1 00:00:05,080 --> 00:00:08,280 I WANT TO WELCOME YOU TO THE 2 00:00:08,280 --> 00:00:13,040 24th MEETING OF THE BRAIN 3 00:00:13,040 --> 00:00:19,880 MULTI-COUNCIL WORKING GROUP, I'M 4 00:00:19,880 --> 00:00:22,160 KRISTIN DUPRE, SPECIALIST, TODAY 5 00:00:22,160 --> 00:00:23,960 FILLING IN FOR DR. SUSAN WEISS. 6 00:00:23,960 --> 00:00:26,960 WE THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME AND 7 00:00:26,960 --> 00:00:28,520 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THIS EFFORT, AS 8 00:00:28,520 --> 00:00:28,880 ALWAYS. 9 00:00:28,880 --> 00:00:30,400 THE MEETING TODAY WILL BEGIN 10 00:00:30,400 --> 00:00:32,600 WITH AN OPEN SESSION, WHICH IS 11 00:00:32,600 --> 00:00:35,080 BEING VIDEOCAST AND RECORDED. 12 00:00:35,080 --> 00:00:40,080 AND WILL SUBSEQUENTLY BE ARE 13 00:00:40,080 --> 00:00:40,560 ARCHIVED. 14 00:00:40,560 --> 00:00:42,520 TODAY WE BEGIN WITH AN UPDATE 15 00:00:42,520 --> 00:00:43,960 FROM DIRECTOR JOHN NGAI, 16 00:00:43,960 --> 00:00:45,480 DISCUSSING THE CURRENT STATE OF 17 00:00:45,480 --> 00:00:48,760 THE BRAIN INITIATIVE. 18 00:00:48,760 --> 00:00:50,920 AFTER JOHN'S UPDATE, DR. 19 00:00:50,920 --> 00:00:52,360 CHRISTINE GRADY WILL SUMMARIZE 20 00:00:52,360 --> 00:00:55,640 INTERESTING DISCUSSIONS THAT 21 00:00:55,640 --> 00:00:56,520 OCCURRED DURING YESTERDAY'S 22 00:00:56,520 --> 00:00:57,600 BRAIN NEUROETHICS MEETING. 23 00:00:57,600 --> 00:01:01,880 WE'LL ROUND OUT THE OPEN SESSION 24 00:01:01,880 --> 00:01:03,760 WITH A TALK FROM DR. JOHN 25 00:01:03,760 --> 00:01:05,480 MANSEL, DESCRIBING THE ROLE OF 26 00:01:05,480 --> 00:01:07,440 THE LOCUS COERULEUS IN VISUAL 27 00:01:07,440 --> 00:01:10,520 SPATIAL ATTENTION. 28 00:01:10,520 --> 00:01:17,440 WE HAVE A NEW MCWG MEMBERS AND 29 00:01:17,440 --> 00:01:21,280 EX OFFICIOS JOHN WILL FROW. -- 30 00:01:21,280 --> 00:01:22,480 WILL INTRODUCE. 31 00:01:22,480 --> 00:01:28,920 I THANK DR. PUBLIC MARKOWITZ, 32 00:01:28,920 --> 00:01:30,680 OUR IARPA REPRESENTATIVE, ON 33 00:01:30,680 --> 00:01:33,600 SERVED FOR FIVE YEARS FROM 2017 34 00:01:33,600 --> 00:01:34,920 TO LAST AUGUST IN 2022. 35 00:01:34,920 --> 00:01:41,720 HE ALSO SERVED ON THE NIH BRAIN 36 00:01:41,720 --> 00:01:45,440 WORKING GROUP 2.0 FROM 2018 TO 37 00:01:45,440 --> 00:01:49,400 2019, A PROGRAM MANAGER AT 38 00:01:49,400 --> 00:01:51,880 IARPA, LEADING AN EFFORT CALLED 39 00:01:51,880 --> 00:01:54,080 MICRONS, THE LARGEST PETABYTE 40 00:01:54,080 --> 00:01:57,360 EXTANT DATE SET OF CO-REGISTERED 41 00:01:57,360 --> 00:01:58,680 DATA FROM THE MAMMALIAN BRAIN. 42 00:01:58,680 --> 00:02:01,880 DAVID WAS A GREAT COLLEAGUE WHO 43 00:02:01,880 --> 00:02:03,160 IS ACTIVE AND CONTRIBUTOR TO THE 44 00:02:03,160 --> 00:02:06,080 BRAIN INITIATIVE, MOVED ON TO 45 00:02:06,080 --> 00:02:07,560 NEW ENDEAVORS OUTSIDE OF THE 46 00:02:07,560 --> 00:02:08,640 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND WE WISH 47 00:02:08,640 --> 00:02:09,760 HIM THE BEST. 48 00:02:09,760 --> 00:02:12,480 WE THANK HIM FOR ALL OF HIS 49 00:02:12,480 --> 00:02:13,160 CONTRIBUTIONS TO "BRAIN." 50 00:02:13,160 --> 00:02:16,000 I HAVE A FEW MORE OPENING 51 00:02:16,000 --> 00:02:17,880 REMARKS, AND SOME HOUSEKEEPING 52 00:02:17,880 --> 00:02:18,840 ITEMS FOR US. 53 00:02:18,840 --> 00:02:21,880 AS MOST OF YOU KNOW, THE MCWG IS 54 00:02:21,880 --> 00:02:24,960 NOT A FORMAL ADVISORY GROUP 55 00:02:24,960 --> 00:02:26,480 UNDER THE FEDERAL ADVISORY 56 00:02:26,480 --> 00:02:28,040 COMMITTEE ACT, FACA, ESTABLISHED 57 00:02:28,040 --> 00:02:31,880 BECAUSE OF THE RECOGNIZED NEED 58 00:02:31,880 --> 00:02:35,520 FOR DIVERSE EXPERTISE IN 59 00:02:35,520 --> 00:02:37,600 DISCIPLINES TO ASSESS RESEARCH 60 00:02:37,600 --> 00:02:39,160 BEING SUPPORTED BY THE BRAIN 61 00:02:39,160 --> 00:02:40,160 INITIATIVE, SOME MEMBERS SERVE 62 00:02:40,160 --> 00:02:42,600 ON THE NIH ADVISORY COUNCILS 63 00:02:42,600 --> 00:02:43,400 EVER TEN PARTICIPATING 64 00:02:43,400 --> 00:02:45,360 INSTITUTES AND CENTERS. 65 00:02:45,360 --> 00:02:46,960 WE HAVE ADDITIONAL AT-LARGE 66 00:02:46,960 --> 00:02:49,680 MEMBERS APPOINTED TO SUPPLEMENT 67 00:02:49,680 --> 00:02:52,000 THE GROUP, WORKING GROUP 68 00:02:52,000 --> 00:02:54,200 EXPERTISE, AND SEVERAL EX 69 00:02:54,200 --> 00:02:58,840 OFFICIO MEMBERS FROM DARPA, FDA, 70 00:02:58,840 --> 00:03:00,720 IARPA, NSF, FOR NIH'S FEDERAL 71 00:03:00,720 --> 00:03:04,040 PARTNERS, AND JOHN WILL ANNOUNCE 72 00:03:04,040 --> 00:03:07,720 A NEW NON-FEDERAL EX OFFICIO 73 00:03:07,720 --> 00:03:10,360 MEETING TODAY. 74 00:03:10,360 --> 00:03:13,000 WE DEPEND ON MCWG FOR OVERSIGHT, 75 00:03:13,000 --> 00:03:15,080 FOR FEEDBACK ON WHAT WE REFER TO 76 00:03:15,080 --> 00:03:15,960 AS CONCEPT CLEARANCES THAT ARE 77 00:03:15,960 --> 00:03:18,480 EXPECTED TO LEAD TO FUNDING 78 00:03:18,480 --> 00:03:19,680 ANNOUNCEMENTS AND FUNDING 79 00:03:19,680 --> 00:03:20,640 OPPORTUNITIES, AND IN THE CLOSED 80 00:03:20,640 --> 00:03:24,600 SESSION WE LOOK FOR INPUT ON 81 00:03:24,600 --> 00:03:26,440 FUNDING PLANS. 82 00:03:26,440 --> 00:03:28,320 IN CLOSED SESSION FOR MCWG 83 00:03:28,320 --> 00:03:29,880 MEMBERS AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 84 00:03:29,880 --> 00:03:32,680 EMPLOYEES, I WILL GO OVER 85 00:03:32,680 --> 00:03:33,680 OPERATING PROCEDURES. 86 00:03:33,680 --> 00:03:35,720 OPEN SESSION TODAY IS 87 00:03:35,720 --> 00:03:37,400 ANTICIPATED TO END AROUND 1:30 88 00:03:37,400 --> 00:03:39,280 P.M. EASTERN TIME, WE'LL HAVE A 89 00:03:39,280 --> 00:03:40,720 SHORT 30-MINUTE BREAK AND THEN 90 00:03:40,720 --> 00:03:41,920 WE'LL BEGIN THE CLOSED SESSION 91 00:03:41,920 --> 00:03:44,080 AROUND 2:00 P.M. EASTERN TIME. 92 00:03:44,080 --> 00:03:45,960 NOTE THERE WILL BE A DIFFERENT 93 00:03:45,960 --> 00:03:47,920 LINK FOR THE CLOSED SESSION, 94 00:03:47,920 --> 00:03:52,080 WHICH AGAIN IS FOR MCWG MEMBERS, 95 00:03:52,080 --> 00:03:53,280 AND OUR EX OFFICIOS AND 96 00:03:53,280 --> 00:03:54,920 GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES. 97 00:03:54,920 --> 00:03:57,760 IF YOU ARE AN MCWG MEMBER AND 98 00:03:57,760 --> 00:03:59,000 HAVE NOT READ, SIGNED, RETURNED 99 00:03:59,000 --> 00:04:00,200 YOUR CONFLICT OF INTEREST FORM 100 00:04:00,200 --> 00:04:02,720 TO US, DO SO NOW BEFORE THE 101 00:04:02,720 --> 00:04:04,120 CLOSED SESSION BEGINS. 102 00:04:04,120 --> 00:04:06,320 AGAIN, THE OPEN SESSION IS BEING 103 00:04:06,320 --> 00:04:09,520 VIDEOCAST AND RECORDED LIVE FOR 104 00:04:09,520 --> 00:04:10,600 FUTURE VIEWING. 105 00:04:10,600 --> 00:04:11,480 HOUSEKEEPING, DURING SLIDE 106 00:04:11,480 --> 00:04:13,120 PRESENTATIONS PLEASE MUTE YOUR 107 00:04:13,120 --> 00:04:13,760 LINE, DURING DISCUSSION WE 108 00:04:13,760 --> 00:04:16,160 WELCOME YOU TO TURN ON YOUR 109 00:04:16,160 --> 00:04:17,720 VIDEO IF POSSIBLE, AND IF YOU 110 00:04:17,720 --> 00:04:18,920 HAVE IT PLEASE USE THE RAISE 111 00:04:18,920 --> 00:04:19,920 HAND OPTION, IF YOU HAVE 112 00:04:19,920 --> 00:04:21,880 QUESTIONS, WE WILL CALL ON YOU 113 00:04:21,880 --> 00:04:23,080 TO UNMUTE YOURSELF. 114 00:04:23,080 --> 00:04:27,800 WE WILL DO OUR BEST TO MONITOR 115 00:04:27,800 --> 00:04:28,680 THE CHAT TODAY. 116 00:04:28,680 --> 00:04:33,040 IF YOU EXPERIENCE TECHNICAL 117 00:04:33,040 --> 00:04:36,680 DIFFICULTIES, READ OUT TO SHERRY 118 00:04:36,680 --> 00:04:38,240 AND DEAN SO WE CAN SUPPORT YOU. 119 00:04:38,240 --> 00:04:39,960 YOU CAN PUT THEIR INFO IN THE 120 00:04:39,960 --> 00:04:41,480 CHAT AS WELL FOR YOU. 121 00:04:41,480 --> 00:04:43,240 FINALLY, I WANT TO THANK THE 122 00:04:43,240 --> 00:04:45,320 STAFF WHOSE HARD WORK WENT INTO 123 00:04:45,320 --> 00:04:46,960 PREPARING FOR THIS MEETING AND 124 00:04:46,960 --> 00:04:48,520 OUR COMPANION MEETING YESTERDAY, 125 00:04:48,520 --> 00:04:49,600 THE NEUROETHICS WORKING GROUP 126 00:04:49,600 --> 00:04:49,960 MEETING. 127 00:04:49,960 --> 00:04:52,560 IN PARTICULAR I WOULD LIKE TO 128 00:04:52,560 --> 00:04:55,960 THANK DEB FREEN ERICR, MICHELLE 129 00:04:55,960 --> 00:04:58,880 PEARSON, TOYA ROGERS, DR. NINA 130 00:04:58,880 --> 00:05:00,680 SHUE AND DR. SASKIA HENDRIKS, 131 00:05:00,680 --> 00:05:02,000 COLLEAGUES I'M LUCKY ENOUGH TO 132 00:05:02,000 --> 00:05:04,840 WORK WITH, ALONG WITH THE 133 00:05:04,840 --> 00:05:06,440 FANTASTIC NIH "BRAIN" TEAMS, 134 00:05:06,440 --> 00:05:07,040 PROGRAMMATIC STAFF, COLLEAGUES 135 00:05:07,040 --> 00:05:09,960 IN THE OFFICE OF BRAIN DIRECTOR, 136 00:05:09,960 --> 00:05:11,160 AND OUR BRAIN LEADERSHIP. 137 00:05:11,160 --> 00:05:15,120 SO WITH THAT I WILL TURN THINGS 138 00:05:15,120 --> 00:05:16,640 OVER TO OUR BRAIN LEADERSHIP, 139 00:05:16,640 --> 00:05:17,280 DR. JOHN NGAI. 140 00:05:17,280 --> 00:05:19,360 >>THANKS, KRISTIN. 141 00:05:19,360 --> 00:05:21,680 THANKS FOR STEPPING IN TO MANAGE 142 00:05:21,680 --> 00:05:23,120 TODAY'S MEETING AND FOR ALL THAT 143 00:05:23,120 --> 00:05:24,960 YOU DO TO MAKE THESE MEETINGS 144 00:05:24,960 --> 00:05:26,280 WORK WELL, TOGETHER WITH OUR 145 00:05:26,280 --> 00:05:27,040 GREAT STAFF. 146 00:05:27,040 --> 00:05:28,920 I'LL THANK EVERYBODY ALL AT ONCE 147 00:05:28,920 --> 00:05:30,480 NOW AND CALL OUT A FEW PEOPLE AS 148 00:05:30,480 --> 00:05:31,960 WE GET FURTHER DOWN THE LIST. 149 00:05:31,960 --> 00:05:33,400 SO IT'S A PLEASURE TO BE HERE 150 00:05:33,400 --> 00:05:34,680 WITH YOU TODAY. 151 00:05:34,680 --> 00:05:36,880 SORRY WE CANNOT BE IN PERSON, 152 00:05:36,880 --> 00:05:39,440 BUT AS WE SAY, WE'LL GET 'EM 153 00:05:39,440 --> 00:05:41,960 NEXT TIME, RIGHT? 154 00:05:41,960 --> 00:05:42,160 OKAY. 155 00:05:42,160 --> 00:05:43,960 SO, HERE IS -- ARE PEOPLE SEEING 156 00:05:43,960 --> 00:05:46,120 THE CORRECT VERSION OF MY 157 00:05:46,120 --> 00:05:46,480 SLIDES? 158 00:05:46,480 --> 00:05:47,880 I HOPE, YEAH? 159 00:05:47,880 --> 00:05:48,400 >>LOOKS GOOD. 160 00:05:48,400 --> 00:05:50,480 >>SOMEBODY BLINK TWICE. 161 00:05:50,480 --> 00:05:50,720 TERRIFIC. 162 00:05:50,720 --> 00:05:52,920 I WANT TO GIVE A BRIEF UPDATE. 163 00:05:52,920 --> 00:05:55,360 I'LL BE TALKING ABOUT AS KRISTIN 164 00:05:55,360 --> 00:05:58,280 MENTIONED NEW MEMBERS WHO CAME 165 00:05:58,280 --> 00:06:01,800 ON BOARD TO JOIN US ON MCWG, 166 00:06:01,800 --> 00:06:04,080 GIVE UPDATES ON FOLKS ON THE 167 00:06:04,080 --> 00:06:05,960 STAFF, NEW LEADERSHIP POSITIONS, 168 00:06:05,960 --> 00:06:08,880 AS WELL AS SOME RECENT HONORS 169 00:06:08,880 --> 00:06:11,640 AND EVENTS WITH MEMBERS OF OUR 170 00:06:11,640 --> 00:06:13,600 BRAIN COMMUNITY. 171 00:06:13,600 --> 00:06:14,920 I'LL ALSO TALK ABOUT CURRENT 172 00:06:14,920 --> 00:06:16,760 STATUS OF SOME OF THE PROJECTS, 173 00:06:16,760 --> 00:06:18,280 FOUNDING OPPORTUNITIES, AND IF 174 00:06:18,280 --> 00:06:20,800 THERE'S TIME I'LL HIGHLIGHT A 175 00:06:20,800 --> 00:06:22,120 FEW COOL SCIENCE PAPERS THAT 176 00:06:22,120 --> 00:06:24,200 HAVE COME OUT SINCE WE LAST MET. 177 00:06:24,200 --> 00:06:28,360 OKAY, SO FIRST AND FOREMOST, 178 00:06:28,360 --> 00:06:28,920 WELCOME. 179 00:06:28,920 --> 00:06:34,800 I'D LIKE TO WELCOME DR. HUGO 180 00:06:34,800 --> 00:06:35,800 BELLEN REPRESENTING NICHD, 181 00:06:35,800 --> 00:06:36,800 BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, VERY 182 00:06:36,800 --> 00:06:41,600 WELL KNOWN FOR HIS WORK IN 183 00:06:41,600 --> 00:06:42,160 NEURAL DEGENERATION, 184 00:06:42,160 --> 00:06:42,920 NEUROGENETICS AND TECHNOLOGY 185 00:06:42,920 --> 00:06:43,240 DEVELOPMENT. 186 00:06:43,240 --> 00:06:44,800 WE'VE NOT HAD A CHANCE TO TALK 187 00:06:44,800 --> 00:06:46,000 BUT I LOOK FORWARD TO WORKING 188 00:06:46,000 --> 00:06:51,760 WITH YOU IN THE YEARS TO COME. 189 00:06:51,760 --> 00:06:54,480 DELIGHTED TO WELCOME JEN FRENCH, 190 00:06:54,480 --> 00:06:56,520 FOUNDER AND EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR 191 00:06:56,520 --> 00:06:59,320 FOR NEUROTECH NETWORK, A 192 00:06:59,320 --> 00:07:00,440 TERRIFIC ADVOCATE FOR PERSONS 193 00:07:00,440 --> 00:07:03,480 WITH IMPAIRMENTS WHO NEED ACCESS 194 00:07:03,480 --> 00:07:06,240 TO A -- CONTINUING ACCESS TO 195 00:07:06,240 --> 00:07:07,360 TECHNOLOGIES TO GET GAIN BETTER 196 00:07:07,360 --> 00:07:09,760 QUALITY OF LIFE AND WE'RE 197 00:07:09,760 --> 00:07:11,600 LOOKING FORWARD TO TAPPING INTO 198 00:07:11,600 --> 00:07:13,440 HER EXPERIENCE IN THIS FIELD TO 199 00:07:13,440 --> 00:07:15,520 REALLY GIVE THE VERY IMPORTANT 200 00:07:15,520 --> 00:07:16,920 PERSPECTIVE OF THE PEOPLE THAT 201 00:07:16,920 --> 00:07:20,040 WE ARE IN THE END TRYING TO HELP 202 00:07:20,040 --> 00:07:23,200 WITH OUR NEW AND DEVELOPING 203 00:07:23,200 --> 00:07:23,880 TECHNOLOGIES. 204 00:07:23,880 --> 00:07:25,920 VERY HAPPY TO WELCOME AMY 205 00:07:25,920 --> 00:07:27,480 BERNARD AS EX OFFICIO MEMBER 206 00:07:27,480 --> 00:07:29,120 REPRESENTING THE BRAIN 207 00:07:29,120 --> 00:07:31,600 INITIATIVE ALLIANCE, AN ALLIANCE 208 00:07:31,600 --> 00:07:32,960 OF FEDERAL AND NON-FEDERAL 209 00:07:32,960 --> 00:07:34,240 PARTNERS IN BRAIN INITIATIVE 210 00:07:34,240 --> 00:07:34,480 SPACE. 211 00:07:34,480 --> 00:07:36,560 MANY OF YOU KNOW OR WORKED WITH 212 00:07:36,560 --> 00:07:37,320 AMY IN YEARS PAST. 213 00:07:37,320 --> 00:07:43,120 CURRENTLY SHE'S DIRECTOR OF LIFE 214 00:07:43,120 --> 00:07:46,200 SCIENCES AT THE KAVLI 215 00:07:46,200 --> 00:07:48,400 FOUNDATION, HEAD OF STRATEGY AND 216 00:07:48,400 --> 00:07:50,440 PROGRAMS FOR NANOSCIENCE AND 217 00:07:50,440 --> 00:07:52,000 NEUROSCIENCE DIVISION, 218 00:07:52,000 --> 00:07:54,640 BACKGROUND IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, 219 00:07:54,640 --> 00:07:55,400 CELL CULTURE, WELCOME AND 220 00:07:55,400 --> 00:07:58,160 DELIGHTED TO BE WORKING WITH YOU 221 00:07:58,160 --> 00:07:59,680 IN THIS CAPACITY. 222 00:07:59,680 --> 00:08:03,400 I'D LIKE TO WELCOME MR. ROBERT 223 00:08:03,400 --> 00:08:05,920 ROAMER FROM IARPA, AS KRISTIN 224 00:08:05,920 --> 00:08:06,920 MENTIONED DAVID MARKOWITZ MOVED 225 00:08:06,920 --> 00:08:09,840 ON TO THE NEXT CHAPTER OF HIS 226 00:08:09,840 --> 00:08:11,160 REALLY BRILLIANT CAREER AND 227 00:08:11,160 --> 00:08:13,040 STEPPED AWAY FROM IARPA, AND 228 00:08:13,040 --> 00:08:14,240 ROBERT HAS DEEP EXPERIENCE, 229 00:08:14,240 --> 00:08:17,640 ESPECIALLY IN THE AREA OF 230 00:08:17,640 --> 00:08:18,720 CYBERSECURITY, IN MANY AREAS I 231 00:08:18,720 --> 00:08:21,120 HOPE WE CAN CONTINUE TO TOUCH 232 00:08:21,120 --> 00:08:22,040 AND FIND COLLABORATIONS WITH 233 00:08:22,040 --> 00:08:24,200 IARPA AS WE CONTINUE TO MOVE 234 00:08:24,200 --> 00:08:29,800 FORWARD WITH THESE EXCITING 235 00:08:29,800 --> 00:08:31,520 AREAS OF TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT. 236 00:08:31,520 --> 00:08:34,920 AND THE EX OFFICIO MEMBER 237 00:08:34,920 --> 00:08:45,520 REPRESENTING DARPA, GOPAL SARM, 238 00:08:49,560 --> 00:08:51,440 USING MACHINE LEARNING TO MAKE 239 00:08:51,440 --> 00:08:53,400 BETTER AND MORE SCALABLE 240 00:08:53,400 --> 00:08:54,200 PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS THAT 241 00:08:54,200 --> 00:08:56,840 COULD HELP NOT ONLY FOR 242 00:08:56,840 --> 00:08:58,680 BIODEFENSE BUT ALSO TO HAVE 243 00:08:58,680 --> 00:09:00,640 MEDICAL APPLICATIONS AS WE'LL 244 00:09:00,640 --> 00:09:03,400 SEE IN COMING MONTHS AND YEARS. 245 00:09:03,400 --> 00:09:05,800 SO, WITH THESE CHANGES WE ALSO 246 00:09:05,800 --> 00:09:07,880 WANT TO THANK DR. KRISTIN JORDAN 247 00:09:07,880 --> 00:09:13,240 AND DR. DAVID MARKOWITZ, FROM 248 00:09:13,240 --> 00:09:16,160 DARPA AND IARPA, WE APPRECIATE 249 00:09:16,160 --> 00:09:17,400 THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS REPRESENTING 250 00:09:17,400 --> 00:09:17,960 THEIR AGENCIES. 251 00:09:17,960 --> 00:09:19,160 THE OFFICE OF THE BRAIN 252 00:09:19,160 --> 00:09:23,280 DIRECTOR, THIS IS THE HUB ON 253 00:09:23,280 --> 00:09:24,000 THIS MULTI-SPOKED WHEEL THAT 254 00:09:24,000 --> 00:09:25,960 KEEPS THE OPERATION GOING. 255 00:09:25,960 --> 00:09:29,640 I CALL OUT THE TERRIFIC STAFF I 256 00:09:29,640 --> 00:09:31,160 WORK WITH EVERY DAY, 257 00:09:31,160 --> 00:09:32,920 PARTICULARLY NED TALLEY, YOU'RE 258 00:09:32,920 --> 00:09:34,880 ON HERE SOMEWHERE. 259 00:09:34,880 --> 00:09:36,880 NED HAS SERVED AS ONE OF MY 260 00:09:36,880 --> 00:09:38,480 SENIOR ADVISORS FROM THE 261 00:09:38,480 --> 00:09:40,280 MOMENT -- FROM BEFORE I CAME ON 262 00:09:40,280 --> 00:09:42,320 TO NIH, JUST OVER 3 YEARS AGO, 263 00:09:42,320 --> 00:09:49,640 AND IN MANY WAYS HE SERVED AS MY 264 00:09:49,640 --> 00:09:50,760 GUIDE, MY CONCIERGE, CONCIGLIERE 265 00:09:50,760 --> 00:09:54,560 SORTING OUT THINGS WORK AND 266 00:09:54,560 --> 00:09:55,880 COULD WORK AROUND NIH, BUILDING 267 00:09:55,880 --> 00:10:04,080 UP PROGRAMS WE'RE WORKING WITH 268 00:10:04,080 --> 00:10:04,560 TODAY. 269 00:10:04,560 --> 00:10:07,040 NED DECIDED LAST YEAR HIS 270 00:10:07,040 --> 00:10:11,360 CALLING WAS TO SET UP PROGRAMS, 271 00:10:11,360 --> 00:10:12,640 PRINCIPAL ARCHITECT BEHIND THE 272 00:10:12,640 --> 00:10:13,800 BRAIN CONNECTS PROGRAM, WHICH 273 00:10:13,800 --> 00:10:15,120 YOU'LL BE HEARING ABOUT IN 274 00:10:15,120 --> 00:10:16,840 GREATER DETAIL IN CLOSED 275 00:10:16,840 --> 00:10:18,320 SESSION, WE'LL BE DISCUSSIONS OR 276 00:10:18,320 --> 00:10:20,400 YOU WILL BE DISCUSSING THE FIRST 277 00:10:20,400 --> 00:10:22,560 OF THE PAY PLANS AROUND THIS 278 00:10:22,560 --> 00:10:23,240 EXCITING PROJECT. 279 00:10:23,240 --> 00:10:25,080 NED, THANKS FOR YOUR HELP. 280 00:10:25,080 --> 00:10:26,200 GLAD YOU'RE STILL VERY MUCH 281 00:10:26,200 --> 00:10:28,160 INVOLVED IN "BRAIN" IN A 282 00:10:28,160 --> 00:10:32,560 DIFFERENT CAPACITY, I'M SURE 283 00:10:32,560 --> 00:10:34,760 YOU'LL FIND GREAT FULFILLMENT IN 284 00:10:34,760 --> 00:10:35,960 WHAT YOU'RE DOING NOW. 285 00:10:35,960 --> 00:10:37,360 BRAIN INITIATIVE IS ORGANIZED 286 00:10:37,360 --> 00:10:38,240 AROUND NINE TEAMS, SHOWN HERE. 287 00:10:38,240 --> 00:10:40,600 WE'VE HAD A LITTLE BIT OF 288 00:10:40,600 --> 00:10:41,720 TURNOVER, GOOD TURNOVER IN TERMS 289 00:10:41,720 --> 00:10:44,440 OF BRINGING IN NEW LEADERSHIP TO 290 00:10:44,440 --> 00:10:45,480 LEAD THESE TEAMS. 291 00:10:45,480 --> 00:10:54,120 SO I'D LIKE TO WELCOME AS NEW 292 00:10:54,120 --> 00:10:59,960 TEAM CO-LEADS AARON QUINLAN, DR. 293 00:10:59,960 --> 00:11:00,880 IVANA GRAKOWIK, DR. NINA SHUE, 294 00:11:00,880 --> 00:11:03,960 FAMILIAR TO MANY OF YOU, TAKEN 295 00:11:03,960 --> 00:11:10,960 OVER AS CO-LEAD OF TEAM N, AND 296 00:11:10,960 --> 00:11:13,120 DR. MAURICIO RANGEEL GOMEZ, NEW 297 00:11:13,120 --> 00:11:19,080 LEAD FOR TEAM E, SO WELCOME, 298 00:11:19,080 --> 00:11:23,000 DOCTORS, FOR TAKING ON THESE 299 00:11:23,000 --> 00:11:25,120 IMPORTANT LEADERSHIP 300 00:11:25,120 --> 00:11:25,760 OPPORTUNITIES. 301 00:11:25,760 --> 00:11:30,920 MAURICIO IS STEPPING IN TO 302 00:11:30,920 --> 00:11:32,960 REPLACE GRACE WHO HAS GONE ON TO 303 00:11:32,960 --> 00:11:34,960 BETTER THINGS, PURSUING A 304 00:11:34,960 --> 00:11:38,200 PASSION IN MACHINE LEARNING AND 305 00:11:38,200 --> 00:11:39,200 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, IN 306 00:11:39,200 --> 00:11:42,280 TRANS-NIH PROGRAMS, SHE'S BEEN 307 00:11:42,280 --> 00:11:44,240 REALLY COMMITTED TO BRINGING 308 00:11:44,240 --> 00:11:45,040 BETTER THEORETICAL AND 309 00:11:45,040 --> 00:11:47,320 COMPUTATION CAL TOOLS INTO THE 310 00:11:47,320 --> 00:11:48,440 BRAIN INITIATIVE. 311 00:11:48,440 --> 00:11:50,840 HEE SHE WAS BEHIND THEORIES, 312 00:11:50,840 --> 00:11:53,120 MODELS AND METHODS PART OF THE 313 00:11:53,120 --> 00:11:53,480 PORTFOLIO. 314 00:11:53,480 --> 00:11:54,160 GOOD NEWS, GRACE WILL STILL BE 315 00:11:54,160 --> 00:11:55,880 PART OF THE BRAIN INITIATIVE, 316 00:11:55,880 --> 00:11:57,360 WORKING ON OUR BEHALF, BUT 317 00:11:57,360 --> 00:12:00,120 DECIDED TO STEP ASIDE AND FOCUS 318 00:12:00,120 --> 00:12:02,440 LEADERSHIP ENERGIES ON THESE 319 00:12:02,440 --> 00:12:04,840 OTHER LARGER -- LARGE TRANS-NIH 320 00:12:04,840 --> 00:12:05,160 INITIATIVES. 321 00:12:05,160 --> 00:12:06,880 AND AGAIN THANK YOU TO ALL THE 322 00:12:06,880 --> 00:12:07,680 MANY CONTRIBUTORS. 323 00:12:07,680 --> 00:12:11,280 THIS IS OUR MOST UPDATED LIST. 324 00:12:11,280 --> 00:12:12,720 SOMEBODY ALWAYS E-MAILS ME 325 00:12:12,720 --> 00:12:13,720 AFTERWARDS AND SAYS YOU MISSED 326 00:12:13,720 --> 00:12:14,600 MY NAME. 327 00:12:14,600 --> 00:12:16,440 IF I DID, LET ME KNOW AND WE'LL 328 00:12:16,440 --> 00:12:17,240 CORRECT IT. 329 00:12:17,240 --> 00:12:20,280 REALLY GREAT FOLKS WHO GIVE 330 00:12:20,280 --> 00:12:21,160 GREAT PASSION, ENERGY, AND 331 00:12:21,160 --> 00:12:23,320 INSIGHT INTO ALL THAT WE DO THAT 332 00:12:23,320 --> 00:12:24,680 MAKES THE INITIATIVE WHAT IT IS. 333 00:12:24,680 --> 00:12:27,080 THANK YOU ALL FOR ALL THE GREAT 334 00:12:27,080 --> 00:12:28,640 WORK ON BEHALF OF "BRAIN." 335 00:12:28,640 --> 00:12:28,840 OKAY. 336 00:12:28,840 --> 00:12:31,520 I WANT TO GIVE A VERY BRIEF 337 00:12:31,520 --> 00:12:33,960 OVERVIEW OF OUR BUDGET 338 00:12:33,960 --> 00:12:34,240 SITUATION. 339 00:12:34,240 --> 00:12:36,400 SO, AS I THINK MOST OF US KNOW, 340 00:12:36,400 --> 00:12:40,520 THE PRESIDENT AT THE END OF LAST 341 00:12:40,520 --> 00:12:41,600 YEAR FINALLY SIGNED THE 2023 342 00:12:41,600 --> 00:12:43,200 BUDGET THAT FUNDS THE GOVERNMENT 343 00:12:43,200 --> 00:12:45,320 THROUGH SEPTEMBER 30 OF THIS 344 00:12:45,320 --> 00:12:45,760 YEAR. 345 00:12:45,760 --> 00:12:48,440 AND "BRAIN" WAS FORTUNATE TO 346 00:12:48,440 --> 00:12:50,600 RECEIVE A NICE $60 MILLION 347 00:12:50,600 --> 00:12:54,520 INCREASE, ABOUT A 10% INCREASE 348 00:12:54,520 --> 00:12:57,040 FROM $620 MILLION LAST YEAR TO 349 00:12:57,040 --> 00:12:58,120 $680 MILLION THIS YEAR. 350 00:12:58,120 --> 00:13:00,160 THESE FUNDS COME FROM TWO 351 00:13:00,160 --> 00:13:03,920 SOURCES, BASE FUNDING TO THE TEN 352 00:13:03,920 --> 00:13:07,520 BRAIN ICs, PLUS FUNDS THAT 353 00:13:07,520 --> 00:13:08,720 WERE AUTHORIZED FROM THE 21ST 354 00:13:08,720 --> 00:13:10,360 CENTURY CURES ACT, WHICH BUMP UP 355 00:13:10,360 --> 00:13:11,480 AND DOWN. 356 00:13:11,480 --> 00:13:13,200 WHAT WE'VE DONE IS WE'RE SEEING 357 00:13:13,200 --> 00:13:15,600 A SMOOTHING AS WE CONTINUE ON 358 00:13:15,600 --> 00:13:18,000 THE STEADY INCREASE IN FUNDING 359 00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:19,960 WHICH LETS US CONTINUE TO BUILD 360 00:13:19,960 --> 00:13:21,400 UP THESE LARGE PROGRAMS WHILE 361 00:13:21,400 --> 00:13:22,720 MAINTAINING THE PROGRAMS THAT 362 00:13:22,720 --> 00:13:26,240 ARE REALLY GIVING US GREAT DATA 363 00:13:26,240 --> 00:13:27,640 ABOUT HOW NEURAL CIRCUITS 364 00:13:27,640 --> 00:13:30,200 UNDERLIE BEHAVIOR AS WE MOVE 365 00:13:30,200 --> 00:13:30,720 FORWARD. 366 00:13:30,720 --> 00:13:31,840 WE'RE VERY, VERY EXCITED ABOUT 367 00:13:31,840 --> 00:13:33,240 THIS, THIS ALLOWS US TO KEEP OUR 368 00:13:33,240 --> 00:13:37,840 FOOT ON THE GAS, AS IT WERE, TO 369 00:13:37,840 --> 00:13:39,360 CONTINUE BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES 370 00:13:39,360 --> 00:13:41,920 THAT WILL ASSIST IN THE 371 00:13:41,920 --> 00:13:43,840 UNDERSTANDING OF NEURAL 372 00:13:43,840 --> 00:13:44,520 CIRCUITS. 373 00:13:44,520 --> 00:13:46,480 SO, HOW HAS "BRAIN" DONE OVER 374 00:13:46,480 --> 00:13:49,640 THE YEAR 2022 OR SINCE INCEPTION 375 00:13:49,640 --> 00:13:51,200 IN 2014? 376 00:13:51,200 --> 00:13:53,160 SO, SINCE 2014, WE FUNDED OVER 377 00:13:53,160 --> 00:13:57,800 1100 P.I.s, FROM OVER 200 378 00:13:57,800 --> 00:13:59,320 INSTITUTIONS THROUGH ALMOST 379 00:13:59,320 --> 00:14:00,040 1,000 AWARDS. 380 00:14:00,040 --> 00:14:03,240 THEY HAVE BEEN QUITE PROLIFIC, 381 00:14:03,240 --> 00:14:04,880 OVER 6,000 PUBLICATIONS, IN A 382 00:14:04,880 --> 00:14:06,480 VARIETY OF JOURNAL TIMES, NOT 383 00:14:06,480 --> 00:14:08,480 ONLY IN NEUROSCIENCES BUT LIFE 384 00:14:08,480 --> 00:14:11,240 SCIENCES, ALSO STRETCHING INTO 385 00:14:11,240 --> 00:14:15,480 ENGINEERING, COMPUTATION, AND 386 00:14:15,480 --> 00:14:16,560 PHYSICAL SCIENCES. 387 00:14:16,560 --> 00:14:18,680 WORD CLOUD SHOWS EMPHASIS ON 388 00:14:18,680 --> 00:14:22,760 NEURONS, WE DO HAVE A PORTFOLIO 389 00:14:22,760 --> 00:14:25,560 ON NON-NEURON CELLS, WORRY NOT, 390 00:14:25,560 --> 00:14:27,520 BUT EMPHASIS ON NEURONS, MODEL 391 00:14:27,520 --> 00:14:28,080 SYSTEMS, HUMANS. 392 00:14:28,080 --> 00:14:31,960 YOU CAN SEE IF YOU CAN FIND YOUR 393 00:14:31,960 --> 00:14:33,320 FAVORITE WORD. 394 00:14:33,320 --> 00:14:36,840 AGAIN, THE PUBLICATIONS HAVE 395 00:14:36,840 --> 00:14:39,560 BEEN HOLDING STEADY, A LITTLE 396 00:14:39,560 --> 00:14:41,200 DROP FROM 2021 TO 2022. 397 00:14:41,200 --> 00:14:42,720 WE LOOKED INTO THIS A BIT. 398 00:14:42,720 --> 00:14:44,800 THERE'S BEEN A SIMILAR DROP IN 399 00:14:44,800 --> 00:14:45,720 PUBLICATIONS FUNDED BY NIH 400 00:14:45,720 --> 00:14:48,200 GRANTS OVERALL IN THE 401 00:14:48,200 --> 00:14:48,960 NEUROSCIENCE SPACE SO I DON'T 402 00:14:48,960 --> 00:14:50,960 THINK THIS IS A BRAIN-SPECIFIC 403 00:14:50,960 --> 00:14:51,160 ANOMALY. 404 00:14:51,160 --> 00:14:53,960 THERE'S A CORRELATION WITH THE 405 00:14:53,960 --> 00:14:54,240 PANDEMIC. 406 00:14:54,240 --> 00:14:56,000 I WOULDN'T CITE ANY CAUSATION. 407 00:14:56,000 --> 00:14:57,200 WE'LL SEE HOW WE'RE DOING. 408 00:14:57,200 --> 00:15:00,000 BUT STILL I THINK IT'S BEEN A 409 00:15:00,000 --> 00:15:01,880 REMARKABLY PROLIFIC GROUP. 410 00:15:01,880 --> 00:15:03,960 I THINK PUBLISHING IMPACTFUL AND 411 00:15:03,960 --> 00:15:06,160 IMPORTANT SCIENCE AS WE GO 412 00:15:06,160 --> 00:15:06,360 ALONG. 413 00:15:06,360 --> 00:15:07,600 SO OVERALL WE'RE VERY PLEASED 414 00:15:07,600 --> 00:15:10,680 WITH THE PROGRESS HERE. 415 00:15:10,680 --> 00:15:13,720 OKAY. 416 00:15:13,720 --> 00:15:15,800 LET'S TALK A BIT ABOUT 417 00:15:15,800 --> 00:15:18,080 SIGNIFICANT EVENTS IN OUR BRAIN 418 00:15:18,080 --> 00:15:19,160 COMMUNITY. 419 00:15:19,160 --> 00:15:20,720 SO IT'S ALWAYS NICE TO HAVE 420 00:15:20,720 --> 00:15:23,560 FOLKS IN OUR MIDST CELEBRATED. 421 00:15:23,560 --> 00:15:29,920 THIS YEAR'S PRIZE WAS AWARDED TO 422 00:15:29,920 --> 00:15:31,960 LARRY, EMORY, TERRY AND HINE AS 423 00:15:31,960 --> 00:15:35,160 PIONEERS IN THE FIELDS OF 424 00:15:35,160 --> 00:15:37,040 COMPUTATIONAL AND THEORETICAL 425 00:15:37,040 --> 00:15:37,800 NEUROSCIENCE. 426 00:15:37,800 --> 00:15:39,440 BOTH LARRY AND EMORY HAVE 427 00:15:39,440 --> 00:15:42,160 PREVIOUSLY SERVED AS MEMBERS OF 428 00:15:42,160 --> 00:15:44,880 THE MULTI-COUNCIL WORKING GROUP. 429 00:15:44,880 --> 00:15:46,880 EMERY AND TERRY WERE 430 00:15:46,880 --> 00:15:49,160 CONTRIBUTORS TO THE BRAIN 2025 431 00:15:49,160 --> 00:15:50,800 REPORT, AND HAIM IS A CURRENT 432 00:15:50,800 --> 00:15:52,800 GRANTEE IN OUR BRAIN CIRCUITS 433 00:15:52,800 --> 00:15:54,640 PORTFOLIO, I BELIEVE ALSO SERVED 434 00:15:54,640 --> 00:15:57,160 ON THE ADVISORY PANELS FOR OTHER 435 00:15:57,160 --> 00:15:58,680 BIG PROJECTS THAT WE'RE 436 00:15:58,680 --> 00:15:59,040 CONDUCTING. 437 00:15:59,040 --> 00:15:59,880 CONGRATULATIONS TO THEM. 438 00:15:59,880 --> 00:16:02,080 IT'S GREAT TO SEE RECOGNITION 439 00:16:02,080 --> 00:16:04,400 FOR THIS AMAZING BODY OF WORK 440 00:16:04,400 --> 00:16:08,000 THEY EACH HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO 441 00:16:08,000 --> 00:16:10,280 THE FIELD. 442 00:16:10,280 --> 00:16:11,640 FOUR BRAIN GRANTEES WERE ELECTED 443 00:16:11,640 --> 00:16:18,640 INTO THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF 444 00:16:18,640 --> 00:16:19,600 INVENTORS FOR THEIR INVENTIONS, 445 00:16:19,600 --> 00:16:21,360 THEY HAVE ALL MADE REALLY 446 00:16:21,360 --> 00:16:22,920 TERRIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS HERE. 447 00:16:22,920 --> 00:16:26,520 WE'RE VERY PROUD TO HAVE THEM IN 448 00:16:26,520 --> 00:16:27,600 OUR MIDST. 449 00:16:27,600 --> 00:16:29,760 RECENTLY THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES 450 00:16:29,760 --> 00:16:36,600 OF SCIENCES ANNOUNCED ANOTHER 451 00:16:36,600 --> 00:16:40,640 SET OF AWARDS, AND SHE WAS 452 00:16:40,640 --> 00:16:41,800 AWARDED FOR UNDERSTANDING CELL 453 00:16:41,800 --> 00:16:46,560 TYPES AND COMPLEXITY IN THE 454 00:16:46,560 --> 00:16:50,160 NERVOUS SYSTEM, YOU KNOW 455 00:16:50,160 --> 00:16:51,920 HONORINGKUI ZENG WORK WELL, 456 00:16:51,920 --> 00:16:54,240 BEHIND THE BRAIN ATLAS PROJECT 457 00:16:54,240 --> 00:16:57,080 AND WE LOOK FORWARD TO 458 00:16:57,080 --> 00:16:58,840 DISCOVERIES FROM HER AND HER 459 00:16:58,840 --> 00:16:59,120 GROUP. 460 00:16:59,120 --> 00:16:59,600 CONGRATULATIONS. 461 00:16:59,600 --> 00:17:07,360 LAST NIGHT I SAW ON TWITTER MCG 462 00:17:07,360 --> 00:17:13,400 MEMBER AWARDED JAPAN PRIZE IN 463 00:17:13,400 --> 00:17:16,560 LIFE SCIENCES FOR PIONEERING 464 00:17:16,560 --> 00:17:18,240 WORK IN DEVELOPING OPTOGENETIC 465 00:17:18,240 --> 00:17:20,800 TOOLS FOR DISSECTING AND 466 00:17:20,800 --> 00:17:21,320 UNRAVELING NEURAL CIRCUIT 467 00:17:21,320 --> 00:17:23,240 FUNCTIONS, HERE IS KARL IN HIS 468 00:17:23,240 --> 00:17:23,960 ELEMENT. 469 00:17:23,960 --> 00:17:25,840 I DON'T KNOW IF HE'S HERE BUT 470 00:17:25,840 --> 00:17:26,200 CONGRATULATIONS. 471 00:17:26,200 --> 00:17:27,520 >>THANKS, JOHN, APPRECIATE IT. 472 00:17:27,520 --> 00:17:30,520 >>WELL DESERVED HONOR. 473 00:17:30,520 --> 00:17:31,720 YOU PROBABLY ARE ACCUMULATING A 474 00:17:31,720 --> 00:17:33,640 STACK OF THESE, BUT WE'RE VERY, 475 00:17:33,640 --> 00:17:37,960 VERY HAPPY FOR YOU. 476 00:17:37,960 --> 00:17:38,160 OKAY. 477 00:17:38,160 --> 00:17:39,320 IN VERY SAD NEWS OVER THE 478 00:17:39,320 --> 00:17:48,240 WEEKEND WE LEARNED THAT WE LOST 479 00:17:48,240 --> 00:17:53,760 KRISHNA AFTER A BATTLE WITH 480 00:17:53,760 --> 00:17:58,040 CANCER, AN INVESTIGATOR AND LYNN 481 00:17:58,040 --> 00:17:59,000 PROFESSOR OF ENGINEERING AT 482 00:17:59,000 --> 00:18:01,200 STANFORD UNIVERSITY. 483 00:18:01,200 --> 00:18:04,040 HE WAS ALSO DIRECTOR OF NEURAL 484 00:18:04,040 --> 00:18:06,320 PROSTHETIC SYSTEMS LAB AND 485 00:18:06,320 --> 00:18:09,400 CO-DIRECTOR OF TRANSITIONAL LAB 486 00:18:09,400 --> 00:18:11,040 WITH JAMIE HENDERSON. 487 00:18:11,040 --> 00:18:16,520 KRISHNA WAS A BRILLIANT 488 00:18:16,520 --> 00:18:17,920 NEUROSCIENTIST WHO STUDIED MOTOR 489 00:18:17,920 --> 00:18:22,000 CONTROL, PIONEER IN DEVELOPMENT 490 00:18:22,000 --> 00:18:23,640 OF BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACE, 491 00:18:23,640 --> 00:18:25,840 NOTABLY THOSE SUPPORTING SPEECH 492 00:18:25,840 --> 00:18:27,880 AND LANGUAGE PROSTHETIC DEVICES 493 00:18:27,880 --> 00:18:29,640 THAT ALLOWED PARALYZED 494 00:18:29,640 --> 00:18:31,080 INDIVIDUALS TO COMMUNICATE. 495 00:18:31,080 --> 00:18:32,600 SOME OF THESE ADVANCES I 496 00:18:32,600 --> 00:18:34,240 HIGHLIGHTED HERE AND I'M SURE 497 00:18:34,240 --> 00:18:38,720 MANY OF YOU HAVE SEEN THE FRUITS 498 00:18:38,720 --> 00:18:40,720 OF KRISHNA'S WORK, TRULY 499 00:18:40,720 --> 00:18:40,960 BRILLIANT. 500 00:18:40,960 --> 00:18:46,160 FROM THE OUTPOURING OF TRISH 501 00:18:46,160 --> 00:18:46,360 -- 502 00:18:46,360 --> 00:18:47,720 TRIBUTES, HE WILL BE REMEMBERED 503 00:18:47,720 --> 00:18:49,800 AS A GENUINELY KIND AND GIVING 504 00:18:49,800 --> 00:18:51,560 PERSON WHO TOUCHED WITH GRACE, 505 00:18:51,560 --> 00:18:53,960 HUMILITY AND HUMANITY THE LIVES 506 00:18:53,960 --> 00:18:55,960 OF MANY INCLUDING MYSELF. 507 00:18:55,960 --> 00:19:00,520 HE LEAVES BEHIND AN AMAZING 508 00:19:00,520 --> 00:19:02,920 LEGACY, WE'LL MISS HIM BUT I 509 00:19:02,920 --> 00:19:04,680 EXPECT THAT THROUGH THE DIASPORA 510 00:19:04,680 --> 00:19:06,880 OF THE MANY PEOPLE HE TOUCHED 511 00:19:06,880 --> 00:19:09,360 WE'LL SEE GREAT WORK COMING OUT 512 00:19:09,360 --> 00:19:12,120 FROM FOLKS THAT WORKED WITH HIM. 513 00:19:12,120 --> 00:19:13,520 VERY SAD NEWS BUT WE WERE 514 00:19:13,520 --> 00:19:15,400 FORTUNATE TO HAVE HIM IN OUR 515 00:19:15,400 --> 00:19:21,320 MIDST FOR THE TIME THAT WE DID. 516 00:19:21,320 --> 00:19:21,520 OKAY. 517 00:19:21,520 --> 00:19:24,840 SO, SOME EVENT RECAPS SINCE WE 518 00:19:24,840 --> 00:19:26,920 LAST MET IN MAY. 519 00:19:26,920 --> 00:19:31,680 OR WHENEVER IT WAS. 520 00:19:31,680 --> 00:19:32,680 OKAY. 521 00:19:32,680 --> 00:19:33,040 LAST YEAR. 522 00:19:33,040 --> 00:19:35,000 WE HAD THE NEXT GENERATION OF 523 00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:37,440 NIH BRAIN INITIATIVE LEADERS 524 00:19:37,440 --> 00:19:38,080 MEETING. 525 00:19:38,080 --> 00:19:39,160 VIRTUAL AGAIN. 526 00:19:39,160 --> 00:19:41,760 BACK IN OCTOBER, SORRY. 527 00:19:41,760 --> 00:19:43,960 AND THIS BROUGHT TOGETHER OUR 528 00:19:43,960 --> 00:19:46,360 TRAINEES FROM ACROSS THE RANGE 529 00:19:46,360 --> 00:19:49,000 OF BRAIN INITIATIVE-FUNDED 530 00:19:49,000 --> 00:19:51,240 TRAINING MECHANISMS, F32s, T9 531 00:19:51,240 --> 00:19:53,920 9, R00s, D SPAN AWARDEES, 532 00:19:53,920 --> 00:19:55,120 TRYING TO BUILD COMMUNITY, GREAT 533 00:19:55,120 --> 00:19:59,960 TO HAVE FUNDING BUT I THINK THE 534 00:19:59,960 --> 00:20:01,880 INTANGIBLE VALUE ADD IS BEING 535 00:20:01,880 --> 00:20:12,360 ABLE TO BUILD COMMUNITY FOR 536 00:20:12,840 --> 00:20:15,080 PEER-TO-PEER MENTORING, A 537 00:20:15,080 --> 00:20:15,920 TERRIFIC EVENT. 538 00:20:15,920 --> 00:20:17,520 PERSPECTIVES GIVEN FROM RECENTLY 539 00:20:17,520 --> 00:20:17,920 INDEPENDENT JUNIOR 540 00:20:17,920 --> 00:20:22,400 INVESTIGATORS, AS WELL AS SENIOR 541 00:20:22,400 --> 00:20:25,000 SCIENTISTS, BOTH ELBA SERRANO 542 00:20:25,000 --> 00:20:26,760 AND TED ABEL, AND GAVE FOLKS AN 543 00:20:26,760 --> 00:20:27,840 OPPORTUNITY TO NETWORK SO WE'RE 544 00:20:27,840 --> 00:20:29,600 HOPING ONE DAY TO HAVE THIS 545 00:20:29,600 --> 00:20:31,040 AGAIN IN PERSON BUT I THINK 546 00:20:31,040 --> 00:20:34,200 THERE'S STILL A HUGE BENEFIT IN 547 00:20:34,200 --> 00:20:35,320 US MEETING VIRTUALLY. 548 00:20:35,320 --> 00:20:38,040 I HAD THE OPPORTUNITY TO BRIEF 549 00:20:38,040 --> 00:20:39,840 MEMBERS OF CONGRESS ON THE BRAIN 550 00:20:39,840 --> 00:20:41,240 INITIATIVE TO EMPHASIZE THE 551 00:20:41,240 --> 00:20:42,680 IMPORTANCE OF KEEPING US FUNDED 552 00:20:42,680 --> 00:20:43,960 AT A HEALTHY LEVEL. 553 00:20:43,960 --> 00:20:45,720 THIS WAS AN EVENT THAT WAS 554 00:20:45,720 --> 00:20:48,000 SPONSORED BY THE AMERICAN BRAIN 555 00:20:48,000 --> 00:20:49,680 COALITION AND AMERICAN ACADEMY 556 00:20:49,680 --> 00:20:50,440 OF NEUROLOGY. 557 00:20:50,440 --> 00:20:53,520 AND HELD WITH THE CONGRESSIONAL 558 00:20:53,520 --> 00:20:54,520 NEUROSCIENCE CAUCUS, AND I 559 00:20:54,520 --> 00:20:57,360 THINK, I HOPE, THAT WE WERE ABLE 560 00:20:57,360 --> 00:20:58,840 TO SHOW THEM ABOUT THE GREAT 561 00:20:58,840 --> 00:21:02,040 STRIDES WE'RE MAKING IN THE 562 00:21:02,040 --> 00:21:03,440 NEUROSCIENCE SPACE, DELIVERING 563 00:21:03,440 --> 00:21:05,200 IMPACTS TO HUMANS TODAY WHILE 564 00:21:05,200 --> 00:21:07,520 BUILDING A RUNWAY FOR THE FUTURE 565 00:21:07,520 --> 00:21:08,480 CURES TOMORROW. 566 00:21:08,480 --> 00:21:10,040 AND SO FAR BASED ON THE RESPONSE 567 00:21:10,040 --> 00:21:11,080 WE'VE GOTTEN WITH OUR BUDGET I 568 00:21:11,080 --> 00:21:12,560 WOULD LIKE TO THINK THAT THE 569 00:21:12,560 --> 00:21:15,720 FIELD IS DOING A GREAT JOB IN 570 00:21:15,720 --> 00:21:17,600 SHOWING THEM THAT THEIR 571 00:21:17,600 --> 00:21:21,880 INVESTMENTS HAVE BEEN WELL 572 00:21:21,880 --> 00:21:23,400 SPENT. 573 00:21:23,400 --> 00:21:26,360 END OF LAST YEAR A FANTASTIC 574 00:21:26,360 --> 00:21:29,120 TWO-DAY WORKSHOP WAS PUT 575 00:21:29,120 --> 00:21:31,080 TOGETHER ON HIGH-THROUGHPUT 576 00:21:31,080 --> 00:21:32,280 IMAGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR 577 00:21:32,280 --> 00:21:34,040 CHARACTERIZING BRAIN CELL TYPES 578 00:21:34,040 --> 00:21:35,760 AND CONNECTIVITY. 579 00:21:35,760 --> 00:21:37,640 THE IDEA TO BENCHMARK LARGE 580 00:21:37,640 --> 00:21:39,520 SCALE BRAIN CELL ATLAS 581 00:21:39,520 --> 00:21:40,720 TECHNOLOGY TO IDENTIFY UNMET 582 00:21:40,720 --> 00:21:41,600 NEEDS, STREAMLINE THE PIPELINE, 583 00:21:41,600 --> 00:21:44,440 TO FIND GOALS FOR DATA SHARING, 584 00:21:44,440 --> 00:21:46,040 SCALABLE COMPUTING, REUSE BY THE 585 00:21:46,040 --> 00:21:46,320 COMMUNITY. 586 00:21:46,320 --> 00:21:47,960 I THINK THIS WAS A TERRIFIC 587 00:21:47,960 --> 00:21:49,240 OPPORTUNITY TO SEE WHAT'S OUT 588 00:21:49,240 --> 00:21:51,360 THERE, STATE OF THE ART, AND I 589 00:21:51,360 --> 00:21:53,440 HOPE THAT IT HELPED FOLKS OUT 590 00:21:53,440 --> 00:21:56,000 THERE FIGURE OUT HOW BEST TO 591 00:21:56,000 --> 00:21:57,800 ALIGN THEMSELVES WITH SOME OF 592 00:21:57,800 --> 00:22:03,520 OUR GOALS IN THE UPCOMING FOA 593 00:22:03,520 --> 00:22:04,000 DEADLINES. 594 00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:04,200 OKAY. 595 00:22:04,200 --> 00:22:06,960 REMINDER TO SAVE THE DATE, JUNE 596 00:22:06,960 --> 00:22:11,720 12-12, DATES FOR THE 9th BRAIN 597 00:22:11,720 --> 00:22:14,000 INITIATIVE MEETING; JANE 12-13. 598 00:22:14,000 --> 00:22:14,760 WE'RE WORKING OUT THE DETAILS. 599 00:22:14,760 --> 00:22:16,280 AS SOON AS WE HAVE THINGS WORKED 600 00:22:16,280 --> 00:22:19,360 OUT THERE WILL BE A MASS E-MAIL. 601 00:22:19,360 --> 00:22:20,120 DON'T IGNORE IT. 602 00:22:20,120 --> 00:22:21,360 IF YOU CAN ATTEND IT WOULD BE 603 00:22:21,360 --> 00:22:21,640 AWESOME. 604 00:22:21,640 --> 00:22:26,400 THERE WILL BE AT LEAST A VIRTUAL 605 00:22:26,400 --> 00:22:27,160 COMPONENT, WORKING HARD TO SEE 606 00:22:27,160 --> 00:22:29,480 IF WE CAN HOLD ANYTIME PERSON AS 607 00:22:29,480 --> 00:22:32,080 WELL AS HYBRID SO STAY TUNED. 608 00:22:32,080 --> 00:22:34,360 ANOTHER UPCOMING EVENT IS THE 609 00:22:34,360 --> 00:22:37,560 NEXT BRAIN BEHAVIOR 610 00:22:37,560 --> 00:22:38,200 QUANTIFICATION AND 611 00:22:38,200 --> 00:22:40,800 SYNCHRONIZATION WORKSHOP, HERE 612 00:22:40,800 --> 00:22:42,200 WE'RE GOING TO EMPHASIZE THE 613 00:22:42,200 --> 00:22:43,800 CURRENT STATE OF THE ART OF 614 00:22:43,800 --> 00:22:45,320 SENSOR TECHNOLOGIES AND HOW THEY 615 00:22:45,320 --> 00:22:46,960 CAN BE USED IN THIS SPACE. 616 00:22:46,960 --> 00:22:49,440 IT WILL BE CO-CHAIRED BY JOHN 617 00:22:49,440 --> 00:22:56,800 ROGERS FROM NORTHWESTERN, AND 618 00:22:56,800 --> 00:22:59,800 J.C. CIAO, MORE DETAILS TO COME. 619 00:22:59,800 --> 00:23:01,440 TEAM E BRAIN CIRCUITS PROGRAM 620 00:23:01,440 --> 00:23:04,600 WILL BE HOSTING A TEAM SCIENCE 621 00:23:04,600 --> 00:23:06,240 WEBINAR COMING ON FEBRUARY 15, 622 00:23:06,240 --> 00:23:13,960 THE GOAL HERE IS TO SHARE THE 623 00:23:13,960 --> 00:23:15,360 INITIATIVE TO TEAM SCIENCE, TO 624 00:23:15,360 --> 00:23:18,520 GIVE FOLKS AND IDEA ABOUT WHAT 625 00:23:18,520 --> 00:23:19,960 IT ENTAILS AND HOW THEY MIGHT 626 00:23:19,960 --> 00:23:22,560 ALIGN THEMSELVES WITH IT. 627 00:23:22,560 --> 00:23:25,040 JIM AND KAREN WILL BE 628 00:23:25,040 --> 00:23:25,640 PRESENTING. 629 00:23:25,640 --> 00:23:27,160 I SHOULD EMPHASIZE ANYONE 630 00:23:27,160 --> 00:23:28,240 INTERESTED IN BRAIN INITIATIVE 631 00:23:28,240 --> 00:23:29,480 TEAM SCIENCE, WHAT WE'RE DOING, 632 00:23:29,480 --> 00:23:31,440 IS MORE THAN WELCOME TO ATTEND 633 00:23:31,440 --> 00:23:35,840 AND AS WELL TO APPLY FOR UO1 AND 634 00:23:35,840 --> 00:23:37,680 U19 GRANTS, WE ACTIVELY 635 00:23:37,680 --> 00:23:38,880 ENCOURAGE INDIVIDUALS WITH 636 00:23:38,880 --> 00:23:40,520 DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES TO APPLY 637 00:23:40,520 --> 00:23:42,080 FOR THESE TEAM SCIENCE 638 00:23:42,080 --> 00:23:42,400 OPPORTUNITIES. 639 00:23:42,400 --> 00:23:43,920 AGAIN, YOU DO NOT HAVE TO BE A 640 00:23:43,920 --> 00:23:45,160 BRAIN GRANTEE TO ATTEND THE 641 00:23:45,160 --> 00:23:45,440 WEBINAR. 642 00:23:45,440 --> 00:23:47,600 HOPEFULLY WE CAN GET THE WORD 643 00:23:47,600 --> 00:23:49,600 OUT AND START REACHING A WIDER 644 00:23:49,600 --> 00:23:51,040 SWATH OF NEUROSCIENCE COMMUNITY 645 00:23:51,040 --> 00:23:56,000 TO BRING IN MORE AND DIVERSE 646 00:23:56,000 --> 00:23:57,400 PERSPECTIVES INTO THE PORTFOLIO. 647 00:23:57,400 --> 00:24:00,640 I WANT TO GIVE A BRIEF UPDATE ON 648 00:24:00,640 --> 00:24:04,000 THE PLAN FOR ENHANCING DIVERSE 649 00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:05,000 PERSPECTIVE, NEW REQUIREMENT IN 650 00:24:05,000 --> 00:24:06,280 BRAIN FOAs. 651 00:24:06,280 --> 00:24:09,240 THEY HAVE BEEN INCORPORATED INTO 652 00:24:09,240 --> 00:24:13,600 29 CURRENT BRAIN FOAs, AS THEY 653 00:24:13,600 --> 00:24:14,800 GET REISSUED THEY WILL BE 654 00:24:14,800 --> 00:24:15,200 INCORPORATED. 655 00:24:15,200 --> 00:24:16,440 WE HAVE A NUMBER FOR YOUR 656 00:24:16,440 --> 00:24:20,600 CONSIDERATION LATER IN CLOSED 657 00:24:20,600 --> 00:24:20,960 SESSION. 658 00:24:20,960 --> 00:24:23,000 AND THE PDP CONTINUES TO BE 659 00:24:23,000 --> 00:24:24,000 ADOPTED WIDELY ACROSS NIH. 660 00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:28,800 RIGHT NOW IT IS CURRENTLY IN 61 661 00:24:28,800 --> 00:24:29,480 PROGRAM ANNOUNCEMENTS, RFAs, 662 00:24:29,480 --> 00:24:30,320 ACROSS NIH. 663 00:24:30,320 --> 00:24:31,120 THE LIST IS GROWING. 664 00:24:31,120 --> 00:24:33,760 SO IT WILL BE VERY INTERESTING 665 00:24:33,760 --> 00:24:36,120 AND EXCITING TO SEE HOW THIS 666 00:24:36,120 --> 00:24:37,800 DEVELOPS OVER TIME AND TO BE 667 00:24:37,800 --> 00:24:41,480 ABLE TO MEASURE AND QUANTIFY HOW 668 00:24:41,480 --> 00:24:44,880 THIS WILL HOPEFULLY IMPACT THE 669 00:24:44,880 --> 00:24:45,600 DIVERSITY OF GRANTEES FUNDED NOT 670 00:24:45,600 --> 00:24:48,720 JUST BY THE BRAIN INITIATIVE BUT 671 00:24:48,720 --> 00:24:49,840 ALSO NIH MORE BROADLY. 672 00:24:49,840 --> 00:24:51,160 SO WE'LL KEEP YOU POSTED ON 673 00:24:51,160 --> 00:24:53,440 PROGRESS THERE AS WE GET MORE 674 00:24:53,440 --> 00:24:56,600 DATA ON THE EFFECTS OF THE PDP. 675 00:24:56,600 --> 00:24:59,440 I WANT TO TOUCH BRIEFLY ON OUR 676 00:24:59,440 --> 00:25:02,960 BRAIN 2.0 TRANSFORMATIVE 677 00:25:02,960 --> 00:25:05,160 PROJECTS, ALL UNDERWAY, THE CELL 678 00:25:05,160 --> 00:25:06,840 ATLAS PROGRAM IS FOCUSING ON BIG 679 00:25:06,840 --> 00:25:07,080 BRAINS. 680 00:25:07,080 --> 00:25:10,040 THE FIRST SET OF AWARDS WERE 681 00:25:10,040 --> 00:25:12,160 MADE IN MAY COUNCIL, NOW ACTIVE. 682 00:25:12,160 --> 00:25:13,560 VERY EXCITING TIMES THERE. 683 00:25:13,560 --> 00:25:15,960 WE HAVE A SECOND RECEIPT DATE 684 00:25:15,960 --> 00:25:17,840 COMING UP IN ACTUALLY THIS 685 00:25:17,840 --> 00:25:21,760 COMING MONTH, SO STAY TUNED FOR 686 00:25:21,760 --> 00:25:22,440 THAT. 687 00:25:22,440 --> 00:25:23,760 THE ARMAMENTARIUM PROJECT FOR 688 00:25:23,760 --> 00:25:25,600 DEVELOPING TOOLS FOR PRECISION 689 00:25:25,600 --> 00:25:26,720 CELL ACCESS IN THE BRAIN, THE 690 00:25:26,720 --> 00:25:29,960 SECOND ROUND OF TOOLS AWARDS 691 00:25:29,960 --> 00:25:31,640 WERE MADE IN THE LAST COUNCIL 692 00:25:31,640 --> 00:25:34,920 ROUND, AND THE SECOND ROUND OF 693 00:25:34,920 --> 00:25:36,320 CAPACITY BUILDING APPLICATIONS 694 00:25:36,320 --> 00:25:38,280 HAVE BEEN REVIEWED AND WE'LL BE 695 00:25:38,280 --> 00:25:39,720 DISCUSSING THOSE IN CLOSED 696 00:25:39,720 --> 00:25:40,400 SESSION TODAY. 697 00:25:40,400 --> 00:25:44,080 THE BRAIN CONNECTIVITY PROJECT, 698 00:25:44,080 --> 00:25:46,480 BRAIN CONNECTS, FOA WAS ISSUED 699 00:25:46,480 --> 00:25:48,560 AGAIN, WE HAVE ANOTHER -- LET ME 700 00:25:48,560 --> 00:25:49,320 BACK UP. 701 00:25:49,320 --> 00:25:51,000 WE'RE IN THE PROCESS OF 702 00:25:51,000 --> 00:25:52,320 CONSIDERING FUNDING THE FIRST 703 00:25:52,320 --> 00:25:54,360 SET OF APPLICATIONS AND THERE'S 704 00:25:54,360 --> 00:25:56,360 ANOTHER ROUND OF RECEIPT DATES 705 00:25:56,360 --> 00:25:58,640 COMING IN, IN JUNE, OF 2023. 706 00:25:58,640 --> 00:26:01,040 SO I JUST WANT TO TOUCH ON A FEW 707 00:26:01,040 --> 00:26:04,680 OF THESE NEW FOAs COMING OUT. 708 00:26:04,680 --> 00:26:06,840 THE ARMAMENTARIUM, THE GOAL HERE 709 00:26:06,840 --> 00:26:09,480 WAS TO DEVELOP NOT ONLY DELIVERY 710 00:26:09,480 --> 00:26:11,280 TOOLS BUT ALSO PAYLOADS, OR 711 00:26:11,280 --> 00:26:14,320 EFFECTORS, TO PUT THESE TOGETHER 712 00:26:14,320 --> 00:26:15,840 TO DEVELOP A REALLY 713 00:26:15,840 --> 00:26:18,360 COMPREHENSIVE TOOL KIT FOR 714 00:26:18,360 --> 00:26:19,240 ACCESSING, MODULATING, AND 715 00:26:19,240 --> 00:26:21,080 MONITORING CELLS WITH GREATER 716 00:26:21,080 --> 00:26:23,120 AND GREATER PRECISION IN NEURAL 717 00:26:23,120 --> 00:26:25,160 CIRCUITS, TOWARD THE GOAL OF 718 00:26:25,160 --> 00:26:26,800 UNDERSTANDING THE NEURAL CIRCUIT 719 00:26:26,800 --> 00:26:34,160 BASIS OF BEHAVIOR. 720 00:26:34,160 --> 00:26:38,000 SO, WE ISSUED A UM1, A LARGE 721 00:26:38,000 --> 00:26:42,120 GRANT PROGRAM, TO DEVELOP AND 722 00:26:42,120 --> 00:26:43,120 ENGINEER OPTIMIZE MOLECULAR 723 00:26:43,120 --> 00:26:44,320 TECHNOLOGIES FOR FUNCTIONAL 724 00:26:44,320 --> 00:26:45,200 DISSECTION OF NEURAL CIRCUITS, 725 00:26:45,200 --> 00:26:48,800 THIS WILL BE INCORPORATED INTO A 726 00:26:48,800 --> 00:26:49,680 LARGER CONSORTIUM OF 727 00:26:49,680 --> 00:26:51,200 INVESTIGATORS WITH FUNDING FOR 728 00:26:51,200 --> 00:26:53,480 DIFFERENT BRAIN MECHANISMS TO 729 00:26:53,480 --> 00:26:54,200 WORK TOGETHER IN PRE-COMPETITIVE 730 00:26:54,200 --> 00:26:55,280 SPACE WITH GOAL OF GETTING 731 00:26:55,280 --> 00:26:56,880 BETTER TOOLS OUT TO THE 732 00:26:56,880 --> 00:26:58,520 COMMUNITY ON A MORE RAPID 733 00:26:58,520 --> 00:26:58,800 TIMELINE. 734 00:26:58,800 --> 00:27:01,160 SO STAY TUNED FOR THAT. 735 00:27:01,160 --> 00:27:03,480 AGAIN, THE FIRST APPLICATION DUE 736 00:27:03,480 --> 00:27:07,360 DATE FOR THIS UM1 MOLECULAR 737 00:27:07,360 --> 00:27:08,800 PAYLOAD CENTERS WILL BE IN JUNE 738 00:27:08,800 --> 00:27:14,040 OF THIS YEAR, THESE WILL BE 739 00:27:14,040 --> 00:27:16,320 FIVE-YEAR PROJECTS. 740 00:27:16,320 --> 00:27:20,640 BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND 741 00:27:20,640 --> 00:27:21,400 SYNCHRONIZATION PROGRAM IS 742 00:27:21,400 --> 00:27:31,920 LAUNCHED, DUE DATES NEXT MONTH, 743 00:27:35,480 --> 00:27:37,040 FIRST FOCUSING ON HUMANS, AND 744 00:27:37,040 --> 00:27:37,800 THEN NON-HUMAN MODELS. 745 00:27:37,800 --> 00:27:40,760 THIS WILL BE A TERRIFIC PROJECT 746 00:27:40,760 --> 00:27:42,080 GIVEN SOME TECHNOLOGIES THAT ARE 747 00:27:42,080 --> 00:27:45,040 BEING DEVELOPED IN AND AROUND 748 00:27:45,040 --> 00:27:46,440 THE BRAIN SPACE. 749 00:27:46,440 --> 00:27:49,720 HERE'S A SUMMARY OF NEW FUNDING 750 00:27:49,720 --> 00:27:53,680 OPPORTUNITIES ALREADY MENTIONED. 751 00:27:53,680 --> 00:27:56,880 THE BBQS RFAs, THE MOLECULAR 752 00:27:56,880 --> 00:27:57,480 PAYLOADS RFA. 753 00:27:57,480 --> 00:27:58,840 I DON'T QUITE HAVE TIME TO 754 00:27:58,840 --> 00:28:03,320 MENTION TO YOU IN GREAT DETAIL 755 00:28:03,320 --> 00:28:07,960 THE TRANSFORMATIVE BRAIN 756 00:28:07,960 --> 00:28:08,840 NON-INVASIVE IMAGING TECHNOLOGY 757 00:28:08,840 --> 00:28:12,040 INVOLVEMENT RFA, THE IDEA HERE 758 00:28:12,040 --> 00:28:14,760 IS TO IDENTIFY INTERESTING AND 759 00:28:14,760 --> 00:28:15,760 POTENTIALLY TRANSFORMATIVE 760 00:28:15,760 --> 00:28:16,520 TECHNOLOGIES IN AN EARLY PHASE 761 00:28:16,520 --> 00:28:19,160 AND IF IT SHOWS PROMISE WILL GO 762 00:28:19,160 --> 00:28:21,680 TO FURTHER DEVELOPMENT IN THE 763 00:28:21,680 --> 00:28:23,440 UH3 PHASE. 764 00:28:23,440 --> 00:28:31,880 WE HAVE RECENT REISSUES FOR THE 765 00:28:31,880 --> 00:28:32,480 BICAM PROJECT AND THEORIES AND 766 00:28:32,480 --> 00:28:33,000 METHODS PROGRAM. 767 00:28:33,000 --> 00:28:35,680 THIS IS WHAT WE HAVE IN TERMS OF 768 00:28:35,680 --> 00:28:36,520 FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES. 769 00:28:36,520 --> 00:28:40,960 I WANT TO REMIND YOU OF THE R25 770 00:28:40,960 --> 00:28:46,200 SHORT COURSES IN RESEARCH 771 00:28:46,200 --> 00:28:48,000 EDUCATION, ENCOURAGING FOLKS TO 772 00:28:48,000 --> 00:28:51,920 USE THIS TO HELP TEACH DIVERSE 773 00:28:51,920 --> 00:28:53,760 COHORT OF TRAINEES ABOUT SOME OF 774 00:28:53,760 --> 00:28:55,400 THE TECHNOLOGIES THAT ARE BEING 775 00:28:55,400 --> 00:28:57,160 DEVELOPED IN AND AROUND THE 776 00:28:57,160 --> 00:28:57,560 BRAIN INITIATIVE. 777 00:28:57,560 --> 00:29:00,640 AND THE DETAILS ARE HERE. 778 00:29:00,640 --> 00:29:01,760 IT'S LIMITED TO $250,000 DIRECT 779 00:29:01,760 --> 00:29:03,840 COST PER YEAR, AND WE HAVE THE 780 00:29:03,840 --> 00:29:05,880 DEADLINE COMING UP ON YEARLY 781 00:29:05,880 --> 00:29:06,280 BASIS. 782 00:29:06,280 --> 00:29:08,200 NEXT ONE COMING UP VERY SOON, IN 783 00:29:08,200 --> 00:29:10,640 FEBRUARY OF THIS YEAR, BUT WE'LL 784 00:29:10,640 --> 00:29:12,240 HAVE ANOTHER RECEIPT DATE IN THE 785 00:29:12,240 --> 00:29:13,120 FOLLOWING YEAR IN 2024. 786 00:29:13,120 --> 00:29:19,480 SO PLEASE KEEP THAT IN MIND. 787 00:29:19,480 --> 00:29:21,120 ANOTHER REMINDER MULTIPLE 788 00:29:21,120 --> 00:29:22,480 TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES SUPPORTED 789 00:29:22,480 --> 00:29:22,880 BY BRAIN. 790 00:29:22,880 --> 00:29:26,040 IN TERMS OF GENERAL TRAINING, WE 791 00:29:26,040 --> 00:29:29,000 HAVE OUR F32 POSTDOCTORAL 792 00:29:29,000 --> 00:29:32,200 FELLOWSHIP AND RSAs, WE HAVE 793 00:29:32,200 --> 00:29:33,920 PARTICIPATE IN ADMIN SUPPLEMENTS 794 00:29:33,920 --> 00:29:36,800 FOR REENTRY INTO THE BIOMEDICAL 795 00:29:36,800 --> 00:29:38,520 AND BEHAVIORAL WORKFORCE. 796 00:29:38,520 --> 00:29:40,880 AND THEN IN TERMS OF DIVERSITY 797 00:29:40,880 --> 00:29:51,000 FOCUSED MECHANIC ISMS, WE 798 00:29:51,000 --> 00:29:55,040 PARTNER, CONTINUE TO ACTIVELY 799 00:29:55,040 --> 00:29:57,120 SUPPORT OUR DIVERSITY FOCUS 800 00:29:57,120 --> 00:29:59,080 K99/R00 MECHANISM, WHERE WE 801 00:29:59,080 --> 00:29:59,720 INCLUDE WOMEN AS 802 00:29:59,720 --> 00:30:02,800 UNDERREPRESENTED GROUPS IN THE 803 00:30:02,800 --> 00:30:04,120 BRAIN PORTFOLIO. 804 00:30:04,120 --> 00:30:08,160 WE ALSO HAVE ADMIN SUPPLEMENTS 805 00:30:08,160 --> 00:30:09,120 TO PROMOTE DIVERSITY IN 806 00:30:09,120 --> 00:30:11,000 TRAINEES, AND MANY WILL BE 807 00:30:11,000 --> 00:30:14,080 ENCOURAGED AS FOLKS COME IN, ON 808 00:30:14,080 --> 00:30:14,960 THESE DIVERSITY SUPPLEMENTS 809 00:30:14,960 --> 00:30:18,240 EVENTUALLY WILL APPLY FOR AND BE 810 00:30:18,240 --> 00:30:21,720 COMPETITIVE FOR SOME OTHER 811 00:30:21,720 --> 00:30:23,760 INDIVIDUAL TRAINING AWARDS FOR 812 00:30:23,760 --> 00:30:25,440 THEIR FUTURE PROFESSIONAL 813 00:30:25,440 --> 00:30:26,080 DEVELOPMENT. 814 00:30:26,080 --> 00:30:29,960 AND WE ALSO PARTICIPATE IN THIS 815 00:30:29,960 --> 00:30:32,560 NIH CENTRAL ADMIN SUPPLEMENT 816 00:30:32,560 --> 00:30:33,040 MECHANISM FOR RESEARCH 817 00:30:33,040 --> 00:30:34,760 CONTINUITY AND RETENTION. 818 00:30:34,760 --> 00:30:36,640 YOU CAN READ MORE IF YOU WISH AT 819 00:30:36,640 --> 00:30:38,040 THE FOLLOWING WEBSITE. 820 00:30:38,040 --> 00:30:42,200 YOU CAN ALSO USE THIS SNAZZY QR 821 00:30:42,200 --> 00:30:45,600 CODE IF YOU'RE MORE TECH SAVVY 822 00:30:45,600 --> 00:30:46,280 THAN I AM. 823 00:30:46,280 --> 00:30:47,480 THAT'S WHAT I HAVE TO TELL YOU 824 00:30:47,480 --> 00:30:50,640 SO FAR ABOUT OUR FUNDING AND 825 00:30:50,640 --> 00:30:51,120 TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES. 826 00:30:51,120 --> 00:30:53,360 I THINK, KRISTIN, ARE WE DOING 827 00:30:53,360 --> 00:30:54,920 OKAY ON TIME HERE? 828 00:30:54,920 --> 00:30:56,040 >>YES, WE'RE DOING GREAT. 829 00:30:56,040 --> 00:30:57,200 >>OKAY. 830 00:30:57,200 --> 00:30:57,400 GREAT. 831 00:30:57,400 --> 00:31:00,920 LET ME TAKE THIS OPPORTUNITY TO 832 00:31:00,920 --> 00:31:06,120 HIGHLIGHT JUST A COUPLE OF 833 00:31:06,120 --> 00:31:08,280 RECENT INTERESTING PUBLICATIONS, 834 00:31:08,280 --> 00:31:09,240 PUBLISHED FROM BRAIN-FUNDED 835 00:31:09,240 --> 00:31:11,240 INVESTIGATORS. 836 00:31:11,240 --> 00:31:13,440 WE HAVE A TERRIFIC SCIENCE TALK 837 00:31:13,440 --> 00:31:17,040 COMING UP FROM JOHN MANSELL, 838 00:31:17,040 --> 00:31:18,680 SHOULD GET NICE SCIENCE IN TODAY 839 00:31:18,680 --> 00:31:19,320 AS WELL. 840 00:31:19,320 --> 00:31:23,080 I WANT TO TOUCH ON ASTROCYTE 841 00:31:23,080 --> 00:31:24,800 DIVERSITY ACROSS THE CENTRAL 842 00:31:24,800 --> 00:31:27,200 NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNDED IN PART BY 843 00:31:27,200 --> 00:31:32,240 A BRAIN GRANT TO UCLA AND CAL 844 00:31:32,240 --> 00:31:35,400 TECH ON CHARACTERIZING 845 00:31:35,400 --> 00:31:37,800 NON-NEURONAL CELLS. 846 00:31:37,800 --> 00:31:39,680 AND THIS REPRESENTS AN EFFORT 847 00:31:39,680 --> 00:31:40,880 FROM INTERNATIONAL TEAM, A 848 00:31:40,880 --> 00:31:43,960 NUMBER OF PROPERTIES OF 849 00:31:43,960 --> 00:31:49,520 ASTROCYTES ACROSS THE MOUSE 850 00:31:49,520 --> 00:31:51,200 BRAIN REVEALED INTERESTING 851 00:31:51,200 --> 00:31:52,280 PROPERTIES OF ASTROCYTE TO 852 00:31:52,280 --> 00:31:54,560 NEURON RATIO, GENE EXPRESSION 853 00:31:54,560 --> 00:31:55,760 DIFFERENCES, MORPHOLOGY, THAT 854 00:31:55,760 --> 00:31:58,840 SEEM TO VARY ACROSS BRAIN 855 00:31:58,840 --> 00:31:59,080 REGIONS. 856 00:31:59,080 --> 00:32:00,720 AND HERE'S SOME OF THE DATA 857 00:32:00,720 --> 00:32:00,920 HERE. 858 00:32:00,920 --> 00:32:03,440 YOU CAN SEE FOR EXAMPLE WHILE 859 00:32:03,440 --> 00:32:05,400 THE NUMBER OF ASTROCYTES ACROSS 860 00:32:05,400 --> 00:32:09,440 THESE BRAIN REGIONS, THEY 861 00:32:09,440 --> 00:32:11,560 SAMPLED 13, CONSTANT, NEURONS 862 00:32:11,560 --> 00:32:14,040 VARIES, RATIO CHANGES QUITE A 863 00:32:14,040 --> 00:32:14,560 BIT. 864 00:32:14,560 --> 00:32:18,000 THEY FOUND DIFFERENTIALLY 865 00:32:18,000 --> 00:32:19,000 EXPRESSED GENES ACROSS THE 866 00:32:19,000 --> 00:32:19,240 REGIONS. 867 00:32:19,240 --> 00:32:24,560 USED A NICE IMAGING TECHNIQUE, 868 00:32:24,560 --> 00:32:26,960 WIDE FIELD, TO CAPTURE 869 00:32:26,960 --> 00:32:29,600 MORPHOLOGY, QUANTIFY AND 870 00:32:29,600 --> 00:32:30,680 CATEGORIZE THESE ASTROCYTES 871 00:32:30,680 --> 00:32:32,520 ACROSS THE DIFFERENT BRAIN 872 00:32:32,520 --> 00:32:34,520 REGIONS BY MORPHOLOGY, SO 873 00:32:34,520 --> 00:32:36,120 ASTROCYTES FOUND IN DIFFERENT 874 00:32:36,120 --> 00:32:37,760 REGIONS SEEM TO HAVE DIFFERENT 875 00:32:37,760 --> 00:32:38,680 SHAPES AND FORMS. 876 00:32:38,680 --> 00:32:42,480 THE OVERALL SIZE OF THE 877 00:32:42,480 --> 00:32:44,120 ASTROCYTES CORRELATED WITH 878 00:32:44,120 --> 00:32:44,880 EXPRESSION OF CERTAIN 879 00:32:44,880 --> 00:32:46,000 INTERACTING PROTEINS. 880 00:32:46,000 --> 00:32:49,600 YOU CAN SEE THIS, THEY HAVE 881 00:32:49,600 --> 00:32:52,000 LOOKED AT RATIO OF SIZE OF 882 00:32:52,000 --> 00:32:53,440 ASTROCYTES BETWEEN DIFFERENT 883 00:32:53,440 --> 00:32:55,840 REGIONS HERE, CORTEX VERSUS 884 00:32:55,840 --> 00:32:56,520 HIPPOCAMPUS, IDENTIFIED GENES 885 00:32:56,520 --> 00:32:58,680 ENRICHED IN SOME OF THOSE 886 00:32:58,680 --> 00:32:58,960 COMPARISONS. 887 00:32:58,960 --> 00:33:03,920 THE KNOCKDOWN OF TWO OF THESE 888 00:33:03,920 --> 00:33:06,120 GENES USING NICE 889 00:33:06,120 --> 00:33:08,200 ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRUS DELIVERED 890 00:33:08,200 --> 00:33:09,400 CRISPR/CAS9 TRICK RESULTING IN 891 00:33:09,400 --> 00:33:12,000 REDUCED TERRITORY SIZE OF 892 00:33:12,000 --> 00:33:15,080 ASTROCYTES WHICH SEEM TO AFFECT 893 00:33:15,080 --> 00:33:18,800 THE MOUSE'S PERFORMANCE IN A 894 00:33:18,800 --> 00:33:20,000 BEHAVIORAL MEMORY TASK. 895 00:33:20,000 --> 00:33:25,720 AND QUITE INTERESTINGLY SOME OF 896 00:33:25,720 --> 00:33:27,240 THESE ASTROCYTE-SPECIFIC GENES 897 00:33:27,240 --> 00:33:29,320 ASSOCIATED WITH MORPHOLOGY FOUND 898 00:33:29,320 --> 00:33:30,840 TO BE DOWNREGULATED IN HUMAN 899 00:33:30,840 --> 00:33:31,960 ALZHEIMER'S TISSUE AND MOUSE 900 00:33:31,960 --> 00:33:37,120 MODELS OF A.D. WHERE THE 901 00:33:37,120 --> 00:33:38,080 ASTROCYTE SIZE WAS SMALLER, 902 00:33:38,080 --> 00:33:40,800 GOING TOWARD A BETTER AND DEEPER 903 00:33:40,800 --> 00:33:42,040 CHARACTERIZATION OF THESE 904 00:33:42,040 --> 00:33:43,440 NON-NEURONAL CELLS IN THE BRAIN, 905 00:33:43,440 --> 00:33:44,200 AND HOPEFULLY GIVING INSIGHT 906 00:33:44,200 --> 00:33:46,800 INTO THE ROLE THEY PLAY NOT ONLY 907 00:33:46,800 --> 00:33:48,800 IN THE NORMAL HEALTHY BRAIN BUT 908 00:33:48,800 --> 00:33:51,000 HOW THEY MIGHT INITIATE OR 909 00:33:51,000 --> 00:33:51,800 CONTRIBUTE TO DISEASE 910 00:33:51,800 --> 00:33:52,760 PROGRESSION IN CONDITIONS SUCH 911 00:33:52,760 --> 00:33:57,640 AS ALZHEIMER'S AS WELL AS OTHER 912 00:33:57,640 --> 00:33:58,640 DEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS, A COOL 913 00:33:58,640 --> 00:34:02,160 PAPER THAT CAME OUT LAST YEAR. 914 00:34:02,160 --> 00:34:03,920 A DIFFERENT TYPE OF STUDY, THIS 915 00:34:03,920 --> 00:34:08,080 IS A STUDY FROM CORY MILLER, 916 00:34:08,080 --> 00:34:08,680 UCSD, INTERNATIONAL 917 00:34:08,680 --> 00:34:09,480 COLLABORATION WITH FOLKS I 918 00:34:09,480 --> 00:34:15,200 BELIEVE IN BRAZIL. 919 00:34:15,200 --> 00:34:16,320 THE RESEARCHERS CHARACTERIZE 920 00:34:16,320 --> 00:34:18,200 CAPTURE BEHAVIOR BY ANALYZING 921 00:34:18,200 --> 00:34:20,440 HIGH DEFINITION VIDEOS. 922 00:34:20,440 --> 00:34:22,960 HERE IS A MARMOSET ON THE TREE 923 00:34:22,960 --> 00:34:24,520 SEARCHING FOR AND CAPTURING 924 00:34:24,520 --> 00:34:26,480 PREY, WHICH BY AND LARGE ARE 925 00:34:26,480 --> 00:34:27,920 INSECTS IN THIS CASE. 926 00:34:27,920 --> 00:34:29,200 THEY FOUND THE MARMOSETS 927 00:34:29,200 --> 00:34:31,840 EMPLOYED ONE OF THREE TACTICS 928 00:34:31,840 --> 00:34:33,680 TYPICALLY FOR PREY CAPTURE. 929 00:34:33,680 --> 00:34:37,760 ONE WAS CAPTURE IN FLIGHT, TO 930 00:34:37,760 --> 00:34:40,160 CAPTURE FLYING INSECTS. 931 00:34:40,160 --> 00:34:43,320 STALK, PAUSE, AND LUNGE, USED TO 932 00:34:43,320 --> 00:34:46,600 CREEP UP ON PREY THAT WAS 933 00:34:46,600 --> 00:34:47,440 TYPICALLY CAMOUFLAGE AND 934 00:34:47,440 --> 00:34:48,360 STATIONARY BUT IF YOU STARTED 935 00:34:48,360 --> 00:34:50,760 THE PREY THEY MIGHT TAKE OFF SO 936 00:34:50,760 --> 00:34:52,880 THEY HAVE TO STALK, PAUSE, LUNGE 937 00:34:52,880 --> 00:34:55,680 AT THEM. 938 00:34:55,680 --> 00:34:57,800 AND MOUTH CAPTURE FOR BASICALLY 939 00:34:57,800 --> 00:34:59,400 IMMOBILE PREY JUST SITTING THERE 940 00:34:59,400 --> 00:35:01,960 WAITING TO BE EATEN, I SUPPOSE. 941 00:35:01,960 --> 00:35:03,000 THEY KIND OF DEFINE THAT. 942 00:35:03,000 --> 00:35:06,960 AND WHAT WAS COOL ABOUT THIS IS 943 00:35:06,960 --> 00:35:09,600 THEY USED THIS SLEEP PROTOCOL 944 00:35:09,600 --> 00:35:10,800 THAT WAS PREVIOUSLY DEVELOPED 945 00:35:10,800 --> 00:35:12,240 FOR MOTION TRACKING AND HERE 946 00:35:12,240 --> 00:35:15,120 THEY USE IT IN A MARKERLESS 947 00:35:15,120 --> 00:35:16,560 MOTION TRACKING, THEY ARE ABLE 948 00:35:16,560 --> 00:35:17,920 TO TRACK MOVEMENTS OF THE 949 00:35:17,920 --> 00:35:19,960 ANIMALS AND THEIR BODY PARTS IN 950 00:35:19,960 --> 00:35:20,880 THE WILD. 951 00:35:20,880 --> 00:35:23,600 THEY USE THIS TO QUANTIFY GAZE 952 00:35:23,600 --> 00:35:25,240 TRACKING AND MOTOR COORDINATION 953 00:35:25,240 --> 00:35:26,880 TO SHOW ACTIVE VISION IS 954 00:35:26,880 --> 00:35:28,080 INTEGRAL TO SUCCESSFUL PREY 955 00:35:28,080 --> 00:35:29,440 CAPTURE IN THESE WILD ANIMALS. 956 00:35:29,440 --> 00:35:31,600 I DON'T KNOW IF YOU CAN FULLY 957 00:35:31,600 --> 00:35:34,000 SEE THIS HERE, BUT HERE IS THE 958 00:35:34,000 --> 00:35:35,200 MARMOSET IN THE TREE. 959 00:35:35,200 --> 00:35:37,040 HERE IS THE MOVEMENT OF THE 960 00:35:37,040 --> 00:35:38,280 INSECT. 961 00:35:38,280 --> 00:35:40,360 HERE IS THE MOVEMENT TRACK OF 962 00:35:40,360 --> 00:35:41,560 THE MARMOSET'S HEAD. 963 00:35:41,560 --> 00:35:43,520 AND YOU CAN SEE RIGHT BEFORE 964 00:35:43,520 --> 00:35:45,640 PREY CAPTURE HERE WHICH IS TIME 965 00:35:45,640 --> 00:35:47,040 ZERO ABOUT A SECOND AND A HALF 966 00:35:47,040 --> 00:35:49,000 BEFORE PREY CAPTURE THERE'S A 967 00:35:49,000 --> 00:35:50,320 STRIKING CORRELATION BETWEEN THE 968 00:35:50,320 --> 00:35:51,520 MOVEMENT OF THE MARMOSET'S HEAD 969 00:35:51,520 --> 00:35:53,360 AND MOVEMENT OF THE INSECT AND 970 00:35:53,360 --> 00:35:55,560 RIGHT BEFORE PREY CAPTURE A VERY 971 00:35:55,560 --> 00:35:58,320 FAST SHIFT IN THE MARMOSET'S 972 00:35:58,320 --> 00:35:59,520 HEAD THAT TRACKS THIS PREY. 973 00:35:59,520 --> 00:36:01,480 AND ON THE RIGHT SHOWS THE 974 00:36:01,480 --> 00:36:03,160 MOVEMENT OF THE ARMS, AS IT'S 975 00:36:03,160 --> 00:36:05,520 REACHING OUT TO GRAB THE PREY 976 00:36:05,520 --> 00:36:08,000 OUT IN THE AIR, AND YOU CAN SEE 977 00:36:08,000 --> 00:36:10,720 THE MOVEMENT IS THERE. 978 00:36:10,720 --> 00:36:12,040 THIS QUANTITATIVE 979 00:36:12,040 --> 00:36:14,840 CHARACTERIZATION IS CRITICAL FOR 980 00:36:14,840 --> 00:36:17,920 UNDERSTANDING NEURAL VERSUS 981 00:36:17,920 --> 00:36:22,640 BEHAVIOR, PRE-SAGES MAN GOALS IN 982 00:36:22,640 --> 00:36:23,720 BBQS PROGRAM AND HOPEFULLY 983 00:36:23,720 --> 00:36:25,280 UNDERSTANDING WHAT'S GOING ON IN 984 00:36:25,280 --> 00:36:26,720 THE WILD CAN DEVELOP BETTER 985 00:36:26,720 --> 00:36:27,880 MODELS FOR UNDERSTANDING THESE 986 00:36:27,880 --> 00:36:29,400 KINDS OF BEHAVIORS IN THE 987 00:36:29,400 --> 00:36:31,360 LABORATORY SETTING. 988 00:36:31,360 --> 00:36:34,240 SO REALLY COOL STUFF FROM THE 989 00:36:34,240 --> 00:36:36,760 MILLER LAB AT UCSD. 990 00:36:36,760 --> 00:36:36,960 OKAY. 991 00:36:36,960 --> 00:36:38,920 SO I'LL WRAP UP TO REMIND YOU 992 00:36:38,920 --> 00:36:41,000 DIFFERENT WAYS OF LEARNING ABOUT 993 00:36:41,000 --> 00:36:43,480 BRAIN. 994 00:36:43,480 --> 00:36:46,800 YOU CAN SUBSCRIBE TO OUR BRAIN 995 00:36:46,800 --> 00:36:48,760 BLOCK, THE NIH WEBSITE, MONITOR 996 00:36:48,760 --> 00:36:51,040 GUIDE NOTICES, BUT MOST 997 00:36:51,040 --> 00:36:52,160 EFFECTIVE WAY TO LEARN WHERE 998 00:36:52,160 --> 00:36:53,680 WHAT'S GOING ON IN BRAIN IS 999 00:36:53,680 --> 00:36:57,400 CONNECT WITH YOUR I.C.'S BRAIN 1000 00:36:57,400 --> 00:36:58,600 PROGRAM OFFICER, THEY ARE REALLY 1001 00:36:58,600 --> 00:37:00,040 HERE TO ENGAGE YOU, FIND OUT IF 1002 00:37:00,040 --> 00:37:01,520 THERE'S A GOOD FIT FOR YOU IN 1003 00:37:01,520 --> 00:37:03,960 "BRAIN" OR TO MAKE A FIT HAPPEN, 1004 00:37:03,960 --> 00:37:06,280 AND THEY ARE ONE OF YOUR BEST 1005 00:37:06,280 --> 00:37:09,000 RESOURCES TO ESTABLISH THAT KIND 1006 00:37:09,000 --> 00:37:09,840 OF INFORMATION. 1007 00:37:09,840 --> 00:37:11,080 AND, AGAIN, TO REMIND YOU WE 1008 00:37:11,080 --> 00:37:13,600 HAVE ABOUT TWO DOZEN FOAs 1009 00:37:13,600 --> 00:37:15,000 CURRENTLY AVAILABLE RANGING FROM 1010 00:37:15,000 --> 00:37:17,640 CELL TYPES TO CIRCUITS TO 1011 00:37:17,640 --> 00:37:18,640 TRANSFORMATIVE PROJECTS. 1012 00:37:18,640 --> 00:37:21,240 AND YOU CAN FIND US HERE AT THIS 1013 00:37:21,240 --> 00:37:23,680 WEBSITE OR USE THIS SNAZZY QR 1014 00:37:23,680 --> 00:37:24,000 CODE. 1015 00:37:24,000 --> 00:37:26,080 I TRIED IT THE OTHER DAY. 1016 00:37:26,080 --> 00:37:26,760 IT ACTUALLY WORKS. 1017 00:37:26,760 --> 00:37:27,920 I'LL LEAVE IT AT THAT. 1018 00:37:27,920 --> 00:37:31,120 I THINK WE HAVE A FEW MINUTES 1019 00:37:31,120 --> 00:37:33,400 FOR QUESTIONS MAYBE. 1020 00:37:33,400 --> 00:37:34,280 1021 00:37:34,280 --> 00:37:37,880 >>YES, WE DO HAVE 12 MINUTES 1022 00:37:37,880 --> 00:37:38,200 FOR QUESTIONS. 1023 00:37:38,200 --> 00:37:39,720 SO, DOES ANYONE HAVE QUESTIONS 1024 00:37:39,720 --> 00:37:42,840 OR DISCUSSION POINTS FOR JOHN? 1025 00:37:42,840 --> 00:37:48,840 1026 00:37:48,840 --> 00:37:49,240 1027 00:37:49,240 --> 00:37:50,640 >>THANKS, JOHN, A NICE SUMMARY 1028 00:37:50,640 --> 00:37:54,280 OF THINGS GOING ON. 1029 00:37:54,280 --> 00:37:56,240 I WANT TO ASK ABOUT THE SHORT 1030 00:37:56,240 --> 00:37:58,040 COURSE RFA LOOKS LIKE YOU PUT 1031 00:37:58,040 --> 00:37:59,600 THAT ONCE A YEAR, IS THERE A 1032 00:37:59,600 --> 00:38:02,320 RATIONALE FOR DOING THAT AT 1033 00:38:02,320 --> 00:38:10,560 LEAST TWICE A YEAR OR WHAT ARE 1034 00:38:10,560 --> 00:38:11,400 YOUR THOUGHTS ON THAT? 1035 00:38:11,400 --> 00:38:13,360 >>WE'RE TRYING TO BALANCE 1036 00:38:13,360 --> 00:38:14,920 AVAILABILITY WITH DEMAND, ALSO 1037 00:38:14,920 --> 00:38:15,600 STAFF WORKLOAD. 1038 00:38:15,600 --> 00:38:17,440 RIGHT NOW LET'S JUST SAY DEMAND 1039 00:38:17,440 --> 00:38:20,600 ISN'T YET THERE TO COME IN AT A 1040 00:38:20,600 --> 00:38:21,000 GREATER FREQUENCY. 1041 00:38:21,000 --> 00:38:23,800 THIS GIVES FOLKS A TIME TO 1042 00:38:23,800 --> 00:38:25,440 REVISE AND RESUBMIT IF THEY 1043 00:38:25,440 --> 00:38:27,520 DON'T DO WELL THE FIRST TIME 1044 00:38:27,520 --> 00:38:28,000 THROUGH. 1045 00:38:28,000 --> 00:38:30,480 WE'RE CERTAINLY OPEN TO IT BUT I 1046 00:38:30,480 --> 00:38:32,760 DON'T -- AT THIS POINT I'M NOT 1047 00:38:32,760 --> 00:38:34,720 SURE THE RECEIPT DATES IS 1048 00:38:34,720 --> 00:38:35,080 LIMITING. 1049 00:38:35,080 --> 00:38:36,600 PEOPLE NEED TIME TO THINK ABOUT 1050 00:38:36,600 --> 00:38:36,760 IT. 1051 00:38:36,760 --> 00:38:38,320 I'VE TALKED TO A FEW FOLKS ABOUT 1052 00:38:38,320 --> 00:38:42,400 COMING IN FOR THIS AS WELL. 1053 00:38:42,400 --> 00:38:50,400 1054 00:38:50,400 --> 00:38:52,320 STUNNED INTO SILENCE. 1055 00:38:52,320 --> 00:38:53,000 >>OTHER QUESTIONS? 1056 00:38:53,000 --> 00:38:55,960 OR DISCUSSION POINTS? 1057 00:38:55,960 --> 00:39:02,000 1058 00:39:02,000 --> 00:39:06,600 1059 00:39:06,600 --> 00:39:06,920 OKAY. 1060 00:39:06,920 --> 00:39:08,520 I THINK WE CAN MOVE ON. 1061 00:39:08,520 --> 00:39:10,920 DOES THAT SOUND GOOD, JOHN? 1062 00:39:10,920 --> 00:39:12,280 >>YEP. 1063 00:39:12,280 --> 00:39:12,680 IS CHRISTINE HERE? 1064 00:39:12,680 --> 00:39:17,560 >>YEAH, NEXT UP WE HAVE DR. 1065 00:39:17,560 --> 00:39:18,200 CHRISTINE GRADY. 1066 00:39:18,200 --> 00:39:20,720 SHE DOESN'T NEED AN INTRODUCTION 1067 00:39:20,720 --> 00:39:22,200 BUT SHE'S A NURSE BIOETHICIST 1068 00:39:22,200 --> 00:39:23,960 AND SENIOR INVESTIGATOR WHO 1069 00:39:23,960 --> 00:39:26,120 SERVES AS CHIEF OF THE 1070 00:39:26,120 --> 00:39:27,720 DEPARTMENT OF BIOETHICS AT THE 1071 00:39:27,720 --> 00:39:29,440 CLINICAL CENTER AT NIH. 1072 00:39:29,440 --> 00:39:31,840 CHRISTINE HAS PUBLISHED WIDELY 1073 00:39:31,840 --> 00:39:42,400 IN THE BIOMEDICAL AND BIOETHICS 1074 00:39:51,680 --> 00:39:52,880 LITERATURE, A TREASURE FOR 1075 00:39:52,880 --> 00:39:53,400 BRAIN. 1076 00:39:53,400 --> 00:39:54,840 I'LL TURN IT OVER TO CHRISTINE 1077 00:39:54,840 --> 00:39:56,920 TO DISCUSS THE NEWG MEETING FROM 1078 00:39:56,920 --> 00:39:57,200 YESTERDAY. 1079 00:39:57,200 --> 00:40:01,960 >>THANK YOU FOR THE LOVELY 1080 00:40:01,960 --> 00:40:03,160 INTRODUCTION, KRISTIN. 1081 00:40:03,160 --> 00:40:06,840 I WANTED TO SPEND A MINUTE JUST 1082 00:40:06,840 --> 00:40:07,720 TELLING EVERYBODY WHAT THE 1083 00:40:07,720 --> 00:40:08,720 NEUROETHICS WORKING GROUP WAS 1084 00:40:08,720 --> 00:40:19,120 BECAUSE THERE ARE SOME NEW 1085 00:40:19,120 --> 00:40:22,200 MEMBERS TO THIS MCWG, THE GROUP 1086 00:40:22,200 --> 00:40:23,760 IS AFFECTIONATELY CALLED NEWG, A 1087 00:40:23,760 --> 00:40:26,920 GROUP OF NINE PEOPLE EXPERTS IN 1088 00:40:26,920 --> 00:40:32,000 NEUROETHICS AND NEUROSCIENCE. 1089 00:40:32,000 --> 00:40:34,800 AND WE WORK TO PROVIDE INPUT 1090 00:40:34,800 --> 00:40:35,840 RELATED TO NEUROETHICS TO THE 1091 00:40:35,840 --> 00:40:38,280 BRAIN INITIATIVE AND TO THE 1092 00:40:38,280 --> 00:40:39,240 MULTI-COUNCIL WORKING GROUP. 1093 00:40:39,240 --> 00:40:42,680 IT WAS FORMED AT THE END OF 1094 00:40:42,680 --> 00:40:45,400 2015, I'M HONORED TO CO-CHAIR 1095 00:40:45,400 --> 00:40:47,600 CURRENTLY WITH DR. NITA 1096 00:40:47,600 --> 00:40:49,120 FARAHANY, DISTINGUISHED 1097 00:40:49,120 --> 00:40:50,760 PROFESSOR OF LAW AND PHILOSOPHY 1098 00:40:50,760 --> 00:40:53,320 AT THE DUKE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF 1099 00:40:53,320 --> 00:40:53,480 LAW. 1100 00:40:53,480 --> 00:40:56,120 AND WE MEET AS A GROUP TWICE A 1101 00:40:56,120 --> 00:40:58,840 YEAR, USUALLY IN JANUARY AND 1102 00:40:58,840 --> 00:41:00,960 AUGUST, VERY OFTEN JUST THE DAY 1103 00:41:00,960 --> 00:41:04,560 BEFORE YOUR GROUP MEETS. 1104 00:41:04,560 --> 00:41:06,640 AND THEN OFTEN HAVE TOPICAL 1105 00:41:06,640 --> 00:41:09,480 WORKSHOPS THAT WE SCHEDULE WHEN 1106 00:41:09,480 --> 00:41:09,920 APPROPRIATE. 1107 00:41:09,920 --> 00:41:11,640 OUR CHARGE BASICALLY IS 1108 00:41:11,640 --> 00:41:13,320 IDENTIFYING ETHICAL CHALLENGES 1109 00:41:13,320 --> 00:41:15,720 IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND/OR 1110 00:41:15,720 --> 00:41:19,680 APPLICATION OF BRAIN RESEARCH, 1111 00:41:19,680 --> 00:41:20,280 ANTICIPATING AND PROVIDING WAYS 1112 00:41:20,280 --> 00:41:27,200 FOR BRAIN TO NAVIGATE ETHICAL 1113 00:41:27,200 --> 00:41:28,000 CHALLENGES, PROVIDING 1114 00:41:28,000 --> 00:41:30,080 CONSULTATION WHEN APPROPRIATE 1115 00:41:30,080 --> 00:41:31,160 AND IDENTIFYING NEUROETHICS 1116 00:41:31,160 --> 00:41:31,960 QUESTIONS ADDRESSED THROUGH 1117 00:41:31,960 --> 00:41:34,000 FUNDING OPPORTUNITY OR OTHER 1118 00:41:34,000 --> 00:41:34,560 MECHANISMS. 1119 00:41:34,560 --> 00:41:38,760 AND THEN WHEN APPROPRIATE 1120 00:41:38,760 --> 00:41:40,800 PUBLISHING ON KEY ETHICAL 1121 00:41:40,800 --> 00:41:43,200 CHALLENGES THAT ARE TIED TO THE 1122 00:41:43,200 --> 00:41:44,000 BRAIN INITIATIVE. 1123 00:41:44,000 --> 00:41:46,400 SO, MY TASK FOR TODAY IS TO JUST 1124 00:41:46,400 --> 00:41:48,720 TELL YOU A LITTLE BIT ABOUT WHAT 1125 00:41:48,720 --> 00:41:51,120 OUR MEETING WAS LIKE YESTERDAY. 1126 00:41:51,120 --> 00:41:53,320 TO RECAP THAT MEETING, WE HAD A 1127 00:41:53,320 --> 00:41:55,520 MEETING YESTERDAY AFTERNOON, IT 1128 00:41:55,520 --> 00:42:00,000 WAS VIRTUAL ALSO, AS YOURS IS 1129 00:42:00,000 --> 00:42:00,320 TODAY. 1130 00:42:00,320 --> 00:42:01,960 JOHN STARTED THE DAY WITH AN 1131 00:42:01,960 --> 00:42:06,360 UPDATE FROM BRAIN AND FOCUSED ON 1132 00:42:06,360 --> 00:42:08,360 TWO OTHER KINDS OF RECENT 1133 00:42:08,360 --> 00:42:10,840 RESEARCH FINDINGS IN BRAIN THAT 1134 00:42:10,840 --> 00:42:13,920 RAISED REALLY INTERESTING 1135 00:42:13,920 --> 00:42:17,720 ETHICAL CHALLENGES, ONE IS THE 1136 00:42:17,720 --> 00:42:20,440 IMPLANTATION OF HUMAN 1137 00:42:20,440 --> 00:42:21,560 iPSC-DERIVED ORGANOIDS INTO 1138 00:42:21,560 --> 00:42:23,760 MOUSE BRAINS, WHICH REVEALED 1139 00:42:23,760 --> 00:42:25,160 SOME FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIONS AND 1140 00:42:25,160 --> 00:42:27,120 VASCULARIZATION, AND LEAD TO 1141 00:42:27,120 --> 00:42:28,480 SOME REALLY INTERESTING 1142 00:42:28,480 --> 00:42:29,760 QUESTIONS. 1143 00:42:29,760 --> 00:42:32,720 AND ALSO ANOTHER STUDY, PILOT 1144 00:42:32,720 --> 00:42:38,160 STUDY OF TWO PATIENTS DBS IN THE 1145 00:42:38,160 --> 00:42:41,480 NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS, DONE TO LOOK 1146 00:42:41,480 --> 00:42:44,400 AT CONTROL OF BINGE EATING AND 1147 00:42:44,400 --> 00:42:45,440 ACTUALLY FOUND SOME INTERESTING 1148 00:42:45,440 --> 00:42:48,600 EFFECTS IN THE TWO PATIENTS THAT 1149 00:42:48,600 --> 00:42:49,480 THEY PILOTED. 1150 00:42:49,480 --> 00:42:51,240 I WAS FASCINATED BY SOME OF THE 1151 00:42:51,240 --> 00:42:52,600 THINGS YOU MENTIONED JUST NOW, 1152 00:42:52,600 --> 00:42:54,240 JOHN, IN TERMS OF THE RESEARCH 1153 00:42:54,240 --> 00:42:56,120 THAT'S BEING DONE. 1154 00:42:56,120 --> 00:43:01,840 SO THERE MAY BE OTHERS THAT HAVE 1155 00:43:01,840 --> 00:43:04,720 ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS. 1156 00:43:04,720 --> 00:43:08,200 DR. NGAI MENTIONED YESTERDAY A 1157 00:43:08,200 --> 00:43:09,080 CALL FOR SUPPLEMENT THROUGH 1158 00:43:09,080 --> 00:43:13,960 OFFICE OF SCIENCE POLICY GENERAL 1159 00:43:13,960 --> 00:43:15,760 BIOETHICS BUT ALSO WOULD SUPPORT 1160 00:43:15,760 --> 00:43:19,120 NEUROETHICS WORK AND HAS IN THE 1161 00:43:19,120 --> 00:43:22,400 PAST, THAT MECHANISM HAS 1162 00:43:22,400 --> 00:43:23,400 SUPPORTED SOME SUPPORT FOR BRAIN 1163 00:43:23,400 --> 00:43:24,400 INITIATIVE PREVIOUSLY, SO THAT'S 1164 00:43:24,400 --> 00:43:27,240 SOMETHING THAT'S OPEN AT THE 1165 00:43:27,240 --> 00:43:27,560 MOMENT. 1166 00:43:27,560 --> 00:43:34,560 AND ALSO DUE IN FEBRUARY, THE 1167 00:43:34,560 --> 00:43:35,200 APPLICATIONS FOR THAT 1168 00:43:35,200 --> 00:43:35,680 SUPPLEMENT. 1169 00:43:35,680 --> 00:43:37,560 WE SPENT THE FIRST HALF OF THE 1170 00:43:37,560 --> 00:43:39,720 MEETING REALLY HAVING AN OPEN 1171 00:43:39,720 --> 00:43:41,120 SESSION ON HEALTH-RELATED 1172 00:43:41,120 --> 00:43:42,400 TECHNOLOGIES THAT AFFECT THE 1173 00:43:42,400 --> 00:43:42,880 BRAIN. 1174 00:43:42,880 --> 00:43:45,680 WE HAD TWO VERY INTERESTING 1175 00:43:45,680 --> 00:43:47,880 PRESENTATIONS, ONE FROM DR. 1176 00:43:47,880 --> 00:43:53,720 KRYSTAL AT UCSF WHO PRESENTED ON 1177 00:43:53,720 --> 00:43:55,360 A PERSONALIZED USE OF 1178 00:43:55,360 --> 00:43:59,400 CLOSED-LOOP NEUROMODULATION AND 1179 00:43:59,400 --> 00:44:00,360 INDIVIDUAL TREATMENT-RESISTANT 1180 00:44:00,360 --> 00:44:01,000 DEPRESSION, TALKED ABOUT EFFECTS 1181 00:44:01,000 --> 00:44:04,480 THEY WERE ABLE TO HAVE ON THIS 1182 00:44:04,480 --> 00:44:05,760 PARTICULAR PATIENT AND HOW THEY 1183 00:44:05,760 --> 00:44:11,480 MAY EXPAND IT TO OTHER PATIENTS 1184 00:44:11,480 --> 00:44:12,560 OF SIMILAR PHENOTYPES. 1185 00:44:12,560 --> 00:44:23,080 A SECOND PRESENTATION FROM DR. 1186 00:44:23,920 --> 00:44:27,120 VIVIC PANDRANGI, A STUDY FOR 1187 00:44:27,120 --> 00:44:28,200 PAIN MANAGEMENT, DECREASING 1188 00:44:28,200 --> 00:44:30,760 OPIOID USE IN PATIENTS WHO HAD 1189 00:44:30,760 --> 00:44:33,600 HAD HEAD AND NECK SURGERY. 1190 00:44:33,600 --> 00:44:36,760 THOSE TWO CASE STUDIES LED TO A 1191 00:44:36,760 --> 00:44:38,400 GENERAL DISCUSSION ON SOME OF 1192 00:44:38,400 --> 00:44:40,920 THE ETHICAL QUESTIONS RAISED BY 1193 00:44:40,920 --> 00:44:42,120 HEALTH-RELATED TECHNOLOGIES THAT 1194 00:44:42,120 --> 00:44:43,760 AFFECT THE BRAIN, AND WE 1195 00:44:43,760 --> 00:44:46,080 DISCUSSED ACTUALLY WHETHER IT 1196 00:44:46,080 --> 00:44:46,680 MATTERS WHAT THE TECHNOLOGIES 1197 00:44:46,680 --> 00:44:48,480 ARE, WHETHER THEY ARE DIRECT OR 1198 00:44:48,480 --> 00:44:50,480 INDIRECT, WHETHER THEY ARE 1199 00:44:50,480 --> 00:44:53,960 INVASIVE OR NOT INVASIVE. 1200 00:44:53,960 --> 00:44:56,000 AND LOTS OF DISCUSSION ABOUT 1201 00:44:56,000 --> 00:44:58,200 WHETHER OR NOT THE NEUROETHICS 1202 00:44:58,200 --> 00:45:02,360 WORKING GROUP COULD DO SOMETHING 1203 00:45:02,360 --> 00:45:04,280 CONSTRUCTIVE IN THIS AREA OF 1204 00:45:04,280 --> 00:45:08,920 HEALTH EFFECTS ON THE BRAIN. 1205 00:45:08,920 --> 00:45:11,960 WE TALKED ABOUT DIFFERENT 1206 00:45:11,960 --> 00:45:13,760 BOUNDARIES, HOW TO UNDERSTAND 1207 00:45:13,760 --> 00:45:16,600 MECHANISMS, THE ISSUES OF 1208 00:45:16,600 --> 00:45:22,720 INDIVIDUALIZATION AND 1209 00:45:22,720 --> 00:45:23,720 GENERALIZABILITY, IN STUDIES. 1210 00:45:23,720 --> 00:45:25,480 REVERSIBILITY AS CRITERIA AND 1211 00:45:25,480 --> 00:45:27,840 NEED TO REVISIT THEMES RAISED IN 1212 00:45:27,840 --> 00:45:32,440 THE BRAIN 2.0 NEUROETHICS REPORT 1213 00:45:32,440 --> 00:45:33,800 THAT JIM EBERWINE WAS A LEADER 1214 00:45:33,800 --> 00:45:36,200 OF FOR INSPIRATION AND SCOPING 1215 00:45:36,200 --> 00:45:37,200 WHAT THE NEUROETHICS GROUP, 1216 00:45:37,200 --> 00:45:39,240 WORKING GROUP MIGHT DO IN THIS 1217 00:45:39,240 --> 00:45:39,520 SPACE. 1218 00:45:39,520 --> 00:45:49,120 THAT'S MORE TO BE HAD ON THAT 1219 00:45:49,120 --> 00:45:50,520 DISCUSSION. 1220 00:45:50,520 --> 00:45:52,840 THERE ARE ANNOUNCEMENTS ON 1221 00:45:52,840 --> 00:45:58,800 PROGRAMMATIC PILLARS LAUNCHED AT 1222 00:45:58,800 --> 00:46:01,000 THE DANA FOUNDATION. 1223 00:46:01,000 --> 00:46:03,560 OECD REPORT, LEADING TO SOME 1224 00:46:03,560 --> 00:46:04,400 PRODUCTIVE INTERNATIONAL 1225 00:46:04,400 --> 00:46:05,120 CONVERSATIONS. 1226 00:46:05,120 --> 00:46:07,480 EFFORTS FROM THE RESEARCH ON 1227 00:46:07,480 --> 00:46:09,880 HUMANS CONSORTIUM, PART OF THE 1228 00:46:09,880 --> 00:46:11,040 BRAIN INITIATIVE INVESTIGATOR 1229 00:46:11,040 --> 00:46:14,280 GROUP, AROUND DATA SHARING AND 1230 00:46:14,280 --> 00:46:16,320 DATA REUSE, AND PLANS FOR THE 1231 00:46:16,320 --> 00:46:21,400 NEWG TO HAVE A WORKSHOP ON DATA 1232 00:46:21,400 --> 00:46:22,920 SHARING AND DATA PRIVACY, 1233 00:46:22,920 --> 00:46:27,520 TENTATIVELY PLANNED FOR JULY OF 1234 00:46:27,520 --> 00:46:27,960 THIS YEAR. 1235 00:46:27,960 --> 00:46:29,800 MORE INFORMATION WILL BE COMING 1236 00:46:29,800 --> 00:46:34,600 IN CASE PEOPLE ARE INTERESTED IN 1237 00:46:34,600 --> 00:46:34,880 ATTENDING. 1238 00:46:34,880 --> 00:46:37,800 AND THEN IN THE CLOSED SESSION, 1239 00:46:37,800 --> 00:46:39,640 THE NEUROETHICS WORKING GROUP 1240 00:46:39,640 --> 00:46:41,520 HAD DISCUSSION THAT WAS A 1241 00:46:41,520 --> 00:46:43,400 CONSULTATION THAT WILL BE 1242 00:46:43,400 --> 00:46:47,760 SUMMARIZED AT AN NIMH COUNCIL 1243 00:46:47,760 --> 00:46:48,840 MEETING IN THE NEAR FUTURE. 1244 00:46:48,840 --> 00:46:50,680 HAPPY TO ANSWER QUESTIONS ABOUT 1245 00:46:50,680 --> 00:46:52,000 YESTERDAY'S AGENDA OR THE 1246 00:46:52,000 --> 00:46:54,080 NEUROETHICS WORKING GROUP IN 1247 00:46:54,080 --> 00:46:55,640 GENERAL, AND THANK YOU FOR 1248 00:46:55,640 --> 00:46:57,640 GIVING ME TIME TO TALK TO YOU 1249 00:46:57,640 --> 00:46:59,720 ABOUT IT. 1250 00:46:59,720 --> 00:47:06,160 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH, CHRISTINE 1251 00:47:06,160 --> 00:47:09,200 ARE THERE ANY QUESTIONS OR 1252 00:47:09,200 --> 00:47:10,120 COMMENTS? 1253 00:47:10,120 --> 00:47:12,960 I KNOW WE HAVE MCWG MEMBERS WHO 1254 00:47:12,960 --> 00:47:15,000 ALSO SERVE ON THE NEWG, SO -- 1255 00:47:15,000 --> 00:47:19,720 >>I ALSO WANT TO ACKNOWLEDGE WE 1256 00:47:19,720 --> 00:47:22,040 HAD MANY OTHER NON-NEWG MCWG 1257 00:47:22,040 --> 00:47:23,440 MEMBERS, REALLY TERRIFIC, AND 1258 00:47:23,440 --> 00:47:25,520 APPRECIATE THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS 1259 00:47:25,520 --> 00:47:26,480 TO OUR DISCUSSION YESTERDAY. 1260 00:47:26,480 --> 00:47:28,280 >>ABSOLUTELY. 1261 00:47:28,280 --> 00:47:30,720 YOU'RE ALWAYS INVITED. 1262 00:47:30,720 --> 00:47:31,760 >>ALWAYS, ALWAYS. 1263 00:47:31,760 --> 00:47:32,400 >>TED? 1264 00:47:32,400 --> 00:47:33,520 KRISTIN, ARE YOU CALLING ON 1265 00:47:33,520 --> 00:47:34,720 PEOPLE OR ME IN I DON'T KNOW. 1266 00:47:34,720 --> 00:47:38,000 >>IT'S ALL GOOD. 1267 00:47:38,000 --> 00:47:38,160 TED? 1268 00:47:38,160 --> 00:47:39,360 >>THANKS. 1269 00:47:39,360 --> 00:47:40,320 I ENJOYED MEETING YESTERDAY. 1270 00:47:40,320 --> 00:47:42,360 IT WAS AN INTERESTING 1271 00:47:42,360 --> 00:47:42,840 DISCUSSION. 1272 00:47:42,840 --> 00:47:44,480 I HAVE A QUESTION, MAYBE MORE 1273 00:47:44,480 --> 00:47:46,880 ABOUT THE BRAIN INITIATIVE, 1274 00:47:46,880 --> 00:47:48,400 CONNECTED TO NEWG. 1275 00:47:48,400 --> 00:47:52,240 THAT IS THAT WE THOUGHT ABOUT 1276 00:47:52,240 --> 00:47:53,240 INCORPORATING NEUROETHICS IN 1277 00:47:53,240 --> 00:47:54,600 GRANTS AND IN RESEARCH STUDIES 1278 00:47:54,600 --> 00:47:58,400 WHICH I THINK IS TERRIFIC. 1279 00:47:58,400 --> 00:48:02,640 I WONDER WHAT'S HAPPENING IN THE 1280 00:48:02,640 --> 00:48:03,520 TRAINING SPACE FOR NEUROETHICS 1281 00:48:03,520 --> 00:48:06,720 AND IF THOSE TRAINING GRANTS ARE 1282 00:48:06,720 --> 00:48:08,120 ELIGIBLE FOR -- I WONDER WHERE 1283 00:48:08,120 --> 00:48:09,880 THAT IS IN THE TRAINING SPACE. 1284 00:48:09,880 --> 00:48:12,400 SEEMS IT MIGHT BE HARD TO REVIEW 1285 00:48:12,400 --> 00:48:13,800 BY EXISTING STUDY SECTIONS AND 1286 00:48:13,800 --> 00:48:15,120 SO MY QUESTION WAS ABOUT 1287 00:48:15,120 --> 00:48:15,760 TRAINING IN NEUROETHICS AND WHAT 1288 00:48:15,760 --> 00:48:26,040 ARE WE DOING ABOUT ING ABOUT TH. 1289 00:48:26,040 --> 00:48:30,400 >>I CAPTAIN CITE NUMBERS BUT I 1290 00:48:30,400 --> 00:48:33,280 BELIEVE THROUGH SUPPLEMENTS OR 1291 00:48:33,280 --> 00:48:34,080 INDIVIDUAL AWARDS. 1292 00:48:34,080 --> 00:48:40,720 NINA, CAN YOU SPEAK TO THAT? 1293 00:48:40,720 --> 00:48:46,200 >>TED, THERE'S A COUPLE LAYERS, 1294 00:48:46,200 --> 00:48:47,600 T32s DON'T HAVE ANYTHING 1295 00:48:47,600 --> 00:48:48,320 AVAILABLE IN NEUROETHICS SPACE 1296 00:48:48,320 --> 00:48:52,120 BUT AS FAR AS OUR EXISTING BRAIN 1297 00:48:52,120 --> 00:48:53,960 INITIATIVE FUNDING MECHANISMS WE 1298 00:48:53,960 --> 00:48:55,720 HAVE RECEIVED AND FUNDED SEVERAL 1299 00:48:55,720 --> 00:48:58,240 APPLICATIONS THAT ARE IN THE F32 1300 00:48:58,240 --> 00:49:00,080 AND K99 SPACE NOW. 1301 00:49:00,080 --> 00:49:03,640 IN FACT HAVE A K99 THAT 1302 00:49:03,640 --> 00:49:05,000 TRANSITIONED TO R 00 WORKING IN 1303 00:49:05,000 --> 00:49:06,880 THE NEUROETHICS SPACE, WE HAVE 1304 00:49:06,880 --> 00:49:09,280 SOME THERE AND WE'VE SUPPORTED 1305 00:49:09,280 --> 00:49:14,240 SEVERAL INDIVIDUALS ON SOME OSP 1306 00:49:14,240 --> 00:49:15,320 SUPPLEMENTS LIKE CHRISTINE 1307 00:49:15,320 --> 00:49:16,280 REFERENCED. 1308 00:49:16,280 --> 00:49:18,560 WE HAVE SUPPORTED MULTIPLE 1309 00:49:18,560 --> 00:49:19,760 PEOPLE EARLY STAGE FACULTY 1310 00:49:19,760 --> 00:49:22,320 MEMBER, LATE STAGE POSTDOC, 1311 00:49:22,320 --> 00:49:24,480 WANTING TO INTEGRATE NEUROETHICS 1312 00:49:24,480 --> 00:49:25,600 INTO THE EXISTING BRAIN 1313 00:49:25,600 --> 00:49:26,680 INITIATIVE PROJECTS, AND I KNOW 1314 00:49:26,680 --> 00:49:30,720 WE'VE GOT A FEW MORE COMING OUR 1315 00:49:30,720 --> 00:49:32,160 WAY AS WELL. 1316 00:49:32,160 --> 00:49:34,000 >>YEAH, THANKS, JAY. 1317 00:49:34,000 --> 00:49:36,280 IT SEEMS LIKE AN IMPORTANT 1318 00:49:36,280 --> 00:49:38,480 OPPORTUNITY AND I WONDER IF 1319 00:49:38,480 --> 00:49:41,120 WE'RE GIVING IT ENOUGH AIR TIME 1320 00:49:41,120 --> 00:49:42,680 IN TERMS OF TRAINING IN 1321 00:49:42,680 --> 00:49:42,960 NEUROETHICS. 1322 00:49:42,960 --> 00:49:48,560 >>THAT'S A GOOD POINT, TED. 1323 00:49:48,560 --> 00:49:50,000 WE'RE NOT LIMITING OUR END. 1324 00:49:50,000 --> 00:49:51,400 WHAT WE'RE LIMITING IS 1325 00:49:51,400 --> 00:49:53,960 VISIBILITY IN THE COMMUNITY, 1326 00:49:53,960 --> 00:49:55,760 BRINGING FOLKS IN TO APPLY. 1327 00:49:55,760 --> 00:49:59,200 I HOPE BY MAY WE'LL HAVE 1328 00:49:59,200 --> 00:50:00,800 SOMETHING TO TELL YOU ABOUT 1329 00:50:00,800 --> 00:50:01,920 OUTREACH STRATEGIES WE'RE 1330 00:50:01,920 --> 00:50:02,800 PUTTING TOGETHER, STRATEGIES FOR 1331 00:50:02,800 --> 00:50:04,120 OUTREACH THAT WILL BRING IN 1332 00:50:04,120 --> 00:50:06,760 FOLKS FROM DIFFERENT WALKS OF 1333 00:50:06,760 --> 00:50:08,600 LIFE, DIFFERENT BACKGROUNDS, 1334 00:50:08,600 --> 00:50:09,040 DIFFERENT LOCATIONS. 1335 00:50:09,040 --> 00:50:11,320 >>I THINK ALSO WHERE THE DANA 1336 00:50:11,320 --> 00:50:13,440 FOUNDATION IS GOING WILL OVERLAP 1337 00:50:13,440 --> 00:50:15,880 TOO BECAUSE THEY ARE GOING TO 1338 00:50:15,880 --> 00:50:17,560 MORE SOCIETAL ISSUES AND SO THEY 1339 00:50:17,560 --> 00:50:20,920 MIGHT VERY WELL OVERLAP. 1340 00:50:20,920 --> 00:50:21,720 >>PERHAPS CAROLINE WANTS TO 1341 00:50:21,720 --> 00:50:22,400 ADDRESS THAT. 1342 00:50:22,400 --> 00:50:24,560 A GREAT OPPORTUNITY FOR 1343 00:50:24,560 --> 00:50:26,280 PARTNERSHIPS WITH OUR 1344 00:50:26,280 --> 00:50:26,800 NON-FEDERAL PARTICIPANTS. 1345 00:50:26,800 --> 00:50:29,720 >>THANK YOU SO MUCH, TED, FOR 1346 00:50:29,720 --> 00:50:33,000 BRINGING UP THAT VERY IMPORTANT 1347 00:50:33,000 --> 00:50:33,560 QUESTION. 1348 00:50:33,560 --> 00:50:34,320 FROM THE DANA FOUNDATION SIDE 1349 00:50:34,320 --> 00:50:37,280 THIS WOULD BE AN WE WOULD LOVE 1350 00:50:37,280 --> 00:50:39,920 TO PARTNER WITH NIH AND OTHERS 1351 00:50:39,920 --> 00:50:42,440 ON BECAUSE WE'RE EMBARKING ON 1352 00:50:42,440 --> 00:50:44,920 CATALYTIC WORK IN THE 1353 00:50:44,920 --> 00:50:46,480 NEUROETHICS TRAINING AREA, AND 1354 00:50:46,480 --> 00:50:48,240 THAT'S BEING DONE THROUGH A FEW 1355 00:50:48,240 --> 00:50:49,120 DIFFERENT PROGRAMS. 1356 00:50:49,120 --> 00:50:53,360 ONE OF THE SIGNATURE PROGRAMS IS 1357 00:50:53,360 --> 00:50:56,880 UNDER NEXT GEN PILLAR, AND WE'RE 1358 00:50:56,880 --> 00:50:57,960 LAUNCHING DANA CENTERS IN 1359 00:50:57,960 --> 00:51:00,480 NEUROSCIENCE AND SOCIETY, WHERE 1360 00:51:00,480 --> 00:51:03,040 ONE OF THE KEY GOALS IS 1361 00:51:03,040 --> 00:51:04,640 PROVIDING BOTH NEUROETHICS 1362 00:51:04,640 --> 00:51:07,480 EDUCATION AND NEUROETHICS 1363 00:51:07,480 --> 00:51:07,800 TRAINING. 1364 00:51:07,800 --> 00:51:09,560 AND SO IT'S A CATALYTIC EFFORT 1365 00:51:09,560 --> 00:51:09,880 THOUGH. 1366 00:51:09,880 --> 00:51:11,080 WE HOPE WE CAN PARTNER WITH 1367 00:51:11,080 --> 00:51:13,160 OTHERS WHO CAN TAKE UP THE 1368 00:51:13,160 --> 00:51:16,800 FRUITS OF THOSE CATALYTIC 1369 00:51:16,800 --> 00:51:18,680 OUTCOMES AND FIND PATHWAYS FOR 1370 00:51:18,680 --> 00:51:21,200 SUSTAINED FUNDING IN THE FUTURE. 1371 00:51:21,200 --> 00:51:23,040 AND ANOTHER RELEVANT INITIATIVE 1372 00:51:23,040 --> 00:51:27,080 IS THAT WE'RE SETTING UP A DANA 1373 00:51:27,080 --> 00:51:28,080 NEUROSCIENCE IN SOCIETY CAREER 1374 00:51:28,080 --> 00:51:30,120 TRAINING NETWORK, SO ALSO 1375 00:51:30,120 --> 00:51:31,360 PROVIDING PATHWAYS FOR THESE 1376 00:51:31,360 --> 00:51:32,440 TRAINEES TO CONNECT WITH EACH 1377 00:51:32,440 --> 00:51:34,880 OTHER, THESE COULD BE TRAINEES 1378 00:51:34,880 --> 00:51:36,600 THAT HAVE INTEREST IN 1379 00:51:36,600 --> 00:51:40,520 INTERSECTION OF NEUROSCIENCE AND 1380 00:51:40,520 --> 00:51:41,640 LAW, ETHICS, HUMANITIES AND SO 1381 00:51:41,640 --> 00:51:43,280 ON, TO CONNECT WITH EACH OTHER 1382 00:51:43,280 --> 00:51:45,200 AND ALSO THINK ABOUT DIFFERENT 1383 00:51:45,200 --> 00:51:47,000 PATHWAYS THAT COULD BE BUILT OUT 1384 00:51:47,000 --> 00:51:47,800 IN THE FUTURE. 1385 00:51:47,800 --> 00:51:50,840 SO THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR THAT 1386 00:51:50,840 --> 00:51:51,400 QUESTION, TED. 1387 00:51:51,400 --> 00:51:54,880 THANK YOU FOR THE INVITATION TO 1388 00:51:54,880 --> 00:51:55,360 SHARE, JOHN. 1389 00:51:55,360 --> 00:51:56,480 >>GREAT OPPORTUNITIES. 1390 00:51:56,480 --> 00:51:57,680 WE'RE REALLY LOOKING FORWARD TO 1391 00:51:57,680 --> 00:52:06,160 SEEING HOW THESE PROGRAMS 1392 00:52:06,160 --> 00:52:06,400 DEVELOP. 1393 00:52:06,400 --> 00:52:08,680 >>ANY OTHER QUESTIONS OR 1394 00:52:08,680 --> 00:52:10,880 COMMENTS FOR CHRISTINE OR NEWG 1395 00:52:10,880 --> 00:52:12,400 MEMBERS? 1396 00:52:12,400 --> 00:52:19,080 1397 00:52:19,080 --> 00:52:19,840 OKAY. 1398 00:52:19,840 --> 00:52:20,440 THANK YOU AGAIN, CHRISTINE. 1399 00:52:20,440 --> 00:52:27,960 >>THANK YOU THANK YOU VERY MU. 1400 00:52:27,960 --> 00:52:29,120 THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION. 1401 00:52:29,120 --> 00:52:30,720 >>JOHN IS GOING TO INTRODUCE 1402 00:52:30,720 --> 00:52:30,960 JOHN. 1403 00:52:30,960 --> 00:52:37,560 JOHN, DO YOU HAVE YOUR SLIDES 1404 00:52:37,560 --> 00:52:37,760 READY? 1405 00:52:37,760 --> 00:52:42,240 >>I DO. 1406 00:52:42,240 --> 00:52:51,520 >>I'M DELIGHTED TO INTRODUCE 1407 00:52:51,520 --> 00:52:53,440 JOHN MAUNSELL, PROFESSOR OF 1408 00:52:53,440 --> 00:52:54,560 NEUROBIOLOGY, RECEIVED HIS 1409 00:52:54,560 --> 00:52:55,960 BACHELOR'S DEGREE FROM DUKE 1410 00:52:55,960 --> 00:52:57,960 UNIVERSITY, Ph.D. FROM CAL 1411 00:52:57,960 --> 00:53:00,800 TECH, WE'RE BOTH TECHERS, I 1412 00:53:00,800 --> 00:53:05,200 GUESS, BEFORE PURSUING POSTDOC 1413 00:53:05,200 --> 00:53:11,480 STUDIES AT M.I.T., HIS LAB 1414 00:53:11,480 --> 00:53:13,560 STUDIES VISUAL STIMULI IN THE 1415 00:53:13,560 --> 00:53:17,360 BRAIN AND ACTIVITY IN NEURONS 1416 00:53:17,360 --> 00:53:18,400 UNDERPIN CERTAIN BEHAVIORS, 1417 00:53:18,400 --> 00:53:22,600 CONTRIBUTIONS RECOGNIZED BY MANY 1418 00:53:22,600 --> 00:53:24,480 HONORS, THESE INCLUDE ELECTION 1419 00:53:24,480 --> 00:53:26,160 TO AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR 1420 00:53:26,160 --> 00:53:27,560 ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE IN 2002, 1421 00:53:27,560 --> 00:53:30,400 AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND 1422 00:53:30,400 --> 00:53:33,160 SCIENCES IN 2014, NATIONAL 1423 00:53:33,160 --> 00:53:34,480 ACADEMY OF SCIENCES IN 2021. 1424 00:53:34,480 --> 00:53:39,960 IN ADDITION TO SERVING ON THE 1425 00:53:39,960 --> 00:53:44,960 NATIONAL ADVISORY COUNCIL FOR 1426 00:53:44,960 --> 00:53:46,840 NINDS, BRAIN MCWG, PROVIDED 1427 00:53:46,840 --> 00:53:52,880 SERVICE TO COMMUNITY, EDITOR IN 1428 00:53:52,880 --> 00:53:55,200 CHIEF OF NEUROSCIENCE 2007 TO 1429 00:53:55,200 --> 00:53:55,480 2014. 1430 00:53:55,480 --> 00:53:57,440 WE CAN'T THANK YOU ENOUGH FOR 1431 00:53:57,440 --> 00:53:58,800 THAT, SINCE 2021 EDITOR OF 1432 00:53:58,800 --> 00:54:02,160 ANNUAL REVIEW OF VISION SCIENCE. 1433 00:54:02,160 --> 00:54:06,440 JOHN ALSO VERY NOTABLY 1434 00:54:06,440 --> 00:54:08,080 CO-CHAIRED THE BRAIN 2.0 WORKING 1435 00:54:08,080 --> 00:54:10,240 GROUP, REPORT ISSUED IN 2019, 1436 00:54:10,240 --> 00:54:14,080 CONTINUES TO GUIDE EFFORTS IN 1437 00:54:14,080 --> 00:54:14,920 ACCELERATING DISCOVERIES TO 1438 00:54:14,920 --> 00:54:15,960 CURES OF HUMAN BRAIN DISORDERS 1439 00:54:15,960 --> 00:54:16,840 AND BRAIN INITIATIVE. 1440 00:54:16,840 --> 00:54:21,160 THE TITLE IS THE ROLE OF THE 1441 00:54:21,160 --> 00:54:22,880 LOCUS COERULEUS IN VISUAL 1442 00:54:22,880 --> 00:54:23,280 SPATIAL ATTENTION. 1443 00:54:23,280 --> 00:54:23,600 SO ALL YOURS. 1444 00:54:23,600 --> 00:54:24,800 >>THANK YOU. 1445 00:54:24,800 --> 00:54:28,000 CAN YOU HEAR ME. 1446 00:54:28,000 --> 00:54:28,200 >>YEAH. 1447 00:54:28,200 --> 00:54:29,520 >>THANKS FOR THE KIND 1448 00:54:29,520 --> 00:54:30,480 INTRODUCTION AND INVITATION TO 1449 00:54:30,480 --> 00:54:33,680 TELL YOU ABOUT OUR WORK HERE 1450 00:54:33,680 --> 00:54:34,000 TODAY. 1451 00:54:34,000 --> 00:54:38,640 MY LAB HAS LONG BEEN INVOLVED IN 1452 00:54:38,640 --> 00:54:40,840 STUDYING THE NEURAL CORRELATES, 1453 00:54:40,840 --> 00:54:43,480 MOSTLY HOW SENSORY NEURONS IN 1454 00:54:43,480 --> 00:54:46,080 VISUAL CORTEX OF MONKEYS CHANGE 1455 00:54:46,080 --> 00:54:46,960 RESPONSES DEPENDING ON WHETHER 1456 00:54:46,960 --> 00:54:49,560 AN ANIMAL PAYS ATTENTION TO OR 1457 00:54:49,560 --> 00:54:51,120 IGNORES A STIMULUS IN RECEPTIVE 1458 00:54:51,120 --> 00:54:51,320 FIELD. 1459 00:54:51,320 --> 00:54:54,240 I WANT TO TELL BUT STUDIES IN 1460 00:54:54,240 --> 00:54:56,080 THE BRAINSTEM LOOKING AT A NEW 1461 00:54:56,080 --> 00:54:58,320 STRUCTURE FOR US, LOCUS 1462 00:54:58,320 --> 00:54:59,760 COERULEUS, AND I'LL TELL YOU 1463 00:54:59,760 --> 00:55:02,400 WHAT WE FOUND ABOUT HOW MUCH 1464 00:55:02,400 --> 00:55:03,920 IT'S CONTRIBUTING TO VISUAL 1465 00:55:03,920 --> 00:55:04,360 SPATIAL ATTENTION. 1466 00:55:04,360 --> 00:55:06,640 I WANT TO GIVE AN OVERVIEW ABOUT 1467 00:55:06,640 --> 00:55:08,480 WHY WE STUDY ATTENTION AND TYPES 1468 00:55:08,480 --> 00:55:17,040 OF APPROACHES THAT WE USE. 1469 00:55:17,040 --> 00:55:22,920 WE KNOW A LESS ABOUT COGNITIVE 1470 00:55:22,920 --> 00:55:23,720 FUNCTION, IMPORTANT TO 1471 00:55:23,720 --> 00:55:25,160 UNDERSTAND NEURAL UNDERPINNINGS 1472 00:55:25,160 --> 00:55:27,760 OF COGNITIVE FUNCTION, AMONG THE 1473 00:55:27,760 --> 00:55:28,880 VARIOUS COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS WE 1474 00:55:28,880 --> 00:55:29,960 HAVE AVAILABLE, ATTENTION TURNS 1475 00:55:29,960 --> 00:55:33,360 OUT TO BE ONE RELATIVELY EASY TO 1476 00:55:33,360 --> 00:55:34,840 CONTROL AND QUANTIFY COMPARED TO 1477 00:55:34,840 --> 00:55:36,520 OTHERS LIKE DECISION MAKING OR 1478 00:55:36,520 --> 00:55:36,960 MEMORY. 1479 00:55:36,960 --> 00:55:40,320 IN FACT WE USE TECHNIQUES TO GO 1480 00:55:40,320 --> 00:55:44,600 BACK TO METHODS DEVELOPED IN THE 1481 00:55:44,600 --> 00:55:46,560 1960s BY PSYCHOLOGISTS. 1482 00:55:46,560 --> 00:55:48,240 MOST INVOLVE ASKING SUBJECT, 1483 00:55:48,240 --> 00:55:50,400 HUMANS OR MONKEYS, HOLD THEIR 1484 00:55:50,400 --> 00:55:53,760 GAZE ON FIXATION SPOT SO 1485 00:55:53,760 --> 00:55:56,200 STIMULUS IS THE SAME FROM TRIAL 1486 00:55:56,200 --> 00:55:59,280 TO TRIAL, PAY ATTENTION TO THE 1487 00:55:59,280 --> 00:56:00,920 PERIPHERY, A SMALL CHANGE. 1488 00:56:00,920 --> 00:56:03,120 COULD BE ANYTHING, SPEED OR 1489 00:56:03,120 --> 00:56:04,080 ORIENTATION, THAT DOESN'T MATTER 1490 00:56:04,080 --> 00:56:04,840 SO MUCH. 1491 00:56:04,840 --> 00:56:07,400 BUT WHAT WE DO IS GIVE THE 1492 00:56:07,400 --> 00:56:08,240 SUBJECTS INFORMATION ABOUT WHERE 1493 00:56:08,240 --> 00:56:09,880 THE CHANGE IS LIKELY TO HAPPEN. 1494 00:56:09,880 --> 00:56:13,240 IT'S ALWAYS ON ONE SIDE OR THE 1495 00:56:13,240 --> 00:56:13,440 OTHER. 1496 00:56:13,440 --> 00:56:15,120 WE CAN CUE THEM IT'S MORE LIKELY 1497 00:56:15,120 --> 00:56:16,880 TO OCCUR ON ONE SIDE. 1498 00:56:16,880 --> 00:56:22,240 WHEN WE LOOK AT PERFORMANCE THY 1499 00:56:22,240 --> 00:56:23,280 ARE MORE SENSITIVE TO SMALLER 1500 00:56:23,280 --> 00:56:24,320 CHANGES, RELATIVE TO THE 1501 00:56:24,320 --> 00:56:25,840 SITUATION WHERE WE GIVE AN 1502 00:56:25,840 --> 00:56:26,520 INVALID CUE. 1503 00:56:26,520 --> 00:56:28,360 IN FACT THE CHANGE OCCURS WHERE 1504 00:56:28,360 --> 00:56:30,320 THEY ARE NOT EXPECTING IT. 1505 00:56:30,320 --> 00:56:32,160 THIS IS ESSENTIALLY THE 1506 00:56:32,160 --> 00:56:34,600 DEFINITION THAT WE'RE USING FOR 1507 00:56:34,600 --> 00:56:35,760 VISUAL SPATIAL ATTENTION. 1508 00:56:35,760 --> 00:56:37,640 THIS MEANS UNDER SOME CONDITIONS 1509 00:56:37,640 --> 00:56:39,640 WHEN SUBJECTS ARE WORKING 1510 00:56:39,640 --> 00:56:41,400 THRESHOLD AT GIVEN SENSORY 1511 00:56:41,400 --> 00:56:44,440 STIMULUS MIGHT BE VERY POOR 1512 00:56:44,440 --> 00:56:45,720 PERFORMANCE WITHOUT ATTENTION 1513 00:56:45,720 --> 00:56:48,600 BUT ADDING ATTENTION MAKES THAT 1514 00:56:48,600 --> 00:56:50,120 PERFORMANCE MUCH BETTER. 1515 00:56:50,120 --> 00:56:51,400 AND I'LL JUST SUMMARIZE DECADES 1516 00:56:51,400 --> 00:56:52,760 OF WORK FROM OUR LAB AND OTHERS 1517 00:56:52,760 --> 00:56:56,120 IN TERMS OF WHAT GOES ON IN 1518 00:56:56,120 --> 00:56:57,800 SENSORY NEURONS WHEN YOU MAKE 1519 00:56:57,800 --> 00:56:59,200 THESE CHANGES, AND ONE OF THE 1520 00:56:59,200 --> 00:57:02,840 BIG ONES IS THAT BASICALLY THE 1521 00:57:02,840 --> 00:57:04,160 NEURONAL SIGNALS GET STRONGER, 1522 00:57:04,160 --> 00:57:07,440 WHEN AN ANIMAL IS PAYING 1523 00:57:07,440 --> 00:57:10,200 ATTENTION TO STIMULUS OF THE 1524 00:57:10,200 --> 00:57:11,280 NEURON RECEPTOR, INSIDE RECEPTOR 1525 00:57:11,280 --> 00:57:14,120 FIELD, THAT NEURON WILL 1526 00:57:14,120 --> 00:57:15,560 TYPICALLY FIRE MORE SPIKES IN 1527 00:57:15,560 --> 00:57:17,000 THE RESPONSE TO THE STIMULUS. 1528 00:57:17,000 --> 00:57:19,280 THESE ARE JUST DATA SUMMARIZING 1529 00:57:19,280 --> 00:57:22,320 RESPONSES FROM HUNDREDS OF CELLS 1530 00:57:22,320 --> 00:57:24,720 ACTUALLY IN MONKEY VISUAL 1531 00:57:24,720 --> 00:57:28,040 CORTEX, AREA BEFORE, THIS IS, 1532 00:57:28,040 --> 00:57:29,960 PARDON ME, THIS SEEMS TO BE 1533 00:57:29,960 --> 00:57:33,800 PRESENTED TWICE, ONCE WHEN THE 1534 00:57:33,800 --> 00:57:35,920 ANIMAL NOT PAYING PHYSICIAN IN 1535 00:57:35,920 --> 00:57:37,440 BLUE, AND ONE WHEN PAYING 1536 00:57:37,440 --> 00:57:38,560 ATTENTION, 30% INCREASE IN 1537 00:57:38,560 --> 00:57:40,760 STRENGTH OF RESPONSE OVERALL. 1538 00:57:40,760 --> 00:57:42,160 THAT'S QUITE TYPICAL. 1539 00:57:42,160 --> 00:57:44,320 EARLIER STAGES IN VISUAL CORTEX 1540 00:57:44,320 --> 00:57:45,320 HAVE SMALLER CHANGES, LATER 1541 00:57:45,320 --> 00:57:46,640 STAGES HAVE LARGER CHANGES BUT 1542 00:57:46,640 --> 00:57:49,040 YOU'LL TYPICALLY SEE A STRONGER 1543 00:57:49,040 --> 00:57:49,320 RESPONSE. 1544 00:57:49,320 --> 00:57:51,200 AND THIS IS VERY MUCH LIKES WHAT 1545 00:57:51,200 --> 00:57:52,320 HAPPENS WHEN YOU INCREASE 1546 00:57:52,320 --> 00:57:54,840 INTENSITY OF THE STIMULUS. 1547 00:57:54,840 --> 00:57:56,480 AND PERCEPTION ATTENTION HAS 1548 00:57:56,480 --> 00:58:01,480 THAT EFFECT, STIMULUS IS MORE 1549 00:58:01,480 --> 00:58:02,120 PROMINENT. 1550 00:58:02,120 --> 00:58:03,400 MORE SIGNAL IS GOOD, WOULDN'T 1551 00:58:03,400 --> 00:58:05,000 HELP IF MORE NOISE WENT ALONG 1552 00:58:05,000 --> 00:58:05,920 BUT ATTENTION DOES NOT INCREASE 1553 00:58:05,920 --> 00:58:08,080 THE NOISE. 1554 00:58:08,080 --> 00:58:10,560 IN FACT THE NOISINESS RESPONSE 1555 00:58:10,560 --> 00:58:13,760 IS DECREASED WITH ATTENTION, 1556 00:58:13,760 --> 00:58:14,320 JUST SLIGHTLY. 1557 00:58:14,320 --> 00:58:15,960 I'M REFERRING TO THE FACT IF YOU 1558 00:58:15,960 --> 00:58:18,480 PRESENT THE SAME STIMULUS OVER 1559 00:58:18,480 --> 00:58:20,160 AND OVER NEURONS GIVE SOMEWHAT 1560 00:58:20,160 --> 00:58:21,560 VARIABLE RESPONSES, THESE ARE 1561 00:58:21,560 --> 00:58:23,760 ALL RESPONSES FROM ONE NEURON TO 1562 00:58:23,760 --> 00:58:25,480 MANY REPETITIONS OF THE 1563 00:58:25,480 --> 00:58:27,880 STIMULUS, EACH LINE IS ONE 1564 00:58:27,880 --> 00:58:29,800 REPETITION, EACH TICK MARK IS 1565 00:58:29,800 --> 00:58:30,840 ACTION POTENTIAL. 1566 00:58:30,840 --> 00:58:33,240 CELL RESPONDED ON TRIAL BUT 1567 00:58:33,240 --> 00:58:34,320 NUMBER OF SPIKES ARE 1568 00:58:34,320 --> 00:58:36,520 CONSIDERABLY, IF YOU COUNT THEM 1569 00:58:36,520 --> 00:58:38,640 YOU MIGHT GET FIVE PER STIMULUS 1570 00:58:38,640 --> 00:58:42,640 PRESENTATION UP TO 20 SPIKES PER 1571 00:58:42,640 --> 00:58:43,840 STIMULUS PRESENTATION. 1572 00:58:43,840 --> 00:58:44,840 THAT VARIANCE LIMITS RELIABILITY 1573 00:58:44,840 --> 00:58:47,360 OF THE CELLS, THE FACT IS 1574 00:58:47,360 --> 00:58:49,040 ATTENTION IS TYPICALLY FOUND TO 1575 00:58:49,040 --> 00:58:50,320 REDUCE THAT VARIANCE A BIT. 1576 00:58:50,320 --> 00:58:53,200 IT'S NOT A BIG EFFECT, AS I 1577 00:58:53,200 --> 00:58:55,000 MENTIONED, BUT IN HAND WITH 1578 00:58:55,000 --> 00:58:56,760 LARGER SIGNAL MEANS SIGNAL TO 1579 00:58:56,760 --> 00:58:59,640 NOISE OF MOST SENSORY NEURONS IN 1580 00:58:59,640 --> 00:59:00,680 CORTEX IS IMPROVED WHEN 1581 00:59:00,680 --> 00:59:03,880 ATTENTION IS DIRECTED TO THAT 1582 00:59:03,880 --> 00:59:04,160 STIMULUS. 1583 00:59:04,160 --> 00:59:06,720 THE LAST MEMBER OF THE TRIAD IS 1584 00:59:06,720 --> 00:59:08,280 MORE COMPLICATED. 1585 00:59:08,280 --> 00:59:11,720 IT'S THAT NEIGHBORING CELLS HAVE 1586 00:59:11,720 --> 00:59:14,120 VARIANCE IN RESPONSE, TENDS TO 1587 00:59:14,120 --> 00:59:15,040 BE CORRELATED. 1588 00:59:15,040 --> 00:59:18,360 SO CELLS HAVE A WEAK 1589 00:59:18,360 --> 00:59:18,840 CORRELATION, CORRELATION 1590 00:59:18,840 --> 00:59:21,640 COEFFICIENT ABOUT 0.1 IN SPIKE 1591 00:59:21,640 --> 00:59:22,960 COUNTS, HAS IMPACT FOR AMOUNT OF 1592 00:59:22,960 --> 00:59:26,000 INFORMATION IN THE POPULATION. 1593 00:59:26,000 --> 00:59:27,520 THE MORE CELLS ARE CORRELATED 1594 00:59:27,520 --> 00:59:28,720 LESS INFORMATION YOU CAN GET 1595 00:59:28,720 --> 00:59:29,720 FROM THE POPULATION BECAUSE THEY 1596 00:59:29,720 --> 00:59:34,400 SEND TO BE SAYING THE SAME 1597 00:59:34,400 --> 00:59:34,720 THING. 1598 00:59:34,720 --> 00:59:36,400 ATTENTION ACTS TO REDUCE THAT 1599 00:59:36,400 --> 00:59:38,000 CORRELATION, MAYBE THE MOST 1600 00:59:38,000 --> 00:59:39,560 IMPORTANT THING ATTENTION IS 1601 00:59:39,560 --> 00:59:41,520 DURING FOR NEURONAL 1602 00:59:41,520 --> 00:59:42,520 REPRESENTATION, BY REDUCING THAT 1603 00:59:42,520 --> 00:59:43,760 CORRELATION IT ENHANCES THE 1604 00:59:43,760 --> 00:59:46,320 AMOUNT OF INFORMATION IN THE 1605 00:59:46,320 --> 00:59:47,520 POPULATION, ABOUT THE STIMULUS 1606 00:59:47,520 --> 00:59:48,960 THAT WE'RE CONSIDERING. 1607 00:59:48,960 --> 00:59:55,400 SO THESE THREE EFFECTS GO HAND 1608 00:59:55,400 --> 00:59:57,480 IN HAND WITH VISUAL SPATIAL 1609 00:59:57,480 --> 01:00:00,560 ATTENTION AND ARE THOUGHT TO 1610 01:00:00,560 --> 01:00:04,200 PROVIDE BETTER SIGNAL 1611 01:00:04,200 --> 01:00:05,040 REPRESENTATION -- STIMULUS 1612 01:00:05,040 --> 01:00:07,240 REPRESENTATION THAT ALLOWS FOR 1613 01:00:07,240 --> 01:00:08,040 BETTER PERFORMANCE. 1614 01:00:08,040 --> 01:00:11,640 THESE HAVE BEEN SEEN WIDELY IN 1615 01:00:11,640 --> 01:00:15,800 VISUAL CORTEX, BUT THE ORIGINS 1616 01:00:15,800 --> 01:00:16,560 ARE NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD, A LOT 1617 01:00:16,560 --> 01:00:18,200 OF REGIONS ARE THOUGHT TO 1618 01:00:18,200 --> 01:00:19,880 CONTRIBUTE TO THIS IN PRE-FRONT 1619 01:00:19,880 --> 01:00:20,120 CORTEX. 1620 01:00:20,120 --> 01:00:24,120 TODAY I WANT TO FOCUS ON A 1621 01:00:24,120 --> 01:00:26,720 BRAINSTEM STRUCTURE WE FOUND 1622 01:00:26,720 --> 01:00:27,400 MAKES SUBSTANTIAL CONTRIBUTION 1623 01:00:27,400 --> 01:00:29,720 TO THE SIGNALS WE'RE SEEING IN 1624 01:00:29,720 --> 01:00:29,960 CORTEX. 1625 01:00:29,960 --> 01:00:32,760 THIS IS THE LOCUS COERULEUS. 1626 01:00:32,760 --> 01:00:35,200 IT'S A SMALL STRUCTURE, EACH OF 1627 01:00:35,200 --> 01:00:38,000 US HAS ABOUT 50,000 NEURONS IN 1628 01:00:38,000 --> 01:00:39,320 OUR LOCUS COERULEUS. 1629 01:00:39,320 --> 01:00:41,840 THAT SOUNDS LIKE A LOT BUT IN 1630 01:00:41,840 --> 01:00:43,960 FACT IT'S A FEW MILLIMETERS 1631 01:00:43,960 --> 01:00:44,240 ACROSS. 1632 01:00:44,240 --> 01:00:48,760 IT'S SMALL IN SIZE BUT HAS A 1633 01:00:48,760 --> 01:00:51,160 WIDE REACH, SENDS PROJECTIONS TO 1634 01:00:51,160 --> 01:00:54,920 ALL OF THE NEOCORTEX, CEREBELLAR 1635 01:00:54,920 --> 01:01:00,920 CORTEX AND OTHER STRUCTURES, A 1636 01:01:00,920 --> 01:01:02,560 LOT OF REACH, INVOLVED IN 1637 01:01:02,560 --> 01:01:02,760 AROUSAL. 1638 01:01:02,760 --> 01:01:03,960 WE WANTED TO SEE HOW MUCH IT 1639 01:01:03,960 --> 01:01:06,520 MIGHT BE INVOLVED IN SELECTIVE 1640 01:01:06,520 --> 01:01:08,280 ATTENTION, NOT SOMETHING THAT 1641 01:01:08,280 --> 01:01:10,320 IT'S USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH. 1642 01:01:10,320 --> 01:01:12,880 AND HERE I HAVE TO SAY ALL OF 1643 01:01:12,880 --> 01:01:14,840 THIS WORK WAS PILOTED AND TAKEN 1644 01:01:14,840 --> 01:01:18,440 CHARGE OF BY A VERY SMART 1645 01:01:18,440 --> 01:01:26,000 POSTDOC WHO CAME TO THE LAB FOR 1646 01:01:26,000 --> 01:01:26,640 NEUROMODULATORY SYSTEMS 1647 01:01:26,640 --> 01:01:27,800 RECOGNIZING AROUSAL FUNCTION 1648 01:01:27,800 --> 01:01:30,360 MIGHT BE RELEVANT FOR SELECTIVE 1649 01:01:30,360 --> 01:01:32,360 ATTENTION BECAUSE NOBODY HAD 1650 01:01:32,360 --> 01:01:37,440 ACTUALLY LOOKED AT HOW IT 1651 01:01:37,440 --> 01:01:39,360 BEHAVES IN TASKS I'VE DESCRIBED 1652 01:01:39,360 --> 01:01:41,760 WE'RE USING IN THE CORTEX. 1653 01:01:41,760 --> 01:01:43,160 SUPRIYA ALSO RECOGNIZED THE 1654 01:01:43,160 --> 01:01:46,120 LOCUS COERULEUS WAS A CHOICE 1655 01:01:46,120 --> 01:01:46,760 TARGET FOR OPTOGENETIC 1656 01:01:46,760 --> 01:01:47,840 MANIPULATIONS, HE WAS CORRECT 1657 01:01:47,840 --> 01:01:52,800 AND I'LL SHOW YOU DATA 1658 01:01:52,800 --> 01:01:54,320 MANIPULATING LOCUS COERULEUS 1659 01:01:54,320 --> 01:01:56,640 ACTIVITY WITH OPTOGENETICS. 1660 01:01:56,640 --> 01:01:59,920 THE TASK WAS AS DESCRIBED, 1661 01:01:59,920 --> 01:02:02,320 ANIMALS FIXATED ON A SPOT IN 1662 01:02:02,320 --> 01:02:05,600 EACH TRIAL, AFTER FIXATION WAS 1663 01:02:05,600 --> 01:02:07,920 GOOD, TWO SAMPLES, PATTERNS ON 1664 01:02:07,920 --> 01:02:10,200 EITHER SIDE, THEY DISAPPEARED. 1665 01:02:10,200 --> 01:02:12,920 AND THEN AFTER A SHORT DELAY, A 1666 01:02:12,920 --> 01:02:13,760 TEST STIMULUS APPEARED, ON THE 1667 01:02:13,760 --> 01:02:18,280 LEFT SIDE OR THE RIGHT SIDE. 1668 01:02:18,280 --> 01:02:19,720 AND WHETHER THE TEST STIMULUS 1669 01:02:19,720 --> 01:02:21,640 HAD THE SAME ORIENTATION AS 1670 01:02:21,640 --> 01:02:23,720 SAMPLE STIMULUS THAT HAD 1671 01:02:23,720 --> 01:02:24,520 APPEARED ON THAT SIDE. 1672 01:02:24,520 --> 01:02:26,680 HALF THE TIME IT DID. 1673 01:02:26,680 --> 01:02:30,800 AND THAT WAS A MATCHED STIMULUS. 1674 01:02:30,800 --> 01:02:32,400 THE TARGET CAME UP LATER, HALF 1675 01:02:32,400 --> 01:02:33,520 THE TIME IT DIDN'T. 1676 01:02:33,520 --> 01:02:37,120 IT WAS ROTATED, THE ANIMAL HAD 1677 01:02:37,120 --> 01:02:39,200 TO MAKE THE TARGET THAT CAME UP 1678 01:02:39,200 --> 01:02:39,520 LATER. 1679 01:02:39,520 --> 01:02:40,760 THIS WAS AN ATTENTION TASK, 1680 01:02:40,760 --> 01:02:41,960 DIRECTING ATTENTION TO ONE SIDE 1681 01:02:41,960 --> 01:02:45,800 OR THE OTHER BY USING BLOCKS OF 1682 01:02:45,800 --> 01:02:48,000 TRIALS WHERE MOST OF THE 1683 01:02:48,000 --> 01:02:50,920 STIMULI, TESTS THAT CAME UP, 1684 01:02:50,920 --> 01:02:52,880 WERE ON THE LEFT, MOST ON THE 1685 01:02:52,880 --> 01:02:54,200 RIGHT, CAUSING ANIMALS TO DIRECT 1686 01:02:54,200 --> 01:02:56,400 ATTENTION AS YOU MIGHT HOPE, SO 1687 01:02:56,400 --> 01:02:58,480 WE COULD LOOK AT HOW CHANGING 1688 01:02:58,480 --> 01:02:59,320 THE ANIMAL'S ATTENTION FROM ONE 1689 01:02:59,320 --> 01:03:02,280 SIDE OF THE VISUAL FIELD TO THE 1690 01:03:02,280 --> 01:03:05,480 OTHER AFFECTED RESPONSES WE SAW 1691 01:03:05,480 --> 01:03:08,720 IN THE LOCUS COERULEUS. 1692 01:03:08,720 --> 01:03:11,960 THE BEHAVIOR WAS GOOD, THE 1693 01:03:11,960 --> 01:03:13,880 ANIMALS DID PAY ATTENTION. 1694 01:03:13,880 --> 01:03:15,760 THIS IS DONE IN TWO ANIMALS, 1695 01:03:15,760 --> 01:03:17,600 MONKEY 1 ON TOP, MONKEY 2 ON 1696 01:03:17,600 --> 01:03:17,840 BOTTOM. 1697 01:03:17,840 --> 01:03:20,680 WE ASKED THEM TO PAY ATTENTION 1698 01:03:20,680 --> 01:03:22,000 TO THE CONTRALATERAL SIDE 1699 01:03:22,000 --> 01:03:25,600 OPPOSITE WHERE WE WERE 1700 01:03:25,600 --> 01:03:26,560 RECORDING, OR IPSILATERAL SIDE, 1701 01:03:26,560 --> 01:03:28,320 THERE WAS A NICE IMPROVEMENT AS 1702 01:03:28,320 --> 01:03:33,240 CHANGES GOT BIGGER SO THE ANIMAL 1703 01:03:33,240 --> 01:03:34,440 WAS TRYING TO SELECT 1704 01:03:34,440 --> 01:03:35,120 ORIENTATIONS WHEN SMALL, 1705 01:03:35,120 --> 01:03:37,000 PERFORMANCE NOT I HAVE GOOD, 1706 01:03:37,000 --> 01:03:39,600 MEASURED THE PRIME FUNCTION 1707 01:03:39,600 --> 01:03:41,440 SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY, ZERO IS 1708 01:03:41,440 --> 01:03:45,040 CHANCE, ABOVE 2 OR 3 IS THE 1709 01:03:45,040 --> 01:03:49,640 RANGE OF 90% CORRECT. 1710 01:03:49,640 --> 01:03:54,440 THEY QUICKLY DID WELL IN 1711 01:03:54,440 --> 01:03:57,920 SATURATED AT 30 DEGREES CHANGES. 1712 01:03:57,920 --> 01:04:00,600 IF IT APPEARED ON THE SIDE NOT 1713 01:04:00,600 --> 01:04:03,240 EXPECTED PERFORMANCE WAS WORSE, 1714 01:04:03,240 --> 01:04:04,320 EVIDENCE IT WAS PAYING MORE 1715 01:04:04,320 --> 01:04:06,720 ATTENTION ON ONE SIDE THAN ON 1716 01:04:06,720 --> 01:04:07,480 THE OTHER. 1717 01:04:07,480 --> 01:04:08,800 REGARDLESS OF WHETHER WE ASK 1718 01:04:08,800 --> 01:04:13,640 THEM TO ATTEND TO LEFT OR RIGHT, 1719 01:04:13,640 --> 01:04:15,840 IN BOTH ANIMALS, MONKEY 2 NOT 1720 01:04:15,840 --> 01:04:18,680 ATTENDING AS HARD, SAME EFFECT 1721 01:04:18,680 --> 01:04:21,760 IN BOTH. 1722 01:04:21,760 --> 01:04:22,640 ANIMALS DOING BEHAVIORAL TASKS, 1723 01:04:22,640 --> 01:04:25,000 WE COULD RECORD FROM THE LOCUS 1724 01:04:25,000 --> 01:04:28,600 COERULEUS AS THEY DID THIS TASK. 1725 01:04:28,600 --> 01:04:33,560 WE SAW A DIFFERENCE IN RESPONSES 1726 01:04:33,560 --> 01:04:38,400 DEPENDING WHICH SIDE WAS 1727 01:04:38,400 --> 01:04:40,160 VISUALLY DISPLAYED. 1728 01:04:40,160 --> 01:04:43,320 CELLS DID NOT SPIKE STRONGLY, 1729 01:04:43,320 --> 01:04:44,720 RATES OF ZERO TO 10 SPIKES PER 1730 01:04:44,720 --> 01:04:46,840 SECOND, YOU CAN SEE A DIFFERENT 1731 01:04:46,840 --> 01:04:48,240 IN THE RESPONSE OF THIS NEURON 1732 01:04:48,240 --> 01:04:50,320 DEPENDING ON WHETHER THE ANIMAL 1733 01:04:50,320 --> 01:04:53,840 WAS PAYING ATTENTION TO 1734 01:04:53,840 --> 01:04:55,160 CONTRALATERAL STIMULUS, THE SIDE 1735 01:04:55,160 --> 01:04:59,760 WE WERE RECORDING OR IPSILATERAL 1736 01:04:59,760 --> 01:05:04,240 SIDE, ALMOST ALL OR NONE. 1737 01:05:04,240 --> 01:05:06,640 BOTH STIMULI PRESENT IN BOTH 1738 01:05:06,640 --> 01:05:08,440 CASE, SOMETIME ZERO, WHICH ONE 1739 01:05:08,440 --> 01:05:10,240 IS THE ANIMAL PAYING ATTENTION 1740 01:05:10,240 --> 01:05:10,880 TO. 1741 01:05:10,880 --> 01:05:14,880 THESE PLOTS SUMMARIZE OVERALL 1742 01:05:14,880 --> 01:05:15,480 EFFECT. 1743 01:05:15,480 --> 01:05:18,160 MONKEY 2 A RISE IN RESPONSE WHEN 1744 01:05:18,160 --> 01:05:22,640 ANIMAL IS PAYING ATTENTION TO 1745 01:05:22,640 --> 01:05:23,640 IPSILATERAL SIDE, 5 TO 1 1746 01:05:23,640 --> 01:05:24,720 DIFFERENCE DEPENDING WHICH SIDE 1747 01:05:24,720 --> 01:05:26,440 THE ANIMAL IS PAYING ATTENTION 1748 01:05:26,440 --> 01:05:26,760 TO. 1749 01:05:26,760 --> 01:05:28,920 THE MONKEY 1 EVEN A BIT OF 1750 01:05:28,920 --> 01:05:31,240 SUPPRESSION WHEN THE ANIMAL IS 1751 01:05:31,240 --> 01:05:32,960 PAYING ATTENTION TO THE 1752 01:05:32,960 --> 01:05:35,000 IPSILATERAL SIDE. 1753 01:05:35,000 --> 01:05:36,360 THIS MODULATION, THIS SCALE IS 1754 01:05:36,360 --> 01:05:39,400 MUCH LARGER THAN WE EVER SEE IN 1755 01:05:39,400 --> 01:05:39,760 CORTEX. 1756 01:05:39,760 --> 01:05:45,080 I MENTIONED A 30% MODULATION, 1757 01:05:45,080 --> 01:05:48,880 THAT'S DIFFICULT. 1758 01:05:48,880 --> 01:05:50,680 ALL MODULATIONS ARE DRAMATIC. 1759 01:05:50,680 --> 01:05:53,720 THE IMPLICATION IS THE LOCUS 1760 01:05:53,720 --> 01:05:55,040 COERULEUS WITH ITS PROJECTIONS 1761 01:05:55,040 --> 01:05:56,440 IS IN FACT ACTUALLY DOING 1762 01:05:56,440 --> 01:05:58,040 SOMETHING SELECTIVE HERE. 1763 01:05:58,040 --> 01:06:00,720 THIS IS NOT JUST AROUSAL SIGNAL. 1764 01:06:00,720 --> 01:06:02,480 THE ANIMAL IS WORKING IN ALL 1765 01:06:02,480 --> 01:06:02,840 THESE CASES. 1766 01:06:02,840 --> 01:06:04,360 IT'S WHETHER OR NOT THE ANIMAL 1767 01:06:04,360 --> 01:06:11,440 IS PAYING ATTENTION TO STIMULI 1768 01:06:11,440 --> 01:06:14,400 CONTRALATERAL OR IPSILATERAL TO 1769 01:06:14,400 --> 01:06:15,040 THE LOCUS COERULEUS, 1770 01:06:15,040 --> 01:06:17,040 CONTRIBUTING TO MODELS IN THE 1771 01:06:17,040 --> 01:06:17,400 CORTEX. 1772 01:06:17,400 --> 01:06:21,280 IT SEEMS TO BE TIED TO THE 1773 01:06:21,280 --> 01:06:22,680 ANIMAL'S SUCCESS USING SIMILAR 1774 01:06:22,680 --> 01:06:22,880 PLOTS. 1775 01:06:22,880 --> 01:06:25,680 WHEN THE ANIMAL IS ATTENDING TO 1776 01:06:25,680 --> 01:06:26,360 CONTRALATERAL STIMULUS SORTING 1777 01:06:26,360 --> 01:06:29,280 OUT WHETHER THE BE A MAL -- 1778 01:06:29,280 --> 01:06:30,480 ANIMAL GOT IT CORRECT OR NOT. 1779 01:06:30,480 --> 01:06:31,720 THESE ARE THE CORRECT TRIALS, 1780 01:06:31,720 --> 01:06:33,560 WHEN WE ASKED THE ANIMAL TO 1781 01:06:33,560 --> 01:06:36,960 ATTEND TO THE CONTRALATERAL SIE 1782 01:06:36,960 --> 01:06:39,240 HE GETS IT WRONG WE DON'T SEE 1783 01:06:39,240 --> 01:06:41,360 MODULATION, CLEAR INDICATION THE 1784 01:06:41,360 --> 01:06:42,080 CELLS ARE CONTRIBUTING IN A 1785 01:06:42,080 --> 01:06:45,920 SUBSTANTIAL WAY TO THE ANIMAL'S 1786 01:06:45,920 --> 01:06:49,840 ATTENTION TO THAT SIDE. 1787 01:06:49,840 --> 01:06:52,360 TO DEMONSTRATE THOUGH, USING 1788 01:06:52,360 --> 01:06:53,120 OPTOGENETICS TO PERTURB THE 1789 01:06:53,120 --> 01:06:55,880 ACTIVITY OF THE CELLS. 1790 01:06:55,880 --> 01:06:57,080 THE REASON, ONE OF THE REASONS 1791 01:06:57,080 --> 01:07:03,840 SO INTERESTED IN THIS STRUCTURE, 1792 01:07:03,840 --> 01:07:07,160 CHOICE TARGET FOR OPTOGENETIC, 1793 01:07:07,160 --> 01:07:09,200 CELLS ARE NORADRENERGIC, THE 1794 01:07:09,200 --> 01:07:12,280 ONLY ONES IN THAT AREA, POSSIBLE 1795 01:07:12,280 --> 01:07:14,440 TO FLOOD THAT REGION WITH VIRUS 1796 01:07:14,440 --> 01:07:22,000 AN ONLY GET EXPRESSION IN 1797 01:07:22,000 --> 01:07:25,640 NORADRENERGIC CELLS. 1798 01:07:25,640 --> 01:07:26,920 A VIRUS WAS USING NORADRENERGIC 1799 01:07:26,920 --> 01:07:29,320 TO GET CELLS TO EXPRESS CRE AND 1800 01:07:29,320 --> 01:07:32,520 ANOTHER THAT USED PRE-EXPRESSING 1801 01:07:32,520 --> 01:07:33,360 CELLS TO EXPRESS 1802 01:07:33,360 --> 01:07:34,120 CHANNELRHODOPSIN. 1803 01:07:34,120 --> 01:07:37,200 IT DID A GOOD JOB GETTING 1804 01:07:37,200 --> 01:07:38,080 RELATIVELY COMPLETE EXPRESSION 1805 01:07:38,080 --> 01:07:43,200 IN THESE LOCUS COERULEUS CELLS 1806 01:07:43,200 --> 01:07:44,760 WITHOUT GETTING EXPRESSION IN 1807 01:07:44,760 --> 01:07:45,880 ANY NORADRENERGIC CELLS, ACTUAL 1808 01:07:45,880 --> 01:07:47,280 TO ACTIVATE THESE CELLS WHILE 1809 01:07:47,280 --> 01:07:51,400 THE ANIMAL IS DOING THE TASK TO 1810 01:07:51,400 --> 01:07:52,520 SEE EFFECT ON BEHAVIORAL 1811 01:07:52,520 --> 01:07:53,120 PERFORMANCE. 1812 01:07:53,120 --> 01:07:54,920 THE EXPRESSION IS GOOD. 1813 01:07:54,920 --> 01:07:58,320 AND IT CAUSED GOOD SPIKING. 1814 01:07:58,320 --> 01:08:00,440 IF WE CHANNELED A LASER ON THE 1815 01:08:00,440 --> 01:08:03,280 LOCUS COERULEUS WE GET SPIKES OR 1816 01:08:03,280 --> 01:08:04,800 BREAKS COMPLEMENTING THE SPIKES 1817 01:08:04,800 --> 01:08:05,920 FROM STIMULI AND COULD ADJUST 1818 01:08:05,920 --> 01:08:08,400 THE RATE TO GET GREATER OR 1819 01:08:08,400 --> 01:08:09,480 LESSER SPIKING. 1820 01:08:09,480 --> 01:08:11,600 WE PUT IN A MODERATE LEVEL OF 1821 01:08:11,600 --> 01:08:12,760 ACTIVATION IN THE LOCUS 1822 01:08:12,760 --> 01:08:15,280 COERULEUS, WHAT WE SAW WAS A 1823 01:08:15,280 --> 01:08:16,280 PRETTY DRAMATIC INCREASE IN 1824 01:08:16,280 --> 01:08:18,680 BEHAVIOR PERFORMANCE OF THE 1825 01:08:18,680 --> 01:08:18,920 ANIMAL. 1826 01:08:18,920 --> 01:08:21,800 WHEN WE ASKED THE ANIMAL TO 1827 01:08:21,800 --> 01:08:24,600 ATTEND TO CONTRALATERAL SIDE AND 1828 01:08:24,600 --> 01:08:26,600 WORK WITH THE SIGNAL THERE THE 1829 01:08:26,600 --> 01:08:30,160 CASE WHERE IS WE ACTIVATED THE 1830 01:08:30,160 --> 01:08:31,800 LOCUS COERULEUS USING 1831 01:08:31,800 --> 01:08:33,080 CHANNELRHODOPSIN CAUSED A 1832 01:08:33,080 --> 01:08:35,880 SUBSTANTIAL IMPROVEMENT IN 1833 01:08:35,880 --> 01:08:37,480 PERFORMANCE ACROSS THE BOARD, 1834 01:08:37,480 --> 01:08:42,200 WITH WEAKER STIMULI ANIMAL DID 1835 01:08:42,200 --> 01:08:42,520 BETTER. 1836 01:08:42,520 --> 01:08:44,600 THIS IS TRUE FOR BOTH ANIMALS. 1837 01:08:44,600 --> 01:08:48,440 IF ON THE OTHER HAND WE 1838 01:08:48,440 --> 01:08:51,960 STIMULATED WHILE ANIMAL WAS 1839 01:08:51,960 --> 01:08:54,120 PAYING ATTENTION TO IPSILATERAL 1840 01:08:54,120 --> 01:08:57,600 SIDE IT WAS LESS PERFORMANCE AS 1841 01:08:57,600 --> 01:08:58,960 IF ACTIVATING MORE ATTENTION ON 1842 01:08:58,960 --> 01:09:01,920 THE CONTRALATERAL SIDE IMPAIRED 1843 01:09:01,920 --> 01:09:03,080 THE PERFORMANCE ON THE 1844 01:09:03,080 --> 01:09:05,560 IPSILATERAL SIDE, SUBSTANTIAL 1845 01:09:05,560 --> 01:09:09,280 CHANGES IN PERFORMANCE BASED ON 1846 01:09:09,280 --> 01:09:10,640 ACTIVATING ONE SMALL STRUCTURE. 1847 01:09:10,640 --> 01:09:11,920 THE LAST THING I WANTED TO SHOW 1848 01:09:11,920 --> 01:09:13,720 YOU WE WERE INTERESTED IN 1849 01:09:13,720 --> 01:09:15,960 GETTING SOME INDICATION OF HOW 1850 01:09:15,960 --> 01:09:20,320 RAPIDLY THE LOCUS COERULEUS 1851 01:09:20,320 --> 01:09:21,560 PREDICTED HERE. 1852 01:09:21,560 --> 01:09:23,120 WE WERE PRESENTING ACTIVATION TO 1853 01:09:23,120 --> 01:09:24,960 THE LOCUS COERULEUS AROUND THE 1854 01:09:24,960 --> 01:09:28,400 TIME THE SAMPLE STIMULUS WAS 1855 01:09:28,400 --> 01:09:28,920 PRESENTED. 1856 01:09:28,920 --> 01:09:32,080 A 400 MILLISECOND PERIOD 1857 01:09:32,080 --> 01:09:33,200 STARTING SLIGHTLY BEFORE, 1858 01:09:33,200 --> 01:09:33,640 LASTING THROUGH THE 1859 01:09:33,640 --> 01:09:34,400 PRESENTATION, THOUGHT IT WOULD 1860 01:09:34,400 --> 01:09:36,440 BE A GOOD TIME TO TEST BUT 1861 01:09:36,440 --> 01:09:37,560 DIDN'T KNOW WHETHER THE WHOLE 1862 01:09:37,560 --> 01:09:38,840 PERIOD WAS NEEDED OR NOT. 1863 01:09:38,840 --> 01:09:41,520 WE WANTED TO LOOK AT SMALLER 1864 01:09:41,520 --> 01:09:42,160 INTERVALS. 1865 01:09:42,160 --> 01:09:44,880 TURNS OUT IT'S VERY DIFFICULT TO 1866 01:09:44,880 --> 01:09:47,520 USE VERY SHORT PULSES TO PROBE 1867 01:09:47,520 --> 01:09:48,080 BEHAVIOR. 1868 01:09:48,080 --> 01:09:50,560 YOU CAN GET NO EFFECT AT ALL OR 1869 01:09:50,560 --> 01:09:53,880 TURN THE POWER UP ENOUGH TO GET 1870 01:09:53,880 --> 01:09:56,800 EFFECT YOU SEND CIRCUITS THAT GO 1871 01:09:56,800 --> 01:09:59,760 ON TO MAKE IT DIFFICULT TO 1872 01:09:59,760 --> 01:10:01,800 ACTUALLY PICK OUT WHICH SPECIFIC 1873 01:10:01,800 --> 01:10:04,200 TIME TO ACTIVITY OR NOT. 1874 01:10:04,200 --> 01:10:08,080 SO WHAT WE DID WAS USED A 1875 01:10:08,080 --> 01:10:10,400 TECHNIQUE DEVELOPED FOR 1876 01:10:10,400 --> 01:10:11,520 OPTOGENETIC STIMULATION IN MICE, 1877 01:10:11,520 --> 01:10:14,160 WHITE NOISE REVERSE CORRELATION 1878 01:10:14,160 --> 01:10:15,360 METHOD, VERY EFFECTIVE FOR 1879 01:10:15,360 --> 01:10:15,760 SMALLER INTERVALS. 1880 01:10:15,760 --> 01:10:19,280 I WANT TO SPEND A COUPLE MINUTES 1881 01:10:19,280 --> 01:10:21,400 DESCRIBING THAT APPROACH. 1882 01:10:21,400 --> 01:10:22,240 THIS REVERSE CORRELATION 1883 01:10:22,240 --> 01:10:25,320 TECHNIQUE HAS BEEN WIDELY USED 1884 01:10:25,320 --> 01:10:27,480 TO STUDY SENSORY RECEPTOR 1885 01:10:27,480 --> 01:10:31,200 FIELDS, VISUAL NEURONS, OTHER 1886 01:10:31,200 --> 01:10:32,320 SENSORY SYSTEMS AS WELL. 1887 01:10:32,320 --> 01:10:36,560 AND YOU MAY BE FAMILIAR WITH IT, 1888 01:10:36,560 --> 01:10:38,440 THAT APPROACH. 1889 01:10:38,440 --> 01:10:40,960 THIS SLIDE SCHEMATIZES HOW YOU 1890 01:10:40,960 --> 01:10:42,880 CAN USE A NOISE STIMULUS TO PLOT 1891 01:10:42,880 --> 01:10:44,640 FIELDS IN THE VISUAL SYSTEM. 1892 01:10:44,640 --> 01:10:46,960 THE IDEA IS SIMPLE ENOUGH, YOU 1893 01:10:46,960 --> 01:10:50,160 JUST RAPIDLY PRESENT A SERIES OF 1894 01:10:50,160 --> 01:10:51,560 DIFFERENT NOISE STIMULI, NOISE 1895 01:10:51,560 --> 01:10:54,200 HERE IS CHECKERBOARD WITH EVERY 1896 01:10:54,200 --> 01:10:55,840 PIXEL MONKEY WHITE OR MONKEY 1897 01:10:55,840 --> 01:10:58,920 BLACK, CHANGING MAYBE TEN TIMES 1898 01:10:58,920 --> 01:11:00,760 A SECOND, SIMPLY PRESENTED FOR 1899 01:11:00,760 --> 01:11:02,800 MANY MINUTES ON END. 1900 01:11:02,800 --> 01:11:04,480 EVERY SPIKE IS RECORDED. 1901 01:11:04,480 --> 01:11:08,400 FOR EACH SPIKE THEN THE STIMULI 1902 01:11:08,400 --> 01:11:09,280 THAT OCCURRED IMMEDIATELY 1903 01:11:09,280 --> 01:11:10,960 BEFORE, TWO OR THREE STEPS 1904 01:11:10,960 --> 01:11:12,360 BEFORE, ARE RECORDED. 1905 01:11:12,360 --> 01:11:13,880 THAT CORRECTED FOR EVERY SPIKE 1906 01:11:13,880 --> 01:11:16,520 SO YOU START LOOKING AT WHAT THE 1907 01:11:16,520 --> 01:11:17,840 NOISE STIMULI WERE AROUND THE 1908 01:11:17,840 --> 01:11:19,160 TIME OF SPIKING. 1909 01:11:19,160 --> 01:11:22,880 AND THEN IN THE ANALYSIS AFTER 1910 01:11:22,880 --> 01:11:24,840 YOU'VE GOTTEN MAYBE 10,000 1911 01:11:24,840 --> 01:11:26,280 SPIKES YOU CAN AVERAGE THESE 1912 01:11:26,280 --> 01:11:30,720 NOISE STIMULI AND ASK WHAT WAS 1913 01:11:30,720 --> 01:11:31,960 THE AVERAGE STIMULUS PRESENT, 1914 01:11:31,960 --> 01:11:32,760 BEFORE THE SPIKE OCCURRED OFF 1915 01:11:32,760 --> 01:11:35,560 BEFORE THAT. 1916 01:11:35,560 --> 01:11:37,320 AND IN MOST CASES SCORED QUITE 1917 01:11:37,320 --> 01:11:39,120 WELL, IN MOST CASES SPIKES 1918 01:11:39,120 --> 01:11:41,360 OCCURRED WHEN, SAY, THERE WAS A 1919 01:11:41,360 --> 01:11:43,480 BRIGHT STIMULUS IN THE RECEPTOR 1920 01:11:43,480 --> 01:11:47,640 FIELD, SO WHEN YOU HAVE ON 1921 01:11:47,640 --> 01:11:49,440 AVERAGE MORE LUMINANCE IN THE 1922 01:11:49,440 --> 01:11:53,080 REGION, YOU GET A SPIKE, BACK N 1923 01:11:53,080 --> 01:11:56,240 TIME IT WILL FADE AWAY WITH 1924 01:11:56,240 --> 01:11:56,880 TIME. 1925 01:11:56,880 --> 01:12:00,360 AND YOU CAN MAP OUT A SPATIAL 1926 01:12:00,360 --> 01:12:02,120 AND TEMPORAL RECEPTOR FIELD 1927 01:12:02,120 --> 01:12:03,720 GIVING YOU STRENGTH OF RESPONSE 1928 01:12:03,720 --> 01:12:07,160 IN SPACE AND ALSO ACROSS TIME, 1929 01:12:07,160 --> 01:12:09,480 HOW IT DIMINISHES ACROSS THESE. 1930 01:12:09,480 --> 01:12:10,760 AND I'LL JUST SAY THE APPROACH 1931 01:12:10,760 --> 01:12:14,280 IT MAKES IN TWO WAYS IS VERY 1932 01:12:14,280 --> 01:12:14,560 EFFICIENT. 1933 01:12:14,560 --> 01:12:17,800 A LOT OF INFORMATION QUICKLY, 1934 01:12:17,800 --> 01:12:20,320 AND ALLOWS YOU TO USE WEAK 1935 01:12:20,320 --> 01:12:22,280 STIMULUS, YOU DON'T HAVE TO HIT 1936 01:12:22,280 --> 01:12:25,880 THE CIRCUIT HARD, YOU CAN WORK 1937 01:12:25,880 --> 01:12:29,720 IN THE NATURAL FOR THE CIRCUIT. 1938 01:12:29,720 --> 01:12:33,240 BEING USED WIDELY TO UNDERSTAND 1939 01:12:33,240 --> 01:12:34,520 HOW VISUAL STIMULI RELATE TO 1940 01:12:34,520 --> 01:12:35,880 RESPONSES BUT I'LL POINT OUT 1941 01:12:35,880 --> 01:12:39,680 THIS APPROACH HAS BEEN USED 1942 01:12:39,680 --> 01:12:41,320 DIRECTLY FROM VISUAL STIMULI TO 1943 01:12:41,320 --> 01:12:43,360 BEHAVIOR, THE APPROACH IS 1944 01:12:43,360 --> 01:12:49,400 PERFECTLY ANALOGOUS, THIS IS A 1945 01:12:49,400 --> 01:12:50,600 STUDY, NATIONAL EYE INSTITUTE, 1946 01:12:50,600 --> 01:12:52,480 THEY ASKED MONKEYS IN THIS CASE 1947 01:12:52,480 --> 01:12:58,040 TO VIEW A VERY RAPIDLY CHANGING 1948 01:12:58,040 --> 01:13:01,560 3D DISPLAY, USING 3D GLASSES TO 1949 01:13:01,560 --> 01:13:03,480 SEE THE STIMULUS. 1950 01:13:03,480 --> 01:13:09,240 IT CHANGED EVERY 10 1951 01:13:09,240 --> 01:13:11,200 MILLISECONDS, MORE NEAR OR FAR, 1952 01:13:11,200 --> 01:13:12,760 COULD DO THE TASK, PERFORMED 1953 01:13:12,760 --> 01:13:14,800 QUITE WELL. 1954 01:13:14,800 --> 01:13:15,760 BY USING THIS VARIED STIMULUS 1955 01:13:15,760 --> 01:13:18,000 OVER MANY TRIALS THEY COULD 1956 01:13:18,000 --> 01:13:23,960 ACTUALLY SORT OF DO REVERSE 1957 01:13:23,960 --> 01:13:27,440 CORRELATION AND LOOK AT THE 1958 01:13:27,440 --> 01:13:28,400 DIFFERENCE TO SEE BASICALLY HOW 1959 01:13:28,400 --> 01:13:30,240 MUCH WEIGHT ON STIMULI EARLY IN 1960 01:13:30,240 --> 01:13:35,160 THE TRIAL VERSUS LATE IN THE 1961 01:13:35,160 --> 01:13:35,760 TRIAL. 1962 01:13:35,760 --> 01:13:38,000 IDEAL PERFORMANCE WOULD WEIGHT, 1963 01:13:38,000 --> 01:13:38,880 EVERY POINT IS EQUALLY 1964 01:13:38,880 --> 01:13:40,000 INFORMATIVE BUT MONKEYS LIKE 1965 01:13:40,000 --> 01:13:41,960 PEOPLE DON'T DO THAT. 1966 01:13:41,960 --> 01:13:43,920 THEY PUT MORE WEIGHT EARLY IN 1967 01:13:43,920 --> 01:13:46,600 THE TRIAL, STIMULUS FIRST 1968 01:13:46,600 --> 01:13:47,200 APPEARS, DIMINISHES TO VERY 1969 01:13:47,200 --> 01:13:48,760 LITTLE WEIGHT TO THE STIMULI 1970 01:13:48,760 --> 01:13:50,720 THAT APPEARED IN THE END. 1971 01:13:50,720 --> 01:13:54,760 SO YOU CAN PULL OUT A STIMULUS 1972 01:13:54,760 --> 01:13:55,960 BEHAVIOR THIS WAY. 1973 01:13:55,960 --> 01:13:59,440 WHAT WE DID, WE WANTED TO DO, 1974 01:13:59,440 --> 01:14:01,040 WAS ACTUALLY RELATE NEURONAL 1975 01:14:01,040 --> 01:14:03,640 SPIKING TO BEHAVIOR IN THIS WAY. 1976 01:14:03,640 --> 01:14:08,280 WE WERE USING A NOISE 1977 01:14:08,280 --> 01:14:09,520 OPTOGENETIC STIMULUS OF LOCUS 1978 01:14:09,520 --> 01:14:13,160 COERULEUS TO SEE HOW THAT WOULD 1979 01:14:13,160 --> 01:14:14,080 AFFECT BEHAVIOR, A TEMPORAL 1980 01:14:14,080 --> 01:14:15,880 KERNEL OF WHERE IN THE TRIAL 1981 01:14:15,880 --> 01:14:17,840 THIS OPTICAL SIGNAL IS AFFECTING 1982 01:14:17,840 --> 01:14:19,720 BEHAVIOR AND THE DESIGN WAS 1983 01:14:19,720 --> 01:14:20,040 QUITE SIMPLE. 1984 01:14:20,040 --> 01:14:23,400 AS SOON AS THE ANIMAL FIXATED A 1985 01:14:23,400 --> 01:14:25,280 NOISE STIMULUS WAS DELIVERED TO 1986 01:14:25,280 --> 01:14:27,960 THE LOCUS COERULEUS. 1987 01:14:27,960 --> 01:14:29,560 IT SPANNED THE FULL PERIOD 1988 01:14:29,560 --> 01:14:30,840 ALLOWING SAMPLE STIMULUS, THEN 1989 01:14:30,840 --> 01:14:33,120 THE ANIMAL DID THE TASK. 1990 01:14:33,120 --> 01:14:39,040 IF IT HAD THE NOISE STIMULI 1991 01:14:39,040 --> 01:14:40,160 EFFECT, NOISE CORRELATION A 1992 01:14:40,160 --> 01:14:41,600 SUCCESSFUL AND FAILED TRIALS, 1993 01:14:41,600 --> 01:14:43,760 LOOKING AT THE DIFFERENCE. 1994 01:14:43,760 --> 01:14:46,160 IT WORKED QUITE EFFECTIVELY FOR 1995 01:14:46,160 --> 01:14:46,840 THE LOCUS COERULEUS. 1996 01:14:46,840 --> 01:14:49,480 WE FOUND IN BOTH ANIMALS THERE 1997 01:14:49,480 --> 01:14:51,040 WAS A PERIOD ABOUT 80 1998 01:14:51,040 --> 01:14:52,880 MILLISECONDS PRIOR TO THE ONSET 1999 01:14:52,880 --> 01:14:54,560 OF THE SAMPLE STIMULUS WHEN 2000 01:14:54,560 --> 01:14:57,000 SPIKING IN THE LOCUS COERULEUS 2001 01:14:57,000 --> 01:14:58,120 HAD HAD AN EFFECT. 2002 01:14:58,120 --> 01:15:02,920 RISE ON THE BLUE CURVES WHEN THE 2003 01:15:02,920 --> 01:15:05,320 ANIMAL WAS DOING CONTRALATERAL 2004 01:15:05,320 --> 01:15:07,280 DETECTION OF ORIENTATION CHANGE, 2005 01:15:07,280 --> 01:15:10,640 INCREASING THE ACTIVATION OF THE 2006 01:15:10,640 --> 01:15:11,800 LOCUS COERULEUS INCREASED 2007 01:15:11,800 --> 01:15:13,720 ANIMAL'S CHANCE OF SUCCESS, 2008 01:15:13,720 --> 01:15:16,280 SIMILAR PROFILE IN BOTH CASES, 2009 01:15:16,280 --> 01:15:17,240 OCCURRED BEFORE THE SAMPLE 2010 01:15:17,240 --> 01:15:18,440 STIMULUS, WE THINK THAT MADE 2011 01:15:18,440 --> 01:15:20,640 SENSE BECAUSE IT TAKES TIME FOR 2012 01:15:20,640 --> 01:15:21,840 A SPIKE IN THE LOCUS COERULEUS 2013 01:15:21,840 --> 01:15:27,080 TO TRAVEL ALL THE WAY UP THE 2014 01:15:27,080 --> 01:15:28,560 CEREBRAL CORTEX, DELIVER 2015 01:15:28,560 --> 01:15:29,320 NEUROMODULATORY SIGNALS THAT 2016 01:15:29,320 --> 01:15:30,920 CHANGE THE STATE OF NEURONS IN 2017 01:15:30,920 --> 01:15:32,240 VISUAL CORTEX IN TIME FOR THE 2018 01:15:32,240 --> 01:15:34,120 VISUAL STIMULUS TO ARRIVE SO YOU 2019 01:15:34,120 --> 01:15:36,080 THINK THIS ACTUALLY MAKES SOME 2020 01:15:36,080 --> 01:15:37,040 SENSE, OBVIOUSLY WE NEED TO DO 2021 01:15:37,040 --> 01:15:38,000 MORE ON THIS. 2022 01:15:38,000 --> 01:15:41,440 I WOULD ALSO POINT OUT THERE'S 2023 01:15:41,440 --> 01:15:43,440 ANOTHER MESSAGE IN THESE KERNELS 2024 01:15:43,440 --> 01:15:44,040 HERE. 2025 01:15:44,040 --> 01:15:46,240 THIS IS THE SPIKING HERE 2026 01:15:46,240 --> 01:15:49,200 MATTERS, BUT WE WERE DELIVERING 2027 01:15:49,200 --> 01:15:50,280 STIMULATION THROUGHOUT THIS 2028 01:15:50,280 --> 01:15:51,400 PERIOD, INCREASING AND 2029 01:15:51,400 --> 01:15:53,000 DECREASING SPIKING ON DIFFERENT 2030 01:15:53,000 --> 01:15:55,320 TRIALS, THE FLATNESS OF THE 2031 01:15:55,320 --> 01:16:01,760 LINES IN THIS REGION STAYING 2032 01:16:01,760 --> 01:16:02,600 INSIDE 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVALS 2033 01:16:02,600 --> 01:16:04,200 LATER OR EARLIER SPIKES DON'T 2034 01:16:04,200 --> 01:16:07,040 MATTER ON PERFORMANCE OF THIS 2035 01:16:07,040 --> 01:16:10,800 TASK, WE THINK IT'S A NARROW AND 2036 01:16:10,800 --> 01:16:14,040 SPECIFIC TIME THAT AFFECTS THE 2037 01:16:14,040 --> 01:16:16,120 ANIMAL'S PERFORMANCE. 2038 01:16:16,120 --> 01:16:18,440 I THOUGHT OF THE LOCUS COERULEUS 2039 01:16:18,440 --> 01:16:20,600 ASSOCIATED WITH AROUSAL, INSTEAD 2040 01:16:20,600 --> 01:16:25,000 IT LOOKS SELECTIVE, AT LEAST AT 2041 01:16:25,000 --> 01:16:26,720 CONTRALATERAL LEVEL. 2042 01:16:26,720 --> 01:16:29,040 THE DYNAMICS OF THE LOCUS 2043 01:16:29,040 --> 01:16:30,520 COERULEUS ARE JUST AS FAST AS 2044 01:16:30,520 --> 01:16:33,640 ANYWHERE ELSE IN THE NERVOUS 2045 01:16:33,640 --> 01:16:34,720 SYSTEM. 2046 01:16:34,720 --> 01:16:35,720 SUMMARIZE, WE THINK THE LOCUS 2047 01:16:35,720 --> 01:16:37,120 COERULEUS IS PLAYING AN 2048 01:16:37,120 --> 01:16:43,680 IMPORTANT ROLE IN VISUAL SPATIAL 2049 01:16:43,680 --> 01:16:44,480 ATTENTION. 2050 01:16:44,480 --> 01:16:47,440 WE SHOWED SPECIFICITY BUT NEED 2051 01:16:47,440 --> 01:16:49,040 TO KNOW HOW SPECIFIC. 2052 01:16:49,040 --> 01:16:53,000 WE CAN PUT BOTH IN ONE 2053 01:16:53,000 --> 01:16:53,880 HEMISPHERE, AND SEE HOW 2054 01:16:53,880 --> 01:16:58,160 SPECIALIZED THEY ARE IN TERMS OF 2055 01:16:58,160 --> 01:16:59,600 VISUAL SPATIAL LOCATIONS. 2056 01:16:59,600 --> 01:17:00,920 ALSO THERE'S A QUESTION IS IT 2057 01:17:00,920 --> 01:17:03,760 NOT INVOLVED IN OTHER SENSORY 2058 01:17:03,760 --> 01:17:07,160 MODALITIES OR IF VISUAL FEATURES 2059 01:17:07,160 --> 01:17:09,760 AS WELL, THESE NEED TO BE 2060 01:17:09,760 --> 01:17:10,440 EXAMINED, THE LOCUS COERULEUS 2061 01:17:10,440 --> 01:17:12,320 MIGHT DO LOTS OF THINGS THERE. 2062 01:17:12,320 --> 01:17:15,160 AND WE NEED TO EXPLORE THE 2063 01:17:15,160 --> 01:17:17,920 RESOLUTION OF THESE INPUTS IN 2064 01:17:17,920 --> 01:17:20,080 THE CORTEX, HOW WIDELY EACH 2065 01:17:20,080 --> 01:17:20,840 NEURON'S TERMINATIONS EXTEND IN 2066 01:17:20,840 --> 01:17:26,680 CORTEX AND MIGHT BE INTERACTIONS 2067 01:17:26,680 --> 01:17:30,000 WITH ONGOING OTHER TRANSMITTER 2068 01:17:30,000 --> 01:17:32,640 SYSTEMS LIKE CHOLINERGIC RAISE 2069 01:17:32,640 --> 01:17:34,720 THE POSSIBILITY THAT CONDITIONS 2070 01:17:34,720 --> 01:17:36,320 OF TRANSMITTERS MIGHT MAKE THIS 2071 01:17:36,320 --> 01:17:40,080 A LOCALIZED SYSTEM WHEN WORKING 2072 01:17:40,080 --> 01:17:41,600 IN CONJUNCTION WITH INPUTS. 2073 01:17:41,600 --> 01:17:45,920 SO IT LOOKS LIKE THERE'S A LOT 2074 01:17:45,920 --> 01:17:47,280 UNDERSTOOD ABOUT THE LOCUS 2075 01:17:47,280 --> 01:17:49,040 COERULEUS, I TAKE IT AS A WAKEUP 2076 01:17:49,040 --> 01:17:51,400 CALL FOR ME IN TERMS OF 2077 01:17:51,400 --> 01:17:51,920 UNDERSTANDING BRAINSTEMS 2078 01:17:51,920 --> 01:17:53,640 CONTRIBUTING IN A SUBSTANTIAL 2079 01:17:53,640 --> 01:17:56,360 WAY TO THESE PROCESSES THAT WE 2080 01:17:56,360 --> 01:17:57,720 HAVE BEEN STUDYING. 2081 01:17:57,720 --> 01:17:58,400 IN CLOSING I'D LIKE TO 2082 01:17:58,400 --> 01:18:00,920 ACKNOWLEDGE THE MEMBERS OF THE 2083 01:18:00,920 --> 01:18:11,440 LAB THAT CONTRIBUTED OVER THE 2084 01:18:15,760 --> 01:18:18,280 YEARS TO THESE. 2085 01:18:18,280 --> 01:18:19,160 S,PRIYA AND JULIAN. 2086 01:18:19,160 --> 01:18:23,320 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION. 2087 01:18:23,320 --> 01:18:24,080 2088 01:18:24,080 --> 01:18:26,400 >>THANKS, JOHN. 2089 01:18:26,400 --> 01:18:27,600 GREAT STUFF. 2090 01:18:27,600 --> 01:18:29,120 SO, IF FOLKS HAVE QUESTIONS, YOU 2091 01:18:29,120 --> 01:18:30,440 CAN RAISE YOUR HAND. 2092 01:18:30,440 --> 01:18:32,240 I SEE A QUESTION FROM JOSH IN 2093 01:18:32,240 --> 01:18:32,760 THE CHAT. 2094 01:18:32,760 --> 01:18:33,880 JOSH, DO YOU WANT TO READ IT OR 2095 01:18:33,880 --> 01:18:36,000 DO YOU WANT ME TO READ IT? 2096 01:18:36,000 --> 01:18:36,680 YOUR CHOICE. 2097 01:18:36,680 --> 01:18:38,040 I HAVE A QUESTION RELATED. 2098 01:18:38,040 --> 01:18:39,880 >>I CAN READ IT. 2099 01:18:39,880 --> 01:18:43,720 JOHN, YOU SORT OF ANSWERED IT 2100 01:18:43,720 --> 01:18:44,280 ALREADY. 2101 01:18:44,280 --> 01:18:45,680 REALLY FASCINATING. 2102 01:18:45,680 --> 01:18:49,400 WHAT'S THE -- WHAT DO YOU THINK 2103 01:18:49,400 --> 01:18:51,360 THE LIKELIHOOD SPECIAL 2104 01:18:51,360 --> 01:18:54,920 SELECTIVITY GOES BEYOND 2105 01:18:54,920 --> 01:18:56,000 CONTRALATERAL VERSUS 2106 01:18:56,000 --> 01:18:56,400 IPSILATERAL. 2107 01:18:56,400 --> 01:19:00,680 IT'S HARDER TO IMAGINE HOW YOU 2108 01:19:00,680 --> 01:19:01,760 GET SPECIFIC SPATIAL 2109 01:19:01,760 --> 01:19:02,040 SELECTIVITY. 2110 01:19:02,040 --> 01:19:03,520 >>YEAH, I THINK THAT'S THE 2111 01:19:03,520 --> 01:19:03,800 QUESTION. 2112 01:19:03,800 --> 01:19:06,160 I HAVE TO SAY I'M A BIT OF A 2113 01:19:06,160 --> 01:19:09,080 CONVERT NOW THAT I'VE SEEN SOME 2114 01:19:09,080 --> 01:19:09,520 SELECTIVITY. 2115 01:19:09,520 --> 01:19:10,680 I REALLY THINK IT'S LIKELY THERE 2116 01:19:10,680 --> 01:19:11,400 WILL BE MUCH MORE THERE. 2117 01:19:11,400 --> 01:19:13,720 I DON'T THINK THESE ARE 50,000 2118 01:19:13,720 --> 01:19:16,200 CELLS ALL WORKING IN LOCK-STEP. 2119 01:19:16,200 --> 01:19:19,480 AND SO IT'S SUCH A 2120 01:19:19,480 --> 01:19:25,160 STRAIGHTFORWARD QUESTION, SUCH A 2121 01:19:25,160 --> 01:19:25,800 MANAGEABLE EXPERIMENT, BRINGING 2122 01:19:25,800 --> 01:19:29,920 STIMULI TOGETHER, CLOSER AND 2123 01:19:29,920 --> 01:19:30,560 FARTHER APART GETTING SPATIAL 2124 01:19:30,560 --> 01:19:30,880 RECOGNITION. 2125 01:19:30,880 --> 01:19:33,000 I DON'T KNOW THE ANSWER BUT I'M 2126 01:19:33,000 --> 01:19:34,480 DYING TO FIND OUT. 2127 01:19:34,480 --> 01:19:35,920 >>IN RELATED QUESTION, I THINK 2128 01:19:35,920 --> 01:19:39,000 YOU TOUCH ON THIS, IN TERMS OF 2129 01:19:39,000 --> 01:19:44,680 WHETHER AND HOW THIS MIGHT 2130 01:19:44,680 --> 01:19:45,200 INFLUENCE OTHER SENSORY 2131 01:19:45,200 --> 01:19:48,040 MODALITIES, IN THE CASE OF 2132 01:19:48,040 --> 01:19:51,960 OLFACTION WE'RE NOT IN THE 2133 01:19:51,960 --> 01:19:55,760 NEOCORTEX, IT'S KIND OF ARGUABLE 2134 01:19:55,760 --> 01:19:56,880 THERE SPECIAL INFORMATION IS 2135 01:19:56,880 --> 01:19:58,960 ENCODED BEYOND MOVING A HEAD 2136 01:19:58,960 --> 01:19:59,800 AROUND, WHAT WOULD YOU PREDICT 2137 01:19:59,800 --> 01:20:01,880 MIGHT BE GOING ON THERE? 2138 01:20:01,880 --> 01:20:06,040 >>WE STUDY SPATIAL ATTENTION 2139 01:20:06,040 --> 01:20:07,560 BECAUSE IT'S TRACTABLE, WE STUDY 2140 01:20:07,560 --> 01:20:09,640 FEATURE ATTENTION OFF AND O 2141 01:20:09,640 --> 01:20:11,720 EFFECTS WITH ATTENDING TO A 2142 01:20:11,720 --> 01:20:13,280 PARTICULAR COLOR OR ORIENTATION 2143 01:20:13,280 --> 01:20:16,520 OR DIRECTION ARE SIMILAR IN MANY 2144 01:20:16,520 --> 01:20:16,880 WAYS. 2145 01:20:16,880 --> 01:20:18,520 AND SO ATTENDING TO A PARTICULAR 2146 01:20:18,520 --> 01:20:21,120 ODOR AND NOT ANOTHER ODOR, 2147 01:20:21,120 --> 01:20:22,240 THAT'S BASICALLY THE SAME 2148 01:20:22,240 --> 01:20:22,480 PROCESS. 2149 01:20:22,480 --> 01:20:24,720 I WOULDN'T BE SURPRISED AT ALL 2150 01:20:24,720 --> 01:20:27,720 IF THERE ARE ANALOGOUS EFFECTS. 2151 01:20:27,720 --> 01:20:28,800 OLFACTION IS QUITE DIFFERENT 2152 01:20:28,800 --> 01:20:30,360 ANATOMICALLY SO I'M PREPARED FOR 2153 01:20:30,360 --> 01:20:31,440 ANYTHING THERE. 2154 01:20:31,440 --> 01:20:35,400 BUT I THINK IT'S AN OPEN 2155 01:20:35,400 --> 01:20:35,680 QUESTION. 2156 01:20:35,680 --> 01:20:37,360 >>IT'S WEIRD, YES. 2157 01:20:37,360 --> 01:20:45,240 A QUESTION FROM TODD AND THEN 2158 01:20:45,240 --> 01:20:45,440 TED. 2159 01:20:45,440 --> 01:20:48,680 >>YEAH, (INDISCERNIBLE) 2160 01:20:48,680 --> 01:20:50,520 EXCITING STUFF. 2161 01:20:50,520 --> 01:20:54,120 THE TIMING FINDING THAT YOU HAVE 2162 01:20:54,120 --> 01:20:57,200 WITH THE 80 MILLISECOND AND 2163 01:20:57,200 --> 01:20:58,400 ABOVE, THE INTENTIONAL BLINK, 2164 01:20:58,400 --> 01:21:01,600 YOU SEE THAT STIMULI COMING 2165 01:21:01,600 --> 01:21:02,560 RAPIDLY, A SECOND STIMULUS 2166 01:21:02,560 --> 01:21:03,880 COMING RIGHT AFTER A FIRST ONE 2167 01:21:03,880 --> 01:21:08,040 OFTEN FAILED TO BE DETECTED, 2168 01:21:08,040 --> 01:21:09,680 I'VE SEEN COMPUTATIONAL 2169 01:21:09,680 --> 01:21:12,000 ACCOUNTS, ATTRIBUTING TO 2170 01:21:12,000 --> 01:21:13,760 REFRACTORY PERIOD, LC NEURONS 2171 01:21:13,760 --> 01:21:14,960 THAT LIKE AFTER ONE FIRING THEY 2172 01:21:14,960 --> 01:21:17,120 HAVE A LITTLE BIT OF LAG BEFORE 2173 01:21:17,120 --> 01:21:18,320 FIRING AGAIN AND THAT MAY BE A 2174 01:21:18,320 --> 01:21:19,080 CAUSE OF THAT. 2175 01:21:19,080 --> 01:21:20,960 HAVE YOU THOUGHT ABOUT THAT WITH 2176 01:21:20,960 --> 01:21:22,480 REGARD TO YOUR DATA OR PLAN TO 2177 01:21:22,480 --> 01:21:26,680 LOOK AT THAT ISSUE AT ALL? 2178 01:21:26,680 --> 01:21:28,640 >>YEAH, SO WE HAVE DATA IN 2179 01:21:28,640 --> 01:21:30,720 TERMS OF THE SORT OF NEURONAL 2180 01:21:30,720 --> 01:21:31,800 BEHAVIORAL KERNELS THAT WE'VE 2181 01:21:31,800 --> 01:21:33,760 LOOKED AT BUT I WILL SAY MOST OF 2182 01:21:33,760 --> 01:21:37,040 THE WORK WE'VE DONE HAS BEEN IN 2183 01:21:37,040 --> 01:21:38,560 MICE DURING REACTION TIME TASKS, 2184 01:21:38,560 --> 01:21:40,880 AND EVERYWHERE WE HAVE LOOKED 2185 01:21:40,880 --> 01:21:42,760 THE KERNELS ARE ALWAYS QUITE 2186 01:21:42,760 --> 01:21:44,160 BRIEF. 2187 01:21:44,160 --> 01:21:46,160 AND I SHOULD PERHAPS MENTION 2188 01:21:46,160 --> 01:21:48,280 WE'RE CONSERVATIVE IN USING 2189 01:21:48,280 --> 01:21:58,720 LET'S SAY NOT CUTTING EDGE 2190 01:21:59,240 --> 01:21:59,560 CHANNELRHODOPSINS. 2191 01:21:59,560 --> 01:22:01,680 EVERYWHERE WE'VE LOOKED SO FAR 2192 01:22:01,680 --> 01:22:03,200 WE ALWAYS SEE VERY BRIEF 2193 01:22:03,200 --> 01:22:03,520 KERNELS. 2194 01:22:03,520 --> 01:22:06,920 THAT IS THE EFFECTS ARE VERY 2195 01:22:06,920 --> 01:22:08,240 SHORT-LIVED, 100 MILLISECONDS AT 2196 01:22:08,240 --> 01:22:10,560 THE OUTSIDE, WHETHER WE'RE 2197 01:22:10,560 --> 01:22:13,720 TALKING ABOUT MOUSE V1 OR LOCUS 2198 01:22:13,720 --> 01:22:17,720 COERULEUS OR CORTEX IN MICE, IT 2199 01:22:17,720 --> 01:22:19,320 ALWAYS LOOKS THE SAME. 2200 01:22:19,320 --> 01:22:20,640 WE HAVEN'T DONE MANY STRUCTURE 2201 01:22:20,640 --> 01:22:21,400 YET. 2202 01:22:21,400 --> 01:22:22,640 IT'S JUST I THINK AN OPEN 2203 01:22:22,640 --> 01:22:24,720 QUESTION ABOUT IF WE GO TO 2204 01:22:24,720 --> 01:22:27,080 DIFFERENT TASKS, USE DIFFERENT 2205 01:22:27,080 --> 01:22:29,520 DESIGNS, ANIMAL AS IT TO 2206 01:22:29,520 --> 01:22:30,880 INTEGRATE STIMULUS CAN WE SEE 2207 01:22:30,880 --> 01:22:35,240 MORE EFFECT OR IS IT SOMETHING 2208 01:22:35,240 --> 01:22:36,440 BIOPHYSICAL, MAYBE A REFRACTORY 2209 01:22:36,440 --> 01:22:40,280 PERIOD GOING ON, JUST DON'T 2210 01:22:40,280 --> 01:22:40,480 KNOW. 2211 01:22:40,480 --> 01:22:40,720 >>TED? 2212 01:22:40,720 --> 01:22:42,360 >>HI, JOHN. 2213 01:22:42,360 --> 01:22:44,760 THANKS FOR AN INTERESTING TALK. 2214 01:22:44,760 --> 01:22:46,400 A NEUROCHEMICAL QUESTION, IN 2215 01:22:46,400 --> 01:22:47,520 THAT YOU SORT OF THINK LOOKING 2216 01:22:47,520 --> 01:22:50,120 AT THE FIRING OF THE LC AND 2217 01:22:50,120 --> 01:22:52,400 FIGURE, OKAY, IT'S FIRING, IT'S 2218 01:22:52,400 --> 01:22:53,480 GOING TO RELEASE NOREPINEPHRINE 2219 01:22:53,480 --> 01:22:57,560 BUT THERE'S A COUPLE STUDIES IN 2220 01:22:57,560 --> 01:23:01,720 THE HIPPOCAMPUS TALKING ABOUT 2221 01:23:01,720 --> 01:23:04,760 DOPAMINE RELEASE FROM THOSE 2222 01:23:04,760 --> 01:23:05,080 NEURONS. 2223 01:23:05,080 --> 01:23:09,280 WHAT'S THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THAT? 2224 01:23:09,280 --> 01:23:10,480 AND IS THERE A POSSIBLE 2225 01:23:10,480 --> 01:23:12,200 REGULATION ON TOP OF THESE 2226 01:23:12,200 --> 01:23:12,800 NEURONS FIRING THAT IN OTHER 2227 01:23:12,800 --> 01:23:14,080 WORDS THERE MAY BE SOME 2228 01:23:14,080 --> 01:23:16,480 REGULATION ON WHAT THEY ACTUALLY 2229 01:23:16,480 --> 01:23:18,480 RELEASE THAT MIGHT BE LOCAL? 2230 01:23:18,480 --> 01:23:21,080 I'M MAKING THAT UP. 2231 01:23:21,080 --> 01:23:22,400 I DON'T KNOW. 2232 01:23:22,400 --> 01:23:23,960 >>WELL, TED, YOU CALLED ME OUT 2233 01:23:23,960 --> 01:23:27,640 ON THIS. 2234 01:23:27,640 --> 01:23:30,720 MY EXPERTISE ON THIS IS NOT THAT 2235 01:23:30,720 --> 01:23:31,640 GREAT, SOPHIA WAS HOLDING MY 2236 01:23:31,640 --> 01:23:32,560 HAND THROUGH ALL OF THIS. 2237 01:23:32,560 --> 01:23:34,240 AS FAR AS I'M CONCERNED, ALL OF 2238 01:23:34,240 --> 01:23:35,400 THAT IS POSSIBLE. 2239 01:23:35,400 --> 01:23:37,920 I JUST DON'T KNOW WHAT THE 2240 01:23:37,920 --> 01:23:40,920 LIMITATIONS MIGHT BE OR WHAT'S 2241 01:23:40,920 --> 01:23:41,240 THERE. 2242 01:23:41,240 --> 01:23:45,280 BASICALLY WHAT I SEE IS THAT IT 2243 01:23:45,280 --> 01:23:49,960 MAKES SOME SENSE THAT AN ANCIENT 2244 01:23:49,960 --> 01:23:53,480 BRAINSTEM STRUCTURE IS THERE 2245 01:23:53,480 --> 01:23:55,680 MEDIATING ATTENTION BECAUSE 2246 01:23:55,680 --> 01:23:57,040 BIRDS NEEDED ATTENTION 2247 01:23:57,040 --> 01:24:00,640 THROUGHOUT, ALL ANIMALS HAVE 2248 01:24:00,640 --> 01:24:02,560 NEEDED, OF VARIOUS SORTS. 2249 01:24:02,560 --> 01:24:06,840 IN TERMS OF EXACTLY WHICH 2250 01:24:06,840 --> 01:24:07,280 TRANSMITTER SYSTEMS, 2251 01:24:07,280 --> 01:24:08,080 INTERACTIONS, SPATIAL EXTENT, 2252 01:24:08,080 --> 01:24:09,680 THERE'S A NUMBER OF THINGS THAT 2253 01:24:09,680 --> 01:24:11,400 NEED TO BE WORKED OUT AND MANY 2254 01:24:11,400 --> 01:24:21,080 THINGS I NEED TO LEARN. 2255 01:24:21,080 --> 01:24:21,520 >>THANKS. 2256 01:24:21,520 --> 01:24:22,960 >>GREAT TALK, JOHN. 2257 01:24:22,960 --> 01:24:24,960 ENJOYED IT. 2258 01:24:24,960 --> 01:24:27,960 MY QUESTION IS WHETHER THERE'S 2259 01:24:27,960 --> 01:24:29,920 ALSO A TONIC EFFECT IN LC, WILL 2260 01:24:29,920 --> 01:24:30,800 YOU MEASURE ANY DIFFERENCES IN 2261 01:24:30,800 --> 01:24:34,000 ACTIVITY AS A FUNCTION OF THINGS 2262 01:24:34,000 --> 01:24:35,200 LIKE TASK ENGAGEMENT OR 2263 01:24:35,200 --> 01:24:37,360 MOTIVATION, IN OTHER WORDS DOES 2264 01:24:37,360 --> 01:24:40,880 AVERAGE LEVEL GO DOWN AT THE END 2265 01:24:40,880 --> 01:24:41,680 OF YOUR BLOCKS? 2266 01:24:41,680 --> 01:24:43,080 >>YEAH, GOOD QUESTION. 2267 01:24:43,080 --> 01:24:46,200 I DON'T KNOW THE ANSWER TO THAT. 2268 01:24:46,200 --> 01:24:47,240 WE MOSTLY FOCUS ON THE PERIODS 2269 01:24:47,240 --> 01:24:50,160 WHERE WE'VE GOT THE ANIMAL UNDER 2270 01:24:50,160 --> 01:24:51,280 BEHAVIORAL CONTROL. 2271 01:24:51,280 --> 01:24:53,760 WHAT YOU SAID IS CERTAINLY A 2272 01:24:53,760 --> 01:24:54,600 POSSIBILITY, PLUS TONIC EFFECTS 2273 01:24:54,600 --> 01:24:57,600 ARE NOT GOING TO BE EASILY 2274 01:24:57,600 --> 01:24:59,160 DETECTED USING REVERSE 2275 01:24:59,160 --> 01:25:00,040 CORRELATION APPROACH. 2276 01:25:00,040 --> 01:25:01,400 SO, WE'RE JUST SIMPLY NOT GOING 2277 01:25:01,400 --> 01:25:04,280 TO SEE THINGS THAT ARE JUST AT 2278 01:25:04,280 --> 01:25:06,040 THE DC LEVEL. 2279 01:25:06,040 --> 01:25:07,600 SO, IT'S A GOOD QUESTION. 2280 01:25:07,600 --> 01:25:09,680 I THINK WE COULD APPROACH IT BUT 2281 01:25:09,680 --> 01:25:11,360 WE HAVEN'T GOTTEN THE RECORDINGS 2282 01:25:11,360 --> 01:25:12,720 BETWEEN TRIALS AT THE MOMENT TO 2283 01:25:12,720 --> 01:25:14,520 LOOK AT THOSE SORTS OF THINGS. 2284 01:25:14,520 --> 01:25:16,880 >>THANKS. 2285 01:25:16,880 --> 01:25:17,120 2286 01:25:17,120 --> 01:25:18,880 >>WALTER MADE A COMMENT IN THE 2287 01:25:18,880 --> 01:25:19,080 CHAT. 2288 01:25:19,080 --> 01:25:26,320 DO YOU WANT TO BRING THAT UP? 2289 01:25:26,320 --> 01:25:30,200 >>WONDERING IF THERE'S UNIFORM 2290 01:25:30,200 --> 01:25:33,040 THEORY OF -- IN THE SYSTEM THAT 2291 01:25:33,040 --> 01:25:34,800 YOU WORKED AT, I WAS PULLED BY 2292 01:25:34,800 --> 01:25:38,080 THIS PAPER I SAW A WHILE AGO 2293 01:25:38,080 --> 01:25:43,040 ABOUT VARIOUS -- NOT ENTIRELY 2294 01:25:43,040 --> 01:25:44,520 SIMILAR, AUDITOR RESPONSES WHEN 2295 01:25:44,520 --> 01:25:48,720 YOU PUT IN COCHLEAR IMPLANTS AND 2296 01:25:48,720 --> 01:25:51,440 THE EFFECTS OF LOCUS COERULEUS 2297 01:25:51,440 --> 01:25:53,520 STIMULATION THERE, WHERE, YOU 2298 01:25:53,520 --> 01:25:56,120 KNOW, IT'S NOT -- IT DOESN'T 2299 01:25:56,120 --> 01:25:58,520 HAVE THAT TEMPORAL DATA THAT YOU 2300 01:25:58,520 --> 01:26:00,160 HAVE, BUT, YOU KNOW, BASICALLY 2301 01:26:00,160 --> 01:26:03,480 GETTING ALL THESE SIGNALS AND 2302 01:26:03,480 --> 01:26:06,880 THE LOCUS COERULEUS STIMULATION 2303 01:26:06,880 --> 01:26:10,360 IS REALLY CRITICAL AND 2304 01:26:10,360 --> 01:26:11,000 ORGANIZING THAT STIMULATION TO 2305 01:26:11,000 --> 01:26:12,360 INFORM BEHAVIOR. 2306 01:26:12,360 --> 01:26:16,840 I WAS WONDERING HAVE YOU THOUGHT 2307 01:26:16,840 --> 01:26:22,280 ABOUT WHAT YOU'VE BEEN AT, IS 2308 01:26:22,280 --> 01:26:23,960 THERE SOME KIND OF GENERAL -- 2309 01:26:23,960 --> 01:26:28,280 ARE YOU ON TO SOME KIND OF 2310 01:26:28,280 --> 01:26:34,160 GENERAL MECHANISM IN THE NERVOUS 2311 01:26:34,160 --> 01:26:36,560 SYSTEM TO TUNE CIRCUITS? 2312 01:26:36,560 --> 01:26:38,760 A WHOLE BUNCH OF DIFFERENT 2313 01:26:38,760 --> 01:26:39,120 SENSORY STIMULI. 2314 01:26:39,120 --> 01:26:39,600 >>THANKS, WALTER. 2315 01:26:39,600 --> 01:26:41,800 I WOULD LIKE TO THINK SO. 2316 01:26:41,800 --> 01:26:44,880 YOU KNOW, SO WHEN WE STUDY 2317 01:26:44,880 --> 01:26:46,960 VISUAL SPATIAL VERSUS SPECIAL 2318 01:26:46,960 --> 01:26:47,560 FEATURE ATTENTION, EVERYTHING 2319 01:26:47,560 --> 01:26:48,280 LOOKS THE SAME. 2320 01:26:48,280 --> 01:26:50,360 I MEAN SOME THINGS ARE EASIER TO 2321 01:26:50,360 --> 01:26:51,840 CONTROL, SOMETIMES YOU GET 2322 01:26:51,840 --> 01:26:55,080 BIGGER EFFECTS BUT IN TERMS OF 2323 01:26:55,080 --> 01:26:56,920 THE TIMES OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL 2324 01:26:56,920 --> 01:26:58,800 SIGNALS IT ALWAYS LOOKS THE 2325 01:26:58,800 --> 01:26:59,000 SAME. 2326 01:26:59,000 --> 01:27:02,640 AND WHAT I KNOW ABOUT AUDITORY 2327 01:27:02,640 --> 01:27:03,680 ATTENTION AND SOMATOSENSORY 2328 01:27:03,680 --> 01:27:04,920 ATTENTION, IT IS THE SAME STORY. 2329 01:27:04,920 --> 01:27:07,840 I LIKE TO THINK AT SOME LEVEL AT 2330 01:27:07,840 --> 01:27:10,360 LEAST CORTEX IS CORTEX AND ALL 2331 01:27:10,360 --> 01:27:12,640 THESE MECHANISMS WILL HAVE TIGHT 2332 01:27:12,640 --> 01:27:14,200 ANALOGIES IF NOT EQUIVALENT 2333 01:27:14,200 --> 01:27:14,760 CIRCUIT MECHANISMS. 2334 01:27:14,760 --> 01:27:16,600 SO I THINK THERE'S A GOOD CHANCE 2335 01:27:16,600 --> 01:27:17,120 FOR THAT. 2336 01:27:17,120 --> 01:27:19,080 AND IT WOULD BE MY HOPE THAT 2337 01:27:19,080 --> 01:27:20,960 THERE WOULD BE SOME CONSISTENCY 2338 01:27:20,960 --> 01:27:21,960 AT SOME LEVEL. 2339 01:27:21,960 --> 01:27:23,600 SO I THINK THAT COULD EASILY BE 2340 01:27:23,600 --> 01:27:25,320 THE CASE, WE'RE LOOKING AT 2341 01:27:25,320 --> 01:27:27,000 SOMETHING THAT'S WIDELY DEPLOYED 2342 01:27:27,000 --> 01:27:29,600 AND IT'S SIMILAR ACROSS 2343 01:27:29,600 --> 01:27:31,960 DIFFERENT SENSORY MODALITIES. 2344 01:27:31,960 --> 01:27:33,640 POTENTIALLY ACROSS COGNITIVE 2345 01:27:33,640 --> 01:27:34,720 MODALITY, RIGHT? 2346 01:27:34,720 --> 01:27:38,120 IMPROVING QUALITY OF THOUGHT, 2347 01:27:38,120 --> 01:27:38,680 FOR EXAMPLE. 2348 01:27:38,680 --> 01:27:41,480 >>HOW ABOUT -- I MEAN DO YOU 2349 01:27:41,480 --> 01:27:45,560 KNOW IF THE LOCUS COERULEUS 2350 01:27:45,560 --> 01:27:48,000 STIMULATION ACTUALLY ENABLES THE 2351 01:27:48,000 --> 01:27:48,880 MONKEYS TO DO BETTER A WEEK 2352 01:27:48,880 --> 01:27:51,920 LATER THAN THEY WOULD HAVE 2353 01:27:51,920 --> 01:27:52,200 OTHERWISE? 2354 01:27:52,200 --> 01:27:53,880 >>I DON'T KNOW THAT. 2355 01:27:53,880 --> 01:27:54,680 WE HAVEN'T LOOKED. 2356 01:27:54,680 --> 01:27:58,280 SO I REALLY JUST DON'T HAVE ANY 2357 01:27:58,280 --> 01:28:02,520 INFORMATION. 2358 01:28:02,520 --> 01:28:02,680 2359 01:28:02,680 --> 01:28:03,640 >>OKAY. 2360 01:28:03,640 --> 01:28:04,200 WE'RE ON TIME. 2361 01:28:04,200 --> 01:28:05,600 ANY OTHER QUESTIONS? 2362 01:28:05,600 --> 01:28:06,720 WE HAVE ANOTHER MINUTE BY MY 2363 01:28:06,720 --> 01:28:09,760 CLOCK. 2364 01:28:09,760 --> 01:28:13,400 THANKS, JOHN, FOR A TERRIFIC 2365 01:28:13,400 --> 01:28:13,760 TALK. 2366 01:28:13,760 --> 01:28:15,480 CLEARLY VERY STIMULATING AND 2367 01:28:15,480 --> 01:28:16,360 BASED ON THE DISCUSSION, THANK 2368 01:28:16,360 --> 01:28:18,120 YOU ALL FOR BEING HERE AND 2369 01:28:18,120 --> 01:28:19,560 ATTENDING, AND I'LL HAND IT BACK 2370 01:28:19,560 --> 01:28:24,880 TO KRISTIN TO WRAP US UP FOR THE 2371 01:28:24,880 --> 01:28:25,800 OPEN SESSION 2372 01:28:25,800 --> 01:28:26,200 >>THANK YOU. 2373 01:28:26,200 --> 01:28:27,560 THANK YOU, JOHN, FOR THE TALK. 2374 01:28:27,560 --> 01:28:29,080 BEAUTIFUL SET OF EXPERIMENTS. 2375 01:28:29,080 --> 01:28:31,600 SO HARD TO TARGET THOSE 2376 01:28:31,600 --> 01:28:32,600 BRAINSTEM AREAS. 2377 01:28:32,600 --> 01:28:34,120 THAT'S JUST FANTASTIC WORK. 2378 01:28:34,120 --> 01:28:35,520 AS WE KNOW, EXCITING SCIENCE 2379 01:28:35,520 --> 01:28:39,920 LEADS TO EVEN MORE EXCITING 2380 01:28:39,920 --> 01:28:40,520 QUESTIONS. 2381 01:28:40,520 --> 01:28:41,240 SO THANKS AGAIN. 2382 01:28:41,240 --> 01:28:43,640 I THINK THAT WILL WRAP US UP. 2383 01:28:43,640 --> 01:28:46,280 WE'RE GOING TO END ON TIME. 2384 01:28:46,280 --> 01:28:47,160 PERFECT TIMING TODAY. 2385 01:28:47,160 --> 01:28:50,200 SO THIS WILL CONCLUDE THE OPEN 2386 01:28:50,200 --> 01:28:55,040 SESSION OF OUR MCWG MEETING. 2387 01:28:55,040 --> 01:28:56,920 FOR OUR MEMBERS, AND GOVERNMENT 2388 01:28:56,920 --> 01:28:58,080 EMPLOYEES, WE'LL HAVE A 2389 01:28:58,080 --> 01:28:59,280 30-MINUTE BREAK AND THEN WE'LL 2390 01:28:59,280 --> 01:29:01,400 GET INTO THE CLOSED SESSION FOR 2391 01:29:01,400 --> 01:29:02,160 THE FUNDING PLANS. 2392 01:29:02,160 --> 01:29:04,960 SO THANK YOU ALL FOR YOUR 2393 01:29:04,960 --> 01:29:06,880 CONTRIBUTIONS TODAY AND YOUR 2394 01:29:06,880 --> 01:29:08,200 ATTENTION. 2395 01:29:08,200 --> 01:29:09,480 AND HAVE A GOOD BREAK, FOR THOSE 2396 01:29:09,480 --> 01:29:10,280 OF US. 2397 01:29:10,280 --> 01:29:11,000 AND EVERYONE ELSE, HAVE A GREAT 2398 01:29:11,000 --> 00:00:00,000 DAY.