1 00:00:05,960 --> 00:00:08,320 >>WELCOME TO THE 2 00:00:08,320 --> 00:00:09,880 8th ANNUAL BRAIN INITIATIVE 3 00:00:09,880 --> 00:00:10,720 MEETING SCIENCE AND TOOLS. 4 00:00:10,720 --> 00:00:12,800 WE FIND OURSELVES IN THIS 5 00:00:12,800 --> 00:00:13,720 VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT. 6 00:00:13,720 --> 00:00:16,040 SORRY, WE COULD NOT MANAGE THE 7 00:00:16,040 --> 00:00:18,080 IN-PERSON COMPONENT OF WHAT WAS 8 00:00:18,080 --> 00:00:24,440 SUPPOSED TO BE THE MEETING. 9 00:00:24,440 --> 00:00:25,920 WHILE THERE'S DISAPPOINTMENT TO 10 00:00:25,920 --> 00:00:27,080 NOT HANG OUT TOGETHER THERE'S 11 00:00:27,080 --> 00:00:28,240 OPPORTUNITIES FOR DIGITAL 12 00:00:28,240 --> 00:00:31,840 CONNECTIONS AND ENGAGEMENTS AND 13 00:00:31,840 --> 00:00:33,600 LOTS OF GREAT DISCUSSION. 14 00:00:33,600 --> 00:00:38,320 AT THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF 15 00:00:38,320 --> 00:00:40,160 HEALTH BRAIN INSTITUTE HAS 16 00:00:40,160 --> 00:00:42,480 SUPPORTED RESEARCH TO BUILD AND 17 00:00:42,480 --> 00:00:45,920 LEVERAGE NEW TECHNOLOGIES 18 00:00:45,920 --> 00:00:46,880 REVOLUTIONIZING THE DEVELOPMENT 19 00:00:46,880 --> 00:00:51,000 OF THE BRAIN AND BY THEATION 20 00:00:53,720 --> 00:00:55,640 THE INNOVATION OF THE 21 00:00:55,640 --> 00:00:58,280 TECHNOLOGIES THEY FOR THE FIRST 22 00:00:58,280 --> 00:01:00,000 TIME SHOWS HOW INDIVIDUAL CELLS 23 00:01:00,000 --> 00:01:01,320 AND COMPLEX CIRCUITS INTERACT IN 24 00:01:01,320 --> 00:01:02,480 SPACE AND TIME. 25 00:01:02,480 --> 00:01:03,840 THE BRAIN INITIATIVE WAS 26 00:01:03,840 --> 00:01:05,760 LAUNCHED IN 2014 WITH THE FIRST 27 00:01:05,760 --> 00:01:08,200 AWARD SINCE THEN THE NIH HAS 28 00:01:08,200 --> 00:01:11,680 INVESTED OVER $2.4 BILLION WITH 29 00:01:11,680 --> 00:01:13,960 A "B", DOLLARS IN THE BRAIN 30 00:01:13,960 --> 00:01:15,800 INITIATIVE SUPPORTING OVER 1200 31 00:01:15,800 --> 00:01:17,280 AWARDS TO DATE. 32 00:01:17,280 --> 00:01:19,440 THE ANNUAL BRAIN INITIATIVE 33 00:01:19,440 --> 00:01:21,360 MEETING CONVENES STAFF AND 34 00:01:21,360 --> 00:01:24,320 LEADERSHIP AND AWARDEES IN THE 35 00:01:24,320 --> 00:01:30,440 CONTRIBUTING AGENCIES AND NSF, 36 00:01:30,440 --> 00:01:32,360 DARPA AND THE NIA AND MEMBERS OF 37 00:01:32,360 --> 00:01:34,160 THE MEDIA, PUBLIC AND MEMBERS OF 38 00:01:34,160 --> 00:01:36,120 CONGRESS. 39 00:01:36,120 --> 00:01:37,680 THE PURPOSE OF THIS OPEN MEETING 40 00:01:37,680 --> 00:01:40,120 IS TO CONTINUE TO BUILD THE 41 00:01:40,120 --> 00:01:43,080 BRAIN COMMUNITY SUCH AS IT IS IN 42 00:01:43,080 --> 00:01:44,400 THE VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT BUT WE 43 00:01:44,400 --> 00:01:47,600 PROVIDE A FORUM FOR DISCUSSING 44 00:01:47,600 --> 00:01:48,720 EXCITING NEW SCIENTIFIC 45 00:01:48,720 --> 00:01:49,800 DEVELOPMENTS AND POTENTIAL NEW 46 00:01:49,800 --> 00:01:52,400 DIRECTIONS AND TO IDENTIFY AREAS 47 00:01:52,400 --> 00:01:54,240 OF COLLABORATION AND RESEARCH 48 00:01:54,240 --> 00:01:54,560 COORDINATION. 49 00:01:54,560 --> 00:01:55,920 SO WE'RE LOOKING FORWARD TO THE 50 00:01:55,920 --> 00:01:57,360 NEXT FEW DAYS TOGETHER. 51 00:01:57,360 --> 00:01:59,840 PLEASE ENJOY IT. 52 00:01:59,840 --> 00:02:01,400 THERE'S TONS OF CONTENT HERE AND 53 00:02:01,400 --> 00:02:02,160 LOTS OF GREAT TALKS. 54 00:02:02,160 --> 00:02:05,360 TO KICK IT OFF A TERRIFIC TALK 55 00:02:05,360 --> 00:02:09,520 BY OUR FIRST PLENARY SPEAKER 56 00:02:09,520 --> 00:02:12,320 DR. BAUTISTA THE MEMORIAL CHAIR 57 00:02:12,320 --> 00:02:15,640 AND CLASS OF DEVELOPMENTAL 58 00:02:15,640 --> 00:02:17,880 BIOLOGY AND NEUROBIOLOGY IN THE 59 00:02:17,880 --> 00:02:18,920 SCIENCE INSTITUTE AT THE 60 00:02:18,920 --> 00:02:21,960 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 61 00:02:21,960 --> 00:02:24,440 BERKELEY. 62 00:02:24,440 --> 00:02:30,320 SHE RECEIVED HER BACHELOR'S 63 00:02:30,320 --> 00:02:34,880 DEGREE IN CHEMISTRY FROM THE 64 00:02:34,880 --> 00:02:38,040 UNIVERSITY OF OREGON AND LOOKED 65 00:02:38,040 --> 00:02:39,800 AT MEMBRANE CALCIUM. 66 00:02:39,800 --> 00:02:46,840 SHE THEN PURSUED A POST-DOCTORAL 67 00:02:46,840 --> 00:02:47,800 FELLOWSHIP IN CALIFORNIA STATE 68 00:02:47,800 --> 00:02:49,280 SAN FRANCISCO AND CONDUCTED 69 00:02:49,280 --> 00:02:53,720 SEMINOLE INVESTIGATIONS OF THE 70 00:02:53,720 --> 00:02:58,000 INTERACTION OF VARIOUS CHEMICAL 71 00:02:58,000 --> 00:03:01,920 QUEUES WHERE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 72 00:03:01,920 --> 00:03:04,560 LOOKING AT CHEMICAL IRRITANTS 73 00:03:04,560 --> 00:03:07,800 WITH A TRIP A1 CHANNEL AND FOUND 74 00:03:07,800 --> 00:03:10,000 MENTHOL GIVES US THE SENSE OF 75 00:03:10,000 --> 00:03:12,840 COOL ACTIVATED THE TRIP M8 76 00:03:12,840 --> 00:03:14,240 CHANNEL AND LITERALLY COOL 77 00:03:14,240 --> 00:03:18,000 RESULT SHE FOUND THE ACTIVE 78 00:03:18,000 --> 00:03:19,920 INGREDIENT IN CITRON PEPPER CORN 79 00:03:19,920 --> 00:03:22,720 WHICH GIVES A NUMBING IN CERTAIN 80 00:03:22,720 --> 00:03:26,320 CHINESE DISHES INHIBITS SPECIFIC 81 00:03:26,320 --> 00:03:27,120 POTASSIUM CHANNELS. 82 00:03:27,120 --> 00:03:29,960 SO WHEN I GO TO A CHINESE 83 00:03:29,960 --> 00:03:32,000 RESTAURANT OR IRRITATED BY 84 00:03:32,000 --> 00:03:33,480 SOMETHING CHEMICAL I ALWAYS 85 00:03:33,480 --> 00:03:35,800 THINK OF DIANA. 86 00:03:35,800 --> 00:03:37,160 HER CURRENT RESEARCH HAS BEEN 87 00:03:37,160 --> 00:03:40,560 RECOGNIZED BY NUMEROUS AWARDS 88 00:03:40,560 --> 00:03:42,000 BASED ON HER CURRENT AND RECENT 89 00:03:42,000 --> 00:03:44,080 RESEARCH ON THE CELLULAR 90 00:03:44,080 --> 00:03:46,640 MECHANISMS OF ITCH, TOUCH AND 91 00:03:46,640 --> 00:03:47,920 PAIN UNDER NORMAL AND DISEASE 92 00:03:47,920 --> 00:03:49,560 CONDITIONS AMONG HER MANY AWARDS 93 00:03:49,560 --> 00:03:51,680 ARE THE SOCIETY FOR YOUNG 94 00:03:51,680 --> 00:03:56,120 INVESTIGATORS AWARD AND THE 2019 95 00:03:56,120 --> 00:03:58,520 NIH DIRECTOR'S TRANSFORMATIVE 96 00:03:58,520 --> 00:04:02,000 AWARD AND IN 2021 SELECTED AS A 97 00:04:02,000 --> 00:04:03,440 HOWARD HUGHES MEDICAL 98 00:04:03,440 --> 00:04:03,760 INVESTIGATOR. 99 00:04:03,760 --> 00:04:04,800 HER CURRENT RESEARCH IS FOCUSSED 100 00:04:04,800 --> 00:04:07,640 ON MECHANISMS OF ITCH, TOUCH AND 101 00:04:07,640 --> 00:04:10,200 PAIN AND IS CURRENTLY FOCUSSING 102 00:04:10,200 --> 00:04:11,920 ON THE NEURO IMMUNE INTERACTIONS 103 00:04:11,920 --> 00:04:14,240 OF ITCH AND AIRWAY INFLAMMATION. 104 00:04:14,240 --> 00:04:18,000 IN HER TALK ENTITLED PERIPHERAL 105 00:04:18,000 --> 00:04:20,840 NEUROIMMUNE ACTIONS DRIVE ITCH 106 00:04:20,840 --> 00:04:24,480 AND INFLAMMATION SHE'LL EXPLORE 107 00:04:24,480 --> 00:04:26,000 A TOPIC DERMATITIS AN ITCH 108 00:04:26,000 --> 00:04:27,800 DISORDER THAT AFFECTS 15% OF 109 00:04:27,800 --> 00:04:30,960 CHILDREN WORLDWIDE HALF OF WHOM 110 00:04:30,960 --> 00:04:35,120 GO ON TO DEVELOP ALLERGIES AND 111 00:04:35,120 --> 00:04:37,920 ASTHMA AND NEURONS AND IMMUNE 112 00:04:37,920 --> 00:04:40,040 CELLS IS A HALLMARK OF THIS AND 113 00:04:40,040 --> 00:04:42,520 THE TALK WILL HIGHLIGHT HER 114 00:04:42,520 --> 00:04:45,960 EFFORTS TO DECIPHER THE IMMUNE 115 00:04:45,960 --> 00:04:48,640 INTERACTIONS DRIVING THE IMMUNAL 116 00:04:48,640 --> 00:04:50,040 HYPEREXCITABILITY IN ITCH AND A 117 00:04:50,040 --> 00:04:51,520 TOPIC DISEASE. 118 00:04:51,520 --> 00:04:54,520 AS A HOUSEKEEPING NOTES YOU CAN 119 00:04:54,520 --> 00:04:56,400 SUBMIT QUESTIONS IN THE Q&A BOX 120 00:04:56,400 --> 00:04:58,720 TO DR. BAUTISTA AND WE LOOK 121 00:04:58,720 --> 00:05:00,400 FORWARD TO A GREAT DISCUSSION 122 00:05:00,400 --> 00:05:03,320 AND JOIN ME IN WELCOMING 123 00:05:03,320 --> 00:05:03,800 DR. DIANA BAUTISTA. 124 00:05:03,800 --> 00:05:19,680 ALL YOURS. 125 00:05:19,680 --> 00:05:21,440 >> TODAY I'LL TELL YOU ABOUT OUR 126 00:05:21,440 --> 00:05:23,640 RECENT EFFORTS TO START TO 127 00:05:23,640 --> 00:05:27,320 DECIPHER THE NEURO IMMUNE 128 00:05:27,320 --> 00:05:28,240 INTERACTIONS UNDERLYING CHRONIC 129 00:05:28,240 --> 00:05:29,640 ITCH AND INFLAMMATION AND WALK 130 00:05:29,640 --> 00:05:31,320 YOU THROUGH THE BIG QUESTIONS IN 131 00:05:31,320 --> 00:05:32,440 THE FIELD AND GIVE AN 132 00:05:32,440 --> 00:05:34,600 INTRODUCTION TO HOW WE APPROACH 133 00:05:34,600 --> 00:05:38,640 THESE PROBLEMS AND END WITH SOME 134 00:05:38,640 --> 00:05:41,280 UNPUBLISHED DATA LOOKING AT THE 135 00:05:41,280 --> 00:05:42,520 PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL NERVOUS 136 00:05:42,520 --> 00:05:46,000 SYSTEM TO UNDERSTAND HOW CHANGES 137 00:05:46,000 --> 00:05:48,600 ARE OCCURRING ACROSS THE NERVOUS 138 00:05:48,600 --> 00:05:49,160 SYSTEM IN THE INFLAMMATORY 139 00:05:49,160 --> 00:06:01,200 DISORDERS. 140 00:06:01,200 --> 00:06:03,960 ALL OF YOU HAVE PROBABLY 141 00:06:03,960 --> 00:06:06,040 EXPERIENCED AN ALLERGIC RASH OR 142 00:06:06,040 --> 00:06:08,520 BRUSH WITH POISON OAK OR PERHAPS 143 00:06:08,520 --> 00:06:13,040 THAT ITCHY MOSQUITO BITE THAT 144 00:06:13,040 --> 00:06:14,360 MADE YOU ITCH AND TOOK PLEASURE 145 00:06:14,360 --> 00:06:15,560 IN WAYSO SCRATCH THAT ITCH. 146 00:06:15,560 --> 00:06:18,080 ALL THESE EXAMPLES I MENTIONED 147 00:06:18,080 --> 00:06:20,080 ARE EXAMPLES OF ACUTE ITCH WHICH 148 00:06:20,080 --> 00:06:22,400 IS DEFINED AS AN IRRITATING 149 00:06:22,400 --> 00:06:24,480 SENSATION THAT CAUSES A DESIRE 150 00:06:24,480 --> 00:06:26,920 TO SCRATCH. 151 00:06:26,920 --> 00:06:30,400 OUR SENSE OF ITCH IS HIGHLY 152 00:06:30,400 --> 00:06:32,120 CONSERVED AND LIKE ACUTE PAIN 153 00:06:32,120 --> 00:06:34,320 IT'S THOUGHT TO BE PROTECTIVE. 154 00:06:34,320 --> 00:06:38,080 THE ACT OF SCRATCHING NOT ONLY 155 00:06:38,080 --> 00:06:39,920 REMOVES THAT MOSQUITO OR WORM 156 00:06:39,920 --> 00:06:42,040 THAT BURROWED INTO YOUR SKIN OR 157 00:06:42,040 --> 00:06:44,920 OTHER PATHOGENS BUT ACTIVATED 158 00:06:44,920 --> 00:06:48,000 NEURONS THAT RELEASE MEDIATORS 159 00:06:48,000 --> 00:06:50,560 THE PROMOTE THE DIRECTED INFLUX 160 00:06:50,560 --> 00:06:53,600 OF IMMUNE CELLS INTO THE SKIN TO 161 00:06:53,600 --> 00:06:56,480 INCLUDE PROTECTIVE CELLS AND 162 00:06:56,480 --> 00:06:57,960 PROMOTE HYPERSENSITIVITY THAT 163 00:06:57,960 --> 00:06:59,720 TRIGGERS BEHAVIORS. 164 00:06:59,720 --> 00:07:02,040 THAT ITCHY SENSATION HELPS YOU 165 00:07:02,040 --> 00:07:04,720 REMEMBER NEXT TIME TO PUT ON 166 00:07:04,720 --> 00:07:06,480 DEET, PUT ON A JACKET TO MAKE 167 00:07:06,480 --> 00:07:10,080 SURE YOU DON'T GET THOSE BITES. 168 00:07:10,080 --> 00:07:14,000 NOW, IT'S NOT JUST HUMANS AND 169 00:07:14,000 --> 00:07:17,920 HAIRY ANIMALS THAT SCRATCH. 170 00:07:17,920 --> 00:07:20,840 IT'S HIGHLY CONSERVED AMONG THE 171 00:07:20,840 --> 00:07:22,240 ANIMAL KINGDOM AND THOUGH FISH 172 00:07:22,240 --> 00:07:24,320 CAN'T SCRATCH THEMSELVES THEY 173 00:07:24,320 --> 00:07:27,600 CAN RUB UP AGAINST CORAL TO 174 00:07:27,600 --> 00:07:29,200 REMOVE PATHOGENS IN THECATION OF 175 00:07:29,200 --> 00:07:32,280 THIS EEL YOU SEE THEY VISIT 176 00:07:32,280 --> 00:07:34,000 CLEANING STATION WHERE'S OTHER 177 00:07:34,000 --> 00:07:36,040 SMALL FISHES COME IN AND SURVIVE 178 00:07:36,040 --> 00:07:38,400 BY REMOVING POTENTIALLY HARMFUL 179 00:07:38,400 --> 00:07:40,800 PATHOGENS AND EAT THEM AND THEN 180 00:07:40,800 --> 00:07:44,960 THERE'S A REALLY ROBUST SYSTEM 181 00:07:44,960 --> 00:07:47,640 SO THAT CERTAIN MARINE ORGANISMS 182 00:07:47,640 --> 00:07:49,520 INCLUDING EELS KNOW WHEN TO 183 00:07:49,520 --> 00:07:51,120 VISIT THE CLEANING STATION AND 184 00:07:51,120 --> 00:07:53,320 WHEN TO LEAVE THAT CLEANING 185 00:07:53,320 --> 00:07:56,320 STATION SO THERE'S NOT FURTHER 186 00:07:56,320 --> 00:08:00,520 TISSUE DAMAGE. 187 00:08:00,520 --> 00:08:21,200 EVEN DROSOPHILA YOU CAN SEE YOU 188 00:08:21,200 --> 00:08:25,920 CAN SEE IT KICK THE MITE OUT TO 189 00:08:25,920 --> 00:08:27,160 PREVENT INFECTION. 190 00:08:27,160 --> 00:08:30,320 SO FAR I'M TALKING ABOUT ACUTE 191 00:08:30,320 --> 00:08:32,600 ITCH BUT THERE'S OTHER 192 00:08:32,600 --> 00:08:35,640 DEBILITATING CONDITIONS WITH NO 193 00:08:35,640 --> 00:08:47,440 CURE OR EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS. 194 00:08:47,440 --> 00:08:51,920 SO 1 IN 10 PEOPLE WILL SUFFER 195 00:08:51,920 --> 00:08:55,080 FROM CHRONIC ITCH IN THEIR LIFE 196 00:08:55,080 --> 00:08:57,080 AND THERE'S A TOPIC DERMATITIS 197 00:08:57,080 --> 00:09:00,080 WHICH I'LL FOCUS THE REST OF MY 198 00:09:00,080 --> 00:09:02,000 TALK ON TODAY BUT CHRONIC ITCH 199 00:09:02,000 --> 00:09:07,880 IS ASSOCIATED WITH A VARIETY OF 200 00:09:07,880 --> 00:09:08,960 SYSTEMIC CONDITIONS INCLUDING 201 00:09:08,960 --> 00:09:11,240 KIDNEY FAILURE AND SOME FORMS OF 202 00:09:11,240 --> 00:09:12,680 DIABETES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH 203 00:09:12,680 --> 00:09:16,320 CHRONIC ITCH AND CANCERS LIKE 204 00:09:16,320 --> 00:09:17,680 LYMPHOMA HAVE CHRONIC ITCH AS A 205 00:09:17,680 --> 00:09:19,360 SIDE EFFECT AND OFTEN IN THE 206 00:09:19,360 --> 00:09:21,960 CASE OF LYMPHOMA IT'S THE ITCHY 207 00:09:21,960 --> 00:09:24,320 SENSATION THAT PEOPLE GET THAT 208 00:09:24,320 --> 00:09:25,560 FIRST CAUSES THEM TO GO TO THE 209 00:09:25,560 --> 00:09:27,120 DOCTOR. 210 00:09:27,120 --> 00:09:28,720 IT'S AN ALERT SYSTEM TELLING 211 00:09:28,720 --> 00:09:30,120 THEM SOMETHING'S WRONG. 212 00:09:30,120 --> 00:09:33,160 A VARIETY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 213 00:09:33,160 --> 00:09:36,920 CAUSE CHRONIC ITCH AND THERE'S A 214 00:09:36,920 --> 00:09:38,400 GROWING LIST OF DRUGS WITH 215 00:09:38,400 --> 00:09:40,840 CHRONIC ITCH AS A SIDE EFFECT. 216 00:09:40,840 --> 00:09:43,320 THERE'S PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS 217 00:09:43,320 --> 00:09:47,160 THAT CAN CONTRIBUTE TO ITCH LIKE 218 00:09:47,160 --> 00:09:49,160 YAWNING, SEEING SOMEONE ITCH IS 219 00:09:49,160 --> 00:09:50,960 A TRIGGER TO FEEL ITCHY AND 220 00:09:50,960 --> 00:09:54,400 START SCRATCHING AND PSYCHO 221 00:09:54,400 --> 00:09:57,800 PHYSIO STUDIES HAVE SHOWN 70% OF 222 00:09:57,800 --> 00:09:59,320 PEOPLE WHO SEE SOMEONE ELSE ITCH 223 00:09:59,320 --> 00:10:02,000 OR THE PHOTO OF SOMEONE 224 00:10:02,000 --> 00:10:04,040 SCRATCHING THEMSELVES WILL ALSO 225 00:10:04,040 --> 00:10:06,160 FEEL ITCHY AND SCRATCH WITHIN A 226 00:10:06,160 --> 00:10:16,960 FEW MINUTES. 227 00:10:16,960 --> 00:10:20,840 AND I THINK THE DEBILITATING 228 00:10:20,840 --> 00:10:24,320 URGE TO SCRATCH THE ITCH IS FROM 229 00:10:24,320 --> 00:10:29,960 AN ARTICLE MORE THAN A DECADE 230 00:10:29,960 --> 00:10:36,320 AGO FOR A PATIENT WHO HAD 231 00:10:36,320 --> 00:10:38,920 SHINGLES AND ANTIHISTAMINES, 232 00:10:38,920 --> 00:10:40,480 NOTHING WOULD RELIEVE THE ITCH 233 00:10:40,480 --> 00:10:44,080 AND THOUGH SHE TRIED TO PROTECT 234 00:10:44,080 --> 00:10:46,160 HERSELF BY WEARING MITTENS, 235 00:10:46,160 --> 00:10:50,440 SLEEPING WITH A HAT ON, EVEN 236 00:10:50,440 --> 00:10:51,520 TYING HER HANDS SHE COULDN'T 237 00:10:51,520 --> 00:10:55,720 RESIST THE URGE TO SCRATCH AND 238 00:10:55,720 --> 00:10:56,720 ACTUALLY SCRATCHED AND EXPOSED 239 00:10:56,720 --> 00:10:57,200 HER FRAME. 240 00:10:57,200 --> 00:11:01,240 THOUGH IS AN EXTREME CASE, IT 241 00:11:01,240 --> 00:11:05,160 ILLUSTRATES THE DEBILITATINING 242 00:11:05,160 --> 00:11:06,920 NATURE OF CHRONIC ITCH AND WHY 243 00:11:06,920 --> 00:11:07,920 PEOPLE WHO SUFFER FROM CHRONIC 244 00:11:07,920 --> 00:11:10,840 ITCH HAVE A DECREASED QUALITY OF 245 00:11:10,840 --> 00:11:13,240 LIFE ON PAR WITH WORSE CHRONIC 246 00:11:13,240 --> 00:11:15,520 PAIN CONDITIONS AND THERE'S FEW 247 00:11:15,520 --> 00:11:17,000 EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS. 248 00:11:17,000 --> 00:11:19,040 ANTIHISTAMINES ARE COMPLETELY 249 00:11:19,040 --> 00:11:21,560 INEFFECTIVE IN TREATING CHRONIC 250 00:11:21,560 --> 00:11:24,240 ITCH AND CORTICOSTEROIDS WHILE 251 00:11:24,240 --> 00:11:27,520 THEY MAY HELP AT FIRST ACTUALLY 252 00:11:27,520 --> 00:11:29,960 MAKE CHRONIC ITCH WORSE WITH 253 00:11:29,960 --> 00:11:30,720 PROLONGED USE SO THERE'S 254 00:11:30,720 --> 00:11:34,120 INTEREST IN UNDERSTANDING THE 255 00:11:34,120 --> 00:11:36,440 MECHANISMS THAT DRIVE CHRONIC 256 00:11:36,440 --> 00:11:38,120 ITCH DISORDERS. 257 00:11:38,120 --> 00:11:40,880 SO MY LAB STUDIES THE SOMATO 258 00:11:40,880 --> 00:11:43,720 SENSORY SYSTEM THAT CONSISTS OF 259 00:11:43,720 --> 00:11:46,920 OVER 30 DIFFERENT SUBTYPES OF 260 00:11:46,920 --> 00:11:50,760 SENSORY NEURONS, PRIMARY AFERONS 261 00:11:50,760 --> 00:11:55,120 LABELLED IN GREEN IN THIS 262 00:11:55,120 --> 00:11:59,160 BEAUTIFUL IN SITU OF THE MIGHT 263 00:11:59,160 --> 00:12:04,600 AND THE GREEN HUMAN SCHEMATIC 264 00:12:04,600 --> 00:12:07,120 AND THESE SHOW TOUCH, 265 00:12:07,120 --> 00:12:09,080 TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, CHEMICALS 266 00:12:09,080 --> 00:12:10,240 IN THE ENVIRONMENT THAT CAN 267 00:12:10,240 --> 00:12:12,040 CAUSE HARM AS WELL AS CHEMICALS 268 00:12:12,040 --> 00:12:12,640 IN THE BODY. 269 00:12:12,640 --> 00:12:14,560 MY LAB USES MOUSE AS A MODEL 270 00:12:14,560 --> 00:12:16,120 SYSTEM AND WHEN AVAILABLE FROM 271 00:12:16,120 --> 00:12:19,400 DONORS WE ALSO LOOK AT PRIMARY 272 00:12:19,400 --> 00:12:21,160 HUMAN CELLS INCLUDING IMMUNE 273 00:12:21,160 --> 00:12:22,880 CELLS, SKIN CELLS AND ALSO 274 00:12:22,880 --> 00:12:24,480 PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS FOR OUR 275 00:12:24,480 --> 00:12:29,520 STUDIES. 276 00:12:29,520 --> 00:12:32,280 ABOUT 10% OF SOMATO SENSORY 277 00:12:32,280 --> 00:12:34,960 NEURONS ARE THOUGHT TO BE 278 00:12:34,960 --> 00:12:38,280 DEDICATED TO TRANSMISSION OF H 279 00:12:38,280 --> 00:12:39,840 SIGNALS. 280 00:12:39,840 --> 00:12:46,400 THESE H NEURONS AFFECT THE 281 00:12:46,400 --> 00:12:48,360 EPIDERMIS SHOWN IN THE CROSS 282 00:12:48,360 --> 00:12:54,040 SECTION OF HUMAN SKIN AND THE 283 00:12:54,040 --> 00:12:55,040 PRIMARY AFFERENTS HAVE LARGE 284 00:12:55,040 --> 00:12:57,560 RESPECTIVE FEEL AND THIS IS 285 00:12:57,560 --> 00:12:59,840 WHERE THE DETECTION OF ITCHY 286 00:12:59,840 --> 00:13:03,520 STIMULI ARE FIRST DETECTED AND 287 00:13:03,520 --> 00:13:04,320 TRANSDUCED. 288 00:13:04,320 --> 00:13:06,800 THE SIGNALS ARE TRANSMITTED TO 289 00:13:06,800 --> 00:13:08,080 THE SPINAL CORD ARE WHERE 290 00:13:08,080 --> 00:13:10,000 THERE'S MODULATION AND THEY'RE 291 00:13:10,000 --> 00:13:10,880 TRANSMITTED TO HIGHER LEVELS IN 292 00:13:10,880 --> 00:13:14,200 THE BRAIN GOING THROUGH THE 293 00:13:14,200 --> 00:13:22,600 THALAMUS, THE NUCLEI AND CAUSE 294 00:13:22,600 --> 00:13:24,320 THE SENSATION OF ITCH WHY CAN BE 295 00:13:24,320 --> 00:13:26,480 ALL CONSUMING. 296 00:13:26,480 --> 00:13:28,040 SO THE BIG PUSH WE'VE BEEN 297 00:13:28,040 --> 00:13:32,040 TRYING TO TACKLE INCLUDE TRYING 298 00:13:32,040 --> 00:13:39,120 TO UNDERSTAND HOW PERITOGENS 299 00:13:39,120 --> 00:13:46,040 AFFECT THE SIGNALS AND WE WANT 300 00:13:46,040 --> 00:14:35,760 TO TEST. 301 00:14:35,760 --> 00:14:36,320 TEST. 302 00:14:36,320 --> 00:14:42,040 THAT IMMEDIATE THE RESPONSES TO 303 00:14:42,040 --> 00:14:47,200 INFLAMMATORY PROTEASES AND 304 00:14:47,200 --> 00:14:48,920 CHRONIC ITCH IN THE SKIN AND 305 00:14:48,920 --> 00:14:52,120 WE'RE SEEING THE PHOSPHATE AND 306 00:14:52,120 --> 00:14:54,160 CYTOKINES LINKED TO CHRONIC ITCH 307 00:14:54,160 --> 00:15:00,200 AND CHRONIC PAIN INCLUDING PSLP 308 00:15:00,200 --> 00:15:07,000 AND THE INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE 309 00:15:07,000 --> 00:15:10,040 RELATED TO ECZEMA AS WELL AS 310 00:15:10,040 --> 00:15:15,720 ASTHMA. 311 00:15:15,720 --> 00:15:18,960 WE WANT TO TAKE AN UNBIASSED 312 00:15:18,960 --> 00:15:32,320 APPROACH AND DECIPHER IING AND 313 00:15:32,320 --> 00:15:34,720 LOOK AT HOW THEY CAN DRIVE 314 00:15:34,720 --> 00:15:36,880 CHRONIC ITCH DISORDERS AND WE 315 00:15:36,880 --> 00:15:38,080 DECIDED TO TACKLE OUR 316 00:15:38,080 --> 00:15:42,080 UNDERSTANDING OF A TOPIC 317 00:15:42,080 --> 00:15:42,920 DERMATITIS BECAUSE THE MOST 318 00:15:42,920 --> 00:15:46,040 COMMON TIME. 319 00:15:46,040 --> 00:15:48,920 PEOPLE WITH ECZEMA SUFFER FROM 320 00:15:48,920 --> 00:15:53,280 RED, ITCHY SCALY REGIONS ON 321 00:15:53,280 --> 00:15:54,720 THEIR HEAD AND NECK AND LEGS AND 322 00:15:54,720 --> 00:15:57,240 ARMS AND 10% OF ADULTS WORLDWIDE 323 00:15:57,240 --> 00:16:00,480 AND 15% OF CHILDREN SUFFER FROM 324 00:16:00,480 --> 00:16:11,560 ECZEMA. 325 00:16:11,560 --> 00:16:17,320 AND TO THE IT DECREASES IN AGE, 326 00:16:17,320 --> 00:16:22,120 TOPIC DISEASES INCLUDING FOOD 327 00:16:22,120 --> 00:16:26,000 ALLERGIES, ALLERGIC RHINITIS AND 328 00:16:26,000 --> 00:16:28,000 A SEVERE FORM OF ASTHMA HAVE 329 00:16:28,000 --> 00:16:30,760 THAT'S VERY DIFFICULT TO TREAT. 330 00:16:30,760 --> 00:16:33,120 THIS PROCESS IS CALLED THE A 331 00:16:33,120 --> 00:16:34,920 TOPIC MARCH BECAUSE THERE'S A 332 00:16:34,920 --> 00:16:37,280 WAVE OF INFLAMMATION THAT GOES 333 00:16:37,280 --> 00:16:39,320 FROM THE SKIN TO THE AIRWAYS AND 334 00:16:39,320 --> 00:16:49,160 IN SOME PEOPLE EVEN THE GUT. 335 00:16:49,160 --> 00:16:53,560 BECAUSE ACUTE HALLMARK IS 336 00:16:53,560 --> 00:16:54,880 DERMATITIS IT WAS THOUGHT TO BE 337 00:16:54,880 --> 00:16:56,880 A DISEASE OF THE SKIN AND WE 338 00:16:56,880 --> 00:16:59,080 DIDN'T HAVE A SOLID 339 00:16:59,080 --> 00:16:59,920 UNDERSTANDING HOW THE NERVOUS 340 00:16:59,920 --> 00:17:01,320 SYSTEM FIT INTO A TOPIC 341 00:17:01,320 --> 00:17:02,040 DISEASES. 342 00:17:02,040 --> 00:17:03,600 THAT'S SOMETHING WE WANTED TO 343 00:17:03,600 --> 00:17:14,240 ADDRESS. 344 00:17:14,240 --> 00:17:16,480 WE KNOW A VARIETY OF IMMUNE 345 00:17:16,480 --> 00:17:20,720 CELLS ARE PRESENT IN ITCHY 346 00:17:20,720 --> 00:17:22,880 LEGIONS INCLUDING TYPE 2 CELLS 347 00:17:22,880 --> 00:17:29,120 AND T CELLS AND BASOPHILS AND WE 348 00:17:29,120 --> 00:17:32,120 KNOW SENSORY NEURONS CAN 349 00:17:32,120 --> 00:17:34,640 CONTRIBUTE ACTIVELY TO 350 00:17:34,640 --> 00:17:35,720 INFLAMMATION IN THE CONTEXT OF 351 00:17:35,720 --> 00:17:37,520 CHRONIC PAIN AND WANTED TO ASK 352 00:17:37,520 --> 00:17:41,360 IF THE NEURON NOT SIMPLY PASSIVE 353 00:17:41,360 --> 00:17:44,480 PLAYERS IN A TOPIC DISEASES 354 00:17:44,480 --> 00:17:47,160 TRIGGERING ITCH REFLEXES BUT 355 00:17:47,160 --> 00:17:48,760 WHETHER THEY MAY BE PLAYING AN 356 00:17:48,760 --> 00:17:51,160 ACTIVE ROLE IN PROMOTING CHANGES 357 00:17:51,160 --> 00:17:53,560 IN THE SKIN AND DRIVING 358 00:17:53,560 --> 00:17:54,320 INFLAMMATION AND REPRESENTING A 359 00:17:54,320 --> 00:18:02,720 NEW TARGET FOR THESE A TOPIC 360 00:18:02,720 --> 00:19:20,920 DISEASES. 361 00:20:05,280 --> 00:20:08,920 NOTHING UNUSUAL INDICATIVE THEY 362 00:20:08,920 --> 00:20:09,880 DON'T REALLY MIND THIS VEHICLE 363 00:20:09,880 --> 00:20:13,560 TREATMENT IN CONTRAST IF YOU 364 00:20:13,560 --> 00:20:15,880 INJECT AN ITCH COMPOUND OR TREAT 365 00:20:15,880 --> 00:20:17,920 TOPICALLY WITH S3NO3 IN THIS 366 00:20:17,920 --> 00:20:19,600 CASE WE FIND THE MICE WILL 367 00:20:19,600 --> 00:20:21,480 DISPLAY A DIFFERENT BEHAVIOR 368 00:20:21,480 --> 00:20:25,400 WHICH IS SCRATCHING WITH A HIND 369 00:20:25,400 --> 00:20:27,640 PAW AND THIS IS QUITE DISTINCT 370 00:20:27,640 --> 00:20:29,720 FROM PAIN WHERE IF YOU TREAT 371 00:20:29,720 --> 00:20:31,080 WITH CAPSAICIN THE MOUSE WILL 372 00:20:31,080 --> 00:20:37,200 HAVE A VERY LOCALIZED RUBBING 373 00:20:37,200 --> 00:20:39,120 BEHAVIOR WITH ONE LIMB AND USING 374 00:20:39,120 --> 00:21:14,800 THE CHEEM. 375 00:21:14,800 --> 00:21:19,160 HERE YOU CAN SEE QUANTIFICATION 376 00:21:19,160 --> 00:21:20,640 OF MUCHING OVER SCRATCHING OVER 377 00:21:20,640 --> 00:21:22,720 SEVEN DAYS OF TREATMENT YOU GET 378 00:21:22,720 --> 00:21:25,960 AN INCREASE IN SCRATCHING 379 00:21:25,960 --> 00:21:31,640 BEHAVIORS THAT PERSIST UP TO 380 00:21:31,640 --> 00:21:32,320 THREE WEEKS POST TREATMENT AND 381 00:21:32,320 --> 00:21:35,720 IT SHOWS IT'S A GREAT MODEL FOR 382 00:21:35,720 --> 00:21:37,520 STUDYING DISEASE MECHANISMS WE 383 00:21:37,520 --> 00:21:41,360 CAN STUDY WHICH TRYINGERS THE 384 00:21:41,360 --> 00:21:43,400 DEVELOPMENT OF ITCH AND LOOK AT 385 00:21:43,400 --> 00:21:51,800 ACUTE TO CHRONIC PERSISTENT ITCH 386 00:21:51,800 --> 00:21:52,800 POST TREATMENT AND WE'VE 387 00:21:52,800 --> 00:21:58,040 IDENTIFIED A SLEW OF MECHANISMS 388 00:21:58,040 --> 00:22:01,120 THAT DRIVE THIS DISORDER. 389 00:22:01,120 --> 00:22:03,240 AND LOOKING AT THE A TOPIC 390 00:22:03,240 --> 00:22:05,920 MARCH, WHAT WE DECIDED TO DO WAS 391 00:22:05,920 --> 00:22:09,080 TO TAKE A SYSTEM'S PHYSIOLOGY 392 00:22:09,080 --> 00:22:10,840 APPROACH BY LOOKING ACROSS TIME 393 00:22:10,840 --> 00:22:13,120 AND LOOKING ACROSS TISSUES THAT 394 00:22:13,120 --> 00:22:23,200 ARE IMPACTED IN A TOPIC 395 00:22:23,200 --> 00:22:28,520 DERMATITIS IN THE A TOPIC MARCH 396 00:22:28,520 --> 00:22:31,200 AND TWO STAFF LOOKED AT THE 397 00:22:31,200 --> 00:22:35,920 MODEL IN QUANTIFYING THE ITCH 398 00:22:35,920 --> 00:22:40,520 BEHAVIORS AND DISSECTED THE SKIN 399 00:22:40,520 --> 00:22:44,520 AND BASAL GANGLIA AND LUNG AND 400 00:22:44,520 --> 00:22:45,120 BRAIN AND LOOKED FOR 401 00:22:45,120 --> 00:22:49,680 INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS, 402 00:22:49,680 --> 00:22:50,280 HISTOLOGY AS WELL AS SORTING 403 00:22:50,280 --> 00:22:53,760 IMMUNE CELLS. 404 00:22:53,760 --> 00:22:54,920 I'LL TELL YOU FIRST ABOUT WHAT 405 00:22:54,920 --> 00:23:01,920 WE FOUND IN THE SKIN BECAUSE WE 406 00:23:01,920 --> 00:23:02,600 CHARACTERIZED THE MOST AND IT'S 407 00:23:02,600 --> 00:23:10,920 A PROJECT STILL ONGOING. 408 00:23:10,920 --> 00:23:13,520 THE FIRST THING WE DID WAS TO 409 00:23:13,520 --> 00:23:16,520 LOOK AT GREEN EXPRESSION IN THE 410 00:23:16,520 --> 00:23:18,200 MODEL ACROSS ECZEMA DEVELOPMENT 411 00:23:18,200 --> 00:23:19,400 OVER EIGHT DAYS. 412 00:23:19,400 --> 00:23:22,640 WHAT WE FOUND REMARKABLY WAS IN 413 00:23:22,640 --> 00:23:26,000 LOOKING AT HUMAN DISEASE GENES 414 00:23:26,000 --> 00:23:29,360 LINKED TO A TOPIC DERMATITIS THE 415 00:23:29,360 --> 00:23:31,040 MODEL SHOWED ABOUT 70% OF THE 416 00:23:31,040 --> 00:23:37,960 GENES LINKED TO HUMAN A TOPIC 417 00:23:37,960 --> 00:23:39,120 DERMATITIS WERE DISREGULATED 418 00:23:39,120 --> 00:23:40,480 ACROSS THE FIRST EIGHT DAYS OF 419 00:23:40,480 --> 00:23:41,920 THE MODEL AND WE WERE ABLE TO 420 00:23:41,920 --> 00:23:44,120 LOOK AT THE TEMPO KINETICS OF 421 00:23:44,120 --> 00:23:47,640 ALL THE DISEASE GENES WHICH GAVE 422 00:23:47,640 --> 00:23:49,320 US SOME HINT ABOUT HOW THEY MAY 423 00:23:49,320 --> 00:23:52,520 BE CONTRIBUTING TO HUMAN ECZEMA. 424 00:23:52,520 --> 00:23:54,800 LOOKING ACROSS THE LITERATURE 425 00:23:54,800 --> 00:23:56,760 ACROSS ALL HUMAN CHRONIC ITCH 426 00:23:56,760 --> 00:23:58,480 DISORDERS WE FOUND IN THE MODEL 427 00:23:58,480 --> 00:24:02,040 ABOUT 60% OF HUMAN DISEASE GENES 428 00:24:02,040 --> 00:24:04,360 WERE FOUND TO BE DISREGULATED AS 429 00:24:04,360 --> 00:24:04,600 WELL. 430 00:24:04,600 --> 00:24:07,880 WHEN WE DID GENE ONTOLOGY 431 00:24:07,880 --> 00:24:13,000 ANALYSIS WE FOUND THAT THESE 432 00:24:13,000 --> 00:24:16,640 CATEGORIES INCLUDED EXCITABILITY 433 00:24:16,640 --> 00:24:21,600 AND A VARIETY OF OTHER GENES 434 00:24:21,600 --> 00:24:23,960 INCLUDING GENES LINKED TO 435 00:24:23,960 --> 00:24:26,000 INFLAMMATION AND GUIDANCE AND 436 00:24:26,000 --> 00:24:27,320 IMMUNE CELLS AND SKIN BARRIER 437 00:24:27,320 --> 00:24:27,760 FUNCTION. 438 00:24:27,760 --> 00:24:28,880 WHAT I'LL DO IS GO THROUGH SOME 439 00:24:28,880 --> 00:24:42,000 OF THESE KEY FINDINGS. 440 00:24:42,000 --> 00:24:47,960 SURPRISINGLY WE SAW A VARIETY 441 00:24:47,960 --> 00:24:51,360 OF PROTEASES THAT AGAIN ARE 442 00:24:51,360 --> 00:24:52,640 CORRELATED WITH DISEASE 443 00:24:52,640 --> 00:24:52,920 SEVERITY. 444 00:24:52,920 --> 00:24:59,560 WHAT WE WANTED TO DO WAS TO TEST 445 00:24:59,560 --> 00:25:00,320 FUNCTION 446 00:25:00,320 --> 00:25:02,040 FUNCTIONALLY WHAT THEY MAY BE 447 00:25:02,040 --> 00:25:03,200 DOING IN TERMS OF DISEASE 448 00:25:03,200 --> 00:25:03,720 GENESIS. 449 00:25:03,720 --> 00:25:12,320 WE TURNED TO FUNCTIONAL STUDIES 450 00:25:12,320 --> 00:25:19,680 USING PRIMARY AND MOUSE AND 451 00:25:19,680 --> 00:25:22,160 THERE WAS CALCIUM SIGNALLING AND 452 00:25:22,160 --> 00:25:24,960 OSCILLATIONS BY ACTING ON THE 453 00:25:24,960 --> 00:25:29,200 PROTEASE ACTIVE RECEPTOR 2 454 00:25:29,200 --> 00:25:33,840 HIGHLY UP REGULATED IN HUMAN 455 00:25:33,840 --> 00:25:35,840 DERMATITIS LESIONS AND LOOKED AT 456 00:25:35,840 --> 00:25:40,240 THE PATHWAY AND THIS TRIGGERS 457 00:25:40,240 --> 00:25:41,560 NFAT DEPENDENT GENE 458 00:25:41,560 --> 00:25:44,120 TRANSCRIPTION OF A VARIETY OF 459 00:25:44,120 --> 00:25:46,080 CYTOKINES INCLUDING TSLP. 460 00:25:46,080 --> 00:25:54,040 WHILE THAT WAS WELL KNOWN TO 461 00:25:54,040 --> 00:25:55,320 ACTIVATE IMMUNE CELLS AND 462 00:25:55,320 --> 00:25:57,560 TRIGGER INFLAMMATION IT TRIGGERS 463 00:25:57,560 --> 00:25:59,960 TSLP RELEASE TO ACTIVATE NOT 464 00:25:59,960 --> 00:26:21,120 ONLY 465 00:26:21,120 --> 00:26:23,200 AND HAD POTENTIAL FIRING TO 466 00:26:23,200 --> 00:26:26,000 DRIVE PERSISTENT ITCH IN THE 467 00:26:26,000 --> 00:26:33,080 ABSENCE OF FURTHER STIMULATION. 468 00:26:33,080 --> 00:26:38,080 BY DAY TWO OF THE MODEL WE FOUND 469 00:26:38,080 --> 00:28:03,000 THE SKIN EXPRESSED A VARIETY. 470 00:29:53,520 --> 00:29:56,760 SUGGESTING THAT WHILE THE CELLS 471 00:29:56,760 --> 00:29:57,400 AND CHEMO KINES ARE PLAYING A 472 00:29:57,400 --> 00:30:01,320 KEY ROLE. 473 00:30:01,320 --> 00:30:03,600 THEY WEREN'T REQUIRED DURING THE 474 00:30:03,600 --> 00:30:04,560 INITIAL DEVELOPMENT OF 475 00:30:04,560 --> 00:30:06,240 INFLAMMATION AND ITCH IN THIS 476 00:30:06,240 --> 00:30:12,080 MODEL. 477 00:30:12,080 --> 00:30:14,480 BY DAY 8 OF THE MODEL IN 478 00:30:14,480 --> 00:30:15,400 ADDITION TO THE IMMUNE CELL 479 00:30:15,400 --> 00:30:19,720 CHANGES WE SAW A NUMBER OF 480 00:30:19,720 --> 00:30:22,400 CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION OF 481 00:30:22,400 --> 00:30:28,000 RECEPTORS THAT ARE THOUGHT TO BE 482 00:30:28,000 --> 00:30:29,960 NEURONALAL INCLUDING TO THE 483 00:30:29,960 --> 00:30:36,440 RECEPTOR IL31 AND DRIVE NEURON 484 00:30:36,440 --> 00:30:37,080 DEPENDENT INCHING AND SCRATCHING 485 00:30:37,080 --> 00:30:38,240 BEHAVIORS. 486 00:30:38,240 --> 00:30:38,320 487 00:30:42,000 --> 00:30:44,440 SO WITH WE WANTED TO TEST THE 488 00:30:44,440 --> 00:30:45,520 REQUIREMENT OF SENSORY NEURONS 489 00:30:45,520 --> 00:30:47,360 AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ITCH AND 490 00:30:47,360 --> 00:30:50,040 TO TEST THIS WE USED A VARIETY 491 00:30:50,040 --> 00:30:54,520 OF APPROACHES INCLUDING LKING 492 00:30:54,520 --> 00:31:04,920 AT MOUSE MUTANT AND WHILE WILD 493 00:31:04,920 --> 00:31:07,560 TYPE LITTER MATES EXPRESSED 494 00:31:07,560 --> 00:31:10,000 ITCHING WHEN WE LOOKED AT THE 495 00:31:10,000 --> 00:31:15,640 DEFICIENT ANIMALS WE DID NOT SEE 496 00:31:15,640 --> 00:31:18,080 THE SCRATCHING SUGGESTING TRIP 497 00:31:18,080 --> 00:31:20,240 A1 SENSORY NEURON REQUIRED FOR 498 00:31:20,240 --> 00:31:22,000 THE DEVELOPMENT OF ITCH 499 00:31:22,000 --> 00:31:22,320 BEHAVIORS. 500 00:31:22,320 --> 00:31:23,960 WE ALSO FOUND TRIP A1 WAS 501 00:31:23,960 --> 00:31:25,520 REQUIRED MUCH TO OUR SURPRISE 502 00:31:25,520 --> 00:31:28,120 FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THESE 503 00:31:28,120 --> 00:31:30,480 EARLY LESIONS THAT PROCEED ITCH 504 00:31:30,480 --> 00:31:32,920 ABOVE SCRATCHING SUGGESTING THE 505 00:31:32,920 --> 00:31:35,520 SENSORY NEURONS AND TRIP A1 506 00:31:35,520 --> 00:31:37,520 CHANNELS ARE NOT JUST PASSIVE 507 00:31:37,520 --> 00:31:39,800 PLAYERS IN PROMOTING SCRATCH 508 00:31:39,800 --> 00:31:41,520 REFLEXES BUT RATHER PLAY AN 509 00:31:41,520 --> 00:31:46,040 ACTIVE ROLE IN EARLY CHANGES AND 510 00:31:46,040 --> 00:31:51,000 INFLAMMATION IN THE SKIN. 511 00:31:51,000 --> 00:31:52,360 NOW, WE ALSO WANTED TO TAKE A 512 00:31:52,360 --> 00:31:54,040 LOOK AT THE ROLE OF THE SENSORY 513 00:31:54,040 --> 00:31:56,360 NEURONS AND WHAT ROLE THE 514 00:31:56,360 --> 00:31:58,040 NEUTROPHILS MAY BE PLAYING IN 515 00:31:58,040 --> 00:32:01,640 DRIVING A TOPIC DERMATITIS 516 00:32:01,640 --> 00:32:02,600 DISEASE AND DRIVING SIGNA TO 517 00:32:02,600 --> 00:32:04,280 THE INFORMATION SYSTEM. 518 00:32:04,280 --> 00:32:08,160 WHAT WE DID WAS USE AN ANTI-GR1 519 00:32:08,160 --> 00:32:14,320 ANTIBODY TO ALLOW TO US DEPLETE 520 00:32:14,320 --> 00:32:16,040 CIRCULATING AND INTRUDING 521 00:32:16,040 --> 00:32:18,080 NEUTROPHILS AND THE TREATMENT 522 00:32:18,080 --> 00:32:20,320 SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATES THE 523 00:32:20,320 --> 00:32:23,880 NUMBER OF INFILTRATING 524 00:32:23,880 --> 00:32:26,000 NEUTROPHILS CAPABLE OF ENTERING 525 00:32:26,000 --> 00:32:30,000 INFLAMED TREATED SKIN. 526 00:32:30,000 --> 00:32:32,600 AND WHEN WE LOOKED ABOVE SCRATCH 527 00:32:32,600 --> 00:32:35,800 MODEL WE FOUND DEPLETION OF 528 00:32:35,800 --> 00:32:37,000 NEUTROPHILS SIGNIFICANTLY 529 00:32:37,000 --> 00:32:38,680 ATTENUATED ITCH ABOVE SCRATCHING 530 00:32:38,680 --> 00:32:39,520 ACROSS ALL DAYS OF THE MODEL 531 00:32:39,520 --> 00:32:41,760 TELLING US THE NEUTROPHILS AND 532 00:32:41,760 --> 00:32:46,040 THE SENSORY NEURONS ARE KEY 533 00:32:46,040 --> 00:32:49,520 DRIVERS OF A TOPIC ITCH. 534 00:32:49,520 --> 00:32:52,280 WE WANTED TO NEXT ASK WHAT THE 535 00:32:52,280 --> 00:32:54,040 SIGNALLING PATHWAYS BETWEEN 536 00:32:54,040 --> 00:32:57,520 NEUTROPHILS AND NEURON AND THE 537 00:32:57,520 --> 00:32:59,760 RECEPTORS AND SIGNALLING 538 00:32:59,760 --> 00:33:01,320 PATHWAYS AND CYTOKINES THAT 539 00:33:01,320 --> 00:33:05,760 ALLOW THE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN 540 00:33:05,760 --> 00:33:06,360 THE TWO DIFFERENT CELL TYPES. 541 00:33:06,360 --> 00:33:10,640 SO TO TEST THIS WE FIRST USED 542 00:33:10,640 --> 00:33:12,600 RNA SEQ TO LOOK AT WHAT CHANGES 543 00:33:12,600 --> 00:33:16,960 ARE OCCURRING IN GENE IN THE 544 00:33:16,960 --> 00:33:22,000 DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA ITSELF AND 545 00:33:22,000 --> 00:33:24,560 I'LL SHOW YOU SOME DATA. 546 00:33:24,560 --> 00:33:25,920 BEF BEF 547 00:33:28,920 --> 00:33:31,320 WE FOUND THE TREATMENT TRIGGERED 548 00:33:31,320 --> 00:33:34,000 GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES IN ABOUT 549 00:33:34,000 --> 00:33:36,440 70 GENES AND SENSORY GANGLIA AND 550 00:33:36,440 --> 00:33:41,920 THEY FELL INTO FOUR CATEGORIES. 551 00:33:41,920 --> 00:33:43,200 EXCITABILITY, IMMUNE, NEURAL 552 00:33:43,200 --> 00:33:45,200 INFLAMMATION AND INTERESTINGLY 553 00:33:45,200 --> 00:33:48,240 WE SAW AN INTERESTING SUB 554 00:33:48,240 --> 00:33:49,320 POPULATION OF IMMEDIATE EARLY 555 00:33:49,320 --> 00:33:52,840 GENES PREVIOUSLY LINKED TO 556 00:33:52,840 --> 00:33:53,800 NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND WE'RE 557 00:33:53,800 --> 00:33:54,720 INTERESTED IN CHARACTERIZING THE 558 00:33:54,720 --> 00:34:09,680 ROLES OF THESE GENES. 559 00:34:09,680 --> 00:34:12,600 WE SAW MPPB THOUGHT TO BE AN 560 00:34:12,600 --> 00:34:18,760 ITCH TRANSMITTER AND THE TRIP A1 561 00:34:18,760 --> 00:34:31,680 CHANNEL AND CYSLTR2. 562 00:34:31,680 --> 00:34:33,920 ON THE DAY TWO WE SAW IMMUNE 563 00:34:33,920 --> 00:34:36,560 SPECIFIC GENES AND SAW A 564 00:34:36,560 --> 00:34:39,120 SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN CD45 565 00:34:39,120 --> 00:34:40,680 POSITIVE IMMUNE CELLS IN THE 566 00:34:40,680 --> 00:34:45,720 SENSORY GANGLIA ITSELF 567 00:34:45,720 --> 00:34:54,040 SUGGESTING THAT INFLAMMATION IS 568 00:34:54,040 --> 00:34:55,360 IN THE GANGLIA AND THAT'S SHOWN 569 00:34:55,360 --> 00:35:00,520 IN THE QUANTIFICATION. 570 00:35:00,520 --> 00:35:03,720 YOU CAN SEE THE CD45 POSITIVE 571 00:35:03,720 --> 00:35:07,720 CELLS LABELLED AND THE THOSE 572 00:35:07,720 --> 00:35:08,360 LABELLED HERE. 573 00:35:08,360 --> 00:35:10,040 FURTHER ANALYSIS SHOWED THERE 574 00:35:10,040 --> 00:35:14,040 WAS A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN 575 00:35:14,040 --> 00:35:18,120 CD8 POSITIVE T CELLS AS WELL AS 576 00:35:18,120 --> 00:35:21,280 B CELLS INFILTRATING THE SENSORY 577 00:35:21,280 --> 00:35:23,880 GANGLIA AND SAW DECREASE IN 578 00:35:23,880 --> 00:35:26,600 DENDRITIC CELLS SUGGESTING SOME 579 00:35:26,600 --> 00:35:29,960 RESIDENT CELLS MAY BE 580 00:35:29,960 --> 00:35:32,440 TRAFFICKING TOWARDS LYMPH NODE 581 00:35:32,440 --> 00:35:33,080 TO TRY TO PRIME AN INFLAMMATORY 582 00:35:33,080 --> 00:35:42,040 RESPONSE. 583 00:35:42,040 --> 00:35:44,720 AND INTERESTINGLY WHEN WE LOOKED 584 00:35:44,720 --> 00:35:46,560 AT THE SAME CHANGES IN THE 585 00:35:46,560 --> 00:35:48,400 NEUTROPHIL DEPLETED ANIMALS WE 586 00:35:48,400 --> 00:35:50,600 FOUND THE PERIPHERAL NEUTROPHIL 587 00:35:50,600 --> 00:35:54,920 INTERACTIONS REALLY DRIVE ITCH 588 00:35:54,920 --> 00:35:56,400 AND INFLAMMATION ACROSS THE SKIN 589 00:35:56,400 --> 00:35:57,320 AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 590 00:35:57,320 --> 00:36:02,560 SO WE SAW SIGNIFICANT DECREASES 591 00:36:02,560 --> 00:36:04,840 IN THESE UPREGULATED GENES 592 00:36:04,840 --> 00:36:05,760 INCLUDING THE IMMEDIATE EARLY 593 00:36:05,760 --> 00:36:08,520 GENES ALL THE RECEPTORS AND 594 00:36:08,520 --> 00:36:10,040 EXCITABILITY GENES. 595 00:36:10,040 --> 00:36:12,160 WE JUST DIDN'T SEE BROAD GENE 596 00:36:12,160 --> 00:36:13,200 EXPRESSION CHANGES IN THE 597 00:36:13,200 --> 00:36:14,000 SENSORY NEURONS. 598 00:36:14,000 --> 00:36:18,120 WE ALSO FOUND THAT NEUTROPHIL 599 00:36:18,120 --> 00:36:22,040 DEPLETION PREVENTED THAT EARLY 600 00:36:22,040 --> 00:36:24,040 HYPER INNERVATION OF THE SKIN. 601 00:36:24,040 --> 00:36:25,320 AND WHEN WE LOOKED AT THE SKIN 602 00:36:25,320 --> 00:36:30,600 TO TRY TO GET A HANDLE ON WHAT 603 00:36:30,600 --> 00:36:32,720 THESE NEUTROPHILS MAY BE DOING 604 00:36:32,720 --> 00:36:34,000 AND HOW THEY'RE CONTRIBUTING TO 605 00:36:34,000 --> 00:36:36,000 THIS WAVE OF INFLAMMATION, WHAT 606 00:36:36,000 --> 00:36:41,040 WE FOUND IS NEUTROPHIL DEPLETION 607 00:36:41,040 --> 00:36:42,640 REALLY SELECTIVELY ATTENUATED 608 00:36:42,640 --> 00:36:49,240 EXPRESSION OF THREE CHEMO KINES. 609 00:36:49,240 --> 00:36:52,240 CXC1910 AND 11 AND THIS DEPICTS 610 00:36:52,240 --> 00:36:54,040 THE QUANTIFICATION OF GENE 611 00:36:54,040 --> 00:36:57,000 EXPRESSION IN OUR RNA SEQ DATA 612 00:36:57,000 --> 00:37:00,400 SHOWING THE UPREGULATION OF 613 00:37:00,400 --> 00:37:00,640 CXCL10. 614 00:37:00,640 --> 00:37:03,120 WE VALIDATE THE RESULTS LOOKING 615 00:37:03,120 --> 00:37:07,320 AT THE PROTEIN LEVEL AND 616 00:37:07,320 --> 00:37:10,000 SECRETION AND NEUTROPHIL 617 00:37:10,000 --> 00:37:16,720 DEPLETION ATTENUATED THIS ROBUST 618 00:37:16,720 --> 00:37:17,240 CXCL10 DEPLETION IN THE 619 00:37:17,240 --> 00:37:18,120 INFLAMMATORY ITCH MODEL. 620 00:37:18,120 --> 00:37:22,000 WHEN WE LOOKED AT THIS WE WERE 621 00:37:22,000 --> 00:37:23,720 EXCITED BECAUSE A LAB PREVIOUSLY 622 00:37:23,720 --> 00:37:27,840 SHOWED THAT THE RECEPTOR FOR 623 00:37:27,840 --> 00:37:32,720 CXCL10, CXCL3 IS REQUIRED FOR 624 00:37:32,720 --> 00:37:39,640 ACUTE ITCH IN A MOUSE MODEL OF 625 00:37:39,640 --> 00:37:41,280 DERMATITIS AND THOUGHT THIS MAY 626 00:37:41,280 --> 00:37:42,680 BE THE LINK BETWEEN THE 627 00:37:42,680 --> 00:37:44,720 NEUTROPHILS AND THE NEURONS. 628 00:37:44,720 --> 00:37:47,880 TO TEST THIS DIRECTLY WE USED A 629 00:37:47,880 --> 00:37:50,920 COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE AN 630 00:37:50,920 --> 00:37:53,080 ANTAGONIST OF THE RECEPTOR AND 631 00:37:53,080 --> 00:37:56,880 WE FOUND THE ANTAGONIST BLOCKED 632 00:37:56,880 --> 00:37:58,000 ITCH ABOVE SCRATCHING ACROSS ALL 633 00:37:58,000 --> 00:38:01,560 DAYS OF THE MODEL AND THIS WAS 634 00:38:01,560 --> 00:38:06,080 AN ACUTE INJECTION INTO THE SKIN 635 00:38:06,080 --> 00:38:09,120 SUGGESTING THAT CXCL10 636 00:38:09,120 --> 00:38:10,680 SIGNALLING IS PERSISTENT AND 637 00:38:10,680 --> 00:38:12,360 CHRONIC ACROSS ALL DAYS OF THE 638 00:38:12,360 --> 00:38:14,000 MODEL BOTH DURING THE ONSET OF 639 00:38:14,000 --> 00:38:17,080 ITCH DURING THE FIRST EIGHT DAYS 640 00:38:17,080 --> 00:38:18,920 AS WELL AS AFTER THAT ACUTE TO 641 00:38:18,920 --> 00:38:22,000 CHRONIC ITCH TRANSITION IN THE 642 00:38:22,000 --> 00:38:28,520 ABSENCE OF ANY TREATMENT. 643 00:38:28,520 --> 00:38:30,640 SO WE'VE IDENTIFIED THIS 644 00:38:30,640 --> 00:38:32,320 PROTEASE MEDIATED SIGNALLING 645 00:38:32,320 --> 00:38:34,240 EVENT THAT TRIGGERED THE RELEASE 646 00:38:34,240 --> 00:38:38,000 OF CXCL1 WE KNOW CAN ACT 647 00:38:38,000 --> 00:38:40,120 DIRECTLY ON SENSORY NEURONS TO 648 00:38:40,120 --> 00:38:40,600 TRIGGER THE RELEASE OF 649 00:38:40,600 --> 00:38:43,680 INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS. 650 00:38:43,680 --> 00:38:53,080 AND WE KNOW THAT THE CXCL1 651 00:38:53,080 --> 00:38:55,640 PROMOTES SECRETION OF CXCL10 TO 652 00:38:55,640 --> 00:38:58,920 TRIGGER ITCH ABOVE SCRATCHING 653 00:38:58,920 --> 00:39:01,960 BEHAVIOR THROUGH TRIP A1 ION 654 00:39:01,960 --> 00:39:02,680 CHANNELS. 655 00:39:02,680 --> 00:39:05,960 NOW, WE WANTED TO LOOK BEYOND 656 00:39:05,960 --> 00:39:08,320 THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA TO ASK 657 00:39:08,320 --> 00:39:11,240 IF THERE ARE CHANGES IN OTHER 658 00:39:11,240 --> 00:39:13,960 PARTS OFF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 659 00:39:13,960 --> 00:39:17,800 WE KNOW THAT FOR PERSISTENT 660 00:39:17,800 --> 00:39:21,960 INFLAMMATORY PAIN THERE'S A LOT 661 00:39:21,960 --> 00:39:28,360 OF MODULATORY EVENTS. 662 00:39:28,360 --> 00:39:31,640 WE STARTED TO LOOK AT CHANGES IN 663 00:39:31,640 --> 00:39:34,520 THE SPINAL CORD AND LOOK FOR 664 00:39:34,520 --> 00:39:37,280 MECHANISM DRIVE PERSISTENT ITCH. 665 00:39:37,280 --> 00:39:40,520 LOOKING AT THE SPINAL CORD WE 666 00:39:40,520 --> 00:39:44,680 FOUND DRAMATIC CHANGES IN GENE 667 00:39:44,680 --> 00:39:48,640 EXPRESSION INDICATIVE OF 668 00:39:48,640 --> 00:39:54,000 DEMYELINATION AND MARKERS OF 669 00:39:54,000 --> 00:39:57,720 DIFFERENTIATION. 670 00:39:57,720 --> 00:40:04,680 WE SAW EVIDENCE FOR AXON PATH 671 00:40:04,680 --> 00:40:06,680 INDICATIVE PROGRAMS OF SYNAPTIC 672 00:40:06,680 --> 00:40:09,960 CONNECTIONS AND INNERVATION AT 673 00:40:09,960 --> 00:40:12,440 THE DORSAL HORN AS WELL. 674 00:40:12,440 --> 00:40:17,240 AS WELL MARKERS FOR REACTIVE 675 00:40:17,240 --> 00:40:18,080 ASTRO GLIOSIS. 676 00:40:18,080 --> 00:40:21,080 AND WE ALSO SAW SIGNIFICANT 677 00:40:21,080 --> 00:40:23,160 UPREGULATION OF LCN2 WHICH HAS 678 00:40:23,160 --> 00:40:26,000 BEEN PREVIOUSLY SHOWN TO AGAIN 679 00:40:26,000 --> 00:40:30,560 BE RESTRICTED TO ASTROCYTES AND 680 00:40:30,560 --> 00:40:32,960 INDICATIVE OF A CHRONIC 681 00:40:32,960 --> 00:40:34,240 PERSISTENT PAIN AND ITCH 682 00:40:34,240 --> 00:40:34,600 PHENOTYPE. 683 00:40:34,600 --> 00:40:37,240 I SHOULD ALSO MENTION THAT WE 684 00:40:37,240 --> 00:40:40,760 DID SEE SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN 685 00:40:40,760 --> 00:40:44,480 EXCITABILITY AND WE DON'T YET 686 00:40:44,480 --> 00:40:46,040 KNOW WHETHER THAT'S AN 687 00:40:46,040 --> 00:40:49,240 EXCITATORY OR INHIBITORY 688 00:40:49,240 --> 00:40:49,480 NEURONS. 689 00:40:49,480 --> 00:40:54,000 IT'S SOMETHING WE'RE INTERESTED 690 00:40:54,000 --> 00:40:57,760 IN LOOKING AT. 691 00:40:57,760 --> 00:41:00,600 AND FINALLY, WE JUST STARTED TO 692 00:41:00,600 --> 00:41:04,520 DO SOME ANALYSIS LOOKING AT GENE 693 00:41:04,520 --> 00:41:05,320 EXPRESSION CHANGES AND IMMUNE 694 00:41:05,320 --> 00:41:08,880 CELL INFILTRATION IN THE BRAIN 695 00:41:08,880 --> 00:41:11,920 AND REMARKABLY TO OUR SURPRISE 696 00:41:11,920 --> 00:41:13,960 AS WELL AS DAY EIGHT OF THIS 697 00:41:13,960 --> 00:41:17,240 MODEL WE SAW A SIGNIFICANT 698 00:41:17,240 --> 00:41:21,960 INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF B B 699 00:41:21,960 --> 00:41:31,640 CELLS AS WELL AS BASOPHILS AND 700 00:41:31,640 --> 00:41:35,520 WE KNOW THEY PLAY KEY ROLES IN 701 00:41:35,520 --> 00:41:38,040 INFLAMMATION IN A NUMBER OF 702 00:41:38,040 --> 00:41:42,120 INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS. 703 00:41:42,120 --> 00:41:45,040 IN STROKE THEY CAN RELEASE 704 00:41:45,040 --> 00:41:47,720 INFLAMMATORY MEDIATOR TO RECRUIT 705 00:41:47,720 --> 00:41:49,240 DIFFERENT IMMUNE CELLS AND 706 00:41:49,240 --> 00:41:52,840 ACTIVATE RESIDENT IMMUNE CELLS 707 00:41:52,840 --> 00:41:57,120 AND GLIAL CELLS AND THAT UNDER 708 00:41:57,120 --> 00:41:59,320 CONDITIONS OF INFLAMMATION THEY 709 00:41:59,320 --> 00:42:07,720 CAN BE BOTH PRO AND 710 00:42:07,720 --> 00:42:10,440 ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND B CELLS 711 00:42:10,440 --> 00:42:12,320 MAY PLAY A ROLE IN INFLAMMATION 712 00:42:12,320 --> 00:42:16,920 IN THE BRAIN IN PERIPHERAL 713 00:42:16,920 --> 00:42:19,600 INJURY OR DISEASE AND THIS IS AN 714 00:42:19,600 --> 00:42:21,520 ACTIVE AREA OF INVESTIGATION FOR 715 00:42:21,520 --> 00:42:22,520 OUR LAB AS WELL AS OTHER LABS 716 00:42:22,520 --> 00:42:25,920 WHO ARE INTERESTED IN LOOKING AT 717 00:42:25,920 --> 00:42:29,000 PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY AND HOW 718 00:42:29,000 --> 00:42:33,080 THAT AFFECTS SYSTEMIC 719 00:42:33,080 --> 00:42:35,680 INFLAMMATION ACROSS THE 720 00:42:35,680 --> 00:42:36,640 PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL NERVOUS 721 00:42:36,640 --> 00:42:36,880 SYSTEM. 722 00:42:36,880 --> 00:42:41,760 SO I'VE TOLD YOU SO FAR THAT WE 723 00:42:41,760 --> 00:42:43,400 SEE THAT THERE ARE THESE 724 00:42:43,400 --> 00:42:47,880 DRAMATIC CHANGES IN THE SKIN 725 00:42:47,880 --> 00:42:49,600 THAT INVOLVE NEURO IMMUNE 726 00:42:49,600 --> 00:42:50,720 INTERACTION THAT DRIVE 727 00:42:50,720 --> 00:42:52,560 INTERACTION FROM THE SKIN TO THE 728 00:42:52,560 --> 00:42:54,680 SENSORY GANGLIA TO THE SPINAL 729 00:42:54,680 --> 00:42:57,560 CORD AND BRAIN AND WE'RE ALSO 730 00:42:57,560 --> 00:43:00,680 ACTIVELY PURSUING THE MECHANISMS 731 00:43:00,680 --> 00:43:06,040 BY WHICH THEY CAN DRIVE AIRWAY 732 00:43:06,040 --> 00:43:06,600 INFLAMMATION. 733 00:43:06,600 --> 00:43:10,720 WE THINK THIS IS GOING TO BE A 734 00:43:10,720 --> 00:43:12,680 VERY IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF THIS 735 00:43:12,680 --> 00:43:15,840 A TOPIC MARCH BECAUSE WE KNOW 736 00:43:15,840 --> 00:43:19,920 THAT LOOKING AT THE TRIGEMINAL 737 00:43:19,920 --> 00:43:21,400 GANGLIA, FOR EXAMPLE, THE SAME 738 00:43:21,400 --> 00:43:23,800 NEURONS THAT DENSELY INNERVATE 739 00:43:23,800 --> 00:43:25,960 THE SKIN ARE INTERMIXED WITH THE 740 00:43:25,960 --> 00:43:28,080 SENSORY NEURONS THAT INNERVATE 741 00:43:28,080 --> 00:43:29,440 THE AIRWAYS. 742 00:43:29,440 --> 00:43:33,040 THIS IS TRUE FOR THE TRIGEMINAL 743 00:43:33,040 --> 00:43:34,920 GANGLIA AND WORK FROM A LAB SHOW 744 00:43:34,920 --> 00:43:39,960 THAT THE SENSORY NEURONS ARE 745 00:43:39,960 --> 00:43:42,480 FUNCTIONING GAP JUNCTIONS AND 746 00:43:42,480 --> 00:43:48,680 THROUGH DENSELY SURROUNDED BY 747 00:43:48,680 --> 00:43:50,240 SATELLITE GLIA AND THAT 748 00:43:50,240 --> 00:43:54,320 COMMUNICATE AND WE THINK THE 749 00:43:54,320 --> 00:43:58,000 HYPERACTIVATION OF THE AFFERENTS 750 00:43:58,000 --> 00:44:00,680 IN THE SKIN CAN CONTRIBUTE TO 751 00:44:00,680 --> 00:44:02,000 THE WAVE OF INFLAMMATION WE SEE 752 00:44:02,000 --> 00:44:03,400 AND THIS IS AN ACTIVE AREA OF 753 00:44:03,400 --> 00:44:06,160 INVESTIGATION. 754 00:44:06,160 --> 00:44:08,720 AND SOME PRELIMINARY RESULTS 755 00:44:08,720 --> 00:44:11,200 SHOW THAT AS EARLY AS DAY EIGHT 756 00:44:11,200 --> 00:44:15,160 OF THIS MODEL WE SEE DRAMATIC 757 00:44:15,160 --> 00:44:17,600 CHANGES IN THE IMMUNE PROFILE IN 758 00:44:17,600 --> 00:44:21,920 THE LUNG INCLUDING ROBUST 759 00:44:21,920 --> 00:44:26,000 INFILTRATION BY ALVIAL 760 00:44:26,000 --> 00:44:28,080 MACROPHAGES THAT PLAY INTO 761 00:44:28,080 --> 00:44:39,160 AIRWAY INFLAMMATION DISORDERS. 762 00:44:39,160 --> 00:44:42,040 AND SEE INFLAMMATORY BASOPHILS 763 00:44:42,040 --> 00:44:47,320 AND THEY EXPRESS IGE RECEPTOR 764 00:44:47,320 --> 00:44:50,040 SUGGESTING THE LUNGS AND AIRWAYS 765 00:44:50,040 --> 00:44:53,160 ARE PRIMED FOR ACTIVATION BY 766 00:44:53,160 --> 00:44:55,840 ALLERGEN OR OTHER IRRITANTS AND 767 00:44:55,840 --> 00:44:58,000 WILL RESPOND TO FUTURE STIMULI 768 00:44:58,000 --> 00:45:00,680 IN A HYPER RESPONSIVE WAY 769 00:45:00,680 --> 00:45:04,040 INDICATIVE OF ASTHMA. 770 00:45:04,040 --> 00:45:07,560 WE THINK THIS IS CLINICALLY 771 00:45:07,560 --> 00:45:08,000 RELEVANT. 772 00:45:08,000 --> 00:45:10,520 THERE'S A RECENT STUDY BY BRIAN 773 00:45:10,520 --> 00:45:14,040 KIM'S LAB AT WASH U WHERE THEY 774 00:45:14,040 --> 00:45:18,320 SHOWED PATIENT SAMPLES SHOWING 775 00:45:18,320 --> 00:45:21,920 THAT THE SAME UPREGULATION OF 776 00:45:21,920 --> 00:45:23,840 THE RECEPTOR IN THE SERUM OF 777 00:45:23,840 --> 00:45:25,680 PATIENTS WE THINK THIS PROVIDE 778 00:45:25,680 --> 00:45:27,560 AS A NICE CONNECTION OF 779 00:45:27,560 --> 00:45:30,640 CIRCULATING BASOPHILS THEN 780 00:45:30,640 --> 00:45:31,760 INFILTRATING THE AIRWAY TO 781 00:45:31,760 --> 00:45:34,760 TRIGGER AIRWAY INFLAMMATION. 782 00:45:34,760 --> 00:45:36,360 WE'RE BOTH VERY INTERESTED IN 783 00:45:36,360 --> 00:45:37,800 UNDERSTANDING THESE MECHANISMS 784 00:45:37,800 --> 00:45:40,200 OF WHAT TRIGGERS THE ACTIVATION 785 00:45:40,200 --> 00:45:42,720 OF THESE CELLS AND WHAT TRIGGERS 786 00:45:42,720 --> 00:45:46,080 THEIR MIGRATION TO THE AIRWAYS 787 00:45:46,080 --> 00:45:54,040 UNDER THESE DISEASE CONDITIONS. 788 00:45:54,040 --> 00:45:59,280 SO OVER ALL WE'VE SHOWN THE 789 00:45:59,280 --> 00:46:02,720 EARLY SIGNALLING PATHWAYS IN 790 00:46:02,720 --> 00:46:04,480 EPITHELIAL CELLS IN THE SKIN 791 00:46:04,480 --> 00:46:06,000 TRIGGER MEDIATORS IN THE AIRWAYS 792 00:46:06,000 --> 00:46:08,960 AND THERE'S A CLOSE FUNCTIONAL 793 00:46:08,960 --> 00:46:11,000 COUPLING BETWEEN IN THE SKIN AND 794 00:46:11,000 --> 00:46:14,120 IN THE LUNG AND UPPER AIRWAYS 795 00:46:14,120 --> 00:46:16,280 BETWEEN THESE HYPERACTIVE 796 00:46:16,280 --> 00:46:19,320 EPITHELIAL CELLS AND SENSORY 797 00:46:19,320 --> 00:46:21,440 NEURONS THAT EXPRESS TRIP A1 AS 798 00:46:21,440 --> 00:46:22,760 WELL AS IMMUNITY CELLS SHOWN BY 799 00:46:22,760 --> 00:46:25,960 A NUMBER OF GROUPS TO CLOSELY 800 00:46:25,960 --> 00:46:28,160 INTERACT WITH BOTH EPITHELIAL 801 00:46:28,160 --> 00:46:30,280 CELLS AND FREE NERVE ENDING TO 802 00:46:30,280 --> 00:46:32,480 PROMOTE AIRWAY INFLAMMATION IN 803 00:46:32,480 --> 00:46:35,040 THE CONTEXT OF ASTHMA AND WE'RE 804 00:46:35,040 --> 00:46:36,640 ALSO ACTIVELY PURSUING THE ROLES 805 00:46:36,640 --> 00:46:39,120 OF THE SAME CELLS AND MOLECULES 806 00:46:39,120 --> 00:46:42,680 IN THE CASE OF AIRWAY 807 00:46:42,680 --> 00:46:45,160 INFLAMMATION TRIGGERED BY 808 00:46:45,160 --> 00:46:47,040 VIRUSES LIKE COVID-19. 809 00:46:47,040 --> 00:46:47,800 WE'RE STARTING TO SEE A LOT OF 810 00:46:47,800 --> 00:46:50,040 THE SAME MOLECULAR PLAYERS, 811 00:46:50,040 --> 00:46:52,200 CELLULAR PLAYERS AND SIGNALLING 812 00:46:52,200 --> 00:46:54,720 PATHWAYS THAT ARE COMMON TO A 813 00:46:54,720 --> 00:46:55,880 VARIETY OF VIRAL AND BACTERIAL 814 00:46:55,880 --> 00:47:00,920 INFECTIONS AS WELL. 815 00:47:00,920 --> 00:47:03,240 AND WITH THAT I'D LIKE TO THANK 816 00:47:03,240 --> 00:47:05,920 ALL THE MEMBERS OF MY LAB WHO 817 00:47:05,920 --> 00:47:08,640 DID THE HARD WORK IN DRIVING THE 818 00:47:08,640 --> 00:47:08,920 PROJECTS. 819 00:47:08,920 --> 00:47:10,760 I'D LIKE TO THANK MY FUNDING 820 00:47:10,760 --> 00:47:12,080 AGENCIES AND THANK YOU FOR YOUR 821 00:47:12,080 --> 00:47:12,440 TIME. 822 00:47:12,440 --> 00:47:13,120 I'D BE HAPPY TO ANSWER ANY 823 00:47:13,120 --> 00:47:18,080 QUESTIONS. 824 00:47:18,080 --> 00:47:21,120 >> THANKS, DIANA. 825 00:47:21,120 --> 00:47:23,040 THAT WAS WONDERFUL AS ALWAYS. 826 00:47:23,040 --> 00:47:26,040 THE WORK FROM YOUR LAB IS 827 00:47:26,040 --> 00:47:28,520 INCREDIBLY TIMELY DEMONSTRATION 828 00:47:28,520 --> 00:47:31,520 AND NEW DEMONSTRATION OF HOW THE 829 00:47:31,520 --> 00:47:32,920 NERVOUS SYSTEM DOES INTERACT 830 00:47:32,920 --> 00:47:36,320 WITH THE PERIPHERY AND HOW THEY 831 00:47:36,320 --> 00:47:37,560 CAN BE BI-DIRECTIONAL. 832 00:47:37,560 --> 00:47:38,080 THAT'S TERRIFIC. 833 00:47:38,080 --> 00:47:41,520 THERE'S A BUNCH OF QUESTIONS IN 834 00:47:41,520 --> 00:47:42,000 THE AT. 835 00:47:42,000 --> 00:47:42,640 LET'S SEE. 836 00:47:42,640 --> 00:47:44,680 I'LL START FROM THE TOP AND WORK 837 00:47:44,680 --> 00:47:46,040 MY WAY DOWN. 838 00:47:46,040 --> 00:47:50,040 THE FIRST ONE IS QUITE 839 00:47:50,040 --> 00:47:51,080 INTERESTING. 840 00:47:51,080 --> 00:47:53,520 THE QUESTION IS CAN YOU 841 00:47:53,520 --> 00:48:04,680 ELABORATE ON HOW THE B CELLS 842 00:48:04,680 --> 00:48:07,720 INFILTRATES INTO THE BASAL 843 00:48:07,720 --> 00:48:10,040 GANGLIA IS THE CCXL TYPE WHAT DO 844 00:48:10,040 --> 00:48:11,960 WE KNOW ABOUT THAT? 845 00:48:11,960 --> 00:48:12,720 >> GREAT QUESTION. 846 00:48:12,720 --> 00:48:15,360 SO THIS IS A LARGE STUDY SO I 847 00:48:15,360 --> 00:48:17,120 SHOWED YOU OUR EARLY STUDIES. 848 00:48:17,120 --> 00:48:20,920 THIS IS A VERY ACTIVE PART OF 849 00:48:20,920 --> 00:48:23,240 OUR LAB SO WE DON'T HAVE ALL THE 850 00:48:23,240 --> 00:48:24,680 ANSWERS BUT THOSE ARE EXACTLY 851 00:48:24,680 --> 00:48:26,840 THE QUESTIONS WE'RE TRYING TO 852 00:48:26,840 --> 00:48:27,120 UNDERSTAND. 853 00:48:27,120 --> 00:48:28,440 IN THE SKIN WHERE WE'VE DONE THE 854 00:48:28,440 --> 00:48:31,200 MOST WORK WE'VE DONE EARLY 855 00:48:31,200 --> 00:48:34,040 RELEASE OF CXCL1 IS VERY 856 00:48:34,040 --> 00:48:35,560 IMPORTANT IN DRIVING THE INFLUX 857 00:48:35,560 --> 00:48:45,920 OF NEUTROPHILS AND IT'S THE 858 00:48:45,920 --> 00:48:47,680 OTHER CYTOKINES THAT THEN DRIVE 859 00:48:47,680 --> 00:48:49,720 A SECOND WAVE OF INFLAMMATION WE 860 00:48:49,720 --> 00:48:52,800 AND OTHERS BELIEVE ARE REALLY 861 00:48:52,800 --> 00:48:53,960 IMPORTANT FOR THAT CHRONIC 862 00:48:53,960 --> 00:48:54,880 PHASE. 863 00:48:54,880 --> 00:49:00,680 I THINK WE HAVE A HANDLE ON THE 864 00:49:00,680 --> 00:49:02,000 NEW EARLY PATHWAY BUT WE'RE 865 00:49:02,000 --> 00:49:03,480 TRYING TO UNDERSTAND HOW THE 866 00:49:03,480 --> 00:49:04,800 WAVE OF INFLAMMATION STARTS TO 867 00:49:04,800 --> 00:49:06,680 MOVE AND WHAT THE MECHANISMS 868 00:49:06,680 --> 00:49:07,640 THAT DRIVE THAT. 869 00:49:07,640 --> 00:49:10,000 SO WE KNOW SOME OF THE MOLECULES 870 00:49:10,000 --> 00:49:12,920 AND CYTOKINES BUT NOT ALL OF 871 00:49:12,920 --> 00:49:16,560 THEM. 872 00:49:16,560 --> 00:49:18,040 WE KNOW THE NEURONS PLAY AN 873 00:49:18,040 --> 00:49:20,440 IMPORTANT ROLE IN DRIVING THAT 874 00:49:20,440 --> 00:49:24,640 INFLAMMATION BY PROMOTING 875 00:49:24,640 --> 00:49:29,880 VASCULAR LEAKAGE AND ACTIVATION 876 00:49:29,880 --> 00:49:33,960 OF DIFFERENT NEURONS AND WHAT 877 00:49:33,960 --> 00:49:38,040 PRIMES THE SYSTEM TO 878 00:49:38,040 --> 00:49:38,920 HYPERACTIVITY. 879 00:49:38,920 --> 00:49:40,640 IN THE MODEL THE HYPERACTIVATION 880 00:49:40,640 --> 00:49:42,080 OF THE SENSORY NEURONS AND 881 00:49:42,080 --> 00:49:44,720 COMBINED WITH ACTIVATION OF 882 00:49:44,720 --> 00:49:48,720 OTHER CELL TYPES IN THE SENSORY 883 00:49:48,720 --> 00:49:53,880 GANGLIA PERHAPS SATELLITE GLEEIA 884 00:49:53,880 --> 00:49:55,480 AND SENSORY IMMUNE CELLS START A 885 00:49:55,480 --> 00:49:58,000 SECOND CASCADE WE START TO SEE 886 00:49:58,000 --> 00:50:00,480 ON DAY EIGHT OF THE MODEL MAY BE 887 00:50:00,480 --> 00:50:02,880 DRIVING THE CHANGE IN 888 00:50:02,880 --> 00:50:03,200 INFLAMMATION. 889 00:50:03,200 --> 00:50:06,680 >> SO I GUESS THIS IS A QUESTION 890 00:50:06,680 --> 00:50:08,040 WITHOUT AN ANSWER BUT FOR ME IT 891 00:50:08,040 --> 00:50:10,000 BEGS THE QUESTION I CAN SEE HOW 892 00:50:10,000 --> 00:50:11,720 THE INTERACTIONS IN THE 893 00:50:11,720 --> 00:50:14,000 PERIPHERY CAN SERVE A PROTECTIVE 894 00:50:14,000 --> 00:50:18,960 EFFECT BUT WHAT DO YOU THINK THE 895 00:50:18,960 --> 00:50:22,000 ROLE IS FOR THE IMMUNE 896 00:50:22,000 --> 00:50:29,960 INFILTRATION ROLE IS IN THE GANG 897 00:50:29,960 --> 00:50:33,960 LE 898 00:50:33,960 --> 00:50:36,400 -- GANGLIA? 899 00:50:36,400 --> 00:50:37,720 FOR CHRONIC ITCH WE DON'T KNOW 900 00:50:37,720 --> 00:50:40,320 OF ANY PROTECTIVE FUNCTION. 901 00:50:40,320 --> 00:50:42,080 ACUTE ITCH PLAYS A ROLE IN 902 00:50:42,080 --> 00:50:47,400 CLEARING INFECTION RESOLVING 903 00:50:47,400 --> 00:50:48,720 INFLAMMATION BUT WHAT IS CHRONIC 904 00:50:48,720 --> 00:50:53,520 ITCH DOING? 905 00:50:53,520 --> 00:50:58,240 I THINK THAT AT LEAST FOR ACUTE 906 00:50:58,240 --> 00:51:00,040 ITCH IT'S IMPORTANT IN LEARNED 907 00:51:00,040 --> 00:51:02,880 BEHAVIOR AND IN THE CASE LIKE 908 00:51:02,880 --> 00:51:06,000 PAIN THE HYPERSENSITIVITY IS 909 00:51:06,000 --> 00:51:08,880 TRANSIENT. 910 00:51:08,880 --> 00:51:10,000 YOU STOP GOING OUT WITHOUT DEET, 911 00:51:10,000 --> 00:51:13,080 YOU REMOVE YOUR HAND FROM THE 912 00:51:13,080 --> 00:51:16,120 FIRE AND SCRATCH FOR PATHOGEN 913 00:51:16,120 --> 00:51:19,000 AND HAVE HYPERSENSITIVITY AND 914 00:51:19,000 --> 00:51:27,840 HAVE INFECTED CELLS AND RECOVER. 915 00:51:27,840 --> 00:51:30,680 WHY YOU SEE THIS ACROSS PAIN AND 916 00:51:30,680 --> 00:51:34,000 THE PERSISTENT HYPERSENSITIVITY 917 00:51:34,000 --> 00:51:35,320 AT DOESN'T RECOVER OR RETURN 918 00:51:35,320 --> 00:51:40,600 OR RESET TO NORMAL IS A MYSTERY 919 00:51:40,600 --> 00:51:42,720 AND HOW CAN WE TARGET THAT TO 920 00:51:42,720 --> 00:51:44,240 REVERSE IT OR PREVENT IT IN THE 921 00:51:44,240 --> 00:51:47,520 FIRST PLACE IS REALLY THE GOAL. 922 00:51:47,520 --> 00:51:52,320 >> I THINK YOUR WORK HAS 923 00:51:52,320 --> 00:51:54,840 IDENTIFIED A HOST OF CELLULAR, 924 00:51:54,840 --> 00:51:57,040 MOLECULAR DRUGGABLE TARGETS. 925 00:51:57,040 --> 00:51:58,600 THE NEXT QUESTION IS DO YOU 926 00:51:58,600 --> 00:52:02,040 THINK CHRONIC ITCH MAY LEAD TO 927 00:52:02,040 --> 00:52:03,120 PERSISTENT MODIFICATIONS IN THE 928 00:52:03,120 --> 00:52:05,360 BRAIN I THINK THE PERSON IS 929 00:52:05,360 --> 00:52:08,080 ASKING NEURAL CIRCUITS THAT 930 00:52:08,080 --> 00:52:10,960 OUTLAST THE SOURCE OF THE ITCH 931 00:52:10,960 --> 00:52:12,120 MUCH LIKE PHANTOM PAIN? 932 00:52:12,120 --> 00:52:16,200 >> THAT'S A GREAT QUESTION. 933 00:52:16,200 --> 00:52:18,920 I THINK SO FAR WE SPEND A LONG 934 00:52:18,920 --> 00:52:20,800 TIME STUDYING INFLAMMATORY PAIN 935 00:52:20,800 --> 00:52:21,720 AS WELL. 936 00:52:21,720 --> 00:52:23,720 EVERYTHING THAT WE LOOKED AT 937 00:52:23,720 --> 00:52:25,920 FOLLOWS THE SAME RULES. 938 00:52:25,920 --> 00:52:27,760 YOU GET -- IT STARTS IN THE 939 00:52:27,760 --> 00:52:29,320 PERIPHERY, IT SPREAD TO THE 940 00:52:29,320 --> 00:52:30,720 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THEN 941 00:52:30,720 --> 00:52:33,000 YOU HAVE CHANGES IN MODULATION 942 00:52:33,000 --> 00:52:33,920 OF THE CENTRAL INFORMATION 943 00:52:33,920 --> 00:52:36,480 SYSTEM SO YOU NO LONGER NEED 944 00:52:36,480 --> 00:52:39,040 THESE PERIPHERAL SIGNALS. 945 00:52:39,040 --> 00:52:41,080 WE'RE STARTING TO SEE THE SAME 946 00:52:41,080 --> 00:52:45,600 RULES -- DIFFERENT MOLECULES, 947 00:52:45,600 --> 00:52:47,880 DIFFERENT CELLS BUT SAME 948 00:52:47,880 --> 00:52:48,120 OUTCOMES. 949 00:52:48,120 --> 00:52:50,760 WE'RE EXCITED ABOUT REALLY 950 00:52:50,760 --> 00:52:51,960 UNDERSTANDING THOSE MECHANISMS, 951 00:52:51,960 --> 00:52:54,680 HOW LONG DO THEY TAKE TO SET IN? 952 00:52:54,680 --> 00:52:56,600 IT'S REALLY JUST THE TIP OF THE 953 00:52:56,600 --> 00:52:58,480 ICEBERG WE'VE STARTED TO DEFINE 954 00:52:58,480 --> 00:53:00,440 THE EARLY EVENTS BUT WHAT TYPES 955 00:53:00,440 --> 00:53:04,040 OF PLASTICITY IS THERE AND HOW 956 00:53:04,040 --> 00:53:06,040 MIGHT WE CHANGE THAT? 957 00:53:06,040 --> 00:53:08,520 I SHOULD SAY WE ALSO FOR ACUTE 958 00:53:08,520 --> 00:53:14,120 ITCH ARE STILL AS A FIELD TRYING 959 00:53:14,120 --> 00:53:19,480 TO UNDERSTAND THE CIRCUITRY AND 960 00:53:19,480 --> 00:53:21,040 MODULATIONS IN THE SPINAL DORSAL 961 00:53:21,040 --> 00:53:22,720 CORD THAT MEDIATE PAIN. 962 00:53:22,720 --> 00:53:24,120 THERE'S A LONG WAY TO GO AND 963 00:53:24,120 --> 00:53:25,680 LOTS OF INTERESTING QUESTIONS 964 00:53:25,680 --> 00:53:28,880 EVEN FOR ACUTE ITCH YET ALONE 965 00:53:28,880 --> 00:53:41,320 HOW CHRONIC ITCH CHANGES OCCUR. 966 00:53:41,320 --> 00:53:44,080 >> SO I'LL ASK YOU THE QUESTION 967 00:53:44,080 --> 00:53:46,080 I ALWAYS ASK THE RELATIONSHIP 968 00:53:46,080 --> 00:53:47,360 BETWEEN PAIN NOCICEPTION AND 969 00:53:47,360 --> 00:53:50,560 ITCH AND ATEAST AN ACUTE ITCH, 970 00:53:50,560 --> 00:53:53,880 PAIN SEEMS TO MODULATE THE 971 00:53:53,880 --> 00:53:54,120 ITCHINESS. 972 00:53:54,120 --> 00:53:56,400 SO DO YOU THINK THAT A, WHAT DO 973 00:53:56,400 --> 00:53:57,720 WE KNOW ABOUT THAT? 974 00:53:57,720 --> 00:53:59,080 THERE'S BEEN CONTROVERSY HOW 975 00:53:59,080 --> 00:54:00,720 THAT HAPPENS AND, B, COULD THAT 976 00:54:00,720 --> 00:54:02,040 TELL US ANYTHING ABOUT HOW TO 977 00:54:02,040 --> 00:54:06,040 DEAL WITH CHRONIC ITCH FROM THE 978 00:54:06,040 --> 00:54:17,400 ACUTE ITCH MODELS? 979 00:54:17,400 --> 00:54:19,640 >> I THINK WE'VE ALL EXPERIENCED 980 00:54:19,640 --> 00:54:22,000 THE PLEASURE OF SCRATCHING THE 981 00:54:22,000 --> 00:54:23,560 IT 982 00:54:23,560 --> 00:54:23,760 ITCH. 983 00:54:23,760 --> 00:54:26,680 WHAT PEOPLE DO IS SCRATCH THE 984 00:54:26,680 --> 00:54:28,040 MOSQUITO BITE UNTIL IT BLEEDS OR 985 00:54:28,040 --> 00:54:32,520 PUT ON ICE TO RELIEVE THE ITCH. 986 00:54:32,520 --> 00:54:33,680 THERE'S SEVERAL KNOWN MECHANISMS 987 00:54:33,680 --> 00:54:36,680 BY WHICH THAT OCCURS. 988 00:54:36,680 --> 00:54:38,560 IT'S KNOWN THERE'S INTERNEURONS 989 00:54:38,560 --> 00:54:41,560 AND THERE'S BEAUTIFUL WORK TO 990 00:54:41,560 --> 00:54:44,000 FIND INTERNEURONS THAT MEDIATE 991 00:54:44,000 --> 00:54:46,080 THE PAIN PATHWAY AND ITCH 992 00:54:46,080 --> 00:54:48,400 PATHWAY SO WHEN YOU ACTIVATE 993 00:54:48,400 --> 00:54:50,080 BOTH SIMULTANEOUSLY YOU DECREASE 994 00:54:50,080 --> 00:54:53,720 THE ITCH SIGNALS THAT GET 995 00:54:53,720 --> 00:54:55,400 TRANSMITTED TO HIGHER LEVELS. 996 00:54:55,400 --> 00:54:58,040 WE ALSO KNOW THAT THERE ARE 997 00:54:58,040 --> 00:55:00,720 REWARDS THAT WE GET FROM 998 00:55:00,720 --> 00:55:03,840 SCRATCHING AND TOP-DOWN 999 00:55:03,840 --> 00:55:05,760 MODULATIONS IN THE SPINAL CORD 1000 00:55:05,760 --> 00:55:09,840 GIVE THE REWARD AND CAN DRIVE 1001 00:55:09,840 --> 00:55:11,560 THAT ITCH-SCRATCH CYCLE. 1002 00:55:11,560 --> 00:55:14,040 WE KNOW IN ACUTE ITCH THERE'S 1003 00:55:14,040 --> 00:55:18,120 RELIEF BUT IN CHRONIC ITCH IT 1004 00:55:18,120 --> 00:55:19,640 MAKES THINGS MUCH WORSE. 1005 00:55:19,640 --> 00:55:23,520 SO ONE POSSIBILITY CAN BE CAN WE 1006 00:55:23,520 --> 00:55:26,280 TARGET CENTRAL PATHWAYS SO THAT 1007 00:55:26,280 --> 00:55:29,000 WE BLOCK ITCH TRANSMISSION AND 1008 00:55:29,000 --> 00:55:30,000 THERS DEFINITELY A LOT OF 1009 00:55:30,000 --> 00:55:32,120 INTEREST IN THAT. 1010 00:55:32,120 --> 00:55:34,720 >> RIGHT, THANKS. 1011 00:55:34,720 --> 00:55:35,680 I'LL KEEP ASKING QUESTIONS OVER 1012 00:55:35,680 --> 00:55:37,160 AND OVER AGAIN. 1013 00:55:37,160 --> 00:55:39,040 NEXT QUESTION IS ARE THE 1014 00:55:39,040 --> 00:55:40,840 RECORDING FROM SPINAL SENSORY 1015 00:55:40,840 --> 00:55:45,080 NEURONS TO LOOK AT THEIR FIRING 1016 00:55:45,080 --> 00:55:48,360 PROPERTIES CHANGE DUE TO CHRONIC 1017 00:55:48,360 --> 00:55:48,720 ITCH. 1018 00:55:48,720 --> 00:55:53,040 >> THERE'S BEEN LOTS OF WORK 1019 00:55:53,040 --> 00:55:58,080 LOOKING AT HYPER EXCITABILITY 1020 00:55:58,080 --> 00:56:01,680 DEFINING PROPERTIES OF NEURONS. 1021 00:56:01,680 --> 00:56:02,480 WHILE WE HAVE A LOT OF 1022 00:56:02,480 --> 00:56:03,240 INFORMATION ABOUT THE DIFFERENT 1023 00:56:03,240 --> 00:56:06,040 SUP SETS OF PRIMARY AFFERENTS IN 1024 00:56:06,040 --> 00:56:09,840 THE PERIPHERY AND PEOPLE HAVE 1025 00:56:09,840 --> 00:56:15,280 USED ELEGANT OPTOGENETIC TOOLS 1026 00:56:15,280 --> 00:56:20,920 TO DECIPHER HOW AFFERENTS MAY 1027 00:56:20,920 --> 00:56:22,800 DRIVE ITCH VERSUS PAIN WE HAVE A 1028 00:56:22,800 --> 00:56:25,840 LONG WAY TO GO IN LOOKING AT THE 1029 00:56:25,840 --> 00:56:28,160 SPINAL CORD AND DEFINING THE SUB 1030 00:56:28,160 --> 00:56:30,040 POPULATIONS AND HOW ITCH VERSUS 1031 00:56:30,040 --> 00:56:38,120 PAIN IS ENCODED IN FIRING 1032 00:56:38,120 --> 00:56:40,320 SUBSETS IN THE SPINAL CORD. 1033 00:56:40,320 --> 00:56:42,080 STILL THE BIG DEBATE ABOUT 1034 00:56:42,080 --> 00:56:44,920 INTENSITY CODING AND POPULATION 1035 00:56:44,920 --> 00:56:47,400 CODING AND COMBINATIONS HAVE 1036 00:56:47,400 --> 00:56:48,120 BEEN SEEN. 1037 00:56:48,120 --> 00:56:51,560 WE DON'T HAVE A GOOD HANDLE ON 1038 00:56:51,560 --> 00:56:54,280 HOW THESE SIGNALS ARE BEING 1039 00:56:54,280 --> 00:56:54,520 PROCESSED. 1040 00:56:54,520 --> 00:56:58,080 >> SO I GUESS THE RELATED 1041 00:56:58,080 --> 00:57:00,080 QUESTION DO YOU THINK SPINAL 1042 00:57:00,080 --> 00:57:03,920 CORD INFLAMMATION PER SE, DRIVES 1043 00:57:03,920 --> 00:57:07,920 CHANGES IN EXCITABILITY. 1044 00:57:07,920 --> 00:57:10,040 PERHAPS IT'S A TWO-WAY STREET? 1045 00:57:10,040 --> 00:57:11,640 >> IT'S HARD TO DECIPHER THOSE 1046 00:57:11,640 --> 00:57:17,400 TWO AND THEY TEND TO GO HAND IN 1047 00:57:17,400 --> 00:57:28,640 HAND. 1048 00:57:28,640 --> 00:57:41,840 WE THINK THE HYPER EXCITABILITY 1049 00:57:41,840 --> 00:57:48,560 -- EXCITABILITY IN THE GANGLIA 1050 00:57:48,560 --> 00:57:51,240 AND CAUSES INCREASES IN THE 1051 00:57:51,240 --> 00:57:53,320 FIRING IN THE SPINAL CORD AND WE 1052 00:57:53,320 --> 00:58:00,880 SEE ASTROGLIOSIS AND ACTIVATED 1053 00:58:00,880 --> 00:58:05,720 MICROGLIA AND THE PRELIMINARY 1054 00:58:05,720 --> 00:58:07,280 DATA SHOWS IT EVEN REACHES THE 1055 00:58:07,280 --> 00:58:07,560 BRAIN. 1056 00:58:07,560 --> 00:58:09,520 WHAT THE WAVES OF INFLAMMATION 1057 00:58:09,520 --> 00:58:11,520 DO AND HOW LONG THE CHANGES TAKE 1058 00:58:11,520 --> 00:58:13,520 TO OCCUR AND WHAT THE 1059 00:58:13,520 --> 00:58:14,920 CONSEQUENCES ARE ON SIGNAL 1060 00:58:14,920 --> 00:58:18,080 TRANSMISSION AND PROCESSING WE 1061 00:58:18,080 --> 00:58:18,720 DON'T REALLY KNOW YET. 1062 00:58:18,720 --> 00:58:21,360 >> SO IN TERMS OF THE EARLY 1063 00:58:21,360 --> 00:58:25,320 CHANGES YOU MENTIONED IN THE 1064 00:58:25,320 --> 00:58:25,880 PERIPHERY WHERE YOU GET 1065 00:58:25,880 --> 00:58:30,720 HYPERINNERVATION AND 1066 00:58:30,720 --> 00:58:33,000 EXCITABILITY DOES ONE SEE 1067 00:58:33,000 --> 00:58:34,080 HYPERALGESIA OR ALLODYNIA 1068 00:58:34,080 --> 00:58:34,880 BECAUSE OF THAT AND HOW 1069 00:58:34,880 --> 00:58:36,960 TRANSIENT IS THAT? 1070 00:58:36,960 --> 00:58:42,040 >> YEAH, SO THE HYPERINNERVATION 1071 00:58:42,040 --> 00:58:49,080 OCCURS ON DAY TWO AND IT'S BY 1072 00:58:49,080 --> 00:58:50,080 DAY TWO AND A HALF AND IT'S 1073 00:58:50,080 --> 00:58:53,840 TRANSIENT AND FOLLOWED BY ITCH 1074 00:58:53,840 --> 00:58:54,120 BEHAVIORS. 1075 00:58:54,120 --> 00:58:57,720 WE THINK THAT'S SOMEHOW PRIMING 1076 00:58:57,720 --> 00:59:00,640 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM TO START 1077 00:59:00,640 --> 00:59:02,000 DISPLAYING THE PERSISTENT ITCH 1078 00:59:02,000 --> 00:59:04,040 PHENOTYPE. 1079 00:59:04,040 --> 00:59:06,000 AS WELL AS THE OTHER PART OF 1080 00:59:06,000 --> 00:59:10,000 YOUR QUESTION. 1081 00:59:10,000 --> 00:59:13,480 >> I FORGET. 1082 00:59:37,480 --> 00:59:41,280 >> CAN YOU EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF 1083 00:59:41,280 --> 00:59:42,920 ASTRO GLIA AS A NEURO 1084 00:59:42,920 --> 00:59:45,720 INFLAMMATORY MARKER? 1085 00:59:45,720 --> 00:59:48,440 >> IT'S BEEN KNOWN IN A VARIETY 1086 00:59:48,440 --> 00:59:54,040 OF CHRONIC ITCH MODELS THERE'S 1087 00:59:54,040 --> 00:59:56,800 EVIDENCE OF ASTROGLIOSIS AND 1088 00:59:56,800 --> 00:59:59,000 ACTIVATED MICROGLIA AND A RECENT 1089 00:59:59,000 --> 01:00:01,160 STUDY SHOWED IT'S A KEY SWITCH 1090 01:00:01,160 --> 01:00:02,520 IN THE TRANSITION FROM ACUTE 1091 01:00:02,520 --> 01:00:05,800 ITCH TO A CHRONIC PERSISTENT 1092 01:00:05,800 --> 01:00:06,720 ITCH STATE. 1093 01:00:06,720 --> 01:00:09,280 WE KNOW IT'S THE SAME FOR 1094 01:00:09,280 --> 01:00:12,640 LOOKING AT NEUROPATHIC OR 1095 01:00:12,640 --> 01:00:13,120 INFLAMMATORY PAIN THAT 1096 01:00:13,120 --> 01:00:20,240 ASTROCYTES AND GLIA PLAY A KEY 1097 01:00:20,240 --> 01:00:21,320 ROLE IN THE CHRONIC PAIN 1098 01:00:21,320 --> 01:00:23,560 CONDITION AND NOT JUST LOOKING 1099 01:00:23,560 --> 01:00:28,240 AT NEURONS BUT CHANGES IN GLIA 1100 01:00:28,240 --> 01:00:33,280 CAN GAIN INSIGHT TO THE SYSTE 1101 01:00:33,280 --> 01:00:34,520 AND WE'RE USING SINGLE CELL 1102 01:00:34,520 --> 01:00:36,720 SEQUENCING TO GET A HANDLE ON 1103 01:00:36,720 --> 01:00:39,240 THE CELL SPECIFIC CHANGES ACROSS 1104 01:00:39,240 --> 01:00:40,280 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 1105 01:00:40,280 --> 01:00:40,880 >> RIGHT. 1106 01:00:40,880 --> 01:00:44,440 SO I GUESS ONE QUESTION AND THIS 1107 01:00:44,440 --> 01:00:49,320 GETS TO THE NEXT QUESTION IN THE 1108 01:00:49,320 --> 01:00:57,320 CHAT ARE ALL THESE ARE SHARING 1109 01:00:57,320 --> 01:00:57,920 CHRONIC MECHANISMS. 1110 01:00:57,920 --> 01:01:01,800 THE QUESTION IS HOW'S THE 1111 01:01:01,800 --> 01:01:05,000 MECHANISM OF CHRONIC ITCH FROM 1112 01:01:05,000 --> 01:01:07,280 HIVE REACTIONS ARE SYMPTOMS GO 1113 01:01:07,280 --> 01:01:08,800 AWAY AFTER DIFFERENT TIMES. 1114 01:01:08,800 --> 01:01:10,720 A MOSQUITO BITE WILL GIVE AN 1115 01:01:10,720 --> 01:01:12,040 INITIAL ITCH OR SOMETHING ON 1116 01:01:12,040 --> 01:01:14,960 YOUR ARM WILL GIVE A SHORT 1117 01:01:14,960 --> 01:01:17,240 DURATION EFFECT WHEREAS A TOPIC 1118 01:01:17,240 --> 01:01:18,640 DERMATITIS YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT 1119 01:01:18,640 --> 01:01:20,960 WEEKS, MONTHS, YEARS, VERSUS 1120 01:01:20,960 --> 01:01:22,640 HIVES WHICH MAY BE ON THE ORDER 1121 01:01:22,640 --> 01:01:24,120 OF DAYS OR WEEKS. 1122 01:01:24,120 --> 01:01:27,920 TO WHAT DEGREE ARE WE LOOKING 1123 01:01:27,920 --> 01:01:28,520 AT? 1124 01:01:28,520 --> 01:01:29,200 SIMILAR MECHANISMS? 1125 01:01:29,200 --> 01:01:30,960 ARE WE LOOKING AT DIFFERENT 1126 01:01:30,960 --> 01:01:33,520 PHASES OF THE REACTION BEFORE 1127 01:01:33,520 --> 01:01:35,320 THE IRRITATION GOES AWAY? 1128 01:01:35,320 --> 01:01:36,320 WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE 1129 01:01:36,320 --> 01:01:43,120 COMMONALITIES OR NOT? 1130 01:01:43,120 --> 01:01:43,800 WE KNOW A LOT ABOUT WHAT HAPPENS 1131 01:01:43,800 --> 01:01:46,920 IN THE SKIN AND WHAT TYPES OF 1132 01:01:46,920 --> 01:01:50,040 IMMUNE CELLS INFILTRATE. 1133 01:01:50,040 --> 01:01:51,920 WE KNOW FOR EXAMPLE FOR THE 1134 01:01:51,920 --> 01:01:54,720 ITCHY MOSQUITO BITE AND SOME 1135 01:01:54,720 --> 01:02:00,760 FORMS OF ALLERGY THAT HISTAMINE 1136 01:02:00,760 --> 01:02:03,400 PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE. 1137 01:02:03,400 --> 01:02:05,360 WORK FROM A LAB A DECADE AGO 1138 01:02:05,360 --> 01:02:08,440 SHOWED A SUBSET OF SENSORY 1139 01:02:08,440 --> 01:02:10,040 NEURONS THAT EXPRESS THE H1 1140 01:02:10,040 --> 01:02:12,880 HISTAMINE RECEPTOR AND THE 1141 01:02:12,880 --> 01:02:15,000 CAPSAICIN RECEPTOR TRIP B1 AND 1142 01:02:15,000 --> 01:02:16,800 IN THOSE CELLS WHERE THE 1143 01:02:16,800 --> 01:02:18,720 RECEPTORS ARE FUNCTIONALLY 1144 01:02:18,720 --> 01:02:20,720 COUPLED, THAT THOSE CELLS 1145 01:02:20,720 --> 01:02:23,120 MEDIATE HISTAMINE-DEPENDENT 1146 01:02:23,120 --> 01:02:23,400 ITCH. 1147 01:02:23,400 --> 01:02:26,000 BUT THAT PATHWAY DOES NOT SEEM 1148 01:02:26,000 --> 01:02:27,320 TO BE ENGAGED UNDER CONDITIONS 1149 01:02:27,320 --> 01:02:30,000 OF CHRONIC ITCH AND THERE ARE A 1150 01:02:30,000 --> 01:02:41,520 WHOLE SLEW OF NON-HISTAMINERGIC 1151 01:02:41,520 --> 01:02:43,560 NEURONS SHOWN THAT THERE ARE 1152 01:02:43,560 --> 01:02:45,800 COMPLETELY DIFFERENT PATHWAYS IN 1153 01:02:45,800 --> 01:02:47,960 DIFFERENT CHRONIC ITCH 1154 01:02:47,960 --> 01:02:48,520 DISORDERS. 1155 01:02:48,520 --> 01:02:49,520 UNFORTUNATELY AND IT'S TRUE FOR 1156 01:02:49,520 --> 01:02:51,280 PAIN AS WELL, THERE'S NOT JUST 1157 01:02:51,280 --> 01:02:54,720 ONE PAIN PATHWAY OR ITCH PATHWAY 1158 01:02:54,720 --> 01:02:58,320 THAT ITCH ENGAGE. 1159 01:02:58,320 --> 01:03:00,760 THERE SEEMS TO BE DIFFERENT 1160 01:03:00,760 --> 01:03:02,040 MOLECULES, CELLS, IMMUNE CELLS 1161 01:03:02,040 --> 01:03:05,160 AND NEURONS THAT DRIVE THESE 1162 01:03:05,160 --> 01:03:06,760 DIFFERENT DISEASE STATES FOR 1163 01:03:06,760 --> 01:03:10,040 INFLAMMATORY PAIN VERSUS 1164 01:03:10,040 --> 01:03:12,760 NEUROPATHIC PAIN OR SPINAL CORD 1165 01:03:12,760 --> 01:03:18,080 INJURY OR CHEMO THERAPY OR 1166 01:03:18,080 --> 01:03:19,320 NEURONEUR 1167 01:03:19,320 --> 01:03:25,240 NEURONEUR 1168 01:03:25,240 --> 01:03:28,320 NEUROON NEUROPATHY AND MAYBE 1169 01:03:28,320 --> 01:03:30,000 THERE'S NOT ONE THING THAT WILL 1170 01:03:30,000 --> 01:03:32,680 GET RID OF ALL CHRONIC ITCH 1171 01:03:32,680 --> 01:03:34,000 MAYBE MULTIPLE OR MAYBE WE'LL 1172 01:03:34,000 --> 01:03:35,800 FIND A COMMON PATHWAY IN THE 1173 01:03:35,800 --> 01:03:36,720 NERVOUS SYSTEM AT HIGHER LEVELS 1174 01:03:36,720 --> 01:03:41,840 THAT MAY BE THE WAY TO GO. 1175 01:03:41,840 --> 01:03:48,800 >> AND PRESUMABLY -- 1176 01:03:48,800 --> 01:03:49,560 SIMPLISTICALLY THERE MAY BE 1177 01:03:49,560 --> 01:03:52,160 FORMS OF CONVERSION THAT MAY NOT 1178 01:03:52,160 --> 01:03:53,480 BE HAPPENING OUT IN THE 1179 01:03:53,480 --> 01:03:54,040 PERIPHERY. 1180 01:03:54,040 --> 01:04:05,560 >> YEAH, THAT'S RIGHT. 1181 01:04:05,560 --> 01:04:08,800 THERE'S INTERACTION BETWEEN ITCH 1182 01:04:08,800 --> 01:04:12,640 AND PAIN AND GIVING PAIN 1183 01:04:12,640 --> 01:04:15,600 PATIENTS MORPHINE THAT UNMASKED 1184 01:04:15,600 --> 01:04:16,880 ITCH EVOKED RESPONSES THE 1185 01:04:16,880 --> 01:04:20,920 PERSISTENT ITCH. 1186 01:04:20,920 --> 01:04:22,320 AND SOMETIMES THE ITCH IS WORSE 1187 01:04:22,320 --> 01:04:24,680 THAN THE PAIN AND THE PATIENTS 1188 01:04:24,680 --> 01:04:27,880 ASK TO STOP TAKING THE MORPHINE. 1189 01:04:27,880 --> 01:04:29,280 THEY'D RATHER HAVE THE PAIN 1190 01:04:29,280 --> 01:04:30,720 VERSUS THE ITCH. 1191 01:04:30,720 --> 01:04:32,760 THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE TWO 1192 01:04:32,760 --> 01:04:33,800 SYSTEMS MAKES IT QUITE 1193 01:04:33,800 --> 01:04:36,280 COMPLICATED AS WELL. 1194 01:04:36,280 --> 01:04:37,320 CAN WE FIND SOMETHING SPECIFIC 1195 01:04:37,320 --> 01:04:38,320 THAT MIGHT WORK. 1196 01:04:38,320 --> 01:04:39,640 >> ONE QUESTION IS HAVE YOU 1197 01:04:39,640 --> 01:04:41,680 LOOKED AT THE POSSIBLE USE OF 1198 01:04:41,680 --> 01:04:44,240 VARIOUS DRUGS KNOWN TO DECREASE 1199 01:04:44,240 --> 01:04:51,160 THE ACTIVATION OF BASOPHILS? 1200 01:04:51,160 --> 01:04:52,320 THERE'S A BIG AREA OF INTEREST 1201 01:04:52,320 --> 01:04:53,600 AND A NUMBER OF GROUPS ARE 1202 01:04:53,600 --> 01:04:55,440 WORKING ON THIS. 1203 01:04:55,440 --> 01:04:58,720 WE'RE ALSO VERY INTERESTED IN IF 1204 01:04:58,720 --> 01:05:02,600 WE CAN BLOCK THE PATHWAYS BY 1205 01:05:02,600 --> 01:05:05,920 GETTING RID OF THE NEUTROPHILS 1206 01:05:05,920 --> 01:05:08,080 WHILE MOST HUMAN STUDIES 1207 01:05:08,080 --> 01:05:10,880 FOCUSSED ON MATURE LESIONS, 1208 01:05:10,880 --> 01:05:11,920 THERE'S A COUPLE CLINICAL 1209 01:05:11,920 --> 01:05:16,160 STUDIES DONE WHERE THEY CAN 1210 01:05:16,160 --> 01:05:18,720 INDUCE LESIONS OR CAUGHT THEM BY 1211 01:05:18,720 --> 01:05:20,920 DEVELOPING LESIONS IN ECZEMA 1212 01:05:20,920 --> 01:05:22,960 PATIENTS AND THEY FOUND THE 1213 01:05:22,960 --> 01:05:24,200 NEUTROPHILS WERE INDEED THERE 1214 01:05:24,200 --> 01:05:25,760 AND THERE'S A NUMBER OF DRUGS 1215 01:05:25,760 --> 01:05:28,560 THAT ARE CURRENTLY ON THE MARKET 1216 01:05:28,560 --> 01:05:31,920 FOR OTHER INDICATIONS TO BLOCK 1217 01:05:31,920 --> 01:05:34,480 NEUTROPHIL INFILTRATION. 1218 01:05:34,480 --> 01:05:36,320 WEHINK THAT'S AN INTERESTING 1219 01:05:36,320 --> 01:05:38,080 AVENUE TO PURSUE ESPECIALLY 1220 01:05:38,080 --> 01:05:42,080 SINCE WE SEE BLOCKING THE 1221 01:05:42,080 --> 01:05:43,400 NEUTROPHILS CAN AFFECT THE 1222 01:05:43,400 --> 01:05:44,120 NERVOUS SYSTEM CHANGES. 1223 01:05:44,120 --> 01:05:46,440 >> COOL, A COUPLE QUESTIONS 1224 01:05:46,440 --> 01:05:46,880 LEFT. 1225 01:05:46,880 --> 01:05:48,560 I THINK WE HAVE A LITTLE BIT OF 1226 01:05:48,560 --> 01:05:48,760 TIME. 1227 01:05:48,760 --> 01:05:49,720 IS THERE A PERCENTAGE OF PEOPLE 1228 01:05:49,720 --> 01:05:51,320 OR WHAT IS THE PERCENTAGE OF 1229 01:05:51,320 --> 01:05:55,920 PEOPLE WITH ECZEMA THAT DEVELOP 1230 01:05:55,920 --> 01:06:00,760 ASTHMA IN THE A TOPIC MARCH? 1231 01:06:00,760 --> 01:06:04,280 >> IT'S QUITE HIGH. 1232 01:06:04,280 --> 01:06:06,840 SO IT'S THOUGHT TO BE SOMEWHERE 1233 01:06:06,840 --> 01:06:08,720 BETWEEN 50% TO 70 1234 01:06:08,720 --> 01:06:10,600 FOR CHILDREN IT'S HALF OF KIDS 1235 01:06:10,600 --> 01:06:12,760 WHO HAD SEVERE ASTHMA AS A KID 1236 01:06:12,760 --> 01:06:16,120 EVEN IF IT GOES AWAY AND THEY 1237 01:06:16,120 --> 01:06:18,720 DEVELOP ASTHMA MUCH LATER. 1238 01:06:18,720 --> 01:06:21,680 THE WORK SHOWED CIRCULATING 1239 01:06:21,680 --> 01:06:24,720 PRIMED BASOPHILS IN SERUM AS 1240 01:06:24,720 --> 01:06:28,000 WELL AS WORK IN OUR ANIMAL MODEL 1241 01:06:28,000 --> 01:06:30,040 AND OTHERS SHOWING THAT THESE 1242 01:06:30,040 --> 01:06:31,760 BASOPHILS ARE PRIMED TO MAKE 1243 01:06:31,760 --> 01:06:35,520 THEM A KEY TARGET AND BRIAN 1244 01:06:35,520 --> 01:06:36,720 KIN'S GROUP SHOWED THEY PLAYED A 1245 01:06:36,720 --> 01:06:39,560 KEY ROLE IN INFLAMMATION DURING 1246 01:06:39,560 --> 01:06:41,680 THE CHRONIC PHASE AND IN 1247 01:06:41,680 --> 01:06:46,080 RESPONSE TO FURTHER ALLERGEN 1248 01:06:46,080 --> 01:06:51,520 CHANNEL TO THE SKIN. 1249 01:06:51,520 --> 01:06:53,960 >> IS THERE ANY INTEREST OR WHAT 1250 01:06:53,960 --> 01:06:56,040 DO WE KNOW HOW CHRONIC ITCH MAY 1251 01:06:56,040 --> 01:07:01,720 AFFECT PREGNANT MICE AND THEIR 1252 01:07:01,720 --> 01:07:01,960 OFFSPRING? 1253 01:07:01,960 --> 01:07:06,800 IS THERE AN IMMEDIATE EFFECT ON 1254 01:07:06,800 --> 01:07:12,800 THE SKIN AND TRANS GENERATIONAL 1255 01:07:12,800 --> 01:07:18,760 INHERITANTS ARE HOT RIGHT NOW 1256 01:07:18,760 --> 01:07:23,640 AND THERE CHANGES CENTRALLY AND 1257 01:07:23,640 --> 01:07:24,720 PERIPHERALLY? 1258 01:07:24,720 --> 01:07:27,120 >> YOU DEFINITELY THESE CHRONIC 1259 01:07:27,120 --> 01:07:29,040 ITCH CONDITIONS RUN IN FAMILIES 1260 01:07:29,040 --> 01:07:32,080 AS DOES ASTHMA AND OTHER A TOPIC 1261 01:07:32,080 --> 01:07:32,520 DISEASES. 1262 01:07:32,520 --> 01:07:35,760 GENERALLY THEY'RE INCREASING IN 1263 01:07:35,760 --> 01:07:37,200 PREVALENCE ESPECIALLY IN THE 1264 01:07:37,200 --> 01:07:40,000 UNITED STATES, SWEDEN AND JAPAN 1265 01:07:40,000 --> 01:07:41,800 AND DRAMATIC INCREASES IN FOOD 1266 01:07:41,800 --> 01:07:44,480 ALLERGIES AND CASES OF ASTHMA 1267 01:07:44,480 --> 01:07:48,720 AND HOW MUCH OF THAT IS GENETIC 1268 01:07:48,720 --> 01:07:50,720 VERSUS EXPOSURE I THINK IS A 1269 01:07:50,720 --> 01:07:51,320 DEBATE. 1270 01:07:51,320 --> 01:07:54,080 THERE'S ALSO DRAMATIC 1271 01:07:54,080 --> 01:07:55,520 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEN AND 1272 01:07:55,520 --> 01:07:57,600 WOMEN RAISING THE POSSIBILITY OF 1273 01:07:57,600 --> 01:07:59,440 DIFFERENT REACTIONS DURING 1274 01:07:59,440 --> 01:08:00,800 PREGNANCY AS WELL AND WE ALSO 1275 01:08:00,800 --> 01:08:04,840 KNOW THAT PREGNANCY AND HORMONES 1276 01:08:04,840 --> 01:08:06,800 CAN TRIGGER CHRONIC ITCH AS 1277 01:08:06,800 --> 01:08:09,800 WELL. 1278 01:08:09,800 --> 01:08:13,640 WHAT THAT CYTOKINE EXPOSURE AND 1279 01:08:13,640 --> 01:08:14,720 ITCH-SCRATCH EXPOSURE IS NOT 1280 01:08:14,720 --> 01:08:15,280 REALLY KNOWN. 1281 01:08:15,280 --> 01:08:16,160 >> GREAT. 1282 01:08:16,160 --> 01:08:16,360 OKAY. 1283 01:08:16,360 --> 01:08:18,920 WELL, I THINK WE'RE COMING ON 1284 01:08:18,920 --> 01:08:19,680 TIME HERE. 1285 01:08:19,680 --> 01:08:24,760 I WANT TO THANK YOU FOR A 1286 01:08:24,760 --> 01:08:25,800 TERRIFIC TALK. 1287 01:08:25,800 --> 01:08:28,160 YOU UNCOVERED THE IMPORTANT 1288 01:08:28,160 --> 01:08:29,320 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NOT JUST 1289 01:08:29,320 --> 01:08:30,720 THE BRAIN AND CENTRAL 1290 01:08:30,720 --> 01:08:33,120 INFORMATION SYSTEM AND THE 1291 01:08:33,120 --> 01:08:36,520 PERIPHERY BUT REALLY IN THE SKIN 1292 01:08:36,520 --> 01:08:38,040 AND HOW THESE INTERACTIONS 1293 01:08:38,040 --> 01:08:40,880 BETWEEN THE NEURONS AND THE SKIN 1294 01:08:40,880 --> 01:08:42,920 AND THE IMMUNE CELLS IN THE SKIN 1295 01:08:42,920 --> 01:08:45,120 ARE HAVING SUCH A PROFOUND 1296 01:08:45,120 --> 01:08:47,240 EFFECT ON BEHAVIORS. 1297 01:08:47,240 --> 01:08:48,720 I REALLY APPRECIATE THIS AGAIN. 1298 01:08:48,720 --> 01:08:50,560 LOOKING FORWARD TO HEARING THE 1299 01:08:50,560 --> 01:08:52,640 NEXT SET OF AMAZING EXPERIENCE 1300 01:08:52,640 --> 01:08:53,720 OF EXPERIMENTS TO COME FROM YOUR 1301 01:08:53,720 --> 01:08:55,080 LAB AND LOOKING FORWARD TO 1302 01:08:55,080 --> 01:08:56,520 SEEING YOU I HE IN PERSON ONE 1303 01:08:56,520 --> 01:08:59,480 DAY SOON. 1304 01:08:59,480 --> 01:09:00,960 >> YEAH, THANKS SO MUCH, JOHN. 1305 01:09:00,960 --> 01:09:04,280 IT WAS GREAT TO HAVE THIS 1306 01:09:04,280 --> 01:09:06,000 OPPORTUNITY AND TO HEAR ALL THE 1307 01:09:06,000 --> 01:09:08,120 GREAT QUESTIONS EVERYONE HAD AND 1308 01:09:08,120 --> 01:09:08,720 DISCUSS THEM. 1309 01:09:08,720 --> 01:09:10,000 >> GREAT. 1310 01:09:10,000 --> 01:09:33,080 THANKS AGAIN. 1311 01:09:33,080 --> 01:09:34,640 I WANT TO GO THROUGH THE WORK 1312 01:09:34,640 --> 01:09:37,760 DONE OVER THE LAST FIVE YEARS TO 1313 01:09:37,760 --> 01:09:39,240 AMASS TRULY SPECIAL AND BREATHE 1314 01:09:39,240 --> 01:09:41,240 TAKING DATA RESOURCES ON BEHALF 1315 01:09:41,240 --> 01:09:44,560 OF THE BICCN. 1316 01:09:44,560 --> 01:09:45,440 THE DATA SETS INVOLVE CUTTING 1317 01:09:45,440 --> 01:09:50,240 EDGE TECHNOLOGIES AND WE'VE GOT 1318 01:09:50,240 --> 01:09:52,120 SEVERAL SPEAKERS WHO HAVE BEEN 1319 01:09:52,120 --> 01:09:56,760 BUILDING THE DATA ARCHIVES OF 1320 01:09:56,760 --> 01:10:00,280 THE BRAIN CENTER AND THE BCDC 1321 01:10:00,280 --> 01:10:03,040 AND THOSE DRIVING RE-USE OF THE 1322 01:10:03,040 --> 01:10:03,320 DATA. 1323 01:10:03,320 --> 01:10:06,200 YOU'LL HEAR FROM QUITE A BREADTH 1324 01:10:06,200 --> 01:10:06,880 OF SPEAKERS ABOUT THE RESOURCES 1325 01:10:06,880 --> 01:10:16,880 AVAILABLE TO YOU. 1326 01:10:16,880 --> 01:10:18,320 HERE'S SOME OF THE PRESENTATIONS 1327 01:10:18,320 --> 01:10:20,200 YOU'LL BE HEARING THE ORDER MAY 1328 01:10:20,200 --> 01:10:21,920 CHANGE A LITTLE BIT BUT YOU'LL 1329 01:10:21,920 --> 01:10:23,080 HEAR ABOUT THE BRAIN CELL DATA 1330 01:10:23,080 --> 01:10:29,120 CENTER AND CATALOGING THE DATA 1331 01:10:29,120 --> 01:10:32,720 FROM CAROL THOMPSON AND DATA 1332 01:10:32,720 --> 01:10:34,200 RESOURCES FROM THE LIBRARY FROM 1333 01:10:34,200 --> 01:10:44,920 ALEXANDER OVALESSI AND 1334 01:10:44,920 --> 01:10:47,600 REPLICABILITY IN SINGLE-CEL 1335 01:10:47,600 --> 01:10:47,800 DATA. 1336 01:10:47,800 --> 01:10:51,840 NOW OVER TO CAROL. 1337 01:10:51,840 --> 01:10:53,600 >> GOOD MORNING, HAPPY TO BE 1338 01:10:53,600 --> 01:10:55,440 HERE TO TELL YOU MORE ABOUT THE 1339 01:10:55,440 --> 01:10:57,000 BRAIN CELL DATA CENTER AND THE 1340 01:10:57,000 --> 01:11:04,200 CATALOGING OF THE BICCN. 1341 01:11:04,200 --> 01:11:07,520 SO THE BRAIN INITIATIVE CENSUS 1342 01:11:07,520 --> 01:11:13,440 NETWORK IS ONE OF THE SERIES OF 1343 01:11:13,440 --> 01:11:17,800 DIFFERENT CONSORTIA EFFORTS AND 1344 01:11:17,800 --> 01:11:20,720 THERE WAS A CONSORTIUM WHICH 1345 01:11:20,720 --> 01:11:23,520 WORKED WITH STRATEGIES AND 1346 01:11:23,520 --> 01:11:23,840 TECHNIQUES. 1347 01:11:23,840 --> 01:11:28,280 AFTER THAT IT WAS FOUND THE 1348 01:11:28,280 --> 01:11:31,760 METHODS AND STRATEGIES LAUNCHED 1349 01:11:31,760 --> 01:11:33,880 THE BRAIN INITIATIVE CELL CENSUS 1350 01:11:33,880 --> 01:11:36,360 NETWORK TO INTEGRATE MOLECULAR 1351 01:11:36,360 --> 01:11:37,520 AND ANATOMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL 1352 01:11:37,520 --> 01:11:37,960 DATA. 1353 01:11:37,960 --> 01:11:39,680 IT'S BEEN LARGELY THE WORK OF 1354 01:11:39,680 --> 01:11:40,480 THE LAST FIVE YEARS FROM 2017 TO 1355 01:11:40,480 --> 01:11:43,680 2022. 1356 01:11:43,680 --> 01:11:47,600 LATER IN 2022, THE NEXT 1357 01:11:47,600 --> 01:11:49,760 CONSORTIUM IS DUE TO START THE 1358 01:11:49,760 --> 01:11:53,560 BRAIN INITIATIVE CELL ATLAS 1359 01:11:53,560 --> 01:11:54,160 NETWORK. 1360 01:11:54,160 --> 01:12:00,160 DATA BEING GENERATED FROM BICCN 1361 01:12:00,160 --> 01:12:02,320 INCLUDES A LOT OF TRANSCRIPTOMIC 1362 01:12:02,320 --> 01:12:06,400 TRANSCRIPTOMICS DATA AND SPATIAL 1363 01:12:06,400 --> 01:12:08,680 DATA AS WELL AND ANATOMY AND 1364 01:12:08,680 --> 01:12:09,480 PHYSIOLOGY TECHNIQUES AND 1365 01:12:09,480 --> 01:12:10,720 LOOKING AT MARKERS AND 1366 01:12:10,720 --> 01:12:13,480 TECHNIQUES LOOKING AT AREAS OF 1367 01:12:13,480 --> 01:12:16,320 THE BRAIN, CONNECTIVITY AND 1368 01:12:16,320 --> 01:12:20,920 BRAIN IMAGING TECHNIQUES AND 1369 01:12:20,920 --> 01:12:25,720 MULTI-MODAL TECHNIQUES SUCH AS 1370 01:12:25,720 --> 01:12:27,720 PAC SEQ INCLUDING OMICS. 1371 01:12:27,720 --> 01:12:32,120 WITH ALL THE TYPES OF DATA IT'S 1372 01:12:32,120 --> 01:12:33,800 BEEN AMAZING THE BREADTH OF DATA 1373 01:12:33,800 --> 01:12:34,200 BEING GENERATED. 1374 01:12:34,200 --> 01:12:36,320 I WANTED TO MAKE SURE PEOPLE 1375 01:12:36,320 --> 01:12:38,160 COULD FIND THE DATA EASILY. 1376 01:12:38,160 --> 01:12:41,040 THE BICCN OPERATES WITH A 1377 01:12:41,040 --> 01:12:42,880 DISTRIBUTED ECO SYSTEM. 1378 01:12:42,880 --> 01:12:44,760 PARTICIPATING LABORATORIES 1379 01:12:44,760 --> 01:12:46,320 GENERATING DATA AND THE BRAIN 1380 01:12:46,320 --> 01:12:50,400 CELL DATA CENTER POSTED BY THE 1381 01:12:50,400 --> 01:12:51,400 ALLEN INSTITUTE COORDINATES DATA 1382 01:12:51,400 --> 01:12:54,400 FOR MISSION AND STANDARDS WITH 1383 01:12:54,400 --> 01:13:05,880 OUR PARTNERS THERE THE BROAD 1384 01:13:05,880 --> 01:13:06,120 INSTITUTE. 1385 01:13:06,120 --> 01:13:08,600 THE DATA ATLAS YOU'LL HEAR FROM 1386 01:13:08,600 --> 01:13:11,320 SOME TODAY INCLUDING 1387 01:13:11,320 --> 01:13:13,520 TRANSCRIPTOMICS AND EPIGENOMICS 1388 01:13:13,520 --> 01:13:16,240 DATA AND THE IMAGE LIBRARY FOR 1389 01:13:16,240 --> 01:13:24,320 BRAIN MICROSCOPY DATA AND DANDI 1390 01:13:24,320 --> 01:13:28,240 WHICH IS NEUROPHYSIOLOGY AND 1391 01:13:28,240 --> 01:13:32,200 CALCIUM IMAGES AND SOME MRI. 1392 01:13:32,200 --> 01:13:38,480 AND THE ANIEST ARCHIVE BOSS DB 1393 01:13:38,480 --> 01:13:44,560 SPOERTSZ ELECTED 1394 01:13:44,560 --> 01:13:45,000 ELECTROSCOPY. 1395 01:13:45,000 --> 01:13:48,320 WE HAVE MEMBERS ON THE ROSTER 1396 01:13:48,320 --> 01:13:49,360 COMING FROM 57 GRANTS. 1397 01:13:49,360 --> 01:13:52,400 EACH NOT JUST ONE MANY HAVE 1398 01:13:52,400 --> 01:13:54,480 MULTIPLE PARTNERS. 1399 01:13:54,480 --> 01:13:56,600 COLLECTIVELY THEY'VE LOGGED IN 1400 01:13:56,600 --> 01:13:58,400 86 DIFFERENT PROJECT AND 162 1401 01:13:58,400 --> 01:14:03,080 DATA COLLECTIONS. 1402 01:14:03,080 --> 01:14:09,120 WE HAVE WE KNOW THEY'RE USING AT 1403 01:14:09,120 --> 01:14:10,480 LEAST 42 DIFFERENT MAJOR 1404 01:14:10,480 --> 01:14:13,360 DISTINGUISHABLE TECHNIQUES TO 1405 01:14:13,360 --> 01:14:14,520 ANALYZE CELL TYPES. 1406 01:14:14,520 --> 01:14:21,080 WE HAVE 97 PROTOCOLS AND WE HAVE 1407 01:14:21,080 --> 01:14:30,520 TONS OF DATA ARCHIVES. 1408 01:14:30,520 --> 01:14:34,480 DATA ENCOMPASSES MANY MODALITIES 1409 01:14:34,480 --> 01:14:38,360 FROM 23 SPECIES WHICH INCLUDES 1410 01:14:38,360 --> 01:14:43,480 PROFILING 4300 MOUSE AND 150 1411 01:14:43,480 --> 01:14:46,480 HUMAN AND 30 OTHER DIFFERENT 1412 01:14:46,480 --> 01:14:51,400 SPECIES. 1413 01:14:51,400 --> 01:14:54,520 SO THE BRAIN CELL DATA CENTER IS 1414 01:14:54,520 --> 01:14:59,640 TRYING TO MAKE IT AVAILABLE THE 1415 01:14:59,640 --> 01:15:04,920 PORTAL AT WWW.BICCN.org AND YOU 1416 01:15:04,920 --> 01:15:06,320 CAN GET TO THE CATALOG SHOWN 1417 01:15:06,320 --> 01:15:09,840 HERE AND YOU CAN USE A FACETED 1418 01:15:09,840 --> 01:15:10,960 SEARCH TO FIND DATA COLLECTIONS 1419 01:15:10,960 --> 01:15:12,000 OF INTEREST TO YOU. 1420 01:15:12,000 --> 01:15:13,560 YOU CAN LOOK AT A PROJECT 1421 01:15:13,560 --> 01:15:14,600 SUMMARY PAGE TELLING YOU WHAT 1422 01:15:14,600 --> 01:15:17,040 THE DATA COLLECTIONS ARE, IF YOU 1423 01:15:17,040 --> 01:15:21,360 LINK SOME DOWNLOAD THEM AND GIVE 1424 01:15:21,360 --> 01:15:22,440 YOU IMPORTANT INFORMATION ON HOW 1425 01:15:22,440 --> 01:15:24,920 TO GET THROUGH DATA AND WHAT 1426 01:15:24,920 --> 01:15:30,320 LICENSE IT'S UNDER AND WHAT 1427 01:15:30,320 --> 01:15:34,440 PROTOCOLS WERE USED AND AUTHORS 1428 01:15:34,440 --> 01:15:37,320 AND FUNDING SOURCES. 1429 01:15:37,320 --> 01:15:40,320 FROM THE DATA YOU CAN SEE A 1430 01:15:40,320 --> 01:15:43,160 LISTING OF WAYS TO ACCESS DATA. 1431 01:15:43,160 --> 01:15:48,240 THE TOP BUTTON IS TO SEARCH THE 1432 01:15:48,240 --> 01:15:48,560 INVENTORY. 1433 01:15:48,560 --> 01:15:49,520 THIS TAKES YOU TO THE CHURCH AND 1434 01:15:49,520 --> 01:15:52,040 YOU CAN GO DIRECTLY TO THE 1435 01:15:52,040 --> 01:15:55,920 ARCHIVES TO BROWSE THROUGH THE 1436 01:15:55,920 --> 01:15:58,560 DATA AVAILABLE AT EACH ARCHIVE. 1437 01:15:58,560 --> 01:16:02,120 YOU CAN SEE EXAMPLE IMAGES OF 1438 01:16:02,120 --> 01:16:03,360 SOME OF THE BROWSER VIEWS ON 1439 01:16:03,360 --> 01:16:09,920 SOME OF THE PORTS. 1440 01:16:09,920 --> 01:16:11,840 FOR DATA SEARCH AND ACCESS I 1441 01:16:11,840 --> 01:16:13,360 DON'T HAVE A LIVE DEMO HERE FOR 1442 01:16:13,360 --> 01:16:14,680 YOU TODAY BUT IF YOU WERE TO 1443 01:16:14,680 --> 01:16:17,200 CLICK ON THE FILTER ICON IN THE 1444 01:16:17,200 --> 01:16:18,320 UPPER LEFT ON THE DATA CATALOG 1445 01:16:18,320 --> 01:16:21,680 YOU WOULD BE ABLE TO GO IN AND 1446 01:16:21,680 --> 01:16:22,480 CHOOSE WHICH GRANT YOU WERE 1447 01:16:22,480 --> 01:16:24,240 INTERESTED IN LOOKING AT DATA 1448 01:16:24,240 --> 01:16:26,360 FROM OR WHAT SPECIES, WHAT 1449 01:16:26,360 --> 01:16:27,720 TECHNIQUES WERE USED TO GENERATE 1450 01:16:27,720 --> 01:16:29,760 THE DATA TO NARROW DOWN YOUR 1451 01:16:29,760 --> 01:16:31,160 SEARCH FOR WHICH DATA SETS YOU'D 1452 01:16:31,160 --> 01:16:32,320 LIKE TO LOOK AT. 1453 01:16:32,320 --> 01:16:33,480 AS I'VE DESCRIBED YOU CAN LOOK 1454 01:16:33,480 --> 01:16:35,920 AT THE PROJECT SUMMARY PAGE AND 1455 01:16:35,920 --> 01:16:37,720 GET LINKS DIRECTLY DOWN TO THE 1456 01:16:37,720 --> 01:16:38,040 DATA. 1457 01:16:38,040 --> 01:16:40,640 WE ALSO HAVE FOR A SELECT SET OF 1458 01:16:40,640 --> 01:16:44,800 THE PROJECTS AND ARE WORKING TO 1459 01:16:44,800 --> 01:16:50,080 BACK TOP -- POPULATE THE REST 1460 01:16:50,080 --> 01:16:52,640 YOU CAN GET THE LINKS TO THE 1461 01:16:52,640 --> 01:16:53,400 INDIVIDUAL DATA FILES AVAILABLE 1462 01:16:53,400 --> 01:16:58,320 AT EACH OF THE ARCHIVES. 1463 01:16:58,320 --> 01:17:00,360 SO ANOTHER BIG THING THAT 1464 01:17:00,360 --> 01:17:01,080 HAPPENED IN THE BRAIN INITIATIVE 1465 01:17:01,080 --> 01:17:03,600 IS THIS IS A GREAT OPPORTUNITY 1466 01:17:03,600 --> 01:17:06,360 TO HAVE ALL THESE SCIENTISTS 1467 01:17:06,360 --> 01:17:06,720 COLLABORATE. 1468 01:17:06,720 --> 01:17:09,520 ONE OF THE THINGS WE CHOSE TO 1469 01:17:09,520 --> 01:17:11,840 COLLABORATE ON INITIALLY WAS A 1470 01:17:11,840 --> 01:17:15,720 CELL CENSUS OF THE PRIMARY MOTOR 1471 01:17:15,720 --> 01:17:18,280 CORTEX AND THIS CAME ABOUT A 1472 01:17:18,280 --> 01:17:19,760 TRANCHE OF DATA AND WANTED TO 1473 01:17:19,760 --> 01:17:21,720 MAKE SURE THE DATA WAS AVAILABLE 1474 01:17:21,720 --> 01:17:23,680 TO EVERYONE AND THERE'S A 1475 01:17:23,680 --> 01:17:26,320 ONE-STOP SHOP TO FIND THE DATA 1476 01:17:26,320 --> 01:17:28,640 GENERATED SO WE ALSO HAVE THIS 1477 01:17:28,640 --> 01:17:30,760 PAGE THAT HAS A LISTING OF THE 1478 01:17:30,760 --> 01:17:33,440 PAPERS PART OF THE STUDY WHERE 1479 01:17:33,440 --> 01:17:35,440 DIFFERENT LABS USED DIFFERENT 1480 01:17:35,440 --> 01:17:38,720 TECHNIQUES BUT COLLABORATED ON 1481 01:17:38,720 --> 01:17:40,520 ANALYSES TO UNDERSTAND THE 1482 01:17:40,520 --> 01:17:42,720 SUBTYPES IN THE CORTEX OF 1483 01:17:42,720 --> 01:17:44,000 MULTIPLE SPECIES. 1484 01:17:44,000 --> 01:17:46,040 ALONG SIDE THE LINK TO THE 1485 01:17:46,040 --> 01:17:47,120 PAPERS THERE'S TOOLS FOR HOSTING 1486 01:17:47,120 --> 01:17:50,720 DATA ASSOCIATED WITH THIS. 1487 01:17:50,720 --> 01:17:56,560 INCLUDING NEMO ANALYTICS AND THE 1488 01:17:56,560 --> 01:17:58,680 TRANSCRIPTOMICS EXPLORER AND 1489 01:17:58,680 --> 01:18:01,320 METHYLATION VIEWER AND SINGLE 1490 01:18:01,320 --> 01:18:02,920 CELL PORTAL AND THERE'S A LOT OF 1491 01:18:02,920 --> 01:18:03,680 PARTNERS IN THE EFFORT WHO HAVE 1492 01:18:03,680 --> 01:18:08,080 COME TOGETHER TO TRY TO MAKE THE 1493 01:18:08,080 --> 01:18:11,480 DATA ACCESSIBLE TO PEOPLE. 1494 01:18:11,480 --> 01:18:14,720 ONE TOOL WE MADE AVAILABLE AT 1495 01:18:14,720 --> 01:18:17,880 THE ALLEN INSTITUTE IS FROM THE 1496 01:18:17,880 --> 01:18:20,200 DATA CATALOG TOGGLE BETWEEN THE 1497 01:18:20,200 --> 01:18:22,400 DATA CATALOG TO THE CELL 1498 01:18:22,400 --> 01:18:23,280 TECHNOLOGY EXPLORER. 1499 01:18:23,280 --> 01:18:29,520 WE HAVE HOSTED TAXONOMIES OF THE 1500 01:18:29,520 --> 01:18:31,160 PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX FROM THREE 1501 01:18:31,160 --> 01:18:31,400 SPECIES. 1502 01:18:31,400 --> 01:18:34,680 THIS WAS DONE PART OF THE LARGE 1503 01:18:34,680 --> 01:18:36,040 COLLABORATIVE EFFORT BY THE 1504 01:18:36,040 --> 01:18:38,760 BICCN SO YOU CAN GO AND EXPLORE 1505 01:18:38,760 --> 01:18:41,320 THE HUMAN AND MOUSE TAXONOMIES 1506 01:18:41,320 --> 01:18:44,040 AS WELL AS GO TO EACH PAGE AND 1507 01:18:44,040 --> 01:18:46,040 UNDERSTAND AND LOOK AT THE DATA 1508 01:18:46,040 --> 01:18:48,520 SUPPORTING THE DIFFERENT CELL 1509 01:18:48,520 --> 01:18:50,720 TYPES THAT WERE IDENTIFIED IN 1510 01:18:50,720 --> 01:18:51,920 THE STUDIES. 1511 01:18:51,920 --> 01:18:53,920 THIS INCLUDES LINK OUTS TO 1512 01:18:53,920 --> 01:18:54,720 TYPOLOGY DEVELOPED AS PART OF 1513 01:18:54,720 --> 01:19:00,120 THIS WORK. 1514 01:19:00,120 --> 01:19:02,160 WITH THEY WANTED TO CONCLUDE BY 1515 01:19:02,160 --> 01:19:04,720 SAYING THERE WERE AS I SAID, 57 1516 01:19:04,720 --> 01:19:06,520 NIH GRANTS CONTRIBUTING TO THIS 1517 01:19:06,520 --> 01:19:08,800 PROJECT AND SO IT'S HARD TO GIVE 1518 01:19:08,800 --> 01:19:11,400 THANKS TO EVERYBODY THAT WAS 1519 01:19:11,400 --> 01:19:13,440 INVOLVED IN THE EFFORT BUT WE 1520 01:19:13,440 --> 01:19:18,320 HAVE A LISTING OF TWO PAGES OF 1521 01:19:18,320 --> 01:19:18,560 GRANTS. 1522 01:19:18,560 --> 01:19:21,920 WE HAVE SO MANY GRANTS DEDICATED 1523 01:19:21,920 --> 01:19:22,800 TOOLS AND EXCELLENT DATA THAT 1524 01:19:22,800 --> 01:19:24,920 CONTRIBUTED TO OUR UNDERSTANDING 1525 01:19:24,920 --> 01:19:26,800 OF CELL TYPES AS WELL AS A 1526 01:19:26,800 --> 01:19:27,960 NUMBER OF INFRASTRUCTURE GRANTS 1527 01:19:27,960 --> 01:19:29,440 AND THE WORK FOR THE BRAIN CELL 1528 01:19:29,440 --> 01:19:33,760 DATA CENTER IS FUNDED BY THE 1529 01:19:33,760 --> 01:19:38,800 U-24 GRANT AWARDED TO P.I.s. 1530 01:19:38,800 --> 01:19:45,960 THANK YOU. 1531 01:19:45,960 --> 01:19:50,800 >> I'M TIMONEY TICKLE FROM THE 1532 01:19:50,800 --> 01:19:52,840 DATA SCIENCES PLATFORM AT THE 1533 01:19:52,840 --> 01:19:54,120 BROAD INSTITUTE. 1534 01:19:54,120 --> 01:19:56,120 I'M HERE IN THE EFFORT OF DOING 1535 01:19:56,120 --> 01:19:57,160 BIG SCIENCE WITH THE MOUSE-BRAIN 1536 01:19:57,160 --> 01:20:11,520 WORKING GROUP. 1537 01:20:11,520 --> 01:20:13,720 FROM THE HUMAN GENOME WE'VE 1538 01:20:13,720 --> 01:20:15,280 GROWN OUR DATA RESOURCES AND 1539 01:20:15,280 --> 01:20:17,000 WE'RE IN A SPACE WHICH IS 1540 01:20:17,000 --> 01:20:18,920 AMAZING TO ME WE CAN HAVE 1541 01:20:18,920 --> 01:20:22,320 PROJECTS WORK WITH A MILLION 1542 01:20:22,320 --> 01:20:23,320 HUMAN GENOMES ASKING QUESTIONS 1543 01:20:23,320 --> 01:20:25,480 SPANNING AROUND THEM AND THAT'S 1544 01:20:25,480 --> 01:20:28,840 TRUE NOT ONLY WITH GENOMICS BUT 1545 01:20:28,840 --> 01:20:30,880 SINGLE-CELL OMICS AND STARTED 1546 01:20:30,880 --> 01:20:33,160 MAKING ATLASES FROM ONE LAB THAT 1547 01:20:33,160 --> 01:20:34,840 WERE POWERFUL AND DESCRIPTIVE 1548 01:20:34,840 --> 01:20:38,680 AND MOVING IT A SPACE WHERE MANY 1549 01:20:38,680 --> 01:20:39,920 PEOPLE WORK TOGETHER TO COMBINE 1550 01:20:39,920 --> 01:20:42,200 DATA SETS AND MODALITIES TO 1551 01:20:42,200 --> 01:20:43,680 CREATE INTEGRATED ATLASES. 1552 01:20:43,680 --> 01:20:50,160 IT'S AN AMAZING SPACE. 1553 01:20:50,160 --> 01:20:50,840 WE WEREN'T ABLE TO SUPPORT THIS 1554 01:20:50,840 --> 01:20:53,960 EFFORT IN THE BICCN. 1555 01:20:53,960 --> 01:20:54,880 WHEN THINKING ABOUT THAT WE'RE 1556 01:20:54,880 --> 01:21:00,160 ASKING BIG QUESTIONS. 1557 01:21:00,160 --> 01:21:04,720 SOMETIMES THE AND PEOPLE MAY 1558 01:21:04,720 --> 01:21:06,520 BRING THE DATA TO THE RESEARCHER 1559 01:21:06,520 --> 01:21:08,080 AND TOPPY THE DATA AND TAKE IT 1560 01:21:08,080 --> 01:21:16,840 AND WORK ON IT INDEPENDENTLY OR 1561 01:21:16,840 --> 01:21:20,920 IN SMALL GROUPS AND PEOPLE AND 1562 01:21:20,920 --> 01:21:24,720 ANALYSES MAY BE DIFFERENT AND 1563 01:21:24,720 --> 01:21:25,480 INDEPENDENTLY WORKING TOGETHER 1564 01:21:25,480 --> 01:21:28,040 AS A GROUP THAT COULD BE 1565 01:21:28,040 --> 01:21:28,320 DIFFICULT. 1566 01:21:28,320 --> 01:21:30,040 WE WANTED TO BE ABLE TO SUPPORT 1567 01:21:30,040 --> 01:21:31,720 MORE OF A COMMON SPACE TO ASK A 1568 01:21:31,720 --> 01:21:36,120 QUESTION TOGETHER AND ONE OF THE 1569 01:21:36,120 --> 01:21:37,680 APPROACHES INVOLVED AND THIS IS 1570 01:21:37,680 --> 01:21:40,920 ONE WE DECIDED ON OF THE MANY 1571 01:21:40,920 --> 01:21:42,720 AND FOR THIS YEAR OPPOSED TO 1572 01:21:42,720 --> 01:21:45,560 BRINGING THE DATA TO THE 1573 01:21:45,560 --> 01:21:46,400 RESEARCHER, BRINGING THE 1574 01:21:46,400 --> 01:21:48,520 RESEARCH TO DATA RESOURCES AND 1575 01:21:48,520 --> 01:21:50,000 COMPETING RESOURCES. 1576 01:21:50,000 --> 01:21:51,640 THAT ALLOWS EVERYONE TO HAVE THE 1577 01:21:51,640 --> 01:21:54,040 SAME DATA AND PIPELINE TO RUN 1578 01:21:54,040 --> 01:21:57,480 AND HAVE EVERYTHING UNIFORM AND 1579 01:21:57,480 --> 01:22:02,040 SHARE INSTANTANEOUSLY TOGETHER. 1580 01:22:02,040 --> 01:22:07,000 WE THOUGHT THAT WOULD BE 1581 01:22:07,000 --> 01:22:10,080 IMPORTANT TO TRY AND WE'RE 1582 01:22:10,080 --> 01:22:12,640 LEVERAGING TARA. 1583 01:22:12,640 --> 01:22:15,000 IT'S A CLOUD-BASED 1584 01:22:15,000 --> 01:22:17,440 INFRASTRUCTURE SPA THAT SPANS 1585 01:22:17,440 --> 01:22:18,120 MULTIPLE INSTITUTES AND ASK BIG 1586 01:22:18,120 --> 01:22:25,320 QUESTIONS -- TERRA. 1587 01:22:25,320 --> 01:22:29,400 PEOPLE CAN WORK IN WORK SPACE 1588 01:22:29,400 --> 01:22:30,840 ARE SECURE. 1589 01:22:30,840 --> 01:22:35,440 AND IT BE ABLE TO SHARE AMONGST 1590 01:22:35,440 --> 01:22:37,840 PEOPLE THEY WOULD WANT TO TO 1591 01:22:37,840 --> 01:22:42,520 WORK WITH PROCESSING PIPELINES 1592 01:22:42,520 --> 01:22:46,960 OR USE DATA IN LOCAL RESOURCES 1593 01:22:46,960 --> 01:22:48,720 AND THERE'S NO REASON TO NOT 1594 01:22:48,720 --> 01:22:50,880 LEVERAGE THOSE AND MAKE THEM 1595 01:22:50,880 --> 01:22:52,960 MAKE SENSE. 1596 01:22:52,960 --> 01:22:55,640 SO TERRA IS A COMMON SPACE THAT 1597 01:22:55,640 --> 01:22:58,200 BRINGS PEOPLE TOGETHER. 1598 01:22:58,200 --> 01:23:01,800 NOT ONLY THAT IT'S PART OF A 1599 01:23:01,800 --> 01:23:03,200 LARGER ECO SYSTEM THAT HAS 1600 01:23:03,200 --> 01:23:05,400 STANDARDS TO BRING TOGETHER 1601 01:23:05,400 --> 01:23:07,080 PROJECTS AND DIFFERENT COMMUNITY 1602 01:23:07,080 --> 01:23:09,240 EFFORTS AND IN THIS CASE I'LL 1603 01:23:09,240 --> 01:23:11,040 DOUBLE CLICK A LITTLE BIT ON THE 1604 01:23:11,040 --> 01:23:13,200 INTERACTION BETWEEN NEMO AND 1605 01:23:13,200 --> 01:23:15,080 TERRA IN THE ECO SYSTEM 1606 01:23:15,080 --> 01:23:18,800 INDEPENDENT INFRASTRUCTURES THAT 1607 01:23:18,800 --> 01:23:19,440 WORK TOGETHER AND IN A LARGER 1608 01:23:19,440 --> 01:23:24,640 ECO SYSTEM. 1609 01:23:24,640 --> 01:23:26,800 WITH THE VISION OF SUPPORTING 1610 01:23:26,800 --> 01:23:29,800 LARGE SCIENCE ONE OF THE GROUPS 1611 01:23:29,800 --> 01:23:31,320 IS THE WHOLE MOUSE WORKING 1612 01:23:31,320 --> 01:23:31,640 GROUP. 1613 01:23:31,640 --> 01:23:36,240 THIS IS ONE WE HAD A LINE VISION 1614 01:23:36,240 --> 01:23:39,120 TO CREATE LARGE ADD LASS AND SO 1615 01:23:39,120 --> 01:23:43,120 WITH THAT WE WORKED WITH TO 1616 01:23:43,120 --> 01:23:44,480 THINK ABOUT WHAT WOULD THEY NEED 1617 01:23:44,480 --> 01:23:47,400 TO DO TO BE ABLE TO CREATE THIS 1618 01:23:47,400 --> 01:23:49,440 LARGE WHOLE BRAIN MOUSE 1619 01:23:49,440 --> 01:23:53,960 INTERACTIVE ATLAS. 1620 01:23:53,960 --> 01:23:55,960 TAKING DATA AND BEING ABLE TO 1621 01:23:55,960 --> 01:23:57,120 PERFORM ANALYSIS TOGETHER IN ONE 1622 01:23:57,120 --> 01:23:57,640 SPACE. 1623 01:23:57,640 --> 01:24:03,360 WE REALIZED WE COULD DO THAT AND 1624 01:24:03,360 --> 01:24:05,680 LEVERAGING THE NEMO ARCHIVE AND 1625 01:24:05,680 --> 01:24:07,120 MOVING IT TO THE ENVIRONMENT AND 1626 01:24:07,120 --> 01:24:10,280 LEVERAGING DIFFERENT PIPELINES 1627 01:24:10,280 --> 01:24:12,880 FOR PROCESSING AND A SPACE TO DO 1628 01:24:12,880 --> 01:24:15,400 ANALYSIS SPANS MULTIPLE 1629 01:24:15,400 --> 01:24:18,120 INSTITUTES. 1630 01:24:18,120 --> 01:24:20,880 THE FIRST WAS TO HAVE THE DATA 1631 01:24:20,880 --> 01:24:23,040 BROUGHT TO A SCALABLE COMPUTING 1632 01:24:23,040 --> 01:24:25,280 ENVIRONMENT. 1633 01:24:25,280 --> 01:24:27,920 WE WERE WORKING WITH THE NEMO 1634 01:24:27,920 --> 01:24:28,920 ARCHIVE. 1635 01:24:28,920 --> 01:24:30,160 WE WERE ABLE TO CREATE A HANDOFF 1636 01:24:30,160 --> 01:24:35,120 FROM THE NEMO ARCHIVE WHICH HAS 1637 01:24:35,120 --> 01:24:38,120 THE BICCN MOLECULAR DATA. 1638 01:24:38,120 --> 01:24:41,920 IT HANDS OFF LINKS TO FILES SO 1639 01:24:41,920 --> 01:24:44,320 IT'S FAST AND EFFICIENT AND 1640 01:24:44,320 --> 01:24:46,840 OPEN, AVAILABLE FUNCTIONALITY 1641 01:24:46,840 --> 01:24:49,920 ANYONE CAN LEVERAGE IF YOU'RE 1642 01:24:49,920 --> 01:24:50,240 INTERESTED. 1643 01:24:50,240 --> 01:24:54,120 WITH THAT IN HAND, WE WERE ABLE 1644 01:24:54,120 --> 01:24:58,320 TO DATA FROM THE NEMO ARCHIVE TO 1645 01:24:58,320 --> 01:25:02,040 TERRA BLINKS AND PROFESSION THEM 1646 01:25:02,040 --> 01:25:03,560 AS IF THEY WERE NORMAL 1647 01:25:03,560 --> 01:25:05,160 PROCESSING AND NEXT WAS TO HAVE 1648 01:25:05,160 --> 01:25:11,040 A UNIFORM PROCESSING. 1649 01:25:11,040 --> 01:25:14,320 WE WORKED IN A CONSORTIA 1650 01:25:14,320 --> 01:25:16,560 PARTNERING APPROACH. 1651 01:25:16,560 --> 01:25:17,520 WE PARTNERED WITH DIFFERENT LABS 1652 01:25:17,520 --> 01:25:21,120 AND GROUPS TO BRING PIPELINES 1653 01:25:21,120 --> 01:25:23,120 THEY HAVE AND HAVE CONFIDENCE IN 1654 01:25:23,120 --> 01:25:24,920 AND MAKE THEM AVAILABLE TO A 1655 01:25:24,920 --> 01:25:27,840 LARGER COMMUNITY AND LEVERAGE IT 1656 01:25:27,840 --> 01:25:31,160 IN OUR OWN PROCESSING. 1657 01:25:31,160 --> 01:25:33,600 THIS ENABLED US TO MAKE PIPELINE 1658 01:25:33,600 --> 01:25:37,040 FOR THE PROCESSING AND THE 1659 01:25:37,040 --> 01:25:38,360 PIPELINES ARE AVAILABLE AT THE 1660 01:25:38,360 --> 01:25:39,800 BICCN PORTAL AND THERE WE HAVE 1661 01:25:39,800 --> 01:25:42,600 I.D.s TO MAKE SURE THEY'RE 1662 01:25:42,600 --> 01:25:47,560 IDENTIFIABLE AND HAVE THE FULL 1663 01:25:47,560 --> 01:25:48,720 CODE AVAILABLE IN GITHUB NET 1664 01:25:48,720 --> 01:25:52,920 BOOKS AND HAVE THEM INSTALLS IN 1665 01:25:52,920 --> 01:25:54,280 TERRA WORK SPACES WHICH BRINGS 1666 01:25:54,280 --> 01:25:55,160 THE PIPELINE TO A CLOUD 1667 01:25:55,160 --> 01:25:57,200 ENVIRONMENT IF YOU'D LIKE TO USE 1668 01:25:57,200 --> 01:25:59,160 IT AND PUBLICATIONS ASSOCIATED 1669 01:25:59,160 --> 01:26:00,440 WITH THE ORIGINAL PARTNERS THERE 1670 01:26:00,440 --> 01:26:06,640 AS IF THEY WERE AVAILABLE. 1671 01:26:06,640 --> 01:26:08,120 WE WOSHGSD WITH THE WORKING 1672 01:26:08,120 --> 01:26:10,000 GROUP TO MAKE SURE THIRD PART 1673 01:26:10,000 --> 01:26:11,200 YEAR EVALUATED AND AUDITED TO 1674 01:26:11,200 --> 01:26:14,160 MAKE SURE IT WAS UNDERSTANDABLE 1675 01:26:14,160 --> 01:26:16,240 AND READABLE AND USABLE IN 1676 01:26:16,240 --> 01:26:21,920 MULTIPLE PLACES. 1677 01:26:21,920 --> 01:26:24,520 WE ALSO WORKED IN CREATE 1678 01:26:24,520 --> 01:26:25,840 WORKSHOP TO MAKE SURE THE 1679 01:26:25,840 --> 01:26:29,040 RESOURCE NOT ONLY ACCESSIBLE BUT 1680 01:26:29,040 --> 01:26:35,120 REUSABLE AND MADE SEVERAL WORK 1681 01:26:35,120 --> 01:26:35,320 SHOPS. 1682 01:26:35,320 --> 01:26:39,280 WE'VE RECORDED THEM ON YOUTUBE 1683 01:26:39,280 --> 01:26:45,640 AND GO FROM NEMO TO ANALYSIS. 1684 01:26:45,640 --> 01:26:47,320 I'LL THE DOCUMENTATION IS 1685 01:26:47,320 --> 01:26:51,240 AVAILABLE ONLINE AS WELL. 1686 01:26:51,240 --> 01:26:53,160 OUR FRIENDS WERE ABLE TO PROCESS 1687 01:26:53,160 --> 01:26:54,680 ALL THE DATA AND ALMOST FINISHED 1688 01:26:54,680 --> 01:26:55,240 DOING THAT. 1689 01:26:55,240 --> 01:26:56,760 IT'S BEEN AMAZING HOW QUICKLY 1690 01:26:56,760 --> 01:27:07,160 THEY'VE BEEN ABLE TO DO THAT. 1691 01:27:07,160 --> 01:27:11,320 WE'RE MOVING INTO A SPACE TO DO 1692 01:27:11,320 --> 01:27:21,040 ANALYSIS TOGETHER. 1693 01:27:21,040 --> 01:27:22,560 WE HAVE THE DATA AND COMPUTING 1694 01:27:22,560 --> 01:27:27,320 IN ONE SPACE TO SHARE AND THE SO 1695 01:27:27,320 --> 01:27:30,000 YOU'LL BE ABLE TO IN A WORK 1696 01:27:30,000 --> 01:27:35,040 SPACE FOR INSTANCE USE THE RAW 1697 01:27:35,040 --> 01:27:37,520 DATA LINKED USED FOR PROCESSING 1698 01:27:37,520 --> 01:27:38,480 TO DESCRIBE WHAT YOU'RE SEEING 1699 01:27:38,480 --> 01:27:39,640 AND THAT'S SOMETHING YOU CAN 1700 01:27:39,640 --> 01:27:53,280 CONTROL AND ADD TO AS A GROUP. 1701 01:27:53,280 --> 01:27:55,000 DOCUMENTATION HOW TO RESOURCE 1702 01:27:55,000 --> 01:27:57,080 THIS IS AVAILABLE AND YOU CAN BE 1703 01:27:57,080 --> 01:27:59,080 AWARE OF HOW TO SHARE OR 1704 01:27:59,080 --> 01:28:01,160 WHATEVER IT MIGHT BE AND A SPACE 1705 01:28:01,160 --> 01:28:02,920 TO DOCUMENT THAT. 1706 01:28:02,920 --> 01:28:07,880 CENTRALIZED WORK FLOWS USED FOR 1707 01:28:07,880 --> 01:28:11,920 PROCESSING CAN BE MADE AVAILABLE 1708 01:28:11,920 --> 01:28:15,240 TO LEVERAGE AND YOU CAN USE A 1709 01:28:15,240 --> 01:28:20,760 JUPITER NOTEBOOK AND YOU CAN DO 1710 01:28:20,760 --> 01:28:23,320 IT THAT WAY AND ONE AGAIN IT'S 1711 01:28:23,320 --> 01:28:25,680 SECURE AND SHARED SO THE 1712 01:28:25,680 --> 01:28:27,320 CONSORTI HAVE THE POWER TO SHARE 1713 01:28:27,320 --> 01:28:34,640 AS THEY NEED TO. 1714 01:28:34,640 --> 01:28:37,040 AS WE'VE GONE THROUGH THIS 1715 01:28:37,040 --> 01:28:37,960 APPROACH WE'VE LEVERAGED OPEN 1716 01:28:37,960 --> 01:28:39,320 SYSTEMS ANYONE CAN LOG INTO. 1717 01:28:39,320 --> 01:28:42,920 WE CREATED PIPELINES AND MADE 1718 01:28:42,920 --> 01:28:44,880 THEM AVAILABLE IN MANY WAYS. 1719 01:28:44,880 --> 01:28:48,120 ALSO THEY'RE IN DOC STORE SO 1720 01:28:48,120 --> 01:28:53,920 LOTS OF PLACES THE PIPELINES ARE 1721 01:28:53,920 --> 01:28:59,320 AVAILABLE AND HAS COMPUTATIONAL 1722 01:28:59,320 --> 01:29:00,320 NEEDS TO BIG SCIENTIFIC 1723 01:29:00,320 --> 01:29:02,160 QUESTIONS WHICH I'M PERSONALLY 1724 01:29:02,160 --> 01:29:03,280 PROUD OF. 1725 01:29:03,280 --> 01:29:04,640 THIS WAS A LARGE EFFORT WITH 1726 01:29:04,640 --> 01:29:06,960 MANY PEOPLE INVOLVED. 1727 01:29:06,960 --> 01:29:08,360 I WOULD LIKE TO HIGHLIGHT THE 1728 01:29:08,360 --> 01:29:11,920 BROAD TEAM AND NEMO TEAM AND 1729 01:29:11,920 --> 01:29:13,920 COLLABORATORS AND THE BRAIN 1730 01:29:13,920 --> 01:29:17,880 WORKING GROUP AND STANDARDS 1731 01:29:17,880 --> 01:29:19,400 WORKING GROUP AND INFRASTRUCTURE 1732 01:29:19,400 --> 01:29:23,400 WORKING GROUP. 1733 01:29:23,400 --> 01:29:29,480 THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME. 1734 01:29:29,480 --> 01:29:38,840 >> HI, EVERYONE. 1735 01:29:38,840 --> 01:29:42,360 >> I'M HERE TO TELL YOU ABOUT 1736 01:29:42,360 --> 01:29:44,520 THE MULTI-OMIC ARCHIVE. 1737 01:29:44,520 --> 01:29:46,080 THE NEMO ARCHIVE. 1738 01:29:46,080 --> 01:29:51,360 SO NEMO IS THE GENOMIC ARCHIVE 1739 01:29:51,360 --> 01:29:53,720 FOR THE BRAIN INITIATIVE AND OUR 1740 01:29:53,720 --> 01:29:58,320 GOALS ARE AS FOLLOWS. 1741 01:29:58,320 --> 01:29:59,920 WE'RE TRYING TO PROVIDE ACCESS 1742 01:29:59,920 --> 01:30:01,600 TO THE RAW AND GENOMIC DATA 1743 01:30:01,600 --> 01:30:07,040 BEING GENERATED BY ALL THE 1744 01:30:07,040 --> 01:30:12,480 PROJECTS BEING FUNDED BY BICCN 1745 01:30:12,480 --> 01:30:19,480 AND OTHER EFFORTS OUR GOAL IS TO 1746 01:30:19,480 --> 01:30:24,680 MAKE THE DATA FAIR, FINDABLE, 1747 01:30:24,680 --> 01:30:25,920 INTEROPERABLE AND REUSEFUL AND 1748 01:30:25,920 --> 01:30:27,480 MAKE IT POSSIBLE FOR ANYONE IN 1749 01:30:27,480 --> 01:30:33,800 THE WORLD TO USE THESE DATA FOR 1750 01:30:33,800 --> 01:30:41,600 WHATEVER PURPOSES THEY HAVE I'LL 1751 01:30:41,600 --> 01:30:43,440 TELL YOU ABOUT THE WAYS. 1752 01:30:43,440 --> 01:30:47,400 THERE'S NEMO ARCHIVE.org. 1753 01:30:47,400 --> 01:30:51,480 NOT TOO MUCH TO SAY ABOUT THE 1754 01:30:51,480 --> 01:30:53,120 LANDING PAGE ITSELF OTHER THAN 1755 01:30:53,120 --> 01:30:53,840 THIS IS WHERE YOU GO FIND THE 1756 01:30:53,840 --> 01:31:00,560 DATA. 1757 01:31:00,560 --> 01:31:01,840 THE RESOURCES HAVE INCREASED 1758 01:31:01,840 --> 01:31:03,480 DRAMATICALLY SINCE THE ARCHIVE 1759 01:31:03,480 --> 01:31:09,280 WAS FOUNDED IN 2017. 1760 01:31:09,280 --> 01:31:13,320 YOU CAN SEE WE HAVE HUNDREDS OF 1761 01:31:13,320 --> 01:31:16,160 DATA PROVIDED TO US WITHIN OUR 1762 01:31:16,160 --> 01:31:16,640 COLLABORATIVE. 1763 01:31:16,640 --> 01:31:17,560 THE DISTRIBUTION BY DATA TYPES 1764 01:31:17,560 --> 01:31:18,960 IS SHOWN ON THE LEFT. 1765 01:31:18,960 --> 01:31:22,280 THE BULK ARE SINGLE CELL AND 1766 01:31:22,280 --> 01:31:23,640 SINGLE NUCLEUS RNA SEQUENCING 1767 01:31:23,640 --> 01:31:27,520 DATA AND A LARGE COLLECTION OF 1768 01:31:27,520 --> 01:31:34,320 SINGLE CELL EPIGENOMIC DATA. 1769 01:31:34,320 --> 01:31:35,440 INCREASINGLY GROUPS ARE 1770 01:31:35,440 --> 01:31:37,400 DEVELOPING OTHER DATA SUCH AS 1771 01:31:37,400 --> 01:31:38,120 FACIAL TRANSCRIPTOMICS. 1772 01:31:38,120 --> 01:31:39,520 THIS IS INCREASINGLY A RICH 1773 01:31:39,520 --> 01:31:52,760 RESOURCE. 1774 01:31:52,760 --> 01:31:57,960 THE SO THE FIRST WAY TO FIND 1775 01:31:57,960 --> 01:32:01,640 DATA WITHIN THE NEMO ARCHIVE IS 1776 01:32:01,640 --> 01:32:02,840 THE NEMO PORTAL. 1777 01:32:02,840 --> 01:32:05,520 WE DEVELOPED A FACETED SEARCH TO 1778 01:32:05,520 --> 01:32:07,600 ENABLE USERS TO IDENTIFY FILES 1779 01:32:07,600 --> 01:32:14,520 THEY'RE INTERESTED IN BAIFT ON 1780 01:32:14,520 --> 01:32:16,640 THE -- BASED ON THE INVESTIGATOR 1781 01:32:16,640 --> 01:32:18,200 AND PHILE TYPE. 1782 01:32:18,200 --> 01:32:22,320 YOU CAN SEE THE PIE CHARTS THAT 1783 01:32:22,320 --> 01:32:23,520 DYNAMICALLY UPDATE HOW MUCH DATA 1784 01:32:23,520 --> 01:32:24,600 CORRESPOND TO EACH OF THOSE 1785 01:32:24,600 --> 01:32:25,640 TYPES AND AS YOU SEARCH IN 1786 01:32:25,640 --> 01:32:28,560 YOU'LL BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY THE 1787 01:32:28,560 --> 01:32:29,680 SPECIFIC FILES THAT CORRESPOND 1788 01:32:29,680 --> 01:32:34,120 TO THAT. 1789 01:32:34,120 --> 01:32:39,320 WHEN YOU DO THAT, YOU CAN ADD A 1790 01:32:39,320 --> 01:32:40,800 PARTICULAR DATA SET TO WHAT WE 1791 01:32:40,800 --> 01:32:42,320 CALL A SHOPPING CART AND ALLOWS 1792 01:32:42,320 --> 01:32:49,600 YOU TO INTERACT IN SEVERAL WAYS. 1793 01:32:49,600 --> 01:32:51,480 THE ONE CASE JUST DISCUSSED IN 1794 01:32:51,480 --> 01:32:53,920 NICE DETAIL IS TO MOVE DATA SETS 1795 01:32:53,920 --> 01:32:58,320 FROM THE ARCHIVE INTO THE 1796 01:32:58,320 --> 01:32:59,640 PIPELINES FROM TERRA. 1797 01:32:59,640 --> 01:33:06,160 THIS ENABLES PEOPLE TO PROCESS 1798 01:33:06,160 --> 01:33:10,840 DATA USING THE CONSENSUS 1799 01:33:10,840 --> 01:33:11,800 APPROACHES AND DOWNLOAD YOUR 1800 01:33:11,800 --> 01:33:20,520 DATA TO USE OTHER PIPELINE. 1801 01:33:20,520 --> 01:33:22,080 I'LL TELL YOU THE SETS FURTHER 1802 01:33:22,080 --> 01:33:22,840 ALONG BECAUSE THEY'RE PART OF 1803 01:33:22,840 --> 01:33:30,920 THE PUBLICATIONS FROM LAST FALL. 1804 01:33:30,920 --> 01:33:33,360 IN ADDITION TO THE DATA AND THE 1805 01:33:33,360 --> 01:33:35,320 PROCESSED COUNTS AVAILABLE SOON 1806 01:33:35,320 --> 01:33:38,080 WE CREATED ADDITIONAL RESOURCE 1807 01:33:38,080 --> 01:33:39,480 TO MAKE IT EASY TO IDENTIFY THE 1808 01:33:39,480 --> 01:33:46,720 DATA AND BEGIN TO ANALYZE THEM. 1809 01:33:46,720 --> 01:33:49,320 FOR EACH DATA SET THERE'S A 1810 01:33:49,320 --> 01:33:53,160 LANDING PAGE THAT PROVIDES THE 1811 01:33:53,160 --> 01:33:58,520 CRITICAL METADATA FOR UNDER 1812 01:33:58,520 --> 01:34:00,960 THING WHICH THINGS WERE USED 1813 01:34:00,960 --> 01:34:02,520 SORRY, THE SLIDES ARE ADVANCING 1814 01:34:02,520 --> 01:34:11,320 NOT THE WAY I INTENDED. 1815 01:34:11,320 --> 01:34:13,480 THERE'S ALSO AN HTTP SITE WHERE 1816 01:34:13,480 --> 01:34:18,320 YOU CAN IDENTIFY ALL THE 1817 01:34:18,320 --> 01:34:19,920 INDIVIDUAL FILES AND DOWNLOAD 1818 01:34:19,920 --> 01:34:23,200 THEM AS YOU WISH. 1819 01:34:23,200 --> 01:34:24,800 IN ADDITION WE BUILT A WEB 1820 01:34:24,800 --> 01:34:26,640 BROWSER CALLED NEMO ANALYTICS 1821 01:34:26,640 --> 01:34:31,720 THAT ALLOWS ANALYSIS OF THE DATA 1822 01:34:31,720 --> 01:34:35,120 AND VISUALIZATIONS INCLUDING 1823 01:34:35,120 --> 01:34:38,320 DYNAMIC VIEW MAPS AND A SINGLE 1824 01:34:38,320 --> 01:34:39,720 CELL WORK BENCH THAT ALLOWS TO 1825 01:34:39,720 --> 01:34:45,720 YOU DO PARTS OF THE ANALYSIS. 1826 01:34:45,720 --> 01:34:48,880 IT ALLOWS USERS TO UPLOAD THEIR 1827 01:34:48,880 --> 01:34:53,560 OWN DATA SETS AND CREATE 1828 01:34:53,560 --> 01:34:55,200 PROFILES OF THEIR OWN. 1829 01:34:55,200 --> 01:34:57,840 THESE PROFILES ARE CURRENTLY 1830 01:34:57,840 --> 01:34:58,920 AVAILABLE FOR SEVERAL OF THE 1831 01:34:58,920 --> 01:35:00,520 FLAGSHIP DATA SETS FROM THE 1832 01:35:00,520 --> 01:35:02,880 PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX AND FROM A 1833 01:35:02,880 --> 01:35:07,800 GROWING COLLECTION OF BRAIN 1834 01:35:07,800 --> 01:35:12,040 DEVELOPMENT DATA SETS. 1835 01:35:12,040 --> 01:35:15,120 SO OUR TEAM, THE PRINCIPLE 1836 01:35:15,120 --> 01:35:17,200 INVESTIGATOR OF THE NEMO ARCHIVE 1837 01:35:17,200 --> 01:35:17,800 IS OWEN WHITE. 1838 01:35:17,800 --> 01:35:19,800 THIS HAS BEEN A PARTNERSHIP WITH 1839 01:35:19,800 --> 01:35:21,920 A NUMBER OF OTHER GROUPS. 1840 01:35:21,920 --> 01:35:25,400 WE WORKED CLOSELY WITH BCDC WITH 1841 01:35:25,400 --> 01:35:27,800 THE ANALYSIS WORKING GROUPS AND 1842 01:35:27,800 --> 01:35:33,760 THE TEAM AT THE BROAD AND 1843 01:35:33,760 --> 01:35:38,920 ANALYTICS IS HEADED BY A LARGE 1844 01:35:38,920 --> 01:35:42,720 TEAM OF ENGINEERS AND ANALYSTS 1845 01:35:42,720 --> 01:35:43,760 THAT MAKE IT ALL POSSIBLE. 1846 01:35:43,760 --> 01:35:53,840 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 1847 01:35:53,840 --> 01:36:02,680 >> I'M ALEX ROPELEWSKI. 1848 01:36:02,680 --> 01:36:07,880 THE BRAIN IMAGE LIBRARY IS A 1849 01:36:07,880 --> 01:36:11,880 PUBLIC RESOURCE SERVING NOOURS 1850 01:36:11,880 --> 01:36:17,760 COMMUNITY BY PROVIDINING -- THE 1851 01:36:17,760 --> 01:36:19,120 LIBRARY RELIES ON CONTRIBUTIONS 1852 01:36:19,120 --> 01:36:22,200 FROM DATA PRODUCERS SUCH AS THE 1853 01:36:22,200 --> 01:36:23,840 INVESTIGATORS PART OF THE BICCN 1854 01:36:23,840 --> 01:36:24,200 CONSORTIUM. 1855 01:36:24,200 --> 01:36:26,920 I DO WANT TO NOTE THE LIBRARY IS 1856 01:36:26,920 --> 01:36:29,920 ONE OF SEVERAL DATA ARCHIVES 1857 01:36:29,920 --> 01:36:33,320 ESTABLISHED TO RECEIVE DATA FROM 1858 01:36:33,320 --> 01:36:34,160 NIH BRAIN INITIATIVE PROJECT 1859 01:36:34,160 --> 01:36:37,120 WITH EACH ARCHIVE FOCUSSING ON A 1860 01:36:37,120 --> 01:36:39,840 PARTICULAR DATA TYPE, IN OUR 1861 01:36:39,840 --> 01:36:43,240 CASE MICROSCOPY. 1862 01:36:43,240 --> 01:36:45,000 WHILE THE LIBRARY IS NIH FUNDED, 1863 01:36:45,000 --> 01:36:46,680 NIH FUNDING IS NOT REQUIRED TO 1864 01:36:46,680 --> 01:36:47,880 CONTRIBUTE DATA BUT THE DATA 1865 01:36:47,880 --> 01:36:50,080 NEEDS TO BE RELEVANT TO THE 1866 01:36:50,080 --> 01:36:51,320 BRAIN INITIATIVE. 1867 01:36:51,320 --> 01:36:53,360 TO MANY DATA SETS WE HOUSE AT 1868 01:36:53,360 --> 01:36:54,400 BILL ARE QUITE LARGE. 1869 01:36:54,400 --> 01:36:59,920 WE PROVIDE AN EXTENSIVE 1870 01:36:59,920 --> 01:37:02,720 COMPUTATIONAL ACCESS WHERE USERS 1871 01:37:02,720 --> 01:37:03,360 CAN EXPLORE DATA IN PLACE 1872 01:37:03,360 --> 01:37:05,720 WITHOUT DOWNLOADING IT. 1873 01:37:05,720 --> 01:37:09,320 THERE'S NO CHARGES FOR DEPOS ING 1874 01:37:09,320 --> 01:37:11,920 DATA OR USING COMPUTATIONAL OR 1875 01:37:11,920 --> 01:37:17,520 OTHER SERVICES BILL PROVIDES. 1876 01:37:17,520 --> 01:37:19,560 THE DATA SCOPE FOR BIL INCLUDES 1877 01:37:19,560 --> 01:37:22,440 WHOLE AND PARTIAL BRAIN DATA 1878 01:37:22,440 --> 01:37:25,680 SETS FROM MICE, PRIMATES 1879 01:37:25,680 --> 01:37:29,640 INCLUDING HUMANS AND MODEL 1880 01:37:29,640 --> 01:37:30,000 ORGANISMS. 1881 01:37:30,000 --> 01:37:33,560 TARGET MICROSCOPE ENABLED 1882 01:37:33,560 --> 01:37:35,160 EXPERIMENTS INCLUDING 1883 01:37:35,160 --> 01:37:37,600 CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN CELLS AND 1884 01:37:37,600 --> 01:37:40,680 TRANSCRIPTOMICS AND HISTORICAL 1885 01:37:40,680 --> 01:37:41,960 COLLECTIONS OF VALUE TO THE 1886 01:37:41,960 --> 01:37:42,360 COMMUNITY. 1887 01:37:42,360 --> 01:37:45,120 TO GIVE A PREVIEW OF THE HIGH 1888 01:37:45,120 --> 01:37:47,960 QUALITY BICCN DATA IN BIL, THE 1889 01:37:47,960 --> 01:37:50,640 VIDEO SHOWS CELL COUNTING DATA 1890 01:37:50,640 --> 01:37:58,920 SET CONTRIBUTED BY DR. AUSTIN 1891 01:37:58,920 --> 01:38:01,760 NOW AT CERTIGO THERAPEUTICS. 1892 01:38:01,760 --> 01:38:08,720 THE DATA SET IS AAA -- A FEW 1893 01:38:08,720 --> 01:38:10,320 HUNDRED SPLICES LONG. 1894 01:38:10,320 --> 01:38:11,880 SOME OF THE LARGEST COMES FROM 1895 01:38:11,880 --> 01:38:14,080 BICCN AND THEY'RE GENERATED 1896 01:38:14,080 --> 01:38:17,880 USING THE FMOSS TECHNOLOGY. 1897 01:38:17,880 --> 01:38:23,200 THESE FMOSS DATA SETS RANGE FROM 1898 01:38:23,200 --> 01:38:29,200 8 TO 13 TERABYTES EACH AND 1899 01:38:29,200 --> 01:38:33,720 CONTAIN 15,000 SLICES AND UP AND 1900 01:38:33,720 --> 01:38:39,720 THE INDIVIDUAL SLICE IN FMOS 1901 01:38:39,720 --> 01:38:43,320 DATA SETS IS A Z SPACING OF 1902 01:38:43,320 --> 01:38:56,040 ABOUT SAY A MICRON. 1903 01:38:56,040 --> 01:38:57,720 IN TERMS OF EXISTING COVERAGE 1904 01:38:57,720 --> 01:38:59,960 THE OVERWHELMING AMOUNT OF DATA 1905 01:38:59,960 --> 01:39:01,760 SETS CONTRIBUTED ARE FROM MICE 1906 01:39:01,760 --> 01:39:06,000 WITH A HANDFUL FROM MARMOSETS 1907 01:39:06,000 --> 01:39:06,480 AND HUMANS. 1908 01:39:06,480 --> 01:39:09,360 IN TERMS OF DATA MODALITIES MOST 1909 01:39:09,360 --> 01:39:11,160 PRIMELY DATA SETS ARE IMAGE 1910 01:39:11,160 --> 01:39:15,880 STACKS FROM WHOLE BRAIN IMAGING 1911 01:39:15,880 --> 01:39:16,160 EXPERIMENTS. 1912 01:39:16,160 --> 01:39:18,760 IN ADDITION TO THOSE DATA SETS 1913 01:39:18,760 --> 01:39:19,760 WE HAVE THOUSANDS OF TRACING 1914 01:39:19,760 --> 01:39:20,320 FROM PRIMARY DATA IN THE 1915 01:39:20,320 --> 01:39:25,920 ARCHIVE. 1916 01:39:25,920 --> 01:39:28,720 IN TERMS OF TECHNOLOGY WE HAVE 1917 01:39:28,720 --> 01:39:33,160 DATA FROM MOST MICROSCOPE TYPES 1918 01:39:33,160 --> 01:39:34,320 AS WELL AS MICROSCOPY RELATED 1919 01:39:34,320 --> 01:39:39,080 DATA FROM SPATIAL 1920 01:39:39,080 --> 01:39:46,240 TRANSCRIPTOMICS AND MULTIMODAL 1921 01:39:46,240 --> 01:39:51,920 EXPERIMENTS AND WE HAVE ABOUT 10 1922 01:39:51,920 --> 01:39:53,840 MILLION PUBLIC FILES. 1923 01:39:53,840 --> 01:39:56,920 YOU CAN FOLLOW THE LINK FROM THE 1924 01:39:56,920 --> 01:39:59,920 MAIN BICCN SITE OR USE THE BIL 1925 01:39:59,920 --> 01:40:01,080 SEARCH PAGE WHICH SHOWS BASIC 1926 01:40:01,080 --> 01:40:02,920 METADATA FOR THE DATA SET, A 1927 01:40:02,920 --> 01:40:03,920 DOWNLOAD LINK TO THE DATA AND 1928 01:40:03,920 --> 01:40:05,520 THE LOCATION OF DATA ON OUR 1929 01:40:05,520 --> 01:40:11,920 ANALYSIS ECO SYSTEM. 1930 01:40:11,920 --> 01:40:13,280 OUR COMPLETES DATA INVENTORY IS 1931 01:40:13,280 --> 01:40:16,240 ALSO DOWNLOADABLE FROM THE 1932 01:40:16,240 --> 01:40:18,520 SEARCH PAGE. 1933 01:40:18,520 --> 01:40:19,720 WE'RE IN THE PROCESS OF 1934 01:40:19,720 --> 01:40:21,960 TRANSITIONING ALL DATA IN BILL 1935 01:40:21,960 --> 01:40:24,120 INCLUDING THE BICCN DATA TO A 1936 01:40:24,120 --> 01:40:25,560 MORE EXTENSIVE DATA MODEL 1937 01:40:25,560 --> 01:40:28,120 DEVELOPED BY CAROL HAMILTON'S 1938 01:40:28,120 --> 01:40:30,120 BRAIN INITIATIVES STANDARDS 1939 01:40:30,120 --> 01:40:30,720 PROJECT. 1940 01:40:30,720 --> 01:40:31,960 AS PART OF THAT TRANSITION 1941 01:40:31,960 --> 01:40:34,360 PROCESS WE HAVE BEGUN TO ISSUE 1942 01:40:34,360 --> 01:40:37,080 DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIERS FOR 1943 01:40:37,080 --> 01:40:38,880 ALL COMPLIANT DATA SETS IN BILL. 1944 01:40:38,880 --> 01:40:41,880 WE EXPECT THIS PROCESS TO BE 1945 01:40:41,880 --> 01:40:44,120 COMPLETE FOR ALL BICCN DATA 1946 01:40:44,120 --> 01:40:48,080 WITHIN THE NEXT FEW MONTHS. 1947 01:40:48,080 --> 01:40:50,080 THIS WILL BY TRANSITIONING TO 1948 01:40:50,080 --> 01:40:54,160 D.O.I.s WILL ALLOW EASE OF USE 1949 01:40:54,160 --> 01:40:56,720 OF CITATION AND EASE OF USE FOR 1950 01:40:56,720 --> 01:40:57,600 PEOPLE LOCATING THE DATA LISTED 1951 01:40:57,600 --> 01:41:04,880 IN THE PUBLICATION. 1952 01:41:04,880 --> 01:41:07,360 IN TERMS OF COMING ATTRACTIONS 1953 01:41:07,360 --> 01:41:08,400 WE'LL HAVE ONE-CLICK 1954 01:41:08,400 --> 01:41:10,000 VISUALIZATION FROM THE LANDING 1955 01:41:10,000 --> 01:41:13,720 PAGES IN THE NEAR FUTURE. 1956 01:41:13,720 --> 01:41:15,320 ILLUSTRATED HERE IS ANOTHER 1957 01:41:15,320 --> 01:41:18,200 BICCN COUNTING DATA SET MAKING 1958 01:41:18,200 --> 01:41:26,960 USE OF THE SOFTWARE. 1959 01:41:26,960 --> 01:41:29,120 I'D LIKE TO MENTION THE NUMEROUS 1960 01:41:29,120 --> 01:41:32,160 RESOURCES WE HAVE THROUGH OUR 1961 01:41:32,160 --> 01:41:33,760 ANALYSIS ECO SYSTEM. 1962 01:41:33,760 --> 01:41:36,600 THIS INCLUDES SMALL AND LARGE 1963 01:41:36,600 --> 01:41:41,720 MEMORY NODES, NODES WITH GPU'S 1964 01:41:41,720 --> 01:41:44,880 AND OUR CS2 SYSTEMS. 1965 01:41:44,880 --> 01:41:47,200 BIL ALSO PROVIDES A DESK TOP 1966 01:41:47,200 --> 01:41:48,880 ENVIRONMENT AS WELL AS THE 1967 01:41:48,880 --> 01:41:50,240 CAPABILITY TO HOST UNIQUE WEB 1968 01:41:50,240 --> 01:41:53,480 INTERFACES TO THE DATA AS WELL 1969 01:41:53,480 --> 01:41:54,320 AS SUPPORTING NUMEROUS SOFTWARE 1970 01:41:54,320 --> 01:41:58,240 PACKAGES. 1971 01:41:58,240 --> 01:41:59,520 OTHER SERVICES OFFERED INCLUDE 1972 01:41:59,520 --> 01:42:01,440 HELP DESK SERVICES AS WELL AS 1973 01:42:01,440 --> 01:42:04,160 NETWORK PATH ANALYSIS AND 1974 01:42:04,160 --> 01:42:05,320 TROUBLE SHOOTING WHICH IS 1975 01:42:05,320 --> 01:42:08,560 IMPORTANT TO TRANSFER LARGE DATA 1976 01:42:08,560 --> 01:42:09,080 SETS. 1977 01:42:09,080 --> 01:42:10,800 I WANTED TO MENTION THERE ARE NO 1978 01:42:10,800 --> 01:42:12,240 CHARGES FOR USING ANY OF THESE 1979 01:42:12,240 --> 01:42:15,600 RESOURCES AND SERVICES AND THE 1980 01:42:15,600 --> 01:42:17,120 INSTRUCTIONS FOR HOW TO GET 1981 01:42:17,120 --> 01:42:18,280 ACCESS TO THE ANALYSIS ECO 1982 01:42:18,280 --> 01:42:19,080 SYSTEM ARE AVAILABLE ON OUR 1983 01:42:19,080 --> 01:42:22,400 WEBSITE. 1984 01:42:22,400 --> 01:42:27,040 TO GET STARTED EITHER AS A DATA 1985 01:42:27,040 --> 01:42:28,200 CONTRIBUTOR OR DATA USER WE ARE 1986 01:42:28,200 --> 01:42:30,720 OFFERING WORKSHOPS JULY 27 AND 1987 01:42:30,720 --> 01:42:32,200 28. 1988 01:42:32,200 --> 01:42:35,480 THE WORKSHOP ON THE 27th WILL 1989 01:42:35,480 --> 01:42:36,280 FOCUS ON HOW TO CONTRIBUTE DATA 1990 01:42:36,280 --> 01:42:37,920 TO BILL AND THE WORKSHOP ON THE 1991 01:42:37,920 --> 01:42:40,240 28th WILL FOCUS ON HOW TO USE 1992 01:42:40,240 --> 01:42:40,840 DATA THROUGH THE ANALYSIS ECO 1993 01:42:40,840 --> 01:42:44,160 SYSTEM. 1994 01:42:44,160 --> 01:42:49,320 PLEASE VISIT OUR WEBSITE AT 1995 01:42:49,320 --> 01:42:49,920 WWW.BRAINIMAGELIBRARY.org OR 1996 01:42:49,920 --> 01:42:55,560 SEND E-MAIL TO BILL-SUPPORT AT 1997 01:42:55,560 --> 01:42:56,880 PSC.EDU FOR MORE INFORMATION 1998 01:42:56,880 --> 01:42:58,560 ABOUT THESE WORK SHOPS OR ANY 1999 01:42:58,560 --> 01:42:59,640 QUESTIONS YOU MAY HAVE. 2000 01:42:59,640 --> 01:43:04,080 FINALLY, I'D LIKE TO ACKNOWLEDGE 2001 01:43:04,080 --> 01:43:05,560 OUR BICCN AND OTHER DATA 2002 01:43:05,560 --> 01:43:06,040 CONTRIBUTORS AND COLLABORATORS 2003 01:43:06,040 --> 01:43:07,920 AND THE BIL TEAM AND OUR PRIMARY 2004 01:43:07,920 --> 01:43:08,520 FUNDER, THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES 2005 01:43:08,520 --> 01:43:09,080 OF HEALTH. 2006 01:43:09,080 --> 01:43:10,160 I'M JESSE GILLIS. 2007 01:43:10,160 --> 01:43:15,920 I'M HERE TO TALK ABOUT 2008 01:43:15,920 --> 01:43:19,880 REPLICABILITY IN SINGLE CELL 2009 01:43:19,880 --> 01:43:21,200 DATA AND WE'VE ANALYZE THE 2010 01:43:21,200 --> 01:43:23,200 NETWORK DATA AND SHOW RESULTS 2011 01:43:23,200 --> 01:43:25,160 AND METHODS AND HOPE YOU MAKE 2012 01:43:25,160 --> 01:43:26,240 YOU CONFIDENT THE DATA IS HIGH 2013 01:43:26,240 --> 01:43:29,920 QUALITY AND CAN BE USED FOR LOTS 2014 01:43:29,920 --> 01:43:30,440 OF PURPOSES DOWN STREAM. 2015 01:43:30,440 --> 01:43:32,520 SO THE FIRST THING I'D LIKE TO 2016 01:43:32,520 --> 01:43:37,080 HIGHLIGHT IS THAT A LOT OF THE 2017 01:43:37,080 --> 01:43:39,200 METHODS AND THINKING AROUND CELL 2018 01:43:39,200 --> 01:43:41,640 TYPE CLUSTERING CAN BE SEEN IN 2019 01:43:41,640 --> 01:43:43,920 EARLIER RESEARCH AND 2020 01:43:43,920 --> 01:43:44,560 PARTICULARLY CANCER RESEARCH 2021 01:43:44,560 --> 01:43:46,080 WHERE THE WORK CLUSTERS PEOPLE 2022 01:43:46,080 --> 01:43:48,720 ARE TRYING TO IDENTIFY ARE 2023 01:43:48,720 --> 01:43:53,200 CHARACTERIZED AS REPLICABLE. 2024 01:43:53,200 --> 01:43:54,720 YOU DO HAVE THE PROBLEM YOU 2025 01:43:54,720 --> 01:43:55,840 CAN'T STEP IN THE SAME RIVER 2026 01:43:55,840 --> 01:43:58,520 TWICE AND IT'S HARD TO TAKE 2027 01:43:58,520 --> 01:44:01,360 DATA, COLLECT IT AND RE-COLLECT 2028 01:44:01,360 --> 01:44:06,040 THE SAME DATA AND SAY WHETHER IT 2029 01:44:06,040 --> 01:44:06,640 REPLICATIONS. 2030 01:44:06,640 --> 01:44:07,520 THERE'S VARIATION ACROSS 2031 01:44:07,520 --> 01:44:09,800 POPULATION AND SAMPLING CANCER 2032 01:44:09,800 --> 01:44:18,800 AND SINGLE-CELL DATA WE CAN HAVE 2033 01:44:18,800 --> 01:44:21,000 DIFFERENCES AND HAVE TO HAVE A 2034 01:44:21,000 --> 01:44:24,960 WAY TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE 2035 01:44:24,960 --> 01:44:26,120 CLUSTERS CAN BE MEANINGFULLY 2036 01:44:26,120 --> 01:44:28,000 REPLICATED AN THERE'S A 2037 01:44:28,000 --> 01:44:30,680 STATISTICAL APPROACH NOT TO 2038 01:44:30,680 --> 01:44:32,720 COMPLICATED AND ONE TRIES TO SAY 2039 01:44:32,720 --> 01:44:36,040 WHETHER THE SETS OF GENES THAT 2040 01:44:36,040 --> 01:44:38,800 DEFINE THE CLUSTERING ARE 2041 01:44:38,800 --> 01:44:39,760 MEANINGFULLY CORRELATED BETWEEN 2042 01:44:39,760 --> 01:44:41,520 DATA SETS AND THAT MEANS THE 2043 01:44:41,520 --> 01:44:43,160 SAME SETS OF CELLS IN THE SAME 2044 01:44:43,160 --> 01:44:43,440 WAYS. 2045 01:44:43,440 --> 01:44:48,000 THIS IS AN APPROACH AS I'M 2046 01:44:48,000 --> 01:44:53,520 HIGHLIGHTING ON THE SLIDE FOR 2047 01:44:53,520 --> 01:44:55,720 DATA AND REDISCOVERING IT IS 2048 01:44:55,720 --> 01:44:57,240 SOMETHING WE WORKED ON FOR THE 2049 01:44:57,240 --> 01:44:58,160 LAST FEW YEARS. 2050 01:44:58,160 --> 01:45:02,000 THE ESSENCE OF THE APPROACH IS 2051 01:45:02,000 --> 01:45:05,920 IF YOU HAVE THREE DATA SETS AND 2052 01:45:05,920 --> 01:45:07,320 CELL TYPES THAT CHARACTERIZE 2053 01:45:07,320 --> 01:45:10,680 CLUSTERS OF THE DATA SETS YOU 2054 01:45:10,680 --> 01:45:13,320 CAN BUILD A NETWORK ACROSS THE 2055 01:45:13,320 --> 01:45:15,400 DATA SETS AND CHARACTERIZE THE 2056 01:45:15,400 --> 01:45:15,720 CELLS. 2057 01:45:15,720 --> 01:45:17,160 ONE MAY USE A CORRELATION OF 2058 01:45:17,160 --> 01:45:21,120 SOME GENES TO A GENOMICS PROFILE 2059 01:45:21,120 --> 01:45:23,120 TO DETERMINE IF THE CELLS ARE 2060 01:45:23,120 --> 01:45:24,520 CORRELATED WITH RESPECT TO THE 2061 01:45:24,520 --> 01:45:26,760 GENES AND ASK WHETHER THE 2062 01:45:26,760 --> 01:45:28,000 CLUSTER IN ONE DATA SET IS 2063 01:45:28,000 --> 01:45:30,120 CORRELATED WITH A CLUSTER IN 2064 01:45:30,120 --> 01:45:33,400 ANOTHER DATA SET WHETHER IT 2065 01:45:33,400 --> 01:45:36,120 DEFINES THE SET OF CELLS IN THE 2066 01:45:36,120 --> 01:45:38,640 OTHER SET AND IF THE DATA IS 2067 01:45:38,640 --> 01:45:40,000 CLUSTERING AND THAT'S WHAT WE 2068 01:45:40,000 --> 01:45:49,320 MEAN BY CALLING A CELL TYPE 2069 01:45:49,320 --> 01:45:50,640 REPLICABLE AND IDENTIFYING A 2070 01:45:50,640 --> 01:45:57,280 CELL TYPE CORRECTLY. 2071 01:45:57,280 --> 01:46:01,840 IT DOESN'T REQUIRE SUPERVISE 2072 01:46:01,840 --> 01:46:04,280 DATA BUT CAN LOOK AT THE TWO 2073 01:46:04,280 --> 01:46:08,680 DATA SETS. 2074 01:46:08,680 --> 01:46:13,600 WE APPLIED THIS IN THE CELL 2075 01:46:13,600 --> 01:46:18,800 CENSUS NETWORK DATA AND IT 2076 01:46:18,800 --> 01:46:24,080 CLEANS UP THE DATA AND 2077 01:46:24,080 --> 01:46:27,400 REPLICATES ACROSS LABORATORIES 2078 01:46:27,400 --> 01:46:28,560 ACROSS TECHNOLOGIES AND 2079 01:46:28,560 --> 01:46:30,360 MODALITIES AND SPECIES AND WE 2080 01:46:30,360 --> 01:46:31,920 CAN MAKE COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENTS 2081 01:46:31,920 --> 01:46:34,400 AND LOOK AT STRUCTURE ACROSS 2082 01:46:34,400 --> 01:46:36,160 STRONG FORCES AND POTENTIAL 2083 01:46:36,160 --> 01:46:50,520 ARTIFACT. 2084 01:46:50,520 --> 01:46:52,440 AND YOU CAN LOOK AT THE CELL 2085 01:46:52,440 --> 01:46:53,720 TYPES WHERE THEY'RE IDENTICAL 2086 01:46:53,720 --> 01:46:56,840 ACROSS THE TECHNOLOGIES AND 2087 01:46:56,840 --> 01:46:57,560 LABORATORIES. 2088 01:46:57,560 --> 01:46:59,120 THIS THERE IS NO CORRECTION OR 2089 01:46:59,120 --> 01:47:02,160 MERGING OF THE DATA OR MODEL 2090 01:47:02,160 --> 01:47:07,840 THAT MERGES THE DATA. 2091 01:47:07,840 --> 01:47:10,640 THERE'S IF IT REPLICATES WELL IT 2092 01:47:10,640 --> 01:47:12,480 CHARACTERIZES THE DATA THEN YOU 2093 01:47:12,480 --> 01:47:19,040 SAVE THE DATA. 2094 01:47:19,040 --> 01:47:27,920 THERE'S A RELATIVELY SCALABLE 2095 01:47:27,920 --> 01:47:28,160 APPROACH. 2096 01:47:28,160 --> 01:47:32,320 AND ONE NICE THING IS IT DOESN'T 2097 01:47:32,320 --> 01:47:33,160 ASSUME THERE'S NOT REQUIREMENT 2098 01:47:33,160 --> 01:47:34,960 FOR DATA BE MERGED. 2099 01:47:34,960 --> 01:47:40,120 ONE CAN LOOK AT REPLICABILITY 2100 01:47:40,120 --> 01:47:46,320 AND HERE IN COLLABORATION WITH 2101 01:47:46,320 --> 01:47:48,040 SCIENTISTS YOU CAN SEE THERE'S 2102 01:47:48,040 --> 01:47:51,320 DATA SETS THAT HAVE 2103 01:47:51,320 --> 01:47:52,160 NON-SIGNIFICANT PARTS OF THE 2104 01:47:52,160 --> 01:47:59,240 HEAT MAP SCALED TO WHITE AND 2105 01:47:59,240 --> 01:48:00,560 THERE'S REPLICABLE CELL TYPES 2106 01:48:00,560 --> 01:48:03,120 AND THEN YOU CAN STUDY 2107 01:48:03,120 --> 01:48:04,600 TRANSCRIPTOMICS BETWEEN THE TWO 2108 01:48:04,600 --> 01:48:08,120 SPECIES AND THOSE DO SHOW 2109 01:48:08,120 --> 01:48:12,120 VARIATIONS SOMETIMES AND THEY 2110 01:48:12,120 --> 01:48:20,160 DON'T ALIGN PERFECTLY BUT MOST 2111 01:48:20,160 --> 01:48:24,120 DO. 2112 01:48:24,120 --> 01:48:26,320 AND SOME GENES WON'T ALIGN 2113 01:48:26,320 --> 01:48:27,520 PERFECTLY. 2114 01:48:27,520 --> 01:48:30,320 IF THE CELL TYPE IS REPLICABLE 2115 01:48:30,320 --> 01:48:32,080 YOU CAN SEE AS WE MAKE THE TASK 2116 01:48:32,080 --> 01:48:33,240 MORE AND MORE DIFFICULT IT'S 2117 01:48:33,240 --> 01:48:36,280 MORE AND MORE IMPORTANT TO TAKE 2118 01:48:36,280 --> 01:48:45,640 AN INFORMATIVE GENE SET. 2119 01:48:45,640 --> 01:48:47,360 AND AS THE TASK BECOMES ALMOST 2120 01:48:47,360 --> 01:48:49,560 IMPOSSIBLE MEANING TWO CLUSTERS 2121 01:48:49,560 --> 01:48:51,800 TRYING TO DISTINGUISH FROM ONE 2122 01:48:51,800 --> 01:48:56,240 ANOTHER ARE VIRTUALLY IDENTICAL 2123 01:48:56,240 --> 01:49:06,320 AND LOO LOOKING AT THE 2124 01:49:06,320 --> 01:49:11,000 TRANSCRIPTOME YOU STOP BEINGIBLE 2125 01:49:11,000 --> 01:49:14,120 TO DISTINGUISH AND THE ORIGINAL 2126 01:49:14,120 --> 01:49:17,320 ARE DEFINED FROM THE UN 2127 01:49:17,320 --> 01:49:20,200 UNSUPERVISED AND WE CAN GO BACK 2128 01:49:20,200 --> 01:49:25,320 AND LOOK AT THE GENES AND 2129 01:49:25,320 --> 01:49:27,760 LOOKING AT COMPARISONS WHICH ARE 2130 01:49:27,760 --> 01:49:30,280 THE SETS OF GENES WHICH 2131 01:49:30,280 --> 01:49:33,360 CONTRIBUTE MOST TO THE BRAIN 2132 01:49:33,360 --> 01:49:34,840 INITIATIVE CELL CENSUS DATA AND 2133 01:49:34,840 --> 01:49:39,920 WE CAN DO THE SAME ANALYSIS AND 2134 01:49:39,920 --> 01:49:41,840 DO MORE GENERAL REPLICABILITY 2135 01:49:41,840 --> 01:49:49,120 ANALYSIS AND THE MIDDLE IS 2136 01:49:49,120 --> 01:49:50,320 METHODOLOGICAL DATA AND LOOK AT 2137 01:49:50,320 --> 01:49:52,280 INDIVIDUAL DATA SETS AND LOOK 2138 01:49:52,280 --> 01:49:55,200 ACROSS MODALITIES SO THERE'S 2139 01:49:55,200 --> 01:49:58,720 WITHIN THIS TAXATION AND 2140 01:49:58,720 --> 01:50:00,320 METHYLATION AND RNA SEQ DATA 2141 01:50:00,320 --> 01:50:04,280 SOME WHICH MAY NOT LINE UP 2142 01:50:04,280 --> 01:50:12,280 PERFECTLY BUT DOES AT A BROAD 2143 01:50:12,280 --> 01:50:14,280 RANGE AND THERE'S CELL LINES 2144 01:50:14,280 --> 01:50:17,720 THAT LINE UP WHICH MAY BE 2145 01:50:17,720 --> 01:50:18,520 HELPFUL TO SOME DEGREE BUT 2146 01:50:18,520 --> 01:50:20,280 REQUIRES YOU IF YOU WANT TO USE 2147 01:50:20,280 --> 01:50:21,960 THE INFORMATION TO REDOWNLOAD 2148 01:50:21,960 --> 01:50:25,560 THE DATA SET IN SOME WAY. 2149 01:50:25,560 --> 01:50:27,080 SOME OF THE MORE SHARABLE PIECES 2150 01:50:27,080 --> 01:50:30,160 OF DATA ARE THE TRANSCRIPTOMICS 2151 01:50:30,160 --> 01:50:32,320 FEATURES THAT DEFINE THE CELL 2152 01:50:32,320 --> 01:50:39,240 TYPES IN SOME MEANINGFUL WAY. 2153 01:50:39,240 --> 01:50:41,920 NOW WE HAVE LINED UP DATA SETS 2154 01:50:41,920 --> 01:50:43,680 AND LOOK AT WHETHER SOME 2155 01:50:43,680 --> 01:50:48,280 REPLICATE ACROSS THE DATA SETS. 2156 01:50:48,280 --> 01:50:52,280 BECAUSE WE HAD NO MERGING OF THE 2157 01:50:52,280 --> 01:50:55,720 DATA YOU CAN ASSESS WHETHER IT'S 2158 01:50:55,720 --> 01:51:00,120 IN ONE DATA OR A LARGER SET OR 2159 01:51:00,120 --> 01:51:00,840 SOME SUBSET OF DATA. 2160 01:51:00,840 --> 01:51:05,240 WE FIND THERE'S A TRADE-OFF 2161 01:51:05,240 --> 01:51:08,640 BETWEEN MARKERS THAT ARE THERE'S 2162 01:51:08,640 --> 01:51:11,800 NEURONS THAT DON'T IDENTIFY 2163 01:51:11,800 --> 01:51:13,760 NEURONS AND THEY'RE RECALLED AND 2164 01:51:13,760 --> 01:51:14,800 OTHER MARKERS USEFUL BECAUSE 2165 01:51:14,800 --> 01:51:18,400 THEY'RE BROADLY EXPRESSED SO 2166 01:51:18,400 --> 01:51:20,960 THEY'RE NOT VERY PRECISE AND DO 2167 01:51:20,960 --> 01:51:22,000 IDENTIFY IN A WEAK SENSE A LOT 2168 01:51:22,000 --> 01:51:23,200 OF THE NEURONS. 2169 01:51:23,200 --> 01:51:24,320 THAT'S THE TRADE-OFF YOU'RE 2170 01:51:24,320 --> 01:51:30,360 SEEING IN THE BOTTOM LEFT 2171 01:51:30,360 --> 01:51:36,440 CORNER. 2172 01:51:36,440 --> 01:51:39,040 AND WE MADE ALL THESE AVAILABLE 2173 01:51:39,040 --> 01:51:40,960 AND YOU CAN LOOK AT ONES THAT 2174 01:51:40,960 --> 01:51:41,760 TRANSLATE BETWEEN SPECIES OR 2175 01:51:41,760 --> 01:51:46,320 MODALITIES OR ANYTHING ELSE. 2176 01:51:46,320 --> 01:51:48,720 IT'S A SHAREABLE WAY OF THE DATA 2177 01:51:48,720 --> 01:51:52,080 WITHOUT USING ALL THE DATA. 2178 01:51:52,080 --> 01:51:53,120 I'M ENTHUSIASTIC IT'S SHAREABLE 2179 01:51:53,120 --> 01:52:05,400 AND DELIVERABLE FOR THIS. 2180 01:52:05,400 --> 01:52:12,120 WE LOOKED AT THE INITIAL 2181 01:52:12,120 --> 01:52:14,320 CONSORTIUM AND YOU CAN SEE THE 2182 01:52:14,320 --> 01:52:16,120 BRIGHT SQUARES SHOW GOOD 2183 01:52:16,120 --> 01:52:17,520 ALIGNMENT FOR ALMOST ALL THE 2184 01:52:17,520 --> 01:52:20,400 CELL TYPES EXCEPT THE ONES WHERE 2185 01:52:20,400 --> 01:52:21,760 THEY WEREN'T PRESENT 2186 01:52:21,760 --> 01:52:22,120 PARTICULARLY. 2187 01:52:22,120 --> 01:52:26,640 THAT'S BECAUSE WE PICKED MARKER 2188 01:52:26,640 --> 01:52:28,640 SETS THAT REPLICATED AND IT'S NO 2189 01:52:28,640 --> 01:52:29,920 SURPRISE THEY REPLICATED OR 2190 01:52:29,920 --> 01:52:36,440 CONTINUE TO REPLICATE FURTHER. 2191 01:52:36,440 --> 01:52:38,040 SEEING THEY REPLICATED IN 2192 01:52:38,040 --> 01:52:40,400 MULTIPLE DATA SETS IS STRONG 2193 01:52:40,400 --> 01:52:46,920 EVIDENCE THEY'RE USEFUL. 2194 01:52:46,920 --> 01:52:49,960 OUR MISSION STATEMENT IS TO MAKE 2195 01:52:49,960 --> 01:52:53,000 THIS ACCESSIBLE IN A WAY 2196 01:52:53,000 --> 01:52:59,280 SCIENTISTS CAN DIRECTLY USE AND 2197 01:52:59,280 --> 01:53:03,640 HAPPY TO DISCUSS REPLICABILITY 2198 01:53:03,640 --> 01:53:08,080 AND WITH THAT I'LL THANK MY LABS 2199 01:53:08,080 --> 01:53:11,480 AND ALL THE DATA GENERATORS YOU 2200 01:53:11,480 --> 01:53:16,520 HEARD FROM AND COLLABORATORS AT 2201 01:53:16,520 --> 01:53:17,920 THE CONSORTIUM AND FUNDING 2202 01:53:17,920 --> 01:53:18,160 AGENCIES. 2203 01:53:18,160 --> 01:53:21,080 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 2204 01:53:21,080 --> 01:53:21,680 >> HELLO. 2205 01:53:21,680 --> 01:53:23,520 I'M GOING TO WRAP UP TODAY'S 2206 01:53:23,520 --> 01:53:29,320 REPRESENTATION BY TALKING ABOUT 2207 01:53:29,320 --> 01:53:43,680 STANDARDS IN THE BICCN FOR STAR 2208 01:53:43,680 --> 01:53:44,800 DARDS TOWARDS FAIR NEUROSCIENCE. 2209 01:53:44,800 --> 01:53:47,120 WHY STANDARDS AND WHY FAIR? 2210 01:53:47,120 --> 01:53:49,200 WHY ARE WE DEVOTING A TALK TO 2211 01:53:49,200 --> 01:53:49,400 THIS? 2212 01:53:49,400 --> 01:53:52,040 AS YOU CAN IMAGINE AND HEARD IN 2213 01:53:52,040 --> 01:53:53,520 THE PREVIOUS PRESENTATIONS THAT 2214 01:53:53,520 --> 01:53:56,560 BICCN IS SET UP AS A DISTRIBUTED 2215 01:53:56,560 --> 01:53:58,520 INFRASTRUCTURE HANDLING MANY 2216 01:53:58,520 --> 01:53:59,560 DIFFERENT TYPES OF DATA ACROSS 2217 01:53:59,560 --> 01:54:01,720 MANY SCALES THAT ARE GENERATED 2218 01:54:01,720 --> 01:54:04,160 BY DOZENS OF LABS AND HOSTED BY 2219 01:54:04,160 --> 01:54:04,600 MULTIPLE ARCHIVES. 2220 01:54:04,600 --> 01:54:10,360 SO MAKING SURE THE DATA ARE 2221 01:54:10,360 --> 01:54:11,920 FINDABLE, ACCESSIBLE AND 2222 01:54:11,920 --> 01:54:13,920 INTEROPERABLE AND REUSABLE IS 2223 01:54:13,920 --> 01:54:14,760 CRUCIAL TO FUNCTION AND 2224 01:54:14,760 --> 01:54:19,080 STANDARDS ARE THE THINGS THAT 2225 01:54:19,080 --> 01:54:25,120 ALLOW US TO BOTH INTEGRATE DATA 2226 01:54:25,120 --> 01:54:29,000 ACROSS DIFFERENT TYPES AND HOW 2227 01:54:29,000 --> 01:54:40,520 TO MORPHOLOGICAL TOOL BASE TO 2228 01:54:40,520 --> 01:54:42,640 UPLOAD IN THE ARCHIVES AND REUSE 2229 01:54:42,640 --> 01:54:49,280 OF THE DATA BY MULTIPLE PEOPLE. 2230 01:54:49,280 --> 01:54:50,280 WE HAVE A SECTION IF YOU'RE 2231 01:54:50,280 --> 01:54:53,120 INTERESTED IN MORE DETAILS ABOUT 2232 01:54:53,120 --> 01:54:54,520 THE STANDARDS USED AND HOW TO 2233 01:54:54,520 --> 01:54:55,880 THEY'RE DEVELOPED. 2234 01:54:55,880 --> 01:54:57,400 THERE'S A SECTION OF THE WEB 2235 01:54:57,400 --> 01:54:59,160 PORTAL DEVOTED TO THAT. 2236 01:54:59,160 --> 01:55:00,640 YOU CAN ACCESS IT UNDER THE 2237 01:55:00,640 --> 01:55:02,880 STANDARDS MENU UP THERE AND IT 2238 01:55:02,880 --> 01:55:04,600 BASICALLY SHOWS THREE SECTIONS. 2239 01:55:04,600 --> 01:55:07,400 ONE IS THE BICCN WORKING GROUP. 2240 01:55:07,400 --> 01:55:09,040 THESE ARE BICCN INVESTIGATORS 2241 01:55:09,040 --> 01:55:10,400 WHO COME TOGETHER AROUND SOME OF 2242 01:55:10,400 --> 01:55:15,880 THE NEW TECHNIQUES AND 2243 01:55:15,880 --> 01:55:17,520 TECHNOLOGIES AND TYPES GENERATED 2244 01:55:17,520 --> 01:55:18,320 AND DETERMINE WHAT THE BEST 2245 01:55:18,320 --> 01:55:20,120 PRACTICES AND STANDARDS CAN BE 2246 01:55:20,120 --> 01:55:21,920 TO MAKE THE DATA MORE FAIR. 2247 01:55:21,920 --> 01:55:26,160 WE ALSO HAVE A SET OF STANDARDS 2248 01:55:26,160 --> 01:55:28,400 ALEX MENTIONED ONE DEVELOPED BY 2249 01:55:28,400 --> 01:55:30,680 THE BRAIN INITIATIVE AND ALSO 2250 01:55:30,680 --> 01:55:31,640 IMPLEMENTED ACROSS HERE AND 2251 01:55:31,640 --> 01:55:33,360 THERE'S COMMUNITY STANDARDS SUCH 2252 01:55:33,360 --> 01:55:39,280 AS THOSE LISTED BY THE 2253 01:55:39,280 --> 01:55:40,520 INTERNATIONAL COORDINATING 2254 01:55:40,520 --> 01:55:42,640 COMMITTEE THE BICCN ADOPTED. 2255 01:55:42,640 --> 01:55:44,680 VERY IMPORTANT INSIDE ALL THIS 2256 01:55:44,680 --> 01:55:48,680 DATA IS SPATIAL ALIGNMENT AND 2257 01:55:48,680 --> 01:55:51,400 FOR THAT WE'RE USING THE BRAIN 2258 01:55:51,400 --> 01:55:54,160 COMMON FRAMEWORK AND ALL THE 2259 01:55:54,160 --> 01:55:56,680 RESEARCHERS AGREED TO ALIGN THE 2260 01:55:56,680 --> 01:56:00,320 DATA USING THE COORDINATE 2261 01:56:00,320 --> 01:56:00,640 SYSTEM. 2262 01:56:00,640 --> 01:56:01,240 JUST A LITTLE BIT MORE 2263 01:56:01,240 --> 01:56:02,960 INFORMATION ABOUT FAIR ITSELF. 2264 01:56:02,960 --> 01:56:05,360 THE FAIR DATA PRINCIPLES WERE 2265 01:56:05,360 --> 01:56:08,600 ISSUED BACK IN 2016 AND WHEN THE 2266 01:56:08,600 --> 01:56:11,160 BICCN STARTED THERE WAS VERY 2267 01:56:11,160 --> 01:56:12,680 LITTLE AWARENESS OF FAIR SINCE 2268 01:56:12,680 --> 01:56:14,640 FAIR HAS BEEN PROMOTED IN A LOT 2269 01:56:14,640 --> 01:56:16,240 OF THE DATA SHARING POLICIES THE 2270 01:56:16,240 --> 01:56:18,600 BRAIN AND NOW NIH IN GENERAL. 2271 01:56:18,600 --> 01:56:20,080 I HOPE MOST OF THE AUDIENCE ARE 2272 01:56:20,080 --> 01:56:22,080 IN FACT FAMILIAR WITH WHAT THE 2273 01:56:22,080 --> 01:56:22,840 ACRONYM MEANS. 2274 01:56:22,840 --> 01:56:25,120 THEY'RE HIGH-LEVEL PRINCIPLES TO 2275 01:56:25,120 --> 01:56:31,240 MAKE DATA FINDABLE, ACCESSIBLE, 2276 01:56:31,240 --> 01:56:32,680 INTEROPERABLE AND REUSABLE AND 2277 01:56:32,680 --> 01:56:36,760 THERE'S RECOMMENDATIONS PUT IN 2278 01:56:36,760 --> 01:56:44,240 PLACE FOR DATA TO BE USED BY 2279 01:56:44,240 --> 01:56:45,520 COMPUTERS AND PEOPLE AND THERE'S 2280 01:56:45,520 --> 01:56:46,840 REQUIREMENTS OF FAIR. 2281 01:56:46,840 --> 01:56:48,760 A GOOD DATA MANAGEMENT PRACTICE 2282 01:56:48,760 --> 01:56:51,840 IN LABORATORY AND ROUTINE USE OF 2283 01:56:51,840 --> 01:56:53,720 STANDARDS BOTH INSIDE THE 2284 01:56:53,720 --> 01:56:55,120 ARCHIVES AND AMONGST THE 2285 01:56:55,120 --> 01:56:56,720 INVESTIGATORS DEPOSITING DATA 2286 01:56:56,720 --> 01:57:04,720 THEMSELVES. 2287 01:57:04,720 --> 01:57:14,680 THE IDEA OF FAIR IS THAT IT'S 2288 01:57:14,680 --> 01:57:18,360 ASPIRATIONAL AND AT THE 2289 01:57:18,360 --> 01:57:19,120 BEGINNING OF THE BICCN THE 2290 01:57:19,120 --> 01:57:21,040 ARCHIVES WERE COMING ONLINE AND 2291 01:57:21,040 --> 01:57:22,760 THE STANDARDS WERE NOT YET 2292 01:57:22,760 --> 01:57:24,720 DEVELOPED AND THE DATA TYPES AND 2293 01:57:24,720 --> 01:57:26,120 TECHNIQUES BEING USED DIDN'T 2294 01:57:26,120 --> 01:57:28,720 HAVE STANDARDS OR BEST PRACTICES 2295 01:57:28,720 --> 01:57:29,480 AVAILABLE. 2296 01:57:29,480 --> 01:57:31,400 BUT THE CORE OF FAIR IS TO USE 2297 01:57:31,400 --> 01:57:33,360 THINGS LIKE PERSISTENT 2298 01:57:33,360 --> 01:57:35,160 IDENTIFIERS. 2299 01:57:35,160 --> 01:57:38,320 YOU HEARD ALEX TALK ABOUT 2300 01:57:38,320 --> 01:57:40,520 D.O.I.s. 2301 01:57:40,520 --> 01:57:46,960 PERSISTENT IDENTIFIESERS LI ERER ERERS -- 2302 01:57:46,960 --> 01:57:48,160 IDENTIFIERS SO ONE CAN FIND IT 2303 01:57:48,160 --> 01:57:49,920 ON THE WEB AND ACCESS IT. 2304 01:57:49,920 --> 01:57:51,920 THE USE OF LANDING PAGES IS VERY 2305 01:57:51,920 --> 01:57:53,120 IMPORTANT BECAUSE THE DATA SET 2306 01:57:53,120 --> 01:57:56,720 LANDING PAGE PROVIDES A LOT OF 2307 01:57:56,720 --> 01:57:58,240 THE CONTEXTUAL INFORMATION ONE 2308 01:57:58,240 --> 01:57:59,520 NEEDS TO BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND 2309 01:57:59,520 --> 01:58:01,920 THE DATA SET AND MAKE IT 2310 01:58:01,920 --> 01:58:05,320 REUSABLE AND INTEROPERABLE AND 2311 01:58:05,320 --> 01:58:07,120 PROVIDES ACCESS AND ADDITIONAL 2312 01:58:07,120 --> 01:58:07,720 SUPPORTING INFORMATION THAT 2313 01:58:07,720 --> 01:58:11,040 MAKES IT EASIER TO USE THE DATA. 2314 01:58:11,040 --> 01:58:13,320 SO FOR EXAMPLE, LINK TO 2315 01:58:13,320 --> 01:58:14,600 PROTOCOLS, LINK TO TOOL SETS 2316 01:58:14,600 --> 01:58:23,000 THAT CAN BE USED WITH THE DATA. 2317 01:58:23,000 --> 01:58:24,040 PROVENANCE FROM THE LAB AND 2318 01:58:24,040 --> 01:58:26,440 UNIVERSITY THAT ORIGINATED THE 2319 01:58:26,440 --> 01:58:28,440 DATA AND THE EXPERIMENTAL 2320 01:58:28,440 --> 01:58:31,720 PROTOCOL THAT GAVE RISE TO THE 2321 01:58:31,720 --> 01:58:34,520 DATA AND METHODOLOGICAL DATA AND 2322 01:58:34,520 --> 01:58:36,760 IF IT'S A DERIVED DATA SET WHAT 2323 01:58:36,760 --> 01:58:39,920 IS THE PARENT DATA SET IN WHICH 2324 01:58:39,920 --> 01:58:42,800 IT WAS DERIVED FROM AND A LOT OF 2325 01:58:42,800 --> 01:58:44,720 TIMES DATA SETS HAVE MULTIPLE 2326 01:58:44,720 --> 01:58:48,680 VERSIONS AND THEY NEED TO BE 2327 01:58:48,680 --> 01:58:52,800 HANDLED IN A FAIR MANNER AND USE 2328 01:58:52,800 --> 01:58:54,880 OF THE COORDINATE SYSTEMS AND 2329 01:58:54,880 --> 01:58:56,800 COMMUNITY ONTOLOGY AND 2330 01:58:56,800 --> 01:58:57,720 CONTROLLED VOCABULARIES TO 2331 01:58:57,720 --> 01:58:59,440 DESCRIBE THE DATA IN A 2332 01:58:59,440 --> 01:59:00,800 CONSISTENT WAY THAT IS 2333 01:59:00,800 --> 01:59:03,280 CONSISTENT ACROSS THE DATA HEEKO 2334 01:59:03,280 --> 01:59:05,920 SYSTEM THAT HAS BEEN BUILT FOR 2335 01:59:05,920 --> 01:59:06,920 THE BRAIN INITIATIVE. 2336 01:59:06,920 --> 01:59:08,720 AS I MENTIONED AIDS FOR 2337 01:59:08,720 --> 01:59:10,120 UNDERSTANDING AND REUSING THE 2338 01:59:10,120 --> 01:59:12,840 DATA AND ALSO THE USE OF CLEAR 2339 01:59:12,840 --> 01:59:14,720 LICENSES AND DATA USE AGREEMENTS 2340 01:59:14,720 --> 01:59:16,760 SO THAT EVERYONE WHO NEEDS TO 2341 01:59:16,760 --> 01:59:17,720 REUSE THE DATA UNDERSTAND THEIR 2342 01:59:17,720 --> 01:59:18,880 RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR 2343 01:59:18,880 --> 01:59:28,560 REUSE. 2344 01:59:28,560 --> 01:59:35,080 AND HERE'S NEURO PHYSIOLOGY DATA 2345 01:59:35,080 --> 01:59:37,240 AND THIS IS A LANDING PAGE 2346 01:59:37,240 --> 01:59:39,200 THAT'S BEEN SET UP TO FACILITATE 2347 01:59:39,200 --> 01:59:40,160 FAIR. 2348 01:59:40,160 --> 01:59:42,320 THIS WORK AS YOU SAW IS UNDERWAY 2349 01:59:42,320 --> 01:59:43,480 ACROSS ALL THE DIFFERENT 2350 01:59:43,480 --> 01:59:45,120 ARCHIVES TO TRY AND MAKE THE 2351 01:59:45,120 --> 01:59:47,920 DATA AND METADATA THAT ARE 2352 01:59:47,920 --> 01:59:49,520 AVAILABLE ON THE LANDING PAGES 2353 01:59:49,520 --> 01:59:51,680 CONSISTENT SO THAT USERS HAVE A 2354 01:59:51,680 --> 01:59:52,880 CONSISTENT EXPERIENCE WHEN THEY 2355 01:59:52,880 --> 01:59:54,080 GO ACROSS THE ARCHIVES. 2356 01:59:54,080 --> 01:59:56,840 BUT HERE YOU CAN SEE A TITLE OF 2357 01:59:56,840 --> 01:59:58,560 THE DATA SET. 2358 01:59:58,560 --> 02:00:03,240 YOU SEE THE DOI THE IDENTIFIER 2359 02:00:03,240 --> 02:00:05,040 AND OTHER USEFUL INFORMATION, 2360 02:00:05,040 --> 02:00:06,920 METADATA, FILE ACCESS THAT CAN 2361 02:00:06,920 --> 02:00:08,880 BE USED IF YOU'RE INTERESTED IN 2362 02:00:08,880 --> 02:00:12,880 BEING ABLE TO FIND THE DATA AND 2363 02:00:12,880 --> 02:00:23,920 ALSO REUSE THE DATA. 2364 02:00:23,920 --> 02:00:28,160 AND KEY WORDS AND OTHER THINGS 2365 02:00:28,160 --> 02:00:30,160 SEARCH ENGINES CAN LOOK AT AND 2366 02:00:30,160 --> 02:00:32,880 ARTICLES PROVIDED AND A CONTACT 2367 02:00:32,880 --> 02:00:36,840 PERSON HAS BEEN PROVIDED AND THE 2368 02:00:36,840 --> 02:00:38,920 THINGS THAT MAKE IT MOST LIKELY 2369 02:00:38,920 --> 02:00:40,880 FOR PEOPLE TO REUSE THE DATA AND 2370 02:00:40,880 --> 02:00:42,280 THERE'S A CONTACT PERSON TO 2371 02:00:42,280 --> 02:00:44,000 ANSWER YOUR QUESTIONS IF YOU 2372 02:00:44,000 --> 02:00:45,280 NEED ABOUT A PARTICULAR DATA 2373 02:00:45,280 --> 02:00:50,360 SET. 2374 02:00:50,360 --> 02:00:53,680 ONE THING THAT WE FIND WITH 2375 02:00:53,680 --> 02:00:54,320 RESEARCHERS WHEN THEY'RE 2376 02:00:54,320 --> 02:00:55,920 DESCRIBING THEIR DATA IS THEY 2377 02:00:55,920 --> 02:00:57,920 TEND TO USE VERY MECHANISTIC 2378 02:00:57,920 --> 02:00:59,840 TERMS AND WE GET A LOT OF 2379 02:00:59,840 --> 02:01:02,000 DESCRIPTIONS THAT JUST SAY 2380 02:01:02,000 --> 02:01:02,560 MICROSCOPY IMAGES. 2381 02:01:02,560 --> 02:01:04,920 WE'RE ENCOURAGING RESEARCHERS TO 2382 02:01:04,920 --> 02:01:07,720 PUT IN A RICH DESCRIPTION THAT 2383 02:01:07,720 --> 02:01:08,960 HELPS SOMEBODY UNDERSTAND THE 2384 02:01:08,960 --> 02:01:11,360 CONTEXT OF THE DATA SET AND WHAT 2385 02:01:11,360 --> 02:01:18,600 IT'S USEFUL FOR AND STANDARDS 2386 02:01:18,600 --> 02:01:21,520 AVAILABLE AND USING STANDARDIZED 2387 02:01:21,520 --> 02:01:22,600 VOCABULARIES BEING IMPLEMENTED 2388 02:01:22,600 --> 02:01:24,320 BY BICCN AND THE ARCHIVES. 2389 02:01:24,320 --> 02:01:30,000 I ALSO WANTED TO POINT OUT THE 2390 02:01:30,000 --> 02:01:32,440 IMPORTANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL 2391 02:01:32,440 --> 02:01:32,920 PROTOCOLS. 2392 02:01:32,920 --> 02:01:34,520 CAROL MENTIONED THESE ALREADY. 2393 02:01:34,520 --> 02:01:38,120 THERE'S BEEN A BICCN GROUP 2394 02:01:38,120 --> 02:01:42,080 CREATED IN PROTOCOLS.IO THE 2395 02:01:42,080 --> 02:01:43,920 ONLINE PERFORM AND MOST HAVE 2396 02:01:43,920 --> 02:01:46,520 BEEN STUDIED AND THEY'VE BEEN 2397 02:01:46,520 --> 02:01:49,000 ACCESSED OVER AND OVER AGAIN 2398 02:01:49,000 --> 02:02:01,000 OVER 43,000 TIMES AS OF APRIL OF 2399 02:02:01,000 --> 02:02:05,000 2022. 2400 02:02:05,000 --> 02:02:06,880 AND MAKE SURE THOSE WHO DEPOSIT 2401 02:02:06,880 --> 02:02:09,520 THEIR DATA AND MAKE IT AVAILABLE 2402 02:02:09,520 --> 02:02:11,800 SO WE CAN TRACK AND REUSE. 2403 02:02:11,800 --> 02:02:13,920 WE'RE BASICALLY IMPLEMENTING THE 2404 02:02:13,920 --> 02:02:15,520 RECOMMENDATIONS ON FORMAL DATA 2405 02:02:15,520 --> 02:02:19,120 CITATION AND THE ARCHIVES ARE 2406 02:02:19,120 --> 02:02:23,160 TRYING TO MAKE THAT EASY AND YOU 2407 02:02:23,160 --> 02:02:26,240 CAN USE THIS IN YOUR DATA 2408 02:02:26,240 --> 02:02:27,120 AVAILABILITY STATEMENT OR ALSO 2409 02:02:27,120 --> 02:02:29,720 IN THE REFERENCE LIST ACCORDING 2410 02:02:29,720 --> 02:02:31,240 TO RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BEST 2411 02:02:31,240 --> 02:02:38,160 PRACTICES. 2412 02:02:38,160 --> 02:02:40,520 SO JUST TO WRAP UP HELPING 2413 02:02:40,520 --> 02:02:42,120 CREATE UNIFORM STANDARDS ACROSS 2414 02:02:42,120 --> 02:02:42,320 BICCN. 2415 02:02:42,320 --> 02:02:43,480 IT'S A WORK IN PROGRESS BUT 2416 02:02:43,480 --> 02:02:46,520 WE'RE TRYING TO WORK TOWARDS A 2417 02:02:46,520 --> 02:02:47,720 COMMON AND STANDARDIZED 2418 02:02:47,720 --> 02:02:50,720 EXPERIENCE FOR USERS TO MAKE IT 2419 02:02:50,720 --> 02:02:52,160 EASIER TO NAVIGATE, FIND DATA 2420 02:02:52,160 --> 02:02:55,880 AND BE ABLE TO REUSE IT. 2421 02:02:55,880 --> 02:02:57,080 IT DOES REQUIRE COOPERATION 2422 02:02:57,080 --> 02:02:59,640 BETWEEN INVESTIGATORS AND THE 2423 02:02:59,640 --> 02:03:00,120 ARCHIVES. 2424 02:03:00,120 --> 02:03:01,680 THOSE WHO SUBMIT DATA REALLY THE 2425 02:03:01,680 --> 02:03:03,720 BURDEN IS ON TO YOU MAKE SURE 2426 02:03:03,720 --> 02:03:07,160 YOU PROVIDE THE TITLES AND 2427 02:03:07,160 --> 02:03:13,080 DESCRIPTIONS AND AS MUCH AS 2428 02:03:13,080 --> 02:03:14,800 CONTEXTUAL METADATA YOU CAN 2429 02:03:14,800 --> 02:03:15,040 PROVIDE. 2430 02:03:15,040 --> 02:03:16,560 BUILDING FAIR AND DATA SHARING 2431 02:03:16,560 --> 02:03:17,640 IN YOUR DATA MANAGEMENT 2432 02:03:17,640 --> 02:03:19,160 PRACTICES SO IT'S NOT A MATTER 2433 02:03:19,160 --> 02:03:21,080 OF PRODUCING AND ALIGNING AT THE 2434 02:03:21,080 --> 02:03:23,000 END BUT YOU BASICALLY ALIGN 2435 02:03:23,000 --> 02:03:24,880 DURING THE ENTIRE LIFE CYCLE AND 2436 02:03:24,880 --> 02:03:26,960 WE'RE IN THE PROCESS OF CREATING 2437 02:03:26,960 --> 02:03:28,440 A FAIR DATA STARTER KIT THAT 2438 02:03:28,440 --> 02:03:31,160 SHOULD MAKE THAT EASIER FOR 2439 02:03:31,160 --> 02:03:33,920 INVESTIGATORS TRYING TO SUBMIT 2440 02:03:33,920 --> 02:03:36,000 DATA USING THE BICCN AND 2441 02:03:36,000 --> 02:03:38,520 SUBSEQUENT VERSIONS OF THAT. 2442 02:03:38,520 --> 02:03:43,600 FOR DATA USERS WE HOPE THIS 2443 02:03:43,600 --> 02:03:45,320 SYMPOSIUM HAS GIVEN YOU AN IDEA 2444 02:03:45,320 --> 02:03:47,680 OF THE RICHNESS OF THE DATA 2445 02:03:47,680 --> 02:03:49,480 AVAILABLE AND HELP DRIVE THE 2446 02:03:49,480 --> 02:03:51,840 RE-USE OF THE DATA BUT IF YOU 2447 02:03:51,840 --> 02:03:54,720 RUN INTO A PROBLEM LET US KNOW. 2448 02:03:54,720 --> 02:03:57,400 THE RE-USE CASES MAKE THE 2449 02:03:57,400 --> 02:03:58,440 INFRASTRUCTURE BETTER AND I WANT 2450 02:03:58,440 --> 02:04:00,160 TO URGE TO YOU GIVE CREDIT TO 2451 02:04:00,160 --> 02:04:03,520 THE DATA PRODUCER AND BICCN WHEN 2452 02:04:03,520 --> 02:04:06,680 DO YOU RE-USE DATA BY USING FAIR 2453 02:04:06,680 --> 02:04:09,120 DATA CITATION PRACTICES. 2454 02:04:09,120 --> 02:04:13,120 JUST TO END I WANT TO THANK THE 2455 02:04:13,120 --> 02:04:14,160 METADATA WORKING GROUP AND 2456 02:04:14,160 --> 02:04:15,120 INFRASTRUCTURE MEETING OVER THE 2457 02:04:15,120 --> 02:04:16,240 LAST FIVE YEARS. 2458 02:04:16,240 --> 02:04:22,720 ON THE ISSUES HAMMER THIS OUT 2459 02:04:22,720 --> 02:04:24,080 A QUESTION SAYS IS THERE 2460 02:04:24,080 --> 02:04:26,960 POSSIBILITIES OF USERS ADDING 2461 02:04:26,960 --> 02:04:28,000 CONTEXT OR INFORMATION TO DATA 2462 02:04:28,000 --> 02:04:31,800 FROM OTHERS THEY USE, E.G., THE 2463 02:04:31,800 --> 02:04:34,520 DATA IS USEFUL FOR X. 2464 02:04:34,520 --> 02:04:36,200 DOING THIS IN THE FORM OF 2465 02:04:36,200 --> 02:04:40,000 CURATED COMMENTS COULD BE 2466 02:04:40,000 --> 02:04:48,000 HELPFUL. 2467 02:04:48,000 --> 02:04:52,000 IT'S A GOOD POINT AND QUESTION 2468 02:04:52,000 --> 02:04:54,400 AND THESE IN THE FORM OF A READ 2469 02:04:54,400 --> 02:04:56,280 ME FILE OR CURATED NOTES THAT 2470 02:04:56,280 --> 02:04:59,680 HELP PEOPLE UNDERSTAND WHAT THEY 2471 02:04:59,680 --> 02:05:02,360 CAN USE THE DATA FOR ARE HELPING 2472 02:05:02,360 --> 02:05:04,040 TO DRIVE REUSE. 2473 02:05:04,040 --> 02:05:05,760 I THINK MOST THE ARCHIVES WOULD 2474 02:05:05,760 --> 02:05:06,880 ALLOW THAT TYPE OF INFORMATION 2475 02:05:06,880 --> 02:05:09,160 TO BE ADDED. 2476 02:05:09,160 --> 02:05:12,800 THE QUESTION IS WHETHER OUTSIDE 2477 02:05:12,800 --> 02:05:14,200 REUSERS CAN CONTRIBUTE THEIR 2478 02:05:14,200 --> 02:05:15,840 CONTENT AND SOMEHOW HAVE THE 2479 02:05:15,840 --> 02:05:18,120 LINK TO THE DATA SETS. 2480 02:05:18,120 --> 02:05:19,080 ONE OF THE REASONS FOR USING 2481 02:05:19,080 --> 02:05:23,480 DATA CITATION IS IT WILL MAKE IT 2482 02:05:23,480 --> 02:05:25,200 POSSIBLE, FORMAL DATA CITATION 2483 02:05:25,200 --> 02:05:26,640 TO UNDERSTAND WHEN RESEARCH HAS 2484 02:05:26,640 --> 02:05:28,040 BEEN PUBLISHED USING ONE OF 2485 02:05:28,040 --> 02:05:29,520 THESE DATA SETS AND I THINK IT 2486 02:05:29,520 --> 02:05:32,040 WOULD BE GOOD TO EXTRACT THAT 2487 02:05:32,040 --> 02:05:34,960 AND MAKE THAT AVAILABLE. 2488 02:05:34,960 --> 02:05:36,840 ANYBODY ELSE FROM THE ARCHIVES. 2489 02:05:36,840 --> 02:05:40,040 >> I'LL CHIME IN A LITTLE BIT. 2490 02:05:40,040 --> 02:05:45,200 SO WE DO HAVE PLANS FOR -- WE 2491 02:05:45,200 --> 02:05:52,040 HAVE A LOT OF PRIMARY DATA SETS 2492 02:05:52,040 --> 02:05:54,160 IN BILL THAT ONLY A FEW NEURONS 2493 02:05:54,160 --> 02:05:55,320 HAVE BEEN TRACED. 2494 02:05:55,320 --> 02:06:05,400 SO WE DO HAVE PLANS TO ALLOW 2495 02:06:05,400 --> 02:06:07,080 THIRD-PARTY CONTRIBUTIONS. 2496 02:06:07,080 --> 02:06:11,440 IN THAT CASE IF SOMEONE WANTS TO 2497 02:06:11,440 --> 02:06:12,600 HOLD THE HACKATHON, FOR EXAMPLE, 2498 02:06:12,600 --> 02:06:17,760 AND GO THROUGH A BRAIN AND SEE 2499 02:06:17,760 --> 02:06:20,840 HOW MANY NEURONS FOLKS CAN TRACE 2500 02:06:20,840 --> 02:06:22,680 AND HAVE SOME QUALITY MEASURE 2501 02:06:22,680 --> 02:06:27,600 WITH THEM, WE WILL ACCEPT THOSE 2502 02:06:27,600 --> 02:06:28,040 INTO BIL. 2503 02:06:28,040 --> 02:06:35,480 THERE IS SOME OPPORTUNITY FOR 2504 02:06:35,480 --> 02:06:35,680 THAT. 2505 02:06:35,680 --> 02:06:36,840 AS FAR AS ADDING COMMENTS TO 2506 02:06:36,840 --> 02:06:40,720 DATA SETS, WE'D NEED TO THINK 2507 02:06:40,720 --> 02:06:41,360 ABOUT THAT BUT CAROL WANTS TO 2508 02:06:41,360 --> 02:06:52,000 CHIME IN. 2509 02:06:52,000 --> 02:06:53,760 >> ADDING COMMENTS IS KEY AND 2510 02:06:53,760 --> 02:06:55,560 CURATED IS KEY BECAUSE IT WOULD 2511 02:06:55,560 --> 02:07:00,080 BE DIFFICULT TO GO THROUGH THIS 2512 02:07:00,080 --> 02:07:03,040 AND IT WOULD INTERESTING TO HAVE 2513 02:07:03,040 --> 02:07:06,200 COMMENTS SAYING DID YOU FIND 2514 02:07:06,200 --> 02:07:07,520 SOMETHING USEFUL AND WERE YOU 2515 02:07:07,520 --> 02:07:10,440 ABLE TO DO SOMETHING WITH IT. 2516 02:07:10,440 --> 02:07:12,520 WE HAVE LINK OUTS FROM THE 2517 02:07:12,520 --> 02:07:17,440 PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX OUT TO A 2518 02:07:17,440 --> 02:07:20,800 TOOL WHERE YOU CAN GO MAP YOUR 2519 02:07:20,800 --> 02:07:24,120 DATA GNLS THE TAXONOMY. 2520 02:07:24,120 --> 02:07:26,720 THERE ARE -- AGAINST THE 2521 02:07:26,720 --> 02:07:28,640 TAXONOMY AND YOU CAN SAY I'M 2522 02:07:28,640 --> 02:07:30,920 TRYING TO FIGURE OUT IF DATA I 2523 02:07:30,920 --> 02:07:33,440 HAVE THAT WAS SOMEWHAT 2524 02:07:33,440 --> 02:07:35,200 DIFFERENTLY CAN RELATE. 2525 02:07:35,200 --> 02:07:36,200 BEING ABLE TO LINK IN IS ONE 2526 02:07:36,200 --> 02:07:38,320 THING AND MAP YOUR DATA AND 2527 02:07:38,320 --> 02:07:39,480 IDEALLY WHAT USERS CAN DO AT 2528 02:07:39,480 --> 02:07:41,760 SOME POINT IS BE ABLE TO SAY, 2529 02:07:41,760 --> 02:07:43,120 HEY, THIS IS WHAT HAPPENED WHEN 2530 02:07:43,120 --> 02:07:44,720 I TRIED TO PUT THAT DATA IN THE 2531 02:07:44,720 --> 02:07:46,640 CONTEXT OF MY DATA OR MY DATA IN 2532 02:07:46,640 --> 02:07:48,440 THE CONTEXT OF THAT DATA. 2533 02:07:48,440 --> 02:07:51,640 AND START TO PUBLISH THOSE 2534 02:07:51,640 --> 02:07:53,120 LINKAGES AND BUILDING THE LARGER 2535 02:07:53,120 --> 02:07:55,360 KNOWLEDGE BASE WHICH IS MORE 2536 02:07:55,360 --> 02:07:56,800 USEFUL MORE BROADLY TO EVERYONE. 2537 02:07:56,800 --> 02:07:58,720 THERE'S A COUPLE THINGS. 2538 02:07:58,720 --> 02:08:00,200 ANNOTATING DATA. 2539 02:08:00,200 --> 02:08:02,920 IT MAY BE USEFUL. 2540 02:08:02,920 --> 02:08:04,200 I HAVE A BATCH PROBLEM AND THIS 2541 02:08:04,200 --> 02:08:06,040 YOU HAVE TO NORMALIZE. 2542 02:08:06,040 --> 02:08:07,240 THAT WOULD BE GREAT. 2543 02:08:07,240 --> 02:08:08,200 SOMETHING LIKE THAT MAY BE 2544 02:08:08,200 --> 02:08:11,680 USEFUL IN TERMS OF BEING ABLE TO 2545 02:08:11,680 --> 02:08:13,120 DO THAT SOMEWHERE WHERE YOU HAVE 2546 02:08:13,120 --> 02:08:15,120 A SHARED WORK SPACE. 2547 02:08:15,120 --> 02:08:18,040 IT'S NOT SOMETHING WE HAVE 2548 02:08:18,040 --> 02:08:19,000 FORMALLY RIGHT NOW BUT SOMETHING 2549 02:08:19,000 --> 02:08:21,040 THAT COULD BE DONE WHERE YOU 2550 02:08:21,040 --> 02:08:23,080 HAVE A SHARED COLLABORATION WORK 2551 02:08:23,080 --> 02:08:28,040 SPACE AND PEOPLE START ADDING 2552 02:08:28,040 --> 02:08:29,640 NOTES ON TO DATA. 2553 02:08:29,640 --> 02:08:31,680 >> SETH. 2554 02:08:31,680 --> 02:08:35,080 >> I'LL BE BRIEF BUT I THINK THE 2555 02:08:35,080 --> 02:08:37,640 CONCEPT OF MULTIPLE ANNOTATIONS 2556 02:08:37,640 --> 02:08:39,200 OF CELLS IS KEY. 2557 02:08:39,200 --> 02:08:41,640 THERE'S A SET OF ANNOTATIONS 2558 02:08:41,640 --> 02:08:51,360 FROM THE BICCN MINI AT LLAS AND 2559 02:08:51,360 --> 02:08:57,040 THEY'LL BE RE-ANNOTATE AND I 2560 02:08:57,040 --> 02:08:57,920 DON'T THINK BICCN HAS GROUND 2561 02:08:57,920 --> 02:08:59,320 TRUTH ON WHAT THE CELL TYPES 2562 02:08:59,320 --> 02:08:59,840 ARE. 2563 02:08:59,840 --> 02:09:01,200 IT'S IMPORTANT TO NOTE AND THE 2564 02:09:01,200 --> 02:09:03,120 INFRASTRUCTURE WILL SUPPORT THIS 2565 02:09:03,120 --> 02:09:05,440 TO ENABLE USERS TO ARE WORKING 2566 02:09:05,440 --> 02:09:09,040 WITH THE DATA POTENTIALLY IN 2567 02:09:09,040 --> 02:09:12,840 MUCH LARGER DATA SETS TO HELP US 2568 02:09:12,840 --> 02:09:15,000 RE-ANNOTATE CELLS AS WE MOVE 2569 02:09:15,000 --> 02:09:16,240 FORWARD AND HAVE PROVENANCE ON 2570 02:09:16,240 --> 02:09:21,320 THAT AND I THINK THE WORK THAT'S 2571 02:09:21,320 --> 02:09:23,560 BEEN DONE AND ESTABLISHING 2572 02:09:23,560 --> 02:09:25,680 D.O.I.s OR IDENTIFYING SPECIFIC 2573 02:09:25,680 --> 02:09:28,240 CELLS IN THE DATA SETS IS GOING 2574 02:09:28,240 --> 02:09:29,520 TO MAKE THAT POSSIBLE WHICH IS 2575 02:09:29,520 --> 02:09:32,840 REALLY EXCITING. 2576 02:09:32,840 --> 02:09:37,040 >> THANK YOU. 2577 02:09:37,040 --> 02:09:40,040 >> JESSE, GREAT TALK. 2578 02:09:40,040 --> 02:09:41,120 HOW DO YOU BALANCE SPECIFICITY 2579 02:09:41,120 --> 02:09:42,440 AND COVERAGE IN MARKER 2580 02:09:42,440 --> 02:09:44,760 DETECTION? 2581 02:09:44,760 --> 02:09:47,040 >> SO I THINK THAT WAS THE 2582 02:09:47,040 --> 02:09:48,120 INTERESTING FEATURE THAT PEOPLE 2583 02:09:48,120 --> 02:09:51,040 TALK ABOUT MARKERS BUT THERE IS 2584 02:09:51,040 --> 02:09:51,840 A TRADE-OFF. 2585 02:09:51,840 --> 02:09:56,600 SO THERE'S THE IDEA OF A 2586 02:09:56,600 --> 02:09:59,520 PARIETAL FRONT WHERE YOU SAY AM 2587 02:09:59,520 --> 02:10:01,920 I BETTER AT SPECIFICITY OR 2588 02:10:01,920 --> 02:10:04,320 COVERAGE EVEN IF I'M NOT BETTER 2589 02:10:04,320 --> 02:10:07,040 IN SPECIFICITY OR AM I SLIGHTLY 2590 02:10:07,040 --> 02:10:08,840 GOOD AT BOTH IN A WAY NO ONE 2591 02:10:08,840 --> 02:10:11,080 ELSE IS? 2592 02:10:11,080 --> 02:10:13,760 REALLY THE STATEMENT IS WE 2593 02:10:13,760 --> 02:10:18,400 BALANCE IT BY AGGREGATING ACROSS 2594 02:10:18,400 --> 02:10:22,640 MARKERS AND IT'S IMPORTANT TO 2595 02:10:22,640 --> 02:10:25,200 HAVE A METAMARKER AND A 2596 02:10:25,200 --> 02:10:27,200 METAMARKER SIGNATURE WHERE YOU 2597 02:10:27,200 --> 02:10:29,640 AGGREGATE MARKERS AND SOME ARE 2598 02:10:29,640 --> 02:10:30,240 SPECIFIC AND SOME HAVE BROAD 2599 02:10:30,240 --> 02:10:34,000 COVERAGE. 2600 02:10:34,000 --> 02:10:36,760 >> THIS ONE IS FOR TIM. 2601 02:10:36,760 --> 02:10:38,040 THESE WORK FLOW RESOURCE 2602 02:10:38,040 --> 02:10:40,960 EXCITING BUT IS ONE RETIRED TO 2603 02:10:40,960 --> 02:10:42,840 USE THE SYSTEM AND LEVERAGE 2604 02:10:42,840 --> 02:10:43,160 THEM? 2605 02:10:43,160 --> 02:10:45,080 >> THANK YOU. 2606 02:10:45,080 --> 02:10:47,280 >> YOU DON'T NEED TO. 2607 02:10:47,280 --> 02:10:50,360 SO THE WORK FLOWS ARE AVAILABLE 2608 02:10:50,360 --> 02:10:52,600 IN GITHUB AND AVAILABLE IN DOC 2609 02:10:52,600 --> 02:10:56,000 STORE AND IN TERRA FORCE BECAUSE 2610 02:10:56,000 --> 02:10:59,200 WE'RE LEVERAGING THEM THERE. 2611 02:10:59,200 --> 02:11:00,960 YOU CAN LEVERAGE THEM AND 2612 02:11:00,960 --> 02:11:04,920 THEY'RE OPEN SOURCE AND LICENSE 2613 02:11:04,920 --> 02:11:06,320 AND LEVERAGE THE RAW SOURCE AND 2614 02:11:06,320 --> 02:11:10,440 IF YOU WANT TO RUN IN CROMWELL 2615 02:11:10,440 --> 02:11:14,000 OR BOTH THE PIPELINES ARE 2616 02:11:14,000 --> 02:11:15,840 CATEGORIZED AS WELL. 2617 02:11:15,840 --> 02:11:17,400 ALL THE STEPS ARE CHARACTERIZED 2618 02:11:17,400 --> 02:11:19,880 TO LEVERAGE IN THE ENVIRONMENT. 2619 02:11:19,880 --> 02:11:20,960 HOPEFULLY THERE'S A LOT OF PIECE 2620 02:11:20,960 --> 02:11:24,880 THERE'S IF YOU WANT TO RUN IT 2621 02:11:24,880 --> 02:11:28,040 AND SOMEBODY ESTABLISHED THAT 2622 02:11:28,040 --> 02:11:29,160 YOU HAVE. 2623 02:11:29,160 --> 02:11:37,680 >> THIS HAS BEEN THE BANE OF OUR 2624 02:11:37,680 --> 02:11:38,720 EXISTENCE HOW ARE THE 2625 02:11:38,720 --> 02:11:42,480 LABORATORIES ALIGNED USING THE 2626 02:11:42,480 --> 02:11:44,400 SAME SCHEMA OR MODELS AND WHAT'S 2627 02:11:44,400 --> 02:11:47,640 THE OVERLAP BETWEEN THE METADATA 2628 02:11:47,640 --> 02:11:48,200 ELEMENTS AT THE RESOURCE? 2629 02:11:48,200 --> 02:12:01,320 WHO'S LIKE TO TAKE THAT ONE? 2630 02:12:01,320 --> 02:12:06,520 HOW ARE THE METADATA ALIGNED. 2631 02:12:06,520 --> 02:12:12,440 DO WE AGREE TO A COMMON SCHEMA 2632 02:12:12,440 --> 02:12:13,840 IS THERE? 2633 02:12:13,840 --> 02:12:16,160 >> THERE'S DIFFERENT NEEDS FOR 2634 02:12:16,160 --> 02:12:17,240 THEIR INFRASTRUCTURE THEY HAVE 2635 02:12:17,240 --> 02:12:19,280 SET UP THERE. 2636 02:12:19,280 --> 02:12:20,800 DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES HAVE NEEDS 2637 02:12:20,800 --> 02:12:23,000 FOR DIFFERENT FIELDS. 2638 02:12:23,000 --> 02:12:24,440 TRANSCRIPTOMICS DATA WILL HAVE 2639 02:12:24,440 --> 02:12:26,440 DIFFERENT NEEDS FOR TRACKING THE 2640 02:12:26,440 --> 02:12:28,200 STATE OF THEIR DATA VERSUS WHAT 2641 02:12:28,200 --> 02:12:30,200 THE IMAGING HAS. 2642 02:12:30,200 --> 02:12:33,640 IMAGING HAS A 3-D MICROSCOPY 2643 02:12:33,640 --> 02:12:35,840 STANDARD WITHOUT REFERENCE THAT 2644 02:12:35,840 --> 02:12:38,600 IS SUPPORTED BY CAROL HAMILTON'S 2645 02:12:38,600 --> 02:12:38,840 GRANT. 2646 02:12:38,840 --> 02:12:40,440 THERE'S THINGS THAT PAY AT THE 2647 02:12:40,440 --> 02:12:43,080 BIG SPACE AND LOTS OF STANDARDS 2648 02:12:43,080 --> 02:12:44,640 THAT WERE LOOKED AT AND WE'VE 2649 02:12:44,640 --> 02:12:45,840 BEEN TRYING TO FIGURE OUT OUR 2650 02:12:45,840 --> 02:12:46,280 WAY THROUGH. 2651 02:12:46,280 --> 02:12:53,680 WHAT WE HAVE ALIGNED TO IS BASE 2652 02:12:53,680 --> 02:12:54,560 INFORMATION ABOUT THE DATA 2653 02:12:54,560 --> 02:12:55,040 COLLECTION. 2654 02:12:55,040 --> 02:12:57,560 A LOT OF THE STUFF ABOUT THE 2655 02:12:57,560 --> 02:13:00,520 DATA COLLECTIONS HAS MIGRATED 2656 02:13:00,520 --> 02:13:03,360 TOWARDS THE DATA SIGHT STANDARDS 2657 02:13:03,360 --> 02:13:06,520 BECAUSE OF THE DESIRE TO CREATE 2658 02:13:06,520 --> 02:13:08,040 D.O.I.s OR THE DATA SETS. 2659 02:13:08,040 --> 02:13:08,880 THERE'S ALIGNMENT THERE AND 2660 02:13:08,880 --> 02:13:11,320 THERE'S A CONTINUING STUDY AND 2661 02:13:11,320 --> 02:13:15,320 WILL ALWAYS BE A CONTINUING 2662 02:13:15,320 --> 02:13:17,760 EFFORT TO DEVELOP THE NECESSARY 2663 02:13:17,760 --> 02:13:18,160 METADATA. 2664 02:13:18,160 --> 02:13:20,160 WE HAVE A BASE SET METADATA WE 2665 02:13:20,160 --> 02:13:21,960 COLLECT FOR SPECIMENS. 2666 02:13:21,960 --> 02:13:23,200 THERE'S A LITTLE BIT FOR THE 2667 02:13:23,200 --> 02:13:26,440 DONORS AND THEN THERE'S SO MUCH 2668 02:13:26,440 --> 02:13:28,160 MORE TO CONTINUE TO COLLECT AND 2669 02:13:28,160 --> 02:13:33,040 HOPE TO ENRICH THAT SPACE AS WE 2670 02:13:33,040 --> 02:13:35,680 GO UP. 2671 02:13:35,680 --> 02:13:38,960 WE HAVE LANGUAGE OF BASIC 2672 02:13:38,960 --> 02:13:39,440 METADATA ACROSS THE 2673 02:13:39,440 --> 02:13:41,760 INFRASTRUCTURE BUT EVERY ARCHIVE 2674 02:13:41,760 --> 02:13:45,600 BECAUSE IT'S GOT DIFFERENT TYPES 2675 02:13:45,600 --> 02:13:47,640 OF DATA AND EVERY ARCHIVE HAS 2676 02:13:47,640 --> 02:13:49,240 ITS OWN UNIQUE NEEDS AS WELL. 2677 02:13:49,240 --> 02:13:49,880 >> YEAH. 2678 02:13:49,880 --> 02:13:55,280 I WOULD SAY OVER THE LAST FIVE 2679 02:13:55,280 --> 02:13:56,440 YEARS THIS HAS BEEN SOMETHING 2680 02:13:56,440 --> 02:13:58,040 THAT HAS STEADILY BEEN GOING ON. 2681 02:13:58,040 --> 02:14:00,640 AS ANYBODY WHO DEALS WITH 2682 02:14:00,640 --> 02:14:02,120 METADATA OR RUNS A RESOURCE 2683 02:14:02,120 --> 02:14:06,680 KNOWS IT'S ALWAYS AN ISSUE 2684 02:14:06,680 --> 02:14:07,840 BECAUSE THE BRAIN INITIATIVE 2685 02:14:07,840 --> 02:14:09,760 INFRASTRUCTURE WAS SET UPS A 2686 02:14:09,760 --> 02:14:10,400 DISTRIBUTED INFRASTRUCTURE AND 2687 02:14:10,400 --> 02:14:11,880 SOME THINGS ALREADY EXISTED AND 2688 02:14:11,880 --> 02:14:12,640 SOME HAD TO BE DEVELOPED. 2689 02:14:12,640 --> 02:14:15,000 THEY STILL HAD TO DEVELOP THEM 2690 02:14:15,000 --> 02:14:17,400 EVEN IF THE STANDARDS WEREN'T IN 2691 02:14:17,400 --> 02:14:18,640 PLACE UNTIL WHAT YOU SEE IS 2692 02:14:18,640 --> 02:14:22,160 CHAOS IN THE BEGINNING BECAUSE 2693 02:14:22,160 --> 02:14:23,040 EVERYTHING NEEDS TO BE UP AND 2694 02:14:23,040 --> 02:14:24,120 RUNNING AND PEOPLE NEED TO 2695 02:14:24,120 --> 02:14:25,000 UNDERSTAND WHAT THEY'RE DOING 2696 02:14:25,000 --> 02:14:27,800 AND YOU START TO GRADUALLY ALIGN 2697 02:14:27,800 --> 02:14:29,200 OVER TIME AS THINGS BECOME 2698 02:14:29,200 --> 02:14:30,840 AVAILABLE AND NEW BEST PRACTICES 2699 02:14:30,840 --> 02:14:32,000 COME OUT. 2700 02:14:32,000 --> 02:14:32,840 ANYBODY ELSE HAVE ANYTHING ELSE 2701 02:14:32,840 --> 02:14:35,880 TO OFFER ON THAT ONE? 2702 02:14:35,880 --> 02:14:37,760 >> I CAN SAY THAT ONE OF THE 2703 02:14:37,760 --> 02:14:41,120 THINGS I THINK WAS VERY HELPFUL 2704 02:14:41,120 --> 02:14:42,680 WAS THE INVOLVEMENT OF BICCN 2705 02:14:42,680 --> 02:14:44,880 WHEN THE ARCHIVES WERE GETTING 2706 02:14:44,880 --> 02:14:45,160 STARTED. 2707 02:14:45,160 --> 02:14:51,680 I THINK AT LEAST FOR THIS 2708 02:14:51,680 --> 02:14:55,520 PROJECT IT HELPED TO ALIGN THE 2709 02:14:55,520 --> 02:14:59,240 METADATA BETWEEN MY ARCHIVE AND 2710 02:14:59,240 --> 02:15:00,960 THE NEMO ARCHIVE AT SOME BASIC 2711 02:15:00,960 --> 02:15:02,440 LEVEL AND WE'RE ALL TALKING AND 2712 02:15:02,440 --> 02:15:04,640 KNOW WE CAN DO A BETTER JOB BUT 2713 02:15:04,640 --> 02:15:09,320 EACH OF OUR ARCHIVES HAS A 2714 02:15:09,320 --> 02:15:12,840 BROADER AUDIENCE AND HAVE TO 2715 02:15:12,840 --> 02:15:16,400 BALANCE THOSE NEEDS AS WELL. 2716 02:15:16,400 --> 02:15:17,760 BICCN HAS HELPED QUITE A BIT IN 2717 02:15:17,760 --> 02:15:19,040 DRIVING THAT STANDARDIZATION 2718 02:15:19,040 --> 02:15:26,840 ACROSS ARCHIVES. 2719 02:15:26,840 --> 02:15:35,360 WE HAVE SPECIFIC QUESTIONS. 2720 02:15:35,360 --> 02:15:37,240 SHOULD WE UPLOAD OUR RAW DATA TO 2721 02:15:37,240 --> 02:15:38,720 THE BICCN OR NEMO? 2722 02:15:38,720 --> 02:15:40,560 BASICALLY HOW DOES THE ECO 2723 02:15:40,560 --> 02:15:42,760 SYSTEM WORK? 2724 02:15:42,760 --> 02:15:57,280 WE PRODUCE MASS SPEC TROM ETRY 2725 02:15:57,280 --> 02:15:59,440 AND WHAT DOES ONE DO WITH A DATA 2726 02:15:59,440 --> 02:16:00,200 TYPE THAT IS PERHAPS A LITTLE 2727 02:16:00,200 --> 02:16:02,880 BIT DIFFERENT AND WHAT DO WE DO 2728 02:16:02,880 --> 02:16:16,640 WITH RAW VERSUS THE DERIVED 2729 02:16:16,640 --> 02:16:27,360 DATA. 2730 02:16:27,360 --> 02:16:29,640 >> WHEN YOU DO THAT WE ASK YOU 2731 02:16:29,640 --> 02:16:32,200 PROVIDE A MANIFEST THAT INCLUDES 2732 02:16:32,200 --> 02:16:36,640 BASIC METADATA IN ADDITION WE 2733 02:16:36,640 --> 02:16:38,480 WORK TO PROVIDE ADDITIONAL 2734 02:16:38,480 --> 02:16:38,920 METADATA. 2735 02:16:38,920 --> 02:16:40,640 I APOLOGIZE. 2736 02:16:40,640 --> 02:16:43,640 WE APOLOGIZE THAT'S A MULTI STEP 2737 02:16:43,640 --> 02:16:47,040 PROCESS BUT IT ENABLES THE 2738 02:16:47,040 --> 02:16:48,120 COORDINATION. 2739 02:16:48,120 --> 02:16:49,800 FOR DETAILS E-MAIL US AND WE'LL 2740 02:16:49,800 --> 02:16:54,040 WORK WITH YOU. 2741 02:16:54,040 --> 02:17:00,640 WE HAVE A TEAM OF DATA REGULARS 2742 02:17:00,640 --> 02:17:05,840 THAT CAN HELP WITH THAT. 2743 02:17:05,840 --> 02:17:08,440 >> IT CAN BE MASS SPEC ABOUT THE 2744 02:17:08,440 --> 02:17:13,040 BEST DESTINATION FOR THAT TYPE 2745 02:17:13,040 --> 02:17:13,480 OF DATA. 2746 02:17:13,480 --> 02:17:17,040 IT MAY BE YOU HAVE SOME VERY 2747 02:17:17,040 --> 02:17:18,760 SPECIAL MULTI-MODAL DATA WHERE 2748 02:17:18,760 --> 02:17:21,040 YOU HAVE THINGS SO INTERLINKED 2749 02:17:21,040 --> 02:17:24,040 YOU DON'T WANT TO SPLIT THEM 2750 02:17:24,040 --> 02:17:25,040 ACROSS ARCHIVES. 2751 02:17:25,040 --> 02:17:27,960 THERE ARE SPECIAL WAYS WE CAN 2752 02:17:27,960 --> 02:17:30,800 ACCOMMODATE THE DATA FOR 2753 02:17:30,800 --> 02:17:35,840 INSTANCE AT DANDI SOME 2754 02:17:35,840 --> 02:17:37,360 NEUROPHYSIOLOGY DATA AND IT'S A 2755 02:17:37,360 --> 02:17:38,840 DISCUSSION ABOUT WHERE'S THE 2756 02:17:38,840 --> 02:17:40,120 BEST HOME WORD AND SOMETIMES IT 2757 02:17:40,120 --> 02:17:46,560 WILL BE ABOUT WHAT TOOLS YOU'LL 2758 02:17:46,560 --> 02:17:47,800 WANT ALONG WITH THE DATA. 2759 02:17:47,800 --> 02:17:50,480 THE FIRST SPACE IS TO TALK TO US 2760 02:17:50,480 --> 02:17:52,920 AND IT'S A DISCUSSION ABOUT THE 2761 02:17:52,920 --> 02:17:53,640 BEST DATA. 2762 02:17:53,640 --> 02:17:59,080 >> AND IN GENERAL -- GO AHEAD. 2763 02:17:59,080 --> 02:18:02,120 >> I WAS GOING TO MAKE THIS MORE 2764 02:18:02,120 --> 02:18:08,760 BROADER AND IF IT IS A DATA 2765 02:18:08,760 --> 02:18:10,840 MODALITY AND NOT PART OF BICCN 2766 02:18:10,840 --> 02:18:12,200 REACH OUT TO YOUR PROGRAM 2767 02:18:12,200 --> 02:18:12,440 OFFICER. 2768 02:18:12,440 --> 02:18:15,280 MY PROGRAM OFFICER THERE'S A 2769 02:18:15,280 --> 02:18:16,200 NUMBER OF DIFFERENT DATA 2770 02:18:16,200 --> 02:18:18,440 ARCHIVES THAT HAVE BEEN 2771 02:18:18,440 --> 02:18:19,640 ESTABLISHED AND SEVERAL 2772 02:18:19,640 --> 02:18:20,880 ESTABLISHED NOT PART OF THE 2773 02:18:20,880 --> 02:18:23,000 BICCN NETWORK. 2774 02:18:23,000 --> 02:18:25,680 YOUR PROGRAM OFFICER WILL 2775 02:18:25,680 --> 02:18:27,320 CONTACT MY PROGRAM OFFICER AND 2776 02:18:27,320 --> 02:18:30,040 THEY'LL DISEASE WHERE YOUR DATA 2777 02:18:30,040 --> 02:18:31,280 NEEDS TO GO. 2778 02:18:31,280 --> 02:18:33,600 THAT'S THE WAY I WOULD ANSWER 2779 02:18:33,600 --> 02:18:34,160 THAT A LITTLE BIT MORE 2780 02:18:34,160 --> 02:18:41,360 GENERICALLY. 2781 02:18:41,360 --> 02:18:43,720 >> ALSO I WANTED TO TALK WHEN 2782 02:18:43,720 --> 02:18:45,360 THE BROAD DATA QUESTION AND THE 2783 02:18:45,360 --> 02:18:47,840 CONCEPT OF DATA LEVELS IS 2784 02:18:47,840 --> 02:18:49,600 INTEGRAL TO THE WAY THE DATA ARE 2785 02:18:49,600 --> 02:18:51,720 ORGANIZED AND SETS OF RAW DATA 2786 02:18:51,720 --> 02:18:54,080 ALWAYS GOES TO THE ARCHIVE BUT 2787 02:18:54,080 --> 02:18:56,480 THERE'S DIFFERENT LEVELS OF 2788 02:18:56,480 --> 02:18:58,200 PROCESSING, ALIGNMENT, LINKAGE 2789 02:18:58,200 --> 02:18:59,920 THAT HAPPENS TO AN INDIVIDUAL 2790 02:18:59,920 --> 02:19:04,800 DATA SET AND THIS IS ONE OF THE 2791 02:19:04,800 --> 02:19:07,360 FEATURES OF THE WAY THE BICCN 2792 02:19:07,360 --> 02:19:08,440 DATA ARCHIVES ARE ORGANIZED AND 2793 02:19:08,440 --> 02:19:11,000 WE'RE CURRENTLY WORKING ON HOW 2794 02:19:11,000 --> 02:19:14,200 TO PRESENT THOSE STEPS AND 2795 02:19:14,200 --> 02:19:15,640 LEVELS TO THE COMMUNITY. 2796 02:19:15,640 --> 02:19:19,200 I'LL ANSWER QUICKLY A QUESTION 2797 02:19:19,200 --> 02:19:20,440 IN THE CHAT ABOUT HOW USERS 2798 02:19:20,440 --> 02:19:22,360 FINDS THE DATA SETS OF 2799 02:19:22,360 --> 02:19:23,040 RELEVANCE. 2800 02:19:23,040 --> 02:19:25,400 IS THERE A CENTRALIZED SEARCH 2801 02:19:25,400 --> 02:19:27,840 AND YOU CAN GO TO THE PORTAL AND 2802 02:19:27,840 --> 02:19:30,000 USE THE DATA CATALOG WHY SEARCHS 2803 02:19:30,000 --> 02:19:30,960 ACROSS ALL OF THEM. 2804 02:19:30,960 --> 02:19:34,520 I WANTED TO WRAP THIS UP WITH A 2805 02:19:34,520 --> 02:19:36,080 QUESTION DIRECTED TOWARDS JESSE 2806 02:19:36,080 --> 02:19:38,960 AND I THINK THE BICCN IN 2807 02:19:38,960 --> 02:19:39,240 GENERAL. 2808 02:19:39,240 --> 02:19:44,400 DO YOU THINK THE EXISTING DATA 2809 02:19:44,400 --> 02:19:46,440 IS SUFFICIENT TO GENERATE MARKER 2810 02:19:46,440 --> 02:19:49,600 GENES AND CELL ANNOTATION AND 2811 02:19:49,600 --> 02:19:53,760 HOW MUCH DO WE NEED AND HOW DO 2812 02:19:53,760 --> 02:19:55,600 WE KNOW WHEN WE'RE DONE? 2813 02:19:55,600 --> 02:19:58,240 >> I LIKE THAT QUESTION A LOT. 2814 02:19:58,240 --> 02:19:58,880 RELIABLE UNDER WHAT 2815 02:19:58,880 --> 02:19:59,200 CIRCUMSTANCE? 2816 02:19:59,200 --> 02:20:04,920 SO IT'S IMPORTANT TO THINK WITH 2817 02:20:04,920 --> 02:20:11,120 THE CLASSES AND THE BICCN 2818 02:20:11,120 --> 02:20:12,640 SAMPLED ACROSS A LOT OF 2819 02:20:12,640 --> 02:20:16,760 TECHNOLOGICAL VARIABILITY BUT 2820 02:20:16,760 --> 02:20:20,880 DIDN'T SAMPLE ACROSS GENETIC 2821 02:20:20,880 --> 02:20:25,000 BACKGROUND VARIABILITY AND IF 2822 02:20:25,000 --> 02:20:28,160 YOU DO EXPERIMENTS YOU CAN HAVE 2823 02:20:28,160 --> 02:20:33,960 A STRAIN LARGE YOU'D LIKE AND 2824 02:20:33,960 --> 02:20:36,840 ROBUST AS LONG AS YOU'RE WITHIN 2825 02:20:36,840 --> 02:20:37,640 THE SYSTEM. 2826 02:20:37,640 --> 02:20:39,440 IF YOU'RE INTERESTED IN APPLYING 2827 02:20:39,440 --> 02:20:41,080 THIS TOWARDS DISEASE WE MAY NOT 2828 02:20:41,080 --> 02:20:43,320 BE QUITE THERE YET IN MATERIALS 2829 02:20:43,320 --> 02:20:48,160 OF GENERALIZABLE SIGNIFICANCE. 2830 02:20:48,160 --> 02:20:50,320 I THINK WE'RE VERY RELIABLE ON 2831 02:20:50,320 --> 02:20:54,200 CELL TYPES AND MARKER SETS FOR 2832 02:20:54,200 --> 02:20:58,680 TRANSCRIPTOMICS SIGNATURES AND 2833 02:20:58,680 --> 02:21:01,040 MOVING ON TO PRIMATE SOON WE'LL 2834 02:21:01,040 --> 02:21:03,800 BE THERE AS WELL. 2835 02:21:03,800 --> 02:21:05,760 >> THANK YOU. 2836 02:21:05,760 --> 02:21:08,400 SO I THINK WE ARE ALMOST AT THE 2837 02:21:08,400 --> 02:21:11,920 END OF OUR SESSION. 2838 02:21:11,920 --> 02:21:14,040 I WANT TO THANK THE SPEAKERS FOR 2839 02:21:14,040 --> 02:21:15,200 THEIR EXCELLENT PRESENTATIONS. 2840 02:21:15,200 --> 02:21:16,880 I HOPE YOU LEARNED A LOT ABOUT 2841 02:21:16,880 --> 02:21:19,960 ALL THE DATA RESOURCES THAT HAVE 2842 02:21:19,960 --> 02:21:22,800 BEEN AMASSED ON BEHALF OF THE 2843 02:21:22,800 --> 02:21:26,640 BICCN AND ARE MAINTAINED ACROSS 2844 02:21:26,640 --> 02:21:28,840 THE BRAIN INITIATIVE ECO SYSTEM. 2845 02:21:28,840 --> 02:21:32,960 I ALSO WANT TO GIVE 2846 02:21:32,960 --> 02:21:34,400 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TO MY CORRELATES 2847 02:21:34,400 --> 02:21:37,360 WHO HELPED PUT THE SESSION 2848 02:21:37,360 --> 02:21:40,680 TOGETHER AND IF WE HAD BEEN LIVE 2849 02:21:40,680 --> 02:21:42,200 AND WOULD HAVE BEEN MODERATING 2850 02:21:42,200 --> 02:21:45,000 WITH ME AND I WOULD LIKE TO TURN 2851 02:21:45,000 --> 02:21:49,000 THIS OVER AND THANK THE AUDIENCE 2852 02:21:49,000 --> 02:21:51,240 FOR LISTENING AND TURN IT OVER 2853 02:21:51,240 --> 02:21:52,400 TO THE ORGANIZERS. 2854 02:21:52,400 --> 02:21:53,840 I UNDERSTAND THERE'S LUNCH AND 2855 02:21:53,840 --> 02:21:54,600 AWARDS COMING UP. 2856 02:21:54,600 --> 02:21:55,320 THANK YOU, EVERYBODY. 2857 02:21:55,320 --> 02:21:56,840 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION AND 2858 02:21:56,840 --> 02:21:58,120 FEEL FREE TO REACH OUT TO ANY OF 2859 02:21:58,120 --> 02:22:01,000 US IF YOU HAVE ADDITIONAL 2860 02:22:01,000 --> 02:22:03,240 QUESTIONS. 2861 02:22:03,240 --> 02:22:04,040 >> ALL RIGHT WELCOME EVERYONE. 2862 02:22:04,040 --> 02:22:05,720 TO THE WINNER ANNOUNCEMENT OF 2863 02:22:05,720 --> 02:22:08,800 THE SECOND YEAR OF THE BRAIN 2864 02:22:08,800 --> 02:22:10,040 INITIATIVE CHALLENGE FOR HIGH 2865 02:22:10,040 --> 02:22:11,160 SCHOOL STUDENTS AT THE NATIONAL 2866 02:22:11,160 --> 02:22:11,760 INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. 2867 02:22:11,760 --> 02:22:14,040 WE'LL ANNOUNCE THE THIRD, FINAL 2868 02:22:14,040 --> 02:22:18,240 AND FIRST-TIER PRIZE WINNERS. 2869 02:22:18,240 --> 02:22:19,760 THE UNIQUE COMPETITION FOR HIGH 2870 02:22:19,760 --> 02:22:20,560 SCHOOL STUDENTS. 2871 02:22:20,560 --> 02:22:26,720 IN ADDITION TO THE AMAZING 2872 02:22:26,720 --> 02:22:28,880 SUBMISSIONS WE'LL GET TO HEAR 2873 02:22:28,880 --> 02:22:30,640 TAKEAWAYS. 2874 02:22:30,640 --> 02:22:38,400 >> WE HAVE DR. JOHN NGAI AND THE 2875 02:22:38,400 --> 02:22:40,520 DIRECTOR OF THE NEUROLOGICAL 2876 02:22:40,520 --> 02:22:42,160 DISORDERS AND STROKE AND THE 2877 02:22:42,160 --> 02:22:44,560 DIRECTOR OF THE INSTITUTE ON 2878 02:22:44,560 --> 02:22:46,360 DEAFNESS AND OTHER COMMUNICATION 2879 02:22:46,360 --> 02:22:48,440 DISORDERS AND DR. RICHARD HODES 2880 02:22:48,440 --> 02:22:49,240 THE DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL 2881 02:22:49,240 --> 02:23:01,760 INSTITUTE ON AGING. 2882 02:23:01,760 --> 02:23:39,480 YOU'LL THOSE INTERESTED IN THE 2883 02:23:39,480 --> 02:23:43,440 THE -- AND ENHANCE STUDENTS IN 2884 02:23:43,440 --> 02:23:43,800 NEUROETHICS. 2885 02:23:43,800 --> 02:23:45,520 ELIGIBLE STUDENTS SUBMITTED 2886 02:23:45,520 --> 02:23:47,840 THEIR IDEAS AND PERSPECTIVES IN 2887 02:23:47,840 --> 02:23:56,400 THE FORM OF A ESSAY OR SHORT 2888 02:23:56,400 --> 02:23:57,960 VIDEO. 2889 02:23:57,960 --> 02:24:07,880 >> IT WAS A PLEASURE AND THERE'S 2890 02:24:07,880 --> 02:24:13,880 FIVE SUBMISSIONS THAT RECEIVED 2891 02:24:13,880 --> 02:24:15,880 HONORABLE RECOGNITION DISPLAYED 2892 02:24:15,880 --> 02:24:22,760 HERE. 2893 02:24:22,760 --> 02:24:23,920 FIRST LET'S HEAR FROM THE TOP 2894 02:24:23,920 --> 02:25:09,360 WINNERS. 2895 02:25:09,360 --> 02:25:15,360 >> AND MINIMIZE THE SYMPTOMS OF 2896 02:25:15,360 --> 02:25:18,840 CHRONIC DISEASE SUCH AS 2897 02:25:18,840 --> 02:25:21,000 PARKINSON'S TODAY. 2898 02:25:21,000 --> 02:25:23,960 THERE'S A DILEMMA FOR TREATMENT 2899 02:25:23,960 --> 02:25:25,760 THAT CAN INCREASE OR DECREASE 2900 02:25:25,760 --> 02:25:26,920 THEIR QUALITY OF LIFE BY 2901 02:25:26,920 --> 02:25:27,960 CHANGING THEIR PERSONALITY. 2902 02:25:27,960 --> 02:25:29,160 PATIENTS AND THEIR FAMILIES 2903 02:25:29,160 --> 02:25:30,480 OFTEN HAVE DIFFERENT VIEWS AS 2904 02:25:30,480 --> 02:25:37,440 THE PATIENTS ARE OFTEN HAPPY THE 2905 02:25:37,440 --> 02:25:38,720 SYMPTOMS LISTEN. 2906 02:25:38,720 --> 02:25:41,200 THE FAMILY HOWEVER, VIEWS IT A 2907 02:25:41,200 --> 02:25:43,280 DIFFERENT LIGHT AS THE LOVED ONE 2908 02:25:43,280 --> 02:25:44,920 HAS UNDER GONE PERSONALITY 2909 02:25:44,920 --> 02:25:47,920 CHANGES THAT AFFECT THEM IN 2910 02:25:47,920 --> 02:25:49,640 THEIR DAILY LIVES. 2911 02:25:49,640 --> 02:25:50,760 SOME FAMILIES DESCRIBE THEM AS 2912 02:25:50,760 --> 02:25:51,920 NOT THE SAME PERSON. 2913 02:25:51,920 --> 02:25:56,520 THERE'S MANY EXAMPLES SUCH AS A 2914 02:25:56,520 --> 02:25:58,960 PATIENT WHO AFTER UNDERGOING DBS 2915 02:25:58,960 --> 02:26:01,960 HAS A NEW STATE OF CONSTANT 2916 02:26:01,960 --> 02:26:02,360 EUPHORIA. 2917 02:26:02,360 --> 02:26:03,960 WHILE THE PATIENT IS CONTENT 2918 02:26:03,960 --> 02:26:06,520 WITH THE NEW STATE IN 2919 02:26:06,520 --> 02:26:08,800 PERSONALITY, THE FAMILY BARELY 2920 02:26:08,800 --> 02:26:12,760 RECOGNIZES HIM AND CAUSES THEM 2921 02:26:12,760 --> 02:26:15,920 TO FEEL HAPPIER BUT THEY HAVE TO 2922 02:26:15,920 --> 02:26:18,000 MAKE A DECISION TO BE PLACED IN 2923 02:26:18,000 --> 02:26:19,480 AN MENTAL INSTITUTE OR NOT AND 2924 02:26:19,480 --> 02:26:25,040 NO ONE KNEW WHETHER TO ALLOW THE 2925 02:26:25,040 --> 02:26:27,040 VERSION OF THEMSELVES TO MAKE 2926 02:26:27,040 --> 02:26:28,480 THE DECISION OR THE NORMAL 2927 02:26:28,480 --> 02:26:30,640 PERSONALITY MAKE THE DECISION. 2928 02:26:30,640 --> 02:26:31,760 ADDITIONALLY, THIS BEGS THE 2929 02:26:31,760 --> 02:26:34,440 QUESTION OF WHAT STATE PRE OR 2930 02:26:34,440 --> 02:26:36,920 POST PBS IS A PERSON CONSIDERED 2931 02:26:36,920 --> 02:26:40,600 RESPONSIBLE AND IN CHARGE OF 2932 02:26:40,600 --> 02:26:40,920 THEMSELVES. 2933 02:26:40,920 --> 02:26:43,960 AND I WOULD SAY SOME OF THE 2934 02:26:43,960 --> 02:26:46,080 MAJOR TAKEAWAYS I HAD WAS THAT 2935 02:26:46,080 --> 02:26:47,360 ALTHOUGH THE PATIENTS SHOULD BE 2936 02:26:47,360 --> 02:26:50,080 THE ONES WHO FINALLY HAVE THE 2937 02:26:50,080 --> 02:26:50,640 DECISION TO DECIDE WHAT 2938 02:26:50,640 --> 02:26:53,000 TREATMENT IS RIGHT FOR THEM AND 2939 02:26:53,000 --> 02:26:54,920 WHETHER DBS IS THE RIGHT FORM OF 2940 02:26:54,920 --> 02:26:56,040 TREATMENT FOR THEM DUE TO THE 2941 02:26:56,040 --> 02:26:58,600 FACT THEY COULD HAVE 2942 02:26:58,600 --> 02:27:00,040 LIFE-ALTERING AFFECTS THE 2943 02:27:00,040 --> 02:27:01,360 PERSONALITY CHANGES, THEY SHOULD 2944 02:27:01,360 --> 02:27:03,160 BE FULLY INFORMED BY THEIR 2945 02:27:03,160 --> 02:27:05,200 DOCTOR AND CAREGIVERS SO THE 2946 02:27:05,200 --> 02:27:07,960 BENEFICIAL AND HARMFUL AFFECTS 2947 02:27:07,960 --> 02:27:09,920 OF THE TREATMENT COULD HAVE ON 2948 02:27:09,920 --> 02:27:10,600 THEIR LIVES BECAUSE IN MANY 2949 02:27:10,600 --> 02:27:14,760 CASES THE PATIENT MAY NOT BE 2950 02:27:14,760 --> 02:27:16,880 FULLY INFORMED ABOUT WHETHER THE 2951 02:27:16,880 --> 02:27:18,560 DBS COULD IMPACT THEM NEGATIVELY 2952 02:27:18,560 --> 02:27:20,920 OR HAD A CHANCE TO IMPACT THEM 2953 02:27:20,920 --> 02:27:22,440 NEGATIVELY AND SO THEY UNDER GO 2954 02:27:22,440 --> 02:27:25,480 THE AND THOUGH THEY MAY BE 2955 02:27:25,480 --> 02:27:26,400 CONTENT IT'S IMPORTANT THEY 2956 02:27:26,400 --> 02:27:28,080 WOULD HAVE KNOWN WHETHER OR NOT 2957 02:27:28,080 --> 02:27:31,080 THIS WOULD CHANGE THEIR 2958 02:27:31,080 --> 02:27:32,760 PERSONALITY BECAUSE THOUGH THEY 2959 02:27:32,760 --> 02:27:35,080 MAY LIKE THE NEW PERSONALITY 2960 02:27:35,080 --> 02:27:36,480 LATER, WE MAY NOT KNOW IF THAT'S 2961 02:27:36,480 --> 02:27:38,360 SOMETHING THEY WANTED IN THE 2962 02:27:38,360 --> 02:27:41,320 FIRST PLACE WHEN UNDERGOING THE 2963 02:27:41,320 --> 02:27:41,720 TREATMENT. 2964 02:27:41,720 --> 02:27:43,960 ADDITIONALLY, IT'S IMPORTANT TO 2965 02:27:43,960 --> 02:27:45,680 HAVE MORE RESEARCH ON DBS IN 2966 02:27:45,680 --> 02:27:47,520 GENERAL TO UNDERSTAND HOW THESE 2967 02:27:47,520 --> 02:27:50,040 SIDE EFFECTS ARE EVEN ABLE TO 2968 02:27:50,040 --> 02:27:51,520 TAKE PLACE SO THEY CAN SEE IF 2969 02:27:51,520 --> 02:27:56,160 THEY CAN MITIGATE AND LISTEN 2970 02:27:56,160 --> 02:27:56,560 SIDE EFFECTS. 2971 02:27:56,560 --> 02:27:59,200 >> THANK YOU. 2972 02:27:59,200 --> 02:28:03,400 WELL DONE AND WELL COMMUNICATED. 2973 02:28:03,400 --> 02:28:08,120 NEXT THE THIRD TIER WINNING 2974 02:28:08,120 --> 02:28:10,480 ESSAY ON INVASIVE BMIs AND THEIR 2975 02:28:10,480 --> 02:28:11,040 ETHICAL CHALLENGES. 2976 02:28:11,040 --> 02:28:12,240 CAN YOU READ AN EXCERPT FROM 2977 02:28:12,240 --> 02:28:13,200 YOURS AND SHARE TAKEAWAYS WITH 2978 02:28:13,200 --> 02:28:15,200 US. 2979 02:28:15,200 --> 02:28:16,840 >> THANK YOU FOR HAVING ME. 2980 02:28:16,840 --> 02:28:20,080 I'M HONORED TO BE HERE RIGHT NOW 2981 02:28:20,080 --> 02:28:23,320 AND SO I'VE WROTE ABOUT INVASIVE 2982 02:28:23,320 --> 02:28:28,680 MACHINE INTERFACES AND THEIR 2983 02:28:28,680 --> 02:28:32,760 ETHICAL CHALLENGES. 2984 02:28:32,760 --> 02:28:37,480 THIS RAISES SEVERAL SIGNIFICANT 2985 02:28:37,480 --> 02:28:38,240 CONCERNS. 2986 02:28:38,240 --> 02:28:40,400 HOW MUCH DO COMPANIES HAVE TO A 2987 02:28:40,400 --> 02:28:42,200 PATIENT'S DATA AND HOW MUCH DO 2988 02:28:42,200 --> 02:28:43,600 THE DATA POINTS BECOME 2989 02:28:43,600 --> 02:28:45,520 DISTINGUISHABLE FROM MEMORY AND 2990 02:28:45,520 --> 02:28:46,920 IS PRIVACY POSSIBLE WITH ACCESS 2991 02:28:46,920 --> 02:28:48,120 TO OUR BRAINS? 2992 02:28:48,120 --> 02:28:49,400 AND PERHAPS MOST SERIOUS AT WHAT 2993 02:28:49,400 --> 02:28:51,240 POINT IS HACKING BECOME THE MOST 2994 02:28:51,240 --> 02:28:52,600 SERIOUS CRIME OF ALL? 2995 02:28:52,600 --> 02:28:54,680 HACKING INTO A HUMAN BRAIN COULD 2996 02:28:54,680 --> 02:28:57,200 RESULT IN DEATH AND ALSO RESULT 2997 02:28:57,200 --> 02:29:01,200 IN MEMORY LOSS, PARALYSIS OR THE 2998 02:29:01,200 --> 02:29:05,480 INDIGNITY OF HAVING ONE'S BRAIN 2999 02:29:05,480 --> 02:29:13,520 INVADED BY ANOTHER AND-IN-LAWF -- 3000 02:29:13,520 --> 02:29:20,400 AND THIS COULD BE A MORE SERIOUS 3001 02:29:20,400 --> 02:29:31,480 AFFRONT AND AS WE IMPLANT AND 3002 02:29:31,480 --> 02:29:33,480 THERE'S MORE CAPABLE THAN EVER 3003 02:29:33,480 --> 02:29:36,080 BUT WE ALSO BECOME MORE 3004 02:29:36,080 --> 02:29:36,360 VULNERABLE. 3005 02:29:36,360 --> 02:29:41,480 THIS PARADOX WILL DEFINE 3006 02:29:41,480 --> 02:29:42,600 HUMANITY AND ONE OF THE MOST 3007 02:29:42,600 --> 02:29:44,080 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS WE HAVE TO 3008 02:29:44,080 --> 02:29:47,200 ASK OURSELVES DURING THE COURSE 3009 02:29:47,200 --> 02:29:49,400 OF THE NEXT MILLENNIUM IS WHAT'S 3010 02:29:49,400 --> 02:29:50,720 IT MEAN TO BE HUMAN? 3011 02:29:50,720 --> 02:29:51,880 MY TAKEAWAY FROM THIS IS 3012 02:29:51,880 --> 02:29:53,600 LEARNING HOW COMPLEX THE BRAIN 3013 02:29:53,600 --> 02:29:56,120 IS AND LIES WITHIN THE PARADOX I 3014 02:29:56,120 --> 02:29:57,400 TALKED ABOUT AND WHAT IT MEANS 3015 02:29:57,400 --> 02:29:59,040 TO BE HUMAN. 3016 02:29:59,040 --> 02:30:01,080 WHEN IT COMES TO BRAIN MACHINE 3017 02:30:01,080 --> 02:30:05,560 INTERFACES THERE'S A LOT TO SAY. 3018 02:30:05,560 --> 02:30:08,280 THE BRAIN IS A VERY COMPLEX 3019 02:30:08,280 --> 02:30:08,480 ORGAN. 3020 02:30:08,480 --> 02:30:09,600 THE MOST COMPLEX IN THE UNIFORM 3021 02:30:09,600 --> 02:30:11,960 SO FAR BUT AS THE BRAIN IS 3022 02:30:11,960 --> 02:30:17,600 THINGS ONLY GET MORE COMPLICATED 3023 02:30:17,600 --> 02:30:20,600 WHEN YOU RAISE THE QUESTION OF 3024 02:30:20,600 --> 02:30:23,080 INTERFACING AND IF MY BRAIN 3025 02:30:23,080 --> 02:30:24,400 INTERFACES WITH A PIECE OF 3026 02:30:24,400 --> 02:30:27,240 TECHNOLOGY CAN IT BE SAID I'M 3027 02:30:27,240 --> 02:30:28,000 STILL FULLY ME? 3028 02:30:28,000 --> 02:30:33,320 WOULDN'T IT BE FAIR TO SAY I'M A 3029 02:30:33,320 --> 02:30:35,680 CYBORG PART THE AND PART 3030 02:30:35,680 --> 02:30:40,840 TECHNOLOGY AND AT SOME POINT THE 3031 02:30:40,840 --> 02:30:43,320 BRAIN BECOMES PROPERTY AT THE 3032 02:30:43,320 --> 02:30:45,640 SAME TIME THE BRAIN BECOMES 3033 02:30:45,640 --> 02:30:48,480 SUSCEPTIBLE TO COMPUTER HACKING 3034 02:30:48,480 --> 02:30:50,160 LIKE CARS AND DOOR LOCKS AND 3035 02:30:50,160 --> 02:30:52,240 ANYTHING CONNECTED TO THE WEB. 3036 02:30:52,240 --> 02:30:53,680 WHO BEARS RESPONSIBILITY FROM 3037 02:30:53,680 --> 02:30:55,240 DEFENDING OUR BRAINS FROM 3038 02:30:55,240 --> 02:30:55,480 HACKERS? 3039 02:30:55,480 --> 02:30:55,680 US? 3040 02:30:55,680 --> 02:30:57,000 THE COMPANIES THAT MAKE THE 3041 02:30:57,000 --> 02:30:57,640 INTERFACE? 3042 02:30:57,640 --> 02:31:03,160 SOME THIRD PARTY? 3043 02:31:03,160 --> 02:31:06,840 MORE IMPORTANTLY WE CAN HAVE 3044 02:31:06,840 --> 02:31:11,600 ACCESS TO THE WORLD'S KNOWLEDGE 3045 02:31:11,600 --> 02:31:11,960 INSTANTANEOUSLY. 3046 02:31:11,960 --> 02:31:14,240 WHEN EVERY FACT AND FIGURE AND 3047 02:31:14,240 --> 02:31:16,400 PIECE OF KNOWLEDGE IS BUILT INTO 3048 02:31:16,400 --> 02:31:19,280 OUR BRAINS FROM AN INTERFACE HOW 3049 02:31:19,280 --> 02:31:21,360 DO WE DISENTANGLE WHAT THE 3050 02:31:21,360 --> 02:31:23,440 INDIVIDUAL KNOWS VERSUS 3051 02:31:23,440 --> 02:31:23,720 COLLECTIVE. 3052 02:31:23,720 --> 02:31:25,440 THIS SOUNDS LIKE SCIENCE FICTION 3053 02:31:25,440 --> 02:31:29,680 BUT BEFORE IT COMES WE BETTER 3054 02:31:29,680 --> 02:31:33,640 GET SOME ANSWERS READY. 3055 02:31:33,640 --> 02:31:35,920 >> THANK YOU FOR A GLIMPSE AT 3056 02:31:35,920 --> 02:31:37,640 THE PRESENT AND FUTURE AND NOW 3057 02:31:37,640 --> 02:31:43,880 BACK TO DEB. 3058 02:31:43,880 --> 02:31:45,680 >> THANK YOU. 3059 02:31:45,680 --> 02:31:47,720 THOSE WERE INSIGHTFUL ESSAYS. 3060 02:31:47,720 --> 02:31:49,680 I'D LIKE TO CONGRATULATION LUKE 3061 02:31:49,680 --> 02:31:53,480 ALSO FROM WINSTON CHURCHILL HIGH 3062 02:31:53,480 --> 02:31:57,720 SCHOOL IN MARYLAND WHOSE ESSAYS 3063 02:31:57,720 --> 02:32:05,600 IS ETHICAL ISSUES IN RESEARCH 3064 02:32:05,600 --> 02:32:08,240 WITH GENE EDITING TECHNOLOGIES 3065 02:32:08,240 --> 02:32:09,680 AND SHARE ONE THING FROM YOUR 3066 02:32:09,680 --> 02:32:10,320 ESSAY AND WHAT READ URZ SHOULD 3067 02:32:10,320 --> 02:32:21,640 REMEMBER. 3068 02:32:21,640 --> 02:32:23,960 >> MANY NEW TECHNOLOGIES ARE 3069 02:32:23,960 --> 02:32:25,480 BEING DEVELOPED. 3070 02:32:25,480 --> 02:32:26,760 WHAT HAPPENS WEN IT DOES NOT 3071 02:32:26,760 --> 02:32:28,880 FUNCTION CORRECTLY AND HOW CAN 3072 02:32:28,880 --> 02:32:29,880 WE FIX IT? 3073 02:32:29,880 --> 02:32:33,720 DR. ALLISON MOTERY DIRECTOR OF 3074 02:32:33,720 --> 02:32:36,440 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT 3075 02:32:36,440 --> 02:32:37,240 SAN DIEGO STEM CELL PROGRAM 3076 02:32:37,240 --> 02:32:40,680 WORKS WITH WHAT HE CALLS MANY 3077 02:32:40,680 --> 02:32:41,760 BRAIN ORGANOIDS GROWN FROM HUMAN 3078 02:32:41,760 --> 02:32:43,880 STEM CELLS IN THE LAB. 3079 02:32:43,880 --> 02:32:47,400 HE FOUND HIS BRAIN ORGANOIDS CAN 3080 02:32:47,400 --> 02:32:50,280 PRODUCE COORDINATED WAVES OF 3081 02:32:50,280 --> 02:32:54,480 ACTIVITY PRE RESEMBLING THOSE IN 3082 02:32:54,480 --> 02:32:57,280 BABIES AND THIS MAY SEEM LIKE AN 3083 02:32:57,280 --> 02:32:59,880 A FAR-OFF DREAM BUT IT'S 3084 02:32:59,880 --> 02:33:09,400 HAPPENING NOW AND BOSE -- POSED 3085 02:33:09,400 --> 02:33:12,480 AND IS THIS A CHARACTERIST IC OF 3086 02:33:12,480 --> 02:33:12,800 CONSCIOUSNESS? 3087 02:33:12,800 --> 02:33:14,600 AS BEING CONSCIOUS MEAN TO BE 3088 02:33:14,600 --> 02:33:15,040 ALIVE? 3089 02:33:15,040 --> 02:33:19,240 IF THESE HUMAN MINI BRAIN 3090 02:33:19,240 --> 02:33:20,880 ORGANOIDS HAVE CONSCIOUSNESS AND 3091 02:33:20,880 --> 02:33:22,560 ALIVE, IS IT OKAY TO DO TESTING 3092 02:33:22,560 --> 02:33:23,320 ON THEM? 3093 02:33:23,320 --> 02:33:26,720 ONE CAN THEN ASK CAN THE 3094 02:33:26,720 --> 02:33:28,280 ORGANOIDS RESPOND TO OUTSIDE 3095 02:33:28,280 --> 02:33:28,960 STIMULUS. 3096 02:33:28,960 --> 02:33:32,120 IT SEEMS THEY RESPOND TO 3097 02:33:32,120 --> 02:33:33,080 ELECTRICAL STIMULUS BUT WHAT 3098 02:33:33,080 --> 02:33:34,840 ABOUT SITE, PAIN AND OTHER 3099 02:33:34,840 --> 02:33:39,000 RESPONSES AND ARE THEY CAPABLE 3100 02:33:39,000 --> 02:33:40,800 OR MARK BY THOUGHT, WILL, DESIGN 3101 02:33:40,800 --> 02:33:41,600 AND PERCEPTION? 3102 02:33:41,600 --> 02:33:43,440 CAN THE ORGANOIDS THINK? 3103 02:33:43,440 --> 02:33:45,840 WHAT COULD IT MEAN IN THE 3104 02:33:45,840 --> 02:33:46,160 ORGANOIDS? 3105 02:33:46,160 --> 02:33:49,080 CAN THE CREATE MEMORIES AND 3106 02:33:49,080 --> 02:33:49,480 REMEMBER? 3107 02:33:49,480 --> 02:33:51,360 THESE ARE ASKED BY SCIENTISTS 3108 02:33:51,360 --> 02:33:53,520 DUE TO THE ARGUMENT THEY CAN BE 3109 02:33:53,520 --> 02:33:55,880 USED AS ACCURATE MODELS TO STUDY 3110 02:33:55,880 --> 02:33:56,320 BRAIN. 3111 02:33:56,320 --> 02:33:59,960 DO THE MEANS JUSTIFY THE END IF 3112 02:33:59,960 --> 02:34:02,760 THE ORGANOID CONSIDERED 3113 02:34:02,760 --> 02:34:04,280 CONSCIOUS AND ALIVE. 3114 02:34:04,280 --> 02:34:05,680 MY TAKEAWAY FROM MY ESSAY IS HOW 3115 02:34:05,680 --> 02:34:08,680 FAR ARE WE WILLING TO GO FOR 3116 02:34:08,680 --> 02:34:09,240 SCIENTIFIC ADVANCEMENT? 3117 02:34:09,240 --> 02:34:12,080 IF THESE BRAIN ORGANOIDS TRULY 3118 02:34:12,080 --> 02:34:14,280 WERE CONSCIOUS, WOULD THAT MAKE 3119 02:34:14,280 --> 02:34:16,360 IT OKAY TO DO TESTING ON THEM IN 3120 02:34:16,360 --> 02:34:18,920 ORDER TO FIND NEW CURES FOR 3121 02:34:18,920 --> 02:34:19,240 DISEASES? 3122 02:34:19,240 --> 02:34:21,040 WELL, IT COULD BLUR THE LINES 3123 02:34:21,040 --> 02:34:23,840 BECAUSE WHAT IS ETHICAL AND NOT 3124 02:34:23,840 --> 02:34:25,400 AND COULD LEAD TO TESTING ON 3125 02:34:25,400 --> 02:34:27,000 OTHER THINGS THAT COULD BE 3126 02:34:27,000 --> 02:34:27,920 DEEMED CONSCIOUS. 3127 02:34:27,920 --> 02:34:29,840 TESTING ON SOMETHING LIKE A 3128 02:34:29,840 --> 02:34:34,280 BRAIN ORGANOID COULD BE A 3129 02:34:34,280 --> 02:34:35,880 SLIPPERY SLOPE SO IT'S IMPORTANT 3130 02:34:35,880 --> 02:34:37,840 TO HAVE DISCUSSIONS SURROUNDING 3131 02:34:37,840 --> 02:34:40,200 WHAT CONSCIOUSNESS IS NOW TO 3132 02:34:40,200 --> 02:34:41,160 ESTABLISH ETHICAL BOUNDARIES 3133 02:34:41,160 --> 02:34:42,760 ALREADY QUESTIONING THE 3134 02:34:42,760 --> 02:34:45,920 DEFINITION OF BEING HUMAN. 3135 02:34:45,920 --> 02:34:52,080 THANK YOU. 3136 02:34:52,080 --> 02:34:52,840 >> THANK YOU. 3137 02:34:52,840 --> 02:34:54,640 YOU ALSO RAISED INTERESTING 3138 02:34:54,640 --> 02:34:55,720 QUESTION POSSIBLE INEQUITIES IN 3139 02:34:55,720 --> 02:34:57,040 HEALTH DISPARITIES. 3140 02:34:57,040 --> 02:34:58,800 MAYBE WE CAN TOUCH ON THAT IN 3141 02:34:58,800 --> 02:35:01,840 THE DISCUSSION LATER. 3142 02:35:01,840 --> 02:35:04,440 SO THOSE WERE ALL GREAT ESSAYS. 3143 02:35:04,440 --> 02:35:08,080 NOW I'LL INTRODUCE THE THIRD 3144 02:35:08,080 --> 02:35:09,880 TIER VIDEO TEAM WINNERS FROM 3145 02:35:09,880 --> 02:35:12,040 STAPLES HIGH SCHOOL IN 3146 02:35:12,040 --> 02:35:15,680 CONNECTICUT WHO PRODUCED THE 3147 02:35:15,680 --> 02:35:17,600 VIDEO CALLED NEURAL DATA USAGE 3148 02:35:17,600 --> 02:35:20,880 AND THE LEAP OF FAITH IN NEURAL 3149 02:35:20,880 --> 02:35:21,240 ETHICS. 3150 02:35:21,240 --> 02:35:23,520 LET'S WATCH THE TEAM'S VIDEO AND 3151 02:35:23,520 --> 02:35:24,200 SEE WHAT THEY'D LIKE VIEWERS TO 3152 02:35:24,200 --> 02:35:28,680 REMEMBER. 3153 02:35:28,680 --> 02:35:33,080 >> MENTAL DATA PRIVACY ISSUES 3154 02:35:33,080 --> 02:35:36,880 AND AS WE START TO SEE WITH 3155 02:35:36,880 --> 02:35:37,280 EMERGING TECHNOLOGY. 3156 02:35:37,280 --> 02:35:39,680 MANY PROPOSED ETHICS FRAME WORKS 3157 02:35:39,680 --> 02:35:41,880 FOR MANAGING IMAGING DATA RELY 3158 02:35:41,880 --> 02:35:43,600 ON EXISTING ONES. 3159 02:35:43,600 --> 02:35:47,240 THE BRAIN 2.0 NEUROETHICS REPORT 3160 02:35:47,240 --> 02:35:49,880 PROPOSED THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES 3161 02:35:49,880 --> 02:35:52,640 WHICH IS FROM THE BELMONT REPORT 3162 02:35:52,640 --> 02:35:53,880 IN THE PRESIDENTIAL COMMISSION 3163 02:35:53,880 --> 02:35:56,880 FOR THE STUDY OF BIO ETHICAL 3164 02:35:56,880 --> 02:35:59,240 ISSUES AND OTHER NEUROETHICS 3165 02:35:59,240 --> 02:35:59,480 REPORT. 3166 02:35:59,480 --> 02:36:01,520 >> OUTSIDE ANALYSIS CLAIMS IT 3167 02:36:01,520 --> 02:36:03,240 ALSO FOCUSSED ON MORE 3168 02:36:03,240 --> 02:36:05,880 THEORETICAL TOPICS SUCH AS 3169 02:36:05,880 --> 02:36:07,520 HUMANIST AND MORAL 3170 02:36:07,520 --> 02:36:09,880 RESPONSIBILITY AND 3171 02:36:09,880 --> 02:36:10,240 CONSCIOUSNESS. 3172 02:36:10,240 --> 02:36:13,440 WHILE IN THE SHORT TERM IT MAY 3173 02:36:13,440 --> 02:36:15,080 BE TEMPTING TO BUILD OFF DATA 3174 02:36:15,080 --> 02:36:19,200 BUT WE HAVE ETHICAL STANDARDS OF 3175 02:36:19,200 --> 02:36:20,440 PATIENT-DOCTOR CONFIDENTIALITY 3176 02:36:20,440 --> 02:36:22,280 CONCERNING OURSELVES WITH 3177 02:36:22,280 --> 02:36:24,040 NORMATIVE AND COMPLIANCE ISSUES 3178 02:36:24,040 --> 02:36:26,640 WE AGREE WITH THE REPORT AND 3179 02:36:26,640 --> 02:36:28,320 REDEFINING THE RULES OF THE 3180 02:36:28,320 --> 02:36:29,880 GAME. 3181 02:36:29,880 --> 02:36:31,720 THE INNOVATIONS IN NEUROSCIENCE 3182 02:36:31,720 --> 02:36:33,800 REPRESENT A BROADER SHIFT IN 3183 02:36:33,800 --> 02:36:34,040 ETHICS. 3184 02:36:34,040 --> 02:36:35,800 >> WHILE STANDARDS SUCH AS 3185 02:36:35,800 --> 02:36:37,040 PRIVATE HAVE BECOME NORMATIVE, 3186 02:36:37,040 --> 02:36:38,480 MORE HAS TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN 3187 02:36:38,480 --> 02:36:39,640 UNPACKING THE HISTORIES OF THE 3188 02:36:39,640 --> 02:36:41,920 HUMAN BRAIN AND DOCUMENTING 3189 02:36:41,920 --> 02:36:48,680 THEM. 3190 02:36:48,680 --> 02:36:50,640 THE MIND REPRESENTED REALITY 3191 02:36:50,640 --> 02:36:51,920 THROUGH ONE'S OWN CONCRETE 3192 02:36:51,920 --> 02:36:53,960 EXPERIENCE BEING THE CORE OF 3193 02:36:53,960 --> 02:36:56,400 HUMAN EXISTENCE. 3194 02:36:56,400 --> 02:36:58,000 WITH THESE TECHNOLOGICAL 3195 02:36:58,000 --> 02:36:59,720 ADVANCES WE HAVE TO THINK HOW IT 3196 02:36:59,720 --> 02:37:02,880 STILL HOLDS TRUE IN OUR 3197 02:37:02,880 --> 02:37:04,600 MORALITIES AND LOOK AT NATURAL 3198 02:37:04,600 --> 02:37:05,960 POSITION IN NEUROETHICS 3199 02:37:05,960 --> 02:37:09,440 GUIDELINES GOING FORWARD. 3200 02:37:09,440 --> 02:37:11,200 >> GREAT WORK, GUYS. 3201 02:37:11,200 --> 02:37:15,640 YOU TOUCHED ON SOME ISSUES WE 3202 02:37:15,640 --> 02:37:17,360 STRUGGLE WITH A LOT WHEN WE 3203 02:37:17,360 --> 02:37:23,920 ADDRESS THESE ISSUES. 3204 02:37:23,920 --> 02:37:25,440 NEXT I'M EXCITED TO INTRODUCE 3205 02:37:25,440 --> 02:37:29,360 THE SECOND TIER WINNERS. 3206 02:37:29,360 --> 02:37:31,920 SUSAN ATTENDS MOUNTAIN VIEW HIGH 3207 02:37:31,920 --> 02:37:34,360 SCHOOL IN WASHINGTON STATE AND 3208 02:37:34,360 --> 02:37:35,200 WROTE ABOUT A BRIDGE BETWEEN 3209 02:37:35,200 --> 02:37:35,960 PAST AND PRESENT. 3210 02:37:35,960 --> 02:37:38,160 SHE IS UNABLE TO JOIN US TODAY. 3211 02:37:38,160 --> 02:37:39,760 SHE JUST STARTED A NEW 3212 02:37:39,760 --> 02:37:42,320 INTERNSHIP THIS WEEK WHICH IS 3213 02:37:42,320 --> 02:37:42,520 AWESOME. 3214 02:37:42,520 --> 02:37:44,840 SO COULD YOU PLEASE READ A 3215 02:37:44,840 --> 02:37:47,160 PORTION OF HER ESSAY SO EVERYONE 3216 02:37:47,160 --> 02:37:48,520 CAN HEAR HER IMPRESSIVE IDEAS. 3217 02:37:48,520 --> 02:37:51,320 >> BEFORE WE GET TO THAT I THINK 3218 02:37:51,320 --> 02:37:53,440 WE MAYBE SKIPPED OVER AND DIDN'T 3219 02:37:53,440 --> 02:37:55,440 GIVE A CHANCE FOR THE TEAM TO 3220 02:37:55,440 --> 02:37:57,600 GIVE THEIR TWO-MINUTE 3221 02:37:57,600 --> 02:37:57,960 HIGHLIGHTS. 3222 02:37:57,960 --> 02:38:01,400 >> SORRY ABOUT THAT. 3223 02:38:01,400 --> 02:38:02,640 >> NO PROBLEM. 3224 02:38:02,640 --> 02:38:05,520 >> YOU GUYS GO. 3225 02:38:05,520 --> 02:38:07,000 >> THANK YOU FOR HOSTING 3226 02:38:07,000 --> 02:38:07,720 THE CHALLENGE. 3227 02:38:07,720 --> 02:38:10,040 IT'S TRULY AN HONOR BEING ABLE 3228 02:38:10,040 --> 02:38:12,320 TO SHARE THOUGHTS ON SUCH AN 3229 02:38:12,320 --> 02:38:12,880 INFLUENTIAL PLATFORM. 3230 02:38:12,880 --> 02:38:14,880 A BIG TAKEAWAY FROM OUR WORK IS 3231 02:38:14,880 --> 02:38:16,040 HOW DIFFERENT FIELD INTERSECT 3232 02:38:16,040 --> 02:38:20,520 WITH EACH OTHER AND ALLOW US TO 3233 02:38:20,520 --> 02:38:22,680 UNDERSTAND TOUGH ISSUES IN A 3234 02:38:22,680 --> 02:38:24,720 MORE HOLISTIC MANNER. 3235 02:38:24,720 --> 02:38:27,080 WE TOOK PERSPECTIVES FROM THE 3236 02:38:27,080 --> 02:38:28,720 PHILOSOPHIES FROM THE 19th 3237 02:38:28,720 --> 02:38:30,880 CENTURY AND OUR OWN EXPERIENCES 3238 02:38:30,880 --> 02:38:34,240 WITH OUR CREATIONS AN REFLECTING 3239 02:38:34,240 --> 02:38:36,720 ON NIH-DEVELOPED INTERFACING 3240 02:38:36,720 --> 02:38:40,320 WITH HUMAN BRAIN. 3241 02:38:40,320 --> 02:38:41,880 IN THE TIME THERE WEREN'T THE 3242 02:38:41,880 --> 02:38:43,320 EXACT SAME TECHNOLOGICAL 3243 02:38:43,320 --> 02:38:44,200 CONSIDERATIONS IN PLAY THE 3244 02:38:44,200 --> 02:38:46,920 SUBJECT OF THE HUMAN BODY ITSELF 3245 02:38:46,920 --> 02:38:49,960 WAS IN ITS INFANCY RELATIVELY 3246 02:38:49,960 --> 02:38:51,600 SPEAKING AND THE WINDS OF CHANGE 3247 02:38:51,600 --> 02:38:52,120 WERE BLOWING. 3248 02:38:52,120 --> 02:38:54,520 IN HIS CENTURY SCIENTISTS 3249 02:38:54,520 --> 02:38:56,160 DISCOVERED MORE ABOUT NATURAL 3250 02:38:56,160 --> 02:38:58,760 PROCESSES PREVIOUSLY ONLY 3251 02:38:58,760 --> 02:39:00,240 EXPLAINABLE THROUGH RELIGION 3252 02:39:00,240 --> 02:39:02,840 INCLUDING WHERE WE CAME FROM IN 3253 02:39:02,840 --> 02:39:03,760 THE FIRST PLACE. 3254 02:39:03,760 --> 02:39:06,880 AND A TIME WHERE OBJECTIVE PROOF 3255 02:39:06,880 --> 02:39:11,600 AGAINST CHRISTIAN DOGMA SEEMS TO 3256 02:39:11,600 --> 02:39:14,880 GROW DAILY. 3257 02:39:14,880 --> 02:39:20,120 WHILE THE INSTINCT OF THE 3258 02:39:20,120 --> 02:39:29,640 CONTEMN PORE ARS WAS -- CONTEMN 3259 02:39:29,640 --> 02:39:32,120 PORARIES AND IN OUR VIDEO WE 3260 02:39:32,120 --> 02:39:33,720 DISCUSSED HOW OUR RAPIDLY 3261 02:39:33,720 --> 02:39:35,240 EVOLVING INFORMATION OF HOW THE 3262 02:39:35,240 --> 02:39:38,600 HUMAN BRAIN MAKES DECISIONS CAN 3263 02:39:38,600 --> 02:39:39,880 POTENTIALLY SHAPE THE POSITION 3264 02:39:39,880 --> 02:39:42,320 OF THE BRAIN, FREE WILL AND 3265 02:39:42,320 --> 02:39:43,440 HUMAN DECISION MAKING. 3266 02:39:43,440 --> 02:39:44,800 THROUGH A LENS OF PHILOSOPHY 3267 02:39:44,800 --> 02:39:48,800 WE'RE ABLE TO BETTER REFLECT ON 3268 02:39:48,800 --> 02:39:58,880 HOW EXPIRATIONS ARE ON THEIR OWN 3269 02:39:58,880 --> 02:40:00,080 BASIS GOING FORWARD. 3270 02:40:00,080 --> 02:40:03,520 THAT'S ONE MAJOR TAKEAWAY. 3271 02:40:03,520 --> 02:40:05,320 >> GREAT, THANKS. 3272 02:40:05,320 --> 02:40:08,800 YOU'VE GIVEN US A LOT TO THINK 3273 02:40:08,800 --> 02:40:11,520 ABOUT FOR SURE. 3274 02:40:11,520 --> 02:40:16,000 OKAY, WHERE WERE WE? 3275 02:40:16,000 --> 02:40:17,800 SORRY ABOUT THAT. 3276 02:40:17,800 --> 02:40:20,840 IF CARLO CAN READ SUSAN'S ESSAY. 3277 02:40:20,840 --> 02:40:24,480 >> THIS IS AN EXCERPT. 3278 02:40:24,480 --> 02:40:27,040 PARKINSON'S DISEASE IS A 3279 02:40:27,040 --> 02:40:28,600 NEUROGEE GENERATIVE DISORDER DUE 3280 02:40:28,600 --> 02:40:34,520 TO THE LOSS OF DOPAMINERGIC 3281 02:40:34,520 --> 02:40:36,920 NEURONS IN THE BRAIN AND 3282 02:40:36,920 --> 02:40:39,040 PATIENTS CAN EXPERIENCE 3283 02:40:39,040 --> 02:40:42,640 DIFFERENCES IN MOOD AND DEMENTIA 3284 02:40:42,640 --> 02:40:43,920 AND SOME TREATMENTS EXIST. 3285 02:40:43,920 --> 02:40:45,280 TECHNOLOGY HAS PROVIDED AN 3286 02:40:45,280 --> 02:40:45,960 ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT FOR 3287 02:40:45,960 --> 02:40:48,120 PATIENTS WHO STRUGGLE TO RESPOND 3288 02:40:48,120 --> 02:40:48,880 TO MEDICATION. 3289 02:40:48,880 --> 02:40:53,320 DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION OR DBS. 3290 02:40:53,320 --> 02:40:55,360 IT INVOLVES IMPLANTATION OF 3291 02:40:55,360 --> 02:40:58,680 MOVEMENT OF CENTERS OF THE BRAIN 3292 02:40:58,680 --> 02:41:00,840 AND COUNTER NEURAL SIGNALS THAT 3293 02:41:00,840 --> 02:41:03,080 CAUSE THE MOTOR SYMPTOMS OF 3294 02:41:03,080 --> 02:41:05,920 PARKINSON'S DISEASE ALLOWING 3295 02:41:05,920 --> 02:41:07,280 PATIENTS A CERTAIN DEGREE OF 3296 02:41:07,280 --> 02:41:07,680 RELIEF. 3297 02:41:07,680 --> 02:41:11,120 THE POTENTIAL IS HUGE EXPANDING 3298 02:41:11,120 --> 02:41:12,880 BEYOND PARKINSON'S DISEASE WITH 3299 02:41:12,880 --> 02:41:15,520 ACTIVE RESEARCH ON THE VIABILITY 3300 02:41:15,520 --> 02:41:19,520 OF DBS TO TREAT ALZHEIMER'S, 3301 02:41:19,520 --> 02:41:22,800 DEPRESSION, ANXIETY AND 3302 02:41:22,800 --> 02:41:24,920 TOURETTE'S BUT IT'S SIMILAR TO 3303 02:41:24,920 --> 02:41:31,240 THE OUTDATED PROCEDURE OF 3304 02:41:31,240 --> 02:41:33,120 PREFRONTAL LOBOTOMY CURING THE 3305 02:41:33,120 --> 02:41:38,280 DISEASE AT THE RISK OF A PERSON 3306 02:41:38,280 --> 02:41:39,600 LOSING A PORTION OF THEMSELVES. 3307 02:41:39,600 --> 02:41:43,520 A WOMAN RECOUNTED HOW THEIR 3308 02:41:43,520 --> 02:41:46,200 FAMILY WOULD GRIEVE FOR THE OLD 3309 02:41:46,200 --> 02:41:47,520 HER AND FOUND HERSELF STRUGGLING 3310 02:41:47,520 --> 02:41:50,000 TO CONTROL HER ANGER. 3311 02:41:50,000 --> 02:41:53,800 THIS LEADS TO A DILEMMA. 3312 02:41:53,800 --> 02:41:56,400 DBS CAN IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF 3313 02:41:56,400 --> 02:41:58,120 LIFE BUT THE PATIENT MAY THEN BE 3314 02:41:58,120 --> 02:42:00,520 AT RISK OF LOSING THEIR OWN 3315 02:42:00,520 --> 02:42:00,920 IDENTITY. 3316 02:42:00,920 --> 02:42:03,120 THOUGH PATIENTS OF PARKINSON'S 3317 02:42:03,120 --> 02:42:04,720 ARE AFFORD THE RIGHT OF INFORMED 3318 02:42:04,720 --> 02:42:08,520 CONSENT IT'S BEEN SHOWN TO 3319 02:42:08,520 --> 02:42:09,480 IMPAIR FUNCTION SUCH AS PLANNING 3320 02:42:09,480 --> 02:42:15,720 AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION. 3321 02:42:15,720 --> 02:42:19,320 AND IN ORDER TO ALLOW PATIENTS 3322 02:42:19,320 --> 02:42:21,720 TO MAKE DECISIONS THEY MUST BE 3323 02:42:21,720 --> 02:42:24,080 EDUCATED EVEN BEFORE THE DISEASE 3324 02:42:24,080 --> 02:42:24,480 MANIFESTS. 3325 02:42:24,480 --> 02:42:29,000 THE ONLY WAY TO ENSURE THE 3326 02:42:29,000 --> 02:42:31,320 ABILITY TO MAKE DECISIONS AND TO 3327 02:42:31,320 --> 02:42:31,920 INTRODUCE KNOWLEDGE EARLY AND 3328 02:42:31,920 --> 02:42:34,080 ALLOW THEIR OPINION OF THE 3329 02:42:34,080 --> 02:42:36,240 KNOWLEDGE TO EVOLVE ALONG WITH 3330 02:42:36,240 --> 02:42:38,280 THEIR PERSONALITY AND IN THIS 3331 02:42:38,280 --> 02:42:39,680 MANNER THOUGH SOME INDIVIDUALS 3332 02:42:39,680 --> 02:42:41,520 DIAGNOSED WITH NEUROLOGICAL 3333 02:42:41,520 --> 02:42:43,200 DISEASES MAY STRUGGLE WITH 3334 02:42:43,200 --> 02:42:44,520 DECISION MAKING AND MAY HAVE 3335 02:42:44,520 --> 02:42:45,440 EXPERIENCE WITH TREATMENT OPTION 3336 02:42:45,440 --> 02:42:47,280 TO GUIDE TOWARDS THE BEST OPTION 3337 02:42:47,280 --> 02:42:49,120 FOR BOTH WHO THEY WERE THEN AND 3338 02:42:49,120 --> 02:42:52,440 WHO THEY ARE NOW. 3339 02:42:52,440 --> 02:42:54,080 REALLY AWESOME ESSAY AND FOR 3340 02:42:54,080 --> 02:42:58,720 THOSE LISTENING IN THAT WAS AN 3341 02:42:58,720 --> 02:43:00,760 EXCERPT FROM SUSAN HONG ON DBS. 3342 02:43:00,760 --> 02:43:04,280 >> THAT WAS TERRIFIC. 3343 02:43:04,280 --> 02:43:09,200 I KNOW FROM HEARING FIRST-HAND 3344 02:43:09,200 --> 02:43:12,920 PATIENTS ARE RELUCTANT TO SEEK 3345 02:43:12,920 --> 02:43:14,080 OUT DBS TREATMENT FOR THE ISSUES 3346 02:43:14,080 --> 02:43:15,520 YOU RAISED. 3347 02:43:15,520 --> 02:43:17,400 HOPEFULLY WE CAN CONTINUE TO 3348 02:43:17,400 --> 02:43:20,080 NAVIGATE THAT SPACE FROM A 3349 02:43:20,080 --> 02:43:22,040 NEUROETHICS POINT OF VIEW AS WE 3350 02:43:22,040 --> 02:43:23,000 DEVELOP TECHNOLOGIES THAT WILL 3351 02:43:23,000 --> 02:43:24,880 NOT HAVE THESE SIDE EFFECTS. 3352 02:43:24,880 --> 02:43:25,080 OKAY. 3353 02:43:25,080 --> 02:43:33,080 I THINK WE'RE ON TO THE OUR NEXT 3354 02:43:33,080 --> 02:43:36,040 SECOND TIER ESSAY WINNER IN 3355 02:43:36,040 --> 02:43:38,520 MISSOURI WHO'S WINNING ESSAY IS 3356 02:43:38,520 --> 02:43:42,120 EXPLORING THE ETHICAL IMPLY 3357 02:43:42,120 --> 02:43:50,520 IMPLICATIONS IN CERTAIN 3358 02:43:50,520 --> 02:43:50,880 SETTINGS. 3359 02:43:50,880 --> 02:43:54,200 >> THE MAIN FOCUS OF MY ESSAY 3360 02:43:54,200 --> 02:43:55,920 WAS NEUROCOGNITIVE ENHANCEMENTS 3361 02:43:55,920 --> 02:43:58,120 IN THE MILITARY. 3362 02:43:58,120 --> 02:44:01,080 ONE OF MY MAIN SUBJECT AREAS WAS 3363 02:44:01,080 --> 02:44:03,200 EQUALITY. 3364 02:44:03,200 --> 02:44:12,320 THE IDEA OF NEUROACCOUNTING 3365 02:44:12,320 --> 02:44:15,240 NEUROCOGNITIVE ENHANCEMENTS. 3366 02:44:15,240 --> 02:44:17,080 WILL THEY ONLY BE AVAILABLE TO 3367 02:44:17,080 --> 02:44:18,960 THE WEALTHY OR WHO THEY HAVE 3368 02:44:18,960 --> 02:44:19,760 ACCESS TO? 3369 02:44:19,760 --> 02:44:21,160 UNLESS THE GOVERNMENT STEPS IN 3370 02:44:21,160 --> 02:44:23,520 THE SITUATION THEY MAY BE 3371 02:44:23,520 --> 02:44:25,120 PROMOTING INEQUALITY WITHIN THE 3372 02:44:25,120 --> 02:44:28,320 UNIT THE CLASSES OF STRONGER 3373 02:44:28,320 --> 02:44:31,240 MORE ADVANCED GROUPS CAN 3374 02:44:31,240 --> 02:44:33,120 DOMINATE THE OTHER GROUPS AND 3375 02:44:33,120 --> 02:44:39,320 WILL HAVE TO PASS A LAW 3376 02:44:39,320 --> 02:44:42,400 REGARDLESS OF BACKGROUND CAN 3377 02:44:42,400 --> 02:44:44,120 HAVE ENHANCEMENT. 3378 02:44:44,120 --> 02:44:45,160 ENHANCED SOLDIERS TALKS ABOUT 3379 02:44:45,160 --> 02:44:46,880 HOW WE INTEGRATE WITH SEPARATE 3380 02:44:46,880 --> 02:44:48,960 TROOPS DO WE HAVE TROOPS OF EN 3381 02:44:48,960 --> 02:44:52,040 ENHANCED FIGHTERS AND HOW WILL 3382 02:44:52,040 --> 02:44:52,520 TRAINING WORK? 3383 02:44:52,520 --> 02:44:57,200 WILL ENHANCED FIGHTERS GET 3384 02:44:57,200 --> 02:44:58,840 PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT WITH 3385 02:44:58,840 --> 02:45:01,720 ENHANCED AND UNENHANCED SOLDIERS 3386 02:45:01,720 --> 02:45:03,520 HAS THE POTENTIAL TO LOWER 3387 02:45:03,520 --> 02:45:05,080 MORALE AND FIGHT. 3388 02:45:05,080 --> 02:45:06,840 PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT LEADS TO 3389 02:45:06,840 --> 02:45:10,320 SENDING IN THE NORMAL TROOPS AS 3390 02:45:10,320 --> 02:45:13,120 RECONNAISSANCE BEFORE SENDING IN 3391 02:45:13,120 --> 02:45:15,520 THE SOLDIERS WHEN IT'S DEEMED 3392 02:45:15,520 --> 02:45:17,120 SAFE TO DO SO. 3393 02:45:17,120 --> 02:45:20,600 WITHOUT PROTECTIVE MEASURES THIS 3394 02:45:20,600 --> 02:45:22,560 PUTS THE LIVES OF UNENHANCED 3395 02:45:22,560 --> 02:45:23,240 TROOPS AT RISK. 3396 02:45:23,240 --> 02:45:24,200 THE ISSUE CONTINUES AFTER THE 3397 02:45:24,200 --> 02:45:25,720 PERIOD OF SERVICE. 3398 02:45:25,720 --> 02:45:27,760 HOW DOES THE SOLDIER FIT BACK 3399 02:45:27,760 --> 02:45:28,920 INTO NORMAL CIVILIAN LIFE? 3400 02:45:28,920 --> 02:45:34,520 HOW DO WE DEAL WITH THE 3401 02:45:34,520 --> 02:45:38,680 POTENTIAL OF SUPERIOR ENHANCE 3402 02:45:38,680 --> 02:45:45,120 ENHANCEMENTS MAY DOMINATE 3403 02:45:45,120 --> 02:45:45,480 OTHERS? 3404 02:45:45,480 --> 02:45:48,040 REMOVING COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENTS 3405 02:45:48,040 --> 02:45:50,400 REQUIRED SURGICAL INTERVENTION. 3406 02:45:50,400 --> 02:45:54,120 THIS IS UNNECESSARILY PUTTING 3407 02:45:54,120 --> 02:45:59,280 THE SOLDIER'S LIFE IN DANGER AND 3408 02:45:59,280 --> 02:46:02,680 THERE'S NO PROOF THEY'LL REVERT 3409 02:46:02,680 --> 02:46:09,120 TO THEIR STATE OF MIND AND 3410 02:46:09,120 --> 02:46:11,880 GOVERNMENTS MAY NEED TO PASS 3411 02:46:11,880 --> 02:46:13,960 LEGISLATURE PROMOTING EQUALITY 3412 02:46:13,960 --> 02:46:16,120 AND PROVIDING ACCESS TO QUALITY 3413 02:46:16,120 --> 02:46:17,760 HEALTH CARE AND THERAPEUTIC 3414 02:46:17,760 --> 02:46:19,080 SERVICES. 3415 02:46:19,080 --> 02:46:22,960 THE OUTCOME IS VETERANS CAN 3416 02:46:22,960 --> 02:46:26,160 ASSIMILATE BACK TO LIVE TO 3417 02:46:26,160 --> 02:46:27,320 ENSURE EQUALITY. 3418 02:46:27,320 --> 02:46:29,200 AND MY MAIN TAKEAWAY WAS WITH SO 3419 02:46:29,200 --> 02:46:30,080 MUCH ADVANCE RESEARCH IN THE 3420 02:46:30,080 --> 02:46:32,360 BRAIN THE POSSIBILITIES ARE 3421 02:46:32,360 --> 02:46:32,600 ENDLESS. 3422 02:46:32,600 --> 02:46:34,440 NEW THINGS ARE BEING DISCOVERED 3423 02:46:34,440 --> 02:46:35,040 EVERY DAY. 3424 02:46:35,040 --> 02:46:40,000 MANY WITH A CHANCE TO BENEFIT 3425 02:46:40,000 --> 02:46:43,280 SOCIETY BUT WITH THE COGNITIVE 3426 02:46:43,280 --> 02:46:45,120 ENHANCEMENTS THERE'S POTENTIAL 3427 02:46:45,120 --> 02:46:46,640 CONSEQUENCES OF WHICH I'LL 3428 02:46:46,640 --> 02:46:46,920 HIGHLIGHT. 3429 02:46:46,920 --> 02:46:48,160 WHILE WE SHOULD BE ENCOURAGING 3430 02:46:48,160 --> 02:46:49,200 THE RESEARCH IT'S IMPORTANT TO 3431 02:46:49,200 --> 02:46:51,760 TAKE A STEP BACK AND PUT AS MUCH 3432 02:46:51,760 --> 02:46:53,800 AS EFFORT INTO CONSIDERING THE 3433 02:46:53,800 --> 02:46:56,640 IMPLEMENTATION AND EQUALITY OF 3434 02:46:56,640 --> 02:46:57,560 THE TECHNOLOGIES. 3435 02:46:57,560 --> 02:46:59,600 SO MILITARY AND SOCIETY 3436 02:46:59,600 --> 02:47:00,320 SETTINGS. 3437 02:47:00,320 --> 02:47:01,320 THE TECHNOLOGIES ARE OF NO USE 3438 02:47:01,320 --> 02:47:02,480 IF WE CANNOT EFFECTIVELY AND 3439 02:47:02,480 --> 02:47:03,200 SAFELY USE THEM. 3440 02:47:03,200 --> 02:47:08,280 >> WE GOT GREAT INSIGHTS AND I'M 3441 02:47:08,280 --> 02:47:09,920 EXCITED TO ANNOUNCE THE WINNERS. 3442 02:47:09,920 --> 02:47:12,960 THE FIRST WINNER IS EVAN AND 3443 02:47:12,960 --> 02:47:14,360 SOPHIA FROM EAST SIDE PREP 3444 02:47:14,360 --> 02:47:15,240 SCHOOL WASHINGTON STATE PRODUCED 3445 02:47:15,240 --> 02:47:22,480 A VIDEO ENTITLED HALFWAY HAPPY. 3446 02:47:22,480 --> 02:47:24,320 AT LEAST HALFWAY HAPPY. 3447 02:47:24,320 --> 02:47:25,400 LET'S WATCH THE PORTION OF THE 3448 02:47:25,400 --> 02:47:28,440 VIDEO AND HEAR THEIR MESSAGE AND 3449 02:47:28,440 --> 02:47:30,240 THEIR TAKEAWAY FROM THE VIDEO 3450 02:47:30,240 --> 02:47:30,520 AFTERWARDS. 3451 02:47:30,520 --> 02:47:33,080 >> IN 2012 A 33-YEAR-OLD GERMAN 3452 02:47:33,080 --> 02:47:35,200 PATIENT WENT TO THE EMERGENCY 3453 02:47:35,200 --> 02:47:40,800 ROOM BECAUSE HIS DEEP BRAIN STIM 3454 02:47:40,800 --> 02:47:44,480 BASE OR DBS IMPLANT RAN OUT OF 3455 02:47:44,480 --> 02:47:46,880 BATTERY AND THEY EXPERIMENTED 3456 02:47:46,880 --> 02:47:48,680 WITH SETTINGS OF 1 TO 5 VOLTS 3457 02:47:48,680 --> 02:47:50,400 AND ASKED THE PATIENT TO 3458 02:47:50,400 --> 02:47:53,040 SELF-RATE HIS HAPPINESS ON A 3459 02:47:53,040 --> 02:47:55,280 SCALE OF 1 TO 10. 3460 02:47:55,280 --> 02:47:57,160 THE PATIENT REPORTED AN INCREASE 3461 02:47:57,160 --> 02:48:00,800 IN FEELING OF PLEASANTNESS THAT 3462 02:48:00,800 --> 02:48:02,680 CORRELATED WITH AN INCREASE IN 3463 02:48:02,680 --> 02:48:03,200 VOLTAGE. 3464 02:48:03,200 --> 02:48:07,280 >> HE DID NOT INITIALLY KNOW THE 3465 02:48:07,280 --> 02:48:13,040 VOLTAGE AND IT HAS AN EFFECT ON 3466 02:48:13,040 --> 02:48:15,240 THE EMOTIONAL STATE CAN 3467 02:48:15,240 --> 02:48:19,280 HAPPINESS BE INDUCED BY AN 3468 02:48:19,280 --> 02:48:22,960 ELECTRICAL SHOCK AND THEY 3469 02:48:22,960 --> 02:48:24,680 REQUESTED THE ACTIVITY DESPITE 3470 02:48:24,680 --> 02:48:25,880 HARMFUL CONSEQUENCES TO ONE'S 3471 02:48:25,880 --> 02:48:26,680 WELL BEING. 3472 02:48:26,680 --> 02:48:29,080 >> HOWEVER, UNLIKE SOMATIC 3473 02:48:29,080 --> 02:48:32,720 AFFECT OF ADDICTION TO DRUG, 3474 02:48:32,720 --> 02:48:35,880 PSYCHIATRIC EFFECTS DBS IS 3475 02:48:35,880 --> 02:48:37,280 HARDER TO ASSESS BECAUSE 3476 02:48:37,280 --> 02:48:41,040 EVALUATION DEPENDS ON SUBJECTIVE 3477 02:48:41,040 --> 02:48:41,280 FINDINGS. 3478 02:48:41,280 --> 02:48:43,320 WHILE THERE'S NO SUGGESTION DBS 3479 02:48:43,320 --> 02:48:51,760 IS BIOLOGICALLY HARMFUL BUT 3480 02:48:51,760 --> 02:48:53,520 PLEASURE-SEEKING CAN BE 3481 02:48:53,520 --> 02:48:54,160 IRREVERSIBLE. 3482 02:48:54,160 --> 02:48:55,560 >> IT CAN TEACH US ABOUT 3483 02:48:55,560 --> 02:48:59,120 LONG-TERM HAPPINESS. 3484 02:48:59,120 --> 02:49:10,920 A DEONTOL OGIST WOULD SAY IT'S 3485 02:49:10,920 --> 02:49:13,520 THE SUM OF PLEASURES AND PANELS 3486 02:49:13,520 --> 02:49:16,280 WHICH IS WHAT DBS IS EXCEPTIONAL 3487 02:49:16,280 --> 02:49:18,880 AT INDUCING. 3488 02:49:18,880 --> 02:49:21,080 WHILE DBS MAY NOT BE AN 3489 02:49:21,080 --> 02:49:21,680 INSTANTANEOUSLY SOLUTION IF WE 3490 02:49:21,680 --> 02:49:23,360 UNDERSTAND THE RISKS, BENEFITS 3491 02:49:23,360 --> 02:49:28,560 AND LIMITATIONS IT HAS THE POWER 3492 02:49:28,560 --> 02:49:29,720 TO SOLVE HALF THE EQUATION FOR 3493 02:49:29,720 --> 02:49:34,000 HAPPINESS. 3494 02:49:34,000 --> 02:49:37,240 >> WE WANT TO SAY THANK YOU TO 3495 02:49:37,240 --> 02:49:37,520 TEAMS. 3496 02:49:37,520 --> 02:49:39,920 IT WAS FUN TO TAKE ON THE 3497 02:49:39,920 --> 02:49:42,680 PROJECT AND IT WAS FUN TO LOOK 3498 02:49:42,680 --> 02:49:46,720 AT THE FIELD AT THE INTERSECTION 3499 02:49:46,720 --> 02:49:48,920 OF BIOLOGY AND IT'S POWERFUL AND 3500 02:49:48,920 --> 02:49:51,480 VERSATILE S THAT CAN RESULT FROM 3501 02:49:51,480 --> 02:49:55,560 A SIMPLE ELECTRICAL SHOCK TO THE 3502 02:49:55,560 --> 02:49:55,960 BRAIN. 3503 02:49:55,960 --> 02:49:58,000 WHILE ELECTRICALLY STIMULATING 3504 02:49:58,000 --> 02:50:00,160 THE BRAIN MAY SEEM LIKE A 3505 02:50:00,160 --> 02:50:01,200 STRAIGHTFORWARD WAY TO IMPROVE 3506 02:50:01,200 --> 02:50:03,760 QUALITY OF LIFE AS WE LOOKED AT 3507 02:50:03,760 --> 02:50:06,120 THE LONG-TERM IMPACTS IT CAN 3508 02:50:06,120 --> 02:50:10,560 HAVE ON ONE'S EMOTIONS AND 3509 02:50:10,560 --> 02:50:11,320 PERSONALITY THEY'RE NOT AS 3510 02:50:11,320 --> 02:50:13,840 STRAIGHTFORWARD AS IT APPEARED. 3511 02:50:13,840 --> 02:50:17,360 >> TECHNOLOGY CAN BE EFFECTIVE 3512 02:50:17,360 --> 02:50:19,160 FOR TREATING MOVEMENT DISORDERS 3513 02:50:19,160 --> 02:50:20,920 LIKE TREMORS IN PARKINSON'S 3514 02:50:20,920 --> 02:50:23,960 DISEASE BUT CAN HAVE 3515 02:50:23,960 --> 02:50:30,080 UNCONTROLLED 3516 02:50:30,080 --> 02:50:32,560 >> SO IT SHOULD BE CONTAINED. 3517 02:50:32,560 --> 02:50:33,600 WHAT IF ON THE OTHER HAND DBS 3518 02:50:33,600 --> 02:50:35,480 WERE APPLIED TO IMPROVE QUALITY 3519 02:50:35,480 --> 02:50:38,080 OF LIFE IN ORDINARY PEOPLE? 3520 02:50:38,080 --> 02:50:41,240 WHILE STIMULATION CAN CAUSE 3521 02:50:41,240 --> 02:50:43,920 HEDONIC HAPPINESS AND NOT THE 3522 02:50:43,920 --> 02:50:44,960 MORE MEANINGFUL PNEUMONIC 3523 02:50:44,960 --> 02:50:45,600 HAPPINESS. 3524 02:50:45,600 --> 02:50:47,760 WE CAN'T IMPROVE LIVES BY 3525 02:50:47,760 --> 02:50:49,600 ELECTRICALLY STIMULATING THE 3526 02:50:49,600 --> 02:50:49,800 BRAIN. 3527 02:50:49,800 --> 02:50:51,600 ATTEMPTING THIS WHILE PERFORMING 3528 02:50:51,600 --> 02:50:52,960 EXTENSIVE AND INACCESSIBLE 3529 02:50:52,960 --> 02:50:54,000 SURGERY ONLY TO BRING ABOUT 3530 02:50:54,000 --> 02:50:56,000 SENSATION OF PLEASURE AND MAYBE 3531 02:50:56,000 --> 02:50:56,520 ADDICTION. 3532 02:50:56,520 --> 02:50:57,440 SO IT IS IMPORTANT NOT TO PUSH 3533 02:50:57,440 --> 02:50:59,000 THE LIMITS OF TECHNOLOGY BEYOND 3534 02:50:59,000 --> 02:51:01,240 THE ETHICAL BARRIER. 3535 02:51:01,240 --> 02:51:03,840 INVESTIGATING NEUROTECHNOLOGIES 3536 02:51:03,840 --> 02:51:05,920 FROM A COMBINED ETHICAL 3537 02:51:05,920 --> 02:51:08,000 SCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVE ALLOWS 3538 02:51:08,000 --> 02:51:11,600 INFORMED DECISIONS ABOUT PATIENT 3539 02:51:11,600 --> 02:51:12,400 TREATMENTS AND PRESENT DAY 3540 02:51:12,400 --> 02:51:12,680 TECHNOLOGY. 3541 02:51:12,680 --> 02:51:13,440 THANK YOU SO MUCH. 3542 02:51:13,440 --> 02:51:15,160 >> THANK YOU, GUYS. 3543 02:51:15,160 --> 02:51:18,800 YOU HIT ON A REAL PROBLEM WE ARE 3544 02:51:18,800 --> 02:51:20,600 GRAPPLING WITH, WE ARE WORKING 3545 02:51:20,600 --> 02:51:22,840 TO HELP PEOPLE WHO HAVE BRAIN 3546 02:51:22,840 --> 02:51:26,720 CONDITIONS TO TRY TO GET THEM TO 3547 02:51:26,720 --> 02:51:29,080 BE MORE FUNCTIONAL AND HAVE A 3548 02:51:29,080 --> 02:51:31,200 MORE FULFILLED LIFE. 3549 02:51:31,200 --> 02:51:33,840 THESE TECHNOLOGIES COULD ALSO BE 3550 02:51:33,840 --> 02:51:36,320 USED FOR OTHER PURPOSES AND 3551 02:51:36,320 --> 02:51:39,200 THOSE ETHICAL GUIDELINES WHICH 3552 02:51:39,200 --> 02:51:41,720 WE HAVE IN MEDICINE DON'T REALLY 3553 02:51:41,720 --> 02:51:42,920 EXIST, THEY ARE THE KIND OF 3554 02:51:42,920 --> 02:51:44,520 THINGS YOU KIND OF TALKED ABOUT. 3555 02:51:44,520 --> 02:51:46,120 SO VERY INSIGHTFUL. 3556 02:51:46,120 --> 02:51:49,560 THANKS VERY MUCH. 3557 02:51:49,560 --> 02:51:54,200 NOW PLEASED TO INTRODUCE A 3558 02:51:54,200 --> 02:51:58,280 SECOND WINNER TEAM, ARAVAN AND 3559 02:51:58,280 --> 02:52:00,000 AVIT, THE HIGH TECHNOLOGY HIGH 3560 02:52:00,000 --> 02:52:01,560 SCHOOL IN NEW JERSEY. 3561 02:52:01,560 --> 02:52:03,480 THEIR VIDEO IS ENTITLED 3562 02:52:03,480 --> 02:52:04,760 NEUROETHICS THE PROBLEMS THAT 3563 02:52:04,760 --> 02:52:06,200 ARISE FROM EMERGING 3564 02:52:06,200 --> 02:52:07,640 NEUROTECHNOLOGIES. 3565 02:52:07,640 --> 02:52:09,120 LET'S WATCH THEIR VIDEO AND HEAR 3566 02:52:09,120 --> 02:52:15,880 THEIR TAKE AWAY MESSAGE. 3567 02:52:15,880 --> 02:52:19,200 >> YOU SEE HERE DESIGNED TO BE 3568 02:52:19,200 --> 02:52:20,880 INPUTTED DIRECTLY INTO THE BRAIN 3569 02:52:20,880 --> 02:52:24,240 AND SIMULATE VIRTUAL -- 3570 02:52:24,240 --> 02:52:29,400 (INAUDIBLE) IT IS BECOMING 3571 02:52:29,400 --> 02:52:31,200 INTERESTINGLY COMMON NOW DAYS, 3572 02:52:31,200 --> 02:52:33,320 BIG TECH COMPANIES PLEDGING TO 3573 02:52:33,320 --> 02:52:35,440 BE THE NEXT BEST THING IN FIELD 3574 02:52:35,440 --> 02:52:36,680 OF NEUROSCIENCE BUT WHAT FAILS 3575 02:52:36,680 --> 02:52:39,200 TO NOSIS THE NEUROETHICS THE 3576 02:52:39,200 --> 02:52:41,400 ETHICAL DILEMMAS THAT COME WITH 3577 02:52:41,400 --> 02:52:42,280 INCREASING PERVASIVENESS OF 3578 02:52:42,280 --> 02:52:46,200 NEUROTECHNOLOGY IN SOCIETY. 3579 02:52:46,200 --> 02:52:47,280 DATA EVERYWHERE, LARGE COMPANIES 3580 02:52:47,280 --> 02:52:48,760 UTILIZE DATA TO ENHANCE FURTHER 3581 02:52:48,760 --> 02:52:50,200 DEVELOP PRODUCTS TO REACH LARGER 3582 02:52:50,200 --> 02:52:51,080 AUDIENCE. 3583 02:52:51,080 --> 02:52:52,240 FOR EXAMPLE, SOCIAL MEDIA 3584 02:52:52,240 --> 02:52:53,760 COMPANIES USE DATA TO PROVIDE 3585 02:52:53,760 --> 02:52:55,680 CONSUMERS WITH PERSONALIZED ADS 3586 02:52:55,680 --> 02:52:58,000 BASED ON THEIR BROWSER HISTORY. 3587 02:52:58,000 --> 02:52:59,360 WHILE SOCIAL MEDIA COMPANIES 3588 02:52:59,360 --> 02:53:03,280 FOCUS ON INNOVATION AND REVENUE 3589 02:53:03,280 --> 02:53:04,400 ONLY CONSIDERETHICS AFTER 3590 02:53:04,400 --> 02:53:05,560 NUMEROUS DATA SCANDALS THAT 3591 02:53:05,560 --> 02:53:06,400 FORCE THEM TO ACT. 3592 02:53:06,400 --> 02:53:08,640 THESE SOCIAL MEDIA COMPANIES 3593 02:53:08,640 --> 02:53:10,040 MAKE ALMOST AUTISM REVENUE FROM 3594 02:53:10,040 --> 02:53:12,320 SELLING ACCESS TO USER DATA TO 3595 02:53:12,320 --> 02:53:13,400 ADVERTISERS AND A MORAL GRAY 3596 02:53:13,400 --> 02:53:13,880 AREA. 3597 02:53:13,880 --> 02:53:16,920 IN ADDITION, PEOPLE ARE SHARING 3598 02:53:16,920 --> 02:53:18,960 THEIR OF AND HAVE LIMITED 3599 02:53:18,960 --> 02:53:20,000 AWARENESS ABOUT THE INFERENCES 3600 02:53:20,000 --> 02:53:21,040 THAT CAN BE MADE BASED ON THEIR 3601 02:53:21,040 --> 02:53:23,720 DATA. 3602 02:53:23,720 --> 02:53:26,480 PROFESSOR OF BIOETHICS STATED WE 3603 02:53:26,480 --> 02:53:28,000 HAVE CONSENT BUT NOT INFORMED 3604 02:53:28,000 --> 02:53:29,760 CONSENT AND FOR SOME REASON WE 3605 02:53:29,760 --> 02:53:30,960 HAVE ACCEPTED THAT CONSENT 3606 02:53:30,960 --> 02:53:33,600 WITHOUT INFORMING CONTENT IS 3607 02:53:33,600 --> 02:53:34,800 OKAY. 3608 02:53:34,800 --> 02:53:36,000 SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE AND 3609 02:53:36,000 --> 02:53:36,320 JUSTIFIABLE. 3610 02:53:36,320 --> 02:53:39,760 HE CALLS THIS IMPLICIT COERCION. 3611 02:53:39,760 --> 02:53:41,000 RECENTLY MANY COMPANIES HAVE 3612 02:53:41,000 --> 02:53:42,800 COMMITTED TO INCORPORATING 3613 02:53:42,800 --> 02:53:44,480 MORALS AND ETHICS INTO THEIR 3614 02:53:44,480 --> 02:53:46,160 BUSINESS MODEL AND IS QUITE RARE 3615 02:53:46,160 --> 02:53:48,200 THAT ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS ARE 3616 02:53:48,200 --> 02:53:51,720 INCORPORATED EARLY ON IN DESIGN 3617 02:53:51,720 --> 02:53:51,920 PHASE. 3618 02:53:51,920 --> 02:53:53,680 >> ON THE CONSUMER SIDE WE NEED 3619 02:53:53,680 --> 02:53:57,240 TO IMPROVE MODELS OF CONSENT. 3620 02:53:57,240 --> 02:53:58,640 MAKE AFFIRMATIVE CONSENT 3621 02:53:58,640 --> 02:54:00,120 MANDATORY FOR CONSUMER 3622 02:54:00,120 --> 02:54:03,040 TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS. 3623 02:54:03,040 --> 02:54:04,400 (INAUDIBLE) MAYBE IMPLEMENTED 3624 02:54:04,400 --> 02:54:06,320 GET CONSUMERS MAXIMUM CONTROL OF 3625 02:54:06,320 --> 02:54:10,360 DATA AND PRIVACY. 3626 02:54:10,360 --> 02:54:14,960 RESEARCHERS HAVE THE (INAUDIBLE) 3627 02:54:14,960 --> 02:54:17,600 >> OVERALL THE TECHNOLOGY HAS 3628 02:54:17,600 --> 02:54:18,960 POSSIBILITIES AND FUTURE AND IT 3629 02:54:18,960 --> 02:54:20,520 IS OUR RESPONSIBILITY TOP 3630 02:54:20,520 --> 02:54:23,800 ACCURATELY ENFORCE IT. 3631 02:54:23,800 --> 02:54:41,000 (INAUDIBLE) * 3632 02:54:41,000 --> 02:54:43,240 >> SO FIRST OF ALL THANK YOU FOR 3633 02:54:43,240 --> 02:54:44,680 HOSTING THIS CHALLENGE AND 3634 02:54:44,680 --> 02:54:46,360 GIVING US THE OPPORTUNITY TO 3635 02:54:46,360 --> 02:54:46,800 COMPETE. 3636 02:54:46,800 --> 02:54:47,920 GOING TO THIS CHALLENGE WE 3637 02:54:47,920 --> 02:54:50,320 DIDN'T HAVE MUCH EXPERIENCE WITH 3638 02:54:50,320 --> 02:54:52,200 NEUROETHICS OR EVEN NEUROSCIENCE 3639 02:54:52,200 --> 02:54:53,040 IN GENERAL. 3640 02:54:53,040 --> 02:54:54,960 SO WHILE CREATING VIDEO PART WE 3641 02:54:54,960 --> 02:54:56,400 HAD THE OPPORTUNITY TO DELVE 3642 02:54:56,400 --> 02:54:57,800 DEEP INTO RESEARCH DATA 3643 02:54:57,800 --> 02:54:59,240 MANAGEMENT AND LEARNING HOW 3644 02:54:59,240 --> 02:55:02,080 NEUROSCIENCE IMPACTS ON MODERN 3645 02:55:02,080 --> 02:55:03,000 COAT. 3646 02:55:03,000 --> 02:55:04,480 FOR EXAMPLE SOCIAL MEDIA 3647 02:55:04,480 --> 02:55:06,440 COMPANIES COLLECT DATA LIKE 3648 02:55:06,440 --> 02:55:10,080 PHOTOS, ACTIVE HOURS ON SOCIAL 3649 02:55:10,080 --> 02:55:10,880 MEDIA, AGAIN EDGEMENT RATES WITH 3650 02:55:10,880 --> 02:55:11,920 CERTAIN TYPES OF CONTENT. 3651 02:55:11,920 --> 02:55:13,480 THE VIDEO THIS DATA IS USED FOR 3652 02:55:13,480 --> 02:55:15,640 MARKETING OR SOLD TO OTHER THIRD 3653 02:55:15,640 --> 02:55:16,760 PARTY COMPANIES, GENERATE SO 3654 02:55:16,760 --> 02:55:18,240 MUCH REVENUE SO WHAT CAN THEY DO 3655 02:55:18,240 --> 02:55:20,840 WITH THIS BRAIN DATA AS WELL? 3656 02:55:20,840 --> 02:55:23,520 WE CAN LEX FOR TECHNOLOGIES SUCH 3657 02:55:23,520 --> 02:55:25,640 AS NEUROLINK, COMPANIES 3658 02:55:25,640 --> 02:55:27,400 DEDICATING PAID TO DEVELOP A 3659 02:55:27,400 --> 02:55:29,040 DEVICE THAT ONCE IMPLANTED HUMAN 3660 02:55:29,040 --> 02:55:31,320 BRAIN ALLOW COMPUTER TO 3661 02:55:31,320 --> 02:55:33,320 TRANSLATE PERSONAL THOUGHTS INTO 3662 02:55:33,320 --> 02:55:34,880 ACTIONS AND THEN THIS DATA WOULD 3663 02:55:34,880 --> 02:55:36,320 HAVE BEEN USED -- WOULD HAVE TO 3664 02:55:36,320 --> 02:55:39,720 BE USED ALONG STRINGENT 3665 02:55:39,720 --> 02:55:42,440 GUIDELINES AND BY LAWS IN ORDER 3666 02:55:42,440 --> 02:55:44,320 TO BE ETHICALLY USED BUT WE ALSO 3667 02:55:44,320 --> 02:55:46,080 GOT THE OPPORTUNITY TO LEARN 3668 02:55:46,080 --> 02:55:49,080 MORE ABOUT WESTERN RESEARCH 3669 02:55:49,080 --> 02:55:52,040 FREEZING METHODS TO REVEAL TRUE 3670 02:55:52,040 --> 02:55:52,640 STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN 3671 02:55:52,640 --> 02:55:53,920 CONNECTIONS. 3672 02:55:53,920 --> 02:55:56,000 SO OVERALL THE BRAIN INITIATIVE 3673 02:55:56,000 --> 02:55:57,360 CHALLENGE GOT US EXCITED ABOUT 3674 02:55:57,360 --> 02:55:59,440 NEUROSCIENCE AND WE WOULD LOVE 3675 02:55:59,440 --> 02:56:04,200 TO DIVE INTO SPECIFICS RESEARCH 3676 02:56:04,200 --> 02:56:06,600 AND OTHER OPPORTUNITIES. 3677 02:56:06,600 --> 02:56:07,680 >> GREAT. 3678 02:56:07,680 --> 02:56:10,480 THANKS VERY MUCH. 3679 02:56:10,480 --> 02:56:13,440 SO LET'S SEE, YOU GUYS FROM NEW 3680 02:56:13,440 --> 02:56:14,440 JERSEY, IS THAT RIGHT? 3681 02:56:14,440 --> 02:56:20,520 ACROSS FROM NEW YORK CITY? 3682 02:56:20,520 --> 02:56:22,160 THANKS VERY MUCH. 3683 02:56:22,160 --> 02:56:22,800 OFF TO JOHN. 3684 02:56:22,800 --> 02:56:24,800 >> THANKS VERY MUCH. 3685 02:56:24,800 --> 02:56:26,240 BOTH WE AND YOU LEARNED A LOT 3686 02:56:26,240 --> 02:56:28,600 FROM THIS WHICH IS I GUESS THE 3687 02:56:28,600 --> 02:56:31,680 GOAL OF ALL THAT WE DO. 3688 02:56:31,680 --> 02:56:32,880 GREAT WORK. 3689 02:56:32,880 --> 02:56:35,840 SO WITHOUT FURTHER DELAY, THINK 3690 02:56:35,840 --> 02:56:39,040 IT IS TIME TO GET TO OUR FIRST 3691 02:56:39,040 --> 02:56:41,880 ESSAY WINNER. 3692 02:56:41,880 --> 02:56:43,320 ASHLEY FROM GREENWITCH HIGH 3693 02:56:43,320 --> 02:56:44,320 SCHOOL CONNECTICUT. 3694 02:56:44,320 --> 02:56:47,240 EQUITY IN THE COMING WORLD OF 3695 02:56:47,240 --> 02:56:48,600 NEURAL ENHANCEMENTS. 3696 02:56:48,600 --> 02:56:50,800 CONGRATULATIONS ASHLEY, CAN YOU 3697 02:56:50,800 --> 02:56:53,080 TURN ON YOUR VIDEO UNMUTE AND 3698 02:56:53,080 --> 02:56:55,800 READ US AN EXEMPT? EXCERPT? 3699 02:56:55,800 --> 02:56:58,800 >> I'M ASHLEY MALKIN. 3700 02:56:58,800 --> 02:56:59,840 FIRST THANKS TO THE NATIONAL 3701 02:56:59,840 --> 02:57:01,640 INSTITUTE OF HEALTH FOR THIS 3702 02:57:01,640 --> 02:57:02,920 NORTHERN AND THE OPPORTUNITY TO 3703 02:57:02,920 --> 02:57:05,040 DISCUSS NEUROETHICS. 3704 02:57:05,040 --> 02:57:06,280 HERE IS AN EXCERPT FROM MY ESSAY 3705 02:57:06,280 --> 02:57:08,200 EQUITY IN THE COMING WORLD OF 3706 02:57:08,200 --> 02:57:10,840 NEUROENHANCEMENTS. 3707 02:57:10,840 --> 02:57:12,040 NEUROTECHNOLOGY HAS POTENTIAL TO 3708 02:57:12,040 --> 02:57:14,480 ELEVATE OUR ACT DELLIC ATHLETIC 3709 02:57:14,480 --> 02:57:17,200 AND SOCIAL ABILITIES TO NEW 3710 02:57:17,200 --> 02:57:17,400 PEAKS. 3711 02:57:17,400 --> 02:57:19,000 THESE ARE OPTIMISTIC PROMISES 3712 02:57:19,000 --> 02:57:20,760 BUT WITH NEW ADVANCES IN 3713 02:57:20,760 --> 02:57:22,880 NEUROSCIENCE AN ENGINEERING, 3714 02:57:22,880 --> 02:57:24,160 THEY ARE WITHIN REACH. 3715 02:57:24,160 --> 02:57:26,800 HOWEVER, THE COMING WORLD OF 3716 02:57:26,800 --> 02:57:28,280 NEUROENHANCEMENT ISN'T ALL 3717 02:57:28,280 --> 02:57:29,240 UTOPIAN IDEALS. 3718 02:57:29,240 --> 02:57:31,760 THERE ARE SERIOUS PRESSING 3719 02:57:31,760 --> 02:57:33,480 CONCERNS ABOUT HOW 3720 02:57:33,480 --> 02:57:35,120 NEUROENHANCEMENTS DEVISE, 3721 02:57:35,120 --> 02:57:36,240 INSCRIBING THE HAVES AND HAVE 3722 02:57:36,240 --> 02:57:38,520 NOTES INTO OUR BIOLOGY. 3723 02:57:38,520 --> 02:57:40,280 EQUITY IS A MAJOR ISSUE 3724 02:57:40,280 --> 02:57:43,520 SURROUNDING NEUROENHANCEMENTS. 3725 02:57:43,520 --> 02:57:45,160 BOTH IN EQUITABLE ACCESS TO THIS 3726 02:57:45,160 --> 02:57:47,440 TECHNOLOGY AND EQUITABLE USE. 3727 02:57:47,440 --> 02:57:48,800 EQUITABLE NEUROENHANCEMENT 3728 02:57:48,800 --> 02:57:51,280 ISSUES MUST BE ADDRESSED TO 3729 02:57:51,280 --> 02:57:52,840 ENSURE NEUROTECHNOLOGY AND THE 3730 02:57:52,840 --> 02:57:53,840 POTENTIAL BENEFITS THEY MAY 3731 02:57:53,840 --> 02:57:56,680 BRING CAN BE ENJOYED BY ALL. 3732 02:57:56,680 --> 02:57:58,600 ONCE NEUROENHANCEMENT BECOMES 3733 02:57:58,600 --> 02:58:00,480 AVAILABLE TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC, 3734 02:58:00,480 --> 02:58:03,240 SERIOUS EQUITABLE ISSUES ARISE. 3735 02:58:03,240 --> 02:58:04,640 STUDENTS CAN USE 3736 02:58:04,640 --> 02:58:05,720 NEUROSTIMULATION WHILE STUDYING 3737 02:58:05,720 --> 02:58:08,280 FOR EXAMS IMPROVING COGNITIVE 3738 02:58:08,280 --> 02:58:10,520 ABILITIES AND LIKELY TEST 3739 02:58:10,520 --> 02:58:12,200 PERFORMANCE WITHOUT STUDYING 3740 02:58:12,200 --> 02:58:13,160 HARDER. 3741 02:58:13,160 --> 02:58:15,000 THIS WOULD PUT THEIR UNNESS 3742 02:58:15,000 --> 02:58:16,160 HANSED PEERS A DISADVANTAGE AS 3743 02:58:16,160 --> 02:58:17,720 IT WOULD BE DIFFICULT TO COMPETE 3744 02:58:17,720 --> 02:58:20,000 WITH THOSE WHO OWNED EXPENSIVE 3745 02:58:20,000 --> 02:58:21,560 NEUROENHANCEMENT EQUIPMENT. 3746 02:58:21,560 --> 02:58:23,600 THE PROBLEM EXTENDS TO WORKPLACE 3747 02:58:23,600 --> 02:58:25,000 AS WELL. 3748 02:58:25,000 --> 02:58:26,800 WHY WOULD EMPLOYER HIRE 3749 02:58:26,800 --> 02:58:28,160 UNENHANCED PERSON WHEN THEY CAN 3750 02:58:28,160 --> 02:58:29,920 HIRE ENHANCED PERSON WHO WOULD 3751 02:58:29,920 --> 02:58:32,600 WORK FAR MORE EFFICIENTLY? 3752 02:58:32,600 --> 02:58:34,800 THE WEALTH GAP IS A MAJOR CRISIS 3753 02:58:34,800 --> 02:58:36,400 AROUND THE WORLD AND IF EQUITY 3754 02:58:36,400 --> 02:58:38,640 CONCERNS ARE NOT ADDRESSED, 3755 02:58:38,640 --> 02:58:39,360 NEUROENHANCEMENT WILL COMPOUND 3756 02:58:39,360 --> 02:58:42,600 THIS PROBLEM TO AN UNIMAGINABLE 3757 02:58:42,600 --> 02:58:43,280 DEGREE. 3758 02:58:43,280 --> 02:58:44,960 THUS, THE GOVERNMENT NEEDS TO 3759 02:58:44,960 --> 02:58:46,520 CREATE CLEAR REGULATIONS 3760 02:58:46,520 --> 02:58:47,800 DEFINING BOUNDARIES FOR 3761 02:58:47,800 --> 02:58:49,400 NEUROENHANCEMENTS. 3762 02:58:49,400 --> 02:58:51,960 ALTHOUGH DRAWING THESE LINES CAN 3763 02:58:51,960 --> 02:58:54,200 BE COMPLICATED IT IS NECESSARY 3764 02:58:54,200 --> 02:58:54,840 TO ARE CREATE PROTECTION FROM 3765 02:58:54,840 --> 02:58:56,400 DANGEROUS OUTCOMES AN ENSURE 3766 02:58:56,400 --> 02:58:57,920 EQUITY. 3767 02:58:57,920 --> 02:58:59,800 A REGULATORY FRAMEWORK SHOULD BE 3768 02:58:59,800 --> 02:59:02,040 ESTABLISHED DETAILING WHEN 3769 02:59:02,040 --> 02:59:03,720 NEUROENHANCEMENTS SHOULD BE 3770 02:59:03,720 --> 02:59:05,360 ALLOWEDND UNDER WHAT CONDITIONS. 3771 02:59:05,360 --> 02:59:06,200 THIS SHOULD BE GLOBALLY 3772 02:59:06,200 --> 02:59:07,520 COORDINATED TO PREVENT FROM 3773 02:59:07,520 --> 02:59:09,920 OBTAINING UNREGULATED 3774 02:59:09,920 --> 02:59:12,280 IMPLANTABLE NEUROENHANCEMENTS. 3775 02:59:12,280 --> 02:59:13,960 MAINTENANCE OF IMPLANTABLE 3776 02:59:13,960 --> 02:59:15,200 DEVICES MAY NEED REGULATION AS 3777 02:59:15,200 --> 02:59:17,000 PEOPLE WITH NEUROENHANCEMENTS 3778 02:59:17,000 --> 02:59:18,240 SHOULD ALWAYS HAVE ACCESS TO 3779 02:59:18,240 --> 02:59:20,680 SAFETY UPDATES. 3780 02:59:20,680 --> 02:59:22,160 DISCLOSURE OF NEUROENHANCEMENTS 3781 02:59:22,160 --> 02:59:24,400 MAY ALSO REQUIRE REGULATION. 3782 02:59:24,400 --> 02:59:25,880 AND ANTI-DISCRIMINATION 3783 02:59:25,880 --> 02:59:26,560 REGULATION SHOULD BE AN 3784 02:59:26,560 --> 02:59:27,040 IMPORTANT PART OF THIS 3785 02:59:27,040 --> 02:59:29,360 FRAMEWORK. 3786 02:59:29,360 --> 02:59:31,080 AT A MINIMUM THE GOVERNMENT 3787 02:59:31,080 --> 02:59:32,360 SHOULD BAN COMPANIES FROM 3788 02:59:32,360 --> 02:59:33,680 REQUIRING NEUROENHANCEMENTS FOR 3789 02:59:33,680 --> 02:59:35,000 THEIR EMPLOYEES. 3790 02:59:35,000 --> 02:59:36,920 THE PROBLEM OF EQUITABLE 3791 02:59:36,920 --> 02:59:38,640 NEUROENHANCEMENTS IS NOT AN EASY 3792 02:59:38,640 --> 02:59:39,840 ONE. 3793 02:59:39,840 --> 02:59:42,000 IT WILL IMPACT NEARLY EVERY 3794 02:59:42,000 --> 02:59:45,720 FACET OF LIFE INCLUDING ECONOMIC 3795 02:59:45,720 --> 02:59:46,520 OPPORTUNITIES SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE 3796 02:59:46,520 --> 02:59:48,120 AND OTHER AREAS. 3797 02:59:48,120 --> 02:59:50,000 NEUROENHANCEMENTS HAVE POTENTIAL 3798 02:59:50,000 --> 02:59:52,520 TO HEIGHTEN HUMANITY YET ISSUES 3799 02:59:52,520 --> 02:59:54,200 OF EQUITY GO UNADDRESSED SOCIETY 3800 02:59:54,200 --> 02:59:55,760 WILL SPLIT TO TWO SECTIONS. 3801 02:59:55,760 --> 03:00:00,040 THOSE WITH NEUROENHANCEMENTS AND 3802 03:00:00,040 --> 03:00:00,480 THOSE WITHOUT. 3803 03:00:00,480 --> 03:00:06,000 IT IS UNJUST TO SUB JEW GATE 3804 03:00:06,000 --> 03:00:09,120 THOSE BECAUSE OF THEIR ECONOMIC 3805 03:00:09,120 --> 03:00:11,120 STATUS. 3806 03:00:11,120 --> 03:00:12,800 NEUROSCIENTISTS LAWYERS AND 3807 03:00:12,800 --> 03:00:14,360 ETHICISTS NEED TO COME TO 3808 03:00:14,360 --> 03:00:16,480 SOLUTIONS WITH THIS ISSUE. 3809 03:00:16,480 --> 03:00:17,400 THE PROGRESS OF TEENINGNOLOGY 3810 03:00:17,400 --> 03:00:18,880 WILL CONTINUE UNABATED. 3811 03:00:18,880 --> 03:00:22,160 THE PROGRESS OF OUR LAWS 3812 03:00:22,160 --> 03:00:22,760 SURROUNDING NEUROENHANCEMENTS 3813 03:00:22,760 --> 03:00:24,000 MUST MATCH IT. 3814 03:00:24,000 --> 03:00:26,000 THANK YOU AGAIN FOR THIS HONOR 3815 03:00:26,000 --> 03:00:27,640 TO GIVE YOU A LITTLE BIT ABOUT 3816 03:00:27,640 --> 03:00:30,320 MY BACKGROUND I HAVE BEEN 3817 03:00:30,320 --> 03:00:31,400 FASCINATED WITH NEUROSCIENCE AS 3818 03:00:31,400 --> 03:00:32,120 LONG AS I CAN REMEMBER. 3819 03:00:32,120 --> 03:00:33,760 I SPENT THE LAST YEAR DEVELOPING 3820 03:00:33,760 --> 03:00:35,400 A MACHINE LEARNING DIAGNOSTIC 3821 03:00:35,400 --> 03:00:38,000 FOR EARLY STAGE TBI USING I 3822 03:00:38,000 --> 03:00:38,920 TRACKING METHODS. 3823 03:00:38,920 --> 03:00:40,920 FOR MY MAIN TAKE AWAY I BELIEVE 3824 03:00:40,920 --> 03:00:42,200 NEUROETHICS IS A CRUCIAL 3825 03:00:42,200 --> 03:00:44,560 COMPANION TO NEUROSCIENCE. 3826 03:00:44,560 --> 03:00:46,600 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ARE 3827 03:00:46,600 --> 03:00:48,480 INHERENTLY NEUTRAL, THUS THE JOB 3828 03:00:48,480 --> 03:00:49,920 OF NEUROETHICS TO ENSURE THE 3829 03:00:49,920 --> 03:00:51,600 BUDDING TECHNOLOGY OF 3830 03:00:51,600 --> 03:00:52,560 NEUROENHANCEMENTS IS USED TO 3831 03:00:52,560 --> 03:00:53,760 BENEFIT HUMANITY. 3832 03:00:53,760 --> 03:00:59,000 IT IS VITAL TO INRATE EQUITABLE 3833 03:00:59,000 --> 03:01:02,200 CONCERNS TO PREVENT 3834 03:01:02,200 --> 03:01:03,440 INSURMOUNTABLE BIOLOGICAL DIVIDE 3835 03:01:03,440 --> 03:01:05,400 BETWEEN THE HAVE AND HAVE NOTES. 3836 03:01:05,400 --> 03:01:06,960 WE MUST CREATE A REGULATORY 3837 03:01:06,960 --> 03:01:08,520 FRAMEWORK THAT INCORPORATES LAWS 3838 03:01:08,520 --> 03:01:10,800 SUCH AS SAFETY, MAINTENANCE 3839 03:01:10,800 --> 03:01:11,320 DISCLOSURE AND 3840 03:01:11,320 --> 03:01:14,000 ANTI-DISCRIMINATION. 3841 03:01:14,000 --> 03:01:15,400 NEUROENHANCEMENTS HAVE MANY 3842 03:01:15,400 --> 03:01:16,120 EXCITING APPLICATIONS WHICH WILL 3843 03:01:16,120 --> 03:01:17,400 IMPROVE OUR LIVES. 3844 03:01:17,400 --> 03:01:19,040 AS LONG AS WE ARE MINDFUL TO 3845 03:01:19,040 --> 03:01:20,120 APPROACH THEIR DEVELOPMENT 3846 03:01:20,120 --> 03:01:21,680 THROUGH THE LENS OF NEUROETHICS. 3847 03:01:21,680 --> 03:01:27,960 THANK YOU. 3848 03:01:27,960 --> 03:01:33,200 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 3849 03:01:33,200 --> 03:01:35,560 NOW PLEASED TO MOVE TO THE FIRST 3850 03:01:35,560 --> 03:01:38,600 TIER VIDEO WINNER, AFTER THAT 3851 03:01:38,600 --> 03:01:40,520 FANTASTIC ESSAY, THANKS SO MUCH, 3852 03:01:40,520 --> 03:01:43,520 ASHLEY. 3853 03:01:43,520 --> 03:01:46,720 OUR WINNER IS JAKE FROM 3854 03:01:46,720 --> 03:01:48,200 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, 3855 03:01:48,200 --> 03:01:52,200 NORTHEAST OF DETROIT. 3856 03:01:52,200 --> 03:01:53,400 PRODUCED A VOID CALLED WHAT DOES 3857 03:01:53,400 --> 03:01:54,200 FUTURE LOOK LIKE. 3858 03:01:54,200 --> 03:01:55,600 LET'S WATCH A VIDEO CLIP AND 3859 03:01:55,600 --> 03:01:57,200 HEAR THE TAKE AWAY MESSAGE FROM 3860 03:01:57,200 --> 03:02:04,080 JAKE. 3861 03:02:04,080 --> 03:02:06,600 HI, JAKE. 3862 03:02:06,600 --> 03:02:12,680 >> HEY. 3863 03:02:12,680 --> 03:02:13,080 HI. 3864 03:02:13,080 --> 03:02:15,320 NICE TO MEET YOU. 3865 03:02:15,320 --> 03:02:16,120 MY NAME IS JAKE. 3866 03:02:16,120 --> 03:02:18,760 WHEN I WAS YOUNGER I WAS A 3867 03:02:18,760 --> 03:02:19,400 PRETTY ORDINARY KID. 3868 03:02:19,400 --> 03:02:22,640 I LOVED TO RUN AROUND FLYING 3869 03:02:22,640 --> 03:02:25,400 QUIETS, RIDING MY BIKE, DO 3870 03:02:25,400 --> 03:02:26,040 GYMNASTICS AND FLIP INTO THE 3871 03:02:26,040 --> 03:02:30,600 POOL. 3872 03:02:30,600 --> 03:02:32,320 AT NIGHT THAT ALL CHANGED WHEN I 3873 03:02:32,320 --> 03:02:34,040 WAS DIAGNOSED WITH A 3874 03:02:34,040 --> 03:02:37,480 DEGENERATIVE NEUROMUSCULAR 3875 03:02:37,480 --> 03:02:41,280 DISEASE CALLED ATAXIA. 3876 03:02:41,280 --> 03:02:44,560 NOT ONLY DID I START GOING TO 3877 03:02:44,560 --> 03:02:45,920 SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCES WITH 3878 03:02:45,920 --> 03:02:50,360 SUPER SMART SCIENTISTS, BUT I 3879 03:02:50,360 --> 03:02:52,600 HAVE NOW LOST THE ABILITY TO 3880 03:02:52,600 --> 03:02:55,800 WALK OR EVEN STAND WITHOUT 3881 03:02:55,800 --> 03:02:57,080 SUPPORT. 3882 03:02:57,080 --> 03:02:58,720 SPUE AS YOU MIGHT IMAGINE I'M 3883 03:02:58,720 --> 03:03:01,920 VERY PASSIONATE ABOUT ADVANCING 3884 03:03:01,920 --> 03:03:05,560 RESEARCH WITH OUR BRAINS. 3885 03:03:05,560 --> 03:03:09,480 I ENCOURAGE SCIENTISTS TO PURSUE 3886 03:03:09,480 --> 03:03:11,400 ANY AVENUE AND OPEN ANY BOX THAT 3887 03:03:11,400 --> 03:03:13,320 MIGHT LEAD TO A BREAK THROUGH 3888 03:03:13,320 --> 03:03:15,640 FOR ME AND FOR OTHERS LIKE ME. 3889 03:03:15,640 --> 03:03:18,880 I DO HAVE THE BASIC FRAMEWORK TO 3890 03:03:18,880 --> 03:03:20,800 THE BRAIN INFORMATION THAT I 3891 03:03:20,800 --> 03:03:26,960 CONTRIBUTE TO RESEARCH. 3892 03:03:26,960 --> 03:03:28,200 MY PARTICIPATION IS VOLUNTARY 3893 03:03:28,200 --> 03:03:31,960 AND SHOULD ALWAYS STAY THAT WAY. 3894 03:03:31,960 --> 03:03:33,200 WHAT IS MINE IS MINE UNTIL I 3895 03:03:33,200 --> 03:03:39,160 DECIDE TO SHARE IT. 3896 03:03:39,160 --> 03:03:41,560 AND WHEN I DECIDE TO SHARE MY 3897 03:03:41,560 --> 03:03:43,280 BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION WITH 3898 03:03:43,280 --> 03:03:44,640 SCIENTIST, IT IS VERY IMPORTANT 3899 03:03:44,640 --> 03:03:46,480 THAT IT IS DEIDENTIFIED. 3900 03:03:46,480 --> 03:03:49,920 I'M HAPPY TO CONTRIBUTE MY 3901 03:03:49,920 --> 03:03:51,040 INDIVIDUAL INFORMATION TO BE 3902 03:03:51,040 --> 03:03:54,480 PART OF THE GREATER HOPE. 3903 03:03:54,480 --> 03:03:55,720 BUT THAT CONTRIBUTION SHOULD 3904 03:03:55,720 --> 03:03:57,720 NEVER BE ABLE TO BE REWORKED AND 3905 03:03:57,720 --> 03:04:00,960 TRACED BACK TO ME AS 3906 03:04:00,960 --> 03:04:04,920 TECHNOLOGIES ADVANCE. 3907 03:04:04,920 --> 03:04:06,680 MOST IMPORTANTLY WE SHOULDN'T 3908 03:04:06,680 --> 03:04:08,640 HESITATE TO CONTINUE TO PUSH OUR 3909 03:04:08,640 --> 03:04:11,200 UNDERSTANDING OF THE HUMAN BRAIN 3910 03:04:11,200 --> 03:04:14,080 IF WE MOVE FORWARD WITH THE 3911 03:04:14,080 --> 03:04:17,480 FOCUS ON CURING DISEASES. 3912 03:04:17,480 --> 03:04:20,240 AS SOMEONE WHO HAS SO MUCH TO 3913 03:04:20,240 --> 03:04:21,640 CONTRIBUTE, AND WHOSE BRAIN HAS 3914 03:04:21,640 --> 03:04:26,520 SO MUCH MORE CAPACITY THAN MY 3915 03:04:26,520 --> 03:04:28,640 CEREBELLUM WILL ALLOW MY BODY TO 3916 03:04:28,640 --> 03:04:29,800 UTILIZE, WHAT DOES THE FUTURE 3917 03:04:29,800 --> 03:04:34,640 LOOK LIKE? 3918 03:04:34,640 --> 03:04:47,920 THANK YOU FOR WATCHING. 3919 03:04:47,920 --> 03:04:49,400 >> THANKS, JAKE. 3920 03:04:49,400 --> 03:04:50,360 DO YOU WANT TO GIVE US A TAKE 3921 03:04:50,360 --> 03:04:51,640 HOME MESSAGE FROM THAT ONE? 3922 03:04:51,640 --> 03:04:52,400 >> ABSOLUTELY. 3923 03:04:52,400 --> 03:04:55,200 SO HELLO, EVERYONE, AT THE BRAIN 3924 03:04:55,200 --> 03:04:55,680 INITIATIVE. 3925 03:04:55,680 --> 03:04:58,560 THANK YOU, VERY MUCH FOR THIS 3926 03:04:58,560 --> 03:05:00,360 OPPORTUNITY TO SPEAK MY MIND 3927 03:05:00,360 --> 03:05:03,720 ABOUT THE ETHICS OF BRAIN 3928 03:05:03,720 --> 03:05:04,000 RESEARCH. 3929 03:05:04,000 --> 03:05:06,920 AS A 16-YEAR-OLD KID WHO 3930 03:05:06,920 --> 03:05:08,200 FREQUENTLY PARTICIPATE IN 3931 03:05:08,200 --> 03:05:10,160 MEDICAL RESEARCH, I APPRECIATE 3932 03:05:10,160 --> 03:05:13,160 THE CONCERN FROM ETHICAL 3933 03:05:13,160 --> 03:05:13,720 REQUIREMENT. 3934 03:05:13,720 --> 03:05:15,400 WHILE IT IS IMPORTANT TO 3935 03:05:15,400 --> 03:05:17,200 CONSIDER THESE ETHICS IT IS ALSO 3936 03:05:17,200 --> 03:05:18,960 IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER THAT 3937 03:05:18,960 --> 03:05:22,800 DISEASES ARE MOVING FAST. 3938 03:05:22,800 --> 03:05:24,920 SO THE RESEARCH NEEDS TO MOVE 3939 03:05:24,920 --> 03:05:26,120 EVEN FASTER. 3940 03:05:26,120 --> 03:05:28,680 TIME IS REALLY IMPORTANT TO ME. 3941 03:05:28,680 --> 03:05:30,920 EVEN JUST TWO YEARS AGO I WAS 3942 03:05:30,920 --> 03:05:34,360 ABLE TO WALK NORMALLY AND SINCE 3943 03:05:34,360 --> 03:05:35,720 THEN MY RIGOROUS ATAXIA HAS 3944 03:05:35,720 --> 03:05:39,360 STOLEN MY ABLE TO WALK AND EVEN 3945 03:05:39,360 --> 03:05:40,600 TO STAND. 3946 03:05:40,600 --> 03:05:42,600 IN FACT RIGHT AFTER THIS I'M 3947 03:05:42,600 --> 03:05:44,840 GOING TO PICK UP MY FIRST POWER 3948 03:05:44,840 --> 03:05:47,160 WHEELCHAIR AND ALTHOUGH IT IS 3949 03:05:47,160 --> 03:05:49,640 REALLY NEAT AND REALLY COOL 3950 03:05:49,640 --> 03:05:51,160 CHAIR IT WILL BE EVEN COOLER IF 3951 03:05:51,160 --> 03:05:53,120 I DIDN'T NEED A CHAIR AT ALL. 3952 03:05:53,120 --> 03:05:55,880 SO I HOPE THAT RESEARCHERS ALL 3953 03:05:55,880 --> 03:05:57,600 AROUND THE WORLD RECOGNIZE MY 3954 03:05:57,600 --> 03:06:00,240 PLEA FOR HELP AND HELP ME AND 3955 03:06:00,240 --> 03:06:01,400 OTHERS WITH BRAIN RELATED 3956 03:06:01,400 --> 03:06:03,160 DISEASES. 3957 03:06:03,160 --> 03:06:05,760 WE NEED YOUR HELP AND WE NEED 3958 03:06:05,760 --> 03:06:07,800 YOU BACK BOLDLY AND SWIFTLY, THE 3959 03:06:07,800 --> 03:06:09,440 PANDEMIC HAS TAUGHT US THAT WE 3960 03:06:09,440 --> 03:06:11,400 CAN DO JUST THAT. 3961 03:06:11,400 --> 03:06:16,600 AS I QUOTED IN MY MOVIE, ANY 3962 03:06:16,600 --> 03:06:18,800 ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY IS 3963 03:06:18,800 --> 03:06:20,360 INDISTINGUISHABLE FROM MAGIC. 3964 03:06:20,360 --> 03:06:23,280 IF WE AS PATIENTS AND YOU AS 3965 03:06:23,280 --> 03:06:26,320 RESEARCHERS WORK TOGETHER WITH 3966 03:06:26,320 --> 03:06:29,600 URGENCY, TRANSPARENCY AND MUTUAL 3967 03:06:29,600 --> 03:06:31,800 RESPECT, THEN I AM CONFIDENT WE 3968 03:06:31,800 --> 03:06:33,400 WILL FIND A CURE FOR MY DISEASE 3969 03:06:33,400 --> 03:06:34,360 AND OTHERS LIKE IT. 3970 03:06:34,360 --> 03:06:37,560 TO ME, THAT WILL FEEL LIKE 3971 03:06:37,560 --> 03:06:37,760 MAGIC. 3972 03:06:37,760 --> 03:06:39,400 THANK YOU. 3973 03:06:39,400 --> 03:06:41,120 >> THANKS, JAKE. 3974 03:06:41,120 --> 03:06:43,960 YOUR STORY IS INSPIRING AND 3975 03:06:43,960 --> 03:06:46,040 CERTAINLY INSPIRES US TO WORK 3976 03:06:46,040 --> 03:06:48,800 EVEN HARDER TO ADDRESS THESE 3977 03:06:48,800 --> 03:06:49,840 ISSUES. 3978 03:06:49,840 --> 03:06:51,000 YOUR INSIGHTS ARE ALSO INSPIRING 3979 03:06:51,000 --> 03:06:54,360 AND THE ONE THING THAT THAT 3980 03:06:54,360 --> 03:06:56,880 RESONATE WITH ME AND UNDERSCORE 3981 03:06:56,880 --> 03:06:58,440 YOU DO HAVE A LOT TO CONTRIBUTE 3982 03:06:58,440 --> 03:06:59,920 AND PLEASE CONTINUE TO DO SO, IT 3983 03:06:59,920 --> 03:07:01,600 WILL MAKE US ALL BETTER AND MAKE 3984 03:07:01,600 --> 03:07:04,360 US ALL WORK THAT MUCH HARDER FOR 3985 03:07:04,360 --> 03:07:07,000 YOU AND EVERYBODY WHO NEEDS IT. 3986 03:07:07,000 --> 03:07:08,120 >> OKAY. 3987 03:07:08,120 --> 03:07:10,520 SO JUST TO WRAP UP, WE ARE 3988 03:07:10,520 --> 03:07:12,600 THRILLED WE RECEIVED SO MANY 3989 03:07:12,600 --> 03:07:13,600 FANTASTIC SUBMISSIONS, FROM ALL 3990 03:07:13,600 --> 03:07:15,800 ACROSS THE COUNTRY. 3991 03:07:15,800 --> 03:07:17,880 LET'S BRING ALL OF OUR PRIZE 3992 03:07:17,880 --> 03:07:19,440 WINNERS BACK IN IF WE CAN ON 3993 03:07:19,440 --> 03:07:21,760 CAMERA SO WE CAN ACKNOWLEDGE 3994 03:07:21,760 --> 03:07:23,200 THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS AND THEIR 3995 03:07:23,200 --> 03:07:26,000 CREATIVITY. 3996 03:07:26,000 --> 03:07:27,480 SEE THEM POPPING UP HERE. 3997 03:07:27,480 --> 03:07:30,640 ALSO LIKE TO TAKE A MOMENT TO 3998 03:07:30,640 --> 03:07:32,320 HIGHLIGHT THE FIVE HONORABLE 3999 03:07:32,320 --> 03:07:32,600 MENTIONS. 4000 03:07:32,600 --> 03:07:37,200 THAT SLIDE WILL POP UP IN A 4001 03:07:37,200 --> 03:07:38,160 MOMENT. 4002 03:07:38,160 --> 03:07:42,400 DO WE HAVE A FEW MINUTES TO DO A 4003 03:07:42,400 --> 03:07:47,560 LITTLE GROUP DISCUSSION HERE, 4004 03:07:47,560 --> 03:07:48,320 PANEL DISCUSSION? 4005 03:07:48,320 --> 03:07:49,720 >> WE HAVE THE TIME, JOHN. 4006 03:07:49,720 --> 03:07:54,800 >> THAT'S GREAT. 4007 03:07:54,800 --> 03:07:56,200 LET'S SEE. 4008 03:07:56,200 --> 03:07:58,880 WALTER AND RICHARD STILL HERE 4009 03:07:58,880 --> 03:08:02,600 YOU CAN TURN ON YOUR CAMERAS. 4010 03:08:02,600 --> 03:08:04,680 AND DEB AS WELL. RICHARD HAS 4011 03:08:04,680 --> 03:08:09,200 RUN OFF TO ANOTHER APPOINTMENT. 4012 03:08:09,200 --> 03:08:11,600 BUT AGAIN CONGRATULATIONS TO ALL 4013 03:08:11,600 --> 03:08:13,200 OF YOU, IT IS GREAT TO PUT THESE 4014 03:08:13,200 --> 03:08:15,400 CHALLENGES OUT THERE AND TO SEE 4015 03:08:15,400 --> 03:08:18,960 WHAT COMES BACK IN AND THIS YEAR 4016 03:08:18,960 --> 03:08:20,760 DID NOT DISAPPOINT, QUITE THE 4017 03:08:20,760 --> 03:08:22,840 OPPOSITE. 4018 03:08:22,840 --> 03:08:25,080 AND AGAIN WHAT IS VIKING TO ME 4019 03:08:25,080 --> 03:08:28,440 IS YOU GUYS HAVE WENT O THE 4020 03:08:28,440 --> 03:08:30,160 HEART OF SOME ISSUES WE TALK 4021 03:08:30,160 --> 03:08:31,200 ABOUT EVERY DAY. 4022 03:08:31,200 --> 03:08:33,400 WE DON'T YET HAVE FULL ANSWERS 4023 03:08:33,400 --> 03:08:37,000 TO BUT WITH A LOT OF SMART MINDS 4024 03:08:37,000 --> 03:08:39,080 AND HOPEFULLY NEW BRIGHT MINDS 4025 03:08:39,080 --> 03:08:40,360 COMING INTO FOLD WE WILL MAKE 4026 03:08:40,360 --> 03:08:43,800 SOME PROGRESS OVER THE YEARS. 4027 03:08:43,800 --> 03:08:45,400 THIS IS ALSO AN OPPORTUNITY FOR 4028 03:08:45,400 --> 03:08:48,200 YOU GUYS TO ASK US QUESTIONS. 4029 03:08:48,200 --> 03:08:49,480 WE PRESUMABLY MADE IT TO SOME 4030 03:08:49,480 --> 03:08:51,040 LEVEL WHERE WE ARE DEEPLY 4031 03:08:51,040 --> 03:08:54,440 INVOLVED IN THE RESEARCH AND WE 4032 03:08:54,440 --> 03:08:55,480 WOULD LOVE TO HEAR YOUR 4033 03:08:55,480 --> 03:08:57,400 QUESTIONS AND YOUR THOUGHTS AND 4034 03:08:57,400 --> 03:08:59,760 ANSWER ANY QUESTIONS YOU MIGHT 4035 03:08:59,760 --> 03:09:03,000 HAVE ABOUT SEEING YOURSELF COME 4036 03:09:03,000 --> 03:09:06,200 INTO THE FIELD AS YOU GET 4037 03:09:06,200 --> 03:09:08,120 THROUGH COLLEGE AND PERHAPS 4038 03:09:08,120 --> 03:09:12,440 GRADUATE AND MEDICAL SCHOOL OR 4039 03:09:12,440 --> 03:09:14,200 OTHER PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL. 4040 03:09:14,200 --> 03:09:15,760 >> CAN I ASK A QUESTION? 4041 03:09:15,760 --> 03:09:17,600 >> PLEASE. 4042 03:09:17,600 --> 03:09:19,880 >> SO LIKE TO ANY OF THE 4043 03:09:19,880 --> 03:09:22,400 PANELISTS IN YOUR WORK IN 4044 03:09:22,400 --> 03:09:23,080 NEUROSCIENCE WHAT ARE SOME OF 4045 03:09:23,080 --> 03:09:26,240 THE ETHICAL ISSUES THAT YOU SEE 4046 03:09:26,240 --> 03:09:27,800 MOST PROMINENTLY IN YOUR DAILY 4047 03:09:27,800 --> 03:09:34,800 WORK? 4048 03:09:34,800 --> 03:09:40,320 >> WELL I WOULD SAY JUST TO 4049 03:09:40,320 --> 03:09:43,560 STATE THAT WHEN THE BRAIN 4050 03:09:43,560 --> 03:09:49,120 INITIATIVES STARTED RIGHT AT THE 4051 03:09:49,120 --> 03:09:51,400 BEGINNING THE U.S. BIOETHICS 4052 03:09:51,400 --> 03:09:53,800 COMMITTEE TO KIND OF PUT 4053 03:09:53,800 --> 03:09:57,000 TOGETHER ISSUES THAT WE HAVE TO 4054 03:09:57,000 --> 03:09:59,600 CONSIDER GOING FORWARD. 4055 03:09:59,600 --> 03:10:02,400 WE HAVE A WORKING GROUP, 4056 03:10:02,400 --> 03:10:04,040 NEUROETHICS WORKING GROUP TO 4057 03:10:04,040 --> 03:10:04,680 GIVE US GUIDANCE. 4058 03:10:04,680 --> 03:10:06,040 THEY DEAL WITH A NUMBER OF ISSUE 4059 03:10:06,040 --> 03:10:08,160 US THAT COME UP THAT ARE 4060 03:10:08,160 --> 03:10:08,800 CONCRETE. 4061 03:10:08,800 --> 03:10:10,760 ONE OF THE BIGGEST ONES WE HAVE 4062 03:10:10,760 --> 03:10:17,080 BEEN STRUGGLING WITH IS THE 4063 03:10:17,080 --> 03:10:22,200 ETHICS OF PLACING DEVICES IN THE 4064 03:10:22,200 --> 03:10:24,640 BRAIN OF PEOPLE TO IMPROVE 4065 03:10:24,640 --> 03:10:28,040 FUNCTION AS PART OF RESEARCH AND 4066 03:10:28,040 --> 03:10:31,320 HOW TO TAKE CARE OF THEM ONCE 4067 03:10:31,320 --> 03:10:31,960 RESEARCH IS OVER. 4068 03:10:31,960 --> 03:10:33,320 REAL STICKY PROBLEM. 4069 03:10:33,320 --> 03:10:37,200 THE RESEARCH PROJECTS GENERALLY 4070 03:10:37,200 --> 03:10:38,800 RUN FIVE YEARS, THEY END IF 4071 03:10:38,800 --> 03:10:41,600 THERE IS A DEVICE THAT IS 4072 03:10:41,600 --> 03:10:43,360 IMPLANTED, SOMEONE TALKED ABOUT 4073 03:10:43,360 --> 03:10:48,120 A BATTERY GOING -- EMERGENCY 4074 03:10:48,120 --> 03:10:50,000 ROOM, THOSE ARE THE KINDS OF 4075 03:10:50,000 --> 03:10:51,600 ISSUES WE GRAPPLE WITH IN TERMS 4076 03:10:51,600 --> 03:10:54,200 OF WHO IS GOING TO TAKE CARE OF 4077 03:10:54,200 --> 03:10:58,240 THOSE FOLKS IN THE LONG RUN. 4078 03:10:58,240 --> 03:11:01,920 VERY CONCRETE, VERY SPECIFIC BUT 4079 03:11:01,920 --> 03:11:02,400 IMPORTANT ONE. 4080 03:11:02,400 --> 03:11:04,680 >> WE JUST HAD AN INTENSE AND 4081 03:11:04,680 --> 03:11:06,160 SENSITIVE TWO DAY WORKSHOP ON 4082 03:11:06,160 --> 03:11:07,240 THIS ISSUE. 4083 03:11:07,240 --> 03:11:09,160 AND WE ARE TRYING TO SORT 4084 03:11:09,160 --> 03:11:11,400 THROUGH SOME SOLUTIONS WHICH FOR 4085 03:11:11,400 --> 03:11:13,120 A BUNCH OF REASONS IS PROBABLY 4086 03:11:13,120 --> 03:11:15,160 GOING TO REQUIRE WORK AROUNDS 4087 03:11:15,160 --> 03:11:17,720 BECAUSE OF EXISTING BARRIERS THE 4088 03:11:17,720 --> 03:11:19,400 WAY PAYMENTS ARE SET UP AND 4089 03:11:19,400 --> 03:11:21,040 LEGALITIES HOW WE GIVE OUT 4090 03:11:21,040 --> 03:11:22,200 MONEY, BUT THIS IS CERTAINLY ONE 4091 03:11:22,200 --> 03:11:23,840 THING THAT DOES -- I THINK SOME 4092 03:11:23,840 --> 03:11:25,760 OF US LOSE A LITTLE SLEEP AT 4093 03:11:25,760 --> 03:11:29,240 NIGHT FOR SURE. 4094 03:11:29,240 --> 03:11:33,200 THERE WAS A QUESTION FROM THE 4095 03:11:33,200 --> 03:11:35,480 AUDIENCE, METERED OUT, ONE OF 4096 03:11:35,480 --> 03:11:37,000 THE THREE OF US CAN ADDRESS IT, 4097 03:11:37,000 --> 03:11:38,320 MANY STUDENTS TALKED EQUITY AND 4098 03:11:38,320 --> 03:11:40,640 KNOWLEDGE OF ACCESS TO NEUROTECH 4099 03:11:40,640 --> 03:11:41,960 HOW CAN WE GET MORE STUDENTS 4100 03:11:41,960 --> 03:11:43,400 INVOLVED IN THESE DISCUSSIONS? 4101 03:11:43,400 --> 03:11:46,560 WHAT ARE YOUR THOUGHTS ABOUT 4102 03:11:46,560 --> 03:11:49,200 HOUSE STUDENTS CAN NOW FRAME 4103 03:11:49,200 --> 03:11:50,360 THESE DISCUSSIONS WITH THEIR 4104 03:11:50,360 --> 03:11:56,160 PEERS AS A FOUNDATION? 4105 03:11:56,160 --> 03:11:57,240 WALTER, DEB, YOU WANT TO TACKLE 4106 03:11:57,240 --> 03:11:59,560 THIS ONE? 4107 03:11:59,560 --> 03:12:01,880 >> TALK ABOUT HOW COCHLEAR 4108 03:12:01,880 --> 03:12:03,000 IMPLANTS HOW DID THAT WORK? 4109 03:12:03,000 --> 03:12:05,160 THAT WAS PROBABLY THE FIRST ONE 4110 03:12:05,160 --> 03:12:07,000 TO COME ON THE SCENE. 4111 03:12:07,000 --> 03:12:07,720 >> YEAH. 4112 03:12:07,720 --> 03:12:12,240 NO, EXACTLY RIGHT. 4113 03:12:12,240 --> 03:12:15,400 THAT RESEARCH I THINK PROCEEDED 4114 03:12:15,400 --> 03:12:17,280 PRETTY SEAMLESSLY BECAUSE THERE 4115 03:12:17,280 --> 03:12:20,120 WERE COMPANIES THAT STARTED 20 4116 03:12:20,120 --> 03:12:22,160 OR SO YEARS AGO AND THOSE 4117 03:12:22,160 --> 03:12:24,000 COMPANIES ARE STILL WORKING 4118 03:12:24,000 --> 03:12:24,200 TODAY. 4119 03:12:24,200 --> 03:12:26,960 SO THERE IS NOT A SITUATION 4120 03:12:26,960 --> 03:12:28,560 WHERE A COMPANY STARTED A 4121 03:12:28,560 --> 03:12:31,000 TECHNOLOGY BUT THEN BENT OUT OF 4122 03:12:31,000 --> 03:12:32,080 BUSINESS. 4123 03:12:32,080 --> 03:12:33,400 THERE IS THE OPPOSITE SITUATION 4124 03:12:33,400 --> 03:12:34,920 WITH THE VISUAL IMPLANT, I 4125 03:12:34,920 --> 03:12:37,560 REMEMBER READING ABOUT THAT NOT 4126 03:12:37,560 --> 03:12:40,560 TOO LONG AGO THAT A VISUAL 4127 03:12:40,560 --> 03:12:42,160 IMPLANT WAS CREATED THE COMPANY 4128 03:12:42,160 --> 03:12:43,520 ULTIMATELY WENT OUT OF BUSINESS 4129 03:12:43,520 --> 03:12:45,920 AND NOW THERE ARE PEOPLE WHO 4130 03:12:45,920 --> 03:12:49,800 REALLY DO DEPEND ON BENEFIT THEY 4131 03:12:49,800 --> 03:12:52,440 GET FROM THOSE RETINOL IMPLANTS 4132 03:12:52,440 --> 03:12:54,440 AND NO LONGER HAVE ANY SUPPORT 4133 03:12:54,440 --> 03:12:54,800 AT ALL. 4134 03:12:54,800 --> 03:12:59,760 SO I THINK THAT THE COMPANIES 4135 03:12:59,760 --> 03:13:01,080 ARE VERY WELL INTENTIONED WHEN 4136 03:13:01,080 --> 03:13:04,680 THEY START, THEY BEGIN ALL OF 4137 03:13:04,680 --> 03:13:07,320 THIS, THEY TRY TO BE EQUITABLE 4138 03:13:07,320 --> 03:13:12,000 IN THEIR IN BRINGING IN 4139 03:13:12,000 --> 03:13:13,280 PATIENTS. 4140 03:13:13,280 --> 03:13:16,000 ONE ETHICAL ISSUE THAT CAN ARISE 4141 03:13:16,000 --> 03:13:18,400 WITH THESE YOUNG COMPANIES IS 4142 03:13:18,400 --> 03:13:23,040 OFTENTIMES PEOPLE ARE ENTICED TO 4143 03:13:23,040 --> 03:13:26,080 PARTICIPATE, THEY MAY BE 4144 03:13:26,080 --> 03:13:28,960 SUFFERING FROM DISPARITIES AND 4145 03:13:28,960 --> 03:13:30,840 ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE, AND THEY 4146 03:13:30,840 --> 03:13:31,800 PARTICIPATE BECAUSE THAT GIVES 4147 03:13:31,800 --> 03:13:33,480 THEM THE ABILITY TO ACCESS TECH 4148 03:13:33,480 --> 03:13:35,040 NOTHING THAT MAY NOT BE ABLE TO 4149 03:13:35,040 --> 03:13:38,600 ACCESS OTHERWISE. 4150 03:13:38,600 --> 03:13:45,080 SO THERE IS DISCUSSION ABOUT IF 4151 03:13:45,080 --> 03:13:48,720 PEOPLE ARE ENTICED ERRONEOUSLY 4152 03:13:48,720 --> 03:13:50,640 IN SOME WAY BECAUSE THEY ARE 4153 03:13:50,640 --> 03:13:51,800 INCENTIVIZED TO TAKE ADVANTAGE 4154 03:13:51,800 --> 03:13:55,760 OF TECHNOLOGY BUT REALLY ARE 4155 03:13:55,760 --> 03:13:57,920 VULNERABLE IN THOSE 4156 03:13:57,920 --> 03:13:59,880 VULNERABILITIES HAVE TO BE TAKEN 4157 03:13:59,880 --> 03:14:02,560 INTO CONSIDERATION AS WELL. 4158 03:14:02,560 --> 03:14:04,520 >> MAYBE JUST FOR THE GROUP HERE 4159 03:14:04,520 --> 03:14:06,520 COULD YOU JUST EXPLAIN IN A 4160 03:14:06,520 --> 03:14:09,880 QUICK WAY WHAT THE COCHLEAR 4161 03:14:09,880 --> 03:14:12,600 IMPLANTS WOULD DO FOR PEOPLE 4162 03:14:12,600 --> 03:14:12,840 LIKE THAT 4163 03:14:12,840 --> 03:14:16,400 >> COCHLEAR IMPLANT IS A 4164 03:14:16,400 --> 03:14:17,760 SURGICALLY IMPLANTED DEVICE THAT 4165 03:14:17,760 --> 03:14:20,200 IS UNSEATERRED INTO THE COCHLEA 4166 03:14:20,200 --> 03:14:24,920 OR INNER EAR OF SOMEONE WHOSE 4167 03:14:24,920 --> 03:14:26,280 HEARING LOSS IS SO VEER THEY 4168 03:14:26,280 --> 03:14:28,120 CAN'T BENEFIT FROM A HEARING AID 4169 03:14:28,120 --> 03:14:30,160 SO THEY HAVE INNER EAR NOT 4170 03:14:30,160 --> 03:14:31,520 FUNCTIONING WELL ENOUGH TO 4171 03:14:31,520 --> 03:14:34,680 EITHER BE ABLE TO AMPLIFY SOUND 4172 03:14:34,680 --> 03:14:36,760 SO THEY CAN HEAR IT SO COCHLEAR 4173 03:14:36,760 --> 03:14:38,400 IMPLANT PROVIDES ELECTRICAL 4174 03:14:38,400 --> 03:14:40,360 STIMULATION TO THE HEARING 4175 03:14:40,360 --> 03:14:40,560 NERVE. 4176 03:14:40,560 --> 03:14:42,920 THIS IS A MIRACULOUS TECHNOLOGY 4177 03:14:42,920 --> 03:14:44,800 THAT HAS TRANSFORMED LIFE FOR 4178 03:14:44,800 --> 03:14:47,640 MANY, MANY PEOPLE WITH 4179 03:14:47,640 --> 03:14:48,720 SIGNIFICANT HEARING LOSS. 4180 03:14:48,720 --> 03:14:51,600 >> THIS IS YOUR -- ONE OF YOUR 4181 03:14:51,600 --> 03:14:52,000 SPECIALTIES. 4182 03:14:52,000 --> 03:14:54,360 IF I UNDERSTAND CORRECTLY. 4183 03:14:54,360 --> 03:14:57,080 WOULD YOU SPEAK A LITTLE BIT 4184 03:14:57,080 --> 03:14:58,480 ABOUT THE PATIENTS THE FAMILIES 4185 03:14:58,480 --> 03:14:59,920 ACCEPTANCE OF THIS TECHNOLOGY 4186 03:14:59,920 --> 03:15:01,040 AND MY UNDERSTANDING IS NOT 4187 03:15:01,040 --> 03:15:03,200 EVERYBODY SEES THIS AS A GREAT 4188 03:15:03,200 --> 03:15:07,040 THING FOR THEM, OR THEIR CHILD. 4189 03:15:07,040 --> 03:15:08,840 >> THERE HAVE BEEN SOME ETHICAL 4190 03:15:08,840 --> 03:15:10,000 CONSIDERATIONS WITH THE COCHLEAR 4191 03:15:10,000 --> 03:15:11,400 IMPLANT YOU ARE RIGHT, JOHN. 4192 03:15:11,400 --> 03:15:13,920 SO I THINK THE BIGGEST ISSUE HAS 4193 03:15:13,920 --> 03:15:15,480 BEEN WITH THE DEAF COMMUNITY. 4194 03:15:15,480 --> 03:15:17,400 SO WE REFER TO THE DEAF 4195 03:15:17,400 --> 03:15:20,040 COMMUNITY AS A CAPITAL D DEAF SO 4196 03:15:20,040 --> 03:15:23,040 THESE ARE MOSTLY INDIVIDUALS WHO 4197 03:15:23,040 --> 03:15:25,400 ARE DEAF FROM BIRTH AND 4198 03:15:25,400 --> 03:15:27,400 OFTENTIMES BORN INTO FAMILIES 4199 03:15:27,400 --> 03:15:29,280 WITH DEAF PARENTS. 4200 03:15:29,280 --> 03:15:31,000 AND THERE IS A LOT OF CULTURE IN 4201 03:15:31,000 --> 03:15:33,000 THE DEAF COMMUNITY. 4202 03:15:33,000 --> 03:15:37,320 THERE IS A SPECIAL LANGUAGE SIGN 4203 03:15:37,320 --> 03:15:38,760 LANGUAGE UTILIZED, AND A 4204 03:15:38,760 --> 03:15:40,600 CULTURAL ELEMENT TO THIS THAT 4205 03:15:40,600 --> 03:15:43,640 DEAF PEOPLE WANT TO PRESERVE. 4206 03:15:43,640 --> 03:15:45,440 SO MANY OF THEM SEE COCHLEAR 4207 03:15:45,440 --> 03:15:46,640 IMPLANTATION AS A THREAT TO HAIR 4208 03:15:46,640 --> 03:15:48,680 WAY OF LIFE. 4209 03:15:48,680 --> 03:15:51,480 SO THAT HAS BEEN THE MAIN 4210 03:15:51,480 --> 03:15:52,640 BARRIER FOR THE MOST PART 4211 03:15:52,640 --> 03:15:54,200 COCHLEAR IMPLANTS ARE WELL 4212 03:15:54,200 --> 03:15:56,240 ACCEPTED IN THE HEARING WORLD. 4213 03:15:56,240 --> 03:16:01,200 SO WHEN A CHILD IS BORN 4214 03:16:01,200 --> 03:16:02,000 ROUTINELY THEY SHOULD BE 4215 03:16:02,000 --> 03:16:03,840 SCREENED FOR HEARING LOSS AND 4216 03:16:03,840 --> 03:16:05,200 PROVIDED WITH COCHLEAR 4217 03:16:05,200 --> 03:16:06,960 IMPLANTATION AS OPTION IF THEY 4218 03:16:06,960 --> 03:16:08,600 ARE CANDIDATE BUT IF A CHILD IS 4219 03:16:08,600 --> 03:16:09,800 BORN TO DEAF PARENTS THERE IS 4220 03:16:09,800 --> 03:16:12,720 THE DISCUSSION AND OFTENTIMES 4221 03:16:12,720 --> 03:16:14,520 THE PARENTS ARE VERY RELUCTANT 4222 03:16:14,520 --> 03:16:16,320 TO ALLOW FOR THAT IMPLANT TO 4223 03:16:16,320 --> 03:16:20,640 TAKE PLACE IN A TIMELY FASHION. 4224 03:16:20,640 --> 03:16:21,440 >> GREAT. 4225 03:16:21,440 --> 03:16:21,880 THANKS. 4226 03:16:21,880 --> 03:16:23,280 SO MUCH TO THINK ABOUT WITH 4227 03:16:23,280 --> 03:16:25,440 THESE NEW TECHNOLOGIES. 4228 03:16:25,440 --> 03:16:28,040 SO MANY DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES. 4229 03:16:28,040 --> 03:16:29,840 TO CONSIDER. 4230 03:16:29,840 --> 03:16:31,280 I THINK WHAT DEB IS UNDERSCORING 4231 03:16:31,280 --> 03:16:33,440 HERE IS THE MOST IMPORTANT 4232 03:16:33,440 --> 03:16:34,760 PERSPECTIVE IS THE ONE OF THE 4233 03:16:34,760 --> 03:16:38,800 PATIENT AND THEIR FAMILIES. 4234 03:16:38,800 --> 03:16:40,480 SO WE HAVE GOT THE FIVE MINUTE 4235 03:16:40,480 --> 03:16:42,000 WARNING GOING ON HERE. 4236 03:16:42,000 --> 03:16:45,080 IF ANYBODY HAS A QUESTION FROM 4237 03:16:45,080 --> 03:16:46,800 ONE OF THE STUDENTS SHOUT OUT OR 4238 03:16:46,800 --> 03:16:48,680 PUT UP YOUR HAND I GUESS. 4239 03:16:48,680 --> 03:16:50,240 DON'T LET US DO ALL TALKING 4240 03:16:50,240 --> 03:16:52,840 HERE. 4241 03:16:52,840 --> 03:16:56,840 LOOKS LIKE SOFIA HAS HER HAND 4242 03:16:56,840 --> 03:16:57,400 RAISED. 4243 03:16:57,400 --> 03:17:00,160 >> WHAT DOES PATIENT RESEARCHER 4244 03:17:00,160 --> 03:17:02,840 COMMUNICATION LOOK LIKE TODAY? 4245 03:17:02,840 --> 03:17:04,200 >> SORRY REPEAT THE QUESTION. 4246 03:17:04,200 --> 03:17:06,320 >> WHAT DOES PATIENT AND 4247 03:17:06,320 --> 03:17:07,840 RESEARCHER COMMUNICATION LOOK 4248 03:17:07,840 --> 03:17:11,680 LIKE TODAY SPECIFICALLY WITH 4249 03:17:11,680 --> 03:17:12,880 NEUROTECHNOLOGIES PARTICULARLY 4250 03:17:12,880 --> 03:17:13,520 INVASIVE NEUROTECHNOLOGIES? 4251 03:17:13,520 --> 03:17:16,400 >> GREAT QUESTION. 4252 03:17:16,400 --> 03:17:20,160 I WOULD SAY IT IS A WORK IN 4253 03:17:20,160 --> 03:17:20,400 PROGRESS. 4254 03:17:20,400 --> 03:17:24,640 I WOULD LIKE TO THINK THAT AS 4255 03:17:24,640 --> 03:17:27,240 WALTER MENTIONED, THE KINDS OF 4256 03:17:27,240 --> 03:17:29,040 THINGS WE DO DOES INVOLVE 4257 03:17:29,040 --> 03:17:30,760 OFTENTIMES IMPLANTED DEVICES 4258 03:17:30,760 --> 03:17:33,760 THAT FIT PEOPLE'S HEADS. 4259 03:17:33,760 --> 03:17:35,520 IT KIND OF -- IT RAISES A LEVEL 4260 03:17:35,520 --> 03:17:38,000 OF SCRUTINY THAT WE NEED TO GET 4261 03:17:38,000 --> 03:17:40,600 TRULY INFORMED CONSENT. 4262 03:17:40,600 --> 03:17:42,640 I THINK THE BASIS OF TRULY 4263 03:17:42,640 --> 03:17:43,560 INFORMED CONSENT IS 4264 03:17:43,560 --> 03:17:45,680 COMMUNICATION, TO MAKE SURE THE 4265 03:17:45,680 --> 03:17:47,000 PATIENTS UNDERSTAND WHAT THEY 4266 03:17:47,000 --> 03:17:48,720 ARE GETTING INTO, LIMITATION, 4267 03:17:48,720 --> 03:17:51,200 WHAT ARE THE RISKS AND AS 4268 03:17:51,200 --> 03:17:53,600 MENTIONED ONE OF THE LONG TERM 4269 03:17:53,600 --> 03:17:54,800 RISKS, STUDIES TYPICALLY DON'T 4270 03:17:54,800 --> 03:17:57,000 LAST MORE THAN FIVE YEARS AND 4271 03:17:57,000 --> 03:17:59,840 THE HUGE CHALLENGE IS HOW DO WE 4272 03:17:59,840 --> 03:18:02,800 COMMUNICATE TO PEOPLE FAIRLY 4273 03:18:02,800 --> 03:18:04,400 WHAT THEY ARE GETTING INTO 4274 03:18:04,400 --> 03:18:06,720 KNOWING THERE IS A POSSIBILITY 4275 03:18:06,720 --> 03:18:08,800 NOT ONLY NOT A MATTER OF NOT 4276 03:18:08,800 --> 03:18:11,160 HAVING ACCESS TO -- THEY MAYBE 4277 03:18:11,160 --> 03:18:12,800 STUCK WITH SOMETHING THAT IS 4278 03:18:12,800 --> 03:18:15,760 IMPLANTED THAT IS NOT DOING ANY 4279 03:18:15,760 --> 03:18:17,600 GOOD IF PARTS DON'T BECOME 4280 03:18:17,600 --> 03:18:19,360 AVAILABLE IF PEOPLE ARE AROUND 4281 03:18:19,360 --> 03:18:22,640 TO UPGRADE OR UPDATE OR TREAT 4282 03:18:22,640 --> 03:18:24,800 THEM AND EVEN EXPLANT DEVICES IF 4283 03:18:24,800 --> 03:18:26,200 NECESSARY OR IF THEY ARE RUNNING 4284 03:18:26,200 --> 03:18:28,280 TO OTHER ISSUES. 4285 03:18:28,280 --> 03:18:31,320 SO I THINK THIS REALLY DOES 4286 03:18:31,320 --> 03:18:32,400 UNDERSCORE THE NEED FOR EVERY 4287 03:18:32,400 --> 03:18:33,920 GREATER COMMUNICATION, I THINK 4288 03:18:33,920 --> 03:18:35,480 OUR GROUPS ARE DOING A GOOD JOB 4289 03:18:35,480 --> 03:18:37,040 AT THIS AND THIS IS SOMETHING WE 4290 03:18:37,040 --> 03:18:39,120 DO LOOK FOR WHEN WE FUNDS THESE 4291 03:18:39,120 --> 03:18:41,320 GRANTS WE LOOK TO SEE NOT JUST 4292 03:18:41,320 --> 03:18:44,640 AS IRB APPROVAL BUT EXTRA LEVEL 4293 03:18:44,640 --> 03:18:45,880 SCRUTINY TO MAKE SURE THERE IS 4294 03:18:45,880 --> 03:18:47,560 GOOD COMMUNICATION OF RICKSES 4295 03:18:47,560 --> 03:18:49,560 BECAUSE THERE ISN'T UNDUE 4296 03:18:49,560 --> 03:18:50,760 INFLUENCE AND SO FORTH BECAUSE 4297 03:18:50,760 --> 03:18:52,200 PEOPLE ARE FRANKLY AT THEIR 4298 03:18:52,200 --> 03:18:58,440 WIT'S END, THIS IS THE LAST 4299 03:18:58,440 --> 03:18:58,760 STEP. 4300 03:18:58,760 --> 03:19:01,400 I SEE, WHO IS NEXT? 4301 03:19:01,400 --> 03:19:07,880 >> QUICK QUESTION, I DO DBS IN 4302 03:19:07,880 --> 03:19:11,680 MY ESSAY AND ANY -- IN MY TALK, 4303 03:19:11,680 --> 03:19:13,640 SOME OF THE ARTICLES TALKED 4304 03:19:13,640 --> 03:19:14,840 ABOUT ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 4305 03:19:14,840 --> 03:19:17,280 ABOUT WHICH VERSION THE PATIENT 4306 03:19:17,280 --> 03:19:19,200 HAS THE CONSENT TO GIVE, BECAUSE 4307 03:19:19,200 --> 03:19:22,600 THERE'S THE VERSION WITH DBS 4308 03:19:22,600 --> 03:19:24,000 ACTIVATED WITH SOMETIMES GIVING 4309 03:19:24,000 --> 03:19:26,040 A NEW PERSONALITY VERSUS 4310 03:19:26,040 --> 03:19:27,440 DEACTIVATED WITH ORIGINAL 4311 03:19:27,440 --> 03:19:29,200 PERSONALITY SO WONDERING WHAT 4312 03:19:29,200 --> 03:19:30,520 VERSION OF THE PATIENT WOULD 4313 03:19:30,520 --> 03:19:32,640 HAVE CONSENT? 4314 03:19:32,640 --> 03:19:35,600 TO GIVE -- NEW MEDICAL 4315 03:19:35,600 --> 03:19:37,760 PROCEDURES AND THAT -- WHERE 4316 03:19:37,760 --> 03:19:40,800 THEY HAVE TWO PERSONALITIES, 4317 03:19:40,800 --> 03:19:46,040 WHICH WOULD YOU CHOOSE? 4318 03:19:46,040 --> 03:19:49,240 >> THAT IS A REAL ETHICAL ISSUE. 4319 03:19:49,240 --> 03:19:54,680 GENERALLY WHAT YOU TRY TO DO IS 4320 03:19:54,680 --> 03:19:58,240 IS TO ANTICIPATE THESE THINGS IN 4321 03:19:58,240 --> 03:20:00,800 ADVANCE SO CONSENT IS REALLY FOR 4322 03:20:00,800 --> 03:20:02,800 THE PURPOSE OF IN PARKINSON'S 4323 03:20:02,800 --> 03:20:06,320 FOR APPROVING MOTOR FUNCTION OF 4324 03:20:06,320 --> 03:20:08,000 THE INDIVIDUAL BUT THEN YOU 4325 03:20:08,000 --> 03:20:09,000 DISCUSS THESE KIND OF OTHER 4326 03:20:09,000 --> 03:20:12,760 EFFECTS THAT MIGHT OCCUR YOU 4327 03:20:12,760 --> 03:20:15,760 LIKE TO DO THIS TO HAVE FAMILY 4328 03:20:15,760 --> 03:20:15,960 THERE. 4329 03:20:15,960 --> 03:20:18,240 SO THAT IF THESE THINGS COME UP 4330 03:20:18,240 --> 03:20:20,200 THEY CAN BE A DISCUSSION WITH 4331 03:20:20,200 --> 03:20:24,120 THE FAMILY AND THE INDIVIDUAL GO 4332 03:20:24,120 --> 03:20:27,960 INTO HOW DEVICE WILL BE TUNED 4333 03:20:27,960 --> 03:20:30,800 USUALLY LIKE TO STAY AWAY FROM 4334 03:20:30,800 --> 03:20:32,240 THESE NON-MOTOR EFFECTS WHICH 4335 03:20:32,240 --> 03:20:36,520 ARE NOT THE MAIN GOAL OF DBS AND 4336 03:20:36,520 --> 03:20:38,400 PARKINSON'S BUT THEY DO CROP UP 4337 03:20:38,400 --> 03:20:40,240 SO YOU NEED TO HAVE A PLAN TO 4338 03:20:40,240 --> 03:20:43,360 HAVE A DEAL WITH THEM IN ALL 4339 03:20:43,360 --> 03:20:44,280 KINDS OF REPROGRAMMING THE 4340 03:20:44,280 --> 03:20:46,800 DEVICE TO GET RID OF THEM BUT 4341 03:20:46,800 --> 03:20:48,240 SOMEBODY LIKES THEM THEN YOU 4342 03:20:48,240 --> 03:20:50,600 HAVE A PROBLEM IN TERMS OF 4343 03:20:50,600 --> 03:20:54,080 SITTING DOWN, THE PROBLEM IS 4344 03:20:54,080 --> 03:20:58,520 THAT IN PARKINSON'S THE ISSUES 4345 03:20:58,520 --> 03:21:01,200 THAT SURROUND THE SENSE OF WELL 4346 03:21:01,200 --> 03:21:04,000 BEING LEAD TO SOME VERY 4347 03:21:04,000 --> 03:21:07,400 DESTRUCTIVE BEHAVIORS INCREASE 4348 03:21:07,400 --> 03:21:11,000 GAMBLING, ALL SORTS OF 4349 03:21:11,000 --> 03:21:12,760 INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS THEY 4350 03:21:12,760 --> 03:21:14,400 WOULDN'T OTHERWISE HAVE DONE. 4351 03:21:14,400 --> 03:21:16,800 SO IN GENERAL THEY END UP 4352 03:21:16,800 --> 03:21:19,680 CAUSING TROUBLE SO YOU LIKE TO 4353 03:21:19,680 --> 03:21:21,200 TRY TO REPROGRAM SO THEY DON'T 4354 03:21:21,200 --> 03:21:23,200 OCCUR AND YOU STILL GET THE 4355 03:21:23,200 --> 03:21:24,520 MOTOR BENEFIT. 4356 03:21:24,520 --> 03:21:25,240 >> ALL RIGHT. 4357 03:21:25,240 --> 03:21:26,320 LOOKS LIKE WE ARE AT TIME. 4358 03:21:26,320 --> 03:21:29,000 THIS WAS ABSOLUTELY WONDERFUL. 4359 03:21:29,000 --> 03:21:30,160 THANK YOU ALL AGAIN FOR 4360 03:21:30,160 --> 03:21:31,400 SUBMITTING THESE WONDERFUL 4361 03:21:31,400 --> 03:21:33,360 ESSAYS AND VIDEOS, VERY 4362 03:21:33,360 --> 03:21:33,960 THOUGHTFUL, HOPE YOU CAN 4363 03:21:33,960 --> 03:21:35,560 CONTINUE THESE DISCUSSIONS WITH 4364 03:21:35,560 --> 03:21:38,760 THE OTHER CLASS MATES AN 4365 03:21:38,760 --> 03:21:40,160 STUDENTS AND HAVE GREAT CAREERS 4366 03:21:40,160 --> 03:21:43,360 AHEAD OF YOU. 4367 03:21:43,360 --> 03:21:44,720 >> THANKS, EVERYBODY. 4368 03:21:44,720 --> 03:21:45,480 >> THANK YOU. 4369 03:21:45,480 --> 03:21:46,200 >> TAKE CARE. 4370 03:21:46,200 --> 03:21:51,600 GOOD LUCK WITH EVERYTHING. 4371 03:21:51,600 --> 03:21:52,840 HI, EVERYBODY. 4372 03:21:52,840 --> 03:21:55,000 WELCOME TO ONE OF THE AFTERNOON 4373 03:21:55,000 --> 03:21:56,400 SYMPOSIUMS HERE FOR THE BRAIN 4374 03:21:56,400 --> 03:21:57,640 INITIATIVE MEETING. 4375 03:21:57,640 --> 03:22:00,800 TITLE OF THIS SYMPOSIUM IS 4376 03:22:00,800 --> 03:22:01,520 NEUROMECHANISMS THAT GENERATE 4377 03:22:01,520 --> 03:22:03,200 INTERNAL STATES ACROSS 4378 03:22:03,200 --> 03:22:03,480 ORGANISMS. 4379 03:22:03,480 --> 03:22:05,360 AND THE IDEA OF THE SYMPOSIUM 4380 03:22:05,360 --> 03:22:08,560 WAS TO BRING TOGETHER SPEAKERS 4381 03:22:08,560 --> 03:22:11,000 STUDYING THE MECHANISMS THAT 4382 03:22:11,000 --> 03:22:12,200 GENERATE INTERNAL STATES USING 4383 03:22:12,200 --> 03:22:14,040 LOTS OF DIFFERENT TOOLS AND IN 4384 03:22:14,040 --> 03:22:15,080 DIFFERENT ANIMAL MODELS. 4385 03:22:15,080 --> 03:22:16,960 SO YOU CAN HEAR FROM SPEAKERS 4386 03:22:16,960 --> 03:22:19,400 STUDYING THE BASIS OF INTERNAL 4387 03:22:19,400 --> 03:22:21,320 STATES IN ANIMALS AS DIVERSE AS 4388 03:22:21,320 --> 03:22:24,000 WORMS, FLIES, FISH AND MICE. 4389 03:22:24,000 --> 03:22:28,000 AND USING TOOLS AS DIVERSE AS 4390 03:22:28,000 --> 03:22:30,640 BRAIN WIDE CALCIUM IMAGING, 4391 03:22:30,640 --> 03:22:32,400 TARGETED IMAGING OF SPECIFIC 4392 03:22:32,400 --> 03:22:34,800 CIRCUITS AND THEORETICAL 4393 03:22:34,800 --> 03:22:35,800 APPROACHES AS WELL. 4394 03:22:35,800 --> 03:22:37,480 THE IDEA IN GENERAL IS THIS IS 4395 03:22:37,480 --> 03:22:39,040 AN AREA THAT'S SEEN GROWTH IN 4396 03:22:39,040 --> 03:22:40,840 RECENT YEARS AND WE THOUGHT IT 4397 03:22:40,840 --> 03:22:42,320 MIGHT BE INTERESTING TO COMPARE 4398 03:22:42,320 --> 03:22:43,960 NOTES ACROSS DIFFERENT AREAS OF 4399 03:22:43,960 --> 03:22:47,200 THE FIELD AND SEE IF THAT 4400 03:22:47,200 --> 03:22:48,360 ILLUMINATES EMERGING THEMES OR 4401 03:22:48,360 --> 03:22:48,840 PRINCIPLES. 4402 03:22:48,840 --> 03:22:51,040 SO WE HAVE FIVE SPEAKERS, WE ARE 4403 03:22:51,040 --> 03:22:52,200 GOING TO RUN THROUGH THEM IN 4404 03:22:52,200 --> 03:22:53,200 ORDER AND SAVE A LOT OF 4405 03:22:53,200 --> 03:22:54,600 QUESTIONS FOR THE END HOPEFULLY 4406 03:22:54,600 --> 03:22:56,560 AT THE END THERE WILL BE TEN 4407 03:22:56,560 --> 03:22:58,000 MINUTES OR MORE FOR QUESTIONS. 4408 03:22:58,000 --> 03:23:01,600 SO PLEASE SAVE YOUR QUESTIONS 4409 03:23:01,600 --> 03:23:04,000 THEN AND DO CHIME IN WITH THEM 4410 03:23:04,000 --> 03:23:05,200 AT THE END. 4411 03:23:05,200 --> 03:23:07,080 EITHER SPECIFIC QUESTIONS FOR 4412 03:23:07,080 --> 03:23:07,920 SPEAKERS OR GENERAL QUESTIONS 4413 03:23:07,920 --> 03:23:10,240 FOR THE WHOLE PANEL. 4414 03:23:10,240 --> 03:23:12,160 THEN TO PRESERVE AS MUCH TIME AS 4415 03:23:12,160 --> 03:23:13,480 POSSIBLE FOR EVERYBODY WE WILL 4416 03:23:13,480 --> 03:23:15,160 JUST GET STARTED AND SO OUR 4417 03:23:15,160 --> 03:23:19,520 FIRST SPEAKER OF THE SYMPOSIUM 4418 03:23:19,520 --> 03:23:24,240 IS JENNIFERL JENNIFER LI AT THE MAX PLANK 4419 03:23:24,240 --> 03:23:28,000 INSTITUTE FOR BIOLOGICAL CYBER 4420 03:23:28,000 --> 03:23:28,560 NETTICS. 4421 03:23:28,560 --> 03:23:32,120 TAKE IT AWAY, JENNIFER. 4422 03:23:32,120 --> 03:23:33,200 >> HI, EVERYONE. 4423 03:23:33,200 --> 03:23:35,280 SO I JUST WANT TO THANKS TO 4424 03:23:35,280 --> 03:23:36,600 STEVE FOR PUTTING TOGETHER THIS 4425 03:23:36,600 --> 03:23:38,880 REALLY NICE SYMPOSIUM. 4426 03:23:38,880 --> 03:23:40,440 EVERYTHING I'M GOING TO BE 4427 03:23:40,440 --> 03:23:42,000 TALKING ABOUT TODAY IS DONE WITH 4428 03:23:42,000 --> 03:23:45,360 MY CO-PI AND OUR GOAL IN LIFE IS 4429 03:23:45,360 --> 03:23:48,120 TO FIGURE OUT HOW NATURAL 4430 03:23:48,120 --> 03:23:49,800 BEHAVIORS ARE ORGANIZED BY 4431 03:23:49,800 --> 03:23:50,440 INTERNAL BRAIN STATES. 4432 03:23:50,440 --> 03:23:53,200 WHAT I REALLY LOVE RIGHT NOW 4433 03:23:53,200 --> 03:23:56,480 LIKE WHAT STEVE SAID, IS THAT WE 4434 03:23:56,480 --> 03:23:58,200 SEEM TO BE AT A MOMENT WHERE 4435 03:23:58,200 --> 03:24:00,080 THERE IS THIS RENEWED 4436 03:24:00,080 --> 03:24:01,760 APPRECIATION FOR NATURAL 4437 03:24:01,760 --> 03:24:04,320 BEHAVIORS IN NEUROSCIENCE AND 4438 03:24:04,320 --> 03:24:05,440 THAT'S REALLY INTERESTING TO 4439 03:24:05,440 --> 03:24:06,520 THINK ABOUT BECAUSE THERE IS 4440 03:24:06,520 --> 03:24:07,840 ALSO WHAT I ALSO FIND 4441 03:24:07,840 --> 03:24:09,760 INTERESTING, THERE IS THIS GAP 4442 03:24:09,760 --> 03:24:13,200 BETWEEN THE THEY DAY OF CLASSIC 4443 03:24:13,200 --> 03:24:14,320 MYTHOLOGY, 1950s AND REVIVAL 4444 03:24:14,320 --> 03:24:18,400 AS COMPUTATIONAL THE LAST FEW 4445 03:24:18,400 --> 03:24:18,600 YEARS. 4446 03:24:18,600 --> 03:24:21,000 THIS GAP REFLECTS A LOT OF 4447 03:24:21,000 --> 03:24:24,440 CHALLENGES, IN ACTUALLY LOOKING 4448 03:24:24,440 --> 03:24:25,000 AT NATURAL BEHAVIORS, AT 4449 03:24:25,000 --> 03:24:25,960 INTERNAL STATES, I WOULD SAY 4450 03:24:25,960 --> 03:24:29,680 THAT THERE IS TWO REALLY 4451 03:24:29,680 --> 03:24:33,760 DIFFICULTIES. ONE IS THAT THE 4452 03:24:33,760 --> 03:24:34,880 LEGIT ANYTIME COMPLAINT IS THERE 4453 03:24:34,880 --> 03:24:37,200 IS A LACK OF CLEAR CONCEPTUAL 4454 03:24:37,200 --> 03:24:38,400 FRAMEWORK SOMETIMES, IT IS A 4455 03:24:38,400 --> 03:24:38,840 LITTLE VAGUE. 4456 03:24:38,840 --> 03:24:41,440 YOU THINK ABOUT IT, THERE IS 4457 03:24:41,440 --> 03:24:42,800 INFINITE VARIETY OF ANIMAL 4458 03:24:42,800 --> 03:24:44,400 BEHAVIOR, WE CAN'T CATEGORIZE 4459 03:24:44,400 --> 03:24:44,560 ALL. 4460 03:24:44,560 --> 03:24:46,400 SO WE SAY WE WANT TO UNDERSTAND 4461 03:24:46,400 --> 03:24:47,600 NATURAL BEHAVIOR IT IS A 4462 03:24:47,600 --> 03:24:49,480 QUESTION OF WHAT EXACTLY ARE WE 4463 03:24:49,480 --> 03:24:50,240 TALKING ABOUT. 4464 03:24:50,240 --> 03:24:53,600 SO MY LAB OR MY LAB WHAT WE ARE 4465 03:24:53,600 --> 03:24:56,720 INTERESTED IN IS TWO VERY 4466 03:24:56,720 --> 03:25:00,280 SPECIFIC ET LOGICAL QUESTIONS, 4467 03:25:00,280 --> 03:25:02,160 STATEMENT OF THE -- AND 4468 03:25:02,160 --> 03:25:03,120 MULTI-OBJECTIVE PROGRAM. 4469 03:25:03,120 --> 03:25:04,400 SO STATE DEPENDENT COMPUTATION 4470 03:25:04,400 --> 03:25:06,560 IS A SIMPLE PROBLEM. 4471 03:25:06,560 --> 03:25:08,640 THE IDEA IS THAT THE BRAIN IS 4472 03:25:08,640 --> 03:25:09,840 NOT A STATELESS SYSTEM SO IF YOU 4473 03:25:09,840 --> 03:25:12,800 HAVE A STATELESS SYSTEM 4474 03:25:12,800 --> 03:25:16,120 SOMETHING THAT PERFORMS THIS 4475 03:25:16,120 --> 03:25:16,640 INVARIANT TRANSFORMATION, 4476 03:25:16,640 --> 03:25:17,840 BEHAVIORAL -- IF YOU ARE A CAT 4477 03:25:17,840 --> 03:25:19,960 YOU SEE A MOUSE THEN YOU WOULD 4478 03:25:19,960 --> 03:25:22,040 TRY TO KILL IT EVERY TIME BUT OF 4479 03:25:22,040 --> 03:25:24,000 COURSE THAT IS NOT THE CASE FOR 4480 03:25:24,000 --> 03:25:26,000 ANYONE WHO IS EVERY OWNED A CAT. 4481 03:25:26,000 --> 03:25:28,760 THIS IS BECAUSE THE BRAIN IS 4482 03:25:28,760 --> 03:25:29,840 THIS COMPLICATED DYNAMICAL 4483 03:25:29,840 --> 03:25:32,040 SYSTEM THAT CAN HOLD ON TO 4484 03:25:32,040 --> 03:25:34,400 INFORMATION ACROSS TIME AND 4485 03:25:34,400 --> 03:25:37,760 THOSE INTERNAL STATES PERSISTENT 4486 03:25:37,760 --> 03:25:40,720 INTERNAL STATES ADJUSTS RESPONSE 4487 03:25:40,720 --> 03:25:42,600 TO EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUEUES 4488 03:25:42,600 --> 03:25:49,440 AND WHAT BEHAVIOR IT PRODUCES. 4489 03:25:49,440 --> 03:25:51,440 DO MEAN ALL BEHAVIOR IS STATE 4490 03:25:51,440 --> 03:25:52,800 DEPENDENT THE LOGICAL NEXT 4491 03:25:52,800 --> 03:25:54,640 QUESTION IS THEN HOW ARE THESE 4492 03:25:54,640 --> 03:25:57,800 INTERNAL BRAIN STATES ORGANIZED, 4493 03:25:57,800 --> 03:25:59,240 BECAUSE GIVEN ANY MOMENT IN TIME 4494 03:25:59,240 --> 03:26:02,000 IS A LOT OF DIFFERENT COMPETING 4495 03:26:02,000 --> 03:26:04,240 OBJECTIVES AND SO YOU NEED SOME 4496 03:26:04,240 --> 03:26:06,040 WAY, SOME HEURISTIC TO ORGANIZE 4497 03:26:06,040 --> 03:26:08,040 AND PRIORITIZE ALL THESE 4498 03:26:08,040 --> 03:26:11,600 DIFFERENT OBJECTIVES. 4499 03:26:11,600 --> 03:26:13,800 THAT IS A QUESTION THAT GOES 4500 03:26:13,800 --> 03:26:17,400 BACK TO THE EARLY DAYS OF MYTH 4501 03:26:17,400 --> 03:26:18,400 THOLING AND IT IS ONE EVERYBODY 4502 03:26:18,400 --> 03:26:21,120 IN THIS SYMPOSIUM IS TRYING TO 4503 03:26:21,120 --> 03:26:22,400 FIGURE OUT. 4504 03:26:22,400 --> 03:26:25,200 SO THE OTHER PROBLEM THOUGH IS A 4505 03:26:25,200 --> 03:26:27,400 NICE QUESTION, THE OTHER PROBLEM 4506 03:26:27,400 --> 03:26:29,320 IS THAT TECHNOLOGY FOR DOING 4507 03:26:29,320 --> 03:26:31,880 THIS IS NOT TRIVIAL. 4508 03:26:31,880 --> 03:26:33,920 IF YOU WANT TO UNDERSTAND 4509 03:26:33,920 --> 03:26:35,400 INTERNAL STATES NATURAL 4510 03:26:35,400 --> 03:26:37,240 BEHAVIORS WHILE LOOKING AT 4511 03:26:37,240 --> 03:26:38,000 NEUROAT THIS TIME AT THE SAME 4512 03:26:38,000 --> 03:26:39,440 TIME REQUIRES A LOT OF 4513 03:26:39,440 --> 03:26:40,400 TECHNOLOGICAL PROBLEM. 4514 03:26:40,400 --> 03:26:43,680 SO JUST TO GIVE AN EXAMPLE, OUR 4515 03:26:43,680 --> 03:26:48,040 LAB WORKS ON THE -- ZEBRAFISH 4516 03:26:48,040 --> 03:26:49,280 THE REASON WE CHOSE IN THE FIRST 4517 03:26:49,280 --> 03:26:52,120 PLACE IS IT SEEMED LIKE THIS 4518 03:26:52,120 --> 03:26:53,920 IDEAL MODEL ORGANISM FOR SYSTEMS 4519 03:26:53,920 --> 03:26:54,960 NEUROSCIENCE BECAUSE THE ENTIRE 4520 03:26:54,960 --> 03:26:56,920 BRAIN IS TRANSPARENT YOU CAN 4521 03:26:56,920 --> 03:26:58,480 RECORD CALCIUM ACTIVITY 4522 03:26:58,480 --> 03:27:01,000 THROUGHOUT EVERY SINGLE CELL IN 4523 03:27:01,000 --> 03:27:03,200 ITS BRAIN AT THE SAME TIME BUT 4524 03:27:03,200 --> 03:27:05,720 IT TOOK US MANY YEARS BEFORE WE 4525 03:27:05,720 --> 03:27:08,600 WENT FROM JUST DOING CALCIUM 4526 03:27:08,600 --> 03:27:10,400 IMAGING AND WHOLE BRAIN CALCIUM 4527 03:27:10,400 --> 03:27:13,400 IMAGE TO BEING ABLE TO DO THIS 4528 03:27:13,400 --> 03:27:15,000 FLEELY SWIMMING -- FREELY 4529 03:27:15,000 --> 03:27:16,880 SWIMMING ANIMAL THAT WE CAN 4530 03:27:16,880 --> 03:27:18,280 ACCESS THE NATURAL BEHAVIORS OF 4531 03:27:18,280 --> 03:27:21,120 THIS ANIMAL AND START TO ASK 4532 03:27:21,120 --> 03:27:22,720 QUESTIONS ABOUT HOW INTERNAL 4533 03:27:22,720 --> 03:27:26,000 BRAIN STATES OF THIS ANIMAL ARE 4534 03:27:26,000 --> 03:27:28,240 ORGANIZED. 4535 03:27:28,240 --> 03:27:29,760 SO JUST -- SO WE HAVE TO HAVE 4536 03:27:29,760 --> 03:27:32,200 THIS TECHNOLOGY WORKING, WE DID 4537 03:27:32,200 --> 03:27:34,200 JUST THE SIMPLEST EXPERIMENT YOU 4538 03:27:34,200 --> 03:27:37,680 CAN IMAGINE, WE PUT THIS 4539 03:27:37,680 --> 03:27:43,240 ZEBRAFISH INTO ARENA AND FILLED 4540 03:27:43,240 --> 03:27:44,440 WITH PARE PLEASEIA. 4541 03:27:44,440 --> 03:27:47,520 THE ZEBRAFISH LIKES TO EAT. 4542 03:27:47,520 --> 03:27:49,360 BY OBSERVING BEHAVIOR FOR ONE TO 4543 03:27:49,360 --> 03:27:51,000 TWO HOURS WITHOUT ANY CHANGE TO 4544 03:27:51,000 --> 03:27:52,960 THE ENVIRONMENT, IS THAT THIS 4545 03:27:52,960 --> 03:27:54,960 ANIMAL, THIS IS WORK BY TWO 4546 03:27:54,960 --> 03:27:58,040 FORMER POST DOCS, WE FOUND THIS 4547 03:27:58,040 --> 03:28:01,120 ANIMAL SPONTANEOUSLY OSCILLATES 4548 03:28:01,120 --> 03:28:03,880 BETWEEN TWO STATES, ONE WHERE 4549 03:28:03,880 --> 03:28:06,840 YOU ARE SPATIALLY RESTRICTED AND 4550 03:28:06,840 --> 03:28:09,200 BIASED TOWARDS HUNTING BEHAVIOR, 4551 03:28:09,200 --> 03:28:11,960 AND WE CALL EXPLOITATION STATES 4552 03:28:11,960 --> 03:28:14,000 LASTS FOR SEVERAL MINUTES AT A 4553 03:28:14,000 --> 03:28:15,800 TIME AND ANOTHER STATE WHERE 4554 03:28:15,800 --> 03:28:17,480 THEY ARE ROAMING THE ENTIRE 4555 03:28:17,480 --> 03:28:21,080 BEHAVIOR ARENA AT HIGH SPEED, 4556 03:28:21,080 --> 03:28:22,120 AND COMPLETING DIFFERENT -- SO 4557 03:28:22,120 --> 03:28:25,240 THEY CAN SWIM THROUGH A POOL 4558 03:28:25,240 --> 03:28:26,360 PARAPLEASEIA AND THEN AS IF THEY 4559 03:28:26,360 --> 03:28:27,920 DON'T EVEN SEE IT. 4560 03:28:27,920 --> 03:28:30,440 SO THESE EXPLOITATION AND 4561 03:28:30,440 --> 03:28:33,160 EXPLORATION STATES ARE OUR FIRST 4562 03:28:33,160 --> 03:28:36,000 POINT OF ENTRY TO WHAT THE 4563 03:28:36,000 --> 03:28:38,040 ORGANIZATIONAL STATES IN THIS 4564 03:28:38,040 --> 03:28:39,320 ANIMAL. 4565 03:28:39,320 --> 03:28:41,200 BECAUSE WE CAN IMAGE THE BRAIN 4566 03:28:41,200 --> 03:28:44,200 AT THE SAME TIME, WE LOST THE 4567 03:28:44,200 --> 03:28:46,040 BEHAVIOR WE CAN PULL OUT 4568 03:28:46,040 --> 03:28:47,800 NEUROPOPULATIONS THAT ARE 4569 03:28:47,800 --> 03:28:49,720 CORRELATED WITH THESE TWO 4570 03:28:49,720 --> 03:28:50,080 STATES. 4571 03:28:50,080 --> 03:28:52,120 ON THE LEFT YOU SEE THE ANIMAL 4572 03:28:52,120 --> 03:28:52,680 HUNTING FOR PREY AND ON THE 4573 03:28:52,680 --> 03:28:55,800 RIGHT YOU SEE ALL THE CELLS IN 4574 03:28:55,800 --> 03:28:58,000 THE BRAIN THAT LIGHT UP IN 4575 03:28:58,000 --> 03:29:00,240 RESPONSE TO SPECIFIC BEHAVIORS, 4576 03:29:00,240 --> 03:29:02,000 AND BEHAVIORAL STATES. 4577 03:29:02,000 --> 03:29:06,360 WHAT WE FOUND ARE NEURONS OR 4578 03:29:06,360 --> 03:29:08,000 NEURAL POPULATIONS CORRELATED 4579 03:29:08,000 --> 03:29:09,760 WITH EACH ONE OF THESE 4580 03:29:09,760 --> 03:29:12,120 EXPLOITATION AND EXPLORATION 4581 03:29:12,120 --> 03:29:12,480 STATE. 4582 03:29:12,480 --> 03:29:14,800 ONE OUR FAVORITE POPULATIONS 4583 03:29:14,800 --> 03:29:17,520 THAT WE FOUND IS THIS 4584 03:29:17,520 --> 03:29:18,320 SUBPOPULATION DORSAL AND THE 4585 03:29:18,320 --> 03:29:20,000 DORSAL RAFI THESE POPULATIONS 4586 03:29:20,000 --> 03:29:21,240 ARE INTERESTING FOR SEVERAL 4587 03:29:21,240 --> 03:29:22,480 REASONS, ONE WHEN WE DID 4588 03:29:22,480 --> 03:29:25,040 PRINCIPLE COMPONENT ANALYSIS 4589 03:29:25,040 --> 03:29:26,200 ACROSS THE ENTIRE BRAIN, ALL 4590 03:29:26,200 --> 03:29:29,200 CELLS AT ONCE, THE GLOBAL BRAIN 4591 03:29:29,200 --> 03:29:32,040 ACTIVITY OSCILLATES ALONG A 4592 03:29:32,040 --> 03:29:34,120 PRINCIPLE ASSETS AND THE DORSAL 4593 03:29:34,120 --> 03:29:35,760 ACTIVITY MAPS BASICALLY 4594 03:29:35,760 --> 03:29:38,080 PERFECTLY ON TO THIS PRINCIPLE 4595 03:29:38,080 --> 03:29:41,480 COMPONENT ACCESS. 4596 03:29:41,480 --> 03:29:43,440 WHAT WE -- THE SECOND THING IS 4597 03:29:43,440 --> 03:29:46,360 THAT I REALLY LOVE THE SHAPE OR 4598 03:29:46,360 --> 03:29:48,360 TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF THESE 4599 03:29:48,360 --> 03:29:48,600 STATUS. 4600 03:29:48,600 --> 03:29:49,960 WHAT IT HAS IS THAT IF YOU LOOK 4601 03:29:49,960 --> 03:29:52,000 AT THE STATE TRANSITION FROM THE 4602 03:29:52,000 --> 03:29:53,520 EXPLORATION TO EXPLOITATION, 4603 03:29:53,520 --> 03:29:56,200 THESE DORSAL RAFI CELLS HAVE 4604 03:29:56,200 --> 03:29:58,160 RAPID RISE FOLLOWED BY THIS LONG 4605 03:29:58,160 --> 03:29:59,920 LINEAR DECAY ACROSS THE DURATION 4606 03:29:59,920 --> 03:30:02,680 OF THE STATE. 4607 03:30:02,680 --> 03:30:04,600 WHEN THIS CASE BACK TO BASELINE 4608 03:30:04,600 --> 03:30:07,600 THE ANIMAL EXITS EXPLOITATION 4609 03:30:07,600 --> 03:30:09,680 STATE AND ENTERS THE EXPLORATION 4610 03:30:09,680 --> 03:30:10,240 STATE AGAIN. 4611 03:30:10,240 --> 03:30:12,400 I LOVE THE SHAPE OF THE SIGNAL 4612 03:30:12,400 --> 03:30:14,400 IS THAT OVER THE LAST SEVERAL 4613 03:30:14,400 --> 03:30:18,600 YEARS VERY RECENTLY THERE'S BEEN 4614 03:30:18,600 --> 03:30:21,040 MANY SERIES OF INTERESTING 4615 03:30:21,040 --> 03:30:22,800 PAPERS THAT ESSENTIALLY SEES THE 4616 03:30:22,800 --> 03:30:26,200 SAME TEMPORAL DYNAMICS ACROSS 4617 03:30:26,200 --> 03:30:27,840 MULTIPLE ORGANISMS AND ACROSS 4618 03:30:27,840 --> 03:30:30,920 PARADIGMS SO THE HYPOTHESIS THAT 4619 03:30:30,920 --> 03:30:32,720 OUR LAB LIKES BUT ONE THAT I 4620 03:30:32,720 --> 03:30:34,440 WILL LOVE TO SEE TESTED ACROSS 4621 03:30:34,440 --> 03:30:36,000 ALL THESE MODEL ORGANISMS AND 4622 03:30:36,000 --> 03:30:38,760 BEHAVIORS IS THAT THIS IS A KIND 4623 03:30:38,760 --> 03:30:40,400 OF TIME KEEPING MECHANISM, THIS 4624 03:30:40,400 --> 03:30:43,280 IS A WAY FOR THE ANIMAL TO CLOCK 4625 03:30:43,280 --> 03:30:44,920 OUT GIVEN INTERNAL STATE. 4626 03:30:44,920 --> 03:30:47,400 IN ADDITION TO THESE CELLS, WE 4627 03:30:47,400 --> 03:30:49,920 ALSO SEE IN THE BRAIN ARE CELLS 4628 03:30:49,920 --> 03:30:50,840 THAT ARE ACTIVE RIGHT AT THE 4629 03:30:50,840 --> 03:30:52,800 TRANSITION CALLED THE TRIGGER 4630 03:30:52,800 --> 03:30:55,520 CELLS SO WITH THE TRIGGER CELLS 4631 03:30:55,520 --> 03:30:57,200 AND THESE STAIN CODING CELLS YOU 4632 03:30:57,200 --> 03:30:59,520 CAN FORM VERY SIMPLE DYNAMICAL 4633 03:30:59,520 --> 03:31:01,200 SYSTEMS MODEL HOW YOU GET 4634 03:31:01,200 --> 03:31:03,720 DIFFERENT STATE DURATIONS. 4635 03:31:03,720 --> 03:31:08,000 SO THAT IS WHERE WE WERE AT IN 4636 03:31:08,000 --> 03:31:12,120 -- IN THE LAST TWO YEARS TRY TO 4637 03:31:12,120 --> 03:31:14,040 ANSWER A LOT OF THE OPEN 4638 03:31:14,040 --> 03:31:16,760 QUESTIONS THAT WE RAISED BY JUST 4639 03:31:16,760 --> 03:31:18,200 IDENTIFYING TWO STATES. 4640 03:31:18,200 --> 03:31:20,400 NOW WE HAVE A I WOULD SAY MUCH 4641 03:31:20,400 --> 03:31:22,400 RICHER UNDERSTANDING OF INTERNAL 4642 03:31:22,400 --> 03:31:23,840 STATES FACE WITH THIS ANIMAL, 4643 03:31:23,840 --> 03:31:24,760 THIS IS NOT SOMETHING I HAVE 4644 03:31:24,760 --> 03:31:26,080 TIME THE TALK ABOUT TODAY, THESE 4645 03:31:26,080 --> 03:31:27,800 ARE SORRYIOUS WILL HEAR THE NEXT 4646 03:31:27,800 --> 03:31:28,400 YEAR OR TWO. 4647 03:31:28,400 --> 03:31:30,800 BUT I'M GOING TO CONTINUE THIS 4648 03:31:30,800 --> 03:31:31,200 THEME TODAY. 4649 03:31:31,200 --> 03:31:34,440 OF THIS CO-EVOLUTION OF 4650 03:31:34,440 --> 03:31:37,280 TECHNOLOGY AND TALK HOW VERY 4651 03:31:37,280 --> 03:31:38,680 SIMPLE PIECE OF TECH WE 4652 03:31:38,680 --> 03:31:39,680 IMPLEMENTED CAN HELP ANSWER 4653 03:31:39,680 --> 03:31:41,040 REALLY INTERESTING QUESTIONS IN 4654 03:31:41,040 --> 03:31:42,200 STATE ORGANIZATION. 4655 03:31:42,200 --> 03:31:45,400 WHICH IS VARIABILITY IN STATE 4656 03:31:45,400 --> 03:31:46,000 STRUCTURE. 4657 03:31:46,000 --> 03:31:47,520 THIS IS AN EXPERIMENT WE DID 4658 03:31:47,520 --> 03:31:50,040 WHERE WE PUT FISH IN EMPTY 4659 03:31:50,040 --> 03:31:50,800 CHAMBER, NO PREY, SLIGHTLY 4660 03:31:50,800 --> 03:31:52,680 DIFFERENCE EXPERIMENT BUT ALSO 4661 03:31:52,680 --> 03:31:54,920 SEE STATE TRANSITIONS FUNDS FROM 4662 03:31:54,920 --> 03:31:56,920 EXPLORATION AND QUIA YES, SIR 4663 03:31:56,920 --> 03:31:57,800 SENSE, SOME FISH SPEND EQUAL 4664 03:31:57,800 --> 03:32:00,880 AMOUNTS OF TIME EXPLORATION AND 4665 03:32:00,880 --> 03:32:04,760 QUIA YES, SIR SENSE AND THEN 4666 03:32:04,760 --> 03:32:06,960 THERE WERE SOME QUIA YES, SIR 4667 03:32:06,960 --> 03:32:07,160 SENSE. 4668 03:32:07,160 --> 03:32:08,800 SO LONG EXPLORATORY STATES AND 4669 03:32:08,800 --> 03:32:11,440 THE VERY SHORT QUIESCENT STATES. 4670 03:32:11,440 --> 03:32:14,520 YOU HAVE SOME OPPOSITE, MOSTLY 4671 03:32:14,520 --> 03:32:16,680 QUIESCENT WITH BURSTS OF 4672 03:32:16,680 --> 03:32:18,160 EXPLORATION SO SOME WONDERED FOR 4673 03:32:18,160 --> 03:32:20,680 YEARS IS IS THIS PERSONALITY IS 4674 03:32:20,680 --> 03:32:21,440 THIS MOOD? 4675 03:32:21,440 --> 03:32:24,080 IS THIS SOMETHING THAT'S 4676 03:32:24,080 --> 03:32:25,480 SPECIFIC TO FISH AND STABLE 4677 03:32:25,480 --> 03:32:27,000 ACROSS TIME? 4678 03:32:27,000 --> 03:32:29,040 OR THESE DIFFERENT MODES OR META 4679 03:32:29,040 --> 03:32:30,920 STRUCTURES OF INTERNAL STATE 4680 03:32:30,920 --> 03:32:32,040 EACH FISH CAN ACCESS. 4681 03:32:32,040 --> 03:32:33,040 BUT IN ORDER TO ANSWER THIS 4682 03:32:33,040 --> 03:32:35,160 QUESTION WE NEEDED TO EXTEND OUR 4683 03:32:35,160 --> 03:32:36,680 IMAGING DURATION TO HOURS AND 4684 03:32:36,680 --> 03:32:38,600 DAYS, WE WANTED TO PRESERVE THE 4685 03:32:38,600 --> 03:32:40,360 IMAGING SPEED AND THE FIELD OF 4686 03:32:40,360 --> 03:32:43,240 VIEW OF OUR BEHAVIORAL ARENA AND 4687 03:32:43,240 --> 03:32:44,000 SPATIAL RESOLUTION. 4688 03:32:44,000 --> 03:32:46,240 SO THIS IS A CLASSIC 4689 03:32:46,240 --> 03:32:48,720 LONGITUDINAL MULTI-SCALE IMAGING 4690 03:32:48,720 --> 03:32:48,960 PROBLEM. 4691 03:32:48,960 --> 03:32:52,200 AND YOU CAN GO TRADITIONAL ROUTE 4692 03:32:52,200 --> 03:32:54,640 TO GUIDE BY DIFFERENT KINDS OF 4693 03:32:54,640 --> 03:32:56,400 CAMERAS YOU CAN BUY A CHEAP 4694 03:32:56,400 --> 03:32:59,320 CAMERA, THIS AFFORDABLE CAMERA 4695 03:32:59,320 --> 03:33:01,920 UNDER 1,000 AND IT HAS LOW PRAY 4696 03:33:01,920 --> 03:33:04,200 FRAMEWORK OR BUY A HIGH SPEED 4697 03:33:04,200 --> 03:33:06,320 CAMERA BUT WITH A MUCH HIGHER 4698 03:33:06,320 --> 03:33:08,520 COST, ORDER OF MAGNITUDE MORE 4699 03:33:08,520 --> 03:33:08,720 COST. 4700 03:33:08,720 --> 03:33:11,200 SO WE DEVELOPED A VERY SIMPLE 4701 03:33:11,200 --> 03:33:14,120 SIMPLE HACK TO APPLY LIKE A WIDE 4702 03:33:14,120 --> 03:33:16,040 RATE OF CAMERAS YOU CAN HAVE 4703 03:33:16,040 --> 03:33:17,680 BEST OF BOTH WORLDS YOU CAN I 4704 03:33:17,680 --> 03:33:19,080 APPLY TO A LITTLE FEAR AND TURN 4705 03:33:19,080 --> 03:33:22,320 IT INTO A HIGH SPEED RAM CABBY 4706 03:33:22,320 --> 03:33:25,640 DYNAMICALLY ADDRESSING MORE 4707 03:33:25,640 --> 03:33:26,120 ROIs. 4708 03:33:26,120 --> 03:33:28,400 IN THE CENTER OF THIS CAMERA SO 4709 03:33:28,400 --> 03:33:30,880 DASHER IS THE WAY THAT IT WORKS 4710 03:33:30,880 --> 03:33:33,000 IS WITH CONVENTIONAL IMAGING YOU 4711 03:33:33,000 --> 03:33:34,760 CAN HAVE THE ENTIRE FIELD OF 4712 03:33:34,760 --> 03:33:36,360 VIEW LOSING SPATIAL RESOLUTION 4713 03:33:36,360 --> 03:33:37,800 OR YOU CAN HAVE A SMALL FIELD OF 4714 03:33:37,800 --> 03:33:41,160 VIEW AND YOU CAN HAVE HIGH 4715 03:33:41,160 --> 03:33:43,000 SPATIAL RESOLUTION AND -- WITH 4716 03:33:43,000 --> 03:33:44,440 THAT YOU CAN HAVE ALL THESE, YOU 4717 03:33:44,440 --> 03:33:46,000 CAN HAVE LARGE FIELD OF VIEW, 4718 03:33:46,000 --> 03:33:47,920 HIGH FRAMEWORK AND HIGH SPATIAL 4719 03:33:47,920 --> 03:33:48,200 RESOLUTION. 4720 03:33:48,200 --> 03:33:52,000 SO IF YOU LOOK AT WHAT FISH THAT 4721 03:33:52,000 --> 03:33:53,800 IS MOVING AROUND ARENA YOU CAN 4722 03:33:53,800 --> 03:33:55,920 SEE THE FIELD OF VIEW OF ARENA 4723 03:33:55,920 --> 03:33:58,000 IS STILL VERY LARGE RELATIVE TO 4724 03:33:58,000 --> 03:34:02,600 ANIMAL BUT IF YOU LOOK AT THE 4725 03:34:02,600 --> 03:34:04,480 INDIVIDUAL ANIMAL YOU CAN SEE 4726 03:34:04,480 --> 03:34:08,640 ACTUALLY A LOT OF STRUCTURE IN 4727 03:34:08,640 --> 03:34:11,360 ITS IN THIS IMAGE YOU CAN SEE 4728 03:34:11,360 --> 03:34:15,920 INDIVIDUAL PIGMENT CELLS, EYES 4729 03:34:15,920 --> 03:34:17,200 AND EAR AND COMPARED TO 4730 03:34:17,200 --> 03:34:19,480 CONVENTIONAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES 4731 03:34:19,480 --> 03:34:21,480 IF YOU USE -- TO INCREASE ALL 4732 03:34:21,480 --> 03:34:22,800 THAT INFORMATION BE GONE SO YOU 4733 03:34:22,800 --> 03:34:24,520 CAN USE THIS STRATEGY TO LOOK AT 4734 03:34:24,520 --> 03:34:26,080 THESE INDIVIDUAL BODY FEATURES 4735 03:34:26,080 --> 03:34:28,520 YOU CAN PRESERVE THE 250 IMAGING 4736 03:34:28,520 --> 03:34:31,120 RATE TO LOOK AT INDIVIDUAL 4737 03:34:31,120 --> 03:34:32,960 MOVEMENTS, AND YOU CAN APPLY 4738 03:34:32,960 --> 03:34:35,320 THIS VERSION OF THIS TO MULTIPLE 4739 03:34:35,320 --> 03:34:37,920 ANIMALS ACROSS A LARGE FIELD OF 4740 03:34:37,920 --> 03:34:38,160 VIEW. 4741 03:34:38,160 --> 03:34:42,280 AND IT IS VERY EASY TO USE, OUR 4742 03:34:42,280 --> 03:34:47,280 FORMER POST-DOC TOOK THIS HOME 4743 03:34:47,280 --> 03:34:49,200 AND IMAGED HER PET SHRIMP WITH 4744 03:34:49,200 --> 03:34:50,280 IT. 4745 03:34:50,280 --> 03:34:54,160 SO JUST TO FINISH UP, WITH THIS 4746 03:34:54,160 --> 03:34:56,200 HACK FOR LONGITUDINAL 4747 03:34:56,200 --> 03:34:57,080 MULTI-SCALE IMAGING WE CAN 4748 03:34:57,080 --> 03:35:00,080 ANSWER THIS QUESTION OF IS THIS 4749 03:35:00,080 --> 03:35:01,200 PERSONALITY POOR MOOD AND WHAT 4750 03:35:01,200 --> 03:35:03,960 IS VERY CLEAR JUST FROM SINGLE 4751 03:35:03,960 --> 03:35:06,280 FISH IS INDEED THERE IS ACTUALLY 4752 03:35:06,280 --> 03:35:07,480 META STRUCTURE IN THE 4753 03:35:07,480 --> 03:35:09,920 ORGANIZATION OF INTERNAL STATE 4754 03:35:09,920 --> 03:35:11,800 SO THERE ARE TRANSITIONS 4755 03:35:11,800 --> 03:35:14,360 EXPLORATION AND QUIESCENT BUT 4756 03:35:14,360 --> 03:35:15,080 THERE IS ANOTHER LEVEL 4757 03:35:15,080 --> 03:35:16,200 ORGANIZATION ON TOP OF THIS. 4758 03:35:16,200 --> 03:35:20,400 SO THAT IF YOU ARE META STATE 4759 03:35:20,400 --> 03:35:22,400 ONE VERSUS TWO, IF YOU WERE TO 4760 03:35:22,400 --> 03:35:24,600 FIT A HIDDEN MODEL YOU HAVE A 4761 03:35:24,600 --> 03:35:26,440 DIFFERENT TRANSITION MATRIX. 4762 03:35:26,440 --> 03:35:30,520 SO THIS IS JUST TO SAY EACH TIME 4763 03:35:30,520 --> 03:35:32,200 POINT YOU HAVE THIS MULTI-SCALE 4764 03:35:32,200 --> 03:35:33,760 INFORMATION AND THEN LASTLY THIS 4765 03:35:33,760 --> 03:35:35,680 IS JUST A SHOUT OUT TO OUR 4766 03:35:35,680 --> 03:35:37,360 COLLABORATORS WHO ARE TRYING TO 4767 03:35:37,360 --> 03:35:38,720 COMPLIMENT THE WHOLE BRAIN 4768 03:35:38,720 --> 03:35:41,360 IMAGING AND BEHAVIOR TRYING TO 4769 03:35:41,360 --> 03:35:44,400 DO WITH TRANS-SYNAPTIC GENETIC 4770 03:35:44,400 --> 03:35:45,200 TRACING FOR -- (INAUDIBLE). 4771 03:35:45,200 --> 03:35:48,280 I WANT TO THANK MY LAB AND THEN 4772 03:35:48,280 --> 03:36:01,240 I AM DONE. 4773 03:36:01,240 --> 03:36:01,400 A 4774 03:36:01,400 --> 03:36:03,080 >> I'M GOING TO START FOR SAKE 4775 03:36:03,080 --> 03:36:05,240 OF TIME, THANK YOU STEVE FOR 4776 03:36:05,240 --> 03:36:07,000 INVITING ME TO GIVE THIS 4777 03:36:07,000 --> 03:36:10,400 PRESENTATION AND I WILL TRY TO 4778 03:36:10,400 --> 03:36:13,200 TELL YOU OUR LAB WORK TO TRY TO 4779 03:36:13,200 --> 03:36:18,400 UNDERSTAND STATE DEPENDENT IN 4780 03:36:18,400 --> 03:36:19,400 DROSOPHILA. 4781 03:36:19,400 --> 03:36:20,680 THEIR INTERESTING UNDERSTANDING 4782 03:36:20,680 --> 03:36:22,440 HOW BRAIN REGULATES STATE 4783 03:36:22,440 --> 03:36:25,680 DEPENDENT SENSORY PROCESSING AND 4784 03:36:25,680 --> 03:36:26,760 ACTION SELECTION, AND WE CHOOSE 4785 03:36:26,760 --> 03:36:30,520 TO STUDY THIS IN MODEL OF FOOD 4786 03:36:30,520 --> 03:36:32,800 INTAKE BEHAVIOR BECAUSE FOOD 4787 03:36:32,800 --> 03:36:38,440 INTAKE IS UNIVERSAL, BASICALLY 4788 03:36:38,440 --> 03:36:39,240 ANIMALS HEDDLED TO OVERLAY 4789 03:36:39,240 --> 03:36:41,520 METABOLIC FIZZ Q2 LOGICAL LEVELS 4790 03:36:41,520 --> 03:36:44,640 AND -- PHYSIOLOGICAL LEVELS AND 4791 03:36:44,640 --> 03:36:46,600 CHANGE ORIGIN BEHAVIORS TO FIND 4792 03:36:46,600 --> 03:36:48,800 SPECIFIC NUTRIENTS. THIS IS A 4793 03:36:48,800 --> 03:36:50,320 CONSERVED BEHAVIOR, ALL NEEDS TO 4794 03:36:50,320 --> 03:36:54,520 DO THAT SINGLE CELL ORGANISMS 4795 03:36:54,520 --> 03:36:56,600 LIKE PARAMESIUM. 4796 03:36:56,600 --> 03:36:58,400 THIS IS AN INTERESTING PROBLEM 4797 03:36:58,400 --> 03:37:00,120 AND THE QUESTION HERE YOU ARE 4798 03:37:00,120 --> 03:37:02,800 TRYING TO UNDERSTAND IS HOW DOES 4799 03:37:02,800 --> 03:37:05,200 THE BRAIN INTEGRATE THE SMELL, 4800 03:37:05,200 --> 03:37:07,240 THE SIGHT TASTE OF FOOD 4801 03:37:07,240 --> 03:37:09,840 METABOLIC SIGNALS TO MAKE FOOD 4802 03:37:09,840 --> 03:37:11,280 INTAKE DECISIONS. 4803 03:37:11,280 --> 03:37:12,880 SOMETIMES YOU MIGHT WANT SWEET, 4804 03:37:12,880 --> 03:37:14,240 SOMETIMES YOU WANT SAVORY AND 4805 03:37:14,240 --> 03:37:16,440 HOW DOES THE BRAIN REGULATE 4806 03:37:16,440 --> 03:37:17,960 THESE PROCESSES AND WHAT ARE THE 4807 03:37:17,960 --> 03:37:20,200 SURFACE UNDERLYING -- CIRCUITS 4808 03:37:20,200 --> 03:37:24,320 UNDERLYING THAT. 4809 03:37:24,320 --> 03:37:25,120 THERE HAS BEEN KNOWLEDGE THAT 4810 03:37:25,120 --> 03:37:26,800 THERE IS A LOT OF RESEARCH DONE 4811 03:37:26,800 --> 03:37:28,320 ON THIS TOPIC. 4812 03:37:28,320 --> 03:37:30,400 WE KNOW IN THE RODENT BRAIN VERY 4813 03:37:30,400 --> 03:37:34,920 CLEAR AREAS LIKE THE -- EGR 4814 03:37:34,920 --> 03:37:37,240 REGULATE HOMEOSTATIC HEIGHT 4815 03:37:37,240 --> 03:37:38,600 BEHAVIORS IN MICE AND RODENTS 4816 03:37:38,600 --> 03:37:40,720 AND POTENTIALLY HUMANS. 4817 03:37:40,720 --> 03:37:44,000 WE ALSO KNOW ABOUT THE 4818 03:37:44,000 --> 03:37:44,600 DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS IN BTA 4819 03:37:44,600 --> 03:37:47,040 WHICH ARE INVOLVED IN HEADNISTIC 4820 03:37:47,040 --> 03:37:50,320 EATING LIKE PLEASURE OF 4821 03:37:50,320 --> 03:37:51,840 CONSUMING INPUT BUT ONE THING 4822 03:37:51,840 --> 03:37:54,600 LACKING IN THIS PICTURE IS THE 4823 03:37:54,600 --> 03:37:56,000 ENTIRE SURFACE THAT SAMPLE IT IS 4824 03:37:56,000 --> 03:37:58,120 FOODS AND INTEGRATES THIS 4825 03:37:58,120 --> 03:37:59,200 INFORMATION, WITH METABOLIC 4826 03:37:59,200 --> 03:38:02,000 STATE OF THE ANIMAL, IN 4827 03:38:02,000 --> 03:38:02,800 ACCORDINGLY RELATES THIS 4828 03:38:02,800 --> 03:38:04,760 INFORMATION ABOUT THE MOTOR 4829 03:38:04,760 --> 03:38:08,000 SURFACE CONSUME REGULATE. 4830 03:38:08,000 --> 03:38:10,400 THIS BASICALLY HOLD NEURAL 4831 03:38:10,400 --> 03:38:12,400 CIRCUITS IS STILL MISSING IN 4832 03:38:12,400 --> 03:38:16,400 ALMOST ANY MODEL ORGANISM MAYBE 4833 03:38:16,400 --> 03:38:17,240 EXCEPT C ELEGANS. 4834 03:38:17,240 --> 03:38:19,800 THAT IS BASICALLY OUR GOAL IS TO 4835 03:38:19,800 --> 03:38:23,480 FIND THESE THINGS. 4836 03:38:23,480 --> 03:38:26,440 SO WE ARE USING THE FLY AS A 4837 03:38:26,440 --> 03:38:31,440 MODEL BECAUSE FLIES HAVE 4838 03:38:31,440 --> 03:38:33,400 BEHAVIORS THEY GET -- FOR 4839 03:38:33,400 --> 03:38:35,800 SPECIFIC NUTRIENTS IN DIFFERENT 4840 03:38:35,800 --> 03:38:36,200 METABOLIC STATES. 4841 03:38:36,200 --> 03:38:38,840 WE HAVE BASICALLY OVER THE YEARS 4842 03:38:38,840 --> 03:38:40,080 DEVELOP BEHAVIORAL ASSAYS TO 4843 03:38:40,080 --> 03:38:43,800 MEASURE BEHAVIORS AND RECENTLY 4844 03:38:43,800 --> 03:38:45,240 HAVE -- FLY BRAIN SO LIKE THIS 4845 03:38:45,240 --> 03:38:49,200 IS BASICALLY A VERY EXCITING 4846 03:38:49,200 --> 03:38:50,920 TIME NEUROSCIENCE BASICALLY 4847 03:38:50,920 --> 03:38:53,440 POTENTIALLY ONCE WE HAVE NEURON 4848 03:38:53,440 --> 03:38:55,240 IN HAND THAT REGULATES BEHAVIOR 4849 03:38:55,240 --> 03:38:57,400 YOU CAN TRACE TO THE ENTIRE 4850 03:38:57,400 --> 03:38:57,640 CIRCUIT. 4851 03:38:57,640 --> 03:39:00,840 AND WE ALSO HAVE GENETIC ACCESS 4852 03:39:00,840 --> 03:39:05,360 TO MANY OF THE NEURONS. 4853 03:39:05,360 --> 03:39:06,400 BASICALLY ACTIVATE NEURONS THEIR 4854 03:39:06,400 --> 03:39:08,360 ACTIVITY ON GENES IMAGED THEIR 4855 03:39:08,360 --> 03:39:14,640 ACTIVITY AND SO ON. 4856 03:39:14,640 --> 03:39:17,280 TO STUDY DECISIONS IN FLIES THAT 4857 03:39:17,280 --> 03:39:18,840 WE HAVE DEVELOP THIS ASSAY WHICH 4858 03:39:18,840 --> 03:39:22,080 ALLOWS US TO MEASURE EACH 4859 03:39:22,080 --> 03:39:24,440 FEEDING PART OF AN INDIVIDUAL 4860 03:39:24,440 --> 03:39:26,200 FLY WHILE CORRECTING THEIR 4861 03:39:26,200 --> 03:39:26,760 ACTIVITY. 4862 03:39:26,760 --> 03:39:33,000 HERE IS AN EXAMPLE, HERE IS A 4863 03:39:33,000 --> 03:39:35,560 MALE FLY, FOUND SUPER RESOLUTION 4864 03:39:35,560 --> 03:39:37,400 INGESTING AND ON THE RIGHT SIDE 4865 03:39:37,400 --> 03:39:41,320 YOU CAN SEE THAT THE SENSOR IS 4866 03:39:41,320 --> 03:39:43,840 DETECTING THIS (INAUDIBLE) 4867 03:39:43,840 --> 03:39:44,200 SPECIFICALLY. 4868 03:39:44,200 --> 03:39:47,520 YOU CAN BASICALLY MEASURE THE 4869 03:39:47,520 --> 03:39:50,520 BOT VOLUME THE TIME AND EPIJUST 4870 03:39:50,520 --> 03:39:53,400 SHUN RATE SO THIS IS IN WHICH 4871 03:39:53,400 --> 03:39:54,800 DATA SETS QUANTIFY MERGING 4872 03:39:54,800 --> 03:39:56,600 BEHAVIOR FROM SINGLE FLY, WE 4873 03:39:56,600 --> 03:39:58,080 ALSO HAVE TRACKING DATA SO WE 4874 03:39:58,080 --> 03:39:59,920 CAN LOOK AT HOW DOES THE ANIMAL 4875 03:39:59,920 --> 03:40:05,000 MOVE BEFORE AND AFTER EATING. 4876 03:40:05,000 --> 03:40:07,800 SO SYSTEM WE HAVE DONE NORMAL 4877 03:40:07,800 --> 03:40:09,440 INHIBITION SCREEN LIKE 4878 03:40:09,440 --> 03:40:10,440 DEACTIVATED THE ACTIVITY OR 4879 03:40:10,440 --> 03:40:12,520 SYNAPTIC RELEASE FROM THE 4880 03:40:12,520 --> 03:40:14,720 DIFFERENT POPULATIONS OF NEURONS 4881 03:40:14,720 --> 03:40:17,600 AND WE FOUND THESE NEURONS WE 4882 03:40:17,600 --> 03:40:19,800 CALL THEM IM 1. 4883 03:40:19,800 --> 03:40:24,600 THESE NEURONS ARE LOCATED IN THE 4884 03:40:24,600 --> 03:40:26,120 (INAUDIBLE) CALLED (INAUDIBLE) 4885 03:40:26,120 --> 03:40:26,360 SCENE. 4886 03:40:26,360 --> 03:40:29,480 THESE ARE INTERNEURONS BASICALLY 4887 03:40:29,480 --> 03:40:30,520 EXCITATORY SO THEY BASICALLY 4888 03:40:30,520 --> 03:40:34,760 DON'T PROJECT INTO A SENSORY, 4889 03:40:34,760 --> 03:40:37,600 PROCESSING AREA OR MOTOR AREA, 4890 03:40:37,600 --> 03:40:40,600 THEY ARE BASICALLY LOCAL NEURONS 4891 03:40:40,600 --> 03:40:44,800 IN THIS TASTE SENOR. 4892 03:40:44,800 --> 03:40:46,800 IF YOU INHIBIT THE (INAUDIBLE) 4893 03:40:46,800 --> 03:40:48,840 IN HUNGRY FLIES, THEY FOOD 4894 03:40:48,840 --> 03:40:52,200 INTAKE IS SHOWN IN THIS SO THE 4895 03:40:52,200 --> 03:40:54,240 BRAIN WANTS BASICALLY ARE 4896 03:40:54,240 --> 03:40:55,760 SHOWING YOU GENETIC CONTROLS AND 4897 03:40:55,760 --> 03:40:59,080 THE BLUE PLOT IS SHOWING YOU THE 4898 03:40:59,080 --> 03:41:04,200 FLIES THAT ARE INACTIVE IM 4899 03:41:04,200 --> 03:41:04,600 NEURONS. 4900 03:41:04,600 --> 03:41:06,440 WE HAVE DEVELOPED AN IMAGING 4901 03:41:06,440 --> 03:41:09,360 TECHNIQUE TO IMAGE THE ACTIVITY 4902 03:41:09,360 --> 03:41:12,520 OF NEURONS IN FLIES AND AS YOU 4903 03:41:12,520 --> 03:41:16,200 CAN SEE ON THE RIGHT ANIMALS EAT 4904 03:41:16,200 --> 03:41:20,440 FOOD THE IM NEURONS GET EXCITED 4905 03:41:20,440 --> 03:41:24,080 SIGNIFICANTLY. 4906 03:41:24,080 --> 03:41:26,920 MOREOVER WE HAVE RECORDED THE 4907 03:41:26,920 --> 03:41:28,120 ACTIVITY OF (INAUDIBLE) 4908 03:41:28,120 --> 03:41:30,800 DIFFERENT STATES, SO ON THE LEFT 4909 03:41:30,800 --> 03:41:33,800 YOU SEE THE GREEN PLOTS SHOWING 4910 03:41:33,800 --> 03:41:36,840 YOU HUNGRY MALE FLY INGESTING 4911 03:41:36,840 --> 03:41:39,120 ONE MOLAR SUGAR SOLUTION AN 4912 03:41:39,120 --> 03:41:40,320 BASICALLY THE SMALL TICK IN THE 4913 03:41:40,320 --> 03:41:42,280 BOTTOM OF THE PLOT SHOWS YOU THE 4914 03:41:42,280 --> 03:41:45,200 ANIMAL ATE. 4915 03:41:45,200 --> 03:41:48,200 SO (INAUDIBLE) SPECIFIC SUGAR 4916 03:41:48,200 --> 03:41:50,840 INGESTION AND THEY HAVE THIS 4917 03:41:50,840 --> 03:41:53,480 PERSISTENT ACTIVITY LASTS FOR 4918 03:41:53,480 --> 03:41:54,680 ALMOST MINUTES. 4919 03:41:54,680 --> 03:41:56,560 IN HUNGRY FLIES. 4920 03:41:56,560 --> 03:41:57,720 SAME EXPERIMENT IN PET FLIES 4921 03:41:57,720 --> 03:42:00,960 WHICH IS MIDDLE PLOT YOU CAN SEE 4922 03:42:00,960 --> 03:42:03,120 THE -- NEURONS STILL RESPOND AND 4923 03:42:03,120 --> 03:42:04,920 ANIMAL EAT BUT THIS PERSISTENT 4924 03:42:04,920 --> 03:42:07,920 ACTIVITY IS TEMPERED LASTLY ON 4925 03:42:07,920 --> 03:42:13,160 THE RIGHT SIDE YOU SEE THAT IM 4926 03:42:13,160 --> 03:42:14,760 NEURONS ARE BASICALLY THIS IS 4927 03:42:14,760 --> 03:42:18,720 LIKE EXPERIMENT FLIES LOW 4928 03:42:18,720 --> 03:42:20,440 CONCENTRATION OF SUGAR. 4929 03:42:20,440 --> 03:42:21,680 YOU CAN SEE THE ACTIVITY, 4930 03:42:21,680 --> 03:42:26,160 BASICALLY SEE THIS VERY ACUTE 4931 03:42:26,160 --> 03:42:27,920 ACTIVATION OF NEURONS WHICH WILL 4932 03:42:27,920 --> 03:42:31,200 NOT HAVE AS MUCH AS THE ONES 4933 03:42:31,200 --> 03:42:33,320 THAT BASICALLY EAT (INAUDIBLE) 4934 03:42:33,320 --> 03:42:38,240 SO THESE BASICALLY SUGGEST IMR 4935 03:42:38,240 --> 03:42:40,040 NEURONS ARE IN THE VERY EARLY 4936 03:42:40,040 --> 03:42:41,520 STAGES OF THE TASTE PERCEPTION 4937 03:42:41,520 --> 03:42:46,880 HAS A STATE DEPENDENT -- SO 4938 03:42:46,880 --> 03:42:49,200 DECIDED TO BASICALLY FIGURE OUT 4939 03:42:49,200 --> 03:42:53,200 HOW THIS WORKS. 4940 03:42:53,200 --> 03:42:56,320 SO IM NEURONS REGULATE IMAGES? 4941 03:42:56,320 --> 03:42:59,400 IN ORDER TO DO THAT, WE HAVE 4942 03:42:59,400 --> 03:43:09,480 TAKEN OPTOGENETICS APPROACH. 4943 03:43:09,480 --> 03:43:10,960 WE DECIDED TO FIGURE OUT WHAT 4944 03:43:10,960 --> 03:43:14,640 INPUTS THE IM NEURONS ARE 4945 03:43:14,640 --> 03:43:16,400 GETTING FROM SENSORY -- SO WE 4946 03:43:16,400 --> 03:43:18,880 DID THIS AGAIN IN VIVO FLIES 4947 03:43:18,880 --> 03:43:20,600 USING COUPLING OF GENETIC 4948 03:43:20,600 --> 03:43:22,600 ACTIVATION WITH TWO PHOTON 4949 03:43:22,600 --> 03:43:24,680 CALCIUM IMAGING THE FLIES ARE 4950 03:43:24,680 --> 03:43:26,880 BASICALLY -- IN A BOWL AND WE 4951 03:43:26,880 --> 03:43:28,440 DECIDED THE FIRST -- TO FIST 4952 03:43:28,440 --> 03:43:30,600 LOOK AT THE THREE CLASSES OF 4953 03:43:30,600 --> 03:43:32,400 SENSORY NEURONS IN FLY, SO THE 4954 03:43:32,400 --> 03:43:34,040 FIRST CLASS IS SUGAR SENSITIVE 4955 03:43:34,040 --> 03:43:36,000 NEURONS, THE SECOND CLASS IS 4956 03:43:36,000 --> 03:43:38,000 BITTER NEURONS AND THE THIRD 4957 03:43:38,000 --> 03:43:39,200 CLASS IS MOTOR SENSITIVE 4958 03:43:39,200 --> 03:43:42,840 NEURONS. 4959 03:43:42,840 --> 03:43:44,920 INTERESTINGLY WE FOUND THAT IMR 4960 03:43:44,920 --> 03:43:47,000 NEURONSEN ONLY GET ACTIVATED 4961 03:43:47,000 --> 03:43:49,000 WHEN SUGAR SENSITIVE TASTE 4962 03:43:49,000 --> 03:43:51,120 NEURONS WERE ACTIVATED WITH 4963 03:43:51,120 --> 03:43:52,200 OPTOGENETIC STIMULATION BUT 4964 03:43:52,200 --> 03:43:54,960 DIDN'T RESPOND TO BITTER. 4965 03:43:54,960 --> 03:43:57,560 SO LOOKS LIKE IMR NEURONS ARE 4966 03:43:57,560 --> 03:44:00,280 GETSING ACTIVATED BY SUGAR 4967 03:44:00,280 --> 03:44:04,200 SENSING SWEETENERS. 4968 03:44:04,200 --> 03:44:06,320 WE KNOW THERE'S DIFFERENT 4969 03:44:06,320 --> 03:44:07,400 CLASSES OF SUGAR SENSITIVE 4970 03:44:07,400 --> 03:44:09,520 NEURONS SO WE WANTED TO FIGURE 4971 03:44:09,520 --> 03:44:11,400 OUT EXACTLY WHICH POPULATION IM 4972 03:44:11,400 --> 03:44:12,880 NEURONS ARE GETTING INPUT FROM, 4973 03:44:12,880 --> 03:44:15,200 REGULATE INGESTION SO WE DID 4974 03:44:15,200 --> 03:44:18,120 ANOTHER OPTOGENETIC MANIPULATION 4975 03:44:18,120 --> 03:44:19,360 SCREEN LABELING DIFFERENT 4976 03:44:19,360 --> 03:44:21,920 POPULATIONS OF SUGAR SENSITIVE 4977 03:44:21,920 --> 03:44:23,040 NEURONS IN THE FLY IN THE 4978 03:44:23,040 --> 03:44:24,000 SYSTEM. 4979 03:44:24,000 --> 03:44:26,400 INTERESTINGLY WE FOUND TWO 4980 03:44:26,400 --> 03:44:28,680 CLASSES OF NEURONS GR 64, 4981 03:44:28,680 --> 03:44:30,680 BASICALLY THE REACCEPT TO IS 4982 03:44:30,680 --> 03:44:32,360 SHOWN TO RESPOND TO SUCROSE 4983 03:44:32,360 --> 03:44:34,960 SPECIFICALLY AND GR 43 NEURONS 4984 03:44:34,960 --> 03:44:37,480 WHICH ARE KNOWN TO BE 4985 03:44:37,480 --> 03:44:40,200 (INAUDIBLE) GLUCOSE. 4986 03:44:40,200 --> 03:44:41,200 INTERESTINGLY WHEN WE LOOK AT 4987 03:44:41,200 --> 03:44:43,000 THE EXPRESSION PATTERNS OF THESE 4988 03:44:43,000 --> 03:44:46,000 NEURONS ONE THING BASICALLY 4989 03:44:46,000 --> 03:44:49,880 POPPED UP FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCE 4990 03:44:49,880 --> 03:44:52,680 IN TERMS OF LABELING GR 64 4991 03:44:52,680 --> 03:44:56,400 NEURONS WERE NOT LABELING ANY 4992 03:44:56,400 --> 03:44:57,440 NEURONS IN THE NUCLEUS OF THE 4993 03:44:57,440 --> 03:45:00,120 FLY WHICH IS BASICALLY THIS 4994 03:45:00,120 --> 03:45:01,360 NUCLEUS SITTING RIGHT BETWEEN 4995 03:45:01,360 --> 03:45:07,360 THE BRAIN AND THE GUT. 4996 03:45:07,360 --> 03:45:10,520 GR 43 NEURONS STRONGLY ACTIVATED 4997 03:45:10,520 --> 03:45:12,160 IMR NEURONS HAD THESE POPULATION 4998 03:45:12,160 --> 03:45:19,120 ABOUT TEN CELLS IN THIS NUCLEUS. 4999 03:45:19,120 --> 03:45:21,560 WHEN WE LOOK AT MORE ANATOMICAL 5000 03:45:21,560 --> 03:45:22,520 STRUCTURE OF THE NEURONS WE 5001 03:45:22,520 --> 03:45:28,000 FOUND THESE GR 43 NEURONS THAT 5002 03:45:28,000 --> 03:45:29,480 ARE PRESENT IN THE NUCLEUS 5003 03:45:29,480 --> 03:45:31,000 INNERVATED THE GUT IN DIFFERENT 5004 03:45:31,000 --> 03:45:34,120 REGIONS AND THEIR PROCESS IS 5005 03:45:34,120 --> 03:45:35,760 ANSWERED, SO WE THOUGHT THESE 5006 03:45:35,760 --> 03:45:36,760 NEURONS MIGHT BE SENSING THE 5007 03:45:36,760 --> 03:45:39,000 SUGAR WHILE ANIMAL IS EATING AND 5008 03:45:39,000 --> 03:45:41,800 SENDING FEEDBACK INFORMATION IN 5009 03:45:41,800 --> 03:45:43,800 TO THE BRAIN TO SUSTAIN OR 5010 03:45:43,800 --> 03:45:47,320 TERMINATE SUGAR INGESTION. 5011 03:45:47,320 --> 03:45:48,680 WE DEVELOP A TECHNIQUE TO 5012 03:45:48,680 --> 03:45:49,360 MEASURE ACTIVITY OF THESE 5013 03:45:49,360 --> 03:45:52,200 NEURONS WHILE THE ANIMALS ARE 5014 03:45:52,200 --> 03:45:53,240 INGESTING SUGAR, IT IS SHOWN 5015 03:45:53,240 --> 03:45:57,880 HERE SO WE CAN OPEN UP IMAGING 5016 03:45:57,880 --> 03:46:02,680 WINDOW OVER TOP OF THE GUT AND 5017 03:46:02,680 --> 03:46:03,760 VENTRAL NERVE PARTS AND WE CAN 5018 03:46:03,760 --> 03:46:08,240 IMAGE ACTIVITY OF THESE NEURONS. 5019 03:46:08,240 --> 03:46:10,360 LONG STORY SHORT WE DID 5020 03:46:10,360 --> 03:46:12,200 EXPERIMENTS AND FOUND THAT ABOUT 5021 03:46:12,200 --> 03:46:16,200 HALF OF THESE NEURONS RESPOND 5022 03:46:16,200 --> 03:46:17,960 SPECIFICALLY TO INGESTION OF 5023 03:46:17,960 --> 03:46:21,000 SUGAR AND HALF -- THE OTHER HALF 5024 03:46:21,000 --> 03:46:22,760 WAS TONICALLY ACTIVATED, TRYING 5025 03:46:22,760 --> 03:46:23,400 TO UNDERSTAND WHAT THAT MIGHT 5026 03:46:23,400 --> 03:46:29,200 BE. 5027 03:46:29,200 --> 03:46:31,760 THERE IS THE VIDEO, THAT SHOWING 5028 03:46:31,760 --> 03:46:38,800 THAT ACTIVATION. 5029 03:46:38,800 --> 03:46:40,280 SO CURRENTLY OUR MODEL IS THAT 5030 03:46:40,280 --> 03:46:43,600 WE THINK THAT THE IMR NEURONS 5031 03:46:43,600 --> 03:46:45,000 ARE RECEIVING SPECIFIC INPUT 5032 03:46:45,000 --> 03:46:47,080 FROM THE GUT IONOMER 5033 03:46:47,080 --> 03:46:47,760 INVESTIGATING AROUND PARTICULAR 5034 03:46:47,760 --> 03:46:50,000 NEURONS THAT EXPRESS GR 48 5035 03:46:50,000 --> 03:46:51,080 RECEPTOR. 5036 03:46:51,080 --> 03:46:55,560 THIS IS BASICALLY A -- IN A VERY 5037 03:46:55,560 --> 03:46:56,680 FAST TEMPORAL SCALE TO ADJUST 5038 03:46:56,680 --> 03:47:00,080 WHAT THE ANIMAL IS EATING AND 5039 03:47:00,080 --> 03:47:01,640 MEET THAT ENERGY DEMAND 5040 03:47:01,640 --> 03:47:03,400 BASICALLY GENERATED BY THE 5041 03:47:03,400 --> 03:47:04,480 INTERNAL STATE OF THE ANIMAL. 5042 03:47:04,480 --> 03:47:07,880 SO IT IS BASICALLY VERY FAST 5043 03:47:07,880 --> 03:47:13,080 CONTROL OF INGESTION AND QUALITY 5044 03:47:13,080 --> 03:47:16,280 CONTROL IN FLY (INAUDIBLE). 5045 03:47:16,280 --> 03:47:17,640 RECENTLY THERE'S A LOT OF WORK 5046 03:47:17,640 --> 03:47:19,560 DONE IN MICE SHOWING THAT IN 5047 03:47:19,560 --> 03:47:23,080 MICE THERE IS ACTUALLY A DEEP 5048 03:47:23,080 --> 03:47:24,600 FAST FEEDBACK CONTROL FROM THE 5049 03:47:24,600 --> 03:47:30,480 NEURONS THAT INNER INVESTIGATE 5050 03:47:30,480 --> 03:47:31,240 DIGESTIVE TRACK THAT HAVE CELLS 5051 03:47:31,240 --> 03:47:33,000 IN THE VAGUS. 5052 03:47:33,000 --> 03:47:36,600 THE TIP OF THIS VAGAL NEURONS 5053 03:47:36,600 --> 03:47:47,360 REPLY CAD IN GAI GANGLIA, STUDY GUT 5054 03:47:47,360 --> 03:47:49,320 BRAIN IN THE FUTURE OF THE MODEL 5055 03:47:49,320 --> 03:47:51,440 ORGANISMS SO THIS IS MY LAB. 5056 03:47:51,440 --> 03:47:55,520 THIS WORK WAS DONE BY MY GRAD 5057 03:47:55,520 --> 03:47:56,640 STUDENTS, WITH HELP FROM POST 5058 03:47:56,640 --> 03:47:56,840 DOCS. 5059 03:47:56,840 --> 03:47:59,000 THANK YOU SO MUCH AND I HOPE 5060 03:47:59,000 --> 03:48:07,680 THAT YOU HAVE ENJOYED MY TALK. 5061 03:48:07,680 --> 03:48:09,840 >> EXCELLENT. 5062 03:48:09,840 --> 03:48:11,720 MY NAME IS STEVE FLAVELL, I'M 5063 03:48:11,720 --> 03:48:12,400 EXCITED TO SHARE THE WORK WE 5064 03:48:12,400 --> 03:48:14,920 HAVE BEEN DOING IN MY LAB TRYING 5065 03:48:14,920 --> 03:48:15,800 TO UNDERSTAND THE NEURAL 5066 03:48:15,800 --> 03:48:20,040 MECHANISMS THAT GENERATE LONG 5067 03:48:20,040 --> 03:48:21,360 LASTING BEHAVIORAL STATES IN C 5068 03:48:21,360 --> 03:48:21,800 ELEGANS. 5069 03:48:21,800 --> 03:48:23,480 THE MOTIVATION BEHIND THE 5070 03:48:23,480 --> 03:48:25,160 PROJECT REALLY COMES FROM SET OF 5071 03:48:25,160 --> 03:48:26,200 STUDIES THAT CAME OUT OVER THE 5072 03:48:26,200 --> 03:48:29,000 LAST FEW YEARS, USING LARGE 5073 03:48:29,000 --> 03:48:30,400 SCALE RECORDING TECHNOLOGIES IN 5074 03:48:30,400 --> 03:48:34,120 PARTICULAR IN THE MOUSE. 5075 03:48:34,120 --> 03:48:35,800 THESE STUDIES HAVE SHOWN WHEN 5076 03:48:35,800 --> 03:48:37,000 ANIMALS SWITCH BETWEEN DIFFERENT 5077 03:48:37,000 --> 03:48:38,200 INTERNAL STATES LIKE HERE IS AN 5078 03:48:38,200 --> 03:48:42,000 EXAMPLE OF THIRSTY VERSUS 5079 03:48:42,000 --> 03:48:44,400 NON-THURSDAYTY MOUSE, IF THERE'S 5080 03:48:44,400 --> 03:48:46,640 WIDESPREAD CHANGES IN NEURAL 5081 03:48:46,640 --> 03:48:48,160 ACTIVITIES SPANNING MANY BRAIN 5082 03:48:48,160 --> 03:48:50,080 REGION AS ANIMAL SWITCHES 5083 03:48:50,080 --> 03:48:50,480 INTERNAL STATES. 5084 03:48:50,480 --> 03:48:53,800 IN ADDITION NUMBER OF STUDIES 5085 03:48:53,800 --> 03:48:55,200 CAME FROM ANN HOE HARRIS LAB AND 5086 03:48:55,200 --> 03:48:57,200 MANY OTHERS SHOWING EVEN 5087 03:48:57,200 --> 03:48:58,960 GRANULAR MOMENT BY MOMENT 5088 03:48:58,960 --> 03:49:00,800 BEHAVIORAL VARIABLES ARE ALSO 5089 03:49:00,800 --> 03:49:02,800 SURPRISINGLY BROADLY REPRESENTED 5090 03:49:02,800 --> 03:49:04,160 IN THE BRAIN SPANNING MULTIPLE 5091 03:49:04,160 --> 03:49:06,080 BRAIN REGIONS AS WELL. 5092 03:49:06,080 --> 03:49:08,040 SO REALLY THIS REALLY GIVES RISE 5093 03:49:08,040 --> 03:49:10,280 TO A VIEW THAT IN MOST BRAIN 5094 03:49:10,280 --> 03:49:12,080 REGIONS THERE ARE ONGOING 5095 03:49:12,080 --> 03:49:13,520 REPRESENTATIONS OF AN ANIMAL 5096 03:49:13,520 --> 03:49:15,200 MOMENT BY MOMENT BEHAVIOR AND 5097 03:49:15,200 --> 03:49:16,280 ONGOING INTERNAL STATE. 5098 03:49:16,280 --> 03:49:17,960 HOW THESE TWO THINGS INTERACT TO 5099 03:49:17,960 --> 03:49:19,800 GIVE RISE TO STATE DEPENDENT 5100 03:49:19,800 --> 03:49:21,200 BEHAVIORS IS MORE MURKY. 5101 03:49:21,200 --> 03:49:23,160 SO WE DECIDED TO LOOK AT THIS IN 5102 03:49:23,160 --> 03:49:27,360 C ELEGANS AND WE HERE IS TWO 5103 03:49:27,360 --> 03:49:28,520 FABULOUS GRADUATE STUDENTS, WHO 5104 03:49:28,520 --> 03:49:30,200 TEAMED UP ON THIS PROJECT AND 5105 03:49:30,200 --> 03:49:33,960 WERE JOINED BY A FABULOUS 5106 03:49:33,960 --> 03:49:34,320 TECHNICIAN. 5107 03:49:34,320 --> 03:49:36,480 SO WE DECIDED TO RECORD BRAIN 5108 03:49:36,480 --> 03:49:38,600 WIDE ACTIVITY IN C ELEGANS WHILE 5109 03:49:38,600 --> 03:49:41,480 ALSO MEASURING COMPREHENSIVE 5110 03:49:41,480 --> 03:49:42,240 BEHAVIORAL INFORMATION OF THE 5111 03:49:42,240 --> 03:49:42,800 ANIMAL. 5112 03:49:42,800 --> 03:49:45,000 THEN THEY WANTED TO BUILD MODELS 5113 03:49:45,000 --> 03:49:46,280 TO RELATE NEURAL ACTIVITY TO 5114 03:49:46,280 --> 03:49:47,400 BEHAVIOR AND LOOK AND SEE WHAT 5115 03:49:47,400 --> 03:49:49,080 HAPPENS WHEN THE ANIMAL STATES. 5116 03:49:49,080 --> 03:49:52,440 SO TO DO THIS THEY HAD TO BUILT 5117 03:49:52,440 --> 03:49:53,800 HARDWARE AND WRITE ENORMOUS 5118 03:49:53,800 --> 03:49:55,400 SOFTWARE TO MAKE THOSE TYPES OF 5119 03:49:55,400 --> 03:49:57,000 RECORDINGS, ADAM HAS POSTER HERE 5120 03:49:57,000 --> 03:49:59,280 AT THE CONFERENCE WITH ALL THOSE 5121 03:49:59,280 --> 03:50:01,080 TECHNICAL DETAILS, I 5122 03:50:01,080 --> 03:50:02,240 UNFORTUNATELY HAVE TO JUMP OVER. 5123 03:50:02,240 --> 03:50:04,800 SO I WILL SHOW YOU THE RESULT OF 5124 03:50:04,800 --> 03:50:05,960 ALL THAT HARD HARD WORK WHICH IS 5125 03:50:05,960 --> 03:50:06,840 THE DATA SET LIKE THIS. 5126 03:50:06,840 --> 03:50:08,920 HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF ONE O 5127 03:50:08,920 --> 03:50:11,520 THEIR DATA SETS, ON THE LEFT 5128 03:50:11,520 --> 03:50:12,960 THIS IS ABOUT 150 RECORDED 5129 03:50:12,960 --> 03:50:16,640 NEURONS FROM A WORM, OVER 16 5130 03:50:16,640 --> 03:50:16,880 MINUTES. 5131 03:50:16,880 --> 03:50:18,120 THE ROWS OF DIFFERENT NEURONS 5132 03:50:18,120 --> 03:50:20,600 YOU CAN SEE LOT OF G CAMP 5133 03:50:20,600 --> 03:50:21,440 DYNAMICS IN THE DIFFERENT 5134 03:50:21,440 --> 03:50:24,000 NEURONS AND IN SOME CASES SOME 5135 03:50:24,000 --> 03:50:24,760 EVIDENT CORRELATIONS AMONG 5136 03:50:24,760 --> 03:50:25,040 NEURONS. 5137 03:50:25,040 --> 03:50:27,000 ON THE RIGHT ARE ALL THESE OTHER 5138 03:50:27,000 --> 03:50:28,200 BEHAVIORAL VARIABLES RECORDED 5139 03:50:28,200 --> 03:50:30,000 FROM THE SAME ANIMAL, THINGS 5140 03:50:30,000 --> 03:50:32,000 LIKE LOCOMOTION OF THE ANIMAL, 5141 03:50:32,000 --> 03:50:33,240 EATING RATES, SWEEPING 5142 03:50:33,240 --> 03:50:35,960 OSCILLATORY MOVEMENTS OF NOSE AN 5143 03:50:35,960 --> 03:50:37,400 HEAD AND POSTURAL CHANGES AS 5144 03:50:37,400 --> 03:50:37,800 WELL. 5145 03:50:37,800 --> 03:50:39,520 SO WE WANTED TO RELATE NEURAL 5146 03:50:39,520 --> 03:50:41,080 ACTIVITY TO BEHAVIOR AND WE WERE 5147 03:50:41,080 --> 03:50:42,280 WORRIED THERE MIGHT BE MOTION 5148 03:50:42,280 --> 03:50:43,560 ARTIFACTS IN OUR DATA BECAUSE 5149 03:50:43,560 --> 03:50:45,400 THE JOB EXTRACTING CALCIUM 5150 03:50:45,400 --> 03:50:47,320 TRACES FROM THE MOVING WORM IS 5151 03:50:47,320 --> 03:50:48,840 VERY TRICKY. 5152 03:50:48,840 --> 03:50:50,840 SO DIRECTLY TEST THAT WE 5153 03:50:50,840 --> 03:50:53,360 RECORDED A STREAM GFP IN PLACE 5154 03:50:53,360 --> 03:50:55,840 OF G CAMP AND THEN PERFORMED OUR 5155 03:50:55,840 --> 03:50:57,760 IMAGE ANALYSIS PIPELINE IN THOSE 5156 03:50:57,760 --> 03:50:58,320 ANIMALS. 5157 03:50:58,320 --> 03:51:01,680 THIS IS ALL ADAM'S POSTER BUT WE 5158 03:51:01,680 --> 03:51:04,240 DELIGHTED TO SEE NEGLIGIBLE 5159 03:51:04,240 --> 03:51:05,120 ARTIFACTS IN THE DATA. 5160 03:51:05,120 --> 03:51:07,360 THE TINY AMOUNT WE CORRECTED FOR 5161 03:51:07,360 --> 03:51:09,360 IN THE ANALYSES I WILL DESCRIBE 5162 03:51:09,360 --> 03:51:09,760 TO YOU. 5163 03:51:09,760 --> 03:51:12,400 WE WANTED TO MEASURE 5164 03:51:12,400 --> 03:51:12,920 QUANTITATIVELY. 5165 03:51:12,920 --> 03:51:14,520 WE HAD ABYSMAL TIME DOING IT. 5166 03:51:14,520 --> 03:51:17,920 TURNS OUT THIS BRIEF FEATURES OF 5167 03:51:17,920 --> 03:51:19,240 HOW NEURONS ENCOPPED BEHAVIOR IN 5168 03:51:19,240 --> 03:51:22,080 THE WORM WE HADN'T PROPERLY 5169 03:51:22,080 --> 03:51:24,000 APPRECIATED SO I'LL UNPACK ON 5170 03:51:24,000 --> 03:51:24,720 THIS SLIDE. 5171 03:51:24,720 --> 03:51:26,400 FIRST IS MANY NEURONS IN THE 5172 03:51:26,400 --> 03:51:28,880 WORM BRAIN ARE MULTIPLEXING OR 5173 03:51:28,880 --> 03:51:29,800 CON JUDGE TVLY REPRESENTING 5174 03:51:29,800 --> 03:51:30,600 MULTIPLE MOTOR PROGRAMS. 5175 03:51:30,600 --> 03:51:31,800 TO I WILL INVESTIGATE THIS HERE 5176 03:51:31,800 --> 03:51:33,640 IN BLUE SAN EXAMPLE OF NEURON WE 5177 03:51:33,640 --> 03:51:34,000 RECORDED. 5178 03:51:34,000 --> 03:51:36,560 AND BELOW THAT IS IN THIS ANIMAL 5179 03:51:36,560 --> 03:51:37,720 THAT OSCILLATORY MOVEMENTS OF 5180 03:51:37,720 --> 03:51:40,400 THE HEAD AND THEN BELOW IS 5181 03:51:40,400 --> 03:51:41,640 VELOCITY. 5182 03:51:41,640 --> 03:51:43,160 YOU CAN SEE THIS BLUE NEURON 5183 03:51:43,160 --> 03:51:45,000 LIKE SOMETIMES IS DOING A REALLY 5184 03:51:45,000 --> 03:51:46,200 GOOD JOB TRACKING THE HEAD ANGLE 5185 03:51:46,200 --> 03:51:48,840 OF ANIMAL AND OTHER TIMES IT 5186 03:51:48,840 --> 03:51:49,600 CLEARLY ISN'T. 5187 03:51:49,600 --> 03:51:51,560 THIS STARTS TO MAKE SENSE IF WE 5188 03:51:51,560 --> 03:51:53,560 CONSIDER VELOCITY BELOW, AND IN 5189 03:51:53,560 --> 03:51:55,440 PARTICULAR LOOKING AT EVERY TIME 5190 03:51:55,440 --> 03:51:57,800 VELOCITY DIPS BELOW ZERO, WHEN 5191 03:51:57,800 --> 03:51:59,800 THAT HAPPENS THE BLUE NEURON 5192 03:51:59,800 --> 03:52:01,720 SHUT OFFICE, PROVIDED THE ANIMAL 5193 03:52:01,720 --> 03:52:03,080 IS MOVING FORWARD THE NEURON 5194 03:52:03,080 --> 03:52:05,600 RELIABLY TRACKS ANGLE OF ANIMAL 5195 03:52:05,600 --> 03:52:06,600 HEAD SO THIS NEURON IS 5196 03:52:06,600 --> 03:52:08,600 REPRESENTING THE ANIMAL MOVEMENT 5197 03:52:08,600 --> 03:52:09,520 DIRECTION AND THE STEERING OF 5198 03:52:09,520 --> 03:52:12,200 THE ANIMAL HEAD. 5199 03:52:12,200 --> 03:52:13,880 WE FIND IN OUR DATA CONJUNCTIVE 5200 03:52:13,880 --> 03:52:15,440 REPRESENTATIONS OF BEHAVIOR IN 5201 03:52:15,440 --> 03:52:16,320 DIFFERENT C ELEGANS NEURONS LIKE 5202 03:52:16,320 --> 03:52:17,680 THIS. 5203 03:52:17,680 --> 03:52:19,600 WHICH WE THIS IS IMPORTANT FOR 5204 03:52:19,600 --> 03:52:21,640 ANIMAL ABILITY TO COORDINATE 5205 03:52:21,640 --> 03:52:23,400 DIFFERENT MOTOR NEURONS. 5206 03:52:23,400 --> 03:52:24,960 SECOND COMPLEXITY THAT WE 5207 03:52:24,960 --> 03:52:26,080 HAVEN'T APPRECIATED IS NEURONS 5208 03:52:26,080 --> 03:52:28,040 ARE TUNED IN VERY COMPLEX WAYS 5209 03:52:28,040 --> 03:52:29,720 TO INDIVIDUAL MOTOR PARAMETERS. 5210 03:52:29,720 --> 03:52:31,480 SO TO ILLUSTRATE THIS HERE IN 5211 03:52:31,480 --> 03:52:32,840 BLUE IS THE DIFFERENT NEURON 5212 03:52:32,840 --> 03:52:34,520 RECORDEDDED IN A DIFFERENT 5213 03:52:34,520 --> 03:52:36,960 ANIMAL, THIS NEURON IS OBVIOUSLY 5214 03:52:36,960 --> 03:52:38,200 MORE ACTIVE DURING REVERSE 5215 03:52:38,200 --> 03:52:39,480 MOVEMENT THAT PINK COLOR IN THE 5216 03:52:39,480 --> 03:52:41,600 BACKGROUND AND FOR NEURON THAT 5217 03:52:41,600 --> 03:52:44,000 ENCODES VELOCITY, PEAKING 5218 03:52:44,000 --> 03:52:46,240 NEGATIVE REVERSE VELOCITIES YOU 5219 03:52:46,240 --> 03:52:48,000 CAN IMAGINE NEURON ENCODES 5220 03:52:48,000 --> 03:52:49,960 VELOCITY WITH TUNING CURVE LIKE 5221 03:52:49,960 --> 03:52:52,200 THIS ON THE LEFT, MAYBE ENCODES 5222 03:52:52,200 --> 03:52:54,960 VELOCITY IN DIGITAL MANNER MORE 5223 03:52:54,960 --> 03:52:55,800 LIKE THIS. 5224 03:52:55,800 --> 03:52:58,800 THIS NEURON HERE ENCODES 5225 03:52:58,800 --> 03:52:59,960 VELOCITY IN THIS WAY SHOWN HERE 5226 03:52:59,960 --> 03:53:02,080 WHICH IS THAT DURING FORWARD 5227 03:53:02,080 --> 03:53:03,440 MOVEMENT THE NEURON CARRIES NO 5228 03:53:03,440 --> 03:53:05,440 INFORMATION ABOUT FORWARD SPEED, 5229 03:53:05,440 --> 03:53:07,680 BUT DURING REVERSE MOVEMENT 5230 03:53:07,680 --> 03:53:08,600 CARRIES INFORMATION ABOUT 5231 03:53:08,600 --> 03:53:10,080 REVERSE SPEED. 5232 03:53:10,080 --> 03:53:12,200 WE SEE FUNKY TUNINGS OF NEURONS 5233 03:53:12,200 --> 03:53:14,080 TO DIFFERENT BEHAVIORAL 5234 03:53:14,080 --> 03:53:15,640 VARIABLES LIKE VELOCITY WITH 5235 03:53:15,640 --> 03:53:17,520 TUNING CURVES LIKE THIS. 5236 03:53:17,520 --> 03:53:18,520 THEN THE FINAL THING WHICH WAS 5237 03:53:18,520 --> 03:53:19,960 THE HARDEST TO FIGURE OUT IS 5238 03:53:19,960 --> 03:53:22,400 THAT THE NEURONS ALSO APPEAR TO 5239 03:53:22,400 --> 03:53:24,400 ENCODE MOTOR VARIABLES OVER 5240 03:53:24,400 --> 03:53:25,520 VASTLY DIFFERENT TIME SCALES IN 5241 03:53:25,520 --> 03:53:27,200 SOME CASES. 5242 03:53:27,200 --> 03:53:29,280 SO TO ILLUSTRATE THIS TOP RIGHT 5243 03:53:29,280 --> 03:53:31,400 I'M SHOWING THE VELOCITY OF A 5244 03:53:31,400 --> 03:53:33,280 WORM THAT WE RECORDED AND BELOW 5245 03:53:33,280 --> 03:53:35,080 THAT VELOCITY OF SAME ANIMAL, 5246 03:53:35,080 --> 03:53:38,520 THAT NOW THAT VELOCITY IS 5247 03:53:38,520 --> 03:53:40,360 INVOLVED WITH A FILTER SO YOU 5248 03:53:40,360 --> 03:53:42,720 SEE TIME POINT EXPONENTIAL 5249 03:53:42,720 --> 03:53:44,880 ANIMAL VELOCITY OVER THE LAST 14 5250 03:53:44,880 --> 03:53:45,400 SECONDS. 5251 03:53:45,400 --> 03:53:47,200 THE REASON I SHOW VELOCITY OVER 5252 03:53:47,200 --> 03:53:49,080 TWO TIME SCALES IS WE CAN SEE 5253 03:53:49,080 --> 03:53:50,680 DIFFERENT NEURONS HERE 5254 03:53:50,680 --> 03:53:52,560 OVERLAYING TWO IN BLUE THAT 5255 03:53:52,560 --> 03:53:54,200 REALLY BEAUTIFULLY REPRESENT 5256 03:53:54,200 --> 03:53:54,920 VELOCITY THESE TWO DIFFERENT 5257 03:53:54,920 --> 03:53:55,720 TIME SCALES. 5258 03:53:55,720 --> 03:53:57,320 THERE IS NOTHING SPECIAL ABOUT 5259 03:53:57,320 --> 03:53:59,640 THESE TIME SCALES, WE CAN FIND 5260 03:53:59,640 --> 03:54:01,400 NEURONS SPAN BACK 30 SECONDS AND 5261 03:54:01,400 --> 03:54:03,200 MORE AND MANY POINTS IN BETWEEN. 5262 03:54:03,200 --> 03:54:04,520 SO WE THINK THIS COULD BE REALLY 5263 03:54:04,520 --> 03:54:06,000 IMPORTANT FOR THE COMPUTATIONAL 5264 03:54:06,000 --> 03:54:07,560 COMPLEXITY OF THE WORM, MIGHT 5265 03:54:07,560 --> 03:54:08,840 MEAN IT HAS REPRESENTATION NOT 5266 03:54:08,840 --> 03:54:10,960 JUST OF ITS ACUTE MOTOR ACTION 5267 03:54:10,960 --> 03:54:12,440 BUT ALSO RECENT MOTOR ACTION IN 5268 03:54:12,440 --> 03:54:15,920 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 5269 03:54:15,920 --> 03:54:19,600 ONCE WE UNTANGLED THOSE 5270 03:54:19,600 --> 03:54:22,080 FEATURES, THEY WERE ABLE TO DO A 5271 03:54:22,080 --> 03:54:24,200 NICE JOB BUILDING QUANTITATIVE 5272 03:54:24,200 --> 03:54:26,000 MODELS AND ENCODE BEHAVIOR. 5273 03:54:26,000 --> 03:54:27,560 THE TASK IS TO PREDICT THE 5274 03:54:27,560 --> 03:54:29,080 ACTIVITY AS FUNCTION OF 5275 03:54:29,080 --> 03:54:31,920 BEHAVIORAL VARIABLE AND THEN 5276 03:54:31,920 --> 03:54:32,600 SIMPLIFIED VERSION OF MODEL THEY 5277 03:54:32,600 --> 03:54:33,840 USING IS SHOWN BELOW BUT 5278 03:54:33,840 --> 03:54:36,120 BASICALLY WHAT I SHOWED YOU. 5279 03:54:36,120 --> 03:54:38,400 EACH NEURONS ACTIVITY CAN BE A 5280 03:54:38,400 --> 03:54:40,200 MODEL COMBINATION OF THE 5281 03:54:40,200 --> 03:54:41,480 DIFFERENT MOTOR PROGRAMS 5282 03:54:41,480 --> 03:54:45,320 INCLUDING DIGITAL VERSION OF 5283 03:54:45,320 --> 03:54:47,640 THOSE MOTOR PROGRAMS AND EACH 5284 03:54:47,640 --> 03:54:49,400 GETS ITS OWN TIME SCALE SO TAKE 5285 03:54:49,400 --> 03:54:51,080 THIS MODEL AND APPLY UNIFORMLY 5286 03:54:51,080 --> 03:54:52,320 TO ALL NEURONS IN RECORDINGS AND 5287 03:54:52,320 --> 03:54:54,240 WE WERE DELIGHTED TO SEE WITH 5288 03:54:54,240 --> 03:54:56,200 THIS MODEL WE CAN GET EXTREMELY 5289 03:54:56,200 --> 03:54:58,120 GOOD FITS WITH LOTS OF NEURONS 5290 03:54:58,120 --> 03:54:58,840 WITH DIFFERENT REPRESENTATIONS 5291 03:54:58,840 --> 03:54:59,400 OF BEHAVIOR. 5292 03:54:59,400 --> 03:55:01,880 THERE IS A DOZEN NEURONS, OVER 5293 03:55:01,880 --> 03:55:03,400 ABOUT 15 ANIMALS RECORDED WE CAN 5294 03:55:03,400 --> 03:55:07,000 FIT OVER 100 NEURONS PER ANIMAL. 5295 03:55:07,000 --> 03:55:09,560 THIS MODEL CAPTURES MAJORITY OF 5296 03:55:09,560 --> 03:55:11,200 NEURAL VARIANTS RELATED TO 5297 03:55:11,200 --> 03:55:12,320 ANIMALS OVERT BEHAVIOR AND THAT 5298 03:55:12,320 --> 03:55:14,200 IS BECAUSE WE HAVE DONE THINGS 5299 03:55:14,200 --> 03:55:16,000 LIKE TAKEN RESIDUALS OFF MODELS 5300 03:55:16,000 --> 03:55:17,400 AND PERFORMED PRINCIPLE 5301 03:55:17,400 --> 03:55:19,080 COMPONENT ANALYSIS ON RESIDUALS 5302 03:55:19,080 --> 03:55:21,080 TO TRY TO FIND MODES OF DYNAMICS 5303 03:55:21,080 --> 03:55:22,840 IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM NOT 5304 03:55:22,840 --> 03:55:24,240 EXPLAINED BY OR MODEL. 5305 03:55:24,240 --> 03:55:26,480 AND WE DO FIND THOSE WE SEE 5306 03:55:26,480 --> 03:55:27,640 PRINCIPLE COMPONENTS WITH REAL 5307 03:55:27,640 --> 03:55:29,960 DYNAMICS, NOT RELATED TO ANY 5308 03:55:29,960 --> 03:55:31,480 OVERT BEHAVIOR WE CAN FIGURE OUT 5309 03:55:31,480 --> 03:55:33,440 SO RESIDUAL DYNAMICS ARE 5310 03:55:33,440 --> 03:55:35,520 INTERNAL VARIABLES OR SENSORY 5311 03:55:35,520 --> 03:55:37,400 VARIABLES OR SOMETHING LIKE 5312 03:55:37,400 --> 03:55:37,600 THAT. 5313 03:55:37,600 --> 03:55:39,360 SO WE HAVE NEURONS WE HAVE THESE 5314 03:55:39,360 --> 03:55:40,600 MODELS BEFORE WE CAN START 5315 03:55:40,600 --> 03:55:42,000 LOOKING ACROSS STATES WE HAVE TO 5316 03:55:42,000 --> 03:55:43,280 SOLVE ONE MORE PROBLEM. 5317 03:55:43,280 --> 03:55:45,000 WHICH IS THAT IT WAS TEMPTING TO 5318 03:55:45,000 --> 03:55:46,000 DO THE FOLLOWING. 5319 03:55:46,000 --> 03:55:47,840 TEMPTING TO TAKE A NEURON WE 5320 03:55:47,840 --> 03:55:49,640 RECORDED, APPLY ONE OF THESE 5321 03:55:49,640 --> 03:55:52,520 ENCODING MODELS TO THE NEURON, 5322 03:55:52,520 --> 03:55:53,600 THEN GO LOOK AT PARAMETERS OF 5323 03:55:53,600 --> 03:55:56,480 THE RESULTING MODEL HIGHLY 5324 03:55:56,480 --> 03:55:57,960 INTERPRETABLE AND CONCLUDE BASED 5325 03:55:57,960 --> 03:56:01,400 ON PARAMETERS MAYBE THE NEURON 5326 03:56:01,400 --> 03:56:03,240 IS VELOCITY HEAD ANGLE. 5327 03:56:03,240 --> 03:56:04,520 THE WORRY P WE DID THAT MAIN 5328 03:56:04,520 --> 03:56:05,760 THERE IS ANOTHER MODEL THAT FITS 5329 03:56:05,760 --> 03:56:07,400 THE NEURON NEARLY AS WELL AND 5330 03:56:07,400 --> 03:56:08,880 MAYBE THAT MODEL IS DIFFERENT 5331 03:56:08,880 --> 03:56:11,120 PARAMETERS AND THEN WHICH IS THE 5332 03:56:11,120 --> 03:56:13,520 CORRECT ASSERTION ABOUT THE 5333 03:56:13,520 --> 03:56:13,760 NEURONS. 5334 03:56:13,760 --> 03:56:14,680 IN OTHER WORDS UNCERTAINTY IN 5335 03:56:14,680 --> 03:56:15,800 THESE MODELS BECAUSE THEY 5336 03:56:15,800 --> 03:56:17,360 TRAINED ON FINITE DATA. 5337 03:56:17,360 --> 03:56:19,480 SO WE NEEDED TO DO IS REALLY TO 5338 03:56:19,480 --> 03:56:21,400 ESTIMATE THE DISTRIBUTION OF 5339 03:56:21,400 --> 03:56:23,640 POSSIBLE PARAMETERS GIVEN OUR 5340 03:56:23,640 --> 03:56:24,400 EMPIRICAL NEURON BEHAVIORAL 5341 03:56:24,400 --> 03:56:25,600 DATA. 5342 03:56:25,600 --> 03:56:27,200 SO TO DO THIS WE COLLABORATE 5343 03:56:27,200 --> 03:56:29,320 WITH THE GROUP AT MIT WHO 5344 03:56:29,320 --> 03:56:31,480 DEVELOPED A PROBABILISTIC 5345 03:56:31,480 --> 03:56:33,160 COMPUTING PLATFORM THAT 5346 03:56:33,160 --> 03:56:35,040 BASICALLY SOLVES THIS EXACT 5347 03:56:35,040 --> 03:56:35,680 PROBLEM, POSTERIOR DISTRIBUTION 5348 03:56:35,680 --> 03:56:37,960 OF MODEL PARAMETERS GIVING 5349 03:56:37,960 --> 03:56:39,200 EMPIRICAL DATA SETS LIKE THIS. 5350 03:56:39,200 --> 03:56:42,000 THIS NOW ALLOWS US TO ASK 5351 03:56:42,000 --> 03:56:43,240 QUESTIONS AND STATISTICALLY 5352 03:56:43,240 --> 03:56:44,840 MEANINGFUL WAYS WITH THESE 5353 03:56:44,840 --> 03:56:46,320 CLOUDS OF DATA LIKE THIS, YOU 5354 03:56:46,320 --> 03:56:48,280 CAN IMAGINE IF WE HAVE TWO 5355 03:56:48,280 --> 03:56:49,720 DIFFERENT NEURONS WE CAN 5356 03:56:49,720 --> 03:56:50,800 STATISTICALLY ASK WHETHER ABLE 5357 03:56:50,800 --> 03:56:53,400 TO ASSERT THE NEURONS ENCODE 5358 03:56:53,400 --> 03:56:54,120 BEHAVIOR DIFFERENTLY AND THINGS 5359 03:56:54,120 --> 03:56:56,400 LIKE THAT. 5360 03:56:56,400 --> 03:56:58,000 SO NOW WE HAVE NEURONS, WE HAVE 5361 03:56:58,000 --> 03:56:59,680 THESE MODELS, MODELS SUGGEST 5362 03:56:59,680 --> 03:57:01,880 TUNINGS BASED ON PARAMETERS AND 5363 03:57:01,880 --> 03:57:03,160 IMPORTANTLY WE HAVE CONFIDENCE 5364 03:57:03,160 --> 03:57:04,640 ON THOSE TWO, BASED ON 5365 03:57:04,640 --> 03:57:06,600 ESTIMATION OF UNCERTAINTY. 5366 03:57:06,600 --> 03:57:08,000 THERE WERE LOTS OF NEURONS WE 5367 03:57:08,000 --> 03:57:09,640 RECORDED ONE THING WE 5368 03:57:09,640 --> 03:57:11,400 IMMEDIATELY WANTED TO KNOW WAS 5369 03:57:11,400 --> 03:57:12,360 WHETHER THE NEURONS DIFFERENT 5370 03:57:12,360 --> 03:57:14,520 NEURONS ACROSS THE WORM BRAIN 5371 03:57:14,520 --> 03:57:15,600 ENCODE BEHAVIOR DIFFERENTLY OR 5372 03:57:15,600 --> 03:57:18,520 IF WILL IS JUST A FEW CANONICAL 5373 03:57:18,520 --> 03:57:19,800 FORMS OF ENCODING BEHAVIOR IN 5374 03:57:19,800 --> 03:57:20,360 WORM BRAIN. 5375 03:57:20,360 --> 03:57:23,320 TO TEST THAT WE DEVISED A 5376 03:57:23,320 --> 03:57:24,360 DISTANCE METRIC ANY PAIR OF 5377 03:57:24,360 --> 03:57:26,600 NEURONS QUANTIFIES HOW SIMILAR 5378 03:57:26,600 --> 03:57:28,200 IS ENCODING OF BEHAVIOR BY TWO 5379 03:57:28,200 --> 03:57:29,640 NEURONS. 5380 03:57:29,640 --> 03:57:31,280 YOU CAN IMAGINE MANY AXES TO 5381 03:57:31,280 --> 03:57:33,200 THAT ME RICK LIKE ENCODING 5382 03:57:33,200 --> 03:57:35,080 VELOCITY, OF FEEDING, HEAD 5383 03:57:35,080 --> 03:57:36,000 ANGLE, SO ON. 5384 03:57:36,000 --> 03:57:37,640 AND ONCE WE HAVE GOT THAT 5385 03:57:37,640 --> 03:57:38,920 DISTANCE METRIC WE CAN EMBED THE 5386 03:57:38,920 --> 03:57:42,120 NEURONS IN TWO DIMENSIONAL 5387 03:57:42,120 --> 03:57:43,440 SPACE, A PIECE MEAL PLOT LIKE 5388 03:57:43,440 --> 03:57:43,840 THIS. 5389 03:57:43,840 --> 03:57:45,480 EACH DOT IS A DIFFERENT NEURON 5390 03:57:45,480 --> 03:57:47,080 AND IF DOTS ARE CLOSE TOGETHER 5391 03:57:47,080 --> 03:57:48,400 THAT THAT MEANS THE TWO HEN 5392 03:57:48,400 --> 03:57:50,560 CODED BEHAVIOR EXTREMELY 5393 03:57:50,560 --> 03:57:52,480 SIMILARLY AND IF THEY FAR APART 5394 03:57:52,480 --> 03:57:54,120 INDEED CODING OF BEHAVIOR WAS 5395 03:57:54,120 --> 03:57:54,400 DIFFERENCE. 5396 03:57:54,400 --> 03:57:57,600 THE NEURONS ARE LIKE TILED 5397 03:57:57,600 --> 03:58:00,160 SPEISES FAIRLY EVENLY INDICATING 5398 03:58:00,160 --> 03:58:01,760 TO US HETEROGENOUS 5399 03:58:01,760 --> 03:58:02,840 REPRESENTATION OF WORM BEHAVIOR 5400 03:58:02,840 --> 03:58:04,600 ACROSS THE BRAIN OF THE ANIMAL 5401 03:58:04,600 --> 03:58:05,720 WITH MORE COMPUTATIONAL 5402 03:58:05,720 --> 03:58:09,240 COMPLEXITY AND WE THINK WE CAN 5403 03:58:09,240 --> 03:58:09,680 APPRECIATE IT. 5404 03:58:09,680 --> 03:58:11,360 THAT DOESN'T MEAN NO STRUCTURE 5405 03:58:11,360 --> 03:58:12,880 AS YOU CAN SEE ON THE RIGHT, 5406 03:58:12,880 --> 03:58:15,720 THEY ARE ORGANIZED BY ENCODING 5407 03:58:15,720 --> 03:58:17,120 BUT THERE IS NOT TIGHTNESS TO 5408 03:58:17,120 --> 03:58:17,280 IT. 5409 03:58:17,280 --> 03:58:19,200 SO NOW WE WANTED TO TAKE THIS 5410 03:58:19,200 --> 03:58:20,880 KIND OF STRUCTURE, THIS SYSTEM 5411 03:58:20,880 --> 03:58:21,920 THAT ENCODES BEHAVIOR IN THIS 5412 03:58:21,920 --> 03:58:23,240 WAY, HAVE A LOOK AND SEE WHAT 5413 03:58:23,240 --> 03:58:25,800 HAPPENS WHEN THE ANIMAL SWITCHES 5414 03:58:25,800 --> 03:58:26,200 STATES. 5415 03:58:26,200 --> 03:58:27,440 WE LOOKED A IN THE BECAUSE 5416 03:58:27,440 --> 03:58:29,800 IMMEDIATELY WE NOTICED MANY 5417 03:58:29,800 --> 03:58:31,000 NEURONS CHANGE HOW THEY ENCODE 5418 03:58:31,000 --> 03:58:35,800 BEHAVIOR THROUGHOUT THE VIDEO. 5419 03:58:35,800 --> 03:58:39,360 SO HERE ON THE LEFT IS 5420 03:58:39,360 --> 03:58:40,720 ILLUSTRATION OF THIS NOT 5421 03:58:40,720 --> 03:58:41,600 HAPPENING SO NEURON IN GRAY. 5422 03:58:41,600 --> 03:58:43,480 WE ARE TRAINING ONE OF THESE 5423 03:58:43,480 --> 03:58:46,200 ENCODING MODELS ON BLUE PART OF 5424 03:58:46,200 --> 03:58:48,160 THE DATA AND PREDICTING NEURAL 5425 03:58:48,160 --> 03:58:49,080 ACTIVITY OVER TIME SERIES. 5426 03:58:49,080 --> 03:58:50,880 FOR THIS NEURON HERE WHEN WE 5427 03:58:50,880 --> 03:58:52,360 TRAIN ON THE LEFT PART OF THE 5428 03:58:52,360 --> 03:58:54,120 DATA, PREDICT RIGHT PART IT DOES 5429 03:58:54,120 --> 03:58:57,800 OKAY AND RECIPROCAL IS TRUE DOWN 5430 03:58:57,800 --> 03:58:58,320 BELOW. 5431 03:58:58,320 --> 03:58:59,600 ON THE RIGHT IS DIFFERENT NEURON 5432 03:58:59,600 --> 03:59:00,600 FROM SAME RECORDING YOU CAN SEE 5433 03:59:00,600 --> 03:59:02,000 IF WE TRAIN A MODEL ON THE LEFT 5434 03:59:02,000 --> 03:59:04,120 PART OF THE DATA PREDICT NEURAL 5435 03:59:04,120 --> 03:59:06,400 ACTIVITY ON THE RIGHT, DOES 5436 03:59:06,400 --> 03:59:07,640 AWFUL JOB RECIPROCAL IS TRUE. 5437 03:59:07,640 --> 03:59:09,480 SO SOMEHOW THIS NEURON ENCODES 5438 03:59:09,480 --> 03:59:10,400 BEHAVIOR IS CHANGED 5439 03:59:10,400 --> 03:59:12,000 DRAMATICALLY. 5440 03:59:12,000 --> 03:59:13,960 WE SEE THIS EVEN IN SPONTANEOUS 5441 03:59:13,960 --> 03:59:15,480 RECORDINGS AND ON THE ORDER OF 5442 03:59:15,480 --> 03:59:18,960 15 TO 25% NEURONS IN A GIVEN 20 5443 03:59:18,960 --> 03:59:19,800 MINUTE RECORDING. 5444 03:59:19,800 --> 03:59:21,400 WE THOUGHT THIS MIGHT BE RELATED 5445 03:59:21,400 --> 03:59:23,000 TO INTERNAL STATE OF THE ANIMAL 5446 03:59:23,000 --> 03:59:25,560 CHANGING OVER TIME SO THE MORE 5447 03:59:25,560 --> 03:59:28,200 DIRECTLY TESTING THAT WE EVOKED 5448 03:59:28,200 --> 03:59:30,080 ETERNAL STATE CHANGE IN ANIMALS. 5449 03:59:30,080 --> 03:59:32,120 WE BASICALLY JUST USED INFRARED 5450 03:59:32,120 --> 03:59:33,600 LASER TO LOCALLY HEAT UP THE 5451 03:59:33,600 --> 03:59:35,400 AREA AROUND THE WORM HEAD FOR A 5452 03:59:35,400 --> 03:59:36,840 FEW HUNDRED MILLISECONDS. 5453 03:59:36,840 --> 03:59:38,800 WE DID THIS VERY ABRUPTLY SO THE 5454 03:59:38,800 --> 03:59:41,280 WORM HATES IT AND THE ANIMAL 5455 03:59:41,280 --> 03:59:43,200 IMMEDIATELY DOES REVERSAL 5456 03:59:43,200 --> 03:59:44,360 AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR AND STOPS 5457 03:59:44,360 --> 03:59:46,960 EATING AND AFTER A -- FOR A FEW 5458 03:59:46,960 --> 03:59:48,640 MINUTES AFTER SIGNAL THE ANIMALS 5459 03:59:48,640 --> 03:59:50,720 HAVE REDUCED AN BASICALLY 5460 03:59:50,720 --> 03:59:51,160 AGITATED LOCOMOTION. 5461 03:59:51,160 --> 03:59:54,480 THIS ALLOWS US TO LOOK AT 5462 03:59:54,480 --> 03:59:55,800 SENSORY INDUCED BEHAVIOR STATE 5463 03:59:55,800 --> 03:59:57,320 CHANGE SEE HOW BEHAVIOR ENCODED 5464 03:59:57,320 --> 03:59:58,880 DURING THAT AVERSIVE BEHAVIORAL 5465 03:59:58,880 --> 03:59:59,400 STATE. 5466 03:59:59,400 --> 04:00:00,800 WE SAW BASICALLY WHAT I SHOWED 5467 04:00:00,800 --> 04:00:02,720 YOU WHICH IS THAT A LOFT NEURONS 5468 04:00:02,720 --> 04:00:04,920 ABRUPTLY CHANGE HOW THEY INDEED 5469 04:00:04,920 --> 04:00:06,000 BEHAVIOR UPON ENTRY INTO THAT 5470 04:00:06,000 --> 04:00:06,400 STATE. 5471 04:00:06,400 --> 04:00:08,760 HERE AGAIN IS ONE NEURON, IN 5472 04:00:08,760 --> 04:00:10,080 GRAY, TRAINING ONE OF THESE 5473 04:00:10,080 --> 04:00:11,360 ENCODING MODELS ON THE LEFT PART 5474 04:00:11,360 --> 04:00:13,040 OF THE DATA AND PREDICTING 5475 04:00:13,040 --> 04:00:15,400 NEURAL ACTIVITY ACROSS THE TIME 5476 04:00:15,400 --> 04:00:15,680 SERIES. 5477 04:00:15,680 --> 04:00:17,560 AS YOU CAN SEE THE MODEL STARTS 5478 04:00:17,560 --> 04:00:20,640 DOING A TERRIBLE JOB PREDICTING 5479 04:00:20,640 --> 04:00:21,920 THE NEURON ACTIVITY RIGHT AFTER 5480 04:00:21,920 --> 04:00:25,000 THAT HEAT STIMULUS AND TRY ENTRY 5481 04:00:25,000 --> 04:00:25,800 INTO AVERSIVE STATE THOUGH 5482 04:00:25,800 --> 04:00:27,400 NEURONS STILL IS DYNAMIC SO THIS 5483 04:00:27,400 --> 04:00:29,200 NEURON CHANGED HOW IT ENCODES 5484 04:00:29,200 --> 04:00:30,440 BEHAVIOR DURING THAT STATE. 5485 04:00:30,440 --> 04:00:33,120 WE SAW MANY EXAMPLES OF THIS, 5486 04:00:33,120 --> 04:00:34,880 DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXAMPLES OVER 5487 04:00:34,880 --> 04:00:36,640 HERE ON THE TOP RIGHT NEURON 5488 04:00:36,640 --> 04:00:37,840 INACTIVE, UPON HEAT STIMULATION 5489 04:00:37,840 --> 04:00:40,960 WAS RECRUITED INTO BEHAVIORAL 5490 04:00:40,960 --> 04:00:42,520 CIRCUIT DURING THE AVERSIVE 5491 04:00:42,520 --> 04:00:42,720 STATE. 5492 04:00:42,720 --> 04:00:45,440 THIS IS JUST A SUMMARY PLOT SHOW 5493 04:00:45,440 --> 04:00:47,720 YOU THESE CHANGES IN HOW NEURONS 5494 04:00:47,720 --> 04:00:49,240 ENCODE BEHAVIOR AGAIN ON THE 5495 04:00:49,240 --> 04:00:51,320 ORDER OF 15 TO 25% NEURONS 5496 04:00:51,320 --> 04:00:54,280 DEPENDING ON RECORDING, CHANGE 5497 04:00:54,280 --> 04:00:57,080 REALLY IS TIME LOCKED TO THAT 5498 04:00:57,080 --> 04:00:58,440 HEAT STIMULUS AND NOT OBSERVED 5499 04:00:58,440 --> 04:01:00,720 ABRUPTLY IN ANIMALS WITHOUT HEAT 5500 04:01:00,720 --> 04:01:01,920 STIMULUS CONTROL ON THE RIGHT. 5501 04:01:01,920 --> 04:01:03,400 SO TO SUMMARIZE WHAT I SHOWED 5502 04:01:03,400 --> 04:01:05,600 YOU, WE CONSTRUCTED THIS VERY 5503 04:01:05,600 --> 04:01:06,880 GENERAL USE ENCODING MODEL WE 5504 04:01:06,880 --> 04:01:08,280 CAN USE TO DESCRIBE HOW EACH 5505 04:01:08,280 --> 04:01:10,280 NEURON ACROSS THE WORM BRAIN 5506 04:01:10,280 --> 04:01:12,040 ENCODES FEATURES OF MOMENT BY 5507 04:01:12,040 --> 04:01:13,720 MOMENT BEHAVIORS IN DOING THIS 5508 04:01:13,720 --> 04:01:15,800 WE LEARN SOME NEW THINGS ABOUT 5509 04:01:15,800 --> 04:01:17,960 THE WAY THE C ELEGANS NERVOUS 5510 04:01:17,960 --> 04:01:20,400 SYSTEM ENCODES BEHAVIOR, NAMELY 5511 04:01:20,400 --> 04:01:21,760 MANY NEURONS ARE MULTIPLEXING 5512 04:01:21,760 --> 04:01:23,920 ENCODING MOTOR PROGRAMS WITH 5513 04:01:23,920 --> 04:01:25,960 DIVERSE TUNING CURVES AND 5514 04:01:25,960 --> 04:01:26,880 REPRESENTING BEHAVIOR IN SOME 5515 04:01:26,880 --> 04:01:28,120 CASES VERY DIFFERENT TIME 5516 04:01:28,120 --> 04:01:28,360 SCALES. 5517 04:01:28,360 --> 04:01:29,760 AND FINALLY WE ARE GETTING A 5518 04:01:29,760 --> 04:01:31,440 SENSE THIS NETWORK THAT ENCODES 5519 04:01:31,440 --> 04:01:33,960 BEHAVIOR IN THIS FASHION IS 5520 04:01:33,960 --> 04:01:34,920 FLEXIBLY CHANGING IN PARTICULAR 5521 04:01:34,920 --> 04:01:38,880 IF WE ABRUPTLY EVOKE A STATE FOR 5522 04:01:38,880 --> 04:01:40,240 THE ANIMAL. 5523 04:01:40,240 --> 04:01:42,520 THEN MOST IMPORTANT SLIDE I WANT 5524 04:01:42,520 --> 04:01:44,000 TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE BIG DRIVERS 5525 04:01:44,000 --> 04:01:46,320 OF THIS PROJECT AND JOINED BY 5526 04:01:46,320 --> 04:01:50,360 FABULOUS TECHNICIAN, AND ALSO 5527 04:01:50,360 --> 04:01:51,960 OUR COLLABORATORS AND ALSO WANT 5528 04:01:51,960 --> 04:01:56,160 TO THANK THESE FOLKS FOR COMING. 5529 04:01:56,160 --> 04:01:58,120 >> THANK YOU FOR THE OPPORTUNITY 5530 04:01:58,120 --> 04:01:59,920 TO LET ME PRESENT OUR WORK 5531 04:01:59,920 --> 04:02:01,960 LOOKING AT PREFRONTAL CORTICAL 5532 04:02:01,960 --> 04:02:03,640 ENDOGENOUS OPIOIDS AND THREAT 5533 04:02:03,640 --> 04:02:06,480 ASSOCIATED BEHAVIORAL STATES. 5534 04:02:06,480 --> 04:02:09,200 IT IS REALLY APPRECIATED THE 5535 04:02:09,200 --> 04:02:11,560 VENTRAL MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX 5536 04:02:11,560 --> 04:02:12,640 EXERTS CONTROL OVER THREAT 5537 04:02:12,640 --> 04:02:14,000 RELATED BEHAVIOR THROUGH THE 5538 04:02:14,000 --> 04:02:17,600 COMPLEX INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER 5539 04:02:17,600 --> 04:02:20,000 REGIONS, THOUGH WE HAVE MADE 5540 04:02:20,000 --> 04:02:22,160 LONG SIGNIFICANT ADVANCES IN 5541 04:02:22,160 --> 04:02:25,240 UNDERSTANDING HOW THESE CIRCUITS 5542 04:02:25,240 --> 04:02:26,440 OPERATE WE HAVE NO IDEA HOW 5543 04:02:26,440 --> 04:02:28,400 NEURAL PEPTIDES REGULATE THESE 5544 04:02:28,400 --> 04:02:29,400 CIRCUITS. 5545 04:02:29,400 --> 04:02:30,680 OUR LAB HAS BEEN PARTICULARLY 5546 04:02:30,680 --> 04:02:33,120 INTERESTED IN ENDOGENOUS OPIOID 5547 04:02:33,120 --> 04:02:34,240 SYSTEMS, MOST TIMES WHEN WE 5548 04:02:34,240 --> 04:02:35,720 THINK ABOUT ENDOGENOUS OPIOIDS 5549 04:02:35,720 --> 04:02:37,440 WE THINK ABOUT THE POSITIVE 5550 04:02:37,440 --> 04:02:39,240 EFFECT ON MOOD AND MOTIVATION 5551 04:02:39,240 --> 04:02:42,080 THAT OPIOIDS EXERT. 5552 04:02:42,080 --> 04:02:44,680 MOST PEOPLE THINK ABOUT ENDOOR 5553 04:02:44,680 --> 04:02:47,400 FINS THAT BIND MU AND DELTA 5554 04:02:47,400 --> 04:02:49,000 RECEPTORS THAT DRIVE EUPHORIA, 5555 04:02:49,000 --> 04:02:51,000 MOTIVATION, ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOR, 5556 04:02:51,000 --> 04:02:57,000 SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AS WELL AS HE 5557 04:02:57,000 --> 04:02:58,400 HEDONIC FEEDING. 5558 04:02:58,400 --> 04:03:00,600 THE DINORFIN WHICH BINDS TO CAP 5559 04:03:00,600 --> 04:03:02,880 RA RECEPTORS. 5560 04:03:02,880 --> 04:03:05,400 ACTVATION DRIVES DYSPHORIA, 5561 04:03:05,400 --> 04:03:07,280 MOTIVATIONAL LOSS, AS WELL AS 5562 04:03:07,280 --> 04:03:08,120 ANXIETY. 5563 04:03:08,120 --> 04:03:09,640 IT IS THIS SYSTEM THAT INTRIGUES 5564 04:03:09,640 --> 04:03:12,840 ME AND IT IS NOT SURPRISING THAT 5565 04:03:12,840 --> 04:03:14,120 THIS SYSTEM EXERTS THESE 5566 04:03:14,120 --> 04:03:15,920 BEHAVIORS IS HIGHLY ENRICHED IN 5567 04:03:15,920 --> 04:03:19,000 LIMB BIC REGIONS INCLUDING THE 5568 04:03:19,000 --> 04:03:20,440 PREFRONTAL CORTEX. 5569 04:03:20,440 --> 04:03:21,880 DESPITE THE FACT WE MOW THE 5570 04:03:21,880 --> 04:03:23,200 SYSTEM IS THERE WE DON'T HAVE 5571 04:03:23,200 --> 04:03:25,000 MUCH UNDERSTANDING HOW IT MIGHT 5572 04:03:25,000 --> 04:03:26,280 REGULATE BEHAVIORAL STATES 5573 04:03:26,280 --> 04:03:27,320 CONTROLLED BY THREATS AND THE 5574 04:03:27,320 --> 04:03:29,400 FUNCTION OF THE CIRCUITS. 5575 04:03:29,400 --> 04:03:31,680 SO OUR LAB HAS MONITORED THE 5576 04:03:31,680 --> 04:03:34,600 ACTIVITY OF DIMORFIN PRODUCING 5577 04:03:34,600 --> 04:03:36,040 CELLS IN THE VENTRAL MEDIAL 5578 04:03:36,040 --> 04:03:39,240 PREFRONTAL CORTEX USING 5579 04:03:39,240 --> 04:03:40,200 MINIATURIZED SCOPES. 5580 04:03:40,200 --> 04:03:42,080 HERE WE RECORD ACTIVITY OF CELLS 5581 04:03:42,080 --> 04:03:43,760 DURING PEER CONDITIONING 5582 04:03:43,760 --> 04:03:44,360 PROCEDURES. 5583 04:03:44,360 --> 04:03:48,200 WE OBSERVED DINORFIN CELLS GAVE 5584 04:03:48,200 --> 04:03:52,040 ROBUSTLY ACTIVATED BY SHOT AND 5585 04:03:52,040 --> 04:03:53,440 SHOT PREDICTED QUEUES AT 5586 04:03:53,440 --> 04:03:54,400 INDIVIDUAL CELL LEVEL. 5587 04:03:54,400 --> 04:03:57,480 MOREOVER OUR LAB DEMONSTRATED 5588 04:03:57,480 --> 04:03:58,680 DINORFIN CELLS COME IN DIFFERENT 5589 04:03:58,680 --> 04:04:01,400 SUBTYPES. INHIBITORY CELLS THAT 5590 04:04:01,400 --> 04:04:03,160 PRODUCE SOMATOSTATIN AND WHEN WE 5591 04:04:03,160 --> 04:04:04,520 MONITOR THE ACTIVITY OF THIS 5592 04:04:04,520 --> 04:04:06,680 CELL POPULATION SELECTIVELY 5593 04:04:06,680 --> 04:04:08,200 USING INTERSECTIONAL APPROACHES 5594 04:04:08,200 --> 04:04:09,680 WE FIND THAT THIS CELL 5595 04:04:09,680 --> 04:04:13,400 POPULATION RESPONDS TO SHOCKS, 5596 04:04:13,400 --> 04:04:14,800 INITIALLY BUT NOT TO QUEUES 5597 04:04:14,800 --> 04:04:16,200 UNTIL THOSE QUEUES ARE 5598 04:04:16,200 --> 04:04:17,320 REPEATEDLY PAIRED WITH SHOTS. 5599 04:04:17,320 --> 04:04:19,720 THEN YOU START TO GET ASSOCIATED 5600 04:04:19,720 --> 04:04:22,120 RESPONSES TO THE SHOT PREDICTIVE 5601 04:04:22,120 --> 04:04:22,480 QUEUES. 5602 04:04:22,480 --> 04:04:25,200 MOREOVER WHEN WE MONITOR 5603 04:04:25,200 --> 04:04:27,040 ACTIVITY OF EXCITATORY CELLS 5604 04:04:27,040 --> 04:04:29,920 WITHIN THE VENTRAL PRE-FRONT IT 5605 04:04:29,920 --> 04:04:30,960 WILL KARATEKAS LIKE THE COUNTER 5606 04:04:30,960 --> 04:04:32,320 PARTS THEY RESPOND TO SHOCKS BUT 5607 04:04:32,320 --> 04:04:35,800 UPON ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING START 5608 04:04:35,800 --> 04:04:37,520 TO DEVELOP CONDITION RESPONSES 5609 04:04:37,520 --> 04:04:38,920 QUEUES THAT PREDICT THE SHOTS AS 5610 04:04:38,920 --> 04:04:39,760 WELL. 5611 04:04:39,760 --> 04:04:41,200 THIS DOESN'T TELL US THE CELLS 5612 04:04:41,200 --> 04:04:44,160 ARE ACTUALLY RELEASING NEURAL 5613 04:04:44,160 --> 04:04:46,000 PEPTIDE, BUT IT DOES TELL US 5614 04:04:46,000 --> 04:04:48,560 THESE CELLS ARE ACTIVATED BY 5615 04:04:48,560 --> 04:04:49,920 THREATS SUCH AS SHOCKS AND 5616 04:04:49,920 --> 04:04:52,000 QUEUES THAT PREDICT THEM. 5617 04:04:52,000 --> 04:04:55,440 SO TO MONITOR NEURAL PEPTIDE 5618 04:04:55,440 --> 04:04:57,080 RELEASE IN RESPONSE TO FEAR 5619 04:04:57,080 --> 04:04:58,320 CONDITIONING PROCEDURES WE 5620 04:04:58,320 --> 04:05:00,200 TEAMED WITH DR. -- UC DAVIS WHO 5621 04:05:00,200 --> 04:05:02,600 HAS DEVELOPED A FLUORESCENT 5622 04:05:02,600 --> 04:05:06,760 KAPPA RECEPTOR SENSOR, NOW THIS 5623 04:05:06,760 --> 04:05:08,280 K LIKE SENSOR SHE DEVELOPED 5624 04:05:08,280 --> 04:05:09,960 DOESN'T FLUORESCE AT BASELINE 5625 04:05:09,960 --> 04:05:11,960 BUT UPON LIGAND ACTIVATION OF 5626 04:05:11,960 --> 04:05:14,680 SENSOR, BY DINORFIN AND OTHER 5627 04:05:14,680 --> 04:05:16,920 MOLECULES YOU GET ROBUST 5628 04:05:16,920 --> 04:05:17,240 FLUORESCENCE. 5629 04:05:17,240 --> 04:05:19,040 WE HAVE BEEN ABLE TO USE THIS 5630 04:05:19,040 --> 04:05:21,360 SENSOR IN AWAKE BEHAVING ANIMALS 5631 04:05:21,360 --> 04:05:24,000 AND MONITOR ACTIVITY OF THE 5632 04:05:24,000 --> 04:05:26,320 SENSOR USING -- DURING FEAR 5633 04:05:26,320 --> 04:05:27,280 CONDITIONING PROCEDURES WE FIND 5634 04:05:27,280 --> 04:05:29,480 THAT THIS SENSOR HAS NICE 5635 04:05:29,480 --> 04:05:31,800 ACTIVATION IN RESPONSE TO SHOT 5636 04:05:31,800 --> 04:05:34,280 PREDICTIVE QUEUES AS WELL AS 5637 04:05:34,280 --> 04:05:36,240 SMALL RESPONSE TO THE SHOCKS 5638 04:05:36,240 --> 04:05:36,760 THEMSELVES. 5639 04:05:36,760 --> 04:05:38,880 THESE ARE EFFECTS WE DON'T 5640 04:05:38,880 --> 04:05:40,680 OBSERVE WITH OUR CONTROL SENSOR 5641 04:05:40,680 --> 04:05:42,480 WHICH DOES NOT FLUORESCE IN 5642 04:05:42,480 --> 04:05:44,720 RESPONSE TO LIGAND ACTIVATION. 5643 04:05:44,720 --> 04:05:46,560 MOREOVER WE HAVE BEEN ABLE TO 5644 04:05:46,560 --> 04:05:52,240 DEMONSTRATE THIS SENSOR SHOWS 5645 04:05:52,240 --> 04:05:53,360 TRANSIENT RESPONSES DURING 5646 04:05:53,360 --> 04:05:55,000 RESTRAINT STRESS, AN EFFECT WE 5647 04:05:55,000 --> 04:05:56,480 DON'T SEE IN CONTROL SENSOR SO 5648 04:05:56,480 --> 04:05:58,440 TAKEN TOGETHER WE HAVE BEEN ABLE 5649 04:05:58,440 --> 04:05:59,400 TO DEMONSTRATE DIFFERENT TYPES 5650 04:05:59,400 --> 04:06:04,400 OF DINORFIN CELLS IN PREFRONTAL 5651 04:06:04,400 --> 04:06:06,000 CORTEX THAT ACTIVATE DURING 5652 04:06:06,000 --> 04:06:07,800 RESPONSE TO THREATS AND RELEASE 5653 04:06:07,800 --> 04:06:08,240 PEPTIDE LOCALLY. 5654 04:06:08,240 --> 04:06:11,000 THE QUESTION IS IS THAT PEPTIDE 5655 04:06:11,000 --> 04:06:13,000 DOING SOMETHING TO REGULATE 5656 04:06:13,000 --> 04:06:14,240 BEHAVIORAL STATES ASSOCIATE WITH 5657 04:06:14,240 --> 04:06:16,360 THAT THREAT. 5658 04:06:16,360 --> 04:06:20,200 TO DETERMINE THIS WE UTILIZE AV 5659 04:06:20,200 --> 04:06:23,840 EXPRESSING DINORFIN SH RNA WE 5660 04:06:23,840 --> 04:06:25,680 GENERATED IN OUR LAB, INFUSED TO 5661 04:06:25,680 --> 04:06:28,680 THE VENTRAL MEDIAL PRE-FOR TALL 5662 04:06:28,680 --> 04:06:30,560 CORTEX OF MICE AND LOOK AT 5663 04:06:30,560 --> 04:06:33,200 FREEZING BEHAVIOR DURING THE 5664 04:06:33,200 --> 04:06:35,000 PEER CONDITIONING OF BEHAVIORS. 5665 04:06:35,000 --> 04:06:37,040 KNOBBING DOWN GENE EXPRESSION 5666 04:06:37,040 --> 04:06:39,360 WITHIN THE VENTRAL MEDIAL 5667 04:06:39,360 --> 04:06:40,400 PREFRONTAL CORTEX OF MICE 5668 04:06:40,400 --> 04:06:41,520 ENHANCE FREEZING BEHAVIOR. 5669 04:06:41,520 --> 04:06:42,840 THIS IS INTERESTING IN LIGHT OF 5670 04:06:42,840 --> 04:06:45,200 THE FACT THAT IN RESPONSE TO 5671 04:06:45,200 --> 04:06:46,440 THREAT IN ANIMAL CAN MOUNT ONE 5672 04:06:46,440 --> 04:06:47,920 OF TWO DEFENSIVE BEHAVIORS THAT 5673 04:06:47,920 --> 04:06:51,520 CAN BE FREEZING, OR ACTIVE 5674 04:06:51,520 --> 04:06:53,440 DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR SUCH AS 5675 04:06:53,440 --> 04:06:54,800 AVOIDANCE OR ESCAPE BEHAVIOR TO 5676 04:06:54,800 --> 04:06:56,200 GET OUT OF DODGE. 5677 04:06:56,200 --> 04:06:59,880 NOW, THIS DATA SUGGESTS THAT 5678 04:06:59,880 --> 04:07:01,200 DINORFIN RELEASE IN RESPONSE TO 5679 04:07:01,200 --> 04:07:03,440 THREATS MOBILIZE ACTIVE 5680 04:07:03,440 --> 04:07:05,440 DEFENSIVE BEHAVIORS AND WHEN WE 5681 04:07:05,440 --> 04:07:07,080 KNOCK DOWN GENE EXPRESSION 5682 04:07:07,080 --> 04:07:08,920 WITHIN THE VENTRAL MEDIAL 5683 04:07:08,920 --> 04:07:11,480 PREFRONTAL CORTEX WE GET RID OF 5684 04:07:11,480 --> 04:07:12,480 THIS DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR AND 5685 04:07:12,480 --> 04:07:13,840 PROMOTE FREEZING BEHAVIOR. 5686 04:07:13,840 --> 04:07:15,840 TO TEST THIS OUR LAB PERFORMED 5687 04:07:15,840 --> 04:07:18,360 PLATFORM MEDIATED AVOIDANCE 5688 04:07:18,360 --> 04:07:21,480 PROCEDURES WHERE WE EXPOSED 5689 04:07:21,480 --> 04:07:23,440 ANIMALS TO QUEUE PREDICTIVE 5690 04:07:23,440 --> 04:07:23,920 SHOCK. 5691 04:07:23,920 --> 04:07:25,440 BUT WHAT WE DID HERE THAT WAS 5692 04:07:25,440 --> 04:07:26,840 DIFFERENT THAN EXPERIMENTS 5693 04:07:26,840 --> 04:07:28,880 BEFORE WAS PLACE A LITTLE PLEXI 5694 04:07:28,880 --> 04:07:30,840 GLASS PLATFORM IN THE CORNER 5695 04:07:30,840 --> 04:07:32,240 THAT THE ANIMAL CAN MOUNT TO 5696 04:07:32,240 --> 04:07:33,280 AVOID THE SHOCK. 5697 04:07:33,280 --> 04:07:34,520 CONSISTENT WITH THE HYPOTHESIS 5698 04:07:34,520 --> 04:07:37,600 THAT DINORFIN DRIVES ACTIVE 5699 04:07:37,600 --> 04:07:38,600 DEFENSIVE BEHAVIORS IN RESPONSE 5700 04:07:38,600 --> 04:07:40,720 TO THREATS, WE OBSERVED THAT 5701 04:07:40,720 --> 04:07:43,400 LOSS OF DINORFIN WITHIN THE 5702 04:07:43,400 --> 04:07:45,000 VENTRAL MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX 5703 04:07:45,000 --> 04:07:47,400 RESULTED IN AVOIDANCE DEFICITS 5704 04:07:47,400 --> 04:07:49,080 AND MORE SHOCKS APPROVED. 5705 04:07:49,080 --> 04:07:52,120 IN THE REAL WORLD WHENEVER WE 5706 04:07:52,120 --> 04:07:54,560 WANT TO PURSUE REWARDS WE ARE 5707 04:07:54,560 --> 04:07:56,320 ALWAYS PUTTING OURSELVES AT RISK 5708 04:07:56,320 --> 04:07:56,760 OF THREATS. 5709 04:07:56,760 --> 04:08:00,000 WE HAVE TO BE ABLE TO MOBILIZE 5710 04:08:00,000 --> 04:08:01,640 RAPID CHANGES IN BEHAVIOR STATES 5711 04:08:01,640 --> 04:08:05,240 FROM PASSIVE TO ACTIVE DEFENSIVE 5712 04:08:05,240 --> 04:08:06,120 BEHAVIORS AS THOSE THREATS 5713 04:08:06,120 --> 04:08:07,000 CHANGE. 5714 04:08:07,000 --> 04:08:10,960 SO TO FURTHER DETERMINE WHETHER 5715 04:08:10,960 --> 04:08:13,000 DINORFIN SYSTEM MIGHT BE 5716 04:08:13,000 --> 04:08:16,040 TOGGLING THIS ACTIVE AND PASSIVE 5717 04:08:16,040 --> 04:08:18,240 DEFENSIVE BEHAVIORS, OUR LAB 5718 04:08:18,240 --> 04:08:20,400 EMPLOYED MODIFIED VERSION OF THE 5719 04:08:20,400 --> 04:08:22,280 PLATFORM MEDIATED AVOIDANCE TASK 5720 04:08:22,280 --> 04:08:24,200 WHERE WE ASK THE ANIMALS TO 5721 04:08:24,200 --> 04:08:26,320 PURSUE REWARD WHEN IT BECOMES 5722 04:08:26,320 --> 04:08:26,840 AVAILABLE. 5723 04:08:26,840 --> 04:08:27,800 IN THIS CASE WHEN THE LIGHT 5724 04:08:27,800 --> 04:08:29,720 TURNS ON REWARD. 5725 04:08:29,720 --> 04:08:32,800 DURING THESE MOMENTS ANIMALS GET 5726 04:08:32,800 --> 04:08:34,600 SUCROSE AT THIS REWARD PORT BUT 5727 04:08:34,600 --> 04:08:36,280 AT THE SAME TIME WHAT WE ARE 5728 04:08:36,280 --> 04:08:38,000 DOING IS PRESENTING THEM 5729 04:08:38,000 --> 04:08:39,840 OCCASIONALLY A QUEUE THAT 5730 04:08:39,840 --> 04:08:40,440 PREDICT AS SHOCK. 5731 04:08:40,440 --> 04:08:42,200 WHICH POINT THE ANIMALS AVOID 5732 04:08:42,200 --> 04:08:48,480 THE SHOCK BY JUMPING ON THE 5733 04:08:48,480 --> 04:08:49,600 PLEXI GLASS. 5734 04:08:49,600 --> 04:08:51,760 THE PLATFORM IS ON THE 5735 04:08:51,760 --> 04:08:52,440 OPPOSITENT OF THE CHAMBER SO 5736 04:08:52,440 --> 04:08:58,000 THEY HAVE TO MOUNT ACTIVE 5737 04:08:58,000 --> 04:09:00,760 APPROACH IN RESPONSE TO THESE 5738 04:09:00,760 --> 04:09:01,960 THREATS WHERE THEY CAN MAXIMIZE 5739 04:09:01,960 --> 04:09:03,800 AMOUNT OF REWARDS THEY CAN GET 5740 04:09:03,800 --> 04:09:05,760 BUT DO SO IN TIME TO AVOID 5741 04:09:05,760 --> 04:09:07,600 GETTING SHOCKED. 5742 04:09:07,600 --> 04:09:10,800 WHAT WE OBSERVED HERE IS ANIMALS 5743 04:09:10,800 --> 04:09:13,320 LACKING DINORFIN WITHIN THE 5744 04:09:13,320 --> 04:09:15,080 VENTRAL MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX 5745 04:09:15,080 --> 04:09:16,800 HAD DEFICITS IN THIS BEHAVIOR, 5746 04:09:16,800 --> 04:09:18,760 THEY ACCRUED LESS REWARDS 5747 04:09:18,760 --> 04:09:20,400 RELATIVE TO CONTROL COUNTER 5748 04:09:20,400 --> 04:09:22,800 PARTS AND THAT'S BECAUSE THEY 5749 04:09:22,800 --> 04:09:27,160 SPEND MOST TIME FREEZING ON THE 5750 04:09:27,160 --> 04:09:28,360 PLATFORM. 5751 04:09:28,360 --> 04:09:29,200 TAKEN TOGETHER THIS COMES 5752 04:09:29,200 --> 04:09:31,360 TOGETHER TO TELL US THAT 5753 04:09:31,360 --> 04:09:33,120 DINORFIN CELLS WITHIN THE 5754 04:09:33,120 --> 04:09:34,520 PREFRONTAL CORTEX RESPOND WITH 5755 04:09:34,520 --> 04:09:36,360 INCREASE ACTIVITY IN RESPONSE TO 5756 04:09:36,360 --> 04:09:38,760 THREATS, THAT RELEASE DENORFIN 5757 04:09:38,760 --> 04:09:42,440 LOCALLY AN SUBSEQUENTLY CHANGE 5758 04:09:42,440 --> 04:09:44,520 CIRCUIT TO DRIVE ACTIVE 5759 04:09:44,520 --> 04:09:46,840 DEFENSIVE BEHAVIORS, WE GET RID 5760 04:09:46,840 --> 04:09:48,280 OF DINORFIN SIGNALING AND THE 5761 04:09:48,280 --> 04:09:51,400 EFFECTS WE CAN TOGGLE TOWARD 5762 04:09:51,400 --> 04:09:52,040 PASSIVE TO TRANSITIVE STATE. 5763 04:09:52,040 --> 04:09:54,280 WHAT IS THIS BLACK BOX WHAT IS 5764 04:09:54,280 --> 04:09:57,240 IT DOING TO VENTRAL MEDIAL 5765 04:09:57,240 --> 04:09:58,000 PREFRONTAL CORTICAL CIRCUIT? 5766 04:09:58,000 --> 04:10:00,400 OUR LABORATORY HAS BEEN ABLE TO 5767 04:10:00,400 --> 04:10:04,120 DEVELOP A MODEL BY WHICH 5768 04:10:04,120 --> 04:10:05,600 DINORFIN REGULATES VENTRAL 5769 04:10:05,600 --> 04:10:07,120 MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTICAL 5770 04:10:07,120 --> 04:10:08,000 CIRCUITS. 5771 04:10:08,000 --> 04:10:10,200 THERE IS PRE-SYNAPTIC KAPPA 5772 04:10:10,200 --> 04:10:12,160 RECEPTORS THAT INHINT INPUTS 5773 04:10:12,160 --> 04:10:16,040 FROM BASAL LATERAL AMYGDALA, THE 5774 04:10:16,040 --> 04:10:17,440 PARAVENTRAL NUCLEUS AS WELL AS 5775 04:10:17,440 --> 04:10:19,160 CONTRALATERAL CORTEX BUT INPUTS 5776 04:10:19,160 --> 04:10:20,400 FROM VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS ARE 5777 04:10:20,400 --> 04:10:24,520 COMPLETELY ENSENSITIVE TO 5778 04:10:24,520 --> 04:10:25,800 DINORFIN KAPPA RECEPTORS BECAUSE 5779 04:10:25,800 --> 04:10:27,600 THEY DON'T MAKE THIS SYSTEM. 5780 04:10:27,600 --> 04:10:28,600 MOREOVER WE HAVE BEEN ABLE TO 5781 04:10:28,600 --> 04:10:31,200 SHOW IT CAN INHIBIT THE RELEASE 5782 04:10:31,200 --> 04:10:33,000 OF GLUTAMATE FROM INPUTS THAT 5783 04:10:33,000 --> 04:10:34,920 MAKE PRE-SYNAPTIC KAPPA 5784 04:10:34,920 --> 04:10:38,160 RECEPTORS AND ULTIMATELY 5785 04:10:38,160 --> 04:10:39,800 DINORFIN FILTERS ANY INPUTS 5786 04:10:39,800 --> 04:10:42,440 COMING THAT HAVE PRE-SYNAPTIC 5787 04:10:42,440 --> 04:10:44,840 KAPPA RESOP TORRS INCLUDING 5788 04:10:44,840 --> 04:10:45,800 AMYGDALA LA, SUPPRESS THE 5789 04:10:45,800 --> 04:10:47,120 ACTIVITY THIS IS INPUTS ARE ABLE 5790 04:10:47,120 --> 04:10:47,600 TO DRIVE. 5791 04:10:47,600 --> 04:10:49,800 SO MUCH LIKE GETTING RID OF THE 5792 04:10:49,800 --> 04:10:51,200 GAS ON THE CAR. 5793 04:10:51,200 --> 04:10:53,000 WE HAVE ALSO BEEN ABLE TO SHOW 5794 04:10:53,000 --> 04:10:55,960 THAT DINORFIN REGULATES 5795 04:10:55,960 --> 04:10:58,360 EXCITATION INHIBITION BY ACTING 5796 04:10:58,360 --> 04:11:01,880 ON GABAERGIC INTERNEURONS, KAPPA 5797 04:11:01,880 --> 04:11:04,600 EXPRESSING CELLS ARE THAT DRIVE 5798 04:11:04,600 --> 04:11:06,400 INHIBITOR INTERNEURONS WITHIN 5799 04:11:06,400 --> 04:11:08,000 THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX ARE SHUT 5800 04:11:08,000 --> 04:11:10,200 DOWN BY DINORFIN. 5801 04:11:10,200 --> 04:11:13,800 SUB SETS OF GABBA INTERNEURONS 5802 04:11:13,800 --> 04:11:15,480 EXPRESS KAPPA RECEPTORS ON 5803 04:11:15,480 --> 04:11:16,800 TERMINALS AND IT SHUTS DOWN 5804 04:11:16,800 --> 04:11:18,480 GABBA RELEASE ON TO PRINCIPLE 5805 04:11:18,480 --> 04:11:20,560 NEURONS AND IT IS REALLY THESE 5806 04:11:20,560 --> 04:11:22,440 TWO CONCERTED EFFORTS OF THE 5807 04:11:22,440 --> 04:11:24,200 KAPPA SYSTEM TO ACT ON 5808 04:11:24,200 --> 04:11:25,400 INHIBITION THAT DRIVES 5809 04:11:25,400 --> 04:11:27,120 DISINHIBITION OF PREFRONTAL 5810 04:11:27,120 --> 04:11:27,360 CORTEX. 5811 04:11:27,360 --> 04:11:30,520 NOW THIS DISINHIBITION ACTS TO 5812 04:11:30,520 --> 04:11:33,000 AMPLIFY KAPPA LACKING INPUTS 5813 04:11:33,000 --> 04:11:35,680 COMING TO PREFRONTAL CORTEX LIKE 5814 04:11:35,680 --> 04:11:37,720 THOSE FROM VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS. 5815 04:11:37,720 --> 04:11:40,400 WHAT IT IS DOING IS RELIEVING A 5816 04:11:40,400 --> 04:11:43,240 BREAK ON THE SYSTEM AND TOGETHER 5817 04:11:43,240 --> 04:11:47,000 WHAT IT IS ABLE TO DO IS CHANGE 5818 04:11:47,000 --> 04:11:48,600 THE WAY THAT DIFFERENT INPUTS 5819 04:11:48,600 --> 04:11:50,600 COMING INTO THE PREFRONTAL 5820 04:11:50,600 --> 04:11:53,400 CORTEX EXERTS ON PREFRONTAL 5821 04:11:53,400 --> 04:11:54,160 CORTICAL NETWORKS. 5822 04:11:54,160 --> 04:11:55,280 TO SUMMARIZE EVERYTHING WE HAVE 5823 04:11:55,280 --> 04:11:56,400 BEEN ABLE TO DEMON INVESTIGATE 5824 04:11:56,400 --> 04:12:00,440 THAT DINORFIN CELLS ACTIVATE IN 5825 04:12:00,440 --> 04:12:01,040 RESPONSE TO THREATS, THEY 5826 04:12:01,040 --> 04:12:03,520 RELEASE PEPTIDE LOCALLY WITHIN 5827 04:12:03,520 --> 04:12:04,880 THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND THIS 5828 04:12:04,880 --> 04:12:07,160 ULTIMATELY REORGANIZES WHO IS 5829 04:12:07,160 --> 04:12:08,840 CONTROLLING THE VENTRAL MEDIAL 5830 04:12:08,840 --> 04:12:12,040 PREFRONTAL CORTEX. 5831 04:12:12,040 --> 04:12:14,280 AND DOING SO THE KAPPA SYSTEM IS 5832 04:12:14,280 --> 04:12:16,560 ABLE TO DRIVE ACTIVE DEFENSIVE 5833 04:12:16,560 --> 04:12:18,040 BEHAVIORS IN RESPONSE TO 5834 04:12:18,040 --> 04:12:18,280 THREATS. 5835 04:12:18,280 --> 04:12:20,400 IF WE GET RID OF ACTIVITY OF THE 5836 04:12:20,400 --> 04:12:23,000 SYSTEM WE CAN TOGGLE BEHAVIOR 5837 04:12:23,000 --> 04:12:24,280 TOWARDS PASSIVE DEFENSE 5838 04:12:24,280 --> 04:12:24,840 BEHAVIORAL STATE. 5839 04:12:24,840 --> 04:12:25,920 WITH THAT I WOULD LIKE TO THANK 5840 04:12:25,920 --> 04:12:27,640 THE MEMBERS OF THE LAB, AND OUR 5841 04:12:27,640 --> 04:12:28,560 FUNDING SOURCES. 5842 04:12:28,560 --> 04:12:30,600 AS WELL AS YOU FOR YOUR TIME AND 5843 04:12:30,600 --> 04:12:30,840 ATTENTION. 5844 04:12:30,840 --> 04:12:32,520 I WILL TAKE ANY QUESTIONS AT 5845 04:12:32,520 --> 04:12:32,960 THIS TIME. 5846 04:12:32,960 --> 04:12:38,960 THANK YOU. 5847 04:12:38,960 --> 04:12:41,320 >> MY NAME IS ANN KENNEDY, 5848 04:12:41,320 --> 04:12:43,040 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR NORTHWESTERN 5849 04:12:43,040 --> 04:12:44,560 UNIVERSITY, I WILL BE WRAPPING 5850 04:12:44,560 --> 04:12:45,760 UP THE TALKS PART OF THIS 5851 04:12:45,760 --> 04:12:48,200 SESSION WITH DISCUSSION OF THE 5852 04:12:48,200 --> 04:12:49,960 CONTROL SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND 5853 04:12:49,960 --> 04:12:52,600 SETTING UP MOTIVATIONAL STATES 5854 04:12:52,600 --> 04:12:53,320 BY HYPOTHALAMUS. 5855 04:12:53,320 --> 04:12:54,760 I WILL START BY THANKING THE 5856 04:12:54,760 --> 04:12:56,080 FOLKS WHO DID THE WORK, I WILL 5857 04:12:56,080 --> 04:12:59,880 TALK ABOUT EXPERIMENTAL DATA 5858 04:12:59,880 --> 04:13:00,760 COLLECTED BY (INDISCERNIBLE) IN 5859 04:13:00,760 --> 04:13:03,320 THE LABORATORY OF DAVID ANDERSON 5860 04:13:03,320 --> 04:13:05,200 AT CAL TECH WHERE I DID MY POST 5861 04:13:05,200 --> 04:13:05,560 DOC. 5862 04:13:05,560 --> 04:13:07,120 THE COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS 5863 04:13:07,120 --> 04:13:09,920 SHOWING TODAY IS MORE RECENT 5864 04:13:09,920 --> 04:13:12,480 PROJECT BY (INDISCERNIBLE) A 5865 04:13:12,480 --> 04:13:16,720 GRADUATE STUDENT IN MY LAB AT 5866 04:13:16,720 --> 04:13:18,560 NORTHWESTERN. 5867 04:13:18,560 --> 04:13:20,000 SO IN GENERAL I'M INTERESTED IN 5868 04:13:20,000 --> 04:13:21,600 UNDERSTANDING WHAT IS HAPPENING 5869 04:13:21,600 --> 04:13:23,000 IN THE BRAINS OF ANIMALS 5870 04:13:23,000 --> 04:13:24,120 INTERACTING WITH THE WORLD 5871 04:13:24,120 --> 04:13:24,960 AROUND THEM. 5872 04:13:24,960 --> 04:13:27,000 YOU CAN THINK OF THIS AS SERIES 5873 04:13:27,000 --> 04:13:28,520 OF STEPS THE ANIMALS RECEIVE 5874 04:13:28,520 --> 04:13:30,000 SENSORY QUEUES FROM THE 5875 04:13:30,000 --> 04:13:31,000 ENVIRONMENT, THEY PERFORM MOMENT 5876 04:13:31,000 --> 04:13:32,200 TO MOMENT ACTION SELECTION IN 5877 04:13:32,200 --> 04:13:34,560 RESPONSE TO THOSE QUEUES. 5878 04:13:34,560 --> 04:13:36,240 BASED ON THAT ACTION SELECTION 5879 04:13:36,240 --> 04:13:37,760 THEY GENERATE BEHAVIOR. 5880 04:13:37,760 --> 04:13:41,600 BUT WHAT MAKES ANIMALS DIFFERENT 5881 04:13:41,600 --> 04:13:43,240 FROM INP OUT OUTPUT ROBUST IS 5882 04:13:43,240 --> 04:13:46,840 THEY HAVE INTERNAL STATES THAT 5883 04:13:46,840 --> 04:13:47,440 MODIFY THEIR ACTION SELECTION 5884 04:13:47,440 --> 04:13:48,520 PAST EXPERIENCES, LEVELS OF 5885 04:13:48,520 --> 04:13:51,840 STRESS OR HUNGER OR FEAR, ALL 5886 04:13:51,840 --> 04:13:52,960 MODIFY THIS ACTION SELECTION 5887 04:13:52,960 --> 04:13:54,600 PROCESS TO CHANGE THE WAY 5888 04:13:54,600 --> 04:13:55,400 ANIMALS RESPOND TO SENSORY 5889 04:13:55,400 --> 04:13:59,120 QUEUES IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT. 5890 04:13:59,120 --> 04:14:00,760 RELATED COMPONENT OF THIS 5891 04:14:00,760 --> 04:14:02,520 PROCESSING OF SENSORY QUEUES IN 5892 04:14:02,520 --> 04:14:04,840 GENERATION BEHAVIOR IS THE -- IS 5893 04:14:04,840 --> 04:14:08,040 THERE IS A CHALLENGE IN HOW WE 5894 04:14:08,040 --> 04:14:09,080 MAP QUEUES TO BEHAVIORAL 5895 04:14:09,080 --> 04:14:09,600 OUTPUTS. 5896 04:14:09,600 --> 04:14:12,240 THINK AN EXAMPLE OF THIRST TYING 5897 04:14:12,240 --> 04:14:16,120 BACK TO EARLIER TALKS, ANIMALS 5898 04:14:16,120 --> 04:14:16,800 CAN EXPERIENCE VARIETY OF 5899 04:14:16,800 --> 04:14:20,800 SENSORY QUEUES LIKE WATER 5900 04:14:20,800 --> 04:14:22,560 DEPRIVATION OR HEAT DEPRIVATION 5901 04:14:22,560 --> 04:14:24,160 AND SENSORY QUEUES CAN PRODUCE A 5902 04:14:24,160 --> 04:14:25,320 VARIETY OF RESULTING BEHAVIORS 5903 04:14:25,320 --> 04:14:28,160 THAT INCREASE AMOUNT OF WATER 5904 04:14:28,160 --> 04:14:29,080 ANIMALS DRINK, INCREASE 5905 04:14:29,080 --> 04:14:31,080 TOLERANCE FOR BITTERNESS IN 5906 04:14:31,080 --> 04:14:32,840 WATER AND AS INCREASE THE NUMBER 5907 04:14:32,840 --> 04:14:35,280 OF ACTIONS AND NUMBERS SENSORY 5908 04:14:35,280 --> 04:14:37,080 QUEUES THAT CAN SHAPE ANIMAL 5909 04:14:37,080 --> 04:14:39,120 BEHAVIOR, THIS MAPPING BECOMES 5910 04:14:39,120 --> 04:14:41,520 VERY HIGH DIMENSIONAL VERY 5911 04:14:41,520 --> 04:14:43,200 QUICKLY, YOU HAVE WATER N TIMES 5912 04:14:43,200 --> 04:14:44,360 N POSSIBLE FROM SENSORY STATES 5913 04:14:44,360 --> 04:14:46,200 TO MOTOR OUTPUTS. 5914 04:14:46,200 --> 04:14:48,800 A SOLUTION THAT GETS -- IN 5915 04:14:48,800 --> 04:14:50,200 ADDITION, IF YOU WANT TO 5916 04:14:50,200 --> 04:14:52,200 MODULATE THIS MAPPING BY ANOTHER 5917 04:14:52,200 --> 04:14:55,920 SENSORY QUEUE FROM A DIFFERENT 5918 04:14:55,920 --> 04:14:57,400 BEHAVIORAL REGIME LIKE FOND 5919 04:14:57,400 --> 04:14:58,640 RESPONDING TO PREDATOR THERE IS 5920 04:14:58,640 --> 04:15:01,000 NOT AN EASY WAY TO SCALE THESE 5921 04:15:01,000 --> 04:15:03,080 MAPPINGS IN RESPONSE TO THAT 5922 04:15:03,080 --> 04:15:03,320 SIGNAL. 5923 04:15:03,320 --> 04:15:05,080 SO IF YOU INTRODUCE THE CON SET 5924 04:15:05,080 --> 04:15:07,080 OF INTERVENING VARIABLES SUCH AS 5925 04:15:07,080 --> 04:15:08,760 THIRST THEN THIS BECOMES A MUCH 5926 04:15:08,760 --> 04:15:10,640 MORE TRACKABLE COMPUTATIONAL 5927 04:15:10,640 --> 04:15:10,880 PROBLEM. 5928 04:15:10,880 --> 04:15:12,760 YOU MAP DOWN VARIOUS 5929 04:15:12,760 --> 04:15:14,560 COMPUTATIONAL SENSORY INPUTS TO 5930 04:15:14,560 --> 04:15:16,120 THIS DIMENSIONAL REPRESENTATION 5931 04:15:16,120 --> 04:15:17,600 OF THIRST THAT CAN BE USED TO 5932 04:15:17,600 --> 04:15:19,680 DRIVE VARIOUS INNATE AND LEARNED 5933 04:15:19,680 --> 04:15:22,400 BEHAVIORS AND CAN BE MODULATED 5934 04:15:22,400 --> 04:15:26,640 BY OTHER FORMS OF INTERVENING 5935 04:15:26,640 --> 04:15:27,640 VARIABLES TORR FLICK ADAPT 5936 04:15:27,640 --> 04:15:29,320 ANIMALS BEHAVIOR TO THEIR 5937 04:15:29,320 --> 04:15:30,840 ENVIRONMENT. 5938 04:15:30,840 --> 04:15:31,920 SO WITHIN THE LAB WE ARE 5939 04:15:31,920 --> 04:15:33,880 INTERESTED IN UNDERSTANDING 5940 04:15:33,880 --> 04:15:35,880 THESE INTERVENING VARIABLES AND 5941 04:15:35,880 --> 04:15:38,760 WAY THEY CAN MODIFY ANIMAL 5942 04:15:38,760 --> 04:15:39,480 BEHAVIOR, HOW THEY INTERACT WITH 5943 04:15:39,480 --> 04:15:42,200 EACH OTHER, SO TO QUICKLY GIVE 5944 04:15:42,200 --> 04:15:43,920 AN EXAMPLE IN DEFENSIVE AND 5945 04:15:43,920 --> 04:15:45,800 SOCIAL INTERACTIONS, THESE 5946 04:15:45,800 --> 04:15:47,800 INTERVENING VARIABLES MOTIVATION 5947 04:15:47,800 --> 04:15:48,920 HAVE SCALABLE PROPERTY THAT 5948 04:15:48,920 --> 04:15:51,360 SHAPE THE KINDS OF BEHAVIORS 5949 04:15:51,360 --> 04:15:52,840 ANIMALS PRODUCE. 5950 04:15:52,840 --> 04:15:57,200 THE ABSENCE OF A THREAT OR 5951 04:15:57,200 --> 04:15:58,400 SPECIFIC BASELINE BEHAVIOR BUT 5952 04:15:58,400 --> 04:16:01,400 AS YOU ENCOUNTER ESCALATING 5953 04:16:01,400 --> 04:16:05,640 LEVELS OF SENSORY INPUT FROM A 5954 04:16:05,640 --> 04:16:06,800 THREAT OR SPECIFIC YOU WILL 5955 04:16:06,800 --> 04:16:08,160 CHANGE YOUR BEHAVIOR IN RESPONSE 5956 04:16:08,160 --> 04:16:11,160 TO THAT SENSORY INPUT IN ORDER 5957 04:16:11,160 --> 04:16:15,840 TO ADAPT TO THE LEVEL OF THREAT 5958 04:16:15,840 --> 04:16:18,080 OR LEVEL OF ESCALATION OF SOCIAL 5959 04:16:18,080 --> 04:16:19,720 ENCOUNTER AND THAT CHANGE IN 5960 04:16:19,720 --> 04:16:20,840 BEHAVIOR WILL MOVE YOU UP OR 5961 04:16:20,840 --> 04:16:23,120 DOWN THAT'S ESCALATING LEVEL OF 5962 04:16:23,120 --> 04:16:26,600 INTENSITY OF BEHAVIOR. 5963 04:16:26,600 --> 04:16:28,000 LEVELS OF MOTIVATIONAL STATES 5964 04:16:28,000 --> 04:16:29,680 ARE SCALABLE THING IN THE BRAIN 5965 04:16:29,680 --> 04:16:33,640 THAT CAN MODIFY HOW ANIMAL 5966 04:16:33,640 --> 04:16:35,320 RESPONDS TO UNRELATED SENSE ARE 5967 04:16:35,320 --> 04:16:38,920 I QUEUE AND THEY CAN DRIVE 5968 04:16:38,920 --> 04:16:39,720 TRANSITION BETWEEN DIFFERENT 5969 04:16:39,720 --> 04:16:41,200 STAGE OF BEHAVIORS SUCH AS 5970 04:16:41,200 --> 04:16:42,000 DEFENSIVE OR SOCIAL 5971 04:16:42,000 --> 04:16:42,600 INTERACTIONS. 5972 04:16:42,600 --> 04:16:44,440 IN MY LAB WE ARE INTERESTED IN 5973 04:16:44,440 --> 04:16:46,440 STUDYING THE STRUCTURE OF ANIMAL 5974 04:16:46,440 --> 04:16:48,360 BEHAVIOR AND WHAT IT TELLS US 5975 04:16:48,360 --> 04:16:50,800 ABOUT CONTROL POLICIES WHICH 5976 04:16:50,800 --> 04:16:52,120 INTERNAL STATES SHAPE ANIMALS 5977 04:16:52,120 --> 04:16:54,000 MOMENT TO MOMENT ACTIONS AND 5978 04:16:54,000 --> 04:16:55,480 ALSO WE WANT TO UNDERSTAND HOW 5979 04:16:55,480 --> 04:16:57,440 THE BRAIN GIVES RISE TO THESE 5980 04:16:57,440 --> 04:17:01,760 CONTROL POLICIES. 5981 04:17:01,760 --> 04:17:03,240 SO FOR THE -- GOING TO TELL YOU 5982 04:17:03,240 --> 04:17:04,800 A BRIEF STORY ABOUT A RECENT 5983 04:17:04,800 --> 04:17:07,000 EFFORT TO UNDERSTAND THIS WITH 5984 04:17:07,000 --> 04:17:09,560 RESPECT TO IMAGING DATA IN THE 5985 04:17:09,560 --> 04:17:10,200 HYPOTHALAMUS. 5986 04:17:10,200 --> 04:17:13,520 THIS IS AREA OF DEEP INSIDE 5987 04:17:13,520 --> 04:17:14,680 BRAIN EXTENSIVE INPUT FROM 5988 04:17:14,680 --> 04:17:16,840 SENSOR REGION AND PROJECTS OUT 5989 04:17:16,840 --> 04:17:19,800 TO MOTOR AREAS, OPPOSED TO SET 5990 04:17:19,800 --> 04:17:22,040 OF DENSELY CONNECTED NUCLEI. 5991 04:17:22,040 --> 04:17:24,560 FROM OPTOGENETIC STUDIES YOU CAN 5992 04:17:24,560 --> 04:17:26,400 INHIBIT NUCLEI AND PRODUCE 5993 04:17:26,400 --> 04:17:29,120 STRIKING BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS LIKE 5994 04:17:29,120 --> 04:17:29,720 AAGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR BETWEEN 5995 04:17:29,720 --> 04:17:30,880 INTERACTING MICE. 5996 04:17:30,880 --> 04:17:32,760 A Z YOU ACTIVATE CELL 5997 04:17:32,760 --> 04:17:34,120 POPULATIONS YOU CAN SEE 5998 04:17:34,120 --> 04:17:36,000 DIFFERENT STRIKING SURVIVAL 5999 04:17:36,000 --> 04:17:38,240 BEHAVIOR PROGRAMS EXECUTED BY 6000 04:17:38,240 --> 04:17:38,480 ANIMALS. 6001 04:17:38,480 --> 04:17:40,560 SO RAISES THE QUESTION HOW THESE 6002 04:17:40,560 --> 04:17:41,640 NUCLEI ARE INTERACTING WITH ETCH 6003 04:17:41,640 --> 04:17:43,120 OOH OTHER TO SHAPE ANIMALS 6004 04:17:43,120 --> 04:17:44,640 MOMENT TO MOMENT BEHAVIOR. 6005 04:17:44,640 --> 04:17:47,960 TO ADDRESS THIS QUESTION, MY 6006 04:17:47,960 --> 04:17:50,800 COLLABORATORS ANDERSON LAB 6007 04:17:50,800 --> 04:17:52,960 IMAGED HYPOTHALAMUS OF 6008 04:17:52,960 --> 04:17:54,640 INTERACTING ANIMALS AS THEY WERE 6009 04:17:54,640 --> 04:17:57,880 ENGAGED IN SOCIAL INTERACTIONS 6010 04:17:57,880 --> 04:17:58,960 WITH INTRUDER MOUSE ADDED TO 6011 04:17:58,960 --> 04:17:59,840 ANIMAL HOME CAGE. 6012 04:17:59,840 --> 04:18:02,760 WE EXAMINED THE RESPONSES OF 6013 04:18:02,760 --> 04:18:05,640 NEURONS IN TWO OF THOSE SENSORY 6014 04:18:05,640 --> 04:18:06,600 QUEUES FROM SPECIFICS. 6015 04:18:06,600 --> 04:18:08,360 SO I WILL TALK ABOUT TWO DATA 6016 04:18:08,360 --> 04:18:11,280 SETS, ONE COLLECTED IN MEDIAL 6017 04:18:11,280 --> 04:18:13,200 PRE-OPTIC AREA BY -- AND ONE 6018 04:18:13,200 --> 04:18:18,880 FROM VENTRAL LATERAL PORTION OF 6019 04:18:18,880 --> 04:18:20,160 HYPOTHALAMUS, (INAUDIBLE) SO WE 6020 04:18:20,160 --> 04:18:21,600 IMAGE THE B ACTIVITY WITH BUNCH 6021 04:18:21,600 --> 04:18:22,920 OF NEURONS IN THESE REGIONS AND 6022 04:18:22,920 --> 04:18:25,520 HOW THEY RESPOND TO BEHAVIORS. 6023 04:18:25,520 --> 04:18:27,400 AND PREOPTIC AREA WE SEE A SMALL 6024 04:18:27,400 --> 04:18:28,800 NUMBER OF CELLS THAT RESPOND TO 6025 04:18:28,800 --> 04:18:30,760 THIS SEX OF THE INTRUDER WHETHER 6026 04:18:30,760 --> 04:18:33,160 MALE OR FEMALE IS PRESENT. 6027 04:18:33,160 --> 04:18:34,480 WE SEE LARGE NUMBER OF CELLS 6028 04:18:34,480 --> 04:18:35,720 THAT RESPOND TO DIFFERENT 6029 04:18:35,720 --> 04:18:37,000 SPECIFIC SOCIAL BEHAVIORS THAT 6030 04:18:37,000 --> 04:18:40,680 THE ANIMALS ARE PERFORMING LIKE 6031 04:18:40,680 --> 04:18:42,040 INVESTIGATION OR ATTACK 6032 04:18:42,040 --> 04:18:42,800 BEHAVIOR. 6033 04:18:42,800 --> 04:18:44,320 WHEN WE TRIED TO DO THE SAME 6034 04:18:44,320 --> 04:18:46,080 ANALYSIS IN VENTRAL LATERAL 6035 04:18:46,080 --> 04:18:49,600 PORTION OF VENTRAL MEDIAL 6036 04:18:49,600 --> 04:18:50,520 HYPOTHALAMUS WE SAW SOMETHING 6037 04:18:50,520 --> 04:18:51,960 DIFFERENCE WHICH IS MANY CELLS 6038 04:18:51,960 --> 04:18:53,840 RESPONDED TO JUST THE SEX OF THE 6039 04:18:53,840 --> 04:18:55,360 INTRUDER REGARDLESS OF WHAT 6040 04:18:55,360 --> 04:18:57,200 BEHAVIORS THE ANIMALS WERE 6041 04:18:57,200 --> 04:18:58,360 PERFORMING, AND THERE WERE VERY 6042 04:18:58,360 --> 04:19:00,200 SMALL NUMBER OF CELLS THAT 6043 04:19:00,200 --> 04:19:01,520 RESPONDED TO SPECIFIC MOTOR 6044 04:19:01,520 --> 04:19:03,200 ACTION OF THE ANIMALS. 6045 04:19:03,200 --> 04:19:07,120 SO THESE REGIONS DIFFERED NOT SO 6046 04:19:07,120 --> 04:19:10,320 MUCH IN REPRESENTING SAME MATING 6047 04:19:10,320 --> 04:19:12,400 VERSUS FIGHT BUT DIFFERED EXTENT 6048 04:19:12,400 --> 04:19:14,280 WHICH THEY ENCODED MOMENT TO 6049 04:19:14,280 --> 04:19:17,040 MOMENT ACTION OF THE ANIMAL 6050 04:19:17,040 --> 04:19:18,400 VERSUS JUST CELLS THAT WERE 6051 04:19:18,400 --> 04:19:20,760 ACTIVE OVER THE ENTIRE COURSE OF 6052 04:19:20,760 --> 04:19:22,200 PERIOD OF SOCIAL ENTERACTION A. 6053 04:19:22,200 --> 04:19:24,840 SO TO MAKE SENSE OF THIS 6054 04:19:24,840 --> 04:19:25,600 ACTIVITY, GRADUATE STUDENTS THAT 6055 04:19:25,600 --> 04:19:29,160 I WORKED WITH IN LAB FIT THE 6056 04:19:29,160 --> 04:19:31,160 POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE -- 6057 04:19:31,160 --> 04:19:33,560 WITH RECURRENT SWITCHING LINEAR 6058 04:19:33,560 --> 04:19:34,480 DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS MODEL SO IN 6059 04:19:34,480 --> 04:19:36,880 THESE MODELS YOU FIT A 6060 04:19:36,880 --> 04:19:39,200 TRANSITION MATRIX BETWEEN SET OF 6061 04:19:39,200 --> 04:19:41,080 STATES THAT ARE INFERRED BASED 6062 04:19:41,080 --> 04:19:42,600 ON NEURAL ACTIVITY, EACH OF 6063 04:19:42,600 --> 04:19:44,760 THESE STATES IS A LINEAR 6064 04:19:44,760 --> 04:19:45,800 DYNAMICAL SYSTEM FIT TO BE 6065 04:19:45,800 --> 04:19:47,200 OBSERVED POPULATION ACTIVITY. 6066 04:19:47,200 --> 04:19:50,600 SO WE ARE ABLE TO PRODUCE A LOW 6067 04:19:50,600 --> 04:19:51,920 DIMENSIONAL SUMMARY POPULATION 6068 04:19:51,920 --> 04:19:53,800 OF LORDED NEURONS IN THE BRAIN 6069 04:19:53,800 --> 04:19:54,400 IS DOING. 6070 04:19:54,400 --> 04:19:57,600 WHEN WE FIT THESE SYSTEMS TO 6071 04:19:57,600 --> 04:19:59,840 ACTIVITY IN VENTRAL LATERAL 6072 04:19:59,840 --> 04:20:01,800 PORTION OF VENTRAL MEDIAL 6073 04:20:01,800 --> 04:20:03,600 HYPOTHALAMUS WE SAW LONG LASTING 6074 04:20:03,600 --> 04:20:03,800 STATES. 6075 04:20:03,800 --> 04:20:05,600 THESE ARE LASTING FOR TENS OF 6076 04:20:05,600 --> 04:20:09,000 SECONDS TO MINUTES. 6077 04:20:09,000 --> 04:20:10,240 WE SAW GRADUAL TRANSITION FROM 6078 04:20:10,240 --> 04:20:11,680 ONE STATE THAT WAS PRESENT 6079 04:20:11,680 --> 04:20:14,360 DURING INVESTIGATION BEHAVIOR TO 6080 04:20:14,360 --> 04:20:15,680 ANOTHER PRESENT DURING LOW 6081 04:20:15,680 --> 04:20:17,720 INTENSITY REGRESSION BEHAVIOR TO 6082 04:20:17,720 --> 04:20:18,960 ANOTHER PRESENT DURING A TECH. 6083 04:20:18,960 --> 04:20:20,600 IT WAS STRIKING THESE STATES 6084 04:20:20,600 --> 04:20:22,960 DON'T COINCIDE WITH THE 6085 04:20:22,960 --> 04:20:25,200 INITIATION OF INDIVIDUAL BOUTS 6086 04:20:25,200 --> 04:20:28,600 OF BEHAVIOR, RATHER GRADUAL 6087 04:20:28,600 --> 04:20:31,840 ESCALATION OF GRADUAL TRANSITION 6088 04:20:31,840 --> 04:20:32,960 FROM STATE TO STATE TO STATE 6089 04:20:32,960 --> 04:20:34,200 THAT IS ACCOMPANYING AND 6090 04:20:34,200 --> 04:20:36,960 CORRELATE WITH THE ESCALATION OF 6091 04:20:36,960 --> 04:20:37,640 AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR BETWEEN 6092 04:20:37,640 --> 04:20:39,960 ANIMALS. 6093 04:20:39,960 --> 04:20:44,120 AND ANOTHER THING THAT WAS -- 6094 04:20:44,120 --> 04:20:46,400 THIS IS ONE WITHOUT ANY 6095 04:20:46,400 --> 04:20:47,160 VISUALIZATION OR ANY INFORMATION 6096 04:20:47,160 --> 04:20:48,600 ABOUT THE ANIMALS MOMENT TO 6097 04:20:48,600 --> 04:20:49,040 MOMENT ACTION. 6098 04:20:49,040 --> 04:20:50,600 THIS IS JUST DISCOVERED BASED ON 6099 04:20:50,600 --> 04:20:51,320 THE STRUCTURE OF NEURAL 6100 04:20:51,320 --> 04:20:52,880 ACTIVITY. 6101 04:20:52,880 --> 04:20:55,960 IF WE GO IN AND LOOK ACROSS THE 6102 04:20:55,960 --> 04:20:57,880 ANIMALS AT ONE OF THE DIMENSIONS 6103 04:20:57,880 --> 04:20:59,400 THIS FIT DYNAMICAL SYSTEM 6104 04:20:59,400 --> 04:21:01,680 ANOTHER STRIKING THING WE SAW IS 6105 04:21:01,680 --> 04:21:02,960 THAT THIS ONE DIMENSION WHICH 6106 04:21:02,960 --> 04:21:05,120 HAS A LONG TIME CONSTANT 6107 04:21:05,120 --> 04:21:06,000 INTEGRATION MUCH LONGER THAN 6108 04:21:06,000 --> 04:21:09,200 REST OF THE SYSTEM, SHOWS 6109 04:21:09,200 --> 04:21:11,200 DYNAMICS AND TIME CONSTANT OF 6110 04:21:11,200 --> 04:21:12,760 THIS RAMPING THE CORRELATED WITH 6111 04:21:12,760 --> 04:21:14,120 LEVEL OF AGGRESSION WITH 6112 04:21:14,120 --> 04:21:19,400 DIFFERENT INDIVIDUAL ANIMALS. 6113 04:21:19,400 --> 04:21:22,360 MICE THAT WERE VERY AGGRESSIVE 6114 04:21:22,360 --> 04:21:23,680 SHOWED RAMPING UP OF ACTIVITY OF 6115 04:21:23,680 --> 04:21:25,120 THIS DIMENSION AN PERSISTED A 6116 04:21:25,120 --> 04:21:27,760 LONG PERIOD OF TIME REGARDLESS 6117 04:21:27,760 --> 04:21:30,680 OF ANY ACTION VERSUS MICE NOT 6118 04:21:30,680 --> 04:21:32,240 AGGRESSIVE, WE SAW INPUT ALONG 6119 04:21:32,240 --> 04:21:36,120 THIS DIMENSION BUT DECAYED BACK 6120 04:21:36,120 --> 04:21:37,920 TO BASELINE. 6121 04:21:37,920 --> 04:21:42,600 WE FOUND THIS INTEGRATOR WHICH 6122 04:21:42,600 --> 04:21:44,880 IS PRODUCING A SCALABLE LEVEL OF 6123 04:21:44,880 --> 04:21:46,480 AGGRESSIVE MOTIVATION MANY THE 6124 04:21:46,480 --> 04:21:48,760 ANIMALS AND AS ACTIVITY MOVES 6125 04:21:48,760 --> 04:21:49,920 ALONG THIS INTEGRATION DIMENSION 6126 04:21:49,920 --> 04:21:51,960 YOU SEE A TRANSITION FROM LOW 6127 04:21:51,960 --> 04:21:54,640 INTENSITY TO HIGH INTENSITY 6128 04:21:54,640 --> 04:21:55,920 AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR. 6129 04:21:55,920 --> 04:21:57,920 SO THIS GRADUAL RACHING OF 6130 04:21:57,920 --> 04:21:59,560 AGGRESSIVE MOTIVATION REFLECTED 6131 04:21:59,560 --> 04:22:02,400 IN THE DYNAMICS OF VMHTL 6132 04:22:02,400 --> 04:22:04,960 POPULATIONS. 6133 04:22:04,960 --> 04:22:06,120 WE DID THE SAME THING LOOKING 6134 04:22:06,120 --> 04:22:08,520 AGENT THE DYNAMICS OF NEURONS IN 6135 04:22:08,520 --> 04:22:10,600 MEDIAL PRE-OPTIC AREA AND HERE 6136 04:22:10,600 --> 04:22:11,680 WE SAW SOMETHING VERY DIFFERENT. 6137 04:22:11,680 --> 04:22:14,840 WE DIDN'T SEE THAT'S IS A RATION 6138 04:22:14,840 --> 04:22:16,400 OF MOTIVATIONAL STATE INSTEAD WE 6139 04:22:16,400 --> 04:22:17,560 SAW STATES THAT WERE TIGHTLY 6140 04:22:17,560 --> 04:22:19,480 CORRELATED WITH THE MOMENT TO 6141 04:22:19,480 --> 04:22:21,280 MOMENT ACTIONS OF THE ANIMALS 6142 04:22:21,280 --> 04:22:26,080 SUCH THAT IF YOU VISUALIZE THE 6143 04:22:26,080 --> 04:22:29,400 STATES ALONGSIDE ANIMALS ACTION, 6144 04:22:29,400 --> 04:22:31,400 YOU CAN SEE STATES TIGHTLY 6145 04:22:31,400 --> 04:22:33,320 CORRELATE WITH INITIATION OF 6146 04:22:33,320 --> 04:22:34,960 DIFFERENT STAGE OF IN THIS CASE 6147 04:22:34,960 --> 04:22:38,400 REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR, STATESES 6148 04:22:38,400 --> 04:22:39,240 PRESENT DURING INVESTIGATION 6149 04:22:39,240 --> 04:22:41,440 BEHAVIOR DURING INITIATION OF 6150 04:22:41,440 --> 04:22:42,320 MOUNTING AND LAPPETTER STAGES 6151 04:22:42,320 --> 04:22:43,800 MOUNTING AND ENTIRE MISSION. 6152 04:22:43,800 --> 04:22:47,240 SO IT SEEMS THAT IN MEDIAL 6153 04:22:47,240 --> 04:22:50,120 PREOPTIC AREA WE DON'T SEE SLOW 6154 04:22:50,120 --> 04:22:52,760 RAMPING, WE SEE MOMENT TO MOMENT 6155 04:22:52,760 --> 04:22:53,800 TRANSITION BETWEEN DIFFERENT 6156 04:22:53,800 --> 04:22:55,680 BEHAVIORS REFLECTED IN THE 6157 04:22:55,680 --> 04:22:56,440 POPULATION ACTIVITY OF THESE 6158 04:22:56,440 --> 04:22:58,880 NEURONS. 6159 04:22:58,880 --> 04:23:00,200 SEEMS LIKE WE HAVE TWO REGIONS 6160 04:23:00,200 --> 04:23:01,360 THAT HAVE VERY DIFFERENT 6161 04:23:01,360 --> 04:23:03,000 ENCODING OF MOTIVATIONAL STATES 6162 04:23:03,000 --> 04:23:05,600 AN ACTIONS WE HAVE A REGION 6163 04:23:05,600 --> 04:23:09,200 MEDIAL PRE-OPTIC AREA, BEHAVIOR 6164 04:23:09,200 --> 04:23:09,800 SPECIAL NEURAL POPULATIONS AND 6165 04:23:09,800 --> 04:23:11,960 WE HAVE VENTRAL LATERAL PORTION 6166 04:23:11,960 --> 04:23:13,480 OF VENTRAL MEDIAL HYPOTHALAMUS 6167 04:23:13,480 --> 04:23:15,160 THAT DOESN'T ENCODE MOMENT TO 6168 04:23:15,160 --> 04:23:17,120 MOMENT ACTION OF ANIMAL BUT 6169 04:23:17,120 --> 04:23:18,400 SHOWS STRIKING RAMPING DYNAMICS 6170 04:23:18,400 --> 04:23:20,280 THAT ARE CORRELATED WITH 6171 04:23:20,280 --> 04:23:22,800 ESCALATION OF AGGRESSIVE 6172 04:23:22,800 --> 04:23:23,080 BEHAVIOR. 6173 04:23:23,080 --> 04:23:24,760 THIS SEEMS TO BE A GENERAL 6174 04:23:24,760 --> 04:23:29,400 FEATURE OF VENTRAL -- VENTRAL 6175 04:23:29,400 --> 04:23:31,800 MEDIAL HYPOTHALAMUS, AND 6176 04:23:31,800 --> 04:23:33,760 NEIGHBOR, YOU SEE SLOW DYNAMICS 6177 04:23:33,760 --> 04:23:36,600 IN A RELATED STIR STORY I WON'T 6178 04:23:36,600 --> 04:23:38,440 TELL YOU TODAY WE SEE A SLOW 6179 04:23:38,440 --> 04:23:39,680 DYNAMICS GENERATE PERSISTENT 6180 04:23:39,680 --> 04:23:41,400 ACTIVITY IN THIS REGION THAT 6181 04:23:41,400 --> 04:23:43,480 MAINTAIN A MOTIVATIONAL STATE OF 6182 04:23:43,480 --> 04:23:45,440 THE ANIMAL. 6183 04:23:45,440 --> 04:23:48,800 PERSISTENT ACTIVITY IN VHTL 6184 04:23:48,800 --> 04:23:50,920 RELATED TO AGGRESSIVE MOLTVATION 6185 04:23:50,920 --> 04:23:53,600 INVOLVED IN DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR 6186 04:23:53,600 --> 04:23:54,800 PERSISTENT ACTIVITY RELATED TO 6187 04:23:54,800 --> 04:23:57,760 MAINTENANCE OF PERSISTENT 6188 04:23:57,760 --> 04:23:58,480 DEFENSIVE BEHAVIORS. 6189 04:23:58,480 --> 04:24:03,000 SO TO WRAP UP SEEMS LIKE WE HAVE 6190 04:24:03,000 --> 04:24:05,000 REGIONS LIKE VMHTL GLUTAMATERGIC 6191 04:24:05,000 --> 04:24:07,320 THAT SEEM PRODUCE A CONSIST SENT 6192 04:24:07,320 --> 04:24:09,360 REPRESENTATION OF MOTIVATIONAL 6193 04:24:09,360 --> 04:24:12,520 STATE AND OTHER GABAERGIC AREAS 6194 04:24:12,520 --> 04:24:14,240 THAT PERFORM MOMENT TO MOMENT 6195 04:24:14,240 --> 04:24:16,400 ACTION SELECTION OF ANIMAL 6196 04:24:16,400 --> 04:24:18,720 BEHAVIOR OR REFLECT ACTION 6197 04:24:18,720 --> 04:24:19,480 SELECTION BEING PERFORMED IN 6198 04:24:19,480 --> 04:24:20,840 OTHER PARTS OF THE BRAIN. 6199 04:24:20,840 --> 04:24:22,400 GOING MORE BROADLY SEEMS LIKE 6200 04:24:22,400 --> 04:24:25,200 THESE PERSISTENT REPRESENTATIONS 6201 04:24:25,200 --> 04:24:26,560 ARE REFLECTING THE CHANGE IN THE 6202 04:24:26,560 --> 04:24:28,320 ANIMAL MOTIVATIONAL STATE AND 6203 04:24:28,320 --> 04:24:29,960 ESCALATION OF AGGRESSIVE 6204 04:24:29,960 --> 04:24:32,040 MOTIVATION AND UNDERLYING CHANGE 6205 04:24:32,040 --> 04:24:33,360 IN THE CONTROL POLICY THAT IS 6206 04:24:33,360 --> 04:24:34,880 SHAPING THE ANIMAL MOMENT TO 6207 04:24:34,880 --> 04:24:36,440 MOMENT ACTIONS. 6208 04:24:36,440 --> 04:24:38,320 WITH THAT, I WILL WRAP UP AND 6209 04:24:38,320 --> 04:24:43,160 THANK AGAIN EXPERIMENTALISTS WHO 6210 04:24:43,160 --> 04:24:44,760 DID THE DATA COLLECTION AND -- 6211 04:24:44,760 --> 04:24:47,680 WHO DID AMAZING JOB ON THE 6212 04:24:47,680 --> 04:24:48,000 ANALYSIS. 6213 04:24:48,000 --> 04:24:54,520 THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME. 6214 04:24:54,520 --> 04:24:55,920 >> ALL RIGHT. 6215 04:24:55,920 --> 04:24:58,200 THANKS AGAIN TO ALL THE SPEAKERS 6216 04:24:58,200 --> 04:24:58,800 FROM THE SESSION. 6217 04:24:58,800 --> 04:25:01,360 WE HAVE A LITTLE BIT OVER TEN 6218 04:25:01,360 --> 04:25:02,600 MINUTES, JUST ABOUT TEN MINUTES 6219 04:25:02,600 --> 04:25:05,360 FOR QUESTIONS. 6220 04:25:05,360 --> 04:25:07,400 THERE ARE A BUNCH VIEWERS HAVE 6221 04:25:07,400 --> 04:25:09,240 ASKED SO I WILL READ OUT FOR 6222 04:25:09,240 --> 04:25:10,720 DIFFERENT PEOPLE, GREAT PLACE TO 6223 04:25:10,720 --> 04:25:11,160 START. 6224 04:25:11,160 --> 04:25:12,200 IF YOU HAVE MORE QUESTIONS 6225 04:25:12,200 --> 04:25:15,200 PLEASE FEEL FREE TO ENTER THEM I 6226 04:25:15,200 --> 04:25:16,800 CAN SEE THEM LIVE AS THEY INPUT 6227 04:25:16,800 --> 04:25:17,000 HERE. 6228 04:25:17,000 --> 04:25:18,480 SO JUST GO IN ORDER OF THE 6229 04:25:18,480 --> 04:25:21,040 TALKS, SO JEN, THERE WERE BUNCH 6230 04:25:21,040 --> 04:25:23,400 OF QUESTIONS ABOUT THAT CAMERA, 6231 04:25:23,400 --> 04:25:26,280 SO QUESTION IS CAN YOU HACKK 6232 04:25:26,280 --> 04:25:27,560 TECHNIQUE USED ON HIGH SPEED 6233 04:25:27,560 --> 04:25:31,840 CAMERA TO MAKE IT SUPER HIGH 6234 04:25:31,840 --> 04:25:32,040 SPEED. 6235 04:25:32,040 --> 04:25:34,560 FIND MORE ABOUT HACK WHEN YOU 6236 04:25:34,560 --> 04:25:36,360 ARE READY TO SHARE THE DETAILS. 6237 04:25:36,360 --> 04:25:36,600 THANKS. 6238 04:25:36,600 --> 04:25:38,240 >> THAT IS THE MULTI-FISH SLIDE 6239 04:25:38,240 --> 04:25:39,880 THAT I SHOWED IS ACTUALLY 6240 04:25:39,880 --> 04:25:42,640 HACKING A HIGH SPEED CAMERA. 6241 04:25:42,640 --> 04:25:44,240 HUGE SENSOR HIGH SPEED CAMERA SO 6242 04:25:44,240 --> 04:25:45,280 YOU CAN DO EXACTLY THAT. 6243 04:25:45,280 --> 04:25:49,720 SO YOU CAN MAKE A CAMERA 100 6244 04:25:49,720 --> 04:25:51,200 HERTZ GO MUCH LIER FRAME RATES 6245 04:25:51,200 --> 04:25:53,440 SO WE WILL PUT A PRE-PRINT UP IN 6246 04:25:53,440 --> 04:25:56,360 A FEW WEEKS. 6247 04:25:56,360 --> 04:25:59,640 >> EXCELLENT. 6248 04:25:59,640 --> 04:26:04,400 GOING IN ORDER FOR NILAY, 6249 04:26:04,400 --> 04:26:07,320 QUESTION IS STATE DEPENDENT 6250 04:26:07,320 --> 04:26:09,960 CHANGES IN THE I AND 1 NEURONS, 6251 04:26:09,960 --> 04:26:11,760 YOU THINK THOSE ARE INHERITED 6252 04:26:11,760 --> 04:26:14,600 UPSTREAM OR DO THEY ARISE IN 6253 04:26:14,600 --> 04:26:15,200 THAT CIRCUIT. 6254 04:26:15,200 --> 04:26:15,960 HOW DO THEY ARISE? 6255 04:26:15,960 --> 04:26:17,600 >> I THIS THEY IS A MILLION 6256 04:26:17,600 --> 04:26:19,640 DOLLAR QUESTION YOU ARE TRYING 6257 04:26:19,640 --> 04:26:20,600 TO ANSWER. 6258 04:26:20,600 --> 04:26:23,960 RIGHT NOW IT LOOKS LIKE 6259 04:26:23,960 --> 04:26:26,600 (INAUDIBLE) ON NEURONS SO OPTO 6260 04:26:26,600 --> 04:26:30,440 GENETIC BASICALLY -- EXPRESS 6261 04:26:30,440 --> 04:26:34,200 FROM SOME SAME NEURON AND JUST 6262 04:26:34,200 --> 04:26:35,440 LIKE PULSATE IN DIFFERENT SAMPLE 6263 04:26:35,440 --> 04:26:37,760 SCALES, WE CAN'T GET THEM SWITCH 6264 04:26:37,760 --> 04:26:41,600 THE -- SO THAT IS TELLING ME IT 6265 04:26:41,600 --> 04:26:46,920 IS POSSIBLE, NOT THE INNATE 6266 04:26:46,920 --> 04:26:48,160 SIGNALING SYSTEM THAT IS 6267 04:26:48,160 --> 04:26:49,480 GENERATING THAT FOR SYSTEM 6268 04:26:49,480 --> 04:26:50,800 STATE, WE DO THINK IT IS RELATED 6269 04:26:50,800 --> 04:26:52,560 TO THE GUT INPUT. 6270 04:26:52,560 --> 04:26:56,600 WE DO NOT KNOW YET IF THE GUT 6271 04:26:56,600 --> 04:26:59,200 NEURONS THEMSELVES ACTUALLY HAVE 6272 04:26:59,200 --> 04:27:00,960 PERSISTENT STATE. 6273 04:27:00,960 --> 04:27:02,840 THE PRELIMINARY RESULTS SUGGEST 6274 04:27:02,840 --> 04:27:03,440 THEY DO NOT. 6275 04:27:03,440 --> 04:27:07,640 SO IT IS A BIT OF PUZZLE NOW FOR 6276 04:27:07,640 --> 04:27:10,800 US PERSISTENCE OF IN 1 IS COMING 6277 04:27:10,800 --> 04:27:12,800 FROM STATE DEOPINION DEN SHY ON 6278 04:27:12,800 --> 04:27:13,320 THAT MATTER. 6279 04:27:13,320 --> 04:27:16,400 WE ARE ONGOING CIRCUIT PROJECT 6280 04:27:16,400 --> 04:27:17,760 WE WOULD LIKE TO RESOLVE AT SOME 6281 04:27:17,760 --> 04:27:19,400 POINT. 6282 04:27:19,400 --> 04:27:22,320 >> IT REMINDS ME OF A NEURON IN 6283 04:27:22,320 --> 04:27:24,720 C ELEGANS CALLED NSM THAT IS 6284 04:27:24,720 --> 04:27:27,600 MORE A GUT RESPONDER, IT HAS 6285 04:27:27,600 --> 04:27:30,600 INHIBITORY FEEDBACK, SO THAT 6286 04:27:30,600 --> 04:27:31,200 MEANS WHINNYINGTORY FEEDBACK 6287 04:27:31,200 --> 04:27:32,960 GOES AWAY IT GETS STRONGER AND 6288 04:27:32,960 --> 04:27:37,280 LONGER RESPONSES, SO SEZ, DOES 6289 04:27:37,280 --> 04:27:40,800 THAT RECEIVE A LOT OF -- FROM 6290 04:27:40,800 --> 04:27:43,600 OTHER BRAIN CIRCUITS IN THE FLY? 6291 04:27:43,600 --> 04:27:47,320 >> IT DEFINITELY -- WE HAVE 6292 04:27:47,320 --> 04:27:48,120 IDENTIFIED SOME OTHER 6293 04:27:48,120 --> 04:27:49,800 INTERNEURONS IN THE BRAIN THAT 6294 04:27:49,800 --> 04:27:54,280 CAN ACTUALLY INHIBIT NEURONS SO 6295 04:27:54,280 --> 04:27:57,560 WE DON'T KNOW ALL THE 6296 04:27:57,560 --> 04:27:58,800 CONNECTIONS UNFORTUNATELY THE 6297 04:27:58,800 --> 04:28:03,400 HELP BRAIN, COMPLETELY 6298 04:28:03,400 --> 04:28:09,840 RECONSTRUCTED IN -- 6299 04:28:09,840 --> 04:28:14,640 >> I THINK WE LOST HER. 6300 04:28:14,640 --> 04:28:15,000 >> 6301 04:28:15,000 --> 04:28:16,400 >> WE GOT MOST QUESTIONS 6302 04:28:16,400 --> 04:28:18,120 ANSWERED THOUGH. 6303 04:28:18,120 --> 04:28:21,120 SO NEXT ONE, I GUESS I WILL TAKE 6304 04:28:21,120 --> 04:28:26,600 ONE SINCE I WAS THE NEXT 6305 04:28:26,600 --> 04:28:26,800 SPEAKER. 6306 04:28:26,800 --> 04:28:30,680 ARE WE BACK NILAY, WE LOST THE 6307 04:28:30,680 --> 04:28:31,440 LAST 20 SECONDS. 6308 04:28:31,440 --> 04:28:34,960 >> I WAS GOING TO SAY THAT AREA 6309 04:28:34,960 --> 04:28:36,920 IS NOT REALLY RECONSTRUCTED SO 6310 04:28:36,920 --> 04:28:39,680 WE DON'T KNOW ALL THE INPUTS OR 6311 04:28:39,680 --> 04:28:39,920 OUTPUTS. 6312 04:28:39,920 --> 04:28:40,480 LEARNING IN PROGRESS. 6313 04:28:40,480 --> 04:28:44,760 >> EXCELLENT. 6314 04:28:44,760 --> 04:28:46,920 >> QUESTION FOR ME DID YOU 6315 04:28:46,920 --> 04:28:49,000 IDENTIFY NEURONS ENCODING 6316 04:28:49,000 --> 04:28:51,320 EXTERNAL CONTEXT LIKE LOCATION 6317 04:28:51,320 --> 04:28:54,800 AS IN THIS WILL BE IN C ELEGANS, 6318 04:28:54,800 --> 04:28:57,440 GRID CELLS OR PLATE CELLS OR 6319 04:28:57,440 --> 04:28:57,920 CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENTS? 6320 04:28:57,920 --> 04:28:59,560 THAT IS A GREAT QUESTION. 6321 04:28:59,560 --> 04:29:01,200 WE DID NOT IDENTIFY NEURONS LIKE 6322 04:29:01,200 --> 04:29:04,120 THAT, THOUGH WE HAVE NOT -- WE 6323 04:29:04,120 --> 04:29:05,720 HAVE NOT LOOKED EXHAUSTIVELY AT 6324 04:29:05,720 --> 04:29:09,600 THE LIST OF ALL POSSIBLE WAYS OF 6325 04:29:09,600 --> 04:29:11,840 REPRESENTING EXTERNAL SPACE, WE 6326 04:29:11,840 --> 04:29:14,960 DID -- WHEN WE EARLY ON WHEN 6327 04:29:14,960 --> 04:29:17,000 ANALYZING THE DATA WE DID CREATE 6328 04:29:17,000 --> 04:29:19,240 VARIABLES OF LIKE THE ANIMAL 6329 04:29:19,240 --> 04:29:21,600 HEADING DIRECTION OTHER SPATIAL 6330 04:29:21,600 --> 04:29:23,960 VARIABLES ABOUT ENVIRONMENT. 6331 04:29:23,960 --> 04:29:26,960 THERE WAS SOME GENERAL HINTS THE 6332 04:29:26,960 --> 04:29:28,200 NEURAL MIGHT BE REPRESENTING 6333 04:29:28,200 --> 04:29:29,880 WHICH WAY IT WAS MOVING, IT WAS 6334 04:29:29,880 --> 04:29:33,160 NOT A VERY SIMPLE REPRESENTATION 6335 04:29:33,160 --> 04:29:33,760 AT LEAST. 6336 04:29:33,760 --> 04:29:37,160 SO WE STILL HAVE NOT PURSUED 6337 04:29:37,160 --> 04:29:40,800 THAT I WILL SAY SOME OF THE 6338 04:29:40,800 --> 04:29:44,840 NEURONS WE FIND LIKE ENCODE 6339 04:29:44,840 --> 04:29:49,480 CONJUNCTIVELY MULTIPLE BEHAVIORS 6340 04:29:49,480 --> 04:29:50,600 AND IT IS POSSIBLE ALREADY 6341 04:29:50,600 --> 04:29:51,840 SIMPLER WAYS DESCRIBING WHAT 6342 04:29:51,840 --> 04:29:53,000 THOSE NEURONS ENCODE THAT 6343 04:29:53,000 --> 04:29:54,600 REQUIRE US TO GRAPPLE WITH THE 6344 04:29:54,600 --> 04:29:55,960 STRUCTURE OF THE ANIMAL MOVEMENT 6345 04:29:55,960 --> 04:29:57,400 AND HOW IT ENGAGES IN THE 6346 04:29:57,400 --> 04:29:57,880 ENVIRONMENT. 6347 04:29:57,880 --> 04:29:59,600 THAT IS AN EXCELLENT QUESTION, 6348 04:29:59,600 --> 04:30:01,680 ONE THAT WE HAVEN'T FULLY 6349 04:30:01,680 --> 04:30:04,520 GRAPPLED WITH, THAT SAID BE 6350 04:30:04,520 --> 04:30:04,960 SURPRISED IF THERE WAS 6351 04:30:04,960 --> 04:30:05,760 REPRESENTATION OF SPACE IN THE 6352 04:30:05,760 --> 04:30:07,800 WORM BRAIN SIMILAR TO HOW THEY 6353 04:30:07,800 --> 04:30:13,680 ARE REPRESENTED IN A MOUSE. 6354 04:30:13,680 --> 04:30:15,680 FOR HUGO. 6355 04:30:15,680 --> 04:30:20,280 IT SAYS FOR DR. TEJEDA, DINORFIM 6356 04:30:20,280 --> 04:30:22,320 IS AFFECTING TYPE OF BEHAVIOR 6357 04:30:22,320 --> 04:30:22,600 DISPLAYED. 6358 04:30:22,600 --> 04:30:25,720 DO YOU THINK MANIPULATING THE 6359 04:30:25,720 --> 04:30:27,040 DINORFIN SYSTEM SOLELY DURING 6360 04:30:27,040 --> 04:30:28,400 CONDITIONS AFFECT THE BEHAVIOR 6361 04:30:28,400 --> 04:30:30,720 GENERATED BY THE QUEUE? 6362 04:30:30,720 --> 04:30:33,600 >> GREAT QUESTION. 6363 04:30:33,600 --> 04:30:35,520 SO WE HAVEN'T ADDRESSED THAT, TO 6364 04:30:35,520 --> 04:30:38,800 SEE IF THE SYSTEM IS AS ANIMALS 6365 04:30:38,800 --> 04:30:42,680 ACQUIRING LEARNED BEHAVIORS 6366 04:30:42,680 --> 04:30:45,120 ABOUT THREATS AND MIGHT TRANSFER 6367 04:30:45,120 --> 04:30:45,760 INTO RECALL. 6368 04:30:45,760 --> 04:30:47,120 WE HAVEN'T LOOKED AT THAT 6369 04:30:47,120 --> 04:30:48,080 SPECIFICALLY. 6370 04:30:48,080 --> 04:30:52,840 SO UNFORTUNATELY MOST 6371 04:30:52,840 --> 04:30:54,000 MANIPULATION, KNOCK DOWN GENE 6372 04:30:54,000 --> 04:30:56,120 EXPRESSION OR GENETICALLY 6373 04:30:56,120 --> 04:30:57,440 OBLIQUE RECEPTOR, BUT THAT IS A 6374 04:30:57,440 --> 04:30:58,560 GREAT QUESTION I THIS I THAT 6375 04:30:58,560 --> 04:31:00,320 SOMETHING WE SHOULD LOOK AT OR 6376 04:31:00,320 --> 04:31:05,760 LOOK AT IN FUTURE. 6377 04:31:05,760 --> 04:31:08,640 >> FOR ANN, THERE IS A QUESTION 6378 04:31:08,640 --> 04:31:12,920 HERE WHERE IN THE BRAIN ENCODES 6379 04:31:12,920 --> 04:31:14,800 THE MOTIVATION IN QUOTE FOR 6380 04:31:14,800 --> 04:31:15,600 SEXUAL BEHAVIOR? 6381 04:31:15,600 --> 04:31:17,920 DOES THIS BRAIN REGION ALSO SHOW 6382 04:31:17,920 --> 04:31:21,120 INTEGRATIVE FEATURES LIKE THE 6383 04:31:21,120 --> 04:31:24,800 VMHL DOES FOR AGGRESSION ORIENT 6384 04:31:24,800 --> 04:31:30,480 GRATED MODEL WORKS OHIO OR THE 6385 04:31:30,480 --> 04:31:31,720 INTEGRATED MODEL, CAN'T JUSTIFY 6386 04:31:31,720 --> 04:31:33,760 -- I THINK THAT ARE LOOK FOR A 6387 04:31:33,760 --> 04:31:36,160 SEXUAL BEHAVIOR RATHER THAN 6388 04:31:36,160 --> 04:31:38,160 AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, WHETHER 6389 04:31:38,160 --> 04:31:38,600 THERE'S SIMS TYPES -- 6390 04:31:38,600 --> 04:31:39,520 >> I DISCONNECTED WHEN YOU 6391 04:31:39,520 --> 04:31:41,000 STARTED ASKING THE QUESTION. 6392 04:31:41,000 --> 04:31:43,560 >> LET ME ASK IT ONE MORE -- 6393 04:31:43,560 --> 04:31:45,120 BASICALLY THEY ARE ASKING IF FOR 6394 04:31:45,120 --> 04:31:47,080 WHERE IN THE BRAIN IS MOTIVATION 6395 04:31:47,080 --> 04:31:48,760 FOR SEXUAL BEHAVIOR WOULD YOU 6396 04:31:48,760 --> 04:31:50,880 EXPECT TO SEE SIMILAR INTEGRATOR 6397 04:31:50,880 --> 04:31:52,360 MODELS LIKE YOU SEE FOR 6398 04:31:52,360 --> 04:31:57,600 AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN THE VMHVL 6399 04:31:57,600 --> 04:31:58,200 FOR SHALL BEHAVIOR? 6400 04:31:58,200 --> 04:31:59,080 >> RIGHT. 6401 04:31:59,080 --> 04:32:02,800 MEDIAL PREOPTIC AREA HAS BEEN 6402 04:32:02,800 --> 04:32:04,440 ASSOCIATED WITH MOTIVATION FOR 6403 04:32:04,440 --> 04:32:05,520 SEXUAL BEHAVIOR IF YOU 6404 04:32:05,520 --> 04:32:09,000 STIMULATED OPTOGENETICLY YOU CAN 6405 04:32:09,000 --> 04:32:10,400 INVOKE MOUNTING BEHAVIOR IN 6406 04:32:10,400 --> 04:32:11,200 MALES AND LOUR DOESIS IN 6407 04:32:11,200 --> 04:32:12,160 FEMALES. 6408 04:32:12,160 --> 04:32:15,560 WE DON'T SEE ANY RAMPING 6409 04:32:15,560 --> 04:32:17,800 DYNAMICS SO IT IS UNCLEAR TO ME 6410 04:32:17,800 --> 04:32:20,600 WHETHER YOU WOULD SEE A RAMPING 6411 04:32:20,600 --> 04:32:22,560 REPRESENTATION OF MOTIVATION FOR 6412 04:32:22,560 --> 04:32:24,160 EVERY BEHAVIOR OR NOT. 6413 04:32:24,160 --> 04:32:28,680 WE DO SEE SOME RAMPING OF 6414 04:32:28,680 --> 04:32:33,120 ACTIVITY IN VMHVL DURING FEMALE 6415 04:32:33,120 --> 04:32:33,760 MALE INTERACTIONS WHEN 6416 04:32:33,760 --> 04:32:34,600 (INAUDIBLE) IS OCCURRING SO IT 6417 04:32:34,600 --> 04:32:38,160 COULD BE THIS IS ALSO A 6418 04:32:38,160 --> 04:32:39,400 MOTIVATIONAL REPRESENTATION THAT 6419 04:32:39,400 --> 04:32:43,080 IS INVOLVED IN REPRODUCTIVE 6420 04:32:43,080 --> 04:32:43,400 BEHAVIOR. 6421 04:32:43,400 --> 04:32:46,080 BUT IT COULD ALSO BE THERE ARE 6422 04:32:46,080 --> 04:32:49,800 OTHER REGIONS WE SHOULD BE 6423 04:32:49,800 --> 04:32:52,800 LOOKING FOR REPRODUCTIVE 6424 04:32:52,800 --> 04:32:53,080 MOTIVATION. 6425 04:32:53,080 --> 04:32:55,960 >> IF I CAN FOLLOW-UP WITH ONE 6426 04:32:55,960 --> 04:32:59,480 QUESTION, LIKE I WAS STRUCK BY 6427 04:32:59,480 --> 04:33:03,240 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MPO, I ALWAYS 6428 04:33:03,240 --> 04:33:05,600 THINK IMPLEMENTATION SO I 6429 04:33:05,600 --> 04:33:06,400 PRESUME, I DON'T KNOW HOW MUCH 6430 04:33:06,400 --> 04:33:08,240 ABOUT MOUSE ANATOMY, IT WASN'T 6431 04:33:08,240 --> 04:33:10,960 THAT SIMPLE BUT IS THERE ANY 6432 04:33:10,960 --> 04:33:12,400 OBVIOUS STRUCTURAL OR INPUT 6433 04:33:12,400 --> 04:33:15,240 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MPO AND VMHVL 6434 04:33:15,240 --> 04:33:20,520 THAT MIGHT MAKE IT SO THE H,V 6435 04:33:20,520 --> 04:33:21,760 WILL HAS MORE SIGNIFICANCE OR 6436 04:33:21,760 --> 04:33:23,160 RECURRENCE OR MODULATORY OR 6437 04:33:23,160 --> 04:33:23,960 SOMETHING LIKE THAT? 6438 04:33:23,960 --> 04:33:27,480 >> THE VAST MAJORITY OF SUB 6439 04:33:27,480 --> 04:33:29,160 CORTICAL AND HIPPOTHALAMIC 6440 04:33:29,160 --> 04:33:32,680 STRUCTURES ARE GABAERGIC, VHML 6441 04:33:32,680 --> 04:33:34,400 IS ONE EXCEPTION THAT THE 6442 04:33:34,400 --> 04:33:37,760 NEURONS ARE GLUTAMATERGIC WITH 6443 04:33:37,760 --> 04:33:38,720 THIS GABAERGIC SHELL AROUND THEM 6444 04:33:38,720 --> 04:33:41,000 AND THERE'S RECURRENT 6445 04:33:41,000 --> 04:33:41,840 CONNECTIVITY, IT IS SPARSE BUT 6446 04:33:41,840 --> 04:33:44,000 ENOUGH TO WORK BETWEEN CELLS IN 6447 04:33:44,000 --> 04:33:46,600 VMH SO SEEMS LIKE WELL SUITED TO 6448 04:33:46,600 --> 04:33:48,600 MAINTAIN PERSISTENT ACTIVITY IN 6449 04:33:48,600 --> 04:33:49,680 JUST BY THIS RECURRENT 6450 04:33:49,680 --> 04:33:50,960 CONNECTIVITY. 6451 04:33:50,960 --> 04:33:52,800 FOR OUR PAPER ON DEFENSIVE 6452 04:33:52,800 --> 04:33:54,400 BEHAVIOR THAT I DIDN'T GET INTO 6453 04:33:54,400 --> 04:33:57,400 WE DID MODELING TO SEE WHETHER 6454 04:33:57,400 --> 04:33:59,360 RECURRENT NETWORK FIT WITH 6455 04:33:59,360 --> 04:34:00,480 DYNAMICS. 6456 04:34:00,480 --> 04:34:02,920 WE FOUND THAT IT WAS OKAY BUT TO 6457 04:34:02,920 --> 04:34:05,160 GET A PROPER FIT WE ALSO HAD TO 6458 04:34:05,160 --> 04:34:11,960 ADD IN SOME SLOW PEPTIDE JUDGE 6459 04:34:11,960 --> 04:34:12,920 NEURON DYNAMICS. 6460 04:34:12,920 --> 04:34:17,640 THE PERSISTENCE IS REALLY 6461 04:34:17,640 --> 04:34:18,360 COMBINATION OF HAVING RECURRENT 6462 04:34:18,360 --> 04:34:24,160 EXCITATION BUT ALSO HAVING SLOW 6463 04:34:24,160 --> 04:34:24,920 NEUROMODULATORY TRANSMISSION 6464 04:34:24,920 --> 04:34:27,080 BETWEEN CELLS TO SUSTAIN 6465 04:34:27,080 --> 04:34:28,760 MOTIVATIONAL STATES ON TIME 6466 04:34:28,760 --> 04:34:29,800 SCALES OF BEHAVIOR. 6467 04:34:29,800 --> 04:34:37,960 >> I LOVE THAT MODEL BY THE WAY. 6468 04:34:37,960 --> 04:34:40,400 >> QUESTION FOR HUGO. 6469 04:34:40,400 --> 04:34:42,960 SO THESE DINORFIN NEURONS DO 6470 04:34:42,960 --> 04:34:44,480 THEY MODULATE OTHER TYPES OF 6471 04:34:44,480 --> 04:34:46,400 BEHAVIOR LIKE AGGRESSIVE 6472 04:34:46,400 --> 04:34:50,960 BEHAVIOR OR OTHER FORMS OF 6473 04:34:50,960 --> 04:34:52,000 ACTIVE BEHAVIOR? 6474 04:34:52,000 --> 04:34:52,960 >> GOOD QUESTION. 6475 04:34:52,960 --> 04:34:55,160 WE ARE LOOKING AT OTHER 6476 04:34:55,160 --> 04:34:56,400 BEHAVIORS THAT ARE ACTIVE IN 6477 04:34:56,400 --> 04:34:58,080 NATURE AND LESS PASSIVE. 6478 04:34:58,080 --> 04:35:00,640 WE DON'T HAVE THE ANSWER QUITE 6479 04:35:00,640 --> 04:35:02,320 YET BUT THEY DON'T SEEM TO 6480 04:35:02,320 --> 04:35:04,640 REGULATE LIKE REWARD SEENING 6481 04:35:04,640 --> 04:35:06,120 BEHAVIOR ONE PREDICT HAS ACTIVE 6482 04:35:06,120 --> 04:35:09,640 COMPONENT. 6483 04:35:09,640 --> 04:35:10,440 AT LEAST SO FAR SEEMS LIKE 6484 04:35:10,440 --> 04:35:15,240 PARTICULARLY TUNED TO AVERSIVE 6485 04:35:15,240 --> 04:35:15,560 EXPERIENCES 6486 04:35:15,560 --> 04:35:18,600 >> WONDERING BECAUSE OF STEVE'S 6487 04:35:18,600 --> 04:35:21,280 NICE TALK ABOUT MULTIPLEX, IT IS 6488 04:35:21,280 --> 04:35:23,040 UNCLEAR HOW MUCH IS HAPPENING IN 6489 04:35:23,040 --> 04:35:23,480 OTHER SYSTEMS. 6490 04:35:23,480 --> 04:35:26,320 I THINK STEVE HAS LIKE PROBABLY 6491 04:35:26,320 --> 04:35:30,560 THE MOST COMPREHENSIVE VIEW BUT 6492 04:35:30,560 --> 04:35:32,640 IT IS NOT A NEUROMISDEMEANOR LAY 6493 04:35:32,640 --> 04:35:34,960 TORR MOUSE ON CERTAIN BEHAVIOR, 6494 04:35:34,960 --> 04:35:36,400 PROBABLY A SET OF BEHAVIORS SO I 6495 04:35:36,400 --> 04:35:36,960 DON'T KNOW HOW YOU THINK ABOUT 6496 04:35:36,960 --> 04:35:42,800 THAT. 6497 04:35:42,800 --> 04:35:48,080 >> MAYBE STEVE HAS THE ANSWER. 6498 04:35:48,080 --> 04:35:51,200 >> C ELEGANS DEFINITELY 6499 04:35:51,200 --> 04:35:52,600 MODULATED LIKE THE SAME 6500 04:35:52,600 --> 04:35:53,960 MODULATOR CAN BE DEPLOYED IN 6501 04:35:53,960 --> 04:35:56,400 DIFFERENT CIRCUITS LIKE THE 6502 04:35:56,400 --> 04:35:58,840 MODULATOR WE STUDY BETH BEST IS 6503 04:35:58,840 --> 04:36:00,640 SEROTONIN WHICH DRIVE REPETITIVE 6504 04:36:00,640 --> 04:36:01,680 ROAMING DWELLING BEHAVIOR. 6505 04:36:01,680 --> 04:36:03,600 IT IS THE SEROTONIN DEPLOYD BY 6506 04:36:03,600 --> 04:36:06,160 NEURONS NOT INVOLVED IN THOSE 6507 04:36:06,160 --> 04:36:10,560 BEHAVE YEARS BEHAVES DIFFERENTLY 6508 04:36:10,560 --> 04:36:11,920 AND SOME CIRCUMSTANCES SEEMS TO 6509 04:36:11,920 --> 04:36:14,440 ACT MORE THROUGH SYNAPTIC THAN 6510 04:36:14,440 --> 04:36:14,920 VOLUME TRANSMISSION. 6511 04:36:14,920 --> 04:36:18,600 SO WE THINK THAT ASCRIBING ONE 6512 04:36:18,600 --> 04:36:24,160 TO ONE MODULATOR TO BEHAVIOR IS 6513 04:36:24,160 --> 04:36:26,600 THIS THE COUNTER EXAMPLE IS JUST 6514 04:36:26,600 --> 04:36:27,640 ABOUT TO PRESENT ITSELF. 6515 04:36:27,640 --> 04:36:30,200 IN A GIVEN CIRCUIT THEY ARE 6516 04:36:30,200 --> 04:36:31,160 REPRESENTING SOMETHING THAT IT 6517 04:36:31,160 --> 04:36:34,520 IS POSSIBLE TO DESCRIBE WITH 6518 04:36:34,520 --> 04:36:38,840 WORDS AND IS INTUITIVE. 6519 04:36:38,840 --> 04:36:41,240 TO CHIME IN ON THAT AS WELL. 6520 04:36:41,240 --> 04:36:43,920 I AGREE THAT I THINK IT IS MORE 6521 04:36:43,920 --> 04:36:44,760 AWARE NEUROMISDEMEANOR LAY TORR 6522 04:36:44,760 --> 04:36:47,720 BEING EXPRESSED WHICH 6523 04:36:47,720 --> 04:36:49,800 NEUROMODULATOR IT IS. 6524 04:36:49,800 --> 04:36:50,920 (INDISCERNIBLE) COLLABORATOR OF 6525 04:36:50,920 --> 04:36:53,200 MINE WHEN POST-DOC IN ANDERSON 6526 04:36:53,200 --> 04:36:56,640 LAB WAS STUDYING TACKY QUININE 2 6527 04:36:56,640 --> 04:36:59,080 AND ROLE OF STRESS AND EFFECT OF 6528 04:36:59,080 --> 04:37:00,680 SOCIAL ISOLATION ON AGGRESSIVE 6529 04:37:00,680 --> 04:37:03,200 AND ANXIETY LIKE BEHAVIORS. 6530 04:37:03,200 --> 04:37:06,440 WHERE SHE INDUCED OR KNOCKED 6531 04:37:06,440 --> 04:37:09,600 DOWN TAC 2 EXPERIENCE YOU SHE 6532 04:37:09,600 --> 04:37:11,560 SEE THE AGGRESSION PHENOTYPE OR 6533 04:37:11,560 --> 04:37:15,800 THE STRESS LIKE PHENOTYPE SO I 6534 04:37:15,800 --> 04:37:18,080 THINK WHERE THAT PEPTIDE OR 6535 04:37:18,080 --> 04:37:21,120 NEUROMODULATOR IS ACTING IS 6536 04:37:21,120 --> 04:37:23,720 DETERMINANT OF FUNCTION RATHER 6537 04:37:23,720 --> 04:37:24,320 THAN IDENTITY. 6538 04:37:24,320 --> 04:37:26,720 BOTH ARE IMPORTANT BUT IN THE 6539 04:37:26,720 --> 04:37:27,960 SAME WAY THAT GLUTAMATE DOES 6540 04:37:27,960 --> 04:37:29,920 DIFFERENT THINGS IN DIFFERENT 6541 04:37:29,920 --> 04:37:31,400 BRAIN AREAS THESE PEPTIDES 6542 04:37:31,400 --> 04:37:33,720 NEUROMODULATORS PROBABLY DO AS 6543 04:37:33,720 --> 04:37:33,920 WELL. 6544 04:37:33,920 --> 04:37:34,640 >> AGREE. 6545 04:37:34,640 --> 04:37:37,080 I THINK TO ADD TO THAT, IN SOME 6546 04:37:37,080 --> 04:37:39,920 WAYS WE CAN THINK ABOUT THESE 6547 04:37:39,920 --> 04:37:41,800 NEUROMODULATORS LIKE RADIO 6548 04:37:41,800 --> 04:37:43,920 SIGNALS THAT FLOODING ANY OF US 6549 04:37:43,920 --> 04:37:45,680 AT A GIVEN POINT BOMBARDED BY 6550 04:37:45,680 --> 04:37:47,400 RAID YES SIGNAL BUT WE DON'T 6551 04:37:47,400 --> 04:37:48,960 HAVE RADIOS THAT ARE 6552 04:37:48,960 --> 04:37:50,040 PARTICULARLY ATTUNED TO THAT 6553 04:37:50,040 --> 04:37:53,120 STATION SO WE CAN'T HEAR THOSE 6554 04:37:53,120 --> 04:37:53,640 SIGNALS. 6555 04:37:53,640 --> 04:37:55,400 NEURAL PEPTIDES MAY ACT LIKE 6556 04:37:55,400 --> 04:37:56,600 THAT, ONLY THOSE CELLS OR 6557 04:37:56,600 --> 04:37:57,920 SYNAPSES THAT HAVE THE RECEPTOR 6558 04:37:57,920 --> 04:37:59,800 FOR THE NEUROMODULATOR THAT ARE 6559 04:37:59,800 --> 04:38:03,960 GOING TO BE ACTIVATED OR INHIBIT 6560 04:38:03,960 --> 04:38:05,120 INHIBITED AND SINCE THEY HAVE 6561 04:38:05,120 --> 04:38:07,440 THEY OPERATE VIA VOLUME 6562 04:38:07,440 --> 04:38:08,680 TRANSMISSION, IT GIVES ANOTHER 6563 04:38:08,680 --> 04:38:09,680 MODE OF OPERATION RELATIVE TO 6564 04:38:09,680 --> 04:38:14,600 THAT TRANSMISSION. 6565 04:38:14,600 --> 04:38:16,240 >> DO YOU THINK -- 6566 04:38:16,240 --> 04:38:17,600 >> GO AHEAD. 6567 04:38:17,600 --> 04:38:19,400 >> I WAS GOING TO ASK TO WHAT 6568 04:38:19,400 --> 04:38:21,320 EXTENT YOU THINK THESE SIGNALS 6569 04:38:21,320 --> 04:38:23,160 ARE VOLUME TRANSMISSION VERSUS 6570 04:38:23,160 --> 04:38:27,400 FAST TRANSMISSION AT LOCALIZE 6571 04:38:27,400 --> 04:38:27,640 SYNAPSE. 6572 04:38:27,640 --> 04:38:29,600 DO WE KNOW? 6573 04:38:29,600 --> 04:38:32,560 >> IN OUR HANDS WE HAVE EVIDENCE 6574 04:38:32,560 --> 04:38:34,800 THAT FOR INSTANCE DINORFIN CAN 6575 04:38:34,800 --> 04:38:35,960 BE RELEASED WITH SENSOR ON THE 6576 04:38:35,960 --> 04:38:36,920 ORDER OF SECONDS. 6577 04:38:36,920 --> 04:38:40,080 L SO THAT IS TO ADDRESS THAT. 6578 04:38:40,080 --> 04:38:42,600 BUT WE ALSO HAVE EVIDENCE USING 6579 04:38:42,600 --> 04:38:44,280 SLICE PHYSIOLOGY WHERE WE CAN 6580 04:38:44,280 --> 04:38:47,880 INDUCE RELEASE OF DINORFIN FROM 6581 04:38:47,880 --> 04:38:50,080 THOSE PRODUCING CELLS ACT IN 6582 04:38:50,080 --> 04:38:53,600 RETRO GRADE MANNER AND AMYGDALA 6583 04:38:53,600 --> 04:38:54,200 INPUT. 6584 04:38:54,200 --> 04:38:56,880 AS WELL TO NON-DINORFIN PRODUCE 6585 04:38:56,880 --> 04:38:58,400 CELLS, SO THEY INFLUENCE 6586 04:38:58,400 --> 04:38:59,480 ACTIVITY OF THE NEIGHBORING 6587 04:38:59,480 --> 04:39:00,640 CELLS THAT DON'T PRODUCE THE 6588 04:39:00,640 --> 04:39:05,720 SAME PEPTIDE. 6589 04:39:05,720 --> 04:39:07,960 >> MAYBE ONE LAST QUESTION, THIS 6590 04:39:07,960 --> 04:39:09,760 IS TOO BIG A QUESTION FOR ONE 6591 04:39:09,760 --> 04:39:11,400 MINUTE 40 SECONDS BUT WE DISCUSS 6592 04:39:11,400 --> 04:39:14,240 LIKE WHAT REALLY IS AN INTERNAL 6593 04:39:14,240 --> 04:39:16,640 STATE AND IT IS LIKE AN 6594 04:39:16,640 --> 04:39:17,800 OPERATIVE DEFINITION WE ALL USE 6595 04:39:17,800 --> 04:39:19,600 BUT WE USE IT SLIGHT SLIGHTLY 6596 04:39:19,600 --> 04:39:19,960 DIFFERENTLY. 6597 04:39:19,960 --> 04:39:23,520 SO WONDER IF ANY PANELISTS JUMP 6598 04:39:23,520 --> 04:39:25,360 IN AND PUT THEIR BEST FOOT 6599 04:39:25,360 --> 04:39:27,360 FORWARD USEFUL DEFINITION OF 6600 04:39:27,360 --> 04:39:31,640 INTERNAL STATE, MAYBE DEFINITION 6601 04:39:31,640 --> 04:39:35,160 LOOSE SYSTEM NEEDS TO MOST WORK. 6602 04:39:35,160 --> 04:39:36,320 >> MAYBE I CAN ANSWER YOUR 6603 04:39:36,320 --> 04:39:38,360 QUESTION WITH ANOTHER QUESTION. 6604 04:39:38,360 --> 04:39:40,400 WHETHER WHEN WE SAY INTERNAL 6605 04:39:40,400 --> 04:39:41,720 STATE, WHAT TEMPORAL SCALE WE 6606 04:39:41,720 --> 04:39:43,200 ARE TALKING ABOUT. 6607 04:39:43,200 --> 04:39:48,080 THERE IS LIKE -- IS IT -- IS THE 6608 04:39:48,080 --> 04:39:51,320 BRAIN TEMPO INTERNAL STATE OR IS 6609 04:39:51,320 --> 04:39:54,920 IT JUST LIKE MULTIPLE AT THE 6610 04:39:54,920 --> 04:39:55,520 SAME TIME. 6611 04:39:55,520 --> 04:39:59,080 ONE THING THAT I WONDER A LOT. 6612 04:39:59,080 --> 04:40:02,040 WHAT LEVEL WE WILL DETERMINE 6613 04:40:02,040 --> 04:40:04,600 INTERNAL STATE. 6614 04:40:04,600 --> 04:40:06,280 BASICALLY TERMINAL FREQUENCY 6615 04:40:06,280 --> 04:40:09,400 LIKE SPARKING LEVEL OR IS IT 6616 04:40:09,400 --> 04:40:11,480 PEPTIDE LEVEL OR MORE IN IN THE 6617 04:40:11,480 --> 04:40:13,640 OTHER SIGNALING PATHWAYS THAT 6618 04:40:13,640 --> 04:40:17,960 WHAT IS HAPPENING IN THE BRAIN. 6619 04:40:17,960 --> 04:40:20,160 WILL IS DIFFERENT TIME SCALES 6620 04:40:20,160 --> 04:40:21,600 THAT WE DO NEED TO CONSIDER WHEN 6621 04:40:21,600 --> 04:40:23,600 WE ARE DISCUSSING INTERNAL STATE 6622 04:40:23,600 --> 04:40:28,400 AS WELL, I THINK A VERY 6623 04:40:28,400 --> 04:40:29,400 CHALLENGING OPTICS TO ADDRESS -- 6624 04:40:29,400 --> 04:40:31,800 TOPICS TO ADDRESS. 6625 04:40:31,800 --> 04:40:34,240 >> I LIKE THAT INTRODUCTION 6626 04:40:34,240 --> 04:40:35,960 ABOUT THE CHALLENGE REDUCTION. 6627 04:40:35,960 --> 04:40:38,040 THAT IS THE LEAST CONCEPTUALLY I 6628 04:40:38,040 --> 04:40:40,160 FEEL LIKE THAT IS ONE OF THE 6629 04:40:40,160 --> 04:40:41,240 REASONS WE HAVE IDEA OF INTERNAL 6630 04:40:41,240 --> 04:40:41,440 STATE. 6631 04:40:41,440 --> 04:40:42,840 I TOTALLY AGREE THERE'S 6632 04:40:42,840 --> 04:40:43,760 DIFFERENT TIME SCALES BUT WHAT 6633 04:40:43,760 --> 04:40:45,600 IS INTERESTING IS THOSE TIME 6634 04:40:45,600 --> 04:40:48,080 SCALES WILL NEED DIFFERENT 6635 04:40:48,080 --> 04:40:48,440 IMPLEMENTATIONS. 6636 04:40:48,440 --> 04:40:55,440 WHICH REALLY FUN TO FIGURE OUT. 6637 04:40:55,440 --> 04:40:56,560 >> LOOKS LIKE OUR SESSION TIMER 6638 04:40:56,560 --> 04:40:59,960 IS UP. 6639 04:40:59,960 --> 04:41:00,920 >> I DON'T KNOW WHAT HAPPENS 6640 04:41:00,920 --> 04:41:03,760 NOW. 6641 04:41:03,760 --> 04:41:05,280 >> YOU CAN KEEP GOING FOR A 6642 04:41:05,280 --> 04:41:08,040 MINUTE UNTIL THEY CUT US OFF. 6643 04:41:08,040 --> 04:41:09,840 IN RESPONSE TO WHAT YOU SAID, 6644 04:41:09,840 --> 04:41:11,920 THE IDEA OF MAYBE THAT THERE'S 6645 04:41:11,920 --> 04:41:12,720 PARALLEL DIFFERENT TIME SCALES 6646 04:41:12,720 --> 04:41:15,520 OF BEHAVIOR GOING ON LIKE 6647 04:41:15,520 --> 04:41:17,760 SYNCHRONOUSLY FROM THE NESTED 6648 04:41:17,760 --> 04:41:19,360 VERSION WHERE HIERARCHICAL 6649 04:41:19,360 --> 04:41:20,480 VERSION WHERE THERE IS STATES 6650 04:41:20,480 --> 04:41:22,320 AND WITHIN THEM YOU ORGANIZE 6651 04:41:22,320 --> 04:41:25,280 FINER TIME SCALES, AND YET EVEN 6652 04:41:25,280 --> 04:41:27,040 IN C ELEGANS I DON'T HAVE A 6653 04:41:27,040 --> 04:41:30,000 CLEAR ANSWER WHETHER THERE'S 6654 04:41:30,000 --> 04:41:31,960 ARBITRARY TIME SCALES OF 6655 04:41:31,960 --> 04:41:34,400 BEHAVIORS IN PARALLEL VERSUS 6656 04:41:34,400 --> 04:41:35,280 TRUER HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION. 6657 04:41:35,280 --> 04:41:36,800 THAT MIGHT BE AT LEAST LIKE A 6658 04:41:36,800 --> 04:41:37,520 FRAMEWORK THAT FEELS LIKE WE 6659 04:41:37,520 --> 04:41:38,000 COULD SEPARATE OUT THOSE 6660 04:41:38,000 --> 04:41:38,840 DIFFERENT HYPOTHESES. 6661 04:41:38,840 --> 04:41:41,160 >> GOOD AFTERNOON, I'M WALTER 6662 04:41:41,160 --> 04:41:42,840 KOROSHETZ, DIRECTOR OF THE 6663 04:41:42,840 --> 04:41:43,440 NEUROLOGICAL INSTITUTE. 6664 04:41:43,440 --> 04:41:45,880 MY PLEASURE TO INTRODUCE DR. 6665 04:41:45,880 --> 04:41:47,480 ELIZABETH BUFFALO WHETHER OR NOT 6666 04:41:47,480 --> 04:41:48,480 WILL TALK ABOUT THE 6667 04:41:48,480 --> 04:41:50,080 NEURODYNAMICS MEMORY FORMATION 6668 04:41:50,080 --> 04:41:53,160 AND THE PRIMATE HIPPOCAMPUS. 6669 04:41:53,160 --> 04:41:55,320 SHE WILL TELL US HOW STUDYING 6670 04:41:55,320 --> 04:41:56,280 MONKEYS TO EXPLORE COMPLEX 6671 04:41:56,280 --> 04:41:58,560 VISUAL IMAGES AS LED TO NEW 6672 04:41:58,560 --> 04:42:00,240 INCITES ABILITY HOW NEURAL 6673 04:42:00,240 --> 04:42:02,360 FIRING PATTERNS AND OSCILLATORY 6674 04:42:02,360 --> 04:42:03,440 ACTIVITY DRIVE THE STRENGTH OF 6675 04:42:03,440 --> 04:42:04,040 MEMORIES. 6676 04:42:04,040 --> 04:42:05,880 I THINK WE WILL ALL PROFIT BY 6677 04:42:05,880 --> 04:42:08,080 HEARING HER THOUGHTS ON HOW 6678 04:42:08,080 --> 04:42:10,320 TEMPORAL ORDER OF EXPERIENCE 6679 04:42:10,320 --> 04:42:13,200 FEEDS INTO THE ANTIVIRAL CORTEX 6680 04:42:13,200 --> 04:42:15,280 NETWORK HIPPOCAMPUS TO CREATE A 6681 04:42:15,280 --> 04:42:18,160 TOPOLOGY THAT LINKS A VARIETY OF 6682 04:42:18,160 --> 04:42:20,360 MODALITIES OF EXPERIENCE WITHIN 6683 04:42:20,360 --> 04:42:21,280 A RELATIONAL NETWORK. 6684 04:42:21,280 --> 04:42:24,280 BOTH SPATIAL AND NON-SPATIAL 6685 04:42:24,280 --> 04:42:26,080 SALIENT EVENTS, MAYBE EVEN ALL 6686 04:42:26,080 --> 04:42:28,280 SALIENT EVENTS. 6687 04:42:28,280 --> 04:42:29,640 BEFORE CONTINUING WITH THE 6688 04:42:29,640 --> 04:42:30,680 INTRODUCTION IF YOU CAN SHOW THE 6689 04:42:30,680 --> 04:42:31,600 FIRST SLIDE, I WANT TO 6690 04:42:31,600 --> 04:42:35,240 ACKNOWLEDGE A TREMENDOUS 6691 04:42:35,240 --> 04:42:35,680 CONTRIBUTIONS OF WOMEN 6692 04:42:35,680 --> 04:42:37,560 SCIENTISTS TO THE BEGINNING, 6693 04:42:37,560 --> 04:42:39,280 PRESENT AND FUTURE OF THE BRAIN 6694 04:42:39,280 --> 04:42:39,600 INITIATIVE. 6695 04:42:39,600 --> 04:42:44,800 HERE IS A PHOTO OF ELIZABETH 6696 04:42:44,800 --> 04:42:52,280 BUFFALO MURPHY ADRIENNE ANN 6697 04:42:52,280 --> 04:42:56,480 CHURCHLIN ADRIENNE FAIRHALL AND 6698 04:42:56,480 --> 04:42:57,080 ELIZABETH SHAVER AT THE EARLY 6699 04:42:57,080 --> 04:42:59,880 DAYS OF BRAIN INITIATIVE AND NO 6700 04:42:59,880 --> 04:43:03,600 THIS IS NOT A BREAK IN TO SENATE 6701 04:43:03,600 --> 04:43:05,680 CHAMBER, THIS WAS AD BRIEFING 6702 04:43:05,680 --> 04:43:10,800 THE GREAT SCIENTISTS GAVE TO 6703 04:43:10,800 --> 04:43:11,880 CONGRESSIONAL FOLKS. 6704 04:43:11,880 --> 04:43:14,640 SO IF WE COULD TAKE DOWN THE 6705 04:43:14,640 --> 04:43:16,600 SLIDE NOW, ELIZABETH IS THE 6706 04:43:16,600 --> 04:43:18,840 CHAIR AND THE PROFESSOR OF 6707 04:43:18,840 --> 04:43:22,120 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY AND 6708 04:43:22,120 --> 04:43:23,440 BIOPHYSICS, THE WAYNE ENDOWED 6709 04:43:23,440 --> 04:43:25,880 CHAIR, CHAIR OF PHYSIOLOGY 6710 04:43:25,880 --> 04:43:27,000 BIOPHYSICS UNIVERSITY OF 6711 04:43:27,000 --> 04:43:29,600 WASHINGTON, SHE ATTENDED WELLSLY 6712 04:43:29,600 --> 04:43:31,880 COLLEGE AND WITH A STINT AT 6713 04:43:31,880 --> 04:43:33,440 OXFORD STUDYING PHILOSOPHY. 6714 04:43:33,440 --> 04:43:35,680 THEN WENT ON TO STUDY BOTH 6715 04:43:35,680 --> 04:43:36,880 PHILOSOPHY AND PHYSIOLOGY AT THE 6716 04:43:36,880 --> 04:43:39,080 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN 6717 04:43:39,080 --> 04:43:39,560 DIEGO. 6718 04:43:39,560 --> 04:43:44,480 GOT HER Ph.D. AND LARRY SQUIRE 6719 04:43:44,480 --> 04:43:47,880 AND WENT TO NIMH INTRAMURAL NIH 6720 04:43:47,880 --> 04:43:52,360 PROGRAM WITH BOB DESIMONE OUT OF 6721 04:43:52,360 --> 04:43:54,880 HERSELF ACADEMIC JOB AT EMORY, 6722 04:43:54,880 --> 04:43:56,480 RISING TO ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR 6723 04:43:56,480 --> 04:43:58,760 AND THEN TO UNIVERSITY OF 6724 04:43:58,760 --> 04:43:59,400 WASHINGTON IN 2012. 6725 04:43:59,400 --> 04:44:00,880 LABORATORY IS IDENTIFIED NOVEL 6726 04:44:00,880 --> 04:44:03,720 SIGNAL IN THE MONKEY HIPPOCAMPUS 6727 04:44:03,720 --> 04:44:05,680 AS THE SINGLE NEURON AND NETWORK 6728 04:44:05,680 --> 04:44:06,880 LEVEL THAT UNDERLIE MEMORY 6729 04:44:06,880 --> 04:44:07,360 FORMATION. 6730 04:44:07,360 --> 04:44:08,840 SO IT IS A GREAT PLEASURE 6731 04:44:08,840 --> 04:44:10,800 LOOKING FORWARD TO THE TALK 6732 04:44:10,800 --> 04:44:11,080 ELIZABETH. 6733 04:44:11,080 --> 04:44:16,320 OVER TO YOU. 6734 04:44:16,320 --> 04:44:17,760 >> THANK YOU, WALTER. 6735 04:44:17,760 --> 04:44:19,280 FOR THAT GREAT INTRODUCTION. 6736 04:44:19,280 --> 04:44:21,320 ALSO FOR THAT WONDERFUL MEMORY 6737 04:44:21,320 --> 04:44:22,280 AND THAT PHOTO. 6738 04:44:22,280 --> 04:44:25,360 I DEFINITELY REMEMBER THAT DAY. 6739 04:44:25,360 --> 04:44:27,960 AND THAT WAS SUCH A GREAT EVENT. 6740 04:44:27,960 --> 04:44:29,160 REALLY FUN TO BE PART OF THE 6741 04:44:29,160 --> 04:44:30,080 EARLY DAYS OF THE BRAIN 6742 04:44:30,080 --> 04:44:33,480 INITIATIVE. 6743 04:44:33,480 --> 04:44:35,400 I'M EXCITED TO BE ABLE TO TELL 6744 04:44:35,400 --> 04:44:38,120 YOU ABOUT SOME RECENT WORK 6745 04:44:38,120 --> 04:44:38,360 TODAY. 6746 04:44:38,360 --> 04:44:39,880 AND REALLY JUST TO SAY FROM THE 6747 04:44:39,880 --> 04:44:42,640 BEGINNING THAT MOST OF THIS WORK 6748 04:44:42,640 --> 04:44:43,640 WOULDN'T HAVE BEEN POSSIBLE 6749 04:44:43,640 --> 04:44:45,560 WITHOUT THE GENEROUS SUPPORT 6750 04:44:45,560 --> 04:44:52,760 FROM THE BRAIN INITIATIVE. 6751 04:44:52,760 --> 04:44:54,720 WHEN YOU KNOW YOU WILL HEAR A 6752 04:44:54,720 --> 04:44:55,880 TALK ABOUT THE HYMN CAP PUS MOST 6753 04:44:55,880 --> 04:44:58,920 OF YOU ARE HOLDING TWO IDEAS 6754 04:44:58,920 --> 04:45:02,600 SIMULTANEOUSLY IN YOUR MINDS. 6755 04:45:02,600 --> 04:45:04,160 MEMORY AND SPATIAL NAVIGATION. 6756 04:45:04,160 --> 04:45:06,520 SO STEMMING FROM THE PIONEERING 6757 04:45:06,520 --> 04:45:09,000 WORK OF BRENDA MILNER IN THE 6758 04:45:09,000 --> 04:45:11,680 1950s, PATIENTS LIKE PATIENT 6759 04:45:11,680 --> 04:45:12,480 HM WHO SUFFERED FROM DAMAGE TO 6760 04:45:12,480 --> 04:45:15,920 THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MEDIAL 6761 04:45:15,920 --> 04:45:19,360 TEMPORAL LOBE CORTEX HAVE 6762 04:45:19,360 --> 04:45:21,360 SEVERELY IMPAIRED MEMORY. 6763 04:45:21,360 --> 04:45:23,280 FROM A PARALLEL LINE OF RESEARCH 6764 04:45:23,280 --> 04:45:24,920 BEGINNING WITH JOHN O'KEEFFE IN 6765 04:45:24,920 --> 04:45:26,720 THE 1970s INCLUDING THE 6766 04:45:26,720 --> 04:45:29,800 BEAUTIFUL WORK OF ED HART AND 6767 04:45:29,800 --> 04:45:31,680 MARGARET MORRIS FROM 2000s, 6768 04:45:31,680 --> 04:45:34,560 CELLS IN THE RODENT HIPPOCAMPUS 6769 04:45:34,560 --> 04:45:36,800 AND INTRONNAL CORTEX SHOW 6770 04:45:36,800 --> 04:45:39,520 EXQUISITE SPATIAL 6771 04:45:39,520 --> 04:45:40,280 REPRESENTATIONS. 6772 04:45:40,280 --> 04:45:43,760 SO MY LAB FOCUSES ON 6773 04:45:43,760 --> 04:45:44,440 UNDERSTANDING NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL 6774 04:45:44,440 --> 04:45:46,360 SIGNALS IN THE MONKEY RELATED TO 6775 04:45:46,360 --> 04:45:48,080 MEMORY AND AS I WILL DESCRIBE IN 6776 04:45:48,080 --> 04:45:51,280 A MOMENT UTILIZING A 6777 04:45:51,280 --> 04:45:54,040 NATURALISTIC VIEWING TEST WE 6778 04:45:54,040 --> 04:45:55,360 UNWHITTINGLY DISCOVERED FOR RUMS 6779 04:45:55,360 --> 04:45:56,400 OF SPATIAL REPRESENTATION AND 6780 04:45:56,400 --> 04:45:57,640 SPENT SEVERAL YEARS TRYING TO 6781 04:45:57,640 --> 04:45:59,520 LEARN FROM THE MONKEY MODEL HOW 6782 04:45:59,520 --> 04:46:02,280 WE MIGHT RESOLVE APPARENT 6783 04:46:02,280 --> 04:46:05,080 CONTROVERSY BETWEEN SPATIAL AND 6784 04:46:05,080 --> 04:46:06,280 PNEUMONIC VIEWS IN THE 6785 04:46:06,280 --> 04:46:06,560 HIPPOCAMPUS. 6786 04:46:06,560 --> 04:46:08,200 A MONKEY PROVIDED GREAT 6787 04:46:08,200 --> 04:46:10,200 OPPORTUNITY FOR BRIDGING THE GAP 6788 04:46:10,200 --> 04:46:11,720 BETWEEN THESE TWO SPECIES OF 6789 04:46:11,720 --> 04:46:13,640 HUMANS AND RODENTS. 6790 04:46:13,640 --> 04:46:15,840 WE CAN TRAIN OUR MONKEYS TO 6791 04:46:15,840 --> 04:46:17,080 PERFORM BEHAVIORAL TASKS THAT 6792 04:46:17,080 --> 04:46:19,440 PARALLEL TASK USED IN HUMAN 6793 04:46:19,440 --> 04:46:21,040 PATIENTS AND WE CAN ADAPT TOOLS 6794 04:46:21,040 --> 04:46:24,080 AND TECHNIQUES FROM RODENT 6795 04:46:24,080 --> 04:46:25,160 NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES TO 6796 04:46:25,160 --> 04:46:26,400 RECORD ACTIVITY OF POPULATIONS 6797 04:46:26,400 --> 04:46:28,200 FROM SINGLE NEURONS DEEP IN THE 6798 04:46:28,200 --> 04:46:32,200 MACAQUE BRAIN. 6799 04:46:32,200 --> 04:46:34,280 SO TODAY I WANT TO TELL YOU 6800 04:46:34,280 --> 04:46:36,200 THREE LINES OF RESEARCH IN MY 6801 04:46:36,200 --> 04:46:37,440 LAB, IN THE FIRST I WILL 6802 04:46:37,440 --> 04:46:39,640 DESCRIBE OUR DISCOVERIES AROUND 6803 04:46:39,640 --> 04:46:40,480 SPATIAL REPRESENTATIONS MANY THE 6804 04:46:40,480 --> 04:46:43,040 MONKEY MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE. 6805 04:46:43,040 --> 04:46:44,800 THESE WERE DISCOVERED DURING 6806 04:46:44,800 --> 04:46:46,320 TASKS MONKEYS WERE PERFORMING 6807 04:46:46,320 --> 04:46:49,680 TASKS THAT UTILIZE NATURALISTIC 6808 04:46:49,680 --> 04:46:51,320 VIEW AND BEHAVIOR, THESE 6809 04:46:51,320 --> 04:46:52,640 REPRESENTATIONS ARE ASSOCIATED 6810 04:46:52,640 --> 04:46:55,360 WITH VISUAL EXPLORATION. 6811 04:46:55,360 --> 04:46:57,040 THEN ALSO I WILL PRESENT NEWEST 6812 04:46:57,040 --> 04:47:00,200 DATA USING VIRTUAL REALITY 6813 04:47:00,200 --> 04:47:01,480 IMMERSIVE VIDEO GAMES FOR 6814 04:47:01,480 --> 04:47:03,680 MONKEYS TO PROBE THE MECHANISMS 6815 04:47:03,680 --> 04:47:04,960 OF REFORMATION UNDERSTANDING THE 6816 04:47:04,960 --> 04:47:07,080 NATURE OF THE COGNITIVE MAP. 6817 04:47:07,080 --> 04:47:09,360 AT THE END I WILL DISCUSS OUR 6818 04:47:09,360 --> 04:47:11,000 WORK LOOKING AT RHYTHMIC 6819 04:47:11,000 --> 04:47:11,840 NEURONAL ACTIVITY IN THE 6820 04:47:11,840 --> 04:47:13,120 HIPPOCAMPUS AND RELATIONSHIPS 6821 04:47:13,120 --> 04:47:15,080 BETWEEN HIPPOCAMPAL ACTIVITY AND 6822 04:47:15,080 --> 04:47:16,760 EYE MOVEMENTS. 6823 04:47:16,760 --> 04:47:18,400 TOGETHER I THINK THESE STUDIES 6824 04:47:18,400 --> 04:47:22,560 HAVE LED TO EMERGING IDEA ABOUT 6825 04:47:22,560 --> 04:47:24,960 HOW WE MIGHT RECONCILE THIS 6826 04:47:24,960 --> 04:47:26,880 SPATIAL PNEUMONIC VIEWS OF THE 6827 04:47:26,880 --> 04:47:31,040 FUNCTION OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS. 6828 04:47:31,040 --> 04:47:32,920 SO ONE THING THAT IS CLEARLY 6829 04:47:32,920 --> 04:47:34,680 DIFFERENT ABOUT PRIMATES AND 6830 04:47:34,680 --> 04:47:36,640 RODENTS IS VISION IS A PRIMARY 6831 04:47:36,640 --> 04:47:38,560 SENSORY MODALITY FOR PRIMATES. 6832 04:47:38,560 --> 04:47:40,200 WE USE EYE MOVEMENT TO EXPLORE 6833 04:47:40,200 --> 04:47:41,720 THE WORLD AROUND US. 6834 04:47:41,720 --> 04:47:43,800 WITHOUT NECESSARILY NEEDING TO 6835 04:47:43,800 --> 04:47:45,760 PHYSICALLY MOVE AROUND IN OUR 6836 04:47:45,760 --> 04:47:46,080 ENVIRONMENT. 6837 04:47:46,080 --> 04:47:48,280 IN THE LATE 1960s ALFRED 6838 04:47:48,280 --> 04:47:50,720 JARVIS MADE THE DISCOVERY THAT 6839 04:47:50,720 --> 04:47:51,720 EYE MOVEMENTS PROVIDE 6840 04:47:51,720 --> 04:47:52,960 INTERESTING INDEX INTO SUBJECTS 6841 04:47:52,960 --> 04:47:53,920 COGNITION. 6842 04:47:53,920 --> 04:47:55,480 SO AS WE MOVE OUR EYES 6843 04:47:55,480 --> 04:47:57,480 DIFFERENTLY DEPENDING ON IN THIS 6844 04:47:57,480 --> 04:48:00,120 EXPERIMENT THE INSTRUCTIONS THAT 6845 04:48:00,120 --> 04:48:01,200 JARVIS GAVE TO HIS SUBJECTS SO 6846 04:48:01,200 --> 04:48:03,880 EITHER TO EXAMINE THE PAINTING 6847 04:48:03,880 --> 04:48:05,920 FREELY OR ESTIMATE THE MATERIAL 6848 04:48:05,920 --> 04:48:07,280 CIRCUMSTANCES OF OUR FAMILY. 6849 04:48:07,280 --> 04:48:08,880 SO YOU CAN SEE THE DRAMATIC 6850 04:48:08,880 --> 04:48:12,520 DIFFERENCE IN THE EYE MOVEMENTS 6851 04:48:12,520 --> 04:48:15,120 MANY THE SCAN PATH HERE SHOWN IN 6852 04:48:15,120 --> 04:48:15,320 WHITE. 6853 04:48:15,320 --> 04:48:17,480 IN OUR WORK WE ALSO IDENTIFIED 6854 04:48:17,480 --> 04:48:18,920 CHANGES IN EYE MOVEMENTS THAT 6855 04:48:18,920 --> 04:48:22,800 REFLECT MEMORY FOR PARTICULAR 6856 04:48:22,800 --> 04:48:23,040 SCENES. 6857 04:48:23,040 --> 04:48:24,800 IN MANY EXPERIMENTS WE TRAIN 6858 04:48:24,800 --> 04:48:26,240 MONKEYS TO SIT IN FRONT OF 6859 04:48:26,240 --> 04:48:27,800 COMPUTER MONITOR AND WE HAVE 6860 04:48:27,800 --> 04:48:29,480 ALLOWED THEM TO FREELY VIEW A 6861 04:48:29,480 --> 04:48:31,600 SERIES OF COMPLEX SCENES WHILE 6862 04:48:31,600 --> 04:48:32,680 WE RECORDED NEURAL ACTIVITY IN 6863 04:48:32,680 --> 04:48:34,280 THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND THE 6864 04:48:34,280 --> 04:48:37,920 INTRONNAL CORTEX. 6865 04:48:37,920 --> 04:48:40,000 WHILE WE WERE EXAMINING NEURAL 6866 04:48:40,000 --> 04:48:42,000 SIGNALS RELATED TO MEMORY FROM 6867 04:48:42,000 --> 04:48:43,680 VISUAL SCENES, AND THE SCAN PACK 6868 04:48:43,680 --> 04:48:45,440 FOR MONKEY VIEWING THIS SCENE IS 6869 04:48:45,440 --> 04:48:47,320 SHOWN HERE OVER LAID IN BLUE. 6870 04:48:47,320 --> 04:48:49,720 AS WE OBSERVE THE WAY MONKEYS 6871 04:48:49,720 --> 04:48:50,760 VIEW THESE SCENES WE HAD THE 6872 04:48:50,760 --> 04:48:52,880 IDEA THAT MAYBE PRIMATES USE EYE 6873 04:48:52,880 --> 04:48:54,680 MOVEMENT TO EXPLORE SPACE 6874 04:48:54,680 --> 04:48:56,560 SIMILAR TO THE WAY RODENTS 6875 04:48:56,560 --> 04:48:59,680 EXPLORE THEIR ENVIRONMENT BY 6876 04:48:59,680 --> 04:49:00,720 MOVING AROUND. 6877 04:49:00,720 --> 04:49:02,880 FROM THE STUDIES OF 6878 04:49:02,880 --> 04:49:04,160 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPLORATION IN 6879 04:49:04,160 --> 04:49:06,160 RODENTS, SEVERAL PRIMARY CELL 6880 04:49:06,160 --> 04:49:08,000 TYPES HAD BEEN DISCOVERED. 6881 04:49:08,000 --> 04:49:09,440 SO JOHN O'KEEFFE WHO I MENTIONED 6882 04:49:09,440 --> 04:49:10,920 EARLY WHERE REAR DISCOVERED 6883 04:49:10,920 --> 04:49:12,560 HIPPOCAMPAL PLACED CELLS, THESE 6884 04:49:12,560 --> 04:49:14,440 ARE CELLS IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS 6885 04:49:14,440 --> 04:49:16,080 THAT RESPOND WHENEVER THE RAT IS 6886 04:49:16,080 --> 04:49:17,560 IN ONE LOCATION WITHIN THE 6887 04:49:17,560 --> 04:49:18,120 ENVIRONMENT. 6888 04:49:18,120 --> 04:49:22,240 THEN IN THE EARLY 2000s WITH 6889 04:49:22,240 --> 04:49:23,880 STUDENTS DISCOVERED GRID CELLS 6890 04:49:23,880 --> 04:49:29,160 IN THE ADJACENT INTERRAL CORTEX 6891 04:49:29,160 --> 04:49:30,600 THESE ARE CELLS THAT RESPOND TO 6892 04:49:30,600 --> 04:49:31,720 MULTIPLE LOCATIONS IN THE 6893 04:49:31,720 --> 04:49:34,480 ENVIRONMENT AND FIELDS FOR THESE 6894 04:49:34,480 --> 04:49:37,080 NEURONS PERFORM A PERFECTED GRID 6895 04:49:37,080 --> 04:49:37,480 IN THE ENVIRONMENT. 6896 04:49:37,480 --> 04:49:39,040 THESE ARE BORDER CELLS THAT FIRE 6897 04:49:39,040 --> 04:49:42,680 WHEN RAT IS MOVE ALONG ONE EDGE 6898 04:49:42,680 --> 04:49:44,080 OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND HEAD 6899 04:49:44,080 --> 04:49:45,200 DIRECTION CELLS WERE DISCOVERED 6900 04:49:45,200 --> 04:49:46,880 SO THESE ARE CELLS THAT FIRE 6901 04:49:46,880 --> 04:49:48,120 SELECTIVELY WHEN THE RAT IS 6902 04:49:48,120 --> 04:49:51,560 FACING OR MOVING IN A PARTICULAR 6903 04:49:51,560 --> 04:49:53,920 DIRECTION AND THESE CELLS ARE 6904 04:49:53,920 --> 04:49:56,480 IDENTIFIED IN THE ENTERONNAL 6905 04:49:56,480 --> 04:49:58,280 CORTEX AND THE THALAMUS AND 6906 04:49:58,280 --> 04:50:00,000 THESE KINDS OF RESPONSES HAVEN'T 6907 04:50:00,000 --> 04:50:04,680 BEEN IDENTIFIED IN PRIMATES. 6908 04:50:04,680 --> 04:50:07,440 SO IN OUR WORK THIS IS WITH 6909 04:50:07,440 --> 04:50:09,160 NATHAN KILLIAN WHO HAS HIS HONE 6910 04:50:09,160 --> 04:50:10,640 LAB AT EINSTEIN BUT WHEN HE WAS 6911 04:50:10,640 --> 04:50:13,280 A GRADUATE STUDENT IN MY LAB HE 6912 04:50:13,280 --> 04:50:16,680 WORD RECORDED FROM THE ENTERAL 6913 04:50:16,680 --> 04:50:19,000 CORE EXAND IDENTIFIED GRID LIKE 6914 04:50:19,000 --> 04:50:20,880 ACTIVITY RELATED TO THE MONKEY 6915 04:50:20,880 --> 04:50:21,720 SCAN PATH. 6916 04:50:21,720 --> 04:50:23,280 IN THE LEFT THE YEAH LINES 6917 04:50:23,280 --> 04:50:25,800 REPRESENT THE MONKEY SCAN PATH 6918 04:50:25,800 --> 04:50:27,080 VIEWED HUNDREDS OF COMPLEX 6919 04:50:27,080 --> 04:50:29,880 IMAGES, SO ALL THE SCAN PATHS 6920 04:50:29,880 --> 04:50:30,680 ARE OVERLAID. 6921 04:50:30,680 --> 04:50:32,200 AND THE RED DOTS INDICATE WHERE 6922 04:50:32,200 --> 04:50:34,040 THE MONKEY WAS LOOKING ON THE 6923 04:50:34,040 --> 04:50:35,920 SCREEN WHEN THIS PARTICULAR VIR 6924 04:50:35,920 --> 04:50:37,320 RON FIRED ACTION POTENTIAL. 6925 04:50:37,320 --> 04:50:39,280 SO THE MIDDLE PLOT SHOWS THE 6926 04:50:39,280 --> 04:50:40,920 FIRING RATE OF THE HEAT MAP AND 6927 04:50:40,920 --> 04:50:43,480 THEN THE RIGHT PLOT SHOWS THE 6928 04:50:43,480 --> 04:50:44,680 AUTOCORRELATION OF FIRING RATE 6929 04:50:44,680 --> 04:50:46,760 MAP WHICH HIGHLIGHTS THE GRID 6930 04:50:46,760 --> 04:50:47,360 LIKE ACTIVITY. 6931 04:50:47,360 --> 04:50:50,280 SO THIS IS A PRETTY SURPRISING 6932 04:50:50,280 --> 04:50:52,360 FINDING FOR US IN THE LAB. 6933 04:50:52,360 --> 04:50:53,880 AND I WOULD SAY IT REALLY 6934 04:50:53,880 --> 04:50:55,920 CHANGED THE FOCUS OF MY RESEARCH 6935 04:50:55,920 --> 04:50:57,040 FOR A WHILE. 6936 04:50:57,040 --> 04:50:59,560 SO THIS SLIDE SHOWS A SUMMARY OF 6937 04:50:59,560 --> 04:51:01,440 WORK OVER THE PAST DECADE SINCE 6938 04:51:01,440 --> 04:51:03,680 THAT FIRST PUBLICATION. 6939 04:51:03,680 --> 04:51:04,720 DURING THAT TIME WE HAVE BEEN 6940 04:51:04,720 --> 04:51:07,200 ABLE TO IDENTIFY ALL OF THE SAME 6941 04:51:07,200 --> 04:51:08,440 KINDS OF SPATIAL REPRESENTATIONS 6942 04:51:08,440 --> 04:51:10,680 THAT HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN 6943 04:51:10,680 --> 04:51:10,920 RODENTS. 6944 04:51:10,920 --> 04:51:13,200 SO GRID CELLS AND BORDER CELLS 6945 04:51:13,200 --> 04:51:17,480 MANY THE ENTERONNAL CORTEX, 6946 04:51:17,480 --> 04:51:19,360 CELLS CALLED BECAUSE THEY WERE 6947 04:51:19,360 --> 04:51:22,040 SELECTED FOR ANGLE OF TRAJECTORY 6948 04:51:22,040 --> 04:51:24,600 OF THE EYE MOVEMENT AND WHICH 6949 04:51:24,600 --> 04:51:25,440 MAYBE ANALOGOUS TO HEAD 6950 04:51:25,440 --> 04:51:27,720 DIRECTION CELLS AND THEN MOST 6951 04:51:27,720 --> 04:51:29,200 RECENTLY PLACE CELLS IN THE 6952 04:51:29,200 --> 04:51:30,480 HIPPOCAMPUS. 6953 04:51:30,480 --> 04:51:32,120 SO AGAIN ALL THESE KINDS OF 6954 04:51:32,120 --> 04:51:33,680 REPRESENTATIONS WERE IDENTIFIED 6955 04:51:33,680 --> 04:51:36,080 WHEN THE MONKEYS WERE ENGAGED IN 6956 04:51:36,080 --> 04:51:36,880 VISUAL EXPLORATION SO MOVING 6957 04:51:36,880 --> 04:51:39,280 THEIR EYES AROUND. 6958 04:51:39,280 --> 04:51:43,360 TO EXPLORE COMPLEX SCENES. 6959 04:51:43,360 --> 04:51:45,920 BUT WE WERE ALSO INTERESTED IN 6960 04:51:45,920 --> 04:51:47,640 WHAT EXTENT THESE 6961 04:51:47,640 --> 04:51:48,480 REPRESENTATIONS MIGHT BE PRESENT 6962 04:51:48,480 --> 04:51:50,320 APART FROM EYE MOVEMENTS AND 6963 04:51:50,320 --> 04:51:51,880 MIGHT INSTEAD REFLECT THE 6964 04:51:51,880 --> 04:51:54,080 LOCATION OF ATTENTION. 6965 04:51:54,080 --> 04:51:56,360 SO VISITING STUDENT IN THE LAB 6966 04:51:56,360 --> 04:51:57,600 NICHOLAS DECIDED TO TEST THIS 6967 04:51:57,600 --> 04:52:00,240 IDEA BY TRAINING MONKEYS TO 6968 04:52:00,240 --> 04:52:01,520 FIXATE A CENTRAL CROSS WHILE HE 6969 04:52:01,520 --> 04:52:03,000 PRESENTED A STIMULUS MOVING MANY 6970 04:52:03,000 --> 04:52:04,680 THE THE PERIPHERY. 6971 04:52:04,680 --> 04:52:07,280 THE MONKEYS WERE REWARD FOR 6972 04:52:07,280 --> 04:52:08,320 MAINTAINING CENTRAL FIXATION SO 6973 04:52:08,320 --> 04:52:09,880 THEY COULDN'T MOVE THEIR EYES 6974 04:52:09,880 --> 04:52:12,240 BUT THEY WERE REWARDED FOR 6975 04:52:12,240 --> 04:52:13,760 COVERTLY ATTENDING TO THAT 6976 04:52:13,760 --> 04:52:15,200 PERIPHERAL STIMULUS AND THEN 6977 04:52:15,200 --> 04:52:16,080 RESPONDING BY RELEASING THEIR 6978 04:52:16,080 --> 04:52:18,640 HOLD ON A BAR, PLACED INSIDE 6979 04:52:18,640 --> 04:52:20,080 THEIR CHAIR WHEN THERE WAS A 6980 04:52:20,080 --> 04:52:22,880 SUBTLE LUMINESCE CHANGE IN THE 6981 04:52:22,880 --> 04:52:23,160 STIMULUS. 6982 04:52:23,160 --> 04:52:24,480 WE CAN TITRATE THAT CHANGE TO 6983 04:52:24,480 --> 04:52:26,640 MAKE SURE THE MONKEYS WERE 6984 04:52:26,640 --> 04:52:28,120 MAINTAINING ATTENTION IN ORDER 6985 04:52:28,120 --> 04:52:34,320 TO PERFORM WELL IN THE TASK. 6986 04:52:34,320 --> 04:52:36,200 SURPRISINGLY IN THIS EXPERIMENT 6987 04:52:36,200 --> 04:52:38,400 WHILE NICHOLAS RECORDED THE 6988 04:52:38,400 --> 04:52:39,320 ACTIVITY OF NEURONS IN THE 6989 04:52:39,320 --> 04:52:40,880 INTERNAL CORTEX HE FOUND 6990 04:52:40,880 --> 04:52:42,400 EVIDENCE FOR GRID LIKE ACTIVITY 6991 04:52:42,400 --> 04:52:43,680 AND EXAMPLE IS SHOWN HERE AT THE 6992 04:52:43,680 --> 04:52:45,320 BOTTOM WITH THE HEAT MAP ON THE 6993 04:52:45,320 --> 04:52:46,640 LEFT AND THE AUTOCORRELATION ON 6994 04:52:46,640 --> 04:52:48,200 THE RIGHT. 6995 04:52:48,200 --> 04:52:49,880 SO THIS ACTIVITY REFLECTED THE 6996 04:52:49,880 --> 04:52:52,680 LOCATION OF ATTENTION WITHOUT 6997 04:52:52,680 --> 04:52:54,800 PHYSICAL MOVEMENT SO WHILE THE 6998 04:52:54,800 --> 04:52:57,040 MONKEYS WERE MAINTAINING CENTRAL 6999 04:52:57,040 --> 04:52:57,680 FIBBIZATION THIS ACTIVITY 7000 04:52:57,680 --> 04:52:59,000 REFLECTED WHERE THE NEURON WAS 7001 04:52:59,000 --> 04:53:02,720 FIRING RELATIVE TO THE LOCATION 7002 04:53:02,720 --> 04:53:07,200 OF COHORT ATTENTION. 7003 04:53:07,200 --> 04:53:08,880 I THINK THERE WAS A CONCERN AT 7004 04:53:08,880 --> 04:53:11,280 LEAST IN OUR MINDS MAYBE THESE 7005 04:53:11,280 --> 04:53:13,960 FLAT TWO DIMENSIONAL 7006 04:53:13,960 --> 04:53:15,320 REPRESENTATIONS ARE NOT 7007 04:53:15,320 --> 04:53:18,360 ANALOGOUS TO CASE OF RODENTS 7008 04:53:18,360 --> 04:53:21,280 MOVING IN SPACE. 7009 04:53:21,280 --> 04:53:22,080 THEY CAN WHEN LEARN MORE TO 7010 04:53:22,080 --> 04:53:24,400 TRAIN MONKEYS TO PLAY VIDEO 7011 04:53:24,400 --> 04:53:26,040 GAMES IN VIRTUAL REALITY SO WE 7012 04:53:26,040 --> 04:53:28,920 TRAIN THEM TO USE A JOY STICK TO 7013 04:53:28,920 --> 04:53:31,200 NAVIGATE A VIRTUAL SPEISES 7014 04:53:31,200 --> 04:53:32,200 EXAMINE THE RESPONSES UNDER 7015 04:53:32,200 --> 04:53:34,000 THESE CONDITIONS. 7016 04:53:34,000 --> 04:53:36,200 SO I WANT TO SHOW YOU FIRST AN 7017 04:53:36,200 --> 04:53:40,600 OLD VIDEO, THIS IS ONE MONKEY 7018 04:53:40,600 --> 04:53:42,160 GUISEPPE USING THE JOY STICK TO 7019 04:53:42,160 --> 04:53:44,280 MOVE AROUND THE VIRTUAL ARENA. 7020 04:53:44,280 --> 04:53:45,960 SO EVERY TIME HE COLLIDES WITH A 7021 04:53:45,960 --> 04:53:48,960 VIRTUAL BANANA HE RECEIVES A 7022 04:53:48,960 --> 04:53:50,880 FOOD REWARD AND THAT IS 7023 04:53:50,880 --> 04:53:52,160 DELIVERED THROUGH A TUBE THAT IS 7024 04:53:52,160 --> 04:53:56,280 POSITIONED IN FRONT OF HIS 7025 04:53:56,280 --> 04:53:56,480 MOUTH. 7026 04:53:56,480 --> 04:54:03,880 I WENT FORWARD THERE. 7027 04:54:03,880 --> 04:54:05,360 SEE IF HE IS GOING TO PLAY. 7028 04:54:05,360 --> 04:54:07,080 HE'S RECEIVING FOOD REWARD INTO 7029 04:54:07,080 --> 04:54:08,080 A TUBE THAT IS POSITIONED IN 7030 04:54:08,080 --> 04:54:09,760 FRONT OF HIS MOUTH EVERY TIME HE 7031 04:54:09,760 --> 04:54:11,600 COLLIDES WITH A BANANA. 7032 04:54:11,600 --> 04:54:14,280 WE WERE ALSO TRACKING HIS EYE 7033 04:54:14,280 --> 04:54:15,200 MOVEMENT, THAT IS REPRESENTED IN 7034 04:54:15,200 --> 04:54:17,400 THIS VIDEO WITH THE WHITE 7035 04:54:17,400 --> 04:54:17,640 CIRCLE. 7036 04:54:17,640 --> 04:54:19,840 WE SAW LOTS OF INTERESTING 7037 04:54:19,840 --> 04:54:21,840 BEHAVIORS IN THIS OPEN FIELD 7038 04:54:21,840 --> 04:54:24,360 FORAGING SO MONKEYS TENDED TO 7039 04:54:24,360 --> 04:54:26,120 SORT OF EXPLORE THE ENVIRONMENT 7040 04:54:26,120 --> 04:54:30,360 FOR A BIT BEFORE THEY FOUND 7041 04:54:30,360 --> 04:54:31,520 BANANAS CLUSTERED AND MOVE 7042 04:54:31,520 --> 04:54:33,000 FORWARD FOR THOSE CLUSTERED 7043 04:54:33,000 --> 04:54:33,520 BANANAs. 7044 04:54:33,520 --> 04:54:35,080 HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF THIS HERE 7045 04:54:35,080 --> 04:54:36,280 IN THE VIDEO. 7046 04:54:36,280 --> 04:54:38,960 AND THEN MONKEYS ALSO SHOW 7047 04:54:38,960 --> 04:54:41,280 EVIDENCE FOR REMEMBERING THE 7048 04:54:41,280 --> 04:54:43,440 LOCATION OF THE NEXT CLOSEST 7049 04:54:43,440 --> 04:54:44,800 BANANA WHEN IT WAS OFF THE 7050 04:54:44,800 --> 04:54:46,320 SCREEN, SO SORT OF A MEMORY FOR 7051 04:54:46,320 --> 04:54:48,560 AT LEAST THE MOST RECENT LAY OUT 7052 04:54:48,560 --> 04:54:51,960 OF THE BANANAs. 7053 04:54:51,960 --> 04:54:54,280 AT THE SAME TIME WE ALSO WANTED 7054 04:54:54,280 --> 04:54:55,680 TO INCREASE OUR ABILITY TO 7055 04:54:55,680 --> 04:54:58,880 RECORD FROM A LARGER NUMBER OF 7056 04:54:58,880 --> 04:55:01,000 NEURONS SIMPLY COLLABORATED WITH 7057 04:55:01,000 --> 04:55:03,160 CHARLIE GRAY IN MONTANA TO 7058 04:55:03,160 --> 04:55:04,600 DEVELOP A MULTI-CHANNEL 7059 04:55:04,600 --> 04:55:08,040 MICRODRIVE THAT ALLOWED US TO 7060 04:55:08,040 --> 04:55:08,840 CHRONICALLY RECORD FROM 124 7061 04:55:08,840 --> 04:55:10,080 SINGLE WIRES DIRECTED TOWARDS 7062 04:55:10,080 --> 04:55:13,080 THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND THE 7063 04:55:13,080 --> 04:55:15,720 ENTERONNAL CORTEX AND I WANT TO 7064 04:55:15,720 --> 04:55:16,960 HIGHLIGHT ACKNOWLEDGE AGAIN MANY 7065 04:55:16,960 --> 04:55:18,760 ASPECT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF 7066 04:55:18,760 --> 04:55:20,200 THIS NEW RECORDING TECHNOLOGY 7067 04:55:20,200 --> 04:55:22,000 WERE MADE POSSIBLE THROUGH BRAIN 7068 04:55:22,000 --> 04:55:25,760 INITIATIVE FUNDING. 7069 04:55:25,760 --> 04:55:29,480 SO WHILE WE WERE RECORDING FROM 7070 04:55:29,480 --> 04:55:30,840 THIS MULTI-DRIVE WE TRAIN 7071 04:55:30,840 --> 04:55:32,760 MONKEYS TO PERFORM SPATIAL 7072 04:55:32,760 --> 04:55:34,320 MEMORY TASKS SIMILAR TO THOSE 7073 04:55:34,320 --> 04:55:37,000 USED IN RODENT EXPERIMENTS ONE 7074 04:55:37,000 --> 04:55:39,480 TASK WAS SPATIAL DELAYED AL 7075 04:55:39,480 --> 04:55:41,840 MATERIAL TEAR NATION TASK USING 7076 04:55:41,840 --> 04:55:44,280 A EYE MAZE, I WILL SHOW YOU A 7077 04:55:44,280 --> 04:55:52,240 VIDEO HOW THIS TASK WORKS. 7078 04:55:52,240 --> 04:55:58,280 SO NOW THE VIDEO IS PLAYING HERE 7079 04:55:58,280 --> 04:56:00,160 MONKEY IS REWARRED FOR CENTER 7080 04:56:00,160 --> 04:56:03,520 STEM OF THIS Y MAZE ALTERNATING 7081 04:56:03,520 --> 04:56:07,440 TRIALS TURNING LEFT OR RIGHT IN 7082 04:56:07,440 --> 04:56:09,160 ORDER TO FIND THE HIDDEN BANANA 7083 04:56:09,160 --> 04:56:11,280 AT THE END OF THE ARM HIDDEN IN 7084 04:56:11,280 --> 04:56:12,760 THIS STICKY HUT, WE ARE 7085 04:56:12,760 --> 04:56:15,600 MONITORING EYE MOVEMENTS, THERE 7086 04:56:15,600 --> 04:56:18,120 WAS A FOUR SECOND INTERTRIAL 7087 04:56:18,120 --> 04:56:20,800 INTERVAL SHOWN THERE IN THE DARK 7088 04:56:20,800 --> 04:56:23,080 SCREEN AND NOT SURE IF YOU CAN 7089 04:56:23,080 --> 04:56:24,280 HEAR THE SOUND THAT WE ARE 7090 04:56:24,280 --> 04:56:26,920 RECORDING IN THIS VIDEO YOU CAN 7091 04:56:26,920 --> 04:56:29,080 HOPEFULLY HEAR THE SOUND OF 7092 04:56:29,080 --> 04:56:30,720 SINGLE HIPPOCAMPAL NEURON FIRING 7093 04:56:30,720 --> 04:56:32,440 AND THIS NEURON ALONG WITH MANY 7094 04:56:32,440 --> 04:56:34,960 OTHERS THAT I WILL SHOW YOU IN A 7095 04:56:34,960 --> 04:56:36,600 MINUTE SHOWED A SPATIAL 7096 04:56:36,600 --> 04:56:36,880 SELECTIVITY. 7097 04:56:36,880 --> 04:56:38,280 SO THIS NEURON TENDED TO FIRE 7098 04:56:38,280 --> 04:56:40,400 WHEN THE MONKEY WAS AT THE END 7099 04:56:40,400 --> 04:56:43,160 OF THAT CHOICE -- AT THE CHOICE 7100 04:56:43,160 --> 04:56:44,720 POINT AT END OF CENTER ARM AND 7101 04:56:44,720 --> 04:56:48,360 FIRED A LOT AT THE END OF THE 7102 04:56:48,360 --> 04:56:51,640 LEFT WARD ARM BUT NOT THE END OF 7103 04:56:51,640 --> 04:56:58,400 THE RIGHT WARD ARM. 7104 04:56:58,400 --> 04:57:01,320 SO LET ME SHOW YOU NOW SOME DATA 7105 04:57:01,320 --> 04:57:04,640 FROM NEURONS RECORDED WHILE THE 7106 04:57:04,640 --> 04:57:05,880 MONKEY WAS PERFORMING THIS TASK. 7107 04:57:05,880 --> 04:57:07,560 WHAT YOU CAN SEE HERE ARE THE 7108 04:57:07,560 --> 04:57:10,480 TRIALS SEPARATED BY LEFT WARD 7109 04:57:10,480 --> 04:57:12,360 GOING AND RIGHT WARD GOING 7110 04:57:12,360 --> 04:57:15,360 TRIALS EACH ROW REPRESENTS A 7111 04:57:15,360 --> 04:57:17,480 DIFFERENT TRIAL AND BLACK MARKS 7112 04:57:17,480 --> 04:57:19,280 INDICATE TICK MARKS INDICATE A 7113 04:57:19,280 --> 04:57:20,680 SINGLE ACTION POTENTIAL SO YOU 7114 04:57:20,680 --> 04:57:23,040 CAN SEE FOR THIS EXAMPLE NEURON 7115 04:57:23,040 --> 04:57:25,480 TENDED TO FIRE QUITE A BIT DOWN 7116 04:57:25,480 --> 04:57:27,680 THE LEFT WARD ARM. 7117 04:57:27,680 --> 04:57:31,440 IN ORDER TO QUANTIFY THIS 7118 04:57:31,440 --> 04:57:33,200 BEHAVIOR FIRST WE CAN VISUALLY 7119 04:57:33,200 --> 04:57:35,400 LOOK AT INSPECT BY LOOKING AT 7120 04:57:35,400 --> 04:57:38,280 THE HEAT MAP SHOWN ON THE LEFT 7121 04:57:38,280 --> 04:57:39,600 WHERE YOU SEE INCREASE FIRING 7122 04:57:39,600 --> 04:57:44,320 RATE DOWN THE LEFT WARD ARM 7123 04:57:44,320 --> 04:57:46,360 INTUITIVELY FOR SPILL TO BE 7124 04:57:46,360 --> 04:57:50,000 SPATIALLY RESPONSIVE, WE WANTED 7125 04:57:50,000 --> 04:57:51,680 TO NULLIFY TWO REMAINING CRY 7126 04:57:51,680 --> 04:57:53,080 TIERIA. THE SPIKING NEEDS 7127 04:57:53,080 --> 04:57:55,600 AVENUE TARS SPATIAL LOCATION AND 7128 04:57:55,600 --> 04:57:58,480 ALSO MUST DO THIS CONSISTENT LID 7129 04:57:58,480 --> 04:57:59,840 SO MUST BE RELIABLE. 7130 04:57:59,840 --> 04:58:01,400 SO WE CAN QUANTIFY WHETHER EACH 7131 04:58:01,400 --> 04:58:02,720 CELL CARRIES MORE INFORMATION 7132 04:58:02,720 --> 04:58:05,120 ABOUT SPACE THAN WE EXPECT A 7133 04:58:05,120 --> 04:58:07,720 CHANCE BY PERFORMING A MONTE 7134 04:58:07,720 --> 04:58:10,360 CARLO SIMULATION WE SHUFFLE EACH 7135 04:58:10,360 --> 04:58:11,560 NEURON SPIKE TRAIN WITHIN AND 7136 04:58:11,560 --> 04:58:15,200 BETWEEN TRIALS TO BUILD A CHANCE 7137 04:58:15,200 --> 04:58:16,880 DISTRIBUTION AND THEN WE TAKE 7138 04:58:16,880 --> 04:58:17,880 ONLY THOSE CELLS WHERE THE 7139 04:58:17,880 --> 04:58:19,800 INFORMATION OBSERVED IS HIGHER 7140 04:58:19,800 --> 04:58:21,440 THAN EXPECT BY CHANCE. 7141 04:58:21,440 --> 04:58:23,360 SO HERE IN THIS DISTRIBUTION OF 7142 04:58:23,360 --> 04:58:25,640 THE POPULATION IN ORANGE I'M 7143 04:58:25,640 --> 04:58:28,160 SHOWING YOU ONE OF THESE 7144 04:58:28,160 --> 04:58:30,240 INFORMATION METRICS FOR 7145 04:58:30,240 --> 04:58:31,200 SPATIALLY RESPONSIVE CELLS AND 7146 04:58:31,200 --> 04:58:32,280 IN BLUE YOU CAN SEE DISTRIBUTION 7147 04:58:32,280 --> 04:58:35,240 FOR CELLS THAT DIDN'T PASS 7148 04:58:35,240 --> 04:58:37,080 CRITERION. 7149 04:58:37,080 --> 04:58:38,680 TO ASSESS THE CELL STABILITY WE 7150 04:58:38,680 --> 04:58:42,120 CAN ASK WHETHER PAIRS OF TRIALS 7151 04:58:42,120 --> 04:58:42,720 ACROSS EACH RECORDING SESSION 7152 04:58:42,720 --> 04:58:44,440 WHERE CORRELATED FIRING RATES 7153 04:58:44,440 --> 04:58:45,520 THAN YOU WOULD EXPECT WHEN 7154 04:58:45,520 --> 04:58:49,240 COMPARED TO A SIMILARLY SHUFFLED 7155 04:58:49,240 --> 04:58:49,760 DISTRIBUTION. 7156 04:58:49,760 --> 04:58:53,880 SO NOW SHOWING YOU HERE IN 7157 04:58:53,880 --> 04:58:57,200 ORANGE AGAIN THE POPULATION THAT 7158 04:58:57,200 --> 04:58:58,800 SHOWED SIGNIFICANT RELIABILITY 7159 04:58:58,800 --> 04:59:02,360 IN ORANGE AND ONES IN BLUE THAT 7160 04:59:02,360 --> 04:59:03,880 DID NOT. 7161 04:59:03,880 --> 04:59:06,360 WE CAN LOOK AT BOTH MEASURES 7162 04:59:06,360 --> 04:59:07,960 ACROSS THE POPULATION AND TAKE 7163 04:59:07,960 --> 04:59:12,840 HOME MESSAGE WITH E SEE A WE SEE POPULATIO N 7164 04:59:12,840 --> 04:59:14,400 OF NEURONS RELIABLE AND 7165 04:59:14,400 --> 04:59:15,000 INFORMATIVE ABOUT SPATIAL 7166 04:59:15,000 --> 04:59:20,760 LOCATION. 7167 04:59:20,760 --> 04:59:22,280 WHILE LOCATION IS THOUGHT TO BE 7168 04:59:22,280 --> 04:59:24,480 PRIMARY ROLE OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS 7169 04:59:24,480 --> 04:59:27,840 GOING BACK TO THE WORK OF ROLLS 7170 04:59:27,840 --> 04:59:32,320 IN THE '90s PRIMATE STUDIES 7171 04:59:32,320 --> 04:59:34,920 HAVE SHOWN IT CAN BE INTERPRETED 7172 04:59:34,920 --> 04:59:36,320 IN TO GAZE LOCATION AND THIS 7173 04:59:36,320 --> 04:59:37,600 MIXED ENCODING IS UNDERSCORED BY 7174 04:59:37,600 --> 04:59:39,080 RECENT WORK IN RODENTS THAT 7175 04:59:39,080 --> 04:59:41,280 SHOWS THAT MULTIPLE 7176 04:59:41,280 --> 04:59:42,360 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTE 7177 04:59:42,360 --> 04:59:45,040 TO THE POPULATION RESPONSES. 7178 04:59:45,040 --> 04:59:47,080 BUT HERE WE ALSO TESTED THE 7179 04:59:47,080 --> 04:59:50,480 EXTENT TO WHICH RESPONSES ARE 7180 04:59:50,480 --> 04:59:52,320 SENSITIVE TO GAZE LOCATION. 7181 04:59:52,320 --> 04:59:53,640 WE USE EYE TRACKING TO 7182 04:59:53,640 --> 04:59:58,360 RECONSTRUCT THE 3-D LOCATION OF 7183 04:59:58,360 --> 05:00:00,320 GAZE VIDEO ON THE LEFT SIDE WHAT 7184 05:00:00,320 --> 05:00:03,280 THIS LOOKS LIKE. 7185 05:00:03,280 --> 05:00:05,080 AT THE SAME TIME SHOWN HERE THE 7186 05:00:05,080 --> 05:00:06,240 ENVIRONMENT CONSISTS OF OBJECTS 7187 05:00:06,240 --> 05:00:08,840 SO TREES BUSHES BANANAs SO WE 7188 05:00:08,840 --> 05:00:11,000 CAN ALSO TEST WHETHER THE 7189 05:00:11,000 --> 05:00:12,480 RESPONSES COULD BE INTERPRETED 7190 05:00:12,480 --> 05:00:14,680 AS OBJECT SENSITIVITY. 7191 05:00:14,680 --> 05:00:16,400 ON THE RIGHT YOU CAN SEE TWO 7192 05:00:16,400 --> 05:00:19,120 EXAMPLES OF CELLS THAT SHOWED 7193 05:00:19,120 --> 05:00:20,680 GAZE CORRELATES, HIGHER FIRING 7194 05:00:20,680 --> 05:00:22,880 RATES WHEN MONKEY WAS LOOKING AT 7195 05:00:22,880 --> 05:00:27,200 A PARTICULAR OBJECT IN THE 7196 05:00:27,200 --> 05:00:28,440 ENVIRONMENT HOWEVER TAKEN AS 7197 05:00:28,440 --> 05:00:30,960 WHOLE THESE POPULATIONS WERE 7198 05:00:30,960 --> 05:00:32,040 MORE MINORITY WHAT WE OBSERVE 7199 05:00:32,040 --> 05:00:36,960 THROUGHOUT THE POPULATION. 7200 05:00:36,960 --> 05:00:38,880 SO THIS SLIDE SHOWS THE RATE 7201 05:00:38,880 --> 05:00:41,680 RESPONSES OF EACH OF O OUR 7202 05:00:41,680 --> 05:00:44,360 SPATIAL CELLS AND SO EACH ROW 7203 05:00:44,360 --> 05:00:45,160 REPRESENTS A DIFFERENT NEURONS 7204 05:00:45,160 --> 05:00:47,920 AND WHAT I HAVE DONE HERE IS 7205 05:00:47,920 --> 05:00:50,880 LINED THEM UP OR SORT BY 7206 05:00:50,880 --> 05:00:52,320 LOCATION OF PEAKIER FIRING AND 7207 05:00:52,320 --> 05:00:57,160 WE GET RESPONSES THAT ARE 7208 05:00:57,160 --> 05:00:59,600 SELECTIVE, CELLS THAT PASSED 7209 05:00:59,600 --> 05:01:00,880 CRITERION A COUPLE OF SLIDES AGO 7210 05:01:00,880 --> 05:01:02,520 AND THEY SPAN THE FULL RANGE OF 7211 05:01:02,520 --> 05:01:04,440 THE TASK OR AT LEAST IN THIS 7212 05:01:04,440 --> 05:01:05,840 SLIDE THE MAZE. 7213 05:01:05,840 --> 05:01:07,480 I'M SHOWING YOU THE LEFT WARD 7214 05:01:07,480 --> 05:01:12,000 ARM AND THE RIGHT WARD ARM WE 7215 05:01:12,000 --> 05:01:13,760 CAN LOOK AT METRIC HOW SIMILAR 7216 05:01:13,760 --> 05:01:15,880 EACH ARM IS TO ITSELF SO TO DO 7217 05:01:15,880 --> 05:01:17,320 THIS WE CAN COMPUTE THE 7218 05:01:17,320 --> 05:01:18,600 CORRELATION FOR THE POPULATION 7219 05:01:18,600 --> 05:01:19,880 VECTORS IN THE FIRST AND SECOND 7220 05:01:19,880 --> 05:01:22,320 HALF OF OUR RECORDING SESSION. 7221 05:01:22,320 --> 05:01:25,280 FOR EACH POINT AND SPACE. 7222 05:01:25,280 --> 05:01:26,680 BEFORE I SHOW YOU THE DATA I 7223 05:01:26,680 --> 05:01:28,680 GIVE YOU A SENSE WHAT IT MIGHT 7224 05:01:28,680 --> 05:01:29,440 LOOK LIKE. 7225 05:01:29,440 --> 05:01:32,280 SO YOU WILL RECALL ONE OF THE 7226 05:01:32,280 --> 05:01:33,240 REQUIREMENTS IN ORDER TO BE 7227 05:01:33,240 --> 05:01:34,520 INCLUDED IN THIS PLOT IS THAT 7228 05:01:34,520 --> 05:01:36,000 THE FIRST AND SECOND HALF OF THE 7229 05:01:36,000 --> 05:01:37,240 DATA MUST HAVE A SIGNIFICANT 7230 05:01:37,240 --> 05:01:38,520 CORRELATION. 7231 05:01:38,520 --> 05:01:41,000 SO WHAT THIS MEANS IS THAT WE 7232 05:01:41,000 --> 05:01:42,920 ARE GUARANTEED TO SEE THIS 7233 05:01:42,920 --> 05:01:44,480 YELLOW BAND INDICATING HIGH 7234 05:01:44,480 --> 05:01:49,320 CORRELATION DOWN DIAGONAL OF 7235 05:01:49,320 --> 05:01:50,880 CORRELATION DOWN THE MATRIX BUT 7236 05:01:50,880 --> 05:01:52,040 THE WIDTH TELLS US SOMETHING 7237 05:01:52,040 --> 05:01:52,520 IMPORTANT. 7238 05:01:52,520 --> 05:01:56,080 IF EACH LOCATION GETS A UNIQUE 7239 05:01:56,080 --> 05:01:56,760 REPRESENTATION THEN IN BAND WILL 7240 05:01:56,760 --> 05:01:57,200 BE NARROW. 7241 05:01:57,200 --> 05:01:59,720 BUT AS THE POPULATION RESPONSE 7242 05:01:59,720 --> 05:02:01,920 GETS LESS SPECIFIC THAN THIS 7243 05:02:01,920 --> 05:02:04,360 BAND GETS WIDER. 7244 05:02:04,360 --> 05:02:05,680 SO I DRAW YOUR ATTENTION TO 7245 05:02:05,680 --> 05:02:07,480 EXTREME CASE OF THIS. 7246 05:02:07,480 --> 05:02:11,320 IF ETHICS OF OUR TASK EACH HAVE 7247 05:02:11,320 --> 05:02:12,280 DISTINCT REPRESENTATION BUT 7248 05:02:12,280 --> 05:02:14,160 WITHIN ETHIC CODING IS 7249 05:02:14,160 --> 05:02:15,760 RELATIVELY NON-SPECIFIC, THEN WE 7250 05:02:15,760 --> 05:02:17,280 WOULD EXPECT TO SEE HIGH 7251 05:02:17,280 --> 05:02:18,920 CORRELATION ACROSS THE ENTIRETY 7252 05:02:18,920 --> 05:02:22,680 OF THE ETHIC. 7253 05:02:22,680 --> 05:02:24,360 SO HERE THEN SO H IS THE 7254 05:02:24,360 --> 05:02:26,840 CORRELATION BETWEEN THE LEFT ARM 7255 05:02:26,840 --> 05:02:29,480 AND ITSELF AND WHAT I HOPE YOU 7256 05:02:29,480 --> 05:02:31,080 IMMEDIATELY RECOGNIZE IS THAT 7257 05:02:31,080 --> 05:02:34,280 WHAT YOU SEE IMPOSED IS THE 7258 05:02:34,280 --> 05:02:35,360 STRUCTURE OF THE TASK REFLECTED 7259 05:02:35,360 --> 05:02:37,200 IN THIS CORRELATION MATRIX. 7260 05:02:37,200 --> 05:02:38,840 MEANING THAT THE POPULATION 7261 05:02:38,840 --> 05:02:40,080 REPRESENTATION IS BROADLY 7262 05:02:40,080 --> 05:02:44,320 SIMILAR WITHIN AN ARM BUT US 7263 05:02:44,320 --> 05:02:45,080 SIMILAR ACROSS ARMS. 7264 05:02:45,080 --> 05:02:49,760 AT ANOTHER WAY OF SAYING THIS IS 7265 05:02:49,760 --> 05:02:50,680 THAT -- SORRY. 7266 05:02:50,680 --> 05:02:52,480 ANOTHER WAY OF SAYING THIS IS 7267 05:02:52,480 --> 05:02:54,760 THAT EVEN THOUGH THERE'S NO 7268 05:02:54,760 --> 05:02:56,000 DISCONTINUITY IN SPACE BETWEEN 7269 05:02:56,000 --> 05:02:57,560 THE ARMS, ALL THAT HAPPENED WAS 7270 05:02:57,560 --> 05:02:59,400 THE MONKEY STOPPED TO TURN. 7271 05:02:59,400 --> 05:03:04,000 WE STILL SEE A DISCONTINUITY IN 7272 05:03:04,000 --> 05:03:04,920 NEURAL REPRESENTATION SO THIS 7273 05:03:04,920 --> 05:03:06,440 SUGGESTS IT IS THE STRUCTURE OF 7274 05:03:06,440 --> 05:03:11,360 THE TASK THAT'S SHAPING THIS 7275 05:03:11,360 --> 05:03:12,000 POPULATION LEVEL REPRESENTATION. 7276 05:03:12,000 --> 05:03:14,200 SO SPACE IS SEPARATED IN TO 7277 05:03:14,200 --> 05:03:19,480 THESE BEHAVIORALLY MEANINGFUL 7278 05:03:19,480 --> 05:03:20,040 CHUNKS. 7279 05:03:20,040 --> 05:03:23,320 WE ALSO IDENTIFIED VIRIONS THAT 7280 05:03:23,320 --> 05:03:24,760 RESPONDED TOKER FADESES OF THE 7281 05:03:24,760 --> 05:03:26,120 TASK SO APARTS FROM THE POSITION 7282 05:03:26,120 --> 05:03:27,480 IN THE MAZE, THESE INCLUDED 7283 05:03:27,480 --> 05:03:30,000 CELLS THAT RESPONDED TO THE 7284 05:03:30,000 --> 05:03:31,480 REWARDS, HERE ARE TWO EXAMPLE 7285 05:03:31,480 --> 05:03:32,280 CELLS SHOWN HERE. 7286 05:03:32,280 --> 05:03:33,520 THE DIFFERENT COLORS REPRESENT 7287 05:03:33,520 --> 05:03:37,040 THE LEFT WARD AND RIGHT WARD 7288 05:03:37,040 --> 05:03:37,720 GOING TRIALS. 7289 05:03:37,720 --> 05:03:39,520 CELLS THAT RESPONDED DURING THE 7290 05:03:39,520 --> 05:03:41,080 INNER TRIAL INTERVAL. 7291 05:03:41,080 --> 05:03:43,600 HERE IS TWO ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES 7292 05:03:43,600 --> 05:03:44,920 THAT SHOWED DISTINCT KINDS OF 7293 05:03:44,920 --> 05:03:47,200 RESPONSES BUT WITHIN THE INNER 7294 05:03:47,200 --> 05:03:49,840 TRIAL INTERVAL. 7295 05:03:49,840 --> 05:03:51,680 SO NOW IF WE LOOK AT THIS 7296 05:03:51,680 --> 05:03:52,880 POPULATION CORRELATION ACROSS 7297 05:03:52,880 --> 05:03:55,200 THE FULL RANGE OF THE TASK, 7298 05:03:55,200 --> 05:03:57,480 INCLUDING THE MAZE AS WELL AS 7299 05:03:57,480 --> 05:03:59,720 REWARD PERIOD AND THE INNER 7300 05:03:59,720 --> 05:04:02,600 TRIAL INTERVAL, IT IS CLEAR 7301 05:04:02,600 --> 05:04:04,000 AGAIN THAT THIS RESPONSE 7302 05:04:04,000 --> 05:04:05,560 POPULATION RESPONSE IS BEST 7303 05:04:05,560 --> 05:04:08,480 CHARACTERIZED AS EPIC LIKE SO 7304 05:04:08,480 --> 05:04:09,920 CHUNKING BEHAVIORALLY RELEVANT 7305 05:04:09,920 --> 05:04:12,120 PHASES OF THE TASK. 7306 05:04:12,120 --> 05:04:15,280 YOU CAN ALSO SEE IMPOSED A 7307 05:04:15,280 --> 05:04:15,880 HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE WITHIN 7308 05:04:15,880 --> 05:04:16,680 THE DIFFERENT ASPECT OF THE 7309 05:04:16,680 --> 05:04:21,480 TASK. 7310 05:04:21,480 --> 05:04:23,240 BECAUSE WE ARE WORKING IN 7311 05:04:23,240 --> 05:04:24,600 VIRTUAL REALITY WE CAN ALSO 7312 05:04:24,600 --> 05:04:25,960 PRETTY EASILY EXAMINE THESE 7313 05:04:25,960 --> 05:04:28,880 RESPONSES IN VISUALLY DISTINCT 7314 05:04:28,880 --> 05:04:31,160 ENVIRONMENTS, WE TRAIN THE 7315 05:04:31,160 --> 05:04:32,280 MONKEYS IN ONE ENVIRONMENT LIKE 7316 05:04:32,280 --> 05:04:35,080 I SHOWED IN VIDEO, AND THEN 7317 05:04:35,080 --> 05:04:36,400 WITHIN A GIVEN RECORDING 7318 05:04:36,400 --> 05:04:38,200 SESSION, WE CAN EXAMINE NEURAL 7319 05:04:38,200 --> 05:04:39,760 RESPONSES IN THAT ORIGINAL 7320 05:04:39,760 --> 05:04:43,360 ENVIRONMENT AS WELL AS IN 7321 05:04:43,360 --> 05:04:44,640 DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS. 7322 05:04:44,640 --> 05:04:47,160 HERE IS SOME EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE 7323 05:04:47,160 --> 05:04:49,080 FOUND. 7324 05:04:49,080 --> 05:04:50,560 RESPONSES CAN BE CONTEXT 7325 05:04:50,560 --> 05:04:51,280 DEPENDENT. 7326 05:04:51,280 --> 05:04:53,640 JUST TO GIVE YOU A SENSE OF HOW 7327 05:04:53,640 --> 05:04:57,120 WE DID THESE RECORDINGS, WE 7328 05:04:57,120 --> 05:04:58,240 FIRST RECORD NEURAL ACTIVITY 7329 05:04:58,240 --> 05:05:00,320 WHILE MONKEY PERFORMED TASK IN 7330 05:05:00,320 --> 05:05:02,880 ONE ENVIRONMENT AND WE WOULD 7331 05:05:02,880 --> 05:05:06,040 MOVE THE MONKEY VIRTUALLY IN A 7332 05:05:06,040 --> 05:05:06,960 SECOND ENVIRONMENT AND MOVE THEM 7333 05:05:06,960 --> 05:05:08,680 BACK INTO THE ORIGINAL 7334 05:05:08,680 --> 05:05:10,800 ENVIRONMENT SO WE CAN COMPARE 7335 05:05:10,800 --> 05:05:12,960 THE ACTIVITY WHEN MONKEY WAS 7336 05:05:12,960 --> 05:05:15,640 RECORDING OR PERFORMING THE TASK 7337 05:05:15,640 --> 05:05:18,120 ACROSS TWO VERSIONS OF THAT 7338 05:05:18,120 --> 05:05:19,680 ORIGINAL SESSION WRITTEN FOR 7339 05:05:19,680 --> 05:05:22,560 THIS NEURON WE SEE IDENTICAL 7340 05:05:22,560 --> 05:05:25,680 RESPONSES ACROSS THE TWO BLOCKS 7341 05:05:25,680 --> 05:05:30,400 OF TRIALS IN ENVIRONMENT A. 7342 05:05:30,400 --> 05:05:31,360 WE SEE A DIFFERENT RESPONSE WHEN 7343 05:05:31,360 --> 05:05:33,880 THE MONKEY PERFORMED THE SAME 7344 05:05:33,880 --> 05:05:36,600 TASK WITHIN A DISTINCT 7345 05:05:36,600 --> 05:05:36,880 ENVIRONMENT. 7346 05:05:36,880 --> 05:05:38,720 THESE CONTEXT DEPENDENT NEURONS 7347 05:05:38,720 --> 05:05:40,720 REPRESENTED A SMALL MINORITY OF 7348 05:05:40,720 --> 05:05:44,520 OUR OVERALL RESPONSES, ABOUT 17% 7349 05:05:44,520 --> 05:05:46,280 OF THE NEURONS SHOWED THIS 7350 05:05:46,280 --> 05:05:48,800 CONTEXT DEPENDENT, REMAPPED IN 7351 05:05:48,800 --> 05:05:50,560 THE DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS. 7352 05:05:50,560 --> 05:05:53,640 WHILE THE VAST MAJORITY OF THE 7353 05:05:53,640 --> 05:05:55,960 NEURONS SHOWED CONTEXT THEY WERE 7354 05:05:55,960 --> 05:05:58,280 NOT CONTEXT DEPENDENT. 7355 05:05:58,280 --> 05:06:01,680 THEY SHOW THE SAME RESPONSE 7356 05:06:01,680 --> 05:06:04,520 ACROSS -- THE SLIDES WENT TOO 7357 05:06:04,520 --> 05:06:05,360 FAR. 7358 05:06:05,360 --> 05:06:06,480 THEY SHOWED THE SAME RESPONSE IN 7359 05:06:06,480 --> 05:06:07,240 EACH OF THE DIFFERENT 7360 05:06:07,240 --> 05:06:10,920 ENVIRONMENTS. 7361 05:06:10,920 --> 05:06:16,240 SO WE WILL GO TO AN INTERIM 7362 05:06:16,240 --> 05:06:19,080 SUMMARY HERE WHAT HE IS DATA 7363 05:06:19,080 --> 05:06:20,880 DEMONSTRATE IS THAT HAVING A 7364 05:06:20,880 --> 05:06:24,480 LITTLE TROUBLE WITH THE SLIDE 7365 05:06:24,480 --> 05:06:26,280 CHANGER HERE. 7366 05:06:26,280 --> 05:06:28,680 GO BACK. 7367 05:06:28,680 --> 05:06:31,240 SO WHAT THESE DATA SUGGEST IS 7368 05:06:31,240 --> 05:06:33,680 THAT -- WHAT THEY SHOW IS FIRST 7369 05:06:33,680 --> 05:06:35,760 MONKEY HIPPOCAMPAL CELLS DO SHOW 7370 05:06:35,760 --> 05:06:37,680 SPATIAL CORRELATES IN THIS 7371 05:06:37,680 --> 05:06:39,880 STRUCTURED TASK IN VIRTUAL 7372 05:06:39,880 --> 05:06:40,280 REALITY. 7373 05:06:40,280 --> 05:06:42,280 AND THAT THE RESPONSES APPEAR TO 7374 05:06:42,280 --> 05:06:44,840 BE BETTER TUNED TO ETHICS OF OUR 7375 05:06:44,840 --> 05:06:49,120 TASK THAN TO SPECIFIC SPATIAL 7376 05:06:49,120 --> 05:06:49,400 LOCATIONS. 7377 05:06:49,400 --> 05:06:50,880 WE ALSO FOUND NEURONS THAT 7378 05:06:50,880 --> 05:06:52,840 REPRESENT NON-SPATIAL TASK 7379 05:06:52,840 --> 05:06:55,000 EVENTS LIKE REWARD PERIOD AND 7380 05:06:55,000 --> 05:06:56,920 INNER TRIAL INTERVAL BUT OVERALL 7381 05:06:56,920 --> 05:07:00,680 RESPONSES ARE PREDOMINANTLY CON 7382 05:07:00,680 --> 05:07:02,000 INVARIANT SO THEY DON'T CHANGE 7383 05:07:02,000 --> 05:07:03,680 AS WE MOVE MONKEY TO DISTINCT 7384 05:07:03,680 --> 05:07:06,120 ENVIRONMENTS. 7385 05:07:06,120 --> 05:07:08,280 SO TOGETHER WE WOULD SUGGEST 7386 05:07:08,280 --> 05:07:11,360 THESE DATA INDICATE HIPPOEXAMPLE 7387 05:07:11,360 --> 05:07:12,320 NEURONS REPRESENT BEHAVIORALLY 7388 05:07:12,320 --> 05:07:16,000 RELEVANT FEATURES OF ONGOING 7389 05:07:16,000 --> 05:07:16,280 EXPERIENCES. 7390 05:07:16,280 --> 05:07:17,720 THIS STARTS TO UNCOVER MORE 7391 05:07:17,720 --> 05:07:20,760 ABOUT THE NATURE OF THE PRIMATE 7392 05:07:20,760 --> 05:07:22,120 COGNITIVE MAP THAT WHAT IT IS 7393 05:07:22,120 --> 05:07:24,320 INVOLVED IN IS CARVING 7394 05:07:24,320 --> 05:07:25,120 EXPERIENCE INTO BEHAVIORALLY 7395 05:07:25,120 --> 05:07:27,880 RELEVANT ETHICS. 7396 05:07:27,880 --> 05:07:30,720 INTERESTINGLY IN OUR TASK THESE 7397 05:07:30,720 --> 05:07:32,480 BEHAVE I DON'T RECALLLY RELEVANT 7398 05:07:32,480 --> 05:07:33,320 ETHICS ENCOMPASS TIME SO IT 7399 05:07:33,320 --> 05:07:36,200 TAKES THE MONKEY OVER TEN 7400 05:07:36,200 --> 05:07:38,360 SECONDS TO COMPLETE A SINGLE 7401 05:07:38,360 --> 05:07:38,800 KRILL MANY THE TASK. 7402 05:07:38,800 --> 05:07:40,280 SO WE WERE ALSO INTERESTED IN 7403 05:07:40,280 --> 05:07:41,440 WHETHER THERE WAS ANY STRUCTURE 7404 05:07:41,440 --> 05:07:43,240 TO THE NEURAL SIGNALS WHEN 7405 05:07:43,240 --> 05:07:49,680 LOOKING AT FINER TIME SCALE. 7406 05:07:49,680 --> 05:07:53,520 WE KNOW FROM RODENT STUDIES 7407 05:07:53,520 --> 05:07:54,640 HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS INHIBIT 7408 05:07:54,640 --> 05:07:56,880 PRECISE TIMING RELATIVE TO 7409 05:07:56,880 --> 05:07:59,560 NETWORK THETA OSCILLATION SO IT 7410 05:07:59,560 --> 05:08:00,800 DEPICT AS RAT MOVING DOWN A 7411 05:08:00,800 --> 05:08:03,000 LINEAR TRACK, THE RED OVAL 7412 05:08:03,000 --> 05:08:05,080 REPRESENT IT IS PLACE FIELD FOR 7413 05:08:05,080 --> 05:08:06,920 SINGLE HIPPOCAMPAL NEURON, 7414 05:08:06,920 --> 05:08:09,760 HIPPOCAMPUS HAS A NETWORK RHYTHM 7415 05:08:09,760 --> 05:08:11,520 OBSERVED IN FIELD POTENTIAL WITH 7416 05:08:11,520 --> 05:08:14,200 HIGH AMPLITUDE OSCILLATIONS IN 7417 05:08:14,200 --> 05:08:17,000 THEE DA FREQUENCY SO 8 TO 12 7418 05:08:17,000 --> 05:08:20,040 HERTZ FOR RODENTS. 7419 05:08:20,040 --> 05:08:21,120 HIPPOCAL KIDNAP PAL NEURONS 7420 05:08:21,120 --> 05:08:24,320 OCCUR IN THE TRANCHE AND EARLIER 7421 05:08:24,320 --> 05:08:26,320 THEY FIRE EARLY PHASES OF THETA 7422 05:08:26,320 --> 05:08:27,520 AS THE RAT MOVES THROUGH THE 7423 05:08:27,520 --> 05:08:29,480 FIRING FIELD SO THIS IS CALLED 7424 05:08:29,480 --> 05:08:33,440 THETA PHASE PROCESSION. 7425 05:08:33,440 --> 05:08:36,480 WHEN YOU LOOK AT A POPULATION 7426 05:08:36,480 --> 05:08:38,160 VIRIONS RECORDED SIMULTANEOUSLY 7427 05:08:38,160 --> 05:08:40,440 EACH SHOWING THEIR OWN PHASE 7428 05:08:40,440 --> 05:08:42,640 PROCESSION YOU FIND WITHIN EACH 7429 05:08:42,640 --> 05:08:44,880 THETA CYCLE A SEQUENCE OF 7430 05:08:44,880 --> 05:08:46,040 NEURONS FIRING THAT REFLECT IT 7431 05:08:46,040 --> 05:08:47,440 IS CURRENT LOCATION ALONG WITH 7432 05:08:47,440 --> 05:08:49,280 THE PREVIOUS AND FUTURE 7433 05:08:49,280 --> 05:08:51,240 LOCATIONS IN THIS REALLY 7434 05:08:51,240 --> 05:08:54,120 BEAUTIFUL PRECISE SEQUENCE THAT 7435 05:08:54,120 --> 05:08:55,920 MOVES THROUGH AS YOU GO THROUGH 7436 05:08:55,920 --> 05:08:57,600 EACH THETA CYCLE. 7437 05:08:57,600 --> 05:08:59,480 I THINK DATA LIKE THESE REALLY 7438 05:08:59,480 --> 05:09:01,600 HIGHLIGHT THE IMPORTANCE OF THE 7439 05:09:01,600 --> 05:09:02,840 THETA BAND OSCILLATION FOR 7440 05:09:02,840 --> 05:09:06,280 STRUCTURING THE FINE TIMING OF 7441 05:09:06,280 --> 05:09:08,000 HIPPOCAMPAL TIFTED. 7442 05:09:08,000 --> 05:09:10,080 SO WHAT ABOUT THETA BAND 7443 05:09:10,080 --> 05:09:12,160 ACTIVITY IN PRIMATES, I WOULD 7444 05:09:12,160 --> 05:09:14,280 SAY AT LEAST IN OUR HANDS IT IS 7445 05:09:14,280 --> 05:09:15,880 COMPLETELY DIFFERENT FROM WHAT 7446 05:09:15,880 --> 05:09:20,640 HAS BEEN RECORDED IN RODENTS. 7447 05:09:20,640 --> 05:09:22,520 JOHN ROBINGMAN, RESEARCH 7448 05:09:22,520 --> 05:09:27,360 PROFESSOR AT UDUB AND ERIC 7449 05:09:27,360 --> 05:09:28,480 GARCIA, WORKED WITH ME ON THIS 7450 05:09:28,480 --> 05:09:30,960 ISSUE AND FUNDED THROUGH A BRAIN 7451 05:09:30,960 --> 05:09:31,480 GRANT. 7452 05:09:31,480 --> 05:09:33,360 ON THE LEFT YOU CAN SEE DATA 7453 05:09:33,360 --> 05:09:35,680 JOHN RECORDED FROM RAT 7454 05:09:35,680 --> 05:09:37,920 HIPPOCAMPUS A TRAINEE IN 7455 05:09:37,920 --> 05:09:39,160 HOWARD'S LAB, YOU CAN SEE DATA 7456 05:09:39,160 --> 05:09:41,080 FROM A MONKEY HIPPOCAMPUS 7457 05:09:41,080 --> 05:09:43,400 RECORDED IN MY LAB, I THINK IT 7458 05:09:43,400 --> 05:09:45,880 IS PRETTY EASY TO SEE THE 7459 05:09:45,880 --> 05:09:48,160 PRIMATES DON'T SHOW THE SAME 7460 05:09:48,160 --> 05:09:52,360 STABLE HIGH AMPLY THETA BAND 7461 05:09:52,360 --> 05:09:53,120 OSCILLATION DESCRIBED IN 7462 05:09:53,120 --> 05:09:56,640 RODENTS. HOWEVER WHEN WE LOOK 7463 05:09:56,640 --> 05:10:00,680 AT BEHAVIOR OF THE MONKEYS BACK 7464 05:10:00,680 --> 05:10:02,480 TWO DIMENSIONAL PREVIEWING 7465 05:10:02,480 --> 05:10:04,040 VISUAL EXPLORATION TASK WE FOUND 7466 05:10:04,040 --> 05:10:07,040 THE AYE MOVEMENTS THEMSELVES HAD 7467 05:10:07,040 --> 05:10:09,280 A RHYTHMIC, MONKEYS AND HUMANS, 7468 05:10:09,280 --> 05:10:12,760 WE MOVE OUR EYES AT A LOW THETA 7469 05:10:12,760 --> 05:10:14,680 FREQUENCY WITH FIXATIONS BETWEEN 7470 05:10:14,680 --> 05:10:17,080 IS A CADS LASTING ABOUT 200 7471 05:10:17,080 --> 05:10:18,280 MILLISECONDS SO THAT MEANS THE 7472 05:10:18,280 --> 05:10:22,080 EYES ARE MOVING AT A RATE OF 5 7473 05:10:22,080 --> 05:10:23,280 HERTZ, A DISTRIBUTION OF 7474 05:10:23,280 --> 05:10:27,240 FIXATION DURATION. 7475 05:10:27,240 --> 05:10:28,720 SO GIVEN THIS WE WONDERED IF 7476 05:10:28,720 --> 05:10:31,480 THERE WAS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 7477 05:10:31,480 --> 05:10:33,880 THIS RHYTHMIC BEHAVIOR OF 7478 05:10:33,880 --> 05:10:36,120 SENSING THE WORLD AND 7479 05:10:36,120 --> 05:10:38,080 OSCILLATIONS IN THE HIPPOCAMPAL 7480 05:10:38,080 --> 05:10:39,480 LOCAL FIELD POTENTIAL. 7481 05:10:39,480 --> 05:10:41,680 WHAT I'M SHOWING YOU HERE EACH 7482 05:10:41,680 --> 05:10:45,120 ROW OR EACH TRACE IS A DIFFERENT 7483 05:10:45,120 --> 05:10:47,960 -- RELATED TO A DIFFERENT EYE 7484 05:10:47,960 --> 05:10:50,080 MOVEMENT SO THE RED REPRESENTS 7485 05:10:50,080 --> 05:10:52,080 THE RAW LOCAL FIELD POTENTIAL 7486 05:10:52,080 --> 05:10:53,080 DATA RECORDED FROM HIPPOCAMPUS 7487 05:10:53,080 --> 05:10:54,960 AND THE BLUE IS THE SIGNAL 7488 05:10:54,960 --> 05:10:57,680 FILTERED IN THETA. 7489 05:10:57,680 --> 05:10:59,360 AND WHAT YOU CAN SEE DOTTED LINE 7490 05:10:59,360 --> 05:11:02,360 IS THE TIME OF THE EYE MOVEMENT, 7491 05:11:02,360 --> 05:11:04,240 PRIOR TO EYE MOVEMENT THERE WAS 7492 05:11:04,240 --> 05:11:06,480 NO IMMEDIATE TO BE ANY PHASE 7493 05:11:06,480 --> 05:11:08,000 RELATIONSHIP IN THE LOCAL FIELD 7494 05:11:08,000 --> 05:11:08,880 POTENTIAL. 7495 05:11:08,880 --> 05:11:11,480 BUT AFTER THE EYE MOVEMENT THERE 7496 05:11:11,480 --> 05:11:14,800 APPEARED A PHASE RESET SO NOW 7497 05:11:14,800 --> 05:11:15,760 THERE WAS STRONGER ALIGNMENT OF 7498 05:11:15,760 --> 05:11:23,920 THIS PHASE ACROSS TRIALS. 7499 05:11:23,920 --> 05:11:25,240 THIS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 7500 05:11:25,240 --> 05:11:26,440 HIPPOCAMPAL ACTIVITY AND THIS 7501 05:11:26,440 --> 05:11:28,640 ACTIVE SENSING BEHAVIOR HAVE 7502 05:11:28,640 --> 05:11:30,720 BEEN DESCRIBED BEFORE IN 7503 05:11:30,720 --> 05:11:33,200 RODENTS, THIS IS WHERE -- EARLY 7504 05:11:33,200 --> 05:11:35,880 WORK FROM -- HOWARD'S LAB AT THE 7505 05:11:35,880 --> 05:11:38,680 TOP, ARE WHERE PHASE LOBBING IS 7506 05:11:38,680 --> 05:11:40,320 QUESTION DEMONSTRATED BETWEEN 7507 05:11:40,320 --> 05:11:41,480 PHASE OF SNIFFING AND RHYTHMIC 7508 05:11:41,480 --> 05:11:43,240 ACTIVITY AND THE HIPPOCAMPUS. 7509 05:11:43,240 --> 05:11:46,640 AS WELL AS PHASE LOCKING BETWEEN 7510 05:11:46,640 --> 05:11:47,840 WHISKING BEHAVIOR AND THE 7511 05:11:47,840 --> 05:11:48,400 HIPPOCAMPUS. 7512 05:11:48,400 --> 05:11:50,040 THIS IS WORK FROM MATTHEW 7513 05:11:50,040 --> 05:11:51,680 DIAMOND'S LAB AND BOTH OF THESE 7514 05:11:51,680 --> 05:11:54,360 BEHAVIORS IN RODENTS SNIFFING 7515 05:11:54,360 --> 05:11:56,120 AND WHISKING OCCUR THETA 7516 05:11:56,120 --> 05:11:57,480 FREQUENCY AND IN OUR STUDIES 7517 05:11:57,480 --> 05:11:59,720 AGAIN WE FOUND THAT THERE WAS A 7518 05:11:59,720 --> 05:12:01,080 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EYE 7519 05:12:01,080 --> 05:12:02,880 MOVEMENTS AND THE HIPPOCAMPAL 7520 05:12:02,880 --> 05:12:04,640 RHYTHM IN THIS LOW DATA 7521 05:12:04,640 --> 05:12:06,560 FREQUENCY WITH A PHASE RESET OF 7522 05:12:06,560 --> 05:12:07,920 THE OSCILLATORY ACTIVITY AROUND 7523 05:12:07,920 --> 05:12:13,640 THE TIME OF THE EYE MOVEMENT. 7524 05:12:13,640 --> 05:12:15,960 THEN YOU SEE THE LOW FREQUENCY 7525 05:12:15,960 --> 05:12:18,440 ALIGNMENT IN LOTS OF STUDIES. 7526 05:12:18,440 --> 05:12:20,480 THESE -- WHAT I AM SHOWING YOU 7527 05:12:20,480 --> 05:12:22,200 HERE ARE TWO FIGURES FROM WORK 7528 05:12:22,200 --> 05:12:23,800 OF DAVID POPAL AND OTHERS 7529 05:12:23,800 --> 05:12:26,080 SHOWING THE SPEECH PATTERNS 7530 05:12:26,080 --> 05:12:27,480 FOLLOW A THETA BAND RHYTHM IN 7531 05:12:27,480 --> 05:12:29,240 TERMS OF MODULATION SPECTRUM 7532 05:12:29,240 --> 05:12:31,960 ACROSS A VARIETY OF LANGUAGES 7533 05:12:31,960 --> 05:12:33,120 AND ACROSS DIFFERENT FORMS OF 7534 05:12:33,120 --> 05:12:36,640 PRESENTATION. 7535 05:12:36,640 --> 05:12:39,600 THEN I WAS REALLY STRUCK -- FIST 7536 05:12:39,600 --> 05:12:42,080 THIS IS SHOWING DISTRIBUTION IN 7537 05:12:42,080 --> 05:12:43,280 MONKEYS ON THE LEFT AND HUMANS 7538 05:12:43,280 --> 05:12:45,200 ON THE RIGHT SHOWING WE MOVE OUR 7539 05:12:45,200 --> 05:12:49,400 EYES ABOUT THE SAME RATE WITH A 7540 05:12:49,400 --> 05:12:52,680 PEAK AROUND 200 MILLISECONDS FOR 7541 05:12:52,680 --> 05:12:53,480 EACH FIXATION. 7542 05:12:53,480 --> 05:12:55,160 AND I WAS REALLY STRUCK WHEN I 7543 05:12:55,160 --> 05:12:59,640 FOUND OUT ABOUT THIS CASE REPORT 7544 05:12:59,640 --> 05:13:02,080 OF 21-YEAR-OLD WOMAN, SHE WAS A 7545 05:13:02,080 --> 05:13:04,280 FEMALE UNDERGRADUATE AND AS A 7546 05:13:04,280 --> 05:13:08,160 RESULT OF APPARENTLY CONGENITAL 7547 05:13:08,160 --> 05:13:08,960 EXTRA OCULAR MUSS SKEW ALREADY 7548 05:13:08,960 --> 05:13:09,800 FIBROSIS WHICH RESULTED IN 7549 05:13:09,800 --> 05:13:13,880 PARALYSIS OF EYE MUSCLES SHE HAD 7550 05:13:13,880 --> 05:13:15,760 NO EYE MOVEMENTS SINCE BIRTH. 7551 05:13:15,760 --> 05:13:17,400 HOWEVER VISUAL PERCEPTION IS 7552 05:13:17,400 --> 05:13:18,440 SURPRISINGLY NORMAL AND SHE WAS 7553 05:13:18,440 --> 05:13:20,440 ABLE TO READ AT HIGH SPEEDS AND 7554 05:13:20,440 --> 05:13:22,560 IT TURNED OUT SHE USED MOVEMENTS 7555 05:13:22,560 --> 05:13:24,200 OF THE HEAD TO COMPENSATE FOR 7556 05:13:24,200 --> 05:13:26,480 THE ABSENCE OF EYE MOVEMENTS, 7557 05:13:26,480 --> 05:13:29,280 AND HER HEAD MOVEMENTS BETWEEN 7558 05:13:29,280 --> 05:13:32,160 DURING READING HAD A PSYCHOTIC 7559 05:13:32,160 --> 05:13:33,040 CHARACTER AND SHOWED THE SAME 7560 05:13:33,040 --> 05:13:34,160 FEATURES THAT CHARACTERIZE EYE 7561 05:13:34,160 --> 05:13:35,760 MOVEMENTS INCLUDING AS SHOWN 7562 05:13:35,760 --> 05:13:37,600 HERE MEDIAN DURATION OF ABOUT 7563 05:13:37,600 --> 05:13:38,600 200 MILLISECONDS. 7564 05:13:38,600 --> 05:13:45,160 SO AGAIN IN THE THETA RANGE. 7565 05:13:45,160 --> 05:13:47,280 SO ALONG WITH LOCAL FIELD 7566 05:13:47,280 --> 05:13:48,880 POTENTIALS THEN RECENT GRADUATE 7567 05:13:48,880 --> 05:13:51,200 STUDENT IN MY LAB HAD LOOKED AT 7568 05:13:51,200 --> 05:13:52,760 SINGLE UNIT RESPONSES TO EYE 7569 05:13:52,760 --> 05:13:53,560 MOVEMENTS. 7570 05:13:53,560 --> 05:13:54,880 AND THE IDEA WAS TO TRY TO 7571 05:13:54,880 --> 05:13:58,120 UNDERSTAND WHETHER THESE EYE 7572 05:13:58,120 --> 05:13:59,960 MOVEMENTS WERE ORGANIZING NOT 7573 05:13:59,960 --> 05:14:01,680 JUST LOCAL FIELD POTENTIAL BUT 7574 05:14:01,680 --> 05:14:06,160 SINGLE UNITS IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. 7575 05:14:06,160 --> 05:14:08,600 WHAT SETH FOUND ALIGNING THE 7576 05:14:08,600 --> 05:14:09,280 FIRING OF INDIVIDUAL NEURONS TO 7577 05:14:09,280 --> 05:14:13,280 THE ONSET OF MONKEY FIXATION IN 7578 05:14:13,280 --> 05:14:15,560 INDIVIDUAL CELLS HE FOUND THEY 7579 05:14:15,560 --> 05:14:16,160 WOULD FIRE PREFERENTIALLY AT 7580 05:14:16,160 --> 05:14:18,200 FIXED INTERVALS AFTER FIXATION 7581 05:14:18,200 --> 05:14:20,080 ONSET SO LET ME UNPACK THESE TWO 7582 05:14:20,080 --> 05:14:22,840 FIGURES HERE. 7583 05:14:22,840 --> 05:14:25,440 THESE ARE TWO SEPARATE NEURONS, 7584 05:14:25,440 --> 05:14:26,800 EACH ROW ON THE TOP FIGURE 7585 05:14:26,800 --> 05:14:27,960 INDICATES DIFFERENT EYE MOVEMENT 7586 05:14:27,960 --> 05:14:29,800 SO THE GREEN DOTTED LINE 7587 05:14:29,800 --> 05:14:31,800 INDICATES THE START OF THE 7588 05:14:31,800 --> 05:14:33,080 FIXATION. 7589 05:14:33,080 --> 05:14:34,640 AND THE BLACK MARKS INDICATE THE 7590 05:14:34,640 --> 05:14:36,440 ACTION POTENTIAL SO YOU CAN SEE 7591 05:14:36,440 --> 05:14:38,680 THESE NEURONS FIRE AT PARTICULAR 7592 05:14:38,680 --> 05:14:40,800 TIME AFTER THAT EYE MOVEMENT. 7593 05:14:40,800 --> 05:14:44,880 THEN BECAUSE THIS IS IN FREE 7594 05:14:44,880 --> 05:14:45,640 VIEWING MON KISS WERE 7595 05:14:45,640 --> 05:14:46,840 FICTIONISTING FOR DIFFERENT 7596 05:14:46,840 --> 05:14:50,240 AMOUNTS OF -- MONKEYS WERE FIX 7597 05:14:50,240 --> 05:14:52,080 SATING, AND SORTED FROM BOTTOM 7598 05:14:52,080 --> 05:14:55,080 TO TOP DURING DURATION OF 7599 05:14:55,080 --> 05:14:56,560 FIXATION WITH THE SHORTER AT THE 7600 05:14:56,560 --> 05:14:58,000 BOTTOM AND THE LONGER FIXATIONS 7601 05:14:58,000 --> 05:14:59,280 AT THE TOP SO THE RED LINE 7602 05:14:59,280 --> 05:15:00,440 INDICATES THE END OF THAT 7603 05:15:00,440 --> 05:15:01,280 FIXATION. 7604 05:15:01,280 --> 05:15:02,680 SO THEN YOU CAN SEE THAT THE 7605 05:15:02,680 --> 05:15:04,040 RESPONSE OF THE NEURONS FIRING 7606 05:15:04,040 --> 05:15:05,080 AGAIN AFTER THE NEXT EYE 7607 05:15:05,080 --> 05:15:08,560 MOVEMENT. 7608 05:15:08,560 --> 05:15:10,240 SO WHAT THESE DATA SUGGEST IS 7609 05:15:10,240 --> 05:15:16,160 THAT EACH FIXATION REFLECTS THE 7610 05:15:16,160 --> 05:15:17,680 MONKEY SAMPLING ELEMENT OF 7611 05:15:17,680 --> 05:15:19,200 SCENE, VISITING A NEW PLACE AND 7612 05:15:19,200 --> 05:15:22,040 THIS VISUAL SAMPLING IS 7613 05:15:22,040 --> 05:15:25,000 REFLECTED IN THE FINE TIME SCALE 7614 05:15:25,000 --> 05:15:28,640 ACTIVITY IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. 7615 05:15:28,640 --> 05:15:30,480 NOW, HERE ARE MOM EXAMPLES 7616 05:15:30,480 --> 05:15:33,840 SHOWING THAT THIS SACAD RELATED 7617 05:15:33,840 --> 05:15:36,360 ACTIVITY CAN BE DEPENDENT ON 7618 05:15:36,360 --> 05:15:36,640 LOCATION. 7619 05:15:36,640 --> 05:15:38,360 HERE ARE TWO NEURONS IN THE 7620 05:15:38,360 --> 05:15:40,480 HIPPOCAMPUS IN THE TOP AND THE 7621 05:15:40,480 --> 05:15:40,720 BOTTOM. 7622 05:15:40,720 --> 05:15:43,080 YOU CAN SEE THE TOP NEURONS 7623 05:15:43,080 --> 05:15:44,040 FIRED WHENEVER THE MONKEY WAS 7624 05:15:44,040 --> 05:15:45,840 LOOKING UP AT THE UPPER RIGHT 7625 05:15:45,840 --> 05:15:48,080 CORNER OF THE SCREEN. 7626 05:15:48,080 --> 05:15:51,400 YOU CAN SEE NEXT THE HEAT MAP OF 7627 05:15:51,400 --> 05:15:53,760 THAT RESPONSE AND THEN THE 7628 05:15:53,760 --> 05:15:54,440 RESPONSE OF THE NEURON WHENEVER 7629 05:15:54,440 --> 05:15:56,360 THE MONKEY IN RED WAS LOOKING 7630 05:15:56,360 --> 05:15:59,880 INTO THAT FIELD, THAT FIRING 7631 05:15:59,880 --> 05:16:02,760 FIELD YOU CAN SEE THE ROSTER 7632 05:16:02,760 --> 05:16:03,480 PLOT ON THE RIGHT. 7633 05:16:03,480 --> 05:16:05,840 WE LOOKED CAREFULLY AT MANY OF 7634 05:16:05,840 --> 05:16:09,880 THESE NEURONS THAT HAVE THESE 7635 05:16:09,880 --> 05:16:12,680 PLACE PREFERENCES WE NOTICE THE 7636 05:16:12,680 --> 05:16:14,080 LATENCY OF THE RESPONSE RELATIVE 7637 05:16:14,080 --> 05:16:16,880 TO START OF FIXATION COULD BE 7638 05:16:16,880 --> 05:16:18,280 VARIABLE ACROSS NEURONS. 7639 05:16:18,280 --> 05:16:21,080 SOME CELLS SHOWING -- SOME CELLS 7640 05:16:21,080 --> 05:16:23,480 RESPONDING RIGHT AFTER THE 7641 05:16:23,480 --> 05:16:25,080 FIXATION AND OTHERS SHOWING A 7642 05:16:25,080 --> 05:16:27,360 MUCH LONGER LATENCY. 7643 05:16:27,360 --> 05:16:30,200 SO ACROSS POPULATION OF NEURONS 7644 05:16:30,200 --> 05:16:34,080 WE FOUND THAT THE LATENCY IS 7645 05:16:34,080 --> 05:16:35,280 COMPLETELY TILED TIME OF 7646 05:16:35,280 --> 05:16:37,280 FIXATION OF 200 MILLISECONDS SO 7647 05:16:37,280 --> 05:16:39,480 EACH ROW REPRESENTS A DIFFERENT 7648 05:16:39,480 --> 05:16:41,560 NEURON AGAIN SORTED BY TIMING OF 7649 05:16:41,560 --> 05:16:41,920 THEIR RESPONSE. 7650 05:16:41,920 --> 05:16:45,240 AND YOU CAN SEE THAT WE GET 7651 05:16:45,240 --> 05:16:46,960 RESPONSES THAT FILL THE ENTIRE 7652 05:16:46,960 --> 05:16:48,800 TIME OF THE FIXATION. 7653 05:16:48,800 --> 05:16:51,000 SO IF WE THINK OF THE FIXATION 7654 05:16:51,000 --> 05:16:54,200 PERIOD AS IN SOME WAY ANALOGOUS 7655 05:16:54,200 --> 05:16:56,280 TO A THETA BAND OSCILLATION OR 7656 05:16:56,280 --> 05:16:58,880 PROVIDING A SIMILAR STRUCTURE 7657 05:16:58,880 --> 05:17:01,840 FOR THE NEURAL ACTIVITY, THESE 7658 05:17:01,840 --> 05:17:02,960 DATA SUGGEST NEURONAL SEQUENCES 7659 05:17:02,960 --> 05:17:05,920 MAY BE IDENTIFIED RELATIVE TO 7660 05:17:05,920 --> 05:17:11,520 THIS EYE MOVEMENT STRUCTURE. 7661 05:17:11,520 --> 05:17:14,280 WE ALSO FOUND THAT THESE SACAD 7662 05:17:14,280 --> 05:17:15,000 RELATED RESPONSES COULD BE 7663 05:17:15,000 --> 05:17:18,160 DEPENDENT ON OTHER FACTORS SO 7664 05:17:18,160 --> 05:17:20,840 THIS WAS WORK DONE BY YONI 7665 05:17:20,840 --> 05:17:22,480 BROWNING A GRADUATE STUDENT IN 7666 05:17:22,480 --> 05:17:24,480 THE LAB WITH JOHN ROBINGMAN 7667 05:17:24,480 --> 05:17:27,240 WHILE RECORDING MONKEYS SPATIAL 7668 05:17:27,240 --> 05:17:28,560 DELAYED ALTERNATION GAME THEY 7669 05:17:28,560 --> 05:17:29,840 REPORTED FROM THE SAME NEURONS 7670 05:17:29,840 --> 05:17:31,480 WHILE MONKEY WAS DOING A FREE 7671 05:17:31,480 --> 05:17:34,160 VIEWING TASK AND FOUND NEURONS 7672 05:17:34,160 --> 05:17:36,400 SHOWED THIS SACAD RELATED 7673 05:17:36,400 --> 05:17:38,080 ACTIVITY THAT MIGHT HAVE A 7674 05:17:38,080 --> 05:17:39,320 DIFFERENT LATENCY DEPENDING 7675 05:17:39,320 --> 05:17:41,040 WHICH TASK THE MONKEY WAS 7676 05:17:41,040 --> 05:17:43,680 PERFORMING. 7677 05:17:43,680 --> 05:17:46,320 THIS MODULATION CAN BE DEPENDENT 7678 05:17:46,320 --> 05:17:49,080 ON THE PRECISE ENVIRONMENT. 7679 05:17:49,080 --> 05:17:52,160 SO IT CAN SHOW A REMAPPING OF 7680 05:17:52,160 --> 05:17:54,560 THE ENVIRONMENT SO HERE IS 7681 05:17:54,560 --> 05:17:56,080 EXAMPLE NEURONS THAT SHOW 7682 05:17:56,080 --> 05:17:59,160 DIFFERENT RESPONSES IN TERMS OF 7683 05:17:59,160 --> 05:18:01,800 THIS FINE TIME SCALE SACADIC 7684 05:18:01,800 --> 05:18:03,280 ACTIVITY RELATIVE TO THE 7685 05:18:03,280 --> 05:18:07,840 DIFFERENT VISUAL ENVIRONMENTS. 7686 05:18:07,840 --> 05:18:11,720 AND SO JUST TO SUMMARIZE THIS -- 7687 05:18:11,720 --> 05:18:13,840 THESE RESPONSES IN TERMS OF THE 7688 05:18:13,840 --> 05:18:16,040 MODULATION BY VISUAL SAMPLING, 7689 05:18:16,040 --> 05:18:18,400 WHAT THESE DATA SHOWED IS THAT 7690 05:18:18,400 --> 05:18:21,560 FIRST HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS SHOW 7691 05:18:21,560 --> 05:18:22,720 FINE TIME SCALE EYE MOVEMENT 7692 05:18:22,720 --> 05:18:24,080 MODULATION SO THEY SHOW THIS 7693 05:18:24,080 --> 05:18:28,000 PRECISE FIRING RELATIVE TO THE 7694 05:18:28,000 --> 05:18:29,520 EYE MOVEMENT BUT THESE RESPONSES 7695 05:18:29,520 --> 05:18:30,840 CAN CHANGE ACROSS DIFFERENT 7696 05:18:30,840 --> 05:18:33,440 EXPERIMENTS. 7697 05:18:33,440 --> 05:18:35,360 THEY CAN DEPEND ON THE LOCATION 7698 05:18:35,360 --> 05:18:36,880 OF EYE MOVEMENT, SO WHERE THE 7699 05:18:36,880 --> 05:18:39,680 MONKEY IS LOOKING WITHIN THE 7700 05:18:39,680 --> 05:18:41,960 SCENE, THEY CAN DEPEND ON THE 7701 05:18:41,960 --> 05:18:43,640 TASK AND ON THE VIRTUAL 7702 05:18:43,640 --> 05:18:44,280 ENVIRONMENT. 7703 05:18:44,280 --> 05:18:45,040 SO THEY CAN HAVE DIFFERENT 7704 05:18:45,040 --> 05:18:47,040 RESPONSES WHEN THE MONKEY IS 7705 05:18:47,040 --> 05:18:48,880 PLAYING THE SAME GAME IN 7706 05:18:48,880 --> 05:18:51,760 DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS. 7707 05:18:51,760 --> 05:18:56,440 SO HOW DO WE MAKE SENSE OF THIS 7708 05:18:56,440 --> 05:18:57,560 FINE TIME SCALE ACTIVITY? 7709 05:18:57,560 --> 05:18:59,440 IN THINKING HOW THE EYE 7710 05:18:59,440 --> 05:19:01,520 MOVEMENTS MIGHT STRUCTURE THE 7711 05:19:01,520 --> 05:19:02,480 SEQUENTIAL NEURAL ACTIVITY WE 7712 05:19:02,480 --> 05:19:05,000 WERE STRONGLY MOTIVATED BY 7713 05:19:05,000 --> 05:19:08,440 RECENT REVIEW ARTICLE BY 7714 05:19:08,440 --> 05:19:09,600 (INDISCERNIBLE). 7715 05:19:09,600 --> 05:19:11,400 THE TOP GRAPH HERE, I WILL SHOW 7716 05:19:11,400 --> 05:19:14,160 YOU A FIGURE FROM REVIEW 7717 05:19:14,160 --> 05:19:15,480 ARTICLE, THE TOP GRAPH 7718 05:19:15,480 --> 05:19:17,080 DEMONSTRATES THE FIRING OF A 7719 05:19:17,080 --> 05:19:18,840 POPULATION OF HIPPOCAMPAL 7720 05:19:18,840 --> 05:19:20,280 NEURONS RELATIVE TO DISTANCE 7721 05:19:20,280 --> 05:19:22,000 ALONG THE LINEAR TRACK. 7722 05:19:22,000 --> 05:19:23,680 THIS FIGURE EACH ROW REPRESENTS 7723 05:19:23,680 --> 05:19:26,480 A DIFFERENT TRIAL, AND EACH 7724 05:19:26,480 --> 05:19:27,760 COLOR INDICATES A DIFFERENT 7725 05:19:27,760 --> 05:19:28,280 NEURON. 7726 05:19:28,280 --> 05:19:30,080 SO LOOKING AT THIS POPULATION, 7727 05:19:30,080 --> 05:19:32,240 YOU CAN CERTAINLY DECODE THE 7728 05:19:32,240 --> 05:19:36,240 DISTANCE THE RAT HAD MOVED DOWN 7729 05:19:36,240 --> 05:19:37,040 THE TRACK. 7730 05:19:37,040 --> 05:19:39,160 THEN IN THE SECOND GRAPH THE 7731 05:19:39,160 --> 05:19:41,680 DATA THE SAME DATA ARE PLOTTED 7732 05:19:41,680 --> 05:19:43,080 RELATIVE TO TIME IN THE TRIAL. 7733 05:19:43,080 --> 05:19:45,160 SO YOU CAN ALSO CERTAINLY USE 7734 05:19:45,160 --> 05:19:47,120 THESE DATA TO DECODE TIME THAT 7735 05:19:47,120 --> 05:19:49,880 HAD A LAPSE SINCE THE BEGINNING 7736 05:19:49,880 --> 05:19:50,480 OF TRIAL. 7737 05:19:50,480 --> 05:19:52,160 HOWEVER WHEN YOU PLOT THE DATA 7738 05:19:52,160 --> 05:19:54,680 RELATIVE TO THE THETA BAND 7739 05:19:54,680 --> 05:19:56,680 OSCILLATION A MUCH MORE PRECISE 7740 05:19:56,680 --> 05:19:59,000 PICTURE EMERGES SO HERE IT IS 7741 05:19:59,000 --> 05:20:00,960 CLEAR THESE NEURONS ARE FIRING 7742 05:20:00,960 --> 05:20:03,120 IN SEQUENCE AND THAT THE 7743 05:20:03,120 --> 05:20:04,640 SEQUENCE PROGRESSES THROUGH EACH 7744 05:20:04,640 --> 05:20:08,320 CYCLE OF THETA BAND OSCILLATION. 7745 05:20:08,320 --> 05:20:10,440 SO WE KNOW MOVEMENT IN RODENTS 7746 05:20:10,440 --> 05:20:12,600 PLAY AS STRONG ROLE STRUCTURING 7747 05:20:12,600 --> 05:20:14,600 HIPPOCAMPAL ACTIVITY SO THIS 7748 05:20:14,600 --> 05:20:16,880 THETA RHYTHM IS APPARENT 7749 05:20:16,880 --> 05:20:18,200 PREDOMINANTLY WHEN RATS ARE 7750 05:20:18,200 --> 05:20:19,880 PHYSICALLY MOVING OR ACTIVELY 7751 05:20:19,880 --> 05:20:21,800 SNIFFING OR WHISTING TO SAMPLE 7752 05:20:21,800 --> 05:20:24,280 ENVIRONMENT AND FROM OUR DATA IN 7753 05:20:24,280 --> 05:20:27,000 MONKEYS, EYE MOVEMENTS ARE 7754 05:20:27,000 --> 05:20:28,400 SIMILARLY STRUCTURE HIPPOCAMPAL 7755 05:20:28,400 --> 05:20:30,200 ACTIVITY SO I THINK A REALLY 7756 05:20:30,200 --> 05:20:31,840 INTERESTING QUESTION FOR FUTURE 7757 05:20:31,840 --> 05:20:33,120 STUDIES WOULD BE AN 7758 05:20:33,120 --> 05:20:34,560 INVESTIGATION OF THE CIRCUIT 7759 05:20:34,560 --> 05:20:38,040 THAT SUPPORTS THIS, YOU WILL 7760 05:20:38,040 --> 05:20:39,640 REMEMBER FROM A FEW SLIDES AGO 7761 05:20:39,640 --> 05:20:41,280 THE DATA THAT I SHOWED YOU FOR 7762 05:20:41,280 --> 05:20:44,160 THESE RESPONSES START SOMETIMES 7763 05:20:44,160 --> 05:20:45,840 EVEN BEFORE THE IF YOU 7764 05:20:45,840 --> 05:20:47,280 CANNIZATION SO MIDDLE OF THE 7765 05:20:47,280 --> 05:20:48,480 SACAT. 7766 05:20:48,480 --> 05:20:49,880 SO UNDERSTANDING THE SIGNALS THE 7767 05:20:49,880 --> 05:20:51,240 HIPPOCAMPUS IS GETTING AND AGAIN 7768 05:20:51,240 --> 05:20:55,400 THE CIRCUIT THAT MIGHT SUPPORT 7769 05:20:55,400 --> 05:20:56,600 THIS TIME SCALE RESPONSE. 7770 05:20:56,600 --> 05:20:58,400 HOW THIS CIRCUITRY IS IMPACTED 7771 05:20:58,400 --> 05:20:59,880 DURING LEARNING. 7772 05:20:59,880 --> 05:21:01,280 I THINK IT IS ALSO REALLY 7773 05:21:01,280 --> 05:21:02,400 INTERESTING QUESTION FOR FUTURE 7774 05:21:02,400 --> 05:21:06,520 STUDIES. 7775 05:21:06,520 --> 05:21:10,240 SO I WILL SUMMARIZE HERE SOME 7776 05:21:10,240 --> 05:21:11,520 CONCLUSIONS THEN ALSO HIGHLIGHT 7777 05:21:11,520 --> 05:21:12,320 SOME ADDITIONAL FUTURE 7778 05:21:12,320 --> 05:21:15,680 QUESTIONS. 7779 05:21:15,680 --> 05:21:18,640 THIS LAST PART I SHOWED THE 7780 05:21:18,640 --> 05:21:20,800 HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS SHOW FINE 7781 05:21:20,800 --> 05:21:22,800 TIME SCALE PERISACATIC ACTIVITY 7782 05:21:22,800 --> 05:21:25,520 AND FROM THE EARLIER PART 7783 05:21:25,520 --> 05:21:26,640 HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS REPRESENT 7784 05:21:26,640 --> 05:21:27,520 BEHAVIORALLY RELEVANT FEATURES 7785 05:21:27,520 --> 05:21:31,080 OF ONGOING EXPERIENCES. 7786 05:21:31,080 --> 05:21:32,680 AND I THINK FROM DECADES OF 7787 05:21:32,680 --> 05:21:34,520 STUDIES IN RODENTS WE HAVE 7788 05:21:34,520 --> 05:21:36,240 LEARNED A LOT ABOUT HIPPOCAMPUS. 7789 05:21:36,240 --> 05:21:40,080 MOST STUDIES HAVE STARTED WITH 7790 05:21:40,080 --> 05:21:42,200 FOUNDATION OF GUARANTEED PLACE 7791 05:21:42,200 --> 05:21:43,320 CELL RESPONSE THAT COULD BE 7792 05:21:43,320 --> 05:21:45,120 MODULATED OR EXPLORED UNDER 7793 05:21:45,120 --> 05:21:50,160 VARIETY OF CONDITIONS. 7794 05:21:50,160 --> 05:21:51,800 DATA I PRESENTED TODAY GAVE 7795 05:21:51,800 --> 05:21:53,120 HANDLE IN THE PRIMARY 7796 05:21:53,120 --> 05:21:54,560 HIPPOCAMPUS TO USE TO 7797 05:21:54,560 --> 05:21:57,960 INVESTIGATE OTHER INFLUENCES ON 7798 05:21:57,960 --> 05:22:00,520 HIPPOCAMPAL CODING AND I SAY 7799 05:22:00,520 --> 05:22:01,560 SOME LOW HANGING FRUIT 7800 05:22:01,560 --> 05:22:04,280 EXPERIMENTS THAT WE ARE EXCITED 7801 05:22:04,280 --> 05:22:08,520 TO START INCLUDE IMPACT OF 7802 05:22:08,520 --> 05:22:09,640 NOVELTY ON REPRESENTATIONS SO 7803 05:22:09,640 --> 05:22:11,160 WHAT HAPPENS TO THESE 7804 05:22:11,160 --> 05:22:13,680 REPRESENTATIONS WHEN WE PUT 7805 05:22:13,680 --> 05:22:14,480 MONKEY INTO DISTINCT ENVIRONMENT 7806 05:22:14,480 --> 05:22:18,040 FOR THE FIRST TIME ALSO LOOKING 7807 05:22:18,040 --> 05:22:20,000 AT LEARNING SO HOW DOES 7808 05:22:20,000 --> 05:22:20,920 BEHAVIORAL STRUCTURE OR THE 7809 05:22:20,920 --> 05:22:22,760 INTERNAL MAP OF EXPERIENCE 7810 05:22:22,760 --> 05:22:26,160 BECOME SOLIDIFIED AND HOW DOES 7811 05:22:26,160 --> 05:22:27,600 IT SUPPORT ADDITIONAL LEARNING 7812 05:22:27,600 --> 05:22:30,680 MAYBE MORE RAPID LEARNING IN THE 7813 05:22:30,680 --> 05:22:31,360 FUTURE. 7814 05:22:31,360 --> 05:22:33,280 ALSO WE WANT TO LOOK AT THE 7815 05:22:33,280 --> 05:22:34,680 INFLUENCE OF TIMING SO 7816 05:22:34,680 --> 05:22:37,520 STRETCHING OR COMPRESSING THIS 7817 05:22:37,520 --> 05:22:38,440 EXPERIENCE AND ALSO LOOKING FOR 7818 05:22:38,440 --> 05:22:41,680 MARKERS OF REPLAY DURING REST OR 7819 05:22:41,680 --> 05:22:44,480 SIGNIFICANT MOMENTS IN THE 7820 05:22:44,480 --> 05:22:45,080 EXPERIENCE THAT MIGHT SUPPORT 7821 05:22:45,080 --> 05:22:49,160 MEMORY CONSOLIDATION. 7822 05:22:49,160 --> 05:22:50,320 CRITICAL QUESTION WILL BE TO 7823 05:22:50,320 --> 05:22:52,360 UNDERSTAND HOW RESPONSES ARE 7824 05:22:52,360 --> 05:22:54,040 COORDINATED ACROSS TIME SCALES 7825 05:22:54,040 --> 05:22:56,960 TO FROM THE VERY FINE 7826 05:22:56,960 --> 05:22:58,480 PERISARKSCATIC RESPONSES TO THE 7827 05:22:58,480 --> 05:23:01,160 COURSE MORE BEHAVIORALLY ETHIC 7828 05:23:01,160 --> 05:23:01,720 RESPONSES. 7829 05:23:01,720 --> 05:23:03,760 IN CASE I DIDN'T MAKE IT CLEAR, 7830 05:23:03,760 --> 05:23:05,200 THE SAME NEURON CAN SHOW THIS 7831 05:23:05,200 --> 05:23:07,920 KIND OF TIMING, THESE TWO KINDS 7832 05:23:07,920 --> 05:23:09,840 OF TIMING RESPONSES CAN 7833 05:23:09,840 --> 05:23:11,800 PARTICIPATE BOTH IN THE 7834 05:23:11,800 --> 05:23:14,040 PERISACATIC TIMING AS WELL AS 7835 05:23:14,040 --> 05:23:17,280 BEHAVIORAL TIME SCALE TIMING SO 7836 05:23:17,280 --> 05:23:18,600 UNDERSTANDING HOW RESPONSES ARE 7837 05:23:18,600 --> 05:23:19,520 COORDINATED IS SOMETHING WE ARE 7838 05:23:19,520 --> 05:23:22,680 INTERESTED IN PURSUING. 7839 05:23:22,680 --> 05:23:25,920 SO I JUST WANT TO END WITH ONE 7840 05:23:25,920 --> 05:23:27,200 FINAL VIDEO. 7841 05:23:27,200 --> 05:23:28,880 TO MOTIVATE AGAIN WHERE WE WANT 7842 05:23:28,880 --> 05:23:31,360 TO GO IN THESE FUTURE 7843 05:23:31,360 --> 05:23:31,680 EXPERIMENTS. 7844 05:23:31,680 --> 05:23:34,160 I STARTED BY SETTING UP THIS 7845 05:23:34,160 --> 05:23:34,880 DICHOTOMY BETWEEN SPATIAL 7846 05:23:34,880 --> 05:23:36,880 RESPONSES AND EPISODIC MEMORY 7847 05:23:36,880 --> 05:23:38,720 AND ONE THING WE LIKE TO DO IS 7848 05:23:38,720 --> 05:23:43,680 USE THE VR TO PROKE MORE ABOUT 7849 05:23:43,680 --> 05:23:44,800 EPISODIC MEMORY. 7850 05:23:44,800 --> 05:23:47,040 SO I WANT TO SHOW YOU A VIDEO, 7851 05:23:47,040 --> 05:23:51,560 THIS SHOWS TIME WHEN MONKEY WAS 7852 05:23:51,560 --> 05:23:53,360 PLAYING OPEN FIELD FORAGING GAME 7853 05:23:53,360 --> 05:23:56,880 SO TRAINED ON COLLECTING BANANAS 7854 05:23:56,880 --> 05:23:57,960 FOR REWARD. 7855 05:23:57,960 --> 05:24:00,000 ONE OF THE LAB TECHNICIANS HAD 7856 05:24:00,000 --> 05:24:01,960 MADE A COMPLETELY NEW 7857 05:24:01,960 --> 05:24:04,720 ENVIRONMENT, PROGRAMMED THIS 7858 05:24:04,720 --> 05:24:07,520 REALLY INTRICATE NEW ENVIRONMENT 7859 05:24:07,520 --> 05:24:08,080 FOR THE MONKEY. 7860 05:24:08,080 --> 05:24:09,640 I WANT TO SHOW YOU HOW THEY 7861 05:24:09,640 --> 05:24:11,280 PERFORMED THE FIRST TIME HE WAS 7862 05:24:11,280 --> 05:24:14,080 IN THIS NEW ENVIRONMENT. 7863 05:24:14,080 --> 05:24:16,360 YOU CAN SEE THE WHITE DOT SHOWS 7864 05:24:16,360 --> 05:24:18,360 WHERE MONKEY WAS LOOKING, HE 7865 05:24:18,360 --> 05:24:22,040 STARTS OUTGOING FOR BANANAs. 7866 05:24:22,040 --> 05:24:25,960 THEN NOT TO ANTHROPOMORPHIC TOO 7867 05:24:25,960 --> 05:24:30,480 MUCH BUT HE REALIZED HE WAS IN A 7868 05:24:30,480 --> 05:24:31,240 NEW ENVIRONMENTS WHAT I CAN SAY 7869 05:24:31,240 --> 05:24:33,800 BEHAVIORALLY IS HE SHIFTED FROM 7870 05:24:33,800 --> 05:24:36,280 LOOKING FOR BANANAs TO 7871 05:24:36,280 --> 05:24:41,560 EXPLORING THIS NOVEL ENVIRONMENT 7872 05:24:41,560 --> 05:24:43,120 HE SPENDS TIME LOOKING AROUND 7873 05:24:43,120 --> 05:24:45,800 THEN DECIDES TO MOVE FORWARD TO 7874 05:24:45,800 --> 05:24:49,480 EXPLORE MORE. 7875 05:24:49,480 --> 05:24:55,880 AND THE MONKEY WAS READY TO GET 7876 05:24:55,880 --> 05:24:57,440 FOOD, SO WE WANT TO BE ABLE TO 7877 05:24:57,440 --> 05:24:58,480 GET LIEU THE WALL TO EXPLORE 7878 05:24:58,480 --> 05:25:02,560 MORE. 7879 05:25:02,560 --> 05:25:10,880 HOPEFULLY THIS IS STILL PLAYING. 7880 05:25:10,880 --> 05:25:12,280 SORRY WAS HAVING TROUBLE WITH 7881 05:25:12,280 --> 05:25:13,920 THE MOUSE THERE. 7882 05:25:13,920 --> 05:25:15,680 SO THIS IS STARTING OVER BUT THE 7883 05:25:15,680 --> 05:25:17,880 MONKEY REALLY IN THIS FIRST TIME 7884 05:25:17,880 --> 05:25:19,480 OF BEING IN THIS ENVIRONMENT THE 7885 05:25:19,480 --> 05:25:22,880 MONKEY SPENT ABOUT AN HOUR JUST 7886 05:25:22,880 --> 05:25:24,320 EXPLORING THE SCENE. 7887 05:25:24,320 --> 05:25:26,200 EVERY ONCE IN A WHILE HE 7888 05:25:26,200 --> 05:25:27,760 COLLECTS BANANAs AND GET 7889 05:25:27,760 --> 05:25:30,360 REWARD BUT REALLY WAS HIGHLY 7890 05:25:30,360 --> 05:25:33,040 MOTIVATED BY THIS NOVEL SCENE. 7891 05:25:33,040 --> 05:25:34,320 SO THESE ARE THINGS WE ARE 7892 05:25:34,320 --> 05:25:36,280 INTERESTED IN EXPLORING, THIS 7893 05:25:36,280 --> 05:25:37,360 BEHAVIOR AND I THINK THROUGH 7894 05:25:37,360 --> 05:25:38,880 CONTINUED SUPPORT FROM THE BRAIN 7895 05:25:38,880 --> 05:25:41,160 INITIATIVE IN TERMS OF TOOL 7896 05:25:41,160 --> 05:25:43,160 BUILDING, TO ENABLE INCREASINGLY 7897 05:25:43,160 --> 05:25:45,960 LARGE SCALE RECORDINGS, FROM 7898 05:25:45,960 --> 05:25:46,720 THESE STRUCTURE DEEP IN THE 7899 05:25:46,720 --> 05:25:49,800 BRAIN HARD TO GET TO, ALONG WITH 7900 05:25:49,800 --> 05:25:51,360 THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL 7901 05:25:51,360 --> 05:25:53,400 ANALYSES AND COMPUTATIONAL 7902 05:25:53,400 --> 05:25:55,480 MODELING TOOLS, WE NEED A LOT OF 7903 05:25:55,480 --> 05:25:58,800 ANALYSES TO TRY TO GET AT THIS 7904 05:25:58,800 --> 05:26:00,920 EPISODIC MEMORY BEHAVIOR. 7905 05:26:00,920 --> 05:26:03,280 BUT WE ARE GETTING CLOSER TO THE 7906 05:26:03,280 --> 05:26:05,400 POSSIBILITY OF BEING ABLE TO 7907 05:26:05,400 --> 05:26:08,080 UNDERSTAND THE NEURAL MECHANISMS 7908 05:26:08,080 --> 05:26:09,480 THAT MIGHT SUPPORT COMPLEX 7909 05:26:09,480 --> 05:26:10,960 NATURALISTIC BEHAVIORS LIKE 7910 05:26:10,960 --> 05:26:15,560 THESE. 7911 05:26:15,560 --> 05:26:18,080 I WANT TO END THERE BY 7912 05:26:18,080 --> 05:26:18,880 ACKNOWLEDGING THIS INCREDIBLE 7913 05:26:18,880 --> 05:26:20,840 TEAM WHO REALLY PERFORMED ALL 7914 05:26:20,840 --> 05:26:22,560 THE WORK THAT I HAVE THE HON 7915 05:26:22,560 --> 05:26:25,640 MORE TO SHOW YOU TODAY. 7916 05:26:25,640 --> 05:26:26,560 HIGHLIGHTED MANY INDIVIDUALS 7917 05:26:26,560 --> 05:26:29,280 DURING THE TALK BUT I WANT TO 7918 05:26:29,280 --> 05:26:31,560 POINT OUT AGAIN THOSE WHO ARE 7919 05:26:31,560 --> 05:26:34,880 WORKING ON THE VIRTUAL REALITY 7920 05:26:34,880 --> 05:26:37,600 NOW, INCLUDING JOHN ROBINGMAN 7921 05:26:37,600 --> 05:26:41,920 AND YONI BROWNING A RECENT GRAD 7922 05:26:41,920 --> 05:26:43,680 STUDENT IN THE LAB, SETH WHO 7923 05:26:43,680 --> 05:26:45,480 START WITH EYE MOVEMENTS, 7924 05:26:45,480 --> 05:26:47,080 NICHOLAS DID THE ATTENTION AND 7925 05:26:47,080 --> 05:26:49,640 NATHAN DID THE EARLY WORK WITH 7926 05:26:49,640 --> 05:26:51,320 LOOKING AT THE GRID CELLS. 7927 05:26:51,320 --> 05:26:54,520 I ALSO WANT TO HIGHLIGHT OUR 7928 05:26:54,520 --> 05:26:56,520 INCREDIBLE LACK TECHNICIANS 7929 05:26:56,520 --> 05:27:00,120 MEGHAN AND AJ IAN AND BRIAN WHO 7930 05:27:00,120 --> 05:27:03,200 REALLY -- AND NATALIE AND ELLA 7931 05:27:03,200 --> 05:27:04,200 WHO PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE 7932 05:27:04,200 --> 05:27:06,160 CARING FOR THE ANIMALS AND 7933 05:27:06,160 --> 05:27:10,960 REALLY MOVING THIS WORK FORWARD. 7934 05:27:10,960 --> 05:27:13,080 MY LAST ACKNOWLEDGMENT SLIDE, I 7935 05:27:13,080 --> 05:27:14,720 WANT TO THANK THIS INCREDIBLE 7936 05:27:14,720 --> 05:27:16,360 TEAM, THIS IS THE TEAM THAT 7937 05:27:16,360 --> 05:27:20,120 MAKES UP OUR U 19 GROUP FUND 7938 05:27:20,120 --> 05:27:22,280 THROUGH THE BRAIN INITIATIVE. 7939 05:27:22,280 --> 05:27:24,160 THEY ARE SCATTERED THROUGHOUT 7940 05:27:24,160 --> 05:27:26,880 MANY DIFFERENT UNIVERSITIES, AND 7941 05:27:26,880 --> 05:27:30,280 BUT WE HAVE HAD A GREAT TIME 7942 05:27:30,280 --> 05:27:31,880 GETTING TOGETHER, WE WERE ABLE 7943 05:27:31,880 --> 05:27:33,840 TO SUCCESSFULLY SWITCH TO ZOOM 7944 05:27:33,840 --> 05:27:36,120 AND KEEP THINGS GOING DURING THE 7945 05:27:36,120 --> 05:27:38,040 PANDEMIC AND REALLY THIS GROUP 7946 05:27:38,040 --> 05:27:40,600 HAS INFORMED A LOT OF OUR 7947 05:27:40,600 --> 05:27:42,000 THINKING AND PLAYED A BIG ROLE 7948 05:27:42,000 --> 05:27:44,880 IN A LOT OF THESE EXPERIMENTS. 7949 05:27:44,880 --> 05:27:45,760 SO THANK YOU TO THEM. 7950 05:27:45,760 --> 05:27:48,080 AND TO OUR FUNDING SOURCES. 7951 05:27:48,080 --> 05:27:52,880 I'M HAPPY TO TAKE QUESTIONS. 7952 05:27:52,880 --> 05:27:55,360 >> THANKS SO MUCH ELIZABETH. 7953 05:27:55,360 --> 05:27:59,280 THAT WAS AMAZINGLY INTERESTING I 7954 05:27:59,280 --> 05:28:01,160 HI IT IS PERTINENT TO OUR 7955 05:28:01,160 --> 05:28:03,120 EXPERIENCES ON ZOOM THE LAST TWO 7956 05:28:03,120 --> 05:28:04,160 YEARS. 7957 05:28:04,160 --> 05:28:06,080 FIXATING THE VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT 7958 05:28:06,080 --> 05:28:08,800 LIKE MONKEY SAYS. 7959 05:28:08,800 --> 05:28:10,480 FOR THE FIRST QUESTION, IS A 7960 05:28:10,480 --> 05:28:14,680 LITTLE BIT RELATED TO THAT, THE 7961 05:28:14,680 --> 05:28:16,400 QUESTION IS YOUR MONKEYS IN THE 7962 05:28:16,400 --> 05:28:21,080 VIRTUAL REALITY ENVIRONMENT HAVE 7963 05:28:21,080 --> 05:28:22,480 SIGNALS WERE SO POTENT THEY 7964 05:28:22,480 --> 05:28:25,760 DON'T ACTUALLY MOVE, WHAT DO YOU 7965 05:28:25,760 --> 05:28:27,040 THINK THEY HAVE MOREAU DENT LIKE 7966 05:28:27,040 --> 05:28:28,880 THETA IF THEY WERE FREELY 7967 05:28:28,880 --> 05:28:29,400 MOVING? 7968 05:28:29,400 --> 05:28:31,800 >> THAT IS AN EXCELLENT 7969 05:28:31,800 --> 05:28:32,080 QUESTION. 7970 05:28:32,080 --> 05:28:34,480 WILL IS A GROUP OF RESEARCHERS 7971 05:28:34,480 --> 05:28:35,840 WHO ARE WORKING NOW RECORDING IN 7972 05:28:35,840 --> 05:28:39,040 THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND SOME OF THEM 7973 05:28:39,040 --> 05:28:41,600 HAVE NOW LOOKED AT ACTIVITY IN 7974 05:28:41,600 --> 05:28:45,720 MONKEYS ACTUALLY MOVING AROUND 7975 05:28:45,720 --> 05:28:47,680 IN REAL SPACE. 7976 05:28:47,680 --> 05:28:50,800 PREDOMINANTLY I WOULD SAY ADORA 7977 05:28:50,800 --> 05:28:51,720 WITH (INDISCERNIBLE) HAVE PAPER 7978 05:28:51,720 --> 05:28:55,840 OUT RECENTLY LOOKING AT THAT. 7979 05:28:55,840 --> 05:28:58,040 SO THEY RECORDED MANY MONKEYS 7980 05:28:58,040 --> 05:29:01,000 THAT WERE DOING THE OPEN FIELD 7981 05:29:01,000 --> 05:29:06,440 FORAGING I WOULD SAY, IN AN OPEN 7982 05:29:06,440 --> 05:29:08,880 MAZE AND WHAT IS INTERESTING IS 7983 05:29:08,880 --> 05:29:10,080 IN THAT ENVIRONMENT THEY DIDN'T 7984 05:29:10,080 --> 05:29:13,880 FIND A LOT OF CLEAR PLACE CELLS, 7985 05:29:13,880 --> 05:29:17,480 THEY FOUND HEAD DIRECTION CELLS, 7986 05:29:17,480 --> 05:29:19,640 SORT OF TURNING CELLS, STRONGER 7987 05:29:19,640 --> 05:29:22,480 RESPONSES BUT NOT A LOT OF PLACE 7988 05:29:22,480 --> 05:29:25,360 CELLS WITH THE REAL PHYSICAL 7989 05:29:25,360 --> 05:29:26,160 MOVEMENT. 7990 05:29:26,160 --> 05:29:29,040 CAROL BARNES IS ALSO DONE THIS 7991 05:29:29,040 --> 05:29:30,680 WORK LOOKING AT RECORDING FROM 7992 05:29:30,680 --> 05:29:32,320 FREELY MOVING MONKEYS AND KAREN 7993 05:29:32,320 --> 05:29:33,960 OFMAN SO THERE IS RESEARCHERS 7994 05:29:33,960 --> 05:29:37,360 WORKING ON THAT BUT I THINK EVEN 7995 05:29:37,360 --> 05:29:39,080 WITH THE ACTUAL VESTIBULAR 7996 05:29:39,080 --> 05:29:41,160 INFORMATION THAT YOU GET IN 7997 05:29:41,160 --> 05:29:43,520 THOSE EXPERIMENTS THAT NOT 7998 05:29:43,520 --> 05:29:45,280 ENOUGH TO DRIVE THESE PLACE 7999 05:29:45,280 --> 05:29:46,080 CELLS. 8000 05:29:46,080 --> 05:29:48,280 I THINK WHAT IS CONSISTENT 8001 05:29:48,280 --> 05:29:49,960 ACROSS THOSE STUDIES AND OUR 8002 05:29:49,960 --> 05:29:53,520 STUDY AND ALSO INCLUDING SYLVIA 8003 05:29:53,520 --> 05:29:59,280 WORTH AND MARTYNA, A LOT OF 8004 05:29:59,280 --> 05:30:00,360 RESEARCHERS HAVE DONE GREAT WORK 8005 05:30:00,360 --> 05:30:02,520 ON THIS SHOWING WHAT SEEMS TO BE 8006 05:30:02,520 --> 05:30:04,120 IMPORTANT IS BEHAVIORAL TASK THE 8007 05:30:04,120 --> 05:30:07,000 MONKEY IS PERFORMING AND THESE 8008 05:30:07,000 --> 05:30:09,080 RESPONSES ARE RELATING TO THE 8009 05:30:09,080 --> 05:30:10,280 STRUCTURE OF EXPERIENCE THE 8010 05:30:10,280 --> 05:30:16,000 ANIMAL HAS. 8011 05:30:16,000 --> 05:30:19,160 >> NEXT ONE IS KIND OF GETTING 8012 05:30:19,160 --> 05:30:26,960 -- TEASING OUT ACTUAL SACAD 8013 05:30:26,960 --> 05:30:29,280 VERSUS CONTEXT, HAVE YOU EVER 8014 05:30:29,280 --> 05:30:34,080 TRIED TO INTEGRATE SAC AD OR 8015 05:30:34,080 --> 05:30:36,800 CREATE THEM TO SEE HOW THIS 8016 05:30:36,800 --> 05:30:39,440 ALTERS PHYSIOLOGY AND 8017 05:30:39,440 --> 05:30:40,080 OSCILLATORY VOLATILE 8018 05:30:40,080 --> 05:30:41,280 ENVIRONMENT? 8019 05:30:41,280 --> 05:30:44,960 THERE IS A FUNCTION OF SACAD OR 8020 05:30:44,960 --> 05:30:46,080 SOMETHING ELSE RELATED TO -- 8021 05:30:46,080 --> 05:30:49,360 >> YEAH THAT IS A GOOD QUESTION. 8022 05:30:49,360 --> 05:30:51,480 THIS IS WORK THAT I DIDN'T GET 8023 05:30:51,480 --> 05:30:56,280 TO INCLUDE IN THE PRESENTATION 8024 05:30:56,280 --> 05:30:58,280 TODAY BUT SETH DID SO WHILE HE 8025 05:30:58,280 --> 05:31:01,240 RECORDED FROM MONKEYS DOING THE 8026 05:31:01,240 --> 05:31:03,160 FREE VIEWING VISUAL EXPLORE RACE 8027 05:31:03,160 --> 05:31:05,800 TASK HE ALSO RECORDED FROM THE 8028 05:31:05,800 --> 05:31:08,600 SAME NEURONS WHILE MONKEYS WERE 8029 05:31:08,600 --> 05:31:10,880 PERFORMING DIRECTED SACAD TASK 8030 05:31:10,880 --> 05:31:13,240 SO THE IDEA OF ARTIFICIALLY 8031 05:31:13,240 --> 05:31:15,360 PRODUCING A SACAD OR ASKING THE 8032 05:31:15,360 --> 05:31:18,440 MONKEY TO MAKE A SACAD TO A 8033 05:31:18,440 --> 05:31:19,280 PARTICULAR LOCATION TO A 8034 05:31:19,280 --> 05:31:19,840 STIMULUS. 8035 05:31:19,840 --> 05:31:22,520 AND WHAT HE FOUND WAS THAT FOR 8036 05:31:22,520 --> 05:31:26,680 MANY CELLS THEY SHOWED THIS 8037 05:31:26,680 --> 05:31:27,480 PERISACADIC ACTIVITY BUT IT WAS 8038 05:31:27,480 --> 05:31:29,080 MODULATED BASED ON WHAT MONKEY 8039 05:31:29,080 --> 05:31:30,120 WAS DOING. 8040 05:31:30,120 --> 05:31:32,240 SO SOME NEURONS SHOWED THIS 8041 05:31:32,240 --> 05:31:33,720 ACTIVITY ONLY IN THE FREE 8042 05:31:33,720 --> 05:31:34,360 VIEWING CASE. 8043 05:31:34,360 --> 05:31:36,200 EVEN WHEN MONKEY WAS LOOKING AT 8044 05:31:36,200 --> 05:31:38,120 THE SAME LOCATION ON THE SCREEN 8045 05:31:38,120 --> 05:31:40,880 IN THE DIRECTED SACAD TASK. 8046 05:31:40,880 --> 05:31:42,560 AND FOR OTHER NEURONS THEY MIGHT 8047 05:31:42,560 --> 05:31:44,640 SHOW THAT SAME RESPONSE BUT IT 8048 05:31:44,640 --> 05:31:47,120 WAS MODULATED BASED ON WHAT TASK 8049 05:31:47,120 --> 05:31:50,040 THE MONKEY WAS PERFORMING. 8050 05:31:50,040 --> 05:31:52,560 IT DOES APPEAR RELATED TO SOME 8051 05:31:52,560 --> 05:31:55,240 ASPECT OF COGNITION APART FROM 8052 05:31:55,240 --> 05:32:01,240 JUST THE EYE MOVEMENT. 8053 05:32:01,240 --> 05:32:04,720 >> A LITTLE QUESTION IN THERE 8054 05:32:04,720 --> 05:32:07,080 SOMEWHAT RELATED, I MAY BE OFF 8055 05:32:07,080 --> 05:32:11,280 BASE BUT GUESSING THAT ALL 8056 05:32:11,280 --> 05:32:13,480 SACADES ARE NOT EQUAL IN TERMS 8057 05:32:13,480 --> 05:32:15,800 OF CONTEXT AND SO SOME OF THE 8058 05:32:15,800 --> 05:32:17,920 SACAD MAY GO TO FEATURES THAT 8059 05:32:17,920 --> 05:32:19,800 ARE MORE SALIENT, WHAT THE TASK 8060 05:32:19,800 --> 05:32:21,960 IS THAN OTHERS. 8061 05:32:21,960 --> 05:32:23,400 SO WONDERING IS THAT SOMETHING 8062 05:32:23,400 --> 05:32:26,040 YOU CAN EVER PARSE OUT FROM THE 8063 05:32:26,040 --> 05:32:29,040 DATA THAT YOU HAVE? 8064 05:32:29,040 --> 05:32:33,360 >> THAT IS A GOOD QUESTION. 8065 05:32:33,360 --> 05:32:35,320 ONE THING -- I THINK WE COULD, 8066 05:32:35,320 --> 05:32:36,680 WE HAVEN'T LOOKED AT THAT 8067 05:32:36,680 --> 05:32:40,400 CAREFULLY SO I KNOW IN SOME WORK 8068 05:32:40,400 --> 05:32:42,240 THAT YONI BROWNING IS LOOKING 8069 05:32:42,240 --> 05:32:43,320 AT, THE GRAD WATT STUDENT 8070 05:32:43,320 --> 05:32:46,120 WORKING ON THE VR TASK HE 8071 05:32:46,120 --> 05:32:47,040 IDENTIFIED THERE WERE TIMES WHEN 8072 05:32:47,040 --> 05:32:50,640 THE MONKEY WAS LOOKING AT THE 8073 05:32:50,640 --> 05:32:51,720 GAME AND WHENEVER THE MONKEY 8074 05:32:51,720 --> 05:32:53,880 LOOKED OFF THE SCREEN HE OFTEN 8075 05:32:53,880 --> 05:32:55,880 WOULD LOOK DOWN AT HIS HANDS AND 8076 05:32:55,880 --> 05:32:58,040 LOOK AT THE JOY STICK. 8077 05:32:58,040 --> 05:32:59,680 HE FOUND DIFFERENT KIND OF 8078 05:32:59,680 --> 05:33:01,800 SACADIT RESPONSES WHEN MONKEY 8079 05:33:01,800 --> 05:33:03,480 WAS WITHIN THE GAME VERSUS 8080 05:33:03,480 --> 05:33:07,280 LOOKING DOWN AT THE JOY STICK. 8081 05:33:07,280 --> 05:33:10,680 HE ALSO STARTED SOME PRELIMINARY 8082 05:33:10,680 --> 05:33:12,000 ANALYSES LOOKING AT THE EYE 8083 05:33:12,000 --> 05:33:14,400 MOVEMENTS WHEN THE MONKEY IS 8084 05:33:14,400 --> 05:33:17,200 PLACED IN A ANY ENVIRONMENT FOR 8085 05:33:17,200 --> 05:33:22,760 THE FIRST TIME IN THE VR GAME. 8086 05:33:22,760 --> 05:33:27,360 WE HAVEN'T FINISHED ANALYSES, 8087 05:33:27,360 --> 05:33:29,120 THERE ARE THINGS TO PULL OUT 8088 05:33:29,120 --> 05:33:31,000 WHETHER THE EYE MOVEMENTS 8089 05:33:31,000 --> 05:33:33,320 THROUGH LEARNING BECOME MORE 8090 05:33:33,320 --> 05:33:34,720 STEREOTYPED AROUND BEHAVIORALLY 8091 05:33:34,720 --> 05:33:37,240 SALIENT PARTS OF THE 8092 05:33:37,240 --> 05:33:37,520 ENVIRONMENT. 8093 05:33:37,520 --> 05:33:39,000 THEN ALSO LOOKING AT THE 8094 05:33:39,000 --> 05:33:39,840 HIPPOCAMPAL RESPONSES RELATIVE 8095 05:33:39,840 --> 05:33:43,080 TO THOSE EYE MOVEMENTS. 8096 05:33:43,080 --> 05:33:45,920 >> THANKS VERY MUCH, ELIZABETH. 8097 05:33:45,920 --> 05:33:50,840 SO THE NEXT ONE I GUESS IS MAYBE 8098 05:33:50,840 --> 05:33:53,480 A SUGGESTION WITH A QUESTION. 8099 05:33:53,480 --> 05:33:54,400 CLEARLY THAT THE GREAT BENEFIT 8100 05:33:54,400 --> 05:33:56,560 OF SETTING THE PRIMATES IS IT IS 8101 05:33:56,560 --> 05:33:59,960 CLOSER TO HUMANS, THE QUESTION 8102 05:33:59,960 --> 05:34:02,760 IS, WHY COULDN'T YOU OR WITH 8103 05:34:02,760 --> 05:34:03,800 NEUROSURGEON DO SAME EXPERIMENTS 8104 05:34:03,800 --> 05:34:06,480 IN HUMANS? 8105 05:34:06,480 --> 05:34:10,280 VIRTUAL REALITY. 8106 05:34:10,280 --> 05:34:11,600 (OVERLAPPING SPEAKERS) 8107 05:34:11,600 --> 05:34:14,600 >> THAT IS A REALLY GREAT 8108 05:34:14,600 --> 05:34:14,880 QUESTION. 8109 05:34:14,880 --> 05:34:18,840 SO I ACKNOWLEDGED OUR EWE U 19 8110 05:34:18,840 --> 05:34:20,320 TEAM AT THE END AND THE WORK 8111 05:34:20,320 --> 05:34:21,520 FROM THIS GROUP IS REALLY 8112 05:34:21,520 --> 05:34:23,400 FOCUSED ON TRYING TO MAKE THESE 8113 05:34:23,400 --> 05:34:25,040 DIRECT COMPARISONS. 8114 05:34:25,040 --> 05:34:26,640 SO WE HAVE A RANGE OF DIFFERENT 8115 05:34:26,640 --> 05:34:28,400 BEHAVIORAL TASKS THAT WE USED 8116 05:34:28,400 --> 05:34:31,720 FOR THE FIRST ROUND OF OUR U 19 8117 05:34:31,720 --> 05:34:34,880 BUT WHERE WE WERE ABLE TO TRAIN 8118 05:34:34,880 --> 05:34:36,520 MONKEYS TO PERFORM THE SAME TASK 8119 05:34:36,520 --> 05:34:40,720 WE WERE TESTING IN HUMAN 8120 05:34:40,720 --> 05:34:42,560 EPILEPSY PATIENTS, WHO HAVE 8121 05:34:42,560 --> 05:34:44,960 ELECTRODES IMPLANTED IN THE 8122 05:34:44,960 --> 05:34:46,000 MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE INCLUDING 8123 05:34:46,000 --> 05:34:47,800 THE HIPPOCAMPUS A AS WELL AS 8124 05:34:47,800 --> 05:34:49,880 SOME PARTS OF PREFRONTAL CORTEX. 8125 05:34:49,880 --> 05:34:55,480 SO THIS IS WORK WITH BOB KNIGHT 8126 05:34:55,480 --> 05:34:58,840 AND JACQUELINE AND OTHERS WHERE 8127 05:34:58,840 --> 05:35:00,640 WE GET AT THAT -- WHAT WE ARE 8128 05:35:00,640 --> 05:35:03,360 PLANNING IN THE NEXT PHASE 8129 05:35:03,360 --> 05:35:04,840 HOPEFULLY OF THE U 19 IS TO BE 8130 05:35:04,840 --> 05:35:06,840 ABLE TO INCORPORATE EYE 8131 05:35:06,840 --> 05:35:07,400 TRACKING. 8132 05:35:07,400 --> 05:35:09,520 SO THAT WE CAN LOOK AT THESE 8133 05:35:09,520 --> 05:35:12,960 SAME RESPONSES NOW IN HUMANS 8134 05:35:12,960 --> 05:35:13,360 SINGLE UNITS. 8135 05:35:13,360 --> 05:35:14,960 SO THAT IS DEFINITELY WHERE WE 8136 05:35:14,960 --> 05:35:19,080 ARE MOVING. 8137 05:35:19,080 --> 05:35:21,760 >> NEXT ONE IS GETTING TO THE 8138 05:35:21,760 --> 05:35:24,120 CORTEX. 8139 05:35:24,120 --> 05:35:26,120 SO THE QUESTION IS HOW SHOULD WE 8140 05:35:26,120 --> 05:35:28,520 THINK ABOUT EYE MOVEMENT RELATED 8141 05:35:28,520 --> 05:35:29,080 HIPPOCAMPAL ACTIVATIONS IN 8142 05:35:29,080 --> 05:35:31,440 RELATION TO THE CODING OF VISUAL 8143 05:35:31,440 --> 05:35:34,480 SPACE IN THE VISUAL CORTEX, HOW 8144 05:35:34,480 --> 05:35:39,560 IS THAT INFLAMMATION FLOW IS 8145 05:35:39,560 --> 05:35:41,640 THERE BLOW BACK? 8146 05:35:41,640 --> 05:35:46,280 >> THIS SOMETHING WE ARE 8147 05:35:46,280 --> 05:35:48,040 INTERESTED IN, I MENTION LOOKING 8148 05:35:48,040 --> 05:35:50,280 AT THE CIRCUITRY OF THESE -- 8149 05:35:50,280 --> 05:35:52,480 THIS EYE MOVEMENT RESPONSE. 8150 05:35:52,480 --> 05:35:53,680 ONE THING THAT IS DIFFERENT 8151 05:35:53,680 --> 05:35:55,760 ABOUT WHAT WE SEE IN HIPPOCAMPUS 8152 05:35:55,760 --> 05:35:59,680 IS THAT EVEN THOUGH WE SEE 8153 05:35:59,680 --> 05:36:00,880 SPATIAL REPRESENTATION ALREADY 8154 05:36:00,880 --> 05:36:03,280 RELATIVE TO WHERE THE EYE IS. 8155 05:36:03,280 --> 05:36:05,880 SO THEY ARE NOT RETINA TOPIC SO 8156 05:36:05,880 --> 05:36:08,080 THAT IS REALLY DIFFERENT FROM 8157 05:36:08,080 --> 05:36:11,360 WHAT YOU WOULD SEE IN EARLY 8158 05:36:11,360 --> 05:36:14,480 VISUAL CORTEX. 8159 05:36:14,480 --> 05:36:16,280 THAT BEING SAID WE SEE IN THE 8160 05:36:16,280 --> 05:36:18,240 INTERNAL CORTEX THESE SACAD 8161 05:36:18,240 --> 05:36:19,080 RELATED RESPONSES THAT ARE 8162 05:36:19,080 --> 05:36:20,880 SELECTIVE FOR THE TRAJECTORY OF 8163 05:36:20,880 --> 05:36:22,600 THE SACAD. 8164 05:36:22,600 --> 05:36:24,560 WHICH SEEMS MORE SIMILAR TO 8165 05:36:24,560 --> 05:36:28,040 RESPONSES THAT YOU MIGHT SEE IN 8166 05:36:28,040 --> 05:36:33,880 THIS FOLIC ALSO OR FUNNEL EYE 8167 05:36:33,880 --> 05:36:34,880 FIELDS. 8168 05:36:34,880 --> 05:36:35,680 NOT TOO FAR OFF FIELD BUT 8169 05:36:35,680 --> 05:36:38,320 THERE'S INTERESTING NEW RESULTS 8170 05:36:38,320 --> 05:36:39,480 SUGGESTING IN SUPERIOR 8171 05:36:39,480 --> 05:36:41,960 COLLICULUS, YOU SEE NOT ONLY 8172 05:36:41,960 --> 05:36:44,040 MOTOR EYE MOVEMENT RESPONSES BUT 8173 05:36:44,040 --> 05:36:45,600 YOU ALSO SEE RESPONSES THAT ARE 8174 05:36:45,600 --> 05:36:49,080 MODULATED BY COGNITION THAT CAN 8175 05:36:49,080 --> 05:36:51,680 SHOW DIFFERENCES BASED ON 8176 05:36:51,680 --> 05:36:53,200 LEARNING OR EXPERIENCE OF THE 8177 05:36:53,200 --> 05:36:55,800 ANIMAL AND SO THIS IS ANOTHER 8178 05:36:55,800 --> 05:36:58,200 LINE WE ARE EXCITED TO PURSUE, 8179 05:36:58,200 --> 05:37:03,120 WITH OUR U 19 TEAM, TRYING TO 8180 05:37:03,120 --> 05:37:03,920 UNDERSTAND THE CIRCUIT OF THIS 8181 05:37:03,920 --> 05:37:08,400 AND WHY WE WOULD SEE THESE MOTOR 8182 05:37:08,400 --> 05:37:10,200 TYPE RESPONSES SACAD RELATED 8183 05:37:10,200 --> 05:37:12,600 RESPONSES IN HIGHER ORDER 8184 05:37:12,600 --> 05:37:14,040 COGNITIVE AREA HIPPOCAMPUS AND 8185 05:37:14,040 --> 05:37:16,760 SEE THESE COGNITIVE TYPE 8186 05:37:16,760 --> 05:37:18,080 RESPONSES IN WHAT HAVE BEEN 8187 05:37:18,080 --> 05:37:19,800 CONSIDERED EYE MOVEMENT AREAS 8188 05:37:19,800 --> 05:37:23,800 LIKE THE SUPERIOR COLLICULUS. 8189 05:37:23,800 --> 05:37:29,080 >> THANKS, ELIZABETH. 8190 05:37:29,080 --> 05:37:30,200 NEXT QUESTION IS TECHNICAL 8191 05:37:30,200 --> 05:37:32,120 QUESTION THAT I DON'T QUITE HAVE 8192 05:37:32,120 --> 05:37:34,680 IN MY HEAD STRAIGHT BUT MAYBE 8193 05:37:34,680 --> 05:37:36,560 YOU UNDERSTAND THE QUESTION IS 8194 05:37:36,560 --> 05:37:37,760 IN THE Y MAZE WHAT WOULD YOU 8195 05:37:37,760 --> 05:37:39,680 EXPECT TO CHANGE THE RULES OF 8196 05:37:39,680 --> 05:37:43,000 THE TASK BUT NOTHING ELSE SUCH 8197 05:37:43,000 --> 05:37:46,640 AS SWITCHING BETWEEN ARMS AFTER 8198 05:37:46,640 --> 05:37:49,040 EACH TRIAL THE USUAL YES TASK 8199 05:37:49,040 --> 05:37:50,880 VERSUS SWITCHING AFTER EVERY TWO 8200 05:37:50,880 --> 05:37:57,040 TRIALS. 8201 05:37:57,040 --> 05:38:00,680 >> I THINK SO, WHAT WE HAVE 8202 05:38:00,680 --> 05:38:02,600 SHOWN WAS FOR MOST CELLS THERE 8203 05:38:02,600 --> 05:38:05,320 WASN'T A LOT OF CONTEXT 8204 05:38:05,320 --> 05:38:07,000 DEPENDENCE SO IF WE MOVE THE 8205 05:38:07,000 --> 05:38:09,680 MONKEY TO VISUALLY DISTINCT 8206 05:38:09,680 --> 05:38:10,840 ENVIRONMENT, THE NEURONS AS A 8207 05:38:10,840 --> 05:38:12,400 POPULATION SHOWED THE SAME 8208 05:38:12,400 --> 05:38:15,720 RESPONSE IN TERMS OF RESPONDING 8209 05:38:15,720 --> 05:38:17,280 AT PARTICULAR BEHAVIORAL ETHICS 8210 05:38:17,280 --> 05:38:19,400 OF TASK EVEN THOUGH IT WAS A 8211 05:38:19,400 --> 05:38:20,080 TOTALLY DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENT. 8212 05:38:20,080 --> 05:38:21,720 SO I THINK IT IS A REALLY GOOD 8213 05:38:21,720 --> 05:38:23,360 QUESTION SO WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF 8214 05:38:23,360 --> 05:38:25,520 WE KEPT THE VISUAL PART OF THE 8215 05:38:25,520 --> 05:38:27,240 ENVIRONMENT THE SAME, BUT CHANGE 8216 05:38:27,240 --> 05:38:34,080 RULES OF THE GAME. 8217 05:38:34,080 --> 05:38:35,680 FOR THAT MY GUESS IS THAT WE 8218 05:38:35,680 --> 05:38:37,400 WOULD SEE THE POPULATION WOULD 8219 05:38:37,400 --> 05:38:38,560 CHANGE, THE RESPONSES WOULD 8220 05:38:38,560 --> 05:38:43,280 CHANGE BASED ON THE TASK. 8221 05:38:43,280 --> 05:38:44,480 IT WOULD BE INTERESTING TO TRAIN 8222 05:38:44,480 --> 05:38:48,080 MONKEYS TO DO THIS IN BLOCK TO 8223 05:38:48,080 --> 05:38:50,240 DO ONE RULE THEN NEXT RULE THEN 8224 05:38:50,240 --> 05:38:54,160 BACK TO FIRST RULE, MY GUESS IS 8225 05:38:54,160 --> 05:38:59,080 WE SEE A CHANGE IN THE REMAPPING 8226 05:38:59,080 --> 05:39:03,600 BASED ON COGNITIVE ASPECT OF THE 8227 05:39:03,600 --> 05:39:05,040 TASK. 8228 05:39:05,040 --> 05:39:06,760 WHILE KEEPING SPACE ENTIRELY THE 8229 05:39:06,760 --> 05:39:08,760 SAME. 8230 05:39:08,760 --> 05:39:09,880 REALLY GOOD QUESTION. 8231 05:39:09,880 --> 05:39:11,960 >> NEXT ONE MAYBE SIMILAR IS 8232 05:39:11,960 --> 05:39:14,320 THERE EVIDENCE DYNAMIC REMAPPING 8233 05:39:14,320 --> 05:39:16,680 IN THE PRIMATES AS THEY TRAVERSE 8234 05:39:16,680 --> 05:39:18,320 THE SAME PATH AS OCCURS IN THE 8235 05:39:18,320 --> 05:39:22,360 RODENT? 8236 05:39:22,360 --> 05:39:25,760 >> ONE THING IS WE HAVE LOOKED A 8237 05:39:25,760 --> 05:39:27,880 LITTLE BIT AT POTENTIAL WHAT ARE 8238 05:39:27,880 --> 05:39:30,960 CALLED SPLITTER CELLS SO THIS IS 8239 05:39:30,960 --> 05:39:35,680 THE WORK BY EMMA WOOD, WITH 8240 05:39:35,680 --> 05:39:36,320 HOWARD IKENBALM, THEY INITIALLY 8241 05:39:36,320 --> 05:39:38,240 SHOWED THIS WHEN THE RAT IS 8242 05:39:38,240 --> 05:39:40,160 GOING DOWN A CENTER STEM IT IS 8243 05:39:40,160 --> 05:39:42,080 GOING TO HAVE A DIFFERENT 8244 05:39:42,080 --> 05:39:44,000 RESPONSE WHEN GETTING READY TO 8245 05:39:44,000 --> 05:39:46,200 TURN LEFT VERSUS GETTING READY 8246 05:39:46,200 --> 05:39:47,440 TO TURN RIGHT. 8247 05:39:47,440 --> 05:39:49,480 WE DO FIND SOME EVIDENCE FOR 8248 05:39:49,480 --> 05:39:51,080 THAT, IT IS JUST NOT A LARGE 8249 05:39:51,080 --> 05:39:56,320 PERCENTAGE OF OUR POPULATION. 8250 05:39:56,320 --> 05:39:59,120 >> NOW WE ARE GOING BACK TO THE 8251 05:39:59,120 --> 05:40:02,880 LOCOMOTION STORY AGAIN. 8252 05:40:02,880 --> 05:40:05,400 BEAUTIFUL WORK PRESUMABLY ONE 8253 05:40:05,400 --> 05:40:07,720 COULD MAP OUT CELLS IF MONKEY 8254 05:40:07,720 --> 05:40:10,680 PHYSICALLY NAVIGATE THE 8255 05:40:10,680 --> 05:40:11,480 ENVIRONMENT, THROUGH AN 8256 05:40:11,480 --> 05:40:12,800 EXPERIMENT YOU EXPECT CELLS TO 8257 05:40:12,800 --> 05:40:14,880 MAP ON TO THE PATTERN FOUND WHEN 8258 05:40:14,880 --> 05:40:16,880 THE MONKEY OBSERVES A SPACE 8259 05:40:16,880 --> 05:40:20,160 THROUGH ITS SACAD? 8260 05:40:20,160 --> 05:40:25,520 THE MAPPING WITH LOCOMOTION AND 8261 05:40:25,520 --> 05:40:28,400 MAPPING WITH VIRTUAL 8262 05:40:28,400 --> 05:40:28,880 ENVIRONMENT. 8263 05:40:28,880 --> 05:40:31,760 YOU THINK YOU COULD PUT THEM IN 8264 05:40:31,760 --> 05:40:33,200 THE SAME EXPERIMENT SEE SAME 8265 05:40:33,200 --> 05:40:36,920 MAP, WOULD IT BE DIFFERENT? 8266 05:40:36,920 --> 05:40:40,240 >> GOOD QUESTION. 8267 05:40:40,240 --> 05:40:42,120 FOR THE -- IT IS HARD TO SAY, I 8268 05:40:42,120 --> 05:40:45,160 GUESS IN TERMS OF WHAT THE -- 8269 05:40:45,160 --> 05:40:46,840 WHAT ED WOULD MEAN FOR THE MAT 8270 05:40:46,840 --> 05:40:50,360 TO BE THE SAME IN THE 2D CASE 8271 05:40:50,360 --> 05:40:54,680 COMPARED TO THE 3-D ENVIRONMENT, 8272 05:40:54,680 --> 05:40:56,560 WHAT YOU WOULD EXPECT IS IT 8273 05:40:56,560 --> 05:41:01,280 WOULD HAVE THE SAME SPACING 8274 05:41:01,280 --> 05:41:03,280 AMONG THE FIELDS OF THE GRID 8275 05:41:03,280 --> 05:41:07,560 CELL. 8276 05:41:07,560 --> 05:41:11,360 WHAT WE FIND -- WE HAVEN'T YET 8277 05:41:11,360 --> 05:41:15,440 RECORDED THE CORTEX OR HAVEN'T 8278 05:41:15,440 --> 05:41:16,600 LOOKED CAREFULLY AT THE DATA SO 8279 05:41:16,600 --> 05:41:17,600 IT WOULD BE INTERESTING TO SEE 8280 05:41:17,600 --> 05:41:18,480 WHAT WE FIND. 8281 05:41:18,480 --> 05:41:20,080 FOR THE HIPPOCAMPUS I CAN TELL 8282 05:41:20,080 --> 05:41:23,280 YOU THAT WHEN WE AGAIN LOOK AT 8283 05:41:23,280 --> 05:41:26,360 THE SAME NEURONS RECORDED IN THE 8284 05:41:26,360 --> 05:41:29,640 VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT VERSUS 2D 8285 05:41:29,640 --> 05:41:31,880 SPACE, WE SEE DIFFERENT KINDS OF 8286 05:41:31,880 --> 05:41:33,640 RESPONSES, SOME EXAMPLES THAT I 8287 05:41:33,640 --> 05:41:37,600 SHOWED TODAY, EVEN PERISACATIC 8288 05:41:37,600 --> 05:41:38,840 RESPONSES WERE DIFFERENT. 8289 05:41:38,840 --> 05:41:41,800 MY GUESS IS WE LIKELY SEE 8290 05:41:41,800 --> 05:41:44,200 SOMETHING DIFFERENT FOR THE 8291 05:41:44,200 --> 05:41:45,320 ENTERONNAL, BUT WOULD BE A GOOD 8292 05:41:45,320 --> 05:41:47,840 EXPERIMENT TO DO. 8293 05:41:47,840 --> 05:41:50,480 >> THAT WAS FANTASTIC. 8294 05:41:50,480 --> 05:41:54,480 WE APPRECIATE YOUR TAKING THE 8295 05:41:54,480 --> 05:41:56,320 QUESTION GOT GRILLED TODAY. 8296 05:41:56,320 --> 05:41:58,800 ALL GOOD QUESTIONS AND GREAT 8297 05:41:58,800 --> 05:41:59,280 TALK. 8298 05:41:59,280 --> 05:42:00,320 GREAT WAY TO END THE FIRST DAY 8299 05:42:00,320 --> 05:42:03,040 OF THE BRAIN INITIATIVE MEETING. 8300 05:42:03,040 --> 05:42:04,880 SO THANKS EVERYONE FOR 8301 05:42:04,880 --> 05:42:05,320 ATTENDING. 8302 05:42:05,320 --> 05:42:06,000 THANK YOU ELIZABETH SO MUCH. 8303 05:42:06,000 --> 00:00:00,000 HAVE A GOOD EVENING NOW.