> 00:17:55,640 SYNCHRONIZING AS PART OF THE 438 00:17:55,640 --> 00:17:57,960 BRAIN NETWORK AND IF THEY'RE 439 00:17:57,960 --> 00:17:58,960 SYNCHRONIZING THE DIRECTIONALITY 440 00:17:58,960 --> 00:18:02,600 OF INFORMATION FLOW IS ON THE 441 00:18:02,600 --> 00:18:04,920 BOTTOM AND THE ONE ON THE RIGHT 442 00:18:04,920 --> 00:18:07,240 ARE STRESS-INDUCED DYSFUNCTION 443 00:18:07,240 --> 00:18:09,320 AND ON THE LEFT IS ANIMAL BRAINS 444 00:18:09,320 --> 00:18:10,040 BEFORE THEY'RE STRESSED. 445 00:18:10,040 --> 00:18:11,600 THEY'RE BEHAVIOR LOOKS THE SAME 446 00:18:11,600 --> 00:18:13,520 BUT THE CHORD IS PLAYING AND 447 00:18:13,520 --> 00:18:15,040 THIS CHORD MEANS THE ANIMALS 448 00:18:15,040 --> 00:18:17,000 WILL HAVE PROBLEMS IF THEY ARE 449 00:18:17,000 --> 00:18:18,360 ULTIMATELY STRESSED. 450 00:18:18,360 --> 00:18:20,760 YOU CAN SEE I COLOR CODED IT TO 451 00:18:20,760 --> 00:18:22,120 MAKE IT EASIER. 452 00:18:22,120 --> 00:18:24,920 THE MAPS LOOK DIFFERENT IN TERMS 453 00:18:24,920 --> 00:18:27,360 OF THEIR COMPOSITION AND HOW 454 00:18:27,360 --> 00:18:28,760 INFORMATION IS FLOWING THROUGH 455 00:18:28,760 --> 00:18:29,400 THE BRAIN. 456 00:18:29,400 --> 00:18:32,160 WE'RE ABOUT EIGHT SLIDES IN 457 00:18:32,160 --> 00:18:34,840 ABOUT 10, 15 MINUTES IN AND YOU 458 00:18:34,840 --> 00:18:37,000 CAN ALREADY SEE WE'VE SOLVED THE 459 00:18:37,000 --> 00:18:38,920 CHALLENGE OF RISK PREDICTION. 460 00:18:38,920 --> 00:18:42,720 AS I'M SURE YOU CAN APPRECIATE, 461 00:18:42,720 --> 00:18:44,680 INTERVENING ON THOSE MAPS WAS 462 00:18:44,680 --> 00:18:46,200 MUCH MORE OF A CHALLENGE AND 463 00:18:46,200 --> 00:18:49,440 I'LL SPEND THE REST OF THE TALK 464 00:18:49,440 --> 00:18:50,280 NAVIGATING HOE SET OF 465 00:18:50,280 --> 00:18:53,080 EXPERIMENTS WE DID TO ULTIMATELY 466 00:18:53,080 --> 00:18:58,280 GET TO PREVENTION IN THE LONG 467 00:18:58,280 --> 00:18:58,520 RUN. 468 00:18:58,520 --> 00:19:03,120 SO TO SHIFT THE IDEA OF 469 00:19:03,120 --> 00:19:03,800 PREVENTION/INTERVENTION WE LIKE 470 00:19:03,800 --> 00:19:07,840 TO USE ASSAYS IN THE LAW BROADLY 471 00:19:07,840 --> 00:19:09,040 USED BY OTHER INVESTIGATORS. 472 00:19:09,040 --> 00:19:14,760 TWO EXAMPLES ARE THE CLASSIC 473 00:19:14,760 --> 00:19:19,120 SWIM AND TAIL SUSPENSION TASKS. 474 00:19:19,120 --> 00:19:20,600 THESE HAVE BEEN USED AS ANIMAL 475 00:19:20,600 --> 00:19:22,040 MODELS OF DEPRESSION. 476 00:19:22,040 --> 00:19:24,880 I ALWAYS LIKE TO SAY IN MY 477 00:19:24,880 --> 00:19:26,800 IMPRESSION, THESE TESTS DON'T DO 478 00:19:26,800 --> 00:19:30,560 A SUFFICIENT JOB OF CAPTURING 479 00:19:30,560 --> 00:19:31,520 THE BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS OR 480 00:19:31,520 --> 00:19:33,400 CHALLENGES OF THE PATIENTS I SEE 481 00:19:33,400 --> 00:19:35,000 IN MY CLINIC SO I DON'T LIKE TO 482 00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:35,560 FRAME THESE AS MODELS OF 483 00:19:35,560 --> 00:19:39,440 DEPRESSION. 484 00:19:39,440 --> 00:19:40,760 THERE'S TWO FEATURES OF THE TASK 485 00:19:40,760 --> 00:19:42,320 I THINK ARE PARTICULARLY 486 00:19:42,320 --> 00:19:43,800 IMPORTANT FOR USING THEM IN THE 487 00:19:43,800 --> 00:19:44,880 STRATEGY FOR PREDICTION. 488 00:19:44,880 --> 00:19:47,640 I THINK THESE FEATURES ARE 489 00:19:47,640 --> 00:19:48,680 WIDELY ACCEPTED. 490 00:19:48,680 --> 00:19:52,440 THE FIRST IS THAT IF YOU EXPOSE 491 00:19:52,440 --> 00:19:55,000 AN ANIMAL TO THESE ASSAYS 492 00:19:55,000 --> 00:19:57,000 PUTTING AN ANIMAL IN A TANK OF 493 00:19:57,000 --> 00:20:00,720 WATER IT CAN'T ESCAPE OR BY ITS 494 00:20:00,720 --> 00:20:02,080 TAIL THESE ASSAYS STRESSFUL. 495 00:20:02,080 --> 00:20:03,560 WE KNOW THAT BECAUSE YOU CAN SEE 496 00:20:03,560 --> 00:20:05,120 AN INCREASE IN THE ANIMAL'S 497 00:20:05,120 --> 00:20:06,360 STRESS HORMONES. 498 00:20:06,360 --> 00:20:07,720 YOU CAN MEASURE THEIR BLOOD AND 499 00:20:07,720 --> 00:20:09,000 THE STRESS HORMONES GO UP. 500 00:20:09,000 --> 00:20:11,000 IT'S CLEAR THE TASKS ARE 501 00:20:11,000 --> 00:20:11,320 STRESSFUL. 502 00:20:11,320 --> 00:20:13,680 THE SECOND FEATURE OF THE TASKS 503 00:20:13,680 --> 00:20:16,480 PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT IS THAT 504 00:20:16,480 --> 00:20:17,680 THE ANIMALS BEHAVIOR IN THESE 505 00:20:17,680 --> 00:20:18,960 ASSAYS HOW MUCH THEY MOVE AND 506 00:20:18,960 --> 00:20:21,000 TRY TO GET OUT OF THE SITUATIONS 507 00:20:21,000 --> 00:20:24,480 IS RELATED TO THE ANIMAL'S PRIOR 508 00:20:24,480 --> 00:20:24,880 EXPRESS EXPOSURE. 509 00:20:24,880 --> 00:20:27,360 IF YOU EXPOSE THE ANIMALS TO A 510 00:20:27,360 --> 00:20:29,800 LOT OF STRESS AHEAD OF TIME THEY 511 00:20:29,800 --> 00:20:32,720 MOVE SUBSTANTIALLY LESS IN THE 512 00:20:32,720 --> 00:20:33,080 ASSAYS. 513 00:20:33,080 --> 00:20:34,400 THOSE ARE THE CRITICAL FEATURES 514 00:20:34,400 --> 00:20:39,880 WE USED TO DO OUR WORK WITH 515 00:20:39,880 --> 00:20:43,760 THESE ASSAYS. 516 00:20:43,760 --> 00:20:45,680 IF YOU LOOK AT THE ORIGINAL 517 00:20:45,680 --> 00:20:47,840 LITERATURE IT LOOKED LIKE THEY 518 00:20:47,840 --> 00:20:48,640 TOOK ADVANTAGE OF THE TWO 519 00:20:48,640 --> 00:20:49,560 FEATURES IN THE TASK. 520 00:20:49,560 --> 00:20:51,440 THEY RAN THE TASK TWO DAYS IN A 521 00:20:51,440 --> 00:20:53,280 ROW. 522 00:20:53,280 --> 00:20:55,640 YOU PUT THE ANIMAL IN THE TASK 523 00:20:55,640 --> 00:20:57,400 AND GIVE AN ANTIDEPRESSANT 524 00:20:57,400 --> 00:20:58,480 BETWEEN THE TWO DAYS AND RUN IT 525 00:20:58,480 --> 00:21:00,280 AGAIN THE NEXT DAY. 526 00:21:00,280 --> 00:21:01,920 IT MEANS PERHAPS THEY WERE 527 00:21:01,920 --> 00:21:05,240 CAPTURING HOW THE BRAIN ADAPTS 528 00:21:05,240 --> 00:21:09,160 IN RESPONSE TO A PRIOR STRESS 529 00:21:09,160 --> 00:21:09,440 EXPOSURE. 530 00:21:09,440 --> 00:21:11,600 WE RAN THE TASK OVER TWO DAYS. 531 00:21:11,600 --> 00:21:16,680 IN THE SAME CONTEXT WE CAN ASK 532 00:21:16,680 --> 00:21:18,720 HOW THE BRAIN RESPONDS TO AN 533 00:21:18,720 --> 00:21:19,440 EXPOSURE TO STRESS. 534 00:21:19,440 --> 00:21:21,840 THE DIFFERENCE ON THE SECOND DAY 535 00:21:21,840 --> 00:21:23,600 THE ANIMAL HAS HAD A PRIOR 536 00:21:23,600 --> 00:21:25,000 EXPRESS EXPOSURE. 537 00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:27,160 WE'RE ASKING HOW THE COMPUTATION 538 00:21:27,160 --> 00:21:28,840 CHANGE IN THE SAME STRESS 539 00:21:28,840 --> 00:21:31,360 CONTEXT FROM DAY ONE AND DAY 540 00:21:31,360 --> 00:21:31,520 TWO. 541 00:21:31,520 --> 00:21:33,960 SO WHAT WE'RE GOING TO DO IS 542 00:21:33,960 --> 00:21:36,320 WE'RE GOING TO LOOK AT THE 543 00:21:36,320 --> 00:21:37,440 ANIMAL'S BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 544 00:21:37,440 --> 00:21:39,160 AND TO SHOW YOU WHAT THE 545 00:21:39,160 --> 00:21:40,760 BEHAVIOR LOOKS LIKE. 546 00:21:40,760 --> 00:21:42,960 ON THE LEFT YOU SEE THE TAIL 547 00:21:42,960 --> 00:21:45,000 SUSPENSION CASE AND MEASURE HOW 548 00:21:45,000 --> 00:21:50,360 MUCH TIME THE ANIMAL SPENDS 549 00:21:50,360 --> 00:21:52,760 MOBILE AND YOU MAY HEAR FREEZING 550 00:21:52,760 --> 00:21:55,240 AND HOW MUCH TIME IT SPENDS NOT 551 00:21:55,240 --> 00:21:56,200 MOVING IN THE ASSAY AND SHOWING 552 00:21:56,200 --> 00:21:58,120 ANIMALS ON DAY ONE AND TWO AND 553 00:21:58,120 --> 00:22:00,080 THIS IS THE SAME MOUSE. 554 00:22:00,080 --> 00:22:01,880 AS A POPULATION THE ANIMAL 555 00:22:01,880 --> 00:22:03,920 BECOME MORE MOBILE ON THE SECOND 556 00:22:03,920 --> 00:22:05,520 DAY OF THE ASSAY COMPARED TO THE 557 00:22:05,520 --> 00:22:05,920 FIRST DAY. 558 00:22:05,920 --> 00:22:07,120 THERE'S INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 559 00:22:07,120 --> 00:22:07,960 IN THE POPULATION. 560 00:22:07,960 --> 00:22:11,360 NOT ALL BECOME MORE MOBILE BUT 561 00:22:11,360 --> 00:22:12,600 BECOME MORE AS A POPULATION. 562 00:22:12,600 --> 00:22:14,040 IF YOU LOOK AT THE SAME ANIMALS 563 00:22:14,040 --> 00:22:17,520 IN A DIFFERENT CONTEXT YOU PUT 564 00:22:17,520 --> 00:22:21,680 THEM IN AN EMPTY OPEN BOX THAT 565 00:22:21,680 --> 00:22:26,360 IS NOT STRESSFUL THE ANIMAL 566 00:22:26,360 --> 00:22:28,880 STAYS CONSTANT. 567 00:22:28,880 --> 00:22:33,040 WE'RE GOING TO PLANT THEM WITH 568 00:22:33,040 --> 00:22:34,760 ELECTRODES IN THE CORTICO BRAIN 569 00:22:34,760 --> 00:22:38,960 REGIONS INVOLVED IN STRESS 570 00:22:38,960 --> 00:22:42,000 BEHAVIOR AND MEASURE NEUROPHYSIO 571 00:22:42,000 --> 00:22:44,320 ACTIVITY AND MEASURE BRAIN WAVES 572 00:22:44,320 --> 00:22:47,000 AND THE ACTIVITY OF INDIVIDUAL 573 00:22:47,000 --> 00:22:49,000 CELLS WITHIN THE BRAIN AREAS AND 574 00:22:49,000 --> 00:22:54,600 ASK HOW THE COMPUTATIONS CHANGE 575 00:22:54,600 --> 00:23:04,880 WHEN THEY MOVE. 576 00:23:12,600 --> 00:23:15,400 WE ARE TAKING BRAIN CELLS AND 577 00:23:15,400 --> 00:23:18,680 ASKING HOW THE COMPUTATIONS DAY 578 00:23:18,680 --> 00:23:21,000 FROM DAY ONE OR DAY TWO. 579 00:23:21,000 --> 00:23:24,040 ARE THERE MORE OR LESS CELLS 580 00:23:24,040 --> 00:23:27,720 RECORDING THE MOVEMENT IN THE 581 00:23:27,720 --> 00:23:28,520 STRESS-RELATED CONTEXT. 582 00:23:28,520 --> 00:23:33,600 ONLY TWO AREAS WE LOOKED AT 583 00:23:33,600 --> 00:23:35,680 CHANGED. 584 00:23:35,680 --> 00:23:44,920 THE INFRALIMBIC CORTEX AND MD 585 00:23:44,920 --> 00:23:46,320 THALAMUS. 586 00:23:46,320 --> 00:23:48,480 THESE BECOME OUR CANDIDATE BRAIN 587 00:23:48,480 --> 00:23:48,680 AREAS. 588 00:23:48,680 --> 00:23:54,520 WHEN WE LOOK AT CELLS WE PULL 589 00:23:54,520 --> 00:23:57,560 THEM FROM THE ANIMALS RECORDED 590 00:23:57,560 --> 00:23:59,280 AND WE'LL LOOK AT A SIGNAL WE 591 00:23:59,280 --> 00:24:09,640 GET FROM EVERY ANIMAL. 592 00:24:12,160 --> 00:24:16,040 FIRST WE'LL LOOK AT THE 593 00:24:16,040 --> 00:24:19,000 INFRALIMBIC CORTEX OR THALAMUS 594 00:24:19,000 --> 00:24:20,800 ALONE AND DAY ONE IN RED AND DAY 595 00:24:20,800 --> 00:24:22,000 TWO IN GRAY. 596 00:24:22,000 --> 00:24:23,000 THERE'S NO DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 597 00:24:23,000 --> 00:24:26,040 DAY ONE OR DAY TWO FOR THE BRAIN 598 00:24:26,040 --> 00:24:27,400 AREAS. 599 00:24:27,400 --> 00:24:31,880 THERE'S A DIFFERENCE IN HOW 600 00:24:31,880 --> 00:24:33,880 SYNCHRONIZE AND THERE'S NO 601 00:24:33,880 --> 00:24:34,360 DIFFERENCES IN THE 602 00:24:34,360 --> 00:24:36,240 DIRECTIONALITY ON THE BOTTOM. 603 00:24:36,240 --> 00:24:37,000 WE COULDN'T FIND THE DIFFERENCE 604 00:24:37,000 --> 00:24:39,040 IN THE FEATURES WE LOOKED AT ON 605 00:24:39,040 --> 00:24:41,440 THE MAP BUT THEN IT OCCURRED TO 606 00:24:41,440 --> 00:24:42,800 US THERE'S ACTUALLY A DIFFERENT 607 00:24:42,800 --> 00:24:45,960 WAY IN WHICH BRAIN ACTIVITY CAN 608 00:24:45,960 --> 00:24:46,520 SYNCHRONIZE AS WELL. 609 00:24:46,520 --> 00:24:51,280 IF YOU THINK ABOUT THIS IN MUSIC 610 00:24:51,280 --> 00:24:56,720 THE BEST WAY TO PICTURE THIS IS 611 00:24:56,720 --> 00:25:01,000 TO THINK OF MOVING SYNCHRONIZING 612 00:25:01,000 --> 00:25:05,400 LEFT, RIGHT, RIGHT OR LEFT, 613 00:25:05,400 --> 00:25:07,400 RIGHT, RIGHT OR LOOKING AT THE 614 00:25:07,400 --> 00:25:07,840 MIRROR IMAGE. 615 00:25:07,840 --> 00:25:11,600 THE IDEA IS YOU CAN HAVE THEM 616 00:25:11,600 --> 00:25:12,840 SYNCHRONIZING BETWEEN TWO 617 00:25:12,840 --> 00:25:14,000 FREQUENCIES. 618 00:25:14,000 --> 00:25:17,000 A SHORTER AND FASTER FREQUENCY. 619 00:25:17,000 --> 00:25:18,920 THIS IS CROSS-FREQUENCY 620 00:25:18,920 --> 00:25:19,360 COUPLING. 621 00:25:19,360 --> 00:25:21,680 YOU CAN SEE THE LOWER 622 00:25:21,680 --> 00:25:23,080 OSCILLATION IN GREEN AND HIGHER 623 00:25:23,080 --> 00:25:24,360 FREQUENCY OSCILLATION IN RED IN 624 00:25:24,360 --> 00:25:26,120 THE BURST OF ACTIVITY OR 625 00:25:26,120 --> 00:25:29,400 INCREASES IN AMPLITUDE YOU CAN 626 00:25:29,400 --> 00:25:30,920 SEE THAT AS A SPECIFIC PHASE OF 627 00:25:30,920 --> 00:25:32,520 THE CYCLE IN GRAY. 628 00:25:32,520 --> 00:25:36,400 WE'LL SEE IF THIS PROPERTY 629 00:25:36,400 --> 00:25:39,520 HAPPENS BETWEEN THE INFRALIMBIC 630 00:25:39,520 --> 00:25:41,160 CORTEX AND MEDIAL THALAMUS AND 631 00:25:41,160 --> 00:25:43,640 THIS CAME UP YOU CAN SEE THE 632 00:25:43,640 --> 00:25:46,560 FREQUENCIES OF INFRALIMBIC 633 00:25:46,560 --> 00:25:48,240 CORTEX ON THE X AND THALAMUS ON 634 00:25:48,240 --> 00:25:48,880 THE Y. 635 00:25:48,880 --> 00:25:51,440 IF THERE'S BLUE IT MEANS THE TWO 636 00:25:51,440 --> 00:25:54,280 FREQUENCIES DON'T SYNCHRONIZE 637 00:25:54,280 --> 00:25:55,800 AND IF THERE'S RED THERE'S 638 00:25:55,800 --> 00:26:01,600 STRONG SYNCHRONY AND SEE THE 639 00:26:01,600 --> 00:26:04,160 COUPLING AND ON THE RIGHT I'M 640 00:26:04,160 --> 00:26:06,960 SHOWING THE STRENGTH OF THE 641 00:26:06,960 --> 00:26:08,360 COUPLING AGAIN DAY ONE IN GRAY 642 00:26:08,360 --> 00:26:10,920 AND DAY TWO IN RED AND THIS 643 00:26:10,920 --> 00:26:12,600 COUPLING DOES INCREASE BETWEEN 644 00:26:12,600 --> 00:26:13,000 DAYS. 645 00:26:13,000 --> 00:26:15,240 SO WHAT THIS SUGGESTS IS WE 646 00:26:15,240 --> 00:26:16,680 INDEED CAN FIND A SIGNATURE 647 00:26:16,680 --> 00:26:18,720 RELATED TO THE ANIMAL'S BEHAVIOR 648 00:26:18,720 --> 00:26:19,840 CHANGE. 649 00:26:19,840 --> 00:26:22,000 SO WE'RE EXCITED ABOUT THIS. 650 00:26:22,000 --> 00:26:23,840 THEN WE IMMEDIATELY RAN INTO A 651 00:26:23,840 --> 00:26:26,320 QUESTION WE NEEDED TO ANSWER. 652 00:26:26,320 --> 00:26:28,320 AND THAT QUESTION IS IS THIS 653 00:26:28,320 --> 00:26:30,120 SIGNATURE THE PROBLEM? 654 00:26:30,120 --> 00:26:32,120 IS IT PRIMARY? 655 00:26:32,120 --> 00:26:34,440 IF THIS SIGNATURE'S PRIMARY IT 656 00:26:34,440 --> 00:26:35,600 MEANS IT IS CONTRIBUTING TO WHY 657 00:26:35,600 --> 00:26:37,440 THE ANIMALS ARE MORE MOBILE ON 658 00:26:37,440 --> 00:26:38,560 THE SECOND DAY COMPARED TO THE 659 00:26:38,560 --> 00:26:38,800 FIRST. 660 00:26:38,800 --> 00:26:41,000 AND SO IF YOU WANT TO COME UP 661 00:26:41,000 --> 00:26:42,760 WITH A THERAPEUTIC YOU HAVE TO 662 00:26:42,760 --> 00:26:45,480 FIGURE OUT HOW TO PREVENT IT OR 663 00:26:45,480 --> 00:26:46,800 GET RID OF IT BECAUSE IT'S 664 00:26:46,800 --> 00:26:47,000 PRIMARY. 665 00:26:47,000 --> 00:26:48,440 ON THE OTHER HAND WHAT WE 666 00:26:48,440 --> 00:26:49,880 APPRECIATE FROM AN ENGINEERING 667 00:26:49,880 --> 00:26:53,000 PERSPECTIVE IS THE SIGNATURE CAN 668 00:26:53,000 --> 00:26:53,760 BE COMPENSATORY. 669 00:26:53,760 --> 00:26:56,480 WHAT I MEAN IS SAY YOU RUN UP A 670 00:26:56,480 --> 00:26:58,280 FLIGHT OF STAIRS, YOUR HEART 671 00:26:58,280 --> 00:27:00,520 RATE GOES FASTER AND THE REASON 672 00:27:00,520 --> 00:27:02,440 THE HEART RATE GOES FASTER IS 673 00:27:02,440 --> 00:27:04,600 BECAUSE MUSCLES NEED MORE OXYGEN 674 00:27:04,600 --> 00:27:07,960 AND THE HEART IS TRYING TO 675 00:27:07,960 --> 00:27:10,920 COMPENSATE BY GIVING THE MUSCLES 676 00:27:10,920 --> 00:27:13,160 MORE OXYGEN SO IF IT'S 677 00:27:13,160 --> 00:27:14,200 COMPENSATORY IT'S TRYING TO 678 00:27:14,200 --> 00:27:15,800 COUNTER A PROBLEM AND IF YOU 679 00:27:15,800 --> 00:27:17,000 WERE TO COME UP WITH A 680 00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:18,920 TECHNOLOGY THAT GOT RID OF IT 681 00:27:18,920 --> 00:27:20,480 YOU'D MAKE PEOPLE WORSE. 682 00:27:20,480 --> 00:27:22,320 WE NEED TO KNOW WHETHER THE 683 00:27:22,320 --> 00:27:24,640 SIGNATURE IS PRIMARY OR 684 00:27:24,640 --> 00:27:26,400 COMPENSATORY SO WE KNOW HOW TO 685 00:27:26,400 --> 00:27:27,360 APPROACH A THERAPEUTIC. 686 00:27:27,360 --> 00:27:28,920 THE PROBLEM IS THERE'S NO GREAT 687 00:27:28,920 --> 00:27:30,440 WAY OF GENERATING THE SIGNATURE 688 00:27:30,440 --> 00:27:32,080 TO FIGURE OUT IF IT'S PRIMARY. 689 00:27:32,080 --> 00:27:34,000 IF IT'S PRIMARY AND YOU CREATE 690 00:27:34,000 --> 00:27:39,120 IT, THE ANIMAL SHOULD GET WORSE 691 00:27:39,120 --> 00:27:40,720 AND IF IT'S COMPENSATORY THE 692 00:27:40,720 --> 00:27:41,920 ANIMAL SHOULD IMPROVE. 693 00:27:41,920 --> 00:27:44,400 WE CAME UP WITH A STRATEGY. 694 00:27:44,400 --> 00:27:47,960 SOME INITIAL WORK WAS DONE BY 695 00:27:47,960 --> 00:27:52,600 MYSELF AND AN UNDERGRAD NEIL 696 00:27:52,600 --> 00:27:55,000 GALLER AND WALK YOU THROUGH WHAT 697 00:27:55,000 --> 00:27:57,200 WE'RE TRYING TO DO AS A 698 00:27:57,200 --> 00:27:57,640 SCHEMATIC. 699 00:27:57,640 --> 00:28:01,040 WE DECIDED WE NEEDED TO RECORD 700 00:28:01,040 --> 00:28:04,440 OR EXTRACT THE BRAIN WAVE FROM 701 00:28:04,440 --> 00:28:08,240 INFRALIMBIC CORTEX IN REAL TIME 702 00:28:08,240 --> 00:28:10,280 AND PLAY A HIGHER FREQUENCY INTO 703 00:28:10,280 --> 00:28:13,440 THE MEDIAL DORSAL THALAMUS USING 704 00:28:13,440 --> 00:28:15,560 THE SIGNATURE IN REAL TIME. 705 00:28:15,560 --> 00:28:17,000 A CLOSED-LOOP MODULATION 706 00:28:17,000 --> 00:28:17,720 STRATEGY. 707 00:28:17,720 --> 00:28:19,080 THE WAY WE'RE GOING TO DO THIS 708 00:28:19,080 --> 00:28:21,080 IS USE OUR STANDARD RECORDING 709 00:28:21,080 --> 00:28:23,280 TECHNOLOGY AND THEN WE'RE GOING 710 00:28:23,280 --> 00:28:26,680 STIMULATE CELLS OR ACTIVATE THE 711 00:28:26,680 --> 00:28:28,080 CELLS IN THALAMUS USING A TOOL 712 00:28:28,080 --> 00:28:29,720 MOST THE INVESTIGATORS ARE 713 00:28:29,720 --> 00:28:32,240 FAMILIAR WITH. 714 00:28:32,240 --> 00:28:33,640 OPTOGENETICS AND IT'S BASICALLY 715 00:28:33,640 --> 00:28:36,320 THE SAME TYPE OF PROTEIN IN YOUR 716 00:28:36,320 --> 00:28:38,840 LIE THAT CHANGES LIGHT TO BRAIN 717 00:28:38,840 --> 00:28:39,160 ENERGY. 718 00:28:39,160 --> 00:28:41,640 HERE THE ONLY DIFFERENCE IT'S AN 719 00:28:41,640 --> 00:28:44,360 ION CHANNEL AND LETS POSITIVE 720 00:28:44,360 --> 00:28:46,520 IONS IN, LIGHT TO BRAIN 721 00:28:46,520 --> 00:28:47,000 ELECTRICITY. 722 00:28:47,000 --> 00:28:48,480 WE'LL EXPRESS THIS CHANNEL IN 723 00:28:48,480 --> 00:28:50,240 CELLS AND THALAMUS AND 724 00:28:50,240 --> 00:28:52,120 PARTICULARLY THE CELLS THAT MAKE 725 00:28:52,120 --> 00:28:54,320 CONNECTIONS OR PHYSICAL 726 00:28:54,320 --> 00:28:55,360 CONNECTIONS WITH THE CELLS IN 727 00:28:55,360 --> 00:29:01,000 THE INFRALIMBIC CORTEX AND USE 728 00:29:01,000 --> 00:29:04,200 AN ENTEROGRADE CREE AND THEN 729 00:29:04,200 --> 00:29:06,040 WE'LL HOOK IT UP TO OUR 730 00:29:06,040 --> 00:29:08,760 ENGINEERING SYSTEM WHICH IS 731 00:29:08,760 --> 00:29:11,840 GOING TO EXTRACT BRAIN 732 00:29:11,840 --> 00:29:16,640 OSCILLATIONS FROM REAL TIME FROM 733 00:29:16,640 --> 00:29:20,360 THE ANIMAL'S INFRALIMBIC CORTEX 734 00:29:20,360 --> 00:29:22,280 AND READING AND WRITING THE 735 00:29:22,280 --> 00:29:26,960 SIGNATURE IN THE ANIMAL'S BRAIN 736 00:29:26,960 --> 00:29:29,160 AND WE'LL USE THE PROTEIN 737 00:29:29,160 --> 00:29:31,720 ACTIVATED BY BLUE LIGHT. 738 00:29:31,720 --> 00:29:34,560 IN OTHER WORDS, BLUE LIGHT WILL 739 00:29:34,560 --> 00:29:37,000 CAUSE THE BRAIN TO BE STIMULATED 740 00:29:37,000 --> 00:29:41,520 AND YELLOW LIGHT DOES NOTHING. 741 00:29:41,520 --> 00:29:45,240 HERE'S ON THE UPPER LEFT HAND 742 00:29:45,240 --> 00:29:45,960 CORNER. 743 00:29:45,960 --> 00:29:48,560 THE BRAIN WAVE AND SHOWING THANK 744 00:29:48,560 --> 00:29:51,920 YOU LASER FIRING IN BLUE THE TWO 745 00:29:51,920 --> 00:29:52,680 ARE SYNCHRONIZED. 746 00:29:52,680 --> 00:29:54,360 WHEN WE LOOK AT THE ANIMALS 747 00:29:54,360 --> 00:29:56,040 BEHAVIORALLY LOOK AT THE YELLOW 748 00:29:56,040 --> 00:29:57,520 LIGHT OVER 10 MINUTES THE 749 00:29:57,520 --> 00:29:59,000 ANIMALS BECOME MORE MOBILE. 750 00:29:59,000 --> 00:30:01,000 WHEN WE COMPARE THE BLUE LIGHT 751 00:30:01,000 --> 00:30:03,080 TO THE YELLOW LIGHT THE ANIMAL'S 752 00:30:03,080 --> 00:30:05,360 STIMULATED WITH THE BLUE LIGHT 753 00:30:05,360 --> 00:30:08,040 SHOW LESS BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION 754 00:30:08,040 --> 00:30:10,000 IN THE ASSAY. 755 00:30:10,000 --> 00:30:13,880 IN OTHER WORDS, LESS IMMOBILITY 756 00:30:13,880 --> 00:30:16,360 AND PLAYING IT IN THE ANIMAL'S 757 00:30:16,360 --> 00:30:18,000 BRAIN INDUCES A COMPENSATORY 758 00:30:18,000 --> 00:30:18,560 RESPONSE. 759 00:30:18,560 --> 00:30:21,000 IT SHOWS A GREATER DEAL OF 760 00:30:21,000 --> 00:30:23,000 COMPENSATION TO THE EXTERNAL 761 00:30:23,000 --> 00:30:23,440 STRESSOR. 762 00:30:23,440 --> 00:30:25,520 WE ALSO DID TWO CONTROLS WE 763 00:30:25,520 --> 00:30:26,520 THOUGHT WERE PARTICULARLY 764 00:30:26,520 --> 00:30:27,000 IMPORTANT. 765 00:30:27,000 --> 00:30:28,520 IN THE FIRST SET WE STIMULATE 766 00:30:28,520 --> 00:30:31,160 THE SAME CELLS IN THE MEDIAL 767 00:30:31,160 --> 00:30:33,080 DORSAL THALAMUS BUT NOT WHERE 768 00:30:33,080 --> 00:30:34,160 WE'RE READING AND PLAYING THE 769 00:30:34,160 --> 00:30:34,680 SIGNATURE IN. 770 00:30:34,680 --> 00:30:36,920 WE'RE JUST GOING TO DO AN OPEN 771 00:30:36,920 --> 00:30:39,160 LOOP PLAY THE SAME NUMBER OF 772 00:30:39,160 --> 00:30:42,960 LIGHT PULSES INTO THE MEDIAL 773 00:30:42,960 --> 00:30:44,840 DORSAL THALAMUS AND THE ANIMAL'S 774 00:30:44,840 --> 00:30:46,560 BEHAVIOR GETS WORSE. 775 00:30:46,560 --> 00:30:49,880 THEY SHOW INCREASED IMMOBILITY 776 00:30:49,880 --> 00:30:51,320 COMPARED TO THE ANIMALS 777 00:30:51,320 --> 00:30:52,880 STIMULATED WITH YELLOW LIGHT. 778 00:30:52,880 --> 00:30:54,600 WE'RE NOT JUST STIMULATING THE 779 00:30:54,600 --> 00:30:55,920 RIGHT CELLS IN THE RIGHT SPACE 780 00:30:55,920 --> 00:30:56,880 THE TIMING MATTERS. 781 00:30:56,880 --> 00:31:00,040 THEN WE DID ONE MORE CONTROL IN 782 00:31:00,040 --> 00:31:02,720 WHICH QUE ASKED, WELL, IS IT 783 00:31:02,720 --> 00:31:04,000 BECAUSE WE'RE STIMULATING IN THE 784 00:31:04,000 --> 00:31:06,480 BURSTING PATTERN IN THE FIRST 785 00:31:06,480 --> 00:31:09,000 CASE AND NOT USING THAT IN THE 786 00:31:09,000 --> 00:31:11,000 SECOND PHASE. 787 00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:12,760 WE STIMULATED WITH ANOTHER SET 788 00:31:12,760 --> 00:31:14,640 OF TRIPLETS NOT TIMED TO THE 789 00:31:14,640 --> 00:31:16,400 LOCAL OSCILLATION. 790 00:31:16,400 --> 00:31:17,400 IN OTHER WORDS, IT'S AN OPEN 791 00:31:17,400 --> 00:31:19,320 LOOP TRIPLET PATTERN AND THE 792 00:31:19,320 --> 00:31:20,640 ANIMAL'S BEHAVIOR DIDN'T CHANGE 793 00:31:20,640 --> 00:31:20,920 AT ALL. 794 00:31:20,920 --> 00:31:22,960 IN OTHER WORDS, YOU NEED IT TO 795 00:31:22,960 --> 00:31:24,040 READ INFORMATION FROM ONE BRAIN 796 00:31:24,040 --> 00:31:25,840 AREA AND PLAY THAT INFORMATION 797 00:31:25,840 --> 00:31:28,360 INTO THE OTHER BRAIN AREA IN 798 00:31:28,360 --> 00:31:31,720 ORDER TO ACTIVATE THE CIRCUIT IN 799 00:31:31,720 --> 00:31:33,040 THE CORRECT WAY. 800 00:31:33,040 --> 00:31:34,320 WE'RE EXCITED. 801 00:31:34,320 --> 00:31:37,720 WE COME UP WITH THIS 802 00:31:37,720 --> 00:31:38,600 CLOSED-STIMULATION PATTERN WE 803 00:31:38,600 --> 00:31:40,760 THOUGHT WOULD BE A GREAT 804 00:31:40,760 --> 00:31:44,240 STRATEGY FOR PLAYING OR 805 00:31:44,240 --> 00:31:44,920 ACTIVATING CIRCUITS IN THE BRAIN 806 00:31:44,920 --> 00:31:46,640 NECESSARY TO IMPROVE RESILIENCE. 807 00:31:46,640 --> 00:31:53,440 WE STARTED THINKING HOW TO APPLY 808 00:31:53,440 --> 00:31:55,640 THIS FOR STRESS-INDUCED 809 00:31:55,640 --> 00:31:56,680 BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS. 810 00:31:56,680 --> 00:31:59,040 AT THE TIME I HAD A CHANCE TO 811 00:31:59,040 --> 00:32:01,000 VISIT SOME FAMILY MEMBERS. 812 00:32:01,000 --> 00:32:03,680 MY PARENTS MIGRATED HERE FROM 813 00:32:03,680 --> 00:32:05,840 GHANA IN WEST AFRICA AND ONE OF 814 00:32:05,840 --> 00:32:07,680 MY SIBLINGS, FOUR OF THE FIVE 815 00:32:07,680 --> 00:32:17,000 CARRY A MAJOR PSYCHIATRIC 816 00:32:17,000 --> 00:32:17,680 DISORDER WHETHER IT'S DEPRESSION 817 00:32:17,680 --> 00:32:19,880 OR ANOTHER DISORDER AND I TALKED 818 00:32:19,880 --> 00:32:21,800 ABOUT THE TECHNOLOGY AND HELPING 819 00:32:21,800 --> 00:32:24,040 PREVENT MAJOR PSYCHIATRIC 820 00:32:24,040 --> 00:32:26,080 DISORDERS MY UNCLE WHO IS SUPER 821 00:32:26,080 --> 00:32:28,440 PROUD OF ME AND POINTED OUT AND 822 00:32:28,440 --> 00:32:29,400 ASKED A QUESTION THAT STUCK WITH 823 00:32:29,400 --> 00:32:30,920 ME AND HE SAID THIS IS 824 00:32:30,920 --> 00:32:31,280 FANTASTIC. 825 00:32:31,280 --> 00:32:34,200 YOU'VE COME UP WITH TE IDEA OF 826 00:32:34,200 --> 00:32:36,000 MINIATURIZING THE STIMULATION 827 00:32:36,000 --> 00:32:37,680 BUT TELL ME MORE HOW IT WILL GET 828 00:32:37,680 --> 00:32:44,760 TO THE THIRD WORLD TO HELP? 829 00:32:44,760 --> 00:32:45,960 I WAS STUCK BECAUSE I DIDN'T 830 00:32:45,960 --> 00:32:47,680 HAVE AN ANSWER AND I REALIZED 831 00:32:47,680 --> 00:32:49,000 THE TECHNOLOGY WASN'T GOING TO 832 00:32:49,000 --> 00:32:51,120 SCALE IN A WAY THAT WOULD 833 00:32:51,120 --> 00:32:56,520 ULTIMATELY GET TO THE THIRD 834 00:32:56,520 --> 00:32:56,720 WORLD. 835 00:32:56,720 --> 00:32:58,800 SO I WENT BACK TO THE DRAWING 836 00:32:58,800 --> 00:33:01,120 BOARD IN HOW WE CAN COME UP WITH 837 00:33:01,120 --> 00:33:03,520 PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES AT SCALE. 838 00:33:03,520 --> 00:33:06,240 DEALING WITH THE MOST 839 00:33:06,240 --> 00:33:10,080 DEBILITATING DISORDERS IN THE 840 00:33:10,080 --> 00:33:11,880 WORLD ONE ESTIMATE SAYS ONE IN 841 00:33:11,880 --> 00:33:13,360 THREE PEOPLE SUFFERS FROM THESE 842 00:33:13,360 --> 00:33:14,040 CHALLENGES PARTICULARLY THROUGH 843 00:33:14,040 --> 00:33:15,360 THE PANDEMIC. 844 00:33:15,360 --> 00:33:16,600 WE NEED TECHNOLOGY THAT WILL 845 00:33:16,600 --> 00:33:18,920 SCALE TO THE SIZE AND SCOPE OF 846 00:33:18,920 --> 00:33:19,440 THE ILLNESSES. 847 00:33:19,440 --> 00:33:21,000 SO FOR THE REMAINDER OF THE TALK 848 00:33:21,000 --> 00:33:22,960 I'M GOING TO WALK YOU THROUGH 849 00:33:22,960 --> 00:33:24,880 OUR STRATEGY TO COME UP WITH 850 00:33:24,880 --> 00:33:25,400 SCALABLE SOLUTION TO THIS 851 00:33:25,400 --> 00:33:27,040 PROBLEM. 852 00:33:27,040 --> 00:33:29,560 SO WE ASKED OURSELF THE 853 00:33:29,560 --> 00:33:31,480 QUESTION, WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF 854 00:33:31,480 --> 00:33:32,920 TREATMENTS THAT ULTIMATELY 855 00:33:32,920 --> 00:33:35,040 SCALE? 856 00:33:35,040 --> 00:33:35,840 ONE, PHARMACOLOGY. 857 00:33:35,840 --> 00:33:39,240 WHEN WE APPRECIATED HERE WAS WE 858 00:33:39,240 --> 00:33:41,080 NEEDED SOMETHING THAT WAS GOING 859 00:33:41,080 --> 00:33:44,480 TO WORK FASTER THAN THE TIME 860 00:33:44,480 --> 00:33:46,080 SCALE THAT SOMETIMES 861 00:33:46,080 --> 00:33:46,920 PHARMACOLOGY OPERATES AT. 862 00:33:46,920 --> 00:33:49,000 SO WE ULTIMATELY TOOK A STEP 863 00:33:49,000 --> 00:33:51,240 BACK AND WE THOUGHT ABOUT TWO 864 00:33:51,240 --> 00:33:52,520 TECHNOLOGIES THAT HAVE SCALED 865 00:33:52,520 --> 00:33:55,560 WELL TO DEAL WITH ILLNESS. 866 00:33:55,560 --> 00:33:56,960 ONE OF THEM CERTAINLY 867 00:33:56,960 --> 00:33:58,040 PHARMACOLOGIC AND ONE IS 868 00:33:58,040 --> 00:34:00,600 ANTIBIOTICS AND THE SECOND IS 869 00:34:00,600 --> 00:34:00,840 VACCINES. 870 00:34:00,840 --> 00:34:03,400 WE THOUGHT ABOUT THESE 871 00:34:03,400 --> 00:34:04,120 CONCEPTUALLY. 872 00:34:04,120 --> 00:34:06,800 WHAT ANTIBIOTICS DO IS THEY WORK 873 00:34:06,800 --> 00:34:09,480 IN THE BOUNDARY TO FIGURE OUT 874 00:34:09,480 --> 00:34:12,200 NOT SELF-VERSUS SELF-AND THEN 875 00:34:12,200 --> 00:34:16,960 TARGET NON-SELF AND SPARE SELF. 876 00:34:16,960 --> 00:34:18,280 IN OTHER WORDS, THEY ATTACK 877 00:34:18,280 --> 00:34:19,880 THINGS THAT AREN'T SELF AND DO 878 00:34:19,880 --> 00:34:21,400 THEIR BEST JOB TO SPARE SELF. 879 00:34:21,400 --> 00:34:25,000 WE REALIZED AT THEIR CORE, 880 00:34:25,000 --> 00:34:26,120 NEUROPSYCHIATRIC ILLNESSES ARE 881 00:34:26,120 --> 00:34:27,200 SELF. 882 00:34:27,200 --> 00:34:28,040 THEY'RE OF THE BRAIN. 883 00:34:28,040 --> 00:34:30,960 SO WE CONSIDERED THE IDEA OF 884 00:34:30,960 --> 00:34:33,000 WHAT VACCINES DO AND THEY 885 00:34:33,000 --> 00:34:38,160 ULTIMATE TARGET SELF AND TRY TO 886 00:34:38,160 --> 00:34:42,640 MAKE SELF MORE RESILIENT TO THE 887 00:34:42,640 --> 00:34:43,200 ENVIRONMENT. 888 00:34:43,200 --> 00:34:45,000 SO IT'S A CONCEPT WE THOUGHT HAD 889 00:34:45,000 --> 00:34:49,120 POTENTIAL FOR HOW TO COME UP 890 00:34:49,120 --> 00:34:50,880 WITH A PREVENTATIVE THERAPEUTIC. 891 00:34:50,880 --> 00:34:52,920 IT SO HAPPENS AT THE TIME I WAS 892 00:34:52,920 --> 00:34:54,120 WORK WITH INVESTIGATORS THINKING 893 00:34:54,120 --> 00:34:55,840 ABOUT THE SECOND HALF OF THE 894 00:34:55,840 --> 00:34:59,960 BRAIN INITIATIVE AND I WAS 895 00:34:59,960 --> 00:35:01,440 WONDERING A LOT ABOUT FANTASTIC 896 00:35:01,440 --> 00:35:03,560 TECHNOLOGIES WHETHER IT'S A 897 00:35:03,560 --> 00:35:05,360 HUMAN BRAIN CELL ATLAS WORKED ON 898 00:35:05,360 --> 00:35:09,440 BY JOHN AND MY COLLEAGUE HERE AT 899 00:35:09,440 --> 00:35:11,480 DUKE OR TOOLS THAT WOULD ALLOW 900 00:35:11,480 --> 00:35:13,200 US TO USE VIRUSES ACROSS THE 901 00:35:13,200 --> 00:35:15,960 BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER AND 902 00:35:15,960 --> 00:35:18,320 COLLEAGUES LIKE VIVIANA AT CAL 903 00:35:18,320 --> 00:35:20,160 TECH AND WHAT THE TWO 904 00:35:20,160 --> 00:35:23,600 TECHNOLOGIES IF WE TOOK A STEP 905 00:35:23,600 --> 00:35:24,480 BACK THEY WOULD CREATE 906 00:35:24,480 --> 00:35:25,320 TREMENDOUS POTENTIAL WE CAN USE 907 00:35:25,320 --> 00:35:27,560 TO THINK ABOUT HOW TO INTERVENE 908 00:35:27,560 --> 00:35:28,880 ON THE DISORDERS. 909 00:35:28,880 --> 00:35:35,680 WHAT THE HUMAN BRAIN CELL ATLAS 910 00:35:35,680 --> 00:35:39,240 IF SUCCESSFUL WOULD GIVE OUT THE 911 00:35:39,240 --> 00:35:41,120 GENE EXPRESSION OR CODE FOR 912 00:35:41,120 --> 00:35:42,760 SPECIFIC CELL TYPES IN THE BRAIN 913 00:35:42,760 --> 00:35:44,360 AND IDENTIFY AND LOCATE SPECIFIC 914 00:35:44,360 --> 00:35:47,040 BRAIN CELLS IN THE HUMAN BRAIN. 915 00:35:47,040 --> 00:35:49,480 WHAT THE AAV OR VIRUSES ACROSS 916 00:35:49,480 --> 00:35:51,080 THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER WOULD 917 00:35:51,080 --> 00:35:53,920 ALLOW TO US DO IS USING THE GPS 918 00:35:53,920 --> 00:35:57,480 CODE WE CAN DELIVER PROTEIN 919 00:35:57,480 --> 00:35:59,560 CODES TO SPECIFIC CELL TYPES IN 920 00:35:59,560 --> 00:36:00,760 THE BRAIN. 921 00:36:00,760 --> 00:36:01,920 AND IF YOU PUT THE TWO TOOLS 922 00:36:01,920 --> 00:36:04,560 TOGETHER AND ULTIMATELY GOT THEM 923 00:36:04,560 --> 00:36:06,680 TO WORK, WHAT THAT WOULD MEAN IS 924 00:36:06,680 --> 00:36:08,880 THAT WE COULD, IF WE FIGURED OUT 925 00:36:08,880 --> 00:36:11,040 HOW TO TAKE THE LARGE CLOSED 926 00:36:11,040 --> 00:36:14,200 LOOP INSILICO SYSTEM, IF WE 927 00:36:14,200 --> 00:36:15,600 FIGURED OUT HOW TO TURN THEM 928 00:36:15,600 --> 00:36:17,920 INTO PROTEINS WE'D BE ABLE TO 929 00:36:17,920 --> 00:36:20,800 COMBINE THEM WITH THE DELIVERY 930 00:36:20,800 --> 00:36:22,680 SYSTEM AND PUT THIS CLOSED LOOP 931 00:36:22,680 --> 00:36:24,360 STIMULATOR IN THE BRAIN. 932 00:36:24,360 --> 00:36:25,720 WE JUST HAVE HAVE TO FIGURE OUT 933 00:36:25,720 --> 00:36:27,960 HOW TO TURN THEM INTO PROTEINS. 934 00:36:27,960 --> 00:36:32,000 THE CHALLENGE OF FIGURING OUT 935 00:36:32,000 --> 00:36:34,760 HOW TO TURN THE SYSTEM INTO 936 00:36:34,760 --> 00:36:35,040 PROTEINS. 937 00:36:35,040 --> 00:36:39,720 SO IT TURNS OUT THAT THE BODY 938 00:36:39,720 --> 00:36:41,600 HAS EVOLVED WAYS OF MOVING 939 00:36:41,600 --> 00:36:44,960 ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY FROM ONE SET 940 00:36:44,960 --> 00:36:46,280 OF CELLS TO ANOTHER. 941 00:36:46,280 --> 00:36:47,960 THIS FORM OF MOVING ACTIVITY 942 00:36:47,960 --> 00:36:49,920 FROM ONE SET OF CELLS TO ANOTHER 943 00:36:49,920 --> 00:36:51,240 HAPPENS IN MANY TISSUES IN THE 944 00:36:51,240 --> 00:36:51,880 BRAIN. 945 00:36:51,880 --> 00:36:52,920 WE CAN APPRECIATE THIS IN THE 946 00:36:52,920 --> 00:36:54,800 HEART AND BRAIN AS WELL. 947 00:36:54,800 --> 00:36:56,680 IT DOES THIS THROUGH A SET OF 948 00:36:56,680 --> 00:37:00,920 CHANNELS CALLED ELECTRICAL 949 00:37:00,920 --> 00:37:02,480 SYNAPSES OR GAP JUNCTIONS. 950 00:37:02,480 --> 00:37:03,760 THE GAP JUNCTIONS ARE 951 00:37:03,760 --> 00:37:08,920 ESSENTIALLY IN MAMMALS AND SET 952 00:37:08,920 --> 00:37:11,600 OF PROTEINS AND 20 COME TOGETHER 953 00:37:11,600 --> 00:37:14,760 TO FORM A HEMI CHANNEL AND THEN 954 00:37:14,760 --> 00:37:17,000 FORM A GAP JUNCTION OR 955 00:37:17,000 --> 00:37:20,160 ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES AND THEY 956 00:37:20,160 --> 00:37:21,800 ALLOW IONS TO FLOW BACK AND 957 00:37:21,800 --> 00:37:23,800 FORTH AND THEY'RE ELECTRICITY. 958 00:37:23,800 --> 00:37:25,480 THEY'RE EXPRESSED IN MOST 959 00:37:25,480 --> 00:37:27,840 TISSUES IN THE BODY. 960 00:37:27,840 --> 00:37:28,920 SO THE CHALLENGE IS IF YOU WANT 961 00:37:28,920 --> 00:37:33,560 TO COME UP WITH A STRATEGY TO 962 00:37:33,560 --> 00:37:35,120 ESSENTIALLY READ FROM ONE SET OF 963 00:37:35,120 --> 00:37:37,400 BRAIN CELLS AND PLAY THAT 964 00:37:37,400 --> 00:37:39,280 ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IN ANOTHER 965 00:37:39,280 --> 00:37:41,000 YOU MAY WANT A STRATEGY LIKE 966 00:37:41,000 --> 00:37:41,200 THIS. 967 00:37:41,200 --> 00:37:45,920 IN PINK I HAVE TAKEN THE TWO 968 00:37:45,920 --> 00:37:49,240 PRESYNAPTIC NEURONS AND INSERTED 969 00:37:49,240 --> 00:37:50,360 GAP JUNCTION IN PINK. 970 00:37:50,360 --> 00:37:54,000 AND YOU WANT TO TRANSFER THE 971 00:37:54,000 --> 00:37:56,640 ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY TO THE 972 00:37:56,640 --> 00:37:57,400 POST-SYNAPTIC CELL. 973 00:37:57,400 --> 00:37:58,960 IF YOU TRIED TO DO THIS YOU'D 974 00:37:58,960 --> 00:38:02,680 INVERT THE ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES 975 00:38:02,680 --> 00:38:06,680 OR GAP JUNCTIONS ALL OVER THE 976 00:38:06,680 --> 00:38:08,600 PLACE. 977 00:38:08,600 --> 00:38:10,800 AND IF YOU THEN WERE READING 978 00:38:10,800 --> 00:38:14,720 ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY FROM THE 979 00:38:14,720 --> 00:38:18,080 PRESYNAPTIC CELL YOU'D START 980 00:38:18,080 --> 00:38:19,320 SCRAMBLING THE MUSIC IN A WAY 981 00:38:19,320 --> 00:38:21,000 YOU DIDN'T WANT TO. 982 00:38:21,000 --> 00:38:23,040 THE OTHER PROBLEM IS THESE 983 00:38:23,040 --> 00:38:25,840 ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES ARE 984 00:38:25,840 --> 00:38:26,520 ESSENTIALLY FORCED. 985 00:38:26,520 --> 00:38:29,880 YOU'D BE SPENDING ELECTRICAL 986 00:38:29,880 --> 00:38:30,600 INFORMATION IN THE WRONG 987 00:38:30,600 --> 00:38:32,120 DIRECTION LIKE TRYING TO HAVE A 988 00:38:32,120 --> 00:38:32,840 CONVERSATION WITH SOMEONE 989 00:38:32,840 --> 00:38:38,000 SCREAMING AT YOU. 990 00:38:38,000 --> 00:38:42,040 WE TRIED THE EXPRESSED THE 991 00:38:42,040 --> 00:38:47,040 ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES IN THE HY 992 00:38:47,040 --> 00:38:52,000 HYPE -- HIPPOCAMPUS AND THE 993 00:38:52,000 --> 00:38:54,760 ANIMALS STARTED SEIZING AND IT'S 994 00:38:54,760 --> 00:38:56,720 NOT A MODIFIABLE WAY TO DO THIS 995 00:38:56,720 --> 00:38:57,280 IN ANIMALS. 996 00:38:57,280 --> 00:39:00,200 WHAT I WANT TO DO AND I 997 00:39:00,200 --> 00:39:01,280 APOLOGIZE TO EVERYONE IN THE 998 00:39:01,280 --> 00:39:03,080 AUDIENCE WHO IS COLOR-BLIND, 999 00:39:03,080 --> 00:39:06,160 WHAT YOU WANT TO DO IS MAKE A 1000 00:39:06,160 --> 00:39:08,840 COMBINATION OF NEW ELECTRICAL 1001 00:39:08,840 --> 00:39:09,760 SYNAPSES. 1002 00:39:09,760 --> 00:39:11,040 I'M SHOWING IN GREEN YOU'D WANT 1003 00:39:11,040 --> 00:39:16,000 A PAIR. 1004 00:39:16,000 --> 00:39:20,320 YOU'D WANT A POS AND NEGATIVE 1005 00:39:20,320 --> 00:39:23,800 MAGNET LIKE A KEY WHERE THE KEY 1006 00:39:23,800 --> 00:39:25,520 WOULDN'T COMBINE WITH THE KEY 1007 00:39:25,520 --> 00:39:28,960 BUT WHEN THEY COME TOGETHER 1008 00:39:28,960 --> 00:39:29,680 YOU'LL FORM THE ELECTRICAL 1009 00:39:29,680 --> 00:39:33,400 SYNAPSES AND YOU'D WANT IT TO DO 1010 00:39:33,400 --> 00:39:34,840 RECTIFICATION AND FLOW IN ONE 1011 00:39:34,840 --> 00:39:35,120 DIRECTION. 1012 00:39:35,120 --> 00:39:38,360 SO WE HAVE THIS CONCEPT AND WE 1013 00:39:38,360 --> 00:39:39,960 PULLED TOGETHER WHAT I CALL OUR 1014 00:39:39,960 --> 00:39:41,840 DREAM TEAM TO START WORKING ON 1015 00:39:41,840 --> 00:39:42,520 IT. 1016 00:39:42,520 --> 00:39:44,600 I CALL THEM MY DREAM TEAM 1017 00:39:44,600 --> 00:39:45,920 BECAUSE THEY'RE UNDER GRADS AND 1018 00:39:45,920 --> 00:39:47,480 WHAT IS SO BEAUTIFUL AND AMAZING 1019 00:39:47,480 --> 00:39:49,640 ABOUT YOUNG SCIENTISTS THEY'RE 1020 00:39:49,640 --> 00:39:52,280 OFTEN NOT JADED BY CONSTANTLY 1021 00:39:52,280 --> 00:39:53,600 HEARING ABOUT WHAT ISN'T 1022 00:39:53,600 --> 00:39:53,880 POSSIBLE. 1023 00:39:53,880 --> 00:40:01,680 SO WE SET THEM ON THIS TASK TO 1024 00:40:01,680 --> 00:40:04,360 IDENTIFY THE CUSTOM BARE OF 1025 00:40:04,360 --> 00:40:06,160 ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. 1026 00:40:06,160 --> 00:40:08,760 THEY RED EVERYTHING THERE WAS TO 1027 00:40:08,760 --> 00:40:11,120 READ ABOUT MAMMALIAN PROTEINS 1028 00:40:11,120 --> 00:40:16,640 AND SYNAPSES AND READ ABOUT 1029 00:40:16,640 --> 00:40:18,640 INVERTEBRATES AND READ ABOUT 1030 00:40:18,640 --> 00:40:23,880 DIFFERENT PROTEINS AND CONVERGED 1031 00:40:23,880 --> 00:40:29,000 ON THIS AND THIS PAIR HAD 1032 00:40:29,000 --> 00:40:30,240 SEVERAL FEATURES. 1033 00:40:30,240 --> 00:40:34,520 FIRST, AND TWO DIFFERENT 1034 00:40:34,520 --> 00:40:39,920 PROTEINS COME TOGETHER TO FORM A 1035 00:40:39,920 --> 00:40:46,320 GAP JUNCTION. 1036 00:40:46,320 --> 00:40:52,200 THE CURRENT IS BIAS AND THE 1037 00:40:52,200 --> 00:40:53,680 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES IS FORMED 1038 00:40:53,680 --> 00:40:54,960 BETWEEN THE TWO PROTEINS TENDS 1039 00:40:54,960 --> 00:40:56,560 TO WORK IN A RANGE COMPATIBLE 1040 00:40:56,560 --> 00:41:00,160 WITH WHAT WE'D WANT IT SEE IN A 1041 00:41:00,160 --> 00:41:01,440 MAMMALIAN NERVOUS SYSTEM. 1042 00:41:01,440 --> 00:41:02,400 NOW, THERE'S A PARTICULAR 1043 00:41:02,400 --> 00:41:04,960 PROBLEM WITH THIS PAIR. 1044 00:41:04,960 --> 00:41:08,160 WHILE 34.7 DOCKED AND BOUND WITH 1045 00:41:08,160 --> 00:41:10,160 34.7 OR 35, THEY ALSO DOCKED 1046 00:41:10,160 --> 00:41:11,400 WITH THEMSELVES. 1047 00:41:11,400 --> 00:41:14,240 SO INDEED, THEY WORK LIKE A LOCK 1048 00:41:14,240 --> 00:41:17,520 AND KEY BUT IN THIS CASE THE 1049 00:41:17,520 --> 00:41:18,600 LOCK COMBINED WITH THE LOCK AND 1050 00:41:18,600 --> 00:41:21,160 THE KEY COMBINED WITH THE KEY. 1051 00:41:21,160 --> 00:41:25,600 WE REALIZED WE'D HAVE TO SOLVE 1052 00:41:25,600 --> 00:41:29,080 THE CHALLENGE OF PREVENTING THE 1053 00:41:29,080 --> 00:41:31,840 TWO PROTEINS FROM BINDING FROM 1054 00:41:31,840 --> 00:41:32,120 THEMSELVES. 1055 00:41:32,120 --> 00:41:33,720 IT TURNS OUT THE DOCKING 1056 00:41:33,720 --> 00:41:36,360 FEATURES THE FEATURES THAT 1057 00:41:36,360 --> 00:41:38,280 DECIDE HOW THESE TWO PROTEINS 1058 00:41:38,280 --> 00:41:40,640 COME TOGETHER IS LARGELY BASED 1059 00:41:40,640 --> 00:41:44,040 IN THE EXTRA CELLULAR LOOP OF 1 1060 00:41:44,040 --> 00:41:44,880 AND 2. 1061 00:41:44,880 --> 00:41:46,280 SOME KNOWLEDGE WAS KNOWN AND 1062 00:41:46,280 --> 00:41:51,400 WHAT WAS REALLY FUN FOR ME AT 1063 00:41:51,400 --> 00:41:53,720 THE TIME IS HAVING NOT DONE VERY 1064 00:41:53,720 --> 00:41:56,480 WELL IN BIO CHEMISTRY AS A 1065 00:41:56,480 --> 00:41:57,160 MEDICAL STUDENT. 1066 00:41:57,160 --> 00:42:00,120 I WAS TIME TO EXPAND FROM MY 1067 00:42:00,120 --> 00:42:02,120 KNOWLEDGE BASE AND BRING IN 1068 00:42:02,120 --> 00:42:03,280 WONDERFUL COLLABORATORS WITH A 1069 00:42:03,280 --> 00:42:10,720 BETTER EXPERIENCE IN BIO CLEM -- 1070 00:42:10,720 --> 00:42:14,160 BIO CHEMISTRY WE RECRUITED A 1071 00:42:14,160 --> 00:42:16,160 BRILLIANT YOUNG SCIENTIST TO A 1072 00:42:16,160 --> 00:42:18,560 POST-DOC AND THE LAB AND WHAT WE 1073 00:42:18,560 --> 00:42:21,520 WERE ABLE TO COME UP WITH AND 1074 00:42:21,520 --> 00:42:24,200 I'LL SHOW YOU THIS WAS A 1075 00:42:24,200 --> 00:42:29,480 STRATEGY TO DETERMINE THE 1076 00:42:29,480 --> 00:42:31,920 RESIDUES ON THE LOOPS WHICH 1077 00:42:31,920 --> 00:42:32,760 CONTROLLED DOCKING AND MIX THEM 1078 00:42:32,760 --> 00:42:35,440 AROUND UNTIL WE CAN CREATE A 1079 00:42:35,440 --> 00:42:36,280 CUSTOM LOCK AND KEY. 1080 00:42:36,280 --> 00:42:38,480 HERE'S HOW WE DID THAT. 1081 00:42:38,480 --> 00:42:40,440 WE BASICALLY TOOK THE EXTRA 1082 00:42:40,440 --> 00:42:45,360 CELLULAR RESIDUES AND CRA CREAT 1083 00:42:45,360 --> 00:42:47,560 MUTATIONS AND TOOK THE POSITIVE 1084 00:42:47,560 --> 00:42:48,960 AMINO ACID RESIDUES AND MADE 1085 00:42:48,960 --> 00:42:50,600 THEM NEGATIVE AND CREATED A 1086 00:42:50,600 --> 00:42:53,040 BUNCH OF MUTANTS AND THEN WE 1087 00:42:53,040 --> 00:42:56,040 WORKED THROUGH TO CREATE A 1088 00:42:56,040 --> 00:42:57,800 SCREEN TO DETERMINE HOW THOSE 1089 00:42:57,800 --> 00:42:59,320 PROTEIN PAIRS WERE DOCKING WITH 1090 00:42:59,320 --> 00:43:00,680 EACH OTHER AND IN THE INTEREST 1091 00:43:00,680 --> 00:43:02,520 OF TIME I WON'T WALK YOU THROUGH 1092 00:43:02,520 --> 00:43:05,000 ALL THE THINGS THAT DIDN'T WORK. 1093 00:43:05,000 --> 00:43:07,600 THESE THE STRATEGIES THAT WERE 1094 00:43:07,600 --> 00:43:09,160 WRITTEN INTO THE AIMS OF OUR 1095 00:43:09,160 --> 00:43:11,480 BRAIN INITIATIVE APPLICATION. 1096 00:43:11,480 --> 00:43:13,360 AFTER A FEW YEARS OF 1097 00:43:13,360 --> 00:43:16,000 EXPERIMENTING I'LL SHOW YOU THE 1098 00:43:16,000 --> 00:43:18,720 STRATEGY THAT LIZ WAS ABLE TO 1099 00:43:18,720 --> 00:43:20,960 COME UP WITH. 1100 00:43:20,960 --> 00:43:22,960 SO AFTER MANY MANY FAILED 1101 00:43:22,960 --> 00:43:24,720 ATTEMPTS AT OUR ORIGINAL 1102 00:43:24,720 --> 00:43:33,040 APPROACH, SHE DUG INTO WHAT IS 1103 00:43:33,040 --> 00:43:38,520 THE CONEXON LIFE CHANNELS AND 1104 00:43:38,520 --> 00:43:39,960 TWO PROTEINS FORM THE GAP 1105 00:43:39,960 --> 00:43:42,080 JUNCTION AND WHEN YOU WANT TO 1106 00:43:42,080 --> 00:43:44,040 ESSENTIALLY TURN IT OFF OR DOWN 1107 00:43:44,040 --> 00:43:46,640 REGULATE IT THE GAP JUNCTIONS 1108 00:43:46,640 --> 00:43:49,000 ARE RIPPED A PART BETWEEN THE 1109 00:43:49,000 --> 00:43:50,960 TWO TO FORM JUST THE SINGULAR 1110 00:43:50,960 --> 00:43:51,520 HEMI CHANNELS AGAIN. 1111 00:43:51,520 --> 00:43:54,080 THE WHOLE THING IS SWALLOWED OR 1112 00:43:54,080 --> 00:43:57,320 INTERNALIZED INTO A CELL. 1113 00:43:57,320 --> 00:44:01,160 SO WHAT SHE REALIZED SHE COULD 1114 00:44:01,160 --> 00:44:04,600 DO IS JUST LABEL THE CELLS OR 1115 00:44:04,600 --> 00:44:06,760 FLUORESCENTLY TAG THEM AND ONE 1116 00:44:06,760 --> 00:44:09,000 HAD GREEN TAGGED CONNECTIONS AND 1117 00:44:09,000 --> 00:44:11,840 THE OTHER ONE WE COULD TAG WITH 1118 00:44:11,840 --> 00:44:17,880 A RED GLOWING FLUORESCENT 1119 00:44:17,880 --> 00:44:20,520 PROTEIN SO IF A GAP JUNCTION IS 1120 00:44:20,520 --> 00:44:21,880 FORMED IT'S INTERNALIZED AND YOU 1121 00:44:21,880 --> 00:44:23,640 SHOULD BE ABLE TO SEE GREEN AND 1122 00:44:23,640 --> 00:44:24,960 RED INSIDE THE SAME CELL. 1123 00:44:24,960 --> 00:44:27,360 I'LL SHOW YOU A MOVIE ON WHAT 1124 00:44:27,360 --> 00:44:28,280 THIS LOOKS LIKE. 1125 00:44:28,280 --> 00:44:31,800 PAY ATTENTION TO THE UPPER LEFT 1126 00:44:31,800 --> 00:44:34,800 HAND CORNER AND HERE I'M SHOWING 1127 00:44:34,800 --> 00:44:37,000 THE KIDNEY CELLS THE 293s AND 1128 00:44:37,000 --> 00:44:40,320 I'M JUST WE HAVE A GREEN 1129 00:44:40,320 --> 00:44:41,400 POPULATION, A RED TAG POPULATION 1130 00:44:41,400 --> 00:44:43,240 AND WHAT YOU'RE LOOKING FOR ARE 1131 00:44:43,240 --> 00:44:44,240 CELLS THAT HAVE GREEN AND RED IN 1132 00:44:44,240 --> 00:44:46,880 THEM AND YOU CAN SEE THAT OVER 1133 00:44:46,880 --> 00:44:48,280 TIME IN THE UPPER LEFT HAND 1134 00:44:48,280 --> 00:44:51,320 CORNER YOU CAN SEE CELLS WITH 1135 00:44:51,320 --> 00:44:53,000 THE GREEN AND RED IN THEM THAT 1136 00:44:53,000 --> 00:44:54,400 START SHOWING UP. 1137 00:44:54,400 --> 00:44:58,320 HERE'S OUR STRATEGY HOW WE'LL DO 1138 00:44:58,320 --> 00:45:00,960 THIS. 1139 00:45:00,960 --> 00:45:02,720 DR. RANSY IS GOING TO GREEN TAG 1140 00:45:02,720 --> 00:45:06,640 A PROTEIN AND EXPRESS IT IN HECK 1141 00:45:06,640 --> 00:45:09,160 CELLS AND EXPRESS THE OTHER IN 1142 00:45:09,160 --> 00:45:11,080 ANOTHER POPULATION OF HEX CELLS 1143 00:45:11,080 --> 00:45:17,000 AND COINCUBATE THEM TOGETHER AND 1144 00:45:17,000 --> 00:45:21,080 THIN ESSENTIALLY PUT THE HEK 1145 00:45:21,080 --> 00:45:23,080 CELLS THROUGH FLOW CYTOMETRY. 1146 00:45:23,080 --> 00:45:26,720 THIS IS A SITUATION IN WHICH THE 1147 00:45:26,720 --> 00:45:28,560 PROTEINS DO NOT DOCK, THAT DO 1148 00:45:28,560 --> 00:45:30,120 NOT FORM A GAP JUNCTION AND YOU 1149 00:45:30,120 --> 00:45:32,080 SEE THE MAP ON THE BOTTOM RIGHT 1150 00:45:32,080 --> 00:45:34,920 AND YOU ONLY SEE BASICALLY A 1151 00:45:34,920 --> 00:45:38,280 VERTICAL LINE AND HORIZON THAT 1152 00:45:38,280 --> 00:45:40,800 WILL LINE AND THE VERTICAL LINE 1153 00:45:40,800 --> 00:45:42,280 MEASURES HOW MUCH GREEN 1154 00:45:42,280 --> 00:45:45,800 FLUORESCENT THERE IS IN EACH 1155 00:45:45,800 --> 00:45:48,240 CELL AND YOU SEE OF GREEN 1156 00:45:48,240 --> 00:45:51,480 FLUORESCENT OR A LOT AND ON THE 1157 00:45:51,480 --> 00:45:55,480 NEXT LINE RED FLUORESCENT, A 1158 00:45:55,480 --> 00:45:57,000 LITTLE BIT OR A LOT AND YOU 1159 00:45:57,000 --> 00:45:58,800 DON'T SEE CELLS THAT HAVE GREEN 1160 00:45:58,800 --> 00:45:59,680 AND RED. 1161 00:45:59,680 --> 00:46:01,320 YOU SEE GREEN OR RED. 1162 00:46:01,320 --> 00:46:03,120 ON THE PLOT ABOVE THAT I'M 1163 00:46:03,120 --> 00:46:12,520 SHOWING A SITUATION IN WHICH THE 1164 00:46:12,520 --> 00:46:13,160 CONNEXOSOMES PROTEINS AND CAN 1165 00:46:13,160 --> 00:46:16,720 YOU SEE BLUE DOTS OFF THE 1166 00:46:16,720 --> 00:46:18,280 VERTICAL OR HORIZONTAL AXIS. 1167 00:46:18,280 --> 00:46:20,160 IN THIS CASE 17% OF THE CELLS 1168 00:46:20,160 --> 00:46:21,800 ARE OFF THE AXIS. 1169 00:46:21,800 --> 00:46:24,320 THE TOP IS THE CONNECTION IN 1170 00:46:24,320 --> 00:46:25,920 WHICH THE PROTEINS DO DOCK. 1171 00:46:25,920 --> 00:46:27,680 HERE'S THE SET UP. 1172 00:46:27,680 --> 00:46:29,040 WE'RE GOING TO EN ROUND ONE 1173 00:46:29,040 --> 00:46:34,640 WE'RE GOING SCREEN ALL OF OUR 1174 00:46:34,640 --> 00:46:35,520 CONNEXOSOMES MUTANTS AGAINST 1175 00:46:35,520 --> 00:46:36,880 THEMSELVES AND LOOK FOR MUTANT 1176 00:46:36,880 --> 00:46:38,200 DON'T DOCK THEMSELVES. 1177 00:46:38,200 --> 00:46:39,320 IN ROUND TWO WE'LL SCREEN ALL 1178 00:46:39,320 --> 00:46:42,760 THE PROTEINS THAT DON'T DOCK 1179 00:46:42,760 --> 00:46:44,080 WITH THEMSELVES AGAINST EACH 1180 00:46:44,080 --> 00:46:44,960 OTHER LOOKING FOR A PAIR THAT 1181 00:46:44,960 --> 00:46:47,520 DOCKS WITH A COUNTERPART BUT NOT 1182 00:46:47,520 --> 00:46:48,560 ITSELF AND THE ROUND THREE 1183 00:46:48,560 --> 00:46:50,840 BECAUSE THE ULTIMATE GOAL IS TO 1184 00:46:50,840 --> 00:46:52,360 DEVELOP A HUMAN THERAPEUTIC 1185 00:46:52,360 --> 00:46:53,480 WE'LL SCREEN THIS AGAINST THE 1186 00:46:53,480 --> 00:47:00,400 PROTEINS IN THE HUMAN BRAIN. 1187 00:47:00,400 --> 00:47:02,880 THE CONNEXOSOME 33 AND 36. 1188 00:47:02,880 --> 00:47:06,680 WE HAD 140 MUTANTS AND 15 1189 00:47:06,680 --> 00:47:08,040 SURVIVED THE FIRST ROUND OF THE 1190 00:47:08,040 --> 00:47:09,360 SCREEN. 1191 00:47:09,360 --> 00:47:10,880 AND THEN WE SCREENED THEM 1192 00:47:10,880 --> 00:47:11,960 AGAINST EACH AND HAD THREE PAIRS 1193 00:47:11,960 --> 00:47:13,840 THAT SURVIVED. 1194 00:47:13,840 --> 00:47:16,360 OUT OF 140 CANDIDATES WE HAD 1195 00:47:16,360 --> 00:47:17,800 THREE PAIRS THAT SURVIVED THE 1196 00:47:17,800 --> 00:47:21,000 SECOND ROUND AND THEN WE 1197 00:47:21,000 --> 00:47:24,720 SCREENED THEM AGAINST THE MAJOR 1198 00:47:24,720 --> 00:47:25,800 CONNEXOSOMES PROTEINS AND NONE 1199 00:47:25,800 --> 00:47:28,520 OF THE PAIRS SURVIVED. 1200 00:47:28,520 --> 00:47:30,160 SO MAJOR PROGRESS BUT WE WEREN'T 1201 00:47:30,160 --> 00:47:32,440 ULTIMATELY GOING TO ACHEF OUR 1202 00:47:32,440 --> 00:47:37,040 GOAL HERE OF COME UP WITH A WAY 1203 00:47:37,040 --> 00:47:41,040 OF REWIRING HUMAN NEUROCIRCUITS. 1204 00:47:41,040 --> 00:47:42,920 MORE TROUBLING, THE PROCESS 1205 00:47:42,920 --> 00:47:44,720 OCCURRED IN SPRING 2020 AND LIKE 1206 00:47:44,720 --> 00:47:47,720 THE REST OF MY COLLEAGUES HERE, 1207 00:47:47,720 --> 00:47:52,000 OUR LAB SUDDENLY SHUT DOWN AND 1208 00:47:52,000 --> 00:47:54,080 WE ALL WENT HOME AND SHIFTED OUR 1209 00:47:54,080 --> 00:47:55,160 EXPERIMENTAL DIRECTION ENTIRELY 1210 00:47:55,160 --> 00:47:57,600 WHERE WE ALL SUDDENLY BEGAN 1211 00:47:57,600 --> 00:47:59,800 WORKING WITH YEAST AND MAKING 1212 00:47:59,800 --> 00:48:03,440 BREAD AND COOKIES AND OTHER 1213 00:48:03,440 --> 00:48:03,640 THINGS. 1214 00:48:03,640 --> 00:48:06,000 I ALSO HAD A SUPER CREATIVE 1215 00:48:06,000 --> 00:48:07,360 YOUNG SCIENTIST WHO RECENTLY 1216 00:48:07,360 --> 00:48:09,040 JOINED MY LAB. 1217 00:48:09,040 --> 00:48:12,040 HIS BACKGROUND WAS COMPUTER 1218 00:48:12,040 --> 00:48:13,440 SCIENCE. 1219 00:48:13,440 --> 00:48:18,720 AND HE CONVINCED DR. RANSY AND I 1220 00:48:18,720 --> 00:48:21,040 TO HELP APPROACH A SUPER 1221 00:48:21,040 --> 00:48:23,560 COMPUTER AND PUT IT IN HIS HOME 1222 00:48:23,560 --> 00:48:25,760 SO HE CAN KEEP WORKING ON TRYING 1223 00:48:25,760 --> 00:48:27,080 TO SOLVE THIS MAJOR PROBLEM OF 1224 00:48:27,080 --> 00:48:31,200 GETTING THE PROTEINS TO DOCK. 1225 00:48:31,200 --> 00:48:33,000 IN DOING THIS WHAT HE WAS ABLE 1226 00:48:33,000 --> 00:48:36,320 TO DO WAS FEED OR CREATE MODELS 1227 00:48:36,320 --> 00:48:39,360 OF THE CONNEXOSOME PROTEINS MANY 1228 00:48:39,360 --> 00:48:41,960 OF WHICH HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED AND 1229 00:48:41,960 --> 00:48:43,160 TAKEN THE MUTANTS SCREENED IN 1230 00:48:43,160 --> 00:48:46,960 THE LAB AND CREATE AN ALGORITHM 1231 00:48:46,960 --> 00:48:50,520 TO WHERE HE CAN CONFIRM THE SAME 1232 00:48:50,520 --> 00:48:52,480 FOUR RESIDUES WE KNEW 1233 00:48:52,480 --> 00:48:57,760 PARTICIP 1234 00:48:57,760 --> 00:48:58,360 PARTICIPATED IN DOCKING AND CAN 1235 00:48:58,360 --> 00:49:00,600 SHOW THE PATTERNS TO CONTROL 1236 00:49:00,600 --> 00:49:01,000 DOCK. 1237 00:49:01,000 --> 00:49:03,080 HE FOUND THIS PATTERN WHICH 1238 00:49:03,080 --> 00:49:04,240 ESSENTIALLY WAS THREE NEGATIVE 1239 00:49:04,240 --> 00:49:06,040 RESIDUES AND A POSITIVE RESIDUE 1240 00:49:06,040 --> 00:49:08,240 ESSENTIALLY FORMING THE 1241 00:49:08,240 --> 00:49:10,040 CONNECTIONS CALLED SALT IMAGES 1242 00:49:10,040 --> 00:49:11,880 THROUGH THE POSITIVE RESIDUE ON 1243 00:49:11,880 --> 00:49:13,960 ONE SIGHT INTERACTING WITH THE 1244 00:49:13,960 --> 00:49:16,360 THREE NEGATIVE RESIDUES ON THE 1245 00:49:16,360 --> 00:49:19,040 OTHER CONNEXOSOME PROTEIN AND 1246 00:49:19,040 --> 00:49:22,120 FOUND THIS PATTERN IN 34.7. 1247 00:49:22,120 --> 00:49:24,040 THE SAME HE OBSERVED IN 35. 1248 00:49:24,040 --> 00:49:26,480 THROUGH A SERIES OF PROCESSES HE 1249 00:49:26,480 --> 00:49:29,760 ACTUALLY CAME UP WITH A STRATEGY 1250 00:49:29,760 --> 00:49:31,320 TO REGULATE HOW THESE 1251 00:49:31,320 --> 00:49:32,240 CONNEXOSOME PROTEINS WERE 1252 00:49:32,240 --> 00:49:33,880 DOCKED. 1253 00:49:33,880 --> 00:49:36,200 HERE'S THE ULTIMATE STRATEGY. 1254 00:49:36,200 --> 00:49:38,200 WE WOULD HAVE THREE POSITIVE 1255 00:49:38,200 --> 00:49:40,240 RESIDUES ON ONE SIDE, THREE 1256 00:49:40,240 --> 00:49:41,440 POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ON ONE 1257 00:49:41,440 --> 00:49:43,280 SIDE AND ALL NEGATIVES ON THE 1258 00:49:43,280 --> 00:49:44,080 OTHER SIDE. 1259 00:49:44,080 --> 00:49:45,760 AND THROUGH THIS ITERATION OF 1260 00:49:45,760 --> 00:49:47,320 THE MODEL IN THE COMPUTER AND 1261 00:49:47,320 --> 00:49:48,960 TESTING IT IN OUR IN VITRO 1262 00:49:48,960 --> 00:49:50,960 SYSTEM HEK CELLS WE WERE ABLE TO 1263 00:49:50,960 --> 00:49:55,920 COME UP WITH THIS CUSTOM PAIR OF 1264 00:49:55,920 --> 00:49:58,680 CONNEXOSOME PROTEINS THAT DIDN'T 1265 00:49:58,680 --> 00:50:01,240 DOCK WITH THEMSELVES IN OUR IN 1266 00:50:01,240 --> 00:50:02,760 VITRO SCREEN BUT DID DOCK WITH 1267 00:50:02,760 --> 00:50:06,280 EACH OTHER WE WANTED TO TEST 1268 00:50:06,280 --> 00:50:07,960 THESE THIS PAIR IN VIVO NOW TO 1269 00:50:07,960 --> 00:50:11,040 SEE IF THEY COULD CHANGE THE 1270 00:50:11,040 --> 00:50:15,000 FUNCTION OF NEUROCIRCUITS. 1271 00:50:15,000 --> 00:50:17,840 IN ORDER TO DO THIS WE MADE SURE 1272 00:50:17,840 --> 00:50:21,680 FIRST THESE CONNEXOSOME PROTEINS 1273 00:50:21,680 --> 00:50:24,480 DIDN'T BIND WITH 43 AND 36. 1274 00:50:24,480 --> 00:50:26,440 THE ONES ENDOGENOUS TO THE PART 1275 00:50:26,440 --> 00:50:26,800 OF THE BRAIN. 1276 00:50:26,800 --> 00:50:33,080 WE REACHED OUT TO A COLLEGIATE 1277 00:50:33,080 --> 00:50:39,160 AT YALE AND AMONGST MANY THINGS 1278 00:50:39,160 --> 00:50:46,200 THAT DANIEL DOES, HE STUDIES C. 1279 00:50:46,200 --> 00:50:48,440 ELEGANS AND THEY WERE USEFUL FOR 1280 00:50:48,440 --> 00:50:50,720 SCREENING IN VIVO SYSTEM. 1281 00:50:50,720 --> 00:50:52,160 FIRST OF ALL C. ELEGANS IS 1282 00:50:52,160 --> 00:50:52,840 TRANSPARENT. 1283 00:50:52,840 --> 00:50:54,960 SECONDLY, THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IS 1284 00:50:54,960 --> 00:50:58,480 LARGELY BEEN MAPPED OUT 302 1285 00:50:58,480 --> 00:50:59,800 NEURONS AND EQUALLY IMPORTANT 1286 00:50:59,800 --> 00:51:00,920 THE NEURONS HAVE BEEN MAPPED ON 1287 00:51:00,920 --> 00:51:02,720 TO A SET OF BEHAVIORS. 1288 00:51:02,720 --> 00:51:04,480 FINALLY, IT'S A CLEAN SYSTEM 1289 00:51:04,480 --> 00:51:08,360 BECAUSE THEY'RE INVERTEBRATES SO 1290 00:51:08,360 --> 00:51:14,400 THEY DON'T HAVE CONNEXINS IN 1291 00:51:14,400 --> 00:51:15,600 THEM AND C. ELEGANS HAVE A SET 1292 00:51:15,600 --> 00:51:17,000 OF BEHAVIORS, ONE OF WHICH WE 1293 00:51:17,000 --> 00:51:21,040 CHOSE TO USE TO SCREEN OUR 1294 00:51:21,040 --> 00:51:22,240 PROTEINS. 1295 00:51:22,240 --> 00:51:24,640 NOW, C. ELEGANS THESE WORMS, 1296 00:51:24,640 --> 00:51:27,080 THIS BEHAVIOR THEY HAVE IS IF 1297 00:51:27,080 --> 00:51:28,480 YOU FEED THEM AT COLD 1298 00:51:28,480 --> 00:51:30,600 TEMPERATURES AND GIVE THEM A 1299 00:51:30,600 --> 00:51:33,080 CHANCE LIKE THE NEXT DAY TO 1300 00:51:33,080 --> 00:51:34,520 EXPLORE TEMPERATURE GRADIENT, 1301 00:51:34,520 --> 00:51:36,320 THEY'LL GO BACK TO THE SETTING 1302 00:51:36,320 --> 00:51:38,640 YOU FED THEM. 1303 00:51:38,640 --> 00:51:39,920 LIKE GRAD STUDENTS. 1304 00:51:39,920 --> 00:51:42,280 SO IF FEED THEM AT COLD 1305 00:51:42,280 --> 00:51:43,280 TEMPERATURES AND FEED THEM AT 1306 00:51:43,280 --> 00:51:44,000 WARM TEMPERATURES AND TEST THEM 1307 00:51:44,000 --> 00:51:48,560 THE NEXT DAY THEY'LL GO TO WARM 1308 00:51:48,560 --> 00:51:48,920 TEMPERATURES. 1309 00:51:48,920 --> 00:51:50,800 THIS BEHAVIOR IS CONTROLLED BY 1310 00:51:50,800 --> 00:51:53,000 TWO NEURONS A SENSORY NEURON 1311 00:51:53,000 --> 00:51:55,800 CALLED AFD AND INNER NEURON 1312 00:51:55,800 --> 00:51:57,240 CALLED AIY. 1313 00:51:57,240 --> 00:51:59,040 WHEN YOU FEED AT COLD 1314 00:51:59,040 --> 00:52:01,120 TEMPERATURES THE CONNECTION 1315 00:52:01,120 --> 00:52:02,680 BETWEEN THE TWO ARE WEAK AND 1316 00:52:02,680 --> 00:52:06,920 LOOKING AT CALCIUM IMAGING AND 1317 00:52:06,920 --> 00:52:08,120 SHOWING A BUNCH OF INDIVIDUAL C. 1318 00:52:08,120 --> 00:52:10,440 ELEGANS AND WE'RE RAMPING IT UP 1319 00:52:10,440 --> 00:52:12,320 FROM 18 DEGREES CELSIUS TO 22 1320 00:52:12,320 --> 00:52:16,760 AND AS YOU RAMP IT UP THE AFD 1321 00:52:16,760 --> 00:52:21,000 NEURON STARTS SHOWING INCREASED 1322 00:52:21,000 --> 00:52:23,080 CALCIUM SIGNAL. 1323 00:52:23,080 --> 00:52:25,760 THE POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON FED AT 1324 00:52:25,760 --> 00:52:27,560 COLD DOES NOT SHOW CHANGES 1325 00:52:27,560 --> 00:52:29,480 RELATED TO CALCIUM BECAUSE THE 1326 00:52:29,480 --> 00:52:31,680 CONNECTION BETWEEN THE TWO 1327 00:52:31,680 --> 00:52:37,680 NEURONS IS WEAK SO THERE'S NO 1328 00:52:37,680 --> 00:52:38,680 POSTSYNAPTIC CONNECTION IS WEAK 1329 00:52:38,680 --> 00:52:40,400 SO THEY GO TO WHERE IT'S COLD. 1330 00:52:40,400 --> 00:52:42,400 IF YOU FEED THE ANIMALS AT WARM 1331 00:52:42,400 --> 00:52:45,720 TEMPERATURES, NOW IF YOU LOOK AT 1332 00:52:45,720 --> 00:52:48,720 HOW THE POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON 1333 00:52:48,720 --> 00:52:51,200 RESPONDS THE AIY RESPONDS TO 1334 00:52:51,200 --> 00:52:53,000 TEMPERATURE INCREASES NOW THAT 1335 00:52:53,000 --> 00:52:55,000 NEURON STARTS SHOWING INCREASED 1336 00:52:55,000 --> 00:52:56,360 ACTIVITY AS A RESULT OF THE 1337 00:52:56,360 --> 00:52:57,600 TEMPERATURE INCREASE BECAUSE YOU 1338 00:52:57,600 --> 00:52:59,080 STRENGTHENED THE CONNECTION 1339 00:52:59,080 --> 00:53:00,280 BETWEEN THE TWO NEURONS AND IF 1340 00:53:00,280 --> 00:53:02,000 YOU ASK WHAT THE ANIMAL WILL 1341 00:53:02,000 --> 00:53:03,520 CHOOSE IF YOU PUT ON A 1342 00:53:03,520 --> 00:53:06,520 TEMPERATURE GRADIENT, NOW THE 1343 00:53:06,520 --> 00:53:08,640 ANIMALS MIGRATE TOWARDS WARM. 1344 00:53:08,640 --> 00:53:13,880 WE CAN EXPLOIT THE POSTSYNAPTIC 1345 00:53:13,880 --> 00:53:14,920 CHANGE AND THE TEMPERATURE 1346 00:53:14,920 --> 00:53:16,360 GRADIENT AS A REFLECTION OF HOW 1347 00:53:16,360 --> 00:53:18,760 STRONG THE CONNECTION IS BETWEEN 1348 00:53:18,760 --> 00:53:25,760 THE TWO CELLS, AFD AND AIY. 1349 00:53:25,760 --> 00:53:27,400 WE'LL SET UP AN EXPERIMENT WHERE 1350 00:53:27,400 --> 00:53:29,880 WE TAKE THE CONNECTIONS AND 1351 00:53:29,880 --> 00:53:31,640 EXPRESS THE CONNEXIN PROTEINS 1352 00:53:31,640 --> 00:53:36,280 AND WE'LL PUT THE LOCK IN THE 1353 00:53:36,280 --> 00:53:39,440 LOCK IN BOTH NEURONS, 34.7 IN 1354 00:53:39,440 --> 00:53:44,480 BOTH NEURONS AND YOU SEE NO POST 1355 00:53:44,480 --> 00:53:45,880 SYNAPTIC CALCIUM REVISE. 1356 00:53:45,880 --> 00:53:47,320 THIS IS WHAT WE EXPECT AT 1357 00:53:47,320 --> 00:53:48,320 BASELINE AND NEXT CASE WE PUT 1358 00:53:48,320 --> 00:53:50,800 THE KEY IN THE KEY, 35 AND 35 1359 00:53:50,800 --> 00:53:55,400 BETWEEN THEM AND AGAIN NO 1360 00:53:55,400 --> 00:53:57,000 POSTSYNAPTIC CLASS AND IT'S ONLY 1361 00:53:57,000 --> 00:53:58,440 IN THE CASE WHERE WE PUT THE 1362 00:53:58,440 --> 00:54:00,680 LOCK IN ONE NEURON AND KEY IN 1363 00:54:00,680 --> 00:54:05,240 THE OTHER NOW SUDDENLY YOU SEE A 1364 00:54:05,240 --> 00:54:09,320 POST SYNAPTIC CALCIUM RISE AS IF 1365 00:54:09,320 --> 00:54:10,600 WE'VE REWIRED THEM. 1366 00:54:10,600 --> 00:54:12,840 THIS IS WHAT THE ANIMALS LOOK 1367 00:54:12,840 --> 00:54:15,480 LIKE BEHAVIORALLY. 1368 00:54:15,480 --> 00:54:17,680 WHERE WE START WITH A WILD TYPE 1369 00:54:17,680 --> 00:54:20,160 ANIMALS THE WILD TYPE ANIMALS 1370 00:54:20,160 --> 00:54:20,680 MIGRATE TOWARDS COLD 1371 00:54:20,680 --> 00:54:21,000 TEMPERATURES. 1372 00:54:21,000 --> 00:54:23,080 THE ANIMALS WITH THE LOCK AND 1373 00:54:23,080 --> 00:54:24,680 THE LOCK MIGRATE TOWARDS COLD 1374 00:54:24,680 --> 00:54:26,520 TEMPERATURES AND THE KEY AND THE 1375 00:54:26,520 --> 00:54:27,880 KEY MIGRATE TOWARDS COLD 1376 00:54:27,880 --> 00:54:28,360 TEMPERATURES AS WELL. 1377 00:54:28,360 --> 00:54:29,920 IT'S ONLY IN THE CASE THAT WE 1378 00:54:29,920 --> 00:54:32,560 PUT THE LOCK AND THE KEY IN THAT 1379 00:54:32,560 --> 00:54:34,840 THE ANIMALS SUDDENLY MIGRATE 1380 00:54:34,840 --> 00:54:36,400 TOWARDS WARM TEMPERATURES AGAIN 1381 00:54:36,400 --> 00:54:37,480 AS IF WE REWIRED THE CONNECTION 1382 00:54:37,480 --> 00:54:47,720 BETWEEN THEM. 1383 00:54:48,920 --> 00:54:52,040 WE TESTED THEM AGAINST 43 AND 46 1384 00:54:52,040 --> 00:54:54,040 AND DON'T SEE A CALCIUM CHANGE 1385 00:54:54,040 --> 00:54:54,440 OR RISE. 1386 00:54:54,440 --> 00:54:57,360 WE SHOWED THESE WOULD WORK IN C. 1387 00:54:57,360 --> 00:55:00,960 ELEGANS AND IN THE LAST THREE OR 1388 00:55:00,960 --> 00:55:02,160 FOUR MINUTES I'LL WALK YOU 1389 00:55:02,160 --> 00:55:03,400 THROUGH OUR ATTEMPTS TO SEE IF 1390 00:55:03,400 --> 00:55:07,080 WE CAN GET THIS TO WORK IN A 1391 00:55:07,080 --> 00:55:07,320 MAMMAL. 1392 00:55:07,320 --> 00:55:11,040 SO WE'LL GO ALL THE WAY BACK TO 1393 00:55:11,040 --> 00:55:12,400 THE BEGINNING AGAIN. 1394 00:55:12,400 --> 00:55:13,840 WE'RE ESSENTIALLY LOOKING IN THE 1395 00:55:13,840 --> 00:55:16,880 ASSAY A STRESS-INDUCED 1396 00:55:16,880 --> 00:55:17,760 BEHAVIORAL CHANGE ASSAY AND WE 1397 00:55:17,760 --> 00:55:19,160 KNOW THAT IF WE PUT THE ANIMAL 1398 00:55:19,160 --> 00:55:23,080 IN THIS ASSAY TWO DAYS IN A ROW, 1399 00:55:23,080 --> 00:55:24,480 THE ANIMALS SHOW MORE IMMOBILITY 1400 00:55:24,480 --> 00:55:26,200 BETWEEN DAY ONE AND TWO. 1401 00:55:26,200 --> 00:55:31,560 WE MAP THIS BEHAVIOR ON TO TWO 1402 00:55:31,560 --> 00:55:34,160 CHANGES IN BRAIN AREAS IN THE 1403 00:55:34,160 --> 00:55:37,520 INFRALIMBIC CORTEX AND THE 1404 00:55:37,520 --> 00:55:39,040 THALAMUS USING CHANGES IN 1405 00:55:39,040 --> 00:55:41,120 RESPONDING AND RECORDED NEURAL 1406 00:55:41,120 --> 00:55:43,120 ACTIVITY AND USED THE BRAIN 1407 00:55:43,120 --> 00:55:45,400 WAVES TO FIND A PATTERN OF 1408 00:55:45,400 --> 00:55:47,080 INTERACTION AND FOUND A 1409 00:55:47,080 --> 00:55:47,760 SIGNATURE THAT CHANGED BETWEEN 1410 00:55:47,760 --> 00:55:50,520 DAY ONE AND DAY TWO. 1411 00:55:50,520 --> 00:55:53,000 WHEN WE DID THAT, WE WEREN'T 1412 00:55:53,000 --> 00:55:57,800 SURE WHETHER THE SIGNATURE 1413 00:55:57,800 --> 00:55:59,680 COMPENSATORY AND RECORDED AND 1414 00:55:59,680 --> 00:56:01,400 PLAYED THE INFORMATION INTO AN 1415 00:56:01,400 --> 00:56:05,000 ANIMAL'S BRAIN AND WHEN WE 1416 00:56:05,000 --> 00:56:07,280 LOOKED AT THE RESULT THE 1417 00:56:07,280 --> 00:56:10,520 SIGNATURE WAS COMPENSATORY AND 1418 00:56:10,520 --> 00:56:12,160 WHEN WE COULD ESSENTIALLY MAKE 1419 00:56:12,160 --> 00:56:16,000 THEM MORE RESILIENT TO THE 1420 00:56:16,000 --> 00:56:17,920 STRESS OUTCOME THAT WE WERE 1421 00:56:17,920 --> 00:56:18,200 MEASURING. 1422 00:56:18,200 --> 00:56:20,480 SO WHAT WE DECIDED TO DO IN THIS 1423 00:56:20,480 --> 00:56:26,080 CASE WAS TAKE OUR PROTEINS AND 1424 00:56:26,080 --> 00:56:31,400 PACKAGE THEM INTO VIRAL VECTORS. 1425 00:56:31,400 --> 00:56:34,920 THESE ADENO ASSOCIATED 1426 00:56:34,920 --> 00:56:36,520 EXPRESSIONS AND WAITED FOR IT TO 1427 00:56:36,520 --> 00:56:39,520 EXPRESS IN TRAFFIC AND PUT THE 1428 00:56:39,520 --> 00:56:43,360 KEY IN THE MEDIAL DORSAL 1429 00:56:43,360 --> 00:56:45,360 THALAMUS AND HERE'S THE 1430 00:56:45,360 --> 00:56:47,800 FLUORESCENT EXPRESSION AND THE 1431 00:56:47,800 --> 00:56:52,600 PROTEINS EXPRESSED IN THE 1432 00:56:52,600 --> 00:56:56,160 MAMMALIAN BRAIN AND WHAT 1433 00:56:56,160 --> 00:56:59,800 HAPPENED IF WE COULD PLAY THE 1434 00:56:59,800 --> 00:57:01,480 RESILIENCE ON TO THE ANIMALS 1435 00:57:01,480 --> 00:57:04,240 BRAIN AND WHEN WE LOOKED AT THE 1436 00:57:04,240 --> 00:57:06,080 NORMAL ANIMALS ON DAY ONE AND 1437 00:57:06,080 --> 00:57:08,120 TWO THEY SHOW INCREASED 1438 00:57:08,120 --> 00:57:09,720 IMMOBILITY ON THE FIRST DAY AND 1439 00:57:09,720 --> 00:57:11,040 SECOND DAY ON THE ASSAY. 1440 00:57:11,040 --> 00:57:12,800 FIRST I'LL SHOW YOU WHAT HAPPENS 1441 00:57:12,800 --> 00:57:13,520 IN THE EXAMPLE WHERE WE ARE 1442 00:57:13,520 --> 00:57:14,960 PUTTING THE LOCK AND THE LOCK IN 1443 00:57:14,960 --> 00:57:16,760 OR THE KEY AND THE KEY. 1444 00:57:16,760 --> 00:57:19,480 THE LOCK AND THE LOCK ARE 1445 00:57:19,480 --> 00:57:21,280 ANIMALS SHOWING CIRCLES AND KEY 1446 00:57:21,280 --> 00:57:23,440 IN THE KEY ANIMALS WITH Xs. 1447 00:57:23,440 --> 00:57:24,480 THEY'RE ALL PULLED TOGETHER 1448 00:57:24,480 --> 00:57:25,000 HERE. 1449 00:57:25,000 --> 00:57:27,960 YOU CAN SEE LIKE OUR NORMAL 1450 00:57:27,960 --> 00:57:30,400 ANIMALS, THESE ANIMALS SHOWED 1451 00:57:30,400 --> 00:57:31,440 INCREASE IMMOBILITY BETWEEN DAY 1452 00:57:31,440 --> 00:57:33,920 ONE AND DAY TWO. 1453 00:57:33,920 --> 00:57:36,440 THEY SHOW STANDARD ADAPTATION TO 1454 00:57:36,440 --> 00:57:37,360 THE STRESS EXPOSURE. 1455 00:57:37,360 --> 00:57:38,760 IT'S ONLY IN THE CASE WHERE WE 1456 00:57:38,760 --> 00:57:41,200 PUT THE LOCK AND THE KEY IN THAT 1457 00:57:41,200 --> 00:57:42,800 WE ESSENTIALLY CHANGE THE 1458 00:57:42,800 --> 00:57:45,000 BEHAVIORS OF THE ANIMALS SUCH 1459 00:57:45,000 --> 00:57:48,560 THEY NO LONGER SHOW THE STRESSED 1460 00:57:48,560 --> 00:57:52,040 INDUCED BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION. 1461 00:57:52,040 --> 00:57:53,960 IN OTHER WORDS, THEY ACT AS IF 1462 00:57:53,960 --> 00:57:56,280 THE SAME WAY WE ACHIEVE THE 1463 00:57:56,280 --> 00:57:58,680 CLOSED LOOP STIMULATION DEVICE. 1464 00:57:58,680 --> 00:58:00,120 GENERALLY ONE WOULD PUT FUTURE 1465 00:58:00,120 --> 00:58:01,720 DIRECTIONS ON THE NEXT SLIDE. 1466 00:58:01,720 --> 00:58:03,440 I'LL SAY WE'VE BEEN SHARING 1467 00:58:03,440 --> 00:58:05,840 THESE TOOLS WITH A BUNCH OF 1468 00:58:05,840 --> 00:58:07,960 COLLEAGUES SO THEY CAN ALSO SEE 1469 00:58:07,960 --> 00:58:10,880 IF THEY CAN REWIRE AND EDIT THE 1470 00:58:10,880 --> 00:58:12,480 BRAIN CIRCUITS AND SEE IF THEY 1471 00:58:12,480 --> 00:58:14,440 CAN GET BEHAVIORAL CHANGES OUT. 1472 00:58:14,440 --> 00:58:16,160 THE CHALLENGES OF UNDERSTANDING 1473 00:58:16,160 --> 00:58:17,720 MENTAL ILLNESS ARE SO GREAT IT'S 1474 00:58:17,720 --> 00:58:19,920 GOING TO REQUIRE ALL OF US AS A 1475 00:58:19,920 --> 00:58:23,080 FIELD OF SCIENTISTS PROBING AND 1476 00:58:23,080 --> 00:58:25,000 SEEING IF WE CAN CHANGE THE 1477 00:58:25,000 --> 00:58:25,760 BRAIN CIRCUITRY. 1478 00:58:25,760 --> 00:58:27,640 I'LL TAKE TWO MINUTES OF LIBERTY 1479 00:58:27,640 --> 00:58:29,600 ON THE LAST SLIDE TO TELL YOU 1480 00:58:29,600 --> 00:58:31,080 BRIEFLY ABOUT THE INDIVIDUALS 1481 00:58:31,080 --> 00:58:34,840 THAT DID THE WORK. 1482 00:58:34,840 --> 00:58:38,000 THIS IS RANSY AND THE 1483 00:58:38,000 --> 00:58:39,840 POST-DOCTORAL RESEARCHER WHO 1484 00:58:39,840 --> 00:58:42,920 TOOK ON THE INCREDIBLE 1485 00:58:42,920 --> 00:58:43,400 CHALLENGE. 1486 00:58:43,400 --> 00:58:45,040 SHE'S A FIRST GENERATION COLLEGE 1487 00:58:45,040 --> 00:58:47,600 GRADUATE FIRST IN HER FAMILY TO 1488 00:58:47,600 --> 00:58:49,800 COME TO COLLEGE WHO TOOK ON THE 1489 00:58:49,800 --> 00:58:50,040 COLLEGE. 1490 00:58:50,040 --> 00:58:51,400 THEN RYAN BOWMAN WHO GREW UP IN 1491 00:58:51,400 --> 00:58:54,680 THE BAY AREA AND WENT TO 1492 00:58:54,680 --> 00:58:57,960 MONTESSORI SCHOOLS AND PART OF 1493 00:58:57,960 --> 00:59:00,280 THE DREAM TEAM AND CLEARLY 1494 00:59:00,280 --> 00:59:03,000 THINKS ABOUT SCIENCE DIFFERENTLY 1495 00:59:03,000 --> 00:59:04,440 AND BROUGHT INNOVATION TO THE 1496 00:59:04,440 --> 00:59:06,320 TASK AND A Ph.D. STUDENT IN MY 1497 00:59:06,320 --> 00:59:08,600 LAB MET HER AS AN UNDERGRAD AND 1498 00:59:08,600 --> 00:59:11,080 PLAYED A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE 1499 00:59:11,080 --> 00:59:15,240 EARLIER MUTANTS WE WERE 1500 00:59:15,240 --> 00:59:15,640 CREATING. 1501 00:59:15,640 --> 00:59:18,600 DALTON HUGHES PART OF THE 1502 00:59:18,600 --> 00:59:22,520 ORIGINAL DREAM TEAM IS AN M.D. 1503 00:59:22,520 --> 00:59:32,960 Ph.D. STUDENT AND TATTIANA 1504 00:59:35,000 --> 00:59:36,440 WORKED IN MY LAB AND ANOTHER 1505 00:59:36,440 --> 00:59:38,680 PLAYED AN CRITICAL ROLE IN THE 1506 00:59:38,680 --> 00:59:40,120 MOUSE BEHAVIORAL STUDIES 1507 00:59:40,120 --> 00:59:41,920 ORIGINALLY FROM IOWA AWARDED A 1508 00:59:41,920 --> 00:59:45,440 GRADUATE FELLOWSHIP. 1509 00:59:45,440 --> 00:59:49,160 STEVE LAGUE WHO HELPS RUN THE 1510 00:59:49,160 --> 00:59:52,680 WHOLE OPERATION DID HIS Ph.D. AT 1511 00:59:52,680 --> 00:59:52,880 PENN. 1512 00:59:52,880 --> 00:59:57,000 AND MY COLLABORATOR AT YALE A 1513 00:59:57,000 --> 00:59:58,240 PHENOMENAL SCIENTIST AND LEADER 1514 00:59:58,240 --> 00:59:59,720 WHO PLAYED A FUNDAMENTAL ROLE 1515 00:59:59,720 --> 01:00:01,160 BOTH IN HELPING ADVANCE THE 1516 01:00:01,160 --> 01:00:02,360 PROJECT AND THINKING MORE 1517 01:00:02,360 --> 01:00:04,080 BROADLY HOW TO BRING PEOPLE FROM 1518 01:00:04,080 --> 01:00:06,800 DIVERSE BACKGROUNDS INTO THE 1519 01:00:06,800 --> 01:00:08,000 SCIENCE. 1520 01:00:08,000 --> 01:00:11,080 ELI WILSON WHO IS NOW AT OREGON 1521 01:00:11,080 --> 01:00:13,960 IS A RISING SECOND YEAR M.D. 1522 01:00:13,960 --> 01:00:16,080 Ph.D. STUDENT WHO DID A 1523 01:00:16,080 --> 01:00:19,800 TREMENDOUS AMOUNT OF WORK ON THE 1524 01:00:19,800 --> 01:00:23,080 C. ELEGANS WORK AND HANNAH 1525 01:00:23,080 --> 01:00:25,000 SCHENNENSON NOW A SECOND YEAR 1526 01:00:25,000 --> 01:00:27,520 MEDICINE INTERN AT DUKE AND DID 1527 01:00:27,520 --> 01:00:29,000 MEDICAL SCHOOL AT PENN AND WILL 1528 01:00:29,000 --> 01:00:32,920 BE GRADUATING DEFENDING HER 1529 01:00:32,920 --> 01:00:35,080 Ph.D. THESIS ON MONDAY AND 1530 01:00:35,080 --> 01:00:38,480 PLAYED AN ORIGINAL ROLE IN THE 1531 01:00:38,480 --> 01:00:41,600 DREAM TEAM AND MOUSE 1532 01:00:41,600 --> 01:00:43,000 EXPERIENCES. 1533 01:00:43,000 --> 01:00:46,840 AND MY COLLABORATOR NANETTE 1534 01:00:46,840 --> 01:00:49,000 BROSACK AND THE BOY WONDER WHO 1535 01:00:49,000 --> 01:00:52,440 HAD THE SUPER COMPUTER IN HIS 1536 01:00:52,440 --> 01:00:58,240 HOME AND RAINBOW HMOLTMAN CREAT 1537 01:00:58,240 --> 01:00:59,960 THE MUTANTS THAT WE SCREENED 1538 01:00:59,960 --> 01:01:00,680 THANK YOU FOR OPPORTUNITY. 1539 01:01:00,680 --> 01:01:02,000 I HOPE THE WORK WILL ULTIMATELY 1540 01:01:02,000 --> 01:01:06,080 HAVE LEGS AS WE WORK TO REALLY 1541 01:01:06,080 --> 01:01:07,440 ESTABLISH IT IN MICE AND 1542 01:01:07,440 --> 01:01:10,760 ULTIMATELY THINKING HOW TO 1543 01:01:10,760 --> 01:01:14,040 TRANSLATE INTO MODIFYING HUMAN 1544 01:01:14,040 --> 01:01:17,600 NEUROCIRCUITS TO HELP COUNTLESS 1545 01:01:17,600 --> 01:01:18,120 PEOPLE WHO ARE SUFFERING. 1546 01:01:18,120 --> 01:01:21,600 SO THANK YOU. 1547 01:01:21,600 --> 01:01:25,480 >> GREAT, THANKS A LOT, KAF. 1548 01:01:25,480 --> 01:01:27,240 AMAZING TALK. 1549 01:01:27,240 --> 01:01:32,400 I HEARD KAF GIVE THIS TALK A 1550 01:01:32,400 --> 01:01:35,120 WEEK AGO AND IT'S JUST AS GOOD 1551 01:01:35,120 --> 01:01:37,760 IF NOT BETTER AND PAY ATTENTION 1552 01:01:37,760 --> 01:01:40,160 IN BIO CHEMISTRY CLASS. 1553 01:01:40,160 --> 01:01:42,640 YOU NEVER KNOW WHEN IT WILL SHOW 1554 01:01:42,640 --> 01:01:42,920 UP. 1555 01:01:42,920 --> 01:01:47,080 SO WE HAVE A WHOLE SLEW OF 1556 01:01:47,080 --> 01:01:48,680 QUESTIONS. 1557 01:01:48,680 --> 01:01:50,040 LET ME JUST START AND PLEASE 1558 01:01:50,040 --> 01:01:53,000 WE'LL TAKE THEM AS WE CAN. 1559 01:01:53,000 --> 01:01:55,000 THE FIRST ONE IS THE PERSON 1560 01:01:55,000 --> 01:01:58,160 WRITES IN I NOTICE THE BRAIN 1561 01:01:58,160 --> 01:02:00,720 MAPS FOR THE DEPRESSION STATE 1562 01:02:00,720 --> 01:02:02,040 WERE VERY UNIFORM LIKE SPOKES IN 1563 01:02:02,040 --> 01:02:04,120 A WHEEL AND VULNERABILITY IS 1564 01:02:04,120 --> 01:02:04,840 MORE RANDOM. 1565 01:02:04,840 --> 01:02:06,720 IS THERE ANY REASON WHY IT 1566 01:02:06,720 --> 01:02:10,480 CAUSES THE UNIFORM PATTERN? 1567 01:02:10,480 --> 01:02:11,080 >> IT'S INTERESTING. 1568 01:02:11,080 --> 01:02:14,120 THE APPEARANCE OF THE UNIFORMITY 1569 01:02:14,120 --> 01:02:15,960 IS BECAUSE THERE'S ESSENTIALLY 1570 01:02:15,960 --> 01:02:19,400 TWO FREQUENCIES THAT WE WERE 1571 01:02:19,400 --> 01:02:22,600 OBSERVING IN THE DEPRESSION 1572 01:02:22,600 --> 01:02:22,880 CASE. 1573 01:02:22,880 --> 01:02:25,880 SO WE WERE OBSERVING YOU CAN SEE 1574 01:02:25,880 --> 01:02:29,440 THE DATA FREQUENCY AND LOWER 1575 01:02:29,440 --> 01:02:32,360 FREQUENCY. 1576 01:02:32,360 --> 01:02:35,080 WHEN WE'RE THRESHOLDING AS THE A 1577 01:02:35,080 --> 01:02:35,320 SPREAD. 1578 01:02:35,320 --> 01:02:36,280 THE MAPS ACROSS ALL FREQUENCIES 1579 01:02:36,280 --> 01:02:38,280 ARE IN THE PAPER WE MENTIONED. 1580 01:02:38,280 --> 01:02:40,000 SO BOTH OF THEM HAVE 1581 01:02:40,000 --> 01:02:42,720 DISTRIBUTION ACROSS FREQUENCIES 1582 01:02:42,720 --> 01:02:44,320 AND THEY'RE JUST BROADER PEAKS 1583 01:02:44,320 --> 01:02:44,720 IN DEPRESSION. 1584 01:02:44,720 --> 01:02:48,880 >> I HAVE A RELATED QUESTION AND 1585 01:02:48,880 --> 01:02:50,240 THAT IS IT PERTAINS TO RECENT 1586 01:02:50,240 --> 01:02:53,000 CASE STUDIES FROM A GROUP IN 1587 01:02:53,000 --> 01:03:01,040 BAYLOR AND UCSF WHERE THEY'RE 1588 01:03:01,040 --> 01:03:05,080 DOING LONG-TERM RECORDINGS FOR 1589 01:03:05,080 --> 01:03:07,360 CERTAIN PATHWAYS IN THE BRAIN 1590 01:03:07,360 --> 01:03:08,720 AND CREATING STIMULATION 1591 01:03:08,720 --> 01:03:12,000 PARADIGMS FOR DEPRESSION. 1592 01:03:12,000 --> 01:03:13,880 AT SOME POINT THESE ROADS SHOULD 1593 01:03:13,880 --> 01:03:14,520 CROSS, RIGHT? 1594 01:03:14,520 --> 01:03:16,680 WHAT ARE YOUR THOUGHTS ON THAT? 1595 01:03:16,680 --> 01:03:17,480 >> THE HOPE IS THEY'LL 1596 01:03:17,480 --> 01:03:27,600 DEFINITELY CROSS. 1597 01:03:27,600 --> 01:03:28,920 WE WANT GENERALIZATION AND WANT 1598 01:03:28,920 --> 01:03:30,400 IT TO WORK IN A NEW PATIENT THAT 1599 01:03:30,400 --> 01:03:31,760 COMES IN THE DOOR. 1600 01:03:31,760 --> 01:03:34,640 THE QUESTION IS, HOW PRECISION 1601 01:03:34,640 --> 01:03:38,280 DOES PRECISION MEDICINE NEED TO 1602 01:03:38,280 --> 01:03:40,640 BE? 1603 01:03:40,640 --> 01:03:41,880 IF WE NEED SOMETHING PERFECTLY 1604 01:03:41,880 --> 01:03:43,120 DESIGNED FOR EACH PERSON THEN WE 1605 01:03:43,120 --> 01:03:45,160 HAVE A LONG WAY TO GO. 1606 01:03:45,160 --> 01:03:46,640 ON THE OTHER HAND, WE DON'T 1607 01:03:46,640 --> 01:03:48,480 THINK IT'S GOING TO BE TOTALLY 1608 01:03:48,480 --> 01:03:49,560 DISTINCT FOR EVERYBODY. 1609 01:03:49,560 --> 01:03:51,960 I ALWAYS LIKE TO USE THE EXAMPLE 1610 01:03:51,960 --> 01:03:56,040 OF AN E.K.G., AN ELECTROCARDIO 1611 01:03:56,040 --> 01:03:57,280 GRAM WE USE WHEN SOMEONE'S 1612 01:03:57,280 --> 01:03:58,160 HAVING CHEST PAIN. 1613 01:03:58,160 --> 01:04:00,840 THEY'RE NOT IDENTICAL FROM 1614 01:04:00,840 --> 01:04:01,520 SUBJECT TO SUBJECT. 1615 01:04:01,520 --> 01:04:03,200 EVERYBODY DOESN'T HAVE THE SAME 1616 01:04:03,200 --> 01:04:05,000 RESTING HEART RATE BUT WE KNOW 1617 01:04:05,000 --> 01:04:06,360 HOW TO MAKE SENSE OF THE 1618 01:04:06,360 --> 01:04:06,840 DIFFERENCES BECAUSE WE 1619 01:04:06,840 --> 01:04:07,880 UNDERSTAND THE PRINCIPLES SUCH 1620 01:04:07,880 --> 01:04:10,760 THAT WE KNOW HOW TO INTERVENE. 1621 01:04:10,760 --> 01:04:15,000 WHAT WE'RE INITIALLY LOOKING FOR 1622 01:04:15,000 --> 01:04:18,680 ARE E.K.G. LIKE SIGNATURES MOUSE 1623 01:04:18,680 --> 01:04:23,120 TO MOUSE AND IF WE CAN'T THE 1624 01:04:23,120 --> 01:04:27,520 THOUGHT WE'LL GET FROM MOUSE TO 1625 01:04:27,520 --> 01:04:31,200 HUMAN WILL BE TOO MUCH TO CROSS. 1626 01:04:31,200 --> 01:04:33,120 WE'LL OPERATE ON THE PRINCIPLE 1627 01:04:33,120 --> 01:04:35,600 THERE ARE THINGS CONSERVED 1628 01:04:35,600 --> 01:04:36,240 ACROSS SPECIES. 1629 01:04:36,240 --> 01:04:38,920 A MOUSE IS NOT A HUMAN BUT YOU 1630 01:04:38,920 --> 01:04:40,960 CAN UNDERSTAND THE HUMAN'S HEART 1631 01:04:40,960 --> 01:04:42,920 BY STUDYING THE MOUSE'S HEART 1632 01:04:42,920 --> 01:04:45,760 BECAUSE THERE'S SOME LEVEL OF 1633 01:04:45,760 --> 01:04:47,600 CONVERGENCE BETWEEN PATTERNS AND 1634 01:04:47,600 --> 01:04:48,840 WHAT IS CONVERGENT ACROSS 1635 01:04:48,840 --> 01:04:50,840 SPECIES BECAUSE IF WE CAN 1636 01:04:50,840 --> 01:04:52,680 DEVELOP A THERAPEUTIC, YES, SOME 1637 01:04:52,680 --> 01:04:53,560 THINGS WILL BE DIFFERENT FROM 1638 01:04:53,560 --> 01:04:56,440 SUBJECT TO SUBJECT BUT WE CAN 1639 01:04:56,440 --> 01:04:57,640 TARGET THE THING THAT IS 1640 01:04:57,640 --> 01:05:00,160 CONSERVED IN SUBJECTS BY 1641 01:05:00,160 --> 01:05:00,720 SUBJECTS. 1642 01:05:00,720 --> 01:05:02,480 >> AND GET BEYOND THE HANDFUL OF 1643 01:05:02,480 --> 01:05:04,840 STUDY WE CAN FIND COMMON 1644 01:05:04,840 --> 01:05:05,440 SIGNATURES AS WELL. 1645 01:05:05,440 --> 01:05:07,160 IT WILL BE EXCITING TO SEE HOW 1646 01:05:07,160 --> 01:05:12,560 THE ANIMAL AND HUMAN MODELS MY 1647 01:05:12,560 --> 01:05:14,720 TRANSLATE AND REVERSE TRANSLATE 1648 01:05:14,720 --> 01:05:16,720 AS WELL. 1649 01:05:16,720 --> 01:05:18,920 WE WON'T GET THROUGH ALL THE 1650 01:05:18,920 --> 01:05:19,200 QUESTIONS. 1651 01:05:19,200 --> 01:05:20,720 ARE YOU ABLE TO CONTROL THE 1652 01:05:20,720 --> 01:05:21,920 MODULATION PROCESS BY 1653 01:05:21,920 --> 01:05:22,240 CONNECTIONS? 1654 01:05:22,240 --> 01:05:24,240 IS THERE A WAY TO REVERSE THIS 1655 01:05:24,240 --> 01:05:31,680 AS WELL CONTROL THE EXTENT OF 1656 01:05:31,680 --> 01:05:32,680 NEUROMODULATION ? 1657 01:05:32,680 --> 01:05:34,120 >> IF YOU'RE A SCIENTIST PLEASE 1658 01:05:34,120 --> 01:05:37,320 JOIN THE STUDY SECTIONS BECAUSE 1659 01:05:37,320 --> 01:05:40,040 WHEN WE WRITE THE GRANT I HOPE 1660 01:05:40,040 --> 01:05:46,040 YOU'LL SIGN OFF ON THE 1661 01:05:46,040 --> 01:05:47,320 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE WORK. 1662 01:05:47,320 --> 01:05:51,360 AND OUR FIRST GOAL IS TO SHOW WE 1663 01:05:51,360 --> 01:05:52,560 CAN SELECTIVELY DEPLOY THESE AND 1664 01:05:52,560 --> 01:05:55,440 CHANGE THE FUNCTION OF BEHAVIOR 1665 01:05:55,440 --> 01:05:57,000 AND ULTIMATELY IF WE PUT THIS IN 1666 01:05:57,000 --> 01:05:59,640 HUMANS WE WANT A WAY OF EITHER 1667 01:05:59,640 --> 01:06:01,000 CONTROLLING WHEN THEY'RE 1668 01:06:01,000 --> 01:06:02,480 EXPRESSED AND NOT EXPRESSED TO 1669 01:06:02,480 --> 01:06:04,960 TURN ON AND OFF OR ENGINEERING 1670 01:06:04,960 --> 01:06:07,480 IN A SECOND SWITCH. 1671 01:06:07,480 --> 01:06:10,920 IT'S SORT OF ALMOST LIKE A 1672 01:06:10,920 --> 01:06:13,000 DESIGNER DRUG THAT TURNS THESE 1673 01:06:13,000 --> 01:06:16,120 SELECTIVE PROTEINS ON AND OFF SO 1674 01:06:16,120 --> 01:06:18,280 THE COMBINATION ALLOWS US TO 1675 01:06:18,280 --> 01:06:20,480 MODULATE IT IN THAT FRAMEWORK. 1676 01:06:20,480 --> 01:06:21,440 THAT FEATURE HASN'T BEEN BUILT 1677 01:06:21,440 --> 01:06:23,640 IN BUT SOMETHING WE'RE THINKING 1678 01:06:23,640 --> 01:06:24,640 ABOUT FOR FUTURE DIRECTION. 1679 01:06:24,640 --> 01:06:26,000 TO MY COLLEAGUE OUT THERE THAT 1680 01:06:26,000 --> 01:06:27,440 ASKED THE QUESTION, I HOPE YOU 1681 01:06:27,440 --> 01:06:29,600 UNDERSTAND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF 1682 01:06:29,600 --> 01:06:32,960 THAT IF YOU EVER SEE THAT. 1683 01:06:32,960 --> 01:06:36,640 >> SO NOT TO STRESS YOUR BIO 1684 01:06:36,640 --> 01:06:40,920 CHEMISTRY JOBS ANY FURTHER, MY 1685 01:06:40,920 --> 01:06:42,760 RECOLLECTION IS THE PERMEABILITY 1686 01:06:42,760 --> 01:06:47,680 CAN BE REGULATED. 1687 01:06:47,680 --> 01:06:58,040 >> IT CAN BE GATED. 1688 01:07:01,400 --> 01:07:05,840 THEY CAN BE GATED THROUGH 1689 01:07:05,840 --> 01:07:07,280 MELATONIN AND THROUGH CIRCADIAN 1690 01:07:07,280 --> 01:07:09,360 HOW OPEN AND CLOSED THEY ARE AND 1691 01:07:09,360 --> 01:07:11,920 THINGS WE CAN EXPLOIT THAT WOULD 1692 01:07:11,920 --> 01:07:13,800 ALLOW TO OPEN AND CLOSE THE 1693 01:07:13,800 --> 01:07:15,000 GATING OF THE CHANNELS. 1694 01:07:15,000 --> 01:07:17,440 >> LOTS OF GREAT STUFF YOU HAVE 1695 01:07:17,440 --> 01:07:20,720 TO DO. 1696 01:07:20,720 --> 01:07:22,720 AND ARE THERE ANY CHANGES 1697 01:07:22,720 --> 01:07:23,680 FOLLOWING CLOSED-LOOP 1698 01:07:23,680 --> 01:07:24,680 STIMULATION AND DO THEY PERSIST 1699 01:07:24,680 --> 01:07:30,520 OR STOP THE MOMENT YOU STOP 1700 01:07:30,520 --> 01:07:30,840 STIMULATING? 1701 01:07:30,840 --> 01:07:41,360 >> WE HAVE WIRES IN THE ANIMALS 1702 01:07:43,120 --> 01:07:45,600 AND WE CAN SEE THE PHYSIOLOGICAL 1703 01:07:45,600 --> 01:07:47,120 RESPONSE AND COME BACK AND 1704 01:07:47,120 --> 01:07:49,000 STIMULATE AGAIN AND THE BRAIN 1705 01:07:49,000 --> 01:07:50,880 RESPONDS DIFFERENTLY TO THE SAME 1706 01:07:50,880 --> 01:07:52,360 STIMULATION FROM DAY ONE. 1707 01:07:52,360 --> 01:07:54,880 THE BRAIN IS A LEARNING ENGINE 1708 01:07:54,880 --> 01:07:58,040 AND THE SAME WAY IT CAN LEARN 1709 01:07:58,040 --> 01:07:59,680 WITH FLASHING LIGHTS IN OR 1710 01:07:59,680 --> 01:08:02,640 HEARING SOUNDS, IT CAN LEARN BY 1711 01:08:02,640 --> 01:08:06,840 HAVING MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF 1712 01:08:06,840 --> 01:08:07,600 ELECTRICAL STIMULATION BEING 1713 01:08:07,600 --> 01:08:10,480 PRESENTED INTO THE BRIN. 1714 01:08:10,480 --> 01:08:13,000 SO THE BRAIN DOES ADAPT TO EVEN 1715 01:08:13,000 --> 01:08:13,880 ACUTE STIMULATION. 1716 01:08:13,880 --> 01:08:15,280 I HAVE NO DOUBT. 1717 01:08:15,280 --> 01:08:16,720 WE'VE BEEN DOING SOME 1718 01:08:16,720 --> 01:08:17,000 EXPERIMENTS. 1719 01:08:17,000 --> 01:08:19,600 SOME OF THE WORK IS LED BY A 1720 01:08:19,600 --> 01:08:22,600 POST-DOC IN MY LAB AL GROSSMAN 1721 01:08:22,600 --> 01:08:24,960 LOOKING AT CLOSED-LOOP AND 1722 01:08:24,960 --> 01:08:26,280 OPEN-LOOP STIMULATION OVER TIME 1723 01:08:26,280 --> 01:08:27,880 AND THE BRAIN ADAPTS DIFFERENTLY 1724 01:08:27,880 --> 01:08:29,760 TO THE OPEN-LOOP STIMULATION TO 1725 01:08:29,760 --> 01:08:31,440 THE CLOSED. 1726 01:08:31,440 --> 01:08:32,560 THE CLOSED CREATES A COINCIDENCE 1727 01:08:32,560 --> 01:08:35,560 IN THE BRAIN WE THINK IS 1728 01:08:35,560 --> 01:08:36,720 IMPORTANT FOR CREATING PLASTIC 1729 01:08:36,720 --> 01:08:37,120 CHANGES. 1730 01:08:37,120 --> 01:08:38,920 >> THAT'S ONE THING TO KEEP IN 1731 01:08:38,920 --> 01:08:40,400 MIND THE CIRCUITS IN THE BRAIN 1732 01:08:40,400 --> 01:08:40,840 ARE PLASTIC. 1733 01:08:40,840 --> 01:08:48,600 THIS IS SOMETHING WE NEED TO 1734 01:08:48,600 --> 01:08:50,800 KEEP TOP OF MIND. 1735 01:08:50,800 --> 01:08:52,720 >> WE SUSPECT WHEN WE PUT THE 1736 01:08:52,720 --> 01:08:55,480 PROTEINS IN AT A SYNAPTIC 1737 01:08:55,480 --> 01:08:58,760 INTERFACE THE BRAIN IS 1738 01:08:58,760 --> 01:09:00,760 ESSENTIALLY REACHING THE 1739 01:09:00,760 --> 01:09:01,680 HOMEOSTATIC STATE. 1740 01:09:01,680 --> 01:09:03,240 >> OKAY, SURE. 1741 01:09:03,240 --> 01:09:04,080 ENJOYING THE TALK. 1742 01:09:04,080 --> 01:09:05,680 THIS QUESTION CAME UP AT THE 1743 01:09:05,680 --> 01:09:07,520 MEETING WE WERE AT LAST WEEK. 1744 01:09:07,520 --> 01:09:09,920 LET ME STATE IT OUT LOUD HERE. 1745 01:09:09,920 --> 01:09:12,040 IS IT POSSIBLE YOU WORKED TO 1746 01:09:12,040 --> 01:09:13,520 TEST HOW ADDITIONAL LOAD TECH 1747 01:09:13,520 --> 01:09:15,360 INTERVENTION SUCH AS EXERCISE, 1748 01:09:15,360 --> 01:09:17,880 DIET, SOCIAL INTERACTIONS COULD 1749 01:09:17,880 --> 01:09:19,280 INTERACT WITH THESE MORE 1750 01:09:19,280 --> 01:09:19,760 INVASIVE AND NOVEL 1751 01:09:19,760 --> 01:09:22,720 INTERVENTIONS. 1752 01:09:22,720 --> 01:09:25,720 >> YEAH, SO THE SIMPLE ANSWER IS 1753 01:09:25,720 --> 01:09:26,560 YES. 1754 01:09:26,560 --> 01:09:31,680 PEOPLE HAVE LOOKED AT THINGS FOR 1755 01:09:31,680 --> 01:09:33,120 EXAMPLE LIKE IF ENRICHED 1756 01:09:33,120 --> 01:09:35,560 ENVIRONMENTS MAKE ANIMALS MORE 1757 01:09:35,560 --> 01:09:38,080 RESILIENT TO STRESSORS. 1758 01:09:38,080 --> 01:09:39,200 GENERALLY WHEN WE LOOK AT MICE 1759 01:09:39,200 --> 01:09:44,840 WE'RE LOOKING AT THEM IN HIGHLY 1760 01:09:44,840 --> 01:09:46,440 SANITIZED IMPOVERISHED 1761 01:09:46,440 --> 01:09:48,360 CONDITIONS THEY LIVE IN AND 1762 01:09:48,360 --> 01:09:52,600 HAVING A HIGHER RICH ENVIRONMENT 1763 01:09:52,600 --> 01:09:54,920 CAN HAVE AN INFLUENCE AND IT'S 1764 01:09:54,920 --> 01:09:56,720 POSSIBLE AND WE HAVE COLLEAGUES 1765 01:09:56,720 --> 01:09:58,720 FOCUSSING ON THIS EXTENSIVELY 1766 01:09:58,720 --> 01:10:00,880 LOOKING AT HOW THE BRAIN IS 1767 01:10:00,880 --> 01:10:03,840 MODIFIED IN RESPONSE TO THOSE 1768 01:10:03,840 --> 01:10:04,440 ENVIRONMENTAL BUFFERING 1769 01:10:04,440 --> 01:10:04,880 EXPERIENCES. 1770 01:10:04,880 --> 01:10:08,040 IT'S THE CASE WITH HUMANS AS 1771 01:10:08,040 --> 01:10:08,240 WELL. 1772 01:10:08,240 --> 01:10:10,480 WE KNOW -- AS A CLINICIAN I 1773 01:10:10,480 --> 01:10:11,800 ALWAYS ENCOURAGE DIET AND 1774 01:10:11,800 --> 01:10:12,960 EXERCISE AS A KEY PART OF 1775 01:10:12,960 --> 01:10:15,160 BUILDING HUMAN RESILIENCE AS 1776 01:10:15,160 --> 01:10:15,600 WELL. 1777 01:10:15,600 --> 01:10:17,000 SO THERE'S CERTAINLY PLATFORMS 1778 01:10:17,000 --> 01:10:20,520 IN WHICH WE CAN FIND THE HIGHER 1779 01:10:20,520 --> 01:10:22,360 TEM MANIPULATIONS AND LOWER TECH 1780 01:10:22,360 --> 01:10:23,040 MANIPULATIONS IN THE SAME 1781 01:10:23,040 --> 01:10:24,280 SUBJECT AND SEE HOW THEY 1782 01:10:24,280 --> 01:10:24,600 INTERACT. 1783 01:10:24,600 --> 01:10:26,680 IF YOU LOOK AT SOMETHING LIKE 1784 01:10:26,680 --> 01:10:28,520 CANCER, WE CERTAINLY ENCOURAGE 1785 01:10:28,520 --> 01:10:33,840 DIET AND SMOKING CESSATION AND 1786 01:10:33,840 --> 01:10:35,400 EXERCISE AND THERAPEUTICS TO ALL 1787 01:10:35,400 --> 01:10:37,000 WORK TOGETHER IN THE BODY. 1788 01:10:37,000 --> 01:10:38,120 >> COOL. 1789 01:10:38,120 --> 01:10:40,760 I'M GOING TO SKIP DOWN TO ONE OF 1790 01:10:40,760 --> 01:10:42,640 THE LATE-BREAKING QUESTIONS AND 1791 01:10:42,640 --> 01:10:46,520 FOLD IT INTO A MORE GENERAL ONE. 1792 01:10:46,520 --> 01:10:48,880 SO AS WE THINK AHEAD, HOPEFULLY 1793 01:10:48,880 --> 01:10:51,840 NOT TOO FAR AHEAD OF DEPLOYING 1794 01:10:51,840 --> 01:10:55,000 PRECISION GENE THERAPIES FOR 1795 01:10:55,000 --> 01:10:56,080 REGULATING CIRCUIT DISORDER 1796 01:10:56,080 --> 01:10:56,600 WE'RE LIMITED. 1797 01:10:56,600 --> 01:11:00,080 FIRST, WE NEED TO BE ABLE TO 1798 01:11:00,080 --> 01:11:01,960 TARGET CELLS PRECISELY WE THINK 1799 01:11:01,960 --> 01:11:04,520 ARE INVOLVED IN VARIOUS 1800 01:11:04,520 --> 01:11:05,240 DISORDERS WHETHER IT'S A 1801 01:11:05,240 --> 01:11:07,600 MOVEMENT, EPILEPSY OR AS WE'RE 1802 01:11:07,600 --> 01:11:08,920 TALKING ABOUT HERE, MOOD 1803 01:11:08,920 --> 01:11:09,280 DISORDERS. 1804 01:11:09,280 --> 01:11:10,280 THAT'S ONE CHALLENGE AND WE'RE 1805 01:11:10,280 --> 01:11:13,000 WORKING ON SOLUTIONS FOR 1806 01:11:13,000 --> 01:11:15,200 DELIVERY AND SPECIFICITY THERE. 1807 01:11:15,200 --> 01:11:16,280 THEN ONCE IF YOU FIGURE OUT 1808 01:11:16,280 --> 01:11:18,400 WHICH CELLS YOU WANT TO TARGET 1809 01:11:18,400 --> 01:11:20,600 AND MODULATE YOU NEED A WAY OF 1810 01:11:20,600 --> 01:11:22,840 MODULATING. 1811 01:11:22,840 --> 01:11:25,840 ONE WAY IS THROUGH THE GAP 1812 01:11:25,840 --> 01:11:28,600 JUNCTION TECHNIQUE YOU'VE 1813 01:11:28,600 --> 01:11:29,680 DESCRIBED ELEGANTLY AND THE 1814 01:11:29,680 --> 01:11:32,040 OTHER IS OPTOGENETICS AND THAT'S 1815 01:11:32,040 --> 01:11:34,080 OUT THERE BUT THAT REQUIRES 1816 01:11:34,080 --> 01:11:35,360 STICKING SOMEBODY IN OR ON 1817 01:11:35,360 --> 01:11:36,520 SOMEBODY'S HEAD TO STIMULATE. 1818 01:11:36,520 --> 01:11:38,360 SO HOW DO YOU THINK AT THE END 1819 01:11:38,360 --> 01:11:40,680 OF THE DAY OR IN THE NEAR 1820 01:11:40,680 --> 01:11:45,000 FUTURE, I SHOULD SAY, IN THE 1821 01:11:45,000 --> 01:11:49,000 NEAR FUTURE, HOW DO YOU SEE 1822 01:11:49,000 --> 01:11:51,400 OPTIMAL DEPLOYMENTS WITH THE 1823 01:11:51,400 --> 01:11:53,000 CONNECTIONS AND WHAT WILL BE THE 1824 01:11:53,000 --> 01:11:57,840 PLUSES AND MINUSES HERE? 1825 01:11:57,840 --> 01:12:01,600 >> FIRST, LET ME SAY, THESE ARE 1826 01:12:01,600 --> 01:12:03,120 HUGE CHALLENGES THAT ARE GOING 1827 01:12:03,120 --> 01:12:04,320 TO REQUIRE MAJOR WORK ON THE 1828 01:12:04,320 --> 01:12:07,160 PART OF THE FIELD. 1829 01:12:07,160 --> 01:12:10,800 I JUST HAPPEN TO -- AS A COUNTRY 1830 01:12:10,800 --> 01:12:12,560 WE HAVE GONE AND PUT HUMANS ON 1831 01:12:12,560 --> 01:12:15,400 THE MOON AND WE'RE ON OUR WAY TO 1832 01:12:15,400 --> 01:12:15,680 MARS. 1833 01:12:15,680 --> 01:12:16,920 SO WITH ENOUGH FOCUSSED 1834 01:12:16,920 --> 01:12:18,560 INTENTION ON THE PART OF A BROAD 1835 01:12:18,560 --> 01:12:20,280 GROUP OF SCIENTISTS OUT THERE 1836 01:12:20,280 --> 01:12:22,480 WORKING REALLY HARD WITH THE 1837 01:12:22,480 --> 01:12:23,920 APPROPRIATE LEVEL OF SUPPORT, 1838 01:12:23,920 --> 01:12:26,760 THIS IS SOMETHING WE CAN PULL 1839 01:12:26,760 --> 01:12:30,680 OFF AND I WOULD SIMPLY ARGUE 1840 01:12:30,680 --> 01:12:32,760 LOOKING AT MENTAL CHALLENGES AN 1841 01:12:32,760 --> 01:12:34,040 DISEASES LIKE ALZHEIMER'S ARE 1842 01:12:34,040 --> 01:12:35,520 JUST AS IMPORTANT IF NOT MORE 1843 01:12:35,520 --> 01:12:36,680 IMPORTANT THAN PUTTING HUMAN 1844 01:12:36,680 --> 01:12:39,280 BEINGS ON THE MOON. 1845 01:12:39,280 --> 01:12:41,000 SO THIS IS A MAJOR CHALLENGE BUT 1846 01:12:41,000 --> 01:12:43,600 WE HAVE TO WORK ON DEVELOPING 1847 01:12:43,600 --> 01:12:46,120 TOOLS LIKE PRECISION TOOLS 1848 01:12:46,120 --> 01:12:47,520 ACROSS THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER 1849 01:12:47,520 --> 01:12:49,000 AND NEED THE HUMAN CELL ATLAS 1850 01:12:49,000 --> 01:12:51,560 AND THE WORK IS BEGINNING AND 1851 01:12:51,560 --> 01:12:51,920 UNDERWAY. 1852 01:12:51,920 --> 01:12:54,160 I SAY THIS IN THE FRAMEWORK THAT 1853 01:12:54,160 --> 01:12:58,000 I NEED -- WE AS A FIELD TO COME 1854 01:12:58,000 --> 01:12:59,600 THROUGH FROM THESE THINGS IN 1855 01:12:59,600 --> 01:13:01,480 ORDER FOR THE TECHNOLOGY TO 1856 01:13:01,480 --> 01:13:02,840 ULTIMATELY BE DEPLOYED. 1857 01:13:02,840 --> 01:13:08,280 WITH THAT SAID, I DO THINK 1858 01:13:08,280 --> 01:13:09,240 THERE'S ANOTHER POTENTIAL TOOL 1859 01:13:09,240 --> 01:13:11,080 EARLIER IN ITS DEVELOPMENT IN 1860 01:13:11,080 --> 01:13:12,480 WHICH IF WE CAN GET IT TO 1861 01:13:12,480 --> 01:13:15,600 SPECIFIC BRAIN CELLS WHAT I LIKE 1862 01:13:15,600 --> 01:13:18,920 ABOUT THE CON EXIN TOOL WE'RE 1863 01:13:18,920 --> 01:13:20,920 TARGETING TO BRAIN CELL TYPE 1864 01:13:20,920 --> 01:13:21,280 INTERACTIONS. 1865 01:13:21,280 --> 01:13:24,720 WE GET A LEVEL OF SPECIFICITY 1866 01:13:24,720 --> 01:13:26,680 THERE NOT JUST TURNING OFF OR ON 1867 01:13:26,680 --> 01:13:29,000 THE SOUND, WE'RE CONTROLLING THE 1868 01:13:29,000 --> 01:13:30,200 INTERFACE BETWEEN THE CELLS AND 1869 01:13:30,200 --> 01:13:31,520 CONTROLLING IT IN A WAY THAT 1870 01:13:31,520 --> 01:13:33,600 LEAVES THE CONTROL OF THE SECOND 1871 01:13:33,600 --> 01:13:35,720 CELL STILL UNDER THE PARAMETERS 1872 01:13:35,720 --> 01:13:36,840 OF THE FIRST CELL. 1873 01:13:36,840 --> 01:13:39,080 SO HERE IT IS THE FIRST CELL 1874 01:13:39,080 --> 01:13:41,000 THAT IS CONTROLLING THE SECOND 1875 01:13:41,000 --> 01:13:42,800 CELL MEANING WE STILL STAY UNDER 1876 01:13:42,800 --> 01:13:45,280 THE CONTEXT OF CONTROLLING THE 1877 01:13:45,280 --> 01:13:45,480 BRAIN. 1878 01:13:45,480 --> 01:13:46,920 IT WILL BE IMPORTANT FOR 1879 01:13:46,920 --> 01:13:47,880 TARGETING SPECIFIC BEHAVIORS 1880 01:13:47,880 --> 01:13:49,320 WHILE LEAVING OTHER BEHAVIORS 1881 01:13:49,320 --> 01:13:50,120 IN. 1882 01:13:50,120 --> 01:13:51,920 ULTIMATELY, AS I MENTIONED, IT 1883 01:13:51,920 --> 01:13:52,920 REQUIRES WORK BY THE FIELD MORE 1884 01:13:52,920 --> 01:13:54,720 BROADLY. 1885 01:13:54,720 --> 01:13:57,160 >> THAT'S A GREAT POINT BECAUSE 1886 01:13:57,160 --> 01:13:59,320 CERTAINLY IT'S NOT JUST ENOUGH 1887 01:13:59,320 --> 01:14:01,360 TO STIMULATE THE PRESYNAPTIC 1888 01:14:01,360 --> 01:14:02,960 CELL BUT THAT WILL MAKE A 1889 01:14:02,960 --> 01:14:05,440 VARIETY OF CONNECTIONS INCLUDING 1890 01:14:05,440 --> 01:14:08,920 WITH BOTH OTHER EXCITATORY AND 1891 01:14:08,920 --> 01:14:10,120 INHIBITORY NEURONS AND IF YOU 1892 01:14:10,120 --> 01:14:12,080 CAN NEURO DOWN THE PATHWAY IT 1893 01:14:12,080 --> 01:14:13,840 WOULD BE A HUGE BENEFIT. 1894 01:14:13,840 --> 01:14:16,560 THE MORE TOOLS IN THE TOOLBOX 1895 01:14:16,560 --> 01:14:17,760 THE BETTER OFF WE'LL BE AND IT 1896 01:14:17,760 --> 01:14:18,880 IS A HUGE CHALLENGE. 1897 01:14:18,880 --> 01:14:20,080 I THINK WE CAN GET THERE WITH 1898 01:14:20,080 --> 01:14:22,400 THE TOOLS WE'RE BUILDING WITH 1899 01:14:22,400 --> 01:14:23,320 OUR PROJECTS. 1900 01:14:23,320 --> 01:14:24,920 WE HAVE TIME FOR ONE OR TWO 1901 01:14:24,920 --> 01:14:29,080 MORE. 1902 01:14:29,080 --> 01:14:30,160 >> WE NEED SUPPORT FROM THE 1903 01:14:30,160 --> 01:14:30,880 COMMUNITY AND FROM CONGRESS TO 1904 01:14:30,880 --> 01:14:33,040 GET THERE. 1905 01:14:33,040 --> 01:14:43,240 >> RIGHT. 1906 01:15:02,720 --> 01:15:04,920 >> THE MAP WE CREATED FOR 1907 01:15:04,920 --> 01:15:08,600 DEPRESSION STUDIES WERE IN 1908 01:15:08,600 --> 01:15:08,800 MALES. 1909 01:15:08,800 --> 01:15:12,960 WE SINCE FOLLOWED THAT UP WITH 1910 01:15:12,960 --> 01:15:18,640 WORK FROM A GRADUATE STUDENTS 1911 01:15:18,640 --> 01:15:20,040 LOOKING FOR MAPS IN FEMALES AND 1912 01:15:20,040 --> 01:15:21,200 SEEING THE EXTENT TO WHICH THEY 1913 01:15:21,200 --> 01:15:26,120 GENERALIZE. 1914 01:15:26,120 --> 01:15:28,920 THE GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS 1915 01:15:28,920 --> 01:15:30,480 RELATED TO STRESS-INDUCED 1916 01:15:30,480 --> 01:15:31,920 BEHAVIORS ARE DIFFERENT. 1917 01:15:31,920 --> 01:15:33,400 THEY DON'T LOOK IDENTICAL 1918 01:15:33,400 --> 01:15:35,880 BETWEEN MALES AND FEMALE MICE. 1919 01:15:35,880 --> 01:15:38,760 AS WE KNOW, ILLNESS LIKE 1920 01:15:38,760 --> 01:15:40,920 DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY ARE MORE 1921 01:15:40,920 --> 01:15:42,920 PREVALENT IN FEMALES THAN MALES. 1922 01:15:42,920 --> 01:15:47,000 WE'RE HOPING THE LEVEL OF 1923 01:15:47,000 --> 01:15:50,440 CONVERGENCE BETWEEN SEXES WILL 1924 01:15:50,440 --> 01:15:52,560 COME UP IN THE FRAMEWORK AND 1925 01:15:52,560 --> 01:15:53,440 THEN COME UP WITH THE 1926 01:15:53,440 --> 01:15:55,040 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SEXES. 1927 01:15:55,040 --> 01:15:56,360 >> THERE'S A WHOLE SLEW OF 1928 01:15:56,360 --> 01:15:57,480 QUESTIONS STILL. 1929 01:15:57,480 --> 01:15:59,040 I APOLOGIZE WE WON'T GET TO 1930 01:15:59,040 --> 01:15:59,680 THEM. 1931 01:15:59,680 --> 01:16:00,960 WE'RE RUNNING A BIT OVER TIME 1932 01:16:00,960 --> 01:16:05,040 BUT THANK YOU AGAIN, KAF, FOR A 1933 01:16:05,040 --> 01:16:07,120 TERRIFIC TALK AND STIMULATE AND 1934 01:16:07,120 --> 01:16:07,480 PROVOCATIVE. 1935 01:16:07,480 --> 01:16:08,760 I LOOK FORWARD TO SEEING THE 1936 01:16:08,760 --> 01:16:10,800 NEXT SET OF EXPERIMENTS AND 1937 01:16:10,800 --> 01:16:12,560 HOPEFULLY WILL START SPREADING 1938 01:16:12,560 --> 01:16:15,080 INTO OTHER PEOPLE'S HANDS AS 1939 01:16:15,080 --> 01:16:15,760 WELL. 1940 01:16:15,760 --> 01:16:16,920 OKAY, SORRY I DIDN'T GET TO ALL 1941 01:16:16,920 --> 01:16:18,000 THE QUESTIONS. 1942 01:16:18,000 --> 01:16:20,200 YOU CAN PROBABLY FIND KAF AND 1943 01:16:20,200 --> 01:16:22,040 ASK HIM DIRECTLY AND TOO BAD 1944 01:16:22,040 --> 01:16:23,840 WE'RE NOT IN PERSON IN THE 1945 01:16:23,840 --> 01:16:27,640 MEETING BUT HE CAN BE FOUND 1946 01:16:27,640 --> 01:16:28,000 ELECTRONICALLY. 1947 01:16:28,000 --> 01:16:29,360 I WANT TO MOVE TO OUR NEXT PHASE 1948 01:16:29,360 --> 01:16:31,680 THAT'S TO ANNOUNCE THE WINNERS 1949 01:16:31,680 --> 01:16:32,840 OF THE BRAIN INITIATIVE SHOW US 1950 01:16:32,840 --> 01:16:34,960 YOUR BRAINS PHOTO AND VIDEO 1951 01:16:34,960 --> 01:16:35,200 CONTEST. 1952 01:16:35,200 --> 01:16:36,720 THIS IS ALWAYS A REAL FUN PART 1953 01:16:36,720 --> 01:16:38,920 OF THE MEETING FOR ME TO SEE IN 1954 01:16:38,920 --> 01:16:40,920 ADDITION TO THE SCIENTIFIC 1955 01:16:40,920 --> 01:16:43,120 CREATIVITY OR TO COMPLEMENT THE 1956 01:16:43,120 --> 01:16:46,680 SCIENTIFIC CREATIVITY FOR OUR 1957 01:16:46,680 --> 01:16:47,440 COMMUNITY, LET'S SEE THE 1958 01:16:47,440 --> 01:16:50,400 ARTESTRY THAT COMES FROM THIS. 1959 01:16:50,400 --> 01:16:53,720 THIS YEAR WE HAD A BUNCH OF 1960 01:16:53,720 --> 01:17:01,320 ENTRIES AND NARROWED IT DOWN TO 1961 01:17:01,320 --> 01:17:03,280 VIDEOS AND PHOTOS. 1962 01:17:03,280 --> 01:17:05,720 THE CONTEST ATTRACTED MORE THAN 1963 01:17:05,720 --> 01:17:07,000 2,000 PAGE VIEWS DURING THE 1964 01:17:07,000 --> 01:17:08,520 PUBLIC VOTING WITH MORE THAN 300 1965 01:17:08,520 --> 01:17:10,400 VOTES FOR EACH ENTRY. 1966 01:17:10,400 --> 01:17:13,920 I'D LIKE TO ANNOUNCE THE TOP 1967 01:17:13,920 --> 01:17:19,960 THREE PHOTOS AND VIDEOS OF THE 1968 01:17:19,960 --> 01:17:28,440 2022 CONTEST. 1969 01:17:28,440 --> 01:17:30,520 AND THERE'S MEMORY FROM 1970 01:17:30,520 --> 01:17:32,040 STEPHANIE GRELLO FROM BOSTON 1971 01:17:32,040 --> 01:17:32,520 UNIVERSITY. 1972 01:17:32,520 --> 01:17:34,240 A GORGEOUS PHOTO HERE SHOWING 1973 01:17:34,240 --> 01:17:37,560 TWO MEMORIES UNDER THE 1974 01:17:37,560 --> 01:17:40,400 MICROSCOPE INTO THE HIPPOCAMPUS 1975 01:17:40,400 --> 01:17:42,560 OF A MOUSE USING VIRAL 1976 01:17:42,560 --> 01:17:44,720 TECHNOLOGY AND OPTOGENETICS. 1977 01:17:44,720 --> 01:17:48,920 THE SECOND IS ENTITLED MIND MAP 1978 01:17:48,920 --> 01:17:51,280 THE INTRICATE WIRING OF THE 1979 01:17:51,280 --> 01:17:53,560 HUMAN MIND. 1980 01:17:53,560 --> 01:17:55,520 THEY'RE FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF 1981 01:17:55,520 --> 01:17:58,800 NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL. 1982 01:17:58,800 --> 01:18:01,400 THEY'RE VISUALIZING THE BRAIN 1983 01:18:01,400 --> 01:18:02,880 ACTIVITY AND PROPAGATING BRAIN 1984 01:18:02,880 --> 01:18:07,240 INFORMATION TO FIBER TRACKS AND 1985 01:18:07,240 --> 01:18:13,400 LOOKING AT DIFFUSION TOPOGRAPHY. 1986 01:18:13,400 --> 01:18:23,040 THE NEXT IS AND LOOK AT THIS AND 1987 01:18:23,040 --> 01:18:24,800 SORRY ABOUT MY PRONUNCIATION. 1988 01:18:24,800 --> 01:18:31,280 IF YOU LOOK AT THIS, YOU CAN SEE 1989 01:18:31,280 --> 01:18:35,720 AND YOU CAN IMAGINE ABRAHAM 1990 01:18:35,720 --> 01:18:40,440 LINCOLN'S PROFILE AND THIS IS 1991 01:18:40,440 --> 01:18:41,360 STAINED. 1992 01:18:41,360 --> 01:18:44,920 THE NEXT ONE IS THE FIRST PLACE 1993 01:18:44,920 --> 01:18:55,360 VIDEO IS FROM ANDREAS SHOWING 1994 01:18:55,360 --> 01:19:00,160 TWO PHOTON IMAGING WITH MATCHING 1995 01:19:00,160 --> 01:19:04,720 MORPHOLOGIES. 1996 01:19:04,720 --> 01:19:08,920 HERE PUTTING TOGETHER THE 1997 01:19:08,920 --> 01:19:10,560 MODALITIES. 1998 01:19:10,560 --> 01:19:15,920 THE SECOND PLACE VIDEO AND 1999 01:19:15,920 --> 01:19:18,480 TRANSFORMING INTRACRANIAL 2000 01:19:18,480 --> 01:19:20,880 RECORDING OF AN ONGOING SEIZURE 2001 01:19:20,880 --> 01:19:21,440 USING RECONSTRUCTION OF THE 2002 01:19:21,440 --> 01:19:31,760 PATIENT'S OWN BRAIN. 2003 01:19:34,560 --> 01:19:36,920 AND IS A RENDERING OF 2004 01:19:36,920 --> 01:19:44,320 RECONSTRUCTION OF LAYER FIVE 2005 01:19:44,320 --> 01:19:47,560 CORTICO IONS. 2006 01:19:47,560 --> 01:19:50,280 IS IT BLINKING? 2007 01:19:50,280 --> 01:19:52,640 I WANT TO CONGRATULATE ALL THE 2008 01:19:52,640 --> 01:19:54,080 WINNERS AND THANK THE 2009 01:19:54,080 --> 01:19:54,400 CONTESTANTS. 2010 01:19:54,400 --> 01:19:56,160 WE LOOK FORWARD TO SHOWCASING 2011 01:19:56,160 --> 01:19:57,000 THE WORK ON THE WEBSITE. 2012 01:19:57,000 --> 01:19:59,600 I THINK IT'S GOING UP AS WE 2013 01:19:59,600 --> 01:19:59,800 SPEAK. 2014 01:19:59,800 --> 01:20:01,680 I ENCOURAGE EVERYBODY TO CHECK 2015 01:20:01,680 --> 01:20:04,040 OUT THE POSTERS AND PLEASE STAY 2016 01:20:04,040 --> 01:20:06,360 TUNED FOR THE TRAINEE HIGHLIGHT 2017 01:20:06,360 --> 01:20:16,120 AWARDS IN THE AFTERNOON 2018 01:20:16,120 --> 01:20:27,600 HELLO, I'M JOHN, WE 2019 01:20:27,600 --> 01:20:35,440 HAVE POST DOCS WE RECEIVED 2020 01:20:35,440 --> 01:20:38,080 SUBMISSIONS AND THE REVIEWS IN 2021 01:20:38,080 --> 01:20:51,320 THE 2021 CLIMATE COMMITTEE 2022 01:20:51,320 --> 01:20:54,600 SELECT THE 30 TOP FINALISTS TO 2023 01:20:54,600 --> 01:20:56,280 PRESENT FLASH TALKS ALONG WITH 2024 01:20:56,280 --> 01:20:59,360 AN INTERACTIVE VIRTUAL POSTER 2025 01:20:59,360 --> 01:21:03,200 AND HONORABLE RECIPIENTS WILL 2026 01:21:03,200 --> 01:21:06,480 EXPLAIN IN THE POSTER GALA. 2027 01:21:06,480 --> 01:21:09,800 >>MORE HOW THE AMAZING 2028 01:21:09,800 --> 01:21:11,520 RESEARCHERS WERE SELECTED. 2029 01:21:11,520 --> 01:21:12,720 WE JUDGED THE SCIENTIFIC 2030 01:21:12,720 --> 01:21:15,040 EFFORTS, THE RESEARCH 2031 01:21:15,040 --> 01:21:17,600 DISCOVERIES OF HIGH RELEVANCE 2032 01:21:17,600 --> 01:21:22,800 WITH PRIORITIZATION OF DATA AND 2033 01:21:22,800 --> 01:21:23,400 PLANS AS PROMOTE. 2034 01:21:23,400 --> 01:21:25,000 THE SECOND THING WE LOOKED AT 2035 01:21:25,000 --> 01:21:28,040 WAS HOW THE TRAINEE'S RESEARCH 2036 01:21:28,040 --> 01:21:29,440 CONTRIBUTES TO THE LARGER 2037 01:21:29,440 --> 01:21:31,640 BRAIN-RELATED RESEARCH EFFORT. 2038 01:21:31,640 --> 01:21:34,880 THE LAB AND/OR THE OVER ALL 2039 01:21:34,880 --> 01:21:36,920 PROJECT GRANT. 2040 01:21:36,920 --> 01:21:38,120 FINALLY, SOMETHING REALLY 2041 01:21:38,120 --> 01:21:39,480 IMPORTANT FOR THE BRAIN 2042 01:21:39,480 --> 01:21:42,120 INITIATIVE, INCLUSION. 2043 01:21:42,120 --> 01:21:44,320 INCLUSION AND STRATEGIES 2044 01:21:44,320 --> 01:21:45,160 UTILIZED TO ADVANCE THE 2045 01:21:45,160 --> 01:21:47,800 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL MERIT 2046 01:21:47,800 --> 01:21:51,160 OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT THROUGH 2047 01:21:51,160 --> 01:21:52,560 EXPANDED INCLUSIVITY. 2048 01:21:52,560 --> 01:21:54,760 WE'LL GET STARTED SOON BY 2049 01:21:54,760 --> 01:22:00,440 LISTENING TO THESE FOUR-MINUTE 2050 01:22:00,440 --> 01:22:05,600 TALKS KEEP IN MIND YOU CAN 2051 01:22:05,600 --> 01:22:06,600 SUBMIT QUESTIONS IN THE Q&A BOX 2052 01:22:06,600 --> 01:22:09,080 YOU SEE TO PRESENTERS AS THE 2053 01:22:09,080 --> 01:22:12,800 TALKS ARE GOING. 2054 01:22:12,800 --> 01:22:12,920 . 2055 01:22:12,920 --> 01:22:17,200 PLEASE NOTE THE NAME OF THE 2056 01:22:17,200 --> 01:22:17,480 PRESENTER. 2057 01:22:17,480 --> 01:22:18,840 THIS WILL HELP US WHEN WE GO TO 2058 01:22:18,840 --> 01:22:20,400 THAT PORTION OF THE MEETING. 2059 01:22:20,400 --> 01:22:22,000 WE'LL BE LEADING HE DISCUSSION 2060 01:22:22,000 --> 01:22:23,760 SESSION WITH OUR IMPRESSIVE 2061 01:22:23,760 --> 01:22:26,560 TRAINEES AFTER THE VIEWING OF 2062 01:22:26,560 --> 01:22:27,040 ALL THE PRESENTATIONS. 2063 01:22:27,040 --> 01:22:29,200 SO JOIN US IN WELCOMING OUR 2064 01:22:29,200 --> 01:22:29,680 TRAINEE HIGHLIGHT AWARD 2065 01:22:29,680 --> 01:22:39,880 PRESENTERS. 2066 01:22:42,080 --> 01:22:46,200 >> I'M A POST-DOCTORAL 2067 01:22:46,200 --> 01:22:47,600 RESEARCHER AT THE COLLEGE OF 2068 01:22:47,600 --> 01:22:52,800 MEDICINE CENTRAL MICHIGAN 2069 01:22:52,800 --> 01:22:53,480 UNIVERSITY. 2070 01:22:53,480 --> 01:22:57,400 I APPRECIATE THE OPPORTUNITY AND 2071 01:22:57,400 --> 01:23:02,480 PLATFORM TO SHARE MY RESEARCH 2072 01:23:02,480 --> 01:23:12,160 AND WE DEVELOPED A TOOL NO BIO 2073 01:23:12,160 --> 01:23:12,480 LUMINESCENCE. 2074 01:23:12,480 --> 01:23:16,840 IT MEANS BIO LUMINESCENT LIGHT. 2075 01:23:16,840 --> 01:23:18,280 HERE BETWEEN THE CELLS. 2076 01:23:18,280 --> 01:23:22,120 WHEN THE CENTER IS A PRESYNAPTIC 2077 01:23:22,120 --> 01:23:30,240 AND THE RECEIVER IS A POST 2078 01:23:30,240 --> 01:23:30,800 SYNAPSE. 2079 01:23:30,800 --> 01:23:39,200 BIO LUMINESCENCE IMITAIMITATES. 2080 01:23:39,200 --> 01:23:45,040 THE PRESYNAPTIC NEURON TARGETS 2081 01:23:45,040 --> 01:23:53,560 THE VESICLES AND IN THE PRESENCE 2082 01:23:53,560 --> 01:23:55,320 OF A SMALL MOLECULE THE 2083 01:23:55,320 --> 01:23:59,240 SUBSTRATE FOR THIS EN GAME, BIO 2084 01:23:59,240 --> 01:24:01,320 LUMINESCENT LIGHT IS EMITTED. 2085 01:24:01,320 --> 01:24:03,040 THE LIGHT ACTIVATES THE 2086 01:24:03,040 --> 01:24:06,280 OPTOGENETIC ELEMENT EXPRESSED IN 2087 01:24:06,280 --> 01:24:10,800 THE POST SYNAPTIC NEURONS. 2088 01:24:10,800 --> 01:24:17,880 WE CAN FIND THE EFFECT BASED ON 2089 01:24:17,880 --> 01:24:21,520 THIS MODULATION AND WE USE A 2090 01:24:21,520 --> 01:24:31,960 HYPER POLARIZING ELEMENT. 2091 01:24:53,040 --> 01:24:55,480 A TOOL THAT FORMS SYNAPTIC 2092 01:24:55,480 --> 01:24:56,600 TRANSMISSION BETWEEN SPECIFIC 2093 01:24:56,600 --> 01:24:59,880 PARTNERS, FOR EXAMPLE, BY 2094 01:24:59,880 --> 01:25:01,320 ENHANCING OR SUPPRESSING 2095 01:25:01,320 --> 01:25:02,840 TRANSMISSION OF THESE PATTERNS 2096 01:25:02,840 --> 01:25:04,800 WILL BE CRITICAL FOR INSIGHTS 2097 01:25:04,800 --> 01:25:10,160 INTO FUNCTIONING. 2098 01:25:10,160 --> 01:25:13,520 IT IS ALSO A PROSPECTIVE 2099 01:25:13,520 --> 01:25:16,360 STRATEGY TO LOOK AT 2100 01:25:16,360 --> 01:25:17,880 INTRACELLULAR COMMUNICATION 2101 01:25:17,880 --> 01:25:21,640 UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONS. 2102 01:25:21,640 --> 01:25:23,480 PERTURBATIONS IN INTRACELLULAR 2103 01:25:23,480 --> 01:25:25,040 CONVERSATION THAT IS NEURONAL 2104 01:25:25,040 --> 01:25:25,800 CONVERSATIONS BEING TOO LOUD OR 2105 01:25:25,800 --> 01:25:29,720 TOO QUIET IS A LIKELY CAUSE OF 2106 01:25:29,720 --> 01:25:34,840 NUMEROUS NEUROPSYCHIATRIC 2107 01:25:34,840 --> 01:25:35,880 DISEASES. 2108 01:25:35,880 --> 01:25:41,320 ALSO, WHILE WE'RE CARRYING THIS 2109 01:25:41,320 --> 01:25:44,560 OUT IT CAN BE EXTEND FROM NEURON 2110 01:25:44,560 --> 01:25:45,640 TO MUSCLE OR TO CELL TO CELL 2111 01:25:45,640 --> 01:25:48,080 COMMUNICATION. 2112 01:25:48,080 --> 01:25:49,760 I HOPE YOU'LL GET A CHANCE TO 2113 01:25:49,760 --> 01:25:51,600 CHECK OUT THE POSTER ON THIS 2114 01:25:51,600 --> 01:25:56,840 TOPIC FOR MORE INSIGHTS INTO BIO 2115 01:25:56,840 --> 01:25:57,160 LUMINESCENCE. 2116 01:25:57,160 --> 01:25:59,840 I'D WELCOME YOUR KIND FEEDBACK 2117 01:25:59,840 --> 01:26:05,880 AND INQUIRIES AND COMMENTS. 2118 01:26:05,880 --> 01:26:09,000 >> I'M A POST-DOCTORAL FELLOW AT 2119 01:26:09,000 --> 01:26:10,840 BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE IN 2120 01:26:10,840 --> 01:26:13,280 HOUSTON, TEXAS. 2121 01:26:13,280 --> 01:26:14,840 I IDENTIFY NEURAL SIGNATURES 2122 01:26:14,840 --> 01:26:17,880 RELATED TO OCD OR OFFENSIVE 2123 01:26:17,880 --> 01:26:18,440 COMPULSIVE DISORDER. 2124 01:26:18,440 --> 01:26:20,560 THERE'S NO CURRENTLY NO 2125 01:26:20,560 --> 01:26:22,120 SIGNATURES OF THE CD SYMPTOMS 2126 01:26:22,120 --> 01:26:26,400 STATES AND THIS MAY BE DUE TO 2127 01:26:26,400 --> 01:26:29,160 LIMITED ACTIVITIES FOR 2128 01:26:29,160 --> 01:26:30,800 INTRAPHYSIOLOGICAL REPORTINGS 2129 01:26:30,800 --> 01:26:33,640 WHERE THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS 2130 01:26:33,640 --> 01:26:34,880 THEY'RE TAKING PLACE. 2131 01:26:34,880 --> 01:26:37,560 DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION OR DBS 2132 01:26:37,560 --> 01:26:40,040 PLATFORMS OFFER A WAY OVER THE 2133 01:26:40,040 --> 01:26:42,800 HURDLE ALLOWING FOR A TIME 2134 01:26:42,800 --> 01:26:45,160 DOMAIN STREAMING OF LFPs AT 2135 01:26:45,160 --> 01:26:46,560 HOME. 2136 01:26:46,560 --> 01:26:49,960 ANALYSIS OF THESE RECORDINGS MAY 2137 01:26:49,960 --> 01:26:51,720 A BETTER PATH TOWARD NEUROMARKER 2138 01:26:51,720 --> 01:26:53,480 IDENTIFICATION AND OCD. 2139 01:26:53,480 --> 01:26:56,080 HERE'S PART OF A CLINICAL TRIAL 2140 01:26:56,080 --> 01:26:59,800 FOR OCD AND HUMAN PARTICIPANTS 2141 01:26:59,800 --> 01:27:02,840 WITH OFFENSIVE COMPULSIVE 2142 01:27:02,840 --> 01:27:07,360 DISORDER WERE RECORDED WITH DBS 2143 01:27:07,360 --> 01:27:09,480 DEVICES AND WE LOOKED AT DISEASE 2144 01:27:09,480 --> 01:27:10,720 SPECIFIC BEHAVIORS CAPTURING 2145 01:27:10,720 --> 01:27:13,520 OVER 1,000 HOURS OF NEURAL DATA 2146 01:27:13,520 --> 01:27:15,320 IN FIVE PARTICIPANTS BOTH IN THE 2147 01:27:15,320 --> 01:27:15,920 CLINIC AND AT HOME. 2148 01:27:15,920 --> 01:27:17,520 THE DATA WAS COLLECTED OVER THE 2149 01:27:17,520 --> 01:27:20,880 COURSE OF THREE DAYS BY A SINGLE 2150 01:27:20,880 --> 01:27:21,200 PARTICIPANT. 2151 01:27:21,200 --> 01:27:24,280 THIS PARTICIPANT LOGGED THEIR 2152 01:27:24,280 --> 01:27:25,840 OCD SYSTEM INTENSITY FREQUENTLY 2153 01:27:25,840 --> 01:27:29,600 DURING THE COURSE OF THE 2154 01:27:29,600 --> 01:27:32,000 THREE-DAY PERIOD AND ENCOUNTERED 2155 01:27:32,000 --> 01:27:33,960 TRIGGERS ON DAY ONE AND TWO. 2156 01:27:33,960 --> 01:27:35,440 THE WIDE RANGE OF SEVERITY OVER 2157 01:27:35,440 --> 01:27:40,440 WHICH THE DATA WAS CAPTURED 2158 01:27:40,440 --> 01:27:43,560 ALLOWED US TO LOOK AT SYMPTOM 2159 01:27:43,560 --> 01:27:44,120 INTENSITY. 2160 01:27:44,120 --> 01:27:46,800 USING THE VENTRAL DATA CAPTURED 2161 01:27:46,800 --> 01:27:50,840 AROUND EACH INTENSITY RATING I 2162 01:27:50,840 --> 01:27:54,880 COMPETED SPECTRAL POWER IN FIVE 2163 01:27:54,880 --> 01:27:57,880 INTERESTS BETA, ALPHA AND GAMMA 2164 01:27:57,880 --> 01:27:59,760 BANDS AND FOUND A STRONG 2165 01:27:59,760 --> 01:28:01,040 NEGATIVE CORRELATION IN DELTA 2166 01:28:01,040 --> 01:28:03,640 BAND POWER. 2167 01:28:03,640 --> 01:28:05,200 WE CONSIDER THIS DELTA BAND 2168 01:28:05,200 --> 01:28:09,880 SIGNAL TO BE A CANDIDATE 2169 01:28:09,880 --> 01:28:15,920 BIOMARKER OF OCD STRESS AND 2170 01:28:15,920 --> 01:28:21,120 THINK IT CAN DEMONSTRATE OCD AND 2171 01:28:21,120 --> 01:28:23,040 DEMONSTRATE THE FEASIBILITY OF 2172 01:28:23,040 --> 01:28:26,480 CAPTURING PHYSIOLOGY TO ENABLE 2173 01:28:26,480 --> 01:28:28,400 NEURAL BIOMEDICAL 2174 01:28:28,400 --> 01:28:28,760 IDENTIFICATION. 2175 01:28:28,760 --> 01:28:33,920 A PREREQUISITE FOR ADAPTIVE DBS 2176 01:28:33,920 --> 01:28:37,600 FOR OCD AND OTHER DISORDER. 2177 01:28:37,600 --> 01:28:39,880 >> MY NAME IS JAY GILL. 2178 01:28:39,880 --> 01:28:42,520 I'M AN M.D. Ph.D. STUDENT AT 2179 01:28:42,520 --> 01:28:43,520 UCLA CURRENTLY COMPLETING THE 2180 01:28:43,520 --> 01:28:44,720 THIRD YEAR OF MY PH.D. 2181 01:28:44,720 --> 01:28:50,840 I'M COMPLETING MY PROJECT UNDER 2182 01:28:50,840 --> 01:28:59,880 DOCTOR LANGEVINS. 2183 01:28:59,880 --> 01:29:01,520 THE NEURAL PHYSIOLOGICAL 2184 01:29:01,520 --> 01:29:04,520 MECHANISMS IN THE HUMAN AMYGDALA 2185 01:29:04,520 --> 01:29:07,760 THAT UNDER LIE POSTTRAUMATIC 2186 01:29:07,760 --> 01:29:09,240 STRESS DISORDER ARE POORLY 2187 01:29:09,240 --> 01:29:09,560 UNDERSTAND. 2188 01:29:09,560 --> 01:29:13,560 IN THE FIRST OF ITS KIND STUDY 2189 01:29:13,560 --> 01:29:16,440 WE RECORDED DATA IN TWO 2190 01:29:16,440 --> 01:29:20,360 INDIVIDUAL WITH AMYGDALA 2191 01:29:20,360 --> 01:29:22,400 ELECTRODES FOR 2192 01:29:22,400 --> 01:29:23,600 TREATMENT-RESISTANT PTSD AND SO 2193 01:29:23,600 --> 01:29:29,120 WE'RE ABLE TO IMPLEMENT 2194 01:29:29,120 --> 01:29:30,960 CLOSED-LOOP NEUROSTIFF USING THE 2195 01:29:30,960 --> 01:29:31,680 RNS. 2196 01:29:31,680 --> 01:29:34,800 HOW THIS WORKS IS IT'S IMPLANTED 2197 01:29:34,800 --> 01:29:36,120 IN THE ELECTRODES ARE ABLE TO 2198 01:29:36,120 --> 01:29:38,280 STIM AND ALSO LISTEN. 2199 01:29:38,280 --> 01:29:43,640 SO SPECIFICALLY, THE RNS SYSTEM 2200 01:29:43,640 --> 01:29:46,800 LISTENS TO CHANGES IN POTENTIAL 2201 01:29:46,800 --> 01:29:48,920 OSCILLATIONS WHICH REFLECT THE 2202 01:29:48,920 --> 01:29:52,120 POPULATION RESPONSES OF A REGION 2203 01:29:52,120 --> 01:29:54,280 IN THE BRAIN AND SO IT TAKES THE 2204 01:29:54,280 --> 01:30:00,680 ACTIVITY IT'S LISTENING TO AND 2205 01:30:00,680 --> 01:30:01,680 LOOKS FOR A PROGRAM ASSOCIATED 2206 01:30:01,680 --> 01:30:04,520 WITH THE PATHOLOGY OF THE 2207 01:30:04,520 --> 01:30:04,760 DISORDER. 2208 01:30:04,760 --> 01:30:08,160 SO ONCE THAT SIGNAL IS HEARD, 2209 01:30:08,160 --> 01:30:09,680 THE DEVICE DELIVERS STIMULATION. 2210 01:30:09,680 --> 01:30:13,120 IN THIS WAY, IT CLOSES THE LOOP 2211 01:30:13,120 --> 01:30:16,160 THAT IS CREATED BETWEEN THE 2212 01:30:16,160 --> 01:30:17,440 BRAIN'S ACTIVITY AND THE THERAPY 2213 01:30:17,440 --> 01:30:17,720 DELIVERED. 2214 01:30:17,720 --> 01:30:20,720 SO ONE OF THE CHALLENGES FOR 2215 01:30:20,720 --> 01:30:23,440 THIS NOVEL STUDY THAT WE'RE 2216 01:30:23,440 --> 01:30:25,800 COMPLETING IS THAT WE DO NOT 2217 01:30:25,800 --> 01:30:27,640 KNOW WHAT THE SIGNAL THAT THE 2218 01:30:27,640 --> 01:30:29,680 DEVICE SHOULD BE LISTENING TO. 2219 01:30:29,680 --> 01:30:32,800 SO WHAT IS THE 2220 01:30:32,800 --> 01:30:34,280 ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL REFLECTION 2221 01:30:34,280 --> 01:30:34,920 OF THE PATIENT SYMPTOMS. 2222 01:30:34,920 --> 01:30:37,240 SO THE WORK THAT I'VE DONE 2223 01:30:37,240 --> 01:30:41,760 THROUGHOUT MY Ph.D. HAS BEEN 2224 01:30:41,760 --> 01:30:46,160 TRYING TO DEFINE THESE NOOIR 2225 01:30:46,160 --> 01:30:53,920 PHYSIOLOGICAL BIOMARKERS OF PTSD 2226 01:30:53,920 --> 01:30:56,240 SPECIFIC SYMPTOMS AND AND IN 2227 01:30:56,240 --> 01:30:58,440 ORDER TO FIGURE OUT WHAT OUR 2228 01:30:58,440 --> 01:31:00,720 BRAIN ACTIVITY CHANGES THAT 2229 01:31:00,720 --> 01:31:04,880 RELATE TO FEATURES OF PTSD WE 2230 01:31:04,880 --> 01:31:09,600 HAD TWO INDIVIDUALS PERFORM A 2231 01:31:09,600 --> 01:31:12,720 BATTERY OF TESTS THAT EXPOSED 2232 01:31:12,720 --> 01:31:15,840 THEM TO EXPERIENCES AND ACROSS 2233 01:31:15,840 --> 01:31:18,400 ALL PARADIGMS AND AN EXPOSURE 2234 01:31:18,400 --> 01:31:19,960 TASK WHERE SUBJECTS LISTEN TO 2235 01:31:19,960 --> 01:31:22,520 AUDIO SCRIPTS OF THEIR 2236 01:31:22,520 --> 01:31:25,560 INDIVIDUAL TRAUMAS AND A TASK IN 2237 01:31:25,560 --> 01:31:29,880 ALL THOSE WE FOUND THAT THERE'S 2238 01:31:29,880 --> 01:31:35,920 ELEVATION IN 5 TO 9 HERTZ POWER 2239 01:31:35,920 --> 01:31:36,880 IN THE CONDITIONS AND THIS MAY 2240 01:31:36,880 --> 01:31:39,560 BE A REFLECTION OF THE BRAIN 2241 01:31:39,560 --> 01:31:41,360 PROCESSING A NEGATIVE STIMULUS. 2242 01:31:41,360 --> 01:31:45,120 SO WE BELIEVE THIS WILL BE VERY 2243 01:31:45,120 --> 01:31:50,360 HELPFUL IN TRIGGERING 2244 01:31:50,360 --> 01:31:50,640 STIMULATION. 2245 01:31:50,640 --> 01:31:51,600 WHILE MY WORK WILL LARGELY FOCUS 2246 01:31:51,600 --> 01:31:56,000 ON TALKING ABOUT THE BIOMARKER 2247 01:31:56,000 --> 01:31:57,800 DEFINITION, IF YOU'RE INTERESTED 2248 01:31:57,800 --> 01:31:59,800 IN SEEING HOW OUR PATIENTS HAVE 2249 01:31:59,800 --> 01:32:01,000 FEARED WITH THE CLOSED-LOOP 2250 01:32:01,000 --> 01:32:02,880 MODULATION I ENCOURAGE YOU TO 2251 01:32:02,880 --> 01:32:05,880 VISIT THE TALK OF MY MENTOR. 2252 01:32:05,880 --> 01:32:07,280 THANKS FOR LISTENING. 2253 01:32:07,280 --> 01:32:09,120 >> HELLO, EVERYONE. 2254 01:32:09,120 --> 01:32:10,880 MY NAME IS SANDRA CHAN. 2255 01:32:10,880 --> 01:32:15,720 I'M A Ph.D. CANDIDATE AT PENN 2256 01:32:15,720 --> 01:32:16,400 STATE. 2257 01:32:16,400 --> 01:32:17,480 I'M HERE REPRESENTING MY 2258 01:32:17,480 --> 01:32:19,040 RESEARCH TEAM AND SHARING 2259 01:32:19,040 --> 01:32:20,160 FINDINGS WITH YOU. 2260 01:32:20,160 --> 01:32:22,800 I'LL START WITH GIVING YOU 2261 01:32:22,800 --> 01:32:26,800 CONTEXT ABOUT THE PROJECT. 2262 01:32:26,800 --> 01:32:29,600 THE MENTAL DISORDER PREVALENT IN 2263 01:32:29,600 --> 01:32:33,320 THE U.S. AND WORLDWIDE USUALLY 2264 01:32:33,320 --> 01:32:34,520 PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHARMACOLOGIC 2265 01:32:34,520 --> 01:32:37,040 TREATMENTS ARE INTERVENTIONS FOR 2266 01:32:37,040 --> 01:32:39,080 FIRST LINE DEPRESSION YET MOST 2267 01:32:39,080 --> 01:32:44,640 DO NOT RESPOND WELL TO PSYCHO 2268 01:32:44,640 --> 01:32:46,800 THERAPY. 2269 01:32:46,800 --> 01:32:51,120 AND INTERVENTIONS DELIVER PULSES 2270 01:32:51,120 --> 01:32:53,920 TO THE BRAIN CAN TREAT 2271 01:32:53,920 --> 01:32:55,640 PSYCHIATRIC CONDITIONS INCLUDING 2272 01:32:55,640 --> 01:32:56,200 DEPRESSION. 2273 01:32:56,200 --> 01:32:57,640 HOWEVER, STUDIES LOOKING AT 2274 01:32:57,640 --> 01:33:00,840 PATIENTS AND PUBLIC ATTITUDES 2275 01:33:00,840 --> 01:33:02,800 ACROSS THIS HAVE BEEN LACK. 2276 01:33:02,800 --> 01:33:05,400 IN THE PROJECT WE FOCUS ON FOUR 2277 01:33:05,400 --> 01:33:08,000 TECHNOLOGIES. 2278 01:33:08,000 --> 01:33:12,840 ELECTROCONVULSIVE STRATEGY AND 2279 01:33:12,840 --> 01:33:14,240 USED TO TREAT DEPRESSION AND 2280 01:33:14,240 --> 01:33:16,840 DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION AND 2281 01:33:16,840 --> 01:33:18,240 ADAPTIVE BRAIN IMPLANTS WHICH 2282 01:33:18,240 --> 01:33:20,400 ARE ON CLINICAL TRIAL. 2283 01:33:20,400 --> 01:33:21,800 IT'S IMPORTANT TO EXAMINE 2284 01:33:21,800 --> 01:33:22,720 ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE 2285 01:33:22,720 --> 01:33:30,800 TECHNOLOGIES FOR TWO REASONS. 2286 01:33:30,800 --> 01:33:33,200 FIRST, HAVING AN ACCURATE 2287 01:33:33,200 --> 01:33:34,600 UNDERSTANDING OF THE 2288 01:33:34,600 --> 01:33:36,120 STAKEHOLDERS VIEW WILL HELP 2289 01:33:36,120 --> 01:33:38,800 PROFESSIONALS MAKE TREATMENT 2290 01:33:38,800 --> 01:33:41,120 ACCOMMODATIONS. 2291 01:33:41,120 --> 01:33:42,440 TO THAT END OVER THE COURSE OF 2292 01:33:42,440 --> 01:33:44,240 FOUR YEARS THEY INTERVIEWED AND 2293 01:33:44,240 --> 01:33:45,520 CONDUCTED A NATIONAL SURVEY THAT 2294 01:33:45,520 --> 01:33:49,480 INCLUDES PSYCHIATRISTS, PATIENTS 2295 01:33:49,480 --> 01:33:50,640 AND MEMBERS OF THE GENERAL 2296 01:33:50,640 --> 01:33:50,880 PUBLIC. 2297 01:33:50,880 --> 01:33:54,600 THEY CAREFULLY IDENTIFIED THE 2298 01:33:54,600 --> 01:33:58,800 ETHICAL CONCERNS AND VIEWS THE 2299 01:33:58,800 --> 01:34:03,160 STAKEHOLDERS HAVE ABOUT THE 2300 01:34:03,160 --> 01:34:04,880 NEWER TECHNOLOGIES AND 2301 01:34:04,880 --> 01:34:06,360 CONTRIBUTIONS OF A MAP THAT WILL 2302 01:34:06,360 --> 01:34:08,600 ALLOW US TO INVESTIGATE THE 2303 01:34:08,600 --> 01:34:10,800 SOCIAL MEANING ATTACHED TO THE 2304 01:34:10,800 --> 01:34:11,320 NEWER TECHNOLOGIES AND 2305 01:34:11,320 --> 01:34:11,920 UNDERSTAND PERCEPTIONS AROUND 2306 01:34:11,920 --> 01:34:16,920 THEM. 2307 01:34:16,920 --> 01:34:19,680 TO CREATE THE MAP WE DREW ON 2308 01:34:19,680 --> 01:34:21,200 QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE 2309 01:34:21,200 --> 01:34:23,240 DATA AND THE LITERATURE ON THE 2310 01:34:23,240 --> 01:34:23,440 OTHER. 2311 01:34:23,440 --> 01:34:26,760 AND WE WANTED THE MAP TO HELP US 2312 01:34:26,760 --> 01:34:28,760 ANTICIPATE THE ETHICAL 2313 01:34:28,760 --> 01:34:30,400 CHALLENGES P.I.s RAISED AS WELL 2314 01:34:30,400 --> 01:34:34,320 AS A SOCIAL GUIDANCE IN THE 2315 01:34:34,320 --> 01:34:34,640 DEVELOPMENT. 2316 01:34:34,640 --> 01:34:35,920 IN THE PROCESS OF CREATING THESE 2317 01:34:35,920 --> 01:34:40,720 MAPS WE LEARNED SIGNAL LINK AND 2318 01:34:40,720 --> 01:34:42,400 IT'S INTEGRAL FOR STAKEHOLDERS' 2319 01:34:42,400 --> 01:34:45,680 VIEWS ABOUT USING THEM TO TREAT 2320 01:34:45,680 --> 01:34:46,000 DEPRESSION. 2321 01:34:46,000 --> 01:34:50,040 STIGMA INFLUENCES DEPRESSION 2322 01:34:50,040 --> 01:34:52,320 SHAPING HOW RISK OR BENEFICIAL 2323 01:34:52,320 --> 01:34:54,400 THEY APPEAR TO BE, HOW INVASIVE 2324 01:34:54,400 --> 01:34:55,560 THEY'RE CONSIDERED AND HOW MUCH 2325 01:34:55,560 --> 01:34:57,240 THEY CAN CREATE A PERSON'S SENSE 2326 01:34:57,240 --> 01:34:58,320 OF SELF. 2327 01:34:58,320 --> 01:35:01,680 THOUGH TREATMENTS FOR DEPRESSION 2328 01:35:01,680 --> 01:35:06,480 ARE STIGMATIZED TO VARYING 2329 01:35:06,480 --> 01:35:07,760 DEGREES THE STIGMA HAS TO BE 2330 01:35:07,760 --> 01:35:10,000 SEPARATED FROM THE STIGMA OF 2331 01:35:10,000 --> 01:35:10,800 DEPRESSION THOUGH IN PRACTICE 2332 01:35:10,800 --> 01:35:13,200 THEY'RE INTERRELATED. 2333 01:35:13,200 --> 01:35:15,200 WE HOPE THE MAP INCREASES 2334 01:35:15,200 --> 01:35:16,920 AWARENESS OF HOW STIGMA 2335 01:35:16,920 --> 01:35:20,240 FUNCTIONS AS A COMPLEX BARRIER. 2336 01:35:20,240 --> 01:35:22,280 AND IMPLEMENTATION OF P.I.s FOR 2337 01:35:22,280 --> 01:35:24,240 DEPRESSION WHILE IT HAS BEEN OUR 2338 01:35:24,240 --> 01:35:26,520 UNDERSTANDING HOW STILL MA 2339 01:35:26,520 --> 01:35:30,680 RELATE -- STIGMA RELATED AND 2340 01:35:30,680 --> 01:35:33,280 ACTS WITH DEPRESSION ITSELF. 2341 01:35:33,280 --> 01:35:34,480 STIGMA DISTORTS THE VISION. 2342 01:35:34,480 --> 01:35:36,720 WE KNOW MENTAL HEALTH STIGMA 2343 01:35:36,720 --> 01:35:40,280 TENDS TO DOWN PLAY THE SEVERITY 2344 01:35:40,280 --> 01:35:42,320 OF DEPRESSION, THE STIGMA SKEWS 2345 01:35:42,320 --> 01:35:43,960 THE CHARACTERISTICS AND ACCESS 2346 01:35:43,960 --> 01:35:46,080 TO WHAT ARE SAFE AND EFFECTIVE 2347 01:35:46,080 --> 01:35:46,680 INTERVENTIONS FOR DEPRESSION. 2348 01:35:46,680 --> 01:35:50,800 THANK YOU. 2349 01:35:50,800 --> 01:35:53,560 >> I'M A GRAD STUDENT IN THE LAB 2350 01:35:53,560 --> 01:35:54,320 AT CAL TECH. 2351 01:35:54,320 --> 01:35:55,960 TODAY I WANT TO TALK TO YOU 2352 01:35:55,960 --> 01:35:59,400 ABOUT OUR EFFORTS TO DESIGN A 2353 01:35:59,400 --> 01:36:01,640 VIRAL PLATFORM THAT DELIVERS 2354 01:36:01,640 --> 01:36:02,680 GENES TO THE BRAIN. 2355 01:36:02,680 --> 01:36:03,920 WHY DOES IT MATTER? 2356 01:36:03,920 --> 01:36:05,880 ONE OF THE GOALS OF THE BRAIN 2357 01:36:05,880 --> 01:36:07,800 INITIATIVE IS TO ENABLE WHOLE 2358 01:36:07,800 --> 01:36:10,720 BRAIN IMAGING OF ACTIVITY OVER 2359 01:36:10,720 --> 01:36:11,480 LONG PERIOD OF TIME AND AS MANY 2360 01:36:11,480 --> 01:36:16,560 IN THE AUDIENCE PROBABLY KNOW, 2361 01:36:16,560 --> 01:36:18,560 COMMONLY USED TECHNIQUES WHILE 2362 01:36:18,560 --> 01:36:21,440 THEY OFFER HIGH RESOLUTION LACK 2363 01:36:21,440 --> 01:36:22,600 PENETRATION DEPTH. 2364 01:36:22,600 --> 01:36:26,120 IN CONTRAST, ULTRASOUND IS A 2365 01:36:26,120 --> 01:36:29,920 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY THAT OFFERS A 2366 01:36:29,920 --> 01:36:33,280 PENETRATION WITHOUT COMPENSATING 2367 01:36:33,280 --> 01:36:34,800 THE RESOLUTION. 2368 01:36:34,800 --> 01:36:38,080 UNTIL RECENTLY, ULTRASOUND 2369 01:36:38,080 --> 01:36:40,080 IMAGING HAS BEEN LIMITED TO 2370 01:36:40,080 --> 01:36:40,480 IMAGING. 2371 01:36:40,480 --> 01:36:45,680 IN THE LAST YEARS OUR LAB AND 2372 01:36:45,680 --> 01:36:52,960 OTHERS HAVE ENGINEERED DERIVED 2373 01:36:52,960 --> 01:36:54,440 NANO STRUCTURES OF PROTEINS AND 2374 01:36:54,440 --> 01:36:56,600 THE USE HAS BEEN LIMITED TO CELL 2375 01:36:56,600 --> 01:36:56,840 CULTURE. 2376 01:36:56,840 --> 01:37:00,440 DUE TO THE FACT THAT THE 2377 01:37:00,440 --> 01:37:02,320 EXPRESSION OF REQUIRES 2378 01:37:02,320 --> 01:37:03,920 CO-EXPRESSION OF MORE THAN 2379 01:37:03,920 --> 01:37:04,120 EIGHT. 2380 01:37:04,120 --> 01:37:09,000 HERE IN THE WORK I DEVELOPED A 2381 01:37:09,000 --> 01:37:11,480 MODULAR DELIVERY PLATFORM THAT 2382 01:37:11,480 --> 01:37:14,160 EFFICIENTLY DELIVERS GENES INTO 2383 01:37:14,160 --> 01:37:16,640 MAMMALIAN CELLS AND TISSUES. 2384 01:37:16,640 --> 01:37:23,000 THE VIRAL VECTOR ARCHITECTURE 2385 01:37:23,000 --> 01:37:26,440 PRODUCES STRONG ULTRASOUND 2386 01:37:26,440 --> 01:37:27,280 CONTRAST. 2387 01:37:27,280 --> 01:37:30,400 WE THEN DEMONSTRATE THE VECTORS 2388 01:37:30,400 --> 01:37:34,240 CAN BE USED TO RECORD ACTIVITY 2389 01:37:34,240 --> 01:37:35,160 BY PLACING THE EXPRESSION OF 2390 01:37:35,160 --> 01:37:38,840 GASES UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE 2391 01:37:38,840 --> 01:37:41,880 PROMOTERS SUCH AS CFAS. 2392 01:37:41,880 --> 01:37:45,920 WHAT I AM MOST EXCITED ABOUT IS 2393 01:37:45,920 --> 01:37:47,560 WE CAN EVEN IMAGE GREEN 2394 01:37:47,560 --> 01:37:49,920 EXPRESSION IN THE MOUSE BRAIN 2395 01:37:49,920 --> 01:37:53,800 AFTER INTRACRANIAL INJECTION 2396 01:37:53,800 --> 01:37:55,280 WHICH IS THE FIRST TIME WE COULD 2397 01:37:55,280 --> 01:37:57,160 DESCRIBE ULTRASOUND COULD BE 2398 01:37:57,160 --> 01:38:02,160 USED TO IMAGE EXPRESSION IN A 2399 01:38:02,160 --> 01:38:03,960 LIVE ANIMAL. 2400 01:38:03,960 --> 01:38:05,480 HERE ON THE SLIDE THE HEAT MAP 2401 01:38:05,480 --> 01:38:07,600 IS SHOWING THE GENE EXPRESSION 2402 01:38:07,600 --> 01:38:10,000 OF CELLS IN THE BRAIN THAT ARE 2403 01:38:10,000 --> 01:38:11,440 EXPRESSING OVERLAID ON TOP OF 2404 01:38:11,440 --> 01:38:13,440 THE FUNCTIONAL ULTRASOUND IN 2405 01:38:13,440 --> 01:38:15,080 GRAY SCALE TO GIVE YOU AN IDEA 2406 01:38:15,080 --> 01:38:18,080 OF THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN. 2407 01:38:18,080 --> 01:38:19,880 AND IN THE BOTTOM IMAGE YOU'RE 2408 01:38:19,880 --> 01:38:22,680 LOOKING AT THE CORRESPONDING 2409 01:38:22,680 --> 01:38:24,000 HISTOLOGY AFTER THE MOUSE HAD 2410 01:38:24,000 --> 01:38:25,000 BEEN SACRIFICED. 2411 01:38:25,000 --> 01:38:28,680 THE NEXT STEP FOR THE PROJECT IS 2412 01:38:28,680 --> 01:38:33,160 TO NOW INTEGRATE OUR IMMEDIATE 2413 01:38:33,160 --> 01:38:34,640 INTERFACE ACTIVITY SENSORS TO 2414 01:38:34,640 --> 01:38:37,000 LOOK AT ACTIVITY IN RESPONSE TO 2415 01:38:37,000 --> 01:38:38,880 STIMULI IN A MOUSE. 2416 01:38:38,880 --> 01:38:41,920 AND WE'RE HOPING TO ENABLE 2417 01:38:41,920 --> 01:38:44,200 IMAGING OF GENE EXPRESSION IN 2418 01:38:44,200 --> 01:38:46,800 THE SAME ANIMAL OVER LONG PERIOD 2419 01:38:46,800 --> 01:38:47,680 OF TIME. 2420 01:38:47,680 --> 01:38:48,520 IF YOU'RE INTERESTED IN HEARING 2421 01:38:48,520 --> 01:38:50,880 MORE ABOUT THE WORK OR HAVE 2422 01:38:50,880 --> 01:38:53,880 IDEAS WHAT WE CAN USE THE TOOL 2423 01:38:53,880 --> 01:38:57,800 KIT FOR ATTEND MY POSTER 836 IN 2424 01:38:57,800 --> 01:38:59,320 THE MONITORING NEURAL ACTIVITY 2425 01:38:59,320 --> 01:38:59,560 SECTION. 2426 01:38:59,560 --> 01:39:01,680 THANK YOU. 2427 01:39:01,680 --> 01:39:02,800 >> HI, EVERYONE. 2428 01:39:02,800 --> 01:39:05,920 I'M ETHAN ROY A THIRD YEAR Ph.D. 2429 01:39:05,920 --> 01:39:10,800 STUDENT AT THE STANFORD 2430 01:39:10,800 --> 01:39:14,320 UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF 2431 01:39:14,320 --> 01:39:14,600 EDUCATION. 2432 01:39:14,600 --> 01:39:17,720 I'M EXPLORING WHITE MATTER 2433 01:39:17,720 --> 01:39:18,040 PROPERTIES. 2434 01:39:18,040 --> 01:39:19,720 STUDIES USING CROSS SECTIONAL 2435 01:39:19,720 --> 01:39:26,800 AND LONGITUDINAL METHODS HAVE 2436 01:39:26,800 --> 01:39:28,640 SHOWN THE CORE WHITE MATTER 2437 01:39:28,640 --> 01:39:29,920 COMPONENTS OF THE READING 2438 01:39:29,920 --> 01:39:37,960 CIRCUITRY. 2439 01:39:37,960 --> 01:39:41,360 THEY CAN LEAD TO CONFLICTING 2440 01:39:41,360 --> 01:39:41,720 CONCLUSIONS. 2441 01:39:41,720 --> 01:39:43,560 WE LEVERAGED LARGE SCALE DATA 2442 01:39:43,560 --> 01:39:46,520 SETS TO TEST TWO HYPOTHESES 2443 01:39:46,520 --> 01:39:48,200 SURROUNDING THE RELATIONSHIP 2444 01:39:48,200 --> 01:39:50,320 BETWEEN WHITE MATTER AND SCALE. 2445 01:39:50,320 --> 01:39:53,320 A, WHITE MATTER PROPERTIES 2446 01:39:53,320 --> 01:39:58,800 REFLECT STATIC BRAIN ORDER 2447 01:39:58,800 --> 01:40:03,720 S RELATED TO READING SKILLS. 2448 01:40:03,720 --> 01:40:05,120 GAINS IN READING SKILL 2449 01:40:05,120 --> 01:40:09,480 CORRESPOND TO CHANGES IN WHITE 2450 01:40:09,480 --> 01:40:10,800 MATTER ORDER 2451 01:40:10,800 --> 01:40:21,240 IN THE LEFT SIDE. 2452 01:40:21,240 --> 01:40:26,640 AND WE LOOKED AT THE HPD DATA 2453 01:40:26,640 --> 01:40:29,160 SET SETS AND FOUND COMPARISONS 2454 01:40:29,160 --> 01:40:37,200 NOR HIGH DIMENSIONAL PROPERTIES 2455 01:40:37,200 --> 01:40:38,800 SUGGEST LONGITUDINAL WITHIN 2456 01:40:38,800 --> 01:40:40,920 SUBJECT BETTER SUIT FOR 2457 01:40:40,920 --> 01:40:41,960 UNDERSTANDING THE LINK BETWEEN 2458 01:40:41,960 --> 01:40:44,160 WHITE MATTER READING SKILL AND 2459 01:40:44,160 --> 01:40:45,280 AN INDIVIDUAL'S ACADEMIC 2460 01:40:45,280 --> 01:40:46,800 ENVIRONMENT AND PAST FINDINGS 2461 01:40:46,800 --> 01:40:50,800 FROM SINGLE OBSERVATION STUDIES 2462 01:40:50,800 --> 01:40:51,440 MAY NOT NECESSARILY GENERALIZE 2463 01:40:51,440 --> 01:40:53,920 THE LARGE DIVERSE SAMPLES. 2464 01:40:53,920 --> 01:40:56,640 THESE FINDINGS WILL EXPLORE THE 2465 01:40:56,640 --> 01:40:57,440 LONGITUDINAL RELATIONSHIP 2466 01:40:57,440 --> 01:40:58,840 BETWEEN READING AND WHITE MATTER 2467 01:40:58,840 --> 01:41:01,880 DEVELOPMENT AND POTENTIALLY 2468 01:41:01,880 --> 01:41:03,680 CONTRIBUTE TO NEUROSCIENCE 2469 01:41:03,680 --> 01:41:04,800 INFORMED READING INTERVENTIONS. 2470 01:41:04,800 --> 01:41:06,320 I HOPE YOU GET A CHANCE TO STOP 2471 01:41:06,320 --> 01:41:09,280 MY BY POSTER AND LOOK FORWARD TO 2472 01:41:09,280 --> 01:41:10,960 VIRTUALLY MEETING YOU. 2473 01:41:10,960 --> 01:41:16,040 >> HI, I'M CURRENTLY A Ph.D. 2474 01:41:16,040 --> 01:41:19,560 STUDENT AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 2475 01:41:19,560 --> 01:41:22,800 MINNESOTA. 2476 01:41:22,800 --> 01:41:24,760 I'M GOING GO OVER HOW WE'RE 2477 01:41:24,760 --> 01:41:27,360 GOING TO MODEL THE ELECTRODES IN 2478 01:41:27,360 --> 01:41:29,360 THE BRAIN BY MAGNETIC 2479 01:41:29,360 --> 01:41:32,400 STIMULATION TO ADDRESS THE 2480 01:41:32,400 --> 01:41:36,880 BOTTLENECK IN RESEARCH IN 2481 01:41:36,880 --> 01:41:39,200 LIMITED RESEARCH IN CERTAIN 2482 01:41:39,200 --> 01:41:41,480 CLINICAL SETTINGS. 2483 01:41:41,480 --> 01:41:46,800 TMS IS A PROMISING MODULATION 2484 01:41:46,800 --> 01:41:48,880 THAT IS SAFE AND CAN TARGET 2485 01:41:48,880 --> 01:41:53,600 REGIONS IN THE BRAIN. 2486 01:41:53,600 --> 01:41:56,000 TMS HAS BEEN APPROVED FOR 2487 01:41:56,000 --> 01:41:58,800 PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS SUCH AS 2488 01:41:58,800 --> 01:42:00,920 DEPRESSION AND OCD. 2489 01:42:00,920 --> 01:42:02,840 IT HAS THE HIGHEST CHANCE OF 2490 01:42:02,840 --> 01:42:07,080 SUCCESS WHEN THE PROTOCOL IS 2491 01:42:07,080 --> 01:42:08,400 DESIGNED AND OPTIMIZED FOR EACH 2492 01:42:08,400 --> 01:42:10,120 INDIVIDUAL AND CAN DEVELOP THESE 2493 01:42:10,120 --> 01:42:11,800 WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF 2494 01:42:11,800 --> 01:42:12,960 COMPUTATIONAL MODELLING WHICH 2495 01:42:12,960 --> 01:42:16,520 ALLOWS US TO SEE HOW DIFFERENT 2496 01:42:16,520 --> 01:42:17,520 PARAMETERS SUCH AS COIL POSITION 2497 01:42:17,520 --> 01:42:20,320 AND COIL TYPE AND STIMULATION 2498 01:42:20,320 --> 01:42:22,040 INTENSITY CAN INDUCE THE 2499 01:42:22,040 --> 01:42:23,960 ELECTRIC FIELD WITHIN THE BRAIN. 2500 01:42:23,960 --> 01:42:26,080 WITH MODELLING METHODS, 2501 01:42:26,080 --> 01:42:28,720 RESEARCHERS HAVE BEEN ABLE TO 2502 01:42:28,720 --> 01:42:30,920 DEVELOP HIGHLY ACTIVE RENDERING 2503 01:42:30,920 --> 01:42:32,800 BUT IT'S TIME CONSUMING RANGING 2504 01:42:32,800 --> 01:42:34,800 FROM SEVERAL HOURS TO MULTIPLE 2505 01:42:34,800 --> 01:42:37,200 DAYS DEPENDING ON THE NUMBER OF 2506 01:42:37,200 --> 01:42:41,080 MODELS THAT NEED TO BE GENERATE 2507 01:42:41,080 --> 01:42:43,760 AND IT'S RESULTED IN A 2508 01:42:43,760 --> 01:42:45,600 BOTTLENECK IN RESEARCH. 2509 01:42:45,600 --> 01:42:46,880 AND TO ADDRESS THESE ISSUES 2510 01:42:46,880 --> 01:42:51,160 WE'RE APPLYING METHODS FROM DEEP 2511 01:42:51,160 --> 01:42:51,560 LEARNING. 2512 01:42:51,560 --> 01:42:53,920 DEEP LEARNING MODELS USE 2513 01:42:53,920 --> 01:42:55,360 MATHEMATICAL ALGORITHMS TO 2514 01:42:55,360 --> 01:43:00,360 FILTER OUT KEY ASPECTS OF DETE 2515 01:43:00,360 --> 01:43:02,760 THROUGH A MULTI LAYERED NETWORK 2516 01:43:02,760 --> 01:43:08,400 AND DEEP LEARNING APPROACHES 2517 01:43:08,400 --> 01:43:10,160 SPECIFICALLY ONE APPROACH HAS 2518 01:43:10,160 --> 01:43:11,560 BEEN INCREASINGLY POPULAR WHEN 2519 01:43:11,560 --> 01:43:12,680 WORKING WITH MEDICAL IMAGES 2520 01:43:12,680 --> 01:43:16,000 BECAUSE OF THEIR ABILITY TO NOT 2521 01:43:16,000 --> 01:43:16,560 ONLY LEARN INFORMATION BUT 2522 01:43:16,560 --> 01:43:20,400 PRESERVE IT SPATIALLY. 2523 01:43:20,400 --> 01:43:24,920 WHILE IT'S A BEEN USED FOR IMAGE 2524 01:43:24,920 --> 01:43:26,800 SEGMENTATION WE'RE COVERING THE 2525 01:43:26,800 --> 01:43:28,720 NUANCES AND RELATIONSHIPS 2526 01:43:28,720 --> 01:43:32,720 BETWEEN OUR STIMULATION 2527 01:43:32,720 --> 01:43:35,240 PARAMETER AND SPANNING NEURO 2528 01:43:35,240 --> 01:43:37,200 ANATOMY TO OUTPUT. 2529 01:43:37,200 --> 01:43:40,200 TO ENSURE OUR MODEL IS ROBUST 2530 01:43:40,200 --> 01:43:41,840 WE'RE DEVELOPING A LARGE DATA 2531 01:43:41,840 --> 01:43:45,040 SET OF MRIs AND GENERATING 2532 01:43:45,040 --> 01:43:48,920 NUMERIC MODELS OF OVER 15,000 2533 01:43:48,920 --> 01:43:50,240 COIL SETTINGS. 2534 01:43:50,240 --> 01:43:51,840 OUR PRELIMINARY RESULTS SHOW 2535 01:43:51,840 --> 01:43:52,600 AFTER BEING TRAINED OUR DEEP 2536 01:43:52,600 --> 01:43:54,360 LEARNING MODEL IS ABLE TO MAKE 2537 01:43:54,360 --> 01:43:58,800 AN ESTIMATION OF THE ELECTRIC 2538 01:43:58,800 --> 01:44:01,320 FIELD IN 15 MILLISECONDS 2539 01:44:01,320 --> 01:44:01,920 COMPARED TO THE TRADITIONAL 2540 01:44:01,920 --> 01:44:04,160 PROCESS WHICH CAN TAKE TWO HOURS 2541 01:44:04,160 --> 01:44:06,360 WITH ACCURACY SHOWN IN THE 2542 01:44:06,360 --> 01:44:07,560 BOTTOM SLIDE. 2543 01:44:07,560 --> 01:44:08,880 AFTER DEVELOPING AND FINE TUNING 2544 01:44:08,880 --> 01:44:16,640 A MODEL TO ENSURE OPTIMAL 2545 01:44:16,640 --> 01:44:27,160 ROBUSTNESS AND WOULD ENABLE THE 2546 01:44:34,880 --> 01:44:35,280 CLINICAL SETTING. 2547 01:44:35,280 --> 01:44:38,120 IF YOU'RE INTERESTED IN A MORE 2548 01:44:38,120 --> 01:44:40,560 IN DEPTH SETTING STOP BY MY 2549 01:44:40,560 --> 01:44:45,000 POSTER NUMBER 803 WITH DEEP 2550 01:44:45,000 --> 01:44:47,920 LEARNING BASE AND ELECTRIC 2551 01:44:47,920 --> 01:44:48,120 FIELD. 2552 01:44:48,120 --> 01:44:50,800 THANK YOU. 2553 01:44:50,800 --> 01:44:53,320 >> HELLO. 2554 01:44:53,320 --> 01:44:54,840 I'M POST-DOC AT U.C. SAN 2555 01:44:54,840 --> 01:44:55,120 FRANCISCO. 2556 01:44:55,120 --> 01:44:58,280 HERE WE APPLY A COMPUTATIONAL 2557 01:44:58,280 --> 01:45:01,280 NEUROSCIENCE APPROACH TO LOOK AT 2558 01:45:01,280 --> 01:45:02,240 PATHOLOGY SUCH AS AN ALZHEIMER'S 2559 01:45:02,240 --> 01:45:07,440 DISEASE ALONG THE BRAIN'S 2560 01:45:07,440 --> 01:45:08,600 CONNECTOME. 2561 01:45:08,600 --> 01:45:10,840 THE AMYLOID IN ONE PORTION OF 2562 01:45:10,840 --> 01:45:13,720 THE GRAIN AFFECTS PROTEINS AND 2563 01:45:13,720 --> 01:45:22,800 HELPS PATHOLOGY 2564 01:45:22,800 --> 01:45:23,200 TRANSSYNAPTICALLY. 2565 01:45:23,200 --> 01:45:26,800 TAU CAN CASCADE THE MISFOLDING 2566 01:45:26,800 --> 01:45:28,200 ALONG THE PATHWAYS. 2567 01:45:28,200 --> 01:45:33,280 THIS TRANSMISSION UNDER LIES ALL 2568 01:45:33,280 --> 01:45:33,840 DEMEN 2569 01:45:33,840 --> 01:45:34,080 DEMENTIA. 2570 01:45:34,080 --> 01:45:36,880 OUR NETWORK DIFFUSION MODEL OR 2571 01:45:36,880 --> 01:45:39,520 NDM CAN MODEL SUCH PROGRESSION 2572 01:45:39,520 --> 01:45:41,720 OF ALZHEIMER'S NEUROPATHOLOGY 2573 01:45:41,720 --> 01:45:46,680 ALONG THE CONNECTOME AND 2574 01:45:46,680 --> 01:45:49,360 OPTIMIZING THE PARAMETERS OF 2575 01:45:49,360 --> 01:45:50,520 AMPLIFICATION OF PATHOLOGY. 2576 01:45:50,520 --> 01:45:53,440 ON THE PATHOLOGY CAN BE MODELLED 2577 01:45:53,440 --> 01:45:56,160 USING THE BRAIN'S CONNECT HOME 2578 01:45:56,160 --> 01:46:00,040 AND THE SURROUNDING NEUROLOGICAL 2579 01:46:00,040 --> 01:46:04,560 MOLECULES CAN ALSO INFLUENCE THE 2580 01:46:04,560 --> 01:46:05,920 SPREAD CLEARANCE AND AGGREGATION 2581 01:46:05,920 --> 01:46:09,040 OF PATHOLOGICAL ENTITIES. 2582 01:46:09,040 --> 01:46:15,920 WE HAVE EXAMPLE IN SILICO AND 2583 01:46:15,920 --> 01:46:17,360 INCLUDE SUCH AFFECTS. 2584 01:46:17,360 --> 01:46:21,440 ACTIVATION OF MICROGLIA THE 2585 01:46:21,440 --> 01:46:23,920 BRAIN'S IMMUNE CELLS IS A 2586 01:46:23,920 --> 01:46:25,440 CLASSIC FEATURE OF ALZHEIMER'S 2587 01:46:25,440 --> 01:46:25,680 DISEASE. 2588 01:46:25,680 --> 01:46:28,240 TAU DYNAMICS ARE INFLUENCED BY 2589 01:46:28,240 --> 01:46:30,880 THE ACTION OF MICROGLIA FOUND IN 2590 01:46:30,880 --> 01:46:34,400 THE VICINITY OF AGGREGATES. 2591 01:46:34,400 --> 01:46:37,080 MOUSE MODELS OF RAPID TAU 2592 01:46:37,080 --> 01:46:45,920 PROPAGATION HAVE DEMONSTRATE D 2593 01:46:45,920 --> 01:46:47,800 MICROGLIA CONTRIBUTE AND NO 2594 01:46:47,800 --> 01:46:49,760 SIMULATION OF THE AFFECTS OF 2595 01:46:49,760 --> 01:46:54,880 MICROGLIA EXIST SO FAR. 2596 01:46:54,880 --> 01:46:56,600 THE NOVEL MODEL SEEMS TO 2597 01:46:56,600 --> 01:46:58,800 QUANTIFY THE EFFECT OF MICROGLIA 2598 01:46:58,800 --> 01:47:03,360 AS MEDIATORS OF ABROGATION GIVEN 2599 01:47:03,360 --> 01:47:05,880 BY THE TERM IN FIGURE 1 AND 2600 01:47:05,880 --> 01:47:09,480 MICROGLIA AS MEDIATORS OF SPREAD 2601 01:47:09,480 --> 01:47:11,480 GIVEN BY THE TERM M BETA IN 2602 01:47:11,480 --> 01:47:12,520 FIGURE 1. 2603 01:47:12,520 --> 01:47:15,120 WE SET UP THE NEXUS MODEL AS 2604 01:47:15,120 --> 01:47:20,520 SHOWN IN FIGURE 2 USING TAU 2605 01:47:20,520 --> 01:47:25,960 PATHOLOGY DATA FROM MICE HAVING 2606 01:47:25,960 --> 01:47:29,600 INJECTIONS IN THE BRAIN AND 2607 01:47:29,600 --> 01:47:32,160 MICROGLIA GENES AND EXAMINE THE 2608 01:47:32,160 --> 01:47:38,560 INFLUENCE OF HOMEOSTATIC AND 2609 01:47:38,560 --> 01:47:41,080 ACTIVATED MICROGLIA AND 2610 01:47:41,080 --> 01:47:42,840 ACTIVATOR MICROGLIA IMPROVE THE 2611 01:47:42,840 --> 01:47:44,960 PREDICTIVE POWER AND APPEARED TO 2612 01:47:44,960 --> 01:47:47,920 REDUCE TAU RATE BY INCREASING 2613 01:47:47,920 --> 01:47:50,120 THE INTERREGIONAL SPREAD FROM 2614 01:47:50,120 --> 01:47:54,520 THE HIPPOCAMPUS CAUSING HIGHER 2615 01:47:54,520 --> 01:47:57,520 TAU BURDEN IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. 2616 01:47:57,520 --> 01:48:03,880 THIS IS IN FIGURE 3 HERE THE 2617 01:48:03,880 --> 01:48:08,480 MAGENTA INDICATE THE FLOW OF TAU 2618 01:48:08,480 --> 01:48:10,880 UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF TREM 2 2619 01:48:10,880 --> 01:48:16,920 AND THE BLUE ARROWS SHOW THE 2620 01:48:16,920 --> 01:48:19,400 TRANSMISSIB 2621 01:48:19,400 --> 01:48:19,800 TRANSMISSIBILITY. 2622 01:48:19,800 --> 01:48:20,680 THIS APPROACH DEMONSTRATE THE 2623 01:48:20,680 --> 01:48:22,360 ABILITY TO NOT ONLY MODEL AND 2624 01:48:22,360 --> 01:48:24,320 PREDICT THE PROGRESSION OF 2625 01:48:24,320 --> 01:48:26,240 DISEASE, BUT ALSO TO INSPECT AND 2626 01:48:26,240 --> 01:48:28,560 QUANTIFY THE INFLUENCE OF OTHER 2627 01:48:28,560 --> 01:48:36,000 BIOLOGICAL ENTITIES AND LOOK AT 2628 01:48:36,000 --> 01:48:38,880 GENERATION AND PATHOLOGY 2629 01:48:38,880 --> 01:48:39,200 PROGRESSION. 2630 01:48:39,200 --> 01:48:49,360 THANK YOU. 2631 01:49:01,000 --> 01:49:02,720 >> OUR WORK LOOKS AT STIMULUS 2632 01:49:02,720 --> 01:49:04,360 AND TO GUIDE BEHAVIOR AND 2633 01:49:04,360 --> 01:49:06,360 OVERCOME SENSORY INFORMATION 2634 01:49:06,360 --> 01:49:08,440 SUCH AS VISUAL STIMULUS NEEDS TO 2635 01:49:08,440 --> 01:49:12,000 BE TRANSFORMED ACROSS MANY AREAS 2636 01:49:12,000 --> 01:49:13,840 OF THE BRAIN. 2637 01:49:13,840 --> 01:49:19,840 TEASING A PART THE 2638 01:49:19,840 --> 01:49:21,640 TRANSFORMATIONS REQUIRES PRECISE 2639 01:49:21,640 --> 01:49:22,840 CALCULATIONS. 2640 01:49:22,840 --> 01:49:25,120 TO THIS END WE DEVELOPED A 2641 01:49:25,120 --> 01:49:29,400 SYSTEM TO ALLOW ACCESS TO NEURON 2642 01:49:29,400 --> 01:49:34,760 ACTIVITY IN THE BRAIN AND CAN 2643 01:49:34,760 --> 01:49:42,000 EXPRESS CALCIUM CENSOR -- 2644 01:49:42,000 --> 01:49:45,040 SENSOR IN AND COMBINE IT WITH 2645 01:49:45,040 --> 01:49:46,600 STIMULATION METHODS WHICH ALLOWS 2646 01:49:46,600 --> 01:49:48,000 US TO PRECISELY SELECT CELLS OF 2647 01:49:48,000 --> 01:49:50,840 INTEREST FOR TARGETED 2648 01:49:50,840 --> 01:49:51,120 STIMULATION. 2649 01:49:51,120 --> 01:49:54,880 FOR EXAMPLE, BASED ON THE 2650 01:49:54,880 --> 01:49:57,000 STIMULUS AND ACTIVITY AND YOU 2651 01:49:57,000 --> 01:49:58,720 CAN SEE WHERE CELLS ARE SELECTED 2652 01:49:58,720 --> 01:50:03,400 AND SEE RESPONSES THERE. 2653 01:50:03,400 --> 01:50:07,320 OUR RECENT WORK HAS BEEN TO LOOK 2654 01:50:07,320 --> 01:50:09,960 AT THE PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX OR 2655 01:50:09,960 --> 01:50:11,800 V1 OF MICE. 2656 01:50:11,800 --> 01:50:13,520 AND SPECIFICALLY WE'VE 2657 01:50:13,520 --> 01:50:14,360 INVESTIGATED HOW INDIVIDUAL 2658 01:50:14,360 --> 01:50:16,480 CELLS IN THE CORTICO NETWORK 2659 01:50:16,480 --> 01:50:17,480 INFORM THE INPUTS THEY RECEIVE 2660 01:50:17,480 --> 01:50:20,600 BY MEASURING THEIR RESPONSES TO 2661 01:50:20,600 --> 01:50:26,280 A FIXED OPT OWO GEN -- OPTO 2662 01:50:26,280 --> 01:50:27,840 GENIC THREAT WORK AND PROVIDING 2663 01:50:27,840 --> 01:50:30,760 INPUTS WHICH CAN LEAD TO A 2664 01:50:30,760 --> 01:50:32,840 VARYING LEVEL OF ACTIVITY OR 2665 01:50:32,840 --> 01:50:34,080 SUPPRESSION IN DIFFERENT CELLS. 2666 01:50:34,080 --> 01:50:37,440 AND WHEN WE COMBINE THE SAME 2667 01:50:37,440 --> 01:50:38,880 OPTOGENETIC INPUT TO SINGLE 2668 01:50:38,880 --> 01:50:40,160 CELLS DURING VISUAL STIMULATION 2669 01:50:40,160 --> 01:50:42,840 AND SPONTANEOUS ACTIVITY, WE 2670 01:50:42,840 --> 01:50:44,160 FIND CELLS DON'T SHOW A CHANGE 2671 01:50:44,160 --> 01:50:46,120 IN THE MAGNITUDE OF THEIR 2672 01:50:46,120 --> 01:50:48,000 RESPONSE TO THE OPTOGENETIC 2673 01:50:48,000 --> 01:50:49,800 INPUT WHETHER THEY'RE, VISUALLY 2674 01:50:49,800 --> 01:50:52,360 EXCITED OR DRIVEN OR DURING 2675 01:50:52,360 --> 01:50:54,000 SPONTANEOUS ACTIVITY. 2676 01:50:54,000 --> 01:50:57,440 HOWEVER, WE DO FIND CELLS 2677 01:50:57,440 --> 01:50:58,840 EXPRESSED DUE TO A VISUAL 2678 01:50:58,840 --> 01:51:00,840 STIMULUS DECREASE THE MAGNITUDE 2679 01:51:00,840 --> 01:51:03,080 OFFIS THIS RESPONSE TO THE INPUT 2680 01:51:03,080 --> 01:51:05,640 DURING INPUT AS OPPOSED TO 2681 01:51:05,640 --> 01:51:06,840 SPONTANEOUS CONDITIONS WE CAN 2682 01:51:06,840 --> 01:51:09,880 SEE ON THE LEFT SIDE OF THE 2683 01:51:09,880 --> 01:51:10,920 SPLATTER PLOT ON THE BOTTOM 2684 01:51:10,920 --> 01:51:11,280 LEFT. 2685 01:51:11,280 --> 01:51:13,720 THIS INPUT ATTENUATION INDICATE 2686 01:51:13,720 --> 01:51:20,720 THE CELLS HAVE BEEN PUSHED TO A 2687 01:51:20,720 --> 01:51:22,600 REGIME OF TRANSFER FUNCTION. 2688 01:51:22,600 --> 01:51:25,920 WE CAN DEMONSTRATE FOR THE FIRST 2689 01:51:25,920 --> 01:51:28,120 TIME THE ACTUAL CELL TRANSFER 2690 01:51:28,120 --> 01:51:31,960 FUNCTION AND ESTIMATE THE 2691 01:51:31,960 --> 01:51:33,120 SPONTANEOUS BASELINE CONDITIONS. 2692 01:51:33,120 --> 01:51:34,520 WHAT WE FOUND ON AVERAGE CELLS 2693 01:51:34,520 --> 01:51:42,720 HAVE A SUPER LINEAR TO LINEAR 2694 01:51:42,720 --> 01:51:44,920 TRANSFER FUNCTION AND MOREOVER, 2695 01:51:44,920 --> 01:51:54,000 WE FIND CELLS SUGGEST ABOVE THE 2696 01:51:54,000 --> 01:51:58,080 BASELINE MEANING AS CELLS 2697 01:51:58,080 --> 01:52:00,400 EXCITED INCREASE AND OTHER CELLS 2698 01:52:00,400 --> 01:52:01,560 ATTENUATE RESPONSE AND THIS 2699 01:52:01,560 --> 01:52:05,000 SUGGEST THE CORTEX MAY ACT AS A 2700 01:52:05,000 --> 01:52:06,840 FILTER TO EXPRESS ANY INPUT 2701 01:52:06,840 --> 01:52:08,840 THAT'S UNRELATED TO THE VISUAL 2702 01:52:08,840 --> 01:52:09,480 STIMULUS AT HAND. 2703 01:52:09,480 --> 01:52:10,840 WE CAN IMAGINE THE FUNCTION MAY 2704 01:52:10,840 --> 01:52:13,680 BE BENEFICIAL FOR BEHAVIORS THAT 2705 01:52:13,680 --> 01:52:18,000 RELY ON PERCEPTION DETECTION OR 2706 01:52:18,000 --> 01:52:18,720 DISCRIMINATION. 2707 01:52:18,720 --> 01:52:20,200 WITH THE TOOLS WE'RE ABLE TO 2708 01:52:20,200 --> 01:52:21,520 UNCOVER THE COMPLEX 2709 01:52:21,520 --> 01:52:23,160 TRANSFORMATIONS THE NETWORK IS 2710 01:52:23,160 --> 01:52:24,960 PERFORMING AND HOPE TO PROBE THE 2711 01:52:24,960 --> 01:52:28,560 NETWORK AND UNCOVER HOW THEY 2712 01:52:28,560 --> 01:52:30,000 IMPACT BEHAVIORS USING THE 2713 01:52:30,000 --> 01:52:30,640 COMBINED METHODS. 2714 01:52:30,640 --> 01:52:31,600 I'M LOOKING FORWARD TO ANSWERING 2715 01:52:31,600 --> 01:52:33,480 YOUR QUESTIONS AND YOU CAN FIND 2716 01:52:33,480 --> 01:52:35,000 MORE DETAILS ON MY POSTER. 2717 01:52:35,000 --> 01:52:38,840 THANK YOU. 2718 01:52:38,840 --> 01:52:43,480 >> I'M A NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH 2719 01:52:43,480 --> 01:52:43,720 FELLOW. 2720 01:52:43,720 --> 01:52:46,160 I WANT TO THANK THE NIH FOR THE 2721 01:52:46,160 --> 01:52:49,920 OPPORTUNITY TO SHARE OUR WITH 2722 01:52:49,920 --> 01:52:50,120 YOU. 2723 01:52:50,120 --> 01:52:51,960 I'LL DISCUSS MY RESEARCH IN 2724 01:52:51,960 --> 01:52:56,800 UNDERSTANDING THE DENDRITIC 2725 01:52:56,800 --> 01:52:58,840 ACTIVITY OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS 2726 01:52:58,840 --> 01:53:01,440 USING NEURON TRACING. 2727 01:53:01,440 --> 01:53:02,000 THERE ARE CONTRIBUTORS TO 2728 01:53:02,000 --> 01:53:05,120 SPECIAL EPISODIC MEMORY BY 2729 01:53:05,120 --> 01:53:06,600 FUNCTIONING AS CELLS. 2730 01:53:06,600 --> 01:53:10,640 PLACE CELLS ARE NEURONS THAT 2731 01:53:10,640 --> 01:53:14,840 FIRE AT DISTINCT LOCATION CALLED 2732 01:53:14,840 --> 01:53:18,000 PLACE FIELDS. 2733 01:53:18,000 --> 01:53:21,480 ACTIVITY ARE CORRELATED WITH 2734 01:53:21,480 --> 01:53:24,000 SPATIAL EPISODIC MEMBRANE. 2735 01:53:24,000 --> 01:53:26,520 THEY REMAP WHEN THEY'RE CORTEX 2736 01:53:26,520 --> 01:53:28,320 CHANGING BY SHOWING THE FIRING 2737 01:53:28,320 --> 01:53:30,520 PATTERN OR LOCATION OF THE PLACE 2738 01:53:30,520 --> 01:53:32,240 FIELDS. 2739 01:53:32,240 --> 01:53:35,520 DENDRITICS ARE DATA SENSORY AND 2740 01:53:35,520 --> 01:53:36,880 SPATIAL INPUTS. 2741 01:53:36,880 --> 01:53:41,520 DENDRITE ACTIVITY IS CRITICAL 2742 01:53:41,520 --> 01:53:44,680 FOR PLASTICITY AND MAY BE 2743 01:53:44,680 --> 01:53:46,200 RELEVANT FOR MAPPING. 2744 01:53:46,200 --> 01:53:50,840 FEW STUDIES ARE DIRECTLY 2745 01:53:50,840 --> 01:53:53,920 OBSERVED DENDRITE ACTIVITY. 2746 01:53:53,920 --> 01:53:55,320 OUR BRAIN INITIATIVE PROJECT IS 2747 01:53:55,320 --> 01:53:58,840 TO VALIDATE THE RELATIONSHIP 2748 01:53:58,840 --> 01:54:01,480 BETWEEN DENDRITES AND SOMA WITH 2749 01:54:01,480 --> 01:54:02,840 ENVIRONMENTS AND TASKS. 2750 01:54:02,840 --> 01:54:09,400 TO UNDERSTAND THE ACTIVITY, TWO 2751 01:54:09,400 --> 01:54:12,360 IMAGES WERE PERFORMED FOR THE 2752 01:54:12,360 --> 01:54:18,040 NEURONS OF MICE. 2753 01:54:18,040 --> 01:54:22,840 THE REGIONS OF INTEREST MUST BE 2754 01:54:22,840 --> 01:54:23,760 IDENTIFIED. 2755 01:54:23,760 --> 01:54:26,880 OUR GROUP IS DEVELOPING AN 2756 01:54:26,880 --> 01:54:29,120 AUTOMATED PROGRAM TO FIND THE 2757 01:54:29,120 --> 01:54:30,480 ROIs. 2758 01:54:30,480 --> 01:54:34,840 TO CONTRIBUTE TO THIS I CREATED 2759 01:54:34,840 --> 01:54:40,760 ROIs OF DATA SETS USING IMAGING. 2760 01:54:40,760 --> 01:54:45,240 IDENTIFIED DENDRITES USING A 2761 01:54:45,240 --> 01:54:47,000 SPECIFIC CONVENTION TO LINK SOMA 2762 01:54:47,000 --> 01:54:48,800 WITH THEIR DENDRITES. 2763 01:54:48,800 --> 01:54:51,280 IN THE IMAGE IN THE TOP PART 2764 01:54:51,280 --> 01:54:53,640 THERE'S A PICTURE WHAT THE 2765 01:54:53,640 --> 01:54:54,960 NEURON LOOKED LIKE THROUGH 2766 01:54:54,960 --> 01:54:56,880 IMAGING AND ANOTHER PICTURE OF 2767 01:54:56,880 --> 01:54:59,240 THE NEURON TRACING I DID. 2768 01:54:59,240 --> 01:55:00,920 IN WHICH I TRACED THE DENDRITES 2769 01:55:00,920 --> 01:55:04,800 AND SOMAS AND FOLLOWED THE 2770 01:55:04,800 --> 01:55:07,800 PREVENTION TO THE RIGHT. 2771 01:55:07,800 --> 01:55:09,600 THESE DRAWN ROIs WERE COMPARED 2772 01:55:09,600 --> 01:55:12,000 WITH ROIs WITH OUR AUTOMATED 2773 01:55:12,000 --> 01:55:16,600 PROGRAM AND THEN A PUBLISHED 2774 01:55:16,600 --> 01:55:21,120 PROGRAM CALLED SUITE 2P AND THE 2775 01:55:21,120 --> 01:55:22,680 DE -- THE PROGRAM IS SHOWN ON 2776 01:55:22,680 --> 01:55:23,680 THE BOTTOM RIGHT. 2777 01:55:23,680 --> 01:55:27,920 THE LABEL TOOK BETWEEN TWO 2 TO 2778 01:55:27,920 --> 01:55:31,680 50 HOURS DEPENDING ON THE 2779 01:55:31,680 --> 01:55:32,480 DENSITY OF NEURONS. 2780 01:55:32,480 --> 01:55:34,840 THE PROGRAM TOOK A FEW MINUTES 2781 01:55:34,840 --> 01:55:36,880 ON THE SAME DATA. 2782 01:55:36,880 --> 01:55:40,520 ROIs FROM SUITE 2P SENDED TO BE 2783 01:55:40,520 --> 01:55:41,360 MORE LIBERAL IDENTIFYING ANY 2784 01:55:41,360 --> 01:55:42,840 POTENTIAL GROUP OF PIXELS THAT 2785 01:55:42,840 --> 01:55:46,800 COULD BE A NEURON. 2786 01:55:46,800 --> 01:55:50,800 IN CONTRAST, OUR DENDRITE 2787 01:55:50,800 --> 01:55:54,000 DETECTION PROGRAM WAS MORE 2788 01:55:54,000 --> 01:55:56,920 CONSERVATIVE FOCUSSING ON NEURO 2789 01:55:56,920 --> 01:55:58,640 ACTIVITY AND LEAVING BACKGROUND 2790 01:55:58,640 --> 01:55:58,840 NOISE. 2791 01:55:58,840 --> 01:56:01,480 OUR PROGRAM ALSO HAS ZERO 2792 01:56:01,480 --> 01:56:04,160 PARAMETERS FOR SUITE 2P ARRIVED 2793 01:56:04,160 --> 01:56:06,600 AT ACCURATE DENDRITIC ROIs. 2794 01:56:06,600 --> 01:56:10,720 I'M SO EXCITED OUR DENDRITE 2795 01:56:10,720 --> 01:56:12,360 DETECTION PROGRAM WAS ABLE TO 2796 01:56:12,360 --> 01:56:14,840 RECOGNIZE ACTIVITY ACROSS SPACE 2797 01:56:14,840 --> 01:56:16,400 AND PRODUCE MEANINGFUL RESULTS. 2798 01:56:16,400 --> 01:56:18,520 IN THE FUTURE WE HOPE TO USE THE 2799 01:56:18,520 --> 01:56:21,240 NEW DETECTION PROGRAM TO FURTHER 2800 01:56:21,240 --> 01:56:22,800 EXPAND OUR KNOWLEDGE AND 2801 01:56:22,800 --> 01:56:24,000 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DENDRITES 2802 01:56:24,000 --> 01:56:28,240 AND SOMA OF THE SAME NEURONS. 2803 01:56:28,240 --> 01:56:30,720 AND ALSO UNDERSTAND DENDRITE'S 2804 01:56:30,720 --> 01:56:32,120 ROLE IN SPATIAL WORK IN MEMORY 2805 01:56:32,120 --> 01:56:34,960 AND EP SO THEIC MEMORY. 2806 01:56:34,960 --> 01:56:36,680 THANK YOU. 2807 01:56:36,680 --> 01:56:38,080 >> HI. 2808 01:56:38,080 --> 01:56:42,840 I'M EDNA NORMAN AND AN Ph.D. 2809 01:56:42,840 --> 01:56:44,760 CANDIDATE AT PRINCETON 2810 01:56:44,760 --> 01:56:45,080 UNIVERSITY. 2811 01:56:45,080 --> 01:56:46,560 RIGHT NOW YOU MIGHT BE ABLE TO 2812 01:56:46,560 --> 01:56:48,040 HEAR ME SPEAKING TO YOU AND YOU 2813 01:56:48,040 --> 01:56:51,160 MAY BE ABLE TO SEE MY FACIAL 2814 01:56:51,160 --> 01:56:53,960 EXPRESSIONS EVEN IF OVER ZOOM. 2815 01:56:53,960 --> 01:56:55,560 AND THE AUDITORY SIGNALS 2816 01:56:55,560 --> 01:56:57,360 CARRYING MY WORDS GET PROPAGATED 2817 01:56:57,360 --> 01:57:00,000 FROM YOUR EARS ALL THE WAY TO 2818 01:57:00,000 --> 01:57:02,800 YOUR CENTRAL BRAIN BY A SERIES 2819 01:57:02,800 --> 01:57:04,440 OF NEURONS IN THE AUDITORY 2820 01:57:04,440 --> 01:57:06,000 PATHWAY AND THE VISUAL SIGNALS 2821 01:57:06,000 --> 01:57:07,040 CARRYING SIGNALS ABOUT ANY 2822 01:57:07,040 --> 01:57:09,240 EXPRESSIONS AND BODY LANGUAGE 2823 01:57:09,240 --> 01:57:10,120 ARE PROPAGATED FROM YOUR EYES TO 2824 01:57:10,120 --> 01:57:20,480 YOUR CENTRAL BRAIN. 2825 01:57:30,720 --> 01:57:34,800 AND I WOULD TAKE THE 2826 01:57:34,800 --> 01:57:36,880 AUDIO/VISUAL FEEDBACK FROM YOU 2827 01:57:36,880 --> 01:57:38,520 AND THINK THEY'RE INTERESTED IN 2828 01:57:38,520 --> 01:57:40,520 WHAT I'M SAYING AND I'LL 2829 01:57:40,520 --> 01:57:42,840 CONTINUE TO RESPOND IN TIME TO 2830 01:57:42,840 --> 01:57:44,080 ARE TALK ABOUT THE PROJECT AND 2831 01:57:44,080 --> 01:57:46,280 BECOMES A DYNAMIC CONVERSATION. 2832 01:57:46,280 --> 01:57:50,680 IT'S NOT KNOWN HOW SIGNALS FROM 2833 01:57:50,680 --> 01:57:52,120 SENSORY MODALITIES SUCH AS 2834 01:57:52,120 --> 01:57:53,760 AUDITION AND VISION ARE 2835 01:57:53,760 --> 01:57:54,880 INTEGRATED AT THE CELL AND 2836 01:57:54,880 --> 01:57:56,840 SECTOR LEVELS AND HOW THEY DRIVE 2837 01:57:56,840 --> 01:57:59,440 RESPONSIVE BEHAVIORS IN REAL 2838 01:57:59,440 --> 01:58:02,800 TIME AND ECOLOGICALLY RELEVANT 2839 01:58:02,800 --> 01:58:04,840 AND INNATE INTERACTIONS SUCH AS 2840 01:58:04,840 --> 01:58:06,000 OUR CONVERSATION. 2841 01:58:06,000 --> 01:58:07,920 WE'RE WORKING TO BUILD A MODEL 2842 01:58:07,920 --> 01:58:10,320 HOW NEURONS ACQUIRE THEY'RE 2843 01:58:10,320 --> 01:58:12,120 DETECTION PROPERTIES DIRECTLY 2844 01:58:12,120 --> 01:58:15,840 FROM THEIR INPUTS AT THE CELL 2845 01:58:15,840 --> 01:58:18,840 AND CIRCUIT LEVELS AND INTEGRATE 2846 01:58:18,840 --> 01:58:21,360 SENSORS OVER TIME SUCH AS 2847 01:58:21,360 --> 01:58:22,320 THROUGHOUT THE CONVERSATION AND 2848 01:58:22,320 --> 01:58:24,280 HOW TO TRANSFORM THE SIGNALS 2849 01:58:24,280 --> 01:58:34,760 INTO DYNAMIC MOTOR RESPONSES. 2850 01:58:38,680 --> 01:58:43,200 BY MODELS WITH DROSOPHILA WE 2851 01:58:43,200 --> 01:58:44,760 MAPPED THE CIRCUIT IN WHICH 2852 01:58:44,760 --> 01:58:48,000 AUDITORY AND VISUAL PATHWAYS 2853 01:58:48,000 --> 01:58:50,000 CONVERGE WHICH HAPPENS WHEN THEY 2854 01:58:50,000 --> 01:58:53,280 SYNAPSE ON TO NEURONS THEMSELVES 2855 01:58:53,280 --> 01:58:54,480 DRIVE AND MODULATE BEHAVIOR. 2856 01:58:54,480 --> 01:58:57,600 TO DO THIS WE USE BOTH 2857 01:58:57,600 --> 01:59:02,480 CONNECTIVITY AND MORPHOLOGY TO 2858 01:59:02,480 --> 01:59:04,040 DISENTANGLE PREVIOUSLY 2859 01:59:04,040 --> 01:59:05,960 INDISTINGUISHABLE CELL TYPES. 2860 01:59:05,960 --> 01:59:08,960 TO QUANTIFY THE BEHAVIOR DRIVEN 2861 01:59:08,960 --> 01:59:11,480 BY THE CIRCUIT WE HAVE A MACHINE 2862 01:59:11,480 --> 01:59:13,440 LEARNING MODEL TO TRACK THE 2863 01:59:13,440 --> 01:59:15,520 INDIVIDUAL BODY PARTS OF EACH 2864 01:59:15,520 --> 01:59:17,560 FLY THROUGHOUT THEIR 2865 01:59:17,560 --> 01:59:18,640 AUDIO/VISUAL COURTSHIP 2866 01:59:18,640 --> 01:59:18,960 CONVERSATION. 2867 01:59:18,960 --> 01:59:22,840 WE TOOK AUDIO AND VISUAL 2868 01:59:22,840 --> 01:59:27,160 RECORDINGS OF FLY COURTSHIP 2869 01:59:27,160 --> 01:59:28,760 SESSIONS AND NEURONS 2870 01:59:28,760 --> 01:59:31,280 SPECIFICALLY THAT ARE IN THE 2871 01:59:31,280 --> 01:59:35,920 BEHAVIOR DRIVING CIRCUIT. 2872 01:59:35,920 --> 01:59:38,520 TO UNDERSTAND HOW AUDIO/VISUAL 2873 01:59:38,520 --> 01:59:39,280 SIGNALS ARE DRIVING APPROPRIATE 2874 01:59:39,280 --> 01:59:43,160 RESPONSIVE BEHAVIOR. 2875 01:59:43,160 --> 01:59:44,640 WE'RE ALSO RECORDING NEURAL 2876 01:59:44,640 --> 01:59:49,920 ACTIVITY AT THE CELLULAR NODE OF 2877 01:59:49,920 --> 01:59:54,000 INTEGRATION TO UNDERSTAND THE 2878 01:59:54,000 --> 01:59:54,440 COMPUTATIONS. 2879 01:59:54,440 --> 01:59:57,600 WE'RE WORK TOWARDS OUR GOAL OF 2880 01:59:57,600 --> 02:00:00,000 MAPPING MULTISENSORY INTEGRATION 2881 02:00:00,000 --> 02:00:01,640 ACROSS THE CELL AND CIRCUIT AND 2882 02:00:01,640 --> 02:00:03,480 ACROSS THE BEHAVIOR LEVELS. 2883 02:00:03,480 --> 02:00:04,800 IN ADDITION, THE MODEL PROVIDES 2884 02:00:04,800 --> 02:00:06,440 A FRAMEWORK FOR GENERALLY 2885 02:00:06,440 --> 02:00:09,600 PROBING HOW THE INTEGRATION OF 2886 02:00:09,600 --> 02:00:12,640 SIGNALS FROM DISTINCT CELL TYPES 2887 02:00:12,640 --> 02:00:14,800 DIRECTLY DRIVE ECOLOGICALLY 2888 02:00:14,800 --> 02:00:16,520 RELEVANT SOCIAL BEHAVIOR. 2889 02:00:16,520 --> 02:00:18,000 I'D LOVE TO CONNECT WITH YOU AND 2890 02:00:18,000 --> 02:00:19,720 AS A SCIENTIST TRAINEE I'M 2891 02:00:19,720 --> 02:00:22,000 INTERESTED IN CONNECTING WITH 2892 02:00:22,000 --> 02:00:24,000 PEOPLE APPLYING TO STEMS AND 2893 02:00:24,000 --> 02:00:25,800 CIRCUITS NEUROSCIENCE AND 2894 02:00:25,800 --> 02:00:27,000 COMPUTATIONAL MODELS TO CLINIC 2895 02:00:27,000 --> 02:00:28,480 AND TRANSLATIONAL PROBLEMS SO 2896 02:00:28,480 --> 02:00:34,240 PLEASE REACH OUT AND FINALLY 2897 02:00:34,240 --> 02:00:34,840 THANK YOU TO THE NIH BRAIN 2898 02:00:34,840 --> 02:00:36,560 INITIATIVE CONVERSATION 2899 02:00:36,560 --> 02:00:37,600 ORGANIZERS FOR THE OPPORTUNITY 2900 02:00:37,600 --> 02:00:41,120 TO GIVE THE TALK. 2901 02:00:41,120 --> 02:00:43,760 >> I'M A POST-DOC AT THE 2902 02:00:43,760 --> 02:00:45,480 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA 2903 02:00:45,480 --> 02:00:45,840 BARBARA. 2904 02:00:45,840 --> 02:00:47,000 MY RESEARCH INTEREST IS IN 2905 02:00:47,000 --> 02:00:48,840 DEVELOPING AND DISSEMINATING NEW 2906 02:00:48,840 --> 02:00:53,000 TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMAGING FOR THE 2907 02:00:53,000 --> 02:00:54,000 NEUROSCIENCE COMMUNITY. 2908 02:00:54,000 --> 02:00:59,880 CALCIUM IMAGING CAN RECORD THE 2909 02:00:59,880 --> 02:01:03,560 ACTIVITY OF BEHAVING ANIMALS 2910 02:01:03,560 --> 02:01:05,400 WITH HIGH TEMPORO RESOLUTION 2911 02:01:05,400 --> 02:01:08,160 MAKING IT A USEFUL IMAGING TOOL 2912 02:01:08,160 --> 02:01:09,320 FOR STUDYING COMPUTATION IN 2913 02:01:09,320 --> 02:01:11,360 NEURAL CIRCUITRY. 2914 02:01:11,360 --> 02:01:14,000 TO APPLY THE TECHNOLOGY A 2915 02:01:14,000 --> 02:01:15,840 PORTION IS SURGICALLY DE MOVED 2916 02:01:15,840 --> 02:01:18,840 TO IMPLANT A WINDOW AND PROVIDE 2917 02:01:18,840 --> 02:01:20,800 ACCESS FOR IMAGING. 2918 02:01:20,800 --> 02:01:25,920 THE DESIGN OF THE WINDOW DEPENDS 2919 02:01:25,920 --> 02:01:34,840 ON THE OBJECTIVES. 2920 02:01:34,840 --> 02:01:37,320 COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE IMAGING 2921 02:01:37,320 --> 02:01:42,040 OFFER ALMOST ALWAYS LESS THAN 10 2922 02:01:42,040 --> 02:01:46,200 MILLIMETER AND THERE'S BEEN 2923 02:01:46,200 --> 02:01:47,920 CHALLENGES IN LARGE MAMMALS SUCH 2924 02:01:47,920 --> 02:01:52,400 AS MONKEYS AN FERRETS. 2925 02:01:52,400 --> 02:01:54,760 BECAUSE CREATING THE APERTURE 2926 02:01:54,760 --> 02:01:56,400 ENTAILS EXPRESSIVE REMOVAL OF 2927 02:01:56,400 --> 02:02:00,000 TISSUE AND SKULL. 2928 02:02:00,000 --> 02:02:04,920 AND THIS LEADS TO INCREASED 2929 02:02:04,920 --> 02:02:08,240 RESPONSES AND COMPROMISED 2930 02:02:08,240 --> 02:02:10,680 IMAGING AND THE IMAGING 2931 02:02:10,680 --> 02:02:12,040 EXPERIMENTS. 2932 02:02:12,040 --> 02:02:17,920 IN ADDITION, POPULAR COMMERCIAL 2933 02:02:17,920 --> 02:02:18,720 OBJECTIVES POSE AN ADDITIONAL 2934 02:02:18,720 --> 02:02:22,120 CHALLENGE WHEN IMAGING 2935 02:02:22,120 --> 02:02:23,520 NON-HORIZONTAL SURFACES SUCH AS 2936 02:02:23,520 --> 02:02:26,120 AREAS SIDES OF BRAINS AS IT'S 2937 02:02:26,120 --> 02:02:28,160 DIFFICULT TO MAINTAIN THE WATER 2938 02:02:28,160 --> 02:02:30,360 INTERFACE AT AN ANGLE. 2939 02:02:30,360 --> 02:02:32,880 TO ADDRESS THESE ISSUES WE 2940 02:02:32,880 --> 02:02:36,000 DEVELOPED A 20 MILLIMETER 2941 02:02:36,000 --> 02:02:37,680 WORKING DISTANCE OBJECTIVE SO 2942 02:02:37,680 --> 02:02:40,440 THE FRONT END OF THE OBJECTIVE 2943 02:02:40,440 --> 02:02:43,280 IS AT A LARGE DISTANCE FROM THE 2944 02:02:43,280 --> 02:02:43,480 BRAIN. 2945 02:02:43,480 --> 02:02:46,360 THIS PREVENTS EXCESSIVE TISSUE 2946 02:02:46,360 --> 02:02:48,560 REMOVAL AND THUS REDUCES IMPACTS 2947 02:02:48,560 --> 02:02:50,840 ON BRAIN HEALTH. 2948 02:02:50,840 --> 02:02:54,320 IN ADDITION WE DESIGNED AN 2949 02:02:54,320 --> 02:02:57,560 OBJECTIVE MEANING NO MATTER OR 2950 02:02:57,560 --> 02:02:59,440 LIQUID IS REQUIRED SO WE'RE 2951 02:02:59,440 --> 02:03:00,920 TAKING THE OBJECT AT AN ANGLE 2952 02:03:00,920 --> 02:03:03,200 AND APPROACHING THE SIDE OF 2953 02:03:03,200 --> 02:03:03,720 BRAIN REQUIRES NO WATER 2954 02:03:03,720 --> 02:03:06,640 INTERFACE. 2955 02:03:06,640 --> 02:03:10,840 THIS OBJECTIVE IS DESIGNED FOR 2956 02:03:10,840 --> 02:03:13,640 IMAGING INDICATORS LIKE G-CAMP. 2957 02:03:13,640 --> 02:03:16,720 IT'S OVER A 2 MILLIMETER FIELD 2958 02:03:16,720 --> 02:03:21,440 OF VIEW TO RECORD A LARGE 2959 02:03:21,440 --> 02:03:23,760 POPULATION OF NEURAL ACTIVITY. 2960 02:03:23,760 --> 02:03:25,680 THE OBJECTIVE PROVIDES CELLULAR 2961 02:03:25,680 --> 02:03:28,200 RESOLUTION AND HAS HIGH 2962 02:03:28,200 --> 02:03:29,200 EXCITATION AND COLLECTIONS. 2963 02:03:29,200 --> 02:03:34,320 TO ENSURE THE OBJECTIVE IS 2964 02:03:34,320 --> 02:03:36,160 COMPATIBLE WITH COMMERCIAL 2 2965 02:03:36,160 --> 02:03:40,280 PHOTON MICROSCOPE WE USED THE 2966 02:03:40,280 --> 02:03:41,760 APERTURE AND DISTINCT ANGLES 2967 02:03:41,760 --> 02:03:42,320 COMMONLY AVAILABLE IN SUCH 2968 02:03:42,320 --> 02:03:44,720 SYSTEMS. 2969 02:03:44,720 --> 02:03:50,840 WE HOPE THAT THIS NEW CUSTOM 2970 02:03:50,840 --> 02:03:54,720 DESIGN OBJECTIVE ADDRESS A 2971 02:03:54,720 --> 02:03:56,720 MARKET GAP LEFT BY OBJECTIVES 2972 02:03:56,720 --> 02:04:00,040 AND ULTIMATELY ENABLE NEW 2973 02:04:00,040 --> 02:04:02,440 NEUROSCIENCE EXPERIMENTS. 2974 02:04:02,440 --> 02:04:04,760 IMPORTANTLY, WE PROVIDE A NOVEL 2975 02:04:04,760 --> 02:04:06,760 EXAMPLE THAT IT IS POSSIBLE TO 2976 02:04:06,760 --> 02:04:10,120 DESIGN YOUR OWN OPTICS INCLUDING 2977 02:04:10,120 --> 02:04:11,040 MICROSCOPE OBJECTIVES TO BEST 2978 02:04:11,040 --> 02:04:14,800 FIT YOUR UNIQUE IMAGING 2979 02:04:14,800 --> 02:04:15,880 CONDITIONS. 2980 02:04:15,880 --> 02:04:17,640 IN ORDER TO FACILITATE THE 2981 02:04:17,640 --> 02:04:18,840 DISSEMINATION AND ENCOURAGE 2982 02:04:18,840 --> 02:04:22,360 FURTHER CUSTOMIZATION, WE 2983 02:04:22,360 --> 02:04:23,040 RELEASED OUR DESIGN DESCRIPTION 2984 02:04:23,040 --> 02:04:26,840 WITH OUR PATTERNS OR LICENSES SO 2985 02:04:26,840 --> 02:04:28,960 IT IS AN OPEN SOURCE TO 2986 02:04:28,960 --> 02:04:29,240 EVERYONE. 2987 02:04:29,240 --> 02:04:30,440 PLEASE COME TO MY POSTER TO SEE 2988 02:04:30,440 --> 02:04:33,120 MORE DETAILS ON THE DESIGN AND 2989 02:04:33,120 --> 02:04:38,240 PROVIDE INSIGHTS ON WHAT TYPES 2990 02:04:38,240 --> 02:04:41,680 OF OBJECTIVES OR WHAT ARE 2991 02:04:41,680 --> 02:04:43,800 DESIRED BUT YET MISSING FOR 2992 02:04:43,800 --> 02:04:44,400 NEUROIMAGING. 2993 02:04:44,400 --> 02:04:48,000 THREW FOR YOUR LIST -- THANK YOU 2994 02:04:48,000 --> 02:04:50,840 FOR YOUR LISTENING. 2995 02:04:50,840 --> 02:04:58,880 >> I'M AN M.D. Ph.D. STUDENT IN 2996 02:04:58,880 --> 02:04:59,560 SAN DIEGO. 2997 02:04:59,560 --> 02:05:02,040 I'LL DISCUSS A CIRCUIT METHOD 2998 02:05:02,040 --> 02:05:09,560 START WHICH STANDS FOR SINGLE 2999 02:05:09,560 --> 02:05:11,520 TRANSCRIPTOME RABIES TRACING. 3000 02:05:11,520 --> 02:05:16,360 THE CEREBRAL CORTEX HAS DISTINCT 3001 02:05:16,360 --> 02:05:22,520 MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL AND 3002 02:05:22,520 --> 02:05:24,040 PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES. 3003 02:05:24,040 --> 02:05:27,440 T 3004 02:05:27,440 --> 02:05:30,080 THE NEURONAL DIVERSITY MAY BE 3005 02:05:30,080 --> 02:05:31,800 GREATER THAN IMAGINED BUT THE 3006 02:05:31,800 --> 02:05:33,040 CELLS DO NOT FUNCTION IN 3007 02:05:33,040 --> 02:05:33,440 ISOLATION. 3008 02:05:33,440 --> 02:05:37,640 RATHER, THEY TALK TO ONE ANOTHER 3009 02:05:37,640 --> 02:05:40,080 THROUGH HIGHLY COMPLEX CIRCUIT 3010 02:05:40,080 --> 02:05:42,800 GIVE RISE TO CORTICO PROCESSING. 3011 02:05:42,800 --> 02:05:45,960 THUS TO UNDERSTAND CORTICO ING 3012 02:05:45,960 --> 02:05:47,280 IT'S NECESSARY TO GAIN INSIGHT 3013 02:05:47,280 --> 02:05:49,560 NOT ONLY ABOUT THE VAST AMOUNT 3014 02:05:49,560 --> 02:05:51,640 OF DIFFERENT CELL TYPES FROM THE 3015 02:05:51,640 --> 02:05:53,360 CORTEX BUT ALSO THE PRECISE WAYS 3016 02:05:53,360 --> 02:05:53,880 THEY ARE CONNECTED TO ONE 3017 02:05:53,880 --> 02:05:57,160 ANOTHER. 3018 02:05:57,160 --> 02:05:58,840 WE THEREFORE SOUGHT TO DEVELOP A 3019 02:05:58,840 --> 02:06:02,200 WAY TO REVEAL CONNECTIVITY OF 3020 02:06:02,200 --> 02:06:05,400 NEURONS AS LEVEL CELL TYPES 3021 02:06:05,400 --> 02:06:07,680 DEFINE THE GENE EXPRESSION AND 3022 02:06:07,680 --> 02:06:10,840 COMBINE TRACING AND SINGLE 3023 02:06:10,840 --> 02:06:12,040 NUCLEI RNA SEQUENCING TO 3024 02:06:12,040 --> 02:06:14,800 IDENTIFY THE TRANSCRIPTOMIC CELL 3025 02:06:14,800 --> 02:06:16,960 TYPES THAT PROVIDE MONOSYNAPTIC 3026 02:06:16,960 --> 02:06:21,440 INPUT TO DEFINE POPULATION OF 3027 02:06:21,440 --> 02:06:22,800 NEURONS. 3028 02:06:22,800 --> 02:06:25,400 BECAUSE RABIES INFECTION CAN 3029 02:06:25,400 --> 02:06:28,000 INFLUENCE GENE IN HOST CELLS 3030 02:06:28,000 --> 02:06:29,360 THROUGH THIS VALIDATION WE 3031 02:06:29,360 --> 02:06:31,160 ESTABLISHED WHETHER RABIES 3032 02:06:31,160 --> 02:06:32,880 INFECTED NEURONS COULD BE 3033 02:06:32,880 --> 02:06:34,800 CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO 3034 02:06:34,800 --> 02:06:38,840 RECOGNIZED TRANSCRIPTOMIC 3035 02:06:38,840 --> 02:06:41,680 CORTICAL CELL TYPES AND WE 3036 02:06:41,680 --> 02:06:44,320 LOOKED AT RNA PROFILES RABIES 3037 02:06:44,320 --> 02:06:46,800 INFECTED CORTICAL NEURONS CAN BE 3038 02:06:46,800 --> 02:06:48,880 CHARACTERIZED DESPITE GLOBAL AND 3039 02:06:48,880 --> 02:06:50,840 CELL TYPE SPECIFIC RABIES 3040 02:06:50,840 --> 02:06:58,800 INDUCED TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES 3041 02:06:58,800 --> 02:07:00,720 WE'RE CURRENTLY USING START TO 3042 02:07:00,720 --> 02:07:03,840 DISTINCT CORTICAL LAYERS IN MICE 3043 02:07:03,840 --> 02:07:05,960 PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX. 3044 02:07:05,960 --> 02:07:10,840 THUS FAR WE HAVE TRANSCRIP 3045 02:07:10,840 --> 02:07:12,480 TRANSCRIPTOTRANSCRIP 3046 02:07:12,480 --> 02:07:14,840 TRANSCRIPTOMICLY LABELLED 3047 02:07:14,840 --> 02:07:15,280 NEURONS. 3048 02:07:15,280 --> 02:07:17,720 AT THE SUBCLASS LEVEL CONSISTENT 3049 02:07:17,720 --> 02:07:22,800 WITH CANONICAL MODELS LAYER 4 3050 02:07:22,800 --> 02:07:28,240 NEURONS REPRESENTED THE LARGEST 3051 02:07:28,240 --> 02:07:36,560 SOURCE OF INPUT AND OUR FINDINGS 3052 02:07:36,560 --> 02:07:40,960 ARE LARGELY IN AGREEMENT WITH 3053 02:07:40,960 --> 02:07:41,960 PRIOR WORK. 3054 02:07:41,960 --> 02:07:46,040 SUGGESTING START IS CAPABLE OF 3055 02:07:46,040 --> 02:07:47,960 CHARACTERIZING INPUT CELLS 3056 02:07:47,960 --> 02:07:50,160 COMPARED TO CURRENTLY AVAILABLE 3057 02:07:50,160 --> 02:07:50,800 METHODS. 3058 02:07:50,800 --> 02:07:53,480 MORE IMPORTANTLY, THE IMPROVED 3059 02:07:53,480 --> 02:07:56,760 CELL TYPE GRANULARITY WAS 3060 02:07:56,760 --> 02:07:58,800 ACHIEVED WITH TRANSCRIPTOMICS 3061 02:07:58,800 --> 02:08:03,560 INPUTS WE WERE ABLE TO LOOK AT 3062 02:08:03,560 --> 02:08:05,880 INTERNEURONS THAT PROVIDE INPUT 3063 02:08:05,880 --> 02:08:12,040 TO LAYER TWO THREE OR EXCITATORY 3064 02:08:12,040 --> 02:08:13,320 NEURONS SOMETHING THAT THE 3065 02:08:13,320 --> 02:08:14,600 PREVIOUSLY POSSIBLE WITH 3066 02:08:14,600 --> 02:08:16,920 CIRCUITRY TOOLS. 3067 02:08:16,920 --> 02:08:19,640 OVER ALL, THIS CAN HELP 3068 02:08:19,640 --> 02:08:21,800 DISENTANGLE THE RESOLUTION AND 3069 02:08:21,800 --> 02:08:25,600 EXPAND THE REPERTOIRE OF POOL 3070 02:08:25,600 --> 02:08:28,240 AVAILABLE TO NEUROSCIENTISTS 3071 02:08:28,240 --> 02:08:30,800 STUDYING DIFFERENT CORTICAL 3072 02:08:30,800 --> 02:08:37,400 AREAS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. 3073 02:08:37,400 --> 02:08:40,280 THANK YOU FOR ATTENDING. 3074 02:08:40,280 --> 02:08:42,000 >> I'M AT CENTRAL MICHIGAN 3075 02:08:42,000 --> 02:08:42,800 UNIVERSITY. 3076 02:08:42,800 --> 02:08:45,880 THE TITLE OF MY TALK IS DELIVERY 3077 02:08:45,880 --> 02:08:49,760 OF PLASMIDS USING SURFACE 3078 02:08:49,760 --> 02:08:52,280 MODIFIED MOLECULES IN AN IN 3079 02:08:52,280 --> 02:08:53,120 VITRO STUDY. 3080 02:08:53,120 --> 02:08:56,240 WE HAVE MOLECULES THAT HAS THE 3081 02:08:56,240 --> 02:09:00,040 ABILITY TO CARRY LARGE PLASMIDS 3082 02:09:00,040 --> 02:09:02,800 AND DRUGS TO THE CELLS IN VIVO. 3083 02:09:02,800 --> 02:09:04,160 THESE DO NOT HAVE ANY CARGO 3084 02:09:04,160 --> 02:09:09,280 CARRYING LIMITATIONS TO THEM. 3085 02:09:09,280 --> 02:09:12,000 THEY HAVE THE CORE, WHICH IS THE 3086 02:09:12,000 --> 02:09:22,440 CENTRAL PART AND THE DENDRIMER 3087 02:09:22,440 --> 02:09:24,880 AND THE DIFFERENT SIZES. 3088 02:09:24,880 --> 02:09:28,000 THEY ALSO HAVE SURFACE GROUPS 3089 02:09:28,000 --> 02:09:29,640 WHICH ARE PRESENT AT THE SURFACE 3090 02:09:29,640 --> 02:09:39,960 OF THE DENDRIMER. 3091 02:09:42,080 --> 02:09:44,160 THE ONES COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE 3092 02:09:44,160 --> 02:09:47,320 BUT HIGHLY TOXIC TO THE CELLS IN 3093 02:09:47,320 --> 02:09:49,880 VIVO AND IN VITRO. 3094 02:09:49,880 --> 02:09:52,280 WE HAVE SURFACED MODIFIED OUR 3095 02:09:52,280 --> 02:09:57,040 DENDRIMERS SUCH AS A G4910 AND 3096 02:09:57,040 --> 02:10:05,400 THEY HAVE 90% HYDROXL GROUPS AND 3097 02:10:05,400 --> 02:10:08,120 G4-70/30 DENDRIMERS HAVE 30%. 3098 02:10:08,120 --> 02:10:11,080 AND REDUCING THEM FROM 100% TO 3099 02:10:11,080 --> 02:10:12,760 10% OR 30% WE'RE REDUCING THE 3100 02:10:12,760 --> 02:10:14,880 TOXICITY OF THE DENDRIMERS. 3101 02:10:14,880 --> 02:10:20,800 IN THE STUDY WE USED A G1 AND G2 3102 02:10:20,800 --> 02:10:22,120 DENDRIMERS AND THEY ARE COMPLEX 3103 02:10:22,120 --> 02:10:32,480 WITH PLASMID OF 8.4KB. 3104 02:10:34,640 --> 02:10:36,240 COMPLEXING THESE THEY WERE 3105 02:10:36,240 --> 02:10:37,920 INCUBATED AT DIFFERENT 3106 02:10:37,920 --> 02:10:39,320 CONCENTRATIONS TO THE RAT 3107 02:10:39,320 --> 02:10:42,120 PRIMARY CORTICAL NEURONS AND THE 3108 02:10:42,120 --> 02:10:44,360 COMPLEX UPTAKE GENE EXPRESSION 3109 02:10:44,360 --> 02:10:47,960 AND TOXICITY PROFILE AND 3110 02:10:47,960 --> 02:10:48,280 ACTIVITIES. 3111 02:10:48,280 --> 02:10:55,000 WE FOUND THE DREN DENDRIMERS 3112 02:10:55,000 --> 02:10:58,440 WERE UPTAKEN BY THE NEURONS AND 3113 02:10:58,440 --> 02:10:59,960 WERE ABLE TO SEE THE GENE 3114 02:10:59,960 --> 02:11:02,840 EXPRESSION SHOWING THE 3115 02:11:02,840 --> 02:11:03,360 DENDRIMERS SUCCESSFULLY 3116 02:11:03,360 --> 02:11:05,320 DELIVERED THE PLASMID AND THE 3117 02:11:05,320 --> 02:11:06,440 GENE WAS EXPRESSED. 3118 02:11:06,440 --> 02:11:09,120 UPON ANALYZING THE TOXICITY WE 3119 02:11:09,120 --> 02:11:12,280 FOUND THE DENDRIMERS WERE NOT 3120 02:11:12,280 --> 02:11:15,680 TOXIC TO THE NEURONS AND THEY 3121 02:11:15,680 --> 02:11:18,560 WERE ABLE TO MAINTAIN THEIR 3122 02:11:18,560 --> 02:11:20,440 NEURONAL ACTIVITY. 3123 02:11:20,440 --> 02:11:21,520 WE WANTED TO IMPROVE THE 3124 02:11:21,520 --> 02:11:24,040 EFFICACY AND THE UPTAKE BY THE 3125 02:11:24,040 --> 02:11:25,000 NEURONS. 3126 02:11:25,000 --> 02:11:27,720 FOR THIS PURPOSE WE USED AN 3127 02:11:27,720 --> 02:11:29,400 ACTIVATED DENDRIMER WHERE THEY 3128 02:11:29,400 --> 02:11:32,520 WERE HEAT ACTIVATED FOR 40 3129 02:11:32,520 --> 02:11:33,840 DEGREES FOR 24 HOURS OR 48 3130 02:11:33,840 --> 02:11:34,080 HOURS. 3131 02:11:34,080 --> 02:11:37,440 AS YOU CAN SEE FROM THE FIGURE 3132 02:11:37,440 --> 02:11:39,520 HERE, THE DENDRIMER AND THE 3133 02:11:39,520 --> 02:11:42,760 COMPLEXES WERE UPTAKEN BY THE 3134 02:11:42,760 --> 02:11:45,320 NEURONS WHEN THEY WERE ACTIVATED 3135 02:11:45,320 --> 02:11:46,800 COMPARED TO THE DENDRIMERS IN 3136 02:11:46,800 --> 02:11:50,480 THE COMPLEXES NOT ACTIVATED. 3137 02:11:50,480 --> 02:11:53,640 CURRENTLY, ONGOING DENDRIMER 3138 02:11:53,640 --> 02:11:55,160 MODIFICATIONS INCREASE CARGO 3139 02:11:55,160 --> 02:11:58,760 SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION IN VIVO TO 3140 02:11:58,760 --> 02:12:01,920 LEAD TO A NON-INVASIVE MOLECULAR 3141 02:12:01,920 --> 02:12:02,360 TOOL FOR THE BRAIN. 3142 02:12:02,360 --> 02:12:08,200 THANK YOU. 3143 02:12:08,200 --> 02:12:11,480 >> I'M A POST-DOCTORAL FELLOW IN 3144 02:12:11,480 --> 02:12:12,040 THE LABORATORY. 3145 02:12:12,040 --> 02:12:15,560 MY WORK FOCUSES ON UNDERSTANDING 3146 02:12:15,560 --> 02:12:18,800 THE NEURAL CIRCUIT MECHANISMS 3147 02:12:18,800 --> 02:12:21,360 UNDERLYING COGNITION AND THOSE 3148 02:12:21,360 --> 02:12:22,800 WHICH INVOLVED FLEXIBLY 3149 02:12:22,800 --> 02:12:26,800 RESPONDING TO STIMULI DEPENDING 3150 02:12:26,800 --> 02:12:30,040 ON CONTEXT. 3151 02:12:30,040 --> 02:12:34,120 CLASSICAL EXAMPLE PARADIGM USES 3152 02:12:34,120 --> 02:12:35,600 RANDOM DOTS FOR MOTION, 3153 02:12:35,600 --> 02:12:38,840 DIRECTION AND COLOR IN ANIMALS 3154 02:12:38,840 --> 02:12:43,640 WIN A CONTEXTUAL CUE AND WITH 3155 02:12:43,640 --> 02:12:45,360 THE ANIMAL HAS TO RESPOND 3156 02:12:45,360 --> 02:12:47,400 DIFFERENTLY TO THE SAME STIMULI 3157 02:12:47,400 --> 02:12:50,280 DEPENDING ON CONTEXT. 3158 02:12:50,280 --> 02:12:55,600 SO THIS BEHAVIOR IS A HALLMARK 3159 02:12:55,600 --> 02:12:56,640 OF COGNITIVE FLEXIBILITY. 3160 02:12:56,640 --> 02:12:57,920 ONE CHALLENGE IN UNDERSTANDING 3161 02:12:57,920 --> 02:13:00,120 HOW THE BRAIN ACCOMPLISHES THIS 3162 02:13:00,120 --> 02:13:02,800 IS THE COMPLEXITY OF SINGLE CELL 3163 02:13:02,800 --> 02:13:05,120 RESPONSES OBSERVED IN FRONTAL 3164 02:13:05,120 --> 02:13:06,520 BRAIN REGIONS. 3165 02:13:06,520 --> 02:13:14,120 IN PARTICULAR, PREFRONTAL CELLS 3166 02:13:14,120 --> 02:13:17,640 OFTEN RESPOND TO TASK-RELEVANT 3167 02:13:17,640 --> 02:13:20,680 VARIABLES AND IS AN OBSTACLE IN 3168 02:13:20,680 --> 02:13:21,440 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 3169 02:13:21,440 --> 02:13:23,520 ACTIVITY AND BEHAVIOR. 3170 02:13:23,520 --> 02:13:25,840 WE DEVELOPED A COMPUTATIONAL 3171 02:13:25,840 --> 02:13:28,000 FRAMEWORK WHICH LIES AT THE 3172 02:13:28,000 --> 02:13:31,760 INTERSECTION OF DIMENSIONALITY 3173 02:13:31,760 --> 02:13:34,120 REDUCTION AND ACTIVITY WHICH 3174 02:13:34,120 --> 02:13:35,360 UNCOVERS HOW SPATIALLY 3175 02:13:35,360 --> 02:13:38,480 DISTRIBUTED PATTERNS INTERACT TO 3176 02:13:38,480 --> 02:13:39,040 AFFECT BEHAVIOR. 3177 02:13:39,040 --> 02:13:45,320 OUR APPROACH SIMULTANEOUSLY LY 3178 02:13:45,320 --> 02:13:46,840 INFERS A CIRCUIT WHICH GENERATES 3179 02:13:46,840 --> 02:13:52,120 THE DYNAMICS IN THE SUBSPACE. 3180 02:13:52,120 --> 02:14:01,760 THE RESULTING CONNECTIVITY LOOKS 3181 02:14:01,760 --> 02:14:03,960 AT DYNAMICS BEING GENERATED IN 3182 02:14:03,960 --> 02:14:04,680 THE BRAIN. 3183 02:14:04,680 --> 02:14:06,800 APPLYING THIS FRAMEWORK TO 3184 02:14:06,800 --> 02:14:10,800 RECORDINGS FROM THE PREFRONTAL 3185 02:14:10,800 --> 02:14:13,960 CORTEX OF RHESUS MONKEYS 3186 02:14:13,960 --> 02:14:18,040 REVEALED A MECHANISM WHERE 3187 02:14:18,040 --> 02:14:21,400 NEURONS REPRESENTING CONTEXT 3188 02:14:21,400 --> 02:14:22,760 FLEXIBLY INHIBIT ONE OF TWO 3189 02:14:22,760 --> 02:14:24,720 RESPONSE ASSOCIATIONS. 3190 02:14:24,720 --> 02:14:26,840 SO THIS COULD BE OBSERVED IN 3191 02:14:26,840 --> 02:14:28,640 NEURAL ACTIVITY BY PROJECTING 3192 02:14:28,640 --> 02:14:31,440 HIGH DIMENSIONAL RESPONSES ON TO 3193 02:14:31,440 --> 02:14:34,520 THE SUBSPACE IDENTIFIED BY THE 3194 02:14:34,520 --> 02:14:38,720 LATENT CIRCUIT MODEL AND 3195 02:14:38,720 --> 02:14:42,800 STIMULATIONS SUPPRESSED WHEN 3196 02:14:42,800 --> 02:14:46,000 IRRELEVANT AND IT'S AN EXCITING 3197 02:14:46,000 --> 02:14:48,160 APPROACH TO CONNECTIVITY 3198 02:14:48,160 --> 02:14:53,400 INFERENCE TESTING HYPOTHESES 3199 02:14:53,400 --> 02:14:54,280 UNDERLYING COGNITION AND 3200 02:14:54,280 --> 02:14:57,880 INTERPRETABLE SECTOR MECHANISMS 3201 02:14:57,880 --> 02:14:59,680 FROM NEURAL RECORDING DATA THUS 3202 02:14:59,680 --> 02:15:02,080 PROVIDING A FRAMEWORK FOR 3203 02:15:02,080 --> 02:15:04,320 UNDERSTANDING HOW CONNECTIVITY 3204 02:15:04,320 --> 02:15:05,600 PRODUCES BEHAVIOR IN HIGHER 3205 02:15:05,600 --> 02:15:06,040 CORTICAL AREAS. 3206 02:15:06,040 --> 02:15:07,400 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION AND 3207 02:15:07,400 --> 02:15:09,240 IF YOU'RE INTERESTED COME LOOK 3208 02:15:09,240 --> 02:15:12,360 AND LOOK AT OUR POSTER. 3209 02:15:12,360 --> 02:15:18,000 >> WOW. 3210 02:15:18,000 --> 02:15:21,560 AMAZING PRESENTATIONS. 3211 02:15:21,560 --> 02:15:23,120 SURELY EVERYONE WATCHING THESE 3212 02:15:23,120 --> 02:15:26,160 CAN SEE WHY THESE SCHOLARS AND 3213 02:15:26,160 --> 02:15:29,720 RESEARCHERS WERE SELECTED. 3214 02:15:29,720 --> 02:15:30,080 JUST FABULOUS. 3215 02:15:30,080 --> 02:15:33,080 AND SO WELL DONE WITH THE TIME 3216 02:15:33,080 --> 02:15:33,560 ALLOTTED. 3217 02:15:33,560 --> 02:15:34,880 REALLY IMPRESSIVE. 3218 02:15:34,880 --> 02:15:36,200 LET'S JUMP RIGHT INTO SOME 3219 02:15:36,200 --> 02:15:37,720 QUESTIONS WE HAVE IN THE Q&A AND 3220 02:15:37,720 --> 02:15:39,920 IF YOU HAVE MORE JUST CONTINUE 3221 02:15:39,920 --> 02:15:41,520 TO ADD THEM WE'LL JUST GO IN 3222 02:15:41,520 --> 02:15:42,800 ORDER OF THE VOTES. 3223 02:15:42,800 --> 02:15:46,680 WE'RE GOING TO START OFF WITH 3224 02:15:46,680 --> 02:15:46,920 SANDRA. 3225 02:15:46,920 --> 02:15:48,600 DOES THE STIGMA WITH P.I.s HAVE 3226 02:15:48,600 --> 02:15:59,040 ANY GENDER DIFFERENCES? 3227 02:16:01,640 --> 02:16:04,560 >> THE STIGMA ASSOCIATED WITH 3228 02:16:04,560 --> 02:16:06,480 DEPRESSION AND STIGMA THAT 3229 02:16:06,480 --> 02:16:10,040 TREATMENTS CARRY AND A MEAN 3230 02:16:10,040 --> 02:16:10,680 ANTIDEPRESSANTS AND 3231 02:16:10,680 --> 02:16:11,560 PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES. 3232 02:16:11,560 --> 02:16:14,800 IN TERMS OF GENDER, I THINK WE 3233 02:16:14,800 --> 02:16:20,080 SEE STIGMA AFFECTS MEN MORE THAN 3234 02:16:20,080 --> 02:16:20,280 WOMEN. 3235 02:16:20,280 --> 02:16:24,760 MEN IN THE MILITARY IS WHAT IT 3236 02:16:24,760 --> 02:16:25,840 EXEMPLIFIED FOR US. 3237 02:16:25,840 --> 02:16:28,800 WITHIN THE U.S. CONTEXT, WE'RE 3238 02:16:28,800 --> 02:16:29,720 SEEING STIGMA RELATED TO THE 3239 02:16:29,720 --> 02:16:34,280 CONDITION AND RELATED TO THE 3240 02:16:34,280 --> 02:16:35,040 TREATMENT INTENSIFIES ACCESS TO 3241 02:16:35,040 --> 02:16:36,240 RACIAL MINORITIES. 3242 02:16:36,240 --> 02:16:38,040 AND THIS MIGHT BE FOR ALL KINDS 3243 02:16:38,040 --> 02:16:40,040 OF REASONS. 3244 02:16:40,040 --> 02:16:45,840 ONE IS DUE TO INEQUALITIES IN 3245 02:16:45,840 --> 02:16:48,040 THE INFRASTRUCTURE. 3246 02:16:48,040 --> 02:16:53,320 AND IT MIGHT ALSO BE BECAUSE OF 3247 02:16:53,320 --> 02:16:58,560 DIAGNOSIS OF TREATMENT MAY HAVE 3248 02:16:58,560 --> 02:16:59,440 CONTRARY VALUES. 3249 02:16:59,440 --> 02:17:02,080 AND IT MAY BE A FORCE OF SHAME 3250 02:17:02,080 --> 02:17:02,920 AND DEPRESSION IS DIAGNOSED AND 3251 02:17:02,920 --> 02:17:05,440 THEN TREATED. 3252 02:17:05,440 --> 02:17:10,240 IN TERMS OF THE THERAPY THE 3253 02:17:10,240 --> 02:17:12,320 TECHNOLOGIES, WE DIDN'T REALLY 3254 02:17:12,320 --> 02:17:15,600 FIND THIS IN OUR DATA WHICH IS 3255 02:17:15,600 --> 02:17:17,960 INTERESTING THOUGH IT SUGGESTED 3256 02:17:17,960 --> 02:17:21,080 IT IN THE LITERATURE AND THERE'S 3257 02:17:21,080 --> 02:17:22,520 METHODOLOGICAL REASONS FOR THAT 3258 02:17:22,520 --> 02:17:27,160 AND ONE IS STIGMA IS NOT A 3259 02:17:27,160 --> 02:17:27,800 CONCEPT THAT MIGHT BE IN THE 3260 02:17:27,800 --> 02:17:30,240 GENERAL PUBLIC. 3261 02:17:30,240 --> 02:17:32,080 IT'S NOT READILY RECOGNIZABLE. 3262 02:17:32,080 --> 02:17:39,600 IT'S A TERM ACADEMICS TEND TO 3263 02:17:39,600 --> 02:17:42,640 USE AND INFLUENCE THE 3264 02:17:42,640 --> 02:17:43,440 PERCEPTION. 3265 02:17:43,440 --> 02:17:47,120 I THINK THE PSYCHIATRISTS 3266 02:17:47,120 --> 02:17:48,720 PARTICIPATED IN OUR STUDY 3267 02:17:48,720 --> 02:17:49,680 CONFIRM STIGMA IS IN THE TOP 3268 02:17:49,680 --> 02:17:50,760 AREA WITH THIS TECHNOLOGY. 3269 02:17:50,760 --> 02:17:51,480 >> THANK YOU SO ECH. 3270 02:17:51,480 --> 02:17:52,960 I'M S YOU CAN TELL US MORE 3271 02:17:52,960 --> 02:17:54,720 BUT WE'LL TRY TO SEND PEOPLE TO 3272 02:17:54,720 --> 02:17:55,320 YOUR POSTER. 3273 02:17:55,320 --> 02:17:55,920 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ANSWER. 3274 02:17:55,920 --> 02:17:57,880 >> THANK YOU. 3275 02:17:57,880 --> 02:17:59,160 >> PLEASE DO VISIT THE POSTERS 3276 02:17:59,160 --> 02:18:03,880 FOR FOLLOW-UP QUESTIONS. 3277 02:18:03,880 --> 02:18:07,800 THE NEXT QUESTION IS IS DO THEY 3278 02:18:07,800 --> 02:18:10,000 ACROSS THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER 3279 02:18:10,000 --> 02:18:12,440 AND WHAT MODIFICATIONS MAY 3280 02:18:12,440 --> 02:18:14,280 AFFECT DELIVERY TO CELL TYPES AS 3281 02:18:14,280 --> 02:18:17,440 AN ADDITIONAL APPROACH ABOVE AND 3282 02:18:17,440 --> 02:18:19,320 BEYOND USING PROMOTERS AND 3283 02:18:19,320 --> 02:18:20,280 ENHANCERS AND THE LIKE. 3284 02:18:20,280 --> 02:18:22,240 >> THAT'S A GREAT QUESTION. 3285 02:18:22,240 --> 02:18:23,200 THANK YOU. 3286 02:18:23,200 --> 02:18:25,680 TO ANSWER YOUR FIRST QUESTION, 3287 02:18:25,680 --> 02:18:27,280 YES, THEY ARE ABLE TO ACROSS THE 3288 02:18:27,280 --> 02:18:29,640 BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER AND WE HAVE 3289 02:18:29,640 --> 02:18:31,600 PUBLISHED A COUPLE PAPERS WHICH 3290 02:18:31,600 --> 02:18:35,600 SHOWED WHEN WE INJECT THE 3291 02:18:35,600 --> 02:18:37,720 DENDRIMERS IN THE WING OF THE 3292 02:18:37,720 --> 02:18:39,800 RODENTS, WE WERE ABLE TO SEE THE 3293 02:18:39,800 --> 02:18:41,920 DENDRIMERS IN THE BRAIN. 3294 02:18:41,920 --> 02:18:44,360 AND TO MAKE IT CELL SPECIFIC, WE 3295 02:18:44,360 --> 02:18:46,360 CAN HAVE TWO APPROACHES. 3296 02:18:46,360 --> 02:18:53,440 FIRST WOULD BE WE CAN HAVE A 3297 02:18:53,440 --> 02:18:53,880 PROMOTER. 3298 02:18:53,880 --> 02:18:55,240 THE PLASMIDS THOUGH IT'S 3299 02:18:55,240 --> 02:18:56,480 EXPRESSED ONLY IN CERTAIN CELL 3300 02:18:56,480 --> 02:18:58,640 TYPES BASED ON THE PROMOTER, WE 3301 02:18:58,640 --> 02:18:59,680 CAN ALSO HAVE ANTIBODIES THAT 3302 02:18:59,680 --> 02:19:04,320 CAN BE TAGGED TO THE DENDRIMERS 3303 02:19:04,320 --> 02:19:06,720 AND THEY'LL GO BIND TO THE 3304 02:19:06,720 --> 02:19:08,560 SURFACE OF CERTAIN CELL TYPES 3305 02:19:08,560 --> 02:19:13,120 AND THEN THE DENDRIMERS CAN 3306 02:19:13,120 --> 02:19:15,240 DELIVER THE CARGO. 3307 02:19:15,240 --> 02:19:17,760 THEY CAN DELIVER THE PLASMID AND 3308 02:19:17,760 --> 02:19:20,240 THE DRUGS TO HAVE THE DNA AND 3309 02:19:20,240 --> 02:19:21,280 THE DRUG DELIVERED TO SPECIFIC 3310 02:19:21,280 --> 02:19:25,120 CELL TYPES AT THE SAME TIME. 3311 02:19:25,120 --> 02:19:26,160 >> GREAT. 3312 02:19:26,160 --> 02:19:32,040 IT'S NICE TO SEE SOME VIABLE 3313 02:19:32,040 --> 02:19:33,560 ALTERNATIVES TO WERE GREAT AND 3314 02:19:33,560 --> 02:19:35,520 WE'RE ALWAYS LOOKING FOR 3315 02:19:35,520 --> 02:19:39,280 DIFFERENT APPROACHES THAT CAN 3316 02:19:39,280 --> 02:19:40,360 CIRCUMVENT SOME LIMITATIONS. 3317 02:19:40,360 --> 02:19:41,480 WE'LL HAVE TO LOOK FORWARD TO 3318 02:19:41,480 --> 02:19:41,800 MORE PROGRESS. 3319 02:19:41,800 --> 02:19:48,880 >> GREAT. 3320 02:19:48,880 --> 02:19:49,480 >> NICOLE. 3321 02:19:49,480 --> 02:19:54,720 THE VENTRAL STRIATUM IS A 3322 02:19:54,720 --> 02:19:57,200 FAVORITE LOCUS FOR OCD AND 3323 02:19:57,200 --> 02:19:57,440 OTHERS. 3324 02:19:57,440 --> 02:20:00,000 HOW IS THIS CHOSEN FOR YOUR 3325 02:20:00,000 --> 02:20:01,680 PROJECT AND HOW GENERALIZABLE DO 3326 02:20:01,680 --> 02:20:02,880 YOU THINK THE LOCUS WILL BE FOR 3327 02:20:02,880 --> 02:20:07,240 OTHER DISORDERS? 3328 02:20:07,240 --> 02:20:09,760 >> THANK YOU FOR THE QUESTION. 3329 02:20:09,760 --> 02:20:11,880 THE VENTRAL STRIATUM TARGET WAS 3330 02:20:11,880 --> 02:20:14,680 INITIALLY CHOSEN BASED ON THE 3331 02:20:14,680 --> 02:20:15,760 TARGETS ABLATED DURING 3332 02:20:15,760 --> 02:20:18,680 PROCEDURES FOR OCD. 3333 02:20:18,680 --> 02:20:21,400 INITIALLY, DBS TARGETED THE 3334 02:20:21,400 --> 02:20:22,880 ENTIRE LIMB OF THE CAPSULE BUT 3335 02:20:22,880 --> 02:20:30,640 OVER TIME THE TARGET WAS REFINED 3336 02:20:30,640 --> 02:20:38,680 TO THE NUCLEUS ACO KCCUMBENS AN 3337 02:20:38,680 --> 02:20:41,360 OPTIMIZED THIS DURING BEHAVIORAL 3338 02:20:41,360 --> 02:20:43,520 TESTING DURING WHICH WE EVALUATE 3339 02:20:43,520 --> 02:20:45,800 ACUTE AFFECTS ON MOOD ANXIETY 3340 02:20:45,800 --> 02:20:48,080 AND ENERGY AND TYPICALLY SEE 3341 02:20:48,080 --> 02:20:50,680 SMILING, LAUGHTER AND POSITIVE 3342 02:20:50,680 --> 02:20:54,080 MOOD EFFECTS WHEN SIMULATION IS 3343 02:20:54,080 --> 02:21:00,600 TURNED ON IN O.R. AND USE THESE 3344 02:21:00,600 --> 02:21:06,280 FOR THE CONTACT OUT OF THE FOUR 3345 02:21:06,280 --> 02:21:09,040 OPTIONS THAT WE'RE USING. 3346 02:21:09,040 --> 02:21:14,320 AFTER DBS WE SEE DEPRESSION IN 3347 02:21:14,320 --> 02:21:18,680 MOOD STATES AND THIS MAY BE A 3348 02:21:18,680 --> 02:21:23,920 SECONDARY EFFECT. 3349 02:21:23,920 --> 02:21:26,520 SO THE INITIAL PERIOD IS WHEN WE 3350 02:21:26,520 --> 02:21:34,640 HAVE TO BE AWARE OF ONSET OF 3351 02:21:34,640 --> 02:21:42,680 HYPOMEAN -- HYPOMEAN IA AND THE 3352 02:21:42,680 --> 02:21:44,400 INTERNAL LIMB OF THE CAPSULE 3353 02:21:44,400 --> 02:21:48,840 CONNECT THE VENTRAL STRIATUM TO 3354 02:21:48,840 --> 02:21:50,680 MANY REGIONS INCLUDING THE 3355 02:21:50,680 --> 02:21:54,000 DORSAL ANTERIOR AND PREFRONTAL 3356 02:21:54,000 --> 02:21:54,760 CORTEX. 3357 02:21:54,760 --> 02:21:56,360 BECAUSE OF THE HIGH DEGREE OF 3358 02:21:56,360 --> 02:21:57,920 CONNECTIVITY AND THE INITIAL 3359 02:21:57,920 --> 02:21:59,360 IMPROVEMENTS IN MOOD AND ENERGY 3360 02:21:59,360 --> 02:22:01,920 WE TYPICALLY SEE, I THINK THIS 3361 02:22:01,920 --> 02:22:04,640 TARGET HAS THE POTENTIAL FOR 3362 02:22:04,640 --> 02:22:06,640 TREATING DISORDERS INVOLVING 3363 02:22:06,640 --> 02:22:09,920 MOOD, DYSREGULATION AND REWARD 3364 02:22:09,920 --> 02:22:10,960 AND ADDICTION AND DISORDER 3365 02:22:10,960 --> 02:22:17,000 EATING AMONG OTHERS. 3366 02:22:17,000 --> 02:22:18,520 AND THEY'RE LOOKING TO TACKLE 3367 02:22:18,520 --> 02:22:20,560 THE QUESTION OF HOW THE TARGET 3368 02:22:20,560 --> 02:22:25,240 MAY BE APPLIED TO OTHER 3369 02:22:25,240 --> 02:22:25,520 DISORDERS. 3370 02:22:25,520 --> 02:22:27,360 BE SURE TO CHECK THAT OUT. 3371 02:22:27,360 --> 02:22:31,960 >> SO YOU'RE SEEING THE HUB 3372 02:22:31,960 --> 02:22:35,600 FEATURE THE HUB NATURE AS A 3373 02:22:35,600 --> 02:22:37,400 FEATURE BECAUSE ONE ISSUE IS 3374 02:22:37,400 --> 02:22:39,520 GOING TO BE WHAT ARE THE OTHER 3375 02:22:39,520 --> 02:22:41,280 FOLLOW-ON OR SIDE EFFECTS. 3376 02:22:41,280 --> 02:22:43,280 IT'S INTERESTING THAT THE OCD 3377 02:22:43,280 --> 02:22:45,680 EFFECTS MANIFEST LATER SO THE 3378 02:22:45,680 --> 02:22:47,560 QUESTIONNAIRE IS HOW MUCH 3379 02:22:47,560 --> 02:22:49,000 PLASTICITY IS BEING INDUCED 3380 02:22:49,000 --> 02:22:53,440 BECAUSE OF THE STIMULATION. 3381 02:22:53,440 --> 02:22:54,440 >> THAT'S A GOOD QUESTION AND 3382 02:22:54,440 --> 02:22:56,680 THE FEATURE VERSUS BUG IS A GOOD 3383 02:22:56,680 --> 02:22:57,760 QUESTION TOO. 3384 02:22:57,760 --> 02:23:00,000 AS WE'RE ABLE TO DELIVER 3385 02:23:00,000 --> 02:23:03,760 STIMULATION MORE SPECIFICALLY 3386 02:23:03,760 --> 02:23:06,680 LIKE USING NEEDS TO SPECIFIC 3387 02:23:06,680 --> 02:23:09,320 PARTS OF THE VCVS TARGET WE MAY 3388 02:23:09,320 --> 02:23:11,000 SEE QUICKER RESULTS IN TERMS OF 3389 02:23:11,000 --> 02:23:20,720 OCD SYMPTOM IMPROVEMENT. 3390 02:23:20,720 --> 02:23:21,920 FUTURE WORK WILL HAVE TO LOOK 3391 02:23:21,920 --> 02:23:22,360 INTO THAT. 3392 02:23:22,360 --> 02:23:23,680 >> COOL. 3393 02:23:23,680 --> 02:23:29,120 THE NEXT QUESTION IS TO JAY AND 3394 02:23:29,120 --> 02:23:32,480 RELATED TO THE PREVIOUS ONE 3395 02:23:32,480 --> 02:23:34,160 FIRST OF ALL, COOL STUFF. 3396 02:23:34,160 --> 02:23:36,080 CLOSED LOOP STIMULATION SEEMS 3397 02:23:36,080 --> 02:23:36,320 PROMISE. 3398 02:23:36,320 --> 02:23:37,160 HOW IMPORTANT DO YOU THINK IT 3399 02:23:37,160 --> 02:23:39,080 WILL BE TO TAILOR THE STIMULUS 3400 02:23:39,080 --> 02:23:42,680 ON A MOMENT BY MOMENT BASIS 3401 02:23:42,680 --> 02:23:46,640 VERSUS OVER A MORE LONG-TERM 3402 02:23:46,640 --> 02:23:48,400 CHRONIC STIMULATION ONCE YOU 3403 02:23:48,400 --> 02:23:50,640 FOUND THE EFFECTED LOCUS? 3404 02:23:50,640 --> 02:24:00,200 >> THANK YOU FOR THE QUESTION. 3405 02:24:00,200 --> 02:24:01,800 WHEN WE THINK OF THE SYMPTOMS 3406 02:24:01,800 --> 02:24:04,320 THAT COULD BE EPISODIC IN TERMS 3407 02:24:04,320 --> 02:24:09,440 REEXPERIENCING EPISODES OF 3408 02:24:09,440 --> 02:24:10,800 HYPERVIGILANCE VERSUS MORE 3409 02:24:10,800 --> 02:24:15,800 CHRONIC SYSTEMS LIKE NEGATIVE 3410 02:24:15,800 --> 02:24:20,600 MOOD AND I THINK BECAUSE THE 3411 02:24:20,600 --> 02:24:22,560 DISEASE CAN BE BOTH BOTH CHRONIC 3412 02:24:22,560 --> 02:24:25,080 AND CONTINUOUS OVER TIME BUT 3413 02:24:25,080 --> 02:24:28,440 ALSO QUITE EPISODIC, I THINK 3414 02:24:28,440 --> 02:24:30,000 BOTH WILL BE QUITE IMPORTANT. 3415 02:24:30,000 --> 02:24:31,760 WE ALSO HAVE A BIT OF EVIDENCE 3416 02:24:31,760 --> 02:24:32,560 THAT MOMENT TO MOMENT 3417 02:24:32,560 --> 02:24:35,720 STIMULATION MAY BE A GOOD 3418 02:24:35,720 --> 02:24:38,560 CANDIDATE FOR TREATING 3419 02:24:38,560 --> 02:24:39,680 TREATMENT-RESISTANT PTSD BECAUSE 3420 02:24:39,680 --> 02:24:42,560 THERE WAS A PRIOR TRIAL FOR 3421 02:24:42,560 --> 02:24:47,280 IMPLANTATION OF DBS ELECTRODES 3422 02:24:47,280 --> 02:24:50,560 STIMULATION IN TREATMENT 3423 02:24:50,560 --> 02:24:52,920 RESISTANT PTSD AND THE PATIENTS 3424 02:24:52,920 --> 02:24:54,640 RECEIVING THE STIMULATION ARE 3425 02:24:54,640 --> 02:24:57,040 DOING A BIT BETTER THAN THOSE 3426 02:24:57,040 --> 02:24:57,920 RECEIVING THE DBS. 3427 02:24:57,920 --> 02:24:59,680 I THINK SOME CONTRIBUTE BEING 3428 02:24:59,680 --> 02:25:02,040 FACTOR TO THAT IS THAT WITH 3429 02:25:02,040 --> 02:25:05,160 CHRONIC DBS THE ONLY READOUT YOU 3430 02:25:05,160 --> 02:25:06,960 HAVE IS THE PATIENT'S SUBJECTIVE 3431 02:25:06,960 --> 02:25:09,400 EVALUATION OF HOW THEY'RE DOING 3432 02:25:09,400 --> 02:25:11,720 WHILE WITH RESPONSIVE NEURAL 3433 02:25:11,720 --> 02:25:12,520 STIMULATION WE'RE ALSO TO 3434 02:25:12,520 --> 02:25:19,960 STIMULATE AND SENSE AND HAVE AN 3435 02:25:19,960 --> 02:25:20,760 ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL BIOMARKER 3436 02:25:20,760 --> 02:25:22,680 THAT GIVES SOMETHING TO SINK 3437 02:25:22,680 --> 02:25:24,080 YOU'RE TEETH INTO MORE IN TERMS 3438 02:25:24,080 --> 02:25:26,440 OF HOW THE PATIENT IS DOING. 3439 02:25:26,440 --> 02:25:28,760 IT'S UNSATISFYING SAYING BOTH 3440 02:25:28,760 --> 02:25:29,360 WILL BE QUITE IMPORTANT BUT 3441 02:25:29,360 --> 02:25:31,520 THAT'S WHAT I THINK SO FAR 3442 02:25:31,520 --> 02:25:32,840 SPECIFICALLY AS IT RELATES TO 3443 02:25:32,840 --> 02:25:43,320 THE SYSTEMS RELATED TO PTSD. 3444 02:25:45,680 --> 02:25:49,360 >> THE EPISODIC READOUT COULD BE 3445 02:25:49,360 --> 02:25:49,880 KEY? 3446 02:25:49,880 --> 02:25:50,200 >> EXACTLY. 3447 02:25:50,200 --> 02:25:59,400 >> AND THE BIOLOGICAL MARKERS. 3448 02:25:59,400 --> 02:26:01,200 >> NICOLE, DID HAVE YOU A 3449 02:26:01,200 --> 02:26:01,520 COMMENT? 3450 02:26:01,520 --> 02:26:06,840 >> WE'RE THINKING ABOUT THE SAME 3451 02:26:06,840 --> 02:26:10,360 THINGS WITH REGARDS TO OCD IS IT 3452 02:26:10,360 --> 02:26:13,720 EPISODIC LIKE IS SOMEONE EXPOSED 3453 02:26:13,720 --> 02:26:15,720 TO A TRIGGER OR THE SLOWER 3454 02:26:15,720 --> 02:26:17,120 EVOLVING STATE? 3455 02:26:17,120 --> 02:26:19,160 I THINK THERE'S TWO CAMPS OF 3456 02:26:19,160 --> 02:26:19,720 THOUGHT ON THAT AND IT'S 3457 02:26:19,720 --> 02:26:29,960 PROBABLY BOTH. 3458 02:26:30,600 --> 02:26:32,920 OTHER THING FOR CLOSED LOOP OCD 3459 02:26:32,920 --> 02:26:34,640 THE FIRST COUPLE WEEKS TO MONTHS 3460 02:26:34,640 --> 02:26:37,040 AFTER DBS IS TURNED ON PATIENTS 3461 02:26:37,040 --> 02:26:41,120 GET HYPOMANIC. 3462 02:26:41,120 --> 02:26:43,880 WHILE DR. GOODMAN THE P.I. OF 3463 02:26:43,880 --> 02:26:46,440 THE STUDY TYPICALLY TWEAKS 3464 02:26:46,440 --> 02:26:48,040 AMPLITUDE A LOT IN THE FIRST 3465 02:26:48,040 --> 02:26:53,640 WEEKS TO AVOID THE ONSET OF 3466 02:26:53,640 --> 02:26:53,920 HYPOMANIA. 3467 02:26:53,920 --> 02:26:55,480 ONE IMPORTANT THING TO CONSIDER 3468 02:26:55,480 --> 02:26:57,040 FOR CLOSED LOOP IS CAN WE REDUCE 3469 02:26:57,040 --> 02:26:59,440 THE NUMBER OF VISITS AND THE 3470 02:26:59,440 --> 02:27:02,200 TWEAKS BY USING ADAPTIVE DBS IF 3471 02:27:02,200 --> 02:27:04,880 WE COULD HAVE A BIOMARKER OF 3472 02:27:04,880 --> 02:27:08,640 WHEN SOMEONE IS BECOMING 3473 02:27:08,640 --> 02:27:10,240 HYPERMANIC OR MANIC AND TURN 3474 02:27:10,240 --> 02:27:12,320 STIMULATION DOWN WOULD MAKE DBS 3475 02:27:12,320 --> 02:27:14,600 MORE ACCESSIBLE BY OTHER 3476 02:27:14,600 --> 02:27:15,200 PSYCHIATRISTS AND NON-EXPERT 3477 02:27:15,200 --> 02:27:23,840 CENTERS. 3478 02:27:23,840 --> 02:27:27,080 >> THANK YOU, JAY AND NICOLE, I 3479 02:27:27,080 --> 02:27:29,320 SEE A COLLABORATION COMING. 3480 02:27:29,320 --> 02:27:30,600 NANCY, YOU PROPOSED YOUR SET UP 3481 02:27:30,600 --> 02:27:33,040 COULD BE A TOOL THAT COULD GO 3482 02:27:33,040 --> 02:27:34,000 BEYOND NEURONS. 3483 02:27:34,000 --> 02:27:36,760 YOU SHOWED NEURONS BUT WHAT 3484 02:27:36,760 --> 02:27:38,160 ADAPTIONS DO YOU THINK WOULD BE 3485 02:27:38,160 --> 02:27:43,480 NEEDED TO DO THIS IN MUSCLE? 3486 02:27:43,480 --> 02:27:46,800 >> THIS IS A WONDERFUL QUESTION. 3487 02:27:46,800 --> 02:27:49,800 OPTICAL SYNAPSE CAN BE APPLIED 3488 02:27:49,800 --> 02:27:51,560 AND WE CAN TEST THIS AND THE 3489 02:27:51,560 --> 02:27:54,880 PARTNERSHIP IS BETWEEN A NEURON 3490 02:27:54,880 --> 02:27:59,560 AND MUSCLE AND MOTOR NEURON AND 3491 02:27:59,560 --> 02:27:59,960 SKELETAL MUSCLE. 3492 02:27:59,960 --> 02:28:05,840 IF YOU WANT TO TARGET THE 3493 02:28:05,840 --> 02:28:09,880 PARTNERSHIP IN A SPECIFIC WAY 3494 02:28:09,880 --> 02:28:14,800 AND SO HERE THE ELEMENTS CAN BE 3495 02:28:14,800 --> 02:28:16,640 MADE TO EXPRESS AND WE HAVE A 3496 02:28:16,640 --> 02:28:19,960 GENE EXPRESSION AND CAN BE 3497 02:28:19,960 --> 02:28:25,160 EXPRESSED BY THE SKELETAL MUSCLE 3498 02:28:25,160 --> 02:28:30,720 AND EXPRESS WHAT CAN BE TARGETED 3499 02:28:30,720 --> 02:28:41,240 AND THE POTENTIAL APPLICATION 3500 02:28:41,920 --> 02:28:45,160 AND WE HAVE SYNAPTIC 3501 02:28:45,160 --> 02:28:46,480 COMMUNICATION AND THE ANTIBODIES 3502 02:28:46,480 --> 02:28:48,960 AGAINST THE NEUROTRANSMITTER 3503 02:28:48,960 --> 02:28:59,000 RECEPTOR ON THE SKELETAL MUSCLE. 3504 02:28:59,000 --> 02:29:02,080 AND THIS WAY WE CAN ADOPT THE 3505 02:29:02,080 --> 02:29:04,520 OPTICAL SYNAPSE AND TARGET OTHER 3506 02:29:04,520 --> 02:29:05,840 PARTNERSHIPS IN THE MUSCLE. 3507 02:29:05,840 --> 02:29:16,000 THANK YOU. 3508 02:29:57,360 --> 02:30:05,720 YOU CAN DRIVE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR. 3509 02:30:05,720 --> 02:30:08,000 >> AS THE ONE OF MANY MORE 3510 02:30:08,000 --> 02:30:10,000 EXAMPLES TO COME BY HOW MUCH THE 3511 02:30:10,000 --> 02:30:11,840 STEPS WILL HELP SHAPE THE 3512 02:30:11,840 --> 02:30:17,840 HYPOTHESES AND GIVE RISE TO NEW 3513 02:30:17,840 --> 02:30:21,960 IDEAS FOR TESTING THEM. 3514 02:30:21,960 --> 02:30:27,880 >> THE FOCUS OF ALL -- 3515 02:30:27,880 --> 02:30:30,360 ULTRASOUND IS AFFECTIVE AND HOW 3516 02:30:30,360 --> 02:30:35,240 DOES IT AFFECT THE STRUCTURE OF 3517 02:30:35,240 --> 02:30:38,320 CELLS BEING QUERIED. 3518 02:30:38,320 --> 02:30:40,000 >> IT'S KNOWN TO MODULATE NEURAL 3519 02:30:40,000 --> 02:30:42,160 ACTIVITY AND THERE'S A COUPLE 3520 02:30:42,160 --> 02:30:47,840 STUDIES THAT SHOW YOU CAN USE IT 3521 02:30:47,840 --> 02:30:58,360 TO ACTIVATE CELLS AND YOU CAN 3522 02:31:31,080 --> 02:31:35,840 LOOK AT BUCKLING THE STRUCTURE 3523 02:31:35,840 --> 02:31:38,480 OF THE NON LINEAR SIGNAL THAT 3524 02:31:38,480 --> 02:31:40,440 CONCERN THE BUFFERING OF THE 3525 02:31:40,440 --> 02:31:40,680 VESICLE. 3526 02:31:40,680 --> 02:31:42,600 SO I HOPE THAT ANSWERED THE 3527 02:31:42,600 --> 02:31:43,520 QUESTION. 3528 02:31:43,520 --> 02:31:53,840 >> GREAT, THANKS. 3529 02:31:53,840 --> 02:31:56,680 >> HELP US TO UNDERSTAND BETTER 3530 02:31:56,680 --> 02:31:57,760 THE DENDRITE'S ROLE IN A WORKING 3531 02:31:57,760 --> 02:31:58,600 MEMORY. 3532 02:31:58,600 --> 02:32:06,240 >> YES. 3533 02:32:06,240 --> 02:32:09,600 THANK YOU FOR THE QUESTION. 3534 02:32:09,600 --> 02:32:11,880 IF YOU HAVE AN AMOUNT OF TRIALS 3535 02:32:11,880 --> 02:32:13,880 IT'S HELPFUL TO RECORD MANY 3536 02:32:13,880 --> 02:32:14,880 DENDRITES AT ONCE TO UNDERSTAND 3537 02:32:14,880 --> 02:32:16,240 WHAT IS GOING ON. 3538 02:32:16,240 --> 02:32:17,840 OUR PROGRAM ALLOWS USERS TO 3539 02:32:17,840 --> 02:32:20,360 RECORD AND MAKE SENSE OF MANY 3540 02:32:20,360 --> 02:32:23,040 DENDRITES OR A LARGE DATA SET OF 3541 02:32:23,040 --> 02:32:25,120 NEURONS ALL AT ONCE WHICH WILL 3542 02:32:25,120 --> 02:32:29,320 BE HELPFUL FOR WORK. 3543 02:32:29,320 --> 02:32:30,600 I'LL EXPLAIN MORE WHAT OUR 3544 02:32:30,600 --> 02:32:31,680 PROGRAM CAN DO IN THE POSTER IF 3545 02:32:31,680 --> 02:32:42,160 YOU WANT TO CHECK THAT OUT. 3546 02:32:48,280 --> 02:32:49,960 >> FIRST, EVERYBODY WANTS TO 3547 02:32:49,960 --> 02:32:52,400 GIVE YOU KUDOS FOR MAKING THIS 3548 02:32:52,400 --> 02:32:53,760 AMAZING TOOL OPEN SOURCE. 3549 02:32:53,760 --> 02:32:55,520 EVERYONE IS REALLY EXCITED ABOUT 3550 02:32:55,520 --> 02:32:55,880 THAT. 3551 02:32:55,880 --> 02:32:58,320 THE FIRST QUESTION IS CAN THIS 3552 02:32:58,320 --> 02:33:04,160 LENS BE EASILY USED FOR MODIFIED 3553 02:33:04,160 --> 02:33:10,240 FOR USE FOR MICROSCOPY AND THE 3554 02:33:10,240 --> 02:33:17,840 SECOND IS DOES THIS NEED TO TAKE 3555 02:33:17,840 --> 02:33:20,800 PLANS TO FABRICATE AN OBJECT. 3556 02:33:20,800 --> 02:33:22,600 LET'S LET YOU TACKLE THOSE TWO 3557 02:33:22,600 --> 02:33:25,600 FIRST. 3558 02:33:25,600 --> 02:33:26,480 >> THANK YOU. 3559 02:33:26,480 --> 02:33:30,520 THESE ARE GREAT QUESTIONS. 3560 02:33:30,520 --> 02:33:33,640 SO FOR MODIFYING FOR MICROSCOPY, 3561 02:33:33,640 --> 02:33:35,840 AS I KNOW THERE'S MANY VARIANTS 3562 02:33:35,840 --> 02:33:39,360 OF MICROSCOPY AND SO THE DESIGN 3563 02:33:39,360 --> 02:33:44,480 SPECIFICATION PLAY VARY A LOT. 3564 02:33:44,480 --> 02:33:46,400 SO WE HAVE BEEN VERY INTERESTED 3565 02:33:46,400 --> 02:33:49,040 IN DEVELOPING MICROSCOPY IN THE 3566 02:33:49,040 --> 02:33:49,440 LAB. 3567 02:33:49,440 --> 02:33:51,360 WE'RE HAPPY TO SEE IF WE CAN 3568 02:33:51,360 --> 02:33:52,840 COME UP WITH A SOLUTION FOR YOU 3569 02:33:52,840 --> 02:33:56,800 SO PLEASE SEND ME AN E-MAIL FOR 3570 02:33:56,800 --> 02:34:00,080 FURTHER DISCUSSION AND THE OTHER 3571 02:34:00,080 --> 02:34:02,520 QUESTION IS ABOUT THE 3572 02:34:02,520 --> 02:34:04,800 MANUFACTURING THE LINKS. 3573 02:34:04,800 --> 02:34:09,160 SO I HAVE TO SAY THE FABRICATION 3574 02:34:09,160 --> 02:34:11,800 IS UNIQUE EXPERTISE AND REQUIRES 3575 02:34:11,800 --> 02:34:14,240 MANY HIGH PRECISION INSTRUMENTS 3576 02:34:14,240 --> 02:34:16,960 TO ASSEMBLE THE LINKS TOGETHER. 3577 02:34:16,960 --> 02:34:19,400 SO WE DO NOT HAVE THE EXPERTISE 3578 02:34:19,400 --> 02:34:21,680 NOR THE INSTRUMENTS IN OUR LAB 3579 02:34:21,680 --> 02:34:24,440 TO ASSEMBLE THE OBJECTIVE. 3580 02:34:24,440 --> 02:34:27,840 SO WE ACTUALLY CONTRACT THE WORK 3581 02:34:27,840 --> 02:34:31,560 TO EXTEND FOR VERIFICATION AND 3582 02:34:31,560 --> 02:34:31,840 ASSEMBLY. 3583 02:34:31,840 --> 02:34:36,040 BUT HAVING SAID THIS AGAIN, AS 3584 02:34:36,040 --> 02:34:37,680 THE DESIGNER OF THE OBJECTIVE, 3585 02:34:37,680 --> 02:34:41,160 WE HAVE ALL THE DESIGN 3586 02:34:41,160 --> 02:34:43,360 PARAMETERS AND MANUFACTURING 3587 02:34:43,360 --> 02:34:43,840 DETAILS. 3588 02:34:43,840 --> 02:34:46,600 IT IS CONVENIENT FOR THE FUTURE 3589 02:34:46,600 --> 02:34:50,600 USES TO MAKE THIS OBJECTIVE 3590 02:34:50,600 --> 02:34:57,800 WITHIN UP TO MODIFY IT TO BEST 3591 02:34:57,800 --> 02:34:58,360 FEED THE UNIQUE CONDITIONS. 3592 02:34:58,360 --> 02:35:00,280 >> AND THEN THE FINAL ONE WAS 3593 02:35:00,280 --> 02:35:04,880 ABOUT THE 28 MILLIMETER. 3594 02:35:04,880 --> 02:35:06,960 THE WORKING DISTANCE AIR 3595 02:35:06,960 --> 02:35:09,920 OBJECTIVE, CAN IT BE USED FOR 3596 02:35:09,920 --> 02:35:10,400 ANY STANDARD MICROSCOPY. 3597 02:35:10,400 --> 02:35:17,560 ? 3598 02:35:17,560 --> 02:35:23,720 >> WE TRIED TO MAKE SURE IT CAN 3599 02:35:23,720 --> 02:35:30,120 BE COMPATIBLE WITH COMMERCIAL 3600 02:35:30,120 --> 02:35:30,480 INSTRUMENTS. 3601 02:35:30,480 --> 02:35:37,840 IT'S M32 AND STANDARD YOU SHOULD 3602 02:35:37,840 --> 02:35:40,160 BE ABLE TO DIRECTLY USE MANY 3603 02:35:40,160 --> 02:35:41,360 COMMERCIAL SYSTEMS HAVE THIS 3604 02:35:41,360 --> 02:35:44,680 SIZE OTHERWISE YOU CAN EASILY 3605 02:35:44,680 --> 02:35:47,240 USE AN ADAPTER TO CHANGE IT 3606 02:35:47,240 --> 02:35:49,960 BETWEEN DIFFERENT SIZES. 3607 02:35:49,960 --> 02:35:52,000 I BELIEVE IT SHOULD BE EASY FOR 3608 02:35:52,000 --> 02:35:53,760 YOU TO USE IT IN DIFFERENT 3609 02:35:53,760 --> 02:35:56,560 STANDARD MICROSCOPES. 3610 02:35:56,560 --> 02:35:58,000 >> THANK YOU FOR THAT. 3611 02:35:58,000 --> 02:36:00,520 I ENCOURAGE PEOPLE TO VISIT YOUR 3612 02:36:00,520 --> 02:36:01,640 POSTER. 3613 02:36:01,640 --> 02:36:03,480 OBVIOUSLY YOUR VERY OPEN TO 3614 02:36:03,480 --> 02:36:04,200 COLLABORATING AND SHARING THE 3615 02:36:04,200 --> 02:36:05,480 RESOURCE AND PEOPLE NEED TO 3616 02:36:05,480 --> 02:36:07,960 REACH OUT AND TAKE YOU UP ON 3617 02:36:07,960 --> 02:36:10,480 YOUR OFFER. 3618 02:36:10,480 --> 02:36:17,720 JOHN. 3619 02:36:17,720 --> 02:36:20,640 >> THIS IS A COOL TECHNIQUE. 3620 02:36:20,640 --> 02:36:23,160 HOW DOES IT COMPLEMENT PREVIOUS 3621 02:36:23,160 --> 02:36:26,760 STUDIES FROM YOUR LAB USING AAB 3622 02:36:26,760 --> 02:36:27,000 TRACING. 3623 02:36:27,000 --> 02:36:31,200 >> IN THE PAST MY LAB HAS 3624 02:36:31,200 --> 02:36:34,240 TRANSCRIPTOMICALLY HAD INPUT TO 3625 02:36:34,240 --> 02:36:38,480 A REGION THEY INFECTED SO THE 3626 02:36:38,480 --> 02:36:41,720 DIFFERENCE WITH THE MONOSYNAPTIC 3627 02:36:41,720 --> 02:36:43,160 TRACING IS YOU CAN TARGET 3628 02:36:43,160 --> 02:36:44,360 SELECTION TO A CELL POPULATION 3629 02:36:44,360 --> 02:36:46,520 OF INTEREST. 3630 02:36:46,520 --> 02:36:53,760 WITH RABIES YOU CAN SAY IN A 3631 02:36:53,760 --> 02:36:57,920 PARTICULAR REGION I ONLY WANT TO 3632 02:36:57,920 --> 02:37:01,600 LOOK AT INHIBITORY NEURONS WHERE 3633 02:37:01,600 --> 02:37:04,320 YOU ARE LOOKING AT ALL CELLS 3634 02:37:04,320 --> 02:37:06,160 GIVING INPUT TO THAT PARTICULAR 3635 02:37:06,160 --> 02:37:08,040 REGION INSTEAD OF PARSING OUT IF 3636 02:37:08,040 --> 02:37:10,040 THERE'S DIFFERENCES IN INPUTS 3637 02:37:10,040 --> 02:37:11,440 DEPENDING ON THE CELL TYPES THAT 3638 02:37:11,440 --> 02:37:15,520 RESIDE IN THAT REGION. 3639 02:37:15,520 --> 02:37:18,000 >> GREAT TO HAVE ADDITIONAL 3640 02:37:18,000 --> 02:37:20,640 SPECIFICITY AND ADDITIONAL TOOLS 3641 02:37:20,640 --> 02:37:23,360 FOR THE NEXT LEVEL ANALYSIS. 3642 02:37:23,360 --> 02:37:26,480 MICHELLE YOU WANT TO ASK THE 3643 02:37:26,480 --> 02:37:35,240 FOLLOW ON QUESTION TO MARIBELL. 3644 02:37:35,240 --> 02:37:38,760 HOW EASY IS TO COMBINE THE TOOL 3645 02:37:38,760 --> 02:37:40,760 SUCH AS CALCIUM IMAGING WHERE 3646 02:37:40,760 --> 02:37:42,240 YOU MAY BE ABLE TO RECORD 3647 02:37:42,240 --> 02:37:44,720 ACTIVITY AND THEN DO THE 3648 02:37:44,720 --> 02:37:44,960 TRACING? 3649 02:37:44,960 --> 02:37:45,960 ANY THOUGHTS ON THAT? 3650 02:37:45,960 --> 02:37:47,720 >> I WON'T SAY ANYTHING ABOUT 3651 02:37:47,720 --> 02:37:49,280 HOW EASY IT IS BUT I'LL TALK 3652 02:37:49,280 --> 02:37:51,960 ABOUT WHAT YOU CAN DO TO DO 3653 02:37:51,960 --> 02:37:53,720 THAT. 3654 02:37:53,720 --> 02:37:58,480 SO YOU CAN INSERT A GEN CAMP OR 3655 02:37:58,480 --> 02:38:01,480 OTHER SENSORS INTO THE RABIES 3656 02:38:01,480 --> 02:38:04,600 VIRUS AND DO THE TRACING AND ALL 3657 02:38:04,600 --> 02:38:05,760 THE TRACING WOULD BE EXPRESSED 3658 02:38:05,760 --> 02:38:07,960 IN A MARKER OF ACTIVITY AND THEN 3659 02:38:07,960 --> 02:38:10,480 YOU COULD RECORD THE CELLS. 3660 02:38:10,480 --> 02:38:12,360 THAT HAS ALREADY BEEN DONE 3661 02:38:12,360 --> 02:38:16,680 BEFORE BUT IF YOU WANT TO 3662 02:38:16,680 --> 02:38:20,200 TRANSCRIPTOMICALLY CLASSIFY THE 3663 02:38:20,200 --> 02:38:22,480 ACTIVITY YOU'D HAVE TO DO AN 3664 02:38:22,480 --> 02:38:26,520 ADDITIONAL STEP WHICH IS DOING 3665 02:38:26,520 --> 02:38:34,240 SPATIAL TRANSCRIPT OMICS AND 3666 02:38:34,240 --> 02:38:35,640 THEN ALIGN IT WITH TISSUE YOU 3667 02:38:35,640 --> 02:38:37,040 USED FOR YOUR ACTIVITY 3668 02:38:37,040 --> 02:38:39,000 RECORDINGS AND THAT HAS BEEN 3669 02:38:39,000 --> 02:38:41,400 DONE BY OTHER PEOPLE AND NOT 3670 02:38:41,400 --> 02:38:46,000 USING RABIES TRACING BUT USING 3671 02:38:46,000 --> 02:38:46,480 THINGS LIKE G CAMP AND 3672 02:38:46,480 --> 02:38:50,040 TRANSCRIPTOMICALLY LOOKING AT 3673 02:38:50,040 --> 02:38:50,480 THE CELLS. 3674 02:38:50,480 --> 02:38:52,320 >> LOTS TO DO HERE AND NO, NONE 3675 02:38:52,320 --> 02:38:53,720 OF THIS IS EASY. 3676 02:38:53,720 --> 02:38:57,920 WE ALL KNOW THAT BUT IT'S WORTH 3677 02:38:57,920 --> 02:38:59,040 MENTIONING WHAT YOU SEE IN THE 3678 02:38:59,040 --> 02:39:00,160 PAPER AND POSTER AND 3679 02:39:00,160 --> 02:39:02,480 PRESENTATIONS USUALLY REFLECTS A 3680 02:39:02,480 --> 02:39:03,960 LOT OF WORK AND A LOT OF 3681 02:39:03,960 --> 02:39:04,920 EXPERIMENTS THAT DIDN'T WORK 3682 02:39:04,920 --> 02:39:06,760 THAT YOU DON'T SHOW. 3683 02:39:06,760 --> 02:39:09,160 ALWAYS GOOD TO SEE KEEP THAT IN 3684 02:39:09,160 --> 02:39:09,600 MIND. 3685 02:39:09,600 --> 02:39:09,880 MICHELLE. 3686 02:39:09,880 --> 02:39:15,760 >> NEXT QUESTION IS FOR 3687 02:39:15,760 --> 02:39:16,040 CHRISTOPHER. 3688 02:39:16,040 --> 02:39:21,480 ARE THESE INFERRED LATENT 3689 02:39:21,480 --> 02:39:23,040 CIRCUITS CONFIRMED USING GROUND 3690 02:39:23,040 --> 02:39:25,240 TRUTH ACTIVITY IF AVAILABLE. 3691 02:39:25,240 --> 02:39:26,560 >> IT'S INFERRED. 3692 02:39:26,560 --> 02:39:33,240 IT'S INFERRED CONNECTIVITY FROM 3693 02:39:33,240 --> 02:39:33,920 RESPONSES. 3694 02:39:33,920 --> 02:39:37,920 OBVIOUSLY IN P.F.C. WE DON'T 3695 02:39:37,920 --> 02:39:42,280 HAVE THE GROUND TRUTH CONNE 3696 02:39:42,280 --> 02:39:43,000 CONNECTI 3697 02:39:43,000 --> 02:39:52,400 CONNECTIVITY. 3698 02:39:52,400 --> 02:39:57,640 CAN TRAIN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL 3699 02:39:57,640 --> 02:39:59,880 NETWORKS TO DO THE TASKS AND 3700 02:39:59,880 --> 02:40:01,120 HAVE CONNECTION TO THE MATRIX 3701 02:40:01,120 --> 02:40:04,480 AND TRY TO SEE WHAT THE LATENT 3702 02:40:04,480 --> 02:40:10,400 CONNECTIVITY STRUCTURE IS WE 3703 02:40:10,400 --> 02:40:11,720 INFERRED FOR THE HIGH 3704 02:40:11,720 --> 02:40:14,480 DIMENSIONAL SYSTEM AND IT EXISTS 3705 02:40:14,480 --> 02:40:15,760 IN THE HIGH DIMENSIONAL SYSTEM 3706 02:40:15,760 --> 02:40:18,200 IN A LATENT WAY. 3707 02:40:18,200 --> 02:40:20,640 PRECISELY IF YOU DO A CHANGE OF 3708 02:40:20,640 --> 02:40:22,880 BASIS ON THE RECURRENT MATRIX 3709 02:40:22,880 --> 02:40:23,960 THE STRUCTURE POPS OUT. 3710 02:40:23,960 --> 02:40:26,480 ANOTHER WAY TO THINK OF THAT IS 3711 02:40:26,480 --> 02:40:34,000 YOU'RE INFERRING IN THE SYSTEM 3712 02:40:34,000 --> 02:40:36,000 AND AS FAR AS VALIDATING TRUTH 3713 02:40:36,000 --> 02:40:37,720 WE CAN LOOK AT THE RNNs AND SEE 3714 02:40:37,720 --> 02:40:40,320 THE STRUCTURE DIRECTLY IN THE 3715 02:40:40,320 --> 02:40:44,880 RNN AND WE CAN EITHER DO CAUSAL 3716 02:40:44,880 --> 02:40:46,520 PERTURBATION TESTS WHERE WE 3717 02:40:46,520 --> 02:40:49,160 TRANSLATE LESIONS IN THE LOW 3718 02:40:49,160 --> 02:40:51,560 DIMENSIONAL CIRCUIT INTO LOW 3719 02:40:51,560 --> 02:40:54,160 RANK OR PATTERN CONNECTIVITY IN 3720 02:40:54,160 --> 02:40:56,000 THE HIGH DIMENSIONAL SYSTEM AND 3721 02:40:56,000 --> 02:40:57,920 CHECK THAT YOU GET THE PREDICTED 3722 02:40:57,920 --> 02:41:03,800 EFFECT ON BEHAVIOR. 3723 02:41:03,800 --> 02:41:05,280 SO THAT'S AS FAR AS AS BEST YOU 3724 02:41:05,280 --> 02:41:07,840 CAN DO FOR VALIDATION OF THIS 3725 02:41:07,840 --> 02:41:10,760 METHOD IN TERMS OF CONNECTIVITY. 3726 02:41:10,760 --> 02:41:16,240 >> IT SEEMS THE VALIDATION WILL 3727 02:41:16,240 --> 02:41:21,520 BE KEY LONG THE WAY. 3728 02:41:21,520 --> 02:41:24,200 >> THE LATENT CIRCUIT CAN BE 3729 02:41:24,200 --> 02:41:32,440 PERTURBED ON NODE OR CONNECTION. 3730 02:41:32,440 --> 02:41:43,000 NEURAL ACTIVITY AND DO YOU SEE 3731 02:41:47,360 --> 02:41:50,480 WHERE CONNECTOMICS DATA IS MORE 3732 02:41:50,480 --> 02:41:50,760 AVAILABLE. 3733 02:41:50,760 --> 02:41:53,760 IS THERE SOME GROUND TRUTH ABOUT 3734 02:41:53,760 --> 02:42:02,480 THE CONNECTS OR THE FUNCTIONAL 3735 02:42:02,480 --> 02:42:12,360 CONNECTIONS? 3736 02:42:12,360 --> 02:42:14,080 >> IN PRINCIPLE IT'S JUST 3737 02:42:14,080 --> 02:42:17,040 CONNECTIVITY THAT CAN BE DONE 3738 02:42:17,040 --> 02:42:17,280 THERE. 3739 02:42:17,280 --> 02:42:22,200 WHAT WE'VE ADDED IS THE NOTION 3740 02:42:22,200 --> 02:42:23,720 IS A SMALL CIRCUIT CAN BE 3741 02:42:23,720 --> 02:42:27,000 DISTRIBUTED ACROSS A SMALL 3742 02:42:27,000 --> 02:42:34,320 NUMBER OF NEURONS INSTEAD OF 3743 02:42:34,320 --> 02:42:34,760 BILINEAR DYNAMICS. 3744 02:42:34,760 --> 02:42:38,000 WHICH IS A CRITICAL STEP. 3745 02:42:38,000 --> 02:42:40,360 IN PRINCIPLE IT COULD BE APPLIED 3746 02:42:40,360 --> 02:42:47,360 AND WHAT WE HAD IN MIND WAS 3747 02:42:47,360 --> 02:42:57,840 FLEXIBLE BEHAVIOR. 3748 02:42:57,840 --> 02:43:00,120 >> ARE THERE MULTI-SENSORY 3749 02:43:00,120 --> 02:43:02,480 SECTORS YOU'RE STUDYING. 3750 02:43:02,480 --> 02:43:12,960 DO YOU SEE SEX DIFFERENCES? 3751 02:43:25,480 --> 02:43:29,120 WE'RE STUDYING THE CIRCUIT THAT 3752 02:43:29,120 --> 02:43:29,960 INTEGRATE THE INFORMATION AND 3753 02:43:29,960 --> 02:43:32,400 GOES DRIVE AND MODULATE THE 3754 02:43:32,400 --> 02:43:33,240 BEHAVIOR. 3755 02:43:33,240 --> 02:43:34,520 THAT'S A FEMALE SPECIFIC 3756 02:43:34,520 --> 02:43:36,720 BEHAVIOR AND IN TERMS OF THE 3757 02:43:36,720 --> 02:43:41,680 CIRCUIT ORGANIZATION WE MAP THE 3758 02:43:41,680 --> 02:43:43,280 CIRCUIT ORGANIZATION BACK BASED 3759 02:43:43,280 --> 02:43:45,240 ON DATA THAT COMES FROM FEMALE 3760 02:43:45,240 --> 02:43:46,480 SPECIFIC BRAINS. 3761 02:43:46,480 --> 02:43:49,880 SO THIS IS AN NF2. 3762 02:43:49,880 --> 02:43:52,600 ONE SOURCE OF THIS KIND OF DATA 3763 02:43:52,600 --> 02:44:02,640 IS CALLED FLY WIRE AND THIS IS 3764 02:44:02,640 --> 02:44:04,960 AND WE HAVE A COLLABORATION AND 3765 02:44:04,960 --> 02:44:09,760 THE OTHER MAIN RESOURCES AND 3766 02:44:09,760 --> 02:44:12,520 BOTH ARE FEMALE FLY BRAINS. 3767 02:44:12,520 --> 02:44:14,480 SO ALL THE ACTUAL DATA WE'VE 3768 02:44:14,480 --> 02:44:17,320 GOTTEN AND THE BEHAVIOR WE'RE 3769 02:44:17,320 --> 02:44:18,960 STUDYING IS FEMALE HOWEVER, AT 3770 02:44:18,960 --> 02:44:20,360 THE NODES OF INTEGRATION WHERE 3771 02:44:20,360 --> 02:44:23,720 THESE TWO MODALITIES ARE 3772 02:44:23,720 --> 02:44:26,040 CONVERGING, THOSE NODES ARE 3773 02:44:26,040 --> 02:44:32,080 KNOWN TO BE SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC 3774 02:44:32,080 --> 02:44:36,440 AND LET TO THE PROJECT. 3775 02:44:36,440 --> 02:44:40,760 THEY'RE OFTEN HOMEOLOGIES AND IF 3776 02:44:40,760 --> 02:44:44,880 WE SEE CONNECTION IN THE FEMALE 3777 02:44:44,880 --> 02:44:47,600 BRAIN THERE'S ANALOG IN 3778 02:44:47,600 --> 02:44:48,720 ORGANIZATION AND SOMETIMES 3779 02:44:48,720 --> 02:44:50,440 THERE'S DIFFERENT NUMBERS AND 3780 02:44:50,440 --> 02:44:52,560 SOMETIMES THERE'S OTHER 3781 02:44:52,560 --> 02:44:52,840 DIFFERENCES. 3782 02:44:52,840 --> 02:44:54,880 SO IT'S DEFINITELY PLAUSIBLE 3783 02:44:54,880 --> 02:44:58,200 THAT THESE TWO MODALITIES ARE 3784 02:44:58,200 --> 02:44:59,080 SIMILARLY COMING TOGETHER IN THE 3785 02:44:59,080 --> 02:45:01,080 MALE BRAIN IN A SIMILAR 3786 02:45:01,080 --> 02:45:02,120 ORGANIZATION TO DRIVE A MALE 3787 02:45:02,120 --> 02:45:04,400 SPECIFIC BEHAVIOR OR SOMETHING 3788 02:45:04,400 --> 02:45:05,680 GOING ON SIMILARLY WITH THE MALE 3789 02:45:05,680 --> 02:45:07,600 AND THOSE WOULD BE EXCITING TO 3790 02:45:07,600 --> 02:45:10,000 LOOK AT AND TO LOOK AT THE 3791 02:45:10,000 --> 02:45:11,720 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TWO 3792 02:45:11,720 --> 02:45:13,600 SEXES ESPECIALLY ONCE WE GET 3793 02:45:13,600 --> 02:45:15,560 MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE MALE 3794 02:45:15,560 --> 02:45:17,160 CONNECTOME AND WITH OTHER TOOLS 3795 02:45:17,160 --> 02:45:17,960 WE HAVE AVAILABLE IN THE FLY. 3796 02:45:17,960 --> 02:45:28,120 THANKS. 3797 02:45:38,080 --> 02:45:41,000 >> I WAS WONDERING, YOU TALKED 3798 02:45:41,000 --> 02:45:41,840 ABOUT THE FUTURE. 3799 02:45:41,840 --> 02:45:45,760 HOW CLOSE ARE WE TO GETTING THIS 3800 02:45:45,760 --> 02:45:47,760 REAL-TIME SETTINGS AND THESE 3801 02:45:47,760 --> 02:45:51,960 COIL ADJUSTMENTS TO REALLY BEING 3802 02:45:51,960 --> 02:45:56,800 HELPFUL IN THE ACTUAL CLINIC? 3803 02:45:56,800 --> 02:46:01,760 WHERE DO YOU THINK WE'RE AT 3804 02:46:01,760 --> 02:46:02,080 REALISTICALLY? 3805 02:46:02,080 --> 02:46:05,040 >> I THINK WE'RE CLOSE TO MAKING 3806 02:46:05,040 --> 02:46:08,080 THAT POSSIBLE ONCE WE CAN MODEL 3807 02:46:08,080 --> 02:46:10,080 DIFFERENT CONDITIONS IN REAL 3808 02:46:10,080 --> 02:46:10,480 TIME. 3809 02:46:10,480 --> 02:46:14,280 AND MAKING SURE WE COMBINE THE 3810 02:46:14,280 --> 02:46:18,480 TECHNIQUES TO DIFFERENT TYPES OF 3811 02:46:18,480 --> 02:46:20,360 COIL PARAMETERS LIKE 3812 02:46:20,360 --> 02:46:21,480 ORIENTATIONS YOU CAN USE IN 3813 02:46:21,480 --> 02:46:26,360 DIFFERENT STIMULATION CONDITIONS 3814 02:46:26,360 --> 02:46:29,000 AND MAKING SURE IT'S A LARGE 3815 02:46:29,000 --> 02:46:33,840 VARIETY OF NEURAL ANATOMY AND 3816 02:46:33,840 --> 02:46:37,320 NAVIGATE DIFFERENT SYSTEMS IN A 3817 02:46:37,320 --> 02:46:38,760 CLINICAL SETTINGS TO DO 3818 02:46:38,760 --> 02:46:41,240 OPTIMIZATION IN CLINICS WHICH IS 3819 02:46:41,240 --> 02:46:44,440 EASY AND BENEFICIAL TO PROMOTE 3820 02:46:44,440 --> 02:46:45,600 DEVELOPMENT AND PERSONALIZED 3821 02:46:45,600 --> 02:46:46,480 STIMULATION PROTOCOL. 3822 02:46:46,480 --> 02:46:47,480 WE'RE CLOSE. 3823 02:46:47,480 --> 02:46:50,480 I THINK IT WILL BE IN THE NEXT 3824 02:46:50,480 --> 02:46:53,120 YEAR OR TWO AND HOPEFULLY I'LL 3825 02:46:53,120 --> 02:46:53,720 GET TO BE PART OF THE WAVE OF 3826 02:46:53,720 --> 02:47:02,400 THE FUTURE. 3827 02:47:02,400 --> 02:47:04,880 >> IN DEALINGS WITH THE COMPLEX 3828 02:47:04,880 --> 02:47:08,760 DISORDER NOT THAT ANYTHING IN 3829 02:47:08,760 --> 02:47:10,240 THE BRAIN ISN'T COMPLEX BUT WHAT 3830 02:47:10,240 --> 02:47:12,440 WE'RE STARTING TO SEE WITH THE 3831 02:47:12,440 --> 02:47:14,480 DIFFERENT MODALITIES WITH THE 3832 02:47:14,480 --> 02:47:17,720 ABILITY TO OBTAIN BIOMARKERS AND 3833 02:47:17,720 --> 02:47:20,720 ANALYZE DATA ON THE FLY EVEN IT 3834 02:47:20,720 --> 02:47:21,720 WILL BE POSSIBLE TO INDIVIDUAL 3835 02:47:21,720 --> 02:47:23,320 I'D TREATMENT TO MAKE THEM MORE 3836 02:47:23,320 --> 02:47:23,720 EFFECTIVE. 3837 02:47:23,720 --> 02:47:24,600 THIS IS EXCITING FOR THE COMING 3838 02:47:24,600 --> 02:47:28,080 YEARS. 3839 02:47:28,080 --> 02:47:29,320 THERE'S A GENERAL QUESTION FOR 3840 02:47:29,320 --> 02:47:30,280 EVERYBODY HERE MAYBE IF WE HAVE 3841 02:47:30,280 --> 02:47:33,800 A FEW MINUTES FOR YOU ALL TO 3842 02:47:33,800 --> 02:47:34,160 CHIME IN. 3843 02:47:34,160 --> 02:47:37,960 THAT IS THE WORK WE HEARD ABOUT 3844 02:47:37,960 --> 02:47:40,520 TODAY REPRESENTS STUDIES ACROSS 3845 02:47:40,520 --> 02:47:44,000 A WIDE RANGE OF MODEL SYSTEMS. 3846 02:47:44,000 --> 02:47:48,320 THE HUMAN IS A GREAT MODEL 3847 02:47:48,320 --> 02:47:50,480 SYSTEM FOR UNDERSTANDING THE 3848 02:47:50,480 --> 02:47:52,760 HUMAN SYSTEM AND WE NOT ONLY 3849 02:47:52,760 --> 02:47:53,800 NEED TO TRANSLATE BUT LEARNING 3850 02:47:53,800 --> 02:48:00,520 WHAT WE CAN FROM HUMANS CAN 3851 02:48:00,520 --> 02:48:05,720 INFORM HOW WE STUDY ANIMAL 3852 02:48:05,720 --> 02:48:06,000 MODELS. 3853 02:48:06,000 --> 02:48:16,560 ARE YOU EXCITED ABOUT EXTRACTING 3854 02:48:17,640 --> 02:48:22,080 THROUGH COLLABORATION. 3855 02:48:22,080 --> 02:48:26,160 FROM THE TRAINING AND TALKS FROM 3856 02:48:26,160 --> 02:48:28,280 TODAY CAN YOU THINK OF 3857 02:48:28,280 --> 02:48:29,560 COLLABORATIONS INCLUDING HUMAN 3858 02:48:29,560 --> 02:48:38,480 AND NON-HUMAN SYSTEMS? 3859 02:48:38,480 --> 02:48:41,120 >> I THINK IT WILL BE A KEY 3860 02:48:41,120 --> 02:48:41,720 COMPONENT OF MOVING TO THE 3861 02:48:41,720 --> 02:48:46,720 FUTURE AND HAVE THE PERSPECTIVE 3862 02:48:46,720 --> 02:48:48,040 TO SEE WHERE IS INFORMATION 3863 02:48:48,040 --> 02:48:52,960 ABOUT THE BASIC FUNCTIONING OF 3864 02:48:52,960 --> 02:48:55,880 THE BRAIN CAN GUIDE US IN THE 3865 02:48:55,880 --> 02:48:57,480 CLINICAL REALM AND TAKING IT 3866 02:48:57,480 --> 02:48:59,520 BACK AND FORTH. 3867 02:48:59,520 --> 02:49:01,840 I THINK THAT CAN HELP 3868 02:49:01,840 --> 02:49:02,440 COLLABORATIONS ACROSS MODEL 3869 02:49:02,440 --> 02:49:07,680 SYSTEMS THAT ARE ABLE TO GET A 3870 02:49:07,680 --> 02:49:16,520 DIFFERENT FACET OF AND HAVE A 3871 02:49:16,520 --> 02:49:17,960 CHANCE TO PUT THAT TOGETHER IF 3872 02:49:17,960 --> 02:49:28,280 WE WORK TOGETHER. 3873 02:49:32,200 --> 02:49:39,360 >> THERE'S CELL TYPES LIKE IN 3874 02:49:39,360 --> 02:49:44,320 THE HUMAN BRAIN AND IMPORTANT TO 3875 02:49:44,320 --> 02:49:49,040 SEE WHAT REPLICATED FROM MONKEY 3876 02:49:49,040 --> 02:49:59,440 AND FINALLY TO HUMANS. 3877 02:50:04,960 --> 02:50:10,400 >> IT DOESN'T REPLICATE AND WHAT 3878 02:50:10,400 --> 02:50:13,720 HES -- WHAT'S COOL IS TO FIGURE 3879 02:50:13,720 --> 02:50:14,960 OUT WHAT'S DIFFERENT AND FIGURE 3880 02:50:14,960 --> 02:50:16,640 OUT WHY PEOPLE ARE IN SCIENCE. 3881 02:50:16,640 --> 02:50:17,200 ANY FINAL THOUGHTS? 3882 02:50:17,200 --> 02:50:25,000 WE'RE ON TIME HERE. 3883 02:50:25,000 --> 02:50:26,520 >> LET ME CONGRATULATE YOU ALL 3884 02:50:26,520 --> 02:50:30,440 FOR THE GREAT WORK YOU'VE DONE 3885 02:50:30,440 --> 02:50:31,560 FOR SPECTACULAR PRESENTATIONS 3886 02:50:31,560 --> 02:50:37,440 AND HOPEFULLY WE'LL GET TO 3887 02:50:37,440 --> 02:50:39,760 RECONVENE AGAIN AND THREE 3888 02:50:39,760 --> 02:50:42,320 DIMENSIONS AND MAY LEAD TO MORE 3889 02:50:42,320 --> 02:50:43,320 COLLABORATIONS AMONGST SOME OF 3890 02:50:43,320 --> 02:50:44,920 YOU OR ALL OF YOU. 3891 02:50:44,920 --> 02:50:45,400 CONGRATULATIONS AGAIN. 3892 02:50:45,400 --> 02:50:48,560 >> CONGRATULATIONS. 3893 02:50:48,560 --> 02:50:52,360 TO THINK THIS AMOUNT OF WORK AND 3894 02:50:52,360 --> 02:50:53,800 PRODUCTIVITY ALL HAPPENED 3895 02:50:53,800 --> 02:50:55,200 PROBABLY DURING THE PANDEMIC AS 3896 02:50:55,200 --> 02:50:57,200 WELL YOU SHOULD FEEL PROUD OF 3897 02:50:57,200 --> 02:50:57,920 YOUR ACCOMPLISHMENTS. 3898 02:50:57,920 --> 02:51:02,440 YOU'RE DOING GREAT WORK AND 3899 02:51:02,440 --> 02:51:04,120 WE'RE REALLY EXCITE. 3900 02:51:04,120 --> 02:51:05,080 YOU'RE THE FUTURE OF THE SPACE 3901 02:51:05,080 --> 02:51:06,400 SO WE APPRECIATE YOU ALL. 3902 02:51:06,400 --> 02:51:08,280 >> KEEP IT UP AND DON'T FORGET 3903 02:51:08,280 --> 02:51:09,480 TO LOOK TOWARDS THE BRAIN 3904 02:51:09,480 --> 02:51:10,600 INITIATIVE FOR FUTURE FUNDING IN 3905 02:51:10,600 --> 02:51:12,760 THE NEXT STEP OF YOUR SCIENTIFIC 3906 02:51:12,760 --> 02:51:13,280 JOUR 3907 02:51:13,280 --> 02:51:13,920 JOURNEY. 3908 02:51:13,920 --> 02:51:14,600 >>HELLO AND THANK YOU FOR 3909 02:51:14,600 --> 02:51:15,360 JOINING US. 3910 02:51:15,360 --> 02:51:16,840 TODAY IN THE FIRST HALF HOUR 3911 02:51:16,840 --> 02:51:21,880 WE'RE GOING SCREEN THE BRAIN 3912 02:51:21,880 --> 02:51:24,400 MAPPERS A 2022 SILVER TELLY 3913 02:51:24,400 --> 02:51:27,880 AWARD WINNING FILM.IN THE SECOND 3914 02:51:27,880 --> 02:51:29,080 HALF HOUR WE'LL DISCUSS THE 3915 02:51:29,080 --> 02:51:30,600 MAKING OF THE FILM WITH SEVEN OF 3916 02:51:30,600 --> 02:51:31,880 THE EIGHT RESEARCHERS WHO STAR 3917 02:51:31,880 --> 02:51:32,680 IN IT. 3918 02:51:32,680 --> 02:51:34,320 WE INVITE YOU TO POSE QUESTIONS 3919 02:51:34,320 --> 02:51:36,240 AND COMMENTS AND YOU CAN TYPE 3920 02:51:36,240 --> 02:51:38,560 THEM IN THE Q&A BOX AS WE 3921 02:51:38,560 --> 02:51:39,360 PROCEED. 3922 02:51:39,360 --> 02:51:41,920 MY NAME IS CAROLYN ALBERT. 3923 02:51:41,920 --> 02:51:44,800 I'M THE PROJECT'S P.I. AND 3924 02:51:44,800 --> 02:51:45,200 EXECUTIVE PRODUCER. 3925 02:51:45,200 --> 02:51:47,600 WHAT LIT THE SPARK FOR ME WAS A 3926 02:51:47,600 --> 02:51:53,560 TALK GIVEN AT THE 2019 NSF NANO 3927 02:51:53,560 --> 02:51:56,320 SCALE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 3928 02:51:56,320 --> 02:51:57,400 AND GRANTEES MEETING. 3929 02:51:57,400 --> 02:51:59,520 JEFF GAVE A TALK ABOUT THE 3930 02:51:59,520 --> 02:52:02,000 DAUNTING TASK OF MAPPING THE 3931 02:52:02,000 --> 02:52:04,000 CIRCUITRY OF THE BRAIN WITH NANO 3932 02:52:04,000 --> 02:52:05,080 SCALE PRECISION AND HOW THAT 3933 02:52:05,080 --> 02:52:06,320 MIGHT ADVANCE OUR UNDERSTANDING 3934 02:52:06,320 --> 02:52:07,640 OF MIND AND BEHAVIOR. 3935 02:52:07,640 --> 02:52:11,520 FOR ME, THIS WAS A GRAND 3936 02:52:11,520 --> 02:52:13,920 CHALLENGE WORTHY OF SHARING WITH 3937 02:52:13,920 --> 02:52:15,680 BROADER AUDIENCES BUT ENGAGING 3938 02:52:15,680 --> 02:52:17,600 THE AUDIENCES WOULD BE TRICKY. 3939 02:52:17,600 --> 02:52:19,760 HOW DO YOU SHARE A STORY LIKE 3940 02:52:19,760 --> 02:52:21,080 THIS ONE WITH PEOPLE WHO MAY NOT 3941 02:52:21,080 --> 02:52:25,960 BE ALL THAT FAMILIAR WITH BRAIN 3942 02:52:25,960 --> 02:52:28,080 ANATOMY, NEUROSCIENCE, ELECTRON 3943 02:52:28,080 --> 02:52:30,680 MICROSCOPY AND BIG DATA, 3944 02:52:30,680 --> 02:52:31,880 ALGORITHMS AND A.I.? 3945 02:52:31,880 --> 02:52:35,480 I BROUGHT ON NOVA FILMMAKER 3946 02:52:35,480 --> 02:52:37,440 LARRY KLINE TO FIGURE OUT AN 3947 02:52:37,440 --> 02:52:38,000 APPROACH. 3948 02:52:38,000 --> 02:52:42,320 SOON WE FACED AN ADDITIONAL 3949 02:52:42,320 --> 02:52:43,560 CHALLENGE, THE PANDEMIC LOCK 3950 02:52:43,560 --> 02:52:43,760 DOWN. 3951 02:52:43,760 --> 02:52:45,840 WE POSTPONED FOR A YEAR AND THEN 3952 02:52:45,840 --> 02:52:48,600 HAD TO GO AHEAD USING A MIX OF 3953 02:52:48,600 --> 02:52:50,800 REMOTE PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES AND 3954 02:52:50,800 --> 02:52:53,760 AS YOU WATCH SEE IF YOU CAN TELL 3955 02:52:53,760 --> 02:52:56,800 WHICH PARTS WERE FILMED 3956 02:52:56,800 --> 02:52:57,040 REMOTELY. 3957 02:52:57,040 --> 02:52:57,680 LET'S ROLL. 3958 02:52:57,680 --> 02:52:59,560 WE WELCOME YOUR COMMENTS AND 3959 02:52:59,560 --> 02:53:02,320 QUESTIONS IN THE Q&A BOX. 3960 02:53:02,320 --> 02:53:12,680 THANK YOU AND ENJOY. 3961 02:53:17,640 --> 02:53:21,000 >> IT'S OUR REMARKABLE BRAINS 3962 02:53:21,000 --> 02:53:24,880 THAT ENDOW US WITH ABILITY AND 3963 02:53:24,880 --> 02:53:26,320 EMPOWER OUR THOUGHTS AND ACTS 3964 02:53:26,320 --> 02:53:28,120 AND RESPONSIBLE FOR EVERYTHING 3965 02:53:28,120 --> 02:53:29,600 WE SENSE, FEEL, DISCOVER AND 3966 02:53:29,600 --> 02:53:32,080 REMEMBER. 3967 02:53:32,080 --> 02:53:33,760 >> THE BRAIN IS WHAT ALLOWS US 3968 02:53:33,760 --> 02:53:35,800 TO MAKE SENSE OF THE WORLD. 3969 02:53:35,800 --> 02:53:38,200 >> AND PERHAPS MOST IMPORTANTLY, 3970 02:53:38,200 --> 02:53:41,560 OUR BRAINS GIVE US THE ABILITY 3971 02:53:41,560 --> 02:53:46,320 TO UNDERSTAND, CREATE AND DO 3972 02:53:46,320 --> 02:53:46,760 PREMARKABLE THINGS. 3973 02:53:46,760 --> 02:53:49,800 >> -- REMARKABLE THINGS. 3974 02:53:49,800 --> 02:53:52,160 BUT EXACTLY HOW OUR BRAINS GIVE 3975 02:53:52,160 --> 02:53:55,040 US ANY OF THESE ABILITIES HAS SO 3976 02:53:55,040 --> 02:53:58,680 FAR DEFIED SCIENTIFIC 3977 02:53:58,680 --> 02:53:59,280 EXPLANATION. 3978 02:53:59,280 --> 02:54:01,360 >> THE BRAINS WE KNOW NEXT TO 3979 02:54:01,360 --> 02:54:03,560 NOTHING AND THAT MAKES IT QUITE 3980 02:54:03,560 --> 02:54:04,640 DIFFERENT FROM OTHER ORGAN 3981 02:54:04,640 --> 02:54:07,040 SYSTEMS WHERE NO ONE WOULD SAY 3982 02:54:07,040 --> 02:54:08,040 WE KNOW NEXT TO NOTHING ABOUT 3983 02:54:08,040 --> 02:54:08,800 THE HEART. 3984 02:54:08,800 --> 02:54:11,640 WE CAN REPLACE A PERSON'S HEART 3985 02:54:11,640 --> 02:54:13,440 WITH AN ARTIFICIAL HEART. 3986 02:54:13,440 --> 02:54:15,880 >> IN PHYSICS WE'VE BEEN ABLE TO 3987 02:54:15,880 --> 02:54:20,320 NOT ONLY UNDERSTAND WHAT ATOMS 3988 02:54:20,320 --> 02:54:23,560 ARE MADE OF WE KNOW HOW GALAXIES 3989 02:54:23,560 --> 02:54:26,320 MILLIONS OF LIGHT YEARS AWAY 3990 02:54:26,320 --> 02:54:31,840 BEHAVE AND HOW IS IT BETTER WE 3991 02:54:31,840 --> 02:54:32,560 CAN BETTER UNDERSTAND THE 3992 02:54:32,560 --> 02:54:33,440 UNIVERSE THAN THE BRAIN. 3993 02:54:33,440 --> 02:54:36,240 >> WE MAY BE ON A PATHWAY FOR 3994 02:54:36,240 --> 02:54:38,040 UNDERSTANDING OUR BRAINS IN WAYS 3995 02:54:38,040 --> 02:54:40,640 THAT HAVE ALLUDED SCIENTISTS AND 3996 02:54:40,640 --> 02:54:42,320 PHILOSOPHERS FOR CENTURIES. 3997 02:54:42,320 --> 02:54:45,600 COULD A COMPREHENSIVE MAP OF THE 3998 02:54:45,600 --> 02:54:46,640 VAST NETWORK OF BRAIN CELLS 3999 02:54:46,640 --> 02:54:48,280 CALLED NEURONS BECOME THE 4000 02:54:48,280 --> 02:54:50,440 STARTING POINT FOR UNLOCKING THE 4001 02:54:50,440 --> 02:54:58,240 MYSTERIES OF THE BRAIN? 4002 02:54:58,240 --> 02:55:00,240 WE'RE NOT TOTALLY IN THE DARK 4003 02:55:00,240 --> 02:55:04,760 ABOUT HOW OUR BRAINS WORK. 4004 02:55:04,760 --> 02:55:07,600 BY ILLUMINATING BRAIN ACTIVITY 4005 02:55:07,600 --> 02:55:11,560 AND MRIs AND OTHER IMAGING 4006 02:55:11,560 --> 02:55:14,600 SYSTEMS HAVE ENABLED US TO LOOK 4007 02:55:14,600 --> 02:55:17,440 AT HOW WE PROCESS INFORMATION 4008 02:55:17,440 --> 02:55:20,480 LIKE SMELL, VISION AND TOUCH. 4009 02:55:20,480 --> 02:55:23,080 EXERT MOTE ER CONTROL AND SOLVE 4010 02:55:23,080 --> 02:55:26,320 PROBLEMS OR PROCESS MUSIC, 4011 02:55:26,320 --> 02:55:28,920 LANGUAGE AND MUCH MORE. 4012 02:55:28,920 --> 02:55:32,440 BUT WHAT WE CAN'T SEE ON MRIs 4013 02:55:32,440 --> 02:55:33,920 ARE THE SUPER THIN NEURON 4014 02:55:33,920 --> 02:55:36,200 NETWORKS THAT FACILITATE ALL OF 4015 02:55:36,200 --> 02:55:38,280 OUR THOUGHTS AND ACTIONS. 4016 02:55:38,280 --> 02:55:40,400 INDIVIDUAL NEURONS IN THESE 4017 02:55:40,400 --> 02:55:44,040 NETWORKS ARE SO SLENDER YOU CAN 4018 02:55:44,040 --> 02:55:47,000 ONLY SEE THEM UNDER MUCH HIGHER 4019 02:55:47,000 --> 02:55:47,520 RESOLUTION. 4020 02:55:47,520 --> 02:55:50,000 ONLY THEN DO THEIR UNIQUE SHAPES 4021 02:55:50,000 --> 02:55:52,880 REVEAL HOW SPECIALIZED THEY ARE 4022 02:55:52,880 --> 02:55:57,320 AMONG ALL THE CELLS IN THE BODY. 4023 02:55:57,320 --> 02:56:00,520 NEURONS RECEIVE INFORMATION IN 4024 02:56:00,520 --> 02:56:04,400 THE FORM OF IMPULSES THROUGH 4025 02:56:04,400 --> 02:56:06,360 THEIR LOOP LIKE BRANCHES CALLED 4026 02:56:06,360 --> 02:56:07,840 DENDRITE AND SEND THAT 4027 02:56:07,840 --> 02:56:10,320 INFORMATION VIA AXONS TO OTHER 4028 02:56:10,320 --> 02:56:11,400 NEURONS. 4029 02:56:11,400 --> 02:56:13,600 SO NEURONS ARE THE BUILDING 4030 02:56:13,600 --> 02:56:16,200 BLOCKS OF A REMARKABLE 4031 02:56:16,200 --> 02:56:17,600 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM THREADING 4032 02:56:17,600 --> 02:56:22,200 THROUGHOUT OUR BODIES AND 4033 02:56:22,200 --> 02:56:22,680 CENTERED IN OUR BRAINS. 4034 02:56:22,680 --> 02:56:24,760 >> SO EACH CELL IS PART OF A 4035 02:56:24,760 --> 02:56:27,320 TWITTER UNIVERSE, IF YOU WILL. 4036 02:56:27,320 --> 02:56:28,080 IT'S RECEIVING LOTS OF 4037 02:56:28,080 --> 02:56:31,240 INFORMATION ON THE DENDRITES AND 4038 02:56:31,240 --> 02:56:32,720 FROM THAT INFORMATION IT DECIDES 4039 02:56:32,720 --> 02:56:35,200 WHAT IS NEWS WORTHY AND THEN IT 4040 02:56:35,200 --> 02:56:37,800 SENDS THAT INFORMATION OUT TO 4041 02:56:37,800 --> 02:56:39,520 ALL OF ITS LISTENERS AND THAT'S 4042 02:56:39,520 --> 02:56:40,760 TRUE OF EVERY CELL OF THE 4043 02:56:40,760 --> 02:56:41,800 HUNDREDS AND HUNDREDS OF 4044 02:56:41,800 --> 02:56:44,160 MILLIONS OF CELLS IN THE BRAIN. 4045 02:56:44,160 --> 02:56:47,040 >> AND THIS VAST NETWORK OF 4046 02:56:47,040 --> 02:56:49,240 NEURONAL CELLS IS CONNECTED BY 4047 02:56:49,240 --> 02:56:50,800 TRILLIONS OF CELLULAR JUNCTION 4048 02:56:50,800 --> 02:56:53,960 POINTS CALLED SYNAPSES. 4049 02:56:53,960 --> 02:56:55,840 >> THE SYNAPSE. 4050 02:56:55,840 --> 02:56:59,160 IT'S A PLACE WHERE AN AXON 4051 02:56:59,160 --> 02:57:01,600 RELEASES A CHEMICAL CALLED A 4052 02:57:01,600 --> 02:57:03,560 NEUROTRANSMITTER THAT ACTIVATED 4053 02:57:03,560 --> 02:57:07,560 A RECEPTOR SET ON THE DENDRITE 4054 02:57:07,560 --> 02:57:09,800 OF ANOTHER NERVE CELL. 4055 02:57:09,800 --> 02:57:11,600 >> SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS CAN 4056 02:57:11,600 --> 02:57:14,320 WEAKEN OR STRENGTHEN OVER TIME. 4057 02:57:14,320 --> 02:57:16,640 SO BESIDES RELAYING AND 4058 02:57:16,640 --> 02:57:18,240 PROCESSING INFORMATION, SOME 4059 02:57:18,240 --> 02:57:20,480 EXPERTS BELIEVE THEY MAY ALSO 4060 02:57:20,480 --> 02:57:22,640 STORE INFORMATION LIKE OUR 4061 02:57:22,640 --> 02:57:23,600 MEMORIES. 4062 02:57:23,600 --> 02:57:25,120 >> MEMORIES ARE PROBABLY STORED 4063 02:57:25,120 --> 02:57:26,560 IN THE PATTERNS OF SYNAPSES THAT 4064 02:57:26,560 --> 02:57:29,560 WERE ACTIVATED AT THE TIME THEY 4065 02:57:29,560 --> 02:57:29,880 WERE FORMED. 4066 02:57:29,880 --> 02:57:34,320 NOT ALL MEMORIES ARE NECESSARILY 4067 02:57:34,320 --> 02:57:34,720 STORED. 4068 02:57:34,720 --> 02:57:35,600 IN FACT IT'S IMPORTANT 4069 02:57:35,600 --> 02:57:38,280 EVERYTHING IS STORED OTHERWISE 4070 02:57:38,280 --> 02:57:40,280 YOUR BRAIN WOULD GET FILLED UP. 4071 02:57:40,280 --> 02:57:42,760 >> IT SEEMS LIKE OUR BRAINS ARE 4072 02:57:42,760 --> 02:57:45,200 ALREADY FILLED UP AND CONTAIN 4073 02:57:45,200 --> 02:57:47,560 BILLIONS OF THREAD-LIKE NEURONS. 4074 02:57:47,560 --> 02:57:49,120 SO MANY IF WE PLACED EACH STRAND 4075 02:57:49,120 --> 02:57:50,040 END TO END. 4076 02:57:50,040 --> 02:57:52,240 >> IT LOOKS LIKE IT WOULD GO 4077 02:57:52,240 --> 02:57:54,760 FROM HERE TO THE MOON. 4078 02:57:54,760 --> 02:57:55,280 AND POSSIBLY BACK. 4079 02:57:55,280 --> 02:57:57,800 I'M NOT SURE ABOUT THE BACK 4080 02:57:57,800 --> 02:57:58,040 PART. 4081 02:57:58,040 --> 02:58:00,520 >> THIS NEURON JUNGLE IS SO 4082 02:58:00,520 --> 02:58:03,480 DENSE AND CROWDED IT'S ALMOST 4083 02:58:03,480 --> 02:58:05,480 IMPOSSIBLE TO PINPOINT THE 4084 02:58:05,480 --> 02:58:06,320 NEURONAL NETWORKS ASSOCIATED 4085 02:58:06,320 --> 02:58:10,000 WITH A GIVEN THOUGHT OR ACTION. 4086 02:58:10,000 --> 02:58:13,080 >> AND THIS LACK OF KNOWLEDGE 4087 02:58:13,080 --> 02:58:14,720 HAS BEEN A MAJOR STUMBLING BLOCK 4088 02:58:14,720 --> 02:58:20,080 FOR DECODING THE BRAIN. 4089 02:58:20,080 --> 02:58:22,160 >> IT'S LIKE OUR BRAIN IS A MAP 4090 02:58:22,160 --> 02:58:25,000 WHERE WE KNOW THE LOCATION OF 4091 02:58:25,000 --> 02:58:28,240 LANGUAGE AND MUSIC CITIES, MOTOR 4092 02:58:28,240 --> 02:58:29,680 CONTROL AND OTHER TOWNS. 4093 02:58:29,680 --> 02:58:33,240 BUT CAN'T SEE THE ROADS THAT 4094 02:58:33,240 --> 02:58:34,320 CONNECT THEM OR THE ROADS IN AND 4095 02:58:34,320 --> 02:58:36,840 AROUND THEM. 4096 02:58:36,840 --> 02:58:39,080 >> SO THE IDEA WE ARE CONTINUING 4097 02:58:39,080 --> 02:58:40,920 TO TRY AND WADE THROUGH THE 4098 02:58:40,920 --> 02:58:43,360 BRAIN TO UNDERSTAND HOW THESE 4099 02:58:43,360 --> 02:58:45,480 NETWORKS ARE PROCESSING 4100 02:58:45,480 --> 02:58:46,320 INFORMATION WITHOUT EVEN THIS 4101 02:58:46,320 --> 02:58:48,360 MAP SEEMS LIKE IT'S NOT THE MOST 4102 02:58:48,360 --> 02:58:51,760 EFFICIENT WAY TO PROCEED. 4103 02:58:51,760 --> 02:58:53,200 >> THAT'S WHY MANY 4104 02:58:53,200 --> 02:58:54,360 NEUROSCIENTISTS BELIEVE IF WE 4105 02:58:54,360 --> 02:58:56,360 REALLY WANT TO FIGURE OUT THE 4106 02:58:56,360 --> 02:59:00,240 BRAIN, WE NEED TO START BY 4107 02:59:00,240 --> 02:59:01,800 CREATING A KIND OF NEURONAL ROAD 4108 02:59:01,800 --> 02:59:04,600 MAP CALLED A CONNECTOME. 4109 02:59:04,600 --> 02:59:07,000 >> SO THIS INCREDIBLE KIND OF 4110 02:59:07,000 --> 02:59:10,320 SPIDER'S WEB OF HOW EVERY NEURON 4111 02:59:10,320 --> 02:59:11,840 CONNECTS TO OTHER NEURON IF YOU 4112 02:59:11,840 --> 02:59:14,320 MAPPED IT THAT WOULD BE THE 4113 02:59:14,320 --> 02:59:14,960 CONNECTOME. 4114 02:59:14,960 --> 02:59:16,840 >> BUT WITH BILLIONS OF CELLS IN 4115 02:59:16,840 --> 02:59:18,480 THE ENDLESS FOREST, HOW DOES ONE 4116 02:59:18,480 --> 02:59:22,240 EVEN BEGIN? 4117 02:59:22,240 --> 02:59:25,080 >> TO MAP THE BRAIN REQUIRE 4118 02:59:25,080 --> 02:59:27,680 SOMETHING AT LIKE NANO SCALE 4119 02:59:27,680 --> 02:59:27,920 IMAGING. 4120 02:59:27,920 --> 02:59:33,160 >> WHICH MEANS STARTING WITH 4121 02:59:33,160 --> 02:59:35,600 THIN SLICES OF A BRAIN AND IM 4122 02:59:35,600 --> 02:59:40,160 IMAGING THEM IN AN ELECTRON 4123 02:59:40,160 --> 02:59:42,520 MICROSCOPE AND TINY PIECES OF 4124 02:59:42,520 --> 02:59:44,920 BRAIN TISSUE CAN BE COLLECTED 4125 02:59:44,920 --> 02:59:45,760 FOR ANALYSIS. 4126 02:59:45,760 --> 02:59:47,560 BUT A HUMAN BRAIN IS SO LARGE 4127 02:59:47,560 --> 02:59:50,840 AND THE NEURAL NETWORK SO VAST, 4128 02:59:50,840 --> 02:59:52,560 ATTEMPTING A HUMAN BRAIN 4129 02:59:52,560 --> 02:59:53,360 CONNECTOME IS FOR NOW A BRIDGE 4130 02:59:53,360 --> 02:59:57,800 TOO FAR. 4131 02:59:57,800 --> 02:59:59,000 SO RESEARCHERS ARE STARTING WITH 4132 02:59:59,000 --> 03:00:01,160 THE BRAINS OF MICE AND OTHER 4133 03:00:01,160 --> 03:00:04,520 ANIMALS TO SEE IF THEY CAN MAKE 4134 03:00:04,520 --> 03:00:08,800 CONNECTOMES AND WHAT THEY MIGHT 4135 03:00:08,800 --> 03:00:09,600 LEARN FROM THEM. 4136 03:00:09,600 --> 03:00:12,040 BUT EVEN SMALL BRAINS ARE HUGE 4137 03:00:12,040 --> 03:00:12,320 CHALLENGES. 4138 03:00:12,320 --> 03:00:15,240 >> ANIMALS LIKE THE FLY HAS 4139 03:00:15,240 --> 03:00:17,320 ABOUT A MILLION NEURONS. 4140 03:00:17,320 --> 03:00:22,160 THE MOUSE, HAS ABOUT 100 MILLION 4141 03:00:22,160 --> 03:00:22,920 NEURONS. 4142 03:00:22,920 --> 03:00:26,160 >> SO IS CREATING ANY CONNECTOME 4143 03:00:26,160 --> 03:00:26,680 EVEN POSSIBLE? 4144 03:00:26,680 --> 03:00:27,960 >> TRUTH BE TOLD IT'S HARD TO 4145 03:00:27,960 --> 03:00:29,560 GET A CONNECTOME. 4146 03:00:29,560 --> 03:00:31,960 IN FACT THERE'S ONLY A FEW 4147 03:00:31,960 --> 03:00:34,240 CONNECTOMES THAT HAVE EVER BEEN 4148 03:00:34,240 --> 03:00:36,840 GOTTEN AND MOSTLY OF TEENY WEENY 4149 03:00:36,840 --> 03:00:38,800 LITTLE ANIMALS LIKE WORMS THAT 4150 03:00:38,800 --> 03:00:44,360 ONLY HAVE 300 NERVE CELLS. 4151 03:00:44,360 --> 03:00:48,000 >> THIS TINY NEMATODE WORM IS 4152 03:00:48,000 --> 03:00:48,840 CALLED C. ELEGANS. 4153 03:00:48,840 --> 03:00:52,680 IN THE 1970s, CAMBRIDGE 4154 03:00:52,680 --> 03:00:54,320 UNIVERSITY MOLECULAR BIOLOGIST 4155 03:00:54,320 --> 03:00:58,320 JOHN WHITE AND SIDNEY BRENNER 4156 03:00:58,320 --> 03:01:03,560 TRIED A NEMATODE EXPERIMENT. 4157 03:01:03,560 --> 03:01:07,760 >> THE CAME UP WITH THE IDEA WE 4158 03:01:07,760 --> 03:01:09,120 NEEDED A CONNECTOME TO 4159 03:01:09,120 --> 03:01:11,200 UNDERSTAND HOW THE BRAIN WORKED 4160 03:01:11,200 --> 03:01:14,800 AND PICKED THE BRAIN OF A WORLD 4161 03:01:14,800 --> 03:01:18,400 A C. ELEGANS WITH ONLY 302 4162 03:01:18,400 --> 03:01:18,640 NEURONS. 4163 03:01:18,640 --> 03:01:23,200 THE CAMBRIDGE TEAM THINLY SLICE 4164 03:01:23,200 --> 03:01:24,880 THE WORMS AND FILMED THE SLICE 4165 03:01:24,880 --> 03:01:26,920 MOUNTED ON AN ELECTRON 4166 03:01:26,920 --> 03:01:27,440 MICROSCOPE. 4167 03:01:27,440 --> 03:01:30,200 THEY THEN PRINTED OUT LARGE 4168 03:01:30,200 --> 03:01:31,960 PHOTOGRAPHS AND USED COLORED 4169 03:01:31,960 --> 03:01:34,240 PENS TO TRACE THE NEURON PIECES 4170 03:01:34,240 --> 03:01:36,120 THEY SAW IN EACH SLICE UNTIL 4171 03:01:36,120 --> 03:01:39,720 THEY HAD EVERY NEURON MAPPED. 4172 03:01:39,720 --> 03:01:46,040 IT TOOK NEARLY A DECADE BUT IN 4173 03:01:46,040 --> 03:01:49,040 1986, C. ELEGANS WITH THE MERE 4174 03:01:49,040 --> 03:01:50,360 302 NEURONS BECAME THE FIRST AND 4175 03:01:50,360 --> 03:01:53,800 TO THIS DAY ONLY ORGANISM WITH A 4176 03:01:53,800 --> 03:01:58,280 FULLY MAPPED CONNECTOME. 4177 03:01:58,280 --> 03:02:02,320 >> C. ELEGANS WAS GREAT BUT IT'S 4178 03:02:02,320 --> 03:02:04,280 NOT HIGHLY INTELLECTUALLY 4179 03:02:04,280 --> 03:02:09,560 CAPABLE AND THE BRAIN IS SIMPLE. 4180 03:02:09,560 --> 03:02:10,960 EVEN THE MOUSE BRAIN HAS 10,000 4181 03:02:10,960 --> 03:02:12,320 TIMES THE NEURONS. 4182 03:02:12,320 --> 03:02:14,320 AND CAPABLE ANIMALS WE ALL WANT 4183 03:02:14,320 --> 03:02:16,400 TO UNDERSTAND WE DON'T HAVE 4184 03:02:16,400 --> 03:02:21,880 ANYWHERE NEAR THAT TECHNICAL 4185 03:02:21,880 --> 03:02:24,880 CAPABILITY TO TACKLE THAT. 4186 03:02:24,880 --> 03:02:28,240 >> THINK OF WHAT 300 MILLION 4187 03:02:28,240 --> 03:02:29,720 CELLS REQUIRE IT WOULD BE 10 4188 03:02:29,720 --> 03:02:30,400 MILLION YEARS SO NOBODY WOULD DO 4189 03:02:30,400 --> 03:02:36,320 THAT EXPERIMENT. 4190 03:02:36,320 --> 03:02:38,720 >> WE REALIZED THE ONLY WAY IT 4191 03:02:38,720 --> 03:02:41,560 WAS POSSIBLE WAS TO AUTOMATE HOW 4192 03:02:41,560 --> 03:02:45,840 WE TAKE THE IMAGES AND 4193 03:02:45,840 --> 03:02:46,960 ALGORITHMS THAT AUTOMATE NEURONS 4194 03:02:46,960 --> 03:02:48,440 AND TRACE THE CONNECTIONS AND 4195 03:02:48,440 --> 03:02:53,200 MAKE THE ENTIRE THING DIGITAL. 4196 03:02:53,200 --> 03:02:54,760 >> OVER THE LAST FEW DECADES 4197 03:02:54,760 --> 03:02:57,120 THAT'S WHAT RESEARCHERS DID 4198 03:02:57,120 --> 03:03:00,600 WORKING ON MANY NEURONAL MAPS 4199 03:03:00,600 --> 03:03:01,200 FROM PIECES OF VARIOUS ANIMAL 4200 03:03:01,200 --> 03:03:06,760 BRAINS. 4201 03:03:06,760 --> 03:03:09,640 THEY BEGIN WITH A TINY BRAIN 4202 03:03:09,640 --> 03:03:12,520 SAMPLE STAINED WITH A METALLIC 4203 03:03:12,520 --> 03:03:17,640 LIQUID ENCASED IN PLASTIC AND 4204 03:03:17,640 --> 03:03:22,320 MOUNTED ON A TRUCK ACROSS A 4205 03:03:22,320 --> 03:03:22,760 KNIFE THAT SLICES IT. 4206 03:03:22,760 --> 03:03:28,480 THE SUPER THIN SLICES GO ON A 4207 03:03:28,480 --> 03:03:33,840 CONVEYOR BELT AND ULTIMATELY TO 4208 03:03:33,840 --> 03:03:34,600 ELECTRON MICROSCOPES. 4209 03:03:34,600 --> 03:03:36,680 THE IMAGES ARE FED THROUGH A 4210 03:03:36,680 --> 03:03:38,320 COMPUTER THAT RESTACKS THE 4211 03:03:38,320 --> 03:03:39,920 SLICES IN THE ORIGINAL SAMPLE 4212 03:03:39,920 --> 03:03:41,520 ONLY NOW WITH THE NEURONS 4213 03:03:41,520 --> 03:03:48,040 CLEARLY OUTLINED. 4214 03:03:48,040 --> 03:03:49,280 ANOTHER PROGRAM ISOLATES THEM BY 4215 03:03:49,280 --> 03:03:52,160 COLOR AND BEGINS TO FULLY RENDER 4216 03:03:52,160 --> 03:03:52,880 THEM. 4217 03:03:52,880 --> 03:03:54,960 HERE WE SEE THE RED DENDRITE OF 4218 03:03:54,960 --> 03:03:58,440 ONE NEURON AND THE GREEN AXON OF 4219 03:03:58,440 --> 03:04:01,600 ANOTHER. 4220 03:04:01,600 --> 03:04:02,320 THE COMPUTER WILL RETURNED ALL 4221 03:04:02,320 --> 03:04:05,600 THE NEURONS IN THE SAMPLE THE 4222 03:04:05,600 --> 03:04:11,520 SAME WAY 4223 03:04:11,520 --> 03:04:14,640 >> IT REVEALS SOMETHING YOU HAVE 4224 03:04:14,640 --> 03:04:16,080 KNOWN WAS THERE BUT YOU COULD 4225 03:04:16,080 --> 03:04:17,840 NEVER SEE BEFORE. 4226 03:04:17,840 --> 03:04:20,720 >> THESE NEURON IMAGES FROM A 4227 03:04:20,720 --> 03:04:23,120 MOUSE BRAIN CREATED ALMOST A 4228 03:04:23,120 --> 03:04:25,600 DECADE AGO BY JEFF LICHTMAN'S 4229 03:04:25,600 --> 03:04:28,480 LAB AT HARVARD ALSO PRESENTED A 4230 03:04:28,480 --> 03:04:30,160 FORMIDABLE REALITY CHECK. 4231 03:04:30,160 --> 03:04:33,040 >> WE COMPLETELY RENDERED EVERY 4232 03:04:33,040 --> 03:04:38,880 SINGLE ITEM IN THIS TINY WEENY 4233 03:04:38,880 --> 03:04:39,480 CYLINDER. 4234 03:04:39,480 --> 03:04:41,120 IT WAS FANTASTICICALLY BEAUTIFUL 4235 03:04:41,120 --> 03:04:44,120 TO SEE AND ALSO SO MUCH MORE 4236 03:04:44,120 --> 03:04:45,760 COMPLICATED THAN ANYTHING I HAD 4237 03:04:45,760 --> 03:04:48,560 EVER SEEN BEFORE. 4238 03:04:48,560 --> 03:04:52,080 I DEPAIRED A LITTLE BIT SEEING 4239 03:04:52,080 --> 03:04:53,840 HOW SMALL YOU HAVE ACTUALLY MADE 4240 03:04:53,840 --> 03:04:55,560 RELATIVE TO BIG QUESTIONS LIKE 4241 03:04:55,560 --> 03:04:59,800 DOING A WHOLE MOUSE BRAINS 4242 03:04:59,800 --> 03:05:00,400 CONNECTOME. 4243 03:05:00,400 --> 03:05:02,320 >> IF IT WASN'T CLEAR BEFORE IT 4244 03:05:02,320 --> 03:05:03,440 WAS NOW. 4245 03:05:03,440 --> 03:05:05,800 CREATING A FULL CONNECTOME FOR 4246 03:05:05,800 --> 03:05:08,080 EVEN A MOUSE SIZE BRAIN WOULD 4247 03:05:08,080 --> 03:05:11,360 REQUIRE A MASSIVE EFFORT. 4248 03:05:11,360 --> 03:05:14,360 >> IT WAS AGAIN TIME TO THINK 4249 03:05:14,360 --> 03:05:15,640 SMALL. 4250 03:05:15,640 --> 03:05:18,480 THE BRAIN OF A DROSOPHILA FRUIT 4251 03:05:18,480 --> 03:05:21,880 FLY IS THE SIZE OF A POPPY SEED 4252 03:05:21,880 --> 03:05:22,480 ON A BAGEL. 4253 03:05:22,480 --> 03:05:25,760 YET IT CONTAINS ABOUT 100,000 4254 03:05:25,760 --> 03:05:27,520 NEURONS AND MILLIONS OF SYNAPTIC 4255 03:05:27,520 --> 03:05:30,400 CONNECTIONS. 4256 03:05:30,400 --> 03:05:33,080 BUT IN 2020 RESEARCHERS AT THE 4257 03:05:33,080 --> 03:05:37,360 HOWARD HUGHES MEDICAL INSTITUTE 4258 03:05:37,360 --> 03:05:38,600 GENELIA RESEARCH CAMPUS 4259 03:05:38,600 --> 03:05:40,200 ANNOUNCED THEY MAPPED THE FLIES 4260 03:05:40,200 --> 03:05:41,800 HELP BRAIN. 4261 03:05:41,800 --> 03:05:45,040 THIS IS -- HEMI BRAIN. 4262 03:05:45,040 --> 03:05:47,040 THIS IS THE OUTLINE AND THESE 4263 03:05:47,040 --> 03:05:48,640 IMAGES SHOW SOME OF ITS 25,000 4264 03:05:48,640 --> 03:05:50,000 NEURONS. 4265 03:05:50,000 --> 03:05:52,040 THOUGH RESEARCHERS STILL HAVE 4266 03:05:52,040 --> 03:05:54,080 MORE THAN HALF A BRAIN TO GO, 4267 03:05:54,080 --> 03:05:56,760 THESE PARTIAL MAPS TOGETHER 4268 03:05:56,760 --> 03:05:59,000 COMPRISE THE LARGEST CONNECTOME 4269 03:05:59,000 --> 03:06:00,920 EVER PRODUCED. 4270 03:06:00,920 --> 03:06:03,880 >> SEEING THE CONNECTOME FOR THE 4271 03:06:03,880 --> 03:06:06,080 FIRST TIME IT WAS ABSOLUTELY 4272 03:06:06,080 --> 03:06:06,640 BREATHTAKING. 4273 03:06:06,640 --> 03:06:09,520 YOU ONCE FEEL HOPE THAT YOU CAN 4274 03:06:09,520 --> 03:06:11,520 ACTUALLY SEE THE REALITY OF THIS 4275 03:06:11,520 --> 03:06:12,600 COMPLEXITY AND MAYBE AS A 4276 03:06:12,600 --> 03:06:16,000 SCIENTIST A LITTLE BIT OF WORRY 4277 03:06:16,000 --> 03:06:18,680 OR DESPAIR AT HOW CHALLENGING IT 4278 03:06:18,680 --> 03:06:20,640 IS TO UNRAVEL THE FUNCTION OF 4279 03:06:20,640 --> 03:06:23,560 THAT MASS, EVEN FOR A FRUIT FLY. 4280 03:06:23,560 --> 03:06:25,600 >> REACHING THIS MILESTONE HAS 4281 03:06:25,600 --> 03:06:27,120 BEEN THE DREAM OF THE PROJECT'S 4282 03:06:27,120 --> 03:06:29,040 FOUNDER AND GUIDING SPIRIT, 4283 03:06:29,040 --> 03:06:31,680 JERRY RUBIN. 4284 03:06:31,680 --> 03:06:34,200 >> I HAD TO CONVINCE THE PEOPLE 4285 03:06:34,200 --> 03:06:36,120 IN MY ORGANIZATION THAT THIS IS 4286 03:06:36,120 --> 03:06:37,160 WORTH DOING. 4287 03:06:37,160 --> 03:06:40,000 IT WAS A 10 YEAR INVESTMENT OF 4288 03:06:40,000 --> 03:06:42,600 TENS OF MILLIONS OF DOLLARS. 4289 03:06:42,600 --> 03:06:45,760 SO I LOST A LOT OF SLEEP LIKE, 4290 03:06:45,760 --> 03:06:47,640 I'M GOING TO LOOK REALLY BAD IF 4291 03:06:47,640 --> 03:06:49,800 THIS FAILS. 4292 03:06:49,800 --> 03:06:52,320 >> THE GENELIA FLY TEAM 4293 03:06:52,320 --> 03:06:53,440 DEVELOPED NEW METHODS FOR 4294 03:06:53,440 --> 03:06:55,040 PREPARING SAMPLES AND AUTOMATING 4295 03:06:55,040 --> 03:06:57,480 THE SYSTEM. 4296 03:06:57,480 --> 03:07:00,760 THEY BEGAN USING FOCUSED ION 4297 03:07:00,760 --> 03:07:02,840 BEAM MICROSCOPES. 4298 03:07:02,840 --> 03:07:05,520 THESE CAN WHISK OFF AN IMAGE THE 4299 03:07:05,520 --> 03:07:07,920 NANOTHIN LAYERS ALMOST 4300 03:07:07,920 --> 03:07:11,760 SIMULTANEOUSLY. 4301 03:07:11,760 --> 03:07:14,840 THE MACHINES OPERATE 4302 03:07:14,840 --> 03:07:16,560 AUTOMATICALLY AND CONTINUALLY AS 4303 03:07:16,560 --> 03:07:19,160 LONG AS SAMPLES REPLENISH AND 4304 03:07:19,160 --> 03:07:19,840 ALL THIS SPEEDED THINGS UP 4305 03:07:19,840 --> 03:07:22,480 CONSIDERABLY. 4306 03:07:22,480 --> 03:07:26,600 >> EVERYTHING IS BEING DONE BY Y 4307 03:07:26,600 --> 03:07:27,640 COMPUTER INSTRUCTION. EVERY 4308 03:07:27,640 --> 03:07:29,040 TIME HUMANS GET INVOLVED IT 4309 03:07:29,040 --> 03:07:29,880 SLOWS THINGS DOWN. 4310 03:07:29,880 --> 03:07:32,440 >> THOUGH GENELIA MACHINES 4311 03:07:32,440 --> 03:07:34,760 TURNED OUT HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS 4312 03:07:34,760 --> 03:07:37,200 OF 2D IMAGE, TO RENDER THEM INTO 4313 03:07:37,200 --> 03:07:39,920 3 DIMENSIONAL NEURONS REQUIRED 4314 03:07:39,920 --> 03:07:42,080 MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF DATA 4315 03:07:42,080 --> 03:07:44,040 PROCESSING. 4316 03:07:44,040 --> 03:07:46,960 >> GENELIA WENT TO A WORLD 4317 03:07:46,960 --> 03:07:47,760 LEADER IN DATA PROCESSING FOR 4318 03:07:47,760 --> 03:07:50,320 HELP. 4319 03:07:50,320 --> 03:07:52,400 >> GOOGLE NOT ONLY AGREED TO 4320 03:07:52,400 --> 03:07:54,520 PARTNER WITH GENELIA, THE 4321 03:07:54,520 --> 03:07:56,400 COMPANY DECIDED TO DO THE 4322 03:07:56,400 --> 03:08:00,240 COMPUTATIONAL WORK FOR FREE. 4323 03:08:00,240 --> 03:08:01,720 THE OBVIOUS QUESTION WHAT 4324 03:08:01,720 --> 03:08:04,800 MOTIVATED GOOGLE TO MAKE SUCH A 4325 03:08:04,800 --> 03:08:05,480 COMMITMENT? 4326 03:08:05,480 --> 03:08:07,880 >> THIS WAS AREA IN WHICH BEST 4327 03:08:07,880 --> 03:08:09,520 COMPUTER SCIENCE COULD MAKE A 4328 03:08:09,520 --> 03:08:10,080 DIFFERENCE. 4329 03:08:10,080 --> 03:08:13,120 SO THE IDEA OF TAKING THESE VERY 4330 03:08:13,120 --> 03:08:14,600 LARGE THREE DIMENSIONAL DATA 4331 03:08:14,600 --> 03:08:16,640 SETS, RECONSTRUCTING THEM 4332 03:08:16,640 --> 03:08:18,560 ANNOTATING THEM, THIS IS THE 4333 03:08:18,560 --> 03:08:20,160 TYPE OF PROBLEM THAT GOOGLE 4334 03:08:20,160 --> 03:08:22,000 DEVELOPED EXPERTISE IN THROUGH 4335 03:08:22,000 --> 03:08:23,400 WORKING ON THINGS LIKE GOOGLE 4336 03:08:23,400 --> 03:08:25,680 MAPS AND GOOGLE EARTH. 4337 03:08:25,680 --> 03:08:27,400 IT PRESENTED NEW CHALLENGES AND 4338 03:08:27,400 --> 03:08:30,280 WE WANT TO MAKE COMPUTERS 4339 03:08:30,280 --> 03:08:30,800 SMARTER. 4340 03:08:30,800 --> 03:08:32,800 >> GOOGLE NEEDED TO ADAPT 4341 03:08:32,800 --> 03:08:36,240 ALGORITHMS USED FOR OBJECT AND 4342 03:08:36,240 --> 03:08:38,720 PATTERN RECOGNITION TO SEE IF 4343 03:08:38,720 --> 03:08:40,760 THESE COULD RECOGNIZE NEURONS. 4344 03:08:40,760 --> 03:08:43,280 THEY BEGAN BY FEEDING THEIR 4345 03:08:43,280 --> 03:08:44,960 MACHINES PRECISE NEURONAL 4346 03:08:44,960 --> 03:08:48,320 IMAGES, SUPPLIED BY GENELIA SO 4347 03:08:48,320 --> 03:08:49,880 THE MACHINES CAN TRAIN 4348 03:08:49,880 --> 03:08:52,560 THEMSELVES ON WHAT TO LOOK FOR. 4349 03:08:52,560 --> 03:08:55,760 >> THE MACHINES ALSO RELY ON 4350 03:08:55,760 --> 03:08:57,800 ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS THAT 4351 03:08:57,800 --> 03:08:59,800 MIMIC THE WAY NEUROSCIENTISTS 4352 03:08:59,800 --> 03:09:02,200 BELIEVE THE BRAIN PROCESSES 4353 03:09:02,200 --> 03:09:03,640 VISUAL RECOGNITION AND ANIMALS 4354 03:09:03,640 --> 03:09:05,600 LIKE THESE MICE. 4355 03:09:05,600 --> 03:09:07,840 >> WHAT THEY FOUND WAS THAT THE 4356 03:09:07,840 --> 03:09:09,320 BRAIN HAD ONE LAYER OF CELLS 4357 03:09:09,320 --> 03:09:12,960 WHICH THEY CALL SIMPLE CELLS, 4358 03:09:12,960 --> 03:09:14,200 AND THESE WOULD RESPOND TO 4359 03:09:14,200 --> 03:09:16,560 ORIENTED GRAINS OF LIGHT AND 4360 03:09:16,560 --> 03:09:18,040 THEN YOU HAD ANOTHER LAYER OF 4361 03:09:18,040 --> 03:09:19,440 NEURONS THEY ALSO DISCOVERED IN 4362 03:09:19,440 --> 03:09:21,120 THE BRAIN OF THESE ANIMALS 4363 03:09:21,120 --> 03:09:22,040 CALLED COMPLEX CELLS. 4364 03:09:22,040 --> 03:09:24,720 AS LONG AS ONE OF THE SIMPLE 4365 03:09:24,720 --> 03:09:26,800 CELLS RESPONDS TO THIS FEATURE, 4366 03:09:26,800 --> 03:09:30,280 THE COMPLEX CELLS RESPOND ALSO. 4367 03:09:30,280 --> 03:09:32,520 AND YOU CAN COMBINE THESE LAYERS 4368 03:09:32,520 --> 03:09:34,320 TO GET PROGRESSIVELY MORE 4369 03:09:34,320 --> 03:09:36,280 COMPLEX AND HIGHER LEVEL 4370 03:09:36,280 --> 03:09:41,800 REPRESENTATIONS OF ANY IMAGE. 4371 03:09:41,800 --> 03:09:43,960 >> MACHINE MODELS OF THESE 4372 03:09:43,960 --> 03:09:46,480 VISUAL PROCESSING SYSTEMS ARE 4373 03:09:46,480 --> 03:09:48,320 CALLED CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL 4374 03:09:48,320 --> 03:09:49,280 NETWORKS. 4375 03:09:49,280 --> 03:09:51,600 AND THEY ARE TODAY A CORNERSTONE 4376 03:09:51,600 --> 03:09:54,920 OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. 4377 03:09:54,920 --> 03:09:56,600 >> EVEN SOMETHING LIKE A SELF 4378 03:09:56,600 --> 03:09:57,560 DRIVING CAR WHICH MIGHT HAVE A 4379 03:09:57,560 --> 03:09:59,360 CAMERA IN THE FRONT OF IT AND IS 4380 03:09:59,360 --> 03:10:00,400 LOOKING AT A VISUAL SCENE AND 4381 03:10:00,400 --> 03:10:02,360 TRYING TO FIGURE OUT WHERE IS 4382 03:10:02,360 --> 03:10:03,800 THE ROAD, WHERE IS THE STOP 4383 03:10:03,800 --> 03:10:05,400 SIGN, IS THERE A TRAFFIC LIGHT? 4384 03:10:05,400 --> 03:10:07,400 THOSE DECISIONS ARE OFTEN BEING 4385 03:10:07,400 --> 03:10:13,720 MADE BY SOME TYPE OF C CONVOLUTL 4386 03:10:13,720 --> 03:10:14,720 NEURAL NETWORK. 4387 03:10:14,720 --> 03:10:16,920 >> NEURONS HAVE COMPLEX SHAPES 4388 03:10:16,920 --> 03:10:21,120 SO VERIAN JAIN HAD TO DEVELOP 4389 03:10:21,120 --> 03:10:22,880 EQUALLY COMPLEX VERSION OF 4390 03:10:22,880 --> 03:10:24,920 GOOGLE'S RECOGNITION ALGORITHM. 4391 03:10:24,920 --> 03:10:26,520 >> IF I CAN PICK A POINT IN THE 4392 03:10:26,520 --> 03:10:29,400 IMAGE AND THE ALGORITHM STARTS 4393 03:10:29,400 --> 03:10:31,760 TO TRY TO FIGURE OUT WHAT ARE 4394 03:10:31,760 --> 03:10:33,160 THE BONDRIES OF THE OBJECT 4395 03:10:33,160 --> 03:10:35,240 ASSOCIATED WITH THAT POINT YOU 4396 03:10:35,240 --> 03:10:35,760 PICKED. 4397 03:10:35,760 --> 03:10:36,880 FROM THAT POINT THE AL FOR 4398 03:10:36,880 --> 03:10:38,680 RHYTHM IS LOOKING AROUND AND 4399 03:10:38,680 --> 03:10:40,720 DECIDING WHAT ELSE IS PART OF 4400 03:10:40,720 --> 03:10:41,080 THAT OBJECT? 4401 03:10:41,080 --> 03:10:43,080 SO WHAT YOU ARE SEEING AS THAT 4402 03:10:43,080 --> 03:10:45,320 POINT MOVES AROUND IS THE 4403 03:10:45,320 --> 03:10:46,720 ALGORITHM PROGRESSIVELY 4404 03:10:46,720 --> 03:10:48,160 EXPANDING ITS FIELD OF VIEW SO 4405 03:10:48,160 --> 03:10:50,040 IT'S STARTING IN ONE PLACE AND 4406 03:10:50,040 --> 03:10:51,360 MOVING OVER HERE AND SAYING OKAY 4407 03:10:51,360 --> 03:10:53,440 WHAT ELSE IS PART OF THE OBJECT? 4408 03:10:53,440 --> 03:10:55,320 IT IS EXPANDING THE SHAPE AS IT 4409 03:10:55,320 --> 03:10:57,080 GOES ALONG. 4410 03:10:57,080 --> 03:10:59,640 >> THOUGH THE SYSTEM IS 4411 03:10:59,640 --> 03:11:00,640 EXTRAORDINARY IT CAN STILL MAKE 4412 03:11:00,640 --> 03:11:03,280 MISTAKES. 4413 03:11:03,280 --> 03:11:06,520 THE COMPUTER ANALYSIS IS GREAT. 4414 03:11:06,520 --> 03:11:08,560 BUT IT IS NOT PERFECT. 4415 03:11:08,560 --> 03:11:10,680 SO WHAT WE NEED TO DO IS REVIEW 4416 03:11:10,680 --> 03:11:11,800 IT WITH HUMANS. 4417 03:11:11,800 --> 03:11:15,120 AND THE HUMANS LOOK AT IT AND 4418 03:11:15,120 --> 03:11:18,200 THEY SAY OH, THESE THINGS ARE 4419 03:11:18,200 --> 03:11:19,400 JOINED TOGETHER AND THEY 4420 03:11:19,400 --> 03:11:19,960 SHOULDN'T BE TOGETHER. 4421 03:11:19,960 --> 03:11:23,240 WE HAVE A FRANKEN BODY WE LIKE 4422 03:11:23,240 --> 03:11:24,360 TO CALL THEM. 4423 03:11:24,360 --> 03:11:26,840 >> IN THIS FRANK ENBODY THE 4424 03:11:26,840 --> 03:11:28,640 COMPUTER SEES ONE NEURON BUT IT 4425 03:11:28,640 --> 03:11:30,000 IS REALLY TWO. 4426 03:11:30,000 --> 03:11:33,920 IT TOOK SCORES OF GENELIA 4427 03:11:33,920 --> 03:11:34,840 PROOFREADERS YEARS TO CORRECT 4428 03:11:34,840 --> 03:11:37,560 THE MISSAKES BUT AS -- MISTAKES 4429 03:11:37,560 --> 03:11:39,280 BUT AS THEY DID THE NEW 4430 03:11:39,280 --> 03:11:40,680 INFORMATION WENT BACK TO GOOGLE 4431 03:11:40,680 --> 03:11:45,000 AND THE ALGORITHMS KEPT GETTING 4432 03:11:45,000 --> 03:11:45,760 BETTER. 4433 03:11:45,760 --> 03:11:47,440 JERRY RUBIN NOW SAYS IT WILL 4434 03:11:47,440 --> 03:11:49,600 TAKE A AREA OR TWO TO FINISH THE 4435 03:11:49,600 --> 03:11:51,160 FLY CONNECTOME WHICH WOULD COME 4436 03:11:51,160 --> 03:11:54,320 IN UNDER HIS ORIGINAL ESTIMATE. 4437 03:11:54,320 --> 03:11:56,840 BUT DESPITE THE COMING 4438 03:11:56,840 --> 03:11:58,920 MILESTONE, THIS IS AFTER ALL A 4439 03:11:58,920 --> 03:12:01,560 FLY BRAIN WE ARE TALKING ABOUT. 4440 03:12:01,560 --> 03:12:03,640 WHAT COULD ITS CONNECTOME 4441 03:12:03,640 --> 03:12:06,560 POSSIBLY TELL US ABOUT THE HUMAN 4442 03:12:06,560 --> 03:12:06,800 BRAIN? 4443 03:12:06,800 --> 03:12:09,440 >> IT TURNS OUT THAT FRUIT FLY 4444 03:12:09,440 --> 03:12:11,240 BRAINS ARE MADE OF EXACTLY THE 4445 03:12:11,240 --> 03:12:12,840 SAME COMPONENTS THAT OUR BRAINS 4446 03:12:12,840 --> 03:12:13,200 ARE. 4447 03:12:13,200 --> 03:12:14,240 THESE NEURONS. 4448 03:12:14,240 --> 03:12:15,600 AND THEY ACTUALLY TALK TO EACH 4449 03:12:15,600 --> 03:12:18,320 OTHER THE SAME WAYS EXCHANGING 4450 03:12:18,320 --> 03:12:20,000 CHEMICALS AND EXCITING ONE 4451 03:12:20,000 --> 03:12:22,360 ANOTHER AS IT WERE TO PASS ON 4452 03:12:22,360 --> 03:12:22,680 INFORMATION. 4453 03:12:22,680 --> 03:12:24,000 SO IF WE CAN UNDERSTAND THE 4454 03:12:24,000 --> 03:12:25,320 BUILDING BLOCKS OF THAT 4455 03:12:25,320 --> 03:12:27,960 COMMUNICATION IN A FLY'S BRAIN, 4456 03:12:27,960 --> 03:12:29,240 THAT APPLIES TO OUR BRAINS AS 4457 03:12:29,240 --> 03:12:31,880 WELL. 4458 03:12:31,880 --> 03:12:35,880 >> GWYNETH CAR LEADS A GENELIA 4459 03:12:35,880 --> 03:12:37,400 TEAM TO EXPERIMENT WITH FRUIT 4460 03:12:37,400 --> 03:12:39,120 FLIES TO UNDERSTAND HOW THEIR 4461 03:12:39,120 --> 03:12:40,760 BRAINS REACT TO THINGS IN THEIR 4462 03:12:40,760 --> 03:12:41,920 ENVIRONMENT THAT MOTIVATE 4463 03:12:41,920 --> 03:12:42,680 BEHAVIOR. 4464 03:12:42,680 --> 03:12:45,560 >> WE TRY TO STUDY REALLY 4465 03:12:45,560 --> 03:12:48,360 FUNDAMENTAL BEHAVIORS, THAT OUR 4466 03:12:48,360 --> 03:12:49,800 BRAINS ALL EVOLVE TO BE ABLE TO 4467 03:12:49,800 --> 03:12:50,360 DO. 4468 03:12:50,360 --> 03:12:52,800 THESE ARE THINGS LIKE EATING, 4469 03:12:52,800 --> 03:12:54,440 SLEEP, OR IN THE CASE OF MY LAB 4470 03:12:54,440 --> 03:12:55,960 IN PARTICULAR, HOW TO NOT BE 4471 03:12:55,960 --> 03:12:57,520 EATEN. 4472 03:12:57,520 --> 03:13:02,280 WE ARE INTERESTED IN HOW A FRUIT 4473 03:13:02,280 --> 03:13:04,840 FLY EVADES BEING EATEN BY 4474 03:13:04,840 --> 03:13:06,400 PREDATORS THAT TRY TO CAPTURE 4475 03:13:06,400 --> 03:13:07,120 THEM. 4476 03:13:07,120 --> 03:13:09,280 WHAT WE LEARNED FROM OUR 4477 03:13:09,280 --> 03:13:11,920 RESEARCH IS THAT EVEN FLIES ARE 4478 03:13:11,920 --> 03:13:13,440 CAREFULLY CONSIDERING A STRATEGY 4479 03:13:13,440 --> 03:13:14,640 FOR ESCAPE. 4480 03:13:14,640 --> 03:13:16,520 IT CAN DO A FASTER TAKE OFF 4481 03:13:16,520 --> 03:13:18,560 WHERE IT DOESN'T RAISE ITS 4482 03:13:18,560 --> 03:13:20,000 WINGS, IT JUST JUMPS OFF THE 4483 03:13:20,000 --> 03:13:21,840 GROUND OR DO A SLOWER KIND OF 4484 03:13:21,840 --> 03:13:23,560 TAKE OFF WHERE IT DOES RAISE 4485 03:13:23,560 --> 03:13:25,560 WINGS AND SLOWLY DEPRESS THEM 4486 03:13:25,560 --> 03:13:26,800 AND GET OFF THE GROUND IN A 4487 03:13:26,800 --> 03:13:27,440 LONGER TIME. 4488 03:13:27,440 --> 03:13:29,040 AND WE UNDERSTAND NOW THE 4489 03:13:29,040 --> 03:13:30,760 NEURONS INVOLVED IN THE CHOICE 4490 03:13:30,760 --> 03:13:31,440 BETWEEN THOSE KINDS OF TAKE 4491 03:13:31,440 --> 03:13:35,040 OFFS. 4492 03:13:35,040 --> 03:13:37,280 >> FLIES AREN'T THE ONLY 4493 03:13:37,280 --> 03:13:39,200 CREATURES WITH QUICK ESCAPE 4494 03:13:39,200 --> 03:13:40,960 ABILITIES. 4495 03:13:40,960 --> 03:13:42,360 BUT WE DON'T KNOW WHICH NEURONS 4496 03:13:42,360 --> 03:13:46,120 IN OUR BRAINS MESSAGE SUCH 4497 03:13:46,120 --> 03:13:47,920 ACTIONS WHEREAS GWYNETH CARD'S 4498 03:13:47,920 --> 03:13:50,440 FLY TEAM CAN USE IMAGING 4499 03:13:50,440 --> 03:13:53,760 TECHNIQUES AND THE CONNECTOME TO 4500 03:13:53,760 --> 03:13:56,120 IDENTIFY THE NEURAL NETWORK 4501 03:13:56,120 --> 03:13:58,560 CONTROL ESCAPE BEHAVIOR. 4502 03:13:58,560 --> 03:14:00,760 >> WHAT THE CONNECTOME ALLOWED 4503 03:14:00,760 --> 03:14:02,920 US TO DO IS GO BEYOND THAT ONE 4504 03:14:02,920 --> 03:14:04,400 NEURON THAT INVOLVED IN SAY WHAT 4505 03:14:04,400 --> 03:14:06,040 IS THE NETWORK HERE? 4506 03:14:06,040 --> 03:14:08,240 HOW IS THAT NEURON GETTING 4507 03:14:08,240 --> 03:14:09,280 INFORMATION? 4508 03:14:09,280 --> 03:14:10,240 WHAT KIND OF INFORMATION IS IT 4509 03:14:10,240 --> 03:14:13,160 GETTING, WHAT IS THE ANIMAL 4510 03:14:13,160 --> 03:14:14,000 ACTUALLY TRYING TO UNDERSTAND 4511 03:14:14,000 --> 03:14:15,280 ABOUT THE WORLD, THAT WAS 4512 03:14:15,280 --> 03:14:16,920 VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO DO IN A 4513 03:14:16,920 --> 03:14:18,720 COMPREHENSIVE AND SYSTEMATIC WAY 4514 03:14:18,720 --> 03:14:21,040 WITHOUT THE CONNECTOME. 4515 03:14:21,040 --> 03:14:24,320 >> BESIDES MAPPING AND TRACING 4516 03:14:24,320 --> 03:14:28,680 NEURONS, GENELIA'S CONNECTOME 4517 03:14:28,680 --> 03:14:29,600 PIN POINTS SYNAPSES. 4518 03:14:29,600 --> 03:14:32,200 SEEN HERE AS MICROSCOPIC DARK 4519 03:14:32,200 --> 03:14:34,760 SMUDGES IN THE RED CIRCLES, THAT 4520 03:14:34,760 --> 03:14:36,280 LINK NEURAL NETWORKS. 4521 03:14:36,280 --> 03:14:38,720 AND THIS IS HELPING OTHER 4522 03:14:38,720 --> 03:14:40,320 NEUROSCIENTISTS AS WELL. 4523 03:14:40,320 --> 03:14:43,840 >> THEY HAVE REVOLUTIONIZED THE 4524 03:14:43,840 --> 03:14:46,800 THINKING OF HOW CIRCUITS WORK IN 4525 03:14:46,800 --> 03:14:48,600 THE FLY BRAIN, IT IS NO LONGER 4526 03:14:48,600 --> 03:14:50,160 MODELING IT, YOU ACTUALLY KNOW 4527 03:14:50,160 --> 03:14:51,520 WHO IS CONNECTED TO WHOM. 4528 03:14:51,520 --> 03:14:53,640 ONCE YOU KNOW WHO IS CONNECTED 4529 03:14:53,640 --> 03:14:56,000 TO WHOM, YOU NO LONGER HAVE TO 4530 03:14:56,000 --> 03:14:56,840 TRY TO GUESS. 4531 03:14:56,840 --> 03:14:59,040 >> IN A RELATIVELY SHORT TIME WE 4532 03:14:59,040 --> 03:15:01,080 HAVE SEEN PEOPLE REALLY NOT ONLY 4533 03:15:01,080 --> 03:15:03,120 TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE HEMI BRAIN 4534 03:15:03,120 --> 03:15:04,560 DATA SET BUT ALSO HAVING A 4535 03:15:04,560 --> 03:15:05,720 BROADER EFFECT IN NEUROSCIENCE 4536 03:15:05,720 --> 03:15:07,120 SHOWING THIS TYPE OF INFORMATION 4537 03:15:07,120 --> 03:15:10,000 ABOUT THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IS 4538 03:15:10,000 --> 03:15:11,400 REALLY QUITE FUNDAMENTAL AND CAN 4539 03:15:11,400 --> 03:15:12,840 BE EXTREMELY VALUABLE. 4540 03:15:12,840 --> 03:15:16,520 >> SUCCESS IN BUILDING A FLY 4541 03:15:16,520 --> 03:15:19,400 CONNECTOME HAS ENERGIZED ONGOING 4542 03:15:19,400 --> 03:15:20,480 EFFORTS BY SEVERAL RESEARCH 4543 03:15:20,480 --> 03:15:23,680 GROUPS TO PURSUE A FAR MORE 4544 03:15:23,680 --> 03:15:24,280 COMPLICATED MOUSE BRAIN 4545 03:15:24,280 --> 03:15:27,680 CONNECTOME. 4546 03:15:27,680 --> 03:15:29,720 THE ALLEN INSTITUTE FOR BRAIN 4547 03:15:29,720 --> 03:15:32,160 SCIENCE IN SEATTLE HAS BEEN A 4548 03:15:32,160 --> 03:15:33,760 MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR. 4549 03:15:33,760 --> 03:15:36,560 AND IN 2019 ANNOUNCED THAT AFTER 4550 03:15:36,560 --> 03:15:41,080 NEARLY A DECADE OF WORK IT HAD 4551 03:15:41,080 --> 03:15:42,560 IMAGED 100,000 NEURONS AND A 4552 03:15:42,560 --> 03:15:44,480 BILLION SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS IN 4553 03:15:44,480 --> 03:15:46,240 A CUBIC MILLIMETER OF A MOUSE 4554 03:15:46,240 --> 03:15:48,120 BRAIN. 4555 03:15:48,120 --> 03:15:51,240 IT WAS A SIGNIFICANT SUCCESS. 4556 03:15:51,240 --> 03:15:55,000 BUT DAUNTINGLY THERE WERE STILL 4557 03:15:55,000 --> 03:15:56,640 499 CUBIC MILLIMETERS LEFT TO 4558 03:15:56,640 --> 03:15:59,680 MAP. 4559 03:15:59,680 --> 03:16:01,240 AS SEVERAL RESEARCH GROUPS 4560 03:16:01,240 --> 03:16:03,760 TRAVELED A LONG PATHWAY TO A 4561 03:16:03,760 --> 03:16:05,760 MOUSE CONNECTOME, OTHERS ARE 4562 03:16:05,760 --> 03:16:09,440 PURSUING AN INTERIM STEP. 4563 03:16:09,440 --> 03:16:12,400 BETWEEN THE MAMMALIAN BRAIN OF A 4564 03:16:12,400 --> 03:16:15,320 MOUSE AND A INVERTEBRATE LIKE 4565 03:16:15,320 --> 03:16:17,200 DROSOPHILA OR C ELEGANS, THERE 4566 03:16:17,200 --> 03:16:19,240 IS A WHOLE GROUP OF ANIMALS THAT 4567 03:16:19,240 --> 03:16:21,520 HAVE BACK BONES ABOUT WHICH 4568 03:16:21,520 --> 03:16:23,160 CONNECTOMICS COULD PROVIDE A LOT 4569 03:16:23,160 --> 03:16:25,800 OF INSIGHT AND PERHAPS NO ANIMAL 4570 03:16:25,800 --> 03:16:28,600 BETTER SUITED FOR THIS THAN THE 4571 03:16:28,600 --> 03:16:30,120 LARVAL ZEBRAFISH. 4572 03:16:30,120 --> 03:16:34,320 >> THE ZEBRAFISH WE SEE IN ARE 4573 03:16:34,320 --> 03:16:35,280 ADULTS. 4574 03:16:35,280 --> 03:16:36,680 CONNECTOMIC RESEARCHERS ARE 4575 03:16:36,680 --> 03:16:38,160 INTERESTED IN THEIR BABIES. 4576 03:16:38,160 --> 03:16:40,680 >> ZEBRAFISH I WORK WITH YOU 4577 03:16:40,680 --> 03:16:43,560 NEED A MICROSCOPE TO LOOK AT. 4578 03:16:43,560 --> 03:16:46,600 >> MARE YELL LA PETCOVA IS A 4579 03:16:46,600 --> 03:16:48,400 POST-DOC TRAIT NEUROSCIENTIST AT 4580 03:16:48,400 --> 03:16:50,160 HARVARD UNIVERSITY WHO USES 4581 03:16:50,160 --> 03:16:52,760 CONNECTOMICS TO STUDY THE BRAINS 4582 03:16:52,760 --> 03:16:53,840 OF ZEBRAFISH. 4583 03:16:53,840 --> 03:16:56,920 >> IT IS SURPRISINGLY SIMILAR TO 4584 03:16:56,920 --> 03:16:58,800 US, WE SHARE GENES, WE HAVE 4585 03:16:58,800 --> 03:17:00,880 SHARED THE COMMON ANCESTOR. 4586 03:17:00,880 --> 03:17:02,880 I THINK ABOUT 400 MILLION YEARS 4587 03:17:02,880 --> 03:17:06,160 AGO WE BOTH WERE SWIMMING 4588 03:17:06,160 --> 03:17:06,520 AROUND. 4589 03:17:06,520 --> 03:17:11,000 THEY START AS A SINGLE CELL AND 4590 03:17:11,000 --> 03:17:13,160 SEVEN DAYS LATER THEY HAVE 4591 03:17:13,160 --> 03:17:15,200 100,000 NEURONS AND IN THREE 4592 03:17:15,200 --> 03:17:17,400 DAYS IT ALREADY STARTS SWIMMING. 4593 03:17:17,400 --> 03:17:20,280 IMAGINE IN ONLY A WEEK YOU HAVE 4594 03:17:20,280 --> 03:17:21,760 TO BUILD A CIRCUIT THAT HUNTS, 4595 03:17:21,760 --> 03:17:23,360 THAT CAN TAKE IN THE INFORMATION 4596 03:17:23,360 --> 03:17:25,680 AROUND IT AND BUILD A MACHINE 4597 03:17:25,680 --> 03:17:27,960 WHICH CAN DO SUCH COMPLICATED 4598 03:17:27,960 --> 03:17:28,200 ACTION. 4599 03:17:28,200 --> 03:17:30,320 >> AND BECAUSE THEY ARE 4600 03:17:30,320 --> 03:17:32,680 TRANSPARENT, USING A MICROSCOPE 4601 03:17:32,680 --> 03:17:34,840 SHE CONCEIVED A NEURONAL 4602 03:17:34,840 --> 03:17:37,280 PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN ACTIONS 4603 03:17:37,280 --> 03:17:39,280 LIKE TAIL FLICKS, AND EVEN 4604 03:17:39,280 --> 03:17:40,680 MEASURE THEM. 4605 03:17:40,680 --> 03:17:43,400 >> YOU CAN PUT IN MOLECULE WHICH 4606 03:17:43,400 --> 03:17:45,160 TELLS YOU WHEN THE NEURON TURNS 4607 03:17:45,160 --> 03:17:45,480 ON. 4608 03:17:45,480 --> 03:17:50,920 AND SEE THE MOLECULES LIGHT UP 4609 03:17:50,920 --> 03:17:51,680 LIKE A LIGHT BULB. 4610 03:17:51,680 --> 03:17:53,360 >> THE CONNECTOME SHE IS 4611 03:17:53,360 --> 03:17:56,720 CREATING CAN HELP PINPOINT THE 4612 03:17:56,720 --> 03:17:58,640 FLICK NEURONS PRECISELY. 4613 03:17:58,640 --> 03:18:00,680 TO CREATE THEIR CONNECTOME, THE 4614 03:18:00,680 --> 03:18:03,440 LAB USES THE BASIC SLICING AND 4615 03:18:03,440 --> 03:18:06,680 IMAGING PROCEDURES AND HERE TOO 4616 03:18:06,680 --> 03:18:09,800 GOOGLE HELPS PROCESS THE IMAGES. 4617 03:18:09,800 --> 03:18:13,000 BUT MARIELA'S LAB HAS A UNIQUE 4618 03:18:13,000 --> 03:18:14,360 COMMUNITY OF CHECKERS. 4619 03:18:14,360 --> 03:18:16,320 >> WE BRING IN LOT OF PEOPLE TO 4620 03:18:16,320 --> 03:18:17,040 PROOFREAD. 4621 03:18:17,040 --> 03:18:18,800 WE BRING IN COLLEGE STUDENTS, WE 4622 03:18:18,800 --> 03:18:21,320 BRING IN POST DOCS, GRADUATE 4623 03:18:21,320 --> 03:18:23,960 STUDENTS, PROFESSORS, WE ALSO 4624 03:18:23,960 --> 03:18:25,600 BRING IN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS 4625 03:18:25,600 --> 03:18:27,840 AND I BROUGHT IN MY MOM. 4626 03:18:27,840 --> 03:18:32,920 MY MOM DOES ALL THE WORK FROM 4627 03:18:32,920 --> 03:18:33,680 HUNGAHUNGARY. 4628 03:18:33,680 --> 03:18:35,520 YOU CAN DO ALL THE WORK FROM 4629 03:18:35,520 --> 03:18:37,280 YOUR COMPUTER WITH CONNECTOMIC 4630 03:18:37,280 --> 03:18:38,640 AND YOU CAN BE ANYWHERE IN THE 4631 03:18:38,640 --> 03:18:39,920 WORLD. 4632 03:18:39,920 --> 03:18:41,160 CONNECTOMEICS HAS A HUGE 4633 03:18:41,160 --> 03:18:43,680 POTENTIAL FO FOR ENGAGEMENT FROM 4634 03:18:43,680 --> 03:18:44,200 THE PUBLIC. 4635 03:18:44,200 --> 03:18:47,000 >> IN A PAPILLAR INTERACTIVE 4636 03:18:47,000 --> 03:18:49,240 GAME CALLED iWIRE DEVELOPED BY 4637 03:18:49,240 --> 03:18:50,800 THE SUN LAB AT PRINCETON, 4638 03:18:50,800 --> 03:18:53,520 PLAYERS FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD 4639 03:18:53,520 --> 03:18:54,960 VIBE WITH EACH OTHER TO SEE WHO 4640 03:18:54,960 --> 03:18:57,200 CAN BEST RECONSTRUCT NEURONS IN 4641 03:18:57,200 --> 03:19:00,480 A MOUSE RETINA. 4642 03:19:00,480 --> 03:19:02,640 THE SITE ALSO TEACHES GAMERS 4643 03:19:02,640 --> 03:19:04,600 ABOUT THE INTRICACIES OF NEURONS 4644 03:19:04,600 --> 03:19:07,200 AND SYNAPSES AND HIGH WIRE CAN 4645 03:19:07,200 --> 03:19:08,600 CLEARLY BECOME A TRAINING GROUND 4646 03:19:08,600 --> 03:19:11,400 FOR CITIZEN PROOFREADERS WHICH 4647 03:19:11,400 --> 03:19:12,880 WOULD CERTAINLY HELP WITH THE 4648 03:19:12,880 --> 03:19:14,880 MASSIVE TASK OF COMPLETING A 4649 03:19:14,880 --> 03:19:19,360 MOUSE CONNECTOME. 4650 03:19:19,360 --> 03:19:20,880 ALTHOUGH A MOUSE BRAIN IS A 4651 03:19:20,880 --> 03:19:23,000 THOUSAND TIMES SMALLER AND FAR 4652 03:19:23,000 --> 03:19:25,760 LESS COMPLICATED THAN A HUMAN 4653 03:19:25,760 --> 03:19:27,840 BRAIN, AS MAMMALS THEIR BRAINS 4654 03:19:27,840 --> 03:19:30,960 WILL BE FUNDAMENTALLY LIKE OUR 4655 03:19:30,960 --> 03:19:33,880 OWN AS ARE MANY OF THEIR 4656 03:19:33,880 --> 03:19:34,760 BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS. 4657 03:19:34,760 --> 03:19:37,320 THE MOUSE IS PROBABLY THE MOST 4658 03:19:37,320 --> 03:19:40,040 POPULAR ANIMAL FOR STUDY IN 4659 03:19:40,040 --> 03:19:40,640 BIOLOGY. 4660 03:19:40,640 --> 03:19:43,440 NOT THE LEAST OF WHICH IS 4661 03:19:43,440 --> 03:19:45,320 DISEASES THAT HAVE CORRELATES TO 4662 03:19:45,320 --> 03:19:47,080 HUMAN DISEASE ARE BEING MADE IN 4663 03:19:47,080 --> 03:19:48,680 MICE ALL THE TIME. 4664 03:19:48,680 --> 03:19:52,280 SO THERE ARE CARDIOVASCULAR, 4665 03:19:52,280 --> 03:19:55,200 DIABETIC, ALZHEIMER'S, MICE TO 4666 03:19:55,200 --> 03:19:56,080 NAME A FEW. 4667 03:19:56,080 --> 03:19:57,760 AND MANY OF THESE ARE 4668 03:19:57,760 --> 03:20:00,640 NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES. 4669 03:20:00,640 --> 03:20:03,240 LIKE RHETT'S SYNDROME AND AUTISM 4670 03:20:03,240 --> 03:20:04,080 SPECTRUM DISORDER. 4671 03:20:04,080 --> 03:20:05,280 THESE ANIMALS PROVIDE AN 4672 03:20:05,280 --> 03:20:07,240 OPPORTUNITY TO LOOK AT THE 4673 03:20:07,240 --> 03:20:09,720 BRAINS OF ANIMALS THAT HAVE 4674 03:20:09,720 --> 03:20:10,920 COGNITIVE PROBLEMS THAT ARE 4675 03:20:10,920 --> 03:20:13,280 SIMILAR TO DISEASES THAT HUMANS 4676 03:20:13,280 --> 03:20:13,880 HAVE. 4677 03:20:13,880 --> 03:20:16,240 >> BECAUSE MOUSE BRAINS ARE 4678 03:20:16,240 --> 03:20:20,120 CLOSER TO OURS, SHORT OF A HUMAN 4679 03:20:20,120 --> 03:20:21,480 BRAIN RIGHT NOW THEIR CONNECTOME 4680 03:20:21,480 --> 03:20:25,520 WOULD BE THE ULTIMATE PRIZE. 4681 03:20:25,520 --> 03:20:28,600 BUT TO DO THIS THE COST FOR DATA 4682 03:20:28,600 --> 03:20:31,160 PROCESSING ALONE WOULD BE WELL, 4683 03:20:31,160 --> 03:20:34,040 MIND BOGGLING. 4684 03:20:34,040 --> 03:20:36,200 IF YOU TOOK ALL THE MATERIAL 4685 03:20:36,200 --> 03:20:37,960 THAT LIVES IN THE LIBRARY OF 4686 03:20:37,960 --> 03:20:39,920 CONGRESS, NOT JUST THE BOOKS BUT 4687 03:20:39,920 --> 03:20:41,320 ALL THE AUDIO, ALL THE VIDEO, 4688 03:20:41,320 --> 03:20:43,600 EVERY MOVIE, EVERY SONG THAT HAS 4689 03:20:43,600 --> 03:20:46,280 EVER BEEN WRITTEN AND YOU PILED 4690 03:20:46,280 --> 03:20:47,040 IT ALL TOGETHER AND SAID HOW 4691 03:20:47,040 --> 03:20:48,240 MUCH DATA IS THAT AND THEN YOU 4692 03:20:48,240 --> 03:20:50,240 ASK HOW MUCH DATA A MOUSE BRAIN 4693 03:20:50,240 --> 03:20:51,440 WOULD BE, A MOUSE BRAIN MIGHT BE 4694 03:20:51,440 --> 03:20:52,920 SOMETHING LIKE A HUNDRED TO 4695 03:20:52,920 --> 03:20:55,960 1,000 TIMES MORE DATA THAN IT'S 4696 03:20:55,960 --> 03:20:57,080 EVER BEEN COLLECTED ALTOGETHER 4697 03:20:57,080 --> 03:20:59,240 IN HISTORY OF HUMANITY. 4698 03:20:59,240 --> 03:21:01,560 THAT WOULD BE A AMOUNT OF DATA 4699 03:21:01,560 --> 03:21:03,400 CALLED AN EXBITE OF DATA WHICH 4700 03:21:03,400 --> 03:21:07,160 IS A THOUSAND PEDABYTES OF DATA 4701 03:21:07,160 --> 03:21:09,200 WHICH IS A MILLION TERABYTES OF 4702 03:21:09,200 --> 03:21:11,320 DATA WHICH IS A BILL GIGABYTES 4703 03:21:11,320 --> 03:21:12,200 OF DATA. 4704 03:21:12,200 --> 03:21:14,880 IF WE REALLY WANT TO MAP MOUSE 4705 03:21:14,880 --> 03:21:16,240 BRAIN NEUROSCIENCE HAS TO 4706 03:21:16,240 --> 03:21:21,440 EMBRACE BIG SCIENCE. 4707 03:21:21,440 --> 03:21:24,320 >> THERE HAVE BEEN IN THE 4708 03:21:24,320 --> 03:21:26,160 HISTORY OF SCIENCE MANY VERY 4709 03:21:26,160 --> 03:21:28,040 LARGE PROJECTS GOING TO THE MOON 4710 03:21:28,040 --> 03:21:31,280 IS A GOOD EXAMPLE OF AN INSANELY 4711 03:21:31,280 --> 03:21:34,680 LARGE PROJECT. 4712 03:21:34,680 --> 03:21:36,040 >> ENGINE STOP. 4713 03:21:36,040 --> 03:21:37,160 WE COPY EAGLE. 4714 03:21:37,160 --> 03:21:39,560 >> WHEN IT WAS PROPOSED, I THINK 4715 03:21:39,560 --> 03:21:41,080 PEOPLE THOUGHT THIS WAS PERHAPS 4716 03:21:41,080 --> 03:21:42,960 TOO CHALLENGING. 4717 03:21:42,960 --> 03:21:46,640 THE HUMAN GENOME WAS ANOTHER 4718 03:21:46,640 --> 03:21:48,840 PROJECT CONSIDERED 4719 03:21:48,840 --> 03:21:50,000 EXTRAORDINARILY HARD AND SOME 4720 03:21:50,000 --> 03:21:51,600 DOUBTED IT COULD EVEN BE DONE. 4721 03:21:51,600 --> 03:21:54,120 BUT THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT WAS 4722 03:21:54,120 --> 03:21:56,000 COMPLETED SUCCESSFULLY AND LED 4723 03:21:56,000 --> 03:21:58,400 TO KEY BREAKTHROUGHS IN 4724 03:21:58,400 --> 03:22:01,600 MEDICINE, ANTHROPOLOGY, AND 4725 03:22:01,600 --> 03:22:02,240 FORENSIC SCIENCE. 4726 03:22:02,240 --> 03:22:04,240 SO WE TRIED TO DO THE SAME THING 4727 03:22:04,240 --> 03:22:06,480 HERE WITH DOING THE CONNECTOME. 4728 03:22:06,480 --> 03:22:08,960 IT ISN'T THE KNOWLEDGE ITSELF IT 4729 03:22:08,960 --> 03:22:10,760 IS AN INFRASTRUCTURE IT IS A 4730 03:22:10,760 --> 03:22:14,320 FOUNDATION, IT IS AN ENABLING 4731 03:22:14,320 --> 03:22:14,520 TOOL. 4732 03:22:14,520 --> 03:22:16,200 >> YOU CAN'T IMAGINE TRYING TO 4733 03:22:16,200 --> 03:22:17,640 UNDERSTAND THE BRAIN WITHOUT 4734 03:22:17,640 --> 03:22:17,840 THIS. 4735 03:22:17,840 --> 03:22:20,440 >> WHEN I STARTED IN THIS FIELD 4736 03:22:20,440 --> 03:22:21,640 50 YEARS AGO THERE WAS NO HOPE 4737 03:22:21,640 --> 03:22:23,440 OF DOING THIS. 4738 03:22:23,440 --> 03:22:25,000 IT WAS JUST VERY BEGINNING TO 4739 03:22:25,000 --> 03:22:27,040 GET STARTED WITH MANUALLY 4740 03:22:27,040 --> 03:22:28,840 TRACING THE C ELEGANS. 4741 03:22:28,840 --> 03:22:30,800 IF YOU LOOK AT THE FLY BRAIN, 4742 03:22:30,800 --> 03:22:32,920 EVEN A QUARTER OF THAT HAS 4743 03:22:32,920 --> 03:22:34,240 REVOLUTIONIZED THE THINKING 4744 03:22:34,240 --> 03:22:36,560 ABOUT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS IN THE 4745 03:22:36,560 --> 03:22:37,080 FLY BRAIN. 4746 03:22:37,080 --> 03:22:39,280 SO THE SAME THING WILL HAPPEN IN 4747 03:22:39,280 --> 03:22:42,240 THE MAMMALIAN BRAIN, IN THE 4748 03:22:42,240 --> 03:22:45,680 HUMAN BRAIN, THE MORE WE KNOW 4749 03:22:45,680 --> 03:22:46,960 THE BETTER WE CAN UNDERSTAND 4750 03:22:46,960 --> 03:22:49,920 WHAT'S GONE WRONG IN DISEASE 4751 03:22:49,920 --> 03:22:53,600 PROCESSES WHAT'S GONE RIGHT IN 4752 03:22:53,600 --> 03:22:54,840 GENIUS, I THINK ALL WE NEED TO 4753 03:22:54,840 --> 03:22:56,760 DO IN MOUSE BRAIN IS THE WILL TO 4754 03:22:56,760 --> 03:22:57,240 DO IT. 4755 03:22:57,240 --> 03:22:59,640 WE HAVE THE TECHNOLOGY, WE HAVE 4756 03:22:59,640 --> 03:23:01,440 THE PEOPLE WHO HAVE THIS 4757 03:23:01,440 --> 03:23:01,680 KNOWLEDGE. 4758 03:23:01,680 --> 03:23:03,400 IT IS A HUGE UNDERTAKING AND I 4759 03:23:03,400 --> 03:23:05,600 THINK WE JUST HAVE TO DECIDE AS 4760 03:23:05,600 --> 03:23:07,880 A COMMUNITY AND THAT IT IS WORTH 4761 03:23:07,880 --> 03:23:08,080 IT. 4762 03:23:08,080 --> 03:23:09,560 THIS IS THE INFORMATION WE NEED 4763 03:23:09,560 --> 03:23:11,480 IN ORDER TO ADVANCE THE FRONTIER 4764 03:23:11,480 --> 03:23:21,760 OF BRAIN SCIENCE. 4765 03:23:34,840 --> 03:23:44,840 ♪ 4766 03:23:59,200 --> 03:24:01,640 >> HELLO, EVERYONE, I WANT TO 4767 03:24:01,640 --> 03:24:04,600 THANK YOU FOR JOINING US TODAY. 4768 03:24:04,600 --> 03:24:06,520 THE STARS OF OUR FILM ARE HERE 4769 03:24:06,520 --> 03:24:08,920 AS WELL AS THE FILM MAKER AND 4770 03:24:08,920 --> 03:24:10,040 I'M SURE THERE ARE GOING TO BE 4771 03:24:10,040 --> 03:24:11,920 QUESTIONS FROM THE AUDIENCE BUT 4772 03:24:11,920 --> 03:24:13,600 THE QUESTION ON TOP OF MY MIND 4773 03:24:13,600 --> 03:24:16,560 RIGHT NOW IS, WHERE ARE WE ON 4774 03:24:16,560 --> 03:24:18,080 THAT MOUSE CONNECTOME AND WHERE 4775 03:24:18,080 --> 03:24:20,120 ARE WE ON THAT FLY CONNECTOME? 4776 03:24:20,120 --> 03:24:22,720 LET'S START WITH THE FLY. 4777 03:24:22,720 --> 03:24:25,880 THOSE OF YOU WHO WORK AT 4778 03:24:25,880 --> 03:24:27,320 GENELIA, WHERE ARE WE ON THE FLY 4779 03:24:27,320 --> 03:24:29,160 CONNECTOME? 4780 03:24:29,160 --> 03:24:32,200 >> I WILL START AND GWYNETH MAY 4781 03:24:32,200 --> 03:24:32,720 HAVE SOME COMMENTS. 4782 03:24:32,720 --> 03:24:36,360 I THINK WE ARE DONE WITH IMAGING 4783 03:24:36,360 --> 03:24:40,480 A COMPLETE FLY CONNECTOME AND 4784 03:24:40,480 --> 03:24:42,920 THAT MEANS WHOLE BRAIN WITH 4785 03:24:42,920 --> 03:24:44,920 VENTRAL NERVE CORD ATTACHED THAT 4786 03:24:44,920 --> 03:24:47,880 IS THE POT WITH HIGHEST RISK AND 4787 03:24:47,880 --> 03:24:50,320 IF THE IMAGE AND MOST OF IT IS 4788 03:24:50,320 --> 03:24:52,160 SEGMENTED BY GOOGLE, NOW 4789 03:24:52,160 --> 03:24:53,320 PROOFREADING IT. 4790 03:24:53,320 --> 03:24:55,160 SO I THINK WE ARE ABOUT A YEAR 4791 03:24:55,160 --> 03:24:57,800 AWAY OF REALLY HAVING THE 4792 03:24:57,800 --> 03:25:00,920 EQUIVALENT OF WHAT C ELEGANS HAS 4793 03:25:00,920 --> 03:25:01,680 COMPLETE CONNECTOME OF THE 4794 03:25:01,680 --> 03:25:05,440 ANIMAL AND OTHER PIECES, WORKING 4795 03:25:05,440 --> 03:25:08,520 ON VENTRAL NERVE, YOU HAVE HALF 4796 03:25:08,520 --> 03:25:12,600 THE BRAIN, OTHER CONNECTOME WORK 4797 03:25:12,600 --> 03:25:15,040 DONE ON THIS FLY, THIS IS MY FLY 4798 03:25:15,040 --> 03:25:17,560 WIRE SEGMENTATION ON THAT. 4799 03:25:17,560 --> 03:25:19,040 SO WE ARE GETTING THERE, AT 4800 03:25:19,040 --> 03:25:21,320 LEAST N OF 1 IN EACH GENDER. 4801 03:25:21,320 --> 03:25:23,960 >> THAT IS EXCITING. 4802 03:25:23,960 --> 03:25:25,320 AND WHAT IS HAPPENING WITH THE 4803 03:25:25,320 --> 03:25:27,520 EFFORT TO PRODUCE A MOUSE 4804 03:25:27,520 --> 03:25:28,480 CONNECTOME? 4805 03:25:28,480 --> 03:25:31,480 IS THERE ENERGY GATHERING AROUND 4806 03:25:31,480 --> 03:25:31,800 THAT? 4807 03:25:31,800 --> 03:25:36,440 >> MAYBE I CAN START BY SAYING I 4808 03:25:36,440 --> 03:25:37,520 THINK SO. 4809 03:25:37,520 --> 03:25:41,720 THE NIH RAN A BUNCH OF WORKSHOPS 4810 03:25:41,720 --> 03:25:44,400 TO SERIOUSLY CONSIDER WHETHER 4811 03:25:44,400 --> 03:25:46,640 THIS WOULD BE WORTH THE TROUBLE 4812 03:25:46,640 --> 03:25:48,240 AND EXPENSE. 4813 03:25:48,240 --> 03:25:50,160 THOSE WORKSHOPS I THINK 4814 03:25:50,160 --> 03:25:51,120 GENERALLY GAVE THE IMPRESSION 4815 03:25:51,120 --> 03:25:53,280 THAT IT WOULD BE WORTH DOING AND 4816 03:25:53,280 --> 03:25:54,960 PEOPLE HAVE LOTS OF SUGGESTIONS 4817 03:25:54,960 --> 03:25:58,880 ABOUT HOW TO DO IT AND NIH IS 4818 03:25:58,880 --> 03:26:04,120 JUST RECENTLY ANNOUNCED THE 4819 03:26:04,120 --> 03:26:07,040 FIRST GRANTS YOU CAN APPLY FOR 4820 03:26:07,040 --> 03:26:08,560 THE FIRST GRANTS TO THINK ABOUT 4821 03:26:08,560 --> 03:26:10,080 DOING A WHOLE MOUSE CONNECTOME, 4822 03:26:10,080 --> 03:26:12,240 IT IS NOT DOING A WHOLE MOUSE 4823 03:26:12,240 --> 03:26:14,000 CONNECTOME BUT SHOWING PROOF OF 4824 03:26:14,000 --> 03:26:16,400 CONCEPT TO DO A WHOLE MOUSE 4825 03:26:16,400 --> 03:26:18,480 CONNECTOME AND NUMBER OF US HERE 4826 03:26:18,480 --> 03:26:20,000 AND NUMBER OF PEOPLE GENERALLY 4827 03:26:20,000 --> 03:26:22,560 ARE TRYING TO FIGURE OUT WHAT 4828 03:26:22,560 --> 03:26:24,080 THEY MIGHT DO FOR THAT 4829 03:26:24,080 --> 03:26:24,760 PARTICULAR GRANT. 4830 03:26:24,760 --> 03:26:26,960 SO I THINK THAT IS GOING TO 4831 03:26:26,960 --> 03:26:28,360 HAPPEN, THAT WOULD BE A FIVE 4832 03:26:28,360 --> 03:26:29,360 YEAR GRANT STARTING SOMETIME 4833 03:26:29,360 --> 03:26:31,160 NEXT YEAR AND AT THE END OF 4834 03:26:31,160 --> 03:26:33,440 THOSE FIVE YEARS THE GOVERNMENT 4835 03:26:33,440 --> 03:26:34,960 IF ANYBODY IS SUCCESSFUL MIGHT 4836 03:26:34,960 --> 03:26:37,040 SAY YEAH, I THINK WE SHOULD NOW 4837 03:26:37,040 --> 03:26:38,120 THAT WE HAVE PROOF OF CONCEPT 4838 03:26:38,120 --> 03:26:40,560 LET'S DO THE WHOLE MOUSE. 4839 03:26:40,560 --> 03:26:42,480 HOW THAT WOULD GO I COULDN'T 4840 03:26:42,480 --> 03:26:44,680 POSSIBLY TELL YOU BUT THAT IS -- 4841 03:26:44,680 --> 03:26:46,080 YEAH, IT IS QUITE EXCITING. 4842 03:26:46,080 --> 03:26:50,240 >> YOU ARE SAYING IN FIVE YEARS 4843 03:26:50,240 --> 03:26:52,280 WE WILL HAVE DRAWN UP A GAME 4844 03:26:52,280 --> 03:26:54,120 PLAN TO DO THE MOUSE CONNECTOME 4845 03:26:54,120 --> 03:26:55,880 AND THEN IT WILL BE ANOTHER FIVE 4846 03:26:55,880 --> 03:26:57,160 OR TEN YEARS BEYOND THAT. 4847 03:26:57,160 --> 03:27:00,600 >> I THINK -- I THINK THEY ARE 4848 03:27:00,600 --> 03:27:04,000 THINKING FIVE YEARS BEYOND THAT. 4849 03:27:04,000 --> 03:27:05,760 HOW COULD BE DONE IN FIVE YEARS. 4850 03:27:05,760 --> 03:27:08,320 IN THIS FIRST FIVE YEARS PEOPLE 4851 03:27:08,320 --> 03:27:09,720 WILL BE DOING VOLUMES THAT ARE 4852 03:27:09,720 --> 03:27:14,120 NOT A WHOLE MOUSE BRAIN BUT OUR 4853 03:27:14,120 --> 03:27:15,240 APPROACHES COULD BE IMAGINED TO 4854 03:27:15,240 --> 03:27:18,240 BE THAT OF MOUNTED DATA, LIKE 4855 03:27:18,240 --> 03:27:21,800 INSTEAD OF AN EXA BYTE MAYBE 20 4856 03:27:21,800 --> 03:27:25,120 PEDABYTES OF DATA, 10 CUBIC 4857 03:27:25,120 --> 03:27:25,680 MILLIMETERS. 4858 03:27:25,680 --> 03:27:27,840 >> DARREN HAVE WE HAD 4859 03:27:27,840 --> 03:27:29,800 BREAKTHROUGHS IN STORAGE AND 4860 03:27:29,800 --> 03:27:32,000 PROCESSING THE DATA? 4861 03:27:32,000 --> 03:27:34,760 >> YEAH, WELL I MEAN OF COURSE 4862 03:27:34,760 --> 03:27:36,160 COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS ARE GETTING 4863 03:27:36,160 --> 03:27:37,280 BETTER ALL THE TIME, 4864 03:27:37,280 --> 03:27:40,080 SPECIFICALLY FOR CONNECTOMICS I 4865 03:27:40,080 --> 03:27:41,440 WOULD SAY THERE OOH'S A COUPLE 4866 03:27:41,440 --> 03:27:43,520 OF DEVELOPMENTS, WE WORK WITH 4867 03:27:43,520 --> 03:27:45,240 JEFF'S TEAM TO FIGURE OUT A WAY 4868 03:27:45,240 --> 03:27:48,120 TO COMPRESS THE DATA, ALMOST 70 4869 03:27:48,120 --> 03:27:50,200 FOLD, COMPARED TO RAW FORM. 4870 03:27:50,200 --> 03:27:56,000 AND THAT REALLY I THINK THAT 4871 03:27:56,000 --> 03:27:58,720 REALLY WILL BE HELPFUL FOR A 4872 03:27:58,720 --> 03:28:00,280 HUGE PROJECT LIKE THE WHOLE 4873 03:28:00,280 --> 03:28:02,800 MOUSE BRAIN. 4874 03:28:02,800 --> 03:28:05,160 THEN WE WITH HAVE ALSO BEEN 4875 03:28:05,160 --> 03:28:05,960 WORKING ON METHODS TO FIGURE 4876 03:28:05,960 --> 03:28:08,600 WHAT IS THE CELL TYPE OF A SMALL 4877 03:28:08,600 --> 03:28:11,600 FRAGMENT OF WHAT IS AXON OR 4878 03:28:11,600 --> 03:28:13,240 DENDRITE AND TO DO THAT IN A WAY 4879 03:28:13,240 --> 03:28:18,520 THAT IS REALLY DRIVEN BY 4880 03:28:18,520 --> 03:28:21,080 COMPUTATIONAL INFERENCE RATHER 4881 03:28:21,080 --> 03:28:21,720 THAN HUMAN JUDGMENT. 4882 03:28:21,720 --> 03:28:25,720 SO THAT IS ANOTHER AREA ADVANCE 4883 03:28:25,720 --> 03:28:27,400 COMPUTER SCIENCE ADDING WHAT CAN 4884 03:28:27,400 --> 03:28:29,360 BE DONE IN NEURAL ANATOMY. 4885 03:28:29,360 --> 03:28:33,720 >> YES. 4886 03:28:33,720 --> 03:28:35,280 WHAT ABOUT -- WE HAVE A QUESTION 4887 03:28:35,280 --> 03:28:37,480 FROM THE AUDIENCE NOW. 4888 03:28:37,480 --> 03:28:40,880 IS THIS WORK BEING DONE ON JUST 4889 03:28:40,880 --> 03:28:43,760 ONE INDIVIDUAL OR AVERAGE ACROSS 4890 03:28:43,760 --> 03:28:44,680 MULTIPLE INDIVIDUALS? 4891 03:28:44,680 --> 03:28:47,000 I ASSUME THAT IS FOR BOTH THE 4892 03:28:47,000 --> 03:28:51,320 FLY AND THE MOUSE AND THE 4893 03:28:51,320 --> 03:28:52,040 ZEBRAFISH. 4894 03:28:52,040 --> 03:28:53,720 >> I THINK ONE OF THE CHALLENGES 4895 03:28:53,720 --> 03:28:56,280 OF CONNECTOMICS UNLIKE GENOME 4896 03:28:56,280 --> 03:28:58,920 SEQUENCING IS YOU HAVE TO DO IT 4897 03:28:58,920 --> 03:29:00,320 FROM ONE ANIMAL. 4898 03:29:00,320 --> 03:29:02,800 SO THAT MAKES IT CHALLENGING. 4899 03:29:02,800 --> 03:29:04,800 YOU NEEDED METHODS WHICH ARE 4900 03:29:04,800 --> 03:29:07,160 EXTREMELY RELIABLE COMPARED TO 4901 03:29:07,160 --> 03:29:10,080 STANDARD METHODS BIOLOGISTS. 4902 03:29:10,080 --> 03:29:12,440 I THINK THAT IS THE BEING 4903 03:29:12,440 --> 03:29:14,520 CHALLENGE DEVELOPING THE METHODS 4904 03:29:14,520 --> 03:29:17,640 IS RELIABILITY WE NEED TO DO A 4905 03:29:17,640 --> 03:29:17,920 BIG VOLUME. 4906 03:29:17,920 --> 03:29:19,040 >> RIGHT. 4907 03:29:19,040 --> 03:29:23,720 SO THERE WILL BE AN EVE OF THE 4908 03:29:23,720 --> 03:29:27,280 FLY, THE FLY CONNECTOME WILL 4909 03:29:27,280 --> 03:29:30,600 MAKE A STATUTE TO HER PERHAPS. 4910 03:29:30,600 --> 03:29:33,200 WHAT ABOUT JEFF, YOU SINCE THIS 4911 03:29:33,200 --> 03:29:34,680 FILM WAS MADE YOU HAVE PUBLISHED 4912 03:29:34,680 --> 03:29:38,200 A TINY PORTION OF THE HUMAN 4913 03:29:38,200 --> 03:29:38,600 CONNECTOME. 4914 03:29:38,600 --> 03:29:40,080 HOW IS THAT GOING? 4915 03:29:40,080 --> 03:29:42,840 >> SO THIS RAISES THE QUESTION 4916 03:29:42,840 --> 03:29:46,080 ABOUT ONE OFFS DOING SIMPLE 4917 03:29:46,080 --> 03:29:46,480 ANIMALS. 4918 03:29:46,480 --> 03:29:48,400 THIS IS ESPECIALLY PROBLEMATIC 4919 03:29:48,400 --> 03:29:51,320 IN MAMMALS WHERE THERE ARE 4920 03:29:51,320 --> 03:29:53,880 IDENTIFIED CELL TYPES BUT NOT 4921 03:29:53,880 --> 03:29:55,120 IDENTIFIED NEURONS AS SINGLE 4922 03:29:55,120 --> 03:29:57,440 ENTITIES WHICH IS THE CASE IN 4923 03:29:57,440 --> 03:29:59,040 MANY OTHER SPECIES OF ANIMALS 4924 03:29:59,040 --> 03:30:01,080 THAT ARE ESPECIALLY 4925 03:30:01,080 --> 03:30:02,600 NON-VERTEBRATE ANIMALS, AT LEAST 4926 03:30:02,600 --> 03:30:04,120 THERE ARE SOME CELLS 4927 03:30:04,120 --> 03:30:05,440 IDENTIFIABLE OR PAIRS OF THOSE 4928 03:30:05,440 --> 03:30:05,760 CELLS. 4929 03:30:05,760 --> 03:30:07,880 SO IF YOU DO WANT AN ANIMAL A 4930 03:30:07,880 --> 03:30:11,360 GENERAL CRITICISM IS WELL, THAT 4931 03:30:11,360 --> 03:30:13,680 IS ONE ANIMAL BUT WHAT IS THE 4932 03:30:13,680 --> 03:30:15,560 VARIATION, HOW DOES IT COMPARE 4933 03:30:15,560 --> 03:30:17,480 FROM ONE ANIMAL TO THE OTHER? 4934 03:30:17,480 --> 03:30:19,000 HOW DO YOU COMPARE BRAINS THAT 4935 03:30:19,000 --> 03:30:20,720 ARE WIRED A LITTLE DIFFERENTLY 4936 03:30:20,720 --> 03:30:22,920 PERHAPS BASED ON EXPERIENCE? 4937 03:30:22,920 --> 03:30:27,920 THIS IS A RESEARCH QUELL QUESTIN 4938 03:30:27,920 --> 03:30:29,320 ACTUALLY, WHAT IS THE 4939 03:30:29,320 --> 03:30:30,440 VARIABILITY BETWEEN ANIMALS OF 4940 03:30:30,440 --> 03:30:33,360 THE SAME SPECIES AND I THINK IN 4941 03:30:33,360 --> 03:30:34,800 FLY WE ARE GOING TO HAVE SOME 4942 03:30:34,800 --> 03:30:37,360 SENSE WE ALREADY HAVE SOME SENSE 4943 03:30:37,360 --> 03:30:39,560 IN C ELEGANS OF REMARKABLE 4944 03:30:39,560 --> 03:30:41,040 VARIABILITY EVEN IN ANIMALS THAT 4945 03:30:41,040 --> 03:30:42,720 ARE ISOGENIC. 4946 03:30:42,720 --> 03:30:44,520 40% OF THE CELL TO CELL 4947 03:30:44,520 --> 03:30:47,320 CONNECTIONS IN C ELEGANS ARE 4948 03:30:47,320 --> 03:30:48,320 DIFFERENT THAN THE EIGHT 4949 03:30:48,320 --> 03:30:49,640 CONNECTOMES WE DID OF C ELEGANS. 4950 03:30:49,640 --> 03:30:51,840 THEY ARE ALL THE SAME ISOGENIC 4951 03:30:51,840 --> 03:30:52,600 ANIMAL, IDENTICAL. 4952 03:30:52,600 --> 03:30:54,600 >> WITH ONLY 302 NEURONS, 4953 03:30:54,600 --> 03:30:56,520 AMAZING. 4954 03:30:56,520 --> 03:31:00,360 YES. 4955 03:31:00,360 --> 03:31:01,920 SO THERE IS A QUESTION OUT THERE 4956 03:31:01,920 --> 03:31:03,840 THAT SAYS COULD YOU GIVE US 4957 03:31:03,840 --> 03:31:06,960 GENERAL EXAMPLES OF BIG 4958 03:31:06,960 --> 03:31:07,840 OUTSTANDING QUESTIONS ABOUT 4959 03:31:07,840 --> 03:31:11,320 FUNCTION THAT WE ARE UNABLE TO 4960 03:31:11,320 --> 03:31:14,400 ANSWER NOW BECAUSE WE DON'T HAVE 4961 03:31:14,400 --> 03:31:17,400 THE FULL CONNECTOME? 4962 03:31:17,400 --> 03:31:18,600 >> I WOULD SAY HOW THE BRAIN 4963 03:31:18,600 --> 03:31:21,040 WORKS TO COMPUTE INFORMATION, 4964 03:31:21,040 --> 03:31:23,200 INTEGRATE SENSORY INTERNAL 4965 03:31:23,200 --> 03:31:24,200 INFORMATION THAT GUIDE BEHAVIOR. 4966 03:31:24,200 --> 03:31:26,480 THAT IS THE BIG QUESTION IN 4967 03:31:26,480 --> 03:31:27,440 NEUROSCIENCE, IT IS HOPELESS 4968 03:31:27,440 --> 03:31:29,320 WITHOUT THE CONNECTOME. 4969 03:31:29,320 --> 03:31:32,280 YOU CAN MAKE SLOW PROGRESS. 4970 03:31:32,280 --> 03:31:33,840 PEOPLE MAY PROGRESS IN HUMAN 4971 03:31:33,840 --> 03:31:35,800 GENETICS BEFORE CLONING AND 4972 03:31:35,800 --> 03:31:37,800 BEFORE MAPPING BUT THE PROBLEMS 4973 03:31:37,800 --> 03:31:39,640 ARE SO DIFFICULT, WE ARE TALKING 4974 03:31:39,640 --> 03:31:42,200 ABOUT THOUSAND, MILLION FOLD 4975 03:31:42,200 --> 03:31:42,560 EASIER. 4976 03:31:42,560 --> 03:31:45,400 I THINK THAT CAN BE SEEN OF A 4977 03:31:45,400 --> 03:31:48,640 FLY WHERE CONNECTOME IMMEDIATELY 4978 03:31:48,640 --> 03:31:51,280 MADE NEURAL BIOLOGISTS MORE 4979 03:31:51,280 --> 03:31:53,040 EFFECTIVE, WHICH NEURONS TOLD TO 4980 03:31:53,040 --> 03:31:55,400 STUDY, NOT PHYSIOLOGY OF 4981 03:31:55,400 --> 03:31:59,560 BEHAVIORAL EXPERIMENT BUT ABLE 4982 03:31:59,560 --> 03:32:01,720 TO PREDICT THINGS LIKE HOW 4983 03:32:01,720 --> 03:32:03,720 BRAINS DO VECTOR ALBUMIN BY 4984 03:32:03,720 --> 03:32:05,480 LOOKING AT THE CONNECTOME. 4985 03:32:05,480 --> 03:32:06,800 WHICH THEY HAD NO IDEA. 4986 03:32:06,800 --> 03:32:09,520 >> AND GWYNETH YOU ARE WORKING 4987 03:32:09,520 --> 03:32:11,520 DIRECTLY WITH FLY BEHAVIOR. 4988 03:32:11,520 --> 03:32:14,120 PERHAPS YOU CAN DESCRIBE IT IN 4989 03:32:14,120 --> 03:32:15,480 THE NITTY-GRITTY DETAIL. 4990 03:32:15,480 --> 03:32:17,720 >> I WANT TO GIVE AN EXAMPLE 4991 03:32:17,720 --> 03:32:19,480 UNDERSCORING WHAT JERRY SAID 4992 03:32:19,480 --> 03:32:20,960 FROM SOME OTHER BREAKTHROUGHS WE 4993 03:32:20,960 --> 03:32:23,280 HAD RECENTLY WITH CONNECTOMIC 4994 03:32:23,280 --> 03:32:25,000 DATA WE HAVE, A SUBSET OF THE 4995 03:32:25,000 --> 03:32:27,560 QUESTION JERRY OUTLINED IS A BIG 4996 03:32:27,560 --> 03:32:29,040 ONE IN NEUROSCIENCE, HOW DO YOU 4997 03:32:29,040 --> 03:32:31,160 CONVERT SENSORY INFORMATION TO 4998 03:32:31,160 --> 03:32:32,400 MOTOR INFORMATION. 4999 03:32:32,400 --> 03:32:34,600 YOU TAKE IN INFORMATION SENSES 5000 03:32:34,600 --> 03:32:35,400 BUT EVENTUALLY YOU HAVE TO 5001 03:32:35,400 --> 03:32:37,440 COMMAND YOUR BODY TO MOVE, IT 5002 03:32:37,440 --> 03:32:40,320 HAS BEEN A MYSTERY HOW YOU 5003 03:32:40,320 --> 03:32:41,360 CONVERT INFORMATION SENSORY 5004 03:32:41,360 --> 03:32:43,000 COORDINATES WHERE IT IS ON THE 5005 03:32:43,000 --> 03:32:44,600 RETINA, LOWER COORDINATES HOW DO 5006 03:32:44,600 --> 03:32:46,120 YOU MOVE A LIMB. 5007 03:32:46,120 --> 03:32:49,040 AND WITH THE HEMI BRAIN 5008 03:32:49,040 --> 03:32:50,800 CONNECTION WE HAVE, WE CAN SEE 5009 03:32:50,800 --> 03:32:53,440 IT WE CAN SEE NOW HOW SENSORY 5010 03:32:53,440 --> 03:32:54,720 NEURONS WE KNOW THEY ENCODE 5011 03:32:54,720 --> 03:32:57,200 BECAUSE OF THE PHYSIOLOGY AND 5012 03:32:57,200 --> 03:32:59,040 BEHAVIOR EXPERIENCE WE HAVE 5013 03:32:59,040 --> 03:33:03,160 DONE, LOOK UP SYNAPSE BY SYNAPSE 5014 03:33:03,160 --> 03:33:05,360 DESCENDING NEURONS AND WE KNOW 5015 03:33:05,360 --> 03:33:06,840 WHAT BEHAVIORS THOSE PARTICIPATE 5016 03:33:06,840 --> 03:33:09,080 IN SO WE CAN SEE THINGS NOW THAT 5017 03:33:09,080 --> 03:33:11,880 WERE INVISIBLE BEFORE LITERALLY 5018 03:33:11,880 --> 03:33:13,640 SENSORY MOTOR INTERFACE. 5019 03:33:13,640 --> 03:33:14,200 >> EXCELLENT. 5020 03:33:14,200 --> 03:33:15,520 ARE YOU DOING THE SAME THING 5021 03:33:15,520 --> 03:33:19,520 WITH THE ZEBRAFISH MARIELA? 5022 03:33:19,520 --> 03:33:22,760 >> YES, WE ACTUALLY HAVE -- 5023 03:33:22,760 --> 03:33:24,240 ZEBRAFISH HAS THE SAME SIZE AS 5024 03:33:24,240 --> 03:33:27,400 THE FLIES, THE SAME REALM, IT 5025 03:33:27,400 --> 03:33:29,200 WAS A VERTEBRATE AS WELL SO WE 5026 03:33:29,200 --> 03:33:33,440 ARE INCHING TOWARDS THOSE 5027 03:33:33,440 --> 03:33:34,280 SOMEWHAT. 5028 03:33:34,280 --> 03:33:37,200 AND WHAT YOU GUYS MENTIONED IS A 5029 03:33:37,200 --> 03:33:39,480 STUDY OUTSTANDING QUESTION ON 5030 03:33:39,480 --> 03:33:42,120 ZEBRAFISH IS SENSORY TRANSFER. 5031 03:33:42,120 --> 03:33:45,440 AND HOW THIS GETS PROCESSED. 5032 03:33:45,440 --> 03:33:47,160 WE CAN ALSO TRACE INFORMATION 5033 03:33:47,160 --> 03:33:49,920 FROM THE SENSORY INPUT ALL THE 5034 03:33:49,920 --> 03:33:52,280 WAY TO THE MOTOR OUTPUT. 5035 03:33:52,280 --> 03:33:54,360 WHICH IS EXCITING WHICH IS AN 5036 03:33:54,360 --> 03:33:55,280 EXCITING PART OF WORKING MANY 5037 03:33:55,280 --> 03:33:59,840 THE CLINIC, SO YOU CAN SEE THE 5038 03:33:59,840 --> 03:34:00,680 CONNECTIONS AND FOLLOW THE 5039 03:34:00,680 --> 03:34:04,600 PATHWAYS. 5040 03:34:04,600 --> 03:34:06,440 WERE YOU GUYS SURPRISED WHEN YOU 5041 03:34:06,440 --> 03:34:08,840 SAW THE FINAL FILM AFTER HAVING 5042 03:34:08,840 --> 03:34:10,040 CONTRIBUTED SO MANY HOURS OF 5043 03:34:10,040 --> 03:34:11,840 YOUR OWN AND THANK YOU, VERY 5044 03:34:11,840 --> 03:34:13,880 MUCH FOR THAT. 5045 03:34:13,880 --> 03:34:20,680 ABOUT HOW IT CAME TOGETHER? 5046 03:34:20,680 --> 03:34:22,760 >> I WAS PLEASED. 5047 03:34:22,760 --> 03:34:24,000 HAVING TO LISTEN TO MYSELF TALK 5048 03:34:24,000 --> 03:34:27,160 WHICH IS ALWAYS ANOWING TO ME. 5049 03:34:27,160 --> 03:34:29,280 BUT I -- LARRY ONLY HAD ONE 5050 03:34:29,280 --> 03:34:33,640 MISTAKE I MADE ABOUT THE NUMBER 5051 03:34:33,640 --> 03:34:35,400 OF NEURONS, THAT MADE IT THROUGH 5052 03:34:35,400 --> 03:34:37,840 SO I MADE MANY OTHER MISTAKES SO 5053 03:34:37,840 --> 03:34:40,440 GOT RID OF -- I THINK HE DID A 5054 03:34:40,440 --> 03:34:43,080 GREAT JOB OF DOING IT TOGETHER 5055 03:34:43,080 --> 03:34:43,880 AND INTERESTING -- 5056 03:34:43,880 --> 03:34:46,640 >> CURIOUS WHETHER YOU GUYS HAVE 5057 03:34:46,640 --> 03:34:48,840 SHOWN THIS FILM TO YOUR 5058 03:34:48,840 --> 03:34:50,960 STUDENTS, COLLEAGUES, FAMILY, 5059 03:34:50,960 --> 03:34:55,120 AND HAS IT BEEN HELPFUL TO YOU 5060 03:34:55,120 --> 03:34:57,720 TO LET PEOPLE WHO AREN'T IN THE 5061 03:34:57,720 --> 03:34:58,520 FIELD UNDERSTAND WHAT YOU ARE 5062 03:34:58,520 --> 03:35:01,920 DOING? 5063 03:35:01,920 --> 03:35:03,880 >> I HAVE SHOWN IT TO MY FAMILY 5064 03:35:03,880 --> 03:35:05,640 AND I THINK THEY FOUND IT 5065 03:35:05,640 --> 03:35:06,600 INCREDIBLY COMPELLING. 5066 03:35:06,600 --> 03:35:08,600 I KNOW IT'S TOLD SO ELOQUENTLY 5067 03:35:08,600 --> 03:35:10,240 AND I THINK AT A LEVEL THAT 5068 03:35:10,240 --> 03:35:11,240 EVERYONE CAN UNDERSTAND AND SO 5069 03:35:11,240 --> 03:35:15,360 IT REALLY HELPED THEM TO 5070 03:35:15,360 --> 03:35:17,840 APPRECIATE WHAT A CONNECTOME IS, 5071 03:35:17,840 --> 03:35:20,000 WHY WE WANT ONE, WHY SPENDING 5072 03:35:20,000 --> 03:35:22,520 ALL MY TIME, TRYING TO ACHIEVE 5073 03:35:22,520 --> 03:35:22,760 THIS. 5074 03:35:22,760 --> 03:35:25,800 YES. 5075 03:35:25,800 --> 03:35:27,000 >> GO AHEAD. 5076 03:35:27,000 --> 03:35:29,200 >> MY FAMILY LOVES EVERY PART OF 5077 03:35:29,200 --> 03:35:30,080 IT BUT THEY REALLY THOUGHT I 5078 03:35:30,080 --> 03:35:31,640 SHOULD HAVE HAD A SHAVE AND 5079 03:35:31,640 --> 03:35:33,840 HAIRCUT BEFOREHAND. 5080 03:35:33,840 --> 03:35:36,560 WAS THE YEN REACTION I GOT. 5081 03:35:36,560 --> 03:35:41,480 >> SURELY YOU DIDN'T LISTEN. 5082 03:35:41,480 --> 03:35:45,200 >> I SHOWED THE FILM TO MY 5083 03:35:45,200 --> 03:35:47,520 STUDENTS AND SAME WITH 5084 03:35:47,520 --> 03:35:48,360 CONNECTOMICS INTERNSHIP WITH 5085 03:35:48,360 --> 03:35:49,640 STUDENTS AND THEY FOUND IT 5086 03:35:49,640 --> 03:35:54,840 INSPIRING WHICH I THINK IS 5087 03:35:54,840 --> 03:35:55,840 ESSENTIALLY SCIENTISTS. 5088 03:35:55,840 --> 03:35:58,080 -- INSPIRING THE NEW SCIENTISTS. 5089 03:35:58,080 --> 03:35:59,760 >> THAT IS GREAT. 5090 03:35:59,760 --> 03:36:03,000 THERE IS A QUESTION ABOUT HOW DO 5091 03:36:03,000 --> 03:36:05,440 YOU DEFINE A CONNECTOME IN LIGHT 5092 03:36:05,440 --> 03:36:08,160 OF VARIABILITY OVER TIME WITHIN 5093 03:36:08,160 --> 03:36:10,000 A SINGLE BRAIN? 5094 03:36:10,000 --> 03:36:12,080 DON'T SOME PARTS OF THE BRAIN 5095 03:36:12,080 --> 03:36:15,520 INVOLVE CONSTANTLY TURNING OVER 5096 03:36:15,520 --> 03:36:16,120 CONNECTIONS? 5097 03:36:16,120 --> 03:36:20,640 AND THE EXAMPLE THIS PERSON GAVE 5098 03:36:20,640 --> 03:36:23,040 THIS IS TRYING TO DEFINE PROTEIN 5099 03:36:23,040 --> 03:36:24,440 STRUCTURE FOR INTRINSICALLY 5100 03:36:24,440 --> 03:36:26,640 DISORDERED PROTEINS. 5101 03:36:26,640 --> 03:36:28,840 >> THIS HARKENS BACK TO THIS 5102 03:36:28,840 --> 03:36:31,000 CHALLENGE OF THE N OF 1 WHERE 5103 03:36:31,000 --> 03:36:34,320 THAT IS KIND OF WHERE WE ARE 5104 03:36:34,320 --> 03:36:36,120 INTRINSIC STATE OF THE FIELD. 5105 03:36:36,120 --> 03:36:37,880 WE COMPARE LEFT AND RIGHT SAID 5106 03:36:37,880 --> 03:36:39,960 OF THE BRAIN WHEN WE HAVE A FULL 5107 03:36:39,960 --> 03:36:42,560 CONNECTOME, THAT GIVES SOME IDEA 5108 03:36:42,560 --> 03:36:43,960 OF VARIABILITY. 5109 03:36:43,960 --> 03:36:45,960 IN THE FLY WE ARE NOW GETTING TO 5110 03:36:45,960 --> 03:36:47,960 THE STATE WHERE WE HAVE MULTIPLE 5111 03:36:47,960 --> 03:36:49,200 DATA SETS AND WE HAVE ORIGINAL 5112 03:36:49,200 --> 03:36:51,720 DATA SET, WE HAVE A HEMI BRAIN 5113 03:36:51,720 --> 03:36:54,200 DATA SET, WE HAVE N OF 2 TO 5114 03:36:54,200 --> 03:36:56,600 COMPARE MAYBE NOT TO GIVE SENSE 5115 03:36:56,600 --> 03:36:57,920 WITHIN ONE BRAIN EXCHANGE OVER 5116 03:36:57,920 --> 03:37:00,720 TIME BUT BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS, 5117 03:37:00,720 --> 03:37:02,200 SIMILAR TYPE OF VARIABILITY, 5118 03:37:02,200 --> 03:37:03,400 STILL TRYING TO UNDERSTAND THAT. 5119 03:37:03,400 --> 03:37:04,920 THERE IS NOT THAT STRUCTURE 5120 03:37:04,920 --> 03:37:06,720 THERE, AT LEAST IN THE FLY BRAIN 5121 03:37:06,720 --> 03:37:08,720 THOUGH THINGS ARE FLEXIBLE AND 5122 03:37:08,720 --> 03:37:10,680 THEY DO CHANGE BUT THERE IS NOT 5123 03:37:10,680 --> 03:37:12,200 -- WE ARE STILL LEARNING A LOT 5124 03:37:12,200 --> 03:37:13,960 FROM THAT STRUCTURE. 5125 03:37:13,960 --> 03:37:15,880 >> I THINK WHO CONNECTED TO WHO 5126 03:37:15,880 --> 03:37:18,480 DOESN'T CHANGE AS MUCH AS THE 5127 03:37:18,480 --> 03:37:19,360 SIZE PLACES AN NUMBER OF 5128 03:37:19,360 --> 03:37:19,800 SYNAPSE. 5129 03:37:19,800 --> 03:37:21,840 AND I THINK WE WILL ABSOLUTELY 5130 03:37:21,840 --> 03:37:24,840 WITHIN FIVE YEARS HAVE 100 FLY 5131 03:37:24,840 --> 03:37:25,480 CONNECTOMES. 5132 03:37:25,480 --> 03:37:26,240 I WILL BE DOING THE MOUSE AND 5133 03:37:26,240 --> 03:37:28,880 HAVE A FREE WEEKEND AND HUNDRED 5134 03:37:28,880 --> 03:37:29,960 FLIES AND DIRECT THE DATA. 5135 03:37:29,960 --> 03:37:32,400 SO WE WILL HAVE -- WE WILL ADD 5136 03:37:32,400 --> 03:37:32,600 VALUE. 5137 03:37:32,600 --> 03:37:33,920 NOT SAYING WE DON'T WANT MORE 5138 03:37:33,920 --> 03:37:35,280 THAN ONE. 5139 03:37:35,280 --> 03:37:38,480 >> WE CAN LOOK AT THINGS LIKE 5140 03:37:38,480 --> 03:37:40,760 GENDER DIFFERENCES NURTURING 5141 03:37:40,760 --> 03:37:42,680 DIFFERENCES, SO FORTH. 5142 03:37:42,680 --> 03:37:44,200 >> EXACTLY. 5143 03:37:44,200 --> 03:37:46,840 >> THERE ARE VOTES AGAIN FOR 5144 03:37:46,840 --> 03:37:49,480 THIS QUESTION AS WITH THE GENOME 5145 03:37:49,480 --> 03:37:51,720 ARE THE COSTS FOR DOING A FLY 5146 03:37:51,720 --> 03:37:54,600 CONNECTOME DECREASING QUICKLY? 5147 03:37:54,600 --> 03:37:57,600 WILL THAT ENABLE LOOKING AT 5148 03:37:57,600 --> 03:37:59,680 MULTIPLE INDIVIDUALS TO MAP 5149 03:37:59,680 --> 03:38:01,120 VARIATIONS IN CONNECTIVITY OR 5150 03:38:01,120 --> 03:38:01,600 ACROSS SEX? 5151 03:38:01,600 --> 03:38:03,960 THIS FOLLOW WHAT YOU JUST SAID. 5152 03:38:03,960 --> 03:38:07,680 >> I THINK WE DECREASED BATCH OF 5153 03:38:07,680 --> 03:38:12,880 10,000 WHEN WE STARTED IN 2007. 5154 03:38:12,880 --> 03:38:15,480 I THINK THE MOUSE HAVE TO GO 5155 03:38:15,480 --> 03:38:16,640 DOWN ANOTHER FACTOR OF A 5156 03:38:16,640 --> 03:38:19,960 THOUSAND WHICH I THINK WILL 5157 03:38:19,960 --> 03:38:21,520 HAPPEN IF THE GRANTS ARE FUNDED 5158 03:38:21,520 --> 03:38:24,360 AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPED. 5159 03:38:24,360 --> 03:38:29,800 >> THAT IS FACTOR OF TEN TO THE 5160 03:38:29,800 --> 03:38:33,520 6, 10 TO THE 7, NOT 10 TO 14 5161 03:38:33,520 --> 03:38:34,720 SEQUENCING BECAME ACHIEVED FROM 5162 03:38:34,720 --> 03:38:37,920 FIRST SEQUENCES NOW. 5163 03:38:37,920 --> 03:38:46,080 YOU CAN GO ON FLIES MOUSE BRAIN. 5164 03:38:46,080 --> 03:38:47,960 >> WHAT ABOUT AT GOOGLE THOUGH? 5165 03:38:47,960 --> 03:38:50,320 ARE THINGS GETTING CHEAPER 5166 03:38:50,320 --> 03:38:50,520 THERE? 5167 03:38:50,520 --> 03:38:54,680 BY DOING THE SAMPLING? 5168 03:38:54,680 --> 03:38:59,000 >> CERTAINLY THE COST OF RUNNING 5169 03:38:59,000 --> 03:39:01,280 SAY LARGE NEURAL NETWORKS ON 5170 03:39:01,280 --> 03:39:03,200 LOTS OF DATA THAT IS GETTING 5171 03:39:03,200 --> 03:39:05,920 CHEAPER ALL THE TIME, PEOPLE ARE 5172 03:39:05,920 --> 03:39:07,840 WORKING HARD ON NEW KINDS OF 5173 03:39:07,840 --> 03:39:09,320 CHIPS THAT ARE SPECIALIZED FOR 5174 03:39:09,320 --> 03:39:11,880 THESE TYPES OF PURPOSES, NEW 5175 03:39:11,880 --> 03:39:13,160 ALGORITHMS THAT ARE MORE 5176 03:39:13,160 --> 03:39:15,880 EFFICIENT, MORE ACCURATE SO I 5177 03:39:15,880 --> 03:39:17,160 THINK WE BENEFIT FROM ALL THE 5178 03:39:17,160 --> 03:39:18,480 INVESTMENTS GOING ON IN THAT 5179 03:39:18,480 --> 03:39:19,680 SPACE. 5180 03:39:19,680 --> 03:39:21,320 OBVIOUSLY THE VAST MAJORITY OF 5181 03:39:21,320 --> 03:39:22,720 WHICH IS NOT DRIVEN BY ANYTHING 5182 03:39:22,720 --> 03:39:26,240 RELATED TO BIOLOGY CONNECTOMICS, 5183 03:39:26,240 --> 03:39:27,880 BUT NONETHELESS HAS SIMILAR 5184 03:39:27,880 --> 03:39:28,880 PLATFORMS AND SIMILAR 5185 03:39:28,880 --> 03:39:30,360 TECHNOLOGIES SO WE CAN BENEFIT. 5186 03:39:30,360 --> 03:39:33,280 >> I THINK IT IS WORTH HAVING 5187 03:39:33,280 --> 03:39:36,000 SHOUT OUT THE GOOGLE WHO DID ALL 5188 03:39:36,000 --> 03:39:38,680 OUR CONNECT ALL OUR COMPLICATED 5189 03:39:38,680 --> 03:39:40,000 SEGMENTATION AND DIDN'T TAKE ANY 5190 03:39:40,000 --> 03:39:42,120 MONEY FROM US TO DO THAT WAS A 5191 03:39:42,120 --> 03:39:45,240 GREAT PUBLIC SERVICE OF THAT 5192 03:39:45,240 --> 03:39:45,800 COMPANY. 5193 03:39:45,800 --> 03:39:47,560 SO REALLY ENABLE THE FIELD I 5194 03:39:47,560 --> 03:39:50,600 WOULD SAY. 5195 03:39:50,600 --> 03:39:52,520 >> THERE CONTINUES TO BE STRONG 5196 03:39:52,520 --> 03:39:56,680 SUPPORT FOR THAT AT GOOGLE? 5197 03:39:56,680 --> 03:39:57,080 >> YES. 5198 03:39:57,080 --> 03:40:02,840 IN FACT WE ARE EXCITED ABOUT THE 5199 03:40:02,840 --> 03:40:04,840 NEW NIH BRAIN CONNECTIONS WHICH 5200 03:40:04,840 --> 03:40:07,000 JEFF TALKED ABOUT THE GOAL WAS 5201 03:40:07,000 --> 03:40:07,800 ESTABLISH HOW TO SCALE A MOUSE 5202 03:40:07,800 --> 03:40:09,000 BRAIN AND WE HOPE TO 5203 03:40:09,000 --> 03:40:10,000 PARTICIPATES IN THAT PROGRAM. 5204 03:40:10,000 --> 03:40:11,560 WE ARE NOT PLANNING TO TAKE ANY 5205 03:40:11,560 --> 03:40:12,720 MONEY FROM THE GOVERNMENT BUT 5206 03:40:12,720 --> 03:40:15,040 JUST CONTRIBUTE OUR TIME AND 5207 03:40:15,040 --> 03:40:15,640 RESOURCES. 5208 03:40:15,640 --> 03:40:17,520 I THINK PHILOSOPHICALLY THERE IS 5209 03:40:17,520 --> 03:40:20,600 JUST A LOT OF INTEREST IN 5210 03:40:20,600 --> 03:40:21,680 ADVANCING SCIENCE. 5211 03:40:21,680 --> 03:40:25,320 AT GOOGLE AND WE ARE -- WE ARE 5212 03:40:25,320 --> 03:40:26,640 PLEASED TO PARTICIPATE IN THESE 5213 03:40:26,640 --> 03:40:29,680 PROJECTS. 5214 03:40:29,680 --> 03:40:30,200 >> OKAY. 5215 03:40:30,200 --> 03:40:32,400 THERE IS A QUESTION HERE ABOUT 5216 03:40:32,400 --> 03:40:35,040 OPPORTUNITIES FOR PUBLIC PRIVATE 5217 03:40:35,040 --> 03:40:37,760 PARTNERSHIPS, COMMERCIALIZATION. 5218 03:40:37,760 --> 03:40:39,080 GENOMICS CHANGED HOW BIOMEDICAL 5219 03:40:39,080 --> 03:40:41,680 RESEARCH IS DONE AND BENEFITS 5220 03:40:41,680 --> 03:40:44,000 FROM PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS 5221 03:40:44,000 --> 03:40:47,320 FOR EXAMPLE LUMINA, DO YOU FOR 5222 03:40:47,320 --> 03:40:48,640 SEE SIMILAR PRIVATE INVESTMENTS 5223 03:40:48,640 --> 03:40:52,200 AS OFFSHOOTS FROM THE PUBLIC 5224 03:40:52,200 --> 03:40:52,760 INVESTMENT? 5225 03:40:52,760 --> 03:40:55,840 ANY OF YOU? 5226 03:40:55,840 --> 03:40:58,600 >> I THINK WE SHOULD ACKNOWLEDGE 5227 03:40:58,600 --> 03:41:02,720 THAT THERE'S ALREADY BEEN PART 5228 03:41:02,720 --> 03:41:05,480 OF PUBLIC COLLABORATION THROUGH 5229 03:41:05,480 --> 03:41:07,280 GOOGLE AND PRIVATE ENTITY. 5230 03:41:07,280 --> 03:41:10,160 SO ALREADY GOING ON. 5231 03:41:10,160 --> 03:41:13,720 MAYBE SOMEONE WITH MORE MAYBE 5232 03:41:13,720 --> 03:41:15,400 JEFF ANSWER, I THINK IT IS 5233 03:41:15,400 --> 03:41:17,880 LOGICAL THAT HES USED TO SAY A 5234 03:41:17,880 --> 03:41:22,080 LOT OF DISEASES AUTISM, 5235 03:41:22,080 --> 03:41:24,040 SCHIZOPHRENIA, ARE CONNECTOMIC 5236 03:41:24,040 --> 03:41:24,440 DISEASES. 5237 03:41:24,440 --> 03:41:26,240 IMAGINE PEOPLE DO A BIOPSY AND 5238 03:41:26,240 --> 03:41:27,680 CONNECTOME IN THAT TINY PART OF 5239 03:41:27,680 --> 03:41:29,360 THE BRAIN AND STAGES LOOK 5240 03:41:29,360 --> 03:41:30,840 FORMAL, WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE 5241 03:41:30,840 --> 03:41:33,360 PARTICULAR SYNDROME. 5242 03:41:33,360 --> 03:41:35,920 THAT COULD HAPPEN AS A 5243 03:41:35,920 --> 03:41:37,280 DIAGNOSTIC TOOL. 5244 03:41:37,280 --> 03:41:39,240 >> ALL RIGHT. 5245 03:41:39,240 --> 03:41:40,760 >> I'M SORRY TO INTERRUPT CAROL. 5246 03:41:40,760 --> 03:41:44,120 THE VERY BIG SCANNING MICROSCOPE 5247 03:41:44,120 --> 03:41:46,720 THAT IS USED IN MY LAB AND USED 5248 03:41:46,720 --> 03:41:51,920 AT GENELIA WAS BUILT BY -- 5249 03:41:51,920 --> 03:41:54,480 WITHOUT REALLY A GOOD MARKET 5250 03:41:54,480 --> 03:41:56,080 PLAN THEY WERE GOING TO SELL 5251 03:41:56,080 --> 03:41:58,280 MILLION OF THESE AND IN FACT 5252 03:41:58,280 --> 03:41:59,040 THEY HAVEN'T. 5253 03:41:59,040 --> 03:42:00,320 THIS WHOLE LARGE NUMBER BUT THEY 5254 03:42:00,320 --> 03:42:03,080 ARE VERY, VERY TRANSFORMATIVE 5255 03:42:03,080 --> 03:42:04,160 FOR OUR FIELD. 5256 03:42:04,160 --> 03:42:08,520 THAT IS ANOTHER PARTNERSHIP THEY 5257 03:42:08,520 --> 03:42:10,320 WEREN'T FREE I MIGHT ADD BUT 5258 03:42:10,320 --> 03:42:12,280 CERTAINLY THEIR INVESTMENT WAS 5259 03:42:12,280 --> 03:42:14,120 MUCH GREATER THAN THEROFITS 5260 03:42:14,120 --> 03:42:15,200 THEY ARE REAPING AT LEAST FROM 5261 03:42:15,200 --> 03:42:17,280 THE BIOLOGISTS. 5262 03:42:17,280 --> 03:42:19,320 I THINK NOW THERE ARE SOFTWARE 5263 03:42:19,320 --> 03:42:22,400 COMPANIES STARTED UP SEBASTIAN 5264 03:42:22,400 --> 03:42:25,160 SIGN STARTED A COMPANY THAT IS 5265 03:42:25,160 --> 03:42:27,720 REALLY GOT IS VERY USEFUL FOR 5266 03:42:27,720 --> 03:42:29,280 HELPING PEOPLE DO THINGS 5267 03:42:29,280 --> 03:42:31,400 OTHERWISE WOULD HAVE TO BE DONE 5268 03:42:31,400 --> 03:42:35,520 BY INDUSTRIAL PARTNER LIKE -- 5269 03:42:35,520 --> 03:42:35,720 GROUP. 5270 03:42:35,720 --> 03:42:38,080 >> I WANT TO ASK LARRY KLEIN A 5271 03:42:38,080 --> 03:42:40,360 QUESTION, LARRY, YOU MET ALL 5272 03:42:40,360 --> 03:42:43,960 THESE PEOPLE, WORKED WITH THEM 5273 03:42:43,960 --> 03:42:45,480 FIGURED HOW TO FILM REMOTELY. 5274 03:42:45,480 --> 03:42:47,200 WHAT DID YOU LEARN FROM THIS 5275 03:42:47,200 --> 03:42:48,360 EXPERIENCE ABOUT TELLING THIS 5276 03:42:48,360 --> 03:42:51,560 STORY? 5277 03:42:51,560 --> 03:42:53,760 >> I KNEW NOTHING ABOUT THE 5278 03:42:53,760 --> 03:42:56,720 SUBJECT, NOT AN OUNCE. 5279 03:42:56,720 --> 03:43:00,800 SO EVERYTHING WAS A BUILD FOR 5280 03:43:00,800 --> 03:43:01,560 ME. 5281 03:43:01,560 --> 03:43:02,520 NEEDING EVERYONE AND WATCHING 5282 03:43:02,520 --> 03:43:06,000 HOW THEY WORKED WAS JUST 5283 03:43:06,000 --> 03:43:06,800 STAGGERING ANDS THAT FASCINATING 5284 03:43:06,800 --> 03:43:09,280 AND I MEAN THAT SINCERELY, I 5285 03:43:09,280 --> 03:43:11,360 HAVE DONE A LOT OF SCIENCE 5286 03:43:11,360 --> 03:43:14,000 FIPPLES BUT THIS ONE KNOCKED -- 5287 03:43:14,000 --> 03:43:16,080 FILMS BUT THIS KNOCKED MY SOCKS 5288 03:43:16,080 --> 03:43:17,880 OFF BECAUSE YOU ARE WORKING 5289 03:43:17,880 --> 03:43:19,360 SCALE, NOT ONLY SCALE AND 5290 03:43:19,360 --> 03:43:21,560 RESOLUTION LEVELS HAVE TO BE 5291 03:43:21,560 --> 03:43:24,240 ACHIEVED HERE, WAS NOTHING THAT 5292 03:43:24,240 --> 03:43:28,400 WAS AVAILABLE TO ANYONE. 5293 03:43:28,400 --> 03:43:31,200 I DON'T KNOW FIVE, SIX, SEVEN 5294 03:43:31,200 --> 03:43:35,080 YEARS AGO BUT SEEING THE 5295 03:43:35,080 --> 03:43:37,600 PROGRESS FROM HOW SIDNEY PRESENT 5296 03:43:37,600 --> 03:43:38,440 NEAR AND FOLKS DID C ELEGANS TO 5297 03:43:38,440 --> 03:43:41,640 WHAT IS HAPPENING NOW, THAT TO 5298 03:43:41,640 --> 03:43:44,000 ME REALLY IS TOLD THE STORY IN 5299 03:43:44,000 --> 03:43:45,320 WAYS THAT I COULDN'T HAVE 5300 03:43:45,320 --> 03:43:49,680 IMPROVED ON. 5301 03:43:49,680 --> 03:43:51,600 THE WAY EVERYBODY DESCRIBED WHAT 5302 03:43:51,600 --> 03:43:54,360 THEY DID, IT TOOK ME I DON'T 5303 03:43:54,360 --> 03:43:56,960 KNOW HOW LONG TO TRY TO FIGURE 5304 03:43:56,960 --> 03:43:59,280 OUT WHAT VIREN WAS TALKING 5305 03:43:59,280 --> 03:43:59,720 ABOUT. 5306 03:43:59,720 --> 03:44:02,480 I MEAN WAS DOING AND WE JUST 5307 03:44:02,480 --> 03:44:05,160 PATIENTLY WENT THROUGH IT, AND 5308 03:44:05,160 --> 03:44:10,280 I'M STILL CURIOUS, WHEN BOBBY 5309 03:44:10,280 --> 03:44:11,880 AND I WERE DOING WORK TOGETHER 5310 03:44:11,880 --> 03:44:14,400 WE WERE TRYING TO -- I WAS 5311 03:44:14,400 --> 03:44:16,880 TRYING TO FIGURE OUT WHERE ARGON 5312 03:44:16,880 --> 03:44:20,600 WAS -- WHERE THE NATIONAL LAB 5313 03:44:20,600 --> 03:44:22,680 COMPONENT ENTER IN THIS PROCESS 5314 03:44:22,680 --> 03:44:23,920 IS MY OWN QUESTION, NOT 5315 03:44:23,920 --> 03:44:26,960 ANSWERING YOUR QUESTION. 5316 03:44:26,960 --> 03:44:28,240 THAT IS ONE THING I DIDN'T FEEL 5317 03:44:28,240 --> 03:44:30,360 LIKE I HAD ENOUGH OF A HANDLE 5318 03:44:30,360 --> 03:44:31,680 ON. 5319 03:44:31,680 --> 03:44:33,800 TO TALK ABOUT MORE IN THE FILM. 5320 03:44:33,800 --> 03:44:38,080 I WOULDN'T MIND HEARING A FEW 5321 03:44:38,080 --> 03:44:39,600 BITS FROM BOBBY ABOUT THAT NOW 5322 03:44:39,600 --> 03:44:43,120 IF THAT IS OKAY WITH YOU. 5323 03:44:43,120 --> 03:44:44,440 >> SURE, BOBBY. 5324 03:44:44,440 --> 03:44:48,320 >> SO I THINK FIRST THANK YOU, 5325 03:44:48,320 --> 03:44:51,840 LARRY FOR THE COMPLIMENTS. 5326 03:44:51,840 --> 03:44:54,120 THE REASON IT IS NEBULOUS IN THE 5327 03:44:54,120 --> 03:44:56,480 DOCUMENTARY IN YOUR MIND IS A 5328 03:44:56,480 --> 03:44:57,360 STILT A LITTLE NEBULOUS IN MY 5329 03:44:57,360 --> 03:44:57,880 MIND. 5330 03:44:57,880 --> 03:45:00,360 BUT I WILL TELL YOU 5331 03:45:00,360 --> 03:45:02,320 HISTORICALLY, THE NATIONAL LABS 5332 03:45:02,320 --> 03:45:04,760 HAVE OFTEN HELPED A LARGE SCALE 5333 03:45:04,760 --> 03:45:06,280 IMAGING AND DATA PROJECTS 5334 03:45:06,280 --> 03:45:08,600 WHETHER THAT IS THE UNIVERSE AT 5335 03:45:08,600 --> 03:45:10,680 ONE SCALE OR CRYSTALLOGRAPHY AT 5336 03:45:10,680 --> 03:45:13,760 THE OTHER SCALE, SO THEY ARE 5337 03:45:13,760 --> 03:45:15,040 GOOD AT DOING THIS. 5338 03:45:15,040 --> 03:45:17,240 THEY ARE GOOD DOING SCIENCE AT 5339 03:45:17,240 --> 03:45:17,720 SCALE. 5340 03:45:17,720 --> 03:45:19,560 WHAT IS MYSTERIOUS TO ME AND 5341 03:45:19,560 --> 03:45:21,480 PERHAPS MYSTERIOUS TO OTHER 5342 03:45:21,480 --> 03:45:23,400 PEOPLE IS LABS ARE RUN BY 5343 03:45:23,400 --> 03:45:27,120 DIFFERENT FEDERAL AGENCY THAN 5344 03:45:27,120 --> 03:45:32,920 THE NIH FOR EXAMPLE THERE. IS A 5345 03:45:32,920 --> 03:45:34,720 LOT OF DISCUSSION AT SOME VERY 5346 03:45:34,720 --> 03:45:36,760 HIGH LEVEL AMONG AGENCIES THAT I 5347 03:45:36,760 --> 03:45:38,480 THINK IS THE PART THAT IS 5348 03:45:38,480 --> 03:45:42,400 INTERESTING AND WILL COME TO 5349 03:45:42,400 --> 03:45:43,400 FRUITION SOON. 5350 03:45:43,400 --> 03:45:46,240 TURNS OUT I GAVE YOU ANOTHER 5351 03:45:46,240 --> 03:45:47,640 NEBULOUS ANCILLARYRY, WHICH IS 5352 03:45:47,640 --> 03:45:50,800 -- WE USE TO -- BECAUSE I DON'T 5353 03:45:50,800 --> 03:45:52,400 HAVE MUCH MORE TO SAY. 5354 03:45:52,400 --> 03:45:54,360 WE USE THEM AND WE BENEFIT FROM 5355 03:45:54,360 --> 03:45:56,840 THE RESOURCES THEY HAVE 5356 03:45:56,840 --> 03:45:58,080 TREMENDOUSLY FOR THE WORK THAT 5357 03:45:58,080 --> 03:46:01,120 WE ARE DOING. 5358 03:46:01,120 --> 03:46:05,640 WHETHER AGENCIES CAN GET MARRIED 5359 03:46:05,640 --> 03:46:08,000 COMFORTABLY IS A SEPARATE 5360 03:46:08,000 --> 03:46:09,200 QUESTION ABOVE OUR PAY GRADE. 5361 03:46:09,200 --> 03:46:11,840 >> THE OTHER THING I WOULD SAY 5362 03:46:11,840 --> 03:46:14,800 IS I WAS VERY DISAPPOINTED, 5363 03:46:14,800 --> 03:46:16,200 BECAUSE OF THE PANDEMIC, I 5364 03:46:16,200 --> 03:46:20,040 WANTED TO GET INTO MARIELA'S 5365 03:46:20,040 --> 03:46:21,960 LABS AND SEE THOSE ZEBRAFISH AND 5366 03:46:21,960 --> 03:46:23,480 ALL THE THINGS THAT I COULDN'T 5367 03:46:23,480 --> 03:46:23,880 DO. 5368 03:46:23,880 --> 03:46:26,760 I MEAN WE RELIED ON FOOTAGE, IN 5369 03:46:26,760 --> 03:46:33,440 FACT THE BITS ON THE ZEBRAFISH 5370 03:46:33,440 --> 03:46:34,840 MARIELA SHOT FOR US IN THE LAB 5371 03:46:34,840 --> 03:46:36,320 BECAUSE I COULDN'T GET IN THERE. 5372 03:46:36,320 --> 03:46:38,920 >> SHE DREW PICTURES OF 5373 03:46:38,920 --> 03:46:39,800 COLLABORATORS. 5374 03:46:39,800 --> 03:46:42,480 >> GOSH THEY WERE GREAT M. EVEN 5375 03:46:42,480 --> 03:46:44,200 JEFF'S LAB AT HARVARD WHERE WE 5376 03:46:44,200 --> 03:46:48,160 ALL STARTED, WE HAD TO USE WHAT 5377 03:46:48,160 --> 03:46:49,720 THEY ALREADY HAD AND WHAT JEFF 5378 03:46:49,720 --> 03:46:52,920 HAD ALREADY HAD. 5379 03:46:52,920 --> 03:46:56,200 SO GENELIA HAVE A LOT OF FOOTAGE 5380 03:46:56,200 --> 03:46:58,480 WE WERE ABLE TO USE SOME OF 5381 03:46:58,480 --> 03:47:02,800 WHICH IS PROBABLY MORE DATED 5382 03:47:02,800 --> 03:47:07,040 THAN JERRY AND GWYNETH WOULD 5383 03:47:07,040 --> 03:47:08,600 HAVE LIKED BUT THAT'S ALL WE 5384 03:47:08,600 --> 03:47:10,680 HAD, WE COULDN'T GET IN, IT WAS 5385 03:47:10,680 --> 03:47:12,120 FRUSTRATING NOT TO GET IN THERE 5386 03:47:12,120 --> 03:47:13,840 AND DO THIS STUFF BUT DID THE 5387 03:47:13,840 --> 03:47:19,280 BEST WE COULD. 5388 03:47:19,280 --> 03:47:22,960 >> WELL, YES, I THINK YOU DID A 5389 03:47:22,960 --> 03:47:27,880 VERY GOOD JOB. 5390 03:47:27,880 --> 03:47:31,040 >> OKAY SO WHAT IS THE STORY 5391 03:47:31,040 --> 03:47:32,560 NEXT TO BE TOLD? 5392 03:47:32,560 --> 03:47:33,880 WHAT OTHER ACTIVITIES ARE YOU 5393 03:47:33,880 --> 03:47:36,680 GUYS INVOLVED IN TO KEEP THE 5394 03:47:36,680 --> 03:47:38,480 PUBLIC AWARE OF YOUR WORK AND 5395 03:47:38,480 --> 03:47:45,480 THE IMPORTANCE OF YOUR WORK? 5396 03:47:45,480 --> 03:47:47,760 >> I THINK WITH FLY PEOPLE WOULD 5397 03:47:47,760 --> 03:47:49,880 LIKE TO SEE IF WE CAN ACHIEVE 5398 03:47:49,880 --> 03:47:55,120 THE PROMISE OF UNDERSTANDING HOW 5399 03:47:55,120 --> 03:47:56,960 THE FLY BRAIN CAN DO ALL THE 5400 03:47:56,960 --> 03:47:58,600 WONDERFUL THINGS THE FRUIT FLY 5401 03:47:58,600 --> 03:48:00,440 DOES, HOW WE USE THE CONNECTOME 5402 03:48:00,440 --> 03:48:01,920 TO GLEAN INFORMATION AS -- TO 5403 03:48:01,920 --> 03:48:03,920 ANSWER THE QUESTION AS WHY YOU 5404 03:48:03,920 --> 03:48:04,760 WANT TO DO CONNECTOMES IN ANY 5405 03:48:04,760 --> 03:48:07,280 CASE. 5406 03:48:07,280 --> 03:48:08,040 >> YES. 5407 03:48:08,040 --> 03:48:10,000 >> I'M HOPING MAYBE THIS FILM 5408 03:48:10,000 --> 03:48:12,160 CAN HELP THOSE OF YOU WHO ARE 5409 03:48:12,160 --> 03:48:15,320 GOING FOR THE MOUSE PRIZE TO 5410 03:48:15,320 --> 03:48:21,360 MOTIVATE OTHERS TO GO FOR IT. 5411 03:48:21,360 --> 03:48:23,800 >> IS ALLEN INSTITUTE STILL 5412 03:48:23,800 --> 03:48:25,920 INVOLVE -- THEY ARE STILL 5413 03:48:25,920 --> 03:48:26,480 INVOLVED, RIGHT? 5414 03:48:26,480 --> 03:48:29,400 >> I THINK SO. 5415 03:48:29,400 --> 03:48:30,240 >> YES. 5416 03:48:30,240 --> 03:48:35,960 OKAY. 5417 03:48:35,960 --> 03:48:39,680 AND GWYNETH, ARE YOU STILL 5418 03:48:39,680 --> 03:48:42,920 CONCENTRATING ON THE SAME WORK 5419 03:48:42,920 --> 03:48:45,240 WITH THE FLY JUMPING? 5420 03:48:45,240 --> 03:48:49,480 >> WE CONTINUE THAT WORK BUT 5421 03:48:49,480 --> 03:48:51,400 CONNECTOME HAS INSPIRED US, NOW 5422 03:48:51,400 --> 03:48:52,560 WE CAN BASICALLY MOVE TO 5423 03:48:52,560 --> 03:48:54,720 NEIGHBORING CIRCUITS, 5424 03:48:54,720 --> 03:48:57,080 NEIGHBORING ZEBRAFISH -- COVER 5425 03:48:57,080 --> 03:48:58,360 ALL VISUAL BEHAVIORS WE CAN AND 5426 03:48:58,360 --> 03:48:59,880 KIND OF INCORPORATE THEM TO SOME 5427 03:48:59,880 --> 03:49:01,000 KIND OF UNDERSTANDING. 5428 03:49:01,000 --> 03:49:02,320 IT IS AMAZING THE SCOPE WE CAN 5429 03:49:02,320 --> 03:49:04,680 TRY TO UNDERTAKE NOW. 5430 03:49:04,680 --> 03:49:07,320 >> AND ARE YOU -- WHAT JOURNALS 5431 03:49:07,320 --> 03:49:09,400 ARE YOU MOSTLY PUBLISHING THIS 5432 03:49:09,400 --> 03:49:10,520 CONNECTOME THAT IS RELATED 5433 03:49:10,520 --> 03:49:12,760 RESEARCH? 5434 03:49:12,760 --> 03:49:14,760 >> WELL, WE TRY TO SPREAD AROUND 5435 03:49:14,760 --> 03:49:16,960 IF WE CAN BUT I WILL SAY ELI HAS 5436 03:49:16,960 --> 03:49:19,000 BEEN VERY FRIENDLY TO THIS 5437 03:49:19,000 --> 03:49:19,840 RESEARCH. 5438 03:49:19,840 --> 03:49:21,320 LARGELY BECAUSE THERE'S NO LIMIT 5439 03:49:21,320 --> 03:49:22,480 IN TERMS OF NUMBER OF FIGURES 5440 03:49:22,480 --> 03:49:24,440 YOU CAN PUT OUT AND THERE'S JUST 5441 03:49:24,440 --> 03:49:26,280 SO MUCH DATA THAT WE WANTED 5442 03:49:26,280 --> 03:49:27,240 SHARE OUT THERE FOR EVERYONE TO 5443 03:49:27,240 --> 03:49:28,440 BE ABLE TO WADE THROUGH BECAUSE 5444 03:49:28,440 --> 03:49:31,280 THAT IS A GOOD AVENUE FOR US. 5445 03:49:31,280 --> 03:49:33,000 >> LOOKS LIKE OUR TIME IS UP. 5446 03:49:33,000 --> 03:49:34,760 THANK YOU FOR SHARING THAT 5447 03:49:34,760 --> 03:49:35,160 GWYNETH. 5448 03:49:35,160 --> 03:49:37,560 THANK YOU ALL OF YOU, 5449 03:49:37,560 --> 03:49:41,120 JEFF,BOBBY, JERRY, MARIELA LARRY 5450 03:49:41,120 --> 03:49:42,160 AND VIREN. 5451 03:49:42,160 --> 03:49:43,280 THANK YOU FOR JOINING US FOR 5452 03:49:43,280 --> 03:49:43,800 THIS SESSION. 5453 03:49:43,800 --> 03:49:45,840 THANK YOU FOR HELPING US MAKE 5454 03:49:45,840 --> 03:49:46,520 THIS FILM. 5455 03:49:46,520 --> 03:49:56,440 GOOD LUCK WITH THE RESEARCH. 5456 03:49:56,440 --> 03:49:59,120 >>HELLO EVERYONE, WELCOME TO 5457 03:49:59,120 --> 03:50:01,440 TODAY'S SYMPOSIUM ON BEHAVIORAL 5458 03:50:01,440 --> 03:50:04,240 QUANTIFICATION FROM TRACKING TO 5459 03:50:04,240 --> 03:50:05,240 UNDERSTANDING. 5460 03:50:05,240 --> 03:50:06,800 SO WHAT THE NIH BRAIN INITIATIVE 5461 03:50:06,800 --> 03:50:08,800 IS FOCUSED ON RECENTLY IS 5462 03:50:08,800 --> 03:50:11,520 DEVELOPING A SUITE OF 5463 03:50:11,520 --> 03:50:16,640 TECHNOLOGIES FOR ILLUMINATING 5464 03:50:16,640 --> 03:50:18,400 THE FOUNDATION OF BEHAVIOR. 5465 03:50:18,400 --> 03:50:20,880 THOSE TECHNOLOGIES MAINLY FOCUS 5466 03:50:20,880 --> 03:50:24,560 ON THINGS LIKE CONNECTOMICS 5467 03:50:24,560 --> 03:50:26,440 REVEAL WIRING PATTERNS OF THE 5468 03:50:26,440 --> 03:50:27,880 BRAIN, MANIPULATING MEASURING 5469 03:50:27,880 --> 03:50:30,880 GENES AND ALSO MANIPULATING 5470 03:50:30,880 --> 03:50:32,600 MEASURING ACTIVITY BUT LITTLE 5471 03:50:32,600 --> 03:50:36,320 UNTIL RECENTLY FOCUS ON 5472 03:50:36,320 --> 03:50:38,360 QUANTIFYING THE RICHNESS OF 5473 03:50:38,360 --> 03:50:39,440 BEHAVIOR ACROSS CONTINUE TEXT 5474 03:50:39,440 --> 03:50:43,440 AND THAT'S THE FOCUS OF TODAY'S 5475 03:50:43,440 --> 03:50:44,880 SIMILAR POSE UP, REVIEW RECENT 5476 03:50:44,880 --> 03:50:46,720 AT VANCES IN THIS REALM, 5477 03:50:46,720 --> 03:50:48,160 TECHNOLOGY FOR BEHAVIORAL 5478 03:50:48,160 --> 03:50:49,560 QUANTIFICATION AND HOW WE CAN 5479 03:50:49,560 --> 03:50:50,280 MOVE TOWARDS BETTER 5480 03:50:50,280 --> 03:50:52,920 UNDERSTANDING OF THE BRAIN BY 5481 03:50:52,920 --> 03:50:54,120 DEVELOPING THESE TECHNOLOGIES AN 5482 03:50:54,120 --> 03:50:55,280 LINKING UP TO OTHER 5483 03:50:55,280 --> 03:50:56,480 TECHNOLOGICAL FOCUSES OF THE 5484 03:50:56,480 --> 03:50:59,040 BRAIN INITIATIVE. 5485 03:50:59,040 --> 03:51:00,960 SO REALLY FOR THE FORE OF WHAT 5486 03:51:00,960 --> 03:51:03,720 WE WANT TO DISCUSS AND THE 5487 03:51:03,720 --> 03:51:06,080 REASON WE NEED BEHAVIORAL 5488 03:51:06,080 --> 03:51:07,200 TECHNOLOGIES WE NEED TOOLS AND 5489 03:51:07,200 --> 03:51:09,120 THEORY TO LINK ENVIRONMENT AND 5490 03:51:09,120 --> 03:51:10,240 HIGH DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT OF 5491 03:51:10,240 --> 03:51:12,280 BRAIN ACTIVITY WITH HIGH 5492 03:51:12,280 --> 03:51:14,040 DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT OF BRAIN 5493 03:51:14,040 --> 03:51:16,840 OUTPUT, THUS FAR MEASUREMENT OF 5494 03:51:16,840 --> 03:51:18,400 BEHAVIOR HAS BEEN LOW 5495 03:51:18,400 --> 03:51:19,880 DIMENSIONAL OR CONSTRAIN AND 5496 03:51:19,880 --> 03:51:23,680 THIS IS SOMETHING TO CHANGE. 5497 03:51:23,680 --> 03:51:25,600 WE ALSO BY CREATING NEW 5498 03:51:25,600 --> 03:51:28,320 TECHNOLOGIES FOR BEHAVIORAL 5499 03:51:28,320 --> 03:51:29,840 MEASUREMENT WE BETTER PROBE THE 5500 03:51:29,840 --> 03:51:32,360 CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN 5501 03:51:32,360 --> 03:51:35,000 BRAIN CONNECTIVITY AND BEHAVIOR, 5502 03:51:35,000 --> 03:51:36,720 WITH BETTER BEHAVIORAL 5503 03:51:36,720 --> 03:51:38,400 MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES WE ABLE 5504 03:51:38,400 --> 03:51:39,840 TO HAVE NEW SENSITIVE FOR 5505 03:51:39,840 --> 03:51:42,000 ASSESSING BRAIN DISORDERS AND 5506 03:51:42,000 --> 03:51:43,240 ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS 5507 03:51:43,240 --> 03:51:45,440 THERAPIES. 5508 03:51:45,440 --> 03:51:47,480 SO RECENTLY AS I'M SURE MOST OF 5509 03:51:47,480 --> 03:51:50,240 YOU ARE AWARE THERE'S EXPLOSION 5510 03:51:50,240 --> 03:51:52,080 IN DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES 5511 03:51:52,080 --> 03:51:53,480 MEASURING BEHAVIOR AND ASPECT OF 5512 03:51:53,480 --> 03:51:55,920 BEHAVIOR AND SEE THAT THE THE 5513 03:51:55,920 --> 03:51:58,000 SCHEMATIC HERE ON THE TOP 5514 03:51:58,000 --> 03:52:01,440 DEVELOPED BY TOM FERERRA SO A 5515 03:52:01,440 --> 03:52:02,960 RENAISSANCE IN TECHNOLOGY 5516 03:52:02,960 --> 03:52:04,160 BEHAVIOR, WHAT WE WANT TO DO 5517 03:52:04,160 --> 03:52:05,800 TODAY IS DISCUSS A FEW EXAMPLES 5518 03:52:05,800 --> 03:52:09,240 OF THIS TECHNOLOGIES AND THEN 5519 03:52:09,240 --> 03:52:11,600 THINK WHERE WE GO FROM HERE. 5520 03:52:11,600 --> 03:52:12,880 TOUCH OF QUESTIONS WE WILL 5521 03:52:12,880 --> 03:52:14,720 DISCUSS TODAY IN THE PANEL AFTER 5522 03:52:14,720 --> 03:52:16,720 SET OF TALKS HOW CURRENT TOOLS 5523 03:52:16,720 --> 03:52:18,080 ECOSYSTEM COMPLIMENT EACH OTHER 5524 03:52:18,080 --> 03:52:20,400 AND WHAT TECHNOLOGY ARE WE STILL 5525 03:52:20,400 --> 03:52:20,760 MISSING. 5526 03:52:20,760 --> 03:52:23,160 HOW WE GET TOOLS IN HANDS OF 5527 03:52:23,160 --> 03:52:24,640 EWERS AND MAKE THEM EFFECTIVE. 5528 03:52:24,640 --> 03:52:26,080 DEVELOP RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN 5529 03:52:26,080 --> 03:52:29,120 TOOL BUILDERS AND PRACTITIONERS 5530 03:52:29,120 --> 03:52:31,520 AND HOW CAN WE ANALYZE HIGH 5531 03:52:31,520 --> 03:52:33,600 RESOLUTION BEHAVIORAL DATA SETS 5532 03:52:33,600 --> 03:52:35,000 LINK TO BRAIN MEASUREMENTS AND 5533 03:52:35,000 --> 03:52:36,160 MOVE FROM TRACKING TO 5534 03:52:36,160 --> 03:52:39,560 UNDERSTANDING. 5535 03:52:39,560 --> 03:52:41,000 THAT WILL INVOLVE PRIORITIZING 5536 03:52:41,000 --> 03:52:42,720 DIFFERENT TYPES OF MODELING 5537 03:52:42,720 --> 03:52:44,160 THEORY WE WILL ALSO DISCUSS 5538 03:52:44,160 --> 03:52:44,720 TODAY. 5539 03:52:44,720 --> 03:52:49,000 SO THE FORMAT OF SYMPOSIUM TODAY 5540 03:52:49,000 --> 03:52:51,040 WILL BE A SET OF SHORT LIGHTNING 5541 03:52:51,040 --> 03:52:53,640 TALKS FIVE MINUTES EACH FIRST BY 5542 03:52:53,640 --> 03:52:55,800 THREE SPEAKERS THAT ARE 5543 03:52:55,800 --> 03:52:58,320 DEVELOPING TOOLS, SO JAN 5544 03:52:58,320 --> 03:52:59,120 ZIMMERMANN UNIVERSITY OF 5545 03:52:59,120 --> 03:53:01,280 MINNESOTA DEVELOPING SPECIALIZED 5546 03:53:01,280 --> 03:53:03,280 HARDWARE FOR BEHAVIORAL 5547 03:53:03,280 --> 03:53:04,360 QUANTIFICATION, THEN GIVE A 5548 03:53:04,360 --> 03:53:06,640 BRIEF TALK ON WORK TO DEVELOP 5549 03:53:06,640 --> 03:53:08,320 SOFTWARE OR BEHAVIORAL 5550 03:53:08,320 --> 03:53:09,920 QUANTIFICATION AND ALSO VERY 5551 03:53:09,920 --> 03:53:12,000 LARGE DATA SETS FOR TRAINING AND 5552 03:53:12,000 --> 03:53:13,160 BENCHMARKING, BEHAVIORAL 5553 03:53:13,160 --> 03:53:14,800 QUANTIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND 5554 03:53:14,800 --> 03:53:17,120 JENNIFER SUN FROM CAL TECH WILL 5555 03:53:17,120 --> 03:53:19,680 TALK ABOUT HER WORK TO GO FROM 5556 03:53:19,680 --> 03:53:20,920 BEHAVIORAL QUANTIFICATION TO 5557 03:53:20,920 --> 03:53:22,720 CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIONS, AND 5558 03:53:22,720 --> 03:53:24,600 MORE GENERALLY BEHAVIORAL 5559 03:53:24,600 --> 03:53:25,320 QUANTIFYCATION IN DIFFERENT 5560 03:53:25,320 --> 03:53:26,480 CONTEXT INCLUDING SOCIAL 5561 03:53:26,480 --> 03:53:27,320 BEHAVIOR. 5562 03:53:27,320 --> 03:53:28,680 AFTER THOSE LEE TALKS ON TOOL 5563 03:53:28,680 --> 03:53:32,120 BUILDING WE WILL HAVE TALKS ON 5564 03:53:32,120 --> 03:53:34,040 APPLICATIONS, FROM THE 5565 03:53:34,040 --> 03:53:36,840 PRACTITIONERS, AND FIRST TALK 5566 03:53:36,840 --> 03:53:38,600 WILL BE CHRIS NIELL UNIVERSITY 5567 03:53:38,600 --> 03:53:40,920 OF OREGON, IT WILL BE ON 5568 03:53:40,920 --> 03:53:41,760 APPLYING BEHAVIORAL 5569 03:53:41,760 --> 03:53:44,480 QUANTIFICATION TO STUDY OF 5570 03:53:44,480 --> 03:53:45,640 ETHOLOGY AND LINKING BRAIN 5571 03:53:45,640 --> 03:53:47,960 ACTIVITY TO BEHAVIOR. 5572 03:53:47,960 --> 03:53:49,280 THEN BING BRUNTON, UNIVERSITY OF 5573 03:53:49,280 --> 03:53:50,840 WASHINGTON WILL TALK ABOUT HER 5574 03:53:50,840 --> 03:53:52,720 WORK ON MODELING AND THEORIES AS 5575 03:53:52,720 --> 03:53:53,720 RELATES TO BEHAVIORAL 5576 03:53:53,720 --> 03:53:54,960 QUANTIFICATION WITH EMPHASIS ON 5577 03:53:54,960 --> 03:53:58,040 AGENT BASED MODELS. 5578 03:53:58,040 --> 03:54:00,760 FINALLY TIM GENTNER FROM UCSD 5579 03:54:00,760 --> 03:54:03,560 GIVE A SHORT TALK ON HIS WORK TO 5580 03:54:03,560 --> 03:54:05,880 UNDERSTAND THE NEURAL BASIS OF 5581 03:54:05,880 --> 03:54:06,360 VOLCAL COMMUNICATION. 5582 03:54:06,360 --> 03:54:07,480 ONCE THOSE TALKS ARE DONE WE 5583 03:54:07,480 --> 03:54:10,960 WILL THEN HAVE A 40 MINUTE PANEL 5584 03:54:10,960 --> 03:54:12,920 DISCUSSION, FIRST MODERATED 5585 03:54:12,920 --> 03:54:14,720 QUESTIONS, THAT WE THINK ARE 5586 03:54:14,720 --> 03:54:16,240 VERY IMPORTANT, OR DISCUSSING 5587 03:54:16,240 --> 03:54:17,680 WITH Y'ALL AND THEN WE WILL OPEN 5588 03:54:17,680 --> 03:54:24,120 UP TO Q&A FROM THE AUDIENCE. 5589 03:54:24,120 --> 03:54:29,720 WITHOUT FURTHER ADIEU. 5590 03:54:29,720 --> 03:54:31,360 >> HEY EVERYONE. 5591 03:54:31,360 --> 03:54:33,240 STILL WAITING FOR MY SLIDES TO 5592 03:54:33,240 --> 03:54:43,520 ACTUALLY COME UP. 5593 03:54:52,560 --> 03:54:58,400 I DON'T SEEK TO SEE MY FIRST 5594 03:54:58,400 --> 03:54:59,000 INTRO SLIDE. 5595 03:54:59,000 --> 03:55:00,600 DOESN'T MATTER. 5596 03:55:00,600 --> 03:55:02,600 I'M JAN ZIMMERMANN MY LAB 5597 03:55:02,600 --> 03:55:08,200 FOCUSED ON DEVELOPING TOOLS FOR 5598 03:55:08,200 --> 03:55:09,600 TRACKING NON-HUMAN PRIMATES, I I 5599 03:55:09,600 --> 03:55:11,480 WANT TO TALK ABOUT BRIEFLY WHY 5600 03:55:11,480 --> 03:55:13,680 TRACKING NON-HUMAN PRIMATES IS 5601 03:55:13,680 --> 03:55:14,240 SO HARD. 5602 03:55:14,240 --> 03:55:16,920 FIRST YOU NEED LARGE CAMERA 5603 03:55:16,920 --> 03:55:18,240 SYSTEMS THAT ARE BASICALLY 5604 03:55:18,240 --> 03:55:20,960 REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE HIGH 5605 03:55:20,960 --> 03:55:22,360 PRECISION ESTIMATION OF ANIMALS 5606 03:55:22,360 --> 03:55:24,680 SUCH AS NON-HUMAN PRIMATES. 5607 03:55:24,680 --> 03:55:26,680 THESE ANIMALS ARE ACROBATS AND 5608 03:55:26,680 --> 03:55:29,080 COVERED IN MONOTONE FUR AND 5609 03:55:29,080 --> 03:55:30,840 BASICALLY GO INTO LOTS OF 5610 03:55:30,840 --> 03:55:32,120 DEGREES OF FREEDOM AND JUMP 5611 03:55:32,120 --> 03:55:34,160 AROUND THE ROOM. 5612 03:55:34,160 --> 03:55:36,200 WE NEED TO BE ABLE TO ACHIEVE 5613 03:55:36,200 --> 03:55:37,960 CALIBRATION OF INTRINSIC AN 5614 03:55:37,960 --> 03:55:41,440 EXTRINSIC OF ALL THE CAMERAS IN 5615 03:55:41,440 --> 03:55:43,040 THESE SYSTEMS AND THIS IS 5616 03:55:43,040 --> 03:55:44,760 NON-TRIVIAL IF YOU HAVE A LARGE 5617 03:55:44,760 --> 03:55:45,880 CAMERA SYSTEM BECAUSE THEY CAN 5618 03:55:45,880 --> 03:55:47,320 BE SHIFTED AROUND AND IT HAS TO 5619 03:55:47,320 --> 03:55:49,960 BE RELIABLE ON A DAILY BASIS. 5620 03:55:49,960 --> 03:55:51,680 IF THE DATA RATES THESE SYSTEMS 5621 03:55:51,680 --> 03:55:54,720 PRODUCE SUCH AS OUR MONKEY 5622 03:55:54,720 --> 03:55:57,320 STUDIO 1.0 SYSTEM OUR EXTREMELY 5623 03:55:57,320 --> 03:56:01,080 SWORNTANT SO OUR SYSTEM PRODUCES 5624 03:56:01,080 --> 03:56:03,280 7.4 TERABYTES AN HOUR. 5625 03:56:03,280 --> 03:56:03,560 EXORBITANT. 5626 03:56:03,560 --> 03:56:05,200 THERE WERE NO STATE OF THE ART 5627 03:56:05,200 --> 03:56:06,600 DATA SETS AVAILABLE SO WE HAVE 5628 03:56:06,600 --> 03:56:09,000 DONE IN A 2020 COMMUNICATIONS 5629 03:56:09,000 --> 03:56:11,280 PAPER IS BASICALLY DEVELOPED THE 5630 03:56:11,280 --> 03:56:13,120 FIRST HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE 5631 03:56:13,120 --> 03:56:15,280 INTEGRATED SOLUTION THAT ALLOWS 5632 03:56:15,280 --> 03:56:18,560 US TO ACHIEVE BOTH RECONSTRUCTS 5633 03:56:18,560 --> 03:56:20,560 IN NON-HUMAN PRIMATES TRAVERSING 5634 03:56:20,560 --> 03:56:22,040 A LARGE ENCLOSURE AS YOU CAN SEE 5635 03:56:22,040 --> 03:56:26,440 ON THIS SLIDE. 5636 03:56:26,440 --> 03:56:28,080 NOW, ONE OF THE THINGS WE 5637 03:56:28,080 --> 03:56:30,240 LEVERAGE TO MAKE OUR JOBS A TINY 5638 03:56:30,240 --> 03:56:32,840 BIT EASIER IS USING MULTI-VIEW. 5639 03:56:32,840 --> 03:56:35,360 AND BY USING MULTI-VIEW AS YOU 5640 03:56:35,360 --> 03:56:37,720 CAN SEE ON THE TOP PANEL WE CAN 5641 03:56:37,720 --> 03:56:41,520 SEE FOR EXAMPLE ONLY CLASSIFIED 5642 03:56:41,520 --> 03:56:43,800 BOTH POINTS IN COUPLE OF IMAGES 5643 03:56:43,800 --> 03:56:47,600 AND THEN WE PROJECT THOSE 5644 03:56:47,600 --> 03:56:48,560 RECONSTRUCTIONS THROUGH ALL 5645 03:56:48,560 --> 03:56:49,680 OTHER CAMERA SYSTEMS THAT HAVE 5646 03:56:49,680 --> 03:56:53,680 BEEN PREVIOUSLY CALIBRATED. 5647 03:56:53,680 --> 03:56:55,480 THUS BASICALLY AUGMENTING AND 5648 03:56:55,480 --> 03:56:57,480 BOOSTING OUR TRAINING SETS 5649 03:56:57,480 --> 03:56:58,800 DRAMATICALLY WHILE KEEPING 5650 03:56:58,800 --> 03:56:59,800 COSTSES DOWN A LITTLE BIT. 5651 03:56:59,800 --> 03:57:01,600 ON THE LOWER PANEL I'M SHOWING 5652 03:57:01,600 --> 03:57:06,440 YOU PERCENTAGE OF RECONSTRUCTION 5653 03:57:06,440 --> 03:57:08,200 FOR DIFFERENT JOINTS IN OUR DATA 5654 03:57:08,200 --> 03:57:09,680 SETS, AS A FUNCTION OF THE 5655 03:57:09,680 --> 03:57:12,240 NUMBER OF CAMERAS OR INFERENCE. 5656 03:57:12,240 --> 03:57:15,280 I HOPE YOU CAN APPRECIATE USING 5657 03:57:15,280 --> 03:57:16,840 LOCAL RA SYSTEMS SUCH AS TWO, 5658 03:57:16,840 --> 03:57:18,840 FOUR, EIGHT, TEN CAMERAS DOESN'T 5659 03:57:18,840 --> 03:57:20,440 ACHIEVE A VERY GOOD JOB. 5660 03:57:20,440 --> 03:57:22,880 AND ONLY AS YOU START INCREASING 5661 03:57:22,880 --> 03:57:26,040 THE CAMERA COUNTS TOWARDS 48 OR 5662 03:57:26,040 --> 03:57:28,000 62 IN OUR CASE YOU CAN GET 5663 03:57:28,000 --> 03:57:29,160 REALLY GOOD ACCURATE 5664 03:57:29,160 --> 03:57:33,320 RECONSTRUCTION. 5665 03:57:33,320 --> 03:57:35,360 NOW THE LAST PART THAT IS 5666 03:57:35,360 --> 03:57:36,520 INCREDIBLY IMPORTANT OF COURSE 5667 03:57:36,520 --> 03:57:39,640 WHEN YOU ARE TRYING TO RECORD 5668 03:57:39,640 --> 03:57:41,000 NEURAL DATA WHILE DOING 5669 03:57:41,000 --> 03:57:42,240 BEHAVIORAL CLASSIFICATION IN 5670 03:57:42,240 --> 03:57:45,320 THESE TYPES OFS IS WORKING ON 5671 03:57:45,320 --> 03:57:47,200 THE RECORDING APPROACHES IN 5672 03:57:47,200 --> 03:57:48,840 FREELY MOVING NON-HUMAN PRIMATE. 5673 03:57:48,840 --> 03:57:49,800 ON THE LEFT YOU CAN SEE THE 5674 03:57:49,800 --> 03:57:52,440 FIRST APPROACH AND NETWORK SCALE 5675 03:57:52,440 --> 03:57:53,960 IMPLANT WITH WIRELESS DATA 5676 03:57:53,960 --> 03:57:56,280 LOGGER IMPLANTED IN ANIMAL THAT 5677 03:57:56,280 --> 03:57:59,400 ALLOWS US TO RECORD FROM 128 5678 03:57:59,400 --> 03:58:01,920 CHANNELS BASICALLY IN PUSHING 5679 03:58:01,920 --> 03:58:03,520 INSIDE THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX, 5680 03:58:03,520 --> 03:58:04,920 VERY RELIABLE. 5681 03:58:04,920 --> 03:58:06,680 HOWEVER, IN THE FUTURE WE NEED 5682 03:58:06,680 --> 03:58:08,160 MULTI-SITE RECORDING TECHNOLOGY, 5683 03:58:08,160 --> 03:58:09,880 IT HAS TO BE WIRELESS, AND HAS 5684 03:58:09,880 --> 03:58:11,880 TO BE BUILT TO LAST AND SO ONE 5685 03:58:11,880 --> 03:58:13,520 OF THE THINGS THAT WE HAVE 5686 03:58:13,520 --> 03:58:16,320 STARTED COLLABORATING WITH 5687 03:58:16,320 --> 03:58:20,000 OTHERS SUCH AS (INDISCERNIBLE) 5688 03:58:20,000 --> 03:58:20,640 FROM SPIKE GADGETS IS 5689 03:58:20,640 --> 03:58:23,600 INTEGRATING FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS 5690 03:58:23,600 --> 03:58:25,920 THAT ARE HELD ON LITTLE NEEDLES 5691 03:58:25,920 --> 03:58:28,960 THEN EXTRACTED FROM THE PAIN AND 5692 03:58:28,960 --> 03:58:30,920 BASICALLY CIRCUMVENT THE 5693 03:58:30,920 --> 03:58:32,720 PULLIZATION OF TISSUE. 5694 03:58:32,720 --> 03:58:35,480 WITH THAT, I'M GOING TO GIVE TO 5695 03:58:35,480 --> 03:58:42,520 NEXT PERSON. 5696 03:58:42,520 --> 03:58:48,960 >> HI EVERYONE I'M DON, SENT -- 5697 03:58:48,960 --> 03:58:50,680 TIM DUNN, VICE PRESIDENT OF 5698 03:58:50,680 --> 03:58:51,880 DEVELOPMENTAL ENGINEERING AT 5699 03:58:51,880 --> 03:58:52,400 DUKE. 5700 03:58:52,400 --> 03:58:54,480 MY FOCUS IS DOING SOFTWARE FOR 5701 03:58:54,480 --> 03:58:56,600 THREE DIMENSIONAL HOST E 5702 03:58:56,600 --> 03:58:57,920 ESTIMATION AND LABORATORY ANIMAL 5703 03:58:57,920 --> 03:58:58,800 PRIMARILY RODENTS. 5704 03:58:58,800 --> 03:59:00,000 WE HAVE DEVELOPED A METHOD 5705 03:59:00,000 --> 03:59:01,400 CALLED DANCE WHICH STANDS FOR 5706 03:59:01,400 --> 03:59:03,880 THREE DIMENSIONAL ALYING NETWORK 5707 03:59:03,880 --> 03:59:07,240 FOR COMPUTATIONAL SOLID WHICH 5708 03:59:07,240 --> 03:59:09,440 USES METRIC RECONSTRUCTION TO 5709 03:59:09,440 --> 03:59:10,520 PREDICT THREE DIMENSIONAL 5710 03:59:10,520 --> 03:59:13,520 POSITIONS OF JOINTS ON ANIMALS 5711 03:59:13,520 --> 03:59:14,960 BODY AND TRACK THOSE OVER TIME. 5712 03:59:14,960 --> 03:59:17,520 THIS WORK IS DONE IN 5713 03:59:17,520 --> 03:59:17,920 COLLABORATION WITH 5714 03:59:17,920 --> 03:59:19,680 (INDISCERNIBLE) AND HIS LAB AT 5715 03:59:19,680 --> 03:59:27,000 HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 5716 03:59:27,000 --> 03:59:29,280 SO TO TRAIN THIS ALGORITHM ONE 5717 03:59:29,280 --> 03:59:32,040 HINGE WE DID FIRST WAS TO TAKE A 5718 03:59:32,040 --> 03:59:34,240 QUEUE FROM THE 3-D HUMAN POSE 5719 03:59:34,240 --> 03:59:35,960 ESTIMATION FUEL WHICH PEOPLE 5720 03:59:35,960 --> 03:59:37,080 DEVELOPED LARGE DATA SETS FOR 5721 03:59:37,080 --> 03:59:40,760 TRAINING AN BENCHMARKING THEIR 5722 03:59:40,760 --> 03:59:41,120 ALGORITHMS. 5723 03:59:41,120 --> 03:59:43,440 WE LACK THIS TYPE OF DATA SET 5724 03:59:43,440 --> 03:59:45,760 AND LABORATORY RODENTS JAN 5725 03:59:45,760 --> 03:59:47,360 MENTIONED ABOUT DEVELOPING LARGE 5726 03:59:47,360 --> 03:59:49,360 DATA SETS IN NON-HUMAN PRIMATES 5727 03:59:49,360 --> 03:59:52,160 BUT FOR RODENTS WE LACKED THESE 5728 03:59:52,160 --> 03:59:54,120 TYPES OF DATA SO TOGETHER WITH 5729 03:59:54,120 --> 03:59:56,640 JESSIE MARSHALL AND VINCE'S LAB, 5730 03:59:56,640 --> 04:00:00,240 WE DEVELOPED A DATA SET CALLED 5731 04:00:00,240 --> 04:00:03,800 RAT 7M, 7 MILLION FRAMES OF 5732 04:00:03,800 --> 04:00:06,440 COLOR VIDEO FRAMES FROM SIX 5733 04:00:06,440 --> 04:00:07,720 DIFFERENT VIEWS. 5734 04:00:07,720 --> 04:00:09,880 PAIRED TOGETHER WITH THREE 5735 04:00:09,880 --> 04:00:11,280 DIMENSIONAL MOTION CAPTURE DATA. 5736 04:00:11,280 --> 04:00:12,880 THE IDEA IS YOU TICK A RAT AND 5737 04:00:12,880 --> 04:00:14,640 THEN YOU CAN PUT LITTLE MARKERS 5738 04:00:14,640 --> 04:00:15,320 ON THE BODY. 5739 04:00:15,320 --> 04:00:18,320 THOSE MARKERS CAN BE TRACKED 5740 04:00:18,320 --> 04:00:21,360 USING A MOTION CATCHER SYSTEM ON 5741 04:00:21,360 --> 04:00:22,800 DIFFERENT CAMERAS TO RECONSTRUCT 5742 04:00:22,800 --> 04:00:24,320 THREE DIMENSIONAL POSITION OF 5743 04:00:24,320 --> 04:00:26,000 THOSE MARKERS AND AT THE SAME 5744 04:00:26,000 --> 04:00:27,920 TIME YOU CAN BE COLLECTING 5745 04:00:27,920 --> 04:00:29,360 SYNCHRONIZED COLOR VIDEO DATA 5746 04:00:29,360 --> 04:00:32,080 FROM SIX CAMERAS CALIBRATED INTO 5747 04:00:32,080 --> 04:00:34,200 THE SAME ORDINANCE SYSTEM AS 5748 04:00:34,200 --> 04:00:36,240 MOTION CAPTURE SO YOU HAVE THIS 5749 04:00:36,240 --> 04:00:37,040 VIDEO DATA SEASON CROW 5750 04:00:37,040 --> 04:00:38,720 RECOGNIZED WITH HIGH RESOLUTION 5751 04:00:38,720 --> 04:00:40,800 3-D DATA AND BUILD ALGORITHMS 5752 04:00:40,800 --> 04:00:44,280 FROM THE COLOR VIDEO DATA 5753 04:00:44,280 --> 04:00:45,280 INSTEAD OF LARGE MOTION CAPTURE 5754 04:00:45,280 --> 04:00:49,240 ARRAY TO GET THE SAME 3-D OUT 5755 04:00:49,240 --> 04:00:50,800 INSTEAD OF MEASURING BEHAVIOR IN 5756 04:00:50,800 --> 04:00:52,520 THESE ANIMALS. 5757 04:00:52,520 --> 04:00:54,200 SO WE TOOK RATS 7M AND CLUSTER 5758 04:00:54,200 --> 04:00:56,640 IT INTO A BUNCH AFTER 5759 04:00:56,640 --> 04:01:00,080 CATEGORIES, THAT IS USEFUL FOR 5760 04:01:00,080 --> 04:01:01,520 DATA DURING TRAINING AND ALSO 5761 04:01:01,520 --> 04:01:02,680 FOR DEVELOPING BENCHMARKS THAT 5762 04:01:02,680 --> 04:01:07,320 ARE SPECIFIC TO INDIVIDUAL TYPES 5763 04:01:07,320 --> 04:01:09,080 OF BEHAVIORS AT THE BOTTOM. 5764 04:01:09,080 --> 04:01:11,160 WE ALSO COLLECTED A DIFFERENT 5765 04:01:11,160 --> 04:01:13,960 DATA SET WHICH WAS TWO 5766 04:01:13,960 --> 04:01:16,600 INTERACTING RATS, CALLED PAIR R 5767 04:01:16,600 --> 04:01:18,920 24M, THAT STANDS FOR 24 MILLION 5768 04:01:18,920 --> 04:01:20,800 FRAMES OF COLOR VIDEO AND WHEN 5769 04:01:20,800 --> 04:01:23,760 USED VERY SIMILAR TECHNIQUE WE 5770 04:01:23,760 --> 04:01:25,480 ALSO PUT MARKERS ON THESE 5771 04:01:25,480 --> 04:01:27,840 ANIMALS UNFORTUNATELY COULDN'T 5772 04:01:27,840 --> 04:01:30,080 TRACK THE LIMBS AS WELL IN THESE 5773 04:01:30,080 --> 04:01:30,920 SOCIAL INTERACTING ANIMALS 5774 04:01:30,920 --> 04:01:32,440 BECAUSE OF THESE OCCLUSIONS WHEN 5775 04:01:32,440 --> 04:01:34,080 THEY ARE MOSTLY INTERACTING SO 5776 04:01:34,080 --> 04:01:35,880 WE HAVE FEWER POINTS ON THE BODY 5777 04:01:35,880 --> 04:01:39,080 BUT STILL HAVE VERY RUTH 5778 04:01:39,080 --> 04:01:39,800 BEHAVIORAL DATA SETS WE 5779 04:01:39,800 --> 04:01:42,000 COLLECTED OVER MANY DIFFERENT 5780 04:01:42,000 --> 04:01:42,880 INTERACTING RAT PAIRS. 5781 04:01:42,880 --> 04:01:44,440 WHAT YOU SEE IN THIS VIDEO DOWN 5782 04:01:44,440 --> 04:01:47,320 BELOW IS AN ILLUSTRATION OF SOME 5783 04:01:47,320 --> 04:01:49,480 OF THE DATA PAIR R 24M AND THERE 5784 04:01:49,480 --> 04:01:52,080 IS A LITTLE BEHAVIORAL MAPPING 5785 04:01:52,080 --> 04:01:53,520 RECOMMENDATION, THAT IS TELLING 5786 04:01:53,520 --> 04:01:55,520 US OF THESE INSAN TRAINIOUS 5787 04:01:55,520 --> 04:01:56,560 BEHAVIORS THESE ANIMALS ARE 5788 04:01:56,560 --> 04:01:57,760 ENGAGED IN, YOU CAN SEE THAT 5789 04:01:57,760 --> 04:01:59,920 ANIMATING OVER TIME. 5790 04:01:59,920 --> 04:02:03,360 ON THE RIGHT YOU SEE RAW 5791 04:02:03,360 --> 04:02:05,520 EXAMPLES OF THIS PAIR R 24M DATA 5792 04:02:05,520 --> 04:02:07,400 SET WHERE WE TAKE THREE 5793 04:02:07,400 --> 04:02:08,440 DIMENSIONAL POSITION OF LAND 5794 04:02:08,440 --> 04:02:11,440 MARKS AND PROJECTED DOWN ON TO 5795 04:02:11,440 --> 04:02:13,800 THE INDIVIDUAL VIDEO FRAMES. 5796 04:02:13,800 --> 04:02:16,640 SO VERY RICH MULTI-ANIMAL 3 5797 04:02:16,640 --> 04:02:25,120 DIMENSIONAL BEHAVIORAL DATA SET. 5798 04:02:25,120 --> 04:02:28,480 SO ONE THING WE HAVE DONE IS 5799 04:02:28,480 --> 04:02:29,680 DEVELOP SOME SOFTWARE THAT 5800 04:02:29,680 --> 04:02:34,320 RELIES ON BIG DATA SETS WE 5801 04:02:34,320 --> 04:02:43,120 COLLECTED, THIS IS THE DANCE. 5802 04:02:43,120 --> 04:02:44,560 THE DANCE TECHNOLOGY I MENTIONED 5803 04:02:44,560 --> 04:02:46,000 AT THE BEGINNING. 5804 04:02:46,000 --> 04:02:47,600 SO YOU CAN SEE OUTLINE OF WHAT 5805 04:02:47,600 --> 04:02:49,800 THAT TECHNOLOGY LOOKS HERE. 5806 04:02:49,800 --> 04:02:51,840 WE TYPICALLY USE SIX CAMERAS 5807 04:02:51,840 --> 04:02:55,480 THAT ARE SYNCHRONIZED THROUGH 5808 04:02:55,480 --> 04:02:56,200 THIS VOLUME METRIC 5809 04:02:56,200 --> 04:02:57,120 REPRESENTATION THESE INDIVIDUAL 5810 04:02:57,120 --> 04:03:00,120 IMAGES AND USE THREE DIMENSIONAL 5811 04:03:00,120 --> 04:03:02,680 CONVOLUTIONAL NETWORK TOE RATHER 5812 04:03:02,680 --> 04:03:04,280 THAN THIS BIG FOLD CAMERA MOTION 5813 04:03:04,280 --> 04:03:05,040 CAPTURE SYSTEM. 5814 04:03:05,040 --> 04:03:07,720 IN DOING SO YOU CAN GET THIS 5815 04:03:07,720 --> 04:03:11,520 FULL 3-D BODY TRACKING EVEN IN 5816 04:03:11,520 --> 04:03:12,760 ANIMALS THAT AREN'T BARING 5817 04:03:12,760 --> 04:03:13,160 MARKERS. 5818 04:03:13,160 --> 04:03:15,280 WE WORK A LOT IN RATS AND YOU 5819 04:03:15,280 --> 04:03:18,200 CAN SEE PREDICTION OF THOSE OF 5820 04:03:18,200 --> 04:03:19,600 DANCE ON COUPLE OF INTERACTING 5821 04:03:19,600 --> 04:03:20,520 RATS HERE. 5822 04:03:20,520 --> 04:03:21,800 ON THE BOTTOM YOU CAN SEE 5823 04:03:21,800 --> 04:03:26,560 EXAMPLES HOW WE CAN EXTEND 5824 04:03:26,560 --> 04:03:27,840 TRACKING TO DIFFERENT SPECIES 5825 04:03:27,840 --> 04:03:29,200 INCLUDING MICE AND DRAMATICALLY 5826 04:03:29,200 --> 04:03:32,080 DIFFERENT BODY PLANS FOR 5827 04:03:32,080 --> 04:03:34,080 INSTANCE IN BIRDS, SO IT IS THE 5828 04:03:34,080 --> 04:03:36,000 FLEXIBLE TOOL THAT WE ARE TRYING 5829 04:03:36,000 --> 04:03:38,240 TO CREATE AND PROVIDE COMMUNITY 5830 04:03:38,240 --> 04:03:40,040 TO MAKE THESE HIGH RESOLUTION 5831 04:03:40,040 --> 04:03:50,440 BEHAVIORAL MEASUREMENTS. 5832 04:03:55,200 --> 04:03:59,280 NEXT IS JENNIFER SUN. 5833 04:03:59,280 --> 04:04:01,160 >> HI, EVERYONE. 5834 04:04:01,160 --> 04:04:02,240 I'M JENNIFER. 5835 04:04:02,240 --> 04:04:04,880 I'M CURRENTLY A Ph.D. STUDENT 5836 04:04:04,880 --> 04:04:07,200 AT CAL TECH AND BROADLY SPEAKING 5837 04:04:07,200 --> 04:04:08,480 REALLY INTERESTED IN DEVELOPING 5838 04:04:08,480 --> 04:04:11,400 METHODS THAT CAN HELP SCIENTISTS 5839 04:04:11,400 --> 04:04:13,280 ANALYZE LARGE AMOUNTS OF 5840 04:04:13,280 --> 04:04:14,720 RECORDER SITES BIG DATA. 5841 04:04:14,720 --> 04:04:16,920 FOR EXAMPLE FOR AUTOMATICALLY 5842 04:04:16,920 --> 04:04:18,360 QUANTIFYING BEHAVIOR FROM VIDEOS 5843 04:04:18,360 --> 04:04:20,240 SO MORE SPECIFICALLY SEEK -- WE 5844 04:04:20,240 --> 04:04:21,200 ARE SPECIFICALLY SEEKING ON THE 5845 04:04:21,200 --> 04:04:22,760 PAST I WORKED ON MACHINE 5846 04:04:22,760 --> 04:04:26,040 LEARNING METHODS THAT INTEGRATE 5847 04:04:26,040 --> 04:04:27,280 LEARNING FROM BOTH HUMAN DOMAIN 5848 04:04:27,280 --> 04:04:29,520 EXPERTISE AS WELL AS DATA. 5849 04:04:29,520 --> 04:04:31,160 I ALSO WORKED ON METHODS THAT 5850 04:04:31,160 --> 04:04:33,400 CAN DISCOVER STRUCTURE FROM REAL 5851 04:04:33,400 --> 04:04:37,920 BROAD DATA IN ABSENCE OF HUMAN 5852 04:04:37,920 --> 04:04:38,320 INPUT. 5853 04:04:38,320 --> 04:04:40,080 I'M ALSO INTERESTED IN SYMBOLIC 5854 04:04:40,080 --> 04:04:41,880 MODELING WHICH HAS POTENTIAL TO 5855 04:04:41,880 --> 04:04:44,040 HELP DEVELOP INTERPRETABLE 5856 04:04:44,040 --> 04:04:45,520 BEHAVIORAL MODELS. 5857 04:04:45,520 --> 04:04:47,120 FURTHER RESOLUTION OF THIS SHORT 5858 04:04:47,120 --> 04:04:49,520 TALK I WILL FOCUS ON THE METHODS 5859 04:04:49,520 --> 04:04:52,440 THAT CONTACT BEHAVIOR FROM POST 5860 04:04:52,440 --> 04:04:53,960 DATA SO INTRODUCE EARLIER IN 5861 04:04:53,960 --> 04:04:55,200 THIS SESSION WE CAN DO KEY POINT 5862 04:04:55,200 --> 04:05:00,040 ESTIMATION ON TOP OF VIDEO DATA, 5863 04:05:00,040 --> 04:05:03,840 OUR GOAL IS TO GO FROM THESE KEY 5864 04:05:03,840 --> 04:05:05,200 POINTS THEN TRAIN CONSULTATION 5865 04:05:05,200 --> 04:05:07,440 MODELS TO CLASSIFY BEHAVIOR OF 5866 04:05:07,440 --> 04:05:10,240 ORGANISMS EACH FRAME. 5867 04:05:10,240 --> 04:05:11,480 SO IN THIS PIPELINE TWO SOURCES 5868 04:05:11,480 --> 04:05:13,280 OF HUMAN ANNOTATION. 5869 04:05:13,280 --> 04:05:14,720 IF WE WERE TRAINING MODEL 5870 04:05:14,720 --> 04:05:17,360 SUPERVISE WAY WE WOULD NEED 5871 04:05:17,360 --> 04:05:19,360 HUMAN ANNOTATION FOR KEY POINT 5872 04:05:19,360 --> 04:05:22,120 AS WELL AS ANNOTATION FOR 5873 04:05:22,120 --> 04:05:24,240 BRINGING BACK BEHAVIOR LABELS 5874 04:05:24,240 --> 04:05:25,960 CORRESPONDING TO BEHAVIOR OF 5875 04:05:25,960 --> 04:05:27,760 INTEREST SCIENTISTS LIKE TO 5876 04:05:27,760 --> 04:05:28,320 STUDY. 5877 04:05:28,320 --> 04:05:30,560 SO WHEN WE LOOK AT THESE TWO 5878 04:05:30,560 --> 04:05:33,240 SOURCES OF DATA, WE CAN 5879 04:05:33,240 --> 04:05:35,400 PREVIOUSLY LOOK AT METHODS THAT 5880 04:05:35,400 --> 04:05:37,000 CAN USE SUPERVISION TO HELP 5881 04:05:37,000 --> 04:05:40,240 REDUCE HUMAN ANNOTATION EFFORT 5882 04:05:40,240 --> 04:05:41,440 ON THE DATA SUPERVISION IS A 5883 04:05:41,440 --> 04:05:44,240 MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUE THAT 5884 04:05:44,240 --> 04:05:45,560 ALLOWS MODELS TO BE TRAINED ON 5885 04:05:45,560 --> 04:05:47,200 MAKE TASKS, THE FINAL DATA IS 5886 04:05:47,200 --> 04:05:49,480 USING HUMAN ANNOTATION. 5887 04:05:49,480 --> 04:05:51,360 ONE QUICK EXAMPLE OF SELF 5888 04:05:51,360 --> 04:05:53,240 SUPERVISION IS PREVIOUS WORK ON 5889 04:05:53,240 --> 04:05:54,480 DISCOVERING KEY POINTS FROM 5890 04:05:54,480 --> 04:05:56,680 BEHAVIOR VIDEOS. 5891 04:05:56,680 --> 04:05:58,040 IN THESE KEY POINTS EXAMPLES 5892 04:05:58,040 --> 04:06:00,000 THERE WERE NO HUMAN ANNOTATION 5893 04:06:00,000 --> 04:06:01,480 REQUIRED FOR DISCOVERING THE KEY 5894 04:06:01,480 --> 04:06:04,560 POINTS BECAUSE OUR MODELS WERE 5895 04:06:04,560 --> 04:06:07,600 TRAINED TO KEY POINTS USING 5896 04:06:07,600 --> 04:06:08,280 SELF-SUPERVISE SIGNAL FOR 5897 04:06:08,280 --> 04:06:09,200 RECONSTRUCTING THE AGENT 5898 04:06:09,200 --> 04:06:11,400 MOVEMENT FROM DATA. 5899 04:06:11,400 --> 04:06:13,480 GOING TO A LITTLE MORE DETAIL, 5900 04:06:13,480 --> 04:06:15,720 OUR WORK ON QUANTIFYING BEHAVIOR 5901 04:06:15,720 --> 04:06:17,760 USING A METHOD CALLED TASK 5902 04:06:17,760 --> 04:06:19,640 PREVAILING OUR TESTS WORK OUR 5903 04:06:19,640 --> 04:06:21,360 GOAL WAS TO IDENTIFY THE 5904 04:06:21,360 --> 04:06:22,440 REPRESENTATION LEARNING 5905 04:06:22,440 --> 04:06:24,560 FRAMEWORK FOR TRAINING MODEL 5906 04:06:24,560 --> 04:06:26,120 USING NEURAL NETWORKS AS WELL AS 5907 04:06:26,120 --> 04:06:29,520 FEATURE DESIGN WHICH ARE MOSTLY 5908 04:06:29,520 --> 04:06:30,960 BASED ON HUMAN (INAUDIBLE). 5909 04:06:30,960 --> 04:06:33,360 IN THIS FRAMEWORK THE FIRST PART 5910 04:06:33,360 --> 04:06:36,080 OF OUR METHOD IS SELF-SUPERVISE 5911 04:06:36,080 --> 04:06:37,960 SELF-TRAINING USING INPUT 5912 04:06:37,960 --> 04:06:41,040 TRAJECTORY DATA ITSELF WHICH 5913 04:06:41,040 --> 04:06:42,720 REPRESENT N. THE SELF-SUPERVISE 5914 04:06:42,720 --> 04:06:44,520 CASE WE MAPPED THE TRAJECTORY 5915 04:06:44,520 --> 04:06:47,080 DATA TO A LOWER REPRESENTATION 5916 04:06:47,080 --> 04:06:49,200 SPACE, REPRESENTED BY THIS BLUE 5917 04:06:49,200 --> 04:06:50,800 RECTANGLE ON THE SLIDE AND THEN 5918 04:06:50,800 --> 04:06:53,280 WE USE THAT SPACE TO RECONSTRUCT 5919 04:06:53,280 --> 04:06:55,120 INPUT TRAJECTORY WHICH IS 5920 04:06:55,120 --> 04:06:57,240 REPRESENTED BY THE RED DOTTED 5921 04:06:57,240 --> 04:06:59,200 LINE ON THE RIGHT HAND. 5922 04:06:59,200 --> 04:07:01,160 ON THE OTHER HAND OUR MODEL CAN 5923 04:07:01,160 --> 04:07:03,920 BE TRAINED USING CHEMO DOMAIN 5924 04:07:03,920 --> 04:07:04,920 KNOWLEDGE THROUGH THESE PROGRAMS 5925 04:07:04,920 --> 04:07:07,720 THAT CAN BE CONSTRUCTED BY 5926 04:07:07,720 --> 04:07:09,960 SCIENTISTS, THESE PROGRAMS ARE 5927 04:07:09,960 --> 04:07:12,200 CALLING -- ON THE SLIDES AND 5928 04:07:12,200 --> 04:07:15,200 THESE PROGRAMS REPRESENT 5929 04:07:15,200 --> 04:07:15,920 BEHAVIORAL ATTRIBUTES IMPORTANT 5930 04:07:15,920 --> 04:07:18,400 FOR IDENTIFY BEHAVIOR SUCH AS 5931 04:07:18,400 --> 04:07:21,280 THE ANIMALS I WILL SHOW ON THE 5932 04:07:21,280 --> 04:07:22,680 SLIDE, THESE PROGRAMS THINGS 5933 04:07:22,680 --> 04:07:24,840 LIKE SPEED OR FACING GO BETWEEN 5934 04:07:24,840 --> 04:07:26,800 ANIMALS AND ONCE YOU HAVE YOUR 5935 04:07:26,800 --> 04:07:29,800 INPUT DATA IN TERMS OF TAU AND 5936 04:07:29,800 --> 04:07:31,080 SUPERVISION, IN TERMS OF 5937 04:07:31,080 --> 04:07:32,600 PROGRAMS AND IN TERMS OF LAMBDA, 5938 04:07:32,600 --> 04:07:35,720 THE FRAMEWORK CAN BE TRAINED ALL 5939 04:07:35,720 --> 04:07:38,360 TOGETHER TO RESULT IN LOWER 5940 04:07:38,360 --> 04:07:39,280 DIMENSIONAL REPRESENTATION SPACE 5941 04:07:39,280 --> 04:07:41,400 FROM YOUR INPUT TRAJECTORY DATA 5942 04:07:41,400 --> 04:07:43,240 THAT HELP SEPARATE OUT THESE 5943 04:07:43,240 --> 04:07:44,600 BEHAVIORS OF INTEREST, THAT YOU 5944 04:07:44,600 --> 04:07:47,440 LIKE TO STUDY. 5945 04:07:47,440 --> 04:07:49,960 QUICKLY SHOWING QUALITATIVE 5946 04:07:49,960 --> 04:07:52,840 RESULTS, WE CAN SEE THAT WHEN WE 5947 04:07:52,840 --> 04:07:56,280 LOOK AT BEHAVIOR CLASSIFICATION 5948 04:07:56,280 --> 04:07:58,000 ERROR RAINING DATA FRACTION ON X 5949 04:07:58,000 --> 04:07:59,920 ACT SEIZE WE CAN SEE THAT WE 5950 04:07:59,920 --> 04:08:01,880 LOOK AT KEY POINT FEATURES 100% 5951 04:08:01,880 --> 04:08:04,800 OF THE DATA, WE SEE THAT USING 5952 04:08:04,800 --> 04:08:07,000 WE ACHIEVE THE SAME 5953 04:08:07,000 --> 04:08:09,720 CLASSIFICATION ERROR, KEY POINT 5954 04:08:09,720 --> 04:08:11,760 FEATURES 100% OF DATA WITH OUR 5955 04:08:11,760 --> 04:08:13,360 FEATURES JUST 10% DATA 5956 04:08:13,360 --> 04:08:15,320 CORRESPONDING TO TEN TIME 5957 04:08:15,320 --> 04:08:18,920 IMPROVEMENT IN EFFICIENCY. 5958 04:08:18,920 --> 04:08:20,360 FINALLY EARLIER TIM TALKED 5959 04:08:20,360 --> 04:08:22,000 IMPORTANCE OF BENCHMARKING, I 5960 04:08:22,000 --> 04:08:23,800 WANT TO EMPHASIZE IT IS 5961 04:08:23,800 --> 04:08:25,680 IMPORTANT AS WELL AS BEHAVIOR 5962 04:08:25,680 --> 04:08:28,840 MODELS AND PREVIOUSLY WE 5963 04:08:28,840 --> 04:08:31,280 INTRODUCED LARGE SCALE DATA SETS 5964 04:08:31,280 --> 04:08:32,400 BENCH MARKING SUPERVISE BEHAVIOR 5965 04:08:32,400 --> 04:08:33,800 CLASSIFICATION CONSISTING OF 5966 04:08:33,800 --> 04:08:35,680 MILLIONS OF FRAMES OF TRAJECTORY 5967 04:08:35,680 --> 04:08:40,920 DATA AS WELL AS HUMAN ANNOTATION 5968 04:08:40,920 --> 04:08:41,720 STUDYING SUPERVISE BEHAVIOR 5969 04:08:41,720 --> 04:08:42,320 MODELS. 5970 04:08:42,320 --> 04:08:43,440 THIS YEAR WE BENCHMARK 5971 04:08:43,440 --> 04:08:44,320 REPRESENTATION LEARNING MODEL 5972 04:08:44,320 --> 04:08:46,960 USING A DIFFERENT DATA SET 5973 04:08:46,960 --> 04:08:48,640 CONSISTING OF TRAJECTORY AS WELL 5974 04:08:48,640 --> 04:08:51,960 AS VIDEO DATA IN ORDER TO 5975 04:08:51,960 --> 04:08:52,400 BENCHMARK BEHAVIORAL 5976 04:08:52,400 --> 04:08:54,560 REPRESENTATION LEARNING AND 5977 04:08:54,560 --> 04:08:55,800 FINALLY I WANT TO CONCLUDE BY 5978 04:08:55,800 --> 04:08:58,560 SAYING WE ARE HAVING A COMMUNITY 5979 04:08:58,560 --> 04:09:01,280 DISCUSSION AND WORKSHOP AND 5980 04:09:01,280 --> 04:09:02,440 THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR 5981 04:09:02,440 --> 04:09:03,080 LISTENING TO THIS PRESENTATION. 5982 04:09:03,080 --> 04:09:13,280 THANK YOU. 5983 04:09:13,840 --> 04:09:15,840 >> MY NAME IS CHRIS NIELL, 5984 04:09:15,840 --> 04:09:16,960 UNIVERSITY OF OREGON. 5985 04:09:16,960 --> 04:09:18,680 MY LAB IS INTERESTING IN 5986 04:09:18,680 --> 04:09:19,760 UNDERSTANDS THE NEURAL CIRCUIT 5987 04:09:19,760 --> 04:09:22,040 THAT GUIDE VISUAL BEHAVIOR. 5988 04:09:22,040 --> 04:09:24,000 PARTICULAR WE ARE INTERESTEDDED 5989 04:09:24,000 --> 04:09:25,880 IN ACTIVE SENSING AND IMPACT OF 5990 04:09:25,880 --> 04:09:26,920 MOVEMENT ON VISUAL FUNCTION AND 5991 04:09:26,920 --> 04:09:30,120 HOW THE VISUAL SYSTEM PROCESSING 5992 04:09:30,120 --> 04:09:40,640 COMPLEX NATURAL SCENES. MOST 5993 04:09:40,640 --> 04:09:42,720 USES A PARADIGM WHERE SUBJECT 5994 04:09:42,720 --> 04:09:44,920 LOOKS AT GEE METRIC STIMULI ON 5995 04:09:44,920 --> 04:09:45,920 COMPUTER SCREEN AND SUBJECT HAS 5996 04:09:45,920 --> 04:09:48,360 TO MAKE A DECISION, MOVING A 5997 04:09:48,360 --> 04:09:52,760 BALL LEFT VERSUS RIGHT OR GO NO 5998 04:09:52,760 --> 04:09:54,680 GO, IN RESPONSE TO STIMULI TO 5999 04:09:54,680 --> 04:09:56,280 MAKE A DECISION HORIZONTAL 6000 04:09:56,280 --> 04:09:56,960 VERSUS VERTICAL. 6001 04:09:56,960 --> 04:09:58,560 THIS IS A POWERFUL APPROACH, FOR 6002 04:09:58,560 --> 04:09:59,880 ONE REASON IT ALLOWS 6003 04:09:59,880 --> 04:10:01,600 EXPERIMENTER TO DIRECTLY CONTROL 6004 04:10:01,600 --> 04:10:03,240 THE VISUAL STIMULUS PRESENTING 6005 04:10:03,240 --> 04:10:04,840 ON A SCREEN AND WE HAVE A DIRECT 6006 04:10:04,840 --> 04:10:07,440 READ OUT OF THE ANIMAL BEHAVIOR 6007 04:10:07,440 --> 04:10:08,840 DIRECTLY QUANTIFIED TO A 6008 04:10:08,840 --> 04:10:09,800 PSYCHOMETRIC FUNCTION SUCH AS 6009 04:10:09,800 --> 04:10:11,240 THE ONE ON THE LEFT. 6010 04:10:11,240 --> 04:10:13,400 SO WE THINK THIS IS 6011 04:10:13,400 --> 04:10:14,440 EXPERIMENTALLY POWERFUL, REALLY 6012 04:10:14,440 --> 04:10:15,440 LACKING IN LOTS OF THINGS WE 6013 04:10:15,440 --> 04:10:16,920 WANT TO STUDY IN TERMS OF 6014 04:10:16,920 --> 04:10:20,080 NATURAL VISUAL PROCESSING. 6015 04:10:20,080 --> 04:10:21,160 BECAUSE THE STIMULUS PROPERTIES 6016 04:10:21,160 --> 04:10:22,720 AND MOTOR OUTPUT ARE ARE 6017 04:10:22,720 --> 04:10:24,160 DECOUPLED TO ANIMAL NATURAL 6018 04:10:24,160 --> 04:10:25,440 BEHAVIOR REGIME. 6019 04:10:25,440 --> 04:10:28,960 NOT ONLY THE FACT WE ARE SEEING 6020 04:10:28,960 --> 04:10:32,840 GEOMETRIC STIMULI ON SCREEN 6021 04:10:32,840 --> 04:10:34,440 PRESENTING NATURAL SEENS THAT IS 6022 04:10:34,440 --> 04:10:36,040 RICH THAN 3 DIMENSIONAL 6023 04:10:36,040 --> 04:10:36,600 ENVIRONMENT WE MOVE THROUGH. 6024 04:10:36,600 --> 04:10:40,040 THE MOTOR OUTPUT MOVING A BALL 6025 04:10:40,040 --> 04:10:41,200 LEFT VERSUS RIGHT IS DIFFERENT 6026 04:10:41,200 --> 04:10:42,920 THAN THE WAY WE USUALLY INTERACT 6027 04:10:42,920 --> 04:10:44,520 MOVING TOWARDS AWAY, REACHING 6028 04:10:44,520 --> 04:10:45,480 OUT INTERACTING WITH THINGS. 6029 04:10:45,480 --> 04:10:48,520 AND IMPORTANTLY, MOVEMENTS 6030 04:10:48,520 --> 04:10:49,240 WITHIN THE ENVIRONMENT AFFECT 6031 04:10:49,240 --> 04:10:52,680 THE STIMULUS THEMSELVES AS WELL. 6032 04:10:52,680 --> 04:10:55,880 SO MOVING TO A MORE NATURAL 6033 04:10:55,880 --> 04:10:58,320 STUDY OF VISION, NATURAL CONTEXT 6034 04:10:58,320 --> 04:10:59,800 WE MOVE TOWARDETH LOGICAL 6035 04:10:59,800 --> 04:11:01,400 APPROACH TAKING BEHAVIOR THE 6036 04:11:01,400 --> 04:11:02,920 ANIMAL PERFORMANCE IN WILD AND 6037 04:11:02,920 --> 04:11:04,080 TRANSPLANTING THEM INTO 6038 04:11:04,080 --> 04:11:04,880 EXPERIMENTAL PARADIGMS IN THE 6039 04:11:04,880 --> 04:11:07,800 LAB. 6040 04:11:07,800 --> 04:11:11,320 FIRST DEVELOPED BY JENNIFER HOY 6041 04:11:11,320 --> 04:11:12,920 WHO ADAPTED AD PARADIGM SHOWN 6042 04:11:12,920 --> 04:11:14,800 HERE. 6043 04:11:14,800 --> 04:11:16,480 YOU CAN SEE THE MOUSE IN BLUE, 6044 04:11:16,480 --> 04:11:17,240 CRICKET IN IN RED. 6045 04:11:17,240 --> 04:11:19,440 ONCE THE MOUSE SEES CRICKET AND 6046 04:11:19,440 --> 04:11:20,840 MAKES THAT DIRECT BELINE 6047 04:11:20,840 --> 04:11:23,680 APPROACH TOWARD LOCATION THEY 6048 04:11:23,680 --> 04:11:25,080 AREN'T QUITE AS GOOD CATCHING 6049 04:11:25,080 --> 04:11:27,240 WHEN THEY GET WILL, MAYBE TO DO 6050 04:11:27,240 --> 04:11:30,080 WITH THE FACT THESE ARE LAB MICE 6051 04:11:30,080 --> 04:11:32,360 THAT DON'T HAVE EVOLVED CAPTURE 6052 04:11:32,360 --> 04:11:34,400 CRICKETS BUT ADVANTAGE OF FACT 6053 04:11:34,400 --> 04:11:36,320 CRICKET IS EACH INDIVIDUAL 6054 04:11:36,320 --> 04:11:38,720 APPROACH ACTS LIKE A TRIAL IN 6055 04:11:38,720 --> 04:11:39,800 TYPICAL BEHAVIORAL PARADIGM SO 6056 04:11:39,800 --> 04:11:42,160 NOW WE HAVE THE MOUSE 6057 04:11:42,160 --> 04:11:44,760 INTERACTING WITH NATURAL VISUAL 6058 04:11:44,760 --> 04:11:45,640 STIMULUS, CRICKET. 6059 04:11:45,640 --> 04:11:47,040 AND PERFORMING NATURAL 6060 04:11:47,040 --> 04:11:48,640 BEHAVIORAL MOTOR OUTPUT 6061 04:11:48,640 --> 04:11:49,840 DETECTING APPROACHING AND 6062 04:11:49,840 --> 04:11:53,800 CAPTURING THE CRICKET. 6063 04:11:53,800 --> 04:11:54,440 CORRESPONDINGLY SHE DEVELOPED 6064 04:11:54,440 --> 04:11:56,240 WAYS TO QUANTIFY THIS BEHAVIOR 6065 04:11:56,240 --> 04:11:59,360 SHOWN IN UPPER RIGHT IS THE 6066 04:11:59,360 --> 04:12:01,120 ANGLE THAT CRICKET ANGLE OF 6067 04:12:01,120 --> 04:12:03,040 CRICKET RELATIVE TO MOUSE HEAD 6068 04:12:03,040 --> 04:12:04,840 SO HOW ACCURATELY THEY TARGET 6069 04:12:04,840 --> 04:12:06,080 THE CRICKET AND BOTTOM RIGHT 6070 04:12:06,080 --> 04:12:07,120 PERFORMANCE IS FUNCTION OF 6071 04:12:07,120 --> 04:12:08,560 DISTANCE FROM THE CRICKET. 6072 04:12:08,560 --> 04:12:11,600 THIS ALLOWS CALCULATE SOMETHING 6073 04:12:11,600 --> 04:12:12,920 LIKE PSYCHOMETRIC CURVE IN THE 6074 04:12:12,920 --> 04:12:14,240 BEGINNING BUT CONTEXT OF NATURAL 6075 04:12:14,240 --> 04:12:17,200 BEHAVIOR READING OUT NOT ONLY 6076 04:12:17,200 --> 04:12:19,240 WHAT ANIMAL SEE BUT USING TO 6077 04:12:19,240 --> 04:12:19,680 GUIDE BEHAVIOR. 6078 04:12:19,680 --> 04:12:21,520 WE USE THIS PARADIGM TO STUDY 6079 04:12:21,520 --> 04:12:22,840 SEVERAL THINGS INCLUDING CELL 6080 04:12:22,840 --> 04:12:26,280 TYPES AND SUPERIOR CALICULUS 6081 04:12:26,280 --> 04:12:27,280 THAT MEDIATE DETECTION VERSUS 6082 04:12:27,280 --> 04:12:28,520 APPROACH AND HOW THE MICE MOVE 6083 04:12:28,520 --> 04:12:31,440 EYES PERFORMING THE TASK. 6084 04:12:31,440 --> 04:12:33,520 BASED ON SUCCESS WE HAVE GONE TO 6085 04:12:33,520 --> 04:12:34,720 DEVELOP OTHER VISUAL BEHAVIOR 6086 04:12:34,720 --> 04:12:45,640 PARADIGMS BASED O ON ETHOL ETHO- 6087 04:12:46,320 --> 04:12:47,800 MOTION ACTS AS A QUEUE 6088 04:12:47,800 --> 04:12:49,000 DEMONSTRATING UPPER RIGHT AS YOU 6089 04:12:49,000 --> 04:12:51,200 MOVE YOUR HEAD SIDE TO SIDE 6090 04:12:51,200 --> 04:12:53,200 OBJECTS FAR AWAY MOVE A LITTLE 6091 04:12:53,200 --> 04:12:54,360 BIT, OBJECTS CLOSE UP MOVE A 6092 04:12:54,360 --> 04:12:56,000 LOT. 6093 04:12:56,000 --> 04:12:57,240 PROJECT THE BEHAVIORAL TASK BILL 6094 04:12:57,240 --> 04:12:58,440 PARKER A POST DOC TRAINED MICE 6095 04:12:58,440 --> 04:13:00,440 TO JUMP ACROSS GAPS OF DIFFERENT 6096 04:13:00,440 --> 04:13:01,960 DISTANCES. 6097 04:13:01,960 --> 04:13:08,200 YOU WILL SEE THIS HERE THE MOUSE 6098 04:13:08,200 --> 04:13:09,400 BOB ITS HEAD UP AND DOWN AND 6099 04:13:09,400 --> 04:13:11,560 JUMP ACROSS THE GAP. 6100 04:13:11,560 --> 04:13:12,800 THAT BOBBING HEAD UP AND DOWN IS 6101 04:13:12,800 --> 04:13:14,760 WHAT WE THINK GENERATES MOTION 6102 04:13:14,760 --> 04:13:15,960 QUEUE THEY ARE USING TO ESTIMATE 6103 04:13:15,960 --> 04:13:18,120 DISTANCE. 6104 04:13:18,120 --> 04:13:20,680 LIKEWISE ABLE TO QUANTIFY THIS 6105 04:13:20,680 --> 04:13:22,880 BEHAVIOR AND BOTTOM LEFT IS 6106 04:13:22,880 --> 04:13:24,800 SIMPLE MEASURE SUCCESS RATE 6107 04:13:24,800 --> 04:13:27,040 VERSUS DISTANCE, CAN USE OCULAR 6108 04:13:27,040 --> 04:13:28,680 QUEUES IF THEY CLOSE AN EYE THEY 6109 04:13:28,680 --> 04:13:30,560 PERFORM THE TASK AS WELL, THEY 6110 04:13:30,560 --> 04:13:33,120 DON'T CRUISER REVISION BUT 6111 04:13:33,120 --> 04:13:34,840 MOTION PARALAX. 6112 04:13:34,840 --> 04:13:38,760 WE USE ARHAM TO DEFECT MOTIF SO 6113 04:13:38,760 --> 04:13:41,680 THESE MOTIFS ENHANCE DURING 6114 04:13:41,680 --> 04:13:44,040 OCULAR PERFORMANCE OF THE TASK 6115 04:13:44,040 --> 04:13:46,120 SYSTEM PARALAPSE. 6116 04:13:46,120 --> 04:13:53,000 THERE IS A BIG CHALLENGE IN 6117 04:13:53,000 --> 04:13:54,200 STUDYING NEURAL PROCESSING IN 6118 04:13:54,200 --> 04:13:55,520 NATURAL BEHAVIOR WHICH IS ANIMAL 6119 04:13:55,520 --> 04:13:57,000 MOVING AROUND SO TYPICALLY WHAT 6120 04:13:57,000 --> 04:13:59,400 WE DO IN DIGITAL PHYSIOLOGY WE 6121 04:13:59,400 --> 04:14:01,160 PRESENT STIMULUS MEASURE NEURAL 6122 04:14:01,160 --> 04:14:02,240 RESPONSE, IN THIS CASE ANIMAL IS 6123 04:14:02,240 --> 04:14:04,280 MOVING WE NO LONGER HAVE CONTROL 6124 04:14:04,280 --> 04:14:05,080 WHAT VISUAL STIMULUS IS. 6125 04:14:05,080 --> 04:14:06,120 IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE 6126 04:14:06,120 --> 04:14:07,840 STIMULUS ANIMAL MOVING THROUGH 6127 04:14:07,840 --> 04:14:08,720 THE ENVIRONMENT PHIL PARKER SET 6128 04:14:08,720 --> 04:14:11,280 UP A PARADIGM WITH HEAD MOUNTED 6129 04:14:11,280 --> 04:14:12,800 CAMERAS ONE WHICH LOOKS A IF THE 6130 04:14:12,800 --> 04:14:14,800 WORLD TO SEE WHAT THE PANEL IS 6131 04:14:14,800 --> 04:14:16,560 SEEING, ANOTHER BACK AT THE EYE 6132 04:14:16,560 --> 04:14:17,840 LOOKING WHERE THEY ARE WITHIN 6133 04:14:17,840 --> 04:14:20,280 THE VISUAL SCENE AND I USE TO 6134 04:14:20,280 --> 04:14:23,280 MEASURE HEAD MOVEMENTS AND 6135 04:14:23,280 --> 04:14:24,320 SILICON PROBES TO MEASURE 6136 04:14:24,320 --> 04:14:24,800 ACTIVITY. 6137 04:14:24,800 --> 04:14:26,840 WE GET SOMETHING LIKE THIS. 6138 04:14:26,840 --> 04:14:28,200 WE CAN SEE POSITION OF THE EYE, 6139 04:14:28,200 --> 04:14:32,320 WE CAN SEE ANIMAL IS SEEING WITH 6140 04:14:32,320 --> 04:14:33,600 ACTIVITY OF HUNDRED NEURONS AT 6141 04:14:33,600 --> 04:14:34,040 THE TIME. 6142 04:14:34,040 --> 04:14:35,640 YOU CAN SEE PATTERNS OF ACTIVITY 6143 04:14:35,640 --> 04:14:37,240 HERE WHEN ANIMAL SITTING STILL 6144 04:14:37,240 --> 04:14:39,040 VERSUS MOVING, POPULATION 6145 04:14:39,040 --> 04:14:40,920 ACTIVITY SHIFTS. 6146 04:14:40,920 --> 04:14:44,680 BIG ANALYSIS ON HOW WE RELAY 6147 04:14:44,680 --> 04:14:47,200 FREELY MOVING VIDEO TO NEURAL 6148 04:14:47,200 --> 04:14:48,320 ACTIVITY, GRAD STUDENT IN THE 6149 04:14:48,320 --> 04:14:50,040 LAB TOOK ON THIS CHALLENGE USE A 6150 04:14:50,040 --> 04:14:52,520 DEEP LEARNING APPROACH, MACHINE 6151 04:14:52,520 --> 04:14:54,280 LEARNING APPROACH, COMPENSATES 6152 04:14:54,280 --> 04:14:55,280 FOR EYE MOVEMENT TO CORRECT THAT 6153 04:14:55,280 --> 04:14:57,840 SCENE RELATIVE TO MASSES GAZED 6154 04:14:57,840 --> 04:15:00,600 AND ESTIMATE RECEPTOR FIELD IN 6155 04:15:00,600 --> 04:15:00,960 ONE FELL SWOOP. 6156 04:15:00,960 --> 04:15:02,440 WE CAN GET RECEPTOR FIELDS LIKE 6157 04:15:02,440 --> 04:15:04,200 A HEAD MIXED MOUSE BUT NOW IN 6158 04:15:04,200 --> 04:15:05,880 THE CONTEXT OF FREELY MOVING 6159 04:15:05,880 --> 04:15:06,720 MOUSE. 6160 04:15:06,720 --> 04:15:09,160 WE CAN EVEN PREDICT PATTERN 6161 04:15:09,160 --> 04:15:10,440 NEURAL ACTIVITY BASED ON WHAT 6162 04:15:10,440 --> 04:15:11,600 THE MOUSE IS SEEING MOVING 6163 04:15:11,600 --> 04:15:12,880 THROUGH THE ENVIRONMENT. 6164 04:15:12,880 --> 04:15:14,280 SO ALTOGETHER THIS PROVIDES A 6165 04:15:14,280 --> 04:15:17,920 NICE PARADIGM TO STUDY SENSORY 6166 04:15:17,920 --> 04:15:20,120 PROCESSING UNDERETH LOGICAL 6167 04:15:20,120 --> 04:15:22,440 CONDITIONS, PERFORMING A TASK, 6168 04:15:22,440 --> 04:15:25,040 MEASURE SENSORY INPUTS. 6169 04:15:25,040 --> 04:15:27,320 MEASURE NEURAL ACTIVITY AND USE 6170 04:15:27,320 --> 04:15:30,040 BEHAVIOR QUANTIFICATION MEASURES 6171 04:15:30,040 --> 04:15:31,400 TO QUANTITY OUTPUT. 6172 04:15:31,400 --> 04:15:33,120 NEURAL ACTIVITY AT BEHAVIOR. 6173 04:15:33,120 --> 04:15:34,840 WITH THAT I WILL PASS THINGS ON 6174 04:15:34,840 --> 04:15:40,640 TO BING. 6175 04:15:40,640 --> 04:15:42,160 >> HI, EVERYONE. 6176 04:15:42,160 --> 04:15:44,280 I'M FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF 6177 04:15:44,280 --> 04:15:44,960 WASHINGTON. 6178 04:15:44,960 --> 04:15:47,160 WE ARE GROUP OF COMPUTATIONAL 6179 04:15:47,160 --> 04:15:47,880 NEUROSCIENTISTS, WE ARE 6180 04:15:47,880 --> 04:15:50,200 INTERESTED IN CONNECTING NEURAL 6181 04:15:50,200 --> 04:15:51,480 PROCESSING AND BEHAVIOR 6182 04:15:51,480 --> 04:15:53,520 ESPECIALLY NATURAL BEHAVIOR SUCH 6183 04:15:53,520 --> 04:15:55,120 AS THE LENS CHRIS WAS TALKING IN 6184 04:15:55,120 --> 04:15:55,720 THE PREVIOUS TALK. 6185 04:15:55,720 --> 04:15:58,560 WHAT I WANT TO TALK ABOUT TODAY 6186 04:15:58,560 --> 04:16:00,400 ARE SET OF MODELS THAT REALLY 6187 04:16:00,400 --> 04:16:01,760 ACKNOWLEDGE THE FACT THAT 6188 04:16:01,760 --> 04:16:04,960 NATURAL BEHAVIORS ACTUALLY ALL 6189 04:16:04,960 --> 04:16:07,320 BUT NATURAL IN PARTICULAR ARE IN 6190 04:16:07,320 --> 04:16:10,840 INEXTRICABLY TIED TO ACTION AND 6191 04:16:10,840 --> 04:16:12,800 MEASURABLES OVERALL, THE ANIMAL 6192 04:16:12,800 --> 04:16:14,240 ACTS IN THE REAL WORLD WHICH 6193 04:16:14,240 --> 04:16:15,760 CHANGES IN SOME WAY AND THESE 6194 04:16:15,760 --> 04:16:17,080 CHANGES ARE DETECTED BY THE 6195 04:16:17,080 --> 04:16:18,160 ANIMAL THROUGH A SENSORY 6196 04:16:18,160 --> 04:16:19,680 MEASUREMENTS. 6197 04:16:19,680 --> 04:16:21,280 HERE THE WORLD COULD BE PHYSICAL 6198 04:16:21,280 --> 04:16:23,520 WORLD, COULD ALSO INCLUDES OTHER 6199 04:16:23,520 --> 04:16:24,880 AGENTS SUCH AS ANIMALS IN THE 6200 04:16:24,880 --> 04:16:28,480 SAME SPECIES OR EVEN INTERACTION 6201 04:16:28,480 --> 04:16:29,920 WITH ANIMALS OF DIFFERENT 6202 04:16:29,920 --> 04:16:32,720 SPECIES AS WELL. 6203 04:16:32,720 --> 04:16:34,280 SO ONE THING I'M EXCITED TO 6204 04:16:34,280 --> 04:16:36,280 THINK ABOUT IS NOT THAT THESE 6205 04:16:36,280 --> 04:16:39,400 TRACKING TECHNOLOGIES ARE 6206 04:16:39,400 --> 04:16:40,720 GETTING REALLY GOOD, ABILITY TO 6207 04:16:40,720 --> 04:16:42,920 SEE WHAT ANIMAL AND EVEN 6208 04:16:42,920 --> 04:16:45,040 INTERACT ANIMAL IS ALSO GETTING 6209 04:16:45,040 --> 04:16:45,400 BETTER. 6210 04:16:45,400 --> 04:16:47,360 SO THE TYPE OF MODELS WE ARE 6211 04:16:47,360 --> 04:16:48,640 BEING ABLE TO BUILD ACKNOWLEDGE 6212 04:16:48,640 --> 04:16:52,080 THE FACT THAT ALL THESE 6213 04:16:52,080 --> 04:16:53,960 INTERACTIONS ARE INCLUSIVE. 6214 04:16:53,960 --> 04:16:55,720 SO COUPLE OF EXAMPLES OF THAT, 6215 04:16:55,720 --> 04:16:58,680 MY LAB IS WORKING ON TO EMBRACE 6216 04:16:58,680 --> 04:17:01,800 THE CLOSE LOOP NATURE OF THESE 6217 04:17:01,800 --> 04:17:06,800 TYPES OF OF SO THE FIRST EXAMPLE 6218 04:17:06,800 --> 04:17:10,160 IS A BEHAVIOR KNOWN AS 6219 04:17:10,160 --> 04:17:11,040 (INAUDIBLE) BEHAVIOR THAT IS 6220 04:17:11,040 --> 04:17:18,080 DONE BY LOTS OF ANIMALS, INSECTS 6221 04:17:18,080 --> 04:17:18,840 AND TERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATES AND 6222 04:17:18,840 --> 04:17:19,120 THE LIKE. 6223 04:17:19,120 --> 04:17:20,600 THERE IS AN ODOR SOURCE, PIECE 6224 04:17:20,600 --> 04:17:22,080 OF FOOD OR MAYBE A MATE AND THE 6225 04:17:22,080 --> 04:17:25,920 ANIMAL IS TRYING TO FIND 6226 04:17:25,920 --> 04:17:26,880 LOCATION. 6227 04:17:26,880 --> 04:17:29,160 SO ODOR JUST THAT BLACK DOT ON 6228 04:17:29,160 --> 04:17:30,080 THE LEFT-HAND SIDE HERE. 6229 04:17:30,080 --> 04:17:32,440 SO WHEN THE ANIMAL GETS CLOSE 6230 04:17:32,440 --> 04:17:34,200 ENOUGH THE SEE TARGET USUAL 6231 04:17:34,200 --> 04:17:35,040 VISUALLY GUIDED BEFORE YOU CAN 6232 04:17:35,040 --> 04:17:38,920 SEE THE TARGET, JUST TRACKING 6233 04:17:38,920 --> 04:17:41,360 ODOR WHICH COULD BE TURBULENT 6234 04:17:41,360 --> 04:17:43,080 ENVIRONMENT AND INTERACTION 6235 04:17:43,080 --> 04:17:44,000 CHANGING LEADING TO INSULT LIKE 6236 04:17:44,000 --> 04:17:45,800 THAT SO THIS IS CHALLENGING 6237 04:17:45,800 --> 04:17:48,360 PROBLEM, IT IS DIFFERENT FROM 6238 04:17:48,360 --> 04:17:49,000 WHAT U YOU MIGHT BE FAMILIAR 6239 04:17:49,000 --> 04:17:51,600 WITH, BACTERIA CHEMOTACKSIS, 6240 04:17:51,600 --> 04:17:52,920 THERE IS NO GRADIENT TO SPEAK 6241 04:17:52,920 --> 04:17:53,440 OF. 6242 04:17:53,440 --> 04:17:56,200 THERE IS A REALLY LOVELY REVIEW 6243 04:17:56,200 --> 04:17:57,640 RECENTLY WRITTEN BY SEVERAL 6244 04:17:57,640 --> 04:17:59,040 AUTHORS REFERENCES ON THE BOTTOM 6245 04:17:59,040 --> 04:18:03,480 OF THE SLIDE THERE. 6246 04:18:03,480 --> 04:18:05,840 THAT HIGHLIGHT IT IS 6247 04:18:05,840 --> 04:18:07,120 COMPUTATIONAL DIFFICULTIES. 6248 04:18:07,120 --> 04:18:08,480 AND MULTI-SEASONSRY INTEGRATION, 6249 04:18:08,480 --> 04:18:11,240 INVOLVES NON-TRIVIAL MEMORY AS 6250 04:18:11,240 --> 04:18:11,640 WELL. 6251 04:18:11,640 --> 04:18:14,120 SO THE WAY WE WENT SOLVING THIS 6252 04:18:14,120 --> 04:18:15,760 PARTICULAR PROBLEM IS BY TAKING 6253 04:18:15,760 --> 04:18:16,760 A DEEP REINFORCEMENT LEARNING 6254 04:18:16,760 --> 04:18:17,840 APPROACH. 6255 04:18:17,840 --> 04:18:21,520 WHERE WE DEVELOPED A TURBULENT 6256 04:18:21,520 --> 04:18:22,920 PLUME SIMULATION, WHERE THE 6257 04:18:22,920 --> 04:18:27,240 PLUME IS SIMULATED AS A SET OF 6258 04:18:27,240 --> 04:18:29,120 POISSON DISTRIBUTED ODOR PUFFS 6259 04:18:29,120 --> 04:18:30,240 THAT ORIGIN NATIS FROM ORIGIN 6260 04:18:30,240 --> 04:18:32,720 AND GETS INFECTED DOWNSTREAM 6261 04:18:32,720 --> 04:18:33,200 FOLLOWING THE WIND. 6262 04:18:33,200 --> 04:18:36,280 SO THE LOCAL WIND DIRECTION ODOR 6263 04:18:36,280 --> 04:18:37,280 CONCENTRATION IS MADE AVAILABLE 6264 04:18:37,280 --> 04:18:39,120 TO AGENT AND AGENT THEN HAS THE 6265 04:18:39,120 --> 04:18:42,960 ABILITY TO EITHER MOVE FORWARD 6266 04:18:42,960 --> 04:18:43,920 OR (INAUDIBLE) LOCAL HERE. 6267 04:18:43,920 --> 04:18:49,840 THE AGENT IN THIS PARTICULAR 6268 04:18:49,840 --> 04:18:51,160 CASE, IMPLEMENTED AS CURRENT 6269 04:18:51,160 --> 04:18:51,560 NEURAL NETWORK. 6270 04:18:51,560 --> 04:18:54,960 WE ALSO IMPLEMENTED A CRITIC 6271 04:18:54,960 --> 04:18:58,840 MODEL WHERE WE TRAIN ACTOR ARM 6272 04:18:58,840 --> 04:19:00,680 IN USING TRIPS FROM LEARNING TO 6273 04:19:00,680 --> 04:19:02,320 TEACH IT TO RESPOND TO THIS 6274 04:19:02,320 --> 04:19:04,840 ENVIRONMENT USING ONLY LOCAL 6275 04:19:04,840 --> 04:19:06,520 INFORMATION TO LOCALIZE THE 6276 04:19:06,520 --> 04:19:07,360 SOURCE. 6277 04:19:07,360 --> 04:19:08,640 TO JUMP TO SOME OF THE 6278 04:19:08,640 --> 04:19:12,480 CONCLUSIONS, WHAT WE SEE IS THE 6279 04:19:12,480 --> 04:19:14,000 AGENT AS YOU CAN SEE HERE THE 6280 04:19:14,000 --> 04:19:15,520 BEHAVIORS ON THE LEFT HAHN SIDE, 6281 04:19:15,520 --> 04:19:17,160 AND THE UNDERLYING NEURAL 6282 04:19:17,160 --> 04:19:18,200 DYNAMICS ON THE RIGHT HAND SIDE. 6283 04:19:18,200 --> 04:19:19,600 WHAT I WILL HIGHLIGHT HERE ARE 6284 04:19:19,600 --> 04:19:21,320 COUPLE OF THINGS WE LEARNED FROM 6285 04:19:21,320 --> 04:19:22,080 THIS MODELING. 6286 04:19:22,080 --> 04:19:24,640 THE FIRST IS THAT DEEP 6287 04:19:24,640 --> 04:19:26,640 REINFORCEMENT AGENT CAN ACTUALLY 6288 04:19:26,640 --> 04:19:28,600 IMPLEMENT BEHAVIOR REALLY DO 6289 04:19:28,600 --> 04:19:30,200 RESEMBLE REAL INSECT BEHAVIOR 6290 04:19:30,200 --> 04:19:33,040 THAT DOES TASK SEARCH BEHAVIOR 6291 04:19:33,040 --> 04:19:34,640 CHARACTERISTIC OF THIS TYPE OF 6292 04:19:34,640 --> 04:19:37,240 PLUME TRACKING. 6293 04:19:37,240 --> 04:19:38,280 IMPORTANTLY, WHAT THIS 6294 04:19:38,280 --> 04:19:39,400 GENERATIVE MODEL SUGGESTED IS 6295 04:19:39,400 --> 04:19:41,200 COUPLE OF TESTABLE HYPOTHESES 6296 04:19:41,200 --> 04:19:42,840 THAT CAN BE TESTED IN ARENA. 6297 04:19:42,840 --> 04:19:44,720 WHAT IS REALLY COOL ABOUT THIS 6298 04:19:44,720 --> 04:19:46,240 APPROACH IS THAT THIS IS A TYPE 6299 04:19:46,240 --> 04:19:47,800 OF NATURAL BEHAVIOR WE LIKE TO 6300 04:19:47,800 --> 04:19:48,560 BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND. 6301 04:19:48,560 --> 04:19:50,800 YOU CAN TRACK IT IN REAL LIFE IF 6302 04:19:50,800 --> 04:19:54,200 YOU WANT TO LARGE ARENA WITH A 6303 04:19:54,200 --> 04:19:55,760 PLUME AND ON THE OTHER HAND IF 6304 04:19:55,760 --> 04:19:59,840 YOU HAD A ANIMAL YOU CAN RYE TO 6305 04:19:59,840 --> 04:20:00,400 INTERROGATE NEURODYNAMICS. 6306 04:20:00,400 --> 04:20:02,080 BUT LOOKING AT NATURAL BEHAVIOR 6307 04:20:02,080 --> 04:20:04,880 ON ORDER OF METER AND KILOMETER 6308 04:20:04,880 --> 04:20:07,520 AND HAVING ACCESS TO 6309 04:20:07,520 --> 04:20:09,000 NEURODYNAMICS IS NOT 6310 04:20:09,000 --> 04:20:09,840 EXPERIMENTALLY TRACTABLE RIGHT 6311 04:20:09,840 --> 04:20:10,400 NOW. 6312 04:20:10,400 --> 04:20:11,200 SO WHAT I LIKE ABOUT THE MODEL 6313 04:20:11,200 --> 04:20:13,880 IS IT PROVIDES A BRIDGE BETWEEN 6314 04:20:13,880 --> 04:20:16,840 BEHAVIORAL EXPERIMENTS AND 6315 04:20:16,840 --> 04:20:18,320 UNDERLYING NEURODYNAMICS IN A 6316 04:20:18,320 --> 04:20:19,880 WAY THAT WE CAN TIE TOGETHER 6317 04:20:19,880 --> 04:20:22,840 EXPERIMENTS IN A REALLY NICE 6318 04:20:22,840 --> 04:20:23,400 WAY. 6319 04:20:23,400 --> 04:20:25,040 ANOTHER SET OF EXPERIMENTS WE 6320 04:20:25,040 --> 04:20:27,760 ALSO TRIED TO UNDERSTAND IN THIS 6321 04:20:27,760 --> 04:20:31,000 WAY ARE DETAILED UNDERSTANDING 6322 04:20:31,000 --> 04:20:32,880 OF SOME POST DYNAMICS. 6323 04:20:32,880 --> 04:20:34,240 IN THIS CASE THIS IS A WALKING 6324 04:20:34,240 --> 04:20:36,760 FLY OPPOSED TO FLYING FLY. 6325 04:20:36,760 --> 04:20:38,640 WE HAVE TAKEN THE SAME KIND OF 6326 04:20:38,640 --> 04:20:42,480 CLOSE LOOP FLEXIBLE MODELING 6327 04:20:42,480 --> 04:20:44,920 APPROACH HERE WHERE WE CAN USE 6328 04:20:44,920 --> 04:20:45,880 COMPUTATIONAL MODELS TO TIE 6329 04:20:45,880 --> 04:20:46,600 TOGETHER DIFFERENT EXPERIMENTS 6330 04:20:46,600 --> 04:20:51,000 OF THE SAME UNDERLYING BEHAVIOR, 6331 04:20:51,000 --> 04:20:52,320 IN THIS CASE WALKING SO WE CAN 6332 04:20:52,320 --> 04:20:54,920 HAVE A DEI WILL TAD MODEL OF THE 6333 04:20:54,920 --> 04:20:58,120 PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS OF THE 6334 04:20:58,120 --> 04:21:00,320 PROPRIA ACCEPTOR MODEL AND 6335 04:21:00,320 --> 04:21:01,560 WHATEVER THE DYNAMICS ARE AND 6336 04:21:01,560 --> 04:21:03,520 HOPE TO HAVE SIMILARLY DETAILED 6337 04:21:03,520 --> 04:21:04,640 PHYSIOLOGICAL UNDERSTANDING OF 6338 04:21:04,640 --> 04:21:06,280 MUSCLE MECHANICS AND 6339 04:21:06,280 --> 04:21:07,200 BIOMECHANICS AS WELL. 6340 04:21:07,200 --> 04:21:09,000 SO THIS IS JUST A COUPLE OF 6341 04:21:09,000 --> 04:21:10,440 EXAMPLES WE WORKED ON BUT WHAT I 6342 04:21:10,440 --> 04:21:13,200 AM TRYING TO CONVEY IS THESE 6343 04:21:13,200 --> 04:21:15,240 CLOSE LOOP MODELS WILL BE 6344 04:21:15,240 --> 04:21:20,400 CENTRAL IN EFFORT TO GO FROM 6345 04:21:20,400 --> 04:21:22,480 TRACKING TO UNDERSTANDING OF THE 6346 04:21:22,480 --> 04:21:29,080 UNDERLYING NEURAL MECHANISMS. 6347 04:21:29,080 --> 04:21:32,840 >> HI EVERYONE MY NAME IS TIM 6348 04:21:32,840 --> 04:21:33,840 GENTNER, UNIVERSITY OF 6349 04:21:33,840 --> 04:21:35,600 CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO AND MY LAB 6350 04:21:35,600 --> 04:21:42,720 IS INTERESTED IN NEURAL BASES OF 6351 04:21:42,720 --> 04:21:43,360 COMMUNICATION ON PERCEPTUAL AND 6352 04:21:43,360 --> 04:21:45,280 ALSO PRODUCTION SIDE, TRYING TO 6353 04:21:45,280 --> 04:21:47,000 MODEL BEHAVIOR AND THE 6354 04:21:47,000 --> 04:21:48,280 UNDERLYING NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL 6355 04:21:48,280 --> 04:21:52,080 MECHANISMS IN A WAY THAT CAN 6356 04:21:52,080 --> 04:21:54,240 SERVE AS MODEL FOR BRAIN 6357 04:21:54,240 --> 04:21:54,880 COMPUTER INTERFACE. 6358 04:21:54,880 --> 04:21:57,080 WHAT I WANT TO DO TODAY IS TO 6359 04:21:57,080 --> 04:21:59,920 TAKE YOU THROUGH A RANGE OF 6360 04:21:59,920 --> 04:22:02,720 DIFFERENT STUDIES THAT WE HAVE 6361 04:22:02,720 --> 04:22:04,120 BEEN APPLYING VARIETY OF MACHINE 6362 04:22:04,120 --> 04:22:06,600 LEARNING METHODS TO GET BETTER 6363 04:22:06,600 --> 04:22:09,560 HANDLE ON THE STRUCTURE OF THESE 6364 04:22:09,560 --> 04:22:11,440 COMPLICATED COMMUNICATION SIGNAL 6365 04:22:11,440 --> 04:22:14,000 THAT SONG BIRDS PRODUCE AND 6366 04:22:14,000 --> 04:22:15,560 LEARNED SONGS IN WAY WE HAVE 6367 04:22:15,560 --> 04:22:19,400 BEEN ABLE TO USE THOSE MEASURES 6368 04:22:19,400 --> 04:22:22,840 TO BUILD BEHAVIORAL MODELS AND 6369 04:22:22,840 --> 04:22:25,080 THEN DRIVE INTO VARIETY OF 6370 04:22:25,080 --> 04:22:28,400 NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL QUESTIONS. 6371 04:22:28,400 --> 04:22:30,080 MOST DATA I WILL SHOW YOU IS 6372 04:22:30,080 --> 04:22:31,720 PUBLISHED, I WILL BE MOVING AT A 6373 04:22:31,720 --> 04:22:32,640 PRETTY HIGH LEVEL BUT WHAT I 6374 04:22:32,640 --> 04:22:34,160 WANT TO DO IS POINT OUT COUPLE 6375 04:22:34,160 --> 04:22:35,560 OF DIFFERENT CHALLENGES THAT 6376 04:22:35,560 --> 04:22:38,600 EXIST IN THIS SPACE. 6377 04:22:38,600 --> 04:22:41,560 FIRST SONG BIRDS ARE PROLIFIC, 6378 04:22:41,560 --> 04:22:42,760 ABOUT 4500 DIFFERENT SPECIES OF 6379 04:22:42,760 --> 04:22:44,160 SONG BIRDS, THE SONGS THAT 6380 04:22:44,160 --> 04:22:45,960 DIFFERENT SPECIES SING ARE VERY, 6381 04:22:45,960 --> 04:22:46,640 VERY DIFFERENT. 6382 04:22:46,640 --> 04:22:48,600 SO WHAT WE SET OUT TO DO IN 6383 04:22:48,600 --> 04:22:51,640 SERIES OF STUDIES PUBLISHED 6384 04:22:51,640 --> 04:22:56,040 TOGETHER WITH TALENTED STUDENT 6385 04:22:56,040 --> 04:22:57,200 KIM SINGBURG WAS CREATE METHODS 6386 04:22:57,200 --> 04:22:58,520 OR ASSEMBLE SET OF EXISTING 6387 04:22:58,520 --> 04:23:00,880 METHODS THAT ALLOWED US TO 6388 04:23:00,880 --> 04:23:02,800 EXAMINE DIVERSITY ACROSS WIDE 6389 04:23:02,800 --> 04:23:06,120 RANGE OF SPECIES AND ONE OF THE 6390 04:23:06,120 --> 04:23:09,520 QUESTIONS THAT WE SET OUT TO 6391 04:23:09,520 --> 04:23:11,560 GAIN INSIGHT TO INITIALLY WAS 6392 04:23:11,560 --> 04:23:15,960 THE ASSUMPTIONS THAT GO IN TO 6393 04:23:15,960 --> 04:23:17,240 UNDERSTANDING COMPLEX BEHAVIOR 6394 04:23:17,240 --> 04:23:18,360 IN GENERAL. 6395 04:23:18,360 --> 04:23:19,520 ONE OF THE BIG QUESTIONS IS 6396 04:23:19,520 --> 04:23:23,200 WHETHER OR NOT TO BUILD A 6397 04:23:23,200 --> 04:23:24,480 REPRESENTATION OF THAT SIGNAL OR 6398 04:23:24,480 --> 04:23:25,800 A MORE CONTINUOUS REPRESENTATION 6399 04:23:25,800 --> 04:23:26,680 OF THE SIGNAL. 6400 04:23:26,680 --> 04:23:27,960 AND TURNS OUT THAT A LOT OF THE 6401 04:23:27,960 --> 04:23:31,480 METHODS THAT ARE AVAILABLE MAKE 6402 04:23:31,480 --> 04:23:33,720 NUMBER OF ASSUMPTIONS THAT ARE 6403 04:23:33,720 --> 04:23:36,000 IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER WHEN YOU 6404 04:23:36,000 --> 04:23:38,280 ARE PROFESSING COMPLICATED PROF 6405 04:23:38,280 --> 04:23:40,200 BEHAVIORS DOWN INTO SMALLER 6406 04:23:40,200 --> 04:23:41,720 DIMENSIONAL LATENT SPACES. 6407 04:23:41,720 --> 04:23:44,720 ONE OF THOSE IS THE DISTINCTION 6408 04:23:44,720 --> 04:23:45,520 BETWEEN WHETHER OR NOT WE LOOK 6409 04:23:45,520 --> 04:23:47,120 AT GLOBAL VARIANTS OR LOCAL 6410 04:23:47,120 --> 04:23:48,760 VARIANTS IN THIS STRUCTURE OF 6411 04:23:48,760 --> 04:23:50,560 THE SIGNAL BOTH OF THOSE 6412 04:23:50,560 --> 04:23:54,080 POTENTIALLY RELEVANT AND I PUT 6413 04:23:54,080 --> 04:23:55,880 UP THIS SLIDE AS WAY OF POINTING 6414 04:23:55,880 --> 04:23:58,000 OUT THAT DECISIONS ABOUT WHETHER 6415 04:23:58,000 --> 04:23:59,480 TO REPRESENT GLOBAL OR LOCAL 6416 04:23:59,480 --> 04:24:01,640 VARIANTS USING SOMETHING 6417 04:24:01,640 --> 04:24:02,920 STRAIGHT FORWARD LIKE PRINCIPLE 6418 04:24:02,920 --> 04:24:06,520 COMPONENTS ANALYSIS OR MORE 6419 04:24:06,520 --> 04:24:10,480 LOCAL VARIANTS LIKE U MAP, ON 6420 04:24:10,480 --> 04:24:11,560 THE STRUCTURE OF THE LATENT 6421 04:24:11,560 --> 04:24:12,680 SPACE AND WHAT YOU ARE LOOKING 6422 04:24:12,680 --> 04:24:14,800 AT HERE ON THE LEFT HAND SIGH OR 6423 04:24:14,800 --> 04:24:16,360 RIGHT HAND SIDE OF THE FIGURE, 6424 04:24:16,360 --> 04:24:18,600 ARE PROJECTIONS OF THE SAME SET 6425 04:24:18,600 --> 04:24:21,760 OF LOCAL SIGNALS FROM A SINGLE 6426 04:24:21,760 --> 04:24:24,600 SPECIES, INTO FOUR LATENT SPACES 6427 04:24:24,600 --> 04:24:25,960 AND AS YOU CAN SEE THE 6428 04:24:25,960 --> 04:24:28,280 REPRESENTATIONS YOU GET OUT 6429 04:24:28,280 --> 04:24:31,400 UNDER THOSE CIRCUMSTANCES CAN BE 6430 04:24:31,400 --> 04:24:33,280 QUITE DIFFERENT. 6431 04:24:33,280 --> 04:24:36,200 IF WE TAKE THOSE LATENT SPACES 6432 04:24:36,200 --> 04:24:39,200 SETTLED ON A SET OF ASSUMPTIONS 6433 04:24:39,200 --> 04:24:43,680 THAT WE THINK ARE REASONABLE TO 6434 04:24:43,680 --> 04:24:45,360 ME, WE CAN CONSIDER ADDITIONAL 6435 04:24:45,360 --> 04:24:46,520 PROBLEM WHETHER OR NOT WE WANT 6436 04:24:46,520 --> 04:24:51,520 TO LOOK AT A DISCRATIZED VERSION 6437 04:24:51,520 --> 04:24:54,760 OF SIGNALS ANIMAL PRODUCING IN 6438 04:24:54,760 --> 04:24:56,840 THIS SPACE AND SHOW YOU SIGNAL 6439 04:24:56,840 --> 04:24:59,680 ON THE TOP FROM BIRD THAT SINGS 6440 04:24:59,680 --> 04:25:00,880 ELABORATE SONGS AND THEN IN THE 6441 04:25:00,880 --> 04:25:04,240 CENTER IS TO CREATE CONTINUOUS 6442 04:25:04,240 --> 04:25:05,840 REPRESENTATIONS OF THAT SONG 6443 04:25:05,840 --> 04:25:08,680 PROJECTED USING SMALL WINDOWS 6444 04:25:08,680 --> 04:25:11,640 INTO A U MAP REPRESENTATION 6445 04:25:11,640 --> 04:25:13,400 TAKING A LOOK AT MULTIPLE BOUTS 6446 04:25:13,400 --> 04:25:16,520 FROM LEFT TO RIGHT OF A SINGLE 6447 04:25:16,520 --> 04:25:18,440 MALE, SINGING MANY DIFFERENT 6448 04:25:18,440 --> 04:25:20,240 SONGS, AND WHAT YOU CAN SEE IS 6449 04:25:20,240 --> 04:25:23,640 THAT THERE IS A LOW DIMENSIONAL 6450 04:25:23,640 --> 04:25:25,320 TRAJECTORY WHERE VOCALIZATION 6451 04:25:25,320 --> 04:25:26,920 MOVES THROUGH THIS LATENT SPACE. 6452 04:25:26,920 --> 04:25:29,080 YOU CAN SEE REPEATING ELEMENTS 6453 04:25:29,080 --> 04:25:31,200 IN THE LOW DIMENSIONAL 6454 04:25:31,200 --> 04:25:33,560 TRAJECTORIES THAT GIVE US 6455 04:25:33,560 --> 04:25:35,080 INDICATION OF THIS COMPLICATED 6456 04:25:35,080 --> 04:25:37,240 STRUCTURE PROJECTED DOWN INTO A 6457 04:25:37,240 --> 04:25:38,560 SMALL NUMBER OF DIMENSIONS. 6458 04:25:38,560 --> 04:25:42,400 YOU CAN ALSO TAKE A DISCRATIZING 6459 04:25:42,400 --> 04:25:44,080 APPROACH INTO THIS VOCAL SIGNAL 6460 04:25:44,080 --> 04:25:45,440 INSTEAD OF LOOKING AT THE 6461 04:25:45,440 --> 04:25:47,720 CONTINUOUS SIGNAL YOU CAN GROUP 6462 04:25:47,720 --> 04:25:51,360 THESE CONSTELLATIONS OF SIMILAR 6463 04:25:51,360 --> 04:25:52,920 BEHAVIORS INTO SMALLER SPACES, 6464 04:25:52,920 --> 04:25:56,960 I'M SHOWING YOU NOW ON THE LOWER 6465 04:25:56,960 --> 04:26:00,640 ROW A REPRESENTATION OF 6466 04:26:00,640 --> 04:26:02,560 (INAUDIBLE) COMPRESSED TO LATENT 6467 04:26:02,560 --> 04:26:04,880 SPACE, ONCE YOU HAVE LATENT 6468 04:26:04,880 --> 04:26:06,160 SPACE REPRESENTATIONS YOU CAN 6469 04:26:06,160 --> 04:26:09,600 PERFORM A VARIETY OF DIFFERENT 6470 04:26:09,600 --> 04:26:11,480 CLUSTERING ALGORITHMS ON THEM 6471 04:26:11,480 --> 04:26:14,240 AND PULL OUT TRANSITION 6472 04:26:14,240 --> 04:26:17,640 MATRICES, THESE ALLOW YOU TO 6473 04:26:17,640 --> 04:26:21,880 CREATE A SAFE SPACE BASED 6474 04:26:21,880 --> 04:26:24,800 REPRESENTATION OF SIGNAL ITSELF. 6475 04:26:24,800 --> 04:26:25,800 THESE STATE SPACE 6476 04:26:25,800 --> 04:26:28,840 REPRESENTATIONS OF THE SIGNAL 6477 04:26:28,840 --> 04:26:32,200 ARE REALLY USEFUL IN PARTICULAR 6478 04:26:32,200 --> 04:26:34,480 IT LED TO REALLY IMPORTANT 6479 04:26:34,480 --> 04:26:37,560 UNDERSTANDING WHICH IS THAT 6480 04:26:37,560 --> 04:26:41,480 SIMPLY REPRESENTING SIGNAL IN A 6481 04:26:41,480 --> 04:26:45,400 COMPACT LATENT SPACE OR LOW 6482 04:26:45,400 --> 04:26:46,000 DIMENSIONAL COMPRESSION ISN'T 6483 04:26:46,000 --> 04:26:46,440 ENOUGH. 6484 04:26:46,440 --> 04:26:48,240 WHAT WE WANT TO HAVE IS A MODEL 6485 04:26:48,240 --> 04:26:50,080 OF BEHAVIOR AS WELL AND WHAT I'M 6486 04:26:50,080 --> 04:26:51,160 SHOWING YOU HERE ON THE 6487 04:26:51,160 --> 04:26:53,120 LEFT-HAND SIDE ARE THREE 6488 04:26:53,120 --> 04:26:55,240 DIFFERENT WAYS OF THINKING ABOUT 6489 04:26:55,240 --> 04:26:59,560 THE REPRESENTATION OF STATES 6490 04:26:59,560 --> 04:27:02,280 SPACE VOCALIZATIONS THAT EXIST 6491 04:27:02,280 --> 04:27:05,320 IN TIME SO YOU CAN THINK ABOUT 6492 04:27:05,320 --> 04:27:07,040 RELATIONSHIPS OF DIFFERENT 6493 04:27:07,040 --> 04:27:08,360 STATES IN TIME MIGHT HAVE TO ONE 6494 04:27:08,360 --> 04:27:09,800 ANOTHER AND PREDICTABILITY OF 6495 04:27:09,800 --> 04:27:11,320 THOSE RELATIONSHIPS ACROSS TIME. 6496 04:27:11,320 --> 04:27:15,160 WHAT WE ARE ABLE TO FIND IN THIS 6497 04:27:15,160 --> 04:27:16,160 PARTICULAR INVESTIGATION IS THAT 6498 04:27:16,160 --> 04:27:20,320 THOSE RELATIONSHIPS CAN BE QUITE 6499 04:27:20,320 --> 04:27:22,800 CONVENIENTLY EXPRESSED IN THREE 6500 04:27:22,800 --> 04:27:25,840 DIFFERENT WAYS SHOWN ACROSS THE 6501 04:27:25,840 --> 04:27:26,960 LOWER PANEL ON THE LEFT-HAND 6502 04:27:26,960 --> 04:27:30,040 SIDE IN RED YOU SEE A 6503 04:27:30,040 --> 04:27:31,280 HIERARCHICAL REPRESENTATION 6504 04:27:31,280 --> 04:27:33,240 BETWEEN THE STATE SPACES THAT 6505 04:27:33,240 --> 04:27:35,920 GIVES RISE TO A SCALE AND 6506 04:27:35,920 --> 04:27:37,440 VARIANT POWER LAW IN GREEN IN 6507 04:27:37,440 --> 04:27:41,320 THE CENTER YOU SEE A MARK OFF 6508 04:27:41,320 --> 04:27:42,400 REPRESENTATION THAT GIVES RISE 6509 04:27:42,400 --> 04:27:44,520 TO EXPONENTIAL FALL OFF IN 6510 04:27:44,520 --> 04:27:45,960 INFORMATION ACROSS TIME AND THEN 6511 04:27:45,960 --> 04:27:47,800 IN BLUE YOU SEE A COMBINATION OF 6512 04:27:47,800 --> 04:27:50,200 POWER LAW AND EXPONENTIAL MODEL 6513 04:27:50,200 --> 04:27:53,280 YOU CAN SEE EARLY EXPONENTIAL 6514 04:27:53,280 --> 04:27:54,400 DECAY FOLLOWED BY FLATTENING 6515 04:27:54,400 --> 04:27:54,840 OUT. 6516 04:27:54,840 --> 04:27:56,520 THE INTERESTING THING TO POINT 6517 04:27:56,520 --> 04:28:00,600 OUT, THE SAME KIND OF 6518 04:28:00,600 --> 04:28:01,280 REPRESENTATION, SAME STRUCTURE 6519 04:28:01,280 --> 04:28:02,240 STATISTICAL STRUCTURE OF 6520 04:28:02,240 --> 04:28:03,640 INFORMATION CAN BE OBSERVED IN 6521 04:28:03,640 --> 04:28:04,960 HUMAN SPEECH AND IN BIRD SONG. 6522 04:28:04,960 --> 04:28:07,080 SO WHAT I'M SHOWING YOU ON THE 6523 04:28:07,080 --> 04:28:09,680 LEFT-HAND SIDE IS A 6524 04:28:09,680 --> 04:28:10,960 REPRESENTATION FROM TWO 6525 04:28:10,960 --> 04:28:12,080 DIFFERENT HUMAN LANGUAGES 6526 04:28:12,080 --> 04:28:13,680 ENGLISH AN JAPANESE, AND THEN 6527 04:28:13,680 --> 04:28:15,480 FROM TWO DIFFERENT SPECIES OF 6528 04:28:15,480 --> 04:28:20,680 SONG BIRDS, A VERIO AND EUROPEAN 6529 04:28:20,680 --> 04:28:24,000 STARLING SHOWING THAT YOU GET 6530 04:28:24,000 --> 04:28:25,760 LOW SHORT DISTANCES YOU SEE 6531 04:28:25,760 --> 04:28:27,920 EXPONENTIAL DECAY IN THE 6532 04:28:27,920 --> 04:28:29,480 INFORMATION BETWEEN ELEMENTS AND 6533 04:28:29,480 --> 04:28:31,360 THAT LONGER DISTANCE POWER LAW 6534 04:28:31,360 --> 04:28:33,080 DECAY SO THIS SUGGESTED FROM 6535 04:28:33,080 --> 04:28:34,960 DEEP FUNDAMENTAL UNDERLYING 6536 04:28:34,960 --> 04:28:36,040 SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE WAY 6537 04:28:36,040 --> 04:28:37,880 HUMANS ARE STRUCTURING THEIR 6538 04:28:37,880 --> 04:28:39,880 VOCAL SIGNAL AND WAY OTHER 6539 04:28:39,880 --> 04:28:41,600 ANIMALSES ARE STRUCTURING VOCAL 6540 04:28:41,600 --> 04:28:42,520 SIGNALS AS WELL. 6541 04:28:42,520 --> 04:28:44,600 YOU CAN ALSO THINK ABOUT THE 6542 04:28:44,600 --> 04:28:46,120 BENEFIT OF COMPRESSING INTO A 6543 04:28:46,120 --> 04:28:48,960 LATENT SPACE, NOT JUST IN TERMS 6544 04:28:48,960 --> 04:28:54,640 OF GIVING YOU THIS MORE COMPACT 6545 04:28:54,640 --> 04:28:55,760 CATEGORICAL REPRESENTATION OF 6546 04:28:55,760 --> 04:28:58,000 SIGNAL BUT PROVIDING ITSELF A 6547 04:28:58,000 --> 04:28:58,920 DIRECT MODEL OF THE SIGNAL. 6548 04:28:58,920 --> 04:29:00,960 WE HAVE BEEN ABLE TO USE THE 6549 04:29:00,960 --> 04:29:04,280 POWER OF AUTO ENCODERS IN THIS 6550 04:29:04,280 --> 04:29:06,720 WAY TO PROJECT TRAIN THEM ON 6551 04:29:06,720 --> 04:29:08,360 LARGE CORPUSES OF BIRD SONG, 6552 04:29:08,360 --> 04:29:09,880 REJECT THOSE INTO SMALL 6553 04:29:09,880 --> 04:29:11,280 DIMENSIONAL LATENT SPACES AND 6554 04:29:11,280 --> 04:29:13,840 ONE THING WE FIND ABOUT BIRD 6555 04:29:13,840 --> 04:29:15,800 SONG IS THAT OFTENTIMES SIGNAL 6556 04:29:15,800 --> 04:29:17,680 ARE SPARSE WHICH IS WAY OF 6557 04:29:17,680 --> 04:29:18,920 SAYING YOU MIGHT HAVE ONE SOUND 6558 04:29:18,920 --> 04:29:20,320 THAT LIVES IN ONE PORTION OF THE 6559 04:29:20,320 --> 04:29:21,560 LATENT SPACE AND ANOTHER SOUND 6560 04:29:21,560 --> 04:29:24,400 THAT LIVES IN ANOTHER SOUND IN 6561 04:29:24,400 --> 04:29:26,360 ANOTHER LATENT SPACE AND NO 6562 04:29:26,360 --> 04:29:28,200 NATURALLY OCCURRING SOUNDS THAT 6563 04:29:28,200 --> 04:29:29,360 EXIST BETWEEN THOSE TWO 6564 04:29:29,360 --> 04:29:30,520 CATEGORIES. 6565 04:29:30,520 --> 04:29:33,680 BUT WE CAN USE LOW DIMENSIONAL 6566 04:29:33,680 --> 04:29:36,320 STRUCTURE OF AUTOINENCODER TO 6567 04:29:36,320 --> 04:29:37,840 INTER COLLATE BETWEEN THE LOW 6568 04:29:37,840 --> 04:29:40,840 DIMENSION -- BETWEEN THOSE TWO 6569 04:29:40,840 --> 04:29:42,360 CATEGORIES AND APPLY 6570 04:29:42,360 --> 04:29:45,680 PSYCHOPHYSICAL METHODS NOW TO 6571 04:29:45,680 --> 04:29:47,360 DEVELOP A VERY DETAILED 6572 04:29:47,360 --> 04:29:50,000 UNDERSTANDING OF THE WAY BIRDS 6573 04:29:50,000 --> 04:29:51,560 RECEIVE CHANGES -- PERCEIVE 6574 04:29:51,560 --> 04:29:53,440 CHANGES ACROSS THESE COMPLEX 6575 04:29:53,440 --> 04:29:54,320 COMMUNICATION SIGNAL. 6576 04:29:54,320 --> 04:29:56,440 I WON'T GO INTO THE DETAILS OF 6577 04:29:56,440 --> 04:29:59,680 THIS HERE. 6578 04:29:59,680 --> 04:30:02,680 BUT IT IS A WAY OF UNDERSTANDING 6579 04:30:02,680 --> 04:30:07,040 PERCEPTION USING THE MACHINE 6580 04:30:07,040 --> 04:30:09,840 LEARNING, IT IS AS A MODEL FOR 6581 04:30:09,840 --> 04:30:11,280 STATISTICAL STRUCTURE OF THE 6582 04:30:11,280 --> 04:30:13,480 SONG THAT ALLOWS US TO GENERATE 6583 04:30:13,480 --> 04:30:16,640 NOVEL INSTANCES THAT LIVE IN 6584 04:30:16,640 --> 04:30:18,120 THAT SAME NATURAL STIMULUS SPACE 6585 04:30:18,120 --> 04:30:19,880 BUT MIGHT NOT BE OBSERVABLE OUT 6586 04:30:19,880 --> 04:30:21,360 IN THE WILD. 6587 04:30:21,360 --> 04:30:23,960 OF COURSE THE BIG ADVANTAGE OF 6588 04:30:23,960 --> 04:30:28,600 USING SONG BIRDS IS THAT WE CAN 6589 04:30:28,600 --> 04:30:31,160 TODY THE SIGNAL BOTH FROM A 6590 04:30:31,160 --> 04:30:32,560 PRODUCTION AN PERCEPTION 6591 04:30:32,560 --> 04:30:33,520 STANDPOINT IN THE INTEREST OF 6592 04:30:33,520 --> 04:30:36,400 TIME I WON'T GO INTO DETAILS 6593 04:30:36,400 --> 04:30:38,360 HERE, WE HAVE BEEN USING PIXELS 6594 04:30:38,360 --> 04:30:40,120 AND OTHER LARGE ARRAYS TO REPORT 6595 04:30:40,120 --> 04:30:42,920 BIRDS WHILE PRODUCING 6596 04:30:42,920 --> 04:30:45,480 VOCALIZATIONS, USING OUR 6597 04:30:45,480 --> 04:30:47,000 UNDERSTANDING OF THE TEMPORAL 6598 04:30:47,000 --> 04:30:50,560 STRUCTURE OF THE MODEL IN ORDER 6599 04:30:50,560 --> 04:30:52,720 TO DESCRIBE THE SIGNAL AND THEN 6600 04:30:52,720 --> 04:30:55,040 USE THOSE DESCRIPTIONS TO 6601 04:30:55,040 --> 04:30:56,600 UNDERSTAND PERCEPTION DIRECTLY. 6602 04:30:56,600 --> 04:31:05,680 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 6603 04:31:05,680 --> 04:31:08,680 >> SO I WANTED TO REMINDER THAT 6604 04:31:08,680 --> 04:31:12,120 THERE IS A Q&A TAB ABOVE THE 6605 04:31:12,120 --> 04:31:13,440 CHAT ON YOUR SCREEN SO IF YOU 6606 04:31:13,440 --> 04:31:16,680 HAVE ANY QUESTIONS ABOUT THESE 6607 04:31:16,680 --> 04:31:17,840 TALKS, PLEASE QUESTION I SEE 6608 04:31:17,840 --> 04:31:20,240 SOME ARE COMING IN NOW BUT JUST 6609 04:31:20,240 --> 04:31:21,680 IN CASE NOW IS TIME TO PUT THOSE 6610 04:31:21,680 --> 04:31:23,080 QUESTIONS IN AND WE WILL GET TO 6611 04:31:23,080 --> 04:31:28,560 THEM AFTER WE HAVE A BRIEF PANEL 6612 04:31:28,560 --> 04:31:29,720 DISCUSSION 6613 04:31:29,720 --> 04:31:31,880 >> ANY QUESTIONS WE DEEM 6614 04:31:31,880 --> 04:31:36,000 IMPORTANT FOR THIS TOPIC. 6615 04:31:36,000 --> 04:31:38,360 SO THE FIRST QUESTION I WANT THE 6616 04:31:38,360 --> 04:31:39,800 START WITH GIVEN ALL THESE 6617 04:31:39,800 --> 04:31:42,840 TECHNOLOGIES THAT WE PRESENTED, 6618 04:31:42,840 --> 04:31:45,440 GIVEN THAT SCHEMATIC I SHOWED 6619 04:31:45,440 --> 04:31:47,880 WAS HUGE SYSTEM RENAISSANCE 6620 04:31:47,880 --> 04:31:48,920 TECHNOLOGY, WHAT ARE WE STILL 6621 04:31:48,920 --> 04:31:52,320 MISSING IN TERMS OF TECHNOLOGY 6622 04:31:52,320 --> 04:31:54,880 FOR BEHAVIORAL MEASUREMENT? 6623 04:31:54,880 --> 04:31:57,280 SO SO I WILL START THERE. 6624 04:31:57,280 --> 04:31:59,840 IT IS WHERE BROAD QUESTION 6625 04:31:59,840 --> 04:32:03,720 ANYONE HAVE ANYTHING TO SAY? 6626 04:32:03,720 --> 04:32:05,200 JAN AND CHRIS ARE READY TO GIVE 6627 04:32:05,200 --> 04:32:08,040 PERSPECTIVE ON THIS. 6628 04:32:08,040 --> 04:32:10,760 >> I CAN GIVE A LITTLE MY 6629 04:32:10,760 --> 04:32:13,600 PERSPECTIVE FROM THE LARGE 6630 04:32:13,600 --> 04:32:14,840 ANIMAL RECONSTRUCTION. 6631 04:32:14,840 --> 04:32:17,480 OUR MODELS ARE NOWHERE GOOD 6632 04:32:17,480 --> 04:32:18,120 ENOUGH YET. 6633 04:32:18,120 --> 04:32:22,480 WE ARE ONLY STARTING TO GET 6634 04:32:22,480 --> 04:32:24,960 TOWARDS GOOD RELIABLE 6635 04:32:24,960 --> 04:32:25,880 RECONSTRUCTIONS OVER LONGER 6636 04:32:25,880 --> 04:32:29,000 PERIODS OF TIME. 6637 04:32:29,000 --> 04:32:32,480 I THINK IF WE ARE PERCEIVE 6638 04:32:32,480 --> 04:32:35,560 FUTURE WE NEED MODELS LIKE HUMAN 6639 04:32:35,560 --> 04:32:37,040 MODELS, THAT HAVE THE SAME KIND 6640 04:32:37,040 --> 04:32:39,560 OF ACCURACY THAT HAVE THE SAME 6641 04:32:39,560 --> 04:32:44,000 KIND OF EASE OF USE WHERE PEOPLE 6642 04:32:44,000 --> 04:32:45,400 CAN PLUG IN DATA AND EVERYTHING 6643 04:32:45,400 --> 04:32:49,160 IS AGNOSTIC, BACKGROUND AND 6644 04:32:49,160 --> 04:32:51,520 CONTEXT INFORMATION AND SMALL 6645 04:32:51,520 --> 04:32:52,400 OCCLUSIONS DON'T MATTER AND IT 6646 04:32:52,400 --> 04:32:54,120 WORKS OUT AT THE BOX. 6647 04:32:54,120 --> 04:32:57,000 WE ARE NOT THERE YET. 6648 04:32:57,000 --> 04:32:58,680 A LOT OF USs SPECIALRY HERE IN 6649 04:32:58,680 --> 04:33:00,240 THIS PANEL BUT ALL CROSS THE 6650 04:33:00,240 --> 04:33:02,440 GLOBE ARE WORKING ON THESE 6651 04:33:02,440 --> 04:33:04,360 SOLUTIONS AND JENNIFER'S WORK IS 6652 04:33:04,360 --> 04:33:06,160 A WONDERFUL EXAMPLE OF BRIDGING 6653 04:33:06,160 --> 04:33:07,320 THE GAP AND TRYING TO MAKE IT 6654 04:33:07,320 --> 04:33:10,120 EASIER FOR THE USER TO GET 6655 04:33:10,120 --> 04:33:12,520 RELIABLE MODELS GOING. 6656 04:33:12,520 --> 04:33:15,320 BUT AS JENNIFER ALSO NOTED, IN 6657 04:33:15,320 --> 04:33:18,160 HER PAPER, THE GENERALIZATION IS 6658 04:33:18,160 --> 04:33:19,480 STILL NOT PERFECT. 6659 04:33:19,480 --> 04:33:21,960 AND ALL THESE DEEP LEARNING 6660 04:33:21,960 --> 04:33:23,440 MODELS ON THE FRONT END, THEY DO 6661 04:33:23,440 --> 04:33:26,240 RELY ON SIMPLE FACT THAT 6662 04:33:26,240 --> 04:33:28,240 EXAMPLES HAVE TO BE LEARNED. 6663 04:33:28,240 --> 04:33:30,280 SO WE NEED GIGANTIC DATA SETS. 6664 04:33:30,280 --> 04:33:40,680 WE ARE NOT THERE YET. 6665 04:33:42,840 --> 04:33:45,320 >>PROFESSOR: SO BIG SOLUTION IS 6666 04:33:45,320 --> 04:33:46,680 BIG DATA? 6667 04:33:46,680 --> 04:33:47,720 >> I DON'T THINK BIG SOLUTION IS 6668 04:33:47,720 --> 04:33:48,160 BIG DATA. 6669 04:33:48,160 --> 04:33:51,400 THIS IS JUST FRONT END. 6670 04:33:51,400 --> 04:33:52,880 WHAT I'M TRYING TO SAY IS 6671 04:33:52,880 --> 04:33:55,640 BASICALLY IF WE HAVE BING 6672 04:33:55,640 --> 04:33:57,800 WORKING ON PHENOMENAL MODELS AND 6673 04:33:57,800 --> 04:33:59,360 REALLY TRYING TO MAKE SENSE OF 6674 04:33:59,360 --> 04:34:03,200 THESE DATA SETS, TRYING TO LINK 6675 04:34:03,200 --> 04:34:04,880 THEM TO NEURAL ACTIVITY, WE NEED 6676 04:34:04,880 --> 04:34:06,600 TO MAKE SURE THAT WE CAN PROVIDE 6677 04:34:06,600 --> 04:34:09,280 HER WITH THE TYPE OF CLEAN DATA 6678 04:34:09,280 --> 04:34:11,080 THAT ACTUALLY IS USEFUL FOR HER 6679 04:34:11,080 --> 04:34:15,200 TO ANALYZE. 6680 04:34:15,200 --> 04:34:16,600 SO ON THE FRONT END NOT ONLY IS 6681 04:34:16,600 --> 04:34:18,760 THE MODELING MISSING BUT WE 6682 04:34:18,760 --> 04:34:22,280 HAVEN'T EVEN FULLY SOLVED OR 6683 04:34:22,280 --> 04:34:24,920 RESOLVED THE PROBLEM OF ACTUALLY 6684 04:34:24,920 --> 04:34:28,920 PROVIDING THE TYPE OF MODELS 6685 04:34:28,920 --> 04:34:30,920 NECESSARY. 6686 04:34:30,920 --> 04:34:35,720 PHENOMENAL JOB FOR RODENTS FOR 6687 04:34:35,720 --> 04:34:37,680 EXAMPLE, OUR EFFORTS ARE BABY 6688 04:34:37,680 --> 04:34:39,160 STEPPED IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION 6689 04:34:39,160 --> 04:34:41,400 BUT THERE IS MANY YEARS OF WORK 6690 04:34:41,400 --> 04:34:42,880 TO BE DONE THE MAKE MODELS 6691 04:34:42,880 --> 04:34:45,560 EXTREMELY AGNOSTIC. 6692 04:34:45,560 --> 04:34:46,920 AND TO PUT A DREAM OUT THERE IN 6693 04:34:46,920 --> 04:34:48,840 A PANEL I CAN DO THAT. 6694 04:34:48,840 --> 04:34:50,480 IS ONE DAY I WANT THESE MODELS 6695 04:34:50,480 --> 04:34:52,000 TO RUN ON MY SMART PHONE, I WANT 6696 04:34:52,000 --> 04:34:55,200 TO BE ABLE TO RUN INTO THE 6697 04:34:55,200 --> 04:34:58,960 JUNGLE AND I WANT SOME OUTPUT TO 6698 04:34:58,960 --> 04:35:01,720 TELL ME WHAT OR RANGE TANK IS 6699 04:35:01,720 --> 04:35:04,760 DOING IN LARGE GROUP OF ANIMALS, 6700 04:35:04,760 --> 04:35:05,720 POTENTIALLY NOT WHAT I WILL DO 6701 04:35:05,720 --> 04:35:11,360 IN THE FUTURE BUT ETHOLOGISTS 6702 04:35:11,360 --> 04:35:13,080 WOULD LOVE DOING THAT. 6703 04:35:13,080 --> 04:35:15,200 >> CHRIS YOU WERE GOING TO SAY 6704 04:35:15,200 --> 04:35:15,560 SOMETHING? 6705 04:35:15,560 --> 04:35:17,520 >> I WAS GOING TO FOLLOW ON IN 6706 04:35:17,520 --> 04:35:19,720 TERMS OF GETTING THIS DATA THAT 6707 04:35:19,720 --> 04:35:21,800 WE NEED IS THE WHOLE RANGE OF 6708 04:35:21,800 --> 04:35:23,400 MULTI-MODAL DATA THAT GOES ALONG 6709 04:35:23,400 --> 04:35:25,520 WITH BEHAVIOR. 6710 04:35:25,520 --> 04:35:28,000 SO HUGE ADVANCES IN TRACKING AND 6711 04:35:28,000 --> 04:35:29,320 ANIMALS ALONG WITH THAT ARE 6712 04:35:29,320 --> 04:35:31,760 THINGS LIKE MICROMOVEMENT SO MY 6713 04:35:31,760 --> 04:35:32,960 NEXT DOOR NEIGHBOR HAVE SHOWN 6714 04:35:32,960 --> 04:35:35,000 MICE MOVE THEY'RES WHEN TRYING 6715 04:35:35,000 --> 04:35:36,440 TO LOCALIZE SOMETHING WITH 6716 04:35:36,440 --> 04:35:38,400 AUDITORY QUEUES AND FOR US ON 6717 04:35:38,400 --> 04:35:39,880 THE SENSORY SIDE NOT JUST 6718 04:35:39,880 --> 04:35:41,720 QUANTIFYING ANIMAL DOING BUT 6719 04:35:41,720 --> 04:35:42,760 WHAT THE WHOLE ENVIRONMENT IS 6720 04:35:42,760 --> 04:35:45,640 DOING WHAT IS COMING TO ANIMAL. 6721 04:35:45,640 --> 04:35:47,480 TWOING WITH THAT IS THE TOOL TO 6722 04:35:47,480 --> 04:35:48,680 LINK THESE UP, NOT JUST FROM 6723 04:35:48,680 --> 04:35:52,120 ACTION TO THE NEURAL ACTIVITY 6724 04:35:52,120 --> 04:35:53,680 BUT TOGETHER ENVIRONMENT ANIMAL 6725 04:35:53,680 --> 04:35:55,240 AND NEURAL ACTIVITY AND BEING 6726 04:35:55,240 --> 04:35:56,280 MENTIONED CLOSING THAT LOOP 6727 04:35:56,280 --> 04:35:58,240 BECAUSE THE ANIMAL ACTS ON THE 6728 04:35:58,240 --> 04:35:59,440 ENVIRONMENT TO SEE HOW ALL THESE 6729 04:35:59,440 --> 04:35:59,920 FIT TOGETHER. 6730 04:35:59,920 --> 04:36:01,120 THAT IS WHAT NATURAL BEHAVIOR 6731 04:36:01,120 --> 04:36:02,200 IS. 6732 04:36:02,200 --> 04:36:04,040 SO MUCH WHAT WE DO THINK ABOUT 6733 04:36:04,040 --> 04:36:05,720 IS STIMULUS RESPONSE BEHAVIOR 6734 04:36:05,720 --> 04:36:07,200 WITH THAT CLOSE LOOP BEHAVIOR IS 6735 04:36:07,200 --> 04:36:10,880 WHAT IS INTERESTING. 6736 04:36:10,880 --> 04:36:13,960 >> I WILL ADD ONE MORE SHORT 6737 04:36:13,960 --> 04:36:14,720 COMMENT. 6738 04:36:14,720 --> 04:36:16,920 I LOVE EVERYONE -- EVERYTHING 6739 04:36:16,920 --> 04:36:18,480 THAT JAN AND CHRIS JUST SAID BUT 6740 04:36:18,480 --> 04:36:20,520 I THINK EVEN THE SYMPOSIUM IS 6741 04:36:20,520 --> 04:36:21,680 CALLED TRACKING TO 6742 04:36:21,680 --> 04:36:22,480 UNDERSTANDING, THE FACT THAT 6743 04:36:22,480 --> 04:36:24,480 HUMANS ARE PARTICULARLY VISUAL 6744 04:36:24,480 --> 04:36:25,360 CREE CHARS DOESN'T MEAN ALL 6745 04:36:25,360 --> 04:36:26,120 ANIMALS ARE. 6746 04:36:26,120 --> 04:36:29,920 SO THERE IS A LOT MORE IMPORTANT 6747 04:36:29,920 --> 04:36:31,200 BEHAVIOR THAT MEETS THE EYE. 6748 04:36:31,200 --> 04:36:33,880 SO FOR EXAMPLE, OUR ABILITY TO 6749 04:36:33,880 --> 04:36:37,800 MEASURE ODORS IS VERY POOR 6750 04:36:37,800 --> 04:36:39,160 COMPARED TO ABILITY TO BUILD 6751 04:36:39,160 --> 04:36:39,960 BETTER CAMERAS. 6752 04:36:39,960 --> 04:36:41,320 THAT IS SUPER IMPORTANT TO LOTS 6753 04:36:41,320 --> 04:36:42,000 OF ANIMALS. 6754 04:36:42,000 --> 04:36:44,440 SO IF WE WANT TO UNDERSTAND 6755 04:36:44,440 --> 04:36:47,080 NATURAL BEHAVIOR THERE IS MORE 6756 04:36:47,080 --> 04:36:48,040 TECHNOLOGY THAT IMMEDIATE TO BE 6757 04:36:48,040 --> 04:36:49,720 BUILT IN ADDITION TO WHAT JAN 6758 04:36:49,720 --> 04:36:52,280 SAID ON THE FRONT END, FUSION 6759 04:36:52,280 --> 04:36:54,000 TECHNOLOGIES MORE TO BE BUILT ON 6760 04:36:54,000 --> 04:36:55,840 THE SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE END 6761 04:36:55,840 --> 04:36:57,360 AND OTHER SENSORY MODALITIES AS 6762 04:36:57,360 --> 04:37:02,520 WELL. 6763 04:37:02,520 --> 04:37:04,760 >> I AGREE WITH THESE COMMENTS 6764 04:37:04,760 --> 04:37:07,760 AND I THINK IT IS WONDERFUL TO 6765 04:37:07,760 --> 04:37:11,680 SEE DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGIES. 6766 04:37:11,680 --> 04:37:18,200 WE ALSO HAVE TO BE FOLLOWING ON 6767 04:37:18,200 --> 04:37:19,880 BING'S INSIGHT, WE HAVE TO BE 6768 04:37:19,880 --> 04:37:23,480 CAREFUL HOW WE DIRECT RESOURCES 6769 04:37:23,480 --> 04:37:26,080 IN TERMS OF JUST BUILDING THINGS 6770 04:37:26,080 --> 04:37:29,520 THAT CAN TAKE IN MORE DATA. 6771 04:37:29,520 --> 04:37:31,880 PART OF THAT MEANS THAT THERE 6772 04:37:31,880 --> 04:37:34,960 ARE TRADITIONS, IN ETHOLOGY YOU 6773 04:37:34,960 --> 04:37:40,240 CAN GO BACK THE VON -- TO GET 6774 04:37:40,240 --> 04:37:43,120 INSIGHT INTO DIFFERENCES THAT 6775 04:37:43,120 --> 04:37:44,360 DIFFERENT WAYS DIFFERENT ANIMALS 6776 04:37:44,360 --> 04:37:45,760 EXPERIENCE THE WORLD AND 6777 04:37:45,760 --> 04:37:47,200 CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOLOGY FOR ALL 6778 04:37:47,200 --> 04:37:52,080 ITS OPERATIONALIZATION AND FOCUS 6779 04:37:52,080 --> 04:37:53,960 ON MECHANISM TELLS US A LOT 6780 04:37:53,960 --> 04:37:55,760 ABOUT THE WAY BOTH SENSORY AND 6781 04:37:55,760 --> 04:37:59,040 MOTOR SYSTEMS CAN BE SELECTIVE 6782 04:37:59,040 --> 04:38:00,440 IN THEIR ATTENTIONAL MECHANISMS 6783 04:38:00,440 --> 04:38:03,880 OR IN THE AFOR DANCE THEY PLACE 6784 04:38:03,880 --> 04:38:07,000 ON THE WORLD. 6785 04:38:07,000 --> 04:38:09,640 PART OF WHAT WE NEED TO DO GOING 6786 04:38:09,640 --> 04:38:10,520 FORWARD IS THINK ABOUT 6787 04:38:10,520 --> 04:38:12,160 ABSOLUTELY EXPANDING THE SCOPE 6788 04:38:12,160 --> 04:38:16,120 OF WHAT WE CAN MEASURE BUT DOING 6789 04:38:16,120 --> 04:38:20,600 IT IN A WAY THAT BRINGS IN 6790 04:38:20,600 --> 04:38:23,160 KNOWLEDGE THAT EXISTS ABOUT 6791 04:38:23,160 --> 04:38:24,600 BEHAVIOR IN THESE OTHER DOMAINS 6792 04:38:24,600 --> 04:38:26,600 SO THAT WE DON'T END UP, IF OUR 6793 04:38:26,600 --> 04:38:29,760 GOAL IS TO HAVE SOMETHING ON 6794 04:38:29,760 --> 04:38:31,440 SMART PHONE THAT RUNS WE NEED TO 6795 04:38:31,440 --> 04:38:36,400 BE SELECTIVE ABOUT WHAT ENDS UP 6796 04:38:36,400 --> 04:38:37,440 THERE THERE ARE GOOD MODELS OUT 6797 04:38:37,440 --> 04:38:39,640 THERE, FIELDS TO DEDICATEDDED TO 6798 04:38:39,640 --> 04:38:40,400 THAT QUESTION. 6799 04:38:40,400 --> 04:38:42,800 THAT THE MACHINE LEARNING 6800 04:38:42,800 --> 04:38:45,360 ENGINEERING APPROACH HASN'T 6801 04:38:45,360 --> 04:38:47,720 SYNCHRONIZED WITH IN A REALLY 6802 04:38:47,720 --> 04:38:50,040 COMPELLING WAY. 6803 04:38:50,040 --> 04:38:51,960 >> THAT BRINGS US TO ANOTHER 6804 04:38:51,960 --> 04:38:54,520 QUESTION, SORRY JENNIFER. 6805 04:38:54,520 --> 04:38:56,640 >> I WAS -- YOU CAN GO TO THE 6806 04:38:56,640 --> 04:38:58,920 QUESTION, AND I -- AFTERWARDS. 6807 04:38:58,920 --> 04:39:00,840 >> IN CONTEXT OF NEW QUESTION 6808 04:39:00,840 --> 04:39:03,080 WHICH IS WE WANT TO DISCUSS WHAT 6809 04:39:03,080 --> 04:39:04,840 ARE BIGGEST GAPS BETWEEN TOOL 6810 04:39:04,840 --> 04:39:06,800 MAKERS AND PRACTICERS AND WHAT 6811 04:39:06,800 --> 04:39:08,480 DO WE NEED TO DO TO MAKE SURE WE 6812 04:39:08,480 --> 04:39:13,480 FOSTER RELATIONSHIPS CONTINUE TO 6813 04:39:13,480 --> 04:39:14,600 DELIVER RESULTS YOU HAVE ALL 6814 04:39:14,600 --> 04:39:17,720 BEEN MENTIONING. 6815 04:39:17,720 --> 04:39:22,200 SO THAT IS SOMETHING I WANT TO 6816 04:39:22,200 --> 04:39:23,520 ADDRESS, EARLIER I THINK TIM YOU 6817 04:39:23,520 --> 04:39:26,000 HAD A GOOD POINT IN THAT RIGHT 6818 04:39:26,000 --> 04:39:28,000 NOW THERE IS A LOT OF MACHINE 6819 04:39:28,000 --> 04:39:28,920 LEARNING RESEARCH THAT MAY NOT 6820 04:39:28,920 --> 04:39:32,000 BE CONNECTED TO THE DOWNSTREAM 6821 04:39:32,000 --> 04:39:33,160 SCIENTIFIC QUESTIONS OR 6822 04:39:33,160 --> 04:39:36,880 DOWNSTREAM BEHAVIOR WE WANT TO 6823 04:39:36,880 --> 04:39:37,600 GET FROM THESE. 6824 04:39:37,600 --> 04:39:39,240 ONE GAP THAT I SEE AT LEAST FROM 6825 04:39:39,240 --> 04:39:40,440 THE COMPUTER SCIENCE 6826 04:39:40,440 --> 04:39:43,280 PERSPECTIVE, IS THAT THERE IS SO 6827 04:39:43,280 --> 04:39:45,160 MUCH DEVELOPMENT IN COMPUTER 6828 04:39:45,160 --> 04:39:47,080 SCIENCE SPACE THESE LARGE SCALE 6829 04:39:47,080 --> 04:39:49,600 STANDARDIZED DATA SETS FOR 6830 04:39:49,600 --> 04:39:52,520 EXAMPLE CLASSIFICATION YOU GUYS 6831 04:39:52,520 --> 04:39:54,920 OFFER UP AND I THINK HAVING 6832 04:39:54,920 --> 04:39:56,040 THESE LARGE SCALE DEVELOPING 6833 04:39:56,040 --> 04:39:57,320 IDEAS THAT CAN BE HELPFUL FOR 6834 04:39:57,320 --> 04:39:59,120 MACHINE LEARNING COMMUNITY SO 6835 04:39:59,120 --> 04:40:00,440 THAT WHEN WE ARE DEVELOPING 6836 04:40:00,440 --> 04:40:02,360 THESE TOOLS WE CAN MEASURE IF 6837 04:40:02,360 --> 04:40:04,560 OUR MODEL IS DOING BETTER THAN 6838 04:40:04,560 --> 04:40:06,080 TOOLS AND WE CAN UNDERSTAND IF 6839 04:40:06,080 --> 04:40:08,440 THERE IS ANY GAPS IN 6840 04:40:08,440 --> 04:40:09,240 DEVELOPMENT. 6841 04:40:09,240 --> 04:40:11,360 SO WE MOVE ON TO NEW SENSOR 6842 04:40:11,360 --> 04:40:13,560 MODALITIES, THESE NEW ORGANISMS, 6843 04:40:13,560 --> 04:40:14,480 NEW SCIENTIFIC QUESTIONS, IT 6844 04:40:14,480 --> 04:40:16,960 WILL BE REALLY GOOD TO THINK 6845 04:40:16,960 --> 04:40:21,080 ABOUT HOW WE CAN BETTER CONNECT 6846 04:40:21,080 --> 04:40:23,120 PRACTICERS TO NEEDS OF TOOL 6847 04:40:23,120 --> 04:40:26,120 BUILDERS SO WE CAN BUILD MODELS 6848 04:40:26,120 --> 04:40:27,120 THAT MAKE THESE CONNECTIONS YOU 6849 04:40:27,120 --> 04:40:33,560 GUYS WERE MENTIONING. 6850 04:40:33,560 --> 04:40:38,120 >> ONE MAJOR THING THAT HAS COME 6851 04:40:38,120 --> 04:40:40,640 UP IN MY CAREER THE LAST COUPLE 6852 04:40:40,640 --> 04:40:42,520 OF YEARS ALSO WITH OUR OTHER 6853 04:40:42,520 --> 04:40:43,840 COLLABORATORS IS IT IS NOT 6854 04:40:43,840 --> 04:40:46,240 ALWAYS TRIVIAL FOR LAB LIKE MY 6855 04:40:46,240 --> 04:40:49,120 SIZE TO BE ABLE TO HELP THE 6856 04:40:49,120 --> 04:40:50,320 OTHER LABS OUT THERE TO BE ABLE 6857 04:40:50,320 --> 04:40:52,680 TO HELP THE PEOPLE THAT WANT TO 6858 04:40:52,680 --> 04:40:54,560 IMPLEMENT TOOLS WE DEVELOP. 6859 04:40:54,560 --> 04:40:58,880 THIS IS INCREDIBLY UNFORTUNATE 6860 04:40:58,880 --> 04:41:02,560 AND NOT MY DESIGN TO BE 6861 04:41:02,560 --> 04:41:03,200 GATEKEEPER BUT SOME OF THE TOOLS 6862 04:41:03,200 --> 04:41:07,880 WE PRODUCE ARE SO COMPLEX SO 6863 04:41:07,880 --> 04:41:09,640 LARGE, THAT THERE INCREDIBLY 6864 04:41:09,640 --> 04:41:10,160 DIFFICULT TO SHIP. 6865 04:41:10,160 --> 04:41:13,160 I SEE THAT HAPPENING IN A LOT OF 6866 04:41:13,160 --> 04:41:16,400 DOMAINS OF ANIMAL BEHAVIORAL 6867 04:41:16,400 --> 04:41:18,040 CLASSIFICATION, THAT WE ARE 6868 04:41:18,040 --> 04:41:22,200 BUILDING THIS INFRASTRUCTURE 6869 04:41:22,200 --> 04:41:24,160 ALMOST LIKE PYTHON MT. BEGINNING 6870 04:41:24,160 --> 04:41:25,680 WAS NOT MEANT FOR WHAT IT IS 6871 04:41:25,680 --> 04:41:27,600 DOING TODAY AND NOW IT IS A 6872 04:41:27,600 --> 04:41:28,720 CONGLOMERATE OF THINGS TO EACH 6873 04:41:28,720 --> 04:41:30,520 OTHER AND IT BECOMES 6874 04:41:30,520 --> 04:41:34,160 OVERWHELMING TO ME AND I WANT TO 6875 04:41:34,160 --> 04:41:35,360 GO BACK BEFORE BUT WHAT I'M 6876 04:41:35,360 --> 04:41:40,960 TRYING TO SAY IS WE HAVE HAVE 6877 04:41:40,960 --> 04:41:44,960 CREATED A MONSTER WITH ALL THESE 6878 04:41:44,960 --> 04:41:47,120 TOOLS TOGETHER AND WE GET TO GET 6879 04:41:47,120 --> 04:41:50,640 TOGETHER AND HEAR WHAT WORKS HOW 6880 04:41:50,640 --> 04:41:53,120 DOES IT WORK FOR PEOPLE AND HOW 6881 04:41:53,120 --> 04:41:56,920 WOULD IDEAL WORK FLOW LOOK LIKE 6882 04:41:56,920 --> 04:41:58,240 IN THEIR PLAN LABS TO COME UP 6883 04:41:58,240 --> 04:42:02,400 WITH A BETTER SOLUTION? 6884 04:42:02,400 --> 04:42:05,040 >> I GUESS RELATED TO THAT 6885 04:42:05,040 --> 04:42:07,000 EVERYONE WANTS TO MEASURE 6886 04:42:07,000 --> 04:42:08,400 SOMETHING DIFFERENT, BEHAVIOR 6887 04:42:08,400 --> 04:42:12,280 WHICH MAKES IT VERY COMPLEX. 6888 04:42:12,280 --> 04:42:14,120 NOT JUST THINK ABOUT DEVELOPMENT 6889 04:42:14,120 --> 04:42:16,000 OF NEURAL RECORDING TECHNOLOGIES 6890 04:42:16,000 --> 04:42:18,080 EARN CAN AGREE WANT SOMETHING TO 6891 04:42:18,080 --> 04:42:21,440 MEASURE AND ACTION POTENTIAL 6892 04:42:21,440 --> 04:42:21,960 RANGE. 6893 04:42:21,960 --> 04:42:25,440 THIS PARTICULAR CASE BEHAVIORAL 6894 04:42:25,440 --> 04:42:27,880 QUANTIFICATION IS COMPLEX AND 6895 04:42:27,880 --> 04:42:29,680 CUSTOMIZABLE AND SO HOW WE RALLY 6896 04:42:29,680 --> 04:42:31,880 BEHIND POTENTIALLY STANDARD 6897 04:42:31,880 --> 04:42:35,080 DEFINITIONS TO SIMPLIFY THESE 6898 04:42:35,080 --> 04:42:39,240 TECHNOLOGIES IS AN OPEN 6899 04:42:39,240 --> 04:42:41,040 QUESTION. 6900 04:42:41,040 --> 04:42:42,760 ANYONE HAVE IDEAS MAKING THE 6901 04:42:42,760 --> 04:42:45,960 TECHNOLOGY MORE ACCESSIBLE TO 6902 04:42:45,960 --> 04:42:47,400 THE COMMUNITY? 6903 04:42:47,400 --> 04:42:49,120 >> I THINK -- 6904 04:42:49,120 --> 04:42:50,760 >> AT THE RISK OF -- 6905 04:42:50,760 --> 04:42:53,800 >> SORRY. 6906 04:42:53,800 --> 04:42:56,040 >> THERE IS SMALL LAG, SORRY. 6907 04:42:56,040 --> 04:42:58,840 AT THE RISK OF KICKING THE CAN 6908 04:42:58,840 --> 04:43:00,240 FARTHER DOWN THE ROAD I THINK A 6909 04:43:00,240 --> 04:43:02,960 CRUCIAL PIECE THAT WE CANNOT 6910 04:43:02,960 --> 04:43:04,760 IGNORE IS ACTUALLY EDUCATING NOT 6911 04:43:04,760 --> 04:43:06,520 JUST COMPUTATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE 6912 04:43:06,520 --> 04:43:08,080 TOOL BUILDERS AND ALL 6913 04:43:08,080 --> 04:43:09,160 NEUROSCIENTISTS AND 6914 04:43:09,160 --> 04:43:10,800 COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES. 6915 04:43:10,800 --> 04:43:15,120 ESPECIALLY RECENT YEARS THERE 6916 04:43:15,120 --> 04:43:16,320 HAVE BEEN SURGEONS OF 6917 04:43:16,320 --> 04:43:17,400 EXPERIMENTALISTS WANTING TO GAIN 6918 04:43:17,400 --> 04:43:18,560 MORE COMPUTATIONAL SKILLS AND 6919 04:43:18,560 --> 04:43:20,680 THAT IS WONDERFUL. 6920 04:43:20,680 --> 04:43:22,960 AND I THINK EFFORTS LIKE LOTS OF 6921 04:43:22,960 --> 04:43:24,400 SUMMER SCHOOLS, LOTS OF PEOPLE 6922 04:43:24,400 --> 04:43:28,240 WITH COURSES, LARGE EFFORTS LIKE 6923 04:43:28,240 --> 04:43:30,320 NEUROMETRIC ACADEMY HAVE COME A 6924 04:43:30,320 --> 04:43:33,040 LONG WAY IN TERMS OF EDUCATING 6925 04:43:33,040 --> 04:43:34,880 EVERYONE AND COMPETENCY OF -- SO 6926 04:43:34,880 --> 04:43:37,000 IT IS NOT JUST ON THE TOOL 6927 04:43:37,000 --> 04:43:38,600 BUILDERS TO MAKE TOOLS MORE 6928 04:43:38,600 --> 04:43:40,480 ACCESSIBLE IT IS ON THE 6929 04:43:40,480 --> 04:43:42,360 PRACTICERS AND END USERS TO BE A 6930 04:43:42,360 --> 04:43:45,920 LITTLE MORE FLEXIBLE IN IN TERMS 6931 04:43:45,920 --> 04:43:49,320 OF MEETING THE TOOLS WHERE THEY 6932 04:43:49,320 --> 04:43:50,520 ARE AT. 6933 04:43:50,520 --> 04:43:51,320 MAKING THEM DO WHATEVER THEY 6934 04:43:51,320 --> 04:43:52,240 WANT TO DO. 6935 04:43:52,240 --> 04:43:55,200 THAT'S GOT TO BE PART OF THE 6936 04:43:55,200 --> 04:44:01,360 SOLUTION. 6937 04:44:01,360 --> 04:44:05,600 >> JUST TO JAN'S POINT, I THINK 6938 04:44:05,600 --> 04:44:09,680 THAT PART OF THE ANSWER LIES IN 6939 04:44:09,680 --> 04:44:12,880 MOVEMENT AWAY FROM THE FULL 6940 04:44:12,880 --> 04:44:15,920 STACK LABORATORY APPROACH. 6941 04:44:15,920 --> 04:44:17,600 THAT MEANS BUILDING TEAMS AND 6942 04:44:17,600 --> 04:44:20,320 MEANS BUILDING TEAMS THAT SPAN 6943 04:44:20,320 --> 04:44:22,040 COMPUTATION IN NEUROSCIENCE OR 6944 04:44:22,040 --> 04:44:23,680 COMPUTATION IN ENGINEERING OR 6945 04:44:23,680 --> 04:44:26,040 COMPUTATION ENGINEERING AND 6946 04:44:26,040 --> 04:44:26,680 NEUROSCIENCE. 6947 04:44:26,680 --> 04:44:28,960 SO THAT WE ARE BRINGING IN 6948 04:44:28,960 --> 04:44:34,880 PEOPLE WHO HAVE EXPERTISE IN 6949 04:44:34,880 --> 04:44:38,240 MOVING DEVELOPMENT SOFTWARE TO A 6950 04:44:38,240 --> 04:44:39,480 PRODUCTION LEVEL STANDARD THAT 6951 04:44:39,480 --> 04:44:43,160 CAN HELP US TO CREATE DATA SETS 6952 04:44:43,160 --> 04:44:45,880 THAT ARE SHAREABLE AND OFFER 6953 04:44:45,880 --> 04:44:48,680 SOME KIND OF UNIFORMITY FOR 6954 04:44:48,680 --> 04:44:50,000 FUTURE DEVELOPMENT NOT THAT WE 6955 04:44:50,000 --> 04:44:51,720 WANT TO DO SCIENCE ON UNIFORM 6956 04:44:51,720 --> 04:44:53,400 DATA SETS, THAT'S THE OPPOSITE 6957 04:44:53,400 --> 04:44:55,080 APPROACH THAT I WOULD TAKE. 6958 04:44:55,080 --> 04:44:57,120 BUT I THINK THAT IN TERMS OF 6959 04:44:57,120 --> 04:45:00,280 MAKING THE TOOLS ACCESSIBLE THAT 6960 04:45:00,280 --> 04:45:01,600 REALLY GOING TO BE THE ONLY WAY 6961 04:45:01,600 --> 04:45:04,000 THAT WE DO IT. 6962 04:45:04,000 --> 04:45:05,800 POURING MORE RESOURCES INTO A 6963 04:45:05,800 --> 04:45:08,000 SINGLE LAB THAT IS BUILDING 6964 04:45:08,000 --> 04:45:10,680 SOMETHING AS OPPOSED TO GROUPS 6965 04:45:10,680 --> 04:45:19,400 IS NOT GOING TO REALLY BENEFIT. 6966 04:45:19,400 --> 04:45:20,240 >> CHRIS. 6967 04:45:20,240 --> 04:45:23,960 >> I'M SEEING A PARALLEL HERE 6968 04:45:23,960 --> 04:45:25,520 BETWEEN DEVELOPMENT OF TOOLS AND 6969 04:45:25,520 --> 04:45:27,360 PEOPLE WHO WERE NECESSARILY 6970 04:45:27,360 --> 04:45:28,920 COMPUTATIONALLY NEED TO USE THEM 6971 04:45:28,920 --> 04:45:30,800 WITH WHAT HAPPENED 15 YEARS AGO 6972 04:45:30,800 --> 04:45:32,560 IN SYSTEMS NEUROSCIENCE IN 6973 04:45:32,560 --> 04:45:33,440 OPTOGENETICS AND VIRAL METHODS 6974 04:45:33,440 --> 04:45:34,840 CAME OUT AND PEOPLE WHO WERE 6975 04:45:34,840 --> 04:45:36,040 MONKEY PHYSIOLOGISTS HAD TO 6976 04:45:36,040 --> 04:45:38,040 LEARN WHAT A SEROTYPE OF VIRUS 6977 04:45:38,040 --> 04:45:40,120 WAS, WE WERE TEAMING UP WITH THE 6978 04:45:40,120 --> 04:45:41,200 MOLECULAR BIOLOGIST DOWN THE 6979 04:45:41,200 --> 04:45:43,400 HALL WEI TO MAKE CONSTRUCTS AND 6980 04:45:43,400 --> 04:45:45,040 OVER TIME THAT KNOWLEDGE BECAME 6981 04:45:45,040 --> 04:45:45,640 COMMON. 6982 04:45:45,640 --> 04:45:47,560 THE FIRST TIME I WROTE A GRANT I 6983 04:45:47,560 --> 04:45:50,600 HAD TO EXPLAIN WHAT CRE LOX IS. 6984 04:45:50,600 --> 04:45:51,680 I DON'T THINK YOU HAVE TO DO 6985 04:45:51,680 --> 04:45:52,600 THAT ANY MORE. 6986 04:45:52,600 --> 04:45:55,280 TRAINEES SOME UP, THESE ARE 6987 04:45:55,280 --> 04:45:56,560 ESTABLISHED AND ALSO THE 6988 04:45:56,560 --> 04:45:58,400 STREAMLINING THE TECHNIQUES AND 6989 04:45:58,400 --> 04:45:59,680 YOU CAN BUY VIRUSES HAVE FROM AD 6990 04:45:59,680 --> 04:46:01,800 GENE AS OPPOSED TO VIROLOGIST 6991 04:46:01,800 --> 04:46:05,120 DOWN THE HAUL MAKE IT SO IT IS A 6992 04:46:05,120 --> 04:46:06,360 LITTLE BIT OF SITE WITHIN 6993 04:46:06,360 --> 04:46:06,880 ITSELF. 6994 04:46:06,880 --> 04:46:08,560 >> THAT WILL HAPPEN ORGANICALLY? 6995 04:46:08,560 --> 04:46:11,360 OR WAS THERE SOMETHING -- 6996 04:46:11,360 --> 04:46:14,480 (OVERLAPPING SPEAKERS) 6997 04:46:14,480 --> 04:46:17,600 >> I THINK MENTIONED NOW THERE 6998 04:46:17,600 --> 04:46:19,560 IS THE NEUROMAX AND THERE'S 6999 04:46:19,560 --> 04:46:20,880 VENUES FOR PROVIDING THAT 7000 04:46:20,880 --> 04:46:22,640 EDUCATION THE SAME WAY THINGS 7001 04:46:22,640 --> 04:46:24,040 POPPED UP 15 YEARS AGO WITH 7002 04:46:24,040 --> 04:46:25,720 SUMMER SCHOOLS AND MOLECULAR 7003 04:46:25,720 --> 04:46:26,600 GENETICS. 7004 04:46:26,600 --> 04:46:27,080 SO SON. 7005 04:46:27,080 --> 04:46:28,960 SO THERE NEEDS TO BE CONCERTED 7006 04:46:28,960 --> 04:46:31,480 EFFORT BUT ALSO I THINK 7007 04:46:31,480 --> 04:46:32,720 HOPEFULLY SOME OF THESE WILL 7008 04:46:32,720 --> 04:46:35,880 HAPPEN AS THINGS GET STREAMLINED 7009 04:46:35,880 --> 04:46:38,000 AND ESPECIALLY MORE USERS ADOPT 7010 04:46:38,000 --> 04:46:40,840 AND THERE BECOMES COMMUNITIES 7011 04:46:40,840 --> 04:46:43,280 AROUND THESE. 7012 04:46:43,280 --> 04:46:45,040 >> JAN YOU WERE GOING TO ADD 7013 04:46:45,040 --> 04:46:45,320 SOMETHING? 7014 04:46:45,320 --> 04:46:48,160 >> ALL I WANT TO ADD IS ONE OF 7015 04:46:48,160 --> 04:46:51,240 THE THINGS I SAW THAT FASCINATED 7016 04:46:51,240 --> 04:46:53,040 ME, ONE OF THE RIGHT STEPS IN 7017 04:46:53,040 --> 04:46:57,280 THE RIGHT DIRECTION IS I VISITED 7018 04:46:57,280 --> 04:46:59,240 SALK AND -- ONE OF ORGANIZERS OF 7019 04:46:59,240 --> 04:47:00,400 THIS PANEL AS WELL, WHO IS 7020 04:47:00,400 --> 04:47:03,400 REALLY TAKING ON A HE ROW WICK 7021 04:47:03,400 --> 04:47:06,040 JOB OF ESTABLISHING -- HEROIC 7022 04:47:06,040 --> 04:47:07,880 JOB ESTABLISHING A RAPPORT TO DO 7023 04:47:07,880 --> 04:47:09,400 THESE TYPES OF MEASUREMENTS FOR 7024 04:47:09,400 --> 04:47:11,480 LABS AND INVESTIGATORS AT THE 7025 04:47:11,480 --> 04:47:11,960 SALK. 7026 04:47:11,960 --> 04:47:13,480 THE SAME THING HAPPENS AT A LOT 7027 04:47:13,480 --> 04:47:15,200 OF OTHER INSTITUTIONS, YOU DON'T 7028 04:47:15,200 --> 04:47:17,600 BUY A HIGH FIELD NMR MAGNET 7029 04:47:17,600 --> 04:47:20,040 WITHOUT HAVING A NMR PHYSICIST 7030 04:47:20,040 --> 04:47:20,600 AROUND. 7031 04:47:20,600 --> 04:47:24,200 WITHOUT HAVING A RADIO FREQUENCY 7032 04:47:24,200 --> 04:47:24,640 PHI SISSIEST AROUND. 7033 04:47:24,640 --> 04:47:26,720 WE HAVE -- PHYSICIST AROUND. 7034 04:47:26,720 --> 04:47:29,680 WE HAVE TO BELING TO MAKE THOSE 7035 04:47:29,680 --> 04:47:32,280 INVESTMENTS AND HAVE THIS 7036 04:47:32,280 --> 04:47:35,360 EXPERTISE SPREAD AROUND EACH 7037 04:47:35,360 --> 04:47:37,640 SINGLE LAB CAN'T POTENTIALLY 7038 04:47:37,640 --> 04:47:40,200 PULL OFF THESE PROBLEMS ON THEIR 7039 04:47:40,200 --> 04:47:40,720 OWN. 7040 04:47:40,720 --> 04:47:42,720 THAT GOES BACK TO WHAT BING SAID 7041 04:47:42,720 --> 04:47:44,160 IN THE BEGINNING. 7042 04:47:44,160 --> 04:47:45,480 WE NEED TO LEARN A LANGUAGE AND 7043 04:47:45,480 --> 04:47:46,480 WE NEED TO BE ABLE TO 7044 04:47:46,480 --> 04:47:52,240 COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER AND 7045 04:47:52,240 --> 04:47:54,520 ACTUALLY -- YEAH. 7046 04:47:54,520 --> 04:47:57,160 >> BEFORE WE MOVE TO AUDIENCE 7047 04:47:57,160 --> 04:47:58,080 QUESTIONS ONE OTHER IMPORTANT 7048 04:47:58,080 --> 04:48:00,840 THING TO DO SINCE WE ARE GOING 7049 04:48:00,840 --> 04:48:02,160 FROM TRACKING TO UNDERSTANDING, 7050 04:48:02,160 --> 04:48:04,520 TALK ABOUT UNDERSTANDING PART. 7051 04:48:04,520 --> 04:48:06,400 YOU ARE PRIMARILY TALKING THE 7052 04:48:06,400 --> 04:48:08,520 TRACKING AND MEASUREMENT PART SO 7053 04:48:08,520 --> 04:48:10,320 WHAT IS NEEDED IN ORDER TO GET 7054 04:48:10,320 --> 04:48:12,200 TO AN UNDERSTANDING, IN TERMS OF 7055 04:48:12,200 --> 04:48:13,320 MEASUREMENTS AND WHAT ARE THE 7056 04:48:13,320 --> 04:48:17,840 TOP PRIORITIES FOR THEORY AND 7057 04:48:17,840 --> 04:48:18,560 MODELING. 7058 04:48:18,560 --> 04:48:19,400 USING THESE TYPES OF 7059 04:48:19,400 --> 04:48:26,000 MEASUREMENTS. 7060 04:48:26,000 --> 04:48:28,240 ANYONE? 7061 04:48:28,240 --> 04:48:30,280 >> I HAVE ALREADY GIVEN MY 7062 04:48:30,280 --> 04:48:34,000 PERSPECTIVES, I WILL DO A SHORT 7063 04:48:34,000 --> 04:48:34,600 VERSION HERE. 7064 04:48:34,600 --> 04:48:40,680 WE CAN BUILD IT AND FEEL LIKE 7065 04:48:40,680 --> 04:48:42,200 I'M INTERESTED IN SOMETHING. 7066 04:48:42,200 --> 04:48:43,520 >> I GUESS -- (OVERLAPPING 7067 04:48:43,520 --> 04:48:46,600 SPEAKERS) 7068 04:48:46,600 --> 04:48:49,240 >> I THINK FROM THE -- THERE'S 7069 04:48:49,240 --> 04:48:50,440 TWO WAYSES TO THINK ABOUT THIS, 7070 04:48:50,440 --> 04:48:51,960 ONE WHICH IS WE USE THESE TOOLS 7071 04:48:51,960 --> 04:48:53,040 TO ADDRESS A QUESTION THAT IS 7072 04:48:53,040 --> 04:48:53,840 OUT THERE. 7073 04:48:53,840 --> 04:48:57,200 SO EXAMPLE, THINGS SOME CIRCUIT 7074 04:48:57,200 --> 04:48:58,840 INVOLVED IN THIS ACCESS OF 7075 04:48:58,840 --> 04:49:00,560 BEHAVIOR AND THIS MAKES EASIER 7076 04:49:00,560 --> 04:49:01,440 TO ANSWER THOSE QUESTIONS. 7077 04:49:01,440 --> 04:49:02,960 THE HARDER QUESTION IS CAN WE 7078 04:49:02,960 --> 04:49:05,920 USE THIS TO GENERATE NEW 7079 04:49:05,920 --> 04:49:08,080 HYPOTHESES AND NEW TYPES OF 7080 04:49:08,080 --> 04:49:10,080 QUESTIONS AND THAT IS WHERE I 7081 04:49:10,080 --> 04:49:17,600 SEE MORE CHALLENGES. 7082 04:49:17,600 --> 04:49:21,560 >> MY TAKE IS THAT BOTH OF THOSE 7083 04:49:21,560 --> 04:49:24,200 ARE REALLY POSSIBLE. 7084 04:49:24,200 --> 04:49:26,760 AS BOTH SORT OF DISCOVERY TOOL 7085 04:49:26,760 --> 04:49:28,120 AND HYPOTHESIS GENERATE OR 7086 04:49:28,120 --> 04:49:30,640 TESTING TOOL AND HYPOTHESIS 7087 04:49:30,640 --> 04:49:32,000 GENERATING TOOL. 7088 04:49:32,000 --> 04:49:34,520 PART OF WHAT WE NEED AND PART OF 7089 04:49:34,520 --> 04:49:36,960 WHERE I THINK THE 7090 04:49:36,960 --> 04:49:39,320 COMPUTATIONALLISTS CAN HELP 7091 04:49:39,320 --> 04:49:40,200 EXPERIMENTALISTS IN THIS REGARD 7092 04:49:40,200 --> 04:49:42,360 IS FULLY UNDERSTAND THE SORTS OF 7093 04:49:42,360 --> 04:49:45,680 ASSUMPTIONS THAT GO INTO EACH 7094 04:49:45,680 --> 04:49:46,680 PARTICULAR METHOD. 7095 04:49:46,680 --> 04:49:49,560 FOR ANY MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE 7096 04:49:49,560 --> 04:49:50,680 THERE ARE HUNDREDS OF 7097 04:49:50,680 --> 04:49:52,320 ASSUMPTIONS AND DECISIONS THAT 7098 04:49:52,320 --> 04:49:55,400 NEED TO BE MADE ON THE FRONT 7099 04:49:55,400 --> 04:49:58,880 END, SO IT IS IMPORTANT FOR 7100 04:49:58,880 --> 04:49:59,960 EXPERIMENTALISTS DEVELOPING THE 7101 04:49:59,960 --> 04:50:02,000 HYPOTHESES ARE USING THESE 7102 04:50:02,000 --> 04:50:07,160 METHODS TO DEVELOP HYPOTHESES TO 7103 04:50:07,160 --> 04:50:08,040 UNDERSTAND THAT LEADS THE BASIS 7104 04:50:08,040 --> 04:50:11,040 OF MANY OF THOSE ASSUMPTIONS, 7105 04:50:11,040 --> 04:50:14,280 AND THAT IS A PLACE WHERE MORE 7106 04:50:14,280 --> 04:50:15,200 COMMUNICATION, SOME OF THE MORE 7107 04:50:15,200 --> 04:50:16,480 CROSS TRAINING BING WAS TALKING 7108 04:50:16,480 --> 04:50:18,480 ABOUT, WHERE THAT CAN HAVE A 7109 04:50:18,480 --> 04:50:19,320 TREMENDOUS BENEFIT BECAUSE 7110 04:50:19,320 --> 04:50:20,360 OFTENTIMES WHAT SEEMS LIKE A 7111 04:50:20,360 --> 04:50:23,960 MINOR ASSUMPTION ON ONE END CAN 7112 04:50:23,960 --> 04:50:26,280 BE SUBSTANTIAL CONSTRAINT ON THE 7113 04:50:26,280 --> 04:50:27,000 OTHER. 7114 04:50:27,000 --> 04:50:33,040 THAT GOES IN BOTH DIRECTIONS. 7115 04:50:33,040 --> 04:50:36,880 >> ONE OF THE THINGS I LEARNED 7116 04:50:36,880 --> 04:50:37,960 THE HARD WAY SOMETHING THAT I 7117 04:50:37,960 --> 04:50:40,800 TRIED TO IGNORE SINCE MY 7118 04:50:40,800 --> 04:50:43,120 UNDERGRAD IN CLASSICAL MASS 7119 04:50:43,120 --> 04:50:44,920 WHICH IS WITH A LOT OF THESE NEW 7120 04:50:44,920 --> 04:50:46,640 APPROACH THAT WE ARE TAKING WE 7121 04:50:46,640 --> 04:50:48,480 REALLY HAVE TO START EDUCATING 7122 04:50:48,480 --> 04:50:50,920 PEOPLE MUCH MORE IN DYNAMICAL 7123 04:50:50,920 --> 04:50:53,680 SYSTEMS AND CONTROLLED THEORY. 7124 04:50:53,680 --> 04:50:55,440 IN METHODS THAT ACTUALLY ALLOW 7125 04:50:55,440 --> 04:50:59,160 US TO UNIQUELY ANALYZE THESE 7126 04:50:59,160 --> 04:51:00,240 TYPES OF DATA. 7127 04:51:00,240 --> 04:51:02,160 IT WAS A HARD FOR ME TO BRUSH 7128 04:51:02,160 --> 04:51:04,280 OFF THESE THINGS THAT I TRIED TO 7129 04:51:04,280 --> 04:51:05,760 IGNORE IN COLLEGE. 7130 04:51:05,760 --> 04:51:07,800 BUT I'M PAINFULLY GETTING BACK 7131 04:51:07,800 --> 04:51:10,200 TO THEM NOW BECAUSE THE TYPE OF 7132 04:51:10,200 --> 04:51:11,480 TRIAL STRUCTURE THAT WE ARE ALL 7133 04:51:11,480 --> 04:51:12,800 VERY FAMILIAR WITH AND THAT 7134 04:51:12,800 --> 04:51:16,200 SERVED US INCREDIBLY WELL IS 7135 04:51:16,200 --> 04:51:17,840 PROBABLY NOT THE RIGHT APPROACH 7136 04:51:17,840 --> 04:51:20,240 FOR THE FUTURE OF THE TYPES OF 7137 04:51:20,240 --> 04:51:22,200 DATA SETS THAT WE ARE CURRENTLY 7138 04:51:22,200 --> 04:51:23,120 GENERATING. 7139 04:51:23,120 --> 04:51:26,760 THIS WILL REQUIRE A SUBSTANTIAL 7140 04:51:26,760 --> 04:51:28,640 AMOUNT OF EFFORT ON THE SIDE OF 7141 04:51:28,640 --> 04:51:29,800 CLAN RATION BETWEEN 7142 04:51:29,800 --> 04:51:31,320 COMPUTATIONAL -- COLLABORATION 7143 04:51:31,320 --> 04:51:32,400 BETWEEN COMPUTATIONAL 7144 04:51:32,400 --> 04:51:33,640 NEUROSCIENTISTS AND EXPERIMENTAL 7145 04:51:33,640 --> 04:51:38,040 LISTS THAT CREATE DATA SETS RICH 7146 04:51:38,040 --> 04:51:39,480 ENOUGH TO TEST ASSUMPTIONS AND 7147 04:51:39,480 --> 04:51:41,080 METHODS AND SOME WILL BE MAYBE 7148 04:51:41,080 --> 04:51:43,440 REDUNDANT IN THE VERY BEGINNING, 7149 04:51:43,440 --> 04:51:46,240 BUT THEN WE CAN SLOWLY BUILD UP 7150 04:51:46,240 --> 04:51:49,680 ON THEM AND START TO UNCOVER A 7151 04:51:49,680 --> 04:51:51,840 NOVEL MECHANISMS AND I'M VERY 7152 04:51:51,840 --> 04:51:52,800 POSITIVE ABOUT IT. 7153 04:51:52,800 --> 04:51:54,400 JUST GOING TO TAKE A WHILE. 7154 04:51:54,400 --> 04:51:59,960 IT IS GOING TO BE DIFFICULT. 7155 04:51:59,960 --> 04:52:02,480 >> ADDING ON TO THAT, I THINK IN 7156 04:52:02,480 --> 04:52:04,960 TERMS OF THESE DATA SETS, WHEN 7157 04:52:04,960 --> 04:52:06,160 MACHINE LEARNING COMMUNITY 7158 04:52:06,160 --> 04:52:10,760 RECENTLY INTRODUCED BEST 7159 04:52:10,760 --> 04:52:12,360 PRACTICES FOR DOCUMENTING DATA 7160 04:52:12,360 --> 04:52:13,960 SETS SO DOCUMENTING IN A 7161 04:52:13,960 --> 04:52:15,400 STANDARDIZED WAY AND ALL THE 7162 04:52:15,400 --> 04:52:16,400 NECESSARY INFORMATION IS 7163 04:52:16,400 --> 04:52:18,240 INCLUDED FOR FUTURE USE, 7164 04:52:18,240 --> 04:52:20,560 SIMILARLY FOR MACHINE LEARNING 7165 04:52:20,560 --> 04:52:24,440 THERE WAS A CHECKLIST OR USING 7166 04:52:24,440 --> 04:52:25,920 BY NERVE (INAUDIBLE) IN 7167 04:52:25,920 --> 04:52:28,280 CONFERENCE THAT HELPS CHECK 7168 04:52:28,280 --> 04:52:29,680 PRODUCIBLE, WONDER IF SIMILAR TO 7169 04:52:29,680 --> 04:52:31,320 THESE BEST PRACTICES IF THERE 7170 04:52:31,320 --> 04:52:33,160 COULD BE INTRODUCED LIKE A 7171 04:52:33,160 --> 04:52:35,320 STANDARDIZE SET OF IS THINGS 7172 04:52:35,320 --> 04:52:36,720 USING TOOLS OR MODELS THAT 7173 04:52:36,720 --> 04:52:39,520 SHOULD BE INCLUDED THAT AFFECT 7174 04:52:39,520 --> 04:52:40,960 BEHAVIORAL UNDERSTANDING, THAT 7175 04:52:40,960 --> 04:52:44,880 SHOULD BE DOCUMENTED, AMONG -- 7176 04:52:44,880 --> 04:52:48,800 GREAT TO LEARN MORE. 7177 04:52:48,800 --> 04:52:53,920 >> GREAT POINT. 7178 04:52:53,920 --> 04:52:57,120 >> ONE QUESTION THAT CAME UP IN 7179 04:52:57,120 --> 04:53:00,120 THE AUDIENCE Q&A AND SOMETHING 7180 04:53:00,120 --> 04:53:02,680 BING TALKED BRIEFLY BEFORE IS 7181 04:53:02,680 --> 04:53:05,320 ARE THERE BIO ETHICAL CONCERNS 7182 04:53:05,320 --> 04:53:06,840 ABOUT DEVELOPING THESE 7183 04:53:06,840 --> 04:53:11,200 TECHNOLOGY? 7184 04:53:11,200 --> 04:53:20,560 WHAT SHOULD WE DO ABOUT THAT? 7185 04:53:20,560 --> 04:53:21,560 IF YOU CAN TRACK SOMEONE LIKE 7186 04:53:21,560 --> 04:53:24,480 YOU HAVE BEEN SAYING AND DO 7187 04:53:24,480 --> 04:53:27,400 SOMETHING NEFARIOUS WITH THOSE 7188 04:53:27,400 --> 04:53:29,440 DATA, IS THAT CONCERN FOR US AS 7189 04:53:29,440 --> 04:53:30,560 DEVELOPERS OF THESE TOOLS THOUGH 7190 04:53:30,560 --> 04:53:34,840 THEY ARE IN ANIMALS? 7191 04:53:34,840 --> 04:53:37,840 >> I THINK THEY ARE. 7192 04:53:37,840 --> 04:53:40,480 >> GO AHEAD JAN. 7193 04:53:40,480 --> 04:53:42,720 >> NO, TIM, SORRY. 7194 04:53:42,720 --> 04:53:44,600 I WAS JUST GOING TO SAY I THINK 7195 04:53:44,600 --> 04:53:46,240 THAT THAT IS REALLY IMPORTANT TO 7196 04:53:46,240 --> 04:53:47,200 CONSIDER ESPECIALLY WHEN WE 7197 04:53:47,200 --> 04:53:51,560 START TO TALK ABOUT PREDICTING 7198 04:53:51,560 --> 04:53:54,160 BEHAVIOR AND ALSO PREDICTING 7199 04:53:54,160 --> 04:53:56,640 INTERNAL STATES BECAUSE A LOT OF 7200 04:53:56,640 --> 04:54:00,800 VANGS OF THESE METHODS ARE THEY 7201 04:54:00,800 --> 04:54:02,800 REVEAL THINGS THROUGH BEHAVIOR 7202 04:54:02,800 --> 04:54:05,480 THAT ARE SO SUBTLE THAT WE 7203 04:54:05,480 --> 04:54:07,040 HAVEN'T BEEN ABLE TO MEASURE 7204 04:54:07,040 --> 04:54:09,080 THEM BEFORE BUT THEY CORRESPOND 7205 04:54:09,080 --> 04:54:11,840 TO INTERNAL STATES THAT ANIMALS 7206 04:54:11,840 --> 04:54:13,120 ARE -- POTENTIALLY PEOPLE ARE 7207 04:54:13,120 --> 04:54:14,120 IN. 7208 04:54:14,120 --> 04:54:17,680 I THINK THAT THOSE ARE AREAS 7209 04:54:17,680 --> 04:54:20,360 WHERE WE NEED GUIDANCE FROM 7210 04:54:20,360 --> 04:54:21,360 BIOETHICISTS FOR SURE. 7211 04:54:21,360 --> 04:54:23,240 I THINK THE ANSWERS TO THOSE ARE 7212 04:54:23,240 --> 04:54:26,320 GOING TO BE SPECIFIC TO SPECIFIC 7213 04:54:26,320 --> 04:54:28,200 TECHNOLOGIES PERHAPS BUT I THINK 7214 04:54:28,200 --> 04:54:30,880 LAYING DOWN SOME CLEAR 7215 04:54:30,880 --> 04:54:33,200 GUIDELINES AS TO WHERE AREAS OF 7216 04:54:33,200 --> 04:54:34,840 CONCERNS ARE SO THAT AS 7217 04:54:34,840 --> 04:54:36,040 SCIENTISTS APPROACH THEM THEY 7218 04:54:36,040 --> 04:54:39,080 ARE NOT SO BLINDED BY THEIR 7219 04:54:39,080 --> 04:54:42,480 CREATIVITY AND EXCITEMENT OF 7220 04:54:42,480 --> 04:54:43,640 DISCOVERY THAT THEY BLAZE 7221 04:54:43,640 --> 04:54:53,880 THROUGH THEM. 7222 04:54:55,080 --> 04:54:55,800 >> JAN. 7223 04:54:55,800 --> 04:54:57,200 >> I WAS GOING TO SAY SOMETHING 7224 04:54:57,200 --> 04:54:57,600 VERY SIMILAR. 7225 04:54:57,600 --> 04:55:00,880 THE THING I WORRY ABOUT IS 7226 04:55:00,880 --> 04:55:03,600 ALREADY HAPPENING WHICH IS THERE 7227 04:55:03,600 --> 04:55:05,040 IS MASS SURVEILLANCE HAPPENING 7228 04:55:05,040 --> 04:55:08,240 IN THE WORLD, PEOPLE USING VIDEO 7229 04:55:08,240 --> 04:55:10,760 CAMERA SYSTEMS CB SYSTEMS, 7230 04:55:10,760 --> 04:55:14,280 ESPECIALLY IN SOME PARTS OF THE 7231 04:55:14,280 --> 04:55:16,600 WORLD AND THOSE CAN BE MISUSED 7232 04:55:16,600 --> 04:55:18,760 IN THE SAME TRUE FOR SOCIAL 7233 04:55:18,760 --> 04:55:21,280 MEDIA TRACKING, TRACKING OF OUR 7234 04:55:21,280 --> 04:55:24,120 BEHAVIOR ON PHONES, SO ON. 7235 04:55:24,120 --> 04:55:27,120 MY HOPE IS ALWAYS TYPES OF 7236 04:55:27,120 --> 04:55:29,640 ALGORITHMS THAT WE USE CAN BE 7237 04:55:29,640 --> 04:55:32,040 KEPT AS SPECIFIC AS POSSIBLE TO 7238 04:55:32,040 --> 04:55:33,160 OUR RESEARCH CASE. 7239 04:55:33,160 --> 04:55:36,960 THAT COULD HELP US TINY BIT. 7240 04:55:36,960 --> 04:55:40,080 WE HAVE TO BE VERY AWARE AS TIM 7241 04:55:40,080 --> 04:55:41,640 SAID THEY CAN BE MISUSED 7242 04:55:41,640 --> 04:55:43,600 ESPECIALLY INTO THE INFERENCE OF 7243 04:55:43,600 --> 04:55:45,040 INTERNAL STATES WHICH IS I THINK 7244 04:55:45,040 --> 04:55:52,880 WHAT A LOT OF US ARE WORKING ON. 7245 04:55:52,880 --> 04:55:54,360 >> SMALL THOUGHT ON TO THAT 7246 04:55:54,360 --> 04:55:56,320 WHICH IS WHEN THESE TECHNOLOGIES 7247 04:55:56,320 --> 04:55:58,720 A LOT OF TALK ABOUT TECHNOLOGIES 7248 04:55:58,720 --> 04:56:02,920 SO NOT ONLY USING AGENT BASED 7249 04:56:02,920 --> 04:56:04,840 MODELS, INTERFACING ANIMALS AN 7250 04:56:04,840 --> 04:56:06,440 HUMANS AND THERE THE QUESTIONS 7251 04:56:06,440 --> 04:56:09,880 AND WILL IS LIKE BASICALLY OPEN 7252 04:56:09,880 --> 04:56:11,320 PANDORA'S BOX ABOUT THESE IDEAS 7253 04:56:11,320 --> 04:56:13,600 ABOUT AGENCY AND FREE WILL AND 7254 04:56:13,600 --> 04:56:14,840 WHETHER OR NOT YOU ARE FEELING A 7255 04:56:14,840 --> 04:56:16,880 CERTAIN WAY BECAUSE IT IS YOU, 7256 04:56:16,880 --> 04:56:21,000 TIES IN TO THE WHOLE IDEA ABOUT 7257 04:56:21,000 --> 04:56:21,960 NEUROPHARMACOLOGY AND SO THERE 7258 04:56:21,960 --> 04:56:25,280 IS A LOT OF INTERESTING PROBLEMS 7259 04:56:25,280 --> 04:56:26,800 THAT ARE OPENED UP THERE. 7260 04:56:26,800 --> 04:56:29,480 IN A SPECIFIC INSTANCE OF 7261 04:56:29,480 --> 04:56:33,320 TRACKING OUR ABILITY TO DETECT 7262 04:56:33,320 --> 04:56:34,760 THESE STATES AS TIM GENTNER WAS 7263 04:56:34,760 --> 04:56:36,280 SAYING EARLIER, THE FACT THAT WE 7264 04:56:36,280 --> 04:56:37,800 CAN LOOK AT MICROEXPRESSIONS OR 7265 04:56:37,800 --> 04:56:40,040 TELLS OF THINGS THAT HAVE 7266 04:56:40,040 --> 04:56:42,000 PREVIOUSLY BEEN NOT EXTERNALLY 7267 04:56:42,000 --> 04:56:43,200 AVAILABLE TO US. 7268 04:56:43,200 --> 04:56:46,640 THAT REALLY MAKES PEOPLE THINK 7269 04:56:46,640 --> 04:56:48,000 ABOUT WHAT THEY ARE FREELY 7270 04:56:48,000 --> 04:56:51,240 GIVING AWAY WHEN WE WALK 7271 04:56:51,240 --> 04:56:52,960 OUTSIDE. 7272 04:56:52,960 --> 04:56:58,960 WE WILL PUT ON ZOOM CAMERAS. 7273 04:56:58,960 --> 04:57:01,440 >> ALL EXCELLENT POINTS. 7274 04:57:01,440 --> 04:57:04,520 THERE IS A QUESTION TOP LOADED 7275 04:57:04,520 --> 04:57:06,120 QUESTION, FROM AUDIENCE, WERE 7276 04:57:06,120 --> 04:57:08,720 THERE EPIC FAILURES IN TRACKING 7277 04:57:08,720 --> 04:57:11,880 CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS THAT 7278 04:57:11,880 --> 04:57:13,400 WERE ILLUSTRATIVE AND HELP TO 7279 04:57:13,400 --> 04:57:16,120 IMPROVE APPROACHES METHODS AND 7280 04:57:16,120 --> 04:57:21,080 LEVELS? 7281 04:57:21,080 --> 04:57:25,560 >> MANY EPIC FAILURES, THE 7282 04:57:25,560 --> 04:57:29,760 NUMBER ONE EPIC FAILURE FROM MY 7283 04:57:29,760 --> 04:57:34,200 SIDE IS NOT PROPERLY TAKING INTO 7284 04:57:34,200 --> 04:57:35,320 CONSIDERATION THE ENVIRONMENT IN 7285 04:57:35,320 --> 04:57:36,920 WHICH ANIMALS ARE SUPPOSED TO 7286 04:57:36,920 --> 04:57:39,480 FORAGE, ARE SUPPOSED TO DO THEIR 7287 04:57:39,480 --> 04:57:41,280 TRACKING EXPERIMENTS AND TYPE OF 7288 04:57:41,280 --> 04:57:43,200 INFLUENCE THIS CONTEXTUAL 7289 04:57:43,200 --> 04:57:46,480 MODULATION HAS ON THE BEHAVIOR. 7290 04:57:46,480 --> 04:57:47,960 IT IS GREAT YOU CAN SET UP A 7291 04:57:47,960 --> 04:57:51,000 CAMERA SYSTEM THAT CAN HANDLE 7292 04:57:51,000 --> 04:57:53,320 TERABYTES AND TERABYTES PER HOUR 7293 04:57:53,320 --> 04:57:58,000 BUT THAT DOESN'T HELP IF THAT 7294 04:57:58,000 --> 04:58:00,280 SYSTEM CONSTRAINS OR INDUCES 7295 04:58:00,280 --> 04:58:01,440 BIAS IN THE BEHAVIOR THAT THE 7296 04:58:01,440 --> 04:58:03,040 ANIMAL SUPPOSED TO EXPRESS. 7297 04:58:03,040 --> 04:58:05,880 SO THINKING ABOUT THE 7298 04:58:05,880 --> 04:58:07,840 NATURALISTIC ASPECT ALSO IN 7299 04:58:07,840 --> 04:58:09,360 DESIGNING TYPES OF ENCLOSURES 7300 04:58:09,360 --> 04:58:13,000 AND SET UP THAT WE BUILD, IS 7301 04:58:13,000 --> 04:58:14,000 INCREDIBLY IMPORTANT AND I 7302 04:58:14,000 --> 04:58:18,040 CERTAINLY UNDERESTIMATED IT. 7303 04:58:18,040 --> 04:58:19,640 >> DID YOU START WITH YOUR 7304 04:58:19,640 --> 04:58:20,080 CAMERAS, JAN? 7305 04:58:20,080 --> 04:58:22,920 WAS THERE AN ISSUE YOU WERE MORE 7306 04:58:22,920 --> 04:58:24,240 MODEST WITH YOUR HARDWARE AND 7307 04:58:24,240 --> 04:58:26,400 THERE WAS EPIC FAILURE SO THEN 7308 04:58:26,400 --> 04:58:27,080 YOU SCALED UP? 7309 04:58:27,080 --> 04:58:28,000 >> YES. 7310 04:58:28,000 --> 04:58:31,040 THAT IS ANOTHER PROBLEM WE 7311 04:58:31,040 --> 04:58:33,960 INITIALLY ENCOUNTERED. 7312 04:58:33,960 --> 04:58:35,200 WE WENT THROUGH MANY ITERATIONS 7313 04:58:35,200 --> 04:58:37,000 WITH WHAT IS THE RIGHT OVERLAP, 7314 04:58:37,000 --> 04:58:38,520 HOW CAN WE COMPUTATIONALLY COME 7315 04:58:38,520 --> 04:58:41,480 UP WITH A MODEL THAT CAN TELL US 7316 04:58:41,480 --> 04:58:44,760 SOMETHING HOW ACCURACY SCALES. 7317 04:58:44,760 --> 04:58:48,240 IN THE END WE CAME UP WITH A 7318 04:58:48,240 --> 04:58:52,640 VERY SIMPLE ANALOGY, THE MORE 7319 04:58:52,640 --> 04:58:56,080 THE LESS YOU HAVE OCCLUSIONS IN 7320 04:58:56,080 --> 04:58:59,360 YOUR ACTUAL DATA SET, MORE 7321 04:58:59,360 --> 04:59:00,920 CONSENSUS YOU CAN BUILD THE 7322 04:59:00,920 --> 04:59:03,680 BETTER YOU WILL PERFORM. 7323 04:59:03,680 --> 04:59:08,440 IT IS A RUE YESIALITY BUT 7324 04:59:08,440 --> 04:59:15,120 REALIZATION WE HAVE TO MAKE. 7325 04:59:15,120 --> 04:59:17,080 >> I WOULDN'T SAY THIS IS AN 7326 04:59:17,080 --> 04:59:18,320 EPIC PAIL BUT ONE OF THE 7327 04:59:18,320 --> 04:59:20,120 CHALLENGES WE DEAL WITH IS THOSE 7328 04:59:20,120 --> 04:59:23,440 ISSUES IN MISSING DATA OR 7329 04:59:23,440 --> 04:59:25,080 MISIDENTIFIED PICK, 98% OF DATA 7330 04:59:25,080 --> 04:59:26,760 IS BEAUTIFUL AND CLEAN, LAST ONE 7331 04:59:26,760 --> 04:59:31,400 OR TWO IS EITHER NOISY, WRONG OR 7332 04:59:31,400 --> 04:59:33,920 -- AND WHAT CAN WE DO WITH THAT, 7333 04:59:33,920 --> 04:59:35,600 SYSTEMATIC BIASES IF YOU ARE 7334 04:59:35,600 --> 04:59:37,840 MISSING ONE STATE ONE ACTION SO 7335 04:59:37,840 --> 04:59:39,640 I WOULD SAY A LOT OF PEOPLE IN 7336 04:59:39,640 --> 04:59:41,840 THE LAB END UP LIKE ALL DATA 7337 04:59:41,840 --> 04:59:42,880 SCIENCE DEALING WITH MISSING 7338 04:59:42,880 --> 04:59:45,520 DATA PROBLEM IS A CHALLENGE. 7339 04:59:45,520 --> 04:59:46,960 ANYTHING DONE ON THE FRONT END 7340 04:59:46,960 --> 04:59:50,280 IS HUGE. 7341 04:59:50,280 --> 04:59:53,320 >> I GUESS I WILL ADD SOMETHING. 7342 04:59:53,320 --> 04:59:54,720 IN ADDITION TO THAT ONE OF THE 7343 04:59:54,720 --> 04:59:57,160 OTHER CHALLENGES I SEE IS 7344 04:59:57,160 --> 04:59:59,360 APPLYING MODELS ACROSS LABS, 7345 04:59:59,360 --> 05:00:01,040 EVEN LABS THAT HAVE SAME 7346 05:00:01,040 --> 05:00:03,040 ORGANIZATION OR SIMILAR 7347 05:00:03,040 --> 05:00:03,600 SETTINGS. 7348 05:00:03,600 --> 05:00:06,880 YOU THINK DATA IS SIMILAR BUT 7349 05:00:06,880 --> 05:00:09,600 DISTRIBUTION LIKE IN THE LANE OR 7350 05:00:09,600 --> 05:00:12,040 ARENA SIDES ANIMAL CHANGES IN A 7351 05:00:12,040 --> 05:00:14,040 WAY MODELS CAN BE APPLIED 7352 05:00:14,040 --> 05:00:16,880 DIRECTLY WITHOUT RETURNING AND 7353 05:00:16,880 --> 05:00:19,320 THE SLIDE TO RETRAIN SOMETIMES 7354 05:00:19,320 --> 05:00:21,000 BUT TAKES MORE EFFORT SO IT IS 7355 05:00:21,000 --> 05:00:22,320 TO OPEN QUESTION, FOR THE 7356 05:00:22,320 --> 05:00:25,160 DEVELOP A MODEL THAT GENERALIZES 7357 05:00:25,160 --> 05:00:27,480 ACROSS LABS FOR SAME ORGANISMS 7358 05:00:27,480 --> 05:00:29,120 AND SIMILAR SET UP. 7359 05:00:29,120 --> 05:00:31,400 OR EVEN ACROSS THE SAME LAB JUST 7360 05:00:31,400 --> 05:00:41,560 ACROSS THE HALL WEI. 7361 05:00:41,560 --> 05:00:43,720 >> 7362 05:00:43,720 --> 05:00:44,920 >> ANOTHER QUESTION. 7363 05:00:44,920 --> 05:00:47,240 GREAT WORK ALL. 7364 05:00:47,240 --> 05:00:49,280 THE CURRENT STATE OF BEHAVIORAL 7365 05:00:49,280 --> 05:00:50,480 QUANTIFICATION BORROWS CURRENTLY 7366 05:00:50,480 --> 05:00:52,480 EXISTING METHOD MACHINE 7367 05:00:52,480 --> 05:00:53,880 LEARNING/MACHINE VISION. 7368 05:00:53,880 --> 05:00:56,520 ARE NOVEL APPROACH, PRESUMABLY 7369 05:00:56,520 --> 05:00:59,800 SPECIFIC TO OUR CONTEXT, ARE 7370 05:00:59,800 --> 05:01:00,520 THOSE NECESSARY? 7371 05:01:00,520 --> 05:01:03,200 SOMETHING THAT MOVES BEYOND 7372 05:01:03,200 --> 05:01:07,080 STATE OF COMPUTER VISION, SO 7373 05:01:07,080 --> 05:01:08,160 WHAT KIND OF NEUROSPECIFIC 7374 05:01:08,160 --> 05:01:12,040 INNOVATION DO WE POTENTIALLY -- 7375 05:01:12,040 --> 05:01:15,960 >> FOR US THE QUESTION IS HOW DO 7376 05:01:15,960 --> 05:01:19,240 YOU GET LONG TERM STABLE 7377 05:01:19,240 --> 05:01:21,080 RECORDINGS IN ANIMAL EXTREMELY 7378 05:01:21,080 --> 05:01:25,840 STRONG AND WHOSE VELOCITY IS 7379 05:01:25,840 --> 05:01:27,200 SERIOUSLY OPPOSED TO STABLE 7380 05:01:27,200 --> 05:01:29,720 RECORDINGS AND THE BRAIN 7381 05:01:29,720 --> 05:01:30,320 PULSATING AROUND. 7382 05:01:30,320 --> 05:01:32,640 OUR SOLUTION TO THAT HAS BEEN 7383 05:01:32,640 --> 05:01:34,480 FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS AND 7384 05:01:34,480 --> 05:01:35,360 FLEXIBLE APPROACH AND IT WORKS 7385 05:01:35,360 --> 05:01:37,280 FAIRLY WELL. 7386 05:01:37,280 --> 05:01:38,440 BUT I THINK THERE IS A LOT MORE 7387 05:01:38,440 --> 05:01:44,760 TO BE DONE THAT IS VERY SPECIES 7388 05:01:44,760 --> 05:01:46,080 SPECIFIC. 7389 05:01:46,080 --> 05:01:48,840 >> I WILL ADD ON THAT MOSTLY 7390 05:01:48,840 --> 05:01:50,960 WORK IN COMPUTER VISION 7391 05:01:50,960 --> 05:01:51,680 CONFERENCES SO I DO FEEL LIKE 7392 05:01:51,680 --> 05:01:54,480 THERE WAS A COMPUTER VISION 7393 05:01:54,480 --> 05:01:56,120 CONTRIBUTION AND IN MY OPINION 7394 05:01:56,120 --> 05:01:59,320 THE KEY CONTRIBUTIONS ARE THAT 7395 05:01:59,320 --> 05:02:02,000 THEY LEVERAGE UNIQUE ASSUMPTIONS 7396 05:02:02,000 --> 05:02:04,200 MAKING BEHAVIOR VIDEOS FOR 7397 05:02:04,200 --> 05:02:07,120 EXAMPLE DISCOVERY PAPER WE HAVE 7398 05:02:07,120 --> 05:02:08,760 SEEN BACKGROUND (INAUDIBLE) ALL 7399 05:02:08,760 --> 05:02:10,320 VIDEOS BUT LARGELY TRUE IN 7400 05:02:10,320 --> 05:02:12,160 BEHAVIORAL VIDEOS IN THIS 7401 05:02:12,160 --> 05:02:14,440 SETTING N. THE TEST PROGRAM WE 7402 05:02:14,440 --> 05:02:16,880 LEVERAGE HUMAN DOMAIN KNOWLEDGE 7403 05:02:16,880 --> 05:02:20,000 THAT WAS KIND OF UNIQUE FROM MY 7404 05:02:20,000 --> 05:02:21,320 COLLABORATORS IN BEHAVIORAL 7405 05:02:21,320 --> 05:02:24,280 NEUROSCIENCE, SO I DO THINK 7406 05:02:24,280 --> 05:02:27,240 THERE ARE THINGS IN THE -- THAT 7407 05:02:27,240 --> 05:02:28,800 CAN BE TOO MACHINE LEARNING 7408 05:02:28,800 --> 05:02:30,800 COMPUTER CONTRIBUTIONS THAT DO 7409 05:02:30,800 --> 05:02:33,120 GENERALIZE BUT WE JUST HAVE TO 7410 05:02:33,120 --> 05:02:37,920 LIKE THINK ABOUT THEM CAREFULLY. 7411 05:02:37,920 --> 05:02:39,400 >> ONE THING THAT I HAVE BEEN 7412 05:02:39,400 --> 05:02:41,440 REALLY EXCITED ABOUT IS ADDING 7413 05:02:41,440 --> 05:02:43,800 ON NOT JUST COMPUTER VISION 7414 05:02:43,800 --> 05:02:45,120 ASPECT OF IT THAT WE HAVE 7415 05:02:45,120 --> 05:02:47,320 OFFERED IN MACHINE LEARNING 7416 05:02:47,320 --> 05:02:48,600 COMPUTER VISION BUT THERE IS 7417 05:02:48,600 --> 05:02:50,520 UNIQUE ASPECT OF BIOLOGICAL DATA 7418 05:02:50,520 --> 05:02:53,240 THAT IS VERY, VERY HIGH 7419 05:02:53,240 --> 05:02:53,800 MODALITY. 7420 05:02:53,800 --> 05:02:56,920 IT IS NOT COMPUTER VISION, IT IS 7421 05:02:56,920 --> 05:02:58,680 SMELL DATA AND YOU MAY HAVE LIKE 7422 05:02:58,680 --> 05:03:02,080 CORTISOL LEVELS OR EKGs OR 7423 05:03:02,080 --> 05:03:05,880 EMGs, ALL KIND OF THINGS. 7424 05:03:05,880 --> 05:03:07,320 THE TYPES OF QUALITY DIFFERENT 7425 05:03:07,320 --> 05:03:09,400 DATA WE CAN GET MONITOR THE SAME 7426 05:03:09,400 --> 05:03:11,320 ORGANISM, SAME SET OF ORGANISMS 7427 05:03:11,320 --> 05:03:14,680 AT SAME TIME IS BIG AND IT 7428 05:03:14,680 --> 05:03:15,760 VERSUSLY EXCEEDS WHAT IS 7429 05:03:15,760 --> 05:03:17,040 TYPICALLY TREATED IN WHAT YOU 7430 05:03:17,040 --> 05:03:18,880 SEE IN MACHINE LEARNING 7431 05:03:18,880 --> 05:03:20,240 CONFERENCES SO THAT IS A NEW 7432 05:03:20,240 --> 05:03:24,560 CHALLENGE FOR ANIMAL BEHAVIOR. 7433 05:03:24,560 --> 05:03:30,440 >> I WOULD ECHO JENNIFER'S 7434 05:03:30,440 --> 05:03:31,480 EARLIER POINT ABOUT DOMAIN 7435 05:03:31,480 --> 05:03:33,840 KNOWLEDGE, WE HAD 27, 28 DATA 7436 05:03:33,840 --> 05:03:35,400 SETS FROM ANIMALS INCLUDING 7437 05:03:35,400 --> 05:03:36,280 HUMANS. 7438 05:03:36,280 --> 05:03:37,960 THEY ARE ALL PUNITIVELY 7439 05:03:37,960 --> 05:03:39,240 VOCALIZING IN VERY SIMILAR WAYS 7440 05:03:39,240 --> 05:03:43,200 AND ONE OF THE THINGS WE FOUND 7441 05:03:43,200 --> 05:03:45,720 WAS THAT APPLYING UNSUPERVISED 7442 05:03:45,720 --> 05:03:47,120 METHODS IS REVEALING BUT IF 7443 05:03:47,120 --> 05:03:50,760 LAYERED OVER THE TOP OF DOMAIN 7444 05:03:50,760 --> 05:03:54,000 SPECIFIC KNOWLEDGE THEN THE 7445 05:03:54,000 --> 05:03:55,560 DEPTH OF THE INFORMATION THAT 7446 05:03:55,560 --> 05:04:01,080 CAN BE GAINED IS OFTEN 7447 05:04:01,080 --> 05:04:03,400 MULTIPLICATIVELY INCREASED AND 7448 05:04:03,400 --> 05:04:06,040 SO IN INSTANCES WHERE NO DOMAIN 7449 05:04:06,040 --> 05:04:09,880 KNOWLEDGE EXISTS, UNSUPERVISED 7450 05:04:09,880 --> 05:04:11,040 METHODS WHETHER BORROWED FROM 7451 05:04:11,040 --> 05:04:13,040 COMPUTER VISION OR NOT CAN BE 7452 05:04:13,040 --> 05:04:14,680 REVEALING BUT IF YOU CAN COMBINE 7453 05:04:14,680 --> 05:04:16,480 IT WITH DOMAIN KNOWLEDGE THEN 7454 05:04:16,480 --> 05:04:19,920 YOU ARE IN A MUCH MORE 7455 05:04:19,920 --> 05:04:21,280 ADVANTAGEOUS POSITION AND 7456 05:04:21,280 --> 05:04:22,520 BECAUSE IT IS OFTENTIMES HARD TO 7457 05:04:22,520 --> 05:04:25,120 KNOW WHAT GROUND TRUTH IS. 7458 05:04:25,120 --> 05:04:27,480 AND IF YOU ARE JUST BORROWING A 7459 05:04:27,480 --> 05:04:32,600 METHOD FROM FROM ANOTHER FIELD, 7460 05:04:32,600 --> 05:04:34,160 WHERE ASSUMPTIONS ARE VALID YOU 7461 05:04:34,160 --> 05:04:37,560 ARE OFTENTIMES YOU ARE LEFT TO 7462 05:04:37,560 --> 05:04:38,440 SCRATCH YOUR HEAD. 7463 05:04:38,440 --> 05:04:40,200 YOU HAVE A HYPOTHESIS TO TEST 7464 05:04:40,200 --> 05:04:42,200 BUT MAYBE THAT IS A LONG WAY 7465 05:04:42,200 --> 05:04:45,960 FROM WHAT YOU WANT TO FIND. 7466 05:04:45,960 --> 05:04:50,200 >> 7467 05:04:50,200 --> 05:04:51,760 >> ANOTHER WAY BEYOND COMPUTER 7468 05:04:51,760 --> 05:04:52,320 VISION. 7469 05:04:52,320 --> 05:04:53,600 WHAT WE WANT TO DO IS RELATE TO 7470 05:04:53,600 --> 05:04:54,560 WHAT IS GOING ON IN THE BRAIN. 7471 05:04:54,560 --> 05:04:56,360 THE COMPUTER VISION IMAGE 7472 05:04:56,360 --> 05:04:58,040 ANALYSIS IS THE GOAL ITSELF. 7473 05:04:58,040 --> 05:04:59,960 BUT WE WANT TO RELATE THIS TO 7474 05:04:59,960 --> 05:05:00,600 NEURAL ACTIVITY OR SOMETHING 7475 05:05:00,600 --> 05:05:01,720 ELSE IN THE BRAIN SO IF THERE IS 7476 05:05:01,720 --> 05:05:03,280 WAYS TO DO THAT END TO END 7477 05:05:03,280 --> 05:05:04,760 INSTEAD OF THINKING IMAGE 7478 05:05:04,760 --> 05:05:06,880 PROCESSING AND THEN NEURAL DATA 7479 05:05:06,880 --> 05:05:07,800 ANALYSIS PROBLEM THAT CAN BE 7480 05:05:07,800 --> 05:05:11,080 POWERFUL. 7481 05:05:11,080 --> 05:05:13,440 >> THERE IS ONE LAST PART THAT 7482 05:05:13,440 --> 05:05:16,560 DIDN'T GET DISCUSSED YET THAT WE 7483 05:05:16,560 --> 05:05:18,280 KIND OF HAVE LOT OF TROUBLE WITH 7484 05:05:18,280 --> 05:05:23,120 AND PUTTING EFFORT IN THAT IS 7485 05:05:23,120 --> 05:05:24,720 VARIABILITY BETWEEN ANIMALS THAT 7486 05:05:24,720 --> 05:05:26,840 YOU ARE MEASURING. 7487 05:05:26,840 --> 05:05:30,320 FOR EXAMPLE MEASURING FIVE MICE 7488 05:05:30,320 --> 05:05:31,720 MUCH MORE SIMILAR TO EACH OTHER 7489 05:05:31,720 --> 05:05:34,320 THAN FOR EXAMPLE FIVE MONKEYS OR 7490 05:05:34,320 --> 05:05:36,640 HUMANS OR -- I'M JUST PANELING 7491 05:05:36,640 --> 05:05:39,640 HERE AND I DON'T KNOW FIVE 7492 05:05:39,640 --> 05:05:40,160 ZEBRAFISH. 7493 05:05:40,160 --> 05:05:42,080 SO TRYING TO COME UP WITH A 7494 05:05:42,080 --> 05:05:45,520 MODELING FRAMEWORK THAT MODELS 7495 05:05:45,520 --> 05:05:48,000 EFFECT OF MANIPULATION OR 7496 05:05:48,000 --> 05:05:50,440 CERTAIN STATES, AS WELL AS 7497 05:05:50,440 --> 05:05:52,040 INTERINDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY IS 7498 05:05:52,040 --> 05:05:53,480 INCREDIBLY IMPORTANT TO MAKE 7499 05:05:53,480 --> 05:05:54,960 SENSE OF THE DATA SETS THAT WE 7500 05:05:54,960 --> 05:06:01,480 ARE TRYING TO GENERATE. 7501 05:06:01,480 --> 05:06:04,200 >> SO THERE IS A SESSION TIMER 7502 05:06:04,200 --> 05:06:06,000 ON MY SCREEN THAT COUNTED DOWN 7503 05:06:06,000 --> 05:06:07,920 TO ZERO A FEW MINUTES AGO. 7504 05:06:07,920 --> 05:06:12,440 WE STILL HAVE TIME? 7505 05:06:12,440 --> 05:06:14,040 >> I WISH I COULD TELL YOU. 7506 05:06:14,040 --> 05:06:21,440 >> WE WILL KEEP GOING. 7507 05:06:21,440 --> 05:06:23,880 >> SO WE DO HAVE TO WRAP UP, I 7508 05:06:23,880 --> 05:06:24,960 WOULD LIKE TO THANK EVERYONE FOR 7509 05:06:24,960 --> 05:06:26,440 ATTENDING AND ALSO FOR 7510 05:06:26,440 --> 05:06:27,320 PARTICIPATING IN THE PANEL. 7511 05:06:27,320 --> 05:06:28,640 I THINK THIS WAS A WONDERFUL 7512 05:06:28,640 --> 05:06:31,160 EXPERIENCE AND I HOPE 7513 05:06:31,160 --> 05:06:33,440 ILLUMINATING FOR EVERYONE 7514 05:06:33,440 --> 05:06:34,920 INVOLVED AND THIS IS VERY 7515 05:06:34,920 --> 05:06:36,480 EXCITING FIELD OF RESEARCH AND 7516 05:06:36,480 --> 05:06:39,000 HOPE WE CONTINUE TO HAVE THESE 7517 05:06:39,000 --> 00:00:00,000 GROUP DISCUSSIONS.