1 00:00:05,280 --> 00:00:09,560 MY NAME IS SUSAN WEISS, I WORK 2 00:00:09,560 --> 00:00:10,320 AT THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON 3 00:00:10,320 --> 00:00:14,400 DRUG ABUSE, BUT I ALSO SERVE AS 4 00:00:14,400 --> 00:00:15,160 THE DESIGNATED FEDERAL OFFICIAL 5 00:00:15,160 --> 00:00:16,680 FOR THE BRAIN MULTI-COUNCIL 6 00:00:16,680 --> 00:00:17,720 WORKING GROUP. 7 00:00:17,720 --> 00:00:19,960 TODAY WE JUST HAVE ONE NEW 8 00:00:19,960 --> 00:00:22,440 MEMBER, AND SHE'S AN EX OFFICIO 9 00:00:22,440 --> 00:00:24,440 MEMBER JOINING FROM US DARPA, 10 00:00:24,440 --> 00:00:28,800 DR. KRISTIN JORDAN, AND DR. NGAI 11 00:00:28,800 --> 00:00:31,200 WILL INTRODUCE HER IN A COUPLE 12 00:00:31,200 --> 00:00:31,440 MINUTES. 13 00:00:31,440 --> 00:00:33,080 I'LL TAKE A FEW MINUTES TO 14 00:00:33,080 --> 00:00:35,600 REMIND EVERYONE WHY WE'RE HERE 15 00:00:35,600 --> 00:00:35,880 TODAY. 16 00:00:35,880 --> 00:00:38,400 THE MCWG IS NOT A FORMAL 17 00:00:38,400 --> 00:00:40,040 ADVISORY GROUP, BUT SINCE BRAIN 18 00:00:40,040 --> 00:00:42,440 WAS INITIATED IT WAS RECOGNIZED 19 00:00:42,440 --> 00:00:45,040 THAT THE EXPERTISE NEEDED FOR 20 00:00:45,040 --> 00:00:47,120 SUCH A DIVERSE AND FAR-RANGING 21 00:00:47,120 --> 00:00:48,800 INITIATIVE WOULD GO BEYOND WHAT 22 00:00:48,800 --> 00:00:51,680 MOST SINGLE I.C. COUNCILS WERE 23 00:00:51,680 --> 00:00:53,280 ABLE TO PROVIDE. 24 00:00:53,280 --> 00:00:54,440 SO, THERE ARE TEN 25 00:00:54,440 --> 00:00:57,520 REPRESENTATIVES FROM EACH OF THE 26 00:00:57,520 --> 00:00:58,120 PARTICIPATING INSTITUTES AND 27 00:00:58,120 --> 00:01:00,920 CENTERS, MANY OF THEM ARE FROM 28 00:01:00,920 --> 00:01:02,040 THE INSTITUTE'S ADVISORY COUNCIL 29 00:01:02,040 --> 00:01:10,080 AND WE ALSO HAVE SEVERAL EX 30 00:01:10,080 --> 00:01:11,280 OFFICIO MEMBERS FROM FDA, 31 00:01:11,280 --> 00:01:13,360 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION, 32 00:01:13,360 --> 00:01:18,560 DARPA AND IARPA. 33 00:01:18,560 --> 00:01:20,960 WE DEPEND ON THE GROUP FOR 34 00:01:20,960 --> 00:01:21,640 ONGOING OVERSIGHT OF SCIENTIFIC 35 00:01:21,640 --> 00:01:24,560 VISION AND PROGRESS OF THE BRAIN 36 00:01:24,560 --> 00:01:26,720 INITIATIVE, MEETING ITS GOALS. 37 00:01:26,720 --> 00:01:30,840 AND WHICH HAVE BEEN OUTLINED IN 38 00:01:30,840 --> 00:01:31,960 THE TWO STRATEGIC PLANS 39 00:01:31,960 --> 00:01:33,960 DEVELOPED FOR "BRAIN." 40 00:01:33,960 --> 00:01:36,520 WE ALSO HAVE ASK FOR FEEDBACK ON 41 00:01:36,520 --> 00:01:37,880 CONCEPT CLEARANCES WHERE WE HAVE 42 00:01:37,880 --> 00:01:39,280 NEW INITIATIVES THAT WE'RE 43 00:01:39,280 --> 00:01:41,160 PLANNING TO ISSUE FUNDING 44 00:01:41,160 --> 00:01:42,120 OPPORTUNITY ANNOUNCEMENTS ON, 45 00:01:42,120 --> 00:01:45,200 AND IN CLOSED SESSION WE DEPEND 46 00:01:45,200 --> 00:01:46,960 UPON THE MCWG FOR INPUT ON 47 00:01:46,960 --> 00:01:47,840 FUNDING PLANS. 48 00:01:47,840 --> 00:01:49,560 WHEN WE TRANSITION TO THE CLOSED 49 00:01:49,560 --> 00:01:52,800 SESSION, I WILL GO OVER SOME OF 50 00:01:52,800 --> 00:01:53,400 OUR OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR 51 00:01:53,400 --> 00:01:57,640 THAT, AND IT WILL BEGIN AFTER A 52 00:01:57,640 --> 00:01:59,200 45-MINUTE BREAK FOLLOWING THE 53 00:01:59,200 --> 00:02:01,360 OPEN SESSION AT AROUND 2:15. 54 00:02:01,360 --> 00:02:04,640 NOTE THAT WE WILL HAVE DIFFERENT 55 00:02:04,640 --> 00:02:05,880 ZOOM -- A DIFFERENT ZOOM LINK 56 00:02:05,880 --> 00:02:07,480 FOR THE CLOSED SESSION WHICH IS 57 00:02:07,480 --> 00:02:09,880 SOLELY FOR MEMBERS OF COUNCIL 58 00:02:09,880 --> 00:02:11,240 AND FOR GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES. 59 00:02:11,240 --> 00:02:13,080 AS A REMINDER, THE OPEN SESSION 60 00:02:13,080 --> 00:02:15,040 IS BEING VIDEOCAST AND IT WILL 61 00:02:15,040 --> 00:02:17,800 BE ARCHIVED AND POSTED ON THE 62 00:02:17,800 --> 00:02:21,160 NIH AND BRAIN WEBSITE. 63 00:02:21,160 --> 00:02:22,120 A FEW HOUSEKEEPING ITEMS, MUTE 64 00:02:22,120 --> 00:02:24,240 YOUR LINE AND TURN OFF YOUR 65 00:02:24,240 --> 00:02:24,920 VIDEO WHEN NOT SPEAKING. 66 00:02:24,920 --> 00:02:27,040 THIS IS HELPFUL FOR THE 67 00:02:27,040 --> 00:02:27,680 VIDEOCAST. 68 00:02:27,680 --> 00:02:29,680 PLEASE DO TURN ON YOUR VIDEO 69 00:02:29,680 --> 00:02:31,720 DURING THE DISCUSSIONS AND USE 70 00:02:31,720 --> 00:02:33,280 THE RAISE HAND OPTIONS IF YOU 71 00:02:33,280 --> 00:02:33,760 HAVE QUESTIONS. 72 00:02:33,760 --> 00:02:36,960 WE WILL CALL ON YOU TO UNMUTE 73 00:02:36,960 --> 00:02:37,360 YOURSELF. 74 00:02:37,360 --> 00:02:38,920 WE PREFER YOU NOT TO USE THE 75 00:02:38,920 --> 00:02:40,680 CHAT FUNCTION BECAUSE THAT'S NOT 76 00:02:40,680 --> 00:02:44,600 VISIBLE TO THOSE ON VIDEOCAST. 77 00:02:44,600 --> 00:02:47,360 FINALLY, AS I MENTIONED AT EACH 78 00:02:47,360 --> 00:02:48,000 MEETING, I'M EXTREMELY GRATEFUL 79 00:02:48,000 --> 00:02:51,440 FOR THE WORK OF MY HIGHLY 80 00:02:51,440 --> 00:02:52,520 COMPETENT COLLEAGUES THAT GOES 81 00:02:52,520 --> 00:02:53,840 INTO PREPARATIONS FOR THOSE 82 00:02:53,840 --> 00:02:54,680 MEETINGS. 83 00:02:54,680 --> 00:02:57,240 THIS IS QUITE A SUBSTANTIAL 84 00:02:57,240 --> 00:02:59,480 EFFORT, ESPECIALLY WITH THE 85 00:02:59,480 --> 00:03:02,600 ROUND LIKE THE MAY ROUND, WITH 86 00:03:02,600 --> 00:03:03,680 25 PAY PLANS UNDER 87 00:03:03,680 --> 00:03:04,000 CONSIDERATION. 88 00:03:04,000 --> 00:03:08,800 IN PARTICULAR, I WOULD LIKE TO 89 00:03:08,800 --> 00:03:12,840 RECOGNIZE KRISTIN DUPRE, NINA 90 00:03:12,840 --> 00:03:14,480 HSU, DEB FREENER AND MICHELE 91 00:03:14,480 --> 00:03:15,600 PEARSON, THEIR ATTENTION TO 92 00:03:15,600 --> 00:03:17,760 DETAIL ADD TO THE BIG PICTURE, 93 00:03:17,760 --> 00:03:19,400 ALLOWING THE MEETING TO RUN 94 00:03:19,400 --> 00:03:20,200 SMOOTHLY AND EFFICIENTLY. 95 00:03:20,200 --> 00:03:23,120 WE'LL BEGIN TODAY WITH AN UPDATE 96 00:03:23,120 --> 00:03:25,640 ON BRAIN, AS USUAL FROM DR. JOHN 97 00:03:25,640 --> 00:03:28,040 NGAI, DIRECTORY OF THE BRAIN 98 00:03:28,040 --> 00:03:28,680 INITIATIVE. 99 00:03:28,680 --> 00:03:32,080 FOLLOWED BY UPDATE FROM HANK 100 00:03:32,080 --> 00:03:33,640 GREELY ON NEUROETHICS WORKING 101 00:03:33,640 --> 00:03:33,840 GROUP. 102 00:03:33,840 --> 00:03:35,080 FINALLY WE'LL BE HEARING FROM 103 00:03:35,080 --> 00:03:37,680 ONE OF OUR NEWER MULTI-COUNCIL 104 00:03:37,680 --> 00:03:39,920 WORKING GROUP MEMBERS, DR. BRYAN 105 00:03:39,920 --> 00:03:43,920 ROTH WHO IS ALSO A LONG-TERM 106 00:03:43,920 --> 00:03:46,120 NIDA GRANTEE AND MERIT AWARD E. 107 00:03:46,120 --> 00:03:49,440 I TURN IT OVER TO DR. NGAI. 108 00:03:49,440 --> 00:03:49,960 >> THANKS, SUSAN. 109 00:03:49,960 --> 00:03:51,560 THANK YOU ALL FOR BEING HERE. 110 00:03:51,560 --> 00:03:53,400 I THINK WE HAVE MEMBERS ON 111 00:03:53,400 --> 00:03:56,360 MULTIPLE CONTINENTS, SO I'LL 112 00:03:56,360 --> 00:03:56,680 SAY GOOD DAY. 113 00:03:56,680 --> 00:04:00,520 A PLEASURE TO BE HERE, ALWAYS. 114 00:04:00,520 --> 00:04:03,880 LET'S SEE IF I CAN SHARE MY 115 00:04:03,880 --> 00:04:04,120 SCREEN. 116 00:04:04,120 --> 00:04:07,520 CAN YOU SEE THE APPROPRIATE 117 00:04:07,520 --> 00:04:08,800 SCREEN? 118 00:04:08,800 --> 00:04:09,000 YEAH? 119 00:04:09,000 --> 00:04:10,320 ARE WE GOOD? 120 00:04:10,320 --> 00:04:10,920 >> YES. 121 00:04:10,920 --> 00:04:12,000 >> OKAY. 122 00:04:12,000 --> 00:04:12,240 THANKS. 123 00:04:12,240 --> 00:04:13,440 WELL, BECOME, EVERYBODY, TO THE 124 00:04:13,440 --> 00:04:17,160 MAY MEETING OF THE BRAIN 125 00:04:17,160 --> 00:04:18,280 MULTI-COUNCIL WORKING GROUP. 126 00:04:18,280 --> 00:04:20,640 I JUST HAVE A FEW UPDATES TO 127 00:04:20,640 --> 00:04:24,800 GIVE YOU BEFORE WE HEAR SOME 128 00:04:24,800 --> 00:04:27,120 GREAT -- BEFORE WE HEAR AN 129 00:04:27,120 --> 00:04:29,840 UPDATE FROM HANK GREELY ABOUT 130 00:04:29,840 --> 00:04:31,840 NEW GOINGS-ON AND A SCIENTIFIC 131 00:04:31,840 --> 00:04:34,040 TALK FROM MEMBER BRYAN ROTH. 132 00:04:34,040 --> 00:04:38,240 FIRST OF ALL, I WANT TO THANK AL 133 00:04:38,240 --> 00:04:48,880 MUNDY, OUR EX OFFICIO MEMBER 134 00:04:48,880 --> 00:04:51,560 FROM DARPA AND WELCOME DR. 135 00:04:51,560 --> 00:04:52,200 KRISTIN JORDAN, DEPUTILY 136 00:04:52,200 --> 00:04:54,160 DIRECTOR OF BIOLOGY TECHNOLOGY 137 00:04:54,160 --> 00:04:57,920 OFFICE, WE'RE LOOKING FORWARD TO 138 00:04:57,920 --> 00:05:00,800 CONTINUING CONVERSATIONS AND 139 00:05:00,800 --> 00:05:01,640 SETTING UP EXCITING 140 00:05:01,640 --> 00:05:02,440 COLLABORATIONS. 141 00:05:02,440 --> 00:05:03,840 THIS IS THE TEAM WITHIN THE MEET 142 00:05:03,840 --> 00:05:13,240 OFFICE OF THE BRAIN DIRECTOR, 143 00:05:13,240 --> 00:05:19,240 I'D LIKE TO HIGH LIGHT DR. 144 00:05:19,240 --> 00:05:20,440 KRISTIN LANCE, AND REMISS IF I 145 00:05:20,440 --> 00:05:23,960 DID NOT A GIVE A SHOUT OUT TO 146 00:05:23,960 --> 00:05:29,880 THE STAFF ACROSS NIH, TEN ICs 147 00:05:29,880 --> 00:05:31,160 AND BEYOND, WELL OVER 100 GREAT 148 00:05:31,160 --> 00:05:32,800 SCIENTISTS, I HOPE THIS IS UP TO 149 00:05:32,800 --> 00:05:34,600 DATE BUT SEEMS LIKE ANYTIME I 150 00:05:34,600 --> 00:05:37,320 SHOW THIS WE'RE MISSING ONE OR 151 00:05:37,320 --> 00:05:38,520 TWO PEOPLE SO APOLOGIES IN 152 00:05:38,520 --> 00:05:41,280 ADVANCE IF THAT'S THE CASE. 153 00:05:41,280 --> 00:05:44,480 OUR EFFORTS ARE ORGANIZED AMONG 154 00:05:44,480 --> 00:05:45,440 NINE SCIENTIFIC TEAMS LISTED 155 00:05:45,440 --> 00:05:47,080 HERE FOR ANYBODY WHO IS 156 00:05:47,080 --> 00:05:48,080 INTERESTED IN OUR PROGRAMS, 157 00:05:48,080 --> 00:05:50,480 THESE ARE THE GREAT POINTS OF 158 00:05:50,480 --> 00:05:53,520 CONTACT WHO CAN STEER YOU TOWARD 159 00:05:53,520 --> 00:05:55,400 PEOPLE THAT CAN GIVE YOU BEST 160 00:05:55,400 --> 00:05:56,720 ADVICE ABOUT THE PROGRAMS AND 161 00:05:56,720 --> 00:05:58,760 WHETHER YOU SHOULD BE APPLYING 162 00:05:58,760 --> 00:06:01,640 TO ONE OF OUR RFAs. 163 00:06:01,640 --> 00:06:03,160 JUST QUICKLY, I WANTED TO GIVE 164 00:06:03,160 --> 00:06:04,840 YOU A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE 165 00:06:04,840 --> 00:06:06,040 STATUS OF THE BRAIN BUDGET. 166 00:06:06,040 --> 00:06:13,720 SO HERE WE ARE IN FISCAL YEAR 167 00:06:13,720 --> 00:06:16,320 22, REMINDER THAT BRAIN FUNDING 168 00:06:16,320 --> 00:06:22,800 COMES FROM BASE ALLOCATIONS IN 169 00:06:22,800 --> 00:06:25,600 DARK BLUE, TOGETHER WITH 170 00:06:25,600 --> 00:06:26,720 ADDITIONAL FUNDS FROM 21ST 171 00:06:26,720 --> 00:06:28,560 CENTURY CURES ACT, VARIABLE FROM 172 00:06:28,560 --> 00:06:29,760 YEAR TO YEAR. 173 00:06:29,760 --> 00:06:31,640 AND IN THIS LAST YEAR CONGRESS 174 00:06:31,640 --> 00:06:33,720 WAS VERY GENEROUS GIVING US AN 175 00:06:33,720 --> 00:06:43,560 ADDITIONAL $8 MILLION TO OUR 176 00:06:43,560 --> 00:06:46,400 BASE ALLOCATION, FOR A TOTAL OF 177 00:06:46,400 --> 00:06:53,960 $620 MILLION TO INVEST IN FY 22 178 00:06:53,960 --> 00:06:55,400 THIS YEAR INTO BRAIN-FUNDED 179 00:06:55,400 --> 00:07:02,720 RESEARCH NEXT YEAR IN FY23, WE 180 00:07:02,720 --> 00:07:04,440 REALLY ARE LOOKING FORWARD TO 181 00:07:04,440 --> 00:07:06,640 TAKING ADVANTAGE OF THIS LARGE 182 00:07:06,640 --> 00:07:08,960 INCREASE IN FUNDING THAT WILL 183 00:07:08,960 --> 00:07:16,040 HELP US LAUNCH BIG PROJECTS AND 184 00:07:16,040 --> 00:07:16,320 MAINTAIN. 185 00:07:16,320 --> 00:07:17,680 STAY TUNED ON THAT. 186 00:07:17,680 --> 00:07:19,640 I WANTED TO GIVE YOU A RECAP OF 187 00:07:19,640 --> 00:07:21,800 EVENTS THAT HAPPENED OVER THE 188 00:07:21,800 --> 00:07:25,880 PAST YEAR OR SO. 189 00:07:25,880 --> 00:07:26,880 FOLLOWING THE CONCEPT CLEARANCE 190 00:07:26,880 --> 00:07:33,320 WE PRESENTED LAST YEAR ON BBQS, 191 00:07:33,320 --> 00:07:35,120 "BRAIN" HOSTED A MEETING TO 192 00:07:35,120 --> 00:07:37,360 BRING TOGETHER EXPERTS ACROSS 193 00:07:37,360 --> 00:07:37,880 DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES, 194 00:07:37,880 --> 00:07:38,400 NEUROSCIENCE, ENGINEERING, 195 00:07:38,400 --> 00:07:40,880 COMPUTER SCIENCE AND THE LIKE, 196 00:07:40,880 --> 00:07:42,760 TO IDENTIFY GAPS AND 197 00:07:42,760 --> 00:07:43,560 OPPORTUNITIES FOR MORE 198 00:07:43,560 --> 00:07:44,720 COMPREHENSIVE UNDERSTANDING OF 199 00:07:44,720 --> 00:07:46,480 BEHAVIOR, HOW TO SYNCHRONIZE 200 00:07:46,480 --> 00:07:50,120 THAT UP WITH THE STUDY OF NEURAL 201 00:07:50,120 --> 00:07:50,520 CIRCUIT ACTIVITY. 202 00:07:50,520 --> 00:07:52,040 THERE ARE A NUMBER OF HIGHLIGHTS 203 00:07:52,040 --> 00:07:53,160 THAT CAME OUT OF THIS MEETING 204 00:07:53,160 --> 00:07:56,040 BUT ONE OF THEM WAS THE 205 00:07:56,040 --> 00:07:58,440 IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING BEHAVIOR 206 00:07:58,440 --> 00:08:00,640 AND NEURAL ACTIVITY IN 207 00:08:00,640 --> 00:08:01,480 NATURALISTIC CONDITIONS, THAT 208 00:08:01,480 --> 00:08:03,680 CAN REVEAL THE FULL RANGE OF 209 00:08:03,680 --> 00:08:06,320 BEHAVIORS IN A VARIETY OF ANIMAL 210 00:08:06,320 --> 00:08:06,920 SYSTEMS. 211 00:08:06,920 --> 00:08:10,360 THERE ARE A NUMBER OF 212 00:08:10,360 --> 00:08:11,680 TECHNOLOGICAL NEEDS IDENTIFIED 213 00:08:11,680 --> 00:08:13,640 INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO 214 00:08:13,640 --> 00:08:18,360 IMPORTANCE AND CHALLENGES OF 215 00:08:18,360 --> 00:08:19,400 MINIATUREIZATION, CLOSED LOOP 216 00:08:19,400 --> 00:08:21,960 SYSTEMS, POSSIBILITY TO INVENT 217 00:08:21,960 --> 00:08:24,400 AND INCORPORATE NEW SENSORS FOR 218 00:08:24,400 --> 00:08:25,880 ACQUIRING DATA AND THE 219 00:08:25,880 --> 00:08:28,320 IMPORTANCE OF SYNCHRONIZING 220 00:08:28,320 --> 00:08:32,880 THESE DATA ACROSS MODALITIES TO 221 00:08:32,880 --> 00:08:35,080 GIVE COMPREHENSIVE PICTURE AND 222 00:08:35,080 --> 00:08:36,280 ONGOING COMPUTATIONAL LEADS IN 223 00:08:36,280 --> 00:08:38,480 THE DATA SCIENCE SPACE INCLUDING 224 00:08:38,480 --> 00:08:39,920 MACHINE LEARNING APPROACHES. 225 00:08:39,920 --> 00:08:41,440 SO, THIS IS QUITE EXCITING, AND 226 00:08:41,440 --> 00:08:43,440 RIGHT NOW WE ARE LOOKING FORWARD 227 00:08:43,440 --> 00:08:47,440 TO ISSUING THE FIRST SET OF 228 00:08:47,440 --> 00:08:49,440 FOAs, IN THE BBQS STAYS, SO 229 00:08:49,440 --> 00:08:53,600 STAY TUNED FOR FURTHER 230 00:08:53,600 --> 00:08:53,960 DEVELOPMENTS. 231 00:08:53,960 --> 00:08:57,200 WE ALSO HAVE THE PLEASURE OF 232 00:08:57,200 --> 00:09:00,280 PARTICIPATING IN AN EVENT, IN A 233 00:09:00,280 --> 00:09:02,360 MEETING ORGANIZED AND HOSTED BY 234 00:09:02,360 --> 00:09:04,120 CHILD HEALTH AS WELL AS BILL AND 235 00:09:04,120 --> 00:09:05,520 MELINDA GATES FOUNDATION, AND 236 00:09:05,520 --> 00:09:07,440 HERE THE GOAL WAS TO LOOK AT 237 00:09:07,440 --> 00:09:08,960 OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPING NEW 238 00:09:08,960 --> 00:09:11,000 TOOLS AND METHODOLOGIES FOR 239 00:09:11,000 --> 00:09:14,360 STUDYING THE BRAIN ACROSS THE 240 00:09:14,360 --> 00:09:14,760 LIFESPAN. 241 00:09:14,760 --> 00:09:16,960 SO FROM EMBRYOGENESIS THROUGH 242 00:09:16,960 --> 00:09:17,280 AGING. 243 00:09:17,280 --> 00:09:21,160 WE COVERED A RANGE OF TOPICS 244 00:09:21,160 --> 00:09:22,680 WHICH ARE QUITE EXCITING 245 00:09:22,680 --> 00:09:24,400 INCLUDING RECENT DEVELOPMENTS, 246 00:09:24,400 --> 00:09:26,520 SOME EMERGING THEMES WERE THE 247 00:09:26,520 --> 00:09:28,240 OPPORTUNITIES FOR COLLABORATION 248 00:09:28,240 --> 00:09:31,280 ACROSS RESEARCH SILOS, THE 249 00:09:31,280 --> 00:09:34,160 IMPORTANCE OF USING NON-HUMAN 250 00:09:34,160 --> 00:09:35,600 MODELS AS TRUE COMPARATIVE 251 00:09:35,600 --> 00:09:37,440 MODELS TOGETHER WITH HUMAN 252 00:09:37,440 --> 00:09:39,200 RESEARCH, AND OF COURSE THE 253 00:09:39,200 --> 00:09:40,880 FOCUS ON NOT JUST DEVELOPMENT 254 00:09:40,880 --> 00:09:42,480 BUT ALSO ON THE FLIP SIDE, TO 255 00:09:42,480 --> 00:09:44,440 LOOK AT MECHANISMS OF AGING. 256 00:09:44,440 --> 00:09:45,640 WE REALLY ARE INTERESTED, THE 257 00:09:45,640 --> 00:09:48,560 GROUP REALLY WAS INTERESTED IN 258 00:09:48,560 --> 00:09:52,320 STUDYING HUMANS ACROSS THE 259 00:09:52,320 --> 00:09:52,800 LIFESPAN. 260 00:09:52,800 --> 00:09:54,400 SOME INTERESTING OTHER THEMES 261 00:09:54,400 --> 00:09:56,800 CAME OUT, THAT ONE OF WHICH WAS 262 00:09:56,800 --> 00:09:59,640 TO -- THE IMPORTANCE OF 263 00:09:59,640 --> 00:10:00,840 DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGIES AND 264 00:10:00,840 --> 00:10:01,880 COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES, 265 00:10:01,880 --> 00:10:03,480 MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS, FOR 266 00:10:03,480 --> 00:10:04,040 EXAMPLE. 267 00:10:04,040 --> 00:10:05,680 WHICH REALLY WILL HELP INCREASE 268 00:10:05,680 --> 00:10:07,520 THE RESOLUTION AND POWER OF 269 00:10:07,520 --> 00:10:08,080 EXISTING MODALITIES. 270 00:10:08,080 --> 00:10:11,920 ONE PLACE WHERE THIS DID COME UP 271 00:10:11,920 --> 00:10:15,520 WAS IN THE DEPLOYMENT OF VARIOUS 272 00:10:15,520 --> 00:10:16,280 HUMAN BRAIN IMAGING TECHNOLOGIES 273 00:10:16,280 --> 00:10:18,280 IN THE FIELD. 274 00:10:18,280 --> 00:10:22,320 THERE'S INTERESTING AND COOL LOW 275 00:10:22,320 --> 00:10:23,320 FIELD IMAGING DEVICES THAT ARE 276 00:10:23,320 --> 00:10:26,000 DEPLOYED IN THE FIELD BUT OF 277 00:10:26,000 --> 00:10:27,200 COURSE THEY GIVE LOWER 278 00:10:27,200 --> 00:10:28,560 RESOLUTION THAN HIGH FIELD 279 00:10:28,560 --> 00:10:31,400 MAGNETS FOUND IN MAJOR RESEARCH 280 00:10:31,400 --> 00:10:32,000 CENTERS, MAJOR MEDICAL CENTERS, 281 00:10:32,000 --> 00:10:34,440 AND I THINK ONE THEME THAT CAME 282 00:10:34,440 --> 00:10:38,040 UP WAS ABILITY OR POSSIBILITY OF 283 00:10:38,040 --> 00:10:40,040 INCREASING THE PRACTICAL 284 00:10:40,040 --> 00:10:41,760 RESOLUTION OF THESE MACHINES 285 00:10:41,760 --> 00:10:42,760 THROUGH MACHINE LEARNING 286 00:10:42,760 --> 00:10:45,160 TECHNIQUES THAT WILL ACTUALLY 287 00:10:45,160 --> 00:10:46,880 GIVE BETTER -- GIVE DELIVERY OF 288 00:10:46,880 --> 00:10:48,360 BETTER CARE IN THE FIELD. 289 00:10:48,360 --> 00:10:50,520 SO THIS IS AN ONGOING EFFORT, 290 00:10:50,520 --> 00:10:53,120 WE'RE LOOKING FORWARD TO 291 00:10:53,120 --> 00:10:54,360 CONTINUING THESE CONVERSATIONS 292 00:10:54,360 --> 00:10:57,200 WITH COLLEAGUES IN CHILD HEALTH 293 00:10:57,200 --> 00:10:58,560 TO SEE HOW BRAIN CAN CONTRIBUTE 294 00:10:58,560 --> 00:11:00,280 TO THIS AREA. 295 00:11:00,280 --> 00:11:03,760 WE HAVE AN UPCOMING EVENT, NEW 296 00:11:03,760 --> 00:11:05,040 WORKSHOP ON CONTINUING TRIAL 297 00:11:05,040 --> 00:11:06,200 RESPONSIBILITIES, I THINK YOU 298 00:11:06,200 --> 00:11:08,040 FOLKS HERE HAVE SEEN A LOT OF 299 00:11:08,040 --> 00:11:09,280 WORK, EXCITING WORK, FUNDED IN 300 00:11:09,280 --> 00:11:14,400 PART BY THE BRAIN INITIATIVE, 301 00:11:14,400 --> 00:11:15,040 USING INVASIVE DEVICES 302 00:11:15,040 --> 00:11:16,240 EARLY STAGE CLINICAL TRIALS FOR 303 00:11:16,240 --> 00:11:19,080 TREATMENT OF A VARIETY OF HUMAN 304 00:11:19,080 --> 00:11:19,360 CONDITIONS. 305 00:11:19,360 --> 00:11:20,840 ONE ISSUE THAT'S COME UP IS HOW 306 00:11:20,840 --> 00:11:23,240 DO WE CONTINUE TO CARE FOR THESE 307 00:11:23,240 --> 00:11:25,320 PATIENTS AFTER THE TRIAL IS 308 00:11:25,320 --> 00:11:26,200 FORMALLY OVER. 309 00:11:26,200 --> 00:11:28,600 WE DO FEEL THE URGENT 310 00:11:28,600 --> 00:11:31,360 RESPONSIBILITY FOR CARING FOR 311 00:11:31,360 --> 00:11:32,840 THESE HUMAN RESEARCH 312 00:11:32,840 --> 00:11:33,640 PARTICIPANTS, PARTNERS, BUT 313 00:11:33,640 --> 00:11:35,920 THERE ARE A VARIETY OF LEGAL AND 314 00:11:35,920 --> 00:11:37,480 OTHER ISSUES THAT NEED TO BE 315 00:11:37,480 --> 00:11:38,000 DEALT WITH. 316 00:11:38,000 --> 00:11:41,520 SO THIS WAS APPROACHED IN A 317 00:11:41,520 --> 00:11:43,760 TWO-PHASE WORKSHOP. 318 00:11:43,760 --> 00:11:45,280 WE'VE ALREADY HELD THREE 319 00:11:45,280 --> 00:11:46,320 PRE-MEETINGS WITH VARIOUS 320 00:11:46,320 --> 00:11:46,760 STAKEHOLDERS. 321 00:11:46,760 --> 00:11:49,520 AND WE'RE LOOKING FORWARD TO A 322 00:11:49,520 --> 00:11:50,920 PUBLIC WORKSHOP NEXT WEEK THAT 323 00:11:50,920 --> 00:11:52,160 INCORPORATION THE PERSPECTIVES 324 00:11:52,160 --> 00:11:53,520 FROM THESE DIFFERENT STAKEHOLDER 325 00:11:53,520 --> 00:11:55,520 GROUPS SO I INVITE YOU TO 326 00:11:55,520 --> 00:11:55,760 ATTEND. 327 00:11:55,760 --> 00:11:58,720 THIS AGAIN WILL BE A VIRTUAL 328 00:11:58,720 --> 00:12:00,560 WORKSHOP GIVEN THE CURRENT 329 00:12:00,560 --> 00:12:00,840 SITUATION. 330 00:12:00,840 --> 00:12:01,040 OKAY. 331 00:12:01,040 --> 00:12:03,640 SO, WE HAVE A BIG EVENT COMING 332 00:12:03,640 --> 00:12:06,800 IN JUNE, JUNE 21 AND 22 IS OUR 333 00:12:06,800 --> 00:12:07,920 EIGHTH ANNUAL BRAIN INITIATIVE 334 00:12:07,920 --> 00:12:09,760 MEETING, ALL ARE WELCOME TO 335 00:12:09,760 --> 00:12:10,400 ATTEND. 336 00:12:10,400 --> 00:12:13,800 IT WILL BE HYBRID, AS OF NOW. 337 00:12:13,800 --> 00:12:16,360 OF COURSE, THIS IS NOT LIMITED 338 00:12:16,360 --> 00:12:16,960 TO BRAIN-FUNDED INVESTIGATORS 339 00:12:16,960 --> 00:12:18,520 BUT WE REALLY ARE OPENING THIS 340 00:12:18,520 --> 00:12:21,360 UP TO ANYONE WHO IS INTERESTED. 341 00:12:21,360 --> 00:12:22,800 THE LAST TWO YEARS, THE 342 00:12:22,800 --> 00:12:24,240 PANDEMIC, WE HAD GREAT 343 00:12:24,240 --> 00:12:24,960 REGISTRATION AND ATTENDANCE FROM 344 00:12:24,960 --> 00:12:26,280 ACROSS THE WORLD. 345 00:12:26,280 --> 00:12:29,680 WE'RE HOPING THAT WE WILL 346 00:12:29,680 --> 00:12:32,120 CONTINUE THAT NEW TRADITION OF 347 00:12:32,120 --> 00:12:33,080 WIDE INTERNATIONAL ATTENDANCE 348 00:12:33,080 --> 00:12:34,600 VIRTUALLY, BUT ALSO LOOKING 349 00:12:34,600 --> 00:12:36,680 FORWARD TO AN IN-PERSON 350 00:12:36,680 --> 00:12:38,120 COMPONENT IF WE ARE ABLE. 351 00:12:38,120 --> 00:12:39,400 WE ARE MONITORING THAT SITUATION 352 00:12:39,400 --> 00:12:40,160 VERY CLOSELY. 353 00:12:40,160 --> 00:12:46,800 I JUST WANT TO HIGHLIGHT WE'LL 354 00:12:46,800 --> 00:12:48,400 HAVE SIX SCIENTIFIC SYMPOSIA, 355 00:12:48,400 --> 00:12:58,920 POSTERS, THREE KEYNOTE PLENARY 356 00:13:03,840 --> 00:13:05,200 LECTURES, I ENCOURAGE YOU TO 357 00:13:05,200 --> 00:13:05,640 ATTEND. 358 00:13:05,640 --> 00:13:07,560 ABSTRACTS ARE DUE TODAY IF YOU 359 00:13:07,560 --> 00:13:08,320 HAVEN'T SUBMITTED ALREADY. 360 00:13:08,320 --> 00:13:10,200 I HOPE TO SEE YOU IN TWO 361 00:13:10,200 --> 00:13:15,000 DIMENSIONS OR IN THREE 362 00:13:15,000 --> 00:13:15,320 DIMENSIONS. 363 00:13:15,320 --> 00:13:16,680 FOLLOWING LAST YEAR'S SUCCESS 364 00:13:16,680 --> 00:13:19,000 WITH THE BRAIN INITIATIVE 365 00:13:19,000 --> 00:13:19,960 CHALLENGE WHERE WE ASKED UNITED 366 00:13:19,960 --> 00:13:21,800 STATES HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS TO 367 00:13:21,800 --> 00:13:23,840 OFFER PERSPECTIVES ON ASPECTS OF 368 00:13:23,840 --> 00:13:26,400 WHAT WE DO, WE FOUND A GREAT 369 00:13:26,400 --> 00:13:28,680 TOPIC THAT DID ENGAGE SOME 370 00:13:28,680 --> 00:13:37,920 CREATIVE IDEAS, WAS THE AREA OF 371 00:13:37,920 --> 00:13:39,320 EMERGING BRAIN TECHNOLOGY, WE'RE 372 00:13:39,320 --> 00:13:41,720 IN THE PROCESS OF EVALUATING, I 373 00:13:41,720 --> 00:13:43,800 BELIEVE WE'LL BE ANNOUNCING 374 00:13:43,800 --> 00:13:47,440 AWARDS SOON, INCLUDING AT THE 375 00:13:47,440 --> 00:13:48,120 BRAIN INITIATIVE MEETING. 376 00:13:48,120 --> 00:13:49,880 I THINK YOU'LL ALL AGREE THERE'S 377 00:13:49,880 --> 00:13:51,320 GREAT BEAUTY IN THE BRAIN, AND 378 00:13:51,320 --> 00:13:55,200 SO WE HAVE A CONTINUING PHOTO 379 00:13:55,200 --> 00:13:57,080 AND VIDEO CONTEST, AND THESE, 380 00:13:57,080 --> 00:13:58,960 WINNERS OF THESE AWARDS WILL BE 381 00:13:58,960 --> 00:14:03,640 ANNOUNCED AT THE MEETING AS 382 00:14:03,640 --> 00:14:03,880 WELL. 383 00:14:03,880 --> 00:14:04,400 OKAY. 384 00:14:04,400 --> 00:14:04,960 SO, IT IS MAY. 385 00:14:04,960 --> 00:14:08,800 THIS IS THE TIME WHERE WE LIKE 386 00:14:08,800 --> 00:14:12,880 TO DISCUSS OUR DEMOGRAPHICS, THE 387 00:14:12,880 --> 00:14:13,600 DEMOGRAPHICS OF BRAIN-FUNDED 388 00:14:13,600 --> 00:14:17,160 INVESTIGATORS, FROM THE PAST 389 00:14:17,160 --> 00:14:19,840 YEAR FROM FISCAL YEAR 21. 390 00:14:19,840 --> 00:14:21,080 THE INFORMATION FROM THIS 391 00:14:21,080 --> 00:14:23,800 ANALYSIS WHICH WAS BEAUTIFULLY 392 00:14:23,800 --> 00:14:27,880 COMPILED AND GENERATED BY 393 00:14:27,880 --> 00:14:29,280 DOCTORS CRAWFORD, RICHARDSON AND 394 00:14:29,280 --> 00:14:31,680 LANCE, APPEAR IN YOUR ELECTRONIC 395 00:14:31,680 --> 00:14:34,440 COUNCIL BOOKS AS WELL AS POSTED 396 00:14:34,440 --> 00:14:36,280 ONLINE RIGHT NOW AND LET'S SEE, 397 00:14:36,280 --> 00:14:38,480 SO FOR THOSE WATCHING YOU CAN'T 398 00:14:38,480 --> 00:14:39,960 SEE THIS, THE ACTUAL SLIDES, BUT 399 00:14:39,960 --> 00:14:41,480 THEY ARE ON THE BRAIN WEBSITE. 400 00:14:41,480 --> 00:14:45,920 THERE'S A LINK TO IT, WE'LL MAKE 401 00:14:45,920 --> 00:14:47,160 IT VISIBLE SHORTLY. 402 00:14:47,160 --> 00:14:50,200 IN THE INTEREST OF TIME, ALSO 403 00:14:50,200 --> 00:14:51,720 TEDIUM, I'M NOT GOING THROUGH 404 00:14:51,720 --> 00:14:53,440 THE ENTIRE DECK. 405 00:14:53,440 --> 00:14:55,120 I WANT TO HIGHLIGHT SOME OF THE 406 00:14:55,120 --> 00:14:57,800 MOST SALIENT FINDINGS, THESE ARE 407 00:14:57,800 --> 00:15:00,160 THE 20,000-FOOT VIEW. 408 00:15:00,160 --> 00:15:02,000 THE BOTTOM LINE IS THAT THE 409 00:15:02,000 --> 00:15:03,000 NUMBERS HAVEN'T CHANGED A WHOLE 410 00:15:03,000 --> 00:15:05,840 LOT YEAR TO YEAR. 411 00:15:05,840 --> 00:15:08,320 SO, IN TERMS OF DISCIPLINES THAT 412 00:15:08,320 --> 00:15:09,440 ARE ENGAGED IN BRAIN-FUNDED 413 00:15:09,440 --> 00:15:12,480 RESEARCH, THERE ARE A NUMBER OF 414 00:15:12,480 --> 00:15:13,840 DISCIPLINES REPRESENTED, BEYOND 415 00:15:13,840 --> 00:15:16,880 JUST NEUROSCIENCE AS A PRIMARY 416 00:15:16,880 --> 00:15:17,560 IDENTIFIER. 417 00:15:17,560 --> 00:15:20,800 ENGINEERING IS THE MOST POPULAR 418 00:15:20,800 --> 00:15:22,320 DISCIPLINE, WHEREABOUT A THIRD 419 00:15:22,320 --> 00:15:26,280 OF INVESTIGATORS IDENTIFY AS 420 00:15:26,280 --> 00:15:28,240 ENGINEERS, HAVE AN ENGINEERING 421 00:15:28,240 --> 00:15:28,640 INTEREST. 422 00:15:28,640 --> 00:15:31,440 IN TERMS OF DIVERSITY OF 423 00:15:31,440 --> 00:15:33,120 BACKGROUND, WOMEN AND 424 00:15:33,120 --> 00:15:34,400 UNDERREPRESENTED GROUPS ARE 425 00:15:34,400 --> 00:15:36,280 STILL UNDERREPRESENTED, RELATIVE 426 00:15:36,280 --> 00:15:37,240 TO NIH OVERALL. 427 00:15:37,240 --> 00:15:39,240 THIS HAS NOT CHANGED A WHOLE LOT 428 00:15:39,240 --> 00:15:40,840 BEYOND THE NOISE FROM YEAR TO 429 00:15:40,840 --> 00:15:41,240 YEAR. 430 00:15:41,240 --> 00:15:42,760 THE GOOD NEWS THOUGH IS IF YOU 431 00:15:42,760 --> 00:15:45,160 LOOK AT THE BOTTOM PART OF THE 432 00:15:45,160 --> 00:15:47,480 PANEL, THERE'S NO OBVIOUS OR 433 00:15:47,480 --> 00:15:49,760 DISCERNIBLE DIFFERENCES IN 434 00:15:49,760 --> 00:15:50,960 FUNDING DISPARITIES BETWEEN 435 00:15:50,960 --> 00:15:53,600 WOMEN AND MEN OR 436 00:15:53,600 --> 00:15:54,760 UNDERREPRESENTED MINORITIES OR 437 00:15:54,760 --> 00:15:55,400 NON-UNDERREPRESENTED MINORITIES. 438 00:15:55,400 --> 00:15:56,440 WE'RE WORKING ON THIS AND I'LL 439 00:15:56,440 --> 00:15:58,520 GET TO WHAT WE'RE DOING IN A 440 00:15:58,520 --> 00:16:02,160 MOMENT TO ADDRESS THIS ONGOING 441 00:16:02,160 --> 00:16:02,400 DISPARITY. 442 00:16:02,400 --> 00:16:05,840 IN TERMS OF CAREER STAGE, ABOUT 443 00:16:05,840 --> 00:16:08,000 A THIRD OF BRAIN-FUNDED 444 00:16:08,000 --> 00:16:09,360 INVESTIGATORS ARE EARLY CAREER. 445 00:16:09,360 --> 00:16:11,520 EARLY CAREER IS DEFINED HERE AS 446 00:16:11,520 --> 00:16:14,400 WITHIN 14 YEARS OF TERMINAL 447 00:16:14,400 --> 00:16:15,080 DEGREE. 448 00:16:15,080 --> 00:16:18,320 GOOD NEWS HERE IS THAT THE EARLY 449 00:16:18,320 --> 00:16:25,240 CAREER AND MID-CAREER APPLICANTS 450 00:16:25,240 --> 00:16:32,560 HAVE FAVORABLE FUNDING RATES, A 451 00:16:32,560 --> 00:16:33,960 HAIR ABOVE 30%. 452 00:16:33,960 --> 00:16:37,000 PERFORMANCE SITES ARE FOUND IN 453 00:16:37,000 --> 00:16:38,920 MOST STATES AS WELL AS PUERTO 454 00:16:38,920 --> 00:16:40,760 RICO BUT FAVORS THE COAST, 455 00:16:40,760 --> 00:16:41,960 NOTHING HAS CHANGED MUCH OVER 456 00:16:41,960 --> 00:16:49,720 THE LAST YEAR. 457 00:16:49,720 --> 00:16:53,240 AND, AGAIN, THE R01 INSTITUTIONS 458 00:16:53,240 --> 00:16:57,600 ALSO SHOW FAVORABLE -- WELL, IN 459 00:16:57,600 --> 00:16:59,960 ADDITION, THE NON-MINORITY 460 00:16:59,960 --> 00:17:01,040 SERVING OR NON-IDEA ELIGIBLE 461 00:17:01,040 --> 00:17:03,720 FARE BETTER. 462 00:17:03,720 --> 00:17:05,120 ALL THIS IS WORK IN PROGRESS. 463 00:17:05,120 --> 00:17:07,400 I WANTED TO REPORT THIS TO YOU, 464 00:17:07,400 --> 00:17:09,960 THE FULL ANALYSIS CAN BE FOUND 465 00:17:09,960 --> 00:17:12,000 IN YOUR ECBMs ALSO POSTED 466 00:17:12,000 --> 00:17:12,240 ONLINE. 467 00:17:12,240 --> 00:17:15,040 HERE IS WHERE WE ARE. 468 00:17:15,040 --> 00:17:17,040 WHAT WE DECIDED TO DO THIS YEAR 469 00:17:17,040 --> 00:17:21,120 WAS ALSO IN ADDITION TO LOOKING 470 00:17:21,120 --> 00:17:22,080 AT DEMOGRAPHICS OF INVESTIGATOR 471 00:17:22,080 --> 00:17:23,720 POOL TO ALSO LOOK AT WHAT ARE 472 00:17:23,720 --> 00:17:27,120 THE DEMOGRAPHICS OF OUR HUMAN 473 00:17:27,120 --> 00:17:30,080 RESEARCH PARTICIPANT POOL. 474 00:17:30,080 --> 00:17:31,600 WE'VE LONG HELD THAT THE RICHES 475 00:17:31,600 --> 00:17:32,800 THAT WE GAIN THROUGH BRAIN 476 00:17:32,800 --> 00:17:34,440 INITIATIVE RESEARCH REALLY NEED 477 00:17:34,440 --> 00:17:38,080 TO SERVE, AND WE CANNOT DO THAT 478 00:17:38,080 --> 00:17:40,480 IF ONLY A LIMITED SUBPOPULATION 479 00:17:40,480 --> 00:17:41,680 OF SOCIETY IS REPRESENTED. 480 00:17:41,680 --> 00:17:45,520 SO BRAIN HAS BEEN FUNDING HUMAN 481 00:17:45,520 --> 00:17:47,520 RESEARCH, HUMAN-FOCUSED RESEARCH 482 00:17:47,520 --> 00:17:50,400 SINCE ITS INCEPTION IN 2014. 483 00:17:50,400 --> 00:17:52,200 THIS GRAPH JUST SHOWS THE NUMBER 484 00:17:52,200 --> 00:17:55,160 OF AWARDS THAT INCLUDED HUMAN 485 00:17:55,160 --> 00:17:56,040 RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS, LOW IN 486 00:17:56,040 --> 00:17:58,040 THE BEGINNING, AND THEN SPIKING 487 00:17:58,040 --> 00:17:59,520 UP IN 2016. 488 00:17:59,520 --> 00:18:03,920 AND MAINTAINING A FAIRLY 489 00:18:03,920 --> 00:18:08,160 CONSTANT LEVEL THROUGH 2021. 490 00:18:08,160 --> 00:18:09,720 SO, THERE ARE ROUGHLY 13,000 491 00:18:09,720 --> 00:18:11,880 RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS ENROLLED 492 00:18:11,880 --> 00:18:13,640 OVER THIS TIME FROM 2014 THROUGH 493 00:18:13,640 --> 00:18:19,720 2021, AND COMPARED TO ABOUT A 494 00:18:19,720 --> 00:18:21,760 MILLION NIH-FUNDED NEUROSCIENCE 495 00:18:21,760 --> 00:18:22,000 PROJECTS. 496 00:18:22,000 --> 00:18:24,640 AND I THINK YOU CAN SEE HERE 497 00:18:24,640 --> 00:18:27,080 THAT AT LEAST IN TERMS OF THE 498 00:18:27,080 --> 00:18:29,320 GENERAL CATEGORIES OF RACE AND 499 00:18:29,320 --> 00:18:30,920 ETHNICITY, IT'S NOT PERFECT. 500 00:18:30,920 --> 00:18:32,800 WE HAVE ROOM FOR IMPROVEMENT, 501 00:18:32,800 --> 00:18:35,280 BUT THE DEMOGRAPHICS OF OUR 502 00:18:35,280 --> 00:18:37,480 RESEARCH PARTICIPANT POOL 503 00:18:37,480 --> 00:18:39,440 ROUGHLY MIRROR WHAT'S GOING ON 504 00:18:39,440 --> 00:18:42,400 ACROSS NIH-WIDE IN THE 505 00:18:42,400 --> 00:18:45,000 NEUROSCIENCES, AND SOMEWHAT LESS 506 00:18:45,000 --> 00:18:49,360 WELL BUT COMPARED TO THE U.S. 507 00:18:49,360 --> 00:18:49,840 CENSUS DATA. 508 00:18:49,840 --> 00:18:52,600 SO, THIS IS, AGAIN, REASON FOR 509 00:18:52,600 --> 00:18:53,440 SOME ENCOURAGEMENT THAT WE STILL 510 00:18:53,440 --> 00:18:57,200 HAVE A WAYS TO GO BUT IT'S 511 00:18:57,200 --> 00:18:59,720 CERTAINLY IN LINE WITH THE 512 00:18:59,720 --> 00:19:00,480 OVERALL U.S. POPULATION. 513 00:19:00,480 --> 00:19:03,200 AND THEN IN TERMS OF GENDER, WE 514 00:19:03,200 --> 00:19:05,440 HAVE A PRETTY GOOD BALANCE OF 515 00:19:05,440 --> 00:19:09,080 MALES AND FEMALES REPRESENTED IN 516 00:19:09,080 --> 00:19:13,400 OUR RESEARCH PARTICIPANT COHORT. 517 00:19:13,400 --> 00:19:13,600 OKAY. 518 00:19:13,600 --> 00:19:16,800 SO, AGAIN, WE HAVE A WAYS TO GO, 519 00:19:16,800 --> 00:19:20,520 BUT WE ARE FOCUSED ON PROMOTING 520 00:19:20,520 --> 00:19:22,240 SCIENTIFIC EXCELLENCE THROUGH 521 00:19:22,240 --> 00:19:23,240 ENHANCING DIVERSITY, EQUITY, 522 00:19:23,240 --> 00:19:24,720 INCLUSION, IN ALL THAT WE DO. 523 00:19:24,720 --> 00:19:27,280 WE SEE A LOT OF BENEFITS TO A 524 00:19:27,280 --> 00:19:28,440 DIVERSE SCIENTIFIC WORKFORCE. 525 00:19:28,440 --> 00:19:29,800 WE'VE DISCUSSED THIS BEFORE. 526 00:19:29,800 --> 00:19:31,200 WE HAVE A MULTI-PRONGED 527 00:19:31,200 --> 00:19:33,200 STRATEGY, ONE IS TO DEVELOP A 528 00:19:33,200 --> 00:19:36,920 MORE DIVERSE WORKFORCE THROUGH 529 00:19:36,920 --> 00:19:38,680 VARIOUS BRAIN-FUNDING 530 00:19:38,680 --> 00:19:39,760 MECHANISMS, INCLUDING GRADUATES, 531 00:19:39,760 --> 00:19:42,480 TRAINING FOR GRADUATE AND EARLY 532 00:19:42,480 --> 00:19:45,440 POSTDOCTORAL SUPPORT, LATE 533 00:19:45,440 --> 00:19:46,880 POSTDOCTORAL SUPPORT, EARLY 534 00:19:46,880 --> 00:19:47,720 INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATOR 535 00:19:47,720 --> 00:19:51,080 SUPPORT, AS WELL AS THROUGH 536 00:19:51,080 --> 00:19:52,560 VARIETY OF BRAIN DIVERSITY 537 00:19:52,560 --> 00:19:52,880 SUPPLEMENTS. 538 00:19:52,880 --> 00:19:54,280 WE'RE WORKING ON CAPACITY 539 00:19:54,280 --> 00:19:56,280 BUILDING, AND WE HAVE ONE FOA 540 00:19:56,280 --> 00:19:59,920 RIGHT NOW THAT FOCUSES ON 541 00:19:59,920 --> 00:20:01,760 PARTNERSHIPS BETWEEN RESEARCH 542 00:20:01,760 --> 00:20:02,760 INSTITUTIONS, MAJOR RESEARCH 543 00:20:02,760 --> 00:20:06,240 INSTITUTIONS WITH MINORITY 544 00:20:06,240 --> 00:20:06,920 SERVING INSTITUTIONS, IDeA 545 00:20:06,920 --> 00:20:09,200 ELIGIBLE, WE HAVE THE FIRST PLAY 546 00:20:09,200 --> 00:20:11,400 PLAN LOOKING AT THAT LATER TODAY 547 00:20:11,400 --> 00:20:12,160 IN CLOSED SESSION. 548 00:20:12,160 --> 00:20:15,880 AND OF COURSE WE HAVE THIS NEWLY 549 00:20:15,880 --> 00:20:17,200 LAUNCHED PLAN FOR ENHANCING 550 00:20:17,200 --> 00:20:19,280 DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES THAT 551 00:20:19,280 --> 00:20:22,120 REQUIRES APPLICANTS TO INCLUDE A 552 00:20:22,120 --> 00:20:25,240 SUMMARY, ARTICULATE STRATEGIES 553 00:20:25,240 --> 00:20:27,160 FOR ADVANCING THEIR SCIENCE, 554 00:20:27,160 --> 00:20:28,360 TECHNICAL MERIT, THROUGH DIVERSE 555 00:20:28,360 --> 00:20:32,960 PERSPECTIVES IN THEIR RESEARCH 556 00:20:32,960 --> 00:20:33,520 TEAMS. 557 00:20:33,520 --> 00:20:37,560 SO, A LITTLE BIT MORE ON THE 558 00:20:37,560 --> 00:20:42,240 PDP, BRAIN RIGHT NOW HAS 18 559 00:20:42,240 --> 00:20:45,520 ACTIVE FOAs THAT REQUIRE PDP 560 00:20:45,520 --> 00:20:49,800 IN APPLICATION PROCESS. 561 00:20:49,800 --> 00:20:55,280 16 OTHER FOAS HAVE SIGNED ON, 562 00:20:55,280 --> 00:20:59,920 AND IN THIS ROUND WE HAVE EIGHT 563 00:20:59,920 --> 00:21:03,760 FOAs FOR CONSIDERATION, 564 00:21:03,760 --> 00:21:07,280 INCLUDING THE PDP, WE'LL TALK 565 00:21:07,280 --> 00:21:08,200 ABOUT THAT IN CLOSED SESSION. 566 00:21:08,200 --> 00:21:10,400 THIS WAS A PILOT PROJECT THAT 567 00:21:10,400 --> 00:21:13,240 HAS TAKEN HOLD ACROSS NIH. 568 00:21:13,240 --> 00:21:15,080 I THINK EARLY INDICATORS, IT'S 569 00:21:15,080 --> 00:21:17,080 WORKING QUITE WELL. 570 00:21:17,080 --> 00:21:18,400 WE'RE ACTIVELY ASSESSING ALL 571 00:21:18,400 --> 00:21:22,000 ASPECTS OF THE PEDP FROM THE 572 00:21:22,000 --> 00:21:23,280 REVIEWER EXPERIENCE, THROUGH 573 00:21:23,280 --> 00:21:25,080 PROGRAM AND LOOPING BACK IN WITH 574 00:21:25,080 --> 00:21:27,760 THE P.I.s. 575 00:21:27,760 --> 00:21:29,320 WE DO NEED TO CERTAINLY 576 00:21:29,320 --> 00:21:31,160 CALIBRATE ON WHAT WE'RE DOING 577 00:21:31,160 --> 00:21:33,800 VERY CLEARLY AND BE TRANSPARENT 578 00:21:33,800 --> 00:21:35,560 ABOUT THE PROCESS, WITH ALL 579 00:21:35,560 --> 00:21:36,360 STAKEHOLDERS, BUT WE'RE HOPEFUL 580 00:21:36,360 --> 00:21:38,400 THIS WILL IN FACT MOVE THE 581 00:21:38,400 --> 00:21:40,800 NEEDLE AND BRING IN MORE DIVERSE 582 00:21:40,800 --> 00:21:44,400 PERSPECTIVES THAT WILL LEAD TO 583 00:21:44,400 --> 00:21:46,920 MUCH BETTER SCIENCE. 584 00:21:46,920 --> 00:21:49,440 SO, AGAIN, OUR VIEW IS TO 585 00:21:49,440 --> 00:21:51,440 SUPPORT THE BEST SCIENCE, WE 586 00:21:51,440 --> 00:21:53,320 REALLY DO NEED TO PROMOTE 587 00:21:53,320 --> 00:21:54,680 DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES IN 588 00:21:54,680 --> 00:21:55,680 RESEARCH. 589 00:21:55,680 --> 00:21:57,480 AND WE'RE WORKING ALONG MULTIPLE 590 00:21:57,480 --> 00:21:59,520 LINES IN THIS REGARD. 591 00:21:59,520 --> 00:22:03,160 THE PEDP WAS JUST ONE STEP IN 592 00:22:03,160 --> 00:22:03,880 THAT DIRECTION. 593 00:22:03,880 --> 00:22:05,880 WE ARE CONDUCTING MARKET 594 00:22:05,880 --> 00:22:09,080 RESEARCH TO BETTER UNDERSTAND 595 00:22:09,080 --> 00:22:10,480 HOW WOMEN AND SCIENTISTS 596 00:22:10,480 --> 00:22:11,480 PERCEIVE AND EXPERIENCE WHAT 597 00:22:11,480 --> 00:22:13,200 WE'RE DOING IN BRAIN AND FUNDING 598 00:22:13,200 --> 00:22:13,560 OPPORTUNITIES. 599 00:22:13,560 --> 00:22:14,640 WE'VE HAD QUITE A BIT OF 600 00:22:14,640 --> 00:22:16,400 DISCUSSION OVER THE LAST FEW 601 00:22:16,400 --> 00:22:19,760 YEARS ABOUT WHY IS IT THAT OUR 602 00:22:19,760 --> 00:22:29,080 POOL OF INVESTIGATORS SEEMS TO 603 00:22:29,080 --> 00:22:29,760 BE SKEWED TOWARD 604 00:22:29,760 --> 00:22:30,640 WELL-REPRESENTED MALES. 605 00:22:30,640 --> 00:22:32,080 THE GOOD NEWS HERE IF THERE IS 606 00:22:32,080 --> 00:22:34,040 GOOD NEWS IS THAT THE FUNDING 607 00:22:34,040 --> 00:22:37,320 RATES SEEM TO BE PRETTY EVEN SO 608 00:22:37,320 --> 00:22:38,960 WE ARE LOOKING AT IN TERMS OF 609 00:22:38,960 --> 00:22:41,360 OUTREACH WHAT CAN WE DO TO 610 00:22:41,360 --> 00:22:42,560 BETTER ENGAGE SCIENTISTS ACROSS 611 00:22:42,560 --> 00:22:49,360 A WIDER SWATH OF THE COMMUNITY. 612 00:22:49,360 --> 00:22:51,200 WE'RE INTEGRATING D.E.I. GOALS 613 00:22:51,200 --> 00:22:54,000 TO ENSURE OUR APPROACHES ARE 614 00:22:54,000 --> 00:22:57,320 INCLUSIVE OF THE RESEARCH IN 615 00:22:57,320 --> 00:22:58,080 PATIENT COMMUNITIES. 616 00:22:58,080 --> 00:23:00,040 FINALLY WE REALIZE WE NEED TO 617 00:23:00,040 --> 00:23:02,840 MEET EVERYBODY WHERE THEY ARE. 618 00:23:02,840 --> 00:23:04,680 SO, PEOPLE ARE FEELING 619 00:23:04,680 --> 00:23:08,720 DISINCLINED TO APPLY FOR BRAIN 620 00:23:08,720 --> 00:23:10,240 FUNDING, WE CAN ESPOUSE BRAIN 621 00:23:10,240 --> 00:23:11,880 ALL WE WANT HERE BUT IF PEOPLE 622 00:23:11,880 --> 00:23:12,800 AREN'T TUNING IN THAT'S NOT 623 00:23:12,800 --> 00:23:13,840 GOING TO HELP US. 624 00:23:13,840 --> 00:23:15,080 WE'RE LOOKING AT WAYS OF 625 00:23:15,080 --> 00:23:17,360 BRINGING THE MESSAGE OUT INTO 626 00:23:17,360 --> 00:23:19,640 THE COMMUNITY, HOPEFULLY WITH 627 00:23:19,640 --> 00:23:22,000 THE PANDEMIC EASING A BIT, BUT 628 00:23:22,000 --> 00:23:23,960 ALSO THROUGH VIRTUAL PLATFORMS 629 00:23:23,960 --> 00:23:26,320 WE CAN REACH WIDER SWATH OF THE 630 00:23:26,320 --> 00:23:26,600 COMMUNITY. 631 00:23:26,600 --> 00:23:27,800 SO THIS IS ALL ONGOING. 632 00:23:27,800 --> 00:23:29,720 WE WELCOME YOUR INPUT ON THIS. 633 00:23:29,720 --> 00:23:31,600 WE'RE TAKING THIS ALL VERY 634 00:23:31,600 --> 00:23:33,120 SERIOUSLY IN THE INTEREST OF 635 00:23:33,120 --> 00:23:36,480 DOING BETTER SCIENCE THAT CAN 636 00:23:36,480 --> 00:23:38,320 BENEFIT A WIDER CROSS-SECTION OF 637 00:23:38,320 --> 00:23:40,440 THE COMMUNITY. 638 00:23:40,440 --> 00:23:43,320 WE'VE TALKED ABOUT THE BRAIN 2.0 639 00:23:43,320 --> 00:23:45,480 TRANSFORMATIVE PROJECTS OVER THE 640 00:23:45,480 --> 00:23:48,560 LAST FEW YEARS, AND THEY ARE ALL 641 00:23:48,560 --> 00:23:50,400 OFFICIALLY LAUNCHED WITH THE 642 00:23:50,400 --> 00:23:52,400 GREAT HELP OF CONGRESSIONALLY 643 00:23:52,400 --> 00:23:53,440 DIRECTED FUNDS THAT CONGRESS 644 00:23:53,440 --> 00:23:57,400 DECIDED THE IMPORTANCE OF THESE 645 00:23:57,400 --> 00:23:58,240 PROJECTS MERITED SPECIFIC 646 00:23:58,240 --> 00:23:59,840 CARVEOUTS TO LAUNCH THESE 647 00:23:59,840 --> 00:24:01,800 PROJECTS. 648 00:24:01,800 --> 00:24:05,480 THE BRAIN CELL CENSUS PHASE 2 OR 649 00:24:05,480 --> 00:24:06,680 ATLAS WORK NOW FOCUSING 650 00:24:06,680 --> 00:24:08,000 PRIMARILY ON HUMANS AND BIG 651 00:24:08,000 --> 00:24:09,960 BRAINS BUT ALSO CONTINUING WORK 652 00:24:09,960 --> 00:24:11,760 IN OTHER SPECIES, THIS WAS BUILT 653 00:24:11,760 --> 00:24:15,520 ON THE SUCCESS OF THE BICCN, IN 654 00:24:15,520 --> 00:24:17,960 ITS FINAL YEAR, HARD TO BELIEVE. 655 00:24:17,960 --> 00:24:19,400 FIRST SET OF RFAs ISSUES, THEY 656 00:24:19,400 --> 00:24:21,480 WILL BE REVIEWED HERE TODAY IN 657 00:24:21,480 --> 00:24:23,440 CLOSED SESSION FOR FUNDING LATER 658 00:24:23,440 --> 00:24:24,560 THIS SUMMER. 659 00:24:24,560 --> 00:24:27,600 THE SECOND IS THIS ORGANIZING 660 00:24:27,600 --> 00:24:29,160 RESOURCES FOR PRECISION BRAIN 661 00:24:29,160 --> 00:24:33,720 CELL TYPE ACCESS ACROSS SPECIES, 662 00:24:33,720 --> 00:24:34,640 CELL TYPE-SPECIFIC 663 00:24:34,640 --> 00:24:34,960 ARMAMENTARIUM. 664 00:24:34,960 --> 00:24:36,800 THIS WAS LAUNCHED LAST YEAR, 665 00:24:36,800 --> 00:24:38,680 FIRST AWARDS MADE LAST YEAR. 666 00:24:38,680 --> 00:24:41,400 THE GOAL HERE IS TO DEVELOP 667 00:24:41,400 --> 00:24:44,680 TOOLS FOR SOMATIC CELL ACCESS IN 668 00:24:44,680 --> 00:24:45,880 RODENT AND NHP BRAINS, HUMAN 669 00:24:45,880 --> 00:24:46,720 CELLS AND TISSUES. 670 00:24:46,720 --> 00:24:49,920 WE WANT TO DEVELOP BETTER TOOLS 671 00:24:49,920 --> 00:24:51,120 FOR INTERROGATING AND MODULATING 672 00:24:51,120 --> 00:24:53,080 NEURAL CIRCUITS WITH A LONG-TERM 673 00:24:53,080 --> 00:24:55,040 GOAL OF DEVELOPING NEW 674 00:24:55,040 --> 00:24:56,800 STRATEGIES FOR PRECISION GENE 675 00:24:56,800 --> 00:24:58,320 THERAPIES IN HUMANS. 676 00:24:58,320 --> 00:25:04,880 AGAIN, THE FIRST AWARDS WERE 677 00:25:04,880 --> 00:25:06,320 ISSUES LAST YEAR, REVIEWING A 678 00:25:06,320 --> 00:25:08,840 SECOND ROUND TODAY IN CLOSED 679 00:25:08,840 --> 00:25:10,600 SESSION AND CAPACITY BUILDING 680 00:25:10,600 --> 00:25:15,960 FOR TOOL DISSEMINATION WITH 681 00:25:15,960 --> 00:25:17,960 MINORITY SERVING INSTITUTES, 682 00:25:17,960 --> 00:25:19,720 SECOND RECEIPT DATE LATER THIS 683 00:25:19,720 --> 00:25:20,040 SUMMER. 684 00:25:20,040 --> 00:25:26,160 FINALLY, THE THIRD PROJECT IS 685 00:25:26,160 --> 00:25:27,040 BRAIN INITIATIVE CONNECTIVITY 686 00:25:27,040 --> 00:25:37,600 ACROSS SCALES, BRAIN CONNECTS, 687 00:25:39,200 --> 00:25:41,760 WITH EMPHASIS ON THE MOUSE, 688 00:25:41,760 --> 00:25:43,160 THESE THREE RFAs WERE JUST 689 00:25:43,160 --> 00:25:45,120 ISSUED WITH THE FIRST RECEIPT 690 00:25:45,120 --> 00:25:46,880 DATE COMING UP IN JULY. 691 00:25:46,880 --> 00:25:51,760 I WANT TO TOUCH ON THAT FOR A 692 00:25:51,760 --> 00:25:52,800 MOMENT. 693 00:25:52,800 --> 00:25:54,640 THE GOAL OF MAPPING ENTIRE 694 00:25:54,640 --> 00:25:56,520 MAMMALIAN BRAINS AT ANY LEVEL OF 695 00:25:56,520 --> 00:25:59,480 RESOLUTION IS A LARGE ONE. 696 00:25:59,480 --> 00:26:00,920 IT'S I THINK ARGUABLY SOMEWHAT 697 00:26:00,920 --> 00:26:01,760 ASPIRATIONAL. 698 00:26:01,760 --> 00:26:03,400 WE DON'T HAVE THE TECHNOLOGIES 699 00:26:03,400 --> 00:26:05,920 YET TO DO THESE PROJECTS AT THE 700 00:26:05,920 --> 00:26:07,560 SCALE THAT WE WISH TO. 701 00:26:07,560 --> 00:26:10,200 SO WE'RE LOOKING AT THIS AS A 702 00:26:10,200 --> 00:26:10,880 TEN-YEAR EFFORT. 703 00:26:10,880 --> 00:26:13,840 IN THE FIRST FIVE YEARS, PHASE 704 00:26:13,840 --> 00:26:15,440 1, WE WILL HOPEFULLY FUND 705 00:26:15,440 --> 00:26:17,320 PROJECTS THAT WILL ASSESS 706 00:26:17,320 --> 00:26:18,640 DIFFERENT APPROACHES FOR THEIR 707 00:26:18,640 --> 00:26:20,920 ABILITY TO ACHIEVE THE NECESSARY 708 00:26:20,920 --> 00:26:22,000 RESOLUTION AT SCALE. 709 00:26:22,000 --> 00:26:23,640 ALONG THE WAY WE WANT TO LEARN 710 00:26:23,640 --> 00:26:24,920 SOME BIOLOGY. 711 00:26:24,920 --> 00:26:28,240 SO WE ARE ASKING THAT THESE 712 00:26:28,240 --> 00:26:28,920 PROJECTS DEVELOP THESE 713 00:26:28,920 --> 00:26:32,080 TECHNOLOGIES ON USE CASES THAT 714 00:26:32,080 --> 00:26:33,600 WILL BE OF INTEREST AND 715 00:26:33,600 --> 00:26:34,560 IMPORTANCE TO THE SCIENTIFIC 716 00:26:34,560 --> 00:26:35,000 COMMUNITY. 717 00:26:35,000 --> 00:26:36,960 SO WE WANT TO LEARN SOME BIOLOGY 718 00:26:36,960 --> 00:26:39,200 ALONG THE WAY WHILE WE INVENT 719 00:26:39,200 --> 00:26:41,160 AND DEVELOP THESE NEW 720 00:26:41,160 --> 00:26:41,680 TECHNOLOGIES. 721 00:26:41,680 --> 00:26:45,000 WE IN THE PROCESS WILL NEED TO 722 00:26:45,000 --> 00:26:46,280 EVALUATE WHICH OTHER 723 00:26:46,280 --> 00:26:51,240 TECHNOLOGIES ARE GOING TO WORK. 724 00:26:51,240 --> 00:26:53,480 WE'LL HAVE TO ASSESS AND DEVELOP 725 00:26:53,480 --> 00:26:55,600 A PLAN FOR IMPLEMENTING PHASE 2, 726 00:26:55,600 --> 00:26:57,440 SCALEUP TO VERY MANY SYNAPSE 727 00:26:57,440 --> 00:27:00,160 RESOLUTION MAPS IN A MOUSE BRAIN 728 00:27:00,160 --> 00:27:03,600 AS WELL AS AXON LEVEL MAPS IN 729 00:27:03,600 --> 00:27:04,960 BIG BRAIN, NON-HUMAN PRIMATE AND 730 00:27:04,960 --> 00:27:05,760 HUMAN BRAINS. 731 00:27:05,760 --> 00:27:07,960 OUR APPROACH TO THIS FOR ISSUING 732 00:27:07,960 --> 00:27:10,480 RFAs IS A MIX OF LARGE 733 00:27:10,480 --> 00:27:11,200 INTEGRATED PROJECTS AND 734 00:27:11,200 --> 00:27:12,560 ACHIEVING ALL COMPONENTS OF THE 735 00:27:12,560 --> 00:27:14,200 PIPELINE, AS WELL AS SMALLER 736 00:27:14,200 --> 00:27:16,320 AWARDS THAT WILL BE TARGETING 737 00:27:16,320 --> 00:27:18,000 NEW AND PERHAPS LESS TESTED 738 00:27:18,000 --> 00:27:20,120 METHODOLOGIES IF THEY CAN BE 739 00:27:20,120 --> 00:27:21,440 VALIDATED COULD ACCELERATE THE 740 00:27:21,440 --> 00:27:22,000 OVERALL EFFORT. 741 00:27:22,000 --> 00:27:23,720 THIS WILL BE MANAGED AS A 742 00:27:23,720 --> 00:27:25,280 CONSORTIUM, NOT UNLIKE THE WAY 743 00:27:25,280 --> 00:27:27,760 WE'VE BEEN MANAGING WITH I THINK 744 00:27:27,760 --> 00:27:30,840 GOOD SUCCESS, THE CELL CENSUS 745 00:27:30,840 --> 00:27:35,200 PROJECT, WITH PRE-PUBLICATIONS 746 00:27:35,200 --> 00:27:38,320 SHARING AND CONCRETE GO/NO-GO 747 00:27:38,320 --> 00:27:38,800 DELIVERABLES. 748 00:27:38,800 --> 00:27:40,480 THESE WERE JUST ISSUED. 749 00:27:40,480 --> 00:27:47,280 TWO LARGE PIECES WILL BE 750 00:27:47,280 --> 00:27:51,320 COMPREHENSIVE CENTERS, UM 1, TO 751 00:27:51,320 --> 00:28:01,880 MAP HUMAN AND NON-HUMAN PRIMATE 752 00:28:07,080 --> 00:28:09,200 BRAIN CONNECTIVITY, AND THEN AS 753 00:28:09,200 --> 00:28:10,560 I JUST MENTIONED SMALLER SINGLE 754 00:28:10,560 --> 00:28:12,240 COMPONENT PROJECTS THAT ARE 755 00:28:12,240 --> 00:28:15,200 AIMED AT OPTIMIZING CURRENT 756 00:28:15,200 --> 00:28:16,120 TECHNOLOGIES DEVELOPING NEW 757 00:28:16,120 --> 00:28:16,960 ONES, POTENTIALLY MORE RISKY 758 00:28:16,960 --> 00:28:21,160 THAT IF THEY WORK COULD 759 00:28:21,160 --> 00:28:22,880 ACCELERATE THE OVERALL EFFORT. 760 00:28:22,880 --> 00:28:23,640 OKAY. 761 00:28:23,640 --> 00:28:25,840 SO, THAT'S WHERE WE ARE IN TERMS 762 00:28:25,840 --> 00:28:27,760 OF THE MECHANICS OF WHAT WE'VE 763 00:28:27,760 --> 00:28:29,240 BEEN DOING, WE'RE REALLY EXCITED 764 00:28:29,240 --> 00:28:30,440 ABOUT THESE, ALL THESE THREE 765 00:28:30,440 --> 00:28:30,920 PROJECTS. 766 00:28:30,920 --> 00:28:33,080 I THINK THEY WILL REALLY GO A 767 00:28:33,080 --> 00:28:35,240 LONG WAY TO SUPPORTING BRAIN'S 768 00:28:35,240 --> 00:28:37,760 OVERALL GOAL OF UNDERSTANDING 769 00:28:37,760 --> 00:28:39,120 NEURAL CIRCUIT BASIS OF 770 00:28:39,120 --> 00:28:41,640 BEHAVIOR, BOTH IN HEALTH AND 771 00:28:41,640 --> 00:28:43,720 DISEASE, SO THERE'S BEEN A LOT 772 00:28:43,720 --> 00:28:45,000 OF GREAT SCIENCE HAPPENING OVER 773 00:28:45,000 --> 00:28:46,880 THE LAST YEAR OR SO, CERTAINLY 774 00:28:46,880 --> 00:28:48,320 SINCE THE LAST TIME WE MET. 775 00:28:48,320 --> 00:28:50,800 I JUST WANTED TO GIVE A FEW 776 00:28:50,800 --> 00:28:54,760 HIGHLIGHTS OF SOME RECENT 777 00:28:54,760 --> 00:28:55,000 STUDIES. 778 00:28:55,000 --> 00:29:04,040 JUST TO PUT THIS WORK IN 779 00:29:04,040 --> 00:29:06,800 PERSPECTIVE, ONE QUESTION WE GET 780 00:29:06,800 --> 00:29:07,480 ASKED INCLUDING FROM OUR FRIENDS 781 00:29:07,480 --> 00:29:10,280 ON THE HILL WHAT IS THIS BASIC 782 00:29:10,280 --> 00:29:11,680 FANCY RESEARCH DISCOVERY SCIENCE 783 00:29:11,680 --> 00:29:12,520 DOING FOR US? 784 00:29:12,520 --> 00:29:14,840 ONE THING I GOT ASKED, WHEN ARE 785 00:29:14,840 --> 00:29:16,680 WE GOING TO SEE A PAYOFF FROM 786 00:29:16,680 --> 00:29:18,160 THE CELL CENSUS PROJECT? 787 00:29:18,160 --> 00:29:22,280 HERE'S A PAPER JUST PUBLISHED 788 00:29:22,280 --> 00:29:25,480 FROM THE BROAD INSTITUTE WHERE 789 00:29:25,480 --> 00:29:27,480 THEY USED SPATIAL 790 00:29:27,480 --> 00:29:31,520 TRANSCRIPTOMICS TO MAP OUT CELL 791 00:29:31,520 --> 00:29:33,840 TYPES IN HUMANS, LOOKING 792 00:29:33,840 --> 00:29:36,360 SPECIFICALLY AT MID-BRAIN 793 00:29:36,360 --> 00:29:37,520 DOPAMINE NEURONS, POSTMORTEM 794 00:29:37,520 --> 00:29:38,120 TISSUE. 795 00:29:38,120 --> 00:29:40,280 AND THROUGH THIS TRANSCRIPTIONAL 796 00:29:40,280 --> 00:29:41,800 PROFILING THEY IDENTIFIED TEN 797 00:29:41,800 --> 00:29:43,320 DISTINCT SUBPOPULATIONS OF 798 00:29:43,320 --> 00:29:46,280 DOPAMINE NEURONS, AGAIN IN 799 00:29:46,280 --> 00:29:54,720 HUMANS, AND USING THE TECHNIQUE 800 00:29:54,720 --> 00:29:57,560 CALLED SLICE Seq, THEY MAPPED 801 00:29:57,560 --> 00:30:05,040 A IS IS UP SET IN THE 802 00:30:05,040 --> 00:30:06,240 SUBSTANTIA NIGRA, MORE 803 00:30:06,240 --> 00:30:08,400 VULNERABILITY TO PARKINSON'S 804 00:30:08,400 --> 00:30:09,680 DISEASE NEURODEGENERATION, 805 00:30:09,680 --> 00:30:11,680 PROFILING OF TISSUE FROM 806 00:30:11,680 --> 00:30:13,040 PARKINSON'S DISEASE PATIENTS 807 00:30:13,040 --> 00:30:15,080 SUGGESTS SOME SUBTYPES INDEED 808 00:30:15,080 --> 00:30:16,320 ARE DISEASE VULNERABLE, WHEREAS 809 00:30:16,320 --> 00:30:18,280 OTHERS ARE PERHAPS MORE 810 00:30:18,280 --> 00:30:18,720 PROTECTED. 811 00:30:18,720 --> 00:30:20,320 I THINK WE HAVE QUITE A WAYS TO 812 00:30:20,320 --> 00:30:22,320 GO BUT THE ABILITY TO USE THE 813 00:30:22,320 --> 00:30:25,760 TECHNOLOGIES THAT HAVE BEEN 814 00:30:25,760 --> 00:30:28,360 DEVELOPED IN PART WITHIN THE 815 00:30:28,360 --> 00:30:30,000 LARGER BRAIN INITIATIVE CELL 816 00:30:30,000 --> 00:30:31,760 CENSUS PROJECTS TO APPLY TO 817 00:30:31,760 --> 00:30:32,720 HUMAN CONDITION, HUMAN DISEASE, 818 00:30:32,720 --> 00:30:34,720 REALLY NOW GIVES US THE 819 00:30:34,720 --> 00:30:37,000 POSSIBILITY OF LOOKING AT THIS 820 00:30:37,000 --> 00:30:38,800 DISEASE WITH MUCH GREATER 821 00:30:38,800 --> 00:30:40,640 PRECISION AND HOPEFULLY WITH EYE 822 00:30:40,640 --> 00:30:44,240 TOWARD CURES THAT ARE FOCUSED ON 823 00:30:44,240 --> 00:30:46,160 NOT JUST THE CELLULAR 824 00:30:46,160 --> 00:30:48,080 GRANULARITY BUT ALSO WITHIN THE 825 00:30:48,080 --> 00:30:50,600 CELLS, IDENTIFYING PATHWAYS THAT 826 00:30:50,600 --> 00:30:52,920 WE CAN TARGET SPECIFICALLY, 827 00:30:52,920 --> 00:30:54,680 PERHAPS SOME TOOLS WE'RE 828 00:30:54,680 --> 00:30:56,320 DEVELOPING IN ADJACENT PROJECTS 829 00:30:56,320 --> 00:30:56,960 INCLUDING THE ARMAMENTARIUM 830 00:30:56,960 --> 00:30:57,720 PROJECT. 831 00:30:57,720 --> 00:30:59,280 THIS IS ALL VERY EXCITING. 832 00:30:59,280 --> 00:31:01,920 THE AC SEG RATION OF KNOWLEDGE 833 00:31:01,920 --> 00:31:03,960 FROM THESE KINDS OF PROJECTS IS 834 00:31:03,960 --> 00:31:06,200 TRULY BREATHTAKING. 835 00:31:06,200 --> 00:31:08,560 I HOPE YOU'LL AGREE. 836 00:31:08,560 --> 00:31:09,640 FROM A SYSTEMS POINT OF VIEW 837 00:31:09,640 --> 00:31:15,760 THERE'S A NICE PAPER THAT CAME 838 00:31:15,760 --> 00:31:21,680 OUT RECENTLY FROM HARVARD, USING 839 00:31:21,680 --> 00:31:23,680 VOLTAGE IMAGING, TO IDENTIFY 840 00:31:23,680 --> 00:31:31,440 SPINAL CIRCUITS THAT MODULATE 841 00:31:31,440 --> 00:31:41,880 LOCOMOTION IN ZEBRAFISH, 842 00:31:43,640 --> 00:31:44,600 IDENTIFYING NON-OSCILLATING 843 00:31:44,600 --> 00:31:45,880 NEURONS, REVEALING A ROLE IN 844 00:31:45,880 --> 00:31:47,520 REGULATIONING DURATION AND 845 00:31:47,520 --> 00:31:52,760 STRENGTH OF SWIMMING BUT NOT 846 00:31:52,760 --> 00:31:54,640 AFFECTING FREQUENCY. 847 00:31:54,640 --> 00:31:55,840 THIS ENABLES IN VIVO 848 00:31:55,840 --> 00:31:57,320 MEASUREMENT, ESSENTIAL FOR 849 00:31:57,320 --> 00:32:03,720 IDENTIFYING NATURAL ISTIC FIRING 850 00:32:03,720 --> 00:32:06,000 PATTERNS, OFFERING A WINDOW INTO 851 00:32:06,000 --> 00:32:09,160 BEHAVIOR, HELPFUL TO TEASE APART 852 00:32:09,160 --> 00:32:11,360 CIRCUITS, DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF 853 00:32:11,360 --> 00:32:13,600 BEHAVIOR THEY REGULATE. 854 00:32:13,600 --> 00:32:14,720 OKAY. 855 00:32:14,720 --> 00:32:16,640 SO, WITH SOME TREPIDATION I'M 856 00:32:16,640 --> 00:32:19,840 GOING TO PRESENT BRIEFLY A STUDY 857 00:32:19,840 --> 00:32:25,480 LED BY OUR OWN SAMIR. 858 00:32:25,480 --> 00:32:26,600 IF YOU'RE NOT IN THE O.R. FEEL 859 00:32:26,600 --> 00:32:28,040 FREE TO CORRECT ME IF I GET 860 00:32:28,040 --> 00:32:29,120 ANYTHING WRONG. 861 00:32:29,120 --> 00:32:30,760 THE EXCITING THING IN THE STUDY 862 00:32:30,760 --> 00:32:34,280 AND NEXT STUDY IS THE MOVE 863 00:32:34,280 --> 00:32:36,120 TOWARD PERSONALIZED TREATMENTS 864 00:32:36,120 --> 00:32:38,000 FOR MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS, 865 00:32:38,000 --> 00:32:41,720 THESE ARE DISORDERS THAT REALLY 866 00:32:41,720 --> 00:32:44,760 IMPACT THE PATIENTS, FAMILIES, 867 00:32:44,760 --> 00:32:46,000 SOCIETY IN GENERAL. 868 00:32:46,000 --> 00:32:47,720 WE NEED NEW APPROACHES FOR 869 00:32:47,720 --> 00:32:47,920 CURES. 870 00:32:47,920 --> 00:32:50,000 HERE WHAT WE'RE SEEING IS THE 871 00:32:50,000 --> 00:32:51,560 APPLICATION IN A VERY 872 00:32:51,560 --> 00:32:55,840 INTERESTING AND NOVEL WAY OF 873 00:32:55,840 --> 00:32:57,680 DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION TO TREAT 874 00:32:57,680 --> 00:32:58,440 SYMPTOMS. 875 00:32:58,440 --> 00:33:00,760 ONE OF THE CHALLENGES IS THAT 876 00:33:00,760 --> 00:33:03,720 IT'S NOT ALWAYS CLEAR WHEN AND 877 00:33:03,720 --> 00:33:05,600 WHERE TO STIMULATE. 878 00:33:05,600 --> 00:33:09,960 HERE SAMIR AND COLLEAGUES USED 879 00:33:09,960 --> 00:33:11,360 HOLOGRAPHIC AUGMENTED REALITY, 880 00:33:11,360 --> 00:33:13,520 THERE'S A REPRESENTATION OF A 881 00:33:13,520 --> 00:33:15,000 CONNECTIVITY WITHIN THE BRAIN. 882 00:33:15,000 --> 00:33:17,520 THEY USE THIS AUGMENTED REALITY 883 00:33:17,520 --> 00:33:21,240 TO PLAN THE IMPLANTATION OF DBS 884 00:33:21,240 --> 00:33:23,880 LEADS AND STEREOEEG RECORDING 885 00:33:23,880 --> 00:33:25,800 ELECTRODES AND USE RECORDINGS 886 00:33:25,800 --> 00:33:30,640 OVER ABOUT A WEEK-AND-A-HALF TO 887 00:33:30,640 --> 00:33:33,200 MONITOR ACTIVITY, CORRELATED 888 00:33:33,200 --> 00:33:34,880 WITH OTHER BEHAVIORAL 889 00:33:34,880 --> 00:33:35,320 MEASUREMENTS, OUTPUT 890 00:33:35,320 --> 00:33:41,600 MEASUREMENTS TO OPTIMIZE DBS 891 00:33:41,600 --> 00:33:43,200 STIMULATION PARAMETERS. 892 00:33:43,200 --> 00:33:44,560 THE PATIENT'S SYMPTOMS IMPROVE 893 00:33:44,560 --> 00:33:47,560 LEADING TO REMISSION, AS YOU CAN 894 00:33:47,560 --> 00:33:48,640 SEE HERE, AND DISCONTINUATION, 895 00:33:48,640 --> 00:33:51,200 AS YOU CAN SEE HERE, AND 896 00:33:51,200 --> 00:33:53,600 DISCONTINUATION IN A DOUBLE 897 00:33:53,600 --> 00:33:57,200 BLINDED STUDY SHOWED THAT IN 898 00:33:57,200 --> 00:33:58,120 FACT THIS STIMULATION WAS 899 00:33:58,120 --> 00:34:02,040 CAUSING AN IMPROVEMENT OF 900 00:34:02,040 --> 00:34:03,360 SYMPTOMS, WHEREAS THE DEVICE LED 901 00:34:03,360 --> 00:34:04,880 THE PATIENT BACK TO A BETTER 902 00:34:04,880 --> 00:34:05,480 MENTAL STATE. 903 00:34:05,480 --> 00:34:10,160 THIS IS ALL VERY EXCITING IN 904 00:34:10,160 --> 00:34:12,680 TERMS OF TAILORING THERAPIES TO 905 00:34:12,680 --> 00:34:13,160 INDIVIDUAL PATIENTS AND 906 00:34:13,160 --> 00:34:14,520 HOPEFULLY THIS WILL BE A 907 00:34:14,520 --> 00:34:23,520 TECHNIQUE THAT CAN BE SCALED UP 908 00:34:23,520 --> 00:34:24,760 OVER TIME. 909 00:34:24,760 --> 00:34:26,400 IN A ANOTHER STUDY THEY 910 00:34:26,400 --> 00:34:30,080 PERFORMED A SIMILAR TYPE OF 911 00:34:30,080 --> 00:34:32,600 EXPERIMENT, USING LONG-TERM 912 00:34:32,600 --> 00:34:36,640 MULTI-SIDE STEREO EEG RECORDINGS 913 00:34:36,640 --> 00:34:41,480 TO DETECT ACTIVITY MARKERS AND 914 00:34:41,480 --> 00:34:44,680 IDENTIFY TREATMENT LOCATION, I 915 00:34:44,680 --> 00:34:47,720 BELIEVE IN THE VENTRAL CAPSULE, 916 00:34:47,720 --> 00:34:49,320 IMPLANTED A TWO-WAY SENSING 917 00:34:49,320 --> 00:34:49,840 STIMULATION DBS DEVICE. 918 00:34:49,840 --> 00:34:57,200 WHAT THEY HAVE DONE IS THEY USED 919 00:34:57,200 --> 00:34:57,920 A BIOMARKER-DRIVEN CLOSED LOOP 920 00:34:57,920 --> 00:35:00,040 THERAPY RESULTS IN RAPID AND 921 00:35:00,040 --> 00:35:01,520 SUSTAINED IMPROVEMENT IN 922 00:35:01,520 --> 00:35:01,960 DEPRESSION. 923 00:35:01,960 --> 00:35:02,760 WE CAN TALK ABOUT WHETHER 924 00:35:02,760 --> 00:35:04,240 THERE'S A VALUE IN DOING THIS ON 925 00:35:04,240 --> 00:35:08,000 THE FLY, MOMENT TO MOMENT, BUT 926 00:35:08,000 --> 00:35:09,840 IT'S EXCITING FROM BOTH 927 00:35:09,840 --> 00:35:15,320 PERSPECTIVE OF TAILORING 928 00:35:15,320 --> 00:35:21,720 TREATMENTS TO INDIVIDUAL 929 00:35:21,720 --> 00:35:24,440 PATIENTS AND TAILORING THROUGH 930 00:35:24,440 --> 00:35:26,600 TIME, THROUGH CLOSED LOOP 931 00:35:26,600 --> 00:35:26,880 THERAPIES. 932 00:35:26,880 --> 00:35:28,400 DBS IS SHOWING IT HAS A LOT MORE 933 00:35:28,400 --> 00:35:32,000 TO GIVE US IN THE RIGHT HANDS 934 00:35:32,000 --> 00:35:33,200 WITH CREATIVITY, I'M LOOKING 935 00:35:33,200 --> 00:35:34,840 FORWARD TO SEEING BROADER 936 00:35:34,840 --> 00:35:38,840 APPLICATION OF THIS APPROACH IN 937 00:35:38,840 --> 00:35:42,200 THE YEARS TO COME. 938 00:35:42,200 --> 00:35:44,040 WE HAVE SEVERAL NEW FUNDING 939 00:35:44,040 --> 00:35:44,360 OPPORTUNITIES. 940 00:35:44,360 --> 00:35:49,720 I MENTIONED THE BRAIN CONNECTS 941 00:35:49,720 --> 00:35:51,880 RFAs, THREE RFAs. 942 00:35:51,880 --> 00:35:53,240 BRAIN IN THE TRANSLATIONAL 943 00:35:53,240 --> 00:35:55,760 DEVICE FIELD RECENTLY SIGNED ON 944 00:35:55,760 --> 00:35:57,600 TO ALIGN WITH BLUEPRINT -- THE 945 00:35:57,600 --> 00:36:01,000 BLUEPRINT MED TECH PROGRAM WHICH 946 00:36:01,000 --> 00:36:02,880 SETS UP TECHNOLOGY INNOVATOR 947 00:36:02,880 --> 00:36:05,600 HUBS, SO HERE WE ARE ENCOURAGING 948 00:36:05,600 --> 00:36:08,880 FOLKS TO APPLY TO THE BRAIN 949 00:36:08,880 --> 00:36:10,600 PROJECTS BUT HOPEFULLY WITH 950 00:36:10,600 --> 00:36:12,280 ABILITY TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF 951 00:36:12,280 --> 00:36:14,640 THESE INNOVATOR HUBS THAT WILL 952 00:36:14,640 --> 00:36:17,040 HELP EARLIER STAGE PROJECTS GET 953 00:36:17,040 --> 00:36:18,400 THROUGH THE EARLY STAGE 954 00:36:18,400 --> 00:36:19,160 DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATORY 955 00:36:19,160 --> 00:36:21,560 PROCESS AND ON TO DEPLOYMENT IN 956 00:36:21,560 --> 00:36:21,960 HUMANS. 957 00:36:21,960 --> 00:36:26,520 WE'VE ALSO SIGNED ON TO THIS 958 00:36:26,520 --> 00:36:29,040 SCIENCE EDUCATION PARTNER 959 00:36:29,040 --> 00:36:31,200 PROJECT, R25 PROGRAM ACROSS NIH. 960 00:36:31,200 --> 00:36:37,680 WE'RE TRYING TO EXPAND THE POOL 961 00:36:37,680 --> 00:36:39,320 OF BRAIN RESEARCHERS. 962 00:36:39,320 --> 00:36:40,760 THERE'S WAY TO STAY UP TO DATE 963 00:36:40,760 --> 00:36:41,840 ON FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES AND 964 00:36:41,840 --> 00:36:42,600 EVENTS. 965 00:36:42,600 --> 00:36:44,120 THERE'S THE BRAIN BLOG, BRAIN 966 00:36:44,120 --> 00:36:45,600 INITIATIVE WEBSITE, AS WELL AS 967 00:36:45,600 --> 00:36:47,080 THE GUIDE. 968 00:36:47,080 --> 00:36:50,680 OF COURSE, YOUR GREATEST REVERSE 969 00:36:50,680 --> 00:36:52,320 WOULD BE WITHIN OUR POOL OF 970 00:36:52,320 --> 00:36:53,200 TALENTED BRAIN PROGRAM OFFICERS 971 00:36:53,200 --> 00:36:54,840 AND YOU CAN FIND MORE 972 00:36:54,840 --> 00:37:05,320 INFORMATION ABOUT BRAIN AT OUR 973 00:37:05,880 --> 00:37:06,880 WEBSITE. 974 00:37:06,880 --> 00:37:11,160 I WILL STOP THERE AND OPEN THE 975 00:37:11,160 --> 00:37:11,960 FLOOR FOR QUESTIONS AND 976 00:37:11,960 --> 00:37:14,120 DISCUSSION. 977 00:37:14,120 --> 00:37:20,120 978 00:37:20,120 --> 00:37:28,280 979 00:37:28,280 --> 00:37:34,120 >> I DON'T SEE ANY HANDS RAISED. 980 00:37:34,120 --> 00:37:39,760 I THINK YOU DID A WONDERFUL, 981 00:37:39,760 --> 00:37:41,360 CLEAR, EXCITING PRESENTATION. 982 00:37:41,360 --> 00:37:45,080 I THINK MAYBE WE SHOULD MOVE ON, 983 00:37:45,080 --> 00:37:45,960 UNLESS -- ONE MORE CHANCE, 984 00:37:45,960 --> 00:37:48,240 ANYBODY WANT TO ASK JOHN ANY 985 00:37:48,240 --> 00:37:49,600 QUESTIONS? 986 00:37:49,600 --> 00:37:51,200 >> GOING, GOING, GONE. 987 00:37:51,200 --> 00:37:53,880 >> THIS IS DAVID FROM IARPA. 988 00:37:53,880 --> 00:37:54,520 CAN YOU HEAR ME? 989 00:37:54,520 --> 00:37:54,760 >> YES. 990 00:37:54,760 --> 00:37:56,600 >> MAYBE THERE IS NO ANSWER TO 991 00:37:56,600 --> 00:38:00,080 THIS QUESTION BUT I'M JUST 992 00:38:00,080 --> 00:38:02,600 CURIOUS, IF YOU HAVE A 993 00:38:02,600 --> 00:38:05,920 PREDICTION FOR THE TIME SCALE 994 00:38:05,920 --> 00:38:08,840 OVER WHICH THE DIVERSITY 995 00:38:08,840 --> 00:38:12,560 TRAINING AWARDS WILL TRANSLATE 996 00:38:12,560 --> 00:38:13,680 INTO HIGHER APPLICATION RATES, 997 00:38:13,680 --> 00:38:16,040 BY WOMEN AND MINORITIES, SO THAT 998 00:38:16,040 --> 00:38:17,640 THEY ARE BETTER REPRESENTED IN 999 00:38:17,640 --> 00:38:19,240 THE P.I. PORTFOLIO. 1000 00:38:19,240 --> 00:38:24,600 >> THAT'S A GREAT QUESTION, 1001 00:38:24,600 --> 00:38:25,000 DAVID. 1002 00:38:25,000 --> 00:38:28,960 WELL, I CAN GIVE THE OPTIMISTIC 1003 00:38:28,960 --> 00:38:33,360 OR REALISTIC VIEW. 1004 00:38:33,360 --> 00:38:36,640 SOMEWHERE IN BETWEEN, K99 R 00 1005 00:38:36,640 --> 00:38:39,160 PROGRAM IS DIRECTED WORD WOMEN 1006 00:38:39,160 --> 00:38:40,080 AND UNDERREPRESENTED GROUPS. 1007 00:38:40,080 --> 00:38:42,000 THE PROGRAM HASN'T BEEN AROUND 1008 00:38:42,000 --> 00:38:43,560 THAT LONG BUT WE'RE ALREADY 1009 00:38:43,560 --> 00:38:48,120 SEEING I THINK CLOSE TO 20+ 1010 00:38:48,120 --> 00:38:50,000 INVESTIGATORS WHO TRANSITIONED 1011 00:38:50,000 --> 00:38:54,000 TO THE R00 PHASE, SO THEY HAVE 1012 00:38:54,000 --> 00:38:55,400 BECOME INDEPENDENT FACULTY 1013 00:38:55,400 --> 00:38:55,720 MEMBERS. 1014 00:38:55,720 --> 00:39:00,720 SO WE'RE HOPEFUL THAT AT LEAST 1015 00:39:00,720 --> 00:39:02,920 SOME OF THESE JUNIOR INDEPENDENT 1016 00:39:02,920 --> 00:39:04,600 INVESTIGATORS WILL COME IN FROM 1017 00:39:04,600 --> 00:39:06,120 BRAIN FUNDING, THE IDEA IS TO 1018 00:39:06,120 --> 00:39:07,600 BRING THEM INTO OUR ECOSYSTEM 1019 00:39:07,600 --> 00:39:08,360 AND HOPEFULLY THEY WILL STICK 1020 00:39:08,360 --> 00:39:10,840 AROUND FOR A BIT. 1021 00:39:10,840 --> 00:39:14,000 SO, I'M HOPEFUL THAT WE'LL SEE 1022 00:39:14,000 --> 00:39:15,520 SOME INCREASE FROM THAT SEGMENT. 1023 00:39:15,520 --> 00:39:18,480 BACKING UP A LITTLE BIT WE'RE 1024 00:39:18,480 --> 00:39:22,400 ALSO FUNDING TOGETHER WITH 1025 00:39:22,400 --> 00:39:27,000 BLUEPRINT THE D SPAN PROGRAM, 1026 00:39:27,000 --> 00:39:30,520 THAT GIVES SUPPORT TO LATE STAGE 1027 00:39:30,520 --> 00:39:31,840 GRADUATE AND EARLY STAGE 1028 00:39:31,840 --> 00:39:32,960 POSTDOCAL TRAINING, TRYING TO 1029 00:39:32,960 --> 00:39:35,400 BRING IN MORE DIVERSE VOICES 1030 00:39:35,400 --> 00:39:37,440 INTO THE BRAIN ECOSYSTEM. 1031 00:39:37,440 --> 00:39:40,080 IT'S NOT JUST ABOUT MONEY. 1032 00:39:40,080 --> 00:39:42,680 MICHELE AND JOHN,Y CHURCHILL AND 1033 00:39:42,680 --> 00:39:43,560 COLLEAGUES AND TRAINING TEAM 1034 00:39:43,560 --> 00:39:49,800 HAVE DONE A GREAT JOB BUILDING 1035 00:39:49,800 --> 00:39:50,080 COMMUNITY. 1036 00:39:50,080 --> 00:39:51,760 THEY TALK TO EACH OTHER. 1037 00:39:51,760 --> 00:39:53,440 THERE'S PEER TO PEER SUPPORT, 1038 00:39:53,440 --> 00:39:57,720 MENTORING GOING ON. 1039 00:39:57,720 --> 00:39:58,720 I THINK THESE PROGRAMS WILL I 1040 00:39:58,720 --> 00:39:59,760 HOPE HELP. 1041 00:39:59,760 --> 00:40:01,200 IT COULD TAKE A SCIENTIFIC 1042 00:40:01,200 --> 00:40:03,400 GENERATION OR TWO TO SEE A 1043 00:40:03,400 --> 00:40:03,720 DIFFERENCE. 1044 00:40:03,720 --> 00:40:06,720 I MEAN, YOU KNOW, THIS IS A BIG 1045 00:40:06,720 --> 00:40:08,800 SHIP TO TURN. 1046 00:40:08,800 --> 00:40:09,440 SCIENCE GOES BY GENERATIONS. 1047 00:40:09,440 --> 00:40:13,200 AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE TREND. OF 1048 00:40:13,200 --> 00:40:18,080 AND IT'S NICE ALSO TO SEE THAT 1049 00:40:18,080 --> 00:40:20,720 WE HAVE ACCEPTED DIVERSITY OF 1050 00:40:20,720 --> 00:40:22,920 SUPPLEMENT REPORTS FROM OUR R00 1051 00:40:22,920 --> 00:40:27,600 GRANTEES, SO I THINK IT'S HAVING 1052 00:40:27,600 --> 00:40:30,680 A GENERATIVE EFFECT. 1053 00:40:30,680 --> 00:40:32,560 HOW WILL IT TAKE TO MOVE THE 1054 00:40:32,560 --> 00:40:32,840 NEEDLE? 1055 00:40:32,840 --> 00:40:34,040 I CAN'T TELL BUT WE'LL BE 1056 00:40:34,040 --> 00:40:34,760 WATCHING CLOSELY. 1057 00:40:34,760 --> 00:40:37,240 IF YOU DIG DOWN IN THE DATA IN 1058 00:40:37,240 --> 00:40:38,360 THE DEMOGRAPHICS ANALYSIS YOU'LL 1059 00:40:38,360 --> 00:40:41,440 SEE SOME YEARS ARE BETTER THAN 1060 00:40:41,440 --> 00:40:42,640 OTHERS BUT ARGUABLY IT'S ALL 1061 00:40:42,640 --> 00:40:44,480 IN -- I CAN'T SAY THAT ANY 1062 00:40:44,480 --> 00:40:47,040 CHANGE YEAR TO YEAR IS OUTSIDE 1063 00:40:47,040 --> 00:40:48,720 OF JUST NORMAL VARIABILITY. 1064 00:40:48,720 --> 00:40:50,640 I'M HOPING WE'LL START SEEING 1065 00:40:50,640 --> 00:40:52,920 THAT TREND MOVE UP. 1066 00:40:52,920 --> 00:40:54,600 SO REALISTICALLY IT MIGHT TAKE 1067 00:40:54,600 --> 00:40:55,800 ONE OR TWO SCIENTIFIC 1068 00:40:55,800 --> 00:40:56,800 GENERATIONS WHICH YOU MIGHT 1069 00:40:56,800 --> 00:40:58,440 COUNT AS BETWEEN FIVE AND TEN 1070 00:40:58,440 --> 00:40:58,640 YEARS. 1071 00:40:58,640 --> 00:41:00,400 I HOPE IT WILL BE ON THE SHORTER 1072 00:41:00,400 --> 00:41:06,320 RANGE BUT WE'RE DOING WHAT WE 1073 00:41:06,320 --> 00:41:09,400 CAN TO MAKE THAT TRAJECTORY GO 1074 00:41:09,400 --> 00:41:10,080 STEEPER. 1075 00:41:10,080 --> 00:41:15,320 JIM, YOU HAD YOUR FIRST UP AND 1076 00:41:15,320 --> 00:41:16,240 TED -- PHYSICAL HAND UP. 1077 00:41:16,240 --> 00:41:17,400 TED HAS A VIRTUAL HAND UP. 1078 00:41:17,400 --> 00:41:18,600 >> IT'S GREAT TO SEE THE 1079 00:41:18,600 --> 00:41:21,080 PROGRESS ON ALL THESE FRONTS. 1080 00:41:21,080 --> 00:41:22,720 MAYBE THIS WILL HAPPEN IN THE 1081 00:41:22,720 --> 00:41:24,280 CLOSED SESSION HEARING MORE 1082 00:41:24,280 --> 00:41:27,080 ABOUT THE PEDP PLANS PUT IN, AND 1083 00:41:27,080 --> 00:41:29,200 DEFICIENCIES THAT NEED TO BE 1084 00:41:29,200 --> 00:41:31,600 CORRECTED TO MAKE PLANS MORE 1085 00:41:31,600 --> 00:41:31,920 TENABLE. 1086 00:41:31,920 --> 00:41:33,680 MAYBE THAT WILL COME IN THE 1087 00:41:33,680 --> 00:41:34,960 CLOSED SESSION. 1088 00:41:34,960 --> 00:41:36,520 THE OTHER QUESTION I HAD THOUGH 1089 00:41:36,520 --> 00:41:37,760 RELATED TO SOMETHING YOU 1090 00:41:37,760 --> 00:41:39,280 MENTIONED DURING THE JANUARY 1091 00:41:39,280 --> 00:41:39,520 MEETING. 1092 00:41:39,520 --> 00:41:43,000 AND THAT'S WHETHER OR NOT 1093 00:41:43,000 --> 00:41:47,040 THERE'S BEEN MUCH PROGRESS ON 1094 00:41:47,040 --> 00:41:48,440 BRAIN WORKS INITIATIVE, THINKING 1095 00:41:48,440 --> 00:41:49,600 ABOUT SCIENCE, NEUROSCIENCE IN 1096 00:41:49,600 --> 00:41:50,840 GENERAL, AND I DON'T KNOW IF YOU 1097 00:41:50,840 --> 00:41:52,880 HAVE AN UPDATE ON THAT. 1098 00:41:52,880 --> 00:41:55,040 >> YEAH, SO THE BRAIN WORKS 1099 00:41:55,040 --> 00:41:57,320 PROJECT IS ONGOING. 1100 00:41:57,320 --> 00:41:58,960 DR. MOHAMMED GASSIMI IS WORKING 1101 00:41:58,960 --> 00:42:00,520 WITH US AGAIN. 1102 00:42:00,520 --> 00:42:02,560 HE FINISHED HIS ONE-YEAR DATA 1103 00:42:02,560 --> 00:42:03,320 SCHOLAR FELLOWSHIP WITH US AT 1104 00:42:03,320 --> 00:42:06,760 THE END OF LAST YEAR. 1105 00:42:06,760 --> 00:42:09,120 AND WE FIGURED OUT A WAY TO 1106 00:42:09,120 --> 00:42:09,920 CONTINUE COLLABORATING WITH HIM 1107 00:42:09,920 --> 00:42:12,640 ON THIS. 1108 00:42:12,640 --> 00:42:15,280 WE'RE LOOKING FORWARD TO USING 1109 00:42:15,280 --> 00:42:16,600 HIS NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING 1110 00:42:16,600 --> 00:42:20,520 ALGORITHMS TO REALLY HELP US 1111 00:42:20,520 --> 00:42:22,920 ASSESS NOT JUST WHAT BRAIN HAS 1112 00:42:22,920 --> 00:42:26,240 DONE BUT WHERE WE MIGHT BE GOING 1113 00:42:26,240 --> 00:42:26,480 WITH IT. 1114 00:42:26,480 --> 00:42:28,960 WE'VE HAD A LOT OF CONVERSATIONS 1115 00:42:28,960 --> 00:42:31,040 HERE AND ALSO INTERNALLY ABOUT 1116 00:42:31,040 --> 00:42:32,520 WHAT CONSTITUTES SUCCESS, HOW DO 1117 00:42:32,520 --> 00:42:33,800 YOU EVEN MEASURE SUCCESS. 1118 00:42:33,800 --> 00:42:36,640 CAN WE EVEN AGREE ON WHAT 1119 00:42:36,640 --> 00:42:37,440 SUCCESS LOOKS LIKE AND FORGET 1120 00:42:37,440 --> 00:42:39,120 HOW TO MEASURE IT. 1121 00:42:39,120 --> 00:42:40,720 WE'RE HOPING THAT WITH SOME MORE 1122 00:42:40,720 --> 00:42:44,080 SOPHISTICATED TOOLS WE MIGHT BE 1123 00:42:44,080 --> 00:42:48,800 ABLE TO APPROACH THIS IN A 1124 00:42:48,800 --> 00:42:49,440 HYPOTHESIS-DRIVEN WAY TO 1125 00:42:49,440 --> 00:42:50,640 UNDERSTAND WHAT WE'RE DOING AND 1126 00:42:50,640 --> 00:42:51,840 WHAT IMPACT WE'RE HAVING, WHAT 1127 00:42:51,840 --> 00:42:53,920 DOES THIS MEAN FOR US. 1128 00:42:53,920 --> 00:42:54,880 STAY TUNED. 1129 00:42:54,880 --> 00:42:56,040 WE'RE WORKING ON THAT. 1130 00:42:56,040 --> 00:42:58,080 MAYBE I'LL HAVE AN UPDATE FOR 1131 00:42:58,080 --> 00:42:59,480 EVERYBODY IN THE SUMMER, LATER 1132 00:42:59,480 --> 00:43:01,680 IN THE SUMMER. 1133 00:43:01,680 --> 00:43:06,560 WE MEET IN AUGUST. 1134 00:43:06,560 --> 00:43:07,000 TED? 1135 00:43:07,000 --> 00:43:08,120 >> THANKS, JOHN. 1136 00:43:08,120 --> 00:43:09,680 IT'S GREAT TO SEE EVERYBODY. 1137 00:43:09,680 --> 00:43:11,520 GREAT TO SEE EVERYTHING 1138 00:43:11,520 --> 00:43:11,880 HAPPENING. 1139 00:43:11,880 --> 00:43:14,520 I HAVE A COUPLE QUESTIONS AND A 1140 00:43:14,520 --> 00:43:14,760 COMMENT. 1141 00:43:14,760 --> 00:43:16,800 I HOPE THAT'S OKAY. 1142 00:43:16,800 --> 00:43:19,840 MY FIRST QUESTION IS FOLLOWING 1143 00:43:19,840 --> 00:43:22,240 UP ON THE QUESTION ABOUT 1144 00:43:22,240 --> 00:43:24,320 TRAINING AND DIVERSITY AND, YOU 1145 00:43:24,320 --> 00:43:27,720 KNOW, WE HAD THE K99 AND R00s, 1146 00:43:27,720 --> 00:43:31,040 WENT BACK EARLIER IN CAREER TO 1147 00:43:31,040 --> 00:43:31,240 F99. 1148 00:43:31,240 --> 00:43:33,960 BUT I'M INCREASINGLY STRUCK BY 1149 00:43:33,960 --> 00:43:36,600 THE CHALLENGES, THE MORE 1150 00:43:36,600 --> 00:43:37,960 MID-CAREER CHALLENGES. 1151 00:43:37,960 --> 00:43:40,880 YOU KNOW, THE K TO R TRANSITION, 1152 00:43:40,880 --> 00:43:43,800 AND ALSO THEN R TO R TRANSITION 1153 00:43:43,800 --> 00:43:45,000 WHERE YOU FIND INDIVIDUALS THAT 1154 00:43:45,000 --> 00:43:49,160 ARE SORT OF FAILING WITH ONE R 1155 00:43:49,160 --> 00:43:50,920 01 AS THEY SEEK TO TRANSITION. 1156 00:43:50,920 --> 00:43:52,160 IN PARTICULAR I WONDER IN THE 1157 00:43:52,160 --> 00:43:55,080 CONTEXT OF COVID, I KNOW THERE 1158 00:43:55,080 --> 00:43:56,400 WERE SOME EXTENSIONS GRANTED BUT 1159 00:43:56,400 --> 00:43:59,920 WORTH NOTING THE IMPACT OF COVID 1160 00:43:59,920 --> 00:44:00,360 HAS CONTINUED. 1161 00:44:00,360 --> 00:44:03,080 AND IN ALL SORTS OF WAYS ONE WAY 1162 00:44:03,080 --> 00:44:04,720 IS WITH, FOR EXAMPLE, STAFFING. 1163 00:44:04,720 --> 00:44:07,280 THAT MAKES IT MORE DIFFICULT NOW 1164 00:44:07,280 --> 00:44:10,520 TO DO SOME EXPERIMENTS, EVEN 1165 00:44:10,520 --> 00:44:13,840 THOUGH WE CAN, WITH REDUCED 1166 00:44:13,840 --> 00:44:14,280 RESTRICTIONS. 1167 00:44:14,280 --> 00:44:16,240 I WONDER WHAT THOUGHTS ARE 1168 00:44:16,240 --> 00:44:18,120 THINKING BEYOND K99 AND BEYOND 1169 00:44:18,120 --> 00:44:20,560 Rs, REALLY, TO THINK MORE 1170 00:44:20,560 --> 00:44:22,760 ABOUT CAREER AWARDS OR OTHER 1171 00:44:22,760 --> 00:44:25,040 THINGS TO HELP INDIVIDUALS AS 1172 00:44:25,040 --> 00:44:25,680 THEY NAVIGATE RATHER THAN JUST 1173 00:44:25,680 --> 00:44:27,200 WAITING FOR THIS TO GO THROUGH 1174 00:44:27,200 --> 00:44:28,000 THE GENERATIONS. 1175 00:44:28,000 --> 00:44:28,880 IT SEEMS LIKE THERE ARE PLACE 1176 00:44:28,880 --> 00:44:31,400 WHERE IS WE MIGHT BE ABLE TO 1177 00:44:31,400 --> 00:44:32,400 HAVE AN IMPACT. 1178 00:44:32,400 --> 00:44:33,880 >> YEAH, THAT'S A GREAT POINT, 1179 00:44:33,880 --> 00:44:34,560 TED. 1180 00:44:34,560 --> 00:44:38,280 WE'LL CERTAINLY KEEP THAT IN 1181 00:44:38,280 --> 00:44:38,520 MIND. 1182 00:44:38,520 --> 00:44:46,520 WE'VE BEEN ISSUING MORE THAN A 1183 00:44:46,520 --> 00:44:47,920 FEW COVID-RELATED REASONS AND 1184 00:44:47,920 --> 00:44:51,520 DELAYS, I THINK ACROSS NIH THE 1185 00:44:51,520 --> 00:44:54,280 MODE HAS BEEN TO ERR ON THE SIDE 1186 00:44:54,280 --> 00:44:55,760 OF BEING GENEROUS. 1187 00:44:55,760 --> 00:44:57,680 ONE THING WE'RE VERY MUCH 1188 00:44:57,680 --> 00:44:59,720 KEEPING AN EYE ON, LET'S SEE 1189 00:44:59,720 --> 00:45:02,840 WHAT THE FY 22 DEMOGRAPHICS LOOK 1190 00:45:02,840 --> 00:45:04,520 LIKE, I'M REALLY CONCERNED THAT 1191 00:45:04,520 --> 00:45:07,480 WE'RE GOING TO SEE A DISPARITY 1192 00:45:07,480 --> 00:45:09,520 IN FUNDING SUCCESS RATES. 1193 00:45:09,520 --> 00:45:11,360 WE DIDN'T SEE THEM IN 2021 BUT 1194 00:45:11,360 --> 00:45:12,880 I'M NOT TAKING ANYTHING FOR 1195 00:45:12,880 --> 00:45:13,560 GRANTED HERE. 1196 00:45:13,560 --> 00:45:15,120 I THINK THE MID-CAREER PHASE, I 1197 00:45:15,120 --> 00:45:16,400 WENT THROUGH THIS MYSELF. 1198 00:45:16,400 --> 00:45:18,840 IT'S A TOUGH TIME, RIGHT? 1199 00:45:18,840 --> 00:45:20,120 SOMEWAY SAY THE HARDEST THING TO 1200 00:45:20,120 --> 00:45:23,400 DO IS GET YOUR FIRST R01 BUT 1201 00:45:23,400 --> 00:45:25,720 IT'S TO GET YOUR SECOND, OR DO 1202 00:45:25,720 --> 00:45:29,160 WE NEED A FIRST ONE, WHAT CARLA 1203 00:45:29,160 --> 00:45:34,320 REFERRED TO, LOOKING AT ME, AS 1204 00:45:34,320 --> 00:45:35,440 THE UGLY DUCKLING PHASE. 1205 00:45:35,440 --> 00:45:39,160 WE'RE LOOKING AT OTHER WAYS TO 1206 00:45:39,160 --> 00:45:40,520 RETAIN CERTAIN PROFESSIONALS IN 1207 00:45:40,520 --> 00:45:42,160 THE SPACE WHO MIGHT OTHERWISE BE 1208 00:45:42,160 --> 00:45:43,640 PULLED TO OTHER CAREER OPTIONS. 1209 00:45:43,640 --> 00:45:46,880 WE'RE PLOOKING -- LOOKING AT 1210 00:45:46,880 --> 00:45:47,200 ALL THIS. 1211 00:45:47,200 --> 00:45:49,360 IT'S ALL IN THE MIX. 1212 00:45:49,360 --> 00:45:51,120 >> THINKING ABOUT MAYBE 1213 00:45:51,120 --> 00:45:52,120 PARTICULAR KINDS OF K AWARDS, 1214 00:45:52,120 --> 00:45:54,400 THAT STRIKES ME AS SOMETHING TO 1215 00:45:54,400 --> 00:45:56,720 THINK ABOUT CREATIVELY. 1216 00:45:56,720 --> 00:45:57,120 >> RIGHT. 1217 00:45:57,120 --> 00:45:59,960 >> THE OTHER THING I JUST WANTED 1218 00:45:59,960 --> 00:46:02,080 TO RAISE AS WE THINK ABOUT 1219 00:46:02,080 --> 00:46:03,760 TREATMENTS WHICH IS ABSOLUTELY 1220 00:46:03,760 --> 00:46:06,120 TERRIFIC, SOME OF THE DBS YOU 1221 00:46:06,120 --> 00:46:07,000 WERE PRESENTING. 1222 00:46:07,000 --> 00:46:10,600 YOU KNOW, I'M STRUCK, THIS IS A 1223 00:46:10,600 --> 00:46:12,120 GENERAL COMMENT, BY HOW MUCH AS 1224 00:46:12,120 --> 00:46:14,000 WE THINK ABOUT THIS 1225 00:46:14,000 --> 00:46:16,080 CONCEPTUALLY, I THINK MANY 1226 00:46:16,080 --> 00:46:18,240 PEOPLE THINK ABOUT BRINGING 1227 00:46:18,240 --> 00:46:21,200 FUNCTION TO WHAT IT WAS 1228 00:46:21,200 --> 00:46:21,480 TYPICALLY. 1229 00:46:21,480 --> 00:46:23,000 AND I CERTAINLY HAVE SEEN THIS 1230 00:46:23,000 --> 00:46:25,840 IN THE AUTISM FIELD AND IN THE 1231 00:46:25,840 --> 00:46:27,560 NEURODEVELOPMENTAL FIELD WHERE 1232 00:46:27,560 --> 00:46:29,520 NOW WE FOR SOME OF THE, YOU 1233 00:46:29,520 --> 00:46:31,640 KNOW, THE MOTOR NEURON DISEASES 1234 00:46:31,640 --> 00:46:36,640 WE HAVE SOME AAV TREATMENTS. 1235 00:46:36,640 --> 00:46:38,840 EVEN THERE IT'S BEEN DIFFICULT 1236 00:46:38,840 --> 00:46:39,520 TO MEASURE FUNCTION. 1237 00:46:39,520 --> 00:46:41,160 WE'RE NOT JUST GOING TO RESTORE 1238 00:46:41,160 --> 00:46:41,400 FUNCTION. 1239 00:46:41,400 --> 00:46:43,880 I REMEMBER SOME WORK FROM HELEN 1240 00:46:43,880 --> 00:46:45,520 NEVILLE FROM DECADES AGO, 1241 00:46:45,520 --> 00:46:46,960 LOOKING AT SECOND LANGUAGE 1242 00:46:46,960 --> 00:46:49,120 LEARNING, AND AMERICAN SIGN 1243 00:46:49,120 --> 00:46:50,240 LANGUAGE LEARNING, WHERE THERE 1244 00:46:50,240 --> 00:46:51,000 WERE NEURAL CIRCUITS ON THE 1245 00:46:51,000 --> 00:46:52,960 OTHER SIDE OF THE BRAIN THAT 1246 00:46:52,960 --> 00:46:55,280 WIND UP BEING INVOLVED AND OTHER 1247 00:46:55,280 --> 00:46:57,480 PARTS OF THE BRAIN IN PLASTICITY 1248 00:46:57,480 --> 00:46:59,520 THAT ACTUALLY CAN DRIVE SOME 1249 00:46:59,520 --> 00:47:01,080 SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING AND 1250 00:47:01,080 --> 00:47:03,120 FUNCTIONAL SECOND LANGUAGE BUT 1251 00:47:03,120 --> 00:47:04,560 ARE ACTUALLY DISTINCT FROM WHAT 1252 00:47:04,560 --> 00:47:06,440 WOULD BE THE PRIMARY LANGUAGE. 1253 00:47:06,440 --> 00:47:09,600 I THINK THINKING MORE CREATIVELY 1254 00:47:09,600 --> 00:47:12,000 ABOUT WHAT WE MIGHT EXPECT THESE 1255 00:47:12,000 --> 00:47:14,680 THERAPIES TO DO IS ACTUALLY 1256 00:47:14,680 --> 00:47:15,280 REALLY IMPORTANT. 1257 00:47:15,280 --> 00:47:16,960 I THINK WE HAVEN'T REALLY EVEN 1258 00:47:16,960 --> 00:47:17,960 THOUGHT ABOUT THAT BECAUSE WE'VE 1259 00:47:17,960 --> 00:47:19,240 BEEN SO FAR FROM ALL THIS. 1260 00:47:19,240 --> 00:47:21,800 IT'S KIND OF TIME TO THINK ABOUT 1261 00:47:21,800 --> 00:47:22,040 THAT. 1262 00:47:22,040 --> 00:47:23,440 IF WE DON'T THINK ABOUT IT, WE 1263 00:47:23,440 --> 00:47:25,280 MIGHT HAVE HAVE A THERAPY WE MAY 1264 00:47:25,280 --> 00:47:26,800 NOT KNOW IS EFFICACIOUS BECAUSE 1265 00:47:26,800 --> 00:47:28,280 WE CAN'T ACTUALLY SEE IT BECAUSE 1266 00:47:28,280 --> 00:47:30,200 WE DON'T HAVE THE RIGHT 1267 00:47:30,200 --> 00:47:30,480 MEASURES. 1268 00:47:30,480 --> 00:47:32,480 SO A LOT OF THE MEASURES WE 1269 00:47:32,480 --> 00:47:34,560 HAVE, PARTICULARLY IN THE 1270 00:47:34,560 --> 00:47:35,640 PSYCHIATRIC SPACE, ARE OFTEN 1271 00:47:35,640 --> 00:47:39,080 MEASURES THAT ARE BASED ON 1272 00:47:39,080 --> 00:47:39,760 DIAGNOSING SOMEBODY, NOT 1273 00:47:39,760 --> 00:47:41,160 ACTUALLY GETTING A SENSE OWH 1274 00:47:41,160 --> 00:47:42,200 R THEY ARE IMPROVING OR 1275 00:47:42,200 --> 00:47:42,840 NOT. 1276 00:47:42,840 --> 00:47:44,160 I THINK WE HAVE A LOT OF WORK TO 1277 00:47:44,160 --> 00:47:46,680 DO AS WE THINK ABOUT THE 1278 00:47:46,680 --> 00:47:47,920 OPPORTUNITY OF THERAPIES. 1279 00:47:47,920 --> 00:47:50,640 >> YEAH, THAT'S A GREAT POINT, 1280 00:47:50,640 --> 00:47:50,840 TED. 1281 00:47:50,840 --> 00:47:56,440 I AGREE WITH ALL OF THE ABOVE. 1282 00:47:56,440 --> 00:47:57,440 ALSO, TO APPRECIATE THAT THE 1283 00:47:57,440 --> 00:48:00,280 BRAIN ONCE WE'RE HATCHED IS NOT 1284 00:48:00,280 --> 00:48:01,600 STATIC, AS YOU'RE PERHAPS 1285 00:48:01,600 --> 00:48:03,000 GETTING TO THIS A BIT. 1286 00:48:03,000 --> 00:48:03,440 >> RIGHT. 1287 00:48:03,440 --> 00:48:05,520 >> THIS WAS A BIG MOTIVATION 1288 00:48:05,520 --> 00:48:06,720 BEHIND THE LIFESPAN WORKSHOP IS 1289 00:48:06,720 --> 00:48:09,160 TO REALLY UNDERSTAND HOW IS THE 1290 00:48:09,160 --> 00:48:10,560 BRAIN CHANGING OVER TIME. 1291 00:48:10,560 --> 00:48:12,320 WHEN WE DO THINK ABOUT 1292 00:48:12,320 --> 00:48:13,840 INTERVENTIONS, WHAT ARE WE 1293 00:48:13,840 --> 00:48:15,440 TRYING, AS YOU SAY, WHERE ARE WE 1294 00:48:15,440 --> 00:48:16,920 TRYING TO GET THE BRAIN BACK TO 1295 00:48:16,920 --> 00:48:18,120 AND WHAT IS IT CAPABLE OF DOING 1296 00:48:18,120 --> 00:48:19,760 AND HOW DO WE MEASURE IT? 1297 00:48:19,760 --> 00:48:22,800 THIS GOES AT ALL LEVELS OF 1298 00:48:22,800 --> 00:48:25,880 ANALYSIS, BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS AS 1299 00:48:25,880 --> 00:48:27,520 WELL AS ON THE -- IN TERMS OF 1300 00:48:27,520 --> 00:48:29,600 CELLULAR BASIS. 1301 00:48:29,600 --> 00:48:35,440 IF WE LOOK, FOR EXAMPLE, AT THE 1302 00:48:35,440 --> 00:48:36,080 BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER, CELLULAR 1303 00:48:36,080 --> 00:48:37,280 CONSTITUENTS CHANGE OVER THE 1304 00:48:37,280 --> 00:48:39,880 LIFETIME OF THE ANIMAL OR HUMAN. 1305 00:48:39,880 --> 00:48:41,640 IF WE'RE THINKING ABOUT, FOR 1306 00:48:41,640 --> 00:48:42,960 EXAMPLE, THERAPIES THAT DEAL 1307 00:48:42,960 --> 00:48:45,600 WITH CROSSING OR BREACHING THE 1308 00:48:45,600 --> 00:48:47,000 BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER THIS WILL 1309 00:48:47,000 --> 00:48:48,440 LIKELY BE DIFFERENT FOR YOUNG 1310 00:48:48,440 --> 00:48:51,640 CHILD, YOUNG CHILD, VERSUS OLDER 1311 00:48:51,640 --> 00:48:51,960 ADULT. 1312 00:48:51,960 --> 00:48:52,600 I AGREE COMPLETELY. 1313 00:48:52,600 --> 00:48:54,120 AND THIS IS ONE OF THE 1314 00:48:54,120 --> 00:48:56,440 CHALLENGES THAT WE ARE FACING. 1315 00:48:56,440 --> 00:48:58,600 >> THANK YOU. 1316 00:48:58,600 --> 00:49:00,520 >> I JUST WANT TO MAKE A QUICK 1317 00:49:00,520 --> 00:49:02,000 COMMENT ON THAT ALSO. 1318 00:49:02,000 --> 00:49:03,560 I THINK THE OTHER THING THAT NIH 1319 00:49:03,560 --> 00:49:05,280 IN GENERAL IS STARTING TO PAY 1320 00:49:05,280 --> 00:49:06,720 MORE ATTENTION TO ARE PATIENT 1321 00:49:06,720 --> 00:49:08,080 OUTCOMES AND WHAT IS IT THAT'S 1322 00:49:08,080 --> 00:49:09,320 MEANINGFUL FOR A PATIENT. 1323 00:49:09,320 --> 00:49:11,880 SO IT MAY NOT NECESSARILY BE 1324 00:49:11,880 --> 00:49:13,720 FULL RESTORATION OF CERTAIN 1325 00:49:13,720 --> 00:49:15,040 FUNCTIONS BUT RESTORING 1326 00:49:15,040 --> 00:49:16,440 FUNCTIONS THAT REALLY CAN AFFECT 1327 00:49:16,440 --> 00:49:18,320 THE QUALITY OF THEIR LIVES. 1328 00:49:18,320 --> 00:49:20,720 SO I AGREE IT'S A REALLY GOOD 1329 00:49:20,720 --> 00:49:22,920 POINT. 1330 00:49:22,920 --> 00:49:24,960 1331 00:49:24,960 --> 00:49:27,000 JOHN, IF YOU'RE READY WE CAN 1332 00:49:27,000 --> 00:49:29,160 MOVE ON TO HANK. 1333 00:49:29,160 --> 00:49:30,920 >> IN THE INTEREST OF STAYING ON 1334 00:49:30,920 --> 00:49:33,760 TIME FOR ONCE, PROFESSOR GREELY? 1335 00:49:33,760 --> 00:49:36,480 >> WHY THANK YOU, DR. NGAI. 1336 00:49:36,480 --> 00:49:37,880 YOU WERE SO SUCCINCT IN YOUR 1337 00:49:37,880 --> 00:49:39,040 PRESENTATION I THOUGHT I WAS 1338 00:49:39,040 --> 00:49:40,640 GOING TO HAVE 23 MINUTES TO TALK 1339 00:49:40,640 --> 00:49:42,600 INSTEAD OF 10 MINUTES TO TALK. 1340 00:49:42,600 --> 00:49:44,560 I WASN'T PLANNING TO USE THE 23, 1341 00:49:44,560 --> 00:49:46,440 I'M NOT PLANNING TO USE THE 1342 00:49:46,440 --> 00:49:47,880 WHOLE 10. 1343 00:49:47,880 --> 00:49:49,840 GREETINGS FROM THE NEUROETHICS 1344 00:49:49,840 --> 00:49:51,360 WORKING GROUP. 1345 00:49:51,360 --> 00:49:53,680 WE TYPICALLY MEET TWICE A YEAR. 1346 00:49:53,680 --> 00:49:55,560 WE MEET BEFORE THE JANUARY 1347 00:49:55,560 --> 00:49:56,480 MEETING OF THE MULTI-COUNCIL 1348 00:49:56,480 --> 00:49:59,400 WORKING GROUP AND BEFORE THE 1349 00:49:59,400 --> 00:50:00,000 AUGUST MEETING. 1350 00:50:00,000 --> 00:50:02,200 OUR LAST MEETING WAS JANUARY 24. 1351 00:50:02,200 --> 00:50:04,480 I REPORTED ON THAT MEETING AT 1352 00:50:04,480 --> 00:50:06,720 THE JANUARY 25 MEETING OF THE 1353 00:50:06,720 --> 00:50:08,000 MULTI-COUNCIL WORKING GROUP, WE 1354 00:50:08,000 --> 00:50:09,120 HAVEN'T MET SINCE THEN SO I 1355 00:50:09,120 --> 00:50:10,640 DON'T HAVE MUCH IN THE WAY OF 1356 00:50:10,640 --> 00:50:12,040 NEW THINGS TO REPORT. 1357 00:50:12,040 --> 00:50:15,240 BUT I DO HAVE A LITTLE BIT. 1358 00:50:15,240 --> 00:50:18,280 OUR GROUP IS HOLDING A WORKSHOP 1359 00:50:18,280 --> 00:50:18,840 ON CLINICAL TRIAL 1360 00:50:18,840 --> 00:50:19,600 RESPONSIBILITIES THAT MAY 1361 00:50:19,600 --> 00:50:21,560 CONTINUE PAST THE END OF THE 1362 00:50:21,560 --> 00:50:24,320 TRIAL THAT WILL BE TUESDAY AND 1363 00:50:24,320 --> 00:50:25,520 WEDNESDAY OF NEXT WEEK. 1364 00:50:25,520 --> 00:50:28,560 IT'S BEEN AN ISSUE THAT'S BEEN 1365 00:50:28,560 --> 00:50:31,440 ON MANY PEOPLE'S MINDS WITH 1366 00:50:31,440 --> 00:50:34,320 RESPECT TO PARTICULARLY 1367 00:50:34,320 --> 00:50:36,120 IMPLANTED DEVICES, IN PEOPLE. 1368 00:50:36,120 --> 00:50:39,200 WE ARE ALSO CONTINUING TO BE 1369 00:50:39,200 --> 00:50:40,640 AVAILABLE FOR CONSULTS, FOR 1370 00:50:40,640 --> 00:50:42,440 PEOPLE WHO HAVE GRANTS FROM THE 1371 00:50:42,440 --> 00:50:44,640 BRAIN INITIATIVE AS WELL AS FROM 1372 00:50:44,640 --> 00:50:46,600 THE PROGRAM OFFICE, PROGRAM 1373 00:50:46,600 --> 00:50:47,600 STAFF, AND SO ON. 1374 00:50:47,600 --> 00:50:51,200 WE'RE DOING A CONSULT NEXT WEEK, 1375 00:50:51,200 --> 00:50:53,520 NEXT FRIDAY, ABOUT AN ETHICAL 1376 00:50:53,520 --> 00:50:57,320 ISSUE WITH RESPECT TO A GRANT 1377 00:50:57,320 --> 00:50:57,640 APPLICATION. 1378 00:50:57,640 --> 00:50:59,320 OTHER THAN THAT, WITH RESPECT TO 1379 00:50:59,320 --> 00:51:00,320 THE NEUROETHICS WORKING GROUP 1380 00:51:00,320 --> 00:51:02,520 ITSELF, THERE ARE TEN OF US. 1381 00:51:02,520 --> 00:51:04,600 I CO-CHAIR IT ALONG WITH 1382 00:51:04,600 --> 00:51:06,440 CHRISTINE GRADY, CHIEF OF THE 1383 00:51:06,440 --> 00:51:08,400 NIH DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE, 1384 00:51:08,400 --> 00:51:10,400 DEPARTMENT OF BIOETHICS AT THE 1385 00:51:10,400 --> 00:51:11,720 CLINICAL MEDICAL CENTER. 1386 00:51:11,720 --> 00:51:15,240 BUT JOHN HAS BEEN CONTINUING TO 1387 00:51:15,240 --> 00:51:19,160 ROTATE THE MEMBERSHIP OF IT. 1388 00:51:19,160 --> 00:51:20,360 GOING OFF OUR COMMITTEE, AT THE 1389 00:51:20,360 --> 00:51:23,440 LAST MEETING, WAS THE MAN OF 1390 00:51:23,440 --> 00:51:25,480 MANY HATS, STEVE HYMAN, LOSING 1391 00:51:25,480 --> 00:51:28,240 ONE HIS HATS, I'M HAPPY TO SAY 1392 00:51:28,240 --> 00:51:30,920 THAT HE'S BEING REPLACED, WELL, 1393 00:51:30,920 --> 00:51:35,480 REPLACED, HIS HAT IS BEING TAKEN 1394 00:51:35,480 --> 00:51:37,160 UP BY HIS SUCCESSOR IN ANOTHER 1395 00:51:37,160 --> 00:51:42,200 HAT, NEW PRESIDENT OF THE DANA 1396 00:51:42,200 --> 00:51:43,400 FOUNDATION, DR. CAROLINA MONTOJO 1397 00:51:43,400 --> 00:51:48,680 JOINING AT OUR AUGUST MEETING. 1398 00:51:48,680 --> 00:51:50,280 THAT'S IT FOR SPECIFIC COMMENTS. 1399 00:51:50,280 --> 00:51:52,040 A COUPLE OTHER THINGS TO COMMENT 1400 00:51:52,040 --> 00:51:55,880 ON MORE BROADLY IN NEUROETHICS, 1401 00:51:55,880 --> 00:51:59,480 ON FEBRUARY 7, LED BY FRANCIS 1402 00:51:59,480 --> 00:52:02,240 SHEN, WHO IS A P.I. ON ONE OF 1403 00:52:02,240 --> 00:52:03,640 THE NEUROETHICS GRANTS, THE 1404 00:52:03,640 --> 00:52:05,280 NEUROETHICS P.I.s GOT TOGETHER 1405 00:52:05,280 --> 00:52:08,880 AND HELD A VIRTUAL MEETING, 1406 00:52:08,880 --> 00:52:09,960 INVITING MEMBERS OF THE -- 1407 00:52:09,960 --> 00:52:12,040 MEMBERS AND STAFF MEMBERS FROM 1408 00:52:12,040 --> 00:52:13,080 THE NEUROETHICS WORKING GROUP, 1409 00:52:13,080 --> 00:52:15,600 IT WENT REALLY WELL. 1410 00:52:15,600 --> 00:52:17,200 THEY PLANNED TO CONTINUE TO HAVE 1411 00:52:17,200 --> 00:52:18,320 MEETINGS OF THE NEUROETHICS 1412 00:52:18,320 --> 00:52:19,280 P.I.s, AND TALK ABOUT WHERE 1413 00:52:19,280 --> 00:52:23,440 THE FIELD IS DOING AND WHAT CAN 1414 00:52:23,440 --> 00:52:24,240 BE DONE. 1415 00:52:24,240 --> 00:52:26,960 SECOND, EXACTLY ONE HOUR AND 1416 00:52:26,960 --> 00:52:31,240 FIVE MINUTES AGO, I GOT AN 1417 00:52:31,240 --> 00:52:35,920 E-MAIL FROM KHARA RAMOS, WHO IS 1418 00:52:35,920 --> 00:52:37,480 NOW WITH THE DANA FOUNDATION, 1419 00:52:37,480 --> 00:52:39,440 SAYING THE DANA FOUNDATION IS 1420 00:52:39,440 --> 00:52:40,880 SEEKING APPLICATIONS FOR 1421 00:52:40,880 --> 00:52:42,840 PLANNING GRANTS FOR FUTURE DANA 1422 00:52:42,840 --> 00:52:45,040 CENTERS FOR NEUROSCIENCE AND 1423 00:52:45,040 --> 00:52:45,360 SOCIETY. 1424 00:52:45,360 --> 00:52:47,360 DANA IS PLANNING TO FUND AT 1425 00:52:47,360 --> 00:52:48,400 APPROXIMATELY A MILLION DOLLARS 1426 00:52:48,400 --> 00:52:51,040 A YEAR FOR FIVE YEARS ONE OR 1427 00:52:51,040 --> 00:52:52,760 MORE CENTERS ON NEUROSCIENCE AND 1428 00:52:52,760 --> 00:52:55,200 SOCIETY WHICH I THINK IS ANOTHER 1429 00:52:55,200 --> 00:52:57,600 VERY GOOD SIGN ABOUT THE 1430 00:52:57,600 --> 00:53:01,240 IMPORTANCE WITH WHICH THE 1431 00:53:01,240 --> 00:53:03,640 ETHICAL, SOCIAL AND LEGAL ISSUES 1432 00:53:03,640 --> 00:53:04,400 RAISED BY NEUROSCIENTISTS ARE 1433 00:53:04,400 --> 00:53:05,280 BEING TAKEN. 1434 00:53:05,280 --> 00:53:08,680 THERE'S BEEN CONVERSATION IN THE 1435 00:53:08,680 --> 00:53:14,160 GENERAL FIELD AROUND THE NOOG 1436 00:53:14,160 --> 00:53:15,240 GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR 1437 00:53:15,240 --> 00:53:19,720 NEUROETHICS, SIMILAR BUT MAYBE 1438 00:53:19,720 --> 00:53:21,240 DIFFERENT FROM OECD, NOTHING 1439 00:53:21,240 --> 00:53:22,120 SUBSTANTIVE TO REPORT OTHER THAN 1440 00:53:22,120 --> 00:53:23,840 OUR WORK CONTINUES TO BE 1441 00:53:23,840 --> 00:53:24,240 NOTICED. 1442 00:53:24,240 --> 00:53:26,120 IT CONTINUES TO BE NOTICED IN 1443 00:53:26,120 --> 00:53:28,360 LARGE PART, THANKS TO THE HUGE 1444 00:53:28,360 --> 00:53:36,320 HELP WE GET FROM DR. NINA HSU, 1445 00:53:36,320 --> 00:53:38,600 OUR STAFF CONTACT, WITH THE 1446 00:53:38,600 --> 00:53:40,360 BRAIN INITIATIVE AND DR. 1447 00:53:40,360 --> 00:53:43,760 HENDRICKS OF THE NIH CLINICAL 1448 00:53:43,760 --> 00:53:44,920 BIOETHICS CENTER WHO WORKS ON A 1449 00:53:44,920 --> 00:53:47,160 LOT OF ISSUES AROUND THE 1450 00:53:47,160 --> 00:53:47,760 NEUROETHICS WORKING GROUP. 1451 00:53:47,760 --> 00:53:49,920 I THINK THAT'S THE END OF MY 1452 00:53:49,920 --> 00:53:52,120 REPORT, JOHN, IN APPROXIMATELY 1453 00:53:52,120 --> 00:53:54,280 FOUR MINUTES AND SEVEN SECONDS. 1454 00:53:54,280 --> 00:53:55,280 >> THANK YOU, HANK. 1455 00:53:55,280 --> 00:53:57,160 >> YOU'RE WELCOME, JOHN. 1456 00:53:57,160 --> 00:53:59,920 >> WE HAVE TIME FOR QUESTIONS OR 1457 00:53:59,920 --> 00:54:09,720 COMMENTS. 1458 00:54:09,720 --> 00:54:11,480 >> THEY DID WITH WITH YOU TOO, 1459 00:54:11,480 --> 00:54:14,320 NOBODY ASKED A QUESTION FOR 1460 00:54:14,320 --> 00:54:16,280 SEVERAL SECONDS AND YOU GOT 1461 00:54:16,280 --> 00:54:16,520 DELUGED. 1462 00:54:16,520 --> 00:54:17,920 >> LET'S GIVE PEOPLE A BIT OF 1463 00:54:17,920 --> 00:54:18,760 TIME. 1464 00:54:18,760 --> 00:54:22,520 WE'RE VERY MUCH LOOKING FORWARD 1465 00:54:22,520 --> 00:54:24,600 TO THE CONTINUING 1466 00:54:24,600 --> 00:54:25,800 RESPONSIBILITIES OR WORKSHOP, 1467 00:54:25,800 --> 00:54:27,440 SOMETHING THAT'S BEEN FACING 1468 00:54:27,440 --> 00:54:32,240 US -- IT FACES THE WHOLE FIELD 1469 00:54:32,240 --> 00:54:34,880 OF BIOMEDICINE BUT I DO FEEL 1470 00:54:34,880 --> 00:54:37,400 ONCE WE ARE IMPLANTING DEVICES 1471 00:54:37,400 --> 00:54:40,360 INTO PEOPLE'S HEADS, THIS DOES 1472 00:54:40,360 --> 00:54:42,880 TAKE ON SOME ADDITIONAL AREAS OF 1473 00:54:42,880 --> 00:54:43,880 CONCERN. 1474 00:54:43,880 --> 00:54:49,600 I SEE TED HAS HIS HAND RAISED. 1475 00:54:49,600 --> 00:54:50,960 >> HANK, THANKS A LOT. 1476 00:54:50,960 --> 00:54:52,600 VERY INTERESTING HEARING THE 1477 00:54:52,600 --> 00:54:53,200 DISCUSSIONS. 1478 00:54:53,200 --> 00:54:55,680 I HAVE A KIND OF A GENERAL 1479 00:54:55,680 --> 00:54:57,760 COMMENT IN THIS SPACE, AND I'VE 1480 00:54:57,760 --> 00:54:59,360 MADE THIS COMMENT TO JOHN, AND I 1481 00:54:59,360 --> 00:55:03,200 JUST THOUGHT I WOULD MAKE IT TO 1482 00:55:03,200 --> 00:55:04,560 THIS GROUP. 1483 00:55:04,560 --> 00:55:09,440 LAST TIME I BELIEVE, MAYBE IT 1484 00:55:09,440 --> 00:55:12,440 WAS IN LAST NEW EGG MEETING, OR 1485 00:55:12,440 --> 00:55:13,720 IN THIS MEETING, I'M SORRY, I 1486 00:55:13,720 --> 00:55:15,800 CAN'T REMEMBER, A CLINICAL TRIAL 1487 00:55:15,800 --> 00:55:17,760 PARTICIPANT SPEAK WHICH WAS 1488 00:55:17,760 --> 00:55:19,440 REALLY, REALLY TERRIFIC. 1489 00:55:19,440 --> 00:55:22,560 AND I THINK AS WE THINK AND LOOK 1490 00:55:22,560 --> 00:55:26,080 TO THE FUTURE WHERE WE'RE ABLE 1491 00:55:26,080 --> 00:55:28,360 TO HAVE THERAPEUTIC IMPACT WITH 1492 00:55:28,360 --> 00:55:29,360 THE TECHNOLOGIES DEVELOPED BY 1493 00:55:29,360 --> 00:55:31,000 THE BRAIN INITIATIVE, I THINK 1494 00:55:31,000 --> 00:55:34,000 IT'S MORE AND MORE IMPORTANT TO 1495 00:55:34,000 --> 00:55:35,080 INCORPORATE INDIVIDUALS AND 1496 00:55:35,080 --> 00:55:37,040 FAMILIES THAT ARE IMPACTED BY 1497 00:55:37,040 --> 00:55:38,000 THESE DISORDERS. 1498 00:55:38,000 --> 00:55:39,680 I REALIZE EACH OF THE INDIVIDUAL 1499 00:55:39,680 --> 00:55:44,160 COUNCILS DO THAT IN THEIR OWN 1500 00:55:44,160 --> 00:55:44,840 WAY. 1501 00:55:44,840 --> 00:55:51,400 MENTAL HEALTH RECENTLY STEPPED 1502 00:55:51,400 --> 00:55:58,960 DOWN, BRANDON STAGLAND, A 1503 00:55:58,960 --> 00:55:59,960 PHENOMENAL ADVOCATE. 1504 00:55:59,960 --> 00:56:01,160 THIS IS DIFFERENT THAN A 1505 00:56:01,160 --> 00:56:07,520 CONVENTION ILL -- CONVENTIONAL 1506 00:56:07,520 --> 00:56:08,800 ADVISORY PANEL, I'M NOT IN THE 1507 00:56:08,800 --> 00:56:10,200 NIH SYSTEM BUT I WANT TO MAKE 1508 00:56:10,200 --> 00:56:13,280 THE POINT I THINK IT'S IMPORTANT 1509 00:56:13,280 --> 00:56:15,640 THAT WE REALLY FULLY INCORPORATE 1510 00:56:15,640 --> 00:56:17,040 THE PERSPECTIVE OF INDIVIDUALS 1511 00:56:17,040 --> 00:56:19,200 IMPACTED BY BRAIN DISORDERS. 1512 00:56:19,200 --> 00:56:21,160 AND THAT WE DO THAT, I THINK WE 1513 00:56:21,160 --> 00:56:23,320 SHOULD DO THAT AT THIS LEVEL. 1514 00:56:23,320 --> 00:56:26,200 BUT I JUST WANTED TO RAISE THAT 1515 00:56:26,200 --> 00:56:27,920 AS A COMMENT. 1516 00:56:27,920 --> 00:56:31,320 >> I THINK THAT'S A GOOD POINT. 1517 00:56:31,320 --> 00:56:33,640 THE NEUROETHICS WORKING GROUP 1518 00:56:33,640 --> 00:56:36,360 CURRENTLY HAS -- WE'RE ABOUT 1519 00:56:36,360 --> 00:56:37,240 EVENLY SPLIT BETWEEN 1520 00:56:37,240 --> 00:56:38,280 SCIENTISTS/CLINICIANS ON ONE 1521 00:56:38,280 --> 00:56:40,320 HAND AND ETHICISTS ON THE OTHER, 1522 00:56:40,320 --> 00:56:41,120 ALTHOUGH MANY PEOPLE ARE A 1523 00:56:41,120 --> 00:56:42,040 LITTLE BIT OF BOTH. 1524 00:56:42,040 --> 00:56:45,560 OF COURSE, ALL TEN OF US ON THE 1525 00:56:45,560 --> 00:56:48,200 GROUP ARE AFFECTED BY BRAIN 1526 00:56:48,200 --> 00:56:49,280 DISEASES, EITHER PERSONALLY OR 1527 00:56:49,280 --> 00:56:50,240 THROUGH OUR FAMILIES AND 1528 00:56:50,240 --> 00:56:50,720 FRIENDS. 1529 00:56:50,720 --> 00:56:51,800 THERE'S NO ONE IN THE COUNTRY OR 1530 00:56:51,800 --> 00:56:54,440 THE WORLD WHO IS NOT AFFECTED BY 1531 00:56:54,440 --> 00:56:58,240 BRAIN DISEASES. 1532 00:56:58,240 --> 00:56:59,880 THE IDEA OF INCREASING THE VOICE 1533 00:56:59,880 --> 00:57:01,960 AND PARTICIPATION OF PEOPLE WHO 1534 00:57:01,960 --> 00:57:06,320 ARE MUCH MORE DIRECTLY AFFECTED, 1535 00:57:06,320 --> 00:57:09,640 I THINK, IS ONE THE NOOG SHOULD 1536 00:57:09,640 --> 00:57:10,320 BE CONSIDERED. 1537 00:57:10,320 --> 00:57:20,240 >> YOU RAISE A GOOD POINT THE I. 1538 00:57:20,240 --> 00:57:23,000 C.S HAVE REPRESENTATION, THE 1539 00:57:23,000 --> 00:57:23,240 VOICES. 1540 00:57:23,240 --> 00:57:25,480 WHAT WE'VE BEEN LOOKING AT, 1541 00:57:25,480 --> 00:57:26,280 WE'VE BEEN LOOKING TOWARD 1542 00:57:26,280 --> 00:57:30,080 FINDING A VOICE OR VOICES THAT 1543 00:57:30,080 --> 00:57:31,400 REPRESENT NOT NECESSARILY 1544 00:57:31,400 --> 00:57:32,680 SPECIFIC DISEASE AREAS BUT 1545 00:57:32,680 --> 00:57:36,760 REALLY MORE FROM THE DOMAIN OF 1546 00:57:36,760 --> 00:57:37,520 HUMAN RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS. 1547 00:57:37,520 --> 00:57:39,520 THERE ARE SOME FOLKS OUT THERE, 1548 00:57:39,520 --> 00:57:44,880 WE'RE ACTUALLY MOVING ALONG ON 1549 00:57:44,880 --> 00:57:45,400 THAT. 1550 00:57:45,400 --> 00:57:46,320 ALBEIT SOMEWHAT GLACIALLY, BUT 1551 00:57:46,320 --> 00:57:47,600 POINT WELL TAKEN. 1552 00:57:47,600 --> 00:57:50,440 I HOPE TO HAVE A MORE POSITIVE 1553 00:57:50,440 --> 00:57:54,880 THING TO SAY ABOUT THAT IN THE 1554 00:57:54,880 --> 00:58:00,280 COMING MONTHS OR SO. 1555 00:58:00,280 --> 00:58:01,120 >> THANKS, TED. 1556 00:58:01,120 --> 00:58:01,840 >> ALSO IMPORTANT TO KNOW, I 1557 00:58:01,840 --> 00:58:05,240 HOPE YOU HAVE TIME TO TUNE IN TO 1558 00:58:05,240 --> 00:58:10,160 NEXT WEEK'S CONTINUING TRIALS 1559 00:58:10,160 --> 00:58:11,240 WORKSHOP, WE'LL HAVE 1560 00:58:11,240 --> 00:58:15,080 PARTICIPANTS THERE THAT ARE 1561 00:58:15,080 --> 00:58:18,440 ACTUAL PATIENTS OR CAREGIVERS IN 1562 00:58:18,440 --> 00:58:19,240 THESE CLINICAL TRIALS. 1563 00:58:19,240 --> 00:58:20,880 THIS IS A VIEWPOINT, THESE ARE 1564 00:58:20,880 --> 00:58:23,200 STAKEHOLDERS, RIGHT? 1565 00:58:23,200 --> 00:58:25,200 IT'S NOT JUST SOMEBODY GIVING US 1566 00:58:25,200 --> 00:58:27,040 OUTSIDE ADVICE. 1567 00:58:27,040 --> 00:58:29,320 THESE ARE ABSOLUTELY COMMITTED 1568 00:58:29,320 --> 00:58:31,320 STAKEHOLDERS SO WE DO NEED TO 1569 00:58:31,320 --> 00:58:38,280 KEEP THAT FRONT OF MIND. 1570 00:58:38,280 --> 00:58:39,040 OKAY. 1571 00:58:39,040 --> 00:58:41,800 OTHER QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS? 1572 00:58:41,800 --> 00:58:46,320 1573 00:58:46,320 --> 00:58:48,920 OKAY, SUSAN, IS BRYAN UP NEXT? 1574 00:58:48,920 --> 00:58:49,560 YES. 1575 00:58:49,560 --> 00:58:50,400 >> IS BRYAN WITH US? 1576 00:58:50,400 --> 00:58:52,960 >> YES, I SAW HIM EARLIER. 1577 00:58:52,960 --> 00:58:56,400 THERE HE IS. 1578 00:58:56,400 --> 00:58:57,240 >> OKAY, GREAT. 1579 00:58:57,240 --> 00:58:59,680 IT'S MY PLEASURE TO INTRODUCE 1580 00:58:59,680 --> 00:59:05,400 OUR SPEAKER, DR. BRYAN ROTH, ONE 1581 00:59:05,400 --> 00:59:07,120 OF NIMH'S COUNCIL 1582 00:59:07,120 --> 00:59:07,480 REPRESENTATIVES. 1583 00:59:07,480 --> 00:59:10,440 AND PRIOR TO THE PANDEMIC THERE 1584 00:59:10,440 --> 00:59:12,160 WAS A TRADITION HAVING NEW 1585 00:59:12,160 --> 00:59:14,800 MEMBERS GIVE SCIENCE TALKS AT 1586 00:59:14,800 --> 00:59:16,000 THESE MCWG MEETINGS. 1587 00:59:16,000 --> 00:59:18,400 FOR THE INTEREST OF TIME AND 1588 00:59:18,400 --> 00:59:21,080 ZOOM FATIGUE WE KIND OF USED 1589 00:59:21,080 --> 00:59:22,120 THIS SLOT MORE SPARINGLY. 1590 00:59:22,120 --> 00:59:23,760 I THINK WE MIGHT HAVE SKIPPED 1591 00:59:23,760 --> 00:59:25,960 OVER A FEW BUT WE'LL CIRCLE 1592 00:59:25,960 --> 00:59:28,040 AROUND TO YOU OTHER NEW MEMBERS. 1593 00:59:28,040 --> 00:59:29,520 DON'T FEEL LEFT OUT. 1594 00:59:29,520 --> 00:59:32,040 WE THOUGHT THIS WOULD BE A GREAT 1595 00:59:32,040 --> 00:59:34,160 TIME TO HAVE BRYAN TELL US ABOUT 1596 00:59:34,160 --> 00:59:44,680 SOME OF HIS RECENT RESEARCH. 1597 00:59:46,920 --> 00:59:48,320 HE'S THE MICHAEL HOOKER 1598 00:59:48,320 --> 00:59:51,000 PROFESSOR IN DEPARTMENT OF 1599 00:59:51,000 --> 00:59:51,600 PHARMACOLOGY AT UNIVERSITY OF 1600 00:59:51,600 --> 00:59:52,320 NORTH CAROLINA, CHAPEL HILL. 1601 00:59:52,320 --> 00:59:55,280 AND HE'S ALSO THE DIRECTOR OF 1602 00:59:55,280 --> 00:59:57,360 THE NIMH PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG 1603 00:59:57,360 --> 00:59:58,680 SCREENING PROGRAM. 1604 00:59:58,680 --> 01:00:01,840 BRYAN'S RESEARCH INTERESTS ARE 1605 01:00:01,840 --> 01:00:04,160 IN G-PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR 1606 01:00:04,160 --> 01:00:04,800 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION, 1607 01:00:04,800 --> 01:00:05,880 SYNTHETIC NEUROBIOLOGY AND DRUG 1608 01:00:05,880 --> 01:00:10,040 DISCOVERY, A PIONEER IN THE 1609 01:00:10,040 --> 01:00:13,760 FIELD OF CHEMOGENETICKICS AND 1610 01:00:13,760 --> 01:00:15,360 INVENTED DREADDS, DESIGNER 1611 01:00:15,360 --> 01:00:16,720 RECEPTORS EXCLUSIVELY ACTIVATED 1612 01:00:16,720 --> 01:00:17,840 BY DESIGNER DRUGS, THAT'S A 1613 01:00:17,840 --> 01:00:19,120 TECHNOLOGY THAT'S BEING USED BY 1614 01:00:19,120 --> 01:00:21,520 HUNDREDS OF LABS AROUND THE 1615 01:00:21,520 --> 01:00:23,920 WORLD TO PROBE NEURAL CIRCUIT 1616 01:00:23,920 --> 01:00:24,320 FUNCTION. 1617 01:00:24,320 --> 01:00:25,920 AMONG HIS MANY HONORS HE'S 1618 01:00:25,920 --> 01:00:27,360 ELECTED MEMBER OF THE NATIONAL 1619 01:00:27,360 --> 01:00:28,960 ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, AS WELL AS 1620 01:00:28,960 --> 01:00:31,160 AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND 1621 01:00:31,160 --> 01:00:32,800 SCIENCES, HAS BEEN HIGHLY 1622 01:00:32,800 --> 01:00:36,760 PROLIFIC AS WELL AS GENEROUS 1623 01:00:36,760 --> 01:00:37,720 SHARING REAGENTS AND TODAY WILL 1624 01:00:37,720 --> 01:00:40,360 TELL US ABOUT RECENT WORK ON NEW 1625 01:00:40,360 --> 01:00:42,800 CHEMICAL AND SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY 1626 01:00:42,800 --> 01:00:43,160 TECHNIQUES. 1627 01:00:43,160 --> 01:00:43,840 SO BRYAN, ALL YOURS. 1628 01:00:43,840 --> 01:00:45,720 THANK YOU FOR BEING HERE AND 1629 01:00:45,720 --> 01:00:49,080 AGREEING TO GIVE THIS TALK. 1630 01:00:49,080 --> 01:00:50,040 >> THANKS. 1631 01:00:50,040 --> 01:00:50,480 GREETINGS FROM SPAIN. 1632 01:00:50,480 --> 01:00:54,040 CAN YOU HEAR ME ALL RIGHT? 1633 01:00:54,040 --> 01:00:59,760 >> YES, WE CAN. 1634 01:00:59,760 --> 01:01:00,080 >> GREAT. 1635 01:01:00,080 --> 01:01:01,120 BEFORE I START, I THOUGHT I 1636 01:01:01,120 --> 01:01:05,040 WOULD SAY I'M AT A SYMPOSIUM PUT 1637 01:01:05,040 --> 01:01:08,640 ON BY CELL PRESS ON THE 1638 01:01:08,640 --> 01:01:10,200 NEUROBIOLOGY OF NEUROPSYCHIATRIC 1639 01:01:10,200 --> 01:01:11,520 DISORDERS, AND THE THING THAT 1640 01:01:11,520 --> 01:01:13,200 MADE THE BIGGEST IMPRESSION ON 1641 01:01:13,200 --> 01:01:16,960 ME SO FAR IN THE FIRST DAY AND A 1642 01:01:16,960 --> 01:01:19,600 HALF OF PRESENTATIONS WAS HOW 1643 01:01:19,600 --> 01:01:29,040 MUCH PRESENTATIONS RELY ON 1644 01:01:29,040 --> 01:01:29,680 METHODOLOGY AND KNOWLEDGE FROM 1645 01:01:29,680 --> 01:01:33,080 THE BRAIN INITIATIVE. 1646 01:01:33,080 --> 01:01:35,160 EVERY PRESENTATION WOULD BE 1647 01:01:35,160 --> 01:01:36,200 DIFFERENT AND INEFFICIENT IN 1648 01:01:36,200 --> 01:01:40,000 MANY WAYS WITHOUT THE WORK DONE 1649 01:01:40,000 --> 01:01:41,240 BY THIS ASTOUNDING INITIATIVE. 1650 01:01:41,240 --> 01:01:44,440 SO KEEP UP THE GOOD WORK, FOLKS. 1651 01:01:44,440 --> 01:01:47,640 HOPEFULLY WE CAN CONTINUE IN THE 1652 01:01:47,640 --> 01:01:48,000 FUTURE. 1653 01:01:48,000 --> 01:01:49,400 WHAT I'M GOING TO TALK ABOUT 1654 01:01:49,400 --> 01:01:51,360 TODAY IS SOME WORK THAT HAS 1655 01:01:51,360 --> 01:01:53,320 EMERGED FROM MY LAB OVER THE 1656 01:01:53,320 --> 01:01:56,400 LAST FEW YEARS, I'LL GIVE YOU AT 1657 01:01:56,400 --> 01:01:58,880 THE VERY END SOME RECENT 1658 01:01:58,880 --> 01:02:04,800 UNPUBLISHED DATA ON OUR EFFORTS 1659 01:02:04,800 --> 01:02:09,080 TO COME UP WITH NEW WAYS, MORE 1660 01:02:09,080 --> 01:02:13,600 EFFECTIVE WAYS, OF MAKING 1661 01:02:13,600 --> 01:02:15,640 THERAPIES FOR SERIOUS 1662 01:02:15,640 --> 01:02:16,840 NEUROPSYCHIATRIC ILLNESSES. 1663 01:02:16,840 --> 01:02:19,440 AND IN PARTICULAR, DRUG 1664 01:02:19,440 --> 01:02:19,960 THERAPIES. 1665 01:02:19,960 --> 01:02:21,840 AND IN THE TALK TODAY I'M GOING 1666 01:02:21,840 --> 01:02:25,040 TO FOCUS ON A SINGLE FAMILY OF 1667 01:02:25,040 --> 01:02:27,680 DRUGGABLE TARGETS IN THE HUMAN 1668 01:02:27,680 --> 01:02:30,760 GENOME CALLED G-PROTEIN COUPLED 1669 01:02:30,760 --> 01:02:31,440 RECEPTORS. 1670 01:02:31,440 --> 01:02:35,520 AND THEY GET THEIR NAME BECAUSE 1671 01:02:35,520 --> 01:02:43,360 THEY COUPLE TO HETEROTRIMERIC, 1672 01:02:43,360 --> 01:02:50,000 THEY EXERT SIGNALING ACTION UPON 1673 01:02:50,000 --> 01:02:53,840 DRUG BINDING, AGONIST BINDING, 1674 01:02:53,840 --> 01:02:58,840 EXCHANGES, AND THE ASSOCIATION 1675 01:02:58,840 --> 01:03:01,280 OF HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS AND 1676 01:03:01,280 --> 01:03:02,480 ACTIVATION OF SIGNALING 1677 01:03:02,480 --> 01:03:05,240 PATHWAYS, THE ONE I'M SHOWING 1678 01:03:05,240 --> 01:03:08,080 HERE IS ONE SHARED BY SEVERAL OF 1679 01:03:08,080 --> 01:03:09,360 THE SEROTONIN RECEPTORS I'M 1680 01:03:09,360 --> 01:03:11,120 GOING TO BE TALKING ABOUT TOWARD 1681 01:03:11,120 --> 01:03:13,520 THE END OF THE TALK. 1682 01:03:13,520 --> 01:03:16,000 SO FOLLOWING THIS CONVENTIONAL 1683 01:03:16,000 --> 01:03:19,200 SIGNALING PROCESS, THE RECEPTORS 1684 01:03:19,200 --> 01:03:23,520 ARE TYPICALLY PHOSPHORYLATED, 1685 01:03:23,520 --> 01:03:26,360 AND THEN PROTEINS CALLED 1686 01:03:26,360 --> 01:03:28,640 ARRESTINS BIND. 1687 01:03:28,640 --> 01:03:33,680 BECAUSE OF THE BINDING, THEY 1688 01:03:33,680 --> 01:03:42,560 ABROGATE, ARREST SIGNALING, 1689 01:03:42,560 --> 01:03:44,120 SERVE AS SCAFFOLDS AND THE 1690 01:03:44,120 --> 01:03:45,440 SIGNALING HIS A DIFFERENT 1691 01:03:45,440 --> 01:03:48,400 TEXTURE IN SPACE AND TIME. 1692 01:03:48,400 --> 01:03:51,000 ONE OF THE THEMES IN DRUG 1693 01:03:51,000 --> 01:03:53,640 DEVELOPMENT AND DRUG DISCOVERY 1694 01:03:53,640 --> 01:03:55,520 AT G-PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTORS 1695 01:03:55,520 --> 01:03:58,360 IS TO DISCOVER DRUGS THAT 1696 01:03:58,360 --> 01:04:00,000 SELECTIVELY MODULATE THESE 1697 01:04:00,000 --> 01:04:02,320 VARIOUS PATHWAYS WITH THE IDEA 1698 01:04:02,320 --> 01:04:04,720 THAT SUCH BIASED DRUGS MAY 1699 01:04:04,720 --> 01:04:05,640 REPRESENT NEW AND IMPROVED 1700 01:04:05,640 --> 01:04:10,960 THERAPIES FOR A LARGE NUMBER OF 1701 01:04:10,960 --> 01:04:11,320 HUMAN DISEASES. 1702 01:04:11,320 --> 01:04:14,040 NOW, AS I'M SURE MANY OF THE 1703 01:04:14,040 --> 01:04:16,560 SCIENTISTS HERE KNOW, ABOUT A 1704 01:04:16,560 --> 01:04:18,520 THIRD OF THE FDA-APPROVED DRUGS 1705 01:04:18,520 --> 01:04:22,440 THAT ARE CURRENTLY IN USE IN THE 1706 01:04:22,440 --> 01:04:26,400 U.S. TARGET G-PROTEIN COUPLED 1707 01:04:26,400 --> 01:04:30,560 RECEPTORS AS CANONICAL TARGET. 1708 01:04:30,560 --> 01:04:35,600 SOME YEARS AGO WE DECIDED TO TRY 1709 01:04:35,600 --> 01:04:39,280 TO MAP THE RECEPTOR TARGET FOR 1710 01:04:39,280 --> 01:04:46,080 THE VARIOUS APPROVED DRUGS, THAT 1711 01:04:46,080 --> 01:04:48,040 TARGET GPCRs ACROSS THE 1712 01:04:48,040 --> 01:04:51,320 SPECTRUM IN THE HUMAN GENOME, 1713 01:04:51,320 --> 01:04:59,880 THIS IS A PHYLOGENETIC TREE. 1714 01:04:59,880 --> 01:05:03,600 ONLY A SMALL NUMBER OF THE 400 1715 01:05:03,600 --> 01:05:05,440 OR SO DRUGGABLE GPCRs IN THE 1716 01:05:05,440 --> 01:05:08,840 HUMAN GENOME ARE TARGETED BY 1717 01:05:08,840 --> 01:05:10,920 APPROVED MEDICATIONS, AND THIS 1718 01:05:10,920 --> 01:05:12,040 IS RAISED THE POSSIBILITY WE 1719 01:05:12,040 --> 01:05:14,200 MIGHT BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY NEW 1720 01:05:14,200 --> 01:05:16,280 AND PROMISING THERAPEUTICS BY 1721 01:05:16,280 --> 01:05:20,680 STUDYING THESE UNDERSTUDIED AND 1722 01:05:20,680 --> 01:05:21,520 UNTARGETED G-PROTEIN COUPLED 1723 01:05:21,520 --> 01:05:26,800 RECEPTORS IN THE HUMAN GENOME. 1724 01:05:26,800 --> 01:05:29,320 THIS WAS A GOAL OF A LARGE 1725 01:05:29,320 --> 01:05:32,040 INITIATIVE THAT IS NOW WINDING 1726 01:05:32,040 --> 01:05:34,240 DOWN CALLED ILLUMINATING THE 1727 01:05:34,240 --> 01:05:35,560 DRUGGABLE GENOME INITIATIVE THAT 1728 01:05:35,560 --> 01:05:38,600 MY LAB IS PART OF. 1729 01:05:38,600 --> 01:05:40,880 AND OUR PARTICULAR PORTION OF 1730 01:05:40,880 --> 01:05:42,440 THIS WAS TO CREATE TOOL 1731 01:05:42,440 --> 01:05:46,440 MOLECULES SO THESE ARE DRUG-LIKE 1732 01:05:46,440 --> 01:05:50,880 MOLECULES FOR MANY OF THE 1733 01:05:50,880 --> 01:05:51,480 UNDERSTUDIED G-PROTEIN COUPLED 1734 01:05:51,480 --> 01:05:52,560 RECEPTORS INCLUDING WHAT ARE 1735 01:05:52,560 --> 01:05:55,160 CALLED THE ORPHANS. 1736 01:05:55,160 --> 01:05:58,920 AT -- AND THE APPROACH THAT 1737 01:05:58,920 --> 01:06:01,200 WE'VE USED AND PIONEERED RELIES 1738 01:06:01,200 --> 01:06:01,960 FIRST ON STRUCTURAL 1739 01:06:01,960 --> 01:06:03,280 DETERMINATION OF THE RECEPTORS 1740 01:06:03,280 --> 01:06:05,680 AND THEN WHAT'S CALLED 1741 01:06:05,680 --> 01:06:06,680 STRUCTURE-GUIDED OPTIMIZATION. 1742 01:06:06,680 --> 01:06:11,040 AND THEN ONCE WE HAVE THESE TOOL 1743 01:06:11,040 --> 01:06:13,200 MOLECULES IN HAND, TO VALIDATE 1744 01:06:13,200 --> 01:06:16,400 THEIR USE FOR NOVEL THERAPEUTIC 1745 01:06:16,400 --> 01:06:17,000 INDICATIONS. 1746 01:06:17,000 --> 01:06:21,760 HERE AGAIN IS THE PHYLO GRAM OF 1747 01:06:21,760 --> 01:06:22,320 G-PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTORS. 1748 01:06:22,320 --> 01:06:24,400 OVER THE YEARS MY LAB AND THE 1749 01:06:24,400 --> 01:06:29,880 LABS OF MY COLLABORATORS, RAY 1750 01:06:29,880 --> 01:06:33,280 STEVENS AND VADIN AT USC, ERIC 1751 01:06:33,280 --> 01:06:38,040 XU LAB NOW AT CHINA, MY LAB, 1752 01:06:38,040 --> 01:06:40,040 HAVE COLLABORATED AND SOLVED 1753 01:06:40,040 --> 01:06:43,880 STRUCTURES OF A NUMBER OF VERY 1754 01:06:43,880 --> 01:06:44,640 IMPORTANT G-PROTEIN COUPLED 1755 01:06:44,640 --> 01:06:48,480 RECEPTORS AND RECALL THE FIRST 1756 01:06:48,480 --> 01:06:51,240 STEP OF OUR APPROACH FOR 1757 01:06:51,240 --> 01:06:52,840 CREATING DRUG-LIKE MOLECULES 1758 01:06:52,840 --> 01:06:54,640 THAT ULTIMATELY COULD BE USED AS 1759 01:06:54,640 --> 01:06:57,960 THERAPEUTICS IS TO SOLVE THE 1760 01:06:57,960 --> 01:06:59,240 STRUCTURE OF THE RECEPTOR. 1761 01:06:59,240 --> 01:07:01,520 AND SO A NUMBER OF STRUCTURES 1762 01:07:01,520 --> 01:07:04,360 WERE SOLVED, I'LL GO THROUGH 1763 01:07:04,360 --> 01:07:07,120 THESE QUICKLY. 1764 01:07:07,120 --> 01:07:08,840 VIRTUALLY ALL, THE OPIATE 1765 01:07:08,840 --> 01:07:11,560 RECEPTORS HAVE NOW BEEN SOLVED 1766 01:07:11,560 --> 01:07:16,560 IN VARIOUS STATES. 1767 01:07:16,560 --> 01:07:20,440 LISTING THE PUBLICATIONS THERE. 1768 01:07:20,440 --> 01:07:22,640 INTERESTING STRUCTURE OF THE 1769 01:07:22,640 --> 01:07:25,040 SMOOTH END RECEPTOR, WHICH IS A 1770 01:07:25,040 --> 01:07:26,680 DRUGGABLE TARGET THAT IS 1771 01:07:26,680 --> 01:07:31,080 TARGETED BY MANY DRUGS USED IN 1772 01:07:31,080 --> 01:07:32,480 TREATING SERIOUS CANCERS, 1773 01:07:32,480 --> 01:07:35,120 MELATONIN RECEPTORS WHICH ARE 1774 01:07:35,120 --> 01:07:39,280 TARGETS FOR DRUGS THAT AFFECT 1775 01:07:39,280 --> 01:07:40,720 CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS, AND MAY BE 1776 01:07:40,720 --> 01:07:43,880 USED FOR TREATING THINGS LIKE 1777 01:07:43,880 --> 01:07:46,600 JET LAG, VARIOUS SEROTONIN 1778 01:07:46,600 --> 01:07:48,800 RECEPTORS THAT ARE THE TARGETS 1779 01:07:48,800 --> 01:07:52,800 FOR MANY, MANY DRUGS THAT ARE 1780 01:07:52,800 --> 01:07:55,280 USED IN NEUROLOGY AND 1781 01:07:55,280 --> 01:07:55,600 PSYCHIATRY. 1782 01:07:55,600 --> 01:07:57,680 DOPAMINE RECEPTORS, AGAIN, THEY 1783 01:07:57,680 --> 01:07:59,320 ARE THE TARGETS FOR MANY DRUGS 1784 01:07:59,320 --> 01:08:02,280 THAT ARE USED IN TREATING 1785 01:08:02,280 --> 01:08:05,280 DISEASES AS DIVERSE AS 1786 01:08:05,280 --> 01:08:07,520 SCHIZOPHRENIA AND PARKINSON'S 1787 01:08:07,520 --> 01:08:10,160 DISEASE. 1788 01:08:10,160 --> 01:08:11,360 1789 01:08:11,360 --> 01:08:12,920 AND MORE RECENTLY, AN 1790 01:08:12,920 --> 01:08:14,960 INTERESTING FAMILY OF ORPHAN 1791 01:08:14,960 --> 01:08:17,720 GPCRs INVOLVED IN BOTH THE 1792 01:08:17,720 --> 01:08:19,360 SENSATIONS OF PAIN AND 1793 01:08:19,360 --> 01:08:22,640 SENSATIONS OF ITCH, AND THE IDEA 1794 01:08:22,640 --> 01:08:26,160 IS THAT ANOTHER STUDY AND 1795 01:08:26,160 --> 01:08:27,040 UNDERSTANDING OF UNDERSTUDIED 1796 01:08:27,040 --> 01:08:28,640 RECEPTORS MAY PROVIDE NEW 1797 01:08:28,640 --> 01:08:31,400 THERAPIES FOR PAIN AND ITCH. 1798 01:08:31,400 --> 01:08:34,240 SO, ONCE WE HAVE SOLVED THE 1799 01:08:34,240 --> 01:08:39,080 STRUCTURES, THEN WE USE THESE 1800 01:08:39,080 --> 01:08:40,360 STRUCTURES FOR EITHER 1801 01:08:40,360 --> 01:08:42,000 DISCOVERING NEW DRUG-LIKE 1802 01:08:42,000 --> 01:08:43,200 MOLECULES THAT CAN INTERACT WITH 1803 01:08:43,200 --> 01:08:45,720 THE RECEPTORS OR TO OPTIMIZE 1804 01:08:45,720 --> 01:08:52,880 THEM BY WHAT'S CALLED STRUCTURE 1805 01:08:52,880 --> 01:08:53,840 GUIDED OPTIMIZATION, OR 1806 01:08:53,840 --> 01:08:54,200 SOMETIMES BOTH. 1807 01:08:54,200 --> 01:08:57,640 I WANT TO DESCRIBE OUR EFFORTS 1808 01:08:57,640 --> 01:08:59,000 ON DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. 1809 01:08:59,000 --> 01:09:01,520 OF COURSE, THERE ARE A NUMBER OF 1810 01:09:01,520 --> 01:09:05,640 MEDICATIONS THAT ARE USED TO 1811 01:09:05,640 --> 01:09:07,120 TREAT VARIOUS NEUROPSYCHIATRIC 1812 01:09:07,120 --> 01:09:09,400 DISEASES THAT TARGET DOPAMINE 1813 01:09:09,400 --> 01:09:09,680 RECEPTORS. 1814 01:09:09,680 --> 01:09:11,920 UNFORTUNATELY MOST OF THESE 1815 01:09:11,920 --> 01:09:12,760 DRUGS ARE RELATIVELY 1816 01:09:12,760 --> 01:09:13,240 NON-SELECTIVE. 1817 01:09:13,240 --> 01:09:15,320 AND HAVE A NUMBER OF SERIOUS 1818 01:09:15,320 --> 01:09:18,200 SIDE EFFECTS DUE TO THEIR OFF 1819 01:09:18,200 --> 01:09:19,320 TARGET ACTIVITY. 1820 01:09:19,320 --> 01:09:20,880 AND SO WHAT WE DECIDED TO 1821 01:09:20,880 --> 01:09:23,320 ATTEMPT SOME YEARS AGO WAS TO 1822 01:09:23,320 --> 01:09:25,160 SEE IF WE COULD SOLVE THE 1823 01:09:25,160 --> 01:09:26,360 STRUCTURES OF THESE RECEPTORS 1824 01:09:26,360 --> 01:09:27,560 WHICH WE DID. 1825 01:09:27,560 --> 01:09:31,200 AND THEN TO USE THIS INFORMATION 1826 01:09:31,200 --> 01:09:35,600 TO DEVELOP DRUGS THAT ARE MORE 1827 01:09:35,600 --> 01:09:36,800 SELECTIVE IN INTERACTING WITH 1828 01:09:36,800 --> 01:09:38,200 DOPAMINE RECEPTORS WITH THE IDEA 1829 01:09:38,200 --> 01:09:40,920 THAT EVENTUALLY THEY WOULD BE 1830 01:09:40,920 --> 01:09:42,600 MORE EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS FOR A 1831 01:09:42,600 --> 01:09:45,160 NUMBER OF DISEASES. 1832 01:09:45,160 --> 01:09:47,960 WE SOLVED STRUCTURES, AND YOU 1833 01:09:47,960 --> 01:09:48,920 CAN SEE THE FINDING POCKETS 1834 01:09:48,920 --> 01:09:49,280 THERE. 1835 01:09:49,280 --> 01:09:52,760 ONCE WE HAD THE STRUCTURES WHAT 1836 01:09:52,760 --> 01:09:59,560 WE DID, WE BEING THE LAB OF MY 1837 01:09:59,560 --> 01:10:02,000 COLLABORATOR AT UCSF, USED A 1838 01:10:02,000 --> 01:10:03,320 POWERFUL COMPUTATIONAL APPROACH 1839 01:10:03,320 --> 01:10:05,160 WHICH IS CALLED AUTOMATED 1840 01:10:05,160 --> 01:10:06,720 DOCKING WHICH CAN PREDICT WHICH 1841 01:10:06,720 --> 01:10:14,880 COMPOUNDS CAN BIND TO A SPECIFIC 1842 01:10:14,880 --> 01:10:17,640 SITE THAT LOOKS LIKE THIS 1843 01:10:17,640 --> 01:10:20,680 TRIANGLE, AND HERE AT THE D 4 1844 01:10:20,680 --> 01:10:23,360 DOPAMINE RECEPTOR WE HAVE THE 1845 01:10:23,360 --> 01:10:25,320 TRIANGLE AND ANOTHER POCKET. 1846 01:10:25,320 --> 01:10:29,040 THE IDEA IS CAN WE SAMPLE 1847 01:10:29,040 --> 01:10:30,560 CHEMICAL SPACE IN A 1848 01:10:30,560 --> 01:10:32,640 COMPUTATIONAL WAY TO FIND 1849 01:10:32,640 --> 01:10:34,280 COMPOUNDS TO INTERACT 1850 01:10:34,280 --> 01:10:36,320 SELECTIVELY WITH ONE RECEPTOR, 1851 01:10:36,320 --> 01:10:37,240 AND NOT THE OTHER. 1852 01:10:37,240 --> 01:10:42,400 AND IN THIS CASE WE USED THE D4 1853 01:10:42,400 --> 01:10:44,440 RECEPTOR AS THE TEST AGENT. 1854 01:10:44,440 --> 01:10:47,920 AND ONE OF THE NICE THINGS ABOUT 1855 01:10:47,920 --> 01:10:49,360 THESE COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES 1856 01:10:49,360 --> 01:10:52,080 IS THAT MILLIONS AND NOW 1857 01:10:52,080 --> 01:10:54,160 BILLIONS, LITERALLY BILLIONS OF 1858 01:10:54,160 --> 01:10:56,440 MOLECULES, CAN BE TESTED IN A 1859 01:10:56,440 --> 01:10:58,840 RELATIVELY RAPID FASHION. 1860 01:10:58,840 --> 01:11:00,520 SO WE RECENTLY COMPLETED A 1861 01:11:00,520 --> 01:11:03,800 SCREEN OF TWO BILLION MOLECULES, 1862 01:11:03,800 --> 01:11:05,240 AND THIS WAS COMPLETED IN ABOUT 1863 01:11:05,240 --> 01:11:09,640 A DAY AND A HALF WITH A VERY 1864 01:11:09,640 --> 01:11:11,400 LARGE CLUSTER OF SUPERCOMPUTERS. 1865 01:11:11,400 --> 01:11:14,560 IN OUR OFFICIAL STUDIES WE 1866 01:11:14,560 --> 01:11:16,040 DOCKED MILLIONS OF MOLECULES, 1867 01:11:16,040 --> 01:11:17,080 DOCKED IN SILICO. 1868 01:11:17,080 --> 01:11:18,400 YOU CAN IMAGINE EACH OF THE 1869 01:11:18,400 --> 01:11:22,880 SHAPES IS A DIFFERENT MOLECULE, 1870 01:11:22,880 --> 01:11:24,080 AND THE COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES 1871 01:11:24,080 --> 01:11:25,880 ALLOW FOR PICKING OF COMPOUNDS 1872 01:11:25,880 --> 01:11:27,720 THAT WOULD HAVE A HIGH 1873 01:11:27,720 --> 01:11:31,080 PROBABILITY OF INTERACTING WITH 1874 01:11:31,080 --> 01:11:31,520 THE RECEPTOR. 1875 01:11:31,520 --> 01:11:33,840 TO GIVE A LITTLE MORE DETAIL ON 1876 01:11:33,840 --> 01:11:37,560 HOW THIS IS DONE WE NOW HAVE 1877 01:11:37,560 --> 01:11:40,600 VERY LARGE LIBRARIES OF 1878 01:11:40,600 --> 01:11:43,560 MOLECULES WHICH EXIST ONLY IN 1879 01:11:43,560 --> 01:11:44,160 THEORY. 1880 01:11:44,160 --> 01:11:46,400 THESE LIBRARIES ARE NOW IN THE 1881 01:11:46,400 --> 01:11:51,000 TENS OF BILLIONS OF COMPOUNDS, 1882 01:11:51,000 --> 01:11:52,080 BUT THE COMPOUNDS EVEN THOUGH 1883 01:11:52,080 --> 01:11:54,040 THEY DON'T EXIST IN THE PHYSICAL 1884 01:11:54,040 --> 01:11:55,360 UNIVERSE COULD IN THEORY BE 1885 01:11:55,360 --> 01:11:56,800 SYNTHESIZED BY A SKILLED 1886 01:11:56,800 --> 01:11:57,240 CHEMIST. 1887 01:11:57,240 --> 01:12:01,520 SO WHAT IS DONE IS THESE VERY 1888 01:12:01,520 --> 01:12:03,680 LARGE LIBRARIES ARE THEN 1889 01:12:03,680 --> 01:12:05,480 COMPUTATIONALLY INTERROGATED 1890 01:12:05,480 --> 01:12:06,200 AGAINST THE RECEPTOR TYPE. 1891 01:12:06,200 --> 01:12:10,560 ONE OF THE THINGS ABOUT THE 1892 01:12:10,560 --> 01:12:13,120 APPROACH IS THAT EACH OF THE 1893 01:12:13,120 --> 01:12:15,400 MOLECULES IS TESTED IN A LARGE 1894 01:12:15,400 --> 01:12:16,480 NUMBER OF DIFFERENT ORIENTATIONS 1895 01:12:16,480 --> 01:12:19,360 UP TO A MILLION ORIENTATIONS AND 1896 01:12:19,360 --> 01:12:19,680 CONFIRMATIONS. 1897 01:12:19,680 --> 01:12:23,520 YOU CAN IMAGINE IF YOU'RE 1898 01:12:23,520 --> 01:12:25,120 TESTING BILLIONS OF MOLECULES, 1899 01:12:25,120 --> 01:12:26,920 MILLIONS OF ORIENTATIONS, YOU'LL 1900 01:12:26,920 --> 01:12:27,880 HAVE VERY LARGE DATASETS. 1901 01:12:27,880 --> 01:12:30,680 THEY ARE SCORED. 1902 01:12:30,680 --> 01:12:32,040 AND THEN ULTIMATELY COMPOUNDS 1903 01:12:32,040 --> 01:12:35,320 ARE SYNTHESIZED FROM THOSE THAT 1904 01:12:35,320 --> 01:12:36,600 WERE TESTED. 1905 01:12:36,600 --> 01:12:37,920 AND OPTIMIZED. 1906 01:12:37,920 --> 01:12:39,240 AND THIS IS A LITTLE MOVIE ON 1907 01:12:39,240 --> 01:12:42,120 HOW THIS WAS DONE WITH THE D4 1908 01:12:42,120 --> 01:12:42,640 RECEPTOR. 1909 01:12:42,640 --> 01:12:45,280 HERE YOU HAVE OUR STRUCTURE OF 1910 01:12:45,280 --> 01:12:50,160 THE D4 RECEPTOR, IN COMPLEX WITH 1911 01:12:50,160 --> 01:12:53,120 ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUG, A HIGH 1912 01:12:53,120 --> 01:12:54,360 RESOLUTION STRUCTURE, AROUND 1.9 1913 01:12:54,360 --> 01:12:56,520 ANGSTROMS, BECAUSE OF THIS WE'RE 1914 01:12:56,520 --> 01:12:59,920 ABLE TO SEE MANY FEATURES OF 1915 01:12:59,920 --> 01:13:01,560 DRUG INTERACTING WITH RECEPTOR 1916 01:13:01,560 --> 01:13:10,760 THAT WE WOULD NOT NORMALLY BE 1917 01:13:10,760 --> 01:13:11,520 ABLE TO SEE. 1918 01:13:11,520 --> 01:13:13,160 D4 RECEPTOR HAD THIS -- I'LL GO 1919 01:13:13,160 --> 01:13:15,800 BACK HERE A BIT -- HAS THIS 1920 01:13:15,800 --> 01:13:17,240 EXTENDED BINDING POCKET, UNIQUE 1921 01:13:17,240 --> 01:13:18,360 TO THE RECEPTOR. 1922 01:13:18,360 --> 01:13:22,160 SO WHAT WE DID WAS RE, AS WE 1923 01:13:22,160 --> 01:13:23,800 INTERROGATED OUR LIBRARY OF 1924 01:13:23,800 --> 01:13:25,000 INDIVIDUAL MOLECULES, WE MADE 1925 01:13:25,000 --> 01:13:26,400 SURE THAT THEY INTERACTED BOTH 1926 01:13:26,400 --> 01:13:28,000 WITH THE SORT OF REGULAR BINDING 1927 01:13:28,000 --> 01:13:31,120 SITE AS WELL AS WITH THIS 1928 01:13:31,120 --> 01:13:32,640 EXTENDED BINDING SITE. 1929 01:13:32,640 --> 01:13:36,600 AND THROUGH AN ITERATIVE SERIES 1930 01:13:36,600 --> 01:13:38,120 OF OPTIMIZING CHEMICAL 1931 01:13:38,120 --> 01:13:40,520 OPTIMIZATION OF SCAFFOLDS AND 1932 01:13:40,520 --> 01:13:41,720 ITERATIVE DOCKING, WE WERE 1933 01:13:41,720 --> 01:13:46,240 ULTIMATELY ABLE TO COME UP WITH 1934 01:13:46,240 --> 01:13:47,200 THIS COMPOUND UCS 924 WHICH 1935 01:13:47,200 --> 01:13:54,640 TURNED OUT TO BE A NANOMOLE OR 1936 01:13:54,640 --> 01:13:58,040 POTENCY, HIGHLY SELECTIVE D4 1937 01:13:58,040 --> 01:14:00,880 AGONIST, ANIMATION PREPARED BY 1938 01:14:00,880 --> 01:14:01,320 ANAAT. 1939 01:14:01,320 --> 01:14:03,400 OVER THE YEARS WE'VE CARRIED OUT 1940 01:14:03,400 --> 01:14:10,720 A NUMBER OF SIMILAR CAMPAIGNS, 1941 01:14:10,720 --> 01:14:13,160 MY LAB AND THE CHOIKET LAB HAVE 1942 01:14:13,160 --> 01:14:15,680 BEEN LEADING THIS EFFORT FOR 1943 01:14:15,680 --> 01:14:18,400 WELL STUDIED G-PROTEIN RECEPTORS 1944 01:14:18,400 --> 01:14:19,800 AND UNDERSTUDIED RECEPTORS, THIS 1945 01:14:19,800 --> 01:14:24,760 IS AN INTERESTING FINDING WITH 1946 01:14:24,760 --> 01:14:29,240 THE TWO ORPHAN RECEPTORS. 1947 01:14:29,240 --> 01:14:31,360 GPR 65 AND GPR 68, MORE RECENT 1948 01:14:31,360 --> 01:14:35,200 DATA WITH THE ITCH RECEPTORS, 1949 01:14:35,200 --> 01:14:36,040 RECENTLY PUBLISHED IN "NATURE." 1950 01:14:36,040 --> 01:14:42,080 DATA ON THE SMOOTH END RECEPTOR. 1951 01:14:42,080 --> 01:14:43,480 VERY INTERESTING PAPER CURRENTLY 1952 01:14:43,480 --> 01:14:47,080 IN PRESS ON A TARGET WHICH HAS 1953 01:14:47,080 --> 01:14:48,720 HISTORICALLY BEEN IMPOSSIBLE TO 1954 01:14:48,720 --> 01:14:48,920 DRUG. 1955 01:14:48,920 --> 01:14:51,960 WE NOW HAVE A HIGHLY SELECTIVE 1956 01:14:51,960 --> 01:14:55,640 TOOL COMPOUND FOR THAT. 1957 01:14:55,640 --> 01:14:58,360 AND THEN MELATONIN SELECTIVE 1958 01:14:58,360 --> 01:15:03,120 COMPOUNDS WHICH HAVE BEEN SHOWN 1959 01:15:03,120 --> 01:15:05,480 TO MODULATE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM, 1960 01:15:05,480 --> 01:15:06,880 ARE D4 SELECTED COMPOUNDS, AND 1961 01:15:06,880 --> 01:15:10,200 MOST RECENTLY, I'LL GO INTO THIS 1962 01:15:10,200 --> 01:15:14,080 IN SOME DETAIL SHORTLY, NOVEL 1963 01:15:14,080 --> 01:15:15,680 COMPOUNDS TARGETING CANNABINOID 1964 01:15:15,680 --> 01:15:16,840 RECEPTORS OVERCOMING A 1965 01:15:16,840 --> 01:15:20,240 LONGSTANDING DIFFICULTY IN 1966 01:15:20,240 --> 01:15:21,520 GETTING SUBTYPE SELECTIVE 1967 01:15:21,520 --> 01:15:22,120 AGENTS. 1968 01:15:22,120 --> 01:15:27,680 AND FOR THIS PROCESS, THIS WAS 1969 01:15:27,680 --> 01:15:30,600 JUST VERY RECENTLY PUBLISHED BY 1970 01:15:30,600 --> 01:15:37,840 -- COLLABORATION WITH MY LAB AND 1971 01:15:37,840 --> 01:15:46,840 SADYBEKOV'S LAB AT USC, NOT AS 1972 01:15:46,840 --> 01:15:49,960 SIMPLE AS I TRIED TO SHOW IN THE 1973 01:15:49,960 --> 01:15:51,960 INITIAL CARTOON, BUT THERE ARE 1974 01:15:51,960 --> 01:15:53,600 MANY HOLES AND CREVICES IN WHICH 1975 01:15:53,600 --> 01:15:57,320 DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE MOLECULE 1976 01:15:57,320 --> 01:15:57,520 MAY FIT. 1977 01:15:57,520 --> 01:16:00,720 AND SO THEY CAME UP WITH THIS 1978 01:16:00,720 --> 01:16:03,680 REALLY CLEVER IDEA THAT THEY MAY 1979 01:16:03,680 --> 01:16:06,520 BE ABLE TO ULTIMATELY 1980 01:16:06,520 --> 01:16:07,960 INTERROGATE REALLY HUGE CHEMICAL 1981 01:16:07,960 --> 01:16:11,120 SPACE BY DOING AN ITERATIVE 1982 01:16:11,120 --> 01:16:13,400 PROCESS WHERE AN INITIAL 1983 01:16:13,400 --> 01:16:15,920 BUILDING BLOCK OR BUILDING 1984 01:16:15,920 --> 01:16:18,240 BLOCK-LIKE COMPOUNDS WERE DOCKED 1985 01:16:18,240 --> 01:16:23,480 INTO THE RECEPTOR, AND THEN IN 1986 01:16:23,480 --> 01:16:26,880 SILICO THROUGH SIMPLE 1987 01:16:26,880 --> 01:16:28,320 THEORETICAL CHEMICAL REACTIONS 1988 01:16:28,320 --> 01:16:30,360 MOIETIES CAN BE ADDED ON TO THE 1989 01:16:30,360 --> 01:16:32,120 INITIAL HIT COMPOUND SO IT CAN 1990 01:16:32,120 --> 01:16:36,280 ENGAGE THE OTHER SITES OF THE 1991 01:16:36,280 --> 01:16:38,920 BINDING POCKET TO YIELD HIGHLY 1992 01:16:38,920 --> 01:16:40,840 SELECTIVE AND POTENT COMPOUND. 1993 01:16:40,840 --> 01:16:45,360 THIS IS WHAT'S CALLED A 1994 01:16:45,360 --> 01:16:47,080 SYNTHON-BASED APPROACH. 1995 01:16:47,080 --> 01:16:49,320 WE WERE ABLE TO INTERROGATE A 1996 01:16:49,320 --> 01:16:51,360 LARGE LIBRARY OF 11 BILLION 1997 01:16:51,360 --> 01:16:53,560 COMPOUNDS, THE LARGEST BASICALLY 1998 01:16:53,560 --> 01:16:59,080 THE LARGEST COMPUTATIONAL 1999 01:16:59,080 --> 01:17:00,680 PROJECT TO DATE. 2000 01:17:00,680 --> 01:17:02,760 THEY HAVE COME UP WITH AN 2001 01:17:02,760 --> 01:17:12,360 INTERESTING NAME FOR THIS 2002 01:17:12,360 --> 01:17:22,880 APPROACH, V-VYNTHES, THESE ARE 2003 01:17:26,160 --> 01:17:29,600 THE DETAILS. 2004 01:17:29,600 --> 01:17:32,320 THIS APPROACH HAS MANY 2005 01:17:32,320 --> 01:17:34,080 ADVANTAGES OVER CURRENT 2006 01:17:34,080 --> 01:17:34,840 COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES WHICH 2007 01:17:34,840 --> 01:17:39,440 ARE LISTED HERE. 2008 01:17:39,440 --> 01:17:41,960 ULTIMATELY WE WERE ABLE TO 2009 01:17:41,960 --> 01:17:44,480 UTILIZE THIS APPROACH TO 2010 01:17:44,480 --> 01:17:51,680 IDENTIFY A HIGHLY SELECTIVE CB2 2011 01:17:51,680 --> 01:17:53,440 CANNABINOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, 2012 01:17:53,440 --> 01:17:55,840 I KNOW DR. WEISS FROM NIDA 2013 01:17:55,840 --> 01:17:58,040 KNOWS, YOU KNOW, HOW MANY 2014 01:17:58,040 --> 01:17:59,160 MILLIONS OF DOLLARS HAVE BEEN 2015 01:17:59,160 --> 01:18:02,080 SPENT BY NIDA TRYING TO COME UP 2016 01:18:02,080 --> 01:18:03,760 WITH SELECTIVE COMPOUNDS FOR 2017 01:18:03,760 --> 01:18:04,360 CANNABINOID RECEPTORS. 2018 01:18:04,360 --> 01:18:13,160 THIS TURNS OUT TO BE A 600 PICO 2019 01:18:13,160 --> 01:18:15,480 MOLE POTENCY HIGHLY SELECTIVE 2020 01:18:15,480 --> 01:18:16,360 COMPOUND WITH EXCELLENT 2021 01:18:16,360 --> 01:18:17,040 DRUG-LIKE PROPERTIES. 2022 01:18:17,040 --> 01:18:18,400 THIS GIVES AN IDEA OF THE 2023 01:18:18,400 --> 01:18:20,080 OVERALL APPROACH. 2024 01:18:20,080 --> 01:18:23,680 THIS APPROACH CAN BE USED FOR 2025 01:18:23,680 --> 01:18:26,960 G-PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTORS AND 2026 01:18:26,960 --> 01:18:28,840 ENZYMES, KINASES, ION CHANNELS 2027 01:18:28,840 --> 01:18:31,320 AND SO ON, VIRTUALLY ALL OF WHAT 2028 01:18:31,320 --> 01:18:34,720 ARE THOUGHT TO BE DRUGGABLE 2029 01:18:34,720 --> 01:18:35,080 TARGETS. 2030 01:18:35,080 --> 01:18:37,680 ULTIMATELY WHEN THE BRAIN 2031 01:18:37,680 --> 01:18:40,840 INITIATIVE HAS REALIZED ITS GOAL 2032 01:18:40,840 --> 01:18:42,280 OF IDENTIFYING EVERY -- THE 2033 01:18:42,280 --> 01:18:45,640 PHENOTYPE OF EVERY NEURON IN THE 2034 01:18:45,640 --> 01:18:46,480 BRAIN, LISTS OF DRUGGABLE 2035 01:18:46,480 --> 01:18:49,960 TARGETS WILL EMERGE FROM THAT. 2036 01:18:49,960 --> 01:18:52,160 ULTIMATELY DRUGS WILL NEED TO BE 2037 01:18:52,160 --> 01:18:52,760 MADE AGAINST THEM. 2038 01:18:52,760 --> 01:18:55,320 SO THIS IS A TECHNOLOGY THAT WE 2039 01:18:55,320 --> 01:18:57,480 HAVE DEVELOPED TO ACCELERATE 2040 01:18:57,480 --> 01:18:57,800 THAT. 2041 01:18:57,800 --> 01:18:59,240 AND THE REMAINING TIME I WANT TO 2042 01:18:59,240 --> 01:19:04,160 SHOW HOW WE'RE USING THIS 2043 01:19:04,160 --> 01:19:05,120 APPROACH TO VALIDATE NOVEL 2044 01:19:05,120 --> 01:19:09,280 THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS. 2045 01:19:09,280 --> 01:19:14,440 AS I MENTIONED, THE FIRST, A 2046 01:19:14,440 --> 01:19:17,520 YEAR OR SO AGO, WE SHOWED WE 2047 01:19:17,520 --> 01:19:18,800 COULD USE THIS APPROACH TO 2048 01:19:18,800 --> 01:19:20,240 OBTAIN DRUGS THAT ARE HIGHLY 2049 01:19:20,240 --> 01:19:25,960 SELECT SELECTIVE FOR MELATONIN 2050 01:19:25,960 --> 01:19:28,160 RECEPTORS, AND SHOWED IN 2051 01:19:28,160 --> 01:19:29,360 COLLABORATIVE STUDIES WITH THE 2052 01:19:29,360 --> 01:19:33,520 GROUP AT BUFFALO THAT WE COULD 2053 01:19:33,520 --> 01:19:36,040 HAVE ON-TARGET MODULATION OF 2054 01:19:36,040 --> 01:19:37,880 CIRCADIAN BIOLOGY IN EXPECTED AS 2055 01:19:37,880 --> 01:19:40,160 WELL AS UNEXPECTED WAYS AND WE 2056 01:19:40,160 --> 01:19:44,360 THINK THIS MAY LEAD TO BETTER 2057 01:19:44,360 --> 01:19:46,720 TREATMENTS FOR CONDITIONS LIKE 2058 01:19:46,720 --> 01:19:50,400 JET LAG AND CIRCADIAN RHYTHM 2059 01:19:50,400 --> 01:19:53,560 DISORDERS. 2060 01:19:53,560 --> 01:19:55,360 2061 01:19:55,360 --> 01:19:59,080 ONE OF THE COMMENTS AND THEMES 2062 01:19:59,080 --> 01:20:00,360 THAT COME UP TYPICALLY IN 2063 01:20:00,360 --> 01:20:02,000 DISCUSSIONS OF THE BRAIN 2064 01:20:02,000 --> 01:20:04,200 INITIATIVE IS THAT, YOU KNOW, 2065 01:20:04,200 --> 01:20:07,840 THIS IS ALL REALLY COOL SCIENCE, 2066 01:20:07,840 --> 01:20:10,000 BUT WHEN ARE WE GOING TO 2067 01:20:10,000 --> 01:20:12,640 ACTUALLY DELIVER SOMETHING FOR 2068 01:20:12,640 --> 01:20:15,480 HUMANS THAT WILL ULTIMATELY LEAD 2069 01:20:15,480 --> 01:20:19,960 TO BETTER TREATMENTS FOR SERIOUS 2070 01:20:19,960 --> 01:20:20,520 NEUROPSYCHIATRIC ILLNESSES? 2071 01:20:20,520 --> 01:20:22,480 I'M GOING TO TAKE YOU THROUGH A 2072 01:20:22,480 --> 01:20:25,000 SHORT CASE STUDY THAT SHOWS OUR 2073 01:20:25,000 --> 01:20:27,120 APPROACH FOR THIS. 2074 01:20:27,120 --> 01:20:31,920 AND IT'S BASED ON A FINDING, 2075 01:20:31,920 --> 01:20:32,760 REALLY ASTOUNDING AND 2076 01:20:32,760 --> 01:20:36,280 UNEXPECTED, NOW ABOUT FIVE YEARS 2077 01:20:36,280 --> 01:20:38,240 AGO FROM GRIFFITHS LAB AND 2078 01:20:38,240 --> 01:20:48,800 OTHERS SHOWING A SINGLE DOSE OF 2079 01:20:49,600 --> 01:20:51,880 PSILOCYBIN INDUCES RESPONSE IN 2080 01:20:51,880 --> 01:20:53,240 INDIVIDUALS REFRACTORY TO 2081 01:20:53,240 --> 01:20:53,640 TREATMENT. 2082 01:20:53,640 --> 01:20:58,520 AND NOT ONLY WAS THIS SINGLE 2083 01:20:58,520 --> 01:21:01,880 DOSE -- WAS THE EFFECT OF A 2084 01:21:01,880 --> 01:21:03,560 SINGLE DOSE HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT 2085 01:21:03,560 --> 01:21:04,760 BUT WAS LONG LASTING. 2086 01:21:04,760 --> 01:21:06,800 SO THEY DID A FOLLOW-UP STUDY AT 2087 01:21:06,800 --> 01:21:08,440 SIX MONTHS AND FOUND THAT THE 2088 01:21:08,440 --> 01:21:10,400 MAJORITY OF THE PATIENTS THAT 2089 01:21:10,400 --> 01:21:14,000 WERE TREATED WITH THE SINGLE 2090 01:21:14,000 --> 01:21:16,640 DOSE OF PSILOCYBIN NOT ONLY WAS 2091 01:21:16,640 --> 01:21:20,920 DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY AMILOR 2092 01:21:20,920 --> 01:21:22,320 RATED BUT MOST RETURNED TO A 2093 01:21:22,320 --> 01:21:23,320 LEVEL OF FUNCTION WHERE 2094 01:21:23,320 --> 01:21:25,960 DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY WERE NO 2095 01:21:25,960 --> 01:21:34,920 LONGER LIMITING TO THEIR DAILY 2096 01:21:34,920 --> 01:21:35,160 LIFE. 2097 01:21:35,160 --> 01:21:38,440 THERE'S UNIQUE PROPERTIES, THE 2098 01:21:38,440 --> 01:21:41,480 FIRST IS THEY IN PHASE 2 STUDIES 2099 01:21:41,480 --> 01:21:45,320 APPEAR TO HAVE A RAPID AND 2100 01:21:45,320 --> 01:21:48,600 SUSTAINED THERAPEUTIC ACTION. 2101 01:21:48,600 --> 01:21:49,840 GRIFFITH LAB PUBLISHED 12-MONTH 2102 01:21:49,840 --> 01:21:50,080 FOLLOW-UP. 2103 01:21:50,080 --> 01:21:53,640 YOU CAN SEE THAT EVEN 12 MONTHS 2104 01:21:53,640 --> 01:21:57,280 AFTER A SINGLE ADMINISTRATION OF 2105 01:21:57,280 --> 01:21:59,280 PSILOCYBIN THE RATING OF THE 2106 01:21:59,280 --> 01:22:04,320 PATIENTS ON A TYPICAL DEPRESSION 2107 01:22:04,320 --> 01:22:05,320 RATING SCALE WITH 2108 01:22:05,320 --> 01:22:06,080 INDISTINGUISHABLE FROM 2109 01:22:06,080 --> 01:22:07,360 INDIVIDUALS NOT DEPRESSED. 2110 01:22:07,360 --> 01:22:10,560 THE ACTIONS ARE ROBUST. 2111 01:22:10,560 --> 01:22:13,640 MOST PATIENTS ARE NO LONGER 2112 01:22:13,640 --> 01:22:13,920 DEPRESSED. 2113 01:22:13,920 --> 01:22:16,240 THE OTHER THING THAT'S 2114 01:22:16,240 --> 01:22:17,440 INTERESTING IS THE PSYCHEDELICS 2115 01:22:17,440 --> 01:22:20,760 INDUCE A MEMORABLE OR SALIENT 2116 01:22:20,760 --> 01:22:26,440 EXPERIENCE, AND IN RETROSPECTIVE 2117 01:22:26,440 --> 01:22:27,560 STUDIES WHEN INDIVIDUALS WERE 2118 01:22:27,560 --> 01:22:29,080 ASKED WHAT IS THE MOST MEMORABLE 2119 01:22:29,080 --> 01:22:33,040 EVENT THAT YOU'VE HAD IN YOUR 2120 01:22:33,040 --> 01:22:33,960 LIFE, TYPICALLY THE PSILOCYBIN 2121 01:22:33,960 --> 01:22:35,760 EXPERIENCE WAS LISTED AS ONE OF 2122 01:22:35,760 --> 01:22:38,680 THE TOP ONE OR TWO EXPERIENCES 2123 01:22:38,680 --> 01:22:40,960 IN THEIR LIFE. 2124 01:22:40,960 --> 01:22:42,560 MORE RECENTLY, THIS WAS JUST 2125 01:22:42,560 --> 01:22:44,480 PRESENTED AT A SYMPOSIUM THAT I 2126 01:22:44,480 --> 01:22:49,080 WAS AT IN LONDON LAST WEEK, BY 2127 01:22:49,080 --> 01:22:57,400 THE LICTHI LAB AT BASAL, TWO 2128 01:22:57,400 --> 01:22:59,800 DOSES OF LSD FOR TREATMENT OF 2129 01:22:59,800 --> 01:23:00,240 ANXIETY. 2130 01:23:00,240 --> 01:23:05,160 AGAIN, THERE'S THIS RAPID AND 2131 01:23:05,160 --> 01:23:07,680 VERY SUSTAINED EFFECT ON ANXIETY 2132 01:23:07,680 --> 01:23:11,080 IN PATIENTS THAT WERE PREVIOUSLY 2133 01:23:11,080 --> 01:23:13,120 REFRACTORY FOR TREATMENT. 2134 01:23:13,120 --> 01:23:16,560 YOU CAN SEE IN THE LSD-TREATED 2135 01:23:16,560 --> 01:23:18,080 GROUP 65% OF PATIENTS HAD 2136 01:23:18,080 --> 01:23:21,360 GREATER THAN A 30% REDUCTION IN 2137 01:23:21,360 --> 01:23:22,880 ANXIETY SCORE. 2138 01:23:22,880 --> 01:23:28,440 SO THESE ARE REALLY HUGE 2139 01:23:28,440 --> 01:23:29,360 EFFECTS. 2140 01:23:29,360 --> 01:23:34,920 AND SO WE, MY LAB, ALONG WITH 2141 01:23:34,920 --> 01:23:36,800 THE CHOYKET LAB AND OTHERS, IN A 2142 01:23:36,800 --> 01:23:39,080 GRANT FUNDED BY DARPA HAVE BEEN 2143 01:23:39,080 --> 01:23:43,480 GIVEN TASK TO COME UP WITH NEW 2144 01:23:43,480 --> 01:23:46,440 THERAPEUTIC AGENTS WHICH HAVE 2145 01:23:46,440 --> 01:23:47,960 THE THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF 2146 01:23:47,960 --> 01:23:50,960 DRUGS LIKE PSILOCYBIN AND LSD 2147 01:23:50,960 --> 01:23:51,920 WITHOUT THE PSYCHEDELIC 2148 01:23:51,920 --> 01:23:52,240 EXPERIENCE. 2149 01:23:52,240 --> 01:23:54,440 THE PROBLEM IS THAT DRUGS LIKE 2150 01:23:54,440 --> 01:23:57,240 LSD AND PSILOCYBIN HAVE AN 2151 01:23:57,240 --> 01:23:57,880 EXTREMELY COMPLEX PHARMACOLOGY, 2152 01:23:57,880 --> 01:24:00,000 SO YOU CAN SEE THEY INTERACT 2153 01:24:00,000 --> 01:24:04,040 WITH A NUMBER OF RECEPTORS HERE 2154 01:24:04,040 --> 01:24:06,480 IN THE GPCR-OME, AND IT'S 2155 01:24:06,480 --> 01:24:10,880 THOUGHT THAT OF ALL OF THE 30 OR 2156 01:24:10,880 --> 01:24:12,480 SO RECEPTORS THAT LSL INTERACTS 2157 01:24:12,480 --> 01:24:14,280 WITH ONLY ONE OF THESE IS 2158 01:24:14,280 --> 01:24:15,600 ACTUALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR 2159 01:24:15,600 --> 01:24:20,320 THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS. 2160 01:24:20,320 --> 01:24:21,880 THAT'S THE 5-HT 2A RECEPTOR, 2161 01:24:21,880 --> 01:24:25,800 EVIDENCE GOES BACK TO STUDIES IN 2162 01:24:25,800 --> 01:24:27,360 MICE SEVERAL DECADES AGO, 2163 01:24:27,360 --> 01:24:28,600 SHOWING THE PSYCHEDELIC ACTIONS 2164 01:24:28,600 --> 01:24:33,200 OF THESE DRUGS CORRELATE WITH 2165 01:24:33,200 --> 01:24:34,480 SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AFFINITY, 2166 01:24:34,480 --> 01:24:39,960 MUCH LATER STUDIES IN KNOCKOUT A 2167 01:24:39,960 --> 01:24:43,400 MICE IN WHICH SEROTONIN RECEPTOR 2168 01:24:43,400 --> 01:24:45,720 WAS GENETICALLY DELETED DO NOT 2169 01:24:45,720 --> 01:24:50,520 RESPOND TO PSYCHEDELICS, AND MY 2170 01:24:50,520 --> 01:24:52,320 LAB AND THE CHOYKET LAB, MOST 2171 01:24:52,320 --> 01:24:54,440 INTERESTING DATA FROM HUMAN 2172 01:24:54,440 --> 01:24:57,080 STUDIES WHERE EFFECTS OF BOTH 2173 01:24:57,080 --> 01:24:59,160 PSILOCYBIN AND LSD ARE BLOCKED 2174 01:24:59,160 --> 01:25:01,800 IN A DOSE DEPENDENT AND COMPLETE 2175 01:25:01,800 --> 01:25:12,200 FASHION BY THIS SORT OF 2176 01:25:12,440 --> 01:25:13,240 SEROTONIN F-HT2A ANTAGONIST. 2177 01:25:13,240 --> 01:25:14,560 THE FIRST STEP OF DESIGNING 2178 01:25:14,560 --> 01:25:16,520 DRUGS THAT INTERACT WITH THIS 2179 01:25:16,520 --> 01:25:19,040 RECEPTOR THAT MIGHT BE 2180 01:25:19,040 --> 01:25:20,240 THERAPEUTIC BUT NOT PSYCHEDELIC 2181 01:25:20,240 --> 01:25:22,320 WAS TO SOLVE THE STRUCTURE OF 2182 01:25:22,320 --> 01:25:23,440 THESE RECEPTORS. 2183 01:25:23,440 --> 01:25:25,600 AND SO THIS WAS DONE OVER 2184 01:25:25,600 --> 01:25:27,680 SEVERAL-YEAR PERIOD, AS YOU CAN 2185 01:25:27,680 --> 01:25:28,400 SEE FROM THE REFERENCES HERE, 2186 01:25:28,400 --> 01:25:30,360 I'M NOT GOING TO SHOW THE 2187 01:25:30,360 --> 01:25:30,640 STRUCTURES. 2188 01:25:30,640 --> 01:25:36,240 INSTEAD WHAT I'D LIKE TO SHOW IS 2189 01:25:36,240 --> 01:25:39,760 ANIMATION THAT WAS CREATED BY 2190 01:25:39,760 --> 01:25:41,400 ASHELMAN OF RIBOSOME STUDIO, WAS 2191 01:25:41,400 --> 01:25:44,440 ON THE TV SHOW HAMILTON'S 2192 01:25:44,440 --> 01:25:45,120 PHARMACOPEIA. 2193 01:25:45,120 --> 01:25:47,400 WE HAVE LSD, THE LSD MOLECULE. 2194 01:25:47,400 --> 01:25:51,280 YOU CAN IMAGINE IT'S FLOATING 2195 01:25:51,280 --> 01:25:53,200 THROUGH SPACE, FLOATING THROUGH 2196 01:25:53,200 --> 01:25:54,720 SOMEONE'S BLOODSTREAM. 2197 01:25:54,720 --> 01:25:56,360 IT'S NOW GETTING INTO THE BRAIN. 2198 01:25:56,360 --> 01:25:59,120 AND GETTING CLOSE TO A RECEPTOR. 2199 01:25:59,120 --> 01:26:00,960 AND IN THE BACKGROUND THERE YOU 2200 01:26:00,960 --> 01:26:02,600 CAN SEE THIS WHITE OBJECT SORT 2201 01:26:02,600 --> 01:26:08,600 OF DANCING AROUND. 2202 01:26:08,600 --> 01:26:10,920 THAT'S THE RECEPTOR, YOU CAN SEE 2203 01:26:10,920 --> 01:26:13,200 THE LSD WIGGLES ITS WAY IN THE 2204 01:26:13,200 --> 01:26:16,440 RECEPTOR THAT'S ACTUALLY 2205 01:26:16,440 --> 01:26:18,040 TECHNICALLY A MULTI-STEP BINDING 2206 01:26:18,040 --> 01:26:18,480 MODE. 2207 01:26:18,480 --> 01:26:20,600 A LITTLE LID FALLS OVER THE TOP 2208 01:26:20,600 --> 01:26:23,560 OF THE RECEPTOR AND TRAPS LSD IN 2209 01:26:23,560 --> 01:26:26,400 THE RECEPTOR. 2210 01:26:26,400 --> 01:26:27,600 THIS STABILIZES VARIOUS 2211 01:26:27,600 --> 01:26:28,480 CONFIRMATIONAL CHANGES, WHICH 2212 01:26:28,480 --> 01:26:30,120 ULTIMATELY LEAD TO SIGNALING 2213 01:26:30,120 --> 01:26:30,640 EVENTS. 2214 01:26:30,640 --> 01:26:33,720 NOW WE'RE GOING TO DIVE INSIDE 2215 01:26:33,720 --> 01:26:37,120 THE CELL, ULTIMATELY LEADING TO 2216 01:26:37,120 --> 01:26:38,360 THE DISASSOCIATION OF 2217 01:26:38,360 --> 01:26:39,400 HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEIN. 2218 01:26:39,400 --> 01:26:42,480 HERE GO BETA GAMMA 2219 01:26:42,480 --> 01:26:45,360 SUBOPPORTUNITIES. 2220 01:26:45,360 --> 01:26:46,640 SUBUNITS, IN THE BACKGROUND 2221 01:26:46,640 --> 01:26:47,520 CALCIUM SPIKES. 2222 01:26:47,520 --> 01:26:51,200 CAN WE CREATE A DRUG THAT 2223 01:26:51,200 --> 01:26:52,480 TARGETS ONLY THIS RECEPTOR? 2224 01:26:52,480 --> 01:26:54,240 AND ACTIVATES ONLY THIS 2225 01:26:54,240 --> 01:26:56,560 SIGNALING PATHWAY? 2226 01:26:56,560 --> 01:26:58,160 THAT WAS THE GOAL. 2227 01:26:58,160 --> 01:27:00,560 AND BEFORE WE COULD DO THIS WE 2228 01:27:00,560 --> 01:27:03,120 REALIZED WE NEEDED TO SOLVE 2229 01:27:03,120 --> 01:27:04,080 MANY, MANY ADDITIONAL 2230 01:27:04,080 --> 01:27:04,520 STRUCTURES. 2231 01:27:04,520 --> 01:27:06,560 I'M NOT GOING TO GO INTO HOW 2232 01:27:06,560 --> 01:27:08,520 THIS WAS DONE. 2233 01:27:08,520 --> 01:27:13,040 BUT ULTIMATELY WE'VE OBTAINED 2234 01:27:13,040 --> 01:27:14,440 STRUCTURES, ESSENTIALLY OF THIS 2235 01:27:14,440 --> 01:27:17,520 RECEPTOR WITH MOST OF THE SORT 2236 01:27:17,520 --> 01:27:21,120 OF PROTOTYPICAL PSYCHEDELIC 2237 01:27:21,120 --> 01:27:23,080 DRUGS AND NON-PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS 2238 01:27:23,080 --> 01:27:28,440 IN G-PROTEIN COUPLED FORM SHOWN 2239 01:27:28,440 --> 01:27:32,080 HERE AND IN COLLABORATION WITH 2240 01:27:32,080 --> 01:27:33,600 THIS TALENTED POSTDOC, ALVAREZ, 2241 01:27:33,600 --> 01:27:36,240 HAVE BEEN ABLE TO OBTAIN THE 2242 01:27:36,240 --> 01:27:41,560 STRUCTURE OF LSD IN THE ARRESTIN 2243 01:27:41,560 --> 01:27:42,400 COMPLEX. 2244 01:27:42,400 --> 01:27:44,560 NOW WE HAVE BASICALLY HIGH 2245 01:27:44,560 --> 01:27:45,760 RESOLUTION STRUCTURES OF 2246 01:27:45,760 --> 01:27:47,720 PSYCHEDELICS ALONE AT THE 2247 01:27:47,720 --> 01:27:50,240 RECEPTOR, COUPLING WITH 2248 01:27:50,240 --> 01:27:51,800 G-PROTEIN, AND COUPLING WITH 2249 01:27:51,800 --> 01:27:53,200 ARRESTIN, NOW WE CAN USE THIS 2250 01:27:53,200 --> 01:27:56,440 INFORMATION TO DESIGN DRUGS THAT 2251 01:27:56,440 --> 01:27:58,160 SELECTIVELY INTERACT WITH THE 2252 01:27:58,160 --> 01:27:59,640 RECEPTOR AND ACTIVATE A 2253 01:27:59,640 --> 01:28:02,560 SIGNALING PATHWAY AND SO WE'RE 2254 01:28:02,560 --> 01:28:05,280 ABLE TO DO THIS, AND THIS IS THE 2255 01:28:05,280 --> 01:28:07,240 COMPOUND THAT WE ULTIMATELY 2256 01:28:07,240 --> 01:28:11,960 IDENTIFIED, IT'S A COMPOUND 2257 01:28:11,960 --> 01:28:17,160 CALLED R-69, AND HERE IN MAGENTA 2258 01:28:17,160 --> 01:28:19,920 IS THE PREDICTED MODE, BY THE 2259 01:28:19,920 --> 01:28:23,840 THEY BIND TO RECEPTOR, IN GREEN 2260 01:28:23,840 --> 01:28:25,960 THE EXPERIMENTAL IDENTIFIED 2261 01:28:25,960 --> 01:28:26,720 MODE. 2262 01:28:26,720 --> 01:28:28,920 AND WHAT WE FOUND BASICALLY, 2263 01:28:28,920 --> 01:28:32,520 THESE ARE STUDIES DONE BY RAMONA 2264 01:28:32,520 --> 01:28:34,040 RODRIGUEZ IN BILL WETZEL'S LAB 2265 01:28:34,040 --> 01:28:39,280 AT DUKE, THE COMPOUND HAS ROBUST 2266 01:28:39,280 --> 01:28:41,280 RAPIDLY ACTING AND SUSTAINED 2267 01:28:41,280 --> 01:28:42,480 ANTI-DEPRESSANT AND ANXIOLYTIC 2268 01:28:42,480 --> 01:28:46,320 ACTIONS IN MICE, IN VIVO. 2269 01:28:46,320 --> 01:28:49,600 IT HAS NO PSYCHEDELIC DRUG-LIKE 2270 01:28:49,600 --> 01:28:51,240 ACTION IN VIVO, NO REINFORCING 2271 01:28:51,240 --> 01:28:52,760 ACTION IN VIVO, SO WE DON'T 2272 01:28:52,760 --> 01:28:56,600 THINK IT WOULD BE A DRUG OF 2273 01:28:56,600 --> 01:28:58,400 ABUSE, EFFECTS OF SINGLE DOINGS 2274 01:28:58,400 --> 01:29:00,200 ARE LONG LASTING UP TO SEVERAL 2275 01:29:00,200 --> 01:29:02,520 WEEKS AFTER A SINGLE DOSE WE'RE 2276 01:29:02,520 --> 01:29:03,720 SEEING SUSTAINED ANTI-DEPRESSANT 2277 01:29:03,720 --> 01:29:06,000 AND ANXIOLYTIC ACTIONS OF THESE 2278 01:29:06,000 --> 01:29:09,760 DRUGS IN MICE, THE TAKEHOME 2279 01:29:09,760 --> 01:29:11,840 MESSAGE IS THAT MY LAB AND 2280 01:29:11,840 --> 01:29:14,480 OTHERS HAVE CREATED MANY NEW 2281 01:29:14,480 --> 01:29:15,320 TECHNOLOGIES FOR ACCELERATING 2282 01:29:15,320 --> 01:29:17,880 DRUG DISCOVERY AT DRUGGABLE 2283 01:29:17,880 --> 01:29:18,120 TARGETS. 2284 01:29:18,120 --> 01:29:19,840 WE FOCUS ON G-PROTEIN COUPLED 2285 01:29:19,840 --> 01:29:23,200 RECEPTORS, SOME TECHNOLOGIES ARE 2286 01:29:23,200 --> 01:29:26,760 LISTED THERE. 2287 01:29:26,760 --> 01:29:36,440 ALONG WITH THE CHOIKET LAB WE'VE 2288 01:29:36,440 --> 01:29:40,040 DEVELOPED LARGE SCALE SCREENING 2289 01:29:40,040 --> 01:29:43,040 PLATFORMS FOR DISCOVERY FOR 2290 01:29:43,040 --> 01:29:45,880 VIRTUALLY ANY MOLECULAR TARGET, 2291 01:29:45,880 --> 01:29:47,280 AND IN PARALLEL WE HAVE 2292 01:29:47,280 --> 01:29:48,160 IDENTIFIED MANY NO STRUCTURES 2293 01:29:48,160 --> 01:29:53,080 THAT WE CAN USE AS TEMPLATES FOR 2294 01:29:53,080 --> 01:29:54,720 NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DRUG DISCOVERY. 2295 01:29:54,720 --> 01:29:57,000 AND THIS I THINK IS ULTIMATELY 2296 01:29:57,000 --> 01:29:58,360 WHERE THE BRAIN INITIATIVE IS 2297 01:29:58,360 --> 01:30:00,520 GOING TO HAVE TO GO. 2298 01:30:00,520 --> 01:30:03,360 THIS IS THE TEAM OF 2299 01:30:03,360 --> 01:30:04,280 INVESTIGATORS THAT IS INVOLVED 2300 01:30:04,280 --> 01:30:08,600 IN THIS AS I SAID, IT'S A HUGE 2301 01:30:08,600 --> 01:30:10,240 MULTI-CENTER INITIATIVE FUNDED 2302 01:30:10,240 --> 01:30:11,680 BY THE NIH AND DARPA. 2303 01:30:11,680 --> 01:30:13,120 THESE ARE THE FUNDING AGENCIES 2304 01:30:13,120 --> 01:30:13,440 HERE. 2305 01:30:13,440 --> 01:30:16,160 I WANT TO THANK THEM ALL. 2306 01:30:16,160 --> 01:30:17,480 IN PARTICULAR, NATIONAL 2307 01:30:17,480 --> 01:30:19,960 INSTITUTE OF DRUG ABUSE AND 2308 01:30:19,960 --> 01:30:20,760 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL 2309 01:30:20,760 --> 01:30:22,640 HEALTH THAT FOR MANY YEARS 2310 01:30:22,640 --> 01:30:24,800 FUNDED BASIC SCIENCE IN MY LAB, 2311 01:30:24,800 --> 01:30:27,240 AND WITH THAT I'M HAPPY TO 2312 01:30:27,240 --> 01:30:28,920 ANSWER ANY QUESTIONS YOU MAY 2313 01:30:28,920 --> 01:30:29,160 HAVE. 2314 01:30:29,160 --> 01:30:34,000 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION. 2315 01:30:34,000 --> 01:30:35,440 >> WOW, THANKS, BRYAN. 2316 01:30:35,440 --> 01:30:39,240 TRULY AMAZING. 2317 01:30:39,240 --> 01:30:41,880 IT'S GREAT TO SEE HOW YOU AND 2318 01:30:41,880 --> 01:30:44,280 YOUR COLLEAGUES LEVERAGED THE 2319 01:30:44,280 --> 01:30:48,240 REVOLUTION IN STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2320 01:30:48,240 --> 01:30:50,080 OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS FACILITATED 2321 01:30:50,080 --> 01:30:53,480 BY CryoEM, TO INCORPORATE 2322 01:30:53,480 --> 01:30:53,960 POWERFUL COMPUTATIONAL 2323 01:30:53,960 --> 01:30:55,480 TECHNIQUES AND SHOWS NOT JUST 2324 01:30:55,480 --> 01:30:56,520 THE POWER OF SCALING THIS WAY 2325 01:30:56,520 --> 01:31:00,160 BUT WE NEED TO BE ABLE TO FOCUS 2326 01:31:00,160 --> 01:31:02,240 THESE TOOLS ON WELL-DESIGNED 2327 01:31:02,240 --> 01:31:03,440 STUDIES WITH IMPORTANT GOALS IN 2328 01:31:03,440 --> 01:31:03,680 MIND. 2329 01:31:03,680 --> 01:31:06,720 I THINK YOUR WORK EMBODIES THAT 2330 01:31:06,720 --> 01:31:07,360 WONDERFULLY. 2331 01:31:07,360 --> 01:31:08,680 I HAVE A ZILLION QUESTIONS BUT I 2332 01:31:08,680 --> 01:31:11,520 DON'T WANT TO HOPPING THE TIME. 2333 01:31:11,520 --> 01:31:13,280 DAVID MARKOWITZ, YOUR HAND IS 2334 01:31:13,280 --> 01:31:13,440 UP. 2335 01:31:13,440 --> 01:31:15,360 >> CAN YOU HEAR ME? 2336 01:31:15,360 --> 01:31:16,440 >> YES. 2337 01:31:16,440 --> 01:31:16,680 >> HI. 2338 01:31:16,680 --> 01:31:18,520 GREAT TALK. 2339 01:31:18,520 --> 01:31:19,640 THANK YOU. 2340 01:31:19,640 --> 01:31:23,080 I WAS STRUCK BY ONE OF YOUR 2341 01:31:23,080 --> 01:31:27,760 EARLIER SLIDES ON THE 2342 01:31:27,760 --> 01:31:28,240 COMPUTATIONAL LIGAND 2343 01:31:28,240 --> 01:31:31,800 PRE-DEDUCTION STUDIES WHERE YOU 2344 01:31:31,800 --> 01:31:35,400 SAID THE V-SYNTHES PACKAGE HAS 2345 01:31:35,400 --> 01:31:38,560 22% HIT RATE FOR PREDICTED 2346 01:31:38,560 --> 01:31:40,680 LIGAND TARGET INTERACTION, 22% 2347 01:31:40,680 --> 01:31:47,680 SUCCESS RATE. 2348 01:31:47,680 --> 01:31:49,640 THAT'S AMAZING. 2349 01:31:49,640 --> 01:31:52,840 THE BINDER TARGET PREDICTION 2350 01:31:52,840 --> 01:31:53,920 CAPABILITIES IN THE 2351 01:31:53,920 --> 01:31:55,360 PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTION 2352 01:31:55,360 --> 01:31:57,480 FIELD NOW USING ROSETTA FOLDS, 2353 01:31:57,480 --> 01:31:58,200 FOR EXAMPLE. 2354 01:31:58,200 --> 01:31:58,800 >> RIGHT. 2355 01:31:58,800 --> 01:32:00,480 >> SO THAT'S A REALLY AMAZING 2356 01:32:00,480 --> 01:32:02,280 ADVANCE. 2357 01:32:02,280 --> 01:32:07,520 MY QUESTION FOR YOU IS WHAT THE 2358 01:32:07,520 --> 01:32:09,160 PROSPECTS ARE FOR COMPUTATIONAL 2359 01:32:09,160 --> 01:32:10,760 TOOL TO DEVELOP HIGHLY SPECIFIC 2360 01:32:10,760 --> 01:32:12,080 LIGANDS, RIGHT? 2361 01:32:12,080 --> 01:32:15,960 YOU HIGHLIGHTED A FAMILY OF 400 2362 01:32:15,960 --> 01:32:19,880 OR SO GPCRs, AND IF YOUR HIT 2363 01:32:19,880 --> 01:32:21,200 RATE IS 22%, FOR PREDICTING 2364 01:32:21,200 --> 01:32:23,280 INTERACTIONS WITH ANY ONE OF 2365 01:32:23,280 --> 01:32:28,800 THEM, THAT WOULD IMPLY YOUR 2366 01:32:28,800 --> 01:32:30,240 ABILITY FOR SPECIFIC LIGANDS IS 2367 01:32:30,240 --> 01:32:31,960 NOT GREAT ACROSS THAT FAMILY. 2368 01:32:31,960 --> 01:32:35,120 CAN YOU COMMENT ON WHAT'S 2369 01:32:35,120 --> 01:32:37,120 NECESSARY TO DEVELOP HIGHLY 2370 01:32:37,120 --> 01:32:39,240 SPECIFIC LIGANDS USING -- 2371 01:32:39,240 --> 01:32:41,560 >> YEAH, SO, ALL OF THE ONES I 2372 01:32:41,560 --> 01:32:45,760 SHOWED YOU ARE HIGHLY SELECTIVE. 2373 01:32:45,760 --> 01:32:53,240 THEY ARE BOTH HIGH POTENCY AND 2374 01:32:53,240 --> 01:32:54,840 SELECTIVE FOR THAT GPCR. 2375 01:32:54,840 --> 01:32:56,240 IF YOU DIG, IF YOU'RE 2376 01:32:56,240 --> 01:32:59,680 INTERESTED, DIG INTO THE PAPERS, 2377 01:32:59,680 --> 01:33:00,880 WHEN WE HAVE 2378 01:33:00,880 --> 01:33:03,960 THE FINAL COMPOUNDS, WE PROFILE 2379 01:33:03,960 --> 01:33:05,480 THEM AGAINST ALL THE G-PROTEIN 2380 01:33:05,480 --> 01:33:06,280 COUPLED RECEPTORS IN THE HUMAN 2381 01:33:06,280 --> 01:33:09,760 GENOME AS WELL AS ALL THE 2382 01:33:09,760 --> 01:33:10,120 KINASES. 2383 01:33:10,120 --> 01:33:14,480 AND WHAT WE FIND IS THAT OUR 2384 01:33:14,480 --> 01:33:16,880 GOAL IS HIGHLY, HIGHLY SELECTIVE 2385 01:33:16,880 --> 01:33:18,760 COMPOUNDS, AND WE'VE SUCCEEDED 2386 01:33:18,760 --> 01:33:19,080 AT THAT. 2387 01:33:19,080 --> 01:33:24,400 I THINK THE REASON THAT WE'RE 2388 01:33:24,400 --> 01:33:27,800 SUCCESSFUL FOR G-PROTEIN COUPLED 2389 01:33:27,800 --> 01:33:29,120 RECEPTORS IN PARTICULAR TOO IN 2390 01:33:29,120 --> 01:33:30,760 NATURE FIRST THEY HAVE AMAZING 2391 01:33:30,760 --> 01:33:33,480 BINDING POCKETS AND THE BINDING 2392 01:33:33,480 --> 01:33:37,760 POCKET AT EVERY GPCR IS HIGHLY 2393 01:33:37,760 --> 01:33:38,640 UNIQUE. 2394 01:33:38,640 --> 01:33:41,280 SO, EVEN THOUGH SEROTONIN 2395 01:33:41,280 --> 01:33:43,120 RECEPTORS FOR INSTANCE HAVE -- 2396 01:33:43,120 --> 01:33:45,120 THERE 15 RECEPTORS, THEY ALL 2397 01:33:45,120 --> 01:33:47,840 BIND SEROTONIN. 2398 01:33:47,840 --> 01:33:49,040 BINDING SITE FOR SPECIFIC SMALL 2399 01:33:49,040 --> 01:33:49,800 MOLECULE THAT'S SYNTHETIC IS 2400 01:33:49,800 --> 01:33:51,960 GOING TO BE VERY DIFFERENT FROM 2401 01:33:51,960 --> 01:33:53,960 ONE RECEPTOR TO ANOTHER. 2402 01:33:53,960 --> 01:33:56,800 SO, THAT'S THE FIRST THING. 2403 01:33:56,800 --> 01:34:00,200 BINDING SITES BASICALLY HAVE 2404 01:34:00,200 --> 01:34:06,320 EVOLVED TO BE USED AS DRUG 2405 01:34:06,320 --> 01:34:07,440 TARGETS ESSENTIALLY. 2406 01:34:07,440 --> 01:34:11,080 THE OTHER THING IS THAT WE FOCUS 2407 01:34:11,080 --> 01:34:12,720 ON NOVEL CHEMICAL MATTER. 2408 01:34:12,720 --> 01:34:15,120 SO, WE GET OUT OF STANDARD 2409 01:34:15,120 --> 01:34:16,320 CHEMICAL SPACE, SO AS I 2410 01:34:16,320 --> 01:34:18,280 MENTIONED IN THE BEGINNING MOST 2411 01:34:18,280 --> 01:34:21,120 OF THE DRUGS FOR INSTANCE THAT 2412 01:34:21,120 --> 01:34:26,480 ARE USED IN PSYCHIATRY ARE 2413 01:34:26,480 --> 01:34:28,240 HIGHLY POLY PHARMACOLOGIC, SO HE 2414 01:34:28,240 --> 01:34:34,480 THEY WILL INTERACT WITH 10 TO 50 2415 01:34:34,480 --> 01:34:35,680 DIFFERENT RECEPTORS BECAUSE THEY 2416 01:34:35,680 --> 01:34:38,080 USE A LIMITED CHEMICAL SPACE 2417 01:34:38,080 --> 01:34:39,840 DISCOVERED HISTORICALLY, OKAY? 2418 01:34:39,840 --> 01:34:42,120 BASICALLY WHAT WE -- WHAT MY 2419 01:34:42,120 --> 01:34:44,320 COLLABORATORS AND I HAVE DONE IS 2420 01:34:44,320 --> 01:34:46,400 WE'VE GONE INTO COMPLETELY NOVEL 2421 01:34:46,400 --> 01:34:48,160 CHEMICAL SPACE, WE'RE BASICALLY 2422 01:34:48,160 --> 01:34:49,680 IN CHEMICAL SPACE THAT DOESN'T 2423 01:34:49,680 --> 01:34:54,720 EXIST IN THE PHYSICAL UNIVERSE. 2424 01:34:54,720 --> 01:34:56,920 AND WHEN WE FILTER OUR 2425 01:34:56,920 --> 01:34:59,120 COMPOUNDS, WE FILTER THEM NOT 2426 01:34:59,120 --> 01:35:01,160 ONLY FOR CHEMICAL NOVELTY, SO 2427 01:35:01,160 --> 01:35:02,720 MAKING SURE THEY DON'T RESEMBLE 2428 01:35:02,720 --> 01:35:04,240 ANYTHING THAT'S KNOWN TO 2429 01:35:04,240 --> 01:35:07,840 INTERACT WITH THE RECEPTOR, BUT 2430 01:35:07,840 --> 01:35:09,480 ALSO FOR DRUG-LIKE PROPERTIES, 2431 01:35:09,480 --> 01:35:11,720 YOU KNOW, ABSENCE OF OFF-TARGET 2432 01:35:11,720 --> 01:35:12,760 ACTION AND SO ON. 2433 01:35:12,760 --> 01:35:15,720 IN TERMS OF THE HIT RATE, IT 2434 01:35:15,720 --> 01:35:17,480 VARIES AS YOU MIGHT GUESS FROM 2435 01:35:17,480 --> 01:35:18,360 TARGET TO TARGET. 2436 01:35:18,360 --> 01:35:23,600 SO, IT'S BEEN AS LOW AS ZERO. 2437 01:35:23,600 --> 01:35:24,640 SOOME RECEPTORS IT DOESN'T 2438 01:35:24,640 --> 01:35:26,920 SEEM TO WORK WELL FOR. 2439 01:35:26,920 --> 01:35:28,800 IT'S NOT ENTIRELY CLEAR WHY THAT 2440 01:35:28,800 --> 01:35:29,520 IS. 2441 01:35:29,520 --> 01:35:31,640 ALL THE WAY TO 50%. 2442 01:35:31,640 --> 01:35:37,360 WE RECENTLY DID A SCREEN OF 2 2443 01:35:37,360 --> 01:35:43,800 BILLION MOLECULES, 2 250 OR SO 2444 01:35:43,800 --> 01:35:45,760 THIGHED SYNTHESIZED, 50% HIT 2445 01:35:45,760 --> 01:35:47,800 RATE, BASICALLY EVERYTHING IN 2446 01:35:47,800 --> 01:35:48,040 BETWEEN. 2447 01:35:48,040 --> 01:35:49,800 >> GREAT, THANK YOU. 2448 01:35:49,800 --> 01:35:52,040 >> YEAH, YEAH, YEAH. 2449 01:35:52,040 --> 01:35:56,800 IT'S AMAZING THAT IT WORKS. 2450 01:35:56,800 --> 01:35:56,920 2451 01:35:56,920 --> 01:35:57,560 >> THANKS, BRYAN. 2452 01:35:57,560 --> 01:35:59,520 HOW ARE WE DOING ON TIME, SUSAN? 2453 01:35:59,520 --> 01:36:01,080 >> WE'RE A LITTLE BIT OVER TIME 2454 01:36:01,080 --> 01:36:05,440 BUT EVEN IF WE GO UNTIL 12:45 WE 2455 01:36:05,440 --> 01:36:06,880 STILL HAVE HALF AN HOUR FOR THE 2456 01:36:06,880 --> 01:36:07,160 BREAK. 2457 01:36:07,160 --> 01:36:08,840 SO IF THERE ARE OTHER QUESTIONS 2458 01:36:08,840 --> 01:36:12,920 WE'VE GOT NINE MINUTES TO TAKE 2459 01:36:12,920 --> 01:36:13,600 THEM. 2460 01:36:13,600 --> 01:36:16,160 >> YEAH, OTHER QUESTIONS? 2461 01:36:16,160 --> 01:36:16,880 BRUCE? 2462 01:36:16,880 --> 01:36:17,960 >> FANTASTIC TALK. 2463 01:36:17,960 --> 01:36:18,520 SUPER INFORMATIVE. 2464 01:36:18,520 --> 01:36:21,040 LIKE JOHN I'VE GOT A MILLION 2465 01:36:21,040 --> 01:36:21,280 QUESTIONS. 2466 01:36:21,280 --> 01:36:26,840 I'LL FOCUS ON ONE. 2467 01:36:26,840 --> 01:36:27,600 OBVIOUSLY FOR NEUROACTIVE DRUGS 2468 01:36:27,600 --> 01:36:28,880 GETTING PAST THE BLOOD-BRAIN 2469 01:36:28,880 --> 01:36:29,920 BARRIER IS ANOTHER CRITICAL 2470 01:36:29,920 --> 01:36:30,320 CONSIDERATION. 2471 01:36:30,320 --> 01:36:35,160 IS THERE A WAY TO BUILD MODELS 2472 01:36:35,160 --> 01:36:36,160 OF THAT INTO YOUR CONSTRAINT 2473 01:36:36,160 --> 01:36:38,240 SPACE SO THAT YOU TARGET ON 2474 01:36:38,240 --> 01:36:40,120 THOSE THAT NOT ONLY HAVE 2475 01:36:40,120 --> 01:36:41,960 FAVORABLE PK AND PD PROPERTIES 2476 01:36:41,960 --> 01:36:43,840 BUT WE KNOW ARE GOING TO GET 2477 01:36:43,840 --> 01:36:45,440 INTO THE BRAIN? 2478 01:36:45,440 --> 01:36:50,400 WHAT'S THAT STATUS? 2479 01:36:50,400 --> 01:36:50,840 >> YES. 2480 01:36:50,840 --> 01:36:51,040 SO, -- 2481 01:36:51,040 --> 01:36:52,640 >> THAT WAS A STRAIGHTFORWARD 2482 01:36:52,640 --> 01:36:54,800 ANSWER, VERY GOOD. 2483 01:36:54,800 --> 01:36:56,440 >> YES, SO WE DO THOSE FOR WHAT 2484 01:36:56,440 --> 01:36:58,520 IT'S WORTH, I WOULD SAY. 2485 01:36:58,520 --> 01:37:00,840 SO THOSE ULTIMATELY YOU HAVE TO 2486 01:37:00,840 --> 01:37:04,120 DO PK STUDIES IN MICE. 2487 01:37:04,120 --> 01:37:06,120 WE'VE BEEN LUCKY SO FAR 2488 01:37:06,120 --> 01:37:07,600 ACTUALLY, I DON'T KNOW IF THIS 2489 01:37:07,600 --> 01:37:11,120 IS JUST DUMB LUCK OR IF THE 2490 01:37:11,120 --> 01:37:11,680 COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES 2491 01:37:11,680 --> 01:37:13,440 ACTUALLY WORK THE WAY THEY ARE 2492 01:37:13,440 --> 01:37:15,840 SUPPOSED TO, THAT THE COMPOUNDS 2493 01:37:15,840 --> 01:37:18,720 HAVE HAD REALLY GOOD 2494 01:37:18,720 --> 01:37:23,840 BIOAVAILABILITY, AND BRAIN 2495 01:37:23,840 --> 01:37:24,680 PENETRATION. 2496 01:37:24,680 --> 01:37:26,800 THE COMPOUND THAT'S THIS NOVEL 2497 01:37:26,800 --> 01:37:27,760 NON-PSYCHEDELIC COMPOUNDS GET 2498 01:37:27,760 --> 01:37:28,840 INTO THE BRAIN THREE TIMES 2499 01:37:28,840 --> 01:37:30,720 BETTER THAN INTO THE PLASMA. 2500 01:37:30,720 --> 01:37:33,880 SO IT HAS A BRAIN TO PLASMA 2501 01:37:33,880 --> 01:37:37,880 RATIO OF 3:1, WHICH WAS NOT 2502 01:37:37,880 --> 01:37:40,120 SOMETHING WE HAD ANTICIPATED. 2503 01:37:40,120 --> 01:37:42,240 BUT OF COURSE WE HAVE OTHER 2504 01:37:42,240 --> 01:37:43,360 COMPOUNDS THAT DON'T GET INTO 2505 01:37:43,360 --> 01:37:45,520 THE BRAIN AT ALL. 2506 01:37:45,520 --> 01:37:46,880 I THINK THAT'S CERTAINLY A 2507 01:37:46,880 --> 01:37:49,880 CHALLENGE, IT CONTINUES TO BE A 2508 01:37:49,880 --> 01:37:52,840 CHALLENGE, BASICALLY COMING UP 2509 01:37:52,840 --> 01:37:57,200 WITH BETTER WAYS OF PREDICTING 2510 01:37:57,200 --> 01:37:58,240 PHARMACOKINETIC PROPERTIES, 2511 01:37:58,240 --> 01:37:59,520 PLASMA PROTEIN BINDING, ET 2512 01:37:59,520 --> 01:38:03,160 CETERA, SO IT'S A HUGE AREA FOR 2513 01:38:03,160 --> 01:38:05,680 INNOVATIVE ADVANCES. 2514 01:38:05,680 --> 01:38:09,920 2515 01:38:09,920 --> 01:38:10,640 >> THANKS, BRYAN. 2516 01:38:10,640 --> 01:38:13,920 OTHER QUESTIONS? 2517 01:38:13,920 --> 01:38:18,520 2518 01:38:18,520 --> 01:38:19,160 WALTER? 2519 01:38:19,160 --> 01:38:20,720 >> GUESSING ALSO MAYBE BRUCE 2520 01:38:20,720 --> 01:38:24,320 WOULD BE INTERESTED IN A 2521 01:38:24,320 --> 01:38:25,200 TECHNIQUE, GETTING GOOD 2522 01:38:25,200 --> 01:38:27,600 RADIOLIGANDS FOR ALL SORTS OF 2523 01:38:27,600 --> 01:38:28,440 CELL-SPECIFIC RECEPTORS? 2524 01:38:28,440 --> 01:38:33,840 >> THAT WAS MY SECOND QUESTION. 2525 01:38:33,840 --> 01:38:36,280 >> YEAH, WE'D LOVE TO 2526 01:38:36,280 --> 01:38:37,920 COLLABORATE WITH RADIOCHEMISTS. 2527 01:38:37,920 --> 01:38:42,680 SO IF YOU KNOW ANY RADIOCHEMISTS 2528 01:38:42,680 --> 01:38:44,800 THAT WANT TO COLLABORATE WE HAVE 2529 01:38:44,800 --> 01:38:45,640 MANY, MANY INTERESTING 2530 01:38:45,640 --> 01:38:46,120 MOLECULES. 2531 01:38:46,120 --> 01:38:48,320 WE'D LOVE TO DO THOSE 2532 01:38:48,320 --> 01:38:50,560 COLLABORATIONS. 2533 01:38:50,560 --> 01:38:52,400 >> I THINK WE MIGHT HAVE A FEW 2534 01:38:52,400 --> 01:38:54,760 THAT WOULD LINE UP TO GET 2535 01:38:54,760 --> 01:38:55,440 ACCESS. 2536 01:38:55,440 --> 01:38:56,960 >> ALL RIGHT. 2537 01:38:56,960 --> 01:39:01,080 SEND ME AN E-MAIL, YEAH. 2538 01:39:01,080 --> 01:39:07,040 >> BRYAN, SOME HAVE ARGUED 2539 01:39:07,040 --> 01:39:09,240 CALLING THESE G COUPLED 2540 01:39:09,240 --> 01:39:11,160 RECEPTORS DOESN'T CAPTURE ALL 2541 01:39:11,160 --> 01:39:13,280 THEY DO. 2542 01:39:13,280 --> 01:39:14,360 WHAT'S THE PERFORMANCE TONINGS 2543 01:39:14,360 --> 01:39:17,240 FOR LOOKING AT DOWN EXTREME 2544 01:39:17,240 --> 01:39:19,960 SIGNALING PATHWAYS, TRYING TO 2545 01:39:19,960 --> 01:39:22,680 FIND SELECTIVITY AWAY FROM 2546 01:39:22,680 --> 01:39:23,200 HALLUCINOGENIC COMPOUNDS? 2547 01:39:23,200 --> 01:39:25,320 >> YEAH, SO I THINK, YOU KNOW, 2548 01:39:25,320 --> 01:39:29,080 THE BIG QUESTION NOW IS CAN WE 2549 01:39:29,080 --> 01:39:31,320 MAKE NON-PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS THAT 2550 01:39:31,320 --> 01:39:31,720 ARE THERAPEUTIC? 2551 01:39:31,720 --> 01:39:34,720 AND, YOU KNOW, I WOULD SAY WE 2552 01:39:34,720 --> 01:39:35,400 JUST DON'T KNOW. 2553 01:39:35,400 --> 01:39:39,840 I WANT TO TIP MY HAT TO DARPA 2554 01:39:39,840 --> 01:39:44,800 BECAUSE THEY WERE WILLING TO 2555 01:39:44,800 --> 01:39:48,280 COME UP WITH BASICALLY A PROJECT 2556 01:39:48,280 --> 01:39:52,040 WHICH WE DON'T EVEN KNOW IF IT'S 2557 01:39:52,040 --> 01:39:53,800 POSSIBLE, RIGHT? 2558 01:39:53,800 --> 01:39:56,960 SO, IT'S THE SORT OF EPITOME OF 2559 01:39:56,960 --> 01:39:58,160 THE HIGH RISK, HIGH REWARD 2560 01:39:58,160 --> 01:39:58,680 PROJECT. 2561 01:39:58,680 --> 01:40:00,240 BECAUSE GOING INTO IT WE 2562 01:40:00,240 --> 01:40:02,040 DON'T -- WE DIDN'T KNOW, WE 2563 01:40:02,040 --> 01:40:05,120 STILL DON'T KNOW FANTASTIC 2564 01:40:05,120 --> 01:40:08,280 POSSIBLE DON'T IF IT'S POSSIBLE 2565 01:40:08,280 --> 01:40:10,360 TO SEPARATE THERAPEUTIC FROM 2566 01:40:10,360 --> 01:40:11,560 PSYCHEDELIC EFFECTS BUT THEY 2567 01:40:11,560 --> 01:40:12,680 GAVE SUFFICIENT RESOURCES WE'LL 2568 01:40:12,680 --> 01:40:14,440 ULTIMATELY BE ABLE TO HAVE TOOL 2569 01:40:14,440 --> 01:40:17,480 COMPOUNDS WE CAN TEST IN HUMANS. 2570 01:40:17,480 --> 01:40:19,480 I THINK IT'S FAIR TO SAY DESPITE 2571 01:40:19,480 --> 01:40:24,520 THE FACT THESE COMPOUNDS HAVE NO 2572 01:40:24,520 --> 01:40:29,960 PSYCHEDELIC DRUG-LIKE ACTION -- 2573 01:40:29,960 --> 01:40:33,240 WE SHOULD KNOW WITHIN 20 OR 30 2574 01:40:33,240 --> 01:40:35,560 MINUTES ACTUALLY IF THE DRUGS 2575 01:40:35,560 --> 01:40:37,840 ARE PSYCHEDELIC. 2576 01:40:37,840 --> 01:40:40,400 2577 01:40:40,400 --> 01:40:40,680 >> OKAY. 2578 01:40:40,680 --> 01:40:42,760 IF THERE ARE NO OTHER QUESTIONS, 2579 01:40:42,760 --> 01:40:44,360 THANK YOU, BRYAN, FOR A REALLY 2580 01:40:44,360 --> 01:40:46,160 TERRIFIC TALK. 2581 01:40:46,160 --> 01:40:46,800 >> SURE. 2582 01:40:46,800 --> 01:40:47,480 >> VERY IMPRESSIVE AND 2583 01:40:47,480 --> 01:40:47,760 INSPIRING. 2584 01:40:47,760 --> 01:40:49,120 I WISH WE COULD JOIN YOU AT THE 2585 01:40:49,120 --> 01:40:50,960 BAR IN SPAIN WHERE YOU ARE. 2586 01:40:50,960 --> 01:40:53,480 IT'S ALMOST DINNER TIME, RIGHT? 2587 01:40:53,480 --> 01:40:55,680 PERHAPS NEXT TIME WE CAN GET 2588 01:40:55,680 --> 01:40:56,680 TOGETHER AND CONTINUE THIS 2589 01:40:56,680 --> 01:40:58,840 DISCUSSION. 2590 01:40:58,840 --> 01:41:02,240 2591 01:41:02,240 --> 01:41:03,960 >> SO, AGAIN, JUST A REMINDER 2592 01:41:03,960 --> 01:41:05,960 THERE'S A DIFFERENT ZOOM THAT 2593 01:41:05,960 --> 01:41:07,520 YOU NEED TO COME TO THE CLOSED 2594 01:41:07,520 --> 01:41:08,280 SESSION FOR. 2595 01:41:08,280 --> 01:41:13,920 AND WE WILL BE STARTING AT 2:15. 2596 01:41:13,920 --> 01:41:14,720 AND BRYAN, THANKS. 2597 01:41:14,720 --> 01:41:15,840 THAT WAS AN AMAZING 2598 01:41:15,840 --> 01:41:17,920 PRESENTATION. 2599 01:41:17,920 --> 01:41:19,560 VERY EXCITED TO HEAR ABOUT IT. 2600 01:41:19,560 --> 01:41:24,680 >> THANKS FOR FUNDING OUR WORK. 2601 01:41:24,680 --> 01:41:26,120 2602 01:41:26,120 --> 01:41:28,520 >> WELL WORTH OUR MONEY. 2603 01:41:28,520 --> 01:41:29,960 >> GREAT WORK. 2604 01:41:29,960 --> 01:41:30,720 WE'LL LEAVE THIS ZOOM MEETING, 2605 01:41:30,720 --> 01:41:31,880 MEMBERS WILL COME BACK TO CLOSED 2606 01:41:31,880 --> 00:00:00,000 SESSION