1 00:00:07,303 --> 00:00:09,038 WELCOME TO THE 19th MEETING 2 00:00:09,038 --> 00:00:11,574 OF THE BRAIN NEUROETHICS WORKING 3 00:00:11,574 --> 00:00:12,341 GROUP. 4 00:00:12,341 --> 00:00:15,511 MY NAME IS ANDREA 5 00:00:15,511 --> 00:00:16,746 BECKEL-MITCHENER, DEPUTY 6 00:00:16,746 --> 00:00:17,814 DIRECTOR OF NIH BRAIN 7 00:00:17,814 --> 00:00:19,215 INITIATIVE, RECENTLY NAMED 8 00:00:19,215 --> 00:00:20,983 ACTING DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL 9 00:00:20,983 --> 00:00:22,752 INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH, 10 00:00:22,752 --> 00:00:26,489 WHICH CO-LEADS "BRAIN." 11 00:00:26,489 --> 00:00:28,691 MY ROLE HERE TODAY IS DESIGNATED 12 00:00:28,691 --> 00:00:29,759 FEDERAL OFFICIAL FOR TODAY'S 13 00:00:29,759 --> 00:00:29,992 MEETING. 14 00:00:29,992 --> 00:00:32,495 I WANT TO EXTEND A WARM WELCOME 15 00:00:32,495 --> 00:00:37,867 TO OUR WORKING GROUP CO-CHAIRS, 16 00:00:37,867 --> 00:00:40,736 DOCTORS FARAHANY AND DR. JIM 17 00:00:40,736 --> 00:00:42,905 EBERWINE, ACTING CO-CHAIR FOR 18 00:00:42,905 --> 00:00:44,540 THIS MEETING. 19 00:00:44,540 --> 00:00:46,609 DR. CHRISTINE GRADY HAS 20 00:00:46,609 --> 00:00:47,710 CO-CHAIRED THIS GROUP SINCE 21 00:00:47,710 --> 00:00:49,479 2015, FIRST MEETING, I BELIEVE 22 00:00:49,479 --> 00:00:52,081 IS JOINING US AS A PARTICIPANT 23 00:00:52,081 --> 00:00:52,548 TODAY. 24 00:00:52,548 --> 00:00:54,750 BUT WE DO THANK JIM FOR STEPPING 25 00:00:54,750 --> 00:00:57,453 IN AS CO-CHAIR FOR THE MEETING 26 00:00:57,453 --> 00:00:57,887 FOR TODAY. 27 00:00:57,887 --> 00:01:00,423 I WANT TO WELCOME THE MEMBERS OF 28 00:01:00,423 --> 00:01:02,425 THE WORKING GROUP, ALONG WITH 29 00:01:02,425 --> 00:01:04,727 OUR INVITED SPEAKERS JOINING US 30 00:01:04,727 --> 00:01:04,961 TODAY. 31 00:01:04,961 --> 00:01:07,130 AS WE PROCEED WITH TODAY'S 32 00:01:07,130 --> 00:01:08,631 MEETING, A FEW REMINDERS. 33 00:01:08,631 --> 00:01:10,733 THE NEUROETHICS WORKING GROUP IS 34 00:01:10,733 --> 00:01:12,902 NOT A FORMAL ADVISORY GROUP, 35 00:01:12,902 --> 00:01:14,604 LIKE THE "BRAIN" MULTI-COUNCIL 36 00:01:14,604 --> 00:01:15,972 WORKING GROUP THAT MET 37 00:01:15,972 --> 00:01:17,940 YESTERDAY, THE NEWG IS A WORKING 38 00:01:17,940 --> 00:01:19,475 GROUP OF THE ADVISORY COUNCILS 39 00:01:19,475 --> 00:01:22,011 OF THE NIH INSTITUTES AND 40 00:01:22,011 --> 00:01:23,746 CENTERS THAT PARTICIPATE IN 41 00:01:23,746 --> 00:01:24,147 "BRAIN." 42 00:01:24,147 --> 00:01:26,415 AND WAS ESTABLISHED BECAUSE OF 43 00:01:26,415 --> 00:01:28,351 THE NEED FOR INPUT ON 44 00:01:28,351 --> 00:01:29,085 NEUROETHICS CONSIDERATIONS 45 00:01:29,085 --> 00:01:32,889 RELATED TO RESEARCH SUPPORTED 46 00:01:32,889 --> 00:01:34,223 THROUGH THE BRAIN INITIATIVE. 47 00:01:34,223 --> 00:01:35,491 THE NEWG DISCUSSIONS AND 48 00:01:35,491 --> 00:01:36,092 DELIBERATES ETHICAL QUESTIONS 49 00:01:36,092 --> 00:01:39,128 THAT COME UP IN THE CONTEXT OF 50 00:01:39,128 --> 00:01:40,630 BRAIN INITIATIVE RESEARCH. 51 00:01:40,630 --> 00:01:43,166 THE GROUP HAS CONSISTENTLY 52 00:01:43,166 --> 00:01:44,734 RAISED HELPFUL PERSPECTIVES AND 53 00:01:44,734 --> 00:01:46,936 OFFERED NEW NOVEL POINTS TO 54 00:01:46,936 --> 00:01:48,971 CONSIDER, AROUND THE BRAIN 55 00:01:48,971 --> 00:01:51,140 TECHNOLOGY, LEADING EDGE 56 00:01:51,140 --> 00:01:53,242 APPROACHES THAT COMPRISE THE 57 00:01:53,242 --> 00:01:55,211 BRAIN GRANT PORTFOLIO. 58 00:01:55,211 --> 00:01:57,046 IN TODAY'S VIRTUAL MEETING WE'RE 59 00:01:57,046 --> 00:01:58,080 USING TEAMS, NEW FOR US TODAY, 60 00:01:58,080 --> 00:01:59,682 SO WE'RE GOING TO TRY TO MAKE 61 00:01:59,682 --> 00:02:01,584 THAT AS SMOOTH AS POSSIBLE. 62 00:02:01,584 --> 00:02:04,153 WE'VE RUN INTO SOME GLITCHES 63 00:02:04,153 --> 00:02:05,621 ALREADY BUT HAVE A FEW ITEMS ON 64 00:02:05,621 --> 00:02:07,290 THE AGENDA. 65 00:02:07,290 --> 00:02:09,125 FIRST WE'LL HEAR AN UPDATE FROM 66 00:02:09,125 --> 00:02:11,961 DR. JOHN NGAI, BRAIN DIRECTOR. 67 00:02:11,961 --> 00:02:13,696 AND THEN WE'LL DO A ROUNDTABLE 68 00:02:13,696 --> 00:02:16,999 HEARING UPDATES FROM THE NEWG 69 00:02:16,999 --> 00:02:17,633 MEMBERS ABOUT HAPPENINGS SINCE 70 00:02:17,633 --> 00:02:21,804 WE LAST MET IN ALL. 71 00:02:21,804 --> 00:02:24,106 IN ALL. 72 00:02:24,106 --> 00:02:25,541 WE'LL DEVOTE THE MEETING TO A 73 00:02:25,541 --> 00:02:27,510 SESSION FOLLOWING ON DISCUSSIONS 74 00:02:27,510 --> 00:02:28,945 AROUND BRAIN DATA SHARING, MORE 75 00:02:28,945 --> 00:02:30,346 SPECIFICALLY WE'RE GOING TO 76 00:02:30,346 --> 00:02:33,316 DELVE INTO THE POTENTIAL ETHICAL 77 00:02:33,316 --> 00:02:35,384 CHALLENGES RELATED TO DIGITAL 78 00:02:35,384 --> 00:02:36,919 BRAIN TWINS, TO INFORM THAT 79 00:02:36,919 --> 00:02:38,221 DISCUSSION, WE'LL BE HEARING 80 00:02:38,221 --> 00:02:46,095 FROM TECHNICAL EXPERTS AS WELL 81 00:02:46,095 --> 00:02:47,964 AS BIOETHICISTS AROUND LARGE 82 00:02:47,964 --> 00:02:49,532 SCALE BRAIN DATA TOWARDS 83 00:02:49,532 --> 00:02:55,238 GENERATION OF SIMULATED DIGITAL 84 00:02:55,238 --> 00:02:56,405 DUPLICATES OF BRAIN DATA AND 85 00:02:56,405 --> 00:03:01,177 WHAT THAT COULD MEAN FOR 86 00:03:01,177 --> 00:03:02,345 INDIVIDUALIZED MEDICINE. 87 00:03:02,345 --> 00:03:10,453 WE'LL HAVE AN OVERVIEW FROM JEN 88 00:03:10,453 --> 00:03:13,856 FRENCH, GIVING AN OVERVIEW OF 89 00:03:13,856 --> 00:03:14,423 IBCI-CC. 90 00:03:14,423 --> 00:03:15,591 THROUGHOUT THE DAY WE'LL HAVE 91 00:03:15,591 --> 00:03:18,094 PLENTY OF TIME FOR QUESTIONS AND 92 00:03:18,094 --> 00:03:18,794 DISCUSSION. 93 00:03:18,794 --> 00:03:21,831 WE LOOK FORWARD TO A VERY RICH 94 00:03:21,831 --> 00:03:22,131 DISCUSSION. 95 00:03:22,131 --> 00:03:24,333 JUST A FEW HOUSEKEEPING NOTES 96 00:03:24,333 --> 00:03:25,534 BEFORE WE GET STARTED. 97 00:03:25,534 --> 00:03:28,304 THIS IS AN OPEN SESSION, IT'S A 98 00:03:28,304 --> 00:03:32,675 LIVE VIDEOCAST IN THE PUBLIC 99 00:03:32,675 --> 00:03:33,075 DOMAIN. 100 00:03:33,075 --> 00:03:34,043 THE RECORDING WILL BE ARCHIVED 101 00:03:34,043 --> 00:03:36,746 FOR LATER VIEWING ON THE NIH AND 102 00:03:36,746 --> 00:03:37,947 BRAIN WEBSITE. 103 00:03:37,947 --> 00:03:39,282 DURING DISCUSSION, NEWG MEMBERS 104 00:03:39,282 --> 00:03:41,450 AND SPEAKERS PLEASE TURN ON YOUR 105 00:03:41,450 --> 00:03:43,619 VIDEO AND USE THE RAISE HAND 106 00:03:43,619 --> 00:03:45,788 OPTION, IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS. 107 00:03:45,788 --> 00:03:48,024 MODERATORS WILL CALL ON YOU TO 108 00:03:48,024 --> 00:03:48,591 UNMUTE YOURSELF. 109 00:03:48,591 --> 00:03:49,992 PLEASE DO OPT FOR THAT RAISE 110 00:03:49,992 --> 00:03:52,194 HAND FEATURE RATHER THAN TYPING 111 00:03:52,194 --> 00:03:54,697 QUESTIONS INTO THE TEAMS CHAT SO 112 00:03:54,697 --> 00:03:56,599 THAT OUR VIDEOCAST ATTENDEES CAN 113 00:03:56,599 --> 00:03:58,768 SEE OR HEAR THE QUESTION. 114 00:03:58,768 --> 00:04:00,169 JUST TO LET YOU KNOW, I AM 115 00:04:00,169 --> 00:04:05,741 GETTING CALLED OUT FOR A COUPLE 116 00:04:05,741 --> 00:04:07,710 MEETINGS, SO DR. NINA HSU WILL 117 00:04:07,710 --> 00:04:10,313 STEP IN DURING THOSE MEETINGS, 118 00:04:10,313 --> 00:04:14,150 SO WE'RE TAG-TEAMING TODAY, IT 119 00:04:14,150 --> 00:04:15,584 SHOULD BE SEAM SEAMLESS, I'LL 120 00:04:15,584 --> 00:04:17,420 LET NINA KNOW WHEN I HAVE TO 121 00:04:17,420 --> 00:04:17,753 STEP AWAY. 122 00:04:17,753 --> 00:04:18,754 EVERYONE IS BUSY. 123 00:04:18,754 --> 00:04:20,056 WE APPRECIATE YOUR TIME AND 124 00:04:20,056 --> 00:04:21,157 INPUT ON THESE TOPICS. 125 00:04:21,157 --> 00:04:24,894 NONE OF THIS CAN HAPPEN WITHOUT 126 00:04:24,894 --> 00:04:26,195 OUR TIME. 127 00:04:26,195 --> 00:04:29,065 I THINK DR. NINA HSU, SCIENCE 128 00:04:29,065 --> 00:04:32,601 COMMITTEE SPECIALIST FOR THIS 129 00:04:32,601 --> 00:04:33,436 WORKING GROUP, TODAY'S MEETING 130 00:04:33,436 --> 00:04:37,406 IS MADE POSSIBLE BY THE TEAM 131 00:04:37,406 --> 00:04:42,745 ALSO INCLUDES DR. SASKIA 132 00:04:42,745 --> 00:04:46,816 HENDRIKS, DR. SHEN TON, DR. 133 00:04:46,816 --> 00:04:48,784 LANTZ, AND THE TEAM FOR FULL 134 00:04:48,784 --> 00:04:50,119 EFFECT. 135 00:04:50,119 --> 00:04:53,289 LAST BUT NOT LEAST THANK YOU, 136 00:04:53,289 --> 00:04:53,656 JOHN. 137 00:04:53,656 --> 00:04:55,624 DR. JOHN NGAI IS UP NEXT, FOR 138 00:04:55,624 --> 00:04:56,692 HIS SUPPORT OF NEUROETHICS. 139 00:04:56,692 --> 00:04:58,961 I'LL TURN IT OVER TO YOU, JOHN. 140 00:04:58,961 --> 00:04:59,462 >> THANKS, EVERYBODY. 141 00:04:59,462 --> 00:05:00,529 THANK YOU FOR BEING HERE. 142 00:05:00,529 --> 00:05:04,233 ALSO BIG SHOUT OUT TO ALL THE 143 00:05:04,233 --> 00:05:07,536 FOLKS THAT ANDREA JUST 144 00:05:07,536 --> 00:05:07,803 MENTIONED. 145 00:05:07,803 --> 00:05:10,039 I COULDN'T GET THIS OUT WITHOUT 146 00:05:10,039 --> 00:05:12,775 ANY OF YOU. 147 00:05:12,775 --> 00:05:14,977 ANDREA IS WEARING HATS SO WELL, 148 00:05:14,977 --> 00:05:16,545 WE'RE APPRECIATIVE OF WHAT SHE'S 149 00:05:16,545 --> 00:05:17,847 DONE, NOW STEPPING UP TO HELP 150 00:05:17,847 --> 00:05:20,249 LEAD NIMH DURING THIS TIME OF 151 00:05:20,249 --> 00:05:20,649 TRANSITION. 152 00:05:20,649 --> 00:05:21,784 SO THANK YOU, ANDREA. 153 00:05:21,784 --> 00:05:24,620 THANKS TO OUR CO-CHAIRS OF NEWG, 154 00:05:24,620 --> 00:05:26,889 NINA FARAHANY AND JIM FOR 155 00:05:26,889 --> 00:05:30,259 STEPPING IN AT THE LAST MOMENT, 156 00:05:30,259 --> 00:05:32,395 JIM EBERWINE AS OUR ACTING 157 00:05:32,395 --> 00:05:32,762 CO-CHAIR. 158 00:05:32,762 --> 00:05:34,797 CHRISTINE, WE MISS YOU. 159 00:05:34,797 --> 00:05:35,664 WE REALLY APPRECIATE EVERYTHING 160 00:05:35,664 --> 00:05:37,066 YOU'VE DONE WITH AND FOR US. 161 00:05:37,066 --> 00:05:40,403 I'M DELIGHTED TO SEE YOU HERE 162 00:05:40,403 --> 00:05:42,371 ATTENDING AS WELL. 163 00:05:42,371 --> 00:05:46,041 NITA IS INVOLVED IN HER SCHOOL'S 164 00:05:46,041 --> 00:05:47,676 EXCELLENCE. -- COMMENCEMENT 165 00:05:47,676 --> 00:05:49,278 ACTIVITIES AND WILL BE JOINING 166 00:05:49,278 --> 00:05:51,814 US LATER, I HAD HER PROMISE SHE 167 00:05:51,814 --> 00:05:54,583 WOULD BE JOINING IN FULL 168 00:05:54,583 --> 00:05:54,984 REGALIA. 169 00:05:54,984 --> 00:05:55,785 BEFORE I TURN IT OVER TO THE 170 00:05:55,785 --> 00:05:59,155 CHAIRS I WANT TO GIVE A FEW 171 00:05:59,155 --> 00:06:00,456 QUICK UPDATES WITH "BRAIN" IN 172 00:06:00,456 --> 00:06:02,391 THE AREA OF NEUROETHICS AND 173 00:06:02,391 --> 00:06:05,361 RELATED AREAS. 174 00:06:05,361 --> 00:06:07,997 TO DATE WE FUNDED 24 NEUROETHICS 175 00:06:07,997 --> 00:06:08,931 PROJECTS, 24 PROJECTS, 24 176 00:06:08,931 --> 00:06:13,536 SCHOLARLY PURSUITS IN THE AREA 177 00:06:13,536 --> 00:06:14,236 OF NEUROETHICS. 178 00:06:14,236 --> 00:06:17,206 $30 MILLION TO DATE, STILL HAVE 179 00:06:17,206 --> 00:06:19,875 NINE ACTIVE PROJECTS, WE'LL BE 180 00:06:19,875 --> 00:06:20,943 MAKING FUTURE INVESTMENTS, WE'RE 181 00:06:20,943 --> 00:06:24,079 EXCITED ABOUT THAT. 182 00:06:24,079 --> 00:06:28,717 THIS INCLUDES PRIMARY SITES IN 183 00:06:28,717 --> 00:06:30,820 12 U.S. STATES AND ONE IN CANADA 184 00:06:30,820 --> 00:06:31,921 TO OUR BENEFIT. 185 00:06:31,921 --> 00:06:34,089 WE COMPLETED REVIEWS OF THE LAST 186 00:06:34,089 --> 00:06:38,461 ROUND OF NEUROETHICS R01s AND 187 00:06:38,461 --> 00:06:39,128 R21, SMALLER STARTER GRANTS. 188 00:06:39,128 --> 00:06:41,497 FIRST TIME EVER. 189 00:06:41,497 --> 00:06:42,832 WE'LL SEE HOW THAT SHAKES OUT. 190 00:06:42,832 --> 00:06:44,033 WE'RE EXCITED ABOUT THAT. 191 00:06:44,033 --> 00:06:44,900 THESE PROJECTS ARE ALL A 192 00:06:44,900 --> 00:06:47,303 TESTAMENT TO THE VALUE THAT WE 193 00:06:47,303 --> 00:06:49,705 PLACE ON A STRATEGIC 194 00:06:49,705 --> 00:06:51,774 MULTI-PROJECTED NEUROETHICS 195 00:06:51,774 --> 00:06:55,177 RESEARCH PROGRAM THAT EXAMINES 196 00:06:55,177 --> 00:06:56,145 ETHICAL, LEGAL, SOCIETAL 197 00:06:56,145 --> 00:06:56,846 IMPLICATIONS OF BRAIN-FUNDED 198 00:06:56,846 --> 00:06:57,313 TECHNOLOGY. 199 00:06:57,313 --> 00:06:59,014 WE'LL HEAR MORE ABOUT THAT WORK 200 00:06:59,014 --> 00:06:59,982 TO COME. 201 00:06:59,982 --> 00:07:01,851 I WANT TO HIGHLIGHT A FEW RECENT 202 00:07:01,851 --> 00:07:02,084 EVENTS. 203 00:07:02,084 --> 00:07:04,253 IT'S BEEN A WHILE SINCE WE MET. 204 00:07:04,253 --> 00:07:07,423 WE PUSHED THE JANUARY MEETING 205 00:07:07,423 --> 00:07:07,690 TILL NOW. 206 00:07:07,690 --> 00:07:10,559 I WAS HAPPY TO SEE MANY OF YOU 207 00:07:10,559 --> 00:07:13,462 IN PERSON AT SOCIETY 208 00:07:13,462 --> 00:07:14,864 NEUROSCIENCE THIS FALL IN 209 00:07:14,864 --> 00:07:15,531 CHICAGO. 210 00:07:15,531 --> 00:07:17,700 GIVEN OUR BIG EMPHASIS IN 211 00:07:17,700 --> 00:07:18,834 "BRAIN" ON A COLLABORATION IT 212 00:07:18,834 --> 00:07:21,203 WAS GREAT TO SEE 50 TOOL MAKERS 213 00:07:21,203 --> 00:07:24,807 SHOWING THEIR STUFF AT THE BRAIN 214 00:07:24,807 --> 00:07:25,474 INITIATIVE SOCIAL, BUILDING 215 00:07:25,474 --> 00:07:28,210 TOOLS AND TECH FOR INNOVATIVE 216 00:07:28,210 --> 00:07:28,611 FUTURE. 217 00:07:28,611 --> 00:07:29,845 AND THIS INFORMAL SOCIAL GAVE 218 00:07:29,845 --> 00:07:30,946 ATTENDEES THE OPPORTUNITY TO 219 00:07:30,946 --> 00:07:34,016 LEARN ABOUT A BROAD RANGE OF 220 00:07:34,016 --> 00:07:35,117 TECHNICAL TOOLS DATA RESOURCES 221 00:07:35,117 --> 00:07:37,453 SUPPORTED BY BRAIN. 222 00:07:37,453 --> 00:07:40,823 IN ADDITION, BRAIN-FUNDED 223 00:07:40,823 --> 00:07:44,860 INVESTIGATOR DR. MUNOZ GAVE A 224 00:07:44,860 --> 00:07:45,828 LECTURE ON NEUROETHICS, 225 00:07:45,828 --> 00:07:46,495 HIGHLIGHTING PRESSING CHALLENGES 226 00:07:46,495 --> 00:07:50,666 AND OPPORTUNITIES OF THE NASCENT 227 00:07:50,666 --> 00:07:51,267 BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACE, AND 228 00:07:51,267 --> 00:07:55,905 WE'LL HEAR MORE ABOUT THAT LATER 229 00:07:55,905 --> 00:07:56,272 TODAY. 230 00:07:56,272 --> 00:07:57,973 IN NOVEMBER, WE ALSO HELD -- YOU 231 00:07:57,973 --> 00:08:01,143 CAN SEE THE POSTER BEHIND ME, 232 00:08:01,143 --> 00:08:05,214 THE BRAIN NEURO-A.I. WORKSHOP 233 00:08:05,214 --> 00:08:06,382 LOOKING AT RECENT CONVERGENCE 234 00:08:06,382 --> 00:08:07,816 BETWEEN NEUROSCIENCE AND 235 00:08:07,816 --> 00:08:10,819 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TO DRIVE 236 00:08:10,819 --> 00:08:12,087 RECIPROCAL ADVANCES IN 237 00:08:12,087 --> 00:08:14,990 UNDERSTANDING AND BEHAVIOR, THE 238 00:08:14,990 --> 00:08:16,692 TWO-DAY WORKSHOP, FULL OF GREAT 239 00:08:16,692 --> 00:08:18,827 DISCUSSIONS, WAS AN IMPORTANT 240 00:08:18,827 --> 00:08:23,899 STEP IN IDENTIFYING PRIOR 241 00:08:23,899 --> 00:08:27,503 PRIORITIES FOR HOW NEURO-A.I. 242 00:08:27,503 --> 00:08:31,340 CAN ADVANCE NEUROTECHNOLOGY 243 00:08:31,340 --> 00:08:31,974 WHILE INTEGRATING ETHICAL 244 00:08:31,974 --> 00:08:34,643 CONSIDERATIONS FOR NEURO-A.I TO 245 00:08:34,643 --> 00:08:35,644 PROVIDE FRAMEWORKS AND GUIDE 246 00:08:35,644 --> 00:08:37,012 ADVANCES IN THIS SPACE, REALLY A 247 00:08:37,012 --> 00:08:38,781 HOT AREA, ALL THE MORE REASON 248 00:08:38,781 --> 00:08:41,317 FOR US TO BE CONSIDERING THESE 249 00:08:41,317 --> 00:08:44,253 ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS AT THE 250 00:08:44,253 --> 00:08:46,755 VERY, VERY BEGINNING. 251 00:08:46,755 --> 00:08:47,022 LET'S SEE. 252 00:08:47,022 --> 00:08:49,491 YESTERDAY'S MULTI-COUNCIL 253 00:08:49,491 --> 00:08:52,261 WORKING GROUP, I HIGHLIGHTED 254 00:08:52,261 --> 00:08:54,897 PUBLICATION BY BRAIN-SUPPORTED 255 00:08:54,897 --> 00:08:57,533 INVESTIGATOR FRANCIS SHEN, 256 00:08:57,533 --> 00:09:00,603 NAVIGATING ETHICAL ISSUES AROUND 257 00:09:00,603 --> 00:09:02,771 PORTAL M.R. AT COMMUNITY 258 00:09:02,771 --> 00:09:03,405 SETTINGS. 259 00:09:03,405 --> 00:09:06,075 WE'RE STARTED TO SEE IN ADDITION 260 00:09:06,075 --> 00:09:08,677 TO SCHOOL SNAZZY TOOLS IN THE 261 00:09:08,677 --> 00:09:12,982 SPACE, THEY ARE GIVING GREATER 262 00:09:12,982 --> 00:09:17,119 RESOLUTION, TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL 263 00:09:17,119 --> 00:09:23,492 RESOLUTION, BUT ARE LIMITED TO 264 00:09:23,492 --> 00:09:24,193 HEAVILY RESOURCED SCHOOLS AND 265 00:09:24,193 --> 00:09:24,893 HOSPITALS, GETTING INTO 266 00:09:24,893 --> 00:09:25,961 COMMUNITIES THAT DON'T HAVE 267 00:09:25,961 --> 00:09:27,096 ACCESS INCLUDING RURAL 268 00:09:27,096 --> 00:09:27,696 COMMUNITIES. 269 00:09:27,696 --> 00:09:29,498 THERE'S BEEN A PUSH TO DEVELOP 270 00:09:29,498 --> 00:09:31,900 PORTABLE M.R. MACHINES, GREAT, 271 00:09:31,900 --> 00:09:33,602 BUT ALSO RAISES ETHICAL ISSUES. 272 00:09:33,602 --> 00:09:35,337 AND DR. SHEN AND HIS 273 00:09:35,337 --> 00:09:37,506 COLLABORATORS AT UNIVERSITY OF 274 00:09:37,506 --> 00:09:39,408 MINNESOTA IDENTIFIED A NUMBER OF 275 00:09:39,408 --> 00:09:41,543 CORE CHALLENGES AS WELL 276 00:09:41,543 --> 00:09:42,311 ASPIRATIONAL GUIDANCE, WHICH 277 00:09:42,311 --> 00:09:44,380 WOULD PROVIDE AN IMPORTANT 278 00:09:44,380 --> 00:09:45,381 STARTING POINT FOR WORKING WITH 279 00:09:45,381 --> 00:09:46,582 THIS TECHNOLOGY TO MAKE SURE 280 00:09:46,582 --> 00:09:47,983 THAT WHEN FOLKS ARE GETTING 281 00:09:47,983 --> 00:09:50,753 ACCESS TO IT THEY ARE NOT JUST 282 00:09:50,753 --> 00:09:53,956 GETTING A LOWER GRADE ACCESS BUT 283 00:09:53,956 --> 00:09:54,623 STILL ACHIEVING HIGH-QUALITY 284 00:09:54,623 --> 00:09:55,724 CARE AND RESEARCH. 285 00:09:55,724 --> 00:09:57,459 SO WITH THAT, I WILL TURN IT 286 00:09:57,459 --> 00:10:00,829 BACK OVER TO THE CHAIRS. 287 00:10:00,829 --> 00:10:02,865 I SEE PROFESSOR FARAHANY, YOU 288 00:10:02,865 --> 00:10:05,634 MADE IT, YOU MADE IT AWAY FROM 289 00:10:05,634 --> 00:10:06,769 THE FAMILIES, THE VERY PROUD 290 00:10:06,769 --> 00:10:08,270 FAMILIES AND GRADUATES. 291 00:10:08,270 --> 00:10:10,572 I DON'T SEE YOU IN THE GOWN BUT 292 00:10:10,572 --> 00:10:11,106 THAT'S OKAY. 293 00:10:11,106 --> 00:10:13,442 >> SORRY, IT WAS REALLY HOT. 294 00:10:13,442 --> 00:10:15,911 MAYBE AT THE BREAK I'LL PUT IT 295 00:10:15,911 --> 00:10:18,881 BACK ON SO YOU GET THE MOMENT. 296 00:10:18,881 --> 00:10:19,748 >> GOOD TO SEE YOU. 297 00:10:19,748 --> 00:10:20,883 >> GREAT TO SEE YOU. 298 00:10:20,883 --> 00:10:25,320 LET ME HAND IT OVER TO MY 299 00:10:25,320 --> 00:10:25,554 CO-CHAIR 300 00:10:25,554 --> 00:10:27,289 WELCOME TO EVERYBODY, SO GLAD 301 00:10:27,289 --> 00:10:29,058 WE'RE HERE. 302 00:10:29,058 --> 00:10:34,329 BUT HAND IT OVER TO JIM EBERWIE 303 00:10:34,329 --> 00:10:36,965 LEADING THIS PART OF THE 304 00:10:36,965 --> 00:10:37,733 CONVERSATION. 305 00:10:37,733 --> 00:10:38,033 >> THANKS. 306 00:10:38,033 --> 00:10:39,134 I'M GLAD YOU WERE ABLE TO GET 307 00:10:39,134 --> 00:10:39,935 HERE ON TIME. 308 00:10:39,935 --> 00:10:44,606 I WANT TO THANK JOHN FOR THE 309 00:10:44,606 --> 00:10:44,840 UPDATE. 310 00:10:44,840 --> 00:10:46,408 THEY ARE WONDERFUL TO HEAR 311 00:10:46,408 --> 00:10:48,711 UPDATES AND PROGRESS MADE BY 312 00:10:48,711 --> 00:10:49,678 INVESTIGATORS OF THE BRAIN 313 00:10:49,678 --> 00:10:50,112 INITIATIVE. 314 00:10:50,112 --> 00:10:53,115 IN FACT IT'S THE REASON WE'RE 315 00:10:53,115 --> 00:10:53,615 HERE. 316 00:10:53,615 --> 00:10:56,351 IT'S THOSE -- THAT PROGRESS AND 317 00:10:56,351 --> 00:10:58,087 ADVANCES THAT FUEL OUR INTEREST 318 00:10:58,087 --> 00:11:02,157 IN TRYING TO UNDERSTAND THE 319 00:11:02,157 --> 00:11:03,292 NEUROETHICS IMPLICATIONS OF NEW 320 00:11:03,292 --> 00:11:04,326 TECHNOLOGIES BEING DEVELOPED. 321 00:11:04,326 --> 00:11:06,328 I APPRECIATE THOSE UPDATES. 322 00:11:06,328 --> 00:11:09,932 I WELCOME ALL THE MEMBERS, 323 00:11:09,932 --> 00:11:11,734 INVITED SPEAKERS, AND THE 324 00:11:11,734 --> 00:11:15,237 ATTENDEES TO THE MEETING, QUITE 325 00:11:15,237 --> 00:11:21,110 INTERESTING IN TERMS OF TOPICS 326 00:11:21,110 --> 00:11:21,376 DISCUSSED. 327 00:11:21,376 --> 00:11:23,312 NORMALLY WE END WITH A 328 00:11:23,312 --> 00:11:25,147 ROUNDTABLE UPDATE BUT STARTED TO 329 00:11:25,147 --> 00:11:27,349 START WITH THESE UPDATES TODAY, 330 00:11:27,349 --> 00:11:29,885 SO THAT WE GET TO HEAR WHAT 331 00:11:29,885 --> 00:11:31,754 EVERYONE IS UP TO, WHAT PEOPLE 332 00:11:31,754 --> 00:11:33,889 HAVE BEEN INTERESTED IN, 333 00:11:33,889 --> 00:11:34,990 THINKING ABOUT OVER THE LAST 334 00:11:34,990 --> 00:11:36,759 PERIOD OF TIME SINCE OUR LAST 335 00:11:36,759 --> 00:11:37,860 MEETING. 336 00:11:37,860 --> 00:11:39,928 WHY DON'T WE START WITH -- THIS 337 00:11:39,928 --> 00:11:41,697 IS FOR THE MEMBERS OF THE 338 00:11:41,697 --> 00:11:43,532 COMMITTEE, AND I'M JUST GOING TO 339 00:11:43,532 --> 00:11:45,734 GO THROUGH THE MEMBERSHIP LIST 340 00:11:45,734 --> 00:11:48,837 AND ASK EACH OF YOU TO GIVE US A 341 00:11:48,837 --> 00:11:49,938 BRIEF UPDATE ON THE THINGS 342 00:11:49,938 --> 00:11:51,874 YOU'VE BEEN INVOLVED WITH OR ARE 343 00:11:51,874 --> 00:11:53,509 THINKING ABOUT WITH RESPECT TO 344 00:11:53,509 --> 00:11:54,042 NEUROETHICS. 345 00:11:54,042 --> 00:11:56,345 WHY DON'T WE START WITH WINSTON 346 00:11:56,345 --> 00:11:56,545 CHUNG. 347 00:11:56,545 --> 00:11:56,879 ARE YOU ON? 348 00:11:56,879 --> 00:11:58,213 >> I'M HERE. 349 00:11:58,213 --> 00:11:59,481 CAN YOU HEAR ME? 350 00:11:59,481 --> 00:12:01,617 >> YES. 351 00:12:01,617 --> 00:12:02,117 >> GREAT. 352 00:12:02,117 --> 00:12:07,489 I THINK ONE BIG UPDATE IS THE 353 00:12:07,489 --> 00:12:08,490 JUST-COMPLETED MEETING OF THE 354 00:12:08,490 --> 00:12:09,258 INTERNATIONAL NEUROETHICS 355 00:12:09,258 --> 00:12:12,027 SOCIETY WHICH MET IN MUNICH, 356 00:12:12,027 --> 00:12:14,429 FIRST TIME OUT OF NORTH AMERICA, 357 00:12:14,429 --> 00:12:17,466 THREE WEEKS AGO, GREAT TO MEET 358 00:12:17,466 --> 00:12:18,867 WITH INTERNATIONAL 359 00:12:18,867 --> 00:12:19,201 COLLABORATORS. 360 00:12:19,201 --> 00:12:22,604 WANTED TO SAY WE'RE PLANTING 361 00:12:22,604 --> 00:12:31,180 NEXT YEAR'S INTERNATIONAL 362 00:12:31,180 --> 00:12:32,314 NEUROETHICS MEETING, WITH 363 00:12:32,314 --> 00:12:36,552 DIFFERENT SITES AROUND THE WORLD 364 00:12:36,552 --> 00:12:38,120 REFLECTING THE COMMUNITY, IN 365 00:12:38,120 --> 00:12:39,087 STANFORD, CALIFORNIA, LOOK 366 00:12:39,087 --> 00:12:47,996 FORWARD TO UPDATES ON THAT. 367 00:12:47,996 --> 00:12:49,731 >> SHAMIR, ARE YOU ON? 368 00:12:49,731 --> 00:12:51,333 I KNOW SHAMIR WAS TRAVELING, 369 00:12:51,333 --> 00:12:53,001 PERHAPS NOT ON TODAY. 370 00:12:53,001 --> 00:12:58,240 >> I THINK HE'S EN ROUTE. 371 00:12:58,240 --> 00:12:58,507 >> YES. 372 00:12:58,507 --> 00:13:00,242 >> YEAH, OKAY. 373 00:13:00,242 --> 00:13:05,380 >> JENNIFER FRENCH, ARE YOU 374 00:13:05,380 --> 00:13:05,747 AVAILABLE IN? 375 00:13:05,747 --> 00:13:06,815 >> I AM. 376 00:13:06,815 --> 00:13:07,249 HI, EVERYONE. 377 00:13:07,249 --> 00:13:08,617 GREAT TO SEE YOU ALL. 378 00:13:08,617 --> 00:13:10,419 YEAH, WE'VE BEEN UP TO A LOT BUT 379 00:13:10,419 --> 00:13:12,955 I KNOW I'M TALKING LATER TODAY 380 00:13:12,955 --> 00:13:23,232 ABOUT THE IMPLANTABLE 381 00:13:23,232 --> 00:13:26,068 BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACE, WE'RE 382 00:13:26,068 --> 00:13:27,736 ORGANIZING THE PUBLIC/PRIVATE 383 00:13:27,736 --> 00:13:30,973 PARTNERSHIP OF THE NON-PROFIT 384 00:13:30,973 --> 00:13:32,541 FORUM, JUNE 25th, WITH NINDS. 385 00:13:32,541 --> 00:13:35,677 AND WE'LL ALSO BE CELEBRATING 386 00:13:35,677 --> 00:13:38,380 THE 75th ANNIVERSARY OF NINDS 387 00:13:38,380 --> 00:13:40,616 WITH A BRIEFING ON THE 24th, 388 00:13:40,616 --> 00:13:45,988 BUT THE NON-PROFIT FORUM IS 389 00:13:45,988 --> 00:13:47,189 ONGOING ON THE 25th. 390 00:13:47,189 --> 00:13:48,724 WE'RE THRILLED TO TAKE PART IN 391 00:13:48,724 --> 00:13:50,592 THAT EVENT AND MAKE SURE IT'S 392 00:13:50,592 --> 00:13:52,895 ONGOING TO ENGAGE OUR 393 00:13:52,895 --> 00:13:56,632 NON-PROFITS IN THE SPACE. 394 00:13:56,632 --> 00:14:01,970 >> THANK YOU, JEN. 395 00:14:01,970 --> 00:14:02,137 SYD? 396 00:14:02,137 --> 00:14:05,540 >> I WAS RECENTLY PROMOTED TO 397 00:14:05,540 --> 00:14:06,708 PROFESSOR, HAPPY TO SAY. 398 00:14:06,708 --> 00:14:08,577 AND LET'S SEE, I HAD A BOOK COME 399 00:14:08,577 --> 00:14:10,979 OUT A FEW MONTHS AGO ON THE 400 00:14:10,979 --> 00:14:14,149 THREE PILLARS OF ETHICAL 401 00:14:14,149 --> 00:14:16,018 RESEARCH WITH NON-HUMAN 402 00:14:16,018 --> 00:14:16,285 PRIMATES. 403 00:14:16,285 --> 00:14:20,055 I AM SERVING AS OBSERVER ON THE 404 00:14:20,055 --> 00:14:23,859 UNIFORM LAW COMMITTEE STUDY 405 00:14:23,859 --> 00:14:27,596 COMMISSION LED BY OUR OWN NITA 406 00:14:27,596 --> 00:14:27,963 FARAHANY. 407 00:14:27,963 --> 00:14:33,535 AND I GAVE A TALK AT THE KINGS 408 00:14:33,535 --> 00:14:35,771 COLLEGE LONDON NEUROSCIENCE 409 00:14:35,771 --> 00:14:37,539 SOCIETY ON PHILOSOPHY, ETHICS, 410 00:14:37,539 --> 00:14:40,575 WINDING PATHS. 411 00:14:40,575 --> 00:14:43,278 I THINK THAT'S IT. 412 00:14:43,278 --> 00:14:45,781 >> QUITE BUSY, SYD. 413 00:14:45,781 --> 00:14:47,683 THANK YOU. 414 00:14:47,683 --> 00:14:50,252 IS AMY MAGUIRE ON, ARE YOU HERE? 415 00:14:50,252 --> 00:14:51,386 >> YES. 416 00:14:51,386 --> 00:14:52,621 CAN YOU HEAR ME? 417 00:14:52,621 --> 00:14:53,055 >> YES. 418 00:14:53,055 --> 00:14:54,890 >> HI, I'M HERE. 419 00:14:54,890 --> 00:14:56,291 ALSO TRAVELING TODAY. 420 00:14:56,291 --> 00:14:57,926 YEAH, IT'S GOOD TO SEE 421 00:14:57,926 --> 00:14:58,293 EVERYBODY. 422 00:14:58,293 --> 00:15:00,262 AND I DON'T HAVE MANY UPDATES. 423 00:15:00,262 --> 00:15:03,432 WE'VE BEEN BUSY WORKING ON OUR 424 00:15:03,432 --> 00:15:05,200 BRAIN-FUNDED PROJECT, BRAIN 425 00:15:05,200 --> 00:15:07,035 SHARE, AND WE'RE TRYING TO GET 426 00:15:07,035 --> 00:15:10,572 OUT SOME DATA RELATED TO THAT, 427 00:15:10,572 --> 00:15:13,175 LOOKING AT DATA SHARING WITHIN 428 00:15:13,175 --> 00:15:16,812 THE BRAIN INITIATIVE, AND OTHER 429 00:15:16,812 --> 00:15:17,813 NEUROTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH. 430 00:15:17,813 --> 00:15:21,616 BEEN WORKING WITH THE RESEARCH 431 00:15:21,616 --> 00:15:28,290 ON HUMANS COMMITTEE FOR THE 432 00:15:28,290 --> 00:15:29,725 BRAIN INITIATIVE THINKING ABOUT 433 00:15:29,725 --> 00:15:34,129 ISSUES WITH RESEARCH DURING 434 00:15:34,129 --> 00:15:37,099 NEUROSURGERY AND WE'RE WORKING 435 00:15:37,099 --> 00:15:38,500 WITH SAMIR AND NEUROSURGEONS 436 00:15:38,500 --> 00:15:39,468 THINKING THROUGH ETHICAL ISSUES 437 00:15:39,468 --> 00:15:41,670 ASSOCIATED WITH THAT. 438 00:15:41,670 --> 00:15:43,638 AND THAT'S IT. 439 00:15:43,638 --> 00:15:45,474 I'VE BEEN WORKING, SITTING AT I 440 00:15:45,474 --> 00:15:47,342 GUESS NOT OFFICIALLY A MEMBER 441 00:15:47,342 --> 00:15:50,112 BUT AD HOC MEMBER TO NINDS 442 00:15:50,112 --> 00:15:51,747 COUNCIL AND SO WE'VE BEEN 443 00:15:51,747 --> 00:15:55,050 EXCITED THAT THEY HAVE BEEN 444 00:15:55,050 --> 00:15:55,851 FUNDING SOME NEUROETHICS 445 00:15:55,851 --> 00:15:56,918 RESEARCH AND MEETING AND GETTING 446 00:15:56,918 --> 00:16:01,390 THINGS OUT THE DOOR SO THAT'S 447 00:16:01,390 --> 00:16:01,723 GREAT. 448 00:16:01,723 --> 00:16:05,027 >> THANK YOU, AMY. 449 00:16:05,027 --> 00:16:05,927 KAREN ROMMELFANGER? 450 00:16:05,927 --> 00:16:09,331 I'M NOT SURE KAREN IS ON. 451 00:16:09,331 --> 00:16:09,965 >> HI! 452 00:16:09,965 --> 00:16:11,400 GOOD TO SEE EVERYONE. 453 00:16:11,400 --> 00:16:13,101 I CAN'T REMEMBER WHEN WE LAST 454 00:16:13,101 --> 00:16:15,637 MET SO I DON'T KNOW WHEN THE 455 00:16:15,637 --> 00:16:16,738 UPDATE SHOULD START. 456 00:16:16,738 --> 00:16:17,839 LET'S SEE. 457 00:16:17,839 --> 00:16:21,343 I'LL THING OF NEWISH THINGS THAT 458 00:16:21,343 --> 00:16:23,645 MIGHT BE RELEVANT. 459 00:16:23,645 --> 00:16:24,613 ONE INTERESTING THING, THE BRAIN 460 00:16:24,613 --> 00:16:29,117 INITIATIVE AND A COUPLE OFFICES 461 00:16:29,117 --> 00:16:31,787 HOSTED A NEURO-A.I. WORKSHOP 462 00:16:31,787 --> 00:16:33,388 YEAR, THERE'S BEEN A LOT OF 463 00:16:33,388 --> 00:16:35,257 MOMENTUM FROM THAT LOCALLY AND 464 00:16:35,257 --> 00:16:38,293 KIND OF GLOBALLY IN THAT SPACE. 465 00:16:38,293 --> 00:16:39,861 THERE WAS AN INTERESTING 466 00:16:39,861 --> 00:16:41,930 CONFERENCE I HAD THE PLEASURE OF 467 00:16:41,930 --> 00:16:44,433 BEING AT WITH JEN IN PERSON IN 468 00:16:44,433 --> 00:16:47,202 D.C. RECENTLY, TRYING TO BRING 469 00:16:47,202 --> 00:16:49,071 TOGETHER PEOPLE AND COMPUTING 470 00:16:49,071 --> 00:16:51,239 WITH BCI DEVELOPERS, TRYING TO 471 00:16:51,239 --> 00:16:53,975 GET THEM TO COLLABORATE EARLIER 472 00:16:53,975 --> 00:16:55,377 ON WITH THE SCIENCE. 473 00:16:55,377 --> 00:16:58,213 AND I'M HOPING THERE WILL BE 474 00:16:58,213 --> 00:16:59,781 MORE CONNECTIONS FROM THAT. 475 00:16:59,781 --> 00:17:02,951 I THINK ONE OF OUR BIGGER 476 00:17:02,951 --> 00:17:06,455 PROJECTS IS WITH INSTITUTE OF 477 00:17:06,455 --> 00:17:08,090 NEUROETHICS, THINK TANK, WORKING 478 00:17:08,090 --> 00:17:11,159 THINKING ABOUT THE CHALLENGE OF 479 00:17:11,159 --> 00:17:13,295 MAKING SURE THAT PEOPLE FROM 480 00:17:13,295 --> 00:17:15,964 DIVERSITY OF COMMUNITIES ARE 481 00:17:15,964 --> 00:17:17,399 TALKING ABOUT THE FUTURE OF 482 00:17:17,399 --> 00:17:18,533 NEUROTECHNOLOGIES THEY WANT TO 483 00:17:18,533 --> 00:17:21,136 HAVE IN A WAY THAT ISN'T LIMITED 484 00:17:21,136 --> 00:17:24,739 TO TALKING ABOUT JUST RISK OR A 485 00:17:24,739 --> 00:17:25,841 DYSTOPIAN OR UTOPIAN FUTURE BUT 486 00:17:25,841 --> 00:17:28,009 MAYBE ONE IN THE MIDDLE THAT'S 487 00:17:28,009 --> 00:17:28,477 MORE REAL. 488 00:17:28,477 --> 00:17:30,745 AND SO WHAT WE'VE BEEN DOING TO 489 00:17:30,745 --> 00:17:33,615 THAT END IS WORKING ON TWO 490 00:17:33,615 --> 00:17:34,316 ELEMENTS. 491 00:17:34,316 --> 00:17:37,452 ONE, ENGAGED TOOLS THAT FOSTER 492 00:17:37,452 --> 00:17:47,996 MULTI-DIRECTIONAL DIALOGUE WITH 493 00:17:48,663 --> 00:17:49,064 POLICY, ACADEMIA. 494 00:17:49,064 --> 00:17:52,968 WE'VE BEEN WORKING WITH JAPAN'S 495 00:17:52,968 --> 00:17:54,169 MOONSHOT PROJECTS, A SERIES OF 496 00:17:54,169 --> 00:17:55,637 PROJECTS RELATED TO DIFFERENT 497 00:17:55,637 --> 00:17:56,571 ELEMENTS OF UNDERSTANDING THE 498 00:17:56,571 --> 00:17:58,039 BRAIN AND CONNECTING WITH IT. 499 00:17:58,039 --> 00:17:59,875 AND WE'VE HAD THE PLEASURE OF 500 00:17:59,875 --> 00:18:00,408 WORKING WITH THEIR 501 00:18:00,408 --> 00:18:02,544 COMMUNICATIONS TEAM AND WE'LL BE 502 00:18:02,544 --> 00:18:03,812 GOING BACK ACTUALLY NEXT WEEK TO 503 00:18:03,812 --> 00:18:06,114 SET UP OUR NEXT SERIES OF 504 00:18:06,114 --> 00:18:06,882 WORKSHOPS. 505 00:18:06,882 --> 00:18:08,617 SO EXCITED ABOUT THAT AND HAPPY 506 00:18:08,617 --> 00:18:11,253 TO TALK ABOUT THAT MORE AS IT 507 00:18:11,253 --> 00:18:11,486 EVOLVES. 508 00:18:11,486 --> 00:18:15,390 I HOPE WE CAN SEE MORE OF THAT 509 00:18:15,390 --> 00:18:16,158 CONNECTION WITHIN THE BRAIN 510 00:18:16,158 --> 00:18:18,160 INITIATIVE AS WELL. 511 00:18:18,160 --> 00:18:23,632 >> THANK YOU, KAREN. 512 00:18:23,632 --> 00:18:23,899 CAROLINE? 513 00:18:23,899 --> 00:18:25,400 >> GREAT TO SEE EVERYONE HERE. 514 00:18:25,400 --> 00:18:31,840 I HOPE EVERYONE IS DOING OKAY. 515 00:18:31,840 --> 00:18:35,343 WHEN WE LAST MET, HOPEFULLY I'M 516 00:18:35,343 --> 00:18:36,811 NOT COVERING THINGS COVERED IN 517 00:18:36,811 --> 00:18:37,946 THE PAST, THINKING ABOUT THE 518 00:18:37,946 --> 00:18:48,156 FALL AND NOVEMBER, THE DANA 519 00:18:48,156 --> 00:18:49,558 FOUNDATION, THE LAUNCH AT 520 00:18:49,558 --> 00:18:51,526 BRIGHAM, JOINING TWO OTHER SITES 521 00:18:51,526 --> 00:18:53,328 WE LAUNCHED UNDER THIS UMBRELLA 522 00:18:53,328 --> 00:18:55,030 LAST YEAR. 523 00:18:55,030 --> 00:18:59,534 OTHER SITES ARE UCLA TOGETHER 524 00:18:59,534 --> 00:19:04,372 WITH CHARLES UNIVERSITY AND 525 00:19:04,372 --> 00:19:09,244 LOYALA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO, LED 526 00:19:09,244 --> 00:19:16,084 BY THERESA WILLIAMSON, FRANCES 527 00:19:16,084 --> 00:19:18,386 CHEN AND GABRIELLA MUNOZ. 528 00:19:18,386 --> 00:19:19,487 INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH 529 00:19:19,487 --> 00:19:22,557 TRAINING ON TRAINING OF 530 00:19:22,557 --> 00:19:23,858 BENEFICIAL CLINICAL 531 00:19:23,858 --> 00:19:24,693 NEUROTECHNOLOGIES, NEUROSCIENCE 532 00:19:24,693 --> 00:19:26,595 AS EVIDENCE IN THE COURT AND IN 533 00:19:26,595 --> 00:19:28,330 CRIMINAL JUSTICE REFORM. 534 00:19:28,330 --> 00:19:30,632 AND ANOTHER AREA IS ON COMMUNITY 535 00:19:30,632 --> 00:19:33,468 PARTNERSHIP AND ADVOCACY 536 00:19:33,468 --> 00:19:35,136 TRAINING TO FACILITATE 537 00:19:35,136 --> 00:19:36,137 BIDIRECTIONAL LEARNING BETWEEN 538 00:19:36,137 --> 00:19:37,105 SCIENTISTS AND MEMBERS OF 539 00:19:37,105 --> 00:19:40,609 COMMUNITIES IMPACTED OR COULD BE 540 00:19:40,609 --> 00:19:41,843 IMPACTED BY NEUROTECHNOLOGY 541 00:19:41,843 --> 00:19:43,044 ADVANCEMENTS, SO WE'RE VERY 542 00:19:43,044 --> 00:19:44,613 EXCITED ABOUT THIS AND, YOU 543 00:19:44,613 --> 00:19:45,647 KNOW, ALSO LOOK FORWARD TO 544 00:19:45,647 --> 00:19:48,950 SEEING ALL THE WORK THAT THEY 545 00:19:48,950 --> 00:19:49,951 COME WITH. 546 00:19:49,951 --> 00:19:51,186 SO ANOTHER ANNOUNCEMENT IS 547 00:19:51,186 --> 00:19:53,321 AROUND THE DANA FOUNDATION 548 00:19:53,321 --> 00:19:54,556 ITSELF, CELEBRATING OUR 75th 549 00:19:54,556 --> 00:19:55,557 ANNIVERSARY THIS YEAR, WE 550 00:19:55,557 --> 00:19:58,260 STARTED OFF IN 1950 WITH A FOCUS 551 00:19:58,260 --> 00:20:00,195 ON HIGH OFFER EDUCATION AND 552 00:20:00,195 --> 00:20:03,298 HEALTH RESEARCH FIRST IN CANCER, 553 00:20:03,298 --> 00:20:03,999 FOR EXAMPLE, WITH THE 554 00:20:03,999 --> 00:20:06,334 DANA-FARBER CANCER INSTITUTE AND 555 00:20:06,334 --> 00:20:10,505 NOW OUR FOCUS IS IN SPECIFICALLY 556 00:20:10,505 --> 00:20:11,506 NEUROSCIENCE AND SOCIETY, I'LL 557 00:20:11,506 --> 00:20:16,611 DROP IN A TIMELINE WE'VE CREATED 558 00:20:16,611 --> 00:20:17,512 IN SOME OTHER COLLATERALS COMING 559 00:20:17,512 --> 00:20:19,814 TO TELL THE STORY, IT'S EXCITING 560 00:20:19,814 --> 00:20:22,450 TO HEAR NINDS IS CELEBRATING 561 00:20:22,450 --> 00:20:25,086 THEIR 75th ANNIVERSARY THIS 562 00:20:25,086 --> 00:20:27,055 YEAR, A GREAT TRIBUTE AND HONOR 563 00:20:27,055 --> 00:20:28,523 FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS 564 00:20:28,523 --> 00:20:29,924 THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE FIELD 565 00:20:29,924 --> 00:20:32,027 OVER THIS TIME. 566 00:20:32,027 --> 00:20:34,529 AND THEN THE FINAL MAYBE ONE OF 567 00:20:34,529 --> 00:20:36,398 THE OTHERS THINGS I'LL SHARE 568 00:20:36,398 --> 00:20:39,334 THIS COMING JUNE PUBLICLY 569 00:20:39,334 --> 00:20:41,670 ANNOUNCING OUR INAUGURAL 570 00:20:41,670 --> 00:20:44,272 AWARDEES OF THE DANA FOUNDATION 571 00:20:44,272 --> 00:20:45,674 NEUROSCIENCE AND SOCIETY AWARDS, 572 00:20:45,674 --> 00:20:47,142 VERY EXCITED ABOUT THIS, VERY 573 00:20:47,142 --> 00:20:49,177 EXCITED ABOUT THE PROCESS OF 574 00:20:49,177 --> 00:20:52,013 SEARCH AND SELECTION FOR THIS. 575 00:20:52,013 --> 00:20:54,015 STAY TUNED FOR THAT. 576 00:20:54,015 --> 00:20:55,817 THESE AWARDS AIM TO RECOGNIZE 577 00:20:55,817 --> 00:20:58,486 INDIVIDUALS WHOSE INFLUENTIAL 578 00:20:58,486 --> 00:20:59,721 WORK BRIDGED THE GAP BETWEEN 579 00:20:59,721 --> 00:21:03,625 NEUROSCIENCE AND SOCIETY TO 580 00:21:03,625 --> 00:21:05,927 DRIVE MEANINGFUL DIALOGUE AND 581 00:21:05,927 --> 00:21:08,029 INNOVATION ACROSS DIVERSE FIELDS 582 00:21:08,029 --> 00:21:10,065 SUCH AS LAW, POLICY, EDUCATION, 583 00:21:10,065 --> 00:21:10,432 AND HEALTH CARE. 584 00:21:10,432 --> 00:21:12,467 STAY TUNED FOR THAT. 585 00:21:12,467 --> 00:21:15,870 THE LAST PIECE COMING FROM THE 586 00:21:15,870 --> 00:21:16,638 SCIENCE PHILANTHROPY COMMUNITY, 587 00:21:16,638 --> 00:21:20,141 I GOT OUT OF MEETINGS WITH THE 588 00:21:20,141 --> 00:21:21,576 ALLIANCE, AND WITHIN THOSE 589 00:21:21,576 --> 00:21:23,445 DISCUSSIONS WE'RE THINKING VERY, 590 00:21:23,445 --> 00:21:25,814 VERY DEEPLY ABOUT HOW TO BEST 591 00:21:25,814 --> 00:21:30,752 SUPPORT THE SCIENCE COMMUNITY, 592 00:21:30,752 --> 00:21:32,287 ESPECIALLY EARLY CAREER TRAINEES 593 00:21:32,287 --> 00:21:34,889 AND SCHOLARS TO ENSURE A 594 00:21:34,889 --> 00:21:36,791 PROMISING AND VIBRANT COMMUNITY 595 00:21:36,791 --> 00:21:38,526 FOR SCIENTISTS. 596 00:21:38,526 --> 00:21:40,195 >> AS ALWAYS, VERY EXCITING. 597 00:21:40,195 --> 00:21:42,564 I GUESS I WILL GO NEXT. 598 00:21:42,564 --> 00:21:45,200 WHEN WE'RE DONE WITH THE 599 00:21:45,200 --> 00:21:47,302 SESSION, NITA WILL START THE 600 00:21:47,302 --> 00:21:48,937 PRESENTATIONS FROM OUR GUEST 601 00:21:48,937 --> 00:21:49,604 LECTURERS. 602 00:21:49,604 --> 00:21:52,974 I'LL GO NOW AND NITA CAN TELL US 603 00:21:52,974 --> 00:21:54,075 ABOUT HER UPDATES. 604 00:21:54,075 --> 00:21:56,478 AND SO RECENTLY I HAD THE GREAT 605 00:21:56,478 --> 00:22:06,955 PLEASURE TO WORK WITH KAREN 606 00:22:07,288 --> 00:22:08,123 ROMMELFANGER, ENGAGING 607 00:22:08,123 --> 00:22:12,160 SCIENTISTS IN NEUROSCIENCE IN 608 00:22:12,160 --> 00:22:13,161 SOUTHEAST ASIA, PUBLISHED LATE 609 00:22:13,161 --> 00:22:17,766 LAST YEAR, KAREN AND I WERE BOTH 610 00:22:17,766 --> 00:22:18,700 MEMBERS, ALWAYS A PLEASURE TO 611 00:22:18,700 --> 00:22:19,601 WORK WITH KAREN. 612 00:22:19,601 --> 00:22:23,104 THE REPORT IS AN INTERESTING 613 00:22:23,104 --> 00:22:23,872 REPORT ON POTENTIAL INTERACTIONS 614 00:22:23,872 --> 00:22:26,508 BETWEEN THE U.S. AND A VARIETY 615 00:22:26,508 --> 00:22:28,943 OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN COUNTRIES. 616 00:22:28,943 --> 00:22:31,980 AND MORE RECENTLY, I WAS 617 00:22:31,980 --> 00:22:35,583 COORDINATOR FOR NATIONAL 618 00:22:35,583 --> 00:22:37,552 ACADEMIES OF SCIENCES PAPER, 619 00:22:37,552 --> 00:22:39,187 ELUCIDATING MOLECULAR AND 620 00:22:39,187 --> 00:22:41,389 PATHWAY DETERMINANTS OF 621 00:22:41,389 --> 00:22:44,893 COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE IN HUMANS 622 00:22:44,893 --> 00:22:47,328 THROUGH MULTI-OMICS, THERE'S A 623 00:22:47,328 --> 00:22:49,364 NEUROETHICS COMPONENT. 624 00:22:49,364 --> 00:22:57,472 I'VE BEEN INTERESTED IN HOW 625 00:22:57,472 --> 00:23:08,082 MULTI-OMICS USING MOLECULAR 626 00:23:08,082 --> 00:23:08,983 APPROACHES, AND WITH THAT I WANT 627 00:23:08,983 --> 00:23:10,952 TO TURN IT OVER TO CO-CHAIR NITA 628 00:23:10,952 --> 00:23:13,154 TO HEAR ABOUT HER UPDATES WHICH 629 00:23:13,154 --> 00:23:14,789 WILL BE QUITE EXTENSIVE, I'M 630 00:23:14,789 --> 00:23:15,590 SURE. 631 00:23:15,590 --> 00:23:17,125 >> THANKS, JIM. 632 00:23:17,125 --> 00:23:18,526 I'LL KEEP MINE BRIEF. 633 00:23:18,526 --> 00:23:20,528 I'M HAVING THE PLEASURE OF 634 00:23:20,528 --> 00:23:22,597 INTRODUCING OUR SESSION ON 635 00:23:22,597 --> 00:23:24,999 DIGITAL TWINS, BACKDROP ON IT. 636 00:23:24,999 --> 00:23:26,534 FOR MY PART, I'LL TALK ABOUT A 637 00:23:26,534 --> 00:23:28,903 FEW OF THE MAJOR INITIATIVES 638 00:23:28,903 --> 00:23:29,904 THAT ARE UNDERWAY, SOME PEOPLE 639 00:23:29,904 --> 00:23:32,607 HERE ARE INVOLVED IN THEM WHICH 640 00:23:32,607 --> 00:23:33,741 IS TERRIFIC. 641 00:23:33,741 --> 00:23:36,811 ONE OF THEM IS THAT THE UNIFORM 642 00:23:36,811 --> 00:23:39,914 LAWS COMMISSION HAS LAUNCHED A 643 00:23:39,914 --> 00:23:42,817 STUDY COMMITTEE ON MENTAL 644 00:23:42,817 --> 00:23:43,418 PRIVACY, COGNITIVE BIOMETRICS, 645 00:23:43,418 --> 00:23:45,153 NEURAL DATA TO TAKE UP THE 646 00:23:45,153 --> 00:23:48,456 CHARGE TO LOOK AT POTENTIAL FOR 647 00:23:48,456 --> 00:23:49,858 UNIFORM MODEL LAW IN THE UNITED 648 00:23:49,858 --> 00:23:51,793 STATES, LAW COMMISSION IS THE 649 00:23:51,793 --> 00:23:54,162 OLDEST LEGAL ORGANIZATION IN THE 650 00:23:54,162 --> 00:23:55,997 UNITED STATES THAT HAS -- THAT 651 00:23:55,997 --> 00:23:59,634 SERVES TO TRY TO DEVELOP 652 00:23:59,634 --> 00:24:05,406 UNIFORMITY, BEST KNOWN FOR 653 00:24:05,406 --> 00:24:07,075 UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE, AND WE 654 00:24:07,075 --> 00:24:11,412 HAVE A WIDE VARIETY OF PEOPLE 655 00:24:11,412 --> 00:24:12,547 WHO PARTICIPATED AS OBSERVES, 656 00:24:12,547 --> 00:24:14,649 I'M HONORED TO BE CHAIRING THAT 657 00:24:14,649 --> 00:24:18,119 AS COMMISSIONER FROM NORTH 658 00:24:18,119 --> 00:24:18,386 CAROLINA. 659 00:24:18,386 --> 00:24:19,787 THE SECONDS MAJOR UPDATE 660 00:24:19,787 --> 00:24:21,222 AMERICAN LAW INSTITUTE AND 661 00:24:21,222 --> 00:24:22,123 EUROPEAN LAW INSTITUTE HAVE 662 00:24:22,123 --> 00:24:24,626 LAUNCHED PROJECT ON THE 663 00:24:24,626 --> 00:24:28,096 PRINCIPLES OF BIOMETRICS TO TRY 664 00:24:28,096 --> 00:24:29,631 TO FIND HARMONIZATION ACROSS 665 00:24:29,631 --> 00:24:30,431 JURISDICTIONS AND THAT OF COURSE 666 00:24:30,431 --> 00:24:32,500 INCLUDES A LOT THAT HAS TO DO 667 00:24:32,500 --> 00:24:34,669 WITH BRAIN AS WELL FROM MORE 668 00:24:34,669 --> 00:24:35,236 BROADLY THINKING ABOUT 669 00:24:35,236 --> 00:24:37,906 INFERENCES THAT ARE BEING MADE 670 00:24:37,906 --> 00:24:40,041 ABOUT BRAIN, POTENTIAL USE OF 671 00:24:40,041 --> 00:24:41,442 BRAIN AND BIOMETRIC CONTEXT AS 672 00:24:41,442 --> 00:24:41,910 WELL. 673 00:24:41,910 --> 00:24:43,878 AND TO TRY TO HARMONIZE THE 674 00:24:43,878 --> 00:24:46,180 PRINCIPLES THAT WOULD BE 675 00:24:46,180 --> 00:24:47,382 VALUABLE FOR GOVERNANCE ACROSS 676 00:24:47,382 --> 00:24:53,922 HOSE, -- THOSE, AND I'M SERVING 677 00:24:53,922 --> 00:24:55,790 AS REPORTER WITH MY COUNTERPART 678 00:24:55,790 --> 00:24:58,226 ON THE EUROPEAN SIDE, WITH 679 00:24:58,226 --> 00:24:59,060 OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENGAGEMENT, 680 00:24:59,060 --> 00:25:00,628 THE FIRST MEETING OF ADVISORS 681 00:25:00,628 --> 00:25:03,898 THIS COMING FALL AND IT WILL BE 682 00:25:03,898 --> 00:25:05,099 A MULTI-YEAR PROCESS. 683 00:25:05,099 --> 00:25:06,334 THE THIRD IS THE WORLD ECONOMIC 684 00:25:06,334 --> 00:25:09,537 FORUM HAS LAUNCHED A GLOBAL 685 00:25:09,537 --> 00:25:12,140 FUTURES COUNCIL ON 686 00:25:12,140 --> 00:25:14,208 NEUROTECHNOLOGY, WHICH I'M 687 00:25:14,208 --> 00:25:21,649 CO-CHAIRING WITH TOM OXLEY FROM 688 00:25:21,649 --> 00:25:25,320 SYNCHRON, THAT HAS A BROAD 689 00:25:25,320 --> 00:25:26,154 INTERNATIONAL STAKEHOLDERS 690 00:25:26,154 --> 00:25:26,554 AUDIENCE. 691 00:25:26,554 --> 00:25:27,989 THE FUTURE OF THE GLOBAL COUNCIL 692 00:25:27,989 --> 00:25:30,658 TO SEE WHETHER IT MIGHT BE 693 00:25:30,658 --> 00:25:31,826 POSSIBLE TO DEVELOP INSTRUMENTS 694 00:25:31,826 --> 00:25:34,963 FOR MEASURING TRUST IN 695 00:25:34,963 --> 00:25:36,397 NEUROTECHNOLOGY COMPANIES, AND 696 00:25:36,397 --> 00:25:38,166 IT'S A VERY DIFFERENT APPROACH 697 00:25:38,166 --> 00:25:39,033 THAN OTHER INTERNATIONAL 698 00:25:39,033 --> 00:25:40,568 ORGANIZATIONS HAVE TAKEN, AND 699 00:25:40,568 --> 00:25:43,237 IT'S AN EXCITING OPPORTUNITY TO 700 00:25:43,237 --> 00:25:46,074 ENGAGE WITH THAT. 701 00:25:46,074 --> 00:25:51,646 THE LAST IS UNESCO HAS ITS DRAFT 702 00:25:51,646 --> 00:25:52,080 RECOMMENDATIONS ON 703 00:25:52,080 --> 00:25:52,981 NEUROTECHNOLOGY. 704 00:25:52,981 --> 00:25:54,482 I WAS PLEASED TO BE REPRESENTING 705 00:25:54,482 --> 00:25:57,151 THE UNITED STATES AS AN EXPERT. 706 00:25:57,151 --> 00:25:59,454 THAT DRAFT IS NOW GOING TO BE 707 00:25:59,454 --> 00:26:02,957 DEBATED NEXT WEEK IN PARIS BY 708 00:26:02,957 --> 00:26:07,261 THE POLITICAL ENTITIES FROM THE 709 00:26:07,261 --> 00:26:08,730 194 MEMBER COUNTRIES, SOME IN 710 00:26:08,730 --> 00:26:10,632 PERSON, SOME REMOTE 711 00:26:10,632 --> 00:26:13,568 WHAT SHOULD EMERGE WILL BE 712 00:26:13,568 --> 00:26:14,636 CONSENSUS DRAFT IDEALLY, WHICH 713 00:26:14,636 --> 00:26:17,405 WILL THEN GO THROUGH EDITS AND 714 00:26:17,405 --> 00:26:22,010 BE PRESENTED THIS SUMMER TO THE 715 00:26:22,010 --> 00:26:24,178 UNESCO COMMITTEES TO GET TO THE 716 00:26:24,178 --> 00:26:27,348 BOARD IN OCTOBER AND BE VOTED ON 717 00:26:27,348 --> 00:26:28,916 IN NOVEMBER OF 2025 BY THE 718 00:26:28,916 --> 00:26:31,786 MEMBER COUNTRIES, IF THEY CHOOSE 719 00:26:31,786 --> 00:26:34,555 TO RATIFY AT THAT TIME IT WILL 720 00:26:34,555 --> 00:26:36,457 BECOME A GLOBAL STANDARD WITH 721 00:26:36,457 --> 00:26:37,825 IMPLEMENTATION AND ENFORCEMENT 722 00:26:37,825 --> 00:26:38,626 AND REPORTING REQUIREMENTS TO IT 723 00:26:38,626 --> 00:26:40,595 SO IT'S EXCITING TO SEE THAT 724 00:26:40,595 --> 00:26:43,031 PROGRESSING AND THE KIND OF WORK 725 00:26:43,031 --> 00:26:45,433 THAT IT HAS HAD THE OPPORTUNITY 726 00:26:45,433 --> 00:26:47,068 TO CULTIVATE AS WELL. 727 00:26:47,068 --> 00:26:49,237 I'LL BE THERE NEXT WEEK IN A 728 00:26:49,237 --> 00:26:50,672 DIFFERENT CAPACITY AS OBSERVER 729 00:26:50,672 --> 00:26:53,841 FROM THE PRIOR BUREAU FROM THE 730 00:26:53,841 --> 00:26:54,642 EXPERTS. 731 00:26:54,642 --> 00:26:55,977 I'M NOT A POLITICIAN SO I'M NOT 732 00:26:55,977 --> 00:26:58,813 NEGOTIATING ON BEHALF OF THE 733 00:26:58,813 --> 00:26:58,980 U.S. 734 00:26:58,980 --> 00:27:00,848 STILL UNCLEAR IF THERE WILL BE A 735 00:27:00,848 --> 00:27:01,749 U.S. REPRESENTATIVE NEXT WEEK, 736 00:27:01,749 --> 00:27:02,950 STAY TUNED FOR EXCITING UPDATES. 737 00:27:02,950 --> 00:27:04,552 ALL RIGHT. 738 00:27:04,552 --> 00:27:06,454 WITH THOSE UPDATES FROM ME I'M 739 00:27:06,454 --> 00:27:09,590 GOING TO TRANSITION US TO OUR 740 00:27:09,590 --> 00:27:11,893 CONVERSATION TODAY WHICH IS TO 741 00:27:11,893 --> 00:27:13,528 REALLY FOCUS ON DIGITAL TWINS. 742 00:27:13,528 --> 00:27:15,963 AND WHAT I WANT TO DO IS FRAME A 743 00:27:15,963 --> 00:27:17,932 LITTLE BIT WHY WE CHOSE TO TAKE 744 00:27:17,932 --> 00:27:19,667 ON THE ISSUE OF DIGITAL TWINS 745 00:27:19,667 --> 00:27:21,202 TODAY AND HOW IT CONNECTS WITH 746 00:27:21,202 --> 00:27:23,738 THE LAST MEETING WE HAD, WHERE 747 00:27:23,738 --> 00:27:26,274 WE EXPLORED THE EMERGING FIELD 748 00:27:26,274 --> 00:27:28,342 OF BRAIN FOUNDATION MODELS, 749 00:27:28,342 --> 00:27:29,544 COMPUTATIONAL FRAMEWORKS THAT 750 00:27:29,544 --> 00:27:31,379 LEARN AND REPRESENTATIONS OF 751 00:27:31,379 --> 00:27:32,046 NEURAL ACTIVITY AND BRAIN 752 00:27:32,046 --> 00:27:34,248 STRUCTURE THAT CAN BE USED TO 753 00:27:34,248 --> 00:27:35,883 GENERATE PREDICTIONS ABOUT BRAIN 754 00:27:35,883 --> 00:27:36,784 STATES AND FUNCTION. 755 00:27:36,784 --> 00:27:39,053 TODAY WE'RE TURNING OUR 756 00:27:39,053 --> 00:27:41,689 ATTENTION TO DIGITAL TWINS IN 757 00:27:41,689 --> 00:27:43,758 NEUROSCIENCE AND 758 00:27:43,758 --> 00:27:45,460 NEUROTECHNOLOGY, AND THERE'S A 759 00:27:45,460 --> 00:27:46,527 LINE BETWEEN THESE, WE THOUGHT 760 00:27:46,527 --> 00:27:48,096 IT WOULD BE THE NATURAL NEXT 761 00:27:48,096 --> 00:27:49,831 STEP FOR THE CONVERSATION. 762 00:27:49,831 --> 00:27:51,099 NICE TO HERE KAREN'S REMARKS 763 00:27:51,099 --> 00:28:01,509 ABOUT A.I. CONVERGENCE. 764 00:28:03,544 --> 00:28:06,314 MUCH LIKE LARGE LANGUAGE MODEL, 765 00:28:06,314 --> 00:28:07,648 THAT LEARN STATISTICAL PATTERNS, 766 00:28:07,648 --> 00:28:09,584 BRAIN FOUNDATION MODELS ARE 767 00:28:09,584 --> 00:28:10,985 TRAINED ON VAST DATASETS OF 768 00:28:10,985 --> 00:28:14,522 NEURAL RECORDINGS, BRAIN IMAGING 769 00:28:14,522 --> 00:28:16,724 AND STRUCTURAL DATA TO CAPTURE 770 00:28:16,724 --> 00:28:18,259 PATTERNS AND DYNAMICS OF BRAIN 771 00:28:18,259 --> 00:28:18,626 FUNCTION. 772 00:28:18,626 --> 00:28:20,661 AND SOME OF THE MODELS THAT WE 773 00:28:20,661 --> 00:28:22,196 TALKED ABOUT PREVIOUSLY WERE 774 00:28:22,196 --> 00:28:24,832 THINGS LIKE BRAIN BERT, THE 775 00:28:24,832 --> 00:28:26,467 MODEL TRAINED ON MULTI-MODAL 776 00:28:26,467 --> 00:28:28,302 NEUROIMAGING DATA FROM THOUSANDS 777 00:28:28,302 --> 00:28:29,437 OF PARTICIPANTS, WHICH 778 00:28:29,437 --> 00:28:31,305 DEMONSTRATED ABILITY TO PREDICT 779 00:28:31,305 --> 00:28:34,242 NEURAL RESPONSES TO NOVEL 780 00:28:34,242 --> 00:28:36,644 STIMULI WITH UNPRECEDENTED 781 00:28:36,644 --> 00:28:37,345 ACCURACY. 782 00:28:37,345 --> 00:28:38,946 THESE FOUNDATION MODELS ARE 783 00:28:38,946 --> 00:28:41,549 REALLY AIMING TO ESTABLISH A 784 00:28:41,549 --> 00:28:47,822 COMPUTATIONAL BASE THIS IS CAN 785 00:28:47,822 --> 00:28:49,657 GENERALIZE ACROSS CONDITIONS, 786 00:28:49,657 --> 00:28:51,192 COGNITIVE TASKS, SOME HAVE SHOWN 787 00:28:51,192 --> 00:28:53,027 BY TRAINING A SINGLE MODEL ON 788 00:28:53,027 --> 00:28:54,629 MULTIPLE DATASETS SPANNING THE 789 00:28:54,629 --> 00:28:57,431 LIKES OF EEG, fMRI, INVASIVE 790 00:28:57,431 --> 00:29:00,401 RECORDINGS, IT'S POSSIBLE TO 791 00:29:00,401 --> 00:29:01,536 HAVE TRANSFER LEARNING 792 00:29:01,536 --> 00:29:03,371 CAPABILITIES THAT REVOLUTIONIZE 793 00:29:03,371 --> 00:29:06,007 OUR UNDERSTANDING OF CROSS-MODAL 794 00:29:06,007 --> 00:29:06,908 NEURAL DYNAMICS. 795 00:29:06,908 --> 00:29:08,743 DIGITAL TWAINS TAKE THIS A 796 00:29:08,743 --> 00:29:10,077 CRUCIAL STEP FORWARD. 797 00:29:10,077 --> 00:29:12,780 SO WHILE BRAIN FOUNDATION MODELS 798 00:29:12,780 --> 00:29:13,981 GIVE GENERALIZED FRAMEWORKS 799 00:29:13,981 --> 00:29:15,283 ABOUT BRAIN FUNCTION, DIGITAL 800 00:29:15,283 --> 00:29:18,586 TWINS AIM TO CREATE PERSONALIZED 801 00:29:18,586 --> 00:29:20,087 COMPUTATIONAL MODELS THAT 802 00:29:20,087 --> 00:29:22,089 SIMULATE STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, 803 00:29:22,089 --> 00:29:23,057 POTENTIALLY EMERGENT PROPERTIES 804 00:29:23,057 --> 00:29:25,459 OF AN INDIVIDUAL'S BRAIN. 805 00:29:25,459 --> 00:29:28,629 TAKE FOR EXAMPLE THE BLUE BRAIN 806 00:29:28,629 --> 00:29:30,598 PROJECT, A DEMONSTRATION OF A 807 00:29:30,598 --> 00:29:32,600 PARTIAL DIGITAL TWIN FOR 808 00:29:32,600 --> 00:29:34,235 EPILEPSY PATIENTS THAT 809 00:29:34,235 --> 00:29:36,871 DEMONSTRATES THIS SHIFT, CREATED 810 00:29:36,871 --> 00:29:38,406 A PERSONALIZED SIMULATION THAT 811 00:29:38,406 --> 00:29:39,807 INCORPORATE A INDIVIDUAL'S 812 00:29:39,807 --> 00:29:40,908 UNIQUE NEURAL CONNECTIVITY 813 00:29:40,908 --> 00:29:42,777 PATTERNS ALLOWING FOR 814 00:29:42,777 --> 00:29:43,878 UNPRECEDENTED PREDICTION OF 815 00:29:43,878 --> 00:29:45,613 FUTURE ONSET AND PROPAGATION 816 00:29:45,613 --> 00:29:48,015 PATHS FORWARD SPECIFIC TO EACH 817 00:29:48,015 --> 00:29:48,249 PATIENT. 818 00:29:48,249 --> 00:29:50,885 SO, THE PROGRESSION HERE IS 819 00:29:50,885 --> 00:29:51,986 LOGICAL, BUT ALSO PROFOUND, 820 00:29:51,986 --> 00:29:53,955 WHICH MOVES FROM GENERAL MODELS 821 00:29:53,955 --> 00:29:55,923 OF THE BRAIN TO INDIVIDUALIZED 822 00:29:55,923 --> 00:29:57,658 SIMULATIONS THAT MIGHT ONE DAY 823 00:29:57,658 --> 00:30:00,828 REPLICATE ASPECTS OF A PERSON'S 824 00:30:00,828 --> 00:30:02,029 SPECIFIC NEURAL ARCHITECTURE, 825 00:30:02,029 --> 00:30:03,464 CONNECTIVITY, THEIR PATTERNS, 826 00:30:03,464 --> 00:30:04,332 EVEN COGNITIVE PROCESSES. 827 00:30:04,332 --> 00:30:06,200 WHICH MEANS WHERE WE MIGHT BE IN 828 00:30:06,200 --> 00:30:09,937 FIVE YEARS FROM NOW FROM PARTIAL 829 00:30:09,937 --> 00:30:11,806 STIMULATIONS -- SIMULATIONS OF 830 00:30:11,806 --> 00:30:13,507 SPECIFIC NEURAL SUBSTRATES, TO 831 00:30:13,507 --> 00:30:14,408 POTENTIALLY WHOLE BRAIN MODELS 832 00:30:14,408 --> 00:30:17,245 THAT CAN CAPTURE AN INDIVIDUAL'S 833 00:30:17,245 --> 00:30:19,380 UNIQUE COGNITIVE SIGNATURE, 834 00:30:19,380 --> 00:30:20,081 WHICH RAISINGS FUNDAMENTAL 835 00:30:20,081 --> 00:30:20,681 ETHICAL QUESTIONS WE THOUGHT 836 00:30:20,681 --> 00:30:22,717 WOULD BE GOOD FOR US TO ADDRESS 837 00:30:22,717 --> 00:30:23,384 AND GRAPPLE WITH. 838 00:30:23,384 --> 00:30:26,220 LIKE WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO CREATE 839 00:30:26,220 --> 00:30:28,189 A COMPUTATIONAL TWIN OF AN 840 00:30:28,189 --> 00:30:30,157 INDIVIDUAL'S BRAIN? 841 00:30:30,157 --> 00:30:31,592 AT WHAT POINT MIGHT TWINS PLAN 842 00:30:31,592 --> 00:30:36,797 FEST MANIFEST WITH PROPERTIES 843 00:30:36,797 --> 00:30:39,000 LIKE PERSONHOOD OR IDENTITY? 844 00:30:39,000 --> 00:30:42,003 HOW MIGHT THESE TECHNOLOGIES 845 00:30:42,003 --> 00:30:43,738 RESHAPE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE 846 00:30:43,738 --> 00:30:44,605 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BRAIN, 847 00:30:44,605 --> 00:30:45,373 MIND, SELF? 848 00:30:45,373 --> 00:30:47,241 AS WE DISCUSS DIGITAL TWINS I 849 00:30:47,241 --> 00:30:51,512 WANT TO PROPOSE WE CONSIDER 850 00:30:51,512 --> 00:30:52,780 SEVERAL ETHICAL DIMENSIONS WITH 851 00:30:52,780 --> 00:30:54,615 DEPTH AS WE HEAR FROM SPEAKERS. 852 00:30:54,615 --> 00:30:57,084 WE MIGHT START BY THINKING ABOUT 853 00:30:57,084 --> 00:31:00,488 PRIVACY AND DATA GOVERNANCE. 854 00:31:00,488 --> 00:31:01,222 SO DIGITAL TWINS REQUIRE 855 00:31:01,222 --> 00:31:02,990 UNPRECEDENTED ACCESS TO NEURAL 856 00:31:02,990 --> 00:31:04,992 DATA, NOT JUST SNAPSHOTS, BUT 857 00:31:04,992 --> 00:31:06,427 POTENTIALLY CONTINUOUS STREAMS 858 00:31:06,427 --> 00:31:10,131 OF NEURAL DATA THAT CAN REVEAL A 859 00:31:10,131 --> 00:31:12,433 LOT ABOUT THE COGNITIVE AND 860 00:31:12,433 --> 00:31:13,834 EFFECTIVE PROCESSES IN THE 861 00:31:13,834 --> 00:31:15,202 BRAIN. 862 00:31:15,202 --> 00:31:16,837 THIS RECOMMENDS A QUANTUM LEAP 863 00:31:16,837 --> 00:31:19,540 BEYOND CURRENT PRIVACY CONCERNS. 864 00:31:19,540 --> 00:31:21,709 IN PREVIOUS MEETINGS WE HAVE 865 00:31:21,709 --> 00:31:24,111 REALLY FOCUSED ON NEURAL DATA, 866 00:31:24,111 --> 00:31:25,346 THE IMPLICATIONS OF A DIGITAL 867 00:31:25,346 --> 00:31:27,315 TWIN COULD BE EVEN MORE 868 00:31:27,315 --> 00:31:27,715 PROFOUND. 869 00:31:27,715 --> 00:31:29,150 SO TAKE FOR EXAMPLE A DIGITAL 870 00:31:29,150 --> 00:31:31,352 TWIN OF A PATIENT WITH 871 00:31:31,352 --> 00:31:33,654 ALZHEIMER'S, THAT MIGHT REQUIRE 872 00:31:33,654 --> 00:31:35,156 CAPTURING LONGITUDINAL NEURAL 873 00:31:35,156 --> 00:31:37,124 DATA THAT INADVERTENTLY CAPTURES 874 00:31:37,124 --> 00:31:39,126 NOT JUST COGNITIVE DECLINE 875 00:31:39,126 --> 00:31:40,761 MARKERS BUT PERSONAL MEMORIES, 876 00:31:40,761 --> 00:31:43,197 EMOTIONAL RESPONSES TO FAMILY 877 00:31:43,197 --> 00:31:44,865 MEMBERS, UNCONSCIOUS BIASES A 878 00:31:44,865 --> 00:31:46,567 PERSON MIGHT PREFER TO KEEP 879 00:31:46,567 --> 00:31:47,234 PRIVATE. 880 00:31:47,234 --> 00:31:50,071 WHICH RAISES THE QUESTIONS ABOUT 881 00:31:50,071 --> 00:31:51,372 DATA SOVEREIGNTY AND CONTROL, 882 00:31:51,372 --> 00:31:55,209 INFORMED CONSENT FOR FUTURE 883 00:31:55,209 --> 00:31:56,978 USES, VULNERABILITY AND 884 00:31:56,978 --> 00:31:59,480 SURVEILLANCE, AND THE RIGHT 885 00:31:59,480 --> 00:32:00,448 TO -- DIFFERENT HUMAN RIGHTS 886 00:32:00,448 --> 00:32:01,916 WE'VE BEEN REALLY TALKING ABOUT 887 00:32:01,916 --> 00:32:06,387 WHEN IT COMES TO THINGS LIKE 888 00:32:06,387 --> 00:32:06,954 NEUROTECHNOLOGY. 889 00:32:06,954 --> 00:32:09,223 THE SECOND IS AROUND IDENTITY 890 00:32:09,223 --> 00:32:10,624 AND PERSONHOOD. 891 00:32:10,624 --> 00:32:12,526 DIGITAL TWINS CHALLENGE IN MANY 892 00:32:12,526 --> 00:32:14,695 WAYS NOTIONS OF SELF AND 893 00:32:14,695 --> 00:32:25,272 IDENTITY, IN MANY WAYS THEY HAE 894 00:32:29,844 --> 00:32:31,379 ENCOUNTERED DIGITAL TWINS, IN 895 00:32:31,379 --> 00:32:33,848 THIS WAY AN A.I. REPRESENTATION 896 00:32:33,848 --> 00:32:36,584 AND RECREATION RATHER THAN A 897 00:32:36,584 --> 00:32:38,786 DIGITAL TWIN IN NEUROSCIENCE 898 00:32:38,786 --> 00:32:41,055 SETTING WHICH RAISES PROFOUND 899 00:32:41,055 --> 00:32:42,623 QUESTIONS LIKE DIGITAL TWINS 900 00:32:42,623 --> 00:32:45,026 BECOME MORE ACCURATE, AT WHAT 901 00:32:45,026 --> 00:32:48,029 POINT MIGHT THEY DESERVE LEGAL 902 00:32:48,029 --> 00:32:54,902 AND MORE CONSIDERATION OR 903 00:32:54,902 --> 00:32:55,936 POSTMORTEM EXISTENCE, HOW WE 904 00:32:55,936 --> 00:32:57,805 DEFINE THE ENDS OF PERSONHOOD, 905 00:32:57,805 --> 00:32:59,373 SHOULD FAMILIES HAVE THE RIGHT 906 00:32:59,373 --> 00:33:05,379 TO RUN DIGITAL TWIN TO DISEASED 907 00:33:05,379 --> 00:33:06,847 LOVED ONE, IMPLICATION FOR 908 00:33:06,847 --> 00:33:08,049 GRIEVING OR LEGAL PROCEEDINGS? 909 00:33:08,049 --> 00:33:09,550 WHAT ARE BOUNDARIES OF IDENTITY 910 00:33:09,550 --> 00:33:11,519 IN THE PRESENT DAY? 911 00:33:11,519 --> 00:33:17,158 WHEN PREDICTS TREATMENT 912 00:33:17,158 --> 00:33:18,159 RESPONSES OR COGNITIVE 913 00:33:18,159 --> 00:33:20,661 DEVELOPMENT HOW WE DISTINGUISH 914 00:33:20,661 --> 00:33:21,929 BETWEEN PREDICTION AND 915 00:33:21,929 --> 00:33:22,496 DETERMINISM? 916 00:33:22,496 --> 00:33:26,467 THIRD MAJOR CATEGORY IS AROUND 917 00:33:26,467 --> 00:33:29,770 AUTONOMY AND AGENCY, AS DIGITAL 918 00:33:29,770 --> 00:33:30,838 TWINS BECOME SOPHISTICATED MAY 919 00:33:30,838 --> 00:33:31,472 INFLUENCE DECISIONS ABOUT 920 00:33:31,472 --> 00:33:33,340 PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH, 921 00:33:33,340 --> 00:33:37,078 EDUCATION, EVEN LIFE CHOICES. 922 00:33:37,078 --> 00:33:39,480 CONSIDER PREDICT-RX, A SYSTEM IN 923 00:33:39,480 --> 00:33:43,784 TRIALS WHICH USES DIGITAL TWINS 924 00:33:43,784 --> 00:33:46,353 TO SIMULATE RESPONSES TO 925 00:33:46,353 --> 00:33:48,222 TREATMENT FOR TREATMENT, WHEN IT 926 00:33:48,222 --> 00:33:51,492 RUNS ON A TWIN AND RECOMMENDS AN 927 00:33:51,492 --> 00:33:53,260 INTERVENTION PATHWAY WHAT 928 00:33:53,260 --> 00:33:54,495 HAPPENS TO THE PHYSICIAN'S 929 00:33:54,495 --> 00:33:56,630 CLINICAL JUDGMENT OR PATIENT'S 930 00:33:56,630 --> 00:33:57,998 SUBJECTIVE PREFERENCES, WHICH 931 00:33:57,998 --> 00:33:58,632 RAISES CONCERNS ABOUT DECISION 932 00:33:58,632 --> 00:34:00,801 MAKING AUTHORITY, WHO HAS THE 933 00:34:00,801 --> 00:34:04,972 FINAL AUTHORITY WHEN A DIGITAL 934 00:34:04,972 --> 00:34:07,241 TWIN'S PREDICTION CONTRADICTS AN 935 00:34:07,241 --> 00:34:08,542 INDIVIDUAL'S STATED PREFERENCE, 936 00:34:08,542 --> 00:34:13,380 RAISING QUESTIONS ABOUT 937 00:34:13,380 --> 00:34:14,248 PREDICTSIVE GOVERNANCE WHERE 938 00:34:14,248 --> 00:34:16,117 JURISDICTION, MIGHT INFORM 939 00:34:16,117 --> 00:34:17,551 DECISIONS FROM EARLY 940 00:34:17,551 --> 00:34:18,185 INTERVENTION TO MENTAL HEALTH, 941 00:34:18,185 --> 00:34:21,422 MIGHT ONE DAY BE USED FOR THINGS 942 00:34:21,422 --> 00:34:23,023 LIKE PAROLE DETERMINATION. 943 00:34:23,023 --> 00:34:26,293 AND RAISES QUESTIONS ABOUT 944 00:34:26,293 --> 00:34:27,928 COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT AND 945 00:34:27,928 --> 00:34:28,863 INEQUITY, INTRODUCING STARK 946 00:34:28,863 --> 00:34:30,898 QUESTIONS WHO GETS BENEFITS TO 947 00:34:30,898 --> 00:34:32,433 THESE TECHNOLOGIES AND WHETHER 948 00:34:32,433 --> 00:34:33,634 THEY WILL EXACERBATE EXISTING 949 00:34:33,634 --> 00:34:35,736 SOCIAL DIVIDES WHICH BRINGS ME 950 00:34:35,736 --> 00:34:37,138 TO THE FOURTH CATEGORY, SOCIAL 951 00:34:37,138 --> 00:34:47,648 JUSTICE AND ACCESS, CREATING 952 00:34:49,984 --> 00:34:51,252 TECHNOLOGICAL DIVIDE RAISING 953 00:34:51,252 --> 00:34:54,221 QUESTIONS ABOUT EQUITY, WHO HAS 954 00:34:54,221 --> 00:34:55,523 ACCESS TO CUSTOMIZED TREATMENT 955 00:34:55,523 --> 00:34:57,391 AND TREATMENT MODELS. 956 00:34:57,391 --> 00:34:59,894 FINALLY, SECURITY AND DUAL USE 957 00:34:59,894 --> 00:35:00,161 CONCERNS. 958 00:35:00,161 --> 00:35:02,429 THE CAPABILITIES OF DIGITAL 959 00:35:02,429 --> 00:35:04,498 TWINS RAISE QUESTIONS ABOUT 960 00:35:04,498 --> 00:35:06,800 SECURITY AND EXTEND BEYOND 961 00:35:06,800 --> 00:35:08,335 TRADITIONAL INFORMATION SECURITY 962 00:35:08,335 --> 00:35:08,602 NETWORKS. 963 00:35:08,602 --> 00:35:11,739 THIS INCLUDES QUESTIONS ABOUT 964 00:35:11,739 --> 00:35:13,140 UNAUTHORIZED INFERENCE AND 965 00:35:13,140 --> 00:35:14,375 INTERNATIONAL GOVERNANCE GAPS WE 966 00:35:14,375 --> 00:35:15,509 NEED TO ADDRESS. 967 00:35:15,509 --> 00:35:17,878 FORGIVE MY DOG IN THE 968 00:35:17,878 --> 00:35:18,379 BACKGROUND. 969 00:35:18,379 --> 00:35:20,514 IF YOU CAN HEAR HIM. 970 00:35:20,514 --> 00:35:21,382 ALL RIGHT. 971 00:35:21,382 --> 00:35:23,651 SO, I SUGGEST WE APPROACH 972 00:35:23,651 --> 00:35:24,885 TODAY'S DISCUSSION WITH BOTH 973 00:35:24,885 --> 00:35:27,621 SCIENTIFIC RIGOR AND ETHICAL 974 00:35:27,621 --> 00:35:28,956 IMAGINATION. 975 00:35:28,956 --> 00:35:31,225 DIGITAL TWINS REPRESENTATIVE 976 00:35:31,225 --> 00:35:32,660 CONVERGENCE OF NEUROSCIENCE, 977 00:35:32,660 --> 00:35:33,627 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCES, 978 00:35:33,627 --> 00:35:35,329 COMPUTATIONAL MODELING THAT MAY 979 00:35:35,329 --> 00:35:37,164 TRANSFORM OUR RELATIONSHIP WITH 980 00:35:37,164 --> 00:35:38,899 TECHNOLOGY AND OURSELVES. 981 00:35:38,899 --> 00:35:40,501 OUR ROLE IN THE NEUROETHICS 982 00:35:40,501 --> 00:35:43,204 WORKING GROUP IS NOT TO IMPEDE 983 00:35:43,204 --> 00:35:44,972 SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS BUT ENSURE 984 00:35:44,972 --> 00:35:47,608 THAT IT UNFOLDS IN WAYS THAT CAN 985 00:35:47,608 --> 00:35:49,009 BE ETHICALLY ALIGNED AND SO I 986 00:35:49,009 --> 00:35:51,212 LOOK FORWARD TO THE DISCUSSIONS 987 00:35:51,212 --> 00:35:52,746 AND OUR INVITED SPEAKERS TO 988 00:35:52,746 --> 00:35:55,716 SHARE -- WHO ARE GOING TO SHARE 989 00:35:55,716 --> 00:35:58,018 INSIGHTS ON CURRENT STATES AND 990 00:35:58,018 --> 00:36:01,055 FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF DIGITAL 991 00:36:01,055 --> 00:36:01,855 TWINS IN NEUROSCIENCE. 992 00:36:01,855 --> 00:36:04,892 WE'LL BEGIN WITH A PRESENTATION 993 00:36:04,892 --> 00:36:12,766 BY DR. VIKTOR JIRSA, DIRECTOR F 994 00:36:12,766 --> 00:36:15,169 NEUROSCIENCE, I HAVE TO PRACTICE 995 00:36:15,169 --> 00:36:16,971 MY FRENCH HERE, THE UNIVERSITY, 996 00:36:16,971 --> 00:36:19,640 WHO WILL BEGIN WITH A 997 00:36:19,640 --> 00:36:23,477 CONVERSATION AROUND DIGITAL TWIN 998 00:36:23,477 --> 00:36:24,712 TECHNOLOGIES FOR BRAIN MEDICINE. 999 00:36:24,712 --> 00:36:26,747 >> THANK YOU. 1000 00:36:26,747 --> 00:36:29,917 THANK YOU FOR THE INTRODUCTION 1001 00:36:29,917 --> 00:36:31,885 AND THE FRENCH IS SUPERB. 1002 00:36:31,885 --> 00:36:36,957 I'D LIKE TO SHARE MY SCREEN WITH 1003 00:36:36,957 --> 00:36:37,157 YOU. 1004 00:36:37,157 --> 00:36:40,961 AND DO THIS RIGHT NOW. 1005 00:36:40,961 --> 00:36:44,298 I'M ASSUMING YOU CAN SEE MY 1006 00:36:44,298 --> 00:36:47,368 SCREEN? 1007 00:36:47,368 --> 00:36:48,936 SORRY, CAN YOU PLEASE CONFIRM? 1008 00:36:48,936 --> 00:36:50,938 >> YES, WE CAN SEE YOUR SCREEN. 1009 00:36:50,938 --> 00:36:51,739 >> EXCELLENT. 1010 00:36:51,739 --> 00:36:55,309 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 1011 00:36:55,309 --> 00:36:59,079 SO, I'D LIKE TO GIVE YOU AN 1012 00:36:59,079 --> 00:37:02,116 OVERVIEW OF SOME OF THE WORK 1013 00:37:02,116 --> 00:37:03,984 THAT WE'RE DOING IN EUROPE, 1014 00:37:03,984 --> 00:37:07,921 SPECIFICALLY THE HUMAN BRAIN 1015 00:37:07,921 --> 00:37:14,828 PROJECT, AND IN THE DIGITAL 1016 00:37:14,828 --> 00:37:17,798 NEUROSCIENCE INFRASTRUCTURE, 1017 00:37:17,798 --> 00:37:19,967 INFRASTRUCTURE SUPPORTING ALL 1018 00:37:19,967 --> 00:37:22,803 DIGITAL ACTIVITIES IN 1019 00:37:22,803 --> 00:37:25,239 NEUROSCIENCE, SPECIFICALLY 1020 00:37:25,239 --> 00:37:26,874 INTEGRATING TOOLS, MODELS, AND 1021 00:37:26,874 --> 00:37:30,844 MANY OF THE CHALLENGES THAT NITA 1022 00:37:30,844 --> 00:37:33,881 JUST MENTIONED WE HAVE RUN INTO 1023 00:37:33,881 --> 00:37:34,782 BEFORE. 1024 00:37:34,782 --> 00:37:37,084 SO, DIGITAL TWINS IS A PRIORITY. 1025 00:37:37,084 --> 00:37:39,687 HERE I'M JUST HIGHLIGHTING ONE 1026 00:37:39,687 --> 00:37:43,757 OF THE INITIATIVES IN EUROPE, 1027 00:37:43,757 --> 00:37:45,826 EUROPEAN VIRTUAL HUMAN TWINS 1028 00:37:45,826 --> 00:37:49,863 THAT IS AN INITIATIVE BY THE 1029 00:37:49,863 --> 00:37:51,965 EUROPEAN COMMISSION ENHANCING 1030 00:37:51,965 --> 00:37:55,569 THE USE, DEVELOPMENT OF 1031 00:37:55,569 --> 00:37:59,239 INTEGRATED AND WELL VALIDATED 1032 00:37:59,239 --> 00:38:00,507 DIGITAL REPRESENTATION OF ORGANS 1033 00:38:00,507 --> 00:38:04,044 AND PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY, IN 1034 00:38:04,044 --> 00:38:08,349 PARTICULAR THE DIGITAL BRAIN 1035 00:38:08,349 --> 00:38:08,649 TWIN. 1036 00:38:08,649 --> 00:38:12,486 ONE OF THE REASONS IT'S SO -- 1037 00:38:12,486 --> 00:38:14,988 RECEIVING SO MUCH ATTENTION AT 1038 00:38:14,988 --> 00:38:17,491 THE MOMENT, SOME OBVIOUS PARTS 1039 00:38:17,491 --> 00:38:20,027 SUCH AS ESCALATING HEALTH CARE 1040 00:38:20,027 --> 00:38:21,862 COSTS AND NEED FOR EFFICIENCY, 1041 00:38:21,862 --> 00:38:25,532 SOME WE ALREADY MENTIONED. 1042 00:38:25,532 --> 00:38:29,136 BUT THERE IS ESPECIALLY IN 1043 00:38:29,136 --> 00:38:29,870 NEUROSCIENCE IMPERATIVE FOR 1044 00:38:29,870 --> 00:38:31,472 PERSONALIZED MEDICINE DUE TO THE 1045 00:38:31,472 --> 00:38:34,208 FACT THAT WE HAVE SO MUCH 1046 00:38:34,208 --> 00:38:36,343 VARIABILITY IN THE BRAIN FROM 1047 00:38:36,343 --> 00:38:38,645 ONE BRAIN TO THE OTHER, ON THE 1048 00:38:38,645 --> 00:38:40,781 STRUCTURAL LEVEL THAT DOES NOT 1049 00:38:40,781 --> 00:38:42,416 NECESSARILY ALWAYS CORRELATE 1050 00:38:42,416 --> 00:38:44,785 WITH THE FUNCTIONAL VARIABILITY. 1051 00:38:44,785 --> 00:38:46,954 AND THE FUNCTIONAL PERFORMANCE 1052 00:38:46,954 --> 00:38:48,088 OF INDIVIDUAL BRAINS. 1053 00:38:48,088 --> 00:38:51,558 AND ONE WAY TO APPROACH THIS IS 1054 00:38:51,558 --> 00:38:56,163 ACTUALLY THE BUILDING OF DIGITAL 1055 00:38:56,163 --> 00:38:58,465 TWINS, PERSONALIZED SUBJECT OR 1056 00:38:58,465 --> 00:38:59,366 PATIENT-SPECIFIC MODELS. 1057 00:38:59,366 --> 00:39:01,201 AND TO PROVIDE WITH YOU A 1058 00:39:01,201 --> 00:39:03,904 DEFINITION ON A HIGHER LEVEL OF 1059 00:39:03,904 --> 00:39:07,808 DIGITAL TWIN, SO THE TWIN IS A 1060 00:39:07,808 --> 00:39:10,611 REPRESENTATION OF THE PHYSICAL 1061 00:39:10,611 --> 00:39:13,714 OBJECT, OF COURSE ITS LIFE 1062 00:39:13,714 --> 00:39:15,349 CYCLE, FROM THE BEGINNING 1063 00:39:15,349 --> 00:39:21,588 CONCEPTION ALL THE WAY UNTIL ITS 1064 00:39:21,588 --> 00:39:24,525 EXIT OUT OF USAGE. 1065 00:39:24,525 --> 00:39:26,927 ONE ASPECT THAT DISTINGUISHES IT 1066 00:39:26,927 --> 00:39:31,465 FROM A SIMPLE MODEL IS THAT IT 1067 00:39:31,465 --> 00:39:34,435 USES REALTIME DATA OR REAL WORLD 1068 00:39:34,435 --> 00:39:39,206 DATA TO ENABLE THE USE OF THE 1069 00:39:39,206 --> 00:39:43,844 MODEL IN THE CONTEXT OF 1070 00:39:43,844 --> 00:39:47,381 ENVIRONMENT. 1071 00:39:47,381 --> 00:39:48,882 SPECIFICALLY, FOR BRAIN TWINS, 1072 00:39:48,882 --> 00:39:51,485 IN THE USING BRAIN TWIN, WHICH 1073 00:39:51,485 --> 00:39:52,686 WE DO, THIS IS REPRESENTED HERE 1074 00:39:52,686 --> 00:39:56,290 ON THE SKETCH ON THE LEFT-HAND 1075 00:39:56,290 --> 00:40:00,561 SIDE, IS WE'RE INTEGRATING DATA 1076 00:40:00,561 --> 00:40:02,663 FOR INDIVIDUALS, COMING FROM 1077 00:40:02,663 --> 00:40:06,066 MULTIPLE LEVELS, COMING FROM 1078 00:40:06,066 --> 00:40:07,935 MULTIPLE MODALITIES, INTEGRATING 1079 00:40:07,935 --> 00:40:11,905 ACROSS MULTIPLE TIME SCALES, 1080 00:40:11,905 --> 00:40:14,408 COULD BE A LIFESTYLE DATA, FOR 1081 00:40:14,408 --> 00:40:18,111 INSTANCE, IN THE SAME SHARED 1082 00:40:18,111 --> 00:40:18,378 ECOSYSTEM. 1083 00:40:18,378 --> 00:40:21,748 AND THAT ALLOWS US TO LINKAGE TO 1084 00:40:21,748 --> 00:40:24,351 MATHEMATICS, IN THIS DIGITAL 1085 00:40:24,351 --> 00:40:25,352 SHARED ECOSYSTEM AND PLEASE 1086 00:40:25,352 --> 00:40:28,522 INVITING YOU TO THINK OF 1087 00:40:28,522 --> 00:40:30,624 MATHEMATICS, OUR MODEL IS A 1088 00:40:30,624 --> 00:40:34,428 REPRESENTATION OF THE KNOWLEDGE 1089 00:40:34,428 --> 00:40:37,531 THAT WE HAVE GOTTEN IN 1090 00:40:37,531 --> 00:40:39,132 NEUROSCIENCE, CAN BE 1091 00:40:39,132 --> 00:40:43,403 MATHEMATICAL, COMPUTATIONAL, CAN 1092 00:40:43,403 --> 00:40:44,171 BE SYMBOLIC, ALGORITHMIC, 1093 00:40:44,171 --> 00:40:45,305 SOCIETIES A REPRESENTATION OF 1094 00:40:45,305 --> 00:40:47,107 THE KNOWLEDGE THAT WE HAVE THAT 1095 00:40:47,107 --> 00:40:53,046 IS BEING LINKED TO THE DATA, 1096 00:40:53,046 --> 00:40:53,614 IMPORTANTLY RENDERED 1097 00:40:53,614 --> 00:40:55,649 INTEROPERABLE IN THE SAME 1098 00:40:55,649 --> 00:40:56,683 ECOSYSTEM, IN THE SAME REFERENCE 1099 00:40:56,683 --> 00:40:59,820 SYSTEM WHICH ALLOWS US THEN TO 1100 00:40:59,820 --> 00:41:04,858 RUN SIMULATIONS AND TO MAKE 1101 00:41:04,858 --> 00:41:05,526 PREDICTIONS, TEST HYPOTHESES, 1102 00:41:05,526 --> 00:41:07,928 MANY, MANY TIMES WAY BEYOND THE 1103 00:41:07,928 --> 00:41:12,332 WAY WE CAN TYPICALLY DO IT IN 1104 00:41:12,332 --> 00:41:13,634 THE PATIENT'S SITUATIONS WHEN 1105 00:41:13,634 --> 00:41:16,169 THEY OFTEN A SINGLE REALIZATION 1106 00:41:16,169 --> 00:41:19,640 OR SINGLE INTERVENTION CAN ONLY 1107 00:41:19,640 --> 00:41:20,974 BE PERFORMED ONCE. 1108 00:41:20,974 --> 00:41:23,677 SO, IN THE TYPE OF MODELS THAT 1109 00:41:23,677 --> 00:41:27,481 WE USE IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITAL 1110 00:41:27,481 --> 00:41:30,851 TWIN ARE EITHER DATA DRIVEN 1111 00:41:30,851 --> 00:41:33,287 MODELS, FOUNDATION MODELS, OFTEN 1112 00:41:33,287 --> 00:41:38,158 KNOWN ALSO AS THEMEOLOGICAL 1113 00:41:38,158 --> 00:41:41,795 MODELS THAT ARE BASED ON 1114 00:41:41,795 --> 00:41:43,864 GENERATIVE SYSTEM, AND ARE 1115 00:41:43,864 --> 00:41:46,266 DRIVEN COMPLETELY BY THE DATA, 1116 00:41:46,266 --> 00:41:46,900 SO LOTS OF DATA. 1117 00:41:46,900 --> 00:41:50,103 ON THE OTHER HAND, WE HAVE 1118 00:41:50,103 --> 00:41:51,638 KNOWLEDGE-DRIVEN MODELS, ALSO 1119 00:41:51,638 --> 00:41:55,909 KNOWN AS MECHANISTIC MODELS THAT 1120 00:41:55,909 --> 00:41:59,179 ARE BASED ON SOME MATHEMATICAL 1121 00:41:59,179 --> 00:41:59,880 OR COMPUTATIONAL REPRESENTATION 1122 00:41:59,880 --> 00:42:04,751 OF OUR KNOWLEDGE, THAT CAN BE 1123 00:42:04,751 --> 00:42:06,186 OPERATED. 1124 00:42:06,186 --> 00:42:10,123 TYPICALLY WHAT WE USE IN DIGITAL 1125 00:42:10,123 --> 00:42:13,961 TWINS ARE HYBRID APPROACHES, IN 1126 00:42:13,961 --> 00:42:17,331 WHICH THE DATA DRIVE THE MODEL 1127 00:42:17,331 --> 00:42:21,301 AND ARE BEING INTEGRATED IN THE 1128 00:42:21,301 --> 00:42:25,806 MODEL IN ORDER TO OBTAIN 1129 00:42:25,806 --> 00:42:26,540 DATA-DRIVEN MODEL-SPECIFIC 1130 00:42:26,540 --> 00:42:28,508 REALIZATION THAT ALLOWS US THEN 1131 00:42:28,508 --> 00:42:31,345 TO -- AS DATA ARE COMING FROM 1132 00:42:31,345 --> 00:42:33,780 INDIVIDUALS, IT ALLOWS US TO RUN 1133 00:42:33,780 --> 00:42:35,515 INDIVIDUALIZED SIMULATIONS. 1134 00:42:35,515 --> 00:42:37,618 I WILL GIVE A CLEAR EXAMPLE WITH 1135 00:42:37,618 --> 00:42:38,518 REGARD TO THIS. 1136 00:42:38,518 --> 00:42:40,454 HERE IN THIS CARTOON I PUT A 1137 00:42:40,454 --> 00:42:41,888 WORKFLOW FOR YOU TO GET IT. 1138 00:42:41,888 --> 00:42:44,324 IMAGINE YOU HAVE A PATIENT, A 1139 00:42:44,324 --> 00:42:46,159 SUBJECT, INDIVIDUAL WORKFLOW, 1140 00:42:46,159 --> 00:42:49,029 THE DATA ARE BEING RECORDED THAT 1141 00:42:49,029 --> 00:42:50,230 ARE STRUCTURAL DATA AND 1142 00:42:50,230 --> 00:42:52,265 FUNCTIONAL DATA, SO FUNCTIONAL 1143 00:42:52,265 --> 00:42:54,234 DATA ARE ALL-TIME RESULT DATA 1144 00:42:54,234 --> 00:42:57,237 SUCH AS EEG AND fMRI. 1145 00:42:57,237 --> 00:42:59,373 THEY ARE BEING SENT AND 1146 00:42:59,373 --> 00:43:01,108 INTEGRATED IN THE SAME ECOSYSTEM 1147 00:43:01,108 --> 00:43:03,377 WHICH MEANS THEY NEED TO BE 1148 00:43:03,377 --> 00:43:06,179 ANCHORED IN A PARTICULAR ATLAS 1149 00:43:06,179 --> 00:43:08,815 THAT ALLOWS US TO REPRESENT AND 1150 00:43:08,815 --> 00:43:09,716 HAVE THE DATA COMMUNICATE WITH 1151 00:43:09,716 --> 00:43:11,018 EACH OTHER. 1152 00:43:11,018 --> 00:43:14,855 THIS TYPE OF COMMUNICATION IS A 1153 00:43:14,855 --> 00:43:15,422 FORM OF TRANSLATION, 1154 00:43:15,422 --> 00:43:18,592 ACCOMPLISHED THROUGH THE TYPE OF 1155 00:43:18,592 --> 00:43:20,627 MECHANISTIC MODELS THAT NEED TO 1156 00:43:20,627 --> 00:43:24,598 BE IMPLEMENTED IN THE SAME 1157 00:43:24,598 --> 00:43:25,032 SPACE. 1158 00:43:25,032 --> 00:43:31,638 AND ANOTHER MEANS OF INTEGRATION 1159 00:43:31,638 --> 00:43:32,706 IN THE RENDERING FURTHER PATIENT 1160 00:43:32,706 --> 00:43:36,109 SPECIFIC IS USE OF A.I. 1161 00:43:36,109 --> 00:43:37,177 TECHNOLOGY, IN PARTICULAR 1162 00:43:37,177 --> 00:43:39,279 INFERENCE THAT IN PARTICULAR 1163 00:43:39,279 --> 00:43:41,982 CAUSAL INFERENCE THAT ALLOWS US 1164 00:43:41,982 --> 00:43:46,720 TO USE THE DIGITAL TWIN, AS A 1165 00:43:46,720 --> 00:43:51,625 CAUSAL HYPOTHESIS AND THEN USING 1166 00:43:51,625 --> 00:43:54,695 CERTAIN TECHNIQUES SUCH AS 1167 00:43:54,695 --> 00:43:56,363 INFERENCE, BAYESIAN INFERENCE IN 1168 00:43:56,363 --> 00:43:59,232 PARTICULAR, WE WITH ESTIMATE THE 1169 00:43:59,232 --> 00:44:01,702 PARAMETERS FOR THIS PARTICULAR 1170 00:44:01,702 --> 00:44:01,935 PATIENT. 1171 00:44:01,935 --> 00:44:07,407 SO THE DIGITAL TWIN IS NOT ONLY 1172 00:44:07,407 --> 00:44:09,242 CONTAINED BY BRAIN IMAGING DATA, 1173 00:44:09,242 --> 00:44:13,280 STRUCTURAL, IN ORDER TO CREATE A 1174 00:44:13,280 --> 00:44:13,980 SCAFFOLD SPANNING THE DIGITAL 1175 00:44:13,980 --> 00:44:17,584 TWIN BUT ALSO WITH A FUNCTIONAL 1176 00:44:17,584 --> 00:44:18,452 DATA, CONFRONTED WITH 1177 00:44:18,452 --> 00:44:21,621 MATHEMATICS, AND THEN ALLOWING 1178 00:44:21,621 --> 00:44:22,322 US TO ESTIMATE PARAMETERS 1179 00:44:22,322 --> 00:44:23,623 SPECIFIC FOR THE PATIENT. 1180 00:44:23,623 --> 00:44:26,593 THAT'S VERY IMPORTANT BECAUSE 1181 00:44:26,593 --> 00:44:28,328 PARAMETERS ARE THE INTERFACE OF 1182 00:44:28,328 --> 00:44:30,063 THE CAUSAL HYPOTHESIS ON ONE 1183 00:44:30,063 --> 00:44:31,932 HAND SIDE, THE MODEL, AND THE 1184 00:44:31,932 --> 00:44:34,868 DATA ON THE OTHER HAND. 1185 00:44:34,868 --> 00:44:37,471 THINK OF THE PARAMETERS THAT 1186 00:44:37,471 --> 00:44:38,605 COULD BE ILLUSION, FOR INSTANCE, 1187 00:44:38,605 --> 00:44:45,712 OR I WILL GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF 1188 00:44:45,712 --> 00:44:52,452 EPILEPSY, WHETHER IS THE ZONE 1189 00:44:52,452 --> 00:44:52,686 LOCATED? 1190 00:44:52,686 --> 00:44:54,121 HOW MUCH A-BETA HAS BEEN 1191 00:44:54,121 --> 00:44:56,223 DEPOSITED IN CERTAIN BRAIN 1192 00:44:56,223 --> 00:44:57,424 ATLAS, THE TYPE OF PARAMETERS 1193 00:44:57,424 --> 00:44:58,191 I'M TALKING ABOUT. 1194 00:44:58,191 --> 00:45:01,862 THAT ALLOWS US TO USE THE 1195 00:45:01,862 --> 00:45:04,431 DIGITAL TWIN, EITHER AS 1196 00:45:04,431 --> 00:45:07,033 AUTONOMOUS SIMULATION ENGINE, OR 1197 00:45:07,033 --> 00:45:09,136 AS A TARGET FOR ESTIMATION OF 1198 00:45:09,136 --> 00:45:10,637 THIS TYPE OF PARAMETERS, FOR 1199 00:45:10,637 --> 00:45:12,472 INSTANCE IN DIAGNOSTIC 1200 00:45:12,472 --> 00:45:12,939 APPROACHES. 1201 00:45:12,939 --> 00:45:15,442 I'LL GIVE AN EXAMPLE IN A 1202 00:45:15,442 --> 00:45:16,209 SECOND. 1203 00:45:16,209 --> 00:45:19,045 THE INFORMATION IS BEING SENT 1204 00:45:19,045 --> 00:45:22,449 BACK TO THE CLINICIAN THAT THEN 1205 00:45:22,449 --> 00:45:25,852 INTEGRATES IT INTO HIS OR HER 1206 00:45:25,852 --> 00:45:27,721 WORKFLOW, CLINICAL DECISION 1207 00:45:27,721 --> 00:45:30,857 MAKING, ADDITIONAL MEANS, SO 1208 00:45:30,857 --> 00:45:31,458 ADDITIONAL MODALITY INFORMING 1209 00:45:31,458 --> 00:45:32,592 THE DECISION MAKING. 1210 00:45:32,592 --> 00:45:35,462 IF I MAY, AT THE END OF THE DAY 1211 00:45:35,462 --> 00:45:37,097 THE FINAL DECISION ALWAYS STAYS 1212 00:45:37,097 --> 00:45:38,765 WITH THE CLINICIAN USING THIS 1213 00:45:38,765 --> 00:45:40,033 PARTICULAR TOOL AND THAT LINKS 1214 00:45:40,033 --> 00:45:43,203 BACK TO THE PATIENT. 1215 00:45:43,203 --> 00:45:46,540 SO, THIS IS THE GENERAL 1216 00:45:46,540 --> 00:45:48,942 FRAMEWORK THAT IS BEING USED IN 1217 00:45:48,942 --> 00:45:50,443 THE CONTEXT OF DIGITAL TWIN USE, 1218 00:45:50,443 --> 00:45:54,414 IN PARTICULAR WHEN WE'RE USING 1219 00:45:54,414 --> 00:45:59,152 THE NON-INVASIVE BRAIN IMAGING 1220 00:45:59,152 --> 00:46:00,020 DATA CUSTOMARY IN CLINICAL 1221 00:46:00,020 --> 00:46:01,955 ROUTINE, THEN THIS TYPE OF 1222 00:46:01,955 --> 00:46:04,825 DIGITAL TWIN IS REFERRED TO AS 1223 00:46:04,825 --> 00:46:06,059 VIRTUAL BRAIN TWIN. 1224 00:46:06,059 --> 00:46:09,529 THERE ONE OF THE DRIVING 1225 00:46:09,529 --> 00:46:20,073 PARADIGMS THAT WE USED IN EUROPE 1226 00:46:21,641 --> 00:46:24,444 WAS EPILEPSY. 1227 00:46:24,444 --> 00:46:29,983 1% ARE EPILEPTIC, 2/3 CAN BE 1228 00:46:29,983 --> 00:46:30,684 TREATED CORRECTLY USING 1229 00:46:30,684 --> 00:46:32,586 MEDICATION BUT WHICH MEANS A 1230 00:46:32,586 --> 00:46:36,590 THIRD OF THEM, OF THE PATIENTS, 1231 00:46:36,590 --> 00:46:39,292 PHARMACEUTICALLY RESISTANT. 1232 00:46:39,292 --> 00:46:41,528 AND FOR THOSE OPTIONS ARE -- ONE 1233 00:46:41,528 --> 00:46:44,464 AT THE MOMENT IS STIMULATION, 1234 00:46:44,464 --> 00:46:46,132 ONE MORE ESTABLISHED OPTION IS 1235 00:46:46,132 --> 00:46:47,100 EPILEPSY SURGERY. 1236 00:46:47,100 --> 00:46:51,137 YOU NEED TO IDENTIFY A TARGET 1237 00:46:51,137 --> 00:46:53,440 FOR EPILEPSY SURGERY, AND FOR 1238 00:46:53,440 --> 00:46:56,710 THIS EXPLORATIONS ARE PERFORMED, 1239 00:46:56,710 --> 00:47:00,914 INITIALLY NON-INVASIVE SUCH AS 1240 00:47:00,914 --> 00:47:03,283 EEG, PET, INTERPRETATION OF THE 1241 00:47:03,283 --> 00:47:06,753 EVOLUTION OF THE CLINICAL 1242 00:47:06,753 --> 00:47:08,088 BEHAVIORAL DYNAMICS DURING THE 1243 00:47:08,088 --> 00:47:10,857 SEIZURE AND ALSO PRIOR TO THE 1244 00:47:10,857 --> 00:47:17,163 SEIZURE BUT VERY IMPORTANTLY AS 1245 00:47:17,163 --> 00:47:25,572 PRE-SURGICAL EXPLORATION SEEG IS 1246 00:47:25,572 --> 00:47:26,673 USED, STEREOTACTIC, ELECTRODES 1247 00:47:26,673 --> 00:47:30,477 IMPLANTED BASED ON A PARTICULAR 1248 00:47:30,477 --> 00:47:35,982 HYPOTHESIS, AND THEN THE DATA 1249 00:47:35,982 --> 00:47:37,117 ARE BEING RECORDED, HOLOGRAPHIC 1250 00:47:37,117 --> 00:47:40,153 INVASIVE DATA RECORDED, ON THE 1251 00:47:40,153 --> 00:47:43,123 BASIS THERE OF THE CLINICIAN HAS 1252 00:47:43,123 --> 00:47:50,230 TO MAKE A DECISION ABOUT WHERE 1253 00:47:50,230 --> 00:47:54,668 AND HOW EPILEPTOGENIC ZONE IS, 1254 00:47:54,668 --> 00:47:56,603 THAT TRANSLATES INTO A DECISION 1255 00:47:56,603 --> 00:47:58,805 OF WHAT TYPE OF SURGERY TO 1256 00:47:58,805 --> 00:48:03,043 PERFORM IN ORDER TO REMOVE THE 1257 00:48:03,043 --> 00:48:04,811 EPILEPTOGENIC ZONE. 1258 00:48:04,811 --> 00:48:08,081 NOTABLE IT IS THAT THE SURGERY 1259 00:48:08,081 --> 00:48:11,818 SUCCESS RATE IS IN TEMPORAL LOBE 1260 00:48:11,818 --> 00:48:16,289 EPILEPSY 70%, CAN DROP DOWN TO 1261 00:48:16,289 --> 00:48:20,060 25, 30%, IN FRONT LOBE EPILEPSY. 1262 00:48:20,060 --> 00:48:22,295 AND THAT SURGERY SUCCESS RATE 1263 00:48:22,295 --> 00:48:23,630 HAS NOT REALLY SIGNIFICANTLY 1264 00:48:23,630 --> 00:48:25,198 IMPROVED OVER THE LAST 50 YEARS, 1265 00:48:25,198 --> 00:48:28,101 AND THAT TELLS YOU ALREADY 1266 00:48:28,101 --> 00:48:31,204 SOMETHING THAT THERE'S A PART 1267 00:48:31,204 --> 00:48:33,540 THAT WE'RE MISSING. 1268 00:48:33,540 --> 00:48:36,609 AND THE HOPE IS THAT DIGITAL 1269 00:48:36,609 --> 00:48:37,711 TWINS, SPECIFICALLY THE VIRTUAL 1270 00:48:37,711 --> 00:48:39,446 BRAIN TWINS, USING THE TYPE OF 1271 00:48:39,446 --> 00:48:40,513 HYBRID MODELS I EXPLAINED TO 1272 00:48:40,513 --> 00:48:42,048 YOU, CAN BE USED IN THIS 1273 00:48:42,048 --> 00:48:43,016 PARTICULAR CONTEXT. 1274 00:48:43,016 --> 00:48:45,352 SO THIS IS A WORKFLOW THAT IS 1275 00:48:45,352 --> 00:48:50,156 BEING USED IN EPILEPSY, YOU 1276 00:48:50,156 --> 00:48:51,558 RECORD THE DATA, STRUCTURAL 1277 00:48:51,558 --> 00:48:56,062 DATA, AND FUNCTIONAL DATA, INTY 1278 00:48:56,062 --> 00:48:58,598 PARTICULAR CASE SEEG RECORDINGS, 1279 00:48:58,598 --> 00:49:01,768 RECONSTRUCT IN THREE DIMENSIONS 1280 00:49:01,768 --> 00:49:03,003 AND USE PATIENT-SPECIFIC 1281 00:49:03,003 --> 00:49:04,404 IMPLANTATION SCHEMES AS 1282 00:49:04,404 --> 00:49:05,505 REPRESENTED HERE. 1283 00:49:05,505 --> 00:49:14,681 AND THEN WITH THE SEEG DATA YOU 1284 00:49:14,681 --> 00:49:16,216 CAN ESTIMATE THE PARAMETERS AND 1285 00:49:16,216 --> 00:49:20,387 IN THIS PARTICULAR CASE THE 1286 00:49:20,387 --> 00:49:21,154 PARAMETERS ARE THE EPILEPTOGENIC 1287 00:49:21,154 --> 00:49:23,656 ZONE REGIONS BECAUSE YOU CAN USE 1288 00:49:23,656 --> 00:49:27,827 THE PATIENT'S OWN TWIN AS A 1289 00:49:27,827 --> 00:49:35,368 TARGET FOR INFERENCE TO OPTIMIZE 1290 00:49:35,368 --> 00:49:36,302 YOUR EXPLOREATIVE IDENTIFIABLE, 1291 00:49:36,302 --> 00:49:37,604 IDENTIFIABLE OF THE 1292 00:49:37,604 --> 00:49:38,471 EPILEPTOGENIC ZONE, AND THIS 1293 00:49:38,471 --> 00:49:40,006 INFORMATION IS SENT BACK TO THE 1294 00:49:40,006 --> 00:49:40,473 PATIENT. 1295 00:49:40,473 --> 00:49:41,841 ESSENTIALLY IN THIS TYPE OF 1296 00:49:41,841 --> 00:49:42,942 APPROACH THE VIRTUAL BRAIN TWIN 1297 00:49:42,942 --> 00:49:45,912 OF THE PATIENT CAN BE USED IN 1298 00:49:45,912 --> 00:49:47,347 TWO WAYS. 1299 00:49:47,347 --> 00:49:48,448 DIRECT OR SO-CALLED FORWARD 1300 00:49:48,448 --> 00:49:51,351 PROBLEM, WHICH MEANS YOU CAN USE 1301 00:49:51,351 --> 00:49:53,653 IT AS A PLATFORM TO RUN 1302 00:49:53,653 --> 00:49:58,158 SIMULATIONS, AND TO TEST 1303 00:49:58,158 --> 00:49:59,559 HYPOTHESIS WHERE IS THE 1304 00:49:59,559 --> 00:50:00,760 EPILEPTOGENIC ZONE, WHAT DOES 1305 00:50:00,760 --> 00:50:02,429 MEASURED DATA LOOK LIKE IF THE 1306 00:50:02,429 --> 00:50:04,597 EPILEPTOGENIC ZONE IS A 1307 00:50:04,597 --> 00:50:05,632 PARTICULAR LOCATION. 1308 00:50:05,632 --> 00:50:07,233 HERE I'M SHOWING SIMULATION OF A 1309 00:50:07,233 --> 00:50:10,270 PATIENT THAT YOU SEE THE BLUE 1310 00:50:10,270 --> 00:50:11,805 DOTS REPRESENT THE DIFFERENT 1311 00:50:11,805 --> 00:50:15,308 NEURAL SOURCES, THE BRAIN 1312 00:50:15,308 --> 00:50:16,676 REGIONS. 1313 00:50:16,676 --> 00:50:17,710 IT'S A PATIENT-SPECIFIC 1314 00:50:17,710 --> 00:50:19,512 IMPLANTATION SCHEME. 1315 00:50:19,512 --> 00:50:21,047 ONCE LINKED TO THE MATHEMATICS 1316 00:50:21,047 --> 00:50:23,450 YOU CAN ACTUALLY RUN IT AS LIKE 1317 00:50:23,450 --> 00:50:24,984 A FLIGHT SIMULATOR, YOU'RE 1318 00:50:24,984 --> 00:50:27,654 RUNNING AND FLYING AN AIRPLANE, 1319 00:50:27,654 --> 00:50:29,489 FLIGHT SIMULATOR, HERE YOU CAN 1320 00:50:29,489 --> 00:50:34,494 ONE AS BRAIN SIMULATOR AND TEST 1321 00:50:34,494 --> 00:50:37,797 YOUR HYPOTHESIS AND ACTUALLY RUN 1322 00:50:37,797 --> 00:50:38,398 EPILEPTIC SEIZURES PROPAGATING 1323 00:50:38,398 --> 00:50:40,767 THROUGH THE BRAIN AND YOU SEE 1324 00:50:40,767 --> 00:50:44,804 THE ENERGY DURING A SEIZURE IS 1325 00:50:44,804 --> 00:50:48,875 HIGHLIGHTED IN RED, AND INVOLVES 1326 00:50:48,875 --> 00:50:50,043 EMERGING AS THE SEIZURE 1327 00:50:50,043 --> 00:50:50,944 PROPAGATES THROUGH THE BRAIN. 1328 00:50:50,944 --> 00:50:53,746 WHAT YOU SEE HERE IS THE TIME 1329 00:50:53,746 --> 00:50:56,049 SERIES THAT CORRESPONDS TO WHAT 1330 00:50:56,049 --> 00:50:58,151 THE TREATING CLINICIAN WOULD 1331 00:50:58,151 --> 00:51:02,122 MEASURE IN THE SEEG DATA. 1332 00:51:02,122 --> 00:51:03,957 YOU CAN CONSIDER AND TEST WHAT 1333 00:51:03,957 --> 00:51:06,192 THE CONSEQUENCES ARE, DIFFERENT 1334 00:51:06,192 --> 00:51:11,064 TIMES OF SURGICAL PROJECTORIES, 1335 00:51:11,064 --> 00:51:13,967 THIS IS THE DIRECT PROBLEM. 1336 00:51:13,967 --> 00:51:15,935 INVERSE PROBLEM IS WHEN YOU USE 1337 00:51:15,935 --> 00:51:19,706 THE DIGITAL TWIN OF THE PATIENT 1338 00:51:19,706 --> 00:51:23,476 AS A TARGET FOR PARAMETER 1339 00:51:23,476 --> 00:51:24,878 ESTIMATION, AND THIS IS 1340 00:51:24,878 --> 00:51:27,380 ESSENTIALLY WHAT IS BEING FED 1341 00:51:27,380 --> 00:51:28,781 BACK TO THE CLINICIAN. 1342 00:51:28,781 --> 00:51:33,920 WHAT YOU SEE HERE IS THE 1343 00:51:33,920 --> 00:51:36,589 PATIENT, WHERE THE EPILEPTOGENIC 1344 00:51:36,589 --> 00:51:38,558 ZONE HAS BEEN ESTIMATED AND THE 1345 00:51:38,558 --> 00:51:41,461 RETURN TO THE CLINICIAN IS BEING 1346 00:51:41,461 --> 00:51:45,431 AS A HEAT MAP, TYPICALLY IN 1347 00:51:45,431 --> 00:51:47,367 THREE DIMENSIONAL MRI, OVERLAID 1348 00:51:47,367 --> 00:51:49,569 WITH POST-SURGICAL YOU SEE 1349 00:51:49,569 --> 00:51:54,541 REPRESENTED HERE IN RED, HEAT 1350 00:51:54,541 --> 00:52:00,980 MAP, LIKELIHOOD FOR PARTICULAR 1351 00:52:00,980 --> 00:52:01,748 EPILEPTOGENIC ZONE AND 1352 00:52:01,748 --> 00:52:03,816 CORRESPONDS TO THE SURGERY 1353 00:52:03,816 --> 00:52:04,083 PERFORMED. 1354 00:52:04,083 --> 00:52:07,453 YOU SEE THIS IS A WAY HOW WE 1355 00:52:07,453 --> 00:52:09,622 COMMUNICATE WITH CLINICIANS, 1356 00:52:09,622 --> 00:52:16,229 GIVEN A REPORT ON THE RIGHT-HAND 1357 00:52:16,229 --> 00:52:17,497 SIDE, THE EPILEPTOGENICITY 1358 00:52:17,497 --> 00:52:19,265 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION WHICH 1359 00:52:19,265 --> 00:52:21,000 ESTIMATES LIKELIHOOD, THERE MAY 1360 00:52:21,000 --> 00:52:22,101 BE MODALITIES BECAUSE SOMETIMES 1361 00:52:22,101 --> 00:52:24,704 THE ZONE IS NOT IDENTIFIABLE, AS 1362 00:52:24,704 --> 00:52:26,606 YOU SEE HERE IN THIS PARTICULAR 1363 00:52:26,606 --> 00:52:26,806 AREA. 1364 00:52:26,806 --> 00:52:30,877 SO, THIS IS WHAT CAN BE DONE AND 1365 00:52:30,877 --> 00:52:35,048 HAS BEEN DONE IN DIFFERENT 1366 00:52:35,048 --> 00:52:38,551 COHORTS, DIFFERENT LABORATORIES. 1367 00:52:38,551 --> 00:52:42,055 AND CURRENTLY RUN IN A CLINICAL 1368 00:52:42,055 --> 00:52:42,822 TRIAL TESTING IT ACROSS 13 1369 00:52:42,822 --> 00:52:44,757 REFERENCE CENTERS. 1370 00:52:44,757 --> 00:52:48,394 WHAT IS THE ADDED VALUE OF THE 1371 00:52:48,394 --> 00:52:48,861 DIGITAL TWIN? 1372 00:52:48,861 --> 00:52:53,733 THAT'S WHAT I WANT TO SHOW ON 1373 00:52:53,733 --> 00:52:54,534 THIS PARTICULAR PICTURE, LET'S 1374 00:52:54,534 --> 00:52:55,835 ME GO BACK. 1375 00:52:55,835 --> 00:52:59,906 YOU SEE HERE THE HEAT MAP HAS 1376 00:52:59,906 --> 00:53:01,007 BEEN ESTIMATED, OVERLAID WITH 1377 00:53:01,007 --> 00:53:01,674 POST-SURGICAL MRI. 1378 00:53:01,674 --> 00:53:06,779 YOU CAN ACTUALLY DO THIS AND 1379 00:53:06,779 --> 00:53:12,185 TEST IN RETROSPECTIVE DATA. 1380 00:53:12,185 --> 00:53:14,787 AND PERFORMING SURGERY THAT'S 1381 00:53:14,787 --> 00:53:15,655 BEEN PERFORMED, CLINICAL 1382 00:53:15,655 --> 00:53:16,656 HYPOTHESIS, AGAINST WHAT IS 1383 00:53:16,656 --> 00:53:18,191 COMING OUT OF THE PREDICTION OF 1384 00:53:18,191 --> 00:53:20,727 THE VIRTUAL BRAIN TWIN. 1385 00:53:20,727 --> 00:53:22,795 AND THIS YOU SEE ON THE 1386 00:53:22,795 --> 00:53:27,767 RIGHT-HAND SIDE, YOU RECOGNIZE 1387 00:53:27,767 --> 00:53:28,968 THE NEEDLES, YELLOW BALLS 1388 00:53:28,968 --> 00:53:35,174 REPRESENTING THE SEEG NEEDLES. 1389 00:53:35,174 --> 00:53:37,677 WHAT A CLINICIAN WOULD TYPICALLY 1390 00:53:37,677 --> 00:53:40,747 DO HE/SHE WOULD INTERPRET THE 1391 00:53:40,747 --> 00:53:44,050 DATA MEASURED BY SEEG, AND THEN 1392 00:53:44,050 --> 00:53:45,718 BASED ON THIS A DECISION COULD 1393 00:53:45,718 --> 00:53:49,188 BE MADE OF THE BRAIN AREAS WHICH 1394 00:53:49,188 --> 00:53:51,824 BECOME SURGICAL TARGETS INVOLVED 1395 00:53:51,824 --> 00:53:53,126 HERE INTO THE EPILEPSY 1396 00:53:53,126 --> 00:53:55,628 REPRESENTED IN BLUE HERE. 1397 00:53:55,628 --> 00:53:57,030 SO THAT'S THE SITUATION. 1398 00:53:57,030 --> 00:53:59,032 WHAT WE'RE DOING WITH THE 1399 00:53:59,032 --> 00:54:01,234 VIRTUAL BRAIN TWINS, WE'RE 1400 00:54:01,234 --> 00:54:04,404 MODELING THE ENTIRE BRAIN, NOT 1401 00:54:04,404 --> 00:54:08,675 JUST THE BRAIN PARTS THAT ARE 1402 00:54:08,675 --> 00:54:13,479 LOCATED THERE, WHERE THE SEEG 1403 00:54:13,479 --> 00:54:16,282 HAS BEEN MEASURED BUT IN THE 1404 00:54:16,282 --> 00:54:20,053 POSTERIOR REGIONS OF THE BRAIN, 1405 00:54:20,053 --> 00:54:21,721 SUBCORTEX ET CETERA WHERE NO 1406 00:54:21,721 --> 00:54:24,223 MEASUREMENTS HAVE BEEN 1407 00:54:24,223 --> 00:54:25,525 PERFORMED, STANDARD CHALLENGE 1408 00:54:25,525 --> 00:54:33,433 THAT IS ENCOUNTERED, IF WE 1409 00:54:33,433 --> 00:54:35,134 COMPARE WHAT YOU SEE REPRESENTED 1410 00:54:35,134 --> 00:54:41,941 HERE ON THE LEFT-HAND SIDE, FROM 1411 00:54:41,941 --> 00:54:45,345 ZERO TO 1.0, 100% 1412 00:54:45,345 --> 00:54:46,679 CORRESPONDENCE, YOU SEE FOR THIS 1413 00:54:46,679 --> 00:54:51,484 COHORT THAT WE USED HERE, 25 1414 00:54:51,484 --> 00:54:54,354 POST-SURGICAL PATIENTS, SO THE 1415 00:54:54,354 --> 00:54:55,121 PREDICTION OVERLAID WITH 1416 00:54:55,121 --> 00:54:57,490 POST-SURGICAL MRI, WHAT YOU SEE 1417 00:54:57,490 --> 00:54:59,359 FOR THE SEIZURE-FREE PATIENTS 1418 00:54:59,359 --> 00:55:00,793 THERE'S ALMOST A PERFECT 1419 00:55:00,793 --> 00:55:02,028 CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN WHAT CAME 1420 00:55:02,028 --> 00:55:04,497 OUT OF THE VIRTUAL BRAIN TWIN 1421 00:55:04,497 --> 00:55:08,134 BUT FOR THE NOT SEIZURE FREE, 1422 00:55:08,134 --> 00:55:10,670 HALF OF THEM, IT DROPS DOWN 1423 00:55:10,670 --> 00:55:13,539 SIGNIFICANTLY AND THIS HOLDS 1424 00:55:13,539 --> 00:55:14,741 ACROSS MANY STATISTICAL 1425 00:55:14,741 --> 00:55:15,041 EVALUATIONS. 1426 00:55:15,041 --> 00:55:17,276 THE POINT I WANT TO MAKE IS THE 1427 00:55:17,276 --> 00:55:17,610 FOLLOWING. 1428 00:55:17,610 --> 00:55:19,545 YOU SEE THESE ARE THE ONES THAT 1429 00:55:19,545 --> 00:55:20,213 HAVE FAILED. 1430 00:55:20,213 --> 00:55:25,785 SO PATIENTS ARE NOT SEIZURE 1431 00:55:25,785 --> 00:55:25,985 FREE. 1432 00:55:25,985 --> 00:55:27,887 WHEN YOU EVALUATE BRAIN REGIONS 1433 00:55:27,887 --> 00:55:31,023 INVOLVED IN THIS, 29% OF ALL 1434 00:55:31,023 --> 00:55:33,993 THESE CASES FALL INTO THE FACT 1435 00:55:33,993 --> 00:55:38,965 INTO THE AREAS, INTO THE CASES, 1436 00:55:38,965 --> 00:55:40,299 WHERE THE PREDICTED 1437 00:55:40,299 --> 00:55:42,535 EPILEPTOGENIC ZONES WERE NOT 1438 00:55:42,535 --> 00:55:44,871 ACCESSIBLE BY THE DATA, BUT WERE 1439 00:55:44,871 --> 00:55:46,606 IDENTIFIED BY THE VIRTUAL BRAIN 1440 00:55:46,606 --> 00:55:48,674 TWINS THAT HAVE ACTUALLY ALSO 1441 00:55:48,674 --> 00:55:52,412 TAKEN CONNECTIVITY AND ALL THE 1442 00:55:52,412 --> 00:55:53,446 OTHER INFORMATION AVAILABLE IN 1443 00:55:53,446 --> 00:55:54,981 THE ACCOUNT BECAUSE IT WAS 1444 00:55:54,981 --> 00:55:56,349 INTEGRATED IN THE TWIN BUT NOT 1445 00:55:56,349 --> 00:55:58,418 MEASURED BY THE DATA. 1446 00:55:58,418 --> 00:56:00,953 I WANT TO EMPHASIZE THIS POINT 1447 00:56:00,953 --> 00:56:03,489 HERE THAT WHAT THE VIRTUAL BRAIN 1448 00:56:03,489 --> 00:56:05,458 TWIN DOES IT GOES OUTSIDE OF THE 1449 00:56:05,458 --> 00:56:08,561 DATA SPACE AND USES THE 1450 00:56:08,561 --> 00:56:09,395 MATHEMATICS, MECHANISTIC MODELS, 1451 00:56:09,395 --> 00:56:11,030 TO PROVIDE THE TYPE OF KNOWLEDGE 1452 00:56:11,030 --> 00:56:16,068 THAT HAS NOT BEEN MEASURED. 1453 00:56:16,068 --> 00:56:18,438 SAID DIFFERENTLY IF YOU USE 1454 00:56:18,438 --> 00:56:19,806 FOUNDATION MODELS OR, YEAH, IF 1455 00:56:19,806 --> 00:56:23,309 YOU USE FOUNDATION MOD THAT 1456 00:56:23,309 --> 00:56:23,743 MODELS 1457 00:56:23,743 --> 00:56:25,611 TRAINED ON DATA SPACE YOU WILL 1458 00:56:25,611 --> 00:56:26,913 NOT GET OUTSIDE THIS DATA SPACE 1459 00:56:26,913 --> 00:56:30,249 SO YOU HAVE TO TAKE THE APPROACH 1460 00:56:30,249 --> 00:56:31,250 USING MECHANISTIC MODELS. 1461 00:56:31,250 --> 00:56:34,821 THIS IS BEING TESTED 1462 00:56:34,821 --> 00:56:35,521 SYSTEMATICALLY IN PROSPECTIVE 1463 00:56:35,521 --> 00:56:38,090 CLINICAL TRIALS, THE TRIALS 1464 00:56:38,090 --> 00:56:40,660 STARTED IN 2019. 1465 00:56:40,660 --> 00:56:43,496 HAS BEEN JUST FINISHED IN 2023, 1466 00:56:43,496 --> 00:56:45,364 AND THE DATA ARE UNDER 1467 00:56:45,364 --> 00:56:49,969 EVALUATION, WHERE HALF OF THE 1468 00:56:49,969 --> 00:56:54,540 PATIENTS IS RECEIVING THIS 1469 00:56:54,540 --> 00:56:56,876 INFORMATION OF THE VIRTUAL BRAIN 1470 00:56:56,876 --> 00:57:03,783 TWIN ENTERS INTO CLINICAL 1471 00:57:03,783 --> 00:57:07,286 DECISION MAKING, THE OTHER SIDE 1472 00:57:07,286 --> 00:57:11,090 HAS NOT, WITH 356 PROSPECTIVE 1473 00:57:11,090 --> 00:57:13,893 PATIENTS, FINISHED IN SEPTEMBER, 1474 00:57:13,893 --> 00:57:17,163 RANDOMIZATION UNDER RECENTLY, 1475 00:57:17,163 --> 00:57:18,531 LAST PATIENT OPERATED. 1476 00:57:18,531 --> 00:57:19,732 WE HAVE TO WAIT ONE YEAR AFTER 1477 00:57:19,732 --> 00:57:21,200 THIS SURGERY HAS BEEN PERFORMED. 1478 00:57:21,200 --> 00:57:26,706 SO THIS IS THE CURRENT SITUATION 1479 00:57:26,706 --> 00:57:30,676 WITH REGARD TO THE EPILEPSY. 1480 00:57:30,676 --> 00:57:34,714 YOU CAN TRANSFER TO OTHER 1481 00:57:34,714 --> 00:57:38,351 DISEASES, IN EPILEPSY THERE, 1482 00:57:38,351 --> 00:57:41,254 DATA FEATURES ARE MORE EVIDENT, 1483 00:57:41,254 --> 00:57:44,257 WE DEAL WITH SEIZURES, HERE WE 1484 00:57:44,257 --> 00:57:44,924 HAVE SPIKES. 1485 00:57:44,924 --> 00:57:47,660 OTHER CHALLENGES CAN BE FOUND, 1486 00:57:47,660 --> 00:57:49,729 FOR INSTANCE, IN DEEP BRAIN 1487 00:57:49,729 --> 00:57:57,970 STIMULATION, WHICH YOU CAN USE 1488 00:57:57,970 --> 00:58:00,673 TWINS TO TEST AND OPTIMIZE 1489 00:58:00,673 --> 00:58:01,007 STRATEGIES. 1490 00:58:01,007 --> 00:58:02,875 THIS PROJECT STARTED TWO YEARS 1491 00:58:02,875 --> 00:58:05,077 AGO USING VIRTUAL BRAIN TWINS IN 1492 00:58:05,077 --> 00:58:08,581 THE CONTEXT OF TREATMENT OF 1493 00:58:08,581 --> 00:58:10,016 PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS, ACTUALLY 1494 00:58:10,016 --> 00:58:13,953 PERSONALIZING THE TWIN FOR 1495 00:58:13,953 --> 00:58:14,720 INDIVIDUAL SCHIZOPHRENIA 1496 00:58:14,720 --> 00:58:20,493 PATIENTS, SO EARLY PSYCHOTIC 1497 00:58:20,493 --> 00:58:21,394 EPISODES THAT NEED THEIR 1498 00:58:21,394 --> 00:58:24,096 MEDICATION TO BE EITHER CHANGED, 1499 00:58:24,096 --> 00:58:25,531 ALTERED, GO FROM ONE MEDICATION 1500 00:58:25,531 --> 00:58:34,840 TO ANOTHER SO WE'RE FOCUSING ON 1501 00:58:34,840 --> 00:58:35,741 DIFFERENT MEDICATION 1502 00:58:35,741 --> 00:58:38,110 CONCENTRATIONS PREDICTED BASED 1503 00:58:38,110 --> 00:58:42,315 ON DATA RECORDED, fMRI DATA IN 1504 00:58:42,315 --> 00:58:45,384 THIS PARTICULAR CASE, AND HELP 1505 00:58:45,384 --> 00:58:47,420 THE BRAIN TWIN AND PREDICT BASED 1506 00:58:47,420 --> 00:58:53,593 ON SIMULATIONS THAT BEST USES OF 1507 00:58:53,593 --> 00:58:54,560 THE MEDICATION. 1508 00:58:54,560 --> 00:58:59,498 THIS IS WHERE WE STAND WITH THE 1509 00:58:59,498 --> 00:59:02,802 USE OF THE VIRTUAL BRAIN TWINS. 1510 00:59:02,802 --> 00:59:04,770 WE HAVE -- WHEN YOU GO THROUGH 1511 00:59:04,770 --> 00:59:07,073 THIS, I HAVE TRIED TO LIST SOME 1512 00:59:07,073 --> 00:59:10,009 BENEFITS, SOME OF THE 1513 00:59:10,009 --> 00:59:13,646 CHALLENGES, SO I WANTED TO SHOW 1514 00:59:13,646 --> 00:59:15,715 YOU HOW ACTUALLY ENHANCED 1515 00:59:15,715 --> 00:59:17,350 INDIVIDUAL PRECISION IS ALLOWING 1516 00:59:17,350 --> 00:59:23,589 US TO ADDRESS ONE OF THE BIGGEST 1517 00:59:23,589 --> 00:59:26,092 BARRIERS TO PROGRESS IN 1518 00:59:26,092 --> 00:59:30,262 NEUROSCIENCE, INTERINTEREST 1519 00:59:30,262 --> 00:59:33,766 VARIABILITY, THE THE BRAIN IS A 1520 00:59:33,766 --> 00:59:34,266 COMPLEX SYSTEM, 1521 00:59:34,266 --> 00:59:35,635 INDIVIDUALIZATION IS NECESSARY. 1522 00:59:35,635 --> 00:59:37,737 WITH USE OF MECHANISTIC MODELS 1523 00:59:37,737 --> 00:59:41,974 WE CAN TEN ACTUALLY -- THEY WERE 1524 00:59:41,974 --> 00:59:43,209 ACTUALLY ADDRESS SOME ASPECTS 1525 00:59:43,209 --> 00:59:46,479 NOT OTHERWISE ACCEPTABLE. 1526 00:59:46,479 --> 00:59:47,279 I'M MENTIONING INCREASED 1527 00:59:47,279 --> 00:59:48,447 ACCEPTANCE IN THE COMMUNITY, 1528 00:59:48,447 --> 00:59:49,682 THEY ARE JUST WITNESSING A 1529 00:59:49,682 --> 00:59:54,487 REPORT OF MINE WHEN I WAS 1530 00:59:54,487 --> 00:59:57,456 TALKING ABOUT IN THE PAST ABOUT 1531 00:59:57,456 --> 00:59:59,892 THE CLINICAL TRIAL IN EPILEPSY, 1532 00:59:59,892 --> 01:00:03,629 THE FIRST FEW YEARS GOT COMMENTS 1533 01:00:03,629 --> 01:00:06,265 THAT THIS IS VERY DIFFICULT, HOW 1534 01:00:06,265 --> 01:00:11,370 CAN YOU ACTUALLY USE SUCH A 1535 01:00:11,370 --> 01:00:13,239 MODEL IN CLINICAL SURGERY, MUST 1536 01:00:13,239 --> 01:00:14,774 BE BECAUSE IT'S ACTUALLY 1537 01:00:14,774 --> 01:00:16,809 CONSEQUENTIAL FOR THE PATIENT. 1538 01:00:16,809 --> 01:00:21,447 SO, THERE IS RISK FOR THE 1539 01:00:21,447 --> 01:00:21,881 PATIENT. 1540 01:00:21,881 --> 01:00:25,351 WHERE IS THIS COURAGE OR YOU A 1541 01:00:25,351 --> 01:00:34,026 DAWES I CAN THY -- AUDACITY, IT 1542 01:00:34,026 --> 01:00:38,497 CHANGED OVER TIME, MORE COMMENTS 1543 01:00:38,497 --> 01:00:41,167 STARTED COMING UP HOW CAN YOU 1544 01:00:41,167 --> 01:00:43,302 ACTUALLY WITHHOLD THIS 1545 01:00:43,302 --> 01:00:44,136 INFORMATION FOR THE BRANCH IN 1546 01:00:44,136 --> 01:00:45,604 THE CLINICAL TRIAL FROM THE 1547 01:00:45,604 --> 01:00:46,906 PATIENTS, FROM THE TREATING 1548 01:00:46,906 --> 01:00:49,008 CLINICIANS, IF YOU HAVE 1549 01:00:49,008 --> 01:00:49,675 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION THAT 1550 01:00:49,675 --> 01:00:52,611 COULD BE TO THE BENEFIT OF THE 1551 01:00:52,611 --> 01:00:55,181 PATIENT, SO THERE IS A DIFFERENT 1552 01:00:55,181 --> 01:00:56,882 PERCEPTION AND ACCEPTANCE IN THE 1553 01:00:56,882 --> 01:00:57,917 COMMUNITY THAT WE'RE 1554 01:00:57,917 --> 01:00:59,418 EXPERIENCING NOW. 1555 01:00:59,418 --> 01:01:03,255 THE VIRTUAL BRAIN TWIN CAN HELP 1556 01:01:03,255 --> 01:01:05,124 TO REDUCE COSTS, AND IN 1557 01:01:05,124 --> 01:01:09,161 PARTICULAR TO HELP TO PERFORM 1558 01:01:09,161 --> 01:01:10,029 TESTING DIFFERENT HYPOTHESES. 1559 01:01:10,029 --> 01:01:11,230 AVOID TRIAL AND ERROR APPROACHES 1560 01:01:11,230 --> 01:01:13,432 IN TREATMENT AND IT'S NOT JUST A 1561 01:01:13,432 --> 01:01:18,771 COST REDUCTION BUT YOU CAN TEST 1562 01:01:18,771 --> 01:01:22,608 OUT THE VARIOUS PAUCITY AND 1563 01:01:22,608 --> 01:01:27,313 BUILD UP AN APPROACH THAT ALLOWS 1564 01:01:27,313 --> 01:01:28,914 TO ACCELERATE THE TREATMENT 1565 01:01:28,914 --> 01:01:30,816 DECISION OR IN CLINICAL TRIALS 1566 01:01:30,816 --> 01:01:34,887 ACTUALLY ACCELERATE THE TESTING 1567 01:01:34,887 --> 01:01:40,359 OF MANY DIFFERENT VARIABLE 1568 01:01:40,359 --> 01:01:41,060 PATHWAYS. 1569 01:01:41,060 --> 01:01:44,630 I WANT TO EMPHASIZE NITA 1570 01:01:44,630 --> 01:01:46,265 MENTIONED EARLIER IT'S ALSO THE 1571 01:01:46,265 --> 01:01:48,601 IMPROVED HEALTH CARE FOR MANY 1572 01:01:48,601 --> 01:01:51,971 BUT I WANT TO EMPHASIZE ANOTHER 1573 01:01:51,971 --> 01:01:53,739 ELEMENT. 1574 01:01:53,739 --> 01:01:55,174 IT'S NOT JUST PREFERRED 1575 01:01:55,174 --> 01:02:00,746 TREATMENT OF A PARTICULAR 1576 01:02:00,746 --> 01:02:02,381 PATIENT OR IMPROVED TREATMENT OF 1577 01:02:02,381 --> 01:02:04,550 THE PARTICULAR PATIENT. 1578 01:02:04,550 --> 01:02:08,053 HOWEVER, THINK OF IT THIS WAY. 1579 01:02:08,053 --> 01:02:11,657 THERE ARE MANY UNDERRESOURCED 1580 01:02:11,657 --> 01:02:11,891 GROUPS. 1581 01:02:11,891 --> 01:02:14,860 VERY OFTEN THERE ARE SOME 1582 01:02:14,860 --> 01:02:19,231 IMAGING TECHNIQUES NOT 1583 01:02:19,231 --> 01:02:20,966 AVAILABLE, OR SEEG INVASIVE, 1584 01:02:20,966 --> 01:02:22,301 PRE-SURGICAL EXPLORATION CANNOT 1585 01:02:22,301 --> 01:02:25,104 BE PERFORMED. 1586 01:02:25,104 --> 01:02:26,438 YOU NEED EXCELLENCE CENTERS, 1587 01:02:26,438 --> 01:02:27,673 REFERENCE CENTERS, IN ORDER TO 1588 01:02:27,673 --> 01:02:28,874 DO THIS. 1589 01:02:28,874 --> 01:02:31,076 WITH THAT VIRTUAL BRAIN TWIN OF 1590 01:02:31,076 --> 01:02:35,981 A PARTICULAR PATIENT, THIS TYPE 1591 01:02:35,981 --> 01:02:40,352 OF TECHNOLOGY CAN LEAD TO NOT 1592 01:02:40,352 --> 01:02:41,921 100%, CANNOT REPLACE INVASIVE 1593 01:02:41,921 --> 01:02:45,491 APPROACHES, HOWEVER IT CAN 1594 01:02:45,491 --> 01:02:46,492 ACTUALLY INCREASE THE 1595 01:02:46,492 --> 01:02:48,227 PERFORMANCE IN ABSENCE OF 1596 01:02:48,227 --> 01:02:51,363 HIGH-QUALITY APPROACHES, YOU CAN 1597 01:02:51,363 --> 01:02:51,864 ACTUALLY UNDERRESOURCED 1598 01:02:51,864 --> 01:02:56,068 INSTITUTIONS OR GROUPS YOU CAN 1599 01:02:56,068 --> 01:02:58,370 ACTUALLY APPROXIMATE 70%, 80%, 1600 01:02:58,370 --> 01:02:59,371 BECAUSE ALTERNATIVE WOULD HAVE 1601 01:02:59,371 --> 01:03:01,674 BEEN THIS INFORMATION IS 1602 01:03:01,674 --> 01:03:02,575 COMPLETELY MISSING, THE PERSON 1603 01:03:02,575 --> 01:03:04,276 NEEDS TO BE TREATED ANYWAY. 1604 01:03:04,276 --> 01:03:06,278 I WANT TO EMPHASIZE THIS 1605 01:03:06,278 --> 01:03:07,813 PARTICULAR ASPECT IN THIS 1606 01:03:07,813 --> 01:03:08,414 CONTEXT. 1607 01:03:08,414 --> 01:03:10,916 CHALLENGES HAVE BEEN MENTIONED 1608 01:03:10,916 --> 01:03:12,151 BEFORE. 1609 01:03:12,151 --> 01:03:15,821 DATA PRIVACY AND SECURITY IS 1610 01:03:15,821 --> 01:03:16,789 OBVIOUSLY AN ENORMOUS ONE. 1611 01:03:16,789 --> 01:03:18,624 BUT THERE ARE OTHER DATA-RELATED 1612 01:03:18,624 --> 01:03:19,091 CHALLENGES. 1613 01:03:19,091 --> 01:03:20,993 YOU NEED DATA. 1614 01:03:20,993 --> 01:03:22,127 YOU NEED MULTI-MODAL DATA, IN 1615 01:03:22,127 --> 01:03:26,031 ORDER TO BUILD ONE OF THESE 1616 01:03:26,031 --> 01:03:29,501 TWINS. 1617 01:03:29,501 --> 01:03:30,836 THIS REQUIRES TIME. 1618 01:03:30,836 --> 01:03:33,572 MODEL VALIDATION IS DIFFICULT. 1619 01:03:33,572 --> 01:03:34,340 VERY COMPLEX. 1620 01:03:34,340 --> 01:03:35,307 THE TWIN VALIDATION. 1621 01:03:35,307 --> 01:03:38,611 AGAIN, WE NEED THE TYPE OF DATA 1622 01:03:38,611 --> 01:03:39,478 TO VALIDATE IT. 1623 01:03:39,478 --> 01:03:42,147 AND THERE ARE AT THE MOMENT A 1624 01:03:42,147 --> 01:03:44,283 LACK OF CONSOLIDATED REGULATORY 1625 01:03:44,283 --> 01:03:47,052 PATHWAYS OF USING TWINS IN 1626 01:03:47,052 --> 01:03:47,786 CLINICAL ROUTINES SO THESE 1627 01:03:47,786 --> 01:03:50,322 THINGS NEED TO BE ESTABLISHED. 1628 01:03:50,322 --> 01:03:52,925 AND PATHS FOR THIS TYPE OF USE 1629 01:03:52,925 --> 01:03:57,529 NEED TO BE PUT IN PLACE. 1630 01:03:57,529 --> 01:03:58,230 AND OBVIOUSLY COMPUTATIONAL 1631 01:03:58,230 --> 01:03:59,265 RESOURCES NEED TO BE PUT IN 1632 01:03:59,265 --> 01:04:03,102 PLACE IN ORDER TO RUN THIS TYPE 1633 01:04:03,102 --> 01:04:04,603 OF VIRTUAL BRAIN TWINS FOR 1634 01:04:04,603 --> 01:04:05,104 INDIVIDUAL PATIENTS. 1635 01:04:05,104 --> 01:04:06,705 IF YOU WANT TO SCALE IT UP. 1636 01:04:06,705 --> 01:04:08,574 LET 1637 01:04:08,574 --> 01:04:19,084 LET ME STOP HERE AND THANK YOU 1638 01:04:19,485 --> 01:04:21,186 FOR YOUR ATTENTION. 1639 01:04:21,186 --> 01:04:22,288 >> WE HAVE FIVE MINUTES FOR 1640 01:04:22,288 --> 01:04:23,389 QUESTIONS BEFORE THE NEXT 1641 01:04:23,389 --> 01:04:23,789 PRESENTATION. 1642 01:04:23,789 --> 01:04:34,333 LET ME SEE IF ARE THERE ARE ANY 1643 01:04:38,304 --> 01:04:38,504 QUESTIONS. 1644 01:04:38,504 --> 01:04:38,671 JIM? 1645 01:04:38,671 --> 01:04:41,974 >> I HAVE A COUPLE QUESTIONS. 1646 01:04:41,974 --> 01:04:43,976 ONE IS, IS THERE DATA, CLINICAL 1647 01:04:43,976 --> 01:04:48,013 DATA, THAT YOU HAVE CHOSEN NOT 1648 01:04:48,013 --> 01:04:50,849 TO POPULATE THE MODEL WITH, TOO 1649 01:04:50,849 --> 01:04:51,517 SENSITIVE OR UNINFORMATIVE OR IS 1650 01:04:51,517 --> 01:04:53,152 THERE A TYPE OF DATA THAT YOU DO 1651 01:04:53,152 --> 01:04:58,057 NOT PUT INTO THESE MODELS? 1652 01:04:58,057 --> 01:05:00,025 >> WE HAVE NOT ASKED THIS TYPE 1653 01:05:00,025 --> 01:05:03,195 OF QUESTION. 1654 01:05:03,195 --> 01:05:06,265 NOT INFORMATIVE, YOU MEAN -- AT 1655 01:05:06,265 --> 01:05:11,570 THE MOMENT WHEN WORKING WITH THE 1656 01:05:11,570 --> 01:05:14,840 VIRTUAL BRAIN TWINS, THE ONES 1657 01:05:14,840 --> 01:05:16,909 BASED ON BRAIN IMAGING DATA 1658 01:05:16,909 --> 01:05:21,747 WE'RE USING DATA ACROSS SCALES. 1659 01:05:21,747 --> 01:05:27,086 SO, ALL THE WAY FROM THE 1660 01:05:27,086 --> 01:05:27,686 MOLECULAR TYPICALLY PROTEOMIC 1661 01:05:27,686 --> 01:05:38,230 SCALE OF THE INDIVIDUAL ALL THE 1662 01:05:43,369 --> 01:05:44,303 WAY TO MILLIMETER, CENTIMETER 1663 01:05:44,303 --> 01:05:44,737 DATA. 1664 01:05:44,737 --> 01:05:46,372 WE'VE WORKED WITH BEHAVIORAL 1665 01:05:46,372 --> 01:05:49,341 DATA, EXAMPLE WOULD BE COGNITIVE 1666 01:05:49,341 --> 01:05:50,075 PERFORMANCE DATA. 1667 01:05:50,075 --> 01:05:54,179 BUT THERE WHERE WE ARE RUNNING 1668 01:05:54,179 --> 01:05:56,482 INTO, I USE THE EXPRESSION 1669 01:05:56,482 --> 01:05:58,584 CAUSAL HYPOTHESIS, IN ORDER TO 1670 01:05:58,584 --> 01:06:02,521 RUN SUCH A TWIN IN A MEANINGFUL 1671 01:06:02,521 --> 01:06:06,792 MANNER, YOU NEED TO HAVE A 1672 01:06:06,792 --> 01:06:08,460 CAUSAL HYPOTHESIS, HOW ACTUALLY 1673 01:06:08,460 --> 01:06:10,429 THE DATA THAT YOU PUT IN RELATE 1674 01:06:10,429 --> 01:06:15,501 TO ALL THE OTHER DATA, IN A 1675 01:06:15,501 --> 01:06:17,002 MEANINGFUL MANNER. 1676 01:06:17,002 --> 01:06:17,736 AND THERE FOR INSTANCE WE'VE 1677 01:06:17,736 --> 01:06:20,506 HAVE NOT MANAGED TO DO THIS 1678 01:06:20,506 --> 01:06:21,840 SYSTEMATICALLY FOR COGNITIVE 1679 01:06:21,840 --> 01:06:22,374 PERFORMANCE DATA. 1680 01:06:22,374 --> 01:06:23,575 WE DON'T KNOW HOW TO DO THIS. 1681 01:06:23,575 --> 01:06:24,843 I DON'T THINK ANYONE KNOWS HOW 1682 01:06:24,843 --> 01:06:26,779 TO DO THIS AT THE MOMENT, 1683 01:06:26,779 --> 01:06:30,983 CAUSALLY, SO IT CAN BE DONE ONLY 1684 01:06:30,983 --> 01:06:32,651 CORRELATIONALLY, SO STATISTICS 1685 01:06:32,651 --> 01:06:36,655 ENTERS IN THIS PARTICULAR 1686 01:06:36,655 --> 01:06:37,756 REGARD. 1687 01:06:37,756 --> 01:06:40,192 IN THE SCHIZOPHRENIA EXAMPLE, 1688 01:06:40,192 --> 01:06:41,493 WITH MEDICATION DATA, WE ARE -- 1689 01:06:41,493 --> 01:06:43,996 THERE ARE SO MANY POSSIBILITIES 1690 01:06:43,996 --> 01:06:47,733 SO WE'RE OUTSOURCING MUCH OF THE 1691 01:06:47,733 --> 01:06:50,402 WORK ON SUPERCOMPUTERS, WHICH 1692 01:06:50,402 --> 01:06:52,638 WHERE THE SIGNALING PATHWAY AND 1693 01:06:52,638 --> 01:06:54,506 MEDICATION IMPACTS ARE BEING RUN 1694 01:06:54,506 --> 01:06:57,042 IN A GENERIC FASHION AND THEN 1695 01:06:57,042 --> 01:06:59,011 ONLY THE RESULTS NAMELY THE 1696 01:06:59,011 --> 01:07:01,313 BEHAVIOR OF THE INDIVIDUAL BRAIN 1697 01:07:01,313 --> 01:07:02,714 REGIONS IS BEING INTEGRATED IN 1698 01:07:02,714 --> 01:07:04,016 THE VIRTUAL BRAIN TWIN BECAUSE 1699 01:07:04,016 --> 01:07:07,419 YOU CANNOT RUN THIS TYPE OF 1700 01:07:07,419 --> 01:07:10,489 MODEL, PERSONALIZED MODELS, ON 1701 01:07:10,489 --> 01:07:10,956 SUPERCOMPUTERS. 1702 01:07:10,956 --> 01:07:15,794 SO, WHAT I'M TRYING TO SAY IS WE 1703 01:07:15,794 --> 01:07:21,533 HAVE NOT EXCLUDED ANY DATA PER 1704 01:07:21,533 --> 01:07:21,700 SE. 1705 01:07:21,700 --> 01:07:23,969 HOWEVER, WE'RE STRUGGLING WITH 1706 01:07:23,969 --> 01:07:26,205 CHALLENGES AND BARRIERS WHEN THE 1707 01:07:26,205 --> 01:07:27,673 CAUSALITY IS NOT EVIDENT AND WE 1708 01:07:27,673 --> 01:07:30,309 HAVE TO FIND WAYS OF DEALING 1709 01:07:30,309 --> 01:07:32,077 WITH THIS. 1710 01:07:32,077 --> 01:07:34,379 THERE, BY THE WAY, FOUNDATIONAL 1711 01:07:34,379 --> 01:07:37,416 GROUPS MAY PLAY A VERY IMPORTANT 1712 01:07:37,416 --> 01:07:38,984 ROLE. 1713 01:07:38,984 --> 01:07:42,454 IF YOU CANNOT MECHANISTICALLY 1714 01:07:42,454 --> 01:07:43,989 FORMULATE IT YOU CAN STILL LEARN 1715 01:07:43,989 --> 01:07:46,859 THE RELATIONSHIPS. 1716 01:07:46,859 --> 01:07:47,526 >> THANK YOU. 1717 01:07:47,526 --> 01:07:49,394 >> WE HAVE TIME FOR ONE MORE 1718 01:07:49,394 --> 01:07:53,265 BRIEF QUESTION, AND I'M GOING TO 1719 01:07:53,265 --> 01:07:55,200 GIVE IT TO ARLEEN SALLES WHO 1720 01:07:55,200 --> 01:08:00,806 WILL KEEP MINDFUL OF TIME SINCE 1721 01:08:00,806 --> 01:08:05,144 SHE'S UP NEXT. 1722 01:08:05,144 --> 01:08:07,246 >> YES, HI, VIKTOR. 1723 01:08:07,246 --> 01:08:10,082 SUCH A PLEASURE AS USUAL. 1724 01:08:10,082 --> 01:08:11,416 CAN YOU HEAR ME? 1725 01:08:11,416 --> 01:08:13,485 OKAY, A QUICK QUESTION. 1726 01:08:13,485 --> 01:08:19,258 YOU TALKED ABOUT THE VIRTUAL 1727 01:08:19,258 --> 01:08:20,459 BRAIN TWIN, MY QUESTION IS IT 1728 01:08:20,459 --> 01:08:23,862 REALLY A TWIN? 1729 01:08:23,862 --> 01:08:26,365 IS IT REALLY THERE'S CONSTANT 1730 01:08:26,365 --> 01:08:27,366 REALTIME INTEGRATION OF 1731 01:08:27,366 --> 01:08:28,800 INFORMATION FROM THE PHYSICAL 1732 01:08:28,800 --> 01:08:31,403 ENTITY TO THE TWIN AND BACK? 1733 01:08:31,403 --> 01:08:35,140 SO IS IT REALLY, REALLY A TWIN 1734 01:08:35,140 --> 01:08:37,309 AS WE UNDERSTAND THE DEFINITION 1735 01:08:37,309 --> 01:08:37,976 OF DIGITAL TWIN? 1736 01:08:37,976 --> 01:08:43,015 >> IN THE EXAMPLE THAT I SHOWED 1737 01:08:43,015 --> 01:08:46,985 YOU, NOT, I WANTED TO SHOW YOU 1738 01:08:46,985 --> 01:08:50,055 HOW WE ACTUALLY GO TO THE 1739 01:08:50,055 --> 01:08:51,290 CLINICAL TRIAL AND BECAUSE THERE 1740 01:08:51,290 --> 01:08:54,326 WE HAVE HAD THE BIGGEST IMPACT 1741 01:08:54,326 --> 01:08:56,662 AT THE MOMENT USING THE VIRTUAL 1742 01:08:56,662 --> 01:08:59,031 BRAIN TWINS, IN THIS SENSE YOU 1743 01:08:59,031 --> 01:09:02,901 HAVE NOT REAL TIME BUT REAL 1744 01:09:02,901 --> 01:09:06,572 WORLD DATA THAT ARE ENTERING, IN 1745 01:09:06,572 --> 01:09:09,208 THE EXAMPLE OF STIMULATION, YOU 1746 01:09:09,208 --> 01:09:13,045 CAN TAKE A HYBRID APPROACHES 1747 01:09:13,045 --> 01:09:15,247 WHERE RESPONSES OF BRAIN REGIONS 1748 01:09:15,247 --> 01:09:17,015 ARE BEING DIRECTLY, SO 1749 01:09:17,015 --> 01:09:19,618 FUNCTIONAL DATA, SO TIME RESULT 1750 01:09:19,618 --> 01:09:21,086 DATA BEING INTRODUCED INTO THE 1751 01:09:21,086 --> 01:09:22,454 VIRTUAL BRAIN TWIN. 1752 01:09:22,454 --> 01:09:25,824 THERE THE ANSWER IS YES, IT'S 1753 01:09:25,824 --> 01:09:32,064 BEEN SO RECORDED DATA ARE BEING 1754 01:09:32,064 --> 01:09:36,401 INJECTED TO THE BRAIN TWIN TO 1755 01:09:36,401 --> 01:09:38,370 BIAS CERTAIN CERTAIN BEHAVIORS, 1756 01:09:38,370 --> 01:09:39,871 OTHER BEHAVIORS OPEN. 1757 01:09:39,871 --> 01:09:43,308 THESE EXAMPLES EXIST IN THE 1758 01:09:43,308 --> 01:09:48,447 CONTEXT OF BRAIN STIMULATION, IN 1759 01:09:48,447 --> 01:09:52,484 PARTICULAR WHEN GUIDING 1760 01:09:52,484 --> 01:09:53,252 TECHNIQUES FOR NON-INVASIVE 1761 01:09:53,252 --> 01:09:56,989 BRAIN STIMULATION WHERE IT'S 1762 01:09:56,989 --> 01:09:57,856 BECOMING VERY IMPORTANT 1763 01:09:57,856 --> 01:09:58,123 ACTUALLY. 1764 01:09:58,123 --> 01:09:58,523 >> THANK YOU. 1765 01:09:58,523 --> 01:10:00,125 WE'LL HAVE TIME FOR MORE 1766 01:10:00,125 --> 01:10:01,994 QUESTIONS WHEN WE HAVE A 1767 01:10:01,994 --> 01:10:03,228 CONVERSATION WITH EVERYONE AFTER 1768 01:10:03,228 --> 01:10:03,895 THE BREAK. 1769 01:10:03,895 --> 01:10:07,699 SO LET ME TURN IT TO OUR NEXT 1770 01:10:07,699 --> 01:10:08,600 SPEAKER WHICH IS DR. ARLEEN 1771 01:10:08,600 --> 01:10:11,970 SALLES, WHO IS GOING TO SPEAK 1772 01:10:11,970 --> 01:10:13,272 ABOUT THE ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 1773 01:10:13,272 --> 01:10:15,040 IN DIGITAL TWIN MODELS. 1774 01:10:15,040 --> 01:10:21,847 SHE'S A SENIOR RESEARCHER AT 1775 01:10:21,847 --> 01:10:22,648 INSTITUTE OF NEUROETHICS. 1776 01:10:22,648 --> 01:10:24,783 LET ME HAND IT OVER TO HER 1777 01:10:24,783 --> 01:10:25,484 PLEASE. 1778 01:10:25,484 --> 01:10:34,092 >> CAN YOU SEE MY PRESENTATION? 1779 01:10:34,092 --> 01:10:35,661 CAN YOU SEE MY PRESENTATION NOW? 1780 01:10:35,661 --> 01:10:38,163 >> YES, WE CAN SEE YOUR 1781 01:10:38,163 --> 01:10:38,730 PRESENTATION. 1782 01:10:38,730 --> 01:10:39,031 >> GOOD. 1783 01:10:39,031 --> 01:10:40,599 THANK YOU FOR THE NICE 1784 01:10:40,599 --> 01:10:41,767 INTRODUCTION AND AGAIN IT'S A 1785 01:10:41,767 --> 01:10:45,937 PLEASURE TO BE HERE AND TO SHARE 1786 01:10:45,937 --> 01:10:47,806 SOME OF MY THOUGHTS ON DIGITAL 1787 01:10:47,806 --> 01:10:49,975 TWINS AND HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY 1788 01:10:49,975 --> 01:10:56,214 TO FOLLOW VIKTOR BECAUSE PART OF 1789 01:10:56,214 --> 01:10:58,283 THE BRAIN PROJECT I WAS IN A 1790 01:10:58,283 --> 01:11:00,886 GROUP WITH VIKTOR, A PLEASURE TO 1791 01:11:00,886 --> 01:11:01,586 HAVE THIS CONVERSATION. 1792 01:11:01,586 --> 01:11:04,389 WHAT I'M GOING TO BE DOING HERE 1793 01:11:04,389 --> 01:11:10,762 ACTUALLY IS I WANT TO OFFER A 1794 01:11:10,762 --> 01:11:13,632 NON-EXHAUSTIVE BRIEF OVERVIEW IN 1795 01:11:13,632 --> 01:11:20,172 PERSONALIZED BRAIN MODELING AND 1796 01:11:20,172 --> 01:11:20,872 ENCOURAGE CONVERSATIONS 1797 01:11:20,872 --> 01:11:21,606 REGARDING CHALLENGES. 1798 01:11:21,606 --> 01:11:28,513 BUT ALSO WHAT IS NEEDED TO 1799 01:11:28,513 --> 01:11:29,715 ENHANCE IN THE SPACE. 1800 01:11:29,715 --> 01:11:33,285 SO I WILL START ACTUALLY WITH 1801 01:11:33,285 --> 01:11:35,087 THIS CATEGORIZE OF BRAIN MODELS, 1802 01:11:35,087 --> 01:11:38,023 I WAS INCLUDED IN A PAPER 1803 01:11:38,023 --> 01:11:40,859 RECENTLY PUBLISHED BY SEVERAL 1804 01:11:40,859 --> 01:11:44,696 RESEARCHERS FROM THE HUMAN BRAIN 1805 01:11:44,696 --> 01:11:46,131 PROJECT, BY KATRINA, THE 1806 01:11:46,131 --> 01:11:49,000 DISTINCTION MADE BETWEEN BRAIN 1807 01:11:49,000 --> 01:11:53,839 MODELS, PERSONALIZED BRAIN 1808 01:11:53,839 --> 01:11:54,806 MODELS, DIGITAL TWINS, AND OF 1809 01:11:54,806 --> 01:11:56,341 COURSE INTEREST IS BRAIN MODELS 1810 01:11:56,341 --> 01:11:57,976 AND DIGITAL TWINS. 1811 01:11:57,976 --> 01:12:00,445 WHAT THE PERSONALIZED BRAIN 1812 01:12:00,445 --> 01:12:02,748 MODEL WHICH WE CALL THE VIRTUAL 1813 01:12:02,748 --> 01:12:07,052 BRAIN IN THE HUMAN BRAIN PROJECT 1814 01:12:07,052 --> 01:12:08,453 AGAIN PERSONALIZED DIGITAL MODEL 1815 01:12:08,453 --> 01:12:11,390 OF THE BRAIN THAT COMBINES 1816 01:12:11,390 --> 01:12:14,025 DETAILED BRAIN SCANS WITH 1817 01:12:14,025 --> 01:12:14,960 MATHEMATICAL MODELS TO SIMULATE 1818 01:12:14,960 --> 01:12:19,731 HOW THE PERSON'S BRAIN 1819 01:12:19,731 --> 01:12:20,098 FUNCTIONS. 1820 01:12:20,098 --> 01:12:22,667 PRIMARY VALUE THAT IS ALLOWED TO 1821 01:12:22,667 --> 01:12:26,738 STUDY UNDERSTANDING OF THE BRAIN 1822 01:12:26,738 --> 01:12:27,806 AND IMPROVE DIAGNOSIS AND 1823 01:12:27,806 --> 01:12:31,076 TREATMENT OF CONDITION. 1824 01:12:31,076 --> 01:12:31,977 ADDITIONAL VALUE, FOR THE 1825 01:12:31,977 --> 01:12:35,046 DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITAL TWINS OF 1826 01:12:35,046 --> 01:12:36,948 THE BRAIN AS DYNAMIC 1827 01:12:36,948 --> 01:12:40,085 STIMULATION, ABLE TO PRESENT 1828 01:12:40,085 --> 01:12:44,823 STATSES IN REALTIME, IN THE 1829 01:12:44,823 --> 01:12:45,991 CLINICAL CONTEXT PREDICT 1830 01:12:45,991 --> 01:12:46,458 PROGRESSION. 1831 01:12:46,458 --> 01:12:49,161 THAT SENSE SHIFTS FROM THE 1832 01:12:49,161 --> 01:12:51,630 PERSONALIZED BRAIN MODEL TO TWIN 1833 01:12:51,630 --> 01:12:54,499 WOULD BE SHAPED FROM MORE STATIC 1834 01:12:54,499 --> 01:13:02,841 SIMULATION TO MORE REALTIME 1835 01:13:02,841 --> 01:13:04,075 PREDICTED. 1836 01:13:04,075 --> 01:13:11,483 IT'S BEEN SUGGESTED ETHICISTS 1837 01:13:11,483 --> 01:13:15,253 SOMETIMES HAVE A TENDENCY -- OUR 1838 01:13:15,253 --> 01:13:17,289 ATTENTION FROM ISSUES THAT WE 1839 01:13:17,289 --> 01:13:27,132 FACE, AND AT THE SAME TIME 1840 01:13:27,132 --> 01:13:27,933 IMPLICATIONS, MISGUIDED CHOICES, 1841 01:13:27,933 --> 01:13:32,637 AND SO ON. 1842 01:13:32,637 --> 01:13:39,411 MY GOAL IS MY OVERVIEW, ACTUALLY 1843 01:13:39,411 --> 01:13:45,750 THIS MEANS ENGAGING WITH HOW 1844 01:13:45,750 --> 01:13:46,751 MODELS ARE DESCRIBED, 1845 01:13:46,751 --> 01:13:47,886 CONSTRUCTED, INTERPRETED. 1846 01:13:47,886 --> 01:13:49,354 I WANT TO MAKE A DISTINCTION 1847 01:13:49,354 --> 01:13:54,059 WITH FOUR MAIN THEMES AND NOTE 1848 01:13:54,059 --> 01:14:02,167 THAT HAVING A LOT TO DO WITH 1849 01:14:02,167 --> 01:14:04,436 STUDY INTRODUCTION AND WHAT 1850 01:14:04,436 --> 01:14:10,375 VIKTOR MADE IN HIS PRESENTATION, 1851 01:14:10,375 --> 01:14:11,643 TERMINOLOGYICAL, HOW WE TALK 1852 01:14:11,643 --> 01:14:12,344 ABOUT THESE MODELS. 1853 01:14:12,344 --> 01:14:15,647 SECOND HAS TO DO WITH DESIGN AND 1854 01:14:15,647 --> 01:14:16,882 FORMULATION OF THE COMPUTATIONAL 1855 01:14:16,882 --> 01:14:19,484 MODEL BASICALLY HOW ARE THEY 1856 01:14:19,484 --> 01:14:20,352 BUILT. 1857 01:14:20,352 --> 01:14:24,523 THIRD WHAT I CALL PHILOSOPHICAL 1858 01:14:24,523 --> 01:14:26,324 CONUNDRUMS, WHAT CERTAINTY CAN 1859 01:14:26,324 --> 01:14:27,626 THEY PROVIDE? 1860 01:14:27,626 --> 01:14:33,031 FOURTH IS SOCIETAL IMPACT AND 1861 01:14:33,031 --> 01:14:35,834 USE, IMPLICATION IN SPECIFIC 1862 01:14:35,834 --> 01:14:36,134 CONTEXT. 1863 01:14:36,134 --> 01:14:41,172 SO, LET ME MOVE TO THE NEXT 1864 01:14:41,172 --> 01:14:42,874 SLIDE. 1865 01:14:42,874 --> 01:14:47,879 WHAT ARE THE TERMINOLOGYICAL 1866 01:14:47,879 --> 01:14:48,613 CONCEPTIONS? 1867 01:14:48,613 --> 01:14:54,185 WE KNOW AS WE CONSIDER THE 1868 01:14:54,185 --> 01:14:56,855 MODELS IN NEUROTECHNOLOGY, THE 1869 01:14:56,855 --> 01:15:00,225 POWER OF LANGUAGE AND THEY ARE 1870 01:15:00,225 --> 01:15:01,760 NOT NEUTRAL. 1871 01:15:01,760 --> 01:15:04,129 THEY SHAPE HOW WE UNDERSTAND 1872 01:15:04,129 --> 01:15:04,362 THINGS. 1873 01:15:04,362 --> 01:15:06,565 SO, ONE OF THE QUESTIONS THAT 1874 01:15:06,565 --> 01:15:13,905 CAME UP AT THE BEGINNING WHEN WE 1875 01:15:13,905 --> 01:15:15,273 STARTED WORKING, WHEN THE 1876 01:15:15,273 --> 01:15:16,007 NEUROETHICS GROUP STARTED 1877 01:15:16,007 --> 01:15:18,743 WORKING WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE 1878 01:15:18,743 --> 01:15:21,112 TALK ABOUT THIS? 1879 01:15:21,112 --> 01:15:29,821 AS I SAID IT WAS A POPULAR TERM 1880 01:15:29,821 --> 01:15:30,989 BUT OUR CONCERN 1881 01:15:30,989 --> 01:15:36,561 AT THE TIME THE VIRTUAL BRAIN IS 1882 01:15:36,561 --> 01:15:40,599 LIMITED, SPECIFIC BRAIN NETWORK 1883 01:15:40,599 --> 01:15:43,535 OR FUNCTION, NOT A GOOD DIGITAL 1884 01:15:43,535 --> 01:15:47,606 REPLICA OF THE BRAIN, AND ARE 1885 01:15:47,606 --> 01:15:49,274 THERE MORE ACCURATE ALTERNATIVES 1886 01:15:49,274 --> 01:15:56,047 TO USE SUCH AS COMPUTATIONAL 1887 01:15:56,047 --> 01:15:57,515 BRAIN MODEL, IT'S POSSIBILITY 1888 01:15:57,515 --> 01:15:58,450 MORE ACCURATE AND BETTER TERMS 1889 01:15:58,450 --> 01:16:03,688 TO USE BUT WE HAVE TO 1890 01:16:03,688 --> 01:16:04,990 UNDERSTAND, THE SAME PROBLEM WE 1891 01:16:04,990 --> 01:16:06,191 THOUGHT ARISE WHEN WE WERE 1892 01:16:06,191 --> 01:16:10,128 TALKING ABOUT THE TERM DIGITAL 1893 01:16:10,128 --> 01:16:10,729 TWIN. 1894 01:16:10,729 --> 01:16:15,934 IT'S TRUE THE MODEL COMPRISES 1895 01:16:15,934 --> 01:16:17,702 THREE MAIN COMPONENTS, 1896 01:16:17,702 --> 01:16:22,407 COUNTERPARTS, DYNAMIC REALTIME 1897 01:16:22,407 --> 01:16:24,809 DATA CHANGE BETWEEN THEM, THE 1898 01:16:24,809 --> 01:16:28,446 QUESTION FOR US WAS IS IT CLEAR, 1899 01:16:28,446 --> 01:16:31,383 WHEN WE TALK ABOUT DIGITAL TWINS 1900 01:16:31,383 --> 01:16:36,755 OF THE BRAIN, SO IT SEEMS THAT 1901 01:16:36,755 --> 01:16:40,258 TERMINOLOGYIC CAN HAVE A 1902 01:16:40,258 --> 01:16:43,762 PRAGMATIC VALUE, CAN HELP GET 1903 01:16:43,762 --> 01:16:45,797 FUNDING, WHEN ONE INCLUDES THIS 1904 01:16:45,797 --> 01:16:47,599 TERM IN PROPOSALS. 1905 01:16:47,599 --> 01:16:51,970 HOWEVER, IT CARRIES RISK, WHEN 1906 01:16:51,970 --> 01:16:54,506 NON-EXPERTS HEAR TERMS LIKE 1907 01:16:54,506 --> 01:16:58,843 BRAIN, DIGITAL TWIN -- SOMEBODY 1908 01:16:58,843 --> 01:16:59,177 TALKED TO ME? 1909 01:16:59,177 --> 01:17:04,115 >> ARE THE SLIDES ADVANCING FOR 1910 01:17:04,115 --> 01:17:04,783 YOU? 1911 01:17:04,783 --> 01:17:06,718 >> SOMEBODY IS TALKING TO ME 1912 01:17:06,718 --> 01:17:06,918 AGAIN. 1913 01:17:06,918 --> 01:17:09,354 >> YES, I THINK -- THERE WE GO. 1914 01:17:09,354 --> 01:17:09,821 OKAY. 1915 01:17:09,821 --> 01:17:12,257 NOW THEY ARE ADVANCING. 1916 01:17:12,257 --> 01:17:15,827 GREAT. 1917 01:17:15,827 --> 01:17:16,795 THANK YOU. 1918 01:17:16,795 --> 01:17:17,328 >> OKAY. 1919 01:17:17,328 --> 01:17:21,900 >> SORRY, I MUTED THAT PERSON. 1920 01:17:21,900 --> 01:17:23,935 >> THE POINT IS THAT WHY THIS 1921 01:17:23,935 --> 01:17:27,439 MAY HAVE VALUE WE HAVE TO BE 1922 01:17:27,439 --> 01:17:31,209 CAREFUL WHEN WE PRESENT TERMS 1923 01:17:31,209 --> 01:17:32,477 AND DISCUSS THIS DEVELOPMENT IN 1924 01:17:32,477 --> 01:17:33,812 PARTICULAR WAY, BECAUSE WE HAVE 1925 01:17:33,812 --> 01:17:37,615 TO BE MINDFUL OF WHAT DIFFERENT 1926 01:17:37,615 --> 01:17:40,819 AUDIENCES MIGHT BE INTERPRETING. 1927 01:17:40,819 --> 01:17:45,390 AND THIS IS RELEVANT. 1928 01:17:45,390 --> 01:17:49,127 WELL, ACCURATE TERMINOLOGY IS 1929 01:17:49,127 --> 01:17:49,661 ESSENTIAL. 1930 01:17:49,661 --> 01:17:51,329 SO THE WAY WE DESCRIBE, 1931 01:17:51,329 --> 01:17:56,668 INCLUDING VIRTUAL BRAIN, DIGITAL 1932 01:17:56,668 --> 01:17:57,535 TWIN, SHAPES PERCEPTION. 1933 01:17:57,535 --> 01:18:02,574 SO WE HAVE TO BE MINDFUL OF THE 1934 01:18:02,574 --> 01:18:05,009 POSSIBILITY OF CONFUSION, 1935 01:18:05,009 --> 01:18:07,278 PARTICULARLY AT PRESENT, 1936 01:18:07,278 --> 01:18:10,348 ESPECIALLY IN MORE 1937 01:18:10,348 --> 01:18:11,883 INTERDISCIPLINARY AND APPLIED 1938 01:18:11,883 --> 01:18:12,117 CONTEXT. 1939 01:18:12,117 --> 01:18:14,853 SO ONE OF THE ISSUES I WANT TO 1940 01:18:14,853 --> 01:18:16,588 UNDERLINE IS THE EXTENT TO WHICH 1941 01:18:16,588 --> 01:18:20,291 WE NEED TO BE CONCEPTUAL PRECISE 1942 01:18:20,291 --> 01:18:22,927 WHILE REMAINING RESPONSIBLE WHEN 1943 01:18:22,927 --> 01:18:25,463 IT COMES TO COMMUNICATION. 1944 01:18:25,463 --> 01:18:26,431 NITA, THERE'S SOMEBODY TALKING, 1945 01:18:26,431 --> 01:18:27,665 THERE'S A VOICE I HEAR. 1946 01:18:27,665 --> 01:18:28,867 >> I HEAR IT AS WELL. 1947 01:18:28,867 --> 01:18:33,104 I'M TRYING TO SEE WHO IS 1948 01:18:33,104 --> 01:18:34,639 UNMUTED. 1949 01:18:34,639 --> 01:18:35,540 I APOLOGIZE. 1950 01:18:35,540 --> 01:18:35,807 >> OKAY. 1951 01:18:35,807 --> 01:18:37,609 >> I'M NOT SEEING WHO IS UNMUTED 1952 01:18:37,609 --> 01:18:39,144 AT THIS POINT. 1953 01:18:39,144 --> 01:18:39,511 >> OKAY, YES. 1954 01:18:39,511 --> 01:18:42,781 SO LET ME MOVE ON TO THE SECOND 1955 01:18:42,781 --> 01:18:53,324 THEME THAT I THINK IS IMPORTANT, 1956 01:18:53,591 --> 01:18:55,126 VIKTOR EXPLAINED REALLY 1957 01:18:55,126 --> 01:18:57,896 BRILLIANTLY, VIRTUAL BRAIN TWIN 1958 01:18:57,896 --> 01:18:58,296 ENTAILS. 1959 01:18:58,296 --> 01:19:01,032 I WANT TO TALK ABOUT SOME OF THE 1960 01:19:01,032 --> 01:19:03,701 ISSUES THAT ARE ETHICALLY 1961 01:19:03,701 --> 01:19:05,103 RELEVANT EVEN WHEN USUALLY 1962 01:19:05,103 --> 01:19:11,276 EXPLORED FROM A TECHNICAL 1963 01:19:11,276 --> 01:19:11,776 PERSPECTIVE. 1964 01:19:11,776 --> 01:19:12,677 PREDICTABILITY, FOR EXAMPLE, 1965 01:19:12,677 --> 01:19:17,782 BOTTOM LINE, THESE MODELS ARE 1966 01:19:17,782 --> 01:19:20,552 GOING TO GUIDE, IT IS IMPORTANT 1967 01:19:20,552 --> 01:19:22,554 TO ENSURE THEIR RELIABLE, 1968 01:19:22,554 --> 01:19:27,225 ETHICALLY SOUND. 1969 01:19:27,225 --> 01:19:29,994 THIS REQUIRES FOR EXAMPLE INPUTS 1970 01:19:29,994 --> 01:19:35,033 RELIED UPON WHICH ALLOW US TO 1971 01:19:35,033 --> 01:19:36,334 UNDERSTAND EVALUATING MODELS, SO 1972 01:19:36,334 --> 01:19:41,272 LACK OF TRANSPARENCY IS GOING TO 1973 01:19:41,272 --> 01:19:43,575 AFFECT THE DECISION-MAKING 1974 01:19:43,575 --> 01:19:44,042 PROCESS. 1975 01:19:44,042 --> 01:19:48,379 SAME FOR REPRODUCIBILITY. 1976 01:19:48,379 --> 01:19:50,081 THEY CAN UNDERMINE. 1977 01:19:50,081 --> 01:20:00,325 VERIFICATION IS KEY. 1978 01:20:00,325 --> 01:20:02,827 ENSURING SOFTWARE UNDERLINING 1979 01:20:02,827 --> 01:20:05,263 MATHEMATICS, MODEL THAT FUNCTION 1980 01:20:05,263 --> 01:20:08,132 THAT PRODUCE OUTPUT. 1981 01:20:08,132 --> 01:20:09,434 VALIDATION, VIKTOR MENTIONED 1982 01:20:09,434 --> 01:20:12,837 VALIDATION BECOMES AN ISSUE. 1983 01:20:12,837 --> 01:20:14,072 THIS MEANS WHAT IS SUPPOSED TO 1984 01:20:14,072 --> 01:20:15,773 DO IN THE REAL WORLD. 1985 01:20:15,773 --> 01:20:20,478 A MODEL CAN BE MATHEMATICALLY 1986 01:20:20,478 --> 01:20:22,113 SOUND, PROVIDE USEFUL 1987 01:20:22,113 --> 01:20:24,949 PREDICTION, VALIDATION IS KEY. 1988 01:20:24,949 --> 01:20:29,587 DATA INTEGRITY AND UNCERTAINTY, 1989 01:20:29,587 --> 01:20:31,422 IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE TO 1990 01:20:31,422 --> 01:20:34,025 ACKNOWLEDGE AND MANAGE 1991 01:20:34,025 --> 01:20:34,492 APPROXIMATION ERRORS, 1992 01:20:34,492 --> 01:20:38,863 UNCERTAINTIES HAVE TO BE 1993 01:20:38,863 --> 01:20:39,197 COMMUNICATED. 1994 01:20:39,197 --> 01:20:41,599 INACCURATE, INCOMPLETE, CAN LEAD 1995 01:20:41,599 --> 01:20:50,241 TO MISUSE. 1996 01:20:50,241 --> 01:20:51,276 COMMUNICATION AND 1997 01:20:51,276 --> 01:20:54,412 ACCOUNTABILITY, OVERSTATING 1998 01:20:54,412 --> 01:20:55,413 ACCURACY, FOR EXAMPLE, I WILL 1999 01:20:55,413 --> 01:21:01,185 TALK ABOUT THIS IN A MINUTE, CAN 2000 01:21:01,185 --> 01:21:03,855 MISLEAD STAKEHOLDERS. 2001 01:21:03,855 --> 01:21:06,224 SO TOGETHER THOSE ASPECTS WE CAN 2002 01:21:06,224 --> 01:21:09,394 SEE THESE HAVE IMPORTANT ETHICAL 2003 01:21:09,394 --> 01:21:09,994 IMPLICATIONS. 2004 01:21:09,994 --> 01:21:12,463 AND WITH THIS I WOULD LIKE TO 2005 01:21:12,463 --> 01:21:14,098 MOVE TO THE OBJECTIVITY BECAUSE 2006 01:21:14,098 --> 01:21:17,268 THIS IS IMPORTANT. 2007 01:21:17,268 --> 01:21:19,003 THE MODEL APPEARS PRECISE, THEY 2008 01:21:19,003 --> 01:21:20,805 APPEAR TO BE OBJECTIVE. 2009 01:21:20,805 --> 01:21:24,042 YET THEY ARE SHAPED BY SEVERAL 2010 01:21:24,042 --> 01:21:27,445 DECISIONS INCLUDING SELECTION OF 2011 01:21:27,445 --> 01:21:28,846 ALGORITHMS, HARDWARE, 2012 01:21:28,846 --> 01:21:30,548 MEASUREMENT UNITS, DATA 2013 01:21:30,548 --> 01:21:32,850 INCLUSION, IT'S INTERESTING JIM 2014 01:21:32,850 --> 01:21:38,222 ASKED IS THERE INFORMATION YOU 2015 01:21:38,222 --> 01:21:41,359 DO NOT INCLUDE, DECISIONS GUIDED 2016 01:21:41,359 --> 01:21:44,595 BY DOMINANT SCIENTIFIC 2017 01:21:44,595 --> 01:21:47,298 PARADIGMS, INSTITUTIONAL GOALS, 2018 01:21:47,298 --> 01:21:47,865 RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS, 2019 01:21:47,865 --> 01:21:49,701 DISCIPLINARY UNDERSTANDING COME 2020 01:21:49,701 --> 01:21:50,268 TO MIND. 2021 01:21:50,268 --> 01:21:52,770 SO THIS FRAMING AFFECTS NOT JUST 2022 01:21:52,770 --> 01:21:56,107 HOW THE MODEL IS STRUCTURED BUT 2023 01:21:56,107 --> 01:21:58,810 ALSO WHAT IS EXPRESSED, OR 2024 01:21:58,810 --> 01:21:59,344 EXCLUDE. 2025 01:21:59,344 --> 01:22:02,747 SO, THIS MEANS THAT THIS IS A 2026 01:22:02,747 --> 01:22:05,149 MODEL, EVEN FOR ANALYSIS 2027 01:22:05,149 --> 01:22:07,652 PREDICTION AND DECISION MAKING, 2028 01:22:07,652 --> 01:22:10,421 CAN EMBED ASSUMPTION, BIASES, 2029 01:22:10,421 --> 01:22:15,893 AND MAY LEAD TO ACTUALLY 2030 01:22:15,893 --> 01:22:18,296 UNJUSTIFIED TRUST, TREATED AT 2031 01:22:18,296 --> 01:22:20,898 MUTUAL REPRESENTATION. 2032 01:22:20,898 --> 01:22:23,568 OBVIOUSLY THERE'S ETHICAL RISK 2033 01:22:23,568 --> 01:22:29,040 IN TREATING THESE PRESENTATIONS 2034 01:22:29,040 --> 01:22:31,809 AS NEUTRAL BECAUSE THEY ARE NOT. 2035 01:22:31,809 --> 01:22:34,545 THEY ARE IMPORTANT BUT PARTIAL 2036 01:22:34,545 --> 01:22:38,649 AND MUST BE INTERPRETED 2037 01:22:38,649 --> 01:22:38,916 CAREFULLY. 2038 01:22:38,916 --> 01:22:44,622 SO, IN SOME WAY THIS LEADS TO 2039 01:22:44,622 --> 01:22:47,225 SCIENTIFIC PHILOSOPHICAL 2040 01:22:47,225 --> 01:22:47,525 CONUNDRUM. 2041 01:22:47,525 --> 01:22:50,561 DIGITAL REPRESENTATIONS ARE NOT 2042 01:22:50,561 --> 01:22:51,896 JUST TECHNICAL ARTIFACTS, THEY 2043 01:22:51,896 --> 01:22:54,098 ARE EMBEDDED. 2044 01:22:54,098 --> 01:22:55,867 I THINK DIRECTLY TO A FEW 2045 01:22:55,867 --> 01:22:58,603 QUESTIONS, WHAT KIND OF REALITY 2046 01:22:58,603 --> 01:23:00,271 DO THEY REALLY REPRESENT? 2047 01:23:00,271 --> 01:23:02,640 AND WHAT KIND OF KNOWLEDGE CAN 2048 01:23:02,640 --> 01:23:03,408 THEY PROVIDE? 2049 01:23:03,408 --> 01:23:09,680 SO LET'S START WITH THE 2050 01:23:09,680 --> 01:23:14,052 ONTOLOGIC ISSUE, AND FOLLOWING 2051 01:23:14,052 --> 01:23:18,122 CLOSELY THEY DO MAKE A 2052 01:23:18,122 --> 01:23:23,127 DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE 2053 01:23:23,127 --> 01:23:25,563 DIMENSION, IF YOU WISH, OF 2054 01:23:25,563 --> 01:23:27,198 DIGITAL TWIN AND DIGITAL BRAIN 2055 01:23:27,198 --> 01:23:28,099 MODEL. 2056 01:23:28,099 --> 01:23:29,934 ONE IS THE REPRESENTATION, BRAIN 2057 01:23:29,934 --> 01:23:34,205 MODEL, DIGITAL TWIN, STUDIED FOR 2058 01:23:34,205 --> 01:23:39,544 SPECIFIC ASPECTS, THEY REPRESENT 2059 01:23:39,544 --> 01:23:41,179 CERTAIN FUNCTIONS OR STRUCTURES. 2060 01:23:41,179 --> 01:23:44,582 THEN WE HAVE FUNCTIONAL DAMAGE, 2061 01:23:44,582 --> 01:23:48,219 SUPPOSED TO SEE ACTIVITY IN REAL 2062 01:23:48,219 --> 01:23:48,886 TIME, DYNAMIC, PREDICTIVE, 2063 01:23:48,886 --> 01:23:51,522 INTERACTIVE, RECEIVE DATA FROM 2064 01:23:51,522 --> 01:23:53,458 THE BRAIN, INFORM DECISIONS. 2065 01:23:53,458 --> 01:23:55,126 THIS MAKES THEM POWERFUL TOOLS 2066 01:23:55,126 --> 01:23:57,128 FOR ANALYSIS FOR PREDICTION AND 2067 01:23:57,128 --> 01:23:58,930 PERSONALIZED CARE. 2068 01:23:58,930 --> 01:24:01,432 BUT FINALLY WHICH HAVE ENORMOUS 2069 01:24:01,432 --> 01:24:04,068 DIMENSION, HERE IS PHILOSOPHICAL 2070 01:24:04,068 --> 01:24:04,802 AND ETHICAL IMPLICATION MAY 2071 01:24:04,802 --> 01:24:07,972 BECOME MORE APPARENT. 2072 01:24:07,972 --> 01:24:11,542 THESE MODELS ARE NOT JUST 2073 01:24:11,542 --> 01:24:13,845 PREDICTIVE, THEY ARE NORMATIVE, 2074 01:24:13,845 --> 01:24:15,113 EMBED CERTAIN ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT 2075 01:24:15,113 --> 01:24:16,380 WHAT MATTERS, WHAT SHOULD BE 2076 01:24:16,380 --> 01:24:18,216 MEASURED, HOW THE BRAIN SHOULD 2077 01:24:18,216 --> 01:24:21,285 BE UNDERSTOOD, WHICH FEATURES 2078 01:24:21,285 --> 01:24:23,020 ARE PRIORITIZED, NOT REALLY 2079 01:24:23,020 --> 01:24:25,990 TECHNICAL DECISIONS OR TECHNICAL 2080 01:24:25,990 --> 01:24:26,657 OBJECTS. 2081 01:24:26,657 --> 01:24:28,292 THEY ARE ETHICAL DEVELOPMENT. 2082 01:24:28,292 --> 01:24:32,597 THE QUESTION OR SOME OF THE 2083 01:24:32,597 --> 01:24:37,435 QUESTIONS THAT I THINK, IS THERE 2084 01:24:37,435 --> 01:24:38,136 A POSSIBILITY THESE MODELS CAN 2085 01:24:38,136 --> 01:24:39,403 SHIFT ATTENTION AWAY FROM THE 2086 01:24:39,403 --> 01:24:42,406 PERSON TOWARDS THE MODEL? 2087 01:24:42,406 --> 01:24:43,674 PARTICULARLY TREATED AS 2088 01:24:43,674 --> 01:24:45,109 OBJECTIVE OR AUTHORITATIVE? 2089 01:24:45,109 --> 01:24:50,014 AND THIS IS PART OF WHAT NITA 2090 01:24:50,014 --> 01:24:51,048 STARTED INTRODUCING. 2091 01:24:51,048 --> 01:24:53,618 NOW, IF THEY SHIFT AWAY FROM THE 2092 01:24:53,618 --> 01:24:56,921 PERSON THAT'S NOT NECESSARILY 2093 01:24:56,921 --> 01:24:58,122 WRONG. 2094 01:24:58,122 --> 01:24:59,457 IT'S SYSTEM RISK BECAUSE 2095 01:24:59,457 --> 01:25:03,861 PATIENTS MAY BE REDUCED TO DATA 2096 01:25:03,861 --> 01:25:07,331 PATTERNS AND COMPLEXITY OF THE 2097 01:25:07,331 --> 01:25:10,801 PATIENT MAY BE SOMEHOW SKEWED. 2098 01:25:10,801 --> 01:25:12,069 ON THE OTHER HAND, WHO BUILDS 2099 01:25:12,069 --> 01:25:14,772 THE MODEL? 2100 01:25:14,772 --> 01:25:18,142 IT MATTERS BECAUSE WHO OWNS THE 2101 01:25:18,142 --> 01:25:21,812 DATA, HOW -- WHICH DATA WAS 2102 01:25:21,812 --> 01:25:26,551 SELECTED, HOW TRANSPARENT, AND 2103 01:25:26,551 --> 01:25:28,819 WHAT CLINICIAN FEEL EMPOWERED TO 2104 01:25:28,819 --> 01:25:31,856 QUESTION THE MODEL'S OUTPUT. 2105 01:25:31,856 --> 01:25:34,959 FINALLY THEY SHAPE THE 2106 01:25:34,959 --> 01:25:35,960 BEHAVIORS, EXPECTATIONS, SO WE 2107 01:25:35,960 --> 01:25:38,896 HAVE TO ASK AT SOME POINT HOW DO 2108 01:25:38,896 --> 01:25:41,232 USERS INTERACT WITH THE MODEL? 2109 01:25:41,232 --> 01:25:42,099 WHO IS ACCOUNTABLE? 2110 01:25:42,099 --> 01:25:44,569 AND WHEN IT COMES TO DECISIONS, 2111 01:25:44,569 --> 01:25:46,237 I WILL GO BACK TO THIS TOWARD 2112 01:25:46,237 --> 01:25:47,405 THE END. 2113 01:25:47,405 --> 01:25:50,708 WHAT KIND OF RELATIONSHIP IS 2114 01:25:50,708 --> 01:25:51,842 EMERGING BETWEEN PATIENTS, 2115 01:25:51,842 --> 01:25:54,779 PRACTITIONERS, AND THE DIGITAL 2116 01:25:54,779 --> 01:25:55,246 TWIN? 2117 01:25:55,246 --> 01:26:00,585 SO, LET'S BRIEFLY ADDRESS THE 2118 01:26:00,585 --> 01:26:03,721 SECOND PHILOSOPHICAL CONUNDRUM, 2119 01:26:03,721 --> 01:26:06,057 REAL WORLD BEHAVIOR, COMPLEX, 2120 01:26:06,057 --> 01:26:07,625 CONTEXT DEPENDENT, MUCH MORE SO 2121 01:26:07,625 --> 01:26:09,894 THAT CAN BE CAPTURED IN CONTROL 2122 01:26:09,894 --> 01:26:10,194 LABORATORY. 2123 01:26:10,194 --> 01:26:16,534 THRB THERE ARE -- THERE ARE A 2124 01:26:16,534 --> 01:26:19,837 NUMBER OF FACTORS, MAY BE 2125 01:26:19,837 --> 01:26:22,473 DIFFICULT WITH PRE-DIGS. 2126 01:26:22,473 --> 01:26:23,774 NEUROSCIENTISTS ARE GRAPPLING 2127 01:26:23,774 --> 01:26:26,377 WITH UNKNOWNS, WE DON'T FULLY 2128 01:26:26,377 --> 01:26:27,712 UNDERSTAND HOW BRAIN FUNCTIONS, 2129 01:26:27,712 --> 01:26:30,348 TRANSLATED TO COMMISSION OR 2130 01:26:30,348 --> 01:26:31,115 BEHAVIOR. 2131 01:26:31,115 --> 01:26:32,717 THIS UNCERTAINTY COULD CARRY 2132 01:26:32,717 --> 01:26:34,819 OVER INTO MODELS AND RAISES 2133 01:26:34,819 --> 01:26:39,824 ISSUES ABOUT HOW ACCURATE OR 2134 01:26:39,824 --> 01:26:41,726 PREDICTIVE THIS THESE DIGITAL 2135 01:26:41,726 --> 01:26:42,460 TWINS CAN BE. 2136 01:26:42,460 --> 01:26:46,931 SO WHY IS THIS ETHICAL RELEVANT? 2137 01:26:46,931 --> 01:26:49,500 MODELS CARRY CERTAIN DEGREE OF 2138 01:26:49,500 --> 01:26:51,469 UNCERTAINTY, HOW SHOULD THEY BE 2139 01:26:51,469 --> 01:26:56,474 USED TO GUIDE DECISIONS? 2140 01:26:56,474 --> 01:26:57,875 HOW MUCH UNCERTAINTY IS 2141 01:26:57,875 --> 01:26:59,243 ACCEPTABLE BEFORE A MODEL IS 2142 01:26:59,243 --> 01:26:59,777 UNRELIABLE OR HARMFUL? 2143 01:26:59,777 --> 01:27:05,349 WHEN IS IT OR HOW DO WE 2144 01:27:05,349 --> 01:27:08,085 DETERMINE THAT? 2145 01:27:08,085 --> 01:27:15,192 SO, I WOULD LIKE TO NEXT TALK 2146 01:27:15,192 --> 01:27:17,395 ABOUT SOME PROBLEM, BROADER 2147 01:27:17,395 --> 01:27:20,097 ETHICAL AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS 2148 01:27:20,097 --> 01:27:23,334 ON COMPUTATIONAL MODELS AND 2149 01:27:23,334 --> 01:27:25,269 DIGITAL TWIN. 2150 01:27:25,269 --> 01:27:31,509 FIRST BARRIER, A CONCERN THIS 2151 01:27:31,509 --> 01:27:32,843 TECHNOLOGY COULD WIDEN QUALITY 2152 01:27:32,843 --> 01:27:35,680 WITHIN THE SYSTEM AND EVEN 2153 01:27:35,680 --> 01:27:37,415 BETWEEN COUNTRIES. 2154 01:27:37,415 --> 01:27:42,053 MODELS BEING USED IN LIMIT FOR 2155 01:27:42,053 --> 01:27:43,254 BIASED DATASETS, DISCRIMINATION 2156 01:27:43,254 --> 01:27:46,957 OR PROVIDE LESS ACCURATE OUTPUT 2157 01:27:46,957 --> 01:27:47,591 FOR UNDERSERVED POPULATIONS 2158 01:27:47,591 --> 01:27:50,928 WHICH OF COURSE WOULD BE A 2159 01:27:50,928 --> 01:27:51,462 PROBLEM. 2160 01:27:51,462 --> 01:27:55,166 I WANT TO BRING UP ANOTHER 2161 01:27:55,166 --> 01:27:57,068 ISSUE, WHETHER THEY COULD 2162 01:27:57,068 --> 01:28:00,571 PRODUCE INJUSTICE? 2163 01:28:00,571 --> 01:28:01,972 THE NOTION REFERS TO HARM DONE 2164 01:28:01,972 --> 01:28:07,845 TO PEOPLE IN THEIR CAPACITY, FOR 2165 01:28:07,845 --> 01:28:12,550 EXAMPLE ABILITY TO ACCESS, 2166 01:28:12,550 --> 01:28:13,217 CONTRIBUTE TO KNOWLEDGE, 2167 01:28:13,217 --> 01:28:15,319 PRODUCTION AND COMMUNICATION OF 2168 01:28:15,319 --> 01:28:19,223 KNOWLEDGE IS UNDERMINED. 2169 01:28:19,223 --> 01:28:25,162 THE QUESTION IS COULD THESE 2170 01:28:25,162 --> 01:28:27,131 DIGITAL TWINS PRODUCE HARM 2171 01:28:27,131 --> 01:28:32,069 PARTICULARLY FOR PATIENTS, 2172 01:28:32,069 --> 01:28:32,703 PARTICULARLY IN THE CONTEXT OF 2173 01:28:32,703 --> 01:28:36,440 PATIENT RELATIONSHIP AND SO ON. 2174 01:28:36,440 --> 01:28:38,175 IT SEEMS THEY COULD. 2175 01:28:38,175 --> 01:28:40,911 DON'T SAY NECESSARILY WILL. 2176 01:28:40,911 --> 01:28:41,545 COULD. 2177 01:28:41,545 --> 01:28:43,781 FOR EXAMPLE IF THE PATIENT LIVED 2178 01:28:43,781 --> 01:28:47,251 EXPERIENCE IS A MYTH, 2179 01:28:47,251 --> 01:28:50,554 UNDERVALUED BECAUSE SEEN AS MORE 2180 01:28:50,554 --> 01:28:53,057 OBJECTIVE, IF THE PATIENT FEELS 2181 01:28:53,057 --> 01:28:57,194 COMPARED TO THE OUTPUT EVEN WHEN 2182 01:28:57,194 --> 01:29:00,364 THEY CONTRADICT HIS OR HER OWN 2183 01:29:00,364 --> 01:29:02,767 EXPERIENCE IT COULD BE SAID THIS 2184 01:29:02,767 --> 01:29:04,402 REPRESENTS INJUSTICE, HARM DONE 2185 01:29:04,402 --> 01:29:06,070 TO THE PATIENT. 2186 01:29:06,070 --> 01:29:11,542 ON THE OTHER HAND, IF 2187 01:29:11,542 --> 01:29:12,510 INDIVIDUALS, PATIENTS, LACK 2188 01:29:12,510 --> 01:29:14,945 CONCEPTUAL TOOLS, FOR EXAMPLE, 2189 01:29:14,945 --> 01:29:19,116 IF PREDICTIONS ARE FRAMED 2190 01:29:19,116 --> 01:29:20,818 THROUGH ALGORITHMS THAT THEY CAN 2191 01:29:20,818 --> 01:29:22,920 NOT INTERPRET, AND THESE AFFECT 2192 01:29:22,920 --> 01:29:24,889 ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND AND EVEN 2193 01:29:24,889 --> 01:29:26,957 NAVIGATE THEIR CONDITION, AGAIN 2194 01:29:26,957 --> 01:29:32,096 IT WOULD BE -- THERE'S ANOTHER 2195 01:29:32,096 --> 01:29:33,864 FORM OF SYSTEMIC INJUSTICE. 2196 01:29:33,864 --> 01:29:38,769 COMPUTATIONAL MODELS OF COURSE 2197 01:29:38,769 --> 01:29:41,071 CAN EMPOWER OFFERING INSIGHTS, I 2198 01:29:41,071 --> 01:29:42,807 DON'T THINK IT'S CONTROVERSIAL 2199 01:29:42,807 --> 01:29:43,908 AT ALL. 2200 01:29:43,908 --> 01:29:46,911 THE QUESTION THAT I'M RAISING 2201 01:29:46,911 --> 01:29:48,846 AND LEADS TO TOPICAL DISCUSSION 2202 01:29:48,846 --> 01:29:54,185 CAN THEY ALSO BE EMPOWERED, 2203 01:29:54,185 --> 01:29:56,620 SHIFTING AUTHORITY, RISKING 2204 01:29:56,620 --> 01:29:58,556 REDUCING PATIENTS -- REDUCING 2205 01:29:58,556 --> 01:30:00,324 QUALITY OF THE CLINICAL 2206 01:30:00,324 --> 01:30:00,591 ENCOUNTER? 2207 01:30:00,591 --> 01:30:03,394 SO, THIS RAISES THE ISSUE OF 2208 01:30:03,394 --> 01:30:05,463 WHOSE KNOWLEDGE TO BE 2209 01:30:05,463 --> 01:30:05,896 PRIORITIZED? 2210 01:30:05,896 --> 01:30:09,099 WHOSE VOICE SHOULD BE AMPLIFIED 2211 01:30:09,099 --> 01:30:11,802 OR SILENT? 2212 01:30:11,802 --> 01:30:15,673 THESE TECHNOLOGIES, ARE THESE 2213 01:30:15,673 --> 01:30:16,574 AMPLIFYING VOICES, WHICH? 2214 01:30:16,574 --> 01:30:20,578 ALSO THE ISSUE OF THE POTENTIAL 2215 01:30:20,578 --> 01:30:23,314 OF DIMINISHING HUMAN CONTACT, 2216 01:30:23,314 --> 01:30:28,586 DIGITAL TWINS BECOME MORE 2217 01:30:28,586 --> 01:30:32,189 EFFICIENT TO CONSULT, THEN 2218 01:30:32,189 --> 01:30:34,892 EXPECTATIONS WE DESERVE WHEN IT 2219 01:30:34,892 --> 01:30:36,527 COMES TO CARE. 2220 01:30:36,527 --> 01:30:39,964 WILL WE LOSE WHEN THE CLINICAL 2221 01:30:39,964 --> 01:30:42,967 ENCOUNTER BECOMES EVEN MEDIATED 2222 01:30:42,967 --> 01:30:44,101 BY THIS PREDICTED METRIC TO A 2223 01:30:44,101 --> 01:30:44,935 CERTAIN EXTENT. 2224 01:30:44,935 --> 01:30:48,105 AND FINALLY WE HAVE THE ISSUE OF 2225 01:30:48,105 --> 01:30:49,240 CLINICAL RESPONSIBILITY. 2226 01:30:49,240 --> 01:30:51,876 AND THESE ARE MADE CLEAR WHEN IT 2227 01:30:51,876 --> 01:30:52,943 COMES TO CLINICAL 2228 01:30:52,943 --> 01:30:53,811 RESPONSIBILITY, RESPONSIBILITY 2229 01:30:53,811 --> 01:30:55,045 IS ON THE CLINICIAN, 2230 01:30:55,045 --> 01:30:56,881 RESPONSIBILITY IS ON THE 2231 01:30:56,881 --> 01:30:57,248 SURGEON. 2232 01:30:57,248 --> 01:31:00,384 SO, THAT IS CLEAR. 2233 01:31:00,384 --> 01:31:03,020 HOWEVER, ONE QUESTION I THINK 2234 01:31:03,020 --> 01:31:05,122 THAT BECOMES WORTH DISCUSSING 2235 01:31:05,122 --> 01:31:08,158 ALSO IS WITH CLINICIANS WILL 2236 01:31:08,158 --> 01:31:16,367 SURGEONS BE PRESSURED TO DID DR 2237 01:31:16,367 --> 01:31:18,602 TO THE MODEL, TO BE FOLLOWED? 2238 01:31:18,602 --> 01:31:22,239 SO I THINK THIS IS ANOTHER THING 2239 01:31:22,239 --> 01:31:23,541 TO CONSIDER. 2240 01:31:23,541 --> 01:31:25,943 I WANT TO FINISH ARE A POINT 2241 01:31:25,943 --> 01:31:27,878 THAT THE REPORT BY THE NATIONAL 2242 01:31:27,878 --> 01:31:30,581 ACADEMIES MAKES WHEN THEY TALK 2243 01:31:30,581 --> 01:31:33,050 ABOUT DIGITAL TWINS. 2244 01:31:33,050 --> 01:31:34,151 HIGHLIGHTING INTERDISCIPLINARY 2245 01:31:34,151 --> 01:31:35,786 COLLABORATION AND INVESTMENT IN 2246 01:31:35,786 --> 01:31:37,955 INFRASTRUCTURE ARE ESSENTIAL, 2247 01:31:37,955 --> 01:31:40,991 NOT OPTIONAL, FOR DIGITAL TWINS. 2248 01:31:40,991 --> 01:31:42,393 I AGREE A HUNDRED PERCENT. 2249 01:31:42,393 --> 01:31:45,896 I WOULD LIKE TO GO FURTHER AND 2250 01:31:45,896 --> 01:31:49,733 STRESS THE NEED TO EXPLICITLY 2251 01:31:49,733 --> 01:31:50,801 INTEGRATE ETHICS AT THE 2252 01:31:50,801 --> 01:31:52,570 FOUNDATIONAL ELEMENT IN THIS 2253 01:31:52,570 --> 01:31:53,537 RESEARCH. 2254 01:31:53,537 --> 01:31:55,839 I BELIEVE TO TRULY REALIZE 2255 01:31:55,839 --> 01:31:59,109 BENEFITS OF DIGITAL TWINS WE 2256 01:31:59,109 --> 01:32:00,778 MUST BE INTENTIONAL, KNOW ABOUT 2257 01:32:00,778 --> 01:32:03,047 TECHNICAL COLLABORATION BUT ALSO 2258 01:32:03,047 --> 01:32:04,381 WHAT ARE THE ETHICAL FRAMEWORKS 2259 01:32:04,381 --> 01:32:07,318 USED, HOW ARE WE PROMOTING A 2260 01:32:07,318 --> 01:32:09,086 MORE ETHICAL UNDERSTANDING OF 2261 01:32:09,086 --> 01:32:10,054 THE ISSUE? 2262 01:32:10,054 --> 01:32:11,255 SO, FOR ME THE QUESTION 2263 01:32:11,255 --> 01:32:15,426 CONTINUES TO BE HOW DO WE DEAL 2264 01:32:15,426 --> 01:32:18,062 ETHICAL REFLECTION AS THE CORE 2265 01:32:18,062 --> 01:32:18,963 COMPONENT OF THE COLLABORATION, 2266 01:32:18,963 --> 01:32:22,199 HOW DO WE VIEW, AND WHAT 2267 01:32:22,199 --> 01:32:23,968 MECHANISM SHOULD WE TRY TO 2268 01:32:23,968 --> 01:32:26,270 BUILD, CREATE, TO MAKE THIS 2269 01:32:26,270 --> 01:32:30,107 INTEGRATION MUCH MORE CONCRETE 2270 01:32:30,107 --> 01:32:30,474 AND ACTIONABLE? 2271 01:32:30,474 --> 01:32:34,478 SO, I THINK WE HAVE TO -- I WANT 2272 01:32:34,478 --> 01:32:37,915 TO BE FAIR THAT ETHICAL CONCERNS 2273 01:32:37,915 --> 01:32:41,352 AROUND MODELING ARE NOT NEW, 2274 01:32:41,352 --> 01:32:43,787 SINCE THE 1980s OR SO CALLS 2275 01:32:43,787 --> 01:32:45,089 FOR GREATER ETHICAL 2276 01:32:45,089 --> 01:32:55,566 RESPONSIBILITY AMONG MODELS. 2277 01:32:55,866 --> 01:32:57,768 THESE SCHOOLS, OFTEN 2278 01:32:57,768 --> 01:32:58,135 UNDERADDRESSED. 2279 01:32:58,135 --> 01:32:59,003 MANY TIMES PEOPLE DO NOT KNOW 2280 01:32:59,003 --> 01:33:01,505 THEY FIT OR THEY FIND IT IS 2281 01:33:01,505 --> 01:33:04,441 DIFFICULT MANY TIMES TO REALLY 2282 01:33:04,441 --> 01:33:05,542 FOLLOW THEM. 2283 01:33:05,542 --> 01:33:08,712 SO IN ADDITION TO THAT WE HAVE 2284 01:33:08,712 --> 01:33:10,547 THE VIEW THAT MODELING IS 2285 01:33:10,547 --> 01:33:12,249 OBJECTIVE AND VALUE FREE SO 2286 01:33:12,249 --> 01:33:14,385 THEREFORE ETHICAL REFLECTION 2287 01:33:14,385 --> 01:33:17,021 MIGHT BE GOOD, BUT IS OPTIONAL 2288 01:33:17,021 --> 01:33:19,456 RATHER THAN INTENTIONAL. 2289 01:33:19,456 --> 01:33:21,525 FOUNDATIONAL TRAINING I THINK 2290 01:33:21,525 --> 01:33:22,693 REALLY EQUIPS SCIENTISTS TO 2291 01:33:22,693 --> 01:33:26,230 LEAD, TO NAVIGATE SOME OF THESE 2292 01:33:26,230 --> 01:33:27,231 QUESTIONS, HUMAN BRAIN PROJECT 2293 01:33:27,231 --> 01:33:32,136 IN PARTICULAR, QUITE A BIT, 2294 01:33:32,136 --> 01:33:35,472 ATTEMPTED TO CREATE EDUCATIONAL 2295 01:33:35,472 --> 01:33:38,308 MODELS, DESIGNED NOT TO IMPOSE 2296 01:33:38,308 --> 01:33:40,711 RULES, TO FOSTER COMPLIANCE BUT 2297 01:33:40,711 --> 01:33:50,254 RATHER TO PROMOTE REFLECTION AND 2298 01:33:50,254 --> 01:33:51,021 EXAMINATION. 2299 01:33:51,021 --> 01:33:52,022 HOWEVER, THOUGH, I DON'T THINK 2300 01:33:52,022 --> 01:33:55,259 THAT'S ENOUGH. 2301 01:33:55,259 --> 01:33:56,827 WITH THE GROUP OF SCIENTISTS 2302 01:33:56,827 --> 01:34:00,531 ACTUALLY WE'RE WORKING ON THIS 2303 01:34:00,531 --> 01:34:01,498 IDEA THAT ETHICAL CAPACITY 2304 01:34:01,498 --> 01:34:07,871 BUILDING MUST BE EMBEDDED IN THE 2305 01:34:07,871 --> 01:34:09,740 LAB, NOT BE A AFTERTHOUGHT, 2306 01:34:09,740 --> 01:34:11,475 CREATING SAFE SPACES FOR 2307 01:34:11,475 --> 01:34:12,276 REFLECTION, COLLABORATION, IN 2308 01:34:12,276 --> 01:34:16,080 THE LAB. 2309 01:34:16,080 --> 01:34:18,148 WHEN PEOPLE ARE MODELING, FREE 2310 01:34:18,148 --> 01:34:22,986 TO DISCUSS AND REFLECT ON THIS 2311 01:34:22,986 --> 01:34:23,187 ISSUE. 2312 01:34:23,187 --> 01:34:26,557 ULTIMATELY IT'S CLEAR THIS IS A 2313 01:34:26,557 --> 01:34:29,293 SHIFT TOWARDS VIEWING ETHICS AND 2314 01:34:29,293 --> 01:34:32,696 ETHICAL REFLECTION AS KEY 2315 01:34:32,696 --> 01:34:34,331 COMPONENT OF SCIENTIFIC 2316 01:34:34,331 --> 01:34:35,099 EXCELLENCE BUT I THINK THAT'S 2317 01:34:35,099 --> 01:34:38,068 EXACTLY THE KIND OF THING WE 2318 01:34:38,068 --> 01:34:43,540 HAVE TO BE CONCERNED WITH. 2319 01:34:43,540 --> 01:34:45,409 THESE ARE ADDITIONAL TEXTS AND 2320 01:34:45,409 --> 01:34:45,743 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 2321 01:34:45,743 --> 01:34:48,378 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 2322 01:34:48,378 --> 01:34:48,746 >> WONDERFUL. 2323 01:34:48,746 --> 01:34:49,680 THANK YOU SO MUCH. 2324 01:34:49,680 --> 01:34:52,950 WE HAVE TIME FOR ONE QUESTION 2325 01:34:52,950 --> 01:34:54,084 BEFORE WE TRANSITION TO OUR 2326 01:34:54,084 --> 01:34:55,185 FINAL SPEAKER BEFORE THE BREAK 2327 01:34:55,185 --> 01:34:56,587 AND THEN WE'LL HAVE TIME FOR 2328 01:34:56,587 --> 01:35:03,393 DISCUSSION WITH ALL OF OUR 2329 01:35:03,393 --> 01:35:04,928 SPEAKERS FOLLOWING THE BREAK. 2330 01:35:04,928 --> 01:35:07,231 JIM HAS JUMPED IN. 2331 01:35:07,231 --> 01:35:08,766 PLEASE ASK THE QUESTION. 2332 01:35:08,766 --> 01:35:10,501 >> ARLEEN, THANK YOU FOR THE 2333 01:35:10,501 --> 01:35:10,834 TALK. 2334 01:35:10,834 --> 01:35:12,703 IT'S ALWAYS NICE TO SEE HOW YOU 2335 01:35:12,703 --> 01:35:15,773 THINK ABOUT THESE THINGS FROM 2336 01:35:15,773 --> 01:35:16,740 YOUR PERSPECTIVE. 2337 01:35:16,740 --> 01:35:18,242 IT DID RAISE AN INTERESTING 2338 01:35:18,242 --> 01:35:19,710 QUESTION FOR ME THOUGH. 2339 01:35:19,710 --> 01:35:22,746 IF THE IDEA IS THAT YOU HAVE TO 2340 01:35:22,746 --> 01:35:26,250 HAVE A CAUSAL HYPOTHESIS TO MOVE 2341 01:35:26,250 --> 01:35:29,186 INTO THIS VIRTUAL TWIN AREA, ONE 2342 01:35:29,186 --> 01:35:32,923 OF THE AREAS OF ACTIVE RESEARCH 2343 01:35:32,923 --> 01:35:38,195 IN NEUROSCIENCE IS ORGANOIDS, 2344 01:35:38,195 --> 01:35:40,164 THE GOAL TO TAKE TISSUE, ALLOW 2345 01:35:40,164 --> 01:35:42,800 IT TO GROW AND CREATE MODEL 2346 01:35:42,800 --> 01:35:43,634 SYSTEMS TO TEST HYPOTHESES. 2347 01:35:43,634 --> 01:35:46,703 WHAT WOULD BE THE ETHICAL 2348 01:35:46,703 --> 01:35:57,147 DISTINCTION IN TWEETING A 2349 01:35:58,415 --> 01:36:00,584 DIGITAL ORGANOID OR ASSEMBLIOD, 2350 01:36:00,584 --> 01:36:01,084 ARE THERE DISTINCTIONS? 2351 01:36:01,084 --> 01:36:02,586 >> I THINK THE QUESTION IS 2352 01:36:02,586 --> 01:36:08,859 POINTING TO THE ISSUE OF MORAL 2353 01:36:08,859 --> 01:36:11,895 STATUS, DIFFERENT ENTITIES, 2354 01:36:11,895 --> 01:36:12,596 DIFFERENT MORAL STATUS? 2355 01:36:12,596 --> 01:36:15,499 >> I'M SORRY, WHY WOULD THEY 2356 01:36:15,499 --> 01:36:16,834 HAVE DIFFERENT MORAL STATUS? 2357 01:36:16,834 --> 01:36:18,936 >> I THINK THAT'S A FANTASTIC 2358 01:36:18,936 --> 01:36:20,204 QUESTION. 2359 01:36:20,204 --> 01:36:21,438 WOULD YOU TREAT THEM 2360 01:36:21,438 --> 01:36:22,306 DIFFERENTLY, RIGHT? 2361 01:36:22,306 --> 01:36:24,575 THAT'S WHAT YOU'RE ASKING, DO 2362 01:36:24,575 --> 01:36:28,912 THEY HAVE DIFFERENT MORAL 2363 01:36:28,912 --> 01:36:29,146 STATUS? 2364 01:36:29,146 --> 01:36:33,217 AND I THINK -- I DON'T KNOW THAT 2365 01:36:33,217 --> 01:36:36,553 I WOULD WANT TO STATE THEY HAVE 2366 01:36:36,553 --> 01:36:37,621 DIFFERENT MORAL STATUS BUT 2367 01:36:37,621 --> 01:36:40,257 HONESTLY WHAT WE NEED TO BE 2368 01:36:40,257 --> 01:36:44,628 AWARE OF IS THAT THESE DIFFERENT 2369 01:36:44,628 --> 01:36:50,767 SCHOOLS BEING DEVELOPED CANNOT 2370 01:36:50,767 --> 01:36:53,403 BE TAKEN TO BE AS OBJECTIVE AND 2371 01:36:53,403 --> 01:36:55,939 REPRESENTATIVE AS WE MIGHT THINK 2372 01:36:55,939 --> 01:36:56,206 THEY ARE. 2373 01:36:56,206 --> 01:36:59,042 AND IN THAT RESPECT WE HAVE TO 2374 01:36:59,042 --> 01:37:00,978 BE MUCH MORE CAREFUL. 2375 01:37:00,978 --> 01:37:06,884 SO I WOULD HAVE TO THINK MUCH 2376 01:37:06,884 --> 01:37:10,254 LONGER ABOUT WHETHER THERE'S 2377 01:37:10,254 --> 01:37:11,188 DIFFERENCE STATUS OF ORGANOID OR 2378 01:37:11,188 --> 01:37:13,123 DIGITAL TWIN BUT THEY ARE 2379 01:37:13,123 --> 01:37:16,493 BOTH -- BOTH CASES ISSUES ARE 2380 01:37:16,493 --> 01:37:21,098 BEING RAISED REGARDING HOW THEY 2381 01:37:21,098 --> 01:37:28,372 ARE BEING MENTIONED, ORGANOIDS 2382 01:37:28,372 --> 01:37:29,907 INTELLIGENCE, DIGITAL TWIN, 2383 01:37:29,907 --> 01:37:32,442 VIRTUAL BRAIN. 2384 01:37:32,442 --> 01:37:37,014 WE HAVE TO BE QUITE AWARE THAT 2385 01:37:37,014 --> 01:37:40,951 THESE TOOLS ARE MUCH MORE 2386 01:37:40,951 --> 01:37:42,886 EMBEDDED IN A NUMBER THAT WE 2387 01:37:42,886 --> 01:37:45,489 USUALLY DON'T PAY ATTENTION TO. 2388 01:37:45,489 --> 01:37:47,658 THAT FOR ME WHAT IS THE MORAL 2389 01:37:47,658 --> 01:37:49,526 STATUS OF EACH AND WHAT ARE WE 2390 01:37:49,526 --> 01:37:51,161 OWED TO EACH OF THEM? 2391 01:37:51,161 --> 01:37:54,031 I THINK WE REALLY HAVE TO START 2392 01:37:54,031 --> 01:37:56,566 PRIORITIZING WHAT ARE THEY DOING 2393 01:37:56,566 --> 01:37:59,169 REGARDING AND HOW ARE WE TAKING 2394 01:37:59,169 --> 01:38:00,904 WHAT THEY GIVE, HOW ARE WE 2395 01:38:00,904 --> 01:38:03,140 RATING THE KIND OF KNOWLEDGE 2396 01:38:03,140 --> 01:38:04,441 THEY ARE PROVIDING? 2397 01:38:04,441 --> 01:38:09,212 >> THANK YOU. 2398 01:38:09,212 --> 01:38:09,546 >> TERRIFIC. 2399 01:38:09,546 --> 01:38:11,848 THAT LEAVES US WITH ONE MORE 2400 01:38:11,848 --> 01:38:12,983 QUESTION BEFORE WE SHIFT. 2401 01:38:12,983 --> 01:38:14,518 LET ME SEE IF THERE ARE ANY 2402 01:38:14,518 --> 01:38:18,655 OTHER QUESTIONS BEFORE WE SHIFT 2403 01:38:18,655 --> 01:38:21,191 TO THE FINAL SPEAKER BEFORE THE 2404 01:38:21,191 --> 01:38:21,725 BREAK. 2405 01:38:21,725 --> 01:38:24,728 I'M SURE THERE ARE A LOT OF 2406 01:38:24,728 --> 01:38:25,495 QUESTIONS BECAUSE THAT 2407 01:38:25,495 --> 01:38:26,463 WONDERFULLY FRAMES THE 2408 01:38:26,463 --> 01:38:27,130 QUESTION -- SORRY, KAREN, DID 2409 01:38:27,130 --> 01:38:29,967 YOU HAVE A QUESTION? 2410 01:38:29,967 --> 01:38:30,734 PLEASE GO AHEAD. 2411 01:38:30,734 --> 01:38:34,805 >> I THINK IT'S QUICK. 2412 01:38:34,805 --> 01:38:36,506 ARLEEN WAS ONE OF THE DEPUTY 2413 01:38:36,506 --> 01:38:39,810 LEADS OF THE HUMAN BRAIN PROJECT 2414 01:38:39,810 --> 01:38:42,212 ENGAGEMENT EFFORTS, ALSO. 2415 01:38:42,212 --> 01:38:43,447 SO I'M CURIOUS, ARLEEN, 2416 01:38:43,447 --> 01:38:45,215 SOMETHING I COULD LOOK UP BUT 2417 01:38:45,215 --> 01:38:48,919 HAVING THE EXPERT I CAN ASK YOU, 2418 01:38:48,919 --> 01:38:50,420 WERE THERE PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT 2419 01:38:50,420 --> 01:38:55,058 PROJECT ASKING SOME OF THESE 2420 01:38:55,058 --> 01:38:56,360 QUESTIONS, CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS, 2421 01:38:56,360 --> 01:38:58,895 ABOUT DIGITAL TWINS OR THE 2422 01:38:58,895 --> 01:39:00,864 DISTINCTION OF THE VIRTUAL 2423 01:39:00,864 --> 01:39:01,832 BRAIN, YOU KNOW, VERSUS DIGITAL 2424 01:39:01,832 --> 01:39:02,366 TWIN? 2425 01:39:02,366 --> 01:39:05,235 YOU WROTE AN EXCELLENT PAPER BUT 2426 01:39:05,235 --> 01:39:06,970 I'M CURIOUS WAS THERE ANY 2427 01:39:06,970 --> 01:39:07,270 PUBLISHED -- 2428 01:39:07,270 --> 01:39:09,940 >> YEAH, THIS IS INTERESTING. 2429 01:39:09,940 --> 01:39:11,775 WE DID WRITE QUITE A BIT. 2430 01:39:11,775 --> 01:39:18,849 THE PAPER I MENTIONED AT THE 2431 01:39:18,849 --> 01:39:29,359 BEGINNING, BY KATRINA MUNZ AT 2432 01:39:32,896 --> 01:39:36,566 FIRST SPECIFIC EFFORTS TO ENGAGE 2433 01:39:36,566 --> 01:39:39,936 CITIZENS ON THE ISSUE, DIGITAL 2434 01:39:39,936 --> 01:39:41,705 TWIN VERSUS BRAIN, SO ENGAGED IN 2435 01:39:41,705 --> 01:39:43,340 A NUMBER OF ACTIVITIES BUT NOT 2436 01:39:43,340 --> 01:39:47,277 SPECIFICALLY ON THAT ONE, AS FAR 2437 01:39:47,277 --> 01:39:48,645 AS I REMEMBER. 2438 01:39:48,645 --> 01:39:51,848 BY THE WAY, I HAVE TO SAY THAT, 2439 01:39:51,848 --> 01:39:55,485 I MEAN NOT GIVING A TALK, BY 2440 01:39:55,485 --> 01:39:55,819 ENGAGE AM. 2441 01:39:55,819 --> 01:40:00,090 WE GAVE MANY TALKS ABOUT THIS. 2442 01:40:00,090 --> 01:40:03,193 I'M TALKING ABOUT ENGAGEMENT 2443 01:40:03,193 --> 01:40:05,562 UNDERSTOOD BIDIRECTIONAL WAY, 2444 01:40:05,562 --> 01:40:08,331 ENGAGED, DIALOGUE WITH PUBLIC. 2445 01:40:08,331 --> 01:40:11,601 I HAVEN'T SEEN THAT ASKED IN THE 2446 01:40:11,601 --> 01:40:14,371 LAST FEW MONTHS IN THE HUMAN 2447 01:40:14,371 --> 01:40:24,881 PROJECT BUT VIKTOR PROBABLY HAS. 2448 01:40:24,881 --> 01:40:25,315 >> OKAY. 2449 01:40:25,315 --> 01:40:26,383 >> QUICKLY, VIKTOR, TO GET TO 2450 01:40:26,383 --> 01:40:28,485 THE FINAL SPEAKER AND MORE TIME 2451 01:40:28,485 --> 01:40:29,820 FOR CONVERSATION. 2452 01:40:29,820 --> 01:40:31,021 PLEASE GO AHEAD. 2453 01:40:31,021 --> 01:40:35,258 YOU CAN MAKE YOUR BRIEF 2454 01:40:35,258 --> 01:40:37,894 INTERVENTION. 2455 01:40:37,894 --> 01:40:38,061 NO? 2456 01:40:38,061 --> 01:40:39,296 OKAY. 2457 01:40:39,296 --> 01:40:40,397 I'M GOING TO TAKE THAT SIGN 2458 01:40:40,397 --> 01:40:41,731 LANGUAGE TO BE MOVE AHEAD AND 2459 01:40:41,731 --> 01:40:45,302 WE'LL TALK ABOUT IT AFTER THE 2460 01:40:45,302 --> 01:40:45,502 BREAK. 2461 01:40:45,502 --> 01:40:50,740 SO, LET ME INTRODUCE THE FINAL 2462 01:40:50,740 --> 01:40:56,480 SPEAKERS DR. JANA SCHAICH BORG, 2463 01:40:56,480 --> 01:40:57,781 WALTER SINNOTT-ARMSTRONG AND 2464 01:40:57,781 --> 01:40:59,883 VINCENT CONITZER TO SHARE 2465 01:40:59,883 --> 01:41:06,089 ETHICAL CONVERSATIONS RELATED TO 2466 01:41:06,089 --> 01:41:07,390 MORAL DIGITAL, HOW TO THINK 2467 01:41:07,390 --> 01:41:11,027 ABOUT THESE ISSUES AND SO I'M 2468 01:41:11,027 --> 01:41:13,630 NOT QUITE SURE HOW THEY ARE 2469 01:41:13,630 --> 01:41:14,264 DIVIDING. 2470 01:41:14,264 --> 01:41:15,365 THERE'S JANA. 2471 01:41:15,365 --> 01:41:17,601 SO LET ME TURN IT OVER 2472 01:41:17,601 --> 01:41:19,336 PRESUMABLY TO JANA TO KICK US 2473 01:41:19,336 --> 01:41:20,003 OFF. 2474 01:41:20,003 --> 01:41:21,571 IF I'M WRONG YOU'LL CORRECT ME 2475 01:41:21,571 --> 01:41:23,206 WITH OUR GRATITUDE. 2476 01:41:23,206 --> 01:41:24,207 SO THANKS. 2477 01:41:24,207 --> 01:41:25,609 >> THAT'S RIGHT. 2478 01:41:25,609 --> 01:41:27,377 THANKS FOR THE INVITATION. 2479 01:41:27,377 --> 01:41:30,780 IT'S A PLEASURE AND FASCINATING 2480 01:41:30,780 --> 01:41:34,050 TO BE HERE. 2481 01:41:34,050 --> 01:41:35,852 WE DECIDED I WOULD TALK. 2482 01:41:35,852 --> 01:41:38,555 THREE OF US HERE FOR QUESTIONS. 2483 01:41:38,555 --> 01:41:40,590 I'M TRYING TO SHARE MY SLIDES. 2484 01:41:40,590 --> 01:41:43,426 ARE YOU SEEING MY SLIDES? 2485 01:41:43,426 --> 01:41:43,627 OKAY. 2486 01:41:43,627 --> 01:41:45,228 JUST YELL IF THAT'S NOT THE CASE 2487 01:41:45,228 --> 01:41:49,666 AT SOME POINT. 2488 01:41:49,666 --> 01:41:51,268 I CAN'T SEE EVERYTHING ON THE 2489 01:41:51,268 --> 01:41:52,369 SCREEN AT THE SAME TIME. 2490 01:41:52,369 --> 01:41:53,904 THANK YOU FOR THE INVITATION. 2491 01:41:53,904 --> 01:41:56,306 I'M SPEAKING ON BEHALF OF ALL 2492 01:41:56,306 --> 01:41:58,508 THESE ARE OF US, MYSELF, A 2493 01:41:58,508 --> 01:42:06,283 NEUROSCIENTIST WHO I LIKE TO SAY 2494 01:42:06,283 --> 01:42:08,552 ADAPTED, WALTER AND VINCENT, MO 2495 01:42:08,552 --> 01:42:09,352 IS A COMPUTER SCIENCE 2496 01:42:09,352 --> 01:42:10,987 SPECIALIZING IN A.I. 2497 01:42:10,987 --> 01:42:12,722 IN OTHER AUDIENCES PERHAPS NOT 2498 01:42:12,722 --> 01:42:15,926 THIS ONE THEY OFTEN WONDER WHAT 2499 01:42:15,926 --> 01:42:17,561 ON EARTH BROUGHT THE THREE OF 2500 01:42:17,561 --> 01:42:20,597 YOU TOGETHER? 2501 01:42:20,597 --> 01:42:21,498 DIVERSE BACKGROUNDS. 2502 01:42:21,498 --> 01:42:24,568 THE ANSWER IS OUR ENTHUSIASM FOR 2503 01:42:24,568 --> 01:42:24,901 A.I. 2504 01:42:24,901 --> 01:42:26,503 WE'VE BEEN WORKING TOGETHER 2505 01:42:26,503 --> 01:42:29,472 SINCE 2016, ALMOST A DECADE. 2506 01:42:29,472 --> 01:42:31,274 AND WHAT BROUGHT US TOGETHER, 2507 01:42:31,274 --> 01:42:32,876 AGAIN, WAS AT THAT TIME OUR 2508 01:42:32,876 --> 01:42:34,511 ENTHUSIASM FOR A.I. 2509 01:42:34,511 --> 01:42:35,712 THAT'S CUTE THESE DAYS BECAUSE 2510 01:42:35,712 --> 01:42:38,448 HALF THE WORLD WOULD SAY THEY 2511 01:42:38,448 --> 01:42:39,849 ARE AN A.I. ENTHUSIAST BUT MOST 2512 01:42:39,849 --> 01:42:42,152 PEOPLE DIDN'T KNOW WHAT A.I. WAS 2513 01:42:42,152 --> 01:42:43,286 AT THAT TIME. 2514 01:42:43,286 --> 01:42:44,221 YET VINCE DEDICATED HIS CAREER 2515 01:42:44,221 --> 01:42:45,689 TO A.I. 2516 01:42:45,689 --> 01:42:47,190 I AS A NEUROSCIENTIST HAVE BEEN 2517 01:42:47,190 --> 01:42:49,826 USING IT FOR A LONG TIME IN MY 2518 01:42:49,826 --> 01:42:55,298 WORK IN BRAIN IMAGING AND 2519 01:42:55,298 --> 01:42:56,733 POSTDOCTORAL WORK, INTERFACE, 2520 01:42:56,733 --> 01:42:57,534 PSYCHIATRIC DISEASE, AND WALTER 2521 01:42:57,534 --> 01:42:59,803 WRITING ABOUT IT FOR A WHILE. 2522 01:42:59,803 --> 01:43:01,104 WE WERE ALL REALLY EXCITED ABOUT 2523 01:43:01,104 --> 01:43:03,940 ALL OF THE POTENTIAL A.I. HAD TO 2524 01:43:03,940 --> 01:43:07,744 DO ESPECIALLY IN MEDICINE. 2525 01:43:07,744 --> 01:43:10,180 AND IN HELPING PEOPLE IN THOSE 2526 01:43:10,180 --> 01:43:11,648 TYPES OF DOMAINS. 2527 01:43:11,648 --> 01:43:17,621 WE ALSO REALIZED A.I. HAD 2528 01:43:17,621 --> 01:43:20,624 POTENTIAL TO DO TREMENDOUS HARM 2529 01:43:20,624 --> 01:43:23,860 IF NOT CAREFUL OR RESPONSIBLE. 2530 01:43:23,860 --> 01:43:25,629 NOW WE'RE SEEING LOTS OF HARMS 2531 01:43:25,629 --> 01:43:28,198 PLAY OUT, THEY ARE NOT 2532 01:43:28,198 --> 01:43:30,500 HYPOTHETICAL ANYMORE, THESE ARE 2533 01:43:30,500 --> 01:43:31,268 SOME EXAMPLES. 2534 01:43:31,268 --> 01:43:33,470 SO OUR GROUP HAS BEEN DEDICATED 2535 01:43:33,470 --> 01:43:35,238 TO MORAL A.I. 2536 01:43:35,238 --> 01:43:38,174 THE FIELD OF BUILDING A.I. THAT 2537 01:43:38,174 --> 01:43:40,043 CAN BEHAVE IN WAYS CONSISTENT 2538 01:43:40,043 --> 01:43:42,112 WITH MORAL VALUES, ALSO HELPING 2539 01:43:42,112 --> 01:43:44,547 HUMANS LEARN HOW TO USE A.I. IN 2540 01:43:44,547 --> 01:43:45,849 ETHICAL WAYS AND WE FEEL 2541 01:43:45,849 --> 01:43:47,917 STRONGLY ENOUGH THAT WE WROTE A 2542 01:43:47,917 --> 01:43:49,552 BOOK ON IT, HERE I'M SHOWING 2543 01:43:49,552 --> 01:43:52,088 YOU, FOR THIS GROUP WE WOULD 2544 01:43:52,088 --> 01:43:53,156 LOVE YOUR FEEDBACK ON THE BOOK. 2545 01:43:53,156 --> 01:43:55,225 A REASON I PUT IT UP TO MAKE 2546 01:43:55,225 --> 01:43:57,093 SURE YOU KNOW IN THE BOOK WE GO 2547 01:43:57,093 --> 01:44:00,163 OVER AT LEAST FIVE PIECES OF THE 2548 01:44:00,163 --> 01:44:02,265 PUZZLE WE NEED TO PURSUE 2549 01:44:02,265 --> 01:44:03,233 SIMULTANEOUSLY TO MAKE MORAL 2550 01:44:03,233 --> 01:44:05,568 A.I. A REALITY. 2551 01:44:05,568 --> 01:44:12,575 PUBLIC POLICY, TECHNICAL TOOLS, 2552 01:44:12,575 --> 01:44:15,078 EDUCATIONAL, MORAL A.I., 2553 01:44:15,078 --> 01:44:15,612 STAKEHOLDER FEEDBACK 2554 01:44:15,612 --> 01:44:16,146 INFRASTRUCTURE. 2555 01:44:16,146 --> 01:44:18,014 WE THINK ALL OF THESE PIECES ARE 2556 01:44:18,014 --> 01:44:19,215 NECESSARY AND IMPORTANT BUT 2557 01:44:19,215 --> 01:44:21,318 TODAY GIVEN THE TIME AND FOR 2558 01:44:21,318 --> 01:44:22,719 THIS GROUP WE'RE GOING TO FOCUS 2559 01:44:22,719 --> 01:44:24,587 ON TELLING YOU ABOUT THE WORK 2560 01:44:24,587 --> 01:44:29,392 OUR GROUP IS WORKING ON FOR ONE 2561 01:44:29,392 --> 01:44:30,827 OF THESE PUZZLE PIECES, 2562 01:44:30,827 --> 01:44:31,695 TECHNICAL TOOLS. 2563 01:44:31,695 --> 01:44:37,367 HOW DO YOU BUILD TOOLS TO HELP 2564 01:44:37,367 --> 01:44:38,568 A.I. BEHAVE CONSISTENT WITH 2565 01:44:38,568 --> 01:44:39,469 MORAL VALUES? THERE ARE MANY 2566 01:44:39,469 --> 01:44:40,437 THINGS TO TRY. 2567 01:44:40,437 --> 01:44:42,238 BUT HERE IS ONE APPROACH WE'VE 2568 01:44:42,238 --> 01:44:45,141 BEEN WORKING ON WE HAD SOME 2569 01:44:45,141 --> 01:44:47,544 SUCCESS WITH, WE THINK SHOWS 2570 01:44:47,544 --> 01:44:47,777 PROMISE. 2571 01:44:47,777 --> 01:44:49,979 THE OVERALL IDEA WHICH MAY NOW 2572 01:44:49,979 --> 01:44:50,814 SEEM FAMILIAR SINCE PEOPLE ARE 2573 01:44:50,814 --> 01:44:56,086 USING A.I. IN MANY CASES IS THAT 2574 01:44:56,086 --> 01:44:58,488 WE ACT AN INDIVIDUAL PERSON, 2575 01:44:58,488 --> 01:45:00,557 PRESENT MANY MORAL SCENARIOS AND 2576 01:45:00,557 --> 01:45:01,758 ASK THEM TO MAKE JUDGMENTS ABOUT 2577 01:45:01,758 --> 01:45:03,526 WHAT'S RIGHT OR WRONG. 2578 01:45:03,526 --> 01:45:10,734 WE MAY CHOOSE THOSE CAREFULLY SO 2579 01:45:10,734 --> 01:45:11,968 THEY ARE MAXIMALLY INFORMATIVE, 2580 01:45:11,968 --> 01:45:14,204 WE USE THAT TO MAKE PREDICTIONS 2581 01:45:14,204 --> 01:45:18,508 ABOUT WHAT PERSON WOULD SAY IS 2582 01:45:18,508 --> 01:45:20,143 RIGHT OR WRONG AND FOR MANY 2583 01:45:20,143 --> 01:45:21,678 INDIVIDUAL PEOPLE AND GET 2584 01:45:21,678 --> 01:45:22,979 PREDICTIONS ABOUT WHAT EACH ONE 2585 01:45:22,979 --> 01:45:24,881 WOULD SAY IS RIGHT OR WRONG. 2586 01:45:24,881 --> 01:45:28,251 WE CAN USE MANY TYPES OF 2587 01:45:28,251 --> 01:45:31,221 STRATEGIES TO AGGREGATE INTO AN 2588 01:45:31,221 --> 01:45:31,388 A.I. 2589 01:45:31,388 --> 01:45:32,555 WE'LL HAPPY TO TALK ABOUT THOSE 2590 01:45:32,555 --> 01:45:34,824 BUT THERE ARE MANY OUT THERE. 2591 01:45:34,824 --> 01:45:37,460 AND SO WE CAN USE THAT 2592 01:45:37,460 --> 01:45:39,396 INTEGRATION IN A.I. TO SERVE AS 2593 01:45:39,396 --> 01:45:40,964 ETHICAL GUARD RAIL ON THE A.I. 2594 01:45:40,964 --> 01:45:42,065 BEHAVIOR AND CONSTRAINED WHAT 2595 01:45:42,065 --> 01:45:44,334 THE A.I. DOES AND JUDGMENT IT 2596 01:45:44,334 --> 01:45:44,667 MAKES. 2597 01:45:44,667 --> 01:45:48,838 AND SO WE CAN DO THIS WITH -- 2598 01:45:48,838 --> 01:45:50,373 WE'VE BEEN MORE SUCCESSFUL THAN 2599 01:45:50,373 --> 01:45:51,241 ANTICIPATED FROM THE BEGINNING. 2600 01:45:51,241 --> 01:45:53,443 THERE ARE OTHER GROUPS WORKING 2601 01:45:53,443 --> 01:45:56,312 ON THIS TOO ESPECIALLY IN A 2602 01:45:56,312 --> 01:45:57,046 DATA-DRIVEN WAY. 2603 01:45:57,046 --> 01:46:03,953 ALL ARE FINDING LEAST IN SOME 2604 01:46:03,953 --> 01:46:06,022 SCENARIOS CAN PREDICT WITH 90% 2605 01:46:06,022 --> 01:46:07,123 ACCURACY, ENOUGH TO GIVE 2606 01:46:07,123 --> 01:46:08,558 OPTIMISM THIS IS A TOOL THAT 2607 01:46:08,558 --> 01:46:09,859 COULD BE USEFUL. 2608 01:46:09,859 --> 01:46:11,394 I ALLUDED TO THE FACT OTHER 2609 01:46:11,394 --> 01:46:13,263 GROUPS ARE WORKING ON THIS TOO. 2610 01:46:13,263 --> 01:46:15,131 I THINK THE REASON WE WERE 2611 01:46:15,131 --> 01:46:15,999 INVITED TO TALK THERE'S 2612 01:46:15,999 --> 01:46:18,201 SOMETHING THAT MAKES US UNIQUE 2613 01:46:18,201 --> 01:46:18,635 AMONG THOSE GROUPS. 2614 01:46:18,635 --> 01:46:20,837 I THINK WE'RE THE ONLY ONE 2615 01:46:20,837 --> 01:46:21,938 FOCUSED ON THIS. 2616 01:46:21,938 --> 01:46:27,610 THAT'S AT LEAST IN A A GOOD PAT 2617 01:46:27,610 --> 01:46:32,682 OF OUR WORK WE'RE INTERESTED IN 2618 01:46:32,682 --> 01:46:34,751 UNDERSTANDING WHY THEY SAY IT'S 2619 01:46:34,751 --> 01:46:36,519 RIGHT OR WRONG, FOR EACH 2620 01:46:36,519 --> 01:46:37,253 INDIVIDUAL WHAT FEATURES ARE 2621 01:46:37,253 --> 01:46:38,588 THEY PAYING ATTENTION TO? 2622 01:46:38,588 --> 01:46:40,657 HOW ARE THEY WEIGHING FEATURES 2623 01:46:40,657 --> 01:46:42,692 AGAINST EACH OTHER? 2624 01:46:42,692 --> 01:46:44,093 ARE THEY USING PRINCIPLES, 2625 01:46:44,093 --> 01:46:46,162 RULES, HOW ARE THEY WORKING THIS 2626 01:46:46,162 --> 01:46:46,596 OUT? 2627 01:46:46,596 --> 01:46:48,498 COLLECTIVELY THE MORAL MODEL. 2628 01:46:48,498 --> 01:46:51,301 WHAT IS THEIR MORAL MODEL TO 2629 01:46:51,301 --> 01:46:53,069 MAKE THEIR MORAL DECISION. 2630 01:46:53,069 --> 01:46:55,472 YOU MIGHT WONDER WHY EVEN BOTHER 2631 01:46:55,472 --> 01:46:55,772 DOING THIS? 2632 01:46:55,772 --> 01:46:58,107 WHY EVEN BOTHER WORRYING ABOUT A 2633 01:46:58,107 --> 01:46:59,542 MORAL MODEL AS OPPOSED TO 2634 01:46:59,542 --> 01:47:00,410 PREDICTION? 2635 01:47:00,410 --> 01:47:01,511 I'LL TELL YOU AT LEAST ONE 2636 01:47:01,511 --> 01:47:02,278 REASON IS ETHICAL. 2637 01:47:02,278 --> 01:47:04,047 WE FEEL IF YOU'RE GOING TO BE 2638 01:47:04,047 --> 01:47:07,650 APPLYING A.I. TO MORAL 2639 01:47:07,650 --> 01:47:08,284 SITUATIONS, ESPECIALLY LIFE OR 2640 01:47:08,284 --> 01:47:09,219 DEATH, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO 2641 01:47:09,219 --> 01:47:11,488 EXPLAIN HOW A.I. IS MAKING 2642 01:47:11,488 --> 01:47:13,256 DECISION SO PEOPLE CAN EVALUATE 2643 01:47:13,256 --> 01:47:14,624 WHETHER THEY AGREE. 2644 01:47:14,624 --> 01:47:18,661 IT ALSO SEEMS LIKE IF WE CONS 2645 01:47:18,661 --> 01:47:19,362 CAN 2646 01:47:19,362 --> 01:47:22,332 UNDERSTAND, WE'LL BE IN A BETTER 2647 01:47:22,332 --> 01:47:24,334 PLACE TO PREDICT WHEN IT WILL 2648 01:47:24,334 --> 01:47:28,171 MAKE MISTAKES AS OPPOSED TO 2649 01:47:28,171 --> 01:47:29,772 BLACK BOX MODEL WHERE YOU HAVE 2650 01:47:29,772 --> 01:47:32,408 NO IDEA EVEN FIT SEEMS ACCURATE. 2651 01:47:32,408 --> 01:47:34,911 YOU MIGHT WONDER DO WE NEED TO 2652 01:47:34,911 --> 01:47:35,578 KNOW AN INDIVIDUAL'S MORAL 2653 01:47:35,578 --> 01:47:38,081 MODEL? COULDN'T WE HAVE A MODEL 2654 01:47:38,081 --> 01:47:39,749 OF A GROUP OVERALL, AGGREGATE 2655 01:47:39,749 --> 01:47:41,384 MORAL MODEL? 2656 01:47:41,384 --> 01:47:43,653 HERE IS ONE REASON WHY WE THINK 2657 01:47:43,653 --> 01:47:44,654 HAVING INDIVIDUAL MORAL MODELS 2658 01:47:44,654 --> 01:47:49,125 WOULD BE USEFUL. 2659 01:47:49,125 --> 01:47:50,593 I TOLD YOU FIRST GENERATION 2660 01:47:50,593 --> 01:47:52,228 ASKED PEOPLE TO MAKE MORAL 2661 01:47:52,228 --> 01:47:53,763 JUDGMENTS AND WE USED THOSE TO 2662 01:47:53,763 --> 01:47:56,266 HELP TRAIN THE A.I. TO PREDICT 2663 01:47:56,266 --> 01:47:58,234 NEW MORAL JUDGMENTS. 2664 01:47:58,234 --> 01:47:59,335 SECOND GENERATION MODELS THAT 2665 01:47:59,335 --> 01:48:00,904 WE'RE WORKING ON WE'RE TAKING 2666 01:48:00,904 --> 01:48:03,673 THIS IN A NEW DIRECTION. 2667 01:48:03,673 --> 01:48:05,542 NOW WE'RE EXPLORING BENEFIT OF 2668 01:48:05,542 --> 01:48:08,077 WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A.I. TELLS YOU 2669 01:48:08,077 --> 01:48:10,847 WHAT MODEL IT THINKS YOU'RE 2670 01:48:10,847 --> 01:48:11,180 USING. 2671 01:48:11,180 --> 01:48:16,452 IN THE CONTEXT OF KIDNEY 2672 01:48:16,452 --> 01:48:18,054 EXCHANGES, IT MIGHT SAY, I THINK 2673 01:48:18,054 --> 01:48:25,562 YOU ARE WEIGHING HOW MANY 2674 01:48:25,562 --> 01:48:30,667 DEPENDENTS WHEN DECIDE DECIDINO 2675 01:48:30,667 --> 01:48:34,170 SHOULD GET AND HOW MUCH TIME ON 2676 01:48:34,170 --> 01:48:35,371 THE WAIT THAT SEEMS RIGHT. 2677 01:48:35,371 --> 01:48:36,839 DO YOU THINK THAT'S RIGHT? 2678 01:48:36,839 --> 01:48:38,808 FIRST STEP, YES OR NO, 2679 01:48:38,808 --> 01:48:40,743 TRADITIONAL WAY. 2680 01:48:40,743 --> 01:48:42,512 WE'RE WORKING ON ASKING FOR 2681 01:48:42,512 --> 01:48:45,114 DEEPER FEEDBACK, BECAUSE WE HAVE 2682 01:48:45,114 --> 01:48:46,916 THESE MORAL MODELS AND WE'RE 2683 01:48:46,916 --> 01:48:49,519 BEING ABLE TO SAY EXACTLY WHAT 2684 01:48:49,519 --> 01:48:51,020 WE THINK IT IS, WHAT FEATURES 2685 01:48:51,020 --> 01:48:54,424 YOU'RE PAYING ATTENTION TO, WHAT 2686 01:48:54,424 --> 01:48:55,191 RULES YOU'RE PAYING ATTENTION TO 2687 01:48:55,191 --> 01:48:57,827 CAN PROVIDE WAYS FOR THE USER TO 2688 01:48:57,827 --> 01:48:59,896 CHANGE THE MODEL DIRECTLY SO I'M 2689 01:48:59,896 --> 01:49:01,798 SHOWING EXAMPLE HERE, A CONCEPT, 2690 01:49:01,798 --> 01:49:04,067 AND EXAMPLE I SHOWED BEFORE, 2691 01:49:04,067 --> 01:49:06,569 IMAGINE WE PUT SLIDER BARS UP 2692 01:49:06,569 --> 01:49:07,537 THERE, INDIVIDUALIZATION, OKAY, 2693 01:49:07,537 --> 01:49:09,906 HERE IS HOW MUCH WE THINK YOU'RE 2694 01:49:09,906 --> 01:49:11,507 WEARING FEATURES, COULD YOU 2695 01:49:11,507 --> 01:49:13,376 SLIDE THE BARS YOURSELF AND SAY 2696 01:49:13,376 --> 01:49:16,346 THIS IS ACTUALLY MORE ACCURATELY 2697 01:49:16,346 --> 01:49:19,782 REFLECTING HOW I WANT TO MAKE MY 2698 01:49:19,782 --> 01:49:20,183 DECISION. 2699 01:49:20,183 --> 01:49:21,384 AND SO THE PROCESS WE'RE 2700 01:49:21,384 --> 01:49:24,621 EXPLORING AND WORKING ON, OKAY, 2701 01:49:24,621 --> 01:49:28,491 MODEL TAKES THAT FEEDBACK, ASKS 2702 01:49:28,491 --> 01:49:29,058 MORE SCENARIOS, TAKES YOUR 2703 01:49:29,058 --> 01:49:30,593 CHOICES AND COMPARES TO THE 2704 01:49:30,593 --> 01:49:32,895 MODEL THAT YOU SAID YOU WANTED 2705 01:49:32,895 --> 01:49:34,530 TO USE, AND TELLS YOU AGAIN WHAT 2706 01:49:34,530 --> 01:49:36,265 KIND OF MODEL IT THINKS YOU'RE 2707 01:49:36,265 --> 01:49:37,900 USING, AGAIN YOU GIVE IT 2708 01:49:37,900 --> 01:49:38,468 FEEDBACK. 2709 01:49:38,468 --> 01:49:42,271 THE IDEA IS YOU CAN GO THROUGH 2710 01:49:42,271 --> 01:49:43,940 ITERATIVE COLLABORATIVE CYCLE, 2711 01:49:43,940 --> 01:49:45,775 UNTIL EVENTUALLY USER SAYS YES, 2712 01:49:45,775 --> 01:49:49,312 NOW I THINK YOU'VE GOT THIS 2713 01:49:49,312 --> 01:49:50,179 RIGHT. 2714 01:49:50,179 --> 01:49:51,514 I THINK THIS MODEL UNDERSTANDS 2715 01:49:51,514 --> 01:49:53,016 HOW I'M MAKING MY MORAL 2716 01:49:53,016 --> 01:49:56,653 JUDGMENT, MY MORAL A.I., 2717 01:49:56,653 --> 01:49:59,589 REPRESENT WHAT IS I THINK. 2718 01:49:59,589 --> 01:50:00,623 MULTIPLE REASONS WE'RE EXPLORING 2719 01:50:00,623 --> 01:50:03,426 THIS DEEP A.I. HUMAN TEAMING 2720 01:50:03,426 --> 01:50:05,161 APPROACH, AND THE FIRST IS THAT 2721 01:50:05,161 --> 01:50:06,829 WE THINK IT WILL BE A MORE 2722 01:50:06,829 --> 01:50:08,998 EFFICIENT WAY TO TRAIN UP A.I. 2723 01:50:08,998 --> 01:50:10,500 RIGHT NOW DATA DRIVEN A.I. 2724 01:50:10,500 --> 01:50:11,300 REQUIRES TREMENDOUS AMOUNT OF 2725 01:50:11,300 --> 01:50:11,701 DATA. 2726 01:50:11,701 --> 01:50:13,136 THIS MIGHT BE A WAY TO CUT DOWN 2727 01:50:13,136 --> 01:50:15,171 ON AMOUNT OF DATA WE NEED TO 2728 01:50:15,171 --> 01:50:17,640 TRAIN UP A MODEL TO BECOME 2729 01:50:17,640 --> 01:50:17,940 ACCURATE. 2730 01:50:17,940 --> 01:50:20,510 WE PREDICT THIS SHOULD LEAD TO 2731 01:50:20,510 --> 01:50:21,844 INCREASED ACCURACY, AND THAT 2732 01:50:21,844 --> 01:50:23,246 BECAUSE YOU'RE BEING ABLE TO 2733 01:50:23,246 --> 01:50:24,180 TAKE ADVANTAGE OF WHAT PEOPLE 2734 01:50:24,180 --> 01:50:26,482 SAY THEY ARE DOING AND WANT TO 2735 01:50:26,482 --> 01:50:28,484 DO IN THEIR MORAL JUDGMENT, THAT 2736 01:50:28,484 --> 01:50:29,619 WE CAN ACTUALLY USE THAT 2737 01:50:29,619 --> 01:50:31,220 INFORMATION TO LEAD TO MORE 2738 01:50:31,220 --> 01:50:32,188 ACCURATE MODELS. 2739 01:50:32,188 --> 01:50:33,189 MOST IMPORTANTLY PERHAPS WE 2740 01:50:33,189 --> 01:50:34,657 THINK THIS IS REALLY IMPORTANT 2741 01:50:34,657 --> 01:50:37,927 FOR USER TRUST, IF WE WANT TO 2742 01:50:37,927 --> 01:50:39,762 HAVE THESE A.I.S STAND IN FOR 2743 01:50:39,762 --> 01:50:41,831 PEOPLE THEY HAVE TO TRUST THAT 2744 01:50:41,831 --> 01:50:43,066 THIS THING IS REPRESENTING THEM 2745 01:50:43,066 --> 01:50:45,501 AND WE THINK THIS ITERATIVE 2746 01:50:45,501 --> 01:50:46,369 COLLABORATIVE APPROACH MIGHT BE 2747 01:50:46,369 --> 01:50:49,272 A GOOD WAY FOR DOING THAT. 2748 01:50:49,272 --> 01:50:51,741 IF WE'RE RIGHT THAT THIS 2749 01:50:51,741 --> 01:50:53,576 APPROACH WILL INTRODUCE THESE 2750 01:50:53,576 --> 01:50:54,877 THINGS IT OPENS OPPORTUNITIES 2751 01:50:54,877 --> 01:50:55,211 FOR THINGS. 2752 01:50:55,211 --> 01:50:56,612 I'M GOING TO MENTION ONE OF 2753 01:50:56,612 --> 01:51:00,683 THOSE WE'VE BEEN WORKING ON, ONE 2754 01:51:00,683 --> 01:51:04,420 WE CALL MORAL GPS. 2755 01:51:04,420 --> 01:51:06,255 THE SAME WAY GEOGRAPHIC TELLS 2756 01:51:06,255 --> 01:51:09,425 YOU STEPS TO TAKE FOR A 2757 01:51:09,425 --> 01:51:10,526 GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION, THE MORAL 2758 01:51:10,526 --> 01:51:11,527 COULD PROVIDE YOU WITH STEPS TO 2759 01:51:11,527 --> 01:51:14,130 TAKE TO GET TO MORAL OR ETHICAL 2760 01:51:14,130 --> 01:51:15,364 DESTINATION YOU CHOOSE. 2761 01:51:15,364 --> 01:51:18,901 WE CONCEIVE THAT YOU TRAIN UP 2762 01:51:18,901 --> 01:51:21,170 THESE GPSs OVER TIME WHEN 2763 01:51:21,170 --> 01:51:22,772 YOU'RE RESTED, CAN CORRECT 2764 01:51:22,772 --> 01:51:26,309 MISTAKES AND THINK ABOUT IT. 2765 01:51:26,309 --> 01:51:30,012 SO THESE ARE AVAILABLE FOR YOU 2766 01:51:30,012 --> 01:51:31,748 IN TIMES UNCERTAIN, STRESSFUL, 2767 01:51:31,748 --> 01:51:33,983 TIME CONSTRAINED LIKE A WHEN 2768 01:51:33,983 --> 01:51:35,184 KIDNEY TRANSPLANT SURGEON GETS A 2769 01:51:35,184 --> 01:51:38,454 CALL IN THE MIDDLE OF THE NIGHT, 2770 01:51:38,454 --> 01:51:40,022 TIRED, HAVE TO DECIDE IN 20 2771 01:51:40,022 --> 01:51:42,492 MINUTES WHETHER TO ACCEPT A 2772 01:51:42,492 --> 01:51:42,759 KIDNEY. 2773 01:51:42,759 --> 01:51:44,827 MORAL GPS COULD TELL THEM WHAT 2774 01:51:44,827 --> 01:51:46,462 THEIR CALM AND RESTED SELF WOULD 2775 01:51:46,462 --> 01:51:48,231 THINK IS THE BEST COURSE OF 2776 01:51:48,231 --> 01:51:49,832 ACTION AND GIVE A SENSE OF IF 2777 01:51:49,832 --> 01:51:51,801 THEY ARE PLANNING ON MAKING 2778 01:51:51,801 --> 01:51:52,902 DECISION WHETHER THAT DECISION 2779 01:51:52,902 --> 01:51:54,570 IS IN LINE WITH WHAT THEY SAID 2780 01:51:54,570 --> 01:51:56,339 THEY WANTED TO DO. 2781 01:51:56,339 --> 01:51:57,540 IF NOT, WHY? 2782 01:51:57,540 --> 01:51:58,841 SO THAT SOUNDS ABSTRACT BUT I 2783 01:51:58,841 --> 01:52:01,110 PROMISE YOU WE'RE WORKING ON IT 2784 01:52:01,110 --> 01:52:01,944 IN CONCRETE APPLICATIONS, THESE 2785 01:52:01,944 --> 01:52:03,112 ARE SOME OF THE APPLICATIONS 2786 01:52:03,112 --> 01:52:05,047 WE'RE WORKING ON. 2787 01:52:05,047 --> 01:52:06,315 I MENTIONED KIDNEY TRANSPLANT 2788 01:52:06,315 --> 01:52:07,250 ALLOCATION, THAT'S ONE OF THE 2789 01:52:07,250 --> 01:52:09,752 MAIN ONES WE'VE WORKED ON. 2790 01:52:09,752 --> 01:52:15,892 WE'RE EXTENDING THAT INTO NEW 2791 01:52:15,892 --> 01:52:17,460 CONCEPTS, ENDS OF LIFE 2792 01:52:17,460 --> 01:52:18,761 DECISIONS, WALTER IS WORKING ON 2793 01:52:18,761 --> 01:52:20,196 THIS, CAN YOU TRAIN A.I. BEFORE 2794 01:52:20,196 --> 01:52:21,631 DEMENTIA TO STAND IN FOR YOU 2795 01:52:21,631 --> 01:52:24,200 AFTER YOU HAVE THE DEMENTIA, TO 2796 01:52:24,200 --> 01:52:25,668 SAY WHAT KIND OF END OF LIFE 2797 01:52:25,668 --> 01:52:30,173 DECISION YOU WOULD HAVE WHEN IT 2798 01:52:30,173 --> 01:52:32,241 COMES UNDER DIFFERENT 2799 01:52:32,241 --> 01:52:32,575 CIRCUMSTANCES. 2800 01:52:32,575 --> 01:52:34,210 WE'VE BEEN CONTACTED BY 2801 01:52:34,210 --> 01:52:35,511 COMPANIES INTERESTED IN USING 2802 01:52:35,511 --> 01:52:38,815 THIS APPROACH TO MAKE TRIAGE 2803 01:52:38,815 --> 01:52:39,482 DECISIONS, MEDICAL TRIAGE 2804 01:52:39,482 --> 01:52:41,784 DECISIONS IN THE FIELD OF THE 2805 01:52:41,784 --> 01:52:42,051 MILITARY. 2806 01:52:42,051 --> 01:52:44,620 THESE ARE SOME OF THE IDEAS AND 2807 01:52:44,620 --> 01:52:46,923 TYPE OF THING WE'RE WORKING ON. 2808 01:52:46,923 --> 01:52:49,759 I WANT TO OPEN UP TO QUESTIONS, 2809 01:52:49,759 --> 01:52:53,596 BUT I WANT TO CALL ATTENTION TO 2810 01:52:53,596 --> 01:52:54,497 THINGS WORTH DISCUSSING BEFORE 2811 01:52:54,497 --> 01:52:56,532 WE GO INTO THE QUESTIONS. 2812 01:52:56,532 --> 01:52:57,633 FIRST IS THE MOST FUNDAMENTAL 2813 01:52:57,633 --> 01:53:00,136 QUESTION, ARE WE TRYING TO 2814 01:53:00,136 --> 01:53:02,972 CREATE YOUR DIGITAL MORAL TWIN? 2815 01:53:02,972 --> 01:53:03,973 I'LL SUBMIT THAT CONCEPT OR 2816 01:53:03,973 --> 01:53:08,878 QUESTION WASN'T ON THE RADAR 2817 01:53:08,878 --> 01:53:10,213 BEFORE NITA INVITED US. 2818 01:53:10,213 --> 01:53:12,515 WE STARTED THINKING BIT. 2819 01:53:12,515 --> 01:53:16,319 WELL, DEPENDING ON YOUR DEAF 2820 01:53:16,319 --> 01:53:18,254 NATION -- DEFINITION MAYBE WE 2821 01:53:18,254 --> 01:53:18,421 ARE. 2822 01:53:18,421 --> 01:53:20,022 ONE THING YOU MIGHT WONDER WHEN 2823 01:53:20,022 --> 01:53:21,657 THINKING ABOUT THAT QUESTION, SO 2824 01:53:21,657 --> 01:53:24,861 FAR WE'VE ONLY DESCRIBED HOW 2825 01:53:24,861 --> 01:53:26,262 WE'RE APPLYING THIS METHODOLOGY 2826 01:53:26,262 --> 01:53:27,463 TO SPECIFIC CIRCUMSTANCES, SOME 2827 01:53:27,463 --> 01:53:28,998 NOTIONS OF DIGITAL TWINS WOULD 2828 01:53:28,998 --> 01:53:30,099 EXPECT THE DIGITAL VERSION OF 2829 01:53:30,099 --> 01:53:32,401 YOU TO MIRROR YOU IN MANY 2830 01:53:32,401 --> 01:53:33,269 CONTEXT, NOT JUST ONE. 2831 01:53:33,269 --> 01:53:35,004 TOWARDS THAT END I WANT TO CALL 2832 01:53:35,004 --> 01:53:38,741 OUT THAT IN THE SAME WAY THAT 2833 01:53:38,741 --> 01:53:39,609 NEUROSCIENCE USES MODEL SYSTEMS 2834 01:53:39,609 --> 01:53:41,244 AND TESTS TO UNDERSTAND THE 2835 01:53:41,244 --> 01:53:42,578 BRAIN AT LARGE, TO MAKE 2836 01:53:42,578 --> 01:53:43,880 HYPOTHESES AT LARGE, HOW THE 2837 01:53:43,880 --> 01:53:45,414 BRAIN WORKS, OFTEN QUITE 2838 01:53:45,414 --> 01:53:48,050 CORRECT, AT LEAST ONE OF OUR 2839 01:53:48,050 --> 01:53:50,019 IDEAS IS BY STUDYING HOW CAN 2840 01:53:50,019 --> 01:53:51,687 TRAIN VERY SPECIFIC CONTAINED 2841 01:53:51,687 --> 01:53:53,422 CONTEXT THAT WE EVENTUALLY 2842 01:53:53,422 --> 01:53:55,291 UNDERSTAND VERY WELL BUT WILL 2843 01:53:55,291 --> 01:53:57,493 HELP US GENERATE HYPOTHESES AND 2844 01:53:57,493 --> 01:53:58,694 THEORIES HOW MORAL REASONING 2845 01:53:58,694 --> 01:54:00,963 WORKS IN GENERAL THAT WE CAN 2846 01:54:00,963 --> 01:54:03,599 EVENTUALLY USE TO BUILD A.I.s 2847 01:54:03,599 --> 01:54:07,670 TO REPRESENT MORALITIES WHETHER 2848 01:54:07,670 --> 01:54:08,905 INDIVIDUAL OR GROUP MORALITIES. 2849 01:54:08,905 --> 01:54:10,072 WE'RE NOT THE ONLY ONES WHO 2850 01:54:10,072 --> 01:54:12,008 THINK THAT. 2851 01:54:12,008 --> 01:54:14,877 I'M PUTTING UP THE PAPER FROM 2852 01:54:14,877 --> 01:54:16,646 COMPUTATIONAL ETHICS, WE'RE ALL 2853 01:54:16,646 --> 01:54:18,047 CO-AUTHORS WITH SOME OTHERS IN 2854 01:54:18,047 --> 01:54:19,348 THE FIELD, THAT'S WHAT THIS 2855 01:54:19,348 --> 01:54:20,683 FIELD IS ABOUT. 2856 01:54:20,683 --> 01:54:23,219 DESCRIBING THIS IDEA IF WE CAN 2857 01:54:23,219 --> 01:54:26,188 UNDERSTAND HOW WE MAKE MORAL 2858 01:54:26,188 --> 01:54:27,490 JUDGMENT FROM INDIVIDUAL CONTEXT 2859 01:54:27,490 --> 01:54:28,791 CAN HELP US THEN MAKE MORE 2860 01:54:28,791 --> 01:54:31,027 GENERAL MODELS THAT COULD BE 2861 01:54:31,027 --> 01:54:32,495 INVOLVED IN A.I. 2862 01:54:32,495 --> 01:54:33,796 OR GUIDE A.I. 2863 01:54:33,796 --> 01:54:37,633 THE OTHER THING I WANTED TO 2864 01:54:37,633 --> 01:54:42,438 MENTION IS ALTHOUGH WE HAVE NOT 2865 01:54:42,438 --> 01:54:44,540 INCORPORATED DATA, THERE'S 2866 01:54:44,540 --> 01:54:47,410 NOTHING STOPPING US OTHER THAN 2867 01:54:47,410 --> 01:54:47,710 FUNDING. 2868 01:54:47,710 --> 01:54:50,379 THERE'S SPECIFIC ASPECT WHERE IS 2869 01:54:50,379 --> 01:54:52,114 NEUROSCIENCE DATA COULD BE 2870 01:54:52,114 --> 01:54:55,818 INFORMATIVE WITH EEG, ONE OF THE 2871 01:54:55,818 --> 01:54:57,320 EASIEST WAY TO INCORPORATE THIS. 2872 01:54:57,320 --> 01:55:00,790 AND I THINK EVEN IF WE DON'T DO 2873 01:55:00,790 --> 01:55:02,124 THIS AS ACADEMICS, I THINK 2874 01:55:02,124 --> 01:55:05,394 COMPANIES WILL BE STARTING TO 2875 01:55:05,394 --> 01:55:09,465 USE EEG DATA FOR THESE TYPES OF 2876 01:55:09,465 --> 01:55:09,799 APPLICATIONS. 2877 01:55:09,799 --> 01:55:11,233 ALL THESE THINGS SUPPORT THIS 2878 01:55:11,233 --> 01:55:11,867 STATEMENT. 2879 01:55:11,867 --> 01:55:14,303 I THINK IT IS REALISTIC TO 2880 01:55:14,303 --> 01:55:15,738 ENVISION A FUTURE WHERE WE'RE 2881 01:55:15,738 --> 01:55:17,139 LEARNING PEOPLE'S GENERAL MORAL 2882 01:55:17,139 --> 01:55:18,240 MODELS, IN OTHER WORDS WHAT 2883 01:55:18,240 --> 01:55:19,442 VALUES AND PRINCIPLES THEY CARE 2884 01:55:19,442 --> 01:55:26,115 ABOUT AND HOW THEY APPLY THEM 2885 01:55:26,115 --> 01:55:26,716 SOMEWHAT SUCCESSFULLY PERHAPS 2886 01:55:26,716 --> 01:55:28,617 WITH THE USE OF BRAIN DATA. 2887 01:55:28,617 --> 01:55:30,386 I DON'T KNOW HOW FAR THAT IS BUT 2888 01:55:30,386 --> 01:55:31,921 IT'S A PLAUSIBLE THING AND 2889 01:55:31,921 --> 01:55:34,423 SOMETHING THAT SOME COMPANIES 2890 01:55:34,423 --> 01:55:38,361 WILL BE COMING INCREASINGLY 2891 01:55:38,361 --> 01:55:39,495 INTERESTED IN RAISING ETHICAL 2892 01:55:39,495 --> 01:55:40,796 OPPORTUNITIES AND CONCERNS. 2893 01:55:40,796 --> 01:55:42,331 MANY WILL HAVE PLENTY TO SAY BUT 2894 01:55:42,331 --> 01:55:44,100 TO GET THE CONVERSATION STARTED 2895 01:55:44,100 --> 01:55:46,702 WE WANTED TO THROW OUT A COUPLE. 2896 01:55:46,702 --> 01:55:48,237 IS IT APPROPRIATE TO HAVE A.I. 2897 01:55:48,237 --> 01:55:49,338 MAKE DECISIONS ABOUT HUMAN LIFE 2898 01:55:49,338 --> 01:55:50,639 IN THE FIRST PLACE? 2899 01:55:50,639 --> 01:55:52,708 DO WE WANT TO HAVE OR DO WE 2900 01:55:52,708 --> 01:55:54,143 REALLY WANT TO BASE A.I. 2901 01:55:54,143 --> 01:55:56,112 BEHAVIOR ON HUMAN MORAL MODELS 2902 01:55:56,112 --> 01:55:59,482 GIVEN WE KNOW HUMAN MORAL MODELS 2903 01:55:59,482 --> 01:56:07,256 ARE BIASED, IMPERFECT AND ILL 2904 01:56:07,256 --> 01:56:08,257 INFORMED, DOES IT DESERVE 2905 01:56:08,257 --> 01:56:10,326 ETHICAL PROTECTION, IS THERE 2906 01:56:10,326 --> 01:56:11,994 SOMETHING UNIQUE THAT MAKES US 2907 01:56:11,994 --> 01:56:14,697 "US," ABOUT OUR MORAL MODELS, 2908 01:56:14,697 --> 01:56:15,798 DIFFERENT THAN, SAY, PREFERENCES 2909 01:56:15,798 --> 01:56:18,334 FOR WHAT VIDEO TO WATCH NEXT, 2910 01:56:18,334 --> 01:56:19,735 THAT DESERVES SPECIAL 2911 01:56:19,735 --> 01:56:20,302 PROTECTION. 2912 01:56:20,302 --> 01:56:22,271 SO WE LOOK FORWARD TO HEARING 2913 01:56:22,271 --> 01:56:23,572 YOUR QUESTIONS, AND ALL YOUR 2914 01:56:23,572 --> 01:56:26,208 COMMENTS. 2915 01:56:26,208 --> 01:56:27,777 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 2916 01:56:27,777 --> 01:56:30,446 >> THAT WAS TERRIFIC. 2917 01:56:30,446 --> 01:56:32,448 THANK YOU, JANA. 2918 01:56:32,448 --> 01:56:34,016 THANKS ALSO TO VINCE AND WALTER 2919 01:56:34,016 --> 01:56:36,318 FOR BEING HERE. 2920 01:56:36,318 --> 01:56:37,953 ONE QUESTION FROM JEN AND WE'LL 2921 01:56:37,953 --> 01:56:39,622 HAVE A BRIEF BREAK TO GIVE 2922 01:56:39,622 --> 01:56:40,723 EVERYTHING A CHANCE FOR A 2923 01:56:40,723 --> 01:56:42,458 BIO-BREAK TO COME BACK AND HAVE 2924 01:56:42,458 --> 01:56:43,426 A FULL CONVERSATION. 2925 01:56:43,426 --> 01:56:44,727 WE'LL START WITH QUESTIONS FOR 2926 01:56:44,727 --> 01:56:47,029 VINCE AND WALTER AND JANA AND 2927 01:56:47,029 --> 01:56:52,601 MOVE INTO A BROADER DISCUSSION 2928 01:56:52,601 --> 01:56:54,570 ABOUT TOPICS AND NEXT STEPS TO 2929 01:56:54,570 --> 01:56:56,238 TAKE AS NEWG TOGETHER. 2930 01:56:56,238 --> 01:56:57,540 >> A GREAT PRESENTATION. 2931 01:56:57,540 --> 01:56:59,608 I ALWAYS LEARN A LOT EVERY TIME 2932 01:56:59,608 --> 01:57:01,143 I SEE YOU TALK. 2933 01:57:01,143 --> 01:57:02,344 MY QUESTION IS MORE PRACTICAL. 2934 01:57:02,344 --> 01:57:04,747 WHEN YOU TALK ABOUT YOUR MODEL 2935 01:57:04,747 --> 01:57:08,617 OF BUILDING YOUR A.I. MODEL AND 2936 01:57:08,617 --> 01:57:10,386 HAVING SLIDERS TO CHANGE HOW IT 2937 01:57:10,386 --> 01:57:13,055 MAKES A DECISION, HAVE YOU 2938 01:57:13,055 --> 01:57:14,523 THOUGHT ABOUT THE CONCEPT OF 2939 01:57:14,523 --> 01:57:16,125 WHERE YOU HAVE KIND OF A 2940 01:57:16,125 --> 01:57:17,893 STANDING CLINICAL TEAM WHERE 2941 01:57:17,893 --> 01:57:19,195 THEY MIGHT WORK TOGETHER, YOU 2942 01:57:19,195 --> 01:57:21,497 HAVE A TEAM BUILDING SLIDERS BUT 2943 01:57:21,497 --> 01:57:23,032 FOR EVERY TIME THEY APPLY IT 2944 01:57:23,032 --> 01:57:27,169 THERE'S A NEW PATIENT THAT MIGHT 2945 01:57:27,169 --> 01:57:27,670 HAVE DIFFERENT DECISION 2946 01:57:27,670 --> 01:57:27,937 CRITERIA? 2947 01:57:27,937 --> 01:57:30,840 HAVE YOU THOUGHT ABOUT A MODEL 2948 01:57:30,840 --> 01:57:32,808 LIKE THAT, WHERE YOU CONSTANTLY 2949 01:57:32,808 --> 01:57:34,844 HAVE A PERSON OR DIFFERENT 2950 01:57:34,844 --> 01:57:36,946 PATIENT COMING IN AND MAKING A 2951 01:57:36,946 --> 01:57:37,513 DIFFERENT DECISION? 2952 01:57:37,513 --> 01:57:42,084 >> GREAT QUESTION, I'LL START 2953 01:57:42,084 --> 01:57:44,153 AND LET VINCE AND WALTER JUMP 2954 01:57:44,153 --> 01:57:48,624 IN, PARTICULARLY VINCE SINCE 2955 01:57:48,624 --> 01:57:50,726 HE'S OUR -- GOOD AT AGGREGATING 2956 01:57:50,726 --> 01:57:51,494 THESE THINGS. 2957 01:57:51,494 --> 01:57:55,631 SO, WHAT I HEARD YOU DESCRIBE IS 2958 01:57:55,631 --> 01:57:57,600 A MODEL A TEAM IS WORKING ON, 2959 01:57:57,600 --> 01:58:00,035 WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU HAVE AN 2960 01:58:00,035 --> 01:58:01,003 INDIVIDUAL CHANGING, NEW 2961 01:58:01,003 --> 01:58:02,638 INDIVIDUAL OR INDIVIDUAL 2962 01:58:02,638 --> 01:58:03,739 CHANGING THEIR MIND FOR THAT 2963 01:58:03,739 --> 01:58:07,042 TEAM REPRESENTATION, DID I 2964 01:58:07,042 --> 01:58:07,676 UNDERSTAND CORRECTLY? 2965 01:58:07,676 --> 01:58:10,012 >> YES, CORRECT, BUT ALSO 2966 01:58:10,012 --> 01:58:12,148 WHETHER THE PATIENT NEEDS TO 2967 01:58:12,148 --> 01:58:15,084 HELP MAKE THAT DECISION, LIKE A 2968 01:58:15,084 --> 01:58:16,051 HUMAN LIFE DECISION, A TEAM 2969 01:58:16,051 --> 01:58:17,653 MAKING A DECISION THIS IS OUR 2970 01:58:17,653 --> 01:58:18,053 MODEL. 2971 01:58:18,053 --> 01:58:20,022 HOWEVER, I HAVE A NEW PATIENT 2972 01:58:20,022 --> 01:58:22,358 COMING IN, THERE MIGHT BE 2973 01:58:22,358 --> 01:58:23,292 DIFFERENT CULTURALLY OR SOCIALLY 2974 01:58:23,292 --> 01:58:25,094 OR ALL OF THESE OTHER ASPECTS 2975 01:58:25,094 --> 01:58:26,695 THAT MIGHT PLAY INTO THE 2976 01:58:26,695 --> 01:58:28,230 DECISION MAKING. 2977 01:58:28,230 --> 01:58:28,564 >> TERRIFIC. 2978 01:58:28,564 --> 01:58:29,899 MY VISION IS EVERYONE SHOULD 2979 01:58:29,899 --> 01:58:30,966 HAVE THEIR OWN. 2980 01:58:30,966 --> 01:58:32,635 IN THAT CONTEXT THE PATIENT 2981 01:58:32,635 --> 01:58:35,437 SHOULD HAVE THEIR OWN MORAL A.I. 2982 01:58:35,437 --> 01:58:36,672 MODEL THAT'S TRAINED UP THAT CAN 2983 01:58:36,672 --> 01:58:39,275 REPRESENT THEM IN A COLLECTIVE 2984 01:58:39,275 --> 01:58:39,842 DECISION. 2985 01:58:39,842 --> 01:58:41,343 THE PARTICIPANTS IN THE TEAM, 2986 01:58:41,343 --> 01:58:44,880 SAY THE CLINICAL TEAM, WOULD 2987 01:58:44,880 --> 01:58:46,549 HAVE THEIR A.I. THAT CONTRIBUTES 2988 01:58:46,549 --> 01:58:48,317 TO THE DECISION, AND THEN THAT'S 2989 01:58:48,317 --> 01:58:49,285 THE FIRST LAYER. 2990 01:58:49,285 --> 01:58:52,221 SO YOU CAN ALWAYS CHANGE YOUR 2991 01:58:52,221 --> 01:58:52,588 MODEL. 2992 01:58:52,588 --> 01:58:54,089 IT'S CONSTANTLY ASKING QUESTIONS 2993 01:58:54,089 --> 01:58:55,291 AND UPDATING, YOU CAN CHANGE 2994 01:58:55,291 --> 01:58:56,592 YOUR MIND. 2995 01:58:56,592 --> 01:58:57,893 THE IDEA THE WAY I THINK, THEN 2996 01:58:57,893 --> 01:59:04,600 YOU HAVE A SECOND LAYER WHERE 2997 01:59:04,600 --> 01:59:07,536 YOU AGGREGATE, WITH MANY WAYS TO 2998 01:59:07,536 --> 01:59:08,437 PRIORITIZE THE PATIENT, 2999 01:59:08,437 --> 01:59:09,405 PRIORITIZE CLINICAL EXPERTISE, 3000 01:59:09,405 --> 01:59:10,506 DIFFERENT WAYS TO HANDLE IT. 3001 01:59:10,506 --> 01:59:14,376 BUT SO IN THAT WAY, TO ME, IT 3002 01:59:14,376 --> 01:59:15,878 SEEMS CONSIST WENT WHAT YOU'RE 3003 01:59:15,878 --> 01:59:16,111 SAYING. 3004 01:59:16,111 --> 01:59:18,514 VINCE, DO YOU WANT TO -- WHAT DO 3005 01:59:18,514 --> 01:59:27,623 YOU THINK ABOUT THAT? 3006 01:59:27,623 --> 01:59:38,167 I KNOW HE WAS THERE SOMEPLACE. 3007 01:59:38,467 --> 01:59:40,603 IF NOT, I'LL CHECK MY E-MAIL TO 3008 01:59:40,603 --> 01:59:44,373 SEE IF HE HAD A TECHNICAL 3009 01:59:44,373 --> 01:59:46,242 PROBLEM AND HE WILL BE ABLE TO 3010 01:59:46,242 --> 01:59:47,276 ANSWER AFTER THE BREAK. 3011 01:59:47,276 --> 01:59:51,780 DID THAT ANSWER YOUR QUESTION, 3012 01:59:51,780 --> 01:59:51,947 JEN? 3013 01:59:51,947 --> 01:59:53,215 >> VINCENT'S HERE, JANA. 3014 01:59:53,215 --> 01:59:54,817 WE JUST CAN'T HEAR HIM. 3015 01:59:54,817 --> 01:59:56,385 >> CAN YOU HEAR ME NOW? 3016 01:59:56,385 --> 01:59:59,555 OKAY, GOOD. 3017 01:59:59,555 --> 02:00:01,323 WRONG MIC. 3018 02:00:01,323 --> 02:00:03,592 I THINK, AGAIN, WE'VE BEEN 3019 02:00:03,592 --> 02:00:06,128 THINKING MORE ABOUT REPRESENTING 3020 02:00:06,128 --> 02:00:08,197 ONE PERSON, BUT COULD BE 3021 02:00:08,197 --> 02:00:10,532 INTERESTING IF WE HAVE A RICH 3022 02:00:10,532 --> 02:00:12,167 SET OF DECISIONS, THAT WE CAN'T 3023 02:00:12,167 --> 02:00:14,370 REALLY PREDICT EVERY ONE OF 3024 02:00:14,370 --> 02:00:16,472 THOSE DECISIONS, MAYBE THERE'S 3025 02:00:16,472 --> 02:00:17,539 CONTEXT FROM THE MEDICAL TEAM 3026 02:00:17,539 --> 02:00:19,208 THAT NEEDS TO BE TAKEN INTO 3027 02:00:19,208 --> 02:00:21,677 ACCOUNT ABOUT WHAT'S FEASIBLE 3028 02:00:21,677 --> 02:00:22,611 AND WHAT ISN'T. 3029 02:00:22,611 --> 02:00:24,546 IN PRINCIPLE THERE ARE DIFFERENT 3030 02:00:24,546 --> 02:00:28,484 THINGS THAT YOU COULD DO, YOU 3031 02:00:28,484 --> 02:00:30,686 COULD TRY TO PREDICT IN VERY 3032 02:00:30,686 --> 02:00:32,254 RICH SETTINGS WITH LOTS OF 3033 02:00:32,254 --> 02:00:33,522 FEATURES ABOUT WHAT'S GOING ON, 3034 02:00:33,522 --> 02:00:35,724 WHAT THE PATIENT WOULD HAVE 3035 02:00:35,724 --> 02:00:38,127 WANTED, AS JANA SAID ALSO, MAYBE 3036 02:00:38,127 --> 02:00:43,165 IN SOME CASES YOU WANT TO TAKE 3037 02:00:43,165 --> 02:00:43,932 THE TEAM'S PREFERENCES INTO 3038 02:00:43,932 --> 02:00:44,767 ACCOUNT, ESPECIALLY IF IT 3039 02:00:44,767 --> 02:00:45,934 INVOLVES OTHER PATIENTS AT THE 3040 02:00:45,934 --> 02:00:48,437 SAME TIME AS WELL BECAUSE 3041 02:00:48,437 --> 02:00:50,172 THERE'S LIMITED RESOURCES AND 3042 02:00:50,172 --> 02:00:54,009 WHILE THE PATIENT MIGHT WANT ALL 3043 02:00:54,009 --> 02:00:55,678 THE RESOURCES, THAT MAY NOT BE 3044 02:00:55,678 --> 02:00:57,646 OKAY WITH THE MEDICAL TEAM. 3045 02:00:57,646 --> 02:01:00,182 I THINK THOSE ARE INTERESTING 3046 02:01:00,182 --> 02:01:04,119 QUESTIONS, DEPENDS ON WHAT THE 3047 02:01:04,119 --> 02:01:06,188 SPECIFIC SCENARIO IS AND WHOSE 3048 02:01:06,188 --> 02:01:08,590 REFERENCES AND VALUES ARE BEING 3049 02:01:08,590 --> 02:01:10,359 TRADED OFF, IT COULD ALSO BE 3050 02:01:10,359 --> 02:01:12,594 MEANWHILE THE MEDICAL TEAM IS 3051 02:01:12,594 --> 02:01:15,364 GUIDED BY ITS OWN A.I. WHICH 3052 02:01:15,364 --> 02:01:16,265 THEN TAKES THE PATIENT'S 3053 02:01:16,265 --> 02:01:18,901 PREFERENCES, MAYBE MULTIPLE 3054 02:01:18,901 --> 02:01:21,303 PATIENT PREFERENCES AS INPUT AS 3055 02:01:21,303 --> 02:01:21,603 FEATURES. 3056 02:01:21,603 --> 02:01:23,172 YEAH, MANY WAYS YOU COULD TRY TO 3057 02:01:23,172 --> 02:01:24,139 SET THAT UP. 3058 02:01:24,139 --> 02:01:27,676 BUT IT'S A GOOD QUESTION. 3059 02:01:27,676 --> 02:01:28,410 >> ALL RIGHT. 3060 02:01:28,410 --> 02:01:31,347 LET ME PAUSE. 3061 02:01:31,347 --> 02:01:33,982 WE'LL TAKE A BRIEF BREAK, TO 3062 02:01:33,982 --> 02:01:36,418 3:15, AN 8-MINUTE BREAK AND COME 3063 02:01:36,418 --> 02:01:38,354 BACK TOGETHER TO DO SOME DEEPER 3064 02:01:38,354 --> 02:01:39,121 DIVES INTO BOTH THIS 3065 02:01:39,121 --> 02:01:41,156 PRESENTATION AND THE OTHER ONE. 3066 02:01:41,156 --> 02:01:42,991 TAKE A QUICK BREAK. 3067 02:01:42,991 --> 02:01:46,163 SEE YOU ALL AT 3:15. 3068 02:01:46,163 --> 02:01:48,899 WITH VINCE AND JANA AND 3069 02:01:48,899 --> 02:01:51,635 WALTER, FEEL FREE TO RAISE YOUR 3070 02:01:51,635 --> 02:01:52,970 HAND, THEN A BROADER 3071 02:01:52,970 --> 02:01:55,806 CONVERSATION TO THINK ABOUT HOW 3072 02:01:55,806 --> 02:01:57,608 CAN WE INTEGRATE ACROSS ISSUES 3073 02:01:57,608 --> 02:02:00,010 AND DIVE DOWN DEEPLY. 3074 02:02:00,010 --> 02:02:01,612 I'LL START WITH JANA, YOU SAID 3075 02:02:01,612 --> 02:02:03,514 YOU HADN'T BEEN THINKING ABOUT 3076 02:02:03,514 --> 02:02:05,950 THE DIGITAL TWINS WHEN I SAID 3077 02:02:05,950 --> 02:02:09,086 THIS IS THE PERFECT DIGITAL TWIN 3078 02:02:09,086 --> 02:02:09,386 CASE STUDY. 3079 02:02:09,386 --> 02:02:12,389 AND I'M GLAD YOU CAME AROUND TO 3080 02:02:12,389 --> 02:02:13,257 SEEING IT AS POTENTIAL DIGITAL 3081 02:02:13,257 --> 02:02:16,026 TWIN MODEL BUT IN THINKING ABOUT 3082 02:02:16,026 --> 02:02:18,329 IT, I'M CURIOUS, YOU MENTIONED 3083 02:02:18,329 --> 02:02:22,399 THE WAYS WHICH PEOPLE CUSTOMIZE 3084 02:02:22,399 --> 02:02:22,800 IT. 3085 02:02:22,800 --> 02:02:28,405 LAST MEETING WAS BRAIN 3086 02:02:28,405 --> 02:02:29,473 FOUNDATIONAL MODELS, ONE AREA OF 3087 02:02:29,473 --> 02:02:34,078 INTEREST TO ME IS THINKING ABOUT 3088 02:02:34,078 --> 02:02:37,348 MODEL DESIGN FOR ETHICS IN THIS 3089 02:02:37,348 --> 02:02:42,953 PARTICULAR SPACE. 3090 02:02:42,953 --> 02:02:44,488 IN PARTICULAR ENTROPIC APPROACH, 3091 02:02:44,488 --> 02:02:46,790 BASE LAYER AND GUARDIAN LAYER, 3092 02:02:46,790 --> 02:02:47,791 GUARDIAN LAYER CUSTOMIZED TO 3093 02:02:47,791 --> 02:02:50,461 HAVE ETHICAL DUTIES TO THE USER. 3094 02:02:50,461 --> 02:02:53,998 I WONDER IF YOU COULD TALK ABOUT 3095 02:02:53,998 --> 02:02:56,300 TWO RELATED THINGS, I SEE YOU 3096 02:02:56,300 --> 02:02:57,835 NODDING, SEEMS LIKE YOU'RE 3097 02:02:57,835 --> 02:02:59,036 THINKING ABOUT THIS, OR YOU'VE 3098 02:02:59,036 --> 02:03:02,106 BEEN THINKING ABOUT THIS. 3099 02:03:02,106 --> 02:03:04,174 COULD THE MODEL BE DESIGNED IN 3100 02:03:04,174 --> 02:03:05,409 WAYS TO EMBED ETHICAL DUTIES TO 3101 02:03:05,409 --> 02:03:07,378 THE USER AND THEN A SECOND 3102 02:03:07,378 --> 02:03:09,880 QUESTION ON THAT IS, AS YOU 3103 02:03:09,880 --> 02:03:12,583 TALKED ABOUT CUSTOMIZATION COULD 3104 02:03:12,583 --> 02:03:13,284 SOMEBODY CUSTOMIZE THEIR MODEL 3105 02:03:13,284 --> 02:03:18,255 TO ACT ON THEIR BEHALF AT ODDS 3106 02:03:18,255 --> 02:03:19,890 WITH WHAT THEIR ETHICAL DECISION 3107 02:03:19,890 --> 02:03:23,193 MAKING IS BUT ASPIRATIONAL 3108 02:03:23,193 --> 02:03:26,397 DECISION MAKING MIGHT BE AND HOW 3109 02:03:26,397 --> 02:03:28,799 MIGHT WE THINK ABOUT THAT? 3110 02:03:28,799 --> 02:03:33,037 ARE YOU ABLE TO UNMUTE, JANA? 3111 02:03:33,037 --> 02:03:34,571 >> YES. 3112 02:03:34,571 --> 02:03:35,272 >> GREAT. 3113 02:03:35,272 --> 02:03:36,106 >> GREAT QUESTIONS. 3114 02:03:36,106 --> 02:03:37,408 VINCE, WHY DON'T YOU START OFF 3115 02:03:37,408 --> 02:03:38,976 AND I'LL JUMP IN. 3116 02:03:38,976 --> 02:03:40,344 YOU'LL BE MORE EFFICIENT 3117 02:03:40,344 --> 02:03:42,146 ANSWERING SOME OF THOSE 3118 02:03:42,146 --> 02:03:42,413 QUESTIONS. 3119 02:03:42,413 --> 02:03:45,082 >> THE SECOND ONE WE'VE TALKED 3120 02:03:45,082 --> 02:03:49,119 ABOUT, THIS IDEA OF, WELL, JUST 3121 02:03:49,119 --> 02:03:50,888 PREDICTING WHAT MY JUDGMENTS 3122 02:03:50,888 --> 02:03:52,323 WOULD BE, MAYBE NOT WHAT I WANT. 3123 02:03:52,323 --> 02:03:56,560 I WANT MY IDEAL JUDGMENTS TO BE 3124 02:03:56,560 --> 02:04:04,668 PRO -- PREDICTIVE. 3125 02:04:04,668 --> 02:04:05,969 THERE'S WAYS, ONE IS WHAT JANA 3126 02:04:05,969 --> 02:04:08,172 TALKED ABOUT GOING BACK TO THE 3127 02:04:08,172 --> 02:04:11,108 PERSON AND LET'S SAY FOR EXAMPLE 3128 02:04:11,108 --> 02:04:12,910 COULD BE THE PERSON MAKES 3129 02:04:12,910 --> 02:04:14,411 DECISIONS MAYBE NOT ABOUT THEIR 3130 02:04:14,411 --> 02:04:16,580 OWN LIFE AS A PATIENT BUT IN 3131 02:04:16,580 --> 02:04:18,782 OTHER CONTEXTS IN A WAY THAT'S 3132 02:04:18,782 --> 02:04:19,616 RACIST, EVEN THOUGH THE PERSON 3133 02:04:19,616 --> 02:04:22,319 DOESN'T WANT TO BE RACIST, IN 3134 02:04:22,319 --> 02:04:23,821 PRINCIPLE YOU WOULD OF COULD 3135 02:04:23,821 --> 02:04:28,359 POINT THIS OUT SEEMS LIKE YOU'RE 3136 02:04:28,359 --> 02:04:32,062 USING RACE AS A FEATURE, AND 3137 02:04:32,062 --> 02:04:33,297 WORK TOWARDS A BETTER PLACE. 3138 02:04:33,297 --> 02:04:43,841 FIRST THING YOU SAID ABOUT GUARD 3139 02:04:45,275 --> 02:04:46,310 RAILS IS INTERESTING. 3140 02:04:46,310 --> 02:04:56,186 THAT COULD BE APPLIED IN A 3141 02:04:56,186 --> 02:04:56,520 SIMILAR WAY. 3142 02:04:56,520 --> 02:04:59,823 MAYBE SAID OF GOING BACK TO THE 3143 02:04:59,823 --> 02:05:01,091 USER DECIDE THE MODEL SHOULD NOT 3144 02:05:01,091 --> 02:05:07,264 MAKE DECISIONS IN A RACIST WAY, 3145 02:05:07,264 --> 02:05:10,167 MORE DIFFICULT QUESTIONS TO 3146 02:05:10,167 --> 02:05:12,803 ENGAGE WITH BUT COLLECTIVELY WE 3147 02:05:12,803 --> 02:05:13,704 SOMEHOW DECIDED ONE PARTICULAR 3148 02:05:13,704 --> 02:05:16,073 FEATURE SUCH AS RACE SHOULD NOT 3149 02:05:16,073 --> 02:05:18,742 MATTER AND TRY TO GET INDIVIDUAL 3150 02:05:18,742 --> 02:05:22,112 PEOPLE'S MODELS BUT CORRECTED IN 3151 02:05:22,112 --> 02:05:22,880 THIS WAY, RIGHT? 3152 02:05:22,880 --> 02:05:25,616 MAYBE FROM THE DATA WE HAVE, WE 3153 02:05:25,616 --> 02:05:27,151 REALIZE THIS PERSON WOULD MAKE 3154 02:05:27,151 --> 02:05:30,587 DECISIONS IN A RACIST MANNER. 3155 02:05:30,587 --> 02:05:32,523 ONE THING WOULD BE TO 3156 02:05:32,523 --> 02:05:34,625 COMMUNICATE BACK WITH THEM BUT 3157 02:05:34,625 --> 02:05:35,726 IN ANOTHER CONTEXT MAYBE WE 3158 02:05:35,726 --> 02:05:36,059 CAN'T. 3159 02:05:36,059 --> 02:05:37,728 AND IN THAT CASE MIGHT SAY 3160 02:05:37,728 --> 02:05:39,029 REGARDLESS OF WHETHER THE USER 3161 02:05:39,029 --> 02:05:42,766 MEANT TO DO THAT WE'RE GOING TO 3162 02:05:42,766 --> 02:05:46,103 ADJUST IN A WAY THAT THAT ASPECT 3163 02:05:46,103 --> 02:05:47,337 IS TAKEN OUT WHILE STAYING CLOSE 3164 02:05:47,337 --> 02:05:48,839 OTHERWISE TO WHAT THE PERSON 3165 02:05:48,839 --> 02:05:51,275 WOVE WANTED COULD BE ONE 3166 02:05:51,275 --> 02:05:52,276 INTERPRETATION OF WHAT YOU SAID. 3167 02:05:52,276 --> 02:05:54,011 I DON'T KNOW IF THAT WAS IN LINE 3168 02:05:54,011 --> 02:05:56,180 WITH WHAT YOU HAD IN MIND. 3169 02:05:56,180 --> 02:05:57,514 >> I'M GOING TO OPEN IT UP, 3170 02:05:57,514 --> 02:05:59,049 THERE ARE OTHER QUESTIONS. 3171 02:05:59,049 --> 02:06:01,452 I WAS THINKING SOMETHING 3172 02:06:01,452 --> 02:06:02,986 DIFFERENT, NOT EMBEDDING OR 3173 02:06:02,986 --> 02:06:05,122 ENCODING WHAT A PREFERRED SET OF 3174 02:06:05,122 --> 02:06:07,391 NORMATIVE DECISIONS WOULD BE BY 3175 02:06:07,391 --> 02:06:12,296 THE DESIGNER BUT INSTEAD 3176 02:06:12,296 --> 02:06:13,497 ENSURING -- IT'S A TRICKY AREA 3177 02:06:13,497 --> 02:06:15,466 TO MAKE SURE MODELS ARE 3178 02:06:15,466 --> 02:06:17,734 FAITHFULLY APPLYING WHATEVER A 3179 02:06:17,734 --> 02:06:18,402 PERSON'S MORAL DECISION MAKING 3180 02:06:18,402 --> 02:06:21,371 WOULD BE SO TO HAVE ALIGNMENT 3181 02:06:21,371 --> 02:06:22,406 BETWEEN THE MODEL WHICH COULD 3182 02:06:22,406 --> 02:06:24,041 STAND IN THE PLACE OF DECISION 3183 02:06:24,041 --> 02:06:29,146 MAKING FOR AN INDIVIDUAL AND THE 3184 02:06:29,146 --> 02:06:30,681 INDIVIDUAL, YOU COULD HAVE A 3185 02:06:30,681 --> 02:06:34,952 CONSTITUTIONAL LAYER ACTING LIKE 3186 02:06:34,952 --> 02:06:38,121 A FIDUCIARY, RATHER THAN IT 3187 02:06:38,121 --> 02:06:39,456 BEING NORMATIVE JUDGMENTS THAT 3188 02:06:39,456 --> 02:06:40,757 WOULD OVERRIDE THE USERS. 3189 02:06:40,757 --> 02:06:42,092 WE CAN TALK MORE ABOUT THAT. 3190 02:06:42,092 --> 02:06:44,928 I SEE A LOT OF QUESTIONS, OPEN 3191 02:06:44,928 --> 02:06:45,596 TO EVERYONE. 3192 02:06:45,596 --> 02:06:49,199 LET ME LET WALTER JUMP IN AND 3193 02:06:49,199 --> 02:06:51,802 THEN THE QUESTIONS THAT ARE 3194 02:06:51,802 --> 02:06:52,769 FOLLOWING SYD, KAREN, JOHN, ARE 3195 02:06:52,769 --> 02:06:58,342 OPEN TO ALL OF OUR PRESENTERS. 3196 02:06:58,342 --> 02:06:58,575 WALTER? 3197 02:06:58,575 --> 02:07:01,445 >> ONE OF THE INTERESTING CASES 3198 02:07:01,445 --> 02:07:02,779 OF THE DEVICE POTENTIALLY 3199 02:07:02,779 --> 02:07:03,981 OVERRIDING WHAT THE PERSON 3200 02:07:03,981 --> 02:07:07,684 THEMSELVES SAYS IS THE CASE OF 3201 02:07:07,684 --> 02:07:09,653 DEMENTIA, BECAUSE YOU GATHERED 3202 02:07:09,653 --> 02:07:12,689 DATA ABOUT THE PERSON, WHAT THE 3203 02:07:12,689 --> 02:07:14,057 PERSON WOULD WANT IF THEY 3204 02:07:14,057 --> 02:07:15,125 UNDERSTOOD THEIR SITUATION BUT 3205 02:07:15,125 --> 02:07:17,461 NOW THEIR DEMENTIA IS SO FAR 3206 02:07:17,461 --> 02:07:19,630 ADVANCED THEY DON'T REALLY 3207 02:07:19,630 --> 02:07:21,265 UNDERSTAND WHAT'S GOING ON. 3208 02:07:21,265 --> 02:07:23,433 MYSELF, I WOULD RATHER HAVE THE 3209 02:07:23,433 --> 02:07:25,936 MACHINE SAY WHAT I WOULD WANT IF 3210 02:07:25,936 --> 02:07:28,906 I DID UNDERSTAND THAN HAVE MY 3211 02:07:28,906 --> 02:07:31,208 DOCTOR AND MY FAMILY FOLLOW WHAT 3212 02:07:31,208 --> 02:07:34,077 I SAY I WANT WHEN I DON'T REALLY 3213 02:07:34,077 --> 02:07:35,679 UNDERSTAND WHAT'S GOING ON. 3214 02:07:35,679 --> 02:07:37,447 AND NOT EVERYBODY IS GOING TO 3215 02:07:37,447 --> 02:07:39,650 FEEL THAT WAY BUT ENOUGH PEOPLE 3216 02:07:39,650 --> 02:07:41,618 WILL THAT THAT WOULD BE A CASE 3217 02:07:41,618 --> 02:07:44,922 WHERE WE MIGHT ALLOW THE MACHINE 3218 02:07:44,922 --> 02:07:47,457 TO OVERRIDE WHAT THE PERSON AT 3219 02:07:47,457 --> 02:07:51,128 THE MOMENT SAYS THEY WANT. 3220 02:07:51,128 --> 02:07:51,428 >> GREAT. 3221 02:07:51,428 --> 02:07:52,129 THANK YOU. 3222 02:07:52,129 --> 02:07:52,329 OKAY. 3223 02:07:52,329 --> 02:07:54,631 SO LET ME TURN TO SYD. 3224 02:07:54,631 --> 02:07:58,402 NOW LET ME MAKE SURE ARLEEN AND 3225 02:07:58,402 --> 02:07:59,803 VIKTOR ARE ALSO AVAILABLE AND 3226 02:07:59,803 --> 02:08:01,638 READY TO JUMP IN. 3227 02:08:01,638 --> 02:08:03,407 ARLEEN, IF YOU COULD REJOIN US 3228 02:08:03,407 --> 02:08:05,475 BY VIDEO AND EVERYBODY REJOIN BY 3229 02:08:05,475 --> 02:08:06,343 VIDEO. 3230 02:08:06,343 --> 02:08:07,311 IF YOU'RE HAVING DIFFICULTIES 3231 02:08:07,311 --> 02:08:08,979 WITH BEING ABLE TO UNMUTE PLEASE 3232 02:08:08,979 --> 02:08:10,847 DON'T HESITATE TO LET US KNOW IN 3233 02:08:10,847 --> 02:08:13,817 THE CHAT. 3234 02:08:13,817 --> 02:08:14,117 SYD, PLEASE. 3235 02:08:14,117 --> 02:08:15,652 >> THANK YOU FOR THAT. 3236 02:08:15,652 --> 02:08:19,056 I WANTED TO CONTINUE ON ABOUT 3237 02:08:19,056 --> 02:08:23,327 THIS NOTION OF CREATING A 3238 02:08:23,327 --> 02:08:24,928 PERSONALIZED DIGITAL AVATAR 3239 02:08:24,928 --> 02:08:30,400 MODEL TO MAKE DECISIONS FOR YOU 3240 02:08:30,400 --> 02:08:33,270 AND I'M A CLINICAL ETHICS 3241 02:08:33,270 --> 02:08:35,372 CONSULTANT, I WORK IN A 3242 02:08:35,372 --> 02:08:36,139 HOSPITAL. 3243 02:08:36,139 --> 02:08:37,341 THE QUESTIONS WE'RE CONFRONTED 3244 02:08:37,341 --> 02:08:40,510 WITH ARE MOSTLY REALLY NOT MORAL 3245 02:08:40,510 --> 02:08:40,777 QUESTIONS. 3246 02:08:40,777 --> 02:08:43,246 I MEAN, THEY ARE QUESTIONS ABOUT 3247 02:08:43,246 --> 02:08:46,516 WHAT PEOPLE WANT, BUT THEY ARE 3248 02:08:46,516 --> 02:08:48,185 OFTEN MADE MORE DIFFICULT 3249 02:08:48,185 --> 02:08:49,686 BECAUSE PEOPLE REALLY WANT TO 3250 02:08:49,686 --> 02:08:51,221 THINK ABOUT THE HORRIBLE THINGS 3251 02:08:51,221 --> 02:08:52,456 THAT MIGHT HAPPEN TO THEM IF 3252 02:08:52,456 --> 02:08:54,524 THEY GET SICK OR IF THEY GET 3253 02:08:54,524 --> 02:08:55,058 OLDER. 3254 02:08:55,058 --> 02:08:57,361 PEOPLE TEND TO BE VAGUE EVEN 3255 02:08:57,361 --> 02:09:01,431 WHEN FILL OUT THINGS LIKE 3256 02:09:01,431 --> 02:09:03,300 ADVANCED DIRECTIVES AND 3257 02:09:03,300 --> 02:09:04,501 PHYSICIAN ORDERS FOR TREATMENT 3258 02:09:04,501 --> 02:09:06,370 AND SO ON. 3259 02:09:06,370 --> 02:09:09,640 SO I'M SKEPTICAL THAT SOMEONE 3260 02:09:09,640 --> 02:09:11,842 COULD FULLY TRAIN AN A.I. MODEL 3261 02:09:11,842 --> 02:09:13,577 TO ADEQUATELY MAKE DECISIONS 3262 02:09:13,577 --> 02:09:16,947 THAT WOULD REQUIRE A TREMENDOUS 3263 02:09:16,947 --> 02:09:19,082 AMOUNT OF INFERENCE, AND 3264 02:09:19,082 --> 02:09:19,616 CONSIDERATION OF CURRENT 3265 02:09:19,616 --> 02:09:21,051 CIRCUMSTANCES THAT THIS PERSON 3266 02:09:21,051 --> 02:09:26,189 NEVER ANTICIPATED IN THE PAST. 3267 02:09:26,189 --> 02:09:27,524 SO, I'M CURIOUS ABOUT -- I GUESS 3268 02:09:27,524 --> 02:09:29,693 YOUR THOUGHTS ABOUT HOW THAT 3269 02:09:29,693 --> 02:09:33,096 WOULD ACTUALLY WORK AND WHY 3270 02:09:33,096 --> 02:09:34,865 SOMEONE WOULD WANT THIS 3271 02:09:34,865 --> 02:09:37,401 INFERENCE MACHINE TO MAKE 3272 02:09:37,401 --> 02:09:38,669 INFERENCES AS OPPOSED TO THEIR 3273 02:09:38,669 --> 02:09:40,437 SPOUSE OR THEIR OTHER FAMILY 3274 02:09:40,437 --> 02:09:42,105 MEMBERS WHO ACTUALLY CARE ABOUT 3275 02:09:42,105 --> 02:09:49,413 THEM TO MAKE THOSE CHOICES FOR 3276 02:09:49,413 --> 02:09:49,713 THEM. 3277 02:09:49,713 --> 02:09:52,015 >> MAYBE I'LL START. 3278 02:09:52,015 --> 02:09:53,183 I KNOW WALTER IN PARTICULAR HAS 3279 02:09:53,183 --> 02:09:54,851 A LOT TO SAY ABOUT THIS AS WELL. 3280 02:09:54,851 --> 02:09:59,823 I THINK PART OF THE REASON THAT 3281 02:09:59,823 --> 02:10:02,426 WE ARE FIRST -- OUR FIRST TEST 3282 02:10:02,426 --> 02:10:04,194 CASE IN KIDNEY ALLOCATION, A.I. 3283 02:10:04,194 --> 02:10:05,929 IS ALREADY BEING USED, REALLY 3284 02:10:05,929 --> 02:10:07,230 HELPING TO GET MORE PEOPLE 3285 02:10:07,230 --> 02:10:09,032 ORGANS WHEN THEY BECOME 3286 02:10:09,032 --> 02:10:12,602 AVAILABLE BUT THINGS TO HAVE CAN 3287 02:10:12,602 --> 02:10:14,037 BE CONSIDERED ARE PRACTICAL. 3288 02:10:14,037 --> 02:10:15,338 ENDS UP HAVING ETHICAL 3289 02:10:15,338 --> 02:10:18,408 CONSIDERATIONS BUT HOW CLOSE IS 3290 02:10:18,408 --> 02:10:20,711 THE KIDNEY? 3291 02:10:20,711 --> 02:10:22,379 OR JUST PRACTICAL 3292 02:10:22,379 --> 02:10:23,213 CONSIDERATIONS, MAYBE LEGAL 3293 02:10:23,213 --> 02:10:24,214 CONSIDERATIONS OR SOMETHING. 3294 02:10:24,214 --> 02:10:27,350 SO THE FIRST THING I WANT TO SAY 3295 02:10:27,350 --> 02:10:28,785 IS THAT PART OF THE VISION OR 3296 02:10:28,785 --> 02:10:30,987 PART OF WHY WE DO IT THERE IS TO 3297 02:10:30,987 --> 02:10:33,190 SEE HOW CAN WE INCORPORATE 3298 02:10:33,190 --> 02:10:35,058 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS, CAN YOU 3299 02:10:35,058 --> 02:10:36,660 EMBED IT IN DECISIONS THAT HAVE 3300 02:10:36,660 --> 02:10:39,329 TO TAKE DIFFERENT THINGS INTO 3301 02:10:39,329 --> 02:10:40,097 ACCOUNT INCLUDING THINGS WE DO 3302 02:10:40,097 --> 02:10:43,266 NOT THINK OF AS RELEVANT. 3303 02:10:43,266 --> 02:10:46,870 THAT DOESN'T SEEM -- YOUR 3304 02:10:46,870 --> 02:10:47,904 CONCERNS DON'T SEEM OUT OF THE 3305 02:10:47,904 --> 02:10:51,842 ELM 3306 02:10:51,842 --> 02:10:53,877 EL REALM WE'RE WORKING ON. 3307 02:10:53,877 --> 02:10:55,345 WHAT SCENARIOS TO ASK ABOUT, FOR 3308 02:10:55,345 --> 02:10:57,147 ME I THOUGHT IT WAS IMPORTANT TO 3309 02:10:57,147 --> 02:10:59,583 START WITH A SINGLE TEST CASE AS 3310 02:10:59,583 --> 02:11:00,917 OPPOSED TO FIGURING OUT HOW 3311 02:11:00,917 --> 02:11:03,386 PEOPLE MAKE ETHICAL DECISIONS IN 3312 02:11:03,386 --> 02:11:05,188 EVERY POSSIBLE SITUATION. 3313 02:11:05,188 --> 02:11:06,456 AND WE CAN TELL YOU APPROACHES 3314 02:11:06,456 --> 02:11:09,292 WE'VE USED TO FIGURE OUT, WE CAN 3315 02:11:09,292 --> 02:11:10,761 TALK TO CLINICIANS, TO PATIENTS, 3316 02:11:10,761 --> 02:11:14,131 TO INDIVIDUAL PEOPLE TO GET IDEA 3317 02:11:14,131 --> 02:11:15,766 WHAT KINDS OF FEATURES WILL 3318 02:11:15,766 --> 02:11:17,167 IMPACT YOUR DECISION. 3319 02:11:17,167 --> 02:11:18,201 YOU SAID THESE THINGS PEOPLE 3320 02:11:18,201 --> 02:11:20,137 DON'T WANT TO THINK ABOUT. 3321 02:11:20,137 --> 02:11:21,571 WE CAN FIGURE OUT WHAT THOSE 3322 02:11:21,571 --> 02:11:23,874 FEATURES ARE AND PRESENT WITH 3323 02:11:23,874 --> 02:11:25,942 SCENARIOS, THAT MAKES US HAVE 3324 02:11:25,942 --> 02:11:30,647 THAT INFORMATION INCLUDED. 3325 02:11:30,647 --> 02:11:32,983 IT DOESN'T SEEM TO ME LIKE THE 3326 02:11:32,983 --> 02:11:35,051 APPROACH IS INCAPABLE MUCH 3327 02:11:35,051 --> 02:11:36,219 HANDLING THE THINGS YOU'RE 3328 02:11:36,219 --> 02:11:38,121 CONCERNED ABOUT OTHER THAN HOW 3329 02:11:38,121 --> 02:11:39,322 COULD YOU POSSIBLY GENERALIZE 3330 02:11:39,322 --> 02:11:41,892 THAT, AND THEN THAT GOES BACK TO 3331 02:11:41,892 --> 02:11:44,761 AT LEAST TO ME A PROBLEM IN ALL 3332 02:11:44,761 --> 02:11:45,595 TYPES OF UNDERSTANDING ANYTHING, 3333 02:11:45,595 --> 02:11:47,364 AND THE HOPE IS THAT IF WE 3334 02:11:47,364 --> 02:11:51,535 UNDERSTAND IN A MODEL SYSTEM WE 3335 02:11:51,535 --> 02:11:52,869 CAN INCREMENTALLY HAVE THEORIES 3336 02:11:52,869 --> 02:11:57,040 TO ENCOMPASS EVERYTHING MORE 3337 02:11:57,040 --> 02:11:57,274 GENERAL. 3338 02:11:57,274 --> 02:11:59,643 >> I'LL JUST COMMENT ON THE -- 3339 02:11:59,643 --> 02:12:01,178 WHY NOT HAND OVER TO THE SPOUSE, 3340 02:12:01,178 --> 02:12:04,347 I THINK THERE ARE A NUMBER OF 3341 02:12:04,347 --> 02:12:05,649 REASONS ON STUDIES DONE WHEN 3342 02:12:05,649 --> 02:12:08,618 SOMEONE NAMES A SURROGATE TO 3343 02:12:08,618 --> 02:12:10,587 MAKE A JUDGMENT FOR THEM, A 3344 02:12:10,587 --> 02:12:12,389 NUMBER OF STUDIES HAVE BEEN 3345 02:12:12,389 --> 02:12:14,858 DONE, NONE HAVE FOUND THEY MAKE 3346 02:12:14,858 --> 02:12:18,395 LESS THAN ONE OUT OF THREE 3347 02:12:18,395 --> 02:12:20,564 MISTAKES, SOMETIMES MORE THAN 3348 02:12:20,564 --> 02:12:20,764 THAT. 3349 02:12:20,764 --> 02:12:22,399 SO, THEY ARE NOT VERY ACCURATE. 3350 02:12:22,399 --> 02:12:24,434 THERE ARE A NUMBER OF REASONS. 3351 02:12:24,434 --> 02:12:26,403 SPOUSES OFTEN DIDN'T TALK ABOUT 3352 02:12:26,403 --> 02:12:27,137 IT IN DEPTH. 3353 02:12:27,137 --> 02:12:30,340 THEY'VE GOT A LOT OF 3354 02:12:30,340 --> 02:12:30,841 SELF-INTEREST INVOLVED. 3355 02:12:30,841 --> 02:12:32,509 AND SO ON. 3356 02:12:32,509 --> 02:12:34,411 WHEREAS THE DEVICES WE'VE 3357 02:12:34,411 --> 02:12:35,879 ALREADY ACHIEVED, YOU KNOW, ONLY 3358 02:12:35,879 --> 02:12:38,081 ONE MISTAKE OUT OF TEN SO 90% 3359 02:12:38,081 --> 02:12:40,917 ACCURACY, WHERE THEY ARE GETTING 3360 02:12:40,917 --> 02:12:42,886 65% ACCURACY. 3361 02:12:42,886 --> 02:12:45,188 BUT THE OTHER -- IN PREDICTING 3362 02:12:45,188 --> 02:12:47,724 PATIENT PREFERENCES. 3363 02:12:47,724 --> 02:12:51,261 BUT THE OTHER PROBLEM IS THE 3364 02:12:51,261 --> 02:12:52,762 SPOUSE OFTEN SUFFERS TREMENDOUS 3365 02:12:52,762 --> 02:12:53,930 GUILT AFTERWARDS. 3366 02:12:53,930 --> 02:12:55,332 WE'RE TALKING PTSD SYMPTOMS IN 3367 02:12:55,332 --> 02:12:57,467 OVER 50% OF THE CASES WHERE YOU 3368 02:12:57,467 --> 02:12:59,269 HAVE TO MAKE LIFE AND DEATH 3369 02:12:59,269 --> 02:13:02,405 DECISION FOR A LOVED ONE. 3370 02:13:02,405 --> 02:13:04,074 BY HAVING DEVICE COME IN, AND 3371 02:13:04,074 --> 02:13:06,009 CONFIRM, YES, THAT'S WHAT THEY 3372 02:13:06,009 --> 02:13:07,978 WOULD WANT, CAN MAKE THEM FEEL A 3373 02:13:07,978 --> 02:13:08,879 LOT BETTER. 3374 02:13:08,879 --> 02:13:09,846 SOMETIMES THEY DON'T EVEN WANT 3375 02:13:09,846 --> 02:13:11,681 TO MAKE THE DECISION BUT THEY 3376 02:13:11,681 --> 02:13:14,384 HAVE TO BECAUSE THEY ARE A 3377 02:13:14,384 --> 02:13:14,751 SURROGATE. 3378 02:13:14,751 --> 02:13:16,753 AND SO THEY ARE GLAD TO HAND IT 3379 02:13:16,753 --> 02:13:17,053 OVER. 3380 02:13:17,053 --> 02:13:19,489 WE INTERVIEWED A NUMBER OF 3381 02:13:19,489 --> 02:13:22,225 PEOPLE AND FOUND OVER 50% WOULD 3382 02:13:22,225 --> 02:13:25,295 WANT TO SEEK HELP FROM AN 3383 02:13:25,295 --> 02:13:26,396 AUTOMATED DIGITAL TWIN IF YOU 3384 02:13:26,396 --> 02:13:28,899 WANT TO CALL IT THAT, OVER 50% 3385 02:13:28,899 --> 02:13:31,601 WOULD WANT TO USE THAT IF THEY 3386 02:13:31,601 --> 02:13:36,006 WERE A SURROGATE, AS LONG AS THE 3387 02:13:36,006 --> 02:13:38,341 DIGITAL TWIN WAS 90% ACCURATE OR 3388 02:13:38,341 --> 02:13:40,410 MORE, OBVIOUSLY IF IT'S NOT 3389 02:13:40,410 --> 02:13:42,379 50/50 FLIP A COIN BUT IF IT 3390 02:13:42,379 --> 02:13:46,716 WORKS PEOPLE SEEM TO BE HAPPY TO 3391 02:13:46,716 --> 02:13:47,617 HAND OVER THE DECISION AND HAVE 3392 02:13:47,617 --> 02:13:49,252 IT USED FOR THEMSELVES. 3393 02:13:49,252 --> 02:13:52,122 >> I WANT TO ADD THAT'S A 3394 02:13:52,122 --> 02:13:52,889 SCENARIO WHERE YOU'RE LIKELY TO 3395 02:13:52,889 --> 02:13:54,991 BE ABLE TO GET INPUT FROM A 3396 02:13:54,991 --> 02:13:56,026 FAMILY MEMBER. 3397 02:13:56,026 --> 02:13:58,395 THAT IDEA IS A.I. IS BEING USED 3398 02:13:58,395 --> 02:14:01,965 IN MEDICAL DOMAIN IN MANY 3399 02:14:01,965 --> 02:14:05,802 SITUATIONS WHERE YOU WON'T GET 3400 02:14:05,802 --> 02:14:06,002 INPUT. 3401 02:14:06,002 --> 02:14:06,937 DECISIONS, TRIAGE DECISIONS WILL 3402 02:14:06,937 --> 02:14:08,872 BE MADE WITHOUT THE PATIENT'S 3403 02:14:08,872 --> 02:14:11,341 INPUT SO THE IDEA IS CAN WE 3404 02:14:11,341 --> 02:14:14,144 BUILD THE A.I. IN SUCH A WAY IT 3405 02:14:14,144 --> 02:14:16,379 ACTUALLY CAN TAKE MORE INPUT, 3406 02:14:16,379 --> 02:14:18,281 CAN REPRESENT MORE THAN IF YOU 3407 02:14:18,281 --> 02:14:19,582 DIDN'T HAVE INPUT AT ALL. 3408 02:14:19,582 --> 02:14:26,089 SO DID THAT MAKE SENSE? 3409 02:14:26,089 --> 02:14:28,158 >> LET ME OPEN TO THE NEXT 3410 02:14:28,158 --> 02:14:28,425 QUESTION. 3411 02:14:28,425 --> 02:14:30,393 WE HAVE A BIG QUEUE OF QUESTIONS 3412 02:14:30,393 --> 02:14:32,429 NOW, WHICH IS TERRIFIC. 3413 02:14:32,429 --> 02:14:33,997 AS PEOPLE START TO ASK 3414 02:14:33,997 --> 02:14:35,799 QUESTIONS, I WOULD REALLY 3415 02:14:35,799 --> 02:14:40,036 ENCOURAGE US TO THINK ABOUT WHAT 3416 02:14:40,036 --> 02:14:43,773 MIGHT WE DO IN NEWG AS A NEXT 3417 02:14:43,773 --> 02:14:46,743 STEP IN THINKING ABOUT BOTH 3418 02:14:46,743 --> 02:14:48,278 CONVERGENCE OF DIGITAL TWINS AS 3419 02:14:48,278 --> 02:14:49,913 WELL AS BRAIN FOUNDATION MODELS 3420 02:14:49,913 --> 02:14:52,182 WHICH WE HAD IN PREVIOUS 3421 02:14:52,182 --> 02:14:53,650 MEETING, AND THINK ABOUT A 3422 02:14:53,650 --> 02:14:59,222 PATHWAY FORWARD THAT WOULD BE 3423 02:14:59,222 --> 02:14:59,456 USEFUL. 3424 02:14:59,456 --> 02:14:59,656 KAREN? 3425 02:14:59,656 --> 02:15:01,791 >> I WASN'T READY BUT I'LL -- 3426 02:15:01,791 --> 02:15:07,964 >> YOU DON'T HAVE TO. 3427 02:15:07,964 --> 02:15:09,933 IT WAS TO ENCOURAGE EVERYBODY TO 3428 02:15:09,933 --> 02:15:14,537 THINK ABOUT FRAMING THAT AS 3429 02:15:14,537 --> 02:15:15,538 WELL. 3430 02:15:15,538 --> 02:15:16,406 >> GREAT ENCOURAGEMENT. 3431 02:15:16,406 --> 02:15:21,144 WALTER, YOU MENTIONED THIS, AND 3432 02:15:21,144 --> 02:15:22,612 JANA, THE LAST TALK ALWAYS GETS 3433 02:15:22,612 --> 02:15:23,747 THE MOST QUESTIONS. 3434 02:15:23,747 --> 02:15:26,016 YOU TALKED ABOUT OVER 50% OF 3435 02:15:26,016 --> 02:15:27,917 FAMILIES SAID THEY WANTED THIS, 3436 02:15:27,917 --> 02:15:28,785 WALTER, AND YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT 3437 02:15:28,785 --> 02:15:31,388 WHO MIGHT BE THE DESIRABLE 3438 02:15:31,388 --> 02:15:33,023 CANDIDATE IN CONTEXT. 3439 02:15:33,023 --> 02:15:36,259 CAN YOU SHARE MORE, APOLOGIES 3440 02:15:36,259 --> 02:15:39,829 BECAUSE I SHOULD HAVE READ YOUR 3441 02:15:39,829 --> 02:15:41,164 PAPERS, WHO DOES WANT THIS? 3442 02:15:41,164 --> 02:15:43,199 IN WHAT CONTEXT DO THEY WANT IT? 3443 02:15:43,199 --> 02:15:45,068 OF THE PEOPLE YOU ASKED, WHERE 3444 02:15:45,068 --> 02:15:46,836 ARE THEY FROM? 3445 02:15:46,836 --> 02:15:49,906 ARE THEY YOUR STUDENTS, TYPICAL 3446 02:15:49,906 --> 02:15:50,507 STUDENT POPULATION, LIKE 3447 02:15:50,507 --> 02:15:52,208 ACTUALLY FAMILIES IN THE 3448 02:15:52,208 --> 02:15:53,743 HOSPITAL, OR JUST AMERICANS, 3449 02:15:53,743 --> 02:15:55,278 KIND OF CURIOUS ABOUT WHO WANTS 3450 02:15:55,278 --> 02:16:00,083 THIS, HOW DO YOU KNOW THAT? 3451 02:16:00,083 --> 02:16:03,319 >> SURVEY RESULTS WERE BASED ON 3452 02:16:03,319 --> 02:16:05,422 REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE OF 900 3453 02:16:05,422 --> 02:16:07,223 AMERICANS, ALL AGED 60 OR OVER. 3454 02:16:07,223 --> 02:16:08,324 BECAUSE WE THOUGHT THAT WAS THE 3455 02:16:08,324 --> 02:16:10,160 GROUP THAT WOULD BE MOST 3456 02:16:10,160 --> 02:16:11,928 RELEVANT TO. 3457 02:16:11,928 --> 02:16:13,496 AND THEN WE ASKED THEM, WELL, 3458 02:16:13,496 --> 02:16:17,000 YOU KNOW, IF THE DEVICE WERE 3459 02:16:17,000 --> 02:16:18,368 ACCURATE, ARE 80% OF THE TIME 3460 02:16:18,368 --> 02:16:22,639 WOULD YOU WANT TO USE IT, 90%, 3461 02:16:22,639 --> 02:16:24,607 95% OF THE TIME WOULD YOU WANT 3462 02:16:24,607 --> 02:16:26,042 TO USE IT? 3463 02:16:26,042 --> 02:16:28,044 WE IN A FOLLOW-UP STUDY 3464 02:16:28,044 --> 02:16:29,746 MANIPULATED WHAT THEY KNOW ABOUT 3465 02:16:29,746 --> 02:16:32,082 THE SITUATION, THAT PEOPLE WHO 3466 02:16:32,082 --> 02:16:34,918 ACT AS SURROGATES OFTEN HAVE 3467 02:16:34,918 --> 02:16:35,819 PTSD SYMPTOMS, WE WOULD CHANGE 3468 02:16:35,819 --> 02:16:38,221 THAT KNOWLEDGE AND WE WOULD ALSO 3469 02:16:38,221 --> 02:16:40,523 CHANGE THEIR KNOWLEDGE OF HOW 3470 02:16:40,523 --> 02:16:41,624 ACCURATE SURROGATES ARE. 3471 02:16:41,624 --> 02:16:42,559 SURROGATES ARE NOT SUPPOSED TO 3472 02:16:42,559 --> 02:16:43,626 TELL YOU WHAT THEY THINK THE 3473 02:16:43,626 --> 02:16:44,761 RIGHT THING TO DO IS. 3474 02:16:44,761 --> 02:16:46,429 THEY ARE SUPPOSED TO BE 3475 02:16:46,429 --> 02:16:48,798 PREDICTING WHAT THE PATIENT 3476 02:16:48,798 --> 02:16:49,165 WOULD WANT. 3477 02:16:49,165 --> 02:16:51,234 AND SO WE ASKED HOW GOOD DO YOU 3478 02:16:51,234 --> 02:16:53,703 THINK SURROGATES ARE AT THAT? 3479 02:16:53,703 --> 02:16:55,405 AND SO IT'S MUCH MORE COMPLEX 3480 02:16:55,405 --> 02:16:57,140 RESULTS THAT I'D BE HAPPY TO 3481 02:16:57,140 --> 02:17:02,178 SHARE IN DETAIL LATER BUT THAT'S 3482 02:17:02,178 --> 02:17:03,279 THE SAMPLE, 900 REPRESENTATIVES 3483 02:17:03,279 --> 02:17:05,048 SAMPLE OF THE U.S. 3484 02:17:05,048 --> 02:17:06,249 >> I SHOULD HAVE BEEN CLEAR, 3485 02:17:06,249 --> 02:17:08,118 WHEN YOU TALK ABOUT WHEN I SAID 3486 02:17:08,118 --> 02:17:10,954 WHAT THEY WANT, AND YOU'RE 3487 02:17:10,954 --> 02:17:15,658 TALKING ABOUT DEVICE ACCURACY, 3488 02:17:15,658 --> 02:17:17,494 ACCURATE IN WHAT DIMENSION, 3489 02:17:17,494 --> 02:17:21,865 MORAL DIMENSION? 3490 02:17:21,865 --> 02:17:29,205 THE CONSTELLATION, HOW ARE YOU 3491 02:17:29,205 --> 02:17:30,173 DEFINING ACCURATE? 3492 02:17:30,173 --> 02:17:32,942 ACCURATELY PREDICTING WHAT THE 3493 02:17:32,942 --> 02:17:34,043 PATIENT WOULD WANT. 3494 02:17:34,043 --> 02:17:35,345 WE CAN ASK THE POTENTIAL PATIENT 3495 02:17:35,345 --> 02:17:38,081 WHAT WOULD YOU WANT IN THIS 3496 02:17:38,081 --> 02:17:39,382 SCENARIO, AND ASK THE SURROGATE, 3497 02:17:39,382 --> 02:17:41,251 WHAT DO YOU THINK THEY WOULD 3498 02:17:41,251 --> 02:17:42,819 WANT IN THIS SCENARIO? 3499 02:17:42,819 --> 02:17:44,220 ACCURACY IS GETTING THAT RIGHT. 3500 02:17:44,220 --> 02:17:46,389 NOW, I WOULD BE THE FIRST TO 3501 02:17:46,389 --> 02:17:49,325 ADMIT THAT'S NOT GETTING 3502 02:17:49,325 --> 02:17:51,060 ACCURATE -- WHAT THEY WANT LATER 3503 02:17:51,060 --> 02:17:52,862 ON, RIGHT, WHILE THEY ARE 3504 02:17:52,862 --> 02:17:53,830 INCAPABLE OF MAKING THAT 3505 02:17:53,830 --> 02:17:57,133 DECISION BECAUSE THEY DON'T 3506 02:17:57,133 --> 02:17:58,401 UNDERSTAND SITUATION, BUT IT'S 3507 02:17:58,401 --> 02:17:59,936 OUR BEST EVIDENCE OF WHAT THEY 3508 02:17:59,936 --> 02:18:02,906 WOULD WANT IF THEY STILL WERE 3509 02:18:02,906 --> 02:18:06,643 CAPABLE OF UNDERSTANDING THE 3510 02:18:06,643 --> 02:18:10,180 DECISION. 3511 02:18:10,180 --> 02:18:10,446 >> JOHN? 3512 02:18:10,446 --> 02:18:12,348 >> YEAH, THIS IS FASCINATING. 3513 02:18:12,348 --> 02:18:15,752 I GUESS FOLLOWING UP ON THAT, MY 3514 02:18:15,752 --> 02:18:17,053 GENERAL QUESTION IS, WOULD THESE 3515 02:18:17,053 --> 02:18:19,255 MODELS BE ABLE TO TAKE INTO 3516 02:18:19,255 --> 02:18:20,823 ACCOUNT LEARNING WITH FEEDBACK? 3517 02:18:20,823 --> 02:18:23,826 THIS IS WHERE MY SKEPTICISM 3518 02:18:23,826 --> 02:18:25,595 COMES IN BECAUSE THINGS -- I 3519 02:18:25,595 --> 02:18:27,897 MAKE THINK THINGS THROUGH IN A 3520 02:18:27,897 --> 02:18:29,866 CERTAIN WAY WHEN PERFECTLY 3521 02:18:29,866 --> 02:18:32,835 HEALTHY, BUT AS MY EXPERIENCE 3522 02:18:32,835 --> 02:18:34,037 CHANGES WITH FEEDBACK, YOU KNOW, 3523 02:18:34,037 --> 02:18:39,442 I'M GOING TO HAVE AGENCY TO BE 3524 02:18:39,442 --> 02:18:40,677 EVOLVING MY DECISION MAKING, AND 3525 02:18:40,677 --> 02:18:42,212 WHEN YOU MAKE THE MODEL ARE YOU 3526 02:18:42,212 --> 02:18:45,181 TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THOSE 3527 02:18:45,181 --> 02:18:45,415 CHANGES? 3528 02:18:45,415 --> 02:18:48,251 LIKE YOU SAY, THINGS LOOK 3529 02:18:48,251 --> 02:18:50,086 DIFFERENT WHEN YOU'RE CLOSE INTO 3530 02:18:50,086 --> 02:18:51,888 SOMETHING, THAT'S MY SENSE OF 3531 02:18:51,888 --> 02:18:52,388 AGENCY. 3532 02:18:52,388 --> 02:18:54,023 IT'S NOT CLEAR TO ME WHETHER OR 3533 02:18:54,023 --> 02:18:56,559 HOW YOU'D BE ABLE TO MODEL THAT 3534 02:18:56,559 --> 02:19:00,496 IN, INTO THIS WHOLE THING, THE 3535 02:19:00,496 --> 02:19:01,598 OTHER ISSUE IS, YOU KNOW, AGAIN, 3536 02:19:01,598 --> 02:19:03,866 IT FOLLOWS UP ON KAREN'S 3537 02:19:03,866 --> 02:19:05,635 QUESTION ABOUT HOW DO YOU DEFINE 3538 02:19:05,635 --> 02:19:08,605 ACCURACY AND UNDER WHAT CONTEXT 3539 02:19:08,605 --> 02:19:09,839 AND CIRCUMSTANCE? 3540 02:19:09,839 --> 02:19:11,207 I'M JUST GUESSING IF SOMEBODY'S 3541 02:19:11,207 --> 02:19:12,942 GOING TO SELL OR MARKET A DEVICE 3542 02:19:12,942 --> 02:19:16,246 90% IS NOT GOING TO MAKE IT. 3543 02:19:16,246 --> 02:19:18,314 SOMEBODY IS GOING TO FIND FAULT 3544 02:19:18,314 --> 02:19:20,717 WITH THAT 10%. 3545 02:19:20,717 --> 02:19:22,318 I'M A LITTLE BIT QUESTIONS HOW 3546 02:19:22,318 --> 02:19:27,890 WE'LL GET IT TO A POINT WHERE IT 3547 02:19:27,890 --> 02:19:28,958 CAN ACTUALLY FUNCTION AS NITA 3548 02:19:28,958 --> 02:19:32,362 BROUGHT UP THE ISSUE OF 3549 02:19:32,362 --> 02:19:35,765 FIDUCIARY A.I., HOW DO WE 3550 02:19:35,765 --> 02:19:37,066 PROTECT A PERSON'S INTERESTS 3551 02:19:37,066 --> 02:19:38,368 THAT WILL EVOLVE OVER TIME AS 3552 02:19:38,368 --> 02:19:39,269 THEY AGE IN THE DIFFERENT 3553 02:19:39,269 --> 02:19:40,570 CIRCUMSTANCE AND HOW DOES ONE 3554 02:19:40,570 --> 02:19:43,406 TAKE THAT INTO ACCOUNT? 3555 02:19:43,406 --> 02:19:45,775 RIGHT NOW A.I. APPROACHES, WE 3556 02:19:45,775 --> 02:19:49,312 DON'T HAVE THE EMBODIMENT OF THE 3557 02:19:49,312 --> 02:19:50,647 ACTUAL PHYSICAL EXPERIENCE. 3558 02:19:50,647 --> 02:19:51,648 >> I'M GOING TO FORGET SOME OF 3559 02:19:51,648 --> 02:19:52,315 THE POINTS. 3560 02:19:52,315 --> 02:19:55,018 ONE PART THAT I'M PARTICULARLY 3561 02:19:55,018 --> 02:19:56,686 PASSIONATE ABOUT, THE LEARNING 3562 02:19:56,686 --> 02:19:57,987 PART YOU DESCRIBED. 3563 02:19:57,987 --> 02:19:59,822 THAT'S ACTUALLY VERY MUCH WHAT 3564 02:19:59,822 --> 02:20:00,957 WE'RE FOCUSING, A LOT OF WHAT 3565 02:20:00,957 --> 02:20:03,660 WE'RE FOCUSING ON NOW. 3566 02:20:03,660 --> 02:20:05,528 I DIDN'T TALK ABOUT THIS BUT ONE 3567 02:20:05,528 --> 02:20:06,729 REASON I'M EXCITED ABOUT THIS, 3568 02:20:06,729 --> 02:20:08,164 WHAT WE'VE BEEN BUILDING, I 3569 02:20:08,164 --> 02:20:10,233 DIDN'T REALIZE THIS CAN BE A 3570 02:20:10,233 --> 02:20:13,303 TOOL FOR HELPING US DO THAT MORE 3571 02:20:13,303 --> 02:20:13,569 LEARNING. 3572 02:20:13,569 --> 02:20:17,874 YOU SPENT A LOT OF TIME THINKING 3573 02:20:17,874 --> 02:20:18,775 ABOUT THESE THINGS, YOU'RE 3574 02:20:18,775 --> 02:20:19,642 ETHICIST, BUT PEOPLE HAVEN'T 3575 02:20:19,642 --> 02:20:21,511 THOUGHT ABOUT THIS. 3576 02:20:21,511 --> 02:20:22,879 LIKE A MORAL PHILOSOPHY CLASS IF 3577 02:20:22,879 --> 02:20:24,380 YOU DESIGN QUESTIONS IN THE 3578 02:20:24,380 --> 02:20:26,115 RIGHT WAY, IT MAKES THEM THINK 3579 02:20:26,115 --> 02:20:27,183 ABOUT CONSIDERATIONS THAT THEY 3580 02:20:27,183 --> 02:20:28,217 HADN'T THOUGHT ABOUT BEFORE, CAN 3581 02:20:28,217 --> 02:20:29,919 HELP PEOPLE FIGURE OUT WHAT THEY 3582 02:20:29,919 --> 02:20:31,554 THINK IS RIGHT OR WRONG. 3583 02:20:31,554 --> 02:20:33,756 SO I THINK IT'S A REALLY -- I'M 3584 02:20:33,756 --> 02:20:35,058 EXCITED ABOUT POTENTIAL OF 3585 02:20:35,058 --> 02:20:36,159 TAKING ADVANTAGE OF THAT. 3586 02:20:36,159 --> 02:20:38,761 NOW THE FLIP SIDE HOW DO YOU 3587 02:20:38,761 --> 02:20:40,096 MAKE SURE THAT LEARNING GETS 3588 02:20:40,096 --> 02:20:41,831 INCORPORATED INTO THE MODEL? 3589 02:20:41,831 --> 02:20:44,901 AND SO WE'RE WORKING ON 3590 02:20:44,901 --> 02:20:45,802 TECHNICAL TOOLS FOR THAT, 3591 02:20:45,802 --> 02:20:50,373 MULTIPLE CASE. 3592 02:20:50,373 --> 02:20:52,775 CAN WE FIND PATTERNS, COME UP 3593 02:20:52,775 --> 02:20:54,644 WITH A COMPUTATIONAL THEORY OF 3594 02:20:54,644 --> 02:20:56,079 MORAL LEARNING THAT DESCRIBES -- 3595 02:20:56,079 --> 02:20:58,381 THAT DOES A GOOD JOB DESCRIBING 3596 02:20:58,381 --> 02:21:05,154 HOW THIS HAPPENS OVERALL? 3597 02:21:05,154 --> 02:21:06,389 AND ALGORITHMS MORE RESILIENT TO 3598 02:21:06,389 --> 02:21:08,658 CHANGING YOUR MIND OR YOU MADE A 3599 02:21:08,658 --> 02:21:09,325 MISTAKE BECAUSE YOU'RE HUNGRY 3600 02:21:09,325 --> 02:21:10,960 TODAY COMPARED TO WHAT YOU WOULD 3601 02:21:10,960 --> 02:21:12,462 HAVE SAID LAST TIME, WE DO 3602 02:21:12,462 --> 02:21:13,529 STUDIES ON CONSISTENCY, FOR 3603 02:21:13,529 --> 02:21:15,898 EXAMPLE, ASKING YOU THE SAME 3604 02:21:15,898 --> 02:21:17,433 QUESTIONS OVER TIME, SEEING IF 3605 02:21:17,433 --> 02:21:19,068 YOU CHANGE YOUR RESPONSE. 3606 02:21:19,068 --> 02:21:21,904 AND SO WE'RE WORKING ON A LOT OF 3607 02:21:21,904 --> 02:21:24,407 PARTS OF THAT NOW. 3608 02:21:24,407 --> 02:21:25,575 THAT'S ALL IN THE REALM OF 3609 02:21:25,575 --> 02:21:27,844 WHAT'S GOING TO HAPPEN IN THE 3610 02:21:27,844 --> 02:21:30,246 NEAR FUTURE IS BEING ABLE TO 3611 02:21:30,246 --> 02:21:30,913 ACTUALLY ACCOUNT FOR THIS MORE 3612 02:21:30,913 --> 02:21:32,315 LEARNING AND THAT'S ALSO WHY I 3613 02:21:32,315 --> 02:21:33,416 THINK THE INTERACTIVE PART IS 3614 02:21:33,416 --> 02:21:34,717 NECESSARY BECAUSE YOU DO CHANGE 3615 02:21:34,717 --> 02:21:39,522 YOUR MIND, DO YOU LEARN THINGS, 3616 02:21:39,522 --> 02:21:40,757 MAYBE YOU WANT TO TAKE NEW 3617 02:21:40,757 --> 02:21:43,326 THINGS INTO ACCOUNT SO I THINK 3618 02:21:43,326 --> 02:21:44,894 THE IDEA WOULD BE IT WOULD HAVE 3619 02:21:44,894 --> 02:21:47,196 TO BE SOMETHING, MY VISION, YOU 3620 02:21:47,196 --> 02:21:48,398 CONTINUOUSLY UPDATE OR AT LEAST 3621 02:21:48,398 --> 02:21:53,903 WANT TO CHECK IN AND UPDATE. 3622 02:21:53,903 --> 02:21:56,305 I THINK VINCE RAISED HIS HAND. 3623 02:21:56,305 --> 02:21:56,606 >> AMY? 3624 02:21:56,606 --> 02:21:57,840 I ENCOURAGE EVERYBODY TO THINK 3625 02:21:57,840 --> 02:22:02,111 ABOUT IN CONTEXT WHAT WE MIGHT 3626 02:22:02,111 --> 02:22:03,746 DO TOGETHER IN NEWG, THIS IS 3627 02:22:03,746 --> 02:22:07,583 LEADING TO A SPIRITED SET OF 3628 02:22:07,583 --> 02:22:07,984 QUESTIONS. 3629 02:22:07,984 --> 02:22:08,251 >> OKAY. 3630 02:22:08,251 --> 02:22:10,019 YES, THANK YOU FOR THIS. 3631 02:22:10,019 --> 02:22:12,622 THIS IS REALLY FASCINATING. 3632 02:22:12,622 --> 02:22:14,490 I HAD TWO-PART QUESTION. 3633 02:22:14,490 --> 02:22:16,793 ONE HAS TO DO WITH HOW WE MAKE 3634 02:22:16,793 --> 02:22:19,195 DECISIONS, RIGHT? 3635 02:22:19,195 --> 02:22:20,730 WE WERE TALKING ABOUT LIKE DO WE 3636 02:22:20,730 --> 02:22:24,667 WANT PEOPLE TO MAKE DECISIONS 3637 02:22:24,667 --> 02:22:26,969 BASED ON HOW THEY NORMALLY MAKE 3638 02:22:26,969 --> 02:22:28,504 DECISIONS OR GOOD DECISIONS, HOW 3639 02:22:28,504 --> 02:22:30,039 DO WE DEFINE GOOD DECISIONS, SO 3640 02:22:30,039 --> 02:22:32,241 I THINK ONE WAY THIS COULD BE 3641 02:22:32,241 --> 02:22:34,110 USED IS WE KNOW PEOPLE MAKE 3642 02:22:34,110 --> 02:22:40,650 DECISIONS BASED ON ALL KINDS OF 3643 02:22:40,650 --> 02:22:41,617 COGNITIVE BIASES AND HUERISTICS, 3644 02:22:41,617 --> 02:22:43,619 HEY, YOU SEEM TO BE TAKING X 3645 02:22:43,619 --> 02:22:44,854 INTO ACCOUNT, LIKE RACE OR THE 3646 02:22:44,854 --> 02:22:46,489 LAST THING YOU SAW OR THE LAST 3647 02:22:46,489 --> 02:22:48,958 THING SAID TO YOU OR WHATEVER. 3648 02:22:48,958 --> 02:22:52,662 AND BY JUST MAKING EXPLICIT WHAT 3649 02:22:52,662 --> 02:22:55,665 THOSE BIASES ARE IT COULD, YOU 3650 02:22:55,665 --> 02:22:56,299 KNOW, POTENTIALLY OVERRIDE 3651 02:22:56,299 --> 02:22:58,901 BIASES AND HELP PEOPLE MAKE MORE 3652 02:22:58,901 --> 02:22:59,802 QUOTE/UNQUOTE RATIONAL 3653 02:22:59,802 --> 02:23:00,069 DECISIONS. 3654 02:23:00,069 --> 02:23:01,337 I GUESS THE FIRST PART OF MY 3655 02:23:01,337 --> 02:23:03,639 QUESTION HOW DO YOU ACCOUNT FOR 3656 02:23:03,639 --> 02:23:05,575 THOSE TYPES OF IMPLICIT BIAS IN 3657 02:23:05,575 --> 02:23:07,243 TRAINING OF THE MODEL IN THE 3658 02:23:07,243 --> 02:23:08,344 FIRST PLACE? 3659 02:23:08,344 --> 02:23:10,713 AND IN ORDER TO KIND OF LIKE 3660 02:23:10,713 --> 02:23:13,783 KNOW WHAT SOMEBODY LET'S SAY 3661 02:23:13,783 --> 02:23:14,884 AUTHENTICALLY WOULD WANT BASED 3662 02:23:14,884 --> 02:23:16,219 ON VALUES AND BELIEFS, INSTEAD 3663 02:23:16,219 --> 02:23:18,387 OF BASED ON SORT EVER ALL OF 3664 02:23:18,387 --> 02:23:20,122 THESE DIFFERENT HUERISTICS THAT 3665 02:23:20,122 --> 02:23:21,057 TYPICALLY GO INTO DECISION 3666 02:23:21,057 --> 02:23:23,426 MAKING AND CAN THE MODEL CORRECT 3667 02:23:23,426 --> 02:23:26,462 FOR THAT, AND THE SECOND PART IS 3668 02:23:26,462 --> 02:23:28,464 AROUND I WAS THINKING THIS IS 3669 02:23:28,464 --> 02:23:31,067 THE BRAIN EQUIVALENT OR MORAL 3670 02:23:31,067 --> 02:23:32,702 EQUIVALENT OF THE AURA RING, 3671 02:23:32,702 --> 02:23:33,569 I'VE HEARD PEOPLE TALK RECENTLY 3672 02:23:33,569 --> 02:23:35,171 ABOUT I WAKE UP IN THE MORNING, 3673 02:23:35,171 --> 02:23:37,206 I DON'T KNOW HOW I FEEL UNTIL MY 3674 02:23:37,206 --> 02:23:37,974 AURA RING TELLS ME. 3675 02:23:37,974 --> 02:23:43,212 DID I SLEEP WELL? 3676 02:23:43,212 --> 02:23:45,948 DO I FEEL GOOD? 3677 02:23:45,948 --> 02:23:49,118 WHAT'S THE RISK OF GENERALLY 3678 02:23:49,118 --> 02:23:50,419 UNDERMINING PEOPLE'S AGENCY AND 3679 02:23:50,419 --> 02:23:51,921 AUTONOMY SAYING I DON'T KNOW 3680 02:23:51,921 --> 02:23:55,391 WHAT I WANT UNTIL MY DIGITAL 3681 02:23:55,391 --> 02:23:56,893 TWIN TELLS ME, WHO OF HAVE YOU 3682 02:23:56,893 --> 02:23:58,995 THOUGHT ABOUT THAT AND 3683 02:23:58,995 --> 02:24:01,097 PROTECTING AGAINST THAT LONG 3684 02:24:01,097 --> 02:24:01,430 TERM? 3685 02:24:01,430 --> 02:24:03,900 >> WALTER, DO YOU WANT TO TALK 3686 02:24:03,900 --> 02:24:06,402 ABOUT THE CORRECTING PART? 3687 02:24:06,402 --> 02:24:07,303 >> SURE. 3688 02:24:07,303 --> 02:24:09,505 SO, I THINK WHAT WE -- FIRST 3689 02:24:09,505 --> 02:24:10,706 WHEN WE GIVE THEM FOR EXAMPLE 3690 02:24:10,706 --> 02:24:12,341 THE KIDNEY CASE WE DON'T TELL 3691 02:24:12,341 --> 02:24:13,543 THEM WHAT THE RACE OF THE 3692 02:24:13,543 --> 02:24:14,844 PATIENT IS. 3693 02:24:14,844 --> 02:24:16,712 WE DON'T TELL THEM WHAT THE 3694 02:24:16,712 --> 02:24:16,979 GENDER IS. 3695 02:24:16,979 --> 02:24:20,783 WE JUST DON'T GIVE THEM 3696 02:24:20,783 --> 02:24:21,751 INFORMATION ABOUT THE FACTORS 3697 02:24:21,751 --> 02:24:23,519 THAT THEY THINK SHOULD NOT 3698 02:24:23,519 --> 02:24:25,321 AFFECT THEIR JUDGMENT. 3699 02:24:25,321 --> 02:24:26,022 SO THAT CAN REDUCE. 3700 02:24:26,022 --> 02:24:28,491 THAT'S NOT GOING TO GET RID OF 3701 02:24:28,491 --> 02:24:32,528 IT ALL BECAUSE THERE ARE 3702 02:24:32,528 --> 02:24:34,397 PROXIES, SO FOR EXAMPLE IF YOU 3703 02:24:34,397 --> 02:24:39,402 TENDS TO GIVE A KIDNEY, ALLOCAE 3704 02:24:39,402 --> 02:24:41,103 A KIDNEY TO SOMEBODY WHO DOESN'T 3705 02:24:41,103 --> 02:24:43,272 HAVE DIABETES OVER SOMEBODY WHO 3706 02:24:43,272 --> 02:24:44,407 DOES, THAT'S GOING TO 3707 02:24:44,407 --> 02:24:45,041 DISADVANTAGE AFRICAN AMERICANS 3708 02:24:45,041 --> 02:24:47,476 BECAUSE THEY HAVE HIGHER RATES 3709 02:24:47,476 --> 02:24:48,277 OF DIABETES. 3710 02:24:48,277 --> 02:24:52,081 AND SO NOW WE CAN ASK, OKAY, IF 3711 02:24:52,081 --> 02:24:53,883 HAVE YOU THAT INFORMATION, AND 3712 02:24:53,883 --> 02:24:56,319 YOU KNOW THAT THAT'S GOING TO 3713 02:24:56,319 --> 02:24:57,954 BIAS THIS, NOW, YOU KNOW, HOW 3714 02:24:57,954 --> 02:24:59,622 DOES THAT AFFECT HOW MUCH WEIGHT 3715 02:24:59,622 --> 02:25:01,724 YOU PUT ON THE FACT THAT THEY 3716 02:25:01,724 --> 02:25:03,559 HAVE DIABETES AND THE ALLOCATION 3717 02:25:03,559 --> 02:25:04,226 OF THE KIDNEYS? 3718 02:25:04,226 --> 02:25:08,264 AND SO WHAT WE TRY TO DO IS TO 3719 02:25:08,264 --> 02:25:10,199 STUDY THOSE BIASES, AND IF WE 3720 02:25:10,199 --> 02:25:12,335 CAN FIND OUT, YOU KNOW, THE WAYS 3721 02:25:12,335 --> 02:25:14,737 IN WHICH THEY ARE AFFECTING 3722 02:25:14,737 --> 02:25:15,938 PEOPLE'S MORAL JUDGMENTS, 3723 02:25:15,938 --> 02:25:19,008 HOPEFULLY WE'LL BE ABLE TO 3724 02:25:19,008 --> 02:25:20,776 CORRECT FOR THOSE BIASES IN 3725 02:25:20,776 --> 02:25:22,411 THEIR MORAL JUDGMENTS. 3726 02:25:22,411 --> 02:25:23,846 YOU'RE ABSOLUTELY RIGHT. 3727 02:25:23,846 --> 02:25:25,348 THOSE CREEP IN AT THE BEGINNING, 3728 02:25:25,348 --> 02:25:28,017 AND THE HOPE IS THAT WE'LL BE 3729 02:25:28,017 --> 02:25:29,552 ABLE TO CORRECT FOR THEM IN WAYS 3730 02:25:29,552 --> 02:25:32,755 PEOPLE WOULD WANT THEM 3731 02:25:32,755 --> 02:25:33,289 CORRECTED. 3732 02:25:33,289 --> 02:25:35,124 WE'RE FINDING ALMOST EVERYBODY, 3733 02:25:35,124 --> 02:25:36,993 I MEAN, WELL OVER 95% ARE 3734 02:25:36,993 --> 02:25:39,862 SAYING, NO, I DON'T WANT RACE TO 3735 02:25:39,862 --> 02:25:42,398 AFFECT ALLOCATION OF KIDNEYS. 3736 02:25:42,398 --> 02:25:44,533 AND THEN WE CAN CORRECT TO TRY 3737 02:25:44,533 --> 02:25:46,969 TO MINIMIZE THE EFFECT. 3738 02:25:46,969 --> 02:25:48,404 WE'LL NEVER MAKE IT PERFECT. 3739 02:25:48,404 --> 02:25:51,040 WE WANT TO MAKE IT BETTER THAN 3740 02:25:51,040 --> 02:25:52,975 THE CURRENT SYSTEM. 3741 02:25:52,975 --> 02:25:54,510 >> IF I COULD JUMP IN. 3742 02:25:54,510 --> 02:25:57,680 WE HAVE A PAPER ON THIS PRECISE 3743 02:25:57,680 --> 02:26:00,082 QUESTION OF THE FEEDBACK FROM 3744 02:26:00,082 --> 02:26:02,251 THE A.I., THEN CHANGING HOW 3745 02:26:02,251 --> 02:26:03,686 PEOPLE THINK ABOUT THESE TYPES 3746 02:26:03,686 --> 02:26:04,987 OF QUESTIONS, TRYING TO GET 3747 02:26:04,987 --> 02:26:05,688 AROUND THAT. 3748 02:26:05,688 --> 02:26:07,623 I THINK WALTER IS RIGHT. 3749 02:26:07,623 --> 02:26:10,393 MOST OF THESE CASES WE CAN TRY 3750 02:26:10,393 --> 02:26:12,595 TO PREDICT WHAT THE GROUND TRUTH 3751 02:26:12,595 --> 02:26:14,130 WOULD BE IF THEY WERE BETTER 3752 02:26:14,130 --> 02:26:17,600 THEY 3753 02:26:17,600 --> 02:26:17,867 INFORMED. 3754 02:26:17,867 --> 02:26:19,135 SOME CASES IT'S HARD TO SAY WHAT 3755 02:26:19,135 --> 02:26:21,871 IS THE DECISION WE WANT TO MAKE. 3756 02:26:21,871 --> 02:26:24,173 LET'S SAY I TELL MY ALEXA OR 3757 02:26:24,173 --> 02:26:25,941 SOMETHING TO WAKE ME UP IN THE 3758 02:26:25,941 --> 02:26:28,878 MORNING TO GO TO THE GYM, DON'T 3759 02:26:28,878 --> 02:26:30,413 TAKE NO FOR AN ANSWER, THAT'S 3760 02:26:30,413 --> 02:26:31,914 WHAT I INSTRUCT IT TO DO. 3761 02:26:31,914 --> 02:26:33,015 IN THE MORNING, NO, I DON'T WANT 3762 02:26:33,015 --> 02:26:36,852 TO GO TO THE GYM, TURN OFF. 3763 02:26:36,852 --> 02:26:37,620 WHAT'S THE RIGHT DECISION? 3764 02:26:37,620 --> 02:26:40,823 THERE'S SOME INTERESTING 3765 02:26:40,823 --> 02:26:42,124 QUESTIONS THERE AS WELL. 3766 02:26:42,124 --> 02:26:43,659 IT DOES SEEM TO MAKE SENSE TO GO 3767 02:26:43,659 --> 02:26:44,660 WITH WHAT THE PERSON REALLY 3768 02:26:44,660 --> 02:26:48,564 WANTS IN THE MOMENT AND 3769 02:26:48,564 --> 02:26:52,301 SOMETIMES MAYBE NOT. 3770 02:26:52,301 --> 02:26:54,403 TO THE EXTENT WE THINK ABOUT THE 3771 02:26:54,403 --> 02:26:56,238 GROUND TRUTH, WHAT WE WONT TO 3772 02:26:56,238 --> 02:26:57,707 HAVE AS OUTPUT, WE CAN PREDICT 3773 02:26:57,707 --> 02:27:04,146 THAT AS WELL AS WE CAN. 3774 02:27:04,146 --> 02:27:05,715 >> I'M GOING TO NUDGE EVERYBODY 3775 02:27:05,715 --> 02:27:08,651 AGAIN TO BE THINKING ABOUT THE 3776 02:27:08,651 --> 02:27:09,051 CONVERGENCE HERE. 3777 02:27:09,051 --> 02:27:12,555 I SAY THAT, WHICH IS WE HAVE 3778 02:27:12,555 --> 02:27:14,323 BRAIN FOUNDATION MODELS, THESE 3779 02:27:14,323 --> 02:27:15,091 REALLY INCREDIBLE PRESENTATIONS 3780 02:27:15,091 --> 02:27:16,625 ALSO BY VIKTOR AND ARLEEN THAT 3781 02:27:16,625 --> 02:27:19,395 HELP US THINK MORE BROADLY ABOUT 3782 02:27:19,395 --> 02:27:21,230 BOTH MEDICAL BASE MODELS FOR 3783 02:27:21,230 --> 02:27:25,835 DIGITAL TWINS, THE BROAD ETHICAL 3784 02:27:25,835 --> 02:27:27,069 ISSUES AND VERY USEFUL TAXONOMY, 3785 02:27:27,069 --> 02:27:29,505 THAT RAISES IT'S INTERESTING 3786 02:27:29,505 --> 02:27:31,540 POINT THAT JANA RAISED, SHE 3787 02:27:31,540 --> 02:27:32,541 HADN'T BEEN THINKING ABOUT THIS 3788 02:27:32,541 --> 02:27:35,177 WITHIN THE DIGITAL TWINS, ARLEEN 3789 02:27:35,177 --> 02:27:37,179 FRAMED THAT FOR WHAT ARE WE 3790 02:27:37,179 --> 02:27:37,646 THINKING ABOUT. 3791 02:27:37,646 --> 02:27:42,518 AND, YOU KNOW, TO KAREN'S POINT 3792 02:27:42,518 --> 02:27:44,453 EARLIER AS WELL, JUST THIS PAST 3793 02:27:44,453 --> 02:27:46,689 WEEK I WAS TALKING TO A COMPANY 3794 02:27:46,689 --> 02:27:48,657 THAT'S REALLY FOCUSED ON 3795 02:27:48,657 --> 02:27:50,326 BUILDING PSYCHOLOGICAL PROFILE 3796 02:27:50,326 --> 02:27:52,495 OF INDIVIDUALS THROUGH 3797 02:27:52,495 --> 02:27:53,162 PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATION MODELS, 3798 02:27:53,162 --> 02:27:55,998 AND THE BRAIN DATA THAT JANA WAS 3799 02:27:55,998 --> 02:27:57,099 TALKING ABOUT, COMPANIES ARE 3800 02:27:57,099 --> 02:27:59,602 GOING TO DO, THE IDEA IS WHETHER 3801 02:27:59,602 --> 02:28:01,904 IT'S FOR MORAL DECISION MAKING 3802 02:28:01,904 --> 02:28:05,608 OR ANY OTHER CONTEXT, 3803 02:28:05,608 --> 02:28:07,943 INCREASINGLY PEOPLE ARE MOVING 3804 02:28:07,943 --> 02:28:09,478 FORWARD TO TRY TO DEVELOP 3805 02:28:09,478 --> 02:28:12,181 DIGITAL TWIN MODS ALSO, FOR ALL 3806 02:28:12,181 --> 02:28:13,182 KINDS. 3807 02:28:13,182 --> 02:28:14,383 THERE MAY BE SOMETHING FRUITFUL 3808 02:28:14,383 --> 02:28:16,452 GIVEN INTEREST BROADLY AND USE 3809 02:28:16,452 --> 02:28:17,453 CASES WE'VE IDENTIFIED HERE 3810 02:28:17,453 --> 02:28:17,987 TODAY. 3811 02:28:17,987 --> 02:28:20,389 THE QUESTION IS TO WHOM, WOULD 3812 02:28:20,389 --> 02:28:23,793 IT BE USEFUL TO DEVELOP GUIDANCE 3813 02:28:23,793 --> 02:28:26,495 FOR RESEARCHES, TO THINK ABOUT 3814 02:28:26,495 --> 02:28:28,864 WHAT, YOU KNOW, THE BROAD SET OF 3815 02:28:28,864 --> 02:28:31,233 ETHICAL PRINCIPLES ARE THAT WE 3816 02:28:31,233 --> 02:28:33,102 MIGHT THINK ABOUT IN THIS SPACE, 3817 02:28:33,102 --> 02:28:34,870 WHAT IS THE KIND OF SPACE? 3818 02:28:34,870 --> 02:28:36,272 BECAUSE THERE'S NOT A LOT OF 3819 02:28:36,272 --> 02:28:39,108 WORK THAT'S BEEN DONE HERE. 3820 02:28:39,108 --> 02:28:40,643 ARLEEN HAS DONE SOME BRILLIANT 3821 02:28:40,643 --> 02:28:41,610 WORK BUT SEARCHING FOR PEOPLE 3822 02:28:41,610 --> 02:28:43,913 DOING ETHICS IN THE SPACE NOT 3823 02:28:43,913 --> 02:28:45,447 MUCH IS PUBLISHED AS OF YET. 3824 02:28:45,447 --> 02:28:48,150 IT'S A SPACE RIPE FOR US TO 3825 02:28:48,150 --> 02:28:50,686 THINK ABOUT COLLABORATING 3826 02:28:50,686 --> 02:28:52,221 TOGETHER ON. 3827 02:28:52,221 --> 02:28:52,388 JIM? 3828 02:28:52,388 --> 02:29:00,763 >> THANK, NITA. 3829 02:29:00,763 --> 02:29:02,097 ARLEEN OR VICTOR, GETTING TO 3830 02:29:02,097 --> 02:29:05,067 VALIDATION, THE CRUX IS HOW DO 3831 02:29:05,067 --> 02:29:05,601 YOU VALIDATE YOUR MODEL? 3832 02:29:05,601 --> 02:29:09,505 AND SO IT CAN BE PREDICTIVE? 3833 02:29:09,505 --> 02:29:12,408 AND SO WHAT ARE SOME BEST 3834 02:29:12,408 --> 02:29:14,844 PRACTICES, IN TERMS OF THINKING 3835 02:29:14,844 --> 02:29:16,278 ABOUT VALUE SEDATION? 3836 02:29:16,278 --> 02:29:18,447 VIKTOR MENTIONED IT'S HARD TO DO 3837 02:29:18,447 --> 02:29:18,914 VALIDATION. 3838 02:29:18,914 --> 02:29:21,417 WHAT ARE SOME OF THOSE ISSUES? 3839 02:29:21,417 --> 02:29:29,792 AND DO YOU HAVE THOUGHTS ON 3840 02:29:29,792 --> 02:29:29,992 THAT? 3841 02:29:29,992 --> 02:29:31,627 >> CAN I START? 3842 02:29:31,627 --> 02:29:38,167 >> SURE. 3843 02:29:38,167 --> 02:29:38,434 >> OKAY. 3844 02:29:38,434 --> 02:29:41,170 YES, VALIDATION IS HARD BECAUSE 3845 02:29:41,170 --> 02:29:44,206 YOU ESSENTIALLY NEED TO -- SO IN 3846 02:29:44,206 --> 02:29:45,641 CLINICAL APPLICATIONS BECAUSE 3847 02:29:45,641 --> 02:29:51,313 YOU NEED TO ACTUALLY USE THE 3848 02:29:51,313 --> 02:29:54,383 MODEL IN ORDER TO BIAS YOUR 3849 02:29:54,383 --> 02:29:57,119 DECISION-MAKING AND WHAT IF IT'S 3850 02:29:57,119 --> 02:29:57,319 WRONG? 3851 02:29:57,319 --> 02:30:01,323 BUT THERE ARE DIFFERENT WAYS OF 3852 02:30:01,323 --> 02:30:04,994 DOING THE VALIDATION, WHERE YOU 3853 02:30:04,994 --> 02:30:09,865 ACTUALLY ARE ON THE SAFER SIDE. 3854 02:30:09,865 --> 02:30:11,066 I'LL GIVE AN EXAMPLE. 3855 02:30:11,066 --> 02:30:15,137 THE VALIDATION OF THE 3856 02:30:15,137 --> 02:30:16,105 PATIENT-SPECIFIC PREDICTIVE 3857 02:30:16,105 --> 02:30:23,212 POWER CAN BE TESTED THROUGH 3858 02:30:23,212 --> 02:30:25,514 TRANSFER PAR SOMETIMES. 3859 02:30:25,514 --> 02:30:27,883 IN BRAIN STIMULATION, ONE OF THE 3860 02:30:27,883 --> 02:30:31,687 CHALLENGES IS WHEN YOU WANT TO 3861 02:30:31,687 --> 02:30:33,722 STIMULATE FOR PARTICULAR 3862 02:30:33,722 --> 02:30:35,357 DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC EFFECT 3863 02:30:35,357 --> 02:30:37,326 IN THE BRAIN GENERALLY THERE ARE 3864 02:30:37,326 --> 02:30:40,162 NO GUIDELINES OF HOW TO 3865 02:30:40,162 --> 02:30:41,830 STIMULATE, WITH WHICH AMPLITUDE, 3866 02:30:41,830 --> 02:30:43,899 WHICH FREQUENCY, AT WHAT 3867 02:30:43,899 --> 02:30:45,901 LOCATION, AT MULTIPLE LOCATIONS, 3868 02:30:45,901 --> 02:30:47,102 ET CETERA. 3869 02:30:47,102 --> 02:30:52,574 AND THESE ARE ASPECTS VERY 3870 02:30:52,574 --> 02:30:53,542 DIFFICULT TO TEST SYSTEMATICALLY 3871 02:30:53,542 --> 02:30:56,478 IN THE PATIENT. 3872 02:30:56,478 --> 02:30:58,180 SO, BUT SEVERAL LABORATORIES BY 3873 02:30:58,180 --> 02:31:00,649 NOW HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT YOU 3874 02:31:00,649 --> 02:31:06,021 CAN ACTUALLY ACCELERATE THIS 3875 02:31:06,021 --> 02:31:06,822 ENORMOUSLY WITH PATIENTS' 3876 02:31:06,822 --> 02:31:09,558 VIRTUAL BRAIN TWIN BUT HOW DO 3877 02:31:09,558 --> 02:31:11,360 YOU FIT IN THE PARAMETERS? 3878 02:31:11,360 --> 02:31:13,062 THIS IS ESSENTIALLY WHERE THE 3879 02:31:13,062 --> 02:31:14,163 TWIN ASPECTS COMES IN. 3880 02:31:14,163 --> 02:31:18,634 YOU CAN FIT THE PARAMETERS ON 3881 02:31:18,634 --> 02:31:23,005 ONE PARTICULAR TASK OR ONE 3882 02:31:23,005 --> 02:31:23,672 PARTICULAR REALIZATION, AND THEN 3883 02:31:23,672 --> 02:31:28,043 THE TWIN, IF IT'S A REAL TWIN, 3884 02:31:28,043 --> 02:31:29,345 IDEAL SCENARIO, HAS PREDICTIVE 3885 02:31:29,345 --> 02:31:31,313 POWER SO FOR SCENARIOS WHERE THE 3886 02:31:31,313 --> 02:31:33,849 TWIN HAS NOT BEEN TRAINED UPON, 3887 02:31:33,849 --> 02:31:35,484 SO THERE'S ACTUALLY A TRANSFER 3888 02:31:35,484 --> 02:31:38,988 CAPACITY, WHICH IS THE WHOLE 3889 02:31:38,988 --> 02:31:39,755 POINT OF THE TWIN, EXACTLY THE 3890 02:31:39,755 --> 02:31:46,328 WHOLE POINT OF HOW IS THE TWIN 3891 02:31:46,328 --> 02:31:47,062 DIFFERENT FROM FOUNDATION 3892 02:31:47,062 --> 02:31:47,930 MODELS, YOU NEED TO TRAIN ON THE 3893 02:31:47,930 --> 02:31:50,933 DATA BUT YOU WANT TO TRAIN THE 3894 02:31:50,933 --> 02:31:53,369 TWIN -- SORRY, THE DIGITAL TWIN 3895 02:31:53,369 --> 02:31:54,303 IS LINKEDs TO MECHANISTIC 3896 02:31:54,303 --> 02:31:57,072 MODEL SO YOU WANT TO MAKE 3897 02:31:57,072 --> 02:31:57,706 PREDICTIONS ABOUT SITUATIONS 3898 02:31:57,706 --> 02:32:02,311 THAT TWIN HAS NOT BEEN TRAINED 3899 02:32:02,311 --> 02:32:02,511 UPON. 3900 02:32:02,511 --> 02:32:04,546 BEST EXAMPLE IS FOR INSTANCE THE 3901 02:32:04,546 --> 02:32:07,816 BRAIN STIMULATION, YOU DO NOT 3902 02:32:07,816 --> 02:32:12,187 NEED BRAIN STIMULATION DATA TO 3903 02:32:12,187 --> 02:32:13,288 ACTUALLY PARAMETERIZE THE TWIN 3904 02:32:13,288 --> 02:32:14,390 CORRECTLY, FOR AN INDIVIDUAL 3905 02:32:14,390 --> 02:32:15,391 PATIENT. 3906 02:32:15,391 --> 02:32:17,459 YOU CAN USE RESTING STATE DATA 3907 02:32:17,459 --> 02:32:22,264 OR IN THE CASE OF EPILEPSY, 3908 02:32:22,264 --> 02:32:24,500 YOU'RE GETTING A MUCH BETTER 3909 02:32:24,500 --> 02:32:25,567 PREDICTIVE POWER THAN WHEN YOU 3910 02:32:25,567 --> 02:32:27,736 TRAINED THE TWIN ON SURROGATE 3911 02:32:27,736 --> 02:32:31,373 DATA OR SOMEONE ELSE'S DATA. 3912 02:32:31,373 --> 02:32:36,378 SO THERE IS WELL-ESTABLISHED 3913 02:32:36,378 --> 02:32:37,379 PATIENT-SPECIFIC PREDICTIVE 3914 02:32:37,379 --> 02:32:38,380 CAPACITY. 3915 02:32:38,380 --> 02:32:42,885 AND THIS IS ONE WAY OF 3916 02:32:42,885 --> 02:32:44,386 VALIDATING THE SYSTEM, THIS 3917 02:32:44,386 --> 02:32:45,954 TRANSFER CAPACITY FROM ONE TASK 3918 02:32:45,954 --> 02:32:47,556 TO THE OTHER, AND THAT ALLOWS 3919 02:32:47,556 --> 02:32:50,325 YOU THEN ALSO TO GO INTO THE 3920 02:32:50,325 --> 02:32:52,261 REGIMES THAT ARE DELICATE, THAT 3921 02:32:52,261 --> 02:32:53,095 ARE POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS FOR 3922 02:32:53,095 --> 02:32:54,897 THE PATIENT BECAUSE YOU DON'T 3923 02:32:54,897 --> 02:32:56,331 NEED TO DO THIS. 3924 02:32:56,331 --> 02:32:59,001 THESE ARE THE LINES ALONG WHICH 3925 02:32:59,001 --> 02:33:03,572 NOT JUST OUR INSTITUTE BUT 3926 02:33:03,572 --> 02:33:10,379 DIFFERENT LABORATORIES ARE 3927 02:33:10,379 --> 02:33:12,848 THINKING ABOUT THIS. 3928 02:33:12,848 --> 02:33:18,387 >> LET ME TURN TO JEN. 3929 02:33:18,387 --> 02:33:19,988 >> THANK YOU. 3930 02:33:19,988 --> 02:33:21,390 JIM, YOU LED UP TO MY QUESTION 3931 02:33:21,390 --> 02:33:21,690 BEAUTIFULLY. 3932 02:33:21,690 --> 02:33:30,933 THANK YOU FOR DOING THAT. 3933 02:33:30,933 --> 02:33:32,468 THINKING OF DIGITAL TWIN IN THE 3934 02:33:32,468 --> 02:33:33,769 MEDICAL CONTEXT, WHEN WE THINK 3935 02:33:33,769 --> 02:33:37,139 ABOUT VALIDATION OF THOSE 3936 02:33:37,139 --> 02:33:38,974 DIGITAL TWINS, PEOPLE ARE 3937 02:33:38,974 --> 02:33:40,642 LOOKING FOR TREATMENTS OF SAYING 3938 02:33:40,642 --> 02:33:42,711 I JUST WANT IT TO WORK BUT I 3939 02:33:42,711 --> 02:33:46,648 KNOW MY CONDITION IS 3940 02:33:46,648 --> 02:33:47,749 CONTINUOUSLY CHANGING. 3941 02:33:47,749 --> 02:33:49,852 IF WE CAN HAVE DIGITAL TWIN THAT 3942 02:33:49,852 --> 02:33:53,122 CAN MORE ACCURATELY REFLECT WHAT 3943 02:33:53,122 --> 02:33:57,826 TREATMENTS PEOPLE CAN GET TO 3944 02:33:57,826 --> 02:33:58,927 TREAT THEIR CONDITION WHATEVER 3945 02:33:58,927 --> 02:34:01,430 STAGE IT MIGHT BE IN THAT COULD 3946 02:34:01,430 --> 02:34:06,602 POTENTIALLY BE A POWERFUL TOOL 3947 02:34:06,602 --> 02:34:07,769 FOR A DIGITAL TWIN. 3948 02:34:07,769 --> 02:34:10,772 HOW DO WE HANDLE FROM INFORMED 3949 02:34:10,772 --> 02:34:16,078 CONSENT PERSPECTIVE SO PEOPLE 3950 02:34:16,078 --> 02:34:17,846 CAN UNDERSTAND HOW THIS IS 3951 02:34:17,846 --> 02:34:18,147 TREATMENT. 3952 02:34:18,147 --> 02:34:19,281 ARLEEN, YOU'RE SHAKING YOUR HEAD 3953 02:34:19,281 --> 02:34:20,182 THAT YOU'VE GONE THROUGH THAT. 3954 02:34:20,182 --> 02:34:23,685 I HAVE A FEW THOUGHTS ABOUT NEXT 3955 02:34:23,685 --> 02:34:30,959 STEPS BECAUSE I'M APPLYING TO 3956 02:34:30,959 --> 02:34:31,560 NITA'S CALL. 3957 02:34:31,560 --> 02:34:32,628 ARLEEN, IF YOU WOULD PLEASE 3958 02:34:32,628 --> 02:34:33,295 RESPOND FIRST. 3959 02:34:33,295 --> 02:34:39,334 I THINK YOU'RE ON MUTE. 3960 02:34:39,334 --> 02:34:42,171 >> CAN YOU HEAR ME NOW? 3961 02:34:42,171 --> 02:34:42,471 >> YES. 3962 02:34:42,471 --> 02:34:44,673 >> YEAH, THE DATA ISSUE IS 3963 02:34:44,673 --> 02:34:46,808 PRESENT AT ALL STAGES IN THE 3964 02:34:46,808 --> 02:34:48,911 FORMULATION OF THE DIGITAL TWIN, 3965 02:34:48,911 --> 02:34:49,111 RIGHT? 3966 02:34:49,111 --> 02:34:51,380 BECAUSE YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT 3967 02:34:51,380 --> 02:34:52,581 CONSENT, AT THE TIME OF DATA 3968 02:34:52,581 --> 02:34:53,048 COLLECTION. 3969 02:34:53,048 --> 02:34:57,553 THEN OF COURSE YOU HAVE HOW IS 3970 02:34:57,553 --> 02:34:57,886 DATA MANAGED? 3971 02:34:57,886 --> 02:34:59,755 HOW IS DATA INTERPRETED? 3972 02:34:59,755 --> 02:35:01,190 HOW IS DATA USED? 3973 02:35:01,190 --> 02:35:07,563 SO THE ISSUE OF DATA AND HOW IT 3974 02:35:07,563 --> 02:35:08,297 IS ADDRESSED AT DIFFERENT STAGES 3975 02:35:08,297 --> 02:35:12,935 CONTINUES TO BE ONE OF THE MAIN 3976 02:35:12,935 --> 02:35:13,168 ISSUES. 3977 02:35:13,168 --> 02:35:16,271 AND DEFINITELY IMPACTS AT THE 3978 02:35:16,271 --> 02:35:18,407 MOMENT OF THINKING OF CONSENTS, 3979 02:35:18,407 --> 02:35:20,342 WHAT KIND OF CONSENTS THE 3980 02:35:20,342 --> 02:35:28,350 PATIENTS ARE GOING TO GIVE. 3981 02:35:28,350 --> 02:35:33,989 NOW, VIKTOR CAN COMPLEMENT, BUT 3982 02:35:33,989 --> 02:35:37,659 ONE THING TO BE CAREFUL WITH IS 3983 02:35:37,659 --> 02:35:38,660 BEING EXTREMELY COMPLIANT WITH 3984 02:35:38,660 --> 02:35:40,829 ALL TYPE OF DATA, PARTICULARLY 3985 02:35:40,829 --> 02:35:43,298 IN EUROPE, SO STRICT WHEN IT 3986 02:35:43,298 --> 02:35:44,499 COMES TO DATA PROTECTION AND 3987 02:35:44,499 --> 02:35:45,000 PRIVACY. 3988 02:35:45,000 --> 02:35:47,936 I THINK THERE IS AN EXTENT WHICH 3989 02:35:47,936 --> 02:35:50,472 THERE'S CERTAIN COMFORT IN 3990 02:35:50,472 --> 02:35:53,642 THINKING THAT THERE IS VERY 3991 02:35:53,642 --> 02:35:54,376 STRONG COMPLIANCE, ORGANISMS, 3992 02:35:54,376 --> 02:35:55,877 THAT ALLOW PEOPLE TO INITIALLY 3993 02:35:55,877 --> 02:35:57,879 BE AT LEAST COVERED WHEN IT 3994 02:35:57,879 --> 02:35:59,214 COMES TO DATA. 3995 02:35:59,214 --> 02:36:02,618 HOWEVER THOUGH, I DO THINK THAT 3996 02:36:02,618 --> 02:36:04,019 CONTINUOUS THINKING ABOUT GOING 3997 02:36:04,019 --> 02:36:05,454 BEYOND COMPLIANCE TO REALLY 3998 02:36:05,454 --> 02:36:09,391 TRYING TO UNDERSTAND HOW IN EACH 3999 02:36:09,391 --> 02:36:11,860 OF THESE STAGES DATA PRESENTS 4000 02:36:11,860 --> 02:36:12,227 ETHICAL CONCERN. 4001 02:36:12,227 --> 02:36:19,568 SO I DON'T KNOW WHETHER VIKTOR 4002 02:36:19,568 --> 02:36:23,872 WOULD LIKE TO COMPLEMENT. 4003 02:36:23,872 --> 02:36:28,110 >> YES, TWO DIMENSIONS. 4004 02:36:28,110 --> 02:36:30,379 FIRST CONFIRMING GDPR IMPOSES 4005 02:36:30,379 --> 02:36:33,815 STRICT CONSTRAINTS ON THE 4006 02:36:33,815 --> 02:36:36,518 RESEARCHERS TO THE DEGREE THAT 4007 02:36:36,518 --> 02:36:38,186 IT SLOWS DOWN SIGNIFICANTLY SOME 4008 02:36:38,186 --> 02:36:40,155 PROCESSES BUT I THINK IT'S 4009 02:36:40,155 --> 02:36:42,057 CORRECT TO SAY EVERYONE IS IN 4010 02:36:42,057 --> 02:36:45,661 SUPPORT THEREOF. 4011 02:36:45,661 --> 02:36:47,095 SOMETIMES THERE'S COMPLAINT WE 4012 02:36:47,095 --> 02:36:49,831 COULD MOVE FORWARD WITH RESEARCH 4013 02:36:49,831 --> 02:36:52,100 FASTER, BUT I DON'T THINK THAT 4014 02:36:52,100 --> 02:36:58,073 ANYONE WOULD BE OPPOSED. 4015 02:36:58,073 --> 02:37:00,242 THIS DIMENSION REASSURES 4016 02:37:00,242 --> 02:37:03,412 ESSENTIALLY THAT THE PATIENT -- 4017 02:37:03,412 --> 02:37:05,547 THAT DATA HANDLED CORRECTLY. 4018 02:37:05,547 --> 02:37:10,285 THE WAY WE -- WITH THE WAY WE 4019 02:37:10,285 --> 02:37:12,921 HAVE HANDLED IN PREVIOUS CASES 4020 02:37:12,921 --> 02:37:14,823 THE QUESTION WITH REGARD TO 4021 02:37:14,823 --> 02:37:16,858 AUTHORIZATION OF A CLINICAL 4022 02:37:16,858 --> 02:37:18,860 TRIAL, FOR INSTANCE, IS MAKING 4023 02:37:18,860 --> 02:37:20,829 USE OF THE DIGITAL TWIN, THAT 4024 02:37:20,829 --> 02:37:22,998 WAS ONE OF YOUR QUESTIONS. 4025 02:37:22,998 --> 02:37:26,101 HOW DO YOU ACTUALLY COMMUNICATE 4026 02:37:26,101 --> 02:37:26,568 THIS? 4027 02:37:26,568 --> 02:37:28,670 ESPECIALLY IN THE CASE OF BRAIN 4028 02:37:28,670 --> 02:37:29,905 SURGERY, WITH A DIGITAL TWIN, 4029 02:37:29,905 --> 02:37:31,673 THINK ABOUT THIS. 4030 02:37:31,673 --> 02:37:37,145 YOU USE A DIGITAL TWIN AS A WAY 4031 02:37:37,145 --> 02:37:39,014 OF INFORMING THE CLINICIAN, THE 4032 02:37:39,014 --> 02:37:40,649 NEUROLOGIST, AND THE SURGEON, 4033 02:37:40,649 --> 02:37:45,053 ABOUT MAKING DECISIONS, AND THEN 4034 02:37:45,053 --> 02:37:45,587 PERFORMING INTERVENTION. 4035 02:37:45,587 --> 02:37:47,689 SO WHAT IS IT? 4036 02:37:47,689 --> 02:37:50,058 IS THIS A SURGICAL TOOL WHICH 4037 02:37:50,058 --> 02:37:52,160 PUTS IT ACTUALLY ON A HIGH CLASS 4038 02:37:52,160 --> 02:37:53,695 IN TERMS OF MEDICAL EQUIPMENT? 4039 02:37:53,695 --> 02:38:00,902 OR IS IT JUST ANOTHER MODALITY 4040 02:38:00,902 --> 02:38:02,437 THAT IS INFORMING THE CLINICIAN 4041 02:38:02,437 --> 02:38:09,010 TO MAKE A DECISION IN THE SENSE 4042 02:38:09,010 --> 02:38:12,214 YOU HAVE EEG, MRI, PET DATA , 4043 02:38:12,214 --> 02:38:14,383 THE DIGITAL TWIN IS ANOTHER 4044 02:38:14,383 --> 02:38:14,916 MODALITY CONTRIBUTING TO 4045 02:38:14,916 --> 02:38:17,886 DECISION MAKING, PUTS IT IN A 4046 02:38:17,886 --> 02:38:22,157 DIFFERENT CLASS OF MEDICAL 4047 02:38:22,157 --> 02:38:23,458 DEVICE. 4048 02:38:23,458 --> 02:38:27,295 IN TERMS OF RISK EVALUATION, ET 4049 02:38:27,295 --> 02:38:28,029 CETERA. 4050 02:38:28,029 --> 02:38:32,534 SO, THE WAY FINALLY IT HAS 4051 02:38:32,534 --> 02:38:37,539 HAPPENED IS THE WAY HOW THE 4052 02:38:37,539 --> 02:38:42,110 INFORMATION COMING FROM DIGITAL 4053 02:38:42,110 --> 02:38:44,379 TWIN HAS BEEN INTEGRATED IN THE 4054 02:38:44,379 --> 02:38:45,380 PROCESS, HANDLED LIKE MRI, FOR 4055 02:38:45,380 --> 02:38:47,783 INSTANCE, SO YOU'RE NOT USING 4056 02:38:47,783 --> 02:38:49,751 THE DIGITAL TWIN ITSELF IN TERMS 4057 02:38:49,751 --> 02:38:52,387 OF THE SIMULATOR AS I DESCRIBED 4058 02:38:52,387 --> 02:38:53,789 EARLIER, BUT JUST THE RESULTS 4059 02:38:53,789 --> 02:38:57,959 THAT ARE COMING FROM THE DIGITAL 4060 02:38:57,959 --> 02:39:00,829 TWIN, WHICH CAN BE REPRESENTED 4061 02:39:00,829 --> 02:39:02,497 AS AN IMAGE, ENTERED INTO 4062 02:39:02,497 --> 02:39:05,667 BATTERY OF PIECES OF INFORMATION 4063 02:39:05,667 --> 02:39:06,401 FROM OTHER MODALITIES, IMAGING 4064 02:39:06,401 --> 02:39:10,939 MODALITIES, CLINICAL HISTORY, ET 4065 02:39:10,939 --> 02:39:11,306 CETERA. 4066 02:39:11,306 --> 02:39:14,142 IT'S ONE OF THE FACTORS IN THE 4067 02:39:14,142 --> 02:39:14,876 DECISION-MAKING PROCESS AND THIS 4068 02:39:14,876 --> 02:39:19,114 IS HOW IT'S BEEN ENTERED INTO 4069 02:39:19,114 --> 02:39:20,882 THE ETHICAL APPROVAL AND INTO 4070 02:39:20,882 --> 02:39:22,617 THE CONSENT FORM, HOW IT HAS 4071 02:39:22,617 --> 02:39:23,852 BEEN PRESENTED IN THE CONSENT 4072 02:39:23,852 --> 02:39:26,455 FORM TO THE PATIENT. 4073 02:39:26,455 --> 02:39:27,989 THIS WENT ACTUALLY QUITE WELL, 4074 02:39:27,989 --> 02:39:28,957 THERE WERE MANY COMMENTS WITH 4075 02:39:28,957 --> 02:39:31,493 REGARD TO THIS. 4076 02:39:31,493 --> 02:39:34,296 HOWEVER, THAT WAS -- EVERYONE 4077 02:39:34,296 --> 02:39:38,934 FEELS COMFORTABLE WITH THIS 4078 02:39:38,934 --> 02:39:39,468 PROCESS. 4079 02:39:39,468 --> 02:39:40,902 >> THANKS YOU. 4080 02:39:40,902 --> 02:39:43,205 NEXT STEPS FORWARD, THAT WAS 4081 02:39:43,205 --> 02:39:44,372 INFORMATIVE, THANK YOU. 4082 02:39:44,372 --> 02:39:46,308 WHEN WE THINK ABOUT INFORMED 4083 02:39:46,308 --> 02:39:47,342 CONSENT AS DIGITAL TWINS EVOLVE, 4084 02:39:47,342 --> 02:39:50,445 HOW DO WE HAVE THE TOUCH POINTS 4085 02:39:50,445 --> 02:39:53,381 OF CONSENT AS THAT MODEL 4086 02:39:53,381 --> 02:39:54,082 EVOLVES? 4087 02:39:54,082 --> 02:39:56,451 AND PROMISE A STEP FORWARD IS 4088 02:39:56,451 --> 02:39:58,520 LOOKING AT SCENARIOS AND 4089 02:39:58,520 --> 02:39:59,387 POTENTIALLY GUIDANCE USING 4090 02:39:59,387 --> 02:40:00,789 DIFFERENT CASE STUDIES IN THE 4091 02:40:00,789 --> 02:40:05,660 MEDICAL CONTEXT. 4092 02:40:05,660 --> 02:40:10,131 FOR INSTANCE, NEURODEGENERATIVE 4093 02:40:10,131 --> 02:40:10,398 DISEASES. 4094 02:40:10,398 --> 02:40:11,466 WHAT ABOUT TRAUMATIC SCENARIOS 4095 02:40:11,466 --> 02:40:14,002 LIKE A BRAIN INJURY OR LOCKED IN 4096 02:40:14,002 --> 02:40:15,504 SYNDROME FROM A BRAIN STROKE 4097 02:40:15,504 --> 02:40:17,405 WHICH MAKES IT COMPLEX? 4098 02:40:17,405 --> 02:40:19,241 OR EVEN A MENTAL HEALTH SCENARIO 4099 02:40:19,241 --> 02:40:22,844 WHERE PEOPLE MIGHT GO INTO WAVES 4100 02:40:22,844 --> 02:40:26,781 OF WHEN THEY ARE HAVING A 4101 02:40:26,781 --> 02:40:28,617 DIFFERENT IMPACT OF MENTAL 4102 02:40:28,617 --> 02:40:29,317 HEALTH THAT'S IMPACTING THEIR 4103 02:40:29,317 --> 02:40:32,120 DECISION MAKING SO THAT MIGHT BE 4104 02:40:32,120 --> 02:40:33,788 A POTENTIAL WAY FORWARD FOR US 4105 02:40:33,788 --> 02:40:35,824 TO THINK ABOUT THESE DIGITAL 4106 02:40:35,824 --> 02:40:37,359 TWINS AND HOW THEY ARE TREATED 4107 02:40:37,359 --> 02:40:39,561 IN DIFFERENT SCENARIOS. 4108 02:40:39,561 --> 02:40:40,095 THANKS. 4109 02:40:40,095 --> 02:40:40,562 >> THANKS, JEN. 4110 02:40:40,562 --> 02:40:42,464 WALTER, YOU HAD YOUR HAND UP. 4111 02:40:42,464 --> 02:40:46,301 DID YOU WANT TO JUMP IN? 4112 02:40:46,301 --> 02:40:49,170 YOU'RE ON MUTE. 4113 02:40:49,170 --> 02:40:51,606 >> I REALLY HAD A QUICK QUESTIN 4114 02:40:51,606 --> 02:40:54,042 FOR VIKTOR. 4115 02:40:54,042 --> 02:40:55,477 DO YOU ENCOUNTER ANY PATIENTS 4116 02:40:55,477 --> 02:40:58,747 WHO SAY, I DON'T WANT SOME DAMN 4117 02:40:58,747 --> 02:40:59,948 MACHINE TO, YOU KNOW, TELL THE 4118 02:40:59,948 --> 02:41:02,417 SURGEON WHAT PART OF MY BRAIN TO 4119 02:41:02,417 --> 02:41:04,286 CUT OUT? 4120 02:41:04,286 --> 02:41:05,320 AND THEY JUST DON'T WANT THIS -- 4121 02:41:05,320 --> 02:41:08,490 YOU KNOW, THIS METHOD USED AT 4122 02:41:08,490 --> 02:41:08,790 ALL. 4123 02:41:08,790 --> 02:41:12,193 YOU KNOW, I IMAGINE THERE ARE 4124 02:41:12,193 --> 02:41:14,095 GOING TO BE SOME, BUT HAVE YOU 4125 02:41:14,095 --> 02:41:16,932 RUN INTO ANY AT ALL? 4126 02:41:16,932 --> 02:41:18,900 >> NO, ON THE CONTRARY, 4127 02:41:18,900 --> 02:41:21,403 ACTUALLY WE'RE GETTING LOTS OF 4128 02:41:21,403 --> 02:41:22,971 REQUESTS TO GET VIRTUALIZATION 4129 02:41:22,971 --> 02:41:23,271 DONE. 4130 02:41:23,271 --> 02:41:27,876 AND THERE I REALLY NEED TO 4131 02:41:27,876 --> 02:41:30,178 EMPHASIZE THIS, THE MACHINE IS 4132 02:41:30,178 --> 02:41:32,047 NOT TELLING THE SURGEON WHICH 4133 02:41:32,047 --> 02:41:33,248 DECISION TO TAKE. 4134 02:41:33,248 --> 02:41:36,851 THAT WAS THE REASON I TOLD YOU 4135 02:41:36,851 --> 02:41:40,255 THE STORY ABOUT MEDICAL DEVICE 4136 02:41:40,255 --> 02:41:41,590 CLASSIFICATION. 4137 02:41:41,590 --> 02:41:44,859 IT IS AN ADDITIONAL 4138 02:41:44,859 --> 02:41:45,727 QUASI-IMAGING MODALITY THAT 4139 02:41:45,727 --> 02:41:48,697 PROVIDES YOU WITH INFORMATION. 4140 02:41:48,697 --> 02:41:51,533 YOU CAN DEMYSTIFY IT, DON'T UTES 4141 02:41:51,533 --> 02:41:53,568 THE WORD DIGITAL TWIN BUT SAY 4142 02:41:53,568 --> 02:41:58,807 IMAGINE THIS IS FOR A PATIENT'S 4143 02:41:58,807 --> 02:42:02,410 PARTICULAR BRAIN CONNECTIVITY, 4144 02:42:02,410 --> 02:42:03,078 COMMUNICATION BETWEEN BRAIN 4145 02:42:03,078 --> 02:42:04,279 AREAS, A SPECIFIC BRAIN 4146 02:42:04,279 --> 02:42:05,747 CONNECTION IF YOU STIMULATE 4147 02:42:05,747 --> 02:42:09,217 HERE, IT WILL GENERATE THESE 4148 02:42:09,217 --> 02:42:10,018 TYPE OF REACTIONS. 4149 02:42:10,018 --> 02:42:11,386 IS IT CONSISTENT WITH THE DATA? 4150 02:42:11,386 --> 02:42:17,525 YES /NO, IF NOT IT'S UNIKELY THE 4151 02:42:17,525 --> 02:42:21,696 PATIENT HAS CONNECTION. 4152 02:42:21,696 --> 02:42:31,773 IT'S A STATE OF LOGICAL STEPS, 4153 02:42:31,773 --> 02:42:34,042 YOU CAN BUILD A DECISION TREE 4154 02:42:34,042 --> 02:42:34,909 AND ACTUALLY GO THROUGH THE 4155 02:42:34,909 --> 02:42:37,212 INDIVIDUAL STEPS AND SEE WHERE 4156 02:42:37,212 --> 02:42:38,313 IT MAKES A CHANGE. 4157 02:42:38,313 --> 02:42:41,850 I CAN TELL YOU THE BIGGEST 4158 02:42:41,850 --> 02:42:45,520 EFFECT WHERE THIS INFORMATION IS 4159 02:42:45,520 --> 02:42:50,125 COMING FROM THE DIGITAL TWIN HAS 4160 02:42:50,125 --> 02:42:53,094 IS IN SITUATIONS WHERE THE 4161 02:42:53,094 --> 02:42:55,730 CLINICIAN DOES NOT KNOW EXACTLY 4162 02:42:55,730 --> 02:42:59,567 HE/SHE IS AT THE CUSP OF GOING 4163 02:42:59,567 --> 02:43:04,439 TO THE LEFT OR RIGHT, DECISION 4164 02:43:04,439 --> 02:43:05,340 A, B, C. 4165 02:43:05,340 --> 02:43:08,543 WHERE THE DECISION IS ALIGNED 4166 02:43:08,543 --> 02:43:11,212 WITH THE DECISION, WITH THE 4167 02:43:11,212 --> 02:43:14,482 INITIAL ANALYSIS DIAGNOSTICS OF 4168 02:43:14,482 --> 02:43:16,051 THE CLINICIAN, THE DIGITAL TWIN 4169 02:43:16,051 --> 02:43:19,788 INFORMATION IS ALMOST USELY 4170 02:43:19,788 --> 02:43:21,022 BECAUSE IT'S CONSISTENT. 4171 02:43:21,022 --> 02:43:23,391 COMFORTING BUT DOESN'T CHANGE 4172 02:43:23,391 --> 02:43:24,259 MUCH. 4173 02:43:24,259 --> 02:43:25,393 IF IT'S ORTHOGONAL IT DOESN'T 4174 02:43:25,393 --> 02:43:26,928 HELP MUCH EITHER BECAUSE AT 4175 02:43:26,928 --> 02:43:32,400 LEAST AT THE CURRENT STAGE NO 4176 02:43:32,400 --> 02:43:33,601 CLINICAL -- NO CLINICIAN WOULD 4177 02:43:33,601 --> 02:43:34,669 ESSENTIALLY GO ONLY FOR THE 4178 02:43:34,669 --> 02:43:36,638 DIGITAL TWIN BUT MAKE IT -- LOOK 4179 02:43:36,638 --> 02:43:39,174 AT IT IN THE CONTEXT. 4180 02:43:39,174 --> 02:43:41,810 THESE SITUATIONS WHERE YOU HAVE 4181 02:43:41,810 --> 02:43:43,878 MULTIPLE OPTIONS, MULTIPLE 4182 02:43:43,878 --> 02:43:44,879 HYPOTHESES WHICH HAPPENS OFTEN, 4183 02:43:44,879 --> 02:43:46,815 AND THEN THE DIGITAL TWIN CAN 4184 02:43:46,815 --> 02:43:50,385 PUSH YOU IN ONE DIRECTION OR 4185 02:43:50,385 --> 02:43:52,187 ANOTHER DIRECTION. 4186 02:43:52,187 --> 02:43:54,923 AND THESE THINGS ARE BEING ALSO 4187 02:43:54,923 --> 02:43:56,725 MADE VERY CLEAR, BEING ALSO 4188 02:43:56,725 --> 02:44:00,195 PRESENTED IN THE DISCUSSIONS, 4189 02:44:00,195 --> 02:44:02,063 AND YOU ASKED ABOUT NEGATIVE 4190 02:44:02,063 --> 02:44:03,932 FEEDBACK, SO FAR WE'VE NOT GOT 4191 02:44:03,932 --> 02:44:05,233 ANY NEGATIVE FEEDBACK. 4192 02:44:05,233 --> 02:44:07,469 ON THE CONTRARY WE HAVE REQUESTS 4193 02:44:07,469 --> 02:44:11,039 CAN YOU PLEASE HELP US, DO THIS 4194 02:44:11,039 --> 02:44:12,440 VIRTUALIZATION, ET CETERA. 4195 02:44:12,440 --> 02:44:15,043 >> SO EASY FOR PEOPLE TO 4196 02:44:15,043 --> 02:44:16,511 MISINTERPRET AND THERE'S A LOT 4197 02:44:16,511 --> 02:44:19,447 OF FEAR OF MACHINES TAKING OVER 4198 02:44:19,447 --> 02:44:20,749 OUT THERE. 4199 02:44:20,749 --> 02:44:24,586 SO I'M GLAD TO HEAR YOU HAVE NOT 4200 02:44:24,586 --> 02:44:25,353 ENCOUNTERED THAT. 4201 02:44:25,353 --> 02:44:29,290 >> I'VE SEEN IT A LOT WITH 4202 02:44:29,290 --> 02:44:30,492 RESEARCHERS IN DISCUSSIONS ON 4203 02:44:30,492 --> 02:44:32,060 STAGES, WHERE THEN PEOPLE ARE 4204 02:44:32,060 --> 02:44:35,864 COMING AND SAYING, HOW DO YOU 4205 02:44:35,864 --> 02:44:37,398 DARE TO -- THERE'S SO MANY 4206 02:44:37,398 --> 02:44:38,266 THINGS WE DON'T KNOW, ET CETERA, 4207 02:44:38,266 --> 02:44:41,102 ET CETERA. 4208 02:44:41,102 --> 02:44:42,871 THIS WE HAVE GOTTEN -- ARLEEN, 4209 02:44:42,871 --> 02:44:47,709 THERE WAS A WORKSHOP WE HAD IN 4210 02:44:47,709 --> 02:44:49,444 PARIS WHERE WE HAD THE WHOLE 4211 02:44:49,444 --> 02:44:50,545 RANGE WHERE PEOPLE WERE SAYING 4212 02:44:50,545 --> 02:44:56,684 ON THE ONE HAND SIDE, WE WILL 4213 02:44:56,684 --> 02:44:58,953 NEVER, EVER GET A DIGITAL TWIN, 4214 02:44:58,953 --> 02:45:00,355 MAKING IT REALITY. 4215 02:45:00,355 --> 02:45:03,258 AND THEN ON THE OTHER SIDE WE 4216 02:45:03,258 --> 02:45:06,928 HAD PEOPLE, OH, WHO WERE SAYING 4217 02:45:06,928 --> 02:45:07,729 RESEARCHERS, OBVIOUSLY 4218 02:45:07,729 --> 02:45:08,563 RESEARCHERS, DIGITAL TWIN IS 4219 02:45:08,563 --> 02:45:10,098 ALREADY A REALITY, LOOK AT YOUR 4220 02:45:10,098 --> 02:45:14,202 INTERNET ID THAT YOU HAVE. 4221 02:45:14,202 --> 02:45:17,605 IT DEPENDS ON HOW YOU POSITION 4222 02:45:17,605 --> 02:45:21,442 YOURSELF WITH REGARD TO DIGITAL 4223 02:45:21,442 --> 02:45:22,243 TWIN. 4224 02:45:22,243 --> 02:45:26,014 >> I CAN CLARIFY, VIKTOR, WHAT 4225 02:45:26,014 --> 02:45:28,650 I'M HEARING THE APPLICATION THAT 4226 02:45:28,650 --> 02:45:32,921 YOU'RE FOCUSING ON IS A TOOL TO 4227 02:45:32,921 --> 02:45:34,455 INFORM CLINICAL DECISIONS. 4228 02:45:34,455 --> 02:45:41,162 I SEE THAT DIFFERENT AS KIND OF 4229 02:45:41,162 --> 02:45:42,831 A PROXY OR SURROGATE FOR A 4230 02:45:42,831 --> 02:45:45,867 PERSON TO MAKE DECISIONS ON THEY 4231 02:45:45,867 --> 02:45:48,236 BEHALF IN A MORAL/ETHICAL WAY. 4232 02:45:48,236 --> 02:45:49,771 BOTH WE NEED TO LOOK INTO WHERE 4233 02:45:49,771 --> 02:45:53,741 THE GUARD RAILS NEED TO BE AND 4234 02:45:53,741 --> 02:45:57,545 THESE ARE TWO ALMOST ORTHOGONAL 4235 02:45:57,545 --> 02:45:58,179 ISSUES, NO? 4236 02:45:58,179 --> 02:46:01,049 >> WELL, IT'S GOOD, JOHN, TO BE 4237 02:46:01,049 --> 02:46:03,251 ABLE TO SEE THE SAME THING, 4238 02:46:03,251 --> 02:46:03,451 RIGHT? 4239 02:46:03,451 --> 02:46:04,919 THE SAME LIKE CONCEPT WHICH IS 4240 02:46:04,919 --> 02:46:07,422 TO BUILD A MODEL FOR CLINICAL 4241 02:46:07,422 --> 02:46:08,189 DECISION MAKING, LIKE THE FLIP 4242 02:46:08,189 --> 02:46:09,757 SIDE OF HOW PEOPLE ARE THINKING 4243 02:46:09,757 --> 02:46:13,127 ABOUT IT AS WELL, WHETHER THAT'S 4244 02:46:13,127 --> 02:46:14,662 FOR PURPOSES OF MORAL DECISION 4245 02:46:14,662 --> 02:46:17,932 MAKING FOR AN INDIVIDUAL OR FOR 4246 02:46:17,932 --> 02:46:19,033 PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS THAT ENABLE 4247 02:46:19,033 --> 02:46:21,970 MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENTS AND 4248 02:46:21,970 --> 02:46:22,303 CARE. 4249 02:46:22,303 --> 02:46:24,272 THESE I THINK -- YOU COULD SAY 4250 02:46:24,272 --> 02:46:26,407 THE USE CASE IS IN SOME WAYS 4251 02:46:26,407 --> 02:46:29,444 ORTHOGONAL BUT ALL FROM THE SAME 4252 02:46:29,444 --> 02:46:30,411 CORPUS OF RESEARCH, AND WHAT'S 4253 02:46:30,411 --> 02:46:32,947 MADE POSSIBLE BY ADVANCES. 4254 02:46:32,947 --> 02:46:38,386 AS WE THINK BIT. 4255 02:46:38,386 --> 02:46:42,023 >> PERHAPS. -- PERHAPS. 4256 02:46:42,023 --> 02:46:45,526 >> AS WE THINK BIT, WHAT THE 4257 02:46:45,526 --> 02:46:46,828 PREDICTIVE MODELS ENABLE. 4258 02:46:46,828 --> 02:46:47,595 >> YEAH. 4259 02:46:47,595 --> 02:46:47,829 PERHAPS. 4260 02:46:47,829 --> 02:46:50,231 I THINK IT GETS BACK TO JIM'S 4261 02:46:50,231 --> 02:46:51,432 QUESTION ABOUT VALIDATION. 4262 02:46:51,432 --> 02:46:55,136 I WOULD SEE EASIER PATH TO 4263 02:46:55,136 --> 02:46:56,437 VALIDATION TO ASK WHETHER A 4264 02:46:56,437 --> 02:46:58,239 MODEL IS GOING TO BE PREDICTIVE 4265 02:46:58,239 --> 02:46:59,974 OF WHICH SURGERY IS GOING TO BE 4266 02:46:59,974 --> 02:47:02,410 BETTER FOR A GIVEN CONDITION. 4267 02:47:02,410 --> 02:47:05,346 THAT MIGHT BE AN EASIER LIFT, 4268 02:47:05,346 --> 02:47:06,514 LOWER HANGING FRUIT THAN OTHER 4269 02:47:06,514 --> 02:47:08,516 ISSUES WE'VE BEEN TALKING ABOUT. 4270 02:47:08,516 --> 02:47:11,019 I THINK THIS IS VERY FASCINATING 4271 02:47:11,019 --> 02:47:13,855 BUT TRYING TO THINK OF A WAY FOR 4272 02:47:13,855 --> 02:47:16,357 NEWG AND THEREFORE BRAIN TO 4273 02:47:16,357 --> 02:47:17,926 CONSIDER TANGIBLE STEPS TO TAKE 4274 02:47:17,926 --> 02:47:20,461 AND I'D LIKE TO -- YEAH, I'D 4275 02:47:20,461 --> 02:47:23,398 LIKE TO BREAK DOWN THE GIGANTIC 4276 02:47:23,398 --> 02:47:24,165 PROBLEMS INTO BITE-SIZED 4277 02:47:24,165 --> 02:47:26,601 CHANGES, HOW TO USE THIS AS A 4278 02:47:26,601 --> 02:47:28,236 DIAGNOSTIC TOOL FOR CLINICAL 4279 02:47:28,236 --> 02:47:30,371 INTERVENTIONS MAY BE EASIER THAN 4280 02:47:30,371 --> 02:47:34,542 OTHER FASCINATINGI. ISSUES. 4281 02:47:34,542 --> 02:47:36,044 >> I SEE OTHER HANDS RAISED. 4282 02:47:36,044 --> 02:47:37,412 WE HAVE ANOTHER PRESENTATION 4283 02:47:37,412 --> 02:47:39,948 THAT WE'RE GOING TO MOVE INTO, 4284 02:47:39,948 --> 02:47:42,383 BUILDING ON JOHN'S QUESTION AND 4285 02:47:42,383 --> 02:47:46,754 ALSO I THINK THE VERY VIGOROUS 4286 02:47:46,754 --> 02:47:48,189 QUESTIONS AND CONVERSATION, 4287 02:47:48,189 --> 02:47:50,158 SEEMS ONE POTENTIAL PATHWAY IS 4288 02:47:50,158 --> 02:47:52,593 WHETHER IT'S WORTH DOING A 4289 02:47:52,593 --> 02:47:55,730 WORKSHOP THAT FOCUSES ACROSS THE 4290 02:47:55,730 --> 02:47:57,598 SPECTRUM, I'M NOT SURE THERE'S A 4291 02:47:57,598 --> 02:47:59,233 BITE-SIZED PIECE WE MAY BE READY 4292 02:47:59,233 --> 02:48:01,002 TO BREAK OFF BUT MIGHT BE WORTH 4293 02:48:01,002 --> 02:48:02,537 THINKING IF THERE'S A DEEPER 4294 02:48:02,537 --> 02:48:04,372 DIVE THAT WE WANT TO DO THAT 4295 02:48:04,372 --> 02:48:06,441 LOOKS MORE BROADLY ACROSS THE 4296 02:48:06,441 --> 02:48:07,742 ISSUES, ACROSS THE SPECTRUM, OR 4297 02:48:07,742 --> 02:48:08,977 IF WE WANT TO CHOOSE SOMETHING 4298 02:48:08,977 --> 02:48:11,813 WE MIGHT SEE AS LOWER-HANGING 4299 02:48:11,813 --> 02:48:13,147 FRUIT THAT WOULD ALLOW US TO, 4300 02:48:13,147 --> 02:48:15,650 YOU KNOW, ENTER INTO THESE 4301 02:48:15,650 --> 02:48:15,883 SPACES. 4302 02:48:15,883 --> 02:48:17,585 WITH APOLOGIES TO THOSE WITH 4303 02:48:17,585 --> 02:48:20,888 HANDS RAISED, LET ME HAND OVER 4304 02:48:20,888 --> 02:48:22,557 TO JIM TO CARRY US FORWARD INTO 4305 02:48:22,557 --> 02:48:24,459 THE NEXT SESSION. 4306 02:48:24,459 --> 02:48:26,394 >> THANKS, NITA, AND EVERYONE 4307 02:48:26,394 --> 02:48:28,663 FOR THE VIBRANT DISCUSSION, VERY 4308 02:48:28,663 --> 02:48:29,297 INTRIGUING. 4309 02:48:29,297 --> 02:48:31,766 NOW WE'RE IN FOR AN ADDITIONAL 4310 02:48:31,766 --> 02:48:33,935 TREAT TODAY, BECAUSE WE'RE GOING 4311 02:48:33,935 --> 02:48:35,703 TO BE HEARING FROM JEN FRENCH, 4312 02:48:35,703 --> 02:48:38,406 OBVIOUSLY A MEMBER OF OUR 4313 02:48:38,406 --> 02:48:40,208 COMMITTEE, AND SHE AND HER 4314 02:48:40,208 --> 02:48:43,678 COLLEAGUE MICHAEL YOUNG ARE 4315 02:48:43,678 --> 02:48:46,347 GOING TO DISCUSS THE IMPLANTABLE 4316 02:48:46,347 --> 02:48:47,749 BCI BRAIN/COMPUTER INFLATION 4317 02:48:47,749 --> 02:48:48,750 COLLABORATIVE COMMUNITY AND 4318 02:48:48,750 --> 02:48:49,550 THINGS DONE THERE, PROGRESS 4319 02:48:49,550 --> 02:48:51,052 BEING MADE. 4320 02:48:51,052 --> 02:48:57,625 BY WAY OF INTRODUCTION FOR THOSE 4321 02:48:57,625 --> 02:48:59,894 NOT FAMILIAR, JEN IS FOUNDER AND 4322 02:48:59,894 --> 02:49:03,297 EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF NEUROTECH 4323 02:49:03,297 --> 02:49:04,532 NETWORK. 4324 02:49:04,532 --> 02:49:05,366 ADVOCACY GROUP FOR 4325 02:49:05,366 --> 02:49:05,733 NEUROTECHNOLOGY. 4326 02:49:05,733 --> 02:49:07,368 SERVES A VERY IMPORTANT ROLE 4327 02:49:07,368 --> 02:49:08,102 THINKING ABOUT BRAIN 4328 02:49:08,102 --> 02:49:10,405 TECHNOLOGIES, HOW TO BRING THEM 4329 02:49:10,405 --> 02:49:15,376 TO THE POP PLUS. -- POPULUS, A R 4330 02:49:15,376 --> 02:49:17,412 OF THE NINDS COUNCIL, MEMBER OF 4331 02:49:17,412 --> 02:49:23,418 THE BRAIN WORKING COUNCIL 4332 02:49:23,418 --> 02:49:30,425 WORKING GROUP, SISTER TO THIS 4333 02:49:30,425 --> 02:49:31,292 ONE. 4334 02:49:31,292 --> 02:49:33,728 SO WE CAN MOVE FORWARD, I'LL 4335 02:49:33,728 --> 02:49:34,896 INTRODUCE DR. MICHAEL YOUNG NOW. 4336 02:49:34,896 --> 02:49:37,632 THEY ARE DOING A TAG TEAM 4337 02:49:37,632 --> 02:49:37,965 PRESENTATION. 4338 02:49:37,965 --> 02:49:42,437 DR. YOUNG IS A NEUROLOGIST AT 4339 02:49:42,437 --> 02:49:45,773 MGH, AND HE'S ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR 4340 02:49:45,773 --> 02:49:49,577 OF THE MGH NEURORECOVERY CLINIC 4341 02:49:49,577 --> 02:49:51,245 AND DIRECTOR OF NEUROETHICS 4342 02:49:51,245 --> 02:49:55,083 CENTER AT MGH. 4343 02:49:55,083 --> 02:49:55,750 SO, WITH THAT INTRODUCTION, I'LL 4344 02:49:55,750 --> 02:49:58,920 TURN IT OVER TO JEN. 4345 02:49:58,920 --> 02:50:00,421 >> THANKS FOR THAT GREAT 4346 02:50:00,421 --> 02:50:01,122 INTRODUCTION. 4347 02:50:01,122 --> 02:50:02,657 AND THANK YOU, MICHAEL, FOR 4348 02:50:02,657 --> 02:50:05,059 JOINING US TODAY. 4349 02:50:05,059 --> 02:50:08,229 MICHAEL YOUNG IS GOING TO BE TAG 4350 02:50:08,229 --> 02:50:10,765 TEAMING, AS JIM MENTIONED. 4351 02:50:10,765 --> 02:50:17,638 I'D LIKE TO GIVE A BRIEF 4352 02:50:17,638 --> 02:50:20,408 INTRODUCTION TO THE 4353 02:50:20,408 --> 02:50:24,512 BRAIN/ 4354 02:50:24,512 --> 02:50:25,313 BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACE 4355 02:50:25,313 --> 02:50:26,047 COLLABORATIVE COMMUNITY AND 4356 02:50:26,047 --> 02:50:29,784 NEURAL INTERFACE NET NETWORK AD 4357 02:50:29,784 --> 02:50:31,285 HAND OVER TO MICHAEL ABOUT 4358 02:50:31,285 --> 02:50:31,786 SPECIFICS. 4359 02:50:31,786 --> 02:50:33,888 I HOPE YOU CAN SEE MY SCREEN. 4360 02:50:33,888 --> 02:50:35,656 CAN YOU? 4361 02:50:35,656 --> 02:50:37,058 >> YES. 4362 02:50:37,058 --> 02:50:40,027 >> OKAY, PERFECT. 4363 02:50:40,027 --> 02:50:42,530 QUICKLY, JUST TO TO NEUROTECH 4364 02:50:42,530 --> 02:50:43,531 NETWORK, A SMALL ORGANIZATION, 4365 02:50:43,531 --> 02:50:45,800 THAT MAY NOT BE FAMILIAR, TO 4366 02:50:45,800 --> 02:50:48,236 GIVE A CONTEXT, WE'RE A 4367 02:50:48,236 --> 02:50:49,637 NON-PROFIT FOCUSING ON IMPROVING 4368 02:50:49,637 --> 02:50:53,474 EDUCATION AND ADVOCACY OF 4369 02:50:53,474 --> 02:50:54,008 NEUROTECHNOLOGY DEVICE,S, 4370 02:50:54,008 --> 02:50:54,575 THERAPIES, TREATMENTS, FOR 4371 02:50:54,575 --> 02:50:57,645 PEOPLE LIVING WITH NEUROLOGICAL 4372 02:50:57,645 --> 02:50:58,546 CONDITIONS, CAREGIVERS, MEDICAL 4373 02:50:58,546 --> 02:50:59,380 PROFESSIONALS. 4374 02:50:59,380 --> 02:51:01,816 WE WORK DIRECTLY WITH THEM. 4375 02:51:01,816 --> 02:51:03,351 WE HAVE FOUR PILLARS OF AREAS 4376 02:51:03,351 --> 02:51:06,187 WHERE WE WORK. 4377 02:51:06,187 --> 02:51:09,257 ONE IS WE WORK WITH OUR INDUSTRY 4378 02:51:09,257 --> 02:51:11,325 PARTNERS TO OFFER A NEUROTECH 4379 02:51:11,325 --> 02:51:11,893 DIRECTORY. 4380 02:51:11,893 --> 02:51:14,829 WE FOCUS ON DEVICES THAT ARE 4381 02:51:14,829 --> 02:51:15,696 EITHER AVAILABLE OR IN CLINICAL 4382 02:51:15,696 --> 02:51:20,434 TRIALS SO WE DON'T FOCUS ON 4383 02:51:20,434 --> 02:51:23,471 DEVICES THAT ARE BEING 4384 02:51:23,471 --> 02:51:24,071 INVESTIGATED IN PRE-CLINICAL 4385 02:51:24,071 --> 02:51:25,239 MODELS BECAUSE WE KNOW PEOPLE 4386 02:51:25,239 --> 02:51:26,340 LIVING WITH CONDITIONS ARE 4387 02:51:26,340 --> 02:51:28,209 TRYING TO FIND SOLUTIONS TODAY. 4388 02:51:28,209 --> 02:51:29,310 THAT DATABASE IS AVAILABLE 4389 02:51:29,310 --> 02:51:31,712 FREELY AND WE WORK WITH OUR 4390 02:51:31,712 --> 02:51:32,680 NON-PROFIT PARTNERS TO HELP 4391 02:51:32,680 --> 02:51:35,216 SPREAD THE WORD ABOUT THAT. 4392 02:51:35,216 --> 02:51:40,321 WE ALSO DO WEBINARS AND 4393 02:51:40,321 --> 02:51:42,190 PRESENTATIONS, MEDIA PRESENCE IN 4394 02:51:42,190 --> 02:51:44,392 TERMS OF BUILDING EDUCATION 4395 02:51:44,392 --> 02:51:45,593 ABOUT NEUROTECHNOLOGY, HOW IT 4396 02:51:45,593 --> 02:51:47,662 CAN BE USED, HOW IT'S HELPING 4397 02:51:47,662 --> 02:51:48,896 PEOPLE WITH NEUROLOGICAL 4398 02:51:48,896 --> 02:51:51,065 CONDITIONS, AGAIN IN THE MEDICAL 4399 02:51:51,065 --> 02:51:51,299 CONTEXT. 4400 02:51:51,299 --> 02:51:55,803 WE ALSO SHARE REAL STORIES OF 4401 02:51:55,803 --> 02:51:59,840 PEOPLE WHO ARE PIONEERS IN THE 4402 02:51:59,840 --> 02:52:00,408 NEUROTECHNOLOGY SPACE, 4403 02:52:00,408 --> 02:52:02,043 FIRST-TIME USERS, OR THOSE WHO 4404 02:52:02,043 --> 02:52:03,010 ARE EXPLORING NEW TECHNOLOGIES, 4405 02:52:03,010 --> 02:52:06,547 SO WE WANT TO BE ABLE TO 4406 02:52:06,547 --> 02:52:08,849 HUMANIZE NEUROTECHNOLOGY. 4407 02:52:08,849 --> 02:52:12,019 FINALLY WE DO COMMUNITY 4408 02:52:12,019 --> 02:52:17,592 ENGAGEMENT, BOTH WITH THE 4409 02:52:17,592 --> 02:52:18,793 NON-PROFIT PARTNERS AND THOSE 4410 02:52:18,793 --> 02:52:20,328 DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGIES TO HELP 4411 02:52:20,328 --> 02:52:22,296 CONNECT WITH PEOPLE WITH LIVED 4412 02:52:22,296 --> 02:52:26,567 EXPERIENCE TO HELP INFORM 4413 02:52:26,567 --> 02:52:27,635 DEVELOPMENT OF THOSE 4414 02:52:27,635 --> 02:52:28,402 TECHNOLOGIES, THAT'S A QUICK 4415 02:52:28,402 --> 02:52:29,737 OVERVIEW OF WHAT WE DO. 4416 02:52:29,737 --> 02:52:34,675 AND OF COURSE YOU CAN ALWAYS GO 4417 02:52:34,675 --> 02:52:36,177 TO OUR WEBSITE TO LEARN MORE. 4418 02:52:36,177 --> 02:52:40,114 I DID MENTION THIS EARLY ON WHEN 4419 02:52:40,114 --> 02:52:40,448 SURING. 4420 02:52:40,448 --> 02:52:43,451 WE'RE THRILLED TO WORK WITH THE 4421 02:52:43,451 --> 02:52:44,852 AMERICAN BRAIN COALITION TO 4422 02:52:44,852 --> 02:52:46,721 BRING TO YOU THE PUBLIC AND 4423 02:52:46,721 --> 02:52:51,359 PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP OF THE NINDS 4424 02:52:51,359 --> 02:52:54,228 NON-PROFIT FORUM ON JUNE 25. 4425 02:52:54,228 --> 02:52:55,529 WE WERE THRILLED THAT NINDS WILL 4426 02:52:55,529 --> 02:53:00,468 ALLOW US TO USE THE NEUROSCIENCE 4427 02:53:00,468 --> 02:53:03,304 CENTER, TO BRING TOGETHER 4428 02:53:03,304 --> 02:53:04,338 NON-PROFITS, IN THIS SPACE, TO 4429 02:53:04,338 --> 02:53:07,608 COLLABORATE AND TO HELP BUILD 4430 02:53:07,608 --> 02:53:09,810 CAPACITY WITHIN THE NON-PROFIT 4431 02:53:09,810 --> 02:53:11,545 WORLD SO PLEASE MARK YOUR 4432 02:53:11,545 --> 02:53:12,647 CALENDARS, REGISTRATION IS OPEN. 4433 02:53:12,647 --> 02:53:14,715 YOU CAN FIND THAT ON THE 4434 02:53:14,715 --> 02:53:16,384 AMERICAN BRAIN COALITION 4435 02:53:16,384 --> 02:53:16,617 WEBSITE. 4436 02:53:16,617 --> 02:53:17,918 SO, THOSE ARE MY QUICK PLUGS BUT 4437 02:53:17,918 --> 02:53:22,723 NOW I WOULD LIKE TO GET INTO THE 4438 02:53:22,723 --> 02:53:25,926 IMPLANTABLE BRAIN-COMPUTER 4439 02:53:25,926 --> 02:53:27,428 INTERFACE COLLABORATIVE 4440 02:53:27,428 --> 02:53:28,829 COMMUNITY, IBCI-CC WHICH 4441 02:53:28,829 --> 02:53:32,667 LAUNCHED IN MARCH OF 2024 WHEN 4442 02:53:32,667 --> 02:53:33,668 WE LAUNCHED THE ORGANIZATION. 4443 02:53:33,668 --> 02:53:35,436 THERE WERE A LOT OF PEOPLE 4444 02:53:35,436 --> 02:53:37,405 INVOLVED IN LAUNCHING THIS BUT I 4445 02:53:37,405 --> 02:53:44,512 HAVE TO RECOGNIZE THE 4446 02:53:44,512 --> 02:53:48,115 ORGANIZERS, LEIGH, JOE, AND 4447 02:53:48,115 --> 02:53:50,885 JESSICA TO THE IBCI-CC AS 4448 02:53:50,885 --> 02:53:51,619 ORGANIZERS. 4449 02:53:51,619 --> 02:53:53,587 I'LL GO ON ABOUT WHAT IT IS AND 4450 02:53:53,587 --> 02:53:55,589 WHAT WE DO. 4451 02:53:55,589 --> 02:53:56,824 SOMETIMES EXPLAINING A 4452 02:53:56,824 --> 02:53:59,026 COLLABORATIVE COMMUNITY BEST IN 4453 02:53:59,026 --> 02:54:04,398 STORY TELLING, SO THIS IS NOT A 4454 02:54:04,398 --> 02:54:08,402 BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACE BUT THE 4455 02:54:08,402 --> 02:54:09,503 FIRST COLLABORATIVE COMMUNITY 4456 02:54:09,503 --> 02:54:14,375 CAME AROUND WITH THE INTEROCULAR 4457 02:54:14,375 --> 02:54:14,742 LENSES. 4458 02:54:14,742 --> 02:54:16,577 THERE WERE NONE APPROVED, WAY 4459 02:54:16,577 --> 02:54:19,480 BACK WHEN, OR ON THE MARKET. 4460 02:54:19,480 --> 02:54:20,915 THERE WAS AN EVOLVING INDUSTRY 4461 02:54:20,915 --> 02:54:22,083 THAT WAS STUCK. 4462 02:54:22,083 --> 02:54:24,418 THEY WERE STUCK WITH THE FACT 4463 02:54:24,418 --> 02:54:26,053 THEY DIDN'T HAVE CLEAR 4464 02:54:26,053 --> 02:54:28,389 ENDPOINTS, DIDN'T HAVE A CLEAR 4465 02:54:28,389 --> 02:54:29,757 CLINICAL PATHWAY, DIDN'T HAVE 4466 02:54:29,757 --> 02:54:31,359 CLEAR QUALITY CONTROLS FOR 4467 02:54:31,359 --> 02:54:33,494 APPROVAL, A LOT OF UNANSWERED 4468 02:54:33,494 --> 02:54:34,595 QUESTIONS AROUND THIS TECHNOLOGY 4469 02:54:34,595 --> 02:54:36,664 SO THERE WAS A DEVELOPING 4470 02:54:36,664 --> 02:54:38,299 INDUSTRY, A LOT OF RESEARCH 4471 02:54:38,299 --> 02:54:39,400 BEHIND IT, BUT THEY JUST 4472 02:54:39,400 --> 02:54:42,670 COULDN'T SEE TO MOVE THIS 4473 02:54:42,670 --> 02:54:45,740 TECHNOLOGY FORWARD. 4474 02:54:45,740 --> 02:54:47,908 SO, AN INCREDIBLE INNOVATOR AND 4475 02:54:47,908 --> 02:54:53,080 CLINICIAN AND NOW LEADER AT FDA, 4476 02:54:53,080 --> 02:54:58,319 MICHELLE TARVER, PULLED TOGETHER 4477 02:54:58,319 --> 02:55:00,621 DIVERSE STAKEHOLDERS TO SAY 4478 02:55:00,621 --> 02:55:05,226 LET'S COME UP WITH CONSENSUS TO 4479 02:55:05,226 --> 02:55:06,093 MOVE THE INDUSTRY FORWARD. 4480 02:55:06,093 --> 02:55:10,398 TODAY WE HAVE A THRIVING 4481 02:55:10,398 --> 02:55:14,335 INTRAOCULAR LENS INDUSTRY. 4482 02:55:14,335 --> 02:55:16,904 TO IMPLANTABLE BCIs, WE HAVE A 4483 02:55:16,904 --> 02:55:18,873 LOT OF UNANSWERED QUESTIONS, AN 4484 02:55:18,873 --> 02:55:20,541 INDUSTRY STARTING TO MOVE 4485 02:55:20,541 --> 02:55:23,043 FORWARD, DECADES OF RESEARCH, 4486 02:55:23,043 --> 02:55:28,115 BRINGING THE SAME CONCEPT TO IT. 4487 02:55:28,115 --> 02:55:30,251 COLLABORATIVE COMMUNITIES ARE 4488 02:55:30,251 --> 02:55:31,352 PUBLIC/PRIVATE FORUMS CONTINUING 4489 02:55:31,352 --> 02:55:35,089 FORUMS THAT FOCUS ON SOLVING 4490 02:55:35,089 --> 02:55:37,691 SHARED CHALLENGES AND REALLY 4491 02:55:37,691 --> 02:55:38,893 HARNESSING AND LEVERAGING 4492 02:55:38,893 --> 02:55:40,127 COLLECTIVE OPPORTUNITIES. 4493 02:55:40,127 --> 02:55:42,630 AND IT BRINGS TOGETHER THE 4494 02:55:42,630 --> 02:55:46,801 DIVERSE STAKEHOLDERS OF 4495 02:55:46,801 --> 02:55:47,802 CLINICIANS, INDUSTRY, 4496 02:55:47,802 --> 02:55:49,537 REGULATORS, FUNDERS, PATIENT 4497 02:55:49,537 --> 02:55:51,505 ADVOCACY ORGANIZATIONS, AND OUR 4498 02:55:51,505 --> 02:55:54,675 FEDERAL PARTNERS, FDA AND OTHERS 4499 02:55:54,675 --> 02:55:58,379 TO WORK TOGETHER IN THIS OPEN 4500 02:55:58,379 --> 02:55:59,313 FORUM. 4501 02:55:59,313 --> 02:56:00,381 THERE'S FOUR KEY COMPONENTS. 4502 02:56:00,381 --> 02:56:02,349 ONE IS WE NEED TO BE VERY 4503 02:56:02,349 --> 02:56:04,018 TRANSPARENTS ON WHAT WE DO. 4504 02:56:04,018 --> 02:56:09,723 SO A LOT IS WE HAVE PUBLIC 4505 02:56:09,723 --> 02:56:10,691 OUTPUTS, GET PUBLIC INPUT. 4506 02:56:10,691 --> 02:56:13,527 AS I MENTIONED BEFORE WE HAVE TO 4507 02:56:13,527 --> 02:56:15,095 HAVE -- WE'RE ENGAGED WITH A 4508 02:56:15,095 --> 02:56:18,666 BROAD RANGE OF STAKEHOLDERS 4509 02:56:18,666 --> 02:56:20,100 WHICH ARE DISPLAYED ON THIS 4510 02:56:20,100 --> 02:56:24,805 WHEEL PROVIDED BY FDA ALTHOUGH I 4511 02:56:24,805 --> 02:56:26,774 STILL HAVEN'T QUITE FIGURED OUT 4512 02:56:26,774 --> 02:56:30,211 WHAT THE THREE DOTS STAND FOR, 4513 02:56:30,211 --> 02:56:32,580 REPRESENTING COMMUNITY PARTNERS 4514 02:56:32,580 --> 02:56:34,248 INTERESTED IN IMPLANTABLE 4515 02:56:34,248 --> 02:56:34,448 BCIs. 4516 02:56:34,448 --> 02:56:36,116 TWO OTHER COMPONENTS REALLY 4517 02:56:36,116 --> 02:56:38,385 IMPORTANT, ONE IS WE OPERATE IN 4518 02:56:38,385 --> 02:56:39,587 THIS SPACE CALLED THE 4519 02:56:39,587 --> 02:56:40,287 PRE-COMPETITIVE SPACE. 4520 02:56:40,287 --> 02:56:43,657 SO THIS IS AN AREA WHERE 4521 02:56:43,657 --> 02:56:45,192 INDUSTRY CAN COME TOGETHER AND 4522 02:56:45,192 --> 02:56:47,895 WORK TOGETHER TO SOLVE 4523 02:56:47,895 --> 02:56:48,896 COLLECTIVE PROBLEMS. 4524 02:56:48,896 --> 02:56:51,232 SO, TO GIVE SOME EXAMPLES OF 4525 02:56:51,232 --> 02:56:53,200 WHAT IS OUTSIDE OF THE 4526 02:56:53,200 --> 02:56:56,036 PRE-COMPETITIVE SPACE THINGS 4527 02:56:56,036 --> 02:56:58,439 LIKE PRICING, LIKE INTELLECTUAL 4528 02:56:58,439 --> 02:56:59,073 PROPERTY, CONSULTING AGREEMENTS, 4529 02:56:59,073 --> 02:56:59,974 ET CETERA. 4530 02:56:59,974 --> 02:57:01,709 THOSE ARE OUTSIDE OF WHAT I CALL 4531 02:57:01,709 --> 02:57:02,376 OUR SANDBOX. 4532 02:57:02,376 --> 02:57:05,446 BUT WHAT'S INSIDE OF THAT ARE 4533 02:57:05,446 --> 02:57:07,114 THINGS COLLECTIVELY PROBLEMS 4534 02:57:07,114 --> 02:57:09,149 LIKE USER PREFERENCES, LIKE WHAT 4535 02:57:09,149 --> 02:57:11,552 ARE THE CLINICAL ENDPOINTS FOR 4536 02:57:11,552 --> 02:57:11,919 THIS TECHNOLOGY? 4537 02:57:11,919 --> 02:57:15,389 SO, THOSE ARE THINGS WE CAN 4538 02:57:15,389 --> 02:57:16,457 ADDRESS WITHIN THE COLLABORATIVE 4539 02:57:16,457 --> 02:57:20,294 COMMUNITY WITH ALL OF THESE 4540 02:57:20,294 --> 02:57:21,595 STAKEHOLDERS, WITHOUT VIOLATING 4541 02:57:21,595 --> 02:57:24,164 ANY LAWS, IF YOU WILL, OR 4542 02:57:24,164 --> 02:57:27,801 STRUCTURES OR NORMS WE HAVE 4543 02:57:27,801 --> 02:57:30,237 WITHIN OUR SOCIETY. 4544 02:57:30,237 --> 02:57:34,375 AND FINALLY WE USE WHAT'S CALLED 4545 02:57:34,375 --> 02:57:37,778 REGULATORY SCIENCE TO BUILD 4546 02:57:37,778 --> 02:57:40,481 EVIDENCE AND CONSENSUS FROM OUR 4547 02:57:40,481 --> 02:57:40,748 COMMUNITY. 4548 02:57:40,748 --> 02:57:42,316 SO THAT'S A REALLY IMPORTANT 4549 02:57:42,316 --> 02:57:45,819 POINT ABOUT WHAT IS REGULATORY 4550 02:57:45,819 --> 02:57:46,453 SCIENCE. 4551 02:57:46,453 --> 02:57:50,291 AND REGULATORY SCIENCE IS VERY 4552 02:57:50,291 --> 02:57:51,125 SPECIFIC LANGUAGE. 4553 02:57:51,125 --> 02:57:53,260 WE FOCUS ON INTENSIVE USE, 4554 02:57:53,260 --> 02:57:54,395 INDICATION OF USE, INSTRUCTION 4555 02:57:54,395 --> 02:57:54,695 OF USE. 4556 02:57:54,695 --> 02:57:58,632 THOSE ARE THINGS WE'RE THINKING 4557 02:57:58,632 --> 02:57:59,900 OF AS WE'RE DEVELOPING 4558 02:57:59,900 --> 02:58:01,368 TECHNOLOGY, GOING THROUGH 4559 02:58:01,368 --> 02:58:02,469 CLINICAL TRIALS, PREPARING FOR 4560 02:58:02,469 --> 02:58:05,973 MARKET LAUNCH BUT THE OTHER TWO 4561 02:58:05,973 --> 02:58:07,575 ARE REALLY IMPORTANT, REGULATORY 4562 02:58:07,575 --> 02:58:10,110 SCIENCE, LOOKING AT WHAT ARE 4563 02:58:10,110 --> 02:58:11,745 PERFORMANCE MEASURES THAT WE'RE 4564 02:58:11,745 --> 02:58:15,482 LOOKING FOR, WHAT ARE THOSE 4565 02:58:15,482 --> 02:58:16,483 VALIDATIONS OR VERIFICATIONS 4566 02:58:16,483 --> 02:58:17,585 THAT THIS TECHNOLOGY IS HITTING 4567 02:58:17,585 --> 02:58:19,653 THE MARKET, IF YOU WILL? 4568 02:58:19,653 --> 02:58:20,421 BUT ALSO WHAT ARE MITIGATION 4569 02:58:20,421 --> 02:58:23,724 STRATEGIES WE CAN COME UP WITH 4570 02:58:23,724 --> 02:58:25,626 TO REDUCE RISK AND REDUCE 4571 02:58:25,626 --> 02:58:27,361 FAILURE OF THIS TECHNOLOGY BUT 4572 02:58:27,361 --> 02:58:28,696 ALSO MAXIMIZE BENEFIT. 4573 02:58:28,696 --> 02:58:32,299 SO, WE USE THE LANGUAGE WITHIN 4574 02:58:32,299 --> 02:58:34,268 REGULATORY SCIENCE IN OUR 4575 02:58:34,268 --> 02:58:37,204 COLLABORATIVE COMMUNITY SPACE. 4576 02:58:37,204 --> 02:58:38,372 SO, OUR COLLABORATIVE COMMUNITY, 4577 02:58:38,372 --> 02:58:43,143 WE LAUNCHED IN MARCH OF 2024. 4578 02:58:43,143 --> 02:58:44,979 THERE'S A DISTINCT STRUCTURE WE 4579 02:58:44,979 --> 02:58:46,847 NEED FOR OUR COLLABORATIVE 4580 02:58:46,847 --> 02:58:48,215 COMMUNITIES SO WE HAVE A 4581 02:58:48,215 --> 02:58:53,420 CONVENER THAT NEEDS TO BE A 4582 02:58:53,420 --> 02:58:56,023 501(c)3, AND THAT'S MASS 4583 02:58:56,023 --> 02:58:57,691 GENERAL BRIGHAM, BAILEY IS OUR 4584 02:58:57,691 --> 02:58:59,460 MAIN CONTACT THERE. 4585 02:58:59,460 --> 02:59:03,163 WE ALSO HAVE ORGANIZERS WHO I 4586 02:59:03,163 --> 02:59:04,765 INTRODUCED EARLIER IN ORGANIZING 4587 02:59:04,765 --> 02:59:06,200 THE COLLABORATIVE COMMUNITY. 4588 02:59:06,200 --> 02:59:10,371 WHEN WE LAUNCHED, WE LAUNCHED 4589 02:59:10,371 --> 02:59:12,439 WITH KEY SIGNATORIES, AND THEY 4590 02:59:12,439 --> 02:59:14,508 ARE THOSE WHO HELPED ARE THE 4591 02:59:14,508 --> 02:59:15,843 FOUNDING MEMBERS BUT ALSO 4592 02:59:15,843 --> 02:59:18,245 CHARTER SIGNERS SO REALLY ARE 4593 02:59:18,245 --> 02:59:19,913 KIND OF THE OVERSEERS OF THE 4594 02:59:19,913 --> 02:59:23,417 CHARTER MAKING SURE THE 4595 02:59:23,417 --> 02:59:24,718 COLLABORATIVE COMMUNITY IS 4596 02:59:24,718 --> 02:59:25,953 WORKING TOGETHER. 4597 02:59:25,953 --> 02:59:28,322 WE HAVE OUR FIVE MAIN LEADERS IN 4598 02:59:28,322 --> 02:59:30,190 INDUSTRY ON THIS BUT WE ALSO 4599 02:59:30,190 --> 02:59:33,060 HAVE A VERY GREAT DIVERSE GROUP 4600 02:59:33,060 --> 02:59:35,462 OF NON-PROFIT AT PATIENT 4601 02:59:35,462 --> 02:59:38,065 ADVOCACY ORGANIZATIONS THAT WERE 4602 02:59:38,065 --> 02:59:40,034 INVOLVED IN AS CHARTER 4603 02:59:40,034 --> 02:59:40,567 SIGNATORIES. 4604 02:59:40,567 --> 02:59:45,172 SO AS WELL AS THE BCI SOCIETY, 4605 02:59:45,172 --> 02:59:46,807 REPRESENTING THEIR RESEARCH 4606 02:59:46,807 --> 02:59:48,909 ENTERPRISE AND REALLY 4607 02:59:48,909 --> 02:59:51,645 IMPORTANTLY WE HAVE KAREN FROM 4608 02:59:51,645 --> 02:59:54,248 THE INSTITUTE OF NEUROETHICS 4609 02:59:54,248 --> 02:59:56,884 THAT IS REPRESENTING ETHICS IN 4610 02:59:56,884 --> 02:59:59,420 OUR SIGNATORIES BECAUSE WE THINK 4611 02:59:59,420 --> 03:00:00,387 BRINGING IBCIs FORWARD IS 4612 03:00:00,387 --> 03:00:01,155 INCREDIBLY IMPORTANT. 4613 03:00:01,155 --> 03:00:03,691 WE HAVE OUR GENERAL MEMBERS, 4614 03:00:03,691 --> 03:00:04,992 STAKEHOLDERS AS I MENTIONED. 4615 03:00:04,992 --> 03:00:08,362 TODAY WE'RE UP TO OVER 400 4616 03:00:08,362 --> 03:00:10,898 MEMBERS, WITHIN OUR COMMUNITY. 4617 03:00:10,898 --> 03:00:11,765 AND GROWING. 4618 03:00:11,765 --> 03:00:14,435 SO WE'RE SO HAPPY TO GET SO MANY 4619 03:00:14,435 --> 03:00:17,271 DIVERSE VOICES TOGETHER AND 4620 03:00:17,271 --> 03:00:19,139 REALLY OUR COLLECTIVE FOCUS IS 4621 03:00:19,139 --> 03:00:23,811 TO ACCELERATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF 4622 03:00:23,811 --> 03:00:26,013 IMPLANTABLE BCIs, SAFETY AND 4623 03:00:26,013 --> 03:00:28,415 EFFICACY AND MAKE THEM 4624 03:00:28,415 --> 03:00:29,416 ACCESSIBLE TO THOSE INTENDED IN 4625 03:00:29,416 --> 03:00:30,718 THE MEDICAL USE. 4626 03:00:30,718 --> 03:00:36,423 I DON'T THINK IT'S ANYTHING NEW 4627 03:00:36,423 --> 03:00:37,624 THERE'S A LONG ACADEMIC HISTORY 4628 03:00:37,624 --> 03:00:39,927 OF DEVELOPMENT BUT WE ARE AT 4629 03:00:39,927 --> 03:00:41,061 THIS CRITICAL POINT WHERE WE 4630 03:00:41,061 --> 03:00:43,964 HAVE A LOT OF UNANSWERED 4631 03:00:43,964 --> 03:00:44,531 QUESTIONS. 4632 03:00:44,531 --> 03:00:46,400 SO THERE IS GREAT SCIENCE GOING 4633 03:00:46,400 --> 03:00:48,102 ON, GREAT DEVELOPMENT. 4634 03:00:48,102 --> 03:00:49,536 BUT WE'VE EVOLVED INTO HUMAN 4635 03:00:49,536 --> 03:00:51,972 PILOT TRIALS AND NOW WE'RE IN 4636 03:00:51,972 --> 03:00:54,608 THE STAGE OF COMMERCIAL 4637 03:00:54,608 --> 03:00:56,577 TRANSLATION, AND REALLY LOOKING 4638 03:00:56,577 --> 03:00:58,746 TOWARDS THOSE PIVOTAL TRIALS TO 4639 03:00:58,746 --> 03:01:01,248 BRING TOWARDS THE 4640 03:01:01,248 --> 03:01:02,049 COMMERCIALIZATION OF IMPLANTABLE 4641 03:01:02,049 --> 03:01:04,585 BCIs, SO THIS LEADS TO THESE 4642 03:01:04,585 --> 03:01:05,986 QUESTIONS AROUND WHAT ARE THE 4643 03:01:05,986 --> 03:01:08,388 RIGHT CLINICAL ENDPOINTS, HOW DO 4644 03:01:08,388 --> 03:01:09,323 WE CATEGORIZE FOR REIMBURSEMENT, 4645 03:01:09,323 --> 03:01:12,359 WHAT DO WE THINK ABOUT IN TERMS 4646 03:01:12,359 --> 03:01:17,397 OF DUAL USE OF IMPLANTED BCIs, 4647 03:01:17,397 --> 03:01:18,832 ALSO CLINICAL SPECIALTIES AND 4648 03:01:18,832 --> 03:01:22,669 WHAT GUIDELINES CLINICIANS CAN 4649 03:01:22,669 --> 03:01:25,939 USE WHEN THEY ARE PRESCRIBING 4650 03:01:25,939 --> 03:01:26,907 IMPLANTABLE BCI GOING FORWARD 4651 03:01:26,907 --> 03:01:29,877 ALONG WITH OTHERS. 4652 03:01:29,877 --> 03:01:30,577 WE'RE TAKING THESE CRITICAL 4653 03:01:30,577 --> 03:01:39,186 QUESTIONS AND WE'VEE ORGANIZED 4654 03:01:39,186 --> 03:01:41,188 INTO SEVEN WORK GROUPS DISPLAYED 4655 03:01:41,188 --> 03:01:41,388 HERE. 4656 03:01:41,388 --> 03:01:43,524 EACH ONE OF THEM HAVE THEIR OWN 4657 03:01:43,524 --> 03:01:46,093 SPECIFIC GOALS SO WE HAVE USER 4658 03:01:46,093 --> 03:01:48,862 PRIORITIES AND CLINICAL PRACTICE 4659 03:01:48,862 --> 03:01:49,830 GUIDELINES, PAYER INTERACTIONS, 4660 03:01:49,830 --> 03:02:00,274 CLINICAL STUDY ENDPOINTS, 4661 03:02:00,941 --> 03:02:01,642 MODULARITY, INTEROPERABILITY, 4662 03:02:01,642 --> 03:02:02,843 ETHICS AND NEURAL PRIVACY 4663 03:02:02,843 --> 03:02:05,045 SECURITY WORK GROUP WHICH 4664 03:02:05,045 --> 03:02:11,919 MICHAEL WILL HIGHLIGHT IN JUST A 4665 03:02:11,919 --> 03:02:12,152 MOMENT. 4666 03:02:12,152 --> 03:02:13,387 EACH WORK GROUP HAS VARIOUS 4667 03:02:13,387 --> 03:02:16,557 PROJECTS GOING ON BUT THE GOAL 4668 03:02:16,557 --> 03:02:18,292 TO HAVE DELIVERABLES, SOME TYPE 4669 03:02:18,292 --> 03:02:19,393 OF DELIVERABLE THAT'S AN OUTPUT 4670 03:02:19,393 --> 03:02:22,329 FROM THE PROJECTS AND FROM THE 4671 03:02:22,329 --> 03:02:24,398 WORK GROUPS SO WE CAN HELP 4672 03:02:24,398 --> 03:02:26,967 EVOLVE AND BUILD EVIDENCE AND 4673 03:02:26,967 --> 03:02:28,802 HAVE CONSENSUS WHERE I AM 4674 03:02:28,802 --> 03:02:34,374 PLANTABLE BCIs CAN GO, THESE 4675 03:02:34,374 --> 03:02:36,543 ARE SOME -- IMPLANTABLE BCIs 4676 03:02:36,543 --> 03:02:38,312 CAN GO AND THESE ARE EXAMPLES. 4677 03:02:38,312 --> 03:02:40,047 ONE OF THE THINGS WE'VE LAUNCHED 4678 03:02:40,047 --> 03:02:42,349 IN THE LAST -- THIS YEAR, WE'RE 4679 03:02:42,349 --> 03:02:44,451 HAVING EDUCATION AND TRAINING 4680 03:02:44,451 --> 03:02:46,553 SESSION ALSO THAT CAN BE 4681 03:02:46,553 --> 03:02:48,388 AVAILABLE ON OUR WEBSITE BUT 4682 03:02:48,388 --> 03:02:51,992 THEY ARE WEBINARS ON VARIOUS 4683 03:02:51,992 --> 03:02:52,392 TOPICS, SPECIFICS. 4684 03:02:52,392 --> 03:02:54,628 EARLIER THIS YEAR OUR FRIENDS AT 4685 03:02:54,628 --> 03:03:01,101 FDA DID A WEBINAR ON CLINICAL 4686 03:03:01,101 --> 03:03:02,870 OUTCOME ASSESSMENTS AND HOW TO 4687 03:03:02,870 --> 03:03:03,837 THINK ABOUT THOSE. 4688 03:03:03,837 --> 03:03:05,706 I ENCOURAGE YOU TO JOIN. 4689 03:03:05,706 --> 03:03:08,642 I'LL PUT THE LINK IN THE CHAT, 4690 03:03:08,642 --> 03:03:10,377 TO THE COLLABORATIVE COMMUNITY. 4691 03:03:10,377 --> 03:03:10,844 IT'S OPEN. 4692 03:03:10,844 --> 03:03:12,246 PLEASE APPLY. 4693 03:03:12,246 --> 03:03:13,914 WE CAN ASSIGN TO YOU A WORK 4694 03:03:13,914 --> 03:03:16,516 GROUP IF YOU'RE INTERESTED. 4695 03:03:16,516 --> 03:03:18,719 I ALSO WANT TO RECOGNIZE OUR 4696 03:03:18,719 --> 03:03:20,153 FUNDERS AND OUR SPONSORS FOR 4697 03:03:20,153 --> 03:03:20,587 THIS. 4698 03:03:20,587 --> 03:03:22,256 WE COULDN'T HAVE LAUNCHED THE 4699 03:03:22,256 --> 03:03:22,923 COLLABORATIVE COMMUNITY WITHOUT 4700 03:03:22,923 --> 03:03:26,393 THE SEED GRANT FROM THE DANA 4701 03:03:26,393 --> 03:03:27,060 FOUNDATION. 4702 03:03:27,060 --> 03:03:29,363 THEY HELPED US ALONG WITH OUR 4703 03:03:29,363 --> 03:03:34,635 COMMERCIAL PARTNERS WHO ARE 4704 03:03:34,635 --> 03:03:36,937 HELPING FUND THE COLLABORATIVE. 4705 03:03:36,937 --> 03:03:37,237 PLEASE JOIN. 4706 03:03:37,237 --> 03:03:39,806 I'LL PUT IT IN THE CHAT IN A 4707 03:03:39,806 --> 03:03:39,973 BIT. 4708 03:03:39,973 --> 03:03:42,509 FINALLY I ALLUDED TO IT EARLIER 4709 03:03:42,509 --> 03:03:44,144 TO INTRODUCE THE ETHICS AND 4710 03:03:44,144 --> 03:03:46,380 NEURAL DATA PRIVACY ANDS DATA 4711 03:03:46,380 --> 03:03:49,049 SECURITY WORK GROUP THAT MICHAEL 4712 03:03:49,049 --> 03:03:50,484 YOUNG IS LEADING. 4713 03:03:50,484 --> 03:03:52,119 REALLY ADDRESSING KEY QUESTIONS 4714 03:03:52,119 --> 03:03:53,520 ABOUT WHAT HAPPENS IF COMMERCIAL 4715 03:03:53,520 --> 03:03:54,621 ENTITY GOES OUT OF BUSINESS, AND 4716 03:03:54,621 --> 03:03:56,924 WHAT ARE SOME BEST PRACTICES 4717 03:03:56,924 --> 03:03:59,326 AROUND NEURAL DATA AS WELL AS 4718 03:03:59,326 --> 03:04:01,561 OTHER ETHICAL QUESTIONS THAT 4719 03:04:01,561 --> 03:04:03,030 SURROUND IMPLANTABLE BCIS. 4720 03:04:03,030 --> 03:04:06,233 I DO WANT TO SAY THAT ETHICS 4721 03:04:06,233 --> 03:04:08,201 TRANSCENDS ALL OF OUR WORK 4722 03:04:08,201 --> 03:04:08,502 GROUPS. 4723 03:04:08,502 --> 03:04:11,605 AND WHY DID WE PUT ETHICS WITH 4724 03:04:11,605 --> 03:04:14,374 NEURODATA AND NEUROSECURITY TO 4725 03:04:14,374 --> 03:04:16,843 START ? 4726 03:04:16,843 --> 03:04:19,813 ETHICS IS NOT ONLY ISOLATED TO 4727 03:04:19,813 --> 03:04:21,014 THAT TOPIC. 4728 03:04:21,014 --> 03:04:22,215 WE JUST COLLECTIVELY LOOKED AT 4729 03:04:22,215 --> 03:04:26,019 WHERE IS THE LOWEST HANGING 4730 03:04:26,019 --> 03:04:27,888 FRUIT AND WHERE IS THE MOST 4731 03:04:27,888 --> 03:04:31,191 REALLY KEY AREA THAT WE NEED TO 4732 03:04:31,191 --> 03:04:34,261 BE FOCUSING ON INITIALLY, FOR 4733 03:04:34,261 --> 03:04:37,097 ETHICS, AND IT WAS DECIDED ON 4734 03:04:37,097 --> 03:04:38,398 COLLECTIVELY IN OUR COMMUNITY 4735 03:04:38,398 --> 03:04:39,533 THAT NEURODATA PRIVACY AND DATA 4736 03:04:39,533 --> 03:04:42,035 SECURITY IS ONE WE NEED TO FOCUS 4737 03:04:42,035 --> 03:04:42,202 ON. 4738 03:04:42,202 --> 03:04:46,673 BUT WE DO HAVE ETHICS EMBEDDED 4739 03:04:46,673 --> 03:04:49,076 IN OUR OTHER WORK GROUPS AS 4740 03:04:49,076 --> 03:04:49,276 WELL. 4741 03:04:49,276 --> 03:04:52,212 FINALLY I WANT TO INTRODUCE 4742 03:04:52,212 --> 03:04:53,413 MICHAEL YOUNG, MICHAEL HAS BEEN 4743 03:04:53,413 --> 03:04:56,717 ONE OF OUR CO-LEADS FOR THE WORK 4744 03:04:56,717 --> 03:04:56,917 GROUP. 4745 03:04:56,917 --> 03:05:01,088 WE HAVE KAMAL, A TEAM LEAD AT 4746 03:05:01,088 --> 03:05:02,856 NEURAL LINK, A PARTNER IN CRIME, 4747 03:05:02,856 --> 03:05:04,591 IF YOU WILL, WITH MICHAEL YOUNG 4748 03:05:04,591 --> 03:05:08,996 ON LEADING THIS WORK GROUP, 4749 03:05:08,996 --> 03:05:10,530 CURRENTLY HAS 113 MEMBERS WITHIN 4750 03:05:10,530 --> 03:05:13,333 THE WORK GROUP, SO MICHAEL HAS A 4751 03:05:13,333 --> 03:05:15,736 LOT OF PROJECTS AND INTEREST TO 4752 03:05:15,736 --> 03:05:17,604 MANAGE AND WE SO APPRECIATE 4753 03:05:17,604 --> 03:05:17,904 THAT. 4754 03:05:17,904 --> 03:05:20,440 BUT REALLY THIS WORK GROUP IS 4755 03:05:20,440 --> 03:05:23,110 FOCUSING IN ON NEURAL DATA, 4756 03:05:23,110 --> 03:05:26,046 SYSTEM SECURITY, HOW DO WE 4757 03:05:26,046 --> 03:05:26,813 ADDRESS THE ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS 4758 03:05:26,813 --> 03:05:31,651 AROUND THAT AS WELL AS SOME OF 4759 03:05:31,651 --> 03:05:38,525 THE -- DEVELOPING COMPREHENSIVE 4760 03:05:38,525 --> 03:05:39,793 GUIDANCE ABOUT HOW BCIs ARE 4761 03:05:39,793 --> 03:05:41,461 USED IN A RESPONSIBLE AND SECURE 4762 03:05:41,461 --> 03:05:41,695 MANNER. 4763 03:05:41,695 --> 03:05:44,398 WITH THAT I WOULD LIKE TO HAND 4764 03:05:44,398 --> 03:05:46,366 IT -- I'LL STOP SHARING AND I'M 4765 03:05:46,366 --> 03:05:50,771 GOING TO HAND IT OVER TO 4766 03:05:50,771 --> 03:05:51,338 MICHAEL. 4767 03:05:51,338 --> 03:05:54,508 SO MICHAEL, THE SCREEN IS YOURS. 4768 03:05:54,508 --> 03:05:55,342 >> THANK YOU, JEN. 4769 03:05:55,342 --> 03:05:57,544 AND TO THE NEWG FOR THIS 4770 03:05:57,544 --> 03:05:58,979 OPPORTUNITY TO PRESENT SOME OF 4771 03:05:58,979 --> 03:06:01,148 THE PROGRESS THAT OUR WORK GROUP 4772 03:06:01,148 --> 03:06:02,082 THAT BE MAKING. 4773 03:06:02,082 --> 03:06:03,784 OUR MISSION AS A WORK GROUP IS 4774 03:06:03,784 --> 03:06:05,419 REALLY TO ADVANCE ETHICAL 4775 03:06:05,419 --> 03:06:08,855 STANDARDS AND FRAMEWORKS FOR THE 4776 03:06:08,855 --> 03:06:10,257 RESPONSIBLE, SECURE, AND 4777 03:06:10,257 --> 03:06:14,661 VALUE-SENSITIVE FUTURE OF 4778 03:06:14,661 --> 03:06:18,065 IMPLANTABLE BCIs AND IBCI 4779 03:06:18,065 --> 03:06:19,366 DATA, INDISPENSABLE FOR 4780 03:06:19,366 --> 03:06:21,701 TRANSLATING THE PROMISE OF THIS 4781 03:06:21,701 --> 03:06:22,669 TECHNOLOGY INTO TRANSIBLE AND 4782 03:06:22,669 --> 03:06:24,504 RESILIENT BENEFIT FOR PEOPLE 4783 03:06:24,504 --> 03:06:25,172 WITH NEUROLOGIC CONDITIONS IN 4784 03:06:25,172 --> 03:06:31,044 OUR COMMUNITY AND AROUND THE 4785 03:06:31,044 --> 03:06:31,711 WORLD . 4786 03:06:31,711 --> 03:06:33,046 JE N 4787 03:06:33,046 --> 03:06:33,680 INTRODUCED MO 4788 03:06:33,680 --> 03:06:34,014 WE ROO . 4789 03:06:34,014 --> 03:06:34,548 OUR 4790 03:06:34,548 --> 03:06:35,348 GROUPS ISES OF 4791 03:06:35,348 --> 03:06:36,083 118 MECHANICS AND 4792 03:06:36,083 --> 03:06:36,383 GROWING . 4793 03:06:36,383 --> 03:06:37,751 WE BRING 4794 03:06:37,751 --> 03:06:38,752 TOGETHER RESEARCHERS 4795 03:06:38,752 --> 03:06:39,786 , CLINICIANS 4796 03:06:39,786 --> 03:06:40,287 ENGINEERS . 4797 03:06:40,287 --> 03:06:46,860 INDUSTRY 4798 03:06:46,860 --> 03:06:47,461 LEADERS , PATIENT 4799 03:06:47,461 --> 03:06:48,061 ADVOCATES. 4800 03:06:48,061 --> 03:06:50,831 PEOPLE TO HELP US NAVIGATE THE 4801 03:06:50,831 --> 03:06:53,667 MOST PRESSING ETHICAL QUESTIONS 4802 03:06:53,667 --> 03:06:55,769 FACING OUR FIELD. 4803 03:06:55,769 --> 03:06:59,039 I'LL GIVE A SNAPSHOT OF FOUR 4804 03:06:59,039 --> 03:07:03,443 INITIATIVES, FIRST ON IBCI DATA 4805 03:07:03,443 --> 03:07:04,945 SECURITY, SECOND OPTIMIZING 4806 03:07:04,945 --> 03:07:10,383 IBCI-INFORMED CON THIRD, THIRD 4807 03:07:10,383 --> 03:07:12,285 GAP ANALYSIS ADVANCING FROM 4808 03:07:12,285 --> 03:07:14,020 INVESTIGATIONAL USE TO CLINICAL 4809 03:07:14,020 --> 03:07:16,089 PRACTICE AND FOURTH DEVELOPMENT 4810 03:07:16,089 --> 03:07:18,492 OF CURATED NEUROETHICS RESOURCE 4811 03:07:18,492 --> 03:07:19,726 HUB FOR OUR COMMUNITY. 4812 03:07:19,726 --> 03:07:23,130 THE FIRST PROJECT THAT I'LL 4813 03:07:23,130 --> 03:07:25,298 HIGHLIGHT TODAY IS IBCA DATA 4814 03:07:25,298 --> 03:07:28,268 SECURITY INITIATIVE WHICH IS 4815 03:07:28,268 --> 03:07:34,741 WORKING TO IDENTIFY AND DEVELOP 4816 03:07:34,741 --> 03:07:35,442 SAFEGUARD. 4817 03:07:35,442 --> 03:07:37,377 WHY CARE ABOUT IBCI DATA? 4818 03:07:37,377 --> 03:07:39,880 WHAT MAKES IT DIFFERENT FROM ALL 4819 03:07:39,880 --> 03:07:41,615 OTHER KINDS OF DATA? 4820 03:07:41,615 --> 03:07:44,217 STUDYING THE LANDSCAPE OF WHAT 4821 03:07:44,217 --> 03:07:45,819 IBCI DATA MIGHT CURRENTLY REVEAL 4822 03:07:45,819 --> 03:07:51,691 OR POTENTIALLY REVEAL IN THE 4823 03:07:51,691 --> 03:07:53,560 FUTURE ONE MIGHT CONSIDER 4824 03:07:53,560 --> 03:07:54,761 SOMEONE'S LEVEL OF 4825 03:07:54,761 --> 03:07:58,365 CONSCIOUSNESS, SLEEP HABITS, DAY 4826 03:07:58,365 --> 03:08:00,934 TIME ACTIVITIES, MEDICATIONS, 4827 03:08:00,934 --> 03:08:03,870 SENSORY PERCEPTIONS, LANGUAGE, 4828 03:08:03,870 --> 03:08:04,437 COMMUNICATION, PERHAPS BRAIN 4829 03:08:04,437 --> 03:08:06,072 CONDITIONS OR RISK OF DEVELOPING 4830 03:08:06,072 --> 03:08:07,707 FUTURE CONDITIONS AND MAYBE IN 4831 03:08:07,707 --> 03:08:11,011 THE FUTURE THINGS LIKE MOOD OR 4832 03:08:11,011 --> 03:08:13,713 EMOTIONAL STATE, MEMORIES, 4833 03:08:13,713 --> 03:08:14,714 PREFERENCES, BELIEFS, ELEMENTS 4834 03:08:14,714 --> 03:08:15,849 OF IMAGINATION OR INTROSPECTION. 4835 03:08:15,849 --> 03:08:20,320 FIGURING OUT HOW TO TRULY 4836 03:08:20,320 --> 03:08:22,055 DE-IDENTIFY THESE DATASETS, 4837 03:08:22,055 --> 03:08:22,956 PARTICULARLY GIVEN POTENTIAL 4838 03:08:22,956 --> 03:08:24,157 RANGE OF INSIGHTS ONE COULD IN 4839 03:08:24,157 --> 03:08:26,126 THE FUTURE DRAW FROM THESE DATA 4840 03:08:26,126 --> 03:08:27,561 IS A KNOWN ETHICAL CHALLENGE AND 4841 03:08:27,561 --> 03:08:30,063 THERE ARE CURRENTLY NO BROADLY 4842 03:08:30,063 --> 03:08:34,367 ACCEPTED STANDARDS FOR 4843 03:08:34,367 --> 03:08:36,870 COLLECTING AND SHARING 4844 03:08:36,870 --> 03:08:37,604 INTRACRANIAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 4845 03:08:37,604 --> 03:08:40,140 DATA, ACCENTUATED THAT 4846 03:08:40,140 --> 03:08:41,908 PARTICIPANTS HAVE BEEN AND ARE 4847 03:08:41,908 --> 03:08:46,680 STILL LIKELY TO BECOME KNOWN TO 4848 03:08:46,680 --> 03:08:49,115 THE WIDER COMMUNITY AND DATA 4849 03:08:49,115 --> 03:08:51,084 UNLIKE NEUROIMAGING DATA OR 4850 03:08:51,084 --> 03:08:52,152 ROUTINE EEG DATA COLLECTED FROM 4851 03:08:52,152 --> 03:08:54,354 HUNDREDS OR THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE 4852 03:08:54,354 --> 03:09:02,128 IN CLINICAL CONTEXT ANNUALLY AND 4853 03:09:02,128 --> 03:09:07,667 STRAIGHT FORWARD TO DE-IDENTIFY. 4854 03:09:07,667 --> 03:09:15,875 AS WE CONSIDER THE SENSITIVITIES 4855 03:09:15,875 --> 03:09:17,644 OF IBCI-DEREQUIRED NEURAL DATA, 4856 03:09:17,644 --> 03:09:20,947 WHAT IS THE ONTOLOGICAL STATUS 4857 03:09:20,947 --> 03:09:21,681 OF THESE DATA? 4858 03:09:21,681 --> 03:09:25,552 BEYOND WHAT CAN BE DONE WITH 4859 03:09:25,552 --> 03:09:26,219 THEM. 4860 03:09:26,219 --> 03:09:27,053 WHAT THEY REALLY ARE, UNDERSTOOD 4861 03:09:27,053 --> 03:09:29,689 AS A SPECIAL KIND OF HEALTH 4862 03:09:29,689 --> 03:09:30,390 DATA? 4863 03:09:30,390 --> 03:09:32,525 ARE THEY SOMETHING CATEGORICALLY 4864 03:09:32,525 --> 03:09:33,760 DIFFERENT LIKE INTELLECTUAL 4865 03:09:33,760 --> 03:09:34,628 PROPERTY? 4866 03:09:34,628 --> 03:09:36,596 RAW MATERIAL OF THOUGHT? 4867 03:09:36,596 --> 03:09:40,300 EXTENSION OR EVEN REFLECTION OF 4868 03:09:40,300 --> 03:09:40,967 THE SELF? 4869 03:09:40,967 --> 03:09:42,068 THESE ONTOLOGICAL QUESTIONS 4870 03:09:42,068 --> 03:09:46,539 MATTER BECAUSE THEY SHAPE HOW 4871 03:09:46,539 --> 03:09:48,708 IBCI-DERIVED NEURAL DATA ARE 4872 03:09:48,708 --> 03:09:50,043 GOVERNED AND HOW ANSWER WILL 4873 03:09:50,043 --> 03:09:52,879 INFORM WHETHER AND HOW BCI DATA 4874 03:09:52,879 --> 03:09:55,181 MIGHT BE SHARED, BOUGHT, SOLD, 4875 03:09:55,181 --> 03:09:57,017 DELETED AND WILL WEIGH HEAVILY 4876 03:09:57,017 --> 03:09:59,319 ON THE RIGHTS AND 4877 03:09:59,319 --> 03:10:00,654 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THOSE WHO 4878 03:10:00,654 --> 03:10:04,691 INTERACT WITH OR GENERATE THESE 4879 03:10:04,691 --> 03:10:07,427 KINDS OF DATA. 4880 03:10:07,427 --> 03:10:08,895 WE'VE IDENTIFIED A NUMBER OF 4881 03:10:08,895 --> 03:10:11,064 PRIORITIES IN THIS AREA. 4882 03:10:11,064 --> 03:10:12,399 I WON'T GO THROUGH EACH OTHER 4883 03:10:12,399 --> 03:10:15,568 THAN TO POINT TO SOME 4884 03:10:15,568 --> 03:10:16,236 FOUNDATIONAL PHILOSOPHICAL 4885 03:10:16,236 --> 03:10:18,004 QUESTIONS THAT STILL REMAIN. 4886 03:10:18,004 --> 03:10:19,873 WHAT IS THE ONTOLOGICAL STATUS 4887 03:10:19,873 --> 03:10:21,808 OF IBCI DATA? 4888 03:10:21,808 --> 03:10:24,210 HOW MIGHT THESE DISCOVERIES 4889 03:10:24,210 --> 03:10:26,513 INFORM CONCEPTS SELF-IDENTIFY 4890 03:10:26,513 --> 03:10:27,747 AND CONSCIOUSNESS? 4891 03:10:27,747 --> 03:10:32,319 CAN MENTAL STATES BE REDUCED TO 4892 03:10:32,319 --> 03:10:33,620 IBCI-RECORDED BRAIN STATES AND 4893 03:10:33,620 --> 03:10:34,721 WHAT IS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 4894 03:10:34,721 --> 03:10:36,956 REPRESENTATION OF THESE BRAIN 4895 03:10:36,956 --> 03:10:39,092 STATES THAT IBCI'S MIGHT CAPTURE 4896 03:10:39,092 --> 03:10:44,898 AND SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE? 4897 03:10:44,898 --> 03:10:45,765 RECOGNIZING THESE SENSITIVITIES 4898 03:10:45,765 --> 03:10:49,169 THE WORK GROUP IS FOCUSED ON 4899 03:10:49,169 --> 03:10:53,873 IDENTIFYING AND ANALYZING UNIQUE 4900 03:10:53,873 --> 03:10:56,176 SECURITY VULNERABILITIES UNIQUE 4901 03:10:56,176 --> 03:10:58,445 ACROSS OF THE LIFE CYCLE. 4902 03:10:58,445 --> 03:11:00,647 A KEY OBJECTIVE IS TO MAP HOW 4903 03:11:00,647 --> 03:11:02,716 SECURITY RISKS INTERSECT WITH 4904 03:11:02,716 --> 03:11:04,551 PRIVACY CONCERNS AND ENSURING 4905 03:11:04,551 --> 03:11:06,019 PROTECTIONS ARE REALLY BUILT 4906 03:11:06,019 --> 03:11:07,887 INTO EVERY STAGE OF DATA 4907 03:11:07,887 --> 03:11:10,724 HANDLING AND WE'RE ENVISIONING A 4908 03:11:10,724 --> 03:11:15,895 STRUCTURED TAXONOMY TO 4909 03:11:15,895 --> 03:11:16,596 CATEGORIZE IBCI SPECIFIC 4910 03:11:16,596 --> 03:11:18,365 VULNERABILITIES, STRATEGIES THAT 4911 03:11:18,365 --> 03:11:20,500 COULD BE INFORMED BOTH BY 4912 03:11:20,500 --> 03:11:21,468 TECHNICAL EXPERTISE AND ETHICS 4913 03:11:21,468 --> 03:11:26,039 INPUT WITH THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF 4914 03:11:26,039 --> 03:11:27,607 PRODUCING SECURITY 4915 03:11:27,607 --> 03:11:31,311 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IBCI 4916 03:11:31,311 --> 03:11:33,046 DEVELOPERS, CLINICIANS, 4917 03:11:33,046 --> 03:11:33,346 REGULATORS. 4918 03:11:33,346 --> 03:11:39,319 SECOND AND INTERTWINED 4919 03:11:39,319 --> 03:11:40,920 INITIATIVE IS OPTIMIZING 4920 03:11:40,920 --> 03:11:42,389 INFORMED CONSENT TO REFLECT 4921 03:11:42,389 --> 03:11:45,558 RISKS AND REALITIES AS IBCIs 4922 03:11:45,558 --> 03:11:47,527 MOVE INTO CLINICAL USE. 4923 03:11:47,527 --> 03:11:50,897 AS PART OF THESE EFFORTS WE'RE 4924 03:11:50,897 --> 03:11:52,565 DEVELOPING A BCI INFORMED 4925 03:11:52,565 --> 03:11:56,736 CONSENT CHECK LIST DESIGNED TO 4926 03:11:56,736 --> 03:11:57,504 SUPPORT RESEARCHERS, CLINICIANS, 4927 03:11:57,504 --> 03:12:02,208 LOCAL IRBs AND OTHERS AS 4928 03:12:02,208 --> 03:12:04,477 IBCIs OF FROM INVESTIGATIONAL 4929 03:12:04,477 --> 03:12:06,146 USE TOWARD BROADER CLINICAL 4930 03:12:06,146 --> 03:12:07,547 INTEGRATION. 4931 03:12:07,547 --> 03:12:10,316 AND WE BRING ATTENTION TO 4932 03:12:10,316 --> 03:12:10,984 SEVERAL CHALLENGES. 4933 03:12:10,984 --> 03:12:12,819 FIRST, NEED TO DISTINGUISH 4934 03:12:12,819 --> 03:12:14,154 CLEARLY BETWEEN DEVICE CONSENT 4935 03:12:14,154 --> 03:12:15,989 AND DATA CONSENT. 4936 03:12:15,989 --> 03:12:17,624 IMPORTANCE OF CONSENT PROCESSES 4937 03:12:17,624 --> 03:12:21,895 THAT CAN BE DYNAMIC OVER TIME. 4938 03:12:21,895 --> 03:12:23,663 AND ACCOMMODATE PATIENTS WITH 4939 03:12:23,663 --> 03:12:25,532 IMPAIRED COMMUNICATION OR 4940 03:12:25,532 --> 03:12:27,801 DECISION-MAKING CAPACITY. 4941 03:12:27,801 --> 03:12:29,035 CLARIFYING OPTIMAL APPROACHES TO 4942 03:12:29,035 --> 03:12:30,770 SURROGATE CONSENT FOR PEOPLE WHO 4943 03:12:30,770 --> 03:12:33,106 MAY BE UNABLE TO PROVIDE 4944 03:12:33,106 --> 03:12:34,507 FIRST-PERSON CONSENT, EITHER DUE 4945 03:12:34,507 --> 03:12:36,876 TO SEVERE SPEECH AND MOTOR 4946 03:12:36,876 --> 03:12:38,645 IMPAIRMENT OR LOCKED IN SYNDROME 4947 03:12:38,645 --> 03:12:40,847 AND NEED FOR CLEAR FRAMEWORKS 4948 03:12:40,847 --> 03:12:43,149 AROUND NEURAL DATA OWNERSHIP AND 4949 03:12:43,149 --> 03:12:43,550 SHARING. 4950 03:12:43,550 --> 03:12:44,717 AND IMPORTANTLY THIS CHECKLIST 4951 03:12:44,717 --> 03:12:48,521 IS NOT MEANT TO REPLACE EXISTING 4952 03:12:48,521 --> 03:12:50,256 FRAMEWORKS BUT RATHER COMPLEMENT 4953 03:12:50,256 --> 03:12:51,691 STANDARD REQUIREMENTS SUCH AS 4954 03:12:51,691 --> 03:12:54,127 COMMON RULE BY HIGHLIGHTING 4955 03:12:54,127 --> 03:12:57,096 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS THAT ARE 4956 03:12:57,096 --> 03:12:58,131 DISTINCTIVE TO IMPLANTABLE 4957 03:12:58,131 --> 03:13:01,234 BCIs WHICH PLAY NOT BE FULLY 4958 03:13:01,234 --> 03:13:04,504 ADDRESSEDDED BY PREVAILING 4959 03:13:04,504 --> 03:13:05,638 CONSENT OR ASSENT FRAMEWORKS. 4960 03:13:05,638 --> 03:13:09,242 IN PARALLEL WITH THIS CHECKLIST 4961 03:13:09,242 --> 03:13:19,118 WE'RE IDENTIFYING NEED TO 4962 03:13:19,118 --> 03:13:20,620 DISENTANGLE, GOAL TO PROVIDE 4963 03:13:20,620 --> 03:13:21,988 PROSPECTIVE USERS OR CURRENT 4964 03:13:21,988 --> 03:13:24,591 USERS A VOICE IN HOW THEIR BRAIN 4965 03:13:24,591 --> 03:13:29,963 DATA MAY BE USED ONCE THEY ARE 4966 03:13:29,963 --> 03:13:34,400 RECORDED THROUGH DYNAMIC PROCESS 4967 03:13:34,400 --> 03:13:39,706 TO REVISE PROCESSES AND 4968 03:13:39,706 --> 03:13:41,040 TECHNOLOGIES EVOLVE. 4969 03:13:41,040 --> 03:13:41,975 TO SURFACE MISSING ISSUES, THIRD 4970 03:13:41,975 --> 03:13:44,844 THRUST OF THE WORK GROUP IS 4971 03:13:44,844 --> 03:13:50,416 FOCUSED ON IDENTIFYING 4972 03:13:50,416 --> 03:13:51,484 UNDEREXPLORED ETHICAL CHALLENGES 4973 03:13:51,484 --> 03:13:56,689 TRANSITIONING FROM THE BENCH TO 4974 03:13:56,689 --> 03:13:56,923 CLINIC. 4975 03:13:56,923 --> 03:13:58,825 WE'RE CATALOGING HIGH PRIORITY 4976 03:13:58,825 --> 03:14:01,995 ISSUES AND POTENTIAL BLIND SPOTS 4977 03:14:01,995 --> 03:14:04,731 IN TRANSLATION TO THE CLINIC. 4978 03:14:04,731 --> 03:14:10,003 THIS MATRIX MAPS EIGHT DOMAINS 4979 03:14:10,003 --> 03:14:11,638 WE'VE IDENTIFIED ACROSS 4980 03:14:11,638 --> 03:14:12,772 IMAGINING, CONSENT, ACCESS, 4981 03:14:12,772 --> 03:14:13,439 REGULATION, DATA GOVERNANCE, 4982 03:14:13,439 --> 03:14:15,808 LIABILITY AND SOCIAL AND 4983 03:14:15,808 --> 03:14:16,976 CULTURAL IMPACT ACROSS THE FULL 4984 03:14:16,976 --> 03:14:25,652 BCI LIFE CYCLE THROUGH CONSENT 4985 03:14:25,652 --> 03:14:28,087 CONVERSATION TO YEARS-LONG 4986 03:14:28,087 --> 03:14:30,823 RELATES OF REGULAR USE, 4987 03:14:30,823 --> 03:14:32,792 MAINTENANCE, UPGRADES, POTENTIAL 4988 03:14:32,792 --> 03:14:33,126 EXPLANTATION. 4989 03:14:33,126 --> 03:14:34,994 BY IDENTIFYING WHERE GUIDANCE IS 4990 03:14:34,994 --> 03:14:36,129 THIN AND WHERE RESPONSIBILITIES 4991 03:14:36,129 --> 03:14:38,665 ARE BLURRY A GOAL HERE IS TO 4992 03:14:38,665 --> 03:14:40,199 PROVIDE CONCRETE SIGN POSTS FOR 4993 03:14:40,199 --> 03:14:44,137 FUTURE ACTION SO THE AMAZING 4994 03:14:44,137 --> 03:14:45,872 TECHNICAL PROGRESS WE'RE SEEING 4995 03:14:45,872 --> 03:14:48,408 CAN CONTINUE TO ADVANCE 4996 03:14:48,408 --> 03:14:51,377 ALONGSIDE WELL CONSIDERED 4997 03:14:51,377 --> 03:14:53,212 ADAPTIVE ETHICAL SAFEGUARDS. 4998 03:14:53,212 --> 03:14:54,547 AS THESE EFFORTS UNFOLD WE'RE 4999 03:14:54,547 --> 03:14:56,950 DEVELOPING RESOURCE HUB TO SERVE 5000 03:14:56,950 --> 03:14:58,251 AS CENTRALIZED LIVING HOME FOR 5001 03:14:58,251 --> 03:15:01,654 OUTPUTS OF OUR WORK GROUP. 5002 03:15:01,654 --> 03:15:09,729 IN ADDITION ADDITION TO THIS, S 5003 03:15:09,729 --> 03:15:11,965 UNDERTAKING TO DEVELOP A HUB 5004 03:15:11,965 --> 03:15:15,134 WILL REALLY BE ANIMATED BY A 5005 03:15:15,134 --> 03:15:15,902 BROADER REALIZATION THAT 5006 03:15:15,902 --> 03:15:16,669 EXISTING RESOURCES INFORMATIVE 5007 03:15:16,669 --> 03:15:23,443 AS THEY MAY BE REMAIN FRAGMENTS 5008 03:15:23,443 --> 03:15:24,344 AND DISCONNECTED. 5009 03:15:24,344 --> 03:15:27,947 THIS HUB WILL ADDRESS THIS GAP 5010 03:15:27,947 --> 03:15:30,883 BY CREATING A CENTRALIZED LIVING 5011 03:15:30,883 --> 03:15:32,318 COMPENDIUM OPEN TO ONGOING 5012 03:15:32,318 --> 03:15:34,654 CONTRIBUTION THROUGH USER 5013 03:15:34,654 --> 03:15:36,155 SUGGESTIONS, HOPEFULLY HELPING 5014 03:15:36,155 --> 03:15:38,257 COMMUNITY PARTNERS EASILY FIND 5015 03:15:38,257 --> 03:15:41,294 WHAT THEY NEED TO SUPPORT 5016 03:15:41,294 --> 03:15:47,033 RESPONSIBLE BCI DEVELOP. 5017 03:15:47,033 --> 03:15:48,334 AND DEPLOYMENT. 5018 03:15:48,334 --> 03:15:50,536 WE'VE BUILD A ROBUST DIRECTY 5019 03:15:50,536 --> 03:15:51,938 INCLUDING SOME NEWG ITSELF HAS 5020 03:15:51,938 --> 03:15:52,205 PRODUCED. 5021 03:15:52,205 --> 03:15:53,606 THANK YOU FOR THE OPPORTUNITY TO 5022 03:15:53,606 --> 03:15:55,008 PRESENT THIS WORK. 5023 03:15:55,008 --> 03:15:56,609 IF YOU'RE INTERESTED IN LEARNING 5024 03:15:56,609 --> 03:15:58,378 MORE OR JOINING THESE EFFORTS 5025 03:15:58,378 --> 03:16:01,114 WE'D BE THRILLED TO WELCOME YOUR 5026 03:16:01,114 --> 03:16:02,448 INSIGHTS AND PARTICIPATION AS WE 5027 03:16:02,448 --> 03:16:03,683 GROW THIS COMMUNITY TOGETHER. 5028 03:16:03,683 --> 03:16:06,386 THANK YOU. 5029 03:16:06,386 --> 03:16:09,956 5030 03:16:09,956 --> 03:16:11,491 >> THANK YOU, JEN AND MICHAEL. 5031 03:16:11,491 --> 03:16:14,327 WE HAVE TIME FOR MAYBE ONE 5032 03:16:14,327 --> 03:16:22,568 QUESTION IF ANYONE MIGHT HAVE 5033 03:16:22,568 --> 03:16:23,770 ONE. 5034 03:16:23,770 --> 03:16:25,405 FEEL FREE TO CONTACT JEN, E-MAIL 5035 03:16:25,405 --> 03:16:27,106 HER, SHE CAN PASS QUESTIONS TO 5036 03:16:27,106 --> 03:16:28,608 MICHAEL, AND THEY ARE HAPPY TO 5037 03:16:28,608 --> 03:16:30,677 ANSWER ANY QUESTIONS YOU MIGHT 5038 03:16:30,677 --> 03:16:30,877 HAVE. 5039 03:16:30,877 --> 03:16:34,180 BEFORE I TURN BACK OVER TO NITA, 5040 03:16:34,180 --> 03:16:36,249 LET ME THANK ALL THE SPEAKERS, 5041 03:16:36,249 --> 03:16:38,017 ALL THE VISITORS, IT WAS A 5042 03:16:38,017 --> 03:16:39,652 WONDERFUL SESSION TODAY. 5043 03:16:39,652 --> 03:16:41,988 AND I REALLY APPRECIATED HEARING 5044 03:16:41,988 --> 03:16:44,057 ABOUT BCI NETWORK AND THESE 5045 03:16:44,057 --> 03:16:45,458 ISSUES WITH RESPECT TO DIGITAL 5046 03:16:45,458 --> 03:16:46,993 TWINS AND IT'S ALWAYS NICE TO 5047 03:16:46,993 --> 03:16:49,362 COME TO THIS MEETING TO LEARN 5048 03:16:49,362 --> 03:16:50,963 HOW EVERYONE IS THINKING ABOUT 5049 03:16:50,963 --> 03:16:52,165 THESE PARTICULAR ETHICAL ISSUES. 5050 03:16:52,165 --> 03:16:57,837 LET ME TURN IT OVER TO NITA. 5051 03:16:57,837 --> 03:16:59,439 >> ECHOING THANKS BUT REQUEST, 5052 03:16:59,439 --> 03:17:02,709 WHICH IS FOR ALL OF THE 5053 03:17:02,709 --> 03:17:03,976 STIMULATING CONVERSATIONS THAT 5054 03:17:03,976 --> 03:17:05,344 THIS CREATED, I WOULD BE 5055 03:17:05,344 --> 03:17:07,714 GRATEFUL FOR ALL OF YOUR 5056 03:17:07,714 --> 03:17:08,481 THOUGHTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5057 03:17:08,481 --> 03:17:09,682 ABOUT NEXT STEPS. 5058 03:17:09,682 --> 03:17:13,086 DO HOPE TO SEE A WORKSHOP DIVE 5059 03:17:13,086 --> 03:17:14,787 MORE DEEPLY IN TO DIGITAL TWIN, 5060 03:17:14,787 --> 03:17:17,890 DO YOU HOPE TO BREAK OFF A PIECE 5061 03:17:17,890 --> 03:17:18,991 AND THINK ABOUT POINTS TO 5062 03:17:18,991 --> 03:17:20,293 CONSIDER, ET CETERA. 5063 03:17:20,293 --> 03:17:22,161 FEEL FREE TO SUBMIT IDEAS TO 5064 03:17:22,161 --> 03:17:23,896 NINA AND THANKS TO EVERYONE, 5065 03:17:23,896 --> 03:17:26,432 THANKS TO JIM FOR STEPPING IN, 5066 03:17:26,432 --> 03:17:28,134 IN THE CO-CHAIR POSITION WITH ME 5067 03:17:28,134 --> 03:17:28,434 TODAY. 5068 03:17:28,434 --> 03:17:31,471 THANKS TO ALL OF OUR PRESENTERS, 5069 03:17:31,471 --> 03:17:34,373 TRULY WONDERFUL CONVERSATION AND 5070 03:17:34,373 --> 03:17:35,341 SET OF PRESENTATIONS THAT 5071 03:17:35,341 --> 03:17:36,542 OBVIOUSLY HAVE SPARKED A LOT OF 5072 03:17:36,542 --> 03:17:39,345 INTEREST ACROSS THE COMMITTEE. 5073 03:17:39,345 --> 03:17:40,379 SO THANK YOU. 5074 03:17:40,379 --> 03:17:42,248 >> THANKS VERY MUCH, NITA AND 5075 03:17:42,248 --> 03:17:44,350 JIM. 5076 03:17:44,350 --> 03:17:46,152 BEFORE WE CLOSE, I WANT TO TALK 5077 03:17:46,152 --> 03:17:50,123 TO JOHN, IF YOU HAVE CLOSING 5078 03:17:50,123 --> 03:17:50,356 REMARKS. 5079 03:17:50,356 --> 03:17:51,858 >> JUST A QUICK NOTE OF THANKS 5080 03:17:51,858 --> 03:17:54,060 TO THE CO-CHAIRS AND EVERYBODY 5081 03:17:54,060 --> 03:17:56,329 HERE, ANDREA, TO YOU AS WELL, 5082 03:17:56,329 --> 03:18:00,099 AND ALL THE STAFF THAT MADE THIS 5083 03:18:00,099 --> 03:18:00,500 POSSIBLE. 5084 03:18:00,500 --> 03:18:03,169 ANOTHER GREAT AFTERNOON OF 5085 03:18:03,169 --> 03:18:03,669 INTENSE AND INTERESTING 5086 03:18:03,669 --> 03:18:04,570 DISCUSSION, MUCH FOR US TO THINK 5087 03:18:04,570 --> 03:18:04,804 ABOUT. 5088 03:18:04,804 --> 03:18:06,773 YOU'LL BE HEARING FROM US AGAIN 5089 03:18:06,773 --> 03:18:07,406 SOON. 5090 03:18:07,406 --> 03:18:07,673 >> YEAH. 5091 03:18:07,673 --> 03:18:09,275 THANKS VERY MUCH, EVERYONE. 5092 03:18:09,275 --> 03:18:12,011 A QUICK REMINDER OUR NEXT 5093 03:18:12,011 --> 03:18:14,947 MEETING WILL BE ON AUGUST 5094 03:18:14,947 --> 03:18:16,382 26th, A TUESDAY. 5095 03:18:16,382 --> 03:18:26,559 THAT IS THE DAY BEFORE OUR MCWG 5096 03:18:26,559 --> 03:18:27,527 ON AUGUST 27. 5097 03:18:27,527 --> 03:18:29,061 HOPE YOU CAN JOIN US THOSE TWO 5098 03:18:29,061 --> 03:18:30,596 DAYS AND LOOK FORWARD TO SEEING 5099 03:18:30,596 --> 03:18:32,131 I THEN. 5100 03:18:32,131 --> 03:18:32,532 THANKS, EVERYONE. 5101 03:18:32,532 --> 03:18:33,633 HAVE A GREAT WEEKEND AND HAPPY 5102 03:18:33,633 --> 03:18:36,736 MOTHER'S DAY TO THOSE OF YOU WHO 5103 03:18:36,736 --> 03:18:37,837 CELEBRATE. 5104 03:18:37,837 --> 03:18:40,873 >> THANKS FOR THE REMINDER. 5105 03:18:40,873 --> 03:18:41,207 >> BYE-BYE. 5106 03:18:41,207 --> 03:18:51,207 [END OF PROGRAM]