I WANT TO WELCOME EVERYBODY TO 19TH MEETING OF THE BRAIN MULTI-COUNCIL WORKING GROUP, AS YOU KNOW WE ARE HAVING THIS SESSION IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE NEUROETHICS WORKING GROUP OF THE BRAIN INITIATIVE SO MY NAME IS KARA RAMOS, DIRECTOR OF NEUROETHICS PROGRAM AT NINDS AND BRANCH CHIEF COMMUNICATIONS OFFICE. I ALSO SERVE AS THE DESIGNATED FEDERAL OFFICIAL OF THE NEUROETHICS WORKING GROUP. UNFORTUNATELY SUSAN WEISS COULDN'T JOIN US SO I'M SERVING AS THE DSO FOR THIS MEETING TODAY. SO WE HAVE SOME EXCELLENT PRESENTATIONS PLANNED FOR TODAY. AND WE WILL BE CONTINUING OUR DISCUSSION OF HOW THE BRAIN INITIATIVE CAN HELP PROMOTE DIVERSITY EQUITY AND INCLUSION IN RESEARCH. WE HAVE ONE NEW AT LARGE NTWG, DR. MURPHY FROM PRINCETON AND JOHN WILL INTRODUCE HER FORMALLY IN A FEW MINUTES. SO BEFORE WE REALLY GET ROLLING, I WANTED TO BRIEFLY SAY WHO WE ARE AND WHY WE ARE HERE'S SPECIALLY FOR THE NEW MEMBER. AS MOST OF YOU KNOW THE MULTI-COUNCIL WORKING GROUP IS NOTE A FORMAL ADVISORY FEDERAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE ACT BUT IT WAS ESTABLISHED BECAUSE OF THE RECOGNIZED NEED FOR DIVERSE EXPERTISE IN VARIOUS DISCIPLINES IN ORDER TO HELP US ASSESS THE RESEARCH BEING SUPPORTED THROUGH BRAIN. SOME OF THE NCWG MEMBERS ARE FROM ADVISORY COUNCIL OF THE TEN NIH INSTITUTES AN CENTERS PARTICIPATING IN THE BRAIN INITIATIVE WITH ADDITIONAL AT LARGE MEMBERS APPOINTED TO SUPPLEMENT THE WORKING GROUP'S EXPERTISE. WE ALSO HAVE EXOFFICIO MEMBERS FROM DRPA FDA IARPA AN NSF FOR NIH FEDERAL PARTNERS INVOLVED IN THE BRAIN INITIATIVE AND WE LOOK TO THE MCWG FOR ONGOING OVERSIGHT OF THE SCIENTIFIC VISION OF THE BRAIN INITIATIVE. FOR FEEDBACK ON CONCEPT CLEARANCES THAT ARE EXPECTED TO LEAD TO FUNDING ANNOUNCEMENTS AND IN CLOSED SESSION FOR INPUT ON OUR FUNDING PLANS. SIMILARLY, THE NEUROETHICS WORKING GROUP IS A WORKING GROUP OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL OF THE NIH INSTITUTES AN CENTERS PARTICIPATE IN BRAIN AND IT WAS ESTABLISHED BECAUSE OF NEED FOR INPUT ON NEUROETHICS CONSIDERATION RELATED TO RESEARCH THAT WE SPORT THROUGH BRAIN. THE NEUROETHICS WORKING GROUP DELIBERATES ON ETHICAL QUESTIONS THAT ARISE IN CONTEXT OF BRAIN RESEARCH. SO WHEN WE GO TO THE CLOSED SESSION I WILL GO OVER SOME OF OUR OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR THAT, WE THINK THAT SHOULD START AROUND 3 P.M. AFTER A 40 MINUTE BREAK FOLLOWING THIS OPEN SESSION. AND JUST TO NOTE THERE IS A DIFFERENT LINK FOR THE CLOSED SESSION SO WE'LL LEAVE THIS ZOOM IN A LITTLE WHILE THEN MOVE TO THE OTHER ZOOM ROOM. SO FEW HOUSEKEEPING THINGS, AS A REMINDER THIS OPEN SESSION IS BEING VIDEOCAST LIVE TO THE PUBLIC AND RECORDED AND IT WILL BE ARCHIVED ON THE NIH AND BRAIN INITIATIVE WEBSITE. PLEASE MUTE YOUR LINE AND TURN OFF YOUR VIDEO WHEN NOT SPEAKING, THAT IS HELPFUL FOR THE VIDEOCAST BUT WHEN WE ARE IN DISCUSSION PLEASE TURN ON YOUR VIDEO AND USE THE RAISE HAND OPTION IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS AND WE'LL CALL ON YOU. I KNOW YOU ARE ALL REALLY BUSY AND WE REALLY APPRECIATE YOUR TIME AN EFFORT TODAY. AND I WOULD BE REMISS IF I DID NOT THANK ALL THE STAFF VERY HARD WORK WENT TO PREPARE FOR THIS MEETING IN PARTICULAR KRISTEN DUPRI MICHELLE PEERSON AND ROSELIE OR CONTRACTOR AND NIH VIDEOCAST FOLKS. IF ANYONE IS HAVING TECHNICAL PROBLEMS EMAIL KRISTEN, SHE AND HER TEAM WILL SORT THINGS OUT FOR YOU AND I THINK THAT'S IT FOR ME. SO JOHN. >> YOU ARE ON MUTE. >> YEAH YOU THINK BY NOW. SORRY, WELCOME EVERYBODY TO THIS JOINT OPEN SESSION OF THE BRAIN MULTI-COUNCIL WORKING GROUP AND NEUROETICS WORKING GROUP. I'M DELIGHTED TO HAVE Y'ALL HERE. ALBEIT VIRTUALLY AND I REALLY DO WE DO APPRECIATE ALL THAT YOU DO FOR US. IN PROMOTING THE MISSION OF THE BRAIN INITIATIVE. SO WE ARE ALREADY RUNNING BEHIND WHICH IS NOT A GREAT SIGN, I WILL JUST -- I HAVE SOME UPDATES TO SHARE WITH YOU, LET'S SEE IF I CAN NOT MESS THAT UP. CAREFULLY HE CLICKS. CAN YOU SEE MY INTRO SLIDE? >> YES. LOOKS GOOD, JOHN. >> SO THANK YOU, AGAIN. WELCOME EVERYBODY AND WELCOME TO ALL OF YOU WHO ARE TUNING IN ON THE VIDEOCAST. SO A FEW UPDATES, I'LL TRY TO BE BRIEF. FIRST OF ALL WE'D LOVE TO WELCOME OUR NEWEST MEMBER, DR. MALA MURPHY FROM PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, PROFESSOR OF NEUROSCIENCE AND COMPUTATIONS UNDERLYING SOCIAL COMMUNICATION AND DROSOPHILA AND SHE'S ACTIVE IN THE DROSOPHILA CONNECTOME PROJECT AS WELL. SHE IS ONE OF OUR AT LARGE MCWG MEMBERS AND WE ARE LOOKING FORWARD TO TO WORKING WITH MALA. SHE IS REALLY GOING TO BE A GREAT ADDITION I'M SURE. ANOTHER UPDATE, I WORK WITH A TERRIFIC TEAM OF SCIENTISTS IN OFFICE OF BRAIN DIRECTOR AND DELIGHTED TO LET EVERYONE HERE KNOW THAT AS OF MARCH 2021, DR. ANDREW MITCHENER WAS OFFICIALLY NAMED DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF NIH BRAIN INITIATIVE, IT'S BEEN A PLEASURE WORKING WITH ANDREA AND LOOK FORWARD WORKING WITH HER AND TEAM AS WE MOVE FORWARD. AS MANY OF YOU KNOW, THE SCIENCE IN THE NIH BRAIN INITIATIVE IS ORGANIZED AROUND EIGHT PROJECT TEAMS, THESE ARE TERRIFIC FOLKS WHO MAKE THINGS HAPPEN TOGETHER WITH THEIR TEAM MEMBERS WHO HAIL FROM TEN NIH ICs AS WELL AS OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR. AND I REALLY WANT TO PAUSE AND GIVE GREAT THANKS TO ALL THE GREAT WORK THAT ALL THESE PEOPLE DO, COVID HAS BEEN TERRIBLE BUT PANDEMIC HAS BROUGHT OUT THE VERY BEST IN EACH AND EVERY ONE OF THESE PEOPLE. I DO APPRECIATE ALL THEY PUT IN IN SPITE OF THE MANY HARDSHIPS PERSONAL PROFESSIONAL THAT WE ARE ALL ENDURING. I HAVE A NEW WEB PAGE. SO YOU CAN GO TO THE BRAIN INITIATIVE WEBSITE AND WE NOW HAVE A DIRECTORS CORNER WHERE WE WILL BE UPDATING THE COMMUNITY WITH WHAT IS GOING ON IN T BRAIN INITIATIVE, DISCUSS ISSUES, TOPICS OF THE MOMENT AS WELL AS TO GIVE PEOPLE A PREVIEW OF COMING ATTRACTIONS SO TUNE IN ON THAT. WE WILL TRY NOT TO SPAM YOU TOO OFTEN BUT THIS IS A PLACE TO GET INFORMATION IN ADDITION TO THE BRAIN UPDATE BLOG. OKAY SO WHERE ARE WE? WE ARE IN MIDWAY THROUGH FISCAL YEAR 21. WE ARE FORTUNATE THAT CONGRESS GAVE US ADDITIONAL $100 MILLION IN APPROPRIATIONS OVER FY 20, SO WE -- OUR BUDGET THIS YEAR IS $560 MILLION, AGAIN, FOR THOSE OF YOU WHO ARE A LITTLE LESS FAMILIAR, BRAIN'S FUNDING COMES FROM TWO MAIN SOURCES. MY MOUSE IS JUMPY, SORRY. BASE FUNDING THAT GOES INTO THE TEN NIH ICs, RIGHT NOW SITTING AT $460 MILLION, ON TOP OF WHICH WE ARE VERY FORTUNATE TO HAVE RECEIVED SIGNIFICANT FUNDING FROM THE 21ST CENTURY CURES ACT WHICH ADDS A VARIABLE AMOUNT OF FUNDS FROM YEAR-TO-YEAR. SO HERE WE HAVE AN ADDITIONAL 100 MILLION WHICH BRINGS US TO $560 MILLION FOR FY 21. A BIT MORE IN 22 AND LOT MORE IN FY 23. SO AS MANY OF YOU MAY RECALL, WE HAVE USED THIS VERY GENEROUS FUNDING ESPECIALLY THIS BIG INCREASE IN 2023 TO STAGE THREE LARGE PROJECTS THAT WE FEEL WILL TRANSFORM THE WAY WE CONDUCT NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH AND ULTIMATELY HAVE AN IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH. THE FIRST OF THESE IS THAT WAS LAUNCHED WAS THE RESOURCES FOR BRAIN CELL TYPE ACCESS AND MANIPULATION ACROSS SPECIES. THIS IS THE SO CALLED CELL TYPE SPECIFIC ARMAMENTARIUM. THIS IS DEVELOPED TOOLS FOR CELL AXIS IN RODENT AND NON-HUMAN PRIMATE BRAINS, OTHER ORGANISMS AND INCLUDING HUMAN CELLS AND TISSUE, IN THE LONG TERM GOAL HERE IS TO DEVELOP THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR HUMAN BRAIN DISORDERS, NAMELY GENE THERAPY AND RELATED THERAPIES. THE FIRST TWO RFAs ALREADY OUT, THE FIRST HAS ALREADY WE HAVE HAD ONE RECEIPT DATE, ANOTHER ONE IN OCTOBER FOR DEVELOPING SCALABLE TECHNOLOGIES. AND THIS RFA MH 21180 WHICH HAS RECEIPT DATE IN NOVEMBER 2021 BUZZ FOR STANDING UP PRODUCTION FACILITIES SPECIFICALLY IN PARTNERSHIP WITH MINORITY SERVING AND IDEA STATE INSTITUTIONS. WE ARE ALSO ABOUT TO LAUNCH THE PHASE 3 OF THE BRAIN CELL CENSUS PROJECT OR PARTS LIST. THIS WILL BUILD ON THE SUCCESS OF THE WORK THAT'S BEEN GOING ON IN THEIR BRAIN INITIATIVE CELL CENSUS NETWORK OR BICCN, AGAIN THE SHIFT WILL BE TO EMPHASIZE WORK IN HUMANS TO STAND UP A COMPREHENSIVE HUMAN BRAIN CELL ATLAS. WE HAVE JUST PUBLISHED THE SO CALLED NOTICES OF INTENT TO PUBLISH FUNDING OPPORTUNITY ANNOUNCEMENTS, THERE WILL BE THREE FOAs PUBLISHED LATER -- SOMETIME IN THE SUMMER WITH RECEIPT DATES OF NOVEMBER 2021. BOTH OF THESE PROJECTS HAVE RECEIVED CONGRESSIONALLY DIRECTED FUNDS THAT WILL ALLOW US TO ACCELERATE THE LAUNCH ALONG THESE TIME LINES. FINALLY WE HAVE BEEN WORKING ON SCALING UP -- SCALING TOWARD A WHOLE BRAIN MICROCONNECTIVETY ANALYSIS OR WINE DIAGRAM, TO GENERATE A HIGH RESOLUTION CONNECTIVITY MAP OF AN ENTIRE MAMMALIAN BRAIN OR BRAINS, AND MULTIPLE SCALES, WE JUST FINISHED A FIVE WORKSHOP SERIES THIS SPRING, THERE WILL BE WORKSHOP SERIES REPORT COMING SOON AND WE WILL MAKE SURE THAT Y'ALL CAN SEE THAT AND HOPEFULLY GIVE US SOME CONSTRUCTIVE INPUT ON THAT. BUT THIS IS A PROJECT THAT WE WILL BE LOOKING TOWARDS STANDING UP OVER THE COMING YEAR OR TWO. FEW OTHER THINGS GOING ON IN BRAIN. THIS COMMERCIALIZING INNOVATION CONCEPT TO CLINIC COMMERCIALIZING INNOVATION OR C 3I PROGRAM WHICH IS PILOT PROGRAM TO HELP INVESTIGATORS WITH AN IDEA OF HAIR TECHNOLOGY TO BRING TO MARKET TO ASSIST THEM IN SHAPING THOSE IDEAS TO GIVE THEM BETTER CHANCES OF SUCCESS. THIS HAS BEEN ONGOING THROUGH NIBIB, WE HAVE SIGNED ON TO THIS APPLICATION DUE SOON, MAY 25TH. ANY QUESTIONS LET US KNOW. THIS WILL BE EXCITING TO SEE. AND IS REALLY IN LINE WITH BRAIN'S MISSION TO DISSEMINATE THE TECHNOLOGIES THAT WE DEVELOP TO GET THINGS INTO OTHER PEOPLE'S HANDS. ULTIMATELY INTO THE CLINIC WHERE APPLICABLE. SO WE HAVE SEVERAL UPCOMING EVENTS. NIH THERE IS A TRANS-NIH INITIATIVE CALLED BRIDGE TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE OR BRIDGE TO AI. A COMMON FUND PROGRAM AND THIS IS TO HELP BUILD AI MORE INTO THE FABRIC OF WHAT WE DO AT NIH SO INFORMATION THAT WILL BE WE WILL BE HOSTING A CIRCUIT THERAPIES WORKSHOP IN LATE JUNE AS WELL. THIS IS REALLY LOOKING AHEAD TOWARDS SEEING WHAT THE OPPORTUNITIES ARE FOR DEVELOPING CIRCUIT THERAPIES WITH AN EMPHASIS ON GENE THERAPIES BUT THERE WILL BE OTHER MODALITIES I BELIEVE INCLUDED AS WELL. THEN LAST BUT CERTAINLY NOT LEAST, OUR BRAIN INITIATIVE INVESTIGATORS MEETING. THE 7TH ANNUAL, SECOND VIRTUAL, INVESTIGATORS MEETING WILL BE HELD JUNE 15TH THROUGH 17TH. I WANT TO STRESS THAT EVERYBODY WHO WANTS TO PARTICIPATE IS WELCOME TO, YOU DO NOT HAVE TO HAVE BRAIN FUNDING. REGISTRATION WILL BE OPEN UP THROUGH THE FIRST DAY OF THE MEETING AND YOU CAN GET MORE INFORMATION AT THE WEBSITE INDICATED AT THE VERY BOTTOM. SO HERE I JUST LIKE TO TAKE A FEW MINUTES TO TALK ABOUT SOME RECENT STUDIES THAT HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED AND THESE ARE ALL LITERALLY HOT OFF THE PRESS. I WILL TRY TO GO THROUGH THESE QUICKLY BUT EACH OF THESE IS REALLY REPRESENTS QUITE A BIT OF EFFORT. THE FIRST I WILL TALK ABOUT IS A STUDY FROM DAVID KLINEFELD AND (INAUDIBLE) GROUP WHO CONDUCTED A MULTI-MODAL ANALYSIS OF PARALBUMIN OUTPUT NEURONS IN THE BASAL GANGLIA SUBSTANTIA NIAGRA, MAJOR OUTPUT NEURONS. THEY FOUND THESE NEURONS PROJECT OVER 40 SITES IN THE BRAIN STEM AND ENCEPHLON AND THE NEURONAL SUB SETS DISPLAYED EACH OF THESE SUB SETS THAT PROJECTED DIFFERENT AREAS DISPLAIDING ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL AS WELL AS TOPO GRAPHICAL PROPERTIES SO THERE SEEMS TO BE SOME ABLE TO CORRELATE DIFFERENT PROPERTIES ACROSS THE DIFFERENT MODALITIES. AND VERY INTERESTING FINDING WAS THESE NEURONS PROJECTING TO THE BRAIN CELL NUCLEI SENT LA RAILS TO THE DYING ENCEPHLON SO PROJECTING DOWN AS IT WERE AS WELL AS UP SO THIS KIND OF SHAPES IDEAS ABOUT HOW THESE NEURONS MIGHT PLAY A ROLE IN LICKING THESE HIGHER AND LOWER BRAIN REGIONS. AND IT HAS IMPLICATIONS GIVEN THE ROLL OF PAY SAL GANGLIA SUBSTANTIA NIAGRA IN NEUROLODGEACHE NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS INVOLVING BRAIN STEM FUNCTION SO THIS PAPER JUST CAME OUT A LITTLE EARLY THIS SPRING, REAL TECHNICAL TOWEROR TOWER DE FORCE, COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS AND SURE SERVE AS A GREAT REFORCE PEOPLE TRYING TO INVESTIGATE THE BASAL GAY GLIA'S ROLE IN -- GANGLIA'S ROLE IN DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS. OKAY. LITERALLY SMOKING HOT OFF THE PRESS. A PAPER FROM (INDISCERNIBLE) GROUP ALLEN INSTITUTE PUBLISHED I BELIEVE IN CELL I BELIEVE ON MONDAY. WHERE THEY SEQUENCED OVER 1.3 MILLION CELLS FROM THE MOUSE ISOCORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION. THEY IDENTIFIED OVER 350 CELL TYPES, I PUT THIS IN QUOTE BECAUSE IT IS REALLY AN OPERATIONAL OR DEFINITION AT THIS POINT. THEY FOUND SOME INTERESTING THINGS, THE CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION SHARE MOST GABAERGIC CELL TYPES SO ON THE RIGHT I SHOW YOU THEY JUST INDICATED THE REGIONS THAT THEY ANALYZE BY SINGLE CELL TRANSCRIPT OMICS. SO THE REGION THE ISOCORTEX ARE MAINLY WARM COLOR THE HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION IN GREEN, HERE YOU CAN SEE THESE 350 SOME ODD CELL TYPES THEY IDENTIFIED STATISTICALLY AND IN THIS SECOND ROW HERE SHOWS THE ORIGIN OF THESE CELLS EITHER FROM WARM FROM CORTEX OR GREEN FROM HIPPOCAMPUS. OVER ON THE RIGHT HERE ARE THE DWA BAYER JUDGE NEURONS, YOU CAN SEE THE GABAERGIC NEURONS COMPRISE CELLS FROM BOTH REGIONS WHEREAS GREATER SPECIFICITY IN THE GLUTAMATERGIC NEURONS. THERE ARE OF COURSE SPECIALIZATIONS FOR BOTH REGIONS AS WELL. THEY SEE A PARALLEL CELL TYPE AND LAMIN ORGANIZATION FOR NEOCORTEX HIPPOCAMPAL SO THOUGH THESE CELLS ARE DIFFERENT THEY ARE SHOWING COMMON PROPERTIES AND COMMON LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION. THE INTERESTING THING IS IF THEY LOOK IN BOTH CORTICAL IT NEURONS IN PARTICULAR BUT ALSO THROUGHOUT THE HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION THEY CAN OBSERVE A CONTINUOUS VARIATION. THIS ECHOS PREVIOUS STUDIES BY SPRUCE AND OTHERS AS WELL AS WORK FROM (INDISCERNIBLE) GROUP AS WELL AS FROM ANDREAS GROUP. THIS IS A TECHNICAL TOWER DE FORCE, I RECOMMEND YOU LOOK AT IT, I DON'T RECOMMEND YOU TRY TO READ IT ALL IN ONE SITTING, IT IS REALLY QUITE A LOT OF INFORMATION AND AGAIN, WILL SERVE AS A GREAT RESOURCE FOR THE FIELD MOVING FORWARD. OKAY. SO OTHER EXCITING WORK. HERE IS A SUMMARY OF PAPER THAT WAS AGAIN PUBLISHED FROM JAMIE HENDERSON AT STANFORD TOGETHER WITH LEE HOCKBURG AS PART ANOTHER BRAIN GATE CONSORTIUM. THEY DESIGNED A BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE THAT CAN LITERALLY TURN THE SUBJECTS THOUGHTS INTO TEXT. SO THEY IMPLANTED TWO UTAH ARRAYS IN THE PRE-MOTOR CORTEX OF PARALYZED PATIENT. THE GOAL HERE WAS TO PROVIDE PARALLEL -- THIS PARALYZED INDIVIDUAL THE ABILITY THE COMMUNICATE VIA TEXTING, VIA TYPING. NOW PREVIOUS METHODS WERE QUITE SLOW ON THE ORDER OF 40 CHARACTERS PER MINUTE BY HAVING THE SUBJECT MOVE A CURSOR ON A SCREEN AGAIN WITH THESE IMPLANTED ELECTRODES BUT INSTEAD WHAT THEY DID HERE, WAS THEY ASKED THE SUBJECT TO IMAGINE WRITING OUT THE LETTERS. AND USING RECURRING NEURAL NETWORK THEY WERE ABLE TO LEARN THESE HOW THESE PATTERNS RELATED TO THE ACTUAL IMAGINING OR WRITING OF THESE LETTERS AND TURN THIS INTO A TYPED OUTPUT. SO LOOKS LIKE THIS. THIS WHEN I FIRST SAW THIS FIGURE ON THE RIGHT I THOUGHT JEEZ THEY ARE DOING GENE TRANSCRIPTOMIC ANAL ANALYSIS BUT GROUPING ACTIVITY PATTERNS ACCORDING TO THE LETTER THE SUBJECT WAS IMAGINING THAT HE WAS WRITING. THEY CAN TURN THIS INTO TEXT AT SUCH THAT THE PATIENT COULD TYPE 90 CHARACTERS PER MINUTE WITH AN ACCURACY OF 95%. SO THIS RIVALS WHAT MOST OF US CAN DO ON A SMART PHONE TYPING OUT A TEXT MESSAGE. THIS IS REALLY QUITE EXCITING AND REALLY PAVES THE WAY FOR DEVELOPING THESE NEURAL PROSTHETIC DEVICES FOR LOCKED IN PATIENTS OR PARALYZED PATIENTS AS WELL AS REALLY GIVES INSIGHT ABOUT HOW INFORMATION IS BEING ENCODED IN THE MOTOR CORTEX TO GENERATE THESE OUTPUTS. SO THIS IS ALL DONE IN THE LAB AND IT WAS DONE ON ONE PATIENT. AND OF COURSE ONE OF THE BIG GOALS OF THE BRAIN INITIATIVE TO GET THESE TECHNOLOGIES OUT FOR USE IN PATIENTS AT HOME. SO STUDY PUBLISHED FROM PHIL STAR'S GROUP IN NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY IS USING ADAPTIVE DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION TOGETHER WITH WIRELESS COMMUNICATION AND DEPLOYING THIS IN THE HOME ENVIRONMENT. SO THEY HAVE A FULLY EMBEDDED BIDIRECTIONAL ELECTRODE IMPLANTED IN CELL THALAMIC NUCLEUS MOTOR CORTEX BY FULLY EMBEDDED THIS MEANS COMMUNICATION IS VIA WIRELESS, THERE AREN'T WIRES COMING OUT OF THE PATIENT'S HEAD. AND THEN THIS -- THESE DATA STREAM TO A TABLET DEVICE AND ALLOWS UNRESTRICTED MOVEMENT OF THE PATIENT IN HIS OR HER OWN HOME ENVIRONMENT AND THIS IS ALLOWED THEM TO IDENTIFY BIOMARKERS OF BRADY KINESIA AND DISDISKINESIA, ALLOWING FOR DEVELOPING CONTROL SIGNAL FOR STIMULATION SO HERE YOU CAN SEE THEY CAN DETECT CERTAIN PATTERNS OF ACTIVITY WHICH TRIGGER THE DEVICE TO STIMULATE TO CONTROL THESE MOVEMENT DISORDERS, HAS POTENTIAL OF REDUCE SIDE EFFECT OF OPEN LOOP DBS AND IT IS REALLY QUITE SIGNIFICANT IN MOVING DBS TECHNOLOGY FROM THE LAB TO HOME. AND I'M SURE WILL HAVE MANY SPIRITED DEBATES ABOUT THE NEUROETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THESE LAST TWO STUDIES. OVER THE COMING MONTHS. OKAY. SO COVID, WHAT ARE WE DOING ABOUT COVID? I OOH FINISH UP BY SUMMARIZING SOME OF NIH EFFORTS TO ADDRESS THE COVID PANDEMIC. WHICH INCLUDE THE RADX PROGRAM TO DEVELOP ACCELERATE TIME SCALE BETTER AND MORE WIDELY DEPLOYABLE DIAGNOSTICS. THE ACTIVE PROGRAM TO DEVELOP VACCINES, THIS OF COURSE HAS BEEN ON THE FRONT PAGE OF THE NEWS FOR A WHILE AS WELL AS RESEARCH RESOURCES. HERE IS A SUMMARY OF PAPER PUBLISHED BY (INDISCERNIBLE) NINDS INTRAMURAL AND VERY EARLY ON IN THE PANDEMIC SOME OF YOU HERE HAD ASKED WHAT IS THE BASIS FOR THE SO CALLED COVID BRAIN, THESE LONG HAUL EFFECTS THAT AFFECT NEUROLOGICAL FUNCTION. WHAT THAT GROUP FOUND IS LOOKING AT A NUMBER OF POSTMORTEM BRAINS IS THAT VIRUS IS NOT DETECTED IN THE BRAIN PER SE BUT LOOKS LIKE THAT THE THERE IS WIDESPREAD EVIDENCE OF INFLAMMATION AND MULTI-FOCAL BREAK DOWN OF THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER LEADING TO SMALL INFARCTS AND THE LIKE. SO THERE'S STILL A LOT YET TO LEARN BUT I THINK ALL FINGERS ARE POINTING TOWARD INFLAMMATION AND MICROVASCULAR EFFECTS. WALLER IS HERE AND CAN EXPLAIN BETTER THAN I IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS. SO THERE IS AN INITIATIVE AT THE NIH TO ADDRESS THE POST ACUTE SEQUELAE OF COVID INFECTION IT WILL BE FOCUSING ON THESE DIFFERENT SETS OF ISSUES AND TARGETS. THE GOAL IS TO RAPIDLY IMPROVE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE DISEASE AND TO TREAT IT ULTIMATELY CENTERING ON SEVERAL KEY SCIENTIFIC QUESTIONS. AND THERE ARE DIFFERENT COMPONENTS TO THIS INITIATIVE I CAN AGAIN REFER YOU TO NIH WEBSITE TO COVER THIS AND FOR MORE INFORMATION. WITH THAT, I WILL STOP AND TAKE ANY QUESTIONS IF WE HAVE TIME. >> FANTASTIC PRESENTATION, IN MANY WAYS I WISH I HAD REVERSE THE ORDER BETWEEN THE NIBIB COUNCIL WHICH WAS YESTERDAY AND THIS TALK. I HAD THE OPPORTUNITY TO GIVE THEM AN UPDATE ON BRAIN BUT YOU ALWAYS GET ME UP TO DATE, GREAT TO SEE THE MATERIAL. ONE THING THEY DID TALK ABOUT MAYBE WE CAN FEED IN THIS DIRECTION, THEY HAD AN EXTENSIVE PRESENTATION ABOUT RADX WHICH I'M SURE YOU ARE FAMILIAR WITH, OVERALL REALLY SEEMED TO HAVE BEEN QUITE A SUCCESSFUL ENTERPRISE IN TERMS OF TRYING TO TAKE THINGS FROM BASIC IDEAS. >> YOU HAD YOUR HAND UP. >> YES. SO IMPRESSIVE, JOHN. ESPECIALLY CONSIDERING WE JUST GONE THROUGH A LOT OF THE COVID EXPERIENCE, I JUST -- I'M ABSOLUTELY IMPRESSED WITH WHAT YOU HAVE SAID AND HEARTENED BY IT. I DID WANT TO MAKE TWO COMMENTS, I THINK YOUR NEW PAGE IS VERY, VERY IMPORTANT TO CREATING A SENSE OF ACCESSIBILITY AND APPROACHABILITY FOR THE BRAIN PROGRAM SO I LANDED ON WHAT YOU WERE DOING ON PAGE AND LOOKS REALLY GOOD. I DID WANT TO MENTION THAT WHEN YOU DO THE ONLINE COURSE FOR BUSINESS, IT IS POSSIBLE TO REACH OUT TO THE MINORITY BUSINESS COMMUNITY AND I THINK YOU CAN ADVERTISE THROUGH THE GOVERNMENT MINORITY BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT AGENCY. IN THE SPIRIT OF WHAT WE TRYING TO DO HERE WITH DEI. >> THANKS, THANK YOU, VERY MUCH, SOMEBODY IS TAKING NOTES HERE. OF THANK YOU. >> WE ARE, JOHN. >> OF COURSE. OTHER QUESTIONS, I DON'T WANT TO RUN US TOO LATE HERE. BUT -- >> KAREN. MAYBE ONE MORE. KAREN HAD -- >> KAREN. WHERE ARE YOU? THERE YOU ARE. >> I'M HERE. THANK YOU. I ALSO WANT TO ECHO -- COMMENTS, GREAT INTRODUCTION TO THE SUCCESS THAT WE HAVE HAD THIS YEAR WITH BRAIN AND THE GREAT FANTASTIC LEADERSHIP. I WANTED TO ASK ABOUT THE COMMERCIALIZING INNOVATION PROGRAM AND SOME OF THE COMMUNITY HAS BEEN ACTIVE TRYING TO BRIDGE THE PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS AND BRIDGE NEUROETHICS ACROSS THOSE AREAS. WONDERING IF BRAIN HAS INTENTION TO BE AN EXAMPLE IN THAT SPACE AND MAYBE THINKING ABOUT NEUROETHICS IN THAT CRITICAL COMMERCIALIZATION PHASE. HAS THAT BEEN DISCUSSED AMONG THE SOLUTION? >> WE HAVEN'T DISCUSSED IT EXPLICITLY BUT GLAD YOU BRING IT UP. WE WE ARE TRYING TO WEAVE THE LC, THE ETHICAL LEGAL SOCIETAL IMPACTS INTO EVERYTHING WE DO AND NOT JUST HAVE A BASE YEN AFTER THOUGHT. COMMERCIALIZATION IS AN ISSUE WE NEED TO BE AWARE OF, NOT ONLY IN TERMS OF WHO WE TRY TO BOUGHT IN BUT WHO WE ARE TRYING TO SERVE ULTIMATELY AT THE END OF THE DAY. SO THESE ARE THINGS WE WILL -- WE WILL MAKE A POINT TO REMEMBER AND SEE IF THERE ARE EXPLICIT WAYS WE CAN INCORPORATE THIS BUT WE ARE TRYING TO WEAVE THIS INTO THE FABRIC OF EVERYTHING WE ARE DOING. >> THIS IS AN OPPORTUNITY TO ALSO SEE NEUROETHICS IN ACTION AND HOW THEY ARE ACTIONABLE. I HOPE WE DO MORE WITH THAT. >> OTHER THINGS THAT COME UP POP IT IN THE CHAT, IN THE INTEREST OF TIME WE SHOULD MOVE ALONG. WHAT IS -- I HAVE TOO MANY WINDOWS. >> SO NEXT WE ARE TALKING ABOUT PROMOTING SCIENTIFIC EXCELLENCE IN THE BRAIN INITIATIVE THROUGH ENHANCING DIVERSITY EQUITY AND INCLUSION. >> OKAY. SO THIS WILL BE I HOPE A VERY INFORMATIVE AND PRODUCTIVE DISCUSSION WITH EVERYBODY HERE. I AM JUST GOING TO MODERATE, I'M GOING TO TURN THE FLOOR OVER TO THE FOLKS WHO DID ALL THE HARD WORK HERE, DR.S CRAWFORD AND MITCHENER AND RYAN RICHARDSON, WE WILL START OUT WITH OUR ANALYSIS OF BRAIN DEMOGRAPHICS AND MOVE ON TO WHAT BRAIN IS DOING TO TO ADDRESS ISSUES YOU WILL SEE COME UP HERE. AFTER THIS PRESENTATION WE WILL HAVE I HOPE MAYBE HALF AN HOUR PLUS, 30, 40 MINUTES TO HAVE GOOD ROBUST DISCUSSION ABOUT WHAT WE ARE DOING AND WHAT WE CAN BE DOING BETTER. SO FIRST OFF IS DEVIN CRAWFORD. ALL YOURS, DEVIN. >> DEVIN DID SUGGEST HE WAS HAVING TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES BY EMAIL SO SEEING IF SHE HAS AUDIO. KRISTEN DO YOU HAVE? IF DEVIN WAS ABLE TO JOIN? >> SHE'S IN THE MEETING BUT -- >> AUDIO? >> WE COULD NOT HEAR HER. >> WE CAN'T HEAR YOU, DEVIN, IF YOU ARE TALKING. >> IT LOOKS LIKE SHE'S MUTED. >> I SENT YOU A REQUEST TO UNMUTE, IF YOU ARE THERE. >> HI, CAN YOU HEAR ME? >> THERE WE GO. >> OKAY. GREAT. >> I HAVE -- SO APOLOGIES TO EVERYONE, I HAVE HAD AN EXCEPTIONAL NUMBER OF TECHNICAL DIFFICULTYINGS, ZOOM JUST KICKED ME OUT AGAIN AND SO WE DO HAVE SOMEBODY ON DECK TO TAKE OVER IF YOU LOSE ME BUT LET'S HOPE THIS GOES WELL. SO HOPEFULLY YOU HAVE AT LEAST MY AUDIO. SO AS JOHN SAID YES I WILL BE DISCUSSING THE BRAIN INITIATIVE INVESTIGATOR DEMOGRAPHICS WITH AN EYE TOWARDS THE UPDATE WITH THE FISCAL YEAR 2020 DATA. AND YOU HAVE SEEN SOME OF THESE ANALYSES BEFORE IN A SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT FORMAT BUT WE WILL BE SHOWING YOU FEW NEW ANALYSES THAT WE HAVE DONE. I ALSO WANTED TO MAKE A NOTE THAT WE WILL BE PUTTING THESE DATA ON OUR WEBSITE SO KEEP AN EYE OUT FOR THAT. RYAN CAN YOU GO TO THE NEXT SLIDE? SO THE NIH BRAIN INITIATIVE DEFINITELY ENCOURAGES INCLUSIVITY IN RESEARCH AND -- BUT THERE ARE MULTIPLE KINDS OF DIVERSITY THAT WE ARE KEEPING OUR EYE ON. SO THIS LANGUAGE IS ACTUALLY TAKEN FROM AN RFA WE PUBLISHED BUT SOME OF THE TYPES OF DIVERSITY WE ARE LOOKING AT INCLUDE TRANSDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH, SO COLLABORATION AMONG NEUROSCIENTISTS AS WELL AS PEOPLE FROM OTHER FIELDS LIKE COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY, PHYSICS, ENGINEER, ET CETERA, WE ALSO LOOK AT CAREER STAGE, MAKE SURE WE ARE GETTING A GOOD MIX OF CAREER STAGES. INDIVIDUALS FROM DIVERSE BACKGROUNDS INCLUDING RACE ETHNICITY, DISABILITY, GENDER, INSTITUTION TYPE WHICH CAN BE DEFINED A FEW WAYS BUT WE WILL BE LOOKING AT IT BASED ON THE LEVEL OF RESEARCH. AS WELL AS WHETHER OR NOT THEY ARE MINORITY SERVING. FINALLY, GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. SO NEXT SLIDE. SO WE WILL BE STARTING WITH TRANSDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. SO WE GATHERED DISCIPLINARY DATA FROM THE ANNUAL BRAIN INVESTIGATORS MEETING DURING THE REGISTRATION PROCESS, WE ASKED PEOPLE TO SELF-IDENTIFY THEIR DISCIPLINARY EXPERTISE. WE EXPLICITLY ASKED THIS QUESTION OUTSIDE OF NEUROSCIENCE AS A FIELD OR OTHERWISE GET MOST SAYING NEUROSCIENCE AND NOT SPECIFYING WHAT THEY DO WITH NEUROSCIENCE. YOU CAN SEE HERE WE GET A WIDE VARIETY OF DISCIPLINES AND ACTUALLY OUR TOP ONE IS ENGINEERING. SO WE BELIEVE WE ARE DOING WELL IN THIS AREA, GETTING A NICE VARIETY AND YOU CAN SEE THAT OUR NEXT ONES ARE PHYSIOLOGY, SYSTEMS BIOLOGY, NEUROIMAGING, BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY AND WE EVEN HAVE A GOOD SHOWING FROM COMPUTER SCIENCE, ETHICS, CAN YOU GO O THE NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. SO NOW WE WILL BE MOVING TO CAREER STAGE. THE WAY WE DEFINE CAREER STAGE BASED OFF THESE ANALYSES IS BASED ON YEAR OF DEGREE, SO Ph.D. M.D. ET CETERA. AND PUT THEM INTO THREE BUCKETS THE EARLY CAREER STAGE WHICH WE DEFINE AS 0 TO 14 YEARS SINCE TERMCAL DEGREE. MID CAREER WHICH IS 15 TO 29 YEARS SINCE TERMINAL DEGREE AND LATE CAREER, 30 YEARS PLUS. YOU CAN SEE DISTRIBUTION AMONG THE DIFFERENT CAREER STAGES IN THE HISTOGRAM ON THE BOTTOM AND OUR MEDIAN YEAR SINCE TERMINAL DEGREE IS AROUND 17 YEARS. I WANTED TO DRAW YOUR ATTENTION TO THE RIGHT, THIS IS WHERE WE HAVE FUNDING RATES SO THESE ARE THE NUMBER OF AWARDS OVER THE TOTAL NUMBER OF ALLOCATIONS FOR PEOPLE IN EACH OF THESE BUCKETS. THERE'S OFTEN CONCEPTION THAT LATE CAREER RESEARCHERS HAVE THE HIGHEST FUNDING RATE BUT AMONG BRAIN INITIATIVE INVESTIGATORS, THAT DOESN'T APPEAR TO BE TRUE, THEY HAVE THE LOWEST FUNDING RATE. BUT THERE ARE SMALLER NUMBERS OF LATE CAREER RESEARCHERS SO THERE MIGHT BE SOME NOISE IN THAT DATA BUT WHAT THIS DOES TELL US IS THAT WE ARE GETTING A GOOD SHOWING OF EARLY CAREER, MID CAREER INVESTIGATORS IN TERMS OF FUNDING RATE. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. SO NEXT WILL BE LOOKING AT INDIVIDUALS FROM DIVERSE BACKGROUNDS. NEXT SLIDE. SO WE WILL START WITH GENDER, TO ORIENT YOU TO THESE GRAPHS ON THE LEFT. THESE ARE THE PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN WHO ARE AMONG OUR POOL OF CONTACT PIs BOTH IN APPLICANTS AS WELL AS AWARDEE POOLS. YOU CAN SEE THAT AT LEAST OVERALL HORIZONTAL BARS WE HAVE THE SAME PERCENTAGE IN THE APPLICANT POOL AND AWARDEE POOL. THIS TREND HOLDS WHEN WE ADD IN ALL THE MPI AS WELL AS CONTACT PI WHICH IS THE MIDDLE GROUND. SO THIS SUGGESTED TO US INITIALLY THAT WE PROBABLY DON'T AT LEAST AT THE LEVEL OF FUNDING OF THE APPLICATION RECEIVED HAVE HAVE HAVE A CLEAR DISPARITY BUT WE LOOKED AT THAT MORE CLOSELY BY CALCULATING THE FUNDING RATES OF MAIL AND FEMALE RESEARCHERS IN THE GRAPH ON THE RIGHT. YOU CAN SEE THAT INDEED WE DO HAVE A OVERALL FAIRLY SIMILAR FUNDING RATE IN MALE AND FEMALE RESEARCHERS BUT I WANT TO DRAW YOUR ATTENTION TO THE BLUE DATA POINTS, ESPECIALLY IN THE GRAPH ON THE LEFT THAT WE ARE GETTING A MUCH LOWER PERCENTAGE OF RESEARCHERS THAN NIH AS A WHOLE. SO THOUGH THERE'S NO APPARENT DISPARITY IN FUNDING OF THE APPLICANTS WE RECEIVE, WE BELIEVE WE ARE RECEIVING A VERY LOW NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS TO BEGIN WITH. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. SO THIS IS A SIMILAR ANALYSIS, EXCEPT RACE AND ETHNICITY. YOU CAN SEE THE DATA THAT WE HAVE FOR UNDER-REPRESENTED MINORITIES OR URNs, THEY ARE SIMILAR TRENDS IN THAT WE DON'T SEE A HUGE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PERCENTAGE VIEWERS AND APPLICANT POOL AND AWARDEE POOL WHETHER CONTACT PIs OR ALL NPIs AND CONTACT PIs TOGETHER. BUT I DO WANT TO MAKE IT CLEAR THAT IN THIS DATA SET, WE ARE MISSING RACE ETHNICITY DATA OF UPWARDS OF 20% OF BRAIN INITIATIVE INVESTIGATORS, THEY DON'T FILL OUT THIS INFORMATION COMPLETELY AND AREA COMMONS SO PRECISION AND ACCURACY OF THE DATA MIGHT BE A LITTLE NOISY. SO WE CAN'T ATTEST TO HOW EXACTLY THESE NUMBERS ARE. BUT YOU CAN SEE IN THE GRAPH ON THE LEFT THAT THE NUMBERS WE SEE OVERALL ARE ABOUT ON PAR WHAT NIH SEES AND IF YOU LOOK AT THE GRAPH ON THE RIGHT, OUR FUNDING RATE FOR URM IS NOT DIFFERENT IF ANYTHING MAYBE SLIGHTLY HIGHER BUT AS I SAID IT IS NOISY. THAN THE NON-URM. BUT WE DO APPEAR TO HAVE LESS A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO GROUPS THAN NIH OVERALL BUT AGAIN, THE DATA ARE NOISY SO IT IS HARD TO READ TOO MUCH INTO THAT. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. SO NEXT I WANT TO TURN ATTENTION TO TEAM SCIENCE, LOOKING AT DIVERSITY AMONG PERSONS OR PRESENTED ON MULTI-INVESTIGATOR PROJECT TEAMS. NEXT SLIDE. SO ABOUT 50% OF OUR BRAIN AWARDS HAVE MULTIPLE PIs SO THIS IS TWO OR MORE PIs SLASH MPIs ON A GRANT. SO OUR PORTFOLIO COMPARED TO GENERAL RPT GRANTS IS VERY WELL REPRESENTED IN TEAM SCIENCE. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. SO LOOKING AT THE DEMOGRAPHICS OF PEOPLE WHO ARE ON THESE TEAMS, WE LOOK AT GENDER ON THE LEFT AND RACE ETHNICITY ON THE RIGHT, FOR TEAMS THAT HAD AT LEAST TWO PEOPLE ON THE TEAM. YOU CAN SEE ON THE LEFT THAT MORE THAN HALF OF OUR TEAMS ARE MALE ONLY. ON THE RIGHT YOU CAN SEE THAT MORE THAN HALF OF OUR TEAMS ARE NON-URM ONLY. IF YOU LOOK AT THE FLIP SIDE, WE ONLY HAVE 1.4% FEMALE, 0% THAT ARE URM ONLY. WE HAVE A LARGE NUMBER OF UNKNOWNS, THAT'S DUE TO AT LEAST ONE PERSON ON THE TEAM NOT PROVIDING YOUR GENDER OR RACE ETHNICITY DATA. BUT IT IS CLEAR THAT THE MAJORITY OF OUR TEAMS ARE MALE AND MAJORITY OF OUR TEAMS ARE NON-URM. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. SO NOW WE ARE ON INSTITUTION TYPE. AS I SAID CAN BE DEFINED COUPLE OF DIFFERENT WAYS. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. THE FIRST WAY WE LOOK AT INSTITUTION TYPE WAS THROUGH THE NIGMS DEFINITION OF RESEARCH ACTIVE, RESEARCH INTENSIVE AND HIGHLY RESEARCH INTENSIVE. THIS IS BASED OFF A THREE YEAR AVERAGE OF RPG FUNDING FROM NIH. SO RESEARCH ACTIVE IS LESS THAN 7.5 MILLION A YEAR. RESEARCH INTENSIVE IS 7.5 TO 20 MILLION A YEAR. AND HIGHLY RESEARCH INTENSIVE IS MORE THAN 20 MILLION PER YEAR. YOU CAN SEE ON THE GRAPH OF THE FUNDING RATES OF EACH GROUP. YOU CAN SEE THAT THE HIGHLY RESEARCH INTENSIVE WHICH RECEIVES THE MOST MONEY ON AVERAGE ALSO HAS THE HIGHEST FUNDING RATE. BUT AGAIN I WANT TO DRAW YOUR ATTENTION TO VARIABILITY FOR EXAMPLE IN RESEARCH INTENSIVE INSTITUTIONS BECAUSE THEY ARE ONLY ABOUT 4% OF OUR APPLICATIONS, THERE IS A LOT OF VARIABILITY IN THOSE NUMBERS. BUT IT IS CLEAR THAT WE RECEIVE MAJORITY OF APPLICATIONS FROM WELL RESOURCES INSTITUTIONS AND THEY ALSO SEEM TO BE DOING PRETTY WELL IN TERMS OF FUNDING RATE. >> CAN I STOP YOU ONE SECOND? >> YES. >> ABSOLUTELY. >> I THINK EVE HAS HER HAND RAISED. AND I THINK WE WOULD WANT TO HOLD DISCUSSION UNTIL AFTER BUT EVE, IF YOU HAVE A CLARIFYING QUESTION, I THINK THAT WOULD BE FINE. >> I CAN'T SEE THE HANDS. >> I KNOW YOU CAN'T SEE. >> SEVERAL SLIDES BACK I WAS JUST -- IT WAS JUST ASKING WHETHER THOSE PIE CHARTS WERE SKEWED BY THE FACT MOST OF THE MULTI-INSTITUTION -- MOST OF THE MULTI-INVESTIGATOR APPLICATIONS WERE TWO OR THREE AND NOT LARGE. RIGHT? SO THE NUMBERS WOULD BE QUITE DIFFERENT IF YOU ARE TALKING ABOUT APPLICATIONS WITH TWO OR THREE PIs VERSUS ONES WITH TEN PIs. >> YES. ALTHOUGH IF YOU LOOK BACK AT THE HISTOGRAM, I DON'T KNOW RYAN IF YOU CAN GO BACK TO THAT. REALLY QUICK. THE TWO OR THREE PIs ARE THE VAST MAJORITY OF THE TEAM SCIENCE GRANTS. ONES THAT ARE FOUR PLUS ARE VERY SMALL MINORITY OF OUR GRANTS, IT IS PROBABLY MOSTLY DRIVEN BY TEAMS THAT ARE TWO TO THREE PEOPLE. >> OKAY. SO ANOTHER WAY WE LOOKED AT THE INSTITUTIONS WAS BY WHETHER OR NOT THEY WERE DESIGNATED AS A MINORITY SERVING INSTITUTION SOP THIS IS TAKEN FROM OUR IMPACT 2 DATABASE WHERE NIH MAINTAINS A LIST OF MINORITY SERVING INSTITUTIONS AND WHEN WE DIVIDED UP THE APPLICATIONS BASED ON WHETHER OR NOT THEY WERE ON THIS LIST, WE SAW THAT NON-MINORITY SERVING INSTITUTIONS WHICH ARE SOMETHING LIKE 93% OF OUR APPLICATIONS ALSO APPEAR TO HAVE A HIGHER OVERALL FUNDING RATE THAN MINORITY SERVING INSTITUTIONS. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. SO FINALLY WE WILL LOOK AT GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. NEXT SLIDE. SO ON THE LEFT YOU CAN SEE OUR APPLICATIONS AND AWARDS BASED ON WHICH STATE THEY ARE. IN THE UNITED STATES. AS EXPECTED LARGE STATES LIKE CALIFORNIA AND NEW YORK, HAVE A LOT OF APPLICATIONS AND ALSO AWARDS. BUT WE WANTED TO NORMALIZE THIS A LITTLE BIT TO GET A BETTER SENSE OF HOW EACH STATE IS DOING SO ON THE RIGHT YOU CAN SEE THE FUNDING RATE, DARKER COLOR IS HIGHER THE FUNDING RATE AND INTERESTINGLY ENOUGH YOU CAN SEE THAT STATES LIKE NEW HAMPSHIRE, NEW JERSEY AND WASHINGTON HAVE SOME OF THE HIGHEST FUNDING RATES MORE SO THAN STATES LIKE CALIFORNIA, NEW YORK. HOWEVER YOU WILL NOTICE SOME COLOR MISSING FROM THE MIDDLE OF THE GRAPH, AND IF YOU LOOK ON THE LEFT WE DID RECEIVE APPLICATIONS FROM THESE STATES BUT IF YOU LOOK AT THE BOTTOM ON THE LEFT WE DID NOT A AWARD APPLICATIONS FROM THESE STATES, ALTHOUGH IT IS A SMALL NUMBER OF AWARDS, WE ARE SEEING AWARDS MISSING FROM SOME SMALLER POPULATED STATES. NEXT SLIDE PLEASE, WHICH IS RELATED TO WHETHER OR NOT THESE STATES ARE IDEA ELIGIBLE AND SO NIGMS HAS INDICATED SOME STATES WHICH IS ABOUT HALF THE STATES IN THE U.S. THAT HISTORICALLY HAVE RECEIVED LOW NIH FUNDING. AND WHAT WE DID IS SORT OF LOOKED AT THE INFORMATION ON THE PREVIOUS SLIDE. BUT DIVIDED UP THE FUNDING RATES BASED ON WHETHER OR NOT THE STATES WERE IDEA STATES OR NON-IDEA STATES. YOU CAN SEE HERE CLEARLY THAT THE NON-IDEA STATES HAVE HIGHER FUNDING RATE THAN THOSE FROM THE IDEA STATES. SO NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. SO OVERALL WHAT WE SEE IN THE DATA ARE REASONABLE SUCCESS, RECRUITING PEOPLE IN NON-NEUROSCIENCE FIELDS, WE DON'T SEE ANY APPARENT DISPARITIES IN FUNDING FOR WOMEN IN RMMs BUT THERE'S CAVEATS INCLUDING APPLICATIONS FROM PEOPLE IN THESE GROUPS AND SOME NOISE IN THE DATA. WE ALSO SEE THAT AS EXPECTED MANY APPLICATIONS AWARDS ARE CONCENTRATED ON THE COAST AND THAT THE WELL RESOURCE INSTITUTIONS APPEAR TO BE COMPETING BETTER FOR SOME OF OUR AWARDS. WITH THAT I WILL PASS ALONG TO MY COLLEAGUE ANDREA BECKEL MITCHENER DIRECTOR OF BRAIN INITIATIVE UNLESS THERE'S OTHER QUESTIONS I CAN ANSWER NOW. >> THIS IS KAFUI. JUST A IF I CAN QUESTION. MOST DATA AROUND FUNDING DISPARITIES SPECIFICALLY UNDER-REPRESENTED MINORITIES SHOWN ACROSS THE NIH INSTITUTES ARE FOR BLACK SCIENTISTS. DID YOU BREAK UNDER-REPRESENTED MINORITY BY DIFFERENT RACIAL ETHNIC GROUPS OR JUST LOOKING ALL THAT POOLED INFORMATION TOGETHER? >> SO THE GRAPHS ARE SHOWING THE INFORMATION POOLED TOGETHER BECAUSE AS SOON AS WE BREAK IT APART, THEY BECOME TOO LOW FOR US TO BE ALLOWED TO REPORT THE EXACT NUMBERS BUT I DID SPECIFICALLY LOOK FOR EXAMPLE AT AT THE AFRICAN AMERICAN GROUP AND I CAN SAY THAT WE HAVE LESS THAN 11 TOTAL AMONG OUR PIs, CONTACT PIs AND MPIs PUT TOGETHER. >> PAULA HAS HER HAND UP. >> I WAS WONDERING ABOUT THE MULTI-PI TEAMS THAT HAD ABOUT 30% WOMEN ON THEM I THINK. DID YOU DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN FEMALES AS LEAD PIs VERSUS JUST MEMBERS OF THE TEAM? >> SO FOR THAT PARTICULAR ANALYSIS, NO. WE JUST LOOKED AT THE TOTALITY OF THE TEAM. >> THANKS. >> ANYTHING ELSE? I DON'T SEE ANY OTHER HANDS. ANDREA. GO AHEAD. >> MY VIDEO IS CHOPPY, HOPEFULLY YOU CAN HEAR ME. I MAY TURN MY VIDEO CAMERA OFF. I'M JUST SORT OF IN THE MIDDLE OF THE SANDWICH BETWEEN TWO PARTS OF THIS -- PARDON ME. PARTS OF THE PRESENTATION. SO THE NEXT SLIDE PLEASE, RYAN. WE WANTED TO INTRODUCE A COUPLE OF IDEAS BASED ON DEVIN'S ANALYSIS. THANK YOU, DEVIN, YOU PUT A LOT OF WORK INTO THAT AND IT'S COMPREHENSIVE PROBABLY THE MOST COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS WE HAVE BEEN ABLE TO DO IN THE BRAIN INITIATIVE TO DATE. AS YOU KNOW, WE RECOGNIZE THAT THERE ARE LOTS OF BENEFITS TO DIVERSE SCIENTIFIC WORK FORCE AND WE ARE LOOKING FOR MORE OF THAT IN THE BRAIN INITIATIVE LOOKING TO FOSTER INNOVATION AND COMPETITIVENESS AND THE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT WHERE THE RESEARCH IS DONE INCLUDING QUALITY OF RESEARCH AND MAKING SURE THERE ARE OPPORTUNITIES FOR ALL AND ADVANCING THE LIKELIHOOD THAT UNDERSERVED POPULATIONS CAN PARTICIPATE IN AND BENEFIT FROM THE RESEARCH THAT'S DONE IN THE BRAIN INITIATIVE. SO WE WANTED TO POINT TO A COUPLE OF THINGS THAT WE ARE DOING CURRENTLY. SO AS MANY OF YOU KNOW THOSE WILL BE THE COUNCIL FOR A WHILE, WE DO HAVE SOME ACTIVITIES IN THE TRAINING SPACE SPECIFIC TO THE BRAIN INITIATIVE AND RELATED PROGRAMS SO WE DO SUPPORT DIVERSITY SUPPLEMENTS FOR ANY OF YOU THAT HAVE BRAIN GRANTS, BE HAPPY TO CONSIDER A SUPPLEMENT TO SUPPORT SCHOLARS FROM UNDER-REPRESENTED GROUPS. WE ALSO HAVE OUR K-9 9 R 00 PROGRAM, WHICH YOU HAVE SEEN FUNDING PLAN FOR AND OUR MOST RECENT SET OF AWARDS. AND IN THIS CASE OUR K-9 9 DIFFERS FROM THE PARENTS, THE GENERAL NIH K-9 9 AND THAT WE ARE TARGETING UNDER-REPRESENTED MINORITY TRAINEES AS WELL AS WOMEN FOR K-9 9 PROGRAM. FINALLY WE HAVE SOME NEW ACTIVITY IN WHAT IS CALLED THE D SPAN, ANOTHER PHASED AWARD, THIS GOES FROM PRE-DOC TO POST DOC F 99 R 00, THIS IS A PROGRAM RUN THROUGH THE BLUEPRINT NEUROSCIENCE PROGRAM AT THE NIH AND THE BRAIN INITIATIVE RECENTLY SIGNED ON AND THIS ALLOWS US TO SUPPORT EVEN MORE TRAINEES THROUGH THIS PROGRAM FOR EXAMPLE, WHERE FORMALLY JOINING THIS ANNOUNCEMENT THIS RFA IN THE NEXT ITERATION BUT EVEN THIS ROUND JOHN HAS INVESTED IN SIX ADDITIONAL AWARDS SO WE FEEL PRETTY GOOD ABOUT THAT. THAT IS IN THE TRAINEE SPACE. MOST RECENTLY YOU MAY HAVE SEEN AN ANNOUNCEMENT THAT WENT OUT ON THIS STREET. THIS IS TARGETING ONE OF THE AREAS THAT YOU JUST SAW IN DEVIN'S PRESENTATION AS AN AREA WE HAVE HAD LESS THAN STELLAR ACTIVITY IN. THIS PARTICULAR RFA IS FOR WHERE U 24 GRANT AND THIS IS TO SUPPORT REAGENT SOURCES FOR THE CELL TYPE SPECIFIC ARMAMENTARIUM PROJECTS THAT YOU HAVE HEARD ABOUT AND WILL HEAR MORE ABOUT. THIS IS FOR DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR NEUROSCIENCE. AND IN THIS AWARD WE ARE ASKING FOR APPLICATION SPECIFICALLY FROM MINORITY SERVING INSTITUTIONS AND THOSE THAT ARE IDEA ELIGIBLE AS YOU JUST SAW OUR NUMBERS ARE LOW FOR BOTH OF THOSE. ANOTHER TARGETED ACTIVITY WHERE WE ARE TRYING TO BUILD OUT SOME DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES. SPEAKING OF DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES THE LATEST ACTIVITY, I WILL TRANSITION TO RYAN IN A MOMENT, IS SOMETHING YOU HEARD ABOUT FROM GENRE SENTLY SENT OUT AN EMAIL TO ALL OF YOU AND THIS IS NOW PUBLICLY AVAILABLE ON OUR WEBSITE, ONE OF THE LINKS IS SHOWN AT THE BOTTOM OF THE SLIDE. THIS IS SOMETHING THE BRAIN INITIATIVE HAS SPEARHEADED AND WE ARE CALLING A PLAN FOR ENHANCING DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES. ESSENTIALLY THIS IS A NEW REQUIREMENT FOR ALL BRAIN FOAs OUTSIDE THE TRAINING SPACE THAT APPLICANTS MUST INCLUDE A SUMMARY OF THE STRATEGIES THEY ARE PROPOSING THAT WILL AD VANCE THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL MERIT OF THE PROJECT THROUGH EXPANDED INCLUSIVITY. THIS IS A UNIQUE ACTIVITY AT THE NIH, THOUGH I'M PLEASED TO SAY I'M GETTING A LOT OF ATTENTION BOTH WITHIN WITHIN NIH AND OUTSIDE NIH GRATIFYING TO SEE THE REACTION TO THIS NEW PROGRAM WHICH WE AGAIN IS COMING INTO AFFECT STARTING NOW. ALL THIS PUT TOGETHER IS A WAY THAT WE THINK IS REALLY IMPORTANT TO BUILD CAPACITY AND CREATE OPPORTUNITIES TO ENRICH THE RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT THROUGH DIVERSITY EQUITY AND INCLUSION. SO WITH THAT, I WOULD LIKE TO PASS IT OVER TO RYAN RICHARDSON WHO JOINED OUR OFFICE, OFFICE OF BRAIN DIRECTOR LAST AUGUST AS A AAAS FELLOW AND RYAN HAS BEEN INSTRUMENTAL IN SEN -- AND CENTRAL TO HELPING TO ROLL OUT THIS PEP ACTIVITY AND HE WILL TELL YOU MORE ABOUT THAT AND I THINK AT THE END WE WILL -- I WILL BE HAPPY TO ANSWER ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS. >> RYAN. >> THANKS, ANDREA. AS THE FINAL PRESENTATION IN THIS SESSION I WILL BE PROVIDING AN OVERVIEW OF THE NEWEST STRATEGY FOR THE BRAIN INITIATIVE THAT WE EMPLOYED TO PROMOTE SCIENTIFIC EXCELLENCE THREE ENHANCED DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION WHAT WE TERMED HERE A PLAN FOR ENHANCING DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES OR PEDP. SORRY MY SLIDE STOPPED ADVANCING. THERE WE GO. IN THINKING ABOUT A THROUGH LINE THAT UNITES THE DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE SECTION I WAS REMINDED FROM THE BRAIN 2025 REPORT THAT LEAD OUT STRATEGIC VISION FOR THE BRAIN INITIATIVE. I FOUND THIS QUOTE IN PARTICULAR, IT IS QUITE STRIKING. IT SAYS NO SINGLE RESEARCH OR DISCOVERY WILL SOLVE THE BRAINS MYSTERIES. AND WHAT I LOVE ABOUT THIS QUOTE IS TWOFOLD. FIRST THAT LAYS OUT THE AWESOME CHALLENGE BEFORE US. TO UNDERSTAND THE BRAIN, THAT WHICH TRULY DEFINES US AS HUMANS AND SECONDLY, IT SUGGESTS THAT THE SCALE OF THIS CHALLENGE IS GREATER THAN ANY ONE BODY OF RESEARCH AND BY EXTENSION BEYOND ANY SINGLE RESEARCHER. IT REALLY REQUIRES A COMMUNITY EFFORT. THE REPORT GOES ON TO STATE THIS COMMUNITY APPROACH IS NECESSARY BECAUSE OF THE VAST BENEFITS THAT ARE DERIVED FROM HAVING DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES FOCUSED ON A SINGULAR EFFORT. MOREOVER THIS DIVERSITY MIND TAKES A VARIETY OF FORMS WHICH ADDS TO RICH INNOVATIVE PURSUIT OF CYCLE OF DISCOVERY. IMPORTANTLY, THE BRAIN INITIATIVE IS UNIQUELY POSITIONED TO LEVERAGE THIS WILL SOURCE, TO ITS FULLEST EXTENT. SO AGAIN IN ORDER TO TACKLE THIS INCREDIBLE CHALLENGE BEFORE IT TO UNDERSTAND THE BRAIN'S MYSTERIES AND TO SUPPORT THE BEST SCIENCE TOWARDS THAT EFFORT THE BRAIN INITIATIVE MUST PROMOTE THE INCLUSION OF DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES. THAT SAID EARLIER IN THE SESSION DESRI LAID OUT THE CASE THAT BRAIN HAD SUCCESS IN CERTAIN ASPECTS OF BRINGING DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES INTO FOLD, IT STRUGGLED IN OTHER AREAS AND IS LIKELY LEADING GOOD -- LEAVING GOOD TALENT ON THE TABLE. SO TO ADDRESS MANY OF THESE GAPS AS REVIEWED BRAIN HAS EMPLOYED A VARIETY OF TRAINING MECHANISMS AND RECENTLY FUNDING OPPORTUNITY ANNOUNCEMENT IN CAPACITY BUILDING SPECIFICALLY AT UNDERSERVED INSTITUTIONS. HOWEVER, THESE REPRESENT ONLY A FRACTION OF THE VARIOUS FUNDING MECHANISMS THAT BRAIN USES TO SUPPORT SCIENTIFIC PORTFOLIO. SO IN THINKING ABOUT THAT BROADER RPG POOL OF RESEARCH GRANT PROJECT POOL, THE RO1, R21, UO 1 ET CETERA, QUESTION IS HOW TO ENCOURAGE ALL APPLICANTS TO CONSIDER INCLUSION OF DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES. SO STARTING THIS SUMMER BRAIN IS TAKING A NEW APPROACH TO ITS FOAs AND THIS INCLUDES HIGHLIGHTING THE IMPORTANCE OF DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES AND THEIR EXPLICITLY OUTLINED THIS IN THE BACK SECTION OF ALL FOAs. AND MOREOVER WITH WE ARE GOING TO BE REQUIRING THAT APPLICANTS TO MOST BRAIN INITIATIVE FOA SUBMIT WHAT WE WE ARE CALLING A PLAN FOR ENHANCING DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES AS PART OF THE APPLICATION. WHICH THE P 2P APPLICANTS ARE EXPECTED TO INTEGRATE PLANS FOR DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES IN THE RESEARCH STRATEGY AND PROVIDE A SUMMARY OF THESE EFFORTS AS ONE PAGE ATTACKMENT. THE FOA -- >> SORRY, BRIAN. >> YEP. >> CAN I PAUSE YOU A SECOND. EVE HAS HER HAND UP. ANOTHER CLARIFYING QUESTION. >> I CAN WAIT UNTIL THE EN >> SO FOA WILL INCLUDE INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PEDEP, BUT THE EVALUATION LISTEN INCORP RAPED INTO THE SCORE REIN INCORPORATED IN PEDP CRITERIA K. THEY CONTAIN THE FOLLOWING ELEMENTS DEFINED BY APPLICANT IN THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THEIR PROPOSED RESEARCH AND RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT. THIS EDGE INCLUDES ALSO TIME LINE AN BENCHMARKS FOR THE PEDP AS WELL AS APPROACH TO ASSESS PROGRESS TOWARDS MEETING THESE GOALS. HERE WE LISTED EXAMPLE T OF STRATEGIES THAT MIGHT BE INCLUDED IN PEDP AND HAVE MANY MORE ON THE PDP WEBSITE SO I WOULD ENCOURAGE YOU TO VISIT THAT AND IN THE INTEREST OF TIME I'M NOT GOING TO GO THROUGH THESE BUT RATHER HIGHLIGHT A FEW, SO WHEN WE HAVE LISTED HERE IS TRAINING AND MENTORING OPPORTUNITIES TO ENCOURAGE PARTICIPATION OF STUDENTS POST-DOCTORAL FELLOWS AND CO-INVESTIGATOR FROM DIVERSE BACKGROUNDS. PARTNERSHIPS THAT MIGHT ENHANCE GEOGRAPHIC HETEROGENEITY AS WELL AS ACTIVITIES THAT ENHANCE RECRUITMENT OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS PARTICULARLY THOSE FROM DIVERSE AND TRADITIONALLY UNDER-REPRESENTED GROUPS. SOME IN LINE WITH THE GOAL OF THE PDP TO ENHANCE SCIENTIFIC EXCELLENCE WITH INCLUSION OF DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES WE HAVE ADDED PEDP SPECIFIC QUESTIONS TO REVIEW CRITERIA, THAT TASK REVIEWERS TO EVALUATE ALIGNMENT OF THE APPLICANT'S PEDP WITH RESEARCH GOALS AS OUTLINED IN THEIR APPLICATION. FOR EXAMPLE WITH THE SIGNIFICANCE CRITERION IT GOES ON TO STATE TO WHAT EXTENT THERS DESCRIBED IN THE PEDP FURTHER SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT. A FEW ADDITIONAL NOTES HERE, FOR FOAs REQUIRING A PEDP, IF APPLICATION COMES IN WITHOUT A PEDP THAT APPLICATION WILL BE CONSIDERED INCOMPLETE AND WITHDRAWN. FURTHERMORE, THE DEPD HOW WELL IT DOESN'T REVIEW WILL BE CONSIDERED AS PARTS OF THE FUNDING RECOMMENDATIONS. SO THIS IS JUST TO UNDERSCORE THAT THE PEDP AND ITS CONTENT WILL MATTER. IMPORTANTLY THOUGH, WE RECOGNIZE THAT EVERY PEDP WILL BE UNIQUE AND WILL DEPEND AGAIN ON THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE PROPOSED RESEARCH AND ITS ENVIRONMENT. AND APPLICATIONS MAY ALSO INCLUDE ALLOWABLE COSTS TOWARDS THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PEDP STRATEGIES. SO SOME CURRENT EFFORTS AS ANDREA MENTIONED, BRAIN IS PILOTING THIS NEW EFFORT AND SELECT RFA -- FUNDING ANNOUNCEMENTS THIS YEAR. AND IT HAS ALREADY BEEN INCLUDED IN ONE RFA SO FAR, RFA MH 21180 SO ENCOURAGE YOU TO CHECK THAT OUT TO SEE HOW WE INCORPORATED THIS NEW REQUIREMENT. BEYOND THAT HOWEVER, WE HAVE IN PLACE A COUPLE OF TEAMS WORKING ON THIS NEW INITIATIVE FOR BRAIN BOTH IMPLEMENTATION TEAM WORKING ON THE ROLL OUT AND ALSO PROGRAM EVALUATION TEAM TO THINK ABOUT THE LONG TERM OUTCOMES. INTACT FOR THIS PROGRAM. THINKING ABOUT THE IMPLEMENTATION, WE ACKNOWLEDGE THAT THIS IS A NEW ENDEAVOR FOR NOT ONLY BRAIN AND NIH AS A WHOLE BUT ALSO THE BROADER RESEARCH COMMUNITY AND THAT TO THAT EXTENT WE PUT INTO PLACE TEAM TO COORDINATE THE STRATEGIC ROLL OUT OF THE PEDP AND THIS IS INVOLVED DEVELOPING MATERIALS BOTH FOR BOTH INFORM AND GUIDE STAKEHOLDERS THROUGH THE -- THIS NEW PROCESS, STAKEHOLDERS INCLUDING APPLICANTS, PROGRAM STAFF REVIEWERS, GRANTS MANAGEMENT, ET CETERA. SO WE HAVE WEBSITE THAT WE ROLLED OUT A FEW WEEKS AGO THAT INCLUDE NOT ONLY AN OVERVIEW OF SOME OF THE ELEMENTS WE DISCUSSED HERE AS WELL AS SOME FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS AND EXPANDED LIST OF EXAMPLES AND WE ARE ALSO USING A VARIETY OF DIFFERENT AVENUES FOR OUTREACH, AND GETTING THE WORD OUT TO THE IMPORTANT STAKEHOLDERS HERE. AGAIN WE ARE EARLY STAGES OF EVALUATION, BUT WILL BE CONSIDERING BOTH THE SHORT TERM OUTCOMES FOCUSED ON PROCESS OF ADMINISTERING THE PDP AND LONGER TERM OUTCOMES THAT WE -- WILL TRACK THE IMPACT OF THE PEDP. TO TACKLE THIS CHALLENGE OF UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF THIS PROGRAM WE HAVE ASSEMBLED A TEAM OF EXPERTS AND PROGRAM EVALUATION AGOOR WEIGH FROM OFFICES AROUND NIH AND WE ARE CONFIDENT THEY WILL HELP STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF THIS PEDP INITIATIVE. SO I WOULD BE REMISS IF I DIDN'T ACKNOWLEDGE THE EFFORT FROM FAMILY OF NIH STAFF THAT SUPPORT THE BRAIN INITIATIVE HERE. IN PARTICULAR BRAINS DEPUTY DIRECTOR ANDREA BECKEL MITCHENER IN CHAMPIONING AND PUSHING FORTH THE PEDP. IT'S BEEN A HERCULEAN EFFORT. ALSO THE CONTRIBUTION OF MEMBERS FROM BRAIN AS WELL. THE PDP WAS DEVELOPED IN CONSULTATION AND COLLABORATION WITH OFFICES ACROSS NIH AND OFFICE OF GENERAL COUNCIL, OFFICE OF EXTRAMURAL RESEARCH OER AND WITH THE SUPPORT AND GUIDANCE FROM NOT ONLY THE BRAIN IC DIRECTORS BUT ALSO THE BROADER GROUP OF NIH INSTITUTE DIRECTORS. I ALSO WANT TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE REALLY FANTASTIC EFFORTS OF THE PEDP ROLL OUT TEAM HERE AS WELL. SO TO SUMMARIZE THESE THREE PRESENTATIONS, WE MADE THE CASE CONVERSATIONS OF EQUITY DIVERSITY INCLUSION ARE NOT SEPARATE FROM SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY AND INNOVATION AND RATHER THE ELEMENTS ARE NECESSARY AND REQUIRED TO PROMOTE THE BEST SCIENCE. THAT SAID, THERE IS NO ONE AVENUE OR PATHWAY CREATING A COMMUNITY WITH RICH PERSPECTIVES BUT A MULTI-PRONG APPROACH IS NECESSARY. WE HAVE OUTLINE AD NUMBER OF THOSE EFFORTS FROM THE BRAIN INITIATIVE. SPECIFICALLY WITH THE PEDP BRAIN INITIATIVE ENCOURAGES THE COMMUNITY TO BROADLY CONSIDER HOWDY VERSE PERSPECTIVES ADVANCE RESEARCH THEY PROMOTE. PROPOSE. DESPITE GAPS IN SHORTCOMINGS THAT WE HAVE SEEN AND MORE THAT ARE UNCOVERED, WE ARE FACING A REALLY UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY HERE. THAT THROUGH THESE COLLECTIVE EFFORTS AND MORE WE CAN BRING ABOUT THE CULTURE CHANGE NECESSARY TO ADDRESS INEQUITIES AND BIASES IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AND WORK TOGETHER TO ADVANCE SCIENTIFIC EXCELLENCE THROUGH INCLUSION OF ALL VOICES. WITH THAT I WILL ENDS MY PRESENTATION AND PASS IT BACK TO JOHN TO MODERATE THE DISCUSSION. >> THANK YOU, DEVIN. ANDREA AND RYAN FOR NOT JUST THESE REALLY GREAT PRESENTATIONS BUT FOR ALL THE WORK THAT YOU HAVE DONE OVER THE LAST YEAR TO MAKE THIS HAPPEN. NOW WE HAVE, WE'LL TAKE 20 MINUTES FOR DISCUSSION. I'M GOING TO LET KHARA MODERATE AND CALL ON PEOPLE. IF YOU HAVE A QUESTION, IS THE ELECTRONIC HAND RAISING FUNCTION WORKING OR JUST WAVE -- >> YEP. WE ARE GOING TO START WITH EVE AND THEN AL AND THEN SAMIR. >> SO I THINK YOU HAVE LEFT OUT THE BIG ELEPHANT IN THE ROOM. AND THERE ARE TWO THINGS THAT ARE A BIT AT ODDS WHAT YOU GUYS ARE TALKING ABOUT. SO THE BIGGEST SOURCE OF INTELLECTUAL VITALITY AND DIVERSITY IN OUR SCIENCE ACTUALLY COMES FROM OUR INTERNATIONAL POST DOCS. SO I CURRENTLY HAVE A LOT OF POST-DOCS INCLUDING PEOPLE FROM CHINA, RUSSIA WHEN ORIGINALLY FROM ARGENTINA, TO INDIA, ONE WITH GREEN CARD ONE WITH NOT. OF MY TOTAL OF EIGHT, THREE ARE PEOPLE WHO NOW HAVE -- THEY WOULD BE CONSIDERED IN THE U.S. BUT IF I LOOK AT THE CONVERSATIONS IN THE LAB, AND THE INTELLECTUAL DIVERSITY OF WHAT GOES ON, IT COMES FROM PEOPLE COMING FROM OTHER FIELDS AND LARGELY FROM PEOPLE COMING FROM OTHER COUNTRIES WHO HAVE BEEN TRAINED DIFFERENTLY AND THINK ABOUT PROBLEMS VERY DIFFERENTLY. WHICH ISN'T TO SAY THAT WE DON'T WANT TO SOLVE OUR AMERICAN, USA MINORITY INCLUSION PROBLEMS AS WELL. BUT I THINK BY SAYING -- NEGLECTING THE FACT THAT SO MUCH OF THE RICHES OF OUR INTELLECTUAL WORK COMES FROM INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATIONS AND PEOPLE WHO COME HERE, SOME WHO STAY, SOME WHO GO. I THINK YOU ARE WALKING AWAY FROM AN INCREDIBLE RICHNESS. OF THE VITALITY OF OUR SCIENCE. I UNDERSTAND WHY YOU HAVE TO SORT OF CONGRESS'S MANDATES ABOUT F 31, F 32, Ks ALL THAT OR WHATEVER, BUT I THINK IT IS A MISTAKE TO NOT ACKNOWLEDGE THE FACT THAT OUR INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARS REALLY CONTRIBUTE ENORMOUSLY TO OUR SCIENCE. >> I CAN JUMP IN REAL QUICK JOHN ON THAT, JUST REALLY QUICKLY. BECAUSE IT IS A REALLY IMPORTANT POINT. WE DIDN'T HIGHLIGHT IT IN OUR TALK BUT ON OUR WEB GUIDANCE FOR THE PEDP WE DO INCLUDE INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION, AS A FORM OF DIVERSITY AND BRINGING IN THOSE PERSPECTIVES IS IMPORTANT. AS YOU NOTE, THE ACTUAL POLICY THAT NIH HAS TO FOLLOW IS AROUND THE U.S. DEMOGRAPHICS, IF WE ARE TALKING UNDER-REPRESENTED MINORITIES, AND OTHER DISADVANTAGED GROUPS, BUT CERTAINLY THE BROADER CONTEXT OF RECRUITING DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES AND ACKNOWLEDGING AND LOOKING FOR THOSE PERSPECTIVES DOES INCLUDE OUR INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATORS AS WELL. AND THOSE WHO COME TO THE U.S. TO STUDY AND TRAIN AND DO RESEARCH. >> SOME OF THEM STAY AND IN THOSE COMMUNITY, SOME GO HOME AND TIE THE WORLD TOGETHER BUT I THINK ON ALL THESE PROBLEMS WE ARE TALKING ABOUT A WORLD COMMUNITY. WE ARE NOT TALKING ABOUT A U.S. COMMUNITY. >> ABSOLUTELY. WE AGREE. >> I COULDN'T AGREE MORE, WE WE ARE DOING THINGS TO TRY TO PROMOTE INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION. >> I DON'T THINK YOU HAVE TO PROMOTE THEM, THEY ARE THERE, YOU HAVE TO ACKNOWLEDGE THEM. IN OTHER WORDS I THINK THE LANGUAGE ABOUT INCLUSIVITY SHOULD ACKNOWLEDGE THE VALUE OF THOSE INTERNATIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS. >> I WOULD LIKE TO -- >> WE ARE ACKNOWLEDGING THAT IN THE INFORMATION, WE'LL MAKE A NOTE TO EMPHASIZE THAT AS WELL. >> I WOULD LIKE TO SAY THAT I WAS REMISS IN MY SPEEDING THROUGH THE PRESENTATION DUE TO MY ISSUES BUT I WOULD LIKE TO SAY THAT IN ADDITION TO ALL APPLICATIONS AND AWARDS WE HAVE IN THE UNITED STATES WE HAVE AWARDS TO AT LEAST 24 OTHER COUNTRIES. SO WE DEFINITELY ARE TRYING TO TRACK THAT SORT OF COLLABORATION. >> CAN I JUST COMMENT? >> YEP. >> I HAVE A CONCERN HERE THOUGH THAT IF WE START TO FOCUS ON INTERNATIONAL RESEARCHERS AND WE WANT TO COUNT THEM IN DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION THAT WE ARE NEGLECTING THE KIND OF SYSTEMIC DISADVANTAGE THAT UNDER-REPRESENTED MINORITIES EXPERIENCE IN THE UNITED STATES IN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS, IN GETTING JOBS AND HIGHER EDUCATION AND ALL THOSE OTHER THINGS, AND THEN WE ARE SORT OF PADDING OUR INCLUSIVITY AND OUR DIVERSITY BY INCLUDING PEOPLE WHO COME FROM COUNTRIES WHERE THEY DON'T EXPERIENCE THOSE SAME DISADVANTAGES. >> I UNDERSTAND, I'LL STOP IN A SECOND. I JUST THINK THE RHETORIC SHOULD MATCH WHAT YOU ARE TRYING TO ACHIEVE. IF WHAT YOU ARE TRYING TO ACHIEVE IS SOLVING THE PROBLEMS OF AMERICAN BORN AND AMERICAN GNASH ALIZED PEOPLE THE RHETORIC SHOULD USE A SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT LANGUAGE ABOUT INCLUSIVITY BECAUSE VITALITY OF OUR SCIENCE REALLY DEPENDS ON THOSE INTERNATIONAL PEOPLE AS WELL. T THAT'S ALL I'M SAYING. AGREE WITH YOU COMPLETELY. BUT I THINK THOSE TWO HAVE TO BE A LITTLE BIT PULLED APART. >> LET'S GO TO AL. >> THANKS SO GREAT PRESENTATIONS BY DEVIN ANDREA AND RYAN. I HAVE JUST A COUPLE OF QUESTIONS. WHAT I'M TRYING TO FIGURE OUT IS HOW DO WE KNOW WHEN WE ARE GOOD. THERE SEEMS LIKE THERE IS A LOT OF DATA COLLECTION. AND TRYING TO UNDERSTAND THIS SPACE AND I HAVE HEARD THROUGH SOME OF THE PRESENTATIONS WE HAVE GOOD DIVERSITY HERE WE HAVE GOOD DIVERSITY THERE. WE DON'T OVER HERE, MAYBE WE NEED MORE WORK. BUT WHAT I HAVEN'T SEEN IS METRICS. I HAVEN'T SEEN MINIMUM THRESHOLDS OR HAVEN'T SEEN SOME TARGET ABOUT WHAT -- WHERE WE WANT TO BE. SO A NUMBER OF PROGRAMS ARE BEING SPUN OFF TO TRY TO AFFECT THE NUMBERS, IT IS NOT CLEAR WHERE WE WANT TO DRIVE. WHEN DO WE SAY THAT WE HAVE ACHIEVED ENOUGH SAY IN TRANSDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH THAT'S GOING ON ACROSS THE INITIATIVE, THAT THIS DISTRIBUTION LOOKS GOOD OR THIS DISTRIBUTION IS A LITTLE WEAK IN THESE GIVEN DISCIPLINE AND THIS IS WHERE WE WANT TO PUT MORE EFFORT AND FINE TUNE HOW WE TARGET FUNDING INITIATIVES. SO I THINK THE PRESENTATIONS WERE GREAT, THE PART THAT I WAS MISSING IS ARE WE HEALTHY? ARE WE NOT HEALTHY? IF WE ARE NOT HEALTHY, WHERE ARE WE NOT HEALTHY? I WAS JUST WONDERING ANY THOUGHTS THERE. >> GREAT POINT. WE ARE DEFINITELY WORKING ON THAT, IT IS IMPORTANT TO KNOW WHAT SUCCESS LOOKS LIKE SO YOU KNOW WHETHER YOU ARE GETTING CLOSE AND ULTIMATELY WHETHER YOU ACHIEVE IT. THIS IS A BIG TASK IN FRONT OF US WITH THE ROLL OUT TEAM, EVALUATION, WHAT METRICS WE'LL SET FOR OURSELVES, WHAT GOAL AND WHAT ULTIMATELY -- WHAT FINAL GOALS IF THERE ARE SUCH SET OF THINGS. IT DEPENDS HOW WE AGREE TO LOOK AT THE OVERALL ISSUE, DO WE WANTS THE WORK FORCE TO REFLECT THE U.S. POPULATION. WE ARE GOVERNMENT OSSIFY RAIL GOVERNMENT FUNDING INSTITUTION. THAT WOULD NOT BE AN UNREASONABLE TARGET TO SET. THERE IS GOING TO BE NUANCE IN THAT AS WELL. SO THESE ARE THE ISSUES WE TRYING TO LOOK AT. I DON'T MEAN TO BE GLIB BUT WE ONLY HAVE ONE WAY, THAT'S TO GO UP RIGHT NOW. THIS IS OUR -- HOW WE PLAN TO START. >> SAMIR THEN JIM CAROL AND ELBA. >> RYAN, THANKS FOR THE PRESENTATION. THE FACT THAT THIS IS GOING TO BE REQUIRED OF MOST ALL APPLICATIONS IS GOING TO OBVIOUSLY HAVE A BIG MULTIPLIER EFFECT IN TERMS OF HAVING THE WHOLE COMMUNITY START THINKING ABOUT THESE THINGS WHICH OBVIOUSLY MUST HAVE BEEN TO DO THIS. AS THAT HAPPENS, THERE IS GOING TO BE A LOT OF IDEAS THAT COME FORTH. WHAT IS THE PLAN FOR I GUESS ONE HAND, YOU DON'T WANT TO TELL EVERYBODY WHAT EVERYONE ELSE IS DOING BECAUSE YOU WANT EVERYONE TO THINK OF THEIR OWN IDEAS. ON THE OTHER HAND SOME OF THESE IDEAS NEED TO BE DISSEMINATED. HOW WILL THAT BE DONE SO THAT LIKE EVERYBODY CAN BENEFIT FROM THE IDEAS, GROUPS WHILE STILL GENERATING THEIR OWN. >> I THINK THAT IS A REALLY FANTASTIC QUESTION AND IT IS ONE WE ARE APPROACHING IN A FEW WAYS. ONE OF THE WAYS WE ARE APPROACHING THAT IDEA IS THAT WE VERY MUCH RECOGNIZE THAT WITH THIS ROLL OUT IT IS SOMETHING NEW AND IT IS SOMETHING THAT WILL NEED TO BE IT RATED OVER TIME. IN TERMS OF YOUR POINT ABOUT SHARING SOME OF THOSE LESSONS LEARNED, I THINK THE LEADERSHIP AT BRAIN IS INTERESTED IN PROVIDING FORUMS WHERE INVESTIGATORS IN THE BRAIN COMMUNITY CAN COME TOGETHER AND HAVE THOSE CONVERSATIONS. JOHN CAN JUMP IN HERE BUT I THINK AT THE UPCOMING BRAIN INVESTIGATORS MEETING FOR EXAMPLE THERE'S GOING TO BE A FORUM JUST LIKE THAT. WE HOPE THAT THIS CAN BE AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THE COMMUNITY TO AGAIN COME TOGETHER SHARE SOME OF THOSE BEST PRACTICES AND LEARN FROM EACH OTHER AND GROW AND EVOLVE AS COMMUNITY. >> JUST TO JUMP IN, THANKS, RYAN. AT THE LAST MCWG MEETING A COUPLE OF YOU, I THINK CAROL AND ELBA HAD AN IDEA ABOUT INCLUDING A PANEL DISCUSSION HOW TO PROMOTE GREATER INCLUSIVITY IN BRAIN. I THINK WE SET A RECORD. WE ACTUALLY MOVED ON THAT BEFORE THE MEETING WAS OVER. SO ELBA AND I WILL BE MODERATING THIS SESSION, PLENARY SESSION AT THE UPCOMING INVESTIGATORS MEETING. THE GOAL HERE IS TO TALK ABOUT WAYS TO GIVE PEOPLE TOOLS AND RESOURCES TO HELP THEM BUILD MORE INCLUSIVE NETWORKS. SO WE WILL BE TALKING ABOUT THE ISSUES BUT REALLY GEARED TOWARD WHAT PEOPLE CAN DO. IT IS ABOUT SHARING EXPERIENCES, SHARING LIFE EXPERIENCE, PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE, AND ACTUALLY GIVING PEEPING SOME IDEAS THAT CAN ACT ON. THESE WILL BE VERY IMPORTANT IN TERMS OF GETTING NOT JUST GETTING THE WORD OUT BUT GIVING PEOPLE SOME WAYS TO MOVE FORWARD AND BE SUCCESSFUL AT THIS. >> VERY GOOD. JIM, YOU HAD YOUR HAND UP AND IT IS DOWN. >> THANKS, CAROL, I WAS GOING TO ASK MORE ABOUT EVALUATION METRICS AND I THINK IT HAS BEEN ANSWERED, IT IS A CRITICAL COMPONENT. OBVIOUSLY YOU GUYS ARE GOING TO GET STARTED AND HARD TO KNOW WHAT THOSE WILL BE BUT I'M GLAD WE ARE PAYING SO MUCH ATTENTION TO IT. >> THANKS, JIM. >> CAROL, PLEASE GO AHEAD. >> YOU ARE ON MUTE CAROL. >> TWO POINTS. FOR THE D SPAN AND THE K-9 9 BRAIN SPECIFIC K-9 9, ARE PEDPs REQUIRED? THEY ARE FROM APPLICANT TRAINEE TYPES. >> GREAT QUESTION, CAROL. WE ARE LEAVING THE TRAINING MECHANISMS OUT FROM THIS, THEY ARE FOCUSED ON INDIVIDUALS. WE ARE FOCUSING ON ASKING PEOPLE OR MANDATING THAT INVESTIGATORS ON PROJECTS, TELL US WHAT THEY ARE GOING TO DO TO BRING DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES INTO THEIR RESEARCH PROGRAMS. >> SECOND POINT WITH REGARD TO BRAIN MEETING, COULD YOU COMMENT NEWLY THERE'S GOING TO BE POSTERS, RIGHT? DEI POSTERS. ANOTHER WAY OF SHARING IDEAS THAT COMMUNITY HAVE IMPLEMENTED TO INCREASE DIVERSITY EVERY LEVEL. NUMBER OF THEM SUBMITTED, I THINK I FORGET THE NUMBERS, TWO DOZEN. RIGHT? >> 23. THANKS FOR REMINDING. THERE IS ACTUALLY A DEI CATEGORY POSTER SESSION WE ENCOURAGE ALL OF YOU TO SEE THAT IN THE CHAT BUT THOSE VIDEO COUNCIL CAN SEE THAT, DEI POSTERS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR VIRTUAL IN PERSON DISCUSSIONS THROUGHOUT THE MEETING IN THIS SPACE AND THEN HOPEFULLY CULMINATING IN OUR PANEL DISCUSSION. ON THE AFTERNOON OF THE THIRD DAY. THANKS. >> ONE LAST POINT. AS PER EVE'S CHAMPION SUPPORTING POST DOCS AND TRAINEES, IT IS VERY CONFUSING BECAUSE THE NORMAL K-9 9 IS OPEN TO THOSE WITH GREEN CARDS AT LEAST. I ACTUALLY -- YOU DON'T EVEN HAVE TO HAVE HA GREEN CARD I THINK. BUT THE BRAIN ONE IS NOT SO IT IS A BIT UNFORTUNATE THOUGH I AGREE WITH WHAT SID SAID AND WHAT EVERYTHING HAS BEEN SAID, JUST ANOTHER FORM OF -- >> IT IS A FRUSTRATION BUT IN ORDER PEOPLE HERE WITH MORE EXPERIENCE CAN CORRECT ME IF I'M WRONG IN ORDER FOR US DIVERSITY TARGETING MECHANISM THIS IS WHAT WE ARE STUCK WITH. IS THAT CORRECT? >> THAT IS CORRECT FOR THOSE DIVERSITY MECHANISMS WE HAVE TO FOLLOW THE NIH POLICY AND DEFINITION. >> CAROL. >> I THINK ELBA IS THE LAST PERSON WITH THE HAND UP. >> YES, I AM. THANKS TO THE NIH TEAM FOR PROVIDING THIS WONDERFUL PRESENTATION. I FEEL LIKE BRAIN IS GOING EXACTLY WHAT NEEDS TO BE DOING TO HAVE AN INTENTIONAL APPROACH TO WHAT NEEDS TO HAPPEN, GATHERING THE METRICS, HAVING IMPORTANT CONVERSATIONS SO WHAT I WANT TO PUT ON THE TABLE IS THAT TO FIND THE EXPLANATIONS AND MOVE FORWARD WE NEED TO CONSIDER INTERSECTIONALITY. AN INTERSECTIONALITY DOES NOT ONLY CONSIDER GENDER ETHNICITY BUT CONSIDERS DISCIPLINE. SO THE VERY FIRST SLIDE SHOWED ABOUT 50% OF THE BRAIN PIs ARE ENGINEERS. I WOULD THINK THAT THIS GROUP KNOW WHAT IS THE REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN AND MINORITIES IS IN ENGINEERING SO IF FROM THE GET GO THE SOLICITATION AND INTENTION IS TO BUILD TECHNOLOGY THAT REQUIRES ENGINEERING RIGHT AWAY YOU EXCLUDED PEOPLE BY VIRTUE OF THE DISCIPLINE. THAT IS NOT A BAD THING, THAT IS SIMPLY A TARGET OPPORTUNITY AREA. TO REALLY BUILD INTENTIONALLY THE INCLUSIVE ASPECT. BECAUSE WE CAN MAKE -- YOU CAN INVITE PEOPLE BUT IF THEY DON'T HAVE THE SKILLS TO DO THE PROJECT REQUIRED BY SOLICITATION, THEY WILL NOT BE ABLE TO DO SO. SO I'M GOING TO POST SOMETHING IN THE CHAT FOR THIS GROUP, THAT SHOWS YOU WHERE MINORITIES AN WOMEN GET THEIR Ph.D.s BUT I I THINK REVISITING THOSE SOLICITATIONS AND HOW THEY ARE PHRASED MAY NEED TO BE PART OF THIS CONVERSATION. >> THANKS, GREAT POINT. WE DEFINITELY NEED TO KEEP THESE ISSUES IN MIND BUT AT THE SAME TIME REALIZE THERE ARE POOLS OF GREATER HOW SHALL I SAY ENRICHMENT OF PEOPLE FROM CERTAIN BACKGROUNDS IN THESE DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES. WE NEED TO BE MINDFUL ABOUT LOOKING AND RECRUITING FROM THESE POOL AS WELL. WE WILL BE HAVING UPCOMING WORKSHOPS WHERE THE EXPLICIT GOAL WILL BE TO BRING PEOPLE IN FROM DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES THAT PEOPLE THAT HAVEN'T THOUGHT ABOUT NEUROSCIENCE. AND I -- OUR GOAL AS WITH ALL THE WORKSHOPS IS TO HAVE BROAD REPRESENTATION OF PERSONAL BACKGROUND IN THIS, WE HAVE DONE A PRETTY GOOD JOB OF THIS SO FAR BUT WORK IS CERTAINLY ONGOING AND THIS WILL BE A WAY TO GET MORE DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES FROM THESE OTHER DISCIPLINES OUTSIDE OF NEUROSCIENCE. >> SPECIFICALLY LIKE THE COURSES, I THINK THE IMAGING GROUP DID IT. THE IMAGING -- I THINK NIH WENT OUT AND RECRUITED ENGINEERS DELIBERATELY BECAUSE THEY FELT THAT EXPERTISE. WE PERHAPS NEED TO RECRUIT OTHER GROUPS INTO THE BRAIN NOT JUST ENGINEERS. >> ABSOLUTELY. >> THANKS, ELBA. -- IS NEXT. >> SO I'M HAVING A COUPLE OF THOUGHTS THAT I'M TRYING TO SYNTHESIZE. THE FIRST ONE PARTICULARLY AROUND THIS IDEA OF K-9 9 AND R 00. SO I REMEMBER SOME CONVERSATIONS I WAS HAVING EARLY ON IN BRAIN WHEN THIS MECHANISM WAS BEING CONSIDERED. AND IT WAS MY UNDERSTANDING THAT THIS WAS PUT IN PLACE BECAUSE OF THE FAILURE OF THE BRAIN INITIATIVE TO MINE TALENT IN CERTAIN PARTS OF OUR POPULATION, PARTICULARLY WOMEN AND UNDERREPRESENTED MINORITIES. SO IT IS IMPORTANT FOR US TO KEEP IN MIND THE INEQUITIES WE ARE TRYING TO ADDRESS AND MECHANISMS USING TO TRY TO ADDRESS THOSE INEQUITIES BUILDING IN AND NOT NECESSARILY FRAME THOSE ISSUES OR STRATEGIES TOWARD THOSE INEQUITIES ARE THEREFORE INEQUITIES. ALSO WITH REGARD TO THINKING MORE BROADLY, CERTAINLY THERE IS A RICH POOL OF INTERNATIONAL INVESTIGATORS LOOKING THROUGH SOME OF THE FUNDING PORTFOLIOS BUT WHAT I THINK IS REALLY IMPORTANT IS FOR US TO CONSIDER SET OF SYSTEMS THAT ALLOW US TO MINE TALENT FROM THIS COUNTRY AS WELL. SO NOT TO THE EXCLUSION, AS WE LACK ACROSS OUR PORTFOLIO, WE SHOULD BE CONSTANTLY EVALUATING HOW GOOD A JOB WE ARE DOING FROM MINING THE TALENT AVAILABLE AND I WOULD SAY HISTORICALLY NIH HAS NOT DONE WELL AT ALL MINING TALENT FROM ALL PARTS OF OUR POPULATION. IT IS INDEED OUR GOAL BOTH SOLVING SHORT TERM PROBLEMS BUT ALSO THE LONG-TERM SUCCESS OF ENTERPRISE IN OUR COUNTRY TO FIGURE HOW TO DO THAT. SO I WANT US TO THINK ABOUT THAT AS WE ARE DETERMINING WHAT OUR TARGET METRICS ARE, BOTH SOLVING THE PROBLEMS NOW AS WELL AS ESTABLISHING A WORK FORCE THAT CONTINUE TO SOLVE PROBLEMS IN THE FUTURE. >> THANKS, I APPRECIATE THAT. THESE ARE BIG ISSUE, IT IS NOT ONE ISSUE, NOT ONE PROBLEM. THEY ALL DO KIND OF -- ARE THERE INTERSECTS THAT COLLIDE WITH EACH OTHER? NOT APPROACHING THE BIG PROBLEMS AS WITH A SERIES OF EITHER OR SOLUTIONS BUT THE REALITY, BUNCH AFTER FIRES TO PUT OUT AND THAT IS GOING TO REQUIRE DIFFERENT ATTENTION ON DIFFERENT FRONTS BUT NOT TO SAY WE ARE FORGETTING THE OTHER ISSUES. I DO APPRECIATE THEM BEING BROUGHT UP. GOOD THE MAKE SURE WE DON'T FORGET ALL THE THINGS THAT MAKE SCIENCE WE FUND SUCCESSFUL AND MAKE IT MORE SUCCESSFUL IN THE FUTURE. >> OKAY. >> WE SAW THREE PEOPLE WITH THEIR HAND UP, I KNOW WE ARE OUT OF TIME. WE CAN SAY EVERYBODY ASK THEIR QUESTION AND MAYBE JOHN TRY TO WRAP UP OR JUST TRY TO -- >> I'LL TRY TO BE BRIEF IF WE ALL TRY TO BE BRIEF. HOPEFULLY STILL HAVE SOME TIME FOR A BREAK BEFORE KAFUI'S PRESENTATION. >> MALA STEVEN AND JIM. >> I WILL TOOK TO BE QUICK. GREAT DISCUSSION AN THANKS FOR THE PRESENTATIONS. I WAS STRUCK BY MALL NUMBER OF APPLICANTS FROM WOMEN AND MINORITIES TO BRAIN INITIATIVE FUNDING MECHANISMS. I WONDERED IF YOU COULD SAY HOW YOU THINK THE PEDP WILL INCREASE THE NUMBER OF APPLICANTS BECAUSE I WORRY SOMEWHAT THAT SINCE BRAIN IS COMPOSED OF A LOT OF MULTI-PI TEAMS, THERE IS A DISPARITY IN WOMEN WHO ARE IN MINORITY WHOSE ARE PART OF THOSE TEAMS OR LEADING THOSE TEAMS. HOW DO YOU THINK THE PEDP WILL ACTUALLY SHIFT THE BALANCE THERE IF PIs WILL BE ENCOURAGED TO INCLUDE WOMEN AND MINORITIES IN PI TEAMS OR LEAD THOSE TEAMS OR WILL IT JUST BE -- COULD IT BE JUST DIRECTED AT DIVERSIFYING TRAINEES? THAT'S THE QUESTION. >> THE PEDP IS INTENTIONALLY AND ALSO IT IS INTENTIONALLY MEANT TO BE BROAD TO LET PEOPLE COME IN AND TELL US HOW THEY ARE GOING TO DO BETTER SCIENCE THROUGH THIS. TO YOUR POINT, MALA, THE ISSUE IF WE LOOK AT THE SPECIFIC ISSUE OF UNDERREPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN OUR PI POOL, IT IS BOTH CONTACT PI AND MPI LEVEL. ARGUABLY WE MIGHT SEE, HOPE WE WILL SEE INCREASE IN THE REPRESENTATION IN BOTH THROUGH THIS BUT YOU MIGHT EXPECT AND I DON'T KNOW IF THIS IS A REASONABLE EXPECTATION BUT YOU MIGHT SEE A BUMP UP IN THE MPI POOL BEFORE BUMP UP IN CONTACT POOL. WE ARE PUTTING IT OUT THERE, TO TELL PEOPLE BE CREATIVE. THIS IS AN EXPECTATION ON THE PART OF BRAIN. BE CREATIVE. HOW YOU COME TO THE SOLUTION WILL BE UP TO HOW THOSE -- HOW INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS COME UP TO THE SOLUTION WILL BE UP TO THEM. BUT THE REALITY IS WE ARE DRAGGING ON BOTH CONTACT PIs AS WELL AS MPIs AND WE NEED TO GET THE BALL ROLLING. AND HOPEFULLY AGAIN, WE HAVE -- WE DON'T SUFFER FROM ILLUSION THIS IS GOING TO FIX IT. THIS IS NOT A -- NO SILVER BULLETS HERE. WHAT WE ARE HOPING TO DO IS TAKE THIS FIRST STEP TOWARD CHANGING THE CULTURE. SO IN A GENERATIVE WAY WE WILL EVENTUALLY GET INTO A BETTER PLACE AND HOPEFULLY WE WILL KNOW WHEN WE ARE GETTING CLOSER. >> JOHN, IF I MAY ADD ON THAT, I APOLOGIZE MY VIDEO IS NOT WORKING SO I'M AUDIO ONLY. JUST TO ADD TO THAT, NOT ONLY SHOULD INVESTIGATORS BE CREATIVE ABOUT WHAT THEY PUT INTO THEIR PLAN BUT IT WILL BE EVALUATED. IT WILL BE PART OF THE SPORE, IT WILL BE CONSIDERED WHEN WE MAKE FUNDING RECOMMENDATIONS. SO THAT I THINK IS A CRITICAL PIECE OF THIS. >> I'LL JUST MAKE A QUICK COMMENT THAT CAN BE ADDRESSED LATER BUT MAYBE IT OUGHT TO BE A TOPIC FOR THE PANEL AT THE INVESTIGATOR MEETING WHICH IS ELBA'S COMMENT ABOUT INTERSECTIONALITY PUT IN MIND THE PLAIN ACADEMIC RISK FOR CAREER ADVANCEMENT OF PEOPLE WHO WANT TO BE INTERDISCIPLINARY OR WHO ARE INCREASINGLY INTERDISCIPLINARY WHICH IS EXACERBATED WHEN PEOPLE ARE MINORITIES IN ADDITION. AND HAVING BEEN A UNIVERSITY PROVOST FOR A DECADE I WATCH A SMALL NUMBER OF DEPARTMENTS ENCOURAGE AND THEN PROMOTE INTERDISCIPLINARY SCHOLARS BUT FOR THE MOST PART, THEY WERE AT A DISADVANTAGE BECAUSE THEY WERE NOT ALWAYS PRESENT IN THEIR DEPARTMENT AND BECAUSE THEY PUBLISHED IN DIFFERENT JOURNALS THAN THE REST OF THE DEPARTMENT, I COULD GO ON BUT I DO THINK THAT IN ESPECIALLY FOR YOUNGER PEOPLE ADVANCING THIS PROGRAM YOU SHOULD JUST THINK ABOUT SORT OF CAREER ADVICE FOR HOW TO SURVIVE IN YOUR INSTITUTION AND GET TENURE. THEN THERE SHOULD BE SOME I DON'T KNOW HOW YOU DO THIS BUT SOME REMINDERS TO DEPARTMENT CHAIRS, UNIVERSITIES, THAT THIS IS A STATED FUNDABLE GOAL OF THE NIH AND THAT PEOPLE SHOULDN'T BE AT DISADVANTAGE BECAUSE THEY ARE PUBLISHING IN A DIFFERENT TERM. SO LET ME STOP THERE. >> THAT IS A GREAT SET OF POINTS. WE NEED A CULTURE CHANGE. THE WAY WE DO SCIENCE TODAY IS IN SOME WAYS BETTER, SOME WAYS NOT SO MUCH BETTER BUT DIFFERENT THAN IT WAS TEN YEARS AGO. I THINK WE ALL NEED TO RECOGNIZE THAT. NOT ONLY IN TERMS OF FACULTY APPOINTMENTS AND PROMOTION BUT HOW WE REVIEW GRANT APPLICATIONS. WE NEED TO FIND A DIFFERENT WAY OF RECOGNIZING AND ASSIGNING CREDIT FOR WHAT PEOPLE ARE DOING. >> JUST DON'T WANT TO RUN THESE YOUNG KIDS INTO A BUZZ SAW IF THEIR INSTITUTION HASN'T GOTTEN THE MEMO. THINKING ABOUT HOW TO ADVANCE AND PROTECT CAREERS I THINK IS WORTH SOME TIME. >> IT IS GOING TO TAKE ALL OF US TO GET THAT MESSAGE ACROSS. NOT JUST TO GET THE MESSAGE ACROSS BUT TO ACTUALLY DO IT. TO MAKE SURE IT GETS -- WE GET CLOSER TOWARD DEALING WITH THAT. >> YEP. >> ONE LAST QUESTION? I WANT TO MAKE SURE WE HAVE TIME FOR A BREAK. >> SORRY. I DID HAVE ANOTHER QUESTION AS IT TURNS OUT AND I WANT TO START BY SAYING THANK YOU TO DEVIN ANDREA AND RYAN FOR A NICE PRESENTATION. I GUESS THE OTHER ASPECT OF THIS, I THINK THE PROGRAM IS PHENOMENAL AND MY HOPE IS THAT IT WILL BE A SUCCESSFUL AS WE ALL ENVISION IT MIGHT BE. BUT ONE OF THE ASPECTS THAT YOU DIDN'T ADDRESS WITH RESPECT TO THIS, I THINK IT IS HARD FOR NIH TO DO THIS, IS THAT IF THE PEDP IS GOING TO BE EVALUATED PART OF THE GRANT SCORE, THEN WE NEED TO MAKE SURE THAT DIVERSITY REPRESENTED ON THE CSR REVIEW TEAMS, THINGS LIKE THAT TO REACH OUT AND MAKE SURE THERE'S INCLUSION THERE. THAT HAS ALWAYS BEEN A HARD CONNECTION TO MAKE BETWEEN DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF NIH BUT REALLY BE IMPORTANT TO DO THAT FOR THIS INITIATIVE I THINK. >> GREAT POINT JIM. WE NEED TO HAVE DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES AT EVERY LEVEL, NOT JUST PUSHING IT ON TO THE INVESTIGATORS, EXTRAMURAL INVESTIGATORS. WE ARE DOING OUR BEST TO HOLD OURSELVES TO ACCOUNT, ESTABLISHING A CREDIT RATING. AS I THINK Y'ALL APPRECIATE OUR POOL OF REVIEWERS COMES FROM THE POOL OF PEOPLE WORKING IN OR AROUND THE BRAIN SPACE AND YOU SEE THE NUMBERS. WE ARE DOING OUR BEST. BUT CERTAINLY SOMETHING WE ARE PUSHING HARD TO ADDRESS. >> OKAY. WE AREN'T DOING TERRIBLE ON TIME, WHAT SHOULD WE DO HERE KHARA? >> I THINK WE SHOULD TAKE AN EIGHT MINUTE BREAK. COME BACK ON NICE SOLID, 1:40. >> GREAT. OKAY. SEE YOU IN 8 MINUTES. THANKS EVERYBODY FOR A GREAT DISCUSSION. >> THE NEXT THING ON OUR AGENDA IS TO HEAR FROM ONE OF OUR NEWER MEMBERS, DR. KAFUI DZIRASA, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AT DUKE. TO NOTE THIS IS A SOMETHING WE ARE DOING TO INTRODUCE THE SCIENCE OF OUR MPWG MEMBERS TO THE REST OF THE GROUP. SO KAFUI, I DON'T KNOW IF YOU ARE RUNNING YOUR SLIDES. >> SORRY, KAFUI, YOU WANT TO GET YOUR SLIDES ORGANIZED. THANK YOU, I WANT TO GIVE A VERY BRIEF INTRODUCTION FOR KAF. DR. KAFUI DZIRASA, AS CAROL SAID FROM DUKE. HE IS THE K RANGA CHRISTIAN ENDOWED CHAIR IN DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES. HE RECEIVED HIS BACHELORS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING FROM UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND BALTIMORE COUNTY, HIS Ph.D. AND M.D. DEGREES FROM DUKE UNIVERSITY, HE CONDUCTED HIS Ph.D. DISSERTATION WITH DR. MIGUEL LOUIS A PIONEER IN NEUROENGINEERING AN PERFORMED RESIDENCY IN PSYCHIATRY AT DUKE. KAFUI IS AMAZING. A NEUROSCIENTIST, ENGINEER PSYCHIATRIST. EMBODYING THE MISSION AND SPIRIT OF THE BRAIN INITIATIVE. ALSO A TERRIFIC OUTSPOKEN ADVOCATE FOR SCIENCE, BRAIN IN PARTICULAR, AS WELL AS FOR SOCIAL RACIAL JUSTICE ISSUES. IN OUR COMMUNITIES. I SHOULD ALSO NOTE KAFUI YOU MADE THE MISTAKE OF SENDING ME YOUR CV. HE'S THE NORTHEAST CONFERENCE LONG JUMP CHAMPION IN COLLEGE. DELIGHTED TO HAVE KAFUI HERE. AGAIN, IN SOME RETURN TO NORMALCY, WE ARE TRYING TO INCORPORATE BACK IN SCIENTIFIC PRESENTATIONS FROM OUR MCWG MEMBERS AND WE WILL HEAR ABOUT KAFUI'S RESEARCH, HIS LAB HAS BEEN USING A VARIETY OF GENETIC NO HE CAN WILL LAR AND -- MOLECULAR AND PHYSIO PHYSIOLOGICAL APPROACHES CUTTING EDGE TO STUDY HOW GENES INTERACT WITH STRESS TO MODIFY CIRCUITS THAT REGULATE EMOTIONAL AND NEURAL FUNCTIONS SO DELIGHTED TO HAVE YOU HERE TO HEAR ABOUT YOUR RESEARCH. >> A HUGE HONOR AND PLEASURE TO JOIN YOU ALL AND I KNOW THIS IS AN OPEN SESSION SO THERE MIGHT BE GRADUATE OR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS AT HOME WATCHING AS WELL. I HOPE TO GIVE YOU A HIGH LEVEL VIEW OF THE RESEARCH IN THE LAB, HOW IT INTERSECTS WITH THE BRAIN INITIATIVE TO UNDERSTAND HOW THE HUMAN BRAIN WORKS TO TREAT PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AS WELL AS SHOW YOU HOW THE OTHER PARTS OF MY CAREER AND MY EFFORTS SHOW FIT INTO THIS BROADER MISSION. SO THIS IS INTRODUCTION TO ME IN THE WORK THAT WE DO IN THE LAB. THANKS FOR HAVING ME HERE. THIS IS YOUNG KAFUI, WHETHER FIXING UP BIKES OR TAKING APART COMPUTERS AND I WANTED TO FIGURE HOW TO TAKE TAKE THE ENGINEERING SKILLS I HAD TO IMPROVE HUMAN HEALTH. IT WAS NOT A SURPRISE MY MOM WAS A REHABILITATION NURSE AND I GO TO THE HOSPITAL WITH HER, AND I WOULD SEE THE DEVASTATING IMPACT THAT HER PATIENTS PHYSICAL DISABILITIES HAD ON THEIR LIVES AND SO MY GOAL WAS TO TAKE THE SKILLS AN LEARN HOW TO COME UP WITH BRAIN MACHINE INTERFACE TECHNOLOGY THAT WOULD AUGMENT THE REHABILITATION SUCH THAT IT CAN GIVE THEM GREATER FUNCTION. IT WASN'T UNTIL I GOT TO MED SCHOOL DOING PSYCHIATRY ROTATION THAT I STARTED TO APPRECIATE DISORDERS WITH FAR MORE DEVASTATING IMPACTS SO THESE DISORDERS LIKE DEPRESSION AN BIPOLAR DISORDER AND ADDICTION, YIELD GREATEST BURDEN OFFER ILLNESS IN THE WORLD. MY GOAL SWITCHED INSTEAD OF DEVELOPING BRAIN MACHINE CONTROL PROSTHETICS FOR THE BODY, I WANTED TO COME UP WITH A BRAIN PROSTHETICS TO CONTROL AND HEAL THE MIND. IN ORDER TO ADDRESS THIS OUTCOME, I KNEW THERE WERE TWO HUGE CHALLENGES TO FIGURE HOW TO OVERCOME. THE FIRST OF WHICH WAS I WOULD HAVE TO FIGURE OUT HOW MAP OUT BIOLOGY OF EMOTION. WHAT EMOTION LOOKS LIKE IN ORGAN OF BRAIN. SECONDLY, I WOULD HAVE TO FIGURE HOW THAT ENTIRE BIOLOGY CHANGESSED IN THE CONTEXT OF DISEASE. MY FRIENDS AND COLLEAGUES WORKING ON BRAIN CONTROLLED PROS SPET THETICS FOR -- PROS SPETTICS FOR THE BODY TAKE ADVANTAGE OF LONG MAPS UNITED, HISTORICAL MAPS THAT COULD LINK THE RIGHT ARM WITH A LEFT PART IN IN YOUR CORTEX, MOTOR CORTEX. THEY HAD COOL ANIMAL MODELS, PRE-CLINICAL ANIMAL MODELS THEY COULD USE HOW TO FIGURE HOW TO DECODE INFORMATION, ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF CELLS, IN PART OF THE BRAIN MOTOR CORTEX CREATED USING PROSTHETICS. AS GRADUATE STUDENT I WONDERD IF THIS STRATEGY COULD BE APPLIED TO COME UP WITH BRAIN PROSTHETICS FOR EMOTION. BRAIN AREAS, BRAIN YEARS LIKE AMYGDALA, TEGMENTAL AREA SHOWN TO PLAY A ROLE IN IMPORTANT BEHAVIOR LIKE FEAR AND REWARD. WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE HUMAN STUDIES, HUMANS THAT WERE GOING THROUGH FEAR STIMULUS OR REWARD STIMULUS, LOTS OF BRAIN AREAS WERE ACTIVATED AT THE SAME TIME. AND WHAT THAT SUGGESTED PERHAPS WAS THAT IN ORDER TO DECODE AN EMOTION AND INSTEAD OF ZOOMING TO SINGLE BRAIN AREA, YOU MAY HAVE TO ZOOM OUT AND RECORD ACTIVITY FROM CELLS AT THE SAME TIME. TO MAKE THAT ISSUE EVEN MORE CHALLENGING, AS I THOUGHT ABOUT THE SYMPTOMS THAT KEPT BRINGING MY PATIENTS IN TO THE HOSPITAL, WHETHER IT WAS DEPRESSION OR SUICIDALITY, OR HOPELESSNESS, I EVEN TO THIS DAY HAVE NEVER UNCOVERED AN ANIMAL MODEL THAT CAPTURES THOSE DEVASTATING SYMPTOMS. SO I FOUND MYSELF AT THIS CROSS ROADS FIGURING HOW TO ADDRESS THESE CHALLENGES AND I'M ENGINEER BY BACKGROUND AS MENTION BUT TO SOLVE THESE ISSUES I STARTED DOING WHAT EVERY ENGINEER DOES. SO FIRST I BROUGHT A LITTLE BIT FROM OTHER FIELDS. AS I STARTED WITH SENSORY NEUROSCIENCE, IN THE WAY SENSORY NEUROSCIENCE IS ORGANIZED IS THIS RICH HISTORY. PEOPLE EXPOSE ANIMALS TO STIMULI AND REPORTED THE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF THE BRAIN. THE IDEA IS THAT IF YOU SAW REPRODUCIBLE RESPONSES IN OTHER WORDS THE STIMULUS PRODUCED THE SAME RESPONSE OVER AND OVER AND OVER AND THAT RESPONSE WAS SPECIFIC IN OTHER WORDS YOU CHANGE CENTER SENSORY STIMULUS WHETHER TONE OR SOUND QUEUE OR BAR OF THE LIGHT PRODUCED A DIFFERENT RESPONSE SO WE CAN LOOK FOR PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES THAT WERE REPRODUCIBLE AND SPECIFIC. THE SECOND THING I DID, I BROUGHT A LITTLE BIT FROM THE HUMAN IMAGING COLLEAGUES AND THE STRATEGY HERE INSTEAD OF ZOOMING TO A SPECIFIC BRAIN AREA, AND RECORDING MORE AND MORE ACTIVITY, VAT YES TAKEN BY THE SENSORY NEUROSCIENTIST, THESE COLLEAGUES ZOOM OUT AND RECORD ACTIVITY FROM THE WHOLE BRAIN ACTIVITY. THE NEXT THING -- AT THE SAME TIME. THE NEXT THING I DID IS BORROWED FROM BIOLOGY COLLEAGUES THE IDEA HERE IS THAT THERE ARE MANY GENETIC ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN MENTAL ILLNESS. AND MY HYPOTHESIS WAS IF I COULD CAPTURE AND MANIPULATE THESE I WOULD OBSERVE PRINCIPLE CHANGES IN THE BIOLOGY THAT WAS THE STRUCTURE OF EMOTIONS AND THOSE ARE FRAMED HERE AS DISTRIBUTED NETWORKS. FINALLY, I THOUGHT I WOULD SNATCH A LITTLE BIT FROM MY CLINICAL COLLEAGUES AND THINKING ABOUT HOW THEY APPROACH BIOMARKERS, THE BEAUTY ONE OF THE MOST PROFOUND BIOMARKERS USING THE EKG AS AN EXAMPLE EKG IS A ZOOMED OUT PATTERN OF ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IN THE HEART. AND ONE OF THE THINGS THAT MAKES EKG POWERFUL IS IT GENERALIZES. WHAT IT MEANS IS THAT IT WORKS ON A NEW PATIENT THAT COMES IN EMERGENCY ROOM, WE CAN ALSO UNCOVER RELEVANT INFORMATION ABOUT THE BIOLOGY. I BASICALLY TOOK THOSE FOUR PIECES FOUR DIFFERENT AREAS ENCOUNTERED IN MY TRAINING AND TRY TO FIT THEM ALL TOGETHER. I WILL USE TERM ZOOM OUT, I WANT TO GIVE EVERYBODY AN APPRECIATION MA WITH WHAT THAT MEANS. YOU SEE TWO PICTURES WATER MOLECULES LOOKING THE SAME UNTIL YOU ZOOM OUT. WHEN YOU ZOOM OUT YOU APPRECIATE THE CONTEXT OF THOSE WATER MOLECULES ARE QUITE DIFFERENT IN FACT, WHAT'S GOING ON IN EACH OF THESE DESCRIBED BY THE GLOBAL CONTEXT OF THE WATER MOLECULES, AND EVEN LOOKING AT PICTURES, EACH IS PROBABLY EXPERIENCING DIFFERENT SET OF EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCES. SO I REALLY WANTED TO FIGURE OUT HOW TO ULTIMATELY ZOOM OUT AND FIGURE WHAT THE CONTEXT WAS OF SIGNALS WE OBSERVE IN THE BRAIN. IN ORDER TO DO THAT, MY LAB STARTED IMPLANTING ELECTRODES INTO MANY BRAIN SITES AT THE SAME TIME. THAT ELECTROCONSTRUCTION YOU CAN SEE ON THE LEFT. AND CT IMAGE YOU CAN SEE THE WIRES IN BLUE. WE FIGURED HOW TO RELIABLY TARGET MANY BRAIN STRUCTURE AT THE SAME TIME SO WE SEE IF WE CAN DECODE DISTRIBUTED ACTIVITY. WE ARE GOING TO RECORD ACTIVITY OF SINGLE CELLS BUT ALSO LOCAL FIELD POTENTIALS AND LOCAL FIELD POTENTIALS ARE WAYS OF ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY THAT WE ARE RECORDING FROM SITES IN THE BRAIN. AND IN THE SAME WAY THAT LAKE WAS REPRESENTED BY WATER MOLECULES, LOCAL FIELD POTENTIALS REFLECT ACTIVITY OF THE POPULATIONS OF NEURONS IN THE BRAIN. SO WE CAN TAKE THOSE FIELD POTENTIALS AND WE CAN DO ENGINEERING ANALYSIS AND QUANTIFY HOW MUCH ACTIVITY IN THOSE FEEL POTENTIALS ACROSS A RANGE OF FREQUENCIES. WE CAN TAKE ADVANTAGE OF ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES THAT SAY THINGS THAT CHANGE TOGETHER ACROSS TIME LIE WITHIN THE SAME SYSTEM SO WE CAN QUANTIFY HOW MUCH THOSE LOCAL FIELD POTENTIALS IN TWO PARTS OF THE BRAIN SYNCHRONIZE WITH ONE ANOTHER. AND THEN FINALLY WE CAN TAKE ADVANTAGE OF STATISTICAL FORECASTING. TO INFER DIRECTION OF INFORMATION FLOW IN THESE -- BETWEEN THESE BRAIN AREAS. THE IDEA HERE IS THAT IF WE QUANTIFY HOW MUCH CURRENT ACTIVITY IN ONE AREA SYNCHRONIZES FUTURE ACTIVITY WITH ANOTHER, WE CAN FURTHER DIRECTIONAL THE INFORMATION FLOW HERE WITH INFORMATION FROM HIPPOCAMPUS COUPLING FUTURE PFC, INFORMATION IN THAT DIRECTION. WE GET TO OBVIOUSLY DO THAT IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION AS WELL AND IF COUPLING OF CURRENT ACTIVITY AND HIPPOCAMPUS COUPLES WITH PAST PREFRONTAL CORTEX ACTIVITY WE INFER THE INFORMATION IS MOVING THE OTHER DIRECTION. AT THIS POINT IN TIME WE AS A LAB HAD SUCCEEDED IN RECORDING INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITY FROM MANY SITES SAME OVER 20 ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IS RESOLVED, OR RECORDED AT 30,000 TIMES PER SECOND SO WE HAVE GOT MILLIONS -- OF BITS OF ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY QUANTIFYING FROM THE BRAIN AND OBVIOUSLY HAD TO FIGURE HOW TO MAKE SENSE OF IT AND BUILD MODELS ABOUT HOW INFORMATION AND EMOTIONS ARE ORGANIZED IN THE BRAIN AND TURNS OUT IN ORDER TO SOLVE THAT PROBLEM WE HAD TO ZOOM ALL THE WAY OUT. I FOUND MYSELF FEW YEARS BACK EXPLAINING MY THEORY HOW EMOTIONS ARE ORGANIZED TO DATA SCIENTIST, AND THAT DATA SCIENTIST COMMENTED THAT HOW DESCRIBING THE BRAIN SOUNDED A LOT LIKE THE PHYSICS OF THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE. SO THE COLLEAGUE INTRODUCED ME TO ANOTHER COLLEAGUE WHO IS DOING MACHINE LEARNING MODELING ON THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE, WE STARTED WORKING TOGETHER TO CREATE SOME MODELS HOW INFORMATION IS ORGANIZED IN THE BRAIN THAT WAS LARRY KEERIN GRADUATE STUDENT AT TIME DAVID CARLSON AFTER COUPLE OF YEARS OF WORKING ON THIS PROBLEM APPLYING MACHINE LEARNING TO BRAIN DATA. AND COUPLE OF LOTS OF LONG LUNCHES LOTS OF COFFEE AND LOTS OF DONUTS. I WILL SHOW YOU WHAT WE ARE ABLE TO COME UP WITH AND THIS IS SUPPORTD BY THE BRAIN INITIATIVE. SO THIS IS WHAT WE CALL DISCRIMINATIVE CROSS SPECTRAL FACTOR ANALYSIS. AND SO WE ESSENTIALLY START HERE WITH A WILLCAL FIELD POTENTIAL AND UNDERNEATH THIS IS A LOT OF COMPLICATED MATH BUT THE NEST BEST ANALOGY THROUGH THIS IS LOCAL FIELD POTENTIAL LIKE WE THINK ABOUT MUSIC. SO MUSIC IS -- WHEN YOU HEAR MUSIC YOU ARE ESSENTIALLY HEARING OSCILLATIONS, SOUND WAVES ABOUT 10,000 TIMES PER SECOND. SO WE THINK ABOUT THE LOCAL FIELD POTENTIAL LIKE MUSICIAN SICK AND FIRST STAGE OF ANALYSIS DOES IS BREAKS THE MUSIC UP INTO NOTES, WITH THOSE NOTES REFLECTED BY MEASURES OF POWER, COHERENCE AN DIRECTIONALITY I EXPLAINED. WHEN WE ARE GOING TO USE AUTOENCODER MACHINE NEURAL NETWORK PROCESS TO FIGURE HOW THE NOTES CHANGE OVER TIME TO GROUP INTO WHAT WE CALL CORDS. THEN WE HAVE A PROCESS OF THIS ANALYSIS THAT APPLIES SUPERVISION AND SO IT MATCHES THOSE CORDS TO EXTERNAL BEHAVIOR OR WHAT WE WOULD USE AS A PROXY OF EMOTIONAL STATE OF THE ANIMAL. SO FINALLY PART OF OUR MODEL ESSENTIALLY ENSURES THAT LIKE THE EKG WHATEVER WE LEARN THE CORDS AND NOTES GENERALIZE. WHY THIS IS SO IMPORTANT, WE WANT TO LEARN THE MUSIC BUT WE ALSO WANT TO MAKE SURE THAT IF NEW SET OF INSTRUMENTS PLAYING OR DIFFERENT TEMPO WE ARE IDENTIFYING IT AS THE SAME MUSIC. I L SHOW YOU ONE OF THE FIRST APPROACHES. MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, ONE OF MOST DEVASTATING DISABLING DISORDER IN THE WORLD. PSYCHIATRISTS ENCOUNTER SOMEONE IN STATE OF MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER WE HAVE TREATMENTS TO TRY TO MOVE THE BRAIN STATE INTO STATE OF NORMAL FUNCTION. BUT ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WE AS PSYCHIATRISTS APPRECIATE IS ONE GREAT RISK FACTOR FOR NEUROPSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS IN DEPRESSION IN PARTICULAR IS VEER PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS. THE IMPORTANT FEATURE HERE IS THAT IT IS NOT EVERYONE THAT EXPERIENCES SEVERE >> WE HAVE COOL TOOLS WE CAN LITERALLY ZOOM IN, AND USE MICROSCOPES TO RECORD ACTIVITY OF SINGLE CELLS IN GIVEN BRAIN REGIONS. THESE TOOLS ARE ALLOWING US TO MOVE FORWARD TREMENDOUS PACE IN NEUROSCIENCE ARENA. THIS IS INTERESTING AND IMPORTANT PROBLEM THAT ALL NEUROSCIENTISTS APPRECIATE AND CRITICAL TO SOLVING IN AREA OF PSYCHIATRY AS WELL. THAT QUESTION, WHY IS IT THAT A SIP STIMULUS PRODUCES SO MANY DIFFERENT OUTPUT RESPONSE FOR THE BRAIN, ALL THIS NEUROSCIENTISTS APPRECIATE IF YOU HAVE A PRE-CLINICAL MODEL ORGANISM WHETHER THAT ORGANISM IS AWAKE OR ANESTHETIZED OR ASLEEP, THE SAME INPUT CAN PRODUCE AN ENTIRELY DIFFERENT SET OF OUTPUT RESPONSES. THE WAY WE ARE THINKING ABOUT THIS IS IF WE ARE ABLE TO LEARN THE STATES THAT THE BRAIN CAN EXIST IN, BY TAKING TECHNOLOGY AND ZOOMING OUT IF WE COMBINE FUTURE WITH THE TOOLS ALLOW US TO ZOOM IN, WE WILL BE ABLE TO RESOLVE THIS QUESTION. AND THE IMPORTANT PRINCIPLE HERE IS THAT THE RESPONSE THAT THE BRAIN GENERATES IS A FUNCTION OF BOTH THE STIMULUS AND STATE THE BRAIN IS IN, WE THINK COMBINING ALL THESE TECHNOLOGIES TOGETHER WILL REALLY UNDERSTAND -- HELP US UNDERSTAND HOW INFORMATION PARTICULARLY AS EMOTIONAL CONTEXT IS ORGANIZED IN THE BRAIN. SO WE ARE WORKING TO EXPAND THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NETWORKS, THAT WE HAVE AT OUR DISPOSAL. SOCIAL AWARD, ANXIETY, AGGRESSION, AVERSION FOOD REWARD ANTICIPATION. AS A FINAL BIT OF DATA, I WILL SHOW YOU A SOCIAL REWARD NETWORK WE LEARNED. AGAIN THE BRAIN ACTIVITY, THE BRAIN REGIONS ARE AROUND THE TIRE OF THE WHEEL IF YOU SEE COLOR IT MEANS THAT BRAIN AREA AN FREQUENCY PARTICIPATE, THE SPOKES ARE SYNCHRONY BETWEEN BRAIN AREAS AND ON THE RIGHT HERE, YOU SEE THE DIRECTIONALITY OF INFORMATION FLOW. IN THE CIRCUIT. SO WE AFTER WE DISCOVERED WE WANTED TO DO AN INTERESTING CAUSAL EXPERIMENTS WHERE WE STIMULATED PART OF THE CIRCUITRY IN IN NETWORK A TARGETS AD CONNECTION BETWEEN PRE-LIMBNAL CORTEX AND NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS, UPSTREAM NETWORK, WE CHOSE 10 HEATS BECAUSE IT WAS A FREQUENCY THE NETWORK WAS ORGANIZED IN, YOU CAN SEE PRE-LIMB BALL CORTEX TO NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS, 10 HERTZ, WHEN HE STIMULATED THE FREQUENCY IN THE NETWORK WE SAW MORE NETWORK ACTIVITY AND THE ANIMALS BECAME SOCIAL. ON THE OTHER HAND IF WE STIMULATED AT HIGHER FREQUENCY 20 HERTZ THAT WAS NOT PART OF THE NETWORK, WE SAW THE ANIMALS BECAME LESS SOCIAL AND NETWORK ACTIVITY DECREASED. THERE'S TWO IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES HERE. THE FIRST ONCE IS THAT THESE STIMULATION EXPERIMENTS ESTABLISHED AT THIS ARCHITECTURE THAT WE ARE OBSERVING IS INDEED CAUSALLY RELATED TO BEHAVIOR. BUT SECONDLY, ITS ALSO SHOWS NETWORKS ARE UNCOVERING BOTH WHERE AND HOW WE CAN SIMULATE BRAIN TO CHANGE BEHAVIOR IN A PRINCIPLED WAY. THIS IS IMPORTANT FOR TRANSLATING TREATMENT DOWN THE LINE TO IMPACT THOSE WITH NEUROPSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS. THE STRATEGY NOW IS THINK HOW TO CREATE MAPS ACROSS SPECIES. YOU CAN USE QUEUES AND WANTED TO TEST IF THE ARCHITECTURE IS CONSERVED ACROSS SPECIES SO THE QUEUE YOU MIGHT USE IN MICE IS CERTAIN WILLRY DIFFERENT THAN QUEUE YOU USE IN HUMANS. AND BIOLOGY WILL BE CONSERVED. WE CAN TANG ADVANTAGE OF CAUSAL MANIPULATIONS WHETHER BRAIN STIMULATION OR PHARMACOLOGY ACROSS SPECIES AND IN OUR PRE-CLINICAL ANIMAL MODELS WE CAN USE RISK GENES OR ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IMPLICATED IN MENTAL ILLNESS AND SEE IF THEY ALTER ELECTRICAL ARCHITECTURE THE SAME YOU SEE ARE CHANGED IN THE CASE OF HUMAN ILLNESS. AS I MENTIONED AT THE BEGINNING ONE REAL GOAL IS TO UNDERSTAND THE FUNDAMENTAL BIOLOGY OF EMOTION. AND OUR HYPOTHESIS IS THAT EMOTION IS ESSENTIALLY GOING TO BE A HOMOLOGOUS BRAIN STATE, THAT IS CONSERVED ACROSS SPECIES. SO IF THIS SORT OF FRAMEWORK PROVES TO BE USEFUL AND VALUABLE IN THE LONG RUN WE THINK WE WILL BE ABLE TO UNCOVER THIS BIOLOGY IN A WAY THAT IS A REALLY TRACTABLE OBJECTIVE MEASURE TO USE IN PRE-CLINICAL ANIMAL MODELS AS YES DEVELOPING -- WE ARE DEVELOPING NEW THERAPEUTICS. WE ALSO THINK IF THIS FRAMEWORK PROVES USEFUL, AND CORRECT IN THE END WE WILL HAVE OBJECTIVE MEASURES USED IN THE CONTEXT OF HUMAN DISEASE TO STRATIFY TREATMENT AND FINALLY IN MOST IMPORTANTLY THESE MAPS MAY REVEAL HOW AND WHERE DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION OR NON-INVASIVE STIMULATION CAN BE USED TO CHANGE BEHAVIOR USHERING THE WAY IN TO TO NEW TREATMENTS. SO I'LL TAKE THIS LAST TEN MINUTE, TO TALK ABOUT SOME OF THE OTHER WORKS THAT I DO AND HOW IT FITS INTO THIS BROADER FRAMEWORK. AND AGAIN THIS -- I GIVE THIS TALK DURING A NEUROETHICS BRAIN INITIATIVE MEETING MONTHS AGO AND HOPE THIS SHOWS HOW THESE PARTS OF CAREER DOVE TAIL INTO A SINGLE FRAMEWORK. I WAS REALLY EXCITED YEARS AGO AS A -- MANY PEOPLE KNOW I HAVE INDIVIDUALS IN MY FAMILY WITH SEVERE NEUROPSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS AND I WAS EXCITED AS WE AS A COMMUNITY STARTED TO IDENTIFY RISK GENES GENES THAT GIVE RISK FOR PSYCHIA I CAN FROM ILLNESS IN HUMANS EXAMPLE BEING OF ONE OF THOSE FIRST SITS FRIENDIA. -- SCHIZOPHRENIA. IDENTIFYING 108 THE NUMBER SINCE INCREASED OF RISK GENES. BUT ONE OF THE THINGS THAT IS CERTAINLY THE CASE, I DIDN'T APPRECIATE THIS AS THE TIME IS THAT AS WE HAVE BEEN SORT OF GENERATING THESE MAPS TO LINK GENE RISK GENES TO HUMAN ILLNESS, MUCH OF WHAT WE LEARNED ABOUT RISK GENES HAS COME FROM GENOMIC ARCHITECTURES, LARGELY INCLUDED INDIVIDUALS OF EUROPEAN ANCESTRY. THESE STUDIES WERE LARGELY POPULATED OR BY FOLKS OF EUROPEAN ANCESTRY AND MANY CASES EXCLUDED AFRICAN ANCESTRY. MY FAMILY IS NOT ONLY AFRICAN ANCESTRY BUT THEY MIGRATED FROM GHANA. THINKING ABOUT COURSE AND TREATMENTS TO MY FAMILY, I WANT TO MAKE SURE THE RISK JEANS IN USING MY PRE-CLINICAL ANIMALS APPLY BROADLY AND ACROSS HUMAN POPULATION. AND AS THEY LOOK AT THE ARCHITECTURE OF O HOW RISK GENES WORK TOGETHER, NATURALLY THEY DON'T WORK AS AS WELL IN INDIVIDUALS OF AFRICAN ANCESTRY BECAUSE MANY STUDIES WERE NOT INCLUDED. SO TAKE A BRIEF PRIMER BECAUSE I THINK YOU CAN STITCH -- SEE HOW WHAT I'M THINKING ABOUT IN OUR LECT TOME STRUCTURE IN OUR MICE, MAP TO THIS QUESTION OF GENOMICS IN HUMANS AS WELL SO I WILL EXPLAIN SIMPLE PRESENCE BILLS ABOUT MACHINE -- PRINCIPLES ABOUT MACHINE LEARNING TO APPRECIATE WHY THIS IS SO IMPORTANT TO HUMAN POPULATION. SO IMAGINE, YOU ARE TRYING TO LEARN THE LINE SYMMETRY, YOU HAVE MULTIPLE OBSERVATIONS HERE. -- OBSERVATIONS HERE, THERE'S SIX Os LINE OF SYMMETRY SO YOU TRAIN A MACHINE LEARNING MODEL AND IT LEARNS LINE OF SYMMETRY. WHAT YOU WANT TO DO IS VALIDATE THIS. SO YOU WANT TO SHOW THAT IT GENERALIZES TO A NEW GROUP OF SUBJECTS, LIKE THE EXAMPLE OF EKG YOU CAN SEE GENERALIZATION IS SO IMPORTANT. SO YOU GET A TEST WHETHER WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED IN THE FIRST GROUP OF SUBJECTS GENERALIZES TO THE SECOND GROUP AND INDEED IT DOES. SO WE ARE EXCITED HERE THEN YOU GET A NEW SET OF INDIVIDUAL, HERE WE HAVE THE EYES. AND WE ARE GOING TO AGAIN TEST IF WITH WHAT WE LEARNED IN THE ORIGINAL SET OF INDIVIDUALS GENERALIZES. AND AGAIN, WE ARE SUPER SUCCESSFUL SO WE ARE HAPPY THIS IS WHAT WE WANT IN TERMS OF CLINICAL DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC. AND THEN WE BRING IN A MIX GROUP, BECAUSE WE JUST WANTS TO BE SURE THAT WE ARE CORRECT, AND WE TEST FOR LINE GENERALIZES AN INDEED IT DOES. THEN YOU CAN SEE IMMEDIATELY HOW WE RUN INTO A PROBLEM WHEN WE TEST THIS ON INDIVIDUALS THAT WERE NOT INCLUDED IN ORIGINAL TRAINING SET, NOW YOU ASK THE LINE OF SYNERGY GENERALIZES AN IT DOESN'T. THE WAY THE SOLVE THE PROBLEM IS INCLUDING EVERYBODY IN THE SET WHEN YOU DO THAT YOU LEARN A LINE OF SYMMETRY BUT IT IS A DIFFERENT LINE OF SYMMETRY, A BETTER LINE. THIS LINE OF SYMMETRY GENERALIZES ACROSS THE ENTIRE POPULATION. SO THIS IS ESSENTIALLY HOW WE WENT ABOUT SOLVING THIS CHALLENGE OF FINDING THESE NETWORKS IN MICE AND I THINK THIS IS AN EQUALLY IMPORTANT EXAMPLE OF THE STRATEGIES TO TAKE AS WE ARE LEARNING TO -- FOR HOW INFORMATION IN THE BRAIN IS ORGANIZED IN HUMANS AS WELL. WE WANT THE WHAT WE LEARN TO ULTIMATELY GENERALIZE. FINALLY IF YOU TEST IN NEW POPULATION NEW CELL LANE OF SYMMETRY WORKS. SO I'M GOING TO TAKE A SLIGHT DEVIATION, TO POOL ALL THESE PIECES TOGETHER. SO FOR RAY BACK INTO MICE. THIS WORK WAS LED BY COLLEAGUE OF MINE ATCAL -- CAL TECH, SHE WAS WORKING ON CREATING VIRAL TOOLS TO CROSS THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER AND THE IDEA THERE IS THAT IF THERE IS A REALLY GREAT NON-INVASIVE WAY TO ACCESS SPECIFIC CELL TYPES, BOTH TO UNDERSTAND AND TREAT NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS, WE SHOULD MAKE SURE THAT THAT GENERALIZES. SO SHE'S WORKING ON IN A PRE-CLINICAL AN AL ORGANISM HERE, MICE, AND SHE CREATED A REALLY NICE VIRAL SCHOOL THAT SHE COULD GET TO CROSS THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER. SHOWING YOU DIFFERENT STRAINS OF MICE THAT WE AS BASIC SCIENTISTS REGULARLY USE IN THE LAB. AND ON THE TOP, IS A PICTURE OF A BRAIN AND ON THE BOTTOM IS A PICTURE OF A THE BRAIN USING THE NEW VIRAL TOOL. IF YOU SEE GREEN FLUORESCENCE, IT MEANS THE TOOL CROSSES THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER. IN A FIRST MOUSE THE C 57 BLACKS SIX OBJECT LEFT THE TOOL CROSSES THE BARRIER BUT TO DIFFERENT VAINS OF MICE WORKS LESS WELL, LESS ON THE 129, IT DOESN'T WORK AT ALL IN THE BALL Cs SO CLEARLY WE ARGUE IN THIS CASE THAT MICE ARE ALL IN THE SINGLE FAMILY, ORGANISM BUT THE STRAIN DIFFERENCES THAT ARE REALLY RELEVANT BOTH FOR UTILITY OF THAT TOOL BUT ALSO HOW WE MIGHT THINK ABOUT COMING UNWITH SOMETHING THAT GENERALIZES IN HUMAN DISEASE. SO WHAT SHE DID IN THE END IS SELECTED THE TWO STRAINS THE BULB C AND C 57 AND KEPT LOOKING AT DIFFERENCE VERSIONS UNTIL SHE WAS ABLE TO FIND A VERSION OF THE TOOLING THAT WORKED IN BOTH STRAIN OSTOMIES. C 57 THIS IS A GOOD EXAMPLE OF ENSURING THE EARLY STAGES THAT OUR TOOLS GENERALIZE BEFORE WE GET ALL THE WAY TO THE END OF THE PIPELINE AND DISCOVER ONLY WORKS FOR ONE GROUP OF MICE, OR IN THE CASE OF GENOMIC STUDIES ONE OR TWO GROUPS OF HUMANS. SO THE REASON WHY THIS IS IMPORTANT, IT IS A REALLY COOL STUDY. THAT I SAW LAST YEAR. AND HERE WE ARE AGAIN TRYING TO LEARN WHAT CELL TYPE IS, SO WHAT ARE THE GENOMIC ARCHITECTURE CELL TYPES. HERE THEY ARE LOOKING ACROSS MODEL ORGANISMS ALL THE WAY THE HUMANS SEEING IF THEY CAN FIND SOME SORT OF FRAMEWORK IN WHICH WE ESSENTIALLY HAVE A GPS FOR HOW TO GET VIRAL TOOLS TO WORK ON DIFFERENT CELL TYPES AN TARGET DIFFERENT REGIONS AN CELL TYPES IN THOSE REGIONS IN BRAINS. THEY WERE WISE HERE, THEY TESTED IN IN MALES AND FEMALES, DESCRIBE THE AGE OF THE PATIENTS BUT IT IS GOING TO BE REALLY IMPORTANT TO MAKE SURE AS WE DO THIS THAT WE ENSURE THAT IT NOT JUST GENERALIZES ACROSS SEX BUT GENERALIZES ACROSS GENOMIC ARCHITECTURES OR ANCESTRIES AS WELL. THIS IS OBVIOUSLY EXTREMELY IMPORTANT AS WE THINK ABOUT GENERATING A HUMAN CELL ATLAS, WE WANT TO DO OUR BEST NOT TO CONTINUE TO EXACERBATE DIFFERENCES IN HEALTH DISPARITIES THAT EXIST BECAUSE WE HAVE AN SURED THE GPS SYSTEM OR CELL TYPES WE ARE DEVELOPING IN HUMAN BRAINS DON'T WORK FOR FOLKS OF ALL ANCESTRY. SO I'LL FINISH ON THESE LAST TWO SLIDES, THIS IS SOME WORK THAT RECENTLY LAUNCHED LAST YEAR. IT WAS LED BY COMMUNITY LEAD LEADER IN BALTIMORE REVEREND HATHAW AY AT THE UNION BAPTIST CHURCH, FUNDING FROM EDDIE AND SYLVIA BROWN, ENTREPRENEURS AND SOCIAL PHILANTHROPISTS IN BALTIMORE. MORGAN STATE UNIVERSITY AND DAN WINEBERGER HEAD OF LEBER. WE WANTED TO DO IN THIS CASE IS CREATE ARCHITECTURE THAT WILL STARTED TO LOOK AT WHAT ANCESTRY DIFFERENCES LOOK LIKE IN RELEVANCE FOR HEALTH AND DISEASE BUT CREATE A FRAMEWORK THAT ALLOWED DIRECT CONNECTIONS WITH CLASSICALLY UNDER-REPRESENTED COMMUNITIES, BOTH IN ACADEMIC ENTERPRISE AND THOSE THAT EXPERIENCE HEALTH DISPARITIES IN HEALTH ENTERPRISE. SO THE EFFORTS INCLUDES ALL OF THESE PILLARS WITH COMMUNITY FEEDBACK, WE RECENTLY BROUGHT IN A NEUROETHICS COMPONENT, THANK KAREN, TO FIGURE HOW BEST TO BRING COMMUNITIES ENTERPRISE SUCH THAT RESEARCH DISCOVERIES WE ARE MAKING HAVE A BETTER POTENTIAL TO GENERALIZE TO ALL HUMANS WITHIN OUR POPULATION AND IN THE WORLD. AND THE END. ONE EXAMPLE OF THE TYPE OF RESEARCH THAT WE ARE GENERATING THROUGH THIS INITIATIVE. THIS WORK WAS LED BY A POST DOC KENON BENJAMIN AND ALL HE IS LOOKING AT HERE, HE HAS A SERIES OF BRAINS AND THOSE BRAINS POSTMORTEM TISSUE OF EUROPEAN ANCESTRY AND AFRICAN ANCESTRY. AND HE'S BASICALLY GONE THROUGH IN SECTIONED OUT THREE BRAIN AREAS IN POST MORTEM BRAINS, PRELIMINARY DATA FROM DORSAL LATERAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPUS AN GONE THROUGH AND HE'S BASICALLY LOOKING FOR DIFFERENCES IN GENE EXPRESSION ABOUT 100 TO 200 BRAIN EACH GROUP, DIFFERENCES IN GENE EXPRESSION IN BRAIN REGIONS. SO THIS IS NOT SINGLE CELL TYPE YET, THIS IS JUST A DIFFERENCE IN GENE EXPRESSION IN BRAIN REGION AND YOU CAN SEE THERE ARE HIPPOCAMPUS IN GREEN, CENTER CIRCLE MIDDLE CIRCLE IS LPC AND IF YOU SEE COLOR HERE, IF YOU SEE A RED DOT, IT MEANS THAT GENE IS DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED WITH INCREASE EXPRESSION IN AFRICAN ANCESTRY AND BLUE IS DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED WITH INCREASED EXPRESSION IN EUROPEAN. THIS IS FDR CORRECT SOD WHAT THIS PRELIMINARY DATA SUGGESTS IS THAT THERE ARE DIFFERENCES IN GENE EXPRESSION ACROSS ANCESTRY, NOT MUCH A SURPRISE BUT MAKES THE REALLY IMPORTANT POINT THAT AS WE ARE DEVELOPING THE CELL ACCESS IN HUMANS, WE SHOULD PAY ATTENTION TO THE FACT THAT OUR GPS ACCESS WE ARE DEVELOPING FOR WHAT IS CELL TYPE IS, MIGHT BE DIFFERENT ACROSS ANCESTRIES. WE DON'T WANT TO WAIT UNTIL IT IS A CASE WHICH WE ARE TRYING TO ACTIVATE CELLS IN DORSAL LATERAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX, THAT TREAT DEPRESSION AND IN A DIFFERENT ANCESTRY IT ACTIVATES CELLS IN HIPPOCAMPUS AND PRODUCES A SEIZURE. SO I AM AGAIN GRATEFUL FOR THE OPPORTUNITY TO BE HERE. I LEAVE EVERYONE WITH THIS SLIDE. AND I THINK IT'S IMPORTANT TO REFLECT UPON THIS SLIDE, IT CERTAINLY HAS THE TENDENCY TO MAKE INDIVIDUALS UNCOMFORTABLE. AND I ASK FOLKS TO REFLECT ON WHAT THEY MAY SEE IN THIS SLIDE. AND THEN I'LL TELL YOU WHAT I SEE IN THIS SLIDE. WHAT I SEES IN THIS SLIDE IS WHEN TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION IS SELECTIVITYLY APPLIED TO ONE GROUP WHILE ANOTHER GROUP IS LEFT BEHIND. FOR ME, I DON'T THINK THAT THIS SLIDE IS VERY DIFFERENT FROM THIS SLIDE. SO I ENCOURAGE US ALL AS BRAIN INITIATIVE INVESTIGATORS, AS PART OF A GREATER COMMUNITY, AND EVEN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS OUT THERE, TO MAKE SURE THAT WE BRING OUR TOOLS AND TALENTS TO THE ENTERPRISE TO GENERATE THE BEST MOST GENERALIZABLE INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGIES TO TREATMENT MENTAL ILLNESS FOR ALL THE SUINTS OF OUR COUNTRY AS -- CITIZENS IN OUR COUNTRY AS WELL AS THOSE IN THE WORLD. THANK YOU FOR HAVING ME. >> THANKS, KAFUI FOR INSPIRING EXCITING AND PROVOCATIVE TALK WHICH OF COURSE WE EXPECTED NO LESS OF YOU. WE HAVE SOME TIME FOR A FEW QUESTIONS. WE ARE RUNNING A LITTLE LATE BUT WE CAN CARVE OFF A LITTLE TIME FROM OUR BREAK IN THE CLOSED SESSION. SO I'M GOING TO LET KARA MODERATE BECAUSE I CAN'T SEE ALL THE THINGS GOING ON HERE. >> THANK YOU, KAFUI. ANY QUESTIONS? I SAY YOU CAME ON TO THE VIDEO BUT WASN'T SURE IF THERE WAS A QUESTION. NO? OKAY. FRANCIS. >> HI. AMAZING TALK. THAT WAS JUST INCREDIBLE. I WANTED TO ASK YOU ABOUT YOUR THOUGHTS ON TWO THINGS. ONE IS GIVEN THESE LONG TERM EFFECTS YOU ARE SEEING, HOW WOULD YOU SEE THIS PLAYING OUT IF YOU WANTED TO SORT OF LOOK AT DEVELOPING BRAIN? AND HOW REALLY THINKING ABOUT HOW THIS IS REGULATED OVER DEVELOPMENT, DO WE HAVE THE TOOLS YET TO DO THOSE KINDS OF STUDIES AND WHAT WOULD THAT ENTAIL? AND HOW ARE YOU THINKING ABOUT THAT? BECAUSE I THINK IT IS REMARKABLY EXCITING AND KIND OF ASSOCIATED WITH THAT, SO I'LL TAG MY SECOND QUESTION ON JUST BECAUSE IT IS A LITTLE BIT RELATED, I WAS STRUCK BY THE GPS ACCESS IN THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EUROPEAN AN AFRICAN ANCESTRY. LIKE THAT IS PRETTY INCREDIBLE TO SEE VISUALIZE THAT WAY. I WAS WONDERING TO WHAT EXTENT THAT MIGHT BE EPIGENETIC. >> SO I WILL START WITH THE FIRST QUESTION. HOW ONE STUDIES IN DEVELOPMENT. THE BRAINISH I'VE IS SO IMPORTANT INCLUDING BRINGING IN COMPUTATION, DIFFERENT EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES. CERTAINLY WE DON'T HAVE A GREAT WAY OF PLANNING -- IMPLANTING ELECTRODES IN SEVEN DAY OLD MICE AND EVEN IF WE LIKE MY LAB DID, WE WOULDN'T HAVE OUR GREAT WAY OF KEEPING THE ELECTRODES ON THE STALL BECAUSE IT'S SOFT AND FLIMSY SO I HAVE A POST DOC IN MY LAB ONE OF THE ONES THAT LED THAT INITIAL WORK. WHO IS REALLY BEEN FOCUSING ON HOW DO YOU TAKE THOSE SIGNATURES OF VULNERABILITY AND FINE IF THERE ARE DIFFERENCES IN GENE EXPRESSION OR EPI EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS LINKED TO THEM. AND SHE CAN TRACK THOSE BACK IN TIME. SO CERTAINLY WHEN WE OBSERVE A PHENOMENON IN THE BRAIN, IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH PHENOMENON AND OTHER LEVELS OF ANALYSIS AND THOSE MIGHT BE BETTER SUBJECTED TO GOING BACKWARDS. WE HAVE BEEN THINKING ABOUT IF WE CAN USE A SET OF MACHINE LEARNING TOOLS CALLED TRANSFER ANALYSIS TO SEE IF WE CAN ESSENTIALLY MAP THE ACTIVITY WITHIN THE BRAIN TO ACTIVITY ON THE SURFACE OF THE BRAIN. SO IT MAY NOT BE INTERPRETABLE IN THE SAME WAY BUT IT MAYBE PREDICTIVE AND WITH THAT YOU CAN TRACK BACK IN TIME AS WELL. MAYBE NOT EVEN IN A PRE-CLINICAL ANIMAL WE MIGHT BE ABLE TO JUST TRACK THAT BACK IN HUMANS AS BEST MODEL ORGANISM. CERTAINLY THERE ARE EPIGENETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH THESE PHENOMENON. SO WE ARE TRYING TO THINK HOW TO DISENTANGLE THAT. EVEN THE IDEA HOW ONE FRAME AFRICAN ANCESTRY IS COMPLICATED. SO AFRICAN ANCESTRY GOES TO DIFFERENT COUNTRIES IN THE CONTINENT OF AFRICA AND VASTLY DIFFERENT GENOMIC ARCHITECTURES. IN THE CASE HERE IS THAT WHAT SO I WILL ANSWER THAT FOR THE CLINICALLY RELEVANT THEN FOR THE SCIENTIFIC. THE CLINICALLY RELEVANT ANSWER IS WE STILL WANT TO GENERAL RAISE ACROSS EPIGENETIC FRAMEWORK IF WE WANT TO TREAT DISEASE IN A GENERALIZED WAY SO WE WANT ESSENTIALLY CELL TYPE SPECIFIC TARGETS IN HUMAN POPULATIONS THAT ARE ROBUST TO THE PHENOMENON IF WE ARE GOING TO TREAT HUMAN BEINGS IN A GENERALIZED WAY. DISENTANGLING THAT WITH WHAT IS GOING ON IN INDIVIDUAL LEVEL WILL REQUIRE A LOT OF BRAINS AND A LOT OF FUNDING. WHICH IS WHY I SIMULTANEOUSLY ENCOURAGE SCIENCE TO MAKE CLEAR TO OUR LEADERS HOW IMPORTANT FUNDING FOR BRAIN RESEARCH IS. >> THANK YOU. >> OKAY. THANK YOU. TO STEVE. STORY. I MISSED YOUR -- MESSED IT UP BEFORE. >> >> I PUT MY HAND DOWN THEN BACK UP. THIS IS OBVIOUS AND SOMETHING JOHN AND I DISCUSSED AND DA KAF AND I DISCUSSED. WE NEED MATERIAL AROUND THE WORLD. AND THIS WON'T HAPPEN BY ITSELF. IT IS VERY DIFFICULT, DIFFICULT FOR NIH, SINCE THERE ARE PEOPLE INTERESTED IN ETHICS HERE, IT IS ALSO VERY FRAUGHT WITH RESPECT TO IRBs IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES SO OUR EXPERIENCE IS THAT WE COULDN'T COLLECT BLOOD OR -- STEM CELL LINES IN ETHIOPIA OR KENYA, WE'LL GO BACK LATER, WE COULD AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN BUT IT IS DIFFERENT SETTING. KAF AND JOHN MAY HAVE A COMMENT. I THINK WE TO DODIE VERSE GENOMES AND NOT END UP WITH PICTURE THAT ALISSA MARTIN PRODUCED IN IN PAPER KAF SHOWED YOU HAVE TO COLLECT GENOMES AROUND THE WORLD. NOT JUST IN THE UNITED STATES. AND TO STUDY EPIGENETICS SINCE I DON'T THINK WE WILL BE DOING BRAIN BIOPSIES ON PEOPLE, WE NEED BRAINS WITH DIFFERENT AGES AND GOOD CONDITION. AND IF THOSE RESOURCES DON'T EXIST BECAUSE OF COST, CONVENIENCE OR INCONVENIENCE, WE ARE NOT GOING TO ACTUALLY BE ABLE TO DO WHAT KAF CORRECTLY SAYS WE SHOULD BE DOING. I DON'T KNOW IF THERE'S REASONABLE COMMENT TO BE MADE. >> I'LL MAKE A COMMENT ON THE FIRST PART. SO AS I DESCRIBED THE INITIATIVE, THERE IS A REASON I HIGHLIGHT THIS IS LED BY A LOCAL COMMUNITY LEADER AT COMMUNITY BAPTIST CHURCH SO PART OF OVERCOMING THOSE BARRIERS MEANS FORMING NOT JUST LIKE PARTNERSHIPS IN WHICH YOU POOL IN SOMEBODY AT THE END BUT PARTNERSHIPS THAT ARE BEING LED AND ORGANIZED BY THE COMMUNITY. THAT'S HOW WE ARE OVERCOMING SOME OF THESE SOCIETAL BARRIERS. THERE'S CERTAINLY CONCERNS WITH PEOPLE DONATING ORGANS TO BRAIN RESEARCH LET ALONE THEIR BRAIN AND WORRYING THAT SOMEBODY IS GOING TO COME HARM THEM SO THEY CAN GET THEIR BRAIN. SO A LOT OF THAT COMMUNITY LEVEL ORGANIZATION TO SOLVE THESE PROBLEMS TO HUMAN HEALTH IS REALLY IMPORTANT, WHY WE STARTED THERE. IN TERMS OF THE FUNDING -- YOU ARE SPOT ON, WE NEED INFRASTRUCTURE, AND WE NEED BROAD SUPPORT FOR THESE EFFORTS. BUT I THINK WE ARE BROADLY ABOUT THE AMOUNT THAT WE ARE SPENDING ON DISEASES LIKE ALZHEIMER'S AND MORE GLOBALLY COMING OUT OF PANDEMIC JUST THE IMPACT OF ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION. THESE ARE THINGS THAT SEEM WORTH INVESTING IN. >> IF I CAN ADD ON THESE ARE GREAT POINTS. I CREDIT DISCUSSION WE HAD LAST YEAR AT MCWG ABOUT ISSUE OF THE REQUIREMENT TO HAVE ANCESTRAL DIVERSITY IN AMONG OTHER PROJECTS OR HUMAN CELL CENSUS PROJECT MOVING FORWARD. THIS IS TOO BIG AN EFFORT, TOO GOOD INVESTMENT AS KAFUI YOU MENTIONED NO TOT GET RIGHT FROM THE BEGINNING. IT IS A BIG LIFT. WE ARE -- WILL BE WORKING WITH OUR OWN IN NEUROBIOBANKS PULLING IN OTHER PARTNERS. ZUCKERBURG HAS TAKEN A KEEN INTEREST IN LOOK AT ANCESTRAL DIVERSITY IN THE PROJECTS THEY SUPPORT. INTERNATIONAL RESOURCES AS WELL, STEVE, STILL ON MY LIST TO TALK ABOUT WHAT YOU FOLKS ARE DOING IN AFRICA. GOING TO HAVE TO BE ALL THE ABOVE. BUT REALLY JUST TO BE THINKING ABOUT THIS FROM THE VERY OUTSET NOT AT OH GEE, SHOULD HAVE THOUGHT ABOUT THIS FIVE YEARS IN. SO I ABSOLUTELY AGREE WITH THESE POINTS AND KAFUI YOU MAKE THE CASE BEAUTIFULLY HERE. >> OKAY. THINK SAMIR IS NEXT. >> GREAT TALK, ECHO WHAT EVERYBODY SAID. I WAS ABOUT TO LOWER MY HAHN, IN THE QUESTIONS AND RESPONSES TO BOTH FRANCIS AND STEVE A MINUTE AGO. I WAS GOING TO SAY THE SIMILAR THING IT JUST SEEMS OVERWHELMING. THE FIRST HALF OF YOUR TONG, WITH THE ANIMAL WORK, BEAUTIFUL WORK SAYING OKAY, THE WAY THE BRAIN NETWORKS RESPOND IS FUNCTION OF NOT JUST WHAT YOU PUT IN BUT STATE THEY ARE IN, THAT'S COMPLEX ENOUGH. THEN AS YOU SAID, NOW TALKING EMOTIONS THAT HUMANS FEEL WHICH IS DIFFICULT TO MODEL IN MICE, THE LAST BIT NOT JUST THAT, THE OTHER PROBLEM IS HUMANS ARE TERRIBLY DIFFERENT AND YOU HAVE TO DO THIS SO MANY LEVELS OF COMPLEXITY. I WAS GOING TO STOP THERE AND THROW MY HANDS UP. BUT THEN I GUESS, THE POINT IS, I SUPPOSE THAT WE DON'T GIVE UP BECAUSE IT IS A COMPLEX PROBLEM WE DO WHAT WE CAN WHAT THE TOOLS WE HAVE. BUT THE IMPORTANT PART ESPECIALLY IN THE LAST BIT, WE DON'T RE RE REMAIN SATISFIED THAT WE HAVE ANSWERS THAT SEEM GOOD ENOUGH, ESPECIALLY WHEN DEALING WITH HUMAN GENETIC ANCESTRAL VARIABILITY I REMEMBER HEARING PART OF THIS NO IN MANY YOU ARE YOU PREVIOUS TALK, THAT WAS EYE OPENING THEN AN STILL IS NOW. I THINK THE ONUS IS ON US TO MAKE SURE THAT WE DON'T REMAIN SATISFIED DEALING WITH EXISTING DATA IN EXISTING POPULATIONS BUT THE DATA WE USING IS SO PSEUDOWE HAVE TO BE OPEN TO INCORPORATION OF NEW SOURCES OF INFORMATION. SO I GUESS IT IS A MATTER ALREADY WELL, LET'S DO THE BEST WE CAN WHAT WE GOT BUT NOT LOSE SITE OF THE FACT THAT THERE IS DIVERSITY WE NEED INTO COLLUDE INTO MODELS. >> THANK YOU FOR BRINGING THAT UP. >> TO YOUR POINT OF BEING OVERWHELMED, I WAS LIKE I THINK WE FINALLY GOT NETWORKS OF EMOTIONAL MAPS IN ANIMAL, AND MUCH TO MY DISMAY, MY FAMILY'S DISMAY, LIKE WAIT A MINUTE, THE GENES WE -- MIGHT NOT WORK FOR US. FOR ME IT IS EXTREMELY PERSONAL THING WITH MY FAMILY REGULARLY CALLING ME ASKING ME IF I CURED X Y OR Z YET. SO I TAKE THIS ON BECAUSE I THINK IT IS A REALLY IMPORTANT THING TO MAKE HEALTH AVAILABLE TO ALL. I SIMPLY DON'T HAVE THE OPTION OF NOT ADDRESSING THESE TO BRING OUTCOMES AND TREATMENTS AND CURES TO MY FAMILY MEMBERS. BUT ULTIMATELY WILL GENERATE A BETTER SCIENCE IN THE PROCESS OF DOING THIS, GOAL IS TO UNDERSTAND THE BRAIN. AND THE BRAIN IS TO HEALTH HUMAN BEING SURVIVE ACROSS VARIANTS OF ENVIRONMENT SO WE GET A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THAT AS WE UNDERSTAND VARIANTS OF ENVIRONMENT AND EXPERIENCE OF HUMAN CIVILIZATION HAS GONE THROUGH. >> OKAY. WINSTON. >> I WANTED TO GO BACK TOASTY'S POINT ABOUT SOME OF THE DIFFICULTIES IN RECRUITING TO STEVE'S POINT ABOUT DIFFICULT IT IS IN RESEARCH AND THERE IS A CONVERSATION ABOUT THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF THE NEUROETHICS GROUPS AND THINKING ABOUT THESE ISSUES. JUST ANOTHER PLEA FOR INTERDISCIPLINARITY HERE, THERE IS AN IMPORTANT HISTORICAL PIECE THAT WE HAVEN'T ADDRESSED WHICH HAS TO DO WITH PAINFUL HISTORY OF LINKS BETWEEN BRAIN SCIENCE EUGENICS AND SCIENCE AS IT RAISES THEM. SUSPICION ON THE PART OF COMMUNITY PARTNERS, SUSPICION ON THE PART OF PEOPLE IN OTHER COUNTRIES IS ENTIRELY WARRANTED. I THINK THIS SOMETHING WHERE -- I THINK IN NEUROETHICS WE HAVE DONE A GOOD JOB REACHING TO SOME DISCIPLINES INCLUDING FILL LOTS FEW AN LAW. THIS IS AREA WHERE EXPERTISE FROM HISTORY, EXPERTISE FROM SOCIAL SCIENCE, THESE ARE OTHER COMMUNITIES OF SCHOLARSHIP AS WELL AS LOCAL KNOWLEDGE, THAT WOULD BE REALLY IMPORTANT IN TERMS OF NOT JUST UNDERSTANDING RELUCTANCE FROM POINT OF VIEW OF PEOPLE RELUCTANCETANT BUT UNDERSTANDING RELUCTANCE OF EXAMINING DISCIPLINES AND TAKING ACCOUNTABILITY FOR SOME OF THE HARMS THAT HAVE BEEN DONE. >> I WILL TAKE THE OPPORTUNITY TO THANK KAREN AGAIN WHO HAS JUST BEEN A FANTASTIC PARTNER IN THINKING ABOUT HOW TO BUILD NEUROETHICS FRAMEWORK ALONG WITH THIS AFRICAN ANCESTRY INITIATIVE TO GENERATE SCHOLARSHIP HOW TO THINK ABOUT THESE ISSUES MORE BROADLY WITH REGARDS TO NEUROSCIENCE. >> KAREN, GO AHEAD. >> I WANTED TO ECHO ALSO WHAT WINSTON WAS SAYING AND INTER INTERDISCIPLINARITY. I HAVE A STUDENT LINDSEY TAYLOR, GRADUATE STUDENT WHO COMES FROM HAVING ALL KINDS OF INTERESTING BACKGROUNDS IN HER SCHOLARSHIP AND ONE OF THE THINGS SHE'S BRINGING TO THE TABLE AT A BLACK FEMINIST ETHICS FRAMEWORK TO PUT ON TEMPLATE OF EXISTING COMMUNITY ADVISORY BOARD PRACTICES WHICH CAN BE SOMETHING THAT WE COULD LEARN A LOT FROM IN THINKING BROADLY ABOUT HOW TO CREATE MORE INCLUSIVE INVOLVED DYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS IN THINKING ABOUT GETTING BRAIN TISSUE AND WORKING WITH COMMUNITIES AND HAVING POSITIVE RECIPROCITY BETWEEN THE PARTICIPANTS AND THE SCIENTISTS. SO WILL IS A LOT FOR US TO LEARN IN THESE DIFFERENT DISCIPLINARY FIELDS. IT WILL BE WONDERFUL IF WE COULD TAKE ADVANTAGE OF MOMENTUM OF THE PROJECTS GOING ON. WINSTON HAS ONE TOO HE IS DOING WITH STRONG COMMUNITY COMPONENT OR INTERESTED IN THAT. KAFUI AS WELL SO MIGHT BE SOMETHING INTERESTED IN BRAIN WE COULD DO PRETTY POWERFUL. >> THANK YOU, KAREN. THAT WAS A GREAT DISCUSSION. THANK YOU AGAIN KAFUI FOR YOUR AWESOME TALK. THE LAST THING TO DO BEFORE WE TAKE OUR BREAK IS HEAR FROM OUR NEW CO-CHAIR, HANK GREELY. WHO WILL GIVE US UPDATE ON NEUROETHICS ACTIVITIES. >> THANKS, KARA. I'M ACUTELY AWARE OF THE FACT THAT EVERY WORD I SPEAK CUTS INTO OUR BREAK. I WILL BE BRIEF THAT'S HELPED BY THE FACT THAT THE NGE MEETS TWICE A YEAR WHILE THE MCWG MEETS THREE TIMES A YEAR. THISES THE MEETING THAT IS NOT WHERE WE DON'T HAVE A NGE MEETING SO USUALLY WE WILL HAVE HAD A MEETING THE DAY BEFORE AND I'LL HAVE A LOT TO REPORT. THIS TIME THERE'S LESS TO REPORT. FIRST ONE OF THE ISSUES THAT WE ARE INTERESTED IN IS ETHICAL SOCIAL PERSONAL CONSEQUENCENESS OF COLLECTION OF BRAIN DATA AND HOW THAT DATA MAYBE ANALYZABLE FOR MORE AND MORE PERSONALLY SENSITIVE ISSUES. WE MAY WELL END UPTAKEING A DEEP DIVE INTO THAT WITH WORKSHOPS AND OTHER ACTIVITIES. RIGHT NOW MY CO-CHAIR CHRISTINE GRADY WITH DR. HENDRIX FACULTY MEMBER AT NIH DEPARTMENT OF BIOETHICS THE TWO ARE RUNNING A SURVEY AMONG INVESTIGATORS TO BETTER UNDERSTAND DATA PRACTICES, USE OF DATA PRACTICES VIEWS OF HUMAN SUBJECTS INVESTIGATORS ON THIS TOPIC. AND IF YOU GET THEIR SURVEY REQUEST, PLEASE ANSWER IT. WE REALLY ARE TRYING TO FIND OUT MORE ABOUT THIS IN ORDER TO BE ABLE TO FIGURE OUT WHAT IF ANYTHING WE WANT TO DO ABOUT IT. SECOND, I THINK THE SUGGESTION THAT TA NGE SHOULD TAKE UP AND LOOK AT SOME OF THE DIVERSE SAMPLING PROBLEMS AND ISSUES AROUND GETTING DIVERSE SAMPLES IS A GOOD ONE, WE WILL PUT ON THE AGENDA THE NEXT MEETING. THIS IS FOR ME PROOF HISTORY IS MORE CIRCLE THAN A LINE. I STARTED OFF IN BIOETHICS WORKING ON THE NOT VERY WELL FATED HUMAN GENOME DIVERSITY PROJECT WHICH TRIED TO DO THIS AND RAN INTO ALL SORTS OF BUZZ SAW PROBLEMS. SO IT IS A DIFFICULT PROBLEM, WE WILL PUT ON THE AGENDA AND SEE WHAT HAPPENS. THIRD JUST A QUICK REPORT. THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES COMMITTEE ON HUMAN NEURAL ORGANOIDS AND HUMAN NEURAL CHIMERAS, NON-HUMAN CHIMERAS ISSUED ITS REPORT ON APRIL 8 OF THIS YEAR. I HAVE -- WAS FOR GNAT ENOUGH TO BE ONE OF THE 11 PEOPLE ON THAT COMMITTEE. ABLY CHAIRED BY BERNIE LOW OF UCSF JOSH SAINTS OF HARVARD. THE SHORT -- IT IS A GOOD REPORT, AVAILABLE FOR FREE AS A DOWNLOAD, PDF FROM NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS. THE SHORT ANSWERS ARE FIRST WITH RESPECT TO ORGANOIDS. WE DIDN'T SEE ANY BIG NEW ETHICAL OR MORAL ISSUES RIGHT NOW. GIVEN THE CURRENT COMPLEXITY RELATIVE SIMPLICITY IN SMALL SIZE OF ORGANOIDS. WE DON'T THINK THEY REQUIRE ANY SPECIAL ATTENTION AT THIS POINT BUT AS THEY GET BIGGER AND MORE COMPLICATED, AS WE THINK THEY ARE GOING TO BE, AS THEY GET COMBINED INTO THINGS BEING CALLED ASSEMBLEOIDS, THOSE ISSUES MAY AWE RISE. FIGURING WHEN IT IS COMPLEX ENOUGH TO RAISE ETHICAL ISSUES IS GOING TO BE TRICKY ISSUE. WITH RESPECT TO TRANSPLANTS OF HUMAN NEURAL TISSUE INTO NON-HUMAN ANIMALS, WE LOOK AT NUMBER OF ETHICAL CONCERNS AGAIN WE THINK THE CURRENT REGULATORY SYSTEM IS PROBABLY RIGHT NOW GOOD ENOUGH WITH RESPECT TO THE INSTITUTIONAL ANIMAL CARE AND USE COMMITTEES. THEY MAY NEED SOME HELP WITH ADDITIONAL EXPERTISE TRYING TO FIGURE HOW TO DEAL WITH THESE, THERE ARE -- THE ABILITY TO HAVE SOME INDICATION OF WHAT IS GOING ON IN THESE CHIMERIC BRAINS EXISTS TO THE EXTENT THAT MAKES US LESS CONCERNED SPECIAL DRASTIC ACTION IS NEEDED WITH RESPECTED TO ANIMAL WELFARE SIDES OF IT OR OTHER ISSUES. BUT WE DO THINK THAT THERE ARE NEW ISSUES COMING DOWN THE PATH WITH RESPECT TO ALL OF THESE. INCREASING COMPLEXITY OF ORGANOIDS, THE POSSIBILITY OF BLAST CYSTS, HUMAN NON-HUMAN CHIMERAS. POSSIBILITY THAT TURNED OUT TO BE CONTROVERSIALLY REAL A WEEK AFTER OUR REPORT ISSUED WITH THE REPORT IN CELL OF HUMAN MONKEY BLAST CYST CHIMERA. CHIMERIC EMBRYOS. SO WE POINT OUT AND I WILL NOTE BY THE WAY, THAT THIS IS THE ONLY ACADEMIES REPORT I HAVE BEEN INVOLVED IN WHICH WAS NOT ALLOWED TO MAKE RECOMMENDATIONS WE WERE ONLY ALLOWED TO MAKE FINDINGS BUT NOT RECOMMENDATIONS. BUT ONE OF OUR FININGS IS TO POINT OUT THE COUNTRY DOESN'T REALLY HAVE A NICE MECHANISM AT THIS POINT FOR LOOKING AT THESE EMERGING ISSUES. AND THAT RESEARCH IN THIS AREA IS LIKELY TO BRING SOME OF THESE EMERGING ISSUES TO THE FLOOR, IT DOESN'T EXIST NOW. OUR FINAL POINT, THIS SOMETHING THAT I HAVE RUN ACROSS MORE AND MORE IN A VARIETY OF CONTEXTS IS THE IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT, PUBLIC COMMUNICATION. THAT ONE OF THE THINGS THAT IS MOST DAMAGING I THINK AND THIS IS ME NOT EXACTLY THE WORDS OF THE REPORT TO SCIENCE IS WHEN COME CONTROVERSIAL SHOCKING DISCOVERY SHOWS UP AND NOBODY HEARD ABOUT IT IN ADVANCE. NO ADVANCE DISCUSSION, NO PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT, SO ON SO OUR REPORT DOES CALL FOR MORE EFFORTS ROBUST ENGAGEMENT AND DISCUSSION. SO THOSE ARE THE THREE POINTS I WANTED TO SAY BUT THE FOURTH THING I WANTED TO DO IS TO HAND THINGS TO WINSTON FOR A SECOND. BECAUSE WINSTON WAS INVOLVED IN A WORKSHOP EARLIER THIS WEEK I GUESS ON SOME GOOD ISSUES SO WINSTON, OVER TO YOU. >> SPENDING A LOT OF TIME ON ZOOM TALKING ABOUT NEUROETHICS THIS WEEK. ON MONDAY THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON NEUROETHICS GROUPST WHOD A VIRTUAL ALL DAY MEETING TO DISCUSS POST TRIAL OBLIGATIONS IN NEURAL DEVICE RESEARCH. THAT WAS FOCUSED ON IMPLANTED NEURAL DESLICES. THIS HAS BEEN A -- DEVICES. THIS HAS BEEN A TOPIC OF CONCERN AMONG BRAIN INVESTIGATORS ALSO POTENTIAL RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS IN COMMUNITIES. THE MEETING PARTICIPANTS WERE DRAWN FROM BRAIN NEUROETHICS AWARDEES AS WELL AS NIH STAFF AND IT WAS REALLY DIVERSE IN TERMS OF DEMOGRAPHICS, CAREER STAGE AND DISCIPLINARY BACKGROUNDS. SO I COUNTED VOICES FROM PHILOSOPHY, LAW, NEFFOLOGY, PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, ENGINEERING AN SOCIAL SCIENCE. THAT WAS WELL STRUCTURED DISCUSSION, THERE WAS DELIBERATIVE BREAK OUT SESSIONS AND WIDER BRAINSTORMING AND SUMMARY MEETINGS. ONE FOCUS THAT WE HAD WAS ON THE ETHICAL JUSTIFICATION FOR POST TRIAL OBLIGATIONS THINKING IN PARTICULAR ABOUT UNIQUE CONVERSATIONS THAT ARISE FROM IMPLANTED BRAIN DEVICES. THERE IS AN EXTENSIVE BIOETHICS LITERATURE POST TRIAL OBLIGATIONS BUT FOCUSED ON PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH, HIV INTERNATIONAL CLINICAL TRIALS. AND ONE OF THE THINGS WE DISCUSSED WAS NEW ISSUES THAT ARE RAISED BY IMPLANTED NEURAL DEVICES THAT CONNECT TO THINGS LIKE INVASIVENESS OR EMBODIMENT, OR THE POTENTIAL MORBIDITY OF EXPLANTATION OR DEVICE COMPLICATIONS OR JUST RECOGNITION OF THE EXPLORATORY NATURE OF SOME OF THIS FIRST IN HUMAN RESEARCH, DOESN'T REALLY HAVE MUCH IN THE WAY OF ANIMAL MODELS. THERE WAS SOME CONSENSUS IN THE GROUP POTENTIAL BENEFITS CONTINUED ACCESS THAT GO BEYOND TRADITIONAL CLINICAL EFFICACY FOR BIOMEDICAL INDICATION, THAT RELATES TO SUBTLE CHANGES IN QUALITY OF LIFE OR SELF-CONCEPTIONS NOT CAPTURED BY CLINICAL MEASURES. THE BROADER AIM OF THE MEETING IS LEAD TO ASYNCHRONOUS DISCUSSION AMONG THE GROUP BUT MOPEFULLY RESULT IN PUBLICATIONS AND FURTHER WORK IN THIS AREA. >> THANKS, WINSTON. THAT IS OUR REPORT. KARA IF WE HAVE TIME FOR QUESTIONS, BE HAPPY TO DEAL WITH THEM. >> ANYBODY TAKE A MINUTE OR TWO. STEVE. >> JUST ONE GLOSS ON HANK'S COMMENTS. ONE OF THE THINGS RIGHT NOW OVERHEATED BUT ONE OF THE THINGS THAT GETS RAISED ABOUT ORGANOIDS AND CHIMERAS IS HOW WOULD WE KNOW IF AN ORGANOID WERE SANCTIONED IN SOME WAY? A LOT OF CONCERNS PEOPLE ARE RAISING ARE ABOUT WOULD THEY EVER GET COMPLEX ENOUGH TO BE HAVE CONSCIOUSNESS OR TO BE AWARE OF THEIR LIVING IN A BUCKET OR BE SUFFERING IN SOME WAY ANSWER TO THAT IS SORT OF THING BRAIN COULD THINK ABOUT WHICH IS ANY PREPARATION WHAT WOULD BE THE CRITERIA FOR DETECTING SOMEONE LIKE THAT? ALWAYS HAINS WAIVING ANSWERS AND DOES GET DISMISSED NOT YET SERIOUS, BUT ACTUALLY IT RAISES DEEP SCIENTIFIC QUESTIONS, HOW WOULD WE KNOW WHETHER SOME CONGLOMERATION OF HUMAN NEURONS THAT WAS GROWN HAD ATTAIN SOME KIND OF SANCTIONS WHATEVER THAT WAS, WHAT IS THE CRITERIA? THAT IS WHERE THE SCIENCE DEFINITELY INTERACTS WITH THESE ETHICAL QUESTIONS. >> I WILL ADD STEVE, THE COMMITTEE REPORT DOES CALL FOR -- WE CAN'T MAKE RECOMMENDATION BUS FOUND IT WOULD BE USEFUL. MORE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ON ISSUES LIKE I'M LOOKING FOR NEURAL CORRELATES, OF PAIN OR CONSCIOUSNESS, THIS IS NOT A NEW QUESTION. WE DID BASED ON REVIEW T OF THE SCIENCE CONCLUDES THE CHANCE EXISTING ORGANOIDS HAVE ANYTHING OF CONCERN IS ASIMILAR TOTTIC TO ZERO. >> STOPPED OVERHEATED CLAIMS BY SOME SCIENTISTS UNFORTUNATELY. >> OF COURSE, ON VARIETY OF THINGS. IT IS A HOT TOPIC HEADLINES EASILY. ONE LITTLE COMMENTS WAS THE TERM MINI BRAINS SHOULD EXPUNKED FROM THE LANGUAGE. IT SHOWS UP IN HEADLINES ALL THE TIME AND GIVES PEOPLE A VERY SCIENTIFICALLY INCORRECT VIEW ABOUT WHAT THESE ORGANOIDS ARE. >> THESE ARE GREAT POINTS, THANKS FOR BRINGING THIS UP, LOOKING AT JIM RIGHT NOW. WHENEVER I HAVE CONVERSATIONS WITH JIM, WHICH I ALWAYS LOOK FORWARD TO, HE REMINDS ME BIG PIECE. 2.0 REPORT WHICH IS IMPORTANCE OF TRYING TO UNDERSTAND THE BASIS OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND REALLY WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE. SO MY SIMPLISTIC MOLECULAR BIOLOGIST VIEW OF THIS IS, WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND WHAT FEATURES WE NEED TO STUDY AND THEN FIND A WAY TO QUANTIFY THEM. IT WON'T BE SUFFICIENT, BUT IT IS ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY. THINKING AHEAD, IT IS A BIG, BIG PROBLEM, IT HAS BEEN WITH US MANY CENTURIES MORE BUT I THINK THAT THE APPROACH WILL HAVE TO BE TRYING TO UNDERSTAND WHAT WE NEED TO MEASURE AND FIGURING GOOD WAYS TO QUANTIFY AND INTERPRET THOSE MEASUREMENTS. BUT IT IS SOMETHING THAT WE ARE NOT RUNNING FROM, WE NEED TO FIGURE OUR HOW TO GET TRACTION SO WE ARE NOT SPINNING MORE WHEELS ON THIS. >> JUST TO JUMP IN FOR A SECOND, THIS REMINDS ME OF ALL THE YEARS OF DISCUSSIONS ABOUT WHETHER COCKROACHES OR LOBSTERS OR FROGS ARE CONSCIOUS AND WHAT THAT MEANS. CERTAINLY THE LIKELIHOOD THAT COCKROACHES CONSCIENCE IS HIGHER THAN AN ORGANOID AT THIS POINT. THERE IS A WHOLE HISTORY ABOUT WORRYING WHERE CONSCIOUSNESS STARTS. IN ANIMALS THAT HAVE SENSORY AND MOTOR NEURONS AND BEHAVIOR. >> I WOULD NOTE ORGANOIDS HAVE MORE NEURONS THAN COKE ROACH AND PEOPLE ARE WORKING ON CREATING BOTH INPUT MECHANISMS AND OUTPUT MECHANISMS FOR ORGANOIDS. SO THE KNEW -- WHERE THINGS GO IN THE FUTURE -- >> NOT THE ORGANIZER MADE WITH HUMAN NEURONS. IT IS THE COMPLEXITY OF THE STRUCTURE THAT WILL MATTER, NOT THE SPECIES OF ANY OF THE NEURONS. >> YES. >> SCIENTIFIC SAND POINT THAT IS TRUE, BUT FROM A HISTOLOGICAL AND POLITICAL STANDPOINT WE HAVE TO BE AWARE THESE WILL BE ISSUES THE SOURCE OF THE TISSUE IN CELLS WILL MATTER TO SOME PEOPLE AND WE NEED TO BE CONSCIOUS OF THAT. >> WE ALSO NEEDS TO BE CONSCIOUS THAT THERE ARE -- IF ORGANOIDS NOT USING HUMAN CELLS CAME TO HAVE SOME OF THE CAPABILITIES OF MICE, LET'S SAY, THERE ARE ANIMAL WELFARE ISSUES THAT WOULD APPLY TO THEM. ANIMAL WELFARE ISSUES DON'T APPLY TO ORGANOIDS NOT COVERED BY IAKUK. THAT'S APPROPRIATE TODAY. HOW LONG THAT WILL STAY APPROPRIATE? I DON'T KNOW. >> THIS IS A GREAT DISCUSSION. BUT WE ARE SHORT -- THIS IS A LIFETIME WORTH OF DISCUSSION HERE BUT WE ARE RUNNING A BIT LATE. WE HAVE CLOSED SESSION COMING UP. WE DO HAVE A PACKED AGENDA. I THINK ARE THERE ANY MOTHER BURNING QUESTIONS HERE? WE WILL BE CONTINUING THESE DISCUSSIONS I GUARANTEE YOU AS THE MONTHS AND YEARS GO ON BUT IF THERE IS NOTHING BURNING REMAINING I SUGGEST WE TAKE A BLAKE, STAFF IS SUGGESTING WE TAKE HALF HOUR BREAK AN RECONVENE AT DOING MY MATH, 3:15 EASTERN TIME. P.M. AND FOR THE MEMBERS THAT ARE HERE YOU ARE MORE THAN WELCOME OF COURSE TO JOIN IN BUT CERTAINLY NOT EXPECTED AND WE KNOW THAT YOU HAVE VERY BUSY SCHEDULES AS WELL. OKAY SO WE ARE USING A DIFFERENT ZOOM LINK FOR THE CLOSED SESSION, THAT'S CORRECT? >> THAT'S RIGHT. SO WE ARE GOING TO END THIS AND WE WILL SEE THOSE OF YOU WHO NEED TO BE IN THE OTHER ROOM AT 3:15 EASTERN TIME. >> GREAT. THANK YOU ALL FOR A GREAT MORNING OF DISCUSSION. GREAT MORNING AND AFTERNOON DISCUSSION AND LOOKING FORWARD TO SEE THE REST OF YOU IN CLOSED SESSION.