1 00:00:05,600 --> 00:00:09,560 IT IS A PLEASURE FOR ME TO OPEN 2 00:00:09,560 --> 00:00:16,520 THE 2021 ANNUAL BIRCWH MEETING. 3 00:00:16,520 --> 00:00:19,280 IT IS MY PLEASURE TO INTRODUCE 4 00:00:19,280 --> 00:00:22,440 OUR DIRECTOR, DR. JANINE AUSTIN 5 00:00:22,440 --> 00:00:25,080 CLAYTON, WHO WILL GIVE OPENING 6 00:00:25,080 --> 00:00:30,680 REMARKS, THE NIH ASSOCIATE 7 00:00:30,680 --> 00:00:33,400 DIRECTOR FOR RESEARCH ON WOMEN'S 8 00:00:33,400 --> 00:00:33,840 HEALTH. 9 00:00:33,840 --> 00:00:37,000 DR. CLAYTON HAS BEEN AN ADVOCATE 10 00:00:37,000 --> 00:00:39,320 ON SEX AS A BIOLOGICAL VARIABLE 11 00:00:39,320 --> 00:00:46,120 IN WOMEN'S HEALTH RESEARCH IN 12 00:00:46,120 --> 00:00:46,360 GENERAL. 13 00:00:46,360 --> 00:00:50,680 # # 14 00:00:50,680 --> 00:00:54,880 HER FULL BIOIS ON THE ORWH 15 00:00:54,880 --> 00:00:58,040 WEBSITE SO I INVITE YOU TO LOOK 16 00:00:58,040 --> 00:00:59,560 THROUGH THERE. 17 00:00:59,560 --> 00:01:01,320 I WANT TO DRAW YOUR ATTENTION TO 18 00:01:01,320 --> 00:01:03,720 A NEW ACHIEVEMENT, SHE HAS BEEN 19 00:01:03,720 --> 00:01:04,880 ELECTED TO THE BOARD OF 20 00:01:04,880 --> 00:01:07,800 DIRECTORS OF THE AAAS THIS YEAR. 21 00:01:07,800 --> 00:01:09,920 I WOULD LIKE TO CONGRATULATE DR. 22 00:01:09,920 --> 00:01:12,400 CLAYTON ON HER ACHIEVEMENT AND 23 00:01:12,400 --> 00:01:14,120 INVITE HER TO GIVE OPENING 24 00:01:14,120 --> 00:01:14,400 REMARKS. 25 00:01:14,400 --> 00:01:16,920 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH, DR. BEGG, 26 00:01:16,920 --> 00:01:21,200 I'M SO EXCITED TO BE HERE FOR 27 00:01:21,200 --> 00:01:23,400 OUR BIRCWH PROGRAM MEETING. 28 00:01:23,400 --> 00:01:25,000 I'M GOING PROVIDE SOME CONTEXT 29 00:01:25,000 --> 00:01:26,080 FOR THE DAY. 30 00:01:26,080 --> 00:01:29,800 I'M BEGINNING ALMOST ALL OF MY 31 00:01:29,800 --> 00:01:32,720 PRESENTATIONS THESE DAYS WITH AN 32 00:01:32,720 --> 00:01:33,560 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF THE MANY 33 00:01:33,560 --> 00:01:36,160 WOMEN WHO HAVE PLAYED CRITICAL 34 00:01:36,160 --> 00:01:37,960 ROLES AS WE ENTER THE SECOND 35 00:01:37,960 --> 00:01:39,600 YEAR OF THE PANDEMIC, WHETHER IT 36 00:01:39,600 --> 00:01:41,680 IS IN A LABORATORY TAKING CARE 37 00:01:41,680 --> 00:01:44,680 OF PATIENTS, TAKING CARE OF OUR 38 00:01:44,680 --> 00:01:45,800 FAMILIES, WE HAVE ALL BEEN 39 00:01:45,800 --> 00:01:48,120 STEPPING UP IN A BIG WAY AND I 40 00:01:48,120 --> 00:01:50,640 WANT TO ACKNOWLEDGE THOSE AT THE 41 00:01:50,640 --> 00:01:51,960 FRONTLINES AND ESSENTIALLY 42 00:01:51,960 --> 00:01:52,200 WORKERS. 43 00:01:52,200 --> 00:01:53,040 NEXT SLIDE. 44 00:01:53,040 --> 00:01:54,920 SO I'M GOING PROVIDE SOME 45 00:01:54,920 --> 00:01:55,280 STATISTICS. 46 00:01:55,280 --> 00:01:58,280 THIS IS FROM THE AMERICAN 47 00:01:58,280 --> 00:01:59,920 ACADEMY OF MEDICAL COLLEGES. 48 00:01:59,920 --> 00:02:01,720 DESPITE THE FACT WOMEN HAVE 49 00:02:01,720 --> 00:02:03,520 REPRESENTED OVER 50% OF MEDICAL 50 00:02:03,520 --> 00:02:06,000 STUDENTS FOR SEVERAL YEARS AND 51 00:02:06,000 --> 00:02:07,480 50% OF LIFE SINCE PH.D. 52 00:02:07,480 --> 00:02:10,120 GRADUATES FOR MANY YEARS, WE 53 00:02:10,120 --> 00:02:11,480 STILL SEE THAT WOMEN PROGRESS, 54 00:02:11,480 --> 00:02:14,600 DO NOT PROGRESS AT THE RATE AS 55 00:02:14,600 --> 00:02:15,920 WE WOULD EXPECT. 56 00:02:15,920 --> 00:02:17,680 ONLY 18% OF CHAIRS AND DEANS ARE 57 00:02:17,680 --> 00:02:26,920 WOMEN. 58 00:02:26,920 --> 00:02:32,120 YOU COULD SAY THIS IS DOUBLE 59 00:02:32,120 --> 00:02:33,640 TROUBLE FOR AFRICAN AMERICAN 60 00:02:33,640 --> 00:02:34,320 WOMEN. 61 00:02:34,320 --> 00:02:36,560 13% OF MEDICAL SCHOOL FACULTY 62 00:02:36,560 --> 00:02:39,840 WITH ALL THE CATEGORIES ADDED 63 00:02:39,840 --> 00:02:40,880 TOGETHER REPRESENTED WOMEN OF 64 00:02:40,880 --> 00:02:44,320 COLOR. 65 00:02:44,320 --> 00:02:45,880 THESE NUMBERS, UNFORTUNATELY, 66 00:02:45,880 --> 00:02:47,960 HAVE NOT CHANGED MUCH IN THE 67 00:02:47,960 --> 00:02:49,040 LAST 10 YEARS. 68 00:02:49,040 --> 00:02:51,560 THE PHRASE UNDERREPRESENTED IN 69 00:02:51,560 --> 00:02:53,840 MEDICINE IS THE PHRASE THEY USE, 70 00:02:53,840 --> 00:02:58,280 12% IN 2009 AND 13% IN 2018. 71 00:02:58,280 --> 00:02:59,800 AND, OF COURSE, THE GREATEST 72 00:02:59,800 --> 00:03:02,520 NUMBER OF UNDERREPRESENTED 73 00:03:02,520 --> 00:03:03,520 MINORITY IN MEDICINE IS 74 00:03:03,520 --> 00:03:04,320 UNFORTUNATELY AT THE LOWER 75 00:03:04,320 --> 00:03:05,720 RANKS. 76 00:03:05,720 --> 00:03:09,680 NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 77 00:03:09,680 --> 00:03:11,720 AND EVEN WHEN WOMEN ACHIEVE 78 00:03:11,720 --> 00:03:12,920 SUCCESS IN MEDICAL RESEARCH THEY 79 00:03:12,920 --> 00:03:15,960 HAVE HAD TO DO IT COPING WITH A 80 00:03:15,960 --> 00:03:18,520 VARIETY OF CHALLENGES, INCLUDING 81 00:03:18,520 --> 00:03:21,920 OFTEN HOSTILE WORK ENVIRONMENTS 82 00:03:21,920 --> 00:03:24,360 WHERE SEXUAL HARASSMENT AND 83 00:03:24,360 --> 00:03:25,640 GENDER DISCRIMINATION ARE 84 00:03:25,640 --> 00:03:25,880 COMMON. 85 00:03:25,880 --> 00:03:28,160 IT IS A REFLECTION OF BROADER 86 00:03:28,160 --> 00:03:30,360 SOCIETY THAT IN MANY CASES 87 00:03:30,360 --> 00:03:32,400 DIMINISHES THE STATUS AND 88 00:03:32,400 --> 00:03:33,520 ACHIEVEMENTS OF WOMEN. 89 00:03:33,520 --> 00:03:35,720 THERE IS A REASON TO REDOUBLE 90 00:03:35,720 --> 00:03:37,920 OUR EFFORTS TO SUPPORT AND 91 00:03:37,920 --> 00:03:40,760 PROMOTE WOMEN IN SCIENCE THESE 92 00:03:40,760 --> 00:03:41,840 DAYS. 93 00:03:41,840 --> 00:03:43,920 THE COVID-19 GLOBAL PANDEMIC HAS 94 00:03:43,920 --> 00:03:48,120 HAD A SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON 95 00:03:48,120 --> 00:03:50,400 WOMEN WHO BARE CARE GIVING AND 96 00:03:50,400 --> 00:03:52,680 HOUSEHOLD RESPONSIBILITIES. 97 00:03:52,680 --> 00:03:54,720 TROUBLING EARLY EVIDENCE 98 00:03:54,720 --> 00:03:56,000 SUGGESTS THAT PRODUCTIVITY FOR 99 00:03:56,000 --> 00:03:57,280 WOMEN SCIENTISTS IN PARTICULAR 100 00:03:57,280 --> 00:03:58,480 HAS DECREASED. 101 00:03:58,480 --> 00:04:01,080 THIS RAISES REAL CONCERNS ABOUT 102 00:04:01,080 --> 00:04:03,200 SETBACKS IN THE PROGRESS THAT 103 00:04:03,200 --> 00:04:08,720 HAD BEEN MADE TOWARD GENDER 104 00:04:08,720 --> 00:04:09,440 EQUITY. 105 00:04:09,440 --> 00:04:11,400 MOREOVER, DESPITE EQUITY IN 106 00:04:11,400 --> 00:04:12,280 SCIENCE HAS TAKEN ON URGENCY, 107 00:04:12,280 --> 00:04:13,720 CONSTANT VIL LANCE IS REQUIRED 108 00:04:13,720 --> 00:04:15,560 TO ELIMINATE BIAS IN THE 109 00:04:15,560 --> 00:04:15,800 WORKPLACE. 110 00:04:15,800 --> 00:04:18,440 NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 111 00:04:18,440 --> 00:04:21,960 SEXUAL HARASSMENT IS PERVASIVE, 112 00:04:21,960 --> 00:04:23,400 DESTRUCTIVE AND DEMORALIZING 113 00:04:23,400 --> 00:04:25,400 CHALLENGE IN THE WORKPLACE FOR 114 00:04:25,400 --> 00:04:27,640 MANY WOMEN AND ACTUALLY OVER 115 00:04:27,640 --> 00:04:30,840 HALF OF FEMALE FACULTY AND STAFF 116 00:04:30,840 --> 00:04:33,480 IN ACADEMIA HAVE REPORTED 117 00:04:33,480 --> 00:04:35,560 EXPERIENCING SEXUAL HARASSMENT. 118 00:04:35,560 --> 00:04:37,400 'EVEN WHEN WOMEN ARE STUDENTS 119 00:04:37,400 --> 00:04:39,840 20% TO 50% OF STUDENTS IN 120 00:04:39,840 --> 00:04:42,200 SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND 121 00:04:42,200 --> 00:04:43,360 MEDICINE REPORT EXPERIENCES 122 00:04:43,360 --> 00:04:45,120 SEXUAL HARASSMENT AND FEMALE 123 00:04:45,120 --> 00:04:47,000 MEDICAL STUDENTS IN PARTICULAR 124 00:04:47,000 --> 00:04:55,480 WERE THE 20 -- 220% MORE LIKELY 125 00:04:55,480 --> 00:04:58,600 TO HAVE FACED THIS, AND GENDER 126 00:04:58,600 --> 00:05:00,720 ROLES, LESBIAN, BISEXUAL AND 127 00:05:00,720 --> 00:05:03,160 OTHER GROUPS ARE MORE LIKELY TO 128 00:05:03,160 --> 00:05:04,560 EXPERIENCE SEXUAL HARASSMENT. 129 00:05:04,560 --> 00:05:05,640 NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 130 00:05:05,640 --> 00:05:07,400 SO WHAT ARE SOME OF THE STEPS 131 00:05:07,400 --> 00:05:08,640 THAT NIH IS TAKING? 132 00:05:08,640 --> 00:05:15,320 NEXT. 133 00:05:15,320 --> 00:05:18,520 IN ORDER TO ADVANCE WHAT NIH HAS 134 00:05:18,520 --> 00:05:20,280 TERMED INCLUSIVE EXCELLENCE, WE 135 00:05:20,280 --> 00:05:22,800 HAVE A VARIETY OF INTERVENTIONS 136 00:05:22,800 --> 00:05:24,600 WE ARE TAKING. 137 00:05:24,600 --> 00:05:27,120 AND I'M GOING WALK THROUGH THEM 138 00:05:27,120 --> 00:05:27,640 HERE. 139 00:05:27,640 --> 00:05:31,840 THE FIRST IS ACTION ORIENTED 140 00:05:31,840 --> 00:05:32,200 ACCOUNTABILITY. 141 00:05:32,200 --> 00:05:34,520 BY ACTION ORIENTED 142 00:05:34,520 --> 00:05:36,960 ACCOUNTABILITY WE MEAN TAKING A 143 00:05:36,960 --> 00:05:39,360 STRONG STAND AGAINST SEXUAL 144 00:05:39,360 --> 00:05:41,280 HARASSMENT AT THE HIGHEST LEVELS 145 00:05:41,280 --> 00:05:44,600 OF LEADERSHIP INCLUDING GENDER 146 00:05:44,600 --> 00:05:46,560 HARASSMENT. 147 00:05:46,560 --> 00:05:48,000 INTRAMURALLY, WE HAVE 148 00:05:48,000 --> 00:05:51,280 TRANSPARENT POLICIES AND 149 00:05:51,280 --> 00:05:53,400 INVESTIGATIVE WAYS TO REPORT. 150 00:05:53,400 --> 00:05:57,440 WE HAVE EXTRA MURALLY, WE HAVE 151 00:05:57,440 --> 00:06:00,280 PUBLISHED NOTICES THAT 152 00:06:00,280 --> 00:06:01,200 INSTITUTIONS NOTIFY NIH WHEN 153 00:06:01,200 --> 00:06:02,760 THERE ARE CONCERNS ABOUT SAFETY 154 00:06:02,760 --> 00:06:05,000 ENOUGH TO CHANGE THE STATUS OF A 155 00:06:05,000 --> 00:06:07,240 PI FOR EXAMPLE IN A GRANT. 156 00:06:07,240 --> 00:06:10,400 SAFE WORK ENVIRONMENTS FREE OF 157 00:06:10,400 --> 00:06:11,280 HARASSMENT AND EXPLICIT 158 00:06:11,280 --> 00:06:14,280 CONDITION OF AWARDS AND HAVE 159 00:06:14,280 --> 00:06:18,600 PROVIDED MECHANISMS WHERE 160 00:06:18,600 --> 00:06:20,520 HARASSMENT CAN BE REPORTED. 161 00:06:20,520 --> 00:06:23,320 WE PUBLISHED GUIDELINES FOR SAFE 162 00:06:23,320 --> 00:06:25,200 AND INCLUSIVE GUIDELINES AT NIH 163 00:06:25,200 --> 00:06:33,160 CONFERENCES. 164 00:06:33,160 --> 00:06:33,920 DEMON STRABL LEADERSHIP REPORT, 165 00:06:33,920 --> 00:06:37,440 THE NIH DIRECTOR SIGNALLED THIS 166 00:06:37,440 --> 00:06:40,920 BY DECLARING HE WOULD NOT -- AS 167 00:06:40,920 --> 00:06:42,520 HE HAS TALKED ABOUT MANY TIMES. 168 00:06:42,520 --> 00:06:45,120 HE IS LOOKING AT THE GENDER AND 169 00:06:45,120 --> 00:06:48,320 RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY OF 170 00:06:48,320 --> 00:06:52,960 SPEAKERS THAT ARE SELECTED AT 171 00:06:52,960 --> 00:06:54,560 CONFERENCES TO WHICH HE IS 172 00:06:54,560 --> 00:06:59,800 INVITED. 173 00:06:59,800 --> 00:07:02,640 THE NIH DIRECTOR CREATED THE 174 00:07:02,640 --> 00:07:04,200 WORKING GROUP ON BIOMEDICAL 175 00:07:04,200 --> 00:07:06,600 CAREERS AND THE NIH DIRECTOR 176 00:07:06,600 --> 00:07:10,120 CREATED CHIEF OFFICER FOR 177 00:07:10,120 --> 00:07:12,000 SCIENTIFIC WORK FORCE DIVERSITY 178 00:07:12,000 --> 00:07:12,280 POSITION. 179 00:07:12,280 --> 00:07:20,200 THOSE ARE DEMONSTRABLE STEPS. 180 00:07:20,200 --> 00:07:21,360 PROMOTING A CULTURE OF 181 00:07:21,360 --> 00:07:23,880 INCLUSION. 182 00:07:23,880 --> 00:07:25,520 THE NIH RESEARCH PROGRAM IS 183 00:07:25,520 --> 00:07:27,880 TRYING TO MODEL PRACTICES HIRING 184 00:07:27,880 --> 00:07:29,520 COHORTS COMMITTED TO NIH VALUES 185 00:07:29,520 --> 00:07:30,080 OF DIVERSITY. 186 00:07:30,080 --> 00:07:33,400 THAT IS A CRITERION FOR THE 187 00:07:33,400 --> 00:07:35,040 DISTINGUISHED SCHOLARS PROGRAM, 188 00:07:35,040 --> 00:07:37,120 YOU HAVE A COMMITMENT TO 189 00:07:37,120 --> 00:07:43,600 DIVERSITY, EQUITY AND INCLUSION 190 00:07:43,600 --> 00:07:47,680 AND THE ENHANCED RECRUITMENT OF 191 00:07:47,680 --> 00:07:49,240 SENIOR TENURED TRACK POSITIONS, 192 00:07:49,240 --> 00:07:51,280 WE HAVE A LONG WAY TO GO WITH 193 00:07:51,280 --> 00:07:54,400 WOMEN AND OTHER HISTORICALLY 194 00:07:54,400 --> 00:07:56,400 MARGINALIZED GROUPS OF SCIENCE 195 00:07:56,400 --> 00:07:57,800 AND LEADERSHIP WITHIN THE NIH. 196 00:07:57,800 --> 00:08:00,280 SOME OF THE GOOD NEWS IS 11 OF 197 00:08:00,280 --> 00:08:01,920 THE INSTITUTE AND CENTER 198 00:08:01,920 --> 00:08:04,600 DIRECTORS ARE WOMEN, 10 OF WHICH 199 00:08:04,600 --> 00:08:06,480 APPOINTED BY DR. COLLINS. 200 00:08:06,480 --> 00:08:09,640 A NEW EFFORT AT NIH KNOWN AS 201 00:08:09,640 --> 00:08:14,000 UNITE HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED TO 202 00:08:14,000 --> 00:08:17,400 ADDRESS RACIAL INEQUITIES THAT 203 00:08:17,400 --> 00:08:18,920 PREVENTED CERTAIN GROUPS 204 00:08:18,920 --> 00:08:20,360 PARTICIPATING INCLUDING WOMEN. 205 00:08:20,360 --> 00:08:22,800 THIS INITIATIVE INCLUDES A 206 00:08:22,800 --> 00:08:24,240 COMMITMENT TO RECRUIT MORE 207 00:08:24,240 --> 00:08:27,480 SENIOR TENURED SCIENTISTS FOR 208 00:08:27,480 --> 00:08:30,520 UNDERREPRESENTED GROUPS IN THE 209 00:08:30,520 --> 00:08:32,000 INTRAMURAL RESEARCH PROGRAM AND 210 00:08:32,000 --> 00:08:35,840 REMOVE BARRIERS AND POLICIES AND 211 00:08:35,840 --> 00:08:37,920 PRACTICES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE 212 00:08:37,920 --> 00:08:41,280 SYSTEMIC RACISM. 213 00:08:41,280 --> 00:08:43,400 NEXT SLIDE, PLEASE. 214 00:08:43,400 --> 00:08:45,920 ENHANCED FLEXIBILITY OPTIONS IN 215 00:08:45,920 --> 00:08:47,920 THE ORANGE BOX INCLUDE SEVERAL 216 00:08:47,920 --> 00:08:48,880 OPPORTUNITIES I WOULD LIKE TO 217 00:08:48,880 --> 00:08:49,840 SHARE WITH YOU. 218 00:08:49,840 --> 00:08:53,200 FIRST, WE HAVE EXPANDED OUR 219 00:08:53,200 --> 00:08:55,200 RE-ENTRY PROGRAM TO INCORPORATE 220 00:08:55,200 --> 00:08:56,640 A REINTEGRATION PROGRAM THAT 221 00:08:56,640 --> 00:09:01,720 EVEN GOES DOWN TO THE PRE-DOC 222 00:09:01,720 --> 00:09:03,440 LEVEL FOR INDIVIDUALS WHOSE 223 00:09:03,440 --> 00:09:06,120 CAREERS HAVE BEEN DERAILED BY 224 00:09:06,120 --> 00:09:07,720 HARASSMENT AND DISCRIMINATION 225 00:09:07,720 --> 00:09:11,200 AND FOCUS ON PERIODS THAT ARE SO 226 00:09:11,200 --> 00:09:13,800 IMPORTANT FOR WOMEN WE CREATED 227 00:09:13,800 --> 00:09:14,920 CONTINUITY SUPPLEMENTS. 228 00:09:14,920 --> 00:09:21,440 WE PARTNERED WITH THE OFFICE -- 229 00:09:21,440 --> 00:09:24,520 TO APPLY FOR FLEXIBLE FUNDING TO 230 00:09:24,520 --> 00:09:26,400 MAINTAIN RESEARCH PRODUCTIVITY 231 00:09:26,400 --> 00:09:28,360 WHEN THEY EXPERIENCE A CRITICAL 232 00:09:28,360 --> 00:09:31,520 LIFE EVENT, CHILDBIRTH, ADOPTION 233 00:09:31,520 --> 00:09:33,920 OR PRIMARY CARE GIVING 234 00:09:33,920 --> 00:09:37,080 RESPONSIBILITIES FOR AN ILL 235 00:09:37,080 --> 00:09:38,000 IMMEDIATE FAMILY MEMBER. 236 00:09:38,000 --> 00:09:39,840 NIH ANNOUNCED CHILDCARE SUPPORT 237 00:09:39,840 --> 00:09:46,480 FOR RECIPIENTS OF THE NRSA 238 00:09:46,480 --> 00:09:48,200 AWARDEES AND EXTENSIONS OF THE 239 00:09:48,200 --> 00:09:51,560 TIMELINE FOR APPLYING FOR K 240 00:09:51,560 --> 00:09:54,200 AWARDS TO ENHANCE FLEXIBILITY IN 241 00:09:54,200 --> 00:09:57,600 A TIME WHEN MANY ARE STRUGGLING 242 00:09:57,600 --> 00:09:59,600 BY ADDITIONAL BURDENS BROUGHT ON 243 00:09:59,600 --> 00:10:00,600 BY THE PANDEMIC. 244 00:10:00,600 --> 00:10:03,360 IN TERMS OF BEST PRACTICES AND 245 00:10:03,360 --> 00:10:05,200 RESEARCH INTERVENTION IN THE 246 00:10:05,200 --> 00:10:06,720 GREEN BOX, NIH IS FUNDING 247 00:10:06,720 --> 00:10:08,160 RESEARCH TO UNDERSTAND THE 248 00:10:08,160 --> 00:10:10,680 IMPACTS OF RACISM, 249 00:10:10,680 --> 00:10:12,600 DISCRIMINATION AND HARASSMENT ON 250 00:10:12,600 --> 00:10:14,640 THE BIOMEDICAL WORK FORCE AND TO 251 00:10:14,640 --> 00:10:16,240 IDENTIFY WAYS TO INTERVENE 252 00:10:16,240 --> 00:10:17,000 AGAINST THEM. 253 00:10:17,000 --> 00:10:20,840 WE ARE COMBATING HARASSMENT IN A 254 00:10:20,840 --> 00:10:25,080 WAY THAT AREA HAS BEEN FOCUSED 255 00:10:25,080 --> 00:10:28,120 ON IN A RECENT -- THAT INVIDS 256 00:10:28,120 --> 00:10:30,440 APPLICATIONS ON INTERVENTIONS TO 257 00:10:30,440 --> 00:10:31,920 ADDRESS HARASSMENT. 258 00:10:31,920 --> 00:10:33,520 RESEARCH ON THOSE INTERVENTIONS. 259 00:10:33,520 --> 00:10:36,320 WE ARE WORKING WITH NIDDK TO 260 00:10:36,320 --> 00:10:41,400 ESTABLISH A COORDINATING CENTER 261 00:10:41,400 --> 00:10:47,560 FOR AGIE, TO HELP WOMEN ATTAIN 262 00:10:47,560 --> 00:10:49,000 LEADERSHIP POSITIONS IN MANY 263 00:10:49,000 --> 00:10:50,480 AREAS OF SCIENCE. 264 00:10:50,480 --> 00:10:54,080 THE NIH WORKING GROUP ON WOMEN 265 00:10:54,080 --> 00:10:57,280 AND WORKING CAREERS WHICH I 266 00:10:57,280 --> 00:11:03,400 CO-CHAIRED WITH DR. COLLINS, 267 00:11:03,400 --> 00:11:05,960 NAMED A PRIZE THAT RECOGNIZES 268 00:11:05,960 --> 00:11:07,720 INSTITUTIONS THAT HAVE 269 00:11:07,720 --> 00:11:10,480 SUCCESSFULLY AND SYSTEMICALLY 270 00:11:10,480 --> 00:11:12,040 ADDRESSED GENDER DIVERSITY 271 00:11:12,040 --> 00:11:20,320 ISSUES AMONG FACULTY MEMBERS. 272 00:11:20,320 --> 00:11:20,880 SO WHILE THESE COLLECTIVE 273 00:11:20,880 --> 00:11:22,440 STRATEGIES ARE IMPORTANT AND 274 00:11:22,440 --> 00:11:24,800 REPRESENT POSITIVE PROGRESS, 275 00:11:24,800 --> 00:11:27,200 CONTINUED EFFORT IS NEEDED TO 276 00:11:27,200 --> 00:11:29,440 ACHIEVE A CULTURE OF TRUE EQUITY 277 00:11:29,440 --> 00:11:30,920 AND INCLUSION WHERE WOMEN 278 00:11:30,920 --> 00:11:36,040 SCIENTISTS ARE NOT MARGINALIZED, 279 00:11:36,040 --> 00:11:37,760 DIMINISHED OR HARASSED IN ANY 280 00:11:37,760 --> 00:11:39,000 PROFESSIONAL SETTING OR IN THE 281 00:11:39,000 --> 00:11:39,800 PUBLIC EYE. 282 00:11:39,800 --> 00:11:42,160 THIS REDOUBLING OF EFFORTS IS 283 00:11:42,160 --> 00:11:44,240 PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT GIVEN THE 284 00:11:44,240 --> 00:11:45,280 DISPROPORTIONATE IMPACT OF THE 285 00:11:45,280 --> 00:11:46,520 PANDEMIC ON WOMEN WHICH IS 286 00:11:46,520 --> 00:11:51,960 LIKELY TO CONTINUE WELL INTO THE 287 00:11:51,960 --> 00:11:52,200 FUTURE. 288 00:11:52,200 --> 00:11:54,440 THIS WILL REQUIRE CONTINUOUS 289 00:11:54,440 --> 00:11:56,880 ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTS, 290 00:11:56,880 --> 00:11:58,120 POLICIES AND PRACTICES AS WELL 291 00:11:58,120 --> 00:11:59,800 AS FLEXIBLE MULTIPRONGED 292 00:11:59,800 --> 00:12:01,200 APPROACHES TO ADDRESS INEQUITIES 293 00:12:01,200 --> 00:12:04,000 AND OBSTACLES AS THEY ARE 294 00:12:04,000 --> 00:12:04,440 IDENTIFIED. 295 00:12:04,440 --> 00:12:07,520 NIH IS COMMITTED TO ACHIEVING 296 00:12:07,520 --> 00:12:09,400 GENDER EQUITY AND DISRUPTING THE 297 00:12:09,400 --> 00:12:10,760 ENVIRONMENTS THAT SERVE AS 298 00:12:10,760 --> 00:12:13,320 BARRIERS TO WOMEN AND OTHER 299 00:12:13,320 --> 00:12:14,400 MARGINALIZED GROUPS. 300 00:12:14,400 --> 00:12:16,120 IT IS CRITICAL TO OUR MISSION TO 301 00:12:16,120 --> 00:12:18,040 FUND AND CONDUCT THE BEST 302 00:12:18,040 --> 00:12:20,200 SCIENCE TO IMPROVE HUMAN HEALTH. 303 00:12:20,200 --> 00:12:25,400 THERE IS ABUNDANT EVIDENCE A 304 00:12:25,400 --> 00:12:26,920 DIVERSE WORK FORCE RESULTS IN 305 00:12:26,920 --> 00:12:28,800 BETTER SCIENCE AND INCREASED 306 00:12:28,800 --> 00:12:31,720 INNOVATION IN THE BIOMEDICAL 307 00:12:31,720 --> 00:12:32,000 ENTERPRISE. 308 00:12:32,000 --> 00:12:34,120 WE OWE IT TO THE AMERICAN 309 00:12:34,120 --> 00:12:37,040 TAXPAYERS TO ENSURE FULL 310 00:12:37,040 --> 00:12:39,600 PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN AND JUNT 311 00:12:39,600 --> 00:12:41,320 REPRESENTED GROUPS IN RESEARCH. 312 00:12:41,320 --> 00:12:43,080 NIH CANNOT DO THIS ALONE. 313 00:12:43,080 --> 00:12:45,640 IT REQUIRES SYSTEMWIDE AND 314 00:12:45,640 --> 00:12:47,680 INSTITUTIONWIDE SOLUTIONS, 315 00:12:47,680 --> 00:12:50,280 CREATIVITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY, 316 00:12:50,280 --> 00:12:52,960 THE HEALTH OF ALL DEPENDS ON IT. 317 00:12:52,960 --> 00:13:02,600 # HERE IS WHERE YOU CAN CONTACT 318 00:13:02,600 --> 00:13:02,800 US. 319 00:13:02,800 --> 00:13:03,000 NEXT. 320 00:13:03,000 --> 00:13:07,800 IT IS MY PLEASURE TO INTRODUCE 321 00:13:07,800 --> 00:13:10,200 OUR RUTH L. KIRSCHSTEIN MEMORIAL 322 00:13:10,200 --> 00:13:10,800 LECTURE. 323 00:13:10,800 --> 00:13:18,400 LET ME TELL YOU ABOUT DR. RUTH 324 00:13:18,400 --> 00:13:18,920 KIRSCHSTEIN. 325 00:13:18,920 --> 00:13:21,560 A RENOWNED PATHOLOGIST, SHE 326 00:13:21,560 --> 00:13:24,320 CONTRIBUTED TO THE SELECTION OF 327 00:13:24,320 --> 00:13:27,880 THE SAVAN VACCINE. 328 00:13:27,880 --> 00:13:30,360 SHE WAS A FIXTURE ON THE NIH 329 00:13:30,360 --> 00:13:32,800 CAMPUS FOR MORE THAN 50 YEARS. 330 00:13:32,800 --> 00:13:36,000 SHE WAS A DYNAMO WHO HAD 331 00:13:36,000 --> 00:13:37,800 TREMENDOUS CONVICTION AND 332 00:13:37,800 --> 00:13:38,000 COURAGE. 333 00:13:38,000 --> 00:13:39,600 SHE WAS THE FIRST WOMAN TO 334 00:13:39,600 --> 00:13:43,200 DIRECT AN NIH INSTITUTE, THE 335 00:13:43,200 --> 00:13:45,800 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL 336 00:13:45,800 --> 00:13:46,080 SCIENCES. 337 00:13:46,080 --> 00:13:47,880 SHE CHAMPIONED IMPORTANT CAUSES 338 00:13:47,880 --> 00:13:52,400 SUCH AS NIGMS' RESPONSE TO THE 339 00:13:52,400 --> 00:13:54,000 AIDS EPIDEMIC. 340 00:13:54,000 --> 00:13:56,240 SHE SERVED TWICE AS THE NIH 341 00:13:56,240 --> 00:13:58,560 ACTING DIRECTOR AND ACTING 342 00:13:58,560 --> 00:14:00,640 ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR FOR WOMEN'S 343 00:14:00,640 --> 00:14:08,600 RESEARCH AND HEALTH SHE PLAYED A 344 00:14:08,600 --> 00:14:09,880 PIVOT ROLE FOR WOMEN. 345 00:14:09,880 --> 00:14:12,280 SHE MENTORS COUNTLESS 346 00:14:12,280 --> 00:14:13,600 RESEARCHERS MANY HAVE GONE TO 347 00:14:13,600 --> 00:14:15,800 LEADERSHIP POSITIONS AT NIH AND 348 00:14:15,800 --> 00:14:16,040 SCIENCE. 349 00:14:16,040 --> 00:14:17,760 AMONG HER MANY HONORS WAS THE 350 00:14:17,760 --> 00:14:19,720 ELECTION TO THE THEN INSTITUTE 351 00:14:19,720 --> 00:14:20,960 OF MEDICINE AND AMERICAN ACADEMY 352 00:14:20,960 --> 00:14:23,360 OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 353 00:14:23,360 --> 00:14:26,560 IN 2002, CONGRESS RENAMED THE 354 00:14:26,560 --> 00:14:28,800 NATIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE AWARD, 355 00:14:28,800 --> 00:14:36,000 NRSA PROGRAM, IN HER HONOR. 356 00:14:36,000 --> 00:14:40,760 THIS YEAR'S KIRSCHSTEIN LECTURER 357 00:14:40,760 --> 00:14:41,640 IS MY COLLEAGUE DR. MOLLY 358 00:14:41,640 --> 00:14:46,800 CARNES. 359 00:14:46,800 --> 00:14:48,360 HER NAME AND RECORD OF 360 00:14:48,360 --> 00:14:49,520 ACHIEVEMENT ARE WELL KNOWN, I'M 361 00:14:49,520 --> 00:14:51,120 SURE TO MANY OF YOU. 362 00:14:51,120 --> 00:14:57,800 SHE IS THE VIRGINIA VALIAN 363 00:14:57,800 --> 00:15:03,200 PROFESSOR IN THE DEPARTMENTS OF 364 00:15:03,200 --> 00:15:04,640 MEDICINE, SIGH KAI INDUSTRY AND 365 00:15:04,640 --> 00:15:06,680 INDUSTRIAL AND SYSTEMS 366 00:15:06,680 --> 00:15:07,400 ENGINEERS. 367 00:15:07,400 --> 00:15:09,120 DIRECTOR OF THE CENTER FOR 368 00:15:09,120 --> 00:15:11,640 WOMEN'S HEALTH RESEARCH AND 369 00:15:11,640 --> 00:15:14,160 CO-DIRECTOR WOMEN IN SCIENCE & 370 00:15:14,160 --> 00:15:14,880 ENGINEERING LEADERSHIP INSTITUTE 371 00:15:14,880 --> 00:15:16,680 AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 372 00:15:16,680 --> 00:15:19,480 AND ONE OF THE WINNERS OF THE 373 00:15:19,480 --> 00:15:20,400 CHALLENGE. 374 00:15:20,400 --> 00:15:22,560 DR. CARNES EARNED HER MD FROM 375 00:15:22,560 --> 00:15:24,160 STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK, 376 00:15:24,160 --> 00:15:24,400 BUFFALO. 377 00:15:24,400 --> 00:15:26,600 SHE BEGAN HER LIFE'S WORK AT THE 378 00:15:26,600 --> 00:15:29,400 UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON 379 00:15:29,400 --> 00:15:31,600 WHERE SHE COMPLETED RESIDENCIES 380 00:15:31,600 --> 00:15:34,280 IN INTERNAL MEDICINE, A 381 00:15:34,280 --> 00:15:37,640 FELLOWSHIP IN GERIATRICS AND SHE 382 00:15:37,640 --> 00:15:39,600 DEVELOPS, IMPLEMENTS AND 383 00:15:39,600 --> 00:15:42,360 EVALUATES INTERVENTIONS TO 384 00:15:42,360 --> 00:15:43,800 INCREASE DIVERSITY IN STEM 385 00:15:43,800 --> 00:15:47,200 FACULTIES USING QUANTITATIVE AND 386 00:15:47,200 --> 00:15:56,480 QUALITYTIVE MEASURES, SHE TALKS 387 00:15:56,480 --> 00:16:03,800 ABOUT HOW STEREOTYPES ARE -- WE 388 00:16:03,800 --> 00:16:07,640 SOUGHT AN INDIVIDUAL WHO "BEST 389 00:16:07,640 --> 00:16:10,720 HONORS DR. KIRSCHSTEIN'S NEXT 390 00:16:10,720 --> 00:16:13,320 GENERATION OF RESEARCHERS AND 391 00:16:13,320 --> 00:16:14,360 SCIENTISTS, ESPECIALLY FROM 392 00:16:14,360 --> 00:16:15,600 UNDERREPRESENTED POPULATIONS AS 393 00:16:15,600 --> 00:16:16,960 WELL AS HER REMARKABLE 394 00:16:16,960 --> 00:16:19,360 ACHIEVEMENTS AS A SCIENTIST AND 395 00:16:19,360 --> 00:16:21,600 LEADER AT NIH." 396 00:16:21,600 --> 00:16:23,360 WE SOUGHT A SCIENTIST OF 397 00:16:23,360 --> 00:16:24,200 TREMENDOUS ACCOMPLISHMENT AND 398 00:16:24,200 --> 00:16:27,320 DR. CARNES IS A PIONEER IN THE 399 00:16:27,320 --> 00:16:30,000 STUDY OF SCIENTIFIC WORK FORCE 400 00:16:30,000 --> 00:16:30,240 DIVERSITY. 401 00:16:30,240 --> 00:16:33,520 SHE ELOQUENTLY DESCRIBED THE 402 00:16:33,520 --> 00:16:35,120 IMPLICIT BIAS HABIT WHICH SHE 403 00:16:35,120 --> 00:16:37,680 ADDRESSED AT THE WOMEN'S HEALTH 404 00:16:37,680 --> 00:16:41,000 CONFERENCE WE HOSTED IN OCTOBER. 405 00:16:41,000 --> 00:16:43,400 RECIPIENT OF PATH FINDER AWARD 406 00:16:43,400 --> 00:16:45,640 TO RESEARCH TO PROMOTE 407 00:16:45,640 --> 00:16:46,680 SCIENTIFIC DIVERSITY, DR. CARNES 408 00:16:46,680 --> 00:16:54,000 IS RENOWNED FOR HER RIGOROUS 409 00:16:54,000 --> 00:16:56,720 APPROACH TO BIAS. 410 00:16:56,720 --> 00:16:59,200 SHE WON THE JOSEPH T FREEMAN 411 00:16:59,200 --> 00:17:02,840 AWARD, THE 2008 FELLOWSHIP OF 412 00:17:02,840 --> 00:17:05,200 ASSOCIATE FOR WOMEN IN SCIENCE, 413 00:17:05,200 --> 00:17:07,600 THE AMERICAN MEDICAL WOMEN'S 414 00:17:07,600 --> 00:17:08,160 ASSOCIATION PRESIDENTIAL 415 00:17:08,160 --> 00:17:11,000 RECOGNITION AWARD, THE 2019 416 00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:12,640 BERNADINE HEALY WOMEN'S 417 00:17:12,640 --> 00:17:14,600 VISIONARY LEADERSHIP AWARD AND 418 00:17:14,600 --> 00:17:15,800 MANY, MANY OTHERS. 419 00:17:15,800 --> 00:17:18,000 INDEED, SHE IS A PERFECT CHOICE 420 00:17:18,000 --> 00:17:21,960 TO PRESENT THIS YEAR'S 421 00:17:21,960 --> 00:17:23,880 KIRSCHSTEIN MEMORIAL LECTURE. 422 00:17:23,880 --> 00:17:27,280 IT IS MY PRIVILEGE TO INTRODUCE 423 00:17:27,280 --> 00:17:28,080 DR. MOLLY L. CARNES. 424 00:17:28,080 --> 00:17:33,320 DR. CARNES. 425 00:17:33,320 --> 00:17:35,480 I WOULD LIKE TO START BY 426 00:17:35,480 --> 00:17:38,040 THANKING NIH FOR FUNDING MY 427 00:17:38,040 --> 00:17:39,640 RESEARCH AND TAKING SUCH A 428 00:17:39,640 --> 00:17:42,120 LEADERSHIP ROLE IN GENDER EQUITY 429 00:17:42,120 --> 00:17:44,800 AND WOMEN'S HEALTH AND DR. 430 00:17:44,800 --> 00:17:47,720 CLAYTON AND THE FORMER DIRECTOR 431 00:17:47,720 --> 00:17:50,320 OF ORWH, THE NATIONAL SCIENCE 432 00:17:50,320 --> 00:17:51,520 FOUNDATION AND UNIVERSITY OF 433 00:17:51,520 --> 00:17:52,560 WISCONSIN FOR FUNDING MY 434 00:17:52,560 --> 00:17:53,080 RESEARCH. 435 00:17:53,080 --> 00:17:55,760 I WOULD LIKE TO BRIEFLY 436 00:17:55,760 --> 00:17:57,000 ACKNOWLEDGE SOME OF THE MANY 437 00:17:57,000 --> 00:17:58,360 PEOPLE THAT CONTRIBUTED TO SOME 438 00:17:58,360 --> 00:18:00,520 OF MY WORK I WILL BE PRESENTING. 439 00:18:00,520 --> 00:18:01,560 I WILL COVER THESE FOUR POINTS 440 00:18:01,560 --> 00:18:06,160 TODAY. 441 00:18:06,160 --> 00:18:09,120 SO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF GENDER 442 00:18:09,120 --> 00:18:10,440 STEREOTYPES, ANY STEREOTYPE, BUT 443 00:18:10,440 --> 00:18:13,160 WE ARE FOCUSING ON GENDER, EVEN 444 00:18:13,160 --> 00:18:15,640 IF WE DON'T BELIEVE IN THOSE 445 00:18:15,640 --> 00:18:20,240 STEREOTYPES, GIVES RISE TO OVERT 446 00:18:20,240 --> 00:18:23,120 DISCRIMINATION AND UNINTENTIONAL 447 00:18:23,120 --> 00:18:24,520 BIAS, IMPLICIT BIAS. 448 00:18:24,520 --> 00:18:27,360 THE CON FLAGS OF GENDER AND 449 00:18:27,360 --> 00:18:29,760 STATUS PREDICTS THAT HEALTH 450 00:18:29,760 --> 00:18:31,280 CONDITIONS UNIQUE TO OR MORE 451 00:18:31,280 --> 00:18:34,280 COMMON IN WOMEN WOULD BE SEEN AS 452 00:18:34,280 --> 00:18:37,240 LESS IMPORTANT AND GAVE RISE FOR 453 00:18:37,240 --> 00:18:39,080 THE NEED FOR THE CONFERENCE DR. 454 00:18:39,080 --> 00:18:42,000 CLAYTON MENTIONED, THAT RECENT 455 00:18:42,000 --> 00:18:44,440 CONVERSATION. 456 00:18:44,440 --> 00:18:47,080 WOMEN IN STEM ARE MORE LIKELY TO 457 00:18:47,080 --> 00:18:48,440 STUDY ISSUES THAT AFFECT THE 458 00:18:48,440 --> 00:18:51,160 HEALTH OF WOMEN, BUT GENDER BIAS 459 00:18:51,160 --> 00:18:53,120 MAY IMPEDE PUBLICATION OF THAT 460 00:18:53,120 --> 00:18:55,960 RESEARCH, RESEARCH FUNDING, 461 00:18:55,960 --> 00:18:58,800 WILLINGNESS OF SCIENTISTS TO 462 00:18:58,800 --> 00:19:01,080 RESUBMIT GRANTS OR APPLICATION 463 00:19:01,080 --> 00:19:03,680 AND THE ATTAINMENT OF LEADERSHIP 464 00:19:03,680 --> 00:19:04,440 POSITION. 465 00:19:04,440 --> 00:19:07,320 FINALLY, INDIVIDUALS AT ALL 466 00:19:07,320 --> 00:19:10,800 LEVELS OF STEM MUST WORK HARD TO 467 00:19:10,800 --> 00:19:12,640 BREAK THAN OWN BIAS HABITS 468 00:19:12,640 --> 00:19:15,120 BECAUSE POLICY IS SO IMPORTANT, 469 00:19:15,120 --> 00:19:18,200 BUT IT IS NOT SUFFICIENT TO 470 00:19:18,200 --> 00:19:25,720 OVERCOME GENDER BIAS. 471 00:19:25,720 --> 00:19:26,360 I'M GOING BEGIN WITH SOME OF THE 472 00:19:26,360 --> 00:19:27,000 DATA DR. CLAYTON REFERRED TO. 473 00:19:27,000 --> 00:19:29,880 WE ALL LOVE DATA. 474 00:19:29,880 --> 00:19:30,320 WE ARE SCIENTISTS. 475 00:19:30,320 --> 00:19:32,640 IF WE JUST LOOK AT PERCENTAGES 476 00:19:32,640 --> 00:19:36,920 OF VARIOUS STAGES IN A CAREER IN 477 00:19:36,920 --> 00:19:39,080 ACADEMIC SCIENCE OR MEDICINE. 478 00:19:39,080 --> 00:19:41,720 WE CAN SEE THAT INDIVIDUALS WHO 479 00:19:41,720 --> 00:19:44,080 IDENTIFY AS BEING A MEMBER OF 480 00:19:44,080 --> 00:19:46,320 ONE OR THE ETHNIC OR RACIAL 481 00:19:46,320 --> 00:19:49,520 GROUPS HISTORICALLY MARGINALIZED 482 00:19:49,520 --> 00:19:53,120 DR. CLAYTON REFERRED TO, 483 00:19:53,120 --> 00:19:55,360 INDIVIDUALS WHO IDENTIFY AS 484 00:19:55,360 --> 00:19:58,200 BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN, LATIN 485 00:19:58,200 --> 00:20:03,880 X, NATIVE AMERICAN OR ALASKAN A 486 00:20:03,880 --> 00:20:06,640 MEMBER OF INDIGENOUS POPULATION 487 00:20:06,640 --> 00:20:08,360 HAWAII AND GUAM. 488 00:20:08,360 --> 00:20:10,320 OVER A THIRD OF THE U.S. 489 00:20:10,320 --> 00:20:14,960 POPULATION, THE RED BAR SHOWS 490 00:20:14,960 --> 00:20:15,560 UNDERREPRESENTATION IN ALL 491 00:20:15,560 --> 00:20:17,680 CAREER PROFESSIONS. 492 00:20:17,680 --> 00:20:20,920 # IF WE LOOK AT WOMEN, 493 00:20:20,920 --> 00:20:22,720 PREDOMINANTLY WHITE WOMEN, BUT 494 00:20:22,720 --> 00:20:27,760 THERE IS NO DOUBT SINCE TITLE IX 495 00:20:27,760 --> 00:20:31,520 WAS PASSED IN 1972, MAKING THE 496 00:20:31,520 --> 00:20:34,600 PREVIOUS QUOTAS THAT KEPT WOMEN 497 00:20:34,600 --> 00:20:36,680 OUT OF HIGHER EDUCATION ILLEGAL, 498 00:20:36,680 --> 00:20:40,040 ONCE THE DOORS WERE OPEN WOMEN 499 00:20:40,040 --> 00:20:41,520 ESSENTIALLY FLOODED ALL FIELDS 500 00:20:41,520 --> 00:20:43,800 OF SCIENCE AND MEDICINE AT THE 501 00:20:43,800 --> 00:20:45,320 EARLY PIPELINE STAGES. 502 00:20:45,320 --> 00:20:47,560 FOR EXAMPLE, ON THAT FAR LEFT, 503 00:20:47,560 --> 00:20:50,120 WE HAVE HAD GENDER PARITY AMONG 504 00:20:50,120 --> 00:20:51,600 MEDICAL STUDENTS FOR DECADES 505 00:20:51,600 --> 00:20:53,720 NOW, SIMILARLY WITH BIOMEDICAL 506 00:20:53,720 --> 00:20:53,960 PH.D.s. 507 00:20:53,960 --> 00:20:58,040 IF YOU LOOK AT THE PERCENTAGE OF 508 00:20:58,040 --> 00:20:59,120 ASSISTANT PROFESSORS IT IS 509 00:20:59,120 --> 00:21:00,920 ALMOST A GENDER PARITY NOW. 510 00:21:00,920 --> 00:21:04,520 WE SEE A DISPROPORTIONATE LOSS 511 00:21:04,520 --> 00:21:07,040 OF TALENT AMONG WOMEN FACULTY AS 512 00:21:07,040 --> 00:21:08,200 WE MOVE TOWARD LEADERSHIP 513 00:21:08,200 --> 00:21:08,560 POSITIONS. 514 00:21:08,560 --> 00:21:11,120 NO MATTER HOW YOU MODEL THIS, AS 515 00:21:11,120 --> 00:21:13,960 DR. CLAYTON SAID, THIS IS A 516 00:21:13,960 --> 00:21:15,920 DISPROPORTIONATE LOSS OF TALENT. 517 00:21:15,920 --> 00:21:17,840 WE SEE THAT SAME PATTERN IF WE 518 00:21:17,840 --> 00:21:19,800 LOOK AT WELL-REPRESENTED 519 00:21:19,800 --> 00:21:20,680 MINORITIES. 520 00:21:20,680 --> 00:21:21,480 INDIVIDUALS WHO IDENTIFY AS 521 00:21:21,480 --> 00:21:23,440 BEING A MEMBER OF ONE OF THE 522 00:21:23,440 --> 00:21:25,720 MULTIPLE SUBGROUPS THAT ARE 523 00:21:25,720 --> 00:21:27,440 SUBSUMED UNDER THE CATEGORY 524 00:21:27,440 --> 00:21:29,720 ASIAN, THE WAY OUR COUNTRY 525 00:21:29,720 --> 00:21:31,440 COUNTS DEMOGRAPHICS. 526 00:21:31,440 --> 00:21:33,680 WELL REPRESENTATION AT THE EARLY 527 00:21:33,680 --> 00:21:35,680 PIPELINE STAGES, BUT JUST LIKE 528 00:21:35,680 --> 00:21:40,320 WITH WOMEN, WE SEE A 529 00:21:40,320 --> 00:21:42,640 DISPROPORTIONATE LOSS OF TALENT 530 00:21:42,640 --> 00:21:46,320 AS WE MOVE TOWARD LEADERSHIP OR 531 00:21:46,320 --> 00:21:47,680 ACADEMIC SCIENCE OR MEDICINE. 532 00:21:47,680 --> 00:21:49,800 SO IT IS IMPORTANT TO REALIZE WE 533 00:21:49,800 --> 00:21:52,080 KNOW COMMON STEREOTYPES EVEN IF 534 00:21:52,080 --> 00:21:56,920 WE DON'T BELIEVE THE CONTENT. 535 00:21:56,920 --> 00:21:59,560 IF WE JUST START IN A GENDER 536 00:21:59,560 --> 00:22:00,360 CONTEXT. 537 00:22:00,360 --> 00:22:02,920 WE KNOW GENDER DOESN'T EXIST AS 538 00:22:02,920 --> 00:22:05,080 A SIMPLE BINARY, BUT A MORE 539 00:22:05,080 --> 00:22:06,040 NUANCED CONTINUUM. 540 00:22:06,040 --> 00:22:07,480 IF I ASKED YOU OFF THE TOP OF 541 00:22:07,480 --> 00:22:11,080 YOUR HEAD, WHAT ARE SOME COMMON 542 00:22:11,080 --> 00:22:12,240 STEREOTYPES ABOUT MEN? 543 00:22:12,240 --> 00:22:14,000 EVEN IF YOU DON'T BELIEVE THEM, 544 00:22:14,000 --> 00:22:15,520 YOU COULD EASILY GENERATE THEM 545 00:22:15,520 --> 00:22:17,400 AND COME UP WITH THE SAME 546 00:22:17,400 --> 00:22:19,120 STEREOTYPES THAT EVERY STUDY 547 00:22:19,120 --> 00:22:21,160 THAT HAS DONE THIS EXERCISE OVER 548 00:22:21,160 --> 00:22:24,520 THE LAST SEVERAL DECADES HAS 549 00:22:24,520 --> 00:22:27,160 DONE AND YOU WOULD PROBABLY SAY, 550 00:22:27,160 --> 00:22:31,160 STEREOTYPICALLY, MEN ARE STRONG, 551 00:22:31,160 --> 00:22:34,440 DECISIVE, STUB BURN, 552 00:22:34,440 --> 00:22:39,240 COMPETITIVE, TAKE RISKS. 553 00:22:39,240 --> 00:22:40,720 AN ASSUMPTION THEY REQUIRE 554 00:22:40,720 --> 00:22:42,480 INDIVIDUAL HUMAN AGENCY. 555 00:22:42,480 --> 00:22:44,560 SIMILARLY IF I ASKED YOU WHAT 556 00:22:44,560 --> 00:22:47,240 ARE COMMON STEREOTYPES ABOUT 557 00:22:47,240 --> 00:22:49,000 WOMEN, EVEN IF YOU DON'T 558 00:22:49,000 --> 00:22:50,920 CONSCIOUSLY ENDORSE THEM, YOU 559 00:22:50,920 --> 00:22:53,320 COME UP WITH WHAT EVERY OTHER 560 00:22:53,320 --> 00:22:55,760 STUDY HAS COME UP WITH, WOMEN 561 00:22:55,760 --> 00:22:58,360 ARE STEREOTYPICALLY CARING, 562 00:22:58,360 --> 00:23:00,720 NURTURING, FAME ORIENTED, 563 00:23:00,720 --> 00:23:02,520 EMOTIONAL, NICE, DEPENDENT, 564 00:23:02,520 --> 00:23:05,280 THESE ARE TERMED COMMUNAL 565 00:23:05,280 --> 00:23:05,800 BEHAVIORS. 566 00:23:05,800 --> 00:23:09,360 NOW, WE ARE ALSO AWARE OF COMMON 567 00:23:09,360 --> 00:23:10,600 STEREOTYPES ABOUT DIFFERENT 568 00:23:10,600 --> 00:23:12,560 RACIAL AND ETHNIC GROUPS. 569 00:23:12,560 --> 00:23:14,200 THIS WAS DEMONSTRATED QUITE 570 00:23:14,200 --> 00:23:16,320 CLEARLY IN A STUDY FROM UCLA 571 00:23:16,320 --> 00:23:18,320 THAT INVOLVED VERY DIVERSE GROUP 572 00:23:18,320 --> 00:23:23,880 OF PARTICIPANTS OVER 600 573 00:23:23,880 --> 00:23:24,200 PARTICIPANTS. 574 00:23:24,200 --> 00:23:26,920 ONLY 26% IDENTIFIED AS WHITE. 575 00:23:26,920 --> 00:23:29,520 22% SAID THEY WERE BORN OUTSIDE 576 00:23:29,520 --> 00:23:31,320 THE U.S. 577 00:23:31,320 --> 00:23:32,680 AND THE INVESTIGATORS SAID 578 00:23:32,680 --> 00:23:34,520 PLEASE DON'T TELL US WHAT YOU 579 00:23:34,520 --> 00:23:35,920 PERSONALLY THINK, BUT WHAT KINDS 580 00:23:35,920 --> 00:23:38,760 OF STEREOTYPES ARE YOU AWARE OF? 581 00:23:38,760 --> 00:23:40,360 WHAT HAVE YOU SEEN PORTRAYED IN 582 00:23:40,360 --> 00:23:43,520 THE MOVIES AND MEDIA? 583 00:23:43,520 --> 00:23:45,400 I'M GOING LIST THE STEREOTYPES 584 00:23:45,400 --> 00:23:47,280 THEY FOUND AND THESE CAN MAKE 585 00:23:47,280 --> 00:23:49,160 YOU UNCOMFORTABLE, THEY CAN EVEN 586 00:23:49,160 --> 00:23:51,520 BE TRIGGERING, BUT THIS IS WHAT 587 00:23:51,520 --> 00:23:53,200 THE DATA SHOWED. 588 00:23:53,200 --> 00:23:55,440 COMMON STEREOTYPES ABOUT WHITE 589 00:23:55,440 --> 00:23:58,000 PEOPLE, HIGH STATUS, RICH, 590 00:23:58,000 --> 00:24:01,240 INTELLIGENT, BLOND, RACIST, ALL 591 00:24:01,240 --> 00:24:03,080 AMERICAN, IGNORANT. 592 00:24:03,080 --> 00:24:04,680 STEREOTYPES ABOUT ASIAN PEOPLE, 593 00:24:04,680 --> 00:24:06,120 INTELLIGENT, BAD DRIVERS, GOOD 594 00:24:06,120 --> 00:24:11,080 AT MATH, NERDY, SHY, SKINNY, 595 00:24:11,080 --> 00:24:12,840 EDUCATED, QUIET PASSIVE. 596 00:24:12,840 --> 00:24:15,440 NOW I'M GOING PUT UP THE 597 00:24:15,440 --> 00:24:17,120 STEREOTYPES ABOUT BLACK AND 598 00:24:17,120 --> 00:24:17,760 LATIN X PEOPLE. 599 00:24:17,760 --> 00:24:20,320 THESE ARE PAINFUL TO READ. 600 00:24:20,320 --> 00:24:22,160 THEY WILL BE PAINFUL FOR YOU TO 601 00:24:22,160 --> 00:24:24,520 READ WHEN I PUT THEM UP, BUT, 602 00:24:24,520 --> 00:24:29,440 UNFORTUNATELY, JUST LIKE WITH 603 00:24:29,440 --> 00:24:33,440 GENDER, IF YOU LIVE IN THIS 604 00:24:33,440 --> 00:24:36,320 SOCIETY, YOU ARE AWARE OF THEM. 605 00:24:36,320 --> 00:24:39,320 GHETTO, UNREFINED, CRIMINAL, 606 00:24:39,320 --> 00:24:43,440 ATHLETIC, LOUD, GANGSTERS, POOR, 607 00:24:43,440 --> 00:24:46,920 UNINTELLIGENT, UNEDUCATED, LAZY. 608 00:24:46,920 --> 00:24:50,320 LATIN X, POOR, ILLEGAL 609 00:24:50,320 --> 00:24:53,960 IMMIGRANT, UNEDUCATED, FAMILY 610 00:24:53,960 --> 00:24:55,720 ORIENTED, LAZY, UNINTELLIGENT, 611 00:24:55,720 --> 00:24:57,160 LOUD, GANGSTERS. 612 00:24:57,160 --> 00:24:59,760 THESE ARE VERY NEGATIVE 613 00:24:59,760 --> 00:25:02,400 STEREOTYPES AND YOU CAN SEE 614 00:25:02,400 --> 00:25:03,920 STEREOTYPES ABOUT BLACK AND 615 00:25:03,920 --> 00:25:07,880 LATIN X PEOPLE ARE INCONGRUENT 616 00:25:07,880 --> 00:25:10,680 WITH ACADEMIC SUCCESS OR 617 00:25:10,680 --> 00:25:10,920 PROWESZ. 618 00:25:10,920 --> 00:25:13,000 THESE CULTURAL STEREOTYPES ARE 619 00:25:13,000 --> 00:25:15,320 RESPONSIBLE AT THE INSTITUTIONAL 620 00:25:15,320 --> 00:25:19,320 LEVEL FOR WOMEN BEING PAID LESS 621 00:25:19,320 --> 00:25:20,960 THAN MEN FOR THE SAME WORK IN 622 00:25:20,960 --> 00:25:22,680 STUDY AFTER STUDY. 623 00:25:22,680 --> 00:25:24,880 MEN ARE PENALIZED FOR TAKING 624 00:25:24,880 --> 00:25:26,400 FAMILY LEAVE. 625 00:25:26,400 --> 00:25:28,960 THERE IS LOWER RESEARCH FUNDING 626 00:25:28,960 --> 00:25:31,480 FOR CONDITIONS MORE COMMON IN 627 00:25:31,480 --> 00:25:34,040 WOMEN OR MINORITY GROUPS. 628 00:25:34,040 --> 00:25:36,520 AT INTERPERSONAL, GIVE RISE TO 629 00:25:36,520 --> 00:25:38,600 SEXUAL HARASSMENT, 630 00:25:38,600 --> 00:25:40,320 MICROAGGRESSION, DESESSIONS ON 631 00:25:40,320 --> 00:25:46,360 WHO TO HIRE, SPONSOR, REWARD, 632 00:25:46,360 --> 00:25:47,120 PUBLISH, FUND. 633 00:25:47,120 --> 00:25:51,680 THEY ARE INTERNALIZED AND GIF 634 00:25:51,680 --> 00:25:56,080 RISE TO IMPOSTER SYNDROME, AN 635 00:25:56,080 --> 00:25:57,120 INDIVIDUAL'S DECISION WHERE THEY 636 00:25:57,120 --> 00:25:57,280 FIT. 637 00:25:57,280 --> 00:26:00,480 DO THEY FIT AS A NUCLEAR 638 00:26:00,480 --> 00:26:00,720 ENGINEER? 639 00:26:00,720 --> 00:26:03,040 DO THEY FIT AS A NURSE? 640 00:26:03,040 --> 00:26:04,600 WITHIN SCIENCE OR MEDICINE? 641 00:26:04,600 --> 00:26:08,720 DO THEY FIT AS AN ORTHOPEDIC 642 00:26:08,720 --> 00:26:11,360 SURGEON OR PEDIATRICIAN? 643 00:26:11,360 --> 00:26:13,560 AND WHETHER TO RESUBMIT AFTER 644 00:26:13,560 --> 00:26:21,240 HAVING A GRANT PROPOSAL OR MAN 645 00:26:21,240 --> 00:26:22,560 MANUSCRIPT REJECTED. 646 00:26:22,560 --> 00:26:25,920 WE ARE AWARE OF STEREOTYPES 647 00:26:25,920 --> 00:26:28,360 ABOUT RACIAL CATEGORIES, WE HOLD 648 00:26:28,360 --> 00:26:36,880 STEREOTYPES ABOUT DIFFERENT 649 00:26:36,880 --> 00:26:37,160 OCCUPATIONS. 650 00:26:37,160 --> 00:26:39,320 RESEARCH SHOWS STEREOTYPES ABOUT 651 00:26:39,320 --> 00:26:42,000 LEADERS IS COMPETITIVE, 652 00:26:42,000 --> 00:26:43,600 SELF-CONFIDENT, AGGRESSIVE, 653 00:26:43,600 --> 00:26:45,400 AMBITIOUS, POWERFUL, DECISIVE. 654 00:26:45,400 --> 00:26:48,480 NOW REFLECT BACK TO THAT STUDY 655 00:26:48,480 --> 00:26:49,680 FROM UCLA. 656 00:26:49,680 --> 00:26:52,920 WHERE DO YOU GET BETTER GROUP 657 00:26:52,920 --> 00:26:54,760 ALIGNMENT OF STEREOTYPES? 658 00:26:54,760 --> 00:26:59,520 WHERE DO YOU GET A BETTER FIT OR 659 00:26:59,520 --> 00:27:05,720 ROLE CONGRUITY? 660 00:27:05,720 --> 00:27:07,080 PRETTY CLEAR, RIGHT? 661 00:27:07,080 --> 00:27:09,400 YOU GET A MUCH BETTER ALIGNMENT 662 00:27:09,400 --> 00:27:10,160 WITH WHITE. 663 00:27:10,160 --> 00:27:12,400 REFLECT BACK TO THE SLIDE I PUT 664 00:27:12,400 --> 00:27:18,200 BACK WITH THE AAMC DATA SHOWING 665 00:27:18,200 --> 00:27:20,520 DISPROPORTIONAL LOSS OF TALENT 666 00:27:20,520 --> 00:27:22,560 AMONG ASIAN FACULTY MOVING 667 00:27:22,560 --> 00:27:23,720 TOWARD LEADERSHIP. 668 00:27:23,720 --> 00:27:26,600 THE WAY STEREOTYPES FILTER DATA, 669 00:27:26,600 --> 00:27:29,120 ONE WOULD PREDICT THIS PATTERN 670 00:27:29,120 --> 00:27:31,240 OF LOSS OF TALENT BECAUSE WHITE 671 00:27:31,240 --> 00:27:32,680 INDIVIDUALS ARE BENEFITED WHEN 672 00:27:32,680 --> 00:27:37,440 THEY ARE BEING EVALUATED FOR OR 673 00:27:37,440 --> 00:27:38,200 EVALUATED IN A LEADERSHIP 674 00:27:38,200 --> 00:27:39,720 POSITION BECAUSE OF THAT 675 00:27:39,720 --> 00:27:40,520 ALIGNMENT. 676 00:27:40,520 --> 00:27:42,880 THEY LOOK LIKE A LEADER IN WAYS 677 00:27:42,880 --> 00:27:43,800 THAT PERHAPS ASIAN INDIVIDUALS 678 00:27:43,800 --> 00:27:48,040 DO NOT. 679 00:27:48,040 --> 00:27:54,120 SO LET'S RETURN TO THE GENDER 680 00:27:54,120 --> 00:27:55,400 CONTEXT, THE STEREOTYPES 681 00:27:55,400 --> 00:28:00,160 ASSOCIATED WITH MEN, AGENTIC AND 682 00:28:00,160 --> 00:28:01,360 WOMEN COMMUNE AL. 683 00:28:01,360 --> 00:28:04,080 WHERE DO YOU GET A BETTER FIT? 684 00:28:04,080 --> 00:28:05,720 WITH MEN. 685 00:28:05,720 --> 00:28:08,000 THERE IS A THINK MANAGER, THINK 686 00:28:08,000 --> 00:28:09,200 MALE PHENOMENON. 687 00:28:09,200 --> 00:28:10,440 TERMED THAT BY SHINE AND 688 00:28:10,440 --> 00:28:12,640 COLLEAGUES WHO STUDIED THIS, 689 00:28:12,640 --> 00:28:16,600 THEY FOUND THINK MANAGER, THINK 690 00:28:16,600 --> 00:28:18,000 MALE ECONOMY IS CROSS CULTURAL. 691 00:28:18,000 --> 00:28:20,880 IN THE U.S., IN EUROPE, IN ASIA. 692 00:28:20,880 --> 00:28:23,160 IT IS INTERESTING BECAUSE 693 00:28:23,160 --> 00:28:25,880 DESPITE THE TENACITY OF THINK 694 00:28:25,880 --> 00:28:27,240 MANAGER THINK MALE PHENOMENON, 695 00:28:27,240 --> 00:28:29,920 IT FLIES IN THE FACE OF RESEARCH 696 00:28:29,920 --> 00:28:31,120 ON LEADERSHIP. 697 00:28:31,120 --> 00:28:33,520 SO RESEARCH ON LEADERSHIP PRETTY 698 00:28:33,520 --> 00:28:35,640 CONSISTENTLY SHOWS THE MOST 699 00:28:35,640 --> 00:28:38,680 EFFECTIVE LEADERS LEAD WITH A 700 00:28:38,680 --> 00:28:39,720 TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP 701 00:28:39,720 --> 00:28:42,160 STYLE, LIKE DR. CLAYTON. 702 00:28:42,160 --> 00:28:42,520 RIGHT? 703 00:28:42,520 --> 00:28:44,760 WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT 704 00:28:44,760 --> 00:28:45,920 TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERS AND 705 00:28:45,920 --> 00:28:48,400 RESEARCH SHOWS THEY DO ENGAGE IN 706 00:28:48,400 --> 00:28:51,760 SOME AGENTIC BEHAVIORS, STRONG, 707 00:28:51,760 --> 00:28:54,040 TAKE RISKS, LOGICAL, BUT THEY 708 00:28:54,040 --> 00:28:56,640 ENGAGE IN A LOT OF COMMUNAL 709 00:28:56,640 --> 00:28:56,920 BEHAVIORS. 710 00:28:56,920 --> 00:28:58,720 THEY CARE ABOUT MEMBERS OF THE 711 00:28:58,720 --> 00:28:59,040 ORGANIZATION. 712 00:28:59,040 --> 00:29:02,360 THEY NURTURE TALENT. 713 00:29:02,360 --> 00:29:06,160 HOPEFULLY THEY ARE EVEN NICE AND 714 00:29:06,160 --> 00:29:06,680 HELPFUL. 715 00:29:06,680 --> 00:29:08,200 NEVERTHELESS THIS THINK MANAGER 716 00:29:08,200 --> 00:29:10,560 THINK MALE PHENOMENON IS QUITE 717 00:29:10,560 --> 00:29:10,840 TENACIOUS. 718 00:29:10,840 --> 00:29:12,720 WE DEMONSTRATED THIS PHENOMENON 719 00:29:12,720 --> 00:29:14,400 AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 720 00:29:14,400 --> 00:29:17,840 WITH AN IMPLICIT ASSOCIATION 721 00:29:17,840 --> 00:29:18,040 TEST. 722 00:29:18,040 --> 00:29:21,680 MAYBE OF YOU OR ALL OF YOU ARE 723 00:29:21,680 --> 00:29:26,120 FAMILIAR WITH THIS TIME SORTING 724 00:29:26,120 --> 00:29:26,520 TASK. 725 00:29:26,520 --> 00:29:28,800 IN THIS PARTICULAR TASK WE ASKED 726 00:29:28,800 --> 00:29:33,920 FACULTY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 727 00:29:33,920 --> 00:29:35,840 WISCONSIN TO SEE ON THEIR 728 00:29:35,840 --> 00:29:37,400 COMPUTER SCREEN MALE OR FEMALE 729 00:29:37,400 --> 00:29:39,840 GENDERED NAMES, IAN OR JENNIFER 730 00:29:39,840 --> 00:29:41,880 AND WORDS ASSOCIATED WITH LEADER 731 00:29:41,880 --> 00:29:44,320 LIKE STRONG DECISIVE OR WORDS 732 00:29:44,320 --> 00:29:46,160 WITH A SUPPORTIVE ROLE LIKE 733 00:29:46,160 --> 00:29:46,400 HELPFUL. 734 00:29:46,400 --> 00:29:49,040 AND TO MATCH THEM AS QUICKLY AS 735 00:29:49,040 --> 00:29:50,960 POSSIBLE BY PUSHING KEYS ON 736 00:29:50,960 --> 00:29:52,120 THEIR COMPUTER KEYBOARD. 737 00:29:52,120 --> 00:29:54,680 AND THE GREEN BARS ON THESE 738 00:29:54,680 --> 00:29:57,960 GRAPHS SHOW THAT OVER 70% OF OUR 739 00:29:57,960 --> 00:30:01,200 MALE AND FEMALE FACULTY 740 00:30:01,200 --> 00:30:05,520 INCLUDING ME MUCH MORE QUICKLY 741 00:30:05,520 --> 00:30:07,000 MATCHED THE MALE NAMES AND THE 742 00:30:07,000 --> 00:30:08,720 LEADER WORDS AND THE FEMALE 743 00:30:08,720 --> 00:30:12,000 NAMES AND THE SUPPORTER WORDS. 744 00:30:12,000 --> 00:30:13,760 BECAUSE THESE -- THIS THINK 745 00:30:13,760 --> 00:30:16,560 MANAGER THINK MALE PHENOMENON IS 746 00:30:16,560 --> 00:30:17,080 REENFORCED CONSTANTLY. 747 00:30:17,080 --> 00:30:21,320 IN THE NEXT YEAR WE WON'T HAVE 748 00:30:21,320 --> 00:30:23,360 ANGELA MERKLE IN THE PICTURE OF 749 00:30:23,360 --> 00:30:25,000 WORLD LEADERS. 750 00:30:25,000 --> 00:30:27,920 IT IS REENFORCED ALL THE TIME. 751 00:30:27,920 --> 00:30:30,760 NOW STAYING IN A GENDER CONTEXT 752 00:30:30,760 --> 00:30:33,160 FOR A MOMENT, SIMPLY KNOWING 753 00:30:33,160 --> 00:30:38,960 THESE GENDERED STEREOTYPES AS WE 754 00:30:38,960 --> 00:30:41,920 SHOWED WE ALL KNOW CREATE THESE 755 00:30:41,920 --> 00:30:46,520 SORT OF PRESCRIPTIVE BOUNDARIES 756 00:30:46,520 --> 00:30:56,600 OR GENDER RULES AND BOTH MEN AND 757 00:30:56,600 --> 00:31:00,840 WOMEN WHO BREAK THESE GENDER 758 00:31:00,840 --> 00:31:03,080 RULES WILL SUFFER SOCIAL 759 00:31:03,080 --> 00:31:03,320 PENTINGS. 760 00:31:03,320 --> 00:31:06,200 WE HAVE WORDS LIKE MEN WHO ARE 761 00:31:06,200 --> 00:31:10,760 TOO COMMUNAL, WIMPY, SISSY, WEAK 762 00:31:10,760 --> 00:31:13,760 AND WE HAVE WORDS THAT DESCRIBE 763 00:31:13,760 --> 00:31:20,920 WOMEN WHO ARE VIEWED AS TOO 764 00:31:20,920 --> 00:31:24,200 AGENTIC, BOSSY, DOMINEERING, 765 00:31:24,200 --> 00:31:24,720 ABRASI 766 00:31:24,720 --> 00:31:26,960 ABRASIVE. 767 00:31:26,960 --> 00:31:32,720 N SHELLY CARILLO DID A RECENT 768 00:31:32,720 --> 00:31:35,440 STUDY, A VERY ELEGANT STUDY. 769 00:31:35,440 --> 00:31:37,440 SHE AND HER TEAM LOOKED AT 770 00:31:37,440 --> 00:31:39,880 WRITTEN PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONS 771 00:31:39,880 --> 00:31:41,720 FOR TENS OF THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE 772 00:31:41,720 --> 00:31:42,720 IN THE TECH INDUSTRY AND FOUND 773 00:31:42,720 --> 00:31:44,720 THERE IS A LOT OF GENDER 774 00:31:44,720 --> 00:31:47,160 POLICING GOING ON. 775 00:31:47,160 --> 00:31:50,160 MEN WERE BEING ADVISED TO TAKE 776 00:31:50,160 --> 00:31:54,040 CHARGE, BE MORE ASSERTIVE. 777 00:31:54,040 --> 00:31:55,800 BE LOUDER. 778 00:31:55,800 --> 00:31:57,760 WOMEN, ON THE OTHER HAND, AS YOU 779 00:31:57,760 --> 00:32:00,440 MIGHT IMAGINE, WERE ADVISED TO 780 00:32:00,440 --> 00:32:03,720 BE MORE COLLABORATIVE, DON'T BE 781 00:32:03,720 --> 00:32:04,280 ABRASI 782 00:32:04,280 --> 00:32:06,120 ABRASIVE. 783 00:32:06,120 --> 00:32:10,120 SMILE MORE: YOU CAN SEE HOW 784 00:32:10,120 --> 00:32:12,240 THIS PUTS WOMEN LEADERS IN A 785 00:32:12,240 --> 00:32:14,040 VERY DIFFICULT SITUATION. 786 00:32:14,040 --> 00:32:17,080 BECAUSE IF THEY BEHAVE IN WAYS 787 00:32:17,080 --> 00:32:18,600 THAT THEY THINK ARE CONGRUENT 788 00:32:18,600 --> 00:32:20,480 WITH STEREOTYPES ABOUT LEADERS, 789 00:32:20,480 --> 00:32:30,680 IT PUTS THEM IN THE POSITION OF 790 00:32:30,680 --> 00:32:32,320 POTENTIALLY VIOLATING THE NORMS 791 00:32:32,320 --> 00:32:33,680 OF WOMEN'S BEHAVIOR. 792 00:32:33,680 --> 00:32:35,400 THE GOOD NEWS TO TAKE HOME IS 793 00:32:35,400 --> 00:32:38,000 RESEARCH SHOWS THERE IS NO 794 00:32:38,000 --> 00:32:41,280 IMPACT ON GENDER OF LEADERSHIP 795 00:32:41,280 --> 00:32:41,760 EFFECTIVENESS. 796 00:32:41,760 --> 00:32:44,360 THAT TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERS 797 00:32:44,360 --> 00:32:48,840 DO, INDEED, DRAW FROM THE 798 00:32:48,840 --> 00:32:50,520 AGENTIC AND COMMUNAL COLUMNS. 799 00:32:50,520 --> 00:32:54,480 RESEARCH SHOWS WOMEN ARE MORE 800 00:32:54,480 --> 00:32:57,680 LIKELY THAN MEN TO LEAD WITH A 801 00:32:57,680 --> 00:32:58,280 TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP 802 00:32:58,280 --> 00:32:58,520 STYLE. 803 00:32:58,520 --> 00:33:00,520 SO THAT IS THE GOOD NEWS. 804 00:33:00,520 --> 00:33:03,400 NOW, THERE IS ABUNDANT EVIDENCE 805 00:33:03,400 --> 00:33:07,880 THAT SOCIETY PLACES A LOWER 806 00:33:07,880 --> 00:33:12,080 VALUE ON WOMEN, ROLES 807 00:33:12,080 --> 00:33:14,680 PREDOMINANTLY OCCUPIED BY WOMEN 808 00:33:14,680 --> 00:33:20,440 AND WORK PERFORMED BY WOMEN THAN 809 00:33:20,440 --> 00:33:23,960 ROLES OCCUPIED BY MEN AND WORK 810 00:33:23,960 --> 00:33:24,840 PERFORMED BY MEN. 811 00:33:24,840 --> 00:33:31,280 EVEN IN THE BIBLE, IN LEVITCUS 812 00:33:31,280 --> 00:33:36,120 GOD SAID A MAN WAS WORTH 813 00:33:36,120 --> 00:33:38,920 50SHEKELS AND A WOMAN WORTH 30 814 00:33:38,920 --> 00:33:41,960 AND A BOY FIVE AND GIRL THREE. 815 00:33:41,960 --> 00:33:44,440 THEY LOOKED AT 50 SURGICAL 816 00:33:44,440 --> 00:33:46,760 PROCEDURES PERFORMED IN MEN AND 817 00:33:46,760 --> 00:33:47,280 WOMEN. 818 00:33:47,280 --> 00:33:51,760 I WOULD ADD MEN USUALLY BY A 819 00:33:51,760 --> 00:33:55,240 MALE UROLOGIST, WOMEN BY A 820 00:33:55,240 --> 00:33:57,040 FEMALE GYNECOLOGIST. 821 00:33:57,040 --> 00:33:59,520 42 OF THOSE IDENTICAL PROCEDURES 822 00:33:59,520 --> 00:34:03,200 HAD HIGHER MEDICARE RVUs AND 823 00:34:03,200 --> 00:34:05,320 WERE REIMBURSED HIGHER WHEN THE 824 00:34:05,320 --> 00:34:07,920 SAME PROCEDURE WAS PERFORMED IN 825 00:34:07,920 --> 00:34:09,920 MEN THAN WHEN IT WAS PERFORMED 826 00:34:09,920 --> 00:34:10,720 IN WOMEN. 827 00:34:10,720 --> 00:34:12,840 WE CAN LOOK BACK AND SEE THAT 828 00:34:12,840 --> 00:34:15,680 WOMEN WERE EXCLUDED COMPLETELY 829 00:34:15,680 --> 00:34:19,120 FROM SO MUCH EARLY FEDERALLY 830 00:34:19,120 --> 00:34:21,080 FUNDED CLINICAL RESEARCH. 831 00:34:21,080 --> 00:34:23,000 WE ARE STILL PLAYING CATCHUP AND 832 00:34:23,000 --> 00:34:24,320 THIS STILL HAPPENS. 833 00:34:24,320 --> 00:34:27,120 BUT JUST OF NOTE, WOMEN WERE 834 00:34:27,120 --> 00:34:30,280 COMPLETELY EXCLUDED FROM ALL THE 835 00:34:30,280 --> 00:34:32,440 EARLY CARDIOVASCULAR TRIALS. 836 00:34:32,440 --> 00:34:33,960 AGAIN, PUBLICLY FUNDED. 837 00:34:33,960 --> 00:34:36,600 SO THEY WERE EXCLUDED FROM THE 838 00:34:36,600 --> 00:34:38,760 CORONARY DRUG PROJECT, THE LIPID 839 00:34:38,760 --> 00:34:41,440 RESEARCH CLINICS PRIMARY 840 00:34:41,440 --> 00:34:43,520 PREVENTION TRIAL, HARVARDS 841 00:34:43,520 --> 00:34:46,200 PREVENTION STYLE MR. FIT, AS THE 842 00:34:46,200 --> 00:34:47,000 ACRONYM WAS. 843 00:34:47,000 --> 00:34:50,920 WOMEN WERE EXCLUDED FROM THE 844 00:34:50,920 --> 00:34:53,000 BALTIMORE LODGE TUESDAYAL STUDY 845 00:34:53,000 --> 00:34:56,120 FOR NORMAL HUMAN AGING FOR 20 846 00:34:56,120 --> 00:34:59,720 YEARS, THIS RESULTED IN THE 847 00:34:59,720 --> 00:35:02,520 PUBLICATION OF TWO VOLUMES 848 00:35:02,520 --> 00:35:06,320 CALLED NORMAL HUMAN AGING VOLUME 849 00:35:06,320 --> 00:35:09,040 1 AND VOLUME 2 WITHOUT A SINGLE 850 00:35:09,040 --> 00:35:10,840 PIECE OF DATA FROM WOMEN. 851 00:35:10,840 --> 00:35:13,480 WOMEN WORK AT THE LOWER ECHELONS 852 00:35:13,480 --> 00:35:15,200 AT ALL ORGANIZATIONS. 853 00:35:15,200 --> 00:35:17,640 MY COLLEAGUE AND I SHOWED THERE 854 00:35:17,640 --> 00:35:19,160 IS A STRONG CORRELATION OF THE 855 00:35:19,160 --> 00:35:20,360 PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN IN MEDICAL 856 00:35:20,360 --> 00:35:21,920 FIELDS AND SALARY. 857 00:35:21,920 --> 00:35:24,120 THIS IS THE GRAPH FROM OUR PAPER 858 00:35:24,120 --> 00:35:25,960 IN ACADEMIC MEDICINE. 859 00:35:25,960 --> 00:35:27,480 OUR STATISTICIAN TOLD US THIS IS 860 00:35:27,480 --> 00:35:30,280 THE KIND OF PICTURE PEOPLE LOVE 861 00:35:30,280 --> 00:35:32,720 TO PUT IN BIOSTATISTICS BOOKS 862 00:35:32,720 --> 00:35:33,800 BECAUSE THE PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN 863 00:35:33,800 --> 00:35:36,320 IN THE DIFFERENT FIELDS EXPLAINS 864 00:35:36,320 --> 00:35:42,880 64% OF THE VARIANTS. 865 00:35:42,880 --> 00:35:45,280 SO GENDER BIAS CAN REDUCE 866 00:35:45,280 --> 00:35:46,680 INVESTMENT IN RESEARCH TO 867 00:35:46,680 --> 00:35:48,520 IMPROVE THE HEALTH OF WOMEN 868 00:35:48,520 --> 00:35:51,080 DIRECTLY, AS WE MENTIONED, BY 869 00:35:51,080 --> 00:35:58,400 NOT FUNDING THE RESEARCH, 870 00:35:58,400 --> 00:36:08,640 INDIRECT LY 871 00:36:08,640 --> 00:36:10,160 INDIRECTLY BY -- STUDY OR 872 00:36:10,160 --> 00:36:11,720 INVENT THINGS TO IMPROVE THE 873 00:36:11,720 --> 00:36:13,320 HEALTH OF WOMEN, REPORT SEX 874 00:36:13,320 --> 00:36:14,520 DIFFERENCES IN THEIR RESEARCH, 875 00:36:14,520 --> 00:36:15,920 PROVIDE A LEAD WOMEN'S HEALTH 876 00:36:15,920 --> 00:36:18,200 CARE AND HAVE BETTER PATIENT 877 00:36:18,200 --> 00:36:23,520 OUTCOMES. 878 00:36:23,520 --> 00:36:28,040 TO DRIVE THIS HOME THERE WERE 11 879 00:36:28,040 --> 00:36:33,600 MILLION PAPERS PUBLISHED OVER 40 880 00:36:33,600 --> 00:36:36,360 YEARS, STILL FOR BIOMEDICAL 881 00:36:36,360 --> 00:36:37,920 RESEARCH SEX RESEARCH IS 882 00:36:37,920 --> 00:36:44,400 UNDERREPORTED, AGAIN,LESS VALUE. 883 00:36:44,400 --> 00:36:47,640 PAPERS WITH FEMALE AUTHORS WERE 884 00:36:47,640 --> 00:36:50,640 MORE SIGNIFICANTLY LIKELY TO 885 00:36:50,640 --> 00:36:53,000 REPORT SEX IN THE RESEARCH, BUT 886 00:36:53,000 --> 00:36:55,320 GETTING TO THE VALUE, WHEN SEX 887 00:36:55,320 --> 00:36:58,160 WAS REPORTED, REGARDLESS OF THE 888 00:36:58,160 --> 00:36:59,720 GENDER OF THE AUTHOR, THE 889 00:36:59,720 --> 00:37:02,720 SCIENCE WAS PUBLISHED IN LOWER 890 00:37:02,720 --> 00:37:03,400 IMPACT JOURNAL. 891 00:37:03,400 --> 00:37:09,200 AGAIN, GETTING TO THE VALUE. 892 00:37:09,200 --> 00:37:13,080 SO WE TOOK THIS PUBLICATION BIAS 893 00:37:13,080 --> 00:37:14,720 AGAINST WOMEN ONE STEP FURTHER. 894 00:37:14,720 --> 00:37:16,880 WHAT IF THE EXACT SAME RESEARCH 895 00:37:16,880 --> 00:37:20,480 WERE CONDUCTED IN MEN OR WOMEN, 896 00:37:20,480 --> 00:37:22,320 WOULD IT BE SEEN LESS VALUABLE 897 00:37:22,320 --> 00:37:31,520 FOR WOMEN? 898 00:37:31,520 --> 00:37:35,960 WE WANTED TO TEST DOUBLE BLIND 899 00:37:35,960 --> 00:37:40,720 IN BIOMEDICAL JOURNALS. 900 00:37:40,720 --> 00:37:42,320 DOUBLE BLIND MEANS THE REVIEWERS 901 00:37:42,320 --> 00:37:43,920 WERE BLINDED TO THE AUTHORS AS 902 00:37:43,920 --> 00:37:45,960 WELL AS THE AUTHORS BLINDED TO 903 00:37:45,960 --> 00:37:48,480 THE REVIEWERS. 904 00:37:48,480 --> 00:37:54,000 SO WE SELECTED OUR PARTICIPANTS 905 00:37:54,000 --> 00:38:00,240 FROM RO1 GRANTEES FROM A 906 00:38:00,240 --> 00:38:02,040 TREMENDOUS RESOURCE BECAUSE WE 907 00:38:02,040 --> 00:38:04,000 FIGURED THESE PEOPLE WOULD BE 908 00:38:04,000 --> 00:38:04,360 REVIEWERS. 909 00:38:04,360 --> 00:38:06,560 THEY WOULD KNOW THE PROTOCOL FOR 910 00:38:06,560 --> 00:38:06,840 REVIEWING. 911 00:38:06,840 --> 00:38:09,080 AND WE ASSURED THEM IN OUR COVER 912 00:38:09,080 --> 00:38:10,880 STORY IT DIDN'T MATTER IF THE 913 00:38:10,880 --> 00:38:12,560 RESEARCH WAS RIGHT IN THEIR 914 00:38:12,560 --> 00:38:15,160 FIELD BECAUSE IT WAS 915 00:38:15,160 --> 00:38:16,560 INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNEY AND 916 00:38:16,560 --> 00:38:17,720 REVIEWERS WOULD BE CHOSEN FROM 917 00:38:17,720 --> 00:38:19,120 ALL OVER THE PLACE. 918 00:38:19,120 --> 00:38:20,800 ONCE THEY AGREED TO 919 00:38:20,800 --> 00:38:22,520 PARTICIPATION, THEY WERE 920 00:38:22,520 --> 00:38:25,880 RANDOMLY ASSIGNED BY ABSTRACT 921 00:38:25,880 --> 00:38:27,760 FROM WOMEN, MEN OR INDIVIDUALS. 922 00:38:27,760 --> 00:38:30,000 WE ASKED THEM TO EVALUATE THE 923 00:38:30,000 --> 00:38:33,240 RESEARCH ON SCIENTIFIC RIGOR, 924 00:38:33,240 --> 00:38:34,800 CONTRIBUTION TO MEDICAL SCIENCE 925 00:38:34,800 --> 00:38:36,680 AND WHETHER THEY WOULD RECOMMEND 926 00:38:36,680 --> 00:38:38,160 PUBLISHING THE FULL PAPER. 927 00:38:38,160 --> 00:38:39,520 WHEN THE RESEARCH WAS CONDUCTED 928 00:38:39,520 --> 00:38:42,680 IN WOMEN, IT WAS VIEWED AS 929 00:38:42,680 --> 00:38:44,320 MAKING A SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER 930 00:38:44,320 --> 00:38:45,480 CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE. 931 00:38:45,480 --> 00:38:47,240 THERE WAS NO DIFFERENCE IN THE 932 00:38:47,240 --> 00:38:51,520 PERCEIVED RIGOR, BUT THE 933 00:38:51,520 --> 00:38:52,920 MANUSCRIPT WAS TWICE AS LIKELY 934 00:38:52,920 --> 00:38:55,320 TO BE PUBLISHED WHEN OTHER 935 00:38:55,320 --> 00:38:57,560 RESEARCH WAS CONDUCTED IN MEN 936 00:38:57,560 --> 00:39:02,760 THAN IN WOMEN OR INDIVIDUALS. 937 00:39:02,760 --> 00:39:04,840 SO COMING TO THE POINT OF THE 938 00:39:04,840 --> 00:39:07,720 LECTURE TOPIC, BIAS IS A HABIT 939 00:39:07,720 --> 00:39:09,480 THAT CAN BE BROKEN. 940 00:39:09,480 --> 00:39:12,480 IN FACT, ONE OF THE FEW 941 00:39:12,480 --> 00:39:15,080 STRATEGIES THAT HAS BEEN PROVEN 942 00:39:15,080 --> 00:39:17,280 EFFECTIVE IN HELPING PEOPLE 943 00:39:17,280 --> 00:39:19,520 CHANGE BEHAVIOR IN RESPONSE TO 944 00:39:19,520 --> 00:39:22,280 THESE IMPLICIT STEREOTYPE BASED 945 00:39:22,280 --> 00:39:25,400 BIASES IS CALLED MOTIVATION 946 00:39:25,400 --> 00:39:27,200 SELF-REGULATION OF BIAS IN THE 947 00:39:27,200 --> 00:39:29,680 FIELD OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, 948 00:39:29,680 --> 00:39:32,160 INTUITIVE OVERRIDE IN JUDICIAL 949 00:39:32,160 --> 00:39:33,720 REASONING, FORWARD LOOKING 950 00:39:33,720 --> 00:39:35,240 TUNABILITY BY REASON IN THE 951 00:39:35,240 --> 00:39:36,920 FIELD OF PHILOSOPHY AND BREAKING 952 00:39:36,920 --> 00:39:37,920 THE BIAS HABIT BY OUR RESEARCH 953 00:39:37,920 --> 00:39:39,320 TEAM. 954 00:39:39,320 --> 00:39:41,200 AS YOU KNOW, IF YOU HAVE EVER 955 00:39:41,200 --> 00:39:43,520 TRIED TO BREAK A HABIT, IT IS A 956 00:39:43,520 --> 00:39:44,640 MULTI-STEP PROCESS. 957 00:39:44,640 --> 00:39:48,320 IT REQUIRES AWARENESS, 958 00:39:48,320 --> 00:39:50,600 MOTIVATION, SELF-EFFICACY, YOU 959 00:39:50,600 --> 00:39:52,600 HAVE TO FEEL CONFIDENT YOU CAN 960 00:39:52,600 --> 00:39:54,400 ENGAGE IN A NEW BEHAVIOR, THERE 961 00:39:54,400 --> 00:39:56,680 WILL BE SOME BENEFIT AND YOU 962 00:39:56,680 --> 00:39:58,480 HAVE TO DELIBERATELY PRACTICE 963 00:39:58,480 --> 00:40:00,920 THE NEW BEHAVIOR UNTIL IT 964 00:40:00,920 --> 00:40:02,360 BECOMES HABITUAL. 965 00:40:02,360 --> 00:40:04,800 WITH NIH FUNDING WE HAD AN 966 00:40:04,800 --> 00:40:07,200 OPPORTUNITY TO DEVELOP A GENDER 967 00:40:07,200 --> 00:40:08,880 BIAS HABIT REDUCING INTERVENTION 968 00:40:08,880 --> 00:40:11,920 IN THE FORM OF A TWO AND A HALF 969 00:40:11,920 --> 00:40:12,880 HOUR WORKSHOP. 970 00:40:12,880 --> 00:40:16,440 THIS STUDY INVOLVED 92 STEMM 971 00:40:16,440 --> 00:40:18,840 DEPARTMENTS AT UW MADISON OR 972 00:40:18,840 --> 00:40:20,320 FUNCTIONED LIKE DEPARTMENTS. 973 00:40:20,320 --> 00:40:22,160 DIVISIONS IN DEPARTMENTS OF 974 00:40:22,160 --> 00:40:24,120 MEDICINE WERE TREATED AS 975 00:40:24,120 --> 00:40:24,440 DEPARTMENTS. 976 00:40:24,440 --> 00:40:27,320 WE RANDOMLY ALLOCATED 46 OF 977 00:40:27,320 --> 00:40:28,240 THESE DEPARTMENTAL UNITS TO 978 00:40:28,240 --> 00:40:30,720 RECEIVE THIS WORKSHOP AND 46 TO 979 00:40:30,720 --> 00:40:34,520 REMAIN AS CONTROLS. 980 00:40:34,520 --> 00:40:38,120 AND OUTCOMES WERE SELF-REPORTED 981 00:40:38,120 --> 00:40:40,360 SURVEY RESPONSES, SURVEYS AT 982 00:40:40,360 --> 00:40:41,720 BASELINE AND THREE DAYS AFTER 983 00:40:41,720 --> 00:40:42,960 THE WORKSHOP. 984 00:40:42,960 --> 00:40:44,600 ESSENTIALLY ASSESSING THOSE 985 00:40:44,600 --> 00:40:45,440 STAGES OF CHANGE ON THE LAST 986 00:40:45,440 --> 00:40:54,400 SLIDE. 987 00:40:54,400 --> 00:40:58,120 USING MODELS AT BASELINE THREE 988 00:40:58,120 --> 00:41:00,520 DAYS AND THREE MONTHS, FACULTY 989 00:41:00,520 --> 00:41:02,920 RANDOMLY ALLOCATED TO THE 990 00:41:02,920 --> 00:41:04,320 EXPERIMENTAL GROUP WERE 991 00:41:04,320 --> 00:41:05,640 SIGNIFICANTLY MORE LIKELY THAN 992 00:41:05,640 --> 00:41:07,400 THOSE IN THE CONTROL DEPARTMENT 993 00:41:07,400 --> 00:41:09,720 TO BE AWARE OF THEIR OWN 994 00:41:09,720 --> 00:41:12,480 PERSONAL BIAS, TO BE MOTIVATED 995 00:41:12,480 --> 00:41:13,640 AND CONFIDENT THEY COULD ENGAGE 996 00:41:13,640 --> 00:41:16,240 IN BIAS REDUCING ACTIVITIES AND 997 00:41:16,240 --> 00:41:17,320 THEY WERE DOING SO ON A REGULAR 998 00:41:17,320 --> 00:41:19,680 BASIS. 999 00:41:19,680 --> 00:41:22,120 SO YOU MIGHT SAY, OKAY, WELL, 1000 00:41:22,120 --> 00:41:25,160 THIS IS STATISTICALLY 1001 00:41:25,160 --> 00:41:27,320 SIGNIFICANT, BUT THOSE -- LOOK 1002 00:41:27,320 --> 00:41:28,960 AT THAT Y AXIS. 1003 00:41:28,960 --> 00:41:30,360 THOSE ARE SMALL CHANGES. 1004 00:41:30,360 --> 00:41:32,840 IS THERE ANY REAL-WORLD 1005 00:41:32,840 --> 00:41:33,320 SIGNIFICANCE? 1006 00:41:33,320 --> 00:41:35,920 IS THERE ANY CLINICAL 1007 00:41:35,920 --> 00:41:37,520 SIGNIFICANCE? 1008 00:41:37,520 --> 00:41:38,520 IF YOU WILL. 1009 00:41:38,520 --> 00:41:41,840 SO WE HAD ANOTHER STUDY THAT WE 1010 00:41:41,840 --> 00:41:43,560 LEAD, DR. JENNIFER CHER DAN IS 1011 00:41:43,560 --> 00:41:44,480 THE PI. 1012 00:41:44,480 --> 00:41:46,520 IT IS CALLED THE STUDY OF 1013 00:41:46,520 --> 00:41:47,720 FACULTY WORK LIFE. 1014 00:41:47,720 --> 00:41:50,600 THE POSTAL SURVEY SENT TO ALL 1015 00:41:50,600 --> 00:41:53,320 FACULTY AT UW MADISON AND WE 1016 00:41:53,320 --> 00:41:55,440 TIMED IT SO A WAVE WENT OUT 1017 00:41:55,440 --> 00:41:57,200 BEFORE ANY DEPARTMENT GOT A 1018 00:41:57,200 --> 00:41:59,000 WORKSHOP AND AFTER ALL 46 HAD 1019 00:41:59,000 --> 00:42:00,640 RECEIVED THE WORKSHOP. 1020 00:42:00,640 --> 00:42:02,800 IT TURNED OUT THAT FACULTY IN 1021 00:42:02,800 --> 00:42:04,720 THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUP WERE 1022 00:42:04,720 --> 00:42:06,720 PERCEIVING A MORE INCLUSIVE 1023 00:42:06,720 --> 00:42:07,520 DEPARTMENT CLIMATE. 1024 00:42:07,520 --> 00:42:11,440 THEY WERE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE 1025 00:42:11,440 --> 00:42:12,800 LIKELY TO SAY THEY FELT 1026 00:42:12,800 --> 00:42:15,320 RESPECTED FOR THEIR RESEARCH AND 1027 00:42:15,320 --> 00:42:15,640 SCHOLARSHIP. 1028 00:42:15,640 --> 00:42:18,720 THEY FELT COMFORTABLE RAISING 1029 00:42:18,720 --> 00:42:20,920 PERSONAL OR FAMILY ISSUES IF IT 1030 00:42:20,920 --> 00:42:25,440 CONFLICTED WITH DEPARTMENTAL 1031 00:42:25,440 --> 00:42:25,760 ACTIVITIES. 1032 00:42:25,760 --> 00:42:27,920 YOU MIGHT SAY, OKAY, THIS IS A 1033 00:42:27,920 --> 00:42:30,440 LITTLE MORE CONVINCING, BUT THIS 1034 00:42:30,440 --> 00:42:32,800 IS STILL ALL SELF-REPORT. 1035 00:42:32,800 --> 00:42:37,800 DO YOU HAVE HARD INSTITUTIONAL 1036 00:42:37,800 --> 00:42:38,080 OUTCOMES? 1037 00:42:38,080 --> 00:42:40,240 WE LOOKED AT HIRING OUTCOMES. 1038 00:42:40,240 --> 00:42:42,200 THE BLUE BARS ARE TWO YEARS 1039 00:42:42,200 --> 00:42:44,200 BEFORE, THE RED BARS ARE TWO 1040 00:42:44,200 --> 00:42:45,200 YEARS AFTER THE STUDY. 1041 00:42:45,200 --> 00:42:49,480 YOU CAN SEE ON THE LEFT IN TERMS 1042 00:42:49,480 --> 00:42:52,120 OF THE PERCENT WOMEN AMONG NEW 1043 00:42:52,120 --> 00:42:54,840 FACULTY HIRES, THE EXPERIMENTAL 1044 00:42:54,840 --> 00:42:56,120 DEPARTMENTS HAD ESSENTIALLY 1045 00:42:56,120 --> 00:42:57,720 ACHIEVED GENDER PARITY. 1046 00:42:57,720 --> 00:43:00,720 HALF THE NEW HIRES WERE HALF MEN 1047 00:43:00,720 --> 00:43:02,160 AND HALF WOMEN WITH NO CHANGE IN 1048 00:43:02,160 --> 00:43:03,560 THE CONTROL DEPARTMENT. 1049 00:43:03,560 --> 00:43:06,400 THERE WAS ALSO MORE ETHNIC AND 1050 00:43:06,400 --> 00:43:07,640 RACIAL DIVERSITY AMONG NEW 1051 00:43:07,640 --> 00:43:09,000 HIRES, WHICH WAS SMALL, THERE 1052 00:43:09,000 --> 00:43:12,720 WAS A DECREASE IN THE CONTROL 1053 00:43:12,720 --> 00:43:13,040 DEPARTMENT. 1054 00:43:13,040 --> 00:43:16,600 IF YOU USE INFERENCE STATISTICS 1055 00:43:16,600 --> 00:43:19,480 FOR A SAMPLE, THESE WERE NOT 1056 00:43:19,480 --> 00:43:21,160 STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT, BUT 1057 00:43:21,160 --> 00:43:22,920 BECAUSE WE HAD THE ENTIRE 1058 00:43:22,920 --> 00:43:24,320 POPULATION OF STEMM DEPARTMENTS 1059 00:43:24,320 --> 00:43:27,520 AT UW MADISON, THIS WAS A REAL 1060 00:43:27,520 --> 00:43:28,720 INCREASE IN THE DIVERSITY OF NEW 1061 00:43:28,720 --> 00:43:28,920 HIRES. 1062 00:43:28,920 --> 00:43:31,680 SO WE WANTED TO SEE WHETHER THIS 1063 00:43:31,680 --> 00:43:34,800 APPROACH WORKED BEYOND A SINGLE 1064 00:43:34,800 --> 00:43:35,920 INSTITUTION AND BEYOND A FOCUS 1065 00:43:35,920 --> 00:43:38,240 ON GENDER BIAS. 1066 00:43:38,240 --> 00:43:44,760 SO WITH ANOTHER NIH GRANT WE 1067 00:43:44,760 --> 00:43:47,160 DEVELOPED THE BRIM STUDY, BIAS 1068 00:43:47,160 --> 00:43:48,280 REDUCTION IN INTERNAL MEDICINE 1069 00:43:48,280 --> 00:43:50,920 USING A CLUSTER RANDOMIZED 1070 00:43:50,920 --> 00:43:52,720 CONTROLLED DESIGN. 1071 00:43:52,720 --> 00:43:55,600 THREE-HOUR BIAS HABIT-REDUCING 1072 00:43:55,600 --> 00:43:57,440 WORKSHOP INVOLVING 19 1073 00:43:57,440 --> 00:43:58,360 DEPARTMENTS OF MEDICINE AROUND 1074 00:43:58,360 --> 00:44:00,520 THE COUNTRY AND THE DIVISIONS 1075 00:44:00,520 --> 00:44:01,680 WITHIN EACH DEPARTMENT OF 1076 00:44:01,680 --> 00:44:03,960 MEDICINE ARE RANDOMLY ALLOCATED 1077 00:44:03,960 --> 00:44:07,120 TO RECEIVE THE WORKSHOP EARLY, 1078 00:44:07,120 --> 00:44:08,720 GROUP ONE, OR AT LEAST THREE 1079 00:44:08,720 --> 00:44:13,720 MONTHS LATER. 1080 00:44:13,720 --> 00:44:18,160 SO THEY REMAIN WEIGHTLESS 1081 00:44:18,160 --> 00:44:22,520 CONTROLS AND OUTCOME MEASURES 1082 00:44:22,520 --> 00:44:24,120 WERE SELF-REPORTED SURVEYS. 1083 00:44:24,120 --> 00:44:25,920 WE HAVE A GOOD DISTRIBUTION OF 1084 00:44:25,920 --> 00:44:27,800 PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS 1085 00:44:27,800 --> 00:44:30,520 AND THE DATA IS REALLY 1086 00:44:30,520 --> 00:44:31,720 PRELIMINARY. 1087 00:44:31,720 --> 00:44:34,520 IT IS A COMPLEX DATASET TO 1088 00:44:34,520 --> 00:44:35,600 ANALYZE ESPECIALLY SINCE THE 1089 00:44:35,600 --> 00:44:37,120 PANDEMIC CAME IN THE MIDDLE OF 1090 00:44:37,120 --> 00:44:38,280 IT. 1091 00:44:38,280 --> 00:44:40,520 LOOKING AT SOME OF OUR 1092 00:44:40,520 --> 00:44:43,840 PRELIMINARY ANALYSES, IT LOOKS 1093 00:44:43,840 --> 00:44:47,680 LIKE THE WORKSHOP HAD AN EFFECT. 1094 00:44:47,680 --> 00:44:49,240 FOR THE QUESTION, I INTERVENE IF 1095 00:44:49,240 --> 00:44:52,120 I WITNESS A STUDENT, RESIDENT, 1096 00:44:52,120 --> 00:44:52,960 FELLOW OR COLLEAGUE BEING 1097 00:44:52,960 --> 00:44:55,920 TREATED IN A BIASED WAY. 1098 00:44:55,920 --> 00:44:59,400 RED FACULTY ALLOCATED TO GET THE 1099 00:44:59,400 --> 00:45:01,760 WORKSHOP, BLUE CONTROL, SAME AT 1100 00:45:01,760 --> 00:45:03,520 BASELINE, THREE MONTHS LATER, 1101 00:45:03,520 --> 00:45:05,840 FACULTY IN DIVISIONS THAT GOT TO 1102 00:45:05,840 --> 00:45:07,240 WORKSHOP, SIGNIFICANTLY MORE 1103 00:45:07,240 --> 00:45:09,000 LIKELY TO SAY THEY ARE ENGAGING 1104 00:45:09,000 --> 00:45:10,880 IN THIS ACTION ON A REGULAR 1105 00:45:10,880 --> 00:45:11,640 BASIS. 1106 00:45:11,640 --> 00:45:16,320 YOU MIGHT SAY THIS IS 1107 00:45:16,320 --> 00:45:19,840 SELF-REPORT, JUST AN EXAMPLE OF 1108 00:45:19,840 --> 00:45:23,440 DESIRABILITY OR MAYBE THE PEOPLE 1109 00:45:23,440 --> 00:45:28,040 ANSWERING THE SURVEY, THEY LIKE 1110 00:45:28,040 --> 00:45:30,400 THOSE PEOPLE FROM WISCONSIN SO 1111 00:45:30,400 --> 00:45:37,480 TO TRY TO GET AROUND THIS WE 1112 00:45:37,480 --> 00:45:39,760 PULLED OUT THE FACULTY WHO 1113 00:45:39,760 --> 00:45:42,040 RESPONDED TO THE SURVEY, BUT DID 1114 00:45:42,040 --> 00:45:45,080 NOT ATTEND TO WORKSHOP. 1115 00:45:45,080 --> 00:45:46,960 IF IT HAD NO EFFECT, IT SHOULD 1116 00:45:46,960 --> 00:45:48,000 LOOK LIKE THE CONTROLS. 1117 00:45:48,000 --> 00:45:51,120 THEY ACTUALLY LOOKED A LOT MORE 1118 00:45:51,120 --> 00:45:53,440 LIKE THE FACULTY ALLOCATED TO 1119 00:45:53,440 --> 00:45:56,880 GET THE WORKSHOP WHO CAME TO THE 1120 00:45:56,880 --> 00:45:57,280 WORKSHOP. 1121 00:45:57,280 --> 00:45:59,000 THE LIGHT PINK LINE SUGGESTING 1122 00:45:59,000 --> 00:46:01,160 THE WORKSHOP HAD AN EFFECT, A 1123 00:46:01,160 --> 00:46:01,920 DIFFUSION EFFECT. 1124 00:46:01,920 --> 00:46:04,360 JUST A COUPLE MORE QUESTIONS IN 1125 00:46:04,360 --> 00:46:06,320 TERMS OF I WOULD CHALLENGE A 1126 00:46:06,320 --> 00:46:08,360 PERSONNEL DECISION IF I THINK IT 1127 00:46:08,360 --> 00:46:13,120 HAS BEEN INFLUENCED BY 1128 00:46:13,120 --> 00:46:13,440 STEREOTYPES. 1129 00:46:13,440 --> 00:46:18,720 I AM CONFIDENT I CAN DO THIS, 1130 00:46:18,720 --> 00:46:19,720 SELF-EFFICACY, I ENGAGE IN THIS 1131 00:46:19,720 --> 00:46:21,920 ON A REGULAR BASIS. 1132 00:46:21,920 --> 00:46:24,360 THE ARROW SHOWING THE LIGHT PINK 1133 00:46:24,360 --> 00:46:26,920 BARS SUGGESTS A DIFFUSION EFFECT 1134 00:46:26,920 --> 00:46:28,720 AMONG THOSE WHO DID NOT ATTEND 1135 00:46:28,720 --> 00:46:30,720 THE WORKSHOP BUT IN THE 1136 00:46:30,720 --> 00:46:31,840 EXPERIMENTAL GROUP. 1137 00:46:31,840 --> 00:46:34,120 WHY DO WE THINK THIS APPROACH 1138 00:46:34,120 --> 00:46:34,320 WORKED? 1139 00:46:34,320 --> 00:46:35,800 BECAUSE WE ENGAGED THOSE 1140 00:46:35,800 --> 00:46:37,120 RESPONSIBLE FOR ESTABLISHING THE 1141 00:46:37,120 --> 00:46:38,960 ORGANIZATIONAL NORMS, THE 1142 00:46:38,960 --> 00:46:39,200 FACULTY. 1143 00:46:39,200 --> 00:46:41,960 WE INCORPORATED STRATEGIES SHOWN 1144 00:46:41,960 --> 00:46:45,480 TO BE EFFECTIVE IN FOSTERING 1145 00:46:45,480 --> 00:46:48,120 SUSTAINED INTENTIONAL CHANGE. 1146 00:46:48,120 --> 00:46:50,400 PARTICIPATION WAS VOLUNTARY AND 1147 00:46:50,400 --> 00:46:52,560 BECAUSE WE GAVE IT AT THE ENTIRE 1148 00:46:52,560 --> 00:46:55,800 DEPARTMENT OR DIVISION LEVEL, IT 1149 00:46:55,800 --> 00:46:57,120 ENABLED SOCIAL DIFFUSION. 1150 00:46:57,120 --> 00:46:58,720 SO I'M GOING LEAVE ALL OF YOU 1151 00:46:58,720 --> 00:47:00,720 WITH TWO OF THE STRATEGIES WE 1152 00:47:00,720 --> 00:47:02,720 GIVE PARTICIPANTS IN THE 1153 00:47:02,720 --> 00:47:04,920 WORKSHOP SO THAT YOU CAN 1154 00:47:04,920 --> 00:47:06,760 PRACTICE THESE ON YOUR OWN TO 1155 00:47:06,760 --> 00:47:07,840 HELP YOU BREAK YOUR OWN BIAS 1156 00:47:07,840 --> 00:47:13,320 HABIT. 1157 00:47:13,320 --> 00:47:15,160 THE FIRST ONE IS ADOPTING A 1158 00:47:15,160 --> 00:47:15,920 GROWTH MINDSET. 1159 00:47:15,920 --> 00:47:18,280 I'M ASSUMING ALL OF YOU HAVE 1160 00:47:18,280 --> 00:47:19,880 HEARD THIS TERM BY NOW. 1161 00:47:19,880 --> 00:47:25,000 IT IS BASED ON 20 YEARS OF 1162 00:47:25,000 --> 00:47:27,720 ELEGANT RESEARCH BY CAROL DWEK 1163 00:47:27,720 --> 00:47:29,720 AT STANFORD. 1164 00:47:29,720 --> 00:47:36,040 HER GROUP LOOKEDED A MINDSET OF 1165 00:47:36,040 --> 00:47:36,480 CHANGING BEHAVIOR. 1166 00:47:36,480 --> 00:47:39,120 AND IT WORKS. 1167 00:47:39,120 --> 00:47:41,160 SIMPLY RECITING TO YOURSELF LIKE 1168 00:47:41,160 --> 00:47:43,040 A MANTRA, WITH HARD WORK, I CAN 1169 00:47:43,040 --> 00:47:45,320 OVERCOME THE INFLUENCE OF 1170 00:47:45,320 --> 00:47:46,920 STEREOTYPES ON MY JUDGMENT AND 1171 00:47:46,920 --> 00:47:48,160 DECISION MAKING. 1172 00:47:48,160 --> 00:47:49,720 WRITE SOMETHING LIKE THAT DOWN 1173 00:47:49,720 --> 00:47:52,280 ON A YELLOW STICKY. 1174 00:47:52,280 --> 00:47:54,720 STICK ON YOUR BATHROOM MIRROR, 1175 00:47:54,720 --> 00:47:56,920 PUT IT ON YOUR COMPUTER SCREEN, 1176 00:47:56,920 --> 00:47:58,320 START YOUR DIVISION MEETINGS 1177 00:47:58,320 --> 00:47:58,920 WITH IT. 1178 00:47:58,920 --> 00:48:02,040 THE SECOND ONE IS PERCEIVING 1179 00:48:02,040 --> 00:48:02,320 VARIABILITY. 1180 00:48:02,320 --> 00:48:04,120 THIS IS INTENTIONALLY REMINDING 1181 00:48:04,120 --> 00:48:07,280 YOURSELF THAT ALL GROUPS ARE 1182 00:48:07,280 --> 00:48:08,720 COMPOSED OF MULTIPLE SUBGROUPS 1183 00:48:08,720 --> 00:48:10,880 AND TO DO THIS YOU HAVE TO TUNE 1184 00:48:10,880 --> 00:48:12,520 YOUR EAR. 1185 00:48:12,520 --> 00:48:14,360 SO WHENEVER YOU HEAR SOMEBODY 1186 00:48:14,360 --> 00:48:16,920 SAY, MEMBERS OF SOME GROUP 1187 00:48:16,920 --> 00:48:17,680 ARE -- 1188 00:48:17,680 --> 00:48:20,320 WHATEVER THAT GROUP IS, WOMEN 1189 00:48:20,320 --> 00:48:21,360 ARE -- 1190 00:48:21,360 --> 00:48:22,600 MEN ARE -- 1191 00:48:22,600 --> 00:48:24,320 ASIAN DRIVERS ARE -- 1192 00:48:24,320 --> 00:48:26,520 PEOPLE FROM WISCONSIN ARE -- 1193 00:48:26,520 --> 00:48:30,080 THE NEXT WORD IS A STEREOTYPE. 1194 00:48:30,080 --> 00:48:33,560 GREAT PRACTICE TO PERCEIVE 1195 00:48:33,560 --> 00:48:33,920 VARIABILITY. 1196 00:48:33,920 --> 00:48:37,440 I WILL GIVE YOU AN EXAMPLE OF 1197 00:48:37,440 --> 00:48:39,240 THIS RECENTLY. 1198 00:48:39,240 --> 00:48:41,120 SOMEONE SAID TO ME WOMEN 1199 00:48:41,120 --> 00:48:42,520 PHYSICIANS WANT TO WORK PART 1200 00:48:42,520 --> 00:48:42,720 TIME. 1201 00:48:42,720 --> 00:48:45,880 I SAID, WOW, SOME WANT TO WORK 1202 00:48:45,880 --> 00:48:48,040 PART TIME, FULL TIME AND SOME 1203 00:48:48,040 --> 00:48:51,240 WORK 24/7. 1204 00:48:51,240 --> 00:48:54,320 I REMINDED HIM SOME MEN WANT TO 1205 00:48:54,320 --> 00:48:56,520 WORK PART TIME BUT ARE PREVENTED 1206 00:48:56,520 --> 00:48:59,760 TO DO SO BY SOCIAL STIGMA. 1207 00:48:59,760 --> 00:49:02,400 GENDER STEREOTYPES ARE DEEPLY 1208 00:49:02,400 --> 00:49:04,320 ENTRENCHED IN HABITUAL PATTERNS 1209 00:49:04,320 --> 00:49:05,440 OF THINKING AND BEHAVIORING IN 1210 00:49:05,440 --> 00:49:06,240 ALL OF US. 1211 00:49:06,240 --> 00:49:08,200 THE CON FLAGS OF GENDER AND 1212 00:49:08,200 --> 00:49:10,320 STATUS NEGATIVELY IMPACTS THE 1213 00:49:10,320 --> 00:49:12,640 VALUE PLACED ON STUDYING 1214 00:49:12,640 --> 00:49:13,960 CONDITIONS PREVALENT IN WOMEN 1215 00:49:13,960 --> 00:49:16,000 AND ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN IN 1216 00:49:16,000 --> 00:49:16,400 STEMM. 1217 00:49:16,400 --> 00:49:17,960 WITH HARD WORK AND INTENTIONAL 1218 00:49:17,960 --> 00:49:20,080 PRACTICE OF BIAS-REDUCING 1219 00:49:20,080 --> 00:49:21,320 STRATEGIES, BIAS IS A HABIT THAT 1220 00:49:21,320 --> 00:49:23,560 CAN BE BROKEN AND BREAKING THE 1221 00:49:23,560 --> 00:49:25,000 BIAS HABIT SHOULD BENEFIT BOTH 1222 00:49:25,000 --> 00:49:26,440 WOMEN IN STEMM AND THE HEALTH OF 1223 00:49:26,440 --> 00:49:26,640 WOMEN. 1224 00:49:26,640 --> 00:49:29,760 THANK YOU. 1225 00:49:29,760 --> 00:49:32,720 I WILL STOP SHARING MY SLIDES 1226 00:49:32,720 --> 00:49:32,920 NOW. 1227 00:49:32,920 --> 00:49:35,320 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH, DR. 1228 00:49:35,320 --> 00:49:35,680 CARNES. 1229 00:49:35,680 --> 00:49:37,600 I KNEW YOU WOULD NOT DISAPPOINT. 1230 00:49:37,600 --> 00:49:39,640 >> I APOLOGIZE FOR THAT ROUGH 1231 00:49:39,640 --> 00:49:39,920 BEGINNING. 1232 00:49:39,920 --> 00:49:42,280 THAT TOTALLY SHOCKED ME. 1233 00:49:42,280 --> 00:49:43,720 >> IT'S ALL GOOD. 1234 00:49:43,720 --> 00:49:46,480 IT IS AMAZING DATA. 1235 00:49:46,480 --> 00:49:47,800 INCRED FRAMING. 1236 00:49:47,800 --> 00:49:49,400 MAKING US THINK ABOUT THIS 1237 00:49:49,400 --> 00:49:51,560 DIFFERENTLY WITH LOTS OF DATA. 1238 00:49:51,560 --> 00:49:54,120 SO I AM GOING PULL UP AND SEE 1239 00:49:54,120 --> 00:49:56,800 WHERE THE QUESTIONS ARE. 1240 00:49:56,800 --> 00:50:03,800 IF THERE AREN'T ANY JUST YET, 1241 00:50:03,800 --> 00:50:06,120 I'M GOING START WITH THIS THINK 1242 00:50:06,120 --> 00:50:08,120 MANAGER, THINK MALE PHENOMENA 1243 00:50:08,120 --> 00:50:09,520 YOU DESCRIBED. 1244 00:50:09,520 --> 00:50:11,400 I HAVE HEARD OF IT, OF COURSE, 1245 00:50:11,400 --> 00:50:14,480 BUT I WROTE DOWN TODAY IN MY 1246 00:50:14,480 --> 00:50:17,360 NOTES, WHAT YOU SAID, WHICH IS 1247 00:50:17,360 --> 00:50:35,040 IT IS REENFORCED ALL THE TIME. 1248 00:50:35,040 --> 00:50:37,720 HOW DO WE INTERRUPT THOSE ON A 1249 00:50:37,720 --> 00:50:38,560 DAY-TO-DAY BASIS? 1250 00:50:38,560 --> 00:50:39,600 NOT A WORKSHOP. 1251 00:50:39,600 --> 00:50:41,120 YOU DON'T HAVE TO ANNOUNCE YOU 1252 00:50:41,120 --> 00:50:41,960 ARE DOING IT. 1253 00:50:41,960 --> 00:50:43,520 DO YOU HAVE SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR 1254 00:50:43,520 --> 00:50:45,840 US FOR THAT SPECIFIC ONE, THINK 1255 00:50:45,840 --> 00:50:47,720 MANAGER, THINK MALE, THAT WE CAN 1256 00:50:47,720 --> 00:50:50,040 IMPLEMENT ON A DAY-TO-DAY BASIS? 1257 00:50:50,040 --> 00:50:51,840 >> WELL ONE OF THE STRATEGIES 1258 00:50:51,840 --> 00:50:54,000 THAT WE SUGGEST IN THE WORKSHOP 1259 00:50:54,000 --> 00:50:57,560 IS TO BE VERY INTENTIONAL ABOUT 1260 00:50:57,560 --> 00:50:58,920 RECOGNIZING WHEN STEREOTYPES MAY 1261 00:50:58,920 --> 00:51:02,520 BE AT PLAY. 1262 00:51:02,520 --> 00:51:03,720 AND CHALLENGE WITH DATA. 1263 00:51:03,720 --> 00:51:07,840 BECAUSE WE ARE ALL GOING DO 1264 00:51:07,840 --> 00:51:11,840 THIS, JANINE, WE ALL MAKE 1265 00:51:11,840 --> 00:51:12,120 MISTAKES. 1266 00:51:12,120 --> 00:51:13,320 IF YOU FIND YOURSELF THINKING, 1267 00:51:13,320 --> 00:51:16,920 SHE IS A SMALL, PETITE WOMAN, I 1268 00:51:16,920 --> 00:51:18,520 DON'T KNOW IF SHE CAN LEAD THAT 1269 00:51:18,520 --> 00:51:18,760 PROJECT. 1270 00:51:18,760 --> 00:51:20,000 YOU CHALLENGE IT WITH DATA. 1271 00:51:20,000 --> 00:51:21,800 WHAT AM I THINKING. 1272 00:51:21,800 --> 00:51:23,520 THAT IS SUCH A STEREOTYPE. 1273 00:51:23,520 --> 00:51:26,400 LOOK AT ALL THE POWERFUL WOMEN 1274 00:51:26,400 --> 00:51:28,280 WHO LED PROGRAM PROJECTS. 1275 00:51:28,280 --> 00:51:29,320 PULL UP DATA. 1276 00:51:29,320 --> 00:51:30,360 CHALLENGE IT WITH DATA. 1277 00:51:30,360 --> 00:51:31,920 WE ARE ALL HUMAN. 1278 00:51:31,920 --> 00:51:34,680 WE ARE GOING MAKE MISTAKES. 1279 00:51:34,680 --> 00:51:37,520 BUT I LOVE TO USE SMOKING 1280 00:51:37,520 --> 00:51:39,200 CESSATION AS THE ANALOGY FOR HOW 1281 00:51:39,200 --> 00:51:41,160 WE CAN DO THIS. 1282 00:51:41,160 --> 00:51:43,400 BECAUSE IF WE CAN CHANGE THE 1283 00:51:43,400 --> 00:51:46,680 CULTURE FOR A POWERFULLY 1284 00:51:46,680 --> 00:51:49,160 ADDICTING SUBSTANCE LIKE 1285 00:51:49,160 --> 00:51:49,440 NICOTINE. 1286 00:51:49,440 --> 00:51:51,480 NOBODY SMOKES IN PUBLIC 1287 00:51:51,480 --> 00:51:53,640 BUILDINGS, NOBODY SMOKES IN 1288 00:51:53,640 --> 00:51:54,920 BARS, FOR PETE'S SAKE. 1289 00:51:54,920 --> 00:51:56,480 CAN YOU IMAGINE THAT HAPPENING 1290 00:51:56,480 --> 00:51:57,880 50 YEARS AGO. 1291 00:51:57,880 --> 00:52:01,160 IF WE ALL WORK HARD YOU WILL SEE 1292 00:52:01,160 --> 00:52:02,640 THAT SAME SYNERGY. 1293 00:52:02,640 --> 00:52:11,000 WHEN YOU AND I STARTED MAKING 1294 00:52:11,000 --> 00:52:13,440 THESE POINTS COULD YOU IMAGINE 1295 00:52:13,440 --> 00:52:16,480 THAT THE HEAD OF NIH WOULD 1296 00:52:16,480 --> 00:52:17,960 REFUSE TO BE ENGAGED IN PANELS 1297 00:52:17,960 --> 00:52:20,800 OR POLICIES YOU WENT OVER THESE 1298 00:52:20,800 --> 00:52:22,880 ELEGANT WONDERFUL POLICIES, BUT 1299 00:52:22,880 --> 00:52:24,320 ENOUGH PEOPLE HAVE CHANGED THEIR 1300 00:52:24,320 --> 00:52:27,000 BIAS HABITS, THEY WERE ABLE TO 1301 00:52:27,000 --> 00:52:29,680 CHANGE THE POLICIES AT NIH AND 1302 00:52:29,680 --> 00:52:32,000 YOU GET SYNERGY LIKE YOU GOT 1303 00:52:32,000 --> 00:52:33,920 WITH SMOKING CESSATION. 1304 00:52:33,920 --> 00:52:36,560 >> THOSE ARE GREAT POINTS AND 1305 00:52:36,560 --> 00:52:38,720 USING THAT ANALOGY HELPS PEOPLE 1306 00:52:38,720 --> 00:52:42,000 TO GET IT RIGHT AWAY. 1307 00:52:42,000 --> 00:52:43,880 EVERYONE UNDERSTANDS WHAT HAS 1308 00:52:43,880 --> 00:52:45,920 HAPPENED TO WHEN YOU COULD 1309 00:52:45,920 --> 00:52:49,200 ACTUALLY SMOKE ON AN AIRPLANE TO 1310 00:52:49,200 --> 00:52:49,400 TODAY. 1311 00:52:49,400 --> 00:52:51,280 WE ARE TWO MINUTES OUT IN TERMS 1312 00:52:51,280 --> 00:52:53,240 OF THE END OF THE SESSION AND IT 1313 00:52:53,240 --> 00:52:57,800 IS ABOUT HOW TO ADDRESS THE 1314 00:52:57,800 --> 00:53:02,880 PROMOTION IN TENURE PRACTICES 1315 00:53:02,880 --> 00:53:04,320 ESPECIALLY AROUND THE IMPORTANCE 1316 00:53:04,320 --> 00:53:06,280 OF TEAM SCIENCE AND HOW THERE 1317 00:53:06,280 --> 00:53:08,200 ARE MANY MORE WOMEN TYPICALLY 1318 00:53:08,200 --> 00:53:09,760 INVOLVED IN TEAM SCIENCE EFFORTS 1319 00:53:09,760 --> 00:53:17,640 AND HOW THAT MAY OR MAY NOT BE 1320 00:53:17,640 --> 00:53:22,400 RECOGNIZ 1321 00:53:22,400 --> 00:53:24,840 RECOGNIZED WITH A SINGLE PERSON 1322 00:53:24,840 --> 00:53:27,320 WORKING IN THE LAB WITH A BIG 1323 00:53:27,320 --> 00:53:28,280 TEAM OR SMALL TEAM. 1324 00:53:28,280 --> 00:53:30,520 THE OVER IS THE SALARY ISSUE. 1325 00:53:30,520 --> 00:53:33,360 ANOTHER PAPER CAME OUT RECENTLY. 1326 00:53:33,360 --> 00:53:34,200 >> YES. 1327 00:53:34,200 --> 00:53:35,320 >> $2 MILLION OVER TIME. 1328 00:53:35,320 --> 00:53:36,680 THAT IS A LOT OF MONEY. 1329 00:53:36,680 --> 00:53:39,240 WHAT I WAS INTERESTED IN, THAT 1330 00:53:39,240 --> 00:53:42,240 WAS PUBLISHED IN HEALTH AFFAIRS. 1331 00:53:42,240 --> 00:53:43,920 IT WAS THE FIRST FEW YEARS OF 1332 00:53:43,920 --> 00:53:45,760 THE TRAJECTORY OF THE CAREER 1333 00:53:45,760 --> 00:53:48,320 THAT MADE THE BIG DIFFERENCE. 1334 00:53:48,320 --> 00:53:50,720 IN TERMS OF OVER TIME. 1335 00:53:50,720 --> 00:53:54,120 COULD YOU COMMENT ON THOSE TWO 1336 00:53:54,120 --> 00:53:56,120 ISSUES, PROMOTION AND TENURE AND 1337 00:53:56,120 --> 00:53:56,320 SALARY? 1338 00:53:56,320 --> 00:53:59,640 >> HERE IS WHERE YOU SEE THE 1339 00:53:59,640 --> 00:54:01,520 SYNERGY BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS 1340 00:54:01,520 --> 00:54:03,240 BREAKING THE BIAS HABIT AND 1341 00:54:03,240 --> 00:54:05,560 MAKING POLICY THAT ACCELERATES 1342 00:54:05,560 --> 00:54:06,040 EQUITY. 1343 00:54:06,040 --> 00:54:06,240 RIGHT? 1344 00:54:06,240 --> 00:54:10,000 SO YOU HAVE TO HAVE ENOUGH 1345 00:54:10,000 --> 00:54:12,400 PEOPLE IN ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS 1346 00:54:12,400 --> 00:54:14,040 RECOGNIZE THAT TEAM SCIENCE IS 1347 00:54:14,040 --> 00:54:15,520 GOOD AND BECAUSE WOMEN ARE MORE 1348 00:54:15,520 --> 00:54:19,040 LIKELY TO DO IT, IT MAY BE 1349 00:54:19,040 --> 00:54:19,320 UNDERVALUED. 1350 00:54:19,320 --> 00:54:21,120 YOU HAVE TO SOMEHOW, WE HAVE 1351 00:54:21,120 --> 00:54:23,480 BUILT IN ANYBODY WHO IS DOING 1352 00:54:23,480 --> 00:54:25,680 DIVERSITY ACTIVITIES, IT IS A 1353 00:54:25,680 --> 00:54:27,840 PLUS IN OUR TENURE REVIEWS. 1354 00:54:27,840 --> 00:54:31,120 THAT WOULD NEVER HAVE HAPPENED 1355 00:54:31,120 --> 00:54:32,400 10 YEARS AGO. 1356 00:54:32,400 --> 00:54:35,680 20 YEARS AGO I WAS TOLD BY A 1357 00:54:35,680 --> 00:54:37,080 DEPARTMENT CHAIR TO STOP USING 1358 00:54:37,080 --> 00:54:38,400 THE WORD DIVERSITY BECAUSE IT 1359 00:54:38,400 --> 00:54:39,520 WAS OFFENDING PEOPLE. 1360 00:54:39,520 --> 00:54:41,840 THAT WOULD NEVER HAPPEN. 1361 00:54:41,840 --> 00:54:43,920 THAT IS THE SYNERGY FOR THE 1362 00:54:43,920 --> 00:54:44,160 TENURE. 1363 00:54:44,160 --> 00:54:45,520 I FORGOT THE SECOND QUESTION. 1364 00:54:45,520 --> 00:54:47,240 >> SALARIES. 1365 00:54:47,240 --> 00:54:48,920 SAME KIND OF THING THOUGH. 1366 00:54:48,920 --> 00:54:51,920 >> I KNOW WE ARE AT 11:00, BUT 1367 00:54:51,920 --> 00:54:55,800 LET ME JUST ASK ONE OF THE 1368 00:54:55,800 --> 00:54:57,680 QUESTIONS -- BECAUSE THEY JUST 1369 00:54:57,680 --> 00:54:59,080 CAME IN ALL AT ONCE. 1370 00:54:59,080 --> 00:55:00,120 I AM SO SORRY. 1371 00:55:00,120 --> 00:55:01,720 >> IT IS MY FAULT FOR SCREWING 1372 00:55:01,720 --> 00:55:03,440 UP THE SLIDES. 1373 00:55:03,440 --> 00:55:07,880 >> GIVEN THE DISCREPANCY OF 1374 00:55:07,880 --> 00:55:09,720 ASIAN REPRESENTATION IN ACADEMIA 1375 00:55:09,720 --> 00:55:12,360 AND ASIAN ARE THE MODEL MINORITY 1376 00:55:12,360 --> 00:55:14,920 WITH NEGATIVE IMPLICATIONS HAS 1377 00:55:14,920 --> 00:55:17,120 THE DISCUSSION INCLUDING MORE 1378 00:55:17,120 --> 00:55:17,360 ASIANS. 1379 00:55:17,360 --> 00:55:18,840 THAT IS NOT A FAIR QUESTION FOR 1380 00:55:18,840 --> 00:55:20,240 YOU BECAUSE IT IS AN NIH 1381 00:55:20,240 --> 00:55:23,720 QUESTION. 1382 00:55:23,720 --> 00:55:25,760 >> I COULD MAKE ONE POINT. 1383 00:55:25,760 --> 00:55:30,000 WHAT DOES IT SAY, THERE IS NO 1384 00:55:30,000 --> 00:55:30,600 OLYMPICS FOR BIAS AND 1385 00:55:30,600 --> 00:55:33,640 DISCRIMINATION. 1386 00:55:33,640 --> 00:55:36,080 THE ISSUES MAY BE DIFFERENT, 1387 00:55:36,080 --> 00:55:37,960 THERE IS UNDERREPRESENTATION, 1388 00:55:37,960 --> 00:55:39,560 BUT THERE IS ALSO 1389 00:55:39,560 --> 00:55:39,920 DISCRIMINATION. 1390 00:55:39,920 --> 00:55:41,880 SO WE REALLY WANT TO GET AT 1391 00:55:41,880 --> 00:55:42,160 BOTH. 1392 00:55:42,160 --> 00:55:43,640 >> RIGHT. 1393 00:55:43,640 --> 00:55:47,680 >> WE DON'T WANT TO EXCUSE 1394 00:55:47,680 --> 00:55:49,480 DISCRIMINATION AGAINST ASIAN 1395 00:55:49,480 --> 00:55:51,360 COLLEAGUES BECAUSE ARE NOT 1396 00:55:51,360 --> 00:55:53,760 UNDERREPRESENTED AT EARLY 1397 00:55:53,760 --> 00:55:55,480 PIPELINE STRATEGIES. 1398 00:55:55,480 --> 00:55:57,960 >> NAME BLIND REVIEW, CSR HAS 1399 00:55:57,960 --> 00:56:00,440 DONE A STUDY AND THAT 1400 00:56:00,440 --> 00:56:02,200 PUBLICATION SHOULD BE COMING OUT 1401 00:56:02,200 --> 00:56:02,400 SOON. 1402 00:56:02,400 --> 00:56:09,880 DR. BEGG, I THINK WE BETTER MOVE 1403 00:56:09,880 --> 00:56:12,760 FORWARD TO GIVE OUR BIRCWH 1404 00:56:12,760 --> 00:56:15,680 SCHOLARS THEIR OPPORTUNITY. 1405 00:56:15,680 --> 00:56:25,160 DR. CARNES, THANK YOU, YOU GAVE 1406 00:56:25,160 --> 00:56:31,440 -- A GREAT TALK. 1407 00:56:31,440 --> 00:56:34,280 >> I WOULD LIKE TO THANK DR. 1408 00:56:34,280 --> 00:56:35,400 CARNES FOR A VERY IMPORTANT 1409 00:56:35,400 --> 00:56:35,640 TALK. 1410 00:56:35,640 --> 00:56:36,120 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 1411 00:56:36,120 --> 00:56:37,880 IT IS NOW MY PLEASURE TO 1412 00:56:37,880 --> 00:56:39,320 INTRODUCE THE NEXT SESSION WHICH 1413 00:56:39,320 --> 00:56:41,280 WE HAVE CALLED THE PODIUM 1414 00:56:41,280 --> 00:56:47,000 SESSION FOR THE TOP THREE 1415 00:56:47,000 --> 00:56:47,280 SCHOLARS. 1416 00:56:47,280 --> 00:56:49,040 TOP THREE SCHOLARS WERE SELECTED 1417 00:56:49,040 --> 00:56:52,320 FROM THE 56 ABSTRACTS SUBMITTED 1418 00:56:52,320 --> 00:56:54,320 IN JUNE BY COMPETITIVE NAMES. 1419 00:56:54,320 --> 00:56:55,960 SO WHAT WE ARE GOING DO BECAUSE 1420 00:56:55,960 --> 00:56:57,760 OF THE VIRTUAL PLATFORM, ALL 1421 00:56:57,760 --> 00:57:00,960 THREE SCHOLARS WILL GIVE THEIR 1422 00:57:00,960 --> 00:57:01,160 TALKS. 1423 00:57:01,160 --> 00:57:03,640 THEY WILL BE INTRODUCED BY 1424 00:57:03,640 --> 00:57:05,520 PRINCIPLE INVESTIGATORS AND HAVE 1425 00:57:05,520 --> 00:57:07,160 A GENERAL Q&A SESSION AT THE 1426 00:57:07,160 --> 00:57:07,320 END. 1427 00:57:07,320 --> 00:57:10,520 THE TALKS WILL GO FOR 45 MINUTES 1428 00:57:10,520 --> 00:57:12,520 AND WE WILL HAVE 15 MINUTES FOR 1429 00:57:12,520 --> 00:57:12,680 Q&A. 1430 00:57:12,680 --> 00:57:14,720 WE INVITE YOU TO SUBMIT TO THE 1431 00:57:14,720 --> 00:57:21,720 Q&A BOX OR THE CHAT BOX ON THE 1432 00:57:21,720 --> 00:57:24,680 RIGHT OF YOUR SCREEN. 1433 00:57:24,680 --> 00:57:26,920 IDENTIFY WHICH SCHOLAR SHOULD 1434 00:57:26,920 --> 00:57:27,960 RECEIVE YOUR QUESTION WE WOULD 1435 00:57:27,960 --> 00:57:34,000 BE PREESHTSI APPRECIATIVE THERE. 1436 00:57:34,000 --> 00:57:36,520 THE SLIDE HAS JUST COME UP NOW. 1437 00:57:36,520 --> 00:57:38,360 MAYBE DURING THE Q&A WE CAN 1438 00:57:38,360 --> 00:57:40,240 LEAVE THAT ON OR GO BACK TO IT. 1439 00:57:40,240 --> 00:57:43,120 THIS IS THE WORD CLOUD BASED ON 1440 00:57:43,120 --> 00:57:45,960 THE 56 ABSTRACTS WERE RECEIVED. 1441 00:57:45,960 --> 00:57:47,960 VERY BRIEFLY, YOU CAN SEE WOMEN, 1442 00:57:47,960 --> 00:57:50,800 THE VARIOUS TERMS, WOMEN, MEN, 1443 00:57:50,800 --> 00:57:53,200 SEX, GENDER, TRANSGENDER, 1444 00:57:53,200 --> 00:57:55,520 VARIOUS TERMS FOR HEALTH, 1445 00:57:55,520 --> 00:57:57,320 CLINICAL, HEALTH CARE, VARIOUS 1446 00:57:57,320 --> 00:57:58,840 TERMS FOR CONDITIONS SUCH AS 1447 00:57:58,840 --> 00:58:03,440 CANCER, DEPRESSION, 1448 00:58:03,440 --> 00:58:06,640 INFLAMMATION, PREGNANCY, 1449 00:58:06,640 --> 00:58:09,640 GYNECOLOGY, INFECTIONS, 1450 00:58:09,640 --> 00:58:10,600 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, AGE IS 1451 00:58:10,600 --> 00:58:11,080 IN THERE. 1452 00:58:11,080 --> 00:58:12,720 SOME LOCATIONS ARE REPRESENTED 1453 00:58:12,720 --> 00:58:16,520 BECAUSE THOSE ARE SOME OF OUR 1454 00:58:16,520 --> 00:58:17,640 BIRCWH SITES. 1455 00:58:17,640 --> 00:58:20,120 I WOULD LIKE TO EMPHASIZE OF THE 1456 00:58:20,120 --> 00:58:23,280 19 ACTIVE BIRCWH PROGRAMS THEY 1457 00:58:23,280 --> 00:58:24,080 LITERALLY CROSS THE UNITED 1458 00:58:24,080 --> 00:58:25,480 STATES AND COVER ALL OF THE 1459 00:58:25,480 --> 00:58:26,960 IMPORTANT GEOGRAPHIC AREAS. 1460 00:58:26,960 --> 00:58:30,360 SO WITH THAT, I WOULD LIKE TO 1461 00:58:30,360 --> 00:58:33,240 ASK FOR THE THREE SCHOLARS TALKS 1462 00:58:33,240 --> 00:58:37,320 TO BEGIN AND WE WILL COME BACK 1463 00:58:37,320 --> 00:58:39,440 AT END OF THE 45 MINUTES FOR 1464 00:58:39,440 --> 00:58:40,440 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. 1465 00:58:40,440 --> 00:58:42,600 I TURN IT OVER TO OUR VIRTUAL 1466 00:58:42,600 --> 00:58:42,920 COLLEAGUES. 1467 00:58:42,920 --> 00:58:49,040 THANK YOU. 1468 00:58:49,040 --> 00:58:52,480 >> I'M PLEASED AND HONORED TO 1469 00:58:52,480 --> 00:58:54,520 INTRODUCE JUDY SIMT KOKS AS A 1470 00:58:54,520 --> 00:58:56,080 FEATURED SPEAKER. 1471 00:58:56,080 --> 00:59:00,280 IN NINTH GRADE DR. SIMCOX NOTED 1472 00:59:00,280 --> 00:59:03,320 12 INDIVIDUALS WITH DOWN 1473 00:59:03,320 --> 00:59:06,200 SYNDROME ON HER SISTER'S SPECIAL 1474 00:59:06,200 --> 00:59:10,320 OLYMPICS TEAM FOUR HAT DIABETES. 1475 00:59:10,320 --> 00:59:13,320 AFTER POST DOCTORAL WORK AT THE 1476 00:59:13,320 --> 00:59:14,800 UNIVERSITY OF UTAH IN CHEMISTRY, 1477 00:59:14,800 --> 00:59:17,360 SHE JOINED THE UNIVERSITY OF 1478 00:59:17,360 --> 00:59:21,000 WISCONSIN AS AN ASSISTANT 1479 00:59:21,000 --> 00:59:21,440 PROFESSOR. 1480 00:59:21,440 --> 00:59:24,880 HER NATIVE AMERICAN HERITAGE 1481 00:59:24,880 --> 00:59:26,200 HELPS HER CONTINUE WEAVE EQUITY 1482 00:59:26,200 --> 00:59:28,120 IN HER RESEARCH. 1483 00:59:28,120 --> 00:59:35,160 THEY USE MASS SPECTOMETRY TO 1484 00:59:35,160 --> 00:59:37,760 IDENTIFY DISPARITIES IN 1485 00:59:37,760 --> 00:59:42,080 METABOLIC DISEASES. 1486 00:59:42,080 --> 00:59:46,040 HER TALK DEMONSTRATES POWERFUL 1487 00:59:46,040 --> 00:59:46,480 GOALS. 1488 00:59:46,480 --> 00:59:51,600 IT IS MY DISTINCT PRIF LIDGE TO 1489 00:59:51,600 --> 00:59:53,360 PRESENT TO YOU DR. SIMCOX. 1490 00:59:53,360 --> 00:59:55,960 >> I WOULD LIKE TO THANK BIRCWH. 1491 00:59:55,960 --> 00:59:57,680 BIRCWH IS SO MUCH MORE THAN A 1492 00:59:57,680 --> 00:59:59,520 FUNDING SOURCE OR A TALK AT A 1493 00:59:59,520 --> 00:59:59,840 CONFERENCE. 1494 00:59:59,840 --> 01:00:01,520 IT IS A COMMUNITY OF RESEARCHERS 1495 01:00:01,520 --> 01:00:04,120 THAT I HAVE BEEN INSPIRED BY AND 1496 01:00:04,120 --> 01:00:05,920 IT IS SUCH A DELIGHT TO BE ABLE 1497 01:00:05,920 --> 01:00:10,600 TO SHARE MY LAB'S RESEARCH WHERE 1498 01:00:10,600 --> 01:00:15,080 WE USE GLOBAL LIP PIDOMICS TO 1499 01:00:15,080 --> 01:00:17,680 IDENTIFY NOVEL CIRCULATING 1500 01:00:17,680 --> 01:00:20,680 MARKERS OF CARDIOVASCULAR 1501 01:00:20,680 --> 01:00:22,720 DISEASE RISK IN AFRICAN AMERICAN 1502 01:00:22,720 --> 01:00:25,600 AND CAUCASIAN SWIM I HAVE DONE 1503 01:00:25,600 --> 01:00:30,240 HERE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 1504 01:00:30,240 --> 01:00:32,720 WISCONSIN MADISON. 1505 01:00:32,720 --> 01:00:34,800 CVR AND DIABETES ARE BEST 1506 01:00:34,800 --> 01:00:36,280 TREATED WITH EARLY PREVENTION 1507 01:00:36,280 --> 01:00:37,360 AND CARE. 1508 01:00:37,360 --> 01:00:40,280 IT IS BEST DONE WITH EARLY 1509 01:00:40,280 --> 01:00:42,000 DIAGNOSIS AND DIAGNOSIS IS FOUND 1510 01:00:42,000 --> 01:00:45,080 BY A DIAGNOSIS OF METABOLIC 1511 01:00:45,080 --> 01:00:46,400 SYNDROME. 1512 01:00:46,400 --> 01:00:49,320 METABOLIC SYNDROME IS A CLUSTER 1513 01:00:49,320 --> 01:00:52,360 OF FIVE RISK FACTORS, HIGH BLOOD 1514 01:00:52,360 --> 01:00:55,840 PRESSURE, HIGH FASTING BLOOD 1515 01:00:55,840 --> 01:01:01,680 GLUCOSE, OBESITY, HDL 1516 01:01:01,680 --> 01:01:05,520 CHOLESTEROL AND TRI GLIS RIDES. 1517 01:01:05,520 --> 01:01:08,200 THESE MARKERS WERE DEVELOPED 1518 01:01:08,200 --> 01:01:09,880 USING POPULATION STUDIES IN ALL 1519 01:01:09,880 --> 01:01:13,600 MALE POPULATIONS FROM WESTERN 1520 01:01:13,600 --> 01:01:15,520 EUROPEAN DESCENT. 1521 01:01:15,520 --> 01:01:18,760 WE FOUND THEY UNDERDOG METABOLIC 1522 01:01:18,760 --> 01:01:20,400 DISEASE IN WOMEN AND 1523 01:01:20,400 --> 01:01:23,120 UNDERREPRESENTED MINORITY 1524 01:01:23,120 --> 01:01:23,760 POPULATIONS, SPECIFICALLY IN 1525 01:01:23,760 --> 01:01:24,160 AFRICAN AMERICANS. 1526 01:01:24,160 --> 01:01:26,320 SO WHEN I STARTED THIS WORK I 1527 01:01:26,320 --> 01:01:28,560 WANTED TO ASK THE QUESTION, CAN 1528 01:01:28,560 --> 01:01:31,320 WE EXPAND THE DEFINITION TO 1529 01:01:31,320 --> 01:01:33,880 BETTER PREDICT METABOLIC DISEASE 1530 01:01:33,880 --> 01:01:36,720 IN AFRICAN AMERICAN POPULATIONS? 1531 01:01:36,720 --> 01:01:38,600 NOW, THE REASONS BEHIND WHY WE 1532 01:01:38,600 --> 01:01:39,760 STARTED THIS QUESTION ARE BEST 1533 01:01:39,760 --> 01:01:41,360 SEEN IN THE DATA. 1534 01:01:41,360 --> 01:01:43,800 IN THIS DATA WHAT WE ARE LOOKING 1535 01:01:43,800 --> 01:01:48,160 AT IS CAUCASIAN FEMALE 1536 01:01:48,160 --> 01:01:48,960 PARTICIPANTS AND AFRICAN 1537 01:01:48,960 --> 01:01:51,840 AMERICAN FEMALE PARTICIPANTS AND 1538 01:01:51,840 --> 01:01:54,520 A CORRELATION DOT A BLUE DOT 1539 01:01:54,520 --> 01:01:56,360 MEANS POSITIVE CORRELATION AND 1540 01:01:56,360 --> 01:01:58,560 RED DOT MEANS A NEGATIVE 1541 01:01:58,560 --> 01:01:58,880 CORRELATION. 1542 01:01:58,880 --> 01:02:01,920 WHAT WE ARE LOOKING AT IS 1543 01:02:01,920 --> 01:02:04,320 METABOLIC HEALTH MARKERS SUCH AS 1544 01:02:04,320 --> 01:02:07,400 INSULIN AND GLUCOSE LEVELS AND 1545 01:02:07,400 --> 01:02:11,880 SIS TOLLIC AND DIASTOLIC BLOOD 1546 01:02:11,880 --> 01:02:12,200 PRESSURE. 1547 01:02:12,200 --> 01:02:14,400 WE LOOK HOW THEY CORRELATE TO 1548 01:02:14,400 --> 01:02:15,000 MARKERS. 1549 01:02:15,000 --> 01:02:20,600 WHEN WE LOOK AT HDL CHOLESTEROL, 1550 01:02:20,600 --> 01:02:23,720 THE GOOD CHOLESTEROL, NEGATIVELY 1551 01:02:23,720 --> 01:02:25,760 CORRELATES WITH THESE MARKERS IN 1552 01:02:25,760 --> 01:02:27,600 CAUCASIAN FEMALE PARTICIPANTS AS 1553 01:02:27,600 --> 01:02:32,240 WELL AS NEGATIVE IN SYSTOLIC AND 1554 01:02:32,240 --> 01:02:33,200 DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE. 1555 01:02:33,200 --> 01:02:34,440 IN AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN WE 1556 01:02:34,440 --> 01:02:37,120 OBSERVED WE NO LONGER SEE HDL 1557 01:02:37,120 --> 01:02:39,360 CORRELATES WITH MARKERS OF 1558 01:02:39,360 --> 01:02:41,520 METABOLIC HEALTH AND DOES NOT 1559 01:02:41,520 --> 01:02:44,600 CORRELATE AT ALL WITH SYSTOLIC 1560 01:02:44,600 --> 01:02:46,200 OR DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE. 1561 01:02:46,200 --> 01:02:48,200 THIS IS INSIDIOUS BECAUSE 1562 01:02:48,200 --> 01:02:48,800 AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN HAVE 1563 01:02:48,800 --> 01:02:51,040 EIGHT TIMES THE MORTALITY 1564 01:02:51,040 --> 01:02:53,600 ASSOCIATED WITH CARDIOVASCULAR 1565 01:02:53,600 --> 01:02:59,840 DISEASE AND HAVE HIGHER RATES OF 1566 01:02:59,840 --> 01:03:02,400 EXTREME INCIDENCES OF SECONDARY 1567 01:03:02,400 --> 01:03:04,520 COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH 1568 01:03:04,520 --> 01:03:08,880 DIABETES, INCLUDING RENAL 1569 01:03:08,880 --> 01:03:10,120 FAILURE AS WELL AS LIMB 1570 01:03:10,120 --> 01:03:10,440 AMPUTATION. 1571 01:03:10,440 --> 01:03:14,120 SO WE WANTED TO ASK IF WE COULD 1572 01:03:14,120 --> 01:03:17,120 IDENTIFY BETTER MARKERS OF 1573 01:03:17,120 --> 01:03:18,240 METABOLIC DISEASE. 1574 01:03:18,240 --> 01:03:20,280 AND TO DO THAT WE COLLABORATED 1575 01:03:20,280 --> 01:03:25,040 WITH MID LIFE IN THE U.S. OR 1576 01:03:25,040 --> 01:03:27,520 MIDUS, A LONGITUDINAL POPULATION 1577 01:03:27,520 --> 01:03:30,080 STUDY FOR 30 YEARS GENEROUSLY 1578 01:03:30,080 --> 01:03:31,720 FUNDED BY THE NIH. 1579 01:03:31,720 --> 01:03:35,480 WE CHOSE MIDUS BECAUSE THEY HAVE 1580 01:03:35,480 --> 01:03:37,400 BANKED PLASMA SAMPLES AND 1581 01:03:37,400 --> 01:03:39,160 REFLECTS TRENDS IN THE U.S. 1582 01:03:39,160 --> 01:03:47,600 POPULATION FROM AGE MIDUS 1583 01:03:47,600 --> 01:03:49,320 PARTICIPANTS FROM LATE 20s TO 1584 01:03:49,320 --> 01:03:51,480 LATE 80s AND REFLECT THE U.S. 1585 01:03:51,480 --> 01:03:53,240 POPULATION IN TERMS OF OBESITY 1586 01:03:53,240 --> 01:03:56,080 WHEN WE LOOK AT THEIR WAIST 1587 01:03:56,080 --> 01:03:58,480 CIRCUMFERENCE, THE MAJORITY OF 1588 01:03:58,480 --> 01:04:01,800 INDIVIDUALS ARE OBESE AND WE 1589 01:04:01,800 --> 01:04:02,880 ALSO OBSERVE THAT AFRICAN 1590 01:04:02,880 --> 01:04:05,400 AMERICANS HAVE HIGHER RATES OF 1591 01:04:05,400 --> 01:04:10,280 OBESITY THAN THEIR CAUCASIAN 1592 01:04:10,280 --> 01:04:17,520 COUNTERPARTS. 1593 01:04:17,520 --> 01:04:20,560 MIDUS HAS A LARGE POPULATION OF 1594 01:04:20,560 --> 01:04:22,600 AFRICAN AMERICAN WHICH ALLOWED 1595 01:04:22,600 --> 01:04:24,560 FOR CIRCULATING BIOMARKERS. 1596 01:04:24,560 --> 01:04:26,520 WHEN WE STARTED WE STARTED WITH 1597 01:04:26,520 --> 01:04:27,160 LIPID MARKERS. 1598 01:04:27,160 --> 01:04:31,200 PART OF THE REASON IS METABOLIC 1599 01:04:31,200 --> 01:04:32,520 SYNDROME HAS NUMEROUS LIPIDS 1600 01:04:32,520 --> 01:04:35,360 THAT ARE USED AS MARKERS FOR 1601 01:04:35,360 --> 01:04:36,120 METABOLIC DISEASE. 1602 01:04:36,120 --> 01:04:38,360 MY LAB HAS SPECIALIZED 1603 01:04:38,360 --> 01:04:39,160 INSTRUMENTATION FOR THE 1604 01:04:39,160 --> 01:04:40,480 MEASUREMENT OF LIPIDS. 1605 01:04:40,480 --> 01:04:44,480 MASS SPECS, WHICH ALLOWS TO LOOK 1606 01:04:44,480 --> 01:04:47,520 AT THE MASS TO CHARGE RATIO AND 1607 01:04:47,520 --> 01:04:53,960 SEPARATE OUT LIPIDS BASED ON 1608 01:04:53,960 --> 01:04:54,520 HYDROPHOBIC PRINCIPLES ON A 1609 01:04:54,520 --> 01:04:56,440 COLUMN USING RETENTION TIME. 1610 01:04:56,440 --> 01:04:58,480 EVERY DOT IS AN INDIVIDUAL 1611 01:04:58,480 --> 01:04:58,840 LIPID. 1612 01:04:58,840 --> 01:05:01,320 WE SEE 752 LIPIDS IN HUMAN 1613 01:05:01,320 --> 01:05:02,720 PLASMA THAT RANGE FROM 26 1614 01:05:02,720 --> 01:05:04,480 DIFFERENT CLASSES FROM FREE 1615 01:05:04,480 --> 01:05:16,040 FATTY ACIDS TO PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND 1616 01:05:16,040 --> 01:05:17,800 WHEN WE LOOK AT INDIVIDUAL 1617 01:05:17,800 --> 01:05:20,720 SPECIES, LOOKING AT A VOLCANO 1618 01:05:20,720 --> 01:05:23,160 PLOT WHICH ASSESSES SIGNIFICANCE 1619 01:05:23,160 --> 01:05:27,080 VERSUS THE RATIO OR FULL CHANGE 1620 01:05:27,080 --> 01:05:30,880 OF HYPERTENSIVE VERSUS NORMAL. 1621 01:05:30,880 --> 01:05:35,040 ANYTHING IN THIS QUADRANT IS 1622 01:05:35,040 --> 01:05:38,080 ASSOCIATED WITH CAUTION 1623 01:05:38,080 --> 01:05:38,480 PARTICIPANTS. 1624 01:05:38,480 --> 01:05:41,960 529 LIPIDS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH 1625 01:05:41,960 --> 01:05:43,720 HYPERTENSION POSITIVELY. 1626 01:05:43,720 --> 01:05:46,280 WHEN WE LOOK AT AFRICAN AMERICAN 1627 01:05:46,280 --> 01:05:48,680 PARTICIPANTS WE OBSERVE 137 1628 01:05:48,680 --> 01:05:50,520 LIPIDS ASSOCIATED WITH 1629 01:05:50,520 --> 01:05:50,920 HYPERTENSION. 1630 01:05:50,920 --> 01:05:53,160 NOW, THIS WAS SURPRISING BECAUSE 1631 01:05:53,160 --> 01:05:54,920 THERE IS A LOT LESS LIPIDS 1632 01:05:54,920 --> 01:05:56,760 CHANGING IN TERMS OF 1633 01:05:56,760 --> 01:05:58,520 HYPERTENSION AND WE SEE LESS 1634 01:05:58,520 --> 01:05:59,880 LIPIDS CHANGING RELATIVE TO 1635 01:05:59,880 --> 01:06:05,320 OBESITY. 1636 01:06:05,320 --> 01:06:07,320 WHEN WE LOOK AT THE OVERLAP OF 1637 01:06:07,320 --> 01:06:08,920 SHARED LIPIDS WHAT WE SEE IS THE 1638 01:06:08,920 --> 01:06:12,920 MAJORITY OF LIPIDS, 132, ARE 1639 01:06:12,920 --> 01:06:21,920 ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERTENSION IN 1640 01:06:21,920 --> 01:06:23,280 CAUCASIAN AND AFRICAN AMERICAN 1641 01:06:23,280 --> 01:06:23,600 PARTICIPANTS. 1642 01:06:23,600 --> 01:06:25,480 THE LIPIDS COME FROM A NUMBER OF 1643 01:06:25,480 --> 01:06:26,960 DIFFERENT CLASSES WHICH MAKES IT 1644 01:06:26,960 --> 01:06:30,200 HARD TO USE AS A DIAGNOSTIC 1645 01:06:30,200 --> 01:06:30,480 MARKER. 1646 01:06:30,480 --> 01:06:32,560 WE WANTED TO DIG INTO THE DATA 1647 01:06:32,560 --> 01:06:34,360 AND SEE WHAT LIPIDS ARE CHANGING 1648 01:06:34,360 --> 01:06:35,880 AND WHAT THEY COULD POTENTIALLY 1649 01:06:35,880 --> 01:06:36,080 MEAN. 1650 01:06:36,080 --> 01:06:38,240 TO DO THIS, WE STARTED TAKING 1651 01:06:38,240 --> 01:06:40,360 APART THE DATA IN A NUMBER OF 1652 01:06:40,360 --> 01:06:44,880 DIFFERENT WAYS INCLUDING LOOKING 1653 01:06:44,880 --> 01:06:49,520 AT THE ACYL CHAIN. 1654 01:06:49,520 --> 01:06:52,200 WE SEE RANGES FROM 16 CARBONS 1655 01:06:52,200 --> 01:06:54,720 ALL THE WAY TO 22 CARBONS WITH 1656 01:06:54,720 --> 01:06:56,520 SIX DOUBLE BONDS AND WHAT WE 1657 01:06:56,520 --> 01:06:58,680 STARTED TO NOTICE IS THAT MANY 1658 01:06:58,680 --> 01:07:00,760 OF THE LIPIDS THAT WE WERE 1659 01:07:00,760 --> 01:07:05,600 SEEING ASSOCIATED WITH 1660 01:07:05,600 --> 01:07:09,440 HYPERTENSION HAD AN 24ACYL CHAIN 1661 01:07:09,440 --> 01:07:09,680 LIPID. 1662 01:07:09,680 --> 01:07:14,000 NOW WHEN WE LOOKED AT THE 1663 01:07:14,000 --> 01:07:16,680 DIFFERENT SPECIES, THESE ACIDS 1664 01:07:16,680 --> 01:07:21,920 WERE IN, THEY WERE IN A NUMBER 1665 01:07:21,920 --> 01:07:25,120 OF PHOSPH LIPIDS. 1666 01:07:25,120 --> 01:07:32,920 WHAT ARE THESE ACYL CHAINS DOING 1667 01:07:32,920 --> 01:07:34,600 AND WHAT DOES THIS MEAN IN TERMS 1668 01:07:34,600 --> 01:07:36,880 OF MANIFESTATION OF DISEASE? 1669 01:07:36,880 --> 01:07:41,320 LIPID CANS BE PROCESSED INTO 1670 01:07:41,320 --> 01:07:50,120 SIGNALLING MODELS. 1671 01:07:50,120 --> 01:07:52,080 ARACHIDONIC CAN SIGNAL FOR FEVER 1672 01:07:52,080 --> 01:07:54,080 RESPONSE AND IMMUNE CELL 1673 01:07:54,080 --> 01:07:54,400 INFILTRATION. 1674 01:07:54,400 --> 01:07:59,680 IF YOU TOOK A NONSTEROIDAL 1675 01:07:59,680 --> 01:08:01,440 ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG SUCH AS 1676 01:08:01,440 --> 01:08:06,880 IBUPROFEN, IT BLOCKS 1677 01:08:06,880 --> 01:08:11,080 ARACHIDONICS A DID INTO THESE 1678 01:08:11,080 --> 01:08:12,200 INFLAMMATORY -- WE WANTED TO 1679 01:08:12,200 --> 01:08:14,920 UNDERSTAND IF THEY WERE CHANGING 1680 01:08:14,920 --> 01:08:21,720 SO WE TURNED TO RNA-SEQ DATA AND 1681 01:08:21,720 --> 01:08:27,400 COME BINTED OUR LIPIDOMICCS BY 1682 01:08:27,400 --> 01:08:28,200 CLEVER STATISTICS. 1683 01:08:28,200 --> 01:08:30,640 AND WHAT WE SEE WHEN WE 1684 01:08:30,640 --> 01:08:35,560 CORRELATE TWO ARACHIDONIC ACID 1685 01:08:35,560 --> 01:08:38,640 CONTAINING LIPIDS IS A NUMBER OF 1686 01:08:38,640 --> 01:08:49,120 INFLAMMATORY MARKERS POP UP A 1687 01:08:49,120 --> 01:08:53,040 NUMBER OF THESE, A LIPID 1688 01:08:53,040 --> 01:08:56,600 OXYGENASE AND ALOX5. 1689 01:08:56,600 --> 01:08:58,520 WITH WHAT IS FASCINATING ABOUT 1690 01:08:58,520 --> 01:09:05,480 THIS RNA-SEQ DATA TAKES US INTO 1691 01:09:05,480 --> 01:09:08,320 HOW THESE LIPIDS ARE PROCESSED. 1692 01:09:08,320 --> 01:09:11,480 AS YOU TAKE ARACHIDONIC, IT IS 1693 01:09:11,480 --> 01:09:17,520 PROCESSED BY ALOX5 WHICH WE ARE 1694 01:09:17,520 --> 01:09:19,280 SEENING IN OUR DATA. 1695 01:09:19,280 --> 01:09:24,120 THEY SIGNAL AND ACTIVATE A 1696 01:09:24,120 --> 01:09:26,000 SIGNATURE CALL TO PRODUCE 1697 01:09:26,000 --> 01:09:28,320 INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE. 1698 01:09:28,320 --> 01:09:30,640 WE WANTED TO KNOW IF THIS LED TO 1699 01:09:30,640 --> 01:09:32,600 CHANGES IN THE INFLAMMATORY 1700 01:09:32,600 --> 01:09:34,760 STATE IN THESE PARTICIPANTS AND 1701 01:09:34,760 --> 01:09:39,760 SO WE STARTED LOOKING AT C 1702 01:09:39,760 --> 01:09:45,520 REACTIVE PROTEIN AND INTERLUKIN6 1703 01:09:45,520 --> 01:09:45,920 IN THE BLOOD. 1704 01:09:45,920 --> 01:09:49,200 WHEN WE LOOKED AT AFRICAN 1705 01:09:49,200 --> 01:09:51,320 AMERICAN VERSUS CAUCASIAN 1706 01:09:51,320 --> 01:09:53,400 PARTICIPANTS, C REACTIVE PROTEIN 1707 01:09:53,400 --> 01:09:57,920 AND INTERLUKIN IS SIX WERE 1708 01:09:57,920 --> 01:09:59,280 ELEVATED IN AFRICAN AMERICAN 1709 01:09:59,280 --> 01:10:01,120 PARTICIPANTS COMPARED TO 1710 01:10:01,120 --> 01:10:02,920 CAUCASIAN PARTICIPANTS. 1711 01:10:02,920 --> 01:10:04,840 THESE INFLAMMATORY MARKERS 1712 01:10:04,840 --> 01:10:08,000 SHOWED INCREASE WITH HYPERTEX IN 1713 01:10:08,000 --> 01:10:09,720 AFRICAN AMERICAN AND CAUCASIAN 1714 01:10:09,720 --> 01:10:19,320 PARTICIPANTS. 1715 01:10:19,320 --> 01:10:19,880 WE ARE SEEING INCREASES IN 1716 01:10:19,880 --> 01:10:20,360 INFLAMMATORY LIPIDS AND 1717 01:10:20,360 --> 01:10:22,720 INCREASES IN THESE MARKERS OF 1718 01:10:22,720 --> 01:10:23,480 INFLAMMATI 1719 01:10:23,480 --> 01:10:24,720 INFLAMMATION, BUT WHAT ABOUT 1720 01:10:24,720 --> 01:10:29,920 THESE INFLAMMATORY ACOSINOIDS. 1721 01:10:29,920 --> 01:10:31,680 WHAT DO THOSE LOOK LIKE? 1722 01:10:31,680 --> 01:10:42,880 WE BEGAN BY LOOKING AT TARGETED 1723 01:10:42,880 --> 01:10:48,640 ASSESSMENT OF -- ARACHIDONIC CAN 1724 01:10:48,640 --> 01:10:56,360 BE PROCESSED BY ALOX5 OR CYCLO 1725 01:10:56,360 --> 01:10:56,680 OXYGENASES. 1726 01:10:56,680 --> 01:10:58,520 WE STARTED LOOKING AT 1727 01:10:58,520 --> 01:11:00,680 CORRELATIONS WHEN WE DID THESE 1728 01:11:00,680 --> 01:11:01,000 MEASUREMENTS. 1729 01:11:01,000 --> 01:11:04,200 WE WANTED TO SAY WHEN WE LOOK AT 1730 01:11:04,200 --> 01:11:06,600 HYPERTENSION IN AFRICAN AMERICAN 1731 01:11:06,600 --> 01:11:13,440 AND CAW PARTICIPANTS, WE 1732 01:11:13,440 --> 01:11:20,360 OBSERVED LEUKOTRINE LEVELS WERE 1733 01:11:20,360 --> 01:11:21,520 CORRELATED WITH AFRICAN AMERICAN 1734 01:11:21,520 --> 01:11:26,760 AND CAUCASIAN, PROSTIGLANDIN 1735 01:11:26,760 --> 01:11:28,880 LEVELS WERE UNCHANGED. 1736 01:11:28,880 --> 01:11:31,720 THIS LED US TO DELVE INTO MORE 1737 01:11:31,720 --> 01:11:33,440 HOW THESE SIGNALLING PATHWAYS 1738 01:11:33,440 --> 01:11:34,280 ARE CONTROLLED. 1739 01:11:34,280 --> 01:11:37,880 BUT IN SOME WHAT WE HAVE IS THE 1740 01:11:37,880 --> 01:11:39,360 OBSERVATION THAT AFRICAN 1741 01:11:39,360 --> 01:11:43,760 AMERICAN AND CAUCASIAN 1742 01:11:43,760 --> 01:11:46,560 PARTICIPANTS WITH ELEVATED BLOOD 1743 01:11:46,560 --> 01:11:48,880 PRESSURE HAVE HIGHER RATES OF 1744 01:11:48,880 --> 01:11:52,320 INFLAMMATION, HIGHER RATES OF 1745 01:11:52,320 --> 01:11:55,320 INFLAMMATORY LIPIDS AND 1746 01:11:55,320 --> 01:11:57,480 ARACHIDONIC LIPIDS AND 1747 01:11:57,480 --> 01:12:02,080 DOWNSTREAM INTO LEUKOTRINES. 1748 01:12:02,080 --> 01:12:04,520 WE SEE THE TRANSCRIPTS OF THESE 1749 01:12:04,520 --> 01:12:08,160 PROCESSING ENZYMES, ALOX5 AND WE 1750 01:12:08,160 --> 01:12:13,880 SEE INCREASES IN INFLAMMATORY 1751 01:12:13,880 --> 01:12:17,760 CYTOKINES SUCH AS INTERLUKIN6. 1752 01:12:17,760 --> 01:12:20,160 THIS BRINGS US TO THE IDEA THAT 1753 01:12:20,160 --> 01:12:22,160 POTENTIALLY WE CAN USE 1754 01:12:22,160 --> 01:12:23,840 INFLAMMATION AND INFLAMMATORY 1755 01:12:23,840 --> 01:12:26,760 LIPIDS AS MARKERS FOR 1756 01:12:26,760 --> 01:12:27,440 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AS WELL 1757 01:12:27,440 --> 01:12:29,560 AS MARKERS FOR METABOLIC 1758 01:12:29,560 --> 01:12:29,840 SYNDROME. 1759 01:12:29,840 --> 01:12:31,680 TO REALLY DO THIS WE NEED TO ASK 1760 01:12:31,680 --> 01:12:32,880 A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT QUESTIONS 1761 01:12:32,880 --> 01:12:35,760 IN THE FUTURE, INCLUDING HOW DO 1762 01:12:35,760 --> 01:12:38,960 THESE CIRCULATING LIPIDS CHANGE 1763 01:12:38,960 --> 01:12:41,440 WITH DISEASE IN OTHER 1764 01:12:41,440 --> 01:12:41,840 POPULATIONS. 1765 01:12:41,840 --> 01:12:44,840 DOES THIS HOLD TRUE NOT JUST IN 1766 01:12:44,840 --> 01:12:49,640 AFRICAN AMERICAN AND CAUCASIAN 1767 01:12:49,640 --> 01:12:51,120 PARTICIPANTS, BUT IN NATIVE 1768 01:12:51,120 --> 01:12:54,160 AMERICAN AND CHI CANO POPULATION 1769 01:12:54,160 --> 01:12:54,480 POPULATIONS. 1770 01:12:54,480 --> 01:12:58,240 WE HAVE STARTED WITH THE NATIVE 1771 01:12:58,240 --> 01:13:00,160 AMERICAN POPULATION WITH THE -- 1772 01:13:00,160 --> 01:13:01,320 TRIBE IN WISCONSIN. 1773 01:13:01,320 --> 01:13:03,160 WE WANT TO UNDERSTAND IF THIS 1774 01:13:03,160 --> 01:13:04,400 RELATIONSHIP IS CAUSAL AND IF 1775 01:13:04,400 --> 01:13:07,120 THE LIPIDS ARE HAVING ANY DIRECT 1776 01:13:07,120 --> 01:13:08,800 IMPACT ON BLOOD PRESSURE AND 1777 01:13:08,800 --> 01:13:09,600 UNDERSTAND WHERE THESE LIPIDS 1778 01:13:09,600 --> 01:13:11,640 ARE COMING FROM. 1779 01:13:11,640 --> 01:13:13,520 SO THOSE ARE QUESTIONS WE WILL 1780 01:13:13,520 --> 01:13:14,320 PURSUE IN THE FUTURE. 1781 01:13:14,320 --> 01:13:17,240 I WANT TO END ON THE NOTE OF 1782 01:13:17,240 --> 01:13:19,440 THANKING THE PEOPLE WHO DID THE 1783 01:13:19,440 --> 01:13:23,560 RESEARCH, INCLUDING RAGHAV JAIN, 1784 01:13:23,560 --> 01:13:25,040 CAMILLE KING, AN UNDERGARAGE 1785 01:13:25,040 --> 01:13:27,120 WALTZ RESEARCHER IN MY LAB WHO 1786 01:13:27,120 --> 01:13:29,360 MOVED ON. 1787 01:13:29,360 --> 01:13:33,520 I ALSO WANT TO REALLY THANK 1788 01:13:33,520 --> 01:13:35,120 BIRCWH FOR SUPPORTING THIS 1789 01:13:35,120 --> 01:13:35,400 RESEARCH. 1790 01:13:35,400 --> 01:13:37,560 IT WAS DONE IN COLLABORATION 1791 01:13:37,560 --> 01:13:40,040 WITH SEVERAL OF MY BIRCWH 1792 01:13:40,040 --> 01:13:42,600 MENTORS INCLUDING CHRIS COE, 1793 01:13:42,600 --> 01:13:47,880 PART OF THE MIDUS STUDY TEAM AND 1794 01:13:47,880 --> 01:13:49,880 KRISTEN MALECKI. 1795 01:13:49,880 --> 01:13:52,440 I WANT TO THANK THE BIRCWH TEAM 1796 01:13:52,440 --> 01:13:54,440 AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 1797 01:13:54,440 --> 01:13:56,760 MADISON, SPECIFICALLY TERRY AS 1798 01:13:56,760 --> 01:13:57,880 WELL AS ELIZABETH BURNSIDE. 1799 01:13:57,880 --> 01:14:00,000 SO THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR YOUR 1800 01:14:00,000 --> 01:14:02,720 ATTENTION. 1801 01:14:02,720 --> 01:14:06,960 >> IT IS MY GREAT PLEASURE TO 1802 01:14:06,960 --> 01:14:09,400 INTRODUCE LANE DYLLA, ASSISTANT 1803 01:14:09,400 --> 01:14:10,680 PROFESSOR OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE 1804 01:14:10,680 --> 01:14:11,760 AT THE UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO 1805 01:14:11,760 --> 01:14:13,440 AND SCHOLAR IN THE UNIVERSITY OF 1806 01:14:13,440 --> 01:14:19,600 COLORADO BIRCWH PROGRAM. 1807 01:14:19,600 --> 01:14:22,320 DR. DYLLA'S RESEARCH GOALS ARE 1808 01:14:22,320 --> 01:14:24,480 TO GAIN A BETTER UNDERSTANDING 1809 01:14:24,480 --> 01:14:36,440 OF HYPEROXIA IN ACUTISH ZLS 1810 01:14:36,440 --> 01:14:42,120 CHEMIC STROKE AND LOOK FOR 1811 01:14:42,120 --> 01:14:45,280 NEUROPROTECTIVE THERAPIES. 1812 01:14:45,280 --> 01:14:46,520 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE INCLUDING 1813 01:14:46,520 --> 01:14:48,560 STROKE IS A LEADING CAUSE OF 1814 01:14:48,560 --> 01:14:50,320 MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY 1815 01:14:50,320 --> 01:14:51,360 WORLDWIDE ESPECIALLY IN WOMEN. 1816 01:14:51,360 --> 01:14:52,520 THROUGH A BETTER UNDERSTANDING 1817 01:14:52,520 --> 01:14:55,320 OF THE SEX-BASED DIFFERENCES AND 1818 01:14:55,320 --> 01:14:58,080 UNDERLYING MECHANISMS AND 1819 01:14:58,080 --> 01:15:00,400 RESPONSE TO POESHT THERAPEUTICS 1820 01:15:00,400 --> 01:15:02,160 WE CAN BETTER UNDERSTAND THE 1821 01:15:02,160 --> 01:15:02,720 DISEASE ITSELF. 1822 01:15:02,720 --> 01:15:05,880 WE CAN BEGIN TO STUDY MORE 1823 01:15:05,880 --> 01:15:11,320 TARGETED NEUROPROTECTIVE 1824 01:15:11,320 --> 01:15:13,080 THERAPEUTICS TO IMPROVE PATIENT 1825 01:15:13,080 --> 01:15:15,520 OUTCOMES FROM CARDIOVASCULAR 1826 01:15:15,520 --> 01:15:16,240 DISEASES. 1827 01:15:16,240 --> 01:15:19,280 THANK YOU DR. DYLLA. 1828 01:15:19,280 --> 01:15:22,880 >> THANK YOU. 1829 01:15:22,880 --> 01:15:26,240 I AM INTERESTED IN THE WAY THAT 1830 01:15:26,240 --> 01:15:28,040 MEN AND WOMEN DIFFER FROM 1831 01:15:28,040 --> 01:15:29,120 UNDERLYING BIOLOGY TO THE WAY 1832 01:15:29,120 --> 01:15:30,720 THEY ARE CAR UHHED FOR IN THE 1833 01:15:30,720 --> 01:15:32,280 HOSPITAL AND THE PREHOSPITAL 1834 01:15:32,280 --> 01:15:34,240 SETTING WHEN IT COMES TO THEIR 1835 01:15:34,240 --> 01:15:34,880 STROKES. 1836 01:15:34,880 --> 01:15:37,920 TODAY'S TOPIC WILL LOOK AT 1837 01:15:37,920 --> 01:15:39,800 GENDER DISPARITIES IN 1838 01:15:39,800 --> 01:15:41,320 PREHOSPITAL STROKE CARE. 1839 01:15:41,320 --> 01:15:43,000 STROKE IS LEADING CAUSE OF 1840 01:15:43,000 --> 01:15:45,240 MORBIDITY. 1841 01:15:45,240 --> 01:15:48,200 WOMEN ARE INCREASED LIFE TIME 1842 01:15:48,200 --> 01:15:50,840 RISK OF STROKE, SUFFER GREATER 1843 01:15:50,840 --> 01:15:52,360 MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY AND ARE 1844 01:15:52,360 --> 01:15:55,280 LESS LIKELY TO RECEIVE GUIDELINE 1845 01:15:55,280 --> 01:15:56,440 HOSPITAL CARE. 1846 01:15:56,440 --> 01:15:58,040 LESS LIKELY TO RECEIVE 1847 01:15:58,040 --> 01:16:01,240 DIAGNOSTIC IMAGES AND 1848 01:16:01,240 --> 01:16:03,720 THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS. 1849 01:16:03,720 --> 01:16:06,120 MOST PATIENTS PRESENT IN THE EMS 1850 01:16:06,120 --> 01:16:08,560 AND LITTLE FOCUS IS PLACED ON 1851 01:16:08,560 --> 01:16:10,320 THE ROLE OF THIS PROVIDER. 1852 01:16:10,320 --> 01:16:11,800 SO WHAT DO WE KNOW OF THE ROLE 1853 01:16:11,800 --> 01:16:15,120 OF THE EMS PROVIDER IN STROKE? 1854 01:16:15,120 --> 01:16:16,800 EARLY RECOGNITION IS ASSOCIATED 1855 01:16:16,800 --> 01:16:20,920 WITH DECREASED TIME TO IMAGING, 1856 01:16:20,920 --> 01:16:23,600 INCREASED RATES OF ALTEPLASE 1857 01:16:23,600 --> 01:16:26,080 USE, INCREASED ODDS OF SURVIVAL 1858 01:16:26,080 --> 01:16:28,920 TO DISCHARGE. 1859 01:16:28,920 --> 01:16:30,400 PRENOTECATION OF SUSPECTED 1860 01:16:30,400 --> 01:16:34,520 STROKE AND EMERGENT 1861 01:16:34,520 --> 01:16:37,880 TRANSPORTATION IMPROVES STROKE. 1862 01:16:37,880 --> 01:16:39,840 IN 2019 AMERICAN STROKE 1863 01:16:39,840 --> 01:16:43,800 CLARIFIED THE GUIDELINES, 1864 01:16:43,800 --> 01:16:45,040 INCLUDING ASSESSMENT FOR STROKE 1865 01:16:45,040 --> 01:16:46,880 USING A STROKE SCREENING TOOL. 1866 01:16:46,880 --> 01:16:49,720 THEY SHOULD PROVIDE PREARRIVAL 1867 01:16:49,720 --> 01:16:51,360 NOTIFICATION WHEN THAT STROKE 1868 01:16:51,360 --> 01:16:54,120 SCREENING TOOL IS POSITIVE, 1869 01:16:54,120 --> 01:16:57,640 OBTAIN BLOOD GLUCOSE, OBTAIN 1870 01:16:57,640 --> 01:17:01,720 12-LEAD ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH 1871 01:17:01,720 --> 01:17:04,520 MONITORING, PROSIDE SUPPLEMENT 1872 01:17:04,520 --> 01:17:07,520 OXYGEN TO MAINTAIN OXYGEN 1873 01:17:07,520 --> 01:17:10,880 SATURATION GREATER THAN 94%. 1874 01:17:10,880 --> 01:17:13,120 DOCUMENT LAST KNOWN WELL. 1875 01:17:13,120 --> 01:17:14,960 LIMIT THE ON-SCENE TIME TO LESS 1876 01:17:14,960 --> 01:17:17,120 THAN 15 MINUTES. 1877 01:17:17,120 --> 01:17:18,320 >> WITH THESE RECOMMENDATIONS IN 1878 01:17:18,320 --> 01:17:21,320 MIND WE SOUGHT TO CHARACTERIZE 1879 01:17:21,320 --> 01:17:22,960 THE CURRENT EMS PRACTICES WITH 1880 01:17:22,960 --> 01:17:24,360 PATIENTS WITH SUSPECTED STROKE 1881 01:17:24,360 --> 01:17:31,240 AND ASSESS FOR GENDER BASED 1882 01:17:31,240 --> 01:17:32,760 DIFFERENCES IN COMPLIANCE WITH 1883 01:17:32,760 --> 01:17:34,200 GUIDELINES FOR PREHOSPITAL 1884 01:17:34,200 --> 01:17:36,120 STROKE CARE. 1885 01:17:36,120 --> 01:17:40,640 WE DID THIS BY A COHORT STUDY BY 1886 01:17:40,640 --> 01:17:40,960 NEMSIS. 1887 01:17:40,960 --> 01:17:43,720 VERSION 3 PUBLIC RELEASE 1888 01:17:43,720 --> 01:17:44,400 DATABASE. 1889 01:17:44,400 --> 01:17:46,920 THIS IS A NATIONWIDE DATABASE 1890 01:17:46,920 --> 01:17:48,680 SUPPORTED BY THE NATIONAL 1891 01:17:48,680 --> 01:17:49,400 HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY 1892 01:17:49,400 --> 01:17:49,880 ADMINISTRATION AND THE 1893 01:17:49,880 --> 01:17:51,520 UNIVERSITY OF UTAH. 1894 01:17:51,520 --> 01:17:53,560 IT PRESENTED INFORMATION FROM 1895 01:17:53,560 --> 01:17:55,440 11,000 EMS AGENCIES IN 47 1896 01:17:55,440 --> 01:17:55,720 STATES. 1897 01:17:55,720 --> 01:17:57,880 THE POPULATION WE WERE MOST 1898 01:17:57,880 --> 01:18:01,320 INTERESTED IN WERE EMS 1899 01:18:01,320 --> 01:18:04,240 ACTIVATIONS THE EMS PROVIDER 1900 01:18:04,240 --> 01:18:06,360 DOCUMENTED PRIMARY IMPRESSION OF 1901 01:18:06,360 --> 01:18:13,560 STROKE AND A GENDER FOR THEIR 1902 01:18:13,560 --> 01:18:13,800 PATIENT. 1903 01:18:13,800 --> 01:18:33,640 WE HAD A FINAL POPULATION OF 1904 01:18:33,640 --> 01:18:37,600 157,981 ENCOUNTERS INVOLVING 1905 01:18:37,600 --> 01:18:50,800 WOMEN AND 142 COUNTS INVOLVE I -- 1906 01:18:50,800 --> 01:18:54,080 144,592 ENCOUNTERS FOR MEN. 1907 01:18:54,080 --> 01:18:57,080 THERE WAS LOW NUMBER BLS 1908 01:18:57,080 --> 01:19:00,320 RESPONDING ENCOUNTERS. 1909 01:19:00,320 --> 01:19:02,480 12.4% ENCOUNTERS INVOLVED MEN 1910 01:19:02,480 --> 01:19:05,040 AND 12% INVOLVING MEN WERE 1911 01:19:05,040 --> 01:19:08,520 DISPATCHED WITH A BLS, A BASIC 1912 01:19:08,520 --> 01:19:11,880 LIFE SUPPORT CREW. 1913 01:19:11,880 --> 01:19:17,800 ALS WERE 80% OR HIGHER. 1914 01:19:17,800 --> 01:19:20,040 THE MAJORITY ARE COMING FROM THE 1915 01:19:20,040 --> 01:19:21,760 SOUTH OR STROKE BELT. 1916 01:19:21,760 --> 01:19:23,760 THE MAJORITY OF ENCOUNTERS ARE 1917 01:19:23,760 --> 01:19:29,720 IN URBAN SETTING, 81.5% OF WOMEN 1918 01:19:29,720 --> 01:19:31,280 COMPARED TO 84% MEN FROM THE 1919 01:19:31,280 --> 01:19:33,280 URBAN SETTING. 1920 01:19:33,280 --> 01:19:37,320 WE LOOK AT THE EMS CARE PROVIDED 1921 01:19:37,320 --> 01:19:40,160 IN THESE STROKE CASES WE SEE 1922 01:19:40,160 --> 01:19:43,080 THAT ONLY ABOUT 37 TO 38% OF 1923 01:19:43,080 --> 01:19:45,280 CASES HAD A POSITIVE STROKE 1924 01:19:45,280 --> 01:19:46,280 SCALE. 1925 01:19:46,280 --> 01:19:48,000 THE MOST COMMON STROKE SCALE 1926 01:19:48,000 --> 01:19:50,360 USED TO TEST OR SCREEN FOR A 1927 01:19:50,360 --> 01:19:51,560 STROKE WAS THE CINCINNATI 1928 01:19:51,560 --> 01:19:52,760 PREHOSPITAL STROKE SCALE. 1929 01:19:52,760 --> 01:19:58,080 THIS WAS USED IN 61% OF CASES 1930 01:19:58,080 --> 01:20:00,120 INVOLVED BOTH MEN AND WOMEN. 1931 01:20:00,120 --> 01:20:03,440 THE NEXT MOST COMMON WAS THE 1932 01:20:03,440 --> 01:20:05,440 FACE, ARM, SPEECH SCALE. 1933 01:20:05,440 --> 01:20:09,720 MOST CASES, 57% TO 58% ARE 1934 01:20:09,720 --> 01:20:13,880 TRANSPORTED AS EMERGENT, A SMALL 1935 01:20:13,880 --> 01:20:18,440 PORTION ARE TRANSPORTED DIRECTLY 1936 01:20:18,440 --> 01:20:20,640 TO A STROKE CENTER. 1937 01:20:20,640 --> 01:20:24,920 THE REASON VARIES, WITH A HIGHER 1938 01:20:24,920 --> 01:20:26,240 PROPORTION OF MEN BEING 1939 01:20:26,240 --> 01:20:28,400 TRANSPORTED TO THEIR DESTINATION 1940 01:20:28,400 --> 01:20:31,160 BECAUSE IT WAS A SPECIALTY 1941 01:20:31,160 --> 01:20:32,640 CENTER. 1942 01:20:32,640 --> 01:20:37,680 19.2% INVOLVED MEN 17.9 COUNTS 1943 01:20:37,680 --> 01:20:38,240 INVOLVING WOMEN. 1944 01:20:38,240 --> 01:20:45,320 WHEN WE LOOK AT COMPLIANCE WITH 1945 01:20:45,320 --> 01:20:46,320 INDIVIDUAL RECOMMENDATIONS WE 1946 01:20:46,320 --> 01:20:48,800 SEE A BROAD RANGE OF COMPLIANCE. 1947 01:20:48,800 --> 01:20:50,960 THE COMPLIANCE RANGES IS FROM 1948 01:20:50,960 --> 01:20:54,600 32% HAVING AN EKG PERFORMED TO 1949 01:20:54,600 --> 01:20:57,720 77% HAVE A DISPATCH TIME LESS 1950 01:20:57,720 --> 01:20:58,880 THAN 90 SECONDS. 1951 01:20:58,880 --> 01:21:01,840 IN SOME AREAS WOMEN DO BETTER 1952 01:21:01,840 --> 01:21:04,920 THAN MEN, WHEN IT COMES TO 1953 01:21:04,920 --> 01:21:19,960 OBTAINING BLOOD GLUCOSE. 1954 01:21:19,960 --> 01:21:20,600 IN MANY OTHER AREAS THERE IS A 1955 01:21:20,600 --> 01:21:21,240 SIGNIFICANTLY WORSE PERFORMANCE 1956 01:21:21,240 --> 01:21:22,120 IN WOMEN COMPARED TO MEN. 1957 01:21:22,120 --> 01:21:29,080 WHEN IT COMES TO A 12-LEAD EKG, 1958 01:21:29,080 --> 01:21:32,440 33% OF ENCOUNTERS INVOLVED MEN 1959 01:21:32,440 --> 01:21:36,000 HAD A 12-LEAD EKG PERFORMED. 1960 01:21:36,000 --> 01:21:39,360 ON SEEN TIME LESS THAN 15 1961 01:21:39,360 --> 01:21:41,520 MINUTES, 47% OF WOMEN HAVE ON 1962 01:21:41,520 --> 01:21:45,600 SEEN TIME LESS THAN 15%, 48.3% 1963 01:21:45,600 --> 01:21:48,560 INVOLVING MEN HAD ON-SCENE TIME 1964 01:21:48,560 --> 01:21:50,120 LESS THAN 15%S. 1965 01:21:50,120 --> 01:21:53,520 HOW DOES THIS TRANSLATE INTO OUR 1966 01:21:53,520 --> 01:21:55,120 PRIMARY OUTCOME? 1967 01:21:55,120 --> 01:21:58,240 WHEN WE LOOK AT THE COMPLIANCE 1968 01:21:58,240 --> 01:21:59,800 WITH ALL EIGHT AMERICA STROKE 1969 01:21:59,800 --> 01:22:01,320 ASSOCIATION GUIDELINES THE 1970 01:22:01,320 --> 01:22:04,440 COMPLIANCE IS VERY LOW. 1971 01:22:04,440 --> 01:22:08,320 .15% OF ALL ENCOUNTERS HAVE A 1972 01:22:08,320 --> 01:22:09,720 DEFECT FREE CARE ARE COMPLETE 1973 01:22:09,720 --> 01:22:10,880 WITH ALL METRICS. 1974 01:22:10,880 --> 01:22:14,280 IT IS LOWER IN WOMEN, WITH 1975 01:22:14,280 --> 01:22:17,680 ONLY .13% OF ENCOUNTERS 1976 01:22:17,680 --> 01:22:19,040 INVOLVING WOMEN HAVING DEFECT 1977 01:22:19,040 --> 01:22:22,520 FREE CARE COMPARED TO .17% WITH 1978 01:22:22,520 --> 01:22:23,920 MEN HAVING DEFECT FREE CARE. 1979 01:22:23,920 --> 01:22:26,120 WHEN WE LOOK AT THE COMPOSITE 1980 01:22:26,120 --> 01:22:28,840 SCORE OF THE NUMBER OF METRICS 1981 01:22:28,840 --> 01:22:30,240 COMPLETED IT ALSO VARIES 1982 01:22:30,240 --> 01:22:31,800 THROUGHOUT THE SPECTRUM. 1983 01:22:31,800 --> 01:22:33,400 THE VERY LOW END WHERE ONE 1984 01:22:33,400 --> 01:22:35,560 METRIC IS PERFORMED, MEN AND 1985 01:22:35,560 --> 01:22:38,680 WOMEN DO SIMILARLY WITH WOMEN 1986 01:22:38,680 --> 01:22:40,600 DOING SLIGHTLY BETTER. 1987 01:22:40,600 --> 01:22:43,640 .6% OF WOMEN HAVE ONE METRIC 1988 01:22:43,640 --> 01:22:46,480 PERFORMED .5% OF ENCOUNTERS WITH 1989 01:22:46,480 --> 01:22:47,880 MEN HAVING ONE METRIC PERFORMED. 1990 01:22:47,880 --> 01:22:49,840 WE LOOK AT THE MIDDLE. 1991 01:22:49,840 --> 01:22:54,600 AGAIN, VERY SIMILAR, 24.5% 1992 01:22:54,600 --> 01:22:56,840 OVERALL HAVE FOUR METRICS 1993 01:22:56,840 --> 01:23:00,920 PERFORMED, 24.3% SO SLIGHTLY 1994 01:23:00,920 --> 01:23:03,000 LOWER IN WOMEN HAVE FOUR METRICS 1995 01:23:03,000 --> 01:23:05,560 PERFORMED COMPARED TO MEN WHO 1996 01:23:05,560 --> 01:23:09,320 HAVE 24.6% OF ENCOUNTERS HAVE 1997 01:23:09,320 --> 01:23:11,120 FOUR METRICS PERFORMED. 1998 01:23:11,120 --> 01:23:14,200 WE LOOK AT HIGHER NUMBER OF 1999 01:23:14,200 --> 01:23:16,240 METRICS PERFORMED, AGAIN, MEN DO 2000 01:23:16,240 --> 01:23:16,480 BETTER. 2001 01:23:16,480 --> 01:23:18,800 WHEN IT COMES TO SEVEN OUT OF 2002 01:23:18,800 --> 01:23:24,520 THE EIGHT METRICS, 8.2% OF 2003 01:23:24,520 --> 01:23:30,120 ENCOUNTERS INVOLVED WOMEN HAVE 2004 01:23:30,120 --> 01:23:37,880 7-8, WHERE AS WOMEN HAVE LESS 2005 01:23:37,880 --> 01:23:38,200 ENCOUNTERS. 2006 01:23:38,200 --> 01:23:42,120 >> WE COMPARED DEFECT FREE CARE 2007 01:23:42,120 --> 01:23:45,320 IN MEN AND WOMEN. 2008 01:23:45,320 --> 01:23:48,160 .84 WAS THE UNADJUSTED OR WITH 2009 01:23:48,160 --> 01:23:50,400 THE CONFIDENCE INTERVAL OF 2010 01:23:50,400 --> 01:23:56,680 OF .73- .97. 2011 01:23:56,680 --> 01:23:59,560 THE GEOGRAPHICAL REGION, URBAN 2012 01:23:59,560 --> 01:24:01,960 VERSUS RURAL, WE HAD AN ADJUSTED 2013 01:24:01,960 --> 01:24:07,360 ODDS RATIO OF .81 WITH A 95% 2014 01:24:07,360 --> 01:24:09,480 CONFIDENCE INTERVAL OF .7 2015 01:24:09,480 --> 01:24:11,000 TO .94. 2016 01:24:11,000 --> 01:24:13,880 WILL ARE .81 TIMES THE ODDS OF 2017 01:24:13,880 --> 01:24:16,080 MEN FOR HAVING DEFECT FREE CARE. 2018 01:24:16,080 --> 01:24:17,720 GIVEN THAT THREE OF OUR 2019 01:24:17,720 --> 01:24:21,000 VARIABLES PRENOTIFICATION, EKG 2020 01:24:21,000 --> 01:24:22,240 PERFORMANCE AND OXYGEN NATION 2021 01:24:22,240 --> 01:24:24,880 WERE MISSING IN ABOUT 30% OR 2022 01:24:24,880 --> 01:24:27,600 MORE OF CASES, WE ALSO DID TWO 2023 01:24:27,600 --> 01:24:30,080 OTHER SEPARATE ANALYSIS WHERE WE 2024 01:24:30,080 --> 01:24:33,320 COUNTED THE MISSING VARIABLES AS 2025 01:24:33,320 --> 01:24:35,320 NOT PERFORMED VERSUS PERFORMED. 2026 01:24:35,320 --> 01:24:37,280 WE COUNT THE MISSING VARIABLES 2027 01:24:37,280 --> 01:24:39,720 AS NOT PERFORMED, SO THE WORST 2028 01:24:39,720 --> 01:24:41,400 CASE SCENARIO. 2029 01:24:41,400 --> 01:24:43,080 THE ODDS OF HAVING DEFECT FREE 2030 01:24:43,080 --> 01:24:45,480 CARE IN WOMEN WAS .73 TIMES THAT 2031 01:24:45,480 --> 01:24:47,720 OF MEN FOR ADJUSTED ODDS. 2032 01:24:47,720 --> 01:24:50,200 WHEN WE LOOK AT THE BEST CASE 2033 01:24:50,200 --> 01:24:51,480 SCENARIO WITH DEFECT FREE CARE 2034 01:24:51,480 --> 01:24:53,600 WITH A MISSING VARIABLES COUNTED 2035 01:24:53,600 --> 01:24:55,720 AS BEING PERFORMED, WE SAID OUR 2036 01:24:55,720 --> 01:24:58,160 ADJUSTED ODDS OF DEFECT FREE 2037 01:24:58,160 --> 01:25:02,520 CARE IN WOMEN WAS .85 TIMES THAT 2038 01:25:02,520 --> 01:25:05,160 IN MEN WITH 95% CONFIDENCE 2039 01:25:05,160 --> 01:25:07,720 INTERVAL .82 TO .89. 2040 01:25:07,720 --> 01:25:11,640 WE NEXT LOOKED AT OUR SECONDARY 2041 01:25:11,640 --> 01:25:15,760 OUTCOME, THE COMPOSITE SCORE. 2042 01:25:15,760 --> 01:25:17,960 AFTER FINDING THE PROPORTIONAL 2043 01:25:17,960 --> 01:25:20,640 ODDS MODEL VIOLATED THE 2044 01:25:20,640 --> 01:25:24,440 PROPORTIONAL ODDS ASSUMPTION, 2045 01:25:24,440 --> 01:25:27,680 THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEN AND 2046 01:25:27,680 --> 01:25:32,360 WOMEN ACROSS THE LEVELS IS NOT 2047 01:25:32,360 --> 01:25:32,640 CONSTANT. 2048 01:25:32,640 --> 01:25:35,120 THE PARTIAL PROPORTIONAL ODDS 2049 01:25:35,120 --> 01:25:39,400 MODEL ALLOWS YOU TO HAVE 2050 01:25:39,400 --> 01:25:41,240 VARIATION BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN. 2051 01:25:41,240 --> 01:25:44,360 IT COMPARES ANYTHINGLESS THAN 7 2052 01:25:44,360 --> 01:25:47,520 OR ABOVE 7 OR LESS THAN 8 VERSUS 2053 01:25:47,520 --> 01:25:47,760 8. 2054 01:25:47,760 --> 01:25:51,200 WE SEE AT THE HIGHER LEVEL, A 2055 01:25:51,200 --> 01:25:52,960 COMPOSITE SCORE OF 8 METRICS, 2056 01:25:52,960 --> 01:25:55,120 WOMEN ARE AT LOWER ODDS COMPARED 2057 01:25:55,120 --> 01:25:58,000 TO MEN SO ODDS RATIO IS .77 WITH 2058 01:25:58,000 --> 01:26:00,520 A CONFIDENCE INTERVAL OF .64 2059 01:26:00,520 --> 01:26:02,000 TO .93. 2060 01:26:02,000 --> 01:26:04,360 HOWEVER, WHEN YOU GET TO LOWER 2061 01:26:04,360 --> 01:26:07,280 COMPOSITE SCORES, SO LESS OF THE 2062 01:26:07,280 --> 01:26:12,120 METRICS BEING PERFORMED, THIS 2063 01:26:12,120 --> 01:26:12,960 VARIATION BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN 2064 01:26:12,960 --> 01:26:14,640 IS NO LONGER SIGNIFICANT. 2065 01:26:14,640 --> 01:26:17,240 A COMPOSITE SCORE OF TWO OR LESS 2066 01:26:17,240 --> 01:26:24,200 COMPARED TO TWO OR ABOVE, .89 2067 01:26:24,200 --> 01:26:26,360 THAT CROSSES ONE AND IS NOT 2068 01:26:26,360 --> 01:26:28,120 SIGNIFICANT OF THE CONFIDENCE 2069 01:26:28,120 --> 01:26:31,040 INTERVAL OF .59 TO 1.07. 2070 01:26:31,040 --> 01:26:32,760 WHAT YOU CAN TAKE AWAY FROM THIS 2071 01:26:32,760 --> 01:26:37,320 EVEN THOUGH IT IS A LITTLE 2072 01:26:37,320 --> 01:26:38,760 COMPLICATED MODEL, REALLY, THE 2073 01:26:38,760 --> 01:26:42,520 NUMBER OF METRICS, THERE IS 2074 01:26:42,520 --> 01:26:43,480 VARIANCE BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN 2075 01:26:43,480 --> 01:26:48,320 IN HOW MANY METRICS ARE BEING 2076 01:26:48,320 --> 01:26:50,280 PERFORMED AND IT IS NOT AN ALL 2077 01:26:50,280 --> 01:26:51,320 OR NONE DIFFERENCE. 2078 01:26:51,320 --> 01:26:53,120 >> THE STUDY HAS IMPORTANT 2079 01:26:53,120 --> 01:26:53,480 LIMITATIONS. 2080 01:26:53,480 --> 01:26:55,720 THE DIFFERENCES ARE SMALL IN 2081 01:26:55,720 --> 01:26:58,280 TERMS OF THE GUIDELINE 2082 01:26:58,280 --> 01:26:59,720 CONCORDANCE WITH INDIVIDUAL 2083 01:26:59,720 --> 01:27:01,240 METRICS AND OVERALL BETWEEN MEN 2084 01:27:01,240 --> 01:27:01,880 AND WOMEN. 2085 01:27:01,880 --> 01:27:03,600 WHAT I WOULD ARGUE IS WHILE 2086 01:27:03,600 --> 01:27:06,760 THESE DIFFERENCES ARE SMALL AND 2087 01:27:06,760 --> 01:27:07,880 STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANCE GIVEN 2088 01:27:07,880 --> 01:27:09,840 THE SMALL SAMPLE SIZE, THEY MAY 2089 01:27:09,840 --> 01:27:11,800 HAVE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE AS 2090 01:27:11,800 --> 01:27:13,320 WELL GIVEN THAT AS YOU START 2091 01:27:13,320 --> 01:27:15,520 SOMETHING IN THE PREHOSPITAL 2092 01:27:15,520 --> 01:27:17,120 SETTING THAT OFTEN CONTINUES 2093 01:27:17,120 --> 01:27:18,680 THROUGH THEIR IN-PATIENT STAY AS 2094 01:27:18,680 --> 01:27:18,880 WELL. 2095 01:27:18,880 --> 01:27:21,080 FURTHER STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO 2096 01:27:21,080 --> 01:27:22,800 TRAINS LATE THE DIFFERENCES WE 2097 01:27:22,800 --> 01:27:24,560 SEE WITH CLINICAL OUTCOMES. 2098 01:27:24,560 --> 01:27:26,800 THE SECOND LIMITATION IS THIS IS 2099 01:27:26,800 --> 01:27:28,120 A CONVENIENT SAMPLE WITH MISSING 2100 01:27:28,120 --> 01:27:30,840 DATA FOR SOME VARIABLES. 2101 01:27:30,840 --> 01:27:34,480 WE ATTEMPTED TO LIMIT THE BIAS. 2102 01:27:34,480 --> 01:27:36,760 WE COUNTED THE MISSING AS BEING 2103 01:27:36,760 --> 01:27:38,920 PERFORMED OR NOT PERFORMED AND 2104 01:27:38,920 --> 01:27:40,400 THEY ALL HAD SIMILAR OUTCOMES. 2105 01:27:40,400 --> 01:27:42,880 THIS IS ONE OF THE LIMITATIONS 2106 01:27:42,880 --> 01:27:51,240 OF ANY LARGE DATASET. 2107 01:27:51,240 --> 01:27:53,720 BLS PROVIDERS MAY NOT BE ABLE TO 2108 01:27:53,720 --> 01:27:55,720 PERFORM ALL METRICS. 2109 01:27:55,720 --> 01:28:00,200 THIS REPRESENTS ONLY 12% OF EMS 2110 01:28:00,200 --> 01:28:00,520 ENCOUNTERS. 2111 01:28:00,520 --> 01:28:03,200 WHEN WE EXCLUDE BLS PROVIDERS, 2112 01:28:03,200 --> 01:28:05,280 THE DIFFERENCES DON'T SEEM TO 2113 01:28:05,280 --> 01:28:05,680 CHANGE. 2114 01:28:05,680 --> 01:28:08,880 WHAT CAN YOU TAKE HOME FROM THIS 2115 01:28:08,880 --> 01:28:09,240 PRESENTATION? 2116 01:28:09,240 --> 01:28:11,880 THE FIRST AND BIGGEST POINT IS 2117 01:28:11,880 --> 01:28:13,320 PREHOSPITAL STROKE CARE VARIES 2118 01:28:13,320 --> 01:28:15,640 BY GENDER WITH OVERALL LOW 2119 01:28:15,640 --> 01:28:18,280 COMPLIANCE WITH ALL THE AMERICAN 2120 01:28:18,280 --> 01:28:20,240 STROKE ASSOCIATION GUIDELINES. 2121 01:28:20,240 --> 01:28:22,240 WOMEN ARE 19% LESS LIKELY TO 2122 01:28:22,240 --> 01:28:24,120 RECEIVE CARE THAT IS FULLY 2123 01:28:24,120 --> 01:28:25,440 COMPLIANT WITH THE AMERICAN 2124 01:28:25,440 --> 01:28:26,760 STROKE ASSOCIATION GUIDELINES. 2125 01:28:26,760 --> 01:28:29,600 SO WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE? 2126 01:28:29,600 --> 01:28:31,720 WE KNOW BASED ON THIS 2127 01:28:31,720 --> 01:28:33,320 INFORMATION THAT THERE PROBABLY 2128 01:28:33,320 --> 01:28:35,760 ARE AT LEAST MINOR DIFFERENCES 2129 01:28:35,760 --> 01:28:38,040 IN PREHOSPITAL CARE FOR WOMEN 2130 01:28:38,040 --> 01:28:39,120 VERSUS MEN. 2131 01:28:39,120 --> 01:28:40,520 HOWEVER WE NEED FURTHER STUDIES 2132 01:28:40,520 --> 01:28:42,720 TO DETERMINE IF GENDER BASED 2133 01:28:42,720 --> 01:28:44,520 DIFFERENCES IN PREHOSPITAL CARE 2134 01:28:44,520 --> 01:28:45,200 TRANSLATE TO DIFFERENCES IN 2135 01:28:45,200 --> 01:28:47,280 PATIENT OUTCOMES. 2136 01:28:47,280 --> 01:28:49,360 SPECIFICALLY TO IDENTIFY WHICH 2137 01:28:49,360 --> 01:28:50,520 GUIDELINES ARE MOST IMPORTANT 2138 01:28:50,520 --> 01:28:51,440 FOR PATIENT OUTCOMES. 2139 01:28:51,440 --> 01:28:54,720 IF WE DO THIS, IT IS POSSIBLE WE 2140 01:28:54,720 --> 01:28:57,360 CAN DESIGN TARGETED EDUCATIONAL 2141 01:28:57,360 --> 01:28:58,720 INTERVENTIONS TO INCREASE 2142 01:28:58,720 --> 01:29:01,480 INTERVENTIONS WITH THOSE SELECT 2143 01:29:01,480 --> 01:29:03,320 ASA RECOMMENDATIONS TO IMPROVE 2144 01:29:03,320 --> 01:29:04,600 OUTCOMES FOR BOTH MEN AND WOMEN. 2145 01:29:04,600 --> 01:29:07,120 WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND WHY THESE 2146 01:29:07,120 --> 01:29:09,800 GENDER BASED DISPARITIES IN CARE 2147 01:29:09,800 --> 01:29:10,000 EXIST. 2148 01:29:10,000 --> 01:29:11,520 ARE THERE DIFFERENT 2149 01:29:11,520 --> 01:29:13,200 PRESENTATIONS FOR STROKE IN MEN 2150 01:29:13,200 --> 01:29:14,520 AND WOMEN OR SOME OTHER BARRIER 2151 01:29:14,520 --> 01:29:16,520 TO CARE WE ARE NOT ACCOUNTING 2152 01:29:16,520 --> 01:29:17,880 FOR IN THIS STUDY? 2153 01:29:17,880 --> 01:29:21,760 WITH THAT IN MIND, WE CAN PLACE 2154 01:29:21,760 --> 01:29:22,920 EMPHASIS ON QUALITY OF CARE IN 2155 01:29:22,920 --> 01:29:25,440 THE PREHOSPITAL AND HOSPITAL 2156 01:29:25,440 --> 01:29:28,520 SETTING FOR BOTH MEN AND WOMEN. 2157 01:29:28,520 --> 01:29:30,920 AND WITH THAT, I WOULD LIKE TO 2158 01:29:30,920 --> 01:29:33,400 THANK THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH FOR 2159 01:29:33,400 --> 01:29:38,840 WOMEN'S HEALTH, MY MENTORS FOR 2160 01:29:38,840 --> 01:29:40,360 ALL THEIR GUIDANCE AS I WORKED 2161 01:29:40,360 --> 01:29:41,800 THROUGH BEGINNING TO UNDERSTAND 2162 01:29:41,800 --> 01:29:44,800 MORE ABOUT THE GENDER AND 2163 01:29:44,800 --> 01:29:46,120 SEX-BASED DIFFERENCES IN STROKE 2164 01:29:46,120 --> 01:29:48,600 AND THE FUNDING THAT AFFORDS ME 2165 01:29:48,600 --> 01:29:52,200 THE TIME TO DO THIS, THE BIRCWH 2166 01:29:52,200 --> 01:29:55,320 K12 AWARD, AMERICAN HEART 2167 01:29:55,320 --> 01:29:58,000 ASSOCIATION CAREER AWARD AND 2168 01:29:58,000 --> 01:30:01,520 LUDEMAN FAMILY CENTER FOR 2169 01:30:01,520 --> 01:30:02,880 WOMEN'S HEALTH RESEARCH COVID-19 2170 01:30:02,880 --> 01:30:08,480 SUPPLEMENT. 2171 01:30:08,480 --> 01:30:16,200 >> MARIA GIRALDO SHE OBTAINED A 2172 01:30:16,200 --> 01:30:18,920 BACHELOR DEGREE IN BIOLOGY AND 2173 01:30:18,920 --> 01:30:19,960 ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION. 2174 01:30:19,960 --> 01:30:23,120 DR. GIRALDO THEN CONTINUED ON 2175 01:30:23,120 --> 01:30:26,240 WITH HER GRADUATE STUDIES AND 2176 01:30:26,240 --> 01:30:28,120 OBTAINED A MASTERS AND PH.D. 2177 01:30:28,120 --> 01:30:32,080 DEGREE IN BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES. 2178 01:30:32,080 --> 01:30:34,480 FOLLOWING THIS, MARIA BECAME A 2179 01:30:34,480 --> 01:30:37,080 POST DOCTORAL FELLOW UNIVERSITY 2180 01:30:37,080 --> 01:30:39,560 OF TEXAS MEDICAL BRANCH. 2181 01:30:39,560 --> 01:30:42,440 DURING HER POST DOCTORAL 2182 01:30:42,440 --> 01:30:44,600 FELLOWSHIP SHE PUBLISHED A PAPER 2183 01:30:44,600 --> 01:30:47,400 ON THE PATHOGENSIS OF ZIKA. 2184 01:30:47,400 --> 01:30:50,280 SHE BECAME A BIRCWH SCHOLAR IN 2185 01:30:50,280 --> 01:30:52,040 2020 AND IS CURRENTLY WORKING 2186 01:30:52,040 --> 01:30:58,560 UNDER THE MENTORSHIP OF DR. 2187 01:30:58,560 --> 01:31:01,320 RAJSBAUM AND DR. SHI. 2188 01:31:01,320 --> 01:31:03,880 HER MAIN INTEREST IS VIRAL 2189 01:31:03,880 --> 01:31:06,440 INFECTION IN REP LIGCATION AND 2190 01:31:06,440 --> 01:31:08,640 THE REP PLICATION OF VIRUSS SUCH 2191 01:31:08,640 --> 01:31:26,280 AS ZIKA AND THE ROLE OF ESPNU 2192 01:31:26,280 --> 01:31:34,080 -- ROLE OF UBIQUITINATION. 2193 01:31:34,080 --> 01:31:36,800 >> ZIKA VIRUS CONTINUES TO 2194 01:31:36,800 --> 01:31:38,600 CIRCUMSTANCE LAUL I LATE IN 2195 01:31:38,600 --> 01:31:40,640 TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL REGIONS 2196 01:31:40,640 --> 01:31:44,720 TRANSMITTED BY MOSQUITOS AND 2197 01:31:44,720 --> 01:31:46,880 THROUGH SEXUAL CONTACT. 2198 01:31:46,880 --> 01:31:52,960 IT CAN INFECT PREGNANT WOMEN AND 2199 01:31:52,960 --> 01:31:58,520 LEAD TO MICROCEPHALY AND SEVERE 2200 01:31:58,520 --> 01:32:00,520 NEUROLOGIC COMPLICATIONS IN THE 2201 01:32:00,520 --> 01:32:00,720 FETUS. 2202 01:32:00,720 --> 01:32:04,560 THERE IS NO VACCINE ORFECTIVE 2203 01:32:04,560 --> 01:32:05,040 TREATMENT. 2204 01:32:05,040 --> 01:32:08,480 ALTHOUGH ZIKA IS CLOSELY RELATED 2205 01:32:08,480 --> 01:32:13,760 TO OTHER VIRUSS THAT CAUSE 2206 01:32:13,760 --> 01:32:18,400 DENGUE AND WEST NILE VIRUS, ZIKA 2207 01:32:18,400 --> 01:32:20,520 CAN CAUSE NEUROLOGICAL 2208 01:32:20,520 --> 01:32:20,800 DISORDERS. 2209 01:32:20,800 --> 01:32:27,720 IN OUR LAB WE ARE INTERESTED IN 2210 01:32:27,720 --> 01:32:29,920 HOW DIFFERENT VIRUSS USE THE 2211 01:32:29,920 --> 01:32:32,200 TRANSLATION AND REPLICATION 2212 01:32:32,200 --> 01:32:37,600 CYCLE AND WEST NILE USES CELL 2213 01:32:37,600 --> 01:32:41,320 MACHINERY TO ENHANCE REPLICATION 2214 01:32:41,320 --> 01:32:41,640 REPLICATION. 2215 01:32:41,640 --> 01:32:43,760 WHY DOES ZIKA LIKE TO REPLICATE 2216 01:32:43,760 --> 01:32:48,400 ON SKPREFBLGS AND TISSUES. 2217 01:32:48,400 --> 01:32:53,280 VIRUS NEEDS TO REPLICATE AND 2218 01:32:53,280 --> 01:32:58,160 CELLS HAVE AN IMPORTANT QUALITY 2219 01:32:58,160 --> 01:33:05,680 THAT REQUIRES DIFFERENT 2220 01:33:05,680 --> 01:33:07,000 [ INAUDIBLE ] 2221 01:33:07,000 --> 01:33:10,400 ENZYME 1, ENZYME 2, ENZYME 3, 2222 01:33:10,400 --> 01:33:14,840 TRANSFERS AND MARKS THE PROTEINS 2223 01:33:14,840 --> 01:33:16,320 FOR DIFFERENCE CELLULAR 2224 01:33:16,320 --> 01:33:19,760 ACTIVITY. 2225 01:33:19,760 --> 01:33:22,520 THIS PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN 2226 01:33:22,520 --> 01:33:25,800 PROTECTING THE HOST FROM VIRAL 2227 01:33:25,800 --> 01:33:27,040 INFECTION, ACTIVATING AENGT 2228 01:33:27,040 --> 01:33:31,800 VIRAL FACTORS. 2229 01:33:31,800 --> 01:33:38,440 HOWEVER, THE VIRUS PROTECTS THE 2230 01:33:38,440 --> 01:33:40,280 HOST TO ACTIVATE ANTI-VIRAL 2231 01:33:40,280 --> 01:33:44,360 SIGNALLING FACTORS. 2232 01:33:44,360 --> 01:33:56,320 [ INAUDIBLE ] 2233 01:33:56,320 --> 01:33:58,840 WE PROVIDE SAMPLES INFECTED WITH 2234 01:33:58,840 --> 01:33:59,280 ZIKA. 2235 01:33:59,280 --> 01:34:03,200 THIS ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED TWO -- 2236 01:34:03,200 --> 01:34:06,880 THAT ARE K38 THAT ARE CONCERNED 2237 01:34:06,880 --> 01:34:12,040 AMONG SEVERAL VIRUSS AND K31 2238 01:34:12,040 --> 01:34:17,920 THAT IS NOT IN ZIKA VIRUS. 2239 01:34:17,920 --> 01:34:20,040 [ INAUDIBLE ] 2240 01:34:20,040 --> 01:34:31,320 WITH 180 MOLECULES AND HAVE 2241 01:34:31,320 --> 01:34:35,480 VIRION SURFACE OF 180 MOLECULES. 2242 01:34:35,480 --> 01:34:41,000 [ INAUDIBLE ] 2243 01:34:41,000 --> 01:34:45,440 WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF E-K38 2244 01:34:45,440 --> 01:34:51,080 AND E-K381 TO CHANGE? 2245 01:34:51,080 --> 01:34:58,880 [ INAUDIBLE ] 2246 01:34:58,880 --> 01:35:02,640 WE CONFIRM THE REDUCTION OF -- 2247 01:35:02,640 --> 01:35:09,720 ON K38 AND K281 VIRUS. 2248 01:35:09,720 --> 01:35:18,760 COMPARING BOTH AND BOTH K38 AND 2249 01:35:18,760 --> 01:35:23,600 K31 WERE HIGHLY IN PLACENTA 2250 01:35:23,600 --> 01:35:23,880 CELLS. 2251 01:35:23,880 --> 01:35:31,800 WE FOUND THAT THE K38 MUTANT 2252 01:35:31,800 --> 01:35:34,200 INFECTION WERE SIGNIFICANTLY 2253 01:35:34,200 --> 01:35:34,520 [ INAUDIBLE ] 2254 01:35:34,520 --> 01:35:39,880 BUT THE K281 WAS NO SIGNIFICANT 2255 01:35:39,880 --> 01:35:43,880 REDUCED. 2256 01:35:43,880 --> 01:35:47,480 [ INAUDIBLE ] 2257 01:35:47,480 --> 01:35:55,080 PLAYS AND IMPORTANT ROLE. 2258 01:35:55,080 --> 01:35:58,440 THE MOSQUITO BITES THE HUMAN, 2259 01:35:58,440 --> 01:36:00,880 THE VIRUS INFECTS DIFFERENT 2260 01:36:00,880 --> 01:36:07,920 CELLS INSIDE THE CELL THE VIRUS 2261 01:36:07,920 --> 01:36:08,280 IS [ INAUDIBLE ] 2262 01:36:08,280 --> 01:36:13,520 THE VIRUS IS LEASED WITH -- AND 2263 01:36:13,520 --> 01:36:18,880 TOGETHER OTHER FACTORS CREATE -- 2264 01:36:18,880 --> 01:36:20,000 ENVIRONMENT FOR ATTACHMENT TO 2265 01:36:20,000 --> 01:36:22,640 THE CELLS AND CONSEQUENTLY 2266 01:36:22,640 --> 01:36:25,480 IMPROVE THE REPLICATION IN A 2267 01:36:25,480 --> 01:36:27,000 SPECIFIC CELL AND TISSUES. 2268 01:36:27,000 --> 01:36:31,200 THOSE TISSUES THAT ARE 2269 01:36:31,200 --> 01:36:34,040 EXPRESSING HIGH LEVELS OF 2270 01:36:34,040 --> 01:36:34,880 [ INAUDIBLE ] 2271 01:36:34,880 --> 01:36:40,560 ARE GOING CONTINUE WITH THE 2272 01:36:40,560 --> 01:36:40,920 REPLICATION. 2273 01:36:40,920 --> 01:36:42,000 BUT THOSE [ INAUDIBLE ] 2274 01:36:42,000 --> 01:36:46,080 ARE GOING REPLICATE NORMAL. 2275 01:36:46,080 --> 01:36:49,680 AND CONTINUE THE CYCLE AND GO TO 2276 01:36:49,680 --> 01:36:50,880 DIFFERENT TISSUES AND CELLS. 2277 01:36:50,880 --> 01:36:58,240 IN THE CASE OF THE K281 2278 01:36:58,240 --> 01:36:59,560 INFECTION, THE INFECTION WAS 2279 01:36:59,560 --> 01:37:04,440 SIGNIFICANTLY SEEN IN THE CELLS 2280 01:37:04,440 --> 01:37:07,560 BUT NOT IN ANY CELLS OF INFECTED 2281 01:37:07,560 --> 01:37:08,120 ANIMALS. 2282 01:37:08,120 --> 01:37:09,640 REDUCTION OF FUSION AND 2283 01:37:09,640 --> 01:37:13,360 UNCOATING IN PLA SENTAL CELLS. 2284 01:37:13,360 --> 01:37:22,880 TOGETHER THIS DATA LED US TO THE 2285 01:37:22,880 --> 01:37:27,160 UBIQUITINATION ON E-K281 RESIDUE 2286 01:37:27,160 --> 01:37:29,160 PROVIDED ZIKA VIRUS ABILITY TO 2287 01:37:29,160 --> 01:37:31,320 REPLICATE EFFICIENTLY IN PLA 2288 01:37:31,320 --> 01:37:39,320 SENTAL TISSUES DURING PREGNANCY. 2289 01:37:39,320 --> 01:37:40,640 IT IS POSSIBLE [ INAUDIBLE ] 2290 01:37:40,640 --> 01:37:42,040 THEN WE CAN HAVE OUR CRITICAL 2291 01:37:42,040 --> 01:37:45,760 QUESTION, WHY? 2292 01:37:45,760 --> 01:37:52,640 DOES ZIKA DEVELOPMENT UNIQUE 2293 01:37:52,640 --> 01:37:53,200 CHARACTERISTICS? 2294 01:37:53,200 --> 01:37:56,080 TO ANSWER THIS QUESTION, WE 2295 01:37:56,080 --> 01:38:02,400 ESTABLISHED A PREGNANCY MODEL IN 2296 01:38:02,400 --> 01:38:09,080 A 129 MICE MALE AND FEMALE WERE 2297 01:38:09,080 --> 01:38:11,720 PUT TOGETHER AND 10.5 IS THE 2298 01:38:11,720 --> 01:38:14,120 TIME OF IMPLANTATION IN THE 2299 01:38:14,120 --> 01:38:20,600 FEMALES WERE INFECTED AND K281 2300 01:38:20,600 --> 01:38:25,280 MUTANT VIRUS AND THEN THEY 18.5 2301 01:38:25,280 --> 01:38:28,400 THE MOTHERS WERE UETHANIZED AND 2302 01:38:28,400 --> 01:38:31,240 HARVEST THE TISSUES AND FETUS 2303 01:38:31,240 --> 01:38:34,240 FOR COMPARISON. 2304 01:38:34,240 --> 01:38:41,560 AND WE PROCESSED FOR VIRAL TITER 2305 01:38:41,560 --> 01:38:43,000 AND SEQUENCE. 2306 01:38:43,000 --> 01:38:46,720 HERE YOU CAN OBSERVE THAT 2307 01:38:46,720 --> 01:38:54,080 INFECTED WITH THE K281 HAVE LESS 2308 01:38:54,080 --> 01:38:56,600 [ INAUDIBLE ] 2309 01:38:56,600 --> 01:39:02,280 COMPARING THESE RESULTS WITH OUR 2310 01:39:02,280 --> 01:39:06,280 PREVIOUS RESULTS WERE K281 VIRUS 2311 01:39:06,280 --> 01:39:09,360 HAD THE SAME BEHAVIOR AS 2312 01:39:09,360 --> 01:39:09,680 [ INAUDIBLE ] 2313 01:39:09,680 --> 01:39:14,280 BUT HERE WE OBSERVED THE EFFECTS 2314 01:39:14,280 --> 01:39:20,280 OF IN K281 ARE RESTRICTED TO 2315 01:39:20,280 --> 01:39:22,880 BRAINS HERE. 2316 01:39:22,880 --> 01:39:27,200 YOU CAN REPLICATE THE PATHOLOGY 2317 01:39:27,200 --> 01:39:31,200 IN FETUS INDICATING CAN 2318 01:39:31,200 --> 01:39:35,240 INFECTION WITH K281 RESULTED IN 2319 01:39:35,240 --> 01:39:40,560 NOT PRESENT OF -- AS COMPARED 2320 01:39:40,560 --> 01:39:43,480 WITH MULTIINFECTED FETUS. 2321 01:39:43,480 --> 01:39:46,200 THE MOST PROM NANT FETAL 2322 01:39:46,200 --> 01:39:47,880 ABNORMALITY WAS OBSERVED IN 2323 01:39:47,880 --> 01:39:56,640 FETUS INFECTED WITH 47% OF 2324 01:39:56,640 --> 01:39:58,600 REDUCTION IN FETAL SIZE. 2325 01:39:58,600 --> 01:40:04,680 ALSO THE VIRUS IN PLACENTA WERE 2326 01:40:04,680 --> 01:40:09,760 SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER THAN -- 2327 01:40:09,760 --> 01:40:10,080 [ INAUDIBLE ] 2328 01:40:10,080 --> 01:40:12,520 THE PLACENTA WAS NOT 2329 01:40:12,520 --> 01:40:14,040 SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT, BOTH 2330 01:40:14,040 --> 01:40:17,760 VIRUSS REPLICATE AND DISSEMINATE 2331 01:40:17,760 --> 01:40:18,160 SIMILARLY. 2332 01:40:18,160 --> 01:40:21,880 ON THE OTHER HAND, TO GAIN MORE 2333 01:40:21,880 --> 01:40:24,360 INFORMATION REGARDING HOW 2334 01:40:24,360 --> 01:40:24,680 [ INAUDIBLE ] 2335 01:40:24,680 --> 01:40:27,360 ON K-281 MAY AFFECT THE RESPONSE 2336 01:40:27,360 --> 01:40:36,560 OF PLACENTA, WE USE A DNA 2337 01:40:36,560 --> 01:40:41,480 SEQUENCING APPROACH. 2338 01:40:41,480 --> 01:40:43,920 INDUCING DOWN REGULATION OF 2339 01:40:43,920 --> 01:40:47,480 GENES ARE NOT KNOWN TO BE WITH 2340 01:40:47,480 --> 01:40:49,360 LIPID METABOLISM. 2341 01:40:49,360 --> 01:40:52,640 OUR INITIATE ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED 2342 01:40:52,640 --> 01:40:57,280 CHANGES IN EXPRESSIONS. 2343 01:40:57,280 --> 01:41:02,720 THERE WAS SIMILARLY BETWEEN ZIKA 2344 01:41:02,720 --> 01:41:05,600 AND K281 VIRUSES, BUT SOME OF 2345 01:41:05,600 --> 01:41:13,640 THE GENES IN PLACENTA INFECTED 2346 01:41:13,640 --> 01:41:14,160 [ INAUDIBLE ] 2347 01:41:14,160 --> 01:41:16,920 JUST IN PLACENTA AFFECTED WITH 2348 01:41:16,920 --> 01:41:23,360 MULTIVIRUS THAT ARE IMPORTANT AS 2349 01:41:23,360 --> 01:41:29,960 I MENTIONED BEFORE. 2350 01:41:29,960 --> 01:41:31,560 IDENTIFY THOSE CHAINS TO BE 2351 01:41:31,560 --> 01:41:32,920 IMPORTANT IN PLACENTA 2352 01:41:32,920 --> 01:41:38,760 DEVELOPMENT, FOR THE BRAIN AND 2353 01:41:38,760 --> 01:41:44,040 RETINA. 2354 01:41:44,040 --> 01:41:47,400 ALSO WE FOUND THAT PREVIOUS 2355 01:41:47,400 --> 01:41:53,920 REPORT THAT THE ZIKA MODIFIED 2356 01:41:53,920 --> 01:41:55,920 THE HOST METABOLISM. 2357 01:41:55,920 --> 01:41:58,000 THESE RESULTS HELP US TO 2358 01:41:58,000 --> 01:41:59,120 DETERMINE WHETHER THESE GENES 2359 01:41:59,120 --> 01:42:01,160 ARE INVOLVED IN LIPID ME TAL 2360 01:42:01,160 --> 01:42:05,120 LICHL AND IF THIS REQUIRES 2361 01:42:05,120 --> 01:42:05,480 [ INAUDIBLE ] 2362 01:42:05,480 --> 01:42:16,480 PROTEIN. 2363 01:42:16,480 --> 01:42:16,920 [ INAUDIBLE ] 2364 01:42:16,920 --> 01:42:21,440 WHICH WERE PREVIOUSLY KNOWN TO 2365 01:42:21,440 --> 01:42:26,320 BE ASSOCIATED WITH MICROCEPHALY. 2366 01:42:26,320 --> 01:42:28,880 WE OBSERVED A SIGNIFICANT 2367 01:42:28,880 --> 01:42:32,920 REDUCTION AND EXPRESSION OF THE 2368 01:42:32,920 --> 01:42:34,040 [ INAUDIBLE ] 2369 01:42:34,040 --> 01:42:35,440 INFECTED WITH WEST NILE COMPARED 2370 01:42:35,440 --> 01:42:43,080 WITH THE MUTANT VIRUS. 2371 01:42:43,080 --> 01:42:51,880 IN CONCLUSION, WE CAN SAY THAT 2372 01:42:51,880 --> 01:42:57,200 ZIKA AND K281 REPLICATE AND 2373 01:42:57,200 --> 01:42:57,680 DISSE 2374 01:42:57,680 --> 01:42:58,320 DISSEMINATE SIMILARLY IN ADULT 2375 01:42:58,320 --> 01:43:06,880 MOTHERS. 2376 01:43:06,880 --> 01:43:08,560 ZIKA INFECTION CAUSES LESS 2377 01:43:08,560 --> 01:43:10,400 PATHOLOGY IN THE INFECTED FETUS 2378 01:43:10,400 --> 01:43:12,520 AND PROMOTES A REDUCED HOST 2379 01:43:12,520 --> 01:43:13,640 RESPONSE THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH 2380 01:43:13,640 --> 01:43:23,880 DAMAGE TO THE EMBRYO. 2381 01:43:23,880 --> 01:43:26,160 OUR FUTURE DIRECTION IS ENHANCE 2382 01:43:26,160 --> 01:43:28,800 KNOWLEDGE OF ZIKA REPLICATION 2383 01:43:28,800 --> 01:43:30,200 MECHANISMS DETERMINE THE 2384 01:43:30,200 --> 01:43:33,760 FUNCTION OF UBIQUITINATION IN 2385 01:43:33,760 --> 01:43:35,160 ZIKA REPLICATION DURING 2386 01:43:35,160 --> 01:43:36,960 PREGNANCY AND DETERMINE THE ROLE 2387 01:43:36,960 --> 01:43:39,640 OF TRIM 7 IN ZIKA REPLICATION 2388 01:43:39,640 --> 01:43:49,240 AND HOW THESE TRIM 7 AS A 2389 01:43:49,240 --> 01:43:51,440 PROVIRAL FAK FORFOR ZIKA DURING 2390 01:43:51,440 --> 01:43:51,920 PREGNANCY. 2391 01:43:51,920 --> 01:43:55,240 THIS IS NEEDED TO DEVELOP NOEFL 2392 01:43:55,240 --> 01:43:56,320 ANTI-VIRAL THERAPIES AGAINST 2393 01:43:56,320 --> 01:43:58,680 ZIKA VIRUS. 2394 01:43:58,680 --> 01:44:02,600 I WANT TO GIVE A SPECIAL THANKS 2395 01:44:02,600 --> 01:44:04,080 TO ALL THE PEOPLE THAT ARE 2396 01:44:04,080 --> 01:44:10,480 INVOLVED IN THIS PROJECT. 2397 01:44:10,480 --> 01:44:13,600 A SPECIAL THINGS TO THE PROGRAM 2398 01:44:13,600 --> 01:44:16,200 FOR THAT PART AND THE FUNDING 2399 01:44:16,200 --> 01:44:17,480 AND FOR THE SUPPORT AND THANK 2400 01:44:17,480 --> 01:44:18,320 YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION. 2401 01:44:18,320 --> 01:44:21,760 THANK YOU SO MUCH. 2402 01:44:21,760 --> 01:44:24,480 >> THAT WAS A LOT OF SCIENCE. 2403 01:44:24,480 --> 01:44:26,320 SO THANK YOU TO THE BIRCWH 2404 01:44:26,320 --> 01:44:28,920 SCHOLARS WHO GAVE THEIR TALKS. 2405 01:44:28,920 --> 01:44:30,560 WE DO HAVE SOME QUESTIONS 2406 01:44:30,560 --> 01:44:31,960 WAITING IN THE CHAT BOX. 2407 01:44:31,960 --> 01:44:34,280 WE HAVE ABOUT 10 MINUTES FOR THE 2408 01:44:34,280 --> 01:44:34,480 Q&A. 2409 01:44:34,480 --> 01:44:36,640 THE FIRST QUESTION IS DIRECTED 2410 01:44:36,640 --> 01:44:38,320 AT DR. SIMCOX. 2411 01:44:38,320 --> 01:44:41,840 DR. SIMCOX, YOU LOOKED AT THE 2412 01:44:41,840 --> 01:44:42,440 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BLOOD 2413 01:44:42,440 --> 01:44:44,000 PRESSURE AND LIPIDS. 2414 01:44:44,000 --> 01:44:47,880 WHAT ABOUT OBESITY AS A 2415 01:44:47,880 --> 01:44:48,280 CONFOUNDER? 2416 01:44:48,280 --> 01:44:49,640 >> YEAH. 2417 01:44:49,640 --> 01:44:51,960 WE ENDED UP INTERPRETING OBESITY 2418 01:44:51,960 --> 01:44:54,280 AS A CO-VARIANT, HOWEVER, WE 2419 01:44:54,280 --> 01:44:56,640 LOOKED AT IT AS AN INDEPENDENT 2420 01:44:56,640 --> 01:44:56,960 VARIABLE. 2421 01:44:56,960 --> 01:44:58,960 WHAT WAS REALLY INTERESTING TO 2422 01:44:58,960 --> 01:45:02,160 ME IS LIPIDS THAT WERE 2423 01:45:02,160 --> 01:45:04,440 ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY WERE 2424 01:45:04,440 --> 01:45:07,080 COMPLETELY DIFFERENT BETWEEN 2425 01:45:07,080 --> 01:45:09,040 CAUCASIAN AND AFRICAN AMERICAN 2426 01:45:09,040 --> 01:45:09,360 PARTICIPANTS. 2427 01:45:09,360 --> 01:45:11,080 I THINK THIS HIGHLIGHTS THE 2428 01:45:11,080 --> 01:45:12,680 DIFFICULTIES WE FACED IN A LOT 2429 01:45:12,680 --> 01:45:19,160 OF THE DATASETS THAT WHAT WE 2430 01:45:19,160 --> 01:45:22,240 HAVE FOR HISTORIC DATA DID NOT 2431 01:45:22,240 --> 01:45:27,280 HOLD TRUE INCLUDING HDL AND LDL 2432 01:45:27,280 --> 01:45:30,160 CHOLESTEROL AND TRIGLIS RIDES 2433 01:45:30,160 --> 01:45:32,440 WERE NOT ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY 2434 01:45:32,440 --> 01:45:33,400 IN AFRICAN AMERICAN 2435 01:45:33,400 --> 01:45:33,920 PARTICIPANTS. 2436 01:45:33,920 --> 01:45:35,200 WE STARTED WITH BLOOD PRESSURE 2437 01:45:35,200 --> 01:45:36,760 BECAUSE IT HAD THE LOWEST NUMBER 2438 01:45:36,760 --> 01:45:38,520 OF LIPIDS ASSOCIATED. 2439 01:45:38,520 --> 01:45:42,240 AND WE HAVE DATA ON 2440 01:45:42,240 --> 01:45:43,440 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE ON 2441 01:45:43,440 --> 01:45:47,480 MORTALITY SINCE THIS IS A 2442 01:45:47,480 --> 01:45:48,800 LONGITUDINAL STUDY. 2443 01:45:48,800 --> 01:45:49,600 >> THANK YOU. 2444 01:45:49,600 --> 01:45:52,480 AS WE ARE WAITING FOR OTHER 2445 01:45:52,480 --> 01:45:56,080 QUESTIONS TO COME IN, DR. SIM 2446 01:45:56,080 --> 01:45:56,920 SKOKS, HAVE YOU -- 2447 01:45:56,920 --> 01:45:58,680 >> THAT IS A REALLY GREAT 2448 01:45:58,680 --> 01:45:58,960 QUESTION. 2449 01:45:58,960 --> 01:46:05,960 SO WE HAVE STARTED USING 2450 01:46:05,960 --> 01:46:08,720 DIFFERENT EO6 ANTIBODIES TO LOOK 2451 01:46:08,720 --> 01:46:10,080 AT OXIDIZED LIPIDS. 2452 01:46:10,080 --> 01:46:12,640 WHAT I WILL SAY IS THEY CLEARLY 2453 01:46:12,640 --> 01:46:17,400 HAVE A STRONG PREDICTIVE POWER 2454 01:46:17,400 --> 01:46:23,240 FOR BLOOD PRESSURE, HYPER 2455 01:46:23,240 --> 01:46:23,560 HYPERGLYCEMIA. 2456 01:46:23,560 --> 01:46:25,360 I THINK WE ARE EXCITED TO 2457 01:46:25,360 --> 01:46:27,560 CONTINUING TO PURSUE THAT AND IT 2458 01:46:27,560 --> 01:46:30,080 MAKES SENSE WE ARE SEEING 2459 01:46:30,080 --> 01:46:32,080 DIFFERENCES BECAUSE WE SEE 2460 01:46:32,080 --> 01:46:33,520 DIFFERENCE IN ARACHIDONIC ACID 2461 01:46:33,520 --> 01:46:38,280 AND -- ACID. 2462 01:46:38,280 --> 01:46:40,880 TO FINISH AND WE WILL GO TO THE 2463 01:46:40,880 --> 01:46:42,400 NEXT TWO SCHOLARS. 2464 01:46:42,400 --> 01:46:45,480 DR. SIMCOX, DO YOU EXCEPT THESE 2465 01:46:45,480 --> 01:46:46,760 CORRELATIONS TO CHANGE WITH AGE? 2466 01:46:46,760 --> 01:46:53,120 >> MIDUS IS A LONGITUDINAL STUDY 2467 01:46:53,120 --> 01:46:58,880 SO WE HAVE A LARGE AGE RANGE AND 2468 01:46:58,880 --> 01:46:59,960 PARTICIPANTS WHO COME BACK. 2469 01:46:59,960 --> 01:47:02,480 THESE LIPIDS DO CHANGE WITH AGE 2470 01:47:02,480 --> 01:47:05,080 AND, IN FACT, ACTUALLY 2471 01:47:05,080 --> 01:47:08,440 ARACHIDONIC ACID CONTAINED 2472 01:47:08,440 --> 01:47:10,040 LIPIDS INCREASE IN AFRICAN 2473 01:47:10,040 --> 01:47:11,600 AMERICAN WITH AGE AND 2474 01:47:11,600 --> 01:47:13,280 ASSOCIATION WITH METABOLIC 2475 01:47:13,280 --> 01:47:13,960 DISEASE. 2476 01:47:13,960 --> 01:47:14,840 GOOD. 2477 01:47:14,840 --> 01:47:15,160 THANK YOU. 2478 01:47:15,160 --> 01:47:18,280 QUESTION FOR DR. DYLLA. 2479 01:47:18,280 --> 01:47:19,800 CLEARLY YOUR RESEARCH HAS SHOWN 2480 01:47:19,800 --> 01:47:22,360 SEX DIFFERENCES IN TERMS OF 2481 01:47:22,360 --> 01:47:25,240 STROKE CARE, PREHOSPITALIZATION. 2482 01:47:25,240 --> 01:47:28,120 IT HAS POLICY IMPLICATIONS. 2483 01:47:28,120 --> 01:47:30,400 NOW, YOU ARE OBVIOUSLY A YOUNG 2484 01:47:30,400 --> 01:47:31,480 BIRCWH SCHOLAR. 2485 01:47:31,480 --> 01:47:33,360 WHAT WOULD BE YOUR FUTURE PLANS? 2486 01:47:33,360 --> 01:47:35,080 YOU MENTIONED TARGETED 2487 01:47:35,080 --> 01:47:35,440 EDUCATION. 2488 01:47:35,440 --> 01:47:37,520 WOULD YOU WANT TO COMMENT 2489 01:47:37,520 --> 01:47:39,360 FURTHER ON THINGS YOU MAY DO OR 2490 01:47:39,360 --> 01:47:41,840 OTHERS MAY DO SINCE YOU ARE ALSO 2491 01:47:41,840 --> 01:47:43,400 ASSOCIATED WITH THE AMERICAN 2492 01:47:43,400 --> 01:47:44,400 HEART ASSOCIATION, PLEASE? 2493 01:47:44,400 --> 01:47:44,880 >> SO. 2494 01:47:44,880 --> 01:47:46,840 THAT IS A GOOD QUESTION. 2495 01:47:46,840 --> 01:47:48,640 SO THE AMERICAN STROKE 2496 01:47:48,640 --> 01:47:49,680 ASSOCIATION AND AMERICAN HEART 2497 01:47:49,680 --> 01:47:51,800 ASSOCIATION HAS COME OUT WITH 2498 01:47:51,800 --> 01:47:57,480 THESE RECOMMENDATIONS, THE 2499 01:47:57,480 --> 01:47:59,280 PROBLEM IS THEY ARE -- 2500 01:47:59,280 --> 01:47:59,640 [ INAUDIBLE ] 2501 01:47:59,640 --> 01:48:00,280 AND THESE RECOMMENDATIONS 2502 01:48:00,280 --> 01:48:01,960 HAVEN'T CHANGED OVER TIME. 2503 01:48:01,960 --> 01:48:05,680 BUT EMS IS ALSO A GROUP THAT 2504 01:48:05,680 --> 01:48:08,800 DOESN'T ALWAYS OBTAIN TARGETED 2505 01:48:08,800 --> 01:48:09,640 EDUCATION REGULARLY. 2506 01:48:09,640 --> 01:48:11,240 THE FIRST STEP IS REALLY TO LOOK 2507 01:48:11,240 --> 01:48:13,760 AT WHICH ARE THE KEY METRICS? 2508 01:48:13,760 --> 01:48:16,800 WE PUT A LOT ON OUR EMS 2509 01:48:16,800 --> 01:48:18,800 PROVIDERS AND HAVE TO RECOGNIZE 2510 01:48:18,800 --> 01:48:20,720 THE WHOLE HOST OF PRESENTATIONS 2511 01:48:20,720 --> 01:48:21,920 IN A VERY SHORT PERIOD OF TIME. 2512 01:48:21,920 --> 01:48:24,640 WE NEED TO KNOW WHAT OF THE 2513 01:48:24,640 --> 01:48:26,440 EIGHT METRICS ARE REALLY 2514 01:48:26,440 --> 01:48:28,280 IMPORTANT SO WE CAN TARGET THEM 2515 01:48:28,280 --> 01:48:29,720 AND SAY THIS IS THE STANDARD WE 2516 01:48:29,720 --> 01:48:34,880 HAVE TO HOLD YOU TO IN THIS 2517 01:48:34,880 --> 01:48:36,600 METRIC AND EDUCATE THEM IN THOSE 2518 01:48:36,600 --> 01:48:36,880 THINGS. 2519 01:48:36,880 --> 01:48:37,640 >> THANK YOU. 2520 01:48:37,640 --> 01:48:39,360 THAT IS A GOOD APPROACH. 2521 01:48:39,360 --> 01:48:45,320 I HAVE A QUESTION FOR DR. 2522 01:48:45,320 --> 01:48:46,720 GIRALDO ON ZIKA. 2523 01:48:46,720 --> 01:48:50,000 YOU WERE THE FIRST AUTHOR ABOUT 2524 01:48:50,000 --> 01:48:51,480 PATHOGENESIS OF ZIKA. 2525 01:48:51,480 --> 01:48:54,600 AS EMERGING INFECTIONS IN YOUNG 2526 01:48:54,600 --> 01:48:56,000 RESEARCHERS, DO YOU HAVE TIPS 2527 01:48:56,000 --> 01:48:57,200 FOR COLLEAGUES IN HOW YOU 2528 01:48:57,200 --> 01:48:59,680 CLEARLY HAVE TO HAVE MENTORS AND 2529 01:48:59,680 --> 01:49:02,520 HAVE LEADERS WITH YOU, BUT ANY 2530 01:49:02,520 --> 01:49:03,640 TIPS FOR YOUNG INVESTIGATORS WHO 2531 01:49:03,640 --> 01:49:08,440 ARE INTERESTED IN EMERGING 2532 01:49:08,440 --> 01:49:10,400 INFECTIONS AND STUDYING THEM. 2533 01:49:10,400 --> 01:49:10,960 PLEASE. 2534 01:49:10,960 --> 01:49:11,440 >> HELLO TO EVERYONE. 2535 01:49:11,440 --> 01:49:13,640 YES. 2536 01:49:13,640 --> 01:49:19,200 I THINK YOU NEED TO PROCEED AND 2537 01:49:19,200 --> 01:49:22,320 FIND MENTORS AND IF YOU YOU HAVE 2538 01:49:22,320 --> 01:49:28,080 A DREAM, MAYBE FIND A NEW 2539 01:49:28,080 --> 01:49:29,360 RESEARCH. 2540 01:49:29,360 --> 01:49:33,400 FOLLOW THE PATH AND FINDING THE 2541 01:49:33,400 --> 01:49:37,960 NEW RESEARCH THAT ARE ALSO 2542 01:49:37,960 --> 01:49:43,640 IMPORTANT IN YOUR CAREER. 2543 01:49:43,640 --> 01:49:46,480 IN MY CASE -- TELL ME TO FOLLOW 2544 01:49:46,480 --> 01:49:47,760 MY PATH. 2545 01:49:47,760 --> 01:49:54,480 HE WAS ALSO A JUNIOR 2546 01:49:54,480 --> 01:49:58,320 INVESTIGATOR AT THIS COLLEGE. 2547 01:49:58,320 --> 01:50:00,640 AND THESE WONDERFUL FINDINGS IN 2548 01:50:00,640 --> 01:50:04,280 ZIKA VIRUS AND BUT THE MOST 2549 01:50:04,280 --> 01:50:06,440 IMPORTANT THING IS FOLLOW. 2550 01:50:06,440 --> 01:50:08,480 FOLLOW EVERYTHING THAT YOU WANT 2551 01:50:08,480 --> 01:50:11,360 AND THE CORRECT MENTOR. 2552 01:50:11,360 --> 01:50:12,040 >> THANK YOU. 2553 01:50:12,040 --> 01:50:16,960 IF I COULD HAVE THE SLIDES NOW, 2554 01:50:16,960 --> 01:50:22,440 I WANTED TO JUST REENFORCE SOME 2555 01:50:22,440 --> 01:50:22,680 POINTS. 2556 01:50:22,680 --> 01:50:25,240 THE OTHER COMMENT I WANT TO MAKE 2557 01:50:25,240 --> 01:50:30,480 TO TO OUR AUDIENCE, THIS PLENARY 2558 01:50:30,480 --> 01:50:32,680 SESSION UNTIL 1:00 P.M. IS BEING 2559 01:50:32,680 --> 01:50:35,280 VIDEOCAST ON THE NIH SYSTEM 2560 01:50:35,280 --> 01:50:39,200 WHICH WILL PERMANENTLY ARCHIVE 2561 01:50:39,200 --> 01:50:39,720 IT. 2562 01:50:39,720 --> 01:50:43,440 FOR THOSE OF YOU WHO MAY HAVE 2563 01:50:43,440 --> 01:50:47,080 TUNED IN LATE BECAUSE OF 2564 01:50:47,080 --> 01:50:48,360 REGISTRATION, YOU CAN ACCESS 2565 01:50:48,360 --> 01:50:49,840 LATER THIS WEEK WITH CAPTIONING 2566 01:50:49,840 --> 01:50:52,560 AND YOU CAN SHARE THE LINK ONCE 2567 01:50:52,560 --> 01:50:55,120 IT GOES INTO THE ARCHIVE SYSTEM. 2568 01:50:55,120 --> 01:50:58,320 I WILL SHARE IT WITH ALL THE 2569 01:50:58,320 --> 01:50:59,520 BIRCWH PIs. 2570 01:50:59,520 --> 01:51:01,680 THIS IS OPEN WORLDWIDE AND WE 2571 01:51:01,680 --> 01:51:03,280 INVITE THOSE OF YOU TO ACCESS 2572 01:51:03,280 --> 01:51:04,920 THIS AND SHARE IT FURTHER. 2573 01:51:04,920 --> 01:51:06,320 THESE ARE THREE IMPORTANT AREAS 2574 01:51:06,320 --> 01:51:08,280 OF SCIENCE AND WE ARE VERY, VERY 2575 01:51:08,280 --> 01:51:10,720 PROUD OF OUR THREE PODIUM 2576 01:51:10,720 --> 01:51:13,520 SPEAKERS, THE BIRCWH SCHOLARS, 2577 01:51:13,520 --> 01:51:15,600 ALL 56 BIRCWH SCHOLARS. 2578 01:51:15,600 --> 01:51:17,320 SO THE SLIDE IS THERE IN TERMS 2579 01:51:17,320 --> 01:51:19,360 OF THE AFTERNOON. 2580 01:51:19,360 --> 01:51:22,240 THE E-POSTER SESSION AGAIN 2581 01:51:22,240 --> 01:51:24,920 TOTALLY VIRTUAL, STARTS AT 1:30 2582 01:51:24,920 --> 01:51:25,680 TO 3:00. 2583 01:51:25,680 --> 01:51:28,240 THE E-POSTERS ARE OPEN, THEY 2584 01:51:28,240 --> 01:51:29,880 HAVE BEEN OPEN SINCE 8:00 A.M. 2585 01:51:29,880 --> 01:51:30,080 TODAY. 2586 01:51:30,080 --> 01:51:32,160 BUT THERE IS A WAY TO 2587 01:51:32,160 --> 01:51:34,120 COMMUNICATE WITH THE SCHOLARS SO 2588 01:51:34,120 --> 01:51:36,240 THAT IT CAN AT LEAST SIMULATE 2589 01:51:36,240 --> 01:51:38,840 WHAT IT WOULD BE IF WE WERE IN 2590 01:51:38,840 --> 01:51:41,440 THE ATRIUM SECTION OF THE 2591 01:51:41,440 --> 01:51:43,640 CONFERENCE CENTER ON THE MAIN 2592 01:51:43,640 --> 01:51:45,680 NIH CAMPUS WHICH EVENTUALLY WE 2593 01:51:45,680 --> 01:51:47,440 WILL BE BACK TO SOON. 2594 01:51:47,440 --> 01:51:49,160 SO UNLESS I SEE ANY NEW 2595 01:51:49,160 --> 01:51:50,840 QUESTIONS HERE, I WOULD LIKE TO 2596 01:51:50,840 --> 01:51:56,200 GET PREPARED TO TURN IT OIFR TO 2597 01:51:56,200 --> 01:52:05,560 MY COLLEAGUE, DR. XENIA TIGNO 2598 01:52:05,560 --> 01:52:06,760 WHO WOULD INTRODUCE CLAIRE POM 2599 01:52:06,760 --> 01:52:07,160 ROY. 2600 01:52:07,160 --> 01:52:08,680 >> THANK YOU, DR. BEGG. 2601 01:52:08,680 --> 01:52:12,800 GOOD MORNING, MY NAME IS XENIA 2602 01:52:12,800 --> 01:52:14,920 TIGNO, ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR FOR 2603 01:52:14,920 --> 01:52:16,240 CAREERS AT THE OFFICE FOR 2604 01:52:16,240 --> 01:52:17,880 RESEARCH ON WOMEN'S HEALTH AND 2605 01:52:17,880 --> 01:52:23,640 TODAY I HAVE THE EXTREME 2606 01:52:23,640 --> 01:52:25,280 PLEASURE OF INTRODUCING OUR 2607 01:52:25,280 --> 01:52:27,440 LEGACY OF LEADERSHIP LECTURER 2608 01:52:27,440 --> 01:52:30,440 CLAIRE POM ROYER. 2609 01:52:30,440 --> 01:52:32,720 LEGACY OF LEADERSHIP LECTURE WAS 2610 01:52:32,720 --> 01:52:35,440 CREATED AT THE 20th ANNIVERSARY 2611 01:52:35,440 --> 01:52:39,520 OF BIRCWH LAST YEAR TO HONOR 2612 01:52:39,520 --> 01:52:43,920 WOMEN LEADERS IN HEALTH AND 2613 01:52:43,920 --> 01:52:44,200 SCIENCE. 2614 01:52:44,200 --> 01:52:48,880 OUR SPEAKER WAS DRZ BURK OF 2615 01:52:48,880 --> 01:52:49,080 EMORY. 2616 01:52:49,080 --> 01:52:51,280 WE ARE PRIVILEGED THIS YEAR 2617 01:52:51,280 --> 01:52:53,000 BECAUSE WE HAVE DR. CLAIRE POM 2618 01:52:53,000 --> 01:52:53,160 ROY. 2619 01:52:53,160 --> 01:52:55,640 PRESIDENT AND CEO OF THE ALBERT 2620 01:52:55,640 --> 01:52:59,080 AND MARY LASKER FOUNDATION. 2621 01:52:59,080 --> 01:53:01,000 THE MISSION OF THE LASKER 2622 01:53:01,000 --> 01:53:03,000 FOUNDATION IS TO IMPROVE HEALTH 2623 01:53:03,000 --> 01:53:05,680 BY ACCELERATING SUPPORT FOR 2624 01:53:05,680 --> 01:53:08,880 MEDICAL RESEARCH FOR RECOGNITION 2625 01:53:08,880 --> 01:53:11,840 OF RESEARCH EXCELLENCE ADVOCACY 2626 01:53:11,840 --> 01:53:12,840 AND EDUCATION. 2627 01:53:12,840 --> 01:53:15,640 DR. POM ROY OBTAINED HER 2628 01:53:15,640 --> 01:53:17,200 UNDERGRAD DEGREE IN BIOLOGY WITH 2629 01:53:17,200 --> 01:53:18,520 HONORS AND MEDICAL DOCTORATE 2630 01:53:18,520 --> 01:53:19,800 FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 2631 01:53:19,800 --> 01:53:21,680 FROM THERE, SHE MOVED TO THE 2632 01:53:21,680 --> 01:53:29,080 UNIVERSITY OF MN -- MINNESOTA 2633 01:53:29,080 --> 01:53:31,960 TO DO INTERNSHIP IN INFECTIOUS 2634 01:53:31,960 --> 01:53:32,520 DISEASES. 2635 01:53:32,520 --> 01:53:34,680 AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA 2636 01:53:34,680 --> 01:53:36,120 SHE BECAME CHIEF RESIDENT AND 2637 01:53:36,120 --> 01:53:40,960 ROSE TO BE AN ASSOCIATE 2638 01:53:40,960 --> 01:53:42,400 PROFESSOR. 2639 01:53:42,400 --> 01:53:53,880 DR. POMEROY EARNED AND MBA. 2640 01:53:53,880 --> 01:53:59,520 IN 2003 DR. POMEROY JOINED 2641 01:53:59,520 --> 01:54:02,080 PROFESSOR OF MICROBIOLOGY AND 2642 01:54:02,080 --> 01:54:03,840 IMMUNOLOGY AT UC DAVIS. 2643 01:54:03,840 --> 01:54:06,480 SHE TOOK ON THE REINS IN 2005 OF 2644 01:54:06,480 --> 01:54:09,520 THE UC DAVIS HEALTH SYSTEM, VICE 2645 01:54:09,520 --> 01:54:10,560 CHANCELLOR FOR HUMAN HEALTH 2646 01:54:10,560 --> 01:54:19,440 RESEARCH AS WELL AS DEANSHIP OF 2647 01:54:19,440 --> 01:54:19,920 THE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE. 2648 01:54:19,920 --> 01:54:20,640 IN 2013 SHE BECAME PRESIDENT OF 2649 01:54:20,640 --> 01:54:21,880 THE LASKER FOUNDATION AND 2650 01:54:21,880 --> 01:54:26,360 CONTINUES TO SERVE IN THAT 2651 01:54:26,360 --> 01:54:27,320 CAPACITY. 2652 01:54:27,320 --> 01:54:29,280 AN SPERPT IN INFECTIOUS 2653 01:54:29,280 --> 01:54:31,560 DISEASES, SHE IS A LONG TIME 2654 01:54:31,560 --> 01:54:33,400 ADVOCATE FOR PATIENTS FOR THE 2655 01:54:33,400 --> 01:54:35,880 UNDERSERVED AND THOSE WITH 2656 01:54:35,880 --> 01:54:36,120 HIV-AIDS. 2657 01:54:36,120 --> 01:54:38,680 SHE SUPPORTS ONGOING INVESTMENT 2658 01:54:38,680 --> 01:54:41,280 IN FULL RESEARCH, BUT HER 2659 01:54:41,280 --> 01:54:42,400 SPECIAL INTEREST IN PUBLIC 2660 01:54:42,400 --> 01:54:43,600 HEALTH, HEALTH CARE POLICY AND 2661 01:54:43,600 --> 01:54:45,640 THE FOCUS ON THE IMPORTANCE OF 2662 01:54:45,640 --> 01:54:47,720 SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH. 2663 01:54:47,720 --> 01:54:50,760 SHE PUBLISHED MORE THAN 100 2664 01:54:50,760 --> 01:54:52,920 ARTICLES AND BOOK CHAPTERS AND 2665 01:54:52,920 --> 01:54:56,040 EDITED THREE BOOKS. 2666 01:54:56,040 --> 01:54:57,680 DR. POMEROY SERVES ON THE BOARD 2667 01:54:57,680 --> 01:54:59,880 OF TRUSTEES FOR MOREHOUSE SCHOOL 2668 01:54:59,880 --> 01:55:04,120 OF MEDICINE, DEAN TO INDIANA 2669 01:55:04,120 --> 01:55:06,240 PUBLIC HEALTH, EXTERNAL ADVISORY 2670 01:55:06,240 --> 01:55:10,360 OF THE BIRCWH AT EX-MORY AND THE 2671 01:55:10,360 --> 01:55:14,120 BOARD OF DIRECTORS FOR THE 2672 01:55:14,120 --> 01:55:15,280 SCIENCE PHILANTHROPY ALLIANCE. 2673 01:55:15,280 --> 01:55:17,480 SHE CHAIRS THE CENTER FOR WOMEN 2674 01:55:17,480 --> 01:55:19,720 IN ACADEMIC MEDICINE IN SCIENCE 2675 01:55:19,720 --> 01:55:23,520 OR CUMs. 2676 01:55:23,520 --> 01:55:25,080 DR. POMEROY HAS RECEIVED 2677 01:55:25,080 --> 01:55:28,360 COUNTLESS HONORS, INCLUDING THE 2678 01:55:28,360 --> 01:55:29,400 DISTINGUISHED LEADERSHIP AWARD 2679 01:55:29,400 --> 01:55:32,000 FROM HUNTINGTON'S SOCIETY OF 2680 01:55:32,000 --> 01:55:33,520 AMERICA, THE PRESIDENT'S AWARD 2681 01:55:33,520 --> 01:55:36,080 FROM SACRAMENTO, THE HISPANIC 2682 01:55:36,080 --> 01:55:38,200 HEALTH LEADERSHIP AWARD FROM 2683 01:55:38,200 --> 01:55:39,720 NATIONAL HISPANIC HEALTH 2684 01:55:39,720 --> 01:55:42,040 FOUNDATION AND AN AWARD FOR 2685 01:55:42,040 --> 01:55:43,480 INNOVATION IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL 2686 01:55:43,480 --> 01:55:45,760 RESPONSIBILITY FROM THE 2687 01:55:45,760 --> 01:55:47,080 BRAZILIAN RESEARCH NETWORK. 2688 01:55:47,080 --> 01:55:55,440 SHE SERVED AS GRANT REVIEWER FOR 2689 01:55:55,440 --> 01:55:55,600 NIH. 2690 01:55:55,600 --> 01:55:57,880 SHE WAS INDUCTED INTO THE 2691 01:55:57,880 --> 01:56:04,000 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF MEDICINE AND 2692 01:56:04,000 --> 01:56:05,760 RECEIVED AN HONORARY DOCTORATE 2693 01:56:05,760 --> 01:56:07,640 IN 2016. 2694 01:56:07,640 --> 01:56:10,960 ON BEHALF OF ORWH, PLEASE JOIN 2695 01:56:10,960 --> 01:56:13,840 ME IN WELCOMING DR. CLAIRE 2696 01:56:13,840 --> 01:56:16,480 POMEROY, A RESILIENT AND 2697 01:56:16,480 --> 01:56:18,040 IMPACTFUL LEADER WHO DESERVED TO 2698 01:56:18,040 --> 01:56:20,320 BE EMULATED FOR ALL SEASONS. 2699 01:56:20,320 --> 01:56:25,640 DR. POMEROY. 2700 01:56:25,640 --> 01:56:27,880 >> THANK YOU, DR. TIGNO. 2701 01:56:27,880 --> 01:56:31,080 IT IS GREAT TO BE BACK AT THE 2702 01:56:31,080 --> 01:56:33,760 ANNUAL BIRCWH MEETING. 2703 01:56:33,760 --> 01:56:35,840 I'M HONORED TO DELIVER THE 2704 01:56:35,840 --> 01:56:39,400 LEGACY OF LEADERSHIP ADDRESS AND 2705 01:56:39,400 --> 01:56:41,480 SHARE WHAT I HAVE LEARNED IN MY 2706 01:56:41,480 --> 01:56:46,680 LIFE AND PROFESSIONAL CAREER. 2707 01:56:46,680 --> 01:56:50,720 MY CENTRAL TENET IS THE CORE 2708 01:56:50,720 --> 01:56:53,000 VALUES WE HOLD MUST BE THE 2709 01:56:53,000 --> 01:56:54,320 FOUNDATION UPON WHICH WE RELY 2710 01:56:54,320 --> 01:56:56,440 AND WE RESPOND TO THE MULTIPLE 2711 01:56:56,440 --> 01:56:58,040 OFTEN DAUNTING CHALLENGES 2712 01:56:58,040 --> 01:57:01,280 CURRENTLY FACING THE WORLD. 2713 01:57:01,280 --> 01:57:03,280 MY TAKE HOME MESSAGE IS A CALL 2714 01:57:03,280 --> 01:57:06,400 TO ACTION BASED ON OUR CORE 2715 01:57:06,400 --> 01:57:06,680 VALUES. 2716 01:57:06,680 --> 01:57:10,280 A CALL TO SEIZE THIS MOMENT TO 2717 01:57:10,280 --> 01:57:15,120 ADVANCE HEALTH EQUITY. 2718 01:57:15,120 --> 01:57:18,160 THE INSIGHTS I WILL CONVEY TODAY 2719 01:57:18,160 --> 01:57:20,280 I LEARNED FROM THE EXPERIENCES 2720 01:57:20,280 --> 01:57:21,240 OF THIS YOUNG GIRL. 2721 01:57:21,240 --> 01:57:24,080 GROWING UP IN A HOME FILLED WITH 2722 01:57:24,080 --> 01:57:26,960 ABUSE, SHE RAN INTO THE NIGHT, 2723 01:57:26,960 --> 01:57:29,800 INTO THE UNKNOWN, UNCERTAIN OF 2724 01:57:29,800 --> 01:57:31,920 WHERE SHE WOULD SLEEP, WHERE SHE 2725 01:57:31,920 --> 01:57:33,800 WOULD GET FOOD TO EAT, HOW SHE 2726 01:57:33,800 --> 01:57:37,880 WOULD SURVIVE. 2727 01:57:37,880 --> 01:57:39,480 FORTUNATELY, SHE FOUND STRANGERS 2728 01:57:39,480 --> 01:57:41,480 WHO HELPED HER, OFFERING A 2729 01:57:41,480 --> 01:57:43,560 QUARTER TO CALL THE LOCAL TEEN 2730 01:57:43,560 --> 01:57:45,600 SHELTER, PROVIDING A SAFE PLACE 2731 01:57:45,600 --> 01:57:49,080 TO STAY THAT FIRST NIGHT. 2732 01:57:49,080 --> 01:57:51,480 AND EVENTUALLY PLACING HER IN 2733 01:57:51,480 --> 01:57:52,480 FOSTER CARE. 2734 01:57:52,480 --> 01:57:55,320 HER LIFE WAS SAVED BY TWO 2735 01:57:55,320 --> 01:57:56,840 POWERFUL FORCES. 2736 01:57:56,840 --> 01:58:00,200 GOOD PEOPLE WHO CARED AND 2737 01:58:00,200 --> 01:58:05,080 SYSTEMS DESIGNED WITH BOTH 2738 01:58:05,080 --> 01:58:06,640 EXPERTISE AND COMPASSION. 2739 01:58:06,640 --> 01:58:08,880 NOW, AS YOU MAY HAVE SURMISED, I 2740 01:58:08,880 --> 01:58:11,080 WAS THAT GIRL. 2741 01:58:11,080 --> 01:58:12,640 AND THOSE EXPERIENCES HAVE 2742 01:58:12,640 --> 01:58:14,600 SHAPED ALL THAT I HAVE DONE IN 2743 01:58:14,600 --> 01:58:17,880 MY CAREER AS A PHYSICIAN, 2744 01:58:17,880 --> 01:58:23,040 RESEARCHER, AND HEALTH CARE 2745 01:58:23,040 --> 01:58:23,280 LEADER. 2746 01:58:23,280 --> 01:58:25,800 TODAY WE FACE SUFFERING AND FEAR 2747 01:58:25,800 --> 01:58:28,360 ON A GLOBAL SCALE WITH MORE THAN 2748 01:58:28,360 --> 01:58:30,480 5 MILLION DEATHS FROM COVID 2749 01:58:30,480 --> 01:58:33,280 WORLDWIDE, INCLUDING MORE THAN 2750 01:58:33,280 --> 01:58:36,320 750,000 IN THE UNITED STATES. 2751 01:58:36,320 --> 01:58:40,160 SOCIETY LOOKS TO US AS 2752 01:58:40,160 --> 01:58:41,960 SCIENTISTS AND CLINICIANS AND 2753 01:58:41,960 --> 01:58:44,880 RESEARCHERS FOR THE ANSWERS. 2754 01:58:44,880 --> 01:58:47,960 ALL OF US HAVE EXPERIENCED THE 2755 01:58:47,960 --> 01:58:50,040 IMPACT OF COVID ON A PERSONAL 2756 01:58:50,040 --> 01:58:52,120 LEVEL WITH SOME OF US SUFFERING 2757 01:58:52,120 --> 01:58:54,040 ILLNESS OURSELVES AND FOR TOO 2758 01:58:54,040 --> 01:58:55,520 MANY THE DEVASTATING LOSSES OF 2759 01:58:55,520 --> 01:58:59,280 LOVED ONES. 2760 01:58:59,280 --> 01:59:08,040 AND ON A PROFESSIONAL BASIS, 2761 01:59:08,040 --> 01:59:10,280 MANY OF US SAW OUR LABS SHUT 2762 01:59:10,280 --> 01:59:12,000 DOWN, RESEARCH PROJECTS DELAYED 2763 01:59:12,000 --> 01:59:14,560 AND THE IMPACT PARTICULARLY 2764 01:59:14,560 --> 01:59:17,480 DELETERIOUS FOR WOMEN 2765 01:59:17,480 --> 01:59:18,200 SCIENTISTS, ESPECIALLY THOSE 2766 01:59:18,200 --> 01:59:21,920 WITH YOUNG CHILDREN. 2767 01:59:21,920 --> 01:59:22,920 IN THIS PANDEMIC IS NOT 2768 01:59:22,920 --> 01:59:24,320 HAPPENING IN ISOLATION. 2769 01:59:24,320 --> 01:59:26,760 IT COMBINES WITH OTHER 2770 01:59:26,760 --> 01:59:28,400 REALITIES, ESPECIALLY DEADLY 2771 01:59:28,400 --> 01:59:30,480 RACIAL INJUSTICES TO CAUSE 2772 01:59:30,480 --> 01:59:32,720 FURTHER PAIN CALLING ON US TO 2773 01:59:32,720 --> 01:59:36,080 RESPOND WITH NEW URGENCY AND 2774 01:59:36,080 --> 01:59:36,320 PASSION. 2775 01:59:36,320 --> 01:59:39,880 IN THIS MOMENT, IT IS IMPERATIVE 2776 01:59:39,880 --> 01:59:42,520 TO REMEMBER THAT THERE ARE GOOD 2777 01:59:42,520 --> 01:59:43,200 PEOPLE. 2778 01:59:43,200 --> 01:59:45,120 THERE ARE COMPASSIONATE SYSTEMS 2779 01:59:45,120 --> 01:59:47,880 OF CARE THAT PROVIDE HOPE. 2780 01:59:47,880 --> 01:59:49,800 TODAY I URGE THAT WE ALL THINK 2781 01:59:49,800 --> 01:59:53,400 ABOUT HOW WE CAN BE A SOURCE OF 2782 01:59:53,400 --> 01:59:54,200 THAT HOPE AND A PART OF THE 2783 01:59:54,200 --> 01:59:58,360 SOLUTION. 2784 01:59:58,360 --> 02:00:02,280 EVERYONE HERE IS A LEADER. 2785 02:00:02,280 --> 02:00:06,080 AND AS CLYDE YANCY, DEAN AT 2786 02:00:06,080 --> 02:00:08,480 NORTHWESTERN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 2787 02:00:08,480 --> 02:00:10,480 ARTICULATED, LEADERSHIP DEEPLY 2788 02:00:10,480 --> 02:00:10,960 MATTERS. 2789 02:00:10,960 --> 02:00:12,240 MEDICINE IS THE NOBLE 2790 02:00:12,240 --> 02:00:14,320 PROFESSION, BUT NOW PERHAPS MORE 2791 02:00:14,320 --> 02:00:15,640 THAN EVER BEFORE THAT NOBILITY 2792 02:00:15,640 --> 02:00:23,880 WILL BE PUT TO THE TEST. 2793 02:00:23,880 --> 02:00:26,520 AS ONE PHYSICIAN BLOGGED, WHEN 2794 02:00:26,520 --> 02:00:29,680 THE FOG OF BATTLE CLEARS WE HAVE 2795 02:00:29,680 --> 02:00:32,880 TO ASK OURSELVES HOW A HISTORY 2796 02:00:32,880 --> 02:00:35,720 WILL REMEMBER US, A PROFESSION 2797 02:00:35,720 --> 02:00:46,040 THAT ABANDONED MORAL COME 2798 02:00:46,040 --> 02:00:47,680 COMPASS OR RESOLUTE. 2799 02:00:47,680 --> 02:00:48,880 MANAGEMENT IS DOING THINGS 2800 02:00:48,880 --> 02:00:49,840 RIGHT, LEADERSHIP IS DOING THE 2801 02:00:49,840 --> 02:00:50,320 RIGHT THINGS. 2802 02:00:50,320 --> 02:00:52,400 NOW IS THE TIME FOR EACH OF US 2803 02:00:52,400 --> 02:00:54,760 TO RESILIENTLY RISE TO THE 2804 02:00:54,760 --> 02:00:55,960 CHALLENGE AND EMBRACE OUR 2805 02:00:55,960 --> 02:00:57,200 LEADERSHIP ROLES. 2806 02:00:57,200 --> 02:00:58,720 THIS CAN, OF COURSE, BE 2807 02:00:58,720 --> 02:01:02,720 DIFFICULT GIVING THE 2808 02:01:02,720 --> 02:01:03,920 PANDEMIC-INDUCED DEMANDS ON OUR 2809 02:01:03,920 --> 02:01:07,480 TIME FROM INCREASED PATIENT 2810 02:01:07,480 --> 02:01:09,480 LOADS TO LEARNING TO DELIVER 2811 02:01:09,480 --> 02:01:13,080 CARE IN NEW WAYS LIKE 2812 02:01:13,080 --> 02:01:17,040 TELEMEDICINE, TO ADDRESS 2813 02:01:17,040 --> 02:01:23,480 PATIENTS' MENTAL HEALTH DUE TO 2814 02:01:23,480 --> 02:01:28,360 COVID AND STRUGGLE COLLEAGUES. 2815 02:01:28,360 --> 02:01:31,000 THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND RACIAL 2816 02:01:31,000 --> 02:01:33,960 INJUSTICE HAVE LAID BARE THE 2817 02:01:33,960 --> 02:01:36,160 INEQUITIES IN OUR SYSTEM. 2818 02:01:36,160 --> 02:01:38,600 WE KNOW THESE INEQUITIES ARE 2819 02:01:38,600 --> 02:01:41,240 LONG STANDING FOR TOO MANY. 2820 02:01:41,240 --> 02:01:44,280 CLINICAL SERVICES ARE NEITHER 2821 02:01:44,280 --> 02:01:45,640 ACCESSIBLE NOR AFFORDABLE. 2822 02:01:45,640 --> 02:01:48,040 OUTCOMES ARE UNEQUAL AND 2823 02:01:48,040 --> 02:01:49,480 CHARACTERIZED BY SHAMEFUL 2824 02:01:49,480 --> 02:01:52,360 DISPARITIES ON GENDER, RACE, 2825 02:01:52,360 --> 02:01:55,000 ETHNICITY, SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, 2826 02:01:55,000 --> 02:01:58,280 SEXUAL ORIENTATION, GEOGRAPHY, 2827 02:01:58,280 --> 02:02:00,240 IMMIGRATION STATUS OR 2828 02:02:00,240 --> 02:02:00,560 INCARCERATION. 2829 02:02:00,560 --> 02:02:04,120 HEALTH EQUITY, THE OPPORTUNITY 2830 02:02:04,120 --> 02:02:06,400 FOR EVERYONE TO EXPERIENCE THE 2831 02:02:06,400 --> 02:02:10,840 BEST HEALTH POSSIBLE SHOULD BE A 2832 02:02:10,840 --> 02:02:12,880 FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT AND AS WOMEN'S 2833 02:02:12,880 --> 02:02:15,280 HEALTH RESEARCHERS, OUR VOICES, 2834 02:02:15,280 --> 02:02:17,360 OUR ACTIONS SHOULD BE IN THE 2835 02:02:17,360 --> 02:02:19,880 FOREFRONT TO ACHIEVE THAT GOAL. 2836 02:02:19,880 --> 02:02:23,720 SO THE CALL TO ACTION IS TO 2837 02:02:23,720 --> 02:02:25,880 RE-EXAMINE OURSELVES, OUR HEALTH 2838 02:02:25,880 --> 02:02:28,280 SYSTEMS, AND OUR SOCIETY. 2839 02:02:28,280 --> 02:02:29,000 TO SUPPORT BETTER HEALTH FOR 2840 02:02:29,000 --> 02:02:30,480 ALL. 2841 02:02:30,480 --> 02:02:32,440 AND I BELIEVE THAT THIS REQUIRES 2842 02:02:32,440 --> 02:02:37,400 WORK ON THREE FRONTS. 2843 02:02:37,400 --> 02:02:39,240 FIRST, INDIVIDUAL INTROSPECTION 2844 02:02:39,240 --> 02:02:40,520 AND ACTION. 2845 02:02:40,520 --> 02:02:43,240 SECOND, ACTIONS TO CHANGE OUR 2846 02:02:43,240 --> 02:02:46,800 HEALTH SYSTEMS AND PROFESSIONAL 2847 02:02:46,800 --> 02:02:48,200 SOCIETIES AND THIRD, COMMUNITY 2848 02:02:48,200 --> 02:02:52,680 AND SOCIAL ADVOCACY. 2849 02:02:52,680 --> 02:02:54,600 FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE STARTS WITH 2850 02:02:54,600 --> 02:02:56,640 INDIVIDUALS, WITH THE HARD WORK 2851 02:02:56,640 --> 02:03:00,480 OF EXAMINING OURSELVES AND OUR 2852 02:03:00,480 --> 02:03:01,360 PRIORITIES, CHANGE REQUIRES 2853 02:03:01,360 --> 02:03:05,840 SELF-AWARENESS. 2854 02:03:05,840 --> 02:03:08,280 BY LOOKING INSIDE OF OURSELVES, 2855 02:03:08,280 --> 02:03:11,080 WE CAN IDENTIFY AND UNDERSTAND 2856 02:03:11,080 --> 02:03:13,440 OUR CORE VALUES, THE GUIDING 2857 02:03:13,440 --> 02:03:15,480 PRINCIPLES THAT DICTATE OUR 2858 02:03:15,480 --> 02:03:18,200 BELIEFS, DECISIONS AND ACTIONS. 2859 02:03:18,200 --> 02:03:20,720 OUR CORE VALUES CREATE A 2860 02:03:20,720 --> 02:03:23,320 CONSTANT AND UNWAVERING GUIDE 2861 02:03:23,320 --> 02:03:26,200 FOR US AND HELP US CHART OUR 2862 02:03:26,200 --> 02:03:28,040 PATHS, PROVIDE LEADERSHIP AND 2863 02:03:28,040 --> 02:03:30,160 ASSESS HOW WELL WE ARE ACHIEVING 2864 02:03:30,160 --> 02:03:36,680 OUR MOST IMPORTANT GOALS. 2865 02:03:36,680 --> 02:03:38,680 AND OUR CORE VALUES ARE SHAPED 2866 02:03:38,680 --> 02:03:40,840 BY OUR LIFE EXPERIENCES, YET TOO 2867 02:03:40,840 --> 02:03:43,320 OFTEN WE DON'T TAKE ENOUGH TIME 2868 02:03:43,320 --> 02:03:45,480 TO CONTEMPLATE THEM AND TOO 2869 02:03:45,480 --> 02:03:47,560 OFTEN WE REACT WITH SHORT-TERM 2870 02:03:47,560 --> 02:03:49,320 IMPULSES RATHER THAN WITH THESE 2871 02:03:49,320 --> 02:03:53,360 LARGER VALUES IN MIND. 2872 02:03:53,360 --> 02:03:57,400 FOR ME, THE EXPERIENCES I HAD AS 2873 02:03:57,400 --> 02:03:59,840 A CHILD AS I NAVIGATED FOUR 2874 02:03:59,840 --> 02:04:01,880 FOSTER HOMES, AS I SUPPORTED 2875 02:04:01,880 --> 02:04:03,520 MYSELF THROUGH HIGH SCHOOL AND 2876 02:04:03,520 --> 02:04:06,960 UNIVERSITY AND AS I COMPLETED MY 2877 02:04:06,960 --> 02:04:08,600 MEDICAL TRAINING DID INDEED 2878 02:04:08,600 --> 02:04:11,480 SHAPE MY CORE VALUES. 2879 02:04:11,480 --> 02:04:13,040 FROM MY CHILDHOOD CAME THE CORE 2880 02:04:13,040 --> 02:04:18,880 VALUE OF CARING FOR THE 2881 02:04:18,880 --> 02:04:19,160 VULNERABLE. 2882 02:04:19,160 --> 02:04:20,960 FROM MY AFRICAN AMERICAN FOSTER 2883 02:04:20,960 --> 02:04:23,320 PARENTS, THE CENTRALITY OF 2884 02:04:23,320 --> 02:04:24,160 SOCIAL JUSTICE AND DIVERSITY, 2885 02:04:24,160 --> 02:04:26,440 FROM THE TEACHERS WHO GUIDED MY 2886 02:04:26,440 --> 02:04:28,880 EDUCATION, THE ALLURE OF 2887 02:04:28,880 --> 02:04:31,680 PURSUING NEW KNOWLEDGE, AND FROM 2888 02:04:31,680 --> 02:04:36,160 THEM ALL THE NEED FOR RESILIENCE 2889 02:04:36,160 --> 02:04:39,080 AND PERSISTENCE AND MOST 2890 02:04:39,080 --> 02:04:44,280 IMPORTANTLY, LOVE. 2891 02:04:44,280 --> 02:04:46,640 OUR CORE VALUES CREATE AN 2892 02:04:46,640 --> 02:04:53,680 INTERNAL COMPASS THAT CAN 2893 02:04:53,680 --> 02:04:55,160 NAVIGATE HOUR WE MAKE OUR 2894 02:04:55,160 --> 02:04:58,160 DECISION AND IF WE COMPROMISE 2895 02:04:58,160 --> 02:05:00,560 OUR CORE VALUES WE GO NOWHERE. 2896 02:05:00,560 --> 02:05:03,160 MY CORE VALUES IMPACTED CHOICES 2897 02:05:03,160 --> 02:05:07,080 I MADE FROM EARLY IN MY CAREER. 2898 02:05:07,080 --> 02:05:09,800 MY FIRST FACULTY JOB WAS IN THE 2899 02:05:09,800 --> 02:05:10,920 EATING DISORDER CLINIC. 2900 02:05:10,920 --> 02:05:13,960 THE GIRLS AND WOMEN I SAW THERE 2901 02:05:13,960 --> 02:05:16,280 FREQUENTLY STRUGGLED WITH 2902 02:05:16,280 --> 02:05:18,280 PAINFUL PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES AND 2903 02:05:18,280 --> 02:05:20,280 THE REALITY THAT THEIR HEALTH 2904 02:05:20,280 --> 02:05:21,720 INSURANCE WOULDN'T PAY FOR THEIR 2905 02:05:21,720 --> 02:05:22,000 TREATMENT. 2906 02:05:22,000 --> 02:05:25,760 I LEARNED A LOT ABOUT THE 2907 02:05:25,760 --> 02:05:26,960 MIND/BODY CONNECTION AND HOW 2908 02:05:26,960 --> 02:05:29,720 SOCIETAL PRESSURES CAN SO EASILY 2909 02:05:29,720 --> 02:05:30,960 DISTORT THE VISION OF WHO WE 2910 02:05:30,960 --> 02:05:34,360 WANT TO BE. 2911 02:05:34,360 --> 02:05:36,320 THOUGH I TOO OFTEN COULDN'T 2912 02:05:36,320 --> 02:05:38,240 SIGNIFICANTLY CHANGE SOCIETY OR 2913 02:05:38,240 --> 02:05:40,320 THE INSURANCE SYSTEM, I FOUGHT 2914 02:05:40,320 --> 02:05:42,400 FOR EVERY ONE OF MY PATIENTS AS 2915 02:05:42,400 --> 02:05:46,960 THEY STRUGGLED FOR FAIRNESS. 2916 02:05:46,960 --> 02:05:50,320 AND A FEW YEARS LATER, AFTER 2917 02:05:50,320 --> 02:05:51,680 FINISHING MY INFECTIOUS DISEASE 2918 02:05:51,680 --> 02:05:53,520 TRAINING, I AGAIN RELIED ON MY 2919 02:05:53,520 --> 02:05:56,040 CORE VALUES TO GUIDE ME. 2920 02:05:56,040 --> 02:05:58,720 AT A TIME WHEN MANY CLINICIANS 2921 02:05:58,720 --> 02:06:01,480 FEARED THE EMERGENCE OF A NEW 2922 02:06:01,480 --> 02:06:03,800 ILLNESS KILLING YOUNG GAY MEN, 2923 02:06:03,800 --> 02:06:06,040 PATIENTS STARTED TO ARRIVE AT 2924 02:06:06,040 --> 02:06:09,440 THE VETERANS HOSPITAL WHERE I 2925 02:06:09,440 --> 02:06:09,720 WORKED. 2926 02:06:09,720 --> 02:06:13,520 I SAW THESE MEN STRUGGLING WITH 2927 02:06:13,520 --> 02:06:17,160 AN INEXORABLE DISEASE AND YET 2928 02:06:17,160 --> 02:06:19,000 RETRIEVING MEAL TRAYS LEFT 2929 02:06:19,000 --> 02:06:20,680 OUTSIDE CLOSED HOSPITAL ROOM 2930 02:06:20,680 --> 02:06:23,360 DOORS, BEING DENIED BATHS BY 2931 02:06:23,360 --> 02:06:27,560 NURSES AFRAID OF CONTAMINATION. 2932 02:06:27,560 --> 02:06:29,360 AND DYING, OFTEN ALONE AND 2933 02:06:29,360 --> 02:06:32,160 ABANDONED BY THEIR FAMILIES. 2934 02:06:32,160 --> 02:06:35,240 SO I ASSEMBLED A DEEM OF 2935 02:06:35,240 --> 02:06:36,960 VOLUNTEERS, NURSES, SOCIAL 2936 02:06:36,960 --> 02:06:39,080 WORKERS AND OTHER DOCTORS AND 2937 02:06:39,080 --> 02:06:40,680 OPENED THE HOSPITAL'S FIRST 2938 02:06:40,680 --> 02:06:44,080 HIV-AIDS CLINIC. 2939 02:06:44,080 --> 02:06:47,000 OVER THE YEARS AS HIV CARE 2940 02:06:47,000 --> 02:06:48,280 TRANSITIONED FROM COMFORTING AND 2941 02:06:48,280 --> 02:06:50,640 THE TRAGEDY OF ATTENDING 2942 02:06:50,640 --> 02:06:52,840 FUNERALS, TO THE INSPIRING 2943 02:06:52,840 --> 02:06:54,600 RESTORATION OF NORMAL QUALITY OF 2944 02:06:54,600 --> 02:06:57,000 LIFE WITH TRIPLE DRUG THERAPY, I 2945 02:06:57,000 --> 02:06:59,360 KNEW THE DECISION HAD BEEN RIGHT 2946 02:06:59,360 --> 02:07:00,040 FOR ME. 2947 02:07:00,040 --> 02:07:03,680 I FOUND A FOCUS FOR MY WORK, A 2948 02:07:03,680 --> 02:07:07,160 DEEPLY FULFILLING COMMITMENT TO 2949 02:07:07,160 --> 02:07:10,200 HEALTH EQUITY, ESPECIALLY FOR 2950 02:07:10,200 --> 02:07:12,040 THOSE WHOM SOCIETY HAD BEEN 2951 02:07:12,040 --> 02:07:17,880 WILLING TO SHUN AND STIGMATIZE. 2952 02:07:17,880 --> 02:07:20,280 SO I LEARNED THIS, YOUR VISION 2953 02:07:20,280 --> 02:07:21,680 WILL BECOME CLEAR ONLY WHEN YOU 2954 02:07:21,680 --> 02:07:24,680 LOOK INTO YOUR HEART. 2955 02:07:24,680 --> 02:07:27,240 WHO LOOKS OUTSIDE, DREAMS, WHO 2956 02:07:27,240 --> 02:07:32,680 LOOKS INSIDE, AWAKENS. 2957 02:07:32,680 --> 02:07:36,320 PUT SIMPLY, KNOW THYSELF. 2958 02:07:36,320 --> 02:07:38,520 IT WASN'T HARD FOR ME TO DECIDE 2959 02:07:38,520 --> 02:07:41,160 TO TRANSITION FROM MY ORIGINAL 2960 02:07:41,160 --> 02:07:44,400 PLANS FOR MY INFECTIOUS DISEASE 2961 02:07:44,400 --> 02:07:46,960 CAREER TO INSTEAD BECOME AN HIV 2962 02:07:46,960 --> 02:07:48,280 DOCTOR. 2963 02:07:48,280 --> 02:07:50,720 INDEED, IT IS TRUE THAT IT IS 2964 02:07:50,720 --> 02:07:52,760 NOT HARD TO MAKE DECISIONS WHEN 2965 02:07:52,760 --> 02:07:56,520 YOU KNOW WHAT YOUR VALUES ARE. 2966 02:07:56,520 --> 02:07:59,280 THIS ISN'T TO SAY IT IS ALWAYS 2967 02:07:59,280 --> 02:07:59,480 EASY. 2968 02:07:59,480 --> 02:08:01,840 WE CAN LOSE OUR WAY. 2969 02:08:01,840 --> 02:08:04,240 AS TIGER WOODS SHARED, I STOPPED 2970 02:08:04,240 --> 02:08:06,440 LIVING ACCORDING TO MY CORE 2971 02:08:06,440 --> 02:08:06,680 VALUES. 2972 02:08:06,680 --> 02:08:09,480 I KNEW WHAT I WAS DOING WAS 2973 02:08:09,480 --> 02:08:10,880 WRONG, BUT THOUGHT ONLY ABOUT 2974 02:08:10,880 --> 02:08:12,600 MYSELF AND THOUGHT I COULD GET 2975 02:08:12,600 --> 02:08:15,120 AWAY WITH WHATEVER I WANTED. 2976 02:08:15,120 --> 02:08:19,520 AND THERE CAN BE COSTS, BUT AS 2977 02:08:19,520 --> 02:08:23,080 TONY BLAIR POINTED OUT, 2978 02:08:23,080 --> 02:08:25,840 SOMETIMES IT IS BETTER TO LOSE 2979 02:08:25,840 --> 02:08:27,720 AND DO THE RIGHT THING THAN TO 2980 02:08:27,720 --> 02:08:33,040 WIN BY DOING THE WRONG THING. 2981 02:08:33,040 --> 02:08:35,000 TO ACCOMPLISH THE CHANGE THAT IS 2982 02:08:35,000 --> 02:08:38,080 NEEDED TO ACHIEVE HEALTH EQUITY, 2983 02:08:38,080 --> 02:08:41,160 CHANGE MUST ALSO HAPPEN AT THE 2984 02:08:41,160 --> 02:08:43,080 INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL IN BOTH 2985 02:08:43,080 --> 02:08:47,080 HEALTH SYSTEMS AND PROFESSIONAL 2986 02:08:47,080 --> 02:08:48,680 SOCIE 2987 02:08:48,680 --> 02:08:50,840 SOCIETIES AND, YES, EVEN THE 2988 02:08:50,840 --> 02:08:51,000 NIH. 2989 02:08:51,000 --> 02:08:53,240 IT IS A HARSH REALITY THAT THE 2990 02:08:53,240 --> 02:08:55,280 U.S. HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IS HIGH 2991 02:08:55,280 --> 02:08:58,440 COST WITH HEALTH CARE SPENDING 2992 02:08:58,440 --> 02:08:59,800 NEARLY TWICE THE AVERAGE OF 2993 02:08:59,800 --> 02:09:03,160 OTHER DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, 2994 02:09:03,160 --> 02:09:05,000 CO-PAYS THAT OFTEN RESULT IN 2995 02:09:05,000 --> 02:09:06,960 DELAYED CARE AND THE TRAGEDY OF 2996 02:09:06,960 --> 02:09:09,400 MEDICAL BANKRUPTCIES. 2997 02:09:09,400 --> 02:09:11,360 ACCORDING TO A RECENT 2998 02:09:11,360 --> 02:09:12,800 COMMONWEALTH REPORT THE U.S. 2999 02:09:12,800 --> 02:09:14,560 RANKS LAST AMONG HIGH-INCOME 3000 02:09:14,560 --> 02:09:17,640 COUNTRIES IN ACCESS TO CARE, 3001 02:09:17,640 --> 02:09:19,960 ADMINISTRATIVE EFFICIENCY, AND 3002 02:09:19,960 --> 02:09:20,400 EQUITY. 3003 02:09:20,400 --> 02:09:23,880 AND IT IS A HARSH REALITY THAT 3004 02:09:23,880 --> 02:09:29,480 THE HEALTH OUTCOMES FOR OUR 3005 02:09:29,480 --> 02:09:31,320 PATIENTS LAG FAR BEHIND RANKING 3006 02:09:31,320 --> 02:09:32,920 AT THE LIST OF DEVELOPED 3007 02:09:32,920 --> 02:09:34,920 COUNTRIES IN INDICATORS LIKE 3008 02:09:34,920 --> 02:09:43,440 INFANT MORTALITY AND LIFE 3009 02:09:43,440 --> 02:09:44,040 EXPECTA 3010 02:09:44,040 --> 02:09:44,320 EXPECTANTCY. 3011 02:09:44,320 --> 02:09:45,560 OUR HEALTH SYSTEM IS 3012 02:09:45,560 --> 02:09:47,280 CHARACTERIZED BY GENDER 3013 02:09:47,280 --> 02:09:48,480 DISPARITIES IN HEALTH. 3014 02:09:48,480 --> 02:09:50,720 THEY ARE WELL KNOWN TO THE 3015 02:09:50,720 --> 02:09:51,880 PARTICIPANTS IN THIS MEETING, 3016 02:09:51,880 --> 02:09:55,080 FROM THE HISTORICAL AND SYSTEMIC 3017 02:09:55,080 --> 02:09:57,080 EXCLUSION OF WOMEN FROM CLINICAL 3018 02:09:57,080 --> 02:10:00,080 TRIALS TO THE DEFAULT USE OF 3019 02:10:00,080 --> 02:10:03,600 MALE ANIMAL MODELS AND CELL 3020 02:10:03,600 --> 02:10:05,280 LINES FOR FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH, 3021 02:10:05,280 --> 02:10:11,280 TO THE MINIMIZIZATION OF WOMEN'S 3022 02:10:11,280 --> 02:10:16,840 SYMPTOMS TO UNDERUTILIZATION OF 3023 02:10:16,840 --> 02:10:19,360 DIAGNOSTICS WITH WOMEN SUCH AS 3024 02:10:19,360 --> 02:10:20,280 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. 3025 02:10:20,280 --> 02:10:24,400 WE GET THIS CARTOON, STUDIES OF 3026 02:10:24,400 --> 02:10:30,520 FRUIT FLIES, MICE, HAMSTERS AND 3027 02:10:30,520 --> 02:10:32,160 MEN WITH THESE CONDITION, 3028 02:10:32,160 --> 02:10:33,760 MEDICAL RESEARCH USING WOMEN AS 3029 02:10:33,760 --> 02:10:36,040 SUBJECTS JUST NEVER OCCURRED TO 3030 02:10:36,040 --> 02:10:37,280 ANYBODY? 3031 02:10:37,280 --> 02:10:40,440 A PAINFUL JOKE AS ARTICULATED BY 3032 02:10:40,440 --> 02:10:44,680 OUR LEADER DR. JANINE CLAYTON IN 3033 02:10:44,680 --> 02:10:45,400 A RECENT ARTICLE. 3034 02:10:45,400 --> 02:10:47,800 BECAUSE WE HAVE STUDIED WOMEN 3035 02:10:47,800 --> 02:10:50,720 LESS, WE KNOW LESS ABOUT THEM. 3036 02:10:50,720 --> 02:10:53,120 THE RESULT IS THAT WOMEN MAY NOT 3037 02:10:53,120 --> 02:10:54,080 ALWAYS RECEIVE THE MOST OPTIMAL 3038 02:10:54,080 --> 02:10:57,960 CARE. 3039 02:10:57,960 --> 02:11:00,520 FURTHER, OUR HEALTH SYSTEM IS 3040 02:11:00,520 --> 02:11:06,000 CHARACTERIZED BY SHAMEFUL RACIAL 3041 02:11:06,000 --> 02:11:07,400 DISPARITIES WITH FOR EXAMPLE 3042 02:11:07,400 --> 02:11:09,080 MATERNAL MORTALITY STLEE TO FOUR 3043 02:11:09,080 --> 02:11:10,680 TIMES HIGHER FOR AFRICAN 3044 02:11:10,680 --> 02:11:12,440 AMERICAN WOMEN THAN WHITES. 3045 02:11:12,440 --> 02:11:17,520 AND LIFE EXPECTANCY GAPS UP TO 3046 02:11:17,520 --> 02:11:20,960 EIGHT YEARS BASED ON RACE AND 3047 02:11:20,960 --> 02:11:21,240 ETHNICITY. 3048 02:11:21,240 --> 02:11:23,040 WE SEE THIS IN THE CURRENT 3049 02:11:23,040 --> 02:11:25,560 PANDEMIC WITH RATES OF 3050 02:11:25,560 --> 02:11:28,120 INFECTION, HOSPITALIZATION, AND 3051 02:11:28,120 --> 02:11:31,200 DEATHS SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER FOR 3052 02:11:31,200 --> 02:11:35,520 PEOPLE OF COLOR THAN FOR WHITES. 3053 02:11:35,520 --> 02:11:42,480 AND IN THE RICHEST COUNTRY IN 3054 02:11:42,480 --> 02:11:46,680 THE WORLD LIFE EXPECTY DIRECTLY 3055 02:11:46,680 --> 02:11:50,080 AND CONTINUOUSLY CORRELATES WITH 3056 02:11:50,080 --> 02:11:50,360 INCOME. 3057 02:11:50,360 --> 02:11:52,360 FOR EXAMPLE, IN MY HOMETOWN OF 3058 02:11:52,360 --> 02:11:54,640 NEW YORK CITY, VARIES BY MANY 3059 02:11:54,640 --> 02:11:58,760 YEARS AS ONE TRAVELS ONLY A FEW 3060 02:11:58,760 --> 02:12:01,240 SUBWAY STOPS FROM MY PRIVILEGED 3061 02:12:01,240 --> 02:12:03,680 EASTSIDE HOME UP TO HARLEM. 3062 02:12:03,680 --> 02:12:07,520 AS WE EXAMINE THESE FACTS ABOUT 3063 02:12:07,520 --> 02:12:09,280 OUR NATIONAL HEALTH CARE SYSTEM, 3064 02:12:09,280 --> 02:12:11,560 AND ASSESS THEM IN LIGHT OF OUR 3065 02:12:11,560 --> 02:12:15,160 CORE VALUES, IT BECOMES CLEAR TO 3066 02:12:15,160 --> 02:12:18,280 ME THAT A REVISIONING IS 3067 02:12:18,280 --> 02:12:18,600 WARRANTED. 3068 02:12:18,600 --> 02:12:20,640 WE MUST TRANSFORM OUR SYSTEM 3069 02:12:20,640 --> 02:12:23,480 FROM ONE OF SICK CARE TO ONE OF 3070 02:12:23,480 --> 02:12:24,880 WELL CARE. 3071 02:12:24,880 --> 02:12:28,160 WE MUST BECOME PRO ACTIVE NOT 3072 02:12:28,160 --> 02:12:30,120 REACTIVE AND FOCUS ON 3073 02:12:30,120 --> 02:12:32,120 PREVENTION, PRIMARY CARE, 3074 02:12:32,120 --> 02:12:33,720 POPULATIONS AND COORDINATED CARE 3075 02:12:33,720 --> 02:12:37,280 ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN. 3076 02:12:37,280 --> 02:12:40,120 AND PERHAPS MOST IMPORTANTLY, WE 3077 02:12:40,120 --> 02:12:42,080 MUST MOVE FROM AN EXCLUSIVELY 3078 02:12:42,080 --> 02:12:44,640 MEDICAL MODEL TO ONE THAT 3079 02:12:44,640 --> 02:12:46,680 EMBRACES ADDRESSING THE SOCIAL 3080 02:12:46,680 --> 02:12:51,560 DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH. 3081 02:12:51,560 --> 02:12:57,160 THE NEED TO ADDRESS SOCIAL 3082 02:12:57,160 --> 02:12:59,600 DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH IS 3083 02:12:59,600 --> 02:13:00,880 INCREASINGLY ARTICULATED BY 3084 02:13:00,880 --> 02:13:02,080 HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS AND 3085 02:13:02,080 --> 02:13:02,840 POLITICIANS ALIKE. 3086 02:13:02,840 --> 02:13:04,720 IT IS UNDERSTOOD THAT FACTORS 3087 02:13:04,720 --> 02:13:07,400 SUCH AS POVERTY, LOW EDUCATION, 3088 02:13:07,400 --> 02:13:11,320 JOB INSECURITY, POORHOUSING, 3089 02:13:11,320 --> 02:13:14,280 CONTAMINATED WATER, LOW SOCIAL 3090 02:13:14,280 --> 02:13:15,760 COHESION AND COMMUNITY SUPPORT 3091 02:13:15,760 --> 02:13:19,880 ARE POWERFUL DRIVERS OF HEALTH. 3092 02:13:19,880 --> 02:13:21,680 AND THAT THEY ACCOUNT FOR A 3093 02:13:21,680 --> 02:13:24,600 SIGNIFICANTLY LARGER SHARE OF 3094 02:13:24,600 --> 02:13:27,400 HEALTH STATUS THAN DOES CLINICAL 3095 02:13:27,400 --> 02:13:27,800 CARE. 3096 02:13:27,800 --> 02:13:30,480 YET WE HAVE NOT ROUTINELY 3097 02:13:30,480 --> 02:13:32,440 FOCUSED OUR RESEARCH QUESTIONS 3098 02:13:32,440 --> 02:13:33,600 OR OUR RESEARCH INVESTMENTS 3099 02:13:33,600 --> 02:13:40,400 ACCORDINGLY. 3100 02:13:40,400 --> 02:13:45,480 WE MUST UNDERSTAND THAT ONE'S 3101 02:13:45,480 --> 02:13:49,160 ZIP CODE IS A MORE POWERFUL 3102 02:13:49,160 --> 02:13:54,680 DRIVER OF HEALTH STATUS THAN 3103 02:13:54,680 --> 02:13:58,760 GENETIC FACTORS AND SOCIAL 3104 02:13:58,760 --> 02:14:00,480 FACTORS ACCOUNT FOR ONE-THIRD OF 3105 02:14:00,480 --> 02:14:03,480 TOTAL U.S. DEATHS. 3106 02:14:03,480 --> 02:14:06,280 WE KNOW WE MUST MOVE UPSTREAM TO 3107 02:14:06,280 --> 02:14:08,640 ADDRESS THESE FACTORS BUT FOR 3108 02:14:08,640 --> 02:14:12,080 MANY REASONS FAILED TO 3109 02:14:12,080 --> 02:14:13,400 CONSISTENTLY DO SO, MOST OF THE 3110 02:14:13,400 --> 02:14:16,520 TIME LIMITED TO PILOT STUDIES OR 3111 02:14:16,520 --> 02:14:17,760 SHORT-TERM PROJECTS. 3112 02:14:17,760 --> 02:14:19,640 AND AS A RESULT, WE SEE OUTCOMES 3113 02:14:19,640 --> 02:14:22,080 LIKE THOSE IN THE CURRENT 3114 02:14:22,080 --> 02:14:27,920 PANDEMIC WITH DRAMATICALLY 3115 02:14:27,920 --> 02:14:29,880 HIGHER DEATH RATES WITH THOSE 3116 02:14:29,880 --> 02:14:32,480 LIVING IN SUB STANDARD HOUSING, 3117 02:14:32,480 --> 02:14:34,000 UNEMPLOYED, INCARCERATED AND 3118 02:14:34,000 --> 02:14:36,000 THOSE LIVING IN POVERTY. 3119 02:14:36,000 --> 02:14:38,880 NOW, CONCERN HAS BEEN RAISED 3120 02:14:38,880 --> 02:14:41,400 THAT ADDRESSING THE SOCIAL 3121 02:14:41,400 --> 02:14:42,160 DETERMINANTS WILL COST TOO MUCH 3122 02:14:42,160 --> 02:14:43,920 FOR A SYSTEM THAT IS ALREADY 3123 02:14:43,920 --> 02:14:47,720 VERY EXPENSIVE. 3124 02:14:47,720 --> 02:14:50,000 THIS GRAPH COMPARES CLINICAL 3125 02:14:50,000 --> 02:14:52,080 CARE SPENDING IN THE LIGHT BLUE 3126 02:14:52,080 --> 02:14:54,000 BARS AND SPENDING ON SOCIAL 3127 02:14:54,000 --> 02:14:56,280 SERVICES IN THE DARK BLUE BARS 3128 02:14:56,280 --> 02:14:58,080 AMONG DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. 3129 02:14:58,080 --> 02:15:01,640 AND AS YOU CAN SEE AT THE RED 3130 02:15:01,640 --> 02:15:03,920 ARROW, THE U.S. SPENDS FAR MORE 3131 02:15:03,920 --> 02:15:06,280 THAN OTHER NATIONS ON CLINICAL 3132 02:15:06,280 --> 02:15:07,800 CARE, BUT TOTAL U.S. SPENDING IS 3133 02:15:07,800 --> 02:15:11,520 NEAR THE MIDDLE OF THE PACK. 3134 02:15:11,520 --> 02:15:12,880 IT IS NOT A QUESTION OF SPENDING 3135 02:15:12,880 --> 02:15:15,160 MORE MONEY. 3136 02:15:15,160 --> 02:15:17,120 IT IS A QUESTION OF HOW WE 3137 02:15:17,120 --> 02:15:25,760 CHOOSE TO SPEND OUR DOLLARS. 3138 02:15:25,760 --> 02:15:27,920 EARLY AND UPSTREAM INTERVENTIONS 3139 02:15:27,920 --> 02:15:29,160 OR DOWNSTREAM AND CLINICAL 3140 02:15:29,160 --> 02:15:30,520 SERVICES. 3141 02:15:30,520 --> 02:15:32,920 A SOCIAL DETERMINANT APPROACH IS 3142 02:15:32,920 --> 02:15:34,680 NOT CHARITY, IT IS AN 3143 02:15:34,680 --> 02:15:42,120 EVIDENCE-BASED STRATEGY. 3144 02:15:42,120 --> 02:15:44,200 AS WE STRIVE TO ACHIEVE HEALTH 3145 02:15:44,200 --> 02:15:46,440 EQUITY, WE MUST ALSO LOOK IN THE 3146 02:15:46,440 --> 02:15:46,680 MIRROR. 3147 02:15:46,680 --> 02:15:49,400 WE MAY NOT LIKE WHAT WE SEE. 3148 02:15:49,400 --> 02:15:53,480 WE NEED TO EXAMINE OUR HEALTH 3149 02:15:53,480 --> 02:15:56,280 CARE INSTITUTIONS AND ASK IF 3150 02:15:56,280 --> 02:15:58,280 THEY REFLECT OUR CORE VALUES 3151 02:15:58,280 --> 02:16:00,160 THOSE WE HOLD AS INDIVIDUALS AND 3152 02:16:00,160 --> 02:16:01,880 THOSE WE HOLD AS A PROFESSION. 3153 02:16:01,880 --> 02:16:04,080 WHEN WE LOOK IN THE MIRROR AS 3154 02:16:04,080 --> 02:16:05,480 THE PEOPLE IN THIS CONFERENCE 3155 02:16:05,480 --> 02:16:08,840 KNOW, WE SEE THAT THE PIPELINE 3156 02:16:08,840 --> 02:16:11,280 CONTINUES TO LEAK FOR WOMEN IN 3157 02:16:11,280 --> 02:16:13,000 ACADEMIC MEDICINE AND HEALTH 3158 02:16:13,000 --> 02:16:15,200 CARE LEADERSHIP POSITIONS AND 3159 02:16:15,200 --> 02:16:18,880 THIS IS TRUE EVEN AT A TIME WHEN 3160 02:16:18,880 --> 02:16:21,720 WOMEN REPRESENT MORE THAN HALF 3161 02:16:21,720 --> 02:16:22,880 OF MEDICAL STUDENTS. 3162 02:16:22,880 --> 02:16:26,400 AND YET WE SEE THAT THE PERCENT 3163 02:16:26,400 --> 02:16:29,720 OF WOMEN MEDICAL SCHOOL DEANS 3164 02:16:29,720 --> 02:16:31,200 REMAINS ESSENTIALLY STAGNANT AT 3165 02:16:31,200 --> 02:16:33,800 LESS THAN 20%. 3166 02:16:33,800 --> 02:16:36,040 AND WHEN WE LOOK IN THE MIRROR, 3167 02:16:36,040 --> 02:16:38,760 WE CAN SEE THE REALITY THAT THE 3168 02:16:38,760 --> 02:16:48,920 PERCENTAGE OF PHYSICIANS, AK 3169 02:16:48,920 --> 02:16:52,400 ACADEMICIANS, AND STUDENTS OF 3170 02:16:52,400 --> 02:16:54,880 COLOR LAG BEHIND THE U.S. 3171 02:16:54,880 --> 02:16:55,240 POPULATION. 3172 02:16:55,240 --> 02:16:57,280 TODAY IN OUR ACADEMIC HEALTH 3173 02:16:57,280 --> 02:16:58,760 SYSTEMS FACULTY DO NOT LOOK THE 3174 02:16:58,760 --> 02:17:01,480 SAME AS THE COMMUNITIES WE STUDY 3175 02:17:01,480 --> 02:17:03,480 AND THE PATIENTS WE SERVE. 3176 02:17:03,480 --> 02:17:05,480 WE SEE THE NUMBER OF BLACK MEN 3177 02:17:05,480 --> 02:17:07,280 IN MEDICAL SCHOOL IS THE SAME 3178 02:17:07,280 --> 02:17:09,800 TODAY AS IT WAS IN THE 1970s AND 3179 02:17:09,800 --> 02:17:11,960 THIS IS TRUE EVEN AT A TIME WHEN 3180 02:17:11,960 --> 02:17:15,400 THE TRAGEDY AND SUFFERING OF 3181 02:17:15,400 --> 02:17:16,720 RACIAL INJUSTICE IS ON THE NEWS 3182 02:17:16,720 --> 02:17:21,240 EVERY NIGHT. 3183 02:17:21,240 --> 02:17:23,200 AND WE SEE THAT MEDICAL STUDENTS 3184 02:17:23,200 --> 02:17:27,120 CONTINUE TO COME PREDOMINANTLY 3185 02:17:27,120 --> 02:17:30,640 FROM THE TOP QUINTILE OF FAMILY 3186 02:17:30,640 --> 02:17:32,040 INCOME, A REALITY THAT MEANT MY 3187 02:17:32,040 --> 02:17:34,280 EXPERIENCES AS A FOSTER KID 3188 02:17:34,280 --> 02:17:36,880 CONTRIBUTED TO MY SENSE OF 3189 02:17:36,880 --> 02:17:43,480 OTHERNESS IN MEDICAL SCHOOL. 3190 02:17:43,480 --> 02:17:45,960 AND ALL OF THIS IS TRUE AT A 3191 02:17:45,960 --> 02:17:48,080 TIME WHEN SOCIAL SCIENCE 3192 02:17:48,080 --> 02:17:51,640 RESEARCH HAS DOCUMENTED THAT 3193 02:17:51,640 --> 02:17:53,680 DIVERSE TEAMS PERFORM BETTER, 3194 02:17:53,680 --> 02:17:55,800 DIVERSE BOARDS ARE ASSOCIATED 3195 02:17:55,800 --> 02:17:58,320 WITH CORPORATE SUCCESS AND RACE 3196 02:17:58,320 --> 02:18:00,000 CONGRUENT CLINICAL CARE 3197 02:18:00,000 --> 02:18:01,880 CORRELATES WITH BETTER HEALTH 3198 02:18:01,880 --> 02:18:02,200 OUTCOMES. 3199 02:18:02,200 --> 02:18:04,400 IT IS INDEED TRUE THAT DIVERSITY 3200 02:18:04,400 --> 02:18:09,480 TRUMPS ABILITY. 3201 02:18:09,480 --> 02:18:12,520 DIVERSITY IS CENTRAL TO ACHIEVE 3202 02:18:12,520 --> 02:18:14,520 ACHIEVING EXCELLENCE. 3203 02:18:14,520 --> 02:18:16,080 WITH DIVERSE VOICES NOT ONLY AT 3204 02:18:16,080 --> 02:18:19,400 THE TABLE OR IN THE LAB, BUT 3205 02:18:19,400 --> 02:18:20,520 RATHER WHEN THOSE DIVERSE VOICES 3206 02:18:20,520 --> 02:18:22,800 ARE LEADING THE DISCUSSIONS WE 3207 02:18:22,800 --> 02:18:25,120 ASK DIFFERENT QUESTIONS AND 3208 02:18:25,120 --> 02:18:29,520 BRING MORE PERSPECTIVES TO 3209 02:18:29,520 --> 02:18:31,840 FINDING SOLUTIONS. 3210 02:18:31,840 --> 02:18:33,760 OUR PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL 3211 02:18:33,760 --> 02:18:35,800 CORE VALUES SHOULD PROMPT US TO 3212 02:18:35,800 --> 02:18:37,120 IMAGINE THE ANSWER TO THE 3213 02:18:37,120 --> 02:18:41,960 QUESTION POSED BY THE DEAN OF 3214 02:18:41,960 --> 02:18:45,680 TRINITY COLLEGE AT DUKE, VALLEY 3215 02:18:45,680 --> 02:18:47,840 ASHBY, IN A RECENT ARTICLE ON 3216 02:18:47,840 --> 02:18:48,080 SCIENCE. 3217 02:18:48,080 --> 02:18:50,240 HOW MUCH CREATIVITY ARE WE 3218 02:18:50,240 --> 02:18:51,920 LEAVING ON THE TABLE BECAUSE 3219 02:18:51,920 --> 02:18:53,440 SCIENCE REPEATEDLY FAILS TO COME 3220 02:18:53,440 --> 02:18:56,000 TO TERMS WITH OUR NARROWLY 3221 02:18:56,000 --> 02:18:57,480 DEFINED PROCESSES AND OUR 3222 02:18:57,480 --> 02:18:58,680 LIMITED WAYS OF DETERMINING 3223 02:18:58,680 --> 02:19:04,920 SUCCESS? 3224 02:19:04,920 --> 02:19:07,640 AND THESE CONSIDERATIONS OF HOW 3225 02:19:07,640 --> 02:19:09,840 WE CAN DO RESEARCH GOING FORWARD 3226 02:19:09,840 --> 02:19:11,720 ALSO SUGGEST THAT WE CAN EMBRACE 3227 02:19:11,720 --> 02:19:19,760 NEW WAYS OF IDENTIFYI INING 3228 02:19:19,760 --> 02:19:20,880 COLLABORATORS FROM DIFFERENT 3229 02:19:20,880 --> 02:19:22,200 BACKGROUNDS AND DISCIPLINE. 3230 02:19:22,200 --> 02:19:24,080 AS HIGHLIGHTED FROM THE BIRCWH 3231 02:19:24,080 --> 02:19:27,640 PROGRAM, WE CAN CREATE 3232 02:19:27,640 --> 02:19:29,080 INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH 3233 02:19:29,080 --> 02:19:29,280 TEAMS. 3234 02:19:29,280 --> 02:19:30,880 LIFE SCIENCE RESEARCHERS CAN 3235 02:19:30,880 --> 02:19:33,880 REACH OUT TO ENGINEERS, 3236 02:19:33,880 --> 02:19:35,840 FIZZISTS, SOCIAL SCIENTISTS AND 3237 02:19:35,840 --> 02:19:38,280 OTHERS AND PROPEL WOMEN'S 3238 02:19:38,280 --> 02:19:39,680 RESEARCH, WOMEN'S HEALTH 3239 02:19:39,680 --> 02:19:43,880 RESEARCH INTO NEW REALMS. 3240 02:19:43,880 --> 02:19:47,880 THE THIRD PILLAR TO ACHIEVE 3241 02:19:47,880 --> 02:19:49,160 HEALTH EQUITY IS COMMUNITY AND 3242 02:19:49,160 --> 02:19:54,560 SOCIAL ADVOCACY. 3243 02:19:54,560 --> 02:19:57,280 GAPS IN PUBLIC TRUST OF SCIENCE 3244 02:19:57,280 --> 02:20:00,280 ARE DEEP SEATED AND IN URGENT 3245 02:20:00,280 --> 02:20:01,760 NEED OF OUR ATTENTION. 3246 02:20:01,760 --> 02:20:06,800 WHEN WE LOOK IN THAT MIRROR, WE 3247 02:20:06,800 --> 02:20:08,080 DON'T ALWAYS SEE WHAT OTHERS 3248 02:20:08,080 --> 02:20:08,440 SEE. 3249 02:20:08,440 --> 02:20:11,280 WE SEE THE SELFLESS WORK AND 3250 02:20:11,280 --> 02:20:12,880 DEDICATION OF OUR COLLEAGUES, 3251 02:20:12,880 --> 02:20:15,640 BUT OTHERS, OFTEN INSTEAD SEE 3252 02:20:15,640 --> 02:20:18,600 THE LEGACY OF HENRIETTA LACKS, 3253 02:20:18,600 --> 02:20:21,040 WHOSE CELLS BECAME A RESEARCH 3254 02:20:21,040 --> 02:20:23,680 MAIN STAY WITHOUT CONSENT OR 3255 02:20:23,680 --> 02:20:24,000 COMPENSATION. 3256 02:20:24,000 --> 02:20:28,200 THEY SEE THE INFAMOUS TUSKEGEE 3257 02:20:28,200 --> 02:20:29,680 EXPERIMENTS OR THE CAREER OF 3258 02:20:29,680 --> 02:20:31,760 CHARLES DREW WHO DEVELOPED THE 3259 02:20:31,760 --> 02:20:34,200 FIRST LARGE-SCALE BLOOD BANKS, 3260 02:20:34,200 --> 02:20:36,240 BUT RE-SIGNED FROM HIS POSITION 3261 02:20:36,240 --> 02:20:38,080 WITH THE AMERICAN RED CROSS IN 3262 02:20:38,080 --> 02:20:40,520 PROTEST OF THEIR RACIALLY 3263 02:20:40,520 --> 02:20:43,840 SEGREGATED BLOOD DONATION 3264 02:20:43,840 --> 02:20:46,240 POLICIES WHICH WERE MAINTAINED 3265 02:20:46,240 --> 02:20:47,600 UNTIL 1950. 3266 02:20:47,600 --> 02:20:50,680 AND THESE NEGATIVE PERCEPTIONS 3267 02:20:50,680 --> 02:20:52,960 ARE, UNFORTUNATELY, REENFORCED 3268 02:20:52,960 --> 02:20:56,360 BY THE NEGATIVE EXPERIENCES MANY 3269 02:20:56,360 --> 02:20:57,440 PEOPLE, ESPECIALLY WOMEN, PEOPLE 3270 02:20:57,440 --> 02:21:01,160 OF COLOR, AND THE POOR HAVE EACH 3271 02:21:01,160 --> 02:21:03,280 TIME THEY INTERACT WITH OUR 3272 02:21:03,280 --> 02:21:09,400 HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS. 3273 02:21:09,400 --> 02:21:10,280 TO MOVE FORWARD HEALTH 3274 02:21:10,280 --> 02:21:13,360 COMMUNICATION IS KEY. 3275 02:21:13,360 --> 02:21:15,280 AS A RESEARCHER, I THOUGHT THAT 3276 02:21:15,280 --> 02:21:17,120 SCIENCE WOULD BE THE ANSWER TO 3277 02:21:17,120 --> 02:21:21,600 ENDING THIS PANDEMIC. 3278 02:21:21,600 --> 02:21:23,280 AND AS IMPORTANT AND INSPIRING 3279 02:21:23,280 --> 02:21:25,680 AS IT HAS BEEN, I NOW BELIEVE 3280 02:21:25,680 --> 02:21:30,200 THE SOLUTION RESTS ON BUILDING 3281 02:21:30,200 --> 02:21:32,400 TRUST, EMPATHY AND GAILT WITH 3282 02:21:32,400 --> 02:21:34,520 ALL OUR COMMUNITIES. 3283 02:21:34,520 --> 02:21:37,280 WE NEED TO CONNECT IN INNOVATIVE 3284 02:21:37,280 --> 02:21:40,320 WAYS AS MODELLED BY TONY FAUCI, 3285 02:21:40,320 --> 02:21:44,360 WHO SEEMS TO HAVE INTUITIVELY 3286 02:21:44,360 --> 02:21:47,960 UNDERSTOOD THIS, I DO INSTAGRAM 3287 02:21:47,960 --> 02:21:50,640 INTERVIEWS, INTERVIEWS WITH RAP 3288 02:21:50,640 --> 02:21:54,640 ARTISTS AND ENTERTAINERS BECAUSE 3289 02:21:54,640 --> 02:21:56,720 YOU GET TO A GROUP OF PEOPLE 3290 02:21:56,720 --> 02:21:58,760 THAT YOU NEVER WOULD OTHERWISE. 3291 02:21:58,760 --> 02:22:00,720 PLUS YOU MIGHT GET A BOBBLEHEAD 3292 02:22:00,720 --> 02:22:01,360 MADE. 3293 02:22:01,360 --> 02:22:06,680 AND WE CAN COMMUNICATE 3294 02:22:06,680 --> 02:22:08,160 INNOVATIVELY LIKE FRANCES 3295 02:22:08,160 --> 02:22:09,680 COLLINS WHO USED MUSIC. 3296 02:22:09,680 --> 02:22:15,240 * 3297 02:22:15,240 --> 02:22:17,280 CORONAVIRUS HOW QUICKLY IT HAS 3298 02:22:17,280 --> 02:22:19,880 GROWN WE WILL ALL GET THROUGH IT 3299 02:22:19,880 --> 02:22:22,160 BUT THINGS WON'T BE THE SAME 3300 02:22:22,160 --> 02:22:24,360 WHAT WILL WE LEARN FROM THIS 3301 02:22:24,360 --> 02:22:28,960 DARK TURN HOW WILL OUR LIVES BE 3302 02:22:28,960 --> 02:22:30,000 CHANGED * 3303 02:22:30,000 --> 02:22:33,040 * COVID MIGHT BE SCARY, BUT HOPE 3304 02:22:33,040 --> 02:22:36,920 IS ON THE SCENE. 3305 02:22:36,920 --> 02:22:39,360 WE'LL BEAT CORONAVIRUS WHEN WE 3306 02:22:39,360 --> 02:22:45,720 HAVE THAT VACCINE * 3307 02:22:45,720 --> 02:22:47,680 >> THE POWER OF ADVOCACY TO 3308 02:22:47,680 --> 02:22:50,880 DRIVE CHANGE IS CLEAR. 3309 02:22:50,880 --> 02:22:54,400 THE CHOICES OF SCIENTISTS ARE 3310 02:22:54,400 --> 02:22:54,720 NEEDED. 3311 02:22:54,720 --> 02:22:57,400 WE CAN SHARE STORIES. 3312 02:22:57,400 --> 02:23:00,200 WE CAN WRITE BLOGS OR OP-EDS. 3313 02:23:00,200 --> 02:23:03,480 WHEN I WROTE THIS VIEWPOINT IN 3314 02:23:03,480 --> 02:23:06,040 JAMA, I HEARD FROM COLLEAGUES 3315 02:23:06,040 --> 02:23:08,000 ALL OVER THE COUNTRY. 3316 02:23:08,000 --> 02:23:10,320 JUST AS I DID WHEN I WROTE 3317 02:23:10,320 --> 02:23:13,240 SEVERAL YEARS AGO IN SCIENTIFIC 3318 02:23:13,240 --> 02:23:16,280 AMERICAN ABOUT MY EXPERIENCES 3319 02:23:16,280 --> 02:23:20,040 WITH SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN 3320 02:23:20,040 --> 02:23:20,680 MEDICAL SCHOOL. 3321 02:23:20,680 --> 02:23:23,600 AND AS I CONTINUE TO TRY TO DO 3322 02:23:23,600 --> 02:23:25,480 TODAY BY MY INVOLVEMENT WITH 3323 02:23:25,480 --> 02:23:27,200 ORGANIZATIONS SUCH AS THE CENTER 3324 02:23:27,200 --> 02:23:28,920 FOR WOMEN IN ACADEMIC MEDICINE 3325 02:23:28,920 --> 02:23:31,080 AND SCIENCE, WHERE I GET TO 3326 02:23:31,080 --> 02:23:35,240 SERVE AS BOARD CHAIR, AS WE WORK 3327 02:23:35,240 --> 02:23:39,120 TO CHANGE INSTITUTIONAL CULTURE, 3328 02:23:39,120 --> 02:23:41,880 RATHER THAN USING THE OUTMODED 3329 02:23:41,880 --> 02:23:43,840 APPROACH OF TRYING TO CHANGE 3330 02:23:43,840 --> 02:23:46,280 WOMEN TO FIT INTO THE 3331 02:23:46,280 --> 02:23:48,280 TRADITIONAL MALE-DOMINATED 3332 02:23:48,280 --> 02:23:50,840 CULTURE AND MY WORK THROUGH 3333 02:23:50,840 --> 02:23:52,880 MENTORING PROGRAMS SUCH AS THE 3334 02:23:52,880 --> 02:23:57,480 CAROL EMMOTT FELLOWSHIP AND MY 3335 02:23:57,480 --> 02:24:00,080 JOB WHERE WE STRIVE TO HIGHLIGHT 3336 02:24:00,080 --> 02:24:01,720 WOMEN SPEAKERS AT OUR 3337 02:24:01,720 --> 02:24:03,480 EDUCATIONAL PRESENTATIONS. 3338 02:24:03,480 --> 02:24:06,200 OUR COLLEAGUES ARE RAISING THEIR 3339 02:24:06,200 --> 02:24:06,440 VOICES. 3340 02:24:06,440 --> 02:24:07,840 WE MARCH FOR SCIENCE. 3341 02:24:07,840 --> 02:24:09,840 WE FORM GROUPS SUCH AS WHITE 3342 02:24:09,840 --> 02:24:15,280 COATS FOR BLACK LIVES. 3343 02:24:15,280 --> 02:24:17,520 WE PARTICIPATE IN STEM PROGRAMS. 3344 02:24:17,520 --> 02:24:19,640 THERE ARE MANY VENUES TO EXPRESS 3345 02:24:19,640 --> 02:24:22,480 OUR CORE VALUES AND THROUGH 3346 02:24:22,480 --> 02:24:24,920 WHICH WE CAN ACHIEVE REAL CHANGE 3347 02:24:24,920 --> 02:24:27,200 EVEN THE BOLD GOAL OF HEALTH 3348 02:24:27,200 --> 02:24:27,520 EQUITY. 3349 02:24:27,520 --> 02:24:29,120 WOMEN'S HEALTH RESEARCHERS AND 3350 02:24:29,120 --> 02:24:32,320 OTHER SCIENTISTS ARE POWERFUL 3351 02:24:32,320 --> 02:24:33,080 VOICES. 3352 02:24:33,080 --> 02:24:36,920 LET'S ENSURE THAT WE RISE TO THE 3353 02:24:36,920 --> 02:24:39,000 RESPONSIBILITY INHERENT IN THAT 3354 02:24:39,000 --> 02:24:41,520 POWER BY BEING AN ADVOCATE FOR 3355 02:24:41,520 --> 02:24:48,880 WOMEN, FOR OUR PATIENTS, AND FOR 3356 02:24:48,880 --> 02:24:49,200 SCIENCE. 3357 02:24:49,200 --> 02:24:50,720 WE SHOULD REMEMBER THAT EACH 3358 02:24:50,720 --> 02:24:54,760 TIME YOU STAND UP FOR AN IDEAL 3359 02:24:54,760 --> 02:24:57,760 OR ACT TO IMPROVE THE LOT OF 3360 02:24:57,760 --> 02:24:59,800 OTHERS, OR STRIKE OUT AGAINST 3361 02:24:59,800 --> 02:25:01,080 INJUSTICE, YOU SEND FORTH A TINY 3362 02:25:01,080 --> 02:25:04,400 RIPPLE OF HOPE. 3363 02:25:04,400 --> 02:25:07,480 AND OUR VOICES TOGETHER CAN 3364 02:25:07,480 --> 02:25:17,520 ACHIEVE MULTIPLE RIPPLES THAT 3365 02:25:17,520 --> 02:25:19,480 COMBINES TO ACHIEVE A BETTER 3366 02:25:19,480 --> 02:25:19,680 FUTURE. 3367 02:25:19,680 --> 02:25:22,640 IF WE DO ALL THIS, I BELIEVE WE 3368 02:25:22,640 --> 02:25:25,080 CAN MOVE FROM A MINDSET OF 3369 02:25:25,080 --> 02:25:28,080 TALKING ABOUT EQUALITY AND 3370 02:25:28,080 --> 02:25:29,960 INEQUALITY, EQUALITY IN WHICH 3371 02:25:29,960 --> 02:25:32,320 EACH CHILD GETS THE SAME BOX, 3372 02:25:32,320 --> 02:25:36,240 BUT THIS LITTLE GUY, SOMEONE I 3373 02:25:36,240 --> 02:25:38,680 HAVE GREAT EMPATHY WITH, THE 3374 02:25:38,680 --> 02:25:40,440 LITTLE GUY STILL CAN'T SEE THE 3375 02:25:40,440 --> 02:25:40,680 FIELD. 3376 02:25:40,680 --> 02:25:43,160 WE CAN MOVE TO TALKING ABOUT 3377 02:25:43,160 --> 02:25:45,240 EQUITY, IN WHICH EACH CHILD GETS 3378 02:25:45,240 --> 02:25:49,320 WHAT HE OR SHE NEEDS TO WATCH 3379 02:25:49,320 --> 02:25:52,160 THE GAME OR IN OUR CASE, WHAT 3380 02:25:52,160 --> 02:25:54,760 EACH PATIENT NEEDS TO OPTIMIZE 3381 02:25:54,760 --> 02:25:58,200 THEIR HEALTH. 3382 02:25:58,200 --> 02:26:02,360 I ENCOURAGE ALL OF YOU TO TAKE 3383 02:26:02,360 --> 02:26:04,680 THE TIME TO STEP BACK, 3384 02:26:04,680 --> 02:26:06,840 CONTEMPLATE YOUR CORE VALUES, 3385 02:26:06,840 --> 02:26:09,200 THINK ABOUT HOW YOU WANT THEM TO 3386 02:26:09,200 --> 02:26:11,640 SHAPE YOUR CAREER CHOICES. 3387 02:26:11,640 --> 02:26:14,800 WHEN I DO SO, AFTER FOUR DECADES 3388 02:26:14,800 --> 02:26:19,360 IN MEDICINE, I UNDERSTAND THAT 3389 02:26:19,360 --> 02:26:21,320 THE COMMON THREAD FOR ME WAS THE 3390 02:26:21,320 --> 02:26:25,120 FOUNDATION OF WORKING FOR SOCIAL 3391 02:26:25,120 --> 02:26:27,080 JUSTICE AND EQUITY. 3392 02:26:27,080 --> 02:26:29,240 EARLY I DID THIS BY FIGHTING FOR 3393 02:26:29,240 --> 02:26:32,280 MY PATIENTS INCLUDING THOSE WITH 3394 02:26:32,280 --> 02:26:34,560 ANOREXIA AND THOSE WITH HIV ON 3395 02:26:34,560 --> 02:26:35,600 AN INDIVIDUAL LEVEL. 3396 02:26:35,600 --> 02:26:38,280 AND THEN LATER, I DID THIS BY 3397 02:26:38,280 --> 02:26:40,200 STRIVING TO INCULCATE THESE 3398 02:26:40,200 --> 02:26:42,640 VALUES IN THE DEPARTMENTS AND 3399 02:26:42,640 --> 02:26:44,240 INSTITUTIONS WHICH I WAS 3400 02:26:44,240 --> 02:26:45,800 FORTUNATE TO LEAD. 3401 02:26:45,800 --> 02:26:49,640 AND MOST RECENTLY, ON A NATIONAL 3402 02:26:49,640 --> 02:26:51,880 LEVEL, IN MY JOB ATLAS KER WHERE 3403 02:26:51,880 --> 02:26:54,840 OUR MISSION IS TO INCREASE 3404 02:26:54,840 --> 02:26:57,560 SUPPORT FOR THE MEDICAL -- AT 3405 02:26:57,560 --> 02:27:01,080 LASKER, WHERE OUR MISSION IS TO 3406 02:27:01,080 --> 02:27:03,480 INCREASE SUPPORT FOR THOSE LIKE 3407 02:27:03,480 --> 02:27:04,560 YOURSELVES WHO BRING HOPE FOR 3408 02:27:04,560 --> 02:27:05,280 OUR FUTURE. 3409 02:27:05,280 --> 02:27:07,480 I WANT TO LEAVE YOU WITH ONE 3410 02:27:07,480 --> 02:27:10,080 FINAL THOUGHT ON LIVING OUR CORE 3411 02:27:10,080 --> 02:27:12,080 VALUES AND ONE FINAL PERSONAL 3412 02:27:12,080 --> 02:27:14,480 STORY. 3413 02:27:14,480 --> 02:27:18,000 THE FINAL THOUGHT. 3414 02:27:18,000 --> 02:27:21,160 AT THIS DIFFICULT TIME WE MUST 3415 02:27:21,160 --> 02:27:22,880 TAKE CARE OF EACH OTHER. 3416 02:27:22,880 --> 02:27:24,920 NEVER HAS THE NEED BEEN GREATER 3417 02:27:24,920 --> 02:27:28,160 TO CARE FOR OUR COLLEAGUES. 3418 02:27:28,160 --> 02:27:30,000 AS ONE FRONTLINE WORKER SAID 3419 02:27:30,000 --> 02:27:32,560 ABOUT THE TOLL OF THIS PANDEMIC, 3420 02:27:32,560 --> 02:27:35,800 THOSE OF US IN HEALTH CARE FIND 3421 02:27:35,800 --> 02:27:39,880 OURSELVES STARING DOWN A DEEP 3422 02:27:39,880 --> 02:27:41,560 CHASM, ONE FILLED WITH 3423 02:27:41,560 --> 02:27:43,280 FRUSTRATION AND BURNOUT. 3424 02:27:43,280 --> 02:27:45,440 WE SHOULD REACH OUT TO ONE 3425 02:27:45,440 --> 02:27:47,640 ANOTHER DURING THESE STRESSFUL 3426 02:27:47,640 --> 02:27:48,080 TIMES. 3427 02:27:48,080 --> 02:27:53,520 WE CAN ADDRESS BURNOUT FROM WHAT 3428 02:27:53,520 --> 02:27:56,000 OFTEN FEELS LIKE OVERWHELMING 3429 02:27:56,000 --> 02:27:56,280 WORKLOADS. 3430 02:27:56,280 --> 02:27:59,400 WE CAN STRIVE TO HELP EACH OTHER 3431 02:27:59,400 --> 02:28:07,400 RECOVER FROM TRAGIC LOSSES AND 3432 02:28:07,400 --> 02:28:12,480 ONGOING CHALLENGES. 3433 02:28:12,480 --> 02:28:14,040 AND THE PERSONAL STORY, SIX 3434 02:28:14,040 --> 02:28:17,520 YEARS AGO, A SHORT WHILE AFTER I 3435 02:28:17,520 --> 02:28:22,960 HAD TAKEN MY JOB AT LASKER, I 3436 02:28:22,960 --> 02:28:26,320 WAS DIAGNOSED WITH RENAL CANCER. 3437 02:28:26,320 --> 02:28:28,200 COLLEAGUES STEPPED UP. 3438 02:28:28,200 --> 02:28:30,000 THE LASKER BOARD OF DIRECTORS 3439 02:28:30,000 --> 02:28:33,240 GAVE ME TIME I NEEDED FOR 3440 02:28:33,240 --> 02:28:35,600 SEVERAL SURGERIES AND FRIENDS 3441 02:28:35,600 --> 02:28:39,000 MATERIALIZED FROM DISTANT STATES 3442 02:28:39,000 --> 02:28:40,880 TO VOICE THEIR SUPPORT. 3443 02:28:40,880 --> 02:28:43,200 TODAY I'M CANCER FREE, BUT 3444 02:28:43,200 --> 02:28:45,640 ALWAYS INDEBTED TO EVERYONE WHO 3445 02:28:45,640 --> 02:28:47,360 CAME TOGETHER FOR ME DURING A 3446 02:28:47,360 --> 02:28:49,840 FRIGHTENING TIME AND TO THE 3447 02:28:49,840 --> 02:28:50,920 RESEARCHERS WHO MADE MY RECOVERY 3448 02:28:50,920 --> 02:29:01,280 POSSIBLE. 3449 02:29:01,280 --> 02:29:03,520 IN CONCLUSION, I BELIEVE THAT 3450 02:29:03,520 --> 02:29:05,800 GUIDED BY OUR CORE VALUES, WE 3451 02:29:05,800 --> 02:29:07,400 CAN EMBRACE OUR LEADERSHIP 3452 02:29:07,400 --> 02:29:08,680 RESPONSIBILITY TO DRIVE THE 3453 02:29:08,680 --> 02:29:11,680 CHANGE TO HEALTH EQUITY. 3454 02:29:11,680 --> 02:29:16,480 AS MARTIN LUTHER KING SAID, THE 3455 02:29:16,480 --> 02:29:18,880 ARC OF THE MORAL UNIVERSE IS 3456 02:29:18,880 --> 02:29:21,880 LONG, BUT IT BENDS TOWARDS 3457 02:29:21,880 --> 02:29:22,320 JUSTICE. 3458 02:29:22,320 --> 02:29:24,280 YET AS ANOTHER GREAT LEADER 3459 02:29:24,280 --> 02:29:27,760 POINTED OUT, THE ARC OF THE 3460 02:29:27,760 --> 02:29:30,000 MORAL UNIVERSE MAY BEND TOWARDS 3461 02:29:30,000 --> 02:29:31,280 JUSTICE, BUT IT DOESN'T BEND ON 3462 02:29:31,280 --> 02:29:32,040 ITS OWN. 3463 02:29:32,040 --> 02:29:34,080 IT TAKES GOOD PEOPLE. 3464 02:29:34,080 --> 02:29:38,000 LEADERS WHO LIVE BY THEIR CORE 3465 02:29:38,000 --> 02:29:40,400 VALUES, SCIENTISTS WHO SPEAK OUT 3466 02:29:40,400 --> 02:29:42,600 AND WORK TO CHANGE HEALTH CARE 3467 02:29:42,600 --> 02:29:45,680 INSTITUTIONS, SYSTEMS AND 3468 02:29:45,680 --> 02:29:46,400 POLICIES. 3469 02:29:46,400 --> 02:29:49,120 RESEARCHERS WHO DARE TO ANSWER 3470 02:29:49,120 --> 02:29:52,880 NEW QUESTIONS, BRAVE SOULS WHO 3471 02:29:52,880 --> 02:29:55,280 TIRELESSLY ADVOCATE TO CREATE A 3472 02:29:55,280 --> 02:29:58,320 BETTER, HEALTHIER FUTURE. 3473 02:29:58,320 --> 02:30:00,640 TOGETHER I BELIEVE THAT WE CAN 3474 02:30:00,640 --> 02:30:02,640 MAKE THE CHANGE THAT IS NEEDED 3475 02:30:02,640 --> 02:30:07,080 TO ACHIEVE HEALTH EQUITY. 3476 02:30:07,080 --> 02:30:10,600 AS HARRIET TUBMAN SAID, EVERY 3477 02:30:10,600 --> 02:30:13,160 DREAM BEGINS WITH A DREAMER. 3478 02:30:13,160 --> 02:30:15,080 YOU HAVE WITHIN YOU THE 3479 02:30:15,080 --> 02:30:17,000 STRENGTH, THE PATIENCE, AND THE 3480 02:30:17,000 --> 02:30:18,480 PASSION TO REACH FOR THE STARS 3481 02:30:18,480 --> 02:30:24,600 TO CHANGE THE WORLD. 3482 02:30:24,600 --> 02:30:27,280 REPAIRING THE DAMAGES CAUSED BY 3483 02:30:27,280 --> 02:30:30,520 HEALTH INEQUITIES WILL NOT BE 3484 02:30:30,520 --> 02:30:33,920 EASY AND WILL NOT HAPPEN 3485 02:30:33,920 --> 02:30:36,800 IMMEDIATELY, BUT WE MUST NOT 3486 02:30:36,800 --> 02:30:38,920 PERPETUATE INEQUITY BY INACTION. 3487 02:30:38,920 --> 02:30:41,800 HEALTH EQUITY IS TOO IMPORTANT. 3488 02:30:41,800 --> 02:30:43,320 LET'S FOLLOW OUR CORE VALUES AND 3489 02:30:43,320 --> 02:30:45,480 DO IT NOW. 3490 02:30:45,480 --> 02:31:02,280 THANK YOU. 3491 02:31:02,280 --> 02:31:04,280 >> WOW, THANK YOU DR. POMEROY 3492 02:31:04,280 --> 02:31:07,080 FOR THAT VERY INSPIRING AND 3493 02:31:07,080 --> 02:31:08,480 POWERFUL MESSAGE AND IN THE 3494 02:31:08,480 --> 02:31:10,880 SPIRIT OF CRISIS AND TURMOIL, IT 3495 02:31:10,880 --> 02:31:15,880 IS INDEED VERY TIMELY WE SHOULD 3496 02:31:15,880 --> 02:31:19,600 REMIND OURSELVES TO FIND A 3497 02:31:19,600 --> 02:31:21,280 MOMENT OF INTROSPECTION AND FIND 3498 02:31:21,280 --> 02:31:23,480 OUR CORE VALUES AND ADVOCATE FOR 3499 02:31:23,480 --> 02:31:29,280 A BETTER AND HEALTHIER FUTURE. 3500 02:31:29,280 --> 02:31:32,600 MOREOVER, IN THIS STAGE IN MY 3501 02:31:32,600 --> 02:31:35,800 LIFE I'M RARELY MOVED TO DARE TO 3502 02:31:35,800 --> 02:31:39,160 DREAM AGAIN AND TO REMIND MYSELF 3503 02:31:39,160 --> 02:31:40,880 THERE IS STILL GOOD PEOPLE AND 3504 02:31:40,880 --> 02:31:45,800 WE NEED GOOD PEOPLE TO ACHIEVE 3505 02:31:45,800 --> 02:31:47,640 EQUITY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE AND 3506 02:31:47,640 --> 02:31:49,520 NEVER FORGET TO CARE FOR THE 3507 02:31:49,520 --> 02:31:49,840 VULNERABLE. 3508 02:31:49,840 --> 02:31:51,560 NOW WE HAVE SOME TIME FOR Q&A. 3509 02:31:51,560 --> 02:31:53,280 I WILL BE READING YOU SOME OF 3510 02:31:53,280 --> 02:31:57,000 THE QUESTIONS FROM YOUR Q&A BOX. 3511 02:31:57,000 --> 02:32:01,080 SO FIRST ONE IS, THANKS SO MUCH 3512 02:32:01,080 --> 02:32:03,280 FOR YOUR INSIGHTFUL TALK. 3513 02:32:03,280 --> 02:32:05,160 CAN YOU SPEAK MORE ABOUT 3514 02:32:05,160 --> 02:32:08,680 SYSTEMIC RACISM WITHIN OUR OWN 3515 02:32:08,680 --> 02:32:22,080 INSTITUTIONS AND STRATEGIES TO 3516 02:32:22,080 --> 02:32:23,680 AMELIORATE THEM. 3517 02:32:23,680 --> 02:32:25,480 >> IT IS ONE OF THE CHALLENGES 3518 02:32:25,480 --> 02:32:28,440 OF OUR TIMES TO LOOK AT OUR OWN 3519 02:32:28,440 --> 02:32:32,680 SUBSTITUTIONS AND WORK TO 3520 02:32:32,680 --> 02:32:35,400 ADDRESS THE SYSTEMIC RACISM THAT 3521 02:32:35,400 --> 02:32:36,680 STILL CHARACTERIZES THEM. 3522 02:32:36,680 --> 02:32:40,920 I THINK THIS STARTS WITH 3523 02:32:40,920 --> 02:32:43,320 EDUCATION AND SO SO EVERYONE 3524 02:32:43,320 --> 02:32:44,800 SHOULD KNOW WHETHER THEIR 3525 02:32:44,800 --> 02:32:47,120 INSTITUTION REQUIRES TRAINING 3526 02:32:47,120 --> 02:32:49,080 AND UNCONSCIOUS BIAS. 3527 02:32:49,080 --> 02:32:52,280 YOU SHOULD ASK YOUR 3528 02:32:52,280 --> 02:32:54,320 INSTITUTIONAL LEADERS, WHAT IS 3529 02:32:54,320 --> 02:33:03,560 THE RACIAL COMPOSITION OF THE WA 3530 02:33:03,560 --> 02:33:05,960 SPEAKERS AT GRAND RONDE. 3531 02:33:05,960 --> 02:33:09,600 AND THEN WE CAN LOOK AT THINGS 3532 02:33:09,600 --> 02:33:10,840 LIKE SUPPORT STUDENT INTEREST 3533 02:33:10,840 --> 02:33:15,080 GROUPS THAT ARE DEDICATED TO 3534 02:33:15,080 --> 02:33:15,960 RACIAL DIVERSITY. 3535 02:33:15,960 --> 02:33:20,480 WE CAN DO ANALYSES OF OUR OWN 3536 02:33:20,480 --> 02:33:20,680 FACULTY. 3537 02:33:20,680 --> 02:33:22,240 WE CAN ASK QUESTIONS ABOUT HOW 3538 02:33:22,240 --> 02:33:27,160 WE ARE REACHING OUT TO THE 3539 02:33:27,160 --> 02:33:28,800 COMMUNITIES AROUND US AND 3540 02:33:28,800 --> 02:33:31,800 DELIVERING CLINICAL CARE THAT IS 3541 02:33:31,800 --> 02:33:33,760 DESIGNED TO ADDRESS DISPARITIES. 3542 02:33:33,760 --> 02:33:36,040 BUT FOR THE PEOPLE ON THIS CALL, 3543 02:33:36,040 --> 02:33:41,800 ONE OF THE BIG QUESTIONS IS, IS 3544 02:33:41,800 --> 02:33:43,120 THERE RACIAL EQUITY IN OUR 3545 02:33:43,120 --> 02:33:44,440 RESEARCH PROGRAMS? 3546 02:33:44,440 --> 02:33:46,480 AND WE CAN START BY LOOKING AT 3547 02:33:46,480 --> 02:33:49,360 OUR OWN RESEARCH PROGRAMS, BUT 3548 02:33:49,360 --> 02:33:52,880 ALSO ASKING QUESTIONS ABOUT THE 3549 02:33:52,880 --> 02:33:56,160 PORTFOLIO AT OUR OWN 3550 02:33:56,160 --> 02:33:56,600 INSTITUTIONS. 3551 02:33:56,600 --> 02:33:58,200 HOW MANY OF THEM -- HOW MANY OF 3552 02:33:58,200 --> 02:34:03,280 OUR RESEARCH STUDIES ADDRESS 3553 02:34:03,280 --> 02:34:03,920 DISPARITIES? 3554 02:34:03,920 --> 02:34:05,760 DO WE HAVE GOOD REPRESENTATION 3555 02:34:05,760 --> 02:34:07,760 OF ALL RACIAL AND ETHNIC GROUPS 3556 02:34:07,760 --> 02:34:09,960 IN OUR CLINICAL TRIALS? 3557 02:34:09,960 --> 02:34:11,480 THESE ARE THE KINDS OF 3558 02:34:11,480 --> 02:34:13,680 CONVERSATIONS THAT WE NEED TO BE 3559 02:34:13,680 --> 02:34:17,280 HAVING IN OUR INSTITUTIONS. 3560 02:34:17,280 --> 02:34:19,680 I THINK THE NIH HAS STARTED TO 3561 02:34:19,680 --> 02:34:21,360 ASK THESE SAME KIND OF QUESTIONS 3562 02:34:21,360 --> 02:34:23,120 WITH PEOPLE LIKE DIRECTOR 3563 02:34:23,120 --> 02:34:26,200 COLLINS SAYING HE WON'T ATTEND 3564 02:34:26,200 --> 02:34:28,000 MEETINGS WHEN THERE ISN'T GOOD 3565 02:34:28,000 --> 02:34:29,480 REPRESENTATION ON THE SPEAKER 3566 02:34:29,480 --> 02:34:29,680 PANEL. 3567 02:34:29,680 --> 02:34:32,920 SO THERE'S SO MUCH WORK TO BE 3568 02:34:32,920 --> 02:34:36,120 DONE AND ONE OF THE CHALLENGES 3569 02:34:36,120 --> 02:34:44,080 IS NOT TO BE OVERWHELMED BY 3570 02:34:44,080 --> 02:34:46,080 THIS, BUT PICK ONE SMALL AREA 3571 02:34:46,080 --> 02:34:47,240 YOU CAN WORK ON AS AN 3572 02:34:47,240 --> 02:34:47,520 INDIVIDUAL. 3573 02:34:47,520 --> 02:34:49,440 I RECENTLY GOT A COMMUNICATION 3574 02:34:49,440 --> 02:34:51,880 FROM SOMEBODY AFTER I GAVE A 3575 02:34:51,880 --> 02:34:56,920 TALK AND SAID, YOU INSPIRED ME 3576 02:34:56,920 --> 02:35:00,000 TO MENTOR A HIGH SCHOOL STUDENT, 3577 02:35:00,000 --> 02:35:00,720 AN AFRICAN AMERICAN HIGH SCHOOL 3578 02:35:00,720 --> 02:35:02,440 STUDENT AND I WOULDN'T HAVE DONE 3579 02:35:02,440 --> 02:35:04,600 THAT IF I HADN'T BEEN LOOKING 3580 02:35:04,600 --> 02:35:06,760 INSIDE MYSELF AND ASKING WHAT I 3581 02:35:06,760 --> 02:35:10,320 COULD DO TO ADDRESS SYSTEMIC 3582 02:35:10,320 --> 02:35:13,440 RACISM IN OUR HEALTH CARE 3583 02:35:13,440 --> 02:35:13,800 SYSTEMS. 3584 02:35:13,800 --> 02:35:16,240 WE'LL EACH FIND THE ANSWERS FOR 3585 02:35:16,240 --> 02:35:18,680 OURSELVES, BUT I HOPE THIS MAKES 3586 02:35:18,680 --> 02:35:21,520 US ASK THOSE QUESTIONS. 3587 02:35:21,520 --> 02:35:22,480 >> THANK YOU. 3588 02:35:22,480 --> 02:35:25,840 DR. CLAYTON WOULD LIKE TO REMIND 3589 02:35:25,840 --> 02:35:27,520 EVERYBODY THAT DR. POMEROY IS 3590 02:35:27,520 --> 02:35:29,120 WITH THE CENTER FOR WOMEN IN 3591 02:35:29,120 --> 02:35:31,160 ACADEMIC MEDICINE AND SCIENCE. 3592 02:35:31,160 --> 02:35:34,640 AND SO I THINK ONE OF THE KEY 3593 02:35:34,640 --> 02:35:36,080 MESSAGES IS THAT WE SHOULD AIM 3594 02:35:36,080 --> 02:35:38,440 TO CHANGE THE CULTURE AND THE 3595 02:35:38,440 --> 02:35:43,720 CLIMATE RATHER THAN JUST THE 3596 02:35:43,720 --> 02:35:46,000 WOMEN AS WE USE WHAT WE DO IF IT 3597 02:35:46,000 --> 02:35:47,680 IS NOT A SYSTEMIC APPROACH. 3598 02:35:47,680 --> 02:35:49,760 >> IF I COULD JUST FOLLOW UP ON 3599 02:35:49,760 --> 02:35:54,040 THAT COMMENT, FIRST OF ALL TO 3600 02:35:54,040 --> 02:35:56,680 THANK DR. CLAYTON, BUT EARLY IN 3601 02:35:56,680 --> 02:35:58,440 MY CAREER I DID A LOT OF 3602 02:35:58,440 --> 02:36:02,800 TRAINING SESSIONS WHERE WE 3603 02:36:02,800 --> 02:36:04,880 TAUGHT WOMEN ABOUT NEGOTIATION 3604 02:36:04,880 --> 02:36:07,440 SKILLS AND WE TAUGHT WOMEN 3605 02:36:07,440 --> 02:36:10,520 CONFLICT RESOLUTION STYLES. 3606 02:36:10,520 --> 02:36:11,800 AND WHILE THESE CAN BE 3607 02:36:11,800 --> 02:36:14,200 SHORT-TERM FIXES, WHAT WE WERE 3608 02:36:14,200 --> 02:36:17,040 REALLY DOING WAS TRYING TO MOLD 3609 02:36:17,040 --> 02:36:18,960 WOMEN SO THAT THEY COULD SUCCEED 3610 02:36:18,960 --> 02:36:21,640 IN A MALE-DOMINATED, 3611 02:36:21,640 --> 02:36:22,480 MALE-DEFINED CULTURE. 3612 02:36:22,480 --> 02:36:26,400 AND WHAT WE NEED TO DO IS LOOK 3613 02:36:26,400 --> 02:36:28,440 AT OUR INSTITUTIONAL CULTURES 3614 02:36:28,440 --> 02:36:30,680 AND CHANGE THE CULTURE SO THAT 3615 02:36:30,680 --> 02:36:34,120 EVERYBODY CAN THRIVE. 3616 02:36:34,120 --> 02:36:38,000 AND THAT IS WHAT ORWH HAS BEEN 3617 02:36:38,000 --> 02:36:39,440 ABOUT FOR A LONG TIME AND I HOPE 3618 02:36:39,440 --> 02:36:41,880 IT IS WHAT THE PEOPLE ON THIS 3619 02:36:41,880 --> 02:36:42,480 CONFERENCE CALL BELIEVE IN AS 3620 02:36:42,480 --> 02:36:46,520 WELL. 3621 02:36:46,520 --> 02:36:47,680 >> THANK YOU. 3622 02:36:47,680 --> 02:36:50,480 THE NEXT QUESTION IS THIS. 3623 02:36:50,480 --> 02:36:53,960 WOMEN ARE MORE LIKELY TO STUDY 3624 02:36:53,960 --> 02:36:56,560 WOMEN'S HEALTH OR SEX 3625 02:36:56,560 --> 02:36:57,400 DIFFERENCES, DIVERSE 3626 02:36:57,400 --> 02:36:59,680 INVESTIGATORS ARE MORE LIKELY TO 3627 02:36:59,680 --> 02:37:03,480 STUDY HEALTH INEQUITY OR 3628 02:37:03,480 --> 02:37:04,720 INEQUALITY, BUT WOMEN AND 3629 02:37:04,720 --> 02:37:05,680 UNDERREPRESENTED PEOPLE ARE LESS 3630 02:37:05,680 --> 02:37:08,160 LIKELY TO GET FUNDED AND 3631 02:37:08,160 --> 02:37:11,320 RESEARCH ON WOMEN'S HEALTH OR 3632 02:37:11,320 --> 02:37:12,920 HEALTH EQUITY ARE ALSO LESS 3633 02:37:12,920 --> 02:37:14,880 LIKELY TO GET PUBLISHED OR 3634 02:37:14,880 --> 02:37:15,280 RECOGNIZED. 3635 02:37:15,280 --> 02:37:19,400 SO WHAT IS THE CHICKEN OR THE 3636 02:37:19,400 --> 02:37:22,560 EGG AND WHAT IS -- HOW OR WHERE 3637 02:37:22,560 --> 02:37:27,680 IS IT BEST TO INTERRUPT THE 3638 02:37:27,680 --> 02:37:27,880 CYCLE? 3639 02:37:27,880 --> 02:37:29,640 >> REALLY IMPORTANT OBSERVATION 3640 02:37:29,640 --> 02:37:32,640 AND TOLDLY TRUE OBSERVATION AND 3641 02:37:32,640 --> 02:37:35,520 ONE THING THAT WE NEED TO GUARD 3642 02:37:35,520 --> 02:37:40,360 AGAINST IS SILOING OUR RESEARCH 3643 02:37:40,360 --> 02:37:43,880 QUESTIONS ABOUT GENDER 3644 02:37:43,880 --> 02:37:46,920 INEQUITIES OR RACIAL INEQUITIES. 3645 02:37:46,920 --> 02:37:48,880 I THINK THAT TO GET TO TRUE 3646 02:37:48,880 --> 02:37:51,840 HEALTH FOR ALL, EVERYBODY HAS TO 3647 02:37:51,840 --> 02:38:01,000 BE ADDRESSING THESE ISSUES. 3648 02:38:01,000 --> 02:38:02,880 IT IS IMPORTANT THAT ALL 3649 02:38:02,880 --> 02:38:05,280 RESEARCHERS ASK THESE QUESTIONS, 3650 02:38:05,280 --> 02:38:07,760 BUT WE NEED TO BE VERY ATTENTIVE 3651 02:38:07,760 --> 02:38:11,640 TO THE FACT THAT THE MINORITY 3652 02:38:11,640 --> 02:38:14,120 TAX OR WOMEN'S TAX, WHERE WE 3653 02:38:14,120 --> 02:38:15,320 EXPECT WOMEN AND 3654 02:38:15,320 --> 02:38:17,360 UNDERREPRESENTED MINORITIES TO 3655 02:38:17,360 --> 02:38:21,040 TAKE ON THE BURDEN OF EXPLAINING 3656 02:38:21,040 --> 02:38:23,880 GENDER INEQUITIES OR RACIAL 3657 02:38:23,880 --> 02:38:27,880 INEQUITIES, TO TAKE ON THE FULL 3658 02:38:27,880 --> 02:38:29,320 RESPONSIBILITY FOR ADDRESSING 3659 02:38:29,320 --> 02:38:31,280 THE EDUCATION OR THE RESEARCH IN 3660 02:38:31,280 --> 02:38:33,640 THESE AREAS, THIS IS NOT A 3661 02:38:33,640 --> 02:38:36,880 SUSTAINABLE MODEL. 3662 02:38:36,880 --> 02:38:39,080 SO I THINK THAT WOMEN AND PEOPLE 3663 02:38:39,080 --> 02:38:42,280 OF COLOR CAN RAISE THE ISSUES, 3664 02:38:42,280 --> 02:38:43,920 THEY MUST RAISE THE ISSUES, BUT 3665 02:38:43,920 --> 02:38:47,360 THEY HAVE TO BE RAISED AS ISSUES 3666 02:38:47,360 --> 02:38:50,280 THAT IMPACT EVERYBODY AND WE 3667 02:38:50,280 --> 02:38:52,920 NEED TO WORK FOR INSTITUTIONAL 3668 02:38:52,920 --> 02:38:53,160 CHANGE. 3669 02:38:53,160 --> 02:38:54,800 I DON'T KNOW WHICH IS THE 3670 02:38:54,800 --> 02:38:57,320 CHICKEN AND THE EGG, BUT I DO 3671 02:38:57,320 --> 02:39:00,720 KNOW THAT WE NEED TO INTERVENE 3672 02:39:00,720 --> 02:39:03,280 WITH APPROPRIATE FUNDING AND 3673 02:39:03,280 --> 02:39:08,680 WITH LEADERSHIP THAT CELEBRATES 3674 02:39:08,680 --> 02:39:11,960 RESEARCH, FOR EXAMPLE, THAT 3675 02:39:11,960 --> 02:39:14,960 INVESTIGATES GENDER AND RACIAL 3676 02:39:14,960 --> 02:39:15,680 DISPARITIES. 3677 02:39:15,680 --> 02:39:17,960 HOPEFULLY THIS WILL SET UP A 3678 02:39:17,960 --> 02:39:21,080 VIRTUOUS CYCLE IN WHICH PEOPLE 3679 02:39:21,080 --> 02:39:23,320 BEGIN TO VALUE RESEARCH IN THESE 3680 02:39:23,320 --> 02:39:26,000 AREAS, THEREFORE MORE MONEY IS 3681 02:39:26,000 --> 02:39:28,080 PUT IN AND WE ACCELERATE THE 3682 02:39:28,080 --> 02:39:32,000 CHANGE THAT WE ARE ALL WORKING 3683 02:39:32,000 --> 02:39:33,080 FOR. 3684 02:39:33,080 --> 02:39:33,680 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 3685 02:39:33,680 --> 02:39:35,920 THERE DOESN'T APPEAR TO BE ANY 3686 02:39:35,920 --> 02:39:36,680 MORE QUESTIONS FROM OUR 3687 02:39:36,680 --> 02:39:38,200 AUDIENCE. 3688 02:39:38,200 --> 02:39:40,560 SO I WOULD LIKE TO THANK YOU, 3689 02:39:40,560 --> 02:39:41,360 DR. POMEROY, AND ALSO ALL OF THE 3690 02:39:41,360 --> 02:39:42,320 PEOPLE WHO ATTENDED THIS 3691 02:39:42,320 --> 00:00:00,000 SESSION.