1 00:00:06,516 --> 00:00:08,709 GOOD MORNING. 2 00:00:08,709 --> 00:00:12,146 >> I AM JONATHAN KING, 3 00:00:12,146 --> 00:00:13,748 SCIENTIFIC ADVISOR AT NIA 4 00:00:13,748 --> 00:00:16,684 AND THIS IS THE VERY FIRST 5 00:00:16,684 --> 00:00:20,121 WEEK AT THE NIH AS A 6 00:00:20,121 --> 00:00:21,188 DEPARTMENT OFFICIAL IN 2007 7 00:00:21,188 --> 00:00:23,791 WAS IN FACT THE VERY FIRST 8 00:00:23,791 --> 00:00:26,093 MEETING OF THE COGNITIVE 9 00:00:26,093 --> 00:00:27,929 AGING SUMMIT AND IN 10 00:00:27,929 --> 00:00:29,297 ADDITION, THERE HAVE BEEN 11 00:00:29,297 --> 00:00:30,965 TWO OTHERS AND THIS IS THE 12 00:00:30,965 --> 00:00:33,534 FOURTH AND IT HAS BEEN 13 00:00:33,534 --> 00:00:36,671 REALLY GREAT BECAUSE WE HAVE 14 00:00:36,671 --> 00:00:41,542 MUSED TO ROMAN NUMERALS OR 15 00:00:41,542 --> 00:00:44,779 AS MY CHILD WOULD CALL THEM, 16 00:00:44,779 --> 00:00:45,580 SUPER BOWL NUMBERS. 17 00:00:45,580 --> 00:00:48,316 SO IN ANY CASE, I WOULD LIKE 18 00:00:48,316 --> 00:00:49,383 TO INTRODUCE THE FIRST 19 00:00:49,383 --> 00:00:52,920 SPEAKER THIS MORNING WHO IS 20 00:00:52,920 --> 00:00:54,188 RICHARD HOTES WHO IS THE 21 00:00:54,188 --> 00:00:56,791 DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL 22 00:00:56,791 --> 00:00:58,092 INSTITUTE ON AGING. 23 00:00:58,092 --> 00:00:58,859 [APPLAUSE] 24 00:00:58,859 --> 00:01:00,895 >> THANK YOU JOHN, THANK YOU 25 00:01:00,895 --> 00:01:01,662 EVERYONE FOR PARTICIPATING. 26 00:01:01,662 --> 00:01:05,533 I WOULD LIKE TO OPEN ON A 27 00:01:05,533 --> 00:01:06,734 LITTLE PERSONAL NOTE. 28 00:01:06,734 --> 00:01:09,003 IT GOES BACK ABOUT 18 YEARS 29 00:01:09,003 --> 00:01:13,074 NOW WHEN I GOT A PHONE CALL 30 00:01:13,074 --> 00:01:14,308 FROM Dr. LEE AND I THINK 31 00:01:14,308 --> 00:01:16,143 YOU ARE LISTENING BUT SORRY 32 00:01:16,143 --> 00:01:18,646 YOU ARE NOT HERE BUT GREAT 33 00:01:18,646 --> 00:01:20,715 TO BE PARTICIPATING WITH YOU 34 00:01:20,715 --> 00:01:21,148 AGAIN. 35 00:01:21,148 --> 00:01:22,783 HONESTLY I THINK I HAD NEVER 36 00:01:22,783 --> 00:01:25,286 MET A MORE WARM AND SINCERE 37 00:01:25,286 --> 00:01:26,687 AND CARING PERSON AND EVEN 38 00:01:26,687 --> 00:01:28,389 FOLKS IN MY OFFICE WHEN THEY 39 00:01:28,389 --> 00:01:29,890 KNEW THIS CONFERENCE WAS 40 00:01:29,890 --> 00:01:30,825 HAPPENING TOOK A LITTLE 41 00:01:30,825 --> 00:01:32,860 LONGER TO FIND OUT IN 42 00:01:32,860 --> 00:01:34,261 ADDITION TO HIS WARMTH AND 43 00:01:34,261 --> 00:01:36,464 PERSONALITY, HE WAS A 44 00:01:36,464 --> 00:01:36,864 VISIONARY. 45 00:01:36,864 --> 00:01:38,199 AND VISION STRUCK HOME 46 00:01:38,199 --> 00:01:39,700 BECAUSE I THINK IT WAS VERY 47 00:01:39,700 --> 00:01:42,169 MUCH WITH ALL OF US AT 48 00:01:42,169 --> 00:01:44,405 NATIONAL INSTITUTE AT AGING, 49 00:01:44,405 --> 00:01:48,175 NIH, ALL OF US INCLUDED NOT 50 00:01:48,175 --> 00:01:49,910 ONLY TRYING TO UNDERSTAND 51 00:01:49,910 --> 00:01:51,278 THE DISEASES AND PATHOLOGY 52 00:01:51,278 --> 00:01:54,415 BUT ON A COMPLIMENTARY 53 00:01:54,415 --> 00:01:55,349 APPROACH, THE EVENTS THAT 54 00:01:55,349 --> 00:01:56,984 HAPPEN NORMALLY WITH NORMAL 55 00:01:56,984 --> 00:01:57,618 AGING FOR EXAMPLE. 56 00:01:57,618 --> 00:02:02,857 WE HAVE THE BEST STRATEGIES 57 00:02:02,857 --> 00:02:04,592 IDENTIFYING PATHWAYS WHERE 58 00:02:04,592 --> 00:02:06,394 WE CAN IDENTIFY AND INCLUDE 59 00:02:06,394 --> 00:02:08,029 AND THAT IS THE CASE HERE SO 60 00:02:08,029 --> 00:02:09,797 EVEN THOUGH WE SPEND A LOT 61 00:02:09,797 --> 00:02:12,767 OF TIME DEALING WITH 62 00:02:12,767 --> 00:02:15,670 PATHOLOGY, WE SPEND A LOT OF 63 00:02:15,670 --> 00:02:24,645 TIME IN THESE SUMMITS, A LOT 64 00:02:24,645 --> 00:02:27,281 OF PASSION FOR DECADES NOW 65 00:02:27,281 --> 00:02:28,582 TO UNDERSTAND THE RESILIENCE 66 00:02:28,582 --> 00:02:33,287 AND VULNERABILITY OF AGING 67 00:02:33,287 --> 00:02:38,926 AND WHEN THERE ARE ISSUES, 68 00:02:38,926 --> 00:02:41,128 WITH ROMAN NUMERALS, THE WAY 69 00:02:41,128 --> 00:02:43,197 WE AGE CAN PROVIDE IMPORTANT 70 00:02:43,197 --> 00:02:45,032 CLUES TO MAXIMIZE AND 71 00:02:45,032 --> 00:02:47,868 OPTIMIZE THE COURSE OF 72 00:02:47,868 --> 00:02:48,169 AGING. 73 00:02:48,169 --> 00:02:49,236 INDIVIDUALS, RACIAL AND 74 00:02:49,236 --> 00:02:51,639 EIGHT NICK GROUPS, PERSON BY 75 00:02:51,639 --> 00:02:54,308 PERSON, THE APPROACH WE'RE 76 00:02:54,308 --> 00:02:56,544 TAKING HERE FOR DECADES 77 00:02:56,544 --> 00:02:58,412 GIVING GREAT PROMISE AND 78 00:02:58,412 --> 00:02:58,813 EXCITEMENT. 79 00:02:58,813 --> 00:03:00,114 SO WITH ALL OF YOU I LOOK 80 00:03:00,114 --> 00:03:02,083 FORWARD TO THE NEXT COUPLE 81 00:03:02,083 --> 00:03:02,416 OF DAYS. 82 00:03:02,416 --> 00:03:06,053 IT IS GREAT TO BE WITH YOU 83 00:03:06,053 --> 00:03:11,692 AGAIN AND LOOK FORWARD TO 84 00:03:11,692 --> 00:03:12,493 IT. 85 00:03:12,493 --> 00:03:12,793 NEXT? 86 00:03:12,793 --> 00:03:16,731 >> NEXT UP IS JULIE 87 00:03:16,731 --> 00:03:19,233 GERBERDING FROM THE 88 00:03:19,233 --> 00:03:20,634 FOUNDATION OF NIH. 89 00:03:20,634 --> 00:03:21,001 [APPLAUSE] 90 00:03:21,001 --> 00:03:21,435 >> THANK YOU. 91 00:03:21,435 --> 00:03:23,104 IT IS REALLY WONDERFUL TO BE 92 00:03:23,104 --> 00:03:25,840 HERE LIVE AND IN COLOR AND 93 00:03:25,840 --> 00:03:27,475 INSTEAD ON THE LITTLE SCREEN 94 00:03:27,475 --> 00:03:29,777 CAMERA LIKE THE LAST TIME I 95 00:03:29,777 --> 00:03:31,045 INTERACTED WITH THIS GROUP. 96 00:03:31,045 --> 00:03:33,314 WHEN I WAS ON THE REDLINE 97 00:03:33,314 --> 00:03:36,517 THIS MORNING COMING HERE, I 98 00:03:36,517 --> 00:03:38,119 WAS THINKING ABOUT COGGIVITY 99 00:03:38,119 --> 00:03:40,187 AND PARTLY BECAUSE I AM AT A 100 00:03:40,187 --> 00:03:43,424 AGING STAGE WHERE THAT IS 101 00:03:43,424 --> 00:03:44,325 INCREASINGLY RELEVANT BUT 102 00:03:44,325 --> 00:03:46,160 PARTIALLY BECAUSE I AM 103 00:03:46,160 --> 00:03:47,895 THINKING OF MY FAMILY. 104 00:03:47,895 --> 00:03:49,663 I ALMOST HAVE A SIGN PAST OF 105 00:03:49,663 --> 00:03:51,665 THIS PROCESS. 106 00:03:51,665 --> 00:03:55,269 RECENTLY, MY UNCLE PASSED 107 00:03:55,269 --> 00:03:56,937 AWAY FROM ADVANCED 108 00:03:56,937 --> 00:03:58,405 PARKINSON'S AND DEMENTIA, 109 00:03:58,405 --> 00:03:59,974 HAD A REALLY ROUGH CLINICAL 110 00:03:59,974 --> 00:04:01,642 COURSE IN THE LAST FEW YEARS 111 00:04:01,642 --> 00:04:04,278 OF HIS LIFE BUT THE OTHER 112 00:04:04,278 --> 00:04:07,114 INSTANCE IS MY MOM 113 00:04:07,114 --> 00:04:08,415 CELEBRATING HER 95TH 114 00:04:08,415 --> 00:04:12,253 BIRTHDAY NEXT FRIDAY WHO 115 00:04:12,253 --> 00:04:14,755 LIVES ALONE, A MASTER CHESS 116 00:04:14,755 --> 00:04:18,726 PLAYER WHO THRIVES, GOES TO 117 00:04:18,726 --> 00:04:20,060 EVERY UNIVERSITY GRADUATE 118 00:04:20,060 --> 00:04:22,596 FOOTBALL AND BASKETBALL GAME 119 00:04:22,596 --> 00:04:24,565 AND IS COMPLETELY INTACT 120 00:04:24,565 --> 00:04:26,467 WITH THE EXCEPTION OF A CANE 121 00:04:26,467 --> 00:04:29,136 THAT SHE LIKES TO TERRORIZE 122 00:04:29,136 --> 00:04:31,639 US WHEN SHE DISAGREES WITH 123 00:04:31,639 --> 00:04:34,575 US SO IN JUST ONE FAMILY, WE 124 00:04:34,575 --> 00:04:37,344 HAVE THE GAMUT OF COGNITIVE 125 00:04:37,344 --> 00:04:38,612 AGING AND TRYING TO 126 00:04:38,612 --> 00:04:39,980 UNDERSTAND THE DETERMINANTS 127 00:04:39,980 --> 00:04:40,915 AND WHY PEOPLE AGE 128 00:04:40,915 --> 00:04:42,550 DIFFERENTLY IN THIS RESPECT. 129 00:04:42,550 --> 00:04:45,152 THE FOUNDATION FOR NIH HAS A 130 00:04:45,152 --> 00:04:47,588 LONG TRADITION OF 131 00:04:47,588 --> 00:04:48,956 INTERACTING AND I THINK NOT 132 00:04:48,956 --> 00:04:50,758 ONLY ARE WE PROUD OF THOSE 133 00:04:50,758 --> 00:04:51,625 COLLABORATIONS THAT WE HAVE 134 00:04:51,625 --> 00:04:55,095 BEEN ABLE TO ESTABLISH WITH 135 00:04:55,095 --> 00:04:56,964 NIA AND THE McKNIGHT 136 00:04:56,964 --> 00:04:58,265 FOUNDATION, ET CETERA, WE 137 00:04:58,265 --> 00:04:59,533 ALSO ARE LEANING INTO SOME 138 00:04:59,533 --> 00:05:00,901 NEW AREAS THAT I THINK ARE 139 00:05:00,901 --> 00:05:02,303 RELEVANT TO THE TOPIC AS 140 00:05:02,303 --> 00:05:02,870 WELL. 141 00:05:02,870 --> 00:05:05,840 I WILL JUST MENTION ONE OF 142 00:05:05,840 --> 00:05:09,143 THEM, SOUND HEALTH, AND THE 143 00:05:09,143 --> 00:05:12,513 IMPORTANCE OF MUSIC AND 144 00:05:12,513 --> 00:05:13,647 POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC IMPACT 145 00:05:13,647 --> 00:05:16,083 ON MUSIC WITH COGNITION AND 146 00:05:16,083 --> 00:05:16,517 HEALTHY AGING. 147 00:05:16,517 --> 00:05:17,852 SO LOOK FORWARD TO YOUR 148 00:05:17,852 --> 00:05:18,953 WORK. 149 00:05:18,953 --> 00:05:20,387 THANK YOU FOR ALL YOU ARE 150 00:05:20,387 --> 00:05:22,489 CONSIDERING IN THIS REALLY 151 00:05:22,489 --> 00:05:23,290 INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT SPACE 152 00:05:23,290 --> 00:05:24,959 AND I HOPE YOU ENJOY THE 153 00:05:24,959 --> 00:05:32,333 MEETING. 154 00:05:32,333 --> 00:05:33,234 THANK YOU. 155 00:05:33,234 --> 00:05:33,601 [APPLAUSE] 156 00:05:33,601 --> 00:05:36,403 >> WONDERFUL AND OUR THIRD 157 00:05:36,403 --> 00:05:39,607 SPEAKER TODAY, Dr. MICHAEL 158 00:05:39,607 --> 00:05:42,343 DOCKERY, WHO IS CHAIR OF THE 159 00:05:42,343 --> 00:05:45,312 BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE 160 00:05:45,312 --> 00:05:47,715 McKNIGHT BRAIN RESEARCH 161 00:05:47,715 --> 00:05:49,183 FOUNDATION. 162 00:05:49,183 --> 00:05:53,888 >> THANK YOU, Dr. KING, 163 00:05:53,888 --> 00:05:56,290 Dr. GE RBERDING, THANK YOU 164 00:05:56,290 --> 00:05:57,691 FOR THIS INTRODUCTION, I 165 00:05:57,691 --> 00:05:58,626 LOOK FORWARD TO THE 166 00:05:58,626 --> 00:05:59,627 WONDERFUL PROGRAM AND WHAT 167 00:05:59,627 --> 00:06:00,561 WILL BE HAPPENING BUT ALSO 168 00:06:00,561 --> 00:06:04,999 THANK YOU TO THE STAFF WHO 169 00:06:04,999 --> 00:06:05,699 ORGANIZED EVERYTHING BECAUSE 170 00:06:05,699 --> 00:06:06,800 I KNOW IT WILL BE GREAT. 171 00:06:06,800 --> 00:06:08,369 WANT TO START WITH A LITTLE 172 00:06:08,369 --> 00:06:11,338 BIT OF HISTORY AND THE 173 00:06:11,338 --> 00:06:12,606 McKNIGHT BRAIN RESEARCH 174 00:06:12,606 --> 00:06:14,074 FOUNDATION WAS ESTABLISHED 175 00:06:14,074 --> 00:06:16,777 IN 1991 BY EVELYN 176 00:06:16,777 --> 00:06:19,747 F.McKNIGHT WHO WAS A 177 00:06:19,747 --> 00:06:21,615 RETIRED NURSE AND WIFE OF 178 00:06:21,615 --> 00:06:22,816 WILLIAM McKNIGHT AND HE 179 00:06:22,816 --> 00:06:24,785 WAS THE CEO FOR MORE THAN 40 180 00:06:24,785 --> 00:06:26,520 YEARS SO THOSE OF YOU WHO 181 00:06:26,520 --> 00:06:29,156 HAVE HEARD THIS STORY, LET 182 00:06:29,156 --> 00:06:33,894 ME SHARE THIS WITH THE REST. 183 00:06:33,894 --> 00:06:34,895 MR.AND MS. McKNIGHT WERE 184 00:06:34,895 --> 00:06:37,865 INTERESTED IN THE BRAIN AND 185 00:06:37,865 --> 00:06:40,134 AGING AND MR. McKNIGHT 186 00:06:40,134 --> 00:06:41,735 WOULD OFTEN SAY AFTER AN 187 00:06:41,735 --> 00:06:43,804 ADDRESS WHY IS IT I CAN'T 188 00:06:43,804 --> 00:06:45,506 REMEMBER THE NAME AND THEY 189 00:06:45,506 --> 00:06:47,875 WOULD DRIVE AROUND LOOKING 190 00:06:47,875 --> 00:06:50,711 FOR THE BRAIN INSTITUTE BUT 191 00:06:50,711 --> 00:06:53,781 IN THE END, IT WAS MS. 192 00:06:53,781 --> 00:06:56,050 McKNIGHT WHO LEFT HER 193 00:06:56,050 --> 00:06:59,386 LEGACY TO HONOR HER HUSBAND 194 00:06:59,386 --> 00:07:00,988 WITH THE McKNIGHT BRAIN 195 00:07:00,988 --> 00:07:01,689 RESEARCH FOUNDATION AND WE 196 00:07:01,689 --> 00:07:04,458 WERE GIVEN THE TASK TO 197 00:07:04,458 --> 00:07:05,392 SUPPORT THE RESEARCH OF THE 198 00:07:05,392 --> 00:07:07,227 BRAIN WITH THE LOSS OF 199 00:07:07,227 --> 00:07:07,661 AGING. 200 00:07:07,661 --> 00:07:09,029 NOW, THERE WAS NOTHING WRONG 201 00:07:09,029 --> 00:07:10,431 WITH THEIR MEMORY AND WE 202 00:07:10,431 --> 00:07:11,398 HAVE ALL HAD THESE 203 00:07:11,398 --> 00:07:12,900 EXPERIENCES AS WELL BUT WE 204 00:07:12,900 --> 00:07:14,568 DON'T REALLY UNDERSTAND HOW 205 00:07:14,568 --> 00:07:16,203 THE BRAIN WORKS WITH MEMORY. 206 00:07:16,203 --> 00:07:18,372 HOW DO WE FORM A MEMORY? 207 00:07:18,372 --> 00:07:21,542 HOW DO WE STAR IT? 208 00:07:21,542 --> 00:07:23,711 HOW DO WE CATALOG AND TREAT 209 00:07:23,711 --> 00:07:24,178 IT? 210 00:07:24,178 --> 00:07:25,012 WE DON'T UNDERSTAND THIS 211 00:07:25,012 --> 00:07:26,280 VERY WELL AND THERE ARE MANY 212 00:07:26,280 --> 00:07:27,781 STEPS ALONG THE WAY THIS 213 00:07:27,781 --> 00:07:28,649 PROCESS CAN BREAK DOWN AND 214 00:07:28,649 --> 00:07:30,884 AS WE HAVE HEARD IN OUR 215 00:07:30,884 --> 00:07:31,352 AGING SOCIETY. 216 00:07:31,352 --> 00:07:32,853 WE WANT TO BE SURE PEOPLE 217 00:07:32,853 --> 00:07:36,190 CAN AGE WELL IN THEIR GOLDEN 218 00:07:36,190 --> 00:07:38,892 YEARS. 219 00:07:38,892 --> 00:07:44,765 WHILE MY FATHER, WHO WAS THE 220 00:07:44,765 --> 00:07:45,699 RIDGE KNEE TRUSTEE -- I 221 00:07:45,699 --> 00:07:56,243 THINK THERE SHOULD BE SOME 222 00:07:58,579 --> 00:08:02,950 SLIDES WITH THIS. 223 00:08:02,950 --> 00:08:09,723 WE HAVE NOW EXPAND ED TO 224 00:08:09,723 --> 00:08:11,792 EIGHT TRUSTEES AS SHOWN HERE 225 00:08:11,792 --> 00:08:14,428 ON THE SLIDE AND IN OUR 20TH 226 00:08:14,428 --> 00:08:16,497 ANNIVERSARY THIS YEAR, WE'RE 227 00:08:16,497 --> 00:08:21,402 EXCITED TO LAUNCH AN 228 00:08:21,402 --> 00:08:22,703 AWARENESS CAMPAIGN TO PEOPLE 229 00:08:22,703 --> 00:08:24,872 UNDERSTAND WHAT AGING ON THE 230 00:08:24,872 --> 00:08:26,807 BRAIN IS AND SOME HEALTH 231 00:08:26,807 --> 00:08:28,208 MODIFICATIONS THAT CAN HELP 232 00:08:28,208 --> 00:08:31,178 BRAIN HEALTH ACROSS THE 233 00:08:31,178 --> 00:08:31,545 LIFESPAN. 234 00:08:31,545 --> 00:08:34,748 WE'RE KICKING OFF A BRAIN 235 00:08:34,748 --> 00:08:37,551 WORKS ACROSS THE SPAN 236 00:08:37,551 --> 00:08:38,952 PROGRAM AND STARTING FRIDAY 237 00:08:38,952 --> 00:08:49,630 IF YOU VISIT OUR WEBSITE, McKN. 238 00:08:51,565 --> 00:08:52,633 ORG/BRAIN WORKS. 239 00:08:52,633 --> 00:08:54,668 SINCE THE 25 YEARS OF THE 240 00:08:54,668 --> 00:08:56,203 CHARGE, WE KNEW THIS 241 00:08:56,203 --> 00:08:57,938 CHALLENGE WOULD REQUIRE 242 00:08:57,938 --> 00:08:59,073 COLLABORATION AND THEREFORE 243 00:08:59,073 --> 00:09:03,343 WE HAVE ESTABLISHED 244 00:09:03,343 --> 00:09:04,845 PARTNERSHIPS WITH FOUR 245 00:09:04,845 --> 00:09:07,347 INSTITUTES AT THE UNIVERSITY 246 00:09:07,347 --> 00:09:08,615 OF ALABAMA BIRMINGHAM, 247 00:09:08,615 --> 00:09:09,349 UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA, 248 00:09:09,349 --> 00:09:11,085 UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA AND 249 00:09:11,085 --> 00:09:11,819 UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI. 250 00:09:11,819 --> 00:09:14,154 WE ALSO HAVE A RESEARCH 251 00:09:14,154 --> 00:09:16,790 PROGRAM THROUGH THE NIH AND 252 00:09:16,790 --> 00:09:19,793 FOUNDATION OF THE NIH AND AS 253 00:09:19,793 --> 00:09:25,666 THIS SLIDE NOTES, OVER 254 00:09:25,666 --> 00:09:26,867 $200 MILLION SPECIFICALLY 255 00:09:26,867 --> 00:09:27,935 TARGETING AGING, MEMORY 256 00:09:27,935 --> 00:09:30,437 DECLINE AND MEMORY LOSS WITH 257 00:09:30,437 --> 00:09:34,108 GREAT CONTRIBUTIONS AS WELL 258 00:09:34,108 --> 00:09:35,609 AS STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS 259 00:09:35,609 --> 00:09:37,411 INCLUDING THE BRAIN 260 00:09:37,411 --> 00:09:38,345 INSTITUTE, NATIONAL 261 00:09:38,345 --> 00:09:41,448 INSTITUTE OF AGING AT NIH, 262 00:09:41,448 --> 00:09:43,317 AMERICAN BRAIN RESEARCH AND 263 00:09:43,317 --> 00:09:44,585 BRAIN FOUNDATION. 264 00:09:44,585 --> 00:09:45,986 WE HAVE HOSTED THREE 265 00:09:45,986 --> 00:09:47,554 COGNITIVE SUMMITS AND TODAY 266 00:09:47,554 --> 00:09:48,222 IS OUR FOURTH. 267 00:09:48,222 --> 00:09:50,157 THE CHALLENGE WE HAVE IS TO 268 00:09:50,157 --> 00:09:52,192 EDUCATE THE PUBLIC AND 269 00:09:52,192 --> 00:09:53,594 SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY TO 270 00:09:53,594 --> 00:09:54,528 DIFFERENTIATE COGNITIVE 271 00:09:54,528 --> 00:09:56,530 AGING AND AGE RELATED 272 00:09:56,530 --> 00:10:00,067 COGNITIVE DECLINE FROM THE 273 00:10:00,067 --> 00:10:02,202 OTHER COGNITIVE DISORDERS. 274 00:10:02,202 --> 00:10:03,637 NOW, YOU ALL ARE SCIENTISTS 275 00:10:03,637 --> 00:10:05,506 IN THE FOREFRONT OF YOUR 276 00:10:05,506 --> 00:10:05,906 COLLEAGUES. 277 00:10:05,906 --> 00:10:07,107 WHO BETTER TO HELP US 278 00:10:07,107 --> 00:10:08,609 IDENTIFY THE AREAS OF 279 00:10:08,609 --> 00:10:10,010 CRITICAL NEED, INTEREST AND 280 00:10:10,010 --> 00:10:11,378 OPPORTUNITY ON WHICH WE 281 00:10:11,378 --> 00:10:13,680 SHOULD FOCUS OUR COLLECTIVE 282 00:10:13,680 --> 00:10:14,014 EFFORT? 283 00:10:14,014 --> 00:10:17,417 WHICH ITEMS HOLD THE BEST 284 00:10:17,417 --> 00:10:19,920 PROMISE AND WHAT ARE THE NEW 285 00:10:19,920 --> 00:10:22,356 CUTTING EDGE CONCEPTS THAT 286 00:10:22,356 --> 00:10:27,628 NEED TO BE BE EXPLORED AND 287 00:10:27,628 --> 00:10:31,265 DEVELOP ? 288 00:10:31,265 --> 00:10:33,133 WHO IS THAT PERSON INSIDE 289 00:10:33,133 --> 00:10:35,502 YOUR INSTITUTE WHO CAN HELP 290 00:10:35,502 --> 00:10:36,870 US GROW AND COLLABORATE. 291 00:10:36,870 --> 00:10:41,175 SO THANK YOU FOR STEPPING 292 00:10:41,175 --> 00:10:42,809 FORWARD IN THIS CHALLENGE. 293 00:10:42,809 --> 00:10:43,377 [APPLAUSE] 294 00:10:43,377 --> 00:10:53,921 >> AND NOW THE LAST SPEAKER, 295 00:11:05,065 --> 00:11:06,667 Dr. MADHAV THAMBISETTY, 296 00:11:06,667 --> 00:11:09,836 VICE-CHAIR BOARD OF TRUSTEES 297 00:11:09,836 --> 00:11:13,740 AT McKNIGHT. 298 00:11:13,740 --> 00:11:14,975 >> THANK YOU, MICHAEL. 299 00:11:14,975 --> 00:11:19,112 MY DAY JOB, I AM THE SENIOR 300 00:11:19,112 --> 00:11:20,681 INVESTIGATOR ON AGING OF THE 301 00:11:20,681 --> 00:11:21,715 BRAIN PROGRAM AND I THINK I 302 00:11:21,715 --> 00:11:24,218 AM THE ONLY ONE IN THE ROOM 303 00:11:24,218 --> 00:11:26,186 WHO HAS AN IMPORTANT REASON 304 00:11:26,186 --> 00:11:27,888 TO CELEBRATE TWO 305 00:11:27,888 --> 00:11:28,689 ANNIVERSARIES, THE 25TH 306 00:11:28,689 --> 00:11:30,257 ANNIVERSARY OF THE 307 00:11:30,257 --> 00:11:32,659 McKNIGHT FOUNDATION AND 308 00:11:32,659 --> 00:11:33,827 THE 50TH ANNIVERSARY ON THE 309 00:11:33,827 --> 00:11:35,062 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AGING. 310 00:11:35,062 --> 00:11:36,530 SO WHAT I WOULD LIKE TO DO 311 00:11:36,530 --> 00:11:38,565 TODAY IS TAKE YOU THROUGH 312 00:11:38,565 --> 00:11:40,734 WHERE WE HAVE COME FOR IN 313 00:11:40,734 --> 00:11:43,003 TERMS OF THE COGNITIVE AGING 314 00:11:43,003 --> 00:11:43,437 SUMMIT. 315 00:11:43,437 --> 00:11:45,505 I KNOW SOME OF YOU ARE HERE 316 00:11:45,505 --> 00:11:46,807 FOR THE VERY FIRST TIME AND 317 00:11:46,807 --> 00:11:48,408 SOME OF YOU HAVE BEEN HERE 318 00:11:48,408 --> 00:11:50,377 FOR ALL FOUR MEETINGS SO A 319 00:11:50,377 --> 00:11:52,212 BRIEF SUMMARY OF WHERE WE 320 00:11:52,212 --> 00:11:53,580 BEGAN AND WHERE WE ARRIVED. 321 00:11:53,580 --> 00:11:58,385 SO THE FIRST COGNITIVE AGING 322 00:11:58,385 --> 00:11:59,920 SUMMIT WAS 2007 AND JOHN, I 323 00:11:59,920 --> 00:12:00,921 DIDN'T KNOW THAT WAS WHEN 324 00:12:00,921 --> 00:12:04,157 YOU CAME TO THE NIA BUT WHEN 325 00:12:04,157 --> 00:12:07,227 I CAME TO THE NIA AS WELL. 326 00:12:07,227 --> 00:12:10,030 THE IMPORTANT ESTABLISHES 327 00:12:10,030 --> 00:12:11,531 THE McKNIGHT BRAIN FORUM 328 00:12:11,531 --> 00:12:16,903 HAS ESTABLISHED WHICH IS THE 329 00:12:16,903 --> 00:12:20,707 COGNITIVE AGING AND NIA. 330 00:12:20,707 --> 00:12:21,975 A RECOGNITION IN 2007 LED TO 331 00:12:21,975 --> 00:12:24,678 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THIS 332 00:12:24,678 --> 00:12:28,782 PARTNERSHIP IN 2009 AND LED 333 00:12:28,782 --> 00:12:31,084 TO THE DEPLOYMENT OF 334 00:12:31,084 --> 00:12:32,119 $28 MILLION IN FEDERAL 335 00:12:32,119 --> 00:12:33,487 RESEARCH FUNDS OVER FIVE 336 00:12:33,487 --> 00:12:35,889 YEARS TO ESTABLISH NEURAL 337 00:12:35,889 --> 00:12:37,424 AND BEHAVIORAL PROFILES OF 338 00:12:37,424 --> 00:12:38,659 COGNITIVE AGING AND TO BE 339 00:12:38,659 --> 00:12:42,095 ABLE TO PUSH TRANSLATIONAL 340 00:12:42,095 --> 00:12:44,131 RESEARCH FORWARD THROUGH 341 00:12:44,131 --> 00:12:48,502 PILOT HAVE INTERVENTION 342 00:12:48,502 --> 00:12:50,304 STUDIES OF AGE-RELATED 343 00:12:50,304 --> 00:12:51,838 COGNITIVE DECLINE. 344 00:12:51,838 --> 00:12:52,639 THE SECOND SUMMIT HAPPENED 345 00:12:52,639 --> 00:12:54,441 THREE AND A HALF YEARS AND 346 00:12:54,441 --> 00:12:55,809 OF ALL THE IMPORTANT 347 00:12:55,809 --> 00:12:58,812 OUTCOMES OF THE SUMMIT, THIS 348 00:12:58,812 --> 00:12:59,846 IS MY FAVORITE. 349 00:12:59,846 --> 00:13:02,449 THIS IS THE STUDY THAT MOLLY 350 00:13:02,449 --> 00:13:05,919 AND JOHN AND MY COLLEAGUES 351 00:13:05,919 --> 00:13:08,255 AT NIA PUBLISHED IN THE 352 00:13:08,255 --> 00:13:09,723 JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY WHICH 353 00:13:09,723 --> 00:13:13,927 WAS TO UNDERSTAND 354 00:13:13,927 --> 00:13:14,628 AGE-RELATED COGNITIVE 355 00:13:14,628 --> 00:13:19,466 IMPAIRMENT AS DISTINCT FROM 356 00:13:19,466 --> 00:13:22,002 THE NEUROLOGICALLY DEFINED 357 00:13:22,002 --> 00:13:22,669 CLINICAL SYNDROMES. 358 00:13:22,669 --> 00:13:24,171 THIS IS ANOTHER ARTICLE FROM 359 00:13:24,171 --> 00:13:25,772 THE SAME COLLECTION OF 360 00:13:25,772 --> 00:13:28,508 ARTICLES DONE IN JOURNAL OF 361 00:13:28,508 --> 00:13:30,310 GERONTOLOGY AND IN MANY 362 00:13:30,310 --> 00:13:37,184 WAYS, LOOK AT THE FUTURE, 363 00:13:37,184 --> 00:13:38,118 STUDYING INDIVIDUAL 364 00:13:38,118 --> 00:13:39,720 DIFFERENCES AND PERHAPS THAT 365 00:13:39,720 --> 00:13:45,726 MAY LEAD TO INDIVIDUALIZED 366 00:13:45,726 --> 00:13:47,361 INTERVENTION FOR AGE-RELATED 367 00:13:47,361 --> 00:13:47,961 COGNITIVE AGING. 368 00:13:47,961 --> 00:13:51,431 JOHN AND MOLLY HAVE A 369 00:13:51,431 --> 00:13:58,972 FANTASTIC NKNACT FOR 370 00:13:58,972 --> 00:14:02,776 WRITING NOT ONLY FANTASTIC 371 00:14:02,776 --> 00:14:05,145 ARTICLES BUT ALSO IN THE 372 00:14:05,145 --> 00:14:06,246 SUMMIT, HIGHLIGHTING THE 373 00:14:06,246 --> 00:14:07,681 INCREASING IMPORTANCE OF 374 00:14:07,681 --> 00:14:08,715 THESE CONCEPTS UNDERSTANDING 375 00:14:08,715 --> 00:14:12,552 BOTH AGE RELATED AS WELL AS 376 00:14:12,552 --> 00:14:13,954 PATHOLOGY RELATED CHANGE AND 377 00:14:13,954 --> 00:14:14,888 HIGHLIGHTED IMPORTANT GAPS 378 00:14:14,888 --> 00:14:16,590 IN OUR SHARED UNDERSTANDING 379 00:14:16,590 --> 00:14:18,992 OF HOW TO CHARACTERIZE TERMS 380 00:14:18,992 --> 00:14:24,364 SUCH AS RESERVE, RESILIENCE 381 00:14:24,364 --> 00:14:26,099 AND MAINTENANCE. 382 00:14:26,099 --> 00:14:27,501 WONDERING IF WE WEREN'T 383 00:14:27,501 --> 00:14:28,568 SPEAKING THE SAME LANGUAGE, 384 00:14:28,568 --> 00:14:30,203 WE WOULD BE LOST IN 385 00:14:30,203 --> 00:14:30,604 TRANSLATION. 386 00:14:30,604 --> 00:14:33,940 AND ONE OF THE KEY OUTCOMES 387 00:14:33,940 --> 00:14:44,418 OF THAT MEETING WAS THE 388 00:14:50,824 --> 00:14:52,826 COGNITIVE RESERVE, BRAIN 389 00:14:52,826 --> 00:14:55,629 MAINTENANCE AND BRAIN 390 00:14:55,629 --> 00:14:55,962 RESERVE. 391 00:14:55,962 --> 00:14:59,366 THERE WERE 12 PILOT STUDIES 392 00:14:59,366 --> 00:15:06,940 OF THAT INITIATIVE, MY 393 00:15:06,940 --> 00:15:11,478 FAVORITE CALLED SITARRRS LED 394 00:15:11,478 --> 00:15:18,418 BY MY COLLEAGUE Dr. PETER 395 00:15:18,418 --> 00:15:24,191 AT NIH AND ONE OF MY 396 00:15:24,191 --> 00:15:28,795 FAVORITE STUDIES, THE 397 00:15:28,795 --> 00:15:32,232 COGNITIVE RESEARCH PROVIDING 398 00:15:32,232 --> 00:15:33,733 NEUROLOGICAL DATA, IMAGING 399 00:15:33,733 --> 00:15:36,369 SCANS AND BIOSPECIMENS FOR 400 00:15:36,369 --> 00:15:37,337 THE WIDER SCIENTIFIC 401 00:15:37,337 --> 00:15:38,572 COMMUNITY AND IDENTIFIED AS 402 00:15:38,572 --> 00:15:43,076 A DIRECT RESPONSE TO A NEED 403 00:15:43,076 --> 00:15:48,515 FOR AGING SUMMIT IN 2017. 404 00:15:48,515 --> 00:15:50,083 THESE ARE PICTURES FROM THE 405 00:15:50,083 --> 00:15:53,186 INSTALLATION OF THE MAGNET 406 00:15:53,186 --> 00:15:55,322 FOR THE STARRRS INITIATIVE. 407 00:15:55,322 --> 00:15:56,623 PETERY CLIENT TO SEND A 408 00:15:56,623 --> 00:15:57,791 PICTURE BECAUSE HE DIDN'T 409 00:15:57,791 --> 00:15:59,860 WANT HIS GOOD LOOKS TO BE A 410 00:15:59,860 --> 00:16:01,695 DISTRACTION OF THIS MEETING 411 00:16:01,695 --> 00:16:03,897 BUT FOR THOSE WHO WILL 412 00:16:03,897 --> 00:16:05,065 ATTEND, THE INSTITUTIONAL 413 00:16:05,065 --> 00:16:06,867 MEETING AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 414 00:16:06,867 --> 00:16:08,034 FLORIDA, I AM DELIGHTED THAT 415 00:16:08,034 --> 00:16:10,570 PETER WILL BE GIVING ONE OF 416 00:16:10,570 --> 00:16:11,671 THE KEYNOTE TALKS WHERE I AM 417 00:16:11,671 --> 00:16:15,342 SURE YOU WILL LEARN A LOT 418 00:16:15,342 --> 00:16:16,877 ABOUT THIS INITIATIVE WE ARE 419 00:16:16,877 --> 00:16:18,512 VERY EXCITED ABOUT. 420 00:16:18,512 --> 00:16:20,080 IN FACT, JUST A COUPLE OF 421 00:16:20,080 --> 00:16:21,648 DAYS BACK, I LOOKED AT THE 422 00:16:21,648 --> 00:16:26,052 SCANS FROM THE STARRRS 423 00:16:26,052 --> 00:16:29,356 INITIATIVE AND I THINK THIS 424 00:16:29,356 --> 00:16:33,527 WILL BE A GREAT RESULT FOR 425 00:16:33,527 --> 00:16:35,228 THE COMMUNITY AT LAST. 426 00:16:35,228 --> 00:16:38,965 AND THE FOURTH THEME OF THIS 427 00:16:38,965 --> 00:16:41,134 COGNITIVE AGING SUMMIT WHICH 428 00:16:41,134 --> 00:16:43,737 IS THE RECOGNIZED 429 00:16:43,737 --> 00:16:45,572 DIFFERENCES AND PRESUMPTION 430 00:16:45,572 --> 00:16:47,574 OF AGE COGNITIVE DECLINE AND 431 00:16:47,574 --> 00:16:52,812 THE SESSIONS ARE GROUPED IN 432 00:16:52,812 --> 00:16:57,918 FOUR THEMATIC GROUPS 433 00:16:57,918 --> 00:16:58,618 FOCUSING ON THE ENVIRONMENT 434 00:16:58,618 --> 00:17:01,521 ALL THE WAY TO CLINICAL 435 00:17:01,521 --> 00:17:02,355 TRIALS. 436 00:17:02,355 --> 00:17:03,023 WHAT WE SHOWN INTERVENTION 437 00:17:03,023 --> 00:17:05,191 OF THESE TEAMS WILL LEAD TO 438 00:17:05,191 --> 00:17:07,060 COST CUTTING AND 439 00:17:07,060 --> 00:17:07,761 INTERVENTIONARY WORK THAT 440 00:17:07,761 --> 00:17:09,863 MAY BRING US CLOSER TO 441 00:17:09,863 --> 00:17:11,097 INTERVENTION FOR COGNITIVE 442 00:17:11,097 --> 00:17:11,965 IMPAIRMENT AND COGNITIVE 443 00:17:11,965 --> 00:17:12,332 AGING. 444 00:17:12,332 --> 00:17:14,000 I WOULD LIKE TO REMIND 445 00:17:14,000 --> 00:17:15,535 MYSELF THAT A FOCUS ON THE 446 00:17:15,535 --> 00:17:18,305 INDIVIDUAL IS NOT A 447 00:17:18,305 --> 00:17:18,872 REDUCTIONIST APPROACH. 448 00:17:18,872 --> 00:17:20,440 WE HOPE THAT THIS WILL BRING 449 00:17:20,440 --> 00:17:23,076 US CLOSER TO AN 450 00:17:23,076 --> 00:17:24,110 UNDERSTANDING OF THE 451 00:17:24,110 --> 00:17:25,879 UNIVERSAL PROBLEM AND I AM 452 00:17:25,879 --> 00:17:29,916 REMINDED OF ONE OF MY 453 00:17:29,916 --> 00:17:32,819 FAVORITE QUOTES FROM CARL 454 00:17:32,819 --> 00:17:35,255 ROGERS SAYING WHAT IS MOST 455 00:17:35,255 --> 00:17:36,690 PERSONAL IS MOST UNIVERSAL 456 00:17:36,690 --> 00:17:38,258 SO WELCOME EVERYONE AND I 457 00:17:38,258 --> 00:17:39,993 HOPE YOU HAVE A GREAT 458 00:17:39,993 --> 00:17:40,327 SUMMIT. 459 00:17:40,327 --> 00:17:43,663 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 460 00:17:43,663 --> 00:17:49,654 [APPLAUSE] 461 00:17:49,654 --> 00:17:50,722 >> WELL THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 462 00:17:50,722 --> 00:17:52,023 THIS WAS JUST THE FIRST 463 00:17:52,023 --> 00:17:54,326 SESSION OF A VERY, VERY FULL 464 00:17:54,326 --> 00:17:57,062 PROGRAM SO LET ME TAKE THE 465 00:17:57,062 --> 00:17:58,230 OPPORTUNITY RIGHT HERE TO 466 00:17:58,230 --> 00:17:59,030 REMIND SPEAKERS AND GUESTS 467 00:17:59,030 --> 00:18:01,933 THAT WE ARE GOING TO 468 00:18:01,933 --> 00:18:04,636 MAINTAIN A COMPLETELY 469 00:18:04,636 --> 00:18:05,604 ON-TIME PERFORMANCE, SO 470 00:18:05,604 --> 00:18:07,539 ALTHOUGH WE'RE GOING TO GET 471 00:18:07,539 --> 00:18:10,142 A FEW EXTRA MINUTES HERE 472 00:18:10,142 --> 00:18:16,214 BECAUSE OF THE REMARKS BEING 473 00:18:16,214 --> 00:18:20,419 QUICK, I WILL TO POINT OUT 474 00:18:20,419 --> 00:18:21,720 THE TIMER, THEY CAN SEE IT 475 00:18:21,720 --> 00:18:23,188 FROM THERE, I CAN SEE IS 476 00:18:23,188 --> 00:18:25,023 FROM HERE, I AM NOT A SHY PERSON BUT THERE WILL BE A 477 00:18:25,023 --> 00:18:28,727 ROBUST TIME TO DISCUSS THE SESSIONS. 478 00:18:28,727 --> 00:18:37,009 SO NOW WE HAVE A BREAK TILL 8: 45:00 A.M. SEE YOU THEN. 479 00:18:37,009 --> 00:18:37,543 >> GOOD MORNING EVERYONE, 480 00:18:37,543 --> 00:18:39,912 LIKE TO HAVE THE REST OF YOU 481 00:18:39,912 --> 00:18:41,647 START MAKING YOUR WAY 482 00:18:41,647 --> 00:18:43,716 TOWARDS YOUR SEATS, WE'LL 483 00:18:43,716 --> 00:18:44,717 ACTUALLY GET STARTED WITH 484 00:18:44,717 --> 00:18:47,553 THE FIRST SESSION OF REALLY 485 00:18:47,553 --> 00:18:48,621 EXCITING SCIENCE. 486 00:18:48,621 --> 00:18:55,928 SO GOOD MORNING, MY NAME IS 487 00:18:55,928 --> 00:18:57,563 SAUL VILLEDA FROM THE 488 00:18:57,563 --> 00:18:59,698 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA-SAN 489 00:18:59,698 --> 00:19:00,466 FRANCISCO. 490 00:19:00,466 --> 00:19:04,336 TO REMIND EVERYONE, WE WILL HAVE A PANEL OF FOUR TALKS 491 00:19:04,336 --> 00:19:07,239 AND AT THE END OPEN QUESTIONS FROM EVERYONE SO 492 00:19:07,239 --> 00:19:10,543 PLEASE WRITE DOWN YOUR FAVORITE QUESTION BECAUSE I 493 00:19:10,543 --> 00:19:19,018 WILL COME BACK TO YOU AT THE END OF THE PANEL. 494 00:19:19,018 --> 00:19:22,054 SO WE WANT TO TALK ABOUT 495 00:19:22,054 --> 00:19:25,024 THIS IDEA OF BLOOD, 496 00:19:25,024 --> 00:19:26,392 METABOLISM AND SYSTEMIC 497 00:19:26,392 --> 00:19:27,359 ENVIRONMENT, TARGETING THE 498 00:19:27,359 --> 00:19:31,530 PERIPHERY AS A WAY TO DELAY 499 00:19:31,530 --> 00:19:32,698 AND REVERSE COGNITIVE AIMING 500 00:19:32,698 --> 00:19:35,334 SO WITH THAT I WILL 501 00:19:35,334 --> 00:19:36,368 INTRODUCE THE SPEAKERS, EACH 502 00:19:36,368 --> 00:19:37,369 ONE AS THEY COME. 503 00:19:37,369 --> 00:19:40,406 SO FIRST I WOULD LIKE TO 504 00:19:40,406 --> 00:19:41,574 INTRODUCE Dr. TARA WALKER 505 00:19:41,574 --> 00:19:45,344 WHO IS COMING TO US FROM THE 506 00:19:45,344 --> 00:19:47,179 UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND IN 507 00:19:47,179 --> 00:19:48,781 AUSTRALIA AND REALLY LOOKING 508 00:19:48,781 --> 00:19:51,183 FORWARD TO YOUR TALK. 509 00:19:51,183 --> 00:19:53,586 SO PLEASE HELP ME IN 510 00:19:53,586 --> 00:19:55,421 WELCOMING YOU AND REALLY 511 00:19:55,421 --> 00:20:01,493 EXCITED YOU ARE HERE. 512 00:20:01,493 --> 00:20:02,795 [APPLAUSE] 513 00:20:02,795 --> 00:20:05,798 >> THANK YOU, SAUL, HAPPY TO 514 00:20:05,798 --> 00:20:06,765 BE HERE. 515 00:20:06,765 --> 00:20:09,868 OKAY, THE BRAIN HAS A 516 00:20:09,868 --> 00:20:20,312 REMARKABLE ABILITY TO 517 00:20:20,779 --> 00:20:22,247 MAINTAIN SPEECH THROUGHOUT 518 00:20:22,247 --> 00:20:24,683 OUR LIVES AND ONE OF THE 519 00:20:24,683 --> 00:20:31,390 WAYS IT DOES THIS IS ADULT 520 00:20:31,390 --> 00:20:31,857 NEUROGENESIS. 521 00:20:31,857 --> 00:20:34,126 SO I WILL SHOW THIS AS THE 522 00:20:34,126 --> 00:20:38,497 PARTICULAR AREA OF THE BRAIN 523 00:20:38,497 --> 00:20:45,137 FROM WHERE MEMORY COMES. 524 00:20:45,137 --> 00:20:46,639 SO NEUROGENESIS DECREASES 525 00:20:46,639 --> 00:20:57,116 ARE AGE AND WITH THE VARIOUS 526 00:20:57,116 --> 00:20:58,450 NEUROGENESIS REDUCTIONS. 527 00:20:58,450 --> 00:21:00,052 THE MAIN CONTRIBUTOR TO THIS 528 00:21:00,052 --> 00:21:06,025 IS AGE BUT IT CAN DECLINE 529 00:21:06,025 --> 00:21:07,493 FROM A NUMBER OF STRUCTURES 530 00:21:07,493 --> 00:21:10,562 AND ONE OF THE WAYS WE CAN 531 00:21:10,562 --> 00:21:12,264 INCREASE NEUROGENESIS IS BY 532 00:21:12,264 --> 00:21:14,099 PHYSICAL EXERCISE. 533 00:21:14,099 --> 00:21:15,467 SO THIS WAS DISCOVERED 534 00:21:15,467 --> 00:21:18,971 ALMOST 20 YEARS AGO NOW THAT 535 00:21:18,971 --> 00:21:21,040 WHEN MICE ARE GIVEN FREE 536 00:21:21,040 --> 00:21:24,109 ACCESS TO THE WHEEL, THEY 537 00:21:24,109 --> 00:21:29,248 LOVE TO RUN AND THIS 538 00:21:29,248 --> 00:21:33,619 INCREASE IN NEUROGENESIS, 539 00:21:33,619 --> 00:21:35,454 INCREASE IN SYNAPTIC POLICE 540 00:21:35,454 --> 00:21:37,322 'TISY AND INCREASE IN 541 00:21:37,322 --> 00:21:38,590 LEARNING AND MEMORY. 542 00:21:38,590 --> 00:21:39,625 HOWEVER THROUGHOUT 20 YEARS 543 00:21:39,625 --> 00:21:41,560 OF RESEARCH, WE STILL DON'T 544 00:21:41,560 --> 00:21:44,096 UNDERSTAND THE MECHANISM BY 545 00:21:44,096 --> 00:21:45,798 WHICH EXERCISE INCREASES 546 00:21:45,798 --> 00:21:46,231 NEUROGENESIS. 547 00:21:46,231 --> 00:21:49,468 SO THE MAJOR FOCUS OF MY LAB 548 00:21:49,468 --> 00:21:56,008 THE LAST YEAR HAS BEEN TO 549 00:21:56,008 --> 00:21:57,810 UNDERSTAND HOW EXERCISE 550 00:21:57,810 --> 00:21:59,611 INCREASES NEUROGENESIS IN 551 00:21:59,611 --> 00:22:00,245 THE BRAIN. 552 00:22:00,245 --> 00:22:03,949 SO WITH THAT WE ASK TWO 553 00:22:03,949 --> 00:22:10,089 QUESTIONS, WHAT IS THE 554 00:22:10,089 --> 00:22:12,257 UNDERLYING MECHANISM BY 555 00:22:12,257 --> 00:22:13,759 WHICH EXERCISE BOOSTS 556 00:22:13,759 --> 00:22:18,330 NEUROGENESIS AND CAN WE 557 00:22:18,330 --> 00:22:20,065 INCREASE THAT. 558 00:22:20,065 --> 00:22:26,739 SO THE FIRST STUDY WAS A 559 00:22:26,739 --> 00:22:28,707 BLOOD-BORNE LOOK AT FACTORS 560 00:22:28,707 --> 00:22:30,743 CIRCULATING IN THE BLOOD 561 00:22:30,743 --> 00:22:33,378 ABLE TO MEDIATE BOTH 562 00:22:33,378 --> 00:22:36,548 NEUROGENESIS AND COGNITIVE 563 00:22:36,548 --> 00:22:38,684 ABILITIES. 564 00:22:38,684 --> 00:22:42,421 SO WE HYPOTHESIZED, GIVEN 565 00:22:42,421 --> 00:22:46,425 THE NATURE OF HOW DISEASE 566 00:22:46,425 --> 00:22:49,228 WORKS, THAT MAYBE IT IS THE 567 00:22:49,228 --> 00:22:53,599 SAME, THAT EXERCISE IS ABLE 568 00:22:53,599 --> 00:22:54,433 TO REFORM NEUROGENESIS. 569 00:22:54,433 --> 00:23:02,274 SO WE TOOK THIS VERY SIMPLE 570 00:23:02,274 --> 00:23:11,083 EXPERIMENT, WHERE WE LOOKED 571 00:23:11,083 --> 00:23:13,318 AT THE BLOOD-BORNE 572 00:23:13,318 --> 00:23:22,427 NEUROGENESIS IN MICE AND WE 573 00:23:22,427 --> 00:23:25,798 LOOKED AT THE BLOOD SERUM 574 00:23:25,798 --> 00:23:31,904 WITH EXERCISE AND IF IT WAS 575 00:23:31,904 --> 00:23:35,641 ABLE TO GENERATE THE 576 00:23:35,641 --> 00:23:36,041 NEUROSEVERE. 577 00:23:36,041 --> 00:23:38,577 SO WHAT ARE THE FACTORS? 578 00:23:38,577 --> 00:23:40,846 WE AGAIN LOOKED AT THE BLOOD 579 00:23:40,846 --> 00:23:43,816 OR SERUM IN THE MICE AND 580 00:23:43,816 --> 00:23:45,083 NUMBER OF PROTEINS 581 00:23:45,083 --> 00:23:47,119 UPREGULATED IN THE BLOOD DUE 582 00:23:47,119 --> 00:23:48,954 TO EXERCISE. 583 00:23:48,954 --> 00:23:52,691 AND A RIF REANALYSIS 584 00:23:52,691 --> 00:23:53,792 REVEALED THAT PLATELET 585 00:23:53,792 --> 00:23:56,128 ACTIVATION MAY BE A 586 00:23:56,128 --> 00:23:57,329 SIGNIFICANT PORTION OF THIS 587 00:23:57,329 --> 00:24:07,840 AND WE IDENTIFIED ONE IN 588 00:24:11,810 --> 00:24:17,115 PARTICULAR CALLED PLATELET 589 00:24:17,115 --> 00:24:17,482 FACTOR 4. 590 00:24:17,482 --> 00:24:20,485 SO PLATELETS ARE CELLS FOUND 591 00:24:20,485 --> 00:24:24,223 IN THE BLOOD BUT THEY HAVE 592 00:24:24,223 --> 00:24:30,762 MANY FUNCTIONS BEYOND THEIR 593 00:24:30,762 --> 00:24:33,799 ROLE OF THE COWAG LAKES AND 594 00:24:33,799 --> 00:24:35,667 ARE ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH 595 00:24:35,667 --> 00:24:36,735 MANY NEUROGENESIS DISORDERS. 596 00:24:36,735 --> 00:24:38,670 WHAT IS EXCITED ABOUT 597 00:24:38,670 --> 00:24:40,539 PLATELETS IS THEY ARE ALSO 598 00:24:40,539 --> 00:24:45,477 SHOWN TO CONTAIN A WIDE 599 00:24:45,477 --> 00:24:46,845 PLETHORA OF BIOACTIVE 600 00:24:46,845 --> 00:24:48,313 MOLECULES. 601 00:24:48,313 --> 00:24:51,383 THERE ARE HUNDREDS OF 602 00:24:51,383 --> 00:24:53,218 BIOACTIVE MOLECULES FOUND IN 603 00:24:53,218 --> 00:24:59,324 PLATELETS AND FOUND TO HAVE 604 00:24:59,324 --> 00:25:01,927 EXCITING ROLES IN BLOOD 605 00:25:01,927 --> 00:25:02,361 THERAPY. 606 00:25:02,361 --> 00:25:05,030 SO WE FIRST HAVE TO 607 00:25:05,030 --> 00:25:07,532 DETERMINE HOW THEY ARE 608 00:25:07,532 --> 00:25:10,135 PRODUCED IN EXERCISE SO WE 609 00:25:10,135 --> 00:25:12,804 LOOKED AT THE BLOOD OF THE 610 00:25:12,804 --> 00:25:13,972 MICE AND FOUND THAT AS 611 00:25:13,972 --> 00:25:17,609 LITTLE AS ONE DAY OF 612 00:25:17,609 --> 00:25:20,545 EXERCISE WAS ENOUGH TO 613 00:25:20,545 --> 00:25:21,613 GENERATE PLATELETS. 614 00:25:21,613 --> 00:25:25,517 TO DETERMINE IF THE EXERCISE 615 00:25:25,517 --> 00:25:27,653 WAS REQUIRED FOR THE 616 00:25:27,653 --> 00:25:29,655 RESPONSE BY PLATELETS, WE 617 00:25:29,655 --> 00:25:32,991 LOOKED AT THE PLATELETS IN 618 00:25:32,991 --> 00:25:38,430 THE MICE USING THE 619 00:25:38,430 --> 00:25:40,933 ANTIPLATELET SERUM OVER A 620 00:25:40,933 --> 00:25:47,706 1-DAY PERIOD AND AS WE 621 00:25:47,706 --> 00:25:52,010 EXPECTED, THE PLATELETS IN 622 00:25:52,010 --> 00:25:54,179 DEPLETED MICE, THIS RESPONSE 623 00:25:54,179 --> 00:25:56,915 DUE TO EXERCISE WAS LOST, 624 00:25:56,915 --> 00:25:59,017 THE MEDIATED RESPONSE OF 625 00:25:59,017 --> 00:26:00,352 NEUROBEN SIS. 626 00:26:00,352 --> 00:26:02,521 THE OTHER MENTION, PLATELETS 627 00:26:02,521 --> 00:26:03,488 ARE ACTIVATED BY EXERCISE 628 00:26:03,488 --> 00:26:05,190 AND RELEASE A NUMBER OF 629 00:26:05,190 --> 00:26:06,491 FACTORS INTO THE BLOOD FOR 630 00:26:06,491 --> 00:26:08,327 THIS RESPONSE AND ONE OF THE 631 00:26:08,327 --> 00:26:12,631 MAJOR FACTORS THAT WE 632 00:26:12,631 --> 00:26:14,166 IDENTIFIED WAS PLATELET 633 00:26:14,166 --> 00:26:15,367 FACTOR 4. 634 00:26:15,367 --> 00:26:25,844 WE CONFIRMED THIS RESULT 635 00:26:26,044 --> 00:26:31,083 USING THE RESTING PLATELET 636 00:26:31,083 --> 00:26:34,086 AND THE EXPERIMENTS WAS TO 637 00:26:34,086 --> 00:26:38,523 SEE IF EXERCISE INDUCED 638 00:26:38,523 --> 00:26:40,158 PLATELETS COULD BE 639 00:26:40,158 --> 00:26:40,692 GENERATED. 640 00:26:40,692 --> 00:26:42,694 SO AS YOU CAN SEE HERE, 641 00:26:42,694 --> 00:26:43,628 COMPARED TO THE CONTROL 642 00:26:43,628 --> 00:26:46,365 WHICH IS THE DOTTED LINE, 643 00:26:46,365 --> 00:26:47,966 THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT 644 00:26:47,966 --> 00:26:53,972 INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF 645 00:26:53,972 --> 00:26:55,607 NEUROSPHERES GENERATED. 646 00:26:55,607 --> 00:27:06,151 IT ALSO LED TO THE PLATELET 647 00:27:07,719 --> 00:27:11,656 INCREASE OF PLATELET FACTOR 648 00:27:11,656 --> 00:27:14,926 4 AND ITS POTENTIAL. 649 00:27:14,926 --> 00:27:18,430 SO THE WE INFUSED FACTOR 4 650 00:27:18,430 --> 00:27:19,931 INTO THE BRAIN OF MICE. 651 00:27:19,931 --> 00:27:24,603 THIS LED TO A SIGNIFICANT 652 00:27:24,603 --> 00:27:26,538 INCREASE OF NEWBORN 653 00:27:26,538 --> 00:27:32,744 PLATELETS GENERATED IN THE 654 00:27:32,744 --> 00:27:34,179 HIPPOCAMPAL AREA OF THE 655 00:27:34,179 --> 00:27:37,983 BRAIN IN THE MICE. 656 00:27:37,983 --> 00:27:43,755 AND THEN THIS SHOWS THE 657 00:27:43,755 --> 00:27:47,993 SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN THE 658 00:27:47,993 --> 00:27:50,529 PLATELET AND NEUROFILLS. 659 00:27:50,529 --> 00:27:54,199 IN THE ABSENCE OF PF4, THE 660 00:27:54,199 --> 00:28:00,338 MICE HAD A NEUROGENIC 661 00:28:00,338 --> 00:28:01,673 RESPONSE TO EXERCISE. 662 00:28:01,673 --> 00:28:05,310 SO AS I MENTIONED BEFORE, 663 00:28:05,310 --> 00:28:06,912 THE NEUROGENESIS 664 00:28:06,912 --> 00:28:07,679 SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASES WITH 665 00:28:07,679 --> 00:28:11,683 AGE SO WE WANTED TO SEE 666 00:28:11,683 --> 00:28:13,351 WHETHER THE PF4 TREATMENT 667 00:28:13,351 --> 00:28:15,153 COULD RESCUE THIS NEURO 668 00:28:15,153 --> 00:28:16,988 GENERATIVE LOSS DURING 669 00:28:16,988 --> 00:28:17,756 AGING. 670 00:28:17,756 --> 00:28:22,360 SO WE TOOK 20-MONTH-OLD MICE 671 00:28:22,360 --> 00:28:32,871 AND TREATED THEM TO A TAIL 672 00:28:34,606 --> 00:28:37,042 INJECTION OF PF4 AND AS YOU 673 00:28:37,042 --> 00:28:41,680 CAN SEE, THERE WAS A 674 00:28:41,680 --> 00:28:47,085 PROLIFERATION OF PF4 AND 675 00:28:47,085 --> 00:28:47,619 ASSOCIATED NEURONS. 676 00:28:47,619 --> 00:28:50,188 THEN WE WANTED TO SEE IF WE 677 00:28:50,188 --> 00:28:53,391 COULD ENHANCE THESE NEURONS. 678 00:28:53,391 --> 00:29:02,100 COMPARED TO THE CF4 KNOCKOUT 679 00:29:02,100 --> 00:29:10,775 MICE, THIS ENHANCED THE 680 00:29:10,775 --> 00:29:12,177 DENDRITIC NEURONS. 681 00:29:12,177 --> 00:29:13,145 WITHOUT THE EXERCISE, THIS 682 00:29:13,145 --> 00:29:17,349 LEADS TO A SPECIFIC TYPE OF 683 00:29:17,349 --> 00:29:21,953 COGNITIVE DECLINE AND MEMORY 684 00:29:21,953 --> 00:29:22,420 DYSFUNCTION. 685 00:29:22,420 --> 00:29:27,859 SO WE TOOK AGED MICE WITH 686 00:29:27,859 --> 00:29:32,197 CF4 AND PUT THEM TO THE 687 00:29:32,197 --> 00:29:32,964 FACIAL MEMORY TASKS. 688 00:29:32,964 --> 00:29:35,300 FIRST THERE WAS AN AVOIDANCE 689 00:29:35,300 --> 00:29:37,836 TASK IN WHICH THE MICE ARE 690 00:29:37,836 --> 00:29:40,138 PLACED ON A ROTATING 691 00:29:40,138 --> 00:29:46,211 PLATFORM AND HAVE TO USE 692 00:29:46,211 --> 00:29:49,614 FACIAL RECOGNITION TO AVOID 693 00:29:49,614 --> 00:29:50,148 SHOCK. 694 00:29:50,148 --> 00:29:52,817 SO THE MICE WITH CF4 WERE 695 00:29:52,817 --> 00:29:57,622 SHOWN TO HAVE SIGNIFICANT 696 00:29:57,622 --> 00:30:00,425 ENHANCED LEARNING ABILITY 697 00:30:00,425 --> 00:30:06,965 COMPARED TO THOSE MICE WHO 698 00:30:06,965 --> 00:30:11,036 WERE DECREASED AND SHOCKED. 699 00:30:11,036 --> 00:30:14,506 SO WE TREATED THE AGED MICE 700 00:30:14,506 --> 00:30:19,044 WITH PF4 AND SEPARATED THE 701 00:30:19,044 --> 00:30:19,344 TASKS. 702 00:30:19,344 --> 00:30:21,913 AS YOU CAN SEE IN THE NUMBER 703 00:30:21,913 --> 00:30:25,450 OF LOCATION TASKS, THE MICE 704 00:30:25,450 --> 00:30:27,252 MET SIGNIFICANTLY MORE TIME 705 00:30:27,252 --> 00:30:35,760 EXPLORING THE OBJECT AND IN 706 00:30:35,760 --> 00:30:39,698 THE SUBJECTIVE FREE TEST, 707 00:30:39,698 --> 00:30:43,802 THE MICE SHOWED MORE PF4 708 00:30:43,802 --> 00:30:45,804 SHOWING IT ENHANCED 709 00:30:45,804 --> 00:30:46,438 COGNITION IN AGING. 710 00:30:46,438 --> 00:30:55,280 SO WE WANTED TO SEE IF THIS 711 00:30:55,280 --> 00:30:56,648 WAS DEPENDENT NEUROGENESIS 712 00:30:56,648 --> 00:30:59,718 SO WE TESTED THIS IN THE 713 00:30:59,718 --> 00:31:01,286 AGED MOUSE MODEL. 714 00:31:01,286 --> 00:31:05,824 THESE MICE BASICALLY HAVE 715 00:31:05,824 --> 00:31:06,858 THE DETERIORATING RECEPTOR 716 00:31:06,858 --> 00:31:10,262 AT THE CONTROL OF THE NEURON 717 00:31:10,262 --> 00:31:16,468 MOTOR CORTEX SO WHEN WE 718 00:31:16,468 --> 00:31:21,906 TREAT THESE MICE, EFFECTIVE 719 00:31:21,906 --> 00:31:23,341 NEUROGENESIS IS LOW. 720 00:31:23,341 --> 00:31:28,246 SO WE TREATED THE MICE WITH 721 00:31:28,246 --> 00:31:30,682 PF4 AND AS YOU CAN SEE HERE, 722 00:31:30,682 --> 00:31:34,619 AS EXPECTED, THE PF4 IN 723 00:31:34,619 --> 00:31:38,056 UNTREATED MICE SHOW A 724 00:31:38,056 --> 00:31:39,057 SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT WITH 725 00:31:39,057 --> 00:31:42,894 MEMORY AND FUNCTION BUT THIS 726 00:31:42,894 --> 00:31:45,864 IS LOST IN THE -- 727 00:31:45,864 --> 00:31:46,331 [INDISCERNIBLE] 728 00:31:46,331 --> 00:31:48,400 -- INDICATING THIS ONGOING 729 00:31:48,400 --> 00:31:55,040 NEUROGENESIS IS REQUIRED FOR 730 00:31:55,040 --> 00:31:56,174 THE PF4 RECOGNITION. 731 00:31:56,174 --> 00:31:58,109 SO OVERALL THIS HAS SHOWN 732 00:31:58,109 --> 00:32:00,779 PLATELETS ARE REQUIRED FOR 733 00:32:00,779 --> 00:32:02,714 THE EXERCISE RESPONSE, 734 00:32:02,714 --> 00:32:04,783 NEUROGENIC RESPONSE AND THAT 735 00:32:04,783 --> 00:32:10,121 ONE SECTOR ALONE, PF4 CAN BE 736 00:32:10,121 --> 00:32:18,963 USED TO REJUVENATE THE 737 00:32:18,963 --> 00:32:21,900 COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN AGED 738 00:32:21,900 --> 00:32:22,500 MICE. 739 00:32:22,500 --> 00:32:24,436 SO THIS ARTICLE WAS 740 00:32:24,436 --> 00:32:27,038 PUBLISHED IN NATURE AGING 741 00:32:27,038 --> 00:32:29,240 WHICH CAME TO THE SAME 742 00:32:29,240 --> 00:32:31,676 IDENTIFICATION OF PF4 AS A 743 00:32:31,676 --> 00:32:32,811 FACTOR INVOLVED IN 744 00:32:32,811 --> 00:32:34,145 REJUVENATION IN AGING AND 745 00:32:34,145 --> 00:32:36,414 WE'RE VERY FORTUNATE TO BE 746 00:32:36,414 --> 00:32:39,250 ABLE TO PUBLISH OUR RESEARCH 747 00:32:39,250 --> 00:32:40,618 ALONGSIDE EACH OTHER AT THE 748 00:32:40,618 --> 00:32:51,162 SAME TIME IN THREE SEPARATE 749 00:32:52,063 --> 00:32:53,064 ARTICLES. 750 00:32:53,064 --> 00:32:56,601 SO GIVEN THE EXCITING 751 00:32:56,601 --> 00:32:59,337 FINDINGS WE FOUND, NOW 752 00:32:59,337 --> 00:33:01,840 TAKING THIS INTO THE MOUSE 753 00:33:01,840 --> 00:33:03,341 MODELS WITH DISEASE TO SEE 754 00:33:03,341 --> 00:33:07,612 IF WE CAN REDUCE THE 755 00:33:07,612 --> 00:33:09,581 COGNITIVE DECLINE OF 756 00:33:09,581 --> 00:33:10,181 ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. 757 00:33:10,181 --> 00:33:13,852 SO THIS IS JUST THE FIRST 758 00:33:13,852 --> 00:33:15,620 SECTION AND WE ARE VERY 759 00:33:15,620 --> 00:33:17,422 EARLY IN THIS RESEARCH BUT 760 00:33:17,422 --> 00:33:19,491 BASICALLY WE HAVE TAKEN THE 761 00:33:19,491 --> 00:33:22,460 MOUSE MODEL AND TREATED THEM 762 00:33:22,460 --> 00:33:23,294 WITH PLATELET FACTOR 4 AND 763 00:33:23,294 --> 00:33:26,931 AS YOU CAN SEE HERE, AND AS 764 00:33:26,931 --> 00:33:28,299 EXPECTED, THIS IS THE 765 00:33:28,299 --> 00:33:29,267 SPECIAL LEARNING AND MEMORY 766 00:33:29,267 --> 00:33:31,102 TASK AND AS YOU CAN SEE 767 00:33:31,102 --> 00:33:32,804 HERE, THE MICE TREATED WITH 768 00:33:32,804 --> 00:33:33,872 SALINE HAVE A DIFFERENCES 769 00:33:33,872 --> 00:33:36,608 SIT IN THIS TASK AND THIS 770 00:33:36,608 --> 00:33:40,612 COULD BE RESCUED BY PLATELET 771 00:33:40,612 --> 00:33:41,446 FACTOR 4. 772 00:33:41,446 --> 00:33:47,118 SO WE WILL WATCH FOR FURTHER 773 00:33:47,118 --> 00:33:53,425 DATA ON PLATELET FACTOR 4 774 00:33:53,425 --> 00:33:53,958 GOING FORWARD. 775 00:33:53,958 --> 00:33:55,360 SO WITH THIS I WILL CONCLUDE 776 00:33:55,360 --> 00:33:57,095 AND THANK MY LAB. 777 00:33:57,095 --> 00:34:01,633 MOST OF THIS WORK WAS DONE 778 00:34:01,633 --> 00:34:07,539 BY MY POST-DOC WHO PERFORMED 779 00:34:07,539 --> 00:34:10,175 ALL THE PF4 STUDIES AND THE 780 00:34:10,175 --> 00:34:11,476 COLLABORATORS THROUGH THE 781 00:34:11,476 --> 00:34:15,079 YEARS THAT HAVE CONTRIBUTED 782 00:34:15,079 --> 00:34:16,548 AND OUR FUNDING INCLUDING 783 00:34:16,548 --> 00:34:16,981 THE NIH. 784 00:34:16,981 --> 00:34:20,718 SO THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 785 00:34:20,718 --> 00:34:21,753 [APPLAUSE] 786 00:34:21,753 --> 00:34:22,420 >> OKAY, PERFECT SO WE ARE 787 00:34:22,420 --> 00:34:26,791 NOW GOING TO BE MOVING FROM 788 00:34:26,791 --> 00:34:29,294 CIRCULATING BLOOD FACTORS 789 00:34:29,294 --> 00:34:32,931 MORE INTO THE BORDER AND 790 00:34:32,931 --> 00:34:34,666 DECODING SIGNALS ACROSS THE 791 00:34:34,666 --> 00:34:35,667 BLOOD AND BRAIN. 792 00:34:35,667 --> 00:34:41,873 SO WITH THAT WE HAVE ANDREW 793 00:34:41,873 --> 00:34:43,441 YANNUAL NG WHO WILL BE 794 00:34:43,441 --> 00:34:45,877 SHARING WITH US THE WORK ON 795 00:34:45,877 --> 00:34:48,546 THE BBB. 796 00:34:48,546 --> 00:34:49,080 >> THANK YOU, SAUL, 797 00:34:49,080 --> 00:34:50,949 DELIGHTED TO BE HERE. 798 00:34:50,949 --> 00:34:53,952 I AM AN ENGINEER, 799 00:34:53,952 --> 00:34:57,455 NEUROSCIENTIST AND WILL TALK 800 00:34:57,455 --> 00:35:07,799 ABOUT HOW RECENT 801 00:35:08,166 --> 00:35:09,100 NEUROLOGICAL RESPONSES 802 00:35:09,100 --> 00:35:13,271 ACROSS THE BLOOD BRAIN 803 00:35:13,271 --> 00:35:14,939 BARRIER AND DECODING SIGNALS 804 00:35:14,939 --> 00:35:16,140 ACROSS THAT. 805 00:35:16,140 --> 00:35:18,543 WHAT THE MOLECULES ARE, HOW 806 00:35:18,543 --> 00:35:22,080 THEY MAY DIFFER ACROSS THE 807 00:35:22,080 --> 00:35:24,082 LIFESPAN. 808 00:35:24,082 --> 00:35:30,722 THEY MAY EXPAND AND ANO 809 00:35:30,722 --> 00:35:31,890 MALIES TO HEALTHY BRAIN 810 00:35:31,890 --> 00:35:32,223 SIGNALS. 811 00:35:32,223 --> 00:35:33,725 SO WE WANT TO UNDERSTAND HOW 812 00:35:33,725 --> 00:35:35,894 DOES THE BODY -- 813 00:35:35,894 --> 00:35:37,295 [INDISCERNIBLE] 814 00:35:37,295 --> 00:35:45,236 TO BEGIN, WE START WITH THE 815 00:35:45,236 --> 00:35:50,575 SYMPATHETIC, THE BLOOD BRAIN 816 00:35:50,575 --> 00:35:51,910 BARRIER IS IMPORTANT. 817 00:35:51,910 --> 00:35:53,845 NEURONAL FUNCTION DEPEND ON 818 00:35:53,845 --> 00:35:58,082 VASCULAR FUNCTION AND THE 819 00:35:58,082 --> 00:36:00,218 MILLIONS OF NEURONS THAT 820 00:36:00,218 --> 00:36:03,721 WILL BE CREATED THROUGHOUT 821 00:36:03,721 --> 00:36:09,160 LIFE ARE A SIGNAL TO WHO WE 822 00:36:09,160 --> 00:36:11,529 ARE AND ONE OF THE PROCESSES 823 00:36:11,529 --> 00:36:13,932 IS WHAT WE CALL THE BLOOD 824 00:36:13,932 --> 00:36:16,200 BRAIN BARRIER, DISCOVERED 825 00:36:16,200 --> 00:36:17,835 OVER A CENTURY AGO. 826 00:36:17,835 --> 00:36:25,410 THEY TOOK A DYE, A TEXTILE 827 00:36:25,410 --> 00:36:27,245 DYE AND INJECTED IT 828 00:36:27,245 --> 00:36:29,247 THROUGHOUT THE ORGANISMS AND 829 00:36:29,247 --> 00:36:30,848 THAT DYE SPREAD THROUGHOUT 830 00:36:30,848 --> 00:36:31,215 THE BRAIN. 831 00:36:31,215 --> 00:36:34,319 THIS WAS OUR FIRST INKLING 832 00:36:34,319 --> 00:36:37,388 SOMETHING SPECIAL WAS GOING 833 00:36:37,388 --> 00:36:43,828 ON IN THE BRAIN AND 834 00:36:43,828 --> 00:36:45,964 ESTABLISHED THAT THERE WAS A 835 00:36:45,964 --> 00:36:46,297 BARRIER. 836 00:36:46,297 --> 00:36:52,503 THE WAY I SEE IT, THE BLOOD 837 00:36:52,503 --> 00:36:54,439 BRAIN BARRIER IS THE SPECIAL 838 00:36:54,439 --> 00:36:58,743 HOME FOR THE BRAIN AND 839 00:36:58,743 --> 00:37:09,253 DYNAMIC SENSING AND LIFE. 840 00:37:10,755 --> 00:37:17,929 [INAUDIBLE] SO NOWADAYS, AND 841 00:37:17,929 --> 00:37:20,798 I ALSO THINK MAYBE MORE 842 00:37:20,798 --> 00:37:23,668 THOUGHTFULLY, IF THE BRAIN 843 00:37:23,668 --> 00:37:25,703 IS GETTING OLD AND DAMAGED, 844 00:37:25,703 --> 00:37:27,639 LIKE YOU DON'T JUST FIX UP 845 00:37:27,639 --> 00:37:29,374 THE INTERIOR OF A OLDER HOME 846 00:37:29,374 --> 00:37:32,377 AND THE SAME PRINCIPLES ARE 847 00:37:32,377 --> 00:37:34,312 TRUE FOR THE BLOOD BRAIN 848 00:37:34,312 --> 00:37:34,646 BARRIER. 849 00:37:34,646 --> 00:37:38,182 SO IN OUR LAB, UNDERSTANDING 850 00:37:38,182 --> 00:37:40,652 THESE BUILT-IN PATHWAYS AND 851 00:37:40,652 --> 00:37:42,487 HOW THE BODY FEEDS THE BRAIN 852 00:37:42,487 --> 00:37:43,788 ALL THE TIME THROUGHOUT 853 00:37:43,788 --> 00:37:44,122 LIFE. 854 00:37:44,122 --> 00:37:51,696 SO ONE OF THEM IS HOW DO 855 00:37:51,696 --> 00:37:54,332 VIABLE BLOOD PROTEINS INVADE 856 00:37:54,332 --> 00:37:56,234 THE BRAIN. 857 00:37:56,234 --> 00:37:58,836 WE ARE ALSO INTERESTED IN 858 00:37:58,836 --> 00:38:00,672 THE RESERIOUS ACTION, HOW 859 00:38:00,672 --> 00:38:04,876 THEY USE THEM TO MOBILIZE TO 860 00:38:04,876 --> 00:38:07,578 BE BRAIN HEALTH. 861 00:38:07,578 --> 00:38:10,982 OR MAYBE CERTAIN FORMS OF 862 00:38:10,982 --> 00:38:12,450 AGING AND THE PATHOLOGY. 863 00:38:12,450 --> 00:38:14,018 SO TODAY I WANT TO GIVE A 864 00:38:14,018 --> 00:38:15,620 QUICK CONCEPT OF ONE OF 865 00:38:15,620 --> 00:38:17,288 THESE VALUES, TO TRY TO 866 00:38:17,288 --> 00:38:19,691 BUILD A CATALOG IN TERMS OF 867 00:38:19,691 --> 00:38:22,293 UNDERSTANDING WHAT ARE THE 868 00:38:22,293 --> 00:38:23,294 PROTEINS OF THE BRAIN, WHAT 869 00:38:23,294 --> 00:38:26,464 ARE THE RULES OF ENTRY, WHAT 870 00:38:26,464 --> 00:38:27,699 DO THEY DO. 871 00:38:27,699 --> 00:38:30,334 AS I MENTIONED, THE WAY WE 872 00:38:30,334 --> 00:38:31,769 APPROACHED THIS IS TO TAKE 873 00:38:31,769 --> 00:38:34,772 ONE OF THESE DYES AND INJECT 874 00:38:34,772 --> 00:38:36,574 THEM ONE BY ONE. 875 00:38:36,574 --> 00:38:39,677 A RECENT REVIEW BY SAUNDERS 876 00:38:39,677 --> 00:38:40,878 SUMMARIZED THIS APPROACH. 877 00:38:40,878 --> 00:38:44,615 WE TAKE THESE DYES, PLANT 878 00:38:44,615 --> 00:38:45,983 PROTEIN AND INJECT THEM AND 879 00:38:45,983 --> 00:38:48,319 THEN ASK THE QUESTION IS 880 00:38:48,319 --> 00:38:50,254 THERE A LEAKAGE OR NOT. 881 00:38:50,254 --> 00:38:52,757 AND THESE ARE VERY IMPORTANT 882 00:38:52,757 --> 00:38:55,159 STUDIES, DON'T GET ME WRONG, 883 00:38:55,159 --> 00:39:03,334 IN WHICH WE HAVE LEARNED A 884 00:39:03,334 --> 00:39:07,438 LOT OF HALLMARKS OF THE 885 00:39:07,438 --> 00:39:09,073 BRAIN. 886 00:39:09,073 --> 00:39:12,944 WE ALSO RECOGNIZE SOME OTHER 887 00:39:12,944 --> 00:39:16,681 HALLMARKS INVOLVING THE 888 00:39:16,681 --> 00:39:19,283 LUMEN AND IT STARTS WITH HOW 889 00:39:19,283 --> 00:39:23,087 CAN WE SEE MORE, RIGHT? 890 00:39:23,087 --> 00:39:24,922 RATHER THAN INJECTING JUST 891 00:39:24,922 --> 00:39:34,732 ONE DYE AT A TIME, THE BLOOD 892 00:39:34,732 --> 00:39:36,534 HAS BEEN AROUND MILLIONS OF 893 00:39:36,534 --> 00:39:39,937 YEARS AND IF WE CAN PATH AND 894 00:39:39,937 --> 00:39:41,405 TRACK AND VISUALIZE THE 895 00:39:41,405 --> 00:39:45,710 MOVEMENT OF THESE BLOOD 896 00:39:45,710 --> 00:39:52,650 PROTEINS, WE MIGHT RECOGNIZE 897 00:39:52,650 --> 00:39:55,153 ISSUES WITH IT BECAUSE AFTER 898 00:39:55,153 --> 00:39:57,321 ALL, THE BLOOD HAS FIGURED 899 00:39:57,321 --> 00:40:02,760 OUT A WAY TO DO THIS. 900 00:40:02,760 --> 00:40:06,631 SO WE TOOK NONAGEK, DISEASED 901 00:40:06,631 --> 00:40:10,268 BRAIN TO UNDERSTAND THE 902 00:40:10,268 --> 00:40:11,736 PATHWAYS AND SELECTIVE 903 00:40:11,736 --> 00:40:13,137 CHEMICAL LABELING. 904 00:40:13,137 --> 00:40:16,741 THE FIRST THING THAT STRUCK 905 00:40:16,741 --> 00:40:21,145 US IS WE SAW THE NEW 906 00:40:21,145 --> 00:40:26,551 PROTEINS IN THE BRAIN 907 00:40:26,551 --> 00:40:27,785 VANNUAL SCULATURE. 908 00:40:27,785 --> 00:40:36,561 SO YOU CAN SEE HERE, THE 909 00:40:36,561 --> 00:40:40,998 UNEXPECTED DEGREE OF 910 00:40:40,998 --> 00:40:42,366 VESICULAR BBB TRANSPORT TO 911 00:40:42,366 --> 00:40:43,034 BRAIN CELLS. 912 00:40:43,034 --> 00:40:47,605 AND ON THE RIGHT YOU SEE THE 913 00:40:47,605 --> 00:40:51,108 HIPPO CAMPUS AND THE BLOOD 914 00:40:51,108 --> 00:40:53,177 AND WE WENT ON TO SHOW HOW 915 00:40:53,177 --> 00:40:58,282 THIS WORKS WITH THE ARRAY OF 916 00:40:58,282 --> 00:41:03,888 RECEPTORS ON THE BRAIN 917 00:41:03,888 --> 00:41:04,488 RECEPTORS. 918 00:41:04,488 --> 00:41:14,999 AND THERE IS A CODE HERE 919 00:41:18,736 --> 00:41:19,670 WHERE THE 920 00:41:19,670 --> 00:41:20,404 CLATHRIN-TRANSCYTOSIS IS 921 00:41:20,404 --> 00:41:21,739 ENGAGED AND BECOMES VISIBLE 922 00:41:21,739 --> 00:41:32,383 DEPENDING ON THE INJECTED TRAC. 923 00:41:35,253 --> 00:41:36,053 SO [INAUDIBLE]. 924 00:41:36,053 --> 00:41:38,756 SO LEARNING THE LANGUAGE OF 925 00:41:38,756 --> 00:41:41,058 THE PROTEIN TRANSPORT ACROSS 926 00:41:41,058 --> 00:41:43,661 THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER, IT 927 00:41:43,661 --> 00:41:46,530 WAITS FOR THE PERMEABLE 928 00:41:46,530 --> 00:41:48,799 PROTEINS TO ENTER THE BRAIN, 929 00:41:48,799 --> 00:41:50,668 THEN WE HARVEST THE BRAIN OF 930 00:41:50,668 --> 00:41:53,638 ALL THE BLOOD AND ISOLATE 931 00:41:53,638 --> 00:41:54,305 THE NEURONS. 932 00:41:54,305 --> 00:41:58,876 AND THEN WHAT YOU CAN DO IS 933 00:41:58,876 --> 00:42:04,916 TAKE THOSE CELLS ANDING BAIT 934 00:42:04,916 --> 00:42:07,518 THEM WITH A PARTICULAR 935 00:42:07,518 --> 00:42:09,320 PROBLEM PROTEIN. 936 00:42:09,320 --> 00:42:12,523 YOU CAN CATALOG ALL OF THESE 937 00:42:12,523 --> 00:42:13,691 AND WHAT HAPPENS IS THEY 938 00:42:13,691 --> 00:42:15,626 WON'T BE IN ANYONE ELSE. 939 00:42:15,626 --> 00:42:18,162 KIND OF LIKE WHEN YOU GO TO 940 00:42:18,162 --> 00:42:20,331 A BAR, YOU WON'T TALK TO 941 00:42:20,331 --> 00:42:21,365 ANYONE ELSE BUT YOUR FRIEND 942 00:42:21,365 --> 00:42:23,234 AND THAT IS HOW THIS WORKS. 943 00:42:23,234 --> 00:42:25,403 YOU FISH OUT THE PROTEINS 944 00:42:25,403 --> 00:42:26,470 THAT ARE PERMEABLE AND 945 00:42:26,470 --> 00:42:28,072 ENTERING THE BRAIN WITH THE 946 00:42:28,072 --> 00:42:31,142 BLOOD AND THEN IDENTIFY WHAT 947 00:42:31,142 --> 00:42:34,812 THOSE ARE ON MASS 948 00:42:34,812 --> 00:42:35,646 EXPECTITOMETRY. 949 00:42:35,646 --> 00:42:38,349 SO AFTER A WHOLE SERIES OF 950 00:42:38,349 --> 00:42:39,717 OPTIMIZATION THAT TOOK TWO 951 00:42:39,717 --> 00:42:41,118 YEARS AND ALL THE CONDITIONS 952 00:42:41,118 --> 00:42:42,954 THAT MADE THIS WORK, AND 953 00:42:42,954 --> 00:42:46,857 JUST TO SHOW YOU WHY THIS IS 954 00:42:46,857 --> 00:42:50,361 FRUITFUL, YOU CAN SEE THE 955 00:42:50,361 --> 00:42:52,530 PROTEIN ON THE LEFT AND IT 956 00:42:52,530 --> 00:42:54,398 TURNS OUT CHEMISTRY MATTERS. 957 00:42:54,398 --> 00:43:00,604 YOU CAN SEE SO MUCH MORE IN 958 00:43:00,604 --> 00:43:02,673 THE SENSITIVITY, BETTER MAP 959 00:43:02,673 --> 00:43:03,674 OF THE BRAIN. 960 00:43:03,674 --> 00:43:05,943 JUST TO SHOW ANOTHER CONCEPT 961 00:43:05,943 --> 00:43:08,379 THAT WE CAN TAG HUNDREDS OF 962 00:43:08,379 --> 00:43:10,281 PROTEINS IN THE BLOOD 963 00:43:10,281 --> 00:43:11,482 PLASMA, ACROSS DIFFERENT 964 00:43:11,482 --> 00:43:13,517 CLASSES, TISSUES, SO WE FEEL 965 00:43:13,517 --> 00:43:19,390 LIKE WE ARE READY TO GO AND 966 00:43:19,390 --> 00:43:21,225 UNDERSTAND WHAT ARE THOSE 967 00:43:21,225 --> 00:43:21,559 FACTORS. 968 00:43:21,559 --> 00:43:26,630 SO FIRST THERE IS THIS UP 969 00:43:26,630 --> 00:43:27,298 EXPECTED DEBRIS, SIMILAR TO 970 00:43:27,298 --> 00:43:34,171 A SPONGE SO WHEN WE DO THIS 971 00:43:34,171 --> 00:43:35,773 MASS SPECTOMETRY ANALYSIS, 972 00:43:35,773 --> 00:43:37,375 AND I APOLOGIZE THAT SOME OF 973 00:43:37,375 --> 00:43:39,910 THE DATA IS MISSING HERE, 974 00:43:39,910 --> 00:43:42,880 BUT WE FIND THAT THERE ARE 975 00:43:42,880 --> 00:43:44,448 187 PROTEINS BEING TAKEN UP 976 00:43:44,448 --> 00:43:47,685 BY THE BRAIN ALL THE TIME SO 977 00:43:47,685 --> 00:43:50,888 IT IS NOT SO MUCH A BARRIER 978 00:43:50,888 --> 00:43:52,723 BUT INITIALING ALONG THE 979 00:43:52,723 --> 00:43:53,591 PLASMA AND SENSING WHAT IS 980 00:43:53,591 --> 00:43:56,160 GOING ON WITH THE BLOOD. 981 00:43:56,160 --> 00:43:59,130 BASED ON THE IMAGING, WE 982 00:43:59,130 --> 00:44:04,301 HAVE SHOWN THAT UNKNOWN 983 00:44:04,301 --> 00:44:09,840 PROTEINS ENTERING THE BRAIN. 984 00:44:09,840 --> 00:44:12,410 YOU CAN TAG THEM AND WHAT WE 985 00:44:12,410 --> 00:44:20,651 HAVE FOUND IS THEY CONTAIN 986 00:44:20,651 --> 00:44:22,253 UNKNOWN CIRCULATING PROTEINS 987 00:44:22,253 --> 00:44:28,559 AND UNDER MASS SPECTOMETRY 988 00:44:28,559 --> 00:44:30,261 EVALUATION, WE CAN IDENTIFY 989 00:44:30,261 --> 00:44:31,862 THESE HUNDREDS OF PROTEINS 990 00:44:31,862 --> 00:44:34,165 SO THE QUESTION IS WHAT DO 991 00:44:34,165 --> 00:44:37,568 THEY DO AND WHY DOES OUR 992 00:44:37,568 --> 00:44:38,836 BRAIN NEED PROTEINS? 993 00:44:38,836 --> 00:44:40,304 SO THROUGH ANALYSIS, SEEMS 994 00:44:40,304 --> 00:44:42,006 LIKE THERE ARE CERTAIN 995 00:44:42,006 --> 00:44:51,549 PROTEINS THE BRAIN WORKS 996 00:44:51,549 --> 00:44:53,184 INCLUDING CARRIER PROTEINS 997 00:44:53,184 --> 00:44:55,519 BUT THERE ARE MANY OTHER 998 00:44:55,519 --> 00:44:59,657 FACTORS SUCH AS PROTEASE 999 00:44:59,657 --> 00:45:02,393 INHIBITORS AND THEN OF 1000 00:45:02,393 --> 00:45:04,962 COURSE GROWTH FACTORS. 1001 00:45:04,962 --> 00:45:05,963 THESE PROTEINS ARE EXPECTED 1002 00:45:05,963 --> 00:45:07,665 TO COME FROM THE LIVER, THE 1003 00:45:07,665 --> 00:45:09,967 HEART AND BONE MARROW AND OF 1004 00:45:09,967 --> 00:45:11,802 COURSE WITH EVERY NEW 1005 00:45:11,802 --> 00:45:13,170 TECHNOLOGY, YOU WANT TO 1006 00:45:13,170 --> 00:45:14,939 CHECK, WELL, IS THIS 1007 00:45:14,939 --> 00:45:15,406 WORKING, RIGHT? 1008 00:45:15,406 --> 00:45:17,942 SO I WANT TO GIVE A COUPLE 1009 00:45:17,942 --> 00:45:19,076 OF EXAMPLES IN THE WAY THIS 1010 00:45:19,076 --> 00:45:19,777 IS TRUE. 1011 00:45:19,777 --> 00:45:22,880 SO ONE WAY WE GO ABOUT THIS, 1012 00:45:22,880 --> 00:45:26,283 IF WE SEE A PROTEIN IN THE 1013 00:45:26,283 --> 00:45:29,253 CATALOG, IT HAS BEEN THERE 1014 00:45:29,253 --> 00:45:39,797 BUT NOT EXPRESSED BY ANY RNA 1015 00:45:41,265 --> 00:45:43,567 THAT IT ENTERED THE BRAIN. 1016 00:45:43,567 --> 00:45:46,003 YOU LOOK HERE, NEITHER ARE 1017 00:45:46,003 --> 00:45:47,271 EXPRESSED IN THE BRAIN BUT 1018 00:45:47,271 --> 00:45:49,106 YET WHEN YOU TAG THEM AND 1019 00:45:49,106 --> 00:45:50,508 INJECT THEM IN THE 1020 00:45:50,508 --> 00:45:53,110 BLOODSTREAM, YOU CAN SEE THE 1021 00:45:53,110 --> 00:45:57,414 PROTEINS IN THE VASCULATURE 1022 00:45:57,414 --> 00:46:02,086 AND WHERE THE NEURONS ARE, 1023 00:46:02,086 --> 00:46:04,221 COMPLETELY TRANSPARENT. 1024 00:46:04,221 --> 00:46:08,259 SO YOU SEE HERE IN THE 1025 00:46:08,259 --> 00:46:10,094 GREEN, THE VASCULATURE IS 1026 00:46:10,094 --> 00:46:14,732 SOAKED UP WITH THESE PRETTY 1027 00:46:14,732 --> 00:46:15,399 TONS. 1028 00:46:15,399 --> 00:46:17,334 AND WHAT THEY DO, THAT WILL 1029 00:46:17,334 --> 00:46:19,069 BE SHOWN IN ONGOING WORK. 1030 00:46:19,069 --> 00:46:21,772 BUT I THINK IT IS OBVIOUS 1031 00:46:21,772 --> 00:46:24,308 THERE ARE CLEAR CLASSES OF 1032 00:46:24,308 --> 00:46:25,709 PROTEINS, A MEANING TO THIS. 1033 00:46:25,709 --> 00:46:28,445 IT SEEMS LIKE THIS IS NOT 1034 00:46:28,445 --> 00:46:32,149 JUST ONE OUTLIER BUT THAT IT 1035 00:46:32,149 --> 00:46:34,451 IS TRUE THE BRAIN HAS MANY 1036 00:46:34,451 --> 00:46:36,053 OTHER CARRIER PROTEINS AND 1037 00:46:36,053 --> 00:46:37,288 WHAT IS REALLY FASCINATING 1038 00:46:37,288 --> 00:46:39,557 FOR US HAS BEEN THE PRIOR 1039 00:46:39,557 --> 00:46:41,725 WORK SHOWING US THE KNOCKOUT 1040 00:46:41,725 --> 00:46:46,230 OF DIFFERENT PROTEINS HAS 1041 00:46:46,230 --> 00:46:47,198 THE NEUROLOGICAL 1042 00:46:47,198 --> 00:46:49,066 CONSEQUENCES IN AGED MICE 1043 00:46:49,066 --> 00:46:50,901 AND WE'RE FOLLOWING UP ON 1044 00:46:50,901 --> 00:46:51,235 THAT. 1045 00:46:51,235 --> 00:46:53,204 AND THEN THIS IS EARLY DAYS 1046 00:46:53,204 --> 00:46:54,338 BUT WE'RE REALLY INTERESTED 1047 00:46:54,338 --> 00:46:55,372 TO KNOW WHAT HAPPENS IN 1048 00:46:55,372 --> 00:46:57,074 AGING AND THAT IS BECAUSE IN 1049 00:46:57,074 --> 00:46:59,376 OUR PRIOR WORK, WE FOUND 1050 00:46:59,376 --> 00:47:00,744 THERE ARE DRAMATIC CHANGES 1051 00:47:00,744 --> 00:47:04,481 IN THE BRAIN BARRIERS WITH 1052 00:47:04,481 --> 00:47:06,684 NORMAL AGING AND DISEASE 1053 00:47:06,684 --> 00:47:06,984 AGING. 1054 00:47:06,984 --> 00:47:09,820 FOR ONE, THERE IS THIS SHIFT 1055 00:47:09,820 --> 00:47:12,823 IN THE RECEPTOR TRANSPORT, 1056 00:47:12,823 --> 00:47:15,226 THE RIGHT CELL ENTERING THE 1057 00:47:15,226 --> 00:47:20,998 RIGHT PART OF THE BRAIN BUT 1058 00:47:20,998 --> 00:47:25,536 RATHER A KIND OF FREE FLOW, 1059 00:47:25,536 --> 00:47:27,905 INSTEAD OF THE PROTEIN 1060 00:47:27,905 --> 00:47:30,174 ENTERING IN A CERTAIN WAY, 1061 00:47:30,174 --> 00:47:34,144 IT SORT OF LEAKS THROUGH. 1062 00:47:34,144 --> 00:47:39,817 SO ON THE LEFT WE HAVE THE 1063 00:47:39,817 --> 00:47:45,723 SES KELS IN THE YOUNG 1064 00:47:45,723 --> 00:47:46,790 VASCULATURE, THEN AS YOU 1065 00:47:46,790 --> 00:47:48,425 TURN ON THE AGE, IT LOOKS 1066 00:47:48,425 --> 00:47:58,102 LIKE THE BRAIN IS LOSING ITS 1067 00:47:58,102 --> 00:47:58,569 VASCULARIZATION. 1068 00:47:58,569 --> 00:48:03,140 SO WHAT DOES THIS MEAN FOR 1069 00:48:03,140 --> 00:48:04,308 THE INDIVIDUAL PROTEINS 1070 00:48:04,308 --> 00:48:05,676 ENTERING THE BRAIN? 1071 00:48:05,676 --> 00:48:08,879 WHAT WE CAN SEE NOW IS IT 1072 00:48:08,879 --> 00:48:12,516 SEEMS LIKE THERE ARE SOME 1073 00:48:12,516 --> 00:48:17,655 THAT ARE MORE INFLAMMATORY 1074 00:48:17,655 --> 00:48:18,922 ENTERING THE BRAIN, THERE IS 1075 00:48:18,922 --> 00:48:25,629 A LOSS OF THESE HEALTHY 1076 00:48:25,629 --> 00:48:26,430 PROTEINS. 1077 00:48:26,430 --> 00:48:28,599 WE BEGIN TO VALIDATE SOME OF 1078 00:48:28,599 --> 00:48:29,400 THIS. 1079 00:48:29,400 --> 00:48:40,110 FOR EXAMPLE, YOU CAN STAIN 1080 00:48:40,110 --> 00:48:41,512 FOR HEMOGLOBINS VASCULARLY 1081 00:48:41,512 --> 00:48:42,980 AND SEE THESE. 1082 00:48:42,980 --> 00:48:45,115 SO THOUGHT PUSHING, IT IS 1083 00:48:45,115 --> 00:48:48,552 MORE THAN JUST VASCULATURE 1084 00:48:48,552 --> 00:48:49,687 AND LEAKY. 1085 00:48:49,687 --> 00:48:52,456 IF YOU THINK OF THE BRAIN AS 1086 00:48:52,456 --> 00:48:54,525 A SPONGE, SOAKING UP THE 1087 00:48:54,525 --> 00:48:56,794 RIGHT PROTEINS IN THE BLOOD, 1088 00:48:56,794 --> 00:48:58,095 MONITORING WHAT IS GOING ON 1089 00:48:58,095 --> 00:49:01,031 WITH THE BLOOD AND THAT CAN 1090 00:49:01,031 --> 00:49:03,667 BE VERY INDIVIDUAL DEPENDING 1091 00:49:03,667 --> 00:49:04,168 ON THE LIFESTYLE. 1092 00:49:04,168 --> 00:49:06,003 BUT IN THE AGING, THE BRAIN 1093 00:49:06,003 --> 00:49:07,738 IS NO LONGER GETTING WHAT IT 1094 00:49:07,738 --> 00:49:12,142 NEEDS AND THIS COULD BE 1095 00:49:12,142 --> 00:49:16,246 EXPOSURE TO CAN DO INS AND 1096 00:49:16,246 --> 00:49:17,948 PATHOGENS. 1097 00:49:17,948 --> 00:49:21,485 SO TO SUMMARIZE, THE BRAIN 1098 00:49:21,485 --> 00:49:23,287 BARRIER IS ALIVE, MONITORING 1099 00:49:23,287 --> 00:49:25,689 WHAT IS GOING ON, THERE ARE 1100 00:49:25,689 --> 00:49:27,191 HUNDREDS OF THINGS GOING ON 1101 00:49:27,191 --> 00:49:29,893 ALL AT THE SAME TIME WITH 1102 00:49:29,893 --> 00:49:31,395 THE PROTEINS AND THESE SHIFT 1103 00:49:31,395 --> 00:49:32,896 WITH BRAIN ALONG WITH 1104 00:49:32,896 --> 00:49:36,066 CHANGES IN THE BLOOD BRAIN 1105 00:49:36,066 --> 00:49:36,667 BARRIER. 1106 00:49:36,667 --> 00:49:38,602 SO MY THOUGHT, IT SOUNDS 1107 00:49:38,602 --> 00:49:41,905 CRAZY BUT IS THERE A 1108 00:49:41,905 --> 00:49:42,906 MOLECULAR MOWIVE? 1109 00:49:42,906 --> 00:49:48,412 JUST LIKE WE KNOW THERE ARE 1110 00:49:48,412 --> 00:49:50,447 AMINO ACIDS THAT UPHOLD 1111 00:49:50,447 --> 00:49:53,517 PROTEINS WITHIN THE CELL, 1112 00:49:53,517 --> 00:49:55,252 THERE MIGHT BE PATTERNS 1113 00:49:55,252 --> 00:49:59,990 ENRICHED IN THE BBB 1114 00:49:59,990 --> 00:50:03,627 PERMEABLE PROTEINS INFORMING 1115 00:50:03,627 --> 00:50:05,262 NEW DELIVERY AVENUES TO 1116 00:50:05,262 --> 00:50:06,130 TARGET BRAIN AGING. 1117 00:50:06,130 --> 00:50:09,166 YOU MAY NOT HAVE TO HAVE THE 1118 00:50:09,166 --> 00:50:10,234 PATHOGEN ENTER THE BRAIN FOR 1119 00:50:10,234 --> 00:50:12,336 IT TO BE ABLE TO MODULATE 1120 00:50:12,336 --> 00:50:12,736 IT. 1121 00:50:12,736 --> 00:50:14,204 SO IN SHORT LEARNING THE 1122 00:50:14,204 --> 00:50:15,406 RULES OF ENGAGEMENT AND HOW 1123 00:50:15,406 --> 00:50:16,774 THE BODY SPEAKS TO THE BRAIN 1124 00:50:16,774 --> 00:50:18,375 MIGHT BE A REALLY IMPORTANT 1125 00:50:18,375 --> 00:50:20,878 ADVENT AND OPEN NEW 1126 00:50:20,878 --> 00:50:22,146 OPPORTUNITIES FOR 1127 00:50:22,146 --> 00:50:23,414 UNDERSTANDING THE AGING 1128 00:50:23,414 --> 00:50:26,150 ISSUE AND PROMOTE HEALTHY 1129 00:50:26,150 --> 00:50:26,717 TISSUE. 1130 00:50:26,717 --> 00:50:35,592 SO WITH THAT, I WANT TO 1131 00:50:35,592 --> 00:50:43,567 THANK SAUL AND OTHERS AT 1132 00:50:43,567 --> 00:50:44,835 U.S. F. 1133 00:50:44,835 --> 00:50:47,538 THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME AND 1134 00:50:47,538 --> 00:50:49,706 LOOK FORWARD TO YOUR 1135 00:50:49,706 --> 00:50:51,642 DISCUSSION. 1136 00:50:51,642 --> 00:50:52,609 [APPLAUSE] 1137 00:50:52,609 --> 00:50:54,711 >> OKAY, GOING TO THE NEXT 1138 00:50:54,711 --> 00:50:57,314 ONE, SORRY, THERE WE GO. 1139 00:50:57,314 --> 00:51:00,884 SO YOU SEE KIND OF THE TRIP 1140 00:51:00,884 --> 00:51:02,085 WE'RE TAKING, WE ARE DOING 1141 00:51:02,085 --> 00:51:03,220 BLOOD, WENT TO THE BARRIER 1142 00:51:03,220 --> 00:51:05,622 BUT OF COURSE WE CAN'T THINK 1143 00:51:05,622 --> 00:51:07,024 OF THAT INTERFACE BETWEEN 1144 00:51:07,024 --> 00:51:08,125 THE PERIPHERY AND BRAIN 1145 00:51:08,125 --> 00:51:11,428 WITHOUT GOING INTO THE OTHER 1146 00:51:11,428 --> 00:51:12,362 PLAYERS, HORMONES AND 1147 00:51:12,362 --> 00:51:12,930 METABOLISM AS WELL. 1148 00:51:12,930 --> 00:51:15,899 SO WE WILL START TO LEARN A 1149 00:51:15,899 --> 00:51:17,835 LITTLE MORE THAT GOES IN 1150 00:51:17,835 --> 00:51:19,303 THAT DIRECTION AND WE HAVE 1151 00:51:19,303 --> 00:51:22,873 EMILY JACOBS FROM THE 1152 00:51:22,873 --> 00:51:23,607 UNIVERSITY OF 1153 00:51:23,607 --> 00:51:24,374 CALIFORNIA-SANTA BARBARA TO 1154 00:51:24,374 --> 00:51:26,009 TALK TO US ABOUT THAT. 1155 00:51:26,009 --> 00:51:28,612 >> THANK YOU FOR HAVING ME 1156 00:51:28,612 --> 00:51:29,746 AND PUTTING THIS PANEL 1157 00:51:29,746 --> 00:51:30,180 TOGETHER. 1158 00:51:30,180 --> 00:51:32,683 I WILL TALK ABOUT THE 1159 00:51:32,683 --> 00:51:35,152 ENDOCRINE MODULATION OF THE 1160 00:51:35,152 --> 00:51:36,753 NERVOUS SYSTEM BUT BEFORE I 1161 00:51:36,753 --> 00:51:38,856 GET IN THE SCIENCE, I WANT 1162 00:51:38,856 --> 00:51:41,258 TO TAKE A STEP BACK AND 1163 00:51:41,258 --> 00:51:42,626 CONSIDER WOMEN'S HEALTH 1164 00:51:42,626 --> 00:51:44,928 BECAUSE ARGUABLY, WE ARE 20 1165 00:51:44,928 --> 00:51:46,330 YEARS BEHIND WHERE WE SHOULD 1166 00:51:46,330 --> 00:51:47,397 BE. 1167 00:51:47,397 --> 00:51:48,665 MOST OF US KNOW ABOUT THE 1168 00:51:48,665 --> 00:51:49,666 DISEASE ON THE BODY AND 1169 00:51:49,666 --> 00:51:51,835 THERE IS A WHOLE HISTORY OF 1170 00:51:51,835 --> 00:51:53,704 THAT THAT I HAVE GIVEN 1171 00:51:53,704 --> 00:51:56,206 ENTIRE LECTURES ON BUT NOT 1172 00:51:56,206 --> 00:51:58,275 TODAY, 70 PERCENT OF THESE 1173 00:51:58,275 --> 00:51:59,643 DISEASE CASES ARE WOMEN, TWO 1174 00:51:59,643 --> 00:52:01,879 OUT OF THREE WHO SUFFER FROM 1175 00:52:01,879 --> 00:52:02,846 DEPRESSION ARE WOMEN. 1176 00:52:02,846 --> 00:52:04,014 THERE ARE SOME CONDITIONS 1177 00:52:04,014 --> 00:52:06,483 THAT ONLY PEOPLE WITH A 1178 00:52:06,483 --> 00:52:14,424 UTERUS WILL DISCOVER LIKE 1179 00:52:14,424 --> 00:52:17,628 POSTPARTUM BLUES OR PERRY 1180 00:52:17,628 --> 00:52:20,664 MENOPAUSAL BRAIN FOG. 1181 00:52:20,664 --> 00:52:26,970 THESE ARE CONDITIONS THAT 1182 00:52:26,970 --> 00:52:29,706 AFFECT WOMEN AND MORE MEN 1183 00:52:29,706 --> 00:52:35,245 THAN WOMEN GARNER FUNDING 1184 00:52:35,245 --> 00:52:36,580 AND THAT BOOSTING OF 1185 00:52:36,580 --> 00:52:37,915 INVESTMENT COULD REAP BIG 1186 00:52:37,915 --> 00:52:38,849 REWARDS. 1187 00:52:38,849 --> 00:52:41,118 SO I HAVE THE DISTINCT HONOR 1188 00:52:41,118 --> 00:52:42,753 MONDAY KAY IN THE WHITE 1189 00:52:42,753 --> 00:52:45,022 HOUSE JOINING THE PRESIDENT 1190 00:52:45,022 --> 00:52:46,823 AND FIRST LADY WHERE 1191 00:52:46,823 --> 00:52:49,793 PRESIDENT BIDE TEN SIGNED AN 1192 00:52:49,793 --> 00:52:52,062 EXECUTIVE ORDER PUSHING FOR 1193 00:52:52,062 --> 00:52:54,932 $12 BILLION IN NEW FUNDING 1194 00:52:54,932 --> 00:52:56,900 TO TRANSFORM WOMEN'S HEALTH 1195 00:52:56,900 --> 00:52:57,834 RESEARCH. 1196 00:52:57,834 --> 00:52:59,636 THIS COULD NOT COME QUICK 1197 00:52:59,636 --> 00:53:00,337 ENOUGH. 1198 00:53:00,337 --> 00:53:04,808 ELIMINATING THE GENDER DATA 1199 00:53:04,808 --> 00:53:06,176 GAP WILL REDUCE $1 TRILLION 1200 00:53:06,176 --> 00:53:07,945 RETURN ON THE INVESTMENT AND 1201 00:53:07,945 --> 00:53:09,212 THAT IS ANNUALLY. 1202 00:53:09,212 --> 00:53:11,915 SUFFICE IT TO SAY, WE CAN'T 1203 00:53:11,915 --> 00:53:15,319 AFFORD TO IGNORE WOMEN'S 1204 00:53:15,319 --> 00:53:17,087 HEALTH ANY LONGER, OR AS HAS 1205 00:53:17,087 --> 00:53:18,922 BEEN SAID, WE CANNOT SUCCEED 1206 00:53:18,922 --> 00:53:20,991 WHEN HALF OF US ARE LEFT 1207 00:53:20,991 --> 00:53:21,325 BEHIND. 1208 00:53:21,325 --> 00:53:23,293 WE HAVE A LOT OF WORK TO DO 1209 00:53:23,293 --> 00:53:24,861 AND TO PUT REAL NUMBERS ON 1210 00:53:24,861 --> 00:53:27,798 THAT PROBLEM, I WANT TO CULL 1211 00:53:27,798 --> 00:53:29,433 FROM AN EXAMPLE THAT HITS 1212 00:53:29,433 --> 00:53:31,935 CLOSE TO HOME, COMES FROM MY 1213 00:53:31,935 --> 00:53:34,972 OWN WORLD OF HUMAN BRAIN 1214 00:53:34,972 --> 00:53:35,372 IMAGING. 1215 00:53:35,372 --> 00:53:36,273 TECHNOLOGY FIRST ENTERED THE 1216 00:53:36,273 --> 00:53:38,141 MAINSTREAM IN THE MID TO 1217 00:53:38,141 --> 00:53:41,678 EARLY 90s AND GAVE 1218 00:53:41,678 --> 00:53:42,145 NEUROSCIENTISTS 1219 00:53:42,145 --> 00:53:42,980 UNPRECEDENTED ACCESS TO THE 1220 00:53:42,980 --> 00:53:43,847 LIVING HUMAN BRAIN. 1221 00:53:43,847 --> 00:53:47,484 AND SINCE THAT TIME, THERE 1222 00:53:47,484 --> 00:53:48,619 HAS BEEN OVER 50,000 1223 00:53:48,619 --> 00:53:50,487 ARTICLES THAT HAVE BEEN 1224 00:53:50,487 --> 00:53:52,089 PUBLISHED USING BRAIN 1225 00:53:52,089 --> 00:53:52,889 IMAGING TECHNOLOGIES, 1226 00:53:52,889 --> 00:53:54,725 REPRESENTED BY THIS BLUE 1227 00:53:54,725 --> 00:53:58,095 WAVE AND THEN IF YOU SQUINT 1228 00:53:58,095 --> 00:54:00,764 REALLY HARD, YOU CAN SEE 1229 00:54:00,764 --> 00:54:02,699 THIS SORT OF THIN BLACK LINE 1230 00:54:02,699 --> 00:54:06,903 AT THE BOTTOM BUMPING AROUND 1231 00:54:06,903 --> 00:54:07,270 ITS AXIS. 1232 00:54:07,270 --> 00:54:08,672 YOU HAVE TO PULL OUT A 1233 00:54:08,672 --> 00:54:09,072 MICROSCOPE. 1234 00:54:09,072 --> 00:54:10,407 THAT IS EVERYTHING WE KNOW 1235 00:54:10,407 --> 00:54:12,976 ABOUT HOW THE BRAIN RESPONDS 1236 00:54:12,976 --> 00:54:15,779 TO PREGNANCY, MENOPAUSE, 1237 00:54:15,779 --> 00:54:16,446 MENSTRUAL CYCLE, HORMONAL 1238 00:54:16,446 --> 00:54:22,686 DON'T SESSION CONTRACEPTION 1239 00:54:22,686 --> 00:54:23,420 ALTOGETHER. 1240 00:54:23,420 --> 00:54:25,188 SO OF THOSE TOGETHER, LESS 1241 00:54:25,188 --> 00:54:28,025 THAN 1 PERCENT FOCUSES ON 1242 00:54:28,025 --> 00:54:29,960 HEALTH FACTORS OF WOMEN. 1243 00:54:29,960 --> 00:54:39,403 OR TO PUT IT ANOTHER WAY, 1244 00:54:39,403 --> 00:54:43,240 THE CONDITION AFFECTS HALF 1245 00:54:43,240 --> 00:54:44,841 OF ALL THOSE IN THE WORLD. 1246 00:54:44,841 --> 00:54:47,010 SO I THINK WE HAVE TO ASK 1247 00:54:47,010 --> 00:54:48,679 WHOSE BODY DOES IT SERVE? 1248 00:54:48,679 --> 00:54:54,518 AND HERE IS THE THING, THESE 1249 00:54:54,518 --> 00:54:55,585 TOPICS ARE UNKNOWN BUT 1250 00:54:55,585 --> 00:54:57,754 KNOWABLE AND BY LOOKING AT 1251 00:54:57,754 --> 00:55:00,624 THESE MAJOR FACTORS, WE ARE 1252 00:55:00,624 --> 00:55:01,224 ALMOST CERTAINLY MISSING 1253 00:55:01,224 --> 00:55:05,228 CRITICAL CLUES THAT CAN TELL 1254 00:55:05,228 --> 00:55:07,330 US ABOUT THE BRAIN HEALTH 1255 00:55:07,330 --> 00:55:08,365 OVER THE LIFE COURSE. 1256 00:55:08,365 --> 00:55:10,333 I WILL USE THE IMAGING WHICH 1257 00:55:10,333 --> 00:55:12,869 I HAVE BEEN DOING THE LAST 1258 00:55:12,869 --> 00:55:14,371 SEVERAL YEARS AND ONE THING 1259 00:55:14,371 --> 00:55:16,239 I WANT YOU TO KEEP IN MIND 1260 00:55:16,239 --> 00:55:18,809 IS AS THIS COMES TOGETHER IN 1261 00:55:18,809 --> 00:55:21,311 ANIMAL AND HUMAN MODELS, THE 1262 00:55:21,311 --> 00:55:24,047 TISSUES ARE MORE REGULATED 1263 00:55:24,047 --> 00:55:26,883 BY HORMONES AND ACROSS HE IS 1264 00:55:26,883 --> 00:55:35,726 LIFE EVENTS BUT OVERLAP WITH 1265 00:55:35,726 --> 00:55:37,227 CIRCUITS THAT REGULATE 1266 00:55:37,227 --> 00:55:37,961 DEPRESSION AND ALZHEIMER'S 1267 00:55:37,961 --> 00:55:38,395 DISEASE. 1268 00:55:38,395 --> 00:55:40,063 SO THE QUESTIONS IN MY LAB 1269 00:55:40,063 --> 00:55:42,833 IS WHAT ARE THE 1270 00:55:42,833 --> 00:55:43,433 PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 1271 00:55:43,433 --> 00:55:45,535 THAT MAKE THESE SO PRONE TO 1272 00:55:45,535 --> 00:55:45,869 DAMAGE? 1273 00:55:45,869 --> 00:55:47,771 SO I WOULD BE REMISS NOT 1274 00:55:47,771 --> 00:55:49,039 THOUGH THROW THIS SLIDE IN. 1275 00:55:49,039 --> 00:55:52,843 THIS IS A BEAUTIFUL WORK 1276 00:55:52,843 --> 00:55:54,211 FROM KATHERINE WOOLEY FROM 1277 00:55:54,211 --> 00:55:57,781 THE 90s AND SHE REALLY 1278 00:55:57,781 --> 00:56:05,622 SHINED THE SPOTLIGHT ON 1279 00:56:05,622 --> 00:56:08,125 STERIHORMONES, NOT THE 1280 00:56:08,125 --> 00:56:11,294 GLAND, NOT FOCUSING ON OVERT 1281 00:56:11,294 --> 00:56:14,698 BEHAVIORS, SHE SHOWED THE 1282 00:56:14,698 --> 00:56:15,832 POTENT MODULATORS IN THE 1283 00:56:15,832 --> 00:56:18,034 REGION OF THE HIPPO CAMPUS, 1284 00:56:18,034 --> 00:56:23,907 ZOOMED IN TO LOOK AT THE 1285 00:56:23,907 --> 00:56:28,912 DENDRITES AND DENDRITIC 1286 00:56:28,912 --> 00:56:33,049 SPINES BY ESTRO-CYCLE STAGE 1287 00:56:33,049 --> 00:56:35,585 IN THE FEMALE LAB MICE AND 1288 00:56:35,585 --> 00:56:37,521 WHEN YOU LOOK AT WHAT THIS 1289 00:56:37,521 --> 00:56:40,357 LOOKS LIKE, YOU GET THIS 1290 00:56:40,357 --> 00:56:42,192 MASSIVE PROLIFERATION OF THE 1291 00:56:42,192 --> 00:56:46,163 SPINES AND THEN 24 HOURS 1292 00:56:46,163 --> 00:56:47,330 LATER WHEN ESTROGEN COMES 1293 00:56:47,330 --> 00:56:50,734 DOWN, YOU GET THIS SPINING. 1294 00:56:50,734 --> 00:56:53,837 THIS IS BEAUTIFUL WORK EVEN 1295 00:56:53,837 --> 00:56:55,672 THOUGH IT WAS KIND OF 1296 00:56:55,672 --> 00:56:59,242 REJECTED AS THE FIELD WAS 1297 00:56:59,242 --> 00:57:01,778 NOT READY FOR THIS KIND OF 1298 00:57:01,778 --> 00:57:05,282 SCIENCE BUT IT IS ALL 1299 00:57:05,282 --> 00:57:07,918 CROSS-SECTIONAL, BASED ON 1300 00:57:07,918 --> 00:57:08,585 HISTOLOGY. 1301 00:57:08,585 --> 00:57:09,319 SO ONE QUESTION THAT I HAVE 1302 00:57:09,319 --> 00:57:11,188 IS CAN WE USE TODAY'S 1303 00:57:11,188 --> 00:57:13,023 TECHNOLOGY TO SEE THESE SAME 1304 00:57:13,023 --> 00:57:14,291 PULSES IN THE BRAIN? 1305 00:57:14,291 --> 00:57:17,694 WE HAVE THESE ABILITIES TO 1306 00:57:17,694 --> 00:57:28,205 PEER INTO THE ANIMAL NOW 1307 00:57:31,341 --> 00:57:34,544 WITH MORE MICROSCOPY USING 1308 00:57:34,544 --> 00:57:36,580 2-PHOTO TON IMAGING AND WITH 1309 00:57:36,580 --> 00:57:38,315 THE MOUSE BRAIN FLIPPED 1310 00:57:38,315 --> 00:57:40,350 UPSIDE DOWN, YOU CAN SEE 1311 00:57:40,350 --> 00:57:44,221 THIS RESOLUTION IN THE AWAKE 1312 00:57:44,221 --> 00:57:44,721 BEHAVING ANIMALS. 1313 00:57:44,721 --> 00:57:47,224 SO TAKING FEMALE MICE, 1314 00:57:47,224 --> 00:57:49,693 IMAGING THEM WITH 2-P EVERY 1315 00:57:49,693 --> 00:57:51,761 12 HOURS FOR 8 DAYS WHICH 1316 00:57:51,761 --> 00:58:01,104 RESPONDS TO TWO COMPLETE 1317 00:58:01,104 --> 00:58:08,044 ESTRO-CYCLES, DOING VAGINAL 1318 00:58:08,044 --> 00:58:11,581 CYTOLOGY WITH THE SCHORR 1319 00:58:11,581 --> 00:58:14,517 STAIN AND SURE ENOUGH, WHAT 1320 00:58:14,517 --> 00:58:16,920 DOES SHE FIND? 1321 00:58:16,920 --> 00:58:27,464 THESE BEAUTIFUL PULSES, THIS 1322 00:58:31,201 --> 00:58:32,869 ESTROUS CYCLE. 1323 00:58:32,869 --> 00:58:37,173 AND YOU CAN SEE THE SPINES 1324 00:58:37,173 --> 00:58:43,914 EBB AND FLOW THROUGHOUT TIME 1325 00:58:43,914 --> 00:58:48,318 AND SEE WHAT THE CYCLE 1326 00:58:48,318 --> 00:58:49,352 OCCURRENCE WAS. 1327 00:58:49,352 --> 00:58:51,521 SO NOW COMES THE CRITICAL 1328 00:58:51,521 --> 00:58:51,988 QUESTION. 1329 00:58:51,988 --> 00:58:54,190 WHY IS THE BRAIN ORGANIZED 1330 00:58:54,190 --> 00:58:55,125 IN THIS WAY? 1331 00:58:55,125 --> 00:58:56,927 WHY ARE THESE RHYTHMS 1332 00:58:56,927 --> 00:58:59,429 HAPPENING AND I DON'T HAVE 1333 00:58:59,429 --> 00:59:04,267 TIME TO GET INTO THE NEURAL 1334 00:59:04,267 --> 00:59:08,171 PORTION OF THAT BUT I CAN 1335 00:59:08,171 --> 00:59:09,639 TELL YOU THAT THROUGH TIME, 1336 00:59:09,639 --> 00:59:12,542 WE KNOW THROUGH PROESTUS 1337 00:59:12,542 --> 00:59:14,010 THERE IS SOMETHING THAT 1338 00:59:14,010 --> 00:59:17,280 HAPPENS TO THE IMMUNE CELL 1339 00:59:17,280 --> 00:59:18,782 RESPONSES IN WHICH THEY 1340 00:59:18,782 --> 00:59:20,650 BECOME BOTH MORE STABLE SO 1341 00:59:20,650 --> 00:59:22,953 WHEN YOU PUT THE ANIMAL IN 1342 00:59:22,953 --> 00:59:27,691 TRACK A, YOU GET THESE 1343 00:59:27,691 --> 00:59:29,392 WONDERFUL PLACE CELLS ON THE 1344 00:59:29,392 --> 00:59:31,461 CIRCULAR TRACK IN BLUE. 1345 00:59:31,461 --> 00:59:32,362 ANOTHER INITIATION INTO THAT 1346 00:59:32,362 --> 00:59:35,799 TRACK AT A LATER TIME, THOSE 1347 00:59:35,799 --> 00:59:38,335 RESPONSES BECOME REALLY HIGH 1348 00:59:38,335 --> 00:59:38,902 FIDELITY. 1349 00:59:38,902 --> 00:59:40,637 THE CELLS ALSO BECOME MORE 1350 00:59:40,637 --> 00:59:41,237 FLEXIBLE. 1351 00:59:41,237 --> 00:59:43,606 SO THERE ARE TWO SIDES TO A 1352 00:59:43,606 --> 00:59:48,345 DIFFERENT COIN SO CLEARLY 1353 00:59:48,345 --> 00:59:52,882 THESE MORPH LOGICAL CHANGES 1354 00:59:52,882 --> 00:59:56,419 DRIVEN BY ACTIVITY HAVE AN 1355 00:59:56,419 --> 01:00:01,725 EFFECT ON THE CIRCUITS AND 1356 01:00:01,725 --> 01:00:04,427 THEN WE ADD IN CERTAIN 1357 01:00:04,427 --> 01:00:06,529 FACTORS TO UNDERSTAND IT A 1358 01:00:06,529 --> 01:00:06,930 LITTLE MORE. 1359 01:00:06,930 --> 01:00:08,965 SO NOW MY PART, CAN WE SEE 1360 01:00:08,965 --> 01:00:10,867 THESE CHANGES IN THE HUMAN 1361 01:00:10,867 --> 01:00:12,268 BRAIN OVER A RAPID TIME 1362 01:00:12,268 --> 01:00:12,569 SCALE? 1363 01:00:12,569 --> 01:00:14,237 THIS IS A STUDY THAT WOULD 1364 01:00:14,237 --> 01:00:19,109 NOT HAVE HAPPENED WERE IT 1365 01:00:19,109 --> 01:00:20,910 NOT FOR THE PANDEMIC. 1366 01:00:20,910 --> 01:00:22,779 OUR COMMUNITY WAS SHUT DOWN 1367 01:00:22,779 --> 01:00:28,752 BUT WE COULD SCAN OURSELVES 1368 01:00:28,752 --> 01:00:31,054 SO I HAD ONE INDIVIDUAL WHO 1369 01:00:31,054 --> 01:00:33,023 VOLUNTEERED TO PUT HERSELF 1370 01:00:33,023 --> 01:00:39,262 IN THE SCANNER, WE DID A 1371 01:00:39,262 --> 01:00:41,765 SCAN EVERY 24 HOURS, 1372 01:00:41,765 --> 01:00:43,767 COMPLETED THE CYCLE, DID IT 1373 01:00:43,767 --> 01:00:44,067 AGAIN. 1374 01:00:44,067 --> 01:00:46,036 WHY DID WE PULL THIS OFF? 1375 01:00:46,036 --> 01:00:47,537 IT SEEMS A CRITICAL FEATURE 1376 01:00:47,537 --> 01:00:49,039 OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM IS 1377 01:00:49,039 --> 01:00:52,275 THERE ARE THESE EBBS AND 1378 01:00:52,275 --> 01:00:54,210 FLOWS FOR WOMEN THROUGH MOST 1379 01:00:54,210 --> 01:00:56,713 OF OUR TIME AND DRIVE THE 1380 01:00:56,713 --> 01:00:57,847 PROPERTIES THROUGHOUT THE 1381 01:00:57,847 --> 01:00:59,516 BODY BUT NOBODY KNEW HOW TO 1382 01:00:59,516 --> 01:01:00,283 SHAPE THE BRAIN. 1383 01:01:00,283 --> 01:01:02,385 AT BEST WE HAD 1384 01:01:02,385 --> 01:01:04,220 CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES OR 1385 01:01:04,220 --> 01:01:08,525 TWO-POINT STUD IES BUT THAT 1386 01:01:08,525 --> 01:01:13,997 DOESN'T GET AT THE DYNAMIC 1387 01:01:13,997 --> 01:01:16,066 HORMONE SECRETION. 1388 01:01:16,066 --> 01:01:25,475 SO WE DID THIS AND WE GET 1389 01:01:25,475 --> 01:01:28,078 THE PEAK IN PROGESTERONE AND 1390 01:01:28,078 --> 01:01:29,913 THE FIRST OBSERVATION WE 1391 01:01:29,913 --> 01:01:31,781 MADE USING TIME LAG ANALYSIS 1392 01:01:31,781 --> 01:01:33,616 THERE IS STRONG ANALYSIS 1393 01:01:33,616 --> 01:01:37,053 THAT INCREASES IN ESTRADIOL 1394 01:01:37,053 --> 01:01:39,923 OVER TIME DRIVE INCREASES IN 1395 01:01:39,923 --> 01:01:41,391 FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY 1396 01:01:41,391 --> 01:01:43,460 ACROSS THE CORTICAL MANTLE 1397 01:01:43,460 --> 01:01:44,994 WITH SOME BEING MORE 1398 01:01:44,994 --> 01:01:46,663 RESPONSIVE THAN OTHERS. 1399 01:01:46,663 --> 01:01:48,498 SO WE GO TO THE GRAPH 1400 01:01:48,498 --> 01:01:49,666 LOOKING AT THE NETWORK 1401 01:01:49,666 --> 01:01:51,067 PROPERTIES AND ONE REALLY 1402 01:01:51,067 --> 01:01:52,335 POPPED OUT. 1403 01:01:52,335 --> 01:02:02,879 SO AT THE BOTTOM, THESE ARE 1404 01:02:03,513 --> 01:02:05,748 HORMONE LEVELS AND YOU YOU 1405 01:02:05,748 --> 01:02:11,754 CAN SEE WHEN ESTRADIOL 1406 01:02:11,754 --> 01:02:16,192 LEVELS PLUNGE, SO TOO IS THE 1407 01:02:16,192 --> 01:02:16,626 CENTRIC. 1408 01:02:16,626 --> 01:02:21,898 SO AT THIS POINT DURING THE 1409 01:02:21,898 --> 01:02:25,301 PANDEMIC, WE ARE STARING AT 1410 01:02:25,301 --> 01:02:30,707 THIS DATA AND TEAMED UP WITH 1411 01:02:30,707 --> 01:02:34,277 THE LAB WITH JEAN, JOSH AND 1412 01:02:34,277 --> 01:02:34,577 LAURA. 1413 01:02:34,577 --> 01:02:43,686 AND JOSH WAS LOOKING AT THE 1414 01:02:43,686 --> 01:02:45,922 THE COMMUNITY DETECTION AND 1415 01:02:45,922 --> 01:02:47,023 LOOKING AT NETWORK 1416 01:02:47,023 --> 01:02:49,959 FLEXIBILITY AND AT THE TOP 1417 01:02:49,959 --> 01:02:51,928 JUST GROUPING THE STAGE AT 1418 01:02:51,928 --> 01:02:53,296 THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE, THERE 1419 01:02:53,296 --> 01:02:55,198 IS SOMETHING DIFFERENT THAT 1420 01:02:55,198 --> 01:02:57,100 HAPPENS IN OVULATION. 1421 01:02:57,100 --> 01:02:58,768 THESE NETWORKS BECOME MORE 1422 01:02:58,768 --> 01:02:59,435 FLEXIBLE. 1423 01:02:59,435 --> 01:03:01,471 YOU SEE THIS TIME SERIES AT 1424 01:03:01,471 --> 01:03:03,339 THE BOTTOM AND WHAT I AM 1425 01:03:03,339 --> 01:03:05,508 HIGHLIGHTING IN THE BAR ARE 1426 01:03:05,508 --> 01:03:12,315 THE SPIKES OF ESTRADIOL IN 1427 01:03:12,315 --> 01:03:18,054 POPULATION SO THE BRAIN 1428 01:03:18,054 --> 01:03:20,123 INCREASES THIS THROUGHOUT 1429 01:03:20,123 --> 01:03:21,658 TIME AND SOME OF THIS IS 1430 01:03:21,658 --> 01:03:25,094 SHOWN IN THE NETWORKS, A LOT 1431 01:03:25,094 --> 01:03:26,496 OF BRAIN PHENOMENA THERE. 1432 01:03:26,496 --> 01:03:31,734 I DO WANT TO MAKE A LIVING 1433 01:03:31,734 --> 01:03:32,435 POINT. 1434 01:03:32,435 --> 01:03:33,102 THESE HORMONES ARE NOT 1435 01:03:33,102 --> 01:03:34,070 EXCLUSION SIEVE TO WOMEN. 1436 01:03:34,070 --> 01:03:37,473 THAT IS A MYTH THAT HAS BEEN 1437 01:03:37,473 --> 01:03:39,309 USED TO EXCLUDE WOMEN 1438 01:03:39,309 --> 01:03:41,477 THROUGHOUT THE LAST 50 YEARS 1439 01:03:41,477 --> 01:03:42,512 OF FUNDING. 1440 01:03:42,512 --> 01:03:45,448 BUT THAT IS NOT TRUE. 1441 01:03:45,448 --> 01:03:49,319 MEN HAVE THESE HORMONES, 1442 01:03:49,319 --> 01:03:50,286 TOO. 1443 01:03:50,286 --> 01:03:53,957 THIS DONE THROUGH 28 AND HE, 1444 01:03:53,957 --> 01:03:55,892 EVER 12 TO 24 HOURS, 40 1445 01:03:55,892 --> 01:04:01,130 SESSIONS AND HERE WE'RE 1446 01:04:01,130 --> 01:04:04,200 TARGETING THAT DIURNAL 1447 01:04:04,200 --> 01:04:05,034 FLUCTUATIONS THAT INCREASE 1448 01:04:05,034 --> 01:04:07,303 IN THE MORNING, DIP IN THE 1449 01:04:07,303 --> 01:04:09,439 EVENING AND THEN THE WHOLE 1450 01:04:09,439 --> 01:04:11,708 BRAIN FUNCTION OF COHERENCE 1451 01:04:11,708 --> 01:04:13,443 IN THE SAMPLE MALES AND THE 1452 01:04:13,443 --> 01:04:14,844 MAGNITUDE OF THESE EFFECTS 1453 01:04:14,844 --> 01:04:15,979 ARE VERY SIMILAR BETWEEN THE 1454 01:04:15,979 --> 01:04:17,280 MALE AND THE FEMALE. 1455 01:04:17,280 --> 01:04:22,452 IF ANYTHING, IT IS JUST THAT 1456 01:04:22,452 --> 01:04:25,955 THE EFFECTS ARE DIFFERENT, 1457 01:04:25,955 --> 01:04:27,690 RIGHT, WHERE MALES AND 1458 01:04:27,690 --> 01:04:33,463 FEMALES HAVE THE DIURNAL 1459 01:04:33,463 --> 01:04:42,005 RHYTHM BUT WOMEN HAVE THIS 1460 01:04:42,005 --> 01:04:42,472 SEPARATE RHYTHM. 1461 01:04:42,472 --> 01:04:47,343 SO WE KNOW THEY EBB AND FLOW 1462 01:04:47,343 --> 01:04:50,780 OVER TIME SO WE LOOK AT 1463 01:04:50,780 --> 01:04:51,648 THESE BRAIN STRUCTURAL 1464 01:04:51,648 --> 01:04:54,417 CHANGES IN SYNC WITH THE 1465 01:04:54,417 --> 01:05:02,759 CYCLE AND WHAT WE LEARNED IS 1466 01:05:02,759 --> 01:05:04,494 THE ESTRADIOL IN THE BLUE, 1467 01:05:04,494 --> 01:05:06,429 WHEN THE PARTICIPANT 1468 01:05:06,429 --> 01:05:08,364 COMPLETED THE EXPERIMENT A 1469 01:05:08,364 --> 01:05:09,632 YEAR LATER, THERE WAS ONE 1470 01:05:09,632 --> 01:05:11,200 WRINKLE TO THAT EXPERIMENT I 1471 01:05:11,200 --> 01:05:11,834 DIDN'T MENTION. 1472 01:05:11,834 --> 01:05:17,707 SHE WAS ON A DRUG THAT 1473 01:05:17,707 --> 01:05:18,908 SELECTIVELY SUPPRESSED 1474 01:05:18,908 --> 01:05:19,342 PROGESTERONE. 1475 01:05:19,342 --> 01:05:22,979 NOTICE THAT BLUE WAVE WAS 1476 01:05:22,979 --> 01:05:24,213 MISSING IN THE SECOND GRAPH 1477 01:05:24,213 --> 01:05:28,151 AND WHEN WE REMOVED THAT, WE 1478 01:05:28,151 --> 01:05:29,986 ABOLISHED THAT NATURAL 1479 01:05:29,986 --> 01:05:30,953 CYCLING RHYTHM. 1480 01:05:30,953 --> 01:05:33,923 SO WHAT ABOUT THE OTHER 1481 01:05:33,923 --> 01:05:34,490 ENDOCRINE CONDITIONS? 1482 01:05:34,490 --> 01:05:35,992 WE KNOW ENDOCRINE CHANGES 1483 01:05:35,992 --> 01:05:38,394 THAT OCCUR ACROSS THE 1484 01:05:38,394 --> 01:05:40,763 MENSTRUAL CYCLE CAN MORECH 1485 01:05:40,763 --> 01:05:43,499 COMPARED TO THOSE ACROSS 1486 01:05:43,499 --> 01:05:50,606 PREGNANCY, THIS WORK DONE 1487 01:05:50,606 --> 01:05:55,244 WITH CASTLE WHO IS IN THE 1488 01:05:55,244 --> 01:05:58,147 AUDIT KWR-PBS BUT THIS IS 1489 01:05:58,147 --> 01:05:59,582 PRECISION IMAGING OF THE 1490 01:05:59,582 --> 01:06:00,650 MATERNAL BRAIN AND YOU CAN 1491 01:06:00,650 --> 01:06:03,152 SEE THERE IS THIS WAVE OF 1492 01:06:03,152 --> 01:06:04,187 HORMONE PRODUCTION THAT 1493 01:06:04,187 --> 01:06:06,522 OCCURS ACROSS THE 1494 01:06:06,522 --> 01:06:11,561 GESTATIONAL PERIOD AND DROPS 1495 01:06:11,561 --> 01:06:13,429 PRECIPITOUSLY AT MATURATION, 1496 01:06:13,429 --> 01:06:16,899 WE HAVE PRECONCEPTION SCANS, 1497 01:06:16,899 --> 01:06:19,736 SCANS DURING GESTATION THAT 1498 01:06:19,736 --> 01:06:21,237 OCCURRED APPROXIMATELY EVERY 1499 01:06:21,237 --> 01:06:23,940 TWO WEEKS AND THEN GOING UP 1500 01:06:23,940 --> 01:06:25,775 TO TWO YEARS POSTPARTUM. 1501 01:06:25,775 --> 01:06:28,177 WHAT DO WE FIND? 1502 01:06:28,177 --> 01:06:31,381 THERE ARE THESE SWEEPING 1503 01:06:31,381 --> 01:06:36,018 CHANGES IN GRAY MATTER BRAIN 1504 01:06:36,018 --> 01:06:38,054 VOLUME, THE PARALLEL 1505 01:06:38,054 --> 01:06:39,789 EXPANSION WITH CSF IN 1506 01:06:39,789 --> 01:06:41,958 FILLING UP THE CAVITY WHICH 1507 01:06:41,958 --> 01:06:44,327 MAKES SENSE AND THEN THERE 1508 01:06:44,327 --> 01:06:51,434 ARE THESE REALLY INTERESTING 1509 01:06:51,434 --> 01:06:52,969 NONLINEAR MEASURES THAT PEAK 1510 01:06:52,969 --> 01:06:54,303 AND TOUCHDOWN BASELINE. 1511 01:06:54,303 --> 01:06:57,607 IN THE FOUR OR FIVE STUDIES 1512 01:06:57,607 --> 01:07:00,009 THAT LOOKED AT THE BRAIN 1513 01:07:00,009 --> 01:07:03,513 THROUGH PRE- AND POST, THE 1514 01:07:03,513 --> 01:07:05,248 ANALYSIS DONE BY SUSANNAH 1515 01:07:05,248 --> 01:07:07,116 AND OTHERS IN EUROPE, ONE 1516 01:07:07,116 --> 01:07:09,051 THING THAT IS MISSING AND I 1517 01:07:09,051 --> 01:07:15,758 THINK THIS PRECISION I 1518 01:07:15,758 --> 01:07:17,260 IMAGING STUDY BRINGS TO BEAR 1519 01:07:17,260 --> 01:07:21,330 IS THERE ARE ALL KINDS OF 1520 01:07:21,330 --> 01:07:26,536 SESSIONS DURING PREGNANCY 1521 01:07:26,536 --> 01:07:28,204 THAT WE MISS. 1522 01:07:28,204 --> 01:07:30,139 THIS IS PRETTY UBIQUITOUS 1523 01:07:30,139 --> 01:07:32,875 WITH THE CHANGE IN BRAIN 1524 01:07:32,875 --> 01:07:35,878 FUNCTION BUT SOME BUCK THE 1525 01:07:35,878 --> 01:07:38,748 TREND AND THAT WILL BE A 1526 01:07:38,748 --> 01:07:41,717 THREAD I WILL WANT TO PULL 1527 01:07:41,717 --> 01:07:41,984 ON. 1528 01:07:41,984 --> 01:07:45,455 THESE GRAY MATTER VOLUMES 1529 01:07:45,455 --> 01:07:46,856 FOR EXAMPLE, THE NODES 1530 01:07:46,856 --> 01:07:50,092 WITHIN THE DEFAULT NETWORK, 1531 01:07:50,092 --> 01:07:53,963 YOU CAN SEE THESE GRAY 1532 01:07:53,963 --> 01:07:57,767 MATTER VOLUME UNFOLD IN THE 1533 01:07:57,767 --> 01:08:00,536 DIFFERENT WEEKS. 1534 01:08:00,536 --> 01:08:01,904 THE PRECONCEPTION IN PINK 1535 01:08:01,904 --> 01:08:06,342 AND THEN THE FIRST, SECOND 1536 01:08:06,342 --> 01:08:08,478 AND THIRD TRIMESTER, THE 1537 01:08:08,478 --> 01:08:09,545 DECLINE AND DECREASE AND 1538 01:08:09,545 --> 01:08:11,581 THEN THERE IS NO REBOUND. 1539 01:08:11,581 --> 01:08:18,054 THESE ARE LIKE PERMANENT 1540 01:08:18,054 --> 01:08:19,555 ETCHINGS IN THE BRAIN TILL 1541 01:08:19,555 --> 01:08:22,325 AT LEAST TWO YEARS 1542 01:08:22,325 --> 01:08:22,892 POSTPARTUM. 1543 01:08:22,892 --> 01:08:25,962 SO WE REALLY START TO THINK 1544 01:08:25,962 --> 01:08:26,996 OF THIS EXTENDED PERIOD IN 1545 01:08:26,996 --> 01:08:28,698 THE ADULT BRAIN THAT COULD 1546 01:08:28,698 --> 01:08:31,000 GIVE US CLUES ON HOW THE 1547 01:08:31,000 --> 01:08:32,902 BRAIN IS AGING LATER IN 1548 01:08:32,902 --> 01:08:33,369 LIFE. 1549 01:08:33,369 --> 01:08:35,805 WE KNOW YOU CAN KEEP THE 1550 01:08:35,805 --> 01:08:42,011 BRAIN RESPONSIVE TO ESTROGEN 1551 01:08:42,011 --> 01:08:45,414 INCLUDING NEUROGENESIS AND 1552 01:08:45,414 --> 01:08:47,350 AGING IN RATS AND IN THE 42 1553 01:08:47,350 --> 01:08:49,385 SECONDS I HAVE LEFT, I WANT 1554 01:08:49,385 --> 01:08:51,587 TO JUST SAY ONE WORD ABOUT 1555 01:08:51,587 --> 01:08:52,355 THIS. 1556 01:08:52,355 --> 01:08:58,561 OUR GOAL IS TO TAKE WOMEN'S 1557 01:08:58,561 --> 01:08:59,829 BRAIN HEALTH THROUGH TIME. 1558 01:08:59,829 --> 01:09:02,798 SOME OF THE EVIDENCE IS 1559 01:09:02,798 --> 01:09:04,500 KNOWN IN MEN'S BRAIN HEALTH 1560 01:09:04,500 --> 01:09:06,369 BUT WE WANT TO MAKE IT 1561 01:09:06,369 --> 01:09:08,638 INCLUSIVE BOTH IN TERMS OF 1562 01:09:08,638 --> 01:09:14,176 WHO GETS TO ASK THE 1563 01:09:14,176 --> 01:09:16,979 QUESTIONS AND GET THE 1564 01:09:16,979 --> 01:09:17,847 ANSWERS. 1565 01:09:17,847 --> 01:09:19,949 SO WE HAVE GENERATE THE 1566 01:09:19,949 --> 01:09:20,650 DATA, BUILD THE 1567 01:09:20,650 --> 01:09:22,184 INFRASTRUCTURE TO SHARE THE 1568 01:09:22,184 --> 01:09:24,353 DATA AND THEN DEVELOP AI 1569 01:09:24,353 --> 01:09:26,622 TOOLS TO ANSWER THE 1570 01:09:26,622 --> 01:09:28,424 QUESTIONS OF WOMEN'S BRAIN 1571 01:09:28,424 --> 01:09:28,758 HEALTH. 1572 01:09:28,758 --> 01:09:31,360 WE HAVE ONE OF THESE CENTERS 1573 01:09:31,360 --> 01:09:33,262 AT THE INSTITUTE AND ONCE WE 1574 01:09:33,262 --> 01:09:36,198 COLLECT THE DATA, WE GIVE IT 1575 01:09:36,198 --> 01:09:37,400 ALL AWAY. 1576 01:09:37,400 --> 01:09:39,435 OPEN ACCESS TO BRAIN 1577 01:09:39,435 --> 01:09:40,403 DISCOVERY SHOULD NEVER STOP. 1578 01:09:40,403 --> 01:09:43,806 SO WITH THAT I WANT TO THANK 1579 01:09:43,806 --> 01:09:44,840 THE BRILLIANT SCIENTISTS WHO 1580 01:09:44,840 --> 01:09:46,809 DO THE HARD WORK, I JUST GET 1581 01:09:46,809 --> 01:09:48,077 THE PLEASURE OF SPEAKING 1582 01:09:48,077 --> 01:09:52,315 ABOUT IT. 1583 01:09:52,315 --> 01:09:53,082 THANKS. 1584 01:09:53,082 --> 01:09:53,449 [APPLAUSE] 1585 01:09:53,449 --> 01:09:54,383 >> AWESOME, THAT WAS 1586 01:09:54,383 --> 01:09:55,851 FANTASTIC AND WE WILL 1587 01:09:55,851 --> 01:09:57,153 DEFINITELY BE VISITING SOME 1588 01:09:57,153 --> 01:09:58,854 OF THOSE TOPICS DURING THE 1589 01:09:58,854 --> 01:10:00,990 DISCUSSION SO GET READY, 1590 01:10:00,990 --> 01:10:01,824 JUST A HEADS-UP. 1591 01:10:01,824 --> 01:10:03,292 OKAY FOR OUR LAST SPEAKER, 1592 01:10:03,292 --> 01:10:05,428 WE ARE GOING TO CONTINUE 1593 01:10:05,428 --> 01:10:07,697 MOVING FORWARD WITHIN THE 1594 01:10:07,697 --> 01:10:11,133 REALM OF THE HUMAN CONDITION 1595 01:10:11,133 --> 01:10:12,168 LOOKING TOWARD THERAPEUTICS 1596 01:10:12,168 --> 01:10:14,136 AND INTERVENTIONS WE CAN DO 1597 01:10:14,136 --> 01:10:17,073 AND IN THIS CASE LOOKING AT 1598 01:10:17,073 --> 01:10:19,475 THE METABOLISM SO REALLY 1599 01:10:19,475 --> 01:10:24,547 EXCITED TO LOOK AT THE WORK 1600 01:10:24,547 --> 01:10:29,719 BY Dr. ROBERTA DIAZ 1601 01:10:29,719 --> 01:10:30,052 BRINTON. 1602 01:10:30,052 --> 01:10:34,090 >> FIRST OFF I WANT TO THANK 1603 01:10:34,090 --> 01:10:35,524 MOLLY WAGNER AND THE 1604 01:10:35,524 --> 01:10:37,460 COMMITTEE FOR PRESENTING THE 1605 01:10:37,460 --> 01:10:38,628 WORK THEY ARE INVOLVED IN 1606 01:10:38,628 --> 01:10:40,563 THIS MORNING AND ALSO A 1607 01:10:40,563 --> 01:10:41,864 SHOUTOUT TO THE NATIONAL 1608 01:10:41,864 --> 01:10:44,266 INSTITUTE OF AGING WHO HAS 1609 01:10:44,266 --> 01:10:45,901 BEEN FUNDING WOMEN'S HEALTH 1610 01:10:45,901 --> 01:10:48,971 RESEARCH FOR DECADES AND 1611 01:10:48,971 --> 01:10:50,172 KUDOS TO THEM, BECAUSE THEY 1612 01:10:50,172 --> 01:10:51,674 ARE LEADING THE FIELD. 1613 01:10:51,674 --> 01:10:52,808 OKAY, SO THIS IS PRETTY 1614 01:10:52,808 --> 01:10:53,476 SIMPLE. 1615 01:10:53,476 --> 01:10:57,847 SO I WILL BE TALKING ABOUT 1616 01:10:57,847 --> 01:10:58,781 THIS MID-LIFE AGING 1617 01:10:58,781 --> 01:10:59,815 TRANSITION AND OUR 1618 01:10:59,815 --> 01:11:03,919 DISCOVERIES ABOUT HOW THAT 1619 01:11:03,919 --> 01:11:04,587 MIDLIFE AGING TRANSMISSION 1620 01:11:04,587 --> 01:11:07,423 IN THE FEMALE BRAIN HAS 1621 01:11:07,423 --> 01:11:08,691 IMPLICATIONS FOR BRAIN 1622 01:11:08,691 --> 01:11:09,392 METABOLISM AND ULTIMATELY 1623 01:11:09,392 --> 01:11:14,296 FOR BRAIN HEALTH AND 1624 01:11:14,296 --> 01:11:15,931 RESISTANCE -- RESILIENCE. 1625 01:11:15,931 --> 01:11:19,168 THESE ARE ME DISCLOSURES. 1626 01:11:19,168 --> 01:11:21,570 SO ONE OF THE THINGS I HAVE 1627 01:11:21,570 --> 01:11:23,506 LEARNED A GREAT DEAL ABOUT 1628 01:11:23,506 --> 01:11:24,907 OVER THE SEVERAL DECADES OF 1629 01:11:24,907 --> 01:11:28,911 THIS RESEARCH IS THE WAY WE 1630 01:11:28,911 --> 01:11:30,146 THINK ABOUT AGING. 1631 01:11:30,146 --> 01:11:31,981 AND WE TYPICALLY THINK ABOUT 1632 01:11:31,981 --> 01:11:36,318 AGING AS A, YOU KNOW, LINEA 1633 01:11:36,318 --> 01:11:37,486 PROGRESSION FROM WE ARE 1634 01:11:37,486 --> 01:11:39,922 ALIVE AND THEN WE ARE DEAD. 1635 01:11:39,922 --> 01:11:41,123 WHAT STUDYING THE FEMALE 1636 01:11:41,123 --> 01:11:43,826 BRAIN HAS TAUGHT ME, IS THAT 1637 01:11:43,826 --> 01:11:47,496 THE BRAIN ACTUALLY UNDERGOES 1638 01:11:47,496 --> 01:11:48,597 MULTIPLE TRANSITIONS STATES. 1639 01:11:48,597 --> 01:11:51,434 AND SO TO UNDERSTAND THESE 1640 01:11:51,434 --> 01:11:52,501 TRANSITION STATES, IT IS 1641 01:11:52,501 --> 01:11:55,504 NECESSARY TO REALLY LOOK AT 1642 01:11:55,504 --> 01:11:56,605 SYSTEMS BIOLOGY THROUGHOUT. 1643 01:11:56,605 --> 01:11:59,675 AND THE IMPORTANCE OF THIS 1644 01:11:59,675 --> 01:12:00,743 IS UNDERSTANDING THESE 1645 01:12:00,743 --> 01:12:02,311 TRANSITION STATES GIVES US 1646 01:12:02,311 --> 01:12:04,814 AN OPPORTUNITY TO SUSTAIN 1647 01:12:04,814 --> 01:12:07,283 BRAIN HEALTH, TO DELAY 1648 01:12:07,283 --> 01:12:08,451 TRANSITIONS TO DISEASE AND 1649 01:12:08,451 --> 01:12:11,687 THE POTENTIAL TO RESTORE. 1650 01:12:11,687 --> 01:12:16,625 SO LET'S THINK ABOUT THIS 1651 01:12:16,625 --> 01:12:17,526 TRANSITION STATES. 1652 01:12:17,526 --> 01:12:18,961 SO IT CAN SPAN YEARS. 1653 01:12:18,961 --> 01:12:22,031 WE KNOW IN THE CASE OF 1654 01:12:22,031 --> 01:12:23,666 ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, THE 1655 01:12:23,666 --> 01:12:24,533 TRANSITION STATE, 1656 01:12:24,533 --> 01:12:25,968 PRECLINICAL STATE CAN LAST 1657 01:12:25,968 --> 01:12:26,535 10-20 YEARS. 1658 01:12:26,535 --> 01:12:28,804 THERE IS A SEQUENTIAL 1659 01:12:28,804 --> 01:12:30,306 ACTIVATION AND DEACTIVATION 1660 01:12:30,306 --> 01:12:33,409 OF REGULATORY PATHWAYS AND 1661 01:12:33,409 --> 01:12:34,944 THAT PREDISEASE IS AT THE 1662 01:12:34,944 --> 01:12:35,845 TRANSITION OF NORMAL. 1663 01:12:35,845 --> 01:12:39,048 SO WHEN WE THINK ABOUT WHAT 1664 01:12:39,048 --> 01:12:40,182 THE NORMAL RANGE IS, IS THE 1665 01:12:40,182 --> 01:12:42,685 PERSON AT THE HIGH END OR 1666 01:12:42,685 --> 01:12:51,360 LOW END OF THAT NORMAL 1667 01:12:51,360 --> 01:12:51,660 CURVE? 1668 01:12:51,660 --> 01:12:56,198 AND THAT SMALL PERTURBATIONS 1669 01:12:56,198 --> 01:12:57,166 CAN UNMASK EXISTING 1670 01:12:57,166 --> 01:12:58,300 VULNERABILITIES AND THIS IS 1671 01:12:58,300 --> 01:13:01,237 PARTICULARLY TRUE IN THE 1672 01:13:01,237 --> 01:13:01,737 TRANSITION STATES. 1673 01:13:01,737 --> 01:13:04,874 THIS IS A CRITICAL SLOWING 1674 01:13:04,874 --> 01:13:07,042 OF THE SYSTEM AND IMPORTANT 1675 01:13:07,042 --> 01:13:07,543 FOR REPAIR. 1676 01:13:07,543 --> 01:13:09,945 TRANSITION STATES ARE 1677 01:13:09,945 --> 01:13:11,914 UNSTABLE AND POTENTIALLY VIS 1678 01:13:11,914 --> 01:13:12,381 VERSABLE. 1679 01:13:12,381 --> 01:13:13,816 THEY ARE HOWEVER TIME 1680 01:13:13,816 --> 01:13:14,784 LIMITED AND COMPLEX SYSTEMS 1681 01:13:14,784 --> 01:13:17,853 LIKE THAT IN THE BRAIN HAVE 1682 01:13:17,853 --> 01:13:19,355 CRITICAL THRESHOLDS, OR WHAT 1683 01:13:19,355 --> 01:13:21,757 I CALL TIPPING POINTS. 1684 01:13:21,757 --> 01:13:24,860 OUR STUDY OVER A NUMBER OF 1685 01:13:24,860 --> 01:13:26,562 DECADES, OUR ANALYSES OVER A 1686 01:13:26,562 --> 01:13:27,863 NUMBER OF DECADES HAVE 1687 01:13:27,863 --> 01:13:29,365 TAUGHT US THERE ARE THREE 1688 01:13:29,365 --> 01:13:30,866 TRANSITION STATES IN THIS 1689 01:13:30,866 --> 01:13:32,701 AGING PROCESS. 1690 01:13:32,701 --> 01:13:35,004 LIKELY MORE, BUT TODAY WE 1691 01:13:35,004 --> 01:13:36,071 HAVE CATEGORIZED THEM INTO 1692 01:13:36,071 --> 01:13:36,939 THREE. 1693 01:13:36,939 --> 01:13:39,041 THE FIRST IS EARLY 1694 01:13:39,041 --> 01:13:40,209 CHRONOLOGICAL AGING AND THAT 1695 01:13:40,209 --> 01:13:42,378 IS THE AGING YOU DON'T EVEN 1696 01:13:42,378 --> 01:13:45,748 KNOW IT HAPPENING, BUT IT 1697 01:13:45,748 --> 01:13:46,315 IS. 1698 01:13:46,315 --> 01:13:50,085 AND THAT EARLY CHRONOLOGICAL 1699 01:13:50,085 --> 01:13:53,522 AGING PRECEDES THE 1700 01:13:53,522 --> 01:13:54,423 ENDOCRINOLOGY CALL AGING. 1701 01:13:54,423 --> 01:14:01,697 AND WHEN WE LOOK AT THE 1702 01:14:01,697 --> 01:14:03,833 EARLY ENDOCRINOLOGICAL AGING 1703 01:14:03,833 --> 01:14:06,335 AND THE TRANSCRIPTION, MORE 1704 01:14:06,335 --> 01:14:08,003 IN THE HYPO THALAMUS AND 1705 01:14:08,003 --> 01:14:10,339 VERY FEW IN THE HIPPO 1706 01:14:10,339 --> 01:14:12,007 CAMPUS. 1707 01:14:12,007 --> 01:14:22,518 BUT THEN YOU LOOK AT THIS 1708 01:14:25,154 --> 01:14:25,521 TRANSITION, THE 1709 01:14:25,521 --> 01:14:28,023 ENDOCRINOLOGICAL, VERY FEW 1710 01:14:28,023 --> 01:14:31,527 IN THE HYPO THALAMUS AND 1711 01:14:31,527 --> 01:14:33,596 LESS IN THE HIPPO CAMPUS. 1712 01:14:33,596 --> 01:14:34,563 NOW THE BRAIN HAS CHANGED 1713 01:14:34,563 --> 01:14:37,600 AND YOU CAN SEE THE 1714 01:14:37,600 --> 01:14:40,970 PREDOMINANCE OF CHANGES IN 1715 01:14:40,970 --> 01:14:42,938 TRANSCRIPTION ARE HAPPENING 1716 01:14:42,938 --> 01:14:44,306 IN THE-THOUGH THALAMUS AND 1717 01:14:44,306 --> 01:14:46,075 THAT THE HIPPO CAMPUS HAS 1718 01:14:46,075 --> 01:14:46,408 CHANGED. 1719 01:14:46,408 --> 01:14:48,477 SO WHEN WE LOOK AT MIDLIFE 1720 01:14:48,477 --> 01:14:50,079 AGING IN THE FEMALE AND 1721 01:14:50,079 --> 01:14:53,282 THINK ABOUT THE PERRY 1722 01:14:53,282 --> 01:14:54,149 MENOPAUSE TO MENOPAUSAL 1723 01:14:54,149 --> 01:14:56,018 TRANSITION OF THE FEMALE 1724 01:14:56,018 --> 01:14:57,653 BRAIN, THE MIDLIFE 1725 01:14:57,653 --> 01:14:58,654 NEUROLOGICAL TRANSITION, WE 1726 01:14:58,654 --> 01:15:03,425 SEE COINCIDENT WITH THE 1727 01:15:03,425 --> 01:15:04,493 DECLINE IN BRAIN GLUCOSE 1728 01:15:04,493 --> 01:15:05,194 METABOLISM THAT HAPPENS 1729 01:15:05,194 --> 01:15:09,298 EARLY IN THIS PROCESS AND 1730 01:15:09,298 --> 01:15:17,907 DURING THE PER 1731 01:15:17,907 --> 01:15:18,807 PERIMENOPAUSAL TRANSITION, 1732 01:15:18,807 --> 01:15:21,677 THERE IS A RISE IN THE 1733 01:15:21,677 --> 01:15:22,011 BRAIN. 1734 01:15:22,011 --> 01:15:23,612 BUT IF YOU LOOK AT THE 1735 01:15:23,612 --> 01:15:25,114 SYMPTOMS OF THIS TRANSITION, 1736 01:15:25,114 --> 01:15:35,658 THEY HAVE NOTHING TO DO WITH 1737 01:15:39,395 --> 01:15:41,263 PRODUCTIVE SYNESCENS. 1738 01:15:41,263 --> 01:15:46,669 MANY WOMEN WILL COMPLAIN OF 1739 01:15:46,669 --> 01:15:48,604 DEPRESSION SIEVE DISORDERS, 1740 01:15:48,604 --> 01:15:50,205 CHANGES IN THE BRAIN, MOOD 1741 01:15:50,205 --> 01:15:53,609 CHANGES, ALL OF THESE 1742 01:15:53,609 --> 01:15:55,511 SYMPTOMS ARE ACTUALLY 1743 01:15:55,511 --> 01:15:56,245 NEUROLOGICAL SYMPTOMS. 1744 01:15:56,245 --> 01:15:58,414 WE HAVE STUDIES IN THE 1745 01:15:58,414 --> 01:15:59,615 IMPACT OF ESTROGEN 1746 01:15:59,615 --> 01:16:00,950 REGULATION OF OUTCOMES IN 1747 01:16:00,950 --> 01:16:01,951 THE BRAIN FOR MANY YEARS 1748 01:16:01,951 --> 01:16:04,053 BECAUSE OF THE CHANGE THAT 1749 01:16:04,053 --> 01:16:07,056 OCCURS IN BRAIN LEVELS OF 1750 01:16:07,056 --> 01:16:07,790 ESTROGEN. 1751 01:16:07,790 --> 01:16:10,659 WE KNOW THAT ESTROGEN, I 1752 01:16:10,659 --> 01:16:12,895 CALL THE QUEEN OF DARLING, 1753 01:16:12,895 --> 01:16:15,831 SHE HAS LEFT NOTHING TO 1754 01:16:15,831 --> 01:16:16,498 CHANCE. 1755 01:16:16,498 --> 01:16:17,499 ESTROGEN PROMOTES THE UPTAKE 1756 01:16:17,499 --> 01:16:21,603 OF GLUCOSE IN THE BRAIN, THE 1757 01:16:21,603 --> 01:16:23,372 METABOLISM OF GLUCOSE 1758 01:16:23,372 --> 01:16:24,673 ULTIMATELY INTO ADP. 1759 01:16:24,673 --> 01:16:26,608 SO THE LOSS OF ESTROGEN 1760 01:16:26,608 --> 01:16:31,547 PARTICULARLY IN THE PERIMEN 1761 01:16:31,547 --> 01:16:34,483 NOW PAUSE AND MENOPAUSAL 1762 01:16:34,483 --> 01:16:36,552 CONDITION LEADS TO ABOUT A 1763 01:16:36,552 --> 01:16:37,720 25 PERCENT DECLINE IN THE 1764 01:16:37,720 --> 01:16:40,856 FEMALE BRAIN AND THAT 1765 01:16:40,856 --> 01:16:45,594 ACTIVATES THE RELEASE OF 1766 01:16:45,594 --> 01:16:49,531 ESTROGEN SUPPRESSION OF THE 1767 01:16:49,531 --> 01:17:00,009 SCOTT ENDESIGN AND THAT 1768 01:17:02,277 --> 01:17:02,911 MITOCHONDRIAL REGULATION 1769 01:17:02,911 --> 01:17:05,381 WHICH IS THE FUEL FOR THE 1770 01:17:05,381 --> 01:17:07,282 KETONE BODIES IN THE BRAIN. 1771 01:17:07,282 --> 01:17:09,218 AND ULTIMATELY WHAT WE FIND 1772 01:17:09,218 --> 01:17:10,519 IS THIS DECLINE THAT IS 1773 01:17:10,519 --> 01:17:12,254 SIGNIFICANT WITH LOSS OF 1774 01:17:12,254 --> 01:17:14,323 ESTROGEN IN THE BRAIN LEADS 1775 01:17:14,323 --> 01:17:16,191 TO THIS ADAPTIVE RESPONSE IN 1776 01:17:16,191 --> 01:17:18,327 THE METABOLIC SYSTEM SO THAT 1777 01:17:18,327 --> 01:17:27,669 THERE IS DECLINE IN GLOWING 1778 01:17:27,669 --> 01:17:29,705 -- GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN RED 1779 01:17:29,705 --> 01:17:32,007 AND THE FIRST RESPONSE IS 1780 01:17:32,007 --> 01:17:35,310 THE AMINO ACIDS THAT CAN BE 1781 01:17:35,310 --> 01:17:37,579 CONVERTED TO GLUCOSE OR 1782 01:17:37,579 --> 01:17:39,481 KETONE BODIES IN THE BRAIN, 1783 01:17:39,481 --> 01:17:46,155 FOLLOWED BY THIS CHANGE IN 1784 01:17:46,155 --> 01:17:51,760 PHENOTYPE OF MITOCHONDRIA, 1785 01:17:51,760 --> 01:17:53,462 FROM INEFFICIENT TO 1786 01:17:53,462 --> 01:17:54,696 EFFICIENT MITOCHONDRIA AND 1787 01:17:54,696 --> 01:17:58,367 THAT IS RELATED TO THE PASS 1788 01:17:58,367 --> 01:18:02,538 ITY ACID OXIDATION IN THE 1789 01:18:02,538 --> 01:18:03,705 BRAIN. 1790 01:18:03,705 --> 01:18:04,406 THAT IS THE METABOLIC 1791 01:18:04,406 --> 01:18:13,015 RESPONSE OF NOW USING LIPIDS 1792 01:18:13,015 --> 01:18:16,518 AS AN AUXILLIARY FUEL TO 1793 01:18:16,518 --> 01:18:17,753 GENERATE KETONE BODIES. 1794 01:18:17,753 --> 01:18:18,654 ANOTHER COMPONENT OF THIS 1795 01:18:18,654 --> 01:18:20,422 WHOLE SYSTEM IS THE IMMUNE 1796 01:18:20,422 --> 01:18:23,492 SYSTEM AND ACTIVATION OF THE 1797 01:18:23,492 --> 01:18:24,893 INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNE 1798 01:18:24,893 --> 01:18:26,428 SYSTEMS THAT IS COINCIDENT 1799 01:18:26,428 --> 01:18:29,798 WITH THESE CHANGES IN THE 1800 01:18:29,798 --> 01:18:32,034 REPROGRAMMING OF THE 1801 01:18:32,034 --> 01:18:34,536 METABOLIC SYSTEM. 1802 01:18:34,536 --> 01:18:36,605 SO WHERE ARE THOSE LIPIDS 1803 01:18:36,605 --> 01:18:38,907 COMING FROM THAT CAN NOW BE 1804 01:18:38,907 --> 01:18:40,876 AN AUXILLIARY FUEL FOR THE 1805 01:18:40,876 --> 01:18:43,679 BRAIN AND CONVERTED INTO 1806 01:18:43,679 --> 01:18:44,580 KETONE BODIES? 1807 01:18:44,580 --> 01:18:55,023 THE BRAIN IS THE MOST 1808 01:18:55,691 --> 01:18:57,025 LIPIDATED ORGAN OF THE BODY 1809 01:18:57,025 --> 01:18:59,761 AND WE HAVE DISCOVERED THE 1810 01:18:59,761 --> 01:19:01,029 BRAIN CAN METABOLIZE ITS 1811 01:19:01,029 --> 01:19:02,097 WHITE MATTER FOR FUEL. 1812 01:19:02,097 --> 01:19:04,666 AND THIS IS A SCHEMATIC OF 1813 01:19:04,666 --> 01:19:06,101 PROBABLY 20 YEARS OF 1814 01:19:06,101 --> 01:19:09,838 RESEARCH THAT SHOWS THAT 1815 01:19:09,838 --> 01:19:15,444 THAT DECLINE IN GLUCOSE 1816 01:19:15,444 --> 01:19:17,079 DERIVED ATP IN NEURONS SETS 1817 01:19:17,079 --> 01:19:19,148 OFF A STARVATION RESPONSE IN 1818 01:19:19,148 --> 01:19:24,019 THE BRAIN AND GOD BLESS 1819 01:19:24,019 --> 01:19:27,156 THOSE ASTROCYTES, BECAUSE 1820 01:19:27,156 --> 01:19:28,290 THOSE ASTROCYTES ARE COMING 1821 01:19:28,290 --> 01:19:29,158 TO THE RESCUE. 1822 01:19:29,158 --> 01:19:31,026 AND THOSE ARE THE CELLS THAT 1823 01:19:31,026 --> 01:19:32,995 ARE ACTIVATED TO CONDUCT 1824 01:19:32,995 --> 01:19:40,936 DATA OXIDATION OF FATTY 1825 01:19:40,936 --> 01:19:42,304 ACID, WHICH THEN THEY SEND 1826 01:19:42,304 --> 01:19:50,846 BACK TO THE NEURONS TO 1827 01:19:50,846 --> 01:19:51,914 GENERATE ACETYL-CHOLA FOR 1828 01:19:51,914 --> 01:19:54,183 PRODUCTION SO THAT RESPONSE 1829 01:19:54,183 --> 01:19:55,551 IS A COORDINATED RESPONSE 1830 01:19:55,551 --> 01:19:59,321 FROM NEURONS AND ASTROCYTES. 1831 01:19:59,321 --> 01:20:01,423 THE BAD NEWS IS THAT 1832 01:20:01,423 --> 01:20:02,758 METABOLISM OF THE WHITE 1833 01:20:02,758 --> 01:20:10,098 MATTER FOR FUEL LEADS TO THE 1834 01:20:10,098 --> 01:20:12,401 GENERATION OF BASICALLY 1835 01:20:12,401 --> 01:20:15,170 MYELIN FRAGMENTS WHICH ARE 1836 01:20:15,170 --> 01:20:19,641 RECOGNIZED BY THE MICROGLIA 1837 01:20:19,641 --> 01:20:22,311 AS A FOREIGN BODY AND THAT 1838 01:20:22,311 --> 01:20:25,581 FOREIGN BODY NOW ACTIVATE AN 1839 01:20:25,581 --> 01:20:26,615 ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1840 01:20:26,615 --> 01:20:28,684 RESPONSE TO PRESENT THAT 1841 01:20:28,684 --> 01:20:39,194 FRAGMENT ON THE MICROGLIAL 1842 01:20:39,728 --> 01:20:43,031 PLASMA WITH THE MTG 1843 01:20:43,031 --> 01:20:44,066 RECEPTORS AND ACTIVATING 1844 01:20:44,066 --> 01:20:46,735 WHAT LOOKS LIKE TO THE WORLD 1845 01:20:46,735 --> 01:20:47,402 AN AUTOIMMUNE RESPONSE IN 1846 01:20:47,402 --> 01:20:48,070 THE BRAIN. 1847 01:20:48,070 --> 01:20:51,073 SO THIS IS HAPPENING IN THE 1848 01:20:51,073 --> 01:20:51,607 MIDLIFE TRANSITION. 1849 01:20:51,607 --> 01:20:53,375 THIS IS ALL WORK THAT HAS 1850 01:20:53,375 --> 01:20:55,611 BEEN IN THE PRECLINICAL 1851 01:20:55,611 --> 01:20:56,612 DISCOVERY SCIENCE SPACE. 1852 01:20:56,612 --> 01:21:00,215 WE THEN ASKED THE QUESTION 1853 01:21:00,215 --> 01:21:03,885 WITH OUR COLLEAGUE LISA 1854 01:21:03,885 --> 01:21:05,854 MUSCONI WHETHER THERE IS 1855 01:21:05,854 --> 01:21:06,688 METABOLIC PROGRAMMING IN THE 1856 01:21:06,688 --> 01:21:08,423 HUMAN BRAIN. 1857 01:21:08,423 --> 01:21:12,060 AND THAT WORK SHOWS US WHEN 1858 01:21:12,060 --> 01:21:13,562 SHE PARALLELS THE BASIC 1859 01:21:13,562 --> 01:21:14,830 DISCOVERY PROCESS DESIGN AND 1860 01:21:14,830 --> 01:21:18,300 LOOKED AT WOMEN WHO WERE 1861 01:21:18,300 --> 01:21:19,468 PRE, PERI AND 1862 01:21:19,468 --> 01:21:20,168 POSTMENOPAUSAL, WHAT SHE 1863 01:21:20,168 --> 01:21:22,337 FOUND IS THAT INDEED THERE 1864 01:21:22,337 --> 01:21:26,441 WAS A DECLINE IN GLUCOSE 1865 01:21:26,441 --> 01:21:28,744 METABOLISM IN THE MIDLIFE 1866 01:21:28,744 --> 01:21:29,911 AGING FEMALE. 1867 01:21:29,911 --> 01:21:31,280 AND THAT RELATIVE TO MALES, 1868 01:21:31,280 --> 01:21:35,117 THERE IS A GREATER DECLINE 1869 01:21:35,117 --> 01:21:37,986 IN AGE MATCHED MALES, A 1870 01:21:37,986 --> 01:21:41,823 DECLINE IN GLOWING COWS 1871 01:21:41,823 --> 01:21:43,592 METABOLISM RELATIVE TO THE 1872 01:21:43,592 --> 01:21:44,126 AGE MATCHED MALES. 1873 01:21:44,126 --> 01:21:46,228 AND IS THAT LEADING TO A 1874 01:21:46,228 --> 01:21:48,930 CHANGE IN GRAY MATTER? 1875 01:21:48,930 --> 01:21:50,899 NONSPECIFIC TO THIS 1876 01:21:50,899 --> 01:21:51,700 MENOPAUSAL TRANSITION, IT 1877 01:21:51,700 --> 01:21:53,902 LOOKS MORE LIKE A AGING 1878 01:21:53,902 --> 01:21:55,771 CHANGE IN GRAY MATTER. 1879 01:21:55,771 --> 01:21:57,472 THE REAL CHANGE IS IN THE 1880 01:21:57,472 --> 01:21:59,975 WHITE MATTER AND CONSISTENT 1881 01:21:59,975 --> 01:22:01,810 WITH OUR FINDINGS IN OUR 1882 01:22:01,810 --> 01:22:04,179 DISCOVERY SCIENCE AND THAT 1883 01:22:04,179 --> 01:22:06,982 CHANGE IN WHITE MATTER 1884 01:22:06,982 --> 01:22:09,518 VOLUME IS COINCIDENT WITH 1885 01:22:09,518 --> 01:22:11,019 THE GENERATION OF DATE AM 1886 01:22:11,019 --> 01:22:16,458 LLOYD DEPOSITION IN THE 1887 01:22:16,458 --> 01:22:16,892 FEMALE BRAIN. 1888 01:22:16,892 --> 01:22:19,027 AND THAT THIS CHANGE IN BOTH 1889 01:22:19,027 --> 01:22:21,797 WHITE MATTER AND THE 1890 01:22:21,797 --> 01:22:22,731 POTENTIAL METABOLISM OF 1891 01:22:22,731 --> 01:22:25,600 WHITE MATTER IN HUMAN BRAIN 1892 01:22:25,600 --> 01:22:36,144 IS COINCIDENT WITH A PLASMA 1893 01:22:37,145 --> 01:22:47,556 METABALOME CHARACTERIZED 1894 01:22:47,789 --> 01:22:48,757 WITH SINGLE METABOLOMES. 1895 01:22:48,757 --> 01:22:52,461 SO CAN THIS AGING BE 1896 01:22:52,461 --> 01:22:54,529 IDENTIFIED AND CAN WE 1897 01:22:54,529 --> 01:22:56,998 IDENTIFY WOMEN WHO ARE AT 1898 01:22:56,998 --> 01:22:59,134 RISK WHILE THEIR BRAINS ARE 1899 01:22:59,134 --> 01:23:00,235 STILL HEALTHY? 1900 01:23:00,235 --> 01:23:02,637 AND THIS IS WORK WE HAVE 1901 01:23:02,637 --> 01:23:04,873 DONE WITH WENDY MACK AND 1902 01:23:04,873 --> 01:23:07,576 OTHERS AT U.S.C. IN AN ELITE 1903 01:23:07,576 --> 01:23:09,077 TRIAL AND THE BOTTOM LINE IS 1904 01:23:09,077 --> 01:23:12,180 WHEN WE LOOK AT HEALTHY I 1905 01:23:12,180 --> 01:23:14,249 THINK AING WOMEN 65 AND 1906 01:23:14,249 --> 01:23:17,252 OLDER, WHAT WE FOUND IS IN 1907 01:23:17,252 --> 01:23:18,854 THIS HEALTHY POPULATION OF 1908 01:23:18,854 --> 01:23:20,021 WOMEN, THERE WERE THREE 1909 01:23:20,021 --> 01:23:21,022 GROUPS OF WOMEN. 1910 01:23:21,022 --> 01:23:23,759 THERE WERE WOMEN WHO WERE 1911 01:23:23,759 --> 01:23:24,593 METABOLICALLY HEALTHY, THERE 1912 01:23:24,593 --> 01:23:27,896 WERE WOMEN WHO WERE AT RISK 1913 01:23:27,896 --> 01:23:29,498 FOR DEVELOPING METABOLIC 1914 01:23:29,498 --> 01:23:31,032 SYNDROME OR DEVELOPING TYPE 1915 01:23:31,032 --> 01:23:33,301 2 DIABETES AND A THIRD GROUP 1916 01:23:33,301 --> 01:23:34,569 OF WOMEN WHO HAD HIGH 1917 01:23:34,569 --> 01:23:36,972 PRESSURE OR AT RISK FOR HIGH 1918 01:23:36,972 --> 01:23:41,676 PRESSURE AND CARDIOVASCULAR 1919 01:23:41,676 --> 01:23:42,144 DISEASE. 1920 01:23:42,144 --> 01:23:44,112 AND WHEN WE LOOK AT THEIR 1921 01:23:44,112 --> 01:23:45,013 COGNITIVE DISCUSSION, WHAT 1922 01:23:45,013 --> 01:23:47,115 WE FOUND IS THE HEALTHY 1923 01:23:47,115 --> 01:23:49,151 WOMEN IN GREEN PERFORM BEST 1924 01:23:49,151 --> 01:23:51,219 ON THESE MEASURES IN 1925 01:23:51,219 --> 01:23:51,953 COGNITION. 1926 01:23:51,953 --> 01:23:53,288 THE WOMEN WITH HIGH BLOOD 1927 01:23:53,288 --> 01:23:54,456 PRESSURE WERE NOT 1928 01:23:54,456 --> 01:23:55,290 STATISTICALLY DIFFERENT BUT 1929 01:23:55,290 --> 01:23:57,492 THEY WERE IN A TRANSITION TO 1930 01:23:57,492 --> 01:23:58,326 LOWER COGNITIVE FUNCTION. 1931 01:23:58,326 --> 01:24:00,328 BUT IT WAS REALLY THE WOMEN 1932 01:24:00,328 --> 01:24:03,732 WHO HAD A POOR METABOLIC 1933 01:24:03,732 --> 01:24:05,667 PROFILE, NOT DIAGNOSED WITH 1934 01:24:05,667 --> 01:24:08,303 TYPE 2 DIABETES OR METABOLIC 1935 01:24:08,303 --> 01:24:09,805 SYNDROME WHO SHOWED 1936 01:24:09,805 --> 01:24:10,705 SIGNIFICANT DECLINE IN 1937 01:24:10,705 --> 01:24:12,007 COGNITIVE FUNCTION. 1938 01:24:12,007 --> 01:24:14,876 AND THEN WE ASKED, WELL, WHO 1939 01:24:14,876 --> 01:24:16,478 ARE THOSE WOMEN DRIVING THAT 1940 01:24:16,478 --> 01:24:19,815 CHANGE AND IT TURNS OUT THEY 1941 01:24:19,815 --> 01:24:20,949 WERE AP4 CARRIERS. 1942 01:24:20,949 --> 01:24:26,054 SO THE COMBINATION OF AN 1943 01:24:26,054 --> 01:24:26,855 AT-RISK METABOLIC PROFILE 1944 01:24:26,855 --> 01:24:31,126 AND THE GENE LED TO DRIVING 1945 01:24:31,126 --> 01:24:32,561 THIS SIGNIFICANT CHANGE. 1946 01:24:32,561 --> 01:24:34,396 BUT THE INTERESTING 1947 01:24:34,396 --> 01:24:38,733 COMPONENT OF THIS IS THAT 1948 01:24:38,733 --> 01:24:42,537 APOE4 WAS DISTRIBUTED EVENLY 1949 01:24:42,537 --> 01:24:44,072 ACROSS ALL OF THESE 1950 01:24:44,072 --> 01:24:46,808 SUGGESTING IF WE TARGET THE 1951 01:24:46,808 --> 01:24:48,844 METABOLIC HEALTH OF THESE 1952 01:24:48,844 --> 01:24:50,412 WOMEN WE COULD CHANGE OF 1953 01:24:50,412 --> 01:24:51,646 BRAIN AGING IN THOSE WOMEN 1954 01:24:51,646 --> 01:24:54,216 TO BE CONSISTENT WITH THE 1955 01:24:54,216 --> 01:24:57,986 APOE4 CARRIERS IN THE 1956 01:24:57,986 --> 01:24:59,387 HEALTHY COGNITIVE FUNCTION 1957 01:24:59,387 --> 01:24:59,921 GROUP. 1958 01:24:59,921 --> 01:25:01,923 SO IF ESTROGEN LOSS 1959 01:25:01,923 --> 01:25:03,058 INITIATES VULNERABILITY FOR 1960 01:25:03,058 --> 01:25:05,527 COGNITION AND POTENTIAL FOR 1961 01:25:05,527 --> 01:25:09,531 THE DEVELOPMENT OF 1962 01:25:09,531 --> 01:25:13,235 ALZHEIMER'S PATHOLOGY, DOES 1963 01:25:13,235 --> 01:25:19,708 MENOPAUSAL HORMONE THERAPY 1964 01:25:19,708 --> 01:25:21,710 DEVELOP RISK FOR ALZHEIMER'S 1965 01:25:21,710 --> 01:25:26,214 LATER IN LIFE. 1966 01:25:26,214 --> 01:25:29,985 AND THIS STUDY WAS A MIDLIFE 1967 01:25:29,985 --> 01:25:30,785 GROUP MATCHED OVER 1000 1968 01:25:30,785 --> 01:25:33,855 WOMEN WHO THE BOTTOM LINE IS 1969 01:25:33,855 --> 01:25:37,726 THOSE ON HORMONE THERAPY 1970 01:25:37,726 --> 01:25:43,732 SHOWED REDUCED RISK OF 1971 01:25:43,732 --> 01:25:46,134 PARKINSON'S, ALZHEIMER'S AND 1972 01:25:46,134 --> 01:25:46,735 OTHER NEURODEGENERATIVE 1973 01:25:46,735 --> 01:25:48,737 DISEASES AND THE LONGER THEY 1974 01:25:48,737 --> 01:25:52,407 WERE ON HORMONE THERAPY, THE 1975 01:25:52,407 --> 01:25:53,642 GREAT THE RISK. 1976 01:25:53,642 --> 01:25:55,210 GOOD NEWS, BAD NEWS. 1977 01:25:55,210 --> 01:25:57,879 THE FACT THERE IS SOME 1978 01:25:57,879 --> 01:25:59,447 ASSOCIATION WITH HORMONE 1979 01:25:59,447 --> 01:26:01,550 THERAPY, NOT JUST ESTROGEN 1980 01:26:01,550 --> 01:26:03,151 ALONE, HAS IMPACTED WOMEN'S 1981 01:26:03,151 --> 01:26:05,120 CHOICE TO RECEIVE HORMONE 1982 01:26:05,120 --> 01:26:06,288 THERAPY AND 80 PERCENT OF 1983 01:26:06,288 --> 01:26:09,257 THEM ELECT NOT TO RECEIVE 1984 01:26:09,257 --> 01:26:12,327 HORMONE THERAPY FOR 1985 01:26:12,327 --> 01:26:13,695 MENOPAUSAL SYSTEMS VOTING 1986 01:26:13,695 --> 01:26:15,730 FOR BREATH HEALTH OVER BRAIN 1987 01:26:15,730 --> 01:26:16,798 HEALTH AND THEIR PRINCIPLE 1988 01:26:16,798 --> 01:26:18,333 REASON WAS FEAR OF BREAST 1989 01:26:18,333 --> 01:26:20,135 CANCER FOR THAT DECISION. 1990 01:26:20,135 --> 01:26:23,805 SO TO SUSTAIN BRAIN HEALTH, 1991 01:26:23,805 --> 01:26:25,674 WE HAD TO ADDRESS BREAST 1992 01:26:25,674 --> 01:26:26,007 HEALTH. 1993 01:26:26,007 --> 01:26:28,543 AND TO DO THAT WE DEVELOPED 1994 01:26:28,543 --> 01:26:31,713 A STRATEGY THAT TARGETS 1995 01:26:31,713 --> 01:26:33,915 ESTROGEN RECEPTIVE BETA AND 1996 01:26:33,915 --> 01:26:36,718 FROM CANCER RESEARCHERS, IT 1997 01:26:36,718 --> 01:26:37,686 SHOWED ACTIVATING ESTROGEN 1998 01:26:37,686 --> 01:26:43,158 BETA IN BREAST TISSUE 1999 01:26:43,158 --> 01:26:45,293 REDUCED AND INHIBITS 2000 01:26:45,293 --> 01:26:47,896 ESTROGEN BREAST CELL 2001 01:26:47,896 --> 01:26:51,399 PROLIFERATION, BREAST CANCER 2002 01:26:51,399 --> 01:26:53,001 CELL PROLIFERATION, INHIBITS 2003 01:26:53,001 --> 01:26:55,270 BREAST CANCER CELLS 2004 01:26:55,270 --> 01:27:01,076 MIGRATION AND SUPPRESSES THE 2005 01:27:01,076 --> 01:27:01,610 ONCOGENIC PATHWAY. 2006 01:27:01,610 --> 01:27:10,018 SO THAT IS YOU ARE O 2007 01:27:10,018 --> 01:27:13,989 OPPORTUNITY TO LOOK AT THE 2008 01:27:13,989 --> 01:27:15,390 ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BETA IN 2009 01:27:15,390 --> 01:27:17,192 THE BRAIN BASED ON BREAST 2010 01:27:17,192 --> 01:27:20,629 HEALTH AND WE DID THIS WITH 2011 01:27:20,629 --> 01:27:23,565 THE INSTITUTE OF AGING AND 2012 01:27:23,565 --> 01:27:27,402 TARGETED THREE MOLECULES AND 2013 01:27:27,402 --> 01:27:33,308 CONDUCTED A PHASE 1B2A TRIAL 2014 01:27:33,308 --> 01:27:41,516 BY THE NIA AND THE OUTCOME 2015 01:27:41,516 --> 01:27:47,022 INDICATED THERE WERE NO 2016 01:27:47,022 --> 01:27:48,223 INDICATORS OF TOXICITY. 2017 01:27:48,223 --> 01:27:52,193 SO WE NOW HAVE TWO CLINICAL 2018 01:27:52,193 --> 01:27:55,630 TRIALS FOR PLANT BASED 2019 01:27:55,630 --> 01:27:56,131 ESTROGEN RECEPTIVE 2020 01:27:56,131 --> 01:27:58,066 MODULATORS, THE FIRST IS A 2021 01:27:58,066 --> 01:28:00,502 CLINICAL TRIAL TARGETING HOT 2022 01:28:00,502 --> 01:28:02,370 FLASHES AND THE SECOND IS 2023 01:28:02,370 --> 01:28:06,675 OUR CLINICAL TRIAL TARGETING 2024 01:28:06,675 --> 01:28:08,176 BRAIN GLUCOSE METABOLISM AND 2025 01:28:08,176 --> 01:28:10,111 COGNITION AND THIS IS BEING 2026 01:28:10,111 --> 01:28:13,682 DONE IN COLLABORATION WITH 2027 01:28:13,682 --> 01:28:14,115 LISA NASCONI. 2028 01:28:14,115 --> 01:28:16,017 SO I THINK THERE IS THE 2029 01:28:16,017 --> 01:28:18,620 POTENTIAL FOR ALTERING THE 2030 01:28:18,620 --> 01:28:21,356 TRAJECTORY OF AGING DURING 2031 01:28:21,356 --> 01:28:23,091 MIDLIFE IN THE FEMALE. 2032 01:28:23,091 --> 01:28:26,061 I WANT TO EMPHASIZE THAT 2033 01:28:26,061 --> 01:28:31,299 INTERVENTION WITH EITHER 2034 01:28:31,299 --> 01:28:32,934 ESTROGEN OR PHYTOSERM IS TO 2035 01:28:32,934 --> 01:28:34,169 SUSTAIN BRAIN HEALTH. 2036 01:28:34,169 --> 01:28:37,005 IT IS NOT TO REVERSE 2037 01:28:37,005 --> 01:28:37,338 DISEASE. 2038 01:28:37,338 --> 01:28:38,873 SO AND I THINK THAT HAS 2039 01:28:38,873 --> 01:28:40,608 CONTRIBUTED TO SOME OF THE 2040 01:28:40,608 --> 01:28:43,445 CONTROVERSY IN THE FIELD BUT 2041 01:28:43,445 --> 01:28:45,180 ESTROGEN INSURANCE THE 2042 01:28:45,180 --> 01:28:47,115 UTILIZATION OF GLUCOSE AND 2043 01:28:47,115 --> 01:28:49,350 THE ACTIVATION OF GLUCOSE 2044 01:28:49,350 --> 01:28:50,885 METABOLISM IN THE BRAIN AND 2045 01:28:50,885 --> 01:28:52,654 ALL THE DOWNSTREAM 2046 01:28:52,654 --> 01:28:53,154 CONSEQUENCES. 2047 01:28:53,154 --> 01:29:00,462 ONCE THE BRAIN HAS UNDERGONE 2048 01:29:00,462 --> 01:29:01,296 METABOLICALLY PROGRAMMING, 2049 01:29:01,296 --> 01:29:02,797 THAT BRAIN IS REPROGRAMMED. 2050 01:29:02,797 --> 01:29:05,333 SO THE KEY CONCEPT, THE 2051 01:29:05,333 --> 01:29:07,469 NEUROLOGICAL CONDITION THAT 2052 01:29:07,469 --> 01:29:10,405 CAN UNMASK VULNERABILITY 2053 01:29:10,405 --> 01:29:11,639 INTO AGE ASSOCIATIVE 2054 01:29:11,639 --> 01:29:12,807 NEUROGENERATIVE DISEASES AND 2055 01:29:12,807 --> 01:29:15,310 THE TRANSITION INVOLVES BOTH 2056 01:29:15,310 --> 01:29:16,111 THE IMMUNE AND METABOLIC 2057 01:29:16,111 --> 01:29:20,315 SYSTEMS OF THE BRAIN, THAT 2058 01:29:20,315 --> 01:29:21,683 ESTROGEN AND HORMONE 2059 01:29:21,683 --> 01:29:22,951 THERAPIES SUSTAIN AND 2060 01:29:22,951 --> 01:29:25,220 PROMOTE HEALTHY BRAIN AGING 2061 01:29:25,220 --> 01:29:26,321 BUT DOES NOT REVERSE 2062 01:29:26,321 --> 01:29:26,654 DISEASE. 2063 01:29:26,654 --> 01:29:29,023 ONE SIZE WILL NOT FIT ALL. 2064 01:29:29,023 --> 01:29:33,228 WE WILL NEED HORMONE THERAPY 2065 01:29:33,228 --> 01:29:35,396 AND THAT PROMOTING BRAIN AND 2066 01:29:35,396 --> 01:29:38,366 BREAST HEALTH IS FEASIBLE 2067 01:29:38,366 --> 01:29:39,000 THROUGH SELECTIVE 2068 01:29:39,000 --> 01:29:40,335 FORMULATION AND WITH THAT, I 2069 01:29:40,335 --> 01:29:42,804 WILL RECOGNIZE MANY 2070 01:29:42,804 --> 01:29:44,439 INDIVIDUALS IN MY CURRENT 2071 01:29:44,439 --> 01:29:45,707 GROUP THAT HAVE CONTRIBUTED 2072 01:29:45,707 --> 01:29:48,143 TO THE RESEARCH AND FROM THE 2073 01:29:48,143 --> 01:29:49,410 GENEROUS SUPPORT FROM THE 2074 01:29:49,410 --> 01:29:50,912 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AGING 2075 01:29:50,912 --> 01:29:52,981 THAT HAS SUPPORTED WOMEN'S 2076 01:29:52,981 --> 01:29:54,949 BRAIN HEALTH FOR DECADES. 2077 01:29:54,949 --> 01:30:03,925 THANK YOU SO MUCH. 2078 01:30:03,925 --> 01:30:04,292 [APPLAUSE] 2079 01:30:04,292 --> 01:30:05,426 >> THANK YOU, THAT WAS 2080 01:30:05,426 --> 01:30:05,960 WONDERFUL. 2081 01:30:05,960 --> 01:30:08,663 PLEASE JOIN ME IN THANKING 2082 01:30:08,663 --> 01:30:12,534 ALL FOUR SPEAKERS BEFORE WE 2083 01:30:12,534 --> 01:30:13,168 JUMP IN. 2084 01:30:13,168 --> 01:30:13,535 [APPLAUSE] 2085 01:30:13,535 --> 01:30:13,935 >> PERFECT. 2086 01:30:13,935 --> 01:30:14,836 SO I WANT TO TAKE A LITTLE 2087 01:30:14,836 --> 01:30:16,504 BIT OF A MINUTE TO GIVE YOU 2088 01:30:16,504 --> 01:30:19,240 A LITTLE BIT OF MY 2089 01:30:19,240 --> 01:30:19,874 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE. 2090 01:30:19,874 --> 01:30:23,178 I WAS ACTUALLY HERE IN THE 2091 01:30:23,178 --> 01:30:24,879 RELATIVELY JUNIOR ASSISTANCE 2092 01:30:24,879 --> 01:30:26,047 PROFESSOR FOR THE 2017 2093 01:30:26,047 --> 01:30:28,149 SUMMIT AND JUST SEEING THESE 2094 01:30:28,149 --> 01:30:29,317 FOUR TALKS, IT REALLY GIVES 2095 01:30:29,317 --> 01:30:31,252 YOU LIKE A LOT OF HOPE AND 2096 01:30:31,252 --> 01:30:32,854 ENERGY BECAUSE JUST THE 2097 01:30:32,854 --> 01:30:34,455 TECHNIQUES DESCRIBED IN 2098 01:30:34,455 --> 01:30:35,623 THESE FOUR TALKS COMPARED TO 2099 01:30:35,623 --> 01:30:37,826 WHAT WE WERE TALKING ABOUT 2100 01:30:37,826 --> 01:30:40,662 IN 2017, YOU CAN ALREADY SEE 2101 01:30:40,662 --> 01:30:42,530 THE ADVANCEMENTS MADE AND 2102 01:30:42,530 --> 01:30:44,933 REALLY LOOKING FORWARD TO 2103 01:30:44,933 --> 01:30:46,301 SEEING THE ADVANCEMENTS 2104 01:30:46,301 --> 01:30:47,802 WE'RE GOING TO MAKE AFTER 2105 01:30:47,802 --> 01:30:48,970 THIS PARTICULAR SUMMIT AS 2106 01:30:48,970 --> 01:30:49,270 WELL. 2107 01:30:49,270 --> 01:30:50,905 BEFORE WE START THE 2108 01:30:50,905 --> 01:30:55,009 DISCUSSION, ONE THING THAT I 2109 01:30:55,009 --> 01:30:56,611 CAN WE CAN APPRECIATE AND 2110 01:30:56,611 --> 01:30:58,012 WHAT THE AUDIENCE BEGINS TO 2111 01:30:58,012 --> 01:31:01,416 THINK, A LOT OF TIMES WE 2112 01:31:01,416 --> 01:31:02,951 THINK COGNITIVE AGING AND 2113 01:31:02,951 --> 01:31:04,419 THINK BRAIN BUT WE HAVE TO 2114 01:31:04,419 --> 01:31:06,387 REMEMBER IT IS REALLY AN 2115 01:31:06,387 --> 01:31:07,622 AGING PROCESS THAT HAPPENS 2116 01:31:07,622 --> 01:31:08,556 THROUGHOUT YOUR ENTIRE BODY. 2117 01:31:08,556 --> 01:31:10,058 I THINK WE NEED TO START 2118 01:31:10,058 --> 01:31:11,926 THINKING OF BRAIN HEALTH AS 2119 01:31:11,926 --> 01:31:13,728 BODY HEALTH AND I THINK THEY 2120 01:31:13,728 --> 01:31:15,396 ARE VERY INTIMATELY LINKED. 2121 01:31:15,396 --> 01:31:17,765 I DON'T THINK WE WILL BE 2122 01:31:17,765 --> 01:31:19,801 ABLE TO DISASSOCIATE THEM 2123 01:31:19,801 --> 01:31:21,402 AND ALL THE INFORMATION 2124 01:31:21,402 --> 01:31:23,271 SHARED BY THE SPEAKERS IS 2125 01:31:23,271 --> 01:31:28,877 LINKED TO THE BODY AND BRAIN 2126 01:31:28,877 --> 01:31:30,044 AND UNDERSTANDING THE BRAIN 2127 01:31:30,044 --> 01:31:32,113 WITHOUT A FOCUSES ON IT. 2128 01:31:32,113 --> 01:31:37,886 SO THAT IS ONE TAKEAWAY ON 2129 01:31:37,886 --> 01:31:38,319 THAT. 2130 01:31:38,319 --> 01:31:40,421 I CAN OPEN IT A FEW MINUTES 2131 01:31:40,421 --> 01:31:42,490 FOR QUESTIONS AND THEN MOVE 2132 01:31:42,490 --> 01:31:47,662 ON TO THE DISCUSSION TOPICS. 2133 01:31:47,662 --> 01:31:48,696 >> OKAY, PHENOMENAL TALK. 2134 01:31:48,696 --> 01:31:50,031 JUST BLOWN AWAY, THANK YOU 2135 01:31:50,031 --> 01:31:50,899 SO MUCH. 2136 01:31:50,899 --> 01:31:53,067 THIS IS MY FIRST TIME AND I 2137 01:31:53,067 --> 01:31:56,271 WILL DEFINITELY BE BACK AT 2138 01:31:56,271 --> 01:31:57,805 ROMAN NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF 2139 01:31:57,805 --> 01:31:58,673 MEDICINE 5 SUMMIT. 2140 01:31:58,673 --> 01:32:01,109 SO THE LAST FEW TALKS MADE 2141 01:32:01,109 --> 01:32:03,411 ME REALLY THINK ABOUT 2142 01:32:03,411 --> 01:32:06,047 UNDERSTANDING WOMEN'S BRAINS 2143 01:32:06,047 --> 01:32:06,814 AND THERE'S ABOUT 18 MILLION 2144 01:32:06,814 --> 01:32:10,919 PEOPLE IN THE U.S. WHO HAVE 2145 01:32:10,919 --> 01:32:12,654 ER POSITIVE BREAST CANCER 2146 01:32:12,654 --> 01:32:17,292 AND THEY ARE GIVEN TAMOXIFEN 2147 01:32:17,292 --> 01:32:18,259 OR OTHER INHIBITORS. 2148 01:32:18,259 --> 01:32:20,395 ARE THERE A LOT OF STUDIES 2149 01:32:20,395 --> 01:32:22,130 THAT HAVE LOOKED AT THEM IN 2150 01:32:22,130 --> 01:32:23,831 TERMS OF SEEING WHAT HAPPENS 2151 01:32:23,831 --> 01:32:26,467 AND THEN ALSO, I MEAN, I 2152 01:32:26,467 --> 01:32:29,671 GUESS THEY CAN'T BENEFIT 2153 01:32:29,671 --> 01:32:30,338 FROM THIS PHYTO BECAUSE YOU 2154 01:32:30,338 --> 01:32:32,040 ARE TRYING TO PURPOSELY 2155 01:32:32,040 --> 01:32:34,742 REDUCE IT, AND IT IS NOT A 2156 01:32:34,742 --> 01:32:37,512 GRADUAL, IT IS LIKE 2157 01:32:37,512 --> 01:32:38,079 IMMEDIATE, BEFORE. 2158 01:32:38,079 --> 01:32:40,782 SO HOW CAN WE HELP THOSE 2159 01:32:40,782 --> 01:32:41,783 18 MILLION WOMEN? 2160 01:32:41,783 --> 01:32:42,850 >> THANK YOU, AND GREAT 2161 01:32:42,850 --> 01:32:43,384 QUESTION. 2162 01:32:43,384 --> 01:32:46,354 SO ON THE FIRST QUESTION 2163 01:32:46,354 --> 01:32:48,323 AROUND WHAT BASICALLY ARE 2164 01:32:48,323 --> 01:32:49,924 BREAST CANCER THERAPIES 2165 01:32:49,924 --> 01:32:53,928 IMPACTING AND THIS IS WORK 2166 01:32:53,928 --> 01:32:55,763 CHRISTINE YAUFIN HAS ALSO 2167 01:32:55,763 --> 01:32:57,398 CONTRIBUTED TO THIS WORK. 2168 01:32:57,398 --> 01:33:07,175 WE HAVE FOUND THAT WOMEN ON 2169 01:33:07,175 --> 01:33:08,343 TAMOXIFEN AND AROMATASE 2170 01:33:08,343 --> 01:33:10,845 INHIBITORS WHICH WAS NEWS TO 2171 01:33:10,845 --> 01:33:15,917 ME HAVE BEEN EFFICIENT IN 2172 01:33:15,917 --> 01:33:17,986 REDUCING THESE DISEASES, 2173 01:33:17,986 --> 01:33:28,529 BREAST CANCER IN PARTICULAR. 2174 01:33:31,933 --> 01:33:33,001 THE TAMOXIFEN DOES PASS 2175 01:33:33,001 --> 01:33:37,105 THROUGH THE BLOOD BRAIN 2176 01:33:37,105 --> 01:33:38,873 BARRIER TO DO ITS WORK. 2177 01:33:38,873 --> 01:33:43,611 WHAT WE FIND IS THE 2178 01:33:43,611 --> 01:33:46,848 SELECTIVE ESTROGEN 2179 01:33:46,848 --> 01:33:49,083 MODULATORS AND AROMATASE 2180 01:33:49,083 --> 01:33:52,653 INHIBITORS SOLICIT RESPONSES 2181 01:33:52,653 --> 01:33:54,922 IN OUR CULTURES AND ANIMAL 2182 01:33:54,922 --> 01:33:59,761 MODELS SO THEY HAVE ABOUT -- 2183 01:33:59,761 --> 01:34:01,929 HORMONE THERAPY REDUCES RISK 2184 01:34:01,929 --> 01:34:03,998 ANYWHERE FROM 50 TO 2185 01:34:03,998 --> 01:34:05,967 60 PERCENT FOR RISK OF 2186 01:34:05,967 --> 01:34:09,003 ALZHEIMER'S AND THE 2187 01:34:09,003 --> 01:34:10,471 SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTIVE 2188 01:34:10,471 --> 01:34:12,440 MODULATORS ARE ABOUT HALF 2189 01:34:12,440 --> 01:34:13,274 THAT EFFECTIVE. 2190 01:34:13,274 --> 01:34:17,812 AND WE HAVE PUBLISHED A 2191 01:34:17,812 --> 01:34:21,549 NUMBER OF PAPERS SHOWING 2192 01:34:21,549 --> 01:34:23,518 THESE ESTROGEN RECEPTION 2193 01:34:23,518 --> 01:34:24,318 MODULATORS ARE ACTIVATING 2194 01:34:24,318 --> 01:34:27,288 ESTROGEN RESPONSES IN BRAIN. 2195 01:34:27,288 --> 01:34:30,591 NOW, CAN WOMEN WHO ARE -- 2196 01:34:30,591 --> 01:34:35,963 HAVE A RISK FOR BREAST 2197 01:34:35,963 --> 01:34:37,999 CANCER USE PHYTOSERM AS AN 2198 01:34:37,999 --> 01:34:38,566 ALTERNATIVE? 2199 01:34:38,566 --> 01:34:41,803 I DON'T KNOW, Dr. HODES, 2200 01:34:41,803 --> 01:34:45,039 BUT WE COULD DO THAT 2201 01:34:45,039 --> 01:34:45,840 CLINICAL TRIAL. 2202 01:34:45,840 --> 01:34:46,207 [LAUGHTER] 2203 01:34:46,207 --> 01:34:47,241 SO WE DON'T KNOW THAT YET 2204 01:34:47,241 --> 01:34:53,681 BUT IT IS A VERY IMPORTANT 2205 01:34:53,681 --> 01:34:58,119 QUESTION AND ISSUE. 2206 01:34:58,119 --> 01:35:01,222 >> THANK YOU. 2207 01:35:01,222 --> 01:35:05,560 >> VERY INFORMATIVE TALK 2208 01:35:05,560 --> 01:35:07,095 AND -- [INAUDIBLE]. 2209 01:35:07,095 --> 01:35:17,338 THE PAGE FROM GLUCOSE 2210 01:35:17,338 --> 01:35:21,042 METABOLIC REPROGRAMMING, IS 2211 01:35:21,042 --> 01:35:23,211 IT THIS TISSUE THAT SUPPLIES 2212 01:35:23,211 --> 01:35:24,212 THE BRAIN AND THE BODY, 2213 01:35:24,212 --> 01:35:31,452 THERE IS A LOT OF DATA THERE 2214 01:35:31,452 --> 01:35:32,520 ON-- [INAUDIBLE] YOUR 2215 01:35:32,520 --> 01:35:33,554 THOUGHTS ON THAT. 2216 01:35:33,554 --> 01:35:34,589 >> SO ANOTHER GREAT EXAMPLE 2217 01:35:34,589 --> 01:35:38,025 FOR A CLINICAL TRIAL. 2218 01:35:38,025 --> 01:35:42,130 THE-- YOU KNOW, MY CONCERN 2219 01:35:42,130 --> 01:35:44,832 IS THIS, IS THAT IF THE 2220 01:35:44,832 --> 01:35:47,235 BRAIN IS UTILIZING ITS OWN 2221 01:35:47,235 --> 01:35:48,069 WHITE MATTER FOR FUEL, 2222 01:35:48,069 --> 01:35:50,571 RIGHT, IT HAS AN ABUNDANT 2223 01:35:50,571 --> 01:35:58,079 SOURCE OF KETONE BODIES SO 2224 01:35:58,079 --> 01:36:00,414 FEEDING IT MORE KETONE 2225 01:36:00,414 --> 01:36:02,950 BODIES MAY OR MAY NOT BE 2226 01:36:02,950 --> 01:36:04,785 EFFECTIVE FROM THE 2227 01:36:04,785 --> 01:36:06,020 PERIPHERY. 2228 01:36:06,020 --> 01:36:06,988 SO THE CHALLENGE I THINK 2229 01:36:06,988 --> 01:36:09,157 ABOUT, AND COMING BACK TO 2230 01:36:09,157 --> 01:36:10,525 THAT TRANSITION, I FIGURE 2231 01:36:10,525 --> 01:36:12,860 HOW CAN WE MARCH THE BRAIN 2232 01:36:12,860 --> 01:36:13,794 BACKWARDS, RIGHT? 2233 01:36:13,794 --> 01:36:15,396 SO WE'RE NOT GOING TO BE 2234 01:36:15,396 --> 01:36:17,031 ABLE TO TAKE, A, 2235 01:36:17,031 --> 01:36:18,266 INTERVENTION, AND TAKE US 2236 01:36:18,266 --> 01:36:20,101 ALL THE WAY BACK TO, YOU 2237 01:36:20,101 --> 01:36:20,768 KNOW, BRAIN HEALTH. 2238 01:36:20,768 --> 01:36:24,639 I THINK WE'RE GOING TO HAVE 2239 01:36:24,639 --> 01:36:26,007 PRECISION THERAPEUTICS THAT 2240 01:36:26,007 --> 01:36:27,175 TARGET WHAT TRANSITION STAGE 2241 01:36:27,175 --> 01:36:28,242 YOU ARE IN. 2242 01:36:28,242 --> 01:36:34,415 NOW, PART OF THE ALZHEIMER'S 2243 01:36:34,415 --> 01:36:38,920 PHASE IS YOU KNOW THE 2244 01:36:38,920 --> 01:36:40,388 RESTRICTION IS HAZARDOUS IN 2245 01:36:40,388 --> 01:36:42,657 THAT GROUP BECAUSE THERE ARE 2246 01:36:42,657 --> 01:36:43,925 MANY -- MANY PEOPLE ARE 2247 01:36:43,925 --> 01:36:45,726 ALREADY QUITE THIN AND 2248 01:36:45,726 --> 01:36:46,160 LOSING WEIGHT. 2249 01:36:46,160 --> 01:36:48,162 SO IT IS A VERY GOOD 2250 01:36:48,162 --> 01:36:51,365 QUESTION ABOUT HOW WE CAN 2251 01:36:51,365 --> 01:36:53,634 CHANGE THE TRAJECTORY 2252 01:36:53,634 --> 01:36:54,402 THROUGH NUTRITIONAL 2253 01:36:54,402 --> 01:36:55,002 INTERVENTION AND I THINK 2254 01:36:55,002 --> 01:36:59,040 THAT IS A KEY QUESTION THAT 2255 01:36:59,040 --> 01:37:02,443 REMAINS TO BE ANSWERED. 2256 01:37:02,443 --> 01:37:04,745 >> MY THOUGHT IS IF YOU 2257 01:37:04,745 --> 01:37:09,784 THINK OF IT FROM THE 2258 01:37:09,784 --> 01:37:14,722 OPPOSITE THAT LOOKS AT THE 2259 01:37:14,722 --> 01:37:16,257 NORMAL BRAIN AND -- 2260 01:37:16,257 --> 01:37:16,657 [INAUDIBLE]. 2261 01:37:16,657 --> 01:37:18,793 >> WELL, AND YOU MAKE A VERY 2262 01:37:18,793 --> 01:37:21,395 GOOD POINT BECAUSE I SAW IN 2263 01:37:21,395 --> 01:37:23,831 AN EARLIER SLIDE DURING AN 2264 01:37:23,831 --> 01:37:25,967 INTRODUCTION, YOU KNOW, WHAT 2265 01:37:25,967 --> 01:37:27,702 ABOUT THE 87 PERCENT OF 2266 01:37:27,702 --> 01:37:29,937 PEOPLE WHO DON'T DEVELOP 2267 01:37:29,937 --> 01:37:30,705 ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, RIGHT? 2268 01:37:30,705 --> 01:37:33,474 AND HOW DO YOU SUSTAIN THAT 2269 01:37:33,474 --> 01:37:33,908 BRAIN HEALTH? 2270 01:37:33,908 --> 01:37:35,376 I THINK THAT IS A REALLY 2271 01:37:35,376 --> 01:37:36,043 IMPORTANT POINT. 2272 01:37:36,043 --> 01:37:38,679 AND I KNOW THAT IN THE 2273 01:37:38,679 --> 01:37:40,948 PRECISION AGING NETWORK LED 2274 01:37:40,948 --> 01:37:42,316 BY CAROL BARNES THAT I HAVE 2275 01:37:42,316 --> 01:37:44,852 THE PRIVILEGE TO MAKE A 2276 01:37:44,852 --> 01:37:46,554 MINOR CONTRIBUTION TO, IS 2277 01:37:46,554 --> 01:37:50,057 REALLY LOOKING INTO THOSE 2278 01:37:50,057 --> 01:37:50,424 QUESTIONS. 2279 01:37:50,424 --> 01:37:51,525 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH AND 2280 01:37:51,525 --> 01:37:59,967 THEN THE OTHER QUESTION I 2281 01:37:59,967 --> 01:38:01,469 HAD IS THAT -- 2282 01:38:01,469 --> 01:38:02,370 [INDISCERNIBLE] 2283 01:38:02,370 --> 01:38:04,972 IS THERE ANY DATA ON HOW TO 2284 01:38:04,972 --> 01:38:12,013 PUT IT BACK TO PF4 AND IS 2285 01:38:12,013 --> 01:38:16,851 THERE A TARGET -- 2286 01:38:16,851 --> 01:38:17,351 [INAUDIBLE] 2287 01:38:17,351 --> 01:38:23,257 >> YEAH, I AM NOT SURE IF 2288 01:38:23,257 --> 01:38:24,859 THERE IS LITERATURE ON THAT 2289 01:38:24,859 --> 01:38:25,459 SPECIFICALLY. 2290 01:38:25,459 --> 01:38:26,961 BUT THAT IS A GREAT POINT. 2291 01:38:26,961 --> 01:38:31,165 THERE IS A LOT OF 2292 01:38:31,165 --> 01:38:33,534 ANTIPLATELET REGENERATION 2293 01:38:33,534 --> 01:38:39,907 AND WE KNOW THAT PF4 IS THE 2294 01:38:39,907 --> 01:38:42,276 MAJOR FACTOR THROUGH WHICH 2295 01:38:42,276 --> 01:38:43,311 WOMEN GET NEUROGENERATED BUT 2296 01:38:43,311 --> 01:38:46,080 NOT SURE IF PEOPLE LOOKED AT 2297 01:38:46,080 --> 01:38:47,782 THE PF4 LEVELS IN THE 2298 01:38:47,782 --> 01:38:49,950 POPULATIONS OF PEOPLE BEING 2299 01:38:49,950 --> 01:38:50,885 TREATED FOR DISEASE BUT 2300 01:38:50,885 --> 01:38:55,222 YEAH, THAT IS A VERY 2301 01:38:55,222 --> 01:38:56,691 IMPORTANT POINT. 2302 01:38:56,691 --> 01:38:58,259 >> QUESTION AND ANSWER? 2303 01:38:58,259 --> 01:38:58,959 >> KELLY FROM UNIVERSITY OF 2304 01:38:58,959 --> 01:39:00,161 MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 2305 01:39:00,161 --> 01:39:00,728 DOWN THE ROAD. 2306 01:39:00,728 --> 01:39:05,966 I WAS KIND OF PIGGY-BACKING 2307 01:39:05,966 --> 01:39:07,234 OFF THE FIRST QUESTION OF 2308 01:39:07,234 --> 01:39:08,035 THE LAST INDIVIDUAL BUT 2309 01:39:08,035 --> 01:39:10,571 THINKING IT HAVE MORE IN THE 2310 01:39:10,571 --> 01:39:14,642 CONTEXT OF THAT INCREASED 2311 01:39:14,642 --> 01:39:17,511 RISK IN THE METABOLICALLY 2312 01:39:17,511 --> 01:39:19,680 CHALLENGED GROUPS, THOSE 2313 01:39:19,680 --> 01:39:20,715 WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME OR 2314 01:39:20,715 --> 01:39:26,487 DIABETES AND THAT INTERPLAY 2315 01:39:26,487 --> 01:39:27,188 WITH KETONES BECAUSE MANY 2316 01:39:27,188 --> 01:39:31,792 ARE PUT ON A KETONE DIET FOR 2317 01:39:31,792 --> 01:39:34,462 THE DIABETES AND IT IS SUPER 2318 01:39:34,462 --> 01:39:37,098 HELPFUL, YOU KNOW, THE A1C 2319 01:39:37,098 --> 01:39:39,400 GOES DOWN, THEY HAVE MORE 2320 01:39:39,400 --> 01:39:41,535 ENERGY, SOME COMPLAIN OF 2321 01:39:41,535 --> 01:39:45,139 BRAIN FOG BUT SOME SAY THEY 2322 01:39:45,139 --> 01:39:47,208 HAVE SUPER SHARP 2323 01:39:47,208 --> 01:39:47,608 FUNCTIONING. 2324 01:39:47,608 --> 01:39:50,811 SO BEYOND THE OCCASIONAL 2325 01:39:50,811 --> 01:39:53,381 FASTING VERSUS THE STRAIGHT 2326 01:39:53,381 --> 01:39:55,583 KETONE DIET, HAVE YOU 2327 01:39:55,583 --> 01:39:57,585 THOUGHT ABOUT HOW THAT 2328 01:39:57,585 --> 01:39:57,985 INTERPLAYS? 2329 01:39:57,985 --> 01:39:59,754 >> I HAVE NOT AND AGAIN IT 2330 01:39:59,754 --> 01:40:01,122 COMES BACK TO TRANSITION 2331 01:40:01,122 --> 01:40:01,589 STATE BIOLOGY. 2332 01:40:01,589 --> 01:40:03,090 SO WHAT YOU ARE DESCRIBING 2333 01:40:03,090 --> 01:40:05,459 ARE AT LEAST TWO DIFFERENT 2334 01:40:05,459 --> 01:40:08,195 GROUPS OF PEOPLE -- ONE WHO 2335 01:40:08,195 --> 01:40:09,363 HAVE NOT MADE THAT 2336 01:40:09,363 --> 01:40:10,631 TRANSITION AND THE OTHER WHO 2337 01:40:10,631 --> 01:40:12,933 MAY IN FACT HAVE MADE A 2338 01:40:12,933 --> 01:40:14,535 TRANSITION AND I THINK THIS 2339 01:40:14,535 --> 01:40:16,604 COMES BACK AGAIN TO THE 2340 01:40:16,604 --> 01:40:19,774 PRECISION AGING STRATEGY OF 2341 01:40:19,774 --> 01:40:24,612 HOW DO WE ACTUALLY DESIGN 2342 01:40:24,612 --> 01:40:26,080 AND EXECUTE INTERVENTIONS 2343 01:40:26,080 --> 01:40:28,082 THAT ARE, YOU KNOW, PRECISE 2344 01:40:28,082 --> 01:40:29,550 FOR THIS AGING POPULATION? 2345 01:40:29,550 --> 01:40:35,556 WHERE ARE YOU AND HOW CAN WE 2346 01:40:35,556 --> 01:40:37,925 PREVENT ADVANCING OR MARCH 2347 01:40:37,925 --> 01:40:40,161 BACK TO THIS BRAIN HEALTH 2348 01:40:40,161 --> 01:40:40,928 AND METABOLIC HEALTH. 2349 01:40:40,928 --> 01:40:42,329 SO I THINK THERE IS A LOT OF 2350 01:40:42,329 --> 01:40:48,903 WORK TO BE DONE. 2351 01:40:48,903 --> 01:40:50,671 THANK YOU. 2352 01:40:50,671 --> 01:40:57,077 >> FROM STANFORD, I AM 2353 01:40:57,077 --> 01:40:58,012 DELIGHTED AND INRATED WITH 2354 01:40:58,012 --> 01:40:59,847 THIS PANEL AND OF COURSE I 2355 01:40:59,847 --> 01:41:01,682 HAVE TO COMPLIMENT ALL OF 2356 01:41:01,682 --> 01:41:02,283 YOU ON FANTASTIC 2357 01:41:02,283 --> 01:41:04,919 PRESENTATIONS BUT I HAVE A 2358 01:41:04,919 --> 01:41:08,222 SPECIFIC QUESTION BUT OF 2359 01:41:08,222 --> 01:41:10,324 COURSE I CAN TAKE TIME AND 2360 01:41:10,324 --> 01:41:12,660 BE THROWN OUT OF THIS WITH A 2361 01:41:12,660 --> 01:41:16,797 NUMBER OF QUESTIONS I HAVE 2362 01:41:16,797 --> 01:41:20,267 BUT HOW DO YOU THINK OR 2363 01:41:20,267 --> 01:41:25,206 ENVISION THE FUTURE STUDIES 2364 01:41:25,206 --> 01:41:33,647 IN BRAIN CONNECTIVITY IN 2365 01:41:33,647 --> 01:41:36,750 PREGNANCY, RIGHT, THE 28-DAY 2366 01:41:36,750 --> 01:41:43,824 CYCLE AND THROUGH TO 2367 01:41:43,824 --> 01:41:44,658 PREGNANCY WHICH YOU CONTROL 2368 01:41:44,658 --> 01:41:48,863 AND SUPPORT BUT THE QUESTION 2369 01:41:48,863 --> 01:41:52,733 OF THE BMI, WEIGHT GAIN IN 2370 01:41:52,733 --> 01:41:56,337 PREGNANCY, METABOLISM 2371 01:41:56,337 --> 01:41:58,138 ASSOCIATED WITH PREGNANCY, 2372 01:41:58,138 --> 01:42:00,741 WOMEN WHO ARE DEPRIVED OF 2373 01:42:00,741 --> 01:42:03,878 PREGNANCY, OBESE, ET CETERA, 2374 01:42:03,878 --> 01:42:04,411 ET CETERA. 2375 01:42:04,411 --> 01:42:10,718 THERE WAS JUST A PUBLISHED 2376 01:42:10,718 --> 01:42:12,052 FANTASTIC STRUCTURAL PAPER 2377 01:42:12,052 --> 01:42:15,923 ON THE BRAIN WITH OBESITY. 2378 01:42:15,923 --> 01:42:19,260 THE BRAIN STRUCTURE CHANGES 2379 01:42:19,260 --> 01:42:24,131 WITH OBESITY AND THERE ARE 2380 01:42:24,131 --> 01:42:25,165 SOME COMPOUNDS RESPONSIBLE. 2381 01:42:25,165 --> 01:42:31,505 WE FOUND THE LECTINS IN THE 2382 01:42:31,505 --> 01:42:41,315 MET A BOLIC FUNCTION, THE 2383 01:42:41,315 --> 01:42:48,756 HYPO THALAMUS AS OPPOSED TO 2384 01:42:48,756 --> 01:42:52,927 THE HIPPO CAMPUS HAS 2385 01:42:52,927 --> 01:42:54,762 PROFOUND IMPACT ON -- 2386 01:42:54,762 --> 01:42:55,963 [OVERLAPPING SPEAKERS] 2387 01:42:55,963 --> 01:42:56,630 >> VERY GOOD. 2388 01:42:56,630 --> 01:43:00,000 I THINK THIS FIELD OF 2389 01:43:00,000 --> 01:43:01,402 MATERNAL OR PARENTAL BRAIN 2390 01:43:01,402 --> 01:43:03,771 ARE JUST GETTING STARTED. 2391 01:43:03,771 --> 01:43:04,405 THERE ARE 1001 QUESTIONS 2392 01:43:04,405 --> 01:43:06,273 THAT HAVE TO BE ADDRESSED. 2393 01:43:06,273 --> 01:43:07,408 I DON'T THINK THIS IS 2394 01:43:07,408 --> 01:43:09,343 EXPLAINED BY WEIGHT AND I 2395 01:43:09,343 --> 01:43:10,611 SAY THAT BECAUSE THESE 2396 01:43:10,611 --> 01:43:14,915 CHANGES DON'T GO AWAY AFTER 2397 01:43:14,915 --> 01:43:17,685 PREGNANCY WHEN RATE 2398 01:43:17,685 --> 01:43:19,420 REDUCTION COMES BACK DOWN. 2399 01:43:19,420 --> 01:43:22,923 THESE ARE MORE OR LESS 2400 01:43:22,923 --> 01:43:25,059 PERMANENT ETCHINGS IN THE 2401 01:43:25,059 --> 01:43:26,760 GRAIN BOTH WITH THE GRAY 2402 01:43:26,760 --> 01:43:27,928 HEART AND WHITE MATTER. 2403 01:43:27,928 --> 01:43:30,831 I THINK THIS EXTENDED 2404 01:43:30,831 --> 01:43:32,866 NEUROPLASTICITY IS HAPPENING 2405 01:43:32,866 --> 01:43:35,736 TO SUPPORT BEHAVIORAL 2406 01:43:35,736 --> 01:43:37,905 ADAPTATIONS THAT WE KNOW. 2407 01:43:37,905 --> 01:43:43,043 IN PREGNANTCY, WE HAVE 2408 01:43:43,043 --> 01:43:44,345 BEAUTIFUL PAPERS BY 2409 01:43:44,345 --> 01:43:47,047 COLLEAGUES LOOKING AT THE 2410 01:43:47,047 --> 01:43:48,749 STEROID ABILITY TO FINE TUNE 2411 01:43:48,749 --> 01:43:50,351 THE RESPONSE PROPERTIES IN 2412 01:43:50,351 --> 01:43:54,455 THE MEDIAN AREA OF THE HYPO 2413 01:43:54,455 --> 01:43:55,956 THALAMUS AND WITH THAT, THE 2414 01:43:55,956 --> 01:43:58,926 BRAIN OF THE MOM GAINED AN 2415 01:43:58,926 --> 01:43:59,960 INCREASE IN SENSITIVITY TO 2416 01:43:59,960 --> 01:44:02,696 BEING ABLE TO PICK UP 2417 01:44:02,696 --> 01:44:03,964 GLOBALZATIONS FROM THE RAT 2418 01:44:03,964 --> 01:44:06,834 PUP AND TO SMELL THEM WITH 2419 01:44:06,834 --> 01:44:07,401 HIGHER INTENSITY. 2420 01:44:07,401 --> 01:44:13,374 I WILL SAY WITH THE HUMAN 2421 01:44:13,374 --> 01:44:14,875 IMAGING WORK WE ARE DOING, I 2422 01:44:14,875 --> 01:44:17,177 WOULD LOVE TO SEE MORE 2423 01:44:17,177 --> 01:44:20,814 SUPPORT WITH THAT SCAN 2424 01:44:20,814 --> 01:44:21,582 TELLING US MECHANISTICALLY 2425 01:44:21,582 --> 01:44:23,217 WHAT IS GOING ON. 2426 01:44:23,217 --> 01:44:29,089 WE KNOW WOMEN RETAIN MORE 2427 01:44:29,089 --> 01:44:31,392 WATER, AND THIS PAPER IS 2428 01:44:31,392 --> 01:44:33,794 REALLY COMING OUT TO PROVE 2429 01:44:33,794 --> 01:44:36,563 THE CONS TO SAY GUYS, WE CAN 2430 01:44:36,563 --> 01:44:36,897 DO THIS. 2431 01:44:36,897 --> 01:44:38,732 AND IN FACT WE SCAN PREGNANT 2432 01:44:38,732 --> 01:44:41,602 WOMEN ALL THE TIME, WE HAVE 2433 01:44:41,602 --> 01:44:44,772 BEAUTIFUL MAPS OF THE FETAL 2434 01:44:44,772 --> 01:44:48,108 BRAIN GOING BACK TO 20 WEEKS 2435 01:44:48,108 --> 01:44:49,243 OF GESTATION, WHY DIDN'T 2436 01:44:49,243 --> 01:44:51,645 ANYBODY THINKING TO MOVE THE 2437 01:44:51,645 --> 01:44:54,381 BOARD DOWN AND LOOK AT THE 2438 01:44:54,381 --> 01:44:55,315 MATERNAL BRAIN? 2439 01:44:55,315 --> 01:44:56,717 SO THIS COMES ON THE HEELS 2440 01:44:56,717 --> 01:45:00,788 OF A MUCH LARGER MATERNAL 2441 01:45:00,788 --> 01:45:03,991 BRAIN PAPER LAUNCHED AT 2442 01:45:03,991 --> 01:45:05,025 UC-SANTA BARBARA AND IRVINE 2443 01:45:05,025 --> 01:45:07,361 WHERE WE ARE TRACKING LARGE 2444 01:45:07,361 --> 01:45:09,163 NUMBERS OF WOMEN OVER TIME 2445 01:45:09,163 --> 01:45:12,933 AND THAT INCLUDES LOOKING AT 2446 01:45:12,933 --> 01:45:15,836 PERFUSION AND A WHOLE BUNCH 2447 01:45:15,836 --> 01:45:17,438 OF OTHER METRICS. 2448 01:45:17,438 --> 01:45:19,073 GREAT QUESTIONS, WE'RE JUST 2449 01:45:19,073 --> 01:45:19,573 DIGGING INTO THIS. 2450 01:45:19,573 --> 01:45:21,275 I THINK THERE WILL BE A 2451 01:45:21,275 --> 01:45:23,277 REALLY COOL STORY ABOUT 2452 01:45:23,277 --> 01:45:25,345 IMMUNE CHANGES THAT HAPPEN 2453 01:45:25,345 --> 01:45:27,981 DURING PREGNANCY AND THAT 2454 01:45:27,981 --> 01:45:29,116 THERE IS THIS NEUROIMMUNE 2455 01:45:29,116 --> 01:45:31,185 DANCE BECAUSE THE MOTHER HAS 2456 01:45:31,185 --> 01:45:33,420 TO TOLERATE THE FETUS AND 2457 01:45:33,420 --> 01:45:43,864 THERE ARE ALL SORTS OF 2458 01:45:44,231 --> 01:45:47,101 MACHINATIONS THAT MAKE THAT 2459 01:45:47,101 --> 01:45:47,434 HAPPEN. 2460 01:45:47,434 --> 01:45:49,937 >> OBESITY CHANGES THE BRAIN 2461 01:45:49,937 --> 01:45:51,105 CONDITION AND ESTROGEN LEVEL 2462 01:45:51,105 --> 01:45:51,839 ITSELF. 2463 01:45:51,839 --> 01:45:56,110 THERE IS NO OVULATION IN 2464 01:45:56,110 --> 01:45:57,811 OBESE WOMEN PER SE SO THERE 2465 01:45:57,811 --> 01:46:01,648 IS A LOT OF GREAT THINGS TO 2466 01:46:01,648 --> 01:46:03,050 THINK THROUGH THOSE. 2467 01:46:03,050 --> 01:46:05,119 >> HI, THE QUESTION RELATED 2468 01:46:05,119 --> 01:46:09,256 TO METABOLIC SHIFT TO 2469 01:46:09,256 --> 01:46:12,926 KETONE, USUALLY ARE HUMAN 2470 01:46:12,926 --> 01:46:17,664 IMAGING, THE FUNCTION IS 2471 01:46:17,664 --> 01:46:19,133 IMMUNE SYSTEM SO SHOULD WE 2472 01:46:19,133 --> 01:46:22,102 MODIFY THAT AND LOOK AT 2473 01:46:22,102 --> 01:46:24,271 OTHER THINGS LIKE BLOOD 2474 01:46:24,271 --> 01:46:25,339 FLOW? 2475 01:46:25,339 --> 01:46:26,640 >> YES, THAT IS A GOOD 2476 01:46:26,640 --> 01:46:32,412 QUESTION AND WE ARE DOING 2477 01:46:32,412 --> 01:46:36,917 MR S IMAGING TO ADDRESS SOME 2478 01:46:36,917 --> 01:46:37,885 OF THESE METABOLIC 2479 01:46:37,885 --> 01:46:39,620 CONDITIONS BUT YEAH, THE 2480 01:46:39,620 --> 01:46:41,321 MORE IMAGING, THE BETTER, 2481 01:46:41,321 --> 01:46:43,190 JUST TO LET YOU KNOW. 2482 01:46:43,190 --> 01:46:45,025 SO YEAH, I THINK THERE IS A 2483 01:46:45,025 --> 01:46:46,393 LOT OF OPPORTUNITIES HERE 2484 01:46:46,393 --> 01:46:48,462 AND I THINK ONE OF THESE 2485 01:46:48,462 --> 01:46:49,963 THAT HAS ALREADY BEEN 2486 01:46:49,963 --> 01:46:51,098 BROUGHT UP IN SEVERAL 2487 01:46:51,098 --> 01:46:52,966 INSTANCES, I KNOW FROM 2488 01:46:52,966 --> 01:46:55,702 ANDREW'S WORK AND TARA'S 2489 01:46:55,702 --> 01:47:00,507 WORK AS WELL AS EMILY'S AND 2490 01:47:00,507 --> 01:47:02,676 MINE IS THE DYNAMIC NATURE 2491 01:47:02,676 --> 01:47:05,212 OF THE BRAIN AND TO WHAT 2492 01:47:05,212 --> 01:47:08,248 EXTENT CAN WE BREAK THIS 2493 01:47:08,248 --> 01:47:12,586 DIVIDE FROM KIND OF 2494 01:47:12,586 --> 01:47:13,320 MECHANISTIC DISCOVERY 2495 01:47:13,320 --> 01:47:15,122 SCIENCE TO THE HUMAN BRAIN 2496 01:47:15,122 --> 01:47:16,390 AND ASKING EXACTLY THE KINDS 2497 01:47:16,390 --> 01:47:18,692 OF QUESTIONS THAT YOU ARE, 2498 01:47:18,692 --> 01:47:21,195 HOW CAN WE PROTECT THIS IN 2499 01:47:21,195 --> 01:47:23,797 THE HUMAN BRAIN AND IN WHOM 2500 01:47:23,797 --> 01:47:26,099 AND WHEN DO WE PROTECT THIS? 2501 01:47:26,099 --> 01:47:28,535 SO I THINK THE BENEFIT, I 2502 01:47:28,535 --> 01:47:29,803 THINK THE REAL ADVANTAGE 2503 01:47:29,803 --> 01:47:32,539 THAT WE HAD IN OUR BRAIN 2504 01:47:32,539 --> 01:47:34,274 IMAGING IS THE FACT WE HAVE 2505 01:47:34,274 --> 01:47:37,144 A COLLABORATOR WHO MATCHED 2506 01:47:37,144 --> 01:47:39,446 THEIR KIND OF IMAGING 2507 01:47:39,446 --> 01:47:41,615 PROTOCOL TO OUR TRANSITION 2508 01:47:41,615 --> 01:47:42,049 STATE BIOLOGY. 2509 01:47:42,049 --> 01:47:44,618 AND I THINK THAT'S GOING TO 2510 01:47:44,618 --> 01:47:46,753 BE REALLY, REALLY CRITICAL. 2511 01:47:46,753 --> 01:47:47,721 SO HOPEFULLY YOU WILL JUMP 2512 01:47:47,721 --> 01:47:53,060 INTO THE FRAY HERE. 2513 01:47:53,060 --> 01:47:55,362 >> SO THANK YOU ALL FOR 2514 01:47:55,362 --> 01:47:56,330 REALLY THOUGHT PROVOKING 2515 01:47:56,330 --> 01:47:56,630 TALKS. 2516 01:47:56,630 --> 01:48:01,034 I HAVE A QUESTION FOR Dr. 2517 01:48:01,034 --> 01:48:01,368 JACOBS. 2518 01:48:01,368 --> 01:48:05,138 SO LOTS OF SPINNING OF CART 2519 01:48:05,138 --> 01:48:07,708 COGRAY MATTER AND DENDRITIC 2520 01:48:07,708 --> 01:48:12,613 SPINES ARE ALSO PROMINENT 2521 01:48:12,613 --> 01:48:17,050 RECURRENT FINDINGS IN 2522 01:48:17,050 --> 01:48:18,919 NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS, 2523 01:48:18,919 --> 01:48:21,088 LIKE DEPRESSION BUT AT LEAST 2524 01:48:21,088 --> 01:48:23,523 AS I AM AWARE NO ONE LOOKS 2525 01:48:23,523 --> 01:48:29,730 AT THEM WITH THE HIGH 2526 01:48:29,730 --> 01:48:30,197 TEMPORAL VIEW. 2527 01:48:30,197 --> 01:48:31,598 SO I THINK WHAT YOU 2528 01:48:31,598 --> 01:48:34,534 PRESENTED IS KIND OF AN 2529 01:48:34,534 --> 01:48:35,402 ASTONISHINGLY DIFFERENT 2530 01:48:35,402 --> 01:48:37,504 PICTURE OF PROCESSES THAT 2531 01:48:37,504 --> 01:48:39,907 ARE ACTUALLY FLUCTUATING IN 2532 01:48:39,907 --> 01:48:42,910 BOTH DIRECTIONS AT HIGH 2533 01:48:42,910 --> 01:48:44,511 TEMPORAL FREQUENCY AND 2534 01:48:44,511 --> 01:48:46,113 PROBABLY RESPONSES TO TREUF 2535 01:48:46,113 --> 01:48:49,750 AL EVENTS AND IT IS ACTUALLY 2536 01:48:49,750 --> 01:48:50,817 A REALLY DIFFERENT PICTURE 2537 01:48:50,817 --> 01:48:53,320 OF HOW WE LOOK AT THAT IMAGE 2538 01:48:53,320 --> 01:48:55,188 IN A DIFFERENT FIELD AND 2539 01:48:55,188 --> 01:48:56,523 WONDERING IF YOU COULD 2540 01:48:56,523 --> 01:48:57,891 EXTEND THAT. 2541 01:48:57,891 --> 01:49:01,194 WHEN WE TALK ABOUT THESE 2542 01:49:01,194 --> 01:49:08,869 THINGS IN TERMS OF 2543 01:49:08,869 --> 01:49:14,041 PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS, IT 2544 01:49:14,041 --> 01:49:16,543 PRESENTS THIS -- 2545 01:49:16,543 --> 01:49:17,878 [INDISCERNIBLE] 2546 01:49:17,878 --> 01:49:18,412 -- HIGH FREQUENCY. 2547 01:49:18,412 --> 01:49:19,646 >> THANK YOU THAT IS A GREAT 2548 01:49:19,646 --> 01:49:21,415 QUESTION AND WHAT THIS CAN 2549 01:49:21,415 --> 01:49:24,785 TELL US, THE BRAIN IS A 2550 01:49:24,785 --> 01:49:27,587 HIGHLY DYNAMIC ORGAN AND THE 2551 01:49:27,587 --> 01:49:29,189 BRAIN ENDOCRINE ORGAN IS 2552 01:49:29,189 --> 01:49:31,858 RESPONSIVE TO THE EBBS AND 2553 01:49:31,858 --> 01:49:32,159 FLOWS. 2554 01:49:32,159 --> 01:49:33,593 AND I HOPE SOME OF THE 2555 01:49:33,593 --> 01:49:35,662 PRINCIPLES WE CAN TAKE AWAY 2556 01:49:35,662 --> 01:49:36,797 IS HORMONES DRIVE THESE 2557 01:49:36,797 --> 01:49:37,864 CHANGES AND IF WE CAN 2558 01:49:37,864 --> 01:49:39,032 UNDERSTAND THAT AND BOTTLE 2559 01:49:39,032 --> 01:49:41,635 IT UP, IT COULD GIVE US 2560 01:49:41,635 --> 01:49:43,236 INTERESTING IDEAS ABOUT 2561 01:49:43,236 --> 01:49:44,404 REGENERATIVE MEDICINE AND 2562 01:49:44,404 --> 01:49:47,274 HOW TO USE THESE EXTENDED 2563 01:49:47,274 --> 01:49:48,875 NEUROPLASTICITY WE SEE IN 2564 01:49:48,875 --> 01:49:51,378 THE MATERNAL BRAIN, CAN WE 2565 01:49:51,378 --> 01:49:52,446 PROVIDE TO IN OTHER 2566 01:49:52,446 --> 01:49:54,648 CONDITIONS WHERE WE NEED 2567 01:49:54,648 --> 01:49:55,248 THAT NEUROPLASTICITY. 2568 01:49:55,248 --> 01:50:00,153 AND THAT IS WHY I SORT OF 2569 01:50:00,153 --> 01:50:02,222 BEGAN IN THE FIRST THREE 2570 01:50:02,222 --> 01:50:03,824 MINUTES THAT THERE ARE SO 2571 01:50:03,824 --> 01:50:05,525 MANY CONDITIONS THAT HAVE 2572 01:50:05,525 --> 01:50:08,161 NOT BEEN ADDRESSED IN LARGE 2573 01:50:08,161 --> 01:50:12,232 PART BECAUSE WOMEN'S HEALTH 2574 01:50:12,232 --> 01:50:13,500 HAS BEEN IGNORED FOR SO 2575 01:50:13,500 --> 01:50:14,368 LONG. 2576 01:50:14,368 --> 01:50:16,203 THERE ARE THESE PULSES IN 2577 01:50:16,203 --> 01:50:18,972 THE BRAIN THAT ARE ADAPTIVE 2578 01:50:18,972 --> 01:50:20,807 AND WE NEED SO MUCH MORE 2579 01:50:20,807 --> 01:50:24,277 WORK TO UNDERSTAND THE 2580 01:50:24,277 --> 01:50:29,016 CONNECTIVITY OF IT. 2581 01:50:29,016 --> 01:50:29,916 >> HI, CAROL BARNES, 2582 01:50:29,916 --> 01:50:30,751 UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA. 2583 01:50:30,751 --> 01:50:39,493 I AM WONDERING IF TARA AND 2584 01:50:39,493 --> 01:50:40,861 ROBERTA, THE NEUROGENESIS, 2585 01:50:40,861 --> 01:50:44,264 YOUR MINDS WERE 20 MONTHS OF 2586 01:50:44,264 --> 01:50:49,369 AGE BUT NEUROPRO PLASTOSIS 2587 01:50:49,369 --> 01:50:52,205 IS AT 15 MONTHS OF AGE AND 2588 01:50:52,205 --> 01:50:55,642 IT STRUCK ME, IS THIS A 2589 01:50:55,642 --> 01:50:56,910 TRANSITION AS ROBERTA WAS 2590 01:50:56,910 --> 01:50:58,645 TALKING ABOUT AND HOW MANY 2591 01:50:58,645 --> 01:51:00,881 THINGS ARE CHANGING 2592 01:51:00,881 --> 01:51:03,116 INCLUDING NEUROGENESIS? 2593 01:51:03,116 --> 01:51:06,386 >> YES, IN THE 20 MONTH OLD 2594 01:51:06,386 --> 01:51:09,656 MICE WHICH ARE RELATIVE TO 2595 01:51:09,656 --> 01:51:12,626 THE 25-YEAR-OLD IN HUMANS, 2596 01:51:12,626 --> 01:51:15,796 THE NEUROGENESIS IN MICE WAS 2597 01:51:15,796 --> 01:51:17,964 QUITE HIGH AND TKR-PD 2598 01:51:17,964 --> 01:51:21,234 QUICKLY AT THREE AND FOUR 2599 01:51:21,234 --> 01:51:23,503 MONTHS WHERE THE 2600 01:51:23,503 --> 01:51:25,338 NEUROGENESIS LEVELS ARE 2601 01:51:25,338 --> 01:51:25,839 ALREADY DECLINING. 2602 01:51:25,839 --> 01:51:27,974 AND THERE HAS BEEN EVIDENCE 2603 01:51:27,974 --> 01:51:30,043 COMING OUT LAST FEW MONTHS 2604 01:51:30,043 --> 01:51:37,017 IN HUMANS SO HING SO HE -- 2605 01:51:37,017 --> 01:51:40,620 SHOWING THE DECREASE IN 2606 01:51:40,620 --> 01:51:41,555 NEUROGENERATIVE DISEASE. 2607 01:51:41,555 --> 01:51:45,425 SO IT MIGHT BE THE VERY LAST 2608 01:51:45,425 --> 01:51:47,627 TRANSITION STAGE BUT MORE 2609 01:51:47,627 --> 01:51:48,862 THE ENDPOINT STAGE. 2610 01:51:48,862 --> 01:51:54,134 IF YOU WANT TO LOOK AT THE 2611 01:51:54,134 --> 01:51:55,535 ENDOCRINE STAGE, I SUGGEST 2612 01:51:55,535 --> 01:51:57,871 WE LOOK AT MICE YOUNGER THAN 2613 01:51:57,871 --> 01:51:59,239 20 MONTHS. 2614 01:51:59,239 --> 01:52:00,273 >> WELL, TO DOVETAIL THAT, 2615 01:52:00,273 --> 01:52:03,376 IT MAKES ME THINK OF OUR 2616 01:52:03,376 --> 01:52:06,313 EARLIER WORK WHERE WE USE A 2617 01:52:06,313 --> 01:52:08,181 MOUSE MODEL OF ALZHEIMER'S 2618 01:52:08,181 --> 01:52:10,217 DISEASE WHERE WE ALWAYS HAD 2619 01:52:10,217 --> 01:52:14,321 A NORMAL AGE MATCHED CONTROL 2620 01:52:14,321 --> 01:52:16,790 MOUSE IN ADDITION TO THE 2621 01:52:16,790 --> 01:52:19,626 CONTROL MOUSE. 2622 01:52:19,626 --> 01:52:21,061 AND ASTOUNDINGLY FOR 2623 01:52:21,061 --> 01:52:23,230 NEUROGENESIS, WE NEVER SAW 2624 01:52:23,230 --> 01:52:27,534 FOR THE IMPACT OF THE 2625 01:52:27,534 --> 01:52:29,603 THERAPEUTIC FOR ALZHEIMER'S 2626 01:52:29,603 --> 01:52:31,872 DISEASE AND IN NORMAL MICE, 2627 01:52:31,872 --> 01:52:34,307 WE NEVER SAW NEUROGENESIS 2628 01:52:34,307 --> 01:52:40,347 BEING ACTIVATED BY ADOE 2629 01:52:40,347 --> 01:52:42,215 ALOE TILL THEY WERE 15 2630 01:52:42,215 --> 01:52:43,583 MONTHS OF AGE. 2631 01:52:43,583 --> 01:52:45,752 AND WE KNOW IN THOSE MICE, 2632 01:52:45,752 --> 01:52:47,053 THERE WAS NO NEUROGENESIS, 2633 01:52:47,053 --> 01:52:49,456 HAD ALL THE MARKERS FOR 2634 01:52:49,456 --> 01:52:51,057 THAT, SO IT REALLY I THINK 2635 01:52:51,057 --> 01:52:52,559 SPEAKS TO THE REGENERATIVE 2636 01:52:52,559 --> 01:52:54,194 POTENTIAL OF THE AGING 2637 01:52:54,194 --> 01:52:54,661 BRAIN. 2638 01:52:54,661 --> 01:52:58,565 NOW, IN THE DATA FROM OUR 2639 01:52:58,565 --> 01:53:01,935 PHASE 1B2A CLINICAL TRIAL IN 2640 01:53:01,935 --> 01:53:04,905 PERSONS, 60 YEARS AND OLDER, 2641 01:53:04,905 --> 01:53:09,075 WE FOUND A SET OF 2642 01:53:09,075 --> 01:53:10,544 RESPONDERS. 2643 01:53:10,544 --> 01:53:17,617 IT WAS A DOUBLE BLIND 2644 01:53:17,617 --> 01:53:19,186 CONTROLLED PHASE 1A2B 2645 01:53:19,186 --> 01:53:20,320 CLINICAL TRIAL, SMALL 2646 01:53:20,320 --> 01:53:21,955 NUMBERS BUT WE FOUND THERE 2647 01:53:21,955 --> 01:53:24,224 WERE INDIVIDUALS WHO HAD 2648 01:53:24,224 --> 01:53:26,259 GAINED SMALL, AND JUST OVER 2649 01:53:26,259 --> 01:53:29,462 THREE MONTHS FROM TREATMENT, 2650 01:53:29,462 --> 01:53:31,198 HAD GAINED HIPPO CAMPAL 2651 01:53:31,198 --> 01:53:33,800 VOLUME IN THIS AGING 2652 01:53:33,800 --> 01:53:38,672 POPULATION AND THEY WERE PF4 2653 01:53:38,672 --> 01:53:39,206 CARRIERS. 2654 01:53:39,206 --> 01:53:40,040 SO THOSE WERE THE RESPONDER 2655 01:53:40,040 --> 01:53:50,283 SET AND NOW WE'RE IN A STAGE 2656 01:53:50,283 --> 01:53:52,018 2B CLINICAL TRIAL WITH THE 2657 01:53:52,018 --> 01:53:54,087 CARRIERS ALL OF WHOM ARE 65 2658 01:53:54,087 --> 01:53:55,388 AND OLDER. 2659 01:53:55,388 --> 01:53:57,657 BUT IN THE NORMAL MOUSE, I 2660 01:53:57,657 --> 01:53:58,658 WAS SO THRILLED BECAUSE 2661 01:53:58,658 --> 01:53:59,960 THERE WAS THIS LITTLE BLIP 2662 01:53:59,960 --> 01:54:02,362 THAT THE OLDER MICE WERE 2663 01:54:02,362 --> 01:54:05,632 SHOWING AND WHAT IT SHOWS IS 2664 01:54:05,632 --> 01:54:06,900 THAT IT DOESN'T GIVE YOU 2665 01:54:06,900 --> 01:54:08,568 MORE IF YOU ARE GOOD, IT THE 2666 01:54:08,568 --> 01:54:11,304 ONLY IF YOU HAVE A DEFICIT 2667 01:54:11,304 --> 01:54:12,539 IN NEUROGENESIS. 2668 01:54:12,539 --> 01:54:14,908 SO THE AGING MICE ARE 2669 01:54:14,908 --> 01:54:16,443 BEGINNING TO SHOW THE 2670 01:54:16,443 --> 01:54:18,378 DEFICIT BUT THERE IS HOPE. 2671 01:54:18,378 --> 01:54:20,080 >> WE SEE THE NEUROGENESIS 2672 01:54:20,080 --> 01:54:21,348 IN YOUNGER MICE BUT IT IS 2673 01:54:21,348 --> 01:54:23,950 ONLY IN THE OLDER MICE 2674 01:54:23,950 --> 01:54:25,218 RECEIVING TREATMENT WHERE 2675 01:54:25,218 --> 01:54:28,088 THERE IS AN OBVIOUS DEFICIT, 2676 01:54:28,088 --> 01:54:29,356 RIGHT? 2677 01:54:29,356 --> 01:54:32,158 IN THE FIRST TEST THAT WAS 2678 01:54:32,158 --> 01:54:34,794 USED, THEY WENT TO TESTING 2679 01:54:34,794 --> 01:54:37,998 AT EARLY MONTHS OF AGE -- 2680 01:54:37,998 --> 01:54:38,431 [INAUDIBLE]. 2681 01:54:38,431 --> 01:54:46,106 >> CAN I JUST SAY SOMETHING? 2682 01:54:46,106 --> 01:54:50,410 MY COLLEAGUE JENN BYDAN DID 2683 01:54:50,410 --> 01:54:56,149 A STUDY OF NEUROGENUINE 2684 01:54:56,149 --> 01:54:57,851 NEUROGENESIS AND FACIAL 2685 01:54:57,851 --> 01:54:59,519 COGNITION AND IT WAS DONE 2686 01:54:59,519 --> 01:55:02,088 QUITE A LONG TIME AGO BUT 2687 01:55:02,088 --> 01:55:04,391 THE OLDER ANIMALS WITH WORSE 2688 01:55:04,391 --> 01:55:07,093 NEUROBETWEEN SIS WERE THE 2689 01:55:07,093 --> 01:55:09,462 ANIMALS BETTER IN FACIAL 2690 01:55:09,462 --> 01:55:15,101 COGNITION SO I AM WONDERING 2691 01:55:15,101 --> 01:55:17,170 ABOUT THE LINEARITY BETWEEN 2692 01:55:17,170 --> 01:55:19,939 NEUROGENESIS AND FACIAL 2693 01:55:19,939 --> 01:55:20,840 RECOGNITION. 2694 01:55:20,840 --> 01:55:22,776 >> YES, WE GENERALLY FIND 2695 01:55:22,776 --> 01:55:25,412 THE MICE WITH LOWER LEVELS 2696 01:55:25,412 --> 01:55:27,514 OF NEUROGENESIS HAVE WORST 2697 01:55:27,514 --> 01:55:28,281 FACIAL RECOGNITION. 2698 01:55:28,281 --> 01:55:30,383 >> SO I WOULD JUST SAY CAROL 2699 01:55:30,383 --> 01:55:33,553 IF THE RATS KNEW THAT CAROL 2700 01:55:33,553 --> 01:55:34,621 BARNES WAS WATCHING, THEY 2701 01:55:34,621 --> 01:55:39,292 WOULD DO WELL, JUST SAYING. 2702 01:55:39,292 --> 01:55:40,226 [LAUGHTER] 2703 01:55:40,226 --> 01:55:41,461 >> YES, TIM FROM BROWN 2704 01:55:41,461 --> 01:55:42,962 UNIVERSITY AND I LOVE THE 2705 01:55:42,962 --> 01:55:43,263 TALKS. 2706 01:55:43,263 --> 01:55:46,399 THIS IS A QUESTION FOR 2707 01:55:46,399 --> 01:55:47,567 ANDREW YANG SINCE NOBODY 2708 01:55:47,567 --> 01:55:49,836 ASKED YOU A QUESTION YET. 2709 01:55:49,836 --> 01:55:52,906 I LOVED ALL YOU GUYS' TALKS 2710 01:55:52,906 --> 01:55:58,478 AND WE KNOW THE BDP SHIELD 2711 01:55:58,478 --> 01:56:02,082 EXTENDS WITH SMALL MONITORS 2712 01:56:02,082 --> 01:56:03,249 THAT ARE ALMOST 100 PERCENT 2713 01:56:03,249 --> 01:56:06,219 GOING FROM THE BLOOD TO THE 2714 01:56:06,219 --> 01:56:09,122 BRAIN AND THESE FANTASTIC 2715 01:56:09,122 --> 01:56:10,724 PROTEINS CROSSING THE BBB, I 2716 01:56:10,724 --> 01:56:13,660 AM JUST WONDERING IF YOU 2717 01:56:13,660 --> 01:56:17,063 HAVE LEARNED THE UNDERLYING 2718 01:56:17,063 --> 01:56:18,098 MECHANISM THROUGH WHICH 2719 01:56:18,098 --> 01:56:19,632 THOSE PROTEINS ARE INJECTED 2720 01:56:19,632 --> 01:56:22,335 IN THE BRAIN SO WE CAN USE 2721 01:56:22,335 --> 01:56:23,636 THOSE PROTEINS TO ENABLE THE 2722 01:56:23,636 --> 01:56:27,273 BLOOD TO REACH INTO THE 2723 01:56:27,273 --> 01:56:28,641 BRAIN? 2724 01:56:28,641 --> 01:56:29,109 >> THANK YOU. 2725 01:56:29,109 --> 01:56:33,413 IT IS ON, RIGHT? 2726 01:56:33,413 --> 01:56:35,148 YEAH, THAT IS A FANTASTIC 2727 01:56:35,148 --> 01:56:35,682 QUESTION. 2728 01:56:35,682 --> 01:56:40,887 BACK TO THE ANALOGY OF THE 2729 01:56:40,887 --> 01:56:43,757 BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER ON 2730 01:56:43,757 --> 01:56:47,060 PARTICULAR HOMES OF THE 2731 01:56:47,060 --> 01:56:51,264 BRAIN, RIGHT NOW IDENTIFYING 2732 01:56:51,264 --> 01:56:53,366 THE BLOOD PROTEINS WITHOUT 2733 01:56:53,366 --> 01:56:54,567 THE FUNCTION ITSELF, IT IS 2734 01:56:54,567 --> 01:56:55,735 RUNNING INTO A WALL. 2735 01:56:55,735 --> 01:56:58,605 BUT IF YOU CAN IDENTIFY THE 2736 01:56:58,605 --> 01:57:00,740 PROCESSES, YOU WILL HAVE 2737 01:57:00,740 --> 01:57:02,776 BETTER SUCCESS AND AT LEAST 2738 01:57:02,776 --> 01:57:03,877 FOR BIOLOGICS. 2739 01:57:03,877 --> 01:57:05,478 WE'RE STARTING TO SEE THAT 2740 01:57:05,478 --> 01:57:07,981 IN THE INDUSTRY, WHERE THEY 2741 01:57:07,981 --> 01:57:16,055 ARE LEVERAGING THIS THIS 2742 01:57:16,055 --> 01:57:21,561 TRANSSEPTEMBER TORE 2743 01:57:21,561 --> 01:57:22,295 PATHWAY -- TRANSCEPTOR 2744 01:57:22,295 --> 01:57:23,496 PATHWAY. 2745 01:57:23,496 --> 01:57:26,533 EVERYONE WILL USE THIS IN 2746 01:57:26,533 --> 01:57:31,070 DELIVERING MACRO MODELS BUT 2747 01:57:31,070 --> 01:57:32,806 THERE ARE EXPAND ABILITIES 2748 01:57:32,806 --> 01:57:34,107 WITHIN ONE TARGET. 2749 01:57:34,107 --> 01:57:36,609 DIFFERENT TARGET FOR 2750 01:57:36,609 --> 01:57:38,111 DIFFERENT DISEASES BECAUSE 2751 01:57:38,111 --> 01:57:43,183 WE KNOW FOR EXAMPLE, THE 2752 01:57:43,183 --> 01:57:44,884 EXPRESSION OF CREATIVITY 2753 01:57:44,884 --> 01:57:47,153 DECREASES WITH NORMAL AGING 2754 01:57:47,153 --> 01:57:49,255 AND THIS IS JUST ONE EXAMPLE 2755 01:57:49,255 --> 01:57:51,224 SO I HOPE ON TOP OF THAT WE 2756 01:57:51,224 --> 01:57:54,427 HAVE THE ABILITY TO NOT JUST 2757 01:57:54,427 --> 01:57:56,563 GET MORE CELLS IN THE BRAIN 2758 01:57:56,563 --> 01:58:00,900 BUT BECAUSE WE HAVE ALL THIS 2759 01:58:00,900 --> 01:58:02,635 BRAIN VASCULATURE AND TUNNEL 2760 01:58:02,635 --> 01:58:05,338 SETS, YOU CAN HAVE BRAIN 2761 01:58:05,338 --> 01:58:07,273 THERAPY THAT WILL ENTER THE 2762 01:58:07,273 --> 01:58:11,110 BRAIN AND THEN HONE THE MIKE 2763 01:58:11,110 --> 01:58:12,178 CREEGLIA FOR DIFFERENT 2764 01:58:12,178 --> 01:58:12,545 DISEASES. 2765 01:58:12,545 --> 01:58:14,447 >> WE HAVE A COUPLE MORE 2766 01:58:14,447 --> 01:58:15,448 QUESTIONS AND THEN I WOULD 2767 01:58:15,448 --> 01:58:17,484 LIKE TO LEAVE A FEW MINUTES 2768 01:58:17,484 --> 01:58:27,560 TO LET ME HAVE A LITTLE FUN 2769 01:58:27,560 --> 01:58:29,529 WITH SOME OF THE QUESTIONS. 2770 01:58:29,529 --> 01:58:33,666 >> THE DATA YOU SHOW ON 2771 01:58:33,666 --> 01:58:37,036 MYELIN METABOLISM AND 2772 01:58:37,036 --> 01:58:40,573 MICROGLIAL INTERACTIONS, I 2773 01:58:40,573 --> 01:58:42,208 WAS WONDERING DO WE CONSIDER 2774 01:58:42,208 --> 01:58:45,478 THAT AS THE MAIN DRIVER OF 2775 01:58:45,478 --> 01:58:47,080 INFLAMMATION IN AGING BRAINS 2776 01:58:47,080 --> 01:58:49,382 AND THAT MAYBE THERE IS LIKE 2777 01:58:49,382 --> 01:58:52,919 SOME SORT OF AUTOIMMUNE 2778 01:58:52,919 --> 01:58:55,522 RESPONSE TO MYELIN AGING OR 2779 01:58:55,522 --> 01:58:57,357 ARE THERE OTHER DRIVERS WE 2780 01:58:57,357 --> 01:58:59,058 THINK ARE IMPORTANT FOR 2781 01:58:59,058 --> 01:59:01,494 INFLAMMATION IN BRAIN AND 2782 01:59:01,494 --> 01:59:01,961 AGING? 2783 01:59:01,961 --> 01:59:06,266 I MEAN, WE KNOW THERE IS 2784 01:59:06,266 --> 01:59:11,371 CLEARLY INFLAMMATION AND 2785 01:59:11,371 --> 01:59:11,838 MYOCES. 2786 01:59:11,838 --> 01:59:15,208 >> YES, GREAT QUESTION AND 2787 01:59:15,208 --> 01:59:15,775 THANK YOU. 2788 01:59:15,775 --> 01:59:18,545 SO I GOT DRAGGED, KICKING 2789 01:59:18,545 --> 01:59:20,713 AND SCREAMING, INTO THE 2790 01:59:20,713 --> 01:59:22,181 IMMUNE SYSTEM BUT THAT IS 2791 01:59:22,181 --> 01:59:24,050 WHERE THE BRAIN WAS TAKING 2792 01:59:24,050 --> 01:59:24,384 ME. 2793 01:59:24,384 --> 01:59:26,019 AND TO YOUR POINT, ONE OF 2794 01:59:26,019 --> 01:59:29,289 THE THINGS THAT WE ARE ABOUT 2795 01:59:29,289 --> 01:59:37,163 TO SUBMIT FOR REVIEW IS 2796 01:59:37,163 --> 01:59:39,832 ASKING THE QUESTION, CAN WE 2797 01:59:39,832 --> 01:59:41,868 CHANGE THE TRAJECTORY OF 2798 01:59:41,868 --> 01:59:43,937 THIS BRAIN AGING BY 2799 01:59:43,937 --> 01:59:44,671 TARGETING THE INNATE IMMUNE 2800 01:59:44,671 --> 01:59:45,838 SYSTEM BECAUSE THAT IS THE 2801 01:59:45,838 --> 01:59:47,407 FIRST SYSTEM THAT IS 2802 01:59:47,407 --> 01:59:49,008 ACTUALLY ACTIVATED. 2803 01:59:49,008 --> 01:59:51,744 IT IS ACTIVATED BEFORE 2804 01:59:51,744 --> 01:59:53,513 METABOLICALLY PROGRAMMING. 2805 01:59:53,513 --> 01:59:55,315 SO THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM, 2806 01:59:55,315 --> 01:59:56,883 YOU DON'T EVEN KNOW IT IS 2807 01:59:56,883 --> 01:59:58,318 HAPPENING AND THEN IT IS 2808 01:59:58,318 --> 01:59:58,785 ACTIVATED. 2809 01:59:58,785 --> 02:00:01,354 SO WE ASK THE QUESTION CAN 2810 02:00:01,354 --> 02:00:03,623 WE ACTUALLY TARGET THE 2811 02:00:03,623 --> 02:00:05,358 IMMUNE SYSTEM AND CHANGE 2812 02:00:05,358 --> 02:00:10,229 TRAJECTORY OF THAT AGING 2813 02:00:10,229 --> 02:00:12,832 PROFILE DURING PERI AND 2814 02:00:12,832 --> 02:00:13,666 MENOPAUSAL BRAIN? 2815 02:00:13,666 --> 02:00:16,202 AND THE ANSWER IS YES. 2816 02:00:16,202 --> 02:00:18,471 IT TAKES COMBINATION 2817 02:00:18,471 --> 02:00:19,672 THERAPY, MULTIPLES, BUT IT 2818 02:00:19,672 --> 02:00:20,273 IS QUITE EFFECTIVE. 2819 02:00:20,273 --> 02:00:25,311 SO I THINK THERE IS THE 2820 02:00:25,311 --> 02:00:27,814 POTENTIAL FOR ACTUALLY 2821 02:00:27,814 --> 02:00:29,682 CHANGING THE TRAJECTORY OF 2822 02:00:29,682 --> 02:00:30,817 AGING WITH EARLY 2823 02:00:30,817 --> 02:00:31,951 INTERVENTION IN THIS 2824 02:00:31,951 --> 02:00:33,686 TRANSITION STATE AND THEN, 2825 02:00:33,686 --> 02:00:35,288 YOU KNOW, THE QUESTION I 2826 02:00:35,288 --> 02:00:36,556 THINK ALSO THAT YOU ARE 2827 02:00:36,556 --> 02:00:38,157 ASKING HOW CAN WE BRING THAT 2828 02:00:38,157 --> 02:00:40,593 BACK AND WHAT WE SEE IS THAT 2829 02:00:40,593 --> 02:00:42,328 THERE'S ACTIVATION OF THE 2830 02:00:42,328 --> 02:00:43,496 INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND 2831 02:00:43,496 --> 02:00:47,333 THEN ACTIVATION OF THE 2832 02:00:47,333 --> 02:00:49,002 ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM. 2833 02:00:49,002 --> 02:00:51,304 SO IT REALLY DEPENDS ON 2834 02:00:51,304 --> 02:00:52,872 WHICH END OF THE SPECTRUM 2835 02:00:52,872 --> 02:00:53,773 YOU ARE AT. 2836 02:00:53,773 --> 02:00:58,177 BECAUSE WHEN WE LOOK AT THAT 2837 02:00:58,177 --> 02:01:01,547 LATER STAGE WHERE THERE IS 2838 02:01:01,547 --> 02:01:03,683 MYELIN METABOLISM AND THE 2839 02:01:03,683 --> 02:01:05,284 GENERATION OF THIS 2840 02:01:05,284 --> 02:01:06,986 AUTOIMMUNE, I THINK WE'RE 2841 02:01:06,986 --> 02:01:09,155 GOING TO NEED THERAPEUTICS 2842 02:01:09,155 --> 02:01:10,089 THAT TARGET OUR IMMUNE 2843 02:01:10,089 --> 02:01:14,861 SYSTEM AND IT IS KIND OF NO 2844 02:01:14,861 --> 02:01:15,862 ACCIDENT THAT OVER 2845 02:01:15,862 --> 02:01:19,365 990 PERCENT OF PEOPLE WHO 2846 02:01:19,365 --> 02:01:20,066 DEVELOP MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS 2847 02:01:20,066 --> 02:01:22,101 OVER THE AGE OF 50 ARE 2848 02:01:22,101 --> 02:01:22,802 WOMEN, RIGHT? 2849 02:01:22,802 --> 02:01:24,437 SO I THINK IT IS A GREAT 2850 02:01:24,437 --> 02:01:26,639 OPPORTUNITY FOR US TO REALLY 2851 02:01:26,639 --> 02:01:28,641 THINK MORE DEEPLY AROUND 2852 02:01:28,641 --> 02:01:29,208 THAT IMMUNE SYSTEM. 2853 02:01:29,208 --> 02:01:30,443 >> JUST IN THE INTEREST OF 2854 02:01:30,443 --> 02:01:32,512 TIME AND BECAUSE I REALLY DO 2855 02:01:32,512 --> 02:01:34,147 WANT TO HAVE FUN WITH A FEW 2856 02:01:34,147 --> 02:01:35,882 QUESTIONS, I AM GOING TO 2857 02:01:35,882 --> 02:01:37,417 START THE DISCUSSION BUT WE 2858 02:01:37,417 --> 02:01:39,085 HAVE A 20 MINUTE BREAK AFTER 2859 02:01:39,085 --> 02:01:40,920 THIS SO PLEASE COME UP TO 2860 02:01:40,920 --> 02:01:42,422 THE STAGE AND GRAB THEM AND 2861 02:01:42,422 --> 02:01:43,589 ASK THEM YOUR PRESSING 2862 02:01:43,589 --> 02:01:44,090 QUESTIONS. 2863 02:01:44,090 --> 02:01:48,261 I HAVE A FEW OF MY OWN AS 2864 02:01:48,261 --> 02:01:48,761 WELL. 2865 02:01:48,761 --> 02:01:50,863 SO THIS ONE I WILL RANDOMLY 2866 02:01:50,863 --> 02:01:53,700 PICK ON YOU ALL AND 2867 02:01:53,700 --> 02:01:55,201 PIGGY-BACK ON THE QUESTION 2868 02:01:55,201 --> 02:01:57,070 REGARDING THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, 2869 02:01:57,070 --> 02:01:58,438 TALKING ABOUT PERIPHERY IN 2870 02:01:58,438 --> 02:02:00,306 THE BRAIN AND NO WAY WE CAN 2871 02:02:00,306 --> 02:02:01,674 TALK ABOUT THAT WITHOUT 2872 02:02:01,674 --> 02:02:03,009 TALKING ABOUT THE IMMUNE 2873 02:02:03,009 --> 02:02:07,213 SYSTEM AND THESE FACTORS AND 2874 02:02:07,213 --> 02:02:09,982 WE HAVE TRANSITION STATES 2875 02:02:09,982 --> 02:02:10,983 WITH DIFFERENT TRAJECTORIES. 2876 02:02:10,983 --> 02:02:21,527 SO MANY TIMES WE THINK ABOUT 2877 02:02:22,228 --> 02:02:23,496 THIS BEING EXTRA-MENTAL BUT 2878 02:02:23,496 --> 02:02:25,998 HOW DO YOU ADAPT THAT IN THE 2879 02:02:25,998 --> 02:02:27,600 FIRST PLACE WHERE YOU THINK 2880 02:02:27,600 --> 02:02:31,704 IT SORT OF LIES AS A DRIVER 2881 02:02:31,704 --> 02:02:34,974 OF AGING VERSUS THE 2882 02:02:34,974 --> 02:02:36,476 RESILIENCE AND DELAYED 2883 02:02:36,476 --> 02:02:36,943 AGING. 2884 02:02:36,943 --> 02:02:38,711 SO I WILL START WITH YOU 2885 02:02:38,711 --> 02:02:39,278 TARA. 2886 02:02:39,278 --> 02:02:42,081 >> YES, THAT IS A REALLY 2887 02:02:42,081 --> 02:02:44,717 GOOD QUESTION. 2888 02:02:44,717 --> 02:02:46,252 BASICALLY UNTIL RELATIVELY 2889 02:02:46,252 --> 02:02:47,153 RECENTLY, IT HAS BEEN 2890 02:02:47,153 --> 02:02:49,322 THOUGHT OF BEING A 2891 02:02:49,322 --> 02:02:52,358 DETRIMENTAL PART OF THE 2892 02:02:52,358 --> 02:02:56,929 SYSTEM WITH AGING AND 2893 02:02:56,929 --> 02:02:57,797 NEUROGENESIS PLATELET 2894 02:02:57,797 --> 02:02:58,197 DYSFUNCTION. 2895 02:02:58,197 --> 02:03:00,633 SO IT IS VERY RECENTLY 2896 02:03:00,633 --> 02:03:02,802 PLATELETS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO 2897 02:03:02,802 --> 02:03:04,537 HAVE ALL THESE OTHER 2898 02:03:04,537 --> 02:03:05,138 FUNCTIONS PARTICULARLY 2899 02:03:05,138 --> 02:03:06,572 RELATED TO THE BRAIN AND 2900 02:03:06,572 --> 02:03:09,041 THIS IS WHY WE ARE SO 2901 02:03:09,041 --> 02:03:10,209 INTERESTED IN THEM, IS 2902 02:03:10,209 --> 02:03:12,612 BECAUSE THEY DO SEEM TO 2903 02:03:12,612 --> 02:03:18,618 CONTAIN MANY, MANY 2904 02:03:18,618 --> 02:03:19,418 BENEFICIAL PROTEINS, 2905 02:03:19,418 --> 02:03:21,187 EFFECTANTS THAT ARE KNOWN TO 2906 02:03:21,187 --> 02:03:21,954 REJUVENATE IN THE BRAIN AND 2907 02:03:21,954 --> 02:03:23,589 WE HAVE SEEN A NUMBER OF 2908 02:03:23,589 --> 02:03:31,330 STUDIES IN THE LAST FEW 2909 02:03:31,330 --> 02:03:39,572 YEARS SHOWING PLATELETS, 2910 02:03:39,572 --> 02:03:40,540 GLYSATES AND NEUROGENERATION 2911 02:03:40,540 --> 02:03:41,674 THERAPIES, SO I THINK THIS 2912 02:03:41,674 --> 02:03:43,843 IS A TOPIC THAT HAS COME UP 2913 02:03:43,843 --> 02:03:46,646 RECENTLY IN THE LAST FEW 2914 02:03:46,646 --> 02:03:49,982 YEARS AND ONE THAT WE HOPE 2915 02:03:49,982 --> 02:03:54,053 TO BRING TO FRUITION -- 2916 02:03:54,053 --> 02:03:54,453 [INAUDIBLE]. 2917 02:03:54,453 --> 02:03:57,390 >> I THINK THAT IS A 2918 02:03:57,390 --> 02:03:58,057 FANTASTIC QUESTION 2919 02:03:58,057 --> 02:03:59,258 PARTICULARLY WITH BRAIN 2920 02:03:59,258 --> 02:04:00,393 BARRIERS AND WE'RE BEGINNING 2921 02:04:00,393 --> 02:04:02,662 TO UNDERSTAND IT PERMITS OR 2922 02:04:02,662 --> 02:04:04,630 CAN EVEN HOUSE THE 2923 02:04:04,630 --> 02:04:07,834 AUTOIMMUNE CELLS WITH THE 2924 02:04:07,834 --> 02:04:12,705 IMMUNE CELLS, RIGHT? 2925 02:04:12,705 --> 02:04:13,639 ONE BEAUTIFUL EMBODIMENT 2926 02:04:13,639 --> 02:04:15,641 THAT CAN SHAPE THE BRAIN AT 2927 02:04:15,641 --> 02:04:17,076 A DISTANCE, RIGHT? 2928 02:04:17,076 --> 02:04:18,110 I THINK WE'RE UNDERSTANDING 2929 02:04:18,110 --> 02:04:23,182 THAT THEY DON'T NECESSARILY 2930 02:04:23,182 --> 02:04:25,351 BEGIN THAT BUT THE NEURON 2931 02:04:25,351 --> 02:04:27,520 EXPRESS ALL THE FLAVORS OF 2932 02:04:27,520 --> 02:04:31,257 THE RECEPTORS AND CAN SHAPE 2933 02:04:31,257 --> 02:04:33,059 DISEASE BUT MOST 2934 02:04:33,059 --> 02:04:34,894 INTERESTINGLY, CAN SHAPE 2935 02:04:34,894 --> 02:04:36,462 DIFFERENT TRAJECTORIES IN 2936 02:04:36,462 --> 02:04:38,431 THE NORMAL RANGE, I THINK IN 2937 02:04:38,431 --> 02:04:39,198 MIDLIFE. 2938 02:04:39,198 --> 02:04:42,401 AND WHAT WAS THOUGHT ABOUT 2939 02:04:42,401 --> 02:04:46,472 EARLIER ON HOW AUTOIMMUNE 2940 02:04:46,472 --> 02:04:48,241 DISEASE AND ITS EFFECTS ON 2941 02:04:48,241 --> 02:04:50,076 OUR LIFESTYLE, I THINK WE 2942 02:04:50,076 --> 02:04:54,714 WILL REALIZE HAS A PROFOUND 2943 02:04:54,714 --> 02:04:57,149 HEALTH ON THE BRAIN BARRIER. 2944 02:04:57,149 --> 02:05:00,453 >> I AM GOING TO TOSS TO THE 2945 02:05:00,453 --> 02:05:10,763 IMMUNE FOLLOW 2946 02:05:12,999 --> 02:05:13,766 IMIMMUNOLOGIST BUT I THINK 2947 02:05:13,766 --> 02:05:17,036 THE WAY TO LOOK AT THIS IS 2948 02:05:17,036 --> 02:05:18,905 THAT THE SYSTEM IS CHANGING 2949 02:05:18,905 --> 02:05:24,977 IN A REALLY VAST WAY. 2950 02:05:24,977 --> 02:05:28,414 >> AND I WANT TO COME BACK 2951 02:05:28,414 --> 02:05:30,416 TO ANDREW'S POINT AROUND THE 2952 02:05:30,416 --> 02:05:31,284 BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER. 2953 02:05:31,284 --> 02:05:33,352 IT IS VERY INTERESTING. 2954 02:05:33,352 --> 02:05:34,720 WHAT WE FOUND IS THAT WHEN 2955 02:05:34,720 --> 02:05:37,690 THE BRAIN IS UNDER METABOLIC 2956 02:05:37,690 --> 02:05:40,059 STRESS, THE BLOOD BRAIN 2957 02:05:40,059 --> 02:05:45,932 BARRIER IS MUCH MORE 2958 02:05:45,932 --> 02:05:46,432 ENGAGABLE. 2959 02:05:46,432 --> 02:05:48,100 SO THERE IS THIS CROSS TALK 2960 02:05:48,100 --> 02:05:51,070 BETWEEN THE BRAIN SAYING I 2961 02:05:51,070 --> 02:05:53,372 AM STARVING AND THE 2962 02:05:53,372 --> 02:05:54,740 PERIPHERAL SYSTEM, METABOLIC 2963 02:05:54,740 --> 02:05:56,075 SYSTEM AND POTENTIALLY THE 2964 02:05:56,075 --> 02:05:57,143 IMMUNE SYSTEM. 2965 02:05:57,143 --> 02:05:59,145 AND THEN ONCE THAT SHIFT HAS 2966 02:05:59,145 --> 02:06:03,883 HAPPENED, ONCE THINGS HAVE 2967 02:06:03,883 --> 02:06:08,120 BEEN REORGANIZED, THERE IS 2968 02:06:08,120 --> 02:06:09,488 NOT NO COMMUNICATION BUT IT 2969 02:06:09,488 --> 02:06:12,458 WAS REALLY DRIVEN BY THE 2970 02:06:12,458 --> 02:06:13,326 METABOLIC STRESS AND THEN IT 2971 02:06:13,326 --> 02:06:15,127 WAS LIKE I AM DONE UP HERE, 2972 02:06:15,127 --> 02:06:16,295 YOU ARE GOOD, RIGHT? 2973 02:06:16,295 --> 02:06:19,699 SO THERE IS THIS, YOU KNOW, 2974 02:06:19,699 --> 02:06:20,967 LESS COMMUNICATION BETWEEN 2975 02:06:20,967 --> 02:06:22,468 THE BRAIN AND THE PERIPHERY 2976 02:06:22,468 --> 02:06:25,204 THROUGH THE BLOOD BRAIN 2977 02:06:25,204 --> 02:06:25,538 BARRIER. 2978 02:06:25,538 --> 02:06:30,076 THE OTHER THING THAT I WOULD 2979 02:06:30,076 --> 02:06:37,116 SAY IS, YOU KNOW, THIS 2980 02:06:37,116 --> 02:06:39,218 DYNAMICISM OF THE BRAIN AND 2981 02:06:39,218 --> 02:06:40,586 THINKING ABOUT ALZHEIMER'S 2982 02:06:40,586 --> 02:06:42,788 DISEASE, WE THINK OF IT AS 2983 02:06:42,788 --> 02:06:44,190 THIS, YOU KNOW, YOU START 2984 02:06:44,190 --> 02:06:45,992 HERE, END THERE AND IT IS 2985 02:06:45,992 --> 02:06:46,592 NOT PRETTY. 2986 02:06:46,592 --> 02:06:48,094 BUT WHEN I STEP BACK AND I 2987 02:06:48,094 --> 02:06:49,996 LOOK AT THE ALZHEIMER'S 2988 02:06:49,996 --> 02:06:55,468 BRAIN, I AM THINKING, MY 2989 02:06:55,468 --> 02:06:56,202 GOD, YOU'RE DYNAMIC. 2990 02:06:56,202 --> 02:07:00,740 YOU ARE LIVING FOR DECADES 2991 02:07:00,740 --> 02:07:02,208 WITH THIS WHAT WE CALL 2992 02:07:02,208 --> 02:07:04,276 DISEASE BUT WHEN I STEP BACK 2993 02:07:04,276 --> 02:07:06,479 AND LOOK AT THE BRAIN AND 2994 02:07:06,479 --> 02:07:07,747 GOING MY GOD, YOU ARE TRYING 2995 02:07:07,747 --> 02:07:08,981 SO HARD TO SURVIVE. 2996 02:07:08,981 --> 02:07:11,951 YOU ARE TRYING SO HARD TO 2997 02:07:11,951 --> 02:07:14,587 SURVIVE AND DOING EVERYTHING 2998 02:07:14,587 --> 02:07:17,423 YOU CAN TO SURVIVE FOR 2999 02:07:17,423 --> 02:07:17,757 DECADES. 3000 02:07:17,757 --> 02:07:21,927 AND SO IT IS REALLY CHANGED 3001 02:07:21,927 --> 02:07:25,331 MY PERSPECTIVE, HAVING 3002 02:07:25,331 --> 02:07:30,503 STUDIED AGING AND DYNAMICISM 3003 02:07:30,503 --> 02:07:39,178 AND LOOKING AT HALZ -- 3004 02:07:39,178 --> 02:07:40,346 ALZHEIMER'S AND DISEASE 3005 02:07:40,346 --> 02:07:42,648 WHERE WE SEE PROGRESSION AND 3006 02:07:42,648 --> 02:07:44,016 DECLINE IN BRAIN FUNCTION 3007 02:07:44,016 --> 02:07:45,217 BUT BOY, IT IS DOING ITS 3008 02:07:45,217 --> 02:07:46,585 BEST TO STAY ALIVE. 3009 02:07:46,585 --> 02:07:48,187 >> SO THE LAST COUPLE OF 3010 02:07:48,187 --> 02:07:49,688 MINUTES BEFORE THE BREAK, MY 3011 02:07:49,688 --> 02:07:51,791 LAST QUESTION IS AROUND 3012 02:07:51,791 --> 02:07:52,591 TECHNOLOGY. 3013 02:07:52,591 --> 02:07:57,263 IN THE SEVEN YEARS SIN I -- 3014 02:07:57,263 --> 02:08:01,467 SINCE I HAVE BEEN HERE, 3015 02:08:01,467 --> 02:08:02,735 TECHNOLOGY HAS HAD QUITE AN 3016 02:08:02,735 --> 02:08:03,069 IMPACT. 3017 02:08:03,069 --> 02:08:04,937 WHAT IS THE TYPE OF 3018 02:08:04,937 --> 02:08:05,638 TECHNOLOGY OR UNDERSTANDING 3019 02:08:05,638 --> 02:08:08,007 WE NEED TO PUSH THESE 3020 02:08:08,007 --> 02:08:09,175 QUESTIONS FORWARD AND I WILL 3021 02:08:09,175 --> 02:08:10,876 START WITH ANDREW AND GO 3022 02:08:10,876 --> 02:08:13,179 TOWN THE LINE. 3023 02:08:13,179 --> 02:08:15,281 >> WELL, I THINK IT DOES GO 3024 02:08:15,281 --> 02:08:18,150 TO WHAT ROBERTA WAS SAYING 3025 02:08:18,150 --> 02:08:22,855 EARLIER ABOUT BRIAN 3026 02:08:22,855 --> 02:08:23,355 DYNAMICS. 3027 02:08:23,355 --> 02:08:26,158 I THINK THE LAST DECADE, I 3028 02:08:26,158 --> 02:08:30,129 HAVE SEEN A REVOLUTION IN 3029 02:08:30,129 --> 02:08:33,999 CELL BIOLOGY BECAUSE OF THE 3030 02:08:33,999 --> 02:08:35,468 SINGLE CELL CRISPR AND I 3031 02:08:35,468 --> 02:08:41,941 THINK TO BE ABLE TO STUDY A 3032 02:08:41,941 --> 02:08:44,443 CELL NOT ASSOCIATED WITH 3033 02:08:44,443 --> 02:08:46,946 EACH AND THIS SYNAPTIC RANGE 3034 02:08:46,946 --> 02:08:48,447 WITH EACH OTHER AS IT 3035 02:08:48,447 --> 02:08:49,215 RELATES TO BRAIN HEALTH. 3036 02:08:49,215 --> 02:08:51,117 AND IN THE CONTEXT OF OUR 3037 02:08:51,117 --> 02:08:53,285 CONVERSATION HERE, IT IS AN 3038 02:08:53,285 --> 02:08:54,220 INTERESTING PARALLEL, WHEN 3039 02:08:54,220 --> 02:08:57,289 YOU THINK ABOUT THE BRAIN IN 3040 02:08:57,289 --> 02:08:59,592 TERMS OF NEURAL ANATOMY, BUT 3041 02:08:59,592 --> 02:09:03,796 WE CAN NOW STUDY THINGS THAT 3042 02:09:03,796 --> 02:09:07,733 ARE NOT NECESSARILY STABLE 3043 02:09:07,733 --> 02:09:10,503 BUT PART OF THE IMMUNE 3044 02:09:10,503 --> 02:09:10,903 SYSTEM. 3045 02:09:10,903 --> 02:09:14,874 SO THE SPECIFIC NEURONS, 3046 02:09:14,874 --> 02:09:16,008 CYTOKINES, I THINK THAT 3047 02:09:16,008 --> 02:09:17,209 WOULD BE FASCINATING TO 3048 02:09:17,209 --> 02:09:17,776 FIGURE OUT. 3049 02:09:17,776 --> 02:09:18,878 >> AND THE LAST ANSWER I 3050 02:09:18,878 --> 02:09:22,648 WILL GO TO EMILY. 3051 02:09:22,648 --> 02:09:24,083 >> THERE'S SO MANY 3052 02:09:24,083 --> 02:09:25,951 TECHNOLOGIES WE COULD BRING 3053 02:09:25,951 --> 02:09:26,719 TO BEAR. 3054 02:09:26,719 --> 02:09:28,687 YOU KNOW ON THIS QUESTION 3055 02:09:28,687 --> 02:09:30,990 ABOUT THE BRAIN IN THE LAB, 3056 02:09:30,990 --> 02:09:31,657 OF COURSE. 3057 02:09:31,657 --> 02:09:33,592 I THINK SOME OF US ARE SO 3058 02:09:33,592 --> 02:09:36,428 TAKEN WITH THE TRANSITIONS 3059 02:09:36,428 --> 02:09:37,363 THAT WE FORGET SOMETHING 3060 02:09:37,363 --> 02:09:38,664 ELSE ABOUT IT, WHICH IS THAT 3061 02:09:38,664 --> 02:09:40,199 IT IS CONNECTED TO THE REST 3062 02:09:40,199 --> 02:09:44,203 OF OUR BODY. 3063 02:09:44,203 --> 02:09:46,839 IF WE CAN DEVELOP ENDOCRINE 3064 02:09:46,839 --> 02:09:48,774 MONITORS, HOW THEY EBB AND 3065 02:09:48,774 --> 02:09:51,076 FLOW OVER TIME AND THE 3066 02:09:51,076 --> 02:09:53,145 DYNAMICS IN THE BRAIN WOULD 3067 02:09:53,145 --> 02:09:55,781 BE REALLY COOL. 3068 02:09:55,781 --> 02:09:59,218 WE NEED BETTER LIGANDS TO 3069 02:09:59,218 --> 02:10:00,352 DETERMINE WHERE THESE 3070 02:10:00,352 --> 02:10:01,787 RECEPTORS ARE IN THE BRAIN. 3071 02:10:01,787 --> 02:10:04,957 WE HAVE NOW THESE BEAUTIFUL 3072 02:10:04,957 --> 02:10:06,292 GENE EXPRESSION MAPS. 3073 02:10:06,292 --> 02:10:08,694 ONE OF THEM FROM A WHOM IS 3074 02:10:08,694 --> 02:10:11,897 57 YEARS OLD SO WE JUST NEED 3075 02:10:11,897 --> 02:10:13,365 BETTER TECHNOLOGY THAN WE 3076 02:10:13,365 --> 02:10:15,801 HAVE TODAY AND TO BE 3077 02:10:15,801 --> 02:10:16,168 INCLUSIVE. 3078 02:10:16,168 --> 02:10:18,537 ALL OF THESE TECHNOLOGIES WE 3079 02:10:18,537 --> 02:10:19,805 HAVE IN THE NEUROSCIENCE 3080 02:10:19,805 --> 02:10:21,874 WORLD CAN BE USED TO 3081 02:10:21,874 --> 02:10:24,276 LEVERAGE THESE QUESTIONS, 3082 02:10:24,276 --> 02:10:27,146 CRISPR BEING ONE OF THEM BUT 3083 02:10:27,146 --> 02:10:28,847 THERE ARE MANY OTHERS. 3084 02:10:28,847 --> 02:10:30,082 >> AWESOME. 3085 02:10:30,082 --> 02:10:35,354 I WANT TO THANK ALL OF THE 3086 02:10:35,354 --> 02:10:38,090 SPEAKERS AND ORGANIZERS FOR 3087 02:10:38,090 --> 02:10:38,624 THE FIRST SESSION. 3088 02:10:38,624 --> 02:10:41,594 AND I THINK WE'RE READY FOR 3089 02:10:41,594 --> 02:10:42,361 A BREAK. 3090 02:10:42,361 --> 02:10:43,829 >> THIS HAS BEEN WONDERFUL, 3091 02:10:43,829 --> 02:10:46,532 ALMOST EXACTLY ON TIME SO WE WILL COME BACK AT 15:55 A.M. 3092 02:10:46,532 --> 02:10:49,735 FOR SESSION TWO, SOCIAL AND STRUCTURAL ENVIRONMENT. 3093 02:10:49,735 --> 02:10:51,410 SEE YOU THEN. 3094 02:10:51,410 --> 02:10:52,311 [APPLAUSE] 3095 02:10:53,536 --> 02:10:55,171 >>> OKAY, EVERYONE, WELCOME 3096 02:10:55,171 --> 02:10:56,906 BACK FROM THE BREAK, I WANT 3097 02:10:56,906 --> 02:11:01,211 TO WELCOME YOU TO SESSION 2. 3098 02:11:01,211 --> 02:11:04,514 AND MY NAME IS JENNIFER 3099 02:11:04,514 --> 02:11:06,115 MANLY, PROFESSOR IN THE 3100 02:11:06,115 --> 02:11:09,118 NEUROLOGY DEPARTMENT AT 3101 02:11:09,118 --> 02:11:09,986 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY. 3102 02:11:09,986 --> 02:11:16,826 SO JUST A QUICK INTRODUCTION 3103 02:11:16,826 --> 02:11:18,561 TO OUR SESSION, I AM EXCITED 3104 02:11:18,561 --> 02:11:20,830 TO HAVE A SESSION DEDICATED 3105 02:11:20,830 --> 02:11:23,466 TO TALK ABOUT STRUCTURAL AND 3106 02:11:23,466 --> 02:11:27,103 SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT AT THE 3107 02:11:27,103 --> 02:11:29,038 COGNITIVE AGING SUMMIT. 3108 02:11:29,038 --> 02:11:33,476 OF COURSE CONTEXT IS 3109 02:11:33,476 --> 02:11:39,115 CRITICAL FOR ANY APPROACH TO 3110 02:11:39,115 --> 02:11:40,583 EXTENDING BRAIN SPAN WHICH 3111 02:11:40,583 --> 02:11:45,488 IS WHAT WE'RE FOCUSED ON IN 3112 02:11:45,488 --> 02:11:47,523 THIS SUMMIT, THE IMPORTANCE 3113 02:11:47,523 --> 02:11:49,225 OF STRUCTURAL AND DESIGN AND 3114 02:11:49,225 --> 02:11:51,060 THESE ISSUES ARE IMPORTANT 3115 02:11:51,060 --> 02:11:52,895 FOR ALL DIMENSIONS OF THE 3116 02:11:52,895 --> 02:11:54,364 ENVIRONMENT THAT WE'RE 3117 02:11:54,364 --> 02:11:55,898 TALKING ABOUT TODAY AND 3118 02:11:55,898 --> 02:11:56,666 TOMORROW. 3119 02:11:56,666 --> 02:11:58,735 AND SHOULD BE INFUSED IN 3120 02:11:58,735 --> 02:12:07,410 DISCUSSION OF ALL THE 3121 02:12:07,410 --> 02:12:09,245 MECHANISMS WE'RE TALKING 3122 02:12:09,245 --> 02:12:12,682 ABOUT AT THIS COGNITIVE 3123 02:12:12,682 --> 02:12:14,684 AGING SUMMIT SO WITH THAT I 3124 02:12:14,684 --> 02:12:18,988 WILL INTRODUCE THE FIRST 3125 02:12:18,988 --> 02:12:21,257 SPEAKER, PARIS AX ADKINS 3126 02:12:21,257 --> 02:12:23,326 SHINE JACKSON FROM COLUMBIA 3127 02:12:23,326 --> 02:12:24,093 UNIVERSITY. 3128 02:12:24,093 --> 02:12:25,161 >> ALL RIGHT, HEY, EVERYONE, 3129 02:12:25,161 --> 02:12:29,399 JUST WANTED TO MAKE SURE YOU 3130 02:12:29,399 --> 02:12:31,334 WERE READY FOR ME TO SPEAK. 3131 02:12:31,334 --> 02:12:33,069 HOW YOU ALL DOING? 3132 02:12:33,069 --> 02:12:36,039 OKAY, YOU ALL ARE ASSUMING I 3133 02:12:36,039 --> 02:12:39,475 AM WELL VERSED ENOUGH TO 3134 02:12:39,475 --> 02:12:41,744 KNOW WHAT TO DO WITH THIS. 3135 02:12:41,744 --> 02:12:43,146 IF I CLICK TO THE RIGHT, IS 3136 02:12:43,146 --> 02:12:45,181 THAT HOW IT WORKS? 3137 02:12:45,181 --> 02:12:48,418 I AM AN UPPER MILLENNIAL SO 3138 02:12:48,418 --> 02:12:50,386 YOU CAN'T ASSUME I GREW UP 3139 02:12:50,386 --> 02:12:53,389 WITH TECHNOLOGY, DIDN'T SEE 3140 02:12:53,389 --> 02:12:55,158 IT IN COLLEGE. 3141 02:12:55,158 --> 02:13:05,702 SO AIM -- I AM AJ GOING TO 3142 02:13:07,036 --> 02:13:08,438 TALK ABOUT STRUCTURAL 3143 02:13:08,438 --> 02:13:09,272 COGNITION TODAY. 3144 02:13:09,272 --> 02:13:17,280 WE'RE USED TO SEEING THROUGH 3145 02:13:17,280 --> 02:13:24,787 GENERATION WHO ARE 3146 02:13:24,787 --> 02:13:31,361 RACE-DISPAIRS IN OUR SO 3147 02:13:31,361 --> 02:13:34,097 IS -- DISPARITIES IN OUR 3148 02:13:34,097 --> 02:13:34,564 SOCIETY. 3149 02:13:34,564 --> 02:13:35,832 IF YOU ARE NOT FAMILIAR, WE 3150 02:13:35,832 --> 02:13:38,101 HAVE SOMETHING FROM THE 3151 02:13:38,101 --> 02:13:40,169 70s FROM OUR BELOVED 3152 02:13:40,169 --> 02:13:41,971 OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT, 3153 02:13:41,971 --> 02:13:43,840 OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND 3154 02:13:43,840 --> 02:13:46,242 BUDGET THAT CREATED AND 3155 02:13:46,242 --> 02:13:47,810 DICTATES THESE RACIALIZED 3156 02:13:47,810 --> 02:13:50,346 CATEGORIES WE OFTEN USE IN 3157 02:13:50,346 --> 02:13:51,280 THE DISPARITIES RESEARCH 3158 02:13:51,280 --> 02:13:52,415 THAT WE HAVE. 3159 02:13:52,415 --> 02:13:54,016 NOTICE LARGELY FEW TO AN 3160 02:13:54,016 --> 02:13:56,319 EFFORT TO COUNT EQUITY, TO 3161 02:13:56,319 --> 02:13:58,521 MAKE SURE THAT THERE IS 3162 02:13:58,521 --> 02:13:59,522 ADEQUATE DISTRIBUTION OF 3163 02:13:59,522 --> 02:14:00,923 RESOURCES AND SCIENCE FOR 3164 02:14:00,923 --> 02:14:02,825 INDIVIDUALS BUT IT IS NOT 3165 02:14:02,825 --> 02:14:05,228 MEANT TO IMPLY SOME OF THE 3166 02:14:05,228 --> 02:14:06,763 GENETIC FEATURES WE OFTEN 3167 02:14:06,763 --> 02:14:07,597 SEE IN SCIENCE. 3168 02:14:07,597 --> 02:14:10,266 SO ON THE FIRST PAGE OF THIS 3169 02:14:10,266 --> 02:14:12,735 REPORT THAT I FIND 3170 02:14:12,735 --> 02:14:13,903 INTERESTING, IT ALWAYS SAYS 3171 02:14:13,903 --> 02:14:17,740 THESE GROUPS ARE NOT TO BE 3172 02:14:17,740 --> 02:14:24,447 INTERPRETED AS SCIENTIFIC OR 3173 02:14:24,447 --> 02:14:25,214 ANTHROPOLOGICAL IN FAVORITE. 3174 02:14:25,214 --> 02:14:26,382 HOW MANY OF YOU ACTUALLY 3175 02:14:26,382 --> 02:14:29,719 CONSIDER THAT WHEN YOU THINK 3176 02:14:29,719 --> 02:14:30,486 OF RACIALIZED DISPARITIES, 3177 02:14:30,486 --> 02:14:32,255 THAT WE ARE NOT SUPPOSED TO 3178 02:14:32,255 --> 02:14:33,856 INFER THE THINGS WE OFTEN DO 3179 02:14:33,856 --> 02:14:35,491 ABOUT THE WORK THAT WE DO, 3180 02:14:35,491 --> 02:14:39,128 BUT WE ARE FOR EQUITY 3181 02:14:39,128 --> 02:14:40,263 PURPOSES, MAINLY HISTORICAL 3182 02:14:40,263 --> 02:14:41,898 PURPOSES, SUPPOSED TO TRACK 3183 02:14:41,898 --> 02:14:42,498 THESE DIFFERENCES. 3184 02:14:42,498 --> 02:14:44,300 AND SO I LIKE TO ALWAYS 3185 02:14:44,300 --> 02:14:45,902 INFORM PEOPLE ON THE HISTORY 3186 02:14:45,902 --> 02:14:46,736 OF THESE CATEGORIES BECAUSE 3187 02:14:46,736 --> 02:14:49,372 THIS IS THE CONTEXT BY WHICH 3188 02:14:49,372 --> 02:14:50,440 THESE CATEGORIES REALLY 3189 02:14:50,440 --> 02:14:51,574 MATTER TO US. 3190 02:14:51,574 --> 02:14:54,944 THESE CATEGORIES ARE NOT THE 3191 02:14:54,944 --> 02:15:02,819 WAY INDIVIDUALS CHARACTERIZE 3192 02:15:02,819 --> 02:15:04,520 THEMSELVES BUT THESE ARE 3193 02:15:04,520 --> 02:15:05,922 EXTERNAL STHAORSZ SAY ALL OF 3194 02:15:05,922 --> 02:15:08,357 YOU GO TOGETHER, AND ALL OF 3195 02:15:08,357 --> 02:15:10,960 YOU, YEAH, YOU ALL GO 3196 02:15:10,960 --> 02:15:12,328 TOGETHER TOO EVEN THOUGH 3197 02:15:12,328 --> 02:15:15,298 THOSE GROUPS FOR HISTORICAL 3198 02:15:15,298 --> 02:15:16,332 REASONS WOULD BELIEVE THEY 3199 02:15:16,332 --> 02:15:20,470 ARE QUITE DIFFERENT THAN THE 3200 02:15:20,470 --> 02:15:21,771 GROUP THEY ARE GROUPED WITH. 3201 02:15:21,771 --> 02:15:24,740 SO I WANT TO GIVE YOU 3202 02:15:24,740 --> 02:15:27,810 CONTEXT ON A HISTORICAL ERA 3203 02:15:27,810 --> 02:15:31,347 THAT GROUP PEOPLE IN THESE 3204 02:15:31,347 --> 02:15:34,217 CATEGORIES WE USE. 3205 02:15:34,217 --> 02:15:39,489 FOR EXAMPLE, THE 3206 02:15:39,489 --> 02:15:45,261 CHARACTERIZATION OF PERSIANS 3207 02:15:45,261 --> 02:15:46,963 AND NORTH AFRICANS, NOT 3208 02:15:46,963 --> 02:15:49,665 NECESSARILY THEIR OWN 3209 02:15:49,665 --> 02:15:50,833 CHARACTERIZATIONS OF 3210 02:15:50,833 --> 02:15:51,234 THEMSELVES. 3211 02:15:51,234 --> 02:15:54,370 SAME WITH JOHN LOCKE WHOSE 3212 02:15:54,370 --> 02:15:55,404 RESEARCH UNDER GIRDERS THE 3213 02:15:55,404 --> 02:15:58,007 SITUATION WE HAVE IN THE 3214 02:15:58,007 --> 02:16:00,943 U.S. USED COGNITION AS A WAY 3215 02:16:00,943 --> 02:16:04,113 TO SEPARATE ALL GROUPS AND 3216 02:16:04,113 --> 02:16:11,687 THEN YOU HAVE LINNAEUS AND 3217 02:16:11,687 --> 02:16:13,155 BLUMENBACH WHO WERE LARGELY 3218 02:16:13,155 --> 02:16:15,258 THE ENGINEERS OF THE 3219 02:16:15,258 --> 02:16:16,158 CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM WE 3220 02:16:16,158 --> 02:16:16,425 SEE. 3221 02:16:16,425 --> 02:16:18,861 SO WHEN YOU THINK OF 3222 02:16:18,861 --> 02:16:19,896 RACIALIZED GROUPS, THINK OF 3223 02:16:19,896 --> 02:16:21,898 THEM IN THIS HISTORICALINE 3224 02:16:21,898 --> 02:16:23,165 CONTEXT THAT WAS CREATED FOR 3225 02:16:23,165 --> 02:16:23,466 THEM. 3226 02:16:23,466 --> 02:16:25,034 THIS IS WHAT YOU MIGHT REFER 3227 02:16:25,034 --> 02:16:26,869 TO AS THE PROCESS OF 3228 02:16:26,869 --> 02:16:28,004 RACIALIZATION WHERE YOU LOOK 3229 02:16:28,004 --> 02:16:30,273 AT INDIVIDUALS AND YOU GO I 3230 02:16:30,273 --> 02:16:33,643 THINK YOU ARE GROUP A, GROUP 3231 02:16:33,643 --> 02:16:34,810 B, GROUP C. 3232 02:16:34,810 --> 02:16:38,447 WHAT IS NUN SNEAK IN 3233 02:16:38,447 --> 02:16:39,949 RACIALIZATION IS IT RANKS 3234 02:16:39,949 --> 02:16:41,751 THESE GROUPS. 3235 02:16:41,751 --> 02:16:43,586 NOT ONLY DOES IT FORCE YOU 3236 02:16:43,586 --> 02:16:48,224 INTO A CATEGORY YOU MAY NOT 3237 02:16:48,224 --> 02:16:50,593 THINK BELONGING TO YOUR SELF 3238 02:16:50,593 --> 02:16:52,461 BUT WHO GETS ACCESS WHEN IT 3239 02:16:52,461 --> 02:16:53,563 COMES TO THESE CATEGORIES 3240 02:16:53,563 --> 02:16:54,764 AND THIS IS SOMETHING TO 3241 02:16:54,764 --> 02:16:56,065 KEEP IN MIND WITH THE 3242 02:16:56,065 --> 02:16:57,900 SCIENCE THAT WE DO. 3243 02:16:57,900 --> 02:17:00,670 WE COMPARE GROUPS WITHOUT 3244 02:17:00,670 --> 02:17:01,370 HISTORICAL CONTEXT SO WE 3245 02:17:01,370 --> 02:17:03,205 HAVE NO WAY OF REALLY 3246 02:17:03,205 --> 02:17:04,373 UNDERSTANDING HOW THEY GOT 3247 02:17:04,373 --> 02:17:06,542 TO THE OUTCOME THAT WE SEE. 3248 02:17:06,542 --> 02:17:08,644 NOW, IF YOU WANT TO SHIFT 3249 02:17:08,644 --> 02:17:10,146 THE ENERGY FROM JUST LOOKING 3250 02:17:10,146 --> 02:17:12,682 AT THE DIFFERENCES IN THOSE 3251 02:17:12,682 --> 02:17:14,150 OUTCOMES, TO LOOKING TO 3252 02:17:14,150 --> 02:17:15,451 ACTUAL REASONS WE GOT THERE, 3253 02:17:15,451 --> 02:17:17,153 THAT WOULD MEAN TO FOCUS ON 3254 02:17:17,153 --> 02:17:17,987 THE EXPOSURES. 3255 02:17:17,987 --> 02:17:20,389 THAT MIGHT MEAN TO FOCUS ON 3256 02:17:20,389 --> 02:17:21,090 SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF 3257 02:17:21,090 --> 02:17:23,826 HEALTH WHICH ARE SORT OF 3258 02:17:23,826 --> 02:17:26,562 ACCESS TO RESOURCES, FOOD, 3259 02:17:26,562 --> 02:17:29,165 INCOME, EDUCATION THAT YOU 3260 02:17:29,165 --> 02:17:30,533 PREDOMINANTLY SEE IN THE 3261 02:17:30,533 --> 02:17:30,967 LITERATURE. 3262 02:17:30,967 --> 02:17:33,135 I LIKE TO, WITH MY 3263 02:17:33,135 --> 02:17:34,737 COLLEAGUES, REFER TO 3264 02:17:34,737 --> 02:17:35,638 STRUCTURAL DETERMINANTS 3265 02:17:35,638 --> 02:17:36,606 BECAUSE WE KNOW THERE IS NOT 3266 02:17:36,606 --> 02:17:38,874 A POLICY IN OUR RESPECTIVE 3267 02:17:38,874 --> 02:17:40,409 PLACES THAT DON'T THEN 3268 02:17:40,409 --> 02:17:42,011 DICTATE THAT ACCESS TO 3269 02:17:42,011 --> 02:17:43,145 EDUCATION AND INCOME AND 3270 02:17:43,145 --> 02:17:44,747 FOOD AND OTHER RESOURCES. 3271 02:17:44,747 --> 02:17:47,617 AND BECAUSE OF THAT 3272 02:17:47,617 --> 02:17:50,786 RACIALIZATION, IT THEN RANKS 3273 02:17:50,786 --> 02:17:53,122 GROUPS IN ACCESS TO FOOD, TO 3274 02:17:53,122 --> 02:17:56,993 INCOME, TO EDUCATION, AND I 3275 02:17:56,993 --> 02:17:58,260 KNOW MY COLLEAGUE KATRINA 3276 02:17:58,260 --> 02:18:02,031 WILL TALK ABOUT THAT IN HER 3277 02:18:02,031 --> 02:18:02,632 PRESENTATION. 3278 02:18:02,632 --> 02:18:03,566 A LESSER-DISCUSSED PART OF 3279 02:18:03,566 --> 02:18:04,834 THIS SORT OF RACIALIZATION 3280 02:18:04,834 --> 02:18:06,769 IS THE INTENTION TO DO HARM 3281 02:18:06,769 --> 02:18:08,704 TO INDIVIDUALS AND THE 3282 02:18:08,704 --> 02:18:09,705 VIOLENCE THAT SOME GROUPS 3283 02:18:09,705 --> 02:18:10,539 EXPERIENCE. 3284 02:18:10,539 --> 02:18:11,607 I WANT TO HIGHLIGHT THIS 3285 02:18:11,607 --> 02:18:14,377 BECAUSE ON THE LEFT WE HAVE 3286 02:18:14,377 --> 02:18:15,978 A SITUATION WHERE BECAUSE 3287 02:18:15,978 --> 02:18:17,580 THE INDIVIDUAL IS RACIALIZED 3288 02:18:17,580 --> 02:18:19,048 THE WAY THEY ARE, THEY ARE 3289 02:18:19,048 --> 02:18:21,651 ON THEIR KNEES, YOU CAN SEE 3290 02:18:21,651 --> 02:18:22,785 BOTH THEIR HANDS BUT THERE 3291 02:18:22,785 --> 02:18:24,387 IS THREE OFFICERS WITH 3292 02:18:24,387 --> 02:18:26,222 WEAPONS POINTED AT THEM. 3293 02:18:26,222 --> 02:18:28,190 WHEREAS ON THE IMAGE TO THE 3294 02:18:28,190 --> 02:18:30,359 RIGHT, THE INDIVIDUALS ARE 3295 02:18:30,359 --> 02:18:31,193 ACTIVELY ASSAULTING THE 3296 02:18:31,193 --> 02:18:32,895 OFFICERS BUT BECAUSE OF THE 3297 02:18:32,895 --> 02:18:34,797 WAY THEY ARE RACIALIZED, 3298 02:18:34,797 --> 02:18:37,500 THERE IS NOT A WEAPON 3299 02:18:37,500 --> 02:18:38,100 RAISED. 3300 02:18:38,100 --> 02:18:40,803 AND SO WITHOUT REALLY 3301 02:18:40,803 --> 02:18:42,438 CAPTURING THE DEFICIT THAT 3302 02:18:42,438 --> 02:18:43,839 VIOLENCE GIVES TO OUR 3303 02:18:43,839 --> 02:18:45,207 BODIES, WE'RE NOT REALLY 3304 02:18:45,207 --> 02:18:47,843 GETTING THE FULL PICTURE. 3305 02:18:47,843 --> 02:18:50,179 SO ONE OF THESE TYPES OF 3306 02:18:50,179 --> 02:18:52,682 VIOLENCES I LIKE TO FOCUS ON 3307 02:18:52,682 --> 02:18:55,851 IN MY STUDY OF STRUCTURAL 3308 02:18:55,851 --> 02:18:56,485 RACISM IS THE 1994 CRIME 3309 02:18:56,485 --> 02:18:56,952 BILL. 3310 02:18:56,952 --> 02:18:59,321 THIS WAS A SIGNIFICANT BILL 3311 02:18:59,321 --> 02:19:00,923 FOR OUR MOST RECENT TIME AND 3312 02:19:00,923 --> 02:19:02,458 I HOPE EVERYBODY IN THE ROOM 3313 02:19:02,458 --> 02:19:05,861 HAS BEEN ALIVE SINCE 1994 -- 3314 02:19:05,861 --> 02:19:06,328 OKAY? 3315 02:19:06,328 --> 02:19:08,264 YEAH, WE WERE HERE, GREAT. 3316 02:19:08,264 --> 02:19:11,333 BUT WHAT IT DID WAS FUND THE 3317 02:19:11,333 --> 02:19:13,602 EXPANSION THROUGHOUT THE 3318 02:19:13,602 --> 02:19:16,672 U.S. TO HOUSE, AKA DECREASE 3319 02:19:16,672 --> 02:19:19,208 THE CRIME RATE BY INCREASING 3320 02:19:19,208 --> 02:19:21,243 THE NUMBER OF INCARCERATED 3321 02:19:21,243 --> 02:19:21,577 PEOPLE. 3322 02:19:21,577 --> 02:19:22,745 BUT BECAUSE OF THE SCIENCES 3323 02:19:22,745 --> 02:19:25,614 LIKE US THAT CREATE THESE 3324 02:19:25,614 --> 02:19:27,249 RACE AND DISPARITIES, IT WAS 3325 02:19:27,249 --> 02:19:29,618 INFERRED THAT CRIME RATES 3326 02:19:29,618 --> 02:19:34,056 WERE HIGHER IN NEIGHBORHOODS 3327 02:19:34,056 --> 02:19:35,691 PREDOMINANTLY RACIALIZED 3328 02:19:35,691 --> 02:19:38,694 BLACK AND LATIN-X O SO THESE 3329 02:19:38,694 --> 02:19:40,629 BECAME THE TARGETS FOR 3330 02:19:40,629 --> 02:19:41,063 INCARCERATION. 3331 02:19:41,063 --> 02:19:45,634 SO WE WANTED TOY IF THOSE 3332 02:19:45,634 --> 02:19:49,772 DISPARITIES OF BLACK IN 3333 02:19:49,772 --> 02:19:51,874 PRISON WAS A DISPARITY 3334 02:19:51,874 --> 02:19:54,877 ACROSS THE U.S. 3335 02:19:54,877 --> 02:20:00,883 SO I HAVE THIS PAPER FROM 3336 02:20:00,883 --> 02:20:06,222 GOBAUD AND KIM, I LIKE TO 3337 02:20:06,222 --> 02:20:08,157 INCLUDE THE STATICIANS 3338 02:20:08,157 --> 02:20:09,792 BECAUSE WITHOUT US, THE 3339 02:20:09,792 --> 02:20:10,926 WORLD DON'T TURN. 3340 02:20:10,926 --> 02:20:13,028 WE DESERVE AWARDS TOO. 3341 02:20:13,028 --> 02:20:16,031 [APPLAUSE] 3342 02:20:16,031 --> 02:20:17,133 >> THANK YOU. 3343 02:20:17,133 --> 02:20:17,500 [LAUGHTER] 3344 02:20:17,500 --> 02:20:23,606 SO STUDYING THE GREATER 3345 02:20:23,606 --> 02:20:24,306 INCARCERATION FOR TEN YEARS, 3346 02:20:24,306 --> 02:20:26,075 GAVE IT A YEAR FOR 3347 02:20:26,075 --> 02:20:26,876 IMPLEMENTATION AND TRACKED 3348 02:20:26,876 --> 02:20:28,444 IT FOR TEN YEARS AND 3349 02:20:28,444 --> 02:20:29,879 ESTABLISHED THAT NUMBER. 3350 02:20:29,879 --> 02:20:33,816 WE THEN LOOKED AT THE 3351 02:20:33,816 --> 02:20:36,285 OVERALL COGNITIVE 3352 02:20:36,285 --> 02:20:37,987 PERFORMANCE, A BIENNIAL 3353 02:20:37,987 --> 02:20:40,322 SURVEY, I AM SURE MANY OF 3354 02:20:40,322 --> 02:20:43,692 YOU ARE FAMILIAR WITH IT, 3355 02:20:43,692 --> 02:20:46,295 SURE EVERYONE KNOWS ABOUT 3356 02:20:46,295 --> 02:20:47,830 THE RETIREMENT STUDY 3357 02:20:47,830 --> 02:20:49,532 PARTICULARLY THE COGNITIVE 3358 02:20:49,532 --> 02:20:53,636 ASSESSMENT THEY USE BUT FOR 3359 02:20:53,636 --> 02:20:56,238 THIS EXAMPLE, PREDOMINANTLY 3360 02:20:56,238 --> 02:20:58,307 ADULTS RACIALIZED AS BLACK, 3361 02:20:58,307 --> 02:21:02,444 BORN IN THE U.S., BORN IN 3362 02:21:02,444 --> 02:21:07,183 THE SOUTH, CIS GENDER WOMEN, 3363 02:21:07,183 --> 02:21:10,019 HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA, 3364 02:21:10,019 --> 02:21:12,988 PARTNERED AND AT AGE 65. 3365 02:21:12,988 --> 02:21:15,257 SO THEN WE LINK THAT WITH 3366 02:21:15,257 --> 02:21:17,193 OTHER DATA. 3367 02:21:17,193 --> 02:21:19,061 SO WE'RE LINKING THIS CODE 3368 02:21:19,061 --> 02:21:20,663 WITH THE BASELINE INTERVIEW 3369 02:21:20,663 --> 02:21:24,867 WHICH WOULD BE AGE 3370 02:21:24,867 --> 02:21:27,303 5 DEPENDING ON WHAT AGE THEY 3371 02:21:27,303 --> 02:21:29,939 JOINED THE STUDY BUT WE HAVE 3372 02:21:29,939 --> 02:21:31,307 ALSO LINKED THEM AT THEIR 3373 02:21:31,307 --> 02:21:33,342 STATE OF BIRTH AND STATE AT 3374 02:21:33,342 --> 02:21:34,076 AGE 10. 3375 02:21:34,076 --> 02:21:37,112 IS WE SEE A GREATER 3376 02:21:37,112 --> 02:21:38,247 INCARCERATION OF PEOPLE 3377 02:21:38,247 --> 02:21:40,349 KNOWN AS BLACKS ASSOCIATED 3378 02:21:40,349 --> 02:21:44,987 WITH LOWER COGNITIVE 3379 02:21:44,987 --> 02:21:46,155 PERFORMANCE AMONG 3380 02:21:46,155 --> 02:21:47,556 PARTICIPANTS RACIALIZED AS 3381 02:21:47,556 --> 02:21:47,923 BLACK. 3382 02:21:47,923 --> 02:21:55,831 WHICH MEANS IF YOU LIVE IN A 3383 02:21:55,831 --> 02:21:58,334 COUNTY THAT 3384 02:21:58,334 --> 02:22:04,406 DISPROPORTIONATELY INCARS 3385 02:22:04,406 --> 02:22:06,208 RATES PEOPLE RACIALIZED AS 3386 02:22:06,208 --> 02:22:11,413 BLACKS SHOWING A LOWER 3387 02:22:11,413 --> 02:22:13,549 OVERALL COGNITIVE 3388 02:22:13,549 --> 02:22:13,949 PERFORMANCE. 3389 02:22:13,949 --> 02:22:17,319 AND LIKEWISE, IF YOU ARE 3390 02:22:17,319 --> 02:22:20,489 INCAR RATED AND RACIALIZED 3391 02:22:20,489 --> 02:22:25,094 AS WHITE, IT GIVES YOU A 3392 02:22:25,094 --> 02:22:30,065 HIGHER OVERALL COGNITIVE 3393 02:22:30,065 --> 02:22:30,466 PERFORMANCE. 3394 02:22:30,466 --> 02:22:32,101 SO MAYBE IT IS ABOUT 3395 02:22:32,101 --> 02:22:33,469 SEPARATING TWO GROUPS AND 3396 02:22:33,469 --> 02:22:35,905 LOOKING AT THE EXPOSURE ON 3397 02:22:35,905 --> 02:22:39,174 THESE GROUPS SEPARATELY IN 3398 02:22:39,174 --> 02:22:40,709 DIFFERENT DATASETS. 3399 02:22:40,709 --> 02:22:42,678 NOW, I BASE A LOT OF MY 3400 02:22:42,678 --> 02:22:43,946 UNDERSTANDING OF AGING AND 3401 02:22:43,946 --> 02:22:45,114 COGNITION FROM THIS PAPER 3402 02:22:45,114 --> 02:22:47,082 THAT GOT ME INTO AGING A 3403 02:22:47,082 --> 02:22:49,018 COUPLE OF YEARS AGO ABOUT 3404 02:22:49,018 --> 02:22:50,653 LIFE COURSE FACTORS, 3405 02:22:50,653 --> 02:22:52,688 PARTICULARLY IN INDIVIDUALS 3406 02:22:52,688 --> 02:22:57,793 RACIALIZED AS BLACK FROM 3407 02:22:57,793 --> 02:23:00,996 Dr. MANLEY AND GLYMOUR AND 3408 02:23:00,996 --> 02:23:04,733 THEY TALK ABOUT THESE SOBER 3409 02:23:04,733 --> 02:23:08,470 FACTORS THAT WOULD LEAD TO 3410 02:23:08,470 --> 02:23:09,405 DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS LIKE WE 3411 02:23:09,405 --> 02:23:11,473 SEE IN THE FIRST PANEL, HOW 3412 02:23:11,473 --> 02:23:12,641 WE CAN CONNECT SO MANY 3413 02:23:12,641 --> 02:23:14,343 DIFFERENT STRUCTURES TO WHAT 3414 02:23:14,343 --> 02:23:15,044 IS HAPPENING. 3415 02:23:15,044 --> 02:23:16,545 THAT PAPER BEAUTIFULLY TALKS 3416 02:23:16,545 --> 02:23:18,380 WITH THE LIFE COURSE AND HOW 3417 02:23:18,380 --> 02:23:19,682 THESE EXPOSURES ARE 3418 02:23:19,682 --> 02:23:22,985 HAPPENING, NOT ONLY IN 3419 02:23:22,985 --> 02:23:24,353 CRITICAL PERIODS LIKE THE 3420 02:23:24,353 --> 02:23:26,889 CRIME BILL BUT ALSO THROUGH 3421 02:23:26,889 --> 02:23:27,589 TRAJECTORY LIKE POVERTY 3422 02:23:27,589 --> 02:23:31,760 PEOPLE ARE SET ON, IMMEDIATE 3423 02:23:31,760 --> 02:23:33,729 EXPOSURES LIKE AN ENCOUNTER 3424 02:23:33,729 --> 02:23:40,269 WITH A RACE CIVIL DOCTOR OR 3425 02:23:40,269 --> 02:23:41,070 EVEN ACCUMULATION EFFECTS 3426 02:23:41,070 --> 02:23:46,141 LIKE WHAT WE MIGHT SEE IN 3427 02:23:46,141 --> 02:23:47,076 POLLUTION. 3428 02:23:47,076 --> 02:23:50,579 SO WHILE THE EXPOSURES FOCUS 3429 02:23:50,579 --> 02:23:54,216 ON MID-LIFE, I KNOW THEY ARE 3430 02:23:54,216 --> 02:23:56,151 ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER 3431 02:23:56,151 --> 02:23:59,555 COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE. 3432 02:23:59,555 --> 02:24:06,996 AND THIS LAST PICTURE ARE MY 3433 02:24:06,996 --> 02:24:14,203 GRANDPARENTS ALSO 3434 02:24:14,203 --> 02:24:14,770 EXPERIENCING COGNITIVE 3435 02:24:14,770 --> 02:24:15,070 AGING. 3436 02:24:15,070 --> 02:24:17,506 AND THESE ARE PEOPLE THAT 3437 02:24:17,506 --> 02:24:19,108 COULD BE LYNCHED FROM THE 3438 02:24:19,108 --> 02:24:22,678 TIME PERIOD OF MID-1900S 3439 02:24:22,678 --> 02:24:25,414 WHERE PEOPLE WHO WERE 3440 02:24:25,414 --> 02:24:27,616 RACIALIZED AS BLACKS, 3441 02:24:27,616 --> 02:24:38,060 PHILIPPINE FILIPINO, 3442 02:24:41,663 --> 02:24:44,066 CANTONESE, AND THEN THE 3443 02:24:44,066 --> 02:24:46,035 PEOPLE WHO DID LYNCH WERE 3444 02:24:46,035 --> 02:24:47,970 PROTECTED FROM THE CRIMINAL 3445 02:24:47,970 --> 02:24:49,004 CONSEQUENCES OF KILLING 3446 02:24:49,004 --> 02:24:50,739 PEOPLE AT RANDOM OR IF THEY 3447 02:24:50,739 --> 02:24:54,109 BELIEVED THEM TO HAVE BEEN A 3448 02:24:54,109 --> 02:24:54,743 CRIMINAL. 3449 02:24:54,743 --> 02:24:56,712 THERE WERE ALSO PUBLICATIONS 3450 02:24:56,712 --> 02:24:57,913 THAT PLANNED LYNCHINGS. 3451 02:24:57,913 --> 02:25:00,115 THE ONE ON THE LEFT TELLS US 3452 02:25:00,115 --> 02:25:03,252 THEY EXPECTED A LYNCHING AT 3453 02:25:03,252 --> 02:25:04,386 5:00 P.M. THAT DAY. 3454 02:25:04,386 --> 02:25:09,258 THEY PREPPED FOR IT, EVEN 3455 02:25:09,258 --> 02:25:10,626 DISCUSSED MAKING JERKY OUT 3456 02:25:10,626 --> 02:25:11,660 OF THE BODY OF THE 3457 02:25:11,660 --> 02:25:13,228 INDIVIDUALS THEY WOULD KILL. 3458 02:25:13,228 --> 02:25:15,330 SO BECAUSE OF THE CRIMINAL 3459 02:25:15,330 --> 02:25:17,533 JUSTICE SYSTEM THAT PROTECTS 3460 02:25:17,533 --> 02:25:18,967 INDIVIDUALS WHO CREATE THESE 3461 02:25:18,967 --> 02:25:20,702 MURDERS HAPPEN AT STATE 3462 02:25:20,702 --> 02:25:23,906 LEVEL, WE WANTED TO SEE IF 3463 02:25:23,906 --> 02:25:25,174 STATE LEVEL HISTORICAL 3464 02:25:25,174 --> 02:25:35,684 LYNCHING PLAYED A ROLE IN 3465 02:25:36,318 --> 02:25:39,621 THE CYSTINE PROTEINS IN 3466 02:25:39,621 --> 02:25:41,356 THOSE RACIALIZED AS BLACK. 3467 02:25:41,356 --> 02:25:44,226 AND SO WHAT WE SAW IS 3468 02:25:44,226 --> 02:25:46,061 COMPARING SPACE WITH ONE 3469 02:25:46,061 --> 02:25:47,596 LYNCHING TO TWO OR MORE -- 3470 02:25:47,596 --> 02:25:49,398 BECAUSE WE DIDN'T WANT TO 3471 02:25:49,398 --> 02:25:50,999 USE A MEDIAN OR MEAN VALUE 3472 02:25:50,999 --> 02:25:52,401 AS IF THERE WERE SOME 3473 02:25:52,401 --> 02:25:53,769 PRESCRIBED NUMBER OF PEOPLE 3474 02:25:53,769 --> 02:25:55,204 THAT COULD BE KILLED THAT 3475 02:25:55,204 --> 02:25:57,906 WOULD BE APPROPRIATE, SO WE 3476 02:25:57,906 --> 02:25:59,274 DECIDED TO JUST COMPARE ONE 3477 02:25:59,274 --> 02:26:01,710 TO TWO OR MORE AND WE FOUND 3478 02:26:01,710 --> 02:26:03,846 JUST BEING IN A STATE WITH 3479 02:26:03,846 --> 02:26:06,248 TWO OR MORE WAS ASSOCIATED 3480 02:26:06,248 --> 02:26:08,550 WITH 17 PERCENT INCREASE IN 3481 02:26:08,550 --> 02:26:11,420 CR & ONE LOWER TEST SCORE ON 3482 02:26:11,420 --> 02:26:12,387 THE COGNITIVE ASSESSMENT. 3483 02:26:12,387 --> 02:26:15,357 JUST TWO OR MORE. 3484 02:26:15,357 --> 02:26:17,993 OKAY NOW I AM DOING WEIRD 3485 02:26:17,993 --> 02:26:20,262 STUFF, Y'ALL. 3486 02:26:20,262 --> 02:26:21,096 CAN'T TRUST ME. 3487 02:26:21,096 --> 02:26:22,798 OKAY, THANK YOU FOR FIXING 3488 02:26:22,798 --> 02:26:24,533 THAT BECAUSE YOU JUST CAN'T 3489 02:26:24,533 --> 02:26:24,900 TRUST ME. 3490 02:26:24,900 --> 02:26:28,770 WE HAVE ALSO LOOKED AT 3491 02:26:28,770 --> 02:26:29,471 SOCIOECONOMIC RACISM ACROSS 3492 02:26:29,471 --> 02:26:31,874 THE LIFE COURSE SO WHAT WE 3493 02:26:31,874 --> 02:26:33,509 DID WAS ENERGY -- EXTRACT 3494 02:26:33,509 --> 02:26:35,677 THE COHORT FROM THE HEALTH 3495 02:26:35,677 --> 02:26:38,080 AND RETIREMENT STUDY, 3496 02:26:38,080 --> 02:26:40,716 MID-BABY BOOMERS BORN 3497 02:26:40,716 --> 02:26:43,118 BETWEEN 1954 AND 1959 AFTER 3498 02:26:43,118 --> 02:26:44,987 THE BOARD VERSUS BROWN 3499 02:26:44,987 --> 02:26:50,926 EDUCATION RULING AND THEN 3500 02:26:50,926 --> 02:26:52,661 MAPPED SOCIOECONOMIC RACISM 3501 02:26:52,661 --> 02:26:54,163 AND CATEGORIZED THAT BEFORE 3502 02:26:54,163 --> 02:26:57,332 THEIR BIRTH, DURING 3503 02:26:57,332 --> 02:26:58,834 CHILDHOOD OR ADOLESCENTS, 3504 02:26:58,834 --> 02:26:59,768 ADULTHOOD AND MIDLIFE AND 3505 02:26:59,768 --> 02:27:04,439 THEN WHAT WE SAW WAS GREATER 3506 02:27:04,439 --> 02:27:12,314 SOCIOECONOMIC RACISM WAS IN 3507 02:27:12,314 --> 02:27:15,217 CHILDHOOD SO I HAVE TO NOTE 3508 02:27:15,217 --> 02:27:18,120 THESE INDIVIDUALS ENTERED 3509 02:27:18,120 --> 02:27:28,564 THE STUDY ONLY IN THE LAST 3510 02:27:28,564 --> 02:27:31,033 TEN YEARS. 3511 02:27:31,033 --> 02:27:34,836 SO LET'S TALK ABOUT 3512 02:27:34,836 --> 02:27:35,704 STRUCTURAL ECONOMIC 3513 02:27:35,704 --> 02:27:36,104 RESILIENCE? 3514 02:27:36,104 --> 02:27:46,582 IS THERE A WAY TO CHANGE 3515 02:27:47,616 --> 02:27:48,917 THAT IN MID-LIFE AND WHAT 3516 02:27:48,917 --> 02:27:51,220 DOES THIS LOOK LIKE IN 3517 02:27:51,220 --> 02:27:51,954 AGGREGATE? 3518 02:27:51,954 --> 02:27:54,590 USING THE SAME INDICATORS 3519 02:27:54,590 --> 02:27:56,625 FOR SOCIOECONOMIC RACISM WE 3520 02:27:56,625 --> 02:27:58,994 DON'T CONFIGURE THE 3521 02:27:58,994 --> 02:27:59,962 BLACK-WHITE DISPARITY. 3522 02:27:59,962 --> 02:28:03,899 WHAT IS THE PROPORTION OF 3523 02:28:03,899 --> 02:28:05,400 PEOPLE RACIALIZED AS BLACK 3524 02:28:05,400 --> 02:28:07,369 ABOVE THE POEFRL LEVEL, WHO 3525 02:28:07,369 --> 02:28:09,638 OWN HOMES AND THEN LOOK AT 3526 02:28:09,638 --> 02:28:10,806 THE COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE 3527 02:28:10,806 --> 02:28:12,874 ACROSS THOSE DECADES AND WA 3528 02:28:12,874 --> 02:28:15,911 WE SEE IS SOCIOECONOMIC 3529 02:28:15,911 --> 02:28:17,546 RESILIENCE BEFORE THEIR 3530 02:28:17,546 --> 02:28:19,615 BIRTH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH 3531 02:28:19,615 --> 02:28:20,716 SLOWER COGNITIVE DECLINE. 3532 02:28:20,716 --> 02:28:23,485 SO THAT FARM OWNERSHIP, 3533 02:28:23,485 --> 02:28:29,191 HOMEOWNERSHIP, ALL WAS 3534 02:28:29,191 --> 02:28:29,558 PROTECTED. 3535 02:28:29,558 --> 02:28:31,059 AND NOW IN THE UNDERSTANDING 3536 02:28:31,059 --> 02:28:33,328 OF LIFE COURSE RACISM, IT 3537 02:28:33,328 --> 02:28:35,297 MAY NOT JUST BE ABOUT THE 3538 02:28:35,297 --> 02:28:35,998 EXPOSURES AN INDIVIDUAL HAS 3539 02:28:35,998 --> 02:28:38,667 BUT THE HISTORY OF A PLACE. 3540 02:28:38,667 --> 02:28:39,968 SO A PLACE, IRRESPECTIVE OF 3541 02:28:39,968 --> 02:28:41,336 WHEN YOU HAVE BEEN THERE, 3542 02:28:41,336 --> 02:28:42,838 HOW LONG YOU HAVE BEEN THERE 3543 02:28:42,838 --> 02:28:45,274 IN YOUR LIFE COURSE MAY BE 3544 02:28:45,274 --> 02:28:46,975 CONTRIBUTING TO THE 3545 02:28:46,975 --> 02:28:48,110 COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE YOU 3546 02:28:48,110 --> 02:28:49,378 SEE OVER YOUR LIFE COURSE. 3547 02:28:49,378 --> 02:28:51,346 AND SO I HAVE BEEN BUILDING 3548 02:28:51,346 --> 02:28:53,982 THIS NEW MODEL WITH MY 3549 02:28:53,982 --> 02:29:01,390 COLLEAGUE HERE, Dr. MARY 3550 02:29:01,390 --> 02:29:04,693 BEL ALTHOUGHBLEDO GONZALEZ 3551 02:29:04,693 --> 02:29:06,395 OF THE ANTI--LATINX 3552 02:29:06,395 --> 02:29:07,329 STRUCTURAL RACISM, WE START 3553 02:29:07,329 --> 02:29:10,732 AT THE MOMENT THE 3554 02:29:10,732 --> 02:29:11,867 U .S.-MEXICO BORDER MOVES 3555 02:29:11,867 --> 02:29:13,935 AND THEN TRACK RACISM OVER 3556 02:29:13,935 --> 02:29:14,469 TIME. 3557 02:29:14,469 --> 02:29:15,771 SO NEXT TIME YOU ARE WITH 3558 02:29:15,771 --> 02:29:17,406 YOUR COLLEAGUES AND LOOKING 3559 02:29:17,406 --> 02:29:19,007 AT DISPARITIES OR TALKING 3560 02:29:19,007 --> 02:29:20,509 ABOUT PREFERENCE IMPACT AND 3561 02:29:20,509 --> 02:29:22,110 YOU ARE ENCOURAGED TO THINK 3562 02:29:22,110 --> 02:29:23,845 ABOUT SOMEONE BEING BORN 3563 02:29:23,845 --> 02:29:24,680 WITH SOMETHING, I ENCOURAGE 3564 02:29:24,680 --> 02:29:26,948 YOU TO THINK MAYBE IT IS 3565 02:29:26,948 --> 02:29:27,316 RACISM. 3566 02:29:27,316 --> 02:29:28,583 MAYBE RACISM IS PLAYING A 3567 02:29:28,583 --> 02:29:32,387 ROLE IN WHAT HAS HAPPENED TO 3568 02:29:32,387 --> 02:29:33,955 INDIVIDUALS AND THE 3569 02:29:33,955 --> 02:29:34,756 DISPROPORTIONATE IMPACTS TO 3570 02:29:34,756 --> 02:29:35,157 THEIR BODY. 3571 02:29:35,157 --> 02:29:37,959 SO I WOULD LIKE TO THANK 3572 02:29:37,959 --> 02:29:39,094 THIS HUGE COLLABORATIVE TEAM 3573 02:29:39,094 --> 02:29:43,398 THAT WE HAVE, THE MARVIN 3574 02:29:43,398 --> 02:29:45,334 GRAY MATTER TEAM -- GET 3575 02:29:45,334 --> 02:29:46,802 THAT, MARVIN GRAY MATTER, I 3576 02:29:46,802 --> 02:29:49,237 LIKE THAT. 3577 02:29:49,237 --> 02:29:51,206 WE COLLABORATE ON MEASURES 3578 02:29:51,206 --> 02:29:56,078 OF RACISM, SHARE DATA, 3579 02:29:56,078 --> 02:30:00,849 PRACTICALLY A CULT. 3580 02:30:00,849 --> 02:30:02,617 AND ARIANA WILL BE GIVING 3581 02:30:02,617 --> 02:30:03,919 HER PRESENTATION TOMORROW. 3582 02:30:03,919 --> 02:30:09,491 I ALSO WANT TO THANK Dr. 3583 02:30:09,491 --> 02:30:11,326 MANLY, Dr. KIM AND OTHERS 3584 02:30:11,326 --> 02:30:19,267 WHO HAVE BEEN WRITING THIS 3585 02:30:19,267 --> 02:30:22,070 INTO THIS AND ALSO MY BOUGIE 3586 02:30:22,070 --> 02:30:23,805 BUT THANK YOU TO MY GRANNY 3587 02:30:23,805 --> 02:30:26,541 WHO HAS BEEN TALKING TO ME 3588 02:30:26,541 --> 02:30:30,645 MOST ABOUT THIS SCIENCE. 3589 02:30:30,645 --> 02:30:31,313 THANK YOU. 3590 02:30:31,313 --> 02:30:31,680 [APPLAUSE] 3591 02:30:31,680 --> 02:30:33,415 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH, AJ AND 3592 02:30:33,415 --> 02:30:38,120 NOW I AM GOING TO INTRODUCE 3593 02:30:38,120 --> 02:30:40,122 LAURA ZAHODNE IN THE 3594 02:30:40,122 --> 02:30:48,130 PSYCHOLOGY DEPARTMENT AT THE 3595 02:30:48,130 --> 02:30:48,730 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 3596 02:30:48,730 --> 02:30:49,564 >> THANK YOU, THANK YOU SO 3597 02:30:49,564 --> 02:30:50,832 MUCH FOR THE OPPORTUNITY TO 3598 02:30:50,832 --> 02:30:52,367 BE HERE, THANK YOU FOR THE 3599 02:30:52,367 --> 02:30:53,402 OPPORTUNITY TO BE PART OF 3600 02:30:53,402 --> 02:30:53,869 THIS PANEL. 3601 02:30:53,869 --> 02:30:57,172 THIS IS A HUGE HONOR. 3602 02:30:57,172 --> 02:30:58,774 I AM INTERESTED IN MULTIPLE 3603 02:30:58,774 --> 02:31:01,042 ASPECTS OF THE SOCIAL AND 3604 02:31:01,042 --> 02:31:02,310 STRUCTURAL ENVIRONMENT AND 3605 02:31:02,310 --> 02:31:05,614 TO START MY TALK TODAY ON 3606 02:31:05,614 --> 02:31:07,682 DISCRIMINATION WHICH MAY 3607 02:31:07,682 --> 02:31:09,618 INFLUENCE INEQUALITIES IN 3608 02:31:09,618 --> 02:31:13,355 COGNITIVE AGING ALONGSIDE 3609 02:31:13,355 --> 02:31:14,689 OTHER SOCIAL DISCRIMINAL 3610 02:31:14,689 --> 02:31:15,357 TPHAPBTS OF HEALTH. 3611 02:31:15,357 --> 02:31:18,226 OUR WORK IN THIS AREA HAS 3612 02:31:18,226 --> 02:31:24,966 BEEN GROUNDED IN THEORETICAL 3613 02:31:24,966 --> 02:31:32,707 FRAMEWORK BY BODNEY KIRK -- 3614 02:31:32,707 --> 02:31:34,409 RODNEY CLARK THAT FOCUSES ON 3615 02:31:34,409 --> 02:31:38,413 RACISM AS A STRESSOR FOR 3616 02:31:38,413 --> 02:31:39,915 AFRICAN-AMERICANS AND THE 3617 02:31:39,915 --> 02:31:41,850 IMPORTANCE OF THIS MODEL AS 3618 02:31:41,850 --> 02:31:44,052 IT RELATES TO COGNITIVE 3619 02:31:44,052 --> 02:31:44,386 AGING. 3620 02:31:44,386 --> 02:31:46,788 SO USING THE STUDY FROM THE 3621 02:31:46,788 --> 02:31:50,859 HEALTH AND RETIREMENT AGING, 3622 02:31:50,859 --> 02:31:53,695 HERE WE ARE INTERESTED IN 3623 02:31:53,695 --> 02:31:57,132 THE VIKE LOGICAL CONSTRUCT 3624 02:31:57,132 --> 02:31:59,768 THAT QUALITATIVE DATA HAVE 3625 02:31:59,768 --> 02:32:04,806 SHOWN ARE LIKELY INFLUENCED 3626 02:32:04,806 --> 02:32:06,942 LIKE CHANGES IN MOOD OR 3627 02:32:06,942 --> 02:32:07,976 PERCEPTION OF CONTROL, THAT 3628 02:32:07,976 --> 02:32:10,312 YOU ARE NOT IN CONTROL OF 3629 02:32:10,312 --> 02:32:11,079 IMPORTANT LIFE OUTCOMES. 3630 02:32:11,079 --> 02:32:16,051 AND WHAT WE FOUND IS THOSE 3631 02:32:16,051 --> 02:32:18,086 BLACK ADULTS EXPERIENCED 3632 02:32:18,086 --> 02:32:22,457 MORE RACIAL SYSTEM NATION 3633 02:32:22,457 --> 02:32:27,128 WHICH PREDICTED BOTH MORE 3634 02:32:27,128 --> 02:32:28,997 DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS AND 3635 02:32:28,997 --> 02:32:30,165 EXTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL 3636 02:32:30,165 --> 02:32:31,800 AND BOTH OF THOSE WERE 3637 02:32:31,800 --> 02:32:33,602 RELATED TO COGNITIVE HEALTH. 3638 02:32:33,602 --> 02:32:35,437 SO SOME EVIDENCE THAT 3639 02:32:35,437 --> 02:32:37,272 DISCRIMINATION MAY INFLUENCE 3640 02:32:37,272 --> 02:32:39,774 COGNITIVE AGING IN PART 3641 02:32:39,774 --> 02:32:40,909 THROUGH PSYCHOLOGICAL 3642 02:32:40,909 --> 02:32:41,710 PATHWAYS. 3643 02:32:41,710 --> 02:32:45,814 WE'RE ALSO INTERESTED IN 3644 02:32:45,814 --> 02:32:46,715 PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS BY 3645 02:32:46,715 --> 02:32:50,318 WHICH WE NIGHT GET UNDER THE 3646 02:32:50,318 --> 02:32:52,187 SKIN TO AFFECT HEALTH. 3647 02:32:52,187 --> 02:32:54,589 SO HERE WE SEE THE CRS 3648 02:32:54,589 --> 02:32:57,959 PRETTY TO TEEN THAT IS A 3649 02:32:57,959 --> 02:32:59,094 MARKER OF INFLAMMATION. 3650 02:32:59,094 --> 02:33:01,463 WE KNOW THROUGH HUMAN AND 3651 02:33:01,463 --> 02:33:04,666 ANIMAL RESEARCH THAT MARKERS 3652 02:33:04,666 --> 02:33:07,936 OF INFLAMMATION ARE ELEVATED 3653 02:33:07,936 --> 02:33:09,104 IN CHRONIC STRESS SO WE 3654 02:33:09,104 --> 02:33:18,880 WANTED TO TEST WHETHER THIS 3655 02:33:18,880 --> 02:33:19,915 MEDIATED LONGITUDINAL 3656 02:33:19,915 --> 02:33:22,384 DISTRESS WITH INFLAMMATION 3657 02:33:22,384 --> 02:33:23,351 AND COGNITIVE HEALTH. 3658 02:33:23,351 --> 02:33:28,723 NOW WE DID NOT SEE ANY 3659 02:33:28,723 --> 02:33:29,824 LONGITUDINAL MEDIATION IN 3660 02:33:29,824 --> 02:33:31,426 THIS DATA BUT THERE WAS 3661 02:33:31,426 --> 02:33:33,495 SOMEWHERE WE LOOKED AT 3662 02:33:33,495 --> 02:33:34,763 INDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY, 3663 02:33:34,763 --> 02:33:35,397 SPECIFICALLY THOSE 3664 02:33:35,397 --> 02:33:37,098 PARTICIPANTS WHO REPORTED 3665 02:33:37,098 --> 02:33:39,100 MORE OF A EXPERIENCE OF 3666 02:33:39,100 --> 02:33:41,236 DISCRIMINATION HAD HIGHER 3667 02:33:41,236 --> 02:33:45,907 CRP WHICH IN TURN WAS 3668 02:33:45,907 --> 02:33:49,077 RELATING TO LOWER COGNITIVE 3669 02:33:49,077 --> 02:33:50,111 PERFORMANCE. 3670 02:33:50,111 --> 02:33:57,852 SO INFLAMMATION MAY BE ONE 3671 02:33:57,852 --> 02:33:59,254 THING THAT GETS UNDER THE 3672 02:33:59,254 --> 02:34:00,722 SKIN BUT THE PROCESS IS NOT 3673 02:34:00,722 --> 02:34:02,123 YET CLEAR. 3674 02:34:02,123 --> 02:34:04,292 IN ADDITION TO HOW IT MIGHT 3675 02:34:04,292 --> 02:34:06,962 GET UNDER THE SKIN IS HOW IT 3676 02:34:06,962 --> 02:34:08,096 MIGHT GET INTO THE SKULL SO 3677 02:34:08,096 --> 02:34:14,436 HERE WE ARE SHOWING YOU A 3678 02:34:14,436 --> 02:34:16,605 GROUP STUDY WITH 291 BLACK 3679 02:34:16,605 --> 02:34:18,573 OLDER ADULTS IN NEW YORK AND 3680 02:34:18,573 --> 02:34:23,445 SHOWING YOU THE LONGITUDINAL 3681 02:34:23,445 --> 02:34:27,482 DATA ON RACIAL 3682 02:34:27,482 --> 02:34:28,416 DISCRIMINATION AND WHITE 3683 02:34:28,416 --> 02:34:30,151 MATTER WHICH IS RELATED TO 3684 02:34:30,151 --> 02:34:30,585 INFLAMMATION. 3685 02:34:30,585 --> 02:34:32,988 AND AS YOU CAN SEE THE OLDER 3686 02:34:32,988 --> 02:34:35,156 BLACK ADULTS WHO REPORTED 3687 02:34:35,156 --> 02:34:36,858 MORE FREQUENT DISCRIMINATION 3688 02:34:36,858 --> 02:34:38,693 SHOWED A FASTER ACCUMULATION 3689 02:34:38,693 --> 02:34:42,397 OF THIS PATHOLOGY OVER A 3690 02:34:42,397 --> 02:34:43,832 FOUR-YEAR PERIOD. 3691 02:34:43,832 --> 02:34:46,001 INDEPENDENT OF WHITE MATTER 3692 02:34:46,001 --> 02:34:47,869 HYPER INTENSITY, THIS STUDY 3693 02:34:47,869 --> 02:34:51,840 BY A GRADUATE STUDENT IN 3694 02:34:51,840 --> 02:34:54,576 MICHIGAN, JORDAN UPONG SHOWS 3695 02:34:54,576 --> 02:35:05,120 THE DAY-TO-DAY EXPERIENCE OF 3696 02:35:13,028 --> 02:35:15,163 DISCRIMINATION CONTRIBUTES 3697 02:35:15,163 --> 02:35:21,369 TO THE WHITE MATTER AGING. 3698 02:35:21,369 --> 02:35:23,838 SO WE KNOW THAT THIS IS 3699 02:35:23,838 --> 02:35:26,241 CRITICAL IN BRAIN HEALTH 3700 02:35:26,241 --> 02:35:27,609 AMONG OLDER PLAQUE ADULTS. 3701 02:35:27,609 --> 02:35:29,944 NOW, I WANT TO PAUSE HERE 3702 02:35:29,944 --> 02:35:34,215 FOR A MINUTE BECAUSE SO MUCH 3703 02:35:34,215 --> 02:35:36,384 THIS FOCUS ON RISK PATHWAYS 3704 02:35:36,384 --> 02:35:38,553 BUT WE KNOW THIS 3705 02:35:38,553 --> 02:35:41,723 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RACE, 3706 02:35:41,723 --> 02:35:42,791 THE COMPLEX SOCIOECONOMIC 3707 02:35:42,791 --> 02:35:44,526 CONSTRUCT AND COGNITIVE 3708 02:35:44,526 --> 02:35:45,660 AGING REALLY REFLECTS THE 3709 02:35:45,660 --> 02:35:48,296 SUM OF THOSE RISKS AND 3710 02:35:48,296 --> 02:35:49,764 RESILIENT PATHWAYS AND THIS 3711 02:35:49,764 --> 02:35:55,837 IS BECAUSE SOCIAL GROUPS 3712 02:35:55,837 --> 02:35:56,771 ALSO CULTIVATE NORMS AND 3713 02:35:56,771 --> 02:35:58,306 BEHAVIOR THAT COULD BE WORTH 3714 02:35:58,306 --> 02:35:58,773 PROMOTING. 3715 02:35:58,773 --> 02:36:02,177 SO BY USING RACE AS A SIMPLE 3716 02:36:02,177 --> 02:36:04,012 PROXY FOR RACISM OR BY 3717 02:36:04,012 --> 02:36:05,613 FOCUSING ONLY ON RISK 3718 02:36:05,613 --> 02:36:07,015 PATHWAYS, WE WON'T BE ABLE 3719 02:36:07,015 --> 02:36:08,850 TO SEE THE WHOLE PICTURE. 3720 02:36:08,850 --> 02:36:11,252 I WILL SHOW YOU ONE EXAMPLE 3721 02:36:11,252 --> 02:36:13,254 CONSIDERING BOTH RISK AND 3722 02:36:13,254 --> 02:36:16,624 RESILIENCE IN A MODEL OF 3723 02:36:16,624 --> 02:36:18,126 COGNITIVE DISPARITIES, THIS 3724 02:36:18,126 --> 02:36:22,697 WAS BY EMILY MORRIS AND A 3725 02:36:22,697 --> 02:36:24,432 FORMER POST-DOC LAUREN 3726 02:36:24,432 --> 02:36:24,733 BROWN. 3727 02:36:24,733 --> 02:36:29,170 AND THE WORK WAS TO EXTEND 3728 02:36:29,170 --> 02:36:31,005 Dr. BROWN'S RACIAL AND 3729 02:36:31,005 --> 02:36:34,309 MENTAL HEALTH TO COGNITIVE 3730 02:36:34,309 --> 02:36:34,709 HEALTH. 3731 02:36:34,709 --> 02:36:36,811 THE DATA SHOWED OLDER BLACK 3732 02:36:36,811 --> 02:36:38,947 AMERICANS REPORTED BEING 3733 02:36:38,947 --> 02:36:42,283 EXPOSED TO MORE CHRONIC 3734 02:36:42,283 --> 02:36:43,752 STRESSORS THAN WHITE AND 3735 02:36:43,752 --> 02:36:45,353 LEADING TO LOWER COGNITIVE 3736 02:36:45,353 --> 02:36:50,458 HEALTH BUT THE SAME BLACK 3737 02:36:50,458 --> 02:36:53,995 OLDER ADULTS ALSO APPRAISED 3738 02:36:53,995 --> 02:36:57,565 STRESSORS AT BEING LESS 3739 02:36:57,565 --> 02:36:58,600 UPSETTING, COPING WITH CON 3740 02:36:58,600 --> 02:37:01,236 TEMP LIVED EXPERIENCES AND 3741 02:37:01,236 --> 02:37:02,370 APPRAISING STRUCTURES LESS 3742 02:37:02,370 --> 02:37:04,806 UPSETTING WAS IN AND OF 3743 02:37:04,806 --> 02:37:07,542 ITSELF A UNIQUE PREDICTOR OF 3744 02:37:07,542 --> 02:37:08,910 BETTER MEMORY INDEPENDENT OF 3745 02:37:08,910 --> 02:37:09,544 STRESS EXPOSURE. 3746 02:37:09,544 --> 02:37:12,147 SO I THINK THIS PROVIDES 3747 02:37:12,147 --> 02:37:14,215 SOME NUANCE EVIDENCE OF BOTH 3748 02:37:14,215 --> 02:37:17,285 RISKS AND RESILIENCE FOR 3749 02:37:17,285 --> 02:37:19,354 COGNITIVE AGING AMONG BLACK 3750 02:37:19,354 --> 02:37:19,788 OLDER ADULTS. 3751 02:37:19,788 --> 02:37:21,089 NOW I WANT TO TALK ABOUT 3752 02:37:21,089 --> 02:37:24,192 SOME OF THIS WORK ON 3753 02:37:24,192 --> 02:37:25,026 DISCRIMINATION. 3754 02:37:25,026 --> 02:37:25,627 EVERYDAY DISCRIMINATION 3755 02:37:25,627 --> 02:37:26,961 MEASURES MAY NOT BE 3756 02:37:26,961 --> 02:37:28,396 MEASURING THE SAME CONSTRUCT 3757 02:37:28,396 --> 02:37:28,897 ACROSS GROUPS. 3758 02:37:28,897 --> 02:37:34,135 SO WE HAVE SEEN QUANTITATIVE 3759 02:37:34,135 --> 02:37:36,404 EVIDENCE FROM LEWIS AND 3760 02:37:36,404 --> 02:37:38,807 OTHERS, THIS MORE RECENT 3761 02:37:38,807 --> 02:37:39,874 QUALITATIVE STUDY INTERVIEWS 3762 02:37:39,874 --> 02:37:43,044 PEOPLE AS THEY COMPLETED THE 3763 02:37:43,044 --> 02:37:44,245 EVERYDAY DISCRIMINATION 3764 02:37:44,245 --> 02:37:45,780 SCALE, PROBABLY THE MOST 3765 02:37:45,780 --> 02:37:47,148 COMMON MEASURE USED IN THIS 3766 02:37:47,148 --> 02:37:49,350 WORK AND THEY SHOWED THAT 3767 02:37:49,350 --> 02:37:51,286 PEOPLE USE DIFFERENT 3768 02:37:51,286 --> 02:37:53,021 COGNITIVE SCHEMAS OR 3769 02:37:53,021 --> 02:37:54,189 FRAMEWORKS FOR INTERPRETING 3770 02:37:54,189 --> 02:37:56,157 AND RESPONDING TO THE ITEMS 3771 02:37:56,157 --> 02:37:57,492 ON THIS SCALE. 3772 02:37:57,492 --> 02:37:58,993 SO SOME PEOPLE APPROACHED 3773 02:37:58,993 --> 02:38:01,129 THIS SCALE THROUGH A MORE 3774 02:38:01,129 --> 02:38:04,199 GENERAL LENS OF NEGATIVE 3775 02:38:04,199 --> 02:38:04,899 SOCIAL INTERACTION WHILE 3776 02:38:04,899 --> 02:38:06,734 OTHERS APPROACH IT THROUGH A 3777 02:38:06,734 --> 02:38:11,506 MORE SPECIFIC LENS OF SOCIAL 3778 02:38:11,506 --> 02:38:13,408 INEQUALITY OR RACISM. 3779 02:38:13,408 --> 02:38:15,710 AND THESE DIFFERENCES IN USE 3780 02:38:15,710 --> 02:38:26,087 OF SCHEMA CORRESPONDED TO 3781 02:38:26,087 --> 02:38:26,588 SOCIODEMO GRAPHIC 3782 02:38:26,588 --> 02:38:26,988 INTERACTION. 3783 02:38:26,988 --> 02:38:35,530 SO THOSE ARE MORE POSITIVE 3784 02:38:35,530 --> 02:38:36,898 SCHEMAS WERE BETTER OFF ON 3785 02:38:36,898 --> 02:38:40,068 THIS THOSE WITH NEGATIVE 3786 02:38:40,068 --> 02:38:41,236 INTERACTIONS. 3787 02:38:41,236 --> 02:38:42,036 NOW, THIS BETWEEN-GROUP 3788 02:38:42,036 --> 02:38:43,905 STUDIES MAY NOT BE MEASURING 3789 02:38:43,905 --> 02:38:45,940 WHAT WE THINK THEY ARE 3790 02:38:45,940 --> 02:38:46,841 MEASURING SO THIS IS ONE 3791 02:38:46,841 --> 02:38:49,544 REASON WHY A LOT OF OUR WORK 3792 02:38:49,544 --> 02:38:51,179 HAS REALLY MOVED TOWARD 3793 02:38:51,179 --> 02:38:54,782 SINGLE GROUP STUDIES TO 3794 02:38:54,782 --> 02:38:55,783 UNDERSTAND HOW 3795 02:38:55,783 --> 02:38:59,053 DISCRIMINATION MAY INFLUENCE 3796 02:38:59,053 --> 02:39:00,088 COGNITIVE AGING. 3797 02:39:00,088 --> 02:39:02,390 ANOTHER LOOK AT THIS IS 3798 02:39:02,390 --> 02:39:04,659 THESE FOCUSES ON OVERT 3799 02:39:04,659 --> 02:39:06,127 EXPERIENCES AT THE PERSONAL 3800 02:39:06,127 --> 02:39:08,062 LEVEL SO WE DON'T CAPTURE 3801 02:39:08,062 --> 02:39:12,100 ALL TYPES OF DISCRIMINATION 3802 02:39:12,100 --> 02:39:12,767 INCLUDING INSTITUTIONAL 3803 02:39:12,767 --> 02:39:16,704 DISCRIMINATION THAT MAY GET 3804 02:39:16,704 --> 02:39:17,639 TRANSMITTED BY POLICY, 3805 02:39:17,639 --> 02:39:19,340 EXPERIENCE DISTRIBUTED BY 3806 02:39:19,340 --> 02:39:23,211 THE NETWORKS OR SOCIAL MEDIA 3807 02:39:23,211 --> 02:39:24,579 OR OTHER INSIDIOUS 3808 02:39:24,579 --> 02:39:26,981 DISCRIMINATION THAT COULD 3809 02:39:26,981 --> 02:39:30,919 INFLUENCE STRESS AGING 3810 02:39:30,919 --> 02:39:32,120 THROUGH PATHWAYS LIKE ACCESS 3811 02:39:32,120 --> 02:39:32,654 TO RESOURCES. 3812 02:39:32,654 --> 02:39:34,188 SO I WILL TALK ABOUT SOME OF 3813 02:39:34,188 --> 02:39:35,356 THE TKR-BGSZ WE HAVE TAKEN 3814 02:39:35,356 --> 02:39:36,824 IN CONNECTION WITH THESE 3815 02:39:36,824 --> 02:39:37,458 STUDIES. 3816 02:39:37,458 --> 02:39:39,928 ONE IS TO SEEK OUT 3817 02:39:39,928 --> 02:39:40,595 ALTERNATIVE INDIVIDUAL 3818 02:39:40,595 --> 02:39:42,664 LEVELS THAT MIGHT PROVIDE A 3819 02:39:42,664 --> 02:39:44,232 BROADER PICTURE OF HOW A 3820 02:39:44,232 --> 02:39:46,167 INDIVIDUAL IS IMPACTED BY A 3821 02:39:46,167 --> 02:39:51,472 BROADER ARRAY OF 3822 02:39:51,472 --> 02:39:52,073 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE. 3823 02:39:52,073 --> 02:39:55,109 SO THIS IS A PSYCHOLOGICAL 3824 02:39:55,109 --> 02:39:57,178 CONSTRUCT THAT COMES OUT OF 3825 02:39:57,178 --> 02:39:59,447 THE SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY 3826 02:39:59,447 --> 02:40:00,315 LITERATURE, WHERE PEOPLE 3827 02:40:00,315 --> 02:40:02,483 FEEL THEY HAVE CONTROL OVER 3828 02:40:02,483 --> 02:40:05,019 IMPORTANT LIFE OUTCOMES. 3829 02:40:05,019 --> 02:40:06,621 IT INCLUDES SUFFERABLE 3830 02:40:06,621 --> 02:40:07,889 DIMENSION OF INTERNAL 3831 02:40:07,889 --> 02:40:10,992 CONTROL WHICH IS THE MASTERY 3832 02:40:10,992 --> 02:40:13,161 OF EFFICACY AND EX PERSONAL 3833 02:40:13,161 --> 02:40:15,463 CONTROL WHICH REFLECTS THE 3834 02:40:15,463 --> 02:40:16,597 PERCEPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL 3835 02:40:16,597 --> 02:40:20,501 CONSTRAINTS THAT LIMIT ONE'S 3836 02:40:20,501 --> 02:40:22,236 INSTRUMENTALITY. 3837 02:40:22,236 --> 02:40:29,210 WE HAVE DECADES OF THIS THAT 3838 02:40:29,210 --> 02:40:32,747 IS SHAPED BY SOCIAL MEASURE 3839 02:40:32,747 --> 02:40:34,515 SO IF YOU WANT TO INFLUENCE 3840 02:40:34,515 --> 02:40:37,018 IT, YOU HAVE TO INFLUENCE IT 3841 02:40:37,018 --> 02:40:39,153 THROUGH THE ENVIRONMENT. 3842 02:40:39,153 --> 02:40:41,522 WE TYPICALLY DON'T SEE RACE 3843 02:40:41,522 --> 02:40:42,357 DIFFERENCES IN INTERNAL 3844 02:40:42,357 --> 02:40:44,092 CONTROL WHICH IS MITIGATED 3845 02:40:44,092 --> 02:40:45,693 BY FAMILY AND FRIENDS BUT WE 3846 02:40:45,693 --> 02:40:47,295 DO SEE DIFFERENCES IN 3847 02:40:47,295 --> 02:40:48,229 EXTERNAL CONTROL WHICH 3848 02:40:48,229 --> 02:40:50,231 APPEARS TO BE SHAPED MORE BY 3849 02:40:50,231 --> 02:40:53,001 THE MACRO ENVIRONMENT, THIS 3850 02:40:53,001 --> 02:40:53,868 LARGER SOCIAL STRUCTURE. 3851 02:40:53,868 --> 02:40:56,070 SO MEASURES OF THE EXTERNAL 3852 02:40:56,070 --> 02:40:58,573 CONTROL MAY BE HELPFUL FOR 3853 02:40:58,573 --> 02:40:59,741 GAUGING THAT INDIVIDUAL 3854 02:40:59,741 --> 02:41:01,743 LEVEL IMPACT OF A BROADER 3855 02:41:01,743 --> 02:41:04,445 SET OF ENVIRONMENTAL 3856 02:41:04,445 --> 02:41:06,447 EXPOSURES INCLUDING 3857 02:41:06,447 --> 02:41:07,882 INTERPERSONAL 3858 02:41:07,882 --> 02:41:08,349 DISCRIMINATION. 3859 02:41:08,349 --> 02:41:09,017 REMEMBER, EXTERNAL CONTROL 3860 02:41:09,017 --> 02:41:11,085 WAS A MEDIATOR OF THE 3861 02:41:11,085 --> 02:41:14,055 EFFECTS OF THE FIRST HRS 3862 02:41:14,055 --> 02:41:18,059 STUDY I SHOWED YOU BUT ALSO 3863 02:41:18,059 --> 02:41:18,926 ACROSS DIFFERENT LEVELS. 3864 02:41:18,926 --> 02:41:20,695 MOVING BEYOND THE INDIVIDUAL 3865 02:41:20,695 --> 02:41:22,230 LEVEL NOW, WE HAVE THOUGHT 3866 02:41:22,230 --> 02:41:25,400 OUT MEASURES THAT DIRECTLY 3867 02:41:25,400 --> 02:41:28,169 QUANTIFY EXPOSURE AT OTHER 3868 02:41:28,169 --> 02:41:29,337 ECOLOGICAL LEVELS INCLUDING 3869 02:41:29,337 --> 02:41:31,572 THE NEIGHBORHOOD LEVEL. 3870 02:41:31,572 --> 02:41:33,508 THIS IS EXCITING BECAUSE 3871 02:41:33,508 --> 02:41:35,443 NEIGHBORHOOD LEVEL EXPOSURES 3872 02:41:35,443 --> 02:41:37,645 MAY BE MORE ACTIONABLE AND 3873 02:41:37,645 --> 02:41:38,846 AMENABLE TO POLICY CHANGES 3874 02:41:38,846 --> 02:41:39,347 AND INTERVENTION. 3875 02:41:39,347 --> 02:41:41,649 SO I WILL SHOW YOU AN 3876 02:41:41,649 --> 02:41:43,851 EXAMPLE OF STUDIES USING 3877 02:41:43,851 --> 02:41:47,088 DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS FOR 3878 02:41:47,088 --> 02:41:56,297 THIS RESEARCH IN HEALTH 3879 02:41:56,297 --> 02:41:56,731 INEQUALITY. 3880 02:41:56,731 --> 02:41:59,600 SO THOSE INDIVIDUALS LOOKING 3881 02:41:59,600 --> 02:42:06,874 AT THIS BLACK-WHITE AND 3882 02:42:06,874 --> 02:42:08,276 HISPANIC-WHITE AS FACTORS. 3883 02:42:08,276 --> 02:42:12,513 THE MAJORITY UP TO 3884 02:42:12,513 --> 02:42:13,648 60 PERCENT WERE 3885 02:42:13,648 --> 02:42:16,417 SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS BUT 3886 02:42:16,417 --> 02:42:18,453 PERCEIVED CONTROL EXPLAINED 3887 02:42:18,453 --> 02:42:20,188 7-8 PERCENT WHILE THE TWO 3888 02:42:20,188 --> 02:42:22,156 COMMONLY USED MEASURES OF 3889 02:42:22,156 --> 02:42:23,157 DISCRIMINATION WERE NOT 3890 02:42:23,157 --> 02:42:23,758 CONTRIBUTORS AND THAT IS 3891 02:42:23,758 --> 02:42:25,460 BECAUSE IN THE EXAMPLE, 3892 02:42:25,460 --> 02:42:27,295 NEITHER OF THESE 3893 02:42:27,295 --> 02:42:28,162 DISCRIMINATION MEASURES WAS 3894 02:42:28,162 --> 02:42:29,130 RELATED TO COGNITIVE HEALTH. 3895 02:42:29,130 --> 02:42:33,668 AND IN THE CASE OF 3896 02:42:33,668 --> 02:42:34,535 HISPANIC-WHITE DISPARITIES, 3897 02:42:34,535 --> 02:42:36,370 THEY DID NOT REPORT HIGHER 3898 02:42:36,370 --> 02:42:37,472 LEVELS OF DISCRIMINATION. 3899 02:42:37,472 --> 02:42:40,108 SO THEY DID REPORT HIGHER 3900 02:42:40,108 --> 02:42:42,543 LEVELS OF EXTERNAL PERCEIVED 3901 02:42:42,543 --> 02:42:42,877 CONTROL. 3902 02:42:42,877 --> 02:42:45,346 SO SOME EVIDENCE THAT THESE 3903 02:42:45,346 --> 02:42:46,948 MEASURES OF EXTERNAL 3904 02:42:46,948 --> 02:42:49,350 PERCEIVED CONTROL MIGHT 3905 02:42:49,350 --> 02:42:50,685 CAPTURE THOSE PSYCHOSOCIAL 3906 02:42:50,685 --> 02:42:52,320 EXPERIENCES OF DIFFERENT 3907 02:42:52,320 --> 02:42:54,155 MARGINALIZED GROUPS THAT 3908 02:42:54,155 --> 02:43:04,599 MIGHT BE RELEVANT FOR 3909 02:43:10,538 --> 02:43:10,838 COGGIZATION. 3910 02:43:10,838 --> 02:43:13,207 SO LOOKING AT THE 3911 02:43:13,207 --> 02:43:18,045 NEIGHBORHOOD RACIAL INCOME 3912 02:43:18,045 --> 02:43:19,881 INEQUALITY, THE BIN LADEN 3913 02:43:19,881 --> 02:43:21,716 AND WHITE MEDIAN INCOME AND 3914 02:43:21,716 --> 02:43:23,084 IN THIS PARTICULAR STUDY 3915 02:43:23,084 --> 02:43:25,820 THAT TAKES PLACE IN AND 3916 02:43:25,820 --> 02:43:28,289 AROUND DETROIT, WHITE 3917 02:43:28,289 --> 02:43:29,624 FAMILIES WERE REPORTING 3918 02:43:29,624 --> 02:43:31,392 INCOMES 73 PERCENT HIGHER 3919 02:43:31,392 --> 02:43:33,027 THAN BLACK INCOMES AND THAT 3920 02:43:33,027 --> 02:43:35,229 HAS NOT REALLY CHANGED SINCE 3921 02:43:35,229 --> 02:43:36,564 THE 1960S. 3922 02:43:36,564 --> 02:43:43,905 BUT IMPORTANTLY ABOVE AND 3923 02:43:43,905 --> 02:43:44,605 BEYOND INDIVIDUAL FDS, 3924 02:43:44,605 --> 02:43:47,241 COMPOSITION OF THE 3925 02:43:47,241 --> 02:43:47,909 NEIGHBORHOOD, GEOGRAPHIC 3926 02:43:47,909 --> 02:43:51,579 CLUSTERING, WE SAW THAT 3927 02:43:51,579 --> 02:43:53,314 GREATER NEIGHBORHOOD INCOME 3928 02:43:53,314 --> 02:43:55,383 INEQUALITY WAS RELATED TO 3929 02:43:55,383 --> 02:43:57,018 POORER COGNITIVE HEALTH. 3930 02:43:57,018 --> 02:43:57,885 AND INTERESTINGLY, THIS 3931 02:43:57,885 --> 02:43:59,153 ASSOCIATION WAS NOT 3932 02:43:59,153 --> 02:44:00,221 MODERATED BY INDIVIDUAL 3933 02:44:00,221 --> 02:44:00,855 RACE. 3934 02:44:00,855 --> 02:44:04,192 SO THIS COHORT IS RACIALLY 3935 02:44:04,192 --> 02:44:06,127 BALANCED, 50 PERCENT BLACK, 3936 02:44:06,127 --> 02:44:10,865 50 PERCENT WHITE AND SEESAW 3937 02:44:10,865 --> 02:44:14,035 THE SAME ASSOCIATION WITH 3938 02:44:14,035 --> 02:44:17,438 BLACK AND WHITE 3939 02:44:17,438 --> 02:44:17,905 PARTICIPANTS. 3940 02:44:17,905 --> 02:44:20,541 SO THIS MIGHT SUGGEST THAT 3941 02:44:20,541 --> 02:44:22,677 INEQUALITY COULD BE BAD FOR 3942 02:44:22,677 --> 02:44:24,946 EVERYBODY IN A NEIGHBORHOOD 3943 02:44:24,946 --> 02:44:26,447 AND THIS RESEARCH IS 3944 02:44:26,447 --> 02:44:33,087 IMPORTANT IN THE UNDERLYING 3945 02:44:33,087 --> 02:44:35,122 COGNITIVIZATION. 3946 02:44:35,122 --> 02:44:37,592 ANOTHER STUDY ON OVERLYING 3947 02:44:37,592 --> 02:44:39,660 CONDITIONS, THIS WORK FROM 3948 02:44:39,660 --> 02:44:46,801 Dr. SOL WHO LOOKED AT THE 3949 02:44:46,801 --> 02:44:48,970 NEIGHBORHOODS I 3950 02:44:48,970 --> 02:44:50,204 INCORPORATING LONGITUDINAL 3951 02:44:50,204 --> 02:44:51,138 TRAJECTORY OF NEIGHBORHOOD 3952 02:44:51,138 --> 02:44:52,139 'TIS INVESTMENT. 3953 02:44:52,139 --> 02:44:56,410 SO USING 17 YEARS OF CENSUS 3954 02:44:56,410 --> 02:44:58,312 DATA, Dr. SOL SHOWED 3955 02:44:58,312 --> 02:45:00,281 EVIDENCE FOR THREE 3956 02:45:00,281 --> 02:45:01,082 CATEGORIES OF NEIGHBORHOODS, 3957 02:45:01,082 --> 02:45:04,418 THOSE NEIGHBORHOODS WITH LOW 3958 02:45:04,418 --> 02:45:05,519 AND INCREASING DISADVANTAGE. 3959 02:45:05,519 --> 02:45:09,523 NEIGHBORHOODS WITH MODERATE 3960 02:45:09,523 --> 02:45:10,891 AND INCREASING ECONOMIC 3961 02:45:10,891 --> 02:45:13,527 DISADVANTAGE AND THEN IN 3962 02:45:13,527 --> 02:45:15,730 RED, THE NEIGHBORHOODS THAT 3963 02:45:15,730 --> 02:45:17,865 ARE INCREASINGLY HIGH. 3964 02:45:17,865 --> 02:45:19,800 AND SHE LOOKED AT WHETHER 3965 02:45:19,800 --> 02:45:21,068 RESIDING IN THESE DIFFERENT 3966 02:45:21,068 --> 02:45:22,336 NEIGHBORHOODS HELPS TO 3967 02:45:22,336 --> 02:45:23,037 UNDERSTAND RACIAL 3968 02:45:23,037 --> 02:45:24,839 DIFFERENCES IN COGNITIVE 3969 02:45:24,839 --> 02:45:26,073 HEALTH. 3970 02:45:26,073 --> 02:45:28,609 SO HERE SHE FOUND BLACK 3971 02:45:28,609 --> 02:45:30,778 PARTICIPANTS IN THIS STUDY 3972 02:45:30,778 --> 02:45:32,480 WERE MORE THAN LIKELY TO 3973 02:45:32,480 --> 02:45:34,081 LIVE IN NEIGHBORHOODS 3974 02:45:34,081 --> 02:45:39,220 DESCRIBED AS MODERATELY HIGH 3975 02:45:39,220 --> 02:45:40,354 OR INCREASING SOCIOECONOMIC 3976 02:45:40,354 --> 02:45:48,596 DISADVANTAGE BUT ONLY IN THE 3977 02:45:48,596 --> 02:45:49,997 NEIGHBORHOOD OF INCREASING 3978 02:45:49,997 --> 02:45:51,432 DISADVANTAGE RANKED AS HIGH. 3979 02:45:51,432 --> 02:45:54,802 SO THIS MAY NOT TELL US THE 3980 02:45:54,802 --> 02:45:55,202 WHOLE STORY. 3981 02:45:55,202 --> 02:45:56,937 DYNAMIC CHANGES WITHIN THE 3982 02:45:56,937 --> 02:45:58,406 NEIGHBORHOOD ARE OFTEN 3983 02:45:58,406 --> 02:46:00,107 IMPORTANT FOR UNDERSTANDING 3984 02:46:00,107 --> 02:46:03,077 HOW NEIGHBORHOOD SOCIAL 3985 02:46:03,077 --> 02:46:05,246 CONDITIONS AFFECT COGNITIVE 3986 02:46:05,246 --> 02:46:06,681 AND BRAIN AGING. 3987 02:46:06,681 --> 02:46:08,049 SO JUST SOME SUMMARY POINTS 3988 02:46:08,049 --> 02:46:09,784 FROM THE TALK TODAY, I 3989 02:46:09,784 --> 02:46:11,485 SHOWED EVIDENCE THAT 3990 02:46:11,485 --> 02:46:14,021 DISCRIMINATION MAY BE LINKED 3991 02:46:14,021 --> 02:46:24,498 TO COGNITIVE AGING, TO 3992 02:46:25,700 --> 02:46:26,867 PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL 3993 02:46:26,867 --> 02:46:28,469 MODELS LINK THRAO*ED STRESS 3994 02:46:28,469 --> 02:46:30,905 PATHWAYS BUT THEY CAN'T TELL 3995 02:46:30,905 --> 02:46:32,440 THE WHOLE STORY WITH HOW IT 3996 02:46:32,440 --> 02:46:33,941 GETS UNDER THE SKIN AND 3997 02:46:33,941 --> 02:46:34,975 AFFECTS AGING. 3998 02:46:34,975 --> 02:46:38,412 WOULD HE ALSO NEED TO 3999 02:46:38,412 --> 02:46:39,914 CONSIDER INDIVIDUAL FACTORS, 4000 02:46:39,914 --> 02:46:42,149 INDIVIDUAL LEVEL MEASURES 4001 02:46:42,149 --> 02:46:43,818 WITH EXTERNAL PERCEIVED 4002 02:46:43,818 --> 02:46:46,787 CONTROL THAT MIGHT BE THE 4003 02:46:46,787 --> 02:46:51,826 IMPACT OF A BROADER ARRAY OF 4004 02:46:51,826 --> 02:46:52,693 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE 4005 02:46:52,693 --> 02:46:56,530 INCLUDING BUT NOT LINKED TO 4006 02:46:56,530 --> 02:46:57,264 PERSONAL DISCRIMINATION. 4007 02:46:57,264 --> 02:47:04,538 WE SAW MOVING BEYOND THE 4008 02:47:04,538 --> 02:47:07,608 NEIGHBORHOOD LEVEL, THAT 4009 02:47:07,608 --> 02:47:10,644 EXTERNAL PERCEIVED CONTROL 4010 02:47:10,644 --> 02:47:13,280 MIGHT BE IMPORTANT AND WE 4011 02:47:13,280 --> 02:47:15,449 NEED CONSIDER LARGER SOCIAL 4012 02:47:15,449 --> 02:47:16,016 STRUCTURES. 4013 02:47:16,016 --> 02:47:18,185 I WANT TO TAKE THE TIME TO 4014 02:47:18,185 --> 02:47:19,887 THANK THE THOUSANDS OF 4015 02:47:19,887 --> 02:47:20,921 PARTICIPANTS WHO TOOK TIME 4016 02:47:20,921 --> 02:47:23,023 TO PARTICIPATE IN THE STUDY 4017 02:47:23,023 --> 02:47:23,991 I PRESENTED TODAY. 4018 02:47:23,991 --> 02:47:25,292 THIS WORK COULD BE DONE 4019 02:47:25,292 --> 02:47:27,027 WITHOUT ME BUT NOT WITHOUT 4020 02:47:27,027 --> 02:47:27,495 THEM. 4021 02:47:27,495 --> 02:47:30,331 I ALSO WANT TO FEATURE SOME 4022 02:47:30,331 --> 02:47:32,700 FORMER COLLABORATORS ON 4023 02:47:32,700 --> 02:47:40,141 THESE STUDIES AS WELL AS OUR 4024 02:47:40,141 --> 02:47:50,584 FUNDING INCLUDING THE 4025 02:47:51,619 --> 02:47:53,587 NATIONAL AGE INSTITUTES OF 4026 02:47:53,587 --> 02:48:02,863 HEALTH ON AGING. 4027 02:48:02,863 --> 02:48:05,599 >> THANK YOU, SO NOW WE WILL 4028 02:48:05,599 --> 02:48:08,469 WELCOME IN MIGUEL RENTERIA 4029 02:48:08,469 --> 02:48:11,238 TO TALK TO US ABOUT 4030 02:48:11,238 --> 02:48:13,874 COGNITIVE EFFECTS OF 4031 02:48:13,874 --> 02:48:14,675 BILINGUALISM. 4032 02:48:14,675 --> 02:48:15,242 >> HELLO, THANK YOU. 4033 02:48:15,242 --> 02:48:17,978 I WILL BE TALKING ABOUT HOW 4034 02:48:17,978 --> 02:48:20,848 THE COGNITIVE EFFECTS OF 4035 02:48:20,848 --> 02:48:22,450 BILINGUALISM AFFECTS SOCIAL 4036 02:48:22,450 --> 02:48:24,018 AGING AND THROUGH THE 4037 02:48:24,018 --> 02:48:24,885 MECHANISM ITSELF. 4038 02:48:24,885 --> 02:48:28,756 WE KNOW THERE IS PLENTY OF 4039 02:48:28,756 --> 02:48:31,358 SUPPORT THAT ENGAGING IN 4040 02:48:31,358 --> 02:48:36,063 COGNIZANT ACTIVITIES IS 4041 02:48:36,063 --> 02:48:37,665 ASSOCIATED WITH LESS 4042 02:48:37,665 --> 02:48:38,866 DEMENTIA AND WITH THAT WE 4043 02:48:38,866 --> 02:48:41,569 CAN THINK ABOUT WHAT WE KNOW 4044 02:48:41,569 --> 02:48:46,207 AS QUALITY OF EDUCATION AND 4045 02:48:46,207 --> 02:48:48,609 THE COMPLEXITY BUT SOME 4046 02:48:48,609 --> 02:48:50,644 STUDIES HAVE BEEN REPORTING 4047 02:48:50,644 --> 02:48:55,049 THIS BILINGUAL CALL 4048 02:48:55,049 --> 02:48:58,185 COGNITION MOANING THEY 4049 02:48:58,185 --> 02:48:59,753 OUTPERFORM THOSE WITH ONE 4050 02:48:59,753 --> 02:49:01,622 LANGUAGE AND FOUND IN 4051 02:49:01,622 --> 02:49:03,791 CHILDREN, YOUNG ADULTS, 4052 02:49:03,791 --> 02:49:05,659 OLDER ADULTS BUT LIKE WITH 4053 02:49:05,659 --> 02:49:10,464 ANY OTHER STUDY, THERE ARE 4054 02:49:10,464 --> 02:49:13,100 INCONSISTENT FINDINGS. 4055 02:49:13,100 --> 02:49:18,272 SO SWITCHING LANGUAGES CAN 4056 02:49:18,272 --> 02:49:19,206 STRENGTHEN NEURONETWORKS AND 4057 02:49:19,206 --> 02:49:21,375 REMAIN A POTENTIAL BENEFIT. 4058 02:49:21,375 --> 02:49:23,544 HOWEVER, WHAT COULD BE 4059 02:49:23,544 --> 02:49:25,045 EXPLAINING SOME OF THESE 4060 02:49:25,045 --> 02:49:27,681 DISCREPANCIES IS THERE ARE 4061 02:49:27,681 --> 02:49:33,153 PLENTY OF DIFFERENCES. 4062 02:49:33,153 --> 02:49:34,755 YOU MIGHT BE AWARE FROM 4063 02:49:34,755 --> 02:49:37,591 THOSE IN THE ROOM THAT THERE 4064 02:49:37,591 --> 02:49:39,627 ARE DIFFERENCES IN THE 4065 02:49:39,627 --> 02:49:42,229 DEFINITION OF BILINGUAL 4066 02:49:42,229 --> 02:49:44,064 WALL, RIGHT? 4067 02:49:44,064 --> 02:49:48,302 AND WHAT ABOUT BILINGUALISM 4068 02:49:48,302 --> 02:49:50,104 IS LIKELY TO AFFECT OR 4069 02:49:50,104 --> 02:49:50,638 BENEFIT COGNITION? 4070 02:49:50,638 --> 02:49:53,574 HOW YOU ARE USING IT, HOW 4071 02:49:53,574 --> 02:49:54,975 PROFICIENT YOU ARE IN THE 4072 02:49:54,975 --> 02:50:03,017 LANGUAGE, AND WITHIN THAT, 4073 02:50:03,017 --> 02:50:04,752 THERE ARE OTHER FAX TORSION. 4074 02:50:04,752 --> 02:50:07,488 IT WILL NOT HAPPEN IN A 4075 02:50:07,488 --> 02:50:07,821 VACUUM. 4076 02:50:07,821 --> 02:50:14,194 THERE ARE SOME EXPERIENCES 4077 02:50:14,194 --> 02:50:14,962 THAT INFLUENCE BILINGUALISM 4078 02:50:14,962 --> 02:50:16,664 ASSOCIATIVE WITH BRAIN 4079 02:50:16,664 --> 02:50:18,365 HEALTH AND THIS CAN CROSS 4080 02:50:18,365 --> 02:50:20,467 STUDIES SO I WANT TO WALK 4081 02:50:20,467 --> 02:50:22,169 YOU THROUGH WHY I APPROACHED 4082 02:50:22,169 --> 02:50:25,739 THIS FARCE THE FACTORS THAT 4083 02:50:25,739 --> 02:50:27,508 COMPLICATE OR ENRICH FACTORS 4084 02:50:27,508 --> 02:50:28,976 IN COGNITIVE AGING. 4085 02:50:28,976 --> 02:50:30,477 WOULD HE KNOW STUFF HAPPENS 4086 02:50:30,477 --> 02:50:35,583 TO THE BRAIN AND THEN THAT 4087 02:50:35,583 --> 02:50:36,183 IMPACTS. 4088 02:50:36,183 --> 02:50:36,850 AND BILINGUALISM HAPPENS IS 4089 02:50:36,850 --> 02:50:39,019 WHERE WILL IN A PERSON'S 4090 02:50:39,019 --> 02:50:42,923 LIFE AND THEN CAN PROVIDE 4091 02:50:42,923 --> 02:50:45,793 BENEFIT BY LIMITING AGING ON 4092 02:50:45,793 --> 02:50:48,262 BRAIN STRUCTURE OR ACTUAL 4093 02:50:48,262 --> 02:50:49,897 BRAIN HEALTH ON THE 4094 02:50:49,897 --> 02:50:50,798 OUTCOMES. 4095 02:50:50,798 --> 02:50:52,533 BUT THEN IN ADDITION, THERE 4096 02:50:52,533 --> 02:50:56,270 IS PLENTY OF CHILDHOOD 4097 02:50:56,270 --> 02:50:59,506 FACTORS OR ADULT PERCEPTUAL 4098 02:50:59,506 --> 02:51:02,009 FACTORS LIKE SOME MY 4099 02:51:02,009 --> 02:51:03,177 COLLEAGUES HAVE MENTIONED 4100 02:51:03,177 --> 02:51:06,780 TODAY THAT ARE ASSOCIATIVE 4101 02:51:06,780 --> 02:51:07,715 WITH BILINGUALISM THAT COULD 4102 02:51:07,715 --> 02:51:09,483 HAPPEN IN ANY PERSON'S LIFE 4103 02:51:09,483 --> 02:51:11,418 AND ALL OF THESE FACTORS 4104 02:51:11,418 --> 02:51:13,120 HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH 4105 02:51:13,120 --> 02:51:14,555 BRAIN AND SOCIAL OUTCOMES 4106 02:51:14,555 --> 02:51:15,422 LATE IN LIFE. 4107 02:51:15,422 --> 02:51:17,825 SO WE NEED TO KEEP THIS IN 4108 02:51:17,825 --> 02:51:19,827 MIND WITH THE POPULATION WE 4109 02:51:19,827 --> 02:51:20,728 ARE WORKING WITH. 4110 02:51:20,728 --> 02:51:23,097 AND THEN WHAT ABOUT 4111 02:51:23,097 --> 02:51:23,564 BILINGUALISM? 4112 02:51:23,564 --> 02:51:32,806 WE NEED TO GET MORE DETAILED 4113 02:51:32,806 --> 02:51:34,041 CONTEXT TO THAT. 4114 02:51:34,041 --> 02:51:36,243 SO A LOT OF THESE STUDIES 4115 02:51:36,243 --> 02:51:37,745 COME FROM THE UNITED STATES 4116 02:51:37,745 --> 02:51:39,179 OR HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES SO 4117 02:51:39,179 --> 02:51:43,417 I WILL BE SHOWING YOU ABOUT 4118 02:51:43,417 --> 02:51:49,523 THE STUDY IN NEW YORK, THE 4119 02:51:49,523 --> 02:51:50,424 MHAS ANCILLARY STUDY IN 4120 02:51:50,424 --> 02:51:52,626 MEXICO AND THEN THE 4121 02:51:52,626 --> 02:51:54,128 LONGITUDINAL AGING STUDY IN 4122 02:51:54,128 --> 02:51:55,129 INDIA. 4123 02:51:55,129 --> 02:51:59,466 SO FIRST TALKING ABOUT THE 4124 02:51:59,466 --> 02:52:02,069 OFFSPRING RACE AND ETHNIC 4125 02:52:02,069 --> 02:52:03,103 DISPARITIES, THIS CAME FROM 4126 02:52:03,103 --> 02:52:07,307 THE NORTHERN PART OF 4127 02:52:07,307 --> 02:52:08,275 MANHATTAN. 4128 02:52:08,275 --> 02:52:12,413 FOR THIS STUDY, I AM 4129 02:52:12,413 --> 02:52:13,814 FOCUSING ON THE SUBCATEGORY 4130 02:52:13,814 --> 02:52:20,020 OF THOSE WHO ARE LATINO OR 4131 02:52:20,020 --> 02:52:21,955 LATIN-X AND THEN WHAT 4132 02:52:21,955 --> 02:52:27,361 LANGUAGE THEY KNOW AND THEN 4133 02:52:27,361 --> 02:52:28,395 CONDUCTING THE ASPECTS OF 4134 02:52:28,395 --> 02:52:29,530 THE LANGUAGE, HOW PROFICIENT 4135 02:52:29,530 --> 02:52:30,931 THEY ARE IN THEIR SECOND 4136 02:52:30,931 --> 02:52:32,566 LANGUAGE WHICH IN THIS CASE 4137 02:52:32,566 --> 02:52:36,570 WOULD BE ENGLISH IN TERMS OF 4138 02:52:36,570 --> 02:52:37,604 SPEAKING, READING, WRITING, 4139 02:52:37,604 --> 02:52:39,306 AND UNDERSTANDING AND THEN 4140 02:52:39,306 --> 02:52:40,474 WHAT AGE THEY WERE WHEN THEY 4141 02:52:40,474 --> 02:52:41,308 HAD TO LEARN IT. 4142 02:52:41,308 --> 02:52:43,711 WHAT I WANT TO SHOW HERE 4143 02:52:43,711 --> 02:52:46,213 ALREADY LIKE SEEING HOW 4144 02:52:46,213 --> 02:52:49,450 IMPORTANT THIS IS, WE'RE 4145 02:52:49,450 --> 02:52:50,451 WORKING WITH AROUND 980 4146 02:52:50,451 --> 02:52:51,985 PARTICIPANTS AND YOU CAN SEE 4147 02:52:51,985 --> 02:52:54,855 I AM GROUPING THEM IN IN OUR 4148 02:52:54,855 --> 02:52:56,290 GROUPS, REALLY SEPARATED BY 4149 02:52:56,290 --> 02:52:58,025 WHETHER THEY WERE NESTED 4150 02:52:58,025 --> 02:52:59,760 SPANISH OR ENGLISH AND 4151 02:52:59,760 --> 02:53:00,561 WHETHER THEY WERE IMGRANTS 4152 02:53:00,561 --> 02:53:01,695 OR U.S. BORN. 4153 02:53:01,695 --> 02:53:03,897 SOME OF THE KEY THINGS TO 4154 02:53:03,897 --> 02:53:07,201 POINT OUT IS YOU ONLY HAVE A 4155 02:53:07,201 --> 02:53:09,136 MON LOW LINGUAL GROUP, 4156 02:53:09,136 --> 02:53:14,141 TESTED IN SPANISH BUT ARE AN 4157 02:53:14,141 --> 02:53:15,309 IMMIGRANT, BORN OUTSIDE THE 4158 02:53:15,309 --> 02:53:15,909 U.S. 4159 02:53:15,909 --> 02:53:20,681 MOST OF THE LATINOS HERE 4160 02:53:20,681 --> 02:53:24,051 WERE DOMINICAN AND THOSE 4161 02:53:24,051 --> 02:53:28,355 U.S. BORN ARE ALL IMMIGRANTS 4162 02:53:28,355 --> 02:53:31,358 AND WANT TO BE TESTED IN 4163 02:53:31,358 --> 02:53:32,259 ENGLISH. 4164 02:53:32,259 --> 02:53:35,395 SO THE FACTORS GO FROM LEFT 4165 02:53:35,395 --> 02:53:45,506 TO RIGHT WITH THE U.S. BORN 4166 02:53:45,506 --> 02:53:48,575 BILINGUAL GROUP WHICH LOOK 4167 02:53:48,575 --> 02:53:56,817 AT AGE, EDUCATION, PARENT 4168 02:53:56,817 --> 02:53:57,785 EDUCATION, AND PROFICIENCY. 4169 02:53:57,785 --> 02:54:01,488 THOSE IN ENGLISH HAVE THE 4170 02:54:01,488 --> 02:54:03,323 HIGHEST PROFICIENCY WHEN 4171 02:54:03,323 --> 02:54:05,726 TESTED VERSUS THOSE TESTED 4172 02:54:05,726 --> 02:54:08,862 IN SPANISH. 4173 02:54:08,862 --> 02:54:11,932 THE IMMIGRANTS WHO STARTED 4174 02:54:11,932 --> 02:54:13,534 LEARNING ENGLISH WERE AROUND 4175 02:54:13,534 --> 02:54:16,370 10 YEARS OF AGE AND U.S. 4176 02:54:16,370 --> 02:54:17,838 BORN OBVIOUSLY HAPPENED WHEN 4177 02:54:17,838 --> 02:54:22,276 THEY WERE KIDS AROUND 3. 4178 02:54:22,276 --> 02:54:28,816 SO WHAT I AM SHOWING IS THE 4179 02:54:28,816 --> 02:54:35,689 ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BEING 4180 02:54:35,689 --> 02:54:36,590 BILINGUAL OR MULTILINGUAL 4181 02:54:36,590 --> 02:54:40,227 CALL AND THE LEVELS OF 4182 02:54:40,227 --> 02:54:40,761 COGNITION. 4183 02:54:40,761 --> 02:54:44,131 NOW AS YOU CAN SEE HERE, 4184 02:54:44,131 --> 02:54:45,833 BILINGUAL WALLS ARE 4185 02:54:45,833 --> 02:54:55,075 PERFORMING BETTER THAN MON 4186 02:54:55,075 --> 02:54:59,146 MONO LINGUALS IN MEMORY, 4187 02:54:59,146 --> 02:55:02,783 ATTENTION WORKING MEMORY, 4188 02:55:02,783 --> 02:55:03,817 LANGUAGE, EXECUTING 4189 02:55:03,817 --> 02:55:05,819 FUNCTIONING AND PROCESSING 4190 02:55:05,819 --> 02:55:06,119 SPEED. 4191 02:55:06,119 --> 02:55:09,389 SO HERE I WILL SHOW YOU THE 4192 02:55:09,389 --> 02:55:11,225 DIFFERENT GROUPS AND HOW 4193 02:55:11,225 --> 02:55:15,429 THEY COMPARE TO THE MONO 4194 02:55:15,429 --> 02:55:16,697 LINK WALL PERFORMANCE, THE 4195 02:55:16,697 --> 02:55:18,465 U.S. BORN GROUP TESTED IN 4196 02:55:18,465 --> 02:55:20,067 ENGLISH, YOU CAN SEE THEY 4197 02:55:20,067 --> 02:55:23,770 ARE PERFORMING ALL OF THE 4198 02:55:23,770 --> 02:55:25,706 GROUPS AND SEVERAL OF THE 4199 02:55:25,706 --> 02:55:28,575 ONES WE TALKED ABOUT, THE 4200 02:55:28,575 --> 02:55:35,749 IMMIGRANTS TESTED IN 4201 02:55:35,749 --> 02:55:37,451 ENGLISH. 4202 02:55:37,451 --> 02:55:40,287 THEN THE IMMIGRANT GROUP 4203 02:55:40,287 --> 02:55:42,556 TESTED IN SPANISH ONLY 4204 02:55:42,556 --> 02:55:47,194 DIFFERED IN THE MONO LINGUAL 4205 02:55:47,194 --> 02:55:47,761 GROUP. 4206 02:55:47,761 --> 02:55:50,831 AND THEN LOOKING ONLY IN THE 4207 02:55:50,831 --> 02:55:53,500 BILINGUAL WALL SAMPLE IS THE 4208 02:55:53,500 --> 02:55:54,768 AGE OF ACQUISITION. 4209 02:55:54,768 --> 02:55:56,603 HERE WHAT YOU ARE SHOWING IS 4210 02:55:56,603 --> 02:56:03,010 THE AGE OF LATER ACCESS IS 4211 02:56:03,010 --> 02:56:04,845 SUPPORTED BY WORSE 4212 02:56:04,845 --> 02:56:05,245 PERFORMANCE. 4213 02:56:05,245 --> 02:56:06,780 FOR EXAMPLE HERE ON THE 4214 02:56:06,780 --> 02:56:08,849 RIGHT, YOU SEE MEMORY POP 4215 02:56:08,849 --> 02:56:09,116 UP. 4216 02:56:09,116 --> 02:56:15,055 THEN HERE WE ARE PRO 4217 02:56:15,055 --> 02:56:17,758 EFFICIENCY IN ENGLISH 4218 02:56:17,758 --> 02:56:19,226 SUPPORTED ACROSS THE PATH 4219 02:56:19,226 --> 02:56:20,861 WHICH MAKES SENSE BECAUSE IT 4220 02:56:20,861 --> 02:56:22,696 IS OFTEN ASSOCIATE WITH AGE 4221 02:56:22,696 --> 02:56:25,899 OF ACQUISITION AND THE 4222 02:56:25,899 --> 02:56:31,805 HIGHER AGE OF ACQUISITION 4223 02:56:31,805 --> 02:56:32,439 HAVE HIGHER PROFICIENCY. 4224 02:56:32,439 --> 02:56:33,707 THIS IS ALSO THE GROUP BORN 4225 02:56:33,707 --> 02:56:36,243 IN THE U.S. WHICH IS NOT 4226 02:56:36,243 --> 02:56:37,778 SURPRISING BECAUSE THEY HAD 4227 02:56:37,778 --> 02:56:41,949 THE EARLIEST AGE OF 4228 02:56:41,949 --> 02:56:43,917 ACQUISITION. 4229 02:56:43,917 --> 02:56:54,461 WE HAD SOME IMMIGRANTS WITH 4230 02:56:55,896 --> 02:56:58,632 YOUNGER AGE OF ENGLISH BUT 4231 02:56:58,632 --> 02:57:00,033 THEY DID NOT PERFORM ANY 4232 02:57:00,033 --> 02:57:01,068 BETTER THAN THOSE BORN IN 4233 02:57:01,068 --> 02:57:01,868 THE U.S. 4234 02:57:01,868 --> 02:57:05,305 SO TO WRAP UP THE RESULTS, 4235 02:57:05,305 --> 02:57:07,307 IT WAS ASSOCIATED WITH 4236 02:57:07,307 --> 02:57:10,510 BETTER PERFORMANCE ACROSS 4237 02:57:10,510 --> 02:57:15,816 SEVERAL DOMAINS, TESTING 4238 02:57:15,816 --> 02:57:17,217 ACCURACY, PROFICIENCY, 4239 02:57:17,217 --> 02:57:19,186 OBVIOUSLY THESE DIFFERED 4240 02:57:19,186 --> 02:57:21,822 BECAUSE OF LANGUAGE AND 4241 02:57:21,822 --> 02:57:27,594 GETTING BACK TO THE 4242 02:57:27,594 --> 02:57:30,030 BILINGUALISM, IT WAS 4243 02:57:30,030 --> 02:57:31,064 ASSOCIATED WITH PERFORMANCE 4244 02:57:31,064 --> 02:57:36,470 ACROSS DIFFERENT COGNITIVE 4245 02:57:36,470 --> 02:57:36,803 DOMAINS. 4246 02:57:36,803 --> 02:57:39,673 AND NOW THIS IS FOR LIKE 4247 02:57:39,673 --> 02:57:40,607 LATINOS LIVING IN THE UNITED 4248 02:57:40,607 --> 02:57:49,082 STATES, A GOOD CHUNK OF THEM 4249 02:57:49,082 --> 02:57:52,119 MIGRANTS AND SO WE COMPARED 4250 02:57:52,119 --> 02:57:54,321 THEM WITH THE BILINGUALISM 4251 02:57:54,321 --> 02:57:55,789 IN MEXICO. 4252 02:57:55,789 --> 02:58:02,462 IN 2015 THEY LAUNCHED A 4253 02:58:02,462 --> 02:58:05,065 SUBSAMPLE STUDY OF AGING. 4254 02:58:05,065 --> 02:58:06,366 AND WHAT I THINK A LOT OF 4255 02:58:06,366 --> 02:58:15,375 PEOPLE DON'T KNOW IS WE HAVE 4256 02:58:15,375 --> 02:58:18,345 7MILLION SPEAKERS OF 4257 02:58:18,345 --> 02:58:19,679 INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES AND 4258 02:58:19,679 --> 02:58:20,313 15 MILLION PEOPLE SPEAKING 4259 02:58:20,313 --> 02:58:20,647 ENGLISH. 4260 02:58:20,647 --> 02:58:24,985 SO WHAT I AM DOING HERE IS 4261 02:58:24,985 --> 02:58:26,053 CATEGORIZING URBAN AND 4262 02:58:26,053 --> 02:58:29,189 ENGLISH BECAUSE WE HAVE TWO 4263 02:58:29,189 --> 02:58:33,126 GROUPS IN MEXICO, ONE WHO 4264 02:58:33,126 --> 02:58:41,535 ARE SPANISH AND ENGLISH OR 4265 02:58:41,535 --> 02:58:45,038 THOSE WHO WERE INDIGENOUS. 4266 02:58:45,038 --> 02:58:47,307 SO WE STRATIFIED THE 4267 02:58:47,307 --> 02:58:48,842 ANALYSIS LOOKING FOR HE 4268 02:58:48,842 --> 02:58:50,477 COVARIANTS AND THEN LOOKING 4269 02:58:50,477 --> 02:58:52,279 FOR PERFORMANCE ON THE 4270 02:58:52,279 --> 02:58:52,813 COGNITIVE BATTERY. 4271 02:58:52,813 --> 02:58:57,584 SO IN THE URBAN AREA 4272 02:58:57,584 --> 02:59:00,520 COMPARING SPANISH MONO 4273 02:59:00,520 --> 02:59:02,222 LINGUALS IN MEXICO, THERE 4274 02:59:02,222 --> 02:59:04,691 WAS ALSO NO DIFFERENCE 4275 02:59:04,691 --> 02:59:07,327 WHETHER THEY WERE BILINGUAL 4276 02:59:07,327 --> 02:59:10,263 WALLS OR MONO LINGUALS IN 4277 02:59:10,263 --> 02:59:13,467 THAT AREA. 4278 02:59:13,467 --> 02:59:15,135 SO WHEN LOOKING AT THE 4279 02:59:15,135 --> 02:59:18,338 COGNITION GROUP YOU SEE THEY 4280 02:59:18,338 --> 02:59:25,145 ARE COMPARING LOWER THAN THE 4281 02:59:25,145 --> 02:59:28,381 SPANISH MONO LINGUAL GROUP. 4282 02:59:28,381 --> 02:59:31,017 SO THERE IS NOT ANYTHING BAD 4283 02:59:31,017 --> 02:59:32,452 ABOUT LEARNING A DIFFERENT 4284 02:59:32,452 --> 02:59:33,954 LANGUAGE BUT WHAT ARE THE 4285 02:59:33,954 --> 02:59:35,789 FACTORS THAT MAYBE WE'RE NOT 4286 02:59:35,789 --> 02:59:37,757 ACCOUNTING FOR IN THE STUDY 4287 02:59:37,757 --> 02:59:39,893 RIGHT NOW AND THAT LED TO US 4288 02:59:39,893 --> 02:59:49,636 TO THINK ABOUT THE VALIDITY 4289 02:59:49,636 --> 02:59:51,605 OF THE TESTING AMONG 4290 02:59:51,605 --> 02:59:52,539 INDIVIDUALS. 4291 02:59:52,539 --> 02:59:55,709 WE DON'T KNOW THE 4292 02:59:55,709 --> 02:59:56,643 PROFICIENCY IN SPANISH SO WE 4293 02:59:56,643 --> 02:59:58,812 WILL NOW BE COLLECTING THAT 4294 02:59:58,812 --> 03:00:02,115 THIS YEAR AND NEXT YEAR AND 4295 03:00:02,115 --> 03:00:03,483 EXCITED ABOUT BEING ABLE TO 4296 03:00:03,483 --> 03:00:07,354 LOOK AT THESE DIFFERENT 4297 03:00:07,354 --> 03:00:08,722 LINGUISTIC PROFILES AMONG 4298 03:00:08,722 --> 03:00:09,723 BOTH GROUPS. 4299 03:00:09,723 --> 03:00:12,025 SO THEN SOMETHING GOT ME 4300 03:00:12,025 --> 03:00:13,493 THINKING FOR THAT STUDY, 4301 03:00:13,493 --> 03:00:15,795 SOME OF THE DIFFERENCES 4302 03:00:15,795 --> 03:00:16,596 BETWEEN THE LATINOS IN THE 4303 03:00:16,596 --> 03:00:19,666 UNITED STATES WHO ARE 4304 03:00:19,666 --> 03:00:21,968 PRIMARILY IMMIGRANTS AND THE 4305 03:00:21,968 --> 03:00:23,036 MEXICANS LIKE MYSELF, IN 4306 03:00:23,036 --> 03:00:24,538 MEXICO, THEY WERE LEARNING A 4307 03:00:24,538 --> 03:00:26,606 MINORITY LANGUAGE. 4308 03:00:26,606 --> 03:00:28,008 THOSE ACQUIRING ENGLISH, 4309 03:00:28,008 --> 03:00:29,176 THAT IS A MINOR LANGUAGE BUT 4310 03:00:29,176 --> 03:00:31,945 IN THE U.S., IT IS A 4311 03:00:31,945 --> 03:00:33,280 MAJORITY LANGUAGE, RIGHT? 4312 03:00:33,280 --> 03:00:35,815 SO IT GOT ME TO THINKING 4313 03:00:35,815 --> 03:00:39,986 DOES THAT REALLY HAVE 4314 03:00:39,986 --> 03:00:42,489 ANYTHING TO DO WITH THE 4315 03:00:42,489 --> 03:00:43,657 FUNCTION. 4316 03:00:43,657 --> 03:00:46,259 IN INDIA, IT IS REALLY 4317 03:00:46,259 --> 03:00:46,893 LINGUISTICALLY DIVERSE AND 4318 03:00:46,893 --> 03:00:49,563 WHAT IS COOL ABOUT THAT IS 4319 03:00:49,563 --> 03:00:51,064 MULTILINGUAL WALLISM IS MORE 4320 03:00:51,064 --> 03:00:55,902 DISTRIBUTED ACROSS THE 4321 03:00:55,902 --> 03:00:59,072 ECONOMIC GRADIENT IN THAT 4322 03:00:59,072 --> 03:00:59,406 COUNTRY. 4323 03:00:59,406 --> 03:01:01,641 AND SO WITH THAT, I AM 4324 03:01:01,641 --> 03:01:06,846 LOOKING AT A SISTER STUDY 4325 03:01:06,846 --> 03:01:17,290 WHICH HAS VERY SIMILAR 4326 03:01:19,226 --> 03:01:20,026 METHODOLOGICAL DESIGN. 4327 03:01:20,026 --> 03:01:23,763 SO WE LOOKED AT THOSE WHO 4328 03:01:23,763 --> 03:01:25,332 ARE MULTILINGUAL WALL, THE 4329 03:01:25,332 --> 03:01:27,867 MAJORITY VERSUS THE MINORITY 4330 03:01:27,867 --> 03:01:30,270 AND SO HIGHLIGHTING THE 4331 03:01:30,270 --> 03:01:31,871 DIVERSITY, ALL PARTICIPANTS 4332 03:01:31,871 --> 03:01:33,607 WERE SPEAKING THE MAJORITY 4333 03:01:33,607 --> 03:01:36,009 LANGUAGE FOR THE REGION. 4334 03:01:36,009 --> 03:01:38,645 THEN WE'RE SEEING THE 4335 03:01:38,645 --> 03:01:41,681 DIFFERENT LANGUAGES WHO ARE 4336 03:01:41,681 --> 03:01:43,149 L1, THEIR MAJORITY LANGUAGE 4337 03:01:43,149 --> 03:01:44,784 IS THE FIRST ONE, PRETTY 4338 03:01:44,784 --> 03:01:47,320 SIMILAR TO THE MONO LINGUAL. 4339 03:01:47,320 --> 03:01:52,392 AND THEN FOR THE MONO 4340 03:01:52,392 --> 03:01:53,660 LINGUALS, THEIR FIRST 4341 03:01:53,660 --> 03:01:59,065 OFFERING WAS THE LEARNING 4342 03:01:59,065 --> 03:02:01,534 LANGUAGE. 4343 03:02:01,534 --> 03:02:03,503 SPANISH IS A MINORITY. 4344 03:02:03,503 --> 03:02:08,208 AND THEN WE WILL SEE THESE 4345 03:02:08,208 --> 03:02:12,479 DIFFERENT LANGUAGES POP UP. 4346 03:02:12,479 --> 03:02:13,880 SO WHAT IS ALSO COOL ABOUT 4347 03:02:13,880 --> 03:02:16,516 THIS WORK IS WE ARE LOOKING 4348 03:02:16,516 --> 03:02:18,418 AT IT ACROSS FTS. 4349 03:02:18,418 --> 03:02:20,854 SO WHAT I WILL SHOW YOU HERE 4350 03:02:20,854 --> 03:02:22,822 SEEING THE DIFFERENT 4351 03:02:22,822 --> 03:02:26,293 COGNITIVE DOMAINS ACROSS THE 4352 03:02:26,293 --> 03:02:36,836 THREE GROUPS, THE MINORITY 4353 03:02:39,306 --> 03:02:40,140 MULTILINGUALAND MAJORITY 4354 03:02:40,140 --> 03:02:41,941 MULTILINGUAL AND HERE THEY 4355 03:02:41,941 --> 03:02:44,010 ARE ADJUSTED FOR COVARIANTS. 4356 03:02:44,010 --> 03:02:45,945 AND TO START FROM THE 4357 03:02:45,945 --> 03:02:48,081 BEGINNING, IT DIDN'T MATTER 4358 03:02:48,081 --> 03:02:52,385 WHETHER THEY WERE MAJORITY, 4359 03:02:52,385 --> 03:02:53,653 MINORITY, MULTILANGUAGE, IT 4360 03:02:53,653 --> 03:02:55,155 DIDN'T REALLY TRANSLATE 4361 03:02:55,155 --> 03:02:56,156 ACROSS ALL DOMAINS. 4362 03:02:56,156 --> 03:02:57,757 HOWEVER YOU CAN CLEARLY SEE 4363 03:02:57,757 --> 03:03:01,294 THIS IS A STRONG ASSOCIATION 4364 03:03:01,294 --> 03:03:03,096 WITH AES ACROSS ALL GROUPS. 4365 03:03:03,096 --> 03:03:05,732 REALLY IN TERMS OF THE 4366 03:03:05,732 --> 03:03:06,566 MULTILINGUAL WALL 4367 03:03:06,566 --> 03:03:08,568 DIFFERENCE, WE ONLY SEE THAT 4368 03:03:08,568 --> 03:03:12,439 AMONG PEOPLE WHO HAVE THE 4369 03:03:12,439 --> 03:03:13,573 HIGHEST SES VERSUS THOSE 4370 03:03:13,573 --> 03:03:17,143 THAT HAVE THE LOWEST SES. 4371 03:03:17,143 --> 03:03:19,913 IF YOU COMPARE THE TWO, THEY 4372 03:03:19,913 --> 03:03:21,648 REALLY HAVE NO DIFFERENCE SO 4373 03:03:21,648 --> 03:03:27,287 WE'RE GETTING A STRONG 4374 03:03:27,287 --> 03:03:31,458 ASSOCIATION WITH BI 4375 03:03:31,458 --> 03:03:32,325 LINGUALISM. 4376 03:03:32,325 --> 03:03:36,196 AND REALLY WHAT HIGHLIGHTS 4377 03:03:36,196 --> 03:03:39,165 THE ROLES, EVEN THOUGH THE 4378 03:03:39,165 --> 03:03:40,867 MULTILINGUALS ARE REPORTING 4379 03:03:40,867 --> 03:03:45,972 BETTER THAN THE MONO 4380 03:03:45,972 --> 03:03:49,376 LINGUALS, I HIGHEST SES 4381 03:03:49,376 --> 03:03:56,783 INDIVIDUALS ARE 4382 03:03:56,783 --> 03:03:58,585 OUTPERFORMING THE SES 4383 03:03:58,585 --> 03:03:59,552 MINORITY SECTIONS SO THIS 4384 03:03:59,552 --> 03:04:03,089 SHOWS THE ROLE THAT SES 4385 03:04:03,089 --> 03:04:04,691 PLAYS ON COGNITIVE 4386 03:04:04,691 --> 03:04:05,358 FUNCTIONING. 4387 03:04:05,358 --> 03:04:07,293 SO TO CONCLUDE, THE 4388 03:04:07,293 --> 03:04:09,929 ASSOCIATION BY LANGUAGE AND 4389 03:04:09,929 --> 03:04:11,531 COGNITION SEEMS TO DIFFER 4390 03:04:11,531 --> 03:04:12,065 NATIONALLY. 4391 03:04:12,065 --> 03:04:15,034 THERE IS NO REAL CLEAR STEP 4392 03:04:15,034 --> 03:04:17,637 THAT PROVIDES A ADVANTAGE. 4393 03:04:17,637 --> 03:04:20,240 IN THE UNITED STATES, IT WAS 4394 03:04:20,240 --> 03:04:21,941 ASSOCIATED ACROSS THE 4395 03:04:21,941 --> 03:04:24,210 SOCIODOMAINS AND WE SAW 4396 03:04:24,210 --> 03:04:26,379 THESE DIFFER ACROSS THE 4397 03:04:26,379 --> 03:04:27,447 SOCIAL GROUPS WE 4398 03:04:27,447 --> 03:04:29,215 CHARACTERIZE, BEING IN THE 4399 03:04:29,215 --> 03:04:31,050 U.S. AND WHETHER THEY WERE 4400 03:04:31,050 --> 03:04:35,221 TESTED IN ENGLISH OR SPANISH 4401 03:04:35,221 --> 03:04:42,695 BUT ALSO ASKED TO SEE THE 4402 03:04:42,695 --> 03:04:43,897 ACCESS, WHETHER THEY WERE 4403 03:04:43,897 --> 03:04:45,298 USING TWO LANGUAGES EVERY 4404 03:04:45,298 --> 03:04:46,466 DAY COMPARED TO ONE LANGUAGE 4405 03:04:46,466 --> 03:04:48,301 AND WE ALSO FOUND AN 4406 03:04:48,301 --> 03:04:49,903 ASSOCIATION OF THAT ON 4407 03:04:49,903 --> 03:04:51,838 COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING BUT IN 4408 03:04:51,838 --> 03:04:53,440 FEWER DOMAINS. 4409 03:04:53,440 --> 03:04:56,443 WE HAD ONLY EPISODIC MEMORY 4410 03:04:56,443 --> 03:05:00,180 AND PROCESSING SPEED. 4411 03:05:00,180 --> 03:05:02,449 IN INDIA, BILINGUALISM WAS 4412 03:05:02,449 --> 03:05:04,517 ASSOCIATED WITH BETTER 4413 03:05:04,517 --> 03:05:07,020 COGNITION BUT REALLY ONLY 4414 03:05:07,020 --> 03:05:14,661 SAW THAT WITH MEDIUM TO HIGH 4415 03:05:14,661 --> 03:05:15,261 SES. 4416 03:05:15,261 --> 03:05:16,763 AND THEN REALLY INDICATING 4417 03:05:16,763 --> 03:05:19,299 HOW THE SOCIAL AND 4418 03:05:19,299 --> 03:05:21,468 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 4419 03:05:21,468 --> 03:05:23,269 ASSOCIATED WITH MULTILINGUAL 4420 03:05:23,269 --> 03:05:26,539 WALLISM IS ASSOCIATED WITH 4421 03:05:26,539 --> 03:05:27,474 HIGHER FUNCTIONS. 4422 03:05:27,474 --> 03:05:32,979 WE REALLY NEED TO DO MORE 4423 03:05:32,979 --> 03:05:34,814 WORK TO SEPARATING THESE IN 4424 03:05:34,814 --> 03:05:37,116 THE FUTURE AND HOW THEY 4425 03:05:37,116 --> 03:05:38,017 RELATE TO THE COGNITIVE 4426 03:05:38,017 --> 03:05:38,885 DECLINE. 4427 03:05:38,885 --> 03:05:40,320 SO WITH THAT, I WOULD LIKE 4428 03:05:40,320 --> 03:05:43,022 TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE PEOPLE I 4429 03:05:43,022 --> 03:05:49,162 AM WORKING WITH, OUR LAB AT 4430 03:05:49,162 --> 03:05:50,063 COLUMBIA AND POST-DOC TEAM 4431 03:05:50,063 --> 03:05:56,402 IN ALL THE STUDIES, THANK 4432 03:05:56,402 --> 03:05:57,003 YOU. 4433 03:05:57,003 --> 03:05:57,470 [APPLAUSE] 4434 03:05:57,470 --> 03:05:58,505 >> OKAY, THANK YOU MIGUEL 4435 03:05:58,505 --> 03:06:00,306 AND THEN THE LAST TALK FROM 4436 03:06:00,306 --> 03:06:06,613 OUR SESSION, WE HAVE KATRINA 4437 03:06:06,613 --> 03:06:08,348 WALSEMANN WHO IS JOINING US 4438 03:06:08,348 --> 03:06:18,825 REMOTELY TO TALK ABOUT 4439 03:06:19,559 --> 03:06:21,794 EDUCATIONAL INEQUAL 4440 03:06:21,794 --> 03:06:22,662 QUALITIES. 4441 03:06:22,662 --> 03:06:23,096 -- INEQUITIES. 4442 03:06:23,096 --> 03:06:23,763 >> GOOD MORNING I AM GOING 4443 03:06:23,763 --> 03:06:27,200 TO SHARE SOME OF MY WORK ON 4444 03:06:27,200 --> 03:06:30,203 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 4445 03:06:30,203 --> 03:06:31,938 SCHOOL INEQUITY IN U.S. 4446 03:06:31,938 --> 03:06:35,675 SOUTH PRE- AND POST BROWN. 4447 03:06:35,675 --> 03:06:37,443 SO BEFORE I BEGIN I WANT TO 4448 03:06:37,443 --> 03:06:38,578 THANK THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE 4449 03:06:38,578 --> 03:06:40,046 OF AGING FOR SUPPORTING THIS 4450 03:06:40,046 --> 03:06:41,915 WORK AND THE COLLABORATORS 4451 03:06:41,915 --> 03:06:43,616 FOR THE VALUABLE EXPERTISE 4452 03:06:43,616 --> 03:06:45,118 AND WORK THEY PRESENTED TO 4453 03:06:45,118 --> 03:06:45,652 THIS PROJECT. 4454 03:06:45,652 --> 03:06:51,257 IN THE UNITED STATES, LARGE 4455 03:06:51,257 --> 03:06:54,160 AND PERSISTENT BLACK WHITE 4456 03:06:54,160 --> 03:06:55,562 MEMORIES WITH COGNITIVE 4457 03:06:55,562 --> 03:06:59,699 FUNCTION ARE WELL 4458 03:06:59,699 --> 03:07:00,099 DOCUMENTED. 4459 03:07:00,099 --> 03:07:09,742 AND ONE OF THE MOST COMMON 4460 03:07:09,742 --> 03:07:11,210 FACTORS IS EDUCATION. 4461 03:07:11,210 --> 03:07:13,713 BECAUSE OLDER BLACK ADULTS 4462 03:07:13,713 --> 03:07:15,782 COMPLETED FEWER YEARS OF 4463 03:07:15,782 --> 03:07:18,918 SCHOOLING THAN THEIR KNIGHT 4464 03:07:18,918 --> 03:07:21,754 COUNTERPARTS IT IS OFTEN 4465 03:07:21,754 --> 03:07:24,023 USED TO EXPLAIN DISNATURES 4466 03:07:24,023 --> 03:07:25,592 COGNITIVE FUNCTION. 4467 03:07:25,592 --> 03:07:26,459 HOWEVER, IT ONLY EXPLAINS 4468 03:07:26,459 --> 03:07:30,430 ABOUT A QUARTER OF THE BLACK 4469 03:07:30,430 --> 03:07:31,664 AND WHITE INEQUITY. 4470 03:07:31,664 --> 03:07:33,633 PART OF THE REASON WHY IT 4471 03:07:33,633 --> 03:07:37,337 MAY NOT DO A GOOD JOB IN 4472 03:07:37,337 --> 03:07:38,371 EXPLAINING THE DIFFERENCES 4473 03:07:38,371 --> 03:07:44,944 IS THE SCHOOL EXPERIENCE OF 4474 03:07:44,944 --> 03:07:46,412 THE BLACK-WHITE DISPARITIES 4475 03:07:46,412 --> 03:07:49,816 WERE DIFFERENT. 4476 03:07:49,816 --> 03:07:53,987 BEFORE 1954, THE JIM CROW 4477 03:07:53,987 --> 03:07:55,922 SCHOOL SEGREGATION LEADING 4478 03:07:55,922 --> 03:07:58,591 TO LARGE INEQUITIES IN 4479 03:07:58,591 --> 03:07:59,359 EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES 4480 03:07:59,359 --> 03:08:03,529 PARTICULARLY AS IT RELATE TO 4481 03:08:03,529 --> 03:08:10,737 TERM LENGTH AND THE 4482 03:08:10,737 --> 03:08:12,105 INFRASTRUCTURE BETWEEN 4483 03:08:12,105 --> 03:08:12,438 SCHOOLS. 4484 03:08:12,438 --> 03:08:13,806 ONLY 50 PERCENT OF THE 4485 03:08:13,806 --> 03:08:24,317 ADULTS WHO ATTENDED SCHOOL 4486 03:08:26,953 --> 03:08:28,888 BEFORE 1954 TO TERM AND 4487 03:08:28,888 --> 03:08:31,658 YEARS OF EDUCATION MAY NOT 4488 03:08:31,658 --> 03:08:33,359 ACCURATELY MEASURE QUANTITY 4489 03:08:33,359 --> 03:08:35,762 OF SCHOOLING. 4490 03:08:35,762 --> 03:08:40,066 SO THESE TWO BOXES SUGGEST 4491 03:08:40,066 --> 03:08:41,234 1920 TO 1954 IN SEGREGATED 4492 03:08:41,234 --> 03:08:44,170 SCHOOLS AND YOU CAN SEE HERE 4493 03:08:44,170 --> 03:08:46,639 THERE IS SIGNIFICANT STATE 4494 03:08:46,639 --> 03:08:50,476 VARIATION FOR TERM LENGTH 4495 03:08:50,476 --> 03:08:53,179 AND BOTH BLACK AND WHITE 4496 03:08:53,179 --> 03:08:54,914 SEGREGATED SCHOOLS. 4497 03:08:54,914 --> 03:08:56,482 FOR EXAMPLE, THE TERM LENGTH 4498 03:08:56,482 --> 03:08:59,118 FOR SOUTH CAROLINA HAD A 4499 03:08:59,118 --> 03:09:01,721 LULL OF 0 DAYS IN 1920 AND 4500 03:09:01,721 --> 03:09:06,059 NEAR A HIGH OF 180 DAYS IN 4501 03:09:06,059 --> 03:09:07,527 THE PERIOD WHEREAS DELAWARE 4502 03:09:07,527 --> 03:09:09,328 ALWAYS HAD QUITE LONG SCHOOL 4503 03:09:09,328 --> 03:09:11,631 TERMS FOR BOTH THE BLACK AND 4504 03:09:11,631 --> 03:09:18,905 WHITE SEGREGATED SCHOOL 4505 03:09:18,905 --> 03:09:19,806 SYSTEM. 4506 03:09:19,806 --> 03:09:23,209 SO ALL OF THE BOX PLOTS ARE 4507 03:09:23,209 --> 03:09:24,477 SCANNED FROM THE TERM LENGTH 4508 03:09:24,477 --> 03:09:28,581 OVER THE PERIOD AND HOW IT 4509 03:09:28,581 --> 03:09:29,048 CHANGED. 4510 03:09:29,048 --> 03:09:30,283 THESE PLOTS PROVIDE THAT 4511 03:09:30,283 --> 03:09:32,785 INFORMATION FOR THE SOUTH 4512 03:09:32,785 --> 03:09:34,454 ATLANTIC DIVISION TO 4513 03:09:34,454 --> 03:09:36,055 ILLUSTRATE THE GENERAL 4514 03:09:36,055 --> 03:09:37,757 TRENDS WHERE SCHOOL TERM 4515 03:09:37,757 --> 03:09:40,760 LENGTH WAS SHORTER AND THEN 4516 03:09:40,760 --> 03:09:43,796 LENGTHENED OVER TIME. 4517 03:09:43,796 --> 03:09:46,065 SO BY 1954, SEVEN HAD TERM 4518 03:09:46,065 --> 03:09:49,168 LENGTHS THAT WERE ABOUT 160 4519 03:09:49,168 --> 03:09:51,104 TO 180 DAYS AND THAT IS ON 4520 03:09:51,104 --> 03:09:53,473 PAR WITH THE TERM LENGTH OF 4521 03:09:53,473 --> 03:09:54,941 180 DAYS WE HAVE TAUGHT IN 4522 03:09:54,941 --> 03:09:56,142 THE UNITED STATES. 4523 03:09:56,142 --> 03:09:57,543 SO JUST BECAUSE STATES HAVE 4524 03:09:57,543 --> 03:09:59,045 A SET TERM LENGTH DOESN'T 4525 03:09:59,045 --> 03:10:00,413 MEAN STUDENTS WILL ATTEND 4526 03:10:00,413 --> 03:10:02,248 FOR THE FULL TERM. 4527 03:10:02,248 --> 03:10:04,117 SO THIS GRAPH SHOWS THE 4528 03:10:04,117 --> 03:10:06,452 PROPORTION OF A SCHOOL TERM 4529 03:10:06,452 --> 03:10:09,288 WITH BLACK STUDENTS SHOWN IN 4530 03:10:09,288 --> 03:10:11,324 AQUA COLOR AND WHITE 4531 03:10:11,324 --> 03:10:15,294 STUDENTS SHOWN IN PURPLE ON 4532 03:10:15,294 --> 03:10:16,596 AVERAGE ATTENDED BY STATE. 4533 03:10:16,596 --> 03:10:20,299 SO YOU CAN SEE THERE IS 4534 03:10:20,299 --> 03:10:22,435 SIGNIFICANT TIME AND STATE 4535 03:10:22,435 --> 03:10:24,370 VARIATIONS FOR BOTH BLACK 4536 03:10:24,370 --> 03:10:26,739 AND SEGREGATED SCHOOL 4537 03:10:26,739 --> 03:10:27,073 SYSTEMS. 4538 03:10:27,073 --> 03:10:29,609 BLACKS TYPICALLY ATTENDED 4539 03:10:29,609 --> 03:10:32,745 FEWER DAYS OF SCHOOL THAN 4540 03:10:32,745 --> 03:10:33,613 WHITES DID. 4541 03:10:33,613 --> 03:10:36,015 SO AGAIN WE WILL PICK ON 4542 03:10:36,015 --> 03:10:38,084 NORTH CAROLINA, VERY LARGE 4543 03:10:38,084 --> 03:10:41,687 IN 1920, NARROWED BY 1954 4544 03:10:41,687 --> 03:10:43,222 BUT WERE STILL PRESENT BUT 4545 03:10:43,222 --> 03:10:53,666 IF YOU COMPARE THAT TO 4546 03:10:57,970 --> 03:11:00,873 DELAWARE AND YOU CAN SEE THE 4547 03:11:00,873 --> 03:11:01,340 DIFFERENCE. 4548 03:11:01,340 --> 03:11:03,509 SO THE TRAJECTORY OF 4549 03:11:03,509 --> 03:11:05,211 COGNITIVE FUNCTION AND 4550 03:11:05,211 --> 03:11:06,712 MEASURING YEARS OF SCHOOLING 4551 03:11:06,712 --> 03:11:08,748 AND WE DID IN A 4552 03:11:08,748 --> 03:11:09,382 REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE OF 4553 03:11:09,382 --> 03:11:11,083 BLACK AND WHITE OLDER ADULTS 4554 03:11:11,083 --> 03:11:13,386 WHO ATTENDED SCHOOL IN THE 4555 03:11:13,386 --> 03:11:14,253 JIM CROW SOUTH. 4556 03:11:14,253 --> 03:11:16,756 OUR FIRST STEP WAS TO 4557 03:11:16,756 --> 03:11:22,361 ADDRESS THE SAME WITH 4558 03:11:22,361 --> 03:11:27,600 EXTRACTING DATE TO IN THE 4559 03:11:27,600 --> 03:11:32,104 SCHOOL SYSTEMS INCLUDING THE 4560 03:11:32,104 --> 03:11:34,440 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 4561 03:11:34,440 --> 03:11:38,878 THE STATEMENT WAS REPORTED 4562 03:11:38,878 --> 03:11:40,146 IN 1919 TO 1954 AND YOU CAN 4563 03:11:40,146 --> 03:11:42,982 SEE A PICTURE OF THE 4564 03:11:42,982 --> 03:11:44,150 HISTORICAL REPORT ON THE 4565 03:11:44,150 --> 03:11:45,017 SIDE. 4566 03:11:45,017 --> 03:11:47,220 SO THE MEASURED TERM LENGTH 4567 03:11:47,220 --> 03:11:49,288 AND AVERAGE DATES ATTENDED 4568 03:11:49,288 --> 03:11:51,624 BY STUDENTS, REPORTED 4569 03:11:51,624 --> 03:11:52,792 SEPARATELY BY SEGREGATED 4570 03:11:52,792 --> 03:11:56,662 SCHOOL SYSTEMS AND THEY 4571 03:11:56,662 --> 03:11:58,097 INCLUDED ALL PRIMARY AND 4572 03:11:58,097 --> 03:11:59,932 SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN THE 4573 03:11:59,932 --> 03:12:01,200 UNITED STATES. 4574 03:12:01,200 --> 03:12:04,070 THEN THE NATIONAL STUDY, 4575 03:12:04,070 --> 03:12:05,204 PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF ADULTS 4576 03:12:05,204 --> 03:12:07,807 OVER THE AGE OF 15 AND WE 4577 03:12:07,807 --> 03:12:10,209 LINKEDIN THIS TO HISTORICAL 4578 03:12:10,209 --> 03:12:12,311 DATA FROM THE HEALTH AND 4579 03:12:12,311 --> 03:12:14,080 RETIREMENT STUDY THAT ASKED 4580 03:12:14,080 --> 03:12:14,814 THE RESPONDENTS WHERE THEY 4581 03:12:14,814 --> 03:12:16,682 LIVED WHEN THEY WERE IN 4582 03:12:16,682 --> 03:12:18,184 SCHOOL OR AROUND AGE 10. 4583 03:12:18,184 --> 03:12:21,520 SO ONCE WE LINKED OUR DATA, 4584 03:12:21,520 --> 03:12:26,058 WE COMPARED SAMPLES TO BLACK 4585 03:12:26,058 --> 03:12:29,028 AND WHITE RESPONDENTS, THEY 4586 03:12:29,028 --> 03:12:32,765 STARTED PRIMARY SCHOOL IN OR 4587 03:12:32,765 --> 03:12:34,467 AROUND 1919, COMPLETED A 4588 03:12:34,467 --> 03:12:38,671 PRIMARY OR SECONDARY SCHOOL 4589 03:12:38,671 --> 03:12:42,942 BY 1954 AND HAD AT LEAST ONE 4590 03:12:42,942 --> 03:12:44,243 COGNITIVE FUNCTION. 4591 03:12:44,243 --> 03:12:54,687 SO OUR FINAL ANALYSIS 4592 03:12:55,121 --> 03:12:56,789 INCLUDED4300 ADULTS WITH 4593 03:12:56,789 --> 03:12:58,891 16,000 SEG DATED ADULTS. 4594 03:12:58,891 --> 03:13:04,497 SO TO ADDRESS OUR AIM, WE 4595 03:13:04,497 --> 03:13:07,800 DID TWO APPLICATIONS TO SEE 4596 03:13:07,800 --> 03:13:10,369 WHY WHICH THE COGNITIVE 4597 03:13:10,369 --> 03:13:12,071 FUNCTION WAS EXPLAINED FOR 4598 03:13:12,071 --> 03:13:14,941 EACH MEASURE. 4599 03:13:14,941 --> 03:13:16,976 THE HISTORICAL DATA ONLY 4600 03:13:16,976 --> 03:13:18,611 REPORTED SCHOOL LENGTH AND 4601 03:13:18,611 --> 03:13:20,880 ATTENDANCE FOR PRIMARY AND 4602 03:13:20,880 --> 03:13:22,581 SECONDARY SCHOOLING BUT TO 4603 03:13:22,581 --> 03:13:24,750 ACCOUNT FOR ANY DIFFERENCE 4604 03:13:24,750 --> 03:13:35,294 IN POST SECONDARY SCHOOL, WE 4605 03:13:43,569 --> 03:13:48,140 HAD AN INDICATOR OF 4606 03:13:48,140 --> 03:13:49,775 COGNITIVE FUNCTION. 4607 03:13:49,775 --> 03:13:52,678 SO THEN TAKEN ACROSS THE 4608 03:13:52,678 --> 03:13:54,981 YEARS OUR RESPONDENTS WERE 4609 03:13:54,981 --> 03:13:56,382 FINISHING SCHOOL, HOW MANY 4610 03:13:56,382 --> 03:13:57,483 YEARS THEY COMPLETED, THE 4611 03:13:57,483 --> 03:14:01,687 STATE THEY WERE BORN ON AND 4612 03:14:01,687 --> 03:14:03,289 THEIR SELF-REPORTED RACE. 4613 03:14:03,289 --> 03:14:06,125 SO WHEN USING THE SCHOOL 4614 03:14:06,125 --> 03:14:08,627 MEASURE, BOTH BLACK AND 4615 03:14:08,627 --> 03:14:10,896 WHITE OLDER ADULTS SPENT 4616 03:14:10,896 --> 03:14:12,465 FEWER YEARS IN SCHOOL THAN 4617 03:14:12,465 --> 03:14:13,332 SUGGESTED. 4618 03:14:13,332 --> 03:14:16,302 SO THIS WAS TWO AND A HALF 4619 03:14:16,302 --> 03:14:22,341 YEARS OF SCHOOL BY BLACK AND 4620 03:14:22,341 --> 03:14:22,975 WHITE ADULTS PROSPECTIVELY 4621 03:14:22,975 --> 03:14:24,443 ON THE SCHOOL MEASURES. 4622 03:14:24,443 --> 03:14:28,381 SO THEN WE ESTIMATE THE 4623 03:14:28,381 --> 03:14:29,081 COGNITIVE TRAJECTORIES, 4624 03:14:29,081 --> 03:14:32,118 ADJUST FOR A NUMBER OF 4625 03:14:32,118 --> 03:14:33,252 COVARIANTS WHICH YOU CAN SEE 4626 03:14:33,252 --> 03:14:36,555 AT THE BOTTOM OF THE SLIDE. 4627 03:14:36,555 --> 03:14:38,491 THIS AVERAGE ADJUSTED 4628 03:14:38,491 --> 03:14:41,761 PREDICTED VALUES ACROSS AGE 4629 03:14:41,761 --> 03:14:46,999 FOR BLACK OLDER AND WHITE 4630 03:14:46,999 --> 03:14:50,369 OLDER ADULTS SO I WILL USE 4631 03:14:50,369 --> 03:14:52,772 THE AGE OF 95 JUST FOR 4632 03:14:52,772 --> 03:14:53,839 COMPARISON BUT IT IS 4633 03:14:53,839 --> 03:14:56,442 IMPORTANT TO NOTE THE RATE 4634 03:14:56,442 --> 03:14:58,077 OF DECLINE DID NOT VARY BY 4635 03:14:58,077 --> 03:14:58,444 RATE. 4636 03:14:58,444 --> 03:15:02,081 SO HERE YOU SEE THE BLACK 4637 03:15:02,081 --> 03:15:05,718 DISPARITY IS 3.5 POINTS ON 4638 03:15:05,718 --> 03:15:07,653 THE COGNITIVE FUNCTION SCALE 4639 03:15:07,653 --> 03:15:10,523 BUT ONCE WE INCLUDE IN OUR 4640 03:15:10,523 --> 03:15:12,224 MODELS, THE SCHOOL MEASURE 4641 03:15:12,224 --> 03:15:15,094 AND THE DEGREE ATTAINMENT, 4642 03:15:15,094 --> 03:15:18,297 THE DISPARITY REDUCES TO 2.3 4643 03:15:18,297 --> 03:15:18,831 POINTS. 4644 03:15:18,831 --> 03:15:20,833 SO THE ADDITIONAL EDUCATION 4645 03:15:20,833 --> 03:15:22,935 EXPLAINED 34 PERCENT OF THE 4646 03:15:22,935 --> 03:15:24,670 RACE DISPARITY. 4647 03:15:24,670 --> 03:15:27,640 ALSO THAT THE ADJUSTMENT 4648 03:15:27,640 --> 03:15:31,143 ALMOST ENTIRELY OCCURS 4649 03:15:31,143 --> 03:15:38,084 BECAUSE THE COGNITIVE 4650 03:15:38,084 --> 03:15:39,819 FUNCTION IS OF WHITE VERSUS 4651 03:15:39,819 --> 03:15:42,688 BLACK IS BECAUSE OF LOWER 4652 03:15:42,688 --> 03:15:44,623 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT. 4653 03:15:44,623 --> 03:15:46,959 SO WE VIEWED THAT ON THE 4654 03:15:46,959 --> 03:15:48,661 MODEL AND OUR SCHOOL MEASURE 4655 03:15:48,661 --> 03:15:50,563 THAT ACCOUNTS FOR THESE 4656 03:15:50,563 --> 03:15:53,632 DIFFERENCES IN SCHOOL TERM 4657 03:15:53,632 --> 03:15:55,234 LENGTHS ACROSS STATES, TIME 4658 03:15:55,234 --> 03:15:56,836 AND SEGREGATED SCHOOL 4659 03:15:56,836 --> 03:15:57,303 SYSTEMS. 4660 03:15:57,303 --> 03:16:02,975 NOW THESE MODELS OF 4661 03:16:02,975 --> 03:16:04,610 DISPARITY SHOWED 1.76 4662 03:16:04,610 --> 03:16:06,679 POINTS. 4663 03:16:06,679 --> 03:16:17,289 SO DISPARITY IN SCHOOL WITH 39 4664 03:16:18,023 --> 03:16:22,228 PERCENT BETWEEN BLACK AND 4665 03:16:22,228 --> 03:16:26,532 WHITE STATUS. 4666 03:16:26,532 --> 03:16:30,202 SO IN COMPARISON, THE SCHOOL 4667 03:16:30,202 --> 03:16:34,473 MEASURE EXPLAINS 57 PERCENT 4668 03:16:34,473 --> 03:16:39,612 AND 80 PERCENT IN THE BLACK 4669 03:16:39,612 --> 03:16:40,846 WHITE MEASURES EFFECTIVELY. 4670 03:16:40,846 --> 03:16:44,717 SO OUR TRADITIONAL RESEARCH 4671 03:16:44,717 --> 03:16:45,317 FOUND THE MEASURE OF 4672 03:16:45,317 --> 03:16:46,652 EDUCATION ONLY EXPLAINS 4673 03:16:46,652 --> 03:16:49,855 ABOUT A THIRD OF THE BLACK 4674 03:16:49,855 --> 03:16:51,323 WHITE DISPARITIES AND THIS 4675 03:16:51,323 --> 03:16:54,160 IS DUE IN PART BECAUSE 4676 03:16:54,160 --> 03:16:54,994 TRADITIONAL EDUCATION DOES 4677 03:16:54,994 --> 03:17:05,404 NOT ACCOUNT FOR THE 4678 03:17:05,938 --> 03:17:06,672 TRADITIONAL DISPARITIES AS 4679 03:17:06,672 --> 03:17:08,474 IT WAS IN THE JIM CROW 4680 03:17:08,474 --> 03:17:09,041 SOUTH. 4681 03:17:09,041 --> 03:17:11,877 THE DURATION IN SCHOOL MAY 4682 03:17:11,877 --> 03:17:14,346 BETTER CAPTURE THE TIME 4683 03:17:14,346 --> 03:17:15,514 SPENT DEVELOPING THOSE 4684 03:17:15,514 --> 03:17:26,058 SKILLS THAT BUILD COGNITIVE 4685 03:17:32,631 --> 03:17:32,865 RESERVE. 4686 03:17:32,865 --> 03:17:35,367 SO WHAT HAPPENED TO SCHOOLS 4687 03:17:35,367 --> 03:17:36,235 AFTER 1954? 4688 03:17:36,235 --> 03:17:37,937 THE YEAR THE SUPREME COURT 4689 03:17:37,937 --> 03:17:43,242 DECLARED IN BROWN VERSUS 4690 03:17:43,242 --> 03:17:46,412 BOARD OF EDUCATION THAT 4691 03:17:46,412 --> 03:17:50,149 SEPARATE AND UNEQUAL SCHOOLS 4692 03:17:50,149 --> 03:17:51,083 WERE ILLEGAL. 4693 03:17:51,083 --> 03:17:55,421 BECAUSE THEY DID NOT DEFINE 4694 03:17:55,421 --> 03:18:02,328 THE DELAY, IT RESULTED IN 4695 03:18:02,328 --> 03:18:05,164 THE VARIATION IN THE TIMING 4696 03:18:05,164 --> 03:18:06,365 OFY SEGREGATION EFFORTS IN 4697 03:18:06,365 --> 03:18:09,368 THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES. 4698 03:18:09,368 --> 03:18:13,339 SO I ADJUSTED THIS FOR ANY 4699 03:18:13,339 --> 03:18:14,840 WHITE STUDENTS BETWEEN 1955 4700 03:18:14,840 --> 03:18:18,377 AND 1974 AND AS YOU CAN SEE, 4701 03:18:18,377 --> 03:18:26,151 ONLY A FEW STATES BEGAN 4702 03:18:26,151 --> 03:18:26,952 INTEGRATING DESEGREGATED 4703 03:18:26,952 --> 03:18:31,123 SCHOOLS IN THE 1950S. 4704 03:18:31,123 --> 03:18:33,726 MOST FROM FEDERAL PROGRAMS 4705 03:18:33,726 --> 03:18:36,228 THAT PREVENTED SCHOOLS FROM 4706 03:18:36,228 --> 03:18:41,166 DISCRIMINATING ON THE BASIS 4707 03:18:41,166 --> 03:18:42,768 OF COLOR. 4708 03:18:42,768 --> 03:18:45,271 SO THE DESEGREGATION EFFORTS 4709 03:18:45,271 --> 03:18:50,242 IN THE SOUTH AND THAT AFTER 4710 03:18:50,242 --> 03:18:52,745 TO DETERMINE WHETHER IT WAS 4711 03:18:52,745 --> 03:18:57,916 ASSOCIATED WITH MIDLIFE 4712 03:18:57,916 --> 03:18:59,351 COGNITIVE HEALTH DIFFERENCE 4713 03:18:59,351 --> 03:19:01,820 BY RACE IN THIS PERIOD. 4714 03:19:01,820 --> 03:19:05,124 OUR STUDY WAS FROM A SMALL 4715 03:19:05,124 --> 03:19:08,093 NUMBER OF SCHOOLS WITH 4716 03:19:08,093 --> 03:19:09,228 MEASURES OF COGNITIVE 4717 03:19:09,228 --> 03:19:11,196 FUNCTION AMONG BLACK OLDER 4718 03:19:11,196 --> 03:19:11,730 ADULTS. 4719 03:19:11,730 --> 03:19:14,900 THIS WORK HAS BEEN CONDUCTED 4720 03:19:14,900 --> 03:19:17,069 ON SMALL COMMUNITY SAMPLES 4721 03:19:17,069 --> 03:19:18,871 WITH GENERALIZABILITY AND 4722 03:19:18,871 --> 03:19:29,348 ALL OF THEM ON REPORTED 4723 03:19:37,723 --> 03:19:37,990 COGNITION. 4724 03:19:37,990 --> 03:19:40,559 SO LOOKING AT THE FUNCTION, 4725 03:19:40,559 --> 03:19:45,798 THERE IS A DIFFERENCE OF 1. 4726 03:19:45,798 --> 03:19:50,769 11 WITH BLACK AND FOUND NONE 4727 03:19:50,769 --> 03:19:55,174 FOR WHITE ADULTS AND THIS 4728 03:19:55,174 --> 03:19:57,076 WAS CONSISTENT WITH SOME OF 4729 03:19:57,076 --> 03:20:01,246 THE LITERATURE THAT FOUND NO 4730 03:20:01,246 --> 03:20:03,182 DIFFERENCE IN ECONOMIC 4731 03:20:03,182 --> 03:20:05,684 FACTORS BETWEEN THESE BLACK 4732 03:20:05,684 --> 03:20:07,186 AND WHITE ADULTS. 4733 03:20:07,186 --> 03:20:10,089 OTHER STUDY SHOWED THE 4734 03:20:10,089 --> 03:20:14,827 TIMING OF THE DESEGREGATED 4735 03:20:14,827 --> 03:20:19,331 EXCUSED AN EFFECT ON MEMORY, 4736 03:20:19,331 --> 03:20:21,867 AND THIS GRAPH SHOWS THE 4737 03:20:21,867 --> 03:20:24,336 BLACK ADULTS WITH 4738 03:20:24,336 --> 03:20:25,604 DESEGREGATED SCHOOLS VERSUS 4739 03:20:25,604 --> 03:20:30,075 ADULTS WHO NEVER ATTENDED 4740 03:20:30,075 --> 03:20:30,909 DESEGREGATED SCHOOLS. 4741 03:20:30,909 --> 03:20:33,512 THIS WAS ONLY FOR ELEMENTARY 4742 03:20:33,512 --> 03:20:35,147 SO THEY DIDN'T ASSIGN THIS 4743 03:20:35,147 --> 03:20:39,818 FOR MIDDLE OR HIGH SCHOOLS. 4744 03:20:39,818 --> 03:20:42,554 SO WE EXTRACTED 4745 03:20:42,554 --> 03:20:43,455 ADMINISTRATIVE AND 4746 03:20:43,455 --> 03:20:46,492 HISTORICAL DATA FROM THIS 4747 03:20:46,492 --> 03:20:54,032 OTHER REPORT ON EDUCATION 4748 03:20:54,032 --> 03:21:03,242 ABSTRACT TO ADDRESS THE 4749 03:21:03,242 --> 03:21:06,412 STATE LEVELS IN 16 STATES 4750 03:21:06,412 --> 03:21:08,247 EXCLUDING STRICT OF COLUMBIA 4751 03:21:08,247 --> 03:21:10,649 AND MEASURING THE PERCENT OF 4752 03:21:10,649 --> 03:21:11,817 BLACK STUDENTS ATTENDING 4753 03:21:11,817 --> 03:21:17,723 SCHOOLS WITH WHITE STUDENTS. 4754 03:21:17,723 --> 03:21:20,159 SO TO DEFINE THAT BY YEAR OF 4755 03:21:20,159 --> 03:21:22,161 SCHOOL ENTRY AND COHORT AND 4756 03:21:22,161 --> 03:21:24,163 SELECTED SOUTHERN STATES. 4757 03:21:24,163 --> 03:21:31,236 SO THE STATE LEVEL ESTIMATE 4758 03:21:31,236 --> 03:21:36,642 CAN REVEAL THE DESEGREGATED 4759 03:21:36,642 --> 03:21:41,113 SCHOOLS AND MEMORY. 4760 03:21:41,113 --> 03:21:44,550 SO A SCHOOL WHERE THERE WERE 4761 03:21:44,550 --> 03:21:45,918 NO DESEGREGATED SCHOOLS TO 4762 03:21:45,918 --> 03:21:49,855 WHERE HUNDREDS OF STUDENTS 4763 03:21:49,855 --> 03:21:52,925 WERE ATTENDING DESEGREGATED 4764 03:21:52,925 --> 03:21:54,960 SCHOOLS. 4765 03:21:54,960 --> 03:22:00,732 THE LINE REPRESENTS THE 4766 03:22:00,732 --> 03:22:05,237 COHORT ON THE X AXIS AT THE 4767 03:22:05,237 --> 03:22:09,308 AGE THE STUDENT WOULD HAVE 4768 03:22:09,308 --> 03:22:10,008 ATTENDED THE DESEGREGATED 4769 03:22:10,008 --> 03:22:11,410 SCHOOLS AND YOU CAN SEE IN 4770 03:22:11,410 --> 03:22:12,578 MARYLAND, THEY WERE EXPECTED 4771 03:22:12,578 --> 03:22:15,447 TO SPEND ONE OR TWO YEARS IN 4772 03:22:15,447 --> 03:22:16,281 DESEGREGATED SCHOOLS BUT IN 4773 03:22:16,281 --> 03:22:17,816 ALABAMA AND NORTH CAROLINA, 4774 03:22:17,816 --> 03:22:21,920 STUDENTS IN THAT COHORT 4775 03:22:21,920 --> 03:22:23,755 WOULD BE EXPECTED TO SPEND 4776 03:22:23,755 --> 03:22:27,960 TEN YEARS OF SCHOOLING IN 4777 03:22:27,960 --> 03:22:29,027 DESEGREGATED SCHOOLS BUT 4778 03:22:29,027 --> 03:22:32,164 THEY WERE MUCH MORE LIKELY 4779 03:22:32,164 --> 03:22:33,065 TO ATTEND DESEGREGATED 4780 03:22:33,065 --> 03:22:34,566 SCHOOLS BUT OF COURSE THIS 4781 03:22:34,566 --> 03:22:38,303 ALSO VARIED BY STATE. 4782 03:22:38,303 --> 03:22:40,038 SO NEXT, LOOKING AT THE 4783 03:22:40,038 --> 03:22:42,574 DATA, WITH THE CURRENT 4784 03:22:42,574 --> 03:22:44,276 STUDY, LOOKED AT SAMPLES 4785 03:22:44,276 --> 03:22:45,811 BETWEEN BLACK AND WHITE 4786 03:22:45,811 --> 03:22:46,578 ADULTS ATTENDING PRIMARY 4787 03:22:46,578 --> 03:22:54,086 SCHOOL IN THE U.S. SOUTH 4788 03:22:54,086 --> 03:22:55,821 BETWEEN 1954 TO 1974, GIVEN 4789 03:22:55,821 --> 03:22:59,258 THE EFFECT ON COGNITIVE 4790 03:22:59,258 --> 03:23:00,626 FUNCTION AND EPISODIC MEMORY 4791 03:23:00,626 --> 03:23:03,795 AND WE FOUND THE EXPOSURE TO 4792 03:23:03,795 --> 03:23:06,431 THE DESEGREGATED SCHOOL WAS 4793 03:23:06,431 --> 03:23:10,402 ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER 4794 03:23:10,402 --> 03:23:12,938 SCORES AND EPISODIC FUNCTION 4795 03:23:12,938 --> 03:23:14,506 BY 2.5 POINTS. 4796 03:23:14,506 --> 03:23:17,109 FOR BLACK ADULTS WITH FIVE 4797 03:23:17,109 --> 03:23:24,516 YEARS OF EXPECTED COMPOSURE 4798 03:23:24,516 --> 03:23:26,151 TO DESEGREGATED SCHOOLS FOR 4799 03:23:26,151 --> 03:23:30,122 TEN YEARS, BUT WE DIDN'T 4800 03:23:30,122 --> 03:23:34,459 FIND ANY RELATIONSHIP FOR 4801 03:23:34,459 --> 03:23:36,328 MENTAL STATUS. 4802 03:23:36,328 --> 03:23:37,763 SO PROJECTED RESULTS WITHIN 4803 03:23:37,763 --> 03:23:39,731 POPULATIONS AND ANALYSIS IS 4804 03:23:39,731 --> 03:23:43,035 CRITICAL FOR UNDERSTANDING 4805 03:23:43,035 --> 03:23:43,769 PATHWAYS. 4806 03:23:43,769 --> 03:23:51,243 HERE THE DESEGREGATION DATA 4807 03:23:51,243 --> 03:23:54,646 AND AND IMPORTANCE OF USING 4808 03:23:54,646 --> 03:24:00,152 SUCH INFORMED MEASURES AND 4809 03:24:00,152 --> 03:24:01,086 REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES SHOW 4810 03:24:01,086 --> 03:24:02,688 THAT PATHWAYS TO COGNITIVE 4811 03:24:02,688 --> 03:24:05,891 HEALTH LIKELY VARY FOR U.S. 4812 03:24:05,891 --> 03:24:07,125 POPULATIONS. 4813 03:24:07,125 --> 03:24:09,294 NOT ONLY IS THERE AN 4814 03:24:09,294 --> 03:24:10,829 IMPORTANCE OF HISTORICALLY 4815 03:24:10,829 --> 03:24:12,064 LINKING BLACK ADULTS WITH 4816 03:24:12,064 --> 03:24:15,000 EXPERIENCES BUT ALSO HOW 4817 03:24:15,000 --> 03:24:16,401 THEY SHAPED THEIR COGNITIVE 4818 03:24:16,401 --> 03:24:16,969 HEALTH. 4819 03:24:16,969 --> 03:24:18,136 AND THEN JUST TO CLOSE, IF 4820 03:24:18,136 --> 03:24:19,871 YOU ARE INTERESTED IN SOME 4821 03:24:19,871 --> 03:24:23,809 OF THESE QUESTIONS RELATED 4822 03:24:23,809 --> 03:24:31,416 TO DEMENTIA, THE NIH IS NOW 4823 03:24:31,416 --> 03:24:35,520 PROVIDING FUNDING ON THE 4824 03:24:35,520 --> 03:24:37,956 PATHWAYS AND TKPHAEPBT SHAIN 4825 03:24:37,956 --> 03:24:38,657 DIVERSE POPULATIONS AND YOU 4826 03:24:38,657 --> 03:24:40,025 WOULD LIKE TO GET INVOLVED, 4827 03:24:40,025 --> 03:24:44,563 GO TO THE WEBSITE OR SCAN 4828 03:24:44,563 --> 03:24:47,332 THE QR CODE AND YOU CAN SIGN 4829 03:24:47,332 --> 03:24:49,067 UP TO BE INVOLVED THERE. 4830 03:24:49,067 --> 03:24:50,068 THANK YOU. 4831 03:24:50,068 --> 03:24:51,637 >> THANK YOU, KATRINA, I 4832 03:24:51,637 --> 03:24:53,672 KNOW YOU ARE JOINING US VIA 4833 03:24:53,672 --> 03:24:54,506 ZOOM. 4834 03:24:54,506 --> 03:24:58,744 I AM SO EXCITED ABOUT THIS 4835 03:24:58,744 --> 03:24:59,444 DISCUSSION SESSION. 4836 03:24:59,444 --> 03:25:01,079 I HOPE ALL OF YOU HAVE BEEN 4837 03:25:01,079 --> 03:25:02,948 WRITING DOWN YOUR QUESTIONS 4838 03:25:02,948 --> 03:25:04,049 AND YOUR COMMENTS. 4839 03:25:04,049 --> 03:25:05,817 IT REALLY IS HISTORICAL TO 4840 03:25:05,817 --> 03:25:09,588 HAVE A SESSION LIKE THIS AT 4841 03:25:09,588 --> 03:25:11,156 THE COGNITIVE AGING SUMMIT 4842 03:25:11,156 --> 03:25:12,457 AND I JUST WANT TO THANK -- 4843 03:25:12,457 --> 03:25:14,192 TAKE A MINUTE TO THANK ALL 4844 03:25:14,192 --> 03:25:18,230 THE SPEAKERS FOR ALL OF YOUR 4845 03:25:18,230 --> 03:25:18,830 WORK. 4846 03:25:18,830 --> 03:25:20,666 WE HAVE BEEN ON ZOOM A FEW 4847 03:25:20,666 --> 03:25:23,268 TIMES BEFORE THE MEETING, 4848 03:25:23,268 --> 03:25:24,936 PREPARING FOR THIS, SO I 4849 03:25:24,936 --> 03:25:27,305 THOUGHT YOUR TALKS WERE 4850 03:25:27,305 --> 03:25:29,141 INCREDIBLE AND REALLY JUST 4851 03:25:29,141 --> 03:25:32,277 INSPIRING FOR ME PERSONALLY 4852 03:25:32,277 --> 03:25:33,111 AS WELL. 4853 03:25:33,111 --> 03:25:35,981 SO JON, ARE YOU AT THE MIC? 4854 03:25:35,981 --> 03:25:39,818 OKAY, YOU WANT TO -- 4855 03:25:39,818 --> 03:25:41,186 >> THANK YOU FOR ASKING. 4856 03:25:41,186 --> 03:25:43,588 MIC IS EVEN ON, YES. 4857 03:25:43,588 --> 03:25:46,024 JUST ONE BRIEF COMMENT. 4858 03:25:46,024 --> 03:25:48,427 I HATE TO DISAPPOINT AJ BUT 4859 03:25:48,427 --> 03:25:49,361 NOT EVERYBODY KNOWS ABOUT 4860 03:25:49,361 --> 03:25:50,996 THE HEALTH AND RETIREMENT 4861 03:25:50,996 --> 03:25:51,363 STUDY. 4862 03:25:51,363 --> 03:25:52,164 PROBABLY MORE PEOPLE WILL 4863 03:25:52,164 --> 03:25:53,999 KNOW ABOUT IT AFTER THIS 4864 03:25:53,999 --> 03:25:55,600 SESSION THAN BEFORE BY A LOT 4865 03:25:55,600 --> 03:25:57,536 BUT WANT TO POINT OUT IN 4866 03:25:57,536 --> 03:26:00,505 ADDITION TO THE RETIREMENT 4867 03:26:00,505 --> 03:26:03,675 AND HEALTH STUDY AND THE 4868 03:26:03,675 --> 03:26:05,644 BILINGUAL STUDY THAT MIGUEL 4869 03:26:05,644 --> 03:26:08,780 MENTIONED, I CAN TELL YOU 4870 03:26:08,780 --> 03:26:11,750 THERE IS A LOT MORE THERE 4871 03:26:11,750 --> 03:26:13,351 THAN YOU HEARD ABOUT TODAY 4872 03:26:13,351 --> 03:26:15,754 AND I WOULD BE HAPPY TO 4873 03:26:15,754 --> 03:26:17,489 DISCUSS THAT WITH YOU. 4874 03:26:17,489 --> 03:26:19,558 >> AND LET ME TAKE CREDIT 4875 03:26:19,558 --> 03:26:22,828 AND BLAME FOR AJ NOT GOING 4876 03:26:22,828 --> 03:26:28,033 MORE IN DEPTH WITH THE HR 4877 03:26:28,033 --> 03:26:28,800 STUDY. 4878 03:26:28,800 --> 03:26:29,868 EVERYONE WILL KNOW A LOT 4879 03:26:29,868 --> 03:26:35,707 MORE ABOUT IT NOW SO I WILL 4880 03:26:35,707 --> 03:26:39,077 CALL ON PEOPLE AND YOU CAN 4881 03:26:39,077 --> 03:26:41,146 ASK YOUR QUESTIONS ON YOUR 4882 03:26:41,146 --> 03:26:41,446 MIND. 4883 03:26:41,446 --> 03:26:45,951 >> GREAT DISCUSSION AND I 4884 03:26:45,951 --> 03:26:49,721 JUST WANTED TO PARTICULARLY 4885 03:26:49,721 --> 03:26:50,489 TALK ABOUT AJ. 4886 03:26:50,489 --> 03:26:54,659 WHEN I WAS AT THE CLINIC, WE 4887 03:26:54,659 --> 03:26:56,795 WROTE HOW TO IMPROVE THE 4888 03:26:56,795 --> 03:26:58,363 UNDER REPRESENTED MINORITY 4889 03:26:58,363 --> 03:26:59,965 STUDENTS AND WE -- ONE OF 4890 03:26:59,965 --> 03:27:05,837 THE HE COULD FACTORS, WE 4891 03:27:05,837 --> 03:27:09,040 ASEM WITH BUILD WHAT WAS A 4892 03:27:09,040 --> 03:27:11,877 REVIEW OF THE SOCIETY PAPER 4893 03:27:11,877 --> 03:27:14,613 BY DUSTA AND IT WAS QUITE 4894 03:27:14,613 --> 03:27:15,046 STRIKING. 4895 03:27:15,046 --> 03:27:16,948 AT ONE POINT FOR A LONG TIME 4896 03:27:16,948 --> 03:27:25,857 IN THE UNITED STATES, IT WAS 4897 03:27:25,857 --> 03:27:27,359 ILLEGAL TO EDUCATE THE BASIC 4898 03:27:27,359 --> 03:27:28,627 LITERACY TO A BLACK PERSON. 4899 03:27:28,627 --> 03:27:31,797 I DON'T REMEMBER FOR HOW 4900 03:27:31,797 --> 03:27:35,033 LONG THAT DURATION WAS. 4901 03:27:35,033 --> 03:27:36,868 SO LOOKING AT THAT AND SOME 4902 03:27:36,868 --> 03:27:39,938 OF THE DIFFERENCES IMPACTING 4903 03:27:39,938 --> 03:27:41,072 THE PRESENTATIONS FROM 4904 03:27:41,072 --> 03:27:43,208 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, AND 4905 03:27:43,208 --> 03:27:44,509 MINORITY GROUPS THAT COULD 4906 03:27:44,509 --> 03:27:47,245 BE LINKED TO THAT TYPE OF 4907 03:27:47,245 --> 03:27:48,947 EXPOSURE, CERTAINLY KEY 4908 03:27:48,947 --> 03:27:51,316 LATER ON WHEN WE WERE 4909 03:27:51,316 --> 03:27:58,690 LOOKING AT THIS SO CAN YOU 4910 03:27:58,690 --> 03:27:59,825 COMMENT ON THAT? 4911 03:27:59,825 --> 03:28:00,826 >> THANK YOU, SEE, I DIDN'T 4912 03:28:00,826 --> 03:28:01,126 KNOW. 4913 03:28:01,126 --> 03:28:03,161 SO I HAVE TO DISCLOSE MY 4914 03:28:03,161 --> 03:28:06,932 BIAS THAT I TEND TO NOT 4915 03:28:06,932 --> 03:28:09,467 THINK OF EDUCATION IN THIS, 4916 03:28:09,467 --> 03:28:10,869 IS WHERE I TEND TO DIFFER 4917 03:28:10,869 --> 03:28:13,839 FROM A LOT OF COGNITIVE 4918 03:28:13,839 --> 03:28:14,639 RESEARCHERS. 4919 03:28:14,639 --> 03:28:17,275 I AM OF THE BELIEF THAT WHAT 4920 03:28:17,275 --> 03:28:18,443 EDUCATION PROVIDED OVER 4921 03:28:18,443 --> 03:28:20,378 HISTORY WAS ACCESS TO GOOD 4922 03:28:20,378 --> 03:28:22,013 PAYING JOBS AND ACCESS TO 4923 03:28:22,013 --> 03:28:24,149 RESOURCES TO THOSE GOOD 4924 03:28:24,149 --> 03:28:26,318 PAYING JOBS LIKE HEALTHCARE, 4925 03:28:26,318 --> 03:28:26,818 HEALTH INSURANCE, 4926 03:28:26,818 --> 03:28:28,153 RETIREMENT, SO ON AND SO 4927 03:28:28,153 --> 03:28:30,021 FORTH SO I ACTUALLY DO NOT 4928 03:28:30,021 --> 03:28:32,858 HAVE THE BELIEF THAT HOWEVER 4929 03:28:32,858 --> 03:28:34,125 LONG YOU WERE IN SCHOOL OR 4930 03:28:34,125 --> 03:28:37,863 WHAT KIND OF TRAINING YOU 4931 03:28:37,863 --> 03:28:38,897 PROVIDED IS PROTECTIVE 4932 03:28:38,897 --> 03:28:42,367 AGAINST DEMENTIA OR 4933 03:28:42,367 --> 03:28:44,035 COGNITIVE DECLINE. 4934 03:28:44,035 --> 03:28:45,503 BUT KATRINA WOULD BE SOMEONE 4935 03:28:45,503 --> 03:28:47,105 WHO DOES BELIEVE THAT AND 4936 03:28:47,105 --> 03:28:48,874 COULD SPEAK TO HOW A HISTORY 4937 03:28:48,874 --> 03:28:51,343 OF NOT HAVING ACCESS TO SOME 4938 03:28:51,343 --> 03:28:53,979 OF THIS CONTENT COULD THEN 4939 03:28:53,979 --> 03:28:56,181 INCREASE RISK FOR COGNITIVE 4940 03:28:56,181 --> 03:28:58,183 DECLINE BUT I WOULD ARGUE 4941 03:28:58,183 --> 03:29:01,586 THAT IT IS REALLY LACK OF 4942 03:29:01,586 --> 03:29:05,290 ACCESS TO COMPLETION OF HIGH 4943 03:29:05,290 --> 03:29:06,658 SCHOOL DIPLOMAS, DEGREES 4944 03:29:06,658 --> 03:29:09,928 THAT IS REALLY DETRIMENTAL 4945 03:29:09,928 --> 03:29:10,829 TO COGNITIVE HEALTH. 4946 03:29:10,829 --> 03:29:14,966 >> KATRINA, DO YOU WANT TO 4947 03:29:14,966 --> 03:29:15,533 ADD? 4948 03:29:15,533 --> 03:29:15,901 >> SURE. 4949 03:29:15,901 --> 03:29:18,470 SO I THINK THAT ONE OF THE 4950 03:29:18,470 --> 03:29:22,941 THINGS TO CONSIDER ABOUT 4951 03:29:22,941 --> 03:29:25,010 EDUCATION AND IS TIMING IN 4952 03:29:25,010 --> 03:29:27,646 SOME WAYS, I ALSO AGREE WITH 4953 03:29:27,646 --> 03:29:29,481 AJ THAT ACCESS TO RESOURCES 4954 03:29:29,481 --> 03:29:31,650 IS PROBABLY ONE OF THE KEY 4955 03:29:31,650 --> 03:29:33,585 PATHWAYS WHEN LOOKING AT THE 4956 03:29:33,585 --> 03:29:35,754 SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF 4957 03:29:35,754 --> 03:29:37,355 COGNITIVE FUNCTION LATER IN 4958 03:29:37,355 --> 03:29:38,056 LIFE. 4959 03:29:38,056 --> 03:29:40,458 I THINK EXPOSURE TO HIGH 4960 03:29:40,458 --> 03:29:41,493 QUALITY EDUCATION REALLY 4961 03:29:41,493 --> 03:29:43,528 MATTERS TO EARLY BRAIN 4962 03:29:43,528 --> 03:29:44,229 DEVELOPMENT AND COGNITIVE 4963 03:29:44,229 --> 03:29:45,730 DEVELOPMENT THAT CAN SET THE 4964 03:29:45,730 --> 03:29:50,035 STAGE FOR ALL THOSE OTHER 4965 03:29:50,035 --> 03:29:51,403 THINGS THAT APPLY TO LATER 4966 03:29:51,403 --> 03:29:51,970 LIFE. 4967 03:29:51,970 --> 03:29:55,307 SO I WOULD SAY THAT SOME OF 4968 03:29:55,307 --> 03:29:57,175 THE WORK I HAVE DONE HAS 4969 03:29:57,175 --> 03:30:07,585 SHOWN SOME OF THESE 4970 03:30:09,454 --> 03:30:10,522 INEQUITIES, INSTITUTIONIZED 4971 03:30:10,522 --> 03:30:11,656 INEQUITIES MATTER AND COULD 4972 03:30:11,656 --> 03:30:14,626 HELP TO EXPLAIN SOME OF THE 4973 03:30:14,626 --> 03:30:16,127 INEQUITIES WE DO DOCUMENT 4974 03:30:16,127 --> 03:30:19,464 AMONG THE COHORTS OF OLDER 4975 03:30:19,464 --> 03:30:19,798 ADULTS. 4976 03:30:19,798 --> 03:30:20,432 >> OKAY, THANKS. 4977 03:30:20,432 --> 03:30:22,167 THIS IS A VERY INTERESTING 4978 03:30:22,167 --> 03:30:22,500 SESSION. 4979 03:30:22,500 --> 03:30:25,570 ONE THING I AM GOING TO 4980 03:30:25,570 --> 03:30:28,406 INFER ABOUT THAT, MAYBE 4981 03:30:28,406 --> 03:30:30,675 MIGUEL ALLUDED TO IT BUT IT 4982 03:30:30,675 --> 03:30:33,311 DIDN'T COME UP MUCH, THE 4983 03:30:33,311 --> 03:30:35,947 MEASURES WE USE MADE WITH 4984 03:30:35,947 --> 03:30:37,115 CERTAIN DIVERSE POPULATIONS 4985 03:30:37,115 --> 03:30:40,952 IN MIND MAY NOT BE VALID TO 4986 03:30:40,952 --> 03:30:42,220 THE DIVERSE POPULATIONS 4987 03:30:42,220 --> 03:30:43,588 WE'RE LOOKING AT AND WHETHER 4988 03:30:43,588 --> 03:30:45,557 THAT IS ALSO THE SOLUTION TO 4989 03:30:45,557 --> 03:30:46,224 THE PROBLEM. 4990 03:30:46,224 --> 03:30:47,726 >> WONDERFUL QUESTION, THANK 4991 03:30:47,726 --> 03:30:50,028 YOU FOR BRINGING THAT UP AND 4992 03:30:50,028 --> 03:30:54,766 I DO THINK THE WORK I WAS 4993 03:30:54,766 --> 03:31:00,638 SHOWING FROM THE MECKS BOX 4994 03:31:00,638 --> 03:31:03,008 STUDY AND THE LOWER 4995 03:31:03,008 --> 03:31:05,977 COGNITIVE FUNCTION OF THE 4996 03:31:05,977 --> 03:31:07,946 INDIGENOUS, HOW DO WE KNOW 4997 03:31:07,946 --> 03:31:08,947 ABOUT THAT? 4998 03:31:08,947 --> 03:31:15,520 BOTH OF THOSE STUDIES HAVE 4999 03:31:15,520 --> 03:31:16,254 UNDERGONE RIGOROUS 5000 03:31:16,254 --> 03:31:19,424 EVALUATION BETWEEN ENGLISH 5001 03:31:19,424 --> 03:31:22,227 AND SPANISH OFFSPRING, 5002 03:31:22,227 --> 03:31:23,762 EVALUATING IN TERMS OF 5003 03:31:23,762 --> 03:31:25,897 MEASUREMENT AND IN INDIA IN 5004 03:31:25,897 --> 03:31:27,866 THE LAST STUDY, PARTICIPANTS 5005 03:31:27,866 --> 03:31:31,503 COULD BE EVALUATED IN 11 OR 5006 03:31:31,503 --> 03:31:33,905 12 DIFFERENT LANGUAGES AND 5007 03:31:33,905 --> 03:31:36,608 THE BATTERY WAS CAREFULLY 5008 03:31:36,608 --> 03:31:38,076 CONSTRUCTED TO BE USED IN 5009 03:31:38,076 --> 03:31:41,379 THOSE LANGUAGES AND IT SHOWS 5010 03:31:41,379 --> 03:31:43,314 VARIANCE EVEN ACROSS THAT 5011 03:31:43,314 --> 03:31:44,816 CATEGORY SO IT DOESN'T HOLD 5012 03:31:44,816 --> 03:31:46,418 THE SAME FOR ALL DOMAINS. 5013 03:31:46,418 --> 03:31:50,121 SOME OF THE DOMAINS WILL BE 5014 03:31:50,121 --> 03:31:53,725 MORE CULTURALLY IMPRACTICED 5015 03:31:53,725 --> 03:31:54,859 THAN OTHERS, ALTHOUGH NOT 5016 03:31:54,859 --> 03:31:56,494 ALL OF THEM ARE, WHAT 5017 03:31:56,494 --> 03:31:58,196 LANGUAGE COULD THEY BE 5018 03:31:58,196 --> 03:32:01,733 TESTED IN, WHAT IS THEIR 5019 03:32:01,733 --> 03:32:02,767 MOST COMFORTABLE LANGUAGE 5020 03:32:02,767 --> 03:32:05,970 AND HOW ARE THE TOOL VALID 5021 03:32:05,970 --> 03:32:06,905 FOR MEASURING WHAT WE WANT 5022 03:32:06,905 --> 03:32:09,040 TO MEASURE IN THIS 5023 03:32:09,040 --> 03:32:09,441 POPULATION. 5024 03:32:09,441 --> 03:32:10,675 >> I THINK YOU WERE IN LINE 5025 03:32:10,675 --> 03:32:12,277 BEFORE AND THEN I AM JUST 5026 03:32:12,277 --> 03:32:13,912 GOING TO GO AROUND SO GO 5027 03:32:13,912 --> 03:32:21,352 AHEAD WITH YOUR QUESTION. 5028 03:32:21,352 --> 03:32:24,355 >> THANK YOU FOR SUCH AN 5029 03:32:24,355 --> 03:32:24,823 AMAZING PANEL. 5030 03:32:24,823 --> 03:32:28,059 I AM AN AT APOLOGIST SO VERY 5031 03:32:28,059 --> 03:32:34,899 INTERESTING TO HEAR THE 5032 03:32:34,899 --> 03:32:36,868 SOCIAL DETERMINANTS AND 5033 03:32:36,868 --> 03:32:37,535 INEQUITIES BEING MENTIONED. 5034 03:32:37,535 --> 03:32:40,004 AT THE SAME TIME, I CAN'T 5035 03:32:40,004 --> 03:32:41,506 BELIEVE HOW MANY DECADES WE 5036 03:32:41,506 --> 03:32:44,275 HAVE BEEN TALKING AS SOCIAL 5037 03:32:44,275 --> 03:32:47,078 SCIENTISTS ABOUT THE 5038 03:32:47,078 --> 03:32:48,913 INEQUITIES IN HEALTH AND IT 5039 03:32:48,913 --> 03:32:50,849 IS NOT UNUSUAL TO HEAR ABOUT 5040 03:32:50,849 --> 03:32:53,218 THEM IN THIS AREA OF 5041 03:32:53,218 --> 03:32:53,785 COGNITIVE AGING. 5042 03:32:53,785 --> 03:32:55,220 I THINK WHAT I WOULD 5043 03:32:55,220 --> 03:32:57,622 CONSIDER DEEPER IS THE ROLE 5044 03:32:57,622 --> 03:33:01,860 OF INTERVENTION AND WHAT I 5045 03:33:01,860 --> 03:33:02,293 CONSIDER VALID 5046 03:33:02,293 --> 03:33:03,561 INTERVENTIONS, WOULD I WE 5047 03:33:03,561 --> 03:33:04,696 DON'T HAVE MORE 5048 03:33:04,696 --> 03:33:07,332 INTERVENTIONS AND WHY 5049 03:33:07,332 --> 03:33:08,466 CERTAIN MODELS, INTERVENTION 5050 03:33:08,466 --> 03:33:09,968 MAPPING AND SO MANY OTHER 5051 03:33:09,968 --> 03:33:12,904 PUBLIC HEALTH STUDENTS ARE 5052 03:33:12,904 --> 03:33:14,172 LEARNING IN THEIR 5053 03:33:14,172 --> 03:33:14,939 INTERVENTION CLASSES SAY AT 5054 03:33:14,939 --> 03:33:18,710 THE TIME OF DEVELOPING 5055 03:33:18,710 --> 03:33:19,410 INTERVENTIONS, STRUCTURAL 5056 03:33:19,410 --> 03:33:21,779 FACTORS ARE USUALLY NOT 5057 03:33:21,779 --> 03:33:23,314 CHANGEABLE SO AS PAUL SAID, 5058 03:33:23,314 --> 03:33:25,383 CHANGE IS ALSO A SOCIAL 5059 03:33:25,383 --> 03:33:25,817 CONSTRUCTION. 5060 03:33:25,817 --> 03:33:27,485 SO HOW DO WE GET TO THE 5061 03:33:27,485 --> 03:33:29,821 POINT WHERE WE ARE 5062 03:33:29,821 --> 03:33:30,822 DISCUSSING NEW INTERVENTION 5063 03:33:30,822 --> 03:33:33,024 MODELS AT THE STRUCTURAL 5064 03:33:33,024 --> 03:33:35,260 LEVEL, WHAT ROLE DOES NIH 5065 03:33:35,260 --> 03:33:37,295 AND OTHER FUNDING AGENCIES 5066 03:33:37,295 --> 03:33:41,933 HAVE IN TERMS OF PROVIDING A 5067 03:33:41,933 --> 03:33:43,768 WAY TO INTERVENE AT THE 5068 03:33:43,768 --> 03:33:45,136 STRUCTURAL LEVEL WITHOUT 5069 03:33:45,136 --> 03:33:47,338 SAYING WE ARE PRIMARILY 5070 03:33:47,338 --> 03:33:48,940 MODERATING AT THE MICRO 5071 03:33:48,940 --> 03:33:50,308 LEVEL OF INTERVENTION WHEN 5072 03:33:50,308 --> 03:33:52,944 WE HAVE DECADES AND DECADES 5073 03:33:52,944 --> 03:33:54,546 OF SCIENCE SHOWING SOCIAL 5074 03:33:54,546 --> 03:33:55,613 FACTORS ARE FUNDAMENTAL 5075 03:33:55,613 --> 03:33:56,981 CAUSES OF HEALTH. 5076 03:33:56,981 --> 03:33:59,017 SO AGAIN, NOT SURPRISING 5077 03:33:59,017 --> 03:34:00,885 THAT WE WOULD SEE IT IN THE 5078 03:34:00,885 --> 03:34:02,253 AREA OF COGNITIVE HEALTH. 5079 03:34:02,253 --> 03:34:06,791 SO ANY OF YOU -- I WAS 5080 03:34:06,791 --> 03:34:08,059 LOOKING TO Dr. JACKSON FOR 5081 03:34:08,059 --> 03:34:11,829 HELP ON THIS BUT ANY OF YOU 5082 03:34:11,829 --> 03:34:13,831 CAN CERTAINLY ANSWER THE 5083 03:34:13,831 --> 03:34:14,199 QUESTION. 5084 03:34:14,199 --> 03:34:14,732 THANK YOU. 5085 03:34:14,732 --> 03:34:20,605 >> SURE, SO MY MENTOR Dr. 5086 03:34:20,605 --> 03:34:23,208 DEREK GRIFFITH TALKS A LOT 5087 03:34:23,208 --> 03:34:24,342 ABOUT EXPANDING PRETTY 5088 03:34:24,342 --> 03:34:34,886 SIGNATURES MEDICINE BECAUSE 5089 03:34:37,121 --> 03:34:38,489 -- PREVENTION AND WHAT IF 5090 03:34:38,489 --> 03:34:39,657 YOU CONSIDERED THOSE FACTORS 5091 03:34:39,657 --> 03:34:41,926 AS PART OF THE MEDICINE? 5092 03:34:41,926 --> 03:34:45,263 WHAT IF YOU KNEW THIS WAS A 5093 03:34:45,263 --> 03:34:46,231 COUNTY THAT RACIALIZES BLACK 5094 03:34:46,231 --> 03:34:47,332 AND WHAT KIND OF 5095 03:34:47,332 --> 03:34:48,066 INTERVENTION WOULD YOU 5096 03:34:48,066 --> 03:34:49,434 TARGET FOR A PLACE LIKE 5097 03:34:49,434 --> 03:34:49,934 THAT? 5098 03:34:49,934 --> 03:34:51,869 HOW WOULD YOU TALK TO PEOPLE 5099 03:34:51,869 --> 03:34:52,904 IN CLINICAL SETTINGS ABOUT 5100 03:34:52,904 --> 03:34:54,739 THAT INSTEAD OF SAYING THE 5101 03:34:54,739 --> 03:34:57,542 RISK FACTOR IS THAT THEY ARE 5102 03:34:57,542 --> 03:34:59,177 BLACK, WHAT ABOUT THEIR RISK 5103 03:34:59,177 --> 03:35:01,479 FACTOR IS THEY LIVED IN A 5104 03:35:01,479 --> 03:35:02,547 CONTEXT WHICH THEY MIGHT 5105 03:35:02,547 --> 03:35:04,716 HAVE HAD TO FLEE BECAUSE A 5106 03:35:04,716 --> 03:35:07,919 FAMILY MEMBER WAS LUNCHED? 5107 03:35:07,919 --> 03:35:09,754 HOW CAN WE RECONFIGURE OUR 5108 03:35:09,754 --> 03:35:13,791 YOU A SESMENT TO CAPTURE 5109 03:35:13,791 --> 03:35:19,097 THESE VARIABLES AND HOW WE 5110 03:35:19,097 --> 03:35:19,797 RECONFIGURE MEDICINE TO 5111 03:35:19,797 --> 03:35:20,732 TARGET THE DESTRUCTION SO 5112 03:35:20,732 --> 03:35:24,202 THEN WE CAN GET TO THE 5113 03:35:24,202 --> 03:35:25,870 INDIVIDUALIZED STUFF BUT WE 5114 03:35:25,870 --> 03:35:28,172 HAVE TO TACKLE FIRST THINGS 5115 03:35:28,172 --> 03:35:28,473 FIRST. 5116 03:35:28,473 --> 03:35:29,707 >> OTHERS WANT TO WEIGH IN? 5117 03:35:29,707 --> 03:35:31,409 I WILL SAY THAT, YOU KNOW, 5118 03:35:31,409 --> 03:35:33,911 WE HAVE HAD A NUMBER OF 5119 03:35:33,911 --> 03:35:37,048 NATURAL EXPERIMENTS THAT, 5120 03:35:37,048 --> 03:35:39,050 YOU KNOW, YOU HAVE SEEN SOME 5121 03:35:39,050 --> 03:35:40,285 OF THESE DATA PRESENTED JUST 5122 03:35:40,285 --> 03:35:41,819 NOW AND THERE IS MORE OUT 5123 03:35:41,819 --> 03:35:44,322 THERE THAT, YOU KNOW, 5124 03:35:44,322 --> 03:35:44,822 WEREN'T PRESENTED. 5125 03:35:44,822 --> 03:35:50,228 THESE ARE WAYS OF, YOU KNOW, 5126 03:35:50,228 --> 03:35:51,929 MODELING WHAT AN 5127 03:35:51,929 --> 03:35:53,564 INTERVENTION WOULD LOOK 5128 03:35:53,564 --> 03:35:55,033 LIKE. 5129 03:35:55,033 --> 03:35:58,603 THERE'S A REALLY GREAT 5130 03:35:58,603 --> 03:36:01,973 PAPER, FIRST AUTHOR, FOR 5131 03:36:01,973 --> 03:36:03,441 GETTING THEIR NAME BUT 5132 03:36:03,441 --> 03:36:11,049 PREPARED WHAT WOULD HAPPEN 5133 03:36:11,049 --> 03:36:13,718 USING THE DATA AS A 5134 03:36:13,718 --> 03:36:16,321 CLINICIAN ON BLACK AND WHITE 5135 03:36:16,321 --> 03:36:20,892 MORTALITY DIFFERENCES. 5136 03:36:20,892 --> 03:36:22,093 >> WAS THIS HEMMELSTEIN? 5137 03:36:22,093 --> 03:36:23,928 >> YES, LOOK IT UP, IT IS A 5138 03:36:23,928 --> 03:36:24,395 WONDERFUL PAPER. 5139 03:36:24,395 --> 03:36:26,597 SO WE HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY 5140 03:36:26,597 --> 03:36:27,865 TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF SOME OF 5141 03:36:27,865 --> 03:36:29,467 THE POLICIES THAT HAVE 5142 03:36:29,467 --> 03:36:30,501 CHANGED ACROSS STATES AND 5143 03:36:30,501 --> 03:36:32,003 TIME BUT I AGREE AND THANK 5144 03:36:32,003 --> 03:36:37,275 YOU FOR THAT SORT OF 5145 03:36:37,275 --> 03:36:38,076 RALLYING COMMENT. 5146 03:36:38,076 --> 03:36:40,411 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH TO THIS 5147 03:36:40,411 --> 03:36:43,881 PANEL, WHICH ABSOLUTELY 5148 03:36:43,881 --> 03:36:45,116 BLOWS MY MIND. 5149 03:36:45,116 --> 03:36:47,185 THE SCIENCE IS CLEARLY 5150 03:36:47,185 --> 03:36:48,986 DEVELOPING BUT THERE ARE SO 5151 03:36:48,986 --> 03:36:50,388 MANY THINGS THAT YOU ARE 5152 03:36:50,388 --> 03:36:53,424 TALKING ABOUT THAT WE 5153 03:36:53,424 --> 03:36:55,159 UNDERSTAND SOME CULTURE 5154 03:36:55,159 --> 03:36:57,628 RELATING TO ECONOMIC ISSUES, 5155 03:36:57,628 --> 03:37:00,465 RELATING TO CULTURAL 5156 03:37:00,465 --> 03:37:02,467 FACTORS, AND SO EVEN THOUGH 5157 03:37:02,467 --> 03:37:04,302 YOU CAN'T FIX EVERYTHING 5158 03:37:04,302 --> 03:37:10,007 RIGHT NOW, IF I ASK EACH OF 5159 03:37:10,007 --> 03:37:15,480 YOU WHAT ARE THE PUBLIC 5160 03:37:15,480 --> 03:37:21,619 HEALTH RECOMMEND OCCASIONS, 5161 03:37:21,619 --> 03:37:24,989 -- RECOMMENDATIONS, YOU 5162 03:37:24,989 --> 03:37:27,992 WOULD PICK ONE THAT WE CAN 5163 03:37:27,992 --> 03:37:29,927 START WHAT TO DO? 5164 03:37:29,927 --> 03:37:31,195 >> WELL, ANYONE CAN START. 5165 03:37:31,195 --> 03:37:32,830 SHOULD I PICK ON KATRINA 5166 03:37:32,830 --> 03:37:35,600 SINCE YOU WERE LAST TO 5167 03:37:35,600 --> 03:37:36,234 SPEAK? 5168 03:37:36,234 --> 03:37:36,567 >> SURE. 5169 03:37:36,567 --> 03:37:41,239 I MEAN I AM IN A SCHOOL OF 5170 03:37:41,239 --> 03:37:43,074 PUBLIC POLICY AND I ALWAYS 5171 03:37:43,074 --> 03:37:45,042 THINK OF POLICY BUT ALL OF 5172 03:37:45,042 --> 03:37:45,543 THESE CAN CHANGE. 5173 03:37:45,543 --> 03:37:47,011 I AM DOING OTHER WORK OTHER 5174 03:37:47,011 --> 03:37:49,647 THAN THE WORK I PRESENTED 5175 03:37:49,647 --> 03:37:50,782 HERE IN EDUCATIONAL QUALITY 5176 03:37:50,782 --> 03:37:51,449 AND INVESTMENT IN SCHOOLS 5177 03:37:51,449 --> 03:37:53,985 AND I WOULD SAY ONE THING 5178 03:37:53,985 --> 03:37:59,724 THAT I WOULD ADVOCATE FOR IS 5179 03:37:59,724 --> 03:38:02,794 EQUAL ACCESS TO HIGH QUALITY 5180 03:38:02,794 --> 03:38:05,096 EDUCATION AS A KEY KIND OF 5181 03:38:05,096 --> 03:38:07,732 WAY TO PREVENT SOME OF THESE 5182 03:38:07,732 --> 03:38:08,399 LATER LIFE OUTCOMES. 5183 03:38:08,399 --> 03:38:12,403 IT IS NOT JUST -- I MEAN 5184 03:38:12,403 --> 03:38:13,738 WE'RE TALKING COGNITIVE 5185 03:38:13,738 --> 03:38:15,773 HEALTH HERE BUT IT ALSO IS 5186 03:38:15,773 --> 03:38:18,743 RELATED TO A LOT OF OTHER 5187 03:38:18,743 --> 03:38:21,579 HEALTH OUTCOMES THAT WE'RE 5188 03:38:21,579 --> 03:38:24,649 CONCERNED ABOUT TOO, 5189 03:38:24,649 --> 03:38:25,416 THINKING ABOUT POPULATION 5190 03:38:25,416 --> 03:38:29,987 HEALTH SO THAT WOULD BE MY 5191 03:38:29,987 --> 03:38:30,455 RECOMMENDATION. 5192 03:38:30,455 --> 03:38:32,590 >> MY RECOMMENDATION FROM MY 5193 03:38:32,590 --> 03:38:34,992 WORK IS THE SOCIAL 5194 03:38:34,992 --> 03:38:35,493 ECONOMICS. 5195 03:38:35,493 --> 03:38:38,629 THE THEME THAT I WAS 5196 03:38:38,629 --> 03:38:43,267 PRESENTING ON, THOSE MOST 5197 03:38:43,267 --> 03:38:44,435 ECONOMICALLY DISADVANTAGED 5198 03:38:44,435 --> 03:38:47,138 ARE DOING WORSE. 5199 03:38:47,138 --> 03:38:49,273 AND MAYBE INDIGENOUS 5200 03:38:49,273 --> 03:38:51,409 POPULATIONS AND INDIANS WERE 5201 03:38:51,409 --> 03:38:53,411 THE ONES THAT WERE WORSE 5202 03:38:53,411 --> 03:38:54,212 COMPARED TO EVERYBODY. 5203 03:38:54,212 --> 03:38:58,616 SO I THINK IMPROVING 5204 03:38:58,616 --> 03:38:59,684 EVERYONE'S ECONOMIC STATUS 5205 03:38:59,684 --> 03:39:01,152 AND THE OPPORTUNITY THAT CAN 5206 03:39:01,152 --> 03:39:02,553 COME WITH THAT, I THINK THAT 5207 03:39:02,553 --> 03:39:06,824 WOULD HELP BRING EVERYBODY'S 5208 03:39:06,824 --> 03:39:07,658 BRAIN HEALTH UP. 5209 03:39:07,658 --> 03:39:09,260 >> YEAH, I THINK I ANSWERED 5210 03:39:09,260 --> 03:39:11,629 THIS QUESTION AND I HAVE TO 5211 03:39:11,629 --> 03:39:15,032 THINK BOTH ABOUT WHAT IS THE 5212 03:39:15,032 --> 03:39:17,401 BIGGEST CONTRIBUTOR TO THESE 5213 03:39:17,401 --> 03:39:18,769 DISPARITIES AND THEN ALSO 5214 03:39:18,769 --> 03:39:26,277 WHAT IS MOST TRACTABLE AS AN 5215 03:39:26,277 --> 03:39:29,213 INTERVENTION TARGET SO WE 5216 03:39:29,213 --> 03:39:32,850 HAVE SEEN EDUCATION AND 5217 03:39:32,850 --> 03:39:36,020 ECONOMIC STATUS ARE THE 5218 03:39:36,020 --> 03:39:37,188 BIGGEST. 5219 03:39:37,188 --> 03:39:39,023 BUT THE FACTORS THAT EXIST 5220 03:39:39,023 --> 03:39:41,425 AT THE SCHOOL LEVEL IN TERMS 5221 03:39:41,425 --> 03:39:42,894 OF INVESTING IN COMMUNITIES 5222 03:39:42,894 --> 03:39:43,928 RATHER THAN INDIVIDUALS 5223 03:39:43,928 --> 03:39:47,765 WHICH MAY BE MORE DIFFICULT 5224 03:39:47,765 --> 03:39:49,700 TO LEGISLATE. 5225 03:39:49,700 --> 03:39:51,669 >> I COMPLETELY DISAGREE 5226 03:39:51,669 --> 03:39:52,370 WITH ALL THE SOCIOECONOMIC 5227 03:39:52,370 --> 03:39:53,971 STUFF AND HERE IS WHY. 5228 03:39:53,971 --> 03:39:55,573 THERE IS ROBUST LITERATURE 5229 03:39:55,573 --> 03:39:57,441 FROM WITHIN GROUP STUDIES 5230 03:39:57,441 --> 03:39:59,677 THAT SHOW BLACK MIDDLE CLASS 5231 03:39:59,677 --> 03:40:00,611 COMMUNITIES EXPERIENCE SOME 5232 03:40:00,611 --> 03:40:01,445 OF THE WORST OUTCOMES. 5233 03:40:01,445 --> 03:40:04,148 SO YOU WOULD THINK THAT THEY 5234 03:40:04,148 --> 03:40:07,418 ARE GOING TO PERFORM WELL IN 5235 03:40:07,418 --> 03:40:09,487 A LOT OF OUTCOMES BECAUSE 5236 03:40:09,487 --> 03:40:11,122 THEY HAVE "MADE IT". 5237 03:40:11,122 --> 03:40:12,557 BUT THE PRESSURE TO EVEN GET 5238 03:40:12,557 --> 03:40:14,058 TO THAT LEVEL OR STAY ON 5239 03:40:14,058 --> 03:40:16,327 THAT LEVEL IS SO EXTREME 5240 03:40:16,327 --> 03:40:20,665 THAT IT IS DELETERIOUS SO 5241 03:40:20,665 --> 03:40:22,900 THE BODY SO NOT SURE I WANT 5242 03:40:22,900 --> 03:40:25,903 WANT PEOPLE TO DO THAT. 5243 03:40:25,903 --> 03:40:29,707 I WOULD ADVOCATE TO 5244 03:40:29,707 --> 03:40:31,242 RESTORATIVE INTERVENTIONS. 5245 03:40:31,242 --> 03:40:34,345 WE DON'T KNOW IF HISTORICAL 5246 03:40:34,345 --> 03:40:37,648 LYNCHINGS ARE PICKING UP ON 5247 03:40:37,648 --> 03:40:39,116 FEAR, ANXIETY, TRAUMA, 5248 03:40:39,116 --> 03:40:41,752 PICKING UP ON SO MUCH SO 5249 03:40:41,752 --> 03:40:49,193 IMAGINE IN A RESTORATIVE 5250 03:40:49,193 --> 03:40:52,363 INTERVENTION WHAT IT WOULD 5251 03:40:52,363 --> 03:40:54,632 PROVIDE AND ALSO THAT 5252 03:40:54,632 --> 03:40:55,533 APOLOGY AND RECOGNITION THAT 5253 03:40:55,533 --> 03:40:58,970 YOU WERE NOT CRAZY, THAT YOU 5254 03:40:58,970 --> 03:41:00,771 WERE REALLY TAUNTED AND 5255 03:41:00,771 --> 03:41:02,373 TRAUMATIZED AND I WOULD 5256 03:41:02,373 --> 03:41:02,940 ADVOCATE FOR THAT. 5257 03:41:02,940 --> 03:41:04,542 >> I LOVE THAT YOU BROUGHT 5258 03:41:04,542 --> 03:41:06,944 UP THAT LITERATURE ABOUT 5259 03:41:06,944 --> 03:41:09,113 MIDDLE AND UPPER CLASS BLACK 5260 03:41:09,113 --> 03:41:11,582 OLDER ADULTS AND THERE IS 5261 03:41:11,582 --> 03:41:17,321 SUCH A RICH LITERATURE ON 5262 03:41:17,321 --> 03:41:18,723 THE DISCRIMINATION IN THOSE 5263 03:41:18,723 --> 03:41:21,359 GROUPS AND A LOT OF THAT IS 5264 03:41:21,359 --> 03:41:22,259 LINKED TO WORK AND 5265 03:41:22,259 --> 03:41:22,893 NEIGHBORHOOD ENVIRONMENTS. 5266 03:41:22,893 --> 03:41:25,830 SO I THINK ONE OF THE 5267 03:41:25,830 --> 03:41:26,864 CHALLENGES OF NEIGHBORHOODS 5268 03:41:26,864 --> 03:41:29,333 IS TO IDENTIFY THE COUNTER 5269 03:41:29,333 --> 03:41:31,836 FACTUAL, ARE WE TAKING 5270 03:41:31,836 --> 03:41:32,870 PEOPLE OUT OF ONE 5271 03:41:32,870 --> 03:41:33,904 NEIGHBORHOOD AND PUTTING 5272 03:41:33,904 --> 03:41:35,139 THEM IN ANOTHER NEIGHBORHOOD 5273 03:41:35,139 --> 03:41:37,074 AND I THINK THAT CAN LEAD TO 5274 03:41:37,074 --> 03:41:37,508 MORE STRESS. 5275 03:41:37,508 --> 03:41:40,077 I THINK IT IS MORE ABOUT 5276 03:41:40,077 --> 03:41:41,078 PUTTING RESOURCES INTO 5277 03:41:41,078 --> 03:41:42,346 NEIGHBORHOODS RATHER THAN 5278 03:41:42,346 --> 03:41:43,948 MOVING PEOPLE OUT OF THOSE 5279 03:41:43,948 --> 03:41:46,150 NEIGHBORHOODS WHICH MIGHT BE 5280 03:41:46,150 --> 03:41:46,917 A PROTECTIVE ENCLAVE. 5281 03:41:46,917 --> 03:41:49,186 IF THERE WAS NO DIFFERENCE 5282 03:41:49,186 --> 03:41:54,225 IN CURRENT NEIGHBORHOOD 5283 03:41:54,225 --> 03:41:56,494 ECONOMIC STATUS BETWEEN THE 5284 03:41:56,494 --> 03:41:58,429 GROUPS WHO HAD HIGH AND 5285 03:41:58,429 --> 03:42:00,331 THOSE WITH MODERATE AND 5286 03:42:00,331 --> 03:42:02,333 INCREASING AND THEY WERE THE 5287 03:42:02,333 --> 03:42:06,303 ONES DOING ALL THE WORK AND 5288 03:42:06,303 --> 03:42:07,471 DEVELOPING RESILIENCE. 5289 03:42:07,471 --> 03:42:08,739 SO PLUCKING THEM OUT OF 5290 03:42:08,739 --> 03:42:10,141 THOSE NEIGHBORHOODS IS NOT 5291 03:42:10,141 --> 03:42:11,609 THE ANSWER BUT MEETING 5292 03:42:11,609 --> 03:42:12,677 PEOPLE WHERE THEY ARE IS THE 5293 03:42:12,677 --> 03:42:15,846 BEST WAY IF WE WANT TO 5294 03:42:15,846 --> 03:42:17,181 INTERVENE ON SOCIOECONOMIC 5295 03:42:17,181 --> 03:42:17,515 STATUS. 5296 03:42:17,515 --> 03:42:19,550 JUST WANT TO ADD THAT. 5297 03:42:19,550 --> 03:42:23,888 >> THANK YOU FOR SUCH A 5298 03:42:23,888 --> 03:42:24,855 SPECTACULAR TALK. 5299 03:42:24,855 --> 03:42:29,160 THE QUESTION FOR ME IS OUT 5300 03:42:29,160 --> 03:42:31,896 OF CURIOSITY, SO I 5301 03:42:31,896 --> 03:42:33,798 UNDERSTAND THAT YOU LET THEM 5302 03:42:33,798 --> 03:42:35,833 TAKE THE TEST IN WHICHEVER 5303 03:42:35,833 --> 03:42:37,234 LANGUAGE THEY PREFER, RIGHT? 5304 03:42:37,234 --> 03:42:39,503 SO MY QUESTION IS DO YOU 5305 03:42:39,503 --> 03:42:43,074 THINK THERE IS VALUE ON 5306 03:42:43,074 --> 03:42:46,677 MAKING A TEST THAT HAS BOTH 5307 03:42:46,677 --> 03:42:47,244 LANGUAGES? 5308 03:42:47,244 --> 03:42:49,246 I MEAN SO WOULD IT BE 5309 03:42:49,246 --> 03:42:59,790 DIFFERENT BECAUSE THE GROUP 5310 03:43:00,424 --> 03:43:01,592 OBVIOUSLY THE IMMIGRANTS WHO 5311 03:43:01,592 --> 03:43:03,227 ARRIVED IN THE COUNTRY THE 5312 03:43:03,227 --> 03:43:06,163 FIRST TEN YEARS OF THEIR 5313 03:43:06,163 --> 03:43:07,431 LIFE, THEIR FIRST LANGUAGE 5314 03:43:07,431 --> 03:43:08,532 WOULD SWITCH AND I DON'T 5315 03:43:08,532 --> 03:43:09,934 KNOW IF THERE WAS ANY 5316 03:43:09,934 --> 03:43:14,905 THOUGHT TO THAT SO ANY WAY, 5317 03:43:14,905 --> 03:43:16,941 YOUR PERSPECTIVE ON THAT 5318 03:43:16,941 --> 03:43:18,609 WHICH COULD BE QUITE 5319 03:43:18,609 --> 03:43:19,076 DIFFERENT. 5320 03:43:19,076 --> 03:43:20,244 >> YES, THANK YOU SO MUCH 5321 03:43:20,244 --> 03:43:21,579 FOR THAT QUESTION. 5322 03:43:21,579 --> 03:43:23,280 YOU ARE MAKING THE POINT 5323 03:43:23,280 --> 03:43:25,916 THAT THERE COULD BE A CHANGE 5324 03:43:25,916 --> 03:43:26,851 IN LANGUAGE, SOMEONE COMING 5325 03:43:26,851 --> 03:43:29,787 TO THE U.S. WHERE SPANISH IS 5326 03:43:29,787 --> 03:43:33,057 DOMINANT AND THEN BECAUSE OF 5327 03:43:33,057 --> 03:43:38,262 CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT, 5328 03:43:38,262 --> 03:43:40,998 THEY SPEAK IN ENGLISH AND I 5329 03:43:40,998 --> 03:43:42,633 EXPERIENCE THAT MYSELF, GO 5330 03:43:42,633 --> 03:43:43,768 BACK AND FORTH. 5331 03:43:43,768 --> 03:43:45,469 SO UNDERSTANDING THE TRUE 5332 03:43:45,469 --> 03:43:48,572 DOMINANCE AND HOW IT CHANGES 5333 03:43:48,572 --> 03:43:48,939 OVER TIME. 5334 03:43:48,939 --> 03:43:50,875 IN EVALUATING BOTH ENGLISH 5335 03:43:50,875 --> 03:43:52,810 AND SPANISH TOGETHER, I 5336 03:43:52,810 --> 03:43:54,779 THINK IT WILL DEPEND ON WHAT 5337 03:43:54,779 --> 03:43:56,046 WE'RE TRYING TO GET AT 5338 03:43:56,046 --> 03:43:57,548 BECAUSE WE DON'T WANT TO 5339 03:43:57,548 --> 03:43:59,049 TEST THEM IN A LANGUAGE THAT 5340 03:43:59,049 --> 03:44:01,018 IS HARDER FOR THEM. 5341 03:44:01,018 --> 03:44:03,387 THEN WE'RE NOT REALLY 5342 03:44:03,387 --> 03:44:06,023 MEASURING MEMORY, PERHAPS 5343 03:44:06,023 --> 03:44:08,626 BUT GETTING MORE PROFICIENCY 5344 03:44:08,626 --> 03:44:10,761 IN THAT OTHER LANGUAGE. 5345 03:44:10,761 --> 03:44:13,063 BUT THERE ARE SOME ASPECTS 5346 03:44:13,063 --> 03:44:17,001 HOW THEY RELATE TO BOTH 5347 03:44:17,001 --> 03:44:17,434 LANGUAGES. 5348 03:44:17,434 --> 03:44:21,405 THOSE AT GREATER RISK OF 5349 03:44:21,405 --> 03:44:22,907 DEVELOPING DEMENTIA OR 5350 03:44:22,907 --> 03:44:25,309 ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, WE ARE 5351 03:44:25,309 --> 03:44:28,112 SEEING A DECLINE IN THE 5352 03:44:28,112 --> 03:44:29,280 SECOND LANGUAGE. 5353 03:44:29,280 --> 03:44:31,782 SO MAYBE NOT THE WHOLE 5354 03:44:31,782 --> 03:44:33,851 BATTERY IN LANGUAGES BUT 5355 03:44:33,851 --> 03:44:38,889 LOOK AT ASPECTS OF ABILITIES 5356 03:44:38,889 --> 03:44:40,257 OTHER THAN SELF-REPORT TO BE 5357 03:44:40,257 --> 03:44:41,792 DOCUMENTED OVER TIME TO SEE 5358 03:44:41,792 --> 03:44:48,732 HOW THEY CHANGE. 5359 03:44:48,732 --> 03:44:50,434 >> THANK YOU. 5360 03:44:50,434 --> 03:44:52,469 >> HI, DIANE FROM FOCUS 5361 03:44:52,469 --> 03:44:52,870 FOUNDATION. 5362 03:44:52,870 --> 03:44:57,308 I WOULD LOVE FOR YOU TO 5363 03:44:57,308 --> 03:44:58,909 MAYBE PARK SOME SPACE 5364 03:44:58,909 --> 03:45:01,312 DIFFERENCES BECAUSE I KNOW 5365 03:45:01,312 --> 03:45:02,012 STRUCTURAL AND SOCIETAL 5366 03:45:02,012 --> 03:45:03,614 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEN AND 5367 03:45:03,614 --> 03:45:04,548 WOMEN. 5368 03:45:04,548 --> 03:45:06,817 IN THE 1980S, I REMEMBER IN 5369 03:45:06,817 --> 03:45:08,385 MY ALGEBRA CLASS TELLING ME 5370 03:45:08,385 --> 03:45:11,121 NONE OF THE WOMEN CHOO 5371 03:45:11,121 --> 03:45:12,356 UNDERSTAND VECTORS BECAUSE 5372 03:45:12,356 --> 03:45:14,792 THEY COULDN'T THINK IN 3D 5373 03:45:14,792 --> 03:45:15,826 AND HE DIDN'T BELIEVE ME 5374 03:45:15,826 --> 03:45:17,528 WHEN I TOLD HIM I COULD 5375 03:45:17,528 --> 03:45:19,864 UNDERSTAND AND THAT WAS IN 5376 03:45:19,864 --> 03:45:26,337 THE 19 -- 1980S. 5377 03:45:26,337 --> 03:45:27,705 SO CAN YOU GIVE INFORMATION 5378 03:45:27,705 --> 03:45:34,411 TO MARS OUT -- TO PARSE 5379 03:45:34,411 --> 03:45:37,348 THAT OUT BECAUSE IT IS NOT 5380 03:45:37,348 --> 03:45:38,515 ALL ONE COMMUNITY. 5381 03:45:38,515 --> 03:45:40,551 >> WELL, SURE, AND MAYBE I 5382 03:45:40,551 --> 03:45:42,286 WILL NEED SOME HELP BECAUSE 5383 03:45:42,286 --> 03:45:44,788 I DON'T REALLY KNOW. 5384 03:45:44,788 --> 03:45:48,893 THERE ARE PEOPLE WHO LOOK AT 5385 03:45:48,893 --> 03:45:52,162 INTERSECTIONALITY IN THIS 5386 03:45:52,162 --> 03:45:57,868 GROUP AND SHOW RACIAL WOMEN 5387 03:45:57,868 --> 03:46:01,071 AS BLACK DO WORSE THAN 5388 03:46:01,071 --> 03:46:03,340 RACIALIZED WOMEN IN WHITE 5389 03:46:03,340 --> 03:46:05,175 BUT AN ADOLESCENT SURVEY 5390 03:46:05,175 --> 03:46:07,111 WHEN STRUCTURE AND RACE 5391 03:46:07,111 --> 03:46:10,080 ISN'T PART OF THE EQUATION, 5392 03:46:10,080 --> 03:46:13,017 BOYS OR MEN RACIALIZET AS 5393 03:46:13,017 --> 03:46:14,184 BLACKS DO WORSE AND I DON'T 5394 03:46:14,184 --> 03:46:17,454 KNOW WHAT TO MAKE OF THAT. 5395 03:46:17,454 --> 03:46:18,622 I DON'T UNDERSTAND IT FOR 5396 03:46:18,622 --> 03:46:20,991 THE LIFE OF ME AND QUITE 5397 03:46:20,991 --> 03:46:23,327 FRANKLY, I THINK I AM BIASED 5398 03:46:23,327 --> 03:46:25,362 BECAUSE I JUST REFUSE TO 5399 03:46:25,362 --> 03:46:26,931 ACCEPT IT AND KEEP LOOKING 5400 03:46:26,931 --> 03:46:28,165 AT IT. 5401 03:46:28,165 --> 03:46:30,534 BUT WE PUBLISHED BOTH OF 5402 03:46:30,534 --> 03:46:31,468 THOSE FINDINGS AND I DON'T 5403 03:46:31,468 --> 03:46:33,871 KNOW WHO TO THINK ABOUT IT. 5404 03:46:33,871 --> 03:46:35,439 SO THE NEXT STAGE IS TO 5405 03:46:35,439 --> 03:46:37,775 SPECIFICALLY LOOK AT THE 5406 03:46:37,775 --> 03:46:38,475 RACIALIZED EXPERIENCES OF 5407 03:46:38,475 --> 03:46:39,977 BLACK MEN AND BOYS TO FIGURE 5408 03:46:39,977 --> 03:46:42,079 OUT WHAT IS GOING ON THERE 5409 03:46:42,079 --> 03:46:42,880 BECAUSE IT IS WEIRD. 5410 03:46:42,880 --> 03:46:47,284 >> I LOOK FORWARD TO THAT 5411 03:46:47,284 --> 03:46:47,651 RESEARCH. 5412 03:46:47,651 --> 03:46:49,586 >> YEAH, I WILL TAKE THE 5413 03:46:49,586 --> 03:46:50,354 OPPORTUNITY TO HIGHLIGHT 5414 03:46:50,354 --> 03:46:52,356 SOME WORK OF A GRADUATE 5415 03:46:52,356 --> 03:46:56,927 STUDENT IN MY LAB, KIONA 5416 03:46:56,927 --> 03:46:59,063 STANBURG WHO IS INTERESTED 5417 03:46:59,063 --> 03:47:01,498 IN THE INTERSECTIONALITY. 5418 03:47:01,498 --> 03:47:09,373 SHE HAD LOOKED AT RESILIENCE 5419 03:47:09,373 --> 03:47:10,541 TO COGGIZATION AND SOME 5420 03:47:10,541 --> 03:47:11,909 INTERESTING THINGS THAT CAME 5421 03:47:11,909 --> 03:47:14,511 OUT OF THAT IS IT SEEMED 5422 03:47:14,511 --> 03:47:19,817 BLACK WOMEN BENEFITTED LESS 5423 03:47:19,817 --> 03:47:21,085 TO PSYCHO RESILIENCE AND 5424 03:47:21,085 --> 03:47:22,653 THAT MAKES US THINK ABOUT 5425 03:47:22,653 --> 03:47:24,621 THE TYPE OF COPPING PEOPLE 5426 03:47:24,621 --> 03:47:26,924 HAVE TO ENGAGE IN TO MANAGE 5427 03:47:26,924 --> 03:47:27,992 STRESS. 5428 03:47:27,992 --> 03:47:32,663 IT MAY BE EFFECTIVE IN SOME 5429 03:47:32,663 --> 03:47:34,164 WAYS BUT DELETERIOUS IN 5430 03:47:34,164 --> 03:47:34,498 OTHERS. 5431 03:47:34,498 --> 03:47:35,866 AND THOSE DOING WORSE WERE 5432 03:47:35,866 --> 03:47:38,068 THE BLACK MEN AND WE THOUGHT 5433 03:47:38,068 --> 03:47:40,671 ABOUT WHAT TYPE OF STRESSES, 5434 03:47:40,671 --> 03:47:42,172 BOTH RACIALLY AND PATTERNED 5435 03:47:42,172 --> 03:47:46,276 BY GENDER AND I THINK AJ'S 5436 03:47:46,276 --> 03:47:48,012 FRAMEWORK OF MATH AND 5437 03:47:48,012 --> 03:47:51,415 INCARCERATION, WHAT WE SEE 5438 03:47:51,415 --> 03:47:52,216 IS LOWER SOCIOECONOMIC 5439 03:47:52,216 --> 03:47:55,419 OUTCOMES OF THE MEN IN OUR 5440 03:47:55,419 --> 03:47:57,321 SAMPLE ECONOMY PAIRED TO 5441 03:47:57,321 --> 03:47:59,390 THAT OF WOMEN AND I THINK 5442 03:47:59,390 --> 03:48:03,460 THAT MAY BE RELATED TO 5443 03:48:03,460 --> 03:48:07,364 WORKING IN THAT SPACE SO 5444 03:48:07,364 --> 03:48:10,901 WHEN WE FIND DISASSOCIATIVE 5445 03:48:10,901 --> 03:48:12,002 FINDINGS, THAT HAS US 5446 03:48:12,002 --> 03:48:16,306 LOOKING AT WHAT IS GOING ON, 5447 03:48:16,306 --> 03:48:19,009 IS IT DIFFERENT STRESSO RS 5448 03:48:19,009 --> 03:48:19,510 OR COPING SKILLS. 5449 03:48:19,510 --> 03:48:20,944 >> I WANT TO GIVE A SHOUT 5450 03:48:20,944 --> 03:48:27,217 OUT TO ONE OF MY COME-UPPERS 5451 03:48:27,217 --> 03:48:29,653 AS WELL, HENDERSON WHO HAD A 5452 03:48:29,653 --> 03:48:32,289 PAPER AT U.S. F A FEW YEARS 5453 03:48:32,289 --> 03:48:36,493 AGO BUT LOOKING AT THE 5454 03:48:36,493 --> 03:48:40,531 PAPERS OF INTERSECTIONALITY 5455 03:48:40,531 --> 03:48:41,532 AND RELIGIOUS PARTICIPATION 5456 03:48:41,532 --> 03:48:45,869 AND IF I RECALL CORRECTLY, 5457 03:48:45,869 --> 03:48:48,472 THAT WAS PROTECTIVELY BOUND 5458 03:48:48,472 --> 03:48:50,507 FOR BLACK MIDLIFE OLDER 5459 03:48:50,507 --> 03:48:53,110 ADULT WOMEN BUT IN TERMS OF 5460 03:48:53,110 --> 03:48:54,845 THE COGNITIVE FUNCTION, YOU 5461 03:48:54,845 --> 03:48:56,880 CAN'T REALLY FIND THOSE 5462 03:48:56,880 --> 03:48:59,149 EFFECTS WITHIN MEN AND FOUND 5463 03:48:59,149 --> 03:49:00,384 THE OPPOSITE FOR WHITE MEN 5464 03:49:00,384 --> 03:49:01,985 AND WOMEN. 5465 03:49:01,985 --> 03:49:03,921 SO MORE PARTICIPATION AND 5466 03:49:03,921 --> 03:49:07,191 MORE OFFERING WAS ASSOCIATED 5467 03:49:07,191 --> 03:49:09,059 WITH THE CORE FUNCTION OF 5468 03:49:09,059 --> 03:49:09,893 WHITE MEN AND WOMEN. 5469 03:49:09,893 --> 03:49:12,396 SO I THINK THAT MIGHT TAP 5470 03:49:12,396 --> 03:49:14,698 INTO WHAT LAURA WAS SAYING 5471 03:49:14,698 --> 03:49:17,568 IN TERMS OF RESILIENCE, WHAT 5472 03:49:17,568 --> 03:49:19,403 THE ASPECTS ARE THAT MAKE 5473 03:49:19,403 --> 03:49:21,472 PEOPLE MORE RESILIENT AND 5474 03:49:21,472 --> 03:49:22,039 NOT RESILIENT. 5475 03:49:22,039 --> 03:49:23,674 >> CAN I JUST ADD TO THIS? 5476 03:49:23,674 --> 03:49:25,275 I THINK THIS MIGHT BE A 5477 03:49:25,275 --> 03:49:27,344 PRIME OPPORTUNITY FOR 5478 03:49:27,344 --> 03:49:28,946 LOOKING AT CRITICAL PERIODS 5479 03:49:28,946 --> 03:49:30,514 OF EXPOSURE BECAUSE THINKING 5480 03:49:30,514 --> 03:49:32,916 ABOUT THE FIRST PANEL AND 5481 03:49:32,916 --> 03:49:36,286 THE TOPIC ON MENOPAUSE AND 5482 03:49:36,286 --> 03:49:45,229 PREGNANCY, I MEAN, NASA IN 5483 03:49:45,229 --> 03:49:48,665 THE 1990S TOOK AWAY THE 5484 03:49:48,665 --> 03:49:50,033 INDIGENOUS FARMS IN MEXICO 5485 03:49:50,033 --> 03:49:51,168 AND PUT THEM IN THE 5486 03:49:51,168 --> 03:49:54,238 SITUATION WHERE THEY HAD TO 5487 03:49:54,238 --> 03:49:55,405 MIGRATE AND THESE MAY HAVE 5488 03:49:55,405 --> 03:49:57,474 BEEN INDIVIDUALS WHO WERE 5489 03:49:57,474 --> 03:49:58,609 PREGNANT, HAD CHILDREN, WHAT 5490 03:49:58,609 --> 03:50:01,445 IS THE IMPACT AT THAT 5491 03:50:01,445 --> 03:50:03,647 CRITICAL TIME IN WOMEN AND 5492 03:50:03,647 --> 03:50:05,149 DID IT RESOLVE LATER SO THIS 5493 03:50:05,149 --> 03:50:06,950 MIGHT BE A RIPE OPPORTUNITY. 5494 03:50:06,950 --> 03:50:08,719 >> AND I THINK IT IS VERY 5495 03:50:08,719 --> 03:50:10,554 INTERESTING THEY HAD THAT 5496 03:50:10,554 --> 03:50:11,788 DUTCH WINTER HUNGER FROM 5497 03:50:11,788 --> 03:50:13,757 WORLD WAR II SO THAT MAY BE 5498 03:50:13,757 --> 03:50:14,191 ANOTHER ONE. 5499 03:50:14,191 --> 03:50:16,960 >> THANK YOU FOR THAT FOR 5500 03:50:16,960 --> 03:50:20,764 ALL OF US TO CONSIDER 5501 03:50:20,764 --> 03:50:23,033 INTERSECTIONALITY IN OUR 5502 03:50:23,033 --> 03:50:24,635 WORK, WE SHOULD KNOW WHAT IT 5503 03:50:24,635 --> 03:50:26,436 IS AND THE PRINCIPLES OF IT 5504 03:50:26,436 --> 03:50:28,005 >> THANK YOU AGAIN FOR THE 5505 03:50:28,005 --> 03:50:30,040 DISCUSSION, I FEEL THE 5506 03:50:30,040 --> 03:50:30,440 EXCITEMENT. 5507 03:50:30,440 --> 03:50:31,875 I HAVE SO MANY QUESTIONS BUT 5508 03:50:31,875 --> 03:50:34,278 I WILL GIVE MY TIME TO MAYBE 5509 03:50:34,278 --> 03:50:37,247 BRING THE SPOTLIGHT BACK TO 5510 03:50:37,247 --> 03:50:38,015 THIS POINT ABOUT 5511 03:50:38,015 --> 03:50:39,516 INTERVENTION. 5512 03:50:39,516 --> 03:50:42,920 IF YOU HAD TO PICK A SINGLE 5513 03:50:42,920 --> 03:50:48,559 BARRIER TO BE ADDRESSED AND 5514 03:50:48,559 --> 03:50:49,259 DEVELOPED MORE INTERVENTION, 5515 03:50:49,259 --> 03:50:52,362 WHAT WOULD THAT BE, IS IT 5516 03:50:52,362 --> 03:50:53,063 MEASURES, FUNDING, GETTING 5517 03:50:53,063 --> 03:50:55,365 MORE PEOPLE IN THE PIPELINE 5518 03:50:55,365 --> 03:50:57,234 TO DO THIS KIND OF WORK? 5519 03:50:57,234 --> 03:50:59,836 >> I WOULD PROBABLY LIKE TO 5520 03:50:59,836 --> 03:51:01,205 SEE TAILORED INTERVENTIONS 5521 03:51:01,205 --> 03:51:03,640 TO SPOT LIGHTED PLACES THAT 5522 03:51:03,640 --> 03:51:04,274 CAN BE REPRESENTATIVE. 5523 03:51:04,274 --> 03:51:05,475 SO FOR EXAMPLE, IF THERE IS 5524 03:51:05,475 --> 03:51:08,111 A CITY THAT HAS A HISTORIC 5525 03:51:08,111 --> 03:51:10,380 RELATIONSHIP TO A STRUCTURAL 5526 03:51:10,380 --> 03:51:11,548 RACISM, THEN WE MIGHT WANT 5527 03:51:11,548 --> 03:51:12,950 TO SEE A TARGETED 5528 03:51:12,950 --> 03:51:15,085 INTERVENTION IN A CITY LIKE 5529 03:51:15,085 --> 03:51:17,187 THAT THAT OTHER CITIES COULD 5530 03:51:17,187 --> 03:51:18,322 THEN MODEL THEMSELVES AFTER. 5531 03:51:18,322 --> 03:51:21,558 SO WE WOULD NEED TO HAVE THE 5532 03:51:21,558 --> 03:51:23,160 KIND OF FUNDING THAT WOULD 5533 03:51:23,160 --> 03:51:25,796 ALLOW FOR MULTIPLE COMMUNITY 5534 03:51:25,796 --> 03:51:28,065 PARTNERSHIPS AND MULTIPLE 5535 03:51:28,065 --> 03:51:30,133 SECTORS TO ILLUSTRATE THAT 5536 03:51:30,133 --> 03:51:32,803 KIND OF STUFF. 5537 03:51:32,803 --> 03:51:39,676 I AM A CYCLE STATISTICIAN 5538 03:51:39,676 --> 03:51:42,079 AND I TAKE DISPLEASURE AT 5539 03:51:42,079 --> 03:51:43,914 INSTRUMENTS BECAUSE IT TAKES 5540 03:51:43,914 --> 03:51:47,050 SO MUCH TIME BUT I KNOW SOME 5541 03:51:47,050 --> 03:51:49,119 ON THE PANEL MAY WANT TO 5542 03:51:49,119 --> 03:51:49,653 WEIGH IN. 5543 03:51:49,653 --> 03:51:51,455 >> I THINK ONE BARRIER TO 5544 03:51:51,455 --> 03:51:53,390 REACHING OUT TO COMMUNITIES, 5545 03:51:53,390 --> 03:51:55,359 DO MORE COMMUNITY ENGAGED 5546 03:51:55,359 --> 03:51:55,792 RESEARCH. 5547 03:51:55,792 --> 03:51:56,860 I THINK MOST OF THE 5548 03:51:56,860 --> 03:51:58,662 PARTICIPANTS IN THE STUDIES 5549 03:51:58,662 --> 03:51:59,796 ARE NOT REPRESENTATIVE OF 5550 03:51:59,796 --> 03:52:00,364 THE POPULATION. 5551 03:52:00,364 --> 03:52:03,166 I THINK IT CAN BE HARD TO DO 5552 03:52:03,166 --> 03:52:03,767 COMMUNITY ENGAGED WORK. 5553 03:52:03,767 --> 03:52:07,137 IT IS OFTEN MORE EXPENSIVE 5554 03:52:07,137 --> 03:52:08,972 AND TIME CONSUMING AND SO WE 5555 03:52:08,972 --> 03:52:10,574 DO NEED MORE FUNDING AND IF 5556 03:52:10,574 --> 03:52:12,909 YOU CAN LOOK WHERE FUNDING 5557 03:52:12,909 --> 03:52:16,179 GOES, THESE STUDIES ARE 5558 03:52:16,179 --> 03:52:19,283 UNDERFUNDED COMPARED TO MORE 5559 03:52:19,283 --> 03:52:20,384 CLINICALLY BASED TRIALS. 5560 03:52:20,384 --> 03:52:22,252 SO WE NEED FUNDING IN ORDER 5561 03:52:22,252 --> 03:52:28,325 TO DO THIS SPECIALTY TYPE OF 5562 03:52:28,325 --> 03:52:32,162 STUDIES THAT WILL ALLOW US 5563 03:52:32,162 --> 03:52:32,996 TO HAVE REPRESENTATIVE 5564 03:52:32,996 --> 03:52:35,165 SAMPLES FOR THE STUDIES. 5565 03:52:35,165 --> 03:52:37,034 >> WE PLAN ON HIGHLIGHTING 5566 03:52:37,034 --> 03:52:39,603 MANY OF THE THINGS YOU 5567 03:52:39,603 --> 03:52:41,338 MENTIONED IN THIS 5568 03:52:41,338 --> 03:52:42,406 CONFERENCE. 5569 03:52:42,406 --> 03:52:46,043 >> SO LUKE FROM MIA, IS THIS 5570 03:52:46,043 --> 03:52:46,310 ON? 5571 03:52:46,310 --> 03:52:46,943 >> YEAH. 5572 03:52:46,943 --> 03:52:48,478 >> GREAT, SO I WROTE MINE 5573 03:52:48,478 --> 03:52:49,680 DOWN BECAUSE I DON'T WANT TO 5574 03:52:49,680 --> 03:52:50,847 GO OFF SCRIPT HERE. 5575 03:52:50,847 --> 03:52:57,354 I ALSO WEAR A HAT AS A 5576 03:52:57,354 --> 03:52:58,288 CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGIST 5577 03:52:58,288 --> 03:52:59,856 AS JENN KNOWS AND MY 5578 03:52:59,856 --> 03:53:03,827 QUESTION WILL COME FROM THE 5579 03:53:03,827 --> 03:53:04,628 TRADITIONAL NEUROPSYCH 5580 03:53:04,628 --> 03:53:06,563 CLINIC WHERE PEOPLE ARE 5581 03:53:06,563 --> 03:53:07,864 EVALUATED AT WHATEVER POINT 5582 03:53:07,864 --> 03:53:09,666 THEY ARE EVALUATED AT RIGHT 5583 03:53:09,666 --> 03:53:09,966 NOW. 5584 03:53:09,966 --> 03:53:12,235 SO WE OFTEN DON'T KNOW A 5585 03:53:12,235 --> 03:53:15,872 PERSON'S BASELINE OR 5586 03:53:15,872 --> 03:53:18,141 SO-CALLED PREMORBID 5587 03:53:18,141 --> 03:53:20,277 COGNITIVE FUNCTION AND IN 5588 03:53:20,277 --> 03:53:21,011 THINGS LIKE EDUCATION, WE 5589 03:53:21,011 --> 03:53:26,450 OFTEN USE A LANGUAGE BASED 5590 03:53:26,450 --> 03:53:28,151 INDICATION LIKE VOCABULARY 5591 03:53:28,151 --> 03:53:31,421 WHICH SOMETIMES WOULD LEAVE 5592 03:53:31,421 --> 03:53:32,556 BEHIND NONVERBAL MEASURES 5593 03:53:32,556 --> 03:53:34,491 THAT ARE THOUGHT THOUGH HAVE 5594 03:53:34,491 --> 03:53:36,993 LESS SENSITIVITY TO 5595 03:53:36,993 --> 03:53:37,928 VARIABILITY AND 5596 03:53:37,928 --> 03:53:38,862 SOCIOCULTURAL INFLUENCES 5597 03:53:38,862 --> 03:53:40,831 WHICH WE KNOW IS NOT TRUE 5598 03:53:40,831 --> 03:53:42,632 BUT HISTORICALLY WHAT PEOPLE 5599 03:53:42,632 --> 03:53:43,066 HAVE THOUGHT. 5600 03:53:43,066 --> 03:53:47,037 SO IN LIGHT OF THESE TALKS 5601 03:53:47,037 --> 03:53:48,905 AND BASED ON INFORMATION 5602 03:53:48,905 --> 03:53:54,644 EARLIER, HOW SHOULD WE 5603 03:53:54,644 --> 03:53:57,981 RETHINK HOW WE ASSESS 5604 03:53:57,981 --> 03:54:01,218 PRE-MORBID FUNCTION IN THE 5605 03:54:01,218 --> 03:54:02,252 CLINICAL ASSESSMENT. 5606 03:54:02,252 --> 03:54:03,887 AND THEN THE FOLLOW UP WOULD 5607 03:54:03,887 --> 03:54:08,024 BE HOW DO WE GET INTO A 5608 03:54:08,024 --> 03:54:09,860 10-MINUTE ASSESSMENT WHICH 5609 03:54:09,860 --> 03:54:11,328 EVERYONE IN A PRIMARY CARE 5610 03:54:11,328 --> 03:54:13,397 CENTER IS TRYING TO GET TO 5611 03:54:13,397 --> 03:54:13,663 NOW. 5612 03:54:13,663 --> 03:54:16,066 >> MIGUEL, YOU WANT TO TRY 5613 03:54:16,066 --> 03:54:16,400 THAT? 5614 03:54:16,400 --> 03:54:18,201 >> WELL, I CAN TRY. 5615 03:54:18,201 --> 03:54:19,569 AS A CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST, 5616 03:54:19,569 --> 03:54:21,138 I UNDERSTAND THE STRUGGLE 5617 03:54:21,138 --> 03:54:21,538 WITH THAT. 5618 03:54:21,538 --> 03:54:24,141 I THINK, YOU KNOW, WHAT YOU 5619 03:54:24,141 --> 03:54:25,842 WERE MENTIONING, LIKE 5620 03:54:25,842 --> 03:54:27,711 WORKING WITH SPANISH 5621 03:54:27,711 --> 03:54:28,745 SPEAKING COMMUNITIES, LIKE 5622 03:54:28,745 --> 03:54:31,481 THERE IS NO GOOD MEASURE OF 5623 03:54:31,481 --> 03:54:32,182 PREMORBID FUNCTION, RIGHT, 5624 03:54:32,182 --> 03:54:33,683 AND I THINK IT REALLY 5625 03:54:33,683 --> 03:54:35,952 DEPENDS ON WHAT WE'RE TRYING 5626 03:54:35,952 --> 03:54:37,888 TO GET AT WITH THAT. 5627 03:54:37,888 --> 03:54:45,429 I WOULD SAY FOR ME, TO 5628 03:54:45,429 --> 03:54:47,130 CONTINUE TO ADVOCATE FOR THE 5629 03:54:47,130 --> 03:54:49,466 STANDARD WITH THE POPULATION 5630 03:54:49,466 --> 03:54:51,268 WE'RE WORKING WITH, RIGHT? 5631 03:54:51,268 --> 03:54:56,506 BECAUSE NORMALLY WE NEED THE 5632 03:54:56,506 --> 03:54:58,875 PREMORBID TEST, THE 5633 03:54:58,875 --> 03:55:00,243 PRECLINICAL DATA, ALL OF 5634 03:55:00,243 --> 03:55:03,113 THOSE SAMPLES ARE BIASED AND 5635 03:55:03,113 --> 03:55:04,714 OFTENTIMES WHAT WE USE IN 5636 03:55:04,714 --> 03:55:07,017 THE CLINIC SAMPLE WITH 5637 03:55:07,017 --> 03:55:09,619 OUTDATED, REALLY OLD, 5638 03:55:09,619 --> 03:55:10,620 PRIMARILY REPRESENTING 5639 03:55:10,620 --> 03:55:13,390 ENGLISH SPEAKING OR MONO 5640 03:55:13,390 --> 03:55:15,325 LINGUAL INDIVIDUALS AND 5641 03:55:15,325 --> 03:55:16,693 REALLY PEOPLE SHOULD VALUE 5642 03:55:16,693 --> 03:55:18,195 THE COMMUNITY IN TERMS OF 5643 03:55:18,195 --> 03:55:20,363 THE CLINICAL SETTING AND HOW 5644 03:55:20,363 --> 03:55:21,865 TO LEVERAGE THE OTHER 5645 03:55:21,865 --> 03:55:25,569 STUDIES TO HELP WITH THAT, 5646 03:55:25,569 --> 03:55:27,070 CONDUCT OTHER RESEARCH TO 5647 03:55:27,070 --> 03:55:30,974 HELP WITH THE PREMORBID 5648 03:55:30,974 --> 03:55:31,341 DIAGNOSIS. 5649 03:55:31,341 --> 03:55:34,244 WE MAY NOT CARE ABOUT THAT 5650 03:55:34,244 --> 03:55:36,913 AS LONG AS WE GET A GOOD 5651 03:55:36,913 --> 03:55:38,281 CLINICAL HISTORY AND THAT IS 5652 03:55:38,281 --> 03:55:39,649 MY TAKE ON THAT. 5653 03:55:39,649 --> 03:55:41,485 >> I AM GOING TO MOVE 5654 03:55:41,485 --> 03:55:42,853 FORWARD BECAUSE PEOPLE HAVE 5655 03:55:42,853 --> 03:55:44,721 BEEN STANDING FOR QUITE 5656 03:55:44,721 --> 03:55:50,060 SOMETIME, ROBERTA, YOU ARE 5657 03:55:50,060 --> 03:55:51,795 NEXT. 5658 03:55:51,795 --> 03:55:53,296 >> DOCTOR WAL SEMANN, YOU 5659 03:55:53,296 --> 03:55:58,034 BROUGHT UP THIS IMPACT OF 5660 03:55:58,034 --> 03:55:59,302 HISTORICAL RACE LYNCHING AND 5661 03:55:59,302 --> 03:56:01,471 LIKE HOW COULD YOU ASSESS 5662 03:56:01,471 --> 03:56:01,805 THAT. 5663 03:56:01,805 --> 03:56:06,910 IT TURNS OUT THE EPIGENETIC 5664 03:56:06,910 --> 03:56:10,981 POTENTIAL TO TRACK THAT 5665 03:56:10,981 --> 03:56:11,982 IMPACT, ANY THOUGHT? 5666 03:56:11,982 --> 03:56:14,784 >> YEAH, WHEN WE DID THE 5667 03:56:14,784 --> 03:56:16,253 SDS PAPER FOR EXAMPLE, WHAT 5668 03:56:16,253 --> 03:56:18,054 WAS INTERESTING ABOUT THAT 5669 03:56:18,054 --> 03:56:20,557 IS WE HAD THREE DIFFERENT 5670 03:56:20,557 --> 03:56:23,059 PREDOMINANT SORT OF THOUGHTS 5671 03:56:23,059 --> 03:56:24,828 ON THIS AND WERE LIKE NO, 5672 03:56:24,828 --> 03:56:29,299 THIS IS IN UTERO EXPOSURE 5673 03:56:29,299 --> 03:56:32,736 AND THEN OTHERS WERE NO, IT 5674 03:56:32,736 --> 03:56:36,006 IS EPIGENETIC AND I HAVE THE 5675 03:56:36,006 --> 03:56:37,240 EXPOSURE THAT BOTH EXIST. 5676 03:56:37,240 --> 03:56:40,176 I WOULD LIKE TO TEST AT 5677 03:56:40,176 --> 03:56:42,979 EXPOSURE BUT I THINK IT IS 5678 03:56:42,979 --> 03:56:44,347 MORE COST EFFECTIVE TO 5679 03:56:44,347 --> 03:56:50,487 DETERMINE IF THE POLICY IS A 5680 03:56:50,487 --> 03:56:52,289 FEATURE IN A GENERATION AND 5681 03:56:52,289 --> 03:56:55,325 IF THAT IS NOT THE CASE, 5682 03:56:55,325 --> 03:56:59,296 THEN LOOKING IF THIS IS 5683 03:56:59,296 --> 03:57:01,731 EPIGENETIC BUT TEASING APART 5684 03:57:01,731 --> 03:57:03,199 THAT IS DIFFICULT. 5685 03:57:03,199 --> 03:57:06,469 >> WELL, WE DON'T HAVE THE 5686 03:57:06,469 --> 03:57:08,338 FUNDS TO DO THAT -- 5687 03:57:08,338 --> 03:57:10,774 >> HOLLER AT ME AND WE CAN 5688 03:57:10,774 --> 03:57:11,575 MAKE THIS HAPPEN. 5689 03:57:11,575 --> 03:57:13,209 I AM VERY COLLABORATIVE. 5690 03:57:13,209 --> 03:57:15,545 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR 5691 03:57:15,545 --> 03:57:25,922 YOUR TALKS AND -- 5692 03:57:38,001 --> 03:57:38,935 [INAUDIBLE] -- AND I KNOW 5693 03:57:38,935 --> 03:57:45,075 HOW DIFFICULT IT IS TO 5694 03:57:45,075 --> 03:57:46,376 RECRUIT INDIGENOUS AND SO MY 5695 03:57:46,376 --> 03:57:51,014 QUESTION IS HOW WOULD YOU 5696 03:57:51,014 --> 03:57:54,618 ADVISE TO APPROACH OR 5697 03:57:54,618 --> 03:58:00,690 DEVELOP THE STRUCTURES FOR 5698 03:58:00,690 --> 03:58:05,462 INCLUSION OR RECRUITMENT FOR 5699 03:58:05,462 --> 03:58:06,463 STUDIES BECAUSE THIS HAS 5700 03:58:06,463 --> 03:58:08,498 OCCURRED AND RECRUITMENT IN 5701 03:58:08,498 --> 03:58:11,267 THE MINORITY POPULATION IS A 5702 03:58:11,267 --> 03:58:11,801 BIG PROBLEM. 5703 03:58:11,801 --> 03:58:14,337 >> YOU WANT TO WEIGH IN? 5704 03:58:14,337 --> 03:58:16,840 >> YEAH, I WAS JUST GOING TO 5705 03:58:16,840 --> 03:58:20,110 SAY DON'T RECRUIT FROM A 5706 03:58:20,110 --> 03:58:20,744 CLINIC. 5707 03:58:20,744 --> 03:58:21,044 YEAH. 5708 03:58:21,044 --> 03:58:21,411 [LAUGHTER] 5709 03:58:21,411 --> 03:58:22,045 SO GO INTO A COMMUNITY. 5710 03:58:22,045 --> 03:58:25,448 THAT IS THE BEST ADVICE 5711 03:58:25,448 --> 03:58:25,915 THERE. 5712 03:58:25,915 --> 03:58:27,751 YOU KNOW, FOR THESE 5713 03:58:27,751 --> 03:58:30,353 BETWEEN-GROUP STUDIES, IT IS 5714 03:58:30,353 --> 03:58:34,991 NOT ALWAYS THE PARTS TO 5715 03:58:34,991 --> 03:58:36,493 RECRUIT THE MINOR 5716 03:58:36,493 --> 03:58:38,862 POPULATIONS BUT WE'RE KIND 5717 03:58:38,862 --> 03:58:41,431 OF LAZY IN RECRUITING THE 5718 03:58:41,431 --> 03:58:42,198 WHITE POPULATIONS. 5719 03:58:42,198 --> 03:58:45,468 WE GO INTO A COMMUNITY WITH 5720 03:58:45,468 --> 03:58:47,270 BLACK RECRUITS AND THEN 5721 03:58:47,270 --> 03:58:48,438 COMPARE THEM TO PEOPLE IN 5722 03:58:48,438 --> 03:58:51,174 THE CLINIC SO IF WE WANT 5723 03:58:51,174 --> 03:58:55,111 BETTER RERECRUITMENT AND 5724 03:58:55,111 --> 03:58:55,912 SAMPLES FOR CAUSATIVE 5725 03:58:55,912 --> 03:58:58,181 EFFORTS, WE HAVE TO THINKING 5726 03:58:58,181 --> 03:59:00,250 ABOUT SAMPLES FROM BOTH 5727 03:59:00,250 --> 03:59:00,917 COMPARISON GROUPS. 5728 03:59:00,917 --> 03:59:03,353 >> CAN I ADD TO THAT THAT SO 5729 03:59:03,353 --> 03:59:05,055 IF YOU THINK ABOUT THE 5730 03:59:05,055 --> 03:59:05,989 CLINICAL MODEL WHERE A 5731 03:59:05,989 --> 03:59:07,757 PERSON HAS A PROBLEM, THEY 5732 03:59:07,757 --> 03:59:09,693 COME IN, GET CLINICAL 5733 03:59:09,693 --> 03:59:10,960 INTERVENTION AND YOU ALSO 5734 03:59:10,960 --> 03:59:12,095 OFFER THEM THE OPPORTUNITY 5735 03:59:12,095 --> 03:59:15,298 TO PARTICIPATE IN A STUDY, 5736 03:59:15,298 --> 03:59:17,834 WOULDN'T YOU MAGNIFY THAT TO 5737 03:59:17,834 --> 03:59:19,169 THE STRUCTURAL LEVEL? 5738 03:59:19,169 --> 03:59:21,004 THAT WOULD MAGNIFY THE 5739 03:59:21,004 --> 03:59:23,139 DISTRUST PAUSE PEOPLE HAVE 5740 03:59:23,139 --> 03:59:24,674 GREATER DEMANDS GOING ON. 5741 03:59:24,674 --> 03:59:29,779 SO IF YOU COME IN AND TACKLE 5742 03:59:29,779 --> 03:59:30,580 ECONOMIC DISENFRANCHISEMENT 5743 03:59:30,580 --> 03:59:39,789 THROUGH A COMMUNITY THAT 5744 03:59:39,789 --> 03:59:41,591 ALSO HAS STRUCTURAL 5745 03:59:41,591 --> 03:59:42,959 IMPLICATIONS, YOU ARE 5746 03:59:42,959 --> 03:59:45,895 KILLING TWO BIRDS -- SUCH A 5747 03:59:45,895 --> 03:59:47,063 HORRIBLE EXPRESSION BUT YOU 5748 03:59:47,063 --> 03:59:48,998 CAN DO THIS OTHER THAN GOING 5749 03:59:48,998 --> 03:59:51,434 I NEED STUFF FROM YOU BUT 5750 03:59:51,434 --> 03:59:52,902 RATHER I CAN FIX THIS FOR 5751 03:59:52,902 --> 03:59:54,404 YOU AND MAYBE YOU CAN 5752 03:59:54,404 --> 03:59:55,805 PARTICIPATE IN A STUDY 5753 03:59:55,805 --> 03:59:58,041 >> WE HAVE TO END, THANK YOU 5754 03:59:58,041 --> 03:59:59,309 SO MUCH TO EVERYONE, THANK 5755 03:59:59,309 --> 04:00:01,478 YOU MOLLY, THANK YOU, JON, 5756 04:00:01,478 --> 04:00:03,646 FOR HAVING THE SESSION AND 5757 04:00:03,646 --> 04:00:05,381 WE'RE AROUND DURING LUNCH SO PLEASE IF YOU CAN FIND US, 5758 04:00:05,381 --> 04:00:07,393 COME ASK YOUR QUESTIONS. 5759 04:00:11,127 --> 04:00:12,295 >> ALL RIGHT. 5760 04:00:12,295 --> 04:00:22,806 I THINK WE ARE READY TO START. 5761 04:00:25,642 --> 04:00:26,843 I'M NOT CATHERINE KACZOROWSKI, 5762 04:00:26,843 --> 04:00:34,017 ALTHOUGH I ASPIRE TO BE. 5763 04:00:34,017 --> 04:00:35,252 I'M MOLLIE WAGSTE ARE THE 5764 04:00:35,252 --> 04:00:36,319 INTERNATIONAL SESSION ON AGING. 5765 04:00:36,319 --> 04:00:39,522 I WILL BE THE SESSION CHAIR. 5766 04:00:39,522 --> 04:00:40,457 UNFORTUNATELY CATHERINE 5767 04:00:40,457 --> 04:00:42,959 COULDN'T JOIN US THIS AFTERNOON 5768 04:00:42,959 --> 04:00:46,963 BUT SHE WILL BE PARTICIPATING 5769 04:00:46,963 --> 04:00:47,964 REMOTELY AND WILL BE WITH US 5770 04:00:47,964 --> 04:00:50,667 VIRTUALLY. 5771 04:00:50,667 --> 04:00:52,002 SO IT'S MY PLEASURE TO START 5772 04:00:52,002 --> 04:00:53,370 OFF THE FIRST SESSION OF THE 5773 04:00:53,370 --> 04:00:55,839 AFTERNOON. 5774 04:00:55,839 --> 04:00:57,173 THIS SESSION IS ENTITLED 5775 04:00:57,173 --> 04:00:59,976 GENETIC ENVIRONMENT. 5776 04:00:59,976 --> 04:01:02,479 AND OUR FIRST SPEAKER IS DR. 5777 04:01:02,479 --> 04:01:04,614 DENA DUBAL FROM THE UNIVERSITY 5778 04:01:04,614 --> 04:01:07,250 OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO. 5779 04:01:07,250 --> 04:01:10,987 AND THE TITLE HER TALK IS X 5780 04:01:10,987 --> 04:01:15,759 CHROMOSOME DERIVED MECHANISMS 5781 04:01:15,759 --> 04:01:16,359 IN COGNITIVE AGING. 5782 04:01:16,359 --> 04:01:22,799 [ APPLAUSE ] 5783 04:01:22,799 --> 04:01:26,936 >> Dena Dubal: THANK YOU TO THE 5784 04:01:26,936 --> 04:01:29,572 NIH AND IGNITE FOUNDATION, 5785 04:01:29,572 --> 04:01:31,074 MOLLY, JONATHAN, THE 5786 04:01:31,074 --> 04:01:31,675 ORGANIZERS, THE SPEAKERS, THE 5787 04:01:31,675 --> 04:01:34,144 AUDIENCE. 5788 04:01:34,144 --> 04:01:36,146 THIS HAS BEEN AN AMAZING 5789 04:01:36,146 --> 04:01:39,082 MEETING SO FAR AND I'M SO HONOR 5790 04:01:39,082 --> 04:01:41,284 TODAY BE AMONG YOU AND SHARE 5791 04:01:41,284 --> 04:01:42,752 OUR WORK IN X CHROMOSOME IN 5792 04:01:42,752 --> 04:01:45,422 COGNITIVE AGING. 5793 04:01:45,422 --> 04:01:46,056 WHY IS STUDYING SEX BIOLOGY 5794 04:01:46,056 --> 04:01:47,557 IMPORTANT? 5795 04:01:47,557 --> 04:01:52,796 BECAUSE EVERY CELL HAS A SEX. 5796 04:01:52,796 --> 04:01:54,431 AND SEX INFLUENCES FUNDAMENTAL 5797 04:01:54,431 --> 04:01:55,632 BIOLOGY THROUGH HORMONES AS WE 5798 04:01:55,632 --> 04:01:57,000 HEARD ABOUT EARLIER TODAY. 5799 04:01:57,000 --> 04:01:58,635 THROUGH THE DOSE OF THE X 5800 04:01:58,635 --> 04:02:01,104 CHROMOSOME. 5801 04:02:01,104 --> 04:02:04,874 FEMALE MAMMALS HAVE TWO X 5802 04:02:04,874 --> 04:02:05,775 CHROMOSOMES, MALE MAMMALS HAVE 5803 04:02:05,775 --> 04:02:07,577 AN X AND Y. 5804 04:02:07,577 --> 04:02:09,813 Y BIOLOGY AND MORE. 5805 04:02:09,813 --> 04:02:10,613 TRUE SEX DIFFERENCES EXIST IN 5806 04:02:10,613 --> 04:02:13,116 AGING. 5807 04:02:13,116 --> 04:02:13,650 FOR EXAMPLE, FEMALES LIVE 5808 04:02:13,650 --> 04:02:16,286 LONGER. 5809 04:02:16,286 --> 04:02:19,422 WE HEARD THIS MORNING A VERY 5810 04:02:19,422 --> 04:02:21,224 COMPELLING RATIONALE ABOUT WHY 5811 04:02:21,224 --> 04:02:22,292 IT'S IMPORTANT TO STUDY WOMEN'S 5812 04:02:22,292 --> 04:02:24,260 HEALTH. 5813 04:02:24,260 --> 04:02:25,695 IT'S ESSENTIAL TO OUR KNOWLEDGE 5814 04:02:25,695 --> 04:02:28,264 OF SEX BIOLOGY. 5815 04:02:28,264 --> 04:02:28,832 IT'S ESSENTIAL TO PRECISION 5816 04:02:28,832 --> 04:02:29,566 MEDICINE. 5817 04:02:29,566 --> 04:02:33,169 IT WILL BE THE FIRST FILTER, 5818 04:02:33,169 --> 04:02:34,671 MALE, FEMALE, GENDER SPECTRUM, 5819 04:02:34,671 --> 04:02:36,973 HOW DOES THIS AFFECT RISK FOR 5820 04:02:36,973 --> 04:02:38,708 DISEASE, RESPONSE TO TREATMENT, 5821 04:02:38,708 --> 04:02:41,144 AND FUNDAMENTAL BIOLOGY. 5822 04:02:41,144 --> 04:02:43,546 IMPORTANTLY, MORE THAN BEING 5823 04:02:43,546 --> 04:02:44,981 JUST INTERESTING, SEX 5824 04:02:44,981 --> 04:02:46,082 DIFFERENCES WILL MAKE US 5825 04:02:46,082 --> 04:02:50,620 UNDERSTAND IF ONE SEX IS MORE 5826 04:02:50,620 --> 04:02:52,355 RESILIENT OR VULNERABLE, THIS 5827 04:02:52,355 --> 04:02:53,857 UNRAVELS NEW PATHWAYS TO TARGET 5828 04:02:53,857 --> 04:02:55,592 WITH NOVEL TREATMENTS THAT 5829 04:02:55,592 --> 04:02:56,226 COULD BENEFIT MEN, WOMEN OR 5830 04:02:56,226 --> 04:03:00,997 BOTH. 5831 04:03:00,997 --> 04:03:04,701 THIS GRAPH IS ASTOUNDING. 5832 04:03:04,701 --> 04:03:06,102 FROM THE UNITED NATIONS, A 5833 04:03:06,102 --> 04:03:09,406 COUPLE OF YEARS AGO. 5834 04:03:09,406 --> 04:03:10,173 THIS RECORDS MORTALITY, ALL 5835 04:03:10,173 --> 04:03:12,709 ACROSS THE WORLD. 5836 04:03:12,709 --> 04:03:15,245 IN EVERY SOCIETY THAT RECORDS 5837 04:03:15,245 --> 04:03:17,280 MORTALITY WITH LIFE EXPECTANCY 5838 04:03:17,280 --> 04:03:19,249 OF WOMEN ON THE Y AXIS AND MEN 5839 04:03:19,249 --> 04:03:20,550 ON THE X AXIS. 5840 04:03:20,550 --> 04:03:22,919 WHAT YOU CAN SEE FROM SOMALIA 5841 04:03:22,919 --> 04:03:24,554 TO JAPAN IS WOMEN LIVE LONGER 5842 04:03:24,554 --> 04:03:28,158 ALL ACROSS THE WORLD. 5843 04:03:28,158 --> 04:03:28,725 REGARDLESS OF SOCIOECONOMIC 5844 04:03:28,725 --> 04:03:32,295 STATUS. 5845 04:03:32,295 --> 04:03:35,932 EVEN IN TIMES OF FAMINE, GIRLS 5846 04:03:35,932 --> 04:03:37,867 WILL LIVE LONGER THAN BOYS. 5847 04:03:37,867 --> 04:03:42,005 THERE IS A BIOLOGIC COMPONENT 5848 04:03:42,005 --> 04:03:44,307 TO THIS, ALSO BEHAVIORAL, 5849 04:03:44,307 --> 04:03:44,808 ENVIRONMENTAL, GENETIC 5850 04:03:44,808 --> 04:03:46,142 STRUCTURAL COMPONENT. 5851 04:03:46,142 --> 04:03:46,810 BUT ALSO SOMETHING VERY 5852 04:03:46,810 --> 04:03:48,878 BIOLOGIC. 5853 04:03:48,878 --> 04:03:50,113 IN PREVIOUS STUDIES WE SHOWED 5854 04:03:50,113 --> 04:03:53,616 MICE THAT GREW UP WITH XX 5855 04:03:53,616 --> 04:03:55,585 CHROMOSOMES REGARDLESS OF 5856 04:03:55,585 --> 04:03:57,287 HAVING OVARIES OR TESTES LIVE 5857 04:03:57,287 --> 04:04:00,457 LONGER THAN MICE THAT GROW UP 5858 04:04:00,457 --> 04:04:01,558 WITH XY CHROMOSOME COMPLEMENT. 5859 04:04:01,558 --> 04:04:03,426 WHAT ABOUT THE BRAIN? 5860 04:04:03,426 --> 04:04:08,264 WOMEN WILL SHOW LESS COGNITIVE 5861 04:04:08,264 --> 04:04:09,599 DECLINE OR INCREASED BASELINE 5862 04:04:09,599 --> 04:04:12,202 FUNCTIONS IN MANY POPULATIONS 5863 04:04:12,202 --> 04:04:14,037 OF CLINICALLY NORMAL ADULTS. 5864 04:04:14,037 --> 04:04:15,939 THE LIMITATIONS OF THESE 5865 04:04:15,939 --> 04:04:16,573 STUDIES, THEY ARE PREDOMINANTLY 5866 04:04:16,573 --> 04:04:18,374 WHITE. 5867 04:04:18,374 --> 04:04:20,510 THESE STUDIES LISTED 5868 04:04:20,510 --> 04:04:23,646 APPROXIMATELY 25% OF THE 5869 04:04:23,646 --> 04:04:24,247 POPULATIONS COLLECTIVELY WERE 5870 04:04:24,247 --> 04:04:25,448 BLACK INDIVIDUALS. 5871 04:04:25,448 --> 04:04:27,884 THIS IS AN AREA THAT REALLY 5872 04:04:27,884 --> 04:04:30,687 NEEDS TO BE WORKED ON AND 5873 04:04:30,687 --> 04:04:32,422 ADVANCED. 5874 04:04:32,422 --> 04:04:33,456 SO WOMEN WILL SHOW LESS 5875 04:04:33,456 --> 04:04:34,624 COGNITIVE AGING. 5876 04:04:34,624 --> 04:04:38,695 NOT TALKING ABOUT DEMENTIA BUT 5877 04:04:38,695 --> 04:04:41,097 NORMAL COGNITIVE AGING, WOMEN 5878 04:04:41,097 --> 04:04:43,132 WILL SHOW LESS COGNITIVE AGING, 5879 04:04:43,132 --> 04:04:46,870 SHOWN BY THE ORANGE LINE THERE, 5880 04:04:46,870 --> 04:04:49,072 COMPARED TO MEN. 5881 04:04:49,072 --> 04:04:50,840 SO THERE IS SOME RESILIENCE IN 5882 04:04:50,840 --> 04:04:53,843 THE BRAIN IN AGING. 5883 04:04:53,843 --> 04:04:56,679 IN CONTRAST, YOU WILL HEAR FROM 5884 04:04:56,679 --> 04:04:58,982 RACHEL BUCKLEY SOON, WOMEN ARE 5885 04:04:58,982 --> 04:05:02,185 ALSO VULNERABLE, WE HEARD THIS 5886 04:05:02,185 --> 04:05:05,088 FROM BOBBY BRENTON EARLIER, 5887 04:05:05,088 --> 04:05:13,830 GENETICS OF THE APOE E4 ALLELE. 5888 04:05:13,830 --> 04:05:16,966 WHAT ABOUT MICE? 5889 04:05:16,966 --> 04:05:18,902 DO THEY CAPITULATE SEX 5890 04:05:18,902 --> 04:05:19,536 DIFFERENCES IN HUMAN COGNITIVE 5891 04:05:19,536 --> 04:05:24,541 AGING. 5892 04:05:24,541 --> 04:05:26,643 MY COLLEGE FRIEND FRANCIS CA 5893 04:05:26,643 --> 04:05:30,480 DID AN ELEGANT STUDY. 5894 04:05:30,480 --> 04:05:32,916 SHE FOUND IN YOUNG MICE XX 5895 04:05:32,916 --> 04:05:36,553 COMPARED TO XY THERE WAS 5896 04:05:36,553 --> 04:05:38,054 EQUIVALENT COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS. 5897 04:05:38,054 --> 04:05:38,555 ABOVE ONE MEANS MEMORY 5898 04:05:38,555 --> 04:05:40,590 RETENTION. 5899 04:05:40,590 --> 04:05:42,458 IN AGING, AS EXPECTED, MALES 5900 04:05:42,458 --> 04:05:43,993 AND FEMALES DECLINED. 5901 04:05:43,993 --> 04:05:45,862 BUT SHE SAW SOMETHING VERY 5902 04:05:45,862 --> 04:05:49,299 INTERESTING IN THAT THE XX MICE 5903 04:05:49,299 --> 04:05:51,534 SHOWED RESILIENCE TO THE 5904 04:05:51,534 --> 04:05:52,802 COGNITIVE AGING COMPARED TO XY 5905 04:05:52,802 --> 04:05:54,237 MICE. 5906 04:05:54,237 --> 04:05:58,107 SIMILAR TO WHAT WE SEE IN SOME 5907 04:05:58,107 --> 04:05:59,075 HUMAN POPULATIONS. 5908 04:05:59,075 --> 04:06:04,247 SO IN A SUBSEQUENT STUDY I 5909 04:06:04,247 --> 04:06:06,783 WON'T SHOW YOU, WE DISSECTED 5910 04:06:06,783 --> 04:06:09,919 OUT EFFECTS OF GONADS AND X 5911 04:06:09,919 --> 04:06:11,621 CHROMOSOME, AND FOUND IT'S 5912 04:06:11,621 --> 04:06:14,457 MEDIATED BY BOTH GONADS AND SEX 5913 04:06:14,457 --> 04:06:15,858 CHROMOSOMES. BUT WE WERE SO 5914 04:06:15,858 --> 04:06:19,195 STRUCK BY THE EFFECT OF SEX 5915 04:06:19,195 --> 04:06:21,230 CHROMOSOMES, WHICH WAS VERY 5916 04:06:21,230 --> 04:06:22,165 LARGE, AND SIGNIFICANT THAT WE 5917 04:06:22,165 --> 04:06:24,233 DOVE RIGHT IN. 5918 04:06:24,233 --> 04:06:27,170 AND ASKED A QUESTION, IF SEX 5919 04:06:27,170 --> 04:06:29,205 CHROMOSOMES ARE CONTRIBUTING TO 5920 04:06:29,205 --> 04:06:31,908 RESILIENCE, THE XX COMPLEMENT, 5921 04:06:31,908 --> 04:06:34,243 IS IT THE SECOND X THAT IS 5922 04:06:34,243 --> 04:06:35,044 HELPFUL OR THE Y THAT IS 5923 04:06:35,044 --> 04:06:37,280 HARMFUL? 5924 04:06:37,280 --> 04:06:41,084 SHE USED AN XY STAR MODEL OF 5925 04:06:41,084 --> 04:06:43,052 SEX BIOLOGY, WHICH VARIES DOSES 5926 04:06:43,052 --> 04:06:45,054 OF THE X AND Y CHROMOSOME. 5927 04:06:45,054 --> 04:06:50,493 WHAT SHE FOUND IS MICE WITH TWO 5928 04:06:50,493 --> 04:06:51,661 X'S, SHOWED BETTER COGNITION IN 5929 04:06:51,661 --> 04:06:54,030 AGING ON THE LEFT. 5930 04:06:54,030 --> 04:06:56,466 COMPARED TO MICE WITH ONE X. 5931 04:06:56,466 --> 04:06:58,067 IT DIDN'T MATTER WHETHER THE 5932 04:06:58,067 --> 04:07:00,203 MOUSE WAS MALE OR FEMALE. 5933 04:07:00,203 --> 04:07:01,638 WHETHER THERE WAS THE PRESENCE 5934 04:07:01,638 --> 04:07:05,541 OR ABSENCE OF A Y. 5935 04:07:05,541 --> 04:07:06,876 THAT TWO X'S, IMPROVED 5936 04:07:06,876 --> 04:07:08,411 COGNITION IN MALE AND FEMALE 5937 04:07:08,411 --> 04:07:10,880 MICE GIVING US DATA THAT THE 5938 04:07:10,880 --> 04:07:17,787 SECOND X IS IMPORTANT. 5939 04:07:17,787 --> 04:07:19,522 ANOTHER GRADUATE STUDENT CAYCE 5940 04:07:19,522 --> 04:07:20,923 SHAW SHOWED WHETHER THERE WERE 5941 04:07:20,923 --> 04:07:22,225 CHANGES IN THE X CHROMOSOME IN 5942 04:07:22,225 --> 04:07:23,760 AGING MICE. 5943 04:07:23,760 --> 04:07:27,797 COMPARED TO ALL THE AUTOSOMES 5944 04:07:27,797 --> 04:07:29,632 THERE WERE MORE CHANGES IN 5945 04:07:29,632 --> 04:07:31,467 AGING ON THE X CHROMOSOME THAN 5946 04:07:31,467 --> 04:07:33,069 ANY OTHER CHROMOSOME. 5947 04:07:33,069 --> 04:07:35,004 NOW WHAT IS THE BIG DEAL ABOUT 5948 04:07:35,004 --> 04:07:36,706 THIS SECOND X? 5949 04:07:36,706 --> 04:07:41,644 AS YOU REMEMBER, IN OUR 5950 04:07:41,644 --> 04:07:44,180 DEVELOPMENT, IN FEMALE MAMMALS 5951 04:07:44,180 --> 04:07:48,618 ONE OF THE XS IS SHUT DOWN. 5952 04:07:48,618 --> 04:07:50,486 FEMALES HAVE ONE X AND MALES 5953 04:07:50,486 --> 04:07:51,854 HAVE ONE X. 5954 04:07:51,854 --> 04:07:54,557 WHY WOULD THAT SECOND X MATTER? 5955 04:07:54,557 --> 04:07:57,427 AS A WHOLE, WHEN WE STEP BACK, 5956 04:07:57,427 --> 04:07:58,828 THE X CHROMOSOME CONTAINS 5% OF 5957 04:07:58,828 --> 04:08:04,867 GENOME. 5958 04:08:04,867 --> 04:08:07,704 COGNITION RELATED GENES. 5959 04:08:07,704 --> 04:08:08,604 HISTORICALLY THE X CHROMOSOME 5960 04:08:08,604 --> 04:08:13,576 HAS BEEN, AS WELL AS THE Y, 5961 04:08:13,576 --> 04:08:15,411 BEEN SIPHONED AWAY IN 5962 04:08:15,411 --> 04:08:17,647 INFORMATIC STUDIES BECAUSE THEY 5963 04:08:17,647 --> 04:08:19,248 POSE TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES 5964 04:08:19,248 --> 04:08:23,319 WITH DIFFERENT DOSAGES BETWEEN 5965 04:08:23,319 --> 04:08:25,421 MALES AND FEMALES. 5966 04:08:25,421 --> 04:08:27,423 BUT AS WE ENTER THIS ERA IT'S 5967 04:08:27,423 --> 04:08:28,124 AN EXCITING TIME TO DIG INTO 5968 04:08:28,124 --> 04:08:30,727 THE X. 5969 04:08:30,727 --> 04:08:32,862 THAT SECOND X INACTIVATES IN 5970 04:08:32,862 --> 04:08:33,096 FEMALE. 5971 04:08:33,096 --> 04:08:34,764 WHAT IS THE BIG DEAL? 5972 04:08:34,764 --> 04:08:36,566 WHY WOULD A SECOND X MATTER? 5973 04:08:36,566 --> 04:08:37,967 THERE ARE MANY REASONS WHY A 5974 04:08:37,967 --> 04:08:40,369 SECOND X COULD MATTER. 5975 04:08:40,369 --> 04:08:42,472 ONE, FOR EXAMPLE, BASELINE X 5976 04:08:42,472 --> 04:08:44,707 ESCAPE THAT WE PUBLISHED ON AND 5977 04:08:44,707 --> 04:08:47,243 RACHEL BUCKLEY IS WORKING ON IN 5978 04:08:47,243 --> 04:08:49,545 ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. 5979 04:08:49,545 --> 04:08:50,847 THAT IS THAT SILENT X ISN'T SO 5980 04:08:50,847 --> 04:08:53,783 SILENT. 5981 04:08:53,783 --> 04:08:54,283 SOME GENES ESCAPE THAT 5982 04:08:54,283 --> 04:08:55,418 INACTIVATION. 5983 04:08:55,418 --> 04:08:56,853 SO FEMALES WILL HAVE MORE OF AN 5984 04:08:56,853 --> 04:08:58,955 X DOSE. 5985 04:08:58,955 --> 04:09:02,158 BUT TODAY I WILL TALK ABOUT 5986 04:09:02,158 --> 04:09:04,127 MIXED PARENT OF X ORIGIN. 5987 04:09:04,127 --> 04:09:07,530 IF YOU HAVEN'T DONE YOUR SUDOKU 5988 04:09:07,530 --> 04:09:09,565 OR WORDLE TODAY THIS IS A 5989 04:09:09,565 --> 04:09:11,100 CHANCE TO REALLY PUT YOUR 5990 04:09:11,100 --> 04:09:11,834 PUZZLE HAT ON AND THINK THROUGH 5991 04:09:11,834 --> 04:09:15,104 THIS. 5992 04:09:15,104 --> 04:09:17,039 SO WHY EXAMINE PARENT OF X 5993 04:09:17,039 --> 04:09:18,341 ORIGIN? 5994 04:09:18,341 --> 04:09:19,876 MEANING DOES MY X COME FROM MY 5995 04:09:19,876 --> 04:09:21,277 MOM OR DAD? 5996 04:09:21,277 --> 04:09:24,147 THAT IS PARENT OF X ORIGIN. 5997 04:09:24,147 --> 04:09:30,953 THIS IS DONE BY SAMIRA 5998 04:09:30,953 --> 04:09:31,788 ABDULAI-SAIKU. 5999 04:09:31,788 --> 04:09:34,323 THIS IS HER WORK. 6000 04:09:34,323 --> 04:09:38,194 PARENT OF X ORIGIN CONFIRMS 6001 04:09:38,194 --> 04:09:44,400 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC 6002 04:09:44,400 --> 04:09:54,811 DIVERSITY AND CAUSE OF 6003 04:09:56,479 --> 04:09:59,982 HETEROGENEITY IN WOMEN. 6004 04:09:59,982 --> 04:10:01,417 BECAUSE IT'S RANDOM, 1X WILL BE 6005 04:10:01,417 --> 04:10:02,685 ACTIVE FOR MOM IN A CELL, 6006 04:10:02,685 --> 04:10:04,654 THAT'S ON THE LEFT. 6007 04:10:04,654 --> 04:10:07,356 BUT IN A NEIGHBORING CELL, 6008 04:10:07,356 --> 04:10:08,057 BECAUSE OF RANDOM X 6009 04:10:08,057 --> 04:10:09,959 INACTIVATION, THE X WILL BE 6010 04:10:09,959 --> 04:10:12,595 ACTIVE FROM DAD, THE PATERNAL X. 6011 04:10:12,595 --> 04:10:15,932 SIDE-BY-SIDE YOU MAY HAVE A 6012 04:10:15,932 --> 04:10:18,367 FEMALE CELL WITH MOM'S X ACTIVE 6013 04:10:18,367 --> 04:10:20,336 AND NEIGHBORING CELL WILL HAVE 6014 04:10:20,336 --> 04:10:22,605 DAD'S X ACTIVE. 6015 04:10:22,605 --> 04:10:26,742 THIS IS A PICTURE OF THE CA1 6016 04:10:26,742 --> 04:10:29,345 REGION OF MOUSE HIPPOCAMPUS 6017 04:10:29,345 --> 04:10:33,115 THERE'S A FLOUR RES ENS 6018 04:10:33,115 --> 04:10:35,952 LABELING THAT SHOWS MOM'S X IN 6019 04:10:35,952 --> 04:10:41,123 GREEN AND DAD'S X IN PINK. 6020 04:10:41,123 --> 04:10:42,091 LOOK AT THE MOSAICKISM, 6021 04:10:42,091 --> 04:10:44,026 BEAUTIFUL AND SUCH DIVERSITY. 6022 04:10:44,026 --> 04:10:45,962 IT'S NOT GENETIC DIVERSITY. 6023 04:10:45,962 --> 04:10:47,763 BUT LET'S SEE IF THERE'S 6024 04:10:47,763 --> 04:10:52,435 EPIGENETIC DIVERSITY HERE. 6025 04:10:52,435 --> 04:10:53,369 JEREMY NATHANS PUBLISHED A 6026 04:10:53,369 --> 04:10:55,271 DECADE AGO IN THE SAME LITTER, 6027 04:10:55,271 --> 04:11:03,112 THIS IS TO HIGHLIGHT THE 6028 04:11:03,112 --> 04:11:07,950 HETEROGENEITY, SAME LITTER 6029 04:11:07,950 --> 04:11:09,585 MATES COULD HAVE SAME RATIO. 6030 04:11:09,585 --> 04:11:12,455 ON THE LEFT A GREEN FEMALE, 6031 04:11:12,455 --> 04:11:15,958 MOSTLY MOM'S X ACTIVE. 6032 04:11:15,958 --> 04:11:17,693 AND ON THE LEFT, I THINK I'VE 6033 04:11:17,693 --> 04:11:18,895 BEEN CONFUSING THAT. 6034 04:11:18,895 --> 04:11:22,431 ON THE LEFT YOU SEE MOM'S X 6035 04:11:22,431 --> 04:11:24,567 ACTIVE MAINLY IN THE RED SISTER. 6036 04:11:24,567 --> 04:11:29,005 SO JUST TO SAY THERE'S 6037 04:11:29,005 --> 04:11:30,740 INCREDIBLE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN 6038 04:11:30,740 --> 04:11:32,842 WOMEN AND EVEN BETWEEN SISTERS 6039 04:11:32,842 --> 04:11:39,515 IN WHICH X CAN BE ACTIVE. 6040 04:11:39,515 --> 04:11:42,418 SO SAMIRA ASKED DOES THIS 6041 04:11:42,418 --> 04:11:44,654 MOSAICISM MATTER? 6042 04:11:44,654 --> 04:11:46,289 ARE NEURON THAT'S EXPRESS MOM'S 6043 04:11:46,289 --> 04:11:48,224 X DIFFERENT FROM NEURONS THAT 6044 04:11:48,224 --> 04:11:49,792 EXPRESS DAD'S X? 6045 04:11:49,792 --> 04:11:54,263 TO DO THAT SHE USED A VERY 6046 04:11:54,263 --> 04:11:58,501 ELEGANT GENETIC SYSTEM WITH 6047 04:11:58,501 --> 04:11:59,902 SYNAPTIC DRIVEN CREE LABELING 6048 04:11:59,902 --> 04:12:02,939 NEURONS SPECIFICALLY IN THE 6049 04:12:02,939 --> 04:12:04,874 HIPPOCAMPUS SHOWING DAD'S X 6050 04:12:04,874 --> 04:12:06,175 RED, MOM'S X GREEN. 6051 04:12:06,175 --> 04:12:08,778 SHE SORTED THEM. 6052 04:12:08,778 --> 04:12:10,112 HAD A RIGOROUS EXPERIMENTAL 6053 04:12:10,112 --> 04:12:12,014 DESIGN AND FOUND SOMETHING THAT 6054 04:12:12,014 --> 04:12:13,082 WAS UNBELIEVABLE, IT WAS SO 6055 04:12:13,082 --> 04:12:15,751 EXCITING. 6056 04:12:15,751 --> 04:12:17,987 I'VE LONG BEEN EXCITED BY EVEN 6057 04:12:17,987 --> 04:12:21,390 20% DIFFERENCE IN THE BRAIN. 6058 04:12:21,390 --> 04:12:22,758 BUT THIS IS ON/OFF GENE 6059 04:12:22,758 --> 04:12:26,228 EXPRESSION CHANGES. 6060 04:12:26,228 --> 04:12:28,965 NEURONS THAT EXPRESS MOM'S X IN 6061 04:12:28,965 --> 04:12:33,836 THE GRAPH IN GREEN ON THE 6062 04:12:33,836 --> 04:12:36,439 RIGHT, HAVE MANY GENES THAT ARE 6063 04:12:36,439 --> 04:12:38,074 COMPLETELY SILENCED. 6064 04:12:38,074 --> 04:12:40,409 AND SO MOM'S X WILL SILENCE 6065 04:12:40,409 --> 04:12:42,211 SPECIFIC GENES IN BOTH THE 6066 04:12:42,211 --> 04:12:44,146 YOUNG AND AGING HIPPOCAMPUS. 6067 04:12:44,146 --> 04:12:46,949 BUT THE NEURONS THAT SHOW DAD'S 6068 04:12:46,949 --> 04:12:48,351 X HAVE VERY ROBUST EXPRESSION 6069 04:12:48,351 --> 04:12:51,887 OF THESE GENES. 6070 04:12:51,887 --> 04:12:54,423 VERY, VERY CLEAR, VERY ROBUST. 6071 04:12:54,423 --> 04:12:55,725 THEN SHE ASKED WELL DOES THIS