1 00:00:07,008 --> 00:00:08,576 >> ALL RIGHT, GOOD MORNING, 2 00:00:08,576 --> 00:00:14,982 EVERYONE AND WELCOME TO TODAY'S 3 00:00:14,982 --> 00:00:19,287 GVIRF WEB CZAR ON ARTIFICIAL 4 00:00:19,287 --> 00:00:19,987 VACCINE RESEARCH AND 5 00:00:19,987 --> 00:00:21,155 DEVELOPMENT. 6 00:00:21,155 --> 00:00:22,290 WE HOPE YOU FIND THIS 7 00:00:22,290 --> 00:00:23,691 INFORMATIVE. 8 00:00:23,691 --> 00:00:26,227 DURING THIS MEETING, YOU WILL 9 00:00:26,227 --> 00:00:29,463 EXPLORE THE CROSS CUTTING EDGE 10 00:00:29,463 --> 00:00:31,565 OF INTERSECTION AND ONE OF THE 11 00:00:31,565 --> 00:00:34,235 MOST CRITICAL AREAS OF GLOBAL 12 00:00:34,235 --> 00:00:38,472 HEALTH, VACCINES. 13 00:00:38,472 --> 00:00:43,277 I'M KIMBERLY TAYLOR AND I'M 14 00:00:43,277 --> 00:00:45,112 FROM NIAID ON BEHALF OF THE 15 00:00:45,112 --> 00:00:45,846 SECRETARY AND ORGANIZING 16 00:00:45,846 --> 00:00:47,615 COMMITTEE WE ARE VERY XHIETED 17 00:00:47,615 --> 00:00:51,018 TO BRING YOU THIS WEBINAR. 18 00:00:51,018 --> 00:00:52,586 ALL RIGHT, SO AS I WAS 19 00:00:52,586 --> 00:00:53,988 PREPARING FOR THIS MEETING, I 20 00:00:53,988 --> 00:01:01,062 THOUGHT I WOULD ASK CHAT GBT TO 21 00:01:01,062 --> 00:01:03,964 ASK ME. 22 00:01:03,964 --> 00:01:05,466 THE AI ACTUALLY SHOWED A LOST 23 00:01:05,466 --> 00:01:08,536 PROMISE BUT I WAS LACKING SOME 24 00:01:08,536 --> 00:01:09,937 GOOD INPUT AND ALTHOUGH I 25 00:01:09,937 --> 00:01:12,473 REALLY LIKE THE AI LANGUAGE, 26 00:01:12,473 --> 00:01:15,676 FOR EXAMPLE, AI IS LIKE THE 27 00:01:15,676 --> 00:01:18,646 ULTIMATE SIDEKICK FOR BETTER 28 00:01:18,646 --> 00:01:20,281 VACCINES AND VACCINE 29 00:01:20,281 --> 00:01:21,449 DEVELOPMENT CAN SOMETIMES FEEL 30 00:01:21,449 --> 00:01:26,921 LIKE A RACE AGAINST TIME. 31 00:01:26,921 --> 00:01:29,890 YES WE FELT DURING THAT 32 00:01:29,890 --> 00:01:32,159 PANDEMIC TO ACCELERATE 33 00:01:32,159 --> 00:01:33,127 TECHNOLOGIES AND DEVELOPMENT OF 34 00:01:33,127 --> 00:01:34,261 VACCINES. 35 00:01:34,261 --> 00:01:36,097 SO SIT TIGHT, I FIRST WANT TO 36 00:01:36,097 --> 00:01:39,433 TELL YOU A LITTLE BIT ABOUT THE 37 00:01:39,433 --> 00:01:43,137 GVIRF. 38 00:01:43,137 --> 00:01:47,007 THE GVIRF BRINGS THE VACCINE 39 00:01:47,007 --> 00:01:48,876 COMMUNITY TO IMMUNOLOGY TO 40 00:01:48,876 --> 00:01:49,777 IMPLEMENTATION RESEARCH AND 41 00:01:49,777 --> 00:01:54,348 FROM LOW AND HIGH INCOME 42 00:01:54,348 --> 00:01:55,249 COUNTRIES INNOVATION SXZ 43 00:01:55,249 --> 00:01:57,518 OPPORTUNITIES AND ALSO TO 44 00:01:57,518 --> 00:01:59,653 FACILITATE AND MAX SIZE THE 45 00:01:59,653 --> 00:02:03,124 BENEFIT OF IMMUNIZATION. 46 00:02:03,124 --> 00:02:05,860 BOTH THE GVIRF AND WEB NAZER 47 00:02:05,860 --> 00:02:09,597 ARE COORGANIZED BY THE BILL AND 48 00:02:09,597 --> 00:02:11,432 MELINDA GATES FOUNDATION AND 49 00:02:11,432 --> 00:02:12,800 WORTH HEALTH ORGANIZATION WITH 50 00:02:12,800 --> 00:02:16,303 THE OBJECT TO FACILITATE 51 00:02:16,303 --> 00:02:18,639 PROGRESS TOWARDS GOALS OF 52 00:02:18,639 --> 00:02:20,508 IMMUNIZATION AGENDA 2030. 53 00:02:20,508 --> 00:02:23,277 SO FOR MORE INFORMATION, CHECK 54 00:02:23,277 --> 00:02:24,445 OUT THESE COOL WEBSITES THERE 55 00:02:24,445 --> 00:02:29,283 IS ONE ON THE GVIRF FORUM, 56 00:02:29,283 --> 00:02:32,052 YOU'LL BE ABLE TO SEE VIDEOS AS 57 00:02:32,052 --> 00:02:36,857 WELL AS CHECK OUT THE GREAT 58 00:02:36,857 --> 00:02:42,763 WORK BEING DONE BY NIAID 59 00:02:42,763 --> 00:02:44,899 RESEARCH. 60 00:02:44,899 --> 00:02:46,967 OKAY, LET'S ONE INTO THE 61 00:02:46,967 --> 00:02:48,536 AGENDA, AND A BIG THANK YOU 62 00:02:48,536 --> 00:02:51,071 GOES OUT TO THESE AMAZING 63 00:02:51,071 --> 00:02:56,143 PANELIST AND ALSO TO THE NIAID 64 00:02:56,143 --> 00:02:58,012 TEAM, THERE IS GOING TO BE 65 00:02:58,012 --> 00:03:01,282 THREE STEXES AND WE'LL EXPLORE 66 00:03:01,282 --> 00:03:05,653 AI, AI DISCOVERY AND DESIGN AND 67 00:03:05,653 --> 00:03:06,554 ALSO VACCINE DEVELOPMENT. 68 00:03:06,554 --> 00:03:09,089 AND FOR ALL ON ZOOM, MAKE SURE 69 00:03:09,089 --> 00:03:10,724 THAT YOU ENTER ALL QUESTIONS 70 00:03:10,724 --> 00:03:12,359 AND THE PANELIST WILL TRY TO 71 00:03:12,359 --> 00:03:13,427 ANSWER THE QUESTIONS FOLLOWING 72 00:03:13,427 --> 00:03:16,964 THE SESSIONS. 73 00:03:16,964 --> 00:03:17,865 WITHOUT FURTHER ADO, LET'S 74 00:03:17,865 --> 00:03:20,401 INTRODUCE OUR FIRST SPEAKER FOR 75 00:03:20,401 --> 00:03:29,343 SESSION ONE ON INTRODUCTION OF 76 00:03:29,343 --> 00:03:38,385 AI, DR. PURVESH, THANK YOU FOR 77 00:03:38,385 --> 00:03:39,320 BEING HERE TODAY. 78 00:03:39,320 --> 00:03:42,022 >> THANK YOU, IF I CAN CHAIR MY 79 00:03:42,022 --> 00:03:43,023 SLIDE. 80 00:03:43,023 --> 00:03:45,259 WELCOME EVERYONE AND THANK YOU 81 00:03:45,259 --> 00:03:47,495 FOR HAVING ME THIS FIRST 82 00:03:47,495 --> 00:03:48,462 SESSION. 83 00:03:48,462 --> 00:03:54,401 THE ITEM IS TO ISN'T TO WHAT IS 84 00:03:54,401 --> 00:03:56,704 AI MACHINE WHAT IS MACHINE 85 00:03:56,704 --> 00:04:00,841 LEARNING, GIVE A VERY HIGH 86 00:04:00,841 --> 00:04:04,778 LEVEL OVERVIEW AND THEN IN 87 00:04:04,778 --> 00:04:08,682 GETTING TO MORE SPECIFICS. 88 00:04:08,682 --> 00:04:17,525 SO I'M A PROFESSOR AT INSTITUTE 89 00:04:17,525 --> 00:04:19,126 FOR IMMUNITY AT STANFORD 90 00:04:19,126 --> 00:04:26,667 UNIVERSITY. 91 00:04:26,667 --> 00:04:31,505 I'M--COFOUNDER AND CHIEF 92 00:04:31,505 --> 00:04:37,578 SCIENTIST INFLA MATIX. 93 00:04:37,578 --> 00:04:40,748 NOW I DON'T THINK I NEED TO 94 00:04:40,748 --> 00:04:44,652 TELL ANYBODY HERE HOW MUCH IN 95 00:04:44,652 --> 00:04:46,053 LEARNING AND AI HAVE BEEN 96 00:04:46,053 --> 00:04:48,589 TRANSFORM IFING SCIENTIFIC 97 00:04:48,589 --> 00:04:50,858 DISCOVERY VIRTUALLY ANY FIELD 98 00:04:50,858 --> 00:04:55,195 THAT YOU CAN THINK OF AI HAS 99 00:04:55,195 --> 00:04:56,864 BEEN MAKING SIGNIFICANT 100 00:04:56,864 --> 00:04:57,698 CONTRIBUTIONS. 101 00:04:57,698 --> 00:05:02,903 AND IF THERE WAS ANY DOUBT, 102 00:05:02,903 --> 00:05:07,975 THIS SHARED PRICES WERE IN AI 103 00:05:07,975 --> 00:05:10,878 RELATED WORK. 104 00:05:10,878 --> 00:05:12,947 SO THE QUESTION REALLY BECOMES 105 00:05:12,947 --> 00:05:16,350 WHAT REALLY IS MACHINE LEARNING? 106 00:05:16,350 --> 00:05:19,320 AND PLEASE FORGIVE ME TODAY IN 107 00:05:19,320 --> 00:05:24,124 ORDER TO KEEP THE, THIS 108 00:05:24,124 --> 00:05:25,993 PRESENTATION AT A VERY HIGH 109 00:05:25,993 --> 00:05:28,228 LEVEL, I'VE TAKEN THE LIBERTY 110 00:05:28,228 --> 00:05:30,764 OF OVER SIMPLIFYING CERTAIN 111 00:05:30,764 --> 00:05:33,467 THINGS THAT DOES NOT MEAN THAT 112 00:05:33,467 --> 00:05:35,302 THE COMPLEXITY DOES NOT EXIST 113 00:05:35,302 --> 00:05:38,939 SO. WHAT IS MACHINE LEARNING? 114 00:05:38,939 --> 00:05:42,343 I TEND TO THINK OF AI AS THE 115 00:05:42,343 --> 00:05:44,445 FALLING UNDER THE UMBRELLA OF 116 00:05:44,445 --> 00:05:45,579 MACHINE LEARNING BECAUSE BOTH 117 00:05:45,579 --> 00:05:49,717 MACHINE LEARNING AND AI 118 00:05:49,717 --> 00:05:51,819 ULTIMATELY DO ADDED CODE ONE 119 00:05:51,819 --> 00:05:53,754 THING AND THAT'S IDENTIFYING A 120 00:05:53,754 --> 00:05:55,522 MAPPING FUNCTION. 121 00:05:55,522 --> 00:05:58,926 GIVEN A BUNCH OF INPUT FACTORS, 122 00:05:58,926 --> 00:06:03,297 THIS COULD BE ANY NUMBER OF 123 00:06:03,297 --> 00:06:05,366 DIMENSIONS BUT FOR INPUT THIS 124 00:06:05,366 --> 00:06:06,734 MAPPING FUNCTIONS JOB IS TO 125 00:06:06,734 --> 00:06:08,469 FIGURE OUT WHAT THE OUTPUT 126 00:06:08,469 --> 00:06:09,536 SHOULD BE. 127 00:06:09,536 --> 00:06:13,374 AND THAT AT ITS CORE IS MACHINE 128 00:06:13,374 --> 00:06:13,641 LEARNING. 129 00:06:13,641 --> 00:06:14,908 NOW THE WAY, THE QUESTION 130 00:06:14,908 --> 00:06:16,644 BECOMES HOW DO YOU FIND THIS 131 00:06:16,644 --> 00:06:20,848 MAPPING FUNCTION? 132 00:06:20,848 --> 00:06:25,552 THAT ARE BROADLY SPEAKING WHO 133 00:06:25,552 --> 00:06:27,087 APPROACHES TO WAYS TO DO THIS. 134 00:06:27,087 --> 00:06:29,923 ONE IS A SUPERVISED MACHINE 135 00:06:29,923 --> 00:06:33,594 LEARNING, THE OTHER IS 136 00:06:33,594 --> 00:06:34,561 UNSUPERVISED MACHINE LEARNING 137 00:06:34,561 --> 00:06:37,097 AND THE DIFFERENCE BASICALLY IS 138 00:06:37,097 --> 00:06:38,666 IN SUPERVISED MACHINE LEARNING, 139 00:06:38,666 --> 00:06:41,335 WHEN WE GET THE INPUT WE ALSO 140 00:06:41,335 --> 00:06:44,705 KNOW WHAT THE CORRESPONDING 141 00:06:44,705 --> 00:06:46,306 OUTPUT LABEL SHOULD BE AND 142 00:06:46,306 --> 00:06:49,043 THAT'S WHAT IS INPUT AND LABEL 143 00:06:49,043 --> 00:06:54,048 OUTPUT DATA IS WHAT IS USED TO 144 00:06:54,048 --> 00:06:57,251 FIND THE MAPPING FUNCTION 145 00:06:57,251 --> 00:06:59,987 BECAUSE YOU ALREADY KNOW WHAT 146 00:06:59,987 --> 00:07:04,558 THE OUTPUT LABEL SHOULD BE, 147 00:07:04,558 --> 00:07:05,693 UNSUPERVISED MACHINE LEARNING, 148 00:07:05,693 --> 00:07:07,361 WE DON'T NECESSARILY HAVE THE 149 00:07:07,361 --> 00:07:11,065 OUTPUT LABEL AND WE ARE SIMPLY 150 00:07:11,065 --> 00:07:12,900 ASKING THROUGH THE COMPUTING 151 00:07:12,900 --> 00:07:17,705 PROGRAMMING TO FIGURE OUT 152 00:07:17,705 --> 00:07:19,573 MAPPING FUNCTION ANOTHER WAY IS 153 00:07:19,573 --> 00:07:22,342 TO WHAT IS THE PATTERNS OF DATA 154 00:07:22,342 --> 00:07:23,711 AND DISTRIBUTIONS OF DATA. 155 00:07:23,711 --> 00:07:25,779 SXL THEY'VE BEEN GOING THROUGH 156 00:07:25,779 --> 00:07:28,649 A LITTLE MORE DETAIL FOR THESE 157 00:07:28,649 --> 00:07:29,416 APPROACHES. 158 00:07:29,416 --> 00:07:34,188 NOW BEFORE WE GO INTO THIS, YOU 159 00:07:34,188 --> 00:07:38,525 WILL ALSO HEAR THAT THIS 160 00:07:38,525 --> 00:07:47,568 MAPPING FUNCTIONS ARE 161 00:07:47,568 --> 00:07:49,837 INTERPRETABLE, SOMETHING 162 00:07:49,837 --> 00:07:53,006 INTERPRETABLE, SOMETHING AI, 163 00:07:53,006 --> 00:07:53,941 INTERPRETABLE, WHAT WE'RE 164 00:07:53,941 --> 00:07:55,075 USUALLY TALKING ABOUT IS 165 00:07:55,075 --> 00:07:57,377 SOMETHING THAT WE KNOW HOW THE 166 00:07:57,377 --> 00:08:01,915 INPUT SET OF VALUABLES ARE 167 00:08:01,915 --> 00:08:04,685 ASSOCIATED WITH THE OUTPUT 168 00:08:04,685 --> 00:08:06,553 VARIABLE, WE ARE ABLE TO 169 00:08:06,553 --> 00:08:07,521 INTERPRET THOSE. 170 00:08:07,521 --> 00:08:11,525 WE ARE ABLE TO SEE THAT WHEN A 171 00:08:11,525 --> 00:08:13,093 INPUT CHANGES, WE CAN START 172 00:08:13,093 --> 00:08:15,129 THINKING ABOUT HOW THE OUTPUT 173 00:08:15,129 --> 00:08:16,997 MIGHT CHANGE. 174 00:08:16,997 --> 00:08:19,066 WHERE AS THE BLACK BOX MODEL 175 00:08:19,066 --> 00:08:24,271 AND WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT THIS 176 00:08:24,271 --> 00:08:27,508 INTERPRETABLE MODELS, THE USUAL 177 00:08:27,508 --> 00:08:29,777 EXAMPLES ARE REGRESSION MODELS 178 00:08:29,777 --> 00:08:34,715 THAT WE USING OUR, THERE IS 179 00:08:34,715 --> 00:08:42,689 USUALLY ZOOM, LINEAR 180 00:08:42,689 --> 00:08:44,525 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE 181 00:08:44,525 --> 00:08:45,893 OUTPUTS, BUT THAT'S HOW YOU CAN 182 00:08:45,893 --> 00:08:48,695 THINK OF IT IN SIMPLIFIED TERMS. 183 00:08:48,695 --> 00:08:50,063 USUALLY THE THING THAT ALLOW 184 00:08:50,063 --> 00:08:56,170 WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE MODEL, 185 00:08:56,170 --> 00:08:57,337 PREDICTION MONTHED PEL, 186 00:08:57,337 --> 00:08:59,940 WHATEVER, YOU KNOW HOW TO 187 00:08:59,940 --> 00:09:02,042 INTERPRET THE IMPACT ON 188 00:09:02,042 --> 00:09:04,278 DIFFERENT VARIABLES ON OUTPUT. 189 00:09:04,278 --> 00:09:08,448 ON THE OTHER HAND, THE BLACK 190 00:09:08,448 --> 00:09:13,220 BOX MODEL, WHICH IS THE RESENT 191 00:09:13,220 --> 00:09:16,190 FRENZY IS ABOUT, ARE THESE 192 00:09:16,190 --> 00:09:18,725 COMPLEX MODEL WHERE WE DON'T 193 00:09:18,725 --> 00:09:20,294 NECESSARILY KNOW WHAT THE 194 00:09:20,294 --> 00:09:21,895 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE 195 00:09:21,895 --> 00:09:23,797 DIFFERENT VARIABLES ARE IN THIS 196 00:09:23,797 --> 00:09:28,035 MAPPING FUNCTION. 197 00:09:28,035 --> 00:09:29,636 AND INTERPRETABLE MODELS WE CAN 198 00:09:29,636 --> 00:09:31,471 SEE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 199 00:09:31,471 --> 00:09:33,073 DIFFERENT VARIABLES ARE BUT NOT 200 00:09:33,073 --> 00:09:36,210 IN THE BLACK BOX MODEL. 201 00:09:36,210 --> 00:09:39,680 THE ADVANTAGE WHILE WE DON'T 202 00:09:39,680 --> 00:09:44,218 UNDERSTAND HOW THESE HOW THESE 203 00:09:44,218 --> 00:09:46,086 VALUABLES ASSOCIATE WITH EACH 204 00:09:46,086 --> 00:09:47,454 OTHER, HOW THEY'RE RELATED TO 205 00:09:47,454 --> 00:09:53,427 EACH OTHER, THEY CAN MODEL VERY 206 00:09:53,427 --> 00:10:00,801 COMPLEX NON LINIER FUNCTIONS. 207 00:10:00,801 --> 00:10:04,938 THIS IS HOW THE LAST 7ISH YEARS 208 00:10:04,938 --> 00:10:06,874 OF EXCITEMENT HAS BEEN FOCUSED 209 00:10:06,874 --> 00:10:13,780 ON THIS. 210 00:10:13,780 --> 00:10:17,251 A NEURONAL NETWORK WAYS, 211 00:10:17,251 --> 00:10:19,052 TRANSFORMERS, DIFFUSION MODELS, 212 00:10:19,052 --> 00:10:24,291 THESE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF 213 00:10:24,291 --> 00:10:25,392 NETWORKS. 214 00:10:25,392 --> 00:10:28,896 LET'S START WITH AN EXAMPLE PF 215 00:10:28,896 --> 00:10:29,529 SUPERVISED LEARNING. 216 00:10:29,529 --> 00:10:33,367 THIS WOULD BE A USUAL WHAT FOR 217 00:10:33,367 --> 00:10:37,037 THE SAKE OF THIS TALK, I WOULD 218 00:10:37,037 --> 00:10:41,108 SAY CLASSICAL MACHINE LEARNING 219 00:10:41,108 --> 00:10:45,245 OR SOME MIGHT SAY STATISTICS, 220 00:10:45,245 --> 00:10:48,248 BUT OVERALL IT FALLS UNDER THE 221 00:10:48,248 --> 00:10:50,484 UMBRELLA OF SUPERVISED MACHINE 222 00:10:50,484 --> 00:10:53,120 LEARNING WHERE YOU WOULD 223 00:10:53,120 --> 00:11:01,595 USUALLY HAVE THINK OF IN 224 00:11:01,595 --> 00:11:02,963 BIOMEDICINE, CONTROL STUDIES. 225 00:11:02,963 --> 00:11:06,400 PATIENT HAS A DISEASE OR 226 00:11:06,400 --> 00:11:07,534 HEALTHY, PATIENT RESPONDS TO 227 00:11:07,534 --> 00:11:09,303 TREATMENT OR DOES NOT RESPOND 228 00:11:09,303 --> 00:11:11,438 TO TREATMENT. 229 00:11:11,438 --> 00:11:12,839 SOMEWHERE IN RESPONSE TO 230 00:11:12,839 --> 00:11:15,175 VACCINE DOES NOT RESPOND TO 231 00:11:15,175 --> 00:11:16,777 VACCINE, AND IT DOES NOT HAVE 232 00:11:16,777 --> 00:11:21,148 TO BE BINARY VARIABLES, IT 233 00:11:21,148 --> 00:11:22,983 COULD BE CONTINUOUS VARIABLE AS 234 00:11:22,983 --> 00:11:24,851 AS WELL AS YOUR OUTPUT. 235 00:11:24,851 --> 00:11:27,821 BUT WE KNOW WHAT THE OUTPUT 236 00:11:27,821 --> 00:11:32,626 SHOULD BE AND AND WE START WITH 237 00:11:32,626 --> 00:11:34,928 TRADITIONALLY ONE OR MORE 238 00:11:34,928 --> 00:11:36,296 STUDIES, THE EXAMPLE I'M 239 00:11:36,296 --> 00:11:40,734 SHOWING YOU HERE IS TRYING TO 240 00:11:40,734 --> 00:11:43,770 UNDERSTAND WHETHER THE PATIENT 241 00:11:43,770 --> 00:11:53,547 HAS ACCEPT SEPSIS OR NOT AND 242 00:11:53,547 --> 00:12:01,755 THE SEVERITY OF SEPSIS. 243 00:12:01,755 --> 00:12:05,625 WE STARTED WITH SAMPLES ACROSS 244 00:12:05,625 --> 00:12:07,260 MANY DIFFERENT COUNTRIES ON 245 00:12:07,260 --> 00:12:09,696 EVERY CONTINENT COMING FROM 246 00:12:09,696 --> 00:12:15,435 DIFFERENT HOSPITAL, THAT REALLY 247 00:12:15,435 --> 00:12:18,605 REPRESENTED THE POPULATION, 248 00:12:18,605 --> 00:12:27,948 WHERE SOME PATIENTS HAD VIRAL 249 00:12:27,948 --> 00:12:32,919 INFECTION, SOME CERT NON 250 00:12:32,919 --> 00:12:34,287 INFEBRUARYINGTION INFECTION, 251 00:12:34,287 --> 00:12:39,993 DIFFERENT GENDER, DIFFER 252 00:12:39,993 --> 00:12:42,496 DISEASE COMOORE BILT AND USING 253 00:12:42,496 --> 00:12:47,067 THIS DATA, WE ASKED VERY SIMPLE 254 00:12:47,067 --> 00:12:50,704 QUESTIONS. 255 00:12:50,704 --> 00:12:53,840 CAN WE GIVEN VIFN THE VARIABLE, 256 00:12:53,840 --> 00:12:55,976 CAN WE COME UP WITH A MAPPING 257 00:12:55,976 --> 00:12:58,045 FUNCTION THAT GIVEN A SET OF 258 00:12:58,045 --> 00:12:59,413 INPUT GENES WOULD TELL US 259 00:12:59,413 --> 00:13:02,849 WHETHER THE PATIENT HAS 260 00:13:02,849 --> 00:13:12,325 INFECTION OR NOT SIRS VERSUS 261 00:13:12,325 --> 00:13:12,926 SEPSIS. 262 00:13:12,926 --> 00:13:14,561 AND NOW THAT SOMEBODY HAS 263 00:13:14,561 --> 00:13:16,396 INFECTION CAN WE USE ANOTHER 264 00:13:16,396 --> 00:13:19,166 MAPPING SECTION USING ANOTHER 265 00:13:19,166 --> 00:13:20,767 SET OF GENES AND TELL US 266 00:13:20,767 --> 00:13:26,073 WHETHER IT'S BACTERIAL VERSUS 267 00:13:26,073 --> 00:13:27,674 VIRAL AND USING ANOTHER DATA 268 00:13:27,674 --> 00:13:32,212 SET, WE FOUND A NEW MAPPING 269 00:13:32,212 --> 00:13:34,748 FUNCTION TO IDENTIFY OR PREDICT 270 00:13:34,748 --> 00:13:36,583 SOMEBODY'S RISK OF MORTALITY OR 271 00:13:36,583 --> 00:13:46,893 THE NEXT 30 DAYS. 272 00:13:57,070 --> 00:14:00,240 WE USE PULLING THAT OUTPUT INTO 273 00:14:00,240 --> 00:14:04,111 SINGLE OUTPUT TO SAY WHETHER 274 00:14:04,111 --> 00:14:08,215 SOMEBODY HAS PRESENCE, WHEN 275 00:14:08,215 --> 00:14:11,885 SOMEBODY PRESENTS IN WITHIN 276 00:14:11,885 --> 00:14:13,720 ILLNESS, CAN YOU DIAGNOSE 277 00:14:13,720 --> 00:14:17,858 PRESENCE TYPE AND SEVERITY OF 278 00:14:17,858 --> 00:14:21,194 INFECTION IN THAT PERSON? 279 00:14:21,194 --> 00:14:28,535 THIS WAS DONE ALTHOUGH WE DID 280 00:14:28,535 --> 00:14:29,436 APPLY UNSUPERVISED MACHINE 281 00:14:29,436 --> 00:14:31,304 LEARNING, ONCE WE KNEW WHAT 282 00:14:31,304 --> 00:14:32,506 WERE THE VARIABLE THAT'S 283 00:14:32,506 --> 00:14:34,107 CONTAINED THE INFORMATION FOR 284 00:14:34,107 --> 00:14:36,143 MAKING THIS DECISION, FOR 285 00:14:36,143 --> 00:14:39,946 MAKING THAT CLASSIFICATION AND 286 00:14:39,946 --> 00:14:41,248 PREDICTION. 287 00:14:41,248 --> 00:14:44,217 THE ULTIMATE MODEL THAT 288 00:14:44,217 --> 00:14:54,728 PERFORMED REALLY WELL WAS A 289 00:14:55,162 --> 00:14:58,331 LINEAR MODEL TO SHOW IT 290 00:14:58,331 --> 00:15:00,734 PERFORMED WELL TO CENTER 1200 291 00:15:00,734 --> 00:15:06,740 PATIENT PER SPECTIVE TRIAL AND 292 00:15:06,740 --> 00:15:10,544 THIS IS TWO MONTHS FROM GETTING 293 00:15:10,544 --> 00:15:11,811 FDA APPROVAL. 294 00:15:11,811 --> 00:15:16,550 SO THIS IS WHAT I WOULD SAY IS 295 00:15:16,550 --> 00:15:18,652 A CLASSICAL SUPERVISED MACHINE 296 00:15:18,652 --> 00:15:20,453 LEARNING USING DATA TO FIND 297 00:15:20,453 --> 00:15:23,023 DIFFERENT SET OF VARIABLES FOR 298 00:15:23,023 --> 00:15:24,891 DIFFERENT OUTPUT THAT WE ARE 299 00:15:24,891 --> 00:15:27,894 LOOKING MORE AND ULTIMATELY 300 00:15:27,894 --> 00:15:30,230 BRINGING IT TO FDA APPROVAL. 301 00:15:30,230 --> 00:15:32,532 NOW I THINK YOU PROBABLY 302 00:15:32,532 --> 00:15:36,069 NOTICED THAT ALL THAT ARE FEW 303 00:15:36,069 --> 00:15:38,205 LIMITATION. 304 00:15:38,205 --> 00:15:41,441 POST PAPER CAME OUT IN 2015 AND 305 00:15:41,441 --> 00:15:43,476 APPROVAL EXPECTED IN 2025, NEXT 306 00:15:43,476 --> 00:15:44,678 YEAR. 307 00:15:44,678 --> 00:15:48,348 SO IT TOOK ABOUT 10 YEARS, 308 00:15:48,348 --> 00:15:50,317 ALTHOUGH IT WAS THE SAME SET OF 309 00:15:50,317 --> 00:15:51,751 DATA THAT WE WERE USING 310 00:15:51,751 --> 00:15:53,720 REPEATEDLY AND THAT IS ONE OF 311 00:15:53,720 --> 00:15:57,591 THE ISSUES WITH THE SUPERVISED 312 00:15:57,591 --> 00:15:59,092 MACHINE LEARNING WHILE IT'S 313 00:15:59,092 --> 00:16:02,162 AVAILABLE, WHEN WE ARE, LOOKING 314 00:16:02,162 --> 00:16:06,499 AT THE DIFFERENT INFLAMMATORY 315 00:16:06,499 --> 00:16:07,901 CONDITIONS AND DIFFERENT 316 00:16:07,901 --> 00:16:10,237 CONDITIONS, DESPITE BEING THE 317 00:16:10,237 --> 00:16:12,072 SAME DATA, YOU STILL HAVE TO 318 00:16:12,072 --> 00:16:14,174 LOOK AT EACH INDEPENDENTLY, 319 00:16:14,174 --> 00:16:15,475 EACH DISEASE WE STUDY 320 00:16:15,475 --> 00:16:16,243 INDEPENDENTLY. 321 00:16:16,243 --> 00:16:19,246 AND THIS CAN BE REPETITIVE, 322 00:16:19,246 --> 00:16:20,847 TIME CONSUMER AND EXPENSIVE AND 323 00:16:20,847 --> 00:16:22,682 WE WANT TO MAKE SURE THAT IN 324 00:16:22,682 --> 00:16:25,418 WHAT WE WOULD REALLY LIKE IS 325 00:16:25,418 --> 00:16:29,055 THERE A WAY TO LEARN THE 326 00:16:29,055 --> 00:16:31,558 UNDERLYING MANGE FUNCTION ONCE 327 00:16:31,558 --> 00:16:35,962 AND THEN, TUNE IT OR FINE TUNE 328 00:16:35,962 --> 00:16:37,130 IT FOR DIFFERENT CONDITIONS 329 00:16:37,130 --> 00:16:41,935 THAT WE WANT TO EITHER 330 00:16:41,935 --> 00:16:45,572 DIAGNOSE, PREDICT OR ANY OF THE 331 00:16:45,572 --> 00:16:50,510 THINGS FOR EXAMPLE,--I'LL GIVE 332 00:16:50,510 --> 00:16:51,544 AN EXAMPLE. 333 00:16:51,544 --> 00:16:53,847 >> ONE MINUTE REMAINING. 334 00:16:53,847 --> 00:16:58,151 >> OH, I'LL GO A LITTLE FASTER 335 00:16:58,151 --> 00:17:01,588 ABOUT 6-7 YEARS AGO, THIS PAPER 336 00:17:01,588 --> 00:17:06,993 FROM GOOGLE REALLY REVOLUTIONED 337 00:17:06,993 --> 00:17:07,861 DATA SCIENCE, UNSUPERVISED 338 00:17:07,861 --> 00:17:09,829 LEARNING WHERE THE IDEA WAS 339 00:17:09,829 --> 00:17:10,697 REALLY SIMPLE. 340 00:17:10,697 --> 00:17:14,634 GIVEN A LOT OF TEXT, YOU CAN 341 00:17:14,634 --> 00:17:17,337 MASK A BUNCH OF WORDS RANDOMLY, 342 00:17:17,337 --> 00:17:18,938 PASS IT THROUGH SOMETHING 343 00:17:18,938 --> 00:17:22,108 CALLED A NOODLE TRANSFORMER AND 344 00:17:22,108 --> 00:17:24,377 ALLOW IT TO LEARN WHAT THAT 345 00:17:24,377 --> 00:17:25,312 MISSING WORD IS. 346 00:17:25,312 --> 00:17:27,847 SO YOU ASK US TO PREDICT AND 347 00:17:27,847 --> 00:17:31,318 YOU SHOW THE ANSWER AND THEN 348 00:17:31,318 --> 00:17:33,853 TRANSFORM WHAT THE MISSING WORD 349 00:17:33,853 --> 00:17:44,297 SHOULD BE AND ULTIMATELY 350 00:17:44,864 --> 00:17:45,765 PREDICT WHAT THE MISSING WORD 351 00:17:45,765 --> 00:17:46,399 IS. 352 00:17:46,399 --> 00:17:48,968 WHAT CAN YOU DO WITH THIS? 353 00:17:48,968 --> 00:17:51,071 TRANSFORMING A OF ALL OF THESE 354 00:17:51,071 --> 00:17:52,672 MAPPING FUNCTIONS FOR THE 355 00:17:52,672 --> 00:18:00,013 MISSING TEXT IS WHAT LEADS TO 356 00:18:00,013 --> 00:18:03,450 MODELS LIKE GBT. 357 00:18:03,450 --> 00:18:08,722 A LOT OF THAT WE'VE SEEN, GIVEN 358 00:18:08,722 --> 00:18:11,491 THE INPUT NEW TEXT AS KIMBERLY 359 00:18:11,491 --> 00:18:14,260 WAS SHOWING EARLIER TO COME UP 360 00:18:14,260 --> 00:18:15,395 WITH SOME HUMOR. 361 00:18:15,395 --> 00:18:17,263 BUT A LOT OF ADVANTAGES TO 362 00:18:17,263 --> 00:18:19,799 USING THIS MEDICAL 363 00:18:19,799 --> 00:18:21,167 REPRESENTATION, THE MAPPING 364 00:18:21,167 --> 00:18:25,105 THAT THE MODEL HAS LEARNED 365 00:18:25,105 --> 00:18:27,207 REFERRED TO AS EMBEDING TO 366 00:18:27,207 --> 00:18:28,475 FIGURE OUT MANY NEW 367 00:18:28,475 --> 00:18:32,479 APPLICATIONS. 368 00:18:32,479 --> 00:18:40,920 VERY FIRST APPLICATION, ALPHA 369 00:18:40,920 --> 00:18:43,189 FORD, STARTED USING TRANSFORM 370 00:18:43,189 --> 00:18:46,659 AND THE LATEST TRANSFORMER AND 371 00:18:46,659 --> 00:18:49,529 TRANSFUSION TOGETHER. 372 00:18:49,529 --> 00:18:51,865 WANT LET ME GIVE YOU ONE FINAL 373 00:18:51,865 --> 00:18:56,636 EXAMPLE OF WHAT WE CAN DO THIS 374 00:18:56,636 --> 00:19:01,441 IS AN EXAMPLE ABOUT EVOLVING 375 00:19:01,441 --> 00:19:03,476 ANTI BODIES BUT YOU CAN SEE 376 00:19:03,476 --> 00:19:05,745 THAT IT APPLIES ANTIGENS FOR 377 00:19:05,745 --> 00:19:06,913 VACCINE. 378 00:19:06,913 --> 00:19:10,183 SO GIVEN A LARGE NUMBER OF 379 00:19:10,183 --> 00:19:11,484 CODING SEQUENCE, IF PIFS TO 380 00:19:11,484 --> 00:19:14,220 SHOW YOU THE SEQUENCE ON THE 381 00:19:14,220 --> 00:19:16,289 LEFT AND RIGHT SIDE, AND SAY 382 00:19:16,289 --> 00:19:19,259 WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP US 383 00:19:19,259 --> 00:19:20,226 HUMANS WOULD NOT UNDERSTAND THE 384 00:19:20,226 --> 00:19:22,429 LANGUAGE. 385 00:19:22,429 --> 00:19:25,665 BUT PROTEIN MODELS MUST 386 00:19:25,665 --> 00:19:28,835 RANDOMLY AND WE ASK THE 387 00:19:28,835 --> 00:19:32,005 TRANSFER MODEL TO LEARN BASED 388 00:19:32,005 --> 00:19:34,073 ON THE SURROUNDING SEQUENCE IT 389 00:19:34,073 --> 00:19:36,609 CAN BE, WHAT THE MISSING SHOULD 390 00:19:36,609 --> 00:19:41,514 BE WE CAN CREATE A PROTEIN 391 00:19:41,514 --> 00:19:46,786 MODEL. 392 00:19:46,786 --> 00:19:48,621 AND WHAT THEY CAN SHOW IS THEY 393 00:19:48,621 --> 00:19:58,898 CAN TAKE A HIGH LY --HIGHLY 394 00:19:58,898 --> 00:20:02,068 MATURE SANT BODY AND THEY MASS 395 00:20:02,068 --> 00:20:06,172 ONE AND ASKED THE PROTEIN MODEL 396 00:20:06,172 --> 00:20:08,274 TO PREDICT WHAT IT SHOULD BE 397 00:20:08,274 --> 00:20:10,610 GIVEN THAT THEY HAD LOOKED AT 398 00:20:10,610 --> 00:20:14,647 ALL THE OTHER MILLIONS OF OTHER 399 00:20:14,647 --> 00:20:19,285 SEQUENCES. 400 00:20:19,285 --> 00:20:22,288 THEY CREATED THAT ANTIBODY AND 401 00:20:22,288 --> 00:20:26,626 TESTED OUT HOW WELL IT BINDS TO 402 00:20:26,626 --> 00:20:27,694 THE ANTIGEN COMPARED TO THE 403 00:20:27,694 --> 00:20:29,162 DATA. 404 00:20:29,162 --> 00:20:31,197 >> THAT'S TIME. 405 00:20:31,197 --> 00:20:33,733 THANK YOU. 406 00:20:33,733 --> 00:20:34,601 >> 30 SECONDS. 407 00:20:34,601 --> 00:20:37,604 AND WHAT THEY WERE ABLE TO SHOW 408 00:20:37,604 --> 00:20:39,439 IS PROTEIN LANGUAGE MODEL CAN 409 00:20:39,439 --> 00:20:41,040 FIND NEW ANTIBODIES. 410 00:20:41,040 --> 00:20:44,444 THEY USE THESE NEW ANTIBODIES, 411 00:20:44,444 --> 00:20:51,684 KEPT THE PREDICTOR AND NOW 412 00:20:51,684 --> 00:20:54,687 CHANGED MASTER, ANOTHER SET OF 413 00:20:54,687 --> 00:20:57,190 AMINO ACIDS AND FOUND THEY 414 00:20:57,190 --> 00:21:00,126 COULD FIND ANOTHER ANTIBODIES 415 00:21:00,126 --> 00:21:02,629 THAT BOND TO THE ANTIGEN BETTER. 416 00:21:02,629 --> 00:21:06,533 AND IN THE LAST TWO TEN 417 00:21:06,533 --> 00:21:08,501 SECONDS, TWO EXAMPLES REALLY 418 00:21:08,501 --> 00:21:12,272 EXCITING BUT WE CAN DO A LOT 419 00:21:12,272 --> 00:21:20,513 MORE, INTEGRATING DATA SETS AND 420 00:21:20,513 --> 00:21:22,649 PERTUR BING AND SEEING HOW THE 421 00:21:22,649 --> 00:21:24,017 SYSTEM WOULD CHANGE. 422 00:21:24,017 --> 00:21:27,453 BUT WHAT IS REALLY REQUIRED IN 423 00:21:27,453 --> 00:21:34,928 THE NEXT GOING TO IT IS 424 00:21:34,928 --> 00:21:36,796 ADDRESSING HALLUCINATIONS. 425 00:21:36,796 --> 00:21:41,734 AND WITH THAT I'LL STOP JUST AS 426 00:21:41,734 --> 00:21:47,240 IN LANGUAGE, THE AI HAS GONE 427 00:21:47,240 --> 00:21:50,243 FROM 2018 TO 2023, WE ARE HERE 428 00:21:50,243 --> 00:21:54,547 IN BIOMEDICINE AND A LOT OF 429 00:21:54,547 --> 00:21:56,149 EXCITING STARTING TO COME DOWN. 430 00:21:56,149 --> 00:22:00,053 I'LL START HERE AND THANK YOU. 431 00:22:00,053 --> 00:22:09,128 NOW, THE NEXT SPEAKER IS 432 00:22:09,128 --> 00:22:18,171 ADVISOR TALKING ABOUT AI 433 00:22:18,171 --> 00:22:20,006 COMPUTING AND FUTURE OF VACCINE. 434 00:22:20,006 --> 00:22:20,974 TED? 435 00:22:20,974 --> 00:22:31,384 >> IT'S GREAT I'M TED, 436 00:22:31,718 --> 00:22:34,420 MANAGING PARTNER PREVIOUSLY WAS 437 00:22:34,420 --> 00:22:37,123 STRATEGY OFFICER AT HUMAN 438 00:22:37,123 --> 00:22:44,030 IMMUNO PROJECT AND EARLY ON WAS 439 00:22:44,030 --> 00:22:45,264 AT IABI. 440 00:22:45,264 --> 00:22:47,667 SO I WHAT I WANT TO DO HERE IS 441 00:22:47,667 --> 00:22:50,536 GROUND SOME OF THESE AI TOOLS 442 00:22:50,536 --> 00:22:53,506 WHERE IT CAN BE INSERTED IN 443 00:22:53,506 --> 00:22:54,907 DISCOVERY AND WE'RE REALLY 444 00:22:54,907 --> 00:22:57,677 EARLY ON SO I'M GOING TO TAKE 445 00:22:57,677 --> 00:23:00,847 SOME EXAMPLES ABOUT HOW IT 446 00:23:00,847 --> 00:23:04,050 ALREADY IS OR COULD IN THE 447 00:23:04,050 --> 00:23:06,819 FUTURE CHANGE HOW WE DO VACCINE. 448 00:23:06,819 --> 00:23:09,088 BUT I'VE GOT TO EMPHASIZE THAT 449 00:23:09,088 --> 00:23:12,325 IT HAS TO KEY THE KEY OUTPUT OF 450 00:23:12,325 --> 00:23:14,427 WHAT VACCINES ARE SUPPOSE TO DO. 451 00:23:14,427 --> 00:23:16,362 SO HISTORICALLY, IF WE LOOK AT 452 00:23:16,362 --> 00:23:18,364 VACCINES GOING ALL THE WAY BACK 453 00:23:18,364 --> 00:23:20,233 TO THE 18th CENTURY. 454 00:23:20,233 --> 00:23:22,301 TECHNOLOGY HAS BEEN RAPIDLY 455 00:23:22,301 --> 00:23:24,137 INTEGRATED INTO THE VACCINE 456 00:23:24,137 --> 00:23:26,706 DESIGN PROCESS AND IT HAS HAD A 457 00:23:26,706 --> 00:23:28,307 BIG IMPACT ON THE DISEASE 458 00:23:28,307 --> 00:23:30,910 THAT'S WE CAN TARGET AND HOW WE 459 00:23:30,910 --> 00:23:33,446 DEVELOP VACCINES AND MOST 460 00:23:33,446 --> 00:23:34,347 RECENTLY STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY IN 461 00:23:34,347 --> 00:23:40,253 THE LATER HALF OF THE 240th 462 00:23:40,253 --> 00:23:46,626 CENTURY AND GENOMcS HAS 463 00:23:46,626 --> 00:23:48,027 REALLY--WHAT I MEAN BY 464 00:23:48,027 --> 00:23:49,896 TRANSFORM ISING MAKING A HEALTH 465 00:23:49,896 --> 00:23:51,264 IMPACT AND THAT'S WHAT I WANT 466 00:23:51,264 --> 00:23:53,566 TO KEEP THE FOCUS ON TODAY. 467 00:23:53,566 --> 00:23:57,036 LET'S GO BACK TO THE GREATER 468 00:23:57,036 --> 00:24:00,973 PARADIGM, IT'S STILL LARGELY 469 00:24:00,973 --> 00:24:03,276 EMPIRICAL, IT'S DRIVEN BY TRIAL 470 00:24:03,276 --> 00:24:04,911 AND ERROR WHEN WE HAVE A 471 00:24:04,911 --> 00:24:06,312 VACCINE, WE DON'T KNOW HOW IT'S 472 00:24:06,312 --> 00:24:08,314 GOING TO PERFORM IN THE CONTEXT 473 00:24:08,314 --> 00:24:09,515 OF POPULATION. 474 00:24:09,515 --> 00:24:10,783 AND THAT PERIOD BETWEEN THE 475 00:24:10,783 --> 00:24:12,118 ACTUAL CONCEPT AND THE INITIAL 476 00:24:12,118 --> 00:24:19,392 DESIGN OF THE VACCINE TO 477 00:24:19,392 --> 00:24:20,893 LICENSEURE CAN BE A LONG TIME, 478 00:24:20,893 --> 00:24:22,895 IT COSTS A LOT AND THE TIME 479 00:24:22,895 --> 00:24:24,731 FRAME CAN BE REALLY LONG. 480 00:24:24,731 --> 00:24:28,201 WE'LL TALK ABOUT HOW SOME OF 481 00:24:28,201 --> 00:24:28,835 THE SHORTENING STRATEGIES IN 482 00:24:28,835 --> 00:24:30,970 THE PANDEMIC. 483 00:24:30,970 --> 00:24:32,839 BUT RESENT PAPERS CAME OUT AND 484 00:24:32,839 --> 00:24:34,440 SAID THAT ABOUT 10 PERCENT OF 485 00:24:34,440 --> 00:24:39,479 THE VACCINES MOVED TO 486 00:24:39,479 --> 00:24:41,547 LICENSEURE IN TEN YEARS, COST 487 00:24:41,547 --> 00:24:42,482 IS AROUND A BILLION DOLLARS SO. 488 00:24:42,482 --> 00:24:49,956 WHAT IS THE IMPACT ON HEALTH? 489 00:24:49,956 --> 00:24:54,727 WE STILL HAVE NOT MADE THE 490 00:24:54,727 --> 00:24:56,562 ADVANCES--WE HAVE TO REMAKE 491 00:24:56,562 --> 00:24:57,930 INFLUENZA AND WE DON'T REALLY 492 00:24:57,930 --> 00:25:04,070 HAVE THAT GREAT VACCINES FOR 493 00:25:04,070 --> 00:25:05,671 NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. 494 00:25:05,671 --> 00:25:07,473 OVER POPULATION OVER ADULTS AND 495 00:25:07,473 --> 00:25:08,841 NEWBORNS AND THOSE IN THE 496 00:25:08,841 --> 00:25:11,611 DEVELOPING WORLD WHERE YOU HAVE 497 00:25:11,611 --> 00:25:15,248 THE HIGHEST BURDEN OF DISEASE, 498 00:25:15,248 --> 00:25:16,082 HAVE DIFFERENT RESPONSE TO SEE 499 00:25:16,082 --> 00:25:16,883 VACCINES. 500 00:25:16,883 --> 00:25:19,152 WE'RE NOT MAKING THEM FAST 501 00:25:19,152 --> 00:25:24,090 ENOUGH AND COST AFFECTIVENESS 502 00:25:24,090 --> 00:25:31,631 IS STILL TLGTS A REALLY CAPITAL 503 00:25:31,631 --> 00:25:34,367 INTENSIVE ENDEAVOR WE DON'T GET 504 00:25:34,367 --> 00:25:35,701 THE VACCINES OUT TO THE PEOPLE 505 00:25:35,701 --> 00:25:37,370 WE NEED. 506 00:25:37,370 --> 00:25:40,940 HERE IS THE VACCINE PARADIGM 507 00:25:40,940 --> 00:25:43,576 GOING THROUGH ALL THE WAY 508 00:25:43,576 --> 00:25:46,045 THROUGH LICENSEURE. 509 00:25:46,045 --> 00:25:48,815 DURING COVID WE FIGURED OUT 510 00:25:48,815 --> 00:25:52,485 REALLY COMPRESSING THIS BUT FOR 511 00:25:52,485 --> 00:25:54,720 A LOT OF TARGETS GOING FORWARD 512 00:25:54,720 --> 00:25:56,923 WE'RE NOT GOING TO HAVE THE 513 00:25:56,923 --> 00:25:59,392 MONEY OR PRESSURE OR RESOURCES 514 00:25:59,392 --> 00:26:00,293 SO DO THAT. 515 00:26:00,293 --> 00:26:02,929 THE BAR FOR SUCCESS FOR AI IS 516 00:26:02,929 --> 00:26:04,564 REALLY HOW DO WE IMPACT HEALTH 517 00:26:04,564 --> 00:26:10,736 AT THE END OF THIS PROCESS? 518 00:26:10,736 --> 00:26:13,272 ARE WE HITTING THE ETHICACY 519 00:26:13,272 --> 00:26:15,842 METRICS ARE WE DESIGNING THE 520 00:26:15,842 --> 00:26:17,476 VACCINES BETTER ARE WE WORKING 521 00:26:17,476 --> 00:26:23,349 IN THE POPULATIONS BETTER? 522 00:26:23,349 --> 00:26:26,385 WE CAN GET IT FASTER WE CAN GET 523 00:26:26,385 --> 00:26:27,753 MORE VACCINE WE CAN PROTECT 524 00:26:27,753 --> 00:26:29,989 MORE PEOPLE AND CAN WE ROLL 525 00:26:29,989 --> 00:26:31,157 THIS OUT ACROSS HEALTH SYSTEMS. 526 00:26:31,157 --> 00:26:33,459 IT'S GOT TO BE SOMETHING NA IS 527 00:26:33,459 --> 00:26:35,328 USEFUL AND APPLICABLE IN A WIDE 528 00:26:35,328 --> 00:26:36,028 RANGE OF AREAS. 529 00:26:36,028 --> 00:26:38,130 SO WHAT I'M GOING TO DO HERE IS 530 00:26:38,130 --> 00:26:41,133 LOOK AT SPECIFIC PARTS OF THIS 531 00:26:41,133 --> 00:26:42,268 VACCINE DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM 532 00:26:42,268 --> 00:26:44,570 AND TALK ABOUT AREAS IN WHICH 533 00:26:44,570 --> 00:26:48,908 AI AND THESE COMPUTATION AL 534 00:26:48,908 --> 00:26:51,410 TOOLS ARE MAKING AN IMPACT AND 535 00:26:51,410 --> 00:26:53,079 CAN DO SO IN THE FUTURE. 536 00:26:53,079 --> 00:26:58,150 IN TERMS OF ALL PRODUCT 537 00:26:58,150 --> 00:27:01,554 DEVELOPMENTS, SMALL MOLECULE 538 00:27:01,554 --> 00:27:04,790 AND VACCINES ONLY TWO ARE THAT 539 00:27:04,790 --> 00:27:07,326 HAVE BEEN DESIGNED BY AI, SO 540 00:27:07,326 --> 00:27:08,127 WE'RE EARLY EARLY ON OF THE 541 00:27:08,127 --> 00:27:11,197 PROCESS. 542 00:27:11,197 --> 00:27:13,466 LET'S LOOK AT THE FIRST STEP 543 00:27:13,466 --> 00:27:17,103 AND WE'RE GOING TO TAKE THIS 544 00:27:17,103 --> 00:27:17,837 FOR EMERGING THREATS. 545 00:27:17,837 --> 00:27:20,339 WE'RE NOT GOING TO GO THROUGH 546 00:27:20,339 --> 00:27:21,707 IT HERE, YOU'VE READ THE 547 00:27:21,707 --> 00:27:22,909 ARTICLE AND NEIL AND OTHERS 548 00:27:22,909 --> 00:27:24,277 WILL TALK ABOUT THIS. 549 00:27:24,277 --> 00:27:27,079 BUT THE NOBEL PRIZE WENT TO 550 00:27:27,079 --> 00:27:31,450 BAKER AND FOLKS AT DEEP MIND 551 00:27:31,450 --> 00:27:34,220 AND WE SAW IN SCIENCE 552 00:27:34,220 --> 00:27:39,926 PREDICTING FROM A SEQUENCE WHAT 553 00:27:39,926 --> 00:27:42,662 IT MAY LOOK LIKE. 554 00:27:42,662 --> 00:27:45,631 WE LOOKED OUT OF PROTEINS AND 555 00:27:45,631 --> 00:27:48,801 ANTIBODIES AND NOW THAT CAN BE 556 00:27:48,801 --> 00:27:50,870 SPED UP INTO A MATTER OF DAYS 557 00:27:50,870 --> 00:27:53,272 AND HOURS WITH A PRETTY GOOD 558 00:27:53,272 --> 00:27:54,073 STRUCTURE COMING OUT. 559 00:27:54,073 --> 00:27:55,975 HOW CAN WE APPLY THAT? 560 00:27:55,975 --> 00:27:58,945 THIS IS AN ARTICLE THAT 561 00:27:58,945 --> 00:28:00,346 RECENTLY CAME OUT WHICH 562 00:28:00,346 --> 00:28:02,214 BASICALLY ARE STARTING TO THINK 563 00:28:02,214 --> 00:28:04,317 ABOUT RAPID APPLICATIONS OF 564 00:28:04,317 --> 00:28:06,585 THESE TYPES OF TOOLS. 565 00:28:06,585 --> 00:28:10,489 SOL THEY HAVE PUT OUT THIS 566 00:28:10,489 --> 00:28:12,291 100-DAY MISSION, FROM EMERGING 567 00:28:12,291 --> 00:28:15,494 PATHOGEN CAN WE HAVE A VACCINE 568 00:28:15,494 --> 00:28:18,898 READY IN 100 DAYS? 569 00:28:18,898 --> 00:28:20,733 100 DAYS IS FAST BUT STILL A 570 00:28:20,733 --> 00:28:23,235 LONG TIME IN TERMS OF PANDEMIC. 571 00:28:23,235 --> 00:28:28,007 THEY SUGGEST THAT USING FOLD, 572 00:28:28,007 --> 00:28:34,647 WHICH IS WAS ALPHA FOLD AND 573 00:28:34,647 --> 00:28:36,482 ROSE TTA FOLLOWED WERE BEHIND 574 00:28:36,482 --> 00:28:37,616 THE NOBEL PRIZE. 575 00:28:37,616 --> 00:28:39,251 SO AS SOON AS WE HAVE THAT 576 00:28:39,251 --> 00:28:44,557 SEQUENCE CAN WE FICK OUT ON 577 00:28:44,557 --> 00:28:47,159 A--WE FIGURE OUT ON A 578 00:28:47,159 --> 00:28:48,160 STRUCTURAL BASIS. 579 00:28:48,160 --> 00:28:49,895 BUT IT'S NOT JUST DESIGNING 580 00:28:49,895 --> 00:28:51,263 IT'S MAKING SOMETHING THAT IS 581 00:28:51,263 --> 00:28:52,898 USEFUL IN A VACCINE. 582 00:28:52,898 --> 00:28:54,333 AND ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT 583 00:28:54,333 --> 00:29:00,573 ADVANCES THAT ALLOWED THE 584 00:29:00,573 --> 00:29:02,441 COVID TO MOVE FORWARD IS HAVING 585 00:29:02,441 --> 00:29:04,877 A VACCINE THAT WAS STABLE, 586 00:29:04,877 --> 00:29:05,711 STABLE ANTIGENS. 587 00:29:05,711 --> 00:29:08,914 BUT WE CAN START TO USE 588 00:29:08,914 --> 00:29:10,282 GENERATIVE AI TO MODEL THAT 589 00:29:10,282 --> 00:29:11,017 STABILITY. 590 00:29:11,017 --> 00:29:14,653 SO TO HAVE THE SEQUENCE THAT IS 591 00:29:14,653 --> 00:29:16,522 A MATCHING AN ANTIBODY SEQUENCE 592 00:29:16,522 --> 00:29:18,924 TO HAVE IT STABLE, AND READY TO 593 00:29:18,924 --> 00:29:22,094 BE ENCODED INTO A VARIETY OF 594 00:29:22,094 --> 00:29:23,496 VACCINES PLATFORM WOULD GO A 595 00:29:23,496 --> 00:29:26,766 VERY LONG WAY INTO HELPING US 596 00:29:26,766 --> 00:29:29,235 ACHIEVE THIS 100-DAY MISSION. 597 00:29:29,235 --> 00:29:31,103 SO ANOTHER AREA THAT AI CAN BE 598 00:29:31,103 --> 00:29:36,075 USED TO SORT OF RESPOND RAPIDLY 599 00:29:36,075 --> 00:29:37,910 AND MAYBE EVEN HEAD OFF SOME OF 600 00:29:37,910 --> 00:29:40,179 THESE ISSUES IN TERMS OF VIRAL 601 00:29:40,179 --> 00:29:41,881 THREATS IS ISSUE OF VIVE AL 602 00:29:41,881 --> 00:29:42,715 EVOLUTION. 603 00:29:42,715 --> 00:29:45,017 NOW WE SAW DURING THE COVID 604 00:29:45,017 --> 00:29:48,421 PANDEMIC THAT OUR VACCINE 605 00:29:48,421 --> 00:29:50,256 TECHNOLOGIES REALLY LAG BEHIND 606 00:29:50,256 --> 00:29:53,225 THE RESPONSE THE VIRUS AND WE 607 00:29:53,225 --> 00:29:59,131 HAD TO DEVELOP NEXT GENERATION 608 00:29:59,131 --> 00:30:00,933 VACCINES, BOOSTERS, NEW VACCINE 609 00:30:00,933 --> 00:30:03,235 BECAUSE THEY WERE WAITING AS 610 00:30:03,235 --> 00:30:06,639 THE VIRUS WAS WOULD MUTATE AND 611 00:30:06,639 --> 00:30:07,573 ESCAPE. 612 00:30:07,573 --> 00:30:08,974 THIS IS IN MICE AND EARLY OP, 613 00:30:08,974 --> 00:30:11,644 SO WE HAVE TO TAKE THESE THINGS 614 00:30:11,644 --> 00:30:14,747 WITH A LITTLE BIT OF GRAIN OF 615 00:30:14,747 --> 00:30:16,582 ASSAULT BUT IT'S INTERESTING 616 00:30:16,582 --> 00:30:19,185 CONCEPT WHICH USES THREE 617 00:30:19,185 --> 00:30:23,055 PARAMETERS TO PREDICT THE VIRAL 618 00:30:23,055 --> 00:30:24,423 SEQUENCES WITH ANTIGENS. 619 00:30:24,423 --> 00:30:26,692 SO THAT'S THE MAINTENANCE OF 620 00:30:26,692 --> 00:30:28,527 FITNESS THAT'S THE MUTATIONS 621 00:30:28,527 --> 00:30:31,063 THAT ALLOW OR DON'T ALLOW THE 622 00:30:31,063 --> 00:30:35,101 ANTIBODIES TO ACCESS THE REGION 623 00:30:35,101 --> 00:30:36,268 AND IT'S DISRUPTION. 624 00:30:36,268 --> 00:30:39,305 SO UNDER THIS MODEL WHICH 625 00:30:39,305 --> 00:30:41,874 WAS--PRIOR TO 24020, WE SAW A 626 00:30:41,874 --> 00:30:43,943 VERY GOOD PREDICT I HAVE OUT 627 00:30:43,943 --> 00:30:49,181 WELL AS WELL AS APPLICABLE TO 628 00:30:49,181 --> 00:30:51,684 INFLUENZA, HIV, SOME OF WHICH 629 00:30:51,684 --> 00:30:54,420 HIGHLY VARIANT AND EVOLUTIONARY 630 00:30:54,420 --> 00:30:55,054 DRIVEN VIRUSES. 631 00:30:55,054 --> 00:30:57,623 SO IF WE CAN HEAD OFF IN THE 632 00:30:57,623 --> 00:31:01,060 DESIGN OF ANTIGEN THAT MAY 633 00:31:01,060 --> 00:31:03,796 ANTICIPATE WE MAY HAVE VACCINES 634 00:31:03,796 --> 00:31:06,065 THAT PROTECT BETTER EXAMINE 635 00:31:06,065 --> 00:31:07,233 SAVING LIVES AND INFLUENCING 636 00:31:07,233 --> 00:31:08,534 HEALTH FOR A LONGER PERIOD OF 637 00:31:08,534 --> 00:31:08,834 TIME. 638 00:31:08,834 --> 00:31:10,769 THIS WOULD BE A REALLY REALLY 639 00:31:10,769 --> 00:31:13,305 BIG RESPONSE IN TERMS OF 640 00:31:13,305 --> 00:31:16,041 RESPONDING TO PANDEMICS AND 641 00:31:16,041 --> 00:31:17,877 RESPOND TO GO VIRAL CHALLENGES 642 00:31:17,877 --> 00:31:19,145 WHICH IS DRIVEN BY A LOT OF 643 00:31:19,145 --> 00:31:19,979 EVOLUTION. 644 00:31:19,979 --> 00:31:24,049 NOW THERE IS OTHER PARTS OF, 645 00:31:24,049 --> 00:31:25,618 AREAS WHERE AI CAN HELP AND 646 00:31:25,618 --> 00:31:27,520 ACCELERATE AND IMPROVE VACCINE 647 00:31:27,520 --> 00:31:28,420 DEVELOPMENT. 648 00:31:28,420 --> 00:31:30,756 SOME OF THESE AREN'T, THAT SEXY 649 00:31:30,756 --> 00:31:32,391 AND ON THE SERVICE IS 650 00:31:32,391 --> 00:31:34,059 INTERESTING BUT CAN HAVE A 651 00:31:34,059 --> 00:31:35,194 REALLY REALLY IMPACT. 652 00:31:35,194 --> 00:31:38,097 WE'RE GOING TO LOOK AT VACCINE 653 00:31:38,097 --> 00:31:40,032 STABILITY WHICH IN THE CONTEXT 654 00:31:40,032 --> 00:31:41,300 OF PREVIOUS PANDEMIC WAS A LIG 655 00:31:41,300 --> 00:31:42,768 ISSUE. 656 00:31:42,768 --> 00:31:44,370 >> TWO MINUTES, REMAINING. 657 00:31:44,370 --> 00:31:45,905 >> OKAY, GREAT. 658 00:31:45,905 --> 00:31:48,240 STABILITY, IS IMPACTS THE 659 00:31:48,240 --> 00:31:50,509 ABILITY OF VACCINE TO BE USED 660 00:31:50,509 --> 00:31:51,644 AND DISTRIBUTED AROUND THE 661 00:31:51,644 --> 00:31:54,513 WORLD AND IT'S A MAJOR HEALTH 662 00:31:54,513 --> 00:31:55,648 ISSUE BECAUSE WE CANNOT 663 00:31:55,648 --> 00:31:58,717 DISTRIBUTE TO AREAS THAT LACK 664 00:31:58,717 --> 00:31:59,485 ELECTRICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND 665 00:31:59,485 --> 00:32:01,487 LACK TRANSPORT AND WE LOSE A 666 00:32:01,487 --> 00:32:02,888 LOT OF VACCINE IN THE PROCESS 667 00:32:02,888 --> 00:32:06,158 WHICH MEANS THAT WE ARE NOT 668 00:32:06,158 --> 00:32:07,092 VACCINATED THE PEOPLE THAT WE 669 00:32:07,092 --> 00:32:07,960 NEED TO DO. 670 00:32:07,960 --> 00:32:10,029 THIS IS A SUPER INTERESTING 671 00:32:10,029 --> 00:32:12,965 EXAMPLE BECAUSE THEY USE 672 00:32:12,965 --> 00:32:18,270 SOMETHING TECHNIQUE CALLED 673 00:32:18,270 --> 00:32:22,641 LATTICE PARSING, THIS LET'S 674 00:32:22,641 --> 00:32:23,909 COMPUTERS MAKE TEXT. 675 00:32:23,909 --> 00:32:25,644 IT TURNS OUT THAT THE CODE 676 00:32:25,644 --> 00:32:27,513 ISING JUST A SEQUENCE OF 677 00:32:27,513 --> 00:32:30,049 LETTERS, BUT THE AMOUNT AND THE 678 00:32:30,049 --> 00:32:35,087 COMBINATIONS OF THE CODE ONS 679 00:32:35,087 --> 00:32:42,428 WOULD TAKE YEARS. 680 00:32:42,428 --> 00:32:45,130 THIS LINEAR DESIGN THAT 681 00:32:45,130 --> 00:32:47,866 SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED THE 682 00:32:47,866 --> 00:32:49,001 OPTIMIZATION. 683 00:32:49,001 --> 00:32:51,637 AGAIN THAT WOULD HAVE A REALLY 684 00:32:51,637 --> 00:32:53,606 REALLY BIG IMPACT. 685 00:32:53,606 --> 00:32:56,108 ANOTHER AREA IS THIS CONCEPT OF 686 00:32:56,108 --> 00:32:58,844 DIGITAL TWIN, A VIRTUAL 687 00:32:58,844 --> 00:33:01,146 REPRESENTATION OF A PHYSICAL 688 00:33:01,146 --> 00:33:03,849 SYSTEM DRIVEN BY REALTIME 689 00:33:03,849 --> 00:33:05,551 MONITORING WHERE YOU CAN 690 00:33:05,551 --> 00:33:06,452 PREDICT THE OUTCOMES. 691 00:33:06,452 --> 00:33:08,554 AND THIS WAS BEING USED, DURING 692 00:33:08,554 --> 00:33:15,861 THE PANDEMIC BY AI, ATOS TO 693 00:33:15,861 --> 00:33:16,528 IMPROVE THEIR MANUFACTURING 694 00:33:16,528 --> 00:33:19,064 PROCESS AND IN REALTIME 695 00:33:19,064 --> 00:33:20,599 STIMULATE CHANGES TO MATERIALS 696 00:33:20,599 --> 00:33:21,567 OR OUTPUTS. 697 00:33:21,567 --> 00:33:24,570 WHAT THIS CAN DO IS REDUCE THE 698 00:33:24,570 --> 00:33:27,306 COSTS OF VACCINE AND REDUCE THE 699 00:33:27,306 --> 00:33:28,240 COSTS OF MATERIALS BEFORE YOU 700 00:33:28,240 --> 00:33:31,010 HAVE IT AND IMPROVE YIELD. 701 00:33:31,010 --> 00:33:32,878 ALL OF THINGS MAKE THE COSTS 702 00:33:32,878 --> 00:33:34,613 LOWER AND ALLOW US TO GET MORE 703 00:33:34,613 --> 00:33:44,957 VACCINES OUT THERE. 704 00:33:47,092 --> 00:33:48,861 WE'LL HEAR MORE IN PRESENTATION. 705 00:33:48,861 --> 00:33:51,630 BUT THE QUESTION IS REQUEST WE 706 00:33:51,630 --> 00:33:55,501 RUN BETTER TRIALS WITHOUT DATA 707 00:33:55,501 --> 00:33:58,237 USING BIOLOGY KEY MARKERS OR 708 00:33:58,237 --> 00:34:01,874 PREDICT I HAVE SIGNATURES, 709 00:34:01,874 --> 00:34:03,942 RETHINK THAT LAST LINE OF THE 710 00:34:03,942 --> 00:34:05,077 VACCINE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 711 00:34:05,077 --> 00:34:08,714 WHICH CAN COST $100 MILLION AND 712 00:34:08,714 --> 00:34:10,316 LAST WELL OVER FIVE YEARS TO 713 00:34:10,316 --> 00:34:12,851 GET SAFETY MEASURES TO GET 714 00:34:12,851 --> 00:34:14,053 ETHICACY MEASURES BUT ALSO TO 715 00:34:14,053 --> 00:34:19,425 UNDERSTAND SOME OF THE DYNAMIC 716 00:34:19,425 --> 00:34:22,394 UNDERLYING HOW WE VALUATE 717 00:34:22,394 --> 00:34:24,263 VACCINES AND SOME DAY IF WE GET 718 00:34:24,263 --> 00:34:25,631 PREDICT I HAVE MODELS CAN WE 719 00:34:25,631 --> 00:34:27,900 START TO RUN MORE AND MORE OF 720 00:34:27,900 --> 00:34:30,235 THIS WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF 721 00:34:30,235 --> 00:34:32,204 COMPUTER TO ACCELERATOR PREDICT 722 00:34:32,204 --> 00:34:33,038 THE PROCESS. 723 00:34:33,038 --> 00:34:35,341 SO I WANT TO END WITH A FEW 724 00:34:35,341 --> 00:34:36,742 SUMMARY AND NOTES HERE. 725 00:34:36,742 --> 00:34:42,214 AI WILL NEED TO OPERATE IN THE 726 00:34:42,214 --> 00:34:43,582 CURRENT PARADIGM, WE STILL HAVE 727 00:34:43,582 --> 00:34:45,651 TO GO THROUGH REGULATORY 728 00:34:45,651 --> 00:34:48,854 APPROVAL IT STILL HAS TO BE 729 00:34:48,854 --> 00:34:52,291 SAFE AND SAVE ON HUMANS BUT 730 00:34:52,291 --> 00:34:54,159 THERE IS A WAY TO DO THAT. 731 00:34:54,159 --> 00:34:56,028 WE CAN DESIGN THEM FASTER MORE 732 00:34:56,028 --> 00:34:57,663 STABLE, WE CAN REDUCE THE COSTS 733 00:34:57,663 --> 00:35:01,767 AND WE CAN DO THAT ALLOW US TO 734 00:35:01,767 --> 00:35:04,336 BE ROLLED OUT AND APPLY TO THE 735 00:35:04,336 --> 00:35:05,804 CONTEXT OF GLOBAL HEALTH WHICH 736 00:35:05,804 --> 00:35:08,107 IS REALLY WHERE THE RUBBER HIT 737 00:35:08,107 --> 00:35:08,974 THE ROAD. 738 00:35:08,974 --> 00:35:13,846 IT CAN BE WORK IF YOU THINK 739 00:35:13,846 --> 00:35:17,282 ABOUT GENOMICS IN 24,000 AND 740 00:35:17,282 --> 00:35:17,950 IT'S INTEGRATED AND EVERYONE 741 00:35:17,950 --> 00:35:20,452 USES. 742 00:35:20,452 --> 00:35:23,722 WE'RE NOT TO THE POINT WHERE 743 00:35:23,722 --> 00:35:25,691 IT'S PREDICT I HAVE WHERE WE 744 00:35:25,691 --> 00:35:27,726 HAVE A SEQUENCE AND ANTIGEN AND 745 00:35:27,726 --> 00:35:29,795 HOW IT'S GOING TO PERFORM THAT 746 00:35:29,795 --> 00:35:31,029 WILL BE YEARS AND JAZZER IN THE 747 00:35:31,029 --> 00:35:33,966 FUTURE BUT THERE ARE WAYS THAT 748 00:35:33,966 --> 00:35:37,002 AI CAN HELP IN SMALLER TWEAKS 749 00:35:37,002 --> 00:35:38,570 AND THEIR IMPACT ON PUBLIC 750 00:35:38,570 --> 00:35:39,071 HEALTH. 751 00:35:39,071 --> 00:35:45,878 THANK YOU. 752 00:35:45,878 --> 00:35:47,713 >> THANK YOU, TED. 753 00:35:47,713 --> 00:35:57,723 AND OUR NEXT SPEAKER IS 754 00:35:57,723 --> 00:35:58,490 YSABEL--ISABELLE. 755 00:35:58,490 --> 00:36:00,325 >> THANK YOU EVERYBODY, THANK 756 00:36:00,325 --> 00:36:03,495 YOU FOR INVITING I'M THE CHAIR 757 00:36:03,495 --> 00:36:05,297 OF MICROBIOLOGY GERMAN 758 00:36:05,297 --> 00:36:14,606 UNIVERSITY IN A SMALL CITY NEXT 759 00:36:14,606 --> 00:36:15,307 TO FRANKFORT. 760 00:36:15,307 --> 00:36:19,611 AND IF YOU NOTICE I HAVE SOME 761 00:36:19,611 --> 00:36:20,979 REGULATORY TOP COMPARING, I 762 00:36:20,979 --> 00:36:24,650 HAVE ALSO SERVED IN THE 763 00:36:24,650 --> 00:36:26,485 REGULATORY AGENCY IN GERMANY 764 00:36:26,485 --> 00:36:28,086 CALLED THE POLISH INSTITUTE FOR 765 00:36:28,086 --> 00:36:28,787 NINE YEARS. 766 00:36:28,787 --> 00:36:32,458 SO HERE WE GO, I THINK WE'RE 767 00:36:32,458 --> 00:36:39,231 ALL AWARE THAT COVID-19 CHANGED 768 00:36:39,231 --> 00:36:40,632 THE ADOPTION AND DEVELOPMENT. 769 00:36:40,632 --> 00:36:43,735 WE SAW THAT CAN INFLUENCE DRUG 770 00:36:43,735 --> 00:36:45,304 DESIGN AND ALSO THE FORMATIONS 771 00:36:45,304 --> 00:36:47,606 AND THERE WAS A LOT OF QUALITY 772 00:36:47,606 --> 00:36:49,741 AND TIME GAIN IN CLINICAL 773 00:36:49,741 --> 00:36:50,442 TRIALS. 774 00:36:50,442 --> 00:36:52,744 CONSISTENCY IS A BIG TOPIC AND 775 00:36:52,744 --> 00:36:53,545 VACCINE DEVELOPMENT BECAUSE 776 00:36:53,545 --> 00:36:55,948 WHEN YOU GO INTO YOUR CLINICAL 777 00:36:55,948 --> 00:36:58,016 PROGRAMS, YOU NEED TO BE SURE 778 00:36:58,016 --> 00:36:59,384 THAT ALL LOTS ARE COMPARABLE 779 00:36:59,384 --> 00:37:02,020 AND THAT YOU HAVE SAME SAFETY 780 00:37:02,020 --> 00:37:03,655 AND ETHICACY THROUGHOUT YOUR 781 00:37:03,655 --> 00:37:05,457 CLINICAL TRIALS AND THAT ALSO 782 00:37:05,457 --> 00:37:08,627 LEADS TO BEING AWARE THAT 783 00:37:08,627 --> 00:37:10,362 MANUFACTURING IS ALSO VERY VERY 784 00:37:10,362 --> 00:37:11,363 IMPORTANT. 785 00:37:11,363 --> 00:37:13,131 I'LL COME TO THIS IN A MINUTE. 786 00:37:13,131 --> 00:37:16,034 BUT I WOULD LIKE TO ALSO MAKE A 787 00:37:16,034 --> 00:37:21,240 NOTE NOTATION OF THE COVID-19 788 00:37:21,240 --> 00:37:26,144 VACCINES HAS ALSO BEEN 789 00:37:26,144 --> 00:37:27,446 INVOLVING AI. 790 00:37:27,446 --> 00:37:33,185 NOW WE LEARNED THAT CAN IMPROVE 791 00:37:33,185 --> 00:37:33,986 STANDARDIZATION OF THE PROCESS 792 00:37:33,986 --> 00:37:36,388 OF MANUFACTURING SO YOU GET NEW 793 00:37:36,388 --> 00:37:39,391 INSIDES INTO THE QUALITY 794 00:37:39,391 --> 00:37:41,693 CONTROL, CENSOR DATA ALL KINDS 795 00:37:41,693 --> 00:37:43,529 OF DATA THAT YOU CAN CAPTURE 796 00:37:43,529 --> 00:37:45,163 AND BETTER UNDERSTAND HOW 797 00:37:45,163 --> 00:37:47,266 ROBUST YOUR PROCESS SXZ YOU 798 00:37:47,266 --> 00:37:49,568 HAVE NUMBERS TO EVALUATE THE 799 00:37:49,568 --> 00:37:57,342 PROCESS TO HELP DEFINE THE 800 00:37:57,342 --> 00:37:57,809 QUALITY ATTRIBUTIONS. 801 00:37:57,809 --> 00:38:02,114 OVERALL, WE LEARNED THAT THIS 802 00:38:02,114 --> 00:38:04,383 IS NOT ONLY INCREASE THE 803 00:38:04,383 --> 00:38:06,218 QUALITY OF PRODUCT BUT 804 00:38:06,218 --> 00:38:07,352 CONSISTENCY OF THE DEVELOPMENT 805 00:38:07,352 --> 00:38:08,320 LATER ON. 806 00:38:08,320 --> 00:38:12,858 HOW WHAT ARE OUR EXPECTATIONS 807 00:38:12,858 --> 00:38:16,628 TO THE TO AI IN VACCINE EARLY 808 00:38:16,628 --> 00:38:19,231 VACCINE DISCOVERY? 809 00:38:19,231 --> 00:38:22,034 BASICALLY, AS ALREADY ALLUDED 810 00:38:22,034 --> 00:38:24,770 TO, WE HOPE THAT AU CAN IMPROVE 811 00:38:24,770 --> 00:38:35,180 EFFICIENCY AND ACCURACY 812 00:38:35,614 --> 00:38:36,949 ETHICACY. 813 00:38:36,949 --> 00:38:39,585 WE MIGHT NOT HAVE ALL OF THIS 814 00:38:39,585 --> 00:38:40,852 DATABASES BUT THIS IS SOMETHING 815 00:38:40,852 --> 00:38:42,788 THAT IS BEING STARTING TO BE 816 00:38:42,788 --> 00:38:44,756 BUILT. 817 00:38:44,756 --> 00:38:53,398 WE CAN USE A I TO PREDICT 818 00:38:53,398 --> 00:38:54,466 IMMUNENICITY THAT WOULD ALSO BE 819 00:38:54,466 --> 00:38:55,033 VALUABLE. 820 00:38:55,033 --> 00:38:58,937 AND THE POINT IS ALWAYS TO BE 821 00:38:58,937 --> 00:39:02,374 TAKEN THAT THAT PREDICT I HAVE 822 00:39:02,374 --> 00:39:04,009 VALUE WILL HAVE PROVEN AND WE 823 00:39:04,009 --> 00:39:05,911 NEED TO FIND WAY TO EVALUATE 824 00:39:05,911 --> 00:39:06,778 THAT. 825 00:39:06,778 --> 00:39:10,182 NOW IN THE AREA OF CLINICAL 826 00:39:10,182 --> 00:39:12,951 TRIALS, AS MENTIONED, THERE IS 827 00:39:12,951 --> 00:39:14,353 INCREASED FLEXIBILITY OF DESIGN. 828 00:39:14,353 --> 00:39:17,289 THIS IS MOVING ON FAST AND WE 829 00:39:17,289 --> 00:39:19,625 CAN OF COURSE USING SEEMLESS 830 00:39:19,625 --> 00:39:30,035 TRIALS WHERE YOU CAN SO 831 00:39:30,569 --> 00:39:32,504 SOMETIMES IT CAN BE DECISIONS 832 00:39:32,504 --> 00:39:35,941 ON WHETHER OR NOT HOW TO DESIGN 833 00:39:35,941 --> 00:39:39,845 THE CONTROL GROUPS. 834 00:39:39,845 --> 00:39:40,746 HOW TO GENETIC DEVELOPMENT. 835 00:39:40,746 --> 00:39:43,048 AND OF COURSE SO THIS GOES VERY 836 00:39:43,048 --> 00:39:52,090 MUCH INTO THE AREA OF BIOINFO 837 00:39:52,090 --> 00:39:54,126 MATICS BUT TO BETTER UNDERSTAND 838 00:39:54,126 --> 00:39:55,093 OUR ANALYSIS. 839 00:39:55,093 --> 00:40:04,503 WE SHOULD REALLY ALLUDE TO CORE 840 00:40:04,503 --> 00:40:05,871 LATIVE PROTECTION THAT NEEDS TO 841 00:40:05,871 --> 00:40:06,872 BE DESIGNED BEFORE YOU START 842 00:40:06,872 --> 00:40:08,440 DEVELOPMENT. 843 00:40:08,440 --> 00:40:11,009 SO WHEN IT'S ARBITRARY BUT NOW 844 00:40:11,009 --> 00:40:19,685 A DAYS, WE KNOW THAT TO FIND A 845 00:40:19,685 --> 00:40:22,220 CORERATIVE DATA, FROM CLINICAL 846 00:40:22,220 --> 00:40:25,190 TRIAL DATA WITH VACCINES AND BY 847 00:40:25,190 --> 00:40:28,360 AGGREGATING ALL OF THIS DATA WE 848 00:40:28,360 --> 00:40:30,395 CAN UNDERSTAND THE DIFFERENCE 849 00:40:30,395 --> 00:40:31,797 BETWEEN NATURAL AND UNDERSTAND 850 00:40:31,797 --> 00:40:33,632 THE WHAT THE VACCINE IMMUNITY 851 00:40:33,632 --> 00:40:35,067 CAN LOOK LIKE. 852 00:40:35,067 --> 00:40:37,602 WE HAVE POSSIBILITIES OF COURSE 853 00:40:37,602 --> 00:40:42,007 TO IDENTIFY THE CORELEX THAT 854 00:40:42,007 --> 00:40:44,042 COULD BE PROTECTIVE WHEN 855 00:40:44,042 --> 00:40:46,344 DEVELOPING VACCINE, SO BUY LOW 856 00:40:46,344 --> 00:40:47,946 THIS IMMUNE PROTECTION WHEN WE 857 00:40:47,946 --> 00:40:51,116 DEVELOP A VACCINE OR EVEN 858 00:40:51,116 --> 00:40:52,517 GENERATE A NEW VACCINE AND 859 00:40:52,517 --> 00:40:56,154 THERE IS A LOT OF HOPE THAT AI 860 00:40:56,154 --> 00:40:59,324 WILL BE AIDING IN DOING SO WHEN 861 00:40:59,324 --> 00:41:00,492 SUPPORTING OUR DECISIONS. 862 00:41:00,492 --> 00:41:02,828 WHEN FOR EXAMPLE, TO DO THE 863 00:41:02,828 --> 00:41:05,864 BOOSTER VACCINATION AND HOW TO 864 00:41:05,864 --> 00:41:08,166 BRIDGE NEW VACCINE PRODUCTS 865 00:41:08,166 --> 00:41:09,334 BASED ON ALREADY DEVELOPMENTS 866 00:41:09,334 --> 00:41:10,702 ALREADY AVAILABLE IN THE 867 00:41:10,702 --> 00:41:12,804 ABSENCE OF THE POSSIBILITY FOR 868 00:41:12,804 --> 00:41:15,006 EXAMPLE TO RUN AN ETHICACY 869 00:41:15,006 --> 00:41:16,708 STUDY ON SOME OF THE DISEASES 870 00:41:16,708 --> 00:41:20,712 THAT ONLY SHOW UP IN VERY RARE 871 00:41:20,712 --> 00:41:21,780 EPIDEMICS. 872 00:41:21,780 --> 00:41:24,516 SO NOW TO REALLY WANT TO DRIVE 873 00:41:24,516 --> 00:41:26,418 VACCINE DEVELOPMENT WE NEED TO 874 00:41:26,418 --> 00:41:27,986 UNDERSTAND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE 875 00:41:27,986 --> 00:41:28,720 AND VACCINE RESPONSE. 876 00:41:28,720 --> 00:41:39,264 SO A LOT OF THIS IS SERAEPIDEM 877 00:41:44,369 --> 00:41:45,437 PIOLOGY AND PLATFORM SO THEY'RE 878 00:41:45,437 --> 00:41:47,305 NOT JUST THERE TO HAVE A 879 00:41:47,305 --> 00:41:48,940 STANDARD PROCEDURE FOR 880 00:41:48,940 --> 00:41:50,776 PRODUCING VACCINES, WE ALSO 881 00:41:50,776 --> 00:41:53,311 NEED TO UNDERSTAND WHAT IS THE 882 00:41:53,311 --> 00:41:55,413 IMMUNE RESPONSE ELICITED BY A 883 00:41:55,413 --> 00:41:56,348 PLATFORM TECHNOLOGY, HOW DOES 884 00:41:56,348 --> 00:42:00,519 IT CHANGE WHEN WE INSERT AN 885 00:42:00,519 --> 00:42:01,686 ANTIGEN AND WHAT ARE THE 886 00:42:01,686 --> 00:42:03,989 LEARNINGS OUT OF THIS AND CAN 887 00:42:03,989 --> 00:42:06,525 WE ACTUALLY DEVELOP ALGORITHMS 888 00:42:06,525 --> 00:42:09,294 TO LATER ON SELECT THE BEST 889 00:42:09,294 --> 00:42:11,763 VACCINE PLATFORM OR TECHNOLOGY 890 00:42:11,763 --> 00:42:13,565 PLATFORM FOR PRODUCTION AND 891 00:42:13,565 --> 00:42:22,707 DEVELOPMENT OF CERTAIN VACCINE 892 00:42:22,707 --> 00:42:24,242 AGAINST DESIRED PATHOGEN. 893 00:42:24,242 --> 00:42:25,977 WE KNOW IN VERY MUCH DETAIL HOW 894 00:42:25,977 --> 00:42:26,711 THEY WORK. 895 00:42:26,711 --> 00:42:29,581 AND I THINK THAT THIS IS ALSO 896 00:42:29,581 --> 00:42:32,517 BIG OPPORTUNITY TO USE AI TO 897 00:42:32,517 --> 00:42:37,055 ACTUALLY UNDERSTAND WHAT THE 898 00:42:37,055 --> 00:42:40,258 BEST FORMATIONS AND COMBINATION 899 00:42:40,258 --> 00:42:42,127 OF ANTIGEN TO ACTUALLY BE 900 00:42:42,127 --> 00:42:43,995 FASTER IN THE DEVELOPMENT OR 901 00:42:43,995 --> 00:42:46,965 ACHIEVEMENT OF A VERY ETHICACY 902 00:42:46,965 --> 00:42:47,432 AND SAFE PRODUCT. 903 00:42:47,432 --> 00:42:49,768 AND OF COURSE AS ALREADY 904 00:42:49,768 --> 00:42:54,072 MENTIONED, IT IS IMPORTANT TO 905 00:42:54,072 --> 00:42:55,440 UNDERSTAND THE BOOSTER 906 00:42:55,440 --> 00:42:57,042 INTERVALS AND CORRELATE DATA 907 00:42:57,042 --> 00:42:58,877 AND TO INTERPRET THIS DATA AND 908 00:42:58,877 --> 00:43:01,613 I THINK AI CAN ALSO MAKE THIS 909 00:43:01,613 --> 00:43:04,115 MUCH EASIER AND ENHANCE THE 910 00:43:04,115 --> 00:43:05,283 SPEED IN THIS. 911 00:43:05,283 --> 00:43:09,621 NOW THIS IS JUST TO REMIND YOU 912 00:43:09,621 --> 00:43:10,989 THAT IN PANDEMIC PREPAREDNESS, 913 00:43:10,989 --> 00:43:13,291 WE SPEAK ABOUT THE VACCINE PLAT 914 00:43:13,291 --> 00:43:15,827 FORMS THAT WE HAVE AVAILABLE TO 915 00:43:15,827 --> 00:43:17,896 DEVELOP NEW VACCINES AND YOU 916 00:43:17,896 --> 00:43:25,437 SEE THEY RANGE FROM WHOLESALES 917 00:43:25,437 --> 00:43:30,675 TO VECTOR VACCINES AND NIRA, 918 00:43:30,675 --> 00:43:34,779 SOME ARE T-CELL PRONE AND SOME 919 00:43:34,779 --> 00:43:38,416 ARE MORE ANTIBODY PRONE, AND WE 920 00:43:38,416 --> 00:43:41,186 HAVE SO MUCH INFORMATION BUT WE 921 00:43:41,186 --> 00:43:42,888 NEED TO INTEGRATE THIS 922 00:43:42,888 --> 00:43:44,155 KNOWLEDGE TOGETHER FOR EXAMPLE 923 00:43:44,155 --> 00:43:46,424 THE INFORMATION THAT WE HAVE 924 00:43:46,424 --> 00:43:49,094 ABOUT THE ANTIGENS HOW THEY 925 00:43:49,094 --> 00:43:52,964 FUNCTION WHAT TYPE OF IMMUNITY 926 00:43:52,964 --> 00:43:54,833 THEY CAN PRODUCE, ARE THEY 927 00:43:54,833 --> 00:43:56,768 DRIVING IMMUNE RESPONSE INTO 928 00:43:56,768 --> 00:43:57,602 AFFECTIVE FUNCTION. 929 00:43:57,602 --> 00:43:59,871 AND THIS OF COURSE WE CAN 930 00:43:59,871 --> 00:44:00,505 EXPLOIT FOR VACCINE DEVELOPMENT 931 00:44:00,505 --> 00:44:02,607 AND I THINK THAT AI WOULD BE 932 00:44:02,607 --> 00:44:05,377 ABLE TO HELP US WITH THIS IF WE 933 00:44:05,377 --> 00:44:09,014 FIND THE RIGHT ALGORITHMS. 934 00:44:09,014 --> 00:44:12,250 NOW THE CLINICAL TRIAL 935 00:44:12,250 --> 00:44:13,418 LANDSCAPE HAS STRONGLY CHANGED 936 00:44:13,418 --> 00:44:15,720 OVER THE LAST TEN YEARS. 937 00:44:15,720 --> 00:44:18,490 OF COURSE WE'VE COME FROM 938 00:44:18,490 --> 00:44:21,026 TRADITIONAL ONSITE TRIALS WITH 939 00:44:21,026 --> 00:44:22,661 SUBJECT RECRUITMENT IN CERTAIN 940 00:44:22,661 --> 00:44:24,496 TRIAL SITES AND NOW WE'RE OF 941 00:44:24,496 --> 00:44:29,301 COURSE LOOKING AT HYBRID TRIALS 942 00:44:29,301 --> 00:44:30,201 AND DECENTRALIZED TRIALS THAT 943 00:44:30,201 --> 00:44:31,536 CAN FURTHER THE POSSIBILITY TO 944 00:44:31,536 --> 00:44:33,805 DO MORE LONG TERM STUDIES ON 945 00:44:33,805 --> 00:44:36,775 DISEASES, LONG TERM SAFETY AND 946 00:44:36,775 --> 00:44:38,176 ETHICACY DATA ANALYSIS AND 947 00:44:38,176 --> 00:44:41,146 COLLECTION OF DATA AND THAT CAN 948 00:44:41,146 --> 00:44:42,781 HELP IMPROVE ALSO COMPLYING AND 949 00:44:42,781 --> 00:44:43,648 CARE OUTCOMES. 950 00:44:43,648 --> 00:44:45,250 SO WITH THIS CHANGE THAT WE 951 00:44:45,250 --> 00:44:46,751 HAVE GOING THROUGH IN THE LAST 952 00:44:46,751 --> 00:44:50,188 FEW YEARS, WE HAVE ALSO 953 00:44:50,188 --> 00:44:53,525 ESTABLISHED THAT THERE IS MORE 954 00:44:53,525 --> 00:44:55,593 AND MORE DIGITAL, LET'S CALL IT 955 00:44:55,593 --> 00:45:04,703 DIGITAL SUPPORT AND DIDGIZATION 956 00:45:04,703 --> 00:45:07,706 --DIGITIZATION AND WE HAVE USED 957 00:45:07,706 --> 00:45:12,043 AI ALGORITHMS FOR 958 00:45:12,043 --> 00:45:13,445 INTERPRETATION FOR THE RESULTS 959 00:45:13,445 --> 00:45:14,846 AND ANALYSIS THAT WE WERE ABLE 960 00:45:14,846 --> 00:45:17,816 TO HAVE OR ACCESS BEFORE. 961 00:45:17,816 --> 00:45:19,150 >> TWO MINUTES. 962 00:45:19,150 --> 00:45:21,453 >> THE LAST POINT, I THINK WE 963 00:45:21,453 --> 00:45:23,955 WILL, THANK YOU, WHERE WE WILL 964 00:45:23,955 --> 00:45:26,925 SEE THAT AI AND MACHINE 965 00:45:26,925 --> 00:45:29,627 LEARNING WILL BE HELPFUL IS WE 966 00:45:29,627 --> 00:45:31,496 NEED TO DECIDE ABOUT 967 00:45:31,496 --> 00:45:32,430 IMMUNIZATION CAMPAIGNS AND 968 00:45:32,430 --> 00:45:34,499 TRIAL DESIGNS ESPECIALLY IN 969 00:45:34,499 --> 00:45:36,868 PANDEMICS OR EPIDEMICS ON HOW 970 00:45:36,868 --> 00:45:37,569 TO GO FORWARD. 971 00:45:37,569 --> 00:45:39,170 THIS IS SOMETHING WHERE WE WILL 972 00:45:39,170 --> 00:45:41,106 LEARN HOW TO INTEGRATE THE DATA 973 00:45:41,106 --> 00:45:43,308 THAT WE NEED AND HOW TO ALSO 974 00:45:43,308 --> 00:45:46,911 USE REAL WORLD EVIDENCE LATER 975 00:45:46,911 --> 00:45:50,315 ON TO INTERPRET THE AVAILABLE 976 00:45:50,315 --> 00:45:52,384 DATA ON ETHICACY AND SAFETY. 977 00:45:52,384 --> 00:45:54,686 SO HERE'S SOME LAST POINTS ON 978 00:45:54,686 --> 00:45:56,755 WHAT IS BEING DONE IN THE 979 00:45:56,755 --> 00:45:57,889 REGULATORY THE MOST IMPORTANT 980 00:45:57,889 --> 00:46:04,329 POINT IS THAT THE INPUT INTO AN 981 00:46:04,329 --> 00:46:05,864 AI ALGORITHM HAS TO BE CLEAR, 982 00:46:05,864 --> 00:46:08,533 IT HAS TO BE TRANSPARENT AND 983 00:46:08,533 --> 00:46:09,200 UNBIASED. 984 00:46:09,200 --> 00:46:10,602 THIS IS NOT REALLY TO DO. 985 00:46:10,602 --> 00:46:14,072 THIS IS AN ICH GUIDELINES THAT 986 00:46:14,072 --> 00:46:18,143 HIGHLIGHTS THAT YOU NEED TO 987 00:46:18,143 --> 00:46:19,077 DISTINGUISH WHETHER THEY'RE 988 00:46:19,077 --> 00:46:22,247 HIGH IMPACT OR LOW OR MEDIUM 989 00:46:22,247 --> 00:46:23,248 IMPACT MODELS AND DEPENDING ON 990 00:46:23,248 --> 00:46:27,352 THAT YOU CAN DEFAOUN A RISK AND 991 00:46:27,352 --> 00:46:28,787 DEPENDING ON THAT RISK, YOU 992 00:46:28,787 --> 00:46:32,891 WILLING YOU --YOU WILL HAVE TO 993 00:46:32,891 --> 00:46:34,526 CONTROL YOUR MODEL AND THE 994 00:46:34,526 --> 00:46:36,094 EUROPEAN COMMISSION HAS STATED 995 00:46:36,094 --> 00:46:38,763 THAT THE AI SYSTEMS IF THEY'RE, 996 00:46:38,763 --> 00:46:41,099 THEY NEED TO BE DECIDE AND 997 00:46:41,099 --> 00:46:42,901 DEVELOPED IN SUCH A WAY THAT 998 00:46:42,901 --> 00:46:44,302 NATURAL PERSONS CAN SEE THE 999 00:46:44,302 --> 00:46:45,937 FUNCTIONING AND THEY NEED THE 1000 00:46:45,937 --> 00:46:47,739 NECESSARY TRAINING AND 1001 00:46:47,739 --> 00:46:49,374 AUTHORITY TO CARRY OUT THIS 1002 00:46:49,374 --> 00:46:51,409 ROLE AND WHAT WE'RE LEARNING IS 1003 00:46:51,409 --> 00:46:53,044 THAT WE'LL NEED TO LEARN, WE'LL 1004 00:46:53,044 --> 00:46:54,913 NEED TO LEARN WITH SYSTEMS AND 1005 00:46:54,913 --> 00:46:58,149 WE NEED TO TRAIN THESE TO 1006 00:46:58,149 --> 00:46:59,050 UNDERSTAND WHAT OUR BENCH MARKS 1007 00:46:59,050 --> 00:47:00,251 ARE. 1008 00:47:00,251 --> 00:47:02,087 AND OF COURSE, WE MIGHT WANT TO 1009 00:47:02,087 --> 00:47:04,656 LOCK A SYSTEM JUST TO MAKE SURE 1010 00:47:04,656 --> 00:47:06,291 THAT IT DOESN'T CONTINUOUSLY 1011 00:47:06,291 --> 00:47:09,294 CHANGE AND THAT WE CAN PROVIDE 1012 00:47:09,294 --> 00:47:10,662 CONSISTENCY OF VACCINE 1013 00:47:10,662 --> 00:47:13,331 DEVELOPMENT AND LATER ON HAVE 1014 00:47:13,331 --> 00:47:13,665 VACCINES. 1015 00:47:13,665 --> 00:47:15,500 THIS IS TO SUMMARIZE THE 1016 00:47:15,500 --> 00:47:18,036 POTENTIAL OF AI ACCORDING TO MY 1017 00:47:18,036 --> 00:47:21,439 OPINION IS THAT WE CAN SEE THE 1018 00:47:21,439 --> 00:47:24,409 DATA COULD BE INTEGRATED FOR 1019 00:47:24,409 --> 00:47:29,214 COMBINED PATHOGEN AND VARIANT 1020 00:47:29,214 --> 00:47:30,582 PATHOGEN ADAPTED AND IMMUNE 1021 00:47:30,582 --> 00:47:30,882 DEVELOPMENT. 1022 00:47:30,882 --> 00:47:34,052 I THINK IT IS VERY USEFUL FOR 1023 00:47:34,052 --> 00:47:37,789 DEFINE ING UNKNOWN IMMUNE FOR 1024 00:47:37,789 --> 00:47:40,525 PREDICTING XWINTIONZ OF VACCINE 1025 00:47:40,525 --> 00:47:44,395 AND ANTIGEN AND FORMULATIONS. 1026 00:47:44,395 --> 00:47:48,600 THEY AI MAY BE HELPFUL THIS 1027 00:47:48,600 --> 00:47:53,271 SEEMLESS EXECUTION. 1028 00:47:53,271 --> 00:47:55,306 IMMUNIZATION CAMPAIGNS AND 1029 00:47:55,306 --> 00:47:56,207 REALTIME AND STUDIES IN 1030 00:47:56,207 --> 00:47:56,941 REALTIME. 1031 00:47:56,941 --> 00:47:58,977 THERE IS OF COURSE NEEDS, WE 1032 00:47:58,977 --> 00:48:00,845 NEED TO BE CAREFUL, WE NEED TO 1033 00:48:00,845 --> 00:48:02,680 UNDERSTAND THE CRITERIA FOR 1034 00:48:02,680 --> 00:48:06,151 RISK EVALUATION ON THESE AI 1035 00:48:06,151 --> 00:48:09,621 ALGORITHMS AND THERE IS 1036 00:48:09,621 --> 00:48:16,995 BENCHMARKED NEEDED ON THIS. 1037 00:48:16,995 --> 00:48:18,830 WE NEED TO VALIDATE THE SYSTEMS 1038 00:48:18,830 --> 00:48:20,431 AND WHAT KIND OF REFERENCES WE 1039 00:48:20,431 --> 00:48:22,934 CAN USE AND OF COURSE FINALLY, 1040 00:48:22,934 --> 00:48:26,604 WE'RE HOPING FOR IS 1041 00:48:26,604 --> 00:48:28,439 PREDICTABILITY FOR RELIABLE 1042 00:48:28,439 --> 00:48:30,275 OUTCOMES IN TERMS OF ETHICACY 1043 00:48:30,275 --> 00:48:32,110 BUT OF COURSE THIS NEEDS TO BE 1044 00:48:32,110 --> 00:48:34,012 SOMETHING THAT WE FIND 1045 00:48:34,012 --> 00:48:36,281 MECHANISMS ON HOW TO PROVE THIS 1046 00:48:36,281 --> 00:48:38,550 AND MEASURE THIS ON A LONG TERM 1047 00:48:38,550 --> 00:48:39,350 SCALE. 1048 00:48:39,350 --> 00:48:42,520 AND WITH THIS, I LIKE TO THANK 1049 00:48:42,520 --> 00:48:45,924 YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION. 1050 00:48:45,924 --> 00:48:49,928 >> THANK YOU, ISABELLE. 1051 00:48:49,928 --> 00:48:53,231 >> THANK YOU AND OUR NEXT 1052 00:48:53,231 --> 00:48:55,099 SPEAKER IS FROM UNIVERSITY OF 1053 00:48:55,099 --> 00:48:56,935 CAPETOWN AND THEN WE'LL MOVE 1054 00:48:56,935 --> 00:49:02,640 INTO PANEL DISCUSSION. 1055 00:49:02,640 --> 00:49:12,917 WE CAN'T HEAR YOU. 1056 00:49:12,917 --> 00:49:14,519 NO. 1057 00:49:14,519 --> 00:49:19,591 CAN ANYONE ELSE HERE HER? 1058 00:49:19,591 --> 00:49:23,895 >> NO I CAN'T HEAR HER, MAYBE 1059 00:49:23,895 --> 00:49:26,831 WE CAN MOVE TO A QUESTION AND 1060 00:49:26,831 --> 00:49:28,833 IN THE MEANTIME WE'LL FIX HER 1061 00:49:28,833 --> 00:49:29,834 AUDIO. 1062 00:49:29,834 --> 00:49:30,835 >> YEAH. 1063 00:49:30,835 --> 00:49:33,238 THIS IS ONE OF THE QUESTION 1064 00:49:33,238 --> 00:49:34,639 FROM ANA THAT WAS ALSO GOING TO 1065 00:49:34,639 --> 00:49:40,044 BE A QUESTION FOR THE PANEL, SO 1066 00:49:40,044 --> 00:49:42,780 I WILLLLINOIS MODIFY A LITTLE 1067 00:49:42,780 --> 00:49:46,417 BIT. 1068 00:49:46,417 --> 00:49:54,259 AND I WAS HOPING CHANGI, WOULD 1069 00:49:54,259 --> 00:49:55,860 BE TOUCHING ON THIS. 1070 00:49:55,860 --> 00:49:57,862 ONE OF THE BIG PROBLEM WITH AI 1071 00:49:57,862 --> 00:50:02,200 AND THIS GOES TO ALL OF MY 1072 00:50:02,200 --> 00:50:05,403 PANEL MEMBERS, TED, ISABELLE 1073 00:50:05,403 --> 00:50:08,373 YOU NEED A LOT OF DATA WHEN 1074 00:50:08,373 --> 00:50:10,241 CREATING THESE AI MODELS. 1075 00:50:10,241 --> 00:50:12,277 WHAT ARE THE ISSUES THAT WE 1076 00:50:12,277 --> 00:50:18,283 NEED TO BE AWARE OF FOR USING 1077 00:50:18,283 --> 00:50:19,684 AI IN VACCINE DEVELOPMENT? 1078 00:50:19,684 --> 00:50:23,855 WHAT KIND OF DATA WE NEED? 1079 00:50:23,855 --> 00:50:26,190 WHAT IS THE GAP WHAT SHOULD WE 1080 00:50:26,190 --> 00:50:27,959 FOCUS ON? 1081 00:50:27,959 --> 00:50:29,460 >> I CAN TAKE THE FIRST SHOT AT 1082 00:50:29,460 --> 00:50:30,028 THAT. 1083 00:50:30,028 --> 00:50:32,096 THIS IS SOMETHING THAT ACTUALLY 1084 00:50:32,096 --> 00:50:35,800 THINK THIS IS GOING TO REALLY 1085 00:50:35,800 --> 00:50:37,235 INHIBIT POTENTIALLY INHIBIT THE 1086 00:50:37,235 --> 00:50:37,935 IMPACT OF AI. 1087 00:50:37,935 --> 00:50:40,438 THERE IS A LOT OF DATA IN THE 1088 00:50:40,438 --> 00:50:42,940 VACCINE WORLD AND IMMUNOLOGY 1089 00:50:42,940 --> 00:50:46,844 WORLD, BUT IT'S NOT SEQUESTERED 1090 00:50:46,844 --> 00:50:49,147 AND NOT ACCESSIBLE. 1091 00:50:49,147 --> 00:50:52,350 AND IF YOU SEE CHAT GBT, 1092 00:50:52,350 --> 00:50:53,751 THEY'RE SUCKING UP ALL THE TEXT 1093 00:50:53,751 --> 00:50:57,088 THAT IS HAS BEEN BEEN WRITTEN 1094 00:50:57,088 --> 00:50:57,955 AND PRODUCED. 1095 00:50:57,955 --> 00:50:59,557 THAT WAS THE DRIVER TO ALLOW 1096 00:50:59,557 --> 00:51:01,826 THESE THINGS TO GET BETTER AND 1097 00:51:01,826 --> 00:51:08,633 BETTER AND FOUNDATIONAL MODELS 1098 00:51:08,633 --> 00:51:10,735 NOT TRAINED ON WHERE YOU CAN 1099 00:51:10,735 --> 00:51:11,669 SEE REALLY BIG ADVANCES. 1100 00:51:11,669 --> 00:51:14,405 AND I THINK IN THE CASE OF THE 1101 00:51:14,405 --> 00:51:16,441 NOBEL PRIZE, IT SEEMS LIKE IT 1102 00:51:16,441 --> 00:51:23,247 JUST HAPPENED BUT THERE WAS AN 1103 00:51:23,247 --> 00:51:24,849 ACCESSIBLE DATABASE THAT WAS 1104 00:51:24,849 --> 00:51:25,750 THERE FOR YEARS. 1105 00:51:25,750 --> 00:51:27,585 DO WE HAVE THOSE SAME THINGS IN 1106 00:51:27,585 --> 00:51:29,220 OTHER AREAS AND I'M NOT SO SURE 1107 00:51:29,220 --> 00:51:33,057 THAT WE DO. 1108 00:51:33,057 --> 00:51:35,326 >> I WOULD LIKE TO PICK UP THE 1109 00:51:35,326 --> 00:51:36,260 QUESTION VERY BRIEFLY BECAUSE I 1110 00:51:36,260 --> 00:51:37,862 WANT TO POINT OUT THAT WE 1111 00:51:37,862 --> 00:51:38,730 SOMETIMES DON'T KNOW WHAT THE 1112 00:51:38,730 --> 00:51:40,431 QUALITY OF THE DATA WERE 1113 00:51:40,431 --> 00:51:42,300 AVAILABLE AND WE HAVE TO BE 1114 00:51:42,300 --> 00:51:43,935 VERY SURE THAT THEY'RE UNBIASED. 1115 00:51:43,935 --> 00:51:46,738 SO WE WILL HAVE TO FIND 1116 00:51:46,738 --> 00:51:49,006 CRITERIA ON HOW TO JUDGE ON THE 1117 00:51:49,006 --> 00:51:51,075 QUALITY AND DECIDE WHETHER THE 1118 00:51:51,075 --> 00:51:52,677 QUALITY THRESHOLD IS BASICALLY 1119 00:51:52,677 --> 00:51:54,345 REACHED TO INCLUDE THEM IN OUR 1120 00:51:54,345 --> 00:51:56,848 DATABASES THAT WE CAN USE AND 1121 00:51:56,848 --> 00:51:59,250 MAKE AVAILABLE FOR AI 1122 00:51:59,250 --> 00:52:01,919 ALGORITHMS AND I THINK THIS IS 1123 00:52:01,919 --> 00:52:03,855 ONE THING OF LAST CHALLENGE FOR 1124 00:52:03,855 --> 00:52:05,156 THE NEAR FUTURE. 1125 00:52:05,156 --> 00:52:08,393 >> SO LET'S JUMP OFF OF THAT. 1126 00:52:08,393 --> 00:52:11,362 THERE ARE TWO THINGS, ONE IS 1127 00:52:11,362 --> 00:52:13,631 THIS NEAR FUTURE, RIGHT, SO 1128 00:52:13,631 --> 00:52:15,700 WHAT DO WE NEED TO DO NEAR 1129 00:52:15,700 --> 00:52:17,101 FUTURE AND WHAT DO WE NEED TO 1130 00:52:17,101 --> 00:52:19,404 DO IN THE LONG TERM TO MAKE 1131 00:52:19,404 --> 00:52:21,539 SURE THAT TEN YEARS FROM NOW, 1132 00:52:21,539 --> 00:52:24,041 EVEN IF DATA DOES NOT EXIST 1133 00:52:24,041 --> 00:52:25,643 TODAY, WHAT SHOULD WE BE DOING 1134 00:52:25,643 --> 00:52:30,615 SO THAT TEN YEARS FROM NOW, WE 1135 00:52:30,615 --> 00:52:32,016 HAVE ANOTHER PROTEIN DATA BANK 1136 00:52:32,016 --> 00:52:34,786 SO THERE IS ANOTHER NOBEL PRIZE 1137 00:52:34,786 --> 00:52:35,720 IN VACCINE THROUGH AI? 1138 00:52:35,720 --> 00:52:43,194 >> A LOT OF THIS IS MUNDANE 1139 00:52:43,194 --> 00:52:45,029 STUFF LIKE LIEU AGREEMENTS AND 1140 00:52:45,029 --> 00:52:47,064 SHARING OF CLINICAL PROTOCOLS, 1141 00:52:47,064 --> 00:52:49,834 HAVING THE SHARING OF, YOU 1142 00:52:49,834 --> 00:52:52,103 KNOW, APPROPRIATE SHARING OF 1143 00:52:52,103 --> 00:52:53,271 PATIENT PROTECTED DATA BUT NOT 1144 00:52:53,271 --> 00:52:54,772 JUST FROM A SINGLE SITE BUT ALL 1145 00:52:54,772 --> 00:52:55,339 SITES. 1146 00:52:55,339 --> 00:52:59,510 THERE IS A LOST DATA T NOT TO 1147 00:52:59,510 --> 00:53:01,612 BILLABLE PHARMA BUT A LOT OF 1148 00:53:01,612 --> 00:53:02,980 DATA, PROBABLY THE MOST DATA 1149 00:53:02,980 --> 00:53:05,349 THAT IS THERE THAT IS 1150 00:53:05,349 --> 00:53:06,451 UNDERLYING IP, IS THERE A WAY 1151 00:53:06,451 --> 00:53:08,686 TO USE THAT SO THAT THE WHOLE 1152 00:53:08,686 --> 00:53:12,390 FIELD IN A BETTER SPOT FIVE 1153 00:53:12,390 --> 00:53:15,159 YEARS FROM NOW THAN WE ARE NOW. 1154 00:53:15,159 --> 00:53:16,561 IF IT'S NOT ACCESSIBLE WE'RE 1155 00:53:16,561 --> 00:53:22,233 GOING TO HAVE SOME PROBLEMS. 1156 00:53:22,233 --> 00:53:31,175 >> ALL RIGHT, AND ISABELLE YOU 1157 00:53:31,175 --> 00:53:32,877 HAD SOMETHING ON ABILITY ON THE 1158 00:53:32,877 --> 00:53:33,945 LAST SLIDE. 1159 00:53:33,945 --> 00:53:39,617 I ALSO SKIPPED A SLIDE ABOUT 1160 00:53:39,617 --> 00:53:40,318 RELIABILITY. 1161 00:53:40,318 --> 00:53:42,386 WHAT DID YOU MEAN BY THAT? 1162 00:53:42,386 --> 00:53:45,122 MAYBE YOU AND I HAVE DIFFERENT 1163 00:53:45,122 --> 00:53:46,757 POINT OF VIEW ON THAT BUT IT'S 1164 00:53:46,757 --> 00:53:49,026 SOMETHING THAT I ALSO THU ABOUT 1165 00:53:49,026 --> 00:53:54,332 A LOT. 1166 00:53:54,332 --> 00:53:56,000 WHAT IS THE GAP THAT NEEDS TO 1167 00:53:56,000 --> 00:54:01,606 BE ADDRESSED? 1168 00:54:01,606 --> 00:54:06,444 >> WE NEED TO LEARN AND TEST 1169 00:54:06,444 --> 00:54:09,247 OUR ALGORITHMS FOR PERFORMANCE, 1170 00:54:09,247 --> 00:54:11,315 MEANING THAT WE CAN USE THEM 1171 00:54:11,315 --> 00:54:14,519 FOR CIRCUMSTANCES AND ALWAYS 1172 00:54:14,519 --> 00:54:15,887 PREDICT THE ROBUSTNESS OF AN 1173 00:54:15,887 --> 00:54:17,021 OUTCOME AND WE NEED TO 1174 00:54:17,021 --> 00:54:18,189 UNDERSTAND HOW TO USE THEM. 1175 00:54:18,189 --> 00:54:19,790 LET'S SAY WHEN YOU USE A 1176 00:54:19,790 --> 00:54:21,626 PRODUCT, YOU HAVE A TARGET 1177 00:54:21,626 --> 00:54:23,027 PROFILE YOU HAVE AN INDICATION 1178 00:54:23,027 --> 00:54:24,629 AND WE NEED AN INDICATION 1179 00:54:24,629 --> 00:54:28,065 TOERER OUR ALGORITHM TO 1180 00:54:28,065 --> 00:54:30,067 UNDERSTAND TO USE FROM ANOTHER 1181 00:54:30,067 --> 00:54:32,003 PATHOGEN AND IN THE SETTING 1182 00:54:32,003 --> 00:54:33,838 THAT WHEN WE LET'S SAY, DEVELOP 1183 00:54:33,838 --> 00:54:36,841 VACCINE FOR A NEW VARIANT OF 1184 00:54:36,841 --> 00:54:38,643 THE SAME VIRUS OR IS THERE 1185 00:54:38,643 --> 00:54:39,343 SOMETHING VERY GENERAL? 1186 00:54:39,343 --> 00:54:41,846 AND HOW DO WE TEST FOR THIS 1187 00:54:41,846 --> 00:54:43,681 WHAT ARE THE PERFORMANCE 1188 00:54:43,681 --> 00:54:45,616 INDICATORS AND THE MAJOR 1189 00:54:45,616 --> 00:54:47,351 THOUGHT IS ALWAYS THAT WE WOULD 1190 00:54:47,351 --> 00:54:49,420 NOT ONLY WANT OUR PRODUCT TO BE 1191 00:54:49,420 --> 00:54:51,522 CONSISTENT IN TERMS OF ETHICACY 1192 00:54:51,522 --> 00:54:54,525 AND SAFETY BUT ALSO IN A WAY 1193 00:54:54,525 --> 00:54:57,528 THESE ALGORITHMS THAT WE'RE 1194 00:54:57,528 --> 00:54:59,130 USING, THEY NEED TO BE 1195 00:54:59,130 --> 00:55:00,131 SOMETHING THAT THEY KNOW VERY 1196 00:55:00,131 --> 00:55:02,133 WELL AND WE CAN CONTROL IN THE 1197 00:55:02,133 --> 00:55:05,069 SENSE THAT THEY ALWAYS DELIVER 1198 00:55:05,069 --> 00:55:08,806 THE SAME SORT OF OUTPUT. 1199 00:55:08,806 --> 00:55:10,675 >> UH-HUH, SO THAT'S A GREAT 1200 00:55:10,675 --> 00:55:12,209 ANSWER I THINK WE ARE IN LINE 1201 00:55:12,209 --> 00:55:12,777 THERE. 1202 00:55:12,777 --> 00:55:15,513 ONE OF THE ISSUE FROM THE WORK 1203 00:55:15,513 --> 00:55:19,917 THAT WE DO, HAS ALWAYS BEEN 1204 00:55:19,917 --> 00:55:29,794 THAT EVEN FOR THE SAME SET OF 1205 00:55:29,794 --> 00:55:36,233 INPUT SO SAY EBMC, EVEN IF YOU 1206 00:55:36,233 --> 00:55:40,805 DO SOMETHING AS MUNDANE AS SAME 1207 00:55:40,805 --> 00:55:42,873 TISSUE OF ACCURACY FROM 240 1208 00:55:42,873 --> 00:55:44,508 PERCENT TO 90 PERCENT WHAT THAT 1209 00:55:44,508 --> 00:55:48,212 MEANS IS WE CAN TAKE THE DATA 1210 00:55:48,212 --> 00:55:51,716 OR THE OUTPUT OF THIS AI MOLD 1211 00:55:51,716 --> 00:55:56,187 AS OF YET AS FACE VALUE AND PUT 1212 00:55:56,187 --> 00:55:57,989 THEM INTO PIPELINE. 1213 00:55:57,989 --> 00:55:59,857 WE STILL NEED TO GO BACK AND 1214 00:55:59,857 --> 00:56:00,758 SPOT CHECK THE RESULTS AND 1215 00:56:00,758 --> 00:56:02,893 THAT'S ONE OF THE ISSUES THAT 1216 00:56:02,893 --> 00:56:06,097 IS LIMITING THE ABILITY OF THIS 1217 00:56:06,097 --> 00:56:08,099 AI MODELS OVERALL IN 1218 00:56:08,099 --> 00:56:12,069 BIOMEDICINE. 1219 00:56:12,069 --> 00:56:22,413 AND WHEN YOU SEE WHAT THEY DID, 1220 00:56:22,413 --> 00:56:25,850 THEY HAD A SET OF BENCHMARKS 1221 00:56:25,850 --> 00:56:27,218 WHAT THEIR MODELS WERE 1222 00:56:27,218 --> 00:56:27,718 OUTPUTTING. 1223 00:56:27,718 --> 00:56:28,886 WE DON'T HAVE THAT AND THAT'S 1224 00:56:28,886 --> 00:56:30,254 ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WE NEED 1225 00:56:30,254 --> 00:56:32,323 TO START THINKING ABOUT, 1226 00:56:32,323 --> 00:56:34,859 DEVELOPING THIS DATA SET SO WE 1227 00:56:34,859 --> 00:56:36,394 CAN TEST MODELS AS THEY COME A 1228 00:56:36,394 --> 00:56:40,097 LONG. 1229 00:56:40,097 --> 00:56:43,834 ALL RIGHT, DO WE HAVE CHANG LEE 1230 00:56:43,834 --> 00:56:45,236 ON THE CALL AGAIN? 1231 00:56:45,236 --> 00:56:46,771 OTHERWISE WE CAN GO TO THE NEXT 1232 00:56:46,771 --> 00:56:49,306 QUESTION. 1233 00:56:49,306 --> 00:56:50,808 >> YEAH, I HOPE YOU CAN HEAR ME 1234 00:56:50,808 --> 00:56:51,609 NOW. 1235 00:56:51,609 --> 00:56:53,444 >> YES. 1236 00:56:53,444 --> 00:56:56,981 CHANG LEE, GO AHEAD. 1237 00:56:56,981 --> 00:56:59,383 >> THANKS, SO THANKS FOR HAVING 1238 00:56:59,383 --> 00:57:09,660 ME ON THE PANEL. 1239 00:57:13,264 --> 00:57:16,400 FIRST I THINK WHEN THE 1240 00:57:16,400 --> 00:57:18,969 GENERALLY TALK ABOUT ISSUES, WE 1241 00:57:18,969 --> 00:57:20,805 SPEND TO THINK THE CHALLENGES. 1242 00:57:20,805 --> 00:57:22,940 BUT I REALLY LIKE TO START BY 1243 00:57:22,940 --> 00:57:28,512 SAYING THAT WE NEED TO FIRST OF 1244 00:57:28,512 --> 00:57:31,515 ALL MAKE EFFORTS TO TALK ABOUT 1245 00:57:31,515 --> 00:57:33,584 THE BENEFITS OF DATA SCIENCE 1246 00:57:33,584 --> 00:57:37,955 FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. 1247 00:57:37,955 --> 00:57:39,457 BEING IN TERMS OF DATA SHARING 1248 00:57:39,457 --> 00:57:42,660 OR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TOOLS 1249 00:57:42,660 --> 00:57:44,395 OR INTERVENTIONS SUCH AS 1250 00:57:44,395 --> 00:57:46,530 VACCINES. 1251 00:57:46,530 --> 00:57:50,367 AND BUT IN THIS CAUSING 1252 00:57:50,367 --> 00:57:53,104 BENEFITS, WE NEED TO MAKE SURE 1253 00:57:53,104 --> 00:57:57,875 THAT VARIOUS PEOPLE, 1254 00:57:57,875 --> 00:58:01,946 COMMUNITIES, OR RESEARCHERS ARE 1255 00:58:01,946 --> 00:58:03,447 AWARE OF ETHICAL ISSUES THAT 1256 00:58:03,447 --> 00:58:05,649 MAY ARISE IN THE USE OF DATA 1257 00:58:05,649 --> 00:58:07,251 SCIENCE FOR THAT DEVELOPMENT. 1258 00:58:07,251 --> 00:58:11,288 AND THIS IS IMPORTANT JUST SO 1259 00:58:11,288 --> 00:58:14,925 THAT NO ONE SHOULD PERCEIVE 1260 00:58:14,925 --> 00:58:16,761 ETHICAL AND SOCIAL 1261 00:58:16,761 --> 00:58:19,296 CONSIDERATION AS CHALLENGES OR 1262 00:58:19,296 --> 00:58:20,431 DIFFICULT OPPORTUNITIES TO 1263 00:58:20,431 --> 00:58:25,402 THINK ABOUT HOW INNOVATIONS AND 1264 00:58:25,402 --> 00:58:26,570 SCIENCE CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE 1265 00:58:26,570 --> 00:58:29,774 VALUES AND COMMUNITIES. 1266 00:58:29,774 --> 00:58:34,979 BUT ALSO HOW THEY CAN EMBED 1267 00:58:34,979 --> 00:58:35,780 EVERYTHING AND ALL THAT IS 1268 00:58:35,780 --> 00:58:36,380 DEVELOPED. 1269 00:58:36,380 --> 00:58:40,251 I WOULD LIKE TO TALK ABOUT 1270 00:58:40,251 --> 00:58:41,852 ETHICAL ISSUES AND I'LL TALK 1271 00:58:41,852 --> 00:58:43,788 ABOUT THEM IN TWO AREAS. 1272 00:58:43,788 --> 00:58:45,222 THE FIRST, IS AROUND DATA 1273 00:58:45,222 --> 00:58:51,195 SHARING AND THE SECOND IS AI 1274 00:58:51,195 --> 00:58:55,666 USE AND DEVELOPMENT. 1275 00:58:55,666 --> 00:59:02,339 IN TERMS OF SHARING, WE CAN ALL 1276 00:59:02,339 --> 00:59:04,175 AGREE DID ETHICAL, AND ALL 1277 00:59:04,175 --> 00:59:06,877 OTHER SPEAKERS TALKED ABOUT THE 1278 00:59:06,877 --> 00:59:09,647 HOW THE COVID PANDEMIC HAS MADE 1279 00:59:09,647 --> 00:59:11,849 US RETHINK HOW DATA CAN BE 1280 00:59:11,849 --> 00:59:12,850 SHARED. 1281 00:59:12,850 --> 00:59:15,619 BUT WE WILL ALSO AGREE THAT 1282 00:59:15,619 --> 00:59:17,188 WHILE EVERYONE SEES THE 1283 00:59:17,188 --> 00:59:19,256 BENEFITS OF DATA SHARING, 1284 00:59:19,256 --> 00:59:20,624 RESEARCHERS AND COUNTRIES 1285 00:59:20,624 --> 00:59:22,459 SOMETIMES ARE VERY SELECTIVE ON 1286 00:59:22,459 --> 00:59:24,094 WHAT DATA TO SHARE AND HOW TO 1287 00:59:24,094 --> 00:59:26,163 SHARE AND WHEN TO SHARE. 1288 00:59:26,163 --> 00:59:31,035 AND THIS IS FOR VARIOUS BUT 1289 00:59:31,035 --> 00:59:32,570 TIMES JUST--REASONS. 1290 00:59:32,570 --> 00:59:35,105 SO FOR EXAMPLE, WE THINK OF 1291 00:59:35,105 --> 00:59:41,545 ABOUT THE COVID PANDEMIC, HOW 1292 00:59:41,545 --> 00:59:47,885 COUNTRIES LIKE AFRICA, WITH 1293 00:59:47,885 --> 00:59:49,053 TRAVEL BANS AND. 1294 00:59:49,053 --> 00:59:50,988 WE COULD ALSO JUST THINK ABOUT 1295 00:59:50,988 --> 00:59:56,727 HOW TO SHARING THE HIV BIOGENIC 1296 00:59:56,727 --> 01:00:00,965 DATA CAN TO THE DISCRIMINATION 1297 01:00:00,965 --> 01:00:02,299 STIGMATIZED GROUPS OF 1298 01:00:02,299 --> 01:00:04,468 POPULATIONS AND IN SOME CASES 1299 01:00:04,468 --> 01:00:06,503 ACTIVITIES THAT MAY BE 1300 01:00:06,503 --> 01:00:07,304 CRIMINALIZED. 1301 01:00:07,304 --> 01:00:10,040 AND BESIDES ISSUE OF 1302 01:00:10,040 --> 01:00:11,809 DISCRIMINATION, WE NOW HAVE 1303 01:00:11,809 --> 01:00:13,677 DATA LAWS THAT WILL IMPACT HOW 1304 01:00:13,677 --> 01:00:15,713 WE COUNTRIES OR RESEARCHERS 1305 01:00:15,713 --> 01:00:16,647 SHARE DATA. 1306 01:00:16,647 --> 01:00:20,417 SO FOR EXAMPLE, MANY DATA 1307 01:00:20,417 --> 01:00:21,585 PROTECTION LAWS ACROSS SHARING 1308 01:00:21,585 --> 01:00:25,256 OF DATA AND THAT IS IN LINE 1309 01:00:25,256 --> 01:00:26,190 WITH THE SUBJECTS. 1310 01:00:26,190 --> 01:00:28,926 SO THAT'S A GOOD THING BUT ALSO 1311 01:00:28,926 --> 01:00:31,929 IN TERMS OF PRINCIPALS AROUND 1312 01:00:31,929 --> 01:00:34,064 DATA AND LOCALIZATION. 1313 01:00:34,064 --> 01:00:37,701 SO WE NEED TO ALSO THINK ABOUT 1314 01:00:37,701 --> 01:00:39,536 ETHICAL WAY OF SHARING DATA 1315 01:00:39,536 --> 01:00:41,472 THAT WILL BE COMPLIANT WITH 1316 01:00:41,472 --> 01:00:42,106 DATA LAWS. 1317 01:00:42,106 --> 01:00:43,941 FOR EXAMPLE, WE CAN START WITH 1318 01:00:43,941 --> 01:00:46,477 DATA BASICALLY, HOW DO WE SHARE 1319 01:00:46,477 --> 01:00:47,878 CONSENT THAT IS IN LINE WITH 1320 01:00:47,878 --> 01:00:49,446 THE RIGHTS OF DATA PATIENTS, 1321 01:00:49,446 --> 01:00:52,016 HOW DO WE DO IT FROM CONSENT IN 1322 01:00:52,016 --> 01:00:53,984 WAYS THAT IN LINE WITH THE DATA 1323 01:00:53,984 --> 01:00:57,288 PROTECTION LAWS. 1324 01:00:57,288 --> 01:00:59,823 THINK OF WAY TECHNICAL 1325 01:00:59,823 --> 01:01:01,692 SOLUTIONS LIKE DATA OR DATA 1326 01:01:01,692 --> 01:01:04,862 INTEGRATION, WE SHOULD ALSO BE 1327 01:01:04,862 --> 01:01:07,398 THINKING ABOUT LOW INCOME 1328 01:01:07,398 --> 01:01:08,766 COUNTRIES PREPARE FOR THIS TYPE 1329 01:01:08,766 --> 01:01:13,237 OF DATA MATTERS AND HOW DO WE 1330 01:01:13,237 --> 01:01:19,643 SUPPORT THEM. 1331 01:01:19,643 --> 01:01:22,179 I THINK WHEN LOW EXAMINE MIDDLE 1332 01:01:22,179 --> 01:01:24,048 INCOME COUNTRIES, WE NEED TO BE 1333 01:01:24,048 --> 01:01:27,251 VERY INTENTIONAL ABOUT PRO 1334 01:01:27,251 --> 01:01:29,286 MOTELING EQUITABLE DATA SHARING 1335 01:01:29,286 --> 01:01:31,322 PRACTICES. 1336 01:01:31,322 --> 01:01:32,990 NOT SUCH FOR RESEARCHERS BUT 1337 01:01:32,990 --> 01:01:34,291 ALSO COMMUNITIES. 1338 01:01:34,291 --> 01:01:36,460 AND WE THINK TO THINK ABOUT 1339 01:01:36,460 --> 01:01:40,064 THIS IN TERMS OF BENEFICIARIES 1340 01:01:40,064 --> 01:01:49,106 AND GOOD EXAMPLE IS HOW IN 1341 01:01:49,106 --> 01:01:54,979 2007, INFLUENZA AND HOW DODA AT 1342 01:01:54,979 --> 01:01:57,348 THAT ORGANIZATION NO PLANS FOR 1343 01:01:57,348 --> 01:02:00,884 SHARING AK ISS TO VACCINE IN 1344 01:02:00,884 --> 01:02:03,187 LOW AND MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES. 1345 01:02:03,187 --> 01:02:05,522 SO BESIDES DATA SHARING, ALSO 1346 01:02:05,522 --> 01:02:09,426 IMPORTANT TO REFLECT ON THE 1347 01:02:09,426 --> 01:02:10,828 ETHICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES THAT 1348 01:02:10,828 --> 01:02:13,831 MAY ARISE AND THE NEWS OF AI 1349 01:02:13,831 --> 01:02:15,733 TECHNIQUES IN VACCINE RESEARCH 1350 01:02:15,733 --> 01:02:16,333 AND DEVELOPING. 1351 01:02:16,333 --> 01:02:18,402 FIRST OF ALL, WE HAVE TO 1352 01:02:18,402 --> 01:02:21,171 REMEMBER THAT MOST DATA 1353 01:02:21,171 --> 01:02:23,007 PROTECTION LAWS CONSIDER HEALTH 1354 01:02:23,007 --> 01:02:26,210 DATA SENSITIVE DATA AND 1355 01:02:26,210 --> 01:02:27,578 THEREFORE THE SPECIFIC 1356 01:02:27,578 --> 01:02:28,946 PROVISIONS FOR THAT. 1357 01:02:28,946 --> 01:02:31,949 I THINK WE NEED A ROBUST 1358 01:02:31,949 --> 01:02:34,084 DISCUSSION ON THE POLITICAL, 1359 01:02:34,084 --> 01:02:37,521 THE REGULATION, THE COMMUNITY, 1360 01:02:37,521 --> 01:02:39,123 AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS. 1361 01:02:39,123 --> 01:02:41,625 I THINK WE DON'T TALK MORE 1362 01:02:41,625 --> 01:02:44,328 ABOUT ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS 1363 01:02:44,328 --> 01:02:46,196 AND ALSO REPRESENTATION AND 1364 01:02:46,196 --> 01:02:47,564 DIVERSITY, ESPECIALLY WHERE 1365 01:02:47,564 --> 01:02:49,933 HISTORICAL DATA IS USED TO 1366 01:02:49,933 --> 01:02:51,068 TRAIN AI. 1367 01:02:51,068 --> 01:02:53,337 I THINK PEOPLE HAVE TALKED 1368 01:02:53,337 --> 01:02:56,774 ABOUT DATA PRIVACY, WE NEED TO 1369 01:02:56,774 --> 01:03:02,146 THINK ABOUT MITIGATION OF BIAS 1370 01:03:02,146 --> 01:03:04,181 AND DATA MACHINE AND 1371 01:03:04,181 --> 01:03:05,582 STRUCTURES, WE TALK ABOUT 1372 01:03:05,582 --> 01:03:07,885 STORAGE OF CLOUD AND ALL THAT, 1373 01:03:07,885 --> 01:03:10,154 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THAT. 1374 01:03:10,154 --> 01:03:10,854 AND INFORM CONSENT. 1375 01:03:10,854 --> 01:03:13,857 AND I WOULD LIKE TO 1376 01:03:13,857 --> 01:03:15,325 SPECIFICALLY HIGHLIGHT INFORMED 1377 01:03:15,325 --> 01:03:16,160 CONSENT. 1378 01:03:16,160 --> 01:03:22,366 BECAUSE THE LACK OF INFORMATION 1379 01:03:22,366 --> 01:03:23,967 SECOND--DATA BUT VACCINE 1380 01:03:23,967 --> 01:03:26,937 RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT CAN REALLY 1381 01:03:26,937 --> 01:03:29,506 IMPACT THE ETHICAL IMPACT OF AI 1382 01:03:29,506 --> 01:03:31,542 AND SCIENCE APPLICATIONS. 1383 01:03:31,542 --> 01:03:34,511 AND I THINK THAT WHAT THIS 1384 01:03:34,511 --> 01:03:35,312 DIFFERENT ETHICAL ISSUES RAISE 1385 01:03:35,312 --> 01:03:40,084 IS THAT IT IS JUST A SUSTAINED 1386 01:03:40,084 --> 01:03:41,952 COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT AND THEY 1387 01:03:41,952 --> 01:03:44,054 NEED TO BUILD TRUST SO. YOU 1388 01:03:44,054 --> 01:03:46,423 HAVE TWO SOLUTIONS ONE IS THAT 1389 01:03:46,423 --> 01:03:47,691 RIGHT NOW. 1390 01:03:47,691 --> 01:03:51,528 IT'S THE NEED TO INVEST IN 1391 01:03:51,528 --> 01:03:53,397 TRACING. 1392 01:03:53,397 --> 01:03:57,301 SO COMMUNITIES OR VUJZ CAN ONLY 1393 01:03:57,301 --> 01:03:59,236 GIVE INFORMED CONSENT IF THEY 1394 01:03:59,236 --> 01:04:00,070 ARE WELL-INFORMED. 1395 01:04:00,070 --> 01:04:01,438 SO COMMUNITIES THAT ARE NOT 1396 01:04:01,438 --> 01:04:04,475 AWARE OF WHAT DATA IS THE VALUE 1397 01:04:04,475 --> 01:04:06,877 OF DATA AND HOW THE DATA IS 1398 01:04:06,877 --> 01:04:08,879 BEING USED, THEY ARE NOT ABLE 1399 01:04:08,879 --> 01:04:14,818 TO GIVE INFORMED CONSENT AND 1400 01:04:14,818 --> 01:04:15,519 DIFFERENT STAKEHOLDERS CANNOT 1401 01:04:15,519 --> 01:04:18,288 SEE THE VALUE OF DATA SCIENCE 1402 01:04:18,288 --> 01:04:19,923 FOR VACCINE DEVELOPMENT IF THEY 1403 01:04:19,923 --> 01:04:24,294 ARE DATA AND AWARE OF ETHICAL 1404 01:04:24,294 --> 01:04:26,363 ISSUES IN DATA SCIENCE IN 1405 01:04:26,363 --> 01:04:28,665 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. 1406 01:04:28,665 --> 01:04:30,434 AND LASTLY, A SECOND SOLUTION 1407 01:04:30,434 --> 01:04:34,138 IS I THINK WE NOW NEED TO START 1408 01:04:34,138 --> 01:04:38,909 RETHINKING CONSENT FOR DATA 1409 01:04:38,909 --> 01:04:40,544 RETRIEVE RESEARCH FOR VACCINE 1410 01:04:40,544 --> 01:04:41,011 DEVELOPMENT AND DRUG 1411 01:04:41,011 --> 01:04:41,311 DEVELOPMENT. 1412 01:04:41,311 --> 01:04:43,514 AND I THINK IT'S TO BEGIN TO 1413 01:04:43,514 --> 01:04:47,417 THINK ABOUT HOW TO CONTINUES 1414 01:04:47,417 --> 01:04:49,887 COMMUNITY OF PROPER ENGAGEMENT 1415 01:04:49,887 --> 01:04:52,422 ON SECOND DATA USED ON INFORMED 1416 01:04:52,422 --> 01:04:55,592 CON ISN'T FOR DATA TREATMENT 1417 01:04:55,592 --> 01:04:58,061 RESEARCH AND INNOVATION. 1418 01:04:58,061 --> 01:05:00,364 THAT'S SIMPLY MEANS NOW TO 1419 01:05:00,364 --> 01:05:01,064 REMAIN COMMUNITIES MORE 1420 01:05:01,064 --> 01:05:03,600 PEACEFUL WHEN WE USE DATA 1421 01:05:03,600 --> 01:05:05,936 DRIVEN TECHNIQUES AS SOLUTIONS 1422 01:05:05,936 --> 01:05:11,241 TO SOME HUMANITIES ISSUES. 1423 01:05:11,241 --> 01:05:13,110 THOSE ARE SOME OF THE IRKZ THAT 1424 01:05:13,110 --> 01:05:15,012 I THOUGHT WE REALLY NEED TO 1425 01:05:15,012 --> 01:05:15,946 THINK ABOUT. 1426 01:05:15,946 --> 01:05:23,587 IT'S NOT EX --EXHAUSTIVE, BUT 1427 01:05:23,587 --> 01:05:24,721 THOSE THOSE ARE IMPORTANT. 1428 01:05:24,721 --> 01:05:27,491 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH, INSIDES 1429 01:05:27,491 --> 01:05:29,326 TO CONSIDERATION THAT WE ALL 1430 01:05:29,326 --> 01:05:30,227 WANTED THINK ABOUT. 1431 01:05:30,227 --> 01:05:40,771 I WANT TO THANK MY PANEL ISSUE, 1432 01:05:41,805 --> 01:05:45,876 PURVESH, TED, ISABELLE. 1433 01:05:45,876 --> 01:05:48,712 WE'RE GOING TO MOVE ON NOW TO 1434 01:05:48,712 --> 01:05:49,813 SESSION TWO. 1435 01:05:49,813 --> 01:05:55,919 I'M GOING TO INTRODUCE TONG. 1436 01:05:55,919 --> 01:05:57,187 THANK YOU VERY MUCH, TAKE IT 1437 01:05:57,187 --> 01:05:58,263 AWAY. 1438 01:05:58,263 --> 01:05:59,898 WE'RE GOING TO MOVE FORWARD TO 1439 01:05:59,898 --> 01:06:08,006 THE NEXT SPEAKER WHO IS NEIL 1440 01:06:08,006 --> 01:06:09,174 KING PROFESSOR AT UNIVERSITY OF 1441 01:06:09,174 --> 01:06:10,275 WASHINGTON. 1442 01:06:10,275 --> 01:06:11,910 STILL WORK WITHING HIM SO HE 1443 01:06:11,910 --> 01:06:20,485 ESTABLISHED THE FIRST 1444 01:06:20,485 --> 01:06:24,156 GENERATION COMPUTATION THAT 1445 01:06:24,156 --> 01:06:26,925 DERIVE PARTICLES AND NOW 1446 01:06:26,925 --> 01:06:30,629 INCLUDE CUTTING EDGE AI DESIGN. 1447 01:06:30,629 --> 01:06:32,030 SO LET'S HEAR WHAT HIS PROGRESS 1448 01:06:32,030 --> 01:06:33,632 IS. 1449 01:06:33,632 --> 01:06:35,467 >> THANK YOU, EXAMINE THANK YOU 1450 01:06:35,467 --> 01:06:37,936 TO THE ORGANIZERS WHO INVITED 1451 01:06:37,936 --> 01:06:38,236 ME. 1452 01:06:38,236 --> 01:06:42,841 I WANT TO FOLLOW-UP ON THE 1453 01:06:42,841 --> 01:06:46,945 BEAUTIFUL POINTS THAT BALI DID 1454 01:06:46,945 --> 01:06:49,714 ABOUT WHAT AI CAN AND CANNOT DO. 1455 01:06:49,714 --> 01:06:52,851 AND THERE ARE INSTANCES. 1456 01:06:52,851 --> 01:06:55,020 AS TED MENTIONED EARLIER, YOU 1457 01:06:55,020 --> 01:07:01,960 KNOW, 2024, IS THE YEAR OF THE 1458 01:07:01,960 --> 01:07:06,665 AI NOBELS. 1459 01:07:06,665 --> 01:07:09,401 AND JUST TO REMIND EVERYBODY, 1460 01:07:09,401 --> 01:07:11,736 PROTEINS ARE STRINGS OF AMINO 1461 01:07:11,736 --> 01:07:16,341 ACIDS THAT ARE VERY DEFINED AT 1462 01:07:16,341 --> 01:07:18,910 THE ATOMIC LEVEL AND GIVES US 1463 01:07:18,910 --> 01:07:21,079 CLUES ABOUT WHAT THE PROTEINS 1464 01:07:21,079 --> 01:07:24,049 DO AND THESE SORTS OF 1465 01:07:24,049 --> 01:07:26,351 ALGORITHMS CAN BE USED TO 1466 01:07:26,351 --> 01:07:27,085 DESIGN. 1467 01:07:27,085 --> 01:07:29,421 SO AS MENTIONED EARLIER, YOU 1468 01:07:29,421 --> 01:07:31,957 KNOW, AI WORKS REALLY WELL IN 1469 01:07:31,957 --> 01:07:34,059 THOSE SORTS OF PROBLEM FOR 1470 01:07:34,059 --> 01:07:35,660 SEVERAL REASONS BUT MOST 1471 01:07:35,660 --> 01:07:38,630 IMPORTANTLY DATA SETS HERE ARE 1472 01:07:38,630 --> 01:07:49,040 VERY VERY STANDARDIZED. 1473 01:07:52,711 --> 01:07:54,312 IT'S VERY STANDARDIZED. 1474 01:07:54,312 --> 01:07:56,615 AND THE SECOND POINT IS HERE 1475 01:07:56,615 --> 01:07:57,983 THAT THESE DATA ARE PUBLICLY 1476 01:07:57,983 --> 01:07:59,351 AVAILABLE. 1477 01:07:59,351 --> 01:08:01,620 PROTEIN SEQUENCE AND STRUCTURE 1478 01:08:01,620 --> 01:08:03,221 INFORMATION IS VAS AMOUNTS ARE 1479 01:08:03,221 --> 01:08:12,030 AVAILABLE IN PUBLIC DATABASES. 1480 01:08:12,030 --> 01:08:15,467 SO BECAUSE OF THAT PEOPLE HAVE 1481 01:08:15,467 --> 01:08:17,669 BEEN ABLE TO DESIGN AND THEY 1482 01:08:17,669 --> 01:08:19,171 ACTUALLY WORK VERY VERY WELL. 1483 01:08:19,171 --> 01:08:23,074 THIS IS THE CURRENT PIPELINE, 1484 01:08:23,074 --> 01:08:25,577 DEVELOPED BY MY COLLEAGUE DAVID 1485 01:08:25,577 --> 01:08:29,247 BAKER AND HIS GROUP TO CREATE 1486 01:08:29,247 --> 01:08:31,082 ENTIRELY NEW PROTEINS. 1487 01:08:31,082 --> 01:08:32,951 I'LL SHOW YOU HOW WE'RE USING 1488 01:08:32,951 --> 01:08:34,519 THESE APPROACHES AND STRUCTURE 1489 01:08:34,519 --> 01:08:35,520 BASE DESIGN. 1490 01:08:35,520 --> 01:08:36,454 THE CURRENT PIPELINE AS IT 1491 01:08:36,454 --> 01:08:38,757 EXIST TODAY AND THE TOOLS THAT 1492 01:08:38,757 --> 01:08:40,125 WE USE, FIRST IF YOU WANT TO 1493 01:08:40,125 --> 01:08:42,027 MAKE A NEW PROTEIN, YOU START 1494 01:08:42,027 --> 01:08:44,129 BY MAKING UP THE BACKBONE. 1495 01:08:44,129 --> 01:08:46,431 RIGHT, SO YOU MAKE A ENTIRE 1496 01:08:46,431 --> 01:08:47,599 BACKBONE AND SHAPE THAT YOU 1497 01:08:47,599 --> 01:08:48,300 WANT TO BUILD. 1498 01:08:48,300 --> 01:08:50,669 AND THE TOOL THAT WE'RE USING 1499 01:08:50,669 --> 01:08:53,972 IS RF DIFFUSION AND I'LL SHOW 1500 01:08:53,972 --> 01:08:57,943 YOU ON THE NEXT SLIDE WHAT THAT 1501 01:08:57,943 --> 01:08:59,211 LOOKS LIKE. 1502 01:08:59,211 --> 01:09:03,348 THAT SHOULD BE A SEQUENCE THAT 1503 01:09:03,348 --> 01:09:04,449 ENCODES THAT BACKBONE STRUCTURE 1504 01:09:04,449 --> 01:09:06,451 THAT DRIVES AND THE TOOL THAT 1505 01:09:06,451 --> 01:09:08,687 WE'RE USING FOR THIS RIGHT NOW 1506 01:09:08,687 --> 01:09:11,356 IS PROTEIN PUBLISHED IN 2021 1507 01:09:11,356 --> 01:09:19,497 AND THEN IN THE THIRD STEP, WE 1508 01:09:19,497 --> 01:09:21,533 USE STRUCK ROSETTA FOR 1509 01:09:21,533 --> 01:09:22,934 STRUCTURE. 1510 01:09:22,934 --> 01:09:24,769 SO WE'LL DEFINE MILLIONS OF 1511 01:09:24,769 --> 01:09:26,838 SEQUENCES ON THE COMPUTER AND 1512 01:09:26,838 --> 01:09:28,640 PREDICT THEIR STRUCTURES TO 1513 01:09:28,640 --> 01:09:30,242 FILTER THEM DOWN TO THE 1514 01:09:30,242 --> 01:09:31,843 SEQUENCE THAT'S WE THINK ARE 1515 01:09:31,843 --> 01:09:33,578 GOING TO WORK BEST IN THE WEB 1516 01:09:33,578 --> 01:09:33,912 LAB. 1517 01:09:33,912 --> 01:09:38,950 SO THIS IS HOW WE'RE DESIGNING 1518 01:09:38,950 --> 01:09:39,284 NEW PROTEINS. 1519 01:09:39,284 --> 01:09:42,220 THIS IS WHAT THE FIRST STEP 1520 01:09:42,220 --> 01:09:45,223 LOOK LIKE DF DIFFUSION, IT'S A 1521 01:09:45,223 --> 01:09:46,558 DENOISING MODEL THAT GENERATES 1522 01:09:46,558 --> 01:09:50,295 NEW STRUCTURES VIA PROGRESSIVE 1523 01:09:50,295 --> 01:09:50,962 DENOISING. 1524 01:09:50,962 --> 01:09:53,465 SO THIS IS LIKE THE GENERATOR 1525 01:09:53,465 --> 01:09:56,234 THAT YOU FIND ONLINE THAT SHOWS 1526 01:09:56,234 --> 01:09:58,270 A CAT INTO THE INTERNET INTO 1527 01:09:58,270 --> 01:10:01,072 THE MODEL AND GRADUALLY ADDING 1528 01:10:01,072 --> 01:10:05,143 NOISE UNTIL THEY BECOME PURE 1529 01:10:05,143 --> 01:10:06,344 NOISE. 1530 01:10:06,344 --> 01:10:09,814 ONCE THEY SEE THAT, YOU CAN ASK 1531 01:10:09,814 --> 01:10:13,251 IT TO DENOID AND GENERATE A NEW 1532 01:10:13,251 --> 01:10:15,086 IMAGE OF A CAT. 1533 01:10:15,086 --> 01:10:19,024 THIS WORKS REALLY WELL FOR DUE 1534 01:10:19,024 --> 01:10:22,227 DIMENSIONAL UNITS AND WORKS 1535 01:10:22,227 --> 01:10:28,967 REALLY WELL FOR THREE 1536 01:10:28,967 --> 01:10:30,468 DIMENSIONAL PROTEINS. 1537 01:10:30,468 --> 01:10:33,538 THIS IS TO TRAIN THE MODEL. 1538 01:10:33,538 --> 01:10:35,774 SO REALLY A STEP CHANGE IN OUR 1539 01:10:35,774 --> 01:10:38,977 ABILITY TO DESIGN NEW PROTEINS, 1540 01:10:38,977 --> 01:10:40,879 IT'S A HUGE DIFFERENCE FROM 1541 01:10:40,879 --> 01:10:43,815 PREVIOUS METHODS. 1542 01:10:43,815 --> 01:10:47,052 OKAY, HOW ARE WE USING THIS FOR 1543 01:10:47,052 --> 01:10:49,087 VACCINE? 1544 01:10:49,087 --> 01:10:51,856 COME OF EXAMPLES. 1545 01:10:51,856 --> 01:10:52,991 MANY PEOPLE ACROSS THE WORLD 1546 01:10:52,991 --> 01:10:55,760 HAVE BEEN WORKING OVER THE LAST 1547 01:10:55,760 --> 01:10:57,862 20 YEARS TO STABILIZE THIS ANT 1548 01:10:57,862 --> 01:11:00,565 AGAIN AND ITS PREFUSION 1549 01:11:00,565 --> 01:11:01,499 CONFIRMATION. 1550 01:11:01,499 --> 01:11:03,768 THIS IS NECESSARY AS A DESIGN 1551 01:11:03,768 --> 01:11:07,405 TASK BECAUSE THE PROTEIN AS A 1552 01:11:07,405 --> 01:11:09,941 WHOLE IS META STABLE, THE SUB 1553 01:11:09,941 --> 01:11:11,743 ENVELOPE IS THE FUSION 1554 01:11:11,743 --> 01:11:13,411 MACHINERY THAT DRIVES INJURY OF 1555 01:11:13,411 --> 01:11:16,314 THE VIRUS INTO THE CELLS AND 1556 01:11:16,314 --> 01:11:17,916 THAT PROTEIN IS UNSTABLE AND 1557 01:11:17,916 --> 01:11:21,486 WANTS TO FLIP TO A MORE STABLE 1558 01:11:21,486 --> 01:11:22,487 FUSION CONFIRMATION. 1559 01:11:22,487 --> 01:11:28,426 SO IN THE WORDS OF MY 1560 01:11:28,426 --> 01:11:30,028 COLLABORATOR, HE FEELS LIKE 1561 01:11:30,028 --> 01:11:31,463 HE'S BEEN PUTTING BAND-AIDS ON 1562 01:11:31,463 --> 01:11:34,566 THIS PROBLEM FOR THE LAST 20 1563 01:11:34,566 --> 01:11:37,535 YEARS BY MAKING MUTATIONS IN 1564 01:11:37,535 --> 01:11:39,871 GP41 AND TRY TO STABILIZE IT. 1565 01:11:39,871 --> 01:11:41,706 AND ALTHOUGH THAT'S BEEN 1566 01:11:41,706 --> 01:11:43,108 SUCCESSFUL, WE ASK THE 1567 01:11:43,108 --> 01:11:44,509 QUESTION, IS THERE A BETTER WAY 1568 01:11:44,509 --> 01:11:46,111 TO DO THIS? 1569 01:11:46,111 --> 01:11:52,050 CAN WE INSTEAD GET RID OF GP41 1570 01:11:52,050 --> 01:11:53,184 AND REPLACE IT? 1571 01:11:53,184 --> 01:11:55,920 SO YOU WANT EXTREMELY TALENTED 1572 01:11:55,920 --> 01:11:57,756 GROUP CAME TO STAY IN THE LAB 1573 01:11:57,756 --> 01:12:00,525 FOR NINE MONTHS AND DID EXACTLY 1574 01:12:00,525 --> 01:12:01,626 THIS. 1575 01:12:01,626 --> 01:12:08,500 SO HE TOOK THE GP120 AND THREW 1576 01:12:08,500 --> 01:12:14,973 AWAY GP41 AND HAD TO MAKE 1577 01:12:14,973 --> 01:12:16,141 EXTENSIVE MODIFICATIONS TO 1578 01:12:16,141 --> 01:12:18,443 ALLOW US TO CONNECT TO TO THIS 1579 01:12:18,443 --> 01:12:20,078 BUNDLE THAT WE MADE UP USING 1580 01:12:20,078 --> 01:12:21,246 THIS AI METHOD. 1581 01:12:21,246 --> 01:12:23,982 SO WE STARTED FROM NANO 1582 01:12:23,982 --> 01:12:27,018 COMPONENT AND GENERATED WE 1583 01:12:27,018 --> 01:12:28,453 MODIFIED GP120 AND ATTACHED ALL 1584 01:12:28,453 --> 01:12:30,288 OF THESE THINGS DESIGNED THEM 1585 01:12:30,288 --> 01:12:31,689 AND WELDED THE SCENE SO THAT 1586 01:12:31,689 --> 01:12:33,391 EVERYBODY WOULD BE NICE AND 1587 01:12:33,391 --> 01:12:33,625 STABLE. 1588 01:12:33,625 --> 01:12:37,028 AND WE ENDED UP WITH THIS 1589 01:12:37,028 --> 01:12:37,996 NATIVE-LIKE GP1420 TRIEMER 1590 01:12:37,996 --> 01:12:40,398 ATTACHED TO ONE OF OUR NANO SUB 1591 01:12:40,398 --> 01:12:40,965 UNITS. 1592 01:12:40,965 --> 01:12:44,636 I WANT TO SHOW YOU ALL OF THESE 1593 01:12:44,636 --> 01:12:47,405 DATA BUT THEY'RE SUPER STABLE 1594 01:12:47,405 --> 01:12:49,007 AND WHEN ANDREW, GOT STRUCTURE 1595 01:12:49,007 --> 01:12:51,276 OF THIS PROTEIN, WE FOUND THAT 1596 01:12:51,276 --> 01:12:56,047 IT MATCHED THE KNOWN STRUCK 1597 01:12:56,047 --> 01:13:06,591 FEWER A --ACCURACY AND ADOPTING 1598 01:13:07,859 --> 01:13:08,493 THE RIGHT STRUCTURE. 1599 01:13:08,493 --> 01:13:11,963 SO THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF 1600 01:13:11,963 --> 01:13:13,565 DIFFICULT PROBLEMS THAT CAN BE 1601 01:13:13,565 --> 01:13:15,567 INVOLVED BY THIS AI METHODS. 1602 01:13:15,567 --> 01:13:17,268 THIS IS SOMETHING THAT HERE AT 1603 01:13:17,268 --> 01:13:19,103 THE DESIGN EVEN WITH THE BEST 1604 01:13:19,103 --> 01:13:20,972 METHODS THREE YEARS AGO WOULD 1605 01:13:20,972 --> 01:13:22,140 HAVE BEEN IMPOSSIBLE AND NOW 1606 01:13:22,140 --> 01:13:25,577 YOU JUST DO IT, THANKS TO AI. 1607 01:13:25,577 --> 01:13:27,712 SO THE SECOND EXAMPLE I WANT TO 1608 01:13:27,712 --> 01:13:31,783 GIVE IS ON THESE NANO PARTICLES. 1609 01:13:31,783 --> 01:13:35,220 IT'S BEEN KNOWN FOREVER, SO 1610 01:13:35,220 --> 01:13:37,055 PARTICLES SUPERIOR AND IMMUNE 1611 01:13:37,055 --> 01:13:37,789 RESPONSES THROUGH SEVERAL 1612 01:13:37,789 --> 01:13:38,857 MECHANISMS. 1613 01:13:38,857 --> 01:13:47,065 ONE IS THAT, OUR A ANATOMY HAS 1614 01:13:47,065 --> 01:13:49,868 EVOLVED INTO LIMB PAT I CAN AND 1615 01:13:49,868 --> 01:13:52,103 LYMPH NODES SO THE SYSTEM CAN 1616 01:13:52,103 --> 01:13:55,807 GET A GOOD LOOK AT THEM. 1617 01:13:55,807 --> 01:13:56,975 WHERE SMALLER TRAFFICKED INTO 1618 01:13:56,975 --> 01:13:59,410 THE BLOODED AND EXCRETED BY THE 1619 01:13:59,410 --> 01:14:01,145 BODY. 1620 01:14:01,145 --> 01:14:03,648 SO YOU IMPROVE TRAFFICKING AND 1621 01:14:03,648 --> 01:14:06,184 THE OTHER MECHANISM BY WHICH 1622 01:14:06,184 --> 01:14:11,589 THE IMMUNE SYSTEM DETECTS 1623 01:14:11,589 --> 01:14:17,395 PARTICULAR IMMUNE GEN SYSTEM 1624 01:14:17,395 --> 01:14:18,496 IS REPETITION. 1625 01:14:18,496 --> 01:14:20,532 THIS IS HAPPENS WHERE THE 1626 01:14:20,532 --> 01:14:22,367 B-SELL REACCEPT OR BINDS TO 1627 01:14:22,367 --> 01:14:25,570 THAT ANTIGEN IN SUCH A WAY THAT 1628 01:14:25,570 --> 01:14:27,639 AND CAUSING THAT PIECE TO 1629 01:14:27,639 --> 01:14:30,141 MULTIPLY AND EXPAND AND GENERAL 1630 01:14:30,141 --> 01:14:31,309 RAUT A BETTER. 1631 01:14:31,309 --> 01:14:34,512 THE PROBLEM IS IN SOME UNI 1632 01:14:34,512 --> 01:14:38,449 VACCINES WHERE YOU'RE JUST 1633 01:14:38,449 --> 01:14:41,419 TAKING A FRAGMENT, YOU LOSE 1634 01:14:41,419 --> 01:14:43,721 THAT STRONG ACTIVATION AND YOU 1635 01:14:43,721 --> 01:14:47,158 GET A LESS POTENT IMMUNE 1636 01:14:47,158 --> 01:14:48,293 RESPONSE. 1637 01:14:48,293 --> 01:14:51,029 SO ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WE'RE 1638 01:14:51,029 --> 01:14:52,730 DOING IS USING THIS AI TO 1639 01:14:52,730 --> 01:14:57,201 GENERATE SO WE CAN RESTORE THAT 1640 01:14:57,201 --> 01:14:58,303 REPETITION IN THREE MENTION AL 1641 01:14:58,303 --> 01:14:58,636 SPACE. 1642 01:14:58,636 --> 01:15:00,939 THE OLD WAY THAT WE DID THIS, 1643 01:15:00,939 --> 01:15:03,274 WAS BY TAKING NANO PARTICLES 1644 01:15:03,274 --> 01:15:04,876 THAT WE HAD PREVIOUSLY DESIGNED 1645 01:15:04,876 --> 01:15:07,879 LIKE THIS ORANGE AND GRAY TWO 1646 01:15:07,879 --> 01:15:09,614 COMPONENT PARTICLE. 1647 01:15:09,614 --> 01:15:12,884 SO WE HAD PREVIOUSLY DESIGNED 1648 01:15:12,884 --> 01:15:14,719 STRUCTURE AND STRUCTURE FIXED 1649 01:15:14,719 --> 01:15:18,590 AND TOOK AN ANTIGEN AND WE KIND 1650 01:15:18,590 --> 01:15:22,927 OF DOCKED THE ANTIGEN AND 1651 01:15:22,927 --> 01:15:27,031 FIGURED OUT HOW TO CONNECT IT. 1652 01:15:27,031 --> 01:15:29,133 THIS APPROACH WORKS AND SEVERAL 1653 01:15:29,133 --> 01:15:31,002 OF VACCINES HAVE ENTERED 1654 01:15:31,002 --> 01:15:32,637 CLINICAL TRIALS AND ONE HAS 1655 01:15:32,637 --> 01:15:34,806 BEEN LICENSED SO THIS IS A REAL 1656 01:15:34,806 --> 01:15:36,808 VACCINE METHOD. 1657 01:15:36,808 --> 01:15:38,843 BUT, WHAT WE'RE DOING NOW IS 1658 01:15:38,843 --> 01:15:44,716 WE'RE TRYING TO IDENTIFY THE 1659 01:15:44,716 --> 01:15:47,018 IDEAL GEOMETRY FOR INFORMATION 1660 01:15:47,018 --> 01:15:49,287 USING DENO VOLUNTARY DESIGN. 1661 01:15:49,287 --> 01:15:53,558 SO HERE INSTEAD OF STARTING 1662 01:15:53,558 --> 01:15:59,030 FROM A NOME PARTICLE YOU START 1663 01:15:59,030 --> 01:16:01,132 FROM AN IDEAL ANTIGEN AND MAKE 1664 01:16:01,132 --> 01:16:04,268 UP A NEW PARTICLE TO PRESENT 1665 01:16:04,268 --> 01:16:07,639 THE ANTIGEN IN EXACTLY THAT 1666 01:16:07,639 --> 01:16:09,607 GEOMETRIC ARRAY. 1667 01:16:09,607 --> 01:16:16,180 SO HELEN IS A GRAD GRADUATE 1668 01:16:16,180 --> 01:16:17,815 WHO IS LEADING THIS. 1669 01:16:17,815 --> 01:16:18,483 >> TWO MINUTES. 1670 01:16:18,483 --> 01:16:22,553 >> THANK YOU. 1671 01:16:22,553 --> 01:16:24,822 SHE TAKES THE TERMINAL AND USE 1672 01:16:24,822 --> 01:16:32,730 IT IN AS MOTIF AND BUILDS A 1673 01:16:32,730 --> 01:16:34,866 FRAGMENT. 1674 01:16:34,866 --> 01:16:36,968 SO THE ANTIGEN IS EMBEDDED IN 1675 01:16:36,968 --> 01:16:39,470 THE ARTICLE AND THIS ALLOWS US 1676 01:16:39,470 --> 01:16:43,174 OR ORIENT AND IMPROVES ANTIGEN 1677 01:16:43,174 --> 01:16:44,442 STABILITY BY BURYING IT IN 1678 01:16:44,442 --> 01:16:46,444 CONCRETE. 1679 01:16:46,444 --> 01:16:47,912 SHE DESIGNED THESE PARTICLES 1680 01:16:47,912 --> 01:16:50,815 AND WE SCREENED THEM USING SITE 1681 01:16:50,815 --> 01:16:53,484 AND OTHER METHODS, YOU CAN SEE 1682 01:16:53,484 --> 01:16:56,220 THE PEAKS HERE AND POTENTIAL 1683 01:16:56,220 --> 01:16:56,421 HITS. 1684 01:16:56,421 --> 01:16:59,023 AND THEN SHE TOOK THESE HITS TO 1685 01:16:59,023 --> 01:17:01,993 NEGATIVE STAINING AND GOT TWO 1686 01:17:01,993 --> 01:17:03,161 DIMENSIONAL SHOWING THAT 1687 01:17:03,161 --> 01:17:04,362 SEVERAL PARTICLES WERE FORM 1688 01:17:04,362 --> 01:17:05,530 ING THE INTENDED STRUCTURES. 1689 01:17:05,530 --> 01:17:08,733 YOU CAN SEE THAT EACH STRUCTURE 1690 01:17:08,733 --> 01:17:10,134 IS DIFFERENT FROM THE OTHER. 1691 01:17:10,134 --> 01:17:14,939 BUT THEY ALL PRESENT A C 1692 01:17:14,939 --> 01:17:16,574 TERMINAL FRAGMENT EMBEDDED IN 1693 01:17:16,574 --> 01:17:17,208 THE PARTICLE. 1694 01:17:17,208 --> 01:17:19,477 SO THAT WAS LOW RESOLUTION AND 1695 01:17:19,477 --> 01:17:29,387 THEN TOOK HIGH RESOLUTION 1696 01:17:29,387 --> 01:17:30,588 CRUISING CCYMN. 1697 01:17:30,588 --> 01:17:32,890 SO BECAUSE OF THIS WE HAVE THE 1698 01:17:32,890 --> 01:17:35,626 ABILITY TO DESIGN PARTICLES 1699 01:17:35,626 --> 01:17:46,104 THAT ARE TAYLORED TO ANTIGEN. 1700 01:17:46,104 --> 01:17:49,607 JUST TO SUMMARIZE AI IS A 1701 01:17:49,607 --> 01:17:50,808 REVOLUTIONSED TODAY THIS IS 1702 01:17:50,808 --> 01:17:52,376 ALREADY WORKING. 1703 01:17:52,376 --> 01:17:55,346 REALLY EXCITING TIME TO GO 1704 01:17:55,346 --> 01:18:01,319 APPLY THE TOOLS AND SOLVE 1705 01:18:01,319 --> 01:18:02,453 PROBLEMS IN REALTIME WORLD. 1706 01:18:02,453 --> 01:18:04,555 AND I DIDN'T TALK ABOUT IT 1707 01:18:04,555 --> 01:18:06,390 TODAY BUT WE'RE WORK WITHING 1708 01:18:06,390 --> 01:18:08,559 BALI AND OTHERS TO APPLY THIS 1709 01:18:08,559 --> 01:18:09,127 IN THE SYSTEM. 1710 01:18:09,127 --> 01:18:12,964 THANKS. 1711 01:18:12,964 --> 01:18:18,870 >> THANK YOU NEIL FOR THIS TALK. 1712 01:18:18,870 --> 01:18:20,471 ALWAYS WE ALWAYS GET GOOD 1713 01:18:20,471 --> 01:18:21,839 THINGS FROM YOU. 1714 01:18:21,839 --> 01:18:22,707 AND LET'S CHANGE GEAR A LITTLE 1715 01:18:22,707 --> 01:18:23,908 BIT. 1716 01:18:23,908 --> 01:18:28,479 HOW DO WE USE AI TO READ OUT 1717 01:18:28,479 --> 01:18:31,649 THE MEMORY RESPONSE? 1718 01:18:31,649 --> 01:18:33,718 SO HAS BEEN THE LEADER IN THIS 1719 01:18:33,718 --> 01:18:35,787 FOR MANY YEARS. 1720 01:18:35,787 --> 01:18:44,061 AND NOW, PROFESSOR THE MEDICINE 1721 01:18:44,061 --> 01:18:47,031 AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY SO SHE 1722 01:18:47,031 --> 01:18:49,767 REALLY LEAD NEW SYSTEM THAT 1723 01:18:49,767 --> 01:18:50,468 SHE, DEVELOPED SEVERAL YEARS 1724 01:18:50,468 --> 01:18:55,506 AGO. 1725 01:18:55,506 --> 01:19:00,077 AND NOW UTILIZING AI TO TRY TO 1726 01:19:00,077 --> 01:19:02,613 IMITATE THE HUMAN RESPONSE AND 1727 01:19:02,613 --> 01:19:07,718 HOPEFULLY GET SOME SIGNALS THAT 1728 01:19:07,718 --> 01:19:15,960 CAN PREDICT ALL VAC SEEP DESIGN. 1729 01:19:15,960 --> 01:19:17,328 >> HELLO EVERYBODY. 1730 01:19:17,328 --> 01:19:19,263 I'LL TAKE A LITTLE BIT OF A 1731 01:19:19,263 --> 01:19:24,235 DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE ON THIS 1732 01:19:24,235 --> 01:19:25,603 SESSION AND TALK ABOUT 1733 01:19:25,603 --> 01:19:28,339 OPPORTUNITIES TO BEGIN TO TRULY 1734 01:19:28,339 --> 01:19:30,174 UNDERSTAND IMMUNE CORRELATE AND 1735 01:19:30,174 --> 01:19:34,011 TO USE THAT INFORMATION 1736 01:19:34,011 --> 01:19:35,279 POTENTIALLY PERSPECTIVE LEON 1737 01:19:35,279 --> 01:19:36,781 VACCINE DESIGN. 1738 01:19:36,781 --> 01:19:40,885 I LOVE TO START WITH THIS OVER 1739 01:19:40,885 --> 01:19:43,221 SIMPLIFIED MOLD OF TRADITIONAL 1740 01:19:43,221 --> 01:19:45,523 VACCINE DEVELOPMENT WHICH HAS 1741 01:19:45,523 --> 01:19:55,499 BEEN PATHOGEN CENTRIC. 1742 01:19:55,499 --> 01:19:59,670 WE DESIGN THEM AND THEN WE PUT 1743 01:19:59,670 --> 01:20:02,640 THEM INTO A THIS BLOCK BOX THAT 1744 01:20:02,640 --> 01:20:05,409 WE CALL IMMUNE RESPONSE AND 1745 01:20:05,409 --> 01:20:07,678 PHASE 3 TO EVALUATE WHETHER OR 1746 01:20:07,678 --> 01:20:08,846 NOT THAT DESIGN WAS ACTUALLY 1747 01:20:08,846 --> 01:20:09,080 CORRECT. 1748 01:20:09,080 --> 01:20:12,250 AND I THINK WHAT WE HEARD FROM 1749 01:20:12,250 --> 01:20:18,623 BALI AND WHAT WE HEARD EARLIER 1750 01:20:18,623 --> 01:20:19,790 FROM ISABELLE AND THE EARLIER 1751 01:20:19,790 --> 01:20:21,192 THAT WE CAN UNDERSTAND WHAT IS 1752 01:20:21,192 --> 01:20:22,827 HAPPENING IN THAT BLACK BOX 1753 01:20:22,827 --> 01:20:25,396 WHAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE 1754 01:20:25,396 --> 01:20:27,431 PROTECTED IMMUNE RESPONSE IS TO 1755 01:20:27,431 --> 01:20:28,466 OUR PATHOGEN, THE MORE 1756 01:20:28,466 --> 01:20:30,167 DELIBERATE THAT WE CAN BE TO 1757 01:20:30,167 --> 01:20:33,638 THINK ABOUT HOW TO RATIONALLY 1758 01:20:33,638 --> 01:20:35,706 DESIGN THAT IMMUNE RESPONSE TO 1759 01:20:35,706 --> 01:20:37,041 ELICIT THAT CONTROL MECHANISM 1760 01:20:37,041 --> 01:20:38,542 THAT WE THINK IS GOING TO BE 1761 01:20:38,542 --> 01:20:41,412 ESSENTIAL. 1762 01:20:41,412 --> 01:20:43,714 SO FOR THIS PRESENTATION I'M 1763 01:20:43,714 --> 01:20:47,151 GOING TO FOCUS ON ANTIBODIES 1764 01:20:47,151 --> 01:20:49,520 NOT TO DISCREDIT OTHERS, BUT TO 1765 01:20:49,520 --> 01:20:53,024 FOCUS ON ANTIBODY FOR ANY 1766 01:20:53,024 --> 01:20:54,825 VACCINES ANTIBODIES, REPRESENT 1767 01:20:54,825 --> 01:20:56,727 THE PRIMARY CORRELATE OF 1768 01:20:56,727 --> 01:20:57,595 IMMUNITY. 1769 01:20:57,595 --> 01:21:00,164 BUT HOW THESE ANTIBODIES WORK 1770 01:21:00,164 --> 01:21:01,799 TO DRIVE PROTECTED IMMUNITY IS 1771 01:21:01,799 --> 01:21:03,401 NOT INTRODUCED AND REALLY THUG 1772 01:21:03,401 --> 01:21:05,069 ABOUT BUILDING AND APPLYING NEW 1773 01:21:05,069 --> 01:21:12,343 TOOLS THAT ALLOW US TO 1774 01:21:12,343 --> 01:21:13,711 DECONVOLUTED THIS. 1775 01:21:13,711 --> 01:21:17,181 AND DESIGNING NEW CLASSES OF 1776 01:21:17,181 --> 01:21:18,582 ANTIGENS FOR THE FUTURE. 1777 01:21:18,582 --> 01:21:20,551 THE STUDIES HAVE BEEN DONE OVER 1778 01:21:20,551 --> 01:21:22,320 2400 YEARS AND I LOVE TO REVIEW 1779 01:21:22,320 --> 01:21:23,688 THIS WITH THE AUDIENCE THINKING 1780 01:21:23,688 --> 01:21:27,391 ABOUT THE FACT THAT IN THE 1781 01:21:27,391 --> 01:21:29,460 PREANTIBODY ERA, IMMUNE SERA 1782 01:21:29,460 --> 01:21:30,828 WHETHER FROM INDIVIDUALS OR 1783 01:21:30,828 --> 01:21:34,932 ANIMALS SERVED AS A PRIMARY 1784 01:21:34,932 --> 01:21:35,933 MECHANISM. 1785 01:21:35,933 --> 01:21:39,136 THESE WERE UNBELIEVABLY 1786 01:21:39,136 --> 01:21:41,205 COMPLICATED PATH GENERALS 1787 01:21:41,205 --> 01:21:43,741 INCLUDING TUBERCULOSIS AND MANY 1788 01:21:43,741 --> 01:21:45,476 DIFFERENT COMPLICATED BACTERIA 1789 01:21:45,476 --> 01:21:46,043 TARGETS. 1790 01:21:46,043 --> 01:21:47,878 SHOWING US THAT OFTEN ANYBODY'S 1791 01:21:47,878 --> 01:21:50,381 ALONE CAN BE SUFFICIENT TO 1792 01:21:50,381 --> 01:21:52,883 PROVIDE PROTECTION AGAINST 1793 01:21:52,883 --> 01:21:56,721 THESE PATHOLOGICAL AGENTS. 1794 01:21:56,721 --> 01:21:59,256 EVEN AGAINST EVOLVING PATHOGENS 1795 01:21:59,256 --> 01:22:00,725 REALLY WELL ORGANIZED, LARGE 1796 01:22:00,725 --> 01:22:07,231 CON VOLUNTARY LESS ENTER PLASMA 1797 01:22:07,231 --> 01:22:09,300 TRIALS, TENDED TO HAVE LOWER 1798 01:22:09,300 --> 01:22:12,470 RISK OF ESSENTIAL BREAKTHROUGH 1799 01:22:12,470 --> 01:22:16,774 COVID -19 COMPARED TO 1800 01:22:16,774 --> 01:22:18,642 POPULATIONS. 1801 01:22:18,642 --> 01:22:21,545 THE PROBABLY THE BEST EVIDENCE 1802 01:22:21,545 --> 01:22:24,782 THAT POLY ANTIBODIES ARE 1803 01:22:24,782 --> 01:22:25,916 CRITICAL AGAINST PATHOGENS 1804 01:22:25,916 --> 01:22:31,222 COMES FROM THE BROAD USE OF 1805 01:22:31,222 --> 01:22:34,425 COOBULIN WHICH IS USED IN 1806 01:22:34,425 --> 01:22:35,126 POPULATIONS INCLUDING 1807 01:22:35,126 --> 01:22:39,030 INDIVIDUALS WHO HAVE HEMA--AND 1808 01:22:39,030 --> 01:22:41,565 THE ABSENCE OF OTHER IMMUNE 1809 01:22:41,565 --> 01:22:46,303 RESPONSES REALLY DOES CONFER 1810 01:22:46,303 --> 01:22:50,674 OVER 490-FOLD PROTECTION 1811 01:22:50,674 --> 01:22:51,609 AGAINST BACTERIAL INFECTIONS. 1812 01:22:51,609 --> 01:22:52,977 SO WITH THAT, THE FIELD HAS 1813 01:22:52,977 --> 01:22:56,614 COME TO THIS APPRECIATION AND 1814 01:22:56,614 --> 01:22:59,116 LOOMING DOGMA THAT ANY BODIES 1815 01:22:59,116 --> 01:23:02,520 THAT CAN BLOCK ANTIGENS ARE 1816 01:23:02,520 --> 01:23:05,289 REALLY THE CRITICAL INGREDIENT. 1817 01:23:05,289 --> 01:23:07,358 SO MANY VACCINES ARE DESIGNED 1818 01:23:07,358 --> 01:23:09,226 TO ELICIT THOSE ANTIBODY 1819 01:23:09,226 --> 01:23:11,328 RESPONSES. 1820 01:23:11,328 --> 01:23:15,466 BUT THE IMPORTANT REALIZATION 1821 01:23:15,466 --> 01:23:18,269 HAVE HAD MANY OF OUR VACCINES 1822 01:23:18,269 --> 01:23:20,971 DO NOT FUNCTION THROUGH THE 1823 01:23:20,971 --> 01:23:22,573 SOLE BLOCKADE OF INFECTION. 1824 01:23:22,573 --> 01:23:25,109 BUT MOST THAT WE IN OUR TOOL 1825 01:23:25,109 --> 01:23:28,145 KIT TODAY FUNCTIONS BY A 1826 01:23:28,145 --> 01:23:31,115 TENLATING DISEASE, SO INFECTION 1827 01:23:31,115 --> 01:23:33,217 AND THEN IMMUNO RESPONSE KICKS 1828 01:23:33,217 --> 01:23:34,118 IN. 1829 01:23:34,118 --> 01:23:36,620 AND REALLY BECAUSE OF 1830 01:23:36,620 --> 01:23:38,489 PIONEERING WORK OF MANY, AND 1831 01:23:38,489 --> 01:23:40,324 MANY OTHERS, YOU COME TO 1832 01:23:40,324 --> 01:23:42,393 APPRECIATE THAT ANTIBODIES DO A 1833 01:23:42,393 --> 01:23:45,396 LOT MORE THAN SIMPLY BLOCK 1834 01:23:45,396 --> 01:23:46,764 INFECTION AND REALLY THIS 1835 01:23:46,764 --> 01:23:48,799 RESPONSE IS REALLY POSITIONED 1836 01:23:48,799 --> 01:23:50,367 TO ESSENTIALLY RECOGNIZE PATH 1837 01:23:50,367 --> 01:23:54,905 AGAIN OR PATHOGEN INFECTED 1838 01:23:54,905 --> 01:23:59,143 CELLS AND RAPIDLY, TO DRIVE 1839 01:23:59,143 --> 01:24:03,547 RAPID. 1840 01:24:03,547 --> 01:24:04,682 AND THIS NEUTRALIZING BIOLOGY 1841 01:24:04,682 --> 01:24:13,124 IS NOT EXCLUSIVE . 1842 01:24:13,124 --> 01:24:14,758 WE BECAME OBSESSED HOW WE CAN 1843 01:24:14,758 --> 01:24:17,061 BUILD LARGE SYSTEMS THAT CAN 1844 01:24:17,061 --> 01:24:18,229 INAT THING RATE YOU WILL OF 1845 01:24:18,229 --> 01:24:19,897 THESE FUNCTION SOZ WE CAN 1846 01:24:19,897 --> 01:24:21,265 ACCELERATE THE ABILITY TO 1847 01:24:21,265 --> 01:24:23,567 UNDERSTAND WHAT THE CORRELATES 1848 01:24:23,567 --> 01:24:27,238 PROTECTIONS MAY BE AGAINST OUR 1849 01:24:27,238 --> 01:24:31,175 GETED PATH OGEN AND TO HELP 1850 01:24:31,175 --> 01:24:33,010 WITH THE VACCINE. 1851 01:24:33,010 --> 01:24:35,079 SO IF YOU THINK ABOUT 1852 01:24:35,079 --> 01:24:36,947 ANTIBODIES ALONE JUST TO GIVE 1853 01:24:36,947 --> 01:24:41,085 YOU A PROCESS, THAT GO BEYOND 1854 01:24:41,085 --> 01:24:42,720 THE SEQUENCE BUT LOOKING AT THE 1855 01:24:42,720 --> 01:24:45,222 DIVERSITY THAT IS BUILT INTO 1856 01:24:45,222 --> 01:24:47,525 OUR POLY CLONE AL RESPONSES, IF 1857 01:24:47,525 --> 01:24:50,461 YOU TAKE A SINGLE ANTIBODY YOU 1858 01:24:50,461 --> 01:24:53,230 CAN BREAK IT DOWN INTO TWO 1859 01:24:53,230 --> 01:24:56,700 FUNCTIONAL DOMAIN, WE HAVE THE 1860 01:24:56,700 --> 01:25:01,672 ANTIBODY OME AT THE TOP, 1861 01:25:01,672 --> 01:25:05,809 ALLOWING US TO EXPLORE ALL 1862 01:25:05,809 --> 01:25:08,345 PATHOGENS AND THEN WE HAVE A 1863 01:25:08,345 --> 01:25:11,415 CONSTANT DOMAIN THAT CAN MODIFY 1864 01:25:11,415 --> 01:25:13,250 ITSELF, AND SUB CLASSES BUT 1865 01:25:13,250 --> 01:25:15,085 ALSO THROUGH POST TRANSLATIONAL 1866 01:25:15,085 --> 01:25:24,528 CHANGES THAT GIVES IT 1867 01:25:24,528 --> 01:25:26,363 ADDITIONAL TWO THOUSAND 1868 01:25:26,363 --> 01:25:29,366 ANTIGENS FPT I LIKE TO JOKE 1869 01:25:29,366 --> 01:25:31,936 THAT REALLY THINKING ABOUT BOTH 1870 01:25:31,936 --> 01:25:34,672 DOMAINS REALLY ALLOWS US TO 1871 01:25:34,672 --> 01:25:38,108 EXPLORE THE TRUE BIOLOGY. 1872 01:25:38,108 --> 01:25:41,979 AND TECHNOLOGIES THAT HAVE 1873 01:25:41,979 --> 01:25:44,548 EXPLODED ALLOW US SEQUENCING 1874 01:25:44,548 --> 01:25:48,485 THE ANTIBODY AND EXPLORE 1875 01:25:48,485 --> 01:25:49,853 PATHOGENS EITHER THROUGH 1876 01:25:49,853 --> 01:25:51,956 DISPLAY OR PROTEIN ARRAYS AS 1877 01:25:51,956 --> 01:25:54,024 WELL AS ADDITIONAL ANTIGEN 1878 01:25:54,024 --> 01:25:56,160 TARGETS INCLUDING TAR BO 1879 01:25:56,160 --> 01:25:59,163 HYDRATES AND SO MANY OTHERS. 1880 01:25:59,163 --> 01:26:02,199 CONCURRENTLY THERE IS BEEN A 1881 01:26:02,199 --> 01:26:03,801 FUNCTION OF TOOLS THAT HAVE 1882 01:26:03,801 --> 01:26:06,770 EXPLODED IN THE MARKET, THAT 1883 01:26:06,770 --> 01:26:09,473 ALLOW THE REPRESENT TOUR AND 1884 01:26:09,473 --> 01:26:11,308 ABILITY TO INTERACT WITH 1885 01:26:11,308 --> 01:26:13,143 DIFFERENT IMMUNE CELLS WITHIN 1886 01:26:13,143 --> 01:26:17,648 TISSUE SO REALLY TAKING INTO 1887 01:26:17,648 --> 01:26:19,016 CONSIDERATION, THE RESPONSE 1888 01:26:19,016 --> 01:26:21,318 WHAT IS REALLY CLEAR IS WE NEED 1889 01:26:21,318 --> 01:26:22,920 TOOLS TO UNDERSTAND HELP US 1890 01:26:22,920 --> 01:26:24,755 UNDERSTAND THE SIGNATURES OR 1891 01:26:24,755 --> 01:26:26,357 FUNCTIONS THAT REALLY CAN BE 1892 01:26:26,357 --> 01:26:28,459 DISTILLED OUT FROM PROTECTED 1893 01:26:28,459 --> 01:26:31,662 POPULATIONS TO HELP ADVISE 1894 01:26:31,662 --> 01:26:32,096 VACCINE DEVELOPMENT. 1895 01:26:32,096 --> 01:26:34,198 SO I WANT TO GIVE TWO LITTLE 1896 01:26:34,198 --> 01:26:35,833 EXAMPLE WHERE WE BEGAN WITH 1897 01:26:35,833 --> 01:26:40,671 THIS TYPE OF IMMUNE CORRELATE 1898 01:26:40,671 --> 01:26:42,940 PURSUIT AND IT REALLY BEGAN 1899 01:26:42,940 --> 01:26:50,748 ABOUT 145 YEARS--15 YEARS AGO. 1900 01:26:50,748 --> 01:26:52,750 WE BEGAN TO THINK WELL IF WE 1901 01:26:52,750 --> 01:26:53,884 CAN TAKE POPULATIONS OF 1902 01:26:53,884 --> 01:26:55,753 INDIVIDUALS WHO RECEIVE A 1903 01:26:55,753 --> 01:26:57,721 PROTECTIVE VACCINE ON THE LEFT. 1904 01:26:57,721 --> 01:27:06,797 THIS WAS VACCINE CALLED RB1444 1905 01:27:06,797 --> 01:27:08,399 COMPARED TO VACCINE THAT DID 1906 01:27:08,399 --> 01:27:10,200 NOT SHOW ANY PROTECTION IN THE 1907 01:27:10,200 --> 01:27:11,835 POPULATION. 1908 01:27:11,835 --> 01:27:13,937 WE BEGAN TO THINK ABOUT HOW WE 1909 01:27:13,937 --> 01:27:15,973 COLLECT THIS DATA AND WHAT IS 1910 01:27:15,973 --> 01:27:17,541 DIFFERENT ABOUT THE IMMUNE 1911 01:27:17,541 --> 01:27:18,275 RESPONSE. 1912 01:27:18,275 --> 01:27:21,712 AND HERE I'M SHOWING YOU 1913 01:27:21,712 --> 01:27:22,846 CORRELATION STRUCTURES 1914 01:27:22,846 --> 01:27:24,214 CAPTURING SPESITIES AND 1915 01:27:24,214 --> 01:27:26,016 FUNCTIONS AND ISO TYPE 1916 01:27:26,016 --> 01:27:26,717 DISTRIBUTION AND HOPEFULLY WHAT 1917 01:27:26,717 --> 01:27:29,019 YOU CAN SEE THROUGH THESE 1918 01:27:29,019 --> 01:27:32,056 CORRELATIONS DICTATED BY LINES 1919 01:27:32,056 --> 01:27:35,359 LINKING DOTS IS ARCHITECTURE IS 1920 01:27:35,359 --> 01:27:36,493 FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT FROM 1921 01:27:36,493 --> 01:27:40,864 THE PROTECTIVE VACCINE AND NON 1922 01:27:40,864 --> 01:27:43,067 PROTECTIVE VACCINE. 1923 01:27:43,067 --> 01:27:44,868 REALLY ONLY BECAME POSSIBLE 1924 01:27:44,868 --> 01:27:49,873 WHEN WE BEGAN TO APPLY THAT 1925 01:27:49,873 --> 01:27:51,308 DISCRIMINATE ANALYSIS TO TRY TO 1926 01:27:51,308 --> 01:27:53,143 UNDERSTAND WHAT IS SIGNIFICANT 1927 01:27:53,143 --> 01:27:54,411 ACROSS THESE GROUPS. 1928 01:27:54,411 --> 01:27:55,813 SO SHOWN ON THE TOP RIGHT HERE, 1929 01:27:55,813 --> 01:27:58,248 YOU CAN SEE THAT THERE ARE VERY 1930 01:27:58,248 --> 01:27:59,450 DIFFERENT RESPONSE SXZ 1931 01:27:59,450 --> 01:28:00,818 PROTECTED GROUP IN THE READ 1932 01:28:00,818 --> 01:28:02,920 COMPARED TO THE NON PROTECTIVE 1933 01:28:02,920 --> 01:28:04,521 GROUP IN THE BLUE AND IF YOU 1934 01:28:04,521 --> 01:28:07,091 LOOK AT THE VARIABLES, THIS WAS 1935 01:28:07,091 --> 01:28:10,494 THE FIRST IDENTIFICATION OF IG 1936 01:28:10,494 --> 01:28:16,367 3* OF BEING A PROTECT PLAYER 1937 01:28:16,367 --> 01:28:18,302 AGAINST HIV. 1938 01:28:18,302 --> 01:28:20,671 JUST TO GIVE THE IDEA THAT 1939 01:28:20,671 --> 01:28:23,107 THESE TOOLS CAN BE APPLIED TO 1940 01:28:23,107 --> 01:28:26,510 DIFFERENT TYPES OF POPULATIONS 1941 01:28:26,510 --> 01:28:29,012 TO UNDERSTAND SAME LOCATION HOW 1942 01:28:29,012 --> 01:28:36,754 DIFFERENT THE MECHANICNIS TIC 1943 01:28:36,754 --> 01:28:39,757 IN COLLABORATION WITH JOHNSON 1944 01:28:39,757 --> 01:28:44,728 AND JOHNSON AND POEM WERE 1945 01:28:44,728 --> 01:28:47,498 CHALLENGES WITH RSV VIRUS, 1946 01:28:47,498 --> 01:28:50,901 EVERY IS DIFFERENT TYPE AND 1947 01:28:50,901 --> 01:28:52,369 THERE IS INCREDIBLE IN DATA AND 1948 01:28:52,369 --> 01:28:55,272 THIS IS WHERE WE HAVE TO APPLY 1949 01:28:55,272 --> 01:28:58,275 THE TOOLS TO TRY TO 1950 01:28:58,275 --> 01:28:59,610 DISCRIMINATE. 1951 01:28:59,610 --> 01:29:00,944 SHOWING THIS CLUSTER, YOU CAN 1952 01:29:00,944 --> 01:29:03,013 SEE THAT PROFILES ARE 1953 01:29:03,013 --> 01:29:03,914 FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT IN 1954 01:29:03,914 --> 01:29:09,453 PROTECTED AND NON PROTECTED AND 1955 01:29:09,453 --> 01:29:10,854 ONLY THREE FEATURES WERE 1956 01:29:10,854 --> 01:29:12,556 ENRICHED IN THE POPULATION AND 1957 01:29:12,556 --> 01:29:15,492 THESE THREE IN THE PINK LINE 1958 01:29:15,492 --> 01:29:18,228 WERE MORE PREDICT I HAVE OF 1959 01:29:18,228 --> 01:29:20,764 OUTCOME THAN JUST BINDING AND 1960 01:29:20,764 --> 01:29:22,332 NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES ALONE. 1961 01:29:22,332 --> 01:29:26,570 AND WITH THIS, MONOSITE AGAINST 1962 01:29:26,570 --> 01:29:30,073 THE ANTIGEN WERE THE MOST 1963 01:29:30,073 --> 01:29:30,674 CRITICAL PROTECTION IN THIS 1964 01:29:30,674 --> 01:29:31,475 SETTING. 1965 01:29:31,475 --> 01:29:34,445 WE DID THE SAME WITH FLU IN 1966 01:29:34,445 --> 01:29:36,280 PARTNERSHIP WITH THEY SOOKE A 1967 01:29:36,280 --> 01:29:38,582 VACCINE AND FOLLOWED TO SEE WHO 1968 01:29:38,582 --> 01:29:40,050 WOULD HAVE A BREAKTHROUGH 1969 01:29:40,050 --> 01:29:41,385 INFECTION. 1970 01:29:41,385 --> 01:29:42,786 AGAIN, EVERY LINE IS A 1971 01:29:42,786 --> 01:29:44,188 DIFFERENT INDIVIDUAL BUT NOW 1972 01:29:44,188 --> 01:29:46,723 WHEN YOU APPLY THIS TECHNOLOGY 1973 01:29:46,723 --> 01:29:48,959 YOU START TO PULA PART THE 1974 01:29:48,959 --> 01:29:51,295 PROFILE AND BEGIN TO UNDERSTAND 1975 01:29:51,295 --> 01:29:54,031 WHAT IS FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT 1976 01:29:54,031 --> 01:29:55,632 WITHIN THAT HEMO IMMUNE SO 1977 01:29:55,632 --> 01:29:57,534 RESPONSE AND WE FOUND THOSE 1978 01:29:57,534 --> 01:30:00,070 PROTECT INSIDE YELLOW, THEY HAD 1979 01:30:00,070 --> 01:30:02,372 A UNIQUE ENRICHMENT OF ANTIBODY 1980 01:30:02,372 --> 01:30:03,774 THAT CAN RECRUIT TO FIGHT 1981 01:30:03,774 --> 01:30:05,375 AGAINST THE VIRUS. 1982 01:30:05,375 --> 01:30:09,046 FINALLY FOR COVID WE DID A 1983 01:30:09,046 --> 01:30:10,214 SIMILAR EXPERIMENT, A THIRD 1984 01:30:10,214 --> 01:30:13,917 VIRUS BUT IT TURNED OUT THE 1985 01:30:13,917 --> 01:30:15,085 MECHANISM WAS DPIF. 1986 01:30:15,085 --> 01:30:18,322 AND EVERY LINE IS A DIFFERENT 1987 01:30:18,322 --> 01:30:21,725 INDIVIDUAL, DIFFERENT FEATURE, 1988 01:30:21,725 --> 01:30:23,327 AGAIN INCREDIBLE, BUT WHEN YOU 1989 01:30:23,327 --> 01:30:26,797 CLUSTER THE DA TAXER YOU SEE 1990 01:30:26,797 --> 01:30:27,731 IMMUNO RESPONSES WHERE THE 1991 01:30:27,731 --> 01:30:29,800 PEOPLE WHO WERE PROTECTED IN 1992 01:30:29,800 --> 01:30:32,803 THE PURPLE WERE REALLY JUST TWO 1993 01:30:32,803 --> 01:30:35,105 FEATURES THAT IS ONLY PRESENCE, 1994 01:30:35,105 --> 01:30:40,110 TELLING US THAT FOR THIS THIRD 1995 01:30:40,110 --> 01:30:43,313 RESPIRATORY VIRUS NEUTRAL 1996 01:30:43,313 --> 01:30:47,184 FILLS, SO THREE RESPIRATORY 1997 01:30:47,184 --> 01:30:49,119 VIRUSES HERE'S HOW WE CAN USE 1998 01:30:49,119 --> 01:30:50,888 THIS INFORMATION. 1999 01:30:50,888 --> 01:30:52,222 >> ONE-MINUTE. 2000 01:30:52,222 --> 01:30:53,657 >> THANKS. 2001 01:30:53,657 --> 01:30:55,726 SO THE IDEA REALLY IS TO 2002 01:30:55,726 --> 01:30:58,762 IDENTIFY TO UNLOCK THAT BLACK 2003 01:30:58,762 --> 01:31:02,900 BOX AND HOW TO USE HELP ADVANCE 2004 01:31:02,900 --> 01:31:05,202 ANTIGEN DESIGN AND ANTIGEN 2005 01:31:05,202 --> 01:31:06,136 EVALUATION AND MECHANISM OF 2006 01:31:06,136 --> 01:31:13,377 ACTION AS WELL AS HELP TO 2007 01:31:13,377 --> 01:31:14,077 DEVELOP EXPLORATORY ASK. 2008 01:31:14,077 --> 01:31:17,047 AND WE HAVE A NUMBER OF TOOLS 2009 01:31:17,047 --> 01:31:19,082 THAT NEIL DISCUSSED WHERE WE 2010 01:31:19,082 --> 01:31:20,450 CAN TWEAK TO HELP DELIVER THE 2011 01:31:20,450 --> 01:31:21,184 RESPONSES. 2012 01:31:21,184 --> 01:31:23,453 THE LAST THING I WANT TO LEAVE 2013 01:31:23,453 --> 01:31:31,194 YOU THIS IDEA WHILE OLD SCHOOL 2014 01:31:31,194 --> 01:31:33,697 IDENTIFIES ON THE--VACCINE, AI 2015 01:31:33,697 --> 01:31:36,633 CAN NOW EMPOWER US NOT ONLY 2016 01:31:36,633 --> 01:31:37,334 UNDERSTAND THE PATHOGEN DID YOU 2017 01:31:37,334 --> 01:31:40,070 HELP WITH THE ANTIGEN DESIGN 2018 01:31:40,070 --> 01:31:41,738 WHICH IS TO CRITICAL AND 2019 01:31:41,738 --> 01:31:43,640 FOCUSING ON THE ANTIGEN. 2020 01:31:43,640 --> 01:31:45,509 BUT THE QUESTION IS HOW DO WE 2021 01:31:45,509 --> 01:31:47,077 BRING IN THE HOST? 2022 01:31:47,077 --> 01:31:49,780 BY ADDING THIS ABILITY TO 2023 01:31:49,780 --> 01:31:51,648 REALLY UNDERSTAND THE 2024 01:31:51,648 --> 01:31:52,816 PROTECTION, THE IDEA HOER IS 2025 01:31:52,816 --> 01:31:57,120 THAT WE CAN BRIT PATHOGEN AND 2026 01:31:57,120 --> 01:31:59,222 BRING IN THE HOST WITH ANALYSIS 2027 01:31:59,222 --> 01:32:01,525 THAT WE HAVE AND ULTIMATELY 2028 01:32:01,525 --> 01:32:02,526 DEVELOP THE VACCINES THAT HAVE 2029 01:32:02,526 --> 01:32:04,928 THE GREATEST IMPACT ON HUMAN 2030 01:32:04,928 --> 01:32:05,696 HEALTH. 2031 01:32:05,696 --> 01:32:12,536 AND I'LL END WITH THAT. 2032 01:32:12,536 --> 01:32:18,709 >> THANK YOU, GAIL, FOR SHOWING 2033 01:32:18,709 --> 01:32:21,445 US FANTASTIC EXAMPLES ON HOW TO 2034 01:32:21,445 --> 01:32:24,681 USE IMMUNE CORRELATES AND 2035 01:32:24,681 --> 01:32:25,816 INFORM THE NEXT GENERATION OF 2036 01:32:25,816 --> 01:32:27,184 DESIGN. 2037 01:32:27,184 --> 01:32:28,352 SO I'LL INTRODUCE OUR NEXT 2038 01:32:28,352 --> 01:32:34,925 SPEAKER FROM THE INDUSTRY AND 2039 01:32:34,925 --> 01:32:40,130 WHO IS EXPERT OF INNOVATION IN 2040 01:32:40,130 --> 01:32:44,001 WORLD TECH AND VE. PLATFORM 2041 01:32:44,001 --> 01:32:47,170 THAT CALLED AI IMMUNOLOGY ON 2042 01:32:47,170 --> 01:32:49,473 THIS COMPANY AND HERE AND CAN 2043 01:32:49,473 --> 01:32:52,876 TELL US ON INDUSTRY SIDE. 2044 01:32:52,876 --> 01:32:54,277 >> THANK YOU FOR THAT. 2045 01:32:54,277 --> 01:32:55,178 CAN YOU HEAR ME? 2046 01:32:55,178 --> 01:32:57,314 >> YES. 2047 01:32:57,314 --> 01:32:58,281 >> THANK YOU. 2048 01:32:58,281 --> 01:33:00,651 GREAT. 2049 01:33:00,651 --> 01:33:05,222 YES, SO I PROMISED KIM THAT I 2050 01:33:05,222 --> 01:33:07,958 WILL KEEP IT SHORT SO YOU'LL 2051 01:33:07,958 --> 01:33:10,093 GET A QUICK OVERVIEW OF WHAT 2052 01:33:10,093 --> 01:33:14,698 WE'RE USING AI WITH TARGET 2053 01:33:14,698 --> 01:33:17,200 DISCOVERY FOR INFECTIOUS 2054 01:33:17,200 --> 01:33:20,404 DISEASE VACCINES I'LL BE 2055 01:33:20,404 --> 01:33:21,471 SHOWING, THIS IS A SLIDE FOR 2056 01:33:21,471 --> 01:33:22,506 OUR LAWYERS. 2057 01:33:22,506 --> 01:33:26,843 SO JUST TO GIVE YOU A 2058 01:33:26,843 --> 01:33:29,312 BACKGROUND ON, WE WERE FOUNDED 2059 01:33:29,312 --> 01:33:31,615 IN 2008 WITH THE IDEA OF USING 2060 01:33:31,615 --> 01:33:34,584 MACHINE LEARNING TO DESIGN 2061 01:33:34,584 --> 01:33:35,619 VACCINES AGAINST INFECTIOUS 2062 01:33:35,619 --> 01:33:40,691 DISEASES. 2063 01:33:40,691 --> 01:33:44,394 SO AS TONG MENTIONED, OUR 2064 01:33:44,394 --> 01:33:46,697 PLATFORM IS CALLED A I 2065 01:33:46,697 --> 01:33:48,231 IMMUNOLOGY. 2066 01:33:48,231 --> 01:33:50,333 WE HAVE VARIOUS WAY TO USE OUR 2067 01:33:50,333 --> 01:33:52,002 PLATFORM BUT WITH INFECTION 2068 01:33:52,002 --> 01:33:53,437 DISEASES WE HAVE TWO MOTED ELZ 2069 01:33:53,437 --> 01:33:55,072 THAT WE HAVE WITHIN A PLATFORM 2070 01:33:55,072 --> 01:33:58,942 BEINGER THE FIRST IS CALLED 2071 01:33:58,942 --> 01:34:02,379 EDEN WHICH WE USE SO WE 2072 01:34:02,379 --> 01:34:04,214 BASICALLY INPUT TO THIS MOLD IS 2073 01:34:04,214 --> 01:34:05,615 SEQUENCE OF A GIVEN PROTEIN AND 2074 01:34:05,615 --> 01:34:09,086 THEN WE CAN USE THE MODEL TO 2075 01:34:09,086 --> 01:34:10,954 IDENTIFY WHETHER THE GIVEN 2076 01:34:10,954 --> 01:34:15,726 PROTEIN IS LIKELY TO BE A 2077 01:34:15,726 --> 01:34:18,462 PROTECTIVE AND IMMUNO GENIC 2078 01:34:18,462 --> 01:34:20,764 WHEN DELIVERED AS A VACCINE AND 2079 01:34:20,764 --> 01:34:24,468 ON THE OTHER SIDE WE HAVE A 2080 01:34:24,468 --> 01:34:27,904 RAVEN MODEL WHICH LIKE EDEN 2081 01:34:27,904 --> 01:34:31,975 TAKES AND USING THAT IDENTIFIES 2082 01:34:31,975 --> 01:34:33,777 T CELL HOTSPOTS THAT WE CAN 2083 01:34:33,777 --> 01:34:37,180 THEN ALSO USE IN A VACCINE 2084 01:34:37,180 --> 01:34:39,483 POTENTIALLY IN COMBINATION WITH 2085 01:34:39,483 --> 01:34:42,486 THE B SELL ANTIGENS IDENTIFIED 2086 01:34:42,486 --> 01:34:52,462 WITH THE MODEL. 2087 01:34:52,462 --> 01:34:54,164 REPLACES THE INITIAL PHASE OF 2088 01:34:54,164 --> 01:34:57,801 VACCINE PROCESS, YOU CAN SAY SO 2089 01:34:57,801 --> 01:35:00,137 BASICALLY WE USE IT FOR TARGET 2090 01:35:00,137 --> 01:35:01,371 DISCOVERY. 2091 01:35:01,371 --> 01:35:04,775 SO YOU KNOW, WE START WITH THE 2092 01:35:04,775 --> 01:35:11,148 PATHOGEN AND FIND, YOU KNOW 2093 01:35:11,148 --> 01:35:13,216 PPRODIOS THAT WE USE TO 2094 01:35:13,216 --> 01:35:15,318 IDENTIFY INTERESTING ANTIGEN OR 2095 01:35:15,318 --> 01:35:17,420 ANTIGEN FRAGMENTS AND USING 2096 01:35:17,420 --> 01:35:20,724 THESE LIST, WE CAN SORT OF 2097 01:35:20,724 --> 01:35:21,892 DESIGN VACCINE CANDIDATES AND 2098 01:35:21,892 --> 01:35:23,727 FROM THAT POINT ON, WE MOVE 2099 01:35:23,727 --> 01:35:27,664 INTO SORT OF A MORE TRADITIONAL 2100 01:35:27,664 --> 01:35:29,266 PRECLINICAL DEVELOPMENT CYCLE 2101 01:35:29,266 --> 01:35:31,368 WHERE THE ANTIGENS ARE PRODUCED 2102 01:35:31,368 --> 01:35:35,272 AND TESTED IN ANIMAL MODELS AND 2103 01:35:35,272 --> 01:35:38,441 YEAH, FOLLOWING THAT CAN THEN 2104 01:35:38,441 --> 01:35:40,410 ENTER, YOU CAN SAY THE REAL 2105 01:35:40,410 --> 01:35:43,246 CLINICAL TESTING. 2106 01:35:43,246 --> 01:35:45,816 YEAH SO WE'VE USED OUR AI 2107 01:35:45,816 --> 01:35:47,584 PLATFORM TO BUILD UP OUR 2108 01:35:47,584 --> 01:35:52,122 PIPELINE SO WITH INFECTIOUS 2109 01:35:52,122 --> 01:35:54,191 DISEASES WE HAVE FOUR CANDIDATE 2110 01:35:54,191 --> 01:35:58,094 THREE AGAINST BACTERIA, 2111 01:35:58,094 --> 01:35:59,496 GONORRHEA AND UNDISCLOSED 2112 01:35:59,496 --> 01:36:06,136 PATHOGEN AND ALSO FINALLY A 2113 01:36:06,136 --> 01:36:09,606 VIRAL PROGRAM AGAINST SO THE 2114 01:36:09,606 --> 01:36:11,007 GONORRHEA AND UNDISCLOSED WE'RE 2115 01:36:11,007 --> 01:36:13,944 DEVELOPING THAT IN 2116 01:36:13,944 --> 01:36:17,380 COLLABORATION WITH MERCK AND 2117 01:36:17,380 --> 01:36:21,718 ADDITIONAL FOR OUR GONORRHEA 2118 01:36:21,718 --> 01:36:25,488 VACCINE, IN LOW AND MIDDLE 2119 01:36:25,488 --> 01:36:26,890 INCOME COUNTRIES WHERE WE'LL 2120 01:36:26,890 --> 01:36:28,358 HAVE TECHNOLOGY WHERE THEY HAVE 2121 01:36:28,358 --> 01:36:31,528 GOTTEN ACCESS TO TO TEST A 2122 01:36:31,528 --> 01:36:41,838 GONORRHEA VACCINE. 2123 01:36:46,509 --> 01:36:47,777 AND THAT'S IT WE'LL GO TO PANEL 2124 01:36:47,777 --> 01:36:48,778 DISCUSSION. 2125 01:36:48,778 --> 01:36:50,547 >> THANK YOU, NOW IS OUR PANEL 2126 01:36:50,547 --> 01:36:52,449 DISCUSSION. 2127 01:36:52,449 --> 01:36:56,753 SO I SEE, YEAH. 2128 01:36:56,753 --> 01:36:59,022 SO EVERYBODY COMES UP AND THEN, 2129 01:36:59,022 --> 01:37:01,758 I HAVE SOME QUESTIONS, ALSO 2130 01:37:01,758 --> 01:37:04,828 THERE IS QUESTIONS FROM THE 2131 01:37:04,828 --> 01:37:05,095 AUDIENCE. 2132 01:37:05,095 --> 01:37:07,697 THERE IS ONE QUESTION, I THINK 2133 01:37:07,697 --> 01:37:18,208 MAYBE TWO MOSTLY TO BALI AND 2134 01:37:21,378 --> 01:37:23,580 GALIT. 2135 01:37:23,580 --> 01:37:27,450 WE KNOW THAT THERE IS A 2136 01:37:27,450 --> 01:37:30,887 RESPONSE, HOW DRIVEN MODELS TO 2137 01:37:30,887 --> 01:37:34,324 HANDLE THE RESPONSE, H LA AND 2138 01:37:34,324 --> 01:37:35,692 MANY OTHER IMMUNE. 2139 01:37:35,692 --> 01:37:44,067 HOW DO WE VIEW--[INAUDIBLE] 2140 01:37:44,067 --> 01:37:46,169 >> THANK YOU FOR THAT QUESTION, 2141 01:37:46,169 --> 01:37:50,774 I THINK AS WE DISCUSSED IN OUR 2142 01:37:50,774 --> 01:37:53,276 TALKS, AI MODELS SEEM REALLY 2143 01:37:53,276 --> 01:37:56,446 VERY GOOD AT DEALING WITH DATA 2144 01:37:56,446 --> 01:38:02,552 SETS THAT IN VARIANT LIKE AMINO 2145 01:38:02,552 --> 01:38:05,288 ACID SEQUENCES WHERE IF THE 2146 01:38:05,288 --> 01:38:06,456 EXPERIMENT IS DONE WELL, THERE 2147 01:38:06,456 --> 01:38:08,558 IS NO QUESTION WHAT IT IS. 2148 01:38:08,558 --> 01:38:10,593 WITH THAT KIND OF DATA THERE 2149 01:38:10,593 --> 01:38:14,064 SEEMS TO BE REMARKABLE SUCCESS. 2150 01:38:14,064 --> 01:38:16,800 BUT WHEN IT COMES TO RESPONSES, 2151 01:38:16,800 --> 01:38:23,940 SO VARIABLE, THE NUTRITIONAL 2152 01:38:23,940 --> 01:38:25,308 STATUS OF PEOPLE COULD AFFECT 2153 01:38:25,308 --> 01:38:27,610 HOW THEY RESPOND, THE GENETIC 2154 01:38:27,610 --> 01:38:30,347 CAN AFFECT THE BIOMEDICS. 2155 01:38:30,347 --> 01:38:34,451 I THINK IT'S ORDER IS MAGNITUDE 2156 01:38:34,451 --> 01:38:38,822 IS MORE COMPLEX FOR US TO 2157 01:38:38,822 --> 01:38:41,491 EXPECT AI TO BE AS SUCCESSFUL 2158 01:38:41,491 --> 01:38:42,892 IN PREDICTING. 2159 01:38:42,892 --> 01:38:44,561 BUT THAT'S NOT TO SAY THAT 2160 01:38:44,561 --> 01:38:45,862 THAT'S NOT GOING TO HAPPEN. 2161 01:38:45,862 --> 01:38:49,032 IT MAY BE THAT SOMETIME IN THE 2162 01:38:49,032 --> 01:38:51,101 FUTURE WE'LL HAVE AI MODELS 2163 01:38:51,101 --> 01:38:53,336 WITH LOTS OF DATA. 2164 01:38:53,336 --> 01:38:56,339 AND AGAIN THE POINT IS GARBAGE 2165 01:38:56,339 --> 01:38:58,375 IN GARBAGE OUT, THERE IS A LOT 2166 01:38:58,375 --> 01:39:01,211 OF DATA THAT AI ACCESS THAT MAY 2167 01:39:01,211 --> 01:39:03,046 NOT BE RELIABLE. 2168 01:39:03,046 --> 01:39:05,515 THAT'S ANOTHER IMPORTANT 2169 01:39:05,515 --> 01:39:07,183 FACTORS THAT WEEDS INTO THIS. 2170 01:39:07,183 --> 01:39:09,986 >> CAN I ADD TO THAT AND TO 2171 01:39:09,986 --> 01:39:11,821 BALI'S POINT BUT ALSO THE 2172 01:39:11,821 --> 01:39:13,690 POINTS EARLIER, THE QUESTION IS 2173 01:39:13,690 --> 01:39:15,525 HOW MANY DATA DO WE NEED TO 2174 01:39:15,525 --> 01:39:21,031 HELP US TRULY UNDERSTAND THE 2175 01:39:21,031 --> 01:39:24,901 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENO TYPE 2176 01:39:24,901 --> 01:39:27,470 AND FINA TYPE, WHERE YOU BEGIN 2177 01:39:27,470 --> 01:39:29,539 TO UNDERSTAND THIS BIOLOGY IN 2178 01:39:29,539 --> 01:39:32,709 CASE BY CASE DISEASE BY DISEASE 2179 01:39:32,709 --> 01:39:35,712 TYPE OF APPROACH, WE WE KNOW 2180 01:39:35,712 --> 01:39:37,781 WHERE THERE ARE CERTAIN TO LEAD 2181 01:39:37,781 --> 01:39:39,416 TO RESPONSES OR DEFICIENCIES 2182 01:39:39,416 --> 01:39:41,351 AND NOT QUALITY AND SO ON AND 2183 01:39:41,351 --> 01:39:42,085 SO FORTH. 2184 01:39:42,085 --> 01:39:44,320 SO THE QUESTION REALLY IS WE 2185 01:39:44,320 --> 01:39:46,156 WILL NOT KNOW UNTIL WE START TO 2186 01:39:46,156 --> 01:39:48,691 DO THIS EXERCISE HOW TO BUILD 2187 01:39:48,691 --> 01:39:49,626 THIS FOUNDATIONAL DATA SETS 2188 01:39:49,626 --> 01:39:51,227 THAT ALLOW US TO MAKE THESE 2189 01:39:51,227 --> 01:39:52,162 PREDICTIONS. 2190 01:39:52,162 --> 01:39:54,664 WHAT WE'RE ASKING NOW IS GO 2191 01:39:54,664 --> 01:39:56,299 BEYOND WHAT COMES NEXT AND 2192 01:39:56,299 --> 01:39:58,134 LANGUAGE MODEL BUT ASKING 2193 01:39:58,134 --> 01:39:59,969 DIVERSITY AND HOW IS THAT 2194 01:39:59,969 --> 01:40:03,840 INFLUENCED BY THESE OTHER 2195 01:40:03,840 --> 01:40:05,442 FEATURES. 2196 01:40:05,442 --> 01:40:07,544 I THINK TO YOUR POINT, AND I 2197 01:40:07,544 --> 01:40:09,612 WOULD LIKE TO HEAR YOUR 2198 01:40:09,612 --> 01:40:11,448 THOUGHTS, GENO TYPE WOULD BE 2199 01:40:11,448 --> 01:40:13,950 EASIER THAN PUTTING ALL TYPES 2200 01:40:13,950 --> 01:40:18,054 OF DIFFERENT DEMOGRAPHIC 2201 01:40:18,054 --> 01:40:19,889 ENVIRONMENT ALT EXPOSURE THAT 2202 01:40:19,889 --> 01:40:23,793 ARE MORE GRADE ATED AS OPPOSED 2203 01:40:23,793 --> 01:40:25,395 TO SNIP OR NO SNIP. 2204 01:40:25,395 --> 01:40:27,730 BUT THIS IS WHERE WE HAVE TO 2205 01:40:27,730 --> 01:40:29,365 MAKE A CONCERTED DECISION AS A 2206 01:40:29,365 --> 01:40:30,266 COMMUNITY TO SAY THIS IS WHAT 2207 01:40:30,266 --> 01:40:32,202 WE WANT TO PUT IN AND THIS IS 2208 01:40:32,202 --> 01:40:33,770 WHERE WE WANT TO START TO BUILD 2209 01:40:33,770 --> 01:40:36,473 AND THINK ABOUT THEN START TO 2210 01:40:36,473 --> 01:40:39,242 ADD THESE OTHER VARIABLES TO 2211 01:40:39,242 --> 01:40:41,945 THINK CAN WE PREDICT THAT 2212 01:40:41,945 --> 01:40:44,247 DIVERSITY? 2213 01:40:44,247 --> 01:40:45,415 >> YEAH, THANKS. 2214 01:40:45,415 --> 01:40:47,016 THIS IS REALLY GREAT. 2215 01:40:47,016 --> 01:40:50,720 SO AS WE ALREADY HEARD THAT AI 2216 01:40:50,720 --> 01:40:55,792 CAN BE STILL, NOT PREDICT IVE 2217 01:40:55,792 --> 01:40:58,094 BUT STILL DATA DEPENDENT 2218 01:40:58,094 --> 01:40:58,761 PRACTICE. 2219 01:40:58,761 --> 01:41:01,965 BUT IN THE CONTEXT EVERYBODY 2220 01:41:01,965 --> 01:41:04,033 MAYBE INTERESTED IN PANDEMIC 2221 01:41:04,033 --> 01:41:07,904 PREPAREDNESS, HOW CAN WE 2222 01:41:07,904 --> 01:41:11,274 QUICKLY IDENTIFY IMMUNE 2223 01:41:11,274 --> 01:41:12,909 CORRELATES UNTIL EARLY STAGE OF 2224 01:41:12,909 --> 01:41:14,310 OUTBREAK IS THAT POSSIBLE AND 2225 01:41:14,310 --> 01:41:15,211 CAN WE DO IT? 2226 01:41:15,211 --> 01:41:16,746 >> CAN I GO FIRST. 2227 01:41:16,746 --> 01:41:18,047 AND THEN YOU CAN ADD. 2228 01:41:18,047 --> 01:41:21,518 THE IDEA THAT WE'RE GOING AFTER 2229 01:41:21,518 --> 01:41:23,586 PROTOTYPE PATH AGAINS HOW TO 2230 01:41:23,586 --> 01:41:25,188 DESIGN ANTIGENS, THE SAME 2231 01:41:25,188 --> 01:41:27,690 APPROACH CAN BE TAKEN FOR 2232 01:41:27,690 --> 01:41:36,599 IMMUNO TYPE CORELENTS. 2233 01:41:36,599 --> 01:41:39,569 THREE INFECT SIF CELL TYPES 2234 01:41:39,569 --> 01:41:40,737 HAVE DIFFERENT REPLICATION 2235 01:41:40,737 --> 01:41:43,573 CYCLES TO OVERCOME IMMUNITY BUT 2236 01:41:43,573 --> 01:41:49,045 IF WE START TO BEHIND THESE TO 2237 01:41:49,045 --> 01:41:50,413 PROTOTYPE INFECTION MODELS ONE 2238 01:41:50,413 --> 01:41:55,952 WITH COME UP WITH CORELENTS FOR 2239 01:41:55,952 --> 01:41:57,987 CORONA VIRUS FOR ORTHO POX 2240 01:41:57,987 --> 01:42:00,056 VIRUS THIS IS THE WAY THAT WE 2241 01:42:00,056 --> 01:42:01,424 CAN EMPOWER OURSELVES WITH THAT 2242 01:42:01,424 --> 01:42:08,364 INFORMATION SO ONCE THE ENTER 2243 01:42:08,364 --> 01:42:10,200 --ANTIGEN IS KNOWN WE CAN 2244 01:42:10,200 --> 01:42:11,167 MAXIMIZE THE PROBABILITY OF 2245 01:42:11,167 --> 01:42:12,035 PROTECTION. 2246 01:42:12,035 --> 01:42:13,503 THAT'S ONE IDEA I'M SURE THERE 2247 01:42:13,503 --> 01:42:14,571 IS OTHERS. 2248 01:42:14,571 --> 01:42:19,609 >> YEAH, SO MAYBE, ANYONE? 2249 01:42:19,609 --> 01:42:21,477 >> SURE, VERY QUICKLY, I AGREE 2250 01:42:21,477 --> 01:42:23,846 BUT I THINK WE SHOULDN'T BE 2251 01:42:23,846 --> 01:42:26,082 ASKING, I MEAN THE QUESTION OF 2252 01:42:26,082 --> 01:42:31,387 HOW CAN WE INTEGRATE AI INTO 2253 01:42:31,387 --> 01:42:38,928 DEFINING CORE LATIVE DURING 2254 01:42:38,928 --> 01:42:40,763 PANDEMIC IS NOT THE RIGHT 2255 01:42:40,763 --> 01:42:43,299 QUESTION THE QUESTION IS, HOW 2256 01:42:43,299 --> 01:42:45,368 CAN WE HAVE IT AT ALL TIME. 2257 01:42:45,368 --> 01:42:47,437 THE MOST IMPORTANT TIME IS 2258 01:42:47,437 --> 01:42:49,305 PREPANDEMIC, WE SHOULD NOT HAVE 2259 01:42:49,305 --> 01:42:52,075 TO WAIT FOR PANDEMIC TO SAY 2260 01:42:52,075 --> 01:42:55,311 HEY, LET'S APPLY AI, ALL 2261 01:42:55,311 --> 01:42:59,182 VACCINE SHOULD INTEGRATE THE O 2262 01:42:59,182 --> 01:43:00,783 MIX APPROACH SO WE'RE PREPARED 2263 01:43:00,783 --> 01:43:02,318 WHEN THE PANDEMIC STRIKES. 2264 01:43:02,318 --> 01:43:04,654 >> YEAH, SO THAT'S GREAT. 2265 01:43:04,654 --> 01:43:06,356 SO NEXT, MAYBE I'LL DIRECT TO 2266 01:43:06,356 --> 01:43:13,963 NEIL AS WE ARE EVERYBODY 2267 01:43:13,963 --> 01:43:15,798 EXPERIENCED, THAT CAPE CHANGING 2268 01:43:15,798 --> 01:43:18,768 VIRUSES. 2269 01:43:18,768 --> 01:43:22,672 SO FOR THOSE VIRUSES THAT HAS 2270 01:43:22,672 --> 01:43:26,743 ANTIGEN, YOU KNOW, SHIFT DURING 2271 01:43:26,743 --> 01:43:31,914 THE PANDEMIC, HOW DO WE 2272 01:43:31,914 --> 01:43:34,417 CONSIDER THOSE? 2273 01:43:34,417 --> 01:43:37,420 >> WE SAW THE PAPER EARLIER 2274 01:43:37,420 --> 01:43:39,956 TODAY FROM JESSE AND OTHERS ARE 2275 01:43:39,956 --> 01:43:42,692 DOING SIMILAR WORK, REALLY 2276 01:43:42,692 --> 01:43:47,463 EXPLORING ALL POSSIBLE 2277 01:43:47,463 --> 01:43:49,299 MUTATIONS FOR EXAMPLE, WHAT THE 2278 01:43:49,299 --> 01:43:52,869 VIRUS MAY MAKE AND ITS AFFECTS. 2279 01:43:52,869 --> 01:43:55,471 SO THAT GIVES YOU A MAP OF ALL 2280 01:43:55,471 --> 01:43:56,939 MUTATIONS AND SOME OF THEIR 2281 01:43:56,939 --> 01:43:57,674 FUNCTIONAL AFFECTS. 2282 01:43:57,674 --> 01:43:59,342 SO I THINK THERE ARE SEVERAL 2283 01:43:59,342 --> 01:44:00,743 COMPANIES AND ACADEMIC GROUPS 2284 01:44:00,743 --> 01:44:02,645 NA ARE TAKE THATING DATA AND 2285 01:44:02,645 --> 01:44:05,381 ALSO DATA FROM REFLICKATION 2286 01:44:05,381 --> 01:44:07,450 VIRUSES THAT YOU PUT UNDER 2287 01:44:07,450 --> 01:44:09,519 SELECTIVE PRESSURE AND USING 2288 01:44:09,519 --> 01:44:11,888 MACHINE LEARNING METHODS TO TRY 2289 01:44:11,888 --> 01:44:19,529 TO PREDICT EVOLUTIONARY BOTTLE 2290 01:44:19,529 --> 01:44:22,532 NECKS AND TO PROVIDE ANTIGEN 2291 01:44:22,532 --> 01:44:24,634 THROUGH THOSE BOTTLE NECKS. 2292 01:44:24,634 --> 01:44:26,569 IT'S STILL EARLY DAYS TO KNOW 2293 01:44:26,569 --> 01:44:27,203 HOW AFFECTIVE. 2294 01:44:27,203 --> 01:44:29,072 BUT WE'RE GOING TO GET A LOT OF 2295 01:44:29,072 --> 01:44:30,506 DATA ON THAT PARTICULAR 2296 01:44:30,506 --> 01:44:33,276 QUESTION IN THE NEXT 12 TO 18 2297 01:44:33,276 --> 01:44:35,478 MONTHS AND I THINK THAT'S FWG 2298 01:44:35,478 --> 01:44:38,247 TO BE VERY INFORMATIVE 2299 01:44:38,247 --> 01:44:40,083 >> THAT'S GREAT. 2300 01:44:40,083 --> 01:44:41,351 MAYBE ONE MORE QUESTION MAYBE 2301 01:44:41,351 --> 01:44:42,452 TO EVERYBODY. 2302 01:44:42,452 --> 01:44:45,121 THIS IS THE WORD WITH DIVERSITY 2303 01:44:45,121 --> 01:44:48,524 SO MANY AREAS AND ALSO SO MANY 2304 01:44:48,524 --> 01:44:51,694 DIFFERENT PEOPLE FROM, YOU 2305 01:44:51,694 --> 01:44:53,763 KNOW, POPULATED DIFFERENT. 2306 01:44:53,763 --> 01:44:59,001 HOW USING AI TO DESIGN KIND OF 2307 01:44:59,001 --> 01:45:00,803 UNIVERSAL VACCINE THAT WITH 2308 01:45:00,803 --> 01:45:03,506 CONSIDERATION ACROSS THE 2309 01:45:03,506 --> 01:45:06,376 DIVERSE DEMOGRAPHIC AND GENETIC 2310 01:45:06,376 --> 01:45:10,813 BACKGROUND SO WE CAN MAYBE ONE 2311 01:45:10,813 --> 01:45:12,849 SOLUTION TO EVERYTHING, THERE 2312 01:45:12,849 --> 01:45:15,752 IS A COCKTAIL IS TO ANYBODY? 2313 01:45:15,752 --> 01:45:18,121 >> YEAH, I CAN GO ON THAT ONE. 2314 01:45:18,121 --> 01:45:20,189 SO DEFINITELY, YOU KNOW, ONE OF 2315 01:45:20,189 --> 01:45:22,258 THE KEY DIFFERENCES IN HOW WE 2316 01:45:22,258 --> 01:45:24,527 RESPOND TO VACCINE IS THE HLA 2317 01:45:24,527 --> 01:45:26,262 TYPES THAT WE HAVE AND WE KNOW 2318 01:45:26,262 --> 01:45:29,632 THAT THESE CAN BE VERY DIVERSE 2319 01:45:29,632 --> 01:45:30,633 IN DIFFERENT POPULATIONS AND I 2320 01:45:30,633 --> 01:45:32,668 WILL SAY THERE IS ACTUALLY A 2321 01:45:32,668 --> 01:45:35,638 LOT OF GREAT DATA OUT THERE ON 2322 01:45:35,638 --> 01:45:41,077 HOW DIFFERENT POPULATIONS, WHAT 2323 01:45:41,077 --> 01:45:42,712 KIND OF HALI TYPES THEY HAVE 2324 01:45:42,712 --> 01:45:45,515 AND WE HAVE GREAT' GREAT AI 2325 01:45:45,515 --> 01:45:46,949 MODELS THAT WITH ABLE TO 2326 01:45:46,949 --> 01:45:48,451 PREDICT WHAT WILL BE PRESENTED 2327 01:45:48,451 --> 01:45:53,122 ON EACH OF THESE AT DIFFERENT H 2328 01:45:53,122 --> 01:45:56,325 LAs, SO THAT'S A WAY THAT WE 2329 01:45:56,325 --> 01:45:58,394 CAN USE HLA TO ENSURE THAT THE 2330 01:45:58,394 --> 01:46:01,364 VACCINE THAT WE END UP 2331 01:46:01,364 --> 01:46:08,237 DESIGNING HAS PREDICTED EP TOTE 2332 01:46:08,237 --> 01:46:09,806 THAT CAN COVER ALL POPULATION 2333 01:46:09,806 --> 01:46:12,341 THAT'S WE WANT TO COVER WITH 2334 01:46:12,341 --> 01:46:19,615 THE VACCINE AND HAVE THIS 2335 01:46:19,615 --> 01:46:20,383 PROTECTIVE VACCINE IN A 2336 01:46:20,383 --> 01:46:20,983 DIFFERENT. 2337 01:46:20,983 --> 01:46:22,485 >> CAN I BE CONTROVERSIAL FOR 2338 01:46:22,485 --> 01:46:23,052 FUN. 2339 01:46:23,052 --> 01:46:25,154 I THINK THE POWER OF AI IS NA 2340 01:46:25,154 --> 01:46:27,290 MAYBE WE DON'T HAVE TO BE 2341 01:46:27,290 --> 01:46:28,791 COMPLETELY UNIVERSAL. 2342 01:46:28,791 --> 01:46:30,493 MAYBE, THE POWER OF AI IS THAT 2343 01:46:30,493 --> 01:46:33,696 WE'LL BE ABLE TO START TO 2344 01:46:33,696 --> 01:46:35,798 DESIGN PURPOSE VACCINE FOR 2345 01:46:35,798 --> 01:46:37,166 AGING POPULATIONS, POPULATIONS 2346 01:46:37,166 --> 01:46:46,309 OF A DIFFERENT IMMUNO 2347 01:46:46,309 --> 01:46:50,246 COMPROMISE. 2348 01:46:50,246 --> 01:46:53,249 AND POWER OF AI THAT ALLOW US 2349 01:46:53,249 --> 01:46:55,785 TO HAVE MORE FLEXIBILITY. 2350 01:46:55,785 --> 01:46:57,453 MAYBE THAT IS THE POWER OF AI 2351 01:46:57,453 --> 01:46:59,222 THAT WE SHOULD BE THINKING 2352 01:46:59,222 --> 01:47:00,423 ABOUT RIGHT? 2353 01:47:00,423 --> 01:47:02,425 IS TRADITIONALLY IT'S BEEN A 2354 01:47:02,425 --> 01:47:04,494 ONE SIZE FITS ALL MODEL BUT NOW 2355 01:47:04,494 --> 01:47:06,529 BY PUTTING IN ALL OF THIS 2356 01:47:06,529 --> 01:47:09,298 INFORMATION, WE CAN ACCESS THE 2357 01:47:09,298 --> 01:47:10,466 TRUE DIVERSITY OF HUMAN 2358 01:47:10,466 --> 01:47:13,236 GENERALITY I CAN AND BIOLOGY. 2359 01:47:13,236 --> 01:47:14,437 SO JUST FOR FUN. 2360 01:47:14,437 --> 01:47:17,974 >> I THINK YOU ARE, I THINK 2361 01:47:17,974 --> 01:47:18,508 VALID. 2362 01:47:18,508 --> 01:47:25,081 AND FROM THE AUDIENCE TO BE SO 2363 01:47:25,081 --> 01:47:26,282 THERE IS ONE INTERESTING 2364 01:47:26,282 --> 01:47:29,185 QUESTION, WE ARE NOW USING 2365 01:47:29,185 --> 01:47:30,186 ANIMALS. 2366 01:47:30,186 --> 01:47:33,623 CAN WE USING, USING AI PREDICT 2367 01:47:33,623 --> 01:47:35,458 VACCINE RESPONSE WITHOUT USING 2368 01:47:35,458 --> 01:47:41,531 MONKEY OR ANY MODEL ANIMALS SO 2369 01:47:41,531 --> 01:47:48,337 YOU KNOW, 2370 01:47:48,337 --> 01:47:49,472 >> GO AHEAD NEIL. 2371 01:47:49,472 --> 01:47:51,207 >> I WAS GOING TO VOLUNTEER YOU 2372 01:47:51,207 --> 01:47:53,209 AS WELL. 2373 01:47:53,209 --> 01:47:57,713 >> WELL, I THINK THAT THAT'S A 2374 01:47:57,713 --> 01:47:59,549 GREAT ASPIRATION GOAL ONE CAN 2375 01:47:59,549 --> 01:48:02,318 IMAGINE IN THE FAR FUTURE, 2376 01:48:02,318 --> 01:48:03,920 FORGET ANIMALS MODELS MAYBE WE 2377 01:48:03,920 --> 01:48:07,323 DON'T NEED THE HUMAN MODELS, 2378 01:48:07,323 --> 01:48:10,493 MAYBE YOU CAN DO YOUR TRIAL. 2379 01:48:10,493 --> 01:48:12,361 THAT'S LIKE 20-30, 40 YEARS. 2380 01:48:12,361 --> 01:48:14,864 BUT RIGHT NOW, I THINK BY 2381 01:48:14,864 --> 01:48:17,199 COMPARING I MEAN THE FIRST STEP 2382 01:48:17,199 --> 01:48:21,103 TOWARDS THAT GOAL OF PREDICTING 2383 01:48:21,103 --> 01:48:23,873 USING A I TO PREDICT ANIMAL 2384 01:48:23,873 --> 01:48:27,310 MODELS WOULD BE TO DATA IN 2385 01:48:27,310 --> 01:48:28,911 MICE, MONKEYS AND HUMANS AND 2386 01:48:28,911 --> 01:48:31,247 THEN TO ASK, IF YOU IMMUNIZE IT 2387 01:48:31,247 --> 01:48:35,051 WITH EXACTLY THE SAME VACCINE, 2388 01:48:35,051 --> 01:48:37,820 THE SAME REGIMEN TO WHAT EXTENT 2389 01:48:37,820 --> 01:48:38,988 PARALLELS AND DIFFERENCES 2390 01:48:38,988 --> 01:48:41,023 BETWEEN MICE, MONKEYS AND 2391 01:48:41,023 --> 01:48:42,658 HUMANS AND USE THAT AS A 2392 01:48:42,658 --> 01:48:44,727 FOUNDATION TO BUILD THE AI 2393 01:48:44,727 --> 01:48:47,296 MODELS THAT CAN NOW CITY COMMON 2394 01:48:47,296 --> 01:48:48,197 ELEMENTS AND DIFFERENCES. 2395 01:48:48,197 --> 01:48:50,433 AND THAT'S THE FIRST STARTING 2396 01:48:50,433 --> 01:48:50,633 POINT. 2397 01:48:50,633 --> 01:48:52,702 >> CAN I ADD ONE MORE, I DON'T 2398 01:48:52,702 --> 01:48:54,670 THINK WORE GOING TO BE 2399 01:48:54,670 --> 01:48:56,038 DISCUSSING HERE BUT BUILDING 2400 01:48:56,038 --> 01:49:01,611 THE A I MODELS THAT CAN 2401 01:49:01,611 --> 01:49:03,713 ANTICIPATE SAFETY EVENTS. 2402 01:49:03,713 --> 01:49:06,449 YOU CAN DERISK RIGHT NOW WE 2403 01:49:06,449 --> 01:49:09,218 MOVE FORWARD IN VACCINOLOGY 2404 01:49:09,218 --> 01:49:12,121 SPACE. 2405 01:49:12,121 --> 01:49:15,124 IT WOULD BE HIGH VALUED TO 2406 01:49:15,124 --> 01:49:16,325 ESSENTIALLY ANTICIPATE THAT 2407 01:49:16,325 --> 01:49:18,828 BIOLOGY AS WELL SO WE CAN MOVE 2408 01:49:18,828 --> 01:49:22,365 MORE RAPIDLY TOWARDS THAT END 2409 01:49:22,365 --> 01:49:23,332 GOAL. 2410 01:49:23,332 --> 01:49:25,635 >> THAT'S GREAT. 2411 01:49:25,635 --> 01:49:27,903 YEAH, SO REALLY THANK YOU 2412 01:49:27,903 --> 01:49:30,439 EVERYBODY FOR FAN TASTIC 2413 01:49:30,439 --> 01:49:31,707 PRESENTATION AND ALSO REALLY 2414 01:49:31,707 --> 01:49:33,442 GOOD DISCUSSION. 2415 01:49:33,442 --> 01:49:34,944 TOUCHING A LITTLE BIT ON ALL 2416 01:49:34,944 --> 01:49:36,479 ASPECTS. 2417 01:49:36,479 --> 01:49:39,248 WITH THAT, I'LL HAND THIS BACK 2418 01:49:39,248 --> 01:49:40,616 TO KIMBERLY SO FOR THE NEXT 2419 01:49:40,616 --> 01:49:41,317 SESSION. 2420 01:49:41,317 --> 01:49:46,756 THANK YOU FOR KEEPING THE TIME. 2421 01:49:46,756 --> 01:49:48,124 >> ALL RIGHT, GREAT, THANK YOU 2422 01:49:48,124 --> 01:49:50,893 SO MUCH THAT WAS AN AMAZING 2423 01:49:50,893 --> 01:49:52,061 SESSION AND SHOWS A LOT OF 2424 01:49:52,061 --> 01:49:53,663 PROMISE RIGHT NOW EXAMINE ALSO 2425 01:49:53,663 --> 01:49:54,330 FOR THE FUTURE. 2426 01:49:54,330 --> 01:49:55,731 SO I APPRECIATE ALL OF YOUR 2427 01:49:55,731 --> 01:49:56,832 THOUGHTS AND COMMENTS. 2428 01:49:56,832 --> 01:49:58,501 ALL RIGHT LET'S MOVE ON TO 2429 01:49:58,501 --> 01:50:00,069 SESSION THREE FOR VACCINE 2430 01:50:00,069 --> 01:50:00,369 DEVELOPMENT. 2431 01:50:00,369 --> 01:50:02,471 I WOULD LIKE TO INTRODUCE OUR 2432 01:50:02,471 --> 01:50:04,774 MODERATOR AND SPEAKER DR. 2433 01:50:04,774 --> 01:50:06,075 PHILIP FROM THE GATES 2434 01:50:06,075 --> 01:50:07,076 FOUNDATION. 2435 01:50:07,076 --> 01:50:12,948 TAKE IT AWAY. 2436 01:50:12,948 --> 01:50:15,017 >> HELLO GOOD MORNING, I'M 2437 01:50:15,017 --> 01:50:17,787 GOING SHARE MY PRESENTATION. 2438 01:50:17,787 --> 01:50:20,623 AND PLEASE LET ME KNOW WHEN YOU 2439 01:50:20,623 --> 01:50:28,230 SEE IT. 2440 01:50:28,230 --> 01:50:29,331 >> GOOD TO GO. 2441 01:50:29,331 --> 01:50:30,266 SORRY. 2442 01:50:30,266 --> 01:50:33,436 >> WE CAN SEE YOUR SCREEN. 2443 01:50:33,436 --> 01:50:36,072 NOW YOU NEED TO SWITCH TO 2444 01:50:36,072 --> 01:50:36,806 PRESENTER MODE. 2445 01:50:36,806 --> 01:50:44,814 >> OH. 2446 01:50:44,814 --> 01:50:46,182 >> PERFECT, THANK YOU. 2447 01:50:46,182 --> 01:50:47,817 >> PERFECT, I WOULD LIKE TO 2448 01:50:47,817 --> 01:50:49,885 INTRODUCE A TOPIC SO WE'RE 2449 01:50:49,885 --> 01:50:52,221 GOING TO SHIFT GEAR TOWARDS THE 2450 01:50:52,221 --> 01:50:54,190 VACCINE MANUFACTURING SPACE AND 2451 01:50:54,190 --> 01:50:56,025 OBVIOUSLY, THAT'S AN IMPORTANT 2452 01:50:56,025 --> 01:50:57,159 TOPIC TO COVER. 2453 01:50:57,159 --> 01:51:00,629 AND I WOULD LIKE THE CHALLENGE 2454 01:51:00,629 --> 01:51:03,799 OF SPEAKER IN TERMS OF GOING 2455 01:51:03,799 --> 01:51:12,174 TOWARDS VISION CENTRIC APPROACH. 2456 01:51:12,174 --> 01:51:16,479 AND THAT WILL CREATE PROBABLY A 2457 01:51:16,479 --> 01:51:19,648 NEW POWER IN TERMS OF PRODUCING 2458 01:51:19,648 --> 01:51:20,883 SMALLER BATCHES, ET CETERA. 2459 01:51:20,883 --> 01:51:22,952 BUT WE'RE READY FOR THAT. 2460 01:51:22,952 --> 01:51:31,560 MY NAME IS PHILIPE I'M PART OF 2461 01:51:31,560 --> 01:51:35,631 THE GATES FOUNDATION I'M SEEN 2462 01:51:35,631 --> 01:51:37,733 VACCINE DEVELOPMENT FIELD. 2463 01:51:37,733 --> 01:51:39,301 ONE OF MY COLLEAGUE COULD NOT 2464 01:51:39,301 --> 01:51:40,903 COVER TODAY AND I'LL TRY TO 2465 01:51:40,903 --> 01:51:43,172 COVER CAN AFTER THAT I'LL 2466 01:51:43,172 --> 01:51:46,475 INTRODUCE MY OTHER PARTICIPANTS. 2467 01:51:46,475 --> 01:51:48,778 BEFORE I START I WOULD LIKE TO 2468 01:51:48,778 --> 01:51:51,747 INTRODUCE TO THE FOUNDATION 2469 01:51:51,747 --> 01:51:53,616 GATES FOUNDATION GRAND 2470 01:51:53,616 --> 01:51:55,184 CHALLENGE WE WERE ABLE TO GET A 2471 01:51:55,184 --> 01:51:57,153 LOT OF INTERESTING PROPOSAL. 2472 01:51:57,153 --> 01:51:59,355 I WILL NOT COVER THIS TODAY I 2473 01:51:59,355 --> 01:52:01,590 WOULD ENCOURAGE YOU TO GO TO 2474 01:52:01,590 --> 01:52:05,494 THE SITE AND SEE THE INNOVATIVE 2475 01:52:05,494 --> 01:52:07,129 APPROACHES THAT ARE TAKING 2476 01:52:07,129 --> 01:52:08,964 PLACE USING AI IN GENERAL. 2477 01:52:08,964 --> 01:52:13,769 AND BEFORE WE START, I'LL START 2478 01:52:13,769 --> 01:52:16,772 I WOULD LIKE TO MENTION OPEN AI 2479 01:52:16,772 --> 01:52:19,775 AND ENTERPRISE VERSION THAT HAS 2480 01:52:19,775 --> 01:52:21,844 BEEN EXTREMELY TRANSFORMATIVE 2481 01:52:21,844 --> 01:52:23,979 INTO WORKING DEVELOPMENT. 2482 01:52:23,979 --> 01:52:34,456 SO MA NDERMA, ESSENTIALLY 2483 01:52:41,730 --> 01:52:43,499 PEOPLE WERE USING 3.5 AND NOW 2484 01:52:43,499 --> 01:52:47,636 WE SWITCHED TO 4.0 BUT LATELY 2485 01:52:47,636 --> 01:52:58,013 REF --REVOLUTIONARY MODELS THAT 2486 01:52:58,013 --> 01:52:59,715 BRINGS ABOUT Ph.d THINKING TO 2487 01:52:59,715 --> 01:53:01,317 USING AI. 2488 01:53:01,317 --> 01:53:03,786 I'LL COVER VERY QUICKLY ON 2489 01:53:03,786 --> 01:53:07,656 BEHALF OF MY MISSING COLLEAGUE, 2490 01:53:07,656 --> 01:53:10,159 STEP HERE IN TERMS OF THE AI 2491 01:53:10,159 --> 01:53:13,128 ROLE IN TRANS FOERPING VACCINE 2492 01:53:13,128 --> 01:53:15,364 DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES AND 2493 01:53:15,364 --> 01:53:17,666 INTEGRATING AI INTO PROCESSES 2494 01:53:17,666 --> 01:53:21,770 AND THEN OUTCOME AND EFFICIENCY 2495 01:53:21,770 --> 01:53:26,508 AND SCALE ABILITY. 2496 01:53:26,508 --> 01:53:28,744 MY COLLEAGUES COVERED CLINICAL 2497 01:53:28,744 --> 01:53:30,112 EFFICIENCY AND WE'LL COVER THAT 2498 01:53:30,112 --> 01:53:33,082 A LITTLE BIT BETTER DURING THE 2499 01:53:33,082 --> 01:53:34,516 SESSION IN TERMS OF HOW WE 2500 01:53:34,516 --> 01:53:36,685 IMPLEMENT THIS IN THE VACCINE 2501 01:53:36,685 --> 01:53:37,553 MANUFACTURING SPACE. 2502 01:53:37,553 --> 01:53:38,854 BUT I THINK IT'S REALLY 2503 01:53:38,854 --> 01:53:41,156 IMPORTANT TO GO BACK TO THE 2504 01:53:41,156 --> 01:53:43,459 VACCINE DEVELOPMENT PIPELINE, 2505 01:53:43,459 --> 01:53:45,895 THE VACCINE MANUFACTURING 2506 01:53:45,895 --> 01:53:46,729 COSYSTEM. 2507 01:53:46,729 --> 01:53:48,597 SXL HOW IT APPLIES TO DIFFERENT 2508 01:53:48,597 --> 01:53:49,298 PLACES. 2509 01:53:49,298 --> 01:53:52,034 SO I'M GOING TO BE COVERING THE 2510 01:53:52,034 --> 01:53:55,004 CMC PART OF IT AND JUST WANT TO 2511 01:53:55,004 --> 01:53:56,839 MENTION THAT AI CAN BE A 2512 01:53:56,839 --> 01:53:58,641 EMPLOYED TO ANY OF THESE STEPS 2513 01:53:58,641 --> 01:54:03,445 AND IT BECOMES, OBVIOUSLY, A 2514 01:54:03,445 --> 01:54:05,481 VERY VERBAL PARTNER IN THE 2515 01:54:05,481 --> 01:54:09,084 SMALL SCALE PROCESS DEVELOPMENT 2516 01:54:09,084 --> 01:54:12,154 FROM THE MANUFACTURING, SPACE 2517 01:54:12,154 --> 01:54:13,389 DEEMPLOYMENT, SUPPLY ET CETERA 2518 01:54:13,389 --> 01:54:14,990 SO THERE IS MANY POSSIBILITIES 2519 01:54:14,990 --> 01:54:19,528 AND THEN RIGHT NOW THERE IS A 2520 01:54:19,528 --> 01:54:20,963 RAPID DEDUCTION, THE VACCINE 2521 01:54:20,963 --> 01:54:24,633 PROCESS ITSELF OR PROCESSES 2522 01:54:24,633 --> 01:54:26,435 RELL TOUGHLY COMPLICATED, MOST 2523 01:54:26,435 --> 01:54:30,139 OF THEM HAVE 10,000 STEPS IF 2524 01:54:30,139 --> 01:54:32,241 YOU START COUNTING THEM. 2525 01:54:32,241 --> 01:54:34,343 MULTIPLE OPERATION UNIT AND 2526 01:54:34,343 --> 01:54:38,447 MULTIPLE PLATFORM THE VACCINE 2527 01:54:38,447 --> 01:54:40,549 PLATFORM, NOT ONLY TALKING 2528 01:54:40,549 --> 01:54:45,788 ABOUT PLATFORM BY BIOPLATFORM 2529 01:54:45,788 --> 01:54:47,556 BUT OTHER PLATFORM. 2530 01:54:47,556 --> 01:54:51,226 EVERY ONE REQUIRE A OUT STREAM 2531 01:54:51,226 --> 01:54:53,295 PROCESS AND THAT CREATES LIKE A 2532 01:54:53,295 --> 01:54:54,930 MASSIVE AMOUNT OF INFORMATION. 2533 01:54:54,930 --> 01:54:57,499 BUT OVERALL, WHAT IS NEEDED IS 2534 01:54:57,499 --> 01:55:04,974 THAT EVERY SINGLE STEP OF THESE 2535 01:55:04,974 --> 01:55:05,741 UNIT. 2536 01:55:05,741 --> 01:55:08,777 EVERY STEP NEEDS TO PROVIDE THE 2537 01:55:08,777 --> 01:55:09,678 RIGHT QUALITY. 2538 01:55:09,678 --> 01:55:13,082 AND AI IS BRINGING A NEW 2539 01:55:13,082 --> 01:55:18,287 TRANSFORMATION AL EVENT BECAUSE 2540 01:55:18,287 --> 01:55:20,489 NOW WHILE WE WERE USING THE 2541 01:55:20,489 --> 01:55:24,460 DESIGN FOR THE PAST 15 YEARS IN 2542 01:55:24,460 --> 01:55:26,762 TERMS OF HAVING MORE 2543 01:55:26,762 --> 01:55:28,597 TRADITIONAL, LET'S SAY APPROACH 2544 01:55:28,597 --> 01:55:31,333 USING DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS 2545 01:55:31,333 --> 01:55:33,369 THAT ANALYSIS TO TRY TO BE IN 2546 01:55:33,369 --> 01:55:35,671 CONTROL OF THOSE PROCESSES, NOW 2547 01:55:35,671 --> 01:55:41,377 WE CAN INJECT A LOT MORE OF 2548 01:55:41,377 --> 01:55:44,646 THAT THINKING AND THEN WE CAN 2549 01:55:44,646 --> 01:55:46,949 REALLY LEVERAGE AI AND BRING 2550 01:55:46,949 --> 01:55:51,086 NEW TYPE OF TECHNIQUES SUCH AS 2551 01:55:51,086 --> 01:55:55,190 REAL TIM ANALYSIS, PREDICT I 2552 01:55:55,190 --> 01:55:56,058 HAVE MODELING ADAPTIVE CONTROL 2553 01:55:56,058 --> 01:55:57,159 ET CETERA. 2554 01:55:57,159 --> 01:55:59,294 HOW DO WE DO THAT? 2555 01:55:59,294 --> 01:56:01,163 I THINK THOSE CAN BE A MAJOR 2556 01:56:01,163 --> 01:56:05,934 SHIFT IN THE INDUSTRY IN TERMS 2557 01:56:05,934 --> 01:56:09,038 OF INDUSTRY INTERNET OF THINGS. 2558 01:56:09,038 --> 01:56:11,874 INTERNET OF THINGS HAS BEEN 2559 01:56:11,874 --> 01:56:15,044 USED FOR MANY YEARS. 2560 01:56:15,044 --> 01:56:16,311 INDUSTRIAL SPACE, THAT BECOMES 2561 01:56:16,311 --> 01:56:17,746 INTERESTING IN TERMS OF BEING 2562 01:56:17,746 --> 01:56:20,249 ABLE TO DEVELOP THE RIGHT 2563 01:56:20,249 --> 01:56:21,683 ARCHITECTURE. 2564 01:56:21,683 --> 01:56:25,387 SO WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF IT 2565 01:56:25,387 --> 01:56:28,624 NOW, YOU WOULD SAY THAT IT WAS 2566 01:56:28,624 --> 01:56:31,627 HUMANLY IMPOSSIBLE TO POSSES 2567 01:56:31,627 --> 01:56:33,662 THE AMOUNT OF DATA WITH THOSE 2568 01:56:33,662 --> 01:56:34,830 PROCESSES. 2569 01:56:34,830 --> 01:56:37,800 AND NOW WE HAVE TO WRITE 2570 01:56:37,800 --> 01:56:39,601 ENVIRONMENT AND TOOL AND 2571 01:56:39,601 --> 01:56:43,172 SUPPORT TO PROCESS THE DATA, 2572 01:56:43,172 --> 01:56:45,574 AGGREGATE DIFFERENT TOIP OF 2573 01:56:45,574 --> 01:56:48,177 DATA LAKE, PERFORM THE DATA 2574 01:56:48,177 --> 01:56:52,014 AGGREGATION AND YOU NEED TO 2575 01:56:52,014 --> 01:56:54,116 UNDERSTAND THAT IT HAS THE 2576 01:56:54,116 --> 01:56:57,352 OPPORTUNITY TO CODE ITS UPPER 2577 01:56:57,352 --> 01:56:58,220 LAYER. 2578 01:56:58,220 --> 01:56:59,621 TO GENERATE THE APPLICATION 2579 01:56:59,621 --> 01:57:01,457 LAYER OR THE INTERFACE NEEDED 2580 01:57:01,457 --> 01:57:04,860 FOR THE USER INTERFACE. 2581 01:57:04,860 --> 01:57:07,396 AND THIS BEING DEVELOPED RIGHT 2582 01:57:07,396 --> 01:57:09,298 NOW, WILL ENABLE I THINK THE 2583 01:57:09,298 --> 01:57:10,833 RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF THE EARLY 2584 01:57:10,833 --> 01:57:13,769 PHASE NEEDED FOR THIS INTERNET 2585 01:57:13,769 --> 01:57:20,609 OF THINGS AK TECH TOUR 2586 01:57:20,609 --> 01:57:22,211 --ARCHITECTURE WHICH IS A 2587 01:57:22,211 --> 01:57:23,812 SENSOR AND THESE SMART DWIESZ 2588 01:57:23,812 --> 01:57:25,447 WILL BE CONNECTED TO ALL OF 2589 01:57:25,447 --> 01:57:27,282 THAT MACHINERY AND START 2590 01:57:27,282 --> 01:57:28,484 COLLECTING MORE EXAMINE MORE 2591 01:57:28,484 --> 01:57:29,852 DATA I THINK THAT'S WHERE THE 2592 01:57:29,852 --> 01:57:31,954 FUTURE IS GOING. 2593 01:57:31,954 --> 01:57:33,522 ACTUALLY, THIS IS CONSISTENT 2594 01:57:33,522 --> 01:57:37,893 WITH A LOT OF THINKING WITH 2595 01:57:37,893 --> 01:57:39,962 GENERATIONAL PLATFORM AND WHILE 2596 01:57:39,962 --> 01:57:42,464 TECHNIQUE SUCH AS SPECTRUM WILL 2597 01:57:42,464 --> 01:57:50,839 REALLY RISE AS AS BEING 2598 01:57:50,839 --> 01:57:52,207 TECHNIQUE, THERE IS BEEN A LOT 2599 01:57:52,207 --> 01:57:55,410 OF NEW DEVELOPMENT IN THE SPACE 2600 01:57:55,410 --> 01:57:57,446 RELATED TO OTHER TYPE AND HERE 2601 01:57:57,446 --> 01:58:00,048 IN THE CENTRAL BUB, I WILL NOT 2602 01:58:00,048 --> 01:58:02,050 NAME IT, I WILL NOT NAME ALL OF 2603 01:58:02,050 --> 01:58:03,485 THEM BUT OBVIOUSLY THERE IS A 2604 01:58:03,485 --> 01:58:09,558 LOT OF OPPORTUNITY TO 2605 01:58:09,558 --> 01:58:11,160 MINIATURIZE THE TECHNOLOGY AND 2606 01:58:11,160 --> 01:58:12,561 MAKE THEM PORTABLE AND 2607 01:58:12,561 --> 01:58:13,762 ACCESSIBLE AND CONNECT THEM TO 2608 01:58:13,762 --> 01:58:16,031 DIFFERENT PLACES IN THE PROCESS 2609 01:58:16,031 --> 01:58:18,834 THAT WILL GENERATE THE LEVEL OF 2610 01:58:18,834 --> 01:58:20,335 DATA NEEDED TO BRING AI TO THE 2611 01:58:20,335 --> 01:58:21,603 QUESTION. 2612 01:58:21,603 --> 01:58:25,440 AND BASICALLY, THIS IS IN A 2613 01:58:25,440 --> 01:58:27,743 LIEP AND CONSISTENT WITH WHAT 2614 01:58:27,743 --> 01:58:38,253 WE'RE CALLING INDUSTRY 4.0 IN 2615 01:58:40,088 --> 01:58:45,427 THE ENGINEERING JARGON. 2616 01:58:45,427 --> 01:58:48,730 AND IT WILL TRANSFORM INTO A 2617 01:58:48,730 --> 01:58:50,532 CERTAIN LEVEL OF AUTOMATION IN 2618 01:58:50,532 --> 01:58:54,770 TERMS OF HAVING MORE CONTROL 2619 01:58:54,770 --> 01:58:57,806 PROSES, BUT WITH THE INPUT OF 2620 01:58:57,806 --> 01:58:58,774 QUALITY AND PREDICTION AND 2621 01:58:58,774 --> 01:58:59,641 QUALITY. 2622 01:58:59,641 --> 01:59:01,677 SO IN TERMS OF THE GLOBAL 2623 01:59:01,677 --> 01:59:02,945 IMPACT OF THOSE TECHNIQUES THAT 2624 01:59:02,945 --> 01:59:05,414 ARE START TO GO RISE RIGHT NOW, 2625 01:59:05,414 --> 01:59:07,015 SO OBVIOUSLY COST REDUCTION 2626 01:59:07,015 --> 01:59:10,519 BECAUSE WORE GOING TO BE ABLE 2627 01:59:10,519 --> 01:59:13,355 TO OPTIMIZE PROCESSES AND 2628 01:59:13,355 --> 01:59:15,157 LOCALIZE MANUFACTURING WILL BE 2629 01:59:15,157 --> 01:59:17,159 SOMETHING THAT WILL BE EASIER 2630 01:59:17,159 --> 01:59:18,994 TO IMPLEMENT AND OBVIOUSLY 2631 01:59:18,994 --> 01:59:20,829 SUPPORT LIKE DIFFERENT TYPE OF 2632 01:59:20,829 --> 01:59:24,499 TECHNOLOGY IN THE MOTHER OF 2633 01:59:24,499 --> 01:59:26,735 SPACE PRODUCTION, WE MENTION 2634 01:59:26,735 --> 01:59:28,437 ZEN TRICK APPROACHES REQUIRE 2635 01:59:28,437 --> 01:59:30,372 SETTING. 2636 01:59:30,372 --> 01:59:35,844 AND THEN OBVIOUSLY SUPPLY CHAIN 2637 01:59:35,844 --> 01:59:36,511 RESILIENCE. 2638 01:59:36,511 --> 01:59:38,380 SO THERE IS MANY KEY CHALLENGE 2639 01:59:38,380 --> 01:59:40,015 I WILL NOT GO THROUGH ALL OF 2640 01:59:40,015 --> 01:59:46,455 THEM AND MY COLLEAGUE MENTIONED 2641 01:59:46,455 --> 01:59:46,922 MANY OF THEM. 2642 01:59:46,922 --> 01:59:50,359 WORE GOING TO BE COVERING WITH 2643 01:59:50,359 --> 01:59:51,827 GUEST FROM FDA, THAT NEEDS TO 2644 01:59:51,827 --> 01:59:52,628 BE ADDRESSED. 2645 01:59:52,628 --> 01:59:56,131 AND OBVIOUSLY FROM A 2646 01:59:56,131 --> 01:59:57,499 ENGINEERING PERSPECTIVE WE NEED 2647 01:59:57,499 --> 02:00:02,304 TO WORKFORCE THAT ISSUE. 2648 02:00:02,304 --> 02:00:03,538 BUT THERE ARE SOLUTIONS FOR 2649 02:00:03,538 --> 02:00:09,244 THAT AND THIS IS BEING SQUUSED. 2650 02:00:09,244 --> 02:00:10,379 --DISCUSSED. 2651 02:00:10,379 --> 02:00:13,448 THERE ARE MORE AND MORE THEM 2652 02:00:13,448 --> 02:00:16,084 AND ACTUALLY, THERE ARE ACTUAL 2653 02:00:16,084 --> 02:00:19,521 RATING AND BECOMING LIKE 2654 02:00:19,521 --> 02:00:20,956 CONCRETE APPLICATIONS OF AI IN 2655 02:00:20,956 --> 02:00:24,526 THE MANUFACTURING SPACE. 2656 02:00:24,526 --> 02:00:25,661 ALLOW MY COLLEAGUE MENTIONED 2657 02:00:25,661 --> 02:00:27,296 THE PANDEMIC AND RESPONSE TO IT. 2658 02:00:27,296 --> 02:00:30,332 I THINK FROM ENGINEERING POINT 2659 02:00:30,332 --> 02:00:33,201 OF VIEW, THIS IS BECOMING 2660 02:00:33,201 --> 02:00:34,803 EXTREMELY APPEALING BECAUSE 2661 02:00:34,803 --> 02:00:36,004 FROM A RAPID RESPONSE SYSTEM 2662 02:00:36,004 --> 02:00:44,313 NOW THERE IS A CHANCE TO AUTO 2663 02:00:44,313 --> 02:00:47,082 MATE THE PROCESS, WHEN THERE IS 2664 02:00:47,082 --> 02:00:48,650 A PANDEMIC THAT REQUIRES A 2665 02:00:48,650 --> 02:00:51,353 CERTAIN, LET'S SAY A SCREENING 2666 02:00:51,353 --> 02:00:52,788 PROCESSES. 2667 02:00:52,788 --> 02:00:54,690 JUST MEANT A LOT OF WORK DONE 2668 02:00:54,690 --> 02:01:00,629 FOR EXAMPLE ON THE BROAD 2669 02:01:00,629 --> 02:01:01,997 PROTECTION SEQUENCES OPTIMIZE 2670 02:01:01,997 --> 02:01:03,198 WITH MACHINE LEARNING AND YOU 2671 02:01:03,198 --> 02:01:05,567 CAN SEE THE POWER OF BEING ABLE 2672 02:01:05,567 --> 02:01:08,904 TO SCREEN FOR THE SEQUENCES, 2673 02:01:08,904 --> 02:01:11,206 SELECT THEM AND REPERFORM ALL 2674 02:01:11,206 --> 02:01:16,845 OF THOSE EFFORTS AND PROVIDE 2675 02:01:16,845 --> 02:01:18,380 THE STRAIN OF INTEREST. 2676 02:01:18,380 --> 02:01:20,749 I THINK WE CAN DO BETTER 2677 02:01:20,749 --> 02:01:21,917 POSSIBLE THAT THIS COULD BE IN 2678 02:01:21,917 --> 02:01:23,985 DAYS IF YOU HAVE ACCESS TO ALL 2679 02:01:23,985 --> 02:01:31,460 THE DATA NECESSARY AND THAT 2680 02:01:31,460 --> 02:01:35,530 WOULD REALLY PREPARATION AND 2681 02:01:35,530 --> 02:01:39,368 PANDEMIC PREPARATION AVAILABLE. 2682 02:01:39,368 --> 02:01:42,571 BASICALLY THOSE IN THE SYSTEM 2683 02:01:42,571 --> 02:01:44,506 CAN RECEIVE DIGITALLY THE 2684 02:01:44,506 --> 02:01:47,876 SEQUENCE SXZ START TO PRODUCE 2685 02:01:47,876 --> 02:01:49,711 ON DEMAND AT DIFFERENT SCALE 2686 02:01:49,711 --> 02:01:50,946 AND MULTIPLE EFFORTS RIGHT NOW 2687 02:01:50,946 --> 02:02:01,490 SUCH AS FOR EXAMPLE AS MIT, FDA 2688 02:02:03,892 --> 02:02:05,861 AND RESI PHARM. 2689 02:02:05,861 --> 02:02:07,462 SO OBVIOUSLY THAT WILL REQUIRE 2690 02:02:07,462 --> 02:02:12,033 A LOT OF INVEST AND 2691 02:02:12,033 --> 02:02:12,734 COLLABORATIVE INITIATIVES TO 2692 02:02:12,734 --> 02:02:16,371 FOCUS ON EQUITY. 2693 02:02:16,371 --> 02:02:19,074 SO WE'RE GOING TO BE ABLE TO 2694 02:02:19,074 --> 02:02:21,610 DEVELOP THE NEXT GENERATION OF 2695 02:02:21,610 --> 02:02:24,346 AI INFRASTRUCTURE AND THIS IS 2696 02:02:24,346 --> 02:02:25,247 ALREADY ON GOING. 2697 02:02:25,247 --> 02:02:28,383 SXL ALL THE VACCINE ECOSYSTEM 2698 02:02:28,383 --> 02:02:29,818 SYSTEMS BECAUSE THERE IS AN 2699 02:02:29,818 --> 02:02:31,420 OPPORTUNITY FOR EVERY PIECES 2700 02:02:31,420 --> 02:02:35,557 AND OBVIOUSLY TO MAKE THOSE 2701 02:02:35,557 --> 02:02:38,760 TOOLS AVAILABLE FOR THE UNDER 2702 02:02:38,760 --> 02:02:40,362 SERVED REGIONS. 2703 02:02:40,362 --> 02:02:42,664 I WANT TO END WITH ONE THOUGHT 2704 02:02:42,664 --> 02:02:45,033 IN THE CHAT THAT WE WERE 2705 02:02:45,033 --> 02:02:48,937 QUESTION, WE CAN HAVE ACCESS TO 2706 02:02:48,937 --> 02:02:55,477 VACCINE KNOWLEDGE OR IMMUNOLOGY 2707 02:02:55,477 --> 02:02:57,245 IN GENERAL. 2708 02:02:57,245 --> 02:02:59,381 WE'RE THINKING ABOUT THE POWER 2709 02:02:59,381 --> 02:03:05,320 OF AI AND THOSE LLM WILL START 2710 02:03:05,320 --> 02:03:08,056 MORE FUNCTION AND INTER ABILITY. 2711 02:03:08,056 --> 02:03:10,992 PRETTY SOON IT WILL INTEGRATE 2712 02:03:10,992 --> 02:03:13,061 THE WORK FLOW, THE EXPERTISE OF 2713 02:03:13,061 --> 02:03:16,498 AN EXPERT AND ENTRY THAT WILL 2714 02:03:16,498 --> 02:03:18,333 ALSO INTEGRATE MEMORY AND YOU 2715 02:03:18,333 --> 02:03:20,602 CAN START CREATING VACCINE 2716 02:03:20,602 --> 02:03:31,146 AGENCY, SO ENTITIES PROVIDING 2717 02:03:33,148 --> 02:03:35,784 MIOCULAR AND THEY CAN HAVE 2718 02:03:35,784 --> 02:03:37,552 ENTITIES AND REALLY HAVE ACCESS 2719 02:03:37,552 --> 02:03:41,590 TO STATE-OF-THE-ART INFORMATION 2720 02:03:41,590 --> 02:03:44,559 BUT ALSO SUBMIT RECOMMENDATION 2721 02:03:44,559 --> 02:03:46,061 DISCUSS, OF A CERTAIN 2722 02:03:46,061 --> 02:03:50,732 RECOMMENDATION SO THERE IS A 2723 02:03:50,732 --> 02:03:52,834 VERY USUAL DURING CREATING THE 2724 02:03:52,834 --> 02:03:54,002 ASSISTANCE AND THE FOUNDATION 2725 02:03:54,002 --> 02:03:56,104 IS INVESTIGATING HOW WE CAN 2726 02:03:56,104 --> 02:03:58,740 DEPLOY THESE IN THE LOW MEDIUM 2727 02:03:58,740 --> 02:04:01,510 COUNTRY. 2728 02:04:01,510 --> 02:04:02,210 >> ONE-MINUTE PLEASE. 2729 02:04:02,210 --> 02:04:05,380 >> I'M GOING TO SAVE YOU ONE 2730 02:04:05,380 --> 02:04:06,648 MINUTE BECAUSE I'M DONE WITH 2731 02:04:06,648 --> 02:04:08,149 THE PRESENTATION. 2732 02:04:08,149 --> 02:04:09,017 >> WONDERFUL, THAT WAS 2733 02:04:09,017 --> 02:04:10,018 EXCELLENT. 2734 02:04:10,018 --> 02:04:11,653 >> THANK YOU, I'M GOING TO STOP 2735 02:04:11,653 --> 02:04:13,522 SHARING AND I WOULD LIKE TO 2736 02:04:13,522 --> 02:04:14,456 INTRODUCE MY NEXT SPEAKER, 2737 02:04:14,456 --> 02:04:17,192 FIRST OF ALL LET ME STOP 2738 02:04:17,192 --> 02:04:22,397 SHARING. 2739 02:04:22,397 --> 02:04:25,166 AND I WOULD LIKE MY NEXT 2740 02:04:25,166 --> 02:04:26,268 SPEAKER TO TAKE OVER THE 2741 02:04:26,268 --> 02:04:26,801 PRESENTATION. 2742 02:04:26,801 --> 02:04:34,276 I WOULD LIKE TO INTRODUCE YOU 2743 02:04:34,276 --> 02:04:44,286 TO DR. SAMBASS FROM PFIZER AND 2744 02:04:44,286 --> 02:04:46,788 DRIVING INNOVATION LIKE MERCK 2745 02:04:46,788 --> 02:04:49,524 AND PFIZER, AND YOU'LL BE 2746 02:04:49,524 --> 02:04:50,892 SPEAKING ON TRANSFORMING 2747 02:04:50,892 --> 02:04:53,395 CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH AI. 2748 02:04:53,395 --> 02:04:54,329 ALL YOURS. 2749 02:04:54,329 --> 02:04:58,366 >> THANK YOU PHILIPPE. 2750 02:04:58,366 --> 02:04:59,134 GOOD EVENING, EVERYONE THANK 2751 02:04:59,134 --> 02:05:01,236 YOU TO THE ORGANIZERS AND 2752 02:05:01,236 --> 02:05:02,837 ESPECIALLY TO KIMBERLY FOR THE 2753 02:05:02,837 --> 02:05:04,472 INVITATION TO SHARE WHAT WE'RE 2754 02:05:04,472 --> 02:05:07,208 DOING AND HOPEFULLY HELP 2755 02:05:07,208 --> 02:05:10,245 ADVANCE THE DEVELOPMENT ACROSS 2756 02:05:10,245 --> 02:05:12,314 OUR ENTIRE INDUSTRY. 2757 02:05:12,314 --> 02:05:17,085 FIRST, THE OBLIGATORY 2758 02:05:17,085 --> 02:05:22,991 DISCLOSURE SLIDE. 2759 02:05:22,991 --> 02:05:25,527 THERE IS A LARGE ARRAY OF TOOLS 2760 02:05:25,527 --> 02:05:27,596 HERE WITHIN THE CLINICAL 2761 02:05:27,596 --> 02:05:33,702 OPERATION SPACE TO REALLY 2762 02:05:33,702 --> 02:05:35,270 OPTIMIZE HOW IT WORKS. 2763 02:05:35,270 --> 02:05:37,439 IF I SKIP SOME OF THE RIGHT 2764 02:05:37,439 --> 02:05:40,575 HERE, SOME OF THE PREVIOUS 2765 02:05:40,575 --> 02:05:43,979 PRESENTERS FOCUSED ON STARTING 2766 02:05:43,979 --> 02:05:45,347 JUST THE FUNDAMENTAL TRIAL 2767 02:05:45,347 --> 02:05:48,450 DESIGN AT THE LEVEL OF DOUBLE 2768 02:05:48,450 --> 02:05:50,118 BLIND CONTROL. 2769 02:05:50,118 --> 02:05:53,788 BUT MORE SPECIFICS OF THE STUDY 2770 02:05:53,788 --> 02:05:58,760 DESIGN THAT WOULD REFLECT SITE 2771 02:05:58,760 --> 02:05:59,761 BURDEN, PATIENT BURDEN TO 2772 02:05:59,761 --> 02:06:04,666 ENSURE THAT WE CAN ASSURE 2773 02:06:04,666 --> 02:06:06,067 THROUGH STUDIES AND NOT HAVE 2774 02:06:06,067 --> 02:06:07,469 INDIVIDUALS DROP OUT. 2775 02:06:07,469 --> 02:06:11,740 DURING THE START UP PROCESSES 2776 02:06:11,740 --> 02:06:13,341 OPPORTUNITIES TO SELECT SITES 2777 02:06:13,341 --> 02:06:16,044 AND WHEN WE SAY SELECT SITES, 2778 02:06:16,044 --> 02:06:20,382 IT IS BEYOND JUST, 2779 02:06:20,382 --> 02:06:21,483 PRODUCTABILITY BUT HISTORICAL 2780 02:06:21,483 --> 02:06:22,884 QUALITY PERFORMANCE AT THE 2781 02:06:22,884 --> 02:06:25,420 SITE, THE ABILITY OF DIFFERENT 2782 02:06:25,420 --> 02:06:29,024 CENTERS TO RECUTE CERTAIN 2783 02:06:29,024 --> 02:06:30,191 POPULATIONS AND DURING THAT 2784 02:06:30,191 --> 02:06:34,929 PROCESS BEING THAT WE WORK IN 2785 02:06:34,929 --> 02:06:36,331 AN UNREGULATED INDUSTRY BEING 2786 02:06:36,331 --> 02:06:38,199 ABLE TO GENERATE THOUSANDS OF 2787 02:06:38,199 --> 02:06:39,567 DOCUMENTS GENERATED DURING THE 2788 02:06:39,567 --> 02:06:41,670 CONDUCT OF THE START UP AND THE 2789 02:06:41,670 --> 02:06:47,275 CONDUCT OF CLINICAL TRIAL. 2790 02:06:47,275 --> 02:06:51,613 AND BEING ABLE TO PHOTO 2791 02:06:51,613 --> 02:06:54,115 GENERATE THOSE CONTEXTS REALLY 2792 02:06:54,115 --> 02:06:57,085 ELIMINATES BURDEN ON OUR STAND 2793 02:06:57,085 --> 02:06:58,920 AND SITE STAND TO SIMPLIFY 2794 02:06:58,920 --> 02:07:01,222 PROCESS AND HAVE A MORE 2795 02:07:01,222 --> 02:07:07,962 CONSISTENT QUALITY THROUGHOUT. 2796 02:07:07,962 --> 02:07:11,633 DURING THE RECRUITMENT PROCESS 2797 02:07:11,633 --> 02:07:22,110 IDENTIFYING THROUGH AN AUTO 2798 02:07:23,044 --> 02:07:24,813 MIZED HEADS THAT--BUT EVEN 2799 02:07:24,813 --> 02:07:27,082 SPECIFIC INSTITUTES THAT THEY 2800 02:07:27,082 --> 02:07:37,559 MAY HAVE, THAT MAY HAVE IN 2801 02:07:42,797 --> 02:07:44,599 THOSE CASES, THEY MAY NOT BE 2802 02:07:44,599 --> 02:07:46,434 CENTERS OF EXPERIENCE TRIALS, 2803 02:07:46,434 --> 02:07:49,270 WHICH WE CAN OFF TRAINING WITH 2804 02:07:49,270 --> 02:07:51,706 THAT RESPECT. 2805 02:07:51,706 --> 02:07:54,909 DURING THE CONDUCT STUDY WHERE 2806 02:07:54,909 --> 02:07:57,846 WE'VE HAD EFFORTS SOME 2807 02:07:57,846 --> 02:08:01,049 SIGNIFICANT TOOLS TO PROVE HOW 2808 02:08:01,049 --> 02:08:03,351 WE MONITOR THE STUDY AND HOW WE 2809 02:08:03,351 --> 02:08:05,887 MONITOR THE DATA FROM THE STUDY 2810 02:08:05,887 --> 02:08:09,357 TO ASSURE THAT ANY SIGNALS AND 2811 02:08:09,357 --> 02:08:12,160 ANOMALIES THAT WE SEE WE CAN 2812 02:08:12,160 --> 02:08:14,896 REACT TO QUICKLY AND NOT DEPEND 2813 02:08:14,896 --> 02:08:16,531 ON PERIODIC DATA REVIEWS BUT 2814 02:08:16,531 --> 02:08:20,368 REALLY IN REAL TOMB ABLE TO SEE 2815 02:08:20,368 --> 02:08:25,373 TRENDS AND REACT TO THEM. 2816 02:08:25,373 --> 02:08:28,343 IN MOST CASES THEY LEAD TO 2817 02:08:28,343 --> 02:08:30,178 OTHER ASPECTS OF IMPROVISING 2818 02:08:30,178 --> 02:08:32,180 OUR CONDUCT BUT IT IS IMPACTFUL. 2819 02:08:32,180 --> 02:08:34,349 EXAMINE THEN AT THE CONCLUSION 2820 02:08:34,349 --> 02:08:37,552 OF THE STUDY, BEING ABLE TO 2821 02:08:37,552 --> 02:08:39,687 GENERATE THE OPTIMAL SET OF 2822 02:08:39,687 --> 02:08:43,291 FIGURES TO STUDY REPORTS, 2823 02:08:43,291 --> 02:08:44,692 NARRATIVES OR AT LEAST FOR 2824 02:08:44,692 --> 02:08:50,765 STRESS TO HAND TO A KIND OF 2825 02:08:50,765 --> 02:08:57,672 PROFESSIONAL TO FINAL. 2826 02:08:57,672 --> 02:09:01,109 ONE OF THE BIG EXAMPLE IS 2827 02:09:01,109 --> 02:09:02,477 CALLED SMART DATA QUALITY, THIS 2828 02:09:02,477 --> 02:09:06,848 IS THE TECHNOLOGY THAT WE 2829 02:09:06,848 --> 02:09:14,622 DEVELOPED ROUGHLY DATA POINTS 2830 02:09:14,622 --> 02:09:19,561 WORK ON TRIALS AND ROUGHLY 2831 02:09:19,561 --> 02:09:21,196 200,000 QUERIES THAT WERE 2832 02:09:21,196 --> 02:09:23,264 ISSUED BY STUDY PERSONNEL TO 2833 02:09:23,264 --> 02:09:33,808 CLARIFY SOME MATTER IN DATA SET. 2834 02:09:34,375 --> 02:09:38,446 LEAD TO IT 50 ACCURATE RE. 2835 02:09:38,446 --> 02:09:46,020 THE ACCURACY WAS HUMAN IN THE 2836 02:09:46,020 --> 02:09:48,022 LOOP METHOD. 2837 02:09:48,022 --> 02:09:51,893 AFTER SIX MONTHS, MY TEAM 2838 02:09:51,893 --> 02:09:53,728 REVIEWING AND APPROVING THUMBS 2839 02:09:53,728 --> 02:09:56,931 UP OR THUMBS DOWN OR EVEN A 2840 02:09:56,931 --> 02:10:00,802 SIDE WAYS THUMB IF THEY AGREED 2841 02:10:00,802 --> 02:10:02,170 BUT DISAPPROVED WITH THE 2842 02:10:02,170 --> 02:10:04,706 LANGUAGE, WE WERE ABLE TO GET 2843 02:10:04,706 --> 02:10:06,741 THE ACCURACY AT ABOUT 90 2844 02:10:06,741 --> 02:10:10,245 PERCENT AND AFTER THAT WE USED 2845 02:10:10,245 --> 02:10:20,622 IT IN CLINICAL TRIALS. 2846 02:10:21,022 --> 02:10:26,027 COVERS SOME OF THE MOST 2847 02:10:26,027 --> 02:10:33,701 CRITICAL DOMAINS TO LAB RESULTS. 2848 02:10:33,701 --> 02:10:36,905 ROUGHLY AROUND THE SAME TIME, 2849 02:10:36,905 --> 02:10:39,841 WE COULD DEVELOP CODING FOR 2850 02:10:39,841 --> 02:10:42,877 THOSE NOT FAMILIAR WITH THE 2851 02:10:42,877 --> 02:10:48,983 CLINICAL CONDUCT PROCESS, WE 2852 02:10:48,983 --> 02:10:50,251 RECEIVED VERBATIMS FOR ADVERSE 2853 02:10:50,251 --> 02:10:51,286 OF THAT. 2854 02:10:51,286 --> 02:10:53,354 THOSE VER BAYED UM HAVE TO BE 2855 02:10:53,354 --> 02:10:54,756 CODED TO COMMON TERMS THEY CAN 2856 02:10:54,756 --> 02:10:57,725 BE ROLLED UP TO A CORRECT 2857 02:10:57,725 --> 02:10:59,360 TOTALITY FOR A SPECIFIC EFFORT 2858 02:10:59,360 --> 02:11:00,895 OF THAT. 2859 02:11:00,895 --> 02:11:04,065 THE SAME IS TRUE FOR 2860 02:11:04,065 --> 02:11:05,900 MEDICATIONS AND AS YOU CAN 2861 02:11:05,900 --> 02:11:13,641 IMAGINE THE VERBATIM AND VARY 2862 02:11:13,641 --> 02:11:16,377 ACROSS THE WORLD NOT JUST THE 2863 02:11:16,377 --> 02:11:17,745 BRAND NAMES. 2864 02:11:17,745 --> 02:11:24,385 SO IT'S SOMETHING WAS IF ANY 2865 02:11:24,385 --> 02:11:25,887 VERBATIM WAS RECEIVED IN THE 2866 02:11:25,887 --> 02:11:28,656 PAST IT STORES IT AND IF IT 2867 02:11:28,656 --> 02:11:29,524 REOCCURS THE MACHINE WILL CODE 2868 02:11:29,524 --> 02:11:30,258 IT. 2869 02:11:30,258 --> 02:11:32,327 BUT WHAT IS INTERESTING HERE IS 2870 02:11:32,327 --> 02:11:34,462 IF IT HAS NOT BEEN OBSERVED IN 2871 02:11:34,462 --> 02:11:38,032 THE PAST, THE MACHINE WILL 2872 02:11:38,032 --> 02:11:43,037 ACTUALLY PRODUCE THE THREE MOST 2873 02:11:43,037 --> 02:11:44,672 PROBABLE CODINGS FOR THAT TERM. 2874 02:11:44,672 --> 02:11:47,275 WE USED TO PRESENT FIVE BUT IT 2875 02:11:47,275 --> 02:11:49,777 TURNED OUT THAT THE MACHINE WAS 2876 02:11:49,777 --> 02:11:53,214 RIGHT FOR AT LEAST JUST THREE 2877 02:11:53,214 --> 02:11:54,615 AND WE REDUCED TO TWO. 2878 02:11:54,615 --> 02:11:58,920 THESE WERE BROUGHT TO CLINICAL 2879 02:11:58,920 --> 02:11:59,487 PROFESSIONAL ATTENTION TO 2880 02:11:59,487 --> 02:12:01,456 PRESENT WHAT IS THE CORRECT 2881 02:12:01,456 --> 02:12:02,924 CODING AND IF IT'S NOT 2882 02:12:02,924 --> 02:12:05,626 INCLUDED, IT CAN BE OVER RULED 2883 02:12:05,626 --> 02:12:08,396 AND THE INDIVIDUAL CAN IDENTIFY 2884 02:12:08,396 --> 02:12:10,498 A DIFFERENT CODING THAN WHAT 2885 02:12:10,498 --> 02:12:15,970 THE TOOL HAS PRODUCED. 2886 02:12:15,970 --> 02:12:17,605 PIVOTING A LITTLE BIT FROM 2887 02:12:17,605 --> 02:12:19,240 THOSE KIND OF TRANSACTIONS 2888 02:12:19,240 --> 02:12:21,275 UTILITIES, I THINK IT'S 2889 02:12:21,275 --> 02:12:23,578 IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT HOW WE 2890 02:12:23,578 --> 02:12:26,147 SCORE OUR DATA HAS A HUGE 2891 02:12:26,147 --> 02:12:28,716 IMPACT ON HOW WE CAN LEVERAGE 2892 02:12:28,716 --> 02:12:32,153 IT IN THESE METHODS AND 2893 02:12:32,153 --> 02:12:32,920 SOMEBODY MENTIONED EARLIER 2894 02:12:32,920 --> 02:12:35,823 ABOUT HOW MUCH DATA WE HAD IN 2895 02:12:35,823 --> 02:12:38,793 OUR INDUSTRY THAT ACCESS CAN 2896 02:12:38,793 --> 02:12:40,261 HAVE INSIDE AND I DO WANT TO 2897 02:12:40,261 --> 02:12:43,798 SHARE WITH ALL THE LISTENERS 2898 02:12:43,798 --> 02:12:45,199 THAT IF ANYONE, IF ANYONE 2899 02:12:45,199 --> 02:12:47,535 WISHES TO GET ACCESS TO OUR 2900 02:12:47,535 --> 02:12:50,104 DATA FOR RESEARCH PURPOSES, 2901 02:12:50,104 --> 02:12:52,840 WITH COMMITTED WITH AN 2902 02:12:52,840 --> 02:12:55,576 ORGANIZATION, TO MAKE OUR DATA 2903 02:12:55,576 --> 02:12:57,645 AVAILABLE, THERE IS AN 2904 02:12:57,645 --> 02:12:59,013 APPLICATION PROCESS THAT THEY 2905 02:12:59,013 --> 02:13:01,082 HAVE IN THEIR WEBSITE THAT THEY 2906 02:13:01,082 --> 02:13:03,151 CAN LOOK INTO AND THEY DECIDE 2907 02:13:03,151 --> 02:13:06,821 IF THE APPLICATIONS IS WORTHY. 2908 02:13:06,821 --> 02:13:08,656 SO, ONE INTERESTING APPROACH 2909 02:13:08,656 --> 02:13:10,625 HAS BEEN TAKEN IS TO STORE DATA 2910 02:13:10,625 --> 02:13:16,697 IN THE FORM OF KNOWLEDGE RATHER 2911 02:13:16,697 --> 02:13:18,266 THAN TRADITIONAL RELATIONAL 2912 02:13:18,266 --> 02:13:21,736 DATABASES. 2913 02:13:21,736 --> 02:13:23,371 WITH KNOWLEDGE GRAPHS IS YOU 2914 02:13:23,371 --> 02:13:26,107 START TO STORE THE RELATIONSHIP 2915 02:13:26,107 --> 02:13:31,112 BETWEEN DIFFERENT ELEMENTS. 2916 02:13:31,112 --> 02:13:39,720 THOSE ELEMENTS ARE CALLED--AND 2917 02:13:39,720 --> 02:13:46,094 IF YOU HAVE DATA YOU START TO 2918 02:13:46,094 --> 02:13:48,663 GRAB INSIDES AND REALLY REALLY 2919 02:13:48,663 --> 02:13:57,505 CAN START TO AUTOMATE A 2920 02:13:57,505 --> 02:13:58,873 SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT. 2921 02:13:58,873 --> 02:14:01,175 THE CONCEPT IS IF TRULY 2922 02:14:01,175 --> 02:14:04,112 PROTOCOL YOU CAN AUTO MATE SO 2923 02:14:04,112 --> 02:14:07,582 MUCH MORE DOWNSTREAM AND WHEN 2924 02:14:07,582 --> 02:14:09,417 WE SAY DIGITIZED, WE JUST DON'T 2925 02:14:09,417 --> 02:14:11,319 MEAN HAVING A WORD DOCUMENT BUT 2926 02:14:11,319 --> 02:14:15,389 RATHER MEANING TO THE 2927 02:14:15,389 --> 02:14:16,691 COMPREHEND. 2928 02:14:16,691 --> 02:14:17,859 AND SOME EXAMPLES THAT WE'VE 2929 02:14:17,859 --> 02:14:20,561 BEEN ABLE TO LEVERAGE THESE 2930 02:14:20,561 --> 02:14:22,964 KNOWLEDGE GRAPHS IN SOME CASES 2931 02:14:22,964 --> 02:14:26,501 WITH JUST THE DATA AND SOME 2932 02:14:26,501 --> 02:14:29,904 CASES COMBINING THE DATA WITH 2933 02:14:29,904 --> 02:14:35,343 DATA FROM PUBLIC SOURCES. 2934 02:14:35,343 --> 02:14:36,978 THESE EXAMPLES ARE SPECIFIC 2935 02:14:36,978 --> 02:14:39,480 ONLY TO VACCINE THEY REALLY 2936 02:14:39,480 --> 02:14:43,584 STAND ALL OF OUR DIFFERENT 2937 02:14:43,584 --> 02:14:45,186 THERAPEUTIC AREAS WHERE, AS 2938 02:14:45,186 --> 02:14:48,122 TEAMS ARE DELIBERATING DESIGN 2939 02:14:48,122 --> 02:14:51,359 ELEMENTS OF THE STUDY, WHAT MAY 2940 02:14:51,359 --> 02:14:53,628 HAVE BEEN OBSERVED IN PRIOR 2941 02:14:53,628 --> 02:14:55,963 STUDIES, THEY CAN REALLY 2942 02:14:55,963 --> 02:14:58,032 THROUGH PROMPT INTERACT THESE 2943 02:14:58,032 --> 02:15:01,002 AGENTS AND THESE AGENTS RETURN 2944 02:15:01,002 --> 02:15:03,337 ANSWERS TO IT MIGHT BE ANYTHING 2945 02:15:03,337 --> 02:15:06,340 FROM OBSERVE EFFORTS EVENTS TO 2946 02:15:06,340 --> 02:15:09,510 WHAT WERE THE INCLUSION 2947 02:15:09,510 --> 02:15:10,845 EXCLUSION CRITERIA THAT CAUSED 2948 02:15:10,845 --> 02:15:13,414 THIS TO LOSE POTENTIAL SUBJECTS 2949 02:15:13,414 --> 02:15:15,917 IN DIFFERENT STUDIES? 2950 02:15:15,917 --> 02:15:17,718 AND MAYBE REALTIME ANSWERS BUT 2951 02:15:17,718 --> 02:15:19,754 WITH THAT CHANGE OF THOUGHT 2952 02:15:19,754 --> 02:15:22,757 THAT WAS REFERRED TO EARLIER, 2953 02:15:22,757 --> 02:15:25,326 SO THAT AS THEY RECEIVED THEIR 2954 02:15:25,326 --> 02:15:28,129 ANSWERS THEY SEE WHAT THESE 2955 02:15:28,129 --> 02:15:31,799 AGENCIES GO BACK WHAT IS NORMAL 2956 02:15:31,799 --> 02:15:34,101 PROTOCOLS THE ORGANIZATIONS OR 2957 02:15:34,101 --> 02:15:36,837 ARE THERE ORGANIZATIONS WHAT 2958 02:15:36,837 --> 02:15:42,076 WERE THE DIFFERENTIATED ITEMS 2959 02:15:42,076 --> 02:15:44,812 IN THOSE PROTOCOL AND WHAT IT 2960 02:15:44,812 --> 02:15:46,480 IS RECOMMENDED IN RESPONSE. 2961 02:15:46,480 --> 02:15:48,983 >> ABOUT ONE MINUTE REMAINING. 2962 02:15:48,983 --> 02:15:52,220 >> SO HAVING THESE AGENTS HAVE 2963 02:15:52,220 --> 02:15:55,756 HAD AN SIGNIFICANT IMPACT FROM 2964 02:15:55,756 --> 02:15:57,558 THE SPEED. 2965 02:15:57,558 --> 02:15:59,293 IF THE DOCUMENT EXAMPLES 2966 02:15:59,293 --> 02:16:03,197 REALLY, IT'S A SIMPLE CONCEPT. 2967 02:16:03,197 --> 02:16:05,900 THE TOOLS CREATE DRAFT 2968 02:16:05,900 --> 02:16:08,002 DOCUMENTS. 2969 02:16:08,002 --> 02:16:09,804 THE DRAFT DOCUMENTS SHARE A 2970 02:16:09,804 --> 02:16:12,540 LOST INFORMATION AND REFER 2971 02:16:12,540 --> 02:16:14,141 WHOEVER IS DOCUMENT TO 2972 02:16:14,141 --> 02:16:16,677 SPECIFICS THAT ARE NEEDED 2973 02:16:16,677 --> 02:16:19,614 FINALIZE IT AND CIRCULATE IT 2974 02:16:19,614 --> 02:16:22,383 AND THE BENEFITS ARE PRETTY 2975 02:16:22,383 --> 02:16:22,683 SUBSTANTIAL. 2976 02:16:22,683 --> 02:16:24,685 I'M GOING TO SPEAK TO THE FIRST 2977 02:16:24,685 --> 02:16:27,922 ONE, THESE METRICS ARE FROM THE 2978 02:16:27,922 --> 02:16:31,592 COVID VACCINE STUDY WE RAN AND 2979 02:16:31,592 --> 02:16:32,994 TO THE MENTION, THERE WERE 2980 02:16:32,994 --> 02:16:34,028 STILL TWO YEARS LEFT IN THE 2981 02:16:34,028 --> 02:16:35,496 STUDY. 2982 02:16:35,496 --> 02:16:40,968 THE TOOLS HAD HELPED US DATA 2983 02:16:40,968 --> 02:16:44,639 POINTS, TO LOOK THROUGH 2984 02:16:44,639 --> 02:16:48,075 MILLIONS OF COMMENTS AND 2985 02:16:48,075 --> 02:16:49,443 IDENTIFY POTENTIAL AEs THAT 2986 02:16:49,443 --> 02:16:50,911 WERE NOT REPORTED TO US SO WE 2987 02:16:50,911 --> 02:16:53,347 CAN GAK TO THE CLINIC AND ASK 2988 02:16:53,347 --> 02:16:55,216 IF THEY WERE ALLUDED THAT 2989 02:16:55,216 --> 02:16:56,917 SHOULD BE PROPERLY DISCLOSED IN 2990 02:16:56,917 --> 02:16:58,352 THE DATA. 2991 02:16:58,352 --> 02:17:02,123 AND I'LL CONCLUDE WITH WE'RE 2992 02:17:02,123 --> 02:17:04,158 NOT LOOKING AT AGENTS TO 2993 02:17:04,158 --> 02:17:05,526 MONITOR THE SYSTEM AND BRING 2994 02:17:05,526 --> 02:17:08,396 MAERTZ OF CONCERN TO ATTENTION 2995 02:17:08,396 --> 02:17:18,739 OF DATA MANAGER AND 2996 02:17:21,108 --> 02:17:21,709 EPIDEMIOLOGIST, IT'S AVAILABLE 2997 02:17:21,709 --> 02:17:24,011 TO US NOW WE CAN MONITOR IN 2998 02:17:24,011 --> 02:17:26,080 REALTIME AND BRING THE 2999 02:17:26,080 --> 02:17:28,149 POTENTIAL SIGNAL TO SOMEBODY TO 3000 02:17:28,149 --> 02:17:30,951 GO INVESTIGATE ON THEIR OWN AND 3001 02:17:30,951 --> 02:17:31,419 MAKE A DETERMINATION. 3002 02:17:31,419 --> 02:17:36,057 THANK YOU. 3003 02:17:36,057 --> 02:17:46,567 >> THANK YOU DEMITRIS. 3004 02:17:46,567 --> 02:17:47,301 LOOKING THE QUESTIONS WE'LL 3005 02:17:47,301 --> 02:17:49,036 HAVE QUESTIONS FOR YOU. 3006 02:17:49,036 --> 02:17:51,539 NOW WE GO TO TOPIC OF I WOULD 3007 02:17:51,539 --> 02:17:54,308 LIKE TO PRESENT TO YOU THE NEXT 3008 02:17:54,308 --> 02:18:02,717 PRESENTERS, SO FIRST WE HAVE 3009 02:18:02,717 --> 02:18:06,120 DR. HUSSEIN ESELDENE SENIOR 3010 02:18:06,120 --> 02:18:09,323 DIGITAL FOCUS SCIENCE AND 3011 02:18:09,323 --> 02:18:11,625 DIGITAL HEALTH TOOLS, LEADS THE 3012 02:18:11,625 --> 02:18:13,661 BEST INNOVATIVE INITIATIVE AND 3013 02:18:13,661 --> 02:18:16,163 SUPPORT CUTTING EDGE TECHNOLOGY. 3014 02:18:16,163 --> 02:18:22,870 WE'LL ALSO HAVE DR. MANUAL 3015 02:18:22,870 --> 02:18:25,673 ASORI SENIOR SCIENTIST, 3016 02:18:25,673 --> 02:18:27,742 ENSURING INNOVATION TO MEET 3017 02:18:27,742 --> 02:18:28,642 EVOLVING PUBLIC HEALTH 3018 02:18:28,642 --> 02:18:30,244 CHALLENGE. 3019 02:18:30,244 --> 02:18:39,019 ALL YOURS. 3020 02:18:39,019 --> 02:18:41,822 >> THANK YOU EVERYONE. 3021 02:18:41,822 --> 02:18:45,025 I'M HUSSEIN AND I'M JOINED WITH 3022 02:18:45,025 --> 02:18:50,398 MY ESTEEMED COLLEAGUE DR. 3023 02:18:50,398 --> 02:18:51,432 MANUEL. 3024 02:18:51,432 --> 02:18:52,800 CAN YOU SEE MY SLIDES FOR 3025 02:18:52,800 --> 02:18:53,134 PRESENTATION? 3026 02:18:53,134 --> 02:18:54,235 >> YES. 3027 02:18:54,235 --> 02:18:55,369 >> FANTASTIC. 3028 02:18:55,369 --> 02:18:56,971 THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR THE 3029 02:18:56,971 --> 02:18:58,539 OPPORTUNITY TO SPEAK TO YOU 3030 02:18:58,539 --> 02:19:03,811 ABOUT THE REGULATORY LANDSCAPE 3031 02:19:03,811 --> 02:19:10,751 OF AI AND SHOW YOU ARTIFICIAL 3032 02:19:10,751 --> 02:19:11,419 INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE 3033 02:19:11,419 --> 02:19:15,523 LEARNING. 3034 02:19:15,523 --> 02:19:18,259 LOCAL IN THE CENTER FOR DRUGS 3035 02:19:18,259 --> 02:19:24,365 AT THE US FDA. 3036 02:19:24,365 --> 02:19:29,236 SO TWO SO TO GIVE YOU A HIGH 3037 02:19:29,236 --> 02:19:29,437 LINE. 3038 02:19:29,437 --> 02:19:30,504 I'LL TALK ABOUT THE APPROACH 3039 02:19:30,504 --> 02:19:31,705 AND SHARE WITH YOU SOME OF THE 3040 02:19:31,705 --> 02:19:34,909 WORK THAT WE HAVE SEEN WITHIN 3041 02:19:34,909 --> 02:19:43,551 THE CENTER FOR BIOLOGIC RELATED 3042 02:19:43,551 --> 02:19:45,519 TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. 3043 02:19:45,519 --> 02:19:47,188 THIS IS GOING TO BE A BUSY 3044 02:19:47,188 --> 02:19:48,823 SLIDE BUT THE TAKE AWAY IS THE 3045 02:19:48,823 --> 02:19:49,990 AMOUNT AND AWARD THAT THE 3046 02:19:49,990 --> 02:19:51,592 AGENCY IS PUT ING. 3047 02:19:51,592 --> 02:19:57,998 SO PRIOR TO 2019, WE INITIALED 3048 02:19:57,998 --> 02:19:58,933 THE INFORMED INITIATIVE WHICH 3049 02:19:58,933 --> 02:20:01,735 IS VERY CLOSE TO AI AND MACHINE 3050 02:20:01,735 --> 02:20:04,271 LEARNING BECAUSE IT'S A 3051 02:20:04,271 --> 02:20:06,574 SIMULATION BASE PROGRAM, WE 3052 02:20:06,574 --> 02:20:07,942 STARTED STEAK COMMUNITY OF 3053 02:20:07,942 --> 02:20:10,911 PRACTICES, WE STARTED HAVING 3054 02:20:10,911 --> 02:20:13,214 TRAININGS AND TRACKING AI AND 3055 02:20:13,214 --> 02:20:17,117 DEVELOPING FRAME FOR ACTIVITIES. 3056 02:20:17,117 --> 02:20:20,721 INTERESTINGLY LATE 2021, THE 3057 02:20:20,721 --> 02:20:26,360 CENTER FOR DEVICES AT THE FDA 3058 02:20:26,360 --> 02:20:32,066 IN COLLABORATION AT MHRA 3059 02:20:32,066 --> 02:20:36,670 DEVELOPED WHAT IS CALLED A GOOD 3060 02:20:36,670 --> 02:20:38,105 MACHINE PRACTICES. 3061 02:20:38,105 --> 02:20:41,609 IT'S RELEVANT FOR AI LEARNING. 3062 02:20:41,609 --> 02:20:47,982 IN 2022 WE COULD NOT --CONVENE 3063 02:20:47,982 --> 02:20:52,086 THE EXPERT WORKSHOP. 3064 02:20:52,086 --> 02:21:01,195 IN 2023CRH CENTER FOR DEVICES 3065 02:21:01,195 --> 02:21:04,365 DEVELOP RELEVANT AND VERY 3066 02:21:04,365 --> 02:21:05,533 IMPORTANT FOR LOOKING AT THE 3067 02:21:05,533 --> 02:21:09,403 USE OF AI LEARNING AND VERY 3068 02:21:09,403 --> 02:21:13,707 SPECIFIC AND VERY RELEVANT TO 3069 02:21:13,707 --> 02:21:14,642 MANUFACTURING AS WELL. 3070 02:21:14,642 --> 02:21:18,979 THEN IN LATE IN 2023, WE ISSUED 3071 02:21:18,979 --> 02:21:20,648 A COUPLE OF DISCUSSION PAPERS 3072 02:21:20,648 --> 02:21:25,586 LOOKING AT THE USE OF AI IN 3073 02:21:25,586 --> 02:21:27,421 MEDICAL PRODUCTS AND MY ESTEEM 3074 02:21:27,421 --> 02:21:31,358 COLLEAGUE IS GOING TO SPEAK 3075 02:21:31,358 --> 02:21:33,193 ABOUT THIS. ALSO SHARED 3076 02:21:33,193 --> 02:21:36,897 ANALYSIS ABOUT WHAT OTHER TYPES 3077 02:21:36,897 --> 02:21:39,099 OF AI SUBMISSION AND THEN OF 3078 02:21:39,099 --> 02:21:41,869 COURSE EVERYONE KNOWS THAT LATE 3079 02:21:41,869 --> 02:21:43,804 IN 2023, THE EXECUTIVE ORDER 3080 02:21:43,804 --> 02:21:45,539 CAME OUT FROM THE WHITE HOUSE 3081 02:21:45,539 --> 02:21:52,146 ABOUT THE USE OF AI AND WITHIN 3082 02:21:52,146 --> 02:21:53,981 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IN GENERAL. 3083 02:21:53,981 --> 02:21:57,384 FOLLOWING THE DISCUSSION 3084 02:21:57,384 --> 02:22:00,821 PAPERS, WE, WE RECEIVED A LOT 3085 02:22:00,821 --> 02:22:02,656 OF COMMENTS ABOUT MORE THAN 600 3086 02:22:02,656 --> 02:22:06,060 COMMENT FROM PUBLIC AND THEN WE 3087 02:22:06,060 --> 02:22:08,128 FOLLOWED WITH PAPER THAT 3088 02:22:08,128 --> 02:22:09,730 SUMMARIZED THE AREAS OF FOCUS 3089 02:22:09,730 --> 02:22:11,198 SPACE ON THESE COMMENTS FROM 3090 02:22:11,198 --> 02:22:12,266 THE PUBLIC. 3091 02:22:12,266 --> 02:22:14,768 AND THEN WE HAD THE COUPLE OF 3092 02:22:14,768 --> 02:22:20,007 WORKSHOPS THAT SPOKE ABOUT AI 3093 02:22:20,007 --> 02:22:21,642 AND CLINICAL TRIALS AND AS WELL 3094 02:22:21,642 --> 02:22:25,079 EVIDENCE AS WELL. 3095 02:22:25,079 --> 02:22:29,283 AND CRH RELEASED A GLOSSARY 3096 02:22:29,283 --> 02:22:30,618 THAT IS SPECIFIC AND THIS IS 3097 02:22:30,618 --> 02:22:32,953 REALLY IMPORTANT TO MAKE SURE 3098 02:22:32,953 --> 02:22:34,788 THAT OUR INTERACTIONS WITH THE 3099 02:22:34,788 --> 02:22:38,192 PUBLIC AND INDUSTRY IS BASED ON 3100 02:22:38,192 --> 02:22:40,260 A COMMON UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT 3101 02:22:40,260 --> 02:22:42,596 THE TERMS AND TERMINOLOGY THAT 3102 02:22:42,596 --> 02:22:44,898 WE'RE USING AND OF COURSE I 3103 02:22:44,898 --> 02:22:47,434 CANNOT REMISS AND MISS SAYING 3104 02:22:47,434 --> 02:22:49,303 THAT WE HAVE A DRAFT GUIDANCE 3105 02:22:49,303 --> 02:22:52,473 ON THE USE OF AI ON MEDICAL 3106 02:22:52,473 --> 02:22:53,374 PRODUCTS THAT IS COMING OUT 3107 02:22:53,374 --> 02:22:54,575 SOON. 3108 02:22:54,575 --> 02:22:57,778 I MENTIONED THAT WE ISSUED A 3109 02:22:57,778 --> 02:23:01,515 GOOD MACHINE LEARNING PRACTICES 3110 02:23:01,515 --> 02:23:02,349 PRINCIPLES. 3111 02:23:02,349 --> 02:23:08,022 AND I WANTED TO A FEW OF THESE 3112 02:23:08,022 --> 02:23:09,289 TO MANUFACTURING AND VACCINE 3113 02:23:09,289 --> 02:23:11,191 DEVELOPMENT WHICH IS THE NEED 3114 02:23:11,191 --> 02:23:14,194 TO HAVE MULT TIE DISCIPLINARY 3115 02:23:14,194 --> 02:23:16,730 EXPERTISE THROUGHOUT YOUR 3116 02:23:16,730 --> 02:23:17,564 LIFECYCLE, YOUR PRODUCT 3117 02:23:17,564 --> 02:23:18,832 LIFECYCLE. 3118 02:23:18,832 --> 02:23:21,468 YOU ALSO WANT TO MAKE SURE THAT 3119 02:23:21,468 --> 02:23:23,904 YOUR STUD EYES AND DATA SETS 3120 02:23:23,904 --> 02:23:26,440 THAT YOU ARE USING IN YOUR 3121 02:23:26,440 --> 02:23:27,574 MODELS IS REALLY REPRESENTATIVE 3122 02:23:27,574 --> 02:23:29,343 AND IS FOR THE INTENDED 3123 02:23:29,343 --> 02:23:31,679 POPULATION THAT YOU ARE 3124 02:23:31,679 --> 02:23:34,648 TARGETING WITH YOUR AI OR 3125 02:23:34,648 --> 02:23:35,582 MACHINE LEARNING MODELS. 3126 02:23:35,582 --> 02:23:39,453 I WANT TO MAKE SURE THAT YOU'RE 3127 02:23:39,453 --> 02:23:41,955 MODELS ACTUALLY TAYLOR TO THE 3128 02:23:41,955 --> 02:23:46,026 DATA AND VERY IMPORTANT IT'S, 3129 02:23:46,026 --> 02:23:49,863 REFLECTING THE INTENDED USE OF 3130 02:23:49,863 --> 02:23:51,965 YOUR MODEL THAT IT CAME OUT FOR 3131 02:23:51,965 --> 02:23:53,834 THE VICE CONTEXT BUT IF YOU'RE 3132 02:23:53,834 --> 02:23:55,469 THINKING ABOUT MACHINE LEARNING 3133 02:23:55,469 --> 02:23:57,104 OR AI FOR MEDICAL PRODUCTS IT 3134 02:23:57,104 --> 02:23:59,740 HAS TO BE ALSO REFLECTIVE THIS 3135 02:23:59,740 --> 02:24:01,041 INTENDED USE AND OF COURSE YOU 3136 02:24:01,041 --> 02:24:03,544 NEED TO FOCUS ON HOW THE HUMAN 3137 02:24:03,544 --> 02:24:06,980 IN THE LOOP IS GOING ABLE TO 3138 02:24:06,980 --> 02:24:09,249 ASSESS AND EVALUATE THE 3139 02:24:09,249 --> 02:24:11,552 PERFORMANCE OF YOUR MACHINE 3140 02:24:11,552 --> 02:24:12,886 LEARNING AND AI MODEL. 3141 02:24:12,886 --> 02:24:14,288 AND THEN OF COURSE YOU WANT TO 3142 02:24:14,288 --> 02:24:17,091 MAKE SURE THAT YOU'RE MODEL IS 3143 02:24:17,091 --> 02:24:19,860 CLINICALLY RELEVANT AND YOU 3144 02:24:19,860 --> 02:24:21,228 HAVE CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF 3145 02:24:21,228 --> 02:24:23,964 THE PERFORMANCE AND MAYBE A 3146 02:24:23,964 --> 02:24:30,137 RETRAINING IF ANYTHING IS 3147 02:24:30,137 --> 02:24:32,906 OBSERVED TO MINIMIZE AND 3148 02:24:32,906 --> 02:24:33,807 MITIGATE. 3149 02:24:33,807 --> 02:24:38,579 AND FOLLOWING THE TEN GUIDING 3150 02:24:38,579 --> 02:24:42,850 PRINCIPALS, THE SAME GROUP, 3151 02:24:42,850 --> 02:24:46,220 CANADA EXPANDED WITH THE THAT 3152 02:24:46,220 --> 02:24:47,054 SPEAKING TRANSPARENCY. 3153 02:24:47,054 --> 02:24:48,222 YOU WANT TO LOOK AT WHO IS 3154 02:24:48,222 --> 02:24:51,725 GOING TO BE LOOKING AT YOUR 3155 02:24:51,725 --> 02:24:53,160 MOLD IS GOING TO BE IMPACTED 3156 02:24:53,160 --> 02:24:54,661 AND MAKE SURE YOU HAVE THE 3157 02:24:54,661 --> 02:24:55,562 RELEVANT INFORMATION, WHERE 3158 02:24:55,562 --> 02:24:56,997 YOU'RE GOING TO INCLUDE THIS 3159 02:24:56,997 --> 02:25:00,200 INFORMATION ON YOUR INTERACTING 3160 02:25:00,200 --> 02:25:01,368 WITH REGULATORY BODIES AND THEN 3161 02:25:01,368 --> 02:25:04,571 WHEN CAN YOU COME AND SPEAK 3162 02:25:04,571 --> 02:25:06,006 WITH REGULATORY BODIES AS WELL. 3163 02:25:06,006 --> 02:25:08,776 AND THEN, OF COURSE HOW YOU'RE 3164 02:25:08,776 --> 02:25:12,513 GOING TO MAINTAIN THIS 3165 02:25:12,513 --> 02:25:13,747 TRANSPARENCY SO WHAT ARE THE 3166 02:25:13,747 --> 02:25:15,949 METHODS THAT YOU HAVE FOR THAT. 3167 02:25:15,949 --> 02:25:19,653 SO JUST VERY QUICKLY SPEAKING 3168 02:25:19,653 --> 02:25:20,788 ABOUT ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 3169 02:25:20,788 --> 02:25:24,258 DISCUSSION PAPER AS I MENTIONED 3170 02:25:24,258 --> 02:25:30,230 IT CAME OUT IN MAY OF 2023, IT 3171 02:25:30,230 --> 02:25:32,699 WAS A COLLABORATION BETWEEN THE 3172 02:25:32,699 --> 02:25:33,667 CENTERS. 3173 02:25:33,667 --> 02:25:35,369 AND WE RECEIVED ABOUT 800 3174 02:25:35,369 --> 02:25:37,337 COMMENTS FROM MORE THAN 60 3175 02:25:37,337 --> 02:25:39,840 ENTITIES AS I MENTIONED, WE 3176 02:25:39,840 --> 02:25:43,777 FOLLOWED UP WITH A SUMMARY OF 3177 02:25:43,777 --> 02:25:44,878 THESE. 3178 02:25:44,878 --> 02:25:45,813 BUT WHAT WE GOT FROM THE 3179 02:25:45,813 --> 02:25:48,315 COMMENT IS THAT WE REALLY HAVE 3180 02:25:48,315 --> 02:25:50,818 TO FOCUS ON HUMAN GOVERNANCE 3181 02:25:50,818 --> 02:25:53,453 AND TRANSPARENCY IS REALLY KEY 3182 02:25:53,453 --> 02:25:55,489 AND ACCOUNTABILITY AND YOU SAW 3183 02:25:55,489 --> 02:25:56,423 THE TRANSPARENCY GUIDING 3184 02:25:56,423 --> 02:25:59,159 PRINCIPALS THAT CAME OUT, FOCUS 3185 02:25:59,159 --> 02:26:01,695 ON THE QUALITY RELIABILITY 3186 02:26:01,695 --> 02:26:03,730 REPRESENTATIVES OF DATA IS VERY 3187 02:26:03,730 --> 02:26:05,332 IMPORTANT THAT CAME OUT FROM 3188 02:26:05,332 --> 02:26:07,634 THE FEEDBACK AND THEN 3189 02:26:07,634 --> 02:26:09,870 CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF 3190 02:26:09,870 --> 02:26:13,073 PERFORMANCE AND MONITORING AND 3191 02:26:13,073 --> 02:26:16,677 VALIDATION IS ALSO IMPORTANT. 3192 02:26:16,677 --> 02:26:18,545 FOR KEY AREAS THAT CAME OUT 3193 02:26:18,545 --> 02:26:21,715 FROM THE SUMMARY OF THESE 3194 02:26:21,715 --> 02:26:23,116 FEEDBACK AND COMMENTS FROM THE 3195 02:26:23,116 --> 02:26:33,460 PUBLIC AND INDUSTRY. 3196 02:26:37,664 --> 02:26:39,900 AND WE WANT TO WORK TOGETHER 3197 02:26:39,900 --> 02:26:43,537 WITHIN THE AGENCY ALSO WITH 3198 02:26:43,537 --> 02:26:46,506 OTHER REGULATORS TO HARMONIZE 3199 02:26:46,506 --> 02:26:48,775 OUR STANDARDS AND THEN WE NEED 3200 02:26:48,775 --> 02:26:50,210 TO THINK ABOUT HOW WE'RE GOING 3201 02:26:50,210 --> 02:26:54,514 TO BE EVALUATING THE 3202 02:26:54,514 --> 02:26:56,783 PERFORMANCE OF AI. 3203 02:26:56,783 --> 02:26:59,052 VERY BRIEFLY I'LL SPEAK ABOUT 3204 02:26:59,052 --> 02:27:01,188 THE RISK BASE APPROACH AS 3205 02:27:01,188 --> 02:27:05,692 EVERYONE MENTIONED IN THE PRIOR 3206 02:27:05,692 --> 02:27:07,961 PRESENTATIONS, AI CAN UTILIZED 3207 02:27:07,961 --> 02:27:10,797 AND APPLIED IN MULTIPLE STAGES 3208 02:27:10,797 --> 02:27:12,165 THROUGHOUT OUR DEVELOPMENT FROM 3209 02:27:12,165 --> 02:27:14,801 DISCOVERY ALL THE WAY TO 3210 02:27:14,801 --> 02:27:16,036 MANUFACTURING AND POST 3211 02:27:16,036 --> 02:27:17,304 MARKETING MONITORING. 3212 02:27:17,304 --> 02:27:19,239 SO THERE ARE MANY THINGS THAT 3213 02:27:19,239 --> 02:27:23,076 ARE AI CAN BE USED FOR. 3214 02:27:23,076 --> 02:27:25,679 AND THE REASON TO SAY THIS IS 3215 02:27:25,679 --> 02:27:28,882 TO WHEN WE ARE INTERACTING WITH 3216 02:27:28,882 --> 02:27:31,385 INDUSTRY, WE REALLY HAVE TO 3217 02:27:31,385 --> 02:27:34,588 THINK ABOUT HOW AI OR MACHINE 3218 02:27:34,588 --> 02:27:37,324 LEARNING IS GOING TO BE POSING 3219 02:27:37,324 --> 02:27:40,060 RISK TO THE PUBLIC AND THE 3220 02:27:40,060 --> 02:27:42,362 PATIENCE AND PARTICIPANTS OF 3221 02:27:42,362 --> 02:27:44,665 THE CLINICAL TRIALS OR USERS OF 3222 02:27:44,665 --> 02:27:46,199 THESE MEDICAL PRODUCTS. 3223 02:27:46,199 --> 02:27:50,170 AND WE ASSESS THESE RISK BASED 3224 02:27:50,170 --> 02:27:50,904 ON TWO DIMENSIONS. 3225 02:27:50,904 --> 02:27:52,973 WE LOOK AT THE MOLD INFLUENCE, 3226 02:27:52,973 --> 02:27:55,309 WE LOOK AT HOW THE POSITION 3227 02:27:55,309 --> 02:27:58,278 PROVIDED BY IN MACHINE LEARNING 3228 02:27:58,278 --> 02:28:00,580 OR ATTRIBUTER EFFICIENTLY IS 3229 02:28:00,580 --> 02:28:03,116 GOING TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE 3230 02:28:03,116 --> 02:28:05,585 TOTALITY OF EVIDENCE SUPPORTING 3231 02:28:05,585 --> 02:28:06,186 THIS PROGRAM. 3232 02:28:06,186 --> 02:28:08,021 AND THE OTHER MENTION IS THAT 3233 02:28:08,021 --> 02:28:11,491 WHAT IF THE MODEL GETS IT WRONG? 3234 02:28:11,491 --> 02:28:13,560 WHAT IS THE CONSEQUENCE? 3235 02:28:13,560 --> 02:28:16,630 WHAT IS THE SNAG WAS BASED ON 3236 02:28:16,630 --> 02:28:20,133 THE DECISION MODEL SEEM TO POSE 3237 02:28:20,133 --> 02:28:22,369 MAYBE ISSUES TO THE PARTICIPANT? 3238 02:28:22,369 --> 02:28:29,876 OR MAYBE EVEN POSE AFFECTENCE 3239 02:28:29,876 --> 02:28:31,979 OF ETHICACY AND THE PROGRAM 3240 02:28:31,979 --> 02:28:35,148 ITSELF AND DOES NOT ALLOW THE 3241 02:28:35,148 --> 02:28:36,550 INDUSTRY TO ACHIEVE THEIR GOALS. 3242 02:28:36,550 --> 02:28:39,753 SO I THINK THESE ARE THE TWO 3243 02:28:39,753 --> 02:28:42,489 DIMENSIONED THAT WE USE AT HOW 3244 02:28:42,489 --> 02:28:45,559 THESE MODELS ARE GOING TO BE 3245 02:28:45,559 --> 02:28:48,562 EVALUATE AND SUBMISSIONS AND 3246 02:28:48,562 --> 02:28:49,262 REGULATORY SUBMISSIONS AND 3247 02:28:49,262 --> 02:28:52,499 BASED ON HOW THEY FAIR ON THE 3248 02:28:52,499 --> 02:28:54,334 INFLUENCES AND CONSEQUENCE, 3249 02:28:54,334 --> 02:28:56,169 THEN, THIS IS GOING TO REALLY 3250 02:28:56,169 --> 02:28:57,304 DETERMINE WHAT TYPE OF 3251 02:28:57,304 --> 02:28:58,905 INFORMATION WE'RE GOING TO BE 3252 02:28:58,905 --> 02:28:59,973 ASKING FROM INDUSTRY TO PROVIDE 3253 02:28:59,973 --> 02:29:00,807 TO US. 3254 02:29:00,807 --> 02:29:01,942 >> ONE MINUTE. 3255 02:29:01,942 --> 02:29:02,442 >> PLEASE WRAP UP. 3256 02:29:02,442 --> 02:29:05,012 THANK YOU. 3257 02:29:05,012 --> 02:29:06,279 >> YEP, THANK YOU. 3258 02:29:06,279 --> 02:29:07,914 SO GIVING YOU A VERY HIGH LEVEL 3259 02:29:07,914 --> 02:29:10,684 HERE, OF COURSE NOT 3260 02:29:10,684 --> 02:29:13,220 SURPRISINGLY, WE'VE SEEN AN 3261 02:29:13,220 --> 02:29:21,028 INCREATION SUB OF SUBMISSIONS 3262 02:29:21,028 --> 02:29:22,429 OF BIOLOGICS AND YOU CAN 3263 02:29:22,429 --> 02:29:24,765 IMAGINE THAT WE COVER A 3264 02:29:24,765 --> 02:29:27,534 MULTIPLE PRODUCT OF DOMAIN AND 3265 02:29:27,534 --> 02:29:28,935 VACCINE AND THERAPY, WE SEE A 3266 02:29:28,935 --> 02:29:29,603 LOT OF THINGS. 3267 02:29:29,603 --> 02:29:31,004 AND WHEN WE LOOKED AT THE 3268 02:29:31,004 --> 02:29:33,807 SUBMISSIONS YOU CAN SEE HERE 3269 02:29:33,807 --> 02:29:38,011 THAT, MOST OF THEM WERE IN THE 3270 02:29:38,011 --> 02:29:39,880 ONCOLOGY SPACE BUT ALSO 3271 02:29:39,880 --> 02:29:49,656 VACCINES FOLLOWED BY MAYBE I 3272 02:29:49,656 --> 02:29:52,159 IMMUNE TOLOGY AND AS WELL AS 3273 02:29:52,159 --> 02:29:53,093 SUPPORTING MULTIPLE OBJECTIVES 3274 02:29:53,093 --> 02:29:54,494 AND I'LL JUST LEAVE WITH YOU 3275 02:29:54,494 --> 02:29:58,832 THIS BEFORE I HAND IT OVER TO 3276 02:29:58,832 --> 02:30:00,467 MY COLLEAGUE IS AS I MENTIONED 3277 02:30:00,467 --> 02:30:02,069 TIMING IS VERY IMPORTANT AND 3278 02:30:02,069 --> 02:30:04,137 THERE ARE MULTIPLE PROGRAMS 3279 02:30:04,137 --> 02:30:06,740 WITHIN THE AGENCY THAT YOU CAN 3280 02:30:06,740 --> 02:30:09,409 LEVERAGE TO COME AND SPEAK TO 3281 02:30:09,409 --> 02:30:11,711 US VERY EARLY SO WE CAN HAVE 3282 02:30:11,711 --> 02:30:14,014 THIS DIALOGUE AND HELP YOU 3283 02:30:14,014 --> 02:30:16,316 UTILIZE AI AND MISSION LEARNING 3284 02:30:16,316 --> 02:30:17,484 IN YOUR CLINICAL PROGRAMS. 3285 02:30:17,484 --> 02:30:18,852 SO AS I MENTION APPROXIMATED, 3286 02:30:18,852 --> 02:30:20,153 THERE IS A LOT OF WORK THAT 3287 02:30:20,153 --> 02:30:22,522 WE'RE DOING. 3288 02:30:22,522 --> 02:30:23,924 OUR STANDARDS ARE THE SAME, 3289 02:30:23,924 --> 02:30:26,460 IT'S NOT GOING TO CHANGE. 3290 02:30:26,460 --> 02:30:28,095 WE LEVERAGE THIS RISK BASE 3291 02:30:28,095 --> 02:30:31,531 APPROACH AND WE KNOW THAT AI 3292 02:30:31,531 --> 02:30:34,067 HAS GREAT POTENTIAL, BUT WE 3293 02:30:34,067 --> 02:30:35,435 ALSO ENCOURAGE YOU TO COME 3294 02:30:35,435 --> 02:30:36,136 EARLY AND ENGAGE WITH US. 3295 02:30:36,136 --> 02:30:37,637 THANK YOU SO MUCH. 3296 02:30:37,637 --> 02:30:38,872 AND OF COURSE WOULD LIKE TO 3297 02:30:38,872 --> 02:30:41,875 THANK ALL OF MY COLLEAGUES. 3298 02:30:41,875 --> 02:30:45,545 ALL RIGHT AND I'LL HAND IT OVER 3299 02:30:45,545 --> 02:30:46,480 TO YOU. 3300 02:30:46,480 --> 02:30:49,249 >> THANK YOU, HUSSEIN AND THANK 3301 02:30:49,249 --> 02:30:50,851 YOU TO THE ORGANIZERS FOR THE 3302 02:30:50,851 --> 02:30:52,252 OPPORTUNITY TO SPEAK HERE. 3303 02:30:52,252 --> 02:30:55,355 I'M NOT ABLE TO SHOW MY SLIDES. 3304 02:30:55,355 --> 02:30:57,290 I DON'T KNOW IF THAT CAN BE 3305 02:30:57,290 --> 02:30:59,759 DONE FROM YOUR SIDE? 3306 02:30:59,759 --> 02:31:02,696 >> TRY AGAIN. 3307 02:31:02,696 --> 02:31:03,964 I THINK -- 3308 02:31:03,964 --> 02:31:06,800 ~>> NEVER MIND I'LL JUST SPEAK. 3309 02:31:06,800 --> 02:31:14,141 SO I'M IN THE OFFICE OF 3310 02:31:14,141 --> 02:31:15,242 DIRECTOR BIOLOGICS AND I'M THE 3311 02:31:15,242 --> 02:31:16,610 LEAD FOR THE TECHNOLOGY 3312 02:31:16,610 --> 02:31:17,744 PROGRAMS. 3313 02:31:17,744 --> 02:31:19,779 IT'S A PROGRAM THAT HAS SEVERAL 3314 02:31:19,779 --> 02:31:21,882 INITIATIVE WITH THE PURPOSE OF 3315 02:31:21,882 --> 02:31:23,483 REALLY ENCOURAGING THE ADOPTION 3316 02:31:23,483 --> 02:31:26,953 AS WELL AS IMPLEMENTATION OF 3317 02:31:26,953 --> 02:31:28,221 TECHNOLOGIES. 3318 02:31:28,221 --> 02:31:29,856 CAN WE HAVE DIFFERENT 3319 02:31:29,856 --> 02:31:31,424 INITIATIVES LIKE I MENTIONED 3320 02:31:31,424 --> 02:31:33,293 FOR EXAMPLE, WE FUND RESEARCH 3321 02:31:33,293 --> 02:31:38,165 AND I WAS HAPPY TO SEE THAT. 3322 02:31:38,165 --> 02:31:40,267 PHILIPE HAD A SLIDE THAT HE 3323 02:31:40,267 --> 02:31:42,335 SHOWED THIS COLLABORATION WITH 3324 02:31:42,335 --> 02:31:46,907 MIT AND FDA IN DEVELOPING AN 3325 02:31:46,907 --> 02:31:49,676 CONTINUED MANUFACTURING PROCESS 3326 02:31:49,676 --> 02:31:52,412 FOR VACCINES AND INITIATIVE TO 3327 02:31:52,412 --> 02:31:55,649 TRY TO DEVELOP THE SCIENTIFIC 3328 02:31:55,649 --> 02:31:56,449 AND REGULATORY EXPERTISE THAT 3329 02:31:56,449 --> 02:32:00,253 IS GOING TO BE NECESSARY TO 3330 02:32:00,253 --> 02:32:03,223 EVALUATE THESE TECHNOLOGY SUCH 3331 02:32:03,223 --> 02:32:05,725 AS MACHINE LEARNING. 3332 02:32:05,725 --> 02:32:09,596 AND HUSSEIN ALSO MENTIONED THE 3333 02:32:09,596 --> 02:32:10,530 CAT. 3334 02:32:10,530 --> 02:32:12,933 CAT PROVIDES AN OPPORTUNITY FOR 3335 02:32:12,933 --> 02:32:14,935 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPERS. 3336 02:32:14,935 --> 02:32:19,940 TO HE REALLY DISCUSS WITH THE 3337 02:32:19,940 --> 02:32:21,541 CENTER ISSUES THAT AND 3338 02:32:21,541 --> 02:32:23,410 REGULATORY ISSUES THAT MAY BE 3339 02:32:23,410 --> 02:32:24,778 ASSOCIATED WITH EMERGING 3340 02:32:24,778 --> 02:32:27,080 TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS AI AND 3341 02:32:27,080 --> 02:32:28,481 THESE MEETINGS OCCUR AT THE 3342 02:32:28,481 --> 02:32:29,649 EARLY STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT EVEN 3343 02:32:29,649 --> 02:32:31,985 BEFORE YOU HAVE A IDENTIFIED 3344 02:32:31,985 --> 02:32:33,153 SPECIFIC PRODUCT FOR 3345 02:32:33,153 --> 02:32:35,422 DEVELOPMENT, UM COME INTO US 3346 02:32:35,422 --> 02:32:37,290 AND GET SOME GENERAL ADVISE. 3347 02:32:37,290 --> 02:32:40,060 YOU KNOW, IT REALLY PRO*E 3348 02:32:40,060 --> 02:32:42,162 VIESED BENEFIT TO DEVELOPERS AS 3349 02:32:42,162 --> 02:32:44,898 WELL AS THE AGENCY BECAUSE YOU 3350 02:32:44,898 --> 02:32:47,901 WILL GET SOME REGULATORY ADVISE 3351 02:32:47,901 --> 02:32:52,005 THAT THAT MAY MINIMIZE THE RISK 3352 02:32:52,005 --> 02:32:55,875 OF INVESTING IN SPECIFIC 3353 02:32:55,875 --> 02:32:59,079 TECHNOLOGY BUT ALSO FOR US TO 3354 02:32:59,079 --> 02:33:02,249 LEARN ABOUT NEW HE MEMBERERING 3355 02:33:02,249 --> 02:33:03,650 TECHNOLOGIES THAT MAY BE COMING 3356 02:33:03,650 --> 02:33:05,185 DOWN THE PIPELINE. 3357 02:33:05,185 --> 02:33:06,186 SO THROUGH CAT DISCUSSIONS 3358 02:33:06,186 --> 02:33:08,054 WE'VE HAD SOME DISCUSSIONS THAT 3359 02:33:08,054 --> 02:33:12,192 COVER TOPICS RELATED TO AI AND 3360 02:33:12,192 --> 02:33:14,961 THESE WOULD INCLUDE, 3361 02:33:14,961 --> 02:33:18,632 APPLICATIONS OF AI SUCH AS 3362 02:33:18,632 --> 02:33:22,235 INITIAL INSPECTION FOR 3363 02:33:22,235 --> 02:33:24,771 MANUFACTURES, SELECTION OF 3364 02:33:24,771 --> 02:33:26,172 CLONES FOR SELF THERAPY 3365 02:33:26,172 --> 02:33:29,109 MANUFACTURING, IF YOU IMAGINE 3366 02:33:29,109 --> 02:33:30,277 IF YOU'RE DIFFERENTIATING CELLS 3367 02:33:30,277 --> 02:33:33,213 FROM SYSTEM CELLS AND PHYSIO 3368 02:33:33,213 --> 02:33:35,315 CULTURE, WE SAW AN APPLICATION 3369 02:33:35,315 --> 02:33:42,322 WHERE AI WAS USED TO EVALUATE, 3370 02:33:42,322 --> 02:33:43,923 AND ATTRIBUTES COLONIES USING A 3371 02:33:43,923 --> 02:33:46,860 LASER BASE SYSTEM TO GET RID OF 3372 02:33:46,860 --> 02:33:49,663 THE ONES THAT DID NOT MEET THE 3373 02:33:49,663 --> 02:33:50,563 SPECIFICATIONS DESIRED. 3374 02:33:50,563 --> 02:33:55,201 SO A LOT OF IMPLEMENTATION OF 3375 02:33:55,201 --> 02:33:57,804 AI THAT WE HAVE SEEN HAVE BEEN 3376 02:33:57,804 --> 02:34:01,308 IN THE AREA OF GENE AND CELL 3377 02:34:01,308 --> 02:34:02,375 THERAPY MANUFACTURING. 3378 02:34:02,375 --> 02:34:04,978 REALLY HAVE NOT SEEN MUCH AI IN 3379 02:34:04,978 --> 02:34:08,515 MANUFACTURING VACCINES. 3380 02:34:08,515 --> 02:34:12,452 WHAT WE HAVE SEEN, WELL THE ONE 3381 02:34:12,452 --> 02:34:16,022 AREA THAT WE HAVE SEEN SOME 3382 02:34:16,022 --> 02:34:17,857 APPLICATION OF MACHINE LEARNING 3383 02:34:17,857 --> 02:34:23,296 MODELS HAS BEEN ANTIGEN 3384 02:34:23,296 --> 02:34:26,266 SELECTION, IDENTIFICATION 3385 02:34:26,266 --> 02:34:28,101 SELECTION FOR PERSONALIZED 3386 02:34:28,101 --> 02:34:31,137 CANCER VACCINES. 3387 02:34:31,137 --> 02:34:32,772 AND HUSSEIN, THE SLIDE WHERE WE 3388 02:34:32,772 --> 02:34:36,743 HAVE SEEN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF 3389 02:34:36,743 --> 02:34:38,778 MODELS, THESE KINDS OF MODELS. 3390 02:34:38,778 --> 02:34:40,380 FOR VACCINE LIKE I SAID WE HAVE 3391 02:34:40,380 --> 02:34:41,781 NOT SEEN MUCH. 3392 02:34:41,781 --> 02:34:43,650 OUR EXPERIENCE IS VERY LIMITED. 3393 02:34:43,650 --> 02:34:45,719 AS WE HEARD FROM THE SPEAKER IN 3394 02:34:45,719 --> 02:34:46,753 AN EARLIER PRESENTATION, WE 3395 02:34:46,753 --> 02:34:48,521 KNOW THAT THERE IS INTEREST IN 3396 02:34:48,521 --> 02:34:51,291 INDUSTRY AND MANUFACTURING TO 3397 02:34:51,291 --> 02:34:53,126 IMPLEMENTATION AI FOR 3398 02:34:53,126 --> 02:34:54,060 MANUFACTURING VACCINES EXAMPLES 3399 02:34:54,060 --> 02:35:01,601 GIVEN BY TED ANDISABELLE BUT 3400 02:35:01,601 --> 02:35:02,469 THEY'RE STILL IN EARLY 3401 02:35:02,469 --> 02:35:03,903 DEVELOPMENT WE HAVE NOT SEEN 3402 02:35:03,903 --> 02:35:04,971 THEM THROUGH THE GAP 3403 02:35:04,971 --> 02:35:05,305 INTERACTIONS. 3404 02:35:05,305 --> 02:35:07,407 NOW IN THE MEANTIME, WE KNOW 3405 02:35:07,407 --> 02:35:09,509 THAT THESE ARE COMING, WE'LL 3406 02:35:09,509 --> 02:35:10,210 SEE THEM SOON. 3407 02:35:10,210 --> 02:35:12,045 SO WHAT WE'RE DOING RIGHT NOW 3408 02:35:12,045 --> 02:35:14,147 IS THAT THE AGENCY IS TRYING TO 3409 02:35:14,147 --> 02:35:17,317 DEVELOP THE REGULATORY 3410 02:35:17,317 --> 02:35:18,251 FRAMEWORK THAT WILL BE 3411 02:35:18,251 --> 02:35:20,086 NECESSARY TO EVALUATE THE 3412 02:35:20,086 --> 02:35:23,056 TECHNOLOGY. 3413 02:35:23,056 --> 02:35:25,558 HUSSEIN MENTIONED THE FRAME 3414 02:35:25,558 --> 02:35:28,728 INITIATIVE FOR REGULATORY 3415 02:35:28,728 --> 02:35:29,229 EVALUATION OF FRAME. 3416 02:35:29,229 --> 02:35:34,634 AND ONE OF THE TECHNOLOGIES 3417 02:35:34,634 --> 02:35:37,370 THAT IS BEING SORT OF EVALUATED 3418 02:35:37,370 --> 02:35:40,607 FOR GOID ANS DEVELOPMENT IS 3419 02:35:40,607 --> 02:35:43,843 APPLICATION OF AI MANUFACTURING. 3420 02:35:43,843 --> 02:35:48,214 AND SO WE'VE AS HUSSEIN 3421 02:35:48,214 --> 02:35:49,382 MENTIONED, WE PUBLISHED 3422 02:35:49,382 --> 02:35:50,784 DISCUSSION PAPER ON THE GAPS 3423 02:35:50,784 --> 02:35:54,354 AND PAIN POINTS IN THE 3424 02:35:54,354 --> 02:35:55,922 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK, WE HAD 3425 02:35:55,922 --> 02:36:00,026 WORKSHOPS WITH THE PURPOSE OF 3426 02:36:00,026 --> 02:36:01,060 OBTAINING FEEDBACK. 3427 02:36:01,060 --> 02:36:02,495 >> ONE MINUTE, PLEASE. 3428 02:36:02,495 --> 02:36:07,000 >> UPON DEVELOPING THIS 3429 02:36:07,000 --> 02:36:09,169 GUIDANCE. 3430 02:36:09,169 --> 02:36:11,070 AND AS HUSSEIN ALSO MENTIONED, 3431 02:36:11,070 --> 02:36:12,872 THERE HAVE BEEN A GUIDANCE THAT 3432 02:36:12,872 --> 02:36:15,408 SHOULD BE COMING OUT SOON. 3433 02:36:15,408 --> 02:36:17,944 THAT REALLY PROVIDES SORT OF A 3434 02:36:17,944 --> 02:36:21,247 GUIDE ON ESTABLISHING THE 3435 02:36:21,247 --> 02:36:24,484 CREDIBILITY OF AI MODELS FOR 3436 02:36:24,484 --> 02:36:25,318 REGULATORY DECISION-MAKING. 3437 02:36:25,318 --> 02:36:27,187 THAT SHOULD BE COMING OUT SOON. 3438 02:36:27,187 --> 02:36:28,822 AND BASED ON THE FEEDBACK THAT 3439 02:36:28,822 --> 02:36:30,457 WE GOT FROM THAT DOCUMENT, 3440 02:36:30,457 --> 02:36:32,258 WE'LL THINK ABOUT MAYBE 3441 02:36:32,258 --> 02:36:34,994 DEVELOPING MORE SPECIFIC 3442 02:36:34,994 --> 02:36:37,197 GUIDANCE DOCUMENTS FOR THE 3443 02:36:37,197 --> 02:36:40,266 IMPLEMENTATION OF AI AND 3444 02:36:40,266 --> 02:36:40,600 MANUFACTURING. 3445 02:36:40,600 --> 02:36:41,367 SO I'LL STOP AT THAT. 3446 02:36:41,367 --> 02:36:47,106 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH, MANUEL. 3447 02:36:47,106 --> 02:36:49,909 SO I WOULD LIKE TO INVITE THE 3448 02:36:49,909 --> 02:36:52,312 PANEL TO COME TO THE SCREEN. 3449 02:36:52,312 --> 02:36:54,514 PERFECT. 3450 02:36:54,514 --> 02:36:58,218 AND SO WHAT I PROPOSE IS I'LL 3451 02:36:58,218 --> 02:37:00,253 BE PROVIDING A COUPLE OF 3452 02:37:00,253 --> 02:37:02,322 QUESTIONS AND THEN WE CAN GO 3453 02:37:02,322 --> 02:37:06,226 THROUGH THE Q AND A TO SEE IF 3454 02:37:06,226 --> 02:37:08,661 WE CAN ADDRESS THAT AS A PANEL. 3455 02:37:08,661 --> 02:37:16,803 I WOULD LIKE TO BEGIN WITH 3456 02:37:16,803 --> 02:37:20,940 DEMETRIS WHAT HAVE THE BENEFIT 3457 02:37:20,940 --> 02:37:25,778 AND RISK WITH THIS CAPABILITY? 3458 02:37:25,778 --> 02:37:27,914 >> WELL I THINK THE MOST 3459 02:37:27,914 --> 02:37:30,583 IMPACTFUL ASPECT IS THE 3460 02:37:30,583 --> 02:37:32,852 REALTIME COMPONENT, BECAUSE 3461 02:37:32,852 --> 02:37:35,622 MOST ORGANIZATIONS, WHEN WE 3462 02:37:35,622 --> 02:37:39,526 STARTED STUDY WE HAVE A PLAN 3463 02:37:39,526 --> 02:37:42,362 REVIEW PLAN AND HAS SIMILAR 3464 02:37:42,362 --> 02:37:43,096 THING, FIELD MONITORING SOME OF 3465 02:37:43,096 --> 02:37:45,965 THE THING. 3466 02:37:45,965 --> 02:37:47,734 BUT, BECAUSE THESE ARE COMPLEX 3467 02:37:47,734 --> 02:37:49,569 REPORT THEY HAVE TIME TO CREATE 3468 02:37:49,569 --> 02:37:52,138 THE REPORTS, IT'S TIME TO 3469 02:37:52,138 --> 02:37:55,341 CONSUME AND REVIEW IN CERTAIN 3470 02:37:55,341 --> 02:37:58,311 FREQUENCIES THAT IS PRACTICAL. 3471 02:37:58,311 --> 02:38:00,146 BUT THE BIGGEST DIFFERENCE IS 3472 02:38:00,146 --> 02:38:04,918 THAT THE SMART DATA INTEGRITY 3473 02:38:04,918 --> 02:38:06,319 ITEM I MENTIONED, THAT REVIEWS 3474 02:38:06,319 --> 02:38:10,823 THE DATA EVERY SINGLE NIGHT SO. 3475 02:38:10,823 --> 02:38:13,359 THAT INDIVIDUALS CAN ASSESS THE 3476 02:38:13,359 --> 02:38:14,494 OUTPUT EVERY SINGLE MORNING 3477 02:38:14,494 --> 02:38:16,829 WITHOUT HAVING TO RUN REPORTS 3478 02:38:16,829 --> 02:38:19,566 AND DECIDE OR VISUAL DECIDE 3479 02:38:19,566 --> 02:38:21,434 WHICH ITEM THAT IS FAR AWAY 3480 02:38:21,434 --> 02:38:25,705 FROM THE SCATTER PLOT AND WHAT 3481 02:38:25,705 --> 02:38:27,073 IT GOES INTO. 3482 02:38:27,073 --> 02:38:30,710 AND I LIKE HE SAID MOST IS NOT 3483 02:38:30,710 --> 02:38:33,212 CHANGING HE IS ESTHETICS 3484 02:38:33,212 --> 02:38:37,984 DESIGN, MOST IS THIS EXCLUDES 3485 02:38:37,984 --> 02:38:40,920 CRITERIA, WE REALLY HAVE TO 3486 02:38:40,920 --> 02:38:44,357 RETHINK, OR SITE 5 OR 6 SEEMS 3487 02:38:44,357 --> 02:38:47,760 TO BE UNDERMINING, LET'S SEE IF 3488 02:38:47,760 --> 02:38:49,128 IT'S A GPT TRAINING 3489 02:38:49,128 --> 02:38:50,997 UNDERSTANDING OF THE PROTOCOL 3490 02:38:50,997 --> 02:38:52,832 AND DETAILS THAT WE CAN ADJUST 3491 02:38:52,832 --> 02:38:54,334 AND OF COURSE CORRECT IN 3492 02:38:54,334 --> 02:38:54,934 REALTIME. 3493 02:38:54,934 --> 02:38:57,870 WHEN IT'S EARLY ON CAN THERE IS 3494 02:38:57,870 --> 02:38:59,105 A LITTLE BIT OF DATA LEFT. 3495 02:38:59,105 --> 02:39:02,308 IF YOU USE A MORE SPACE 3496 02:39:02,308 --> 02:39:03,710 MONITORING APPROACH YOU NEED 3497 02:39:03,710 --> 02:39:05,078 SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF DATA TO 3498 02:39:05,078 --> 02:39:07,413 COME IN BEFORE THE SIGNAL CAN 3499 02:39:07,413 --> 02:39:10,617 BE OBSERVED THAT IT MAY BE TOO 3500 02:39:10,617 --> 02:39:11,818 LATE TO DO SOMETHING ABOUT IT. 3501 02:39:11,818 --> 02:39:13,453 WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT THE 3502 02:39:13,453 --> 02:39:16,856 VACCINES THAT CAN BE ONE IN 3503 02:39:16,856 --> 02:39:17,790 2000 PEOPLE A DAY. 3504 02:39:17,790 --> 02:39:20,960 THERE IS NO TIME TO REACT IF 3505 02:39:20,960 --> 02:39:24,330 YOU WERE NOT VOLUNTEER. 3506 02:39:24,330 --> 02:39:30,136 >> THANK YOU, AND NOW WE HAVE 3507 02:39:30,136 --> 02:39:33,506 IN TERMS OF THE WORK THAT WAS 3508 02:39:33,506 --> 02:39:34,607 PRESENTED WHAT FRAMEWORK DOES 3509 02:39:34,607 --> 02:39:42,548 IT RECOMMEND FOR THE AI 3510 02:39:42,548 --> 02:39:43,683 ALGORITHM ITSELF? 3511 02:39:43,683 --> 02:39:47,553 >> SO I DON'T THINK, WE MANDATE 3512 02:39:47,553 --> 02:39:50,289 OR REQUIRE ANY SPECIFIC 3513 02:39:50,289 --> 02:39:51,457 FRAMEWORK. 3514 02:39:51,457 --> 02:39:53,993 WE KNOW THAT THE STANDARDS 3515 02:39:53,993 --> 02:39:55,828 ORGANIZATIONS HAVE BEEN WORKING 3516 02:39:55,828 --> 02:39:59,032 ON MULTIPLE FRAME WORKS, THERE 3517 02:39:59,032 --> 02:40:01,167 IS THE NEXT FRAMEWORK AS WELL. 3518 02:40:01,167 --> 02:40:08,341 THERE IS THE ISO FRAMEWORK. 3519 02:40:08,341 --> 02:40:11,110 ANY FRAMEWORK THAT HA IS GOING 3520 02:40:11,110 --> 02:40:13,179 TO BE LEVERAGE HAS TO BE LOOK 3521 02:40:13,179 --> 02:40:16,849 AT THE INTENT USE OF AI OR 3522 02:40:16,849 --> 02:40:18,251 MACHINE LEARNING MODEL. 3523 02:40:18,251 --> 02:40:23,056 WHAT ARE THE OTHER DATA 3524 02:40:23,056 --> 02:40:24,323 INFORMATION SUPPORTING YOUR 3525 02:40:24,323 --> 02:40:27,193 CLINICAL PROGRAM? 3526 02:40:27,193 --> 02:40:28,594 AND BASED ON THIS YOU CAN LOOK 3527 02:40:28,594 --> 02:40:31,564 AT HOW YOU'RE GOING TO BE 3528 02:40:31,564 --> 02:40:32,465 EVALUATE, WHETHER YOUR MODEL IS 3529 02:40:32,465 --> 02:40:36,102 GOING TO BE USED MAYBE FOR 3530 02:40:36,102 --> 02:40:39,305 EXAMPLE IN POST APPROVAL IN A 3531 02:40:39,305 --> 02:40:45,678 PHASE 4 STUDY OR YOU'RE 3532 02:40:45,678 --> 02:40:47,613 THINKING THIS IS SOMETHING THAT 3533 02:40:47,613 --> 02:40:49,882 IS GOING TO BE USED. 3534 02:40:49,882 --> 02:40:51,884 SO I THINK THAT THE DEPENDING 3535 02:40:51,884 --> 02:40:54,921 ON THE CONTEXT OF USE, THEN, 3536 02:40:54,921 --> 02:40:58,458 YOU CAN FIND OUT OR MAYBE GET A 3537 02:40:58,458 --> 02:40:59,826 RECOMMENDATION ON WHAT TYPE OF 3538 02:40:59,826 --> 02:41:02,562 FRAMEWORK YOU CAN USE FOR 3539 02:41:02,562 --> 02:41:03,196 EVALUATION PERFORMANCE. 3540 02:41:03,196 --> 02:41:09,335 >> RIGHT, THANK YOU. 3541 02:41:09,335 --> 02:41:11,237 MANUEL, IN THE DISCUSSION YOU 3542 02:41:11,237 --> 02:41:21,647 WERE CLOSE TO THE PHARM 3543 02:41:23,282 --> 02:41:25,051 PROJECT, I WAS TRYING TO 3544 02:41:25,051 --> 02:41:26,652 UNDERSTAND CAN YOU ELABORATE A 3545 02:41:26,652 --> 02:41:27,920 LITTLE BIT MORE ON THIS. 3546 02:41:27,920 --> 02:41:30,089 ARE YOU PLANNING TO USE THAT 3547 02:41:30,089 --> 02:41:32,525 EFFORT TO TRAIN THE FDA OFFICER? 3548 02:41:32,525 --> 02:41:34,393 >> THAT'S CORRECT. 3549 02:41:34,393 --> 02:41:36,462 SO WE AS YOU'RE RIGHT, WE'RE 3550 02:41:36,462 --> 02:41:40,099 NOT A FUNDING AGENCY BUT, WE DO 3551 02:41:40,099 --> 02:41:41,701 FELLOW LIKE WE'RE IN A UNIQUE 3552 02:41:41,701 --> 02:41:44,170 POSITION TO SEE WHERE SOME GAPS 3553 02:41:44,170 --> 02:41:46,239 THAT THERE ARE SOME GAPS IT 3554 02:41:46,239 --> 02:41:53,246 ADVANCE THIS TECHNOLOGY. 3555 02:41:53,246 --> 02:41:56,015 AND THE PURPOSE OF THAT IS TO 3556 02:41:56,015 --> 02:41:58,317 FUND RESEARCH THAT IS GOING TO 3557 02:41:58,317 --> 02:41:59,352 ADVANCE REGULATORY SCIENCE. 3558 02:41:59,352 --> 02:42:00,620 SO IT'S GOING TO PROVIDE THE 3559 02:42:00,620 --> 02:42:01,788 EXPERIENCE AS WELL AS THE 3560 02:42:01,788 --> 02:42:03,523 KNOWLEDGE THAT IS NECESSARY TO 3561 02:42:03,523 --> 02:42:04,824 ESTABLISH A REGULAR TORY 3562 02:42:04,824 --> 02:42:09,695 FRAMEWORK THAT WILL BE 3563 02:42:09,695 --> 02:42:11,764 NECESSARY TO EVALUATE THE 3564 02:42:11,764 --> 02:42:13,132 PROJECT. 3565 02:42:13,132 --> 02:42:16,335 NOW THE PROJECT WITH MIT AND 3566 02:42:16,335 --> 02:42:24,177 WHAT USED TO BE WHAT USED TO BE 3567 02:42:24,177 --> 02:42:26,312 RESTA PHARM IT IS TO PROVIDE 3568 02:42:26,312 --> 02:42:27,113 THAT KNOWLEDGE. 3569 02:42:27,113 --> 02:42:30,583 SO WE PLAN TO TAKE OUR EXPERTS 3570 02:42:30,583 --> 02:42:35,121 TO THE FACILITY TO LEARN HOW 3571 02:42:35,121 --> 02:42:36,189 THE PROCESS ESTABLISHED CONTROL 3572 02:42:36,189 --> 02:42:39,492 SO THAT WILL BE A GREAT SOURCE 3573 02:42:39,492 --> 02:42:41,360 OF, OF INFORMATION FOR US AS 3574 02:42:41,360 --> 02:42:43,396 WELL AS TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES. 3575 02:42:43,396 --> 02:42:45,498 AND SO FAR AND IN THE LAST FOUR 3576 02:42:45,498 --> 02:42:49,969 OR FIVE YEARS WE HAVE SUPPORTED 3577 02:42:49,969 --> 02:42:51,604 ABOUT 23 PROJECTS, NOT AS 3578 02:42:51,604 --> 02:42:54,807 SIGNIFICANT AS THE ONE WITH MIT 3579 02:42:54,807 --> 02:42:56,509 BUT YEAH, BUT THAT'S THE IDEA 3580 02:42:56,509 --> 02:42:57,276 BEHIND IT. 3581 02:42:57,276 --> 02:42:58,644 >> THANK YOU. 3582 02:42:58,644 --> 02:43:01,147 SO NOW I THINK I'M GOING TO ASK 3583 02:43:01,147 --> 02:43:03,549 THE SAME QUESTION TO THE THREE 3584 02:43:03,549 --> 02:43:03,716 US. 3585 02:43:03,716 --> 02:43:05,284 AND I EXPECT THREE DIFFERENT 3586 02:43:05,284 --> 02:43:07,987 ANSWERS I SEE. 3587 02:43:07,987 --> 02:43:12,191 SO I'LL ASK YOU TO DEMETRIS THE 3588 02:43:12,191 --> 02:43:15,628 INCREASE OF AU AND BIG DATA ARE 3589 02:43:15,628 --> 02:43:20,766 THERE PRIVACY CONCERNS INTEREST? 3590 02:43:20,766 --> 02:43:24,904 >> YEAH THESE PROJECTS THAT I 3591 02:43:24,904 --> 02:43:27,373 MENTIONED, EACH ONE OF THEM 3592 02:43:27,373 --> 02:43:30,076 REQUIRED SIGNIFICANT 3593 02:43:30,076 --> 02:43:32,245 DISCUSSIONS WITH OUR PRIVACY 3594 02:43:32,245 --> 02:43:35,915 OFFICE, OUR LEGAL OFFICE, THE 3595 02:43:35,915 --> 02:43:39,018 REGULATORS AND TO START WITH 3596 02:43:39,018 --> 02:43:41,721 THE DATA WE HAVE ACCESS TO IS 3597 02:43:41,721 --> 02:43:44,924 ALWAYS IDENTIFIED, THE SPONSORS 3598 02:43:44,924 --> 02:43:47,226 IDENTIFYING INFORMATION ABOUT. 3599 02:43:47,226 --> 02:43:51,864 BUT EVEN SO WE STILL HOLD 3600 02:43:51,864 --> 02:43:53,499 OURSELVES VERY RIGIDLY TO WHAT 3601 02:43:53,499 --> 02:43:54,934 WAS CONSENTED FOR THE USE OF 3602 02:43:54,934 --> 02:43:56,035 THAT DATA. 3603 02:43:56,035 --> 02:43:59,005 FIRST IT WAS CONSENSUS HAS TO 3604 02:43:59,005 --> 02:44:00,373 BE APPROVED BY ETHICAL 3605 02:44:00,373 --> 02:44:01,641 COMMITTEES AND THEN THEY HAVE 3606 02:44:01,641 --> 02:44:02,708 BEEN PRESENTED TO THE PATIENT 3607 02:44:02,708 --> 02:44:03,776 EXAMINE THE PATIENT HAS TO 3608 02:44:03,776 --> 02:44:11,651 AGREE. 3609 02:44:11,651 --> 02:44:13,486 WE HOLD OURSELVES VERY HIGH, 3610 02:44:13,486 --> 02:44:17,390 EVEN IF SOMEBODY HAS TO 3611 02:44:17,390 --> 02:44:19,959 DEVELOPING A MODEL IT HAS TO GO 3612 02:44:19,959 --> 02:44:26,165 THROUGH CHECKS AND BALANCES. 3613 02:44:26,165 --> 02:44:28,034 >> THANK YOU. 3614 02:44:28,034 --> 02:44:31,737 SO HUMANE AND MANUEL THE SAME 3615 02:44:31,737 --> 02:44:34,073 THING, BUT I'LL EXTEND LIKE 3616 02:44:34,073 --> 02:44:36,809 INDUSTRY DATA IN GENERAL? 3617 02:44:36,809 --> 02:44:37,710 HUMANE? 3618 02:44:37,710 --> 02:44:41,314 >> THANK --HUSSEIN. 3619 02:44:41,314 --> 02:44:43,349 >> THANK YOU FOR THIS VERY 3620 02:44:43,349 --> 02:44:44,450 IMPORTANT QUESTION. 3621 02:44:44,450 --> 02:44:45,851 I THINK PATIENT PRIVACY IS ONE 3622 02:44:45,851 --> 02:44:47,586 OF THE FACTORS THAT WE THINK 3623 02:44:47,586 --> 02:44:51,123 ABOUT WHEN WE ARE LOOKING AT 3624 02:44:51,123 --> 02:44:58,631 THE USE OF THESE MODELS AND OF 3625 02:44:58,631 --> 02:45:00,599 COURSE, GEN AI, BROUGHT A LOT 3626 02:45:00,599 --> 02:45:02,702 OF CHALLENGES WHEN IT COMES TO 3627 02:45:02,702 --> 02:45:03,569 PATIENT PROIF SEE. 3628 02:45:03,569 --> 02:45:08,541 ONE OF THE MAJOR THINGS THAT 3629 02:45:08,541 --> 02:45:10,276 WE'RE INTERESTED EVEN THAT WHAT 3630 02:45:10,276 --> 02:45:11,344 DOES IT MEAN? 3631 02:45:11,344 --> 02:45:14,080 CAN YOU REALLY MASK ALL THE 3632 02:45:14,080 --> 02:45:16,816 PRIVATE INFORMATION AND PUBLIC 3633 02:45:16,816 --> 02:45:18,150 INFORMATION FROM THE DATA SET 3634 02:45:18,150 --> 02:45:20,219 TO BE ABLE TO USE IT? 3635 02:45:20,219 --> 02:45:22,488 AS YOU CALL, FOSTERING 3636 02:45:22,488 --> 02:45:23,456 COLLABORATION IS ONE OF THE 3637 02:45:23,456 --> 02:45:25,057 MAJOR THINGS THAT WE RECEIVED 3638 02:45:25,057 --> 02:45:27,093 FROM THE PUBLIC AS COMMENT. 3639 02:45:27,093 --> 02:45:30,496 BUT WE KNOW THAT COLLABORATION 3640 02:45:30,496 --> 02:45:31,931 HERE MEANS SHARING DATA BUT WE 3641 02:45:31,931 --> 02:45:33,733 ALSO WANT TO BE CAREFUL WHEN 3642 02:45:33,733 --> 02:45:35,334 WE'RE DOING SOMETHING LIKE THAT 3643 02:45:35,334 --> 02:45:39,638 WHEN WE DO SUPPORT SHARING OF 3644 02:45:39,638 --> 02:45:41,374 DATA IT IS DONE IN THE PROPER 3645 02:45:41,374 --> 02:45:43,309 WAY AND DOES NOT POSE ANY RISK 3646 02:45:43,309 --> 02:45:44,477 TO THE PATIENT PRIVACY. 3647 02:45:44,477 --> 02:45:49,115 >> THANK YOU. 3648 02:45:49,115 --> 02:45:51,684 MANUEL YOU HAVE THE LAST WORD 3649 02:45:51,684 --> 02:45:51,917 IN THIS. 3650 02:45:51,917 --> 02:45:54,220 >> MORE GENERAL BUT THROUGH 3651 02:45:54,220 --> 02:45:55,354 MANUFACTURING, THROUGH THE 3652 02:45:55,354 --> 02:45:56,756 WORKSHOP, WE HEARD THAT THERE 3653 02:45:56,756 --> 02:46:02,428 WERE CONCERNS ABOUT THE 3654 02:46:02,428 --> 02:46:04,497 AVAILABLE ABILITY OF THE DATA, 3655 02:46:04,497 --> 02:46:08,534 THAT'S A REAL CONCERN. 3656 02:46:08,534 --> 02:46:11,937 CONCERNS ABOUT THE SECURITY OF 3657 02:46:11,937 --> 02:46:12,905 THE DATA, SECURITY CONCERNS 3658 02:46:12,905 --> 02:46:14,006 RIGHT. 3659 02:46:14,006 --> 02:46:17,910 THE FACT THAT I THINK DEMETRIS 3660 02:46:17,910 --> 02:46:19,078 REALLY GOT TO THIS ABOUT THERE 3661 02:46:19,078 --> 02:46:23,482 IS A LOT OF DATA OR MAYBE OTHER 3662 02:46:23,482 --> 02:46:25,751 SPEAKERS TOO, BUDDHA AT THAT 3663 02:46:25,751 --> 02:46:27,820 EXIST IN SILOS SO THERE IS A 3664 02:46:27,820 --> 02:46:29,622 LACK OF E WILLINGNESS TO SHARE 3665 02:46:29,622 --> 02:46:30,156 DATA. 3666 02:46:30,156 --> 02:46:32,224 AND THERE IS NOT A LOT THAT THE 3667 02:46:32,224 --> 02:46:34,326 AGENCY CAN DO ABOUT BUT THAT 3668 02:46:34,326 --> 02:46:34,760 QUESTION CAME OUT. 3669 02:46:34,760 --> 02:46:36,629 AND I DON'T KNOW THAT WE CAN, 3670 02:46:36,629 --> 02:46:38,030 BUT WE'RE STILL TRYING TO SEE 3671 02:46:38,030 --> 02:46:40,366 IF THERE IS ANYTHING THAT WE 3672 02:46:40,366 --> 02:46:42,201 CAN DO BUT, YEAH, SO THOSE ARE 3673 02:46:42,201 --> 02:46:45,871 SOME OF THE MAJOR ISSUES THAT 3674 02:46:45,871 --> 02:46:48,007 CAME UP DURING THAT WORKSHOP. 3675 02:46:48,007 --> 02:46:51,710 >> THANK YOU, MANUEL. 3676 02:46:51,710 --> 02:46:54,947 SO NOW I'M GOING TO JUMP TO THE 3677 02:46:54,947 --> 02:46:59,251 Q & A THE ONE IS ADDRESSED TO 3678 02:46:59,251 --> 02:47:01,787 ME. 3679 02:47:01,787 --> 02:47:06,325 IS THERE ANY EXPERTS TO EXPLORE 3680 02:47:06,325 --> 02:47:07,960 VACCINE USE IN LOW RESOURCE 3681 02:47:07,960 --> 02:47:09,528 SETTING. 3682 02:47:09,528 --> 02:47:11,297 SO THIS IS AN IMPORTANT 3683 02:47:11,297 --> 02:47:12,264 QUESTION BUT I THINK I WOULD 3684 02:47:12,264 --> 02:47:19,371 LIKE TO REFER TO WHAT IS DONE 3685 02:47:19,371 --> 02:47:21,807 WITH SEPI IN THE 1 HYUNDAI 3686 02:47:21,807 --> 02:47:23,843 INITIATIVE AND THESE INITIATIVE 3687 02:47:23,843 --> 02:47:25,711 NEED TO INTEGRATE AI TO GO 3688 02:47:25,711 --> 02:47:28,681 FASTER TO PHASE ONE. 3689 02:47:28,681 --> 02:47:32,351 OBVIOUSLY THERE IS A FOCUS ON 3690 02:47:32,351 --> 02:47:33,252 EXTENDING ANY VACCINE 3691 02:47:33,252 --> 02:47:34,420 DEVELOPMENT BECAUSE LET'S SAY 3692 02:47:34,420 --> 02:47:38,791 IT'S A PLATFORM A LITTLE BIT 3693 02:47:38,791 --> 02:47:42,094 MORE FLEXIBLE DURING THE 3694 02:47:42,094 --> 02:47:42,995 CHANGES. 3695 02:47:42,995 --> 02:47:50,870 SO I THINK THAT REALLY COULD 3696 02:47:50,870 --> 02:47:52,071 POTENTIALLY BRING AFFORDABLE 3697 02:47:52,071 --> 02:47:53,439 RESOURCE SETTING IN GENERAL. 3698 02:47:53,439 --> 02:47:56,942 SO I'LL GO TO ANOTHER QUESTIONS 3699 02:47:56,942 --> 02:48:00,513 IN THE Q & A. 3700 02:48:00,513 --> 02:48:02,114 AGAIN ANOTHER QUESTION THIS ONE 3701 02:48:02,114 --> 02:48:05,885 WAS IN RELATION SHIP TO VACCINE 3702 02:48:05,885 --> 02:48:06,652 SUPPLY CHAIN. 3703 02:48:06,652 --> 02:48:08,954 I WILL NOT READ THROUGH ALL OF 3704 02:48:08,954 --> 02:48:11,690 IT BUT VERY EXTENSIVE QUESTION 3705 02:48:11,690 --> 02:48:15,561 IN LEAP TIME AND COSTS 3706 02:48:15,561 --> 02:48:17,763 MANUFACTURING DISCOVERY RATES, 3707 02:48:17,763 --> 02:48:22,301 ALL IMPORTANT TOPICS IN TERM OF 3708 02:48:22,301 --> 02:48:23,903 LOW MEDIUM INCOME SETTING. 3709 02:48:23,903 --> 02:48:29,375 AND I THINK I WANT TO REFER TO 3710 02:48:29,375 --> 02:48:30,809 PHILIPE THERE WAS AN 3711 02:48:30,809 --> 02:48:32,578 INTERESTING EFFORT CALLED THE 3712 02:48:32,578 --> 02:48:38,083 MARKETPLACE DURING THE COVIX 3713 02:48:38,083 --> 02:48:41,954 TIME, TO ADDRESS COVID AND 3714 02:48:41,954 --> 02:48:45,624 WEBSITE WITH VENDORS 3715 02:48:45,624 --> 02:48:47,893 OPTIMALIZING AND REDUCING ENTRY 3716 02:48:47,893 --> 02:48:50,629 IN GENERAL, LOWERING 3717 02:48:50,629 --> 02:48:52,431 MANUFACTURING AND IT'S VERY 3718 02:48:52,431 --> 02:48:53,566 INTERESTING BECAUSE THE MORE I 3719 02:48:53,566 --> 02:48:55,901 WAS THINKING ABOUT IT, THE MORE 3720 02:48:55,901 --> 02:48:57,970 IT LOOKS LIKE GABI EFFORT WHEN 3721 02:48:57,970 --> 02:49:01,674 YOU THINK ABOUT IT. 3722 02:49:01,674 --> 02:49:03,309 GAVI FOR VACCINES SO THE 3723 02:49:03,309 --> 02:49:05,844 QUESTION IS SHOULD VERY WITH 3724 02:49:05,844 --> 02:49:08,480 HAVE A GAVI FOR RAW MATERIALS 3725 02:49:08,480 --> 02:49:16,755 AND THEN WE APPLY A PRINCIPAL 3726 02:49:16,755 --> 02:49:19,258 LE--PRINCIPLE AND THE 3727 02:49:19,258 --> 02:49:20,859 IMPLEMENTATION OF AI. 3728 02:49:20,859 --> 02:49:23,395 I'LL ASK THE ORGANIZER DO WE 3729 02:49:23,395 --> 02:49:24,430 HAVE TIME FOR QUESTIONS FOR THE 3730 02:49:24,430 --> 02:49:25,231 PANEL. 3731 02:49:25,231 --> 02:49:28,400 >> IF THERE IS ANY OTHER URGENT 3732 02:49:28,400 --> 02:49:29,802 OR INTERESTING QUESTIONS, I 3733 02:49:29,802 --> 02:49:31,604 WOULD SAY GO FOR IT. 3734 02:49:31,604 --> 02:49:33,172 MAYBE ONE MORE SHORT QUESTION 3735 02:49:33,172 --> 02:49:35,107 AND THEN WE'LL GO FOR A WRAP UP. 3736 02:49:35,107 --> 02:49:37,710 >> PERFECT SO ONE MORE QUESTION 3737 02:49:37,710 --> 02:49:40,045 SO I GUESS I'M GOING TO HAVE TO 3738 02:49:40,045 --> 02:49:44,083 ASK A GENERAL QUESTION. 3739 02:49:44,083 --> 02:49:47,319 I THINK ONE CONCERNS THAT COMES 3740 02:49:47,319 --> 02:49:48,921 IS, WHAT STRATEGIES ARE BEING 3741 02:49:48,921 --> 02:49:50,556 APPLIED TO PREPARE AND TRAIN 3742 02:49:50,556 --> 02:49:52,191 THE CURRENT WORKFORCE FOR 3743 02:49:52,191 --> 02:49:54,293 INTEGRATION OF AI IN GENERAL? 3744 02:49:54,293 --> 02:49:58,163 AND SO IT WOULD BE NICE TO HAVE 3745 02:49:58,163 --> 02:49:59,131 YOUR THOUGHTS, ANY VOLUNTEER. 3746 02:49:59,131 --> 02:50:02,268 >> I WOULD BE HAPPY TO START. 3747 02:50:02,268 --> 02:50:04,169 SOME COLLEAGUES AND I IN THE 3748 02:50:04,169 --> 02:50:06,238 INDUSTRY JUST WROTE A PAPER 3749 02:50:06,238 --> 02:50:11,010 ABOUT THIS AND SO I HAD A 3750 02:50:11,010 --> 02:50:12,478 MANAGEMENT EXTERNAL. 3751 02:50:12,478 --> 02:50:14,346 I MEAN IT'S PART STROKE 3752 02:50:14,346 --> 02:50:16,181 EVERYTHING FROM EVERYTHING FROM 3753 02:50:16,181 --> 02:50:19,084 UP TRAINING AND UP SCALING IN 3754 02:50:19,084 --> 02:50:21,654 CERTAIN SPECIFIC TECHNOLOGY TO 3755 02:50:21,654 --> 02:50:22,254 REALLY FUNDAMENTAL CRITICAL 3756 02:50:22,254 --> 02:50:23,055 THINKING. 3757 02:50:23,055 --> 02:50:24,890 AND THE LATTER ONE IS AN 3758 02:50:24,890 --> 02:50:27,393 INTERESTING ONE HOW DO YOU 3759 02:50:27,393 --> 02:50:28,794 TEACH CRITICAL THINKING, IT'S 3760 02:50:28,794 --> 02:50:30,763 NOT SO SIMPLE. 3761 02:50:30,763 --> 02:50:37,703 IN OUR SCENARIO USED TO USED 3762 02:50:37,703 --> 02:50:41,840 CASE SCENARIO WE WHERE TRAIN ON 3763 02:50:41,840 --> 02:50:44,176 SCENARIOS THAT MAY ARISE. 3764 02:50:44,176 --> 02:50:47,379 BUT IT IS A UNDERTAKING EXAMINE 3765 02:50:47,379 --> 02:50:50,382 WE HAVE A MULTI ROAD MAP ON 3766 02:50:50,382 --> 02:50:51,650 THIS TRAINING IN MY 3767 02:50:51,650 --> 02:50:52,217 ORGANIZATION. 3768 02:50:52,217 --> 02:50:55,954 WE CALL IT TRANSITIONING FROM 3769 02:50:55,954 --> 02:50:57,122 CLINICAL MANAGEMENT TO 3770 02:50:57,122 --> 02:50:59,058 SCIENTIST SUCH AS A GENERAL 3771 02:50:59,058 --> 02:51:01,894 THEME BUT, IT IS IT IS 3772 02:51:01,894 --> 02:51:04,663 SOMETHING WHERE WE SEE A 3773 02:51:04,663 --> 02:51:06,265 SIGNIFICANT GAP BECAUSE WE'RE 3774 02:51:06,265 --> 02:51:08,100 TAKING ORGANIZATIONS FROM 3775 02:51:08,100 --> 02:51:11,503 FOLLOWING A CHECKLIST TO MORE 3776 02:51:11,503 --> 02:51:14,206 SIGNIFICANT CHECKS AND BALANCES 3777 02:51:14,206 --> 02:51:16,041 IN THE APPROACHES WHERE WE CAN 3778 02:51:16,041 --> 02:51:18,143 GET, WE CAN STILL GIVE THEM A 3779 02:51:18,143 --> 02:51:19,945 CHECKLIST BUT IT'S NOT GOING TO 3780 02:51:19,945 --> 02:51:21,780 COVER, IT'S NOT GOING TO COVER 3781 02:51:21,780 --> 02:51:22,481 ALL THE BASIS. 3782 02:51:22,481 --> 02:51:31,323 >> THANK YOU. 3783 02:51:31,323 --> 02:51:32,925 HUSSEIN MANUEL ANY COMMENTS? 3784 02:51:32,925 --> 02:51:34,993 >> GO AHEAD HUSSEIN. 3785 02:51:34,993 --> 02:51:35,894 >> PLEASE. 3786 02:51:35,894 --> 02:51:37,963 >> I WAS GOING TO SAY WE HAVE 3787 02:51:37,963 --> 02:51:39,732 HEARD FROM STAKEHOLDERS THAT'S 3788 02:51:39,732 --> 02:51:44,203 A BIG PROBLEM IN 3789 02:51:44,203 --> 02:51:46,038 PHARMACEUTICAL, YOU NEED 3790 02:51:46,038 --> 02:51:48,140 TRAINED PERSONNEL TO IMPLEMENT 3791 02:51:48,140 --> 02:51:50,209 AI BUT IN THAT SPACE BUT ALSO 3792 02:51:50,209 --> 02:51:53,612 THAT CAN THAT ARE ABLE TO 3793 02:51:53,612 --> 02:51:55,781 INTEGRATE THE APPLICATION WITH 3794 02:51:55,781 --> 02:51:57,516 AI WHICH EXISTING SYSTEM WHICH 3795 02:51:57,516 --> 02:51:59,017 IS ANOTHER CONCERN. 3796 02:51:59,017 --> 02:52:00,953 SO THE WORKFORCE IS A BIG 3797 02:52:00,953 --> 02:52:02,221 CONCERN. 3798 02:52:02,221 --> 02:52:03,856 >> THANK YOU. 3799 02:52:03,856 --> 02:52:04,790 HUSSEIN? 3800 02:52:04,790 --> 02:52:07,159 >> YES, I'LL JUST SAY WHEN 3801 02:52:07,159 --> 02:52:09,094 WORKSHOPS THAT I MENTIONED IN 3802 02:52:09,094 --> 02:52:11,263 THE TIMELINE, THAT WE FOR 3803 02:52:11,263 --> 02:52:13,699 EXAMPLE THE ONE FOR THE CITY 3804 02:52:13,699 --> 02:52:18,370 THE CLINICAL TRIAL INITIATIVE. 3805 02:52:18,370 --> 02:52:22,741 DOCTOR FROM STANFORD BROKE TO 3806 02:52:22,741 --> 02:52:25,677 OP MIEZ THE USE OF AI MACHINE 3807 02:52:25,677 --> 02:52:26,178 LEARNING DEVELOPMENT. 3808 02:52:26,178 --> 02:52:29,381 YOU HAVE TO HAVE A MULTI FLUENT 3809 02:52:29,381 --> 02:52:32,117 INDIVIDUALS THAT NOT ONLY VERY 3810 02:52:32,117 --> 02:52:35,921 EXPERIENCED FOR EXAMPLE IN 3811 02:52:35,921 --> 02:52:38,490 DRAWING DEVELOPMENT IMMUNOLOGY 3812 02:52:38,490 --> 02:52:39,725 OR COMPUTER SCIENCE, YOU HAVE 3813 02:52:39,725 --> 02:52:41,760 TO HAVE INDIVIDUALS THAT CAN 3814 02:52:41,760 --> 02:52:42,828 TRANSCEND AND CAN SPEAK TO EACH 3815 02:52:42,828 --> 02:52:44,062 OTHER. 3816 02:52:44,062 --> 02:52:45,931 YOU REALLY NEED THE CULTURE 3817 02:52:45,931 --> 02:52:48,100 CHANGE AND WE'RE DOING THIS ON 3818 02:52:48,100 --> 02:52:50,068 OUR SIDE, AS YOU MENTIONED THIS 3819 02:52:50,068 --> 02:52:52,404 IS A HUGE AMOUNT OF TRAIN 3820 02:52:52,404 --> 02:52:54,273 THATING ARE EVOLVING TO ALLOW 3821 02:52:54,273 --> 02:53:00,145 OUR STAFF TO SPEAK TO EACH 3822 02:53:00,145 --> 02:53:01,980 OTHER AND BRIDGE THESE GAPS. 3823 02:53:01,980 --> 02:53:04,049 WE'RE ALSO NOT ONLY TALKING THE 3824 02:53:04,049 --> 02:53:06,418 TALK BUT ALSO WALKING. 3825 02:53:06,418 --> 02:53:09,121 WE ARE BRINGING THESE 3826 02:53:09,121 --> 02:53:11,190 TECHNOLOGIES WITHIN OUR 3827 02:53:11,190 --> 02:53:12,791 ENVIRONMENTAL WITHIN OUR FIRE 3828 02:53:12,791 --> 02:53:14,426 WALLS AND TRYING THESE 3829 02:53:14,426 --> 02:53:15,561 ENVIRONMENTS SEEING HOW WRECK 3830 02:53:15,561 --> 02:53:21,700 USE IT IN DIFFERENT 3831 02:53:21,700 --> 02:53:23,202 APPLICATIONS SO WE CAN GIVE 3832 02:53:23,202 --> 02:53:25,137 THEM INFORMED ADVISE AND HELP 3833 02:53:25,137 --> 02:53:26,071 THEM LEVERAGE THIS TECHNOLOGY 3834 02:53:26,071 --> 02:53:30,442 IN A SAFE AND EFFECTIVE WAY. 3835 02:53:30,442 --> 02:53:31,376 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH, THANK 3836 02:53:31,376 --> 02:53:34,646 YOU VERY MUCH FOR THE THE 3837 02:53:34,646 --> 02:53:35,981 PANELS. 3838 02:53:35,981 --> 02:53:38,417 >> GREAT THANK YOU SO MUCH. 3839 02:53:38,417 --> 02:53:41,286 EVERYONE ON PANEL 3, REALLY 3840 02:53:41,286 --> 02:53:41,620 APPRECIATE IT. 3841 02:53:41,620 --> 02:53:43,388 I KNOW, I'M GLAD TO SEE HOW 3842 02:53:43,388 --> 02:53:45,224 MUCH WORK IN THE CLINICAL IN 3843 02:53:45,224 --> 02:53:47,493 BOTH THINKING ABOUT THE 3844 02:53:47,493 --> 02:53:49,628 REGULATORY ASPECTS OF IT AS 3845 02:53:49,628 --> 02:53:49,828 WELL. 3846 02:53:49,828 --> 02:53:51,697 THANK YOU ONCE AGAIN FOR A 3847 02:53:51,697 --> 02:53:53,031 FASCINATING SESSION. 3848 02:53:53,031 --> 02:53:55,133 I NOW WANT TO HAND IT OVER TO 3849 02:53:55,133 --> 02:54:01,373 MY COLLEAGUE AND COORGANIZER 3850 02:54:01,373 --> 02:54:02,007 FOR SOME FINAL THOUGHTS AND 3851 02:54:02,007 --> 02:54:02,774 COMMENTS. 3852 02:54:02,774 --> 02:54:05,577 TAKE IT AWAY ANNIE. 3853 02:54:05,577 --> 02:54:06,745 >> THANK YOU. 3854 02:54:06,745 --> 02:54:11,083 I'M OFFICER FROM NATIONAL 3855 02:54:11,083 --> 02:54:12,618 INSTITUTE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE 3856 02:54:12,618 --> 02:54:14,553 ON BEHALF OF THE COMMITTEE WE 3857 02:54:14,553 --> 02:54:18,891 WOULD LIKE TO SINCERELY THANK 3858 02:54:18,891 --> 02:54:21,360 EVERYONE OUR SPEAKERS AND A 3859 02:54:21,360 --> 02:54:30,469 PANE LISTS AND ATTENDEE FOR 3860 02:54:30,469 --> 02:54:33,238 INFORMATION AND CALLING FOR OUR 3861 02:54:33,238 --> 02:54:33,839 NEXT GENERATION PROFESSIONALS 3862 02:54:33,839 --> 02:54:39,745 TO BE MORE TECH SAVVY AND THIS 3863 02:54:39,745 --> 02:54:41,380 INSPIRATION AI VACCINE WHICH 3864 02:54:41,380 --> 02:54:41,980 COULD BE AVAILABLE TO THE 3865 02:54:41,980 --> 02:54:43,248 PUBLIC. 3866 02:54:43,248 --> 02:54:44,616 AGAIN REALLY TRULY THANK YOU 3867 02:54:44,616 --> 02:54:46,485 FOR THE GREAT DISCUSSION. 3868 02:54:46,485 --> 02:54:49,988 NOW AI MACHINE LEARNING, 3869 02:54:49,988 --> 02:54:50,989 APPARENT TRANSFORMING EVERY 3870 02:54:50,989 --> 02:54:53,926 STAGE FROM EARLY DISCOVERY TO 3871 02:54:53,926 --> 02:54:56,295 CLINICAL DO RECORD PROCESS AND 3872 02:54:56,295 --> 02:54:58,530 ORDER ECOSYSTEM. 3873 02:54:58,530 --> 02:55:02,935 SO BY HARNISHING THIS AND 3874 02:55:02,935 --> 02:55:04,970 ENHANCE OUTCOME, WE CAN 3875 02:55:04,970 --> 02:55:06,138 ACCELERATE VACCINE DEVELOPMENT 3876 02:55:06,138 --> 02:55:08,340 AND BETTER ADDRESS OUR GLOBAL 3877 02:55:08,340 --> 02:55:10,042 HEALTH CHALLENGES. 3878 02:55:10,042 --> 02:55:13,946 SO WE HOPE TODAY' WEBINAR 3879 02:55:13,946 --> 02:55:19,818 SPARKS SOME MEANINGFUL 3880 02:55:19,818 --> 02:55:22,821 CONVERSATION AND IN THIS AREA. 3881 02:55:22,821 --> 02:55:25,991 FOR FUTURE WEBINAR, WE WILL 3882 02:55:25,991 --> 02:55:29,194 HAVE A FORUM IN-PERSON FOR IN 3883 02:55:29,194 --> 02:55:31,029 BRAZIL IN MARCH NEXT YEAR. 3884 02:55:31,029 --> 02:55:35,133 SO OUR NEXT WEBINAR WE'LL 3885 02:55:35,133 --> 02:55:36,602 RESUME IN SUMMERTIME AROUND 3886 02:55:36,602 --> 02:55:37,836 JUNE OR JULY NEXT YEAR. 3887 02:55:37,836 --> 02:55:40,639 YOU CAN CHECK BACK TO OUR 3888 02:55:40,639 --> 02:55:43,175 WEBSITE WHEN IT'S GETTING CLOSE. 3889 02:55:43,175 --> 02:55:44,676 AND TODAY'S VIDEO RECORDING 3890 02:55:44,676 --> 02:55:45,477 WILL BE AVAILABLE ON THIS 3891 02:55:45,477 --> 02:55:46,478 WEBSITE. 3892 02:55:46,478 --> 02:55:48,080 SO PLEASE CHECK BACK IF YOU 3893 02:55:48,080 --> 02:55:50,282 NEED TO GO BACK AND LOOK AT IT. 3894 02:55:50,282 --> 02:55:51,683 AGAIN THANK YOU FOR 3895 02:55:51,683 --> 02:55:52,451 PARTICIPATING AND HOPE WE CAN 3896 02:55:52,451 --> 02:55:59,257 SEE YOU IN OUR NEXT WEBINAR. 3897 02:55:59,257 --> 02:56:01,660 AND THAT CONCLUDES TODAY'S 3898 02:56:01,660 --> 02:56:01,893 WEBINAR. 3899 02:56:01,893 --> 02:56:12,004 THANK