1 00:00:05,320 --> 00:00:08,080 >>I WANT TO SAY THANK YOU TO 2 00:00:08,080 --> 00:00:10,880 EVERYBODY THAT HAS JOINED TODAY 3 00:00:10,880 --> 00:00:12,200 FOR THIS VERY -- WHAT I THINK IS 4 00:00:12,200 --> 00:00:16,240 GOING TO BE VERY EXCITING AND 5 00:00:16,240 --> 00:00:19,400 FRUITFUL WORKSHOP THAT BRAIN 6 00:00:19,400 --> 00:00:20,240 BEHAVIOR QUANTIFICATION AND 7 00:00:20,240 --> 00:00:20,760 SYNCHRONIZATION WORKSHOP. 8 00:00:20,760 --> 00:00:22,800 IT WILL BE DIFFERENT, VERY HEAVY 9 00:00:22,800 --> 00:00:24,840 ON DISCUSSION, SO WE'RE REALLY 10 00:00:24,840 --> 00:00:25,800 EXCITED ABOUT HAVING EVERYBODY 11 00:00:25,800 --> 00:00:31,400 GIVE THEIR QUESTIONS AND HAVING 12 00:00:31,400 --> 00:00:32,280 A VERY FRUITFUL DISCUSSION. 13 00:00:32,280 --> 00:00:35,440 WITH THAT I'M GOING TO TURN IT 14 00:00:35,440 --> 00:00:41,400 OVER TO OUR FIRST SPEAKER, DR. 15 00:00:41,400 --> 00:00:41,760 HOLLY LISANBY. 16 00:00:41,760 --> 00:00:43,600 >> WELCOME, EVERYONE, TO THE 17 00:00:43,600 --> 00:00:45,680 BRAIN INITIATIVE SUPPORTED 18 00:00:45,680 --> 00:00:47,560 WORKSHOP ON BRAIN BEHAVIOR 19 00:00:47,560 --> 00:00:47,960 QUANTIFICATION AND 20 00:00:47,960 --> 00:00:48,320 SYNCHRONIZATION. 21 00:00:48,320 --> 00:00:49,480 THANK YOU FOR JOINING US FOR 22 00:00:49,480 --> 00:00:52,680 WHAT WILL BE AN EXCITING AND FUN 23 00:00:52,680 --> 00:00:53,480 NEXT TWO DAYS. 24 00:00:53,480 --> 00:00:56,640 SO, MY ROLE IS TO SET THE STAGE 25 00:00:56,640 --> 00:00:59,480 AND DESCRIBE THE GOALS OF THE 26 00:00:59,480 --> 00:00:59,760 WORKSHOP. 27 00:00:59,760 --> 00:01:01,520 WHY IS BRAIN INITIATIVE 28 00:01:01,520 --> 00:01:03,760 SUPPORTING A WORKSHOP ON BRAIN 29 00:01:03,760 --> 00:01:06,880 BEHAVIOR QUANTIFICATION AND 30 00:01:06,880 --> 00:01:07,800 SYNCHRONIZATION? 31 00:01:07,800 --> 00:01:09,280 THE RATIONALE IS OUTLINED HERE. 32 00:01:09,280 --> 00:01:10,480 BASICALLY BEHAVIOR IS THE 33 00:01:10,480 --> 00:01:13,800 PRIMARY OUTPUT OF THE BRAIN. 34 00:01:13,800 --> 00:01:17,440 SO, TO REALLY UNDERSTAND THE 35 00:01:17,440 --> 00:01:20,640 NEURAL ORIGINS OF BEHAVIOR IT'S 36 00:01:20,640 --> 00:01:22,120 ESSENTIAL TO GOAL OF USING 37 00:01:22,120 --> 00:01:23,840 SCIENCE TO SUPPORT BRAIN HEALTH. 38 00:01:23,840 --> 00:01:29,000 BUT THIS IS A COMPLEX CHALLENGE 39 00:01:29,000 --> 00:01:29,600 BECAUSE UNDERSTANDING BEHAVIOR 40 00:01:29,600 --> 00:01:31,360 REQUIRES A DETAILED AND 41 00:01:31,360 --> 00:01:33,040 MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF A 42 00:01:33,040 --> 00:01:34,520 BROAD RANGE OF BEHAVIORS IN THE 43 00:01:34,520 --> 00:01:36,320 CONTEXT OF ENVIRONMENT. 44 00:01:36,320 --> 00:01:39,480 AND INTERACTION WITH THE 45 00:01:39,480 --> 00:01:41,240 ENVIRONMENT. 46 00:01:41,240 --> 00:01:41,840 NOW, OUR TOOLS FOR QUANTIFYING 47 00:01:41,840 --> 00:01:43,640 THE BRAIN SIDE OF THE EQUATION 48 00:01:43,640 --> 00:01:45,560 ARE QUITE ADVANCED AND ARE 49 00:01:45,560 --> 00:01:46,880 GETTING MORE ADVANCED THROUGH 50 00:01:46,880 --> 00:01:47,880 BRAIN INITIATIVE INVESTMENTS. 51 00:01:47,880 --> 00:01:50,280 WE'VE GOT GREAT TOOLS NOW FOR 52 00:01:50,280 --> 00:01:51,400 QUANTIFYING NEURAL ACTIVITY WITH 53 00:01:51,400 --> 00:01:53,360 VERY HIGH TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL 54 00:01:53,360 --> 00:01:54,200 RESOLUTION. 55 00:01:54,200 --> 00:01:55,880 BUT ON THE BEHAVIOR SIDE, 56 00:01:55,880 --> 00:01:57,960 TYPICALLY WE'RE MEASURING 57 00:01:57,960 --> 00:01:59,360 BEHAVIOR AT LOWER RESOLUTION. 58 00:01:59,360 --> 00:02:01,920 AND THIS CAN MAKE THE DISCOVERY 59 00:02:01,920 --> 00:02:05,320 OF THE CAUSAL LINKAGES BETWEEN 60 00:02:05,320 --> 00:02:07,520 BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR CHALLENGING. 61 00:02:07,520 --> 00:02:08,720 INDEED, THE TOOLS FOR MEASURING 62 00:02:08,720 --> 00:02:10,960 THE FULL RICHNESS OF 63 00:02:10,960 --> 00:02:12,480 SPECIES-APPROPRIATE BEHAVIORS IN 64 00:02:12,480 --> 00:02:14,680 ENVIRONMENTS AND SYNCHRONIZING 65 00:02:14,680 --> 00:02:15,360 THESE WITH SIMULTANEOUSLY 66 00:02:15,360 --> 00:02:18,200 RECORDED NEURAL ACTIVITY ARE 67 00:02:18,200 --> 00:02:18,800 PRESENTLY LACKING. 68 00:02:18,800 --> 00:02:20,560 THIS RESEARCH GAP WAS NOT LOST 69 00:02:20,560 --> 00:02:22,080 ON THE BRAIN 2.0 RECORD WHICH 70 00:02:22,080 --> 00:02:29,760 SPECIFICALLY CALLED FOR MORE 71 00:02:29,760 --> 00:02:30,880 SOPHISTICATED METHODS. 72 00:02:30,880 --> 00:02:34,280 THUS OUR TOPIC FOR TODAY'S 73 00:02:34,280 --> 00:02:36,760 WORKSHOP, BRAIN BEHAVIOR 74 00:02:36,760 --> 00:02:37,720 QUANTIFICATION AND SINK 75 00:02:37,720 --> 00:02:38,080 SYNCHRONIZATION. 76 00:02:38,080 --> 00:02:41,800 I'M GOING TO MAP OUT A 77 00:02:41,800 --> 00:02:42,840 CONCEPTUAL TERRAIN, IN BLACK 78 00:02:42,840 --> 00:02:47,880 FONT WHAT WE HAVE BUT COULD BE 79 00:02:47,880 --> 00:02:50,480 IMPROVED, PURPLE, WHAT WE DON'T 80 00:02:50,480 --> 00:02:52,000 HAVE, RESEARCH GAPS IN RED. 81 00:02:52,000 --> 00:02:58,120 WE HAVE HIGH RESOLUTION TOOLS. 82 00:02:58,120 --> 00:03:01,480 IN THE LABORATORY SETTING WE 83 00:03:01,480 --> 00:03:03,800 HAVE TOOLS FOR STUDYING BEHAVIOR 84 00:03:03,800 --> 00:03:06,440 BUT WE'RE STUDYING BEHAVIORS NOT 85 00:03:06,440 --> 00:03:07,080 NATURALISTIC AND THE 86 00:03:07,080 --> 00:03:08,960 MEASUREMENTS OFTEN FAIL TO 87 00:03:08,960 --> 00:03:10,280 CAPTURE THE FULL RANGE OF 88 00:03:10,280 --> 00:03:11,680 BEHAVIOR AND OFTEN FAIL TO 89 00:03:11,680 --> 00:03:14,360 CAPTURE THE ENVIRONMENT THE 90 00:03:14,360 --> 00:03:15,680 SUBJECT'S INTERACTING WITH. 91 00:03:15,680 --> 00:03:18,800 WE HAVE TOOLS CURRENTLY FOR 92 00:03:18,800 --> 00:03:20,120 LINKING NEURAL ACTIVITY RECORDED 93 00:03:20,120 --> 00:03:21,240 SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH BEHAVIOR IN 94 00:03:21,240 --> 00:03:24,400 THE LAB, BUT AS YOU'LL SEE 95 00:03:24,400 --> 00:03:26,760 TYPICALLY THESE TOOLS REQUIRE 96 00:03:26,760 --> 00:03:27,880 BULKY EQUIPMENT, LIMITS MOVEMENT 97 00:03:27,880 --> 00:03:29,080 OF SUBJECT, AND WHEN WE'RE 98 00:03:29,080 --> 00:03:31,080 TRYING TO MODEL THESE DATA THAT 99 00:03:31,080 --> 00:03:32,960 ARE MISMATCHED IN TERMS OF 100 00:03:32,960 --> 00:03:34,080 TEMPORAL RESOLUTION BETWEEN THE 101 00:03:34,080 --> 00:03:36,680 NEURAL SIDE AND BEHAVIOR SIDE, 102 00:03:36,680 --> 00:03:38,040 THIS POSES CHALLENGES FOR 103 00:03:38,040 --> 00:03:39,560 MODELING AS WELL. 104 00:03:39,560 --> 00:03:41,400 NOW, WE DO ALREADY HAVE TOOLS 105 00:03:41,400 --> 00:03:43,640 THAT ALLOW US TO TAKE 106 00:03:43,640 --> 00:03:45,080 EXPERIMENTS INTO NATURALISTIC 107 00:03:45,080 --> 00:03:48,520 SETTINGS AND CAPTURE BEHAVIORS 108 00:03:48,520 --> 00:03:49,520 THAT ARE ECOLOGICALLY VALID IN 109 00:03:49,520 --> 00:03:51,680 THE REAL WORLD BUT CURRENT TOOLS 110 00:03:51,680 --> 00:03:54,120 TYPICALLY HAVE ONLY A FEW 111 00:03:54,120 --> 00:03:55,120 CHANNELS OF RECORDING AND LIMITS 112 00:03:55,120 --> 00:03:57,560 IN TERMS OF RANGE OF MODALITIES 113 00:03:57,560 --> 00:04:00,200 THAT CAN BE SIMULTANEOUSLY 114 00:04:00,200 --> 00:04:00,560 SAMPLED. 115 00:04:00,560 --> 00:04:02,880 NOW, IN RED HERE IS A BIG 116 00:04:02,880 --> 00:04:05,040 RESEARCH GAP. 117 00:04:05,040 --> 00:04:05,640 WE'RE PRESENTLY LACKING 118 00:04:05,640 --> 00:04:07,480 PRACTICAL SYSTEMS THAT ALLOW US 119 00:04:07,480 --> 00:04:09,040 TO BRING NEURAL CIRCUIT 120 00:04:09,040 --> 00:04:10,000 RECORDING INTO THE REAL WORLD 121 00:04:10,000 --> 00:04:11,680 SETTING SO WE CAN CAPTURE WHAT 122 00:04:11,680 --> 00:04:14,440 THE BRAIN IS DOING WHEN IT'S 123 00:04:14,440 --> 00:04:16,280 GENERATING THESE BEHAVIORS IN 124 00:04:16,280 --> 00:04:19,880 THE REAL WORLD. 125 00:04:19,880 --> 00:04:21,600 NOW, I'VE ILLUSTRATED HERE AS A 126 00:04:21,600 --> 00:04:22,480 CLOUD THIS THING THAT'S 127 00:04:22,480 --> 00:04:26,280 DIFFICULT TO GET A HANDLE ON, 128 00:04:26,280 --> 00:04:27,280 INTERNAL SUBJECTIVE STATES. 129 00:04:27,280 --> 00:04:29,280 WE CURRENTLY LACK DIRECT 130 00:04:29,280 --> 00:04:31,360 OBJECTIVES MEASURES OF THESE AND 131 00:04:31,360 --> 00:04:32,080 OFTEN ARE LIMITED TO SELF-REPORT 132 00:04:32,080 --> 00:04:35,480 OF THE SUBJECT TELLING US WHAT 133 00:04:35,480 --> 00:04:38,240 THEY ARE EXPERIENCING OR PROXY 134 00:04:38,240 --> 00:04:39,720 BEHAVIORS WE THINK ARE RELATED 135 00:04:39,720 --> 00:04:41,000 TO INTERNAL STATE. 136 00:04:41,000 --> 00:04:42,440 AN IMPORTANT GAP BECAUSE MANY 137 00:04:42,440 --> 00:04:45,000 INTERNAL STATES ARE TOPICS OF 138 00:04:45,000 --> 00:04:47,720 SPECIFIC CLINICAL INTEREST, SUCH 139 00:04:47,720 --> 00:04:50,080 AS INTENTION, CRAVING, MOOD, 140 00:04:50,080 --> 00:04:51,960 THOUGHT, HUNGER, PERCEPTION, 141 00:04:51,960 --> 00:04:52,680 PAIN, REWARD, SUICIDAL INTENT, 142 00:04:52,680 --> 00:04:55,480 THINGS WE WOULD LIKE TO BE ABLE 143 00:04:55,480 --> 00:04:57,320 TO OBJECTIVELY STUDY, AND IN 144 00:04:57,320 --> 00:04:59,480 ABSENCE OF OBJECTIVES MEASURES 145 00:04:59,480 --> 00:05:01,840 OF THESE WE'RE CURRENTLY LACKING 146 00:05:01,840 --> 00:05:04,160 RELIABLE WAY OF TRAINING 147 00:05:04,160 --> 00:05:05,600 DECODERS THAT COULD USE NEURAL 148 00:05:05,600 --> 00:05:08,280 ACTIVITY TO INFORM US ABOUT 149 00:05:08,280 --> 00:05:09,520 THESE INTERNAL STATES. 150 00:05:09,520 --> 00:05:10,720 AND WITHOUT THESE, THIS HAS BEEN 151 00:05:10,720 --> 00:05:13,960 AN IMPEDIMENT FOR DEVELOPMENT OF 152 00:05:13,960 --> 00:05:16,480 INTERVENTIONS AS WELL. 153 00:05:16,480 --> 00:05:17,160 HERE'S SOME EXAMPLES OF 154 00:05:17,160 --> 00:05:18,200 STATE-OF-THE-ART TECHNOLOGIES 155 00:05:18,200 --> 00:05:20,400 THAT ARE CURRENTLY BEING USED IN 156 00:05:20,400 --> 00:05:20,960 RESEARCH. 157 00:05:20,960 --> 00:05:25,080 THIS, FOR EXAMPLE, IS A WEARABLE 158 00:05:25,080 --> 00:05:27,080 RECORDING OF IEEG IN SUBJECTS 159 00:05:27,080 --> 00:05:28,360 NAVIGATING A SPACE, AND YOU CAN 160 00:05:28,360 --> 00:05:32,160 SEE THAT AS THE SUBJECT IS 161 00:05:32,160 --> 00:05:34,040 WALKING AROUND THIS ROOM, THE 162 00:05:34,040 --> 00:05:35,480 CAMERAS ON THE CEILING AND 163 00:05:35,480 --> 00:05:37,280 TRACKER ON HIS HEAD IS ABLE TO 164 00:05:37,280 --> 00:05:38,920 TRACK WHERE IN SPACE HE'S 165 00:05:38,920 --> 00:05:40,680 LOCATED, AND TO DO THIS 166 00:05:40,680 --> 00:05:41,240 SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH BRAIN 167 00:05:41,240 --> 00:05:42,720 RECORDINGS ON THE RIGHT PART OF 168 00:05:42,720 --> 00:05:43,480 THE SLIDE. 169 00:05:43,480 --> 00:05:45,880 THIS SETUP WAS ABLE TO 170 00:05:45,880 --> 00:05:47,200 DEMONSTRATE WHEN THE SUBJECT 171 00:05:47,200 --> 00:05:49,040 HIMSELF WAS NAVIGATING THE ROOM, 172 00:05:49,040 --> 00:05:52,080 A SPECIFIC NEURAL SIGNATURE IS 173 00:05:52,080 --> 00:05:54,960 SEEN WHICH IS DIFFERENT THAN 174 00:05:54,960 --> 00:05:56,680 WHEN HE'S WATCHING SOMEONE ELSE 175 00:05:56,680 --> 00:05:57,560 NAVIGATE, ILLUSTRATING 176 00:05:57,560 --> 00:05:58,280 IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENT, 177 00:05:58,280 --> 00:05:59,680 WHAT'S GOING ON AROUND THE 178 00:05:59,680 --> 00:05:59,960 SUBJECT. 179 00:05:59,960 --> 00:06:02,360 AS POWERFUL AS THIS TOOL IS, 180 00:06:02,360 --> 00:06:04,480 IT'S STILL LACKING IN SOME WAYS. 181 00:06:04,480 --> 00:06:06,480 IT'S ONLY MEASURING ONE ASPECT 182 00:06:06,480 --> 00:06:09,080 OF BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE, HAS 183 00:06:09,080 --> 00:06:12,360 LIMITED CAPTURE OF ENVIRONMENT 184 00:06:12,360 --> 00:06:14,080 AND SENSORY CUES, LIMITED TO THE 185 00:06:14,080 --> 00:06:15,920 LABORATORY ENVIRONMENT, AND LOOK 186 00:06:15,920 --> 00:06:19,480 AT THE BACKPACK HE'S WEARING. 187 00:06:19,480 --> 00:06:20,600 IT'S BULKY EQUIPMENT, AND 188 00:06:20,600 --> 00:06:21,320 HEAD-MOUNTED GEAR, IT ONLY 189 00:06:21,320 --> 00:06:23,440 TRACKS WHERE HE IS IN SPACE, NOT 190 00:06:23,440 --> 00:06:27,800 HIS ACTUAL BODY MOVEMENTS OR 191 00:06:27,800 --> 00:06:28,080 POSTURES. 192 00:06:28,080 --> 00:06:29,880 WE ALREADY HAVE SOFTWARE 193 00:06:29,880 --> 00:06:31,400 PLATFORMS SUCH AS DANCE 194 00:06:31,400 --> 00:06:34,400 ILLUSTRATED HERE WHICH ARE ABLE 195 00:06:34,400 --> 00:06:37,480 TO USE DEEP LEARNING TO DERIVE 196 00:06:37,480 --> 00:06:38,280 MEASURES OF NATURALISTIC 197 00:06:38,280 --> 00:06:39,120 BEHAVIOR REPERTOIRE WITHOUT 198 00:06:39,120 --> 00:06:40,400 HAVING TO PUT MARKERS ON THE 199 00:06:40,400 --> 00:06:40,640 SUBJECT. 200 00:06:40,640 --> 00:06:43,880 THIS IS A VERY EXCITING 201 00:06:43,880 --> 00:06:45,480 OPPORTUNITY TO DISCOVER THE 202 00:06:45,480 --> 00:06:47,920 NEURAL BASIS OF THESE 203 00:06:47,920 --> 00:06:48,960 NATURALISTIC BEHAVIORS, BUT 204 00:06:48,960 --> 00:06:50,520 STILL IT'S LACKING THE FULL 205 00:06:50,520 --> 00:06:52,880 RANGE OF BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE AND 206 00:06:52,880 --> 00:06:54,080 LACKS CAPTURE OF THE ENVIRONMENT 207 00:06:54,080 --> 00:06:57,560 AND SENSORY CUES THAT MAY 208 00:06:57,560 --> 00:06:59,280 INFLUENCE BEHAVIOR BEING 209 00:06:59,280 --> 00:06:59,520 MEASURED. 210 00:06:59,520 --> 00:07:06,400 NOW, LET'S GO BACK TO THE 211 00:07:06,400 --> 00:07:09,760 CONCEPTUAL MAP, WHAT WOULD IT 212 00:07:09,760 --> 00:07:11,440 MEAN FOR NEUROSCIENCE IF WE IS 213 00:07:11,440 --> 00:07:12,960 COULD HAVE SENSORS TO CAPTURE 214 00:07:12,960 --> 00:07:14,440 FULL RANGE OF BEHAVIOR IN THE 215 00:07:14,440 --> 00:07:17,240 ENVIRONMENT AND IN THE LAB, AND 216 00:07:17,240 --> 00:07:21,000 LINK THESE AT THE SAME TEMPORAL 217 00:07:21,000 --> 00:07:23,480 RESOLUTION WITH SIMULTANEOUSLY 218 00:07:23,480 --> 00:07:27,840 RECORDED NEURAL ACTIVITY AND 219 00:07:27,840 --> 00:07:30,360 DEPLOY NEXT GENERATION SENSORS 220 00:07:30,360 --> 00:07:33,480 IN REAL WORLD SETTINGS TO RECORD 221 00:07:33,480 --> 00:07:34,520 NATURALISTIC BEHAVIORS AND 222 00:07:34,520 --> 00:07:35,480 ENVIRONMENTS? 223 00:07:35,480 --> 00:07:38,440 WHAT IF WE COULD DEVELOP 224 00:07:38,440 --> 00:07:40,040 PORTABLE TOOLS FOR NEURAL 225 00:07:40,040 --> 00:07:42,440 RECORDING, IN REAL TIME, IN 226 00:07:42,440 --> 00:07:44,280 AMBULATORY SETTINGS TO LINK 227 00:07:44,280 --> 00:07:45,040 THESE NATURALISTICALLY RECORDED 228 00:07:45,040 --> 00:07:46,120 BEHAVIORS WITH WHAT THE BRAIN IS 229 00:07:46,120 --> 00:07:48,160 DOING AT THE TIME THAT IT'S 230 00:07:48,160 --> 00:07:49,960 GENERATING THOSE BEHAVIORS IN 231 00:07:49,960 --> 00:07:51,560 THOSE NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS. 232 00:07:51,560 --> 00:07:54,480 WE MIGHT HAVE THE POTENTIAL THEN 233 00:07:54,480 --> 00:07:56,880 TO USE THESE HIGH DIMENSIONALITY 234 00:07:56,880 --> 00:07:58,480 DATA STREAMS TO HAVE MORE 235 00:07:58,480 --> 00:08:01,280 ACCURACY IN OUR ABILITY TO INFER 236 00:08:01,280 --> 00:08:01,960 INTERNAL STATES FROM THESE 237 00:08:01,960 --> 00:08:02,880 QUANTIFIED BEHAVIORS. 238 00:08:02,880 --> 00:08:05,280 IF THIS COULD GIVE US A MORE 239 00:08:05,280 --> 00:08:07,720 OBJECTIVE MEANS OF INFERRING 240 00:08:07,720 --> 00:08:09,960 INTERNAL STATES OF INTEREST, 241 00:08:09,960 --> 00:08:12,080 LIKE MOOD DISORDER OR SUICIDAL 242 00:08:12,080 --> 00:08:14,880 INTENT, THIS THEN GIVES US THE 243 00:08:14,880 --> 00:08:16,640 OPPORTUNITY TO TAG NEURONAL 244 00:08:16,640 --> 00:08:17,800 ACTIVITY SIMULTANEOUSLY RECORDED 245 00:08:17,800 --> 00:08:18,520 DURING INTERNAL STATES OF 246 00:08:18,520 --> 00:08:21,360 INTEREST TO BEGIN TO BE ABLE TO 247 00:08:21,360 --> 00:08:23,280 DECODE THESE INTERNAL STATES 248 00:08:23,280 --> 00:08:24,720 FROM THE NEURAL ACTIVITY. 249 00:08:24,720 --> 00:08:26,880 IF WE HAD THAT, THEN WE MIGHT BE 250 00:08:26,880 --> 00:08:27,720 ABLE TO BUILD CLOSED LOOP 251 00:08:27,720 --> 00:08:30,640 SYSTEMS THAT WOULD BE ABLE TO 252 00:08:30,640 --> 00:08:31,480 MODULATE NEURAL ACTIVITY WITH 253 00:08:31,480 --> 00:08:34,120 BEHAVIOR ACTUALLY IN THE LOOP. 254 00:08:34,120 --> 00:08:35,520 NOW, WHY DO WE THINK THE TIME IS 255 00:08:35,520 --> 00:08:38,080 RIGHT TO HAVE THIS DISCUSSION? 256 00:08:38,080 --> 00:08:38,800 WE'RE CURRENTLY EXPERIENCING 257 00:08:38,800 --> 00:08:44,840 EXPLOSION OF NEW AND ADVANCED 258 00:08:44,840 --> 00:08:46,440 STATIONARY AND WEARABLE 259 00:08:46,440 --> 00:08:47,520 TECHNOLOGIES, PLATFORMS TO 260 00:08:47,520 --> 00:08:48,520 INTEGRATE MULTI-MODAL DATA, TO 261 00:08:48,520 --> 00:08:49,880 USE ADVANCED TOOLS OF DATA 262 00:08:49,880 --> 00:08:51,360 SCIENCE TO MAKE SENSE OF THESE 263 00:08:51,360 --> 00:08:53,560 DATA, AND TO PACKAGE THIS IN A 264 00:08:53,560 --> 00:08:55,080 WAY THAT ALLOWS DATA 265 00:08:55,080 --> 00:08:56,080 VISUALIZATION AND ANALYSIS. 266 00:08:56,080 --> 00:08:58,200 SO THERE'S A LOT OF NEW 267 00:08:58,200 --> 00:09:01,760 DEVELOPMENTS THAT HAVE NOT YET 268 00:09:01,760 --> 00:09:03,040 BEEN EXPLOITED FOR NEUROSCIENCE 269 00:09:03,040 --> 00:09:03,480 APPLICATIONS. 270 00:09:03,480 --> 00:09:07,000 THIS GIVES POTENTIAL TO USE NEXT 271 00:09:07,000 --> 00:09:10,200 GENERATION SENSORS SUCH AS FOR 272 00:09:10,200 --> 00:09:11,760 SELF-DRIVING CARS TO HELP US 273 00:09:11,760 --> 00:09:15,080 MEET UNMET NEEDS IN BRAIN 274 00:09:15,080 --> 00:09:15,280 HEALTH. 275 00:09:15,280 --> 00:09:18,480 NOW, TALKING ABOUT DATA, WE KNOW 276 00:09:18,480 --> 00:09:20,120 THAT INTERNAL STATES CAN 277 00:09:20,120 --> 00:09:21,080 GENERATE A KALEIDOSCOPE OF 278 00:09:21,080 --> 00:09:23,480 DIFFERENT TYPES OF BEHAVIORS 279 00:09:23,480 --> 00:09:25,320 THAT CAN BE MEASURED USING A 280 00:09:25,320 --> 00:09:30,880 VARIETY OF ARRAYS OF SENSORS 281 00:09:30,880 --> 00:09:33,760 LIKE VIDEOGRAPHY, THERMAL 282 00:09:33,760 --> 00:09:34,840 SENSORS, PIEZOSENSORS, 283 00:09:34,840 --> 00:09:35,480 GENERATING HIGH DIMENSIONALITY 284 00:09:35,480 --> 00:09:38,160 DATA, AN OPPORTUNITY FOR DATA 285 00:09:38,160 --> 00:09:39,680 DRIVEN MODELING, THEORY BUILDING 286 00:09:39,680 --> 00:09:39,960 AND TESTING. 287 00:09:39,960 --> 00:09:41,360 THIS APPROACH COULD BE 288 00:09:41,360 --> 00:09:44,080 SYNERGISTIC WITH THE BRAIN 289 00:09:44,080 --> 00:09:44,880 INITIATIVE'S INVESTMENTS IN 290 00:09:44,880 --> 00:09:46,200 INFORMATICS, IN THE DEVELOPMENT 291 00:09:46,200 --> 00:09:49,520 OF NEW DATA ARCHIVES, DATA 292 00:09:49,520 --> 00:09:51,080 STANDARDS, DATA INTEGRATION 293 00:09:51,080 --> 00:09:52,280 APPROACHES, SOFTWARE 294 00:09:52,280 --> 00:09:54,440 DEVELOPMENT, SECONDARY DATA 295 00:09:54,440 --> 00:09:54,800 ANALYSIS. 296 00:09:54,800 --> 00:09:56,680 SPEAKING OF INFORMATICS, WE HAVE 297 00:09:56,680 --> 00:09:59,000 AN OPPORTUNITY TO LEVERAGE 298 00:09:59,000 --> 00:09:59,760 EXISTING MULTIMODAL DATA 299 00:09:59,760 --> 00:10:01,720 ARCHIVES SUCH AS NEURODATA 300 00:10:01,720 --> 00:10:03,400 WITHOUT BORDERS, AND THE 301 00:10:03,400 --> 00:10:05,040 DISTRIBUTOR ARCHIVES FOR NERVE 302 00:10:05,040 --> 00:10:06,400 PHYSIOLOGY DATA INTEGRATION 303 00:10:06,400 --> 00:10:08,440 WHICH ALREADY ACCEPTS BEHAVIORAL 304 00:10:08,440 --> 00:10:10,000 DATA STREAMS. 305 00:10:10,000 --> 00:10:13,480 WE HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO BUILD 306 00:10:13,480 --> 00:10:14,440 ON ALREADY EXISTING DATA 307 00:10:14,440 --> 00:10:17,240 STANDARDS THAT BRAIN INITIATIVE 308 00:10:17,240 --> 00:10:20,240 HAS INVESTED IN FOR CATALOGING 309 00:10:20,240 --> 00:10:20,800 BEHAVIORAL DATA AND 310 00:10:20,800 --> 00:10:22,720 STANDARDIZING THE WAIT WE DEFINE 311 00:10:22,720 --> 00:10:24,920 BEHAVIORAL TASKS, SUCH AS 312 00:10:24,920 --> 00:10:26,400 BEHAVIORAL TASKS DESCRIPTION 313 00:10:26,400 --> 00:10:26,680 LANGUAGE. 314 00:10:26,680 --> 00:10:29,280 AND IT'S AN OPPORTUNITY TO 315 00:10:29,280 --> 00:10:30,440 EXPAND ON BRAIN INFORMATICS 316 00:10:30,440 --> 00:10:32,920 PORTFOLIO BY DEVELOPING DATA 317 00:10:32,920 --> 00:10:34,360 ARCHIVES STANDARDS AND SOFTWARE 318 00:10:34,360 --> 00:10:36,280 TOOLS THAT ARE CURRENTLY 319 00:10:36,280 --> 00:10:38,160 LACKING, SPECIFICALLY FOR 320 00:10:38,160 --> 00:10:39,160 CROSS-MODAL DATA FUSION, THAT 321 00:10:39,160 --> 00:10:40,680 INCORPORATION INFORMATION ABOUT 322 00:10:40,680 --> 00:10:41,520 THE ENVIRONMENT AS WELL. 323 00:10:41,520 --> 00:10:44,960 AND WE HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY TO 324 00:10:44,960 --> 00:10:46,920 GENERATE A COMMON DATA ECOSYSTEM 325 00:10:46,920 --> 00:10:49,120 ACROSS THESE DATA STREAMS WITH 326 00:10:49,120 --> 00:10:50,480 PATHWAYS FOR DISSEMINATION. 327 00:10:50,480 --> 00:10:51,680 SO HERE'S AN EXAMPLE OF PROOF OF 328 00:10:51,680 --> 00:10:56,080 CONCEPT OF WHAT A BRAIN BEHAVIOR 329 00:10:56,080 --> 00:10:56,680 QUANTIFICATION SYNCHRONIZATION 330 00:10:56,680 --> 00:10:58,080 PROJECT MIGHT LOOK LIKE. 331 00:10:58,080 --> 00:10:59,160 WE'LL HEAR FROM DR. PROVENZA 332 00:10:59,160 --> 00:11:01,360 LATER IN THE WORKSHOP. 333 00:11:01,360 --> 00:11:04,080 THE GOAL WAS TO TRAIN AN 334 00:11:04,080 --> 00:11:05,000 ADAPTIVE DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION 335 00:11:05,000 --> 00:11:09,280 SYSTEM FOR TREATMENT OF 336 00:11:09,280 --> 00:11:09,880 OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER, 337 00:11:09,880 --> 00:11:10,920 STARTING WITH SIMULTANEOUS 338 00:11:10,920 --> 00:11:12,440 NEURAL RECORDINGS WHILE 339 00:11:12,440 --> 00:11:13,400 DIFFERENT BEHAVIORS ARE BEING 340 00:11:13,400 --> 00:11:15,560 SENSED BOTH IN THE CLINIC AS 341 00:11:15,560 --> 00:11:18,120 WELL AS AT HOME, AND TO BE ABLE 342 00:11:18,120 --> 00:11:20,520 TO HAVE THIS HIGH TEMPORAL 343 00:11:20,520 --> 00:11:21,160 RESOLUTION LINKAGE BETWEEN WHAT 344 00:11:21,160 --> 00:11:23,000 THE BRAIN IS DOING WHEN IT'S 345 00:11:23,000 --> 00:11:24,000 GENERATING THE BEHAVIORS IN 346 00:11:24,000 --> 00:11:25,120 THESE DIFFERENT CONTEXTS. 347 00:11:25,120 --> 00:11:27,080 AND TO REALLY PUT BEHAVIOR IN 348 00:11:27,080 --> 00:11:29,960 THE LOOP TO TRAIN THIS ADAPTIVE 349 00:11:29,960 --> 00:11:31,080 DBS SYSTEM, HERE'S THE EXAMPLE 350 00:11:31,080 --> 00:11:33,360 OF DATA STREAMS THAT CAN BE 351 00:11:33,360 --> 00:11:34,880 CAPTURED WITH THIS APPROACH. 352 00:11:34,880 --> 00:11:36,840 WE'VE GOT COMPUTER VISION TO 353 00:11:36,840 --> 00:11:39,080 CAPTURE MICROMOVEMENTS OF THE 354 00:11:39,080 --> 00:11:44,440 FACE, FOR AFFECT, WE'VE GOT 355 00:11:44,440 --> 00:11:45,800 AUTONOMIC RECORDING, EEG, YOU 356 00:11:45,800 --> 00:11:48,680 CAN AMPLITUDE AND SEE HOW 357 00:11:48,680 --> 00:11:49,560 BEHAVIORS RESPOND. 358 00:11:49,560 --> 00:11:51,280 WITH THIS ENRICHED MULTIMODAL 359 00:11:51,280 --> 00:11:52,720 DATA STREAM IT GIVES US THE 360 00:11:52,720 --> 00:11:53,840 OPPORTUNITY TO BEGIN TO INFER 361 00:11:53,840 --> 00:11:56,320 INTERNAL STATES FROM THIS 362 00:11:56,320 --> 00:11:58,680 QUANTIFIED BEHAVIOR AND USE THAT 363 00:11:58,680 --> 00:12:00,600 INFORMATION TO TRAIN ADAPTED DBS 364 00:12:00,600 --> 00:12:04,120 SYSTEMS THAT WOULD BE ABLE TO 365 00:12:04,120 --> 00:12:05,440 MODULATE STATE AND DISRUPT THE 366 00:12:05,440 --> 00:12:08,080 MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIORS WHEN AND 367 00:12:08,080 --> 00:12:09,440 WHERE THEY OCCUR. 368 00:12:09,440 --> 00:12:13,440 THIS BRINGS US TO THE CONCEPT OF 369 00:12:13,440 --> 00:12:14,040 BRAIN BEHAVIOR QUANTIFICATION 370 00:12:14,040 --> 00:12:15,240 AND SYNCHRONIZATION. 371 00:12:15,240 --> 00:12:17,400 WE PUBLISHED THIS CONCEPT, THE 372 00:12:17,400 --> 00:12:19,520 GOALS ARE TO DEVELOP HIGH 373 00:12:19,520 --> 00:12:28,400 RESOLUTION TOOLS AND PLATFORMS, 374 00:12:28,400 --> 00:12:31,120 TO PRECISELY QUANTIFY BEHAVIOR, 375 00:12:31,120 --> 00:12:32,360 TO SYNCHRONIZE WITH 376 00:12:32,360 --> 00:12:33,360 SIMULTANEOUSLY RECORDED BRAIN 377 00:12:33,360 --> 00:12:33,640 ACTIVITY. 378 00:12:33,640 --> 00:12:35,360 ANOTHER GOAL IS TO USE THIS DATA 379 00:12:35,360 --> 00:12:38,000 AND THESE TOOLS TO BUILD NEW 380 00:12:38,000 --> 00:12:39,240 CONCEPTUAL AND COMPUTATIONAL 381 00:12:39,240 --> 00:12:40,800 MODELS OF BEHAVIORAL SYSTEMS, 382 00:12:40,800 --> 00:12:45,280 AND USE THOSE MODELS TO TEST 383 00:12:45,280 --> 00:12:47,440 CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS IN BRAIN 384 00:12:47,440 --> 00:12:47,840 AND BEHAVIOR. 385 00:12:47,840 --> 00:12:50,480 ANOTHER GOAL TO ESTABLISH 386 00:12:50,480 --> 00:12:51,600 CROSS-DISCIPLINARY CONSORTIUM TO 387 00:12:51,600 --> 00:12:53,640 DEVELOP AND DISSEMINATE TOOLS, 388 00:12:53,640 --> 00:12:55,200 ONTOLOGIES, RESEARCH DESIGNS, 389 00:12:55,200 --> 00:12:56,040 IMPORTANTLY ETHICAL FRAMEWORKS 390 00:12:56,040 --> 00:13:00,360 THAT COULD HAVE THE POTENTIAL OF 391 00:13:00,360 --> 00:13:01,400 TRANSFORMING HOW MECHANISTIC 392 00:13:01,400 --> 00:13:03,680 BRAIN BEHAVIOR RESEARCH IS 393 00:13:03,680 --> 00:13:04,280 CONDUCTED AND ESTABLISHMENT OF 394 00:13:04,280 --> 00:13:07,400 CONSORTIA IS PART OF THE GOAL 395 00:13:07,400 --> 00:13:09,440 FOR OUR WORKSHOP TODAY. 396 00:13:09,440 --> 00:13:10,600 OUR ENVISION IMPACT OF THIS 397 00:13:10,600 --> 00:13:16,680 CONCEPT COULD BE THE DIGS 398 00:13:16,680 --> 00:13:17,760 DISSEMINATION, HOW WE UNDERSTAND 399 00:13:17,760 --> 00:13:19,320 HOW THE BRAIN GENERATES 400 00:13:19,320 --> 00:13:21,080 BEHAVIOR, DEVELOPMENT OF NEW 401 00:13:21,080 --> 00:13:22,760 PARADIGMS TO ESTABLISH CAUSAL 402 00:13:22,760 --> 00:13:25,040 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN NEURAL 403 00:13:25,040 --> 00:13:26,480 ACTIVITY AND BEHAVIOR, 404 00:13:26,480 --> 00:13:28,720 ULTIMATELY THIS COULD ENABLE THE 405 00:13:28,720 --> 00:13:30,400 DEVELOPMENT OF THERAPEUTIC 406 00:13:30,400 --> 00:13:31,480 INTERVENTIONS FOR COMPLEX NEURAL 407 00:13:31,480 --> 00:13:32,760 BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS THAT 408 00:13:32,760 --> 00:13:33,840 CURRENTLY LACK TREATMENTS, AND 409 00:13:33,840 --> 00:13:36,080 WE WOULD LIKE TO SEE A ROBUST 410 00:13:36,080 --> 00:13:38,040 ETHICAL FRAMEWORK THAT ADDRESSES 411 00:13:38,040 --> 00:13:40,200 THE IMPLICATIONS OF USING THESE 412 00:13:40,200 --> 00:13:44,640 TOOLS TO CAPTURE AND RECORD A 413 00:13:44,640 --> 00:13:45,080 PERSON'S EXPERIENCE. 414 00:13:45,080 --> 00:13:47,480 NOW, THERE ARE TWO CASE EXAMPLES 415 00:13:47,480 --> 00:13:49,600 I'M GOING TO WALK THROUGH AND 416 00:13:49,600 --> 00:13:51,720 INTRODUCE THE FORMAT OF THE 417 00:13:51,720 --> 00:13:52,000 WORKSHOP. 418 00:13:52,000 --> 00:13:53,440 FIRST USE CASE EXAMPLE WHEN THE 419 00:13:53,440 --> 00:13:55,320 BEHAVIOR IS THE TARGET OF STUDY, 420 00:13:55,320 --> 00:13:57,400 AND THIS IS THE MOST OBVIOUS USE 421 00:13:57,400 --> 00:13:59,000 CASE SITUATION, BUT WE MIGHT 422 00:13:59,000 --> 00:14:01,920 NEED NEW TOOLS TO DISCOVER THE 423 00:14:01,920 --> 00:14:03,160 NEURAL BASIS OF THE BEHAVIOR 424 00:14:03,160 --> 00:14:04,320 WHICH MIGHT BE CHALLENGE BE TO 425 00:14:04,320 --> 00:14:05,560 STUDY FOR A NUMBER OF REASONS, 426 00:14:05,560 --> 00:14:08,160 MIGHT BE THAT THE BEHAVIOR 427 00:14:08,160 --> 00:14:09,920 OCCURS IN REAL WORLD SETTING 428 00:14:09,920 --> 00:14:14,440 OUTSIDE THE LAB OR COULD BE 429 00:14:14,440 --> 00:14:17,000 BEHAVIOR OCCURS TOO INFREQUENTLY 430 00:14:17,000 --> 00:14:18,480 AND REQUIRES AMBULATORY 431 00:14:18,480 --> 00:14:19,720 MONITORING TO CAPTURE OR THE 432 00:14:19,720 --> 00:14:21,640 FREQUENCY AT WHICH THE BEHAVIOR 433 00:14:21,640 --> 00:14:23,560 OCCURS OVER EXTENDED PERIODS OF 434 00:14:23,560 --> 00:14:25,880 TIME IS ITSELF SALIENT SUCH AS 435 00:14:25,880 --> 00:14:30,400 IN THE CASE OF SEIZURES OR BINGE 436 00:14:30,400 --> 00:14:30,680 EATING. 437 00:14:30,680 --> 00:14:32,240 EXAMPLE OF APPLYING COMPUTER 438 00:14:32,240 --> 00:14:34,400 VISION TO CAPTURE AND QUANTIFY 439 00:14:34,400 --> 00:14:36,160 NATURALISTIC BEHAVIOR, IN THIS 440 00:14:36,160 --> 00:14:37,520 CASE SPONTANEOUS FLY BEHAVIOR, 441 00:14:37,520 --> 00:14:40,080 BUT THE CONCEPT WOULD BE TO DO 442 00:14:40,080 --> 00:14:42,880 THIS ACROSS DIFFERENT SPECIES IN 443 00:14:42,880 --> 00:14:43,960 DIFFERENT SETTINGS. 444 00:14:43,960 --> 00:14:45,680 THE POTENTIAL IMPACT COULD BE 445 00:14:45,680 --> 00:14:46,480 ADVANCING OUR UNDERSTANDING OF 446 00:14:46,480 --> 00:14:48,280 HOW THE BRAIN GENERATES THESE 447 00:14:48,280 --> 00:14:51,000 COMPLEX BEHAVIORS IN THE CONTEXT 448 00:14:51,000 --> 00:14:51,960 OF ENVIRONMENT, PARTICULAR 449 00:14:51,960 --> 00:14:53,520 COMPLEX ENVIRONMENTS, AND ALSO 450 00:14:53,520 --> 00:14:55,600 ENABLING THE DEVELOPMENT OF 451 00:14:55,600 --> 00:14:56,960 INTERVENTIONS WHETHER CLOSED 452 00:14:56,960 --> 00:14:59,080 LOOP OR OTHERWISE, WHEN THE 453 00:14:59,080 --> 00:15:00,440 BEHAVIOR ITSELF IS THE TARGETED 454 00:15:00,440 --> 00:15:00,920 THERAPY. 455 00:15:00,920 --> 00:15:02,480 WHAT ABOUT A DIFFERENT USE CASE 456 00:15:02,480 --> 00:15:04,000 SCENARIO, IF IT'S NOT THE 457 00:15:04,000 --> 00:15:05,520 BEHAVIOR THAT'S THE TARGET BUT 458 00:15:05,520 --> 00:15:06,760 THE INTERNAL STATE THAT'S THE 459 00:15:06,760 --> 00:15:08,440 TARGET OF STUDY? 460 00:15:08,440 --> 00:15:10,320 IN THIS CASE, BEHAVIORS ARE 461 00:15:10,320 --> 00:15:12,120 BEING USED AS MARKERS OF 462 00:15:12,120 --> 00:15:13,120 INTERNAL SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE 463 00:15:13,120 --> 00:15:15,320 THAT CANNOT BE MEASURED DIRECTLY 464 00:15:15,320 --> 00:15:17,520 LIKE A THOUGHT PROCESS, 465 00:15:17,520 --> 00:15:19,000 AFFECTIVE STATE OR PERCEPTION. 466 00:15:19,000 --> 00:15:20,280 HERE THE SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE 467 00:15:20,280 --> 00:15:22,200 FOR WHICH THE OBJECTIVELY 468 00:15:22,200 --> 00:15:23,480 MEASURED BEHAVIORS SERVE AS A 469 00:15:23,480 --> 00:15:25,280 MARKER IS THE INTENDED TARGET OF 470 00:15:25,280 --> 00:15:27,520 THE STUDY, NOT THE BEHAVIORS 471 00:15:27,520 --> 00:15:28,480 THEMSELVES. 472 00:15:28,480 --> 00:15:30,200 HERE'S EXAMPLE OF USING COMPUTER 473 00:15:30,200 --> 00:15:32,440 VISION AGAIN, TO QUANTIFY 474 00:15:32,440 --> 00:15:33,680 DYNAMIC MICROMOVEMENTS OF THE 475 00:15:33,680 --> 00:15:38,120 FACE OVER TIME AND USE THESE TO 476 00:15:38,120 --> 00:15:38,680 INFER AFFECTIVE -- INTERNAL 477 00:15:38,680 --> 00:15:40,800 AFFECTIVE STATE AND THIS COULD 478 00:15:40,800 --> 00:15:41,960 BE LINKED WITH SIMULTANEOUS 479 00:15:41,960 --> 00:15:42,960 NEURAL RECORDING AND STIMULATION 480 00:15:42,960 --> 00:15:45,120 AS YOU'LL SEE FROM SOME OF OUR 481 00:15:45,120 --> 00:15:46,400 SPEAKERS IN THE WORKSHOP. 482 00:15:46,400 --> 00:15:48,280 THE POTENTIAL IMPACT HERE COULD 483 00:15:48,280 --> 00:15:50,480 BE TO ADVANCE OUR UNDERSTANDING 484 00:15:50,480 --> 00:15:52,960 OF HOW THE BRAIN GENERATES 485 00:15:52,960 --> 00:15:54,480 SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCES AND COULD 486 00:15:54,480 --> 00:15:56,280 ENABLE THE DEVELOPMENT OF 487 00:15:56,280 --> 00:15:56,920 INTERVENTIONS WHEN THE 488 00:15:56,920 --> 00:15:59,480 SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE IS THE 489 00:15:59,480 --> 00:16:00,240 THERAPEUTIC TARGET. 490 00:16:00,240 --> 00:16:03,160 NOW, THE GOALS OF THE WORKSHOP 491 00:16:03,160 --> 00:16:06,480 ARE TO CONVENE A DIVERSE PANEL 492 00:16:06,480 --> 00:16:08,480 OF EXPERTS FROM A VARIETY OF 493 00:16:08,480 --> 00:16:09,640 FIELDS THAT MAYBE DON'T OFTEN 494 00:16:09,640 --> 00:16:11,840 TALK TO EACH OTHER. 495 00:16:11,840 --> 00:16:15,040 WE'VE GOT NEUROSCIENTIST, DATA 496 00:16:15,040 --> 00:16:16,240 SCIENTISTS, SENSORY 497 00:16:16,240 --> 00:16:17,040 DEVELOPMENTS, BEHAVIORAL 498 00:16:17,040 --> 00:16:18,480 EXPERTS, ENGINEERS, WE'VE ASKED 499 00:16:18,480 --> 00:16:23,000 THEM TO ENGAGE IN 500 00:16:23,000 --> 00:16:24,040 CROSS-DISCIPLINARY DIALOGUE. 501 00:16:24,040 --> 00:16:26,480 WE'VE ASKED THEM TO HELP US 502 00:16:26,480 --> 00:16:27,800 HIGHLIGHT WHERE OPPORTUNITIES 503 00:16:27,800 --> 00:16:28,840 ARE, WHERE RESEARCH COULD MAKE 504 00:16:28,840 --> 00:16:30,080 THE MOST IMPACT. 505 00:16:30,080 --> 00:16:31,280 WE'VE ASKED THEM TO IDENTIFY 506 00:16:31,280 --> 00:16:33,440 WHERE THE NEEDS ARE, WHERE NEW 507 00:16:33,440 --> 00:16:34,680 TECHNOLOGY NEEDS TO BE 508 00:16:34,680 --> 00:16:35,080 DEVELOPED. 509 00:16:35,080 --> 00:16:36,600 AND WE HOPE THIS WILL BE THE 510 00:16:36,600 --> 00:16:39,000 START OF THE FORMATION OF 511 00:16:39,000 --> 00:16:40,880 CONSORTIA TO STIMULATE PROGRESS 512 00:16:40,880 --> 00:16:44,200 IN DEVELOPING NEW BEHAVIOR 513 00:16:44,200 --> 00:16:44,680 ONTOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, 514 00:16:44,680 --> 00:16:46,440 INFORMATICS, COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS 515 00:16:46,440 --> 00:16:47,480 AND ETHICAL FRAMEWORKS. 516 00:16:47,480 --> 00:17:00,480 SO, I'M GOING TO GIVE YOU A 517 00:17:00,480 --> 00:17:01,680 BIRDSEYE VIEW, THE PANEL IS 518 00:17:01,680 --> 00:17:03,880 SPEAKERS AND DISCUSSANTS WITH A 519 00:17:03,880 --> 00:17:06,960 MODERATOR, AND IN THIS FIRST 520 00:17:06,960 --> 00:17:10,440 PANEL FORMATTED LIKE A 521 00:17:10,440 --> 00:17:11,080 CONCEPTUAL DATA BLITZ, 522 00:17:11,080 --> 00:17:13,000 CONCEPTUAL BLITZ, WE'VE ASKED 523 00:17:13,000 --> 00:17:13,840 SPEAKERS AND DISCUSSANTS TO 524 00:17:13,840 --> 00:17:16,120 THINK THROUGH HOW DO WE FRAME 525 00:17:16,120 --> 00:17:18,480 OUR RESEARCH QUESTIONS TO STUDY 526 00:17:18,480 --> 00:17:21,000 BEHAVIOR AS A COMPLEX DYNAMIC 527 00:17:21,000 --> 00:17:23,240 SYSTEM, IN INTERACTION WITH A 528 00:17:23,240 --> 00:17:23,680 COMPLEX ENVIRONMENT. 529 00:17:23,680 --> 00:17:25,560 OUR SECOND PANEL WILL BE ON 530 00:17:25,560 --> 00:17:27,840 SENSING BEHAVIOR IN ITS 531 00:17:27,840 --> 00:17:29,680 ENVIRONMENTS, THE DIMENSIONS AND 532 00:17:29,680 --> 00:17:29,960 DYNAMICS. 533 00:17:29,960 --> 00:17:31,520 AGAIN WE'VE GOT FOUR SPEAKERS, 534 00:17:31,520 --> 00:17:32,800 THREE DISCUSSANTS. 535 00:17:32,800 --> 00:17:34,480 WE'VE ASKED THEM TO THINK ABOUT 536 00:17:34,480 --> 00:17:37,680 HOW DO WE CAPTURE THE 537 00:17:37,680 --> 00:17:38,480 INFORMATION NEEDED FROM 538 00:17:38,480 --> 00:17:39,720 INDIVIDUAL ORGANISMS, SOCIAL 539 00:17:39,720 --> 00:17:40,520 GROUPS, AND PHYSICAL 540 00:17:40,520 --> 00:17:42,600 ENVIRONMENTS, THAT WE NEED TO 541 00:17:42,600 --> 00:17:44,280 CAPTURE THE COMPLEXITY OF 542 00:17:44,280 --> 00:17:45,640 BEHAVIOR, PARTICULARLY IN REAL 543 00:17:45,640 --> 00:17:47,480 WORLD SETTINGS. 544 00:17:47,480 --> 00:17:50,440 AND THEN THE THIRD PANEL WILL BE 545 00:17:50,440 --> 00:17:52,640 ON WHAT ARE THE COMPUTATIONAL 546 00:17:52,640 --> 00:17:55,280 OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR 547 00:17:55,280 --> 00:17:56,440 MODELING BRAIN BEHAVIOR 548 00:17:56,440 --> 00:18:00,040 ENVIRONMENT, AS A COMPLEX 549 00:18:00,040 --> 00:18:00,760 DYNAMIC SYSTEM. 550 00:18:00,760 --> 00:18:04,840 MOVING, CLOSING OUT DAY 1, WE'VE 551 00:18:04,840 --> 00:18:06,280 ASKED CAROL ROMMELFANGER AND 552 00:18:06,280 --> 00:18:08,320 JUSTIN BAKER TO PROVIDE 553 00:18:08,320 --> 00:18:10,320 SYNTHESIS AND CLOSING REMARKS 554 00:18:10,320 --> 00:18:13,320 FROM THE THREE PANELS ACROSS DAY 555 00:18:13,320 --> 00:18:16,280 ONE, TO HIGHLIGHT WHERE THE 556 00:18:16,280 --> 00:18:16,920 OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES 557 00:18:16,920 --> 00:18:17,480 MELEE. 558 00:18:17,480 --> 00:18:20,320 DAY 2 IS GOING TO START WITH 559 00:18:20,320 --> 00:18:21,360 THREE REALLY EXCITING TALKS, 560 00:18:21,360 --> 00:18:23,200 WHICH WILL INTEGRATE THE 561 00:18:23,200 --> 00:18:25,160 CONCEPTS FROM DAY 1 TO ADVANCE 562 00:18:25,160 --> 00:18:33,240 NEUROSCIENCE, AND WE HAVE MALA 563 00:18:33,240 --> 00:18:36,160 MURTHY, NANTHIA SUTHANA AND NITA 564 00:18:36,160 --> 00:18:36,520 FARAHANY. 565 00:18:36,520 --> 00:18:39,400 AFTER THE THREE TALKS WE'LL HAVE 566 00:18:39,400 --> 00:18:41,360 CONCURRENT MODERATED BREAKOUT 567 00:18:41,360 --> 00:18:42,480 SESSIONS, THE FIRST ONE IS ON 568 00:18:42,480 --> 00:18:44,120 SHALL IT - I'LL BE MODERATING ON 569 00:18:44,120 --> 00:18:50,000 HUMAN AND CLINICAL RESEARCH WITH 570 00:18:50,000 --> 00:18:53,560 OUR BREAKOUT CO-LEADS, AND THEN 571 00:18:53,560 --> 00:18:54,480 THE SIMULTANEOUS BREAKOUT WILL 572 00:18:54,480 --> 00:19:05,280 BE MODERATED WITH DISCUSSANTS. 573 00:19:05,280 --> 00:19:07,680 IF YOU CAN'T DECIDE, THEY ARE 574 00:19:07,680 --> 00:19:11,240 BOTH RECORDED, BOTH WILL BE 575 00:19:11,240 --> 00:19:13,640 STREAMED AFTER THE MEETING. 576 00:19:13,640 --> 00:19:15,320 SO, THEN OF COURSE WE'RE REALLY 577 00:19:15,320 --> 00:19:19,280 EXCITED TO BE WELCOMING DR. JOHN 578 00:19:19,280 --> 00:19:20,480 NGAI, TO GIVE CLOSING REMARKS 579 00:19:20,480 --> 00:19:23,080 AND SYNTHESIS AFTER WE HAVE THE 580 00:19:23,080 --> 00:19:24,280 REPORT OUT FROM THE GROUPS AND 581 00:19:24,280 --> 00:19:24,600 DISCUSSION. 582 00:19:24,600 --> 00:19:26,400 IT WILL BE A REALLY EXCITING TWO 583 00:19:26,400 --> 00:19:28,080 DAYS AND WE'LL BE LOOKING 584 00:19:28,080 --> 00:19:30,040 FORWARD TO HEARING FROM OUR 585 00:19:30,040 --> 00:19:31,920 BREAKOUT GROUPS, WHAT ARE THE 586 00:19:31,920 --> 00:19:33,320 HIGH PRIORITY AREAS OF RESEARCH 587 00:19:33,320 --> 00:19:34,920 TO PURSUE, WHAT ARE THE TOOLS 588 00:19:34,920 --> 00:19:36,240 NEEDED TO PURSUE THEM, AND WHAT 589 00:19:36,240 --> 00:19:37,880 ARE THE BARRIERS THAT WE NEED TO 590 00:19:37,880 --> 00:19:38,280 ADDRESS. 591 00:19:38,280 --> 00:19:41,040 THERE'S SO MANY PEOPLE TO THANK 592 00:19:41,040 --> 00:19:43,480 HERE, AND WE'VE LISTED THE 593 00:19:43,480 --> 00:19:44,880 PLANNING COMMITTEE AND MEMBERS 594 00:19:44,880 --> 00:19:46,000 WHO HELPED TO ORGANIZE THIS 595 00:19:46,000 --> 00:19:48,160 MEETING ON THIS SLIDE HERE. 596 00:19:48,160 --> 00:19:50,480 THIS IS A COLLABORATION ACROSS 597 00:19:50,480 --> 00:19:52,000 MULTIPLE NIH INSTITUTES AND 598 00:19:52,000 --> 00:19:53,560 OFFICES AS WELL AS NSF. 599 00:19:53,560 --> 00:19:56,680 TO SET US UP FOR PANEL 1, WHICH 600 00:19:56,680 --> 00:19:59,240 IS GOING TO BE ON BEHAVIOR AS A 601 00:19:59,240 --> 00:20:00,880 COMPLEX SYSTEM WITHIN A COMPLEX 602 00:20:00,880 --> 00:20:03,480 SYSTEM, WE'LL HAVE FOUR 603 00:20:03,480 --> 00:20:04,880 EIGHT-MINUTE TALKS FOLLOWED BY 604 00:20:04,880 --> 00:20:05,560 DISCUSSION, EACH DISCUSSANT WILL 605 00:20:05,560 --> 00:20:08,400 INTRODUCE AN IDEA OR QUESTION, 606 00:20:08,400 --> 00:20:09,960 GENERATED BY THE TALKS, AND LEAD 607 00:20:09,960 --> 00:20:10,960 DISCUSSION FOR NINE MINUTES. 608 00:20:10,960 --> 00:20:13,080 THEN THEY WILL HAND OFF TO THE 609 00:20:13,080 --> 00:20:14,240 NEXT DISCUSSANT. 610 00:20:14,240 --> 00:20:14,880 WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS ARE 611 00:20:14,880 --> 00:20:17,040 INVITED TO USE THE CHAT TO POSE 612 00:20:17,040 --> 00:20:18,560 QUESTIONS FOR THE DISCUSSION, 613 00:20:18,560 --> 00:20:19,760 AND OTHER ATTENDEES PLEASE USE 614 00:20:19,760 --> 00:20:22,480 THE Q&A BOX OR LIVE FEEDBACK 615 00:20:22,480 --> 00:20:24,600 FUNCTIONS IN ZOOM OR VIDEOCAST. 616 00:20:24,600 --> 00:20:26,320 WITHOUT FURTHER ADO I'D LIKE TO 617 00:20:26,320 --> 00:20:29,560 INTRODUCE DR. JANINE SIMMONS, 618 00:20:29,560 --> 00:20:31,920 OUR MODERATOR FOR PANEL 1. 619 00:20:31,920 --> 00:20:34,080 >> THANKS, HOLLY. 620 00:20:34,080 --> 00:20:39,800 I'M EXCITED TO BE LAUNCHING OUR 621 00:20:39,800 --> 00:20:40,440 PANEL 1. 622 00:20:40,440 --> 00:20:41,760 I'M SUPER EXCITED. 623 00:20:41,760 --> 00:20:44,680 THE PANEL 1 AS HOLLY SAID IS 624 00:20:44,680 --> 00:20:46,200 ENTITLED BEHAVIOR AS A COMPLEX 625 00:20:46,200 --> 00:20:52,760 SYSTEM WITHIN A COMPLEX SYSTEM. 626 00:20:52,760 --> 00:20:53,560 AND QUESTIONS ARE RESEARCH 627 00:20:53,560 --> 00:20:56,800 QUESTIONS TO STUDY BEHAVIOR AS A 628 00:20:56,800 --> 00:21:00,000 COMPLEX SYSTEM. 629 00:21:00,000 --> 00:21:02,560 SPEAKERS ARE IAIN COUZIN, 630 00:21:02,560 --> 00:21:13,200 JEFFREY KOEN AND LENA TING, 631 00:21:13,200 --> 00:21:17,520 DISCUSSANTS MOLLY CUMMINGS, 632 00:21:17,520 --> 00:21:21,280 TIMOTHY WRIGHT AND BENCE 633 00:21:21,280 --> 00:21:21,600 ÖLVECZKY. 634 00:21:21,600 --> 00:21:22,920 >> I HAVE TO APOLOGIZE. 635 00:21:22,920 --> 00:21:24,680 MY FAMILY HAD COVID, I THOUGHT I 636 00:21:24,680 --> 00:21:28,720 WAS GOING TO ESCAPE BUT HAD 637 00:21:28,720 --> 00:21:29,760 REBOUND SYMPTOMS AND TESTED 638 00:21:29,760 --> 00:21:30,640 POSITIVE. 639 00:21:30,640 --> 00:21:31,760 EXCUSE THE VOICE, COUGHING, 640 00:21:31,760 --> 00:21:33,480 FATIGUE, SO ON. 641 00:21:33,480 --> 00:21:36,720 I COULDN'T MISS THIS AMAZING 642 00:21:36,720 --> 00:21:36,920 EVENT. 643 00:21:36,920 --> 00:21:38,800 YES, I WAS INTRIGUED BY BEHAVIOR 644 00:21:38,800 --> 00:21:41,200 AS A COMPLEX SYSTEM WITHIN A 645 00:21:41,200 --> 00:21:44,040 COMPLEX SYSTEM BECAUSE I THINK 646 00:21:44,040 --> 00:21:45,800 THE NEUROSCIENCE OF COURSE IS 647 00:21:45,800 --> 00:21:47,320 DEVELOPING INCREDIBLE TOOLS WE 648 00:21:47,320 --> 00:21:50,440 JUST HEARD ABOUT THAT SPAN 649 00:21:50,440 --> 00:21:53,880 ACROSS THESE VAST SPATIAL AND 650 00:21:53,880 --> 00:21:56,960 ALSO TEMPORAL SCALES. 651 00:21:56,960 --> 00:22:00,680 I LOVE THE PIECE BY BASSETT AND 652 00:22:00,680 --> 00:22:04,040 MORROW, EXTENDS TO EVOLUTIONARY 653 00:22:04,040 --> 00:22:04,280 SCALES. 654 00:22:04,280 --> 00:22:05,880 BEHAVIOR DOESN'T MAKE SENSE IF 655 00:22:05,880 --> 00:22:07,200 WE CONSIDER HOW THESE FEEDBACK 656 00:22:07,200 --> 00:22:10,200 ON EACH OTHER. 657 00:22:10,200 --> 00:22:11,720 MULTI-SCALE IMAGING IS SO 658 00:22:11,720 --> 00:22:12,360 CRITICAL. 659 00:22:12,360 --> 00:22:14,440 ANIMAL BEHAVIOR, ONE OF THE 660 00:22:14,440 --> 00:22:17,680 WONDERFUL CHALLENGES IS THAT IT 661 00:22:17,680 --> 00:22:20,160 INHERENTLY SPANS SCALES, ANIMALS 662 00:22:20,160 --> 00:22:23,480 NEED TO RESPOND TO A RISK OR 663 00:22:23,480 --> 00:22:25,920 THREAT, THEY HAVE TO RESPOND IN 664 00:22:25,920 --> 00:22:27,160 TERMS OF FOOD RESOURCES, OVER 665 00:22:27,160 --> 00:22:30,080 YEARS IN TERMS OF WITH WHOM THEY 666 00:22:30,080 --> 00:22:30,480 CHOOSE TO MATE. 667 00:22:30,480 --> 00:22:32,360 AND THERE ARE MANY FEEDBACK 668 00:22:32,360 --> 00:22:33,680 PROCESSES ACROSS THE SCALES. 669 00:22:33,680 --> 00:22:36,600 THEY CAN'T BE DECOUPLED IN A 670 00:22:36,600 --> 00:22:37,680 SIMPLE WAY. 671 00:22:37,680 --> 00:22:39,680 WHO YOU CHOOSE TO MATE WITH 672 00:22:39,680 --> 00:22:42,400 IMPACTS MANY OTHER ASPECTS OF 673 00:22:42,400 --> 00:22:45,080 YOUR LIFE. 674 00:22:45,080 --> 00:22:46,560 AND WE'VE ALREADY SEEN THIS. 675 00:22:46,560 --> 00:22:50,480 I DIDN'T SEE THE PREVIOUS TALKS, 676 00:22:50,480 --> 00:22:52,280 JUST COINCIDENCE, THIS WONDERFUL 677 00:22:52,280 --> 00:22:54,480 WORK FROM TIMOTHY DUNN, 678 00:22:54,480 --> 00:22:59,480 CHARACTERIZING A BODY OF WORK TO 679 00:22:59,480 --> 00:23:01,720 TRY TO DEVELOP QUANTITATIVE 680 00:23:01,720 --> 00:23:05,240 TOOLS TO STUDY AND TO DESCRIBE 681 00:23:05,240 --> 00:23:06,520 STEREOTYPICAL BEHAVIORS. 682 00:23:06,520 --> 00:23:08,520 THIS IS TRANSFORMATIVE TO THE 683 00:23:08,520 --> 00:23:09,760 WHOLE FIELD OF BEHAVIOR. 684 00:23:09,760 --> 00:23:12,160 IN FACT, I THINK BEHAVIOR IS 685 00:23:12,160 --> 00:23:13,680 UNDERGOING A RENAISSANCE. 686 00:23:13,680 --> 00:23:17,480 WHEN I WAS A POSTDOC AT OXFORD 687 00:23:17,480 --> 00:23:18,880 UNIVERSITY, IT WAS THOUGHT 688 00:23:18,880 --> 00:23:21,640 BEHAVIOR WAS REDUNDANT, WE DID 689 00:23:21,640 --> 00:23:24,520 IT IN THE 70s AND '80s, NOW 690 00:23:24,520 --> 00:23:25,720 WE'RE REALIZING MECHANISM IS 691 00:23:25,720 --> 00:23:27,400 FUNDAMENTAL TO UNDERSTANDING HOW 692 00:23:27,400 --> 00:23:29,080 THE BRAIN PROCESSES INFORMATION. 693 00:23:29,080 --> 00:23:31,320 BUT YET WE'RE STILL ONLY AT THE 694 00:23:31,320 --> 00:23:32,680 VERY BEGINNING OF OUR STUDIES. 695 00:23:32,680 --> 00:23:35,360 I THINK THAT'S THE EXCITING 696 00:23:35,360 --> 00:23:35,640 THING. 697 00:23:35,640 --> 00:23:37,240 SO, INSTEAD OF TALKING MY ABOUT 698 00:23:37,240 --> 00:23:38,880 MY WORK, I'LL MENTION SOME BUT 699 00:23:38,880 --> 00:23:40,840 WANTED TO REALLY TALK ABOUT WHAT 700 00:23:40,840 --> 00:23:43,280 I'VE BEEN THINKING ABOUT LATE 701 00:23:43,280 --> 00:23:45,080 LAST NIGHT, PREPARING MY SLIDES, 702 00:23:45,080 --> 00:23:46,160 ABOUT WHAT ARE MAJOR CHALLENGES 703 00:23:46,160 --> 00:23:47,760 AND GAPS IN THE STUDY OF 704 00:23:47,760 --> 00:23:48,480 BEHAVIOR. 705 00:23:48,480 --> 00:23:50,360 SOME OF THIS WILL REFLECT WHAT 706 00:23:50,360 --> 00:23:51,920 YOU JUST HEARD BECAUSE I THINK 707 00:23:51,920 --> 00:23:54,800 WE'RE INDEPENDENTLY THINKING THE 708 00:23:54,800 --> 00:23:58,200 SAME TYPES OF THINGS. 709 00:23:58,200 --> 00:24:01,080 SO, WE'RE GETTING PRETTY GOOD AT 710 00:24:01,080 --> 00:24:02,880 DOING POSTURE ANALYSIS AND 711 00:24:02,880 --> 00:24:08,000 DESCRIBING STEREOTYPICAL 712 00:24:08,000 --> 00:24:08,480 PATTERNS. 713 00:24:08,480 --> 00:24:09,280 WHAT WE'RE NOT GOOD AT DOING, 714 00:24:09,280 --> 00:24:11,480 AND I WOULD LOVE TO HEAR MORE 715 00:24:11,480 --> 00:24:13,720 FROM OTHER PARTICIPANTS, HOW 716 00:24:13,720 --> 00:24:19,480 ANIMALS TAKE IN HIGH DIMENSIONAL 717 00:24:19,480 --> 00:24:22,480 SENSORY INFORMATION, 718 00:24:22,480 --> 00:24:24,160 MULTI-MODAL, THE BRAIN IS THIS 719 00:24:24,160 --> 00:24:24,840 ENTITY THAT ALLOWS ANIMALS TO 720 00:24:24,840 --> 00:24:27,320 MAKE SENSE OF THIS, TO MAKE 721 00:24:27,320 --> 00:24:29,800 DECISIONS, BASED ON MEMORY, 722 00:24:29,800 --> 00:24:31,480 PHYSIOLOGIC STATE, GENETICS, AS 723 00:24:31,480 --> 00:24:32,720 WAS MENTIONED BEFORE BEHAVIOR 724 00:24:32,720 --> 00:24:36,720 CAN ACTUALLY GIVE INSIGHT INTO 725 00:24:36,720 --> 00:24:38,000 THESE INTERNAL STATES. 726 00:24:38,000 --> 00:24:41,480 BUT WE STILL REALLY LACK THIS 727 00:24:41,480 --> 00:24:42,520 FORMAL WAY, INFORMATIONAL 728 00:24:42,520 --> 00:24:47,000 THEORETIC TOOLS, TO ALLOW US TO 729 00:24:47,000 --> 00:24:47,680 CAUSALITY. 730 00:24:47,680 --> 00:24:49,280 CORRELATION, YES, BUT CAUSALITY 731 00:24:49,280 --> 00:24:49,840 IS STILL CHALLENGING. 732 00:24:49,840 --> 00:24:51,120 ONE OF THE REASONS, I'LL COME 733 00:24:51,120 --> 00:24:54,440 BACK TO THIS, WE HAVE THESE 734 00:24:54,440 --> 00:24:55,280 RECURSIVE FEEDBACKS ACROSS 735 00:24:55,280 --> 00:24:56,120 MULTIPLE TIME SCALES. 736 00:24:56,120 --> 00:24:59,120 SO I THINK THAT'S A VERY 737 00:24:59,120 --> 00:25:00,120 IMPORTANT ASPECT THAT WILL 738 00:25:00,120 --> 00:25:04,440 IMPROVE ALL OF OUR RESEARCH. 739 00:25:04,440 --> 00:25:07,560 ANOTHER ASPECT I'VE BECOME VERY 740 00:25:07,560 --> 00:25:10,240 INTERESTED IN, I THINK, WEAK 741 00:25:10,240 --> 00:25:11,400 LINK, OFTEN MOVEMENT IS 742 00:25:11,400 --> 00:25:13,480 CONSIDERED THE OUTCOME OF THE 743 00:25:13,480 --> 00:25:14,440 DECISION, ANIMAL DECIDES WHAT IT 744 00:25:14,440 --> 00:25:17,480 WANTS TO DO, MOVES TO GET TO 745 00:25:17,480 --> 00:25:22,680 LOCATION IT WANTS. 746 00:25:22,680 --> 00:25:25,760 BUT THE MOVEMENT, THERE'S A 747 00:25:25,760 --> 00:25:26,960 DYNAMIC FEEDBACK BETWEEN MOTION 748 00:25:26,960 --> 00:25:28,080 SENSING AND DECISION MAKING AND 749 00:25:28,080 --> 00:25:33,360 OTHERS BUT THIS IS YET A VERY 750 00:25:33,360 --> 00:25:35,120 SMALL FIELD IN BODY DECISION 751 00:25:35,120 --> 00:25:36,200 MAKING, IT'S VERY IMPORTANT TO 752 00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:38,080 CONSIDER THE BRAIN AS EMBODIED 753 00:25:38,080 --> 00:25:43,160 IN THE ORGANISM TO UNDERSTAND 754 00:25:43,160 --> 00:25:44,000 SPATIAL TEMPORAL COMPUTATION. 755 00:25:44,000 --> 00:25:45,800 TIMOTHY IS IN THE AUDIENCE, HE'S 756 00:25:45,800 --> 00:25:47,240 DONE WONDERFUL WORK THAT SHOWS 757 00:25:47,240 --> 00:25:48,760 THIS TOO. 758 00:25:48,760 --> 00:25:50,360 I DON'T HAVE TIME TO TALK ABOUT 759 00:25:50,360 --> 00:25:52,840 MY RESEARCH BUT WANT TO 760 00:25:52,840 --> 00:25:53,440 EMPHASIZE WE'VE BEEN REALLY 761 00:25:53,440 --> 00:25:54,800 LOOKING INTO THIS IN A 762 00:25:54,800 --> 00:25:56,800 COMPREHENSIVE WAY WITH A RANGE 763 00:25:56,800 --> 00:25:58,680 OF SYSTEMS, AND SHOWING WE 764 00:25:58,680 --> 00:26:01,680 SIMPLY CANNOT MAKE SENSE OF THE 765 00:26:01,680 --> 00:26:03,240 DECISIONS ANIMALS MAKE, WITHOUT 766 00:26:03,240 --> 00:26:05,560 INCLUDING THIS RECURSIVE 767 00:26:05,560 --> 00:26:08,880 FEEDBACK, THIS REVEALS THE BRAIN 768 00:26:08,880 --> 00:26:10,960 IS BEHAVING AS DYNAMIC SYSTEM 769 00:26:10,960 --> 00:26:13,040 WITH BIFURCATION ALSO THAT BREAK 770 00:26:13,040 --> 00:26:14,440 UP THE COMPLEXITY OF THE WORLD 771 00:26:14,440 --> 00:26:18,160 INTO A SERIES OF BINARY, BINARY, 772 00:26:18,160 --> 00:26:18,560 BINARY DECISIONS. 773 00:26:18,560 --> 00:26:21,840 SO I THINK THIS COULD INTEGRATE 774 00:26:21,840 --> 00:26:24,080 VERY WELL WITH CLASSICAL 775 00:26:24,080 --> 00:26:24,800 NEUROSCIENCE IN TERMS OF 776 00:26:24,800 --> 00:26:27,520 DECISION MAKING BECAUSE WE FIND 777 00:26:27,520 --> 00:26:29,480 THE BRAIN CONTINUOUSLY CHANGES 778 00:26:29,480 --> 00:26:30,400 THE WORLD, NO MATTER HOW MANY 779 00:26:30,400 --> 00:26:33,240 OPTIONS, INTO A SERIES OF TWO 780 00:26:33,240 --> 00:26:34,480 OPTION DECISIONS. 781 00:26:34,480 --> 00:26:39,280 WE COMPARE THEORY WITH 782 00:26:39,280 --> 00:26:39,560 EXPERIMENTS. 783 00:26:39,560 --> 00:26:43,520 NO ANIMAL IS AN ISLAND. 784 00:26:43,520 --> 00:26:45,360 SOCIAL BEHAVIOR HAS BEEN POORLY 785 00:26:45,360 --> 00:26:46,360 DESCRIBED AND POORLY CONSIDERED, 786 00:26:46,360 --> 00:26:50,080 I GUESS, WITHIN THIS TYPE OF 787 00:26:50,080 --> 00:26:50,400 FRAMEWORK. 788 00:26:50,400 --> 00:26:53,360 ALMOST ALL DECISIONS ANY ANIMALS 789 00:26:53,360 --> 00:26:57,920 MAKE INVOLVES INDIRECT OR DIRECT 790 00:26:57,920 --> 00:26:59,000 SOCIAL INFORMATION. 791 00:26:59,000 --> 00:27:00,480 LOOKING AT CLASSIC MODELS, SORT 792 00:27:00,480 --> 00:27:06,480 OF MODELS THAT WE CAN USE IN OUR 793 00:27:06,480 --> 00:27:08,880 COMMUNITY, C. ELEGANS IS A 794 00:27:08,880 --> 00:27:11,880 HIGHLY SOCIAL ANIMAL. 795 00:27:11,880 --> 00:27:14,840 SO ARE DROSOPHILA, ODOR 796 00:27:14,840 --> 00:27:17,080 AVOIDANCE, WE ALSO USE SOCIAL 797 00:27:17,080 --> 00:27:18,440 INTEGRATION TO FORAGE, CHOOSE 798 00:27:18,440 --> 00:27:19,760 MATES, SO ON. 799 00:27:19,760 --> 00:27:22,440 BUT THOSE ORGANISMS, DROSOPHILA 800 00:27:22,440 --> 00:27:23,920 AND C. ELEGANS, ARE INCREDIBLY 801 00:27:23,920 --> 00:27:27,160 HARD TO STUDY IN NATURAL 802 00:27:27,160 --> 00:27:27,600 ENVIRONMENT. 803 00:27:27,600 --> 00:27:30,480 WE HAVE AT LEAST TWO MODEL 804 00:27:30,480 --> 00:27:32,680 SYSTEMS PERFECT FOR CROSSING 805 00:27:32,680 --> 00:27:34,280 SCALES BETWEEN NATURAL 806 00:27:34,280 --> 00:27:35,960 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL 807 00:27:35,960 --> 00:27:37,000 COMPLEXITY AND CONTROLLED 808 00:27:37,000 --> 00:27:38,840 EXPERIMENT, ZEBRAFISH BEING ONE, 809 00:27:38,840 --> 00:27:41,120 THEY HAVE TERRITORIAL BEHAVIOR, 810 00:27:41,120 --> 00:27:43,280 THEY HAVE RICH FIGHTS THAT LEAD 811 00:27:43,280 --> 00:27:44,400 TO TERRITORIES, SCHOOLING OF 812 00:27:44,400 --> 00:27:44,640 COURSE. 813 00:27:44,640 --> 00:27:46,080 RATS, WE WERE ONE OF THE FIRST 814 00:27:46,080 --> 00:27:47,520 GROUPS TO EVER ASK THIS BASIC 815 00:27:47,520 --> 00:27:48,480 QUESTION, WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU 816 00:27:48,480 --> 00:27:50,800 PUT TWO RATS IN A MAZE? 817 00:27:50,800 --> 00:27:53,160 OR EIGHT RATS IN A MAZE? 818 00:27:53,160 --> 00:27:55,800 THEY SOLVE THIS MAZE 819 00:27:55,800 --> 00:27:57,600 COLLECTIVELY WITH SOME WONDERFUL 820 00:27:57,600 --> 00:28:00,840 EXAMPLES OF HOW INTERACTIONS CAN 821 00:28:00,840 --> 00:28:02,080 LEAD TO COGNITIVE ABILITIES 822 00:28:02,080 --> 00:28:04,240 BEYOND THE INDIVIDUAL. 823 00:28:04,240 --> 00:28:07,480 AND YET I'M GOING TO BE A LITTLE 824 00:28:07,480 --> 00:28:08,680 BIT DRAMATIC NOW, PUSH YOU A 825 00:28:08,680 --> 00:28:09,520 LITTLE BIT. 826 00:28:09,520 --> 00:28:12,480 I WOULD ARGUE THE BEHAVIOR OF 827 00:28:12,480 --> 00:28:15,840 THES ORGANISMS IS ALMOST ALWAYS 828 00:28:15,840 --> 00:28:17,800 STUDIED IN ABSENCE OF CONTEXT. 829 00:28:17,800 --> 00:28:21,080 BY DOING SO WE SEVERELY RESTRICT 830 00:28:21,080 --> 00:28:24,480 AND BIAS THE BEHAVIORS WE STUDY. 831 00:28:24,480 --> 00:28:28,280 ALSO LIMIT THE SCOPE OF OUR 832 00:28:28,280 --> 00:28:31,880 STUDIES BUT MEANS WE CAN 833 00:28:31,880 --> 00:28:34,760 MISUNDERSTAND DATA. 834 00:28:34,760 --> 00:28:40,160 IT BECOMES EXTREMELY HARD WITH 835 00:28:40,160 --> 00:28:41,480 EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS, ULTIMATELY 836 00:28:41,480 --> 00:28:43,280 WHAT MATTERS. 837 00:28:43,280 --> 00:28:44,680 EXAMPLE IS COLLECTIVE MIGRATION. 838 00:28:44,680 --> 00:28:46,040 PEOPLE PUT TAGS ON INDIVIDUAL 839 00:28:46,040 --> 00:28:47,280 ANIMALS, WHAT THE INDIVIDUAL IS 840 00:28:47,280 --> 00:28:48,840 DOING EVERYTHING THEMSELVES. 841 00:28:48,840 --> 00:28:51,280 BUT ALMOST ALL MIGRATIONS ARE 842 00:28:51,280 --> 00:28:52,680 KNOWN TO BE COLLECTIVE. 843 00:28:52,680 --> 00:28:55,200 SO WHY IS STUDYING COLLECTIVE 844 00:28:55,200 --> 00:28:56,160 BEHAVIOR CHALLENGING? 845 00:28:56,160 --> 00:28:57,920 WELL, IT'S VERY HARD TO 846 00:28:57,920 --> 00:28:59,080 DETERMINE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS. 847 00:28:59,080 --> 00:29:01,080 THIS IS ANOTHER AREA THAT WE 848 00:29:01,080 --> 00:29:02,440 NEED TO HAVE DEVELOPMENTS IN. 849 00:29:02,440 --> 00:29:10,640 EVEN IF WE HAVE TWO ANIMALS, 850 00:29:10,640 --> 00:29:13,800 THEN THINK OF THE THIRD ANIMAL, 851 00:29:13,800 --> 00:29:15,920 IS HE BEING INFLUENCED OR A, OR 852 00:29:15,920 --> 00:29:19,000 A AND C VIA INDIRECT EFFECT, AND 853 00:29:19,000 --> 00:29:22,440 CAN ADD MORE COMPLEX 854 00:29:22,440 --> 00:29:23,000 RELATIONSHIPS. 855 00:29:23,000 --> 00:29:24,240 WE'VE BEEN TRYING TO STUDY IN 856 00:29:24,240 --> 00:29:25,960 SCHOOLING FISH AND FLOCKING 857 00:29:25,960 --> 00:29:27,280 BIRDS, EXTREMELY CHALLENGING TO 858 00:29:27,280 --> 00:29:30,440 YOU CAN WORK OUT CAUSAL NATURE 859 00:29:30,440 --> 00:29:31,480 OF INFLUENCE. 860 00:29:31,480 --> 00:29:34,480 TOWARDS THE SOLUTION, SO I 861 00:29:34,480 --> 00:29:38,240 REALLY AM EXCITED BY DEVELOPING 862 00:29:38,240 --> 00:29:40,880 VIRTUAL REALITY ENVIRONMENTS, 863 00:29:40,880 --> 00:29:42,000 IMMERSEIVE HOLOGRAPHIC, WHERE 864 00:29:42,000 --> 00:29:43,680 INDIVIDUALS CAN INTERACT FREELY 865 00:29:43,680 --> 00:29:46,440 WIN VIRTUAL WORLDS. 866 00:29:46,440 --> 00:29:47,960 AND WE CAN NETWORK SYSTEMS 867 00:29:47,960 --> 00:29:49,840 TOGETHER. 868 00:29:49,840 --> 00:29:51,440 YOU CAN SEE AN INDIVIDUAL -- 869 00:29:51,440 --> 00:29:56,560 VIRTUAL INDIVIDUAL MOVING IN THE 870 00:29:56,560 --> 00:29:57,360 CIRCLE, THE REAL ZEBRAFISH 871 00:29:57,360 --> 00:29:58,480 FOLLOWING, BELIEVES IT TO BE IN 872 00:29:58,480 --> 00:30:03,200 THE TANK WITH IT EVEN THOUGH 873 00:30:03,200 --> 00:30:11,120 THIS IS AN ILLUSION. 874 00:30:11,120 --> 00:30:13,080 WE HAVE TO PROJECT THE WORLD 875 00:30:13,080 --> 00:30:14,440 PRECISELY FROM PERSPECTIVE OF 876 00:30:14,440 --> 00:30:16,080 THE ANIMAL, WE CAN CREATE 877 00:30:16,080 --> 00:30:17,480 MULTIPLE SYSTEMS AND NETWORK 878 00:30:17,480 --> 00:30:18,680 TOGETHER AND ALLOW REAL 879 00:30:18,680 --> 00:30:19,880 INDIVIDUALS TO INTERACT WITH 880 00:30:19,880 --> 00:30:23,640 EACH OTHER, NO T IN THE SAME 881 00:30:23,640 --> 00:30:27,240 PHYSICAL WORLD BUT SAME 882 00:30:27,240 --> 00:30:27,880 HOLOGRAPHIC WORLD, GIVES GREAT 883 00:30:27,880 --> 00:30:29,400 CONTROL TO UNDERSTAND WHAT'S 884 00:30:29,400 --> 00:30:29,680 GOING ON. 885 00:30:29,680 --> 00:30:33,120 WE HAVE NOW 11 OF THESE SYSTEMS 886 00:30:33,120 --> 00:30:34,320 HERE, YOU CAN SEE FOUR 887 00:30:34,320 --> 00:30:34,640 INDIVIDUALS. 888 00:30:34,640 --> 00:30:36,520 THEY ARE NOT INTERACTING IN THE 889 00:30:36,520 --> 00:30:38,520 REAL PHYSICAL WORLD, WITHIN A 890 00:30:38,520 --> 00:30:44,080 HOLOGRAPHIC WORLD. 891 00:30:44,080 --> 00:30:44,240 892 00:30:44,240 --> 00:30:46,080 AND WORKING WITH HARVARD 893 00:30:46,080 --> 00:30:48,080 UNIVERSITY WE CAN CREATE A 894 00:30:48,080 --> 00:30:51,480 STRUCTURAL ENVIRONMENT WITH A 895 00:30:51,480 --> 00:30:53,480 MICROSCOPE, WHOLE BRAIN IMAGING 896 00:30:53,480 --> 00:30:56,080 AT CELLULAR RESOLUTION, WITH 897 00:30:56,080 --> 00:31:03,480 ANIMALS INTERACTING WITH THE 898 00:31:03,480 --> 00:31:04,360 OTHER HOLOGRAPHIC, ONE COULD BE 899 00:31:04,360 --> 00:31:07,240 IN THE U.S., WITH THE BANDWIDTH. 900 00:31:07,240 --> 00:31:10,200 WE'VE BEEN LOOKING AT ZEBRAFISH 901 00:31:10,200 --> 00:31:18,120 AS A MODEL FOR AUTISM SPECTRUM 902 00:31:18,120 --> 00:31:18,400 DISORDER. 903 00:31:18,400 --> 00:31:20,000 THERE'S A MASSIVE GAP IN OUR 904 00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:23,480 STUDIES OF BEHAVIOR. 905 00:31:23,480 --> 00:31:27,000 ALMOST ALL STUDIES FOCUS IN 906 00:31:27,000 --> 00:31:29,160 CONTROLLED SIMPLISTIC LABORATORY 907 00:31:29,160 --> 00:31:29,480 ENVIRONMENTS. 908 00:31:29,480 --> 00:31:30,280 MICROSCOPIC, IF YOU GO BACK TO 909 00:31:30,280 --> 00:31:31,680 THE BEGINNING OF MY TALK. 910 00:31:31,680 --> 00:31:34,360 ALL IN THE UNCONTROLLED 911 00:31:34,360 --> 00:31:35,480 CONDITIONS OF THE WORLD, 912 00:31:35,480 --> 00:31:37,080 MACROSCOPIC, I'M INVOLVED IN 913 00:31:37,080 --> 00:31:38,360 BOTH COMMUNITIES, VERY FEW 914 00:31:38,360 --> 00:31:38,720 PEOPLE ARE. 915 00:31:38,720 --> 00:31:41,480 SO WE HAVE THIS BEAUTIFUL WORK 916 00:31:41,480 --> 00:31:43,880 BY TIMOTHY AND OTHERS OF THE 917 00:31:43,880 --> 00:31:45,160 MICROSCOPIC SCALE, WORK WE'VE 918 00:31:45,160 --> 00:31:48,040 BEEN DOING, SO THIS IS A PAPER, 919 00:31:48,040 --> 00:31:49,200 STATE-OF-THE-ART TECHNOLOGY IN 920 00:31:49,200 --> 00:31:56,080 THE WILD TO TRACK ANIMALS AS 921 00:31:56,080 --> 00:31:57,720 THEY MIGRATE, STORKS IN 922 00:31:57,720 --> 00:31:59,880 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, BUT NOTHING 923 00:31:59,880 --> 00:32:03,960 IN THE MIDDLE. 924 00:32:03,960 --> 00:32:08,520 MESOSCOPEIC IS VOID, A BARREN 925 00:32:08,520 --> 00:32:08,880 LAND. 926 00:32:08,880 --> 00:32:10,280 WE DON'T MAKE THESE CONNECTIONS, 927 00:32:10,280 --> 00:32:12,960 AS IMPORTANT AS ANYTHING ELSE. 928 00:32:12,960 --> 00:32:16,480 WHEN I BUILT THIS, THE CONCEPT 929 00:32:16,480 --> 00:32:17,800 WITH THE LARGE INDOOR FACILITY, 930 00:32:17,800 --> 00:32:29,000 THAT ALLOW US TO BEGIN TO 931 00:32:29,000 --> 00:32:30,200 ADDRESS THIS. 932 00:32:30,200 --> 00:32:32,640 YOU HAVE RATS CHOOSING BETWEEN 933 00:32:32,640 --> 00:32:35,480 TWO OPTIONS, THOUSANDS OF TIMES, 934 00:32:35,480 --> 00:32:40,120 ALLOWING THEM TO MOVE WITHIN 935 00:32:40,120 --> 00:32:44,520 LARGE ENVIRONMENTS, WHILE DOING 936 00:32:44,520 --> 00:32:48,440 BRAIN IMAGING. 937 00:32:48,440 --> 00:32:50,560 ALSO THIS IS ANOTHER WHERE WE 938 00:32:50,560 --> 00:32:55,280 CAN ALSO DO THE WORK AND LOOK AT 939 00:32:55,280 --> 00:32:59,320 THE ACOUSTIC COMMUNICATION. 940 00:32:59,320 --> 00:33:03,640 >> I'M GOING TO BE TALKING ABOUT 941 00:33:03,640 --> 00:33:05,360 BEHAVIOR IN HUMANS. 942 00:33:05,360 --> 00:33:13,720 AND HOW BEST TO MEASURE 943 00:33:13,720 --> 00:33:14,680 BEHAVIOR. 944 00:33:14,680 --> 00:33:16,360 COMMONLY USED TO SELF-REPORT, AS 945 00:33:16,360 --> 00:33:18,960 A NUMBER OF ADVANTAGES, IT'S 946 00:33:18,960 --> 00:33:21,960 CONVENIENT, IT'S FAST, ALLOWS 947 00:33:21,960 --> 00:33:22,800 FOR QUANTIFICATION, IT'S EASILY 948 00:33:22,800 --> 00:33:23,080 OBTAINED. 949 00:33:23,080 --> 00:33:25,760 AND THERE ARE MANY RELIABLE 950 00:33:25,760 --> 00:33:28,760 QUESTIONNAIRES TO CHOOSE FROM. 951 00:33:28,760 --> 00:33:31,680 THE DISADVANTAGE OF COURSE IS 952 00:33:31,680 --> 00:33:33,960 THAT IT REQUIRES ABILITY TO 953 00:33:33,960 --> 00:33:35,200 SPEAK, WRITE, OR GESTURE. 954 00:33:35,200 --> 00:33:36,880 THAT CAN'T BE DONE IN YOUNG 955 00:33:36,880 --> 00:33:37,800 CHILDREN. 956 00:33:37,800 --> 00:33:39,640 IT CAN'T BE DONE IN PEOPLE WHO 957 00:33:39,640 --> 00:33:42,440 ARE ON BREATHING TUBES OR WHO 958 00:33:42,440 --> 00:33:45,520 ARE COMMUNICATIONALLY 959 00:33:45,520 --> 00:33:45,800 CHALLENGED. 960 00:33:45,800 --> 00:33:47,040 IT'S IDIOSYNCRATIC. 961 00:33:47,040 --> 00:33:48,560 THE MEANING OF THE MEASURES KIND 962 00:33:48,560 --> 00:33:50,400 OF VARY WITH THE PERSON. 963 00:33:50,400 --> 00:33:54,240 IT'S LIMITED TO WHAT IS 964 00:33:54,240 --> 00:34:00,760 CONSCIOUSLY AWARE. 965 00:34:00,760 --> 00:34:03,320 IT'S SUSCEPTIBLE TO SUGGESTION, 966 00:34:03,320 --> 00:34:03,760 IMPRESSION, DECEPTION. 967 00:34:03,760 --> 00:34:05,040 TEMPORARILY SPARSE, YOU CAN ONLY 968 00:34:05,040 --> 00:34:06,840 ASK SO MANY QUESTIONS IN ANY 969 00:34:06,840 --> 00:34:10,120 PERIOD OF TIME AND LACKS ANALOGS 970 00:34:10,120 --> 00:34:13,480 IN OTHER SPECIES. 971 00:34:13,480 --> 00:34:16,160 SO HOW ELSE COULD MEASURE 972 00:34:16,160 --> 00:34:16,400 BEHAVIOR? 973 00:34:16,400 --> 00:34:18,200 FACIAL EXPRESSION IS ONE WE'VE 974 00:34:18,200 --> 00:34:22,160 BEEN ESPECIALLY INTERESTED IN. 975 00:34:22,160 --> 00:34:26,040 FACE, HEAD, AND BODY MOTION 976 00:34:26,040 --> 00:34:29,440 PRESENTS ANOTHER. 977 00:34:29,440 --> 00:34:31,560 VOICE, VOICE QUALITY, TIMING. 978 00:34:31,560 --> 00:34:37,280 AND THEN PHYSIOLOGY WHICH CAN BE 979 00:34:37,280 --> 00:34:39,040 MEASURED EITHER WITH THERMAL 980 00:34:39,040 --> 00:34:40,760 CAMERA OR CONTACT SENSORS, ALL 981 00:34:40,760 --> 00:34:42,440 OF THESE MODALITIES HAVE BEEN 982 00:34:42,440 --> 00:34:48,640 WELL STUDIED IN PEOPLE AND IN 983 00:34:48,640 --> 00:34:49,760 DEVELOPMENTALLY AND 984 00:34:49,760 --> 00:34:50,400 CROSS-CULTURALLY. 985 00:34:50,400 --> 00:34:54,160 MY OWN APPROACH HAS EMPHASIZED 986 00:34:54,160 --> 00:34:55,160 VISUAL FACIAL EXPRESSION. 987 00:34:55,160 --> 00:34:57,840 AND THAT'S WHAT I'LL FOCUS ON 988 00:34:57,840 --> 00:34:58,560 TODAY. 989 00:34:58,560 --> 00:35:00,480 FACIAL EXPRESSION IS MADE 990 00:35:00,480 --> 00:35:03,160 POSSIBLE BY A DENSE MESH OF 991 00:35:03,160 --> 00:35:04,640 FACIAL MUSCLES, UNLIKE MUSCLES 992 00:35:04,640 --> 00:35:06,880 ANYWHERE ELSE IN THE BODY, THEY 993 00:35:06,880 --> 00:35:09,080 CONNECT EITHER TO EACH OTHER OR 994 00:35:09,080 --> 00:35:11,080 THEY CONNECT TO SOFT TISSUE. 995 00:35:11,080 --> 00:35:15,000 THIS GIVES A HIGH DEGREE OF 996 00:35:15,000 --> 00:35:18,040 FREEDOM, HIGH DEGREES OF FREEDOM 997 00:35:18,040 --> 00:35:19,160 FOR FACIAL EXPRESSION. 998 00:35:19,160 --> 00:35:23,280 THE APPROACH WE USE, ANNOTATION, 999 00:35:23,280 --> 00:35:25,760 IS BASED ON ECKMAN'S ENCODING 1000 00:35:25,760 --> 00:35:29,160 SYSTEM, IN THAT SYSTEM EACH 1001 00:35:29,160 --> 00:35:31,120 FACIAL -- EACH MUSCLE OR SMALL 1002 00:35:31,120 --> 00:35:33,040 NUMBER OF MUSCLES IS REFERRED TO 1003 00:35:33,040 --> 00:35:36,400 AS AN ACTION UNIT. 1004 00:35:36,400 --> 00:35:43,120 AND THESE HAVE HIGH DEGREE OF 1005 00:35:43,120 --> 00:35:43,360 CONTROL. 1006 00:35:43,360 --> 00:35:44,520 WE ARE INTERESTED IN THE 1007 00:35:44,520 --> 00:35:49,760 OCCURRENCE, THE INTENSITY, AND 1008 00:35:49,760 --> 00:35:53,560 TIMING OF FACIAL ACTION. 1009 00:35:53,560 --> 00:35:55,160 WE CAN TRACK CHANGE IN 1010 00:35:55,160 --> 00:35:57,680 EXPRESSION AND DESCRIBE IT IN 1011 00:35:57,680 --> 00:36:00,680 TERMS OF MOLECULAR MOVEMENTS. 1012 00:36:00,680 --> 00:36:09,600 THE APPROACH THAT WE USE, 1013 00:36:09,600 --> 00:36:12,200 DEVELOPED IN COLLABORATION, IS 1014 00:36:12,200 --> 00:36:12,840 AUTOMATED FACIAL ACTION 1015 00:36:12,840 --> 00:36:17,440 RECOGNITION WHICH WE REFER TO 1016 00:36:17,440 --> 00:36:17,640 AFAR. 1017 00:36:17,640 --> 00:36:18,800 THIS IS ONE VERSION OF THE 1018 00:36:18,800 --> 00:36:20,960 SYSTEM, THERE ARE A NUMBER OF 1019 00:36:20,960 --> 00:36:23,320 VERSIONS, YOU KNOW, THAT WE'VE 1020 00:36:23,320 --> 00:36:25,960 BEEN USING, IS A COMPUTER VISION 1021 00:36:25,960 --> 00:36:27,160 MACHINE-LEARNING BASED APPROVE, 1022 00:36:27,160 --> 00:36:29,680 TO MEASURING FACIAL ACTIONS AND 1023 00:36:29,680 --> 00:36:32,120 HEAD AND FACE DYNAMICS. 1024 00:36:32,120 --> 00:36:37,480 IT'S BEEN TRAINED ON LARGE AND 1025 00:36:37,480 --> 00:36:39,360 HETEROGENEOUS DATA, 1026 00:36:39,360 --> 00:36:40,240 GENERALIZABLE TO PARTICIPANTS 1027 00:36:40,240 --> 00:36:46,840 SUCH AS I'LL BE TALKING ABOUT 1028 00:36:46,840 --> 00:36:51,240 WITH DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION. 1029 00:36:51,240 --> 00:36:55,640 IN WORK WITH BAYLOR COLLEGE OF 1030 00:36:55,640 --> 00:36:56,880 MEDICINE, WAYNE GOODMAN, NICOLE 1031 00:36:56,880 --> 00:36:59,080 PROVENZA WHO WILL BE FOLLOWING 1032 00:36:59,080 --> 00:37:00,640 ME, WE'VE BEEN INTERESTED IN 1033 00:37:00,640 --> 00:37:07,360 RELATION BETWEEN STIMULATION OF 1034 00:37:07,360 --> 00:37:08,640 THE VENTRAL STRIATUM AND 1035 00:37:08,640 --> 00:37:14,280 (INDISCERNIBLE) PATIENTS, FIVE 1036 00:37:14,280 --> 00:37:15,560 PATIENTS WHO ARE UNDERGOING 1037 00:37:15,560 --> 00:37:18,080 TREATMENT WITH DEEP BRAIN 1038 00:37:18,080 --> 00:37:20,840 STIMULATION, OR TREATMENT 1039 00:37:20,840 --> 00:37:23,040 RESISTANT OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE 1040 00:37:23,040 --> 00:37:23,320 DISORDER. 1041 00:37:23,320 --> 00:37:25,280 ONE CONTEXT IS PROGRAMMING 1042 00:37:25,280 --> 00:37:27,360 SESSIONS IN WHICH THE PARAMETER 1043 00:37:27,360 --> 00:37:30,440 SETTINGS OF THE DEVICE ARE 1044 00:37:30,440 --> 00:37:32,720 ADJUSTED IN ORDER TO OPTIMIZE 1045 00:37:32,720 --> 00:37:32,960 TREATMENT. 1046 00:37:32,960 --> 00:37:37,480 AND THIS IS A SERIES OF 1047 00:37:37,480 --> 00:37:38,480 PROGRAMMING SESSIONS, A PERIOD 1048 00:37:38,480 --> 00:37:40,240 OF EIGHT MONTHS. 1049 00:37:40,240 --> 00:37:43,760 THE SECOND CONTEXT IS 1050 00:37:43,760 --> 00:37:44,080 INTERVIEWS. 1051 00:37:44,080 --> 00:37:44,960 CLINICAL INTERVIEWS OVER THE 1052 00:37:44,960 --> 00:37:47,320 SAME PERIOD OF TIME. 1053 00:37:47,320 --> 00:37:54,200 SO FOR MORE KIND OF NATURALISTIC 1054 00:37:54,200 --> 00:37:55,160 BEHAVIOR. 1055 00:37:55,160 --> 00:38:00,480 THIS SLIDE SHOWS AN EXAMPLE FROM 1056 00:38:00,480 --> 00:38:01,960 A PROGRAMMING SESSION. 1057 00:38:01,960 --> 00:38:07,680 HERE YOU CAN SEE THE DBS 1058 00:38:07,680 --> 00:38:10,360 AMPLITUDE, TRACKING POSITIVE 1059 00:38:10,360 --> 00:38:11,240 AFFECT AND HEAD VELOCITY. 1060 00:38:11,240 --> 00:38:15,360 NOTE THAT THERE IS KIND OF A 1061 00:38:15,360 --> 00:38:18,360 CLOSE COORDINATION BETWEEN 1062 00:38:18,360 --> 00:38:20,880 CHANGES, EXPRESSION OF FACIAL 1063 00:38:20,880 --> 00:38:28,160 AFFECT, EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF 1064 00:38:28,160 --> 00:38:28,800 (INDISCERNIBLE) CONTRACTION 1065 00:38:28,800 --> 00:38:32,400 REPRESENTED BY UNITS AND HEAD 1066 00:38:32,400 --> 00:38:34,720 VELOCITY. 1067 00:38:34,720 --> 00:38:37,360 1068 00:38:37,360 --> 00:38:38,840 IN CLINICAL INTERVIEWS, OVER THE 1069 00:38:38,840 --> 00:38:41,040 SAME PERIOD OF TIME, WE LOOK AT 1070 00:38:41,040 --> 00:38:43,320 RELATION BETWEEN FACIAL AFFECT 1071 00:38:43,320 --> 00:38:46,920 AND HEAD DYNAMICS IN RELATION TO 1072 00:38:46,920 --> 00:38:56,240 THE DBS ENERGY, WHICH IS A 1073 00:38:56,240 --> 00:38:58,560 FUNCTION OF AMPLITUDE, PULSE 1074 00:38:58,560 --> 00:38:59,680 WIDTH AND FREQUENCY, AND FOUND 1075 00:38:59,680 --> 00:39:04,440 CLOSE TO 30% OF THE VARIANTS IN 1076 00:39:04,440 --> 00:39:06,520 DBS ENERGY DURING AND INTERVIEW 1077 00:39:06,520 --> 00:39:10,040 WAS ACCOUNTED FOR -- CAN BE 1078 00:39:10,040 --> 00:39:11,360 ACCOUNTED FOR BY HEAD DYNAMICS 1079 00:39:11,360 --> 00:39:13,160 AND FACIAL ACTION UNITS. 1080 00:39:13,160 --> 00:39:24,720 WE LOOKED AS WELL AT THE 1081 00:39:24,720 --> 00:39:26,760 RELATION TO YBOCS II SEVERITY 1082 00:39:26,760 --> 00:39:32,160 SCORES, HEAD DYNAMICS AND FACIAL 1083 00:39:32,160 --> 00:39:38,720 ACTION UNITS ACCOUNTED FOR ABOUT 1084 00:39:38,720 --> 00:39:41,560 20% OF THE VARIANTS. 1085 00:39:41,560 --> 00:39:45,600 WHICH IS KIND OF A STRONG -- I 1086 00:39:45,600 --> 00:39:48,240 WOULD SAY STRONG EFFECT IN THIS 1087 00:39:48,240 --> 00:39:48,760 CONTEXT. 1088 00:39:48,760 --> 00:39:54,080 AS AN EXAMPLE OF DBS IN A 1089 00:39:54,080 --> 00:39:56,160 CLINICAL INTERVIEW, WE HAVE TWO 1090 00:39:56,160 --> 00:39:59,200 INTERVIEWS, THIS IS FROM A CASE 1091 00:39:59,200 --> 00:40:03,960 STUDY, KIND OF EARLY ON. 1092 00:40:03,960 --> 00:40:07,680 IN ONE, THIS INDIVIDUAL HAS THE 1093 00:40:07,680 --> 00:40:13,720 DBS IS ON, THE SECOND VIDEO 1094 00:40:13,720 --> 00:40:15,560 SHOWS DBS OFF, AFTER A PERIOD OF 1095 00:40:15,560 --> 00:40:16,880 ABOUT THREE HOURS. 1096 00:40:16,880 --> 00:40:20,480 NOTE THERE IS A DRAMATIC 1097 00:40:20,480 --> 00:40:22,560 DIFFERENCE IN HIS FACIAL AFFECT 1098 00:40:22,560 --> 00:40:25,200 DURING THESE TWO CONDITIONS. 1099 00:40:25,200 --> 00:40:28,520 WHEN IT'S ON, THERE IS INTENSE 1100 00:40:28,520 --> 00:40:31,320 POSITIVE AFFECT, CYCLING ON AND 1101 00:40:31,320 --> 00:40:34,840 OFF, BROW RAISES, SMILES, SO ON, 1102 00:40:34,840 --> 00:40:46,360 VERY LITTLE, VERY FEW IN THE 1103 00:40:46,360 --> 00:40:58,360 NEGATIVE AFFECT, WITH OFF . 1104 00:40:58,360 --> 00:40:59,840 YOU FACIAL EXPRESSION HAS 1105 00:40:59,840 --> 00:41:01,720 REVEALED TIME-LOCKED CHANGES IN 1106 00:41:01,720 --> 00:41:03,000 NEURAL ACTIVATION AND 1107 00:41:03,000 --> 00:41:05,280 LONGITUDINAL VARIATION IN DBS 1108 00:41:05,280 --> 00:41:05,720 AND SYMPTOMATOLOGY. 1109 00:41:05,720 --> 00:41:07,040 FACIAL EXPRESSION IS ONE OF MANY 1110 00:41:07,040 --> 00:41:09,480 MODALITIES THAT CAN BE APPLIED 1111 00:41:09,480 --> 00:41:12,160 IN HUMAN AND COMPARATIVE STUDIES 1112 00:41:12,160 --> 00:41:14,960 OF BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR. 1113 00:41:14,960 --> 00:41:16,400 GOING FORWARD, WE'RE INTERESTED 1114 00:41:16,400 --> 00:41:19,760 IN EXPANDING THE NUMBER OF 1115 00:41:19,760 --> 00:41:21,640 NEURAL SITES, SO FAR WE'VE 1116 00:41:21,640 --> 00:41:26,360 PRIMARILY BEEN LOOKING AT SITES 1117 00:41:26,360 --> 00:41:30,560 ASSOCIATED WITH OCD, SEPARATE 1118 00:41:30,560 --> 00:41:36,600 STUDY WE'RE LOOKING AT KIND OF 1119 00:41:36,600 --> 00:41:39,120 DEPRESSION, AND USING FACILITIES 1120 00:41:39,120 --> 00:41:40,720 OF EPILEPSY MONITORING UNIT AT 1121 00:41:40,720 --> 00:41:42,040 BAYLOR TO LOOK AT A LARGER 1122 00:41:42,040 --> 00:41:47,320 NUMBER OF SITES IN RELATION TO 1123 00:41:47,320 --> 00:41:53,440 THEIR EFFECT ON -- OR OUTPUT IN 1124 00:41:53,440 --> 00:41:59,200 TERMS OF FACIAL AFFECT AND OTHER 1125 00:41:59,200 --> 00:41:59,960 MODALITIES. 1126 00:41:59,960 --> 00:42:02,680 VOICE QUALITY AND TIMING, SPEECH 1127 00:42:02,680 --> 00:42:05,280 AND SENTIMENT, PERIPHERAL 1128 00:42:05,280 --> 00:42:06,920 PHYSIOLOGY AND SOCIAL 1129 00:42:06,920 --> 00:42:07,200 INTERACTION. 1130 00:42:07,200 --> 00:42:10,600 WE HAVE TWO BROAD GOALS. 1131 00:42:10,600 --> 00:42:13,760 ONE IS BEHAVIORAL BIOMARKERS FOR 1132 00:42:13,760 --> 00:42:15,800 ADAPTIVE DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION. 1133 00:42:15,800 --> 00:42:17,560 NICOLE PROVENZA WILL TALK MORE 1134 00:42:17,560 --> 00:42:21,960 ABOUT THAT IN THE VERY NEXT 1135 00:42:21,960 --> 00:42:22,360 TALK. 1136 00:42:22,360 --> 00:42:24,960 AND MORE OBJECTIVE MEASUREMENT 1137 00:42:24,960 --> 00:42:26,800 OF BEHAVIOR IN CLINICAL TRIALS, 1138 00:42:26,800 --> 00:42:28,640 CURRENTLY FOR CLINICAL TRIALS 1139 00:42:28,640 --> 00:42:31,160 THE PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE IS 1140 00:42:31,160 --> 00:42:31,600 SELF-REPORT. 1141 00:42:31,600 --> 00:42:36,120 WE WANT TO USE MULTI-MODAL 1142 00:42:36,120 --> 00:42:38,160 MEASURES TO MORE OBJECTIVELY 1143 00:42:38,160 --> 00:42:39,680 MEASURE SYMPTOMATOLOGY AND 1144 00:42:39,680 --> 00:42:42,160 RESPONSE TO TREATMENT AND WORK 1145 00:42:42,160 --> 00:42:46,800 WITH DELIBERATE, WE'VE BEEN 1146 00:42:46,800 --> 00:42:48,600 WORKING WITH PREDICTING HAMILTON 1147 00:42:48,600 --> 00:42:53,240 DEPRESSION SCORES AND USING 1148 00:42:53,240 --> 00:42:59,240 MULTI-MODAL MEASURES, AND SO FAR 1149 00:42:59,240 --> 00:43:00,960 KIND OF ENCOURAGING RESULTS, 1150 00:43:00,960 --> 00:43:05,560 ACCOUNTING FOR 60% OF THE 1151 00:43:05,560 --> 00:43:08,320 VARIATION BETWEEN OBSERVED 1152 00:43:08,320 --> 00:43:10,000 HAMILTON SCORES AND PREDICTIVE. 1153 00:43:10,000 --> 00:43:13,000 LAST IN TERMS OF CHALLENGES, WE 1154 00:43:13,000 --> 00:43:13,960 NEED MORE DATA. 1155 00:43:13,960 --> 00:43:17,720 YOU KNOW, KIND OF DATA IS THE 1156 00:43:17,720 --> 00:43:19,000 KEY FOR LEARNING. 1157 00:43:19,000 --> 00:43:21,440 ONE OF THE CONSTRAINTS IS 1158 00:43:21,440 --> 00:43:22,400 CONSTRAINTS OF CLINICAL 1159 00:43:22,400 --> 00:43:24,400 SETTINGS, THAT WE'RE NOT SET UP 1160 00:43:24,400 --> 00:43:27,960 AS KIND OF LABORATORIES. 1161 00:43:27,960 --> 00:43:36,120 SO IN AN EPILEPSY UNIT, THE 1162 00:43:36,120 --> 00:43:36,760 LIGHTING IS HOSPITAL LIGHTING, 1163 00:43:36,760 --> 00:43:37,680 HOW DO YOU IMPROVE THE 1164 00:43:37,680 --> 00:43:42,520 ENVIRONMENT IN A WAY THAT 1165 00:43:42,520 --> 00:43:44,400 FACILITATES IMPROVED 1166 00:43:44,400 --> 00:43:47,720 MEASUREMENT. 1167 00:43:47,720 --> 00:43:49,800 A SECOND IS SYNCHRONIZING VIDEO 1168 00:43:49,800 --> 00:43:51,880 AND NEURAL DATA. 1169 00:43:51,880 --> 00:43:56,480 AND THIS IS -- THIS IS AN AREA 1170 00:43:56,480 --> 00:43:59,360 THAT IS REALLY IN NEED OF 1171 00:43:59,360 --> 00:44:01,680 IMPORTANT ADVANCES. 1172 00:44:01,680 --> 00:44:03,480 AND SO WITH THAT I'D LIKE TO 1173 00:44:03,480 --> 00:44:10,440 THANK YOU FOR THE OPPORTUNITY TO 1174 00:44:10,440 --> 00:44:10,760 PRESENT TODAY. 1175 00:44:10,760 --> 00:44:11,040 THANK YOU. 1176 00:44:11,040 --> 00:44:12,120 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 1177 00:44:12,120 --> 00:44:13,800 HOPEFULLY YOU CAN HEAR ME BETTER 1178 00:44:13,800 --> 00:44:13,960 NOW. 1179 00:44:13,960 --> 00:44:21,560 WE'RE MOVING TO THE THIRD TALK, 1180 00:44:21,560 --> 00:44:23,360 NICOLE PROVENZA. 1181 00:44:23,360 --> 00:44:26,320 >> HI, EVERYONE. 1182 00:44:26,320 --> 00:44:30,160 I'M A POSTDOC AT BAYLOR COLLEGE 1183 00:44:30,160 --> 00:44:35,800 OF MEDICINE SPEAKING ON PROGRESS 1184 00:44:35,800 --> 00:44:37,520 IN HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE. 1185 00:44:37,520 --> 00:44:39,160 NO DISCLOSURES TO REPORT. 1186 00:44:39,160 --> 00:44:40,520 THERE'S SEVERAL KEY CHALLENGES 1187 00:44:40,520 --> 00:44:42,960 THAT I THINK NEED TO BE 1188 00:44:42,960 --> 00:44:48,440 ADDRESSED TO LINK NEURAL 1189 00:44:48,440 --> 00:44:49,400 BEHAVIORS TO PSYCHIATRIC 1190 00:44:49,400 --> 00:44:50,920 DISORDERS. 1191 00:44:50,920 --> 00:44:53,800 ONE IS SYMPTOM HETEROGENEITY. 1192 00:44:53,800 --> 00:44:58,720 PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS ARE 1193 00:44:58,720 --> 00:45:00,640 DEFINED BY CLUSTERS OF SYMPTOMS 1194 00:45:00,640 --> 00:45:02,160 AND THERE'S HETEROGENEITY. 1195 00:45:02,160 --> 00:45:02,640 SYMPTOMS ARE SUBJECTIVE. 1196 00:45:02,640 --> 00:45:04,600 EVEN IF WE HAVE AN IDEA OF 1197 00:45:04,600 --> 00:45:06,000 SYMPTOMS WE WANT TO MEASURE HOW 1198 00:45:06,000 --> 00:45:07,680 ARE WE GOING TO MEASURE THEM. 1199 00:45:07,680 --> 00:45:09,200 THIS IS REALLY CHALLENGING IN 1200 00:45:09,200 --> 00:45:11,840 PSYCHIATRY AS THERE ARE NO 1201 00:45:11,840 --> 00:45:12,920 ESTABLISHED PHYSICAL READOUTS OF 1202 00:45:12,920 --> 00:45:15,760 SYMPTOM STATES LIKE IN MOVEMENT 1203 00:45:15,760 --> 00:45:17,320 DISORDERS. 1204 00:45:17,320 --> 00:45:18,640 CLINICIAN ADMINISTERED SKILLS, 1205 00:45:18,640 --> 00:45:21,440 AS DR. COHM MENTIONED, WITH USED 1206 00:45:21,440 --> 00:45:24,040 TO ASSESS SEVERITY AND DEPEND ON 1207 00:45:24,040 --> 00:45:26,040 SUBJECTIVE INPUT. 1208 00:45:26,040 --> 00:45:27,800 THREE IS SPARSITY OF BEHAVIORAL 1209 00:45:27,800 --> 00:45:28,120 INFORMATION. 1210 00:45:28,120 --> 00:45:29,640 SELF-REPORT SCALES ARE MEANT TO 1211 00:45:29,640 --> 00:45:31,320 BE ADMINISTERED ABOUT EVERY TWO 1212 00:45:31,320 --> 00:45:33,400 WEEKS, AND SO IF WE ADMINISTER 1213 00:45:33,400 --> 00:45:34,760 THEM MORE OFTEN, SAY EVERY DAY, 1214 00:45:34,760 --> 00:45:37,560 WE DON'T HAVE A METRIC FOR EVERY 1215 00:45:37,560 --> 00:45:40,000 MOMENT OF EVERY DAY, STILL. 1216 00:45:40,000 --> 00:45:43,200 SO THESE SELF-REPORT SKILLS ARE 1217 00:45:43,200 --> 00:45:47,160 TEMPORALLY SPARSE COMPARED TO 1218 00:45:47,160 --> 00:45:48,160 DENSE LEAD DATA. 1219 00:45:48,160 --> 00:45:51,680 FOR MY WORK I'M MOTIVATED TO 1220 00:45:51,680 --> 00:45:56,440 OVERCOME CHALLENGES TO IDENTIFY 1221 00:45:56,440 --> 00:45:59,840 BIOMARKERS TO IMPROVE OUTCOMES 1222 00:45:59,840 --> 00:46:03,360 OF DBS IN SEVERE OCD AND 1223 00:46:03,360 --> 00:46:06,440 DEPRESSION, PART OF AN NIH 1224 00:46:06,440 --> 00:46:09,520 EFFORT LED BY DR. WAYNE GOODMAN. 1225 00:46:09,520 --> 00:46:10,960 WE RECORD NEURAL SIGNALS, USE 1226 00:46:10,960 --> 00:46:14,400 THOSE TO CLASSIFY A RELEVANT 1227 00:46:14,400 --> 00:46:16,800 BRAIN STATE SUCH AS OBSESSIVE 1228 00:46:16,800 --> 00:46:19,160 COMPULSIVE SYMPTOM STATE, 1229 00:46:19,160 --> 00:46:19,960 CONTROL STIMULATION PARAMETERS 1230 00:46:19,960 --> 00:46:21,800 ACCORDINGLY TO RELIEVE SYMPTOMS. 1231 00:46:21,800 --> 00:46:24,520 SO IDENTIFICATION OF A RELATIVE 1232 00:46:24,520 --> 00:46:25,600 BEHAVIORAL STATE AND BRAIN STATE 1233 00:46:25,600 --> 00:46:27,120 UNDERLYING THIS BEHAVIOR IS 1234 00:46:27,120 --> 00:46:28,360 REALLY CRITICAL FOR ACHIEVING 1235 00:46:28,360 --> 00:46:29,080 THIS GOAL. 1236 00:46:29,080 --> 00:46:33,160 SO ONE OF THE MANY STRATEGIES 1237 00:46:33,160 --> 00:46:34,600 TOWARD FINDING BIOMARKER TO BE 1238 00:46:34,600 --> 00:46:38,160 TO RELATE TO DENSELY MEASURED 1239 00:46:38,160 --> 00:46:38,800 BEHAVIORAL FEATURES, IN MY 1240 00:46:38,800 --> 00:46:41,920 PREVIOUS WORK WE DID THIS WITH 1241 00:46:41,920 --> 00:46:46,240 OCD PARTICIPANTS, IMPLANTED WITH 1242 00:46:46,240 --> 00:46:47,600 SENSING CAPABLE DBS DEVICES. 1243 00:46:47,600 --> 00:46:50,160 AND WE MEASURED BEHAVIOR DURING 1244 00:46:50,160 --> 00:46:50,800 CONCURRENT NEURAL REPORTINGS IN 1245 00:46:50,800 --> 00:46:51,760 THE CLINIC AND AT HOME. 1246 00:46:51,760 --> 00:46:56,520 IN THE CLINIC WERE ABLE TO DO 1247 00:46:56,520 --> 00:46:58,600 DENSE BEHAVIORAL MODELING, AT 1248 00:46:58,600 --> 00:47:02,400 HOME WE HAVE PARTICIPANTS 1249 00:47:02,400 --> 00:47:05,560 CONTROL INTRACRANIAL RECORDINGS 1250 00:47:05,560 --> 00:47:06,880 THROUGH TABLET, REPORTING USING 1251 00:47:06,880 --> 00:47:09,760 A SLIDER BAR ON A PHONE 1252 00:47:09,760 --> 00:47:10,080 APPLICATION. 1253 00:47:10,080 --> 00:47:12,080 ONE PARTICIPANT DID A THREE-DAY 1254 00:47:12,080 --> 00:47:14,480 RECORDING AT HOME, NATURAL 1255 00:47:14,480 --> 00:47:16,240 EXPRESSURES TO OCD TRIGGERS ON 1256 00:47:16,240 --> 00:47:22,680 DAYS 1 AND 2, REFLECTED BY THE 1257 00:47:22,680 --> 00:47:26,840 SYMPTOM INTENSITY ON THE Y-AXIS, 1258 00:47:26,840 --> 00:47:29,000 TO ANALYZE THE LFP DATA I 1259 00:47:29,000 --> 00:47:30,360 COMPUTED SPECTRAL POWER OVER THE 1260 00:47:30,360 --> 00:47:33,000 TWO-MINUTE SEGMENT ALSO OF DATA 1261 00:47:33,000 --> 00:47:34,960 AROUND EACH RATING. 1262 00:47:34,960 --> 00:47:38,040 HERE I'M SHOWING RESULTS FROM 1263 00:47:38,040 --> 00:47:41,520 THAT ANALYSIS, SPECTRAL POWER 1264 00:47:41,520 --> 00:47:45,800 VERSUS SYMPTOM INTENSITY FOR 1265 00:47:45,800 --> 00:47:48,640 LEFT VC/VS, AND SO I FOUND 1266 00:47:48,640 --> 00:47:51,240 SPECTRAL POWER SHOWS CORRELATION 1267 00:47:51,240 --> 00:47:53,880 OF OCD SYMPTOM INTENSITY WHERE 1268 00:47:53,880 --> 00:47:54,880 CORRELATION BETWEEN DELTA BAND 1269 00:47:54,880 --> 00:47:56,760 POWER SHOWED STRONG NEGATIVE 1270 00:47:56,760 --> 00:47:58,760 CORRELATION WITH OCD SYMPTOMS. 1271 00:47:58,760 --> 00:48:04,200 SO WE'VE IDENTIFIED A CANDIDATE 1272 00:48:04,200 --> 00:48:05,880 NEURAL BIOMARKER DURING NATURAL 1273 00:48:05,880 --> 00:48:07,760 SYMPTOM PROVOCATION AT HOME. 1274 00:48:07,760 --> 00:48:10,440 WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE AND 1275 00:48:10,440 --> 00:48:12,280 CONTINUE CLOSING IN ON 1276 00:48:12,280 --> 00:48:13,640 BIOMARKERS AND VALIDATE THIS 1277 00:48:13,640 --> 00:48:14,800 FINDING IN A LARGER SAMPLE? 1278 00:48:14,800 --> 00:48:17,480 I THINK OUR FOCUS SHOULD BE ON 1279 00:48:17,480 --> 00:48:18,600 HOW TO COLLECT BEHAVIORAL DATA 1280 00:48:18,600 --> 00:48:19,960 IN NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS BUT IS 1281 00:48:19,960 --> 00:48:22,440 JUST AS RICH AS THE NEURAL DATA 1282 00:48:22,440 --> 00:48:24,640 THAT WE'RE ALREADY COLLECTING. 1283 00:48:24,640 --> 00:48:30,440 WE NEED TO IDENTIFY TEMPORALLY 1284 00:48:30,440 --> 00:48:31,600 DENSE REAL WORLD BEHAVIORAL 1285 00:48:31,600 --> 00:48:32,240 METRICS. 1286 00:48:32,240 --> 00:48:34,920 AS JEFF MENTIONED, THERE ARE 1287 00:48:34,920 --> 00:48:35,640 LIMITATIONS WITH SELF-REPORTS, 1288 00:48:35,640 --> 00:48:38,400 SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE CAN BE 1289 00:48:38,400 --> 00:48:39,920 DIFFERENT THAN OBSERVABLE 1290 00:48:39,920 --> 00:48:40,920 BEHAVIOR, AGAIN TEMPORALLY 1291 00:48:40,920 --> 00:48:41,160 SPARSE. 1292 00:48:41,160 --> 00:48:43,120 SO IF WE WANT TO KNOW HOW BRAIN 1293 00:48:43,120 --> 00:48:44,440 ACTIVITY IS VARYING WITH CHANGES 1294 00:48:44,440 --> 00:48:49,520 IN SEVERITY WE NEED CONTINUOUS 1295 00:48:49,520 --> 00:48:50,040 MEASURE,S REDUCING PATIENT 1296 00:48:50,040 --> 00:48:52,160 BURDEN TO REPORT HOW THEY ARE 1297 00:48:52,160 --> 00:48:54,560 FEELING ACCURATELY AT EVERY 1298 00:48:54,560 --> 00:48:55,280 SINGLE MOMENT. 1299 00:48:55,280 --> 00:48:57,080 PASSIVE OBJECTIVE MEASURES MIGHT 1300 00:48:57,080 --> 00:48:58,400 ELUCIDATE BRAIN BEHAVIOR 1301 00:48:58,400 --> 00:48:58,960 RELATIONSHIPS UNDERLYING WHY 1302 00:48:58,960 --> 00:49:01,440 SOMEONE FEELS THE WAY THEY DO. 1303 00:49:01,440 --> 00:49:04,360 SO TO GO BACK TO OUR EXAMPLE OF 1304 00:49:04,360 --> 00:49:06,880 OCD, WE'VE BEEN WORKING ON 1305 00:49:06,880 --> 00:49:07,840 IDENTIFYING MEANINGFUL 1306 00:49:07,840 --> 00:49:10,280 CONTINUOUS METRICS BY USING AFAR 1307 00:49:10,280 --> 00:49:11,240 AS DR. COHN DESCRIBED. 1308 00:49:11,240 --> 00:49:13,440 THIS IS A STILL SHOT FROM THE 1309 00:49:13,440 --> 00:49:14,400 VIDEO THAT HE SHOWED. 1310 00:49:14,400 --> 00:49:18,600 WE SAW A PEAK IN POSITIVE 1311 00:49:18,600 --> 00:49:22,360 AFFECT, A SMILE, DBS AMPLITUDE 1312 00:49:22,360 --> 00:49:22,680 INCREASING. 1313 00:49:22,680 --> 00:49:25,600 SO THIS DATA AND OTHER DATA LIKE 1314 00:49:25,600 --> 00:49:27,160 THIS WITH CONTINUOUS METRICS 1315 00:49:27,160 --> 00:49:28,800 SYNCHRONIZED TO NEURAL DATA 1316 00:49:28,800 --> 00:49:30,880 COULD BE HARNESSED TO USE -- TO 1317 00:49:30,880 --> 00:49:32,800 BUILD MACHINE LEARNING MODELS 1318 00:49:32,800 --> 00:49:35,320 THAT PREDICT BEHAVIOR FROM 1319 00:49:35,320 --> 00:49:37,200 NEURAL ACTIVITY OR VICE VERSA. 1320 00:49:37,200 --> 00:49:38,760 THE NEXT ACTION ITEM ON MY LIST 1321 00:49:38,760 --> 00:49:41,600 IS THAT I THINK WE NEED TO 1322 00:49:41,600 --> 00:49:45,240 INCORPORATE MULTI-MODAL CONTEXT 1323 00:49:45,240 --> 00:49:45,960 AWARE BEHAVIORAL MODELING, I 1324 00:49:45,960 --> 00:49:48,360 MEAN SOME BEHAVIORS MIGHT BE 1325 00:49:48,360 --> 00:49:49,920 MORE QUANTIFIABLE OR OBSERVABLE 1326 00:49:49,920 --> 00:49:51,000 THAN OTHERS DEPENDING ON 1327 00:49:51,000 --> 00:49:51,240 CONTEXT. 1328 00:49:51,240 --> 00:49:54,320 OUR GOAL THOUGH IS TO DEVELOP 1329 00:49:54,320 --> 00:49:55,800 METHODS FOR QUANTIFYING 1330 00:49:55,800 --> 00:49:58,160 BEHAVIOR, VIA MULTIPLE 1331 00:49:58,160 --> 00:50:00,320 MODALITIES THAT HAVE HIGHER 1332 00:50:00,320 --> 00:50:01,240 RELIABILITY WITH MANUAL 1333 00:50:01,240 --> 00:50:01,720 ANNOTATION. 1334 00:50:01,720 --> 00:50:03,320 SO HERE I'VE LISTED SOME 1335 00:50:03,320 --> 00:50:05,760 EXAMPLES OF BEHAVIORS THAT WE 1336 00:50:05,760 --> 00:50:07,240 COULD BE MONITORING AND GROUPED 1337 00:50:07,240 --> 00:50:08,280 THEM INTO CATEGORIES. 1338 00:50:08,280 --> 00:50:11,280 SO IF WE WANT TO QUANTIFY 1339 00:50:11,280 --> 00:50:12,400 BEHAVIOR DURING A SOCIAL 1340 00:50:12,400 --> 00:50:13,720 INTERACTION, FOR EXAMPLE, ONLY 1341 00:50:13,720 --> 00:50:15,280 THE SOCIAL CATEGORY WOULD BE 1342 00:50:15,280 --> 00:50:16,120 MEANINGFUL TO MONITOR. 1343 00:50:16,120 --> 00:50:18,360 MAYBE LIKE DURING A WORKOUT, 1344 00:50:18,360 --> 00:50:19,200 THESE MORE SOCIALLY GEARED 1345 00:50:19,200 --> 00:50:23,600 METRICS MIGHT NOT BE INFORMATIVE 1346 00:50:23,600 --> 00:50:24,880 OR POSSIBLE TO ENCAPTURE. 1347 00:50:24,880 --> 00:50:26,960 THERE'S SOME CHALLENGES WITH 1348 00:50:26,960 --> 00:50:27,480 THIS. 1349 00:50:27,480 --> 00:50:29,200 ONE INHERENT CHALLENGE FOR 1350 00:50:29,200 --> 00:50:30,720 DEVELOPING THESE METHODS AND 1351 00:50:30,720 --> 00:50:31,800 SEARCHING FOR OBJECTIVE 1352 00:50:31,800 --> 00:50:32,960 BEHAVIORAL FEATURES, DOING THIS 1353 00:50:32,960 --> 00:50:35,000 SORT OF SCIENCE, IS IT'S MORE 1354 00:50:35,000 --> 00:50:36,520 EXPLORATORY AND MIGHT NOT FIT 1355 00:50:36,520 --> 00:50:39,880 INTO THE FRAMEWORK OF 1356 00:50:39,880 --> 00:50:41,080 TRADITIONAL HYPOTHESIS-DRIVEN 1357 00:50:41,080 --> 00:50:41,280 STUDY. 1358 00:50:41,280 --> 00:50:43,560 I THINK THIS WILL REQUIRE REALLY 1359 00:50:43,560 --> 00:50:45,800 LARGE N, REQUIRES BROAD 1360 00:50:45,800 --> 00:50:47,280 TECHNICAL EXPERTISE, IN 1361 00:50:47,280 --> 00:50:49,800 NEUROSCIENCE AND APPLYING 1362 00:50:49,800 --> 00:50:51,000 COMPUTER VISION TECHNIQUES AND 1363 00:50:51,000 --> 00:50:51,760 ENGINEERING, AND RAISES 1364 00:50:51,760 --> 00:50:53,200 QUESTIONS ABOUT HOW TO PROTECT 1365 00:50:53,200 --> 00:50:56,640 THE PRIVACY OF THE PARTICIPANTS, 1366 00:50:56,640 --> 00:50:57,600 AND THINK IT'S IMPORTANT TO 1367 00:50:57,600 --> 00:51:01,080 CONSIDER THERE MAY NOT BE 1368 00:51:01,080 --> 00:51:01,640 CONVERGENCE ACROSS DIFFERENT 1369 00:51:01,640 --> 00:51:03,760 MODALITIES. 1370 00:51:03,760 --> 00:51:06,160 SO THE THIRD ACTION ITEM IS THAT 1371 00:51:06,160 --> 00:51:09,600 I THINK WE NEED TO EXPLORE THE 1372 00:51:09,600 --> 00:51:10,560 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TASK BASE 1373 00:51:10,560 --> 00:51:11,760 AND REAL WORLD BEHAVIORS, WE 1374 00:51:11,760 --> 00:51:14,040 NEED TO BE PROPOSING 1375 00:51:14,040 --> 00:51:15,280 NATURALISTIC EXPERIMENTS 1376 00:51:15,280 --> 00:51:18,880 GROUNDED IN FINDINGS FROM 1377 00:51:18,880 --> 00:51:21,000 CLASSIC PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIC TASKS. 1378 00:51:21,000 --> 00:51:24,880 SO, CAN WE BETTER ALIGN 1379 00:51:24,880 --> 00:51:25,440 PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIC TASK-BASED 1380 00:51:25,440 --> 00:51:26,600 STUDIES WITH OBSERVATION TO 1381 00:51:26,600 --> 00:51:28,680 UNDERSTAND THE RELATIONSHIP 1382 00:51:28,680 --> 00:51:31,280 BETWEEN LAB-BASED TASKS AND 1383 00:51:31,280 --> 00:51:32,280 NATURALISTIC BEHAVIORS? 1384 00:51:32,280 --> 00:51:34,120 ANOTHER EXAMPLE FROM MY PREVIOUS 1385 00:51:34,120 --> 00:51:36,560 WORK IN OCD IS SHOWN HERE, SO ON 1386 00:51:36,560 --> 00:51:38,560 THE LEFT I'M SHOWING SCHEMATIC 1387 00:51:38,560 --> 00:51:42,400 FOR A TASK MEANT TO PROVOKE OCD 1388 00:51:42,400 --> 00:51:44,480 SYMPTOMS, ON THE RIGHT I'M 1389 00:51:44,480 --> 00:51:46,840 SHOWING NATURALISTIC ANALOG OF 1390 00:51:46,840 --> 00:51:47,640 THIS PROVOCATION TASKS, 1391 00:51:47,640 --> 00:51:49,360 PARTICIPANT IS WORKING THROUGH A 1392 00:51:49,360 --> 00:51:50,760 REAL-LIFE EXPOSURE OF IMAGINING 1393 00:51:50,760 --> 00:51:53,960 A WART ON HIS HAND DURING A 1394 00:51:53,960 --> 00:51:57,960 TELETHERAPY SESSION AT HOME. 1395 00:51:57,960 --> 00:51:59,680 SO PAIRING TASKS-BASED AND 1396 00:51:59,680 --> 00:52:00,280 NATURALISTIC EXPERIMENTS THIS 1397 00:52:00,280 --> 00:52:02,400 WAY ALLOWS US TO ASK THE 1398 00:52:02,400 --> 00:52:04,160 QUESTION ARE THERE MENTAL 1399 00:52:04,160 --> 00:52:06,880 PROCESSES ELICITED BY BEHAVIORAL 1400 00:52:06,880 --> 00:52:08,800 TASKS THAT ARE RELEVANT FOR REAL 1401 00:52:08,800 --> 00:52:10,160 WORLD SYMPTOMS OR FUNCTIONAL 1402 00:52:10,160 --> 00:52:10,400 DEFICITS? 1403 00:52:10,400 --> 00:52:12,320 AND I THINK THIS QUESTION IS 1404 00:52:12,320 --> 00:52:15,160 CRITICAL MOVING FORWARD FOR 1405 00:52:15,160 --> 00:52:17,800 IDENTIFYING ECOLOGICALLY VALID 1406 00:52:17,800 --> 00:52:18,240 NEURAL BIOMARKERS OF 1407 00:52:18,240 --> 00:52:20,560 DISEASE-RELEVANCE BEHAVIORS. 1408 00:52:20,560 --> 00:52:24,280 1409 00:52:24,280 --> 00:52:26,400 SO, TO WRAP UP, I'LL TALK A BIT 1410 00:52:26,400 --> 00:52:27,960 ABOUT THE IMPACT THAT THIS WORK 1411 00:52:27,960 --> 00:52:30,280 I THINK MIGHT HAVE ON THE FIELD. 1412 00:52:30,280 --> 00:52:33,160 I THINK THAT MORE DENSE 1413 00:52:33,160 --> 00:52:35,320 BEHAVIORAL INFORMATION COULD 1414 00:52:35,320 --> 00:52:37,600 ENABLE PRECISION PSYCHIATRY, 1415 00:52:37,600 --> 00:52:38,760 PERHAPS WITH BETTER BEHAVIORAL 1416 00:52:38,760 --> 00:52:39,280 QUANTIFICATION COULD MATCH 1417 00:52:39,280 --> 00:52:40,880 INDIVIDUALS TO TREATMENTS OR 1418 00:52:40,880 --> 00:52:41,880 UNDERSTAND WHY CERTAIN PEOPLE 1419 00:52:41,880 --> 00:52:43,720 RESPOND TO CERTAIN TREATMENTS. 1420 00:52:43,720 --> 00:52:46,960 AND I THINK THAT MORE DENSE 1421 00:52:46,960 --> 00:52:49,760 BEHAVIORAL INFO COULD ENABLE 1422 00:52:49,760 --> 00:52:51,160 IDENTIFICATION OF NEURAL 1423 00:52:51,160 --> 00:52:51,760 BIOMARKERS, RICH BEHAVIORAL 1424 00:52:51,760 --> 00:52:53,320 QUANTIFICATION WOULD HELP US 1425 00:52:53,320 --> 00:52:55,400 BETTER UNDERSTAND THE BRAIN 1426 00:52:55,400 --> 00:52:57,760 BEHAVIOR RELATIONSHIP UNDERLYING 1427 00:52:57,760 --> 00:52:58,600 PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS, AND 1428 00:52:58,600 --> 00:53:00,560 NEURAL BIOMARKERS COULD SERVE AS 1429 00:53:00,560 --> 00:53:03,360 A MORE OBJECTIVE GOAL POST FOR 1430 00:53:03,360 --> 00:53:04,960 RESPONSE TO TREATMENT. 1431 00:53:04,960 --> 00:53:07,960 AND LASTLY, I THINK THAT THIS 1432 00:53:07,960 --> 00:53:08,600 MORE DENSE BEHAVIORAL 1433 00:53:08,600 --> 00:53:09,520 QUANTIFICATION COULD SERVE AS 1434 00:53:09,520 --> 00:53:13,960 PART OF THE MUCH NEEDED BRIDGE 1435 00:53:13,960 --> 00:53:15,480 BETWEEN CONTROLLED AND 1436 00:53:15,480 --> 00:53:16,600 NATURALISTIC EXPERIMENTS, AND 1437 00:53:16,600 --> 00:53:17,720 TASK EXPERIMENTS ALLOW US TO 1438 00:53:17,720 --> 00:53:19,080 OBSERVE AND QUANTIFY BEHAVIOR IN 1439 00:53:19,080 --> 00:53:22,320 A CONTROLLED WAY AND WE NEED TO 1440 00:53:22,320 --> 00:53:23,080 APPROACH BEHAVIORAL 1441 00:53:23,080 --> 00:53:23,960 QUANTIFICATION IN NATURAL 1442 00:53:23,960 --> 00:53:26,080 ENVIRONMENTS WITH JUST AS MUCH 1443 00:53:26,080 --> 00:53:28,920 IF NOT MORE RIGOR THAN 1444 00:53:28,920 --> 00:53:29,640 TASK-BASED STUDIES. 1445 00:53:29,640 --> 00:53:43,440 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION. . 1446 00:53:43,440 --> 00:53:47,360 >> THANKS, NICOLE. 1447 00:53:47,360 --> 00:53:52,920 SO FOR THE LAST TALK, LENA TING. 1448 00:53:52,920 --> 00:53:53,280 >> OKAY, GREAT. 1449 00:53:53,280 --> 00:53:55,960 SO THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR 1450 00:53:55,960 --> 00:53:58,120 INVITING ME HERE AS A PERSON WHO 1451 00:53:58,120 --> 00:54:03,160 SPENT A LOT OF TIME REALIZING 1452 00:54:03,160 --> 00:54:07,240 THAT THE MOVEMENT INVOLVED FROM 1453 00:54:07,240 --> 00:54:08,160 THE -- EMERGED FROM INTERACTION 1454 00:54:08,160 --> 00:54:10,840 OF THE BIOMECHANICS OF THE BODY, 1455 00:54:10,840 --> 00:54:15,400 AND NEURAL CONTROL SYSTEMS, IT'S 1456 00:54:15,400 --> 00:54:16,560 OVER THE YEARS IT'S BECOME CLEAR 1457 00:54:16,560 --> 00:54:18,560 TO ME I HAVE TO MOVE BEYOND 1458 00:54:18,560 --> 00:54:20,000 THINKING ABOUT MOVEMENT AS 1459 00:54:20,000 --> 00:54:23,120 REALLY JUST THE OUTPUT THAT WE 1460 00:54:23,120 --> 00:54:25,960 CARE ABOUT, TO THINK MORE ABOUT 1461 00:54:25,960 --> 00:54:28,760 BEHAVIOR AS IT'S BEEN SAID 1462 00:54:28,760 --> 00:54:29,000 BEFORE. 1463 00:54:29,000 --> 00:54:31,640 SO, THIS MATCH WHAT IS WAS SAID 1464 00:54:31,640 --> 00:54:32,160 BEFORE. 1465 00:54:32,160 --> 00:54:34,240 BUT WE REALLY CAN'T 1466 00:54:34,240 --> 00:54:34,680 DISASSOCIATE. 1467 00:54:34,680 --> 00:54:36,880 IT'S BEEN CLEAR WE CAN'T 1468 00:54:36,880 --> 00:54:38,080 DISASSOCIATE COGNITIVE FUNCTION, 1469 00:54:38,080 --> 00:54:39,360 AFFECT AND MOVEMENT BECAUSE ALL 1470 00:54:39,360 --> 00:54:41,760 OF THESE THINGS ARE INTERTWINED, 1471 00:54:41,760 --> 00:54:46,880 AS THEY ARE ALL HELPING US WITH 1472 00:54:46,880 --> 00:54:47,520 OUR BEHAVIORS, WITH SOLVING 1473 00:54:47,520 --> 00:54:48,640 PROSECUTES IN THE WORLD THAT 1474 00:54:48,640 --> 00:54:53,200 HAVE VALUE TO US, MAKING 1475 00:54:53,200 --> 00:54:54,280 DECISIONS WITH INCOMPLETE 1476 00:54:54,280 --> 00:54:55,560 INFORMATION, AND TAKING ACTIONS 1477 00:54:55,560 --> 00:54:57,160 IN AN ENVIRONMENT THAT'S 1478 00:54:57,160 --> 00:54:57,760 DYNAMIC. 1479 00:54:57,760 --> 00:55:01,360 SO IN MY FIELD WE TALK ABOUT THE 1480 00:55:01,360 --> 00:55:03,160 NERVOUS SYSTEM GENERATING 1481 00:55:03,160 --> 00:55:04,920 INTERNAL MODELS OF THE EXTERNAL 1482 00:55:04,920 --> 00:55:08,440 ENVIRONMENT, THAT LET US COMPUTE 1483 00:55:08,440 --> 00:55:08,680 FASTER. 1484 00:55:08,680 --> 00:55:09,240 THESE NECESSARILY INTRODUCE 1485 00:55:09,240 --> 00:55:11,320 BIASES IN HOW WE MOVE THAT MIGHT 1486 00:55:11,320 --> 00:55:12,600 SHOW UP AS SOMETHING WE MIGHT 1487 00:55:12,600 --> 00:55:15,760 REFER TO AS OUR PERSONALITY OR 1488 00:55:15,760 --> 00:55:17,000 OUR LIFE HISTORY. 1489 00:55:17,000 --> 00:55:18,840 AND, YOU KNOW, THE WORDS 1490 00:55:18,840 --> 00:55:20,760 ASSOCIATED WITH THESE SHOW UP IN 1491 00:55:20,760 --> 00:55:22,960 DIFFERENT FIELDS IN DIFFERENT 1492 00:55:22,960 --> 00:55:25,120 WAYS, BUT THE BASIC IDEA IS WHEN 1493 00:55:25,120 --> 00:55:26,440 WE LOOK AT BEHAVIORS, CHOICES 1494 00:55:26,440 --> 00:55:28,680 PEOPLE MAKE, WHETHER THEY ARE 1495 00:55:28,680 --> 00:55:29,920 COGNITIVE OR MOTOR, THE WAY IN 1496 00:55:29,920 --> 00:55:31,680 WHICH WE GENERATE THEM ARE NOT 1497 00:55:31,680 --> 00:55:32,960 NECESSARILY -- THEY ARE NOT 1498 00:55:32,960 --> 00:55:34,600 OBJECTIVE, WE'RE NOT GOING TO BE 1499 00:55:34,600 --> 00:55:37,560 ABLE TO WRITE DOWN EQUATIONS FOR 1500 00:55:37,560 --> 00:55:39,240 THEM BUT THEY DEPEND ON 1501 00:55:39,240 --> 00:55:40,560 INTERACTIONS WITH THE 1502 00:55:40,560 --> 00:55:41,880 ENVIRONMENT, ON MANY TIME 1503 00:55:41,880 --> 00:55:44,040 SCALES, AND THE CONTEXT IN WHICH 1504 00:55:44,040 --> 00:55:44,520 THOSE HAPPEN. 1505 00:55:44,520 --> 00:55:46,880 AND SO THOSE ARE THE THINGS THAT 1506 00:55:46,880 --> 00:55:51,120 CAME UP TO ME WHEN THEY ASKED ME 1507 00:55:51,120 --> 00:55:53,120 TO PLEASE GIVE A TALK HOW WE'RE 1508 00:55:53,120 --> 00:55:54,480 GOING TO UNDERSTAND BRAIN 1509 00:55:54,480 --> 00:55:54,800 BEHAVIOR. 1510 00:55:54,800 --> 00:55:59,640 I'M GOING TO GIVE EXAMPLES AND 1511 00:55:59,640 --> 00:56:01,720 INSPIRATION, WHERE I DREW 1512 00:56:01,720 --> 00:56:03,800 INSPIRATION FROM. 1513 00:56:03,800 --> 00:56:06,920 AND TO EMPHASIZE WE REALLY WANT 1514 00:56:06,920 --> 00:56:08,480 TO HANDLE ALL THIS BIG DATA, 1515 00:56:08,480 --> 00:56:10,160 THIS DATA THAT'S GOING TO BE 1516 00:56:10,160 --> 00:56:11,880 DIFFERENT ACROSS CONTEXT, WE 1517 00:56:11,880 --> 00:56:12,440 REALLY HAVE TO UNDERSTAND 1518 00:56:12,440 --> 00:56:14,960 RULES OF THE STRUCTURES THAT WE 1519 00:56:14,960 --> 00:56:16,480 GET AND TO UNDERSTAND THE 1520 00:56:16,480 --> 00:56:17,280 VARIABILITY THAT WE'RE GOING TO 1521 00:56:17,280 --> 00:56:20,600 GET BECAUSE IT'S NOT GOING TO BE 1522 00:56:20,600 --> 00:56:22,480 AS RIGID AND AS MY ENGINEER 1523 00:56:22,480 --> 00:56:24,480 BRAIN WOULD LIKE. 1524 00:56:24,480 --> 00:56:27,120 WE'D LIKE TO IN PARTICULAR LOOK 1525 00:56:27,120 --> 00:56:29,080 AT SPATIAL TEMPORAL DATA THAT 1526 00:56:29,080 --> 00:56:30,800 ARE ON TIME SCALES OF NEURAL 1527 00:56:30,800 --> 00:56:35,320 ACTIVITY SO WE CAN ACTUALLY 1528 00:56:35,320 --> 00:56:37,480 BRIDGE MULTIPLE SCALES FROM 1529 00:56:37,480 --> 00:56:42,640 NEURAL ACTIVITY TO BEHAVIOR. 1530 00:56:42,640 --> 00:56:44,360 SO, ONE EXAMPLE THAT, YOU KNOW, 1531 00:56:44,360 --> 00:56:47,360 AS YOU'VE SEEN WHEN WE LOOK AT 1532 00:56:47,360 --> 00:56:48,920 MOVEMENTS, I CAN MEASURE JOINT 1533 00:56:48,920 --> 00:56:50,160 ANGLES AND THINGS LIKE THAT BUT 1534 00:56:50,160 --> 00:56:53,080 IN REALITY THERE'S MUCH MORE 1535 00:56:53,080 --> 00:56:55,360 INFORMATION THERE ABOUT ALL 1536 00:56:55,360 --> 00:56:56,960 SORTS OF SOCIAL ASPECTS AND 1537 00:56:56,960 --> 00:56:57,760 AFFECT, AS WE'VE HEARD, AND WE 1538 00:56:57,760 --> 00:56:59,640 CAN LOOK AT THE DATA AND BREAK 1539 00:56:59,640 --> 00:57:00,840 IT DOWN. 1540 00:57:00,840 --> 00:57:06,560 WE ALSO NEED TO START USING SORT 1541 00:57:06,560 --> 00:57:07,440 OF BIOPHYSICALLY BASED METHODS, 1542 00:57:07,440 --> 00:57:11,480 HOW DOES THAT EVEN HAPPEN IN THE 1543 00:57:11,480 --> 00:57:14,080 BODY, HOW DO WE GET BACK DOWN TO 1544 00:57:14,080 --> 00:57:16,960 MECHANISMS MORE? 1545 00:57:16,960 --> 00:57:18,760 HERE'S JUST AN EXAMPLE, WHERE 1546 00:57:18,760 --> 00:57:23,320 THE BODY DOESN'T CHANGE, WE KNOW 1547 00:57:23,320 --> 00:57:24,960 THIS IS A PHYSICS-BASED MODEL OF 1548 00:57:24,960 --> 00:57:30,960 MOVEMENT WHERE THE CONTROL OF IT 1549 00:57:30,960 --> 00:57:32,400 CHANGES, POTENTIALLY 1550 00:57:32,400 --> 00:57:33,600 BIOLOGICALLY PLAUSIBLE WAY SO A 1551 00:57:33,600 --> 00:57:35,160 PERSON CAN EXPRESS HAPPY OR SAT 1552 00:57:35,160 --> 00:57:36,240 WALKING ACROSS VARIOUS 1553 00:57:36,240 --> 00:57:36,760 BEHAVIORS. 1554 00:57:36,760 --> 00:57:39,240 WE WANT TO FIND PRINCIPLES, IT 1555 00:57:39,240 --> 00:57:41,160 DOESN'T MATTER WHAT KIND OF 1556 00:57:41,160 --> 00:57:42,280 MOVEMENT I'M DOING, THERE'S 1557 00:57:42,280 --> 00:57:44,560 SOMETHING COMMON THAT MAKES IT 1558 00:57:44,560 --> 00:57:44,800 HAPPY. 1559 00:57:44,800 --> 00:57:45,560 OR SAD. 1560 00:57:45,560 --> 00:57:46,880 AND TO THINK ABOUT THAT, I WANT 1561 00:57:46,880 --> 00:57:49,480 TO GO BACK TO A PRETTY OLD 1562 00:57:49,480 --> 00:57:52,320 EXAMPLE THAT I LIKE TO THINK 1563 00:57:52,320 --> 00:57:56,480 ABOUT, MY SLIDES ARE NOT 1564 00:57:56,480 --> 00:57:57,840 ADVANCING. 1565 00:57:57,840 --> 00:57:58,840 OKAY. 1566 00:57:58,840 --> 00:58:00,080 WHICH IS THINKING ABOUT ACCENTS, 1567 00:58:00,080 --> 00:58:02,040 WHEN WE TALK. 1568 00:58:02,040 --> 00:58:03,960 SO WHEN WE'RE -- THERE'S AN 1569 00:58:03,960 --> 00:58:05,960 OBJECTIVE SPACE HERE OF SOUNDS. 1570 00:58:05,960 --> 00:58:07,560 THIS IS ONE FREQUENCY AND 1571 00:58:07,560 --> 00:58:08,320 ANOTHER. 1572 00:58:08,320 --> 00:58:10,440 EACH OF THESE BOXES REPRESENTS 1573 00:58:10,440 --> 00:58:12,760 THE VOWEL SOUNDS WE CAN HEAR 1574 00:58:12,760 --> 00:58:14,080 WHEN WE'RE BABIES. 1575 00:58:14,080 --> 00:58:18,120 AND AS PEOPLE INTERACT WITH 1576 00:58:18,120 --> 00:58:19,560 THEIR ENVIRONMENT, THESE SPACES 1577 00:58:19,560 --> 00:58:22,800 KIND OF MERGE AND FUSE INTO NEW 1578 00:58:22,800 --> 00:58:25,840 SHAPES THAT ARE RELEVANT TO THE 1579 00:58:25,840 --> 00:58:26,160 WORLD. 1580 00:58:26,160 --> 00:58:27,680 SO, THEY ARE SORT OF CHUNKING 1581 00:58:27,680 --> 00:58:29,200 THEM INTO DIFFERENT TYPES OF 1582 00:58:29,200 --> 00:58:31,400 WHAT WE MIGHT CALL LATENT 1583 00:58:31,400 --> 00:58:32,400 VARIABLE, IN TODAY'S PARLANCE, 1584 00:58:32,400 --> 00:58:35,160 BUT WHAT IT MEANS IS THAT THERE 1585 00:58:35,160 --> 00:58:37,280 ARE OBJECTIVE -- THEY ARE BIASES 1586 00:58:37,280 --> 00:58:39,320 THAT HAPPEN WHEN PEOPLE SPEAK 1587 00:58:39,320 --> 00:58:42,360 THAT I CAN PREDICT IN OBJECTIVE 1588 00:58:42,360 --> 00:58:43,480 AND QUANTIFIABLE WAY. 1589 00:58:43,480 --> 00:58:45,800 ONE EXAMPLE IS IF YOU SPEAK 1590 00:58:45,800 --> 00:58:46,880 JAPANESE, THEN ALL OF THE SOUNDS 1591 00:58:46,880 --> 00:58:49,320 THAT FALL IN THIS REGION SOUND 1592 00:58:49,320 --> 00:58:49,640 THE SAME. 1593 00:58:49,640 --> 00:58:53,560 AND SO WHEN I'M LISTENING TO 1594 00:58:53,560 --> 00:58:55,080 ENGLISH, I CAN'T DISTINGUISH 1595 00:58:55,080 --> 00:58:58,120 THESE TWO SOUNDS, AND WHEN I'M 1596 00:58:58,120 --> 00:59:00,760 SPEAKING THEM I MIGHT SAY RA AND 1597 00:59:00,760 --> 00:59:02,440 LA, CONFUSE THOSE TWO SOUNDS. 1598 00:59:02,440 --> 00:59:04,160 THOSE ARE THINGS WE CAN ACTUALLY 1599 00:59:04,160 --> 00:59:05,480 MEASURE HAPPENING IN THE BRAIN, 1600 00:59:05,480 --> 00:59:07,880 HOW THE BRAIN IS WARPING THE 1601 00:59:07,880 --> 00:59:10,280 OBJECTIVE INFORMATION, AND THEN 1602 00:59:10,280 --> 00:59:10,960 THE CONTEXT MATTERS TOO. 1603 00:59:10,960 --> 00:59:13,000 WE CAN'T THINK OF THESE 1604 00:59:13,000 --> 00:59:15,920 LOCATIONS AS BEING FIXED IN THIS 1605 00:59:15,920 --> 00:59:16,840 OBJECTIVE SPACE, BUT WHEN A 1606 00:59:16,840 --> 00:59:19,960 MOTHER SPEAKS TO A CHILD THE 1607 00:59:19,960 --> 00:59:20,960 DISTANCE BETWEEN THE POINTS 1608 00:59:20,960 --> 00:59:21,520 STRETCHES. 1609 00:59:21,520 --> 00:59:26,160 WE NEED TO LEARN THE RULES BY 1610 00:59:26,160 --> 00:59:29,120 WHICH THESE CLUSTERS OR UNITS OF 1611 00:59:29,120 --> 00:59:30,480 ACTION MOVE AROUND WITH 1612 00:59:30,480 --> 00:59:32,360 INDIVIDUAL, WITH CONTEXT, WITH 1613 00:59:32,360 --> 00:59:32,560 MOOD. 1614 00:59:32,560 --> 00:59:34,760 AND SO GETTING BACK EVEN FURTHER 1615 00:59:34,760 --> 00:59:36,480 TO SOMETHING, MORE LINKED TO 1616 00:59:36,480 --> 00:59:38,040 MOTOR OUTPUT, IN MY LAB WE 1617 00:59:38,040 --> 00:59:40,440 LOOKED AT MUSCLE ACTIVITY, THE 1618 00:59:40,440 --> 00:59:43,640 OUTPUT OF THE MOTOR NEURONS, AND 1619 00:59:43,640 --> 00:59:45,160 DEMONSTRATED THAT IN MOVEMENT 1620 00:59:45,160 --> 00:59:46,520 THERE ARE -- EACH PERSON HAS 1621 00:59:46,520 --> 00:59:49,920 LIKE A LIBRARY OF MOTOR MODULES 1622 00:59:49,920 --> 00:59:50,560 SIMILAR TO THESE FACIAL THINGS 1623 00:59:50,560 --> 00:59:54,080 WE HEARD ABOUT AND WE CONSTRUCT 1624 00:59:54,080 --> 00:59:56,000 MOVEMENTS BASED ON COORDINATING 1625 00:59:56,000 --> 00:59:59,000 A SET OF MUSCLES ACROSS LIMBS IN 1626 00:59:59,000 --> 01:00:00,960 ORDER TO PERFORM CERTAIN 1627 01:00:00,960 --> 01:00:01,400 BIOMECHANICAL TASKS. 1628 01:00:01,400 --> 01:00:02,400 I WAS LOOKING FOR SOMETHING 1629 01:00:02,400 --> 01:00:04,040 OBJECTIVE HERE AND HAD TO 1630 01:00:04,040 --> 01:00:05,560 CONCEDE DEPENDING ON THE ANIMAL 1631 01:00:05,560 --> 01:00:08,160 I WAS LOOKING AT OR THE PERSON 1632 01:00:08,160 --> 01:00:10,960 I'M LOOKING AT, TO PERFORM THE 1633 01:00:10,960 --> 01:00:12,840 SAME TASKS WHICH MIGHT BE 1634 01:00:12,840 --> 01:00:15,320 PRODUCING A FORCE EACH ANIMAL 1635 01:00:15,320 --> 01:00:17,240 SORT OF COORDINATES THEIR SETS 1636 01:00:17,240 --> 01:00:19,280 OF MUSCLES IN SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT 1637 01:00:19,280 --> 01:00:19,880 WAYS. 1638 01:00:19,880 --> 01:00:23,280 WHEN WE LOOKED ACROSS PEOPLE, 1639 01:00:23,280 --> 01:00:25,120 THESE DIFFERED DEPENDING IF 1640 01:00:25,120 --> 01:00:26,960 YOU'RE A BALLET DANCER OR HAVE 1641 01:00:26,960 --> 01:00:29,040 GONE THROUGH REHABILITATION, OR 1642 01:00:29,040 --> 01:00:32,000 IF YOU HAVE DIFFERENT NEUROLOGIC 1643 01:00:32,000 --> 01:00:32,280 DISORDER. 1644 01:00:32,280 --> 01:00:33,880 PERHAPS THAT'S ONE OF THE 1645 01:00:33,880 --> 01:00:36,400 MECHANISMS BY WHICH WE CAN 1646 01:00:36,400 --> 01:00:37,640 IDENTIFY DIFFERENT PEOPLE, JUST 1647 01:00:37,640 --> 01:00:38,840 BY THE WAY THEY WALK. 1648 01:00:38,840 --> 01:00:41,520 BUT THUS FAR WE DON'T HAVE A 1649 01:00:41,520 --> 01:00:43,240 DIRECT LINKAGE BETWEEN THESE 1650 01:00:43,240 --> 01:00:45,520 SORT OF VERY STATIC CARTOONS OF 1651 01:00:45,520 --> 01:00:47,640 DIFFERENT WAYS IN WHICH PEOPLE 1652 01:00:47,640 --> 01:00:48,840 ACTIVATE THEIR MUSCLE ACTIVITY 1653 01:00:48,840 --> 01:00:50,960 OR DIFFERENT WAYS IN WHICH THEY 1654 01:00:50,960 --> 01:00:53,000 MIGHT BE IMPAIRED AT MOVEMENT, 1655 01:00:53,000 --> 01:00:54,560 AND ONE WAY THAT MANY PEOPLE 1656 01:00:54,560 --> 01:00:56,360 HAVE BEEN TRYING TO IS TO NOW 1657 01:00:56,360 --> 01:01:01,560 PUT THESE PATTERNS ON A 1658 01:01:01,560 --> 01:01:03,800 BIOPHYSICAL MODEL OF WALKING. 1659 01:01:03,800 --> 01:01:06,320 THIS APPROACH IS LACKING IN THAT 1660 01:01:06,320 --> 01:01:09,080 WE DON'T KNOW ALL OF THE NEURAL 1661 01:01:09,080 --> 01:01:09,760 CONSTRAINTS AND NEURAL DYNAMICS, 1662 01:01:09,760 --> 01:01:14,400 EVEN IF WE HAD A CONNECTOME, IT 1663 01:01:14,400 --> 01:01:18,760 WOULD BE VERY, VERY 1664 01:01:18,760 --> 01:01:19,240 UNDERSPECIFIED. 1665 01:01:19,240 --> 01:01:21,960 SO, WE'VE RECENTLY WORKED WITH 1666 01:01:21,960 --> 01:01:24,200 GORDON BERMAN TO TAKE THIS MORE 1667 01:01:24,200 --> 01:01:25,600 DATA-DRIVEN APPROACH TO SAY I 1668 01:01:25,600 --> 01:01:28,760 CAN SEE THESE DIFFERENCES IN THE 1669 01:01:28,760 --> 01:01:30,560 MOVEMENTS, IN THESE KINEMATIC 1670 01:01:30,560 --> 01:01:31,280 PATTERNS. 1671 01:01:31,280 --> 01:01:32,760 WHEN I COMPARE IN TRADITIONAL 1672 01:01:32,760 --> 01:01:33,360 BIOMECHANICAL SENSE EVERYBODY 1673 01:01:33,360 --> 01:01:35,280 LOOKS THE SAME WHEN THEY WALK. 1674 01:01:35,280 --> 01:01:36,360 THERE'S MORE INFORMATION THAT 1675 01:01:36,360 --> 01:01:38,040 OUR BRAINS ARE GETTING OUT THAT 1676 01:01:38,040 --> 01:01:40,000 WE'RE NOT CAPTURING IN THE WAY 1677 01:01:40,000 --> 01:01:43,280 THAT WE TREAT BIOMECHANICS DATA. 1678 01:01:43,280 --> 01:01:47,120 AND SO WE PUSH IT THROUGH A 1679 01:01:47,120 --> 01:01:49,400 NEURAL NETWORK, AND THEN TO 1680 01:01:49,400 --> 01:01:50,800 CAPTURE THE SORT OF DYNAMICS, 1681 01:01:50,800 --> 01:01:55,560 THAT IS THE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL 1682 01:01:55,560 --> 01:01:58,120 DEPENDENCIES WITHIN DATA, IN A 1683 01:01:58,120 --> 01:02:00,000 WAY THAT WE CAN COMPARE 1684 01:02:00,000 --> 01:02:00,960 DIFFERENT INDIVIDUALS, AND SHOW 1685 01:02:00,960 --> 01:02:02,720 THESE PEOPLE WALK AT THE SAME 1686 01:02:02,720 --> 01:02:04,960 SPEED ARE ACTUALLY WALKING AT 1687 01:02:04,960 --> 01:02:06,400 DIFFERENT SPEEDS, THAT'S THE 1688 01:02:06,400 --> 01:02:07,960 SHADING, MAINTAIN SOME 1689 01:02:07,960 --> 01:02:10,360 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MOVEMENT 1690 01:02:10,360 --> 01:02:11,520 THAT IS THEIRS. 1691 01:02:11,520 --> 01:02:14,400 AND PERHAPS BY NOW LOOKING AT 1692 01:02:14,400 --> 01:02:16,320 THESE TWO TYPES OF MODELS, OF 1693 01:02:16,320 --> 01:02:18,560 MOVEMENT, WE CAN HOPE TO LINK 1694 01:02:18,560 --> 01:02:21,760 THIS EMERGENT BEHAVIOR WE SEE 1695 01:02:21,760 --> 01:02:23,240 WITH SOME MORE CONNECTIVENESS 1696 01:02:23,240 --> 01:02:28,000 TIMES OF TIMES OF PATTERNS THAT 1697 01:02:28,000 --> 01:02:28,800 MIGHT INDICATE SOMETHING AT A 1698 01:02:28,800 --> 01:02:30,320 LOWER LEVEL IN THE NERVOUS 1699 01:02:30,320 --> 01:02:30,800 SYSTEM. 1700 01:02:30,800 --> 01:02:31,880 THINK THIS KIND OF APPROACH IS 1701 01:02:31,880 --> 01:02:33,760 GOING TO BE NECESSARY WHEN WE 1702 01:02:33,760 --> 01:02:39,280 ARE TALKING ABOUT, OH, HOW DO WE 1703 01:02:39,280 --> 01:02:40,160 DO MULTI-DISCIPLINARY RESEARCH 1704 01:02:40,160 --> 01:02:43,040 ACROSS SPECIES AND SCALE, AND TO 1705 01:02:43,040 --> 01:02:45,000 THINK ABOUT, OH, WELL, HOW 1706 01:02:45,000 --> 01:02:45,960 NATURALISTIC BEHAVIORAL STUDIES 1707 01:02:45,960 --> 01:02:49,240 TO SORT OF GATHER DATA AND MAKE 1708 01:02:49,240 --> 01:02:50,240 HYPOTHESES AND EXPERIMENTAL 1709 01:02:50,240 --> 01:02:51,840 STATE WHERE WE MANIPULATE 1710 01:02:51,840 --> 01:02:53,640 BEHAVIORAL CONTEXT, WE HAVE TO 1711 01:02:53,640 --> 01:02:55,280 BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND THE 1712 01:02:55,280 --> 01:02:56,800 STRUCTURE OF THE VARIATIONS THAT 1713 01:02:56,800 --> 01:02:59,760 WE'RE GOING TO SEE AT ALL 1714 01:02:59,760 --> 01:03:00,000 LEVELS. 1715 01:03:00,000 --> 01:03:01,680 AND THEN ULTIMATELY AGAIN IF 1716 01:03:01,680 --> 01:03:03,160 PEOPLE SAID TO USE TECHNOLOGIES 1717 01:03:03,160 --> 01:03:07,680 TO ACTUALLY PERTURB THE CAUSAL 1718 01:03:07,680 --> 01:03:08,120 MECHANISMS INVOLVED. 1719 01:03:08,120 --> 01:03:11,320 I WANT TO REALLY TALK ABOUT 1720 01:03:11,320 --> 01:03:16,720 REALLY WHY THIS IS SO IMPORTANT. 1721 01:03:16,720 --> 01:03:17,320 RECENTLY INTERVIEWED ABOUT THE 1722 01:03:17,320 --> 01:03:21,040 YIPS, YOU MAY HAVE SEEN AT THE 1723 01:03:21,040 --> 01:03:22,480 OLYMPICS, ATHLETES UNABLE TO 1724 01:03:22,480 --> 01:03:25,040 PERFORM THE MOTOR TASK IN A 1725 01:03:25,040 --> 01:03:26,760 PARTICULAR CONTEXT, IT TURNS OUT 1726 01:03:26,760 --> 01:03:29,960 THERE ARE HYPOTHESES ABOUT THESE 1727 01:03:29,960 --> 01:03:31,360 BEING BOTH BOTTOM-UP, SOMETHING 1728 01:03:31,360 --> 01:03:32,480 ABOUT SPINAL NETWORKS GOING 1729 01:03:32,480 --> 01:03:35,160 WRONG, ALL THE WAY UP TO 1730 01:03:35,160 --> 01:03:37,560 PREFRONTAL, SORT OF COGNITIVE 1731 01:03:37,560 --> 01:03:37,760 REASONS. 1732 01:03:37,760 --> 01:03:41,240 AS WELL AS LIFE HISTORY LIKE 1733 01:03:41,240 --> 01:03:41,920 EARLY CHILDHOOD TRAUMA, 1734 01:03:41,920 --> 01:03:43,440 GENETICS, CAN CONTRIBUTE TO 1735 01:03:43,440 --> 01:03:43,800 THESE BEHAVIORS. 1736 01:03:43,800 --> 01:03:45,080 AND SO THIS IS WHAT HAPPENS WHEN 1737 01:03:45,080 --> 01:03:47,360 YOU HAVE TO MOVE IN A REAL 1738 01:03:47,360 --> 01:03:47,640 SITUATION. 1739 01:03:47,640 --> 01:03:50,440 IT'S JUST NOT ABOUT CONTROLLING 1740 01:03:50,440 --> 01:03:53,240 YOUR MUSCLES. 1741 01:03:53,240 --> 01:03:56,480 IT ALSO HAS RELEVANCE IN 1742 01:03:56,480 --> 01:03:59,160 CLINICAL DISORDERS, FREEZING OF 1743 01:03:59,160 --> 01:04:00,840 GAIT, PARKINSON'S DISEASE, 1744 01:04:00,840 --> 01:04:01,960 SIMILAR THAT PEOPLE CAN WALK 1745 01:04:01,960 --> 01:04:03,880 MOST OF THE TIME, DIFFERENT 1746 01:04:03,880 --> 01:04:05,320 INDIVIDUALS HAVE COGNITIVE MOTOR 1747 01:04:05,320 --> 01:04:08,320 AND EMOTIONAL TRIGGERS THAT MAKE 1748 01:04:08,320 --> 01:04:11,760 THEM UNABLE TO ACTUALLY WALK, 1749 01:04:11,760 --> 01:04:13,000 WALK AND THEY FREEZE. 1750 01:04:13,000 --> 01:04:16,520 AND SO WHEN WE THINK HOW DO WE 1751 01:04:16,520 --> 01:04:20,440 STUDY THAT IN AN ANIMAL AND MAKE 1752 01:04:20,440 --> 01:04:23,000 INFERENCES, THERE'S BEEN SOME 1753 01:04:23,000 --> 01:04:26,040 WORK BY STEVE CHASE'S GROUP, SET 1754 01:04:26,040 --> 01:04:29,480 SET UP EXPERIMENTAL SITUATION 1755 01:04:29,480 --> 01:04:30,720 WHERE MONKEYS WILL CHOKE, 1756 01:04:30,720 --> 01:04:31,440 DEPENDING ON THE STAKES OF THE 1757 01:04:31,440 --> 01:04:34,760 AS -- SCENARIO. 1758 01:04:34,760 --> 01:04:36,200 THAT'S ONE WAY TO LOOK AT IT. 1759 01:04:36,200 --> 01:04:38,640 IN MY LAB WE'VE JUST STUDIED ONE 1760 01:04:38,640 --> 01:04:40,800 BEHAVIOR, WHICH IS STANDING 1761 01:04:40,800 --> 01:04:46,360 POSTURAL CONTROL, AND STARTED TO 1762 01:04:46,360 --> 01:04:49,160 MEASURE BRAIN ACTIVITY AND BASED 1763 01:04:49,160 --> 01:04:52,960 ON SOME EPIDEMIOLOGICAL WORK 1764 01:04:52,960 --> 01:04:53,760 SHOWING COGNITIVE STATE 1765 01:04:53,760 --> 01:04:55,240 INFLUENCES FALLS WE'VE BEEN 1766 01:04:55,240 --> 01:05:06,560 SHOWING THE ACTIVITY EVOKED 1767 01:05:06,560 --> 01:05:14,480 DURING THIS VERY UNECOLOGYICAL 1768 01:05:14,480 --> 01:05:16,160 IS MODULATED BY AFFECT. 1769 01:05:16,160 --> 01:05:17,480 THE DIRTY SECRET, WE DON'T 1770 01:05:17,480 --> 01:05:20,960 MEASURE THEM, DON'T SAVE THEIR 1771 01:05:20,960 --> 01:05:22,840 DATA WHEN THEY ARE HAVING A BAD 1772 01:05:22,840 --> 01:05:25,880 DAY BECAUSE WE DON'T FLOW HOW -- 1773 01:05:25,880 --> 01:05:27,360 KNOW HOW TO TAKE THAT INTO 1774 01:05:27,360 --> 01:05:29,920 ACCOUNT WHEN COMPARING DATA AND 1775 01:05:29,920 --> 01:05:30,840 HAVE TO RECOGNIZE BOTTOM-UP 1776 01:05:30,840 --> 01:05:32,400 MECHANISMS THAT WE'RE LOOKING AT 1777 01:05:32,400 --> 01:05:33,960 LIKE EVEN THE SENSORY 1778 01:05:33,960 --> 01:05:35,000 INFORMATION THAT'S COMING UP 1779 01:05:35,000 --> 01:05:38,160 FROM THE PERIPHERY IS MODULATED 1780 01:05:38,160 --> 01:05:42,000 BY MOTOR COGNITIVE STATE AND 1781 01:05:42,000 --> 01:05:43,160 TRAINING. 1782 01:05:43,160 --> 01:05:45,760 AND SO I WANTED TO SAY 1783 01:05:45,760 --> 01:05:46,680 NEURODIVERSITY AND VARIABILITY 1784 01:05:46,680 --> 01:05:48,600 IS REALLY IMPORTANT TO 1785 01:05:48,600 --> 01:05:51,360 UNDERSTAND AND NOT TRY TO FIND 1786 01:05:51,360 --> 01:05:52,800 SOME UNIQUE MAPPINGS BETWEEN 1787 01:05:52,800 --> 01:05:55,880 BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR, AND THAT BY 1788 01:05:55,880 --> 01:05:57,400 UNDERSTANDING THE STRUCTURE WE 1789 01:05:57,400 --> 01:06:01,160 CAN HOPE TO FIND PRINCIPLES THAT 1790 01:06:01,160 --> 01:06:05,800 CAN GO ACROSS LOTS OF BEHAVIORS, 1791 01:06:05,800 --> 01:06:09,080 SCALES, AND SPECIES. 1792 01:06:09,080 --> 01:06:11,320 SO, I'M ENCOURAGING PEOPLE TO 1793 01:06:11,320 --> 01:06:13,320 COLLABORATE, JUST LIKE THIS 1794 01:06:13,320 --> 01:06:13,560 WORKSHOP. 1795 01:06:13,560 --> 01:06:15,400 THANK YOU. 1796 01:06:15,400 --> 01:06:19,920 1797 01:06:19,920 --> 01:06:21,760 >> THANK YOU. 1798 01:06:21,760 --> 01:06:25,160 SO WE'RE NOW MOVING FROM THE 1799 01:06:25,160 --> 01:06:29,160 INDIVIDUAL TALKS TO THE 1800 01:06:29,160 --> 01:06:32,440 DISCUSSANTS. 1801 01:06:32,440 --> 01:06:36,640 FIRST DISCUSSANT IS MOLLY 1802 01:06:36,640 --> 01:06:36,920 CUMMINGS. 1803 01:06:36,920 --> 01:06:37,760 >> THANK YOU. 1804 01:06:37,760 --> 01:06:38,360 >> GO AHEAD. 1805 01:06:38,360 --> 01:06:38,640 >> OKAY. 1806 01:06:38,640 --> 01:06:42,120 I WAS GOING TO THANK ALL THOSE 1807 01:06:42,120 --> 01:06:43,360 AMAZING SPEAKERS. 1808 01:06:43,360 --> 01:06:45,280 IT'S HAVEN A REALLY INTERESTING 1809 01:06:45,280 --> 01:06:47,560 SET OF FOUR SPEAKERS. 1810 01:06:47,560 --> 01:06:49,120 AND -- WELL, ACTUALLY FIVE 1811 01:06:49,120 --> 01:06:49,920 SPEAKERS. 1812 01:06:49,920 --> 01:06:53,360 THAT WAS AN AMAZING INITIAL 1813 01:06:53,360 --> 01:06:53,800 KICKOFF INTRODUCTION. 1814 01:06:53,800 --> 01:06:56,360 I WANT US TO NOTE A FEW THINGS 1815 01:06:56,360 --> 01:06:58,960 THAT WERE THROUGHOUT THE FOUR 1816 01:06:58,960 --> 01:06:59,240 SPEAKERS. 1817 01:06:59,240 --> 01:07:04,840 THE FIRST -- TWO OF THE SPEAKERS 1818 01:07:04,840 --> 01:07:10,240 FOCUSED ON MOVEMENT PROVIDED 1819 01:07:10,240 --> 01:07:10,960 INCREDIBLE MULTI-MODAL DEEP 1820 01:07:10,960 --> 01:07:14,560 METRICS IN THE HUMAN 1821 01:07:14,560 --> 01:07:16,160 PERSPECTIVE, DR. TING JUST 1822 01:07:16,160 --> 01:07:19,040 SHARED, A COUPLE ANIMAL -- OTHER 1823 01:07:19,040 --> 01:07:25,880 ANIMAL MODEL SPECIES, ZEBRAFISH, 1824 01:07:25,880 --> 01:07:29,880 RATS, INSECTS, DROSOPHILA, THAT 1825 01:07:29,880 --> 01:07:33,160 DR. COUZIN SHARED, AND TWO 1826 01:07:33,160 --> 01:07:36,920 SHARING DATA ON INTERNAL STATES, 1827 01:07:36,920 --> 01:07:39,320 TRYING TO FIND BIOBEHAVIORAL 1828 01:07:39,320 --> 01:07:41,360 MARKERS TO PREDICT INTERNAL 1829 01:07:41,360 --> 01:07:41,920 STATES. 1830 01:07:41,920 --> 01:07:43,880 AND IT SEEMED WHILE WE HAD GREAT 1831 01:07:43,880 --> 01:07:47,760 INFORMATION ON INTERNAL STATES, 1832 01:07:47,760 --> 01:07:50,160 WE HAD RELATIVELY FEW REALISTIC 1833 01:07:50,160 --> 01:07:51,600 BIOBEHAVIORAL MARKERS TO PREDICT 1834 01:07:51,600 --> 01:07:54,440 THAT WELL, AND DR. COHN'S 1835 01:07:54,440 --> 01:07:55,680 EXAMPLE WAS FANTASTIC WHERE HE 1836 01:07:55,680 --> 01:07:59,160 WENT FROM ONLY BEING ABLE TO 1837 01:07:59,160 --> 01:08:03,360 PREDICT 8 TO 17% OF VARIATION IN 1838 01:08:03,360 --> 01:08:05,960 OCD, UP TO 60% WHEN STARTING TO 1839 01:08:05,960 --> 01:08:09,400 TAKE IN GREATER REPERTOIRE OF 1840 01:08:09,400 --> 01:08:11,360 MULTI-MODAL INPUTS INTO THAT. 1841 01:08:11,360 --> 01:08:14,200 AND I WANTED US TO TALK, THERE 1842 01:08:14,200 --> 01:08:15,200 WILL BE MULTIPLE PANELISTS 1843 01:08:15,200 --> 01:08:17,560 BRINGING UP DIFFERENT QUESTIONS, 1844 01:08:17,560 --> 01:08:21,600 BUT I WANTED TO REALLY EMPHASIZE 1845 01:08:21,600 --> 01:08:24,040 THE ENDING THEME FROM DR. TING'S 1846 01:08:24,040 --> 01:08:26,520 TALK, HOW DO WE IDENTIFY RULES 1847 01:08:26,520 --> 01:08:29,760 AND PRINCIPLES AND HOW WE HAVE 1848 01:08:29,760 --> 01:08:30,960 TO GO ACROSS MULTI-SCALES IN 1849 01:08:30,960 --> 01:08:34,960 DIFFERENT SPECIES TO DO THAT. 1850 01:08:34,960 --> 01:08:35,960 AND AS A NEUROETHNOLOGYIST, I 1851 01:08:35,960 --> 01:08:37,200 WANT TO THROW OUT THE QUESTION 1852 01:08:37,200 --> 01:08:41,960 ARE WE AT A POINT WHERE WE NEED 1853 01:08:41,960 --> 01:08:46,600 TO ABANDON STUDYING THE 1854 01:08:46,600 --> 01:08:55,360 SPECIALIST, THAT WOULD BE 1855 01:08:55,360 --> 01:08:58,440 INVOKING A DANISH PRINCIPLE FOR 1856 01:08:58,440 --> 01:09:00,160 FROM A CENTURY AGO, THERE'S ONE 1857 01:09:00,160 --> 01:09:02,400 WE SHOULD BEST STUDY TO FIND THE 1858 01:09:02,400 --> 01:09:04,920 ANSWER, AND DO WE WANT TO CHANGE 1859 01:09:04,920 --> 01:09:09,360 TACTIC AND LOOK MORE AT 1860 01:09:09,360 --> 01:09:10,800 GENERALIST OR PERHAPS, I WOULD 1861 01:09:10,800 --> 01:09:14,440 BE IN FAVOR OF THIS, GOING 1862 01:09:14,440 --> 01:09:15,080 EXTREMELY COMPARATIVE, WE OFTEN 1863 01:09:15,080 --> 01:09:17,400 PAT OURSELVES ON THE BACK IF WE 1864 01:09:17,400 --> 01:09:18,880 COMPARE TWO SPECIES. 1865 01:09:18,880 --> 01:09:21,280 BUT IT SEEMS JUST AS DR. TING 1866 01:09:21,280 --> 01:09:22,960 SHOWED US THERE'S MULTIPLE WAYS 1867 01:09:22,960 --> 01:09:26,400 TO SOLVE A MOVEMENT PATTERN, CAN 1868 01:09:26,400 --> 01:09:29,560 WE LOOK ACROSS MULTIPLE SPECIES 1869 01:09:29,560 --> 01:09:31,560 OF BRAINS, DIFFERENT SPECIES 1870 01:09:31,560 --> 01:09:32,760 WITH DIFFERENT BRAINS THAT SOLVE 1871 01:09:32,760 --> 01:09:35,200 THE SAME PROBLEM IN DIFFERENT 1872 01:09:35,200 --> 01:09:36,760 WAYS, TO ENRICH OUR ABILITY TO 1873 01:09:36,760 --> 01:09:37,960 SOLVE PROBLEMS AT THE HUMAN 1874 01:09:37,960 --> 01:09:38,280 FRONT. 1875 01:09:38,280 --> 01:09:42,800 I WANT TO THROW THAT OUT THERE 1876 01:09:42,800 --> 01:09:43,760 TO START. 1877 01:09:43,760 --> 01:09:46,560 AND IF ANYONE FEELS LIKE CHIMING 1878 01:09:46,560 --> 01:09:48,560 IN ON THAT, I THINK THE IDEA IS 1879 01:09:48,560 --> 01:09:50,680 YOU UNMUTE YOURSELF. 1880 01:09:50,680 --> 01:09:52,760 THIS IS NOT MEANT FOR ME TO TALK 1881 01:09:52,760 --> 01:09:56,920 FOR EIGHT MINUTES. 1882 01:09:56,920 --> 01:10:06,040 >> SHOULD WE PUT OUR VIDEOS ON? 1883 01:10:06,040 --> 01:10:07,160 >> YES PLEASE. 1884 01:10:07,160 --> 01:10:10,160 >> OR SHOULD WE STICK WITH 1885 01:10:10,160 --> 01:10:10,520 SPECIALIZING? 1886 01:10:10,520 --> 01:10:11,680 ARE THERE THINGS THE RAT CAN 1887 01:10:11,680 --> 01:10:14,320 TELL US MORE AND WE SHOULD BIG 1888 01:10:14,320 --> 01:10:16,840 DEEPER INTO THE RAT OR 1889 01:10:16,840 --> 01:10:18,160 DROSOPHILA TO FIND INSIGHT INTO 1890 01:10:18,160 --> 01:10:23,280 HUMANS? 1891 01:10:23,280 --> 01:10:28,080 1892 01:10:28,080 --> 01:10:32,000 >> LET ME START BY SAYING AFFECT 1893 01:10:32,000 --> 01:10:33,240 DECISION-MAKING MOVEMENT AND 1894 01:10:33,240 --> 01:10:36,000 LIKE AFFECT ARE NOT SPECIAL TO 1895 01:10:36,000 --> 01:10:36,600 HUMANS. 1896 01:10:36,600 --> 01:10:37,440 SO SOMETHING HAS TO MATTER TO 1897 01:10:37,440 --> 01:10:40,880 YOU TO BE ABLE TO WANT TO MAKE A 1898 01:10:40,880 --> 01:10:41,160 DECISION. 1899 01:10:41,160 --> 01:10:43,280 SO IN THAT SENSE WE'RE GOING TO 1900 01:10:43,280 --> 01:10:45,600 FIND IT IN MAY DIFFERENT SPECIES 1901 01:10:45,600 --> 01:10:48,720 BUT TO DIFFERENT EXTENTS. 1902 01:10:48,720 --> 01:10:50,920 1903 01:10:50,920 --> 01:10:54,160 >> IT'S INTERESTING THAT THE TWO 1904 01:10:54,160 --> 01:10:56,120 TALKS THAT USED DBS, YOU KNOW, 1905 01:10:56,120 --> 01:10:58,280 THEY ARE STIMULATING PARTS OF 1906 01:10:58,280 --> 01:10:59,200 THE BRAIN EVERY VERTEBRATE HAS. 1907 01:10:59,200 --> 01:11:03,120 THERE ARE WAYS TO FIGURE THIS 1908 01:11:03,120 --> 01:11:06,600 OUT WITH DBS AT THE LEVEL OF 1909 01:11:06,600 --> 01:11:09,800 CROSS-LINEAGE COMPARISON. 1910 01:11:09,800 --> 01:11:14,160 1911 01:11:14,160 --> 01:11:18,280 ON THAT THEME, I WANTED TO, 1912 01:11:18,280 --> 01:11:21,360 AGAIN DRAWING FROM DR. TING'S 1913 01:11:21,360 --> 01:11:24,320 WORK, WHERE SHE FOUND THAT 1914 01:11:24,320 --> 01:11:26,400 DIFFERENT ANIMALS, DIFFERENT 1915 01:11:26,400 --> 01:11:27,720 HUMANS, USE DIFFERENT 1916 01:11:27,720 --> 01:11:28,760 COORDINATED MODULES TO PRODUCE 1917 01:11:28,760 --> 01:11:30,480 THE SAME WALKING SPEED. 1918 01:11:30,480 --> 01:11:32,920 I THINK BY BECOMING MORE 1919 01:11:32,920 --> 01:11:34,760 COMPARATIVE, AND LOOKING ACROSS 1920 01:11:34,760 --> 01:11:36,680 BRAINS, THAT HAVE SOLVED 1921 01:11:36,680 --> 01:11:38,480 WHATEVER PROBLEM WE ARE FACING, 1922 01:11:38,480 --> 01:11:41,360 CHANGING ONE INTERNAL STATE TO 1923 01:11:41,360 --> 01:11:43,080 ANOTHER INTERNAL STATE, WE CAN 1924 01:11:43,080 --> 01:11:43,960 ACTUALLY IDENTIFY DIFFERENT 1925 01:11:43,960 --> 01:11:45,880 BRAIN REGIONS AND PATHWAYS TO DO 1926 01:11:45,880 --> 01:11:46,200 THAT. 1927 01:11:46,200 --> 01:11:48,920 WHETHER OR NOT THE SOLUTION ENDS 1928 01:11:48,920 --> 01:11:51,360 UP BEING DBS OR THE SOLUTION 1929 01:11:51,360 --> 01:11:55,320 ENDS UP BEING PHARMACEUTICALS, 1930 01:11:55,320 --> 01:11:59,360 THAT CAN STIMULATE DIFFERENT 1931 01:11:59,360 --> 01:11:59,960 NEUROMODULATORY PATHWAYS TO 1932 01:11:59,960 --> 01:12:02,480 AFFECT OUTCOME IS ANOTHER WAY TO 1933 01:12:02,480 --> 01:12:03,160 LOOK AT THAT. 1934 01:12:03,160 --> 01:12:05,320 >> I WANT TO BE CLEAR THOUGH 1935 01:12:05,320 --> 01:12:08,240 THAT'S WHAT WE SEE IS SHAPED 1936 01:12:08,240 --> 01:12:09,920 OVER LONG PERIODS OF TIME AND 1937 01:12:09,920 --> 01:12:11,080 LEARNING AND REHABILITATION. 1938 01:12:11,080 --> 01:12:13,720 SO THERE'S GOING TO BE -- I 1939 01:12:13,720 --> 01:12:16,560 THINK THIS HAPPENS IN DBS OR 1940 01:12:16,560 --> 01:12:17,480 DEPRESSION TOO, INSTANTANEOUS 1941 01:12:17,480 --> 01:12:19,600 CHANGE THAT MIGHT HAPPEN WITH 1942 01:12:19,600 --> 01:12:22,480 NEUROMODULATION THAT ENABLES A 1943 01:12:22,480 --> 01:12:24,560 LONGER-TERM SORT OF SLOWER TIME 1944 01:12:24,560 --> 01:12:29,560 CONSTANT OF CHANGE IN THE UNITS 1945 01:12:29,560 --> 01:12:39,960 THAT SHAPE SOMEBODY'S BEHAVIOR. 1946 01:12:39,960 --> 01:12:40,240 >> RIGHT. 1947 01:12:40,240 --> 01:12:41,760 KAREN ROMMELFANGER. 1948 01:12:41,760 --> 01:12:42,040 >> THANKS. 1949 01:12:42,040 --> 01:12:47,160 I HAD A REALLY -- I ENJOYED THE 1950 01:12:47,160 --> 01:12:49,160 OPENING PANEL. 1951 01:12:49,160 --> 01:12:51,320 I HAVE CURIOSITY AROUND JEFF 1952 01:12:51,320 --> 01:12:57,560 CON'S WORK WHERE HE NOTED AFAR 1953 01:12:57,560 --> 01:12:58,440 WAS OPTIMIZED ACROSS CULTURES 1954 01:12:58,440 --> 01:13:02,040 AND YET ALSO CLOSED WITH AN 1955 01:13:02,040 --> 01:13:04,480 OPPORTUNITY FOR US TO EXPLORE 1956 01:13:04,480 --> 01:13:05,640 MORE CONTEXT NEEDED FOR 1957 01:13:05,640 --> 01:13:07,360 EXPLORING HOW THIS TECHNOLOGY 1958 01:13:07,360 --> 01:13:09,800 WOULD WORK AND THAT MORE DATA 1959 01:13:09,800 --> 01:13:21,480 WOULD BE NEEDED TO OPTIMIZE 1960 01:13:21,480 --> 01:13:21,920 TECHNOLOGY. 1961 01:13:21,920 --> 01:13:24,960 CAN YOU SHARE ABOUT BIAS, 1962 01:13:24,960 --> 01:13:26,960 SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED IDENTITIES, 1963 01:13:26,960 --> 01:13:33,080 THE DEGREE OF CONFIDENCE IN 1964 01:13:33,080 --> 01:13:33,760 INTERPRETATIONS ACROSS 1965 01:13:33,760 --> 01:13:35,280 BEHAVIORS, SUCH AS WE FOCUSED ON 1966 01:13:35,280 --> 01:13:36,160 MOOD BUT OPPORTUNITIES FOR 1967 01:13:36,160 --> 01:13:39,120 LOOKING AT PAIN AND OTHER 1968 01:13:39,120 --> 01:13:39,960 SUBJECTIVE STATES. 1969 01:13:39,960 --> 01:13:41,360 AND WRAPPING THAT TOGETHER, WHAT 1970 01:13:41,360 --> 01:13:44,400 ARE THE OPPORTUNITIES AND 1971 01:13:44,400 --> 01:13:46,360 CHALLENGES FOR TECHNOLOGY LIKE 1972 01:13:46,360 --> 01:13:48,840 AFAR IN THE BRAIN BEHAVIOR 1973 01:13:48,840 --> 01:13:50,640 SYNCHRONIZATION MODEL IN LIGHT 1974 01:13:50,640 --> 01:13:55,320 OF THOSE KINDS OF QUESTIONS 1975 01:13:55,320 --> 01:13:57,440 AROUND BIAS OPPORTUNITIES AND 1976 01:13:57,440 --> 01:13:58,200 LIMITATIONS. 1977 01:13:58,200 --> 01:13:58,520 >> RIGHT. 1978 01:13:58,520 --> 01:14:04,960 THANKS FOR THE QUESTION. 1979 01:14:04,960 --> 01:14:06,320 THE-- AFAR IN DETECTING ACTION 1980 01:14:06,320 --> 01:14:09,240 TUNES, ACTION OPPORTUNITIES ARE 1981 01:14:09,240 --> 01:14:10,320 DESCRIPTIVE MOVEMENTS IN A WAY 1982 01:14:10,320 --> 01:14:15,360 THAT WALKING IS A MOVEMENT. 1983 01:14:15,360 --> 01:14:19,320 SO THERE'S -- IT'S PRIMARILY 1984 01:14:19,320 --> 01:14:26,440 DESCRIPTIVE OTHER THAN INFERENCE 1985 01:14:26,440 --> 01:14:26,720 CONSTRUCT. 1986 01:14:26,720 --> 01:14:32,440 GENDER, CULTURAL IDENTITY, OR 1987 01:14:32,440 --> 01:14:35,160 AFFECT, THOSE ARE HIGHLY 1988 01:14:35,160 --> 01:14:35,480 INFERENTIAL. 1989 01:14:35,480 --> 01:14:37,760 WE NEED SOME BRIDGING TO SUPPORT 1990 01:14:37,760 --> 01:14:45,360 INFERENCES ABOUT THE MEANING OF 1991 01:14:45,360 --> 01:14:46,400 ACTION UNITS. 1992 01:14:46,400 --> 01:14:50,600 NOW, WITH RESPECT TO DESCRIPTIVE 1993 01:14:50,600 --> 01:14:54,360 MEANING WE DO ACTION UNIT 1994 01:14:54,360 --> 01:14:55,200 INPUTS, INFANT HAVE 1995 01:14:55,200 --> 01:14:56,400 DIFFERENT-SHAPED FACES, 1996 01:14:56,400 --> 01:14:57,800 DIFFERENT MOVEMENTS, YET THE 1997 01:14:57,800 --> 01:14:59,800 SYSTEM WORKS, BECAUSE IT'S 1998 01:14:59,800 --> 01:15:05,440 PRIMARILY ANATOMIC AND TRAINED 1999 01:15:05,440 --> 01:15:06,040 ON INFANTS. 2000 01:15:06,040 --> 01:15:09,040 FOR PEOPLE WITH VERY DARK SKIN, 2001 01:15:09,040 --> 01:15:11,960 AFAR TO THE EXTENT WE'VE LOOKED, 2002 01:15:11,960 --> 01:15:17,960 SO FAR IT APPEARS TO WORK WELL. 2003 01:15:17,960 --> 01:15:20,440 IT DEPENDS ON THE AMOUNT OF 2004 01:15:20,440 --> 01:15:22,440 LIGHTING. 2005 01:15:22,440 --> 01:15:28,400 BUT, YOU KNOW, IT'S REALLY -- 2006 01:15:28,400 --> 01:15:33,080 WHEN YOU HAVE STIMULATION IN THE 2007 01:15:33,080 --> 01:15:36,360 VENTRAL STRIATUM, THAT SUPPORTS 2008 01:15:36,360 --> 01:15:36,880 INFLUENCE YOU'RE ELICITING 2009 01:15:36,880 --> 01:15:38,640 POSITIVE AFFECT, AND SO I MAKE 2010 01:15:38,640 --> 01:15:40,040 THAT INFERENCE, BUT I'M MAKING 2011 01:15:40,040 --> 01:15:44,320 IT FROM WHAT I KNOW ABOUT 2012 01:15:44,320 --> 01:15:46,080 PARTICULAR COMBINATION OF ACTION 2013 01:15:46,080 --> 01:15:48,440 UNITS THAT HAVE BEEN, YOU KNOW, 2014 01:15:48,440 --> 01:15:50,480 STUDIED BROADLY IN AFFECTIVE 2015 01:15:50,480 --> 01:15:51,200 CONTEXT. 2016 01:15:51,200 --> 01:15:51,960 >> THANKS, JEFF. 2017 01:15:51,960 --> 01:15:53,680 WE NEED TO MOVE TO THE NEXT 2018 01:15:53,680 --> 01:15:56,440 DISCUSSANT BUT I THINK THERE 2019 01:15:56,440 --> 01:15:58,560 WERE SEVERAL QUESTIONS THAT WE 2020 01:15:58,560 --> 01:16:00,560 CAN GENERALIZE ABOUT WHEN WE'RE 2021 01:16:00,560 --> 01:16:02,760 SETTING BEHAVIOR, IN WHAT 2022 01:16:02,760 --> 01:16:03,720 SITUATIONS, AS HUMANS, DO WE 2023 01:16:03,720 --> 01:16:05,480 NEED TO THINK MORE CAREFULLY HOW 2024 01:16:05,480 --> 01:16:10,560 WE DO THAT BASED ON RACE OR 2025 01:16:10,560 --> 01:16:11,720 ETHNICITY OR SEX OR GENDER. 2026 01:16:11,720 --> 01:16:16,160 NOW WE'RE GOING TO MOVE TO 2027 01:16:16,160 --> 01:16:16,560 TIMOTHY WRIGHT. 2028 01:16:16,560 --> 01:16:17,400 >> THANK YOU. 2029 01:16:17,400 --> 01:16:19,880 I WANT TO THANK MOLLY FOR 2030 01:16:19,880 --> 01:16:20,880 STARTING US OFF. 2031 01:16:20,880 --> 01:16:23,160 DAMON, THANK YOU FOR PUTTING 2032 01:16:23,160 --> 01:16:23,560 THAT UP. 2033 01:16:23,560 --> 01:16:25,480 I WONDER IF WE COULD SEE THE 2034 01:16:25,480 --> 01:16:27,720 WHOLE PANEL RIGHT NOW AND THEN 2035 01:16:27,720 --> 01:16:29,760 TOWARDS THE END OF MY TIME I'LL 2036 01:16:29,760 --> 01:16:30,760 ASK A QUESTION SPECIFICALLY 2037 01:16:30,760 --> 01:16:31,320 ABOUT THAT SLIDE. 2038 01:16:31,320 --> 01:16:33,040 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 2039 01:16:33,040 --> 01:16:37,040 I WANT TO CONTINUE ON THIS THEME 2040 01:16:37,040 --> 01:16:38,680 OF AFFECT, AND DIFFICULTIES WE 2041 01:16:38,680 --> 01:16:39,920 MIGHT HAVE WITH SYSTEMS THAT ARE 2042 01:16:39,920 --> 01:16:42,640 DEVELOPED FOR ONE SPECIES OR ONE 2043 01:16:42,640 --> 01:16:44,120 SUBSET OF A SPECIES. 2044 01:16:44,120 --> 01:16:47,040 AND THINK ABOUT HOW WE CAN 2045 01:16:47,040 --> 01:16:51,880 EXPAND THAT APPROACH INTO A 2046 01:16:51,880 --> 01:16:53,160 COMPARATIVE FASHION, THINKING 2047 01:16:53,160 --> 01:16:54,160 ABOUT OTHER SPECIES. 2048 01:16:54,160 --> 01:16:55,280 IT'S CLEAR PEOPLE WORKING WITH 2049 01:16:55,280 --> 01:16:57,360 HUMANS HAVE THOUGHT QUITE A BIT 2050 01:16:57,360 --> 01:17:02,720 ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF AFFECT. 2051 01:17:02,720 --> 01:17:04,400 BUT ANIMAL BEHAVIORISTS ARE NOT 2052 01:17:04,400 --> 01:17:05,720 BLIND TO THIS. 2053 01:17:05,720 --> 01:17:06,480 THERE'S WELL KNOWN EFFECTS IF A 2054 01:17:06,480 --> 01:17:09,360 CORRECT HAS LOST A FIGHT EARLY, 2055 01:17:09,360 --> 01:17:11,360 IT'S MORE LIKELY TO LOSE A FIGHT 2056 01:17:11,360 --> 01:17:13,560 LATER, EVEN IF IT'S A RELATIVELY 2057 01:17:13,560 --> 01:17:14,480 EASY OPPONENT. 2058 01:17:14,480 --> 01:17:18,240 BUT CLEARLY TRYING TO FIGURE OUT 2059 01:17:18,240 --> 01:17:19,480 WHAT AFFECTIVE STATE IS IN 2060 01:17:19,480 --> 01:17:20,400 ANIMALS IS A CHALLENGE. 2061 01:17:20,400 --> 01:17:23,920 I I WANT TO START WITH THE HUMAN 2062 01:17:23,920 --> 01:17:24,840 PANELIST, HUMAN ORIENTED 2063 01:17:24,840 --> 01:17:25,120 PANELISTS. 2064 01:17:25,120 --> 01:17:27,200 WE'RE ALL HUMAN I GUESS. 2065 01:17:27,200 --> 01:17:28,560 ASK WHAT POTENTIAL THEY SEE FOR 2066 01:17:28,560 --> 01:17:29,720 USING THESE SORTS OF APPROACHES 2067 01:17:29,720 --> 01:17:34,360 WITH ANIMALS AND THEN I WANT TO 2068 01:17:34,360 --> 01:17:38,000 MOVE ON TO IAN AND MOLLY AND 2069 01:17:38,000 --> 01:17:39,360 BENCE, WHO WORKED WITH ANIMAL 2070 01:17:39,360 --> 01:17:40,200 MODELS. 2071 01:17:40,200 --> 01:17:43,120 I'LL THROW THAT OUT TO NICOLE 2072 01:17:43,120 --> 01:17:45,960 AND JEFF AND LENA TO START WITH. 2073 01:17:45,960 --> 01:17:48,080 LENA HAS A HAND RAISED. 2074 01:17:48,080 --> 01:17:50,840 >> I'M NOT SURE ABOUT AFFECT, 2075 01:17:50,840 --> 01:17:53,880 THERE HAVE BEEN INTERESTING 2076 01:17:53,880 --> 01:17:57,040 STUDIES IN GUINEA FOWL BY MONICA 2077 01:17:57,040 --> 01:17:58,000 DALY, SHOWING A PERSONALITY 2078 01:17:58,000 --> 01:18:00,200 AFFECTS HOW THEY WALK AROUND THE 2079 01:18:00,200 --> 01:18:02,480 ROOM OR SLIDE OR HOW THEY CARE 2080 01:18:02,480 --> 01:18:06,560 ABOUT CRASHING INTO THINGS. 2081 01:18:06,560 --> 01:18:08,720 AND SO, YOU KNOW, I THINK YOU'RE 2082 01:18:08,720 --> 01:18:10,960 GOING TO SEE THAT IN MANY 2083 01:18:10,960 --> 01:18:15,120 ANIMALS, CATS THAT I TRAINED ALL 2084 01:18:15,120 --> 01:18:15,960 HAD DIFFERENT PERSONALITIES 2085 01:18:15,960 --> 01:18:17,840 WHICH AFFECTED THE MUSCLE 2086 01:18:17,840 --> 01:18:19,360 COORDINATION PATTERNS THEY USED 2087 01:18:19,360 --> 01:18:22,360 AND HOW THEY USED THEM. 2088 01:18:22,360 --> 01:18:25,760 >> OKAY. 2089 01:18:25,760 --> 01:18:27,200 ANY OTHER COMMENTS FROM NICOLE 2090 01:18:27,200 --> 01:18:30,840 OR JEFF? 2091 01:18:30,840 --> 01:18:33,360 2092 01:18:33,360 --> 01:18:34,680 >> I THINK ONE INTERESTING 2093 01:18:34,680 --> 01:18:35,680 CONCEPT -- WELL, SHIFTING FROM 2094 01:18:35,680 --> 01:18:37,160 THINKING ABOUT HUMANS TO 2095 01:18:37,160 --> 01:18:38,520 THINKING ABOUT ANIMALS YOU CAN'T 2096 01:18:38,520 --> 01:18:40,920 ASK ANIMALS HOW THEY ARE FEELING 2097 01:18:40,920 --> 01:18:41,440 OBVIOUSLY. 2098 01:18:41,440 --> 01:18:43,320 YOU CAN ASK HUMANS HOW THEY ARE 2099 01:18:43,320 --> 01:18:44,480 FEELING. 2100 01:18:44,480 --> 01:18:48,760 WE HAVE TO INFER EVERYTHING 2101 01:18:48,760 --> 01:18:49,560 ABOUT -- EVERYTHING WE ASSUME 2102 01:18:49,560 --> 01:18:51,720 AGUESS ABOUT HOW ANIMALS ARE 2103 01:18:51,720 --> 01:18:53,120 FEELING BASED ON THEIR BEHAVIOR. 2104 01:18:53,120 --> 01:18:54,560 I THINK THE IDEA OF LIKE DOING 2105 01:18:54,560 --> 01:18:57,160 THAT IN HUMANS IS REALLY COOL. 2106 01:18:57,160 --> 01:18:58,320 BUT ONE QUESTION I'VE BEEN 2107 01:18:58,320 --> 01:19:00,960 CHEWING ON FOR QUITE A WHILE, 2108 01:19:00,960 --> 01:19:02,680 I'M SURE PEOPLE HAVE THOUGHTS 2109 01:19:02,680 --> 01:19:04,520 ABOUT THIS, IS WHAT COMES FIRST, 2110 01:19:04,520 --> 01:19:06,600 LIKE WHEN SOMEONE IS RECOVERING 2111 01:19:06,600 --> 01:19:09,520 OR GETTING BETTER, IF THEY HAVE 2112 01:19:09,520 --> 01:19:10,800 DEPRESSION, IS IT BEHAVIOR 2113 01:19:10,800 --> 01:19:12,400 CHANGES AND THEN THEY FEEL 2114 01:19:12,400 --> 01:19:13,920 BETTER, DOES IT HAPPEN AT THE 2115 01:19:13,920 --> 01:19:18,560 SAME TIME OR DO THEY FEEL BETTER 2116 01:19:18,560 --> 01:19:21,360 AND THEIR BEHAVIOR CHANGES? 2117 01:19:21,360 --> 01:19:22,960 2118 01:19:22,960 --> 01:19:25,720 >> LENA, YOU KNOW, I WOULD SAY 2119 01:19:25,720 --> 01:19:31,320 WE GIVE SPECIAL STATUS TO 2120 01:19:31,320 --> 01:19:33,720 FEELING, SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE. 2121 01:19:33,720 --> 01:19:36,080 IT'S THE SINE QUA NON OF 2122 01:19:36,080 --> 01:19:36,320 EMOTION. 2123 01:19:36,320 --> 01:19:39,160 BUT IT'S REALLY JUST ONE ASPECT. 2124 01:19:39,160 --> 01:19:42,960 AND IT'S ONE THAT'S VERY HARD TO 2125 01:19:42,960 --> 01:19:44,600 KNOW WHAT ANOTHER -- IT'S VERY 2126 01:19:44,600 --> 01:19:46,160 HARD TO KNOW WHAT YOUR PET IS 2127 01:19:46,160 --> 01:19:52,160 FEELING, VERY LARD -- HARD TO 2128 01:19:52,160 --> 01:19:54,360 KNOW, BUT THERE ARE OTHER 2129 01:19:54,360 --> 01:19:57,080 ASPECTS SUCH AS REACTION 2130 01:19:57,080 --> 01:19:59,520 TENDENCIES, SO THE CRICKET THAT 2131 01:19:59,520 --> 01:20:04,360 LOSES A FIGHT AND THEN GOES ON 2132 01:20:04,360 --> 01:20:06,720 TO LOSE AN EASY FIGHT, YOU KNOW, 2133 01:20:06,720 --> 01:20:09,160 THAT SEEMS LIKE AN AFFECTIVE 2134 01:20:09,160 --> 01:20:10,080 RESPONSE. 2135 01:20:10,080 --> 01:20:11,800 IT'S AN EMOTIONAL RESPONSE THAT 2136 01:20:11,800 --> 01:20:15,720 THE EXPERIENCE OF LOSING THAT 2137 01:20:15,720 --> 01:20:25,080 INITIAL FIGHT AFFECTS ITS 2138 01:20:25,080 --> 01:20:26,880 ABILITY TO MOTIVATE COORDINATED 2139 01:20:26,880 --> 01:20:31,280 AGGRESSIVE AFFECTIVE BEHAVIOR IN 2140 01:20:31,280 --> 01:20:32,680 CONFLICT. 2141 01:20:32,680 --> 01:20:33,440 THAT'S, YOU KNOW, THAT'S 2142 01:20:33,440 --> 01:20:33,680 EMOTION. 2143 01:20:33,680 --> 01:20:37,160 I DON'T KNOW WHAT THE CRICKET IS 2144 01:20:37,160 --> 01:20:41,360 FEELING, BUT I WOULD SAY THAT 2145 01:20:41,360 --> 01:20:44,920 IT'S NOT HIGH ON APPROACH, IT'S 2146 01:20:44,920 --> 01:20:48,080 -- YOU KNOW, IT'S NOT EXHIBITING 2147 01:20:48,080 --> 01:20:51,400 MASTERY OF WHICH ITS CAPABLE. 2148 01:20:51,400 --> 01:20:54,200 THESE ARE AFFECTIVE RESPONSES. 2149 01:20:54,200 --> 01:20:56,360 2150 01:20:56,360 --> 01:21:02,040 >> I SEE A HAND RAISED EARLIER 2151 01:21:02,040 --> 01:21:05,000 FROM YOU, IAN? 2152 01:21:05,000 --> 01:21:06,960 >> YEAH, IT'S CONTEXT, BUT I 2153 01:21:06,960 --> 01:21:08,720 COULD IF IT'S INTEREST BUT 2154 01:21:08,720 --> 01:21:09,840 OTHERWISE LET PEOPLE SPEAK. 2155 01:21:09,840 --> 01:21:14,160 >> I'LL CHIME IN FROM THE 2156 01:21:14,160 --> 01:21:15,280 NON-HUMAN ANIMAL 2157 01:21:15,280 --> 01:21:15,960 CHARACTERIZATION OF BEHAVIOR. 2158 01:21:15,960 --> 01:21:19,160 >> THAT WAS THE ANGLE WAY GOING 2159 01:21:19,160 --> 01:21:19,800 TO TAKE, MOLLY. 2160 01:21:19,800 --> 01:21:22,360 >> I WAS GOING TO CITE YOUR WORK 2161 01:21:22,360 --> 01:21:25,720 AS WELL AS PITCH SIMILAR -- HOW 2162 01:21:25,720 --> 01:21:27,280 WE ACTUALLY CAPTURE INTERNAL 2163 01:21:27,280 --> 01:21:29,760 STATES AND AFFECTIVE INTERNAL 2164 01:21:29,760 --> 01:21:31,680 STATE OF A NON-MODEL ORGANISM AT 2165 01:21:31,680 --> 01:21:33,000 THIS POINT IS DOING GENOMIC 2166 01:21:33,000 --> 01:21:35,120 PROFILING OF THE BRAIN. 2167 01:21:35,120 --> 01:21:38,120 IAN GAVE A GREAT EXAMPLE, YOU 2168 01:21:38,120 --> 01:21:41,600 CAN PAIR BEHAVIOR WITH A 2169 01:21:41,600 --> 01:21:42,160 TRANSCRIPTOMIC PROFILE AND 2170 01:21:42,160 --> 01:21:43,600 UNDERSTAND, YOU KNOW, WHAT'S 2171 01:21:43,600 --> 01:21:46,800 GOING ON, DYNAMICALLY AT THE 2172 01:21:46,800 --> 01:21:48,320 BRAIN, NOT AT NEURAL STIMULATION 2173 01:21:48,320 --> 01:21:50,000 BUT GENE PATHWAYS THAT ARE BEING 2174 01:21:50,000 --> 01:21:52,160 EVOKED IN THE LAST 30 MINUTES OF 2175 01:21:52,160 --> 01:21:53,840 THE ANIMAL'S LIFE OR LESS THAN 2176 01:21:53,840 --> 01:21:55,360 THAT. 2177 01:21:55,360 --> 01:21:59,320 AND SO WE ACTUALLY CAN IDENTIFY 2178 01:21:59,320 --> 01:22:00,640 GENE SUITES THAT DO DIVERGE AND 2179 01:22:00,640 --> 01:22:02,400 WE DON'T KNOW IF TERMS OF 2180 01:22:02,400 --> 01:22:03,360 AFFECTATION EXACTLY WHAT THEY 2181 01:22:03,360 --> 01:22:04,880 REPRESENT BUT WE COMPARE THAT 2182 01:22:04,880 --> 01:22:07,360 WITH MOVEMENTS WHICH WE CAN 2183 01:22:07,360 --> 01:22:09,280 SURMISE HAVE SOMETHING TO DO 2184 01:22:09,280 --> 01:22:14,480 WITH EITHER FEAR OR EXCITEMENT 2185 01:22:14,480 --> 01:22:16,040 OR OTHER CONTINUUMS OF BEHAVIOR. 2186 01:22:16,040 --> 01:22:20,360 SO THAT'S HOW WE DO IT INSTEAD 2187 01:22:20,360 --> 01:22:20,720 OF SELF-REPORTING. 2188 01:22:20,720 --> 01:22:21,800 WE LOOK AT WHAT'S GOING ON IN 2189 01:22:21,800 --> 01:22:22,360 THE BRAIN. 2190 01:22:22,360 --> 01:22:25,840 NOT AT THE LEVEL OF NEURONS BUT 2191 01:22:25,840 --> 01:22:30,560 GENOMIC PROFILING OFTEN. 2192 01:22:30,560 --> 01:22:33,160 >> I THINK THIS PROBLEM OF 2193 01:22:33,160 --> 01:22:36,720 BRIDGING FROM HUMAN STUDIES TO 2194 01:22:36,720 --> 01:22:41,960 ANIMAL STUDIES IS REALLY KEY AND 2195 01:22:41,960 --> 01:22:46,360 CENTRAL, AT LEAST FOR WHAT I DO. 2196 01:22:46,360 --> 01:22:55,160 IAIN SAID HE WAS STUDYING AUTISM 2197 01:22:55,160 --> 01:22:56,360 IN IN FISH, WE STUDY IN RATS. 2198 01:22:56,360 --> 01:22:58,040 HOW DO YOU KNOW WHAT YOU SEE IN 2199 01:22:58,040 --> 01:22:59,880 A HUMAN PATIENT IS NEAR WHAT YOU 2200 01:22:59,880 --> 01:23:04,360 SEE IN YOUR ANIMAL SO I DON'T 2201 01:23:04,360 --> 01:23:09,040 KNOW WHAT MECHANISMS WE HAVE FOR 2202 01:23:09,040 --> 01:23:10,960 FACILITATING COMPARISONS BETWEEN 2203 01:23:10,960 --> 01:23:17,960 THE HUMAN CONDITION AND VARIOUS 2204 01:23:17,960 --> 01:23:18,360 ANIMAL BEHAVIORS. 2205 01:23:18,360 --> 01:23:23,000 BUT PERHAPS ONE APPROACH IS TO 2206 01:23:23,000 --> 01:23:24,560 STUDY RATHER LOW LEVEL 2207 01:23:24,560 --> 01:23:27,000 MANIFESTATIONS OF HIGH LEVEL 2208 01:23:27,000 --> 01:23:29,000 PHENOMENA WHICH CAN BE COMPARED 2209 01:23:29,000 --> 01:23:31,720 ACROSS SPECIES AND I'M THINKING 2210 01:23:31,720 --> 01:23:37,120 HERE OF MOVEMENTS IN TERMS OF 2211 01:23:37,120 --> 01:23:37,720 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 2212 01:23:37,720 --> 01:23:42,680 FUNCTION BECAUSE THAT GIVES US 2213 01:23:42,680 --> 01:23:46,640 AT LEAST SOMETHING TO COMPARE, 2214 01:23:46,640 --> 01:23:48,560 MORE OF AN APPLES-TO-APPLES 2215 01:23:48,560 --> 01:23:51,720 MANNER, PERHAPS USE SIMILAR 2216 01:23:51,720 --> 01:23:54,720 TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING AND 2217 01:23:54,720 --> 01:23:57,920 SIMILAR ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORKS, 2218 01:23:57,920 --> 01:24:01,600 SO THAT COMPARISONS CAN BE MADE 2219 01:24:01,600 --> 01:24:05,040 MORE EASILY. 2220 01:24:05,040 --> 01:24:06,240 >> I DON'T KNOW IF THAT WAS THE 2221 01:24:06,240 --> 01:24:11,320 BEGINNING OF YOUR ACTUAL FORMAL 2222 01:24:11,320 --> 01:24:12,560 DISCUSSION COMMENTS BUT IT'S 2223 01:24:12,560 --> 01:24:17,080 TIME FOR YOU THIS TRANSITIONS 2224 01:24:17,080 --> 01:24:17,360 ORGANICALLY. 2225 01:24:17,360 --> 01:24:18,760 >> IT'S A BIG QUESTION I'VE 2226 01:24:18,760 --> 01:24:21,480 STRUGGLED WITH, LISTENING TO THE 2227 01:24:21,480 --> 01:24:24,320 SPEAKERS, I REALIZE THERE'S A 2228 01:24:24,320 --> 01:24:27,560 GULF IN APPROACH, AND MINDSET, 2229 01:24:27,560 --> 01:24:31,440 AND TECHNIQUES, AND FRAME WORKS 2230 01:24:31,440 --> 01:24:34,360 BETWEEN THOSE WHO STUDY DISEASE, 2231 01:24:34,360 --> 01:24:36,320 HUMAN DISEASE IN A CLINICAL 2232 01:24:36,320 --> 01:24:38,360 MANIFESTATION AND THOSE OF US 2233 01:24:38,360 --> 01:24:40,720 WHO DO MECHANISTIC STUDIES IN 2234 01:24:40,720 --> 01:24:41,560 ANIMALS WE TRY TO SIMPLIFY 2235 01:24:41,560 --> 01:24:43,360 THINGS AS MUCH AS WE CAN AND 2236 01:24:43,360 --> 01:24:45,960 MAKE INFERENCES ABOUT WHAT WE 2237 01:24:45,960 --> 01:24:48,400 SEE TO COMPLEX HUMAN DISORDERS. 2238 01:24:48,400 --> 01:24:50,800 I DON'T HAVE A PARTICULARLY GOOD 2239 01:24:50,800 --> 01:24:53,800 REMEDY FOR THAT BUT I WOULD LOVE 2240 01:24:53,800 --> 01:24:57,160 TO HEAR FROM THOSE WHO STUDY 2241 01:24:57,160 --> 01:24:59,800 HUMAN DISEASE OR DISORDER, IF 2242 01:24:59,800 --> 01:25:03,640 YOU HAVE ANY GUIDELINES OR 2243 01:25:03,640 --> 01:25:05,520 CRITERIA FOR VALIDITY OF THE 2244 01:25:05,520 --> 01:25:07,920 VARIOUS MODEL ORGANISMS THAT WE 2245 01:25:07,920 --> 01:25:10,960 STUDY, YOU KNOW, IS IT AS MOLLY 2246 01:25:10,960 --> 01:25:14,200 SAID, IS THERE A PARTICULAR 2247 01:25:14,200 --> 01:25:15,240 ANIMAL MODEL THAT'S PARTICULARLY 2248 01:25:15,240 --> 01:25:18,360 WELL SUITED TO STUDY OCD OR 2249 01:25:18,360 --> 01:25:18,680 DEPRESSION? 2250 01:25:18,680 --> 01:25:21,520 AND IF SO, WHAT ARE THOSE 2251 01:25:21,520 --> 01:25:25,600 CRITERIA, HOW SHOULD WE THINK 2252 01:25:25,600 --> 01:25:29,720 ABOUT THIS? 2253 01:25:29,720 --> 01:25:32,200 >> IAIN, DO YOU WANT TO ANSWER 2254 01:25:32,200 --> 01:25:32,560 THIS? 2255 01:25:32,560 --> 01:25:37,800 >> I GUESS I PUT MY HAND DOWN 2256 01:25:37,800 --> 01:25:38,480 AND UP AGAIN. 2257 01:25:38,480 --> 01:25:41,000 I THINK YOU MAKE A REALLY GOOD 2258 01:25:41,000 --> 01:25:41,880 POINT. 2259 01:25:41,880 --> 01:25:44,680 SO TO MY READING, MOST OF THE 2260 01:25:44,680 --> 01:25:46,720 WORK, PRE-CLINICAL WORK THAT'S 2261 01:25:46,720 --> 01:25:49,560 BEEN DONE ON, SAY, PSYCHIATRIC 2262 01:25:49,560 --> 01:25:50,760 ILLNESS, HAS BEEN DONE FOR 2263 01:25:50,760 --> 01:25:54,080 HUMANS, A VERY GOOD REASON. 2264 01:25:54,080 --> 01:25:55,720 I THINK WITH RESPECT TO 2265 01:25:55,720 --> 01:25:56,960 ZEBRAFISH, YOU HAVE A HIGHER 2266 01:25:56,960 --> 01:25:59,680 DEGREE OF CONTROL, CAN PUT THEM 2267 01:25:59,680 --> 01:26:04,040 IN VIRTUAL REALITY, INFER 2268 01:26:04,040 --> 01:26:08,800 CAUSALLY, WHICH ALGORITHMS ARE 2269 01:26:08,800 --> 01:26:09,600 MISFUNCTIONING. 2270 01:26:09,600 --> 01:26:10,600 YOU DETERMINE PRECISELY WHICH 2271 01:26:10,600 --> 01:26:13,680 ALGORITHMS WORK AND 2272 01:26:13,680 --> 01:26:14,560 COLLABORATING WITH PEOPLE LIKE 2273 01:26:14,560 --> 01:26:18,120 FLORIAN AT YOUR UNIVERSITY WE 2274 01:26:18,120 --> 01:26:19,720 CAN POTENTIALLY LOOK AT CIRCUITS 2275 01:26:19,720 --> 01:26:21,680 THAT MIGHT BE AFFECTED. 2276 01:26:21,680 --> 01:26:25,600 BUT I WILL SAY THIS, LIKE A 2277 01:26:25,600 --> 01:26:26,200 FISHING EXTRADITION, IT'S NOT 2278 01:26:26,200 --> 01:26:29,960 THE TYPE OF SCIENCE I LIKE TO 2279 01:26:29,960 --> 01:26:30,640 DO. 2280 01:26:30,640 --> 01:26:32,880 THE MORE WE LOOK INTO IT, IT'S 2281 01:26:32,880 --> 01:26:34,920 LIKE A SCREENING FOR JUST TO SEE 2282 01:26:34,920 --> 01:26:35,440 IF WE GET LUCKY. 2283 01:26:35,440 --> 01:26:39,160 BUT THE MORE WE LOOK INTO IT THE 2284 01:26:39,160 --> 01:26:40,560 MORE WE REALIZE THAT WE MIGHT 2285 01:26:40,560 --> 01:26:46,000 GET LUCKY. 2286 01:26:46,000 --> 01:26:47,720 CAN YOU HEAR ME NOW? 2287 01:26:47,720 --> 01:26:51,360 >> NOW I CAN HEAR YOU. 2288 01:26:51,360 --> 01:26:52,800 >> YEAH, SORRY. 2289 01:26:52,800 --> 01:26:54,560 THERE ARE THESE BASAL SOCIAL 2290 01:26:54,560 --> 01:26:56,280 BEHAVIORS, AT LEAST, THAT WE 2291 01:26:56,280 --> 01:26:56,560 COULD STUDY. 2292 01:26:56,560 --> 01:26:58,360 I THINK THE ANSWER TO YOUR 2293 01:26:58,360 --> 01:26:59,920 QUESTION IS WE DON'T KNOW IF 2294 01:26:59,920 --> 01:27:01,320 IT'S GOING TO BE SO, WE DON'T 2295 01:27:01,320 --> 01:27:05,280 KNOW IF IT'S GOING TO BE 2296 01:27:05,280 --> 01:27:07,360 CLINICALLY USEFUL. 2297 01:27:07,360 --> 01:27:09,800 ZEBRAFISH ARE HIGHLY COMPLEX IN 2298 01:27:09,800 --> 01:27:10,200 SOCIAL BEHAVIORS. 2299 01:27:10,200 --> 01:27:11,360 PEOPLE HAVE MISUNDERSTOOD 2300 01:27:11,360 --> 01:27:11,960 COMPLETELY HOW SOPHISTICATED 2301 01:27:11,960 --> 01:27:13,920 THEY ARE BECAUSE THEY LOOK AT 2302 01:27:13,920 --> 01:27:17,360 THEM IN AN ENVIRONMENT THAT 2303 01:27:17,360 --> 01:27:18,720 DOESN'T ALLOW THEM TO BE 2304 01:27:18,720 --> 01:27:19,040 SOPHISTICATED. 2305 01:27:19,040 --> 01:27:21,640 THEY MIGHT BE A GOOD MODEL. 2306 01:27:21,640 --> 01:27:22,960 AND I WOULD SAY ONE OF THE 2307 01:27:22,960 --> 01:27:26,440 THINGS I WAS SAYING IN MY TALK, 2308 01:27:26,440 --> 01:27:28,320 YOU KNOW, DROSOPHILA AND C. 2309 01:27:28,320 --> 01:27:28,880 ELEGANS, YOU PROBABLY NEVER 2310 01:27:28,880 --> 01:27:30,200 REALLY WILL BE ABLE TO 2311 01:27:30,200 --> 01:27:32,200 UNDERSTAND THEM IN THE FIELD. 2312 01:27:32,200 --> 01:27:33,600 RATS AND ZEBRAFISH, WE CAN. 2313 01:27:33,600 --> 01:27:37,400 WE CAN DO THAT WITH FISH, WITH 2314 01:27:37,400 --> 01:27:39,240 RATS, YET ALMOST NO ONE IS 2315 01:27:39,240 --> 01:27:40,160 WORKING WITH RATS OR ZEBRAFISH 2316 01:27:40,160 --> 01:27:41,600 IN THE FIELD. 2317 01:27:41,600 --> 01:27:42,200 WHY NOT? 2318 01:27:42,200 --> 01:27:44,560 MAYBE WE NEED TO PUSH THIS 2319 01:27:44,560 --> 01:27:45,560 CONNECTION BETWEEN THESE SCALES. 2320 01:27:45,560 --> 01:27:47,200 AND I DON'T SEE A PROBLEM WITH 2321 01:27:47,200 --> 01:27:49,160 USING A VERY STRONG MODEL 2322 01:27:49,160 --> 01:27:51,160 ORGANISM LIKE A RAT OR ZEBRAFISH 2323 01:27:51,160 --> 01:27:53,400 TO MAKE THESE POWERFUL 2324 01:27:53,400 --> 01:27:55,360 CONNECTIONS ACROSS SCALE BECAUSE 2325 01:27:55,360 --> 01:27:56,880 WE CAN'T JUST RANDOMLY JUST -- I 2326 01:27:56,880 --> 01:27:57,720 THINK THE OTHER OPTION, THE 2327 01:27:57,720 --> 01:28:00,680 OTHER THING THAT WAS MENTIONED, 2328 01:28:00,680 --> 01:28:03,120 CHOOSE AN ANIMAL FOR ITS 2329 01:28:03,120 --> 01:28:04,000 SPECIALIST CAPABILITIES. 2330 01:28:04,000 --> 01:28:04,640 MOLLY MENTIONED THAT. 2331 01:28:04,640 --> 01:28:05,960 ABSOLUTELY RIGHT. 2332 01:28:05,960 --> 01:28:06,960 FULLY AGREE. 2333 01:28:06,960 --> 01:28:07,360 COMPLETELY AGREE. 2334 01:28:07,360 --> 01:28:07,760 REALLY IMPORTANT. 2335 01:28:07,760 --> 01:28:10,080 WE NEED TO HAVE NON-MODEL 2336 01:28:10,080 --> 01:28:11,160 ORGANISMS, ABSOLUTELY. 2337 01:28:11,160 --> 01:28:13,720 BUT WITH THE MODEL ORGANISMS WE 2338 01:28:13,720 --> 01:28:17,480 DO HAVE, CAN WE MAYBE CONSIDER 2339 01:28:17,480 --> 01:28:18,760 PROGRAMS THAT SPAN FROM THE WILD 2340 01:28:18,760 --> 01:28:20,720 TO THE LAB BECAUSE I THINK THE 2341 01:28:20,720 --> 01:28:21,800 TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY I'VE BEEN 2342 01:28:21,800 --> 01:28:23,760 HEARING ABOUT TODAY COULD BE 2343 01:28:23,760 --> 01:28:26,960 APPLIED IN THE NEAR FUTURE IF 2344 01:28:26,960 --> 01:28:28,160 NOT NOW TO NATURALISTIC 2345 01:28:28,160 --> 01:28:30,480 CONDITIONS OR EVEN NATURAL 2346 01:28:30,480 --> 01:28:32,400 CONDITIONS, I THINK 2347 01:28:32,400 --> 01:28:33,160 UNDERSTANDING HOW RATS BEHAVE IN 2348 01:28:33,160 --> 01:28:36,800 THE WILD WOULD BE PHENOMENAL. 2349 01:28:36,800 --> 01:28:40,800 THAT'S MY FEELINGS, I THINK WE 2350 01:28:40,800 --> 01:28:45,080 COULD COMBINE THIS IN A VERY 2351 01:28:45,080 --> 01:28:46,200 SYNERGISTIC WAY. 2352 01:28:46,200 --> 01:28:46,720 >> MOLLY? 2353 01:28:46,720 --> 01:28:48,440 >> WE'LL HAVE TO END SOON. 2354 01:28:48,440 --> 01:28:51,160 >> I WAS JUST GOING TO POSIT 2355 01:28:51,160 --> 01:28:55,760 MAYBE WE SHOULD GET AWAY FROM 2356 01:28:55,760 --> 01:28:58,040 SPECIALISTS AND FIND THE LOWEST 2357 01:28:58,040 --> 01:28:59,760 COMMON DENOMINATOR, IF WE STAY 2358 01:28:59,760 --> 01:29:01,720 WITH DEPRESSION, SOME KIND OF 2359 01:29:01,720 --> 01:29:05,480 SIMPLE BEHAVIORAL MARKER FOR 2360 01:29:05,480 --> 01:29:06,520 WITHDRAWAL AND THEN IDENTIFY THE 2361 01:29:06,520 --> 01:29:08,160 SAME COMPONENTS THAT ARE 2362 01:29:08,160 --> 01:29:09,400 OPERATING OR DIFFERENT 2363 01:29:09,400 --> 01:29:10,600 COMPONENTS THAT ARE OPERATING 2364 01:29:10,600 --> 01:29:12,200 ACROSS BRAINS IN DIFFERENT 2365 01:29:12,200 --> 01:29:12,600 LINEAGES. 2366 01:29:12,600 --> 01:29:16,440 I THINK THAT MIGHT BE A SIMPLER 2367 01:29:16,440 --> 01:29:19,280 WAY TO FIND A TREATMENT. 2368 01:29:19,280 --> 01:29:21,880 IAIN, YOUR SYSTEM IS AMAZING BUT 2369 01:29:21,880 --> 01:29:27,160 NOT EVERYBODY CAN CREATE HOLE 2370 01:29:27,160 --> 01:29:30,440 HOLE GRAPH -- HOLOGRAPHICS AND 2371 01:29:30,440 --> 01:29:32,840 I'M WONDERING IF WE COULD GO 2372 01:29:32,840 --> 01:29:33,600 THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION. 2373 01:29:33,600 --> 01:29:35,360 >> I TOOK THE SLIDE OUT BECAUSE 2374 01:29:35,360 --> 01:29:38,720 OF TIME BUT I THINK 2375 01:29:38,720 --> 01:29:39,280 DEMOCRATIZING TECHNOLOGIES, 2376 01:29:39,280 --> 01:29:40,360 MAKING THEM CHEAP AND EASY FOR 2377 01:29:40,360 --> 01:29:41,960 EVERYBODY IS A HUGE PRIORITY FOR 2378 01:29:41,960 --> 01:29:42,320 US. 2379 01:29:42,320 --> 01:29:44,400 I WOULD BE SURPRISED IF IN FIVE 2380 01:29:44,400 --> 01:29:46,280 YEARS' TIME WE CAN'T PRODUCE A 2381 01:29:46,280 --> 01:29:47,840 SYSTEM THAT ANYONE CAN USE FOR 2382 01:29:47,840 --> 01:29:49,280 THIS TYPE OF TECHNOLOGY. 2383 01:29:49,280 --> 01:29:50,480 MOLLY, I ALSO FULLY AGREE WITH 2384 01:29:50,480 --> 01:29:53,560 WHAT YOU SAID. 2385 01:29:53,560 --> 01:29:54,200 HAVING THAT EVOLUTIONARY 2386 01:29:54,200 --> 01:30:00,320 PERSPECTIVE, BUT THEY ARE NOT 2387 01:30:00,320 --> 01:30:00,720 MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE. 2388 01:30:00,720 --> 01:30:03,320 ONE CAN LOOK INTO DIVERSITY OF 2389 01:30:03,320 --> 01:30:03,880 BIODIVERSITY TO REALLY 2390 01:30:03,880 --> 01:30:06,280 UNDERSTAND THINGS. 2391 01:30:06,280 --> 01:30:10,800 2392 01:30:10,800 --> 01:30:11,320 >> LAST COMMENT. 2393 01:30:11,320 --> 01:30:12,080 >> HI. 2394 01:30:12,080 --> 01:30:14,040 YES, I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO ECHO 2395 01:30:14,040 --> 01:30:16,520 WHAT MOLLY JUST SAID. 2396 01:30:16,520 --> 01:30:19,320 I THINK LOOKING AT WIDER RANGE 2397 01:30:19,320 --> 01:30:20,960 OF SPECIES IS VERY IMPORTANT. 2398 01:30:20,960 --> 01:30:22,680 IN PARTICULAR, I THINK WE COULD 2399 01:30:22,680 --> 01:30:26,360 BE A BIT MORE STRATEGIC IN 2400 01:30:26,360 --> 01:30:29,040 PICKING THE SPECIES. 2401 01:30:29,040 --> 01:30:30,280 IN PARTICULAR, WE DON'T WANT 2402 01:30:30,280 --> 01:30:33,200 TO -- I THINK WITHOUT DENYING 2403 01:30:33,200 --> 01:30:35,040 THE VALUE OF CONVERGENT 2404 01:30:35,040 --> 01:30:41,000 EVOLUTION, WE DON'T WANT TO 2405 01:30:41,000 --> 01:30:43,000 STUDY SOCIAL BEHAVIOR, FOR 2406 01:30:43,000 --> 01:30:44,880 EXAMPLE, IN BEES, MAY GIVE US A 2407 01:30:44,880 --> 01:30:47,560 LOT OF INTERESTING INSIGHT, BUT 2408 01:30:47,560 --> 01:30:48,720 IT'S DEFINITELY EVOLVED 2409 01:30:48,720 --> 01:30:50,480 INDEPENDENTLY FROM SOCIAL 2410 01:30:50,480 --> 01:30:52,640 BEHAVIOR AND HUMANS. 2411 01:30:52,640 --> 01:30:56,320 ALSO PROBABLY IN THE CASE OF 2412 01:30:56,320 --> 01:30:57,920 OTHER ANIMALS, DOGS, WOLVES, ET 2413 01:30:57,920 --> 01:31:02,040 CETERA, SO I THINK WE CAN -- I 2414 01:31:02,040 --> 01:31:04,320 THINK WE SHOULD PICK SPECIES ON 2415 01:31:04,320 --> 01:31:06,560 THE BASIS OF THE WINDOW THEY 2416 01:31:06,560 --> 01:31:08,800 GIVE US INTO SHARED MECHANISMS 2417 01:31:08,800 --> 01:31:10,400 THAT CONCERN US. 2418 01:31:10,400 --> 01:31:14,480 SO, IN THAT SENSE, SPECIES THAT 2419 01:31:14,480 --> 01:31:17,240 DIVERGE FROM US AT A PARTICULAR 2420 01:31:17,240 --> 01:31:22,360 MOMENT IN THE PAST BUT THEN DID 2421 01:31:22,360 --> 01:31:24,760 NOT CHANGE TOO DRAMATICALLY. 2422 01:31:24,760 --> 01:31:28,400 SO IN THAT SENSE ZEBRAFISH ARE 2423 01:31:28,400 --> 01:31:28,680 WONDERFUL. 2424 01:31:28,680 --> 01:31:31,040 BUT THEY REALLY DID CHANGE A 2425 01:31:31,040 --> 01:31:31,280 LOT. 2426 01:31:31,280 --> 01:31:34,840 THEY DUPLICATED THEIR GENOME, 2427 01:31:34,840 --> 01:31:35,360 CHANGED THEIR FOREBRAIN 2428 01:31:35,360 --> 01:31:36,080 DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENTALLY, 2429 01:31:36,080 --> 01:31:38,440 CAME UP WITH A LOT OF THINGS 2430 01:31:38,440 --> 01:31:41,960 THAT ARE SHARED COMMON ANCESTORS 2431 01:31:41,960 --> 01:31:43,040 DID NOT HAVE. 2432 01:31:43,040 --> 01:31:44,240 BIRDS LIKEWISE, DEVELOPED ALL 2433 01:31:44,240 --> 01:31:47,080 KINDS OF AMAZING THINGS BUT 2434 01:31:47,080 --> 01:31:47,560 TOTALLY INDEPENDENTLY. 2435 01:31:47,560 --> 01:31:51,200 I THINK WE GET MORE OUT OF 2436 01:31:51,200 --> 01:31:53,880 STUDYING SPECIES THAT SHALL 2437 01:31:53,880 --> 01:31:54,280 HIGHLY NEGLECTED. 2438 01:31:54,280 --> 01:31:55,160 BASAL VERTEBRATES LIKE SHARKS 2439 01:31:55,160 --> 01:31:56,920 THAT DID NOT CHANGE SO MUCH, IF 2440 01:31:56,920 --> 01:32:04,040 WE PICK THE RIGHT SPECIES. 2441 01:32:04,040 --> 01:32:05,440 LIZARDS, OTHER REPTILES. 2442 01:32:05,440 --> 01:32:09,960 I THINK -- I'M BLOCKING ON HIS 2443 01:32:09,960 --> 01:32:10,360 NAME. 2444 01:32:10,360 --> 01:32:11,720 SAID RECENTLY THAT IN 2445 01:32:11,720 --> 01:32:12,760 NEUROSCIENCE WE USED TO STUDY 2446 01:32:12,760 --> 01:32:16,240 MANY MORE SPECIES. 2447 01:32:16,240 --> 01:32:17,280 NOW WE'RE BECOMING MONKEYS, 2448 01:32:17,280 --> 01:32:18,160 RATS, ZEBRAFISH AND DROSOPHILA. 2449 01:32:18,160 --> 01:32:23,160 AND I THINK WE NEED TO LOOK VERY 2450 01:32:23,160 --> 01:32:23,360 BROADLY. 2451 01:32:23,360 --> 01:32:29,120 I THINK WE CAN PICK SPECIFIC 2452 01:32:29,120 --> 01:32:31,200 SPECIES, BASED ON PHYLOGENETIC 2453 01:32:31,200 --> 01:32:34,080 RELATIONSHIPS WHILE STILL 2454 01:32:34,080 --> 01:32:35,560 B RIG -- BEING BROAD. 2455 01:32:35,560 --> 01:32:37,480 I WOULD LIKE TO ACKNOWLEDGE PART 2456 01:32:37,480 --> 01:32:39,160 OF THE REASON WE SPECIALIZE IS 2457 01:32:39,160 --> 01:32:40,160 SIMPLY BECAUSE THE MORE PEOPLE 2458 01:32:40,160 --> 01:32:41,280 STUDY A CERTAIN SPECIES, THE 2459 01:32:41,280 --> 01:32:43,120 MORE EASY IT IS. 2460 01:32:43,120 --> 01:32:44,640 I STUDY RHESUS MONKEYS BECAUSE 2461 01:32:44,640 --> 01:32:47,760 SO MANY OTHER PEOPLE DO, I CAN 2462 01:32:47,760 --> 01:32:49,400 DRAW UPON THAT KNOWLEDGE. 2463 01:32:49,400 --> 01:32:50,920 IT WOULD BE USEFUL TO DO 2464 01:32:50,920 --> 01:32:56,560 SOMETHING MORE LIKE, FOR 2465 01:32:56,560 --> 01:33:00,360 EXAMPLE, WHAT LEAH KRUBITZER 2466 01:33:00,360 --> 01:33:04,120 DOES OR JOHN KOZ, MANY SPECIES 2467 01:33:04,120 --> 01:33:06,440 OF PRIMATES, INSIGHT INTO THINGS 2468 01:33:06,440 --> 01:33:06,960 RELEVANT TO HUMANS. 2469 01:33:06,960 --> 01:33:08,440 >> I WANT TO SAY A COUPLE 2470 01:33:08,440 --> 01:33:08,680 THINGS. 2471 01:33:08,680 --> 01:33:10,640 WE HAVE TO WRAP UP. 2472 01:33:10,640 --> 01:33:13,000 ONE, SOUNDS LIKE THERE MAY BE 2473 01:33:13,000 --> 01:33:14,480 SOME MORE ROOM FOR DISCUSSION 2474 01:33:14,480 --> 01:33:19,960 ABOUT WHICH SPECIES WE WANT TO 2475 01:33:19,960 --> 01:33:23,200 BE STUDYING AND WHY BUT 2476 01:33:23,200 --> 01:33:25,360 AGREEMENT STUDYING MULTIPLE 2477 01:33:25,360 --> 01:33:25,920 SPECIES AND CONSIDERING 2478 01:33:25,920 --> 01:33:26,800 CROSS-SPECIES IS IMPORTANT AND 2479 01:33:26,800 --> 01:33:28,680 THE CONTEXT OF THIS WORKSHOP, 2480 01:33:28,680 --> 01:33:30,600 IT'S IMPORTANT TO THINK HOW DO 2481 01:33:30,600 --> 01:33:31,200 WE MEASURE BEHAVIORS OF 2482 01:33:31,200 --> 01:33:32,280 DIFFERENT SPECIES. 2483 01:33:32,280 --> 01:33:33,600 SO IF WE WANT TO STUDY SHARKS 2484 01:33:33,600 --> 01:33:38,160 HOW ARE WE GOING TO MEASURE 2485 01:33:38,160 --> 01:33:38,920 SHARK BEHAVIOR, ZEBRAFISH, AND 2486 01:33:38,920 --> 01:33:40,720 HOW ARE WE GOING TO MEASURE 2487 01:33:40,720 --> 01:33:43,440 HUMAN BEHAVIOR, SO ON. 2488 01:33:43,440 --> 01:33:47,360 WE'RE KEEPING THE QUESTIONS IN 2489 01:33:47,360 --> 01:33:49,880 THE CHAT AND Q&A TO SEED 2490 01:33:49,880 --> 01:33:50,600 TOMORROW'S BREAKOUT SESSIONS 2491 01:33:50,600 --> 01:33:51,720 SINCE WE HAVEN'T HAD TIME TO GET 2492 01:33:51,720 --> 01:33:53,720 TO ALL OF THEM NOW. 2493 01:33:53,720 --> 01:33:55,360 THERE'S SO MUCH TO TALK ABOUT. 2494 01:33:55,360 --> 01:33:58,880 FOR RIGHT NOW WE'RE GOING TO 2495 01:33:58,880 --> 01:34:07,320 MOVE TO PANEL 2. 2496 01:34:07,320 --> 01:34:11,200 >> THAT WAS A RICH DISCUSSION. 2497 01:34:11,200 --> 01:34:13,200 THANK YOU, JANINE. 2498 01:34:13,200 --> 01:34:15,360 DIFFICULT ASPECT TO FOLLOW BUT 2499 01:34:15,360 --> 01:34:16,960 IT'S MY PLEASURE TO INTRODUCE 2500 01:34:16,960 --> 01:34:21,560 PANEL 2, ON SENSING BEHAVIOR IN 2501 01:34:21,560 --> 01:34:22,520 ITS ENVIRONMENT. 2502 01:34:22,520 --> 01:34:24,240 CENTRAL QUESTION FOR THIS PANEL 2503 01:34:24,240 --> 01:34:26,480 IS HOW DO WE CAPTURE THE 2504 01:34:26,480 --> 01:34:29,000 INFORMATION NEEDED FROM 2505 01:34:29,000 --> 01:34:30,400 INDIVIDUAL ORGANISMS, SOCIAL 2506 01:34:30,400 --> 01:34:32,360 GROUPS, PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTS, 2507 01:34:32,360 --> 01:34:34,360 SO WE CAPTURE COMPLEXITY OF 2508 01:34:34,360 --> 01:34:34,600 BEHAVIOR. 2509 01:34:34,600 --> 01:34:36,600 REALLY THE QUESTION, ONE WAY TO 2510 01:34:36,600 --> 01:34:37,720 TRANSLATE THE BIG QUESTION, WHAT 2511 01:34:37,720 --> 01:34:39,360 ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF DATA 2512 01:34:39,360 --> 01:34:44,320 NEEDED TO DO MODELS OF BEHAVIOR 2513 01:34:44,320 --> 01:34:45,800 THAT REFLECT MULTI-DIMENSIONAL 2514 01:34:45,800 --> 01:34:47,000 COMPLEXITY OF BEHAVIOR IN THE 2515 01:34:47,000 --> 01:34:48,880 CONTEXT IN WHICH THE BEHAVIOR 2516 01:34:48,880 --> 01:34:50,640 OCCURS NATURALLY, THE IDEA THAT 2517 01:34:50,640 --> 01:34:52,760 CAME UP IN THE PREVIOUS PANEL. 2518 01:34:52,760 --> 01:34:55,800 AND WHAT ARE SOME OF THE 2519 01:34:55,800 --> 01:34:57,240 TECHNOLOGIES IN PARTICULAR 2520 01:34:57,240 --> 01:34:59,320 SENSOR TECHNOLOGIES, WHAT ARE 2521 01:34:59,320 --> 01:35:01,160 INFORMATIC TOOLS THAT ARE 2522 01:35:01,160 --> 01:35:02,520 AVAILABLE AND WHICH ONES ARE 2523 01:35:02,520 --> 01:35:04,360 NEEDED TO COLLECT AND INTEGRATE 2524 01:35:04,360 --> 01:35:08,960 THESE TYPES OF DATA TO BUILD 2525 01:35:08,960 --> 01:35:09,520 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS IN 2526 01:35:09,520 --> 01:35:13,240 COMPUTATIONAL MODELS. 2527 01:35:13,240 --> 01:35:14,440 WITH THAT THE SPEAKERS WE HAVE 2528 01:35:14,440 --> 01:35:24,200 LINED UP, A GREAT SET, GALIT 2529 01:35:24,200 --> 01:35:27,960 PELLED, BEN HAYDEN, MALCOLM 2530 01:35:27,960 --> 01:35:28,960 MacIVER, AND RAJASHREE 2531 01:35:28,960 --> 01:35:38,920 BASKARAN, AND WE SWITCH TO THE 2532 01:35:38,920 --> 01:35:42,000 DISCUSSANTS, PETER HARTWELL, BOB 2533 01:35:42,000 --> 01:35:45,720 DATTA, AND ANDRE GREEN. 2534 01:35:45,720 --> 01:35:50,680 WITH THAT I HAND IT OVER TO 2535 01:35:50,680 --> 01:35:55,360 GALIT. 2536 01:35:55,360 --> 01:36:03,840 2537 01:36:03,840 --> 01:36:04,240 >> HI. 2538 01:36:04,240 --> 01:36:07,560 I'M GALIT PELLED, MICHIGAN STATE 2539 01:36:07,560 --> 01:36:07,840 UNIVERSITY. 2540 01:36:07,840 --> 01:36:10,280 WE'RE INTERESTED IN THE PRACTICE 2541 01:36:10,280 --> 01:36:11,960 OF IMPROVING MOTOR FUNCTION THAT 2542 01:36:11,960 --> 01:36:16,160 WILL LEAD TO HIGHER LEVELS OF 2543 01:36:16,160 --> 01:36:18,960 SPEED AND STRENGTH, COGNITIVE 2544 01:36:18,960 --> 01:36:22,240 FUNCTION INCLUDING DECISION 2545 01:36:22,240 --> 01:36:23,760 MAKING AND LEARNING, DEFINED AS 2546 01:36:23,760 --> 01:36:25,200 BEHAVIOR, AND TO UNDERSTAND 2547 01:36:25,200 --> 01:36:26,760 NORMAL BEHAVIOR, TO ASSESS 2548 01:36:26,760 --> 01:36:28,320 CHANGES IN BEHAVIOR WE NEED 2549 01:36:28,320 --> 01:36:30,920 TOOLS TO MEASURE BEHAVIOR. 2550 01:36:30,920 --> 01:36:32,360 THERE WAS A GREAT DISCUSSION 2551 01:36:32,360 --> 01:36:34,080 BEFORE, WHETHER WE SHOULD BE 2552 01:36:34,080 --> 01:36:35,600 LOOKING AT DIVERSE ANIMAL MODELS 2553 01:36:35,600 --> 01:36:37,000 TO UNDERSTAND BEHAVIOR. 2554 01:36:37,000 --> 01:36:40,840 IN MY LAB I'LL SHOW YOU THAT WE 2555 01:36:40,840 --> 01:36:43,880 ARGUE THAT THIS IS NECESSARY. 2556 01:36:43,880 --> 01:36:46,080 SO HERE YOU SEE IN THE NEXT FEW 2557 01:36:46,080 --> 01:36:49,960 SLIDES I'M GOING TO SHOW YOU 2558 01:36:49,960 --> 01:36:52,360 TOOLS THAT WE'RE DEVELOPING AND 2559 01:36:52,360 --> 01:36:55,360 CONCEPTS WE'RE STUDYING IN MORE 2560 01:36:55,360 --> 01:36:56,520 CONTROLLED NEURAL SYSTEMS HOW 2561 01:36:56,520 --> 01:36:59,360 THESE MAY BE ADOPTED TO MORE 2562 01:36:59,360 --> 01:37:01,600 COMPLEX SYSTEMS. 2563 01:37:01,600 --> 01:37:02,680 SO UNDERSTANDING DECISION MAKING 2564 01:37:02,680 --> 01:37:03,560 AND GOAL-ORIENTED MOVEMENT IS 2565 01:37:03,560 --> 01:37:06,320 REALLY A MAJOR GOAL OF 2566 01:37:06,320 --> 01:37:08,000 NEUROSCIENTISTS AND BEHAVIORAL 2567 01:37:08,000 --> 01:37:11,960 SCIENTISTS, THESE ARE OF COURSE 2568 01:37:11,960 --> 01:37:13,800 INTEGRATION OF VERY COMPLEX, THE 2569 01:37:13,800 --> 01:37:15,360 BRAIN AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS 2570 01:37:15,360 --> 01:37:15,560 SYSTEM. 2571 01:37:15,560 --> 01:37:22,680 YOU SEE AN OCTOPUS, THERE ARE 2572 01:37:22,680 --> 01:37:27,080 300 SPECIES, THIS IS THE THE 2573 01:37:27,080 --> 01:37:28,840 ONLY SPECIES OF OCTOPUS THE 2574 01:37:28,840 --> 01:37:29,840 ENTIRE GENOME HAS BEEN 2575 01:37:29,840 --> 01:37:31,120 SEQUENCED, YOU CAN IMAGINE ALL 2576 01:37:31,120 --> 01:37:32,120 SORTS OF AMAZING THINGS WE WILL 2577 01:37:32,120 --> 01:37:34,360 BE ABLE TO DO WITH THAT IN THE 2578 01:37:34,360 --> 01:37:34,680 FUTURE. 2579 01:37:34,680 --> 01:37:39,280 AND YOU CAN SEE IT HERE IN ITS 2580 01:37:39,280 --> 01:37:39,480 TANK. 2581 01:37:39,480 --> 01:37:42,160 INTERACTING, TRYING TO GRASP THE 2582 01:37:42,160 --> 01:37:44,960 FINGER OF A STUDENT. 2583 01:37:44,960 --> 01:37:47,480 AND IT'S QUITE AMAZING. 2584 01:37:47,480 --> 01:37:53,400 SO WE'RE TRYING TO STUDY OCTOPUS 2585 01:37:53,400 --> 01:37:54,680 GRASPING MOVEMENT HOPING TO 2586 01:37:54,680 --> 01:38:02,240 IDENTIFY ALGORITHM THAT DESCRIBE 2587 01:38:02,240 --> 01:38:04,440 HOW THE OCTOPUS CAN ADAPT 2588 01:38:04,440 --> 01:38:07,600 MOVEMENT MIDWAY, CAN WE DEVELOP 2589 01:38:07,600 --> 01:38:16,760 NEW TYPE OF DEVICES RAPID AND 2590 01:38:16,760 --> 01:38:18,880 ADAPTIVE SUCH AS OCTOPUS ARM. 2591 01:38:18,880 --> 01:38:22,400 IT HAS THE HEART, BLUE BLOOD, 2592 01:38:22,400 --> 01:38:24,600 CAMOUFLAGES, REGENERATES. 2593 01:38:24,600 --> 01:38:25,720 AND THEY ACTUALLY EXISTED, 2594 01:38:25,720 --> 01:38:29,040 THERE'S THE FIRST FOSSILS OF 2595 01:38:29,040 --> 01:38:31,160 OCTOPUS DATED TO 296 MILLION 2596 01:38:31,160 --> 01:38:32,960 YEARS AGO. 2597 01:38:32,960 --> 01:38:33,800 SO EVEN BEFORE DINOSAURS. 2598 01:38:33,800 --> 01:38:38,040 SO IN THE COURSE OF EVOLUTION, 2599 01:38:38,040 --> 01:38:40,120 THE OCTOPUS AMAZINGLY CAME UP 2600 01:38:40,120 --> 01:38:42,240 WITH MANY SIMILAR SOLUTIONS FOR 2601 01:38:42,240 --> 01:38:46,880 PHYSIOLOGY AND SENSING LIKE 2602 01:38:46,880 --> 01:38:49,560 VERTEBRATES. 2603 01:38:49,560 --> 01:38:52,120 FOR EXAMPLE, ITS EYES, OPTIC 2604 01:38:52,120 --> 01:38:53,800 LOBES ARE SIMILAR TO VERTEBRATE 2605 01:38:53,800 --> 01:38:55,960 SYSTEMS, BUT IN TERMS OF MOTION 2606 01:38:55,960 --> 01:38:59,280 AND MOVEMENT IT DEVELOPED A 2607 01:38:59,280 --> 01:39:00,680 COMPLETELY ALTERNATIVE STRATEGY. 2608 01:39:00,680 --> 01:39:04,360 SO, IT HAS A HUGE NERVOUS SYSTEM 2609 01:39:04,360 --> 01:39:05,440 WITH 500 MILLION NEURONS. 2610 01:39:05,440 --> 01:39:07,280 SIMILAR TO WHAT A DOG HAS. 2611 01:39:07,280 --> 01:39:09,800 BUT MOST OF THE NEURONS ARE NOT 2612 01:39:09,800 --> 01:39:10,160 IN THE BRAIN. 2613 01:39:10,160 --> 01:39:11,960 THEY ARE ACTUALLY IN THE ARM. 2614 01:39:11,960 --> 01:39:15,800 AND EACH SINGLE ARM HAS AN AXIAL 2615 01:39:15,800 --> 01:39:17,960 CORD THAT ACTS LIKE A SPINAL 2616 01:39:17,960 --> 01:39:18,440 CORD. 2617 01:39:18,440 --> 01:39:22,360 AND MOST OF THE DECISIONS THAT 2618 01:39:22,360 --> 01:39:24,360 THE OCTOPUS MAKE IS NOT IN ITS 2619 01:39:24,360 --> 01:39:27,200 BRAIN, IT'S MAKING IT IN THE 2620 01:39:27,200 --> 01:39:27,400 ARMS. 2621 01:39:27,400 --> 01:39:31,160 THE DISEMBODIED ARM IS KNOWN TO 2622 01:39:31,160 --> 01:39:34,560 KEEP MOVING IN A WAY THAT AN 2623 01:39:34,560 --> 01:39:36,200 INTACT OCTOPUS DOES. 2624 01:39:36,200 --> 01:39:39,560 YOU CAN IMAGINE HOW THE OCTOPUS 2625 01:39:39,560 --> 01:39:45,200 NOW GIVES US REALLY A WAY TO 2626 01:39:45,200 --> 01:39:47,200 LOOK AT NEURAL PATTERNS IN 2627 01:39:47,200 --> 01:39:48,440 NEURAL NETWORKS THAT ARE 2628 01:39:48,440 --> 01:39:49,720 ASSOCIATED WITH MOVEMENT. 2629 01:39:49,720 --> 01:39:52,720 SO, TO LOOK AT MOVEMENT, THE 2630 01:39:52,720 --> 01:39:55,160 OCTOPUS -- HERE YOU CAN SEE 2631 01:39:55,160 --> 01:39:58,480 WE'RE USING A.I. WITH DEEP LAB 2632 01:39:58,480 --> 01:40:01,320 CUT, CAN PLACE 16 MARKERS ON A 2633 01:40:01,320 --> 01:40:05,520 SINGLE ARM TO MEASURE MOVEMENT. 2634 01:40:05,520 --> 01:40:07,080 SO THERE'S EIGHT ARMS. 2635 01:40:07,080 --> 01:40:10,920 THERE'S CONSTANT MOVEMENT. 2636 01:40:10,920 --> 01:40:14,280 THERE'S CONSTANT ELONGATION AND 2637 01:40:14,280 --> 01:40:14,680 SHRINKING. 2638 01:40:14,680 --> 01:40:19,280 IF WE WANT TO MEASURE OCTOPUS 2639 01:40:19,280 --> 01:40:21,480 MOVEMENT IN NATURAL ENVIRONMENT, 2640 01:40:21,480 --> 01:40:23,600 DEEPLABCUT IS A GOOD WAY TO 2641 01:40:23,600 --> 01:40:24,160 START. 2642 01:40:24,160 --> 01:40:25,200 TO GET HIGH RESOLUTION 2643 01:40:25,200 --> 01:40:27,960 KINEMATICS WE HAVE TO GO AND USE 2644 01:40:27,960 --> 01:40:28,680 DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES. 2645 01:40:28,680 --> 01:40:33,000 AND WHAT YOU CAN SEE HERE WE CAN 2646 01:40:33,000 --> 01:40:33,520 USE REFLECTIVE SENSORS, 2647 01:40:33,520 --> 01:40:36,040 REFLECTIVE MARKERS ON AN OCTOPUS 2648 01:40:36,040 --> 01:40:38,160 ARM, ON THE TOP IT'S AN ARM 2649 01:40:38,160 --> 01:40:39,280 OUTSIDE OF THE WATER. 2650 01:40:39,280 --> 01:40:46,080 AND NOW WE CAN ALSO USE IT IN AN 2651 01:40:46,080 --> 01:40:47,120 OCTOPUS INSIDE THE WATER. 2652 01:40:47,120 --> 01:40:51,000 I'M NOT SURE WE CAN SEE THE 2653 01:40:51,000 --> 01:40:52,760 MOVIE. 2654 01:40:52,760 --> 01:40:53,720 THANK YOU. 2655 01:40:53,720 --> 01:40:58,480 OF THE PREVIOUS -- YEAH. 2656 01:40:58,480 --> 01:41:00,000 SO SENSORED REFLECTIVE SENSORS 2657 01:41:00,000 --> 01:41:03,080 OUTSIDE AND OF COURSE INSIDE THE 2658 01:41:03,080 --> 01:41:03,320 WATER. 2659 01:41:03,320 --> 01:41:07,040 WE ALSO WANT TO HAVE THE NEURAL 2660 01:41:07,040 --> 01:41:08,040 CORRELATES THAT WE RECORD AT THE 2661 01:41:08,040 --> 01:41:10,560 SAME TIME WITH THE MOVEMENT. 2662 01:41:10,560 --> 01:41:15,040 AND FOR THAT TODAY WE CAN PLACE 2663 01:41:15,040 --> 01:41:16,880 A RAY OF ELECTRODES INTO THE 2664 01:41:16,880 --> 01:41:21,720 OCTOPUS ARM, AND YOU CAN ALREADY 2665 01:41:21,720 --> 01:41:24,960 SEE HERE WE CAN RECORD MORE THAN 2666 01:41:24,960 --> 01:41:27,360 16 CHANNELS AT A TIME FOR 2667 01:41:27,360 --> 01:41:29,560 OCTOPUS ARM AND START SEEING 2668 01:41:29,560 --> 01:41:30,960 DIFFERENT PATTERNS IN TERMS OF 2669 01:41:30,960 --> 01:41:33,400 THE AMPLITUDE, IN TERMS OF THE 2670 01:41:33,400 --> 01:41:34,680 FREQUENCY, WHEN WE GIVE 2671 01:41:34,680 --> 01:41:38,400 DIFFERENT TYPE OF STIMULATION. 2672 01:41:38,400 --> 01:41:39,240 CENTRAL STIMULATION, PERIPHERAL 2673 01:41:39,240 --> 01:41:39,960 AND SO ON. 2674 01:41:39,960 --> 01:41:42,160 OF COURSE WE WANT TO RECORD ALL 2675 01:41:42,160 --> 01:41:45,160 OF THAT IN AN INTACT OCTOPUS, IN 2676 01:41:45,160 --> 01:41:47,160 ITS NATURAL ENVIRONMENT. 2677 01:41:47,160 --> 01:41:50,080 WHEN WE CAN PROVIDE NATURAL CUES 2678 01:41:50,080 --> 01:41:53,160 AND STIMULATION. 2679 01:41:53,160 --> 01:42:03,160 SO NOW WITH WITH CINDY WE WORK 2680 01:42:03,160 --> 01:42:07,320 ON THE ARM, AND HAVE IT IN ITS 2681 01:42:07,320 --> 01:42:09,520 BIG TANK RECORDING ACTION 2682 01:42:09,520 --> 01:42:11,080 POTENTIALS AND AT THE SAME TIME 2683 01:42:11,080 --> 01:42:14,400 RECORDING ITS MOTION. 2684 01:42:14,400 --> 01:42:17,760 WE CAN EVEN GO DEEPER AND LOOK 2685 01:42:17,760 --> 01:42:19,440 AT THE NEURAL NETWORK, SINGLE 2686 01:42:19,440 --> 01:42:23,920 ACTION POTENTIALS, YOU CAN SEE 2687 01:42:23,920 --> 01:42:26,400 HERE WE CAN PLACE -- CAN WE PLAY 2688 01:42:26,400 --> 01:42:27,960 THAT VIDEO, TOP LEFT? 2689 01:42:27,960 --> 01:42:31,360 WE CAN PLACE A SLICE OF AN 2690 01:42:31,360 --> 01:42:34,880 OCTOPUS ARM ON A MULTI-ELECTRODE 2691 01:42:34,880 --> 01:42:36,560 ARRAY, THIS DISH HAS 26,000 2692 01:42:36,560 --> 01:42:37,640 SINGLE ELECTRODES, AND YOU CAN 2693 01:42:37,640 --> 01:42:40,160 SEE HERE THAT WE CAN DELIVER 2694 01:42:40,160 --> 01:42:42,320 EITHER A CENTRAL STIMULATION OR 2695 01:42:42,320 --> 01:42:43,280 PERIPHERAL STIMULATION, AND WE 2696 01:42:43,280 --> 01:42:47,360 CAN START SEEING DIFFERENT 2697 01:42:47,360 --> 01:42:52,560 PATTERNS OF ACTIVITY. 2698 01:42:52,560 --> 01:42:58,080 SO, ALL OF THAT TOGETHER 2699 01:42:58,080 --> 01:43:02,640 HOPEFULLY WILL ENABLE US TO 2700 01:43:02,640 --> 01:43:05,360 IDENTIFY -- YES, TO IDENTIFY THE 2701 01:43:05,360 --> 01:43:07,360 CIRCUITS THAT ARE ASSOCIATED 2702 01:43:07,360 --> 01:43:14,440 WITH GRASPING, HOW IS THE 2703 01:43:14,440 --> 01:43:16,680 OCTOPUS HAVING -- ADAPT TO 2704 01:43:16,680 --> 01:43:19,280 GRASPING AND CHANGING ITS MOTION 2705 01:43:19,280 --> 01:43:22,120 MIDWAY, AND WE WILL BE -- WILL 2706 01:43:22,120 --> 01:43:25,320 WE BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY THESE 2707 01:43:25,320 --> 01:43:31,960 ALGORITHMS AND TEST THEM IN 2708 01:43:31,960 --> 01:43:32,880 FLEXIBLE MATERIAL-BASED 2709 01:43:32,880 --> 01:43:33,600 BIOROBOTIC ARMS. 2710 01:43:33,600 --> 01:43:37,560 I SHOWED HOW WE CAN USE HIGH 2711 01:43:37,560 --> 01:43:42,000 DIMENSIONAL TECHNOLOGIES TO 2712 01:43:42,000 --> 01:43:43,080 MEASURE -- 2713 01:43:43,080 --> 01:43:44,480 >> ONE MINUTE. 2714 01:43:44,480 --> 01:43:44,840 >> OKAY. 2715 01:43:44,840 --> 01:43:45,760 >> ONE MINUTE LEFT. 2716 01:43:45,760 --> 01:43:51,280 >> YES, WHERE ENWE EN-- WHEN WE 2717 01:43:51,280 --> 01:43:52,760 MEASURE IN OCTOPUS WITH SPECIAL 2718 01:43:52,760 --> 01:43:54,320 CHALLENGES, IN MY LAB WE'RE 2719 01:43:54,320 --> 01:43:55,880 INTERESTED IN OTHER ANIMAL 2720 01:43:55,880 --> 01:43:58,320 MODELS, HOW WE CAN ASSESS 2721 01:43:58,320 --> 01:43:59,960 BEHAVIOR IN LARGE ANIMALS. 2722 01:43:59,960 --> 01:44:01,760 WE SPECIFICALLY ARE INTERESTED 2723 01:44:01,760 --> 01:44:07,120 IN BRAIN INJURIES, OVER THE PAST 2724 01:44:07,120 --> 01:44:08,920 FEW YEARS WE DEVELOPED A MODEL 2725 01:44:08,920 --> 01:44:11,000 OF BRAIN INJURY, I WANT TO SHOW 2726 01:44:11,000 --> 01:44:12,800 QUICKLY HOW WE USE EXACTLY THE 2727 01:44:12,800 --> 01:44:18,400 SAME METHODS THAT WE USE IN THIS 2728 01:44:18,400 --> 01:44:20,240 UNCONVENTIONAL SPECIES TO MORE 2729 01:44:20,240 --> 01:44:23,200 PERHAPS CONVENTIONAL WAY. 2730 01:44:23,200 --> 01:44:30,080 YOU CAN SEE WE'RE USING 2731 01:44:30,080 --> 01:44:34,040 DEEPLABCUT TO LOOK AT MOTION, 2732 01:44:34,040 --> 01:44:36,360 LOCOMOTION, THE SAME MOTION 2733 01:44:36,360 --> 01:44:39,520 REFLECTIVE SENSORS, YOU CAN SEE 2734 01:44:39,520 --> 01:44:41,960 THE PIG WITH MARSHMALLOWS, IT'S 2735 01:44:41,960 --> 01:44:44,960 GOING TO BEHAVE WELL. 2736 01:44:44,960 --> 01:44:48,920 AND ALSO THE WE CAN GET HIGH 2737 01:44:48,920 --> 01:44:50,480 RESOLUTION KINEMATIC DATA, DATA 2738 01:44:50,480 --> 01:44:51,680 ANALYSIS OF PIG MOTION BEFORE 2739 01:44:51,680 --> 01:44:55,880 THE INJURY AND AFTER THE INJURY. 2740 01:44:55,880 --> 01:44:58,360 OUR PIGS ALSO WEAR WEARABLE 2741 01:44:58,360 --> 01:44:58,880 SENSORS. 2742 01:44:58,880 --> 01:45:02,520 THEY EVER WEARING FIT BITS. 2743 01:45:02,520 --> 01:45:05,400 SO WE CAN TELL HOW MANY STEPS, 2744 01:45:05,400 --> 01:45:06,960 WHEN, AND IN THE NATURAL 2745 01:45:06,960 --> 01:45:08,240 ENVIRONMENT WE CAN ALSO MEASURE 2746 01:45:08,240 --> 01:45:10,640 HOW MUCH THEY SLEEP A DAY, WHEN 2747 01:45:10,640 --> 01:45:12,160 DO THEY SLEEP, WE HAVE VIDEO 2748 01:45:12,160 --> 01:45:14,520 CAMERAS TO LOOK WHO THEY LIKE TO 2749 01:45:14,520 --> 01:45:15,480 SLEEP WITH. 2750 01:45:15,480 --> 01:45:18,840 AND SO ON. 2751 01:45:18,840 --> 01:45:21,280 SO I DIDN'T INCLUDE THAT BUT 2752 01:45:21,280 --> 01:45:23,160 WE'RE INTERESTED IN PERSONALITY 2753 01:45:23,160 --> 01:45:26,480 CHANGES IN PIGS, AND THEY HAVE 2754 01:45:26,480 --> 01:45:27,360 REALLY VERY DEVELOPED 2755 01:45:27,360 --> 01:45:28,320 PERSONALITY. 2756 01:45:28,320 --> 01:45:32,600 WE CAN MEASURE AGGRESSION, 2757 01:45:32,600 --> 01:45:34,600 DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, AND 2758 01:45:34,600 --> 01:45:35,240 SHORT-TERM MEMORY AND LONG-TERM 2759 01:45:35,240 --> 01:45:38,480 MEMORY, DEVELOPED A WHOLE ARRAY 2760 01:45:38,480 --> 01:45:40,840 OF TECHNOLOGIES THAT WE CAN 2761 01:45:40,840 --> 01:45:43,920 MEASURE IN THESE SPECIES. 2762 01:45:43,920 --> 01:45:47,000 SO JUST TO CONCLUDE, I SHOWED 2763 01:45:47,000 --> 01:45:51,160 YOU THAT WE DEVELOPED TOOLS TO 2764 01:45:51,160 --> 01:45:53,720 ADDRESS -- TO RECORD BEHAVIOR, 2765 01:45:53,720 --> 01:45:55,080 PERHAPS IN UNCONVENTIONAL 2766 01:45:55,080 --> 01:45:57,400 SPECIES, AND IN LESS 2767 01:45:57,400 --> 01:45:58,000 CONVENTIONAL ENVIRONMENTS, BUT 2768 01:45:58,000 --> 01:46:01,120 HOPEFULLY THIS WILL BE ABLE TO 2769 01:46:01,120 --> 01:46:03,160 BE ADOPTED IN MORE TRADITIONAL 2770 01:46:03,160 --> 01:46:03,480 SPECIES. 2771 01:46:03,480 --> 01:46:05,120 AND THE CONCEPTS THAT WE'RE 2772 01:46:05,120 --> 01:46:06,960 GOING TO LEARN WILL HOPEFULLY 2773 01:46:06,960 --> 01:46:09,160 TRANSLATE TO REALLY 2774 01:46:09,160 --> 01:46:10,800 UNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR. 2775 01:46:10,800 --> 01:46:14,520 THANK YOU. 2776 01:46:14,520 --> 01:46:19,480 2777 01:46:19,480 --> 01:46:21,120 THANK YOU. 2778 01:46:21,120 --> 01:46:22,920 BEN, ARE YOU READY? 2779 01:46:22,920 --> 01:46:24,280 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 2780 01:46:24,280 --> 01:46:26,040 THANK YOU FOR INVITING ME. 2781 01:46:26,040 --> 01:46:28,920 THE TITLE IS THE BEHAVIORAL 2782 01:46:28,920 --> 01:46:30,280 IMAGING REVOLUTION, BEHAVIORAL 2783 01:46:30,280 --> 01:46:32,720 IMAGING IS A TERM IN THE LAB TO 2784 01:46:32,720 --> 01:46:34,000 REFER TO WHAT A LOT OF THINGS 2785 01:46:34,000 --> 01:46:36,720 PEOPLE ARE TALKING ABOUT TODAY 2786 01:46:36,720 --> 01:46:40,160 IS ABOUT, BASICALLY THE USE OF 2787 01:46:40,160 --> 01:46:43,040 CAMERAS AND DOWNSTREAM SOFTWARE 2788 01:46:43,040 --> 01:46:47,280 AND TECHNOLOGY TO BASICALLY SAY 2789 01:46:47,280 --> 01:46:48,200 SOMETHING SOPHISTICATED ABOUT 2790 01:46:48,200 --> 01:46:49,440 BEHAVIOR. 2791 01:46:49,440 --> 01:46:53,360 I WANT TO START WITH ONE 2792 01:46:53,360 --> 01:46:53,640 THOUGHT. 2793 01:46:53,640 --> 01:46:57,920 WHICH IS THAT BEFORE THE 2794 01:46:57,920 --> 01:46:59,000 TELESCOPE WAS INVENTED YOU COULD 2795 01:46:59,000 --> 01:47:00,640 SEE THE STARS. 2796 01:47:00,640 --> 01:47:03,720 THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE 2797 01:47:03,720 --> 01:47:05,160 TELESCOPE AND YOUR AS IS THEY 2798 01:47:05,160 --> 01:47:06,680 LET YOU DO SOMETHING BETTER AND 2799 01:47:06,680 --> 01:47:11,160 SEE BETTER, ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE 2800 01:47:11,160 --> 01:47:13,400 BETTER, WHAT LED TO REVOLUTION 2801 01:47:13,400 --> 01:47:16,880 500 YEARS AGO, THE SAME THING IS 2802 01:47:16,880 --> 01:47:21,680 HAPPENING NOW IN BEHAVIOR. 2803 01:47:21,680 --> 01:47:23,320 SO, BASICALLY, LET'S SEE IF I 2804 01:47:23,320 --> 01:47:25,280 CAN GET THIS VIDEO TO PLAY HERE. 2805 01:47:25,280 --> 01:47:27,360 YEAH, THIS IS A VIDEO OF A 2806 01:47:27,360 --> 01:47:30,280 MONKEY AT THE FIELD SITE IN 2807 01:47:30,280 --> 01:47:32,080 SANTIAGO WHERE I'VE DONE FIELD 2808 01:47:32,080 --> 01:47:34,560 WORK, WHAT REALLY STRIKES ME, 2809 01:47:34,560 --> 01:47:36,640 ALWAYS HAS STRUCK ME ABOUT 2810 01:47:36,640 --> 01:47:38,440 MONKEYS IN THE WILD, IS THAT 2811 01:47:38,440 --> 01:47:39,560 THEY ARE JUST GENERATING 2812 01:47:39,560 --> 01:47:42,120 ENORMOUS AMOUNTS OF DATA. 2813 01:47:42,120 --> 01:47:44,120 DATA IS JUST LEAKING OUT 2814 01:47:44,120 --> 01:47:44,400 CONSTANTLY. 2815 01:47:44,400 --> 01:47:46,680 I JUST AM LIKE HOW DO WE GATHER 2816 01:47:46,680 --> 01:47:48,240 ALL THIS DATA? 2817 01:47:48,240 --> 01:47:49,720 I'VE BEEN TRYING TO FIGURE OUT 2818 01:47:49,720 --> 01:47:54,360 WAYS TO TRY TO DO THAT. 2819 01:47:54,360 --> 01:47:56,520 AND EVERYBODY HAS BEEN SAYING, I 2820 01:47:56,520 --> 01:47:58,320 DON'T NEED TO REPEAT IT, BUT 2821 01:47:58,320 --> 01:48:06,480 DATA IS NOT JUST INTERESTING TO 2822 01:48:06,480 --> 01:48:08,440 PRIMATOLOGISTS, BUT OTHERS TOO. 2823 01:48:08,440 --> 01:48:10,800 THAT'S WHAT THE SYMPOSIUM IS 2824 01:48:10,800 --> 01:48:11,000 ABOUT. 2825 01:48:11,000 --> 01:48:12,720 AND MY LAB, UNIVERSITY OF 2826 01:48:12,720 --> 01:48:14,960 MINNESOTA, WE HAVE OUR OWN 2827 01:48:14,960 --> 01:48:15,720 BESPOKE SYSTEM FOR STUDYING 2828 01:48:15,720 --> 01:48:16,560 MONKEYS. 2829 01:48:16,560 --> 01:48:19,200 THIS IS A PICTURE OF A MONKEY IN 2830 01:48:19,200 --> 01:48:21,360 OUR CAGE SYSTEM MOVING AROUND 2831 01:48:21,360 --> 01:48:22,520 INTERACTING WITH FEEDERS. 2832 01:48:22,520 --> 01:48:25,040 WE HAVE 62 CAMERAS TRACKING HIM, 2833 01:48:25,040 --> 01:48:29,120 A BUNCH OF SOFTWARE WE WROTE TO 2834 01:48:29,120 --> 01:48:29,560 DO THAT. 2835 01:48:29,560 --> 01:48:31,320 AND MY GOAL TODAY IN MY BRIEF 2836 01:48:31,320 --> 01:48:35,720 TIME IS JUST TO TALK ABOUT 2837 01:48:35,720 --> 01:48:37,360 CONSEQUENCE OF TRACKING THE 2838 01:48:37,360 --> 01:48:38,920 MONKEYS, ABILITY THAT HAS TO DO 2839 01:48:38,920 --> 01:48:40,640 BEHAVIORAL IMAGING TO SEEP WHAT 2840 01:48:40,640 --> 01:48:45,360 THE BEHAVIOR IS AND THE WAY THAT 2841 01:48:45,360 --> 01:48:47,280 CHANGED HOW TO BE BEHAVIOR 2842 01:48:47,280 --> 01:48:47,640 NEUROSCIENTISTS. 2843 01:48:47,640 --> 01:48:48,280 WE'RE FUNDAMENTALLY INTERESTED 2844 01:48:48,280 --> 01:48:49,880 IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 2845 01:48:49,880 --> 01:48:51,280 BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR IN MY LAB. 2846 01:48:51,280 --> 01:48:52,560 I KNOW THIS IS A BROAD MEETING 2847 01:48:52,560 --> 01:48:54,320 WITH A BUNCH OF PEOPLE. 2848 01:48:54,320 --> 01:48:54,960 NOT EVERYBODY IS THINKING IN 2849 01:48:54,960 --> 01:48:58,240 TERMS OF THAT. 2850 01:48:58,240 --> 01:49:00,320 BASICALLY WE WANT TO SEE HOW 2851 01:49:00,320 --> 01:49:01,680 BRAIN ACTIVITIES PREDICTS AND 2852 01:49:01,680 --> 01:49:03,280 DRIVES BEHAVIOR. 2853 01:49:03,280 --> 01:49:06,760 THAT'S NOT EASY, EVEN WITH HIGH 2854 01:49:06,760 --> 01:49:08,480 QUALITY BEHAVIORAL IMAGING, YOU 2855 01:49:08,480 --> 01:49:10,720 HAVE TO WORRY, FOR EXAMPLE, 2856 01:49:10,720 --> 01:49:12,440 ABOUT CONFOUNDERS, ABOUT THINGS 2857 01:49:12,440 --> 01:49:14,400 THAT ARE CORRELATED WITH THE 2858 01:49:14,400 --> 01:49:16,160 THING YOU'RE INTERESTED IN, AND 2859 01:49:16,160 --> 01:49:19,080 THAT MAY ALSO BE DRIVING THE 2860 01:49:19,080 --> 01:49:20,360 NEURAL ACTIVITY. 2861 01:49:20,360 --> 01:49:22,360 SO, WE DO THINGS, STANDARD 2862 01:49:22,360 --> 01:49:24,160 THINGS LIKE CAREFUL TASK DESIGN, 2863 01:49:24,160 --> 01:49:29,480 BIG DATA, EVEN BIGGER DATA, MORE 2864 01:49:29,480 --> 01:49:30,600 SOPHISTICATED ANALYSIS, IN ORDER 2865 01:49:30,600 --> 01:49:33,440 TO DEAL WITH THE PROBLEM OF 2866 01:49:33,440 --> 01:49:34,960 CONFOUNDERS, BUT THE REAL THING 2867 01:49:34,960 --> 01:49:36,760 THAT KEEPS HITTING US IN HEAD AS 2868 01:49:36,760 --> 01:49:39,160 WE DO THIS RESEARCH IN MY LAB IS 2869 01:49:39,160 --> 01:49:41,120 THAT THE ABILITY TO MEASURE THE 2870 01:49:41,120 --> 01:49:42,600 BEHAVIOR IS LIKE THE ABILITY TO 2871 01:49:42,600 --> 01:49:44,880 LOOK AT STARS IN THE TELESCOPE, 2872 01:49:44,880 --> 01:49:50,480 LEADS TO DIFFERENT QUESTIONS. 2873 01:49:50,480 --> 01:49:51,800 IT DEFINES YOU TO FIND DIFFERENT 2874 01:49:51,800 --> 01:49:52,720 THINGS TO BE INTERESTING. 2875 01:49:52,720 --> 01:49:56,400 IN THE KALES OF A -- CASE OF A 2876 01:49:56,400 --> 01:49:57,840 MONKEY, WE'VE HAD THE MONKEY SIT 2877 01:49:57,840 --> 01:50:00,360 IN A CHAIR AND DO A LITTLE TASK 2878 01:50:00,360 --> 01:50:01,320 WITH THEIR EYES. 2879 01:50:01,320 --> 01:50:03,800 WITH OUR SYSTEM IN THE BIG CAGE, 2880 01:50:03,800 --> 01:50:05,360 THE FIRST THING WE DID, WE TOOK 2881 01:50:05,360 --> 01:50:06,360 HUGE AMOUNTS OF DATA, HUNDREDS 2882 01:50:06,360 --> 01:50:17,960 OF HOURS OF A FORAGING TASK, WE 2883 01:50:17,960 --> 01:50:20,680 DID A SIMPLE DIMENSIONALITY 2884 01:50:20,680 --> 01:50:22,680 ANALYSIS, THE BEHAVIOR DIVIDES 2885 01:50:22,680 --> 01:50:23,040 INTO 49 ISLANDS. 2886 01:50:23,040 --> 01:50:24,880 THE NUMBER IS NOT PARTICULARLY 2887 01:50:24,880 --> 01:50:25,360 IMPORTANT. 2888 01:50:25,360 --> 01:50:28,360 IT DEPENDS ON THE WAY YOU DO THE 2889 01:50:28,360 --> 01:50:29,040 PRE-PROCESSING. 2890 01:50:29,040 --> 01:50:31,000 BUT YOU GET THESE DISCRETE 2891 01:50:31,000 --> 01:50:31,920 ISLANDS OF BEHAVIOR, THAT 2892 01:50:31,920 --> 01:50:33,280 CORRESPOND REALLY TO NATURAL 2893 01:50:33,280 --> 01:50:35,800 THINGS THAT YOU SEE IN THE 2894 01:50:35,800 --> 01:50:36,680 BEHAVIOR. 2895 01:50:36,680 --> 01:50:39,240 AND THEN THESE HAVE A HIGH 2896 01:50:39,240 --> 01:50:40,480 ORGANIZATION, YOU SHOULDN'T BE 2897 01:50:40,480 --> 01:50:41,080 TOO SURPRISED. 2898 01:50:41,080 --> 01:50:44,720 WE HAVE THE MONKEY DO A TASK OR 2899 01:50:44,720 --> 01:50:46,160 DIFFERENT TASK, TASK OFF, WE SEE 2900 01:50:46,160 --> 01:50:48,840 SUBTLE CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE 2901 01:50:48,840 --> 01:50:49,640 OF THE THIS HIERARCHY. 2902 01:50:49,640 --> 01:50:51,160 AND I'M NOT GOING TO TALK ABOUT 2903 01:50:51,160 --> 01:50:53,400 WHAT THAT MEANS TODAY EXCEPT TO 2904 01:50:53,400 --> 01:50:55,360 SAY THAT THE KEY POINT OF THIS 2905 01:50:55,360 --> 01:50:58,600 FOR THIS TALK, THIS ISN'T EVEN A 2906 01:50:58,600 --> 01:51:00,320 QUESTION WE THOUGHT ABOUT ASKING 2907 01:51:00,320 --> 01:51:02,720 IF WE DIDN'T HAVE BEHAVIORAL 2908 01:51:02,720 --> 01:51:04,320 IMAGING, DIDN'T HAVE ABILITY TO 2909 01:51:04,320 --> 01:51:05,440 DO HIGH QUALITY HIGH RESOLUTION 2910 01:51:05,440 --> 01:51:07,160 TRACKING AND BEHAVIOR. 2911 01:51:07,160 --> 01:51:10,560 WHEN THE MONKEY IS IN A CHAIR 2912 01:51:10,560 --> 01:51:12,160 YOU ASSUME HE'S IN THE STATE OF 2913 01:51:12,160 --> 01:51:13,840 DOING THE TASK, THE BEHAVIOR IS 2914 01:51:13,840 --> 01:51:16,480 ON OR OFF TASK. 2915 01:51:16,480 --> 01:51:19,320 THERE'S A VERY SOPHISTICATED 2916 01:51:19,320 --> 01:51:23,560 COMPLEX STRUCTURE AND WE'RE 2917 01:51:23,560 --> 01:51:25,560 LOOKING NEURAL CORRELATES. 2918 01:51:25,560 --> 01:51:28,280 ONE MORE EXAMPLE TO ILLUSTRATE, 2919 01:51:28,280 --> 01:51:30,520 THE WAY THAT BEHAVIORAL IMAGING 2920 01:51:30,520 --> 01:51:33,760 HELPS YOU THINK ABOUT AND ASK 2921 01:51:33,760 --> 01:51:35,280 NEW QUESTIONS, SO THE CORE TOPIC 2922 01:51:35,280 --> 01:51:38,280 OF MY LAB'S RESEARCH IS ABOUT 2923 01:51:38,280 --> 01:51:39,320 ECONOMIC DECISION MAKING, 2924 01:51:39,320 --> 01:51:41,000 BASICALLY HOW HUMAN OR A MONKEY 2925 01:51:41,000 --> 01:51:45,800 IN OUR CASE WILL CHOOSE BETWEEN 2926 01:51:45,800 --> 01:51:47,680 THINGS, BASED ON MICROECONOMIC 2927 01:51:47,680 --> 01:51:48,360 THEORY. 2928 01:51:48,360 --> 01:51:49,440 YOU'RE SITTING AROUND DOING 2929 01:51:49,440 --> 01:51:51,360 NOTHING, TWO OPTIONS APPEAR, YOU 2930 01:51:51,360 --> 01:51:53,360 CHOOSE BETWEEN THEM AND IT'S 2931 01:51:53,360 --> 01:51:55,360 OVER, YOUR CHOICE IS OVER. 2932 01:51:55,360 --> 01:51:56,960 THAT KIND OF APPROACH TO 2933 01:51:56,960 --> 01:52:00,560 THINKING ABOUT WHAT A CHOICE IS 2934 01:52:00,560 --> 01:52:03,320 LEADS TO THESE DISCRETE MODEL OF 2935 01:52:03,320 --> 01:52:04,720 HOW CHOICE WORKS AND IMPLICATION 2936 01:52:04,720 --> 01:52:06,520 IS THESE WILL EACH CORRESPOND TO 2937 01:52:06,520 --> 01:52:09,640 BRAIN AREA AND THAT DRIVES THE 2938 01:52:09,640 --> 01:52:12,560 SHAPE OF THE NEUROSCIENCE OF 2939 01:52:12,560 --> 01:52:13,360 ECONOMIC CHOICE. 2940 01:52:13,360 --> 01:52:15,720 TO EMPHASIZE THE THEME NATURAL 2941 01:52:15,720 --> 01:52:18,520 BEHAVIOR DRIVEN BY IMAGING LEADS 2942 01:52:18,520 --> 01:52:20,440 TO DIFFERENT CONCEPTUALIZATIONS 2943 01:52:20,440 --> 01:52:23,640 OF HOW THESE THINGS WORK, I 2944 01:52:23,640 --> 01:52:27,280 THINK OF CHOICE AS CONTINUOUS, I 2945 01:52:27,280 --> 01:52:28,920 FOUND THIS VIDEO OF DOGS CHASING 2946 01:52:28,920 --> 01:52:29,160 A RABBIT. 2947 01:52:29,160 --> 01:52:32,920 THIS IS WHAT I THINK MUCH AS 2948 01:52:32,920 --> 01:52:34,240 CANONICAL ECONOMIC DECISION 2949 01:52:34,240 --> 01:52:35,280 MAKING, THE DOG HAVING TO CHOOSE 2950 01:52:35,280 --> 01:52:37,320 WHICH WAY TO GO AT EVERY SINGLE 2951 01:52:37,320 --> 01:52:37,680 MOMENT. 2952 01:52:37,680 --> 01:52:39,280 IT'S A CONTINUUM. 2953 01:52:39,280 --> 01:52:40,920 A CONTINUUM OF CHOICE, CONTINUUM 2954 01:52:40,920 --> 01:52:42,560 OF POSSIBLE ACTIONS. 2955 01:52:42,560 --> 01:52:44,160 AND HE HAS TO DECIDE HIGHER 2956 01:52:44,160 --> 01:52:45,120 LEVEL THINGS LIKE WHAT STRATEGY 2957 01:52:45,120 --> 01:52:46,480 HE'S GOING TO EMPLOY TO FOLLOW 2958 01:52:46,480 --> 01:52:48,560 THE RABBIT. 2959 01:52:48,560 --> 01:52:52,840 THESE ARE THINGS THAT COULD IN A 2960 01:52:52,840 --> 01:52:53,600 CLUMSY WAY DO WITH 2961 01:52:53,600 --> 01:52:55,880 MICROECONOMICS BUT WOULDN'T BE A 2962 01:52:55,880 --> 01:52:56,480 NATURAL FIT. 2963 01:52:56,480 --> 01:52:59,520 SO THIS HAS LED OUR LAP TOWARDS 2964 01:52:59,520 --> 01:53:01,320 THINKING OF CONTROL THEORY, 2965 01:53:01,320 --> 01:53:02,440 ENGINEERING CONTROL THEORY, SORT 2966 01:53:02,440 --> 01:53:05,000 OF AS A FOUNDATION FOR THINKING 2967 01:53:05,000 --> 01:53:06,200 ABOUT WHAT'S DRIVING BEHAVIOR. 2968 01:53:06,200 --> 01:53:08,360 IT'S BEEN PLEASING FOR ME TO SEE 2969 01:53:08,360 --> 01:53:12,120 THE TALKS SO FAR TODAY, A LOT 2970 01:53:12,120 --> 01:53:13,280 HAVE CONVERGED ON THE SAME IDEA 2971 01:53:13,280 --> 01:53:15,480 THAT REALLY WE NEED TO USE 2972 01:53:15,480 --> 01:53:16,960 CONTROL THEORY AND FEEDBACK AS A 2973 01:53:16,960 --> 01:53:19,520 WAY OF UNDERSTANDING HOW 2974 01:53:19,520 --> 01:53:20,080 DECISIONS OCCUR. 2975 01:53:20,080 --> 01:53:23,120 I'M ALSO GOING TO TALK ABOUT ONE 2976 01:53:23,120 --> 01:53:23,920 OTHER THING. 2977 01:53:23,920 --> 01:53:25,960 JUST ONE MORE EXAMPLE, IN THE 2978 01:53:25,960 --> 01:53:28,480 NATURAL WORLD, IN THE LABORATORY 2979 01:53:28,480 --> 01:53:30,000 YOUR MONKEY OR PERSON IS SITTING 2980 01:53:30,000 --> 01:53:31,320 THERE, YOU EXPLAIN THE TASK, 2981 01:53:31,320 --> 01:53:34,480 THEY UNDERSTAND, THEY HAVE BEEN 2982 01:53:34,480 --> 01:53:36,840 DOING IT FOR MONTHS, IF THEY ARE 2983 01:53:36,840 --> 01:53:37,600 A MONKEY. 2984 01:53:37,600 --> 01:53:40,640 BUT IN THE REAL WORLD WE'RE LIKE 2985 01:53:40,640 --> 01:53:41,320 CONSTANTLY BASICALLY STARVING 2986 01:53:41,320 --> 01:53:43,040 FOR INFORMATION. 2987 01:53:43,040 --> 01:53:43,880 WE'RE HIGHLY UNDERSPECIFIED. 2988 01:53:43,880 --> 01:53:46,120 I PUT THIS PICTURE OF THE MONKEY 2989 01:53:46,120 --> 01:53:47,360 TRYING TO DRIVE A CAR, IT'S HOW 2990 01:53:47,360 --> 01:53:50,360 I FEEL IN MY LIFE, BASICALLY 2991 01:53:50,360 --> 01:53:52,760 TRYING TO DO COMPLICATED THINGS 2992 01:53:52,760 --> 01:53:54,240 I'M WOEFULLY INADEQUATELY 2993 01:53:54,240 --> 01:53:56,520 PREPARED FOR, CONSTANTLY NEEDING 2994 01:53:56,520 --> 01:53:57,320 INFORMATION, SEEKING 2995 01:53:57,320 --> 01:54:00,080 INFORMATION, SO MUCH SO TO DRIVE 2996 01:54:00,080 --> 01:54:02,000 ALL MY DECISION MAKING, AND I 2997 01:54:02,000 --> 01:54:04,440 THINK THIS IS SOMETHING 2998 01:54:04,440 --> 01:54:04,920 FUNDAMENTAL. 2999 01:54:04,920 --> 01:54:07,320 IT HELPS EXPLAIN THE WAY MONKEYS 3000 01:54:07,320 --> 01:54:10,280 DEAL WITH UNCERTAINTY ISN'T 3001 01:54:10,280 --> 01:54:12,560 PARTICULARLY WELL DESCRIBED BY 3002 01:54:12,560 --> 01:54:13,160 ECONOMIC THEORIES, ECONOMIC 3003 01:54:13,160 --> 01:54:15,000 THEORIES, WE'VE HAD TROUBLE WITH 3004 01:54:15,000 --> 01:54:16,920 THAT, BEEN DOING THAT 15 YEARS. 3005 01:54:16,920 --> 01:54:18,960 INCORPORATING CONCEPTS OF THE 3006 01:54:18,960 --> 01:54:20,160 NEED TO RESOLVE UNCERTAINTY HAS 3007 01:54:20,160 --> 01:54:21,880 HELPED US UNDERSTAND THAT KIND 3008 01:54:21,880 --> 01:54:22,720 OF BEHAVIOR MORE. 3009 01:54:22,720 --> 01:54:26,440 THESE ARE A FEW EXAMPLES OF THE 3010 01:54:26,440 --> 01:54:28,880 WAY THAT TAKING THIS 3011 01:54:28,880 --> 01:54:32,640 NATURALISTIC PERSPECTIVE WHICH 3012 01:54:32,640 --> 01:54:35,320 IS REALLY ULTIMATELY 3013 01:54:35,320 --> 01:54:37,600 EVOLUTIONALILY DRIVEN TO ASK 3014 01:54:37,600 --> 01:54:41,800 DIFFERENT QUESTIONS, INEVITABLY 3015 01:54:41,800 --> 01:54:43,320 GIVE US DIFFERENT ANSWER. 3016 01:54:43,320 --> 01:54:44,000 ONE-MINUTE WARNING. 3017 01:54:44,000 --> 01:54:48,360 I'LL SAY QUICKLY WE'RE RECORDING 3018 01:54:48,360 --> 01:54:52,160 BRAIN ACTIVITIES IN THESE MORE 3019 01:54:52,160 --> 01:54:52,640 NATURALISTIC TASKS. 3020 01:54:52,640 --> 01:54:54,840 THIS OF THIS MODEL OF THE BRAIN 3021 01:54:54,840 --> 01:54:58,360 WITH 150 AREAS, EACH WITH SOME 3022 01:54:58,360 --> 01:54:59,120 PARTICULAR FUNCTION, DOESN'T 3023 01:54:59,120 --> 01:55:00,360 REALLY WORK AS WELL. 3024 01:55:00,360 --> 01:55:01,760 A LOT OF THESE BRAIN AREAS SEEM 3025 01:55:01,760 --> 01:55:03,840 TO HAVE A FRANK MOTOR FUNCTION 3026 01:55:03,840 --> 01:55:05,520 WHEN WE HAVE THE MONKEYS MOVING 3027 01:55:05,520 --> 01:55:06,520 AROUND IN THE REAL WORLD, THAT 3028 01:55:06,520 --> 01:55:08,720 SEEMS TO BE TRUE FOR RATS AND 3029 01:55:08,720 --> 01:55:09,560 MICE AS WELL. 3030 01:55:09,560 --> 01:55:10,840 THAT IS CAUSING US TO TRY TO 3031 01:55:10,840 --> 01:55:13,400 THINK OF WAYS TO RETHINK WHAT 3032 01:55:13,400 --> 01:55:15,320 BRAIN STRUCTURES DO AND HOW THEY 3033 01:55:15,320 --> 01:55:18,520 RELATE TO EACH OTHER. 3034 01:55:18,520 --> 01:55:19,600 AGAIN WE WOULDN'T HAVE DONE THAT 3035 01:55:19,600 --> 01:55:22,360 IF WE DIDN'T HAVE ALL THIS DATA 3036 01:55:22,360 --> 01:55:24,960 COMING FROM FREELY MOVING 3037 01:55:24,960 --> 01:55:26,600 MONKEYS DRIVEN BY ABILITY TO 3038 01:55:26,600 --> 01:55:29,280 MEASURE THEIR BEHAVIOR, TO IMAGE 3039 01:55:29,280 --> 01:55:30,640 THEIR BEHAVIOR. 3040 01:55:30,640 --> 01:55:31,160 LET'S SEE. 3041 01:55:31,160 --> 01:55:33,080 IN THE FUTURE WE'RE GOING TO BE 3042 01:55:33,080 --> 01:55:36,640 DOING EXPERIMENTS MORE AND MORE 3043 01:55:36,640 --> 01:55:38,280 TOWARDS THIS WORLD, MONKEY BRAIN 3044 01:55:38,280 --> 01:55:41,920 EMBODIED IN THE BODY OF MONKEY, 3045 01:55:41,920 --> 01:55:44,640 EMBEDDED IN A COMPLEX NATURAL 3046 01:55:44,640 --> 01:55:46,040 ENVIRONMENT HELPING US DO 3047 01:55:46,040 --> 01:55:46,960 NEUROSCIENCE IN THE 21ST 3048 01:55:46,960 --> 01:55:47,160 CENTURY. 3049 01:55:47,160 --> 01:55:51,360 THANK YOU. 3050 01:55:51,360 --> 01:55:54,280 >> THANKS VERY MUCH, BEN. 3051 01:55:54,280 --> 01:55:58,960 MALCOLM, ARE YOU READY? 3052 01:55:58,960 --> 01:55:59,120 3053 01:55:59,120 --> 01:56:01,960 >> YEAH, CAN YOU HEAR ME? 3054 01:56:01,960 --> 01:56:03,440 >> YEP. 3055 01:56:03,440 --> 01:56:04,000 >> GREAT. 3056 01:56:04,000 --> 01:56:12,480 LET ME SHARE MY SCREEN. 3057 01:56:12,480 --> 01:56:12,840 OKAY. 3058 01:56:12,840 --> 01:56:18,360 DO YOU SEE MY FIRST SLIDE? 3059 01:56:18,360 --> 01:56:19,320 3060 01:56:19,320 --> 01:56:19,640 >> YES. 3061 01:56:19,640 --> 01:56:20,160 >> GREAT. 3062 01:56:20,160 --> 01:56:22,560 ALL RIGHT. 3063 01:56:22,560 --> 01:56:23,600 SO I'M MALCOLM MacIVER, I'M 3064 01:56:23,600 --> 01:56:26,560 HAPPY TO TALK TO YOU TODAY. 3065 01:56:26,560 --> 01:56:29,800 TOPIC OF MY QUICK TALK IS 3066 01:56:29,800 --> 01:56:32,440 WIDENING THE APERTURE OF 3067 01:56:32,440 --> 01:56:33,120 BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH. 3068 01:56:33,120 --> 01:56:34,600 AND BY THIS I MEAN, YOU KNOW, 20 3069 01:56:34,600 --> 01:56:38,000 YEARS AGO WHEN I FINISHED MY 3070 01:56:38,000 --> 01:56:40,600 PhD we in decision making 3071 01:56:40,600 --> 01:56:43,360 neuroscience and other areas of 3072 01:56:43,360 --> 01:56:47,160 behavioral research, we settled 3073 01:56:47,160 --> 01:56:50,840 on idealized approaches to 3074 01:56:50,840 --> 01:56:52,760 alternative choice, to make the 3075 01:56:52,760 --> 01:56:55,640 task somewhat easier to manage 3076 01:56:55,640 --> 01:56:56,600 and control. 3077 01:56:56,600 --> 01:56:59,120 SIMILARLY AT THE NEURAL LEVEL, 3078 01:56:59,120 --> 01:57:00,480 RECORDING SINGLE NEURONS AT A 3079 01:57:00,480 --> 01:57:04,360 TIME, MODELING THEM WITH 3080 01:57:04,360 --> 01:57:05,360 DEPARTMENTAL MODELS, WAS PRETTY 3081 01:57:05,360 --> 01:57:06,160 COMMON, WHAT'S REALLY COOL IN 3082 01:57:06,160 --> 01:57:10,920 THE PAST 20 YEARS IS SEEING THE 3083 01:57:10,920 --> 01:57:12,560 APERTURE WIDEN TO ENCOMPASS SOME 3084 01:57:12,560 --> 01:57:14,840 OF THESE THINGS NATURALISTIC 3085 01:57:14,840 --> 01:57:17,600 BEHAVIOR IS COMING ON STRONG, 3086 01:57:17,600 --> 01:57:18,360 WHOLE ANIMAL SIMULATION I'LL 3087 01:57:18,360 --> 01:57:19,320 ADVOCATE FOR TODAY. 3088 01:57:19,320 --> 01:57:22,480 WE SEE SOME IN THE FIELD, 3089 01:57:22,480 --> 01:57:24,280 EVOLUTIONARY APPROACHES WE'VE 3090 01:57:24,280 --> 01:57:25,360 HEARD ABOUT TODAY, SOME 3091 01:57:25,360 --> 01:57:25,640 ROBOTICS. 3092 01:57:25,640 --> 01:57:28,480 AND OF COURSE THERE'S LOTS OF 3093 01:57:28,480 --> 01:57:29,200 OTHER THINGS, GENETICS 3094 01:57:29,200 --> 01:57:30,760 APPROACHES, I DIDN'T WANT TO GET 3095 01:57:30,760 --> 01:57:31,960 IT TOO MESSY, I DON'T HAVE THEM 3096 01:57:31,960 --> 01:57:32,560 ON HERE. 3097 01:57:32,560 --> 01:57:35,680 THE THE QUESTION IS HOW TO 3098 01:57:35,680 --> 01:57:36,880 OPERATIONALIZE CONSENSUS THAT 3099 01:57:36,880 --> 01:57:38,080 EMERGED INTO ACTIONABLE 3100 01:57:38,080 --> 01:57:39,960 INTELLIGENCE FOR THOSE LABS 3101 01:57:39,960 --> 01:57:41,600 WHICH NEED TO PURSUE IF THEY ARE 3102 01:57:41,600 --> 01:57:43,800 NOT ALREADY ON THIS TRACK. 3103 01:57:43,800 --> 01:57:46,040 AND TO MOTIVATE MY APPROACH, I 3104 01:57:46,040 --> 01:57:48,200 THINK IT'S USEFUL TO POINT OUT 3105 01:57:48,200 --> 01:57:50,440 THE BODY IS A COOPERATIVE 3106 01:57:50,440 --> 01:57:53,200 ECOSYSTEM OF 40 TRILLION HUMAN 3107 01:57:53,200 --> 01:57:54,320 CELLS, ANOTHER 40 TRILLION BACK 3108 01:57:54,320 --> 01:58:00,560 TEAR VIRUSES AND FUNGI. 3109 01:58:00,560 --> 01:58:02,920 BEHAVIOR IS THE OUTPUT OF THE 3110 01:58:02,920 --> 01:58:03,720 ENTIRE ECOSYSTEM. 3111 01:58:03,720 --> 01:58:05,640 STUDY IS A COOL OPPORTUNITY FOR 3112 01:58:05,640 --> 01:58:06,600 PUTTING OUR ARMS AROUND THE 3113 01:58:06,600 --> 01:58:08,080 ENTIRETY OF THE ORGANISM. 3114 01:58:08,080 --> 01:58:11,040 TO MAKE THIS POINT, I LOVE THIS 3115 01:58:11,040 --> 01:58:13,040 VIDEO OF PASSIVE DYNAMIC WALKER 3116 01:58:13,040 --> 01:58:15,880 FROM 20 YEARS AGO AS WELL. 3117 01:58:15,880 --> 01:58:18,920 THIS IS A ROBOT THAT HAS PRETTY 3118 01:58:18,920 --> 01:58:22,520 MUCH THE SAME DYNAMICS AS A 3119 01:58:22,520 --> 01:58:23,840 HUMAN WALKER. 3120 01:58:23,840 --> 01:58:25,760 YET THERE'S NO MOTORS, NO 3121 01:58:25,760 --> 01:58:30,760 CONTROL, THE ONLY INPUT OF 3122 01:58:30,760 --> 01:58:34,000 ENERGY IS INCLINED PLANE. 3123 01:58:34,000 --> 01:58:37,600 AND, YOU KNOW, IT GIVES A FORM 3124 01:58:37,600 --> 01:58:38,920 OF DYNAMICS, DEFAULT DYNAMICS, 3125 01:58:38,920 --> 01:58:39,800 ALMOST FOR FREE. 3126 01:58:39,800 --> 01:58:44,760 AND SO WHAT THIS POINT AMOUNTS 3127 01:58:44,760 --> 01:58:46,760 TO ESSENTIALLY THE BODY THROWS 3128 01:58:46,760 --> 01:58:48,080 EVERYTHING IT CAN AT THE PROBLEM 3129 01:58:48,080 --> 01:58:49,760 OF SURVIVAL, OF COURSE. 3130 01:58:49,760 --> 01:58:53,760 AND WE HAVE TISSUES THAT HAVE 3131 01:58:53,760 --> 01:58:55,640 VERY LOW ENERGETIC FOOTPRINTS, 3132 01:58:55,640 --> 01:58:58,360 WATTS PER KILOGRAM LIKE BONE, 3133 01:58:58,360 --> 01:59:01,240 BILLIONS OF YEARS, GRAVITY, 3134 01:59:01,240 --> 01:59:02,760 DEALING WITH MOVEMENT, 3135 01:59:02,760 --> 01:59:06,280 GRAVITATIONAL FIELD, AND NEURONS 3136 01:59:06,280 --> 01:59:06,720 REALLY SPECIALIZE ON 3137 01:59:06,720 --> 01:59:07,720 CONTINGENCIES AT THE MILLISECOND 3138 01:59:07,720 --> 01:59:09,000 TIME SPAN, OF COURSE VERY 3139 01:59:09,000 --> 01:59:11,280 IMPORTANT, BUT WE NEED TO OPEN 3140 01:59:11,280 --> 01:59:13,560 OUR PURVIEW TO THE WHOLE THINGS. 3141 01:59:13,560 --> 01:59:14,160 COMPUTATIONS LIKES SPREAD OVER 3142 01:59:14,160 --> 01:59:15,400 THE ENTIRETY OF THE DOMAIN. 3143 01:59:15,400 --> 01:59:18,360 HOW DO YOU DO THIS, BROADEN IT? 3144 01:59:18,360 --> 01:59:20,440 I'M GOING TO ARGUE, WELL, USING 3145 01:59:20,440 --> 01:59:21,880 TOOLS AS SYNTHESIS IS NOT NOVEL 3146 01:59:21,880 --> 01:59:24,960 BUT HOW DO WE ACTUALLY USE THEM 3147 01:59:24,960 --> 01:59:28,960 AND WHAT ARE THEY? 3148 01:59:28,960 --> 01:59:30,280 THE POINT IS COUNTER INTUITIVELY 3149 01:59:30,280 --> 01:59:32,200 WHAT SEEMS TO BE MAKING OUR JOB 3150 01:59:32,200 --> 01:59:33,160 HARDER INCORPORATING A WHOLE 3151 01:59:33,160 --> 01:59:35,240 OTHER BUNCH OF ASPECTS OF AN 3152 01:59:35,240 --> 01:59:38,400 ANIMAL DOES MAKE IT EASIER IN 3153 01:59:38,400 --> 01:59:40,280 THE END. 3154 01:59:40,280 --> 01:59:44,160 SO SOME ENGINES OF SYNTHESIS ARE 3155 01:59:44,160 --> 01:59:46,640 WHOLE ORGANISM, AT-ENVIRONMENT 3156 01:59:46,640 --> 01:59:47,400 SIMULATION, ROBOTICS, 3157 01:59:47,400 --> 01:59:52,800 EVOLUTIONARY APPROACHES, VIRTUAL 3158 01:59:52,800 --> 01:59:53,040 REALITY. 3159 01:59:53,040 --> 01:59:56,440 HERE IS OLD ELECTRIC FISH WORK 3160 01:59:56,440 --> 02:00:01,360 FROM MY Ph.D. TO RECONSTRUCT 3161 02:00:01,360 --> 02:00:03,280 SIGNAL INPUT, FLUCTUATION OF 3162 02:00:03,280 --> 02:00:04,880 TRANSDERMAL VOLTAGE DOING A 3163 02:00:04,880 --> 02:00:05,960 NATURALISTIC TASK. 3164 02:00:05,960 --> 02:00:08,520 YOU USE MOTION CAPTURE DATA AND 3165 02:00:08,520 --> 02:00:10,280 YOU SYNTHESIZE WITHIN A COMPUTER 3166 02:00:10,280 --> 02:00:13,680 MODELS OF ELECTRIC IMAGE 3167 02:00:13,680 --> 02:00:15,200 FORMATION, WHERE THE SENSORS THE 3168 02:00:15,200 --> 02:00:16,480 BODY, ELECTRIC FIELD MODEL, A 3169 02:00:16,480 --> 02:00:18,800 MODEL OF THE PREY THE ANIMAL 3170 02:00:18,800 --> 02:00:22,240 HUNTS IN NATURAL ENVIRONMENT, 3171 02:00:22,240 --> 02:00:23,880 AND THEN BEHAVIORAL MODEL 3172 02:00:23,880 --> 02:00:25,560 CONSTRAINED BY EMPIRICAL DATA 3173 02:00:25,560 --> 02:00:26,960 COLLECTED FROM PRECEDING STEP 3174 02:00:26,960 --> 02:00:29,240 AND YOU GET VOLTAGE HISTORIES 3175 02:00:29,240 --> 02:00:33,760 FROM A SPIKE MODEL, YOU CAN GET 3176 02:00:33,760 --> 02:00:34,680 SPIKE TRAINS, ULTIMATELY WE GET 3177 02:00:34,680 --> 02:00:44,960 THROUGH A LOT OF COMPUTATION. 3178 02:00:44,960 --> 02:00:49,160 AFFERENT SPIKE TRAINS ACROSS 3179 02:00:49,160 --> 02:00:50,520 14,000 AFFERENTS ARE ELECTRO 3180 02:00:50,520 --> 02:00:53,160 SENSORY -- I'M GETTING A LOT OF 3181 02:00:53,160 --> 02:00:53,960 WEIRD SOUNDS FROM ANOTHER 3182 02:00:53,960 --> 02:00:56,360 SPEAKER I THINK MAYBE? 3183 02:00:56,360 --> 02:00:57,200 THERE WE GO. 3184 02:00:57,200 --> 02:01:00,880 SO NOT ONLY ARE WE GETTING INPUT 3185 02:01:00,880 --> 02:01:01,680 ACROSS 14,000 ELECTRO SENSORY 3186 02:01:01,680 --> 02:01:04,400 AFFERENTS BUT WE CAN FOLLOW THE 3187 02:01:04,400 --> 02:01:09,600 SAME PROCESS TO GET THE PASSIVE 3188 02:01:09,600 --> 02:01:10,560 ELECTRO SENSE AFFERENTS AND 3189 02:01:10,560 --> 02:01:12,800 MECHANOAS WELL, AND LOOK AT HOW 3190 02:01:12,800 --> 02:01:15,280 THEY ARE ACTIVATED DURING 3191 02:01:15,280 --> 02:01:16,480 NATURAL BEHAVIORS. 3192 02:01:16,480 --> 02:01:17,520 WE AUGMENT THIS WITH ROBOTICS 3193 02:01:17,520 --> 02:01:20,400 APPROACH TO LOOK AT HOW MOVEMENT 3194 02:01:20,400 --> 02:01:24,400 IS BEING CONSTRAINED BY THE 3195 02:01:24,400 --> 02:01:26,440 ANIMAL'S BIOMECHANICS, HOW THE 3196 02:01:26,440 --> 02:01:28,360 ANIMAL HAS TO GENERATE THRUST 3197 02:01:28,360 --> 02:01:31,800 THAT IT'S GENERATING, AND WE USE 3198 02:01:31,800 --> 02:01:32,960 THOSE DATA TO CONSTRAIN 3199 02:01:32,960 --> 02:01:35,160 NUMERICAL MODELS TO EVEN FINER 3200 02:01:35,160 --> 02:01:35,800 RESOLUTION ANALYSIS. 3201 02:01:35,800 --> 02:01:38,960 WE DO THE SAME THING IN THE 3202 02:01:38,960 --> 02:01:40,680 SENSORY DOMAIN WITH SENSORY 3203 02:01:40,680 --> 02:01:41,040 ROBOTICS. 3204 02:01:41,040 --> 02:01:44,400 I DON'T HAVE TIME TO GO INTO IT 3205 02:01:44,400 --> 02:01:47,080 BUT IT CAN NAVIGATE AUTONOMOUSLY 3206 02:01:47,080 --> 02:01:48,800 THROUGH PYLONS USING ELECTRIC 3207 02:01:48,800 --> 02:01:49,840 FIELDS. 3208 02:01:49,840 --> 02:01:50,760 PAYOUTS HERE, WELL, BEHAVIORS 3209 02:01:50,760 --> 02:01:55,320 THAT MADE NO SENSE AT ALL WHEN 3210 02:01:55,320 --> 02:01:58,840 LOOKED FROM STRICTLY SENSORY 3211 02:01:58,840 --> 02:01:59,640 PROCESSING PERSPECTIVE OR 3212 02:01:59,640 --> 02:02:00,800 INFORMATION THEORY PERSPECTIVE, 3213 02:02:00,800 --> 02:02:03,360 ONCE WE AUGMENTS THE WAYS THE 3214 02:02:03,360 --> 02:02:06,520 ANIMAL GENERATED THRUST AND HOW 3215 02:02:06,520 --> 02:02:07,360 MUCH COST THAT COST 3216 02:02:07,360 --> 02:02:08,560 ENERGETICALLY COULD MAKE SENSE 3217 02:02:08,560 --> 02:02:11,280 OF BEHAVIORS THAT DID NOT MAKE 3218 02:02:11,280 --> 02:02:13,040 SENSE FROM THE SENSORY OR 3219 02:02:13,040 --> 02:02:14,360 INFORMATION THEORY PERSPECTIVE. 3220 02:02:14,360 --> 02:02:15,960 OBVIOUSLY THE ANIMAL IS CON 3221 02:02:15,960 --> 02:02:19,080 JOINTLY OPTIMIZING ALL OF THE 3222 02:02:19,080 --> 02:02:20,480 THESE FACTORS, ZERO INSIGHT INTO 3223 02:02:20,480 --> 02:02:22,720 WHAT THEY WERE WITHOUT THAT MORE 3224 02:02:22,720 --> 02:02:23,800 SYNTHETIC APPROACH. 3225 02:02:23,800 --> 02:02:26,280 THE SECOND PAYOFF I MENTIONED, 3226 02:02:26,280 --> 02:02:28,720 THERE WAS A BIG CHANGE AS A 3227 02:02:28,720 --> 02:02:33,040 RESULT OF CHARACTERIZING THE 3228 02:02:33,040 --> 02:02:34,560 SIGNALS THROUGH THE SYNTHESIS 3229 02:02:34,560 --> 02:02:36,520 APPROACH, IN THE WAY SIGNALS ARE 3230 02:02:36,520 --> 02:02:39,600 FED INTO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF 3231 02:02:39,600 --> 02:02:40,720 ELECTRIC FISH, NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 3232 02:02:40,720 --> 02:02:47,680 LABS, THAT LED US TO DISCOVER 3233 02:02:47,680 --> 02:02:48,480 NEURAL ASSESSING STRATEGIES. 3234 02:02:48,480 --> 02:02:50,160 I'M GOING TO TALK ABOUT 3235 02:02:50,160 --> 02:02:52,080 EVOLUTIONARY WORK WHETHER WE 3236 02:02:52,080 --> 02:02:56,360 DISCOVERED THAT DURING THE 3237 02:02:56,360 --> 02:02:58,120 TRANSITION TO LAND ANIMALS 3238 02:02:58,120 --> 02:03:02,440 TRIPLED EYE SIZE, THE IDEA 3239 02:03:02,440 --> 02:03:06,800 PERHAPS AERIAL VISION LED TO 3240 02:03:06,800 --> 02:03:08,120 TERRESTRIALITY, HOW THE SENSORY 3241 02:03:08,120 --> 02:03:10,920 ECOLOGY OF ANIMALS VERSUS WATER 3242 02:03:10,920 --> 02:03:12,800 ON LAND LEADS TO DIFFERENT 3243 02:03:12,800 --> 02:03:13,360 DECISION-MAKING STRATEGIES. 3244 02:03:13,360 --> 02:03:15,280 IN PARTICULAR IN WATER WE HAVE 3245 02:03:15,280 --> 02:03:17,760 THESE SENSORY BUBBLES THAT ARE 3246 02:03:17,760 --> 02:03:19,280 VERY TIGHTLY CHAINED TO THE 3247 02:03:19,280 --> 02:03:20,680 ANIMAL, VERY SHORT. 3248 02:03:20,680 --> 02:03:24,360 THEY DETECT PREDATOR, HAVE TO 3249 02:03:24,360 --> 02:03:26,640 FIRE OFF MODELERS TO SURVIVE. 3250 02:03:26,640 --> 02:03:28,960 WITH LONG SIGHT LINES LAND 3251 02:03:28,960 --> 02:03:29,920 PROVIDES YOU CAN IMAGINE AN 3252 02:03:29,920 --> 02:03:42,160 ANIMAL WHO NOW HAS A MUCH LARGER 3253 02:03:42,160 --> 02:03:44,000 SENSORIUM LOCATING TRAJECTORIES 3254 02:03:44,000 --> 02:03:44,800 AND PICKING ONE, PLANNING. 3255 02:03:44,800 --> 02:03:49,360 ONE OF THE THINGS WE FOUND IN 3256 02:03:49,360 --> 02:03:51,840 MEDIUM ENTROPY OR CLUTTER 3257 02:03:51,840 --> 02:03:54,920 ENVIRONMENTS THAT MATCH SAVANNAH 3258 02:03:54,920 --> 02:04:05,040 ENVIRONMENTS THAT HUMAN ALSO 3259 02:04:05,040 --> 02:04:06,440 WENT INTO, MAXIMUM ADVANTAGE 3260 02:04:06,440 --> 02:04:08,000 AFTER CLUTTER GEOMETRY. 3261 02:04:08,000 --> 02:04:10,360 WE'RE TESTING USE AGRO BOUGHT 3262 02:04:10,360 --> 02:04:16,640 WITH A CO2 -- USING A ROBOT, 3263 02:04:16,640 --> 02:04:18,600 THE AIR PUFF TURNS RED GETTING 3264 02:04:18,600 --> 02:04:26,440 THE MOUSE TO RUN AWAY FROM THAT. 3265 02:04:26,440 --> 02:04:27,720 PLAN A ROUTE. 3266 02:04:27,720 --> 02:04:30,640 WE'RE DOING SLOWDOWN IN THE 3267 02:04:30,640 --> 02:04:31,800 HABITAT, WHETHER THEY ARE 3268 02:04:31,800 --> 02:04:32,960 ENGAGED IN PLANNING BEHAVIORS. 3269 02:04:32,960 --> 02:04:38,280 YOU CAN SEE A FEW INDICATIONS. 3270 02:04:38,280 --> 02:04:39,800 THERE'S DTE PHENOMENA, A HEAD 3271 02:04:39,800 --> 02:04:41,160 WAG, YOU CAN SEE THAT HAPPENING 3272 02:04:41,160 --> 02:04:44,560 HERE AT THIS CHOICE POINT, AS IT 3273 02:04:44,560 --> 02:04:47,880 SENSES A ROBOT NEARBY. 3274 02:04:47,880 --> 02:04:51,120 AND SO -- LET'S SEE. 3275 02:04:51,120 --> 02:04:52,560 NOW, WE WANT TO -- SINCE A LOT 3276 02:04:52,560 --> 02:04:53,640 OF PEOPLE ARE INTERESTED IN 3277 02:04:53,640 --> 02:04:55,760 HUMAN WORK HERE I WANTED TO 3278 02:04:55,760 --> 02:04:57,360 MENTION WE'VE TRANSLATED THIS 3279 02:04:57,360 --> 02:04:58,800 PARADIGM INTO A HUMAN VIRTUAL 3280 02:04:58,800 --> 02:04:59,160 REALITY SYSTEM. 3281 02:04:59,160 --> 02:05:02,160 THIS IS A VIEW WHEN YOU WALK IN, 3282 02:05:02,160 --> 02:05:04,080 THE PREDATOR IS A SCARY LOOKING 3283 02:05:04,080 --> 02:05:04,800 GHOST. 3284 02:05:04,800 --> 02:05:08,000 WE HAVE A WIRELESS SYSTEM FOR 3285 02:05:08,000 --> 02:05:08,160 VR. 3286 02:05:08,160 --> 02:05:09,560 AND EVERY MOVEMENT, EVERY FOOT 3287 02:05:09,560 --> 02:05:12,960 THAT YOU TAKE, EVERY FOOT THAT 3288 02:05:12,960 --> 02:05:14,640 YOU MOVE IN REAL SPACE IS 3289 02:05:14,640 --> 02:05:16,560 MATCHED IN VR. 3290 02:05:16,560 --> 02:05:19,560 SO HERE'S A PERSON IN OUR 3291 02:05:19,560 --> 02:05:20,560 VIRTUAL REALITY ENVIRONMENT 3292 02:05:20,560 --> 02:05:25,520 MATCHING THE ONE THE RODENTS ARE 3293 02:05:25,520 --> 02:05:27,560 GOING THROUGH RUNNING FROM THE 3294 02:05:27,560 --> 02:05:34,360 PREDATOR MOVING AROUND 3295 02:05:34,360 --> 02:05:35,600 OBSTACLES TO BE HIDDEN. 3296 02:05:35,600 --> 02:05:39,040 WE JUST STARTED THIS WORK, 3297 02:05:39,040 --> 02:05:39,800 COMPARING TO MICE, COMPARATIVE 3298 02:05:39,800 --> 02:05:43,760 WORK ON YOU OF HOW THE TWO 3299 02:05:43,760 --> 02:05:45,080 ANIMALS DO PLANNING AND COMPLEX 3300 02:05:45,080 --> 02:05:45,560 ENVIRONMENT ALSO. 3301 02:05:45,560 --> 02:05:50,160 I WANT TO END ON A NOTE THAT I 3302 02:05:50,160 --> 02:05:54,200 THINK THAT IT'S VERY INTERESTING 3303 02:05:54,200 --> 02:05:58,960 TO ME THAT COLLABORATIONS AND 3304 02:05:58,960 --> 02:06:00,440 PARTICLE PHYSICS GO TO 5,000 3305 02:06:00,440 --> 02:06:01,640 CO-AUTHORS, PARTICLE PHYSICISTS 3306 02:06:01,640 --> 02:06:02,960 I KNOW THINK WE'RE WORKING ON A 3307 02:06:02,960 --> 02:06:05,080 MUCH HARDER PROBLEM. 3308 02:06:05,080 --> 02:06:09,360 SO I WONDER WHETHER WE NEED A 3309 02:06:09,360 --> 02:06:10,240 COUPLE ORDER OF MAGNITUDES MORE 3310 02:06:10,240 --> 02:06:12,080 COOPERATION IN TERMS OF EFFORT 3311 02:06:12,080 --> 02:06:13,480 TO MAKE FASTER PROGRESS. 3312 02:06:13,480 --> 02:06:16,480 THIS IS WHERE THIS WORKSHOP CAN 3313 02:06:16,480 --> 02:06:18,080 REALLY HELP OUT A LOT. 3314 02:06:18,080 --> 02:06:24,560 AND A FEW POINTS ON HOW YOU 3315 02:06:24,560 --> 02:06:26,200 MIGHT ADD ENGINES OF SYNTHESIS 3316 02:06:26,200 --> 02:06:29,760 WHEN NOT NATIVE TO YOUR TOOLKIT, 3317 02:06:29,760 --> 02:06:32,360 DOING A SABBATICAL, ATTENDING A 3318 02:06:32,360 --> 02:06:32,960 CONFERENCE, FINDING A PERSON 3319 02:06:32,960 --> 02:06:35,320 NEWER IN THE CAREER, THESE ARE 3320 02:06:35,320 --> 02:06:37,040 ALL APPROACHES I'VE FOUND 3321 02:06:37,040 --> 02:06:38,440 HELPFUL AS I'VE DONE A HUGE 3322 02:06:38,440 --> 02:06:40,320 NUMBER OF COLLABORATIONS FOR THE 3323 02:06:40,320 --> 02:06:44,240 WORK THAT YOU'VE SEEN. 3324 02:06:44,240 --> 02:06:45,840 SO I'D BE HAPPY TO TAKE 3325 02:06:45,840 --> 02:06:46,840 QUESTIONS LATER DURING THE 3326 02:06:46,840 --> 02:06:47,280 DISCUSSION SECTION. 3327 02:06:47,280 --> 02:06:52,120 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 3328 02:06:52,120 --> 02:06:52,760 >> THANKS, MALCOLM. 3329 02:06:52,760 --> 02:06:55,960 LAST SPEAKER FOR THIS SESSION IS 3330 02:06:55,960 --> 02:06:56,240 RAJI. 3331 02:06:56,240 --> 02:06:56,960 WE'RE READY. 3332 02:06:56,960 --> 02:06:58,400 TAKE OVER. 3333 02:06:58,400 --> 02:06:58,600 GREAT. 3334 02:06:58,600 --> 02:06:58,880 THANK YOU. 3335 02:06:58,880 --> 02:07:01,320 >> THANK YOU. 3336 02:07:01,320 --> 02:07:01,880 GOOD AFTERNOON. 3337 02:07:01,880 --> 02:07:04,520 THANKS FOR THIS OPPORTUNITY. 3338 02:07:04,520 --> 02:07:11,320 I'M GOING TO COMPLETELY SWITCH 3339 02:07:11,320 --> 02:07:13,840 TRACKS. 3340 02:07:13,840 --> 02:07:15,560 I'VE BEEN OVERSTIMULATED IN THE 3341 02:07:15,560 --> 02:07:18,440 LAST COUPLE HOURS, I'M GOING TO 3342 02:07:18,440 --> 02:07:20,520 KEEP A LINGO OF ENGINEERING 3343 02:07:20,520 --> 02:07:22,960 DOMAIN WHERE I COME FROM AND 3344 02:07:22,960 --> 02:07:24,160 BUSINESS AND REAL LIFE 3345 02:07:24,160 --> 02:07:29,280 APPLICATION, AND KEEP IT PLAIN. 3346 02:07:29,280 --> 02:07:32,520 TWO MAIN IDEAS, BOTH AROUND 3347 02:07:32,520 --> 02:07:38,480 MULTI-SCALE SENSOR FUSION, I'M A 3348 02:07:38,480 --> 02:07:39,920 MICRO SCALE SENSOR TECHNOLOGIST, 3349 02:07:39,920 --> 02:07:40,960 MINIATURIZING, MAKING IT 3350 02:07:40,960 --> 02:07:42,000 POSSIBLE TO COLLECT LARGER 3351 02:07:42,000 --> 02:07:44,920 DATASETS YOU ALL REALLY LOVE 3352 02:07:44,920 --> 02:07:46,960 USING, KIND OF WHERE I GREW UP. 3353 02:07:46,960 --> 02:07:54,160 BUT I WANT TO SAY, MALCOLM, I 3354 02:07:54,160 --> 02:07:56,160 DID MY MASTER'S AT CORNELL AT 3355 02:07:56,160 --> 02:07:57,960 THE SAME TIME, I KNOW THAT ROBOT 3356 02:07:57,960 --> 02:07:59,720 PERSONALLY, IN THE LAB NEXT 3357 02:07:59,720 --> 02:07:59,920 DOOR. 3358 02:07:59,920 --> 02:08:01,280 I'M A DYNAMICS PERSON SO I 3359 02:08:01,280 --> 02:08:06,440 ENJOYED IN A AS -- THAT ASPECT. 3360 02:08:06,440 --> 02:08:08,960 I WANT TO DO TWO THINGS. 3361 02:08:08,960 --> 02:08:14,000 FOR THE LAST DECADE OR SO I HAVE 3362 02:08:14,000 --> 02:08:15,320 THOUGHT ABOUT HUMAN-MACHINE 3363 02:08:15,320 --> 02:08:19,240 INTERFACE IN THE CONTEXT OF 3364 02:08:19,240 --> 02:08:22,560 BUILDING NEW TECHNOLOGIES, LIKE 3365 02:08:22,560 --> 02:08:25,840 CONSUMER TECHNOLOGIES, BE IT 3366 02:08:25,840 --> 02:08:26,480 LARGER COMPUTERS, MOBILE 3367 02:08:26,480 --> 02:08:27,360 TECHNOLOGIES, ROUTABLE 3368 02:08:27,360 --> 02:08:28,080 TECHNOLOGIES. 3369 02:08:28,080 --> 02:08:29,920 I WANT TO BRING INSIGHT FROM THE 3370 02:08:29,920 --> 02:08:42,320 THOUGHT PROCESS OF UNDERSTANDING 3371 02:08:42,320 --> 02:08:42,920 THE HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACE. 3372 02:08:42,920 --> 02:08:44,760 HIGH LEVEL INTRODUCTION, I DON'T 3373 02:08:44,760 --> 02:08:46,920 WANT TO SPEAK FOR DEEP LEARNING, 3374 02:08:46,920 --> 02:08:50,120 THERE ARE PEOPLE HERE MORE 3375 02:08:50,120 --> 02:08:51,840 EXPERTS, BUT I WANT MY 3376 02:08:51,840 --> 02:08:52,520 PERSPECTIVE ON WHAT IS A 3377 02:08:52,520 --> 02:08:53,840 PARADIGM THAT SHIFTED WITH 3378 02:08:53,840 --> 02:08:58,720 RESPECT TO DATA PROCESSING AND 3379 02:08:58,720 --> 02:09:01,560 ANALYTICS FROM DEEP LEARNING AND 3380 02:09:01,560 --> 02:09:04,000 WHAT ITS IMPLICATIONS ARE FOR 3381 02:09:04,000 --> 02:09:08,320 SENSOR FUSION, AND IN MY CURRENT 3382 02:09:08,320 --> 02:09:09,960 ROLE, INDEPENDENT CONSULTANT, 3383 02:09:09,960 --> 02:09:11,840 MAINLY BUILDING SYSTEMS FOR MANY 3384 02:09:11,840 --> 02:09:14,000 APPLICATIONS BUT MANY ARE HEALTH 3385 02:09:14,000 --> 02:09:14,960 AND WELLNESS. 3386 02:09:14,960 --> 02:09:17,680 REALLY WANTED TO HIGHLIGHT 3387 02:09:17,680 --> 02:09:20,760 ISSUES I HAVE TO REALLY DEAL 3388 02:09:20,760 --> 02:09:22,480 WITH WHERE THE RUBBER MEETS THE 3389 02:09:22,480 --> 02:09:24,600 ROAD, WE'RE TAKING SENSOR 3390 02:09:24,600 --> 02:09:25,280 TECHNOLOGIES, TRYING TO DEVELOP 3391 02:09:25,280 --> 02:09:30,600 SOLUTIONS, FOR EXAMPLE, IN ELDER 3392 02:09:30,600 --> 02:09:31,800 CARE OR ADDICTION RECOVERY 3393 02:09:31,800 --> 02:09:32,400 SOLUTIONS. 3394 02:09:32,400 --> 02:09:34,120 AND WHAT REALLY ARE THE GAPS AND 3395 02:09:34,120 --> 02:09:36,520 CHALLENGES IF YOU'RE TRYING TO 3396 02:09:36,520 --> 02:09:38,160 ADAPT THESE TECHNOLOGIES TO REAL 3397 02:09:38,160 --> 02:09:38,560 LIFE SOLUTIONS. 3398 02:09:38,560 --> 02:09:40,560 AND IN THE END I WANT TO PROPOSE 3399 02:09:40,560 --> 02:09:43,160 A FRAMEWORK, REALLY JUST THROW 3400 02:09:43,160 --> 02:09:47,360 IT OUT THERE, VERY HIGH LEVEL 3401 02:09:47,360 --> 02:09:48,160 THOUGHT PROCESS, IS THERE 3402 02:09:48,160 --> 02:09:50,840 SOMETHING AROUND THE FACT WE 3403 02:09:50,840 --> 02:09:52,760 HAVE LANGUAGE, HIERARCHY, A 3404 02:09:52,760 --> 02:09:53,640 LANGUAGE WE'VE ALL DEVELOPED 3405 02:09:53,640 --> 02:09:57,360 THAT ITSELF CAN BE USED TO 3406 02:09:57,360 --> 02:09:59,560 BETTER BUILD SENSOR FUSION. 3407 02:09:59,560 --> 02:10:01,160 WITH MULTI-MODAL DESCRIPTION IN 3408 02:10:01,160 --> 02:10:08,560 THE PAST I WANT TO SAY 3409 02:10:08,560 --> 02:10:10,240 MULTI-MODAL SHOULD BE THOUGHT OF 3410 02:10:10,240 --> 02:10:13,160 AS A MUST-HAVE BECAUSE IT'S WAY 3411 02:10:13,160 --> 02:10:18,600 WE PROS INFORMATION -- PROCESS 3412 02:10:18,600 --> 02:10:19,160 INFORMATION. 3413 02:10:19,160 --> 02:10:22,000 THIS IS MY GO-TO SLIDE, WAYS WE 3414 02:10:22,000 --> 02:10:25,800 CAN THINK ABOUT HUMAN-MACHINE 3415 02:10:25,800 --> 02:10:28,160 INTERFACE, SENSORS, ACTUATORS, 3416 02:10:28,160 --> 02:10:29,520 FROM A GENETIC PERSPECTIVE. 3417 02:10:29,520 --> 02:10:31,080 WE HAVE THE VISUAL WHICH WE 3418 02:10:31,080 --> 02:10:33,680 TALKED ABOUT A LOT, WE HEARD 3419 02:10:33,680 --> 02:10:38,040 ABOUT A LOT TODAY, FOR VERY GOOD 3420 02:10:38,040 --> 02:10:38,920 REASON. 3421 02:10:38,920 --> 02:10:42,280 OUR VISUAL SYSTEM IS, YOU KNOW, 3422 02:10:42,280 --> 02:10:43,240 CONSUMES A LOT OF BANDWIDTH IN 3423 02:10:43,240 --> 02:10:46,600 THE WAY THE INFORMATION IS 3424 02:10:46,600 --> 02:10:46,920 PROCESSING. 3425 02:10:46,920 --> 02:10:50,560 BUT THERE ARE HUMAN VISUAL AND 3426 02:10:50,560 --> 02:10:51,960 NON-HUMAN VISUAL SENSING, SOME 3427 02:10:51,960 --> 02:10:56,440 OF THE CHAT GOING ON TODAY 3428 02:10:56,440 --> 02:10:56,720 MENTIONED. 3429 02:10:56,720 --> 02:10:58,560 I.R. CAPABILITIES AS GOOD AS 3430 02:10:58,560 --> 02:10:59,800 VISUAL CAMERA CAPABILITIES. 3431 02:10:59,800 --> 02:11:01,800 BUT ARE NOT OFTEN CONSIDERED. 3432 02:11:01,800 --> 02:11:03,440 BUT COULD BE REALLY USEFUL. 3433 02:11:03,440 --> 02:11:07,120 SAME THING WITH OUR AUDIO 3434 02:11:07,120 --> 02:11:09,960 PROCESSING, THERE ARE VERY, VERY 3435 02:11:09,960 --> 02:11:10,560 GOOD MINIATURIZED MICROPHONES, 3436 02:11:10,560 --> 02:11:12,480 AS MANY OF YOU WHO USE THE 3437 02:11:12,480 --> 02:11:12,840 TECHNOLOGY KNOW. 3438 02:11:12,840 --> 02:11:15,280 ALSO THAT TECHNOLOGY IS NOT 3439 02:11:15,280 --> 02:11:18,960 LIMITED BY THE HUMAN BANDWIDTH. 3440 02:11:18,960 --> 02:11:20,320 ULTRASONIC SENSORS JUST AS GOOD 3441 02:11:20,320 --> 02:11:21,480 CAN BE LEVERAGES VERY WELL. 3442 02:11:21,480 --> 02:11:25,640 WE HAVE A LOT OF TOUCH-BASED 3443 02:11:25,640 --> 02:11:26,160 TECHNOLOGIES. 3444 02:11:26,160 --> 02:11:28,560 THEN A LOT LESS SOPHISTICATED 3445 02:11:28,560 --> 02:11:32,160 SMELL AND TASTE, USUALLY WHEN I 3446 02:11:32,160 --> 02:11:34,480 PRESENT THIS TO A MEN'S 3447 02:11:34,480 --> 02:11:36,720 AUDIENCE, THAT'S A GAP, BUT 3448 02:11:36,720 --> 02:11:39,760 THERE'S A LOT OF REALLY LOT OF 3449 02:11:39,760 --> 02:11:41,800 TECHNOLOGIES BUILT IN THE LAST I 3450 02:11:41,800 --> 02:11:45,760 WOULD SAY FIVE YEARS THAT HAVE 3451 02:11:45,760 --> 02:11:47,800 MADE BIG LEAPS IN TERMS OF 3452 02:11:47,800 --> 02:11:52,760 ABILITY TO BE USED IN VARIOUS 3453 02:11:52,760 --> 02:11:54,960 SETTINGS THAT INCLUDES VOCs, 3454 02:11:54,960 --> 02:11:56,240 ALCOHOL, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON 3455 02:11:56,240 --> 02:11:56,640 MONOXIDE GASES. 3456 02:11:56,640 --> 02:11:59,960 THIS OF THE SAME SENSES CAN BE 3457 02:11:59,960 --> 02:12:05,640 USED TO MEASURE NOT JUST HUMAN 3458 02:12:05,640 --> 02:12:06,680 REACTION BUT ALSO ENVIRONMENT'S 3459 02:12:06,680 --> 02:12:09,400 COMPLEXITIES, AS THE FIRST PANEL 3460 02:12:09,400 --> 02:12:10,280 SET UP. 3461 02:12:10,280 --> 02:12:13,240 IN THIS CONTEXT I WANT TO GIVE A 3462 02:12:13,240 --> 02:12:15,280 FEW EXAMPLES TO SHOW WHY, THEY 3463 02:12:15,280 --> 02:12:16,880 ARE ALL EXTRACTED FROM ONE 3464 02:12:16,880 --> 02:12:19,080 PAPER, QUITE OLD. 3465 02:12:19,080 --> 02:12:21,000 MORE THAN A DECADE. 3466 02:12:21,000 --> 02:12:24,720 BY NO MEANS ANYTHING NEW. 3467 02:12:24,720 --> 02:12:26,880 BUT I WANT TO SAY WE PROCESS 3468 02:12:26,880 --> 02:12:38,120 AUDIO AND VISION ALMOST 3469 02:12:38,120 --> 02:12:39,280 EXCLUSIVELY TOGETHER, BUT 3470 02:12:39,280 --> 02:12:40,480 SURPRISINGLY SOMEWHAT 3471 02:12:40,480 --> 02:12:42,840 PRIORITIZE -- THERE'S A 3472 02:12:42,840 --> 02:12:45,160 DISSONANCE BETWEEN INFORMATION 3473 02:12:45,160 --> 02:12:46,480 COMING VISUAL AND AUDIO CHANNEL, 3474 02:12:46,480 --> 02:12:53,560 WHEN WE PRIORITIZE WHAT IS AN 3475 02:12:53,560 --> 02:12:55,320 EVOLUTIONARY CONSTRUCT. 3476 02:12:55,320 --> 02:13:06,960 IF YOU HAVE BLINKING LIGHTS, 3 3477 02:13:06,960 --> 02:13:10,160 HERTZ, AUDIO AT 6 HERTZ, WE 3478 02:13:10,160 --> 02:13:12,360 CANNOT UNDO THAT NATURAL VERY 3479 02:13:12,360 --> 02:13:13,480 LOW TIME CONSTRAINT FUSION 3480 02:13:13,480 --> 02:13:13,880 THAT'S HAPPENING. 3481 02:13:13,880 --> 02:13:17,000 IT'S THE SAME THING WITH A LOT 3482 02:13:17,000 --> 02:13:19,280 TO DO HOW VISION AND MOTOR 3483 02:13:19,280 --> 02:13:20,160 CONTROL WORKS, CLASSIC 3484 02:13:20,160 --> 02:13:20,680 EXPERIMENTS. 3485 02:13:20,680 --> 02:13:22,920 KEEP BOTH YOUR HANDS IN FRONT OF 3486 02:13:22,920 --> 02:13:27,160 YOU, TRY TO MOVE THE LEFT LITTLE 3487 02:13:27,160 --> 02:13:28,120 FINGER AND RIGHT THUMB. 3488 02:13:28,120 --> 02:13:30,840 DO THIS AND TRY THE SAME THING. 3489 02:13:30,840 --> 02:13:32,480 MOVE YOUR LEFT FINGER, IT TAKES 3490 02:13:32,480 --> 02:13:33,880 LONGER, RIGHT? 3491 02:13:33,880 --> 02:13:38,520 WE HAVE UNDO THE OFFICIAL 3492 02:13:38,520 --> 02:13:39,560 CONTRADICTION. 3493 02:13:39,560 --> 02:13:41,680 THERE'S THIS SENSORY FUSION, 3494 02:13:41,680 --> 02:13:44,960 MULTIPLE TIME SCALES, ACROSS 3495 02:13:44,960 --> 02:13:46,400 MULTIPLE MODES OF SENSOR THAT WE 3496 02:13:46,400 --> 02:13:50,280 NEED TO BE COGNIZANT OF, 3497 02:13:50,280 --> 02:13:52,160 ESPECIALLY IF YOU'RE TRYING TO 3498 02:13:52,160 --> 02:13:55,320 THINK ABOUT USING A HUMAN 3499 02:13:55,320 --> 02:13:57,880 REACTION ACROSS ONLY ONE MODE. 3500 02:13:57,880 --> 02:13:59,680 AS REPRESENTATION OF SOMETHING 3501 02:13:59,680 --> 02:14:02,520 THAT'S MORE COMPLEX LIKE 3502 02:14:02,520 --> 02:14:03,360 BEHAVIOR. 3503 02:14:03,360 --> 02:14:08,120 3504 02:14:08,120 --> 02:14:10,640 HERE I'M SWITCHING TRACKS TO SAY 3505 02:14:10,640 --> 02:14:12,520 NOW THAT WE'VE MINIATURIZED 3506 02:14:12,520 --> 02:14:13,480 SENSORS AND PUT SENSORS 3507 02:14:13,480 --> 02:14:15,120 EVERYWHERE, THERE ARE A LOT OF 3508 02:14:15,120 --> 02:14:18,960 IDEAS ABOUT MODELS BEING THROWN 3509 02:14:18,960 --> 02:14:20,520 AROUND, UNDERSTANDING THIS LARGE 3510 02:14:20,520 --> 02:14:23,280 DATASET, I WANT TO HIGHLIGHT A 3511 02:14:23,280 --> 02:14:24,880 FEW IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS TO 3512 02:14:24,880 --> 02:14:29,560 KEEP IN MIND. 3513 02:14:29,560 --> 02:14:30,880 YES, IMAGE, ESPECIALLY VISUAL 3514 02:14:30,880 --> 02:14:33,240 DEEP LEARNING HAS COME VERY LONG 3515 02:14:33,240 --> 02:14:35,880 WAY IN A DECADE, BUT THE WHOLE 3516 02:14:35,880 --> 02:14:43,200 BASIS OF LOT OF DEEP LEARNING IS 3517 02:14:43,200 --> 02:14:48,920 THESE 14 MILLION IMAGES HAND 3518 02:14:48,920 --> 02:14:52,880 ANNOTATED, LAND TAXONOMYIZED, 3519 02:14:52,880 --> 02:14:53,880 HIERARCHICAL REPRESENTATION, NOT 3520 02:14:53,880 --> 02:14:54,760 DONE WITHOUT RESTRAINING DATA, 3521 02:14:54,760 --> 02:14:58,280 THERE'S THE HUMAN IN THE LOOP, 3522 02:14:58,280 --> 02:15:02,520 THE ONLY THING THE HUMAN, YOU 3523 02:15:02,520 --> 02:15:04,880 KNOW, HUMAN UNDERSTANDING OF THE 3524 02:15:04,880 --> 02:15:07,160 CONTEXT IS REMOVED BY MAKING IT 3525 02:15:07,160 --> 02:15:10,800 REALLY, REALLY SIMPLE, RIGHT? 3526 02:15:10,800 --> 02:15:13,520 IT'S ONE OBJECT, ONE BOUNDING 3527 02:15:13,520 --> 02:15:13,960 BOX. 3528 02:15:13,960 --> 02:15:16,040 THE CONTEXT IS LOST IN MANY 3529 02:15:16,040 --> 02:15:17,920 MODELS WHILE BUILDING THE MODEL. 3530 02:15:17,920 --> 02:15:18,960 THERE ARE SOPHISTICATED IDEAS 3531 02:15:18,960 --> 02:15:22,120 THAT ARE ADDED TO BUILD THE 3532 02:15:22,120 --> 02:15:23,760 CONTEXT BACK IN. 3533 02:15:23,760 --> 02:15:26,480 LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS THAT, YOU 3534 02:15:26,480 --> 02:15:30,040 KNOW, ARE REALLY ALSO GATHERED A 3535 02:15:30,040 --> 02:15:31,760 LOT OF MOMENTUM HAVE ALL THE 3536 02:15:31,760 --> 02:15:37,120 CONTEXT BUILT IN BECAUSE THEY 3537 02:15:37,120 --> 02:15:38,680 JUST ARE NOT SUPERVISED MODELS 3538 02:15:38,680 --> 02:15:41,760 BUT TENT TO -- TEND TO HAVE 3539 02:15:41,760 --> 02:15:44,160 OTHER ISSUES BECAUSE OF DATA 3540 02:15:44,160 --> 02:15:45,000 GOING IN. 3541 02:15:45,000 --> 02:15:47,800 THEY CAN ONLY REFLECT THE DATA 3542 02:15:47,800 --> 02:15:50,880 OF THE CONTEXT OF DATA FED INTO 3543 02:15:50,880 --> 02:15:52,160 THE MODEL. 3544 02:15:52,160 --> 02:15:55,160 THERE'S NOT REALLY EASY WAY TO 3545 02:15:55,160 --> 02:15:56,840 UNDERSTAND HOW TO VALIDATE THE 3546 02:15:56,840 --> 02:15:58,360 MODELS INDEPENDENT OF THE DATA 3547 02:15:58,360 --> 02:16:00,800 BECAUSE THEY ARE JUST FULLY 3548 02:16:00,800 --> 02:16:02,360 BUILT IN TOGETHER. 3549 02:16:02,360 --> 02:16:03,760 HAVING SAID THIS, I WANT TO SAY 3550 02:16:03,760 --> 02:16:07,320 MAYBE THERE ARE SOME VERY 3551 02:16:07,320 --> 02:16:10,160 CRITICAL LEARNINGS FROM THESE 3552 02:16:10,160 --> 02:16:14,320 MODELS, AND SOME ARE AROUND, YOU 3553 02:16:14,320 --> 02:16:15,520 KNOW, THE -- FOR EXAMPLE, LIKE 3554 02:16:15,520 --> 02:16:17,520 IF YOU THINK ABOUT MEDICAL 3555 02:16:17,520 --> 02:16:22,800 SENSORS, THERE'S A LOT OF 3556 02:16:22,800 --> 02:16:24,160 QUESTIONS ABOUT A SIMPLE 3557 02:16:24,160 --> 02:16:25,600 WEARABLE DEVICE, MEASURING HEART 3558 02:16:25,600 --> 02:16:27,320 RATE ESPECIALLY AROUND VARIABLES 3559 02:16:27,320 --> 02:16:30,720 NOT TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT, LIKE 3560 02:16:30,720 --> 02:16:33,240 GENDER AND, YOU KNOW, SKIN TONE 3561 02:16:33,240 --> 02:16:34,160 AND BMI. 3562 02:16:34,160 --> 02:16:36,840 AND WE'VE SHOWN, FOR EXAMPLE, IN 3563 02:16:36,840 --> 02:16:41,760 MY LAB THAT BY SIMPLY ADDING ONE 3564 02:16:41,760 --> 02:16:42,560 CONTEXT VARIABLE, ACTIVITY 3565 02:16:42,560 --> 02:16:46,120 CONTEXT, TO THE HEART RATE 3566 02:16:46,120 --> 02:16:50,240 SENSORS, YOU KNOW, PREDICTION OF 3567 02:16:50,240 --> 02:16:52,280 HEART RATE FROM THE RAW SIGNAL 3568 02:16:52,280 --> 02:16:56,560 CAN PREDICT, THIS IS THE IDEA OF 3569 02:16:56,560 --> 02:16:57,760 ADDING, YOU KNOW, CONTEXT HOW IT 3570 02:16:57,760 --> 02:17:02,160 CAN, YOU KNOW, MAKE MODELS BE 3571 02:17:02,160 --> 02:17:03,560 MORE RESPONSIVE, BUT AT THE SAME 3572 02:17:03,560 --> 02:17:07,320 TIME ALSO I WANT TO POINT OUT 3573 02:17:07,320 --> 02:17:09,160 THAT STILL THERE'S SYSTEMATIC 3574 02:17:09,160 --> 02:17:11,560 VARIATION, VARIABLE ALSO NOT 3575 02:17:11,560 --> 02:17:13,560 TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN DEEP 3576 02:17:13,560 --> 02:17:15,680 MODELS, YOU NEED TO BE AWARE OF 3577 02:17:15,680 --> 02:17:17,080 THIS IF YOU'RE BUILDING MODELS 3578 02:17:17,080 --> 02:17:19,160 THAT WILL BE USED IN REAL 3579 02:17:19,160 --> 02:17:21,160 APPLICATIONS. 3580 02:17:21,160 --> 02:17:22,320 ON A LARGE DIVERSE POPULATION. 3581 02:17:22,320 --> 02:17:26,120 SO I WANT TO END THIS WITH 3582 02:17:26,120 --> 02:17:28,920 PROPOSAL, LIKE A QUESTION. 3583 02:17:28,920 --> 02:17:31,840 IS THAT TO NATURALLY BUILD A 3584 02:17:31,840 --> 02:17:33,200 FRAMEWORK TO MODEL MULTIPLE 3585 02:17:33,200 --> 02:17:35,200 SENSOR FUSIONS, DOES IT MAKE 3586 02:17:35,200 --> 02:17:37,440 SENSE TO ACTUALLY TAKE CLUES 3587 02:17:37,440 --> 02:17:42,520 FROM LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS THAT 3588 02:17:42,520 --> 02:17:45,280 HAVE BUILT-IN HIERARCHY, 3589 02:17:45,280 --> 02:17:48,000 TEMPORAL HIERARCHY AND CONTEXT 3590 02:17:48,000 --> 02:17:48,560 AROUND UNDERSTANDING, FOR 3591 02:17:48,560 --> 02:17:53,840 EXAMPLE THESE ARE NOT REAL DATA, 3592 02:17:53,840 --> 02:17:56,080 BUT IDEAS THAT CAN THINK OF 3593 02:17:56,080 --> 02:18:00,560 GENERAL FRAMEWORK WHERE YOU 3594 02:18:00,560 --> 02:18:04,440 START WITH LIKE VERY LOW LEVEL 3595 02:18:04,440 --> 02:18:05,880 SENSOR, YOU KNOW, UNDERSTANDING 3596 02:18:05,880 --> 02:18:07,280 THAT THEN GOES ACROSS MULTIPLE 3597 02:18:07,280 --> 02:18:10,240 TIME SCALES SO YOU BUILD FROM 3598 02:18:10,240 --> 02:18:13,680 LIKE AN ALPHABET TO A WORD TO A 3599 02:18:13,680 --> 02:18:13,960 SENTENCE. 3600 02:18:13,960 --> 02:18:15,560 IS THERE IDEAS HERE THAT WE CAN 3601 02:18:15,560 --> 02:18:17,600 LEARN FROM THE LARGE LANGUAGE 3602 02:18:17,600 --> 02:18:21,440 MODELS THAT WE CAN THEN BUILD 3603 02:18:21,440 --> 02:18:25,680 DOMAIN-SPECIFIC MODELS TO 3604 02:18:25,680 --> 02:18:27,160 UNDERSTAND SENSOR FUSION DOMAIN. 3605 02:18:27,160 --> 02:18:30,920 WITH THAT QUESTION I WILL OPEN 3606 02:18:30,920 --> 02:18:31,360 TO -- 3607 02:18:31,360 --> 02:18:32,720 >> THANK YOU. 3608 02:18:32,720 --> 02:18:34,280 THANKS VERY MUCH, RAJI. 3609 02:18:34,280 --> 02:18:38,200 NOW WE'RE SWITCHING TO THE 3610 02:18:38,200 --> 02:18:40,480 DISCUSSION PORTION. 3611 02:18:40,480 --> 02:18:42,240 THREE DISCUSSANTS, PETER 3612 02:18:42,240 --> 02:18:43,280 HARTWELL, BOB DATTA, ANDRE 3613 02:18:43,280 --> 02:18:43,680 GREEN. 3614 02:18:43,680 --> 02:18:45,760 YOU EACH HAVE NINE MINUTES IN 3615 02:18:45,760 --> 02:18:48,160 PRINCIPLE, BUT AS YOU SAW WITH 3616 02:18:48,160 --> 02:18:48,880 THE PREVIOUS DISCUSSION, 3617 02:18:48,880 --> 02:18:51,280 PREVIOUS PANEL, IT WAS VERY 3618 02:18:51,280 --> 02:18:52,840 LIVELY, PEOPLE CHIMING IN. 3619 02:18:52,840 --> 02:18:55,000 I'M GOING TO GIVE IT TO YOU 3620 02:18:55,000 --> 02:18:55,360 FIRST, PETER. 3621 02:18:55,360 --> 02:19:02,200 I'LL LET YOU HAND OFF TO THE 3622 02:19:02,200 --> 02:19:02,560 NEXT DISCUSSANT. 3623 02:19:02,560 --> 02:19:04,480 >> I'LL KEEP IT GOING. 3624 02:19:04,480 --> 02:19:08,440 THANK YOU, FLOH. 3625 02:19:08,440 --> 02:19:10,280 I'M PETER HARTWELL, I'M CTO, 3626 02:19:10,280 --> 02:19:11,120 THAT'S MY TITLE. 3627 02:19:11,120 --> 02:19:14,680 I LOOK AT THIS FROM A VERY 3628 02:19:14,680 --> 02:19:17,640 DIFFERENT WAY, IN FACT I REALLY 3629 02:19:17,640 --> 02:19:19,840 ENJOYED TODAY, THE DISCUSSION. 3630 02:19:19,840 --> 02:19:21,560 LET ME SEE, OUT OF MY ELEMENT, 3631 02:19:21,560 --> 02:19:23,560 IF I CAN TRY TO GET MY QUESTIONS 3632 02:19:23,560 --> 02:19:26,160 ANSWERED, MAYBE THAT'S GOING TO 3633 02:19:26,160 --> 02:19:27,240 HELP ALL THE FOLKS ONLINE. 3634 02:19:27,240 --> 02:19:30,160 IN PARTICULAR I'M GOING TO LEAN 3635 02:19:30,160 --> 02:19:31,960 BACK, PANEL 1, TRY TO TIE IT TO 3636 02:19:31,960 --> 02:19:34,240 PANEL 2 AS I GET THIS GOING. 3637 02:19:34,240 --> 02:19:37,520 WE'VE SEEN A LOT OF OTHER STUDY 3638 02:19:37,520 --> 02:19:45,000 OF DISEASE IN HUMANS, MECHANICS 3639 02:19:45,000 --> 02:19:45,800 IN ANIMALS, I APPROACHED 3640 02:19:45,800 --> 02:19:47,560 BEHAVIOR OF HUMANS FOR PROFIT, 3641 02:19:47,560 --> 02:19:49,120 FRANKLY, THAT'S MY JOB. 3642 02:19:49,120 --> 02:19:53,520 A LOT OF WHAT I DO IN THIS SPACE 3643 02:19:53,520 --> 02:19:56,120 IS DRIVEN BY MY CUSTOMERS, 3644 02:19:56,120 --> 02:19:57,880 CONSUMER ELECTRONIC FIELD, WHERE 3645 02:19:57,880 --> 02:19:58,680 THEY HAVE GOTTEN PRETTY GOOD 3646 02:19:58,680 --> 02:20:02,600 ABOUT IF YOU THINK ABOUT THE BIG 3647 02:20:02,600 --> 02:20:05,760 GUYS, ALL THOSE APPS AND DEVICES 3648 02:20:05,760 --> 02:20:07,280 YOU CARRY AROUND, UNDERSTANDING 3649 02:20:07,280 --> 02:20:08,480 AND DRIVING YOUR BEHAVIOR TO 3650 02:20:08,480 --> 02:20:11,280 KEEP YOU ON THAT APP OR TO GET 3651 02:20:11,280 --> 02:20:12,960 YOU TO GO BUY SOMETHING OR LOOK 3652 02:20:12,960 --> 02:20:13,360 AT SOMETHING. 3653 02:20:13,360 --> 02:20:16,160 AND THEY ARE DOING THAT BY 3654 02:20:16,160 --> 02:20:17,560 MONITORING YOUR SENSE AND YOUR 3655 02:20:17,560 --> 02:20:18,160 BEHAVIOR. 3656 02:20:18,160 --> 02:20:21,360 THE WAY YOU TYPE OR YOU SWIPE OR 3657 02:20:21,360 --> 02:20:24,040 PAUSE ON A SCREEN ON YOUR DEVICE 3658 02:20:24,040 --> 02:20:25,120 IS ACTUALLY MONITORING YOUR 3659 02:20:25,120 --> 02:20:25,360 BEHAVIOR. 3660 02:20:25,360 --> 02:20:27,080 THAT'S WHAT I DO. 3661 02:20:27,080 --> 02:20:30,320 I PROVIDE THE SENSORS THAT GO 3662 02:20:30,320 --> 02:20:32,760 INTO THAT, VERY MUCH WHAT RAJI 3663 02:20:32,760 --> 02:20:36,640 GAVE JUST BEFORE ME, INTRO HOW 3664 02:20:36,640 --> 02:20:38,000 SENSORS AND ELECTRONICS DRIVE 3665 02:20:38,000 --> 02:20:39,240 THAT, THINGS YOU HOLD, THINGS 3666 02:20:39,240 --> 02:20:42,000 YOU WEAR, THINGS YOU CARRY 3667 02:20:42,000 --> 02:20:42,400 AROUND. 3668 02:20:42,400 --> 02:20:44,400 AND I THINK MALCOLM, I WANT TO 3669 02:20:44,400 --> 02:20:45,640 START WITH YOU, BECAUSE YOU 3670 02:20:45,640 --> 02:20:47,680 BROUGHT UP A VERY INTERESTING 3671 02:20:47,680 --> 02:20:52,120 POINT AT THE END, WHICH WAS HOW 3672 02:20:52,120 --> 02:20:54,600 CAN WE, YOU KNOW, LOOK MORE 3673 02:20:54,600 --> 02:20:55,320 ACROSS THE FIELD. 3674 02:20:55,320 --> 02:20:58,480 SO I PUT ON THE SLIDE, AND I'LL 3675 02:20:58,480 --> 02:21:03,320 ASK YOU TO GET RID OF IT, MY 3676 02:21:03,320 --> 02:21:08,280 LANGUAGE, WE CALL IT SENSORY 3677 02:21:08,280 --> 02:21:09,560 FUSION, RAJI CALLED IT MULTIPLE 3678 02:21:09,560 --> 02:21:11,040 MODALITIES, HOW YOU PULL STUFF 3679 02:21:11,040 --> 02:21:11,800 FROM DIFFERENT AREAS. 3680 02:21:11,800 --> 02:21:15,320 AND TRY TO GET TO THE ROOT OF 3681 02:21:15,320 --> 02:21:18,400 WHAT IS SOMEONE DOING, ABOUT TO 3682 02:21:18,400 --> 02:21:19,720 DO, WANTED TO DO, THAT IS WHERE 3683 02:21:19,720 --> 02:21:22,040 WE APPLY THE LEARNING INTO THAT. 3684 02:21:22,040 --> 02:21:23,960 WE CALL IT ACTIVITY 3685 02:21:23,960 --> 02:21:24,480 CLASSIFICATION. 3686 02:21:24,480 --> 02:21:25,560 THE CONTEXT DETECTION WHERE IS 3687 02:21:25,560 --> 02:21:26,960 THE ENVIRONMENT, WHERE YOU'RE 3688 02:21:26,960 --> 02:21:29,320 AT, HOW IS THAT INFLUENCING YOU. 3689 02:21:29,320 --> 02:21:32,440 OUR GOAL IS YOU'RE SITTING IN A 3690 02:21:32,440 --> 02:21:34,320 RESTAURANT, YOUR PHONE DOESN'T 3691 02:21:34,320 --> 02:21:36,480 BLING, IT VIBRATES, 3692 02:21:36,480 --> 02:21:37,160 UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT OF 3693 02:21:37,160 --> 02:21:38,880 WHERE YOU ARE, CHANGING THE 3694 02:21:38,880 --> 02:21:40,160 BEHAVIOR OF THE DEVICE. 3695 02:21:40,160 --> 02:21:42,200 I WANT TO SHOW THAT SLIDE 3696 02:21:42,200 --> 02:21:43,840 BECAUSE WHEN I FIRST GOT ASKED 3697 02:21:43,840 --> 02:21:47,000 TO JOIN THIS I WAS LIKE, I DON'T 3698 02:21:47,000 --> 02:21:48,480 KNOW ABOUT ANYTHING ABOUT 3699 02:21:48,480 --> 02:21:50,040 BEHAVIOR, BUT ALL I DO IS TRY TO 3700 02:21:50,040 --> 02:21:52,120 UNDERSTAND WHAT HUMANS ARE DOING 3701 02:21:52,120 --> 02:21:53,440 WITH ELECTRONICS. 3702 02:21:53,440 --> 02:21:55,480 FLOH, GET RID OF THE SLIDE. 3703 02:21:55,480 --> 02:21:58,680 MALCOLM, LET ME TOUCH ON HOW DO 3704 02:21:58,680 --> 02:21:59,520 WE GO BROADER? 3705 02:21:59,520 --> 02:22:02,240 I'M LOOKING AT THE PANELISTS 3706 02:22:02,240 --> 02:22:07,360 HERE, A LOT OF YOU ARE AT 3707 02:22:07,360 --> 02:22:09,320 UNIVERSITIES. 3708 02:22:09,320 --> 02:22:13,560 THERE'S NOBODY HERE FROM MY 3709 02:22:13,560 --> 02:22:14,160 CUSTOMER SPACE. 3710 02:22:14,160 --> 02:22:15,520 >> ONE THING I THINK ABOUT FOR 3711 02:22:15,520 --> 02:22:22,920 YOU, I GUESS YOU DO A LOT OF -- 3712 02:22:22,920 --> 02:22:29,960 DO DO YOU ETHOLOGY ON HUMANS? 3713 02:22:29,960 --> 02:22:33,080 OUR DEVICES HIJACK OUR BRAINS, 3714 02:22:33,080 --> 02:22:41,760 IT WOULD BE NICE TO KNOW MORE 3715 02:22:41,760 --> 02:22:42,160 ABOUT THAT. 3716 02:22:42,160 --> 02:22:43,480 ACTUAL ETHOLOGY, COLLECTING 3717 02:22:43,480 --> 02:22:44,840 CAREFUL BEHAVIOR, AND 3718 02:22:44,840 --> 02:22:45,960 APPROACHING FROM THAT ANGLE, 3719 02:22:45,960 --> 02:22:47,560 THAT'S ONE THOUGHT I HAVE GOING 3720 02:22:47,560 --> 02:22:49,600 DIRECTLY OFF WHAT YOU SAID ABOUT 3721 02:22:49,600 --> 02:22:50,120 GOING BROADER. 3722 02:22:50,120 --> 02:22:53,360 BUT THE OTHER THING I THOUGHT OF 3723 02:22:53,360 --> 02:22:56,600 IS IT'S REALLY INTERESTING THAT 3724 02:22:56,600 --> 02:23:00,280 YOU'RE THINKING AS WAS WHAT RAJI 3725 02:23:00,280 --> 02:23:01,320 MENTIONED, THINKING ABOUT 3726 02:23:01,320 --> 02:23:02,680 FUSION. 3727 02:23:02,680 --> 02:23:07,480 AND THE BRAIN USES FUSION ACROSS 3728 02:23:07,480 --> 02:23:09,560 MODALITIES TO DO ESSENTIALLY 3729 02:23:09,560 --> 02:23:11,200 NOISE REJECTION IN A WAY. 3730 02:23:11,200 --> 02:23:11,640 >> YES. 3731 02:23:11,640 --> 02:23:13,040 >> IF THERE'S A PART OF SPACE 3732 02:23:13,040 --> 02:23:16,000 THAT IS JUST MAKING A SOUND, BUT 3733 02:23:16,000 --> 02:23:17,080 NOT MOVING, VERSUS A PART OF 3734 02:23:17,080 --> 02:23:20,480 SPACE THAT IS NOT ONLY MAKING A 3735 02:23:20,480 --> 02:23:21,440 SOUND BUT ALSO MOVING, THAT CAN 3736 02:23:21,440 --> 02:23:23,320 BE THE MARK OF THE LIVING, THE 3737 02:23:23,320 --> 02:23:26,440 MARK OF SOMETHING THAT IS 3738 02:23:26,440 --> 02:23:28,640 ACTUALLY A DANGER OR AN 3739 02:23:28,640 --> 02:23:29,360 OPPORTUNITY. 3740 02:23:29,360 --> 02:23:33,760 WE'VE KNOWN FOR DECADES IN 3741 02:23:33,760 --> 02:23:36,640 NEUROSCIENCE THAT THERE'S CELLS 3742 02:23:36,640 --> 02:23:38,200 IN THE COLLICULUS, PARTS OF THE 3743 02:23:38,200 --> 02:23:41,360 MID-BRAIN EXCITED BY CONJUNCTION 3744 02:23:41,360 --> 02:23:42,280 OF STIMULI. 3745 02:23:42,280 --> 02:23:43,640 SEEMS LIKE YOU'RE COMING TO THE 3746 02:23:43,640 --> 02:23:45,840 SAME CONCLUSION IN A SENSE. 3747 02:23:45,840 --> 02:23:49,360 >> WE'RE DRIVEN BY A DIFFERENT 3748 02:23:49,360 --> 02:23:49,640 MOTIVATION. 3749 02:23:49,640 --> 02:23:52,280 I'LL SPIN BACK TO BEN. 3750 02:23:52,280 --> 02:23:53,560 VIDEO IS TOO POWER INTENSIVE FOR 3751 02:23:53,560 --> 02:23:54,680 ALMOST EVERYTHING WE DO. 3752 02:23:54,680 --> 02:23:56,840 THE SOLE EXCEPTION RIGHT NOW IS 3753 02:23:56,840 --> 02:24:00,760 IF YOU BUY THE MOST POPULAR VR 3754 02:24:00,760 --> 02:24:02,080 HEADSETS, IT'S TRACKING THE ROOM 3755 02:24:02,080 --> 02:24:04,760 WITH FOUR CAMERAS ON IT. 3756 02:24:04,760 --> 02:24:10,520 AND BUT AGAIN TWO HOURS, IN THE 3757 02:24:10,520 --> 02:24:14,040 META-VERSE BEFORE YOU UNPLUG AND 3758 02:24:14,040 --> 02:24:14,680 RECHARGE. 3759 02:24:14,680 --> 02:24:18,800 BUT, BEN, LOOKING AT -- YOU'RE 3760 02:24:18,800 --> 02:24:19,360 SO HEAVILY INTO VIDEO, 62 3761 02:24:19,360 --> 02:24:20,720 CAMERAS TO TRACK A MONKEY, 3762 02:24:20,720 --> 02:24:21,560 RIGHT? 3763 02:24:21,560 --> 02:24:25,200 I HAVEN'T GOT THE POWER TO DO 3764 02:24:25,200 --> 02:24:25,400 THAT. 3765 02:24:25,400 --> 02:24:30,360 WE'RE FUSING OTHER THINGS, RAJI 3766 02:24:30,360 --> 02:24:38,520 DID A NICE INTRO, DO YOU HAVE 3767 02:24:38,520 --> 02:24:39,480 ANYTHING BEYOND CAMERAS. 3768 02:24:39,480 --> 02:24:43,320 >> IN THE MONEY LAB WE HAVE A 3769 02:24:43,320 --> 02:24:44,240 NICE MICROPHONE TO IMPROVE 3770 02:24:44,240 --> 02:24:45,280 RECONSTRUCTIONS BUT SO FAR WE 3771 02:24:45,280 --> 02:24:46,960 HAVEN'T HAD ANY SUCCESS WITH 3772 02:24:46,960 --> 02:24:47,400 THAT. 3773 02:24:47,400 --> 02:24:48,920 WE REALLY HAVE OUR HANDS FULL 3774 02:24:48,920 --> 02:24:49,600 WITH THAT. 3775 02:24:49,600 --> 02:24:52,120 I WANT TO SAY LIKE WE USE THESE 3776 02:24:52,120 --> 02:24:54,360 VERY HIGH NUMBER OF CAMERAS, 3777 02:24:54,360 --> 02:24:56,120 BECAUSE WE HAVE TO, TO SOLVE OUR 3778 02:24:56,120 --> 02:24:57,640 PROBLEMS BECAUSE THE SPECIES 3779 02:24:57,640 --> 02:25:00,160 MOVES AROUND IN A COMPLICATED 3780 02:25:00,160 --> 02:25:02,000 WAY, THREE DIMENSIONS, JUMPS 3781 02:25:02,000 --> 02:25:03,080 AROUND, CONTORTS, TWISTS ITS 3782 02:25:03,080 --> 02:25:03,320 BODY. 3783 02:25:03,320 --> 02:25:06,680 WE USE LESS IF WE COULD GET AWAY 3784 02:25:06,680 --> 02:25:06,920 WITH IT. 3785 02:25:06,920 --> 02:25:09,240 WITH ONE CAMERA, YOU CAN GET A 3786 02:25:09,240 --> 02:25:10,880 LOT OF STUFF AND DO A LOT OF 3787 02:25:10,880 --> 02:25:11,760 GOOD SCIENCE. 3788 02:25:11,760 --> 02:25:13,840 I'M NOT A CHAUVINIST WHO 3789 02:25:13,840 --> 02:25:19,360 THINKS -- I THINK IT'S ALL 3790 02:25:19,360 --> 02:25:19,640 INTERESTING. 3791 02:25:19,640 --> 02:25:21,360 >> GALIT, YOU HAD WEARABLES ON 3792 02:25:21,360 --> 02:25:24,760 YOUR PIG, CLOSER TO MY WORLD, 3793 02:25:24,760 --> 02:25:25,400 RIGHT? 3794 02:25:25,400 --> 02:25:28,000 WE TRACK MY MAGIC RING AND 3795 02:25:28,000 --> 02:25:28,960 WATCH, WEARABLES LIKE THAT. 3796 02:25:28,960 --> 02:25:32,960 DO YOU FIND BEING ABLE TO FUSE 3797 02:25:32,960 --> 02:25:33,840 OR SYNCHRONIZE BETWEEN CAMERAS 3798 02:25:33,840 --> 02:25:36,080 AND SORT OF STRAP-ON SENSORS IS 3799 02:25:36,080 --> 02:25:39,080 A HARD PROBLEM OR SOMETHING YOU 3800 02:25:39,080 --> 02:25:40,360 GUYS HAVE TRIED TO -- 3801 02:25:40,360 --> 02:25:42,880 >> SO WE'RE TRYING TO DO THAT. 3802 02:25:42,880 --> 02:25:44,480 WE HAVE THE WEARABLES. 3803 02:25:44,480 --> 02:25:49,560 AND WE HAVE THE VIDEOS. 3804 02:25:49,560 --> 02:25:55,080 AND WE ARE ACTUALLY VIDEOING THE 3805 02:25:55,080 --> 02:25:55,760 ANIMALS 24/7. 3806 02:25:55,760 --> 02:25:58,760 SO WE GATHER JUST A HUGE AMOUNT 3807 02:25:58,760 --> 02:26:00,960 OF DATA THAT IS UNREASONABLE FOR 3808 02:26:00,960 --> 02:26:02,560 STUDENTS TO SIT AND ANALYZE. 3809 02:26:02,560 --> 02:26:05,400 SO WE'RE ALWAYS ON THE LOOKOUT 3810 02:26:05,400 --> 02:26:06,880 FOR A.I., NEW TYPE OF 3811 02:26:06,880 --> 02:26:14,560 TECHNOLOGIES, HOW WE 3812 02:26:14,560 --> 02:26:16,520 SYNCHRONIZE VIDEOS WITH 3813 02:26:16,520 --> 02:26:16,760 WEARABLES. 3814 02:26:16,760 --> 02:26:18,800 SO FAR WE'RE NOT IN A WAY THAT 3815 02:26:18,800 --> 02:26:21,120 WE HAVE IT -- WHERE WE WANT IT 3816 02:26:21,120 --> 02:26:21,440 TO BE. 3817 02:26:21,440 --> 02:26:23,320 BUT THIS IS SOMETHING THAT WE'RE 3818 02:26:23,320 --> 02:26:26,440 LOOKING TO DO. 3819 02:26:26,440 --> 02:26:27,040 ACTUALLY HERE IN THIS PANEL 3820 02:26:27,040 --> 02:26:29,800 THERE'S SO MUCH GOOD IDEAS. 3821 02:26:29,800 --> 02:26:32,200 >> YEAH, NO, THOSE ARE THE -- 3822 02:26:32,200 --> 02:26:33,360 THERE'S TWO OTHER -- WE'RE GOING 3823 02:26:33,360 --> 02:26:34,880 TO RUN OUT OF TIME. 3824 02:26:34,880 --> 02:26:36,400 I'LL PASS IT OFF IN A SECOND. 3825 02:26:36,400 --> 02:26:38,680 I WOULD LOVE TO ASK THAT 3826 02:26:38,680 --> 02:26:40,160 QUESTION, BEN, DO YOU HAVE TOO 3827 02:26:40,160 --> 02:26:40,920 MUCH DATA. 3828 02:26:40,920 --> 02:26:43,960 BUT I'M GOING TO SWITCH. 3829 02:26:43,960 --> 02:26:46,840 THE ONE I WANT TO ASK, A 3830 02:26:46,840 --> 02:26:49,160 PERSONAL EXPERIENCE HERE, FIVE 3831 02:26:49,160 --> 02:26:52,160 YEARS AGO MY KIDS WERE SORT OF 4 3832 02:26:52,160 --> 02:26:58,520 AND 6, I PUT A GO PRO ON THEIR 3833 02:26:58,520 --> 02:27:01,560 HEAD TO SO GETTING WHEN WE HAD 3834 02:27:01,560 --> 02:27:05,360 SIX FRESH FEET OF SNOW. 3835 02:27:05,360 --> 02:27:06,800 THEY FORGOT ABOUT IT. 3836 02:27:06,800 --> 02:27:08,680 THE MOST ENDEARING VIDEO OF MY 3837 02:27:08,680 --> 02:27:10,680 KIDS, TEN MINUTES OF BROTHER 3838 02:27:10,680 --> 02:27:11,320 WITH BROTHER AGAINST THE WORLD. 3839 02:27:11,320 --> 02:27:12,640 AS SOON AS I WALKED UP, AT THE 3840 02:27:12,640 --> 02:27:17,120 END OF THE VIDEO OLDER PUSHED 3841 02:27:17,120 --> 02:27:18,760 THE YOUNGER ONE IN THE SNOW. 3842 02:27:18,760 --> 02:27:22,160 THEY WERE A TEAM WHEN I WASN'T 3843 02:27:22,160 --> 02:27:22,400 OBSERVING. 3844 02:27:22,400 --> 02:27:25,000 MAYBE IN THE ANIMAL WORLD IT'S 3845 02:27:25,000 --> 02:27:28,120 NOT AS -- YOU'RE INFLUENCING THE 3846 02:27:28,120 --> 02:27:30,960 BEHAVIOR BY OBSERVING BUT IN THE 3847 02:27:30,960 --> 02:27:33,320 HUMAN WORLD, PARTICULARLY V R 3848 02:27:33,320 --> 02:27:34,600 THING, AS YOU'RE RUNNING THROUGH 3849 02:27:34,600 --> 02:27:38,440 THE FAKE RAT MAZE, ARE YOU 3850 02:27:38,440 --> 02:27:42,760 REALLY AFRAID OF THE ZOMBIE OR 3851 02:27:42,760 --> 02:27:43,560 NOT? 3852 02:27:43,560 --> 02:27:44,440 ARE WE INFLUENCING BEHAVIOR BY 3853 02:27:44,440 --> 02:27:46,480 THE ACT OF TRYING TO MEASURE IT? 3854 02:27:46,480 --> 02:27:50,280 >> I CAN SPEAK TO THAT LAST BIT. 3855 02:27:50,280 --> 02:27:53,360 YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT THE 3856 02:27:53,360 --> 02:27:55,120 DIFFERENCE IN INCENTIVES 3857 02:27:55,120 --> 02:27:56,560 STRUCTURES BETWEEN RODENT AND 3858 02:27:56,560 --> 02:27:59,520 HUMAN WORK, WE'RE THINKING HARD 3859 02:27:59,520 --> 02:28:01,760 ABOUT HOW TO MEASURE THE 3860 02:28:01,760 --> 02:28:04,400 AVERSIVE STRENGTH OF AN AIR 3861 02:28:04,400 --> 02:28:08,320 PUFF, WHICH IS UNPLEASANT FOR AN 3862 02:28:08,320 --> 02:28:11,280 ANIMAL, BUT WE'RE ALSO BASICALLY 3863 02:28:11,280 --> 02:28:12,360 TRYING TO MODEL PREDATOR-PREY 3864 02:28:12,360 --> 02:28:14,760 SEQUENCES HERE, IT'S NOT AS 3865 02:28:14,760 --> 02:28:15,960 AVERSIVE AS POSSIBLE DEATH. 3866 02:28:15,960 --> 02:28:21,080 IN THE CONTEXT OF VR WITH THE 3867 02:28:21,080 --> 02:28:22,920 GHOST IT'S KIND OF A STAND-IN 3868 02:28:22,920 --> 02:28:24,800 FOR WHAT THE REAL PENALTY IS. 3869 02:28:24,800 --> 02:28:29,360 THEY ARE GETTING PAID AS 3870 02:28:29,360 --> 02:28:30,640 SUBJECTS, PAY IS ACCORDING TO 3871 02:28:30,640 --> 02:28:32,360 HOW WELL THEY DODGE THE GHOST. 3872 02:28:32,360 --> 02:28:32,840 >> PERFECT. 3873 02:28:32,840 --> 02:28:34,760 >> SO THAT'S OUR WAY OF TRYING 3874 02:28:34,760 --> 02:28:35,680 TO LINE UP INCENTIVE. 3875 02:28:35,680 --> 02:28:41,480 WE CAN'T IN THE CONTEXT OF HUMAN 3876 02:28:41,480 --> 02:28:44,520 WORK HAVE ELECTRIC SHOCK 3877 02:28:44,520 --> 02:28:44,760 COLLARS. 3878 02:28:44,760 --> 02:28:46,320 >> THINKING BACK TO THE 3879 02:28:46,320 --> 02:28:48,560 GAMIFICATION OF BEHAVIOR FOR 3880 02:28:48,560 --> 02:28:50,320 PROFIT, WHERE I STARTED, I THINK 3881 02:28:50,320 --> 02:28:52,320 TO ANSWER YOUR QUESTION THERE'S 3882 02:28:52,320 --> 02:28:53,800 A WHOLE OVERLAP BETWEEN THIS 3883 02:28:53,800 --> 02:28:54,920 WORLD AND MAYBE IT'S WHAT'S 3884 02:28:54,920 --> 02:28:56,920 GOING ON IN SPACE RIGHT NOW, WE 3885 02:28:56,920 --> 02:28:59,960 NEED TO LOOK AT THE MODEL AND 3886 02:28:59,960 --> 02:29:02,840 HOW THESE TWO WORLDS CAN COME 3887 02:29:02,840 --> 02:29:04,280 TOGETHER AND REALLY ADVANCE WHAT 3888 02:29:04,280 --> 02:29:07,280 YOU'RE TRYING TO DO. 3889 02:29:07,280 --> 02:29:10,800 LET ME PASS TO ROB DATTA AND LET 3890 02:29:10,800 --> 02:29:13,600 YOU TAKE ROUND TWO. 3891 02:29:13,600 --> 02:29:14,640 >> THANKS. 3892 02:29:14,640 --> 02:29:16,760 I'M BOB DATTA, HARVARD MEDICAL 3893 02:29:16,760 --> 02:29:17,560 SCHOOL. 3894 02:29:17,560 --> 02:29:20,960 AND MAYBE TO FOLLOW UP ON WHAT 3895 02:29:20,960 --> 02:29:23,240 WAS BEING SAID, POSING MY FIRST 3896 02:29:23,240 --> 02:29:25,000 QUESTION, I THINK IT'S 3897 02:29:25,000 --> 02:29:25,840 INTERESTING, WE'VE HEARD ABOUT 3898 02:29:25,840 --> 02:29:27,640 SENSOR FUSION IN THIS BLOCK OF 3899 02:29:27,640 --> 02:29:28,160 TALKS. 3900 02:29:28,160 --> 02:29:32,080 I THINK IT'S WORTH NOTING 3901 02:29:32,080 --> 02:29:33,280 THERE'S PROBABLY A DEEP 3902 02:29:33,280 --> 02:29:34,520 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROBLEMS 3903 02:29:34,520 --> 02:29:40,040 ENGINEERS ARE SOLVING WITH 3904 02:29:40,040 --> 02:29:53,960 SENSOR FUSION AND CHALLENGES 3905 02:29:53,960 --> 02:29:57,440 NEUROBIOLOGISTS FACE, HIGH DENSE 3906 02:29:57,440 --> 02:30:00,760 DATA STREAMS, AND FOR CAUSAL 3907 02:30:00,760 --> 02:30:06,160 RELATIONSHIPS, I SUSPECT THERE'S 3908 02:30:06,160 --> 02:30:07,320 AN ACTIVE DIALOGUE, NEURAL 3909 02:30:07,320 --> 02:30:09,360 BEHAVIOR RELATIONSHIPS, MANY ON 3910 02:30:09,360 --> 02:30:11,320 THIS CALL, THOSE IN THE REAL 3911 02:30:11,320 --> 02:30:14,040 WORLD TRYING TO SOLVE COMPLEX 3912 02:30:14,040 --> 02:30:15,640 SENSOR FUSION PROBLEMS, A THEME 3913 02:30:15,640 --> 02:30:18,640 I NOTICED. 3914 02:30:18,640 --> 02:30:20,760 THE SESSION INCLUDED A LOT OF 3915 02:30:20,760 --> 02:30:22,160 DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES FROM 3916 02:30:22,160 --> 02:30:23,000 THINKING ABOUT NEW MODEEL 3917 02:30:23,000 --> 02:30:27,160 ORGANISMS TO EVOLUTION AND 3918 02:30:27,160 --> 02:30:28,240 SENSORS. 3919 02:30:28,240 --> 02:30:29,760 I WAS THINKING WHAT QUESTION 3920 02:30:29,760 --> 02:30:35,240 MIGHT UNIFY ALL THESE 3921 02:30:35,240 --> 02:30:36,280 PERSPECTIVES. 3922 02:30:36,280 --> 02:30:38,840 I REALIZED SOMETHING IAIAN SAID 3923 02:30:38,840 --> 02:30:40,320 MIGHT BE RELEVANT, POSING A 3924 02:30:40,320 --> 02:30:41,680 QUESTION TO MALCOLM. 3925 02:30:41,680 --> 02:30:43,160 RAJI AND PETER TALKED ABOUT 3926 02:30:43,160 --> 02:30:46,400 SENSORS, IMPORTANCE OF SENSORS 3927 02:30:46,400 --> 02:30:47,520 AND SENSOR FUSION, MALCOLM AND 3928 02:30:47,520 --> 02:30:49,720 BEN TALKED ABOUT BEHAVIOR FROM 3929 02:30:49,720 --> 02:30:51,960 THE PERSPECTIVE OF MOVEMENT. 3930 02:30:51,960 --> 02:30:53,920 AS WAS BROUGHT UP IN HIS TALK, A 3931 02:30:53,920 --> 02:30:57,320 LOT OF MOVEMENT IS ABOUT MOVING 3932 02:30:57,320 --> 02:31:00,720 SENSORS AROUND, CLOSED LOOP 3933 02:31:00,720 --> 02:31:05,000 BETWEEN BEHAVIOR AND SENSATION 3934 02:31:05,000 --> 02:31:07,360 IT'S NOT SO MUCH BUT THAT 3935 02:31:07,360 --> 02:31:10,400 BEHAVIOR GOVERNS INPUT. 3936 02:31:10,400 --> 02:31:11,920 IF WE'RE GOING TO UNDERSTAND 3937 02:31:11,920 --> 02:31:13,920 BEHAVIOR HOW IMPORTANT IS IT TO 3938 02:31:13,920 --> 02:31:15,840 GAIN ACCESS TO INFORMATION ABOUT 3939 02:31:15,840 --> 02:31:17,600 WHAT BIOLOGICAL SENSORS ARE 3940 02:31:17,600 --> 02:31:18,160 SENSING DURING BEHAVIOR? 3941 02:31:18,160 --> 02:31:19,640 IS PART OF THE GAME HERE NOT 3942 02:31:19,640 --> 02:31:20,920 JUST TO MEASURE BEHAVIOR BUT 3943 02:31:20,920 --> 02:31:22,440 ALSO TO UNDERSTAND WHAT THE EYES 3944 02:31:22,440 --> 02:31:24,960 ARE SEEING, WHAT THE EARS ARE 3945 02:31:24,960 --> 02:31:26,280 HEARING, AND WHAT THE NOSE IS 3946 02:31:26,280 --> 02:31:32,160 SMELLING, IF MY PERSPECTIVE? 3947 02:31:32,160 --> 02:31:35,920 >> IT'S A TOUGH JOB YOU'RE 3948 02:31:35,920 --> 02:31:37,160 DOING, SYNTHESIZES ACROSS TALKS. 3949 02:31:37,160 --> 02:31:41,440 A GREAT QUESTION. 3950 02:31:41,440 --> 02:31:46,880 I WOULD SAY, YOU KNOW, THE 3951 02:31:46,880 --> 02:31:48,120 PERSPECTIVE OF SENSORS, BEHAVIOR 3952 02:31:48,120 --> 02:31:50,520 BEING THE BODY'S WAY OF GETTING 3953 02:31:50,520 --> 02:31:56,120 SENSORS IN THE RIGHT POSITION, 3954 02:31:56,120 --> 02:31:58,760 INDEED I FEEL LIKE ONE OF THE 3955 02:31:58,760 --> 02:32:05,200 BIG ADVANTAGES OF THE SYNTHETIC 3956 02:32:05,200 --> 02:32:06,240 APPROACH SIMULATING THE ORGANISM 3957 02:32:06,240 --> 02:32:08,040 AND ENVIRONMENT, THE OPPORTUNITY 3958 02:32:08,040 --> 02:32:11,040 ONCE YOU HAVE GOOD HIGH RES, 3D 3959 02:32:11,040 --> 02:32:13,280 DATA WHERE AN ANIMAL IS IN 3960 02:32:13,280 --> 02:32:15,880 SPACE, TO RECONSTRUCT WHAT 3961 02:32:15,880 --> 02:32:19,000 SENSORS ARE GETTING AT THE 3962 02:32:19,000 --> 02:32:20,160 RECEPTOR LEVEL IN A CAREFUL WAY 3963 02:32:20,160 --> 02:32:23,240 AND USE THAT. 3964 02:32:23,240 --> 02:32:24,040 WHAT'S NICE ABOUT THAT, YOU 3965 02:32:24,040 --> 02:32:26,520 KNOW, YOU'RE NOT GOING TO GET IT 3966 02:32:26,520 --> 02:32:28,560 EXACTLY RIGHT BECAUSE THERE'S A 3967 02:32:28,560 --> 02:32:30,200 LOT OF NUANCE THERE, BUT WHAT'S 3968 02:32:30,200 --> 02:32:31,720 BEEN SUPER HELPFUL IN TERMS OF 3969 02:32:31,720 --> 02:32:34,000 THE EARLIER PART OF THE WORK 3970 02:32:34,000 --> 02:32:37,480 THAT I TALKED ABOUT IN MY BIT IS 3971 02:32:37,480 --> 02:32:39,560 THAT ONCE YOU'VE DONE THAT LEG 3972 02:32:39,560 --> 02:32:42,760 WORK ON WHAT'S HAPPENING IN THIS 3973 02:32:42,760 --> 02:32:46,240 CRAZY COMPLICATED CONDITION THAT 3974 02:32:46,240 --> 02:32:47,080 ISN'T FEASIBLE FOR BUSTING 3975 02:32:47,080 --> 02:32:49,360 NEURAL CIRCUITS IS THAT YOU CAN 3976 02:32:49,360 --> 02:32:51,760 TAKE WHAT YOU GAIN FROM THAT 3977 02:32:51,760 --> 02:32:52,840 SYNTHETIC APPROACH AND THEN PUT 3978 02:32:52,840 --> 02:32:55,760 IT INTO THE ANIMAL IN A CONTEXT 3979 02:32:55,760 --> 02:32:59,120 WHERE YOU CAN DO THE MORE 3980 02:32:59,120 --> 02:32:59,920 REDUCTIVE FORMS OF NEUROSCIENCE 3981 02:32:59,920 --> 02:33:01,520 THAT SOMETIMES NEED TO BE DONE. 3982 02:33:01,520 --> 02:33:04,560 IT'S NOT ALWAYS CONVENIENT TO DO 3983 02:33:04,560 --> 02:33:07,320 FREELY BEHAVING RECORDINGS IN 3984 02:33:07,320 --> 02:33:07,720 ANIMALS. 3985 02:33:07,720 --> 02:33:09,080 SOMETIMES YOU NEED TO PHOTON 3986 02:33:09,080 --> 02:33:10,280 HEAD FIX, FOR EXAMPLE. 3987 02:33:10,280 --> 02:33:13,960 BUT HAVING THE RECIPE FOR THE 3988 02:33:13,960 --> 02:33:14,760 SIGNAL FROM THE SYNTHETIC 3989 02:33:14,760 --> 02:33:15,960 APPROACH I THINK IS ALL 3990 02:33:15,960 --> 02:33:19,160 IMPORTANT IN TERMS OF GETTING 3991 02:33:19,160 --> 02:33:22,360 THE CIRCUITS TO BEHAVE IN THE 3992 02:33:22,360 --> 02:33:24,040 WAY THAT'S MAXIMALLY INFORMATIVE 3993 02:33:24,040 --> 02:33:25,240 FOR SUBSEQUENT INTERPRETATION. 3994 02:33:25,240 --> 02:33:29,560 SO, I THINK IT'S A REALLY GOOD 3995 02:33:29,560 --> 02:33:38,520 POINT AND, YEAH, THANKS FOR THE 3996 02:33:38,520 --> 02:33:39,200 QUESTION. 3997 02:33:39,200 --> 02:33:41,040 >> BEHAVIOR IS NOT JUST ABOUT 3998 02:33:41,040 --> 02:33:43,200 GETTING INFORMATION, THE GOAL IS 3999 02:33:43,200 --> 02:33:46,480 REWARDS AND SURVIVAL, RIGHT? 4000 02:33:46,480 --> 02:33:46,720 >> YEP. 4001 02:33:46,720 --> 02:33:49,160 >> I JUST WANT TO ADD THAT, YOU 4002 02:33:49,160 --> 02:33:55,000 KNOW, WE CAN TALK ABOUT SENSORS 4003 02:33:55,000 --> 02:33:58,080 STREAMS, BUT IN ANIMALS THOSE 4004 02:33:58,080 --> 02:34:01,800 ARE REALLY DEPENDENT ON THE 4005 02:34:01,800 --> 02:34:02,640 CONTEXT THEMSELVES. 4006 02:34:02,640 --> 02:34:06,120 THERE'S AUTONOMIC RECEPTORS ON 4007 02:34:06,120 --> 02:34:08,800 MUSCLE SPINDLING, MOTOR COMMANDS 4008 02:34:08,800 --> 02:34:10,200 TO YOUR EYES AN EARS. 4009 02:34:10,200 --> 02:34:13,000 IT'S HARD TO THINK ABOUT SENSORS 4010 02:34:13,000 --> 02:34:13,960 BEING DECOUPLED FROM OTHER 4011 02:34:13,960 --> 02:34:17,560 STAKES WE'VE TALKED ABOUT WE 4012 02:34:17,560 --> 02:34:21,920 NEED TO RECOGNIZE. 4013 02:34:21,920 --> 02:34:23,600 >> THAT'S A GOOD POINT. 4014 02:34:23,600 --> 02:34:25,160 >> THINKING ABOUT GETTING 4015 02:34:25,160 --> 02:34:27,280 ACCESSION TO SENSORS IS KIND OF 4016 02:34:27,280 --> 02:34:32,400 PREMISED ON GETTING ACCESS TO 4017 02:34:32,400 --> 02:34:35,560 INTERNAL SPEED. 4018 02:34:35,560 --> 02:34:36,760 >> YEAH, CONVENIENCE OF ELECTRO 4019 02:34:36,760 --> 02:34:39,760 SENSOR SYSTEM BUT DON'T HAVE IT 4020 02:34:39,760 --> 02:34:44,480 IN MANY OTHER SYSTEMS, LACK OF 4021 02:34:44,480 --> 02:34:46,320 EFFERENT CONTROL. 4022 02:34:46,320 --> 02:34:49,840 BUT SUBSEQUENT TO THE SECOND, 4023 02:34:49,840 --> 02:34:50,880 THIRD ORDER OF NEURONS 4024 02:34:50,880 --> 02:34:53,080 INFORMATION COMES INTO PLAY, 4025 02:34:53,080 --> 02:34:53,640 ABSOLUTELY TRUE. 4026 02:34:53,640 --> 02:34:55,920 >> BEN, THE AREAS OF THE BRAIN 4027 02:34:55,920 --> 02:34:58,120 YOU ARE RECORDING CONTAIN 4028 02:34:58,120 --> 02:34:59,080 SENSORY INFORMATION, MOTOR 4029 02:34:59,080 --> 02:34:59,760 INFORMATION, AND REWARD 4030 02:34:59,760 --> 02:35:00,480 INFORMATION. 4031 02:35:00,480 --> 02:35:01,560 HOW ARE YOU THINKING ABOUT 4032 02:35:01,560 --> 02:35:03,200 RELATING ALL THOSE TYPES OF 4033 02:35:03,200 --> 02:35:04,120 INFORMATION TO THE ONGOING 4034 02:35:04,120 --> 02:35:07,320 BEHAVIOR OF THE MONKEYS YOU'RE 4035 02:35:07,320 --> 02:35:08,560 RECORDING? 4036 02:35:08,560 --> 02:35:19,960 4037 02:35:19,960 --> 02:35:23,080 >> CAN YOU SAY THAT AGAIN? 4038 02:35:23,080 --> 02:35:25,760 >> YEAH, I WAS ASKING, YOU'RE 4039 02:35:25,760 --> 02:35:28,080 RECORDING THESE FRONTAL AREAS IN 4040 02:35:28,080 --> 02:35:30,640 THE MONKEYS WHICH ENCODE 4041 02:35:30,640 --> 02:35:33,520 ADMIXTURES OF SENSORY, MOTOR, 4042 02:35:33,520 --> 02:35:34,760 REWARD INFORMATION, AND HOW ARE 4043 02:35:34,760 --> 02:35:35,840 YOU THINKING ABOUT UNDERSTANDING 4044 02:35:35,840 --> 02:35:40,560 THOSE SIGNALS IN THE CONTEXT OF 4045 02:35:40,560 --> 02:35:41,080 COMPLICATED NATURALISTIC 4046 02:35:41,080 --> 02:35:44,480 BEHAVIORS WHERE MONKEYS ARE 4047 02:35:44,480 --> 02:35:44,960 RUNNING AROUND. 4048 02:35:44,960 --> 02:35:49,240 >> YEAH, I MEAN, I THINK KIND OF 4049 02:35:49,240 --> 02:35:51,640 THE BIG PICTURE, THE HIGHEST 4050 02:35:51,640 --> 02:35:53,560 LEVEL, THE ANSWER IS THE 4051 02:35:53,560 --> 02:35:54,640 OLD-FASHIONED WAY OF LOOKING AT 4052 02:35:54,640 --> 02:35:57,320 IT THAT I'VE BEEN DOING FOR 20 4053 02:35:57,320 --> 02:36:00,360 YEARS, LIKE WHAT DO NEURONS 4054 02:36:00,360 --> 02:36:01,560 REPRESENT, THAT WHOLE APPROACH 4055 02:36:01,560 --> 02:36:03,360 REALLY ISN'T WORKING VERY WELL, 4056 02:36:03,360 --> 02:36:05,360 IT'S NOT REALLY DRIVING US 4057 02:36:05,360 --> 02:36:07,760 TOWARDS ANSWERS, BUT I DON'T 4058 02:36:07,760 --> 02:36:10,160 THINK IT'S A GOOD DESCRIPTION OF 4059 02:36:10,160 --> 02:36:14,080 WHAT NEURONS ARE DOING. 4060 02:36:14,080 --> 02:36:14,800 WE'RE DISMANTLING IT AND 4061 02:36:14,800 --> 02:36:17,560 STARTING OVER SAYING WHAT CAN WE 4062 02:36:17,560 --> 02:36:18,960 SAY ABOUT THESE NEURONS. 4063 02:36:18,960 --> 02:36:23,320 WE COULD START WITH, SAY, WELL, 4064 02:36:23,320 --> 02:36:24,360 EVEN NEURONS THROUGHOUT THE 4065 02:36:24,360 --> 02:36:27,160 PREFRONTAL CORTEX HAVE A ROLE IN 4066 02:36:27,160 --> 02:36:28,000 CONTROLLING BEHAVIOR, SOMETHING 4067 02:36:28,000 --> 02:36:29,320 WE CAN SAY WITH CONFIDENCE. 4068 02:36:29,320 --> 02:36:30,960 WE'RE GOING AS FAR AS WE CAN 4069 02:36:30,960 --> 02:36:32,600 WITH THAT SAYING WHAT ELSE DO 4070 02:36:32,600 --> 02:36:35,560 THEY DO BESIDES THAT, WHAT ELSE 4071 02:36:35,560 --> 02:36:37,160 DO THEY DO BESIDES INDIRECTLY 4072 02:36:37,160 --> 02:36:38,280 CONTROLLING BEHAVIOR, SETTING 4073 02:36:38,280 --> 02:36:40,160 THE STAGE FOR BEHAVIOR, AND 4074 02:36:40,160 --> 02:36:45,960 THAT'S GOING TO WIND UP 4075 02:36:45,960 --> 02:36:46,760 EXPLAINING VARIANCE IN THE 4076 02:36:46,760 --> 02:36:50,560 NEURONS, JUST A PREDICTION 4077 02:36:50,560 --> 02:36:50,800 THOUGH. 4078 02:36:50,800 --> 02:36:53,360 >> ONE LAST QUESTION, TOUCHED ON 4079 02:36:53,360 --> 02:37:04,320 IN THE FIRST PANEL, A VERY BROAD 4080 02:37:04,320 --> 02:37:06,200 AND GENERAL CHALLENGE, GIVEN 4081 02:37:06,200 --> 02:37:07,160 DENSE MEASUREMENTS OF BEHAVIOR 4082 02:37:07,160 --> 02:37:09,360 HOW DO WE ASSIGN MEANING TO 4083 02:37:09,360 --> 02:37:09,640 MOVEMENT? 4084 02:37:09,640 --> 02:37:11,360 MANY SPEAKERS IN THIS PANEL ARE 4085 02:37:11,360 --> 02:37:21,640 MAKING HIGH DIMENSIONAL 4086 02:37:21,640 --> 02:37:21,960 RECORDINGS. 4087 02:37:21,960 --> 02:37:23,360 >> I'M SO SORRY, THIS IS DANA. 4088 02:37:23,360 --> 02:37:27,360 I DON'T WANT TO INTERRUPT BUT I 4089 02:37:27,360 --> 02:37:30,600 WANT TO MAKE SURE ANDRE HAS TIME 4090 02:37:30,600 --> 02:37:33,040 TO GET HIS THOUGHTS AS A 4091 02:37:33,040 --> 02:37:33,360 DISCUSSANT. 4092 02:37:33,360 --> 02:37:34,200 >> PLEASE GO AHEAD. 4093 02:37:34,200 --> 02:37:36,400 >> HE WILL GET HIS TIME, DANA. 4094 02:37:36,400 --> 02:37:38,280 WE STARTED LATE SO WE'LL RUN A 4095 02:37:38,280 --> 02:37:39,800 LITTLE BIT LATE. 4096 02:37:39,800 --> 02:37:43,280 I DON'T KNOW, BOB, YOU'VE GOT 4097 02:37:43,280 --> 02:37:43,440 IT. 4098 02:37:43,440 --> 02:37:46,440 >> I'LL QUICKLY FINISH AND MOVE 4099 02:37:46,440 --> 02:37:46,600 ON. 4100 02:37:46,600 --> 02:37:49,760 LOTS OF US ARE PILING UP HIGH 4101 02:37:49,760 --> 02:37:50,600 DIMENSIONAL DESCRIPTIONS OF 4102 02:37:50,600 --> 02:37:52,320 BEHAVIOR, AND IT'S NOT ALWAYS 4103 02:37:52,320 --> 02:37:55,280 CLEAR HOW TO UNDERSTAND WHAT THE 4104 02:37:55,280 --> 02:37:55,560 DATA MEAN. 4105 02:37:55,560 --> 02:37:58,440 IN THE SENSE THAT, YOU KNOW, 4106 02:37:58,440 --> 02:38:00,960 MOVEMENT AND BEHAVIOR AREN'T 4107 02:38:00,960 --> 02:38:01,760 SYNONYMOUS, RIGHT? 4108 02:38:01,760 --> 02:38:07,360 AS WAS MENTIONED IN HER TALK, 4109 02:38:07,360 --> 02:38:11,360 FOR THOSE ESPECIALLY GALIT 4110 02:38:11,360 --> 02:38:11,960 LOOKING AT ANIMALS, OCTOPUS, 4111 02:38:11,960 --> 02:38:14,000 PIGS, THERE'S A HUGE AMOUNT OF 4112 02:38:14,000 --> 02:38:16,160 BEHAVIORAL DATA THAT WE CAN 4113 02:38:16,160 --> 02:38:17,920 CENTER THINKING AROUND, HOW ARE 4114 02:38:17,920 --> 02:38:19,320 YOU THINKING ABOUT ASSIGNING 4115 02:38:19,320 --> 02:38:25,600 MEANING TO THE VARIOUS HIGH 4116 02:38:25,600 --> 02:38:28,760 DIMENSIONAL MOVEMENTS YOU'RE 4117 02:38:28,760 --> 02:38:29,000 OBSERVING? 4118 02:38:29,000 --> 02:38:31,080 >> SO, I DIDN'T SHOW -- FOR THE 4119 02:38:31,080 --> 02:38:32,960 OCTOPUS, FOR EXAMPLE, WE ARE 4120 02:38:32,960 --> 02:38:34,840 INTERESTED IN A VERY SPECIFIC 4121 02:38:34,840 --> 02:38:36,640 MOVEMENT WHICH IS THE GRASPING 4122 02:38:36,640 --> 02:38:37,160 MOVEMENT. 4123 02:38:37,160 --> 02:38:40,600 WE ACTUALLY TRAIN THE OCTOPUS TO 4124 02:38:40,600 --> 02:38:46,480 GRASP, SO WE CAN -- IT IS 4125 02:38:46,480 --> 02:38:47,360 INTENTIONALLY EXECUTING A VERY 4126 02:38:47,360 --> 02:38:49,440 SPECIFIC MOTION. 4127 02:38:49,440 --> 02:38:51,800 SO WE DON'T HAVE EVERYTHING THAT 4128 02:38:51,800 --> 02:38:52,680 HAPPENS IN THE TANK, OF COURSE 4129 02:38:52,680 --> 02:38:58,840 IN THE FUTURE WE WOULD LIKE TO 4130 02:38:58,840 --> 02:39:00,480 HAVE -- TO SAMPLE THAT 4131 02:39:00,480 --> 02:39:01,400 SIMULTANEOUSLY BUT WE DO FEEL WE 4132 02:39:01,400 --> 02:39:05,080 HAVE THE INTENTION OF THE 4133 02:39:05,080 --> 02:39:05,400 MOVEMENT. 4134 02:39:05,400 --> 02:39:06,680 >> ANDRE, WOULD YOU MIND TURNING 4135 02:39:06,680 --> 02:39:08,480 ON YOUR CAMERA AND JUMPING INTO 4136 02:39:08,480 --> 02:39:11,320 THE CONVERSATION THIS? 4137 02:39:11,320 --> 02:39:13,560 WE'LL GIVE YOU THE TIME AND 4138 02:39:13,560 --> 02:39:19,320 PLATFORM TO SPEAK, WE'LL CANCEL 4139 02:39:19,320 --> 02:39:20,760 THE BREAK. 4140 02:39:20,760 --> 02:39:27,240 >> THANK YOU, DANA. 4141 02:39:27,240 --> 02:39:28,400 ANDRE? 4142 02:39:28,400 --> 02:39:31,280 >> I APPRECIATE IT. 4143 02:39:31,280 --> 02:39:34,720 THANK YOU. 4144 02:39:34,720 --> 02:39:36,880 SO, I MIGHT MAYBE BE RELATIVELY 4145 02:39:36,880 --> 02:39:37,480 QUICK. 4146 02:39:37,480 --> 02:39:38,960 ONE THING I HEARD ACROSS ALL 4147 02:39:38,960 --> 02:39:42,600 TALKS, INCLUDING THE ONES IN 4148 02:39:42,600 --> 02:39:45,760 THIS PANEL, THIS KIND OF TENSION 4149 02:39:45,760 --> 02:39:47,960 BETWEEN WORKING IN CONTROLLED 4150 02:39:47,960 --> 02:39:51,360 ENVIRONMENTS WHERE WE CAN HAVE A 4151 02:39:51,360 --> 02:39:57,240 MUCH TIGHTER UNDERSTANDING OF A 4152 02:39:57,240 --> 02:39:59,080 PARTICULAR PROCESS, VERSUS THE 4153 02:39:59,080 --> 02:40:00,040 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT, HOW ARE 4154 02:40:00,040 --> 02:40:03,640 THINGS BEHAVING IN THE NATURAL 4155 02:40:03,640 --> 02:40:04,120 ENVIRONMENT. 4156 02:40:04,120 --> 02:40:05,480 AND WHAT I'VE BEEN THINKING A 4157 02:40:05,480 --> 02:40:08,640 LOT ABOUT IN TERMS OF WORKING 4158 02:40:08,640 --> 02:40:12,400 WITH THE MONARCHS, BECAUSE I'M 4159 02:40:12,400 --> 02:40:14,480 INTERESTED IN MONARCH MIGRATION, 4160 02:40:14,480 --> 02:40:17,920 HOW ARE THEY USING MULTI-SENSORY 4161 02:40:17,920 --> 02:40:22,400 CUES NAVIGATE, GOING TO SUCH 4162 02:40:22,400 --> 02:40:23,320 PLACES WITH INCREDIBLE 4163 02:40:23,320 --> 02:40:26,160 REGULARITY, WHEN I START MY OWN 4164 02:40:26,160 --> 02:40:30,040 EXPERIMENTS WE USE THE USUAL 4165 02:40:30,040 --> 02:40:31,240 ENVIRONMENTAL CUES, USUAL 4166 02:40:31,240 --> 02:40:35,000 SUSPECTS, AND I'M NOT ABLE TO 4167 02:40:35,000 --> 02:40:36,080 RECAPITULATE SOME OF THE 4168 02:40:36,080 --> 02:40:38,360 PHENOTYPES AND BEHAVIORS I'M 4169 02:40:38,360 --> 02:40:38,720 INTERESTED IN. 4170 02:40:38,720 --> 02:40:41,680 SO IT MADE ME TAKE A STEP BACK 4171 02:40:41,680 --> 02:40:46,120 AND ASK, WELL, HOW WOULD I IN AN 4172 02:40:46,120 --> 02:40:48,080 UNBIASED WAY DETERMINE WHAT IS 4173 02:40:48,080 --> 02:40:49,080 ENVIRONMENTALLY RELEVANT TO THE 4174 02:40:49,080 --> 02:40:53,160 PHENOTYPE THAT I'M LOOKING AT. 4175 02:40:53,160 --> 02:40:55,440 AND I STILL DON'T HAVE A GREAT 4176 02:40:55,440 --> 02:40:56,560 ANSWER FOR THAT. 4177 02:40:56,560 --> 02:41:00,240 BUT I'M THINKING ABOUT PETER AND 4178 02:41:00,240 --> 02:41:02,680 RAJI, WHO ARE THINKING ABOUT 4179 02:41:02,680 --> 02:41:05,800 MULTI-MODAL FUSION AND WE'VE 4180 02:41:05,800 --> 02:41:07,960 ALREADY MADE THIS REALIZATION 4181 02:41:07,960 --> 02:41:09,560 THAT OF COURSE IN THE NATURAL 4182 02:41:09,560 --> 02:41:12,960 ENVIRONMENT THAT WE WANT TO 4183 02:41:12,960 --> 02:41:15,320 UNDERSTAND BEHAVIOR IN THIS IS 4184 02:41:15,320 --> 02:41:17,600 WHAT MORE RECAPITULATES WHAT'S 4185 02:41:17,600 --> 02:41:18,120 ACTUALLY HAPPENING. 4186 02:41:18,120 --> 02:41:22,480 SO FOR THE FOLKS IN THE PANEL, 4187 02:41:22,480 --> 02:41:26,480 HOW DO YOU DETERMINE FOR YOUR 4188 02:41:26,480 --> 02:41:27,960 OWN WORK WHAT IN THE ENVIRONMENT 4189 02:41:27,960 --> 02:41:29,360 IS IMPORTANT, WHAT DO YOU TELL 4190 02:41:29,360 --> 02:41:31,360 KIND OF THE PEOPLE THAT YOU ASK 4191 02:41:31,360 --> 02:41:35,240 TO WORK WITH KIND OF WITH THE 4192 02:41:35,240 --> 02:41:39,760 SENSORS WHAT SHOULD THEY BE 4193 02:41:39,760 --> 02:41:41,520 MEASURING AND HOW DO YOU GUIDE 4194 02:41:41,520 --> 02:41:43,240 THEM WITH THAT? 4195 02:41:43,240 --> 02:41:45,160 >> I'LL TAKE A STAB AT ANSWERING 4196 02:41:45,160 --> 02:41:46,040 THAT. 4197 02:41:46,040 --> 02:41:50,200 I WOULD LOVE TOE BE -- TO BE AT 4198 02:41:50,200 --> 02:41:53,840 THE STAGE YOU'RE THINKING ABOUT, 4199 02:41:53,840 --> 02:41:54,360 YOUR SYSTEM, RIGHT AT THE 4200 02:41:54,360 --> 02:41:58,440 PRESENT TIME ALL THE EXPERIMENTS 4201 02:41:58,440 --> 02:42:01,240 WE DO WITH ANIMALS ARE FAIRLY 4202 02:42:01,240 --> 02:42:01,560 CONSTRAINED. 4203 02:42:01,560 --> 02:42:03,880 MINUS THE NEW WORK WHERE WE HAVE 4204 02:42:03,880 --> 02:42:07,000 COMPLEX HABITATS WITH RODENTS 4205 02:42:07,000 --> 02:42:08,440 RUNNING AROUND WITH ROBOTS 4206 02:42:08,440 --> 02:42:09,560 CHASING THEM, THAT'S 4207 02:42:09,560 --> 02:42:09,920 UNCONSTRAINED. 4208 02:42:09,920 --> 02:42:13,160 BUT THE EARLIER SENSORY WORK WE 4209 02:42:13,160 --> 02:42:17,760 DID A LOT OF THE ANALYSIS WE'VE 4210 02:42:17,760 --> 02:42:20,280 DONE IS SITUATIONS WHERE THERE'S 4211 02:42:20,280 --> 02:42:22,400 ONE OBJECT TO TRACK, SOMETHING 4212 02:42:22,400 --> 02:42:26,560 LIKE THAT, WHERE WE SIMPLIFY SO 4213 02:42:26,560 --> 02:42:28,000 THERE ISN'T A LOT OF AMBIGUITY 4214 02:42:28,000 --> 02:42:30,200 AS TO WHAT IS GOING ON. 4215 02:42:30,200 --> 02:42:31,640 ONE THING THAT'S EMERGED FROM 4216 02:42:31,640 --> 02:42:35,920 ANALYSIS ACROSS A BUNCH OF 4217 02:42:35,920 --> 02:42:38,440 SPECIES, WORKED WE PUBLISHED 4218 02:42:38,440 --> 02:42:46,280 LAST YEAR, ANALYZED DATA FROM 4219 02:42:46,280 --> 02:42:50,360 ELECTRIC FISH, COCKROACHES, AND 4220 02:42:50,360 --> 02:42:55,320 A TYPE OF RODENT, OR A TYPE OF 4221 02:42:55,320 --> 02:42:58,160 MOLE, THERE'S INFORMATION WAY TO 4222 02:42:58,160 --> 02:43:00,520 GET AT WHAT YOU'RE SAYING, FROM 4223 02:43:00,520 --> 02:43:02,000 AN INFORMATION THEORY 4224 02:43:02,000 --> 02:43:04,600 PERSPECTIVE WHEN AN ANIMAL IS 4225 02:43:04,600 --> 02:43:05,840 ENCOUNTERING SOMETHING THAT HAS 4226 02:43:05,840 --> 02:43:10,520 A RICH AMOUNT OF INFORMATION IN 4227 02:43:10,520 --> 02:43:11,800 THE SPACE, THERE'S 4228 02:43:11,800 --> 02:43:12,360 CHARACTERISTICS BEHAVIORAL 4229 02:43:12,360 --> 02:43:15,240 CHANCE WE DOCUMENT IN THE PAPER 4230 02:43:15,240 --> 02:43:17,840 INCLUDING REDUCING VELOCITY IS 4231 02:43:17,840 --> 02:43:18,960 SOMETHING THAT'S CHARACTERISTIC 4232 02:43:18,960 --> 02:43:20,520 OF ENTERING A HIGH DENSITY SPACE 4233 02:43:20,520 --> 02:43:23,880 OF INFORMATION FOR AN ANIMAL. 4234 02:43:23,880 --> 02:43:24,760 ANOTHER THING IS THERE'S A 4235 02:43:24,760 --> 02:43:29,360 FREQUENCY CHANGE IN THE WAY 4236 02:43:29,360 --> 02:43:31,760 THEY MOVE SENSORS, THEY START 4237 02:43:31,760 --> 02:43:32,560 INHABITING A DIFFERENT REGION OF 4238 02:43:32,560 --> 02:43:34,760 THE SPACE WHEN YOU DO ANALYSIS 4239 02:43:34,760 --> 02:43:36,440 AND FREQUENCY SPACE. 4240 02:43:36,440 --> 02:43:37,360 ONCE SENSORS ARE ACTIVATED, AND 4241 02:43:37,360 --> 02:43:41,040 WHEN THEY ARE NOT IN A HIGH 4242 02:43:41,040 --> 02:43:44,760 INFORMATION ZONE IT CHANGES TO 4243 02:43:44,760 --> 02:43:45,960 REQUIRE LESS INFORMATION. 4244 02:43:45,960 --> 02:43:47,160 THERE MIGHT BE INFORMATION 4245 02:43:47,160 --> 02:43:49,760 THEORETIC TOOLS THAT CAN START 4246 02:43:49,760 --> 02:43:51,320 TO HELP WITH THE PROBLEM THAT 4247 02:43:51,320 --> 02:43:53,040 YOU'RE TACKLING, WHICH IS NOT A 4248 02:43:53,040 --> 02:43:55,360 PROBLEM I'M YET TACKLING BUT I 4249 02:43:55,360 --> 02:43:59,360 THINK I WILL BE NEEDING TO SOON. 4250 02:43:59,360 --> 02:44:07,360 4251 02:44:07,360 --> 02:44:07,960 4252 02:44:07,960 --> 02:44:09,360 >> WE DO IT CLINICALLY, THERE'S 4253 02:44:09,360 --> 02:44:11,320 A BEHAVIOR, LIKE AS I WAS 4254 02:44:11,320 --> 02:44:15,080 TALKING ABOUT FREEZING OF GAIT, 4255 02:44:15,080 --> 02:44:16,920 WE NEVER CAPTURE IT IN THE LAB. 4256 02:44:16,920 --> 02:44:19,160 IT'S ALWAYS LIKE AFTER THE TRIAL 4257 02:44:19,160 --> 02:44:22,200 IS OVER, THEN THE PATIENT TURNS 4258 02:44:22,200 --> 02:44:23,360 AND THEN IT HAPPENS. 4259 02:44:23,360 --> 02:44:27,280 WHEN WE ACTUALLY CATCH IT, OH MY 4260 02:44:27,280 --> 02:44:28,600 GOD, KEEP RECORDING. 4261 02:44:28,600 --> 02:44:30,800 AND PEOPLE GO BACK INTO THIS 4262 02:44:30,800 --> 02:44:33,560 LIKE REAL -- MORE REAL TYPE OF 4263 02:44:33,560 --> 02:44:35,280 BEHAVIOR, REAR STRUGGLING WITH 4264 02:44:35,280 --> 02:44:37,960 THINGS WE NEED TO CONTROL IN THE 4265 02:44:37,960 --> 02:44:41,160 LAB TO ACTUALLY GET THE 4266 02:44:41,160 --> 02:44:43,080 BEHAVIORS THAT MATTER AND I 4267 02:44:43,080 --> 02:44:45,920 THINK DISTRACTION AND HIGH 4268 02:44:45,920 --> 02:44:47,720 COMPLEXITY OF ENVIRONMENTS IS 4269 02:44:47,720 --> 02:44:48,480 REALLY IMPORTANT. 4270 02:44:48,480 --> 02:44:50,520 AND OF COURSE AGAIN I THINK THIS 4271 02:44:50,520 --> 02:44:52,120 CAME UP, ANYTIME SOMEBODY WALKS 4272 02:44:52,120 --> 02:44:54,040 INTO OUR LAB IT'S JUST THEY WANT 4273 02:44:54,040 --> 02:44:55,800 TO MAKE SURE THEY ARE DOING 4274 02:44:55,800 --> 02:44:56,000 OKAY. 4275 02:44:56,000 --> 02:44:57,120 UNLESS THEY ARE A COLLEGE 4276 02:44:57,120 --> 02:45:03,080 STUDENT, THEY JUST WANT THEIR 4277 02:45:03,080 --> 02:45:03,280 MONEY. 4278 02:45:03,280 --> 02:45:04,880 THE CONTEXT, WHEN A PATIENT 4279 02:45:04,880 --> 02:45:07,600 COMES IN VERSUS A COLLEGE 4280 02:45:07,600 --> 02:45:10,960 STUDENT, IT'S REALLY DIFFERENT 4281 02:45:10,960 --> 02:45:11,760 TOO, THEIR MOTIVATION FOR EVEN 4282 02:45:11,760 --> 02:45:15,480 BEING THERE. 4283 02:45:15,480 --> 02:45:17,160 >> I'LL TAKE ONE QUICK STAB. 4284 02:45:17,160 --> 02:45:18,600 WE THINK ABOUT TRYING TO WAKE UP 4285 02:45:18,600 --> 02:45:20,880 YOUR PHONE IF IT'S ON THE DESK, 4286 02:45:20,880 --> 02:45:22,280 KNOWING YOU'RE NOT HOLDING IT 4287 02:45:22,280 --> 02:45:23,800 GOES INTO A DEEP SLEEP STATE. 4288 02:45:23,800 --> 02:45:24,880 IF I KNOW YOU'RE HOLDING IT 4289 02:45:24,880 --> 02:45:25,880 THAT'S ANOTHER ONE. 4290 02:45:25,880 --> 02:45:28,640 IF I KNOW YOU'RE LOOKING AT IT, 4291 02:45:28,640 --> 02:45:30,160 I LISTEN FOR AUDIO CUES TO SEE 4292 02:45:30,160 --> 02:45:32,160 IF THERE'S ANYBODY IN THE ROOM. 4293 02:45:32,160 --> 02:45:33,440 WE BUILD THE HIERARCHY INTO THE 4294 02:45:33,440 --> 02:45:34,480 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM. 4295 02:45:34,480 --> 02:45:38,480 YOU SORT OF TRIGGER ME, MALCOLM, 4296 02:45:38,480 --> 02:45:40,840 FOR US THE CURRENCY IS POWER, 4297 02:45:40,840 --> 02:45:51,840 IMPROVING THE USER EXPERIENCE 4298 02:45:51,840 --> 02:45:54,120 MAKING YOUR BATTERY LIFE BETTER, 4299 02:45:54,120 --> 02:45:54,720 MAKING YOUR DEVICE SLEEP MORE. 4300 02:45:54,720 --> 02:45:55,200 MAYBE I'M SYNTHESIZE -- 4301 02:45:55,200 --> 02:46:02,120 [ NO AUDIO ] 4302 02:46:02,120 --> 02:46:04,440 OR EVOLVING, TO QUOTE SOMEBODY 4303 02:46:04,440 --> 02:46:04,760 EARLIER TODAY. 4304 02:46:04,760 --> 02:46:08,240 >> I THINK THERE'S ALSO A LITTLE 4305 02:46:08,240 --> 02:46:11,920 BIT OF CONTEXT AROUND THE 4306 02:46:11,920 --> 02:46:13,680 MISMATCH, BEHAVIOR CHANGE. 4307 02:46:13,680 --> 02:46:14,760 THAT'S THE COST, AUXILIARY COST 4308 02:46:14,760 --> 02:46:17,240 LIKE POWER FOR WHICH YOU CAN 4309 02:46:17,240 --> 02:46:18,960 OPTIMIZE IF YOU'RE DOING SYSTEM 4310 02:46:18,960 --> 02:46:21,400 LEVEL THINKING, ONE-TIME DESIGN. 4311 02:46:21,400 --> 02:46:22,760 AS A CONTINUOUS EVOLUTIONARY 4312 02:46:22,760 --> 02:46:24,280 USE, TEN YEARS AGO, FIFTEEN 4313 02:46:24,280 --> 02:46:26,400 YEARS AGO HOW MANY WOULD HAVE 4314 02:46:26,400 --> 02:46:28,120 DONE THIS, WAITING AT 4315 02:46:28,120 --> 02:46:30,240 INTERSECTION, YOU SNAP A PHOTO 4316 02:46:30,240 --> 02:46:32,400 OF THE SIGN BOARDS TO SEND YOUR 4317 02:46:32,400 --> 02:46:32,640 FRIEND. 4318 02:46:32,640 --> 02:46:35,040 THAT PICTURE IS NOT WORTH A 4319 02:46:35,040 --> 02:46:39,360 THOUSAND WORDS, IT'S WORTH WHO 4320 02:46:39,360 --> 02:46:42,000 WORDS, RIGHT? 4321 02:46:42,000 --> 02:46:47,360 SOME OF THESE BEHAVIORS, WHICH 4322 02:46:47,360 --> 02:46:49,640 SENSOR YOU CHOOSE WHEN, MIGHT BE 4323 02:46:49,640 --> 02:46:53,520 NOT PURELY ABOUT SYSTEM DESIGN 4324 02:46:53,520 --> 02:46:55,800 BUT ALSO CONTEXT AND THAT 4325 02:46:55,800 --> 02:46:58,560 PARTICULAR -- MORE LOCAL, RIGHT? 4326 02:46:58,560 --> 02:47:01,160 THERE ARE MULTIPLE TIME SCALES 4327 02:47:01,160 --> 02:47:06,240 RATHER THAN PURELY ABOUT -- 4328 02:47:06,240 --> 02:47:07,440 THAT'S WHAT'S INTERESTING, 4329 02:47:07,440 --> 02:47:12,760 SOMEONE WHO HAD TO CHOOSE 4330 02:47:12,760 --> 02:47:16,600 BETWEEN BIOLOGY AND COMPUTER 4331 02:47:16,600 --> 02:47:29,160 SCIENCE, IN 11th GRADE, MY 4332 02:47:29,160 --> 02:47:29,760 MOST DISASTERROUS LIVE, GIVEN 4333 02:47:29,760 --> 02:47:31,480 THE CHANCE I MIGHT HAVE CHOSEN 4334 02:47:31,480 --> 02:47:34,160 THE OCTOPUS. 4335 02:47:34,160 --> 02:47:38,880 4336 02:47:38,880 --> 02:47:41,000 >> ANDRE, DO YOU HAVE OTHER 4337 02:47:41,000 --> 02:47:45,360 QUESTIONS FOR THE GROUP? 4338 02:47:45,360 --> 02:47:48,720 >> I THINK MANY OF MY QUESTIONS 4339 02:47:48,720 --> 02:47:50,800 WERE DEFINITELY COVERED AND OVER 4340 02:47:50,800 --> 02:47:53,560 BOTH OF THE SESSIONS. 4341 02:47:53,560 --> 02:47:57,120 AGAIN, I APPRECIATED HEARING 4342 02:47:57,120 --> 02:48:01,560 THESE, ALSO I'LL MENTION HERE 4343 02:48:01,560 --> 02:48:09,080 THIS THOUGHT OF CONSTRUCTING 4344 02:48:09,080 --> 02:48:10,480 VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS, ANALYZING 4345 02:48:10,480 --> 02:48:14,080 BEHAVIOR PAIRED WITH WHAT IS 4346 02:48:14,080 --> 02:48:15,880 IMPORTANT IN THE ENVIRONMENT 4347 02:48:15,880 --> 02:48:16,880 TRIGGERED ME PAIRING THOSE TWO 4348 02:48:16,880 --> 02:48:18,680 AND NOW I GUESS I'M GOING TO BE 4349 02:48:18,680 --> 02:48:19,760 THINKING ABOUT THAT FOR THE REST 4350 02:48:19,760 --> 02:48:21,800 OF THE DAY. 4351 02:48:21,800 --> 02:48:22,960 I REALLY APPRECIATE ALL OF THE 4352 02:48:22,960 --> 02:48:25,360 COMMENTS HERE. 4353 02:48:25,360 --> 02:48:29,480 4354 02:48:29,480 --> 02:48:34,280 >> THANK YOU. 4355 02:48:34,280 --> 02:48:37,520 TERRIFIC DISCUSSION. 4356 02:48:37,520 --> 02:48:38,920 THEMES I NOTICED, DIFFERENT 4357 02:48:38,920 --> 02:48:39,960 TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL SCALES, 4358 02:48:39,960 --> 02:48:43,960 BOTH, WITH RESPECT TO THE 4359 02:48:43,960 --> 02:48:45,320 ORGANISM, WHAT COULD BE MEASURED 4360 02:48:45,320 --> 02:48:46,840 IN AND AROUND, IF YOU WISH, ON 4361 02:48:46,840 --> 02:48:48,960 THE ORGANISM, ALSO WITH RESPECT 4362 02:48:48,960 --> 02:48:52,520 TO THE CONTEXT, CONTEXT IN MANY 4363 02:48:52,520 --> 02:48:54,960 WAYS OF INTERPRETING CONTEXT, 4364 02:48:54,960 --> 02:48:57,600 AGAIN HAS DIFFERENT SPATIAL AND 4365 02:48:57,600 --> 02:48:58,600 TEMPORAL SCALES, BUT THE 4366 02:48:58,600 --> 02:49:00,360 PROBLEM, NOT ONLY WHAT DATA IS 4367 02:49:00,360 --> 02:49:04,120 COLLECTED BUT HOW TO FUSE THE 4368 02:49:04,120 --> 02:49:09,200 DATA STREAMS AND SYNCHRONIZATION 4369 02:49:09,200 --> 02:49:11,360 ACROSS STREAMS. 4370 02:49:11,360 --> 02:49:13,080 AND INTERESTING COMMENT ABOUT 4371 02:49:13,080 --> 02:49:16,560 EFFECT OF OBSERVER AS WE 4372 02:49:16,560 --> 02:49:19,360 CONSTRUCT ENVIRONMENTS, AS WE 4373 02:49:19,360 --> 02:49:20,960 CONSTRUCT MEANS OF MEASURING ARE 4374 02:49:20,960 --> 02:49:24,360 WE ALTERING WHAT WE WANT TO 4375 02:49:24,360 --> 02:49:24,600 CAPTURE. 4376 02:49:24,600 --> 02:49:27,840 AND WITH THAT, WE'RE GOING TO 4377 02:49:27,840 --> 02:50:21,480 SKIP THE BREAK AND MOCH MOVE TO 4378 02:50:21,480 --> 02:50:26,200 THE THIRD PANEL. 4379 02:50:26,200 --> 02:50:30,000 >> LET'S GO TO PANEL 3. 4380 02:50:30,000 --> 02:50:32,840 FOUR SPEAKERS, FOUR 4381 02:50:32,840 --> 02:50:34,760 PRESENTATIONS, DR. DANI BASSETT 4382 02:50:34,760 --> 02:50:39,720 FROM UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, 4383 02:50:39,720 --> 02:50:43,160 DR. SCOTT LINDERMAN, STANFORD, 4384 02:50:43,160 --> 02:50:46,560 DR. MARYAM SHANECHI, AND DR. 4385 02:50:46,560 --> 02:50:51,200 GORDON BERMAN, EMORY UNIVERSITY. 4386 02:50:51,200 --> 02:50:53,080 WE HAVE THREE DISCUSSANTS TO 4387 02:50:53,080 --> 02:50:57,680 LEAD PANEL DISCUSSION AFTER THE 4388 02:50:57,680 --> 02:50:58,000 PRESENTATIONS. 4389 02:50:58,000 --> 02:51:03,360 DR. ALLISON WATERS FROM ICAHN 4390 02:51:03,360 --> 02:51:05,160 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE, DOLU 4391 02:51:05,160 --> 02:51:08,160 OBATUSIN, AND DR. TIM BROWN FROM 4392 02:51:08,160 --> 02:51:08,760 UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON. 4393 02:51:08,760 --> 02:51:10,760 EACH PRESENTATION WILL BE SHORT, 4394 02:51:10,760 --> 02:51:14,000 ABOUT 8 MINUTES OF TIME FOR THE 4395 02:51:14,000 --> 02:51:16,080 PRESENTERS, PLEASE BE MINDFUL OF 4396 02:51:16,080 --> 02:51:18,240 YOUR TIME SO WE HAVE ENOUGH TIME 4397 02:51:18,240 --> 02:51:21,480 AT THE END FOR DISCUSSION AND 4398 02:51:21,480 --> 02:51:23,360 QUESTION. 4399 02:51:23,360 --> 02:51:30,240 SO WE'RE GOING TO TAKE QUESTIONS 4400 02:51:30,240 --> 02:51:31,640 DURING THE PANEL DISCUSSION 4401 02:51:31,640 --> 02:51:34,320 PHASE AFTER ALL FOUR 4402 02:51:34,320 --> 02:51:35,360 PRESENTATIONS ARE COMPLETE. 4403 02:51:35,360 --> 02:51:39,360 LET'S MOVE TO THE FIRST 4404 02:51:39,360 --> 02:51:43,280 PRESENTATION BY DR. BASSETT. 4405 02:51:43,280 --> 02:51:46,000 PLEASE TAKE IT AWAY. 4406 02:51:46,000 --> 02:51:49,360 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR THE 4407 02:51:49,360 --> 02:51:51,680 OPPORTUNITY TO BE PART OF THIS 4408 02:51:51,680 --> 02:51:51,960 WORKSHOP. 4409 02:51:51,960 --> 02:51:53,560 I'M REALLY EXCITED ABOUT THE 4410 02:51:53,560 --> 02:51:55,320 TOPICS THAT HAVE BEEN RAISED 4411 02:51:55,320 --> 02:51:55,880 THUS FAR. 4412 02:51:55,880 --> 02:51:57,680 I'M EXCITED TO PROVIDE YOU WITH 4413 02:51:57,680 --> 02:52:00,240 A LITTLE BIT OF OVERVIEW FOR 4414 02:52:00,240 --> 02:52:01,640 THIS PARTICULAR PANEL. 4415 02:52:01,640 --> 02:52:03,360 WHAT THE ORGANIZERS ASKED ME TO 4416 02:52:03,360 --> 02:52:05,600 DO IN THIS PANEL IS TO TALK 4417 02:52:05,600 --> 02:52:08,120 QUITE BROADLY ABOUT HOW WE CAN 4418 02:52:08,120 --> 02:52:09,360 THINK ABOUT BEHAVIOR, AS A 4419 02:52:09,360 --> 02:52:12,280 COMPLEX SYSTEM, IN THE NEXT 4420 02:52:12,280 --> 02:52:14,440 THREE TALKS MY COLLEAGUES WILL 4421 02:52:14,440 --> 02:52:17,160 BE DIGGING DEEPLY INTO SPECIFIC 4422 02:52:17,160 --> 02:52:18,760 INSTANCES OF THIS GENERAL IDEA. 4423 02:52:18,760 --> 02:52:21,760 SO YOU CAN SEE MINE IS A BROAD 4424 02:52:21,760 --> 02:52:24,400 OVERVIEW, AND WE'LL MOVE INTO 4425 02:52:24,400 --> 02:52:25,200 OUR SPECIFICS. 4426 02:52:25,200 --> 02:52:27,840 SO FIRST I WOULD SAY THAT I'M 4427 02:52:27,840 --> 02:52:30,320 GOING TO BE PROVIDING THIS 4428 02:52:30,320 --> 02:52:32,120 OVERVIEW FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF 4429 02:52:32,120 --> 02:52:32,760 COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE, ONE OF 4430 02:52:32,760 --> 02:52:34,760 THE AREAS IN WHICH I WORK, AND 4431 02:52:34,760 --> 02:52:39,280 IN THAT FIELD THE TYPICAL VIEW 4432 02:52:39,280 --> 02:52:41,480 OF BEHAVIOR IS THE BRAIN CAUSES 4433 02:52:41,480 --> 02:52:44,840 BEHAVIOR WHICH PRODUCES A CHANGE 4434 02:52:44,840 --> 02:52:46,600 IN OUR ENVIRONMENTS. 4435 02:52:46,600 --> 02:52:51,120 AND WHAT'S INTERESTING IS THAT 4436 02:52:51,120 --> 02:52:53,520 IT FOREGROUNDS A SIMPLE 4437 02:52:53,520 --> 02:52:53,960 ONE-DIRECTIONAL CAUSAL 4438 02:52:53,960 --> 02:52:54,240 STRUCTURE. 4439 02:52:54,240 --> 02:52:56,240 THE BRAIN DRIVES BEHAVIOR IN A 4440 02:52:56,240 --> 02:53:04,040 ONE ONE-DIMENSIONAL LINE, 4441 02:53:04,040 --> 02:53:05,560 DRIVING THE ENVIRONMENT. 4442 02:53:05,560 --> 02:53:08,040 THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX DRIVES A 4443 02:53:08,040 --> 02:53:09,600 REACTION TIME, AND THAT MAKES AN 4444 02:53:09,600 --> 02:53:11,280 IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT, WITH 4445 02:53:11,280 --> 02:53:12,000 A KEYBOARD PRESS. 4446 02:53:12,000 --> 02:53:16,960 THIS IS A KIND OF TYPICAL SET OF 4447 02:53:16,960 --> 02:53:19,760 UNITS OF INFORMATION, AND THEIR 4448 02:53:19,760 --> 02:53:21,840 RELATIONSHIPS WE WOULD VIEW AS A 4449 02:53:21,840 --> 02:53:23,520 GOOD STUDY OF BEHAVIOR IN 4450 02:53:23,520 --> 02:53:24,120 COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE. 4451 02:53:24,120 --> 02:53:26,160 I THINK THE CHALLENGE THAT MANY 4452 02:53:26,160 --> 02:53:28,960 OF US ARE FACING IS THAT OF 4453 02:53:28,960 --> 02:53:31,760 COURSE BEHAVIOR IS NOT 4454 02:53:31,760 --> 02:53:32,800 SEDENTARY, NOR RELATED TO BRAIN 4455 02:53:32,800 --> 02:53:35,880 AND ENVIRONMENT IN THIS SIMPLE 4456 02:53:35,880 --> 02:53:36,560 UNIDIRECTIONAL CAUSAL STRUCTURE. 4457 02:53:36,560 --> 02:53:38,120 SO FIRST I WANT YOU TO FOCUS ON 4458 02:53:38,120 --> 02:53:40,120 THE LEFT-HAND SIDE OF THE SLIDE, 4459 02:53:40,120 --> 02:53:43,000 THE POINT THAT BEHAVIOR IS NOT 4460 02:53:43,000 --> 02:53:43,240 UNITARY. 4461 02:53:43,240 --> 02:53:47,440 INSTEAD OF ONE LAW THAT IS 4462 02:53:47,440 --> 02:53:49,480 BEHAVIOR, OFTEN REACTION TIME IN 4463 02:53:49,480 --> 02:53:51,360 COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE, WE HAVE 4464 02:53:51,360 --> 02:53:54,080 MANY BEHAVIORAL BITS, FOR 4465 02:53:54,080 --> 02:53:56,280 EXAMPLE, MICROMOVEMENT OR HIGH 4466 02:53:56,280 --> 02:53:58,440 TWITCH, NOT VERBAL SOUND, 4467 02:53:58,440 --> 02:54:01,520 TIGHTENING OR RELAXATION OF 4468 02:54:01,520 --> 02:54:03,760 MUSCLES, THOSE BITS DISPLAY 4469 02:54:03,760 --> 02:54:10,120 STATISTICAL AND CAUSAL 4470 02:54:10,120 --> 02:54:12,960 DEPENDENCIES UPON ONE ANOTHER. 4471 02:54:12,960 --> 02:54:14,160 SECONDLY, SECOND CHALLENGE, 4472 02:54:14,160 --> 02:54:15,600 BEHAVIOR IS NOT RELATED TO BRAIN 4473 02:54:15,600 --> 02:54:18,080 AND ENVIRONMENT IN THIS SIMPLE 4474 02:54:18,080 --> 02:54:19,560 CAUSAL CHAIN SO IN FACT WHAT'S 4475 02:54:19,560 --> 02:54:23,320 HAPPENING IS MUCH MORE 4476 02:54:23,320 --> 02:54:24,960 COMPLICATED, VARIOUS PIECES OF 4477 02:54:24,960 --> 02:54:26,760 THIS BROADER SYSTEM INTERACT 4478 02:54:26,760 --> 02:54:28,760 WITH ONE ANOTHER IN BOTH PAID 4479 02:54:28,760 --> 02:54:31,320 FORWARD AND PAID BACK 4480 02:54:31,320 --> 02:54:31,600 DIRECTIONS. 4481 02:54:31,600 --> 02:54:32,760 FOR EXAMPLE, LONG-TERM BEHAVIORS 4482 02:54:32,760 --> 02:54:35,320 CAN CHANGE THE BRAIN BY ALTERING 4483 02:54:35,320 --> 02:54:37,160 INPUT, THE ENVIRONMENT CAN ALTER 4484 02:54:37,160 --> 02:54:38,280 THE BRAIN THROUGH PERCEPTION 4485 02:54:38,280 --> 02:54:40,960 WITHOUT ACTION, AND THE 4486 02:54:40,960 --> 02:54:42,640 ENVIRONMENT CAN DRIVE BEHAVIOR 4487 02:54:42,640 --> 02:54:44,520 THROUGH STRUCTURING CONSTRAINTS. 4488 02:54:44,520 --> 02:54:48,360 THE PICTURE IS MORE COMPLICATED 4489 02:54:48,360 --> 02:54:52,200 THAN THE SIMPLE LINEAR 3-POINT 4490 02:54:52,200 --> 02:54:53,160 BOX DIAGRAM. 4491 02:54:53,160 --> 02:54:55,200 I'LL PUT THE CHALLENGES 4492 02:54:55,200 --> 02:54:57,240 TOGETHER, IT'S NOT UNITARY, 4493 02:54:57,240 --> 02:54:59,360 BEHAVIOR IS NOT UNITARY, NOT A 4494 02:54:59,360 --> 02:55:00,520 SIMPLE CAUSAL CHAIN. 4495 02:55:00,520 --> 02:55:02,720 PUT THE PIECES TOGETHER WE HAVE 4496 02:55:02,720 --> 02:55:04,440 SOMETHING MORE COMPLICATED, WE 4497 02:55:04,440 --> 02:55:08,000 KNOW THE BRAIN IS COMPOSED OF 4498 02:55:08,000 --> 02:55:09,400 UNITS, INDIVIDUAL BRAIN REGIONS 4499 02:55:09,400 --> 02:55:11,520 INTERACTING IN A COMPLICATED 4500 02:55:11,520 --> 02:55:12,680 WAY, INTERACTIONS ARE DRIVERS 4501 02:55:12,680 --> 02:55:14,440 FROM EACH OF THE PIECES OF THE 4502 02:55:14,440 --> 02:55:16,960 BRAIN TO A PARTICULAR BEHAVIORAL 4503 02:55:16,960 --> 02:55:17,840 BIT, BEHAVIORAL BITS ARE 4504 02:55:17,840 --> 02:55:19,720 DEPENDENT ON ONE ANOTHER. 4505 02:55:19,720 --> 02:55:21,000 AND THEN THE THIRD INSTANCE IS 4506 02:55:21,000 --> 02:55:21,960 THE ENVIRONMENT, AGAIN THE 4507 02:55:21,960 --> 02:55:26,360 ENVIRONMENT IS NOT ONE THING, 4508 02:55:26,360 --> 02:55:27,960 IT'S MANY THINGS INTERACTING IN 4509 02:55:27,960 --> 02:55:28,960 A COMPLICATED WAY. 4510 02:55:28,960 --> 02:55:31,560 IN THE BROADER PICTURE MULTIPLE 4511 02:55:31,560 --> 02:55:33,240 UNITS EXIST AND INTERACT IN EACH 4512 02:55:33,240 --> 02:55:34,560 OF THE SUBSYSTEMS. 4513 02:55:34,560 --> 02:55:36,400 BUT MORE THAN THAT SINGLE UNITS 4514 02:55:36,400 --> 02:55:41,360 OR SMALL GROUPS OF UNITS CAN 4515 02:55:41,360 --> 02:55:42,960 INTERACT BETWEEN SUBSYSTEMS. 4516 02:55:42,960 --> 02:55:44,480 NOW, WE COULD ASK, YOU KNOW, ARE 4517 02:55:44,480 --> 02:55:46,440 WE DONE WHEN WE HAVE BRAIN 4518 02:55:46,440 --> 02:55:50,240 BEHAVIOR AND ENVIRONMENT IN THIS 4519 02:55:50,240 --> 02:55:51,160 BROADER STRUCTURE, AND I THINK 4520 02:55:51,160 --> 02:55:53,200 THAT MANY OF US IN THE FIELD 4521 02:55:53,200 --> 02:55:54,400 WOULD SAY, NO, OF COURSE WE'RE 4522 02:55:54,400 --> 02:55:56,960 NOT DONE, THE BRAIN IS NOT 4523 02:55:56,960 --> 02:56:01,080 NECESSARILY THE FIRST CAUSE 4524 02:56:01,080 --> 02:56:02,600 ALWAYS, MAYBE WE NEED TO PRESS 4525 02:56:02,600 --> 02:56:03,360 FURTHER BACK AND UNDERSTAND 4526 02:56:03,360 --> 02:56:07,360 PROCESSES IN THE MIND LIKE 4527 02:56:07,360 --> 02:56:08,960 BELIEFS, DESIRES, INTENTIONS, 4528 02:56:08,960 --> 02:56:13,960 PURPOSES THAT MIGHT NOT BE 4529 02:56:13,960 --> 02:56:15,360 IMMEDIATELY -- MIGHT NOT PRODUCE 4530 02:56:15,360 --> 02:56:16,680 ACTION, EXCEPT BY GOING FIRST 4531 02:56:16,680 --> 02:56:18,160 THROUGH THE BRAIN. 4532 02:56:18,160 --> 02:56:19,080 UNDERSTANDING BEHAVIOR I THINK 4533 02:56:19,080 --> 02:56:22,960 REQUIRES US TO RECKON WITH THE 4534 02:56:22,960 --> 02:56:23,640 PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES 4535 02:56:23,640 --> 02:56:25,720 INVOLVED, UNDERSTAND THEY ARE 4536 02:56:25,720 --> 02:56:27,360 MAPPED TO THE BRAIN NETWORK, AND 4537 02:56:27,360 --> 02:56:30,240 THEN THE MAP TO THE BEHAVIORAL 4538 02:56:30,240 --> 02:56:31,840 NETWORK AND ENVIRONMENT BY 4539 02:56:31,840 --> 02:56:32,360 EXTENSION. 4540 02:56:32,360 --> 02:56:34,360 SO I THINK HAVING THESE FOUR 4541 02:56:34,360 --> 02:56:36,360 PIECES IN MIND IS IMPORTANT WHEN 4542 02:56:36,360 --> 02:56:37,600 WE THINK ABOUT A SINGLE 4543 02:56:37,600 --> 02:56:37,880 ORGANISM. 4544 02:56:37,880 --> 02:56:38,440 OF COURSE, THE PIECE OF THE 4545 02:56:38,440 --> 02:56:40,160 PICTURE THAT I HAVE NOT ADDED IN 4546 02:56:40,160 --> 02:56:42,680 HERE IS WHEN WE HAVE MULTIPLE 4547 02:56:42,680 --> 02:56:43,960 ORGANISMS, INTERACTING WITH ONE 4548 02:56:43,960 --> 02:56:47,400 ANOTHER IN SOCIAL SYSTEMS OR 4549 02:56:47,400 --> 02:56:48,240 OTHER COLLECTIVES. 4550 02:56:48,240 --> 02:56:50,080 I WANT TO DIG DEEPER AND SAY ARE 4551 02:56:50,080 --> 02:56:51,400 WE DONE? 4552 02:56:51,400 --> 02:56:53,560 THE ANSWER IS NOT QUITE BECAUSE 4553 02:56:53,560 --> 02:56:55,080 EACH OF THESE INTERACTIONS, BOTH 4554 02:56:55,080 --> 02:56:57,840 WITHIN AND ACROSS SYSTEMS, CAN 4555 02:56:57,840 --> 02:56:59,360 CHANGE IN TIME. 4556 02:56:59,360 --> 02:57:01,440 SO WITHIN THE MIND, INDIVIDUAL 4557 02:57:01,440 --> 02:57:04,280 MENTAL PROCESSES HAVE TIME 4558 02:57:04,280 --> 02:57:05,520 VARYING ARCHITECTURES, THE BRAIN 4559 02:57:05,520 --> 02:57:07,680 REGIONS HAVE TIME VARYING 4560 02:57:07,680 --> 02:57:08,960 INTERACTIONS, RELATIONSHIPS 4561 02:57:08,960 --> 02:57:11,520 BETWEEN EACH OF THESE SUBSYSTEMS 4562 02:57:11,520 --> 02:57:12,760 HAVE TIME-VARYING INTERACTION, 4563 02:57:12,760 --> 02:57:15,360 SO EVERY LINK IN THE PICTURE I 4564 02:57:15,360 --> 02:57:17,920 PLACED ON T ON BECAUSE THEY ARE 4565 02:57:17,920 --> 02:57:19,600 TIME VARYING, NOT STATIC, AND 4566 02:57:19,600 --> 02:57:21,560 THE CHANGE IN ONE PIECE CAN 4567 02:57:21,560 --> 02:57:24,640 ALTER THE CHANGE THROUGHOUT THE 4568 02:57:24,640 --> 02:57:25,280 ENTIRE SYSTEM. 4569 02:57:25,280 --> 02:57:28,720 AND MORE THAN THAT, ONE SORT OF 4570 02:57:28,720 --> 02:57:29,760 LAYER EVEN FARTHER IS THAT 4571 02:57:29,760 --> 02:57:32,920 UNITS, EACH OF THESE UNITS CAN 4572 02:57:32,920 --> 02:57:33,680 HAVE ASSOCIATED TIME SCALES, 4573 02:57:33,680 --> 02:57:35,120 TIME SCALES OF ACTIVITY IN THE 4574 02:57:35,120 --> 02:57:36,960 BRAIN, TIME SCALES OF ACTION AND 4575 02:57:36,960 --> 02:57:39,160 BEHAVIOR, TIME SCALES OF 4576 02:57:39,160 --> 02:57:40,240 STRENGTHENING OR WEAKENING OF 4577 02:57:40,240 --> 02:57:44,120 MENTAL PROCESSES IN THE MIND. 4578 02:57:44,120 --> 02:57:49,520 SO I PLACED A TAU IN EVERY UNIT, 4579 02:57:49,520 --> 02:57:51,960 IN THE SUBSYSTEM, FOR EACH 4580 02:57:51,960 --> 02:57:52,920 SUBSYSTEM ITSELF. 4581 02:57:52,920 --> 02:57:53,880 WHAT IS THIS? 4582 02:57:53,880 --> 02:57:54,880 THIS PICTURE THAT I'M SHOWING 4583 02:57:54,880 --> 02:57:56,320 YOU NOW? 4584 02:57:56,320 --> 02:57:58,040 THIS PICTURE IS A PICTURE OF A 4585 02:57:58,040 --> 02:57:58,840 COMPLEX SYSTEM. 4586 02:57:58,840 --> 02:58:01,960 IT IS A SYSTEM THAT IS COMPOSED 4587 02:58:01,960 --> 02:58:03,360 OF MANY INDIVIDUAL UNITS, THAT 4588 02:58:03,360 --> 02:58:06,680 INTERACT WITH ONE ANOTHER IN 4589 02:58:06,680 --> 02:58:09,880 COMPLICATED TIME-VARYING WAYS TO 4590 02:58:09,880 --> 02:58:11,360 PRODUCE VERY SOPHISTICATED 4591 02:58:11,360 --> 02:58:13,280 PHENOMENON THAT OCCUR ACROSS ALL 4592 02:58:13,280 --> 02:58:16,280 OF THE SUBSYSTEMS. 4593 02:58:16,280 --> 02:58:18,000 SO, UNDERSTANDING THIS COMPLEX 4594 02:58:18,000 --> 02:58:20,280 SYSTEM REQUIRES US TO BRING 4595 02:58:20,280 --> 02:58:23,400 COMPLEX SYSTEMS TOOLS TO THE 4596 02:58:23,400 --> 02:58:27,360 TABLE, TOOLS MEANING ALGORITHMS, 4597 02:58:27,360 --> 02:58:29,560 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS, THEORIES, 4598 02:58:29,560 --> 02:58:30,880 COMPUTATIONAL MODELS. 4599 02:58:30,880 --> 02:58:32,880 OF COURSE, YOU KNOW, YOU COULD 4600 02:58:32,880 --> 02:58:34,960 BE SITTING IN THE AUDIENCE 4601 02:58:34,960 --> 02:58:36,600 THINKING, HANG ON, EVERYTHING IN 4602 02:58:36,600 --> 02:58:37,360 SCIENCE IS REALLY COMPLICATED, 4603 02:58:37,360 --> 02:58:38,960 WE COULD SAY THIS ABOUT ANYTHING 4604 02:58:38,960 --> 02:58:42,080 WE STUDY, BUT ISN'T THE POINT TO 4605 02:58:42,080 --> 02:58:44,960 TRY TO SIMPLIFY, TO MAKE 4606 02:58:44,960 --> 02:58:46,400 ASSUMPTION AND FOCUS IN ON THE 4607 02:58:46,400 --> 02:58:47,760 VERY INDIVIDUAL PARTS AND HOW 4608 02:58:47,760 --> 02:58:50,160 THEY MIGHT INTERACT WITH ONE 4609 02:58:50,160 --> 02:58:50,520 ANOTHER? 4610 02:58:50,520 --> 02:58:52,080 SO, COULD I TAKE THAT BROAD 4611 02:58:52,080 --> 02:58:53,560 COMPLEX SYSTEM I SHOWED YOU AND 4612 02:58:53,560 --> 02:58:58,560 MAP IT DOWN INTO FOUR UNITS, AND 4613 02:58:58,560 --> 02:58:59,160 THIS SIMPLE UNIDIRECTIONAL 4614 02:58:59,160 --> 02:58:59,960 CAUSAL STRUCTURE? 4615 02:58:59,960 --> 02:59:01,640 THE ANSWER IS NOT QUITE. 4616 02:59:01,640 --> 02:59:04,040 NOT IF THE TIME SCALES OF THE 4617 02:59:04,040 --> 02:59:05,800 PARTS MATTER FOR HOW THE SYSTEM 4618 02:59:05,800 --> 02:59:06,880 FUNCTIONS. 4619 02:59:06,880 --> 02:59:10,960 THOSE ARE THE TAUS IN THE 4620 02:59:10,960 --> 02:59:11,520 PREVIOUS SLIDE. 4621 02:59:11,520 --> 02:59:13,160 NOT IF TEMPORAL VARIABILITY 4622 02:59:13,160 --> 02:59:14,000 MATTERS HOW THE SYSTEM 4623 02:59:14,000 --> 02:59:15,480 FUNCTIONS, THAT WAS OF THE 4624 02:59:15,480 --> 02:59:17,000 INDIVIDUAL T ON THE PREVIOUS 4625 02:59:17,000 --> 02:59:17,480 SLIDE. 4626 02:59:17,480 --> 02:59:19,880 ALSO NOT IF THE PATTERN OF 4627 02:59:19,880 --> 02:59:21,400 INTERACTIONS MATTERS FOR HOW A 4628 02:59:21,400 --> 02:59:23,320 SYSTEM FUNCTIONS. 4629 02:59:23,320 --> 02:59:28,280 IF TIME SCALE, TEMPORAL 4630 02:59:28,280 --> 02:59:28,920 VARIABILITY AND PATTERNS MATTER 4631 02:59:28,920 --> 02:59:30,360 WE CAN'T GET AWAY WITH THE 4632 02:59:30,360 --> 02:59:32,360 SIMPLIFIED PICTURE. 4633 02:59:32,360 --> 02:59:33,640 YOU COULD ALSO SAY, YOU KNOW, 4634 02:59:33,640 --> 02:59:35,520 HANG ON AGAIN. 4635 02:59:35,520 --> 02:59:38,560 IF WE DON'T HAVE THIS SIMPLE 4636 02:59:38,560 --> 02:59:40,560 CHAIN I'M SHOWING ON THE 4637 02:59:40,560 --> 02:59:42,280 LEFT-HAND SIDE HOW DO WE KNOW 4638 02:59:42,280 --> 02:59:44,840 WHEN WE BUILT A RIGOROUS 4639 02:59:44,840 --> 02:59:46,920 EXPLANATION, WHAT SORTS OF 4640 02:59:46,920 --> 02:59:48,600 EXPLANATIONS ARE EVEN POSSIBLE? 4641 02:59:48,600 --> 02:59:51,360 WHICH ARE CAUSAL? 4642 02:59:51,360 --> 02:59:53,160 AND WHICH ARE NOT CAUSAL? 4643 02:59:53,160 --> 02:59:54,320 ON THE LEFT-HAND SIDE WHAT I'M 4644 02:59:54,320 --> 02:59:56,760 SHOWING IS THE RELEVANT CAUSAL 4645 02:59:56,760 --> 02:59:58,720 CONCEPTS HERE CAN BE RELATIVELY 4646 02:59:58,720 --> 03:00:02,640 STRAIGHTFORWARD, A SIMPLE CAUSAL 4647 03:00:02,640 --> 03:00:04,320 DEPENDENCY BETWEEN TWO UNITS. 4648 03:00:04,320 --> 03:00:07,080 >> YOU HAVE ONE MINUTE. 4649 03:00:07,080 --> 03:00:07,400 SORRY. 4650 03:00:07,400 --> 03:00:07,960 >> THANK YOU. 4651 03:00:07,960 --> 03:00:12,960 WHEN WE HAVE COME PLEX COMPLEX 4652 03:00:12,960 --> 03:00:16,560 SYSTEM ON THE RIGHT THERE CAN BE 4653 03:00:16,560 --> 03:00:19,200 RELEVANT CAUSAL CONCEPTS, FIRST 4654 03:00:19,200 --> 03:00:23,960 IS CAUSAL DEPENDENCY, SECOND IS 4655 03:00:23,960 --> 03:00:27,280 STRUCTURING CAUSE, CAUSING 4656 03:00:27,280 --> 03:00:28,160 DYNAMICAL PROCESSES, TRIGGERING 4657 03:00:28,160 --> 03:00:31,880 PATHWAYS, MECHANISMS, CASCADES. 4658 03:00:31,880 --> 03:00:33,960 THERE'S BEAUTIFUL WORK IN THE 4659 03:00:33,960 --> 03:00:40,880 AREA OF VELOCITY, CONCEPTS THAT 4660 03:00:40,880 --> 03:00:45,960 MAY BE HELPFUL IN UNDERSTANDING 4661 03:00:45,960 --> 03:00:46,760 COMPLEX SYSTEMS. 4662 03:00:46,760 --> 03:00:49,560 THIS IS MY LAST SLIDE, WHAT I 4663 03:00:49,560 --> 03:00:51,080 THINK OF AS PATHS TO PROGRESS. 4664 03:00:51,080 --> 03:00:53,520 FIRST IS TO PROBE INTERACTIONS 4665 03:00:53,520 --> 03:00:55,440 WITHIN AND BETWEEN THESE 4666 03:00:55,440 --> 03:00:56,360 SUBSYSTEMS. 4667 03:00:56,360 --> 03:00:59,360 TO MAP TIME SCALES OF PARTS, TO 4668 03:00:59,360 --> 03:01:02,120 EXAMINE TEMPORAL VARIABILITY OF 4669 03:01:02,120 --> 03:01:03,200 INTERACTIONS. 4670 03:01:03,200 --> 03:01:04,960 AND LASTLY TO EXPAND OUR 4671 03:01:04,960 --> 03:01:06,560 UNDERSTANDING OF DIVERSE CAUSAL 4672 03:01:06,560 --> 03:01:10,760 CONCEPTS AND USE THEM TO DEVELOP 4673 03:01:10,760 --> 03:01:11,400 MORE PRECISE HYPOTHESES CLOSER 4674 03:01:11,400 --> 03:01:15,040 TO THE NATURE OF THIS COMPLEX 4675 03:01:15,040 --> 03:01:16,160 SYSTEM. 4676 03:01:16,160 --> 03:01:23,360 WITH THAT I'LL END AND CEDE THE 4677 03:01:23,360 --> 03:01:26,560 FLOOR TO MY COLLEAGUES. 4678 03:01:26,560 --> 03:01:30,200 >> NOW WE MOVE TO THE NEXT 4679 03:01:30,200 --> 03:01:31,280 PRESENTATION, DR. LINDERMAN. 4680 03:01:31,280 --> 03:01:34,320 TAKE IT AWAY. 4681 03:01:34,320 --> 03:01:34,920 >> ALL RIGHT. 4682 03:01:34,920 --> 03:01:35,240 GREAT. 4683 03:01:35,240 --> 03:01:36,600 I'M STILL WAITING FOR THE 4684 03:01:36,600 --> 03:01:37,080 CONTROLS. 4685 03:01:37,080 --> 03:01:37,560 THERE WE GO. 4686 03:01:37,560 --> 03:01:39,720 GREAT TO BE HERE. 4687 03:01:39,720 --> 03:01:42,120 I'M ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN 4688 03:01:42,120 --> 03:01:49,960 STATISTICS DEPARTMENT, A 4689 03:01:49,960 --> 03:01:52,040 COMPUTATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE, TO 4690 03:01:52,040 --> 03:01:54,560 TRY TO UNDERSTAND AND GLEAN 4691 03:01:54,560 --> 03:01:55,960 INSIGHT INTO DATASETS SO TOPICS 4692 03:01:55,960 --> 03:01:57,160 OF TODAY'S DISCUSSION ARE NEAR 4693 03:01:57,160 --> 03:02:00,160 AND DEAR TO MY HEART. 4694 03:02:00,160 --> 03:02:02,080 AS I WAS PREPARING THE TALK FOR 4695 03:02:02,080 --> 03:02:04,920 TODAY, I WAS LOOKING AT THE 4696 03:02:04,920 --> 03:02:07,040 TITLE OF THE PANEL REALIZING 4697 03:02:07,040 --> 03:02:07,960 EQUALLY APPROPRIATE TITLE WOULD 4698 03:02:07,960 --> 03:02:10,320 BE TO CALL THIS MACHINE LEARNING 4699 03:02:10,320 --> 03:02:12,560 AND STATISTICS BECAUSE REALLY 4700 03:02:12,560 --> 03:02:13,800 GOING FROM MODELS TO -- DATA TO 4701 03:02:13,800 --> 03:02:18,040 MODELS AND BACK IS WHAT MACHINE 4702 03:02:18,040 --> 03:02:19,560 LEARNING AND STATISTICS AIM TO 4703 03:02:19,560 --> 03:02:22,240 DO, BUILD MODELS OF LARGE SCALE 4704 03:02:22,240 --> 03:02:28,280 DATASETS TO MAKE PREDICTION, 4705 03:02:28,280 --> 03:02:30,080 MAKE DECISIONS. 4706 03:02:30,080 --> 03:02:37,800 HOW IDEAS IN THESE FIELDS CAN 4707 03:02:37,800 --> 03:02:40,040 CONTRIBUTE, AS YOU'VE SEEN THE 4708 03:02:40,040 --> 03:02:41,760 BUZZ AROUND MACHINE LEARNING HAS 4709 03:02:41,760 --> 03:02:43,960 PERMEATED THE POPULAR PRESS. 4710 03:02:43,960 --> 03:02:45,720 SOME EXCITEMENT IS HYPE, A LOT 4711 03:02:45,720 --> 03:02:51,080 FOR GOOD REASON. 4712 03:02:51,080 --> 03:03:02,600 OPEN A.I., GPT 3 LANGUAGE MODELS 4713 03:03:02,600 --> 03:03:03,960 WRITE ESSAYS, NET FLEX'S 4714 03:03:03,960 --> 03:03:05,960 ALPHAGO, A REAL IMPACT ON 4715 03:03:05,960 --> 03:03:06,760 SCIENCE. 4716 03:03:06,760 --> 03:03:09,080 A TEAM AT STANFORD USED DEEP 4717 03:03:09,080 --> 03:03:13,200 NEURAL NETWORKS TO MAKE 4718 03:03:13,200 --> 03:03:14,400 PREDICTION ABOUT RNA STRUCTURE, 4719 03:03:14,400 --> 03:03:18,880 AND USED THOSE IN ALPHAGO TO 4720 03:03:18,880 --> 03:03:22,000 CONTROL PLASMA, AN IMPORTANT 4721 03:03:22,000 --> 03:03:23,160 STEP TO SUSTAINABLE ENERGY BASED 4722 03:03:23,160 --> 03:03:24,360 ON NUCLEAR FUSION. 4723 03:03:24,360 --> 03:03:27,760 WHAT ARE KEY IDEAS, KEY ADVANCES 4724 03:03:27,760 --> 03:03:29,000 BEHIND THESE? 4725 03:03:29,000 --> 03:03:34,760 ONE IS AVAILABILITY OF LARGE 4726 03:03:34,760 --> 03:03:36,320 SCALE DATASETS. 4727 03:03:36,320 --> 03:03:44,080 GPT 3 IS TRAINED ON A CORPUS OF 4728 03:03:44,080 --> 03:03:44,560 TEXT. 4729 03:03:44,560 --> 03:03:46,960 SECOND INGREDIENT IS ADVANCES IN 4730 03:03:46,960 --> 03:03:47,240 ALGORITHMS. 4731 03:03:47,240 --> 03:03:49,120 MANY VERY LARGE SCALE DATASETS 4732 03:03:49,120 --> 03:03:50,920 ARE UNLABELED LIKE THOSE WE 4733 03:03:50,920 --> 03:03:52,600 COLLECT, PART OF THIS FIELD. 4734 03:03:52,600 --> 03:03:55,200 ONE OF THE TRENDS TOWARD TAKING 4735 03:03:55,200 --> 03:03:57,560 ADVANTAGE OF LARGE SCALE 4736 03:03:57,560 --> 03:03:58,360 UNLABELED SETS IS 4737 03:03:58,360 --> 03:04:01,320 SELF-SUPERVISED LEARNING, WE 4738 03:04:01,320 --> 03:04:02,320 COME UP WITH SYNTHETIC PROBLEMS, 4739 03:04:02,320 --> 03:04:05,560 FILLING IN A MISSING WORD IN A 4740 03:04:05,560 --> 03:04:06,760 SENTENCE, USING PREDICTION 4741 03:04:06,760 --> 03:04:08,600 PROBLEMS TO TRAIN LARGE SCALE 4742 03:04:08,600 --> 03:04:08,880 MODELS. 4743 03:04:08,880 --> 03:04:10,240 THIRD IS HARDWARE. 4744 03:04:10,240 --> 03:04:23,480 WE ARE FAMILIAR WITH THE GPUs, 4745 03:04:23,480 --> 03:04:26,960 AND FOURTH IS ARCHITECTURE, DEEP 4746 03:04:26,960 --> 03:04:28,120 NEURAL NETWORKS WHICH HAVE 4747 03:04:28,120 --> 03:04:31,360 HUNDREDS OF BILLIONS OF 4748 03:04:31,360 --> 03:04:32,680 PARAMETERS LENDING THEMSELVES TO 4749 03:04:32,680 --> 03:04:33,080 COMPUTATION. 4750 03:04:33,080 --> 03:04:37,520 THE STRUCTURE OF THESE 4751 03:04:37,520 --> 03:04:39,480 ARCHITECTURES MAY NOT MATTER AS 4752 03:04:39,480 --> 03:04:41,280 MUCH AS THEIR FLEXIBILITY. 4753 03:04:41,280 --> 03:04:42,880 SO PIVOTING NOW HOW CAN WE TAKE 4754 03:04:42,880 --> 03:04:45,400 ADVANTAGE OF SOME OF THESE 4755 03:04:45,400 --> 03:04:46,400 ADVANCES IN MACHINE LEARNING, 4756 03:04:46,400 --> 03:04:49,720 APPLY THEM TO PROBLEMS IN BRAIN 4757 03:04:49,720 --> 03:04:50,720 AND BEHAVIORAL QUANTIFICATION? 4758 03:04:50,720 --> 03:04:52,040 TO ANSWER THIS QUESTION I THINK 4759 03:04:52,040 --> 03:04:54,120 IT MIGHT BE HELPFUL TO TRY TO 4760 03:04:54,120 --> 03:04:58,120 CATEGORIZE THE TIMES OF -- TYPES 4761 03:04:58,120 --> 03:05:01,360 OF PROBLEMS WE ENCOUNTER. 4762 03:05:01,360 --> 03:05:04,160 THESE ARE COARSE BUT IT MIGHT BE 4763 03:05:04,160 --> 03:05:08,640 A USEFUL FIRST PASS. 4764 03:05:08,640 --> 03:05:11,600 FIRST, SIGNAL EXTRACTION, HOW DO 4765 03:05:11,600 --> 03:05:15,360 WE GET SIGNALS FROM VIDEO, 4766 03:05:15,360 --> 03:05:17,080 POST-EXTRACTION WE'LL TALK ABOUT 4767 03:05:17,080 --> 03:05:17,320 SHORTLY. 4768 03:05:17,320 --> 03:05:19,360 SECOND CATEGORY HAS TO DO WITH 4769 03:05:19,360 --> 03:05:22,520 BUILDING ENCODING AND DECODING 4770 03:05:22,520 --> 03:05:24,360 MODELS, PREDICTING NEURAL 4771 03:05:24,360 --> 03:05:26,040 ACTIVITY GIVEN BEHAVIOR, 4772 03:05:26,040 --> 03:05:32,080 ENCODING SIDE, AND HOW CAN WE 4773 03:05:32,080 --> 03:05:35,360 PREDICT THE NEURAL SIDE, 4774 03:05:35,360 --> 03:05:36,720 IMPORTANCE IN INTERFACES, 4775 03:05:36,720 --> 03:05:37,840 ESTABLISHING THE UNDERLYING 4776 03:05:37,840 --> 03:05:41,520 NEURAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR. 4777 03:05:41,520 --> 03:05:47,240 TRANSLATIONAL END THESE ARE 4778 03:05:47,240 --> 03:05:49,360 IMPORTANT FOR UNDERSTANDING 4779 03:05:49,360 --> 03:05:50,760 BIOMARKERS OF DISEASE. 4780 03:05:50,760 --> 03:05:55,960 THIRD, MODELS THAT CAN SIMULATE 4781 03:05:55,960 --> 03:05:56,760 AND REPRODUCE PATTERNS. 4782 03:05:56,760 --> 03:06:02,560 THESE ARE BUILT FROM LATENT 4783 03:06:02,560 --> 03:06:04,840 VARIABLE MODELS, USEFUL FOR 4784 03:06:04,840 --> 03:06:05,600 DIMENSIONALITY REDUCTION AND 4785 03:06:05,600 --> 03:06:07,360 VISUALIZATION, BUT ALSO FOR SOME 4786 03:06:07,360 --> 03:06:10,080 TOPICS THAT HAVE COME UP ABOUT 4787 03:06:10,080 --> 03:06:10,960 INTERNAL STATE ESTIMATION, WHICH 4788 03:06:10,960 --> 03:06:14,040 IS AN IMPORTANT ASPECT OF THIS 4789 03:06:14,040 --> 03:06:19,560 TALK, AS IS INTERSUBJECT 4790 03:06:19,560 --> 03:06:19,920 VARIABILITY. 4791 03:06:19,920 --> 03:06:21,840 MANY ADVANCES IN MACHINE 4792 03:06:21,840 --> 03:06:22,560 LEARNING HAVE TARGETED PROBLEMS 4793 03:06:22,560 --> 03:06:24,360 OF DECISION MAKING AND CONTROL. 4794 03:06:24,360 --> 03:06:26,760 SO HOW CAN THOSE START TO 4795 03:06:26,760 --> 03:06:28,840 FEEDBACK INTO THE ANALYSIS OF 4796 03:06:28,840 --> 03:06:32,640 NEURAL AND BEHAVIORAL DATA? 4797 03:06:32,640 --> 03:06:52,680 ONE EXAMPLE IS TOWARD GUIDING 4798 03:06:52,680 --> 03:06:55,160 OPTOGENETICKIC STIMULATION TO 4799 03:06:55,160 --> 03:06:56,400 INDIVIDUALIZE TREATMENTS FOR 4800 03:06:56,400 --> 03:06:58,920 EACH PATIENT AND COUNTERACT 4801 03:06:58,920 --> 03:07:01,440 DISEASE AND DISORDER. 4802 03:07:01,440 --> 03:07:04,680 I'D LIKE TO HIGHLIGHT WORK 4803 03:07:04,680 --> 03:07:06,160 POINTING AND SHOWING 4804 03:07:06,160 --> 03:07:13,360 OPPORTUNITIES OF ADVANCES IN 4805 03:07:13,360 --> 03:07:14,040 THESE DIFFERENT DOMAINS. 4806 03:07:14,040 --> 03:07:15,080 SIGNAL EXTRACTION IS THE 4807 03:07:15,080 --> 03:07:17,560 CLEAREST OF THE FOUR, ONE WE'VE 4808 03:07:17,560 --> 03:07:20,560 SEEN A FEW EXAMPLES OF. 4809 03:07:20,560 --> 03:07:28,640 WE'VE HEARD ABOUT DEEPLAPCUT, 4810 03:07:28,640 --> 03:07:30,960 POINTS OF INTEREST, THE ANIMAL 4811 03:07:30,960 --> 03:07:31,800 FREELY NAVIGATES THE 4812 03:07:31,800 --> 03:07:33,040 ENVIRONMENT. 4813 03:07:33,040 --> 03:07:35,320 AND WHY IS THIS A GOOD SHOWCASE 4814 03:07:35,320 --> 03:07:38,960 OF ADVANCES IN MACHINE LEARNING 4815 03:07:38,960 --> 03:07:42,880 CONTRIBUTING TO BEHAVIORAL 4816 03:07:42,880 --> 03:07:45,560 ANALYSIS? 4817 03:07:45,560 --> 03:07:46,760 TAKE A FOUNDATION MODEL, TRAINED 4818 03:07:46,760 --> 03:07:50,560 ON A MAT OF MASSIVE DATASET OF 4819 03:07:50,560 --> 03:07:53,560 IMAGES, NOT NECESSARY FOR THIS 4820 03:07:53,560 --> 03:07:55,360 TASK, USE TRANSFER LEARNING TO 4821 03:07:55,360 --> 03:08:01,000 ADAPT TO THE PROBLEM OF 4822 03:08:01,000 --> 03:08:01,360 POST-TRACKING. 4823 03:08:01,360 --> 03:08:02,280 THIS IS SHOWING IMPROVEMENTS IN 4824 03:08:02,280 --> 03:08:02,720 ABILITY. 4825 03:08:02,720 --> 03:08:05,920 YOU CAN SEE FROM SLEEP IN THE 4826 03:08:05,920 --> 03:08:06,880 MIDDLE, HIGHLY ACCURATE 4827 03:08:06,880 --> 03:08:10,120 ABILITIES TO TRACK POINT OF 4828 03:08:10,120 --> 03:08:11,160 INTEREST. 4829 03:08:11,160 --> 03:08:14,640 THE SKELETONIZATION IS A HIGHLY 4830 03:08:14,640 --> 03:08:15,360 COMPRESSED VERSION, ONE TREND 4831 03:08:15,360 --> 03:08:17,240 THAT I'M SEEING THAT IS REALLY 4832 03:08:17,240 --> 03:08:19,560 IMPORTANT AND EXCITING IS TOWARD 4833 03:08:19,560 --> 03:08:24,600 A MORE COMPREHENSIVE 4834 03:08:24,600 --> 03:08:26,960 QUANTIFICATION OF BEHAVIORAL, 4835 03:08:26,960 --> 03:08:27,960 FINE GRAINED MEASUREMENT OF 4836 03:08:27,960 --> 03:08:29,680 OROFACIAL FEATURES, AS YOU SEE 4837 03:08:29,680 --> 03:08:31,400 ON BOTTOM RIGHT MAPPING OF THE 4838 03:08:31,400 --> 03:08:33,880 WHOLE SURFACE, SHAPE OF ANIMAL'S 4839 03:08:33,880 --> 03:08:35,560 BODY, THESE ARE THE TIP OF THE 4840 03:08:35,560 --> 03:08:37,200 SPEAR THAT IS POINTING TO SOME 4841 03:08:37,200 --> 03:08:42,320 OF THE POSSIBILITIES IN THIS 4842 03:08:42,320 --> 03:08:43,240 DOMAIN. 4843 03:08:43,240 --> 03:08:43,880 ENCODING AND DECODING, DECODING 4844 03:08:43,880 --> 03:08:46,960 IS THE PROBLEM OF INFERRING 4845 03:08:46,960 --> 03:08:49,320 BEHAVIORAL OUTPUTS FROM NEURAL 4846 03:08:49,320 --> 03:08:49,640 MEASUREMENTS. 4847 03:08:49,640 --> 03:08:54,760 ONE APPLICATION IS IN THE AREA 4848 03:08:54,760 --> 03:08:58,360 OF DEVELOPING BRAIN-COMPUTER 4849 03:08:58,360 --> 03:08:58,640 INTERFACE. 4850 03:08:58,640 --> 03:09:01,160 I'LL HIGHLIGHT WORK FROM LABS AT 4851 03:09:01,160 --> 03:09:05,200 STANFORD, THEY DEVELOPED A 4852 03:09:05,200 --> 03:09:10,880 BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACE FOR 4853 03:09:10,880 --> 03:09:11,520 DECODING HANDWRITTEN CHARACTERS. 4854 03:09:11,520 --> 03:09:14,480 USING THAT ACTIVITY TO GUIDE A 4855 03:09:14,480 --> 03:09:14,800 HANDWRITING -- 4856 03:09:14,800 --> 03:09:16,240 >> SCOTT, YOU HAVE ONE MINUTE 4857 03:09:16,240 --> 03:09:16,640 LEFT. 4858 03:09:16,640 --> 03:09:17,560 >> ALL RIGHT. 4859 03:09:17,560 --> 03:09:20,360 I'LL SPEED THIS UP CONSIDERABLY. 4860 03:09:20,360 --> 03:09:22,360 WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE? 4861 03:09:22,360 --> 03:09:24,120 THEY HAVE SHOWN THIS FOR 4862 03:09:24,120 --> 03:09:25,520 HANDWRITING, THE SAME STRATEGY 4863 03:09:25,520 --> 03:09:28,360 APPLIES TO OTHER BEHAVIORS LIKE 4864 03:09:28,360 --> 03:09:29,760 DECODING HIGHER DIMENSIONAL 4865 03:09:29,760 --> 03:09:30,560 BEHAVIORAL OUTPUTS, MUSCLE 4866 03:09:30,560 --> 03:09:31,760 ACTIVITY, SPEECH, ET CETERA. 4867 03:09:31,760 --> 03:09:34,800 THE KEY ASPECT OF THIS IS 4868 03:09:34,800 --> 03:09:36,040 BUILDING GOOD GENERATIVE MODELS 4869 03:09:36,040 --> 03:09:37,680 FOR THOSE TYPES OF TIME SERIES, 4870 03:09:37,680 --> 03:09:39,160 MORE THAN THE LANGUAGE MODELS 4871 03:09:39,160 --> 03:09:43,480 THEY USED IN THIS EXAMPLE. 4872 03:09:43,480 --> 03:09:45,160 THIRD EXAMPLE OF GENERATIVE 4873 03:09:45,160 --> 03:09:46,760 MODELING, I TOLD YOU HOW THESE 4874 03:09:46,760 --> 03:09:49,960 TOOLS ALLOW US TO GET LOW 4875 03:09:49,960 --> 03:09:50,760 DIMENSIONAL REPRESENTATIONS OF 4876 03:09:50,760 --> 03:09:52,160 NEURAL ACTIVITY. 4877 03:09:52,160 --> 03:09:56,840 ONE EXAMPLE FROM EVA DYER'S LAB, 4878 03:09:56,840 --> 03:09:59,920 DISENTANGLING CONTENT FROM STYLE 4879 03:09:59,920 --> 03:10:00,560 OF BEHAVIOR. 4880 03:10:00,560 --> 03:10:07,320 THEY ARE USING METHODS LIKE 4881 03:10:07,320 --> 03:10:08,120 VARIATIONAL AUTOENCODERS, I 4882 03:10:08,120 --> 03:10:11,520 THINK HERE AGAIN THERE'S TONS OF 4883 03:10:11,520 --> 03:10:12,560 ROOM FOR IMPROVEMENT AS WE 4884 03:10:12,560 --> 03:10:13,520 CONTINUE TO PUSH THIS FORWARD. 4885 03:10:13,520 --> 03:10:16,160 THIS IS AN AREA WHERE MY LAB IN 4886 03:10:16,160 --> 03:10:18,360 PARTICULAR IS EXCITED ABOUT THE 4887 03:10:18,360 --> 03:10:20,240 POSSIBILITIES FOR DEVELOPING 4888 03:10:20,240 --> 03:10:21,120 BETTER GENERATIVE MODELS FOR 4889 03:10:21,120 --> 03:10:21,480 BEHAVIOR. 4890 03:10:21,480 --> 03:10:24,200 I THINK WE HAVE THE INGREDIENTS 4891 03:10:24,200 --> 03:10:26,520 NECESSARY TO DO SO. 4892 03:10:26,520 --> 03:10:34,160 I'LL SKIP THIS LAST EXAMPLE. 4893 03:10:34,160 --> 03:10:37,280 THE FOURTH AREA WHERE M.L. CAN 4894 03:10:37,280 --> 03:10:40,320 CONTRIBUTE IS IN THIS ONLINE 4895 03:10:40,320 --> 03:10:41,880 ENCLOSED-LOOP CONTROL OF NEURAL 4896 03:10:41,880 --> 03:10:45,360 AND BEHAVIORAL SYSTEMS. 4897 03:10:45,360 --> 03:10:49,360 ONE EXAMPLE FOR MAJOR DEPRESSIVE 4898 03:10:49,360 --> 03:10:50,960 DISORDER HIGHLIGHTING WORK FROM 4899 03:10:50,960 --> 03:10:52,600 KATHERINE SCANGOS, LEADING A 4900 03:10:52,600 --> 03:10:53,520 BREAKOUT SESSION TOMORROW. 4901 03:10:53,520 --> 03:10:57,320 I THINK THIS IS AN AREA WHERE 4902 03:10:57,320 --> 03:10:59,360 M.L. STANDS TO GIVE MORE 4903 03:10:59,360 --> 03:11:02,960 SUMMARIES THAN JUST SYMPTOMS, 4904 03:11:02,960 --> 03:11:06,200 PATIENT-REPORTED SYMPTOM SCALES. 4905 03:11:06,200 --> 03:11:07,760 COLLABORATORS AT HARVARD HAVE 4906 03:11:07,760 --> 03:11:09,000 SHOWN HOW MOTION SEQUENCING 4907 03:11:09,000 --> 03:11:10,280 TECHNOLOGY CAN GIVE RICH 4908 03:11:10,280 --> 03:11:12,960 DESCRIPTION OF BEHAVIOR, 4909 03:11:12,960 --> 03:11:15,240 CANDIDATES FOR DEVELOPING BETTER 4910 03:11:15,240 --> 03:11:17,520 BIOMARKERS OF DISEASE TARGETED 4911 03:11:17,520 --> 03:11:18,760 WITH REINFORCEMENT ALGORITHMS 4912 03:11:18,760 --> 03:11:19,360 FOR CONTROL. 4913 03:11:19,360 --> 03:11:21,120 THIS IS FOUR AREAS, MY ATTEMPT 4914 03:11:21,120 --> 03:11:22,960 TO TRY TO ORGANIZE OUR THOUGHT 4915 03:11:22,960 --> 03:11:24,960 WHERE WE CAN AND HOW WE CAN 4916 03:11:24,960 --> 03:11:27,320 APPLY ADVANCES IN M.L. TO THE 4917 03:11:27,320 --> 03:11:27,880 DEVELOPMENT OF BETTER 4918 03:11:27,880 --> 03:11:30,160 TECHNOLOGIES FOR BRAIN AND 4919 03:11:30,160 --> 03:11:31,400 BEHAVIORAL MODELING AND 4920 03:11:31,400 --> 03:11:31,760 QUANTIFICATION. 4921 03:11:31,760 --> 03:11:32,840 THEY ARE NOT COMPLETE. 4922 03:11:32,840 --> 03:11:36,120 ONE THING THAT'S MISSING IS ANY 4923 03:11:36,120 --> 03:11:37,120 THEORY BUILDING. 4924 03:11:37,120 --> 03:11:40,560 THAT FALLS UNDER THE UMBRELLA OF 4925 03:11:40,560 --> 03:11:41,200 GENERATEIVE MODELING BUT 4926 03:11:41,200 --> 03:11:43,400 DESERVES ITS OWN PLACE ON THE 4927 03:11:43,400 --> 03:11:43,720 PODIUM. 4928 03:11:43,720 --> 03:11:45,760 AND I'LL LEAVE IT AT THAT, 4929 03:11:45,760 --> 03:11:47,040 LOOKING FORWARD TO THE 4930 03:11:47,040 --> 03:11:48,800 DISCUSSION WITH THE OTHER 4931 03:11:48,800 --> 03:11:50,280 PANELISTS. 4932 03:11:50,280 --> 03:11:51,560 >> THANK YOU, SCOTT. 4933 03:11:51,560 --> 03:11:53,520 WONDERFUL TALK. 4934 03:11:53,520 --> 03:11:57,640 WE MOVE TO THE NEXT 4935 03:11:57,640 --> 03:11:58,400 REPRESENTATION, DR. SHANECHI. 4936 03:11:58,400 --> 03:11:59,520 >> THANKS VERY MUCH. 4937 03:11:59,520 --> 03:12:01,720 A PLEASURE TO BE HERE TODAY AND 4938 03:12:01,720 --> 03:12:05,520 TALK ABOUT SOME OF OUR IDEAS ON 4939 03:12:05,520 --> 03:12:19,200 JOINT MODELING AND BY HEIFER 4940 03:12:19,200 --> 03:12:25,360 DEBEHAVIOR AND NEURAL ACTIVITY 4941 03:12:25,360 --> 03:12:26,600 FOR DECODING AND MODULATION. 4942 03:12:26,600 --> 03:12:40,560 THERE'S BEEN WORK ON DYNAMIC 4943 03:12:40,560 --> 03:12:41,640 MODELING, HERE SHOWING FROM ONE 4944 03:12:41,640 --> 03:12:44,720 TIME TO THE NEXT TIME STAMP. 4945 03:12:44,720 --> 03:12:46,960 IN LINEAR FORM. 4946 03:12:46,960 --> 03:12:48,320 THERE'S BEEN ALSO NON-LINEAR 4947 03:12:48,320 --> 03:12:49,360 DEEP LEARNING APPROACHES TO 4948 03:12:49,360 --> 03:12:57,520 BUILD THESE TYPES OF DYNAMIC 4949 03:12:57,520 --> 03:12:59,360 MODELS. 4950 03:12:59,360 --> 03:13:05,560 THE GOAL HAS BEEN TO DESCRIBE 4951 03:13:05,560 --> 03:13:07,360 VARIANCE, BUT WE'RE INTERESTED 4952 03:13:07,360 --> 03:13:10,880 IN THE NEURAL STATES THAT ARE 4953 03:13:10,880 --> 03:13:12,160 BEHAVIORALLY RELEVANT, NEURAL 4954 03:13:12,160 --> 03:13:13,200 ACTIVITY RELATING TO BEHAVIOR OF 4955 03:13:13,200 --> 03:13:14,400 INTEREST. 4956 03:13:14,400 --> 03:13:20,360 LET'S SAY ARM MOVEMENTS. 4957 03:13:20,360 --> 03:13:26,200 IN THIS CASE WE WANT TO EXTRACT 4958 03:13:26,200 --> 03:13:27,560 LATENT STATES. 4959 03:13:27,560 --> 03:13:32,480 WE CAN DECOMPOSE INTO THOSE JUST 4960 03:13:32,480 --> 03:13:34,600 IN NEURAL ACTIVITY, THOSE THAT 4961 03:13:34,600 --> 03:13:42,760 ARE SHARED, GREEN ONES, THE BLUE 4962 03:13:42,760 --> 03:13:44,680 ONES IN BEHAVIOR. 4963 03:13:44,680 --> 03:13:54,960 IF YOU USE UNSUPERVISED METHODS 4964 03:13:54,960 --> 03:13:55,280 WHAT HAPPENS? 4965 03:13:55,280 --> 03:14:00,800 WHAT CAN HAPPEN IS THAT WE MAY 4966 03:14:00,800 --> 03:14:03,480 EXTRACT RED STATES, THE NEW 4967 03:14:03,480 --> 03:14:06,560 DIRECTLY RELEVANT TO THE 4968 03:14:06,560 --> 03:14:07,720 BEHAVIOR OF INTEREST. 4969 03:14:07,720 --> 03:14:09,320 THERE'S REPRESENTATION THAT DOES 4970 03:14:09,320 --> 03:14:10,280 THE OPPOSITE. 4971 03:14:10,280 --> 03:14:13,160 FIRST, DON'T LOOK AT NEURAL 4972 03:14:13,160 --> 03:14:14,360 ACTIVITY, DYNAMIC MODEL OF 4973 03:14:14,360 --> 03:14:14,920 BEHAVIOR. 4974 03:14:14,920 --> 03:14:17,360 WHAT CAN HAPPEN IS WE MAY 4975 03:14:17,360 --> 03:14:19,200 EXTRACT THOSE BLUE STATES THAT 4976 03:14:19,200 --> 03:14:23,200 WHILE IN BEHAVIOR ARE NOT 4977 03:14:23,200 --> 03:14:41,840 ENCODED IN A PARTICULAR 4978 03:14:41,840 --> 03:14:42,680 RECORDING. 4979 03:14:42,680 --> 03:14:43,720 WE EXTRACT AND DISASSOCIATE. 4980 03:14:43,720 --> 03:14:47,520 I'M GOING TO SHOW WHAT BENEFITS 4981 03:14:47,520 --> 03:14:48,600 THIS CAN HAVE. 4982 03:14:48,600 --> 03:14:54,120 THE METHOD IS A LATENT STATE 4983 03:14:54,120 --> 03:14:56,440 DYNAMIC METHOD, RED AND GREEN 4984 03:14:56,440 --> 03:15:00,960 ELEMENTS, BASED ON IDEA OF 4985 03:15:00,960 --> 03:15:01,280 PROJECTION. 4986 03:15:01,280 --> 03:15:03,160 MORE IMPORTANTLY CAN PRIORITIZE 4987 03:15:03,160 --> 03:15:04,560 THOSE SHARED BEHAVIORALLY 4988 03:15:04,560 --> 03:15:05,000 RELEVANT STATES. 4989 03:15:05,000 --> 03:15:09,720 TO SEE HOW THIS CAN BENEFIT OUR 4990 03:15:09,720 --> 03:15:11,520 MODELING OF THESE BEHAVIORALLY 4991 03:15:11,520 --> 03:15:14,640 RELEVANT DYNAMICS APPLY METHOD 4992 03:15:14,640 --> 03:15:17,600 IN MONKEY DATASETS PERFORMING 4993 03:15:17,600 --> 03:15:19,160 NATURALISTIC REACHING, GRASPING 4994 03:15:19,160 --> 03:15:21,360 AND RETURNING MOVEMENTS. 4995 03:15:21,360 --> 03:15:23,120 LOOK AT EXPLANATION OF BEHAVIOR 4996 03:15:23,120 --> 03:15:24,800 FROM NEURAL ACTIVITY AND 4997 03:15:24,800 --> 03:15:26,080 DECODING OF BEHAVIOR. 4998 03:15:26,080 --> 03:15:29,160 WE FOUND THIS JOINT MODELING 4999 03:15:29,160 --> 03:15:31,240 ALLOWED US TO ACTUALLY MUCH 5000 03:15:31,240 --> 03:15:33,400 BETTER DECODE BEHAVIOR, COMPARED 5001 03:15:33,400 --> 03:15:36,120 TO REPRESENTATIONAL MODELS AND 5002 03:15:36,120 --> 03:15:39,360 UNSUPERVISED DYNAMICAL MODELS. 5003 03:15:39,360 --> 03:15:40,600 MOREOVER, BY DISASSOCIATING 5004 03:15:40,600 --> 03:15:44,160 RELEVANT DYNAMICS WE FOUND 5005 03:15:44,160 --> 03:15:45,160 BEHAVIORALLY RELEVANT DYNAMICS 5006 03:15:45,160 --> 03:15:46,720 HAD MUCH LOWER DIMENSIONALITY 5007 03:15:46,720 --> 03:15:53,000 THAT WE WOULD OTHERWISE 5008 03:15:53,000 --> 03:15:53,760 CONCLUDE. 5009 03:15:53,760 --> 03:15:57,800 THE SAME HELD COMPARED WITH 5010 03:15:57,800 --> 03:15:58,120 SEQUENTIAL. 5011 03:15:58,120 --> 03:15:59,760 THE OTHER APPLICATION THAT THIS 5012 03:15:59,760 --> 03:16:04,560 JOINT MODELING HAS IS FOR 5013 03:16:04,560 --> 03:16:05,080 TARGETED DIMENSIONALITY 5014 03:16:05,080 --> 03:16:06,760 REDUCTION, DYNAMIC MANNER. 5015 03:16:06,760 --> 03:16:09,760 WE USED THIS JOINT MODEL AND 5016 03:16:09,760 --> 03:16:11,640 UNSUPERVISED MODELS TO VISUALIZE 5017 03:16:11,640 --> 03:16:13,160 LOW DIMENSIONAL REPRESENTATION 5018 03:16:13,160 --> 03:16:14,680 OF NEURAL ACTIVITY, DURING THE 5019 03:16:14,680 --> 03:16:17,520 REACH AND RETURN MOVEMENT ALSO. 5020 03:16:17,520 --> 03:16:22,760 WHAT WE FOUND WAS THAT THE 5021 03:16:22,760 --> 03:16:23,520 ALGORITHM FOUND ROTATIONAL 5022 03:16:23,520 --> 03:16:25,040 PATTERNS THAT THEY ARE MORE 5023 03:16:25,040 --> 03:16:27,160 CONGRUENT WITH THE FACT THAT 5024 03:16:27,160 --> 03:16:28,240 MOVEMENT ITSELF WAS CHANGING 5025 03:16:28,240 --> 03:16:30,640 DIRECTIONS AS YOU CAN SEE, 5026 03:16:30,640 --> 03:16:31,840 ROTATIONS ARE CHANGING 5027 03:16:31,840 --> 03:16:40,520 DIRECTION, THE OTHER ROTATIONS 5028 03:16:40,520 --> 03:16:41,360 ARE NOT. 5029 03:16:41,360 --> 03:16:46,120 IF YOU WANT TO MAINTAIN IT WAS, 5030 03:16:46,120 --> 03:16:48,600 THE JOINT MODELING 5031 03:16:48,600 --> 03:16:49,480 (INDISCERNIBLE). 5032 03:16:49,480 --> 03:16:51,000 WHILE I'VE SHOWN LINEAR 5033 03:16:51,000 --> 03:16:52,480 INSTANTIATIONS WE CAN EXTEND TO 5034 03:16:52,480 --> 03:16:55,000 THE REALM OF NEURAL NETWORKS AS 5035 03:16:55,000 --> 03:16:59,360 WELL, ALLOWING FOR COMPLEX 5036 03:16:59,360 --> 03:17:01,360 NON-LINEAR MODELING. 5037 03:17:01,360 --> 03:17:03,880 THINK ABOUT BUILDING A MODEL 5038 03:17:03,880 --> 03:17:05,640 WHERE EACH PARAMETER CORRESPONDS 5039 03:17:05,640 --> 03:17:08,880 TO ONE OF THESE INTERPRETABLE 5040 03:17:08,880 --> 03:17:10,600 MAPPINGS, WE CAN DEVELOP 5041 03:17:10,600 --> 03:17:12,160 LEARNING ALGORITHMS THAT CAN 5042 03:17:12,160 --> 03:17:13,480 AGAIN DISASSOCIATE AND 5043 03:17:13,480 --> 03:17:15,360 PRIORITIZE SHARED DYNAMICS BY 5044 03:17:15,360 --> 03:17:17,600 COMING UP WITH COST FUNCTION 5045 03:17:17,600 --> 03:17:22,000 THAT ENCOURAGE NOT ONLY NEURAL 5046 03:17:22,000 --> 03:17:30,920 PREDICTION BUT ALSO BEHAVIOR 5047 03:17:30,920 --> 03:17:31,200 PREDICTION. 5048 03:17:31,200 --> 03:17:32,160 WE'VE SHOWED IMPROVING 5049 03:17:32,160 --> 03:17:33,480 DESCRIPTION OF NEURAL AND 5050 03:17:33,480 --> 03:17:36,000 BEHAVIORAL DATA. 5051 03:17:36,000 --> 03:17:37,800 FINALLY THE MODELS CAN BE USED 5052 03:17:37,800 --> 03:17:39,680 AS TOOLS FOR SCIENCE TO 5053 03:17:39,680 --> 03:17:42,120 DECOMPOSE TRANSFORMATION FROM 5054 03:17:42,120 --> 03:17:46,840 NEURAL ACTIVITY TO BEHAVIOR, 5055 03:17:46,840 --> 03:17:50,760 MAPPINGS, WHERE IS 5056 03:17:50,760 --> 03:17:51,600 NON-LINEARITY. 5057 03:17:51,600 --> 03:17:56,680 WE'VE FOUND CONSISTENT RESULT 5058 03:17:56,680 --> 03:17:57,480 ACROSS MULTIPLE DOMAINS, 5059 03:17:57,480 --> 03:18:04,760 NON-LINEARITY CAN BE SUMMARIZED, 5060 03:18:04,760 --> 03:18:09,440 SUGGESTING DOWNSTREAM CORTICAL 5061 03:18:09,440 --> 03:18:11,360 PROCESSING THAT CAPTURES 5062 03:18:11,360 --> 03:18:11,800 NON-LINEARITY. 5063 03:18:11,800 --> 03:18:15,320 WHAT ABOUT APPLICATION TO 5064 03:18:15,320 --> 03:18:16,960 NEUROTECHNOLOGY? 5065 03:18:16,960 --> 03:18:27,360 THESE DYNAMICAL MODELS CAN 5066 03:18:27,360 --> 03:18:30,160 BENEFIT BRAIN-MACHINE INTERFACE. 5067 03:18:30,160 --> 03:18:33,160 A SECOND APPLICATION COULD BE 5068 03:18:33,160 --> 03:18:35,240 BMIs THAT AIM TO REGULATE 5069 03:18:35,240 --> 03:18:36,000 ABNORMAL STATES, FOR EXAMPLE, 5070 03:18:36,000 --> 03:18:40,600 THE SAME MOOD IN DEPRESSION. 5071 03:18:40,600 --> 03:18:44,000 WE WANT TO BUILD THESE 5072 03:18:44,000 --> 03:18:46,160 CLOSED-LOOP STIMULATION SYSTEMS 5073 03:18:46,160 --> 03:18:47,360 THAT CAN DECODE MENTAL STATE 5074 03:18:47,360 --> 03:18:50,720 SUCH AS MOOD AND USE THAT AS 5075 03:18:50,720 --> 03:18:52,680 FEEDBACK TO ADJUST DEEP BRAIN 5076 03:18:52,680 --> 03:18:54,120 STIMULATION PARAMETERS, TAKE THE 5077 03:18:54,120 --> 03:18:58,640 BRAIN TO HEALTHY TARGET STATE. 5078 03:18:58,640 --> 03:19:01,240 BUILDING THESE CLOSED LOOP 5079 03:19:01,240 --> 03:19:02,600 STIMULATION SYSTEMS, FIRST THEY 5080 03:19:02,600 --> 03:19:05,520 CAN BE HELPFUL TO BUILD DECODER, 5081 03:19:05,520 --> 03:19:08,160 BY BIDDING DYNAMIC ENCODING 5082 03:19:08,160 --> 03:19:10,040 MODEL, HOW MOOD IS REPRESENTED 5083 03:19:10,040 --> 03:19:11,520 IN NEURAL SIGNAL. 5084 03:19:11,520 --> 03:19:16,760 IT CAN BE IMPORTANT IN BUILDING 5085 03:19:16,760 --> 03:19:17,520 INPUT-OUTPUT MODELS, HOW 5086 03:19:17,520 --> 03:19:19,280 STIMULATION INPUTS CHANGES 5087 03:19:19,280 --> 03:19:21,280 NEURAL ACTIVITY AND THEREFORE 5088 03:19:21,280 --> 03:19:22,560 UNDERLYING MENTAL STATE, FINALLY 5089 03:19:22,560 --> 03:19:24,400 MODELS CAN BE INCORPORATED 5090 03:19:24,400 --> 03:19:27,840 WITHIN FEEDBACK CONTROLLERS TO 5091 03:19:27,840 --> 03:19:30,520 ADJUST THE STIMULATION. 5092 03:19:30,520 --> 03:19:32,280 >> ONE MINUTE. 5093 03:19:32,280 --> 03:19:32,560 >> SURE. 5094 03:19:32,560 --> 03:19:34,000 SO, FOR EXAMPLE, WHEN WE TALK 5095 03:19:34,000 --> 03:19:36,920 ABOUT MENTAL STATES SUCH AS MOOD 5096 03:19:36,920 --> 03:19:38,640 OBSERVATIONS OF THESE MENTAL 5097 03:19:38,640 --> 03:19:42,240 STATES, BEHAVIORAL OBSERVATIONS 5098 03:19:42,240 --> 03:19:45,200 ARE IN THE FORM OF 5099 03:19:45,200 --> 03:19:45,840 QUESTIONNAIRES, I'M SHOWING 5100 03:19:45,840 --> 03:19:47,720 ECoG ACTIVITY, I SHOW THE 5101 03:19:47,720 --> 03:19:50,240 QUESTIONNAIRE WE GIVE PATIENTS 5102 03:19:50,240 --> 03:19:51,760 TO MEASURE THEIR MOOD, 5103 03:19:51,760 --> 03:19:52,640 ESSENTIALLY IPAD-BASED 5104 03:19:52,640 --> 03:19:52,960 QUESTIONNAIRE. 5105 03:19:52,960 --> 03:19:55,960 YOU CAN SEE IN THE CASE OF 5106 03:19:55,960 --> 03:19:58,800 MENTAL STATES, BEHAVIORAL 5107 03:19:58,800 --> 03:20:00,200 MEASUREMENTS ARE UNLIKE MOVEMENT 5108 03:20:00,200 --> 03:20:00,560 SPARSE. 5109 03:20:00,560 --> 03:20:03,800 WE HAVE SPARSE LABELS TO TRAIN 5110 03:20:03,800 --> 03:20:05,360 OUR MODELS. 5111 03:20:05,360 --> 03:20:09,560 WE'VE SHOWN WITH UNSUPERVISED 5112 03:20:09,560 --> 03:20:10,560 METHODS WE CAN DECODE MOOD, 5113 03:20:10,560 --> 03:20:13,960 THERE'S A LOT OF POTENTIAL IN 5114 03:20:13,960 --> 03:20:16,640 USING THESE JOINT APPROACHES TO 5115 03:20:16,640 --> 03:20:23,200 SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVE THE 5116 03:20:23,200 --> 03:20:24,360 QUALITY OF DECODING. 5117 03:20:24,360 --> 03:20:27,160 WHILE WE'VE SHOWN IN 5118 03:20:27,160 --> 03:20:29,240 UNSUPERVISED MANNER THAT WE CAN 5119 03:20:29,240 --> 03:20:31,320 DESCRIBE NEURAL VARIATION 5120 03:20:31,320 --> 03:20:31,960 RESPONSE TO STIMULATION, THERE'S 5121 03:20:31,960 --> 03:20:35,280 A LOT OF POTENTIAL IN EXTENDING 5122 03:20:35,280 --> 03:20:37,880 THESE MODELS TO DESCRIBE THE 5123 03:20:37,880 --> 03:20:39,360 RESPONSE ON JUST MOOD RELEVANT 5124 03:20:39,360 --> 03:20:41,560 NEURODYNAMICS FOR EXAMPLE SO WE 5125 03:20:41,560 --> 03:20:48,360 CAN TARGET JUST THOSE DYNAMICS 5126 03:20:48,360 --> 03:20:49,840 WHILE MINIMIZING SIDE EFFECTS. 5127 03:20:49,840 --> 03:20:53,440 THERE'S A LOT OF POTENTIAL FOR 5128 03:20:53,440 --> 03:20:54,720 BUILDING LEARNING ALGORITHMS, 5129 03:20:54,720 --> 03:20:55,760 THAT CAN CONSIDER JOINTLY 5130 03:20:55,760 --> 03:20:58,160 BEHAVIOR AS WELL AS NEURAL 5131 03:20:58,160 --> 03:20:59,560 ACTIVITY, BOTH TO STUDY THE 5132 03:20:59,560 --> 03:21:01,880 NEURAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOR BUT 5133 03:21:01,880 --> 03:21:04,000 ALSO TO DEVELOP NEXT GENERATION 5134 03:21:04,000 --> 03:21:04,440 TECHNOLOGIES. 5135 03:21:04,440 --> 03:21:11,360 WITH THAT I'LL PASS THE FLOOR TO 5136 03:21:11,360 --> 03:21:12,880 THE NEXT SPEAKER. 5137 03:21:12,880 --> 03:21:15,000 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH. 5138 03:21:15,000 --> 03:21:18,000 WE MOVE TO THE NEXT AND LAST 5139 03:21:18,000 --> 03:21:20,160 PRESENTATION FOR THE PANEL, DR. 5140 03:21:20,160 --> 03:21:20,640 BERMAN. 5141 03:21:20,640 --> 03:21:21,160 TAKE IT AWAY. 5142 03:21:21,160 --> 03:21:23,720 >> THANK OF YOU. 5143 03:21:23,720 --> 03:21:26,320 THANKS FOR THE INVITATION. 5144 03:21:26,320 --> 03:21:27,960 AND YOU FOR STICKING AROUND TO 5145 03:21:27,960 --> 03:21:29,040 THE LAST TALK. 5146 03:21:29,040 --> 03:21:34,200 I'M GOING TO TALK TODAY ABOUT A 5147 03:21:34,200 --> 03:21:38,080 MORE OVERVIEW TALK, THINKING 5148 03:21:38,080 --> 03:21:39,760 ABOUT HOW DOES -- HOW CAN WE 5149 03:21:39,760 --> 03:21:41,120 DEVELOP A THEORY OF BEHAVIOR 5150 03:21:41,120 --> 03:21:44,560 THAT ALLOWS US TO MAKE SENSE OF 5151 03:21:44,560 --> 03:21:49,160 UNDERLYING NEURAL ACTIVITY AND 5152 03:21:49,160 --> 03:21:50,320 UNDERLYING STRUCTURES WE'RE 5153 03:21:50,320 --> 03:21:51,040 SEEING. 5154 03:21:51,040 --> 03:21:54,040 WHEN WE'RE TALKING ABOUT 5155 03:21:54,040 --> 03:21:58,720 BEHAVIOR, BEHAVIOR OFTEN HAS 5156 03:21:58,720 --> 03:22:00,160 THIS CONNOTATION OF THINKING 5157 03:22:00,160 --> 03:22:03,240 ABOUT HOW -- NOT JUST THE 5158 03:22:03,240 --> 03:22:03,720 PARTICULAR ACTIONS AND 5159 03:22:03,720 --> 03:22:05,160 MOVEMENTS, REALLY ONE OF THE 5160 03:22:05,160 --> 03:22:07,320 THINGS WE CARE ABOUT, ONE OF THE 5161 03:22:07,320 --> 03:22:09,280 KEY ASPECTS OF THE WORKSHOP, 5162 03:22:09,280 --> 03:22:11,320 THINKING ABOUT THE PARTICULAR 5163 03:22:11,320 --> 03:22:12,480 MOVEMENTS THAT AN ANIMAL IS 5164 03:22:12,480 --> 03:22:14,000 MAKING, ALSO WHAT ARE THE 5165 03:22:14,000 --> 03:22:20,760 UNDERLYING FEATURE ALSO THAT ARE 5166 03:22:20,760 --> 03:22:21,800 GENERATING THOSE MOVEMENTS. 5167 03:22:21,800 --> 03:22:23,080 HOW CAN WE MAKE SENSE OUT OF 5168 03:22:23,080 --> 03:22:26,360 THESE THINGS, FOR EXAMPLE 5169 03:22:26,360 --> 03:22:27,960 BETWEEN THE MOVEMENTS AS 5170 03:22:27,960 --> 03:22:30,520 FUNCTION OF ACTIVITY LEVEL DUE 5171 03:22:30,520 --> 03:22:32,600 TO CIRCADIAN RHYTHM, HUNGER, 5172 03:22:32,600 --> 03:22:33,200 AGE, SOCIAL INTERACTIONS, AND 5173 03:22:33,200 --> 03:22:36,680 THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT FOR 5174 03:22:36,680 --> 03:22:38,160 THINKING ABOUT CLINICALLY 5175 03:22:38,160 --> 03:22:39,280 RELEVANT THINGS LIKE MOOD 5176 03:22:39,280 --> 03:22:40,600 DISORDERS OR OTHER TYPES OF 5177 03:22:40,600 --> 03:22:44,160 THINGS WE MIGHT BE CARRYING 5178 03:22:44,160 --> 03:22:50,560 ABOUT AS WE THINK ABOUT THIS. 5179 03:22:50,560 --> 03:22:52,160 OF COURSE, THERE'S BEEN -- WHEN 5180 03:22:52,160 --> 03:22:54,320 I SAY THERE'S BEEN A PAUCITY OF 5181 03:22:54,320 --> 03:22:57,440 THEORY TO THINK ABOUT HOW DO WE 5182 03:22:57,440 --> 03:22:59,960 UNDERSTAND THESE INTERNAL STATES 5183 03:22:59,960 --> 03:23:05,040 OF BEHAVIOR AND HOW THIS 5184 03:23:05,040 --> 03:23:07,360 ACTUALLY WINDS UP RELATING TO 5185 03:23:07,360 --> 03:23:07,960 THOSE OUTPUTS. 5186 03:23:07,960 --> 03:23:11,320 BUT THERE'S BEEN A LOT OF 5187 03:23:11,320 --> 03:23:12,520 LINGUISTIC THEORY THAT'S BEEN 5188 03:23:12,520 --> 03:23:15,360 AROUND, WHAT I MEAN BY THAT IS 5189 03:23:15,360 --> 03:23:17,320 BEAUTIFULLY WRITTEN THOUGHTFUL 5190 03:23:17,320 --> 03:23:24,120 IDEAS THAT COME FROM, SAY, FOR 5191 03:23:24,120 --> 03:23:27,320 EXAMPLE, THE CLASSICAL ETHOLOGY 5192 03:23:27,320 --> 03:23:33,560 WORKS FROM THE 50s, '60s, 5193 03:23:33,560 --> 03:23:34,640 70s, THE STRUCTURED BEHAVIOR 5194 03:23:34,640 --> 03:23:37,520 OFTEN IS A FULL REPERTOIRE, NOT 5195 03:23:37,520 --> 03:23:39,000 JUST ONE THING AN ANIMAL IS 5196 03:23:39,000 --> 03:23:40,600 DOING TO UNDERSTAND ONE THING 5197 03:23:40,600 --> 03:23:42,720 AND UNDERSTAND HOW IT'S DOING IT 5198 03:23:42,720 --> 03:23:51,320 BUT WHERE DOES THAT FIT IN THE 5199 03:23:51,320 --> 03:23:52,960 CONTEXT AMONGST THE REPERTOIRE 5200 03:23:52,960 --> 03:23:57,320 OF BEHAVIORS AND THINKING ABOUT 5201 03:23:57,320 --> 03:23:58,040 HIERARCHY OF STATES, INTERNAL 5202 03:23:58,040 --> 03:23:59,400 STATES, TRYING TO UNDERSTAND HOW 5203 03:23:59,400 --> 03:24:03,480 THOSE THINGS ARE INTERACTING IN 5204 03:24:03,480 --> 03:24:03,680 TIME. 5205 03:24:03,680 --> 03:24:12,520 WE CAN LOOK TO SEE -- THIS IS 5206 03:24:12,520 --> 03:24:13,720 SIMPLISTIC MODELS, IF WE LOOK AT 5207 03:24:13,720 --> 03:24:15,560 BEAUTIFUL WORK OTHER PEOPLE HAVE 5208 03:24:15,560 --> 03:24:17,400 DONE, THIS IS GREAT WORK 5209 03:24:17,400 --> 03:24:18,200 INCLUDING BY SEVERAL PEOPLE THAT 5210 03:24:18,200 --> 03:24:21,240 ARE HERE ON THE PANEL TODAY, 5211 03:24:21,240 --> 03:24:24,960 WHAT WE SEE IS THESE TYPES OF 5212 03:24:24,960 --> 03:24:26,320 MODELS FOR DESCRIBING BEHAVIOR 5213 03:24:26,320 --> 03:24:31,320 THAT HAVE A TENDENCY TO HAVE A 5214 03:24:31,320 --> 03:24:44,520 SHORT TIME SCALE AND BE 5215 03:24:44,520 --> 03:24:44,760 DISCRETE. 5216 03:24:44,760 --> 03:24:46,280 THERE'S A LOT OF JUSTIFICATION 5217 03:24:46,280 --> 03:24:47,720 WHY THAT MIGHT BE A GOOD WAY TO 5218 03:24:47,720 --> 03:24:49,120 TALK ABOUT BEHAVIOR. 5219 03:24:49,120 --> 03:24:52,280 OR WE SAY, OKAY, I'M GROOMING, I 5220 03:24:52,280 --> 03:24:53,000 AM COURTING. 5221 03:24:53,000 --> 03:24:56,880 I AM DOING SOMETHING ELSE. 5222 03:24:56,880 --> 03:25:01,360 OKAY, I'M GOING TO SWITCH 5223 03:25:01,360 --> 03:25:02,560 BETWEEN THINGS. 5224 03:25:02,560 --> 03:25:08,360 THAT DOESN'T NECESSARILY -- 5225 03:25:08,360 --> 03:25:11,160 OOPS -- MAP ON BETWEEN -- THIS 5226 03:25:11,160 --> 03:25:12,960 IS THE PICTURE. 5227 03:25:12,960 --> 03:25:15,120 I'M SORRY, THE FONTS GOT 5228 03:25:15,120 --> 03:25:16,200 TRANSLATED BETWEEN THE MAC AND 5229 03:25:16,200 --> 03:25:16,440 P.C. 5230 03:25:16,440 --> 03:25:21,480 WE SEE THIS PICTURE WHEREAS TIME 5231 03:25:21,480 --> 03:25:23,320 MOVES ALONG, OUR BEHAVIORAL 5232 03:25:23,320 --> 03:25:25,560 OUTPUTS ARE ESSENTIALLY A 5233 03:25:25,560 --> 03:25:25,800 FILTER. 5234 03:25:25,800 --> 03:25:26,960 >> ONE MINUTE REMAINING. 5235 03:25:26,960 --> 03:25:28,720 >> ONE MINUTE REMAINING? 5236 03:25:28,720 --> 03:25:29,280 OKAY. 5237 03:25:29,280 --> 03:25:30,320 ESSENTIALLY A FILTER BETWEEN 5238 03:25:30,320 --> 03:25:33,920 WHAT'S THE INTERNAL STATE AND 5239 03:25:33,920 --> 03:25:34,280 EXTERNAL STATE. 5240 03:25:34,280 --> 03:25:36,680 TO MOVE OUT, HOW CAN WE THINK 5241 03:25:36,680 --> 03:25:38,240 ABOUT THIS FROM THE STANDPOINT 5242 03:25:38,240 --> 03:25:41,520 OF HOW OTHER PEOPLE GENERATED 5243 03:25:41,520 --> 03:25:42,040 MODELS? 5244 03:25:42,040 --> 03:25:44,600 I'M GOING TO WHAT MALCOLM TALKED 5245 03:25:44,600 --> 03:25:55,360 ABOUT, AND GO BACK TO THE HIGGS 5246 03:25:55,360 --> 03:25:58,200 BOSUN. 5247 03:25:58,200 --> 03:26:01,000 AND THEORETICAL PARTICLE 5248 03:26:01,000 --> 03:26:02,760 PHYSICS, UNDERLYING THEORY 5249 03:26:02,760 --> 03:26:06,760 INVOLVES WRITING COMPLICATED 5250 03:26:06,760 --> 03:26:07,360 EQUATIONS, PHENOMENONOLOGY 5251 03:26:07,360 --> 03:26:17,560 BRINGS THE THING INTO THE WORD 5252 03:26:17,560 --> 03:26:19,360 OF THE MEASURABLE, IT'S A 5253 03:26:19,360 --> 03:26:29,960 COMPLICATED EVENT, WE WIND UP 5254 03:26:29,960 --> 03:26:30,960 GETTING THESE THINGS. 5255 03:26:30,960 --> 03:26:36,400 SAY I'M LOOKING AT THIS WATER, 5256 03:26:36,400 --> 03:26:38,440 CALCULATE THE SPEED OF THE WAVE, 5257 03:26:38,440 --> 03:26:39,440 WHAT THE AMPLITUDE IS. 5258 03:26:39,440 --> 03:26:42,320 IF I WERE A STATISTICIAN, I 5259 03:26:42,320 --> 03:26:44,160 WOULD SAY, OKAY, OR MINIMALLY 5260 03:26:44,160 --> 03:26:47,360 THIS IS WHAT MODERN MACHINE 5261 03:26:47,360 --> 03:26:48,560 LEARNING IS DOING. 5262 03:26:48,560 --> 03:26:50,880 I HAVE MY HEIGHT, EXTERNAL 5263 03:26:50,880 --> 03:26:53,360 VARIABLES, I'LL TAKE DATA, TRAIN 5264 03:26:53,360 --> 03:26:56,400 A MODEL TO PREDICT THAT, CORRECT 5265 03:26:56,400 --> 03:26:59,560 LIP OUTPUT MY PREDICTION. 5266 03:26:59,560 --> 03:27:04,880 IF I'M ABLE, ANOTHER WAY TO 5267 03:27:04,880 --> 03:27:07,480 THINK ABOUT IT, CAN WE ISOLATE 5268 03:27:07,480 --> 03:27:09,120 RELEVANT VARIABLES FROM OUR 5269 03:27:09,120 --> 03:27:11,080 ENVIRONMENT THAT WIND UP BEING 5270 03:27:11,080 --> 03:27:11,600 PREDICTIVE? 5271 03:27:11,600 --> 03:27:14,200 AND FROM THAT THIS IS WHERE YOU 5272 03:27:14,200 --> 03:27:16,120 WOULD START WITH A BROAD -- 5273 03:27:16,120 --> 03:27:17,560 >> THANK YOU, GORDON. 5274 03:27:17,560 --> 03:27:19,160 YOU STILL HAVE A FEW MINUTES 5275 03:27:19,160 --> 03:27:19,520 REMAINING. 5276 03:27:19,520 --> 03:27:23,360 SORRY ABOUT THAT. 5277 03:27:23,360 --> 03:27:26,600 >> I THOUGHT THAT WAS A BIT 5278 03:27:26,600 --> 03:27:26,800 QUICK. 5279 03:27:26,800 --> 03:27:28,120 ALL RIGHT. 5280 03:27:28,120 --> 03:27:28,760 WHEW. 5281 03:27:28,760 --> 03:27:31,680 BASICALLY WHAT WE WIND UP HAVING 5282 03:27:31,680 --> 03:27:35,680 IS YOU START OFF WITH SOMETHING 5283 03:27:35,680 --> 03:27:42,160 WHICH LOOKS LIKE A NAVIER-STOKES 5284 03:27:42,160 --> 03:27:44,000 EQUATION, CONSERVATION OF MASS, 5285 03:27:44,000 --> 03:27:45,680 MOMENTUM, TRANSLATIONAL AND 5286 03:27:45,680 --> 03:27:46,560 ROTATIONAL VARIANTS. 5287 03:27:46,560 --> 03:27:48,160 YOU SAY, OH, THERE'S RELEVANT 5288 03:27:48,160 --> 03:27:51,000 FEATURES I'M TRYING TO PREDICT, 5289 03:27:51,000 --> 03:27:53,120 WHICH IS THE WAVELENGTH AND 5290 03:27:53,120 --> 03:27:55,200 AMPLITUDE OF THAT WAVE. 5291 03:27:55,200 --> 03:28:01,120 AND THEN FROM MAKING A SET 5292 03:28:01,120 --> 03:28:02,560 APPROXIMATIONS, I HAVE A 5293 03:28:02,560 --> 03:28:03,400 PREDICTIVE MODEL. 5294 03:28:03,400 --> 03:28:05,160 THIS TAKES KNOWING A LOT ABOUT 5295 03:28:05,160 --> 03:28:06,320 YOUR SYSTEM, SOMETIMES IT'S 5296 03:28:06,320 --> 03:28:07,800 COMPLICATED, YOU CAN'T DO IT IF 5297 03:28:07,800 --> 03:28:14,280 YOUR SYSTEM IS TOO COMPLICATED 5298 03:28:14,280 --> 03:28:17,360 LIKE ANIMAL DEVELOP OF BEHAVIOR, 5299 03:28:17,360 --> 03:28:19,240 GENE EXPRESSION, EVOLUTION, 5300 03:28:19,240 --> 03:28:19,600 EVERYTHING. 5301 03:28:19,600 --> 03:28:20,920 AND IN PHYSICS WE CAN DEAL WITH 5302 03:28:20,920 --> 03:28:24,880 THIS A LITTLE BIT BY THINKING 5303 03:28:24,880 --> 03:28:28,440 ABOUT WHAT'S CALLED 5304 03:28:28,440 --> 03:28:31,720 RENORMALIZATION, YOU CAN SAY ALL 5305 03:28:31,720 --> 03:28:34,040 THESE TINY SKINS POINTING UP AND 5306 03:28:34,040 --> 03:28:39,280 DOWN, I CAN FIND COURSE GRADING 5307 03:28:39,280 --> 03:28:42,080 VARIABLES, GROUP INTO ONE BIG 5308 03:28:42,080 --> 03:28:43,160 SPIN, I EVENTUALLY FIND THESE 5309 03:28:43,160 --> 03:28:44,640 ARE THE VARIABLES THAT ARE 5310 03:28:44,640 --> 03:28:53,560 RELEVANT FOR ME UNDERSTANDING MY 5311 03:28:53,560 --> 03:28:55,240 SYSTEM. 5312 03:28:55,240 --> 03:28:59,320 IN OUR GROUP WE THINK ABOUT 5313 03:28:59,320 --> 03:29:00,560 THESE THINGS. 5314 03:29:00,560 --> 03:29:03,520 THIS SORT OF -- TAKE THIS 5315 03:29:03,520 --> 03:29:05,560 METAPHORICALLY. 5316 03:29:05,560 --> 03:29:08,360 THE IDEA OF IMAGINING A BALL 5317 03:29:08,360 --> 03:29:10,960 ROLLING THROUGH THE LANDSCAPE, A 5318 03:29:10,960 --> 03:29:12,560 DETERMINISTIC PART OF THIS, LIKE 5319 03:29:12,560 --> 03:29:14,320 A BALL IN A WELL, SOME NOISE, 5320 03:29:14,320 --> 03:29:15,320 PUSHING IT AROUND. 5321 03:29:15,320 --> 03:29:17,600 EACH BOUNDARIES MIGHT BE A 5322 03:29:17,600 --> 03:29:20,360 STEREOTYPE BEHAVIOR. 5323 03:29:20,360 --> 03:29:24,760 WHAT HAPPENS IS THIS MOVES 5324 03:29:24,760 --> 03:29:27,120 AROUND, THAT SHIFTING IS THE 5325 03:29:27,120 --> 03:29:29,520 INTERNAL STATES, HOW TO 5326 03:29:29,520 --> 03:29:30,760 UNDERSTAND IS WHAT MATTERS. 5327 03:29:30,760 --> 03:29:33,560 I'LL SKIP THIS. 5328 03:29:33,560 --> 03:29:35,080 THAT'S REALLY -- THERE'S BEEN A 5329 03:29:35,080 --> 03:29:37,760 LOT OF WORK INCLUDING STUFF THAT 5330 03:29:37,760 --> 03:29:39,320 WE'VE DONE, INCLUDING BEAUTIFUL 5331 03:29:39,320 --> 03:29:49,240 WORK BY GREG STEVENS, LENA'S 5332 03:29:49,240 --> 03:29:50,280 WORK, IN BIOLOCOMOTION. 5333 03:29:50,280 --> 03:29:53,280 THIS IS THE THING THAT'S 5334 03:29:53,280 --> 03:29:55,360 IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND HOW TO 5335 03:29:55,360 --> 03:30:01,440 BUILD THEORETICAL MODELS OF 5336 03:30:01,440 --> 03:30:01,760 BEHAVIOR. 5337 03:30:01,760 --> 03:30:04,360 ONE OF THE BIG ISSUES, 5338 03:30:04,360 --> 03:30:05,560 DISCRETENESS. 5339 03:30:05,560 --> 03:30:07,320 WE KNOW THIS CAN'T BE TRUE IN 5340 03:30:07,320 --> 03:30:08,480 REALLY IMPORTANT WAYS. 5341 03:30:08,480 --> 03:30:09,880 I'M SHOWING TWO BEAUTIFUL 5342 03:30:09,880 --> 03:30:11,920 EXAMPLES FROM FRUIT FLIES. 5343 03:30:11,920 --> 03:30:13,760 ONE FROM DAVID ANDERSON'S GROUP 5344 03:30:13,760 --> 03:30:15,360 WHERE YOU SEE BASICALLY BY 5345 03:30:15,360 --> 03:30:16,400 CHANGING THE LEVEL OF ACTIVATION 5346 03:30:16,400 --> 03:30:17,840 OF THE PARTICULAR NEURAL 5347 03:30:17,840 --> 03:30:20,280 CIRCUIT, YOU CAN GET DIFFERENT 5348 03:30:20,280 --> 03:30:22,720 TYPES OF ACTIONS, THIS 5349 03:30:22,720 --> 03:30:23,520 QUALITATIVE WAY. 5350 03:30:23,520 --> 03:30:24,440 QUANTITATIVE WAY. 5351 03:30:24,440 --> 03:30:27,480 OR IN THESE FRUIT FLIES, 5352 03:30:27,480 --> 03:30:29,680 DIFFERENT SPECIES HAVE SIMILAR 5353 03:30:29,680 --> 03:30:32,280 NEURAL CIRCUITRY TOGETHER BUT AS 5354 03:30:32,280 --> 03:30:37,160 YOU WIND UP GETTING INCREASING 5355 03:30:37,160 --> 03:30:39,280 ACTIVATION DIFFERENT BEHAVIORS 5356 03:30:39,280 --> 03:30:41,000 CAN RESULT IN DIFFERENT 5357 03:30:41,000 --> 03:30:41,520 EVOLUTIONARY BEHAVIORS. 5358 03:30:41,520 --> 03:30:50,320 THE PICTURE WE HAVE IN OUR HEAD, 5359 03:30:50,320 --> 03:30:51,960 BASICALLY SETS OF INTERACTING 5360 03:30:51,960 --> 03:30:53,480 COMPLICATED -- ONE MORE SLIDE 5361 03:30:53,480 --> 03:30:55,880 AFTER THIS -- INTERACTING 5362 03:30:55,880 --> 03:30:58,640 COMPLICATED STATES, BASICALLY 5363 03:30:58,640 --> 03:30:59,680 LOOKING PUSHING AND PULLING 5364 03:30:59,680 --> 03:31:00,840 INTERACTING WITH EACH OTHER, 5365 03:31:00,840 --> 03:31:02,560 FILTER BACK AND THEN THE 5366 03:31:02,560 --> 03:31:03,360 BEHAVIOR FILTERS BACK INTO 5367 03:31:03,360 --> 03:31:04,160 EVERYTHING ELSE. 5368 03:31:04,160 --> 03:31:05,760 THIS IS GETTING REALLY TOWARDS 5369 03:31:05,760 --> 03:31:07,320 WHAT DANI WAS SAYING IN THE 5370 03:31:07,320 --> 03:31:10,200 FIRST TALK OF THE SESSION, 5371 03:31:10,200 --> 03:31:12,360 THINKING ABOUT THESE COMPLICATED 5372 03:31:12,360 --> 03:31:13,360 DYNAMIC FEEDBACK LOOPS, REALLY 5373 03:31:13,360 --> 03:31:16,320 WHERE THEORY IS GOING TO COME 5374 03:31:16,320 --> 03:31:18,160 IN, UNDERSTANDING HOW TO INFER 5375 03:31:18,160 --> 03:31:21,280 IN A DYNAMIC RATHER THAN 5376 03:31:21,280 --> 03:31:21,640 STATISTICAL WAY. 5377 03:31:21,640 --> 03:31:26,920 LASTLY, I'LL JUST ADD WHAT WE'RE 5378 03:31:26,920 --> 03:31:28,920 TRYING TO DO, DATA MODELS AND 5379 03:31:28,920 --> 03:31:31,760 BACK, WE NEED HIGH QUALITY 5380 03:31:31,760 --> 03:31:32,680 BEHAVIORAL DATA OVER LONG TIME 5381 03:31:32,680 --> 03:31:34,040 SPANS, WHERE A LOT OF PROGRESS 5382 03:31:34,040 --> 03:31:36,240 HAS BEEN MADE AS YOU'VE SEEN. 5383 03:31:36,240 --> 03:31:38,760 REALLY THE KEY HERE, THE POINT I 5384 03:31:38,760 --> 03:31:40,000 WANT TO LEAVE WITH, WHAT WE NEED 5385 03:31:40,000 --> 03:31:42,560 TO BE ABLE TO DO IS THINK ABOUT 5386 03:31:42,560 --> 03:31:47,560 MODELING IN THEORY FROM THE 5387 03:31:47,560 --> 03:31:55,920 STANDPOINT OF PHENOMENOLOGY. 5388 03:31:55,920 --> 03:32:00,840 THIS IS WHERE IN SOME WAYS I 5389 03:32:00,840 --> 03:32:03,960 WORRY ABOUT USING FULL THROATED 5390 03:32:03,960 --> 03:32:04,680 MACHINE LEARNING APPROACHES, 5391 03:32:04,680 --> 03:32:05,840 BECAUSE OF THE IDEA THAT WHAT 5392 03:32:05,840 --> 03:32:07,800 WE'RE TRYING TO DO IS BRING 5393 03:32:07,800 --> 03:32:11,040 THINGS TO THE LEVEL WHERE WE CAN 5394 03:32:11,040 --> 03:32:12,480 UNDERSTAND THE INs AND OUTs 5395 03:32:12,480 --> 03:32:15,280 IN THE SYSTEM AND MAYBE IT'S THE 5396 03:32:15,280 --> 03:32:16,120 ARROGANCE THAT COMES WITH 5397 03:32:16,120 --> 03:32:19,160 WORKING IN A LOT OF SYSTEMS BUT 5398 03:32:19,160 --> 03:32:22,280 I THINK THAT SOME LEVEL, MUCH IS 5399 03:32:22,280 --> 03:32:23,120 UNDERSTANDABLE, THE PROBLEM IS 5400 03:32:23,120 --> 03:32:25,760 HOW CAN WE BUILD THEORIES AND 5401 03:32:25,760 --> 03:32:27,360 MODELS TO BUILD THAT TYPE OF 5402 03:32:27,360 --> 03:32:29,520 UNDERSTANDING. 5403 03:32:29,520 --> 03:32:31,840 WITH THAT I'LL CLOSE. 5404 03:32:31,840 --> 03:32:32,520 >> THANKS SO MUCH, GORDON. 5405 03:32:32,520 --> 03:32:37,840 A LOT OF THINGS TO THINK ABOUT. 5406 03:32:37,840 --> 03:32:41,200 WE HAVE COMPLETED ALL FOUR 5407 03:32:41,200 --> 03:32:41,920 PRESENTATIONS, DOING VERY WELL 5408 03:32:41,920 --> 03:32:42,680 ON TIME. 5409 03:32:42,680 --> 03:32:45,080 NOW WE MOVE TO PANEL DISCUSSION. 5410 03:32:45,080 --> 03:32:49,200 WE ARE GOING TO HAVE THREE 5411 03:32:49,200 --> 03:32:52,800 DISCUSSIONS, EACH A SINGLE IDEA 5412 03:32:52,800 --> 03:32:55,120 OR QUESTION, DISCUSSIONS ARE 5413 03:32:55,120 --> 03:33:01,880 ALSO OPEN FOR QUESTIONS AND 5414 03:33:01,880 --> 03:33:03,280 COMMENTS FROM AUDIENCE. 5415 03:33:03,280 --> 03:33:04,480 EACH DISCUSSION WILL HAVE NINE 5416 03:33:04,480 --> 03:33:09,080 TO TEN MINUTES, BE MINDFUL OF 5417 03:33:09,080 --> 03:33:09,960 TIME. 5418 03:33:09,960 --> 03:33:11,360 FIRST DR. ALLISON WATERS. 5419 03:33:11,360 --> 03:33:18,920 DR. WATERS, THE FLOOR IS YOURS. 5420 03:33:18,920 --> 03:33:19,800 >> OKAY. 5421 03:33:19,800 --> 03:33:22,640 THANKS, DANI, SCOTT, MARYAM, 5422 03:33:22,640 --> 03:33:23,520 GORDON, A WHIRLWIND TOUR. 5423 03:33:23,520 --> 03:33:26,200 WE DID IT, FROM DATA TO MODELS 5424 03:33:26,200 --> 03:33:30,000 AND BACK, AS WE WERE MANDATED. 5425 03:33:30,000 --> 03:33:34,120 WE COULD TALK ABOUT SO MANY 5426 03:33:34,120 --> 03:33:35,760 THINGS NOW. 5427 03:33:35,760 --> 03:33:38,320 AND SO I SEE THAT WE'RE POISED 5428 03:33:38,320 --> 03:33:41,840 TO DISCUSS A LITTLE BIT ABOUT 5429 03:33:41,840 --> 03:33:42,160 APPLICATION. 5430 03:33:42,160 --> 03:33:43,440 WE COULD GO IN LOTS OF 5431 03:33:43,440 --> 03:33:47,640 DIRECTIONS BUT I THINK MAYBE 5432 03:33:47,640 --> 03:33:48,960 I'LL REPRESENT MY GROUP'S 5433 03:33:48,960 --> 03:33:51,040 MANDATE, HERE AT THE NATIONAL 5434 03:33:51,040 --> 03:33:53,160 FAMILY CENTER FOR ADVANCEED 5435 03:33:53,160 --> 03:33:54,600 CIRCUIT THERAPEUTICS, WE, LIKE 5436 03:33:54,600 --> 03:33:58,440 YOU IN YOUR DOMAINS, WANT TO 5437 03:33:58,440 --> 03:34:02,560 LEVERAGE THESE MODELING 5438 03:34:02,560 --> 03:34:05,160 INNOVATIONS, TO SPECIFICALLY 5439 03:34:05,160 --> 03:34:06,960 BETTER INTEGRATE PRECISION 5440 03:34:06,960 --> 03:34:09,440 NEUROMODULATION WITH BEHAVIORAL 5441 03:34:09,440 --> 03:34:10,440 INTERVENTION FOR 5442 03:34:10,440 --> 03:34:11,880 NEUROPSYCHIATRIC PROBLEMS LIKE 5443 03:34:11,880 --> 03:34:14,920 CBT, ERP, WHICH I WOULD ARGUE IS 5444 03:34:14,920 --> 03:34:17,480 ACTUALLY THE CHANGE STRATEGY 5445 03:34:17,480 --> 03:34:19,920 WHAT WE NEED TO BE OR ENHANCE 5446 03:34:19,920 --> 03:34:24,720 WITH OUR DIRECT TO BRAIN 5447 03:34:24,720 --> 03:34:25,160 TECHNIQUES. 5448 03:34:25,160 --> 03:34:27,760 SO I'M KEEPING IN MIND THIS 5449 03:34:27,760 --> 03:34:28,960 ANECDOTE THAT LENA ALREADY 5450 03:34:28,960 --> 03:34:34,440 SHARED ABOUT THE FREEZING OF 5451 03:34:34,440 --> 03:34:37,040 GAIT IN THE LAB, HOW MAYBE WE 5452 03:34:37,040 --> 03:34:38,680 WANT TO STUDY TINKING PHENOMENON 5453 03:34:38,680 --> 03:34:41,520 IN TOURETTEEST BUT BRING THE 5454 03:34:41,520 --> 03:34:45,120 PATIENT IN, THEY DON'T TIC FOR 5455 03:34:45,120 --> 03:34:45,280 US. 5456 03:34:45,280 --> 03:34:47,120 WE'RE GOING TO WIRE THEM UP, 5457 03:34:47,120 --> 03:34:49,800 SEND THEM INTO THE DAILY COMMUTE 5458 03:34:49,800 --> 03:34:52,520 WITH THEIR VIDEOS AND THEIR 5459 03:34:52,520 --> 03:34:58,360 SENSORS, MICROPHONES AND SO ON. 5460 03:34:58,360 --> 03:35:02,360 I'M WONDERING HOW DOES CENTERING 5461 03:35:02,360 --> 03:35:04,280 ON THAT PATIENT'S EXPERIENCE 5462 03:35:04,280 --> 03:35:17,320 HIGHLIGHT GAPS OR OPPORTUNITIES 5463 03:35:17,320 --> 03:35:20,920 IN MODEL BUILDING. 5464 03:35:20,920 --> 03:35:22,400 IN BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE THE 5465 03:35:22,400 --> 03:35:24,720 PATIENT IS THE CHANGE AGENT, NOT 5466 03:35:24,720 --> 03:35:27,760 A PASSIVE OBSERVER OF EVENTS AND 5467 03:35:27,760 --> 03:35:28,600 RESPONSES, LIKE WE ARE THROUGH 5468 03:35:28,600 --> 03:35:36,600 THE LENS OF DATA COLLECTION AND 5469 03:35:36,600 --> 03:35:38,760 MODEL BUILDING. 5470 03:35:38,760 --> 03:35:40,880 HOW DO EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 5471 03:35:40,880 --> 03:35:43,200 KEEP THE PATIENTS IN THE 5472 03:35:43,200 --> 03:35:43,760 DRIVER'S SEAT? 5473 03:35:43,760 --> 03:35:47,360 IT'S NOT AN ETHICAL QUESTION. 5474 03:35:47,360 --> 03:35:52,440 MORE LIKE A PRACTICAL QUESTION. 5475 03:35:52,440 --> 03:35:53,680 HOW DO WE TAP THE FORCE OF THE 5476 03:35:53,680 --> 03:36:03,440 INDIVIDUAL TRYING TO MAKE CHANGE 5477 03:36:03,440 --> 03:36:04,720 IN THEIR LIVES? 5478 03:36:04,720 --> 03:36:06,840 >> THE QUESTION CAME TO MIND 5479 03:36:06,840 --> 03:36:08,680 WHEN DANI WAS SPEAKING, AND 5480 03:36:08,680 --> 03:36:12,360 BOLDLY INCLUDED THE MIND IN HER 5481 03:36:12,360 --> 03:36:12,640 SCHEMATIC. 5482 03:36:12,640 --> 03:36:16,520 IT ALSO COMES TO MIND WHEN 5483 03:36:16,520 --> 03:36:18,360 SCOTT'S DISCUSSING, SAY, MACHINE 5484 03:36:18,360 --> 03:36:24,320 LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES TO DRIVE 5485 03:36:24,320 --> 03:36:27,360 CLOSED-LOOP APPROACHES. 5486 03:36:27,360 --> 03:36:30,240 OR MARYAM, WHAT YOU PROPOSED IN 5487 03:36:30,240 --> 03:36:31,920 BEINGS ABLE TO SIMULTANEOUSLY 5488 03:36:31,920 --> 03:36:40,440 MODEL BEHAVIOR AND OF IN BRAIN 5489 03:36:40,440 --> 03:36:43,000 AND I'M WONDERING IF THAT 5490 03:36:43,000 --> 03:36:45,280 PARADOXICALLY GIVES MORE FREEDOM 5491 03:36:45,280 --> 03:36:47,600 TO INVOLVE THE HUMAN IN 5492 03:36:47,600 --> 03:36:49,760 SELECTING THE MODEL INPUTS, 5493 03:36:49,760 --> 03:36:50,360 INCLUDING PERHAPS CLOSED-LOOP 5494 03:36:50,360 --> 03:36:53,840 SYSTEMS. 5495 03:36:53,840 --> 03:36:57,000 >> BY INPUT, YOU MEAN THE TYPE 5496 03:36:57,000 --> 03:36:58,160 OF THERAPY, FOR EXAMPLE, OR WHAT 5497 03:36:58,160 --> 03:37:00,920 DO YOU EXACTLY MEAN BY INPUT? 5498 03:37:00,920 --> 03:37:03,560 >> WELL, FOR YOU, WHAT IS THE 5499 03:37:03,560 --> 03:37:07,000 ROLE OF THE INDIVIDUAL'S 5500 03:37:07,000 --> 03:37:09,160 EXPERIENCE, THEIR AGENCY, IN HOW 5501 03:37:09,160 --> 03:37:12,480 YOU THINK ABOUT AND INNOVATE 5502 03:37:12,480 --> 03:37:14,400 YOUR COMPUTATIONAL MODELING 5503 03:37:14,400 --> 03:37:15,480 APPROACHES? 5504 03:37:15,480 --> 03:37:16,040 >> UH-HUH. 5505 03:37:16,040 --> 03:37:18,160 SO IN CLOSED LOOP WE CAN 5506 03:37:18,160 --> 03:37:20,520 DEFINITELY HAVE SOME SORT OF 5507 03:37:20,520 --> 03:37:21,440 COOPERATIVE TYPE SYSTEM WE 5508 03:37:21,440 --> 03:37:23,360 DESIGN WHERE WE DON'T JUST LET 5509 03:37:23,360 --> 03:37:27,240 THE MACHINE DICTATE THE OPTIMAL 5510 03:37:27,240 --> 03:37:28,440 THERAPY PARAMETERS OR DOSAGE, 5511 03:37:28,440 --> 03:37:29,240 FOR EXAMPLE. 5512 03:37:29,240 --> 03:37:30,560 WE ALLOW THE INDIVIDUAL TO ALSO 5513 03:37:30,560 --> 03:37:33,440 HAVE A SAY IN THAT. 5514 03:37:33,440 --> 03:37:35,320 FRICTION, THE SIMPLEST VERSION 5515 03:37:35,320 --> 03:37:38,400 OF THIS IS AN OVERRIDE, YOU CAN 5516 03:37:38,400 --> 03:37:39,200 OVERRIDE WHATEVER THE MACHINE 5517 03:37:39,200 --> 03:37:43,320 DECIDES IS BEST FOR YOUR MENTAL 5518 03:37:43,320 --> 03:37:43,840 STATE. 5519 03:37:43,840 --> 03:37:45,160 WE CAN THINK ABOUT COOPERATIVE 5520 03:37:45,160 --> 03:37:46,520 DESIGNS THAT ALLOW AGENCY TO THE 5521 03:37:46,520 --> 03:37:47,920 PATIENT IN TERMS OF HOW THEY 5522 03:37:47,920 --> 03:37:49,640 WANT TO BE TREATED. 5523 03:37:49,640 --> 03:37:52,360 FOR EXAMPLE, MAYBE THE MACHINE 5524 03:37:52,360 --> 03:37:53,960 CAN DISPLAY WHAT IT THINKS THEIR 5525 03:37:53,960 --> 03:37:55,360 MENTAL STATE IS. 5526 03:37:55,360 --> 03:37:57,200 AND ON THE BASIS OF MAKING A 5527 03:37:57,200 --> 03:38:00,440 DECISION ABOUT THE NEXT LEVEL OF 5528 03:38:00,440 --> 03:38:02,520 SIMULATION, AND THEN THE 5529 03:38:02,520 --> 03:38:03,600 PATIENT, IF THEY DON'T, I DON'T 5530 03:38:03,600 --> 03:38:04,440 KNOW, THAT'S SOMETHING THEY 5531 03:38:04,440 --> 03:38:06,480 DISAGREE WITH MAYBE THEY CAN 5532 03:38:06,480 --> 03:38:08,400 HAVE AN INPUT THERE. 5533 03:38:08,400 --> 03:38:11,120 WE CAN PUT THAT WITHIN THE 5534 03:38:11,120 --> 03:38:12,800 COMPUTATIONAL FRAMEWORK TO MODEL 5535 03:38:12,800 --> 03:38:14,080 THIS KIND OF INTERACTION BETWEEN 5536 03:38:14,080 --> 03:38:16,440 THE HUMAN AND THE MACHINE THAT 5537 03:38:16,440 --> 03:38:24,520 IS ALSO A VERY INTERESTING 5538 03:38:24,520 --> 03:38:27,360 PROBLEM TO THINK ABOUT. 5539 03:38:27,360 --> 03:38:29,120 >> DANI WHY DID YOU CHOOSE TO 5540 03:38:29,120 --> 03:38:34,920 MIND AND NOT MAKE THAT PART OF 5541 03:38:34,920 --> 03:38:35,280 BRAIN BEHAVIOR? 5542 03:38:35,280 --> 03:38:37,320 >> I THINK OF BRAIN AS SOMETHING 5543 03:38:37,320 --> 03:38:39,000 THAT DOES CONNECT TO THE BODY 5544 03:38:39,000 --> 03:38:39,840 WITH THE ENVIRONMENT. 5545 03:38:39,840 --> 03:38:41,600 AND SOMETIMES THERE ARE MENTAL 5546 03:38:41,600 --> 03:38:42,800 PROCESSES THAT DON'T NECESSARILY 5547 03:38:42,800 --> 03:38:44,200 COME OUT AND AFFECT THE 5548 03:38:44,200 --> 03:38:44,560 ENVIRONMENT. 5549 03:38:44,560 --> 03:38:47,240 I WANTED TO HAVE A PLACE IN 5550 03:38:47,240 --> 03:38:48,640 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM WHERE THE MIND 5551 03:38:48,640 --> 03:38:50,880 CAN BE DOING THINGS THAT DON'T 5552 03:38:50,880 --> 03:38:53,640 COME OUT BUT THAT COULD DRIVE 5553 03:38:53,640 --> 03:38:55,360 CHANGES THROUGH THE BRAIN, INTO 5554 03:38:55,360 --> 03:38:57,080 THE ENVIRONMENT. 5555 03:38:57,080 --> 03:38:59,520 I THINK THAT HAVING THAT SECTION 5556 03:38:59,520 --> 03:39:03,760 IS IMPORTANT. 5557 03:39:03,760 --> 03:39:08,920 THOSE INTENTIONS, BELIEFS, 5558 03:39:08,920 --> 03:39:11,360 GOALS, OR HOPES OR MOTIVATIONS, 5559 03:39:11,360 --> 03:39:14,680 WE STILL DON'T HAVE A FULL 5560 03:39:14,680 --> 03:39:17,600 UNDERSTANDING OF HOW THOSE 5561 03:39:17,600 --> 03:39:18,680 MENTAL PROCESSES ARE 5562 03:39:18,680 --> 03:39:23,520 INSTANTIATED IN THE BRAIN AND 5563 03:39:23,520 --> 03:39:25,040 THEN FROM THERE HOW BEHAVIOR IS 5564 03:39:25,040 --> 03:39:25,520 ALTERED. 5565 03:39:25,520 --> 03:39:29,840 FEELS LIKE THAT SECTION NEEDS 5566 03:39:29,840 --> 03:39:31,200 TO BE THERE BECAUSE WE DON'T 5567 03:39:31,200 --> 03:39:34,280 UNDERSTAND IT. 5568 03:39:34,280 --> 03:39:36,960 I THINK YOUR IDEA, YOUR EXAMPLE 5569 03:39:36,960 --> 03:39:39,280 OF THE PERSON WHO DOESN'T TIC IN 5570 03:39:39,280 --> 03:39:45,920 THE LAB BUT DOES IN THEIR 5571 03:39:45,920 --> 03:39:46,720 EVERYDAY LIFE IS FASCINATING, 5572 03:39:46,720 --> 03:39:48,160 SUGGESTING IMPORTANCE, FOR ME 5573 03:39:48,160 --> 03:39:50,520 WHAT THAT DOES IS SUGGESTS 5574 03:39:50,520 --> 03:39:55,320 THERE'S A DYNAMIC REGIME THE 5575 03:39:55,320 --> 03:39:57,600 PERSON IS WORKING IN, WHEN YOU 5576 03:39:57,600 --> 03:39:58,880 CHANGE THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT 5577 03:39:58,880 --> 03:40:02,320 THEY ARE IN A DIFFERENT WORKING 5578 03:40:02,320 --> 03:40:04,000 REGIME, THAT OF THE LAB. 5579 03:40:04,000 --> 03:40:05,600 THE GOAL IS TO UNDERSTAND HOW DO 5580 03:40:05,600 --> 03:40:07,360 YOU MOVE FROM ONE DYNAMICAL 5581 03:40:07,360 --> 03:40:09,040 REGIME TO ANOTHER. 5582 03:40:09,040 --> 03:40:11,680 AND HOW DOES A GIVEN PATTERN OF 5583 03:40:11,680 --> 03:40:14,000 INTERACTIONS IN EACH OF THESE 5584 03:40:14,000 --> 03:40:15,440 SUBSYSTEMS OR BETWEEN THEM, FROM 5585 03:40:15,440 --> 03:40:17,320 BEHAVIOR TO ENVIRONMENT, BRAIN 5586 03:40:17,320 --> 03:40:19,080 TO ENVIRONMENT, WHATEVER IT IS, 5587 03:40:19,080 --> 03:40:21,520 CHANGES THE LANDSCAPE ON WHICH 5588 03:40:21,520 --> 03:40:23,160 YOU'RE MOVING AND A LOT OF WORK 5589 03:40:23,160 --> 03:40:25,800 HAS SUGGESTED THAT THE PATTERN 5590 03:40:25,800 --> 03:40:29,240 OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THESE 5591 03:40:29,240 --> 03:40:30,840 SUBCOMPONENTS DEFINES THE NATURE 5592 03:40:30,840 --> 03:40:32,960 OF THAT LANDSCAPE IN SOME WAY. 5593 03:40:32,960 --> 03:40:35,280 IF WE CAN UNPACK AND UNDERSTAND 5594 03:40:35,280 --> 03:40:36,120 THAT PATTERN OF INTERACTIONS 5595 03:40:36,120 --> 03:40:39,320 MORE IT WOULD PROVIDE US WITH A 5596 03:40:39,320 --> 03:40:40,800 LOT OF INTUITION ABOUT HOW EASY 5597 03:40:40,800 --> 03:40:47,360 IT IS FOR THE PERSON TO MOVE 5598 03:40:47,360 --> 03:40:49,880 FROM BEHAVIOR TO BEHAVIOR, 5599 03:40:49,880 --> 03:40:52,160 COGNITIVE PROCESS TO COGNITIVE 5600 03:40:52,160 --> 03:40:54,320 ENVIRONMENT, AND THAT BRINGS ME 5601 03:40:54,320 --> 03:40:56,760 TO COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY. 5602 03:40:56,760 --> 03:40:57,960 YOU'RE RIGHT, IT'S AN 5603 03:40:57,960 --> 03:41:00,560 INTERESTING CHALLENGE TO COMBINE 5604 03:41:00,560 --> 03:41:02,560 THAT WITH OTHER METHODS, AND 5605 03:41:02,560 --> 03:41:05,360 UNDERSTAND HOW TO USE THEM 5606 03:41:05,360 --> 03:41:07,680 TOGETHER OVER DIFFERENT TIME 5607 03:41:07,680 --> 03:41:10,200 SCALES, OR DIFFERENT 5608 03:41:10,200 --> 03:41:11,360 FREQUENCIES, TO HELP THE PERSON 5609 03:41:11,360 --> 03:41:12,280 ENACT CHANGE. 5610 03:41:12,280 --> 03:41:14,200 YOU'RE RAISING A SUPER CRITICAL 5611 03:41:14,200 --> 03:41:14,520 QUESTION. 5612 03:41:14,520 --> 03:41:15,800 I THINK THESE MORE COMPLEX 5613 03:41:15,800 --> 03:41:16,720 APPROACHES ARE NEEDED TO ADDRESS 5614 03:41:16,720 --> 03:41:21,160 IT, BUT THE PARTICULAR WAY TO DO 5615 03:41:21,160 --> 03:41:23,360 THAT STILL FEELS FUZZY, IN MY 5616 03:41:23,360 --> 03:41:24,880 MIND. 5617 03:41:24,880 --> 03:41:26,080 >> GORDON, YOU DESCRIBED BEHAVE 5618 03:41:26,080 --> 03:41:29,240 AS A FILTER BETWEEN INTERNAL AND 5619 03:41:29,240 --> 03:41:30,280 EXTERNAL STATES. 5620 03:41:30,280 --> 03:41:31,840 >> I WANT TO SAY THAT WAS MY 5621 03:41:31,840 --> 03:41:32,960 DESCRIPTION, NOT WHAT I THINK IT 5622 03:41:32,960 --> 03:41:37,760 IS, BUT WHAT MOST MODELS TREAT 5623 03:41:37,760 --> 03:41:38,760 IT AS. 5624 03:41:38,760 --> 03:41:41,640 THAT WAS MY CRITICISM OF MOST 5625 03:41:41,640 --> 03:41:41,880 MODELS. 5626 03:41:41,880 --> 03:41:44,080 >> HOW DO YOU FEEL LIKE THAT 5627 03:41:44,080 --> 03:41:45,760 METAPHOR IS KEEPING THINGS 5628 03:41:45,760 --> 03:41:48,880 FUZZY, NOT CLARIFYING? 5629 03:41:48,880 --> 03:41:49,840 >> WELL -- 5630 03:41:49,840 --> 03:41:50,720 >> ONE MINUTE REMAINING. 5631 03:41:50,720 --> 03:41:55,320 >> I THINK IN MY MIND, I'LL BE 5632 03:41:55,320 --> 03:41:57,600 QUICK, IT'S BASICALLY THERE'S -- 5633 03:41:57,600 --> 03:41:59,080 IT SAYS THE CERTAINLY STATE IS 5634 03:41:59,080 --> 03:41:59,520 ONE THING. 5635 03:41:59,520 --> 03:42:01,240 INTERNAL STATE IS A SET OF 5636 03:42:01,240 --> 03:42:02,760 THINGS PUSHING AND PULLING 5637 03:42:02,760 --> 03:42:04,240 AGAINST EACH OTHER, FROM CONTROL 5638 03:42:04,240 --> 03:42:06,840 THEORY WE NOW THE PUSH-PULL 5639 03:42:06,840 --> 03:42:08,080 MECHANISM IS WAY MORE STABLE IN 5640 03:42:08,080 --> 03:42:09,960 A LOT OF CASES THAN HAVING A 5641 03:42:09,960 --> 03:42:11,320 SINGLE VARIABLE THAT WE'RE 5642 03:42:11,320 --> 03:42:14,040 TRYING TO DO A FIXED POINT, A 5643 03:42:14,040 --> 03:42:15,680 SET CONTROL ON. 5644 03:42:15,680 --> 03:42:18,960 SO THIS NOTION OF THINKING ABOUT 5645 03:42:18,960 --> 03:42:20,160 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE STATES 5646 03:42:20,160 --> 03:42:22,080 AND HOW THOSE STATES ARE THEN 5647 03:42:22,080 --> 03:42:23,880 BEING FED BACK ONTO BY THE 5648 03:42:23,880 --> 03:42:27,040 BEHAVIOR, I THINK IS ALMOST A 5649 03:42:27,040 --> 03:42:28,640 FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT TYPE OF 5650 03:42:28,640 --> 03:42:30,120 MODEL THAN WE'RE SWITCHING 5651 03:42:30,120 --> 03:42:32,480 BETWEEN DIFFERENT SORT OF LIKE 5652 03:42:32,480 --> 03:42:34,080 HIDDEN MARKUP MODEL TYPE STATES. 5653 03:42:34,080 --> 03:42:36,880 I THINK THAT SORT OF IS A 5654 03:42:36,880 --> 03:42:37,960 FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT WAY OF 5655 03:42:37,960 --> 03:42:40,760 VIEWING THE WORLD. 5656 03:42:40,760 --> 03:42:41,520 >> OKAY. 5657 03:42:41,520 --> 03:42:43,720 THANKS FOR THE BRIEF 5658 03:42:43,720 --> 03:42:44,040 CONVERSATION. 5659 03:42:44,040 --> 03:42:45,680 I LOOK FORWARD TO PICKING UP THE 5660 03:42:45,680 --> 03:42:49,360 TOPICS WHEN I SEE YOU IN PERSON. 5661 03:42:49,360 --> 03:42:51,360 >> THANKS, DR. WATERS, FOR 5662 03:42:51,360 --> 03:42:53,640 LEADING THIS GREAT DISCUSSION. 5663 03:42:53,640 --> 03:42:57,920 WE MOVE TO THE SECOND DISCUSSION 5664 03:42:57,920 --> 03:42:59,720 LEADED BY DOLU OBATUSIN. 5665 03:42:59,720 --> 03:43:00,960 PLEASE TAKE IT AWAY. 5666 03:43:00,960 --> 03:43:04,520 >> YEAH, THANK YOU FOR THAT. 5667 03:43:04,520 --> 03:43:07,520 THAT WAS AN AMAZING SET OF 5668 03:43:07,520 --> 03:43:07,760 TALKS. 5669 03:43:07,760 --> 03:43:10,440 AND DEFINITELY LEARNED A LOT. 5670 03:43:10,440 --> 03:43:14,960 YOU KNOW, MY BACKGROUND IS 5671 03:43:14,960 --> 03:43:16,080 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, 5672 03:43:16,080 --> 03:43:19,360 PRAGMATIC APPLICATION BUILDING 5673 03:43:19,360 --> 03:43:20,200 DEVELOPMENT. 5674 03:43:20,200 --> 03:43:20,720 ESSENTIALLY, LEVERAGING 5675 03:43:20,720 --> 03:43:21,360 ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES TO DRESS 5676 03:43:21,360 --> 03:43:22,960 HEALTH CARE CHALLENGES AND WHAT 5677 03:43:22,960 --> 03:43:23,240 NOT. 5678 03:43:23,240 --> 03:43:25,960 IN RECENT YEARS I'VE HAD THE 5679 03:43:25,960 --> 03:43:27,880 OPPORTUNITY TO WORK AT THE 5680 03:43:27,880 --> 03:43:29,520 CENTER FOR ADVANCED 5681 03:43:29,520 --> 03:43:30,760 THERAPEUTICS, WORKING ON 5682 03:43:30,760 --> 03:43:32,200 TREATMENT RESISTANT DEPRESSION. 5683 03:43:32,200 --> 03:43:35,400 PREVIOUSLY AT EMORY, NOW AT 5684 03:43:35,400 --> 03:43:37,160 SINAI. 5685 03:43:37,160 --> 03:43:39,200 SO AT OUR CENTER, DR. WATERS 5686 03:43:39,200 --> 03:43:46,240 MENTIONED THIS IN HER 5687 03:43:46,240 --> 03:43:46,720 INTRODUCTION AS WELL, 5688 03:43:46,720 --> 03:43:49,520 ESSENTIALLY WE ARE IN THE 5689 03:43:49,520 --> 03:43:50,760 BUSINESS OF BIOMEDICAL 5690 03:43:50,760 --> 03:43:55,320 IDENTIFICATION FOR TREATMENT 5691 03:43:55,320 --> 03:43:57,920 RESISTANT DEPRESSION, PATIENTS 5692 03:43:57,920 --> 03:43:59,360 TREATED WITH ASSISTIVE DEVICE, 5693 03:43:59,360 --> 03:44:01,000 ALLOWS YOU TO COLLECT BRAIN 5694 03:44:01,000 --> 03:44:04,600 RECORDINGS, WHERE ON A DAILY 5695 03:44:04,600 --> 03:44:07,760 BASIS THEY DO RECORDINGS OF THE 5696 03:44:07,760 --> 03:44:09,480 BRAIN, RECORDING FROM WEARABLES, 5697 03:44:09,480 --> 03:44:10,800 ACTIVITY AND SLEEP, RATING 5698 03:44:10,800 --> 03:44:14,280 SCALES, SO IT'S VERY MUCH IN 5699 03:44:14,280 --> 03:44:17,400 ALIGNMENT WITH THE THEME OF THIS 5700 03:44:17,400 --> 03:44:20,520 WORKSHOP ON BRAIN AND BEHAVIORAL 5701 03:44:20,520 --> 03:44:21,200 QUANTIFICATION AND 5702 03:44:21,200 --> 03:44:21,760 SYNCHRONIZATION. 5703 03:44:21,760 --> 03:44:22,840 WE'RE COLLECTING A LOT OF DATA 5704 03:44:22,840 --> 03:44:24,160 IN THE LAB. 5705 03:44:24,160 --> 03:44:28,360 EVEN IN A SIMULATED ENVIRONMENT, 5706 03:44:28,360 --> 03:44:31,520 PATIENTS CAN ESSENTIALLY 5707 03:44:31,520 --> 03:44:32,520 INTERACT WITH SIMULATED 5708 03:44:32,520 --> 03:44:38,400 ENVIRONMENT, AND ALLOWS US TO 5709 03:44:38,400 --> 03:44:44,160 CAPTURE POSE. 5710 03:44:44,160 --> 03:44:45,520 SCOTT MENTIONED BIORHYTHMS, OPEN 5711 03:44:45,520 --> 03:44:47,000 POSE USED IN TRANSFORMATION 5712 03:44:47,000 --> 03:44:50,320 MODELS, I WANTED TO RIF ON THAT. 5713 03:44:50,320 --> 03:44:51,520 ONE THING THAT STRIKES ME WE 5714 03:44:51,520 --> 03:44:54,400 KIND OF LIKE DEVELOP, YOU KNOW, 5715 03:44:54,400 --> 03:44:56,480 REALLY DEEP MODELS FOR DIFFERENT 5716 03:44:56,480 --> 03:44:58,760 SETS OF INPUTS. 5717 03:44:58,760 --> 03:45:03,360 WHETHER IT'S VIDEO, ACTIVITY 5718 03:45:03,360 --> 03:45:05,160 TRACKING, VOICE. 5719 03:45:05,160 --> 03:45:07,240 BUT IT'S NOT QUITE CLEAR HOW 5720 03:45:07,240 --> 03:45:09,440 MODELS CAN BE DEVELOPED FOR 5721 03:45:09,440 --> 03:45:10,400 MULTI-MODAL DATA COLLECTION. 5722 03:45:10,400 --> 03:45:14,360 THIS IS SOMETHING WE'RE GETTING 5723 03:45:14,360 --> 03:45:18,480 INTO WHERE WE CAN ACQUIRE 5724 03:45:18,480 --> 03:45:20,200 MULTIPLE DATA ALONG WITH 5725 03:45:20,200 --> 03:45:21,960 INCLUDING NEURAL DATA, AND IT'S 5726 03:45:21,960 --> 03:45:27,120 NOT QUITE CLEAR, RIGHT, HOW TO 5727 03:45:27,120 --> 03:45:31,360 BUILD MODELS THAT CAN INTEGRATE 5728 03:45:31,360 --> 03:45:34,440 DIFFERENT INPUTS, YOU KNOW, 5729 03:45:34,440 --> 03:45:36,480 DIFFERENT MULTI-MODAL INPUTS. 5730 03:45:36,480 --> 03:45:37,800 I WAS WONDERING IF MAYBE SCOTT 5731 03:45:37,800 --> 03:45:39,360 CAN SPEAK TO THAT, AND THE REST 5732 03:45:39,360 --> 03:45:42,200 OF THE PANELISTS AS WELL, ON HOW 5733 03:45:42,200 --> 03:45:45,760 TO BETTER BILL THESE KIND OF 5734 03:45:45,760 --> 03:45:47,360 MODELS THAT INTEGRATE DIFFERENT 5735 03:45:47,360 --> 03:45:48,280 MULTI-MODAL INPUTS. 5736 03:45:48,280 --> 03:45:49,400 >> GREAT QUESTION. 5737 03:45:49,400 --> 03:45:53,200 YOU KNOW, IT'S ONE THAT IS -- MY 5738 03:45:53,200 --> 03:45:55,120 CAMERA DOES THIS WEIRD ZOOM-OUT 5739 03:45:55,120 --> 03:45:55,360 THING. 5740 03:45:55,360 --> 03:45:56,760 IT'S ONE THAT'S NOT UNIQUE TO 5741 03:45:56,760 --> 03:45:58,880 THE TOPICS OF THIS WORKSHOP. 5742 03:45:58,880 --> 03:46:00,880 TAKING THAT BIGGER PICTURE OF 5743 03:46:00,880 --> 03:46:03,600 WHERE ELSE IN THE BROADER M.L. 5744 03:46:03,600 --> 03:46:05,720 WORLD ARE WE ENCOUNTERING 5745 03:46:05,720 --> 03:46:06,960 SIMILAR ANALOGOUS PROBLEMS. 5746 03:46:06,960 --> 03:46:10,720 PROBLEMS HAVE TO DO WITH MODEL 5747 03:46:10,720 --> 03:46:28,280 JOINT IMAGES, CAPTIONS, SPEECH 5748 03:46:28,280 --> 03:46:29,520 AND TEXT. 5749 03:46:29,520 --> 03:46:31,920 MAYBE TRYING TO GENERATE OR 5750 03:46:31,920 --> 03:46:33,760 EXPLAIN AS MUCH SHARED VARIANTS 5751 03:46:33,760 --> 03:46:34,840 AS POSSIBLE WHILE ALLOWING FOR 5752 03:46:34,840 --> 03:46:37,040 THINGS THAT ARE UNIQUE TO ONE 5753 03:46:37,040 --> 03:46:39,320 DOMAIN VERSUS THE OTHER, MAYBE 5754 03:46:39,320 --> 03:46:40,080 IF YOU'RE MEASURING NEURAL 5755 03:46:40,080 --> 03:46:41,560 ACTIVITY, IN SOME PART OF THE 5756 03:46:41,560 --> 03:46:43,680 BRAIN, IT MAY NOT HAVE THE 5757 03:46:43,680 --> 03:46:45,720 NECESSARY SIGNALS TO PREDICT 5758 03:46:45,720 --> 03:46:46,640 CERTAIN ASPECTS OF BEHAVIOR. 5759 03:46:46,640 --> 03:46:50,720 YOU HAVE TO HAVE SOME OTHER WAY 5760 03:46:50,720 --> 03:46:55,080 OF EXPLAINING THAT OTHERWISE 5761 03:46:55,080 --> 03:46:58,560 UNEXPLAINABLE VARIANT. 5762 03:46:58,560 --> 03:47:00,400 THEY ARE ANALOGOUS, APPEARED IN 5763 03:47:00,400 --> 03:47:03,160 MARYAM'S TALK WITH SHARED LATENT 5764 03:47:03,160 --> 03:47:06,280 VARIABLES PREDICTING NEURAL AND 5765 03:47:06,280 --> 03:47:07,360 BEHAVIORAL MEASUREMENTS. 5766 03:47:07,360 --> 03:47:09,920 AGAIN, NOT TO SAY THAT THE 5767 03:47:09,920 --> 03:47:11,600 PROBLEM IS SOLVED, BUT I THINK 5768 03:47:11,600 --> 03:47:16,520 THIS IS AN AREA OF ACTIVE 5769 03:47:16,520 --> 03:47:17,800 RESEARCH, ONE THAT I'M 5770 03:47:17,800 --> 03:47:20,960 OPTIMISTIC ABOUT, AN INTERESTING 5771 03:47:20,960 --> 03:47:21,880 AREA FOR RESEARCH. 5772 03:47:21,880 --> 03:47:23,520 WHILE I HAVE THE MIC I DO WANT 5773 03:47:23,520 --> 03:47:25,600 TO RESPOND TO A QUESTION THAT 5774 03:47:25,600 --> 03:47:28,760 CAME UP IN THE CHAT, FROM DAVID 5775 03:47:28,760 --> 03:47:31,200 ANDERSON, ABOUT ENCODING AND 5776 03:47:31,200 --> 03:47:31,480 DECODING. 5777 03:47:31,480 --> 03:47:37,520 AND ASKING DO WE RUN THE RISK OF 5778 03:47:37,520 --> 03:47:38,120 INFERRING SPURIOUS NON-CAUSAL 5779 03:47:38,120 --> 03:47:40,760 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN NEURAL 5780 03:47:40,760 --> 03:47:42,960 ACTIVITY AND BEHAVIOR ANALOGOUS 5781 03:47:42,960 --> 03:47:46,800 TO A SPEEDOMETER WHERE CAN YOU 5782 03:47:46,800 --> 03:47:49,560 PREDICT, BUT IF THE CAR BREAKS 5783 03:47:49,560 --> 03:47:51,280 DOWN, YOU CAN'T FIX IT, HOW CAN 5784 03:47:51,280 --> 03:47:53,880 WE GO BEYOND THE STRICTLY 5785 03:47:53,880 --> 03:47:54,400 CORRELATIONAL ANALYSES TO 5786 03:47:54,400 --> 03:47:57,480 SOMETHING THAT WOULD GIVE MORE 5787 03:47:57,480 --> 03:47:57,960 CAUSAL UNDERSTANDING. 5788 03:47:57,960 --> 03:48:00,640 I THINK WHAT THIS IS GETTING AT 5789 03:48:00,640 --> 03:48:05,160 IS THAT'S FOUR BUCKETS OF 5790 03:48:05,160 --> 03:48:05,600 ORGANIZATION, PERHAPS 5791 03:48:05,600 --> 03:48:06,560 INSUFFICIENT TO EXPLAIN ALL OF 5792 03:48:06,560 --> 03:48:07,120 THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF 5793 03:48:07,120 --> 03:48:09,040 CHALLENGES THAT WE COME UP WITH. 5794 03:48:09,040 --> 03:48:11,840 IF HAD YOU TO ADD A FIFTH ONE, I 5795 03:48:11,840 --> 03:48:14,200 DON'T KNOW, I'M TORN HERE. 5796 03:48:14,200 --> 03:48:15,640 I THINK GORDON'S EMPHASIS ON 5797 03:48:15,640 --> 03:48:17,160 DEVELOPING MORE SIMPLE 5798 03:48:17,160 --> 03:48:19,360 THEORETICALLY GROUNDED MODELS IS 5799 03:48:19,360 --> 03:48:20,520 ONE THAT'S QUITE IMPORTANT BUT 5800 03:48:20,520 --> 03:48:22,400 EQUALLY IMPORTANT IS 5801 03:48:22,400 --> 03:48:22,840 ESTABLISHING CAUSAL 5802 03:48:22,840 --> 03:48:24,040 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN NEURAL AND 5803 03:48:24,040 --> 03:48:24,800 BEHAVIORAL DATA. 5804 03:48:24,800 --> 03:48:33,520 WE CAN START TO DO THAT WITH 5805 03:48:33,520 --> 03:48:35,600 OPTOGENETIC TOOLS, THIS IS AN 5806 03:48:35,600 --> 03:48:37,600 AREA THAT'S AN EXCITING AREA OF 5807 03:48:37,600 --> 03:48:38,480 ONGOING RESEARCH, WE NEED AS A 5808 03:48:38,480 --> 03:48:47,360 FIELD TO HAVE OUR EYE ON. 5809 03:48:47,360 --> 03:48:51,160 >> WE HAVE ONE MINUTE REMAINING. 5810 03:48:51,160 --> 03:48:54,240 >> WHAT COMES TO MIND ALSO LIKE 5811 03:48:54,240 --> 03:48:57,400 IN THE PRACTICAL ASPECT OF 5812 03:48:57,400 --> 03:49:00,360 TRYING TO USE SOMETHING LIKE 5813 03:49:00,360 --> 03:49:02,160 TRANSFER LEARNING IS SOMETIMES 5814 03:49:02,160 --> 03:49:06,240 LIKE I THINK ABOUT OUR DATA 5815 03:49:06,240 --> 03:49:09,720 SCIENTISTS, WHO TRIED TO USE 5816 03:49:09,720 --> 03:49:12,720 SOMETHING LIKE THE FREE 5817 03:49:12,720 --> 03:49:13,480 EXPRESSION ALGORITHM, TRAINED ON 5818 03:49:13,480 --> 03:49:19,480 6 MILLION VIDEOS AROUND THE 5819 03:49:19,480 --> 03:49:20,360 WORLD, MEASURED IN EXPRESSION, 5820 03:49:20,360 --> 03:49:23,680 NOT OF SOME ALGORITHMS ARE NOT 5821 03:49:23,680 --> 03:49:25,280 EASILY OBTAINABLE, YOU HAVE TO 5822 03:49:25,280 --> 03:49:27,000 MAKE A SPECIAL REQUEST. 5823 03:49:27,000 --> 03:49:30,520 AND THE REASON WHY THIS MATTERS, 5824 03:49:30,520 --> 03:49:36,760 A LOT OF PEOPLE ARE DOING FACIAL 5825 03:49:36,760 --> 03:49:40,400 ANALYSIS, AND IF YOU THINK ABOUT 5826 03:49:40,400 --> 03:49:44,000 THE CONSTRAINTS AND GUARD RAILS 5827 03:49:44,000 --> 03:49:48,240 PUT IN PLACE FOR GOOD REASONS, 5828 03:49:48,240 --> 03:49:50,760 AND SOME STUDY DESIGN, YOU WANT 5829 03:49:50,760 --> 03:49:58,360 TO SHARE THE INDIVIDUAL VIDEOS, 5830 03:49:58,360 --> 03:50:01,000 YOU SHOULD BE THINKING ABOUT IN 5831 03:50:01,000 --> 03:50:08,160 TERMS OF HOW TO BETTER LEVERAGE 5832 03:50:08,160 --> 03:50:10,120 SOME BIG DATA TOOLS OUT THERE 5833 03:50:10,120 --> 03:50:11,680 MAYBE NOT SO EASILY ACCESSIBLE. 5834 03:50:11,680 --> 03:50:12,960 >> ALL RIGHT. 5835 03:50:12,960 --> 03:50:21,120 WE CAN CONCLUDE THIS DISCUSSION 5836 03:50:21,120 --> 03:50:21,320 HERE. 5837 03:50:21,320 --> 03:50:23,240 THANKS, EVERYONE. 5838 03:50:23,240 --> 03:50:24,480 NOW THE THIRD DISCUSSION WITH 5839 03:50:24,480 --> 03:50:26,760 DR. TIM BROWN TO LEAD THE 5840 03:50:26,760 --> 03:50:27,080 DISCUSSION. 5841 03:50:27,080 --> 03:50:28,720 >> HI, EVERYBODY. 5842 03:50:28,720 --> 03:50:36,160 I WANT TO SAY THANKS TO DANI, 5843 03:50:36,160 --> 03:50:37,760 SCOTT, MARYAM, AND FOR THE 5844 03:50:37,760 --> 03:50:42,800 SERIES SERIES OF EXCELLENT 5845 03:50:42,800 --> 03:50:43,280 TALKS. 5846 03:50:43,280 --> 03:50:46,480 I LEARNED A LOT. 5847 03:50:46,480 --> 03:50:48,680 NOW IT'S TIME FOR WHAT MIGHT 5848 03:50:48,680 --> 03:50:51,040 SEEM LIKE A DEPARTURE. 5849 03:50:51,040 --> 03:50:53,480 I'M A PHILOSOPHER BY TRAINING, 5850 03:50:53,480 --> 03:50:54,440 BIOETHICIST BY PROFESSION, 5851 03:50:54,440 --> 03:50:57,520 UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL 5852 03:50:57,520 --> 03:50:59,800 OF MEDICINE, BIOETHICS AND 5853 03:50:59,800 --> 03:51:02,120 HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT. 5854 03:51:02,120 --> 03:51:04,920 MY BIGGEST WORRIES ARE ABOUT HOW 5855 03:51:04,920 --> 03:51:07,960 WE CURATE DATA, THE CONCLUSIONS 5856 03:51:07,960 --> 03:51:11,680 THROUGH ANALYSES AND IMPACT OF 5857 03:51:11,680 --> 03:51:16,760 OUR CONCLUSIONS ON A VULNERABLE 5858 03:51:16,760 --> 03:51:17,680 GROUP DOWNSTREAM, RIGHT? 5859 03:51:17,680 --> 03:51:21,800 AND SO I WANT TO START US OFF BY 5860 03:51:21,800 --> 03:51:25,160 WALKING THROUGH A LINE OF NOT SO 5861 03:51:25,160 --> 03:51:26,720 MUCH ARGUMENT, BUT MORE 5862 03:51:26,720 --> 03:51:31,960 COMMENTARY, THEN I'LL ASK A 5863 03:51:31,960 --> 03:51:32,960 COUPLE QUESTIONS. 5864 03:51:32,960 --> 03:51:37,800 ONE THING I'VE SEEN CONNECTING 5865 03:51:37,800 --> 03:51:40,960 ALL OF THE TALKS TODAY IS THAT, 5866 03:51:40,960 --> 03:51:45,400 YOU KNOW, THE IDEA THAT, YOU 5867 03:51:45,400 --> 03:51:47,040 KNOW, FINDABLE ACCESSIBLE 5868 03:51:47,040 --> 03:51:48,120 INTEROPERABLE AND REPRODUCIBLE 5869 03:51:48,120 --> 03:51:49,760 DATA, SO FAIR DATE, WILL BE 5870 03:51:49,760 --> 03:51:52,600 VITAL TO THE CREATION OF 5871 03:51:52,600 --> 03:51:53,560 COMPUTATIONAL MODELS FROM 5872 03:51:53,560 --> 03:51:54,000 MULTI-MODAL DATA. 5873 03:51:54,000 --> 03:51:58,800 HAVING SO MANY DIFFERENT SOURCES 5874 03:51:58,800 --> 03:52:02,520 OF DATA, AND SYNTHESIZING THOSE 5875 03:52:02,520 --> 03:52:04,560 AND SYNCHRONIZING TO PRODUCE 5876 03:52:04,560 --> 03:52:06,560 INSIGHTS THAT DRIVE THE MODELS 5877 03:52:06,560 --> 03:52:13,240 THAT WE USE IN DEVICES, IN 5878 03:52:13,240 --> 03:52:14,720 DISCOVERY, IN MEDICAL PRACTICE, 5879 03:52:14,720 --> 03:52:16,680 IT WILL BE EXTREMELY IMPORTANT 5880 03:52:16,680 --> 03:52:19,080 TO HAVE THESE FAIR DATA 5881 03:52:19,080 --> 03:52:20,880 PRACTICES TO ENSURE EVERYBODY 5882 03:52:20,880 --> 03:52:21,800 HAS ACCESS TO DATA. 5883 03:52:21,800 --> 03:52:26,520 BUT WE ALSO NEED TO REFLECT ON 5884 03:52:26,520 --> 03:52:27,120 FAIRNESS, ACCOUNTABILITY, 5885 03:52:27,120 --> 03:52:30,280 TRANSPARENCY, AND ETHICS OF OUR 5886 03:52:30,280 --> 03:52:32,400 DATA SCIENTIFIC PRACTICES. 5887 03:52:32,400 --> 03:52:35,120 THIS IS FAMILIAR FROM THE A.I. 5888 03:52:35,120 --> 03:52:39,160 M.L. SPACE WHERE THERE IS A LOT 5889 03:52:39,160 --> 03:52:40,960 OF INSTITUTIONAL KNOWLEDGE HOW 5890 03:52:40,960 --> 03:52:45,520 TO MAKE HEADWAY ON ENSURING 5891 03:52:45,520 --> 03:52:48,320 FAIRNESS, ENSURING TRANSPARENCY, 5892 03:52:48,320 --> 03:52:48,680 ACCOUNTABILITY. 5893 03:52:48,680 --> 03:52:51,720 WE NEED TO MIND THESE FEATURES 5894 03:52:51,720 --> 03:52:53,000 OF COMPUTATIONAL MODELS, OF 5895 03:52:53,000 --> 03:52:55,520 SYSTEMS THAT DATA ARE REPORTED 5896 03:52:55,520 --> 03:53:04,360 ON, DOWNSTREAM USES OF MODELS 5897 03:53:04,360 --> 03:53:09,320 AND DATA, SO WHEN IT TRANSLATES 5898 03:53:09,320 --> 03:53:11,320 AT ULTIMATELY LIVED EXPERIENCES 5899 03:53:11,320 --> 03:53:12,640 OF PATIENTS, DANI IS RIGHT, 5900 03:53:12,640 --> 03:53:15,120 BEHAVIOR IS COMPLEX BECAUSE OF 5901 03:53:15,120 --> 03:53:17,520 THE DEEP CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS 5902 03:53:17,520 --> 03:53:18,280 BETWEEN BRAINS, BEHAVIORS, AND 5903 03:53:18,280 --> 03:53:22,840 THE CONTEXT THAT BRAINS AND 5904 03:53:22,840 --> 03:53:24,280 BEHAVIORS HAPPEN IN. 5905 03:53:24,280 --> 03:53:25,640 THE STATISTICAL MODELS THAT WE 5906 03:53:25,640 --> 03:53:28,400 APPLY TO THESE DATA COULD BE 5907 03:53:28,400 --> 03:53:29,920 COMPLEX IN WAYS THAT COULD BE 5908 03:53:29,920 --> 03:53:31,160 OPAQUE, THAT COULD STAND IN THE 5909 03:53:31,160 --> 03:53:33,560 WAY OF ENSURING MODELS DRIVE THE 5910 03:53:33,560 --> 03:53:35,280 SYSTEMS IN WAYS THAT LEAD TO 5911 03:53:35,280 --> 03:53:39,280 FAIR OUTCOMES FOR USERS. 5912 03:53:39,280 --> 03:53:43,800 WE HAVE TO REMEMBER METADATA 5913 03:53:43,800 --> 03:53:45,360 MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS CAN 5914 03:53:45,360 --> 03:53:46,960 IMPACT HOW GROUPS ARE 5915 03:53:46,960 --> 03:53:47,960 REPRESENTED IN MODELS AND 5916 03:53:47,960 --> 03:53:51,240 MEDICAL PRACTICES. 5917 03:53:51,240 --> 03:53:52,520 SO, FOR EXAMPLE, WHEN 5918 03:53:52,520 --> 03:53:53,080 MARGINALIZED GROUPS ARE 5919 03:53:53,080 --> 03:53:54,280 UNDERREPRESENTED IN PUBLIC 5920 03:53:54,280 --> 03:53:57,040 DATASETS OR IF THEIR DATA -- IF 5921 03:53:57,040 --> 03:53:58,680 DATA IS SUBJECT TO 5922 03:53:58,680 --> 03:53:59,080 CATEGORIZATION OR 5923 03:53:59,080 --> 03:54:01,520 CHARACTERIZATION, COMING BACK 5924 03:54:01,520 --> 03:54:04,120 INTO THE QUESTION OF HOW DO WE 5925 03:54:04,120 --> 03:54:08,960 GO FROM DATA TO EXPLANATIONS OF 5926 03:54:08,960 --> 03:54:11,280 BEHAVIOR, THAT ARE BLIND TO 5927 03:54:11,280 --> 03:54:15,160 LIVED REALITIES, OUR PRACTICES 5928 03:54:15,160 --> 03:54:16,960 COULD CREATE ENTIRE SYSTEMS OF 5929 03:54:16,960 --> 03:54:18,960 PEOPLE'S BEHAVIORS THAT ARE 5930 03:54:18,960 --> 03:54:22,160 HARMFUL TO THE GROUPS DOWNSTREAM 5931 03:54:22,160 --> 03:54:24,360 TO VULNERABLE GROUPS DOWNSTREAM. 5932 03:54:24,360 --> 03:54:25,960 ONE HYPOTHETICAL LATER ON, THIS 5933 03:54:25,960 --> 03:54:32,360 IS MY SELFISH WORRY, THE 5934 03:54:32,360 --> 03:54:35,320 POSSIBILITY OF ADAPTIVE DECODING 5935 03:54:35,320 --> 03:54:38,920 OF BIOMARKER FOR DEPRESSIVE 5936 03:54:38,920 --> 03:54:46,000 EPISODES, UNIT USING BEHAVIORAL 5937 03:54:46,000 --> 03:54:49,640 DATA LIKE FACIAL GESTURES, SOME 5938 03:54:49,640 --> 03:54:53,560 MOMENTS, BLIND TO ME IN OTHERS. 5939 03:54:53,560 --> 03:54:56,560 THIS IS ONLY ONE POSSIBLE 5940 03:54:56,560 --> 03:54:57,840 DOWNSTREAM OR CONSEQUENCE OF 5941 03:54:57,840 --> 03:55:01,240 UPSTREAM DECISIONS IN THE LAB. 5942 03:55:01,240 --> 03:55:06,600 HOW SHOULD DATA GOVERNANCE 5943 03:55:06,600 --> 03:55:06,880 WORK? 5944 03:55:06,880 --> 03:55:07,760 THINKING ABOUT INDIGENOUS 5945 03:55:07,760 --> 03:55:11,360 POPULATIONS, FIRST NATIONS, 5946 03:55:11,360 --> 03:55:13,120 PEOPLE WHO IDENTIFY AS LGBTQIA, 5947 03:55:13,120 --> 03:55:16,360 WHAT ROLE SHOULD THEY PLAY IN 5948 03:55:16,360 --> 03:55:17,360 THE DATA CURATION PROCESS? 5949 03:55:17,360 --> 03:55:19,360 WHAT IS THE MOST PRESSING 5950 03:55:19,360 --> 03:55:21,440 ETHICAL CHALLENGE EACH OF YOU 5951 03:55:21,440 --> 03:55:25,120 SEE ARISING FROM THE CURATION OF 5952 03:55:25,120 --> 03:55:27,160 THESE COMPLEX MULTI-MODAL DATA, 5953 03:55:27,160 --> 03:55:35,040 AND HOW THESE DATA DRIVE THE 5954 03:55:35,040 --> 03:55:36,960 CREATION OF COMPLICATED 5955 03:55:36,960 --> 03:55:37,840 STATISTICAL MODELS, HOW DO YOU 5956 03:55:37,840 --> 03:55:40,160 SEE US GETTING OVER THIS AND 5957 03:55:40,160 --> 03:55:41,920 MITIGATE THE RISK OF CULTURAL 5958 03:55:41,920 --> 03:55:45,400 HARM AND OF IN THESE PRACTICES, 5959 03:55:45,400 --> 03:55:48,360 IN LIGHT OF THESE CHALLENGES? 5960 03:55:48,360 --> 03:55:50,960 I THINK IN THE ORDER OF THE 5961 03:55:50,960 --> 03:55:51,440 TALKS IS GREAT. 5962 03:55:51,440 --> 03:55:53,520 I WANT TO HEAR FROM ALL OF YOU 5963 03:55:53,520 --> 03:55:55,360 BUT MAYBE IT WOULD BE GOOD TO 5964 03:55:55,360 --> 03:55:59,200 START WITH DANI AND MOVE TO 5965 03:55:59,200 --> 03:55:59,400 SCOTT. 5966 03:55:59,400 --> 03:56:00,720 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR YOUR 5967 03:56:00,720 --> 03:56:01,360 COMMENTS. 5968 03:56:01,360 --> 03:56:02,800 I THINK THAT RAISING THESE 5969 03:56:02,800 --> 03:56:03,760 POINTS IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT 5970 03:56:03,760 --> 03:56:06,760 AND I'M GLAD WE GET TO END ON 5971 03:56:06,760 --> 03:56:08,680 THEM TODAY. 5972 03:56:08,680 --> 03:56:15,360 SO, I THINK THAT THE PLACE WHERE 5973 03:56:15,360 --> 03:56:18,360 I SEE POTENTIAL FOR HARM, A LOT 5974 03:56:18,360 --> 03:56:19,280 OF DISPARITIES RIGHT NOW, 5975 03:56:19,280 --> 03:56:20,520 CERTAINLY IS IN THE COLLECTION 5976 03:56:20,520 --> 03:56:21,240 OF DATA. 5977 03:56:21,240 --> 03:56:24,280 BUT I THINK IS MORE WHERE I 5978 03:56:24,280 --> 03:56:27,280 FOCUSED, IS ON HOW IDEAS ARE 5979 03:56:27,280 --> 03:56:29,720 SHARED AMONG SCIENTISTS, AND HOW 5980 03:56:29,720 --> 03:56:30,760 IDEAS ARE VALUED ACROSS 5981 03:56:30,760 --> 03:56:31,160 SCIENTISTS. 5982 03:56:31,160 --> 03:56:35,920 IT'S MORE AT THE SORT OF META 5983 03:56:35,920 --> 03:56:37,920 LEVEL OF WHOSE IDEAS ARE 5984 03:56:37,920 --> 03:56:40,360 LISTENED TO, WHOSE QUESTIONS ARE 5985 03:56:40,360 --> 03:56:41,520 BEING ASKED AND REVERBERATE AND 5986 03:56:41,520 --> 03:56:43,160 HELP GUIDE THE WORK MOVING 5987 03:56:43,160 --> 03:56:43,400 FORWARD. 5988 03:56:43,400 --> 03:56:45,040 SO, SOME OF THE MORE 5989 03:56:45,040 --> 03:56:46,480 QUANTITATIVE WORK IN MY LAB 5990 03:56:46,480 --> 03:56:48,640 THAT'S FOCUSED ON THOSE 5991 03:56:48,640 --> 03:56:51,400 QUESTIONS IS RELATED TO CITATION 5992 03:56:51,400 --> 03:56:53,520 PATTERNS AND HOW THEY ARE VERY 5993 03:56:53,520 --> 03:56:56,520 SKEWED ACCORDING TO BOTH GENDER 5994 03:56:56,520 --> 03:56:57,800 AND RACE AND ETHNICITY. 5995 03:56:57,800 --> 03:57:03,200 SUCH THAT PEOPLE WHO ARE FROM 5996 03:57:03,200 --> 03:57:04,720 MARGINALIZED IDENTITIES ARE 5997 03:57:04,720 --> 03:57:05,920 UNDERCITED IN COMPARISON TO WHAT 5998 03:57:05,920 --> 03:57:07,360 YOU WOULD EXPECT GIVEN THE 5999 03:57:07,360 --> 03:57:09,560 NUMBER OF PAPERS THEY PUBLISHED, 6000 03:57:09,560 --> 03:57:11,320 THE JOURNALS IN WHICH THOSE ARE 6001 03:57:11,320 --> 03:57:12,960 PUBLISHED AND ET CETERA, LOTS OF 6002 03:57:12,960 --> 03:57:15,360 FACTORS THAT WOULD SOAK UP 6003 03:57:15,360 --> 03:57:16,800 VARIANTS, EVEN AFTER YOU 6004 03:57:16,800 --> 03:57:19,000 ACCOUNT, THERE'S STILL A LARGE 6005 03:57:19,000 --> 03:57:22,160 GENDER AND RACE AND ETHNICITY 6006 03:57:22,160 --> 03:57:22,360 EFFECT. 6007 03:57:22,360 --> 03:57:25,400 I THINK THAT HARMS THE SCIENCE 6008 03:57:25,400 --> 03:57:27,280 BECAUSE IT HARMS SCIENTISTS, THE 6009 03:57:27,280 --> 03:57:30,520 PEOPLE DOING THE WORK, ALTERS 6010 03:57:30,520 --> 03:57:32,720 WHO ACTUALLY MAKES IT TO 6011 03:57:32,720 --> 03:57:33,760 PROMOTION AND TO RECEIVE A LOT 6012 03:57:33,760 --> 03:57:36,400 OF THE AWARDS AND ET CETERA. 6013 03:57:36,400 --> 03:57:39,920 I THINK THAT I'M WORRIED ABOUT 6014 03:57:39,920 --> 03:57:40,280 THAT. 6015 03:57:40,280 --> 03:57:42,360 IN TERMS OF WHO WE'RE COLLECTING 6016 03:57:42,360 --> 03:57:44,400 DATA FROM, THAT'S A WHOLE OTHER 6017 03:57:44,400 --> 03:57:44,800 QUESTION. 6018 03:57:44,800 --> 03:57:47,760 OF WHICH IS ONE I CARE ABOUT BUT 6019 03:57:47,760 --> 03:57:49,280 HAVE LESS IMMEDIATE EXPERTISE. 6020 03:57:49,280 --> 03:57:52,520 I'LL PASS TO THE NEXT PERSON. 6021 03:57:52,520 --> 03:57:54,080 >> I AGREE. 6022 03:57:54,080 --> 03:57:57,520 THANK YOU FOR RAISING THESE 6023 03:57:57,520 --> 03:57:59,080 REALLY IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND 6024 03:57:59,080 --> 03:57:59,400 POINTS. 6025 03:57:59,400 --> 03:58:05,000 I'M NOT AN EXPERT IN A.I. 6026 03:58:05,000 --> 03:58:07,040 FAIRLESS, BUT I COMPLETELY 6027 03:58:07,040 --> 03:58:08,960 AGREE, THIS IS A CRITICAL FIELD 6028 03:58:08,960 --> 03:58:11,280 FOR US TO BE PURSUING. 6029 03:58:11,280 --> 03:58:13,960 I WOULD LOVE TO TALK OFFLINE TO 6030 03:58:13,960 --> 03:58:17,720 HEAR ABOUT YOUR THOUGHTS ON THAT 6031 03:58:17,720 --> 03:58:22,680 AREA, ONE THING THAT I WILL SAY, 6032 03:58:22,680 --> 03:58:25,040 MY RESEARCH HAS BEEN ON THE 6033 03:58:25,040 --> 03:58:26,440 BASIC SCIENCE SIDE UNTIL 6034 03:58:26,440 --> 03:58:26,720 RECENTLY. 6035 03:58:26,720 --> 03:58:30,600 >> WE HAVE ONE MINUTE REMAINING. 6036 03:58:30,600 --> 03:58:31,240 >> OKAY. 6037 03:58:31,240 --> 03:58:32,960 I'LL KEEP IT SHORT. 6038 03:58:32,960 --> 03:58:34,960 MOSTLY IT'S BEEN ON THE BASIC 6039 03:58:34,960 --> 03:58:36,400 SCIENCE SIDE, RECENTLY MOVED 6040 03:58:36,400 --> 03:58:38,160 MORE IN THE TRANSLATIONAL AREAS, 6041 03:58:38,160 --> 03:58:40,760 WHICH HAS FORCED THESE ISSUES TO 6042 03:58:40,760 --> 03:58:41,320 THE FORE. 6043 03:58:41,320 --> 03:58:43,360 YOU SEE EVIDENCE OF SOME THINGS 6044 03:58:43,360 --> 03:58:45,560 YOU'RE CONCERNED ABOUT. 6045 03:58:45,560 --> 03:58:48,520 APPLYING SOME MODELS TO MOUSE 6046 03:58:48,520 --> 03:58:49,600 BEHAVIOR, WE FIND SOMETIMES THE 6047 03:58:49,600 --> 03:58:51,840 REPRESENTATIONS THAT YOU GET FOR 6048 03:58:51,840 --> 03:58:53,440 ONE VERSUS ANOTHER DIFFER NOT 6049 03:58:53,440 --> 03:58:54,760 BECAUSE THEY ARE FUNDAMENTALLY 6050 03:58:54,760 --> 03:58:56,320 DIFFERENT IN BEHAVIOR BUT ONE 6051 03:58:56,320 --> 03:59:00,160 MOUSE IS BIGGER THAN THE OTHER. 6052 03:59:00,160 --> 03:59:03,320 THE FUTURE EXTRACTION PROCESS, 6053 03:59:03,320 --> 03:59:09,040 SLIGHTLY BIGGER MOUSE GETS 6054 03:59:09,040 --> 03:59:11,320 CLUSTERED, MODELS DIFFERENTLY. 6055 03:59:11,320 --> 03:59:13,160 WE CAN CORRECT THAT BUT IT'S 6056 03:59:13,160 --> 03:59:14,360 DONE IN A REACTIVE WAY. 6057 03:59:14,360 --> 03:59:15,880 AND I THINK ONE OF THE THINGS 6058 03:59:15,880 --> 03:59:19,920 YOU'RE GETTING AT IS THAT AS WE 6059 03:59:19,920 --> 03:59:21,360 DEPLOY THESE IN THE REAL WORLD 6060 03:59:21,360 --> 03:59:23,320 WE HAVE TO BE MORE PRO-ACTIVE IN 6061 03:59:23,320 --> 03:59:26,640 GETTING OUT AHEAD OF THOSE TYPES 6062 03:59:26,640 --> 03:59:32,160 OF BIASES BEFORE THEY ADVERSELY 6063 03:59:32,160 --> 03:59:32,520 AFFECT PEOPLE. 6064 03:59:32,520 --> 03:59:34,960 >> GREAT NOTE TO END ON. 6065 03:59:34,960 --> 03:59:37,040 I REALLY HATE CUTTING THE 6066 03:59:37,040 --> 03:59:39,320 DISCUSSION SHORT. 6067 03:59:39,320 --> 03:59:41,320 THERE WENT MY TIMER. 6068 03:59:41,320 --> 03:59:45,200 BUT I WANT TO GIVE A SHOUT OUT 6069 03:59:45,200 --> 03:59:47,160 TO EVERYBODY FOR SUCH HARD WORK 6070 03:59:47,160 --> 03:59:49,560 YOU HAVE PUT INTO YOUR 6071 03:59:49,560 --> 03:59:52,120 PRESENTATIONS, AND KEEPING US ON 6072 03:59:52,120 --> 03:59:52,360 SCHEDULE. 6073 03:59:52,360 --> 03:59:55,560 AND ALL THE ACTIVE GREAT 6074 03:59:55,560 --> 03:59:59,520 DISCUSSIONS, WE'LL CLOSE WITH 6075 03:59:59,520 --> 04:00:03,160 FINAL THOUGHTS FROM KAREN 6076 04:00:03,160 --> 04:00:04,240 ROMMELFANGER AND JUSTIN BAKER. 6077 04:00:04,240 --> 04:00:14,160 I'LL HAND THE FLOOR OVER TO THEM 6078 04:00:14,160 --> 04:00:16,880 AND LET THEM PROCEED. 6079 04:00:16,880 --> 04:00:18,400 >> I UNDERSTAND I HAVE TEN 6080 04:00:18,400 --> 04:00:23,840 MINUTES, BUT I'LL USE LESS. 6081 04:00:23,840 --> 04:00:25,440 IS THAT RIGHT, DANA? 6082 04:00:25,440 --> 04:00:27,360 >> YOU HAVE 10 TO 15 MINUTES. 6083 04:00:27,360 --> 04:00:30,600 >> WE'RE ALL TIRED. 6084 04:00:30,600 --> 04:00:32,760 I'LL DO 10, MAYBE UNDER. 6085 04:00:32,760 --> 04:00:34,920 THANK YOU FOR STICKING AROUND 6086 04:00:34,920 --> 04:00:35,960 FOR THE RICH CONVERSATION. 6087 04:00:35,960 --> 04:00:38,000 I WAS PART OF THE DISCUSSION NOT 6088 04:00:38,000 --> 04:00:38,960 FROM THE INCEPTION BUT THREE 6089 04:00:38,960 --> 04:00:40,520 YEARS AGO AFTER THE TEAM HAD 6090 04:00:40,520 --> 04:00:43,760 ALREADY GIVEN A LOT OF THOUGHT. 6091 04:00:43,760 --> 04:00:50,160 AND IT WAS BBQ, NOT BBQS, SO THE 6092 04:00:50,160 --> 04:00:52,120 SYNCHRONIZATION PIECE IS 6093 04:00:52,120 --> 04:00:53,200 EXCITING. 6094 04:00:53,200 --> 04:00:54,640 I'M CHARGED WITH SYNTHESIZING 6095 04:00:54,640 --> 04:00:57,200 IDEAS, CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES 6096 04:00:57,200 --> 04:00:59,320 TO ADDRESS THOSE CHALLENGES. 6097 04:00:59,320 --> 04:01:03,320 I'LL BRING UP THREE MAIN POINTS, 6098 04:01:03,320 --> 04:01:04,920 AND THREE BULLETS UNDER THOSE. 6099 04:01:04,920 --> 04:01:06,920 FOR SOME WHO MAY NOT BE AWARE, I 6100 04:01:06,920 --> 04:01:08,280 HAVEN'T HAD THE PLEASURE OF 6101 04:01:08,280 --> 04:01:11,360 MEETING A LOT OF YOU YET. 6102 04:01:11,360 --> 04:01:13,400 I'M TRAINED AS A NEUROSCIENTIST, 6103 04:01:13,400 --> 04:01:16,360 MOVED INTO FORMAL TRAINING IN 6104 04:01:16,360 --> 04:01:17,520 NEURAL ETHICS, LAUNCHED A 6105 04:01:17,520 --> 04:01:24,640 NEUROETHICS PROGRAM AT EMORY. 6106 04:01:24,640 --> 04:01:26,960 CO-CHAIR, BRAIN INITIATIVE, 6107 04:01:26,960 --> 04:01:28,240 CONSORTIUM OF EXISTING BRAIN 6108 04:01:28,240 --> 04:01:29,520 INITIATIVES, BRAIN IS PART OF 6109 04:01:29,520 --> 04:01:31,720 ONE OF THOSE. 6110 04:01:31,720 --> 04:01:35,400 RECENTLY MOVED TO LAUNCHING 6111 04:01:35,400 --> 04:01:38,360 INDEPENDENT INTERNATIONAL 6112 04:01:38,360 --> 04:01:40,680 NEUROETHICS THINK TANK, 6113 04:01:40,680 --> 04:01:41,520 UNDERWRITING ETHOS IS 6114 04:01:41,520 --> 04:01:42,600 INCLUSIVITY ACROSS GEOGRAPHY. 6115 04:01:42,600 --> 04:01:44,120 WE BRING PRACTICAL LEVELS TO 6116 04:01:44,120 --> 04:01:45,640 ETHICS WE TALK ABOUT AND WE NEED 6117 04:01:45,640 --> 04:01:47,640 TO THINK ABOUT IN THE NEXT FEW 6118 04:01:47,640 --> 04:01:48,400 DAYS. 6119 04:01:48,400 --> 04:01:52,320 THE FIRST POINT IS THAT WE HAVE 6120 04:01:52,320 --> 04:01:54,440 AN ETHICAL IMPERATIVE FOR BRAIN 6121 04:01:54,440 --> 04:01:55,840 BEHAVIOR QUANTIFICATION AND 6122 04:01:55,840 --> 04:01:57,360 SYNCHRONIZATION, IT'S THE TYPE 6123 04:01:57,360 --> 04:01:59,600 OF ACTIVITY THAT I THINK 6124 04:01:59,600 --> 04:02:02,360 EVERYONE HERE AND THERE WERE 400 6125 04:02:02,360 --> 04:02:03,600 PEOPLE ONLINE THIS MORNING, 6126 04:02:03,600 --> 04:02:05,320 AGREE THAT BRAIN SHOULD BE 6127 04:02:05,320 --> 04:02:07,320 TAKING UP IN SOME WAY. 6128 04:02:07,320 --> 04:02:11,120 BUT IN ORDER TO DO THAT WE NEED 6129 04:02:11,120 --> 04:02:11,720 TOOLS. 6130 04:02:11,720 --> 04:02:12,680 EVERYBODY HERE UNDERSTANDS THAT 6131 04:02:12,680 --> 04:02:14,400 THE LOCALLY GRAIL OF 6132 04:02:14,400 --> 04:02:15,200 NEUROSCIENCE IS STILL CONNECTING 6133 04:02:15,200 --> 04:02:16,320 THE BRAIN TO BEHAVIOR. 6134 04:02:16,320 --> 04:02:17,440 WE STILL HAVE A LOT OF WORK TO 6135 04:02:17,440 --> 04:02:20,800 DO IN THAT SPACE, MAYBE WE'LL 6136 04:02:20,800 --> 04:02:22,800 HAVE OUR WHOLE CAREERS TO DO 6137 04:02:22,800 --> 04:02:23,000 THAT. 6138 04:02:23,000 --> 04:02:24,960 I WANT TO ORIENT YOU, THE 6139 04:02:24,960 --> 04:02:26,920 NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH, 6140 04:02:26,920 --> 04:02:30,600 THERE'S A NEUROETHICS WORKING 6141 04:02:30,600 --> 04:02:32,040 GROUP, AND A TEAM, AND 6142 04:02:32,040 --> 04:02:33,800 NEUROETHICS IS A PRACTICAL TOOL 6143 04:02:33,800 --> 04:02:36,920 IN YOUR TOOLKIT THAT CAN BE USED 6144 04:02:36,920 --> 04:02:38,840 TO SCAN THE HORIZON, NOT MEANT 6145 04:02:38,840 --> 04:02:41,200 TO SET UP ROAD BLOCKS OR PURELY 6146 04:02:41,200 --> 04:02:44,120 A POLICING EFFORT, WHICH I THINK 6147 04:02:44,120 --> 04:02:46,160 THAT RCR TRAINING HAS DONE TO A 6148 04:02:46,160 --> 04:02:49,320 LOT OF YOU IN YOUR PERCEPTIONS, 6149 04:02:49,320 --> 04:02:51,240 IT'S WHAT HAPPENED TO ME WHEN I 6150 04:02:51,240 --> 04:02:53,280 WAS IN MY TRAINING. 6151 04:02:53,280 --> 04:02:55,320 BUT USED AS A WAY TO ANTICIPATE 6152 04:02:55,320 --> 04:02:57,080 ETHICAL ISSUES THAT TIM WAS 6153 04:02:57,080 --> 04:02:58,240 BRINGING UP, AND SOME OTHERS 6154 04:02:58,240 --> 04:03:00,040 THROUGH THE DAY. 6155 04:03:00,040 --> 04:03:02,800 ULTIMATELY CAN ADVANCE AND 6156 04:03:02,800 --> 04:03:03,240 ACCELERATE SCIENCE. 6157 04:03:03,240 --> 04:03:06,720 AND WITH IN A IN MIND -- THAT IN 6158 04:03:06,720 --> 04:03:14,480 MIND WE WANS WANT TO ENSURE THE 6159 04:03:14,480 --> 04:03:16,040 WORK, ETHICAL ADVANCED, 6160 04:03:16,040 --> 04:03:17,080 SYSTEMATIC IN EXPLORATION. 6161 04:03:17,080 --> 04:03:19,520 AS SCOTT MENTIONED IN THE LAST 6162 04:03:19,520 --> 04:03:22,360 PIECE, WE WANT TO GET AHEAD, BE 6163 04:03:22,360 --> 04:03:27,520 GIVING THE ETHICS UP FRONT. 6164 04:03:27,520 --> 04:03:28,960 SECOND I WANT TO HIGHLIGHT THE 6165 04:03:28,960 --> 04:03:31,360 CHALLENGE OF DESCRIBING WHAT IS 6166 04:03:31,360 --> 04:03:36,480 NORMAL WHEN YOU QUANTIFY 6167 04:03:36,480 --> 04:03:36,880 EVERYTHING. 6168 04:03:36,880 --> 04:03:37,680 CERTAINLY THERE ARE IMPORTANT 6169 04:03:37,680 --> 04:03:40,880 REASONS TO WANT TO QUANTIFY. 6170 04:03:40,880 --> 04:03:42,400 FAIRLY POWERFUL STORY I BELIEVE 6171 04:03:42,400 --> 04:03:45,680 I HEARD FROM SOME OF THE NIH 6172 04:03:45,680 --> 04:03:49,880 FOLKS IS THAT MANY OF THE 6173 04:03:49,880 --> 04:03:52,400 INDIVIDUALS, PSYCHIATRISTS, MANY 6174 04:03:52,400 --> 04:03:54,000 OF THE INDIVIDUALS, HER PATIENTS 6175 04:03:54,000 --> 04:03:57,200 WHO SUBMITTED SUICIDE TOLD HER 6176 04:03:57,200 --> 04:04:01,800 WHEN SHE ASKED THEY WOULD NOT 6177 04:04:01,800 --> 04:04:02,840 COMMIT SUICIDE. 6178 04:04:02,840 --> 04:04:06,120 OUR TOOLS ARE ASKING PATIENTS TO 6179 04:04:06,120 --> 04:04:09,880 RESULT TO US, AND FALLING SHORT. 6180 04:04:09,880 --> 04:04:11,600 HOW DO WE DESIGN STUDIES, 6181 04:04:11,600 --> 04:04:14,080 COLLECT DATA WHERE WE CAN OFFER 6182 04:04:14,080 --> 04:04:15,000 BETTER EXPLANATORY POWER? 6183 04:04:15,000 --> 04:04:17,880 AND HOW DO WE USE NON-HUMAN 6184 04:04:17,880 --> 04:04:22,040 ANIMALS EVEN TO RECAPITULATE 6185 04:04:22,040 --> 04:04:26,400 COMPLEX HUMAN CONDITIONS LIKE 6186 04:04:26,400 --> 04:04:28,880 AUTISM? 6187 04:04:28,880 --> 04:04:30,280 LENA TING REMINDED US OF 6188 04:04:30,280 --> 04:04:33,480 OPPORTUNITY DIVERSITY AND 6189 04:04:33,480 --> 04:04:34,480 VARIABILITY, CONSIDER THOSE IN 6190 04:04:34,480 --> 04:04:40,200 YOUR STUDIES, BEHAVIORS MIGHT BE 6191 04:04:40,200 --> 04:04:42,760 MORE CONSISTENT THAN UNDERLYING 6192 04:04:42,760 --> 04:04:43,040 ACTIVITY. 6193 04:04:43,040 --> 04:04:44,320 JEFFREY NOTED TRYING TO DRAW 6194 04:04:44,320 --> 04:04:45,440 FROM OUR QUANTIFIED DATA WOULD 6195 04:04:45,440 --> 04:05:01,360 BE HIGHLY INFERENTIAL. 6196 04:05:01,360 --> 04:05:02,840 SCIENCE NEVER HAS BEEN JUST 6197 04:05:02,840 --> 04:05:03,360 ABOUT SCIENCE. 6198 04:05:03,360 --> 04:05:04,480 IT'S TIED WITH POWER. 6199 04:05:04,480 --> 04:05:06,440 IT'S IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER WHO 6200 04:05:06,440 --> 04:05:10,480 IS DRIVING PARAMETERS OF NORMAL 6201 04:05:10,480 --> 04:05:12,080 AND STANDARDIZATION. 6202 04:05:12,080 --> 04:05:13,760 JONATHAN, A PROFESSOR OF 6203 04:05:13,760 --> 04:05:16,240 SOCIOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AT 6204 04:05:16,240 --> 04:05:18,760 VANDERBILT, REMINDS US THAT YET 6205 04:05:18,760 --> 04:05:20,040 IN UNINTENDED AND OFTEN 6206 04:05:20,040 --> 04:05:22,120 INVISIBLE WAYS PSYCHIATRIC 6207 04:05:22,120 --> 04:05:23,720 DEFINITIONS CONTINUE TO POLICE 6208 04:05:23,720 --> 04:05:24,440 RACIAL HIERARCHY, TENSION, 6209 04:05:24,440 --> 04:05:26,640 UNSPOKEN CODES IN ADDITION TO 6210 04:05:26,640 --> 04:05:30,800 SEPARATING NORMAL FROM ABNORMAL 6211 04:05:30,800 --> 04:05:31,600 BEHAVIOR. 6212 04:05:31,600 --> 04:05:34,040 PERSONS ARE STIGMATIZED BECAUSE 6213 04:05:34,040 --> 04:05:36,120 THE ON GENERALIZATION ABOUT 6214 04:05:36,120 --> 04:05:37,800 DEVIANCE, PERCEIVED VOLATILITY, 6215 04:05:37,800 --> 04:05:39,040 BE A OF CHARACTERISTICS THAT 6216 04:05:39,040 --> 04:05:42,800 REMAIN ACCEPTABLE MODES OF 6217 04:05:42,800 --> 04:05:43,240 DISCRIMINATION. 6218 04:05:43,240 --> 04:05:43,800 RHETORIC BECOMES WAYS OF 6219 04:05:43,800 --> 04:05:49,720 POLICING THE BOUNDARIES OF 6220 04:05:49,720 --> 04:05:51,720 KEEPING THESE PEOPLE OUTSIDE. 6221 04:05:51,720 --> 04:05:53,760 THESE ARE THINGS WE NEED TO GET 6222 04:05:53,760 --> 04:05:55,400 AHEAD OF, THINK ABOUT AS WE 6223 04:05:55,400 --> 04:06:00,920 DESIGN OUR RESEARCH AND OUR 6224 04:06:00,920 --> 04:06:01,200 QUESTIONS. 6225 04:06:01,200 --> 04:06:03,080 DOROTHY ROBERTS AT U PENN SAYS 6226 04:06:03,080 --> 04:06:05,800 HEALTH CANNOT BE DIVORCED FROM 6227 04:06:05,800 --> 04:06:08,160 SOCIOPOLITICAL CONTEXT, IGNORES 6228 04:06:08,160 --> 04:06:11,640 THE WAYS IN WHICH -- TO DO SO 6229 04:06:11,640 --> 04:06:12,880 WOULD BE IGNORE WAYS 6230 04:06:12,880 --> 04:06:14,640 BIOTECHNOLOGY SHAPE AND ARE 6231 04:06:14,640 --> 04:06:16,040 SHAPED BY SOCIAL POWER. 6232 04:06:16,040 --> 04:06:18,760 DATA PRIVACY WAS BROUGHT UP BY 6233 04:06:18,760 --> 04:06:21,480 TIM AND WILL BE DISCUSSED 6234 04:06:21,480 --> 04:06:22,680 HEAVILY TOMORROW. 6235 04:06:22,680 --> 04:06:25,360 THE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE 6236 04:06:25,360 --> 04:06:27,440 INFERENCES EVEN IN RESEARCH IN 6237 04:06:27,440 --> 04:06:30,720 CONTEXT WILL LIKELY END UP STILL 6238 04:06:30,720 --> 04:06:32,480 IMPACTING AREAS BEYOND YOUR 6239 04:06:32,480 --> 04:06:33,880 LABORATORY, AND WILL LIKELY 6240 04:06:33,880 --> 04:06:36,160 INTERFACE IN YOUR ANALYSES WITH 6241 04:06:36,160 --> 04:06:38,800 PUBLICLY AVAILABLE DATA AT SOME 6242 04:06:38,800 --> 04:06:39,240 POINT. 6243 04:06:39,240 --> 04:06:40,520 KATE CRAWFORD AND TIM BROWN 6244 04:06:40,520 --> 04:06:43,680 MENTIONED IN THE CHAT EARLIER, 6245 04:06:43,680 --> 04:06:45,760 LEADING SCHOLAR OF IMPLICATIONS 6246 04:06:45,760 --> 04:06:47,400 OF A.I. SAYS BIG DATA ANALYTICS 6247 04:06:47,400 --> 04:06:49,360 WILL CHANGE HOW WE KNOW AND 6248 04:06:49,360 --> 04:06:51,720 LIKEWISE SHOULD EXPECT MORE 6249 04:06:51,720 --> 04:06:53,240 COMPLICATED ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS 6250 04:06:53,240 --> 04:06:56,800 OF WHAT WE KNOW. 6251 04:06:56,800 --> 04:07:00,520 DATA IS NOW CONNECTIBLE, 6252 04:07:00,520 --> 04:07:01,040 ENDEFINITELY REPURPOSABLE, 6253 04:07:01,040 --> 04:07:01,680 CONTINUOUSLY UPDATABLE, 6254 04:07:01,680 --> 04:07:05,080 DISTANCED FROM THE CONTEXT OF 6255 04:07:05,080 --> 04:07:05,400 COLLECTION. 6256 04:07:05,400 --> 04:07:09,800 AND IN ONE OF THE TOOL KITS THE 6257 04:07:09,800 --> 04:07:11,680 NIH BRAIN HAS, NEUROETHICS 6258 04:07:11,680 --> 04:07:13,880 PRINCIPLES, ONE SAYS MOVE BEYOND 6259 04:07:13,880 --> 04:07:15,640 THE BENCH WITH CAUTION, EVEN AS 6260 04:07:15,640 --> 04:07:17,800 WE CONSIDER THE COMPARATIVE WORK 6261 04:07:17,800 --> 04:07:19,120 AND IMPLICATIONS OF 6262 04:07:19,120 --> 04:07:24,440 INTERPRETATIONS OF SCIENCE 6263 04:07:24,440 --> 04:07:25,800 SHOULD NOTE THEY SHOULD MOVE OUT 6264 04:07:25,800 --> 04:07:28,800 INTO A NUMBER OF DOMAINS, FROM 6265 04:07:28,800 --> 04:07:31,440 THE LAB TO CLINIC, CONSUMER TO 6266 04:07:31,440 --> 04:07:36,960 NATIONAL DEFENSE, REMINDED PAUL 6267 04:07:36,960 --> 04:07:41,200 ECKMAN'S, THAT WE DISCUSSED 6268 04:07:41,200 --> 04:07:43,440 TODAY, AFFECTED CUSTOMS 6269 04:07:43,440 --> 04:07:43,720 ENFORCEMENT. 6270 04:07:43,720 --> 04:07:47,560 THE FRAMEWORK IN THE BEGINNING 6271 04:07:47,560 --> 04:07:49,880 BY HOLLY LISANBY, A SUGGESTION 6272 04:07:49,880 --> 04:07:52,640 FOR FRAMEWORK THINKING ABOUT OUR 6273 04:07:52,640 --> 04:07:53,160 SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING 6274 04:07:53,160 --> 04:07:55,040 CHALLENGES, EQUAL FOOTING WITH 6275 04:07:55,040 --> 04:07:56,440 SOCIAL CHALLENGES AND SOCIAL 6276 04:07:56,440 --> 04:07:57,800 CONTEXT AND IMPLICATIONS OF THE 6277 04:07:57,800 --> 04:08:01,840 WORK WE DO IN THE LAB. 6278 04:08:01,840 --> 04:08:06,680 DANI NOTED THE MIND IS THE 6279 04:08:06,680 --> 04:08:08,480 DESIRE, INTENTION, PURPOSE, AND 6280 04:08:08,480 --> 04:08:10,440 WE SHOULD NOTE THAT EVEN THAT 6281 04:08:10,440 --> 04:08:12,440 DEFINITION OF BRAIN IS NOT 6282 04:08:12,440 --> 04:08:13,520 CULTURALLY UNIVERSAL. 6283 04:08:13,520 --> 04:08:15,160 THAT WILL HAVE IMPLICATIONS FOR 6284 04:08:15,160 --> 04:08:17,440 HOW DATA IS INTERPRETED, AND HOW 6285 04:08:17,440 --> 04:08:21,880 THAT RESEARCH MIGHT END UP 6286 04:08:21,880 --> 04:08:26,120 FEEDING BACK INTO SYSTEMS OF 6287 04:08:26,120 --> 04:08:28,640 HOW, HOW THE MIND AND BRAIN ARE 6288 04:08:28,640 --> 04:08:31,520 CONNECTED CAN HAVE IMPLICATION 6289 04:08:31,520 --> 04:08:33,120 FOR STIGMA AND APPLICATION IN 6290 04:08:33,120 --> 04:08:35,240 MEDICAL SYSTEMS AND BEYOND. 6291 04:08:35,240 --> 04:08:36,080 CULTURE INFLUENCES WHAT SCIENCE 6292 04:08:36,080 --> 04:08:38,640 IS SUPPORTED, WHERE SCIENCE CAN 6293 04:08:38,640 --> 04:08:41,920 BE CONDUCTED, AND THE TIMES OF 6294 04:08:41,920 --> 04:08:43,200 ETHICAL FRAMEWORK THAT OF. 6295 04:08:43,200 --> 04:08:45,600 GAPS IN UNDERSTANDING CAN LEAD 6296 04:08:45,600 --> 04:08:47,560 TO MISMISSED OPPORTUNITIES FOR 6297 04:08:47,560 --> 04:08:48,440 COLLABORATION, ADVANCEMENT 6298 04:08:48,440 --> 04:08:49,800 TOWARDS FUTURE DISCOVERIES, 6299 04:08:49,800 --> 04:08:50,960 LIMIT ABILITY TO BROADLY SHARE 6300 04:08:50,960 --> 04:08:53,680 RESULTS, AND REAP THE BENEFITS 6301 04:08:53,680 --> 04:08:55,640 OF FINDINGS, RESULTING IN 6302 04:08:55,640 --> 04:08:57,720 FAILURE TO RECOGNIZE SHORT- AND 6303 04:08:57,720 --> 04:08:59,440 LONG-TERM POTENTIAL AND RISKS OF 6304 04:08:59,440 --> 04:09:00,640 NEURAL SCIENCE RESEARCH. 6305 04:09:00,640 --> 04:09:02,040 IT'S IMPORTANT TO NOTE THESE 6306 04:09:02,040 --> 04:09:04,000 DIFFERENCES DON'T JUST EXIST 6307 04:09:04,000 --> 04:09:05,600 AMONG NATIONAL ENTITIES. 6308 04:09:05,600 --> 04:09:07,520 THEY EXIST WITHIN DEFINED 6309 04:09:07,520 --> 04:09:09,400 SOCIETIES, ALSO AMONG INDIVIDUAL 6310 04:09:09,400 --> 04:09:10,040 RESEARCHERS AND PRACTITIONERS, 6311 04:09:10,040 --> 04:09:15,600 THESE ARE THINGS THAT NONE OF US 6312 04:09:15,600 --> 04:09:18,160 ARE DEVOID OF. 6313 04:09:18,160 --> 04:09:19,480 SCIENCE IS CONTEXTUALIZED. 6314 04:09:19,480 --> 04:09:21,480 ANOTHER FEATURE THAT DANI 6315 04:09:21,480 --> 04:09:23,240 MENTIONED, BRAIN TO BEHAVIOR IS 6316 04:09:23,240 --> 04:09:24,200 NOT NECESSARILY LINEAR. 6317 04:09:24,200 --> 04:09:27,800 IT'S NOT A SIMPLE CAUSAL CHAIN. 6318 04:09:27,800 --> 04:09:29,040 ANY INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA 6319 04:09:29,040 --> 04:09:31,400 THAT WE FIND FROM ANY OF THE 6320 04:09:31,400 --> 04:09:33,640 WORK WE MIGHT DO IN THE BBQS 6321 04:09:33,640 --> 04:09:35,440 FRAMEWORK NEEDS TO BE SIMILARLY 6322 04:09:35,440 --> 04:09:36,000 CONSIDERED. 6323 04:09:36,000 --> 04:09:37,240 WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO PUT A BRAIN 6324 04:09:37,240 --> 04:09:40,200 IN THE CONTEXT OF THE REAL 6325 04:09:40,200 --> 04:09:40,400 WORLD? 6326 04:09:40,400 --> 04:09:43,640 TIM REMINDED US OF CHALLENGES 6327 04:09:43,640 --> 04:09:46,800 THAT WE HAVE TO EXPLORE. 6328 04:09:46,800 --> 04:09:49,040 ETHICS CAN ADVANCE 6329 04:09:49,040 --> 04:09:49,840 NEUROTECHNOLOGY AND NEURAL 6330 04:09:49,840 --> 04:09:52,320 SCIENCE, ENSURE BY THINKING 6331 04:09:52,320 --> 04:09:54,080 ABOUT ETHICS THAT SCIENTISTS AND 6332 04:09:54,080 --> 04:09:56,800 THE FUNDERS, LIKE NIH AND NSF, 6333 04:09:56,800 --> 04:09:59,040 SOCIAL CONTRACT TO SOCIETY IS 6334 04:09:59,040 --> 04:10:00,800 MET AND SUSTAINED. 6335 04:10:00,800 --> 04:10:02,280 THE SECOND PART HERE IS THAT WE 6336 04:10:02,280 --> 04:10:07,560 DO NEED NEW TOOLS AND 6337 04:10:07,560 --> 04:10:09,720 COLLABORATION, MALCOLM SAID 6338 04:10:09,720 --> 04:10:11,520 TOOLS FOR SYNTHESIS, 6339 04:10:11,520 --> 04:10:12,200 COLLABORATORS, THE CHAT 6340 04:10:12,200 --> 04:10:13,120 MENTIONED MANY HALF A MILLION 6341 04:10:13,120 --> 04:10:15,040 AUTHORS IS WHAT WE NEED TO 6342 04:10:15,040 --> 04:10:17,920 TACKLE SOME OF THE MOST 6343 04:10:17,920 --> 04:10:19,120 CHALLENGING NEUROSCIENCE 6344 04:10:19,120 --> 04:10:19,520 QUESTIONS. 6345 04:10:19,520 --> 04:10:21,120 HOW DO WE -- WHO SHOULD THESE 6346 04:10:21,120 --> 04:10:23,280 COLLABORATORS BE AND WHO GETS TO 6347 04:10:23,280 --> 04:10:25,280 DECIDE WHO THEY ARE? 6348 04:10:25,280 --> 04:10:26,680 COMMUNITIES CAN BE AN IMPORTANT 6349 04:10:26,680 --> 04:10:28,800 PART OF THINKING OF OUR 6350 04:10:28,800 --> 04:10:30,520 COLLABORATIONS WITH BRAIN 6351 04:10:30,520 --> 04:10:31,520 BEHAVIOR QUANTIFICATION. 6352 04:10:31,520 --> 04:10:34,920 THERE ARE OPPORTUNITIES FOR US 6353 04:10:34,920 --> 04:10:37,800 TO THINK ABOUT WHO MIGHT BE 6354 04:10:37,800 --> 04:10:38,640 IMPACTED, CONSIDER COMMUNITIES 6355 04:10:38,640 --> 04:10:40,480 AS PARTNERS WHO MIGHT BE ABLE TO 6356 04:10:40,480 --> 04:10:41,600 GIVE US EVEN NEW INSIGHTS INTO 6357 04:10:41,600 --> 04:10:42,760 SOME TOUGH QUESTIONS WE HAVE 6358 04:10:42,760 --> 04:10:46,440 ABOUT HOW FAR WE CAN MODEL 6359 04:10:46,440 --> 04:10:47,600 AUTISM, AND WHAT KINDS OF 6360 04:10:47,600 --> 04:10:49,800 CONCLUSIONS WE CAN DRAW, WHAT 6361 04:10:49,800 --> 04:10:52,720 KINDS OF UTILITY WE MIGHT FIND. 6362 04:10:52,720 --> 04:10:57,880 TIM RAISED QUESTIONS HOW TO 6363 04:10:57,880 --> 04:11:00,920 MITIGATE SOCIOCULTURAL HARM, 6364 04:11:00,920 --> 04:11:01,480 ALLISON MENTIONED WONDERFUL 6365 04:11:01,480 --> 04:11:04,560 QUESTION, HOW DOES CENTERING ON 6366 04:11:04,560 --> 04:11:06,160 THE PATIENT'S EXPERIENCE IN 6367 04:11:06,160 --> 04:11:08,440 MODELING HIGHLIGHT GAPS FOR US 6368 04:11:08,440 --> 04:11:09,800 TO EXPLORE WITH BBQ, INTERESTING 6369 04:11:09,800 --> 04:11:11,480 NOTE SHE SAID THIS IS NOT AN 6370 04:11:11,480 --> 04:11:13,440 ETHICAL QUESTION BUT IT'S A 6371 04:11:13,440 --> 04:11:14,280 PRACTICAL ONE. 6372 04:11:14,280 --> 04:11:18,320 I WOULD ARGUE IT'S BOTH. 6373 04:11:18,320 --> 04:11:20,720 THESE TYPE OF QUESTIONS, ETHICAL 6374 04:11:20,720 --> 04:11:21,880 QUESTIONS, COULD BE PRACTICALLY 6375 04:11:21,880 --> 04:11:23,200 INTEGRATED INTO SCIENCE TO HELP 6376 04:11:23,200 --> 04:11:25,760 ENHANCE AND ELEVATE THAT 6377 04:11:25,760 --> 04:11:26,440 SCIENCE. 6378 04:11:26,440 --> 04:11:28,760 THE SECOND PIECE WITH RAJI AND 6379 04:11:28,760 --> 04:11:32,360 PETER GAVE US GREAT INSIGHT FROM 6380 04:11:32,360 --> 04:11:34,720 INDUSTRY, AND I THINK I'LL NEVER 6381 04:11:34,720 --> 04:11:36,720 SEE A CHIHUAHUA AND A BLUEBERRY 6382 04:11:36,720 --> 04:11:37,680 MUFFIN THE SAME WAY AGAIN. 6383 04:11:37,680 --> 04:11:39,040 I DON'T KNOW IF ANYBODY ELSE 6384 04:11:39,040 --> 04:11:40,000 FELT THAT WAY. 6385 04:11:40,000 --> 04:11:42,120 PETER INVITED US TO CONSIDER HOW 6386 04:11:42,120 --> 04:11:42,760 TO TRY NEW OPPORTUNITIES, THINK 6387 04:11:42,760 --> 04:11:44,520 ON A PRACTICAL WAY TO SCALE AND 6388 04:11:44,520 --> 04:11:47,840 TRANSLATE IN THE REAL WORLD 6389 04:11:47,840 --> 04:11:49,080 BEYOND THINKING ABOUT THE TIMES 6390 04:11:49,080 --> 04:11:52,680 OF CHALLENGES WE MIGHT HAVE AS 6391 04:11:52,680 --> 04:11:56,320 WE STAY IN A WEDDEDNESS TO 6392 04:11:56,320 --> 04:11:58,560 STATUS QUO HOW WE DO SCIENCE IN 6393 04:11:58,560 --> 04:11:59,760 ACADEMIC LABORATORY. 6394 04:11:59,760 --> 04:12:02,400 THE FINAL THING, THERE'S 6395 04:12:02,400 --> 04:12:03,880 EMPHASIS, TEAM SCIENCE, HOW DO 6396 04:12:03,880 --> 04:12:06,480 WE DO SCIENCE? 6397 04:12:06,480 --> 04:12:10,120 HOW DO YOU CREATE A VALUE 6398 04:12:10,120 --> 04:12:10,440 PROPOSITION? 6399 04:12:10,440 --> 04:12:12,960 IT'S JUST AS MUCH A SOCIAL 6400 04:12:12,960 --> 04:12:15,040 PROBLEM AS TECHNICAL ONE. 6401 04:12:15,040 --> 04:12:18,800 DANI REMINDED US OF THE PROBLEM 6402 04:12:18,800 --> 04:12:20,440 WHO WE CITE AS WE THINK ABOUT 6403 04:12:20,440 --> 04:12:22,400 THE ENTERPRISE OF SCIENCE. 6404 04:12:22,400 --> 04:12:23,120 WE MIGHT CONSIDER OTHER OUT OF 6405 04:12:23,120 --> 04:12:29,480 THE BOX PARTERS IN THE CHAT, 6406 04:12:29,480 --> 04:12:31,320 THERE'S AN EXISTING MOVEMENT 6407 04:12:31,320 --> 04:12:33,600 ENTIRELY SEPARATE FROM THIS 6408 04:12:33,600 --> 04:12:34,400 GROUP, DECENTRALIZED SCIENCE, 6409 04:12:34,400 --> 04:12:37,600 ALSO EXPLORING ACTIVE TOOLS ON 6410 04:12:37,600 --> 04:12:39,120 HOW TO DEMOCRATIZE SCIENTIFIC 6411 04:12:39,120 --> 04:12:40,200 PROCESS AND OPEN SCIENCE 6412 04:12:40,200 --> 04:12:40,720 PRACTICES. 6413 04:12:40,720 --> 04:12:42,320 THAT'S MY SUMMARY FOR TODAY. 6414 04:12:42,320 --> 04:12:45,240 THERE'S A LOT OF RICH DISCUSSION 6415 04:12:45,240 --> 04:12:46,440 AND A LOT OF OPPORTUNITIES 6416 04:12:46,440 --> 04:12:48,400 FOR -- I HOPE THIS PUT OUT A FEW 6417 04:12:48,400 --> 04:12:50,200 SEEDS FOR CONVERSATION FOR 6418 04:12:50,200 --> 04:12:51,040 TOMORROW'S BREAKOUT GROUPS. 6419 04:12:51,040 --> 04:12:52,400 AND I'M HONORED TO BE HERE WITH 6420 04:12:52,400 --> 04:12:54,280 ALL OF YOU, TO BE THINKING 6421 04:12:54,280 --> 04:12:56,880 THROUGH THIS WITH YOU TODAY AND 6422 04:12:56,880 --> 04:12:57,160 TOMORROW. 6423 04:12:57,160 --> 04:13:01,840 THANK YOU. 6424 04:13:01,840 --> 04:13:05,160 6425 04:13:05,160 --> 04:13:05,440 >> OKAY. 6426 04:13:05,440 --> 04:13:07,720 I THINK I CAN GO LAST THEN AND 6427 04:13:07,720 --> 04:13:09,840 I'M NOT ABLE TO TURN MY VIDEO 6428 04:13:09,840 --> 04:13:10,040 ON. 6429 04:13:10,040 --> 04:13:15,800 I'M GOING TO SHARE MY SCREEN FOR 6430 04:13:15,800 --> 04:13:20,360 ONE SECOND. 6431 04:13:20,360 --> 04:13:22,040 LET'S SEE. 6432 04:13:22,040 --> 04:13:23,720 I'LL GO THROUGH IMPRESSIONS FROM 6433 04:13:23,720 --> 04:13:24,760 THE DAY. 6434 04:13:24,760 --> 04:13:25,760 WE'RE ALL REELING FROM THE 6435 04:13:25,760 --> 04:13:30,880 EXTENT OF THE DEPTH OF WHAT WE 6436 04:13:30,880 --> 04:13:32,000 DISCUSSED TODAY. 6437 04:13:32,000 --> 04:13:33,720 I'M JUSTIN BAKER, ASSISTANT 6438 04:13:33,720 --> 04:13:34,840 PROFESSOR OF PSYCHIATRY AT 6439 04:13:34,840 --> 04:13:36,880 HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL, 6440 04:13:36,880 --> 04:13:44,520 SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR FOR 6441 04:13:44,520 --> 04:13:46,320 INSTITUTE FOR PSYCHIATRY AT 6442 04:13:46,320 --> 04:13:47,120 McLAIN HOSPITAL. 6443 04:13:47,120 --> 04:13:49,240 SOME THEMES APPLIED TO OUR OWN 6444 04:13:49,240 --> 04:13:51,080 WORK, THINKING ABOUT HOW DO WE 6445 04:13:51,080 --> 04:13:52,800 ASSESS MENTAL HEALTH, GOING 6446 04:13:52,800 --> 04:13:55,000 BEYOND THE TYPICAL CASE CONTROL 6447 04:13:55,000 --> 04:13:56,960 MODELS THAT WE'VE HAD TO WRESTLE 6448 04:13:56,960 --> 04:14:02,040 WITH IN THE PAST, GIVEN THE 6449 04:14:02,040 --> 04:14:03,520 COMPLEXITY OF COMORBIDITIES, AND 6450 04:14:03,520 --> 04:14:06,920 ALSO AS WE TALK ABOUT TODAY 6451 04:14:06,920 --> 04:14:08,120 COMPLEXITY OF LOOKING AT 6452 04:14:08,120 --> 04:14:10,280 VARIANTS, VARIATION, THAT WE SEE 6453 04:14:10,280 --> 04:14:12,080 AT THE LEVEL OF PATIENTS. 6454 04:14:12,080 --> 04:14:12,800 OR ORGANISMS. 6455 04:14:12,800 --> 04:14:14,640 AND TRYING TO MAKE SENSE OF THE 6456 04:14:14,640 --> 04:14:18,640 CAUSAL CHAIN OF EVENTS THAT GOES 6457 04:14:18,640 --> 04:14:21,560 DOWN TO GENETICS AND OTHER 6458 04:14:21,560 --> 04:14:22,520 INTERMEDIATE SCALES. 6459 04:14:22,520 --> 04:14:25,840 ON TOP OF THIS, WHICH IS USUALLY 6460 04:14:25,840 --> 04:14:27,440 SOMETHING WE INFER, AS A FIELD 6461 04:14:27,440 --> 04:14:29,040 ACROSS MANY THOUSANDS OF 6462 04:14:29,040 --> 04:14:32,440 INDIVIDUALS, WE USUALLY DON'T DO 6463 04:14:32,440 --> 04:14:34,400 IT FOR INDIVIDUALS, AND YET WITH 6464 04:14:34,400 --> 04:14:35,440 HUMANS AS WELL AS OTHER 6465 04:14:35,440 --> 04:14:37,360 ORGANISMS WE HAVE TO THINK ABOUT 6466 04:14:37,360 --> 04:14:39,640 MENTAL HEALTH EVOLVING OVER THE 6467 04:14:39,640 --> 04:14:41,640 LIFESPAN, AS WELL AS OVER 6468 04:14:41,640 --> 04:14:44,680 PERIODS OF DAYS TO MONTHS TO 6469 04:14:44,680 --> 04:14:47,160 WEEKS, AS INDIVIDUALS CHANGE 6470 04:14:47,160 --> 04:14:47,840 THEIR CLINICAL STATE. 6471 04:14:47,840 --> 04:14:49,560 THESE ADD TO THE COMPLEXITY, 6472 04:14:49,560 --> 04:14:51,440 WHAT IS IT WE'RE TRYING TO SOLVE 6473 04:14:51,440 --> 04:14:54,600 FOR AND UNDERSTAND THE BRAIN'S 6474 04:14:54,600 --> 04:14:55,600 BASIS FOR BEHAVIOR. 6475 04:14:55,600 --> 04:14:56,960 AND ONE OF THE ISSUES WE'VE 6476 04:14:56,960 --> 04:15:02,520 TRIED TO WRESTLE WITH WHEN YOU 6477 04:15:02,520 --> 04:15:09,440 HEARD FROM JEFF COHN ABOUT 6478 04:15:09,440 --> 04:15:10,800 ENCOUNTERS EVALUATE MENTAL 6479 04:15:10,800 --> 04:15:13,520 HEALTH, NOT A ABOUT SYSTEM FOR 6480 04:15:13,520 --> 04:15:14,600 AN INDIVIDUAL'S MENTAL STATE. 6481 04:15:14,600 --> 04:15:16,560 LIKE JEFF'S GROUP WE'VE BEEN 6482 04:15:16,560 --> 04:15:19,640 WORKING ON OTHER METHODS TO 6483 04:15:19,640 --> 04:15:23,040 CAPTURE THIS INFORMATION FROM 6484 04:15:23,040 --> 04:15:23,440 VIDEO DATA. 6485 04:15:23,440 --> 04:15:24,960 ULTIMATELY, THE WAY WE ASSESS 6486 04:15:24,960 --> 04:15:26,680 MENTAL HEALTH TODAY, OPEN LOOP. 6487 04:15:26,680 --> 04:15:28,240 WE TALK ABOUT VARIOUS KINDS OF 6488 04:15:28,240 --> 04:15:32,440 CLOSED LOOP WAYS TO BEGIN TO 6489 04:15:32,440 --> 04:15:33,040 ASSESS MENTAL HEALTH. 6490 04:15:33,040 --> 04:15:34,320 I WANT TO COME BACK TO THE 6491 04:15:34,320 --> 04:15:35,360 NOTION OF THE CONTROL SYSTEM 6492 04:15:35,360 --> 04:15:37,920 WHICH WE HEARD ABOUT TODAY, 6493 04:15:37,920 --> 04:15:39,240 SEVERAL OF THE SESSIONS, THAT AS 6494 04:15:39,240 --> 04:15:43,240 WE TRY TO UNDERSTAND ANY SYSTEM 6495 04:15:43,240 --> 04:15:44,840 WHERE THERE'S A LATENT 6496 04:15:44,840 --> 04:15:47,680 CONSTRUCT, WE'LL HAVE SOME 6497 04:15:47,680 --> 04:15:48,720 SENSOR NETWORKS PROVIDING RAW 6498 04:15:48,720 --> 04:15:52,080 INFORMATION, NOT JUST THE RAW 6499 04:15:52,080 --> 04:15:53,240 SIGNALS, IT'S RELEVANT FEATURES 6500 04:15:53,240 --> 04:15:56,240 THAT GET EXTRACTED FROM THOSE 6501 04:15:56,240 --> 04:15:59,360 RAW SIGNALS, AND WE HEARD ALSO 6502 04:15:59,360 --> 04:16:01,520 ABOUT THE IDEA THAT BEHAVIORS, 6503 04:16:01,520 --> 04:16:03,720 IN MANY CASES, ARE THERE TO 6504 04:16:03,720 --> 04:16:07,240 REORIENT AND GET ADDITIONAL 6505 04:16:07,240 --> 04:16:08,080 INFORMATION, NOT THE ONLY 6506 04:16:08,080 --> 04:16:10,360 REASON, BEN AND OTHERS MENTIONED 6507 04:16:10,360 --> 04:16:12,480 BEHAVIORS ARE NECESSARY FOR 6508 04:16:12,480 --> 04:16:13,840 SURVIVAL BUT IT'S VERY IMPORTANT 6509 04:16:13,840 --> 04:16:15,040 WE THINK ABOUT OUR SENSORY 6510 04:16:15,040 --> 04:16:17,920 SYSTEMS AND OUR MOTOR SYSTEMS AS 6511 04:16:17,920 --> 04:16:22,280 ACTING WITHIN THESE CLOSED LOOP 6512 04:16:22,280 --> 04:16:23,280 ENVIRONMENTS. 6513 04:16:23,280 --> 04:16:26,280 AND WHAT I LIKE TO POINT OUT TO 6514 04:16:26,280 --> 04:16:31,120 TECHNICAL AUDIENCE AS WELL AS TO 6515 04:16:31,120 --> 04:16:31,600 ENGINEERING AUDIENCES, 6516 04:16:31,600 --> 04:16:33,120 FUNDAMENTALLY THE BRAIN IS A 6517 04:16:33,120 --> 04:16:36,400 BUNCH OF THESE CLOSED LOOP 6518 04:16:36,400 --> 04:16:37,240 SYSTEMS TRYING TO COMPUTE LATENT 6519 04:16:37,240 --> 04:16:40,320 INFORMATION ABOUT THE WORLD TO 6520 04:16:40,320 --> 04:16:41,240 SOLVE THOSE SURVIVAL PROBLEMS. 6521 04:16:41,240 --> 04:16:43,640 SO IT'S VERY MUCH RELEVANT TO 6522 04:16:43,640 --> 04:16:44,640 THE WAY NEUROSCIENTISTS MIGHT 6523 04:16:44,640 --> 04:16:46,240 THINK ABOUT THE WORLD, BUT ALSO 6524 04:16:46,240 --> 04:16:48,480 QUITE RELEVANT TO HOW CLINICIANS 6525 04:16:48,480 --> 04:16:49,880 THINK ABOUT THE WORLD, EVERY 6526 04:16:49,880 --> 04:16:50,720 TIME THE CLINICIAN NEEDS TO 6527 04:16:50,720 --> 04:16:54,480 INTERVIEW A PATIENT THEY HAVE TO 6528 04:16:54,480 --> 04:16:56,440 USE THEIR OWN SENSORY 6529 04:16:56,440 --> 04:16:57,680 INFORMATION, HONED OR EVOLVED 6530 04:16:57,680 --> 04:16:59,400 THROUGH TRAINING, TO EXTRACT 6531 04:16:59,400 --> 04:17:01,760 RELEVANT INFORMATION FROM THEIR 6532 04:17:01,760 --> 04:17:02,040 PATIENTS. 6533 04:17:02,040 --> 04:17:04,960 BUT IT'S REALLY NOT USED IN THE 6534 04:17:04,960 --> 04:17:06,080 SYSTEMATIC WAY BUT THE SAME 6535 04:17:06,080 --> 04:17:10,840 CONCEPT IS THERE THAT CLINICIANS 6536 04:17:10,840 --> 04:17:16,840 ARE CONSTANTLY ITERATING TO 6537 04:17:16,840 --> 04:17:17,560 SOLUTIONS. 6538 04:17:17,560 --> 04:17:19,640 WE TRY TO USE THAT SAME APPROACH 6539 04:17:19,640 --> 04:17:22,440 TO PUT SENSORS ON PATIENTS, AND 6540 04:17:22,440 --> 04:17:24,880 TO COMBINE THOSE MUCH HIGHER 6541 04:17:24,880 --> 04:17:28,040 TENSELY ASSESSMENTS LIKE VIDEO, 6542 04:17:28,040 --> 04:17:31,000 WITH THE LOWER DENSITY LIKE 6543 04:17:31,000 --> 04:17:32,760 WEARABLES, TO SEE WHETHER 6544 04:17:32,760 --> 04:17:34,320 SIGNALS OF CLINICAL RELEVANCE 6545 04:17:34,320 --> 04:17:37,800 ARE PRESENT IN EACH OF THOSE 6546 04:17:37,800 --> 04:17:39,640 KINDS OF SOURCES OF DATA. 6547 04:17:39,640 --> 04:17:41,640 JUST TO MAKE THIS MORE CONCRETE, 6548 04:17:41,640 --> 04:17:43,880 MANY KINDS OF RAW DATA WE CAN 6549 04:17:43,880 --> 04:17:47,040 PULL FROM IN TODAY'S 6550 04:17:47,040 --> 04:17:47,800 ENVIRONMENTS FROM SELF-REPORTS 6551 04:17:47,800 --> 04:17:49,600 AND SURVEYS THROUGH TO 6552 04:17:49,600 --> 04:17:51,240 ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS, AND 6553 04:17:51,240 --> 04:17:51,960 INCREASINGLY ALL THOSE OTHER 6554 04:17:51,960 --> 04:17:57,040 TYPES OF DATA WE HEARD FROM 6555 04:17:57,040 --> 04:17:59,320 SEVERAL PRESENTERS ON TODAY. 6556 04:17:59,320 --> 04:18:02,040 AND WE HEARD AGAIN WAYS TO PULL 6557 04:18:02,040 --> 04:18:03,240 DATA FROM COMPUTER VISION, 6558 04:18:03,240 --> 04:18:06,200 DIDN'T HEAR AS MUCH ABOUT MRI. 6559 04:18:06,200 --> 04:18:09,960 WE CAN TRY TO COMBINE ALL OF THE 6560 04:18:09,960 --> 04:18:13,040 RELEVANT FEATURES BUT IT'S ABOUT 6561 04:18:13,040 --> 04:18:14,160 INFORMING THE LATENT CONSTRUCTS 6562 04:18:14,160 --> 04:18:15,640 THAT ARE RELEVANT FOR PATIENTS 6563 04:18:15,640 --> 04:18:19,240 IF WE'RE TRYING TO WORK ON 6564 04:18:19,240 --> 04:18:20,520 CLINICAL APPLICATIONS. 6565 04:18:20,520 --> 04:18:22,960 AND SO TO TAKE IT EVEN FURTHER 6566 04:18:22,960 --> 04:18:24,760 OUT WE THINK OF THIS AS WHERE 6567 04:18:24,760 --> 04:18:25,760 MENTAL HEALTH ASSESSMENT WILL 6568 04:18:25,760 --> 04:18:29,800 GO, WHICH IS THAT WE'LL HAVE 6569 04:18:29,800 --> 04:18:31,840 THESE SYSTEMS OF COMPREHENSIVE 6570 04:18:31,840 --> 04:18:33,640 PHENOTYPING THAT TRY TO LINK 6571 04:18:33,640 --> 04:18:36,240 TOGETHER, YOU KNOW, DIFFERENT 6572 04:18:36,240 --> 04:18:37,800 DATA SOURCES BUT ULTIMATELY TRY 6573 04:18:37,800 --> 04:18:40,120 TO DO THAT THROUGH RELEVANT 6574 04:18:40,120 --> 04:18:41,960 LATENT CONSTRUCTS THAT WE KNOW 6575 04:18:41,960 --> 04:18:44,200 AREN'T GOING TO HAVE THE EXACT 6576 04:18:44,200 --> 04:18:45,800 SAME MAPPING IN EVERY SINGLE 6577 04:18:45,800 --> 04:18:48,640 PATIENT THAT WE ENCOUNTER, BUT 6578 04:18:48,640 --> 04:18:50,240 THAT BY UNDERSTANDING WHERE 6579 04:18:50,240 --> 04:18:51,600 THOSE MAPPINGS ARE MORE RELIABLE 6580 04:18:51,600 --> 04:18:52,800 WE CAN BEGIN TO HAVE BETTER 6581 04:18:52,800 --> 04:18:54,400 SYSTEMS THAT ARE ABLE TO WORK 6582 04:18:54,400 --> 04:18:56,480 WELL BOTH AT THE INDIVIDUAL 6583 04:18:56,480 --> 04:18:58,840 LEVEL AND APPLIED TO GROUPS. 6584 04:18:58,840 --> 04:19:01,560 I WON'T GO INTO ANY OF THIS 6585 04:19:01,560 --> 04:19:02,600 TODAY BUT I THINK WE'VE HEARD A 6586 04:19:02,600 --> 04:19:05,640 LITTLE BIT ABOUT WAYS WE CAN 6587 04:19:05,640 --> 04:19:07,280 BEGIN DESIGNING CONSUMER 6588 04:19:07,280 --> 04:19:08,000 EXPERIENCES, TO ACTUALLY 6589 04:19:08,000 --> 04:19:10,200 LEVERAGE CHANGES IN THE SIGNALS, 6590 04:19:10,200 --> 04:19:13,520 TO PROVIDE BETTER CARE SYSTEMS. 6591 04:19:13,520 --> 04:19:15,680 AND ALSO BE ABLE TO ANTICIPATE 6592 04:19:15,680 --> 04:19:20,440 CHANGES IN CARE CAPACITY 6593 04:19:20,440 --> 04:19:21,040 RELEVANT. 6594 04:19:21,040 --> 04:19:23,240 AND SO I WANTED TO BRIEFLY 6595 04:19:23,240 --> 04:19:26,840 MENTION A STUDY THAT WE'VE BEEN 6596 04:19:26,840 --> 04:19:33,440 DOING, SUPPORT FROM NIMH, PART 6597 04:19:33,440 --> 04:19:35,560 OF WHAT'S CALLED INTENSIVE 6598 04:19:35,560 --> 04:19:37,600 LONGITUDINAL NETWORK. 6599 04:19:37,600 --> 04:19:39,080 DANA SCHLOSSER WAS INVOLVED, IT 6600 04:19:39,080 --> 04:19:43,080 SPANNED MULTIPLE OF THE NIH 6601 04:19:43,080 --> 04:19:45,680 INSTITUTES FROM NATIONAL CANCER 6602 04:19:45,680 --> 04:19:47,920 INSTITUTE AS WELL AS SOME NIAAA 6603 04:19:47,920 --> 04:19:51,880 TO TRY TO USE THESE MULTI-MODAL 6604 04:19:51,880 --> 04:19:53,240 MULTI-LEVEL ASSESSMENTS TO 6605 04:19:53,240 --> 04:19:54,800 FOLLOW INDIVIDUALS WITH A WHOLE 6606 04:19:54,800 --> 04:19:58,240 RANGE OF DIFFERENT HEALTH 6607 04:19:58,240 --> 04:19:59,720 CONDITIONS, OVER LONGER PERIODS 6608 04:19:59,720 --> 04:20:01,360 OF TIME COULD BEGIN SEEING 6609 04:20:01,360 --> 04:20:02,400 COMMON ELEMENTS FROM PATHOLOGY 6610 04:20:02,400 --> 04:20:03,560 AS WELL AS THINGS THAT ARE 6611 04:20:03,560 --> 04:20:06,360 SPECIFIC TO THE CONDITION BEING 6612 04:20:06,360 --> 04:20:06,600 STUDIED. 6613 04:20:06,600 --> 04:20:09,800 WHAT OUR GROUP HAS BEEN FOCUSED 6614 04:20:09,800 --> 04:20:11,120 ON IS FOLLOWING 100 INDIVIDUALS 6615 04:20:11,120 --> 04:20:15,560 FOR AT LEAST ONE YEAR, WHO ARE 6616 04:20:15,560 --> 04:20:17,240 LIKELY TO EXPERIENCE DEPRESSION, 6617 04:20:17,240 --> 04:20:19,280 BIPOLAR DISORDER, PSYCHOTIC 6618 04:20:19,280 --> 04:20:21,080 CONDITION, WE PUT INTO REGISTER 6619 04:20:21,080 --> 04:20:22,840 ALL THEIR SELF-REPORTS AS WELL 6620 04:20:22,840 --> 04:20:25,400 AS CLINICAL EVALUATIONS AND 6621 04:20:25,400 --> 04:20:25,920 OTHER OBJECTIVE MEASURES. 6622 04:20:25,920 --> 04:20:27,760 AND I THINK JUST TO HIGHLIGHT 6623 04:20:27,760 --> 04:20:30,560 THAT THESE ARE THE KINDS OF DATA 6624 04:20:30,560 --> 04:20:35,040 THAT WE CAN BEGIN TO COLLECT AT 6625 04:20:35,040 --> 04:20:37,240 SCALE, WHERE WE CAN THINK OF A 6626 04:20:37,240 --> 04:20:38,600 SINGLE PIXEL CAMERA OR THREE 6627 04:20:38,600 --> 04:20:43,680 PIXEL CAMERA ON THE WRIST, WRIST 6628 04:20:43,680 --> 04:20:45,920 WEARABLE, WITH MORE PERIODIC 6629 04:20:45,920 --> 04:20:48,360 ENCOUNTERS OF A VIDEO, AND TO 6630 04:20:48,360 --> 04:20:49,640 REALLY TRY TO FIND INDIVIDUALS 6631 04:20:49,640 --> 04:20:50,800 WHO ARE GOING THROUGH 6632 04:20:50,800 --> 04:20:52,040 SIGNIFICANT CHANGE IN THEIR 6633 04:20:52,040 --> 04:20:53,280 CLINICAL STATUS TO UNDERSTAND 6634 04:20:53,280 --> 04:20:57,880 HOW THE SIGNALS ARE CHANGING IN 6635 04:20:57,880 --> 04:20:58,920 MEANINGFUL WAYS. 6636 04:20:58,920 --> 04:21:00,160 AGAIN, JUST TO HIGHLIGHT THAT 6637 04:21:00,160 --> 04:21:02,800 THE CONCEPT OF THIS NETWORK WAS 6638 04:21:02,800 --> 04:21:06,080 TO ENCOURAGE PROJECTS TO NOT 6639 04:21:06,080 --> 04:21:07,080 JUST FOCUS THE CONSTRUCT THEY 6640 04:21:07,080 --> 04:21:09,560 WERE MOST INTERESTED IN BUT ALSO 6641 04:21:09,560 --> 04:21:11,520 TO FOCUS IN ON ALL SORTS OF 6642 04:21:11,520 --> 04:21:13,240 BEHAVIORS THAT MIGHT BE COMMON 6643 04:21:13,240 --> 04:21:15,640 ACROSS THE HUMANS IN THE STUDY 6644 04:21:15,640 --> 04:21:17,840 AND FROM HEARING THE TALKS TODAY 6645 04:21:17,840 --> 04:21:19,440 THE DIFFERENT SESSIONS WE CAN 6646 04:21:19,440 --> 04:21:21,600 BEGIN TO THINK ABOUT WAYS TO 6647 04:21:21,600 --> 04:21:25,160 MOTIVATE SIMILAR STUDIES THAT 6648 04:21:25,160 --> 04:21:26,840 ARE ACROSS SPECIES NATURE, EVEN 6649 04:21:26,840 --> 04:21:28,400 IF YOU'RE NOT NECESSARILY 6650 04:21:28,400 --> 04:21:33,280 INTERESTED IN, YOU KNOW, A 6651 04:21:33,280 --> 04:21:34,120 GROOMING BEHAVIOR, YOU COULD 6652 04:21:34,120 --> 04:21:36,560 COLLECT ENOUGH HIGH DENSITY DATA 6653 04:21:36,560 --> 04:21:39,560 OF OTHER ADJACENT BEHAVIORS 6654 04:21:39,560 --> 04:21:40,880 AROUND OUR CONSTRUCT OF INTEREST 6655 04:21:40,880 --> 04:21:43,200 TO INFORM A MORE DATA-DRIVEN 6656 04:21:43,200 --> 04:21:47,760 ASSESSMENT IN LINE WITH OTHER 6657 04:21:47,760 --> 04:21:48,600 STUDIES COLLECTING SIMILARLY 6658 04:21:48,600 --> 04:21:49,320 GRANULAR DATA. 6659 04:21:49,320 --> 04:21:51,000 ONE QUICK EXAMPLE OF THE KIND 6660 04:21:51,000 --> 04:21:52,840 MUCH DATA WE CAN GET FROM A 6661 04:21:52,840 --> 04:21:54,240 SINGLE PARTICIPANTS. 6662 04:21:54,240 --> 04:21:56,240 THIS IS SOMEONE WE FOLLOWED FOR 6663 04:21:56,240 --> 04:21:57,840 OVER TWO YEARS. 6664 04:21:57,840 --> 04:22:00,800 AS YOU HEARD FROM OTHER TALKS 6665 04:22:00,800 --> 04:22:07,640 TODAY WE CAN ASK QUESTIONS ON 6666 04:22:07,640 --> 04:22:10,080 THE SMARTPHONE, THIS INDIVIDUAL 6667 04:22:10,080 --> 04:22:11,560 EXPERIENCED PROFOUND LONG 6668 04:22:11,560 --> 04:22:13,440 PERIODS OF POSITIVE AFFECT 6669 04:22:13,440 --> 04:22:15,240 FOLLOWED BY PROFOUND PERIODS OF 6670 04:22:15,240 --> 04:22:16,320 NEGATIVE AFFECT, AGAIN POSITIVE 6671 04:22:16,320 --> 04:22:21,960 AFFECT, YOU CAN SEE THAT THERE'S 6672 04:22:21,960 --> 04:22:23,600 A RHYTHMICITY, FAIRLY DENSE 6673 04:22:23,600 --> 04:22:26,760 PERIODS, EVEN THOUGH THE PERIODS 6674 04:22:26,760 --> 04:22:28,600 WERE -- SHE'S EXPERIENCE 6675 04:22:28,600 --> 04:22:31,160 POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE AFFECT 6676 04:22:31,160 --> 04:22:33,720 CHANGE, THEY ARE QUITE DENSE. 6677 04:22:33,720 --> 04:22:37,240 AND I THINK AS WE WOULD START TO 6678 04:22:37,240 --> 04:22:39,040 SEE THIS -- IT'S NOT GROUND 6679 04:22:39,040 --> 04:22:40,240 TRUTH BUT IT'S A STRONG 6680 04:22:40,240 --> 04:22:43,280 INDICATION OF WHAT STATE SHE'S 6681 04:22:43,280 --> 04:22:44,960 IS, WE CAN THEN ADD OTHER 6682 04:22:44,960 --> 04:22:49,120 CLINICAL MEASURES SUCH AS THE 6683 04:22:49,120 --> 04:22:51,280 VERY LOW DENSITY ASSESSMENTS WE 6684 04:22:51,280 --> 04:22:53,160 WOULD DO FROM CLINICAL 6685 04:22:53,160 --> 04:22:55,440 ASSESSMENTS EVERY MONTH TO SHOW 6686 04:22:55,440 --> 04:22:57,600 HOW THEY ARE MORE OR LESS 6687 04:22:57,600 --> 04:23:00,640 CORRELATED WITH THE SELF-REPORTS 6688 04:23:00,640 --> 04:23:02,720 BUT OBVIOUSLY DELAYED AND MUCH 6689 04:23:02,720 --> 04:23:05,640 LESS TEMPORALLY DENSE AND 6690 04:23:05,640 --> 04:23:07,600 COMBINE THOSE WITH OTHER VERY 6691 04:23:07,600 --> 04:23:10,040 DENSE ASSESSMENTS FROM A 6692 04:23:10,040 --> 04:23:11,640 WEARABLE, AND TODAY I DON'T WANT 6693 04:23:11,640 --> 04:23:13,080 TO GET INTO TOO MUCH OF THE 6694 04:23:13,080 --> 04:23:14,960 SCIENCE HERE BUT JUST TO POINT 6695 04:23:14,960 --> 04:23:17,360 OUT THAT WE DO START TO SEE 6696 04:23:17,360 --> 04:23:18,560 REALLY STRIKING CHANGES AS WAS 6697 04:23:18,560 --> 04:23:20,240 BROUGHT UP IN ONE OF THE EARLY 6698 04:23:20,240 --> 04:23:22,840 COMMENTS ABOUT WHEN SOMEONE DOES 6699 04:23:22,840 --> 04:23:24,640 CHANGE FROM DEPRESSION TO NOT 6700 04:23:24,640 --> 04:23:25,880 BEING DEPRESSED, WHAT'S THE 6701 04:23:25,880 --> 04:23:27,520 SEQUENCE, DO THEY FIRST FEEL 6702 04:23:27,520 --> 04:23:30,920 BETTER AND LOOK BETTER? 6703 04:23:30,920 --> 04:23:32,680 HERE WE SEE STRIKING CHANGES IN 6704 04:23:32,680 --> 04:23:34,040 THE SLEEP PATTERN, PATTERN OF 6705 04:23:34,040 --> 04:23:36,000 HOW THEY ARE SLEEPING, ALSO THE 6706 04:23:36,000 --> 04:23:39,240 LEVEL OF ACTIVITY DURING THE 6707 04:23:39,240 --> 04:23:40,040 DAY, WHICH ROUGHLY SPEAKING DOES 6708 04:23:40,040 --> 04:23:43,520 CHANGE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THOSE 6709 04:23:43,520 --> 04:23:44,560 OTHER SUBJECTIVE STATES, SO WE 6710 04:23:44,560 --> 04:23:47,160 ALREADY SEE THAT IN THESE 6711 04:23:47,160 --> 04:23:47,760 EXAMPLES BY FOLLOWING PEOPLE 6712 04:23:47,760 --> 04:23:50,120 OVER LONG PERIODS OF TIME WE 6713 04:23:50,120 --> 04:23:54,160 BEGIN TO CAPTURE THAT NATURALLY 6714 04:23:54,160 --> 04:23:56,440 OCCURRING PHENOMENONOLOGY IN THE 6715 04:23:56,440 --> 04:24:03,600 LABORATORY, USUALLY ONLY IN A 6716 04:24:03,600 --> 04:24:05,080 SINGLE TIME POINT. 6717 04:24:05,080 --> 04:24:12,080 WE ONLY CAN FOLLOW AN 6718 04:24:12,080 --> 04:24:13,040 INDIVIDUAL OR GROUP OF 6719 04:24:13,040 --> 04:24:15,000 INDIVIDUALS TO RESOLVE SOME 6720 04:24:15,000 --> 04:24:16,800 RELATIONSHIPS AND BEGIN TO HAVE 6721 04:24:16,800 --> 04:24:19,800 MUCH STRONGER HIGH POTENTIAL 6722 04:24:19,800 --> 04:24:22,760 APPROACHES THESE FOR WHAT CAUSAL 6723 04:24:22,760 --> 04:24:24,960 SYSTEMS ARE UNDERLYING. 6724 04:24:24,960 --> 04:24:31,880 WE HAVE DEVELOPED AN ENERGY SORT 6725 04:24:31,880 --> 04:24:32,920 OF ALLOSTASIS-HOMEOSTASIS 6726 04:24:32,920 --> 04:24:37,200 MODEEL, TESTABLE IN LARGER 6727 04:24:37,200 --> 04:24:37,480 POPULATIONS. 6728 04:24:37,480 --> 04:24:39,480 AND SO I'LL JUST END MY COMMENTS 6729 04:24:39,480 --> 04:24:44,080 BY SAYING A LOT OF THIS WORK IS 6730 04:24:44,080 --> 04:24:46,480 REALLY GEARED TOWARDS MOVING 6731 04:24:46,480 --> 04:24:49,240 BEYOND CARICATURE VIEWS OF WHAT 6732 04:24:49,240 --> 04:24:56,480 MENTAL ILLNESS IS OR UNDERLYING 6733 04:24:56,480 --> 04:25:01,040 BEHAVIORS, TO BE ABLE TO CONNECT 6734 04:25:01,040 --> 04:25:01,600 SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCES WITH 6735 04:25:01,600 --> 04:25:05,720 THINGS THAT ARE OBJECTIVELY 6736 04:25:05,720 --> 04:25:06,240 MEASURABLE. 6737 04:25:06,240 --> 04:25:07,920 AND SO I THINK WE'RE CERTAINLY 6738 04:25:07,920 --> 04:25:09,440 DOING THIS AND TRYING TO HELP 6739 04:25:09,440 --> 04:25:18,840 BUILD TOOLS TO DO THIS, TO BE 6740 04:25:18,840 --> 04:25:20,160 ABLE TO COLLECT LARGER DATASETS, 6741 04:25:20,160 --> 04:25:22,120 TO SCALE THEM INTO THE THOUSANDS 6742 04:25:22,120 --> 04:25:24,760 OF INDIVIDUALS. 6743 04:25:24,760 --> 04:25:31,600 I WILL JUST ALSO END BY NOTING, 6744 04:25:31,600 --> 04:25:35,600 WE'RE SOMETIMES ASKED WHETHER 6745 04:25:35,600 --> 04:25:37,840 EVENTUALLY PSYCHIATRY WILL BE 6746 04:25:37,840 --> 04:25:39,200 REPLACED BY ARTIFICIAL 6747 04:25:39,200 --> 04:25:39,640 INTELLIGENCE. 6748 04:25:39,640 --> 04:25:42,440 PART OF A DEBATE A COUPLE YEARS 6749 04:25:42,440 --> 04:25:43,640 AGO I WAS COMING DOWN AGAINST 6750 04:25:43,640 --> 04:25:44,680 THE NOTION BUT WORTH THINKING 6751 04:25:44,680 --> 04:25:48,680 ABOUT WHAT ARE THE TOOLS THAT 6752 04:25:48,680 --> 04:25:49,520 WILL EVENTUALLY REPLACE WHAT A 6753 04:25:49,520 --> 04:25:51,560 HUMAN IN THE LOOP IS DOING AND 6754 04:25:51,560 --> 04:25:52,720 WHAT ARE THE ROLES THAT ARE 6755 04:25:52,720 --> 04:25:54,240 GOING TO CONTINUES TO BE 6756 04:25:54,240 --> 04:25:54,680 PERFORMED BY HUMANS. 6757 04:25:54,680 --> 04:25:56,840 AND I THINK OF RELEVANCE TO SOME 6758 04:25:56,840 --> 04:25:57,560 OF THE OTHER ETHICAL 6759 04:25:57,560 --> 04:25:58,520 CONSIDERATIONS WE TALKED ABOUT 6760 04:25:58,520 --> 04:26:00,240 TODAY WHICH IS HOW DO WE KNOW A 6761 04:26:00,240 --> 04:26:02,080 PARTICULAR SET OF TOOLS IS 6762 04:26:02,080 --> 04:26:03,640 ACTUALLY READY FOR A PARTICULAR 6763 04:26:03,640 --> 04:26:05,960 USE, AND WHO GETS TO DECIDE? 6764 04:26:05,960 --> 04:26:08,560 IS THIS SIMPLY A QUESTION OF THE 6765 04:26:08,560 --> 04:26:09,880 MARKETPLACE WHERE PEOPLE ARE 6766 04:26:09,880 --> 04:26:11,640 WILLING TO SPEND THEIR MONEY? 6767 04:26:11,640 --> 04:26:16,240 IS IT THE GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS 6768 04:26:16,240 --> 04:26:17,800 WILL DETERMINE THIS? 6769 04:26:17,800 --> 04:26:20,040 OR PHYSICIANS WHO HAVE TO DEAL 6770 04:26:20,040 --> 04:26:21,000 WITH COMPLEX CHALLENGING ISSUES 6771 04:26:21,000 --> 04:26:22,920 WILL TURN TO WHATEVER SOLUTIONS 6772 04:26:22,920 --> 04:26:24,440 ARE OUT THERE, EVEN WHETHER THE 6773 04:26:24,440 --> 04:26:28,240 EVIDENCE IS STRONG OR NOT. 6774 04:26:28,240 --> 04:26:31,680 AND SO ALSO JUST TO MENTION THAT 6775 04:26:31,680 --> 04:26:32,800 TIMOTHY BROWN'S QUESTION IN THE 6776 04:26:32,800 --> 04:26:35,000 LAST SESSION, WE TAKE THE ETHICS 6777 04:26:35,000 --> 04:26:37,840 OF THE WORK SERIOUSLY BECAUSE I 6778 04:26:37,840 --> 04:26:39,640 THINK THERE IS THIS QUESTION OF 6779 04:26:39,640 --> 04:26:42,400 WHETHER WE CAN MOVE BEYOND THE 6780 04:26:42,400 --> 04:26:43,440 BENCH WITH CAUTION BUT I THINK 6781 04:26:43,440 --> 04:26:47,160 IT'S ALSO THE CASE THAT MANY OF 6782 04:26:47,160 --> 04:26:49,240 THESE ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES AND 6783 04:26:49,240 --> 04:26:49,800 TECHNOLOGIES ARE NOW AVAILABLE 6784 04:26:49,800 --> 04:26:54,680 AND SO I THINK THE PATIENTS WHO 6785 04:26:54,680 --> 04:26:56,400 ULTIMATELY ARE EXPERIENCING THIS 6786 04:26:56,400 --> 04:26:57,640 CONDITION DESERVE APPLICATION, 6787 04:26:57,640 --> 04:26:58,680 AS SOON AS IT'S POSSIBLE, AS 6788 04:26:58,680 --> 04:27:00,200 SOON AS IT'S NOT GOING TO BE 6789 04:27:00,200 --> 04:27:01,640 UNSAFE FOR THEM TO DO SO. 6790 04:27:01,640 --> 04:27:03,440 SO AS PART OF OUR WORK WE'RE 6791 04:27:03,440 --> 04:27:05,600 TRYING TO MOVE AS AGGRESSIVELY 6792 04:27:05,600 --> 04:27:07,160 TOWARDS PATIENT APPLICATIONS AS 6793 04:27:07,160 --> 04:27:08,160 POSSIBLE SO WE RECENTLY 6794 04:27:08,160 --> 04:27:14,760 PUBLISHED AND ETHICS CHECK LIST 6795 04:27:14,760 --> 04:27:19,640 IN DIGITAL HEALTH GIVEN 6796 04:27:19,640 --> 04:27:20,880 COMPLEXITIES ABOUT ACHIEVING 6797 04:27:20,880 --> 04:27:22,200 INFORMED CONSENT IN MULTI-MODAL 6798 04:27:22,200 --> 04:27:24,880 LONGITUDINAL STUDIES AND ENSURE 6799 04:27:24,880 --> 04:27:25,800 EQUITY, DIVERSE, ACCESS, 6800 04:27:25,800 --> 04:27:26,720 PRIVACY, REGULATIONS, AND 6801 04:27:26,720 --> 04:27:28,400 IMPORTANTLY RETURN OF RESULTS. 6802 04:27:28,400 --> 04:27:31,480 WITH THAT I WILL WRAP UP MY 6803 04:27:31,480 --> 04:27:34,040 COMMENTS AND NOTE AGAIN JUST 6804 04:27:34,040 --> 04:27:35,800 WANT TO THANK THE FOLKS FOR 6805 04:27:35,800 --> 04:27:37,080 INVITING ME TO PARTICIPATE AND 6806 04:27:37,080 --> 04:27:39,640 ALL OF THE AMAZING SPEAKERS THAT 6807 04:27:39,640 --> 04:27:40,800 WE HAD TODAY. 6808 04:27:40,800 --> 04:27:47,640 APPRECIATE IT. 6809 04:27:47,640 --> 04:27:48,400 6810 04:27:48,400 --> 04:27:53,880 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH, JO TIN, 6811 04:27:53,880 --> 04:27:55,360 -- JUSTIN AND KAREN. 6812 04:27:55,360 --> 04:27:56,440 I APPRECIATE YOU ENDING US. 6813 04:27:56,440 --> 04:27:58,880 OF ON THIS TALK. 6814 04:27:58,880 --> 04:28:01,400 I KNOW THE DISCUSSION TIME 6815 04:28:01,400 --> 04:28:03,520 SEEMED COMPACT, TALKS WERE 6816 04:28:03,520 --> 04:28:05,160 SHORT, HIGH LEVEL CONCEPTUAL 6817 04:28:05,160 --> 04:28:05,520 TALKS. 6818 04:28:05,520 --> 04:28:08,640 AND I HOPE THIS WHETS YOUR 6819 04:28:08,640 --> 04:28:09,320 APPETITE FOR THE DISCUSSIONS 6820 04:28:09,320 --> 04:28:11,640 THAT ALL OF YOU PARTICIPANTS ARE 6821 04:28:11,640 --> 04:28:13,600 GOING TO BE TAKING PART IN 6822 04:28:13,600 --> 04:28:14,120 TOMORROW. 6823 04:28:14,120 --> 04:28:18,520 SO TOMORROW WILL BE THE THREE 6824 04:28:18,520 --> 04:28:20,760 MORE HIGH LEVEL TALKS FOLLOWED 6825 04:28:20,760 --> 04:28:21,760 BY TWO CONCURRENT BREAKOUT 6826 04:28:21,760 --> 04:28:24,240 SESSIONS WHETHER WE'LL GET TO 6827 04:28:24,240 --> 04:28:26,080 DIG INTO MORE OF THESE THOUGHTS 6828 04:28:26,080 --> 04:28:27,880 AND IDEAS WHAT WERE BROUGHT UP, 6829 04:28:27,880 --> 04:28:31,520 AND THEN WE'LL FOLLOW UP WITH A 6830 04:28:31,520 --> 04:28:32,640 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION. 6831 04:28:32,640 --> 04:28:35,880 WITH THAT, I WILL CLOSE THE 6832 04:28:35,880 --> 04:28:37,360 MEETING. 6833 04:28:37,360 --> 04:28:38,320 THANK YOU, EVERYONE, FOR 6834 04:28:38,320 --> 00:00:00,000 STICKING IT OUT FOR THIS LONG.