1 00:00:05,400 --> 00:00:10,320 I'M DREW BREMER, WELCOME TO 2 00:00:10,320 --> 00:00:15,520 THE FIFTH AND FINAL MEETING. 3 00:00:15,520 --> 00:00:18,960 AS I MENTIONED SEVERAL WEEKS 4 00:00:18,960 --> 00:00:20,400 AGO, THE ADVANTAGE PROJECT IS 5 00:00:20,400 --> 00:00:22,160 INTENDED TO AIDED GLOBAL 6 00:00:22,160 --> 00:00:23,160 COMMUNITY ADDRESSING POTENTIAL 7 00:00:23,160 --> 00:00:25,360 IMPACTS OF THE INTERSECTION OF 8 00:00:25,360 --> 00:00:27,200 CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL 9 00:00:27,200 --> 00:00:28,960 CHANGE, FOOD SYSTEMS, NUTRITION 10 00:00:28,960 --> 00:00:31,400 AND HEALTH BY FOCUSING ON 11 00:00:31,400 --> 00:00:32,800 EVIDENCE, SPECIFICALLY WHAT IS 12 00:00:32,800 --> 00:00:34,560 KNOWN AND UNKNOWN. 13 00:00:34,560 --> 00:00:36,640 HOW GAPS MIGHT BE ADDRESSED, HOW 14 00:00:36,640 --> 00:00:38,720 TO APPLY THAT EVIDENCE MOST 15 00:00:38,720 --> 00:00:41,600 EFFECTIVELY IN SUPPORT OF 16 00:00:41,600 --> 00:00:42,640 SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT 17 00:00:42,640 --> 00:00:45,600 PROGRAMS AND POLICIES. 18 00:00:45,600 --> 00:00:46,520 TODAY'S WORKSHOP IS THE FIFTH 19 00:00:46,520 --> 00:00:49,520 AND FINAL OF THE PROJECT, NEEDS 20 00:00:49,520 --> 00:00:52,320 AND APPROACHES TO TRANSLATION OF 21 00:00:52,320 --> 00:00:54,400 EMERGING EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT 22 00:00:54,400 --> 00:00:55,560 CONTEXT SPECIFIC, EQUITABLE, 23 00:00:55,560 --> 00:01:05,960 SAFE AND EFFICACIOUS. 24 00:01:07,680 --> 00:01:10,400 I WENT TO RECOGNIZE DAN RAITEN 25 00:01:10,400 --> 00:01:12,920 AS THE FEARLESS LEADER OF THE 26 00:01:12,920 --> 00:01:15,080 PROJECT AND DR. ALISON STEIBER 27 00:01:15,080 --> 00:01:17,080 FROM ACADEMY OF NUTRITION AND 28 00:01:17,080 --> 00:01:21,200 DIETETICS, THIS PROJECT WOULD 29 00:01:21,200 --> 00:01:23,920 NOT BE POSSIBLE WITHOUT DAN, 30 00:01:23,920 --> 00:01:25,520 ALISON, AND THE TIME AT THE 31 00:01:25,520 --> 00:01:25,960 ACADEMY. 32 00:01:25,960 --> 00:01:28,360 AND I THANK AMY BUCKLEY AND HER 33 00:01:28,360 --> 00:01:31,680 TEAM WHO WORKS BEHIND THE SCENES 34 00:01:31,680 --> 00:01:32,840 TO COORDINATE THESE WORKSHOPS, 35 00:01:32,840 --> 00:01:34,360 WE'RE USED TO VIRTUAL MEETINGS 36 00:01:34,360 --> 00:01:35,800 WE ALSO KNOW THEY JUST DON'T 37 00:01:35,800 --> 00:01:38,280 HAPPEN WITHOUT A LOT OF 38 00:01:38,280 --> 00:01:40,240 LOGISTICAL AND I.T. SUPPORT. 39 00:01:40,240 --> 00:01:42,640 TO THE ENTIRE ADVANTAGE TEAM, A 40 00:01:42,640 --> 00:01:44,280 PROFOUND GRATEFUL THANK YOU. 41 00:01:44,280 --> 00:01:46,160 FOR THOSE JOINING VIA VIDEOCAST 42 00:01:46,160 --> 00:01:47,520 THANK YOU FOR YOUR INTEREST, AND 43 00:01:47,520 --> 00:01:49,920 PLEASE FEEL FREE TO SEND 44 00:01:49,920 --> 00:01:54,600 QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS TO 45 00:01:54,600 --> 00:01:55,440 ADVANTAGE-NICHD@NIH.GOV. 46 00:01:55,440 --> 00:01:57,920 WE DO REALLY APPRECIATE INPUT 47 00:01:57,920 --> 00:02:00,120 FROM THOSE TUNING IN VIA 48 00:02:00,120 --> 00:02:01,360 VIDEOCAST, AND THOUGH YOUR 49 00:02:01,360 --> 00:02:02,400 COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS MAY NOT 50 00:02:02,400 --> 00:02:04,160 BE ADDRESSED LIVE ON THE WORK 51 00:02:04,160 --> 00:02:06,320 STREAM TODAY, THEY ARE CAPTURED 52 00:02:06,320 --> 00:02:08,640 FOR OUR ATTENTION LATER ON. 53 00:02:08,640 --> 00:02:10,240 SO WITH THAT, I'LL KEEP MY 54 00:02:10,240 --> 00:02:14,200 REMARKS SHORT AND PASS THE TORCH 55 00:02:14,200 --> 00:02:16,080 TO DAN RAITEN FOR AN OVERVIEW 56 00:02:16,080 --> 00:02:17,520 AND INTRODUCTION OF THE 57 00:02:17,520 --> 00:02:20,200 CO-CHAIRS OF WORKING GROUP 5. 58 00:02:20,200 --> 00:02:21,080 TAKE IT AWAY. 59 00:02:21,080 --> 00:02:23,080 >> THANK, DREW. 60 00:02:23,080 --> 00:02:25,480 IN CASE YOU WEREN'T AWARE, NONE 61 00:02:25,480 --> 00:02:27,120 OF THIS HAPPENS WITHOUT DREW AND 62 00:02:27,120 --> 00:02:28,520 HIS LEADERSHIP. 63 00:02:28,520 --> 00:02:32,360 I THANK THE LEADERSHIP OF NICHD, 64 00:02:32,360 --> 00:02:34,920 DR. CERNICH AND OUR DIRECTOR, 65 00:02:34,920 --> 00:02:36,400 DR. DIANA BIANCHI FOR THEIR 66 00:02:36,400 --> 00:02:41,120 SUPPORT AS WELL AS LEADERSHIP OF 67 00:02:41,120 --> 00:02:45,280 THE PARTNER AGENCIES ON THIS 68 00:02:45,280 --> 00:02:45,520 PROJECT. 69 00:02:45,520 --> 00:02:47,440 SO, WELCOME, WELCOME BACK TO 70 00:02:47,440 --> 00:02:47,760 ADVANTAGE. 71 00:02:47,760 --> 00:02:51,840 SOME OF WHAT I'M GOING TO GO 72 00:02:51,840 --> 00:02:53,800 THROUGH TODAY WAS BROUGHT BEFORE 73 00:02:53,800 --> 00:02:55,560 BUT WE LEARNED A LOT OVER THE 74 00:02:55,560 --> 00:02:56,880 LAST FOUR WORKSHOPS AND TODAY. 75 00:02:56,880 --> 00:02:59,680 SO SOME OF WHAT I'LL SAY TODAY 76 00:02:59,680 --> 00:03:03,320 REFLECTS SOME OF THAT LEARNING. 77 00:03:03,320 --> 00:03:05,520 FIRST SLIDE PLEASE. 78 00:03:05,520 --> 00:03:08,920 SO, JUST AS AN OVERALL MODEL OF 79 00:03:08,920 --> 00:03:11,200 WHAT MOTIVATES US AND HOW WE DO 80 00:03:11,200 --> 00:03:15,480 WHAT WE DO HERE AT NICHD AND 81 00:03:15,480 --> 00:03:17,600 NIH, WE RECOGNIZE THERE'S AN 82 00:03:17,600 --> 00:03:18,800 IMPORTANT BALANCE BETWEEN BASIC 83 00:03:18,800 --> 00:03:20,320 BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AND 84 00:03:20,320 --> 00:03:22,840 TRANSLATION OF THAT BASIC 85 00:03:22,840 --> 00:03:24,360 KNOWLEDGE TO SUPPORT 86 00:03:24,360 --> 00:03:25,240 EVIDENCE-BASED PROGRAMS, 87 00:03:25,240 --> 00:03:27,200 POLICIES, STANDARDS OF CARE, ET 88 00:03:27,200 --> 00:03:27,440 CETERA. 89 00:03:27,440 --> 00:03:28,560 THIS PROJECT IS REALLY DESIGNED 90 00:03:28,560 --> 00:03:30,040 WITH THAT IN MIND. 91 00:03:30,040 --> 00:03:34,240 TODAY YOU'LL LEARN A LOT ABOUT 92 00:03:34,240 --> 00:03:35,880 THE SECOND PIECE, TRANSLATIONAL 93 00:03:35,880 --> 00:03:38,160 PHASE OF THIS PROJECT. 94 00:03:38,160 --> 00:03:39,200 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 95 00:03:39,200 --> 00:03:41,680 JUST TO BE CLEAR WITH REGARD TO 96 00:03:41,680 --> 00:03:43,880 WHAT WE REFERRED TO AS REGARD TO 97 00:03:43,880 --> 00:03:45,840 TRANSLATION, AND TO MAKE SURE 98 00:03:45,840 --> 00:03:48,480 THAT EVERYBODY UNDERSTANDS THAT 99 00:03:48,480 --> 00:03:50,000 WE'RE NOT DOING POLICIES AND 100 00:03:50,000 --> 00:03:52,080 PROGRAMS BUT WE DO RECOGNIZE 101 00:03:52,080 --> 00:03:53,400 TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH DOES 102 00:03:53,400 --> 00:03:55,240 REFLECT A CONTINUUM OF ACTIVITY, 103 00:03:55,240 --> 00:03:57,360 FROM THE BASIC RESEARCH THROUGH 104 00:03:57,360 --> 00:04:00,080 APPLICATION OF THAT RESEARCH, 105 00:04:00,080 --> 00:04:01,400 AND TO SUPPORT EVIDENCE-BASED 106 00:04:01,400 --> 00:04:02,440 PROGRAMS AND POLICIES. 107 00:04:02,440 --> 00:04:06,080 THIS IS JUST THE DEFINITION 108 00:04:06,080 --> 00:04:09,320 THAT'S USED BY NCATS AT NIH TO 109 00:04:09,320 --> 00:04:13,760 DEFINE 110 00:04:13,760 --> 00:04:15,960 DEFINE ACTUAL TRANSLATIONAL 111 00:04:15,960 --> 00:04:16,320 SCIENCE. 112 00:04:16,320 --> 00:04:18,160 THIS SLIDE REFLECTING THE 113 00:04:18,160 --> 00:04:19,320 CONTINUUM, BASIC BIOMEDICAL 114 00:04:19,320 --> 00:04:21,400 RESEARCH, THEN APPLIED TO THE 115 00:04:21,400 --> 00:04:23,200 DEVELOPMENT OF INTERVENTIONS, 116 00:04:23,200 --> 00:04:24,600 ASSESSMENT TOOLS, ET CETERA, 117 00:04:24,600 --> 00:04:27,080 THAT LEADS TO IMPLEMENTATION OF 118 00:04:27,080 --> 00:04:29,800 THOSE TOOLS, INTERVENTIONS, ET 119 00:04:29,800 --> 00:04:30,040 CETERA. 120 00:04:30,040 --> 00:04:31,640 AND THEN THE FOURTH PIECE THERE 121 00:04:31,640 --> 00:04:36,080 IS ENGAGEMENT OF THE STAKEHOLDER 122 00:04:36,080 --> 00:04:38,600 COMMUNITIES TO SUPPORT THE 123 00:04:38,600 --> 00:04:39,880 IMPLEMENTATION AND THIS 124 00:04:39,880 --> 00:04:40,440 ENTERPRISE. 125 00:04:40,440 --> 00:04:42,080 IT'S A CONTINUAL LOOP WITH DATA 126 00:04:42,080 --> 00:04:46,520 GENERATED AT EACH ONE ONE OF TE 127 00:04:46,520 --> 00:04:47,560 STAGES. 128 00:04:47,560 --> 00:04:47,840 NEXT SLIDE. 129 00:04:47,840 --> 00:04:54,360 THIS IS JUST A RECOGNITION OF 130 00:04:54,360 --> 00:04:55,200 WHAT DREW ALREADY MENTIONED, OUR 131 00:04:55,200 --> 00:04:56,880 GOAL TO EXPLORE THE EVIDENCE, 132 00:04:56,880 --> 00:04:58,400 WHAT WE KNOW AND DON'T KNOW 133 00:04:58,400 --> 00:05:02,360 ABOUT THIS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 134 00:05:02,360 --> 00:05:05,280 CHANGING ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH, 135 00:05:05,280 --> 00:05:06,040 DIET, FOOD SYSTEMS, NUTRITION, 136 00:05:06,040 --> 00:05:07,200 ET CETERA. 137 00:05:07,200 --> 00:05:10,120 WE WANT TO MAKE IT CLEAR THAT 138 00:05:10,120 --> 00:05:13,080 WE'RE NOT MAKING GUIDELINES OR 139 00:05:13,080 --> 00:05:15,280 RECOMMENDATIONS, BUT WE'RE 140 00:05:15,280 --> 00:05:17,320 REALLY INTENDING THIS PROJECT TO 141 00:05:17,320 --> 00:05:18,960 DEVELOP AN EVIDENCE BASE AND 142 00:05:18,960 --> 00:05:20,360 IDENTIFY GAPS TO SUPPORT THOSE 143 00:05:20,360 --> 00:05:23,920 AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS THAT 144 00:05:23,920 --> 00:05:24,560 ARE DOING RECOMMENDATIONS, 145 00:05:24,560 --> 00:05:25,200 GUIDELINES, STANDARDS OF CARE, 146 00:05:25,200 --> 00:05:31,600 ET CETERA. 147 00:05:31,600 --> 00:05:32,480 NEXT SLIDE. 148 00:05:32,480 --> 00:05:34,000 IN THE SPECIFIC CONTEXT OF 149 00:05:34,000 --> 00:05:35,680 DEVELOPMENT OF PROGRAMS TO 150 00:05:35,680 --> 00:05:37,000 ADDRESS INTERSECTION AND DIET 151 00:05:37,000 --> 00:05:39,720 AND HEALTH, THERE ARE THREE MAIN 152 00:05:39,720 --> 00:05:42,400 BUCKETS THAT WE NEED TO EXAMINE. 153 00:05:42,400 --> 00:05:45,120 ONE IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 154 00:05:45,120 --> 00:05:46,400 DIET AND HEALTH, SPECIFIC 155 00:05:46,400 --> 00:05:48,120 PRIORITY HEALTH OUTCOMES. 156 00:05:48,120 --> 00:05:50,120 SECOND IS WHAT PEOPLE ARE EATING 157 00:05:50,120 --> 00:05:51,520 AND WHY. 158 00:05:51,520 --> 00:05:52,920 AND THIRD IS CAPACITY OF THE 159 00:05:52,920 --> 00:05:56,680 FOOD SYSTEM TO MEET THE NEEDS OF 160 00:05:56,680 --> 00:05:59,040 TARGET POPULATIONS. 161 00:05:59,040 --> 00:06:02,360 THE CORE QUESTIONS THAT WE'RE 162 00:06:02,360 --> 00:06:04,520 GOING TO FOCUS ON HERE, YOU 163 00:06:04,520 --> 00:06:07,200 KNOW, IF WE RECOGNIZE WE HAVE 164 00:06:07,200 --> 00:06:10,680 THESE THREE BUCKETS OF EVIDENCE, 165 00:06:10,680 --> 00:06:13,880 WHAT'S THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 166 00:06:13,880 --> 00:06:15,080 THESE BUCKETS AND CHANGING 167 00:06:15,080 --> 00:06:15,480 ENVIRONMENT? 168 00:06:15,480 --> 00:06:21,960 THE SECOND QUESTION IS CAN WE 169 00:06:21,960 --> 00:06:23,280 EVALUATE THESE RELATIONSHIPS 170 00:06:23,280 --> 00:06:24,320 WITHOUT INCLUDING THIS 171 00:06:24,320 --> 00:06:24,680 INTERSECTION. 172 00:06:24,680 --> 00:06:28,720 IF WE CAN'T, HOW DO WE IN FACT 173 00:06:28,720 --> 00:06:30,280 INCLUDE THIS INTERSECTION TO 174 00:06:30,280 --> 00:06:31,760 DEVELOP, YOU KNOW, THE EVIDENCE 175 00:06:31,760 --> 00:06:37,080 BASE WE NEED. 176 00:06:37,080 --> 00:06:38,080 NEXT SLIDE. 177 00:06:38,080 --> 00:06:40,920 THIS IS JUST A QUICK DEFINITION, 178 00:06:40,920 --> 00:06:45,960 WHERE WE USE THE TERM "ECOLOGY" 179 00:06:45,960 --> 00:06:47,600 THROUGHOUT THIS AND PREVIOUS 180 00:06:47,600 --> 00:06:51,200 PROJECTS, A CORE CONCEPT WE'VE 181 00:06:51,200 --> 00:06:52,280 EMPHASIZE AND RECOGNIZED, 182 00:06:52,280 --> 00:06:53,920 ECOLOGY REPRESENTS THE 183 00:06:53,920 --> 00:06:56,640 INTERACTIONS OF A COMPLEX SYSTEM 184 00:06:56,640 --> 00:06:57,880 AND ITS INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL 185 00:06:57,880 --> 00:06:58,320 ENVIRONMENTS. 186 00:06:58,320 --> 00:07:01,800 WE'LL SEE HOW THIS MODEL FITS 187 00:07:01,800 --> 00:07:02,720 IN. 188 00:07:02,720 --> 00:07:05,240 IT'S AN IMPORTANT MODEL, 189 00:07:05,240 --> 00:07:06,000 IMPORTANT APPROACH. 190 00:07:06,000 --> 00:07:08,040 HOW WE DO THIS IS THE CHALLENGE. 191 00:07:08,040 --> 00:07:09,000 NEXT SLIDE. 192 00:07:09,000 --> 00:07:10,560 WHEN WE TALK ABOUT THE 193 00:07:10,560 --> 00:07:12,800 ENVIRONMENT, WE TALK ABOUT 194 00:07:12,800 --> 00:07:14,080 CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL 195 00:07:14,080 --> 00:07:15,440 CHANGE, AND WE'RE REALLY 196 00:07:15,440 --> 00:07:16,200 DELIBERATELY TRYING TO BE 197 00:07:16,200 --> 00:07:19,240 INCLUSIVE OF ALL THE FACTORS 198 00:07:19,240 --> 00:07:21,200 WITHIN THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL 199 00:07:21,200 --> 00:07:21,560 ENVIRONMENT. 200 00:07:21,560 --> 00:07:23,200 THIS IS ANOTHER 201 00:07:23,200 --> 00:07:23,880 CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THAT 202 00:07:23,880 --> 00:07:25,400 ENVIRONMENT, SORT OF A HOLISTIC 203 00:07:25,400 --> 00:07:27,040 VIEW OF THAT ENVIRONMENT. 204 00:07:27,040 --> 00:07:28,680 NOT JUST THE PHYSICAL 205 00:07:28,680 --> 00:07:29,760 ENVIRONMENT BUT ALSO INCLUDES 206 00:07:29,760 --> 00:07:32,360 ALL THESE OTHER FACTORS. 207 00:07:32,360 --> 00:07:35,160 YOU'LL HEAR SOME ABOUT THAT 208 00:07:35,160 --> 00:07:35,480 TODAY. 209 00:07:35,480 --> 00:07:37,200 NEXT SLIDE. 210 00:07:37,200 --> 00:07:39,200 THE FOOD SYSTEM IS A CRITICAL 211 00:07:39,200 --> 00:07:41,360 PART OF THIS ENVIRONMENT, AND IN 212 00:07:41,360 --> 00:07:43,160 FACT REPRESENTS ITS OWN ECOLOGY, 213 00:07:43,160 --> 00:07:45,800 AND THIS REPRESENTS THE ECOLOGY 214 00:07:45,800 --> 00:07:49,040 OF THE FOOD SYSTEM, SIMPLISTIC 215 00:07:49,040 --> 00:07:50,240 DIAGRAM, GETS SUPPORT ACROSS 216 00:07:50,240 --> 00:07:54,000 THAT FOOD SYSTEM IS AFFECTED BY 217 00:07:54,000 --> 00:07:56,960 HUMANS, AFFECTED BY THE EXTERNAL 218 00:07:56,960 --> 00:07:58,400 CONTEXT, CERTAINLY AFFECTED BY 219 00:07:58,400 --> 00:08:00,600 THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT. 220 00:08:00,600 --> 00:08:01,960 AND WHAT WE'RE TALKING ABOUT 221 00:08:01,960 --> 00:08:03,960 HERE IN THE FOOD SYSTEM IS 222 00:08:03,960 --> 00:08:06,120 EVERYTHING FROM SEED TO TABLE, 223 00:08:06,120 --> 00:08:08,280 AND EVERYTHING THAT IS INVOLVED 224 00:08:08,280 --> 00:08:12,040 IN GETTING US WHAT WE NEED. 225 00:08:12,040 --> 00:08:12,800 NEXT SLIDE. 226 00:08:12,800 --> 00:08:16,080 ONE OF THE IMPORTANT THINGS 227 00:08:16,080 --> 00:08:21,440 HIGHLIGHTED THROUGHOUT THIS 228 00:08:21,440 --> 00:08:23,640 PROCESS AND A FOCAL FOOD IS 229 00:08:23,640 --> 00:08:25,200 RECIPROCAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 230 00:08:25,200 --> 00:08:28,160 THE CHANGING ENVIRONMENT AND 231 00:08:28,160 --> 00:08:29,400 FOOD SYSTEMS, THEY AFFECT EACH 232 00:08:29,400 --> 00:08:30,680 OTHER, IT'S NOT A 233 00:08:30,680 --> 00:08:31,640 ONE-DIRECTIONAL RELATIONSHIP. 234 00:08:31,640 --> 00:08:33,120 AND THIS BALANCE IS REALLY A 235 00:08:33,120 --> 00:08:34,040 CRITICAL PIECE OF HOW WE'RE 236 00:08:34,040 --> 00:08:39,000 GOING TO HAVE TO LOOK AT THE 237 00:08:39,000 --> 00:08:40,040 EVIDENCE. 238 00:08:40,040 --> 00:08:42,480 WITH REGARD TO SPECIFICALLY 239 00:08:42,480 --> 00:08:43,960 NUTRITION, WE WANT TO EMPHASIZE 240 00:08:43,960 --> 00:08:47,240 THE FACT THAT NUTRITION IS A 241 00:08:47,240 --> 00:08:48,200 BIOLOGICAL VARIANT. 242 00:08:48,200 --> 00:08:50,160 IN THE CONTEXT OF THESE 243 00:08:50,160 --> 00:08:50,960 RELATIONSHIPS, NUTRITION REALLY 244 00:08:50,960 --> 00:08:53,560 IS THE GLUE THAT TIES CLIMATE 245 00:08:53,560 --> 00:08:55,760 AND FOOD SYSTEMS TO HEALTH. 246 00:08:55,760 --> 00:08:57,360 IT'S NOT SIMPLY A MATTER OF THE 247 00:08:57,360 --> 00:08:59,800 FOOD AND THE FOOD SUPPLY, BUT IT 248 00:08:59,800 --> 00:09:02,280 REALLY IS WHAT HAPPENS AFTER WE 249 00:09:02,280 --> 00:09:03,680 CONSUME FOOD. 250 00:09:03,680 --> 00:09:05,880 HOW DO WE ATTAIN A NUTRITIONAL 251 00:09:05,880 --> 00:09:08,320 STATUS AND WHAT'S THE ROLE OF 252 00:09:08,320 --> 00:09:09,400 THAT NUTRITIONAL STATUS ON 253 00:09:09,400 --> 00:09:10,400 HEALTH. 254 00:09:10,400 --> 00:09:13,120 IT IS A RECIPROCAL RELATIONSHIP, 255 00:09:13,120 --> 00:09:14,360 IN BOTH DIRECTIONS, AND OF 256 00:09:14,360 --> 00:09:15,760 COURSE ALL BEING AFFECTED BY A 257 00:09:15,760 --> 00:09:16,480 CHANGING ENVIRONMENT. 258 00:09:16,480 --> 00:09:19,920 NUTRITION IS THE GLUE THAT TIES 259 00:09:19,920 --> 00:09:22,120 THIS TOGETHER. 260 00:09:22,120 --> 00:09:24,000 NEXT SLIDE. 261 00:09:24,000 --> 00:09:26,040 WITH SPECIFIC REGARDS TO 262 00:09:26,040 --> 00:09:26,760 FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS 263 00:09:26,760 --> 00:09:28,800 BETWEEN NUTRITION AND FOOD 264 00:09:28,800 --> 00:09:30,840 SYSTEMS, THIS REPRESENTS THE 265 00:09:30,840 --> 00:09:35,840 VICIOUS CYCLE OF WHAT HAPPENS IN 266 00:09:35,840 --> 00:09:37,480 A PERTURBED FOOD SYSTEM. 267 00:09:37,480 --> 00:09:41,880 INTERRUPTIONS IN SUPPLY FOR 268 00:09:41,880 --> 00:09:43,680 VARIOUS AND SUNDRY REASONS, 269 00:09:43,680 --> 00:09:45,640 BRINGS FOOD NUTRITION AND 270 00:09:45,640 --> 00:09:46,200 INSECURITY, NEGATIVE 271 00:09:46,200 --> 00:09:48,960 IMPLICATIONS FOR HELP, A 272 00:09:48,960 --> 00:09:50,160 NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP THAT'S 273 00:09:50,160 --> 00:09:54,200 AFFECT AND AFFECTS A CHANGING 274 00:09:54,200 --> 00:09:54,520 ENVIRONMENT. 275 00:09:54,520 --> 00:09:56,920 AS I MENTIONED, IT'S NOT SIMPLY 276 00:09:56,920 --> 00:09:59,440 A MATTER OF THE SUPPLY OF FOOD. 277 00:09:59,440 --> 00:10:00,560 THAT'S OBVIOUSLY A CRITICAL 278 00:10:00,560 --> 00:10:01,560 COMPONENT OF IT. 279 00:10:01,560 --> 00:10:02,960 BUT ALL OF THIS IS HAPPENING IN 280 00:10:02,960 --> 00:10:06,000 THE CONTEXT OF A VERY COMPLEX 281 00:10:06,000 --> 00:10:06,560 GLOBAL HEALTH ENVIRONMENT. 282 00:10:06,560 --> 00:10:10,120 THIS IS BOTH IN THE U.S. AND 283 00:10:10,120 --> 00:10:10,560 GLOBALLY. 284 00:10:10,560 --> 00:10:12,040 AND THIS CARTOON SORT OF 285 00:10:12,040 --> 00:10:13,000 REPRESENTS THE COMPLEXITY OF 286 00:10:13,000 --> 00:10:13,880 THAT. 287 00:10:13,880 --> 00:10:16,960 WE HAVE A TRADITIONAL VIEW OF 288 00:10:16,960 --> 00:10:18,720 NUTRITION AND PUBLIC HEALTH, BUT 289 00:10:18,720 --> 00:10:21,360 AS AN ISSUE OF UNDERNUTRITION, 290 00:10:21,360 --> 00:10:22,840 WHAT WE'VE LEARNED AS YOU'VE ALL 291 00:10:22,840 --> 00:10:25,040 HEARD, THOSE THAT WERE ABLE TO 292 00:10:25,040 --> 00:10:27,600 ATTEND WORKING GROUP 2, ABOUT 293 00:10:27,600 --> 00:10:30,080 THE NUTRITION TRANSITION, CHANGE 294 00:10:30,080 --> 00:10:32,040 FROM TRADITIONAL DIETS AND FOOD 295 00:10:32,040 --> 00:10:34,240 SUPPLY AND IMPLICATIONS OF THAT 296 00:10:34,240 --> 00:10:37,240 TRANSITION ON HEALTH, LEADING TO 297 00:10:37,240 --> 00:10:39,320 THINGS LIKE GLOBAL BURDEN AND 298 00:10:39,320 --> 00:10:40,240 OTHER ADVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES 299 00:10:40,240 --> 00:10:43,040 THAT WE'VE SEEN. 300 00:10:43,040 --> 00:10:47,840 ALL THIS IS HAPPENING, 301 00:10:47,840 --> 00:10:48,800 SUPERIMPOSED ON CLIMATE, 302 00:10:48,800 --> 00:10:50,560 EPIDEMICS, INFECTIOUS DISEASE 303 00:10:50,560 --> 00:10:52,120 DISEASES, WHETHER HIV, MALARIA, 304 00:10:52,120 --> 00:10:55,760 TB, COVID, OR THE NEXT 305 00:10:55,760 --> 00:10:57,200 INFECTION. 306 00:10:57,200 --> 00:11:01,000 PLUS EXPLODING EPIDEMICS IN 307 00:11:01,000 --> 00:11:02,200 NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, AT 308 00:11:02,200 --> 00:11:03,600 THE BOTTOM THIS HAS IMPLICATIONS 309 00:11:03,600 --> 00:11:05,920 ACROSS THE LIFE COURSE AND HAS 310 00:11:05,920 --> 00:11:10,160 TO BE INTEGRATED. 311 00:11:10,160 --> 00:11:12,360 AT THE TOP IS RECOGNITION OF THE 312 00:11:12,360 --> 00:11:19,840 ROLE OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON ALL OF 313 00:11:19,840 --> 00:11:20,480 THIS. 314 00:11:20,480 --> 00:11:22,760 WORKING GROUP 2, DIETARY 315 00:11:22,760 --> 00:11:24,400 PATTERNS, HAS TAKEN AN APPROACH 316 00:11:24,400 --> 00:11:29,240 TO HOW WE'RE GOING TO VIEW 317 00:11:29,240 --> 00:11:32,560 DIETARY PATTERNS BROKEN INTO 318 00:11:32,560 --> 00:11:34,960 THESE FOUR COMPONENTS, USEFUL TO 319 00:11:34,960 --> 00:11:41,080 SHARE THAT WITH YOU AS PART OF 320 00:11:41,080 --> 00:11:46,000 THE GOALS. 321 00:11:46,000 --> 00:11:46,760 PROCUREMENT IS IMPORTANT, ISSUES 322 00:11:46,760 --> 00:11:51,360 AROUND WASTE AND STORAGE ARE 323 00:11:51,360 --> 00:11:53,280 ALSO ISSUES, ALL AFFECTING HOW 324 00:11:53,280 --> 00:11:55,080 PEOPLE MAKE CHOICES ABOUT WHAT 325 00:11:55,080 --> 00:11:59,720 THEY ARE CONSUMING. 326 00:11:59,720 --> 00:12:01,200 NEXT SLIDE. 327 00:12:01,200 --> 00:12:05,440 THIS IS A REPRESENTATION OF THE 328 00:12:05,440 --> 00:12:07,160 ECOLOGY WE'RE TALKING ABOUT, ALL 329 00:12:07,160 --> 00:12:09,400 THE COMPONENTS THAT NEED TO BE 330 00:12:09,400 --> 00:12:11,480 ADDRESSED TO GET A BETTER 331 00:12:11,480 --> 00:12:19,840 UNDERSTANDING OF THIS COMPLEX 332 00:12:19,840 --> 00:12:20,880 SYSTEM. 333 00:12:20,880 --> 00:12:22,400 THIS IS A RECAPITULATION, WHAT 334 00:12:22,400 --> 00:12:25,440 WE'RE TRYING TO DO, LOOKING AT 335 00:12:25,440 --> 00:12:27,240 ANSWERING THESE QUESTIONS, WHAT 336 00:12:27,240 --> 00:12:34,320 IS THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE ON 337 00:12:34,320 --> 00:12:37,040 HEALTH OUTCOMES, DIETARY 338 00:12:37,040 --> 00:12:37,960 PATTERNS, INTEGRATING ECOLOGICAL 339 00:12:37,960 --> 00:12:40,080 APPROACH IN ANALYSIS OF THIS 340 00:12:40,080 --> 00:12:44,280 COMPLEXITY, AND LAST FOCUSING ON 341 00:12:44,280 --> 00:12:46,120 TODAY, HOW DO WE TRANSLATE THIS 342 00:12:46,120 --> 00:12:48,640 TO SUPPORT A RESEARCH ENTERPRISE 343 00:12:48,640 --> 00:12:51,800 INCLUSIVE OF THESE QUESTIONS, 344 00:12:51,800 --> 00:12:55,560 ALSO SUPPORTS MESSAGING AND 345 00:12:55,560 --> 00:12:57,280 SUPPORTS CONTEXT-SPECIFIC 346 00:12:57,280 --> 00:13:02,440 EQUITABLE INTERVENTIONS PROGRAM 347 00:13:02,440 --> 00:13:03,120 POLICIES. 348 00:13:03,120 --> 00:13:03,400 NEXT SLIDE. 349 00:13:03,400 --> 00:13:04,720 THIS IS A REVIEW OF THE 350 00:13:04,720 --> 00:13:08,480 STRUCTURE OF THE ADVANTAGE 351 00:13:08,480 --> 00:13:10,320 PROJECT, I WANT TO ACKNOWLEDGE 352 00:13:10,320 --> 00:13:12,000 IMPORTANCE OF THE SECRETARIAT, 353 00:13:12,000 --> 00:13:14,400 INVOLVED IN ALL ASPECTS, 354 00:13:14,400 --> 00:13:16,040 CONSISTING OF THE NICHD STAFF, 355 00:13:16,040 --> 00:13:20,320 LED BY DREW AND HIS TEAM, AND 356 00:13:20,320 --> 00:13:23,240 ALSO WE ALSO NEED TO ACKNOWLEDGE 357 00:13:23,240 --> 00:13:25,760 THE ACADEMY FOR NUTRITION AND 358 00:13:25,760 --> 00:13:26,720 DIETETICS, WITHOUT THEM NONE OF 359 00:13:26,720 --> 00:13:31,680 THIS HAPPENS, AS DREW MENTIONED, 360 00:13:31,680 --> 00:13:35,320 THE LEAD PERSON FOR THIS WORKING 361 00:13:35,320 --> 00:13:36,520 GROUP INVOLVED TODAY, AND 362 00:13:36,520 --> 00:13:40,680 WORKING GROUPS INVOLVED IN THIS 363 00:13:40,680 --> 00:13:43,640 PROJECT, EVERY ONE HAS AN 364 00:13:43,640 --> 00:13:49,320 IMPORTANT PERSON FROM AND. 365 00:13:49,320 --> 00:13:51,280 A NUMBER OF ORGANIZATIONS AND 366 00:13:51,280 --> 00:13:52,240 AGENCIES ARE INVOLVED IN 367 00:13:52,240 --> 00:13:54,600 DOMESTIC AND GLOBAL FOOD AND 368 00:13:54,600 --> 00:13:56,640 NUTRITION AND HEALTH ENTERPRISE, 369 00:13:56,640 --> 00:13:58,440 THEY PROVIDE WITH INPUT AT THE 370 00:13:58,440 --> 00:14:01,640 BEGINNING STAGE AND THROUGHOUT 371 00:14:01,640 --> 00:14:03,840 THE PROCESS, WHERE WE'RE GOING, 372 00:14:03,840 --> 00:14:05,280 KEEPING US ON TRACK AND MAKING 373 00:14:05,280 --> 00:14:06,880 SURE THAT WE'RE DOING WHAT WE 374 00:14:06,880 --> 00:14:12,080 SHOULD DO AND AVOIDING WHAT WE 375 00:14:12,080 --> 00:14:12,880 SHOULDN'T BE DOING. 376 00:14:12,880 --> 00:14:14,360 NUTS AND BOLTS OF COURSE DONE BY 377 00:14:14,360 --> 00:14:15,720 THE WORKING GROUP. 378 00:14:15,720 --> 00:14:23,880 THIS IS THE ORGANIZATION OF THE 379 00:14:23,880 --> 00:14:25,680 PROJECT, THREE WORKING GROUPS, 380 00:14:25,680 --> 00:14:32,000 DATA FOCUSED, THE ONE ON HEALTH, 381 00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:34,840 FOOD SYSTEMS GROUP LED BY ROBIN 382 00:14:34,840 --> 00:14:40,680 WHITE, AND DIETARY PATTERNS LED 383 00:14:40,680 --> 00:14:42,080 BY KAREN STEGEL. 384 00:14:42,080 --> 00:14:45,720 NEXT IS ANALYTICAL GROUP LED BY 385 00:14:45,720 --> 00:14:47,360 BRUCE LEE, REALLY FOCUSING ON 386 00:14:47,360 --> 00:14:49,080 HOW WE PUT ALL THIS STUFF 387 00:14:49,080 --> 00:14:50,080 TOGETHER. 388 00:14:50,080 --> 00:14:51,800 IT'S NOT JUST MEASURES AND 389 00:14:51,800 --> 00:14:52,280 METRICS. 390 00:14:52,280 --> 00:14:54,000 THE INDICATORS THAT WE NEED TO 391 00:14:54,000 --> 00:14:57,760 USE TO INTEGRATE BOTH CLINICALLY 392 00:14:57,760 --> 00:15:00,920 AND POPULATION LEVEL, BUT WHAT 393 00:15:00,920 --> 00:15:02,560 SORT OF ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORKS 394 00:15:02,560 --> 00:15:03,800 MIGHT ANALYZE THESE COMPLEX 395 00:15:03,800 --> 00:15:05,200 SYSTEMS, AND THE LAST GROUP IS 396 00:15:05,200 --> 00:15:08,120 OF COURSE TODAY'S GROUP. 397 00:15:08,120 --> 00:15:08,880 NEXT SLIDE. 398 00:15:08,880 --> 00:15:14,920 THIS IS THE ROSTER OF FOLKS 399 00:15:14,920 --> 00:15:17,000 INVOLVED IN THE PROJECT. 400 00:15:17,000 --> 00:15:23,040 AND I WANT TO -- I FORGOT TO 401 00:15:23,040 --> 00:15:25,120 MENTION LINDSEY SMITH-TAILLIE, 402 00:15:25,120 --> 00:15:28,320 CO-CHAIR OF WORKING GROUP 2. 403 00:15:28,320 --> 00:15:30,000 WITHOUT THE CO-CHAIRS NONE OF 404 00:15:30,000 --> 00:15:33,200 THIS HAPPENS. 405 00:15:33,200 --> 00:15:35,240 I WANT TO ACKNOWLEDGE EACH GROUP 406 00:15:35,240 --> 00:15:40,880 HAS FIVE TO EIGHT MEMBERS, 407 00:15:40,880 --> 00:15:41,760 DISTINGUISHED SCIENTISTS AND 408 00:15:41,760 --> 00:15:43,720 INVESTIGATORS, THROUGHOUT THE 409 00:15:43,720 --> 00:15:44,880 U.S. AND GLOBALLY. 410 00:15:44,880 --> 00:15:46,480 AND WE'RE GRATEFUL FOR THEIR 411 00:15:46,480 --> 00:15:47,760 WILLINGNESS TO CONTRIBUTE TO 412 00:15:47,760 --> 00:15:49,200 THIS PROJECT, NONE OF THIS 413 00:15:49,200 --> 00:15:50,320 HAPPENS WITHOUT THEM. 414 00:15:50,320 --> 00:15:51,680 I THINK THAT I'LL STOP THERE AND 415 00:15:51,680 --> 00:15:53,240 TURN IT OVER TO THE CHAIRS. 416 00:15:53,240 --> 00:15:54,240 THANKS TO EVERYBODY FOR JOINING 417 00:15:54,240 --> 00:15:55,400 US TODAY. 418 00:15:55,400 --> 00:15:57,200 WE'RE LOOKING FORWARD TO AN 419 00:15:57,200 --> 00:16:06,600 EXCITING SESSION. 420 00:16:06,600 --> 00:16:07,120 THANK YOU. 421 00:16:07,120 --> 00:16:10,960 >> THANKS FOR THE OVERVIEW. 422 00:16:10,960 --> 00:16:13,480 I'M JESS FANZO, I AM THE 423 00:16:13,480 --> 00:16:16,040 CO-CHAIR WITH DIEGO ROSE FOR 424 00:16:16,040 --> 00:16:16,760 THIS WORKING GROUP. 425 00:16:16,760 --> 00:16:18,720 I'M GOING TO GET INTO SOME 426 00:16:18,720 --> 00:16:20,720 SLIDES, AND I'LL SHOW THE AGENDA 427 00:16:20,720 --> 00:16:23,240 OF WHAT WE HOPE TO ACHIEVE 428 00:16:23,240 --> 00:16:23,720 TODAY. 429 00:16:23,720 --> 00:16:28,400 AND THANK YOU ALL FOR THOSE 430 00:16:28,400 --> 00:16:29,760 INSIDE WORKING GROUP AND THE 431 00:16:29,760 --> 00:16:31,760 TEAM THAT'S SUPPORTING ALL OF 432 00:16:31,760 --> 00:16:33,280 OUR WORKING GROUPS AS WELL AS 433 00:16:33,280 --> 00:16:34,400 THOSE AND OTHER WORKING GROUPS 434 00:16:34,400 --> 00:16:41,080 OR PEOPLE NOT IN ANY WORKING 435 00:16:41,080 --> 00:16:44,840 GROUPS, FOR JOINING US. 436 00:16:44,840 --> 00:16:53,800 LET ME SHARE MY SCREEN. 437 00:16:53,800 --> 00:16:56,520 SO, AGAIN, AS DAN HAD SAID, 438 00:16:56,520 --> 00:16:59,200 WE'RE THE FINAL WORKING GROUP. 439 00:16:59,200 --> 00:17:01,360 IT'S REALLY ON WHAT DOES IT MEAN 440 00:17:01,360 --> 00:17:03,200 TO TRANSLATE AND IMPLEMENT ALL 441 00:17:03,200 --> 00:17:08,560 OF THIS EVIDENCE IN THIS VERY 442 00:17:08,560 --> 00:17:09,760 MULTI-DISCIPLINARY SETTING THAT 443 00:17:09,760 --> 00:17:12,480 WE ARE ALL FACED WITH AS 444 00:17:12,480 --> 00:17:13,760 RESEARCHERS AND SCIENTISTS. 445 00:17:13,760 --> 00:17:17,640 AGAIN, MY NAME IS JESS FANZO, IN 446 00:17:17,640 --> 00:17:20,120 TRANSITION MOVING FROM JOHNS 447 00:17:20,120 --> 00:17:21,800 HOPKINS TO COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, 448 00:17:21,800 --> 00:17:23,560 AND MY CO-CHAIR IS DIEGO ROSE, 449 00:17:23,560 --> 00:17:24,800 WHO IS HERE TODAY. 450 00:17:24,800 --> 00:17:27,840 HE'S A PROFESSOR AT TULANE 451 00:17:27,840 --> 00:17:28,200 UNIVERSITY. 452 00:17:28,200 --> 00:17:29,720 THIS IS THE AGENDA. 453 00:17:29,720 --> 00:17:35,480 YOU'VE HEARD FROM DREW AND DAN. 454 00:17:35,480 --> 00:17:37,640 I'LL BE GIVING A WORKING GROUP 5 455 00:17:37,640 --> 00:17:40,400 INTRODUCTION AND INTRODUCING OUR 456 00:17:40,400 --> 00:17:41,200 KEYNOTE, ANN KELLER. 457 00:17:41,200 --> 00:17:42,760 ANN WILL GIVE A TALK FOR 20 458 00:17:42,760 --> 00:17:44,800 MINUTES AND WE'LL HAVE A 459 00:17:44,800 --> 00:17:46,960 DISCUSSION WHICH DIEGO WILL 460 00:17:46,960 --> 00:17:48,280 MODERATE FOR ABOUT 20 MINUTES. 461 00:17:48,280 --> 00:17:49,880 WE'LL TAKE A SHORT BREAK SO 462 00:17:49,880 --> 00:17:54,600 PEOPLE CAN FUEL UP ON COFFEE AND 463 00:17:54,600 --> 00:17:55,880 DO ANY NECESSARY BIOLOGICAL 464 00:17:55,880 --> 00:17:58,320 BREAKS, AND THEN WE'LL MOVE INTO 465 00:17:58,320 --> 00:18:03,640 A SET OF TWO TALKS, FROM OTHER 466 00:18:03,640 --> 00:18:08,040 WORKING GROUP MEMBERS, CHRISTINA 467 00:18:08,040 --> 00:18:13,200 ROBERTO AND JENN OTTEN AND WENDI 468 00:18:13,200 --> 00:18:14,800 GOSLINER AND A DISCUSSION TAKING 469 00:18:14,800 --> 00:18:19,400 US TO 1:30 THAT SELENA AHMED 470 00:18:19,400 --> 00:18:20,320 WILL LEAD. 471 00:18:20,320 --> 00:18:22,800 SO, YOU'VE HEARD THIS ALREADY, 472 00:18:22,800 --> 00:18:28,800 WHAT IS ADVANTAGE? 473 00:18:28,800 --> 00:18:30,880 DAN HAS PRESENTED THIS SLIDE HOW 474 00:18:30,880 --> 00:18:34,360 CAN WE BEST TRANSLATE EVIDENCE 475 00:18:34,360 --> 00:18:37,120 TO SUPPORT EFFECTIVE MESSAGING, 476 00:18:37,120 --> 00:18:40,320 TO SUPPORT EFFECTIVE POLICY AND 477 00:18:40,320 --> 00:18:41,080 PROGRAMS TO PROMOTE HEALTH AND 478 00:18:41,080 --> 00:18:41,960 PREVENT DISEASE. 479 00:18:41,960 --> 00:18:43,360 THIS IS OUR GROUP. 480 00:18:43,360 --> 00:18:53,880 WE HAVE HAVE SELENA AHMED, RUTH 481 00:18:59,080 --> 00:19:01,680 DEVRIES, MYSELF, WENDI ATU 482 00:19:01,680 --> 00:19:03,840 BERKELEY, MARTIN HELLER AT 483 00:19:03,840 --> 00:19:05,160 MICHIGAN, JENN OTTE NEXT, 484 00:19:05,160 --> 00:19:07,360 UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON. 485 00:19:07,360 --> 00:19:09,120 CHRISTINA ROBERTO, AT UNIVERSITY 486 00:19:09,120 --> 00:19:10,760 OF PENNSYLVANIA. 487 00:19:10,760 --> 00:19:12,160 DIEGO ROSE AT TULANE. 488 00:19:12,160 --> 00:19:18,360 WHO IS ALSO MY CO-CHAIR AND 489 00:19:18,360 --> 00:19:19,400 PATRICK WEBB AT TUFTS 490 00:19:19,400 --> 00:19:19,840 UNIVERSITY. 491 00:19:19,840 --> 00:19:21,320 I WANT TO START BY SAYING 492 00:19:21,320 --> 00:19:23,360 THERE'S BEEN A LOT WRITTEN ABOUT 493 00:19:23,360 --> 00:19:26,040 THE INTERSECTION BETWEEN CLIMATE 494 00:19:26,040 --> 00:19:27,920 AND ENVIRONMENT CHANGE. 495 00:19:27,920 --> 00:19:28,600 FOOD SYSTEMS, DIETS, NUTRITION 496 00:19:28,600 --> 00:19:30,120 AND HEALTH. 497 00:19:30,120 --> 00:19:33,080 I PUT UP A FEW PAPERS FROM 498 00:19:33,080 --> 00:19:37,560 MYSELF THAT WE'VE WRITTEN ON 499 00:19:37,560 --> 00:19:38,080 THIS INTERSECTIONALITY. 500 00:19:38,080 --> 00:19:39,480 A LOT OF OUR WORKING GROUP 501 00:19:39,480 --> 00:19:41,840 MEMBERS HAVE NOT ONLY WRITTEN 502 00:19:41,840 --> 00:19:43,360 ABOUT THIS INTERSECTIONALITY BUT 503 00:19:43,360 --> 00:19:47,640 HOW DO YOU TRANSLATE EVIDENCE 504 00:19:47,640 --> 00:19:49,960 INTO POLICY AND PROGRAM, AND 505 00:19:49,960 --> 00:19:51,080 COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT. 506 00:19:51,080 --> 00:19:53,680 MOST OF OUR WORKING GROUP 507 00:19:53,680 --> 00:19:55,080 MEMBERS HAVE DEEP EXPERIENCE, 508 00:19:55,080 --> 00:20:01,920 EITHER IN THE U.S. CONTEXT OR 509 00:20:01,920 --> 00:20:02,800 INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT, SQUARELY 510 00:20:02,800 --> 00:20:04,160 IN THIS TRANSLATION PIECE. 511 00:20:04,160 --> 00:20:05,440 THERE'S BEEN A LOT WRITTEN 512 00:20:05,440 --> 00:20:07,040 ALREADY BY MANY WORKING GROUP 513 00:20:07,040 --> 00:20:10,320 MEMBERS ACROSS THE FIVE GROUPS. 514 00:20:10,320 --> 00:20:12,640 OF THIS INTERACTIONALITY, AS 515 00:20:12,640 --> 00:20:15,800 WELL AS HOW DO WE DO MORE THAN 516 00:20:15,800 --> 00:20:18,200 JUST SCIENCE AND DO THIS 517 00:20:18,200 --> 00:20:18,600 TRANSLATION. 518 00:20:18,600 --> 00:20:20,360 AND I'VE PUT THIS FIGURE UP. 519 00:20:20,360 --> 00:20:24,920 IT'S A VERY SIMPLE FIGURE, BUT 520 00:20:24,920 --> 00:20:32,720 IT'S QUITE CLEAR IN ITS 521 00:20:32,720 --> 00:20:33,880 SIMPLIFICATION, ABOUT THE 522 00:20:33,880 --> 00:20:39,040 INTERSECTION THAT DAN HAD 523 00:20:39,040 --> 00:20:42,960 WRITTEN UP IN CURRENT OPINION OF 524 00:20:42,960 --> 00:20:44,720 BIOTECHNOLOGY, A SIMPLE DIAGRAM 525 00:20:44,720 --> 00:20:49,320 THAT'S NOT SIMPLE IN REALITY. 526 00:20:49,320 --> 00:20:52,520 THERE'S A LOT OF DRIVERS, 527 00:20:52,520 --> 00:20:55,720 FEEDBACK LOOPS THAT GARNER THE 528 00:20:55,720 --> 00:20:56,480 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE 529 00:20:56,480 --> 00:20:57,320 DIFFERENT ENTITIES. 530 00:20:57,320 --> 00:20:59,080 THE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF 531 00:20:59,080 --> 00:21:01,840 WORKING GROUP 5 IS TO TRY TO 532 00:21:01,840 --> 00:21:07,080 THEN -- AND THIS IS WORKING 533 00:21:07,080 --> 00:21:08,240 LANGUAGE, AND THIS OVER A FEW 534 00:21:08,240 --> 00:21:09,600 DISCUSSIONS WE'VE HAD AS A 535 00:21:09,600 --> 00:21:10,600 WORKING GROUP. 536 00:21:10,600 --> 00:21:11,560 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES AND 537 00:21:11,560 --> 00:21:13,040 OUTCOMES OF WHAT WE HOPE TO 538 00:21:13,040 --> 00:21:15,040 ACHIEVE IN THE FINAL PRODUCT OF 539 00:21:15,040 --> 00:21:17,480 THIS WORKING GROUP MAY BE VERY 540 00:21:17,480 --> 00:21:19,080 DIFFERENT THAN WHERE WE ARE NOW. 541 00:21:19,080 --> 00:21:21,960 THAT'S WHAT THIS WORKSHOP IS 542 00:21:21,960 --> 00:21:25,240 ABOUT, TO GET FEEDBACK AND 543 00:21:25,240 --> 00:21:27,440 THOUGHTS AND IDEAS TO START 544 00:21:27,440 --> 00:21:29,120 HONING AND BETTER REFINING GOALS 545 00:21:29,120 --> 00:21:31,040 AND OBJECTIVES IN OUTPUTS. 546 00:21:31,040 --> 00:21:33,680 THE FIRST IS TO EXPLAIN KEY 547 00:21:33,680 --> 00:21:36,320 PRINCIPLES AND BEST PRACTICES 548 00:21:36,320 --> 00:21:46,320 FOR TRANSLATING INTEGRATED 549 00:21:46,320 --> 00:21:48,160 MULTI-SECTORIAL KNOWLEDGE, THAT 550 00:21:48,160 --> 00:21:50,400 TRANSLATION INTO EFFECTIVE 551 00:21:50,400 --> 00:21:51,160 POLICY MAKING PROCESSES, 552 00:21:51,160 --> 00:21:52,720 POTENTIAL ACTIONS, THAT COULD 553 00:21:52,720 --> 00:21:54,160 MEET THE MULTIPLE CHALLENGES AND 554 00:21:54,160 --> 00:21:57,560 GOALS THAT WE WANT TO ACHIEVE. 555 00:21:57,560 --> 00:22:02,360 THE OTHER GOAL AND OBJECTIVE IS 556 00:22:02,360 --> 00:22:04,560 THAT THIS TRANSLATION REQUIRES 557 00:22:04,560 --> 00:22:09,440 INFORMING AND GUIDING RESEARCH 558 00:22:09,440 --> 00:22:12,760 DESIGN, IMPLEMENTATION AND 559 00:22:12,760 --> 00:22:13,680 COMMUNICATING, DESIGN, MAKING 560 00:22:13,680 --> 00:22:16,160 STANDARDS OF CARE THAT PROMOTE 561 00:22:16,160 --> 00:22:20,360 DIETARY QUALITY, OPTIMAL 562 00:22:20,360 --> 00:22:21,560 NUTRITION AND PLANETARY HEALTH. 563 00:22:21,560 --> 00:22:23,880 WE START TO GET CONFUSED IN OUR 564 00:22:23,880 --> 00:22:25,280 DISCUSSIONS ABOUT WHAT DO WE 565 00:22:25,280 --> 00:22:27,160 MEAN, WHAT I THINK OF WHEN I 566 00:22:27,160 --> 00:22:29,040 THINK OF TRANSLATION IS VERY 567 00:22:29,040 --> 00:22:31,160 DIFFERENT THAN, SAY, WHAT DIEGO 568 00:22:31,160 --> 00:22:34,320 THINKS OF OR PATRICK OR SELENA 569 00:22:34,320 --> 00:22:35,120 OR JENN. 570 00:22:35,120 --> 00:22:37,560 WE'RE ALL IN A STATE OF TRYING 571 00:22:37,560 --> 00:22:38,840 TO UNDERSTAND THE SEMANTICS 572 00:22:38,840 --> 00:22:40,160 WHICH ARE REALLY IMPORTANT. 573 00:22:40,160 --> 00:22:42,120 DAN LAID OUT A DEFINITION OF 574 00:22:42,120 --> 00:22:44,000 TRANSLATION WHICH WAS VERY 575 00:22:44,000 --> 00:22:44,200 USEFUL. 576 00:22:44,200 --> 00:22:46,040 BUT WE STILL NEED TO DELIBERATE 577 00:22:46,040 --> 00:22:48,280 ON WHAT DO WE MEAN BY 578 00:22:48,280 --> 00:22:50,040 SUSTAINABLE HEALTH AND 579 00:22:50,040 --> 00:22:52,880 NUTRITION, WHAT ARE POLICYMAKING 580 00:22:52,880 --> 00:22:57,080 PROCESSES, WHAT IS 581 00:22:57,080 --> 00:22:57,600 EVIDENCE-BASED AND 582 00:22:57,600 --> 00:22:58,960 EVIDENCE-INFORMED POLICYMAKING, 583 00:22:58,960 --> 00:23:01,280 WHAT IS TRANSLATION OF RESEARCH 584 00:23:01,280 --> 00:23:06,720 IN SCIENCE, WHAT DOES IT MEAN 585 00:23:06,720 --> 00:23:08,040 AND FOR WHICH STAKEHOLDERS AND 586 00:23:08,040 --> 00:23:14,400 WHAT DO WE MEAN BY INTEGRATION 587 00:23:14,400 --> 00:23:15,800 DO WE HAVE TO WORK TOGETHER 588 00:23:15,800 --> 00:23:20,200 PRESSING THE BUTTONS AT ONCE? 589 00:23:20,200 --> 00:23:22,840 THESE DEFINITIONS WILL GREATLY 590 00:23:22,840 --> 00:23:24,680 MATTER FOR FINAL OUTPUTS OF THIS 591 00:23:24,680 --> 00:23:27,200 IDEA HOW DO WE TRANSLATE AND 592 00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:28,840 WHAT DOES THAT EXACTLY MEAN. 593 00:23:28,840 --> 00:23:31,600 ONE OF THE THINGS WE 594 00:23:31,600 --> 00:23:33,480 BRAINSTORMED WAS WHY THINGS 595 00:23:33,480 --> 00:23:34,200 DON'T HAPPEN. 596 00:23:34,200 --> 00:23:37,600 AND WE HOPE THAT IN OUR PAPER, 597 00:23:37,600 --> 00:23:41,960 WE ARTICULATE HOW TO CHANGE THE 598 00:23:41,960 --> 00:23:44,960 WHY'S, TO IMPACTFUL HOWS. 599 00:23:44,960 --> 00:23:49,600 WHY DOES CLIMATE, ENVIRONMENT, 600 00:23:49,600 --> 00:23:50,880 FOOD AND HEALTH, INADEQUATELY 601 00:23:50,880 --> 00:23:52,920 INTEGRATED INTO U.S. 602 00:23:52,920 --> 00:23:55,240 POLICYMAKING, WHY DO WE NOT SEE 603 00:23:55,240 --> 00:23:56,680 THESE CHALLENGES MERGING 604 00:23:56,680 --> 00:23:57,680 TOGETHER INTO A HOLISTIC 605 00:23:57,680 --> 00:24:01,880 THINKING WHEN IT COMES TIME FOR 606 00:24:01,880 --> 00:24:02,560 POLICYMAKING? 607 00:24:02,560 --> 00:24:05,240 WHY DOES TRANSLATION 608 00:24:05,240 --> 00:24:06,600 IMPLEMENTATION OF EVIDENCE-BASED 609 00:24:06,600 --> 00:24:07,800 INTERVENTION AND POLICY ACTIONS, 610 00:24:07,800 --> 00:24:18,360 WHY ARE THEY NOT PRIORITIZED TO 611 00:24:19,600 --> 00:24:21,080 ELICIT SUBSTANTIVE CHANGES, WHY 612 00:24:21,080 --> 00:24:24,160 POLITICAL WILL TO THIS 613 00:24:24,160 --> 00:24:25,240 MULTI-DISCIPLINARY APPROACH CAN 614 00:24:25,240 --> 00:24:27,600 BE CHALLENGING FOR MANY INVOLVED 615 00:24:27,600 --> 00:24:28,640 IN THOSE PROCESSES. 616 00:24:28,640 --> 00:24:30,520 WHY EVIDENCE AND KNOWLEDGE CAN 617 00:24:30,520 --> 00:24:34,000 GET LOST IN TRANSLATION OR DOES 618 00:24:34,000 --> 00:24:37,280 NOT CONTRIBUTE EFFECTIVELY TO 619 00:24:37,280 --> 00:24:39,080 POLICYMAKING PROCESSES, WHY 620 00:24:39,080 --> 00:24:40,600 WORKFORCE AND EDUCATION 621 00:24:40,600 --> 00:24:42,160 DEVELOPMENT ON TRANSLATING 622 00:24:42,160 --> 00:24:44,040 EVIDENCE INTO POLICY IS 623 00:24:44,040 --> 00:24:46,640 INEFFICIENT OR SOMETIMES EVEN 624 00:24:46,640 --> 00:24:47,000 IGNORED. 625 00:24:47,000 --> 00:24:49,320 WHY THE FUNDING OF SCIENCE IS 626 00:24:49,320 --> 00:24:50,640 INEFFECTIVE IN THAT IT DOESN'T 627 00:24:50,640 --> 00:24:54,360 ADDRESS THE LONG GAME TO CHANGE 628 00:24:54,360 --> 00:24:54,880 POLICY. 629 00:24:54,880 --> 00:24:56,560 AND WHY SCIENTISTS THEMSELVES 630 00:24:56,560 --> 00:24:58,760 DON'T TALK ABOUT POLICY AND ARE 631 00:24:58,760 --> 00:25:01,080 SOMETIMES EVEN SUSPICIOUS OF IT. 632 00:25:01,080 --> 00:25:03,440 SO THESE ARE SOME OF THE WHY 633 00:25:03,440 --> 00:25:05,400 THINGS DON'T HAPPEN AND WHAT WE 634 00:25:05,400 --> 00:25:08,400 HOPE TO REALLY BETTER UNDERSTAND 635 00:25:08,400 --> 00:25:10,240 IN OUR PROCESS. 636 00:25:10,240 --> 00:25:13,240 THIS DIAGRAM IS SUPPLIED BY JENN 637 00:25:13,240 --> 00:25:13,680 OTTEN. 638 00:25:13,680 --> 00:25:14,760 I DIDN'T PUT THE REFERENCE, 639 00:25:14,760 --> 00:25:15,760 SORRY ABOUT THAT. 640 00:25:15,760 --> 00:25:20,320 I LIKE THIS FIGURE ON THE DEMAND 641 00:25:20,320 --> 00:25:23,200 AND SUPPLY RELATIONSHIPS OF 642 00:25:23,200 --> 00:25:25,360 INFLUENCING POLICY OR HOW 643 00:25:25,360 --> 00:25:26,240 POLITICS CAN INFLUENCE SCIENCE 644 00:25:26,240 --> 00:25:26,960 AND RESEARCH. 645 00:25:26,960 --> 00:25:32,360 AND THERE'S A WHOLE BREADTH OF 646 00:25:32,360 --> 00:25:34,600 POLITICAL INFLUENCES THAT 647 00:25:34,600 --> 00:25:36,240 INFLUENCE SCIENCE AND POLICY, 648 00:25:36,240 --> 00:25:38,840 AND MANY DIFFERENT WAYS OF 649 00:25:38,840 --> 00:25:41,760 DISSEMINATING OUR SCIENCE TO 650 00:25:41,760 --> 00:25:42,360 INFLUENCE POLICY. 651 00:25:42,360 --> 00:25:46,360 AND SO THIS IS REALLY LOOKING AT 652 00:25:46,360 --> 00:25:48,640 BOTH SIDES OF THE COIN ABOUT 653 00:25:48,640 --> 00:25:53,720 SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF THE SCIENCE 654 00:25:53,720 --> 00:25:54,200 POLICY INTERFACE. 655 00:25:54,200 --> 00:25:55,920 ONE OF THE BIG THINGS WE WANT TO 656 00:25:55,920 --> 00:26:00,560 DO AT THE END OF THIS, AS MAJOR 657 00:26:00,560 --> 00:26:01,720 OUTPUT, ARE DEVELOPING SOME 658 00:26:01,720 --> 00:26:03,320 PRINCIPLES FOR HOW TO TRANSLATE 659 00:26:03,320 --> 00:26:04,600 EVIDENCE INTO POLICY AND 660 00:26:04,600 --> 00:26:04,880 PRACTICE. 661 00:26:04,880 --> 00:26:06,600 AND, AGAIN, SOME OF OUR WORKING 662 00:26:06,600 --> 00:26:08,840 GROUP MEMBERS HAVE WRITTEN ABOUT 663 00:26:08,840 --> 00:26:11,200 THIS AND PUBLISHED ON CORE 664 00:26:11,200 --> 00:26:13,960 PRINCIPLES OR BEST PRACTICES, OR 665 00:26:13,960 --> 00:26:19,520 THINGS TO CONSIDER. 666 00:26:19,520 --> 00:26:20,760 THINGS LIKE MULTI-SECTORIAL, 667 00:26:20,760 --> 00:26:21,720 MULTI-DISCIPLINARY INTEGRATION 668 00:26:21,720 --> 00:26:24,440 AS A CORE PRINCIPLE WHEN 669 00:26:24,440 --> 00:26:25,680 BRINGING SUBJECT MATTERS 670 00:26:25,680 --> 00:26:25,960 TOGETHER. 671 00:26:25,960 --> 00:26:27,640 STOP THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE AS 672 00:26:27,640 --> 00:26:29,160 THE END-ALL, BE-ALL OF EVIDENCE. 673 00:26:29,160 --> 00:26:35,400 THERE'S OTHER FORMS OF EVIDENCE. 674 00:26:35,400 --> 00:26:35,880 COLLABORATING WITH LEGAL 675 00:26:35,880 --> 00:26:39,520 EXPERTS, SOME OF WHAT SCIENCE IS 676 00:26:39,520 --> 00:26:41,000 GARNERING AND RECOMMENDING IS IT 677 00:26:41,000 --> 00:26:46,520 LEGALLY VIABLE IN THE POLICY 678 00:26:46,520 --> 00:26:47,400 SPACE? 679 00:26:47,400 --> 00:26:48,720 HOW DO WE AVOID UNINTENDED OR 680 00:26:48,720 --> 00:26:49,800 SOMETIMES INTENDED CONSEQUENCES? 681 00:26:49,800 --> 00:26:53,840 HOW DO WE UNDERSTAND THE VIEWS 682 00:26:53,840 --> 00:26:54,600 OF STAKEHOLDERS AND IMPLICATIONS 683 00:26:54,600 --> 00:26:57,520 OF SOME OF THE SCIENCE THEY THEN 684 00:26:57,520 --> 00:26:58,920 NEED TO DEAL WITH? 685 00:26:58,920 --> 00:27:02,680 HOW DO WE ENGAGE EARLY AND 686 00:27:02,680 --> 00:27:04,480 JOINTLY WITH THOSE THAT THESE 687 00:27:04,480 --> 00:27:06,520 POLICIES WILL IMPACT AND THAT 688 00:27:06,520 --> 00:27:09,200 THEY WILL BE SHAPED BY? 689 00:27:09,200 --> 00:27:14,200 HOW DO WE CONSIDER CONTEXT, FOOD 690 00:27:14,200 --> 00:27:15,880 SYSTEMS, HEALTH SYSTEMS, DIVERSE 691 00:27:15,880 --> 00:27:17,840 AROUND THE WORLD, STAKEHOLDERS 692 00:27:17,840 --> 00:27:19,480 MANAGING OR ENGAGED WITH THOSE 693 00:27:19,480 --> 00:27:21,240 SYSTEMS ARE VERY DIVERSE. 694 00:27:21,240 --> 00:27:24,000 HOW DO WE CONSIDER THAT 695 00:27:24,000 --> 00:27:25,400 DIVERSITY IN THAT CONTEXT? 696 00:27:25,400 --> 00:27:28,360 HOW DO WE BETTER PARTNER WITH 697 00:27:28,360 --> 00:27:30,320 POLICYMAKERS OR CHANGE AGENTS TO 698 00:27:30,320 --> 00:27:32,440 EVEN UNDERSTAND WHERE THEY ARE 699 00:27:32,440 --> 00:27:33,400 SITTING, WHAT ARE THE 700 00:27:33,400 --> 00:27:35,360 PRIORITIES, WHAT ARE THE 701 00:27:35,360 --> 00:27:37,760 POLICIES THAT THEY WANT TO SHAPE 702 00:27:37,760 --> 00:27:39,320 INTO THE FUTURE? 703 00:27:39,320 --> 00:27:42,480 HOW DO WE BETTER INTEGRATE 704 00:27:42,480 --> 00:27:47,200 EVIDENCE AND RESPOND TO REAL 705 00:27:47,200 --> 00:27:48,640 TIME CHALLENGES, NOT WHAT 706 00:27:48,640 --> 00:27:50,040 HAPPENS IN FIVE YEARS AND I NEED 707 00:27:50,040 --> 00:27:51,440 MORE EVIDENCE TO GET THERE. 708 00:27:51,440 --> 00:27:53,840 AND HOW DO WE ARTICULATE AND 709 00:27:53,840 --> 00:27:57,880 MESSAGE THE RESEARCH IN A MUCH 710 00:27:57,880 --> 00:27:58,920 MORE EASILY UNDERSTANDABLE WAY 711 00:27:58,920 --> 00:28:01,240 TO THOSE THAT COULD USE THAT 712 00:28:01,240 --> 00:28:01,520 INFORMATION. 713 00:28:01,520 --> 00:28:06,400 AND THAT COULD BE PROVIDING 714 00:28:06,400 --> 00:28:08,160 GUIDELINES, ON TRANSLATING, 715 00:28:08,160 --> 00:28:09,600 IMPLEMENTING, APPLYING NEW 716 00:28:09,600 --> 00:28:11,240 EVIDENCE AND DATA. 717 00:28:11,240 --> 00:28:13,080 THIS WAS A PAPER THAT I 718 00:28:13,080 --> 00:28:15,520 PUBLISHED WITH A WHOLE BUNCH OF 719 00:28:15,520 --> 00:28:16,080 COLLEAGUES, INCLUDING MARIE 720 00:28:16,080 --> 00:28:20,400 SPIKER WHO IS ON WORKING GROUP 721 00:28:20,400 --> 00:28:24,800 4, ABOUT DIFFERENT NUTRITION 722 00:28:24,800 --> 00:28:25,840 RESEARCH METHODS THAT INTERVENE 723 00:28:25,840 --> 00:28:29,200 INTO THE FOOD SYSTEM AND CREATE 724 00:28:29,200 --> 00:28:30,520 DIFFERENT POLICY OR INTERVENTION 725 00:28:30,520 --> 00:28:31,160 GOALS. 726 00:28:31,160 --> 00:28:33,480 AND JUST FROM THESE THREE RINGS, 727 00:28:33,480 --> 00:28:36,560 YOU CAN SEE HOW COMPLEX THIS 728 00:28:36,560 --> 00:28:38,040 TRANSLATION AND INTEGRATION CAN 729 00:28:38,040 --> 00:28:40,520 GET IN JUST ONE FIELD OF 730 00:28:40,520 --> 00:28:42,720 RESEARCH, THAT BEING NUTRITIONAL 731 00:28:42,720 --> 00:28:45,440 SCIENCES WHERE WE'VE GOT MANY 732 00:28:45,440 --> 00:28:47,560 DIFFERENT TYPES OF RESEARCH 733 00:28:47,560 --> 00:28:55,320 METHODS FOR BASIC TO META TYPE 734 00:28:55,320 --> 00:28:56,560 RESEARCH METHODS TO CHANGE 735 00:28:56,560 --> 00:28:59,480 THINGS IN THE FOOD SYSTEM FROM 736 00:28:59,480 --> 00:29:01,880 NUTRIENTS TO FOOD ENVIRONMENTS 737 00:29:01,880 --> 00:29:04,320 THAT CAN IMPACT DIFFERENT GOALS 738 00:29:04,320 --> 00:29:06,360 OF INTERVENTIONS, BE IT CHANGING 739 00:29:06,360 --> 00:29:08,760 KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES AND 740 00:29:08,760 --> 00:29:10,400 BEHAVIOR, TO REDUCING STRUCTURAL 741 00:29:10,400 --> 00:29:10,720 INEQUITIES. 742 00:29:10,720 --> 00:29:13,640 SO THIS IS A VERY COMPLEX THING 743 00:29:13,640 --> 00:29:16,120 TO WRAP YOUR HEAD AROUND, OF HOW 744 00:29:16,120 --> 00:29:18,760 TO TAKE SCIENCE AND ENSURE THAT 745 00:29:18,760 --> 00:29:20,680 IT IS RELEVANT FOR RESEARCHERS, 746 00:29:20,680 --> 00:29:23,600 IN THE TYPES OF METHODS THAT 747 00:29:23,600 --> 00:29:25,320 THEY USE IN THEIR DAY TO DAY, 748 00:29:25,320 --> 00:29:27,800 AND HOW THAT WILL IMPACT THE 749 00:29:27,800 --> 00:29:30,760 INTERVENTIONS AND GOALS OF 750 00:29:30,760 --> 00:29:31,680 INTERVENTIONS. 751 00:29:31,680 --> 00:29:34,560 SO FOR US, NEXT STEPS ARE COMING 752 00:29:34,560 --> 00:29:38,360 TO CONSENSUS ON OUR DEFINITIONS 753 00:29:38,360 --> 00:29:39,480 AND PRINCIPLES OF TRANSLATION. 754 00:29:39,480 --> 00:29:43,920 WE'D LIKE TO HAVE A FRAMEWORK. 755 00:29:43,920 --> 00:29:45,400 THERE'S MANY FRAMEWORKS OUT 756 00:29:45,400 --> 00:29:46,360 THERE. 757 00:29:46,360 --> 00:29:49,360 MAYBE WE WON'T INVENT ANOTHER 758 00:29:49,360 --> 00:29:54,560 ONE, MAYBE WE'LL ADOPT ONE THAT 759 00:29:54,560 --> 00:30:01,200 FITS WELL WITH OUR MANDATE. 760 00:30:01,200 --> 00:30:08,320 GETTING TO THE HOW-TO'S AND 761 00:30:08,320 --> 00:30:10,720 ANSWERING WHY'S OF EXEMPLARS. 762 00:30:10,720 --> 00:30:14,000 I'M PLEASED TO INTRODUCE ANN 763 00:30:14,000 --> 00:30:14,280 KELLER. 764 00:30:14,280 --> 00:30:15,960 ANN KELLER IS ASSOCIATE 765 00:30:15,960 --> 00:30:19,120 PROFESSOR OF HEALTH POLITICS AND 766 00:30:19,120 --> 00:30:21,120 POLICY AT UC-BERKELEY SCHOOL OF 767 00:30:21,120 --> 00:30:24,160 PUBLIC HEALTH, AND SHE REALLY 768 00:30:24,160 --> 00:30:26,560 WILL WALK US THROUGH SOME OF THE 769 00:30:26,560 --> 00:30:33,000 NATURE AND USE OF SCIENTIFIC AND 770 00:30:33,000 --> 00:30:36,560 TECHNICAL EXPERTISE, AND HOW WE 771 00:30:36,560 --> 00:30:38,040 CAN BETTER DO THAT TRANSLATION, 772 00:30:38,040 --> 00:30:39,320 A LITTLE BIT MORE ABOUT ANN 773 00:30:39,320 --> 00:30:42,360 BEFORE I TURN THE FLOOR OVER TO 774 00:30:42,360 --> 00:30:42,520 HER. 775 00:30:42,520 --> 00:30:45,200 ANN RECEIVED HER Ph.D. IN 776 00:30:45,200 --> 00:30:46,720 POLITICAL SCIENCE FROM BERKELEY 777 00:30:46,720 --> 00:30:54,720 AND B.A. IN MATH AND POLITICAL 778 00:30:54,720 --> 00:30:55,760 SCIENCE, INDIANA UNIVERSITY, 779 00:30:55,760 --> 00:30:58,520 SHE'S WHIP SMART, WE CAN TELL 780 00:30:58,520 --> 00:31:00,520 FROM THE BIO. 781 00:31:00,520 --> 00:31:02,720 POSTDOC AT ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON 782 00:31:02,720 --> 00:31:04,520 RESEARCH PROGRAM, SO SHE STUDIES 783 00:31:04,520 --> 00:31:07,600 THE POLITICS OF SCIENCE AND 784 00:31:07,600 --> 00:31:10,240 EXPERTISE AND PUBLIC POLICY, 785 00:31:10,240 --> 00:31:12,080 FOCUSING ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 786 00:31:12,080 --> 00:31:13,120 AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION. 787 00:31:13,120 --> 00:31:15,640 SHE'S AN EXPERT IN U.S. 788 00:31:15,640 --> 00:31:16,560 REGULATION AND STUDIES 789 00:31:16,560 --> 00:31:20,560 GOVERNANCE AND A NUMBER OF 790 00:31:20,560 --> 00:31:21,240 CONTESTANTED POLITICAL DOMAINS, 791 00:31:21,240 --> 00:31:23,680 THINGS LIKE NUCLEAR WASTE IN THE 792 00:31:23,680 --> 00:31:27,520 U.S., ACID RAIN, CLIMATE CHANGE, 793 00:31:27,520 --> 00:31:28,920 FIREARM OWNERSHIP, COMPARATIVE 794 00:31:28,920 --> 00:31:30,080 EFFECTIVENESS OF MEDICAL 795 00:31:30,080 --> 00:31:30,680 THERAPIES. 796 00:31:30,680 --> 00:31:33,360 SHE HAS A BOOK, THE SCIENCE AND 797 00:31:33,360 --> 00:31:35,200 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, POLITICS 798 00:31:35,200 --> 00:31:39,040 OF OBJECTIVE ADVICE, WHICH WON 799 00:31:39,040 --> 00:31:40,800 THE DON K PRICE AWARD FROM 800 00:31:40,800 --> 00:31:42,800 AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE 801 00:31:42,800 --> 00:31:43,960 ASSOCIATION IN 2011, AND IT'S 802 00:31:43,960 --> 00:31:45,640 REALLY JUST A PLEASURE TO HAVE 803 00:31:45,640 --> 00:31:49,160 HER HERE WHERE SHE WILL BE 804 00:31:49,160 --> 00:31:52,320 GIVING US SOME INSIGHTS INTO THE 805 00:31:52,320 --> 00:31:54,080 BROAD OVERVIEW OF CHALLENGES AT 806 00:31:54,080 --> 00:31:56,040 THE BOUNDARIES BETWEEN EVIDENCE 807 00:31:56,040 --> 00:31:58,120 AND RESEARCH AND POLICY AND 808 00:31:58,120 --> 00:31:58,600 POLITICS. 809 00:31:58,600 --> 00:31:59,720 THANK YOU SO MUCH, ANN, FOR 810 00:31:59,720 --> 00:32:00,560 JOINING US TODAY. 811 00:32:00,560 --> 00:32:04,680 I'M TURN THE FLOOR OVER TO YOU. 812 00:32:04,680 --> 00:32:06,160 >>THANK YOU FOR THE LOVELY 813 00:32:06,160 --> 00:32:06,560 INTRODUCTION. 814 00:32:06,560 --> 00:32:07,800 THANK YOU FOR HAVING ME. 815 00:32:07,800 --> 00:32:09,240 I'M REALLY DELIGHTED TO HAVE A 816 00:32:09,240 --> 00:32:10,320 CHANCE TO TALK TO YOU TODAY 817 00:32:10,320 --> 00:32:12,840 ABOUT SOME OF THE THINGS THAT 818 00:32:12,840 --> 00:32:14,600 I'VE BEEN THINKING ABOUT. 819 00:32:14,600 --> 00:32:18,560 I WANT TO FIRST SAY I'M FOCUSING 820 00:32:18,560 --> 00:32:20,360 MY COMMENTS ON MY EXPERIENCE, 821 00:32:20,360 --> 00:32:23,080 FOCUSING ON U.S. POLICYMAKING, 822 00:32:23,080 --> 00:32:25,640 AND I DO HAVE SOME EXPERIENCES 823 00:32:25,640 --> 00:32:27,680 IN THE MORE INTERNATIONAL 824 00:32:27,680 --> 00:32:28,320 CONTEXT, POTENTIALLY THAT CAN 825 00:32:28,320 --> 00:32:30,120 COME OUT A LITTLE BIT MORE IN 826 00:32:30,120 --> 00:32:31,000 THE Q&A. 827 00:32:31,000 --> 00:32:38,640 LET ME START BY SHARING MY 828 00:32:38,640 --> 00:32:39,240 SCREEN. 829 00:32:39,240 --> 00:32:42,520 ALL RIGHT. 830 00:32:42,520 --> 00:32:44,400 I TITLED THIS TO PROVIDING 831 00:32:44,400 --> 00:32:48,000 INFORMATION TO THE BUSY, 832 00:32:48,000 --> 00:32:49,640 INDIFFERENT, MISLED, OUTRIGHT 833 00:32:49,640 --> 00:32:50,480 OPPOSED, CAPTURING TO EXPRESS 834 00:32:50,480 --> 00:32:52,600 SOMETIMES WHEN WE THINK ABOUT 835 00:32:52,600 --> 00:32:54,400 TRANSLATING TO SOME EXTERNAL 836 00:32:54,400 --> 00:32:56,880 AUDIENCE WE THINK ABOUT A 837 00:32:56,880 --> 00:33:00,120 UNIFORM MASS, I WANTED TO 838 00:33:00,120 --> 00:33:02,640 EXPRESS THAT OFTENTIMES 839 00:33:02,640 --> 00:33:03,680 TRANSLATION, YOU'RE OFTENTIMES 840 00:33:03,680 --> 00:33:04,840 FACING DIFFERENT KINDS OF 841 00:33:04,840 --> 00:33:05,920 COMMUNITIES THAT HAVE DIFFERENT 842 00:33:05,920 --> 00:33:09,160 SETS OF BELIEFS AND DIFFERENT 843 00:33:09,160 --> 00:33:09,600 ORIENTATIONS TOWARDS 844 00:33:09,600 --> 00:33:10,160 PARTICULARLY SCIENTIFIC 845 00:33:10,160 --> 00:33:10,400 RESEARCH. 846 00:33:10,400 --> 00:33:11,800 ONE OF THE THINGS I WANT TO DO 847 00:33:11,800 --> 00:33:17,080 IS TALK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT WHERE 848 00:33:17,080 --> 00:33:19,000 THE SOCIAL SCIENCE LITERATURE 849 00:33:19,000 --> 00:33:20,080 HAS DEVELOPED SOME UNDERSTANDING 850 00:33:20,080 --> 00:33:24,040 ABOUT INTRODUCING SCIENCE INTO 851 00:33:24,040 --> 00:33:26,000 POLICY DOMAINS AND FOLD IN BY 852 00:33:26,000 --> 00:33:27,400 THE END WHAT ARE SOME CURRENT 853 00:33:27,400 --> 00:33:29,840 DYNAMICS I THINK IN THE EARLY 854 00:33:29,840 --> 00:33:33,480 PART OF THE 21ST CENTURY THAT 855 00:33:33,480 --> 00:33:35,880 SOME OF EARLY LITERATURE ON 856 00:33:35,880 --> 00:33:37,520 INTRODUCING SCIENCE AND 857 00:33:37,520 --> 00:33:38,480 POLICYMAKING DOESN'T QUITE 858 00:33:38,480 --> 00:33:39,000 CAPTURE. 859 00:33:39,000 --> 00:33:41,000 ALL RIGHT. 860 00:33:41,000 --> 00:33:42,360 LET'S SEE. 861 00:33:42,360 --> 00:33:42,960 ALL RIGHT. 862 00:33:42,960 --> 00:33:45,480 I THINK IT'S ALWAYS GREAT TO 863 00:33:45,480 --> 00:33:46,560 START OUT BIBLICAL. 864 00:33:46,560 --> 00:33:52,040 WHEN I THINK WHEN PEOPLE -- WHEN 865 00:33:52,040 --> 00:33:53,080 RESEARCHERS IMAGINE BRINGING 866 00:33:53,080 --> 00:33:54,440 RESEARCH, DOING YOUR RESEARCH, 867 00:33:54,440 --> 00:33:56,760 PRESENTING YOUR FINDINGS TO 868 00:33:56,760 --> 00:33:57,440 COLLEAGUES, GETTING THINGS 869 00:33:57,440 --> 00:33:58,640 PUBLISHED, WE MAY IMAGINE WHAT'S 870 00:33:58,640 --> 00:34:00,480 LIKELY TO HAPPEN WHEN THEY WANT 871 00:34:00,480 --> 00:34:02,800 TO PRESENT RESEARCH TO 872 00:34:02,800 --> 00:34:03,920 POTENTIALLY POLICY AUDIENCES, 873 00:34:03,920 --> 00:34:05,680 USER AUDIENCES. 874 00:34:05,680 --> 00:34:08,880 WHAT THEY HOPE IS SOMETHING LIKE 875 00:34:08,880 --> 00:34:09,160 THIS. 876 00:34:09,160 --> 00:34:10,920 MOSES PRESENTING THE TEN 877 00:34:10,920 --> 00:34:12,840 COMMANDMENTS, EVERYONE BOWING 878 00:34:12,840 --> 00:34:13,800 BEFORE THE TRUTH, CAPITAL T 879 00:34:13,800 --> 00:34:17,000 TRUTH OF THAT. 880 00:34:17,000 --> 00:34:19,360 WHAT IT FEELS LIKE TO BRING 881 00:34:19,360 --> 00:34:20,120 EVIDENCE FROM THE SCIENTIFIC 882 00:34:20,120 --> 00:34:23,760 COMMUNITY TO OTHER COMMUNITIES 883 00:34:23,760 --> 00:34:29,840 IS MORE LIKE THIS, WITH THE 884 00:34:29,840 --> 00:34:30,240 ROCK. 885 00:34:30,240 --> 00:34:32,280 UNDERSTANDING THE DYNAMICS HOW 886 00:34:32,280 --> 00:34:33,240 THIS CAN WORK, POTENTIALLY 887 00:34:33,240 --> 00:34:35,240 THERE'S SOME IMAGE IN BETWEEN 888 00:34:35,240 --> 00:34:38,920 THESE ARE TWO THAT CAPTURES WHAT 889 00:34:38,920 --> 00:34:41,480 THIS PROCESS CAN BE LIKE. 890 00:34:41,480 --> 00:34:43,880 SO, I DON'T HAVE TO GO THROUGH 891 00:34:43,880 --> 00:34:46,400 THIS SLIDE SINCE YOU HEARD THE 892 00:34:46,400 --> 00:34:48,120 GREAT INTRODUCTION, I PUT 893 00:34:48,120 --> 00:34:49,360 RELEVANT PUBLICATIONS HERE, THE 894 00:34:49,360 --> 00:34:50,880 TITLE OF MY BOOK THERE. 895 00:34:50,880 --> 00:34:52,960 SO I WANT TO TALK ABOUT THE 896 00:34:52,960 --> 00:34:54,240 RESEARCH DYNAMICS FOR 897 00:34:54,240 --> 00:34:55,560 INTRODUCING SCIENCE AND 898 00:34:55,560 --> 00:34:56,040 POLICYMAKING. 899 00:34:56,040 --> 00:34:58,240 I WANTED TO ALSO INTRODUCE 900 00:34:58,240 --> 00:34:59,440 MODELS OF POLICY CHANGE, AND 901 00:34:59,440 --> 00:35:02,480 THEN AS I SAID GO OVER SOME 902 00:35:02,480 --> 00:35:03,960 RECENT DYNAMICS SHAPING 903 00:35:03,960 --> 00:35:04,480 ATTITUDES TOWARDS SCIENCE 904 00:35:04,480 --> 00:35:06,000 PARTICULARLY IN THE U.S. CONTEXT 905 00:35:06,000 --> 00:35:08,080 AND SEE IF I CAN END UP WITH A 906 00:35:08,080 --> 00:35:10,400 FEW TAKEAWAYS BEFORE WE OPEN IT 907 00:35:10,400 --> 00:35:11,200 UP FOR DISCUSSION. 908 00:35:11,200 --> 00:35:15,840 SO THIS IS -- I PULLED THIS 909 00:35:15,840 --> 00:35:20,680 LINEAR MODEL FROM ONE OF TARA 910 00:35:20,680 --> 00:35:30,960 PUBLICATIONS, MAYBE IN THE 911 00:35:30,960 --> 00:35:32,280 1970s, PEOPLE HOPE FOR THIS, 912 00:35:32,280 --> 00:35:33,400 WE KNOW THERE'S MISSING 913 00:35:33,400 --> 00:35:35,320 KNOWLEDGE, WE DO RESEARCH AND 914 00:35:35,320 --> 00:35:36,400 TRY TO INTERPRET RESEARCH IN 915 00:35:36,400 --> 00:35:38,440 ORDER TO INFORM A GOOD CHOICE OF 916 00:35:38,440 --> 00:35:39,240 POLICY. 917 00:35:39,240 --> 00:35:40,280 MAYBE IMPLIED IN THIS LINEAR 918 00:35:40,280 --> 00:35:44,560 STAGES MODEL IS THE IDEA THE 919 00:35:44,560 --> 00:35:46,240 POLICYMAKERS ARE EAGERLY WAITING 920 00:35:46,240 --> 00:35:50,600 THERE FOR THE ANSWER M -- IN 921 00:35:50,600 --> 00:35:53,480 THAT SORT OF MOSES MODEL. 922 00:35:53,480 --> 00:35:57,560 SOCIAL SCIENTISTS BEGAN TO STUDY 923 00:35:57,560 --> 00:35:59,360 IN EARNEST WHAT REALLY HAPPENS 924 00:35:59,360 --> 00:36:02,200 WHEN YOU INTRODUCE SCIENCE INTO 925 00:36:02,200 --> 00:36:03,000 POLICYMAKING, TECHNICAL 926 00:36:03,000 --> 00:36:07,400 INFORMATION INTO POLICYMAKING. 927 00:36:07,400 --> 00:36:10,440 THERE'S A DEEP LITERATURE, DEEP 928 00:36:10,440 --> 00:36:13,720 AND NUANCED LITERATURE, I'M 929 00:36:13,720 --> 00:36:18,000 HITTING HIGH NOTES. 930 00:36:18,000 --> 00:36:20,280 WHEN SCIENCE IS INTRODUCED, THE 931 00:36:20,280 --> 00:36:21,680 CLAIMS LOOK DESTABILIZED. 932 00:36:21,680 --> 00:36:23,280 THINGS THAT LOOKED STABLE IN 933 00:36:23,280 --> 00:36:25,400 SCIENCE COMMUNITIES, WHEN WE 934 00:36:25,400 --> 00:36:26,440 PRESENT AT CONFERENCES 935 00:36:26,440 --> 00:36:27,960 PEER REVIEWERS LOOKING AT YOUR 936 00:36:27,960 --> 00:36:31,360 WORK, YOU INTRODUCE IT INTO A 937 00:36:31,360 --> 00:36:32,960 POLICY-MAKING CONTEXT, AND WHAT 938 00:36:32,960 --> 00:36:35,680 SEEMED TO BE ROBUST AND STABLE 939 00:36:35,680 --> 00:36:43,280 STARTS TO COME UNDONE. 940 00:36:43,280 --> 00:36:44,920 ALLEN MASUR STARTING WRITING 941 00:36:44,920 --> 00:36:47,120 ABOUT THIS, AN OLD BRANCH THE 942 00:36:47,120 --> 00:36:51,480 FIFTH BRANCH BY SHEILA JASANOFF 943 00:36:51,480 --> 00:36:53,240 FINDS THE SAME THING, LOOKS AT 944 00:36:53,240 --> 00:36:56,320 WAYS WHAT APPEARED TO BE STABLE 945 00:36:56,320 --> 00:36:58,520 SCIENCE KIND OF COMES INCLUDE IN 946 00:36:58,520 --> 00:37:00,360 A POLICYMAKING CONTEXT. 947 00:37:00,360 --> 00:37:09,440 I WANT TO POINT OUT HERE THAT 948 00:37:09,440 --> 00:37:12,320 THE SCIENCE SCHOLARSHIP, THAT 949 00:37:12,320 --> 00:37:14,600 ACRONYM, STARTED TO EXPRESS 950 00:37:14,600 --> 00:37:15,680 ACROSS DECADES THIS EXPECTATION 951 00:37:15,680 --> 00:37:18,080 OF THE COGNITIVE AUTHORITY OF 952 00:37:18,080 --> 00:37:20,160 SCIENCE IN SOCIETY WOULD 953 00:37:20,160 --> 00:37:23,880 DECLINE, THE MORE WE TRIED TO 954 00:37:23,880 --> 00:37:24,560 INTRODUCE SCIENCE TO PRODUCE 955 00:37:24,560 --> 00:37:29,080 POLICY MAKING THE LEST PEOPLE 956 00:37:29,080 --> 00:37:33,320 WOULD THINK OF SCIENCE. 957 00:37:33,320 --> 00:37:36,960 WE SEE PREDICTED IN 1975, IN 958 00:37:36,960 --> 00:37:39,280 1987, AND EZRAHI MAKING AN 959 00:37:39,280 --> 00:37:40,440 ARGUMENT IN 1990. 960 00:37:40,440 --> 00:37:43,000 I WANT TO COME BACK TO THIS 961 00:37:43,000 --> 00:37:44,400 BECAUSE IN PART THEY ARE 962 00:37:44,400 --> 00:37:46,160 CORRECT, THIS BEGAN TO HAPPEN 963 00:37:46,160 --> 00:37:48,000 AND WE SEE SOME OF THIS 964 00:37:48,000 --> 00:37:48,920 OCCURRING IN THE 21ST CENTURY 965 00:37:48,920 --> 00:37:50,440 CURES BUT THERE'S AN ELEMENT 966 00:37:50,440 --> 00:37:52,840 HERE THAT NONE OF THESE SCHOLARS 967 00:37:52,840 --> 00:37:54,480 CAPTURED, NOT BECAUSE THEY 968 00:37:54,480 --> 00:37:56,680 AREN'T SMART AN INSIGHTFUL 969 00:37:56,680 --> 00:37:58,560 PEOPLE BUT A FEW THINGS STARTED 970 00:37:58,560 --> 00:38:00,080 TO CHANGE IN OUR SOCIETY THAT 971 00:38:00,080 --> 00:38:03,120 SHAPED THE WAY AND HOW THAT 972 00:38:03,120 --> 00:38:04,280 COGNITIVE AUTHORITY HAS CHANGED 973 00:38:04,280 --> 00:38:05,320 OVER TIME. 974 00:38:05,320 --> 00:38:07,920 I'M GOING TO COME BACK TO THIS 975 00:38:07,920 --> 00:38:09,560 IN A SECOND. 976 00:38:09,560 --> 00:38:13,080 I WANTED TO ALSO -- IN THINKING 977 00:38:13,080 --> 00:38:15,960 ABOUT WHAT LEADS TO THIS 978 00:38:15,960 --> 00:38:17,880 PATTERN, WHERE WHAT APPEAR TO BE 979 00:38:17,880 --> 00:38:20,200 STABLE SCIENTIFIC CLAIMS CAN 980 00:38:20,200 --> 00:38:22,320 KIND OF BECOME DESTABILIZED OR 981 00:38:22,320 --> 00:38:23,480 CONTESTED IN POLITICAL 982 00:38:23,480 --> 00:38:23,840 ENVIRONMENTS. 983 00:38:23,840 --> 00:38:27,800 THERE'S A NUMBER OF THINGS THAT 984 00:38:27,800 --> 00:38:28,280 HAPPENED. 985 00:38:28,280 --> 00:38:32,160 ONE THING THAT'S -- A NUMBER OF 986 00:38:32,160 --> 00:38:33,280 SCHOLARS HAVE BEEN LOOKING AT, 987 00:38:33,280 --> 00:38:36,520 YOU KNOW, POINTED EFFORTS TO TRY 988 00:38:36,520 --> 00:38:37,120 TO DESTABILIZE SCIENCE, 989 00:38:37,120 --> 00:38:40,040 ANTAGONISTS WHO DON'T LIKE THE 990 00:38:40,040 --> 00:38:43,640 SCIENTIFIC CLAIMS, COMING TO TRY 991 00:38:43,640 --> 00:38:46,320 TO DESTABILIZE THEM. 992 00:38:46,320 --> 00:38:51,200 CONWAY AND ORESKES IN "MERCHANTS 993 00:38:51,200 --> 00:38:55,000 OF DOUBT," A SMALL GROUP OF 994 00:38:55,000 --> 00:38:55,880 SCIENTISTS DEMONSTRATE HEALTH 995 00:38:55,880 --> 00:38:59,000 ARMS AND QUESTION THE SCIENTISTS 996 00:38:59,000 --> 00:39:01,160 WHO PERFORMED IT. 997 00:39:01,160 --> 00:39:02,400 MEDIA ARE COMPLICIT IN 998 00:39:02,400 --> 00:39:03,480 PORTRAYING TWO SIDES AS WELL, 999 00:39:03,480 --> 00:39:06,320 WHAT WOULD HAVE BEEN SETTLED IS 1000 00:39:06,320 --> 00:39:07,400 CAST AS UNCERTAIN. 1001 00:39:07,400 --> 00:39:08,840 THEY TALK ABOUT THIS FROM 1002 00:39:08,840 --> 00:39:10,720 TOBACCO SMOKE TO CLIMATE CHANGE. 1003 00:39:10,720 --> 00:39:11,920 ONE OF THE THINGS THAT'S 1004 00:39:11,920 --> 00:39:14,400 INTERESTING, SOME OF THE SAME 1005 00:39:14,400 --> 00:39:16,600 PEOPLE ARE TRYING TO DESTABILIZE 1006 00:39:16,600 --> 00:39:18,160 SCIENTIFIC CLAIMS ARE 1007 00:39:18,160 --> 00:39:21,160 PARTICIPATING ACROSS THESE QUITE 1008 00:39:21,160 --> 00:39:22,960 DISTINCT AREAS OF POLICYMAKING. 1009 00:39:22,960 --> 00:39:25,600 THEY ARE TALKING ABOUT SOMETHING 1010 00:39:25,600 --> 00:39:27,120 EASY TO MANUFACTURE, DOUBT, IT 1011 00:39:27,120 --> 00:39:28,400 DOESN'T TAKE AN ARMY, DOESN'T 1012 00:39:28,400 --> 00:39:30,400 TAKE A LOT. 1013 00:39:30,400 --> 00:39:32,280 IT TAKES CONSISTENT EFFORT ON A 1014 00:39:32,280 --> 00:39:40,920 SMALL PART OF SCIENTISTS. 1015 00:39:40,920 --> 00:39:44,000 LATER ANOTHER BOOK, BENDING 1016 00:39:44,000 --> 00:39:46,400 SCIENCE, THEY ARE MAKING SIMILAR 1017 00:39:46,400 --> 00:39:50,000 KIND OF ARGUMENT, BUT THEY LOOK 1018 00:39:50,000 --> 00:39:55,200 AT A MORE -- A BROADER SET OF 1019 00:39:55,200 --> 00:39:57,760 PRACTICES SO PARTIES AFFECTED BY 1020 00:39:57,760 --> 00:39:58,680 PUBLIC POLICY DECISIONS ARE 1021 00:39:58,680 --> 00:40:00,840 ANXIOUS TO BEND RELEVANT SCIENCE 1022 00:40:00,840 --> 00:40:03,040 TO ADVANCE THEIR ECONOMIC OR 1023 00:40:03,040 --> 00:40:04,440 IDEOLOGIC ENDS, NOT CONSTRAINED 1024 00:40:04,440 --> 00:40:06,440 BY SCIENTIFIC NORMS OR 1025 00:40:06,440 --> 00:40:07,760 PRINCIPLES THAT GOVERN 1026 00:40:07,760 --> 00:40:08,760 SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY. 1027 00:40:08,760 --> 00:40:11,080 SO THEY HAVE A NUMBER OF THINGS. 1028 00:40:11,080 --> 00:40:13,880 COMMISSIONING STUDIES TO PRODUCE 1029 00:40:13,880 --> 00:40:15,480 DESIRED OUTCOMES, AFFECTING THE 1030 00:40:15,480 --> 00:40:16,440 PIPELINE OF SCIENCE, NOT 1031 00:40:16,440 --> 00:40:21,200 ALLOWING SCIENCE TO BE 1032 00:40:21,200 --> 00:40:21,800 PRODUCENED AND CASTING DOUBT, 1033 00:40:21,800 --> 00:40:23,000 AFFECTING WHAT'S IN THE 1034 00:40:23,000 --> 00:40:24,600 PUBLISHED LITERATURE IN THE 1035 00:40:24,600 --> 00:40:26,160 FIRST PLACE. 1036 00:40:26,160 --> 00:40:26,840 HIDING UNDESIRABLE RESULTS. 1037 00:40:26,840 --> 00:40:28,520 IF YOU PRODUCE SOMETHING IN YOUR 1038 00:40:28,520 --> 00:40:30,200 OWN LAB THAT YOU DECIDE GOES 1039 00:40:30,200 --> 00:40:31,200 AGAINST YOUR CORPORATE INTEREST, 1040 00:40:31,200 --> 00:40:37,440 YOU WON'T PUBLISH THAT OR LET 1041 00:40:37,440 --> 00:40:39,920 THAT OUT. 1042 00:40:39,920 --> 00:40:42,040 ATTACKING VALIDITY OF DAMAGED 1043 00:40:42,040 --> 00:40:44,560 FINDINGS, ATTACKING CREDIBILITY 1044 00:40:44,560 --> 00:40:48,040 OF FINDINGS, COMMISSIONING 1045 00:40:48,040 --> 00:40:49,400 REVIEWS, OVERLAPS WITH MERCHANTS 1046 00:40:49,400 --> 00:40:51,000 OF DOUBT, AND STACKING EXPERT 1047 00:40:51,000 --> 00:40:53,120 PANELS TO SWAY INTERPRETATION OF 1048 00:40:53,120 --> 00:40:55,560 FINDINGS APPLIED IN PUBLIC 1049 00:40:55,560 --> 00:40:55,880 POLICYMAKING. 1050 00:40:55,880 --> 00:40:59,760 THIS IS ONE INGREDIENT 1051 00:40:59,760 --> 00:41:02,800 POTENTIALLY FOR WHY SCIENCE CAN 1052 00:41:02,800 --> 00:41:03,960 APPEAR DESTABILIZED IN 1053 00:41:03,960 --> 00:41:06,680 POLICYMAKING SETTINGS IS THAT 1054 00:41:06,680 --> 00:41:08,120 IDEOLOGICALLY OR FINANCIALLY 1055 00:41:08,120 --> 00:41:10,280 INTERESTED ACTORS HAVE A STAKE 1056 00:41:10,280 --> 00:41:12,440 IN TRYING TO RESHAPE THAT 1057 00:41:12,440 --> 00:41:16,040 INFORMATION AND REFRAME THAT. 1058 00:41:16,040 --> 00:41:19,280 AND SO THINKING ABOUT THIS, IF 1059 00:41:19,280 --> 00:41:22,680 PEOPLE OF GOODWILL ARE TRYING TO 1060 00:41:22,680 --> 00:41:24,320 CREATE EVIDENCE-BASED INFORMED 1061 00:41:24,320 --> 00:41:29,800 POLICY, IF SCIENCE INTRODUCED 1062 00:41:29,800 --> 00:41:31,960 INTO POLICY MAKING BECOMES PART 1063 00:41:31,960 --> 00:41:34,280 OF THE CONTROVERSY, THE PROCESS 1064 00:41:34,280 --> 00:41:36,120 MEANS SCIENCE, THE COMMUNITY OF 1065 00:41:36,120 --> 00:41:37,560 SCIENCE OR INSTITUTION OF 1066 00:41:37,560 --> 00:41:38,600 SCIENCE IS LOSING SOCIAL 1067 00:41:38,600 --> 00:41:40,520 STANDING, THEN, YOU KNOW, SHOULD 1068 00:41:40,520 --> 00:41:48,400 WE EVEN BE IN THIS GAME? 1069 00:41:48,400 --> 00:41:50,320 AND I THINK SCIENTISTS ARE 1070 00:41:50,320 --> 00:41:51,800 SUSPICIOUS OF POLICY MAKING, 1071 00:41:51,800 --> 00:41:53,800 SOME OF THESE DYNAMICS COULD BE 1072 00:41:53,800 --> 00:41:55,480 WHAT GENERATES THAT. 1073 00:41:55,480 --> 00:41:56,280 WE SHOULD BOTHER. 1074 00:41:56,280 --> 00:41:59,200 THERE ARE REALLY GOOD REASONS TO 1075 00:41:59,200 --> 00:42:03,080 TRY TO BRING EVIDENCE TO POLICY 1076 00:42:03,080 --> 00:42:04,160 MAKING AND COMMUNITIES AFFECTED 1077 00:42:04,160 --> 00:42:04,920 BY POLICIES. 1078 00:42:04,920 --> 00:42:09,520 LET'S SEE IF I CAN CONVINCE YOU. 1079 00:42:09,520 --> 00:42:11,480 I LAID OUT THE HARD PART. 1080 00:42:11,480 --> 00:42:14,560 HERE I HOPE WILL BE SOME OF THE 1081 00:42:14,560 --> 00:42:17,840 ENCOURAGEMENT FOR THIS PROCESS. 1082 00:42:17,840 --> 00:42:21,240 SO, HERE I JUST PULLED A TABLE 1083 00:42:21,240 --> 00:42:25,680 OUT OF CAROL WEISS'S RESEARCH, A 1084 00:42:25,680 --> 00:42:27,280 SOCIOLOGIST AT HARVARD FOCUSED 1085 00:42:27,280 --> 00:42:27,960 ON EDUCATION POLICY INTERESTED 1086 00:42:27,960 --> 00:42:30,320 IN WHETHER OR NOT EDUCATION 1087 00:42:30,320 --> 00:42:32,000 POLICY RESEARCH GOING ON IN 1088 00:42:32,000 --> 00:42:33,720 SCHOOLS OF EDUCATION WAS 1089 00:42:33,720 --> 00:42:35,400 ACTUALLY AFFECTING POLICY. 1090 00:42:35,400 --> 00:42:38,240 AND IN THIS PARTICULAR STUDY SHE 1091 00:42:38,240 --> 00:42:39,560 WAS INTERVIEWING CONGRESSIONAL 1092 00:42:39,560 --> 00:42:42,920 STAFFERS ASKING DO YOU EVER USE 1093 00:42:42,920 --> 00:42:44,040 ANALYTIC INFORMATION TO SHAPE 1094 00:42:44,040 --> 00:42:45,800 POLICY THAT'S BEING PROPOSED OR 1095 00:42:45,800 --> 00:42:47,400 BEING PASSED BY CONGRESSIONAL 1096 00:42:47,400 --> 00:42:50,240 COMMITTEES. 1097 00:42:50,240 --> 00:42:51,960 AND IN THIS FIGURE, SHE FINDS 1098 00:42:51,960 --> 00:42:54,040 THERE ARE FOUR THINGS THAT 1099 00:42:54,040 --> 00:42:56,680 PEOPLE SHE WAS INTERVIEWING WERE 1100 00:42:56,680 --> 00:42:58,680 SAYING, THE REASON THEY LOOK FOR 1101 00:42:58,680 --> 00:43:05,000 POLICY, SORRY, LOOKED FOR 1102 00:43:05,000 --> 00:43:06,760 ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH, DECLINING 1103 00:43:06,760 --> 00:43:08,280 ORDER OF FREQUENCY. 1104 00:43:08,280 --> 00:43:11,480 FIRST THING PEOPLE SAID IS THEY 1105 00:43:11,480 --> 00:43:12,200 THEMSELVES AND THE 1106 00:43:12,200 --> 00:43:14,560 REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS THEY 1107 00:43:14,560 --> 00:43:16,840 WORK FOR WERE LOOKING FOR THE 1108 00:43:16,840 --> 00:43:18,840 RESEARCH COMMUNITY TO PROVIDE 1109 00:43:18,840 --> 00:43:21,440 SUPPORT FOR PRE-EXISTING 1110 00:43:21,440 --> 00:43:22,000 POSITIONS. 1111 00:43:22,000 --> 00:43:23,920 THIS ISN'T -- RESEARCHERS DON'T 1112 00:43:23,920 --> 00:43:24,840 WANT TO HEAR THAT. 1113 00:43:24,840 --> 00:43:26,320 THEY WANT TO HEAR PEOPLE ARE 1114 00:43:26,320 --> 00:43:28,640 OPEN TO LEARNING AND OPEN TO NEW 1115 00:43:28,640 --> 00:43:30,280 SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDINGS. 1116 00:43:30,280 --> 00:43:31,840 BUT THE MOST COMMON THING 1117 00:43:31,840 --> 00:43:33,200 HAPPENING AT THE CONGRESSIONAL 1118 00:43:33,200 --> 00:43:34,960 LEVEL, A MEMBER OF CONGRESS HAS 1119 00:43:34,960 --> 00:43:36,720 A POLICY THEY WANT TO PURSUE AND 1120 00:43:36,720 --> 00:43:38,720 THEY ARE GOING TO GO INTO THE 1121 00:43:38,720 --> 00:43:40,240 RESEARCH COMMUNITY AND LOOK FOR 1122 00:43:40,240 --> 00:43:43,880 EVIDENCE TO SAY, SEE, THIS IS 1123 00:43:43,880 --> 00:43:47,360 THE RIGHT POLICY. 1124 00:43:47,360 --> 00:43:48,280 INSTRUMENTAL USE. 1125 00:43:48,280 --> 00:43:50,800 SHE FINDS PEOPLE WERE SAYING 1126 00:43:50,800 --> 00:43:52,280 THEY WANTED SIGNALS ABOUT 1127 00:43:52,280 --> 00:43:54,280 WHETHER THINGS WERE SEVERE 1128 00:43:54,280 --> 00:43:55,960 PROBLEMS OR NOT SO SEVERE, 1129 00:43:55,960 --> 00:43:57,360 WHAT'S IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT THEY 1130 00:43:57,360 --> 00:43:59,880 MIGHT NEED TO BE CONCERNED 1131 00:43:59,880 --> 00:44:00,200 ABOUT. 1132 00:44:00,200 --> 00:44:01,960 AND THEY WANTED -- SOMETIMES 1133 00:44:01,960 --> 00:44:03,720 THEY MENTIONED USING RESEARCH TO 1134 00:44:03,720 --> 00:44:05,920 TRY TO FIGURE OUT BETTER 1135 00:44:05,920 --> 00:44:08,160 ALTERNATIVES, BETTER WAYS TO 1136 00:44:08,160 --> 00:44:09,320 ADDRESS POLICY PROBLEM THEY ARE 1137 00:44:09,320 --> 00:44:12,800 ALREADY THINKING ABOUT ON THEIR 1138 00:44:12,800 --> 00:44:13,320 AGENDA. 1139 00:44:13,320 --> 00:44:16,560 SHE ALSO FINDS EVIDENCE FOR WHAT 1140 00:44:16,560 --> 00:44:19,640 SHE CALLS ENLIGHTENMENT, IN AN 1141 00:44:19,640 --> 00:44:22,200 EARLIER PUBLICATIONS THAT SHE 1142 00:44:22,200 --> 00:44:25,320 ARGUED RESEARCH SHAPES POLICY IN 1143 00:44:25,320 --> 00:44:27,400 THIS MORE DIFFUSE WAY THAN THE 1144 00:44:27,400 --> 00:44:29,760 LINEAR MODEL I FIRST PRESENTED, 1145 00:44:29,760 --> 00:44:31,040 OFFERING NEW CONSTRUCTS, NEW 1146 00:44:31,040 --> 00:44:35,040 WAYS OF THINKING ABOUT AN ISSUE. 1147 00:44:35,040 --> 00:44:37,480 IN THIS RESEARCH IN 1980s SHE 1148 00:44:37,480 --> 00:44:39,960 DID FIND SOME EVIDENCE THAT EVEN 1149 00:44:39,960 --> 00:44:42,240 CONGRESSIONAL STAFFERS WHO TEND 1150 00:44:42,240 --> 00:44:45,240 TO BE INSTRUMENTAL ORIENTED WERE 1151 00:44:45,240 --> 00:44:48,120 DISPLAYING EVIDENCE OF 1152 00:44:48,120 --> 00:44:48,560 ENLIGHTENMENT. 1153 00:44:48,560 --> 00:44:51,760 HERE SHE'S REJECTING THE MODEL 1154 00:44:51,760 --> 00:44:55,680 THAT THERE'S SIMPLE LINEAR STAGE 1155 00:44:55,680 --> 00:44:58,000 RELATIONSHIP, AND ARGUES THAT 1156 00:44:58,000 --> 00:45:00,000 THERE'S A LONG-TERM PROCESS, 1157 00:45:00,000 --> 00:45:10,600 IT'S NOT A DIRECT -- -- DELIBED 1158 00:45:11,360 --> 00:45:12,480 PROCESS. 1159 00:45:12,480 --> 00:45:16,000 THEORIES AND FINDINGS TENDED TO 1160 00:45:16,000 --> 00:45:19,720 RESHAPE, AS NEW CONCEPTS AND 1161 00:45:19,720 --> 00:45:21,520 DATA EMERGED GRAD CUMULATIVE 1162 00:45:21,520 --> 00:45:23,160 EFFECT CAN CHANGE CONVENTION 1163 00:45:23,160 --> 00:45:23,840 POLICYMAKERS ABIDE BY AND 1164 00:45:23,840 --> 00:45:26,320 REORDER GOALS OF THE PRACTICAL 1165 00:45:26,320 --> 00:45:27,760 POLICY WORLD. 1166 00:45:27,760 --> 00:45:30,160 SO THE DIFFUSENESS OF THE 1167 00:45:30,160 --> 00:45:32,880 PROCESS, PERCOLATION PART OF IT, 1168 00:45:32,880 --> 00:45:36,640 ALSO TIME SCALES ARE SOMETHING 1169 00:45:36,640 --> 00:45:38,400 THAT WEISS BRINGS TO OUR 1170 00:45:38,400 --> 00:45:40,600 UNDERSTANDING OF THE WAY THAT 1171 00:45:40,600 --> 00:45:41,280 POLICYMAKING WORKS. 1172 00:45:41,280 --> 00:45:43,720 IF WE LOOK AT THE SHORT TERM WE 1173 00:45:43,720 --> 00:45:46,040 MIGHT SEE MOSTLY THIS 1174 00:45:46,040 --> 00:45:46,840 INSTRUMENTAL USE OF 1175 00:45:46,840 --> 00:45:47,880 POLICYMAKING, LOOKING AROUND IN 1176 00:45:47,880 --> 00:45:48,880 THE ENVIRONMENT FOR EVIDENCE 1177 00:45:48,880 --> 00:45:49,760 THAT SUPPORTS SOMETHING I 1178 00:45:49,760 --> 00:45:51,160 ALREADY WANT TO DO. 1179 00:45:51,160 --> 00:45:52,760 BUT SHE ARGUES IF WE TAKE A STEP 1180 00:45:52,760 --> 00:45:55,520 BACK AND LOOK AT THE LONG TERM 1181 00:45:55,520 --> 00:46:00,880 WE CAN SEE RESEARCH COMMUNITY IS 1182 00:46:00,880 --> 00:46:03,400 RESHAPING THE WAY PRIORITIES, 1183 00:46:03,400 --> 00:46:04,200 GOALS, EVEN STRATEGIES. 1184 00:46:04,200 --> 00:46:07,200 I THINK THAT ISSUE OF TIME 1185 00:46:07,200 --> 00:46:10,800 SCALE, WHEN DO YOU EXPECT 1186 00:46:10,800 --> 00:46:14,400 RESEARCH TO SHAPE POLICYMAKERS' 1187 00:46:14,400 --> 00:46:16,200 VIEWS MATTERS. 1188 00:46:16,200 --> 00:46:17,640 ALL RIGHT. 1189 00:46:17,640 --> 00:46:19,080 THINKING ABOUT WHAT ARE THINGS I 1190 00:46:19,080 --> 00:46:23,520 WANT TO TURN TO, TO THINK ABOUT 1191 00:46:23,520 --> 00:46:24,960 WHETHER -- THINK ABOUT HOW 1192 00:46:24,960 --> 00:46:26,600 EVIDENCE FROM THE RESEARCH 1193 00:46:26,600 --> 00:46:28,520 COMMUNITY MIGHT OR MIGHT NOT 1194 00:46:28,520 --> 00:46:30,880 SHAPE POLICY MAKING. 1195 00:46:30,880 --> 00:46:32,640 AND POLITICAL SCIENTISTS ARGUE 1196 00:46:32,640 --> 00:46:34,480 THAT MOST POLICY MAKING ARENAS 1197 00:46:34,480 --> 00:46:36,800 ARE DOMINATED BY VERY STABLE 1198 00:46:36,800 --> 00:46:37,600 PARTICIPANTS WHO OFTENTIMES ARE 1199 00:46:37,600 --> 00:46:40,240 QUITE WELL HEALED AND VERY WELL 1200 00:46:40,240 --> 00:46:41,200 PRACTICED DEFENDING THEIR 1201 00:46:41,200 --> 00:46:43,080 INTERESTS, AND MOSTLY WHAT WE 1202 00:46:43,080 --> 00:46:47,600 SEE IN POLICY MAKING IS VERY 1203 00:46:47,600 --> 00:46:49,320 SLOW CHANGE DOMINATED BY 1204 00:46:49,320 --> 00:46:49,760 CORPORATE INTERESTS. 1205 00:46:49,760 --> 00:46:53,280 THERE ARE -- IN TEACHING MY 1206 00:46:53,280 --> 00:46:55,120 CLASSES, I'M TRYING TO TEACH 1207 00:46:55,120 --> 00:46:57,320 STUDENTS WHEN DID THE USUAL 1208 00:46:57,320 --> 00:46:58,600 SUSPECTS NOT DOMINATE THE POLICY 1209 00:46:58,600 --> 00:46:59,600 PROCESS BECAUSE THOSE THINGS 1210 00:46:59,600 --> 00:47:01,720 HAPPEN AS WELL. 1211 00:47:01,720 --> 00:47:02,760 POLITICAL SCIENTISTS IN THE LATE 1212 00:47:02,760 --> 00:47:05,360 PART OF THE 20th CENTURY WERE 1213 00:47:05,360 --> 00:47:07,880 FOCUSING ON WHAT ARE THE 1214 00:47:07,880 --> 00:47:09,240 CHARACTERISTICS WHEN WE GET OUT 1215 00:47:09,240 --> 00:47:10,400 OF THE INCREMENTAL POLICY 1216 00:47:10,400 --> 00:47:13,000 MAKING, WE KNOW THERE ARE 1217 00:47:13,000 --> 00:47:14,880 INSTANCES WHERE POLICY REFORMS 1218 00:47:14,880 --> 00:47:15,840 HAPPEN RELATIVELY QUICKLY, CAN 1219 00:47:15,840 --> 00:47:16,600 BE QUITE SUBSTANTIAL. 1220 00:47:16,600 --> 00:47:20,480 SO WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS 1221 00:47:20,480 --> 00:47:21,880 THAT -- WHAT'S HAPPENING WITH 1222 00:47:21,880 --> 00:47:23,960 MORE RAPID FORMS OF POLICY 1223 00:47:23,960 --> 00:47:24,920 CHANGE TAKING PLACE? 1224 00:47:24,920 --> 00:47:29,560 I THINK THESE THREE MODELS I'LL 1225 00:47:29,560 --> 00:47:32,720 TALK ABOUT BRIEFLY POLICY 1226 00:47:32,720 --> 00:47:33,800 WINDOWS, VENUE CHANGE, AND 1227 00:47:33,800 --> 00:47:35,240 POLICY DIFFUSION, THERE'S A 1228 00:47:35,240 --> 00:47:39,400 NUMBER OF SCHOLARS WHO 1229 00:47:39,400 --> 00:47:44,080 CONTRIBUTED HERE, SHIPAN AND 1230 00:47:44,080 --> 00:47:45,760 VOLDEN ARE NOT THE ORIGINATORS 1231 00:47:45,760 --> 00:47:47,960 BUT HAVE A GREAT PIECE TO HELP 1232 00:47:47,960 --> 00:47:49,160 UNDERSTAND WHAT POLICY DIFFUSION 1233 00:47:49,160 --> 00:47:50,600 IS LIKE. 1234 00:47:50,600 --> 00:47:52,280 LOOKING AT THE POLITICAL 1235 00:47:52,280 --> 00:47:53,200 SCIENCE, WHERE CHANGE COMES 1236 00:47:53,200 --> 00:47:54,440 FROM, WHY DOES CHANGE HAPPEN, 1237 00:47:54,440 --> 00:47:55,840 CAN BE AN IMPORTANT THING FOR 1238 00:47:55,840 --> 00:48:00,280 PEOPLE WHO ARE THINKING ABOUT 1239 00:48:00,280 --> 00:48:00,600 TRANSLATION. 1240 00:48:00,600 --> 00:48:02,240 JUST TO GET OUT OF THIS LINEAR 1241 00:48:02,240 --> 00:48:04,120 STAGES MODEL, WE HAVE A PROBLEM, 1242 00:48:04,120 --> 00:48:05,560 WE DO SOME RESEARCH, RESEARCHERS 1243 00:48:05,560 --> 00:48:07,320 TELL US WHAT GOOD SOLUTIONS WILL 1244 00:48:07,320 --> 00:48:10,200 BE AND WE ADOPT THE POLICY 1245 00:48:10,200 --> 00:48:10,720 SOLUTIONS. 1246 00:48:10,720 --> 00:48:18,960 I'LL START OUT QUICKLY HERE WITH 1247 00:48:18,960 --> 00:48:19,760 KINGDON'S MODEL, MIXING 1248 00:48:19,760 --> 00:48:21,760 METAPHORS BUT THAT'S ON HIM. 1249 00:48:21,760 --> 00:48:23,520 HIS BOOK AT THE CITED 30,000 1250 00:48:23,520 --> 00:48:25,480 TIMES, STOOD THE TEST OF TIME. 1251 00:48:25,480 --> 00:48:31,400 WE'LL HAVE TO FOR GIVE THE 1252 00:48:31,400 --> 00:48:31,840 METAPHOR MIXING. 1253 00:48:31,840 --> 00:48:35,000 HE'S INTERESTED IN WINDOWS OF 1254 00:48:35,000 --> 00:48:36,520 OPPORTUNITY, BECAUSE YOU HAVE A 1255 00:48:36,520 --> 00:48:40,040 WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY DOESN'T 1256 00:48:40,040 --> 00:48:41,320 MEAN YOU'LL GET POLICY CHANGE 1257 00:48:41,320 --> 00:48:43,480 BUT HE LAYS OUT WHAT HE 1258 00:48:43,480 --> 00:48:46,560 DESCRIBES AS THREE STREAMS OF 1259 00:48:46,560 --> 00:48:48,240 POLICY ACTION. 1260 00:48:48,240 --> 00:48:49,920 AND THE WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY 1261 00:48:49,920 --> 00:48:52,560 OCCURS WHEN ALL OF THE STREAMS 1262 00:48:52,560 --> 00:48:55,400 ARE BROUGHT INTO A PRODUCTIVE 1263 00:48:55,400 --> 00:48:55,720 CONFLUENCE. 1264 00:48:55,720 --> 00:49:01,560 ONE OF THE THINGS THAT'S 1265 00:49:01,560 --> 00:49:03,600 IMPORTANT, KINGDON WANTS TO SAY 1266 00:49:03,600 --> 00:49:05,120 THAT THESE THREE STREAMS, THE 1267 00:49:05,120 --> 00:49:06,120 PROBLEM STREAM, WHAT PROBLEMS WE 1268 00:49:06,120 --> 00:49:08,640 PAY ATTENTION TO, WHAT'S ON 1269 00:49:08,640 --> 00:49:09,400 POLITICAL AGENDA, THE POLITICS 1270 00:49:09,400 --> 00:49:11,280 STREAM, WHO HAS TO VOTE ON 1271 00:49:11,280 --> 00:49:14,200 SOMETHING FOR POLICY TO ACTUALLY 1272 00:49:14,200 --> 00:49:15,320 CHANGE, AND SOLUTIONS STREAM, 1273 00:49:15,320 --> 00:49:16,960 WHAT ARE THE ALTERNATIVES PEOPLE 1274 00:49:16,960 --> 00:49:20,160 ARE EVEN CONSIDERING AS 1275 00:49:20,160 --> 00:49:21,760 POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS, POTENTIAL 1276 00:49:21,760 --> 00:49:23,320 REMEDIES, ALL TOTALLY DISTINCT, 1277 00:49:23,320 --> 00:49:24,560 THEY HAVE DISTINCT ACTORS, 1278 00:49:24,560 --> 00:49:27,720 PARTICIPATING IN THEM, THEY HAVE 1279 00:49:27,720 --> 00:49:30,560 DISTINCT TIMEFRAMES FOR 1280 00:49:30,560 --> 00:49:31,840 DEVELOPING. 1281 00:49:31,840 --> 00:49:33,720 SO HE'S TRYING TO DO AWAY WITH 1282 00:49:33,720 --> 00:49:36,480 LINEAR STAGES MODDING, A 1283 00:49:36,480 --> 00:49:39,160 PROBLEM, WE LOOK FOR SOLUTIONS. 1284 00:49:39,160 --> 00:49:40,920 NO, PEOPLE ARE CONSTANTLY TRYING 1285 00:49:40,920 --> 00:49:42,600 TO RESHAPE WHAT WE THINK ARE THE 1286 00:49:42,600 --> 00:49:43,560 MOST IMPORTANT PROBLEMS, THERE'S 1287 00:49:43,560 --> 00:49:49,120 A SEPARATE SET OF ACTORS WORKING 1288 00:49:49,120 --> 00:49:51,800 ON FINDING A SOLUTION, THE 1289 00:49:51,800 --> 00:49:53,640 POLITICS STREAM, WHO GETS 1290 00:49:53,640 --> 00:49:54,960 ELECTED INTO OFFICE, WHAT 1291 00:49:54,960 --> 00:49:56,880 EXTERNAL SHOCK SOCIETY FACES 1292 00:49:56,880 --> 00:49:59,640 THAT CAN CHANGE THE DYNAMICS OR 1293 00:49:59,640 --> 00:50:02,080 ORIENTATION OF POLITICIANS, ALL 1294 00:50:02,080 --> 00:50:03,400 ARE HAPPENING SEPARATELY. 1295 00:50:03,400 --> 00:50:05,240 ONLY AT THESE VERY CRUCIAL 1296 00:50:05,240 --> 00:50:08,760 MOMENTS WHEN AN EXTERNAL SHOCK 1297 00:50:08,760 --> 00:50:11,680 OR VERY PERSUASIVE AND TALENTED 1298 00:50:11,680 --> 00:50:12,400 POLICYMAKERS, POLICY 1299 00:50:12,400 --> 00:50:14,240 ENTREPRENEURS, HE CALLS THEM, 1300 00:50:14,240 --> 00:50:15,880 CAN BRING THE STRINGS TOGETHER 1301 00:50:15,880 --> 00:50:19,280 WHEN WE ACTUALLY MIGHT SEE 1302 00:50:19,280 --> 00:50:19,920 POLICY CHANGE. 1303 00:50:19,920 --> 00:50:21,680 SO, WHAT'S IMPORTANT ABOUT THIS 1304 00:50:21,680 --> 00:50:22,960 IF YOU'RE THINKING ABOUT 1305 00:50:22,960 --> 00:50:25,040 TRANSLATION? 1306 00:50:25,040 --> 00:50:28,440 ONE OF THE THINGS IS THAT AGENDA 1307 00:50:28,440 --> 00:50:29,600 SETTING, WHAT POLITICAL 1308 00:50:29,600 --> 00:50:32,320 SCIENTISTS SAY WHAT POLITICIANS 1309 00:50:32,320 --> 00:50:36,640 IN ANY GIVEN VENUE, STATE 1310 00:50:36,640 --> 00:50:37,960 LEGISLATURE, NATIONAL 1311 00:50:37,960 --> 00:50:38,840 GOVERNMENT, MUNICIPALITIES, 1312 00:50:38,840 --> 00:50:40,240 INTERNATIONAL SETTING, WHAT 1313 00:50:40,240 --> 00:50:42,800 PROBLEMS PEOPLE ARE FOCUSING ON, 1314 00:50:42,800 --> 00:50:46,400 AND HOW TO DEFINE PROBLEMS. 1315 00:50:46,400 --> 00:50:48,240 HE WOULD SAY IT'S PRESIDENTS, 1316 00:50:48,240 --> 00:50:51,680 OFTEN SENATORS ABLE TO SET THE 1317 00:50:51,680 --> 00:50:52,680 AGENDA. 1318 00:50:52,680 --> 00:50:53,760 VERY PROMINENT ELECTED 1319 00:50:53,760 --> 00:50:54,400 OFFICIALS. 1320 00:50:54,400 --> 00:50:56,040 AND CRISES THAT THOSE PEOPLE ARE 1321 00:50:56,040 --> 00:50:59,560 HANDED CAN SET THE AGENDA. 1322 00:50:59,560 --> 00:51:05,000 IT'S HARD FOR OTHER PEOPLE TO 1323 00:51:05,000 --> 00:51:06,760 GET INVOLVED IN AGENDA SETTING, 1324 00:51:06,760 --> 00:51:09,280 ARGUING THAT EXPERTS ARE MOST 1325 00:51:09,280 --> 00:51:10,200 INFLUENTIAL IN SHAPING THE 1326 00:51:10,200 --> 00:51:11,600 SOLUTION STREAM AND HE WOULD 1327 00:51:11,600 --> 00:51:14,680 ARGUE THEY RARELY HAVE A ROLE IN 1328 00:51:14,680 --> 00:51:15,640 AGENDA SETTING. 1329 00:51:15,640 --> 00:51:17,280 IN MY BOOK, SCIENCE AND 1330 00:51:17,280 --> 00:51:18,200 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY MAKING, I 1331 00:51:18,200 --> 00:51:26,400 ARGUE THAT'S NOT ALWAYS THE CASE 1332 00:51:26,400 --> 00:51:28,480 AND SCIENTISTS OFTEN FRAME THE 1333 00:51:28,480 --> 00:51:31,400 WAY THINGS ARE UNDERSTAND. 1334 00:51:31,400 --> 00:51:33,920 OVER THE LONG TERM DURING -- A 1335 00:51:33,920 --> 00:51:35,000 PRESIDENT WINS ELECTION AND GETS 1336 00:51:35,000 --> 00:51:36,960 TO SHAPE THE AGENDA FOR FOUR 1337 00:51:36,960 --> 00:51:38,400 YEARS, IF YOU LOOK OVER THE LONG 1338 00:51:38,400 --> 00:51:41,120 TERM WE MIGHT SEE THAT THE 1339 00:51:41,120 --> 00:51:42,040 THINGS THAT PRESIDENTS OR 1340 00:51:42,040 --> 00:51:44,160 SENATORS ARE PAYING ATTENTION TO 1341 00:51:44,160 --> 00:51:46,040 ARE ACTUALLY SHAPED BY WHAT'S 1342 00:51:46,040 --> 00:51:49,600 HAPPENING IN THE SCIENTIFIC 1343 00:51:49,600 --> 00:51:50,400 RESEARCH COMMUNITY. 1344 00:51:50,400 --> 00:51:53,720 I WANTED TO THEN QUICKLY TALK 1345 00:51:53,720 --> 00:51:55,920 ABOUT CHANGING VENUES AND POLICY 1346 00:51:55,920 --> 00:51:56,520 DIFFUSION. 1347 00:51:56,520 --> 00:51:57,400 BAUMGARTNER AND JONES WERE 1348 00:51:57,400 --> 00:51:59,920 LOOKING AT WHAT THEY CALL 1349 00:51:59,920 --> 00:52:01,440 INSTANCES OF RAPID POLICY 1350 00:52:01,440 --> 00:52:03,840 CHANGE, AND THEY ARGUE THAT WHEN 1351 00:52:03,840 --> 00:52:06,920 YOU GET -- THERE'S A LITTLE BIT 1352 00:52:06,920 --> 00:52:08,440 OF CHICKEN AND EGG PROBLEM BUT 1353 00:52:08,440 --> 00:52:11,960 WHAT THEY SAY IS OFTENTIMES IF A 1354 00:52:11,960 --> 00:52:13,480 NEW VENUE IS ENGAGED IN POLICY 1355 00:52:13,480 --> 00:52:16,160 MAKING THAT COULD BE A NEW 1356 00:52:16,160 --> 00:52:17,760 CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEE, MOVING 1357 00:52:17,760 --> 00:52:19,880 FROM THE NATIONAL TO SUBNATIONAL 1358 00:52:19,880 --> 00:52:21,160 LEVEL, FROM NATIONAL TO 1359 00:52:21,160 --> 00:52:22,920 INTERNATIONAL LEVEL, THAT NEW 1360 00:52:22,920 --> 00:52:25,200 ISSUE FRAMINGS AND NEW POLICY 1361 00:52:25,200 --> 00:52:26,920 VENUES CAN CREATE AN OPPORTUNITY 1362 00:52:26,920 --> 00:52:28,600 FOR POLICY REFORMS THAT ARE 1363 00:52:28,600 --> 00:52:30,120 QUITE DIFFERENT FROM WHAT ARE 1364 00:52:30,120 --> 00:52:32,440 HAPPENING IN ANOTHER LOCATION. 1365 00:52:32,440 --> 00:52:34,080 AND EVEN USING KINGDON IT STANDS 1366 00:52:34,080 --> 00:52:36,720 TO REASON BECAUSE IF YOU CHANGE 1367 00:52:36,720 --> 00:52:39,000 POLICY THEN YOU AUTOMATICALLY 1368 00:52:39,000 --> 00:52:40,360 CHANGE POLITICS STREAM. 1369 00:52:40,360 --> 00:52:43,280 SO, A GREAT EXAMPLE IS THINKING 1370 00:52:43,280 --> 00:52:45,120 OF LOCAL SMOKING ORDINANCES. 1371 00:52:45,120 --> 00:52:47,840 AND THE ISSUE FRAMING THAT 1372 00:52:47,840 --> 00:52:49,760 CHANGE IS THAT AT THE NATIONAL 1373 00:52:49,760 --> 00:52:51,040 LEVEL PEOPLE WERE THINKING 1374 00:52:51,040 --> 00:52:52,520 SMOKING AND HEALTH IS SOMETHING 1375 00:52:52,520 --> 00:52:56,640 YOU DO TO YOURSELF, MAKE A 1376 00:52:56,640 --> 00:52:57,840 CHOICE TO SMOKE, THAT'S NOT 1377 00:52:57,840 --> 00:52:59,560 HEALTHY FOR YOU, THAT'S YOUR OWN 1378 00:52:59,560 --> 00:53:01,080 CHOICE, THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 1379 00:53:01,080 --> 00:53:03,400 ISN'T NECESSARILY GOING TO 1380 00:53:03,400 --> 00:53:04,120 REGULATE THAT. 1381 00:53:04,120 --> 00:53:07,120 FORTY YEARS OR SOMETHING OF THAT 1382 00:53:07,120 --> 00:53:08,200 BEING THE DOMINANT POLICYMAKING 1383 00:53:08,200 --> 00:53:09,760 ORIENTATION AT THE NATIONAL 1384 00:53:09,760 --> 00:53:10,200 LEVEL. 1385 00:53:10,200 --> 00:53:13,040 BUT WITH THE DISCOVERY THAT 1386 00:53:13,040 --> 00:53:14,120 SECONDHAND SMOKE IS DANGEROUS, 1387 00:53:14,120 --> 00:53:15,760 SMOKING IN RESTAURANTS AND BARS 1388 00:53:15,760 --> 00:53:16,880 BECAME AN OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY 1389 00:53:16,880 --> 00:53:20,920 AND HEALTH ISSUE. 1390 00:53:20,920 --> 00:53:25,880 MUNICIPALITIES IN CALIFORNIA, I 1391 00:53:25,880 --> 00:53:29,320 THINK SAN LUIS OBISPO AND 1392 00:53:29,320 --> 00:53:31,960 BERKELEY THE FIRST WITH BANS. 1393 00:53:31,960 --> 00:53:33,880 THIS SHOWS RESTAURANT OWNERS, 1394 00:53:33,880 --> 00:53:36,880 BAR OWNERS, ASSOCIATIONS, WERE 1395 00:53:36,880 --> 00:53:38,640 POWERFULLY ABLE TO SHAPE THE 1396 00:53:38,640 --> 00:53:41,680 CONTEXT OF MUNICIPALITIES BUT 1397 00:53:41,680 --> 00:53:42,520 ONCE THESE EARLY PROGRESSIVE 1398 00:53:42,520 --> 00:53:44,160 CITIES WERE ABLE TO PASS SMOKING 1399 00:53:44,160 --> 00:53:45,360 ORDINANCES THEY WERE ABLE TO 1400 00:53:45,360 --> 00:53:46,920 SHOW THAT RESTAURANTS AND BARS 1401 00:53:46,920 --> 00:53:50,200 DIDN'T LOSE MONEY BECAUSE OF 1402 00:53:50,200 --> 00:53:50,400 THIS. 1403 00:53:50,400 --> 00:53:52,600 MANY PEOPLE WEREN'T GOING 1404 00:53:52,600 --> 00:53:54,200 BECAUSE OF SMOKING, AS WERE 1405 00:53:54,200 --> 00:53:56,040 GOING IN ORDER TO SMOKE. 1406 00:53:56,040 --> 00:53:59,440 SO THEN WE SEE THIS SECOND THING 1407 00:53:59,440 --> 00:54:01,880 HAPPEN, POLICY DIFFUSION. 1408 00:54:01,880 --> 00:54:03,120 THE STATE, CALIFORNIA, ADOPTS 1409 00:54:03,120 --> 00:54:05,320 BANS IN RESTAURANTS AND BARS, 1410 00:54:05,320 --> 00:54:06,520 OTHER STATES AND MUNICIPALITIES 1411 00:54:06,520 --> 00:54:08,880 IN THE U.S. BEGAN TO BAN SMOKING 1412 00:54:08,880 --> 00:54:12,720 IN RESTAURANTS AND BARS, EVEN 1413 00:54:12,720 --> 00:54:13,640 OTHER COUNTRIES. 1414 00:54:13,640 --> 00:54:16,120 FRANCE WAS LIKE, WOW, THIS 1415 00:54:16,120 --> 00:54:17,760 POLICY IS HAVING AN EFFECT. 1416 00:54:17,760 --> 00:54:19,560 SOMETIMES STARTING IN A VENUE 1417 00:54:19,560 --> 00:54:21,560 THAT'S LOCAL AND SMALL AND 1418 00:54:21,560 --> 00:54:23,240 FRIENDLY TO THE CONCERNS THAT 1419 00:54:23,240 --> 00:54:25,120 ARE COMING OUT OF YOUR RESEARCH 1420 00:54:25,120 --> 00:54:28,400 CAN BE A WAY TO SHAPE POLICY, 1421 00:54:28,400 --> 00:54:30,640 WELL BEYOND THAT VENUE. 1422 00:54:30,640 --> 00:54:34,520 WE SEE A LOT OF OTHER POLICIES 1423 00:54:34,520 --> 00:54:37,240 HAVE THESE SIMILAR DYNAMICS. 1424 00:54:37,240 --> 00:54:41,680 SO I WANTED TO FINISH UP HERE. 1425 00:54:41,680 --> 00:54:44,400 LET ME FINISH UP WITH A COUPLE 1426 00:54:44,400 --> 00:54:48,240 DYNAMICS THAT ARE WORTH 1427 00:54:48,240 --> 00:54:48,960 CONSIDERING. 1428 00:54:48,960 --> 00:54:52,680 I'VE LAID OUT SOME RESEARCH FROM 1429 00:54:52,680 --> 00:54:55,000 SCIENCE STUDIES TO TALK ABOUT 1430 00:54:55,000 --> 00:54:56,120 GENERAL DYNAMICS BEING 1431 00:54:56,120 --> 00:54:59,160 INTRODUCED, A FEW MODELS OF 1432 00:54:59,160 --> 00:55:00,800 POLICY MAKING, ALL 20th 1433 00:55:00,800 --> 00:55:01,800 CENTURY WORK. 1434 00:55:01,800 --> 00:55:03,320 BUT I THINK WE'RE SEEING 1435 00:55:03,320 --> 00:55:05,520 DYNAMICS RIGHT NOW IN THE 21ST 1436 00:55:05,520 --> 00:55:06,560 CENTURY THAT ARE WORTH 1437 00:55:06,560 --> 00:55:07,040 MENTIONING. 1438 00:55:07,040 --> 00:55:10,120 SO RETURNING TO THE IDEA OF 1439 00:55:10,120 --> 00:55:11,360 WHETHER OR NOT SCIENTIFIC 1440 00:55:11,360 --> 00:55:13,200 CREDIBILITY IS IN DECLINE, IT IS 1441 00:55:13,200 --> 00:55:13,960 BUT NOT UNIVERSALLY. 1442 00:55:13,960 --> 00:55:15,880 I WANT TO LOOK AT PATTERNS IN 1443 00:55:15,880 --> 00:55:17,840 THE UNITED STATES AND THINK 1444 00:55:17,840 --> 00:55:18,680 ABOUT MOTIVATED REASONING, THE 1445 00:55:18,680 --> 00:55:21,400 WAY PEOPLE RESPOND TO EVIDENCE, 1446 00:55:21,400 --> 00:55:27,520 AND INTRODUCE THIS CONCEPT OF 1447 00:55:27,520 --> 00:55:29,520 AMERICAN VOLUNTARISM AND THINK 1448 00:55:29,520 --> 00:55:34,480 ABOUT PARTISANSHIP IN THE 1449 00:55:34,480 --> 00:55:37,640 CURRENT MEDIA ENVIRONMENT. 1450 00:55:37,640 --> 00:55:40,320 I PULLED JUST SCREEN SHOTS FROM 1451 00:55:40,320 --> 00:55:42,840 TWO -- GALLUP POLL ON THE RIGHT 1452 00:55:42,840 --> 00:55:46,640 AND PEW ON THE LEFT, TO SHOW 1453 00:55:46,640 --> 00:55:49,760 THAT PUBLIC OPINION REGARDING 1454 00:55:49,760 --> 00:55:50,640 SCIENTIFIC METHOD IS HEAVILY 1455 00:55:50,640 --> 00:55:52,520 LEANING ON PARTY IN THE UNITED 1456 00:55:52,520 --> 00:55:52,720 STATES. 1457 00:55:52,720 --> 00:55:55,240 ONE THING INTERESTING TO SHOW IF 1458 00:55:55,240 --> 00:55:56,960 WE LOOK AT AMERICANS GENERALLY 1459 00:55:56,960 --> 00:55:58,840 WITHOUT SEPARATING BY PARTY WE 1460 00:55:58,840 --> 00:56:00,960 SEE SLIGHT DROP IN THINKING 1461 00:56:00,960 --> 00:56:04,760 ABOUT CREDIBILITY OF SCIENCE 1462 00:56:04,760 --> 00:56:05,800 BETWEEN 197 5 AND 2021, THE 1463 00:56:05,800 --> 00:56:06,880 FIGURE ON THE RIGHT. 1464 00:56:06,880 --> 00:56:09,240 IF YOU BREAK BY PARTY, WE SEE 1465 00:56:09,240 --> 00:56:12,000 THAT ACTUALLY THE CREDIBILITY OF 1466 00:56:12,000 --> 00:56:13,680 SCIENCE HAS INCREASED AMONG 1467 00:56:13,680 --> 00:56:16,160 DEMOCRATS FROM 67 TO 79, QUITE A 1468 00:56:16,160 --> 00:56:16,960 SIGNIFICANT JUMP. 1469 00:56:16,960 --> 00:56:19,800 IF WE LOOK AT REPUBLICANS, IT'S 1470 00:56:19,800 --> 00:56:25,600 GONE FROM 72% DOWN TO 45, A VERY 1471 00:56:25,600 --> 00:56:26,080 SIGNIFICANT DECREASE, 1472 00:56:26,080 --> 00:56:27,520 INDEPENDENTS A DECREASE BUT LESS 1473 00:56:27,520 --> 00:56:28,520 SO THAN REPUBLICANS. 1474 00:56:28,520 --> 00:56:31,600 I'M NOT GOING TO HIT ON THE PEW 1475 00:56:31,600 --> 00:56:36,680 STUDY BUT SHOWINGS ARE SIMILAR 1476 00:56:36,680 --> 00:56:38,400 DYNAMICS WITH MORE NUANCE. 1477 00:56:38,400 --> 00:56:39,920 I THINK THAT'S ONE OF THE THINGS 1478 00:56:39,920 --> 00:56:41,280 THAT I DON'T THINK NECESSARILY 1479 00:56:41,280 --> 00:56:43,000 ANYONE WRITING IN THE LATE 1480 00:56:43,000 --> 00:56:44,800 20th CENTURY ABOUT THE 1481 00:56:44,800 --> 00:56:46,360 POTENTIAL DECLINE IN THE 1482 00:56:46,360 --> 00:56:48,040 CREDIBILITY OF SCIENCE AS AN 1483 00:56:48,040 --> 00:56:49,600 INSTITUTION IN POLICY MAKING 1484 00:56:49,600 --> 00:56:51,040 VENUES WOULD HAVE PREDICTED, 1485 00:56:51,040 --> 00:56:51,720 ANYONE WHO LIVED THROUGH COVID 1486 00:56:51,720 --> 00:56:55,680 IN THE U.S. WOULD SAY THIS IS 1487 00:56:55,680 --> 00:56:56,680 OBVIOUS, RIGHT? 1488 00:56:56,680 --> 00:56:59,320 SO, I WANTED TO MENTION ALL OF 1489 00:56:59,320 --> 00:57:01,360 US, NO MATTER WHERE OUR PARTY, 1490 00:57:01,360 --> 00:57:06,720 PART OF THE HUMAN CONDITION THAT 1491 00:57:06,720 --> 00:57:08,280 WE ENGAGE IN MOTIVATED 1492 00:57:08,280 --> 00:57:09,240 REASONING, CONCEPT FROM 1493 00:57:09,240 --> 00:57:12,000 PSYCHOLOGY, PEOPLE TRYING TO 1494 00:57:12,000 --> 00:57:13,400 PROVE MAYBE CONSERVATIVES OR 1495 00:57:13,400 --> 00:57:16,360 PROGRESSIVES ARE MORE LIKELY TO 1496 00:57:16,360 --> 00:57:17,480 ENGAGE IN MOTIVATED REASONS, 1497 00:57:17,480 --> 00:57:19,040 BUT, NO, EVERYONE DOES THIS. 1498 00:57:19,040 --> 00:57:26,520 IT SHOWS UP QUITE PROFOUNDLY THE 1499 00:57:26,520 --> 00:57:28,640 WAY PEER REVIEWERS REVIEW, WE 1500 00:57:28,640 --> 00:57:30,400 TEND TO DISREGARD EVIDENCE THAT 1501 00:57:30,400 --> 00:57:36,360 DOES NOT -- IS NOT HELD VALUES, 1502 00:57:36,360 --> 00:57:37,680 EVIDENCE DOESN'T CHANGE OUR 1503 00:57:37,680 --> 00:57:39,720 MINDS, WE REJECT THE EVIDENCE, 1504 00:57:39,720 --> 00:57:41,960 USEFUL TO THINK ABOUT A HUMAN 1505 00:57:41,960 --> 00:57:43,280 THING, A HUMAN CONDITION, AND 1506 00:57:43,280 --> 00:57:45,040 EVEN IF WE THINK WE'RE NOT DOING 1507 00:57:45,040 --> 00:57:47,760 IT AS SCIENTISTS WE PROBABLY ARE 1508 00:57:47,760 --> 00:57:51,280 TO SOME DEGREE. 1509 00:57:51,280 --> 00:57:53,040 THAT'S PART OF HOW WE NEED TO 1510 00:57:53,040 --> 00:57:54,560 THINK ABOUT ENGAGING WITH 1511 00:57:54,560 --> 00:57:59,680 SCIENCE AND EVIDENCE. 1512 00:57:59,680 --> 00:58:01,760 THIS IS A MORE -- A CONCEPT 1513 00:58:01,760 --> 00:58:08,960 PEOPLE ARE NOT FAMILIAR WITH. 1514 00:58:08,960 --> 00:58:15,880 VOLUNTEERISM IS BROUGHT INTO THE 1515 00:58:15,880 --> 00:58:17,000 CONVERSATION BY FISCHER, HIS 1516 00:58:17,000 --> 00:58:18,400 ARGUMENT IS IT'S NOT QUITE THE 1517 00:58:18,400 --> 00:58:20,280 WAY WE SHOULD THINK ABOUT 1518 00:58:20,280 --> 00:58:21,320 AMERICAN CULTURE. 1519 00:58:21,320 --> 00:58:23,080 AMERICANS WANT THE FREEDOM TO 1520 00:58:23,080 --> 00:58:25,520 ASSOCIATE WITH ANY GROUP OR 1521 00:58:25,520 --> 00:58:28,240 PARTY OR AFFILIATION OR JOB, BUT 1522 00:58:28,240 --> 00:58:30,080 ONCE THEY HAVE CHOSEN THE GROUPS 1523 00:58:30,080 --> 00:58:31,720 THEY WANT TO AFFILIATE WITH, 1524 00:58:31,720 --> 00:58:33,480 THEY ARE DEFERENTIAL TO THAT 1525 00:58:33,480 --> 00:58:34,960 GROUP'S LEADERS. 1526 00:58:34,960 --> 00:58:36,760 FOR EXAMPLE, IN PUBLIC OPINION 1527 00:58:36,760 --> 00:58:38,000 POLLING BETWEEN EUROPEANS AND 1528 00:58:38,000 --> 00:58:38,920 AMERICANS, AMERICANS ARE MORE 1529 00:58:38,920 --> 00:58:40,920 LIKELY TO SAY YOU SHOULD DEFER 1530 00:58:40,920 --> 00:58:43,040 TO YOUR BOSS, RELIGIOUS LEADER, 1531 00:58:43,040 --> 00:58:44,000 YOUR PARTY LEADERS, EVEN IF YOU 1532 00:58:44,000 --> 00:58:46,000 THINK THEY ARE WRONG YOU SHOULD 1533 00:58:46,000 --> 00:58:47,880 DEFER TO THEM. 1534 00:58:47,880 --> 00:58:49,920 AMERICANS ARE MORE LIKELY TO SAY 1535 00:58:49,920 --> 00:58:52,800 THAT, THAN EUROPEANS. 1536 00:58:52,800 --> 00:58:59,440 THIS CONCEPT OF AMERICAN 1537 00:58:59,440 --> 00:59:01,440 VOLUNTARISM SHAPES WHEN PEOPLE 1538 00:59:01,440 --> 00:59:02,840 ARE RESPONDING TO EVIDENCE, 1539 00:59:02,840 --> 00:59:03,840 MOTIVATED REASONING GOING ON, 1540 00:59:03,840 --> 00:59:06,880 BUT PEOPLE ARE PRONE TO FOLLOW 1541 00:59:06,880 --> 00:59:08,440 THEIR LEADERS EVEN IF THEY THINK 1542 00:59:08,440 --> 00:59:09,760 LEADERS MIGHT BE WRONG ABOUT 1543 00:59:09,760 --> 00:59:10,640 WHAT THEY ARE SAYING, FOR 1544 00:59:10,640 --> 00:59:13,120 EXAMPLE, ABOUT A GIVEN PIECE OF 1545 00:59:13,120 --> 00:59:14,320 EVIDENCE. 1546 00:59:14,320 --> 00:59:16,320 IF WE THINK ABOUT THE ADVENT OF 1547 00:59:16,320 --> 00:59:22,720 CABLE NEWS, WE'RE NOT GETTING 1548 00:59:22,720 --> 00:59:24,240 OUR NEWS FROM -- CABLE NEWS AND 1549 00:59:24,240 --> 00:59:27,800 SOCIAL MEDIA ALLOWS US TO 1550 00:59:27,800 --> 00:59:28,960 INTERACT WITH PEOPLE WE AGREE 1551 00:59:28,960 --> 00:59:31,240 WITH ALREADY AND SELECT FOR NEWS 1552 00:59:31,240 --> 00:59:32,960 THAT ALREADY IS CONSONANT WITH 1553 00:59:32,960 --> 00:59:35,360 OUR DEEPLY HELD VALUES. 1554 00:59:35,360 --> 00:59:37,440 AS A COUNTRY WE SORTED INTO 1555 00:59:37,440 --> 00:59:38,880 URBAN AND RURAL COMMUNITIES 1556 00:59:38,880 --> 00:59:40,440 WHERE WE LIVE AMONGST PEOPLE WHO 1557 00:59:40,440 --> 00:59:41,480 THINK LIKE US. 1558 00:59:41,480 --> 00:59:44,800 OF COURSE WE'RE EXPERIENCING 1559 00:59:44,800 --> 00:59:47,720 PRETTY DRAMATIC POLITICAL 1560 00:59:47,720 --> 00:59:51,040 POLARIZATION COMPARED TO THE 1561 00:59:51,040 --> 00:59:51,680 20th CENTURY. 1562 00:59:51,680 --> 00:59:54,160 SO ONE OF THE THINGS WE SHOULD 1563 00:59:54,160 --> 00:59:55,480 TAKE AWAY IS THOSE LEADERSHIP 1564 00:59:55,480 --> 00:59:56,840 POSITIONS CAN SHAPE WHAT MEMBERS 1565 00:59:56,840 --> 01:00:00,840 THINK AND MEMBERS ARE COMPLICIT, 1566 01:00:00,840 --> 01:00:02,480 THAT'S WHY WHEN YOU ENGAGE WITH 1567 01:00:02,480 --> 01:00:04,080 A GROUP, WHEN YOU DECIDE TO 1568 01:00:04,080 --> 01:00:06,360 BECOME A MEMBER, PART OF 1569 01:00:06,360 --> 01:00:10,400 AMERICAN CULTURE SAYS YOU SHOULD 1570 01:00:10,400 --> 01:00:11,720 BE DEFERRING TO LEADERS. 1571 01:00:11,720 --> 01:00:14,120 I GUESS I WANT TO FINISH, I'VE 1572 01:00:14,120 --> 01:00:16,000 TAKEN TOO MUCH TIME BUT I WANTED 1573 01:00:16,000 --> 01:00:18,720 TO FINISH WITH A QUOTATION FROM 1574 01:00:18,720 --> 01:00:21,320 AN ARTICLE BY STEVE SHAPIN, 1575 01:00:21,320 --> 01:00:23,200 WHERE HE WAS WRITING ABOUT 1576 01:00:23,200 --> 01:00:27,320 CREDIBILITY AND HOW EXPERTS 1577 01:00:27,320 --> 01:00:29,240 DEVELOP CREDIBILITY, IT'S A LONG 1578 01:00:29,240 --> 01:00:31,200 PIECE BUT THE LAST PARAGRAPH HE 1579 01:00:31,200 --> 01:00:34,200 SAYS THE MOST INTERESTING THING. 1580 01:00:34,200 --> 01:00:36,680 I'M IF I ASK MYSELF HOW IT IS I 1581 01:00:36,680 --> 01:00:39,840 CAME TO BELIEVE A RANGE OF 1582 01:00:39,840 --> 01:00:43,040 EXPERT AND SCIENTIFIC CLAIMS THE 1583 01:00:43,040 --> 01:00:44,800 MAJORITY TRUTH I ACCEPT, I WAS 1584 01:00:44,800 --> 01:00:46,080 TOLD BY FAMILIAR OTHERS, OFTEN 1585 01:00:46,080 --> 01:00:48,160 IN A SETTING OF FACE TO FACE 1586 01:00:48,160 --> 01:00:49,760 INTERACTIONS BY PEOPLE WHOSE 1587 01:00:49,760 --> 01:00:53,160 NAMES I KNOW OR KNEW AND 1588 01:00:53,160 --> 01:00:57,960 CHARACTERISTICS I KNOW OR KNEW, 1589 01:00:57,960 --> 01:01:00,080 IT IS WELL TO REMEMBER EXPERTS 1590 01:01:00,080 --> 01:01:01,200 STAND IN SOMETHING LIKE POSITION 1591 01:01:01,200 --> 01:01:02,360 OF LAY MEMBERS WITH RESPECT TO 1592 01:01:02,360 --> 01:01:03,440 CLAIMS OF EXPERT GROUPS. 1593 01:01:03,440 --> 01:01:05,200 WE CAN'T BE EXPERTS IN 1594 01:01:05,200 --> 01:01:05,840 EVERYTHING. 1595 01:01:05,840 --> 01:01:07,960 SO HE TALKS ABOUT RESOURCES OF 1596 01:01:07,960 --> 01:01:12,000 FAMILIARITY ARE NOT SO EASILY 1597 01:01:12,000 --> 01:01:13,640 DISPENSED WITH EVEN IN THE LATE 1598 01:01:13,640 --> 01:01:15,600 MODERN WORLD. 1599 01:01:15,600 --> 01:01:18,080 I'LL FINISH HERE, THAT IN A 1600 01:01:18,080 --> 01:01:20,840 PIECE THAT I WROTE AS A SPINOFF 1601 01:01:20,840 --> 01:01:22,920 OF MY DISSERTATION, I WAS 1602 01:01:22,920 --> 01:01:24,240 LOOKING AT HOW OFTEN GROUPS THAT 1603 01:01:24,240 --> 01:01:27,880 ARE TRYING TO PRODUCE SCIENCE 1604 01:01:27,880 --> 01:01:29,040 FOR POLICYMAKERRING AUDIENCES 1605 01:01:29,040 --> 01:01:32,560 DEVELOP TIES WITH USER 1606 01:01:32,560 --> 01:01:34,720 AUDIENCES, AND THE MORE OFTEN, 1607 01:01:34,720 --> 01:01:37,080 THE MORE THOSE TIES, THE MORE 1608 01:01:37,080 --> 01:01:37,720 POTENTIAL AUDIENCES ARE BROUGHT 1609 01:01:37,720 --> 01:01:40,200 IN TO BE PART OF THE PROCESS AT 1610 01:01:40,200 --> 01:01:45,040 THE OUTSET THE MORE LIKELY 1611 01:01:45,040 --> 01:01:49,200 SCIENTIFIC CREDIBILITY WILL HOLD 1612 01:01:49,200 --> 01:01:50,280 LATER ON. 1613 01:01:50,280 --> 01:01:52,560 I'LL STOP SHARING MY SLIDES AND 1614 01:01:52,560 --> 01:01:53,480 WOULD BE DELIGHTED TO TAKE 1615 01:01:53,480 --> 01:01:56,280 QUESTIONS. 1616 01:01:56,280 --> 01:01:58,520 >> ANN, THAT WAS TREMENDOUS. 1617 01:01:58,520 --> 01:02:01,200 A TREMENDOUS TALK. 1618 01:02:01,200 --> 01:02:02,760 SO MUCH IN THERE. 1619 01:02:02,760 --> 01:02:03,760 IT'S REALLY AMAZING. 1620 01:02:03,760 --> 01:02:06,360 I THINK WE'LL BE DIGESTING THAT 1621 01:02:06,360 --> 01:02:07,480 FOR QUITE A WHILE. 1622 01:02:07,480 --> 01:02:09,760 I'M GOING TO OPEN UP FOR 1623 01:02:09,760 --> 01:02:12,240 QUESTIONS, BUT I WANTED TO START 1624 01:02:12,240 --> 01:02:14,160 OFF WITH ONE WHILE PEOPLE ARE 1625 01:02:14,160 --> 01:02:15,960 FIGURING OUT WHAT THEY WANT TO 1626 01:02:15,960 --> 01:02:16,400 ASK YOU ABOUT. 1627 01:02:16,400 --> 01:02:19,960 AND I WANT TO GO BACK TO THE 1628 01:02:19,960 --> 01:02:23,040 COMMENTS YOU MADE EARLIER ON, 1629 01:02:23,040 --> 01:02:30,920 WHEN YOU TALKED ABOUT THE 1630 01:02:30,920 --> 01:02:32,720 MERCHANTS OF DOUBT, EXPLAINING 1631 01:02:32,720 --> 01:02:35,800 WHY SCIENCE HAS BEEN ON THE 1632 01:02:35,800 --> 01:02:37,960 DECLINE, THAT THERE ARE 1633 01:02:37,960 --> 01:02:40,560 SCIENTISTS, PERHAPS A MINORITY, 1634 01:02:40,560 --> 01:02:48,320 THAT ARE SOWING DOUBT. 1635 01:02:48,320 --> 01:02:53,040 CLIMATE IS THE BEST EXAMPLE, 1636 01:02:53,040 --> 01:02:54,520 TOBACCO IS ANOTHER GOOD ONE. 1637 01:02:54,520 --> 01:02:58,360 THERE WERE STUDIES IN WHICH YOU 1638 01:02:58,360 --> 01:03:02,880 HAD 97 OR 98% OF SCIENTISTS 1639 01:03:02,880 --> 01:03:05,360 WERE, CLIMATE SCIENTISTS, WERE 1640 01:03:05,360 --> 01:03:08,920 IN CONCURRENCE THAT CLIMATE WAS 1641 01:03:08,920 --> 01:03:09,600 HUMAN -- CLIMATE CHANGE WAS 1642 01:03:09,600 --> 01:03:11,960 HUMAN CAUSED AND IT WAS A SEVERE 1643 01:03:11,960 --> 01:03:13,400 PROBLEM. 1644 01:03:13,400 --> 01:03:16,160 YET YOU HAD A FEW SCIENTISTS 1645 01:03:16,160 --> 01:03:17,960 TRYING TO SOW DOUBT. 1646 01:03:17,960 --> 01:03:21,320 YOU MADE A COMMENT ABOUT HOW THE 1647 01:03:21,320 --> 01:03:24,520 MEDIA THEN PICKS UP THOSE 3% OR 1648 01:03:24,520 --> 01:03:27,240 2% OR 1% OF SCIENTISTS, AND 1649 01:03:27,240 --> 01:03:30,480 BECAUSE IT'S -- THE MEDIA LIKES 1650 01:03:30,480 --> 01:03:34,080 CONFLICT DECIDES THEY SHOULD BE 1651 01:03:34,080 --> 01:03:35,840 EQUALLY WEIGHTED TO THE 1652 01:03:35,840 --> 01:03:37,960 OVERWHELMING MAJORITY WHO 1653 01:03:37,960 --> 01:03:39,120 DISAGREE AND, YOU MOVED ON TO 1654 01:03:39,120 --> 01:03:39,720 OTHER STUFF. 1655 01:03:39,720 --> 01:03:43,920 I WANT TO GO BACK TO THAT POINT. 1656 01:03:43,920 --> 01:03:45,960 MAYBE -- WELL, I'LL ASK AS A 1657 01:03:45,960 --> 01:03:47,960 QUESTION, SHOULD OUR ENTRY POINT 1658 01:03:47,960 --> 01:03:52,800 BE MORE WITH THE MEDIA THAN 1659 01:03:52,800 --> 01:03:55,600 MEDIA EDUCATION OR MEDIA 1660 01:03:55,600 --> 01:03:56,600 TRAINING, RATHER THAN 1661 01:03:56,600 --> 01:03:59,160 POLITICIANS, BECAUSE IF IN FACT 1662 01:03:59,160 --> 01:04:01,040 POLITICIANS ARE GOING TO BE 1663 01:04:01,040 --> 01:04:03,240 RESPONSIVE TO WHAT THE MEDIA 1664 01:04:03,240 --> 01:04:05,200 CREATES AMONG VIEWERS, AND IF 1665 01:04:05,200 --> 01:04:06,840 MEDIA HAS A FALSE NARRATIVE THAT 1666 01:04:06,840 --> 01:04:08,600 THINGS SHOULD BE EQUALLY 1667 01:04:08,600 --> 01:04:11,520 WEIGHTED WHEN IN FACT THEY 1668 01:04:11,520 --> 01:04:12,560 SHOULD NOT, MAYBE THE POINT -- 1669 01:04:12,560 --> 01:04:15,920 I'LL SAY DO YOU THINK THE POINT 1670 01:04:15,920 --> 01:04:18,320 WHERE WE SHOULD INTERVENE IS 1671 01:04:18,320 --> 01:04:20,360 WITH MEDIA, SPEND MORE ENERGY 1672 01:04:20,360 --> 01:04:24,600 WITH MEDIA PEOPLE THAN 1673 01:04:24,600 --> 01:04:25,160 POLICYMAKERS? 1674 01:04:25,160 --> 01:04:25,800 >> GOSH, SO, CLEARLY AN 1675 01:04:25,800 --> 01:04:26,640 EXCELLENT QUESTION. 1676 01:04:26,640 --> 01:04:27,720 I'M TRYING TO THINK ABOUT 1677 01:04:27,720 --> 01:04:30,120 WHETHER OR NOT I THINK THERE'S 1678 01:04:30,120 --> 01:04:31,040 AN EASY ANSWER. 1679 01:04:31,040 --> 01:04:33,880 ONE OF THE THINGS, YOU TALKED TO 1680 01:04:33,880 --> 01:04:36,800 JOURNALISTS, THEY MIGHT BE, OH, 1681 01:04:36,800 --> 01:04:38,880 WE LEARNED ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE 1682 01:04:38,880 --> 01:04:40,440 AND WE DON'T DO THAT ANYMORE. 1683 01:04:40,440 --> 01:04:41,840 GREAT, HOW MANY DECADES INTO THE 1684 01:04:41,840 --> 01:04:43,280 PROCESS DID YOU LEARN IT? 1685 01:04:43,280 --> 01:04:45,040 AND ONE OF THE THINGS I DIDN'T 1686 01:04:45,040 --> 01:04:46,640 SAY I'M WORKING ON A BOOK RIGHT 1687 01:04:46,640 --> 01:04:48,880 NOW ON WHAT HAPPENED WITH THE 1688 01:04:48,880 --> 01:04:51,320 U.S. IN COVID, AND ONE OF THE 1689 01:04:51,320 --> 01:04:53,320 THINGS YOU SEE, EXACTLY THIS 1690 01:04:53,320 --> 01:04:53,640 DYNAMIC. 1691 01:04:53,640 --> 01:04:56,240 CDC COMES OUT WITH GUIDANCE, YOU 1692 01:04:56,240 --> 01:04:59,160 HAVE NO IDEA HOW MANY 1693 01:04:59,160 --> 01:04:59,760 PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS OR 1694 01:04:59,760 --> 01:05:01,320 EXPERTS AGREE BUT MEDIA IS ABLE 1695 01:05:01,320 --> 01:05:03,800 TO FIND AT LEAST ONE EXPERT TWO 1696 01:05:03,800 --> 01:05:04,840 DOESN'T AGREE. 1697 01:05:04,840 --> 01:05:09,280 THEY ARE LIKE CDC GUIDANCE, SO 1698 01:05:09,280 --> 01:05:09,640 CONTROVERSIAL. 1699 01:05:09,640 --> 01:05:12,920 I'M NOT SURE WHAT IS THE REMEDY, 1700 01:05:12,920 --> 01:05:13,840 NEWSPAPERS AND MEDIA OUTLETS 1701 01:05:13,840 --> 01:05:15,280 WILL CONTINUE TO DO THIS BECAUSE 1702 01:05:15,280 --> 01:05:16,920 IT'S THE CONTROVERSY THAT MAKES 1703 01:05:16,920 --> 01:05:18,240 PEOPLE LICK, RIGHT? 1704 01:05:18,240 --> 01:05:21,720 THAT YOU'RE GOING TO GET MORE 1705 01:05:21,720 --> 01:05:25,520 CLICKS IF YOU PORTRAY THE CDC AS 1706 01:05:25,520 --> 01:05:27,760 FALLING APART DURING COVID. 1707 01:05:27,760 --> 01:05:32,000 FEAR DRIVES CLICKS. 1708 01:05:32,000 --> 01:05:33,080 POTENTIALLY GETTING 1709 01:05:33,080 --> 01:05:34,400 JOURNALISTS -- I'M NOT ASKING 1710 01:05:34,400 --> 01:05:35,600 THEM TO NOT COVER CONTROVERSY. 1711 01:05:35,600 --> 01:05:37,240 THE CDC IS NOT A PERFECT 1712 01:05:37,240 --> 01:05:37,720 ORGANIZATION. 1713 01:05:37,720 --> 01:05:40,120 IT CAN GET THINGS WRONG AND IT 1714 01:05:40,120 --> 01:05:41,640 SHOULD BE POSSIBLE FOR EXPERTS 1715 01:05:41,640 --> 01:05:44,680 TO SAY, HEY, I THINK THE CDC GOT 1716 01:05:44,680 --> 01:05:46,560 IT WRONG BUT I DON'T THINK WE 1717 01:05:46,560 --> 01:05:48,320 HAVE GOOD MECHANISMS NECESSARILY 1718 01:05:48,320 --> 01:05:51,920 FOR COMMUNICATING THE DEGREE OF 1719 01:05:51,920 --> 01:05:53,120 SCIENTIFIC CERTAINTY, AND WE 1720 01:05:53,120 --> 01:05:54,760 DON'T -- AT LEAST IN THE CONTEXT 1721 01:05:54,760 --> 01:05:56,600 OF SOMETHING LIKE CLIMATE CHANGE 1722 01:05:56,600 --> 01:05:58,560 OR PANDEMIC WE DON'T NECESSARILY 1723 01:05:58,560 --> 01:05:59,480 HAVE GREAT MECHANISMS FOR 1724 01:05:59,480 --> 01:06:00,680 EASTERN TAPPING INTO WHAT THAT 1725 01:06:00,680 --> 01:06:01,040 IS. 1726 01:06:01,040 --> 01:06:02,800 ONE OF THE THINGS I'M ARGUING 1727 01:06:02,800 --> 01:06:06,280 ABOUT COVID WE DON'T EVEN REALLY 1728 01:06:06,280 --> 01:06:10,520 KNOW OR ANY CDC GUIDANCE WHAT 1729 01:06:10,520 --> 01:06:14,040 THE SPECTRUM OF EXPERT OPINION 1730 01:06:14,040 --> 01:06:16,840 WAS ABOUT THE GUIDANCE. 1731 01:06:16,840 --> 01:06:19,280 SO, I THINK -- TRYING TO FIGURE 1732 01:06:19,280 --> 01:06:21,280 THAT OUT, HOW TO DO BETTER, 1733 01:06:21,280 --> 01:06:22,680 MAYBE TRYING AS EXPERTS EVEN 1734 01:06:22,680 --> 01:06:26,040 WHEN WE HAVE A CRITICISM OF 1735 01:06:26,040 --> 01:06:27,360 ANOTHER EXPERT BODY TO TRY TO 1736 01:06:27,360 --> 01:06:29,040 SAY, YOU KNOW, JUST BECAUSE I'M 1737 01:06:29,040 --> 01:06:30,880 A CRITIC DOESN'T MEAN THAT ALL 1738 01:06:30,880 --> 01:06:33,400 OF MY COLLEAGUES ARE. 1739 01:06:33,400 --> 01:06:34,560 SO MAYBE POTENTIALLY IT'S THE 1740 01:06:34,560 --> 01:06:37,080 EXPERTS SHOULD BE A LITTLE BIT 1741 01:06:37,080 --> 01:06:44,240 COGNIZANT OF WHERE THEY ARE IN 1742 01:06:44,240 --> 01:06:47,760 THE SPECTRUM, IT THIS EVENLY 1743 01:06:47,760 --> 01:06:49,080 DELIGHTED OR ARE YOU SAYING 1744 01:06:49,080 --> 01:06:56,480 EVERYTHING -- EVERYONE THINKS X 1745 01:06:56,480 --> 01:06:58,520 BUT I THINK Y, SO PEOPLE HAVE A 1746 01:06:58,520 --> 01:07:00,800 SENSE OF WHERE THE SCIENTIFIC 1747 01:07:00,800 --> 01:07:02,280 COMMUNITY IS, AND MEDIUM ISN'T 1748 01:07:02,280 --> 01:07:04,520 ABLE TO JUST SAY, IT'S ALL A 1749 01:07:04,520 --> 01:07:07,560 WASH, NOBODY KNOWS WHAT'S GOING 1750 01:07:07,560 --> 01:07:07,760 ON. 1751 01:07:07,760 --> 01:07:11,320 >> MAYBE SO FOR PARTICULARLY 1752 01:07:11,320 --> 01:07:12,760 CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES, YOU MIGHT 1753 01:07:12,760 --> 01:07:13,800 THINK ABOUT POLLING SCIENTISTS 1754 01:07:13,800 --> 01:07:16,360 OR SOME SORT OF POLLING OF 1755 01:07:16,360 --> 01:07:18,400 SCIENTISTS TO FIGURE OUT WHERE 1756 01:07:18,400 --> 01:07:18,880 THINGS LAND. 1757 01:07:18,880 --> 01:07:21,240 I SEE THERE'S A QUESTION FROM 1758 01:07:21,240 --> 01:07:21,480 DAN. 1759 01:07:21,480 --> 01:07:30,720 WE'LL GO TO DAN NEXT. 1760 01:07:30,720 --> 01:07:35,120 >> THANK YOU. 1761 01:07:35,120 --> 01:07:35,600 BRILLIANT PRESENTATION. 1762 01:07:35,600 --> 01:07:45,600 BASED ON THE STAGE OF THE 1763 01:07:45,600 --> 01:07:47,160 PROCESS MAYBE, TRANSLATION IS 1764 01:07:47,160 --> 01:07:48,000 NOT JUST ABOUT INTERPRETATION AS 1765 01:07:48,000 --> 01:07:50,320 WE INTRODUCED IN THE OPENING 1766 01:07:50,320 --> 01:07:51,040 SLIDE. 1767 01:07:51,040 --> 01:07:54,680 TRANSLATION IS ALSO -- REALLY 1768 01:07:54,680 --> 01:07:55,920 REPRESENTS A SPECTRUM OF 1769 01:07:55,920 --> 01:07:57,720 DEVELOPMENT OF THE EVIDENCE, IT 1770 01:07:57,720 --> 01:07:59,440 HE END INCLUDES INTERPRETATION 1771 01:07:59,440 --> 01:08:01,680 IN ENGAGEMENT WITH STAKEHOLDERS. 1772 01:08:01,680 --> 01:08:06,400 WHAT THIS PROJECT IS MORE ABOUT 1773 01:08:06,400 --> 01:08:08,720 IS A DIFFERENT ADVOCACY, I THINK 1774 01:08:08,720 --> 01:08:10,880 IT'S AN ADVOCACY WHY WE NEED TO 1775 01:08:10,880 --> 01:08:15,600 INCLUDE A CONSIDERATION OF THE 1776 01:08:15,600 --> 01:08:17,520 INTERSECTION OF CLIMATE INTO 1777 01:08:17,520 --> 01:08:18,400 ASSESSING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN 1778 01:08:18,400 --> 01:08:19,800 DIET AND HEALTH. 1779 01:08:19,800 --> 01:08:21,640 I'M WONDERING, CAN YOU TALK 1780 01:08:21,640 --> 01:08:26,680 ABOUT THAT, SORT OF THE EARLIER 1781 01:08:26,680 --> 01:08:28,040 STAGE, MAYBE PRE-TRANSLATIONAL 1782 01:08:28,040 --> 01:08:33,480 STAGE, IF WE ACCEPT TRANSLATION, 1783 01:08:33,480 --> 01:08:34,920 MAYBE BY MANY 1784 01:08:34,920 --> 01:08:36,880 TO INTERPRETATION, CAN YOU TALK 1785 01:08:36,880 --> 01:08:37,240 ABOUT THAT? 1786 01:08:37,240 --> 01:08:38,320 THAT'S THE CHALLENGE. 1787 01:08:38,320 --> 01:08:39,720 I CAN TELL YOU PERSONALLY, I 1788 01:08:39,720 --> 01:08:41,520 SPENT MOST OF MIGHT HAVE CAREER 1789 01:08:41,520 --> 01:08:44,880 TRYING TO MAKE A CASE WHY 1790 01:08:44,880 --> 01:08:45,400 NUTRITION MATTERS. 1791 01:08:45,400 --> 01:08:46,160 >> RIGHT, OKAY. 1792 01:08:46,160 --> 01:08:48,160 >> NOT JUST POLICYMAKERS BUT TO 1793 01:08:48,160 --> 01:08:52,240 SCIENTISTS, WHY WE NEED TO 1794 01:08:52,240 --> 01:08:53,640 INTEGRATE IT, WE'RE AT AN 1795 01:08:53,640 --> 01:08:54,880 INSTITUTION RIGHT NOW WHERE WE 1796 01:08:54,880 --> 01:08:56,120 STRUGGLE WITH THAT, HOW TO MAKE 1797 01:08:56,120 --> 01:08:57,920 THE CASE FOR IMPORTANCE OF 1798 01:08:57,920 --> 01:08:58,360 NUTRITION. 1799 01:08:58,360 --> 01:09:00,440 SO I'LL STOP THERE. 1800 01:09:00,440 --> 01:09:00,920 THANK YOU. 1801 01:09:00,920 --> 01:09:02,640 >> YEAH, THAT'S A GREAT 1802 01:09:02,640 --> 01:09:03,000 QUESTION. 1803 01:09:03,000 --> 01:09:06,920 I THINK TO MY MIND, THE WAY THAT 1804 01:09:06,920 --> 01:09:08,760 SORT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE OR 1805 01:09:08,760 --> 01:09:11,200 POLICY MAKING WORLD WOULD SEE 1806 01:09:11,200 --> 01:09:15,280 THAT, THAT'S PART OF AGENDA 1807 01:09:15,280 --> 01:09:16,520 SETTING AND FRAMING ISSUES. 1808 01:09:16,520 --> 01:09:17,560 ALMOST NO PLACE WHERE THAT 1809 01:09:17,560 --> 01:09:19,240 DOESN'T NEED TO BE DONE. 1810 01:09:19,240 --> 01:09:20,360 YOU'RE SAYING SCIENTISTS NEED TO 1811 01:09:20,360 --> 01:09:21,280 UNDERSTAND HOW IMPORTANT 1812 01:09:21,280 --> 01:09:23,120 NUTRITION AND FOOD SYSTEMS ARE, 1813 01:09:23,120 --> 01:09:26,280 PEOPLE WHO ARE TRYING TO DEVELOP 1814 01:09:26,280 --> 01:09:28,080 CLIMATE POLICY NEED TO 1815 01:09:28,080 --> 01:09:28,840 UNDERSTAND THIS. 1816 01:09:28,840 --> 01:09:30,360 SOUNDS LIKE YOU'RE SAYING 1817 01:09:30,360 --> 01:09:32,840 THERE'S NO COMMUNITY WHO THINKS 1818 01:09:32,840 --> 01:09:34,240 THIS WAY, YOU KNOW, JUST GETS UP 1819 01:09:34,240 --> 01:09:36,440 IN THE MORNING AND THINKS THIS 1820 01:09:36,440 --> 01:09:38,440 WAY BUT THAT THE RESEARCHERS, 1821 01:09:38,440 --> 01:09:41,400 YOU KNOW, THIS COMMUNITY OF 1822 01:09:41,400 --> 01:09:43,040 RESEARCH, THIS COMMUNITY 1823 01:09:43,040 --> 01:09:44,720 PRACTICE IS TRYING TO SAY, SO 1824 01:09:44,720 --> 01:09:45,920 CENTRAL, SO IMPORTANT, PEOPLE 1825 01:09:45,920 --> 01:09:48,520 NEED TO MAKE THESE LINKS. 1826 01:09:48,520 --> 01:09:52,120 THAT'S FRAMING THE WAY PEOPLE 1827 01:09:52,120 --> 01:09:54,360 UNDERSTAND PROBLEMS AND HOW THEY 1828 01:09:54,360 --> 01:09:57,600 DEFINE THOSE PROBLEMS, HOW 1829 01:09:57,600 --> 01:09:59,160 EXTENSIVE THOSE PROBLEM 1830 01:09:59,160 --> 01:10:02,840 DEFINITIONS ARE, HITS THAT ARENA 1831 01:10:02,840 --> 01:10:06,600 OF KIND OF AGENDA SETTING AND 1832 01:10:06,600 --> 01:10:07,720 PROBLEM FRAMING. 1833 01:10:07,720 --> 01:10:12,040 I DO THINK, YOU KNOW, I THINK 1834 01:10:12,040 --> 01:10:14,480 THAT -- I DON'T KNOW THAT I 1835 01:10:14,480 --> 01:10:16,880 PERSONALLY HAVE GUIDANCE HOW 1836 01:10:16,880 --> 01:10:18,840 BEST TO DO THIS BUT WHEN I THINK 1837 01:10:18,840 --> 01:10:21,720 ABOUT PLACES IT SEEMS TO HAPPEN 1838 01:10:21,720 --> 01:10:23,120 PEOPLE ARE BEING VOCAL ABOUT THE 1839 01:10:23,120 --> 01:10:28,720 WAY THAT THEY SEE IT. 1840 01:10:28,720 --> 01:10:30,720 WRITING MORE POPULAR BOOKS 1841 01:10:30,720 --> 01:10:32,000 POTENTIALLY, TALKING TO THE 1842 01:10:32,000 --> 01:10:34,920 MEDIA, BEG ON FRESH AIR, THOSE 1843 01:10:34,920 --> 01:10:36,280 THINGS RESHAPE THE WAY PEOPLE 1844 01:10:36,280 --> 01:10:38,040 THINK SO PEOPLE READ A BOOK, 1845 01:10:38,040 --> 01:10:40,200 TELL THEIR KIDS, KIDS GROW UP 1846 01:10:40,200 --> 01:10:41,160 MAKING THIS CONNECTION BECAUSE 1847 01:10:41,160 --> 01:10:42,920 THEY HEARD AT THE DINNER TABLE 1848 01:10:42,920 --> 01:10:44,600 THIS IS A CONNECTION WORTH 1849 01:10:44,600 --> 01:10:44,840 MAKING. 1850 01:10:44,840 --> 01:10:46,360 IT COULD BE ONE OF THOSE THINGS 1851 01:10:46,360 --> 01:10:47,760 THAT YOU WON'T NECESSARILY SEE 1852 01:10:47,760 --> 01:10:50,520 THAT EVERYBODY IS USING THE 1853 01:10:50,520 --> 01:10:53,560 LANGUAGE YOU'RE USING ON A SHORT 1854 01:10:53,560 --> 01:10:54,680 TIME FRAME, DISAPPOINTING FOR 1855 01:10:54,680 --> 01:10:56,600 NIH BECAUSE THEY WANT TO KNOW 1856 01:10:56,600 --> 01:10:57,920 YOUR SPECIFIC AIMS, WHEN DID YOU 1857 01:10:57,920 --> 01:11:01,960 ACHIEVER THEM. 1858 01:11:01,960 --> 01:11:06,120 YOU PLAY NOT SEE THE -- MAY NOT 1859 01:11:06,120 --> 01:11:08,200 SEE THE SHIFT IN A SHORT PERIOD 1860 01:11:08,200 --> 01:11:11,120 OF TIME LIKE FIVE YEARS BUT I 1861 01:11:11,120 --> 01:11:12,160 THINK THAT JUST SHARING 1862 01:11:12,160 --> 01:11:15,240 PUBLICLY, SHARING EVERY TIME YOU 1863 01:11:15,240 --> 01:11:17,600 PRESENT AT SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS, 1864 01:11:17,600 --> 01:11:19,160 THINKING ABOUT HOW TO -- IT IS 1865 01:11:19,160 --> 01:11:22,320 THINKING ABOUT ALSO ENGAGING AND 1866 01:11:22,320 --> 01:11:24,200 WRITING MORE POPULAR TEXTS, MORE 1867 01:11:24,200 --> 01:11:27,960 POPULAR BOOKS THAT REACH MORE 1868 01:11:27,960 --> 01:11:28,240 AUDIENCES. 1869 01:11:28,240 --> 01:11:32,120 I THINK THAT'S WHERE THAT 1870 01:11:32,120 --> 01:11:33,440 TRANSLATIONAL PIECE AND 1871 01:11:33,440 --> 01:11:35,720 ENLIGHTENMENT FUNCTION THAT 1872 01:11:35,720 --> 01:11:38,000 WEISS WAS TALKING ABOUT, HITTING 1873 01:11:38,000 --> 01:11:46,160 POLICYMAKERS CAN HIT SOCIETY AS 1874 01:11:46,160 --> 01:11:46,360 WELL. 1875 01:11:46,360 --> 01:11:48,080 >> QUICKLY, HOW TO CHANGE 1876 01:11:48,080 --> 01:11:50,000 SCIENCE AND HOW SCIENTIFIC 1877 01:11:50,000 --> 01:11:51,280 REVOLUTIONS OCCUR, I'M WONDERING 1878 01:11:51,280 --> 01:11:54,200 IF THAT'S SO WE CAN INTEGRATE AS 1879 01:11:54,200 --> 01:11:56,440 WELL, HOW DO WE RAISE 1880 01:11:56,440 --> 01:11:57,600 CONSCIOUSNESS WITHIN THE 1881 01:11:57,600 --> 01:11:58,800 COMMUNITIES THAT REALLY ARE 1882 01:11:58,800 --> 01:12:01,200 RESPONSIBLE FOR DEVELOPING THIS 1883 01:12:01,200 --> 01:12:01,880 EVIDENCE. 1884 01:12:01,880 --> 01:12:02,800 THIS KIND OF EVIDENCE IN 1885 01:12:02,800 --> 01:12:07,240 ADDITION TO ALL THE OTHER KIND 1886 01:12:07,240 --> 01:12:08,440 OF EVIDENCE. 1887 01:12:08,440 --> 01:12:10,640 THAT MODEL HAS ALWAYS BEEN 1888 01:12:10,640 --> 01:12:12,760 IMPACTFUL TO ME, AND DO YOU HAVE 1889 01:12:12,760 --> 01:12:16,000 THOUGHTS ABOUT THAT? 1890 01:12:16,000 --> 01:12:19,040 >> YEAH, SURE. 1891 01:12:19,040 --> 01:12:21,040 CONE PICKED UP, SCIENCE ADVANCES 1892 01:12:21,040 --> 01:12:24,240 ONE FUNERAL AT A TIME. 1893 01:12:24,240 --> 01:12:27,960 CONE TRIED TO GIVE WEIGHT TO 1894 01:12:27,960 --> 01:12:31,240 THAT. 1895 01:12:31,240 --> 01:12:33,120 WHAT KUHN, THEY ARE 1896 01:12:33,120 --> 01:12:33,920 INSTITUTIONAL INVESTED HOW 1897 01:12:33,920 --> 01:12:35,920 SCIENCE SHOULD BE DONE, WHEN NEW 1898 01:12:35,920 --> 01:12:37,760 IDEAS CHALLENGE THEM THEY DON'T 1899 01:12:37,760 --> 01:12:39,120 NECESSARILY EMBRACE THEM, RIGHT? 1900 01:12:39,120 --> 01:12:40,560 THEY DOUBLE DOWN ON THE SCHOOL 1901 01:12:40,560 --> 01:12:45,720 OF THOUGHT THAT THEY HAD AND 1902 01:12:45,720 --> 01:12:47,360 EVENTUALLY WHAT KUHN SAYS NEW 1903 01:12:47,360 --> 01:12:51,160 MODELS OF THEN TIMES, ESPECIALLY 1904 01:12:51,160 --> 01:12:52,240 NEW PARADIGMS, CAN ATTRACT NEW 1905 01:12:52,240 --> 01:12:53,360 STUDENTS BECAUSE THE PARADIGM IS 1906 01:12:53,360 --> 01:12:54,920 OPEN AND IT'S EASIER TO MAKE A 1907 01:12:54,920 --> 01:12:55,360 CONTRIBUTION. 1908 01:12:55,360 --> 01:12:57,640 IF YOU'RE IN THE LATE STAGE OF A 1909 01:12:57,640 --> 01:12:59,080 PARADIGM, YOU CAN GET ATTRACTED 1910 01:12:59,080 --> 01:13:00,720 TO SOMEONE'S LAB OR SOMETHING 1911 01:13:00,720 --> 01:13:02,560 BUT YOU'LL BE MAKING 1912 01:13:02,560 --> 01:13:03,200 MICROCONTRIBUTIONS BECAUSE IT'S 1913 01:13:03,200 --> 01:13:04,880 THE GENERATION AHEAD OF YOU WHO 1914 01:13:04,880 --> 01:13:09,040 REALLY LIKE JUST -- WHO STARTED 1915 01:13:09,040 --> 01:13:12,520 TO THE CONVEYOR BELT OF NEW 1916 01:13:12,520 --> 01:13:13,600 SCIENTIFIC FINDINGS. 1917 01:13:13,600 --> 01:13:14,920 KUHN'S IDEAS THAT OLD PARADIGMS 1918 01:13:14,920 --> 01:13:17,360 DIE OFF, HE MAKES A STRONG 1919 01:13:17,360 --> 01:13:19,640 ARGUMENT ONE PARADIGM ISN'T 1920 01:13:19,640 --> 01:13:21,200 BETTER THAN ANOTHER, IT'S JUST 1921 01:13:21,200 --> 01:13:24,880 THAT OPEN PARADIGMS ATTRACT 1922 01:13:24,880 --> 01:13:25,880 YOUNGER STUDENTS. 1923 01:13:25,880 --> 01:13:29,360 SO ANOTHER WAY TO THINK ABOUT 1924 01:13:29,360 --> 01:13:31,120 THIS, ANOTHER LENS POTENTIALLY, 1925 01:13:31,120 --> 01:13:32,640 TO THINK ABOUT POLICY DIFFUSION 1926 01:13:32,640 --> 01:13:35,520 MODEL DOESN'T SAY EVERYBODY WILL 1927 01:13:35,520 --> 01:13:36,960 EVENTUALLY ADOPT POLICY 1928 01:13:36,960 --> 01:13:37,880 INNOVATION. 1929 01:13:37,880 --> 01:13:39,680 BUT THERE ARE INNOVATORS ALWAYS 1930 01:13:39,680 --> 01:13:40,920 TRYING NEW THINGS. 1931 01:13:40,920 --> 01:13:42,000 THERE ARE EARLY ADOPTERS LOOKING 1932 01:13:42,000 --> 01:13:42,960 FOR WHAT'S NEW. 1933 01:13:42,960 --> 01:13:45,160 YOU CAN TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THAT 1934 01:13:45,160 --> 01:13:46,240 EVEN IN SCIENCE COMMUNITIES, WHO 1935 01:13:46,240 --> 01:13:48,120 ARE THE PEOPLE WHO ARE LOOKING 1936 01:13:48,120 --> 01:13:50,600 FOR A PLACE TO MAKE THEIR 1937 01:13:50,600 --> 01:13:51,600 CAREERS, THAT'S USUALLY NOT THE 1938 01:13:51,600 --> 01:13:54,120 PEOPLE WHO ARE EMBEDDED IN SOME 1939 01:13:54,120 --> 01:13:58,080 SCHOOL OF THOUGHT, IT'S THAT 1940 01:13:58,080 --> 01:14:00,840 IT'S PEOPLE WHO ARE LOOKING FOR 1941 01:14:00,840 --> 01:14:03,560 DISSERTATION TOPICS, THOSE ARE 1942 01:14:03,560 --> 01:14:05,400 THE PEOPLE TRYING TO MAKE A NAME 1943 01:14:05,400 --> 01:14:07,840 FOR THEMSELVES AND TO BE ABLE TO 1944 01:14:07,840 --> 01:14:10,880 PUBLISH IT, TO GET A POSITION, 1945 01:14:10,880 --> 01:14:11,960 TO GET TENURE. 1946 01:14:11,960 --> 01:14:14,320 I THINK THAT DYNAMIC IS ONE 1947 01:14:14,320 --> 01:14:17,000 WHERE IT'S USEFUL TO THINK ABOUT 1948 01:14:17,000 --> 01:14:18,760 EARLY ADOPTERS, WHO ARE THE 1949 01:14:18,760 --> 01:14:21,480 LIKELY EARLY ADOPTERS AND START 1950 01:14:21,480 --> 01:14:22,360 WITH THOSE PEOPLE. 1951 01:14:22,360 --> 01:14:24,640 >> ANN, YOU MADE SOME 1952 01:14:24,640 --> 01:14:25,120 ENCOURAGING COMMENTS. 1953 01:14:25,120 --> 01:14:27,000 THERE'S A LOT OF YOUNG PEOPLE 1954 01:14:27,000 --> 01:14:30,680 GETTING INTO THE WHOLE DIET AND 1955 01:14:30,680 --> 01:14:32,120 CLIMATE CHANGE SUSTAINABLE DIETS 1956 01:14:32,120 --> 01:14:34,840 AREA, BECAUSE IT'S BEEN OPEN OR, 1957 01:14:34,840 --> 01:14:38,240 YOU KNOW, AT LEAST A NEWER 1958 01:14:38,240 --> 01:14:40,200 FIELD, THAT INTERSECTION, THAN 1959 01:14:40,200 --> 01:14:40,600 SOME OTHER FIELDS. 1960 01:14:40,600 --> 01:14:44,160 I THINK WE SHOULD TAKE THAT AS 1961 01:14:44,160 --> 01:14:45,000 ENCOURAGING. 1962 01:14:45,000 --> 01:14:48,960 THERE WAS A COUPLE YES, SIR. 1963 01:14:48,960 --> 01:14:54,280 JESS, YOU TOOK YOUR HAND DOWN. 1964 01:14:54,280 --> 01:14:57,320 >> YOU CAN -- 1965 01:14:57,320 --> 01:15:03,280 >>MOVE ON? 1966 01:15:03,280 --> 01:15:03,520 >> YES. 1967 01:15:03,520 --> 01:15:05,600 >> NAMUKOLO, DO YOU WANT TO GO? 1968 01:15:05,600 --> 01:15:07,320 PUT ON YOUR SCREEN. 1969 01:15:07,320 --> 01:15:09,760 >> I'VE BEEN LISTENING VERY 1970 01:15:09,760 --> 01:15:10,600 ATTENTIVELY TO YOUR 1971 01:15:10,600 --> 01:15:10,920 PRESENTATION. 1972 01:15:10,920 --> 01:15:14,440 I DON'T KNOW IF YOU CAN HEAR ME 1973 01:15:14,440 --> 01:15:14,640 WELL. 1974 01:15:14,640 --> 01:15:14,880 >> YES. 1975 01:15:14,880 --> 01:15:18,720 >> I FIND MYSELF IN SPACES 1976 01:15:18,720 --> 01:15:23,720 WHERE I WORK IN ENVIRONMENTS 1977 01:15:23,720 --> 01:15:27,560 WHERE I CAN INFLUENCE POLICY, 1978 01:15:27,560 --> 01:15:28,080 POLICYMAKERS. 1979 01:15:28,080 --> 01:15:31,200 AND CURRENTLY, MULTIPLE AFRICAN 1980 01:15:31,200 --> 01:15:34,080 COUNTRIES, YOU GET THE SENSE 1981 01:15:34,080 --> 01:15:36,200 THEY ARE HUNGRY FOR -- SHOW ME 1982 01:15:36,200 --> 01:15:38,760 HOW I CAN DO THIS TYPE 1983 01:15:38,760 --> 01:15:40,080 QUESTIONS, BECAUSE THEY ARE 1984 01:15:40,080 --> 01:15:43,960 BEING BUFFETED FROM ALL ANGLES, 1985 01:15:43,960 --> 01:15:45,360 CLIMATE, ALL THE DIFFERENT 1986 01:15:45,360 --> 01:15:47,920 CHALLENGES THAT ARE FACING US. 1987 01:15:47,920 --> 01:15:49,560 AND THEY ARE ACTUALLY SAYING HOW 1988 01:15:49,560 --> 01:15:52,160 CAN WE DO THIS, HOW CAN WE DO 1989 01:15:52,160 --> 01:15:52,600 BETTER. 1990 01:15:52,600 --> 01:15:54,200 CAN YOU GIVE US THE INNOVATION 1991 01:15:54,200 --> 01:15:56,160 AND STUFF LIKE THAT. 1992 01:15:56,160 --> 01:16:01,920 SO WE'RE GRAPPLING WITH A 1993 01:16:01,920 --> 01:16:03,480 SITUATION -- HOW DO I RESPOND 1994 01:16:03,480 --> 01:16:05,840 WHILE THE WAVE IS STILL UP IN 1995 01:16:05,840 --> 01:16:08,600 THE AIR SO I CAN CATCH IT AND 1996 01:16:08,600 --> 01:16:11,840 MAKE SURE WE DON'T ACTUALLY LOSE 1997 01:16:11,840 --> 01:16:12,320 OUT. 1998 01:16:12,320 --> 01:16:12,600 >> RIGHT. 1999 01:16:12,600 --> 01:16:14,400 >> BUT THE SAME HUNGER THAT 2000 01:16:14,400 --> 01:16:16,760 THEY HAVE GOT FOR INNOVATIONS TO 2001 01:16:16,760 --> 01:16:20,080 TRY AND MOVE THINGS IN A 2002 01:16:20,080 --> 01:16:22,480 POSITIVE DIRECTION ALSO EXPOSES 2003 01:16:22,480 --> 01:16:24,120 US TO MISINFORMATION AND 2004 01:16:24,120 --> 01:16:25,880 EVERYTHING ELSE THAT COMES 2005 01:16:25,880 --> 01:16:26,080 ALONG. 2006 01:16:26,080 --> 01:16:27,720 SO THERE IS THIS BALANCE NOW 2007 01:16:27,720 --> 01:16:30,200 THAT YOU HAVE TO KEEP BECAUSE 2008 01:16:30,200 --> 01:16:33,960 THEN YOU HAVE -- YOU WANT TO 2009 01:16:33,960 --> 01:16:37,040 PROVIDE INFORMATION BUT THERE'S 2010 01:16:37,040 --> 01:16:39,600 THE SNAKE OIL SALESMEN ALSO 2011 01:16:39,600 --> 01:16:40,840 TRYING TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE 2012 01:16:40,840 --> 01:16:42,200 SAME SITUATION. 2013 01:16:42,200 --> 01:16:42,600 ANY ADVICE? 2014 01:16:42,600 --> 01:16:46,240 >> ONE OF THE THINGS THAT I'M 2015 01:16:46,240 --> 01:16:49,200 NOT -- IT'S INTERESTING, MY 2016 01:16:49,200 --> 01:16:49,840 INITIAL REACTION, WOW, 2017 01:16:49,840 --> 01:16:51,280 POLICYMAKERS WANT TO KNOW WHAT 2018 01:16:51,280 --> 01:16:54,040 TO DO, THAT'S INSANE. 2019 01:16:54,040 --> 01:16:55,680 I'M JOKING, OF COURSE. 2020 01:16:55,680 --> 01:16:57,080 BUT I THINK ONE OF THE THINGS 2021 01:16:57,080 --> 01:16:59,040 THAT I THINK CAN BE IMPORTANT IS 2022 01:16:59,040 --> 01:17:02,480 TO TRY TO IMPRESS UPON PEOPLE 2023 01:17:02,480 --> 01:17:04,520 THAT, YOU KNOW, WE DON'T ALWAYS 2024 01:17:04,520 --> 01:17:08,360 KNOW WHAT TO DO. 2025 01:17:08,360 --> 01:17:09,680 IT MAY BE EASIER TO DEFINE 2026 01:17:09,680 --> 01:17:11,040 PROBLEMS, FIGURE OUT HOW TO 2027 01:17:11,040 --> 01:17:12,600 SOLVE THEM. 2028 01:17:12,600 --> 01:17:14,720 TRYING TO BUILD INTO POLICY 2029 01:17:14,720 --> 01:17:16,120 MAKING, WHAT ARE YOUR GOALS, 2030 01:17:16,120 --> 01:17:19,240 WHAT ARE YOU TRYING TO ACHIEVE, 2031 01:17:19,240 --> 01:17:21,280 TRYING TO GET POLICYMAKERS TO 2032 01:17:21,280 --> 01:17:27,200 DESIGN WAYS TO SEE IS THE 2033 01:17:27,200 --> 01:17:28,560 INTERVENTION WORKING. 2034 01:17:28,560 --> 01:17:29,440 SO, THIS IS HAPPENING, NOT SO 2035 01:17:29,440 --> 01:17:31,800 MUCH AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL IN 2036 01:17:31,800 --> 01:17:33,680 THE U.S. BUT SOMETIMES STATE 2037 01:17:33,680 --> 01:17:35,400 LEVEL POLICYMAKERS WORKING WITH 2038 01:17:35,400 --> 01:17:36,680 RESEARCHERS AND ACADEMICS AND 2039 01:17:36,680 --> 01:17:38,520 POLICY ANALYSTS TO SAY IF WE TRY 2040 01:17:38,520 --> 01:17:40,720 THIS, LET'S ALSO BUILD INTO HOW 2041 01:17:40,720 --> 01:17:42,920 WE ROLL IT OUT, THE ABILITY TO 2042 01:17:42,920 --> 01:17:45,120 STUDY IF IT'S WORKING. 2043 01:17:45,120 --> 01:17:47,480 AND THEN THAT'S KIND OF -- IT'S 2044 01:17:47,480 --> 01:17:49,360 AN ANTIDOTE TO SNAKE OIL BECAUSE 2045 01:17:49,360 --> 01:17:51,680 THE SNAKE OIL IS NOT GOING TO 2046 01:17:51,680 --> 01:17:52,520 WORK. 2047 01:17:52,520 --> 01:17:54,720 IF YOU ASK THE POLICYMAKERS TO 2048 01:17:54,720 --> 01:17:56,320 CREATE THIS KIND OF 2049 01:17:56,320 --> 01:17:57,600 ACCOUNTABILITY, THIS WAY TO ASK 2050 01:17:57,600 --> 01:17:59,080 IN ONE YEAR AND TWO YEARS, DID 2051 01:17:59,080 --> 01:18:01,960 WE GET THE THINGS WE SAID WE 2052 01:18:01,960 --> 01:18:03,680 WANTED, THEY WILL MORE LIKELY -- 2053 01:18:03,680 --> 01:18:05,800 IT'S BUILDING IN LEARNING TO THE 2054 01:18:05,800 --> 01:18:07,440 PROCESS, INSTEAD OF THINKING OF 2055 01:18:07,440 --> 01:18:09,240 POLICY MAKING AS ONE INTERACTION 2056 01:18:09,240 --> 01:18:10,280 WHERE SOMEONE SAYS YOU HAVE A 2057 01:18:10,280 --> 01:18:15,840 PROBLEM, SOMEONE SAYS I CAN FIX 2058 01:18:15,840 --> 01:18:19,400 YOUR PROBLEM, YOU CREATE A HABIT 2059 01:18:19,400 --> 01:18:21,800 SAYING POLICY MAKING IS AN 2060 01:18:21,800 --> 01:18:23,400 ONGOING PROCESS, YOU TRY 2061 01:18:23,400 --> 01:18:25,480 SOMETHING, SOME PARTS WORK, YOU 2062 01:18:25,480 --> 01:18:26,360 HAVE UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES TO 2063 01:18:26,360 --> 01:18:27,720 DEAL WITH, HOW DO YOU CONTINUE 2064 01:18:27,720 --> 01:18:29,000 TO LEARN? 2065 01:18:29,000 --> 01:18:30,840 HOW DO YOU CONTINUE TO MOVE THE 2066 01:18:30,840 --> 01:18:32,120 POLICY TOWARDS THE GOALS THAT 2067 01:18:32,120 --> 01:18:34,280 YOU SAID YOU WANTED IN THE FIRST 2068 01:18:34,280 --> 01:18:35,040 PLACE? 2069 01:18:35,040 --> 01:18:38,440 SO I THINK THAT'S -- THAT, TO 2070 01:18:38,440 --> 01:18:41,800 ME, FEELS LIKE THE -- THERE'S NO 2071 01:18:41,800 --> 01:18:43,120 IMMEDIATE SOLUTION TO SAY, HEY, 2072 01:18:43,120 --> 01:18:44,920 GOOD EVIDENCE RATHER THAN BAD 2073 01:18:44,920 --> 01:18:48,960 BUT YOU CAN BUILD IN A PROCESS 2074 01:18:48,960 --> 01:18:52,680 WHERE IF SOMEONE DESIGNS OR 2075 01:18:52,680 --> 01:18:55,320 BRINGS INTO -- LATCH ONTO A 2076 01:18:55,320 --> 01:18:58,680 SOLUTION THEY CAN LEARN THAT 2077 01:18:58,680 --> 01:18:59,600 OVER TIME. 2078 01:18:59,600 --> 01:19:04,720 >> CAN I DO A QUICK FOLLOW-UP. 2079 01:19:04,720 --> 01:19:06,400 >> SURE, GO AHEAD. 2080 01:19:06,400 --> 01:19:11,400 >> THE ISSUE OF SCIENTISTS AND 2081 01:19:11,400 --> 01:19:14,600 MEDIA, WE ARE NOT VERY SAVVY AT 2082 01:19:14,600 --> 01:19:16,840 ENGAGING THROUGH THE MEDIA. 2083 01:19:16,840 --> 01:19:18,160 THE QUESTION IS, THROUGH THE 2084 01:19:18,160 --> 01:19:20,360 WORK THAT YOU HAVE DONE, HAVE 2085 01:19:20,360 --> 01:19:24,800 YOU FOUND WAYS IN WHICH WE COULD 2086 01:19:24,800 --> 01:19:26,840 PERHAPS DO BETTER, HOW CAN WE 2087 01:19:26,840 --> 01:19:28,680 BRING ON BOARD SKILLS THAT WOULD 2088 01:19:28,680 --> 01:19:30,640 ACTUALLY ALLOW US TO DO THAT? 2089 01:19:30,640 --> 01:19:33,040 BECAUSE THAT'S AN ASPECT THAT WE 2090 01:19:33,040 --> 01:19:34,920 LOSE OUT ON. 2091 01:19:34,920 --> 01:19:37,880 I GUESS THE SNAKE OIL SALESMEN 2092 01:19:37,880 --> 01:19:43,240 ARE BETTER AT USING THE MEDIA. 2093 01:19:43,240 --> 01:19:44,920 HAVE YOU FOUND SOME NUGGETS ON 2094 01:19:44,920 --> 01:19:47,160 HOW WE CAN DO BETTER? 2095 01:19:47,160 --> 01:19:48,840 >> I'M NOT SURE IF I HAVE AN 2096 01:19:48,840 --> 01:19:49,120 EASY ANSWER. 2097 01:19:49,120 --> 01:19:53,840 THERE'S A LOT OF CRITICISM THAT 2098 01:19:53,840 --> 01:19:55,360 SCIENTISTS DON'T COMMUNICATE 2099 01:19:55,360 --> 01:19:56,480 WELL, OFTENTIMES SCIENTISTS ARE 2100 01:19:56,480 --> 01:19:59,000 TRYING TO COMMUNICATE WHEN THEY 2101 01:19:59,000 --> 01:20:02,680 ARE FACING, FOR EXAMPLE, TOBACCO 2102 01:20:02,680 --> 01:20:03,240 COMPANIES OR FOSSIL FUEL 2103 01:20:03,240 --> 01:20:05,440 COMPANIES THAT ARE WELL HEELED 2104 01:20:05,440 --> 01:20:07,200 AND CAN SPEND BILLIONS IN 2105 01:20:07,200 --> 01:20:07,680 PROPAGANDA. 2106 01:20:07,680 --> 01:20:10,280 ARE YOU GOING TO BE AN EXPERT 2107 01:20:10,280 --> 01:20:12,560 CLIMATE RESEARCHER AND FIGURE 2108 01:20:12,560 --> 01:20:15,840 OUT HOW TO LAUNCH A CAMPAIGN 2109 01:20:15,840 --> 01:20:18,640 AGAINST A MULTI-MILLION DOLLAR 2110 01:20:18,640 --> 01:20:19,640 PROPAGANDA CAMPAIGN? 2111 01:20:19,640 --> 01:20:21,240 THAT'S ASKING TOO MUCH IN SOME 2112 01:20:21,240 --> 01:20:21,440 WAYS. 2113 01:20:21,440 --> 01:20:23,200 YOU SPEND YOUR CAREER TRYING TO 2114 01:20:23,200 --> 01:20:25,960 BE GOOD AT SCIENCE. 2115 01:20:25,960 --> 01:20:29,240 SO CERTAINLY I WOULD SAY TAKING 2116 01:20:29,240 --> 01:20:29,960 MEDIA TRAINING, UNDERSTANDING, 2117 01:20:29,960 --> 01:20:33,320 YOU KNOW, TRYING TO FIGURE OUT 2118 01:20:33,320 --> 01:20:37,720 HOW TO MOVE OUT OF SCIENTIFIC 2119 01:20:37,720 --> 01:20:39,240 JARGON CAN BE HELPFUL. 2120 01:20:39,240 --> 01:20:43,480 THERE'S PEOPLE IN THE SCIENTIFIC 2121 01:20:43,480 --> 01:20:44,960 COMMUNITY, YOU HAVE COLLEAGUES 2122 01:20:44,960 --> 01:20:48,960 INTERESTED IN WRITING BOOKS THAT 2123 01:20:48,960 --> 01:20:50,720 ARE MORE GENERALIST, SO I THINK 2124 01:20:50,720 --> 01:20:55,680 TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF YOUR 2125 01:20:55,680 --> 01:20:58,400 SPOKESPERSONS MORE EXTROVERTED, 2126 01:20:58,400 --> 01:21:00,960 WE TEND TO BE INTROVERTS AND NOT 2127 01:21:00,960 --> 01:21:02,800 LIKE THE SPOTLIGHT, BUT TRYING 2128 01:21:02,800 --> 01:21:05,080 TO ENCOURAGE THOSE PEOPLE WHO 2129 01:21:05,080 --> 01:21:06,000 ARE REALLY GOOD SPOKESPEOPLE TO 2130 01:21:06,000 --> 01:21:07,560 BE OUT THERE ON THE FRONT LINES 2131 01:21:07,560 --> 01:21:09,200 IS ONE THING. 2132 01:21:09,200 --> 01:21:11,840 AND I THINK ALSO I'M AN ADVOCATE 2133 01:21:11,840 --> 01:21:12,840 FOR GIVING SCIENTISTS A BREAK. 2134 01:21:12,840 --> 01:21:14,640 YOU CAN'T BE A SCIENTIST AND 2135 01:21:14,640 --> 01:21:18,000 FIGURE OUT HOW TO MULTIMEDIA 2136 01:21:18,000 --> 01:21:18,680 PROPAGANDA CAMPAIGN, MAYBE WE 2137 01:21:18,680 --> 01:21:20,760 NEED TO FIGURE OUT OTHER PEOPLE 2138 01:21:20,760 --> 01:21:22,640 WHO CAN DO THAT, OTHER 2139 01:21:22,640 --> 01:21:26,000 INTERLOPERS WHO CAN HELP 2140 01:21:26,000 --> 01:21:26,480 SCIENTISTS WITH THAT. 2141 01:21:26,480 --> 01:21:27,040 >> THANK YOU. 2142 01:21:27,040 --> 01:21:28,800 >> WE'RE JUST ABOUT AT OUR 2143 01:21:28,800 --> 01:21:29,000 BREAK. 2144 01:21:29,000 --> 01:21:37,680 IF FACT, WE'RE PAST. 2145 01:21:37,680 --> 01:21:40,920 I WANTED TO SYNTHESIZE AND LEAVE 2146 01:21:40,920 --> 01:21:43,280 A CHANCE TO FOLLOW UP. 2147 01:21:43,280 --> 01:21:44,640 YOU ANSWERED THE QUESTION ABOUT 2148 01:21:44,640 --> 01:21:47,840 FINDING OUT FROM ACTUAL 2149 01:21:47,840 --> 01:21:48,440 EXPERIMENTS, POLICIES, WHAT 2150 01:21:48,440 --> 01:21:49,720 WORKS AND WHAT DOESN'T. 2151 01:21:49,720 --> 01:21:51,800 PREVIOUSLY YOU HAD TALKED ABOUT 2152 01:21:51,800 --> 01:21:56,440 VENUE CHANGE AND THINGS GOING TO 2153 01:21:56,440 --> 01:21:59,560 THE LOCAL LEVEL. 2154 01:21:59,560 --> 01:22:00,440 YOU MENTIONED CIGARETTES, 2155 01:22:00,440 --> 01:22:01,320 SECONDHAND SMOKE ORDINANCES. 2156 01:22:01,320 --> 01:22:03,320 THERE'S BEEN WORK ON SODA TAXES, 2157 01:22:03,320 --> 01:22:05,040 CLOSE YOU ARE TO OUR HOME IN 2158 01:22:05,040 --> 01:22:09,760 TERMS OF NUTRITION WHICH BEGAN 2159 01:22:09,760 --> 01:22:12,600 IN BERKELEY AND MOVED TO OTHER 2160 01:22:12,600 --> 01:22:12,800 PLACES. 2161 01:22:12,800 --> 01:22:15,720 I THINK IT SEEMS LIKE THE POLICY 2162 01:22:15,720 --> 01:22:18,960 LAB IS THE LOCAL AREA, BECAUSE 2163 01:22:18,960 --> 01:22:20,840 BERKELEY CAN PASS RESOLUTION AND 2164 01:22:20,840 --> 01:22:22,600 THERE CAN BE STUDIES FROM 2165 01:22:22,600 --> 01:22:23,440 BERKELEY RESEARCHERS THAT SHOW 2166 01:22:23,440 --> 01:22:25,960 IMPACT AND THAT CAN COME OUT 2167 01:22:25,960 --> 01:22:27,800 QUICKER, THAT CAN ALSO LEAD TO 2168 01:22:27,800 --> 01:22:29,880 DIFFUSION, AS YOU TALKED ABOUT. 2169 01:22:29,880 --> 01:22:32,520 SO IT SEEMS LIKE -- ALL OF THAT 2170 01:22:32,520 --> 01:22:33,920 ACTUALLY MIGHT ALSO ANSWER DAN'S 2171 01:22:33,920 --> 01:22:38,560 QUESTION, WHICH IS HOW DO WE GET 2172 01:22:38,560 --> 01:22:41,600 NUTRITION ON THE AGENDA AMONG 2173 01:22:41,600 --> 01:22:44,800 SCIENTISTS, AND MAYBE THE LESSON 2174 01:22:44,800 --> 01:22:45,960 FROM THE POLITICS IS WHEN 2175 01:22:45,960 --> 01:22:47,960 THERE'S A VACUUM AT THE FEDERAL 2176 01:22:47,960 --> 01:22:50,800 LEVEL, WHEN THE FEDS CAN'T PASS 2177 01:22:50,800 --> 01:22:52,760 SODA TAX BECAUSE THERE'S TOO 2178 01:22:52,760 --> 01:22:54,520 MUCH CONFLICT, IT GOES TO THE 2179 01:22:54,520 --> 01:22:57,880 LOCAL LEVEL, MAYBE THAT'S THE 2180 01:22:57,880 --> 01:22:59,880 SAME THING IN SCIENCE, SO HOW DO 2181 01:22:59,880 --> 01:23:01,360 WE GET NUTRITION ON THE AGENDA 2182 01:23:01,360 --> 01:23:03,840 MAYBE INSTEAD OF TRYING TO ARGUE 2183 01:23:03,840 --> 01:23:05,920 FOR IT THROUGHOUT NIH MAYBE YOU 2184 01:23:05,920 --> 01:23:07,760 PICK A SPECIFIC AGENCY AT NIH 2185 01:23:07,760 --> 01:23:09,160 AND WORK ON THE SPECIFIC 2186 01:23:09,160 --> 01:23:09,520 PROGRAM. 2187 01:23:09,520 --> 01:23:15,120 I'M SHOOTING FROM THE HIP HERE 2188 01:23:15,120 --> 01:23:16,760 BECAUSE ANN KNOWS MORE ABOUT HOW 2189 01:23:16,760 --> 01:23:17,440 THAT WORKS. 2190 01:23:17,440 --> 01:23:19,200 I THOUGHT I WOULD PULL TOGETHER 2191 01:23:19,200 --> 01:23:21,480 THREADS AND GIVE ONE LAST CHANCE 2192 01:23:21,480 --> 01:23:26,240 TO SAY SOMETHING ABOUT THAT 2193 01:23:26,240 --> 01:23:27,240 CONNECTION BETWEEN VENUE CHANGE 2194 01:23:27,240 --> 01:23:28,080 AND DIFFUSION OR ANYTHING ELSE 2195 01:23:28,080 --> 01:23:29,280 YOU WANT TO MENTION. 2196 01:23:29,280 --> 01:23:32,080 WE'RE A LITTLE BIT PAST TIME SO 2197 01:23:32,080 --> 01:23:32,880 KEEP IT BRIEF. 2198 01:23:32,880 --> 01:23:34,280 >> I'M JUST TO UNDERSCORE WHAT 2199 01:23:34,280 --> 01:23:35,720 YOU SAID. 2200 01:23:35,720 --> 01:23:38,800 IT DOESN'T NECESSARILY HAVE TO 2201 01:23:38,800 --> 01:23:40,200 BE THE LOCAL LEVEL BECAUSE I 2202 01:23:40,200 --> 01:23:41,680 THINK THERE ARE STATES RIGHT NOW 2203 01:23:41,680 --> 01:23:44,800 IN THE U.S. THAT ARE PRETTY 2204 01:23:44,800 --> 01:23:46,760 WILLING TO TRY INNOVATIVE 2205 01:23:46,760 --> 01:23:51,520 POLICIES AT THE STATE LEVEL. 2206 01:23:51,520 --> 01:23:53,400 YOUR POINT ABOUT STARTING LOCAL, 2207 01:23:53,400 --> 01:23:54,320 BRINGING IN RESEARCHERS TO 2208 01:23:54,320 --> 01:23:56,600 ENGAGE AND WORK WITH COMMUNITY 2209 01:23:56,600 --> 01:23:57,800 STAKEHOLDERS, I MEAN, THOSE ARE 2210 01:23:57,800 --> 01:24:01,680 GREAT THINGS TO BE DOING. 2211 01:24:01,680 --> 01:24:03,200 I THINK IN SOME SENSE CLIMATE 2212 01:24:03,200 --> 01:24:06,040 CHANGE AND NUTRITION HAS A LOCAL 2213 01:24:06,040 --> 01:24:08,280 COMPONENT, THE KINDS OF -- WE DO 2214 01:24:08,280 --> 01:24:09,520 HAVE A NATIONAL AND 2215 01:24:09,520 --> 01:24:11,000 INTERNATIONAL FOOD SYSTEMS BUT 2216 01:24:11,000 --> 01:24:12,080 WHAT'S APPEARING IN GROCERY 2217 01:24:12,080 --> 01:24:13,960 STORES AND HOW THAT'S AFFECTING 2218 01:24:13,960 --> 01:24:15,360 THE LOCAL COMMUNITY IS SOMETHING 2219 01:24:15,360 --> 01:24:17,960 THAT I THINK HAS TO BE ADDRESSED 2220 01:24:17,960 --> 01:24:18,760 COMMUNITY BY COMMUNITY. 2221 01:24:18,760 --> 01:24:21,840 AND SO TRYING TO HAVE SCIENTISTS 2222 01:24:21,840 --> 01:24:23,920 ENGAGE AT THAT POINT, IT CAN 2223 01:24:23,920 --> 01:24:26,600 ALSO ENGAGE, SOMETHING I DIDN'T 2224 01:24:26,600 --> 01:24:27,200 MENTION, COMMUNITY-BASED 2225 01:24:27,200 --> 01:24:29,200 PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH IF WE'RE 2226 01:24:29,200 --> 01:24:30,200 THINKING ABOUT GETTING PEOPLE 2227 01:24:30,200 --> 01:24:32,120 INVOLVED EARLY ON, WHO MIGHT BE 2228 01:24:32,120 --> 01:24:33,920 USERS, THEN TRYING TO GET 2229 01:24:33,920 --> 01:24:34,960 SCIENTISTS TO ENGAGE WITH LOCAL 2230 01:24:34,960 --> 01:24:36,400 COMMUNITIES AND GET TO KNOW 2231 01:24:36,400 --> 01:24:40,320 THEIR LOCAL COMMUNITIES IS A 2232 01:24:40,320 --> 01:24:42,640 REALLY -- IT'S NOT -- NOT THAT 2233 01:24:42,640 --> 01:24:44,720 WE SHOULDN'T BE DOING RESEARCH 2234 01:24:44,720 --> 01:24:46,120 PROGRAMS THAT ARE NATIONAL AND 2235 01:24:46,120 --> 01:24:52,440 FUNDED BY NIH BUT TRANSOF HOW DO 2236 01:24:52,440 --> 01:24:53,720 WE TRANSLATE INTO WHAT'S 2237 01:24:53,720 --> 01:24:55,760 HAPPENING AROUND US, A GREAT WAY 2238 01:24:55,760 --> 01:25:01,600 TO SHAPE THE ACTORS INVOLVED AND 2239 01:25:01,600 --> 01:25:02,360 OPENING UP THAT CONVERSATION. 2240 01:25:02,360 --> 01:25:04,160 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH, ANN. 2241 01:25:04,160 --> 01:25:05,400 WE'RE GOING TO A BREAK. 2242 01:25:05,400 --> 01:25:08,280 I WANT TO POINT OUT MY 2243 01:25:08,280 --> 01:25:10,680 BACKGROUND IS THE STOCKHOLM CITY 2244 01:25:10,680 --> 01:25:12,480 HALL, THE CITY COUNCIL, THERE'S 2245 01:25:12,480 --> 01:25:13,040 101 MEMBERS. 2246 01:25:13,040 --> 01:25:15,400 AND THAT'S WHERE I AM RIGHT NOW. 2247 01:25:15,400 --> 01:25:18,040 I THOUGHT IT WAS RELEVANT TO 2248 01:25:18,040 --> 01:25:19,480 TODAY'S DISCUSSION BECAUSE WE'RE 2249 01:25:19,480 --> 01:25:20,360 TALKING ABOUT POLICIES. 2250 01:25:20,360 --> 01:25:24,560 WHY NOT TALK ABOUT THE LOCALS AS 2251 01:25:24,560 --> 01:25:24,760 WELL. 2252 01:25:24,760 --> 01:25:26,480 JUST TEN MINUTES, SEVEN MINUTES, 2253 01:25:26,480 --> 01:25:30,240 HOW LONG OF A BREAK CAN WE TAKE? 2254 01:25:30,240 --> 01:25:33,000 >> A TEN-MINUTE BREAK, YEAH. 2255 01:25:33,000 --> 01:25:39,360 >> I HAVE -- I GUESS IT'S 2256 01:25:39,360 --> 01:25:41,880 12:27, SO 12:35-ISH WE'LL COME 2257 01:25:41,880 --> 01:25:42,080 BACK? 2258 01:25:42,080 --> 01:25:45,120 >> SOUNDS GOOD. 2259 01:25:45,120 --> 01:25:46,080 >> WE'LL SEE EVERYBODY ON THE 2260 01:25:46,080 --> 01:25:47,480 OTHER SIDE OF THE BREAK. 2261 01:25:47,480 --> 01:25:49,080 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH. 2262 01:25:49,080 --> 01:25:49,600 >> THANKS AGAIN, ANN. 2263 01:25:49,600 --> 01:25:51,160 >> THANK YOU, ANN. 2264 01:25:51,160 --> 01:25:57,000 IT WAS GREAT. 2265 01:25:57,000 --> 01:25:58,880 THANK YOU, ANN, FOR SUCH A 2266 01:25:58,880 --> 01:25:59,560 FANTASTIC TALK. 2267 01:25:59,560 --> 01:26:02,360 I HOPE YOU READ SOME OF THE CHAT 2268 01:26:02,360 --> 01:26:08,800 MESSAGES OF HOW INSPIRING IT 2269 01:26:08,800 --> 01:26:09,120 WAS. 2270 01:26:09,120 --> 01:26:10,200 COMMENTS ABOUT EVERY SCIENTIST 2271 01:26:10,200 --> 01:26:11,440 SHOULD LISTEN TO THE TALK. 2272 01:26:11,440 --> 01:26:13,480 MAYBE YOU NEED TO GO ON THE ROAD 2273 01:26:13,480 --> 01:26:24,240 AND DO A TOUR OF YOUR THOUGHTS. 2274 01:26:24,240 --> 01:26:26,120 THE NEXT HOUR WE'LL SPEND WITH 2275 01:26:26,120 --> 01:26:27,200 WORKING GROUP MEMBERS THINKING 2276 01:26:27,200 --> 01:26:35,320 ABOUT THESE THINGS FOR A LONG 2277 01:26:35,320 --> 01:26:35,560 TIME. 2278 01:26:35,560 --> 01:26:38,920 I WAS READING THE BIOS OF THE 2279 01:26:38,920 --> 01:26:39,880 NEXT THREE WOMEN, INCREDIBLE 2280 01:26:39,880 --> 01:26:41,640 LEADERS IN THEIR OWN RIGHT. 2281 01:26:41,640 --> 01:26:49,760 WE'LL FIRST START WITH A TALK BY 2282 01:26:49,760 --> 01:26:52,840 DR. CHRISTINA ROBERTO, THE BLUTT 2283 01:26:52,840 --> 01:26:54,600 PRESIDENTIAL ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR 2284 01:26:54,600 --> 01:26:59,560 OF HEALTH POLICY AT PERLEMAN 2285 01:26:59,560 --> 01:27:00,840 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY 2286 01:27:00,840 --> 01:27:02,560 OF PENNSYLVANIA, DIRECTOR OF 2287 01:27:02,560 --> 01:27:05,320 PSYCHOLOGY AND EATING AND 2288 01:27:05,320 --> 01:27:06,680 CONSUMER HEALTH LAB, ASSOCIATE 2289 01:27:06,680 --> 01:27:09,800 DIRECTOR OF THE CENTER FOR 2290 01:27:09,800 --> 01:27:11,640 HEALTH INCENTIVES AND BEHAVIORAL 2291 01:27:11,640 --> 01:27:13,520 ECONOMICS AT PENN, A JOINT 2292 01:27:13,520 --> 01:27:15,200 Ph.D. IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2293 01:27:15,200 --> 01:27:16,440 AND CHRONIC DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGY 2294 01:27:16,440 --> 01:27:21,240 FROM YALE UNIVERSITY, WHERE SHE 2295 01:27:21,240 --> 01:27:24,160 COMPLETED HER CLINICAL 2296 01:27:24,160 --> 01:27:24,440 INTERNSHIP. 2297 01:27:24,440 --> 01:27:26,040 ARE, GRADUATED MAGNA CUM LAUDE 2298 01:27:26,040 --> 01:27:29,680 FROM PRINCETON, DEGREE IN 2299 01:27:29,680 --> 01:27:30,640 PSYCHOLOGY, WAS ROBERT WOOD 2300 01:27:30,640 --> 01:27:32,200 JOHNSON FOUNDATION HEALTH AND 2301 01:27:32,200 --> 01:27:34,120 SOCIETY SCHOLAR AT HARVARD 2302 01:27:34,120 --> 01:27:44,600 UNIVERSITY WITH SHE ALSO WAS A 2303 01:27:44,600 --> 01:27:45,160 FACULTY MEMBER, CURRENTLY 2304 01:27:45,160 --> 01:27:46,120 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF MEDICINE 2305 01:27:46,120 --> 01:27:46,600 EMERGING LEADER. 2306 01:27:46,600 --> 01:27:48,800 AFTER THE TALK WE'LL GO INTO A 2307 01:27:48,800 --> 01:27:51,800 CONVERSATION WITH DR. JENNIFER 2308 01:27:51,800 --> 01:27:57,360 OTTEN AND DR. WENDI GOSLINER, 2309 01:27:57,360 --> 01:27:58,880 JENN IS ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AT 2310 01:27:58,880 --> 01:28:00,680 THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON 2311 01:28:00,680 --> 01:28:03,720 SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, DOES 2312 01:28:03,720 --> 01:28:05,720 RESEARCH AND TEACHES AT 2313 01:28:05,720 --> 01:28:07,400 INTERSECTION OF FOOD SYSTEM, 2314 01:28:07,400 --> 01:28:09,160 NUTRITION AND POLICY, REGISTERED 2315 01:28:09,160 --> 01:28:09,480 DIETITIAN. 2316 01:28:09,480 --> 01:28:11,120 PRIOR TO HER Ph.D. AND FINDING 2317 01:28:11,120 --> 01:28:15,560 HER WAY BACK TO ACADEMIA, LUCKY 2318 01:28:15,560 --> 01:28:17,480 US, SHE SERVED IN CAPACITIES FOR 2319 01:28:17,480 --> 01:28:20,000 8 YEARS AT THE INSTITUTE OF 2320 01:28:20,000 --> 01:28:21,640 MEDICINE, NATIONAL ACADEMY OF 2321 01:28:21,640 --> 01:28:24,200 SCIENCES IN WASHINGTON, D.C., 2322 01:28:24,200 --> 01:28:27,080 INCLUDING AS STUDY DIRECTOR AND 2323 01:28:27,080 --> 01:28:27,840 ORGANIZATION FIRST 2324 01:28:27,840 --> 01:28:29,000 COMMUNICATIONS DIRECTOR, SO 2325 01:28:29,000 --> 01:28:31,240 OBVIOUSLY HAS A LOT TO SAY. 2326 01:28:31,240 --> 01:28:34,240 WENDI IS SENIOR RESEARCHER AT 2327 01:28:34,240 --> 01:28:35,760 NUTRITION POLICY INSTITUTE AT 2328 01:28:35,760 --> 01:28:37,520 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, 2329 01:28:37,520 --> 01:28:39,160 AGRICULTURAL AND NATURAL 2330 01:28:39,160 --> 01:28:39,880 RESOURCES DIVISION, INTERESTS 2331 01:28:39,880 --> 01:28:43,120 FOCUS AT THE NEXUS OF RESEARCH, 2332 01:28:43,120 --> 01:28:44,320 PUBLIC POLICY, COMMUNITY-BASED 2333 01:28:44,320 --> 01:28:46,080 EFFORTS TO IMPROVE HEALTH. 2334 01:28:46,080 --> 01:28:47,760 HER WORK AIMS TO UNDERSTAND, 2335 01:28:47,760 --> 01:28:50,560 IMPROVE, TEACH ABOUT POLICIES 2336 01:28:50,560 --> 01:28:51,200 AND PROGRAMS THAT AFFECT 2337 01:28:51,200 --> 01:28:54,080 POPULATION HEALTH AND NUTRITION 2338 01:28:54,080 --> 01:28:56,560 WITH FOCUS ON ELIMINATING HEALTH 2339 01:28:56,560 --> 01:28:58,120 DISPARITIES, IMPROVING FORD 2340 01:28:58,120 --> 01:29:00,840 SECURITY, ADDRESSING FOOD SYSTEM 2341 01:29:00,840 --> 01:29:02,160 EQUITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL 2342 01:29:02,160 --> 01:29:02,920 SUSTAINABILITY. 2343 01:29:02,920 --> 01:29:11,600 AFTER THEIR CONVERSATION WE HAVE 2344 01:29:11,600 --> 01:29:14,520 HAVE 2345 01:29:14,520 --> 01:29:16,960 SELENA AHMED, MONTANA STATE 2346 01:29:16,960 --> 01:29:18,760 UNIVERSITY, ON LEAVE FROM 2347 01:29:18,760 --> 01:29:20,280 ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION, FOOD 2348 01:29:20,280 --> 01:29:21,920 TABLE INITIATIVE, A FANTASTIC 2349 01:29:21,920 --> 01:29:23,560 INITIATIVE THAT SELENA HAS BEEN 2350 01:29:23,560 --> 01:29:25,200 WORKING ON, WILL MODERATE THE 2351 01:29:25,200 --> 01:29:25,640 SESSION. 2352 01:29:25,640 --> 01:29:33,400 THIS WILL TAKE US TO 1:30 OR IF 2353 01:29:33,400 --> 01:29:36,640 THERE'S A LOT OF TALK 1:45, 2354 01:29:36,640 --> 01:29:38,480 WE'LL TAKE IT FROM. THERE I'LL 2355 01:29:38,480 --> 01:29:43,880 TURN IT OVER TO CHRISTINA. 2356 01:29:43,880 --> 01:29:44,960 >> THANK YOU. 2357 01:29:44,960 --> 01:29:49,480 I'LL SCREEN SHARE SO ONE MOMENT. 2358 01:29:49,480 --> 01:29:52,560 2359 01:29:52,560 --> 01:29:53,320 GREAT. 2360 01:29:53,320 --> 01:29:53,520 OKAY. 2361 01:29:53,520 --> 01:29:55,360 THANK YOU SO MUCH. 2362 01:29:55,360 --> 01:29:59,320 THANKS TO JESS AND DAN AND DIEGO 2363 01:29:59,320 --> 01:30:01,360 FOR YOUR LEADERSHIP AND OTHER 2364 01:30:01,360 --> 01:30:02,320 WORKING GROUP MEMBERS, A TOTAL 2365 01:30:02,320 --> 01:30:03,880 PRIVILEGE TO LEARN FROM Y'ALL 2366 01:30:03,880 --> 01:30:06,040 AND WORK WITH YOU ALL. 2367 01:30:06,040 --> 01:30:07,640 AND THANKS TO ANN. 2368 01:30:07,640 --> 01:30:08,880 ABSOLUTELY LOVED THAT TALK, 2369 01:30:08,880 --> 01:30:10,440 STARTING A SABBATICAL IN A MONTH 2370 01:30:10,440 --> 01:30:12,360 IN BERKELEY SO I'LL BE KNOCKING 2371 01:30:12,360 --> 01:30:13,240 ON YOUR DOOR. 2372 01:30:13,240 --> 01:30:14,760 TODAY I'M GOING TO TALK ABOUT 2373 01:30:14,760 --> 01:30:22,680 WHAT I CALL STRATEGIC SCIENCE 2374 01:30:22,680 --> 01:30:23,720 FOR POLICY, THE MOTIVATING 2375 01:30:23,720 --> 01:30:29,760 QUESTION FOR ME WAS HOW DO WE 2376 01:30:29,760 --> 01:30:31,040 CREATE TIGHTER LINKS BETWEEN 2377 01:30:31,040 --> 01:30:32,200 SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE AND POLICY 2378 01:30:32,200 --> 01:30:32,800 MAKING. 2379 01:30:32,800 --> 01:30:34,200 WE HAVE THIS ASPIRATION THAT 2380 01:30:34,200 --> 01:30:36,000 WE'LL HAVE EVIDENCE-BASED POLICY 2381 01:30:36,000 --> 01:30:46,520 AND THAT'S A SHARED VALUE, AMONG 2382 01:30:49,640 --> 01:30:50,000 SCIENTISTS. 2383 01:30:50,000 --> 01:30:51,200 I'LL FOCUS ON A SMALLER SPHERE 2384 01:30:51,200 --> 01:30:52,920 OF THINGS WE HAVE CONTROL OVER, 2385 01:30:52,920 --> 01:30:56,720 HOW WE ASK RESEARCH QUESTIONS 2386 01:30:56,720 --> 01:30:57,400 AND COMMUNICATE. 2387 01:30:57,400 --> 01:30:59,960 WHAT I SEE AS BARRIERS TO 2388 01:30:59,960 --> 01:31:01,160 ACHIEVING THESE TIGHTER LINKS 2389 01:31:01,160 --> 01:31:02,920 BETWEEN SCIENCE AND POLICY ARE 2390 01:31:02,920 --> 01:31:06,960 RESEARCHERS NOT BEING TRAINED TO 2391 01:31:06,960 --> 01:31:10,880 CREATE POLICY IMPACT, ENGAGEMENT 2392 01:31:10,880 --> 01:31:19,680 WITH CHANGE AGENTS, ENCOURAGED 2393 01:31:19,680 --> 01:31:20,360 OR REWARDED. 2394 01:31:20,360 --> 01:31:21,600 AND SCIENTISTS OFTEN DON'T KNOW 2395 01:31:21,600 --> 01:31:22,200 THE BEST AVENUES. 2396 01:31:22,200 --> 01:31:23,840 I WANT TO TALK ABOUT A SIMPLE 2397 01:31:23,840 --> 01:31:25,600 MODEL I'VE USED THAT I WAS 2398 01:31:25,600 --> 01:31:28,040 TRAINED IN BY KELLY BROWNELL WHO 2399 01:31:28,040 --> 01:31:33,440 RED THE RED CENTER FOR SOME TIME 2400 01:31:33,440 --> 01:31:35,760 THAT HAS LED TO SOME SUCCESS IN 2401 01:31:35,760 --> 01:31:37,800 INFORMING POLICY BUT I WANT TO 2402 01:31:37,800 --> 01:31:39,240 BRING HUMILITY TO THIS BECAUSE 2403 01:31:39,240 --> 01:31:42,000 THE SUCCESSES ARE NOT 2404 01:31:42,000 --> 01:31:43,080 REVOLUTIONARY, AND I LEARNED 2405 01:31:43,080 --> 01:31:44,040 LESSONS WHERE THINGS HAVEN'T 2406 01:31:44,040 --> 01:31:46,160 GONE AS WELL. 2407 01:31:46,160 --> 01:31:53,280 I WANT TO GIVE EXAMPLES TO SHARE 2408 01:31:53,280 --> 01:31:54,680 THINGS I'VE LEARNED, THIS MODEL 2409 01:31:54,680 --> 01:31:56,280 IS SOMETHING I APPLIED MY 2410 01:31:56,280 --> 01:31:56,960 RESEARCH AND TRIED TO BE 2411 01:31:56,960 --> 01:31:57,720 INTENTIONAL ABOUT. 2412 01:31:57,720 --> 01:31:59,480 THE FIRST STEP IS ANYTIME I'M 2413 01:31:59,480 --> 01:32:01,120 GOING TO ASK A RESEARCH QUESTION 2414 01:32:01,120 --> 01:32:03,240 I FIRST TRY TO UNDERSTAND THE 2415 01:32:03,240 --> 01:32:04,040 CHANGE AGENTS WORKING IN THE 2416 01:32:04,040 --> 01:32:07,160 SPACE I WANT TO WORK IN OR HAVE 2417 01:32:07,160 --> 01:32:08,120 SOME INFLUENCE IN. 2418 01:32:08,120 --> 01:32:09,640 IT'S IMPORTANT TO THINK BROADLY 2419 01:32:09,640 --> 01:32:11,120 ABOUT WHO A CHANGE AGENT IS, 2420 01:32:11,120 --> 01:32:13,080 SURE, A MEMBER OF CONGRESS, IT 2421 01:32:13,080 --> 01:32:17,800 CAN BE A REGULATOR AT FDA, 2422 01:32:17,800 --> 01:32:19,200 ATTORNEY GENERAL, A LOCAL 2423 01:32:19,200 --> 01:32:20,000 OFFICIAL AT THE DEPARTMENT OF 2424 01:32:20,000 --> 01:32:20,240 HEALTH. 2425 01:32:20,240 --> 01:32:23,040 SO I THINK IT'S IMPORTANT FOR 2426 01:32:23,040 --> 01:32:23,960 SCIENTISTS TO RECOGNIZE THERE 2427 01:32:23,960 --> 01:32:24,960 ARE MANY PEOPLE OF INFLUENCE, 2428 01:32:24,960 --> 01:32:29,880 DOESN'T HAVE TO BE A SENATOR. 2429 01:32:29,880 --> 01:32:32,280 KEY TO THIS, ANN ALLUDED TO 2430 01:32:32,280 --> 01:32:33,840 THIS, ONCE I'VE MAPPED OUT SOME 2431 01:32:33,840 --> 01:32:35,600 CHANGE AGENTS I TRY TO ENGAGE 2432 01:32:35,600 --> 01:32:39,480 THEM IN THE PROCESS OF CREATING 2433 01:32:39,480 --> 01:32:40,720 RESEARCH QUESTIONS. 2434 01:32:40,720 --> 01:32:42,120 AND THAT MEANS CO-CREATING 2435 01:32:42,120 --> 01:32:43,960 QUESTIONS THAT WILL BE STRATEGIC 2436 01:32:43,960 --> 01:32:46,320 TO ANSWER A POLICY NEED, ANSWER 2437 01:32:46,320 --> 01:32:47,360 A QUESTION THAT POLICYMAKERS 2438 01:32:47,360 --> 01:32:48,800 CARE ABOUT. 2439 01:32:48,800 --> 01:32:50,240 SO TRADITIONALLY SCIENTISTS ASK 2440 01:32:50,240 --> 01:32:51,680 QUESTIONS THAT THEY ARE CURIOUS 2441 01:32:51,680 --> 01:32:53,240 ABOUT, WHICH IS WONDERFUL. 2442 01:32:53,240 --> 01:32:53,960 WE WANT THAT. 2443 01:32:53,960 --> 01:32:56,400 BUT I THINK WE ALSO WANT MORE OF 2444 01:32:56,400 --> 01:32:57,400 THIS CO-CREATING A RESEARCH 2445 01:32:57,400 --> 01:32:59,240 QUESTION SO RESEARCH WILL BE 2446 01:32:59,240 --> 01:33:04,160 HIGHLY RELEVANT TO A 2447 01:33:04,160 --> 01:33:04,680 POLICYMAKER. 2448 01:33:04,680 --> 01:33:09,080 WHAT I'M SAYING IS TO BE 2449 01:33:09,080 --> 01:33:09,560 STRATEGIC. 2450 01:33:09,560 --> 01:33:13,040 THE THIRD STEP IS GO OFF AND 2451 01:33:13,040 --> 01:33:15,000 CONDUCT HIGHLY RIGOROUS RESEARCH 2452 01:33:15,000 --> 01:33:17,560 TO PUBLISH IT, YOU KNOW, THE WAY 2453 01:33:17,560 --> 01:33:19,240 WE'VE BEEN TRAINED TO ADVANCE 2454 01:33:19,240 --> 01:33:19,800 SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE. 2455 01:33:19,800 --> 01:33:21,800 BUT PART OF THE STRATEGIC 2456 01:33:21,800 --> 01:33:23,360 SCIENCE PROCESS IS THAT HAVING 2457 01:33:23,360 --> 01:33:26,120 THIS COMMITMENT TO COME BACK AND 2458 01:33:26,120 --> 01:33:27,400 COMMUNICATE RESULTS BACK TO 2459 01:33:27,400 --> 01:33:28,280 CHANGE AGENTS THAT YOU ENGAGE 2460 01:33:28,280 --> 01:33:30,840 VERY EARLY ON IN THE PROCESS, 2461 01:33:30,840 --> 01:33:32,560 AND IT'S JUST MUCH EASIER TO DO 2462 01:33:32,560 --> 01:33:34,520 THAT WHEN YOU FORM THAT 2463 01:33:34,520 --> 01:33:36,160 RELATIONSHIP AND THEY HAVE 2464 01:33:36,160 --> 01:33:37,680 CONTRIBUTED TO DESIGN THE 2465 01:33:37,680 --> 01:33:38,120 RESEARCH QUESTIONS. 2466 01:33:38,120 --> 01:33:41,720 I WANT TO PUT A PLUG IN, SOME OF 2467 01:33:41,720 --> 01:33:43,600 MY MOST INTERESTING PROJECTS, 2468 01:33:43,600 --> 01:33:45,000 SOME MOST INTERESTING DATA IS 2469 01:33:45,000 --> 01:33:48,080 BECAUSE I TALK TO CHANGE AGENTS, 2470 01:33:48,080 --> 01:33:51,240 AND THEY CAME WITH JUST SO MANY 2471 01:33:51,240 --> 01:33:51,560 IDEAS. 2472 01:33:51,560 --> 01:33:55,000 SCIENTISTS THINK I HAVE THE BIG 2473 01:33:55,000 --> 01:33:56,280 INSIGHT, WERE DON'T PEOPLE 2474 01:33:56,280 --> 01:33:59,040 LISTEN, HOW DO WE TRANSLATE MY 2475 01:33:59,040 --> 01:34:00,440 IDEA BUT CO-CREATION LED TO 2476 01:34:00,440 --> 01:34:01,520 INTERESTING SCIENTIFIC QUESTIONS 2477 01:34:01,520 --> 01:34:06,600 I WOULDN'T HAVE BEEN ABLE TO 2478 01:34:06,600 --> 01:34:07,640 GENERATE, SO BRINGING HUMILITY 2479 01:34:07,640 --> 01:34:08,240 IS IMPORTANT. 2480 01:34:08,240 --> 01:34:09,760 SO YOU HAVE A SENSE OF CASE 2481 01:34:09,760 --> 01:34:11,280 STUDIES I'M GOING TO GIVE, 2482 01:34:11,280 --> 01:34:14,240 EMBEDDED IN MY LAB AND MY WORK, 2483 01:34:14,240 --> 01:34:15,680 WHICH IS REALLY FOCUSED ON IN 2484 01:34:15,680 --> 01:34:17,640 TERMS OF THE MISSION IDENTIFYING 2485 01:34:17,640 --> 01:34:19,040 AND EVALUATING POLICIES AND 2486 01:34:19,040 --> 01:34:20,520 INTERVENTIONS THAT PROMOTE 2487 01:34:20,520 --> 01:34:25,200 HEALTHY EATING HABITS AND 2488 01:34:25,200 --> 01:34:26,240 PREVENT NUTRITION-RELATED 2489 01:34:26,240 --> 01:34:27,720 CHRONIC DISEASES. 2490 01:34:27,720 --> 01:34:30,320 WE TRY TO USE STRATEGIC 2491 01:34:30,320 --> 01:34:31,200 APPROACH, INTEGRATE INSIGHTS 2492 01:34:31,200 --> 01:34:32,120 FROM PSYCHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL 2493 01:34:32,120 --> 01:34:33,600 ECONOMICS INTO THE DESIGN OF 2494 01:34:33,600 --> 01:34:35,360 POLICIES AND PROGRAMS WHICH I 2495 01:34:35,360 --> 01:34:36,440 FOUND THAT POLICYMAKERS ARE 2496 01:34:36,440 --> 01:34:38,320 HUNGRY FOR, AND WE HAVE A STRONG 2497 01:34:38,320 --> 01:34:39,800 COMMITMENT TO TRY TO ADVANCE 2498 01:34:39,800 --> 01:34:41,920 HEALTH EQUITY BY ADDRESSING 2499 01:34:41,920 --> 01:34:43,040 SOCIAL AND COMMERCIAL 2500 01:34:43,040 --> 01:34:44,680 DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, IN THIS 2501 01:34:44,680 --> 01:34:47,280 CASE OFTEN INVOLVING THE FOOD 2502 01:34:47,280 --> 01:34:49,120 INDUSTRY, FOR EXAMPLE. 2503 01:34:49,120 --> 01:34:51,680 RESEARCH HAS DIRECTLY INFORMED A 2504 01:34:51,680 --> 01:34:53,840 BUNCH OF POLICIES, THE FIRST 2505 01:34:53,840 --> 01:34:56,160 THREE ARE WHAT I'LL TALK ABOUT 2506 01:34:56,160 --> 01:34:58,360 TODAY, PHILADELPHIA SODIUM 2507 01:34:58,360 --> 01:35:01,640 WARNING LABEL, HALTING OF FOOD 2508 01:35:01,640 --> 01:35:02,640 LABELING SYSTEM, SUGARY DRINK 2509 01:35:02,640 --> 01:35:13,120 WARNING BILLS WHICH HAVE NOT 2510 01:35:16,840 --> 01:35:19,600 PASSED. 2511 01:35:19,600 --> 01:35:21,600 SUCCESS AROUND MENU POLICY, 2512 01:35:21,600 --> 01:35:32,040 CHANGES TO WIC ENROLLMENT 2513 01:35:34,800 --> 01:35:35,200 POLICIES. 2514 01:35:35,200 --> 01:35:36,160 SODIUM WARNING LABELS, A LABEL 2515 01:35:36,160 --> 01:35:37,880 ON THE MENU THAT WOULD ALERT 2516 01:35:37,880 --> 01:35:39,440 CONSUMERS TO ITEMS THAT HAVE 2517 01:35:39,440 --> 01:35:40,960 MORE THAN A DAY'S WORTH OF 2518 01:35:40,960 --> 01:35:42,920 SODIUM, THIS IS A PICTURE OF NEW 2519 01:35:42,920 --> 01:35:44,080 YORK CITY, WHICH IS OFTEN THE 2520 01:35:44,080 --> 01:35:45,680 CASE, THEY WERE A LEADER IN 2521 01:35:45,680 --> 01:35:48,280 DOING THIS, FIRST CITY TO 2522 01:35:48,280 --> 01:35:49,480 MANDATE THESE WARNING LABELS, 2523 01:35:49,480 --> 01:35:51,560 AND IT'S AN ICON WITH THE SALT 2524 01:35:51,560 --> 01:35:53,680 SHAKER TO ALERT CONSUMERS TO 2525 01:35:53,680 --> 01:35:54,840 HIGH SODIUM ITEMS. 2526 01:35:54,840 --> 01:35:58,560 NOW, THE STORY OF THIS, WE ENDED 2527 01:35:58,560 --> 01:35:59,360 UP INFORMING PHILADELPHIA'S 2528 01:35:59,360 --> 01:36:01,400 POLICY, THEY CAME TO US, HAD A 2529 01:36:01,400 --> 01:36:02,600 COUNCIL MEMBER INTERESTED IN 2530 01:36:02,600 --> 01:36:04,360 DOING THIS WARNING LABEL, BUT 2531 01:36:04,360 --> 01:36:05,400 THERE WASN'T A LOT OF RESEARCH. 2532 01:36:05,400 --> 01:36:07,200 NEW YORK CITY DIDN'T HAVE THE 2533 01:36:07,200 --> 01:36:08,440 FUNDING TO DO EXTENSIVE TESTING 2534 01:36:08,440 --> 01:36:16,280 OF THE DESIGN OF THOSE LABELS. 2535 01:36:16,280 --> 01:36:18,040 I WAS INTERESTED IN PARTNERING. 2536 01:36:18,040 --> 01:36:20,800 THEY SAID CAN YOU TEST LABEL 2537 01:36:20,800 --> 01:36:23,440 DESIGNS FOR US? 2538 01:36:23,440 --> 01:36:27,120 AND SO MY FANTASTIC Ph.D. 2539 01:36:27,120 --> 01:36:31,840 STUDENT AT THE TIME, A GRAPHIC 2540 01:36:31,840 --> 01:36:32,840 DESIGN WIZARD, AMAZING 2541 01:36:32,840 --> 01:36:33,680 SCIENTIST, HELPED CRAFT 2542 01:36:33,680 --> 01:36:37,880 DIFFERENT EXAMPLES OF LABELS WE 2543 01:36:37,880 --> 01:36:39,080 COULD TEST, A PARTNERSHIP WITH 2544 01:36:39,080 --> 01:36:40,520 THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2545 01:36:40,520 --> 01:36:41,960 FOR EXAMPLE, WE SAID LISTEN, 2546 01:36:41,960 --> 01:36:44,440 THERE'S A LOT OF GREAT 2547 01:36:44,440 --> 01:36:45,400 LITERATURE ON TRAFFIC LIGHT 2548 01:36:45,400 --> 01:36:47,080 LABELS AT THE BOTTOM OF THE 2549 01:36:47,080 --> 01:36:48,160 SCREEN, REASON TO THINK THOSE 2550 01:36:48,160 --> 01:36:49,640 WILL WORK THE BEST. 2551 01:36:49,640 --> 01:36:50,680 THEY WERE LIKE, LISTEN, WE 2552 01:36:50,680 --> 01:36:52,280 TALKED TO LEGAL, THERE'S NO WAY 2553 01:36:52,280 --> 01:36:54,600 LEGALLY WE'LL GET THOSE PASSED, 2554 01:36:54,600 --> 01:36:55,160 TOO INTERPRETIVE. 2555 01:36:55,160 --> 01:36:56,480 WHAT ELSE HAVE YOU GOT? 2556 01:36:56,480 --> 01:36:58,520 WE DID A STOP SIGN SYMBOL AND 2557 01:36:58,520 --> 01:37:00,960 HAD THE NEW YORK CITY SYMBOL AND 2558 01:37:00,960 --> 01:37:02,600 WANTED TO TEST BASIC TEXT LABEL 2559 01:37:02,600 --> 01:37:03,600 WITHOUT ICON BECAUSE THAT WAS 2560 01:37:03,600 --> 01:37:05,120 GOING TO BE SORT OF ONE OF THE 2561 01:37:05,120 --> 01:37:08,160 EASIEST TYPES OF THINGS TO GET 2562 01:37:08,160 --> 01:37:10,160 PASSED LEGALLY. 2563 01:37:10,160 --> 01:37:12,960 WE WERE INTERESTED IN TRAFFIC 2564 01:37:12,960 --> 01:37:13,920 LABELS SCIENTIFICALLY AND STILL 2565 01:37:13,920 --> 01:37:16,240 INCLUDED THEM IN THE STUDY BUT 2566 01:37:16,240 --> 01:37:17,520 TESTED LABELS THE DEPARTMENT OF 2567 01:37:17,520 --> 01:37:18,320 HEALTH CARED ABOUT. 2568 01:37:18,320 --> 01:37:20,400 AND THIS WAS BEFORE THE POLICY 2569 01:37:20,400 --> 01:37:23,000 ROLLED OUT. 2570 01:37:23,000 --> 01:37:24,960 WE COULDN'T DO LARGE SCALE, THEY 2571 01:37:24,960 --> 01:37:26,280 HAD TO BE ONLINE RANDOMIZED 2572 01:37:26,280 --> 01:37:27,800 CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS TO LOOK 2573 01:37:27,800 --> 01:37:30,640 AT LIKELIHOOD OF SYMBOLS 2574 01:37:30,640 --> 01:37:32,720 INFLUENCING BEHAVIOR AND 2575 01:37:32,720 --> 01:37:33,560 BEST-PERFORMING ONES. 2576 01:37:33,560 --> 01:37:35,000 THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH HAD 2577 01:37:35,000 --> 01:37:36,000 RESEARCH QUESTIONS THAT AS A 2578 01:37:36,000 --> 01:37:36,640 SCIENTIST I WASN'T THAT 2579 01:37:36,640 --> 01:37:37,480 INTERESTED IN. 2580 01:37:37,480 --> 01:37:40,480 THEY WANTED TO KNOW IF IT 2581 01:37:40,480 --> 01:37:43,200 MATTERED IF THE LABEL WAS RED OR 2582 01:37:43,200 --> 01:37:44,000 BLACK, RIGHT? 2583 01:37:44,000 --> 01:37:45,640 IT TURNED OUT IT WAS REALLY 2584 01:37:45,640 --> 01:37:47,040 IMPORTANT FROM A POLICY 2585 01:37:47,040 --> 01:37:48,680 PERSPECTIVE TO FIGURE THAT OUT 2586 01:37:48,680 --> 01:37:49,720 BECAUSE THE INDUSTRY HAS 2587 01:37:49,720 --> 01:37:51,200 DIFFERENT OPINIONS ABOUT RED 2588 01:37:51,200 --> 01:37:53,400 VERSUS BLACK AND DIFFERENT COST 2589 01:37:53,400 --> 01:37:55,800 TO COLOR INK AND THAT SORT OF 2590 01:37:55,800 --> 01:37:56,000 THING. 2591 01:37:56,000 --> 01:37:59,960 WE RAN A SERIES OF FOUR ONLINE 2592 01:37:59,960 --> 01:38:01,240 EXPERIMENTS, I'LL QUICKLY SHOW 2593 01:38:01,240 --> 01:38:04,280 YOU, WHEN WE ASKED PEOPLE IN 2594 01:38:04,280 --> 01:38:06,320 ONLINE CONTACTS TO MAKE A 2595 01:38:06,320 --> 01:38:12,200 RESTAURANT ORDER, RANDOMIZED, 2596 01:38:12,200 --> 01:38:13,760 THE TRAFFIC LIGHT LABEL WORKED 2597 01:38:13,760 --> 01:38:16,280 THE BEST IN REDUCING MILLIGRAMS 2598 01:38:16,280 --> 01:38:18,360 OF SODIUM ORDER THE. 2599 01:38:18,360 --> 01:38:21,200 BUT THE STOP SIGN SYMBOL WORKED 2600 01:38:21,200 --> 01:38:26,240 WELL, MUCH MORE LEGALLY 2601 01:38:26,240 --> 01:38:27,440 FEASIBLE. 2602 01:38:27,440 --> 01:38:28,960 WE NOTED NEW YORK CITY LABEL 2603 01:38:28,960 --> 01:38:29,960 WASN'T AS GOOD, DIDN'T DIFFER 2604 01:38:29,960 --> 01:38:30,640 FROM CONTROL. 2605 01:38:30,640 --> 01:38:32,280 WE WANTED TO MAKE SURE PHILLY 2606 01:38:32,280 --> 01:38:33,560 DIDN'T GO FORWARD WITH THE LABEL 2607 01:38:33,560 --> 01:38:36,760 THAT EXISTED IN NEW YORK. 2608 01:38:36,760 --> 01:38:38,520 NOW, THERE WE GO. 2609 01:38:38,520 --> 01:38:40,360 WE CO-CREATE QUESTIONS, RUN THIS 2610 01:38:40,360 --> 01:38:42,440 STUDY, WE'RE WORKING ON A 2611 01:38:42,440 --> 01:38:44,000 PUBLICATION, BUT THERE'S A LOT 2612 01:38:44,000 --> 01:38:45,440 MORE TO THE COMMUNICATION PIECE. 2613 01:38:45,440 --> 01:38:47,640 I END UP WRITING AN OPINION 2614 01:38:47,640 --> 01:38:48,720 PIECE WITH SUPPORT FROM 2615 01:38:48,720 --> 01:38:50,160 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, IN FAVOR 2616 01:38:50,160 --> 01:38:51,680 OF THE POLICY, ALSO TRYING 2617 01:38:51,680 --> 01:38:53,200 ADVOCATE FOR PARTICULAR TYPE OF 2618 01:38:53,200 --> 01:38:54,960 SYMBOL THEY WANTED IN THERE. 2619 01:38:54,960 --> 01:38:57,160 I WENT TO CITY COUNCIL, 2620 01:38:57,160 --> 01:38:58,640 COORDINATED WITH OTHER 2621 01:38:58,640 --> 01:38:59,640 RESEARCHERS, TO TESTIFY AGAIN IN 2622 01:38:59,640 --> 01:39:01,200 FAVOR OF THE POLICY BUT ALSO THE 2623 01:39:01,200 --> 01:39:07,480 TYPE OF SYMBOL WE WANTED TO SEE. 2624 01:39:07,480 --> 01:39:09,880 SO, AT THE END OF THE DAY, THE 2625 01:39:09,880 --> 01:39:11,680 BILL GETS INTRODUCED, IT HAS THE 2626 01:39:11,680 --> 01:39:13,240 STOP SIGN SODIUM WARNING THAT 2627 01:39:13,240 --> 01:39:15,320 OUR DATA SUGGESTED WAS THE MOST 2628 01:39:15,320 --> 01:39:16,960 EFFECTIVE ONE AND LEGALLY 2629 01:39:16,960 --> 01:39:17,360 FEASIBLE. 2630 01:39:17,360 --> 01:39:18,360 THE INDUSTRY SWOOPS IN AND SAYS 2631 01:39:18,360 --> 01:39:21,040 WE DON'T WANT TO DO SOMETHING 2632 01:39:21,040 --> 01:39:22,200 DIFFERENT IN PHILADELPHIA THAN 2633 01:39:22,200 --> 01:39:23,760 WHAT WE'VE DONE IN NEW YORK. 2634 01:39:23,760 --> 01:39:25,600 IN A INCREASED THEIR COSTS. 2635 01:39:25,600 --> 01:39:27,240 THEY WANTED THE NEW YORK CITY 2636 01:39:27,240 --> 01:39:27,640 ICON. 2637 01:39:27,640 --> 01:39:29,800 I GET A CALL FROM DEPARTMENT OF 2638 01:39:29,800 --> 01:39:31,600 HEALTH, HEY, WHAT DO YOU THINK 2639 01:39:31,600 --> 01:39:33,920 ABOUT THAT, CAN WE DO THE NEW 2640 01:39:33,920 --> 01:39:36,320 YORK CITY ICON? 2641 01:39:36,320 --> 01:39:40,000 AND AVIVA LOOKED AT THE DATA. 2642 01:39:40,000 --> 01:39:41,480 LOOK, KEY THINGS, THERE'S TEXT 2643 01:39:41,480 --> 01:39:42,320 EXPLAINING WHAT THAT ICON IS 2644 01:39:42,320 --> 01:39:43,320 BECAUSE THE WAY NEW YORK CITY 2645 01:39:43,320 --> 01:39:44,480 HAS IT NOW YOU HAVE TO LOOK AT 2646 01:39:44,480 --> 01:39:46,120 THE BOTTOM OF THE MENU TO FIGURE 2647 01:39:46,120 --> 01:39:48,840 OUT WHAT THE LABEL EVEN MEANS. 2648 01:39:48,840 --> 01:39:51,520 SO WE BASICALLY WERE ABLE IN OUR 2649 01:39:51,520 --> 01:39:53,600 DATA TO INFORM THIS CHANGE TO 2650 01:39:53,600 --> 01:39:55,640 THAT POLICY THAT WAS A 2651 01:39:55,640 --> 01:39:57,040 COMPROMISE, THAT ALLOWED FOR NEW 2652 01:39:57,040 --> 01:39:59,880 YORK CITY SYMBOL BUT THE TEXT 2653 01:39:59,880 --> 01:40:00,680 NEXT TO IT. 2654 01:40:00,680 --> 01:40:02,000 THIS IS WHAT ENDED UP PASSING IN 2655 01:40:02,000 --> 01:40:05,200 NEW YORK WHERE WE GOT THOSE 2656 01:40:05,200 --> 01:40:08,080 WORDS SODIUM WARNING AND IN BIG 2657 01:40:08,080 --> 01:40:09,520 RED LETTERS, RED AND BLACK 2658 01:40:09,520 --> 01:40:11,480 DIDN'T DIFFER IN OUR STUDY, NEXT 2659 01:40:11,480 --> 01:40:13,600 TO THE ICON, A MAJOR WIN BECAUSE 2660 01:40:13,600 --> 01:40:14,680 THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH DIDN'T 2661 01:40:14,680 --> 01:40:16,400 WANT TO LOCK IN A SYMBOL THAT 2662 01:40:16,400 --> 01:40:19,040 WASN'T GOING TO BE EFFECTIVE 2663 01:40:19,040 --> 01:40:20,120 BECAUSE THEN IF ANY OTHER 2664 01:40:20,120 --> 01:40:21,440 MUNICIPALITY WANTED TO DO IT 2665 01:40:21,440 --> 01:40:22,600 ACROSS THE COUNTRY AND YOU HAD 2666 01:40:22,600 --> 01:40:24,320 THIS PRECEDENT IN NEW YORK AND 2667 01:40:24,320 --> 01:40:25,840 PHILLY IT WOULD BE HARD TO 2668 01:40:25,840 --> 01:40:30,200 CHANGE THAT DESIGN LATER. 2669 01:40:30,200 --> 01:40:31,520 SO, THIS WAS A WIN BECAUSE THE 2670 01:40:31,520 --> 01:40:32,720 WORDS WERE IMPORTANT TO 2671 01:40:32,720 --> 01:40:34,800 UNDERSTAND AND COMMUNICATE THAT 2672 01:40:34,800 --> 01:40:36,080 INFORMATION TO PEOPLE. 2673 01:40:36,080 --> 01:40:36,800 OKAY. 2674 01:40:36,800 --> 01:40:40,800 MY NEXT QUICK CASE STUDY IS FROM 2675 01:40:40,800 --> 01:40:41,880 PACKAGED FOOD LABELS. 2676 01:40:41,880 --> 01:40:45,040 IN 2008 A PROGRAM GOT 2677 01:40:45,040 --> 01:40:46,080 INTRODUCED, SMART CHOICES 2678 01:40:46,080 --> 01:40:48,040 PROGRAM, A SYSTEM TO ALERT 2679 01:40:48,040 --> 01:40:49,760 CONSUMERS TO FOODS THAT WERE 2680 01:40:49,760 --> 01:40:50,680 SMART CHOICES. 2681 01:40:50,680 --> 01:40:53,280 AND WHEN IT ROLLED OUT, IT 2682 01:40:53,280 --> 01:40:54,960 ROLLED OUT WITH DIFFERENT 2683 01:40:54,960 --> 01:40:55,600 PRODUCTS, HERE WERE SOME 2684 01:40:55,600 --> 01:40:57,680 PRODUCTS IT WAS ON. 2685 01:40:57,680 --> 01:41:03,040 COOKIE CRISP CEREAL, LUCKY 2686 01:41:03,040 --> 01:41:05,240 CHARMS, HELMAN'S MAYONNAISE, 2687 01:41:05,240 --> 01:41:09,280 REALLY CONCERNING AT FACE VALUE 2688 01:41:09,280 --> 01:41:11,640 BUT COULD BE THESE ARE BUM 2689 01:41:11,640 --> 01:41:16,400 PRODUCTS, MAYBE IT'S A GOOD 2690 01:41:16,400 --> 01:41:16,920 SYSTEM. 2691 01:41:16,920 --> 01:41:18,440 WE REACHED OUT TO NEWS MEDIA, 2692 01:41:18,440 --> 01:41:19,880 "NEW YORK TIMES," TO TIP THEM 2693 01:41:19,880 --> 01:41:24,040 OFF BUT ALSO REACHED OUT TO THE 2694 01:41:24,040 --> 01:41:26,560 ATTORNEY GENERAL IN CONNECTICUT, 2695 01:41:26,560 --> 01:41:28,440 DICK BLUMENTHAL, NOW SENATOR 2696 01:41:28,440 --> 01:41:30,320 FROM CONNECTICUT, WE'RE WORRIED 2697 01:41:30,320 --> 01:41:31,600 ABOUT THE SYSTEM BUT IN THE 2698 01:41:31,600 --> 01:41:33,680 BACKGROUND WHAT WE ALSO DID IS 2699 01:41:33,680 --> 01:41:36,040 DID A STUDY TO SYSTEMATICALLY 2700 01:41:36,040 --> 01:41:36,360 LOOK AT. 2701 01:41:36,360 --> 01:41:38,560 AND SO WHAT WAS HAPPENING IS AS 2702 01:41:38,560 --> 01:41:40,720 WE'RE DOING THIS STUDY SOME OF 2703 01:41:40,720 --> 01:41:42,360 THE MEDIA PUSHBACK CAME OUT, 2704 01:41:42,360 --> 01:41:44,440 ARTICLE IN THE "NEW YORK TIMES," 2705 01:41:44,440 --> 01:41:45,200 OTHER PLACES, FDA ANNOUNCED THEY 2706 01:41:45,200 --> 01:41:47,360 WERE GOING TO LOOK INTO THE 2707 01:41:47,360 --> 01:41:50,080 SMART CHOICES PROGRAM. 2708 01:41:50,080 --> 01:41:52,160 WE RANDOMLY SAMPLED ACROSS 100 2709 01:41:52,160 --> 01:41:53,520 SMART CHOICES PRODUCTS DISPLAYED 2710 01:41:53,520 --> 01:41:57,280 ON THE WEBSITE, APPLIED NUTRIENT 2711 01:41:57,280 --> 01:41:58,880 PROFILE MODEL ALGORITHM TO SCORE 2712 01:41:58,880 --> 01:42:00,920 PRODUCTS AND FOUND 64% OF SMART 2713 01:42:00,920 --> 01:42:03,280 CHOICES PRODUCTS DIDN'T MEET THE 2714 01:42:03,280 --> 01:42:04,440 OBJECTIVE NUTRITION STANDARD FOR 2715 01:42:04,440 --> 01:42:07,360 HEALTHY SO IT SEEMED TO BE A 2716 01:42:07,360 --> 01:42:07,920 SYSTEMATICALLY CONCERNING 2717 01:42:07,920 --> 01:42:08,160 PROGRAM. 2718 01:42:08,160 --> 01:42:10,760 AND SO WE WERE ABLE TO GO BACK 2719 01:42:10,760 --> 01:42:12,880 TO DICK BLUMENTHAL, LOOK, WE 2720 01:42:12,880 --> 01:42:13,960 HAVE GOOD SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE 2721 01:42:13,960 --> 01:42:15,160 THIS IS PROBLEMATIC. 2722 01:42:15,160 --> 01:42:17,800 HE AS THE CHANGE AGENT, PUBLIC 2723 01:42:17,800 --> 01:42:19,240 HEALTH CHAMPION, THREATENED 2724 01:42:19,240 --> 01:42:20,200 LEGAL INVESTIGATION INTO THE 2725 01:42:20,200 --> 01:42:22,080 PROGRAM AND THAT WAS SUFFICIENT 2726 01:42:22,080 --> 01:42:26,320 TO GET THE PROGRAM HALTED. 2727 01:42:26,320 --> 01:42:28,480 SO, I JUST WANT TO HIGHLIGHT WE 2728 01:42:28,480 --> 01:42:29,920 OFTEN THINK OF POLICY, A BILL 2729 01:42:29,920 --> 01:42:31,000 HAS TO PASS, THERE'S SOME 2730 01:42:31,000 --> 01:42:33,680 LEGISLATION, BUT THERE ARE MANY 2731 01:42:33,680 --> 01:42:35,440 OTHER SORT OF POLICY USED IN 2732 01:42:35,440 --> 01:42:37,400 LOOSE TERMS, MANY CHANGE AGENTS 2733 01:42:37,400 --> 01:42:38,840 THAT CAN INFLUENCE HOW PEOPLE 2734 01:42:38,840 --> 01:42:42,000 THINK ABOUT THINGS. 2735 01:42:42,000 --> 01:42:43,640 IN THIS CASE YOU HAD A FOOD 2736 01:42:43,640 --> 01:42:48,480 LABELING PROGRAM COME TO A HALT 2737 01:42:48,480 --> 01:42:50,320 BECAUSE THE RIGHT THREAT WAS 2738 01:42:50,320 --> 01:42:55,600 MADE AT THE RIGHT TIME. 2739 01:42:55,600 --> 01:43:00,600 SUGARY DRINK LABELS, LIKE YOU 2740 01:43:00,600 --> 01:43:02,000 SEE ON THE SCREEN, WE WERE 2741 01:43:02,000 --> 01:43:02,680 INTERESTED IN STUDYING IN 2742 01:43:02,680 --> 01:43:05,240 PARTNERSHIP WITH A GROUP IN 2743 01:43:05,240 --> 01:43:06,560 CALIFORNIA CALLED PUBLIC HEALTH 2744 01:43:06,560 --> 01:43:06,840 ADVOCATES. 2745 01:43:06,840 --> 01:43:09,400 WHAT THEY PUT TOGETHER WAS A 2746 01:43:09,400 --> 01:43:10,800 LEGAL TEAM AND NUTRITION 2747 01:43:10,800 --> 01:43:12,040 SCIENTIFIC HAVE HAD BOARD TO 2748 01:43:12,040 --> 01:43:13,880 MAKE SURE THAT ANY LABELS WE 2749 01:43:13,880 --> 01:43:15,560 WERE GOING TO TEST WOULD HOLD 2750 01:43:15,560 --> 01:43:17,080 LEGAL MUSTER AND ALSO REFLECT 2751 01:43:17,080 --> 01:43:19,280 THE STATE OF NUTRITION SCIENCE. 2752 01:43:19,280 --> 01:43:21,240 IN MY FIRST CALL, OH, GREAT, I 2753 01:43:21,240 --> 01:43:23,000 HAVE ALL THESE IDEAS FOR WARNING 2754 01:43:23,000 --> 01:43:25,000 LABELS ON BEVERAGES, WE KNOW 2755 01:43:25,000 --> 01:43:26,840 FROM LITERATURE GRAPHIC WARNING 2756 01:43:26,840 --> 01:43:28,280 LABELS WORK BETTER, I CAN DESIGN 2757 01:43:28,280 --> 01:43:29,720 THESE THINGS FOR YOU. 2758 01:43:29,720 --> 01:43:30,800 THEY WERE LIKE, NO. 2759 01:43:30,800 --> 01:43:32,480 WE'RE NOT GOING TO GET GRAPHIC 2760 01:43:32,480 --> 01:43:34,200 LABELS ANYTIME SOON. 2761 01:43:34,200 --> 01:43:34,960 THAT'S A PERFECTLY INTERESTING 2762 01:43:34,960 --> 01:43:35,880 SCIENTIFIC QUESTION. 2763 01:43:35,880 --> 01:43:37,360 WE NEED SOMEONE TO TEST 2764 01:43:37,360 --> 01:43:39,880 DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF THE EXACT 2765 01:43:39,880 --> 01:43:41,600 TEXT WE'LL PROPOSE ON LABELS. 2766 01:43:41,600 --> 01:43:44,920 AND SO WE ENDED UP DOING A 2767 01:43:44,920 --> 01:43:46,320 RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED 2768 01:43:46,320 --> 01:43:48,520 EXPERIMENT, 2400 PARENTS, TESTED 2769 01:43:48,520 --> 01:43:50,600 THIS NO LABEL CONTROL WITH NO 2770 01:43:50,600 --> 01:43:52,440 LABELS ON SUGARY DRINKS, 2771 01:43:52,440 --> 01:43:54,280 CALORIES PER BOTTLE LABEL, AND 2772 01:43:54,280 --> 01:43:55,640 THEN DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF THE 2773 01:43:55,640 --> 01:43:58,680 TEXT THEY HAD PROPOSED FOR THOSE 2774 01:43:58,680 --> 01:43:59,360 WARNING LABELS INCLUDING 2775 01:43:59,360 --> 01:44:00,560 INFUSING SOME PSYCHOLOGY INTO 2776 01:44:00,560 --> 01:44:02,960 THIS LIKE I THOUGHT, WHAT IF WE 2777 01:44:02,960 --> 01:44:04,840 INVERTED THE WORDS PREVENTIBLE 2778 01:44:04,840 --> 01:44:07,360 DISEASES LIKE OBESITY, DIABETES 2779 01:44:07,360 --> 01:44:08,880 AND TOOTH DECAY, MAYBE WOULD 2780 01:44:08,880 --> 01:44:11,280 FEEL MORE AGENCY, OR CHANGE THE 2781 01:44:11,280 --> 01:44:13,560 OBESITY TO WEIGHT GAIN, TO MEAL 2782 01:44:13,560 --> 01:44:14,760 FOR APPLICABLE TO MORE PEOPLE. 2783 01:44:14,760 --> 01:44:17,440 THEY HAD A SPECIFIC QUESTION, 2784 01:44:17,440 --> 01:44:20,040 WHICH IS TYPE 1 DIABETES GROUPS 2785 01:44:20,040 --> 01:44:22,160 WERE ANNOYED, UNDERSTANDABLY, 2786 01:44:22,160 --> 01:44:24,400 THEY WANTED TO KNOW WHAT HAPPENS 2787 01:44:24,400 --> 01:44:25,840 IF YOU INSERT TYPE 2 DIABETES. 2788 01:44:25,840 --> 01:44:29,240 IN THE STUDY WE HAD PEOPLE DO 2789 01:44:29,240 --> 01:44:31,760 THIS VENDING MACHINE TASK, 2790 01:44:31,760 --> 01:44:34,720 PARENTS SELECTED A BEVERAGE FOR 2791 01:44:34,720 --> 01:44:36,640 CHILDREN, ALL THE VARIATIONS OF 2792 01:44:36,640 --> 01:44:37,720 LABEL DESIGNS DIDN'T MATTER. 2793 01:44:37,720 --> 01:44:39,320 WHAT WE SAW AT THE END OF THE 2794 01:44:39,320 --> 01:44:41,400 DAY 60% OF PARENTS IN THE 2795 01:44:41,400 --> 01:44:42,520 CONTROL CONDITION CHOSE SUGARY 2796 01:44:42,520 --> 01:44:45,480 DRINK FOR THEIR CHILD IN THE 2797 01:44:45,480 --> 01:44:48,200 CALORIE LABEL CONDITION 53%, NOT 2798 01:44:48,200 --> 01:44:48,760 STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANTLY 2799 01:44:48,760 --> 01:44:50,200 DIFFERENT, DROPPED IN THE 2800 01:44:50,200 --> 01:44:52,600 WARNING LABEL CONDITION, 40% OF 2801 01:44:52,600 --> 01:44:56,240 PARENTS CHOOSING SUGARY DRINK. 2802 01:44:56,240 --> 01:44:58,720 SO AGAIN, WE ALSO FOLLOWED UP, 2803 01:44:58,720 --> 01:45:00,200 WROTE PUBLIC TESTIMONY, OTHER 2804 01:45:00,200 --> 01:45:01,920 CITIES BEGAN INTRODUCING THESE 2805 01:45:01,920 --> 01:45:02,800 BILLS TO EDUCATE POLICYMAKERS 2806 01:45:02,800 --> 01:45:04,000 ABOUT WHAT WE KNEW ABOUT THE 2807 01:45:04,000 --> 01:45:06,040 STATE OF THE SCIENCE AROUND 2808 01:45:06,040 --> 01:45:06,280 THIS. 2809 01:45:06,280 --> 01:45:14,480 AND TO ANN'S POINT THESE ARE 2810 01:45:14,480 --> 01:45:15,800 LONG TERM THINGS, WORKING FOR A 2811 01:45:15,800 --> 01:45:17,120 DECADE, NOW FDA IS NOW 2812 01:45:17,120 --> 01:45:19,640 CONSIDERING A FRONT OF PACKAGE 2813 01:45:19,640 --> 01:45:20,720 LABEL FOR FOODS. 2814 01:45:20,720 --> 01:45:23,040 AND SO IT'S BEEN A LONG GAME OF 2815 01:45:23,040 --> 01:45:24,760 RAISING ATTENTION AROUND THIS. 2816 01:45:24,760 --> 01:45:27,400 I WANT TO SAY IT DOES HAVE A 2817 01:45:27,400 --> 01:45:29,680 HAPPY ENDING, I DID GET AN R01 2818 01:45:29,680 --> 01:45:31,360 FUNDED FROM NIH TO TEST THESE 2819 01:45:31,360 --> 01:45:32,880 GRAPHIC LABELS BUT IT WASN'T THE 2820 01:45:32,880 --> 01:45:34,520 RESEARCH QUESTION I NEEDED TO BE 2821 01:45:34,520 --> 01:45:37,080 ASKING RIGHT THEN TO REALLY BE 2822 01:45:37,080 --> 01:45:38,160 RESPONSIVE TO A POLICYMAKER, 2823 01:45:38,160 --> 01:45:39,880 IT'S NOT THAT YOU NEED TO 2824 01:45:39,880 --> 01:45:40,520 COMPROMISE WHAT YOU'RE 2825 01:45:40,520 --> 01:45:45,120 INTERESTED IN, IT'S JUST ABOUT 2826 01:45:45,120 --> 01:45:45,440 TIMING. 2827 01:45:45,440 --> 01:45:54,000 WE NEED TO DO THIS WORK WITH 2828 01:45:54,000 --> 01:45:55,840 CONVENING PARTIES, MORE 2829 01:45:55,840 --> 01:45:57,800 INCENTIVES TO ENGAGE AND BUILD 2830 01:45:57,800 --> 01:45:58,800 RELATIONSHIPS, DIFFERENT FUNDING 2831 01:45:58,800 --> 01:46:03,400 MODELS THAT ALLOW FOR RAPID 2832 01:46:03,400 --> 01:46:04,120 CYCLE TESTING. 2833 01:46:04,120 --> 01:46:06,800 MY NUMBER ONE PRIORITY IS TO DO 2834 01:46:06,800 --> 01:46:08,800 RIGOROUS SCIENCE AND WHEN YOU'RE 2835 01:46:08,800 --> 01:46:10,760 WADING INTO POLICY ARENA YOU 2836 01:46:10,760 --> 01:46:13,040 WANT TO PUT SAFEGUARDS IN PLACE 2837 01:46:13,040 --> 01:46:14,680 SO THAT CAN'T INFLUENCE YOUR 2838 01:46:14,680 --> 01:46:15,320 OBJECTIVITY. 2839 01:46:15,320 --> 01:46:17,800 SO WE'RE VERY COMMITTED. 2840 01:46:17,800 --> 01:46:18,960 WE PRE-REGISTER, WE'RE COMMITTED 2841 01:46:18,960 --> 01:46:20,480 TO DATA SHARING AND COULD TALK 2842 01:46:20,480 --> 01:46:22,040 MORE BUT WE NEED TO BE MINDFUL 2843 01:46:22,040 --> 01:46:24,880 TO MAKE SURE THERE'S PROTECTIONS 2844 01:46:24,880 --> 01:46:26,000 AROUND COLLABORATING WITH 2845 01:46:26,000 --> 01:46:32,000 POLICYMAKERS. 2846 01:46:32,000 --> 01:46:35,240 I WILL END THERE. 2847 01:46:35,240 --> 01:46:37,360 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH. 2848 01:46:37,360 --> 01:46:40,080 OVER TO WENDI AND JENN AND WE'LL 2849 01:46:40,080 --> 01:46:43,080 OPEN UP FOR QUESTIONS THAT 2850 01:46:43,080 --> 01:46:43,840 SELENA WILL MODERATE. 2851 01:46:43,840 --> 01:46:45,600 >> GREAT. 2852 01:46:45,600 --> 01:46:46,440 THANK YOU, EVERYBODY. 2853 01:46:46,440 --> 01:46:51,040 THAT WAS A GREAT PRESENTATION TO 2854 01:46:51,040 --> 01:46:53,040 LEAD INTO OURS, AND ANN KELLER 2855 01:46:53,040 --> 01:46:57,280 SET THE STAGE, AND THANKS TO 2856 01:46:57,280 --> 01:46:58,800 SETTING THE STAGE FOR THE 2857 01:46:58,800 --> 01:47:00,400 WORKSHOP TODAY. 2858 01:47:00,400 --> 01:47:03,520 WE'RE GOING TO HAVE A 2859 01:47:03,520 --> 01:47:04,920 CONVERSATION AROUND TRANSLATION. 2860 01:47:04,920 --> 01:47:07,000 WE DECIDED TO DO THIS BECAUSE WE 2861 01:47:07,000 --> 01:47:08,000 HAD A COUPLE CONVERSATIONS ABOUT 2862 01:47:08,000 --> 01:47:10,880 WHAT WILL YOU BE PRESENTING, 2863 01:47:10,880 --> 01:47:12,360 WHAT WILL I PRESENT, LET'S MAKE 2864 01:47:12,360 --> 01:47:13,920 SURE WE DON'T OVERLAP AND WOULD 2865 01:47:13,920 --> 01:47:15,440 FIND OURSELVES GOING FROM 2866 01:47:15,440 --> 01:47:17,800 PLANNED 15-MINUTE CONVERSATION 2867 01:47:17,800 --> 01:47:18,400 TO HOUR-LONG CONVERSATION ABOUT 2868 01:47:18,400 --> 01:47:20,280 HOW MUCH THE FIELD IS CHANGING 2869 01:47:20,280 --> 01:47:22,280 AND WHAT WOULD WE TELL PEOPLE TO 2870 01:47:22,280 --> 01:47:31,720 DO TODAY AND SO WE THOUGHT IT 2871 01:47:31,720 --> 01:47:33,400 WOULD BE MORE FUN RATHER THAN 2872 01:47:33,400 --> 01:47:35,600 THROW SLIDES, EVEN THOUGH WE DO 2873 01:47:35,600 --> 01:47:36,120 HAVE SLIDES. 2874 01:47:36,120 --> 01:47:38,480 THE OTHER THING WE WANT TO DO A 2875 01:47:38,480 --> 01:47:39,560 CONVERSATION HERE, WE KEPT 2876 01:47:39,560 --> 01:47:42,200 COMING BACK TO THIS IDEA THAT -- 2877 01:47:42,200 --> 01:47:45,760 WE'LL GET INTO THIS MORE DEEPLY 2878 01:47:45,760 --> 01:47:47,600 IN OUR CONVERSATION, BUT IT'S 2879 01:47:47,600 --> 01:47:49,440 NOT -- THE NAME OF THE GAME IS 2880 01:47:49,440 --> 01:47:51,560 NOT HOW DO YOU TURN RESEARCH 2881 01:47:51,560 --> 01:47:53,400 INTO A POLICY BRIEF. 2882 01:47:53,400 --> 01:47:56,640 IT'S POLICY MAKING IS CHANGING, 2883 01:47:56,640 --> 01:47:57,680 COMMUNICATION IS CHANGING, AND 2884 01:47:57,680 --> 01:48:01,080 SO WHAT'S THE NEW WORLD ORDER 2885 01:48:01,080 --> 01:48:01,360 HERE? 2886 01:48:01,360 --> 01:48:04,240 WHAT IS AND WHAT ISN'T WORKING? 2887 01:48:04,240 --> 01:48:08,040 YOU KNOW, IN THE EARLIER PARTS 2888 01:48:08,040 --> 01:48:09,280 OF THE CONVERSATION, IT WAS 2889 01:48:09,280 --> 01:48:11,120 ASKED HOW CAN WE DO THIS. 2890 01:48:11,120 --> 01:48:12,600 ANN KELLER SAID WHAT WOULD IT 2891 01:48:12,600 --> 01:48:15,080 LOOK LIKE TO DO THIS BETTER? 2892 01:48:15,080 --> 01:48:16,600 THAT'S WHERE OUR CONVERSATION IS 2893 01:48:16,600 --> 01:48:18,360 ALL ABOUT. 2894 01:48:18,360 --> 01:48:21,200 I'LL LEAVE WITH THIS, AS WE GET 2895 01:48:21,200 --> 01:48:22,880 INTO THE AGENDA AND SLIDES, I 2896 01:48:22,880 --> 01:48:24,360 HEARD A PODCAST, I DON'T KNOW, 2897 01:48:24,360 --> 01:48:26,680 MONTHS AGO TALKING ABOUT 2898 01:48:26,680 --> 01:48:27,240 POLITICAL GRIDLOCK. 2899 01:48:27,240 --> 01:48:31,640 WHAT DO YOU DO IN REAL TRAFFIC 2900 01:48:31,640 --> 01:48:32,640 GRIDLOCK? 2901 01:48:32,640 --> 01:48:34,680 YOU START TO SAKE SIDE STREETS 2902 01:48:34,680 --> 01:48:37,080 AND TRAFFIC GETS WONKY, PEOPLE 2903 01:48:37,080 --> 01:48:39,440 ARE TAKING IRREGULAR PATHWAYS TO 2904 01:48:39,440 --> 01:48:41,040 GET TO THEIR ENDPOINT WHICH 2905 01:48:41,040 --> 01:48:43,920 CAUSES TRAFFIC JAMS IN 2906 01:48:43,920 --> 01:48:44,600 COMPLETELY UNEXPECTED WAYS, 2907 01:48:44,600 --> 01:48:45,880 THAT'S WHAT WE'RE TALKING ABOUT, 2908 01:48:45,880 --> 01:48:46,960 RIGHT? 2909 01:48:46,960 --> 01:48:48,920 WHEN YOU HAVE POLITICAL 2910 01:48:48,920 --> 01:48:50,080 GRIDLOCK, PEOPLE START TAKING 2911 01:48:50,080 --> 01:48:51,280 THE SIDE ROADS. 2912 01:48:51,280 --> 01:48:53,280 AND THEN IT'S EVEN HARDER FOR 2913 01:48:53,280 --> 01:48:55,520 RESEARCHERS TO FIGURE OUT WHO TO 2914 01:48:55,520 --> 01:48:57,440 COMMUNICATE TO AND HOW. 2915 01:48:57,440 --> 01:49:00,000 AND SO I WANTED TO USE THAT 2916 01:49:00,000 --> 01:49:03,200 ANALOGY AS A STAGE SETTING. 2917 01:49:03,200 --> 01:49:03,960 NEXT SLIDE. 2918 01:49:03,960 --> 01:49:06,560 TODAY WENDI WILL TALK ABOUT OUR 2919 01:49:06,560 --> 01:49:07,880 OVERARCHING QUESTIONS, AND THEN 2920 01:49:07,880 --> 01:49:11,040 WE'LL TALK ABOUT OUR 2921 01:49:11,040 --> 01:49:11,920 BACKGROUNDS, EXAMPLE POLICY 2922 01:49:11,920 --> 01:49:14,640 SUCCESSES SO YOU HAVE CONTEXT 2923 01:49:14,640 --> 01:49:15,560 WHERE WE'RE COMING FROM. 2924 01:49:15,560 --> 01:49:18,280 WE'LL TALK ABOUT SOME SAMPLE 2925 01:49:18,280 --> 01:49:19,360 POLICY FRAMEWORKS AND 2926 01:49:19,360 --> 01:49:20,360 OPPORTUNITIES FOR POLICY 2927 01:49:20,360 --> 01:49:21,760 DEVELOPMENT RELATED TO CLIMATE 2928 01:49:21,760 --> 01:49:22,920 ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND DIET 2929 01:49:22,920 --> 01:49:31,200 AND NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 2930 01:49:31,200 --> 01:49:31,520 NEXT SLIDE. 2931 01:49:31,520 --> 01:49:33,040 >> THANK YOU. 2932 01:49:33,040 --> 01:49:34,440 THIS HAS BEEN AN INCREDIBLE 2933 01:49:34,440 --> 01:49:34,960 SESSION. 2934 01:49:34,960 --> 01:49:36,600 THANKS TO THE SPEAKERS AND 2935 01:49:36,600 --> 01:49:37,440 QUESTION ASKERS AND EVERYBODY 2936 01:49:37,440 --> 01:49:39,480 INVOLVED IN THE PROJECT. 2937 01:49:39,480 --> 01:49:45,920 SO, LIKE WE WERE JUST TALKING 2938 01:49:45,920 --> 01:49:47,280 ABOUT, OUR QUESTIONS, THROUGH 2939 01:49:47,280 --> 01:49:49,240 OUR CONVERSATIONS WE KEPT COMING 2940 01:49:49,240 --> 01:49:53,720 UP WITH MORE QUESTIONS . 2941 01:49:53,720 --> 01:49:56,240 WE FEEL GOOD ABOUT POLICY 2942 01:49:56,240 --> 01:49:58,120 SUCCESS, SIMILAR THINGS TO WHAT 2943 01:49:58,120 --> 01:49:59,320 CHRISTINA TALKED ABOUT BUT WE'RE 2944 01:49:59,320 --> 01:50:01,080 SO AWARE WE'RE IN THIS CHANGING 2945 01:50:01,080 --> 01:50:04,120 ENVIRONMENT, A LOT OF THINGS ANN 2946 01:50:04,120 --> 01:50:06,280 WAS TELLING US ABOUT, AND SO WE 2947 01:50:06,280 --> 01:50:07,040 HAVE SOME EXPERIENCE. 2948 01:50:07,040 --> 01:50:08,920 WE KNOW A LITTLE BIT ABOUT WHAT 2949 01:50:08,920 --> 01:50:10,480 TO DO, HAVE A LOT OF QUESTIONS 2950 01:50:10,480 --> 01:50:12,040 ABOUT WHAT TO DO. 2951 01:50:12,040 --> 01:50:14,960 WE'RE AWARE THAT THINGS ARE 2952 01:50:14,960 --> 01:50:15,360 DIFFERENT. 2953 01:50:15,360 --> 01:50:17,600 WE FELT LIKE THERE ARE TWO BIG 2954 01:50:17,600 --> 01:50:17,880 QUESTIONS. 2955 01:50:17,880 --> 01:50:19,120 ONE, WE WERE THINKING ABOUT WHAT 2956 01:50:19,120 --> 01:50:21,760 IS A FRAMEWORK WE MIGHT EVEN BE 2957 01:50:21,760 --> 01:50:23,320 THINKING ABOUT TO SHARE, TO HANG 2958 01:50:23,320 --> 01:50:25,520 OUR WAY OF THINKING ABOUT HOW WE 2959 01:50:25,520 --> 01:50:27,360 TAKE THIS TASK WE'RE TALKING 2960 01:50:27,360 --> 01:50:30,120 ABOUT FROM SCIENCE MORE INTO 2961 01:50:30,120 --> 01:50:32,280 BEING ADOPTED IN PUBLIC POLICY. 2962 01:50:32,280 --> 01:50:34,400 SO THERE'S JUST THAT PIECE. 2963 01:50:34,400 --> 01:50:36,680 BUT WE ALSO REALIZE WHAT DAN 2964 01:50:36,680 --> 01:50:38,200 RAISED EARLIER, THERE'S THE 2965 01:50:38,200 --> 01:50:40,320 OTHER BIG QUESTION, NOT ONLY IS 2966 01:50:40,320 --> 01:50:42,240 POLICY CHANGING BUT THE IDEA 2967 01:50:42,240 --> 01:50:43,880 WE'RE TALKING ABOUT THE 2968 01:50:43,880 --> 01:50:45,800 ESSENTIAL IDEA IS A REALLY BIG 2969 01:50:45,800 --> 01:50:48,960 IDEA AND A NEW IDEA, WE'RE STILL 2970 01:50:48,960 --> 01:50:50,640 GRAPPLING WITH WHAT IS THIS IDEA 2971 01:50:50,640 --> 01:50:52,480 WE'RE TALKING ABOUT, HOW ARE WE, 2972 01:50:52,480 --> 01:50:54,120 IF WE'RE TALKING ABOUT, YES, 2973 01:50:54,120 --> 01:50:55,640 POLICY IS CHANGING AND THINGS 2974 01:50:55,640 --> 01:50:56,720 ARE HAPPENING, AND WE'RE MORE 2975 01:50:56,720 --> 01:50:58,600 TALKING ABOUT A U.S. CONTEXT, I 2976 01:50:58,600 --> 01:51:00,240 WANT TO BE CLEAR ABOUT THAT. 2977 01:51:00,240 --> 01:51:03,280 I DO HAVE SOME GLOBAL EXPERIENCE 2978 01:51:03,280 --> 01:51:07,600 BUT REALLY GROUNDED IN DOMESTIC 2979 01:51:07,600 --> 01:51:08,000 EXPERIENCE. 2980 01:51:08,000 --> 01:51:09,560 SO IF POLICY CHANGE IS HAPPENING 2981 01:51:09,560 --> 01:51:13,840 THE BIGGER QUESTION ALSO IS HOW 2982 01:51:13,840 --> 01:51:17,800 DO WE START ADDRESSING 2983 01:51:17,800 --> 01:51:20,520 SUSTAINABLE SYSTEMS INTO POLICY 2984 01:51:20,520 --> 01:51:24,280 DECISIONS, IF YOU CAN JUST 2985 01:51:24,280 --> 01:51:31,560 CLICK, THERE'S A BOX THERE. 2986 01:51:31,560 --> 01:51:38,600 JESS HIGHLIGHTED THIS EARLY 2987 01:51:38,600 --> 01:51:39,760 ISSUE, WE HAVE SEMANTIC, THINGS 2988 01:51:39,760 --> 01:51:40,400 TO SOLVE. 2989 01:51:40,400 --> 01:51:43,240 IF WE'RE GOING TO TALK ABOUT -- 2990 01:51:43,240 --> 01:51:44,800 ANN MENTIONED THE POPULAR BOOK 2991 01:51:44,800 --> 01:51:48,040 OR TALKING TO PEOPLE AND TALKING 2992 01:51:48,040 --> 01:51:49,080 TO POLICYMAKERS, LANGUAGE 2993 01:51:49,080 --> 01:51:50,480 MATTERS, HAVING LANGUAGE PEOPLE 2994 01:51:50,480 --> 01:51:52,040 CAN UNDERSTAND AND CLEARLY 2995 01:51:52,040 --> 01:52:00,040 COMMUNICATE IS AN ESSENTIAL STEP 2996 01:52:00,040 --> 01:52:02,000 IN THIS PROCESS. 2997 01:52:02,000 --> 01:52:03,920 THESE THE QUESTIONS AND WE OPEN 2998 01:52:03,920 --> 01:52:05,520 UP TO EVERYBODY TO ENGAGE IN 2999 01:52:05,520 --> 01:52:06,480 THIS CONVERSATION. 3000 01:52:06,480 --> 01:52:07,360 NEXT SLIDE. 3001 01:52:07,360 --> 01:52:09,200 WE WANTED TO SHARE BRIEFLY A 3002 01:52:09,200 --> 01:52:10,680 LITTLE BIT ABOUT OURSELVES AND 3003 01:52:10,680 --> 01:52:11,960 HISTORY AND WHY WE'RE HERE 3004 01:52:11,960 --> 01:52:13,160 TALKING ABOUT THIS. 3005 01:52:13,160 --> 01:52:15,800 I WILL START WITH ME. 3006 01:52:15,800 --> 01:52:18,000 THAT IS IN ADDITION TO THE BIO 3007 01:52:18,000 --> 01:52:20,280 THAT WAS READ, I HAVE ALWAYS HAD 3008 01:52:20,280 --> 01:52:23,120 A BIG INTEREST BOTH IN POLICY, 3009 01:52:23,120 --> 01:52:24,680 PARTICULARLY PUBLIC POLICY, AND 3010 01:52:24,680 --> 01:52:25,760 IN FOOD AND NUTRITION, I'VE 3011 01:52:25,760 --> 01:52:28,920 TRIED TO HAVE A FOOT IN BOTH OF 3012 01:52:28,920 --> 01:52:29,840 THOSE CAMPS THROUGHOUT MY 3013 01:52:29,840 --> 01:52:30,440 CAREER. 3014 01:52:30,440 --> 01:52:33,120 I WAS A LOCAL ELECTED OFFICIAL 3015 01:52:33,120 --> 01:52:35,320 IN MY LOCAL COMMUNITY FOR A 3016 01:52:35,320 --> 01:52:38,240 NUMBER OF YEARS, DID MY 3017 01:52:38,240 --> 01:52:39,320 DOCTORATE, A MID-CAREER 3018 01:52:39,320 --> 01:52:41,160 DOCTORATE WITH ANN KELLER, WHO 3019 01:52:41,160 --> 01:52:42,760 WAS AMAZING TO LEARN FROM, AS 3020 01:52:42,760 --> 01:52:44,600 YOU CAN IMAGINE AFTER LISTENING 3021 01:52:44,600 --> 01:52:47,480 TO HER. 3022 01:52:47,480 --> 01:52:49,200 AND FOLLOWED WITH A ROBERT WOOD 3023 01:52:49,200 --> 01:52:51,440 JOHNSON HEALTH POLICY FELLOWSHIP 3024 01:52:51,440 --> 01:52:51,960 AT NATIONAL ACADEMY IN 3025 01:52:51,960 --> 01:52:53,520 WASHINGTON, D.C. WHERE I HAD AN 3026 01:52:53,520 --> 01:52:55,360 OPPORTUNITY TO BE A HEALTH 3027 01:52:55,360 --> 01:52:57,240 POLICY ADVISER TO THE HONORABLE 3028 01:52:57,240 --> 01:52:59,400 NANCY PELOSI, WHO WAS HOUSE 3029 01:52:59,400 --> 01:53:00,920 LEADER AT THE TIME. 3030 01:53:00,920 --> 01:53:05,000 AND I CAME BACK TO U.C. WHERE I 3031 01:53:05,000 --> 01:53:07,920 HAD BEEN PRIOR IN MY PAID 3032 01:53:07,920 --> 01:53:09,320 CAREER, AND I'VE BEEN DOING 3033 01:53:09,320 --> 01:53:10,520 RESEARCH AROUND FOOD AND 3034 01:53:10,520 --> 01:53:12,480 NUTRITION FOR QUITE A LONG TIME, 3035 01:53:12,480 --> 01:53:13,800 THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE PROCESS. 3036 01:53:13,800 --> 01:53:15,960 AND SO I JUST WANTED TO TALK 3037 01:53:15,960 --> 01:53:17,400 BRIEFLY ABOUT SOME WORK I'VE 3038 01:53:17,400 --> 01:53:19,280 DONE RELATED TO SCHOOL FOOD 3039 01:53:19,280 --> 01:53:20,800 BECAUSE I THINK IT HIGHLIGHTS 3040 01:53:20,800 --> 01:53:25,000 THERE'S BEEN A LOT OF POLICY 3041 01:53:25,000 --> 01:53:26,840 CHANGE AND SUCCESS TOUCHING ON 3042 01:53:26,840 --> 01:53:30,360 US, WHEN WE SEE SUCCESSES. 3043 01:53:30,360 --> 01:53:32,880 EARLY ON IN THE EARLY 2000s, 3044 01:53:32,880 --> 01:53:34,960 WE HAD A GOVERNOR IN CALIFORNIA 3045 01:53:34,960 --> 01:53:36,720 WHO WAS INTERESTED IN HEALTH. 3046 01:53:36,720 --> 01:53:39,520 WE HAD A LOT OF SODA AND CHIPS 3047 01:53:39,520 --> 01:53:40,720 AND CANDIES AND COOKIES IN 3048 01:53:40,720 --> 01:53:41,920 SCHOOLS THAT PEOPLE HAD STARTED 3049 01:53:41,920 --> 01:53:44,240 TO BE AWARE MAYBE WASN'T THE 3050 01:53:44,240 --> 01:53:45,040 BEST IDEA. 3051 01:53:45,040 --> 01:53:46,800 THERE WAS INTEREST IN MOVING YOU 3052 01:53:46,800 --> 01:53:48,880 THE BUT THE PUSHBACK WAS COMING 3053 01:53:48,880 --> 01:53:51,640 RELATED SIMILAR TO AS WE HEARD 3054 01:53:51,640 --> 01:53:56,800 FROM TOBACCO, WAS RELATED TO 3055 01:53:56,800 --> 01:53:57,200 MONEY. 3056 01:53:57,200 --> 01:53:59,840 COULD SCHOOLS FINANCIALLY 3057 01:53:59,840 --> 01:54:01,360 SURVIVE IF WE STOPPED SELLING 3058 01:54:01,360 --> 01:54:07,080 COOKIES AND SODA AND CHIPS TO 3059 01:54:07,080 --> 01:54:08,560 STUDENTS IN SCHOOLS, NOT ONLY 3060 01:54:08,560 --> 01:54:11,000 FOOD SYSTEMS BUT THOSE THINGS 3061 01:54:11,000 --> 01:54:12,400 WERE ALSO FUNDING OTHER 3062 01:54:12,400 --> 01:54:13,840 IMPORTANT THINGS TO SCHOOLS. 3063 01:54:13,840 --> 01:54:15,480 WE AT OUR INSTITUTE ACTUALLY 3064 01:54:15,480 --> 01:54:17,760 WOUND UP DOING A COST STUDY 3065 01:54:17,760 --> 01:54:20,680 LOOKING AT THIS QUESTION, WAS IT 3066 01:54:20,680 --> 01:54:22,480 POSSIBLE, WE FOUND SCHOOLS 3067 01:54:22,480 --> 01:54:24,240 WILLING TO STOP DOING THOSE 3068 01:54:24,240 --> 01:54:26,600 SALES AND STUDIED IT AND 3069 01:54:26,600 --> 01:54:29,200 INFORMED THE GOVERNOR AS WELL AS 3070 01:54:29,200 --> 01:54:30,960 OTHER POLICYMAKERS WHO TOOK THAT 3071 01:54:30,960 --> 01:54:32,880 EVIDENCE AND SAID, GREAT, WE'LL 3072 01:54:32,880 --> 01:54:35,440 TAKE THOSE THINGS OUT BECAUSE WE 3073 01:54:35,440 --> 01:54:36,960 FOUND THAT, NO, ACTUALLY IT 3074 01:54:36,960 --> 01:54:38,200 WASN'T A PROBLEM FINANCIALLY FOR 3075 01:54:38,200 --> 01:54:39,440 SCHOOLS, IF YOU TAKE THOSE FOODS 3076 01:54:39,440 --> 01:54:42,320 OUT THEY SELL MORE OF THE PAID 3077 01:54:42,320 --> 01:54:43,960 MEALS AND FEDERALLY REIMBURSABLE 3078 01:54:43,960 --> 01:54:45,400 MEALS AND ACTUALLY BOTTOM LINE 3079 01:54:45,400 --> 01:54:46,840 WAS THAT FOR ALMOST EVERY SCHOOL 3080 01:54:46,840 --> 01:54:49,040 IN THE STUDY, THERE WERE A 3081 01:54:49,040 --> 01:54:50,840 COUPLE EXCEPTIONS, THIS IS 3082 01:54:50,840 --> 01:54:52,400 FAIRLY TYPICAL, FOR THE MOST 3083 01:54:52,400 --> 01:54:55,680 PART FINANCIALLY IT WAS A WASH, 3084 01:54:55,680 --> 01:55:00,080 SOME SCHOOLS MADE MORE MONEY 3085 01:55:00,080 --> 01:55:01,840 BECAUSE THE MEALS WERE BETTER 3086 01:55:01,840 --> 01:55:02,480 REVENUE GENERATORS. 3087 01:55:02,480 --> 01:55:04,360 CALIFORNIA PASSED THE LAW. 3088 01:55:04,360 --> 01:55:05,640 FAST FORWARD, A POLICY WINDOW 3089 01:55:05,640 --> 01:55:07,080 WAS OPEN WHERE BARACK OBAMA WAS 3090 01:55:07,080 --> 01:55:08,360 PRESIDENT, THERE WAS INTEREST IN 3091 01:55:08,360 --> 01:55:09,480 FOOD AND NUTRITION AT THE 3092 01:55:09,480 --> 01:55:10,480 NATIONAL LEVEL. 3093 01:55:10,480 --> 01:55:12,440 WE HAD THIS EXAMPLE IN 3094 01:55:12,440 --> 01:55:13,280 CALIFORNIA WHERE WE HAD DONE 3095 01:55:13,280 --> 01:55:14,640 THIS BY THEN MAYBE A COUPLE 3096 01:55:14,640 --> 01:55:16,400 OTHER STATES MIGHT HAVE ALSO 3097 01:55:16,400 --> 01:55:16,840 ACTED. 3098 01:55:16,840 --> 01:55:19,480 YOU HAD THIS ADOPTED INTO 3099 01:55:19,480 --> 01:55:20,920 FEDERAL POLICY ESSENTIALLY, 3100 01:55:20,920 --> 01:55:21,760 BASICALLY CALIFORNIA'S POLICY, 3101 01:55:21,760 --> 01:55:24,440 MORE OR LESS, WITH LOTS OF OTHER 3102 01:55:24,440 --> 01:55:25,400 POLICY ACTORS, RESEARCHERS. 3103 01:55:25,400 --> 01:55:26,960 THERE WAS A HUGE COMMUNITY 3104 01:55:26,960 --> 01:55:28,560 WORKING ON THIS. 3105 01:55:28,560 --> 01:55:29,520 YOU ESSENTIALLY DID SEE THIS 3106 01:55:29,520 --> 01:55:32,800 CHANGE AT THE FEDERAL LEVEL. 3107 01:55:32,800 --> 01:55:37,400 INTERESTINGLY THOUGH THAT CHANGE 3108 01:55:37,400 --> 01:55:38,280 BROUGHT INCREDIBLE PUSHBACK 3109 01:55:38,280 --> 01:55:42,320 AGAINST SCHOOL FOOD, IT TOOK AN 3110 01:55:42,320 --> 01:55:43,640 ISSUE, CHILD NUTRITION, 3111 01:55:43,640 --> 01:55:46,040 BIPARTISAN FOREVER LOVED BY 3112 01:55:46,040 --> 01:55:49,680 MEMBERS OF BOTH PARTIES IN 3113 01:55:49,680 --> 01:55:51,680 CONGRESS, AND POLARIZED IT. 3114 01:55:51,680 --> 01:55:56,520 WE'VE NOT REAUTHORIZE D CHILD 3115 01:55:56,520 --> 01:55:57,920 NUTRITION SINCE THAT TIME. 3116 01:55:57,920 --> 01:55:59,320 NOW IT'S A POLITICALLY CHARGED 3117 01:55:59,320 --> 01:56:00,880 ISSUE AT THE FEDERAL LEVEL 3118 01:56:00,880 --> 01:56:02,200 THOUGH WE'RE STILL SEEING 3119 01:56:02,200 --> 01:56:09,080 PROGRESS BECAUSE FOR EXAMPLE IN 3120 01:56:09,080 --> 01:56:13,640 COVID WE HAD AN EXTERNAL SHOCK, 3121 01:56:13,640 --> 01:56:17,640 AND SO SCHOOL MEALS BECAME FREE 3122 01:56:17,640 --> 01:56:18,720 TO STUDENTS, STUDENTS WEREN'T 3123 01:56:18,720 --> 01:56:20,480 PAYING FOR SCHOOL MEALS DURING 3124 01:56:20,480 --> 01:56:22,000 COVID, ACROSS THE NATION, 3125 01:56:22,000 --> 01:56:23,680 BECAUSE FOOD INSECURITY BECAME 3126 01:56:23,680 --> 01:56:24,880 VERY PROMINENT ON THE AGENDA 3127 01:56:24,880 --> 01:56:26,200 EARLY ON IN COVID. 3128 01:56:26,200 --> 01:56:27,920 IT WAS MESSAGED A LOT ABOUT IN 3129 01:56:27,920 --> 01:56:28,600 THE MEDIA. 3130 01:56:28,600 --> 01:56:30,680 EVERYONE WAS WORRIED ABOUT IT. 3131 01:56:30,680 --> 01:56:38,000 SO MEALS BECAME FREE FOR ALL 3132 01:56:38,000 --> 01:56:38,360 STUDENTS. 3133 01:56:38,360 --> 01:56:40,640 THIS YEAR NO LONG I IS THE 3134 01:56:40,640 --> 01:56:42,120 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT DOING THAT 3135 01:56:42,120 --> 01:56:43,400 BUT CALIFORNIA AND MAINE SAID 3136 01:56:43,400 --> 01:56:44,680 WE'LL CONTINUE. 3137 01:56:44,680 --> 01:56:46,560 WE AT NUTRITION POLICY INSTITUTE 3138 01:56:46,560 --> 01:56:48,640 REACH OUT AND SAID WE NEED TO 3139 01:56:48,640 --> 01:56:49,720 STUDY THIS REALLY IMPORTANT 3140 01:56:49,720 --> 01:56:50,680 NATIONAL ISSUE WE'VE BEEN 3141 01:56:50,680 --> 01:56:52,040 TALKING ABOUT FOR A LONG TIME 3142 01:56:52,040 --> 01:56:55,040 AND GOT MONEY FROM THE 3143 01:56:55,040 --> 01:56:56,200 LEGISLATURE TO DO THAT STUDY. 3144 01:56:56,200 --> 01:56:59,760 SO SORT OF WHAT ALSO WE'VE BEEN 3145 01:56:59,760 --> 01:57:01,240 TALKING ABOUT, NOW IN THE 3146 01:57:01,240 --> 01:57:03,920 PROCESS OF HELPING CALIFORNIA 3147 01:57:03,920 --> 01:57:04,840 UNDERSTAND HOW THIS PROCESS 3148 01:57:04,840 --> 01:57:06,520 WORKS, ABLE TO INFORM OTHER 3149 01:57:06,520 --> 01:57:10,400 STATES, WE HAVE A 10-STATE STUDY 3150 01:57:10,400 --> 01:57:11,600 WITH NATIONAL PARTNERS NOW WHERE 3151 01:57:11,600 --> 01:57:14,040 WE'RE TRYING TO UNDERSTAND THIS. 3152 01:57:14,040 --> 01:57:15,400 THAT'S JUST AN EXAMPLE FROM MY 3153 01:57:15,400 --> 01:57:22,040 WORK AND I WANT TO PASS IT TO 3154 01:57:22,040 --> 01:57:22,200 JEN. 3155 01:57:22,200 --> 01:57:23,120 >> SO INTERESTING. 3156 01:57:23,120 --> 01:57:24,320 TWO THEMES CAME OUT. 3157 01:57:24,320 --> 01:57:26,280 YOU'LL HEAR MINE IN A SECOND BUT 3158 01:57:26,280 --> 01:57:28,160 ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WE NEED 3159 01:57:28,160 --> 01:57:31,480 TO TALK ABOUT AS RESEARCHERS IS 3160 01:57:31,480 --> 01:57:32,960 THIS BALANCE BETWEEN NATIONAL 3161 01:57:32,960 --> 01:57:34,840 AND STATE AND LOCAL, RIGHT? 3162 01:57:34,840 --> 01:57:38,440 AND I THINK WE ALL INHERENTLY 3163 01:57:38,440 --> 01:57:40,560 KNOW THIS, THE NET GAIN IS 3164 01:57:40,560 --> 01:57:42,960 CHANGING AS THERE'S GRIDLOCK AT 3165 01:57:42,960 --> 01:57:44,120 NATIONAL LEVEL PUSHING THINGS TO 3166 01:57:44,120 --> 01:57:45,480 THE STATE LEVEL, A LOT OF PEOPLE 3167 01:57:45,480 --> 01:57:47,600 THINK THIS IS A GOOD THING, IT 3168 01:57:47,600 --> 01:57:49,320 IS IN SOME WAYS BUT PUBLIC 3169 01:57:49,320 --> 01:57:50,600 HEALTH RESEARCHERS DON'T ALWAYS 3170 01:57:50,600 --> 01:57:58,040 KNOW SOME OF THE UNINTENDED 3171 01:57:58,040 --> 01:57:58,960 CONSEQUENCES, FEEDING A 3172 01:57:58,960 --> 01:57:59,920 POLARIZATION CYCLE THAT WE'RE 3173 01:57:59,920 --> 01:58:01,280 STARTING TO SEE AND WE'LL TALK 3174 01:58:01,280 --> 01:58:04,440 ABOUT THAT AS WE GO THROUGH THE 3175 01:58:04,440 --> 01:58:05,080 SLIDES. 3176 01:58:05,080 --> 01:58:09,120 I'LL DO THE QUICK INTRODUCTION, 3177 01:58:09,120 --> 01:58:10,880 THAT I WAS WORKING 8 YEARS 3178 01:58:10,880 --> 01:58:13,080 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 3179 01:58:13,080 --> 01:58:16,000 INCLUDING AS MANY YEARS AS FIRST 3180 01:58:16,000 --> 01:58:17,440 COMMUNICATIONS DIRECTOR, WORKING 3181 01:58:17,440 --> 01:58:20,080 IN FEDERAL POLICY AT NATIONAL 3182 01:58:20,080 --> 01:58:21,720 LEVEL AND HELPING COMMUNICATE 3183 01:58:21,720 --> 01:58:22,600 OUR REPORTS OUT. 3184 01:58:22,600 --> 01:58:24,400 THINKING VERY MUCH ABOUT THE 3185 01:58:24,400 --> 01:58:26,640 MESSAGING AND WHO THOSE REPORTS 3186 01:58:26,640 --> 01:58:28,840 SHOULD GO TO, SINCE THEN I'VE 3187 01:58:28,840 --> 01:58:30,120 BEEN A RESEARCHER RESEARCHER 3188 01:58:30,120 --> 01:58:37,480 THINGS THAT INTERSECTING FOOD 3189 01:58:37,480 --> 01:58:38,040 SYSTEMS. 3190 01:58:38,040 --> 01:58:41,120 THE EXAMPLE, I PIECED IT OUT 3191 01:58:41,120 --> 01:58:42,880 AMONGST THE SLIDES, WAS TALKING 3192 01:58:42,880 --> 01:58:44,920 ABOUT MINIMUM WAGE RESEARCH SO 3193 01:58:44,920 --> 01:58:49,120 IN 2015 SEATTLE PASSED A MINIMUM 3194 01:58:49,120 --> 01:58:51,200 WAGE -- $15 MINIMUM WAGE POLICY, 3195 01:58:51,200 --> 01:58:53,000 AND THE CITY HAD PUT IN FUNDS TO 3196 01:58:53,000 --> 01:58:55,440 DO AN EVALUATION AS PART OF THE 3197 01:58:55,440 --> 01:58:57,560 LEGISLATION, AND REACHED OUT TO 3198 01:58:57,560 --> 01:59:00,640 OUR FOLKS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 3199 01:59:00,640 --> 01:59:01,840 WASHINGTON, WHICH WERE MOSTLY 3200 01:59:01,840 --> 01:59:03,040 ECONOMISTS, AND SAID WE WOULD 3201 01:59:03,040 --> 01:59:04,720 LIKE TO KNOW EFFECTS ON MINIMUM 3202 01:59:04,720 --> 01:59:05,520 WAGE ON FOLLOW THINGS. 3203 01:59:05,520 --> 01:59:09,280 IT WAS THE USUAL THINGS, LABOR, 3204 01:59:09,280 --> 01:59:10,480 ACTUAL WAGES, ALL OF THOSE 3205 01:59:10,480 --> 01:59:10,840 THINGS. 3206 01:59:10,840 --> 01:59:13,400 AT THE TAIL END THEY ADDED FOOD 3207 01:59:13,400 --> 01:59:15,200 PRICES AND FOOD SECURITY, 3208 01:59:15,200 --> 01:59:17,360 ECONOMISTS WENT, WHO DOES THAT? 3209 01:59:17,360 --> 01:59:19,120 LIKE WHO ARE WE SUPPOSED TO CALL 3210 01:59:19,120 --> 01:59:20,200 TO DO THAT? 3211 01:59:20,200 --> 01:59:22,440 I GOT PULLED INTO THE PROJECT 3212 01:59:22,440 --> 01:59:33,000 AND FELT A BIT LIKE A ZEBRA WITH 3213 01:59:33,760 --> 01:59:35,560 A HERD OF BUSINESS ON, AN 3214 01:59:35,560 --> 01:59:38,480 INTERESTING LESSON FOR ME. 3215 01:59:38,480 --> 01:59:39,200 I'LL USE THAT EXAMPLE GOING 3216 01:59:39,200 --> 01:59:41,120 THROUGH THE SLIDES. 3217 01:59:41,120 --> 01:59:43,520 NEXT SLIDE. 3218 01:59:43,520 --> 01:59:45,960 ALL RIGHT. 3219 01:59:45,960 --> 01:59:49,800 SO HERE IS THE WHERE THE 3220 01:59:49,800 --> 01:59:51,680 CONVERSATION GOES IN MY MIND, 3221 01:59:51,680 --> 01:59:53,320 WE'RE IN THIS DYNAMIC TIME, WHAT 3222 01:59:53,320 --> 01:59:55,640 DOES THAT MEAN? 3223 01:59:55,640 --> 01:59:57,160 PUBLIC HEALTHF SOMEONE SAID WHAT 3224 01:59:57,160 --> 01:59:59,600 DO PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCHERS 3225 01:59:59,600 --> 02:00:01,760 NEED TO KNOW FOOD SYSTEMS, 3226 02:00:01,760 --> 02:00:03,400 CLIMATE CHANGE PEOPLE NEED TO 3227 02:00:03,400 --> 02:00:03,680 KNOW. 3228 02:00:03,680 --> 02:00:05,560 IT'S THAT STANDARD WAYS OF 3229 02:00:05,560 --> 02:00:06,880 UNDERSTANDING POLICY AND 3230 02:00:06,880 --> 02:00:09,280 POLITICAL PROCESSES ARE NOT 3231 02:00:09,280 --> 02:00:10,800 NECESSARILY APPLYING, AND WE 3232 02:00:10,800 --> 02:00:11,480 NEED NEW FRAMEWORKS. 3233 02:00:11,480 --> 02:00:14,520 ONE OF THE BIG THINGS WE KEEP 3234 02:00:14,520 --> 02:00:18,680 MENTIONING IS THE STATE POLICY, 3235 02:00:18,680 --> 02:00:19,800 THINKING ABOUT STATES BECOMING 3236 02:00:19,800 --> 02:00:22,160 KIND OF THE CENTRAL BATTLE 3237 02:00:22,160 --> 02:00:23,840 GROUND BECAUSE IT'S REALLY -- IT 3238 02:00:23,840 --> 02:00:26,040 REALLY CHANGES THE GAME FOR WHO 3239 02:00:26,040 --> 02:00:27,560 YOU COMMUNICATE TO. 3240 02:00:27,560 --> 02:00:29,320 A LOT OF PUBLIC HEALTH 3241 02:00:29,320 --> 02:00:30,160 RESEARCHERS DON'T REALIZE ONCE 3242 02:00:30,160 --> 02:00:33,600 YOU FLIP THAT MODEL TO THE STATE 3243 02:00:33,600 --> 02:00:35,800 LEVEL, THE STATES ARE FAR MORE 3244 02:00:35,800 --> 02:00:37,400 CAPTURED BY INTEREST GROUPS, YOU 3245 02:00:37,400 --> 02:00:40,360 ARE A GREATER NUMBER OF 3246 02:00:40,360 --> 02:00:41,800 STAKEHOLDERS, AND WHEN WE TURN 3247 02:00:41,800 --> 02:00:43,920 TO THE STATES, THE TEMPERATURE 3248 02:00:43,920 --> 02:00:47,320 OFTEN GOES UP RATHER THAN DOWN, 3249 02:00:47,320 --> 02:00:49,320 SOMETIMES PEOPLE VIEW NATIONAL 3250 02:00:49,320 --> 02:00:50,480 TOPICS AS MORE BORING, WE'RE 3251 02:00:50,480 --> 02:00:52,480 USED TO HEAR ABOUT THEM IN THE 3252 02:00:52,480 --> 02:00:55,120 MEDIA, WHEN THEY GET INTO THE 3253 02:00:55,120 --> 02:00:58,400 STATES THEY CAN OFTEN JUST KIND 3254 02:00:58,400 --> 02:00:59,480 OF REALLY BECOME EXPLOSIVE, I 3255 02:00:59,480 --> 02:01:02,360 THINK ABOUT MINIMUM WAGE AS A 3256 02:01:02,360 --> 02:01:03,640 GREAT EXAMPLE OF TALKING ABOUT 3257 02:01:03,640 --> 02:01:05,360 THE NATIONAL LEVEL DIDN'T CHANGE 3258 02:01:05,360 --> 02:01:06,080 THE TEMPERATURE. 3259 02:01:06,080 --> 02:01:08,200 ONCE THE STATES OR LOCALITIES 3260 02:01:08,200 --> 02:01:10,120 TALKED ABOUT POLICIES IT RAISED 3261 02:01:10,120 --> 02:01:11,400 THE TEMPERATURE WHICH HAD 3262 02:01:11,400 --> 02:01:13,400 IMPLICATIONS ON HOW PEOPLE DID 3263 02:01:13,400 --> 02:01:14,880 RESEARCH AND COMMUNICATED THAT 3264 02:01:14,880 --> 02:01:15,160 RESEARCH. 3265 02:01:15,160 --> 02:01:16,640 I THINK THE SECOND PIECE THAT I 3266 02:01:16,640 --> 02:01:19,000 WOULD WANT ALL PUBLIC HEALTH 3267 02:01:19,000 --> 02:01:21,880 RESEARCHERS TO KNOW ABOUT, ONCE 3268 02:01:21,880 --> 02:01:23,800 IT DOES GET TO STATE LEVEL 3269 02:01:23,800 --> 02:01:25,360 ISSUES VOTES ARE HARDER TO TRACK 3270 02:01:25,360 --> 02:01:27,000 SO IF YOU'RE TRYING TO INFORM 3271 02:01:27,000 --> 02:01:28,200 THAT CONVERSATION YOU HAVE TO 3272 02:01:28,200 --> 02:01:29,360 KNOW WHO TO TALK TO. 3273 02:01:29,360 --> 02:01:33,520 IT'S NOT GOING TO COME UP IN TE 3274 02:01:33,520 --> 02:01:34,760 LOCAL PAPER, WE DON'T HAVE LOCAL 3275 02:01:34,760 --> 02:01:35,680 PAPERS ANYMORE. 3276 02:01:35,680 --> 02:01:37,400 WE HAVE NATIONAL PAPERS THAT 3277 02:01:37,400 --> 02:01:39,680 COVER NATIONAL ISSUES, YOU HAVE 3278 02:01:39,680 --> 02:01:41,400 THIS COMMUNICATION STREAM AT THE 3279 02:01:41,400 --> 02:01:44,320 NATIONAL LEVEL AND POLICY STREAM 3280 02:01:44,320 --> 02:01:47,000 AT MORE LOCAL LEVEL. 3281 02:01:47,000 --> 02:01:49,800 THAT GETS TIED UP, WHEN I HEARD 3282 02:01:49,800 --> 02:01:51,640 WENDI'S EXAMPLE OF THE SCHOOL 3283 02:01:51,640 --> 02:01:53,200 LUNCH THING, I THOUGHT A LOT 3284 02:01:53,200 --> 02:01:54,800 ABOUT THOSE TWO POINTS. 3285 02:01:54,800 --> 02:02:03,280 WENDI, DO YOU WANT TO ADD 3286 02:02:03,280 --> 02:02:03,720 ANYTHING HERE? 3287 02:02:03,720 --> 02:02:06,320 >> IN THE INTEREST OF TIME WE 3288 02:02:06,320 --> 02:02:07,760 SHOULD KEEP GOING. 3289 02:02:07,760 --> 02:02:09,080 >> NEXT SLIDE. 3290 02:02:09,080 --> 02:02:13,120 WENDI, DO YOU WANT TO KICK THIS 3291 02:02:13,120 --> 02:02:14,080 SLIDE OFF OR ME? 3292 02:02:14,080 --> 02:02:14,400 >> YOU GO. 3293 02:02:14,400 --> 02:02:16,760 >> SO ONE OF THE MODELS WE 3294 02:02:16,760 --> 02:02:17,720 TALKED ABOUT, THINKING ABOUT 3295 02:02:17,720 --> 02:02:20,240 WHAT ARE MODELS USEFUL TO US, 3296 02:02:20,240 --> 02:02:22,040 ONE WAS WE STARTED THINKING 3297 02:02:22,040 --> 02:02:23,640 ABOUT JUST THE VAST NUMBER OF 3298 02:02:23,640 --> 02:02:26,520 STAKEHOLDER GROUPS THAT MIGHT BE 3299 02:02:26,520 --> 02:02:28,440 INFLUENCING NUTRITION POLICY. 3300 02:02:28,440 --> 02:02:29,160 WE WERE ASKING OURSELVES 3301 02:02:29,160 --> 02:02:31,280 QUESTIONS LIKE WHAT ARE THE 3302 02:02:31,280 --> 02:02:32,480 BOUNDARIES OF THE NUTRITION 3303 02:02:32,480 --> 02:02:33,920 POLICY SPACE, AND I ASKED THE 3304 02:02:33,920 --> 02:02:35,440 QUESTION FROM A MINIMUM WAGE 3305 02:02:35,440 --> 02:02:37,520 STANDPOINT OF WHEN I WAS IN THE 3306 02:02:37,520 --> 02:02:41,720 MINIMUM WAGE SPACE, I WAS IN THE 3307 02:02:41,720 --> 02:02:43,200 FUNCTIONING WITH A DIFFERENT SET 3308 02:02:43,200 --> 02:02:45,240 OF PLAY OTHERS THIS GRAPH OR 3309 02:02:45,240 --> 02:02:46,640 THIS FIGURE YOU SEE. 3310 02:02:46,640 --> 02:02:48,600 SO WHAT DO WE DO WITH THE OTHER 3311 02:02:48,600 --> 02:02:49,840 SPACES THAT ARE MAYBE UPSTREAM 3312 02:02:49,840 --> 02:02:52,000 OF THE ISSUES THAT WE'RE WORKING 3313 02:02:52,000 --> 02:02:54,160 ON, KIND OF OVERLAPPING WITH OUR 3314 02:02:54,160 --> 02:02:54,520 SPACE? 3315 02:02:54,520 --> 02:02:57,600 AND THEN WHEN I LOOK AT THIS 3316 02:02:57,600 --> 02:03:00,880 GRAPHIC, I THINK OF IT CAN BE 3317 02:03:00,880 --> 02:03:02,880 OVERWHELMING TO THINK YOU MIGHT 3318 02:03:02,880 --> 02:03:06,880 HAVE TO COMMUNICATE TO ALL THESE 3319 02:03:06,880 --> 02:03:08,560 AUDIENCES, HOW DO YOU GET TO 3320 02:03:08,560 --> 02:03:11,920 KNOW WHO THE POWERPLAYERS ARE, 3321 02:03:11,920 --> 02:03:14,160 THE ONES WHO CAN ACTUALLY BE THE 3322 02:03:14,160 --> 02:03:15,480 LEADERS OF CHANGE. 3323 02:03:15,480 --> 02:03:16,960 I THINK CHRISTINA TOUCHED ON 3324 02:03:16,960 --> 02:03:21,960 THAT IN HER TALK AS WELL. 3325 02:03:21,960 --> 02:03:22,800 PASSING TO WENDI. 3326 02:03:22,800 --> 02:03:24,640 >> YEAH, THINK -- I LOVE THIS 3327 02:03:24,640 --> 02:03:26,080 GRAPHIC, TRYING TO THINK HOW WE 3328 02:03:26,080 --> 02:03:27,760 CAN USE THIS AND BUILD FROM IT. 3329 02:03:27,760 --> 02:03:29,760 THIS IS IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT AND 3330 02:03:29,760 --> 02:03:32,080 WE'RE THINKING ABOUT WHAT'S THE 3331 02:03:32,080 --> 02:03:34,080 GLOBAL CONTEXT, WHAT'S THE 3332 02:03:34,080 --> 02:03:36,040 DOMESTIC CONTEXT, IN TERMS OF 3333 02:03:36,040 --> 02:03:37,560 QUESTIONS WE'RE TRYING TO ANSWER 3334 02:03:37,560 --> 02:03:40,520 HOW DO WE BUILD A MODEL OUT, TO 3335 02:03:40,520 --> 02:03:42,520 REALLY HELP US THINK ABOUT WHERE 3336 02:03:42,520 --> 02:03:46,200 ARE THOSE LEVERS FOR WHAT WE 3337 02:03:46,200 --> 02:03:48,520 SHOULD BE CONSIDERING. 3338 02:03:48,520 --> 02:03:51,160 NEXT SLIDE. 3339 02:03:51,160 --> 02:03:53,200 AND THEN YOU SAW THIS SLIDE COME 3340 02:03:53,200 --> 02:03:55,000 UP IN JESS' INTRODUCTION. 3341 02:03:55,000 --> 02:03:57,400 WE LOVE THIS SLIDE BECAUSE WE 3342 02:03:57,400 --> 02:03:58,400 OFTEN FEEL LIKE RESEARCHERS 3343 02:03:58,400 --> 02:04:00,880 THINK ON THE RIGHT SIDE ONLY, 3344 02:04:00,880 --> 02:04:02,960 LIKE HERE IS MY SCIENCE, HOW DO 3345 02:04:02,960 --> 02:04:05,360 I GET THE INFORMATION OUT TO THE 3346 02:04:05,360 --> 02:04:06,840 DEMAND SIDE? 3347 02:04:06,840 --> 02:04:08,080 POLICY SPACE BOUNDARIES ARE 3348 02:04:08,080 --> 02:04:11,360 INFLUENCED BY THE LEFT SIDE. 3349 02:04:11,360 --> 02:04:13,040 SOME TRUTHS CAN BE INCONVENIENT, 3350 02:04:13,040 --> 02:04:14,200 WHEN YOU START TO LOOK AT THE 3351 02:04:14,200 --> 02:04:18,280 LEFT SIDE AND THINK ABOUT MAYBE 3352 02:04:18,280 --> 02:04:19,120 HOW RESEARCHERS OR HOW 3353 02:04:19,120 --> 02:04:21,000 SCIENTISTS DO AND DON'T SIT IN 3354 02:04:21,000 --> 02:04:22,960 THOSE SPACES OR CAN AND CAN'T 3355 02:04:22,960 --> 02:04:24,760 SIT IN THOSE SPACES, RIGHT? 3356 02:04:24,760 --> 02:04:28,120 AND SO SOME THINGS WE TALKED 3357 02:04:28,120 --> 02:04:29,680 ABOUT, HOW WOULD WE -- YOU KNOW, 3358 02:04:29,680 --> 02:04:31,520 IF WE LOOKED AT THIS GRAPHIC AND 3359 02:04:31,520 --> 02:04:32,720 SAID WHAT WOULD BE THE MOST 3360 02:04:32,720 --> 02:04:34,000 IMPORTANT THINGS TO DO ON THE 3361 02:04:34,000 --> 02:04:35,920 RIGHT SIDE AND LEFT SIDE, WHAT 3362 02:04:35,920 --> 02:04:36,640 WOULD THOSE BE TODAY? 3363 02:04:36,640 --> 02:04:38,960 I DON'T THINK WE HAVE AN ANSWER 3364 02:04:38,960 --> 02:04:39,240 FOR THAT. 3365 02:04:39,240 --> 02:04:40,720 BUT THOSE WERE SOME OF THE 3366 02:04:40,720 --> 02:04:43,440 THINGS WE WERE TALKING ABOUT. 3367 02:04:43,440 --> 02:04:44,800 >> AFTER LISTENING TO WHAT ANN 3368 02:04:44,800 --> 02:04:46,080 WAS TALKING ABOUT IN TERMS OF 3369 02:04:46,080 --> 02:04:49,600 HOW WE THINK ABOUT THE LONG GAME 3370 02:04:49,600 --> 02:04:51,120 WE NEED TO REVISE THE SLIDE 3371 02:04:51,120 --> 02:04:53,320 BECAUSE I THINK IT WAS SUCH A 3372 02:04:53,320 --> 02:04:55,880 GOOD POINT THAT SCIENCE IS 3373 02:04:55,880 --> 02:04:57,560 ACTUALLY INFLUENCING BEFORE THE 3374 02:04:57,560 --> 02:04:59,440 POLITICS IS INFLUENCING, AND 3375 02:04:59,440 --> 02:05:00,160 ALSO CAN BE INTENTIONALLY 3376 02:05:00,160 --> 02:05:01,600 INFLUENCING LATER BUT IF WE 3377 02:05:01,600 --> 02:05:03,200 THINK ABOUT SCIENCE AS SORT OF 3378 02:05:03,200 --> 02:05:05,360 SETTING THE STAGE FOR SOME OF 3379 02:05:05,360 --> 02:05:07,240 THE WAYS IN WHICH PROBLEMS ARE 3380 02:05:07,240 --> 02:05:08,800 THOUGHT ABOUT, FRAMED, GETTING 3381 02:05:08,800 --> 02:05:10,400 ON AN AGENDA OVER A LONGER 3382 02:05:10,400 --> 02:05:12,040 PERIOD OF TIME I THINK WE COULD 3383 02:05:12,040 --> 02:05:16,880 RETHINK A LITTLE BIT HOW THIS 3384 02:05:16,880 --> 02:05:17,160 LOOKS. 3385 02:05:17,160 --> 02:05:18,680 NEXT SLIDE PLEASE. 3386 02:05:18,680 --> 02:05:21,120 SO WE WANTED TO CONCLUDE WITH 3387 02:05:21,120 --> 02:05:22,960 REALLY WE WERE GRAPPLING WITH, 3388 02:05:22,960 --> 02:05:25,280 OKAY, WE WANT TO THINK ABOUT 3389 02:05:25,280 --> 02:05:26,480 WHAT ARE SPECIFICALLY THE 3390 02:05:26,480 --> 02:05:28,160 OPPORTUNITIES FOR SCIENCE TO 3391 02:05:28,160 --> 02:05:30,320 INFLUENCE POLICIES THAT SHAPE 3392 02:05:30,320 --> 02:05:31,600 OUR INDIVIDUAL, SOCIAL, 3393 02:05:31,600 --> 02:05:32,760 INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL 3394 02:05:32,760 --> 02:05:34,080 BEHAVIORS RELATED TO CLIMATE, 3395 02:05:34,080 --> 02:05:36,120 ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE, AND DIET 3396 02:05:36,120 --> 02:05:38,200 AND NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 3397 02:05:38,200 --> 02:05:40,560 JEN, DID YOU WANT TO ADD TO 3398 02:05:40,560 --> 02:05:40,760 THAT? 3399 02:05:40,760 --> 02:05:41,640 >> NO, GO AHEAD. 3400 02:05:41,640 --> 02:05:42,680 >> OKAY, NEXT SLIDE. 3401 02:05:42,680 --> 02:05:45,360 SO WE CAME ONE A VERY 3402 02:05:45,360 --> 02:05:47,000 OVERSIMPLIFIED LIST OF SOME WAYS 3403 02:05:47,000 --> 02:05:49,280 THAT WE COULD START FEELING LIKE 3404 02:05:49,280 --> 02:05:53,280 WE COULD HANG OUR HAT, MOST HAVE 3405 02:05:53,280 --> 02:05:57,200 ALREADY COME UP TODAY SO WE'LL 3406 02:05:57,200 --> 02:05:59,280 GO OVER IT BRIEFLY. 3407 02:05:59,280 --> 02:06:02,160 THE MOST OBVIOUS IS FEDERAL 3408 02:06:02,160 --> 02:06:02,480 LEGISLATION 3409 02:06:02,480 --> 02:06:03,840 MAYBE LESS SO PEOPLE THINKING 3410 02:06:03,840 --> 02:06:06,960 ABOUT THE FEDERAL BUDGET, BUT 3411 02:06:06,960 --> 02:06:08,640 BUDGET DECISIONS REALLY ARE 3412 02:06:08,640 --> 02:06:09,280 POLICY DECISIONS. 3413 02:06:09,280 --> 02:06:11,160 AND IN THE SPACE WE'RE OPERATING 3414 02:06:11,160 --> 02:06:15,120 IN, THE FARM BILL IS ONE OF THE 3415 02:06:15,120 --> 02:06:16,040 MOST OBVIOUS PLACES IN FEDERAL 3416 02:06:16,040 --> 02:06:17,080 LEGISLATION WHERE THIS HAPPENS. 3417 02:06:17,080 --> 02:06:19,400 AS WE TALKED ABOUT THE FARM BILL 3418 02:06:19,400 --> 02:06:21,080 IS ALSO PROBABLY THE MOST 3419 02:06:21,080 --> 02:06:24,480 HOLISTIC SET OF, YOU KNOW, FOOD, 3420 02:06:24,480 --> 02:06:26,680 AGRICULTURE, NUTRITION POLICIES, 3421 02:06:26,680 --> 02:06:28,720 REALLY THE ONLY BIG ONE AT THE 3422 02:06:28,720 --> 02:06:30,440 FEDERAL LEVEL, YET ALSO IT'S ALL 3423 02:06:30,440 --> 02:06:32,720 THERE IN ONE BILL, IT'S REALLY 3424 02:06:32,720 --> 02:06:34,040 NOT INTEGRATED OR HOLISTIC IN 3425 02:06:34,040 --> 02:06:36,000 HOW IT'S THOUGHT ABOUT, HOW 3426 02:06:36,000 --> 02:06:37,080 ADVOCACY WORKS, HOW LEGISLATORS 3427 02:06:37,080 --> 02:06:39,160 WORK AROUND IT. 3428 02:06:39,160 --> 02:06:40,960 THERE'S LOTS OF OPPORTUNITY 3429 02:06:40,960 --> 02:06:42,000 THERE. 3430 02:06:42,000 --> 02:06:43,560 THERE'S SOME REAL CONSTRAINTS, 3431 02:06:43,560 --> 02:06:45,200 CHILD NUTRITION, WHICH I ALSO 3432 02:06:45,200 --> 02:06:46,160 ALREADY MENTIONED. 3433 02:06:46,160 --> 02:06:47,720 AND I THINK WE WERE THINKING 3434 02:06:47,720 --> 02:06:49,480 ABOUT THE RULES OF PUBLIC 3435 02:06:49,480 --> 02:06:49,800 POLICY. 3436 02:06:49,800 --> 02:06:51,600 THERE'S LOTS OF THINGS IN TERMS 3437 02:06:51,600 --> 02:06:53,520 OF THINKING HOW YOU WOULD 3438 02:06:53,520 --> 02:06:55,160 INFLUENCE LEGISLATION AT THE 3439 02:06:55,160 --> 02:06:55,760 FEDERAL LEVEL. 3440 02:06:55,760 --> 02:06:57,880 THINGS WE HAVEN'T REALLY TALKED 3441 02:06:57,880 --> 02:06:59,800 ABOUT THAT ARE REALLY IMPORTANT, 3442 02:06:59,800 --> 02:07:01,600 HOW THE PROCESSES WORK, HOW THE 3443 02:07:01,600 --> 02:07:03,040 HOUSE WORKS, SENATE WORKS, TO 3444 02:07:03,040 --> 02:07:04,320 REALLY UNDERSTAND THAT BECAUSE 3445 02:07:04,320 --> 02:07:06,520 THOSE THINGS MATTER, HOW 3446 02:07:06,520 --> 02:07:07,120 CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES WORK, 3447 02:07:07,120 --> 02:07:08,520 WHERE THE POWER SITS. 3448 02:07:08,520 --> 02:07:11,240 IF WE'RE TRYING TO SPECIFICALLY 3449 02:07:11,240 --> 02:07:14,160 INTENTIONALLY INFLUENCE FEDERAL 3450 02:07:14,160 --> 02:07:16,440 LEGISLATION THERE'S A LOT TO 3451 02:07:16,440 --> 02:07:17,800 THINK ABOUT. 3452 02:07:17,800 --> 02:07:20,120 I THINK PEOPLE KNOW ABOUT BUT 3453 02:07:20,120 --> 02:07:22,280 MAYBE IT'S MORE -- FEWER PEOPLE 3454 02:07:22,280 --> 02:07:23,240 INTENTIONALLY THINK ABOUT IT, 3455 02:07:23,240 --> 02:07:26,640 ALL THE DECISIONS THAT GET MADE 3456 02:07:26,640 --> 02:07:33,600 BY THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH, FEDERAL 3457 02:07:33,600 --> 02:07:34,800 POLICY, THERE'S A LOT OF PLACES 3458 02:07:34,800 --> 02:07:37,320 THEY ARE INTERESTED IN SCIENCE 3459 02:07:37,320 --> 02:07:39,360 TRYING ON UTILIZE SCIENCE, ALSO 3460 02:07:39,360 --> 02:07:41,360 ROOM FOR INFLUENCE FROM ALL 3461 02:07:41,360 --> 02:07:43,640 KINDS OF STAKEHOLDERS IN THOSE 3462 02:07:43,640 --> 02:07:44,160 DECISIONS. 3463 02:07:44,160 --> 02:07:46,800 WE'RE THINKING ABOUT THINGS LIKE 3464 02:07:46,800 --> 02:07:49,320 WHERE DIETARY GUIDANCE AND 3465 02:07:49,320 --> 02:07:52,200 SCIENCE FUNDING AND LOTS OF 3466 02:07:52,200 --> 02:07:54,360 DIFFERENT THINGS THAT HAPPEN, 3467 02:07:54,360 --> 02:07:56,280 ALSO WE HAD INTERESTING 3468 02:07:56,280 --> 02:07:56,720 CONVERSATIONS ABOUT 3469 02:07:56,720 --> 02:07:57,440 IMPLEMENTATION BECAUSE A LOT OF 3470 02:07:57,440 --> 02:07:58,760 PEOPLE TEND TO THINK ABOUT 3471 02:07:58,760 --> 02:08:00,400 YOU'RE DONE WHEN THE POLICY 3472 02:08:00,400 --> 02:08:03,240 PASSES, YOU'VE JUST STARTED WHEN 3473 02:08:03,240 --> 02:08:04,480 THE POLICY PASSES, THERE'S SO 3474 02:08:04,480 --> 02:08:07,160 MUCH WORK IN IMPLEMENTATION TO 3475 02:08:07,160 --> 02:08:08,720 BE THOUGHTFUL AND INTENTIONAL 3476 02:08:08,720 --> 02:08:08,920 ABOUT. 3477 02:08:08,920 --> 02:08:12,160 I WILL TURN IT OVER TO JEN. 3478 02:08:12,160 --> 02:08:13,080 >> GREAT. 3479 02:08:13,080 --> 02:08:14,960 YEAH, I WANT TO EMPHASIZE THE 3480 02:08:14,960 --> 02:08:15,960 FARM BILL. 3481 02:08:15,960 --> 02:08:21,720 I LOVE THAT WENDY FOCUSED ON 3482 02:08:21,720 --> 02:08:21,960 THAT. 3483 02:08:21,960 --> 02:08:23,200 NONE OF US KNOW WHAT'S IN THE 3484 02:08:23,200 --> 02:08:25,080 FARM BILL EXCEPT A FEW OF US SO 3485 02:08:25,080 --> 02:08:27,200 I THINK THAT'S AN AREA WHERE WE 3486 02:08:27,200 --> 02:08:30,240 COULD EDUCATE OURSELVES AND LIKE 3487 02:08:30,240 --> 02:08:31,920 CREATE WORKSHOPS AND HELP THINK 3488 02:08:31,920 --> 02:08:34,760 ABOUT HOW WE CAN TAKE THE 3489 02:08:34,760 --> 02:08:35,840 COMPLEXITY WITH THE COMPLEXITY 3490 02:08:35,840 --> 02:08:37,480 OF WHAT WE'RE TALKING ABOUT AND 3491 02:08:37,480 --> 02:08:38,800 MAYBE BRING THAT TOGETHER A 3492 02:08:38,800 --> 02:08:39,920 LITTLE BIT. 3493 02:08:39,920 --> 02:08:43,520 A GREAT EXAMPLE FOR ME IS ALWAYS 3494 02:08:43,520 --> 02:08:47,120 IN 2014, FARM BILL, THEY ADDED 3495 02:08:47,120 --> 02:08:49,360 THIS SOIL HEALTH PIECE, AND FOR 3496 02:08:49,360 --> 02:08:51,080 THE LONGEST TIME I THOUGHT SOIL 3497 02:08:51,080 --> 02:08:51,960 HEALTH, SO INTERESTING. 3498 02:08:51,960 --> 02:08:54,600 LATER I LEARNED IT WAS A TROJAN 3499 02:08:54,600 --> 02:08:58,320 HORSE FOR THE WORD "CLIMB 3500 02:08:58,320 --> 02:08:58,640 CHANGE." 3501 02:08:58,640 --> 02:09:01,040 EVERY TIME YOU SEE SOIL HEALTH 3502 02:09:01,040 --> 02:09:02,240 IT'S CLIMB CHANGE, CHANGING THE 3503 02:09:02,240 --> 02:09:03,320 WAY I READ THE FARM BILL. 3504 02:09:03,320 --> 02:09:05,640 THERE ARE OPPORTUNITIES TO DO 3505 02:09:05,640 --> 02:09:07,080 THAT WORK THAT BE INTERESTING TO 3506 02:09:07,080 --> 02:09:07,720 THINK ABOUT. 3507 02:09:07,720 --> 02:09:11,600 ON THE RIGHT SIDE ON THE BOTTOM, 3508 02:09:11,600 --> 02:09:12,480 STATE-LEVEL POLICY INNOVATIONS, 3509 02:09:12,480 --> 02:09:13,080 THAT'S THE MOST INTERESTING 3510 02:09:13,080 --> 02:09:16,320 THING GOING ON NOW WITH THE 3511 02:09:16,320 --> 02:09:17,640 FEDERAL GRIDLOCK PUSHING POLICY 3512 02:09:17,640 --> 02:09:19,480 MAKING TO THE STATES. 3513 02:09:19,480 --> 02:09:21,720 AND, YOU KNOW, THERE IS A LOT OF 3514 02:09:21,720 --> 02:09:22,840 POTENTIAL THERE. 3515 02:09:22,840 --> 02:09:25,160 WE DO TALK ABOUT SOME OF THE 3516 02:09:25,160 --> 02:09:26,520 INNOVATIONS THAT CAN HAPPEN, 3517 02:09:26,520 --> 02:09:29,520 SOME PILOTS OR WAIVERS THAT YOU 3518 02:09:29,520 --> 02:09:30,880 HEARD HAPPENING DURING COVID, 3519 02:09:30,880 --> 02:09:32,160 LIKE STATES CHOSE HOW TO DO 3520 02:09:32,160 --> 02:09:33,800 THEIR OWN WAIVERS AND EVERYBODY 3521 02:09:33,800 --> 02:09:36,320 EVALUATED THEM DIFFERENTLY SO 3522 02:09:36,320 --> 02:09:37,640 YOU CAN COMPARE POLICY CHANGES 3523 02:09:37,640 --> 02:09:38,840 HEAD TO HEAD. 3524 02:09:38,840 --> 02:09:43,000 BUT THE BAD NEWS IS THAT IT 3525 02:09:43,000 --> 02:09:44,720 OFTEN HAS THE UNINTENTIONAL 3526 02:09:44,720 --> 02:09:46,440 EFFECT OF POLITICIZING THINGS, 3527 02:09:46,440 --> 02:09:46,800 RIGHT? 3528 02:09:46,800 --> 02:09:49,520 THINGS THAT WERE BORING BEFORE 3529 02:09:49,520 --> 02:09:50,480 ARE SUDDENLY BECOMING POLITICAL 3530 02:09:50,480 --> 02:09:51,520 JUST BECAUSE BLUE STATES CHOSE 3531 02:09:51,520 --> 02:09:55,160 TO DO IT AND NOT THE RED STATES, 3532 02:09:55,160 --> 02:09:59,160 OR CERTAIN WAIVERS AND WITH A -- 3533 02:09:59,160 --> 02:10:00,440 AND WHAT NOT. 3534 02:10:00,440 --> 02:10:04,120 WHILE STATE LEVEL ALLOWS FOR 3535 02:10:04,120 --> 02:10:05,000 INNOVATIONS, IT FUNDAMENTALLY 3536 02:10:05,000 --> 02:10:06,840 CHANGES POLITICS AND CHANGES THE 3537 02:10:06,840 --> 02:10:08,480 PLAYERS THAT ARE INVOLVED, JUST 3538 02:10:08,480 --> 02:10:10,800 LIKE TALKING ABOUT THE GRIDLOCK, 3539 02:10:10,800 --> 02:10:11,800 PEOPLE ARE TAKING SIDE STREETS 3540 02:10:11,800 --> 02:10:13,360 AND YOU HAVE TO FIGURE OUT WHO 3541 02:10:13,360 --> 02:10:14,360 THOSE PEOPLE ARE. 3542 02:10:14,360 --> 02:10:16,040 SO MAYBE YOU HAD ALL THESE 3543 02:10:16,040 --> 02:10:17,160 RELATIONSHIPS THAT WORKED BEFORE 3544 02:10:17,160 --> 02:10:18,240 THAT DON'T WORK NOW. 3545 02:10:18,240 --> 02:10:20,480 SO I THINK THAT'S A REALLY 3546 02:10:20,480 --> 02:10:22,240 IMPORTANT PIECE TO KEEP IN MIND 3547 02:10:22,240 --> 02:10:23,600 AS A RESEARCHER TRYING TO 3548 02:10:23,600 --> 02:10:24,800 COMMUNICATE YOUR WORK. 3549 02:10:24,800 --> 02:10:29,080 MOVING UP, I THINK THIS 3550 02:10:29,080 --> 02:10:30,280 POLITICAL GRIDLOCK AND 3551 02:10:30,280 --> 02:10:32,360 COMPLICATIONS IT CREATES AFFECT 3552 02:10:32,360 --> 02:10:34,600 PUBLIC SENTIMENT AND 3553 02:10:34,600 --> 02:10:37,400 RELATIONSHIPS WITH STAKEHOLDERS. 3554 02:10:37,400 --> 02:10:40,000 WITH PUBLIC SENTIMENT, OFTEN 3555 02:10:40,000 --> 02:10:41,680 PUBLIC OPINION OF STATES IS NOT 3556 02:10:41,680 --> 02:10:44,000 DRIVING AS MUCH AS DONORS AND 3557 02:10:44,000 --> 02:10:44,920 ACTIVISTS AND OTHER GROUPS AT 3558 02:10:44,920 --> 02:10:46,440 THE STATE LEVEL. 3559 02:10:46,440 --> 02:10:49,080 WHEN WE DID MINIMUM WAGE WORK 3560 02:10:49,080 --> 02:10:50,080 THERE WERE SOME PUBLIC OPINION 3561 02:10:50,080 --> 02:10:52,680 POLES BUT A LOT OF WHAT WAS 3562 02:10:52,680 --> 02:10:54,280 DRIVING THE VOTES AND EVALUATION 3563 02:10:54,280 --> 02:10:56,800 AND WORK THAT GOT DONE WAS 3564 02:10:56,800 --> 02:10:57,640 COMING FROM ACTIVISTS, DONORS, 3565 02:10:57,640 --> 02:10:58,320 AND OTHER GROUPS. 3566 02:10:58,320 --> 02:11:00,480 WE HAD NO IDEA HOW THE GROUPS 3567 02:11:00,480 --> 02:11:01,920 FELT ABOUT THINGS AT THE TIME 3568 02:11:01,920 --> 02:11:03,320 BECAUSE SEATTLE WAS ONE OF THE 3569 02:11:03,320 --> 02:11:05,840 FIRST ONES TO PASS THIS POLICY. 3570 02:11:05,840 --> 02:11:10,120 AND SO IT WAS INTERESTING TO ME 3571 02:11:10,120 --> 02:11:12,080 BECAUSE, YOU KNOW, THERE'S 3572 02:11:12,080 --> 02:11:14,720 ALWAYS THIS MESSAGING THAT WE'RE 3573 02:11:14,720 --> 02:11:17,240 HEARING THAT I'M TRYING TO THINK 3574 02:11:17,240 --> 02:11:20,360 HOW TO SAY THIS, BUT LIKE 3575 02:11:20,360 --> 02:11:22,080 DIFFERENT -- WE NEED TO KNOW HOW 3576 02:11:22,080 --> 02:11:24,360 DEMOGRAPHICS FEEL BECAUSE THE 3577 02:11:24,360 --> 02:11:25,880 VOTE IS LOCAL AND UNDERSTANDING 3578 02:11:25,880 --> 02:11:28,400 THE URBAN VOTE AND RURAL VOTE 3579 02:11:28,400 --> 02:11:30,920 AND SUBURBAN VOTE, BUT IN SOME 3580 02:11:30,920 --> 02:11:32,920 CASES YOU CAN COUNT THAT THE 3581 02:11:32,920 --> 02:11:35,720 NATIONAL VOTE AND PUBLIC OPINION 3582 02:11:35,720 --> 02:11:37,320 AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL IS WHERE 3583 02:11:37,320 --> 02:11:38,040 PEOPLE ARE VOTING. 3584 02:11:38,040 --> 02:11:41,800 YOU HEARD THAT FROM ANN WITH -- 3585 02:11:41,800 --> 02:11:43,840 I'M BLANKING ON THE WORDS USED, 3586 02:11:43,840 --> 02:11:44,840 BASICALLY ONCE PEOPLE PICK A 3587 02:11:44,840 --> 02:11:47,600 SIDE THEY STAY ON THAT SIDE, 3588 02:11:47,600 --> 02:11:48,680 LOOKING FOR EVIDENCE THAT BIASES 3589 02:11:48,680 --> 02:11:53,400 THEM TO THIS SIDE. 3590 02:11:53,400 --> 02:11:55,360 SO MEDIA CAN BE FRAUGHT, 3591 02:11:55,360 --> 02:11:57,320 THINKING ABOUT HOW YOU MIGHT 3592 02:11:57,320 --> 02:11:59,600 PLACE YOURSELF, CAN ACTUALLY 3593 02:11:59,600 --> 02:12:02,560 TURN YOU INTO A POLARIZED 3594 02:12:02,560 --> 02:12:04,560 SCIENTIST AS WELL. 3595 02:12:04,560 --> 02:12:09,560 THAT BECOMES A HARD PLACE. 3596 02:12:09,560 --> 02:12:11,880 IN THE MINIMUM WAGE WORK 3597 02:12:11,880 --> 02:12:13,960 PHYSICAL THERAPY FOIA'SED THREE 3598 02:12:13,960 --> 02:12:15,960 TIMES BY BOTH SIDES, WE BECAME 3599 02:12:15,960 --> 02:12:17,200 PART OF THE POLITICAL MACHINE 3600 02:12:17,200 --> 02:12:18,560 AND PEOPLE SAW IT BASED ON WHAT 3601 02:12:18,560 --> 02:12:20,960 WE WERE FINDING EVEN THOUGH IT 3602 02:12:20,960 --> 02:12:22,160 WAS OBJECTIVE SCIENCE. 3603 02:12:22,160 --> 02:12:25,800 IT WAS A BIG DEAL AND CAUSED 3604 02:12:25,800 --> 02:12:28,600 HURDLES FOR US. 3605 02:12:28,600 --> 02:12:30,680 I KEEP BRINGING THIS UP, 3606 02:12:30,680 --> 02:12:31,480 RELATIONSHIPS TO STAKEHOLDERS, 3607 02:12:31,480 --> 02:12:32,760 IT CHANGES WHEN THINGS GO TO 3608 02:12:32,760 --> 02:12:33,560 STATE LEVEL WHO YOUR 3609 02:12:33,560 --> 02:12:35,160 RELATIONSHIPS NEED TO BE WITH, 3610 02:12:35,160 --> 02:12:39,000 CHANGES WHEN WE'RE AT THE LOCAL 3611 02:12:39,000 --> 02:12:41,160 LEVEL, ONE OF THE HARDEST PARTS 3612 02:12:41,160 --> 02:12:43,160 IS WHEN YOU'RE A RESEARCHER AND 3613 02:12:43,160 --> 02:12:44,760 DON'T HAVE TIME TO LEARN ABOUT 3614 02:12:44,760 --> 02:12:46,200 DIFFERENT GROUPS YOU HAVE TO 3615 02:12:46,200 --> 02:12:48,200 LEARN WHO TO TRUST QUICKLY AND 3616 02:12:48,200 --> 02:12:50,320 THAT CAN BE A REALLY HARD THING 3617 02:12:50,320 --> 02:12:51,280 TO DO. 3618 02:12:51,280 --> 02:12:55,360 AND I THINK THE OTHER THING THAT 3619 02:12:55,360 --> 02:13:03,600 HAPPENS WE FORGET INDUSTRY, 3620 02:13:03,600 --> 02:13:04,000 RIGHT? 3621 02:13:04,000 --> 02:13:06,760 WE TALK ABOUT THINGS AT A LOCAL 3622 02:13:06,760 --> 02:13:08,520 LEVEL, FOOD ACCESS, FOOD PRICE, 3623 02:13:08,520 --> 02:13:11,040 WHAT'S AFFECTING IS GLOBAL 3624 02:13:11,040 --> 02:13:15,760 LEVEL, INDUSTRY LEVEL, TWO 3625 02:13:15,760 --> 02:13:17,520 STREAMS, A HARD PLACE TO BE WHEN 3626 02:13:17,520 --> 02:13:18,240 YOU'RE A RESEARCHER. 3627 02:13:18,240 --> 02:13:20,680 I'LL STOP THERE AND PASS BACK TO 3628 02:13:20,680 --> 02:13:20,880 WENDI. 3629 02:13:20,880 --> 02:13:23,200 >> WE SHOULD PASS BACK TO JESS, 3630 02:13:23,200 --> 02:13:33,560 WE'RE PAST TIME AND WE 3631 02:13:36,480 --> 02:13:37,280 APPRECIATE THE OPPORTUNITY. 3632 02:13:37,280 --> 02:13:39,280 >> I'LL HAND OVER TO SELENA. 3633 02:13:39,280 --> 02:13:42,160 >> THANK YOU FOR THE FANTASTIC 3634 02:13:42,160 --> 02:13:44,880 TALKS, INSPIRING, YOUR ON THE 3635 02:13:44,880 --> 02:13:47,600 GROUND WORK AS WE THINK ABOUT 3636 02:13:47,600 --> 02:13:49,960 INTERSECTION OF CLIMATE CHANGE 3637 02:13:49,960 --> 02:13:52,840 AND SOLUTIONS BROADLY. 3638 02:13:52,840 --> 02:13:53,800 YOU MENTIONED UNINTENDED 3639 02:13:53,800 --> 02:13:54,800 CONSEQUENCES, AND THE QUESTION 3640 02:13:54,800 --> 02:13:59,760 THAT KEEPS COMING UP AS I THINK 3641 02:13:59,760 --> 02:14:03,360 ABOUT TRANSLATION OF RESEARCH TO 3642 02:14:03,360 --> 02:14:05,800 POLICY SOLUTIONS, OH, THAT'S MY 3643 02:14:05,800 --> 02:14:14,120 LITTLE TODDLER THAT JUST BROKE 3644 02:14:14,120 --> 02:14:14,800 IN. 3645 02:14:14,800 --> 02:14:16,200 THERE SEE IS. 3646 02:14:16,200 --> 02:14:18,160 SO THE QUESTION IS WHEN WE'RE 3647 02:14:18,160 --> 02:14:21,160 THINKING ABOUT UNINTENDED 3648 02:14:21,160 --> 02:14:22,560 CONSEQUENCES AND TRANSLATION OF 3649 02:14:22,560 --> 02:14:23,760 THINKING ABOUT RESEARCH TO 3650 02:14:23,760 --> 02:14:26,160 POLICY HOW DO WE AVOID 3651 02:14:26,160 --> 02:14:28,120 UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES. 3652 02:14:28,120 --> 02:14:30,400 AND SPECIFICALLY WITH REGARDS TO 3653 02:14:30,400 --> 02:14:32,000 HEALTH EQUITY WHEN WE'RE TRYING 3654 02:14:32,000 --> 02:14:33,800 TO DEVELOP CLIMATE CHANGE 3655 02:14:33,800 --> 02:14:34,080 SOLUTIONS. 3656 02:14:34,080 --> 02:14:36,000 IF ONE OR TWO OF YOU CAN THINK 3657 02:14:36,000 --> 02:14:37,760 ABOUT THAT AND RESPOND AND THEN 3658 02:14:37,760 --> 02:14:42,280 I WILL OPEN UP FOR QUESTIONS AND 3659 02:14:42,280 --> 02:14:44,440 APOLOGIES FOR THIS ARRIVAL. 3660 02:14:44,440 --> 02:14:47,080 THINKING ABOUT FUTURE 3661 02:14:47,080 --> 02:14:51,240 GENERATIONS AND SOLUTIONS. 3662 02:14:51,240 --> 02:14:53,080 >> THE PERFECT THAT YOUR 3663 02:14:53,080 --> 02:14:53,920 DAUGHTER ARRIVED AT THAT TIME 3664 02:14:53,920 --> 02:14:57,000 BECAUSE IT IS ALL ABOUT THE 3665 02:14:57,000 --> 02:14:57,240 FUTURE. 3666 02:14:57,240 --> 02:15:00,440 AND I THINK IT'S SUCH AN 3667 02:15:00,440 --> 02:15:01,480 IMPORTANT QUESTION YOU RAISE, 3668 02:15:01,480 --> 02:15:03,560 JEN, I TALKED ABOUT THIS AS 3669 02:15:03,560 --> 02:15:05,280 WELL, WE DIDN'T TALK ABOUT IT 3670 02:15:05,280 --> 02:15:07,520 YET BUT THINKING ABOUT WHO IS AT 3671 02:15:07,520 --> 02:15:10,800 THE TABLE, WHO IS BEING 3672 02:15:10,800 --> 02:15:12,800 INCLUDED, WHAT VOICES AND HOW WE 3673 02:15:12,800 --> 02:15:14,960 CAN BE MORE INCLUSIVE OF PEOPLE 3674 02:15:14,960 --> 02:15:17,480 WITH DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES AND 3675 02:15:17,480 --> 02:15:18,080 BACKGROUNDS. 3676 02:15:18,080 --> 02:15:20,280 AND THAT GETS HARD, BRINGING IN 3677 02:15:20,280 --> 02:15:21,880 SCIENTISTS, WE SHOULD BE 3678 02:15:21,880 --> 02:15:25,120 INTENTIONAL ABOUT SCIENTISTS 3679 02:15:25,120 --> 02:15:28,960 WITH WHAT BACKGROUND COMING FROM 3680 02:15:28,960 --> 02:15:30,360 LIVED AND PROFESSIONAL 3681 02:15:30,360 --> 02:15:31,080 EXPERIENCES TO BROADLY REPRESENT 3682 02:15:31,080 --> 02:15:33,360 IN THE COMMUNITY AND SIMILARLY 3683 02:15:33,360 --> 02:15:34,600 AS WE'RE MOVING BEYOND 3684 02:15:34,600 --> 02:15:37,200 SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY REALLY 3685 02:15:37,200 --> 02:15:42,040 BEING THOUGHTFUL AND INTENTION 3686 02:15:42,040 --> 02:15:50,520 YAM ABOUT THAT. 3687 02:15:50,520 --> 02:15:55,320 3688 02:15:55,320 --> 02:15:58,200 >> DAN, DO YOU HAVE A QUESTION? 3689 02:15:58,200 --> 02:16:01,040 >> I GUESS THE POINT I WANTED 3690 02:16:01,040 --> 02:16:05,160 TO DISCUSS A LITTLE BIT WAS THE 3691 02:16:05,160 --> 02:16:06,600 FACT THAT THE PROCESS THAT WE'VE 3692 02:16:06,600 --> 02:16:13,040 BEEN TALKING ABOUT TODAY IS NOT 3693 02:16:13,040 --> 02:16:14,400 LINEAR. 3694 02:16:14,400 --> 02:16:16,760 AND SO, WE TRIED IN THE OPENING 3695 02:16:16,760 --> 02:16:18,960 SLIDE DECK, THERE'S CONTINUAL 3696 02:16:18,960 --> 02:16:21,040 SOURCES OF FEEDBACK LOOPS, AND 3697 02:16:21,040 --> 02:16:21,400 COMMUNICATION. 3698 02:16:21,400 --> 02:16:23,120 AND I THINK THAT'S PARTICULARLY 3699 02:16:23,120 --> 02:16:27,200 RELEVANT IN THE CONTEXT OF 3700 02:16:27,200 --> 02:16:28,040 UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES. 3701 02:16:28,040 --> 02:16:29,640 AND SO THAT WOULD BE SOMETHING I 3702 02:16:29,640 --> 02:16:38,360 WOULD LIKE TO DISCUSS WITH THE 3703 02:16:38,360 --> 02:16:39,800 GROUP. 3704 02:16:39,800 --> 02:16:42,600 THE KEYS HERE, THE DRIVER HERE, 3705 02:16:42,600 --> 02:16:42,920 CHOICE. 3706 02:16:42,920 --> 02:16:44,680 WE'VE TALKED ABOUT POLICY 3707 02:16:44,680 --> 02:16:46,200 CHOICES, AND THE CHOICES OF 3708 02:16:46,200 --> 02:16:48,840 PEOPLE WHO ARE MAKING POLICY AND 3709 02:16:48,840 --> 02:16:49,440 PEOPLE DOING RESEARCH. 3710 02:16:49,440 --> 02:16:51,440 BUT THERE ARE OTHER CHOICES THAT 3711 02:16:51,440 --> 02:16:53,080 WE NEED TO FACTOR IN. 3712 02:16:53,080 --> 02:16:54,920 WE DISCUSSED SOME OF THOSE 3713 02:16:54,920 --> 02:16:59,200 ISSUES IN THE PREVIOUS 3714 02:16:59,200 --> 02:17:00,640 WORKSHOPS, CONSUMER CHOICES 3715 02:17:00,640 --> 02:17:01,720 OBVIOUSLY ARE AFFECTED BY MANY 3716 02:17:01,720 --> 02:17:06,200 THINGS WE TALKED ABOUT HERE. 3717 02:17:06,200 --> 02:17:07,520 AS ARE PRODUCER CHOICES. 3718 02:17:07,520 --> 02:17:12,120 IN THE CONTEXT OF EVERYTHING 3719 02:17:12,120 --> 02:17:13,200 WE'RE LOOKING AT, INTERVENTIONS, 3720 02:17:13,200 --> 02:17:15,840 INTERVENTIONS TO ADDRESS PUBLIC 3721 02:17:15,840 --> 02:17:19,440 HEALTH SITUATIONS, HOW DOES THIS 3722 02:17:19,440 --> 02:17:22,080 PROCESS AFFECT CHOICE OF 3723 02:17:22,080 --> 02:17:24,240 INTERVENTIONS, AND HOW CAN WE 3724 02:17:24,240 --> 02:17:28,640 INTEGRATE THIS SORT OF FEEDBACK 3725 02:17:28,640 --> 02:17:34,120 LOOP CONCEPT, INTO THIS PROCESS 3726 02:17:34,120 --> 02:17:34,920 WE'RE TALKING ABOUT. 3727 02:17:34,920 --> 02:17:38,080 >> GREAT QUESTION, DAN. 3728 02:17:38,080 --> 02:17:39,600 DOES ANYBODY WANT TO RESPOND, 3729 02:17:39,600 --> 02:17:43,320 HOW DO WE INFLUENCE CHOICE OF 3730 02:17:43,320 --> 02:17:43,640 INTERVENTIONS? 3731 02:17:43,640 --> 02:17:47,480 IT GOES BACK TO STRATEGIC 3732 02:17:47,480 --> 02:17:48,400 THINKING AND STRATEGIC QUESTIONS 3733 02:17:48,400 --> 02:17:52,200 YOU WERE ALL TALKING ABOUT. 3734 02:17:52,200 --> 02:17:53,200 >> I CAN START. 3735 02:17:53,200 --> 02:17:57,560 DAN, ONE OF THE THINGS I THINK 3736 02:17:57,560 --> 02:17:59,760 ABOUT IS, YOU KNOW, IN ORDER TO 3737 02:17:59,760 --> 02:18:01,400 DO COMPLEX WORK YOU'RE TALKING 3738 02:18:01,400 --> 02:18:03,720 ABOUT WITH THIS, ALL OF THESE 3739 02:18:03,720 --> 02:18:05,560 WORKING GROUPS, WE HAVE TO BEGIN 3740 02:18:05,560 --> 02:18:06,680 STARTING CONVERSATIONS WITH EACH 3741 02:18:06,680 --> 02:18:08,200 OTHER TOO AND LEARNING WHAT THE 3742 02:18:08,200 --> 02:18:09,360 OTHER IS WORKING ON. 3743 02:18:09,360 --> 02:18:12,240 AND SO THERE ARE SOME WORKSHOPS 3744 02:18:12,240 --> 02:18:14,760 YOU'VE BEEN INVOLVED IN, IN THE 3745 02:18:14,760 --> 02:18:16,600 LEAD AROUND PROTEIN OR OTHER 3746 02:18:16,600 --> 02:18:18,480 TYPES OF TOPICS THAT I THINK 3747 02:18:18,480 --> 02:18:20,640 HAVE BEEN INFLUENTIAL AND ARE 3748 02:18:20,640 --> 02:18:21,800 VERY IMPORTANT TO KICK STARTING 3749 02:18:21,800 --> 02:18:25,720 A LOT OF THIS, RIGHT? 3750 02:18:25,720 --> 02:18:28,760 WE ACTUALLY I DON'T THINK ARE AT 3751 02:18:28,760 --> 02:18:29,960 THAT PRECIPICE, WHAT ARE 3752 02:18:29,960 --> 02:18:30,960 INTERVENTIONS THAT NEED TO BE 3753 02:18:30,960 --> 02:18:32,160 DONE OR THINGS THAT NEED TO BE 3754 02:18:32,160 --> 02:18:32,600 DONE. 3755 02:18:32,600 --> 02:18:33,880 WE'RE STILL IN A LEARNING PHASE, 3756 02:18:33,880 --> 02:18:36,080 WHO IS IN THIS SPACE AND HOW DO 3757 02:18:36,080 --> 02:18:37,680 WE LEARN FROM EACH OTHER WHAT IT 3758 02:18:37,680 --> 02:18:38,640 IS WE'RE WORKING ON? 3759 02:18:38,640 --> 02:18:39,920 I THINK ABOUT PEOPLE LIKE JESS 3760 02:18:39,920 --> 02:18:44,400 AND DID I AGO -- DIEGO AND OTHR 3761 02:18:44,400 --> 02:18:46,360 PEOPLE ON THE CALL WORKING TO 3762 02:18:46,360 --> 02:18:47,560 CREATE THOSE SPACES. 3763 02:18:47,560 --> 02:18:49,080 I FEEL LIKE I'VE MET SOME OF YOU 3764 02:18:49,080 --> 02:18:51,000 AT SOME SPACES THEY ARE CREATING 3765 02:18:51,000 --> 02:18:53,080 AND THOSE THINGS ARE REALLY 3766 02:18:53,080 --> 02:18:55,480 IMPORTANT TO FUND AT THIS MOMENT 3767 02:18:55,480 --> 02:18:57,360 OF LIKE I FEEL LIKE THAT'S 3768 02:18:57,360 --> 02:19:01,200 WHAT'S NEEDED, HOW DO WE LEARN 3769 02:19:01,200 --> 02:19:03,520 FROM EACH OTHER FASTER TO PUT IT 3770 02:19:03,520 --> 02:19:08,880 TOGETHER. 3771 02:19:08,880 --> 02:19:11,920 >> LET ME JUST NOTE THAT THESE 3772 02:19:11,920 --> 02:19:13,400 WORKSHOPS WERE INTENDED TO DO 3773 02:19:13,400 --> 02:19:14,960 SPECIFICALLY THAT IN THE CONTEXT 3774 02:19:14,960 --> 02:19:16,080 OF THIS PROJECT. 3775 02:19:16,080 --> 02:19:18,320 THEY WERE NOT SPECIFICALLY 3776 02:19:18,320 --> 02:19:20,000 INTENDED TO BE JUST FOCUSED ON 3777 02:19:20,000 --> 02:19:21,880 THE INDIVIDUAL WORKING GROUP BUT 3778 02:19:21,880 --> 02:19:22,960 IT WAS ALSO AN OPPORTUNITY FOR 3779 02:19:22,960 --> 02:19:28,440 THE OTHER MECHANICS -- MEMBERSE 3780 02:19:28,440 --> 02:19:30,760 OTHER WORKING GROUPS TO BE 3781 02:19:30,760 --> 02:19:32,200 ENGAGED, IT WOULD BE GREAT IF WE 3782 02:19:32,200 --> 02:19:33,800 COULD HEAR FROM THE OTHER 3783 02:19:33,800 --> 02:19:36,240 WORKING GROUP MEMBERS. 3784 02:19:36,240 --> 02:19:37,160 >> WONDERFUL. 3785 02:19:37,160 --> 02:19:38,560 I SEE WENDI YOU WERE GOING TO 3786 02:19:38,560 --> 02:19:41,480 MAKE A COMMENT AND I SEE HANDS 3787 02:19:41,480 --> 02:19:41,640 UP. 3788 02:19:41,640 --> 02:19:42,560 ANN AND DIEGO. 3789 02:19:42,560 --> 02:19:48,720 I WILL PASS TO ANN AND DIEGO 3790 02:19:48,720 --> 02:19:49,760 AFTER WENDI'S COMMENTS. 3791 02:19:49,760 --> 02:19:54,720 >> JUST QUICKLY, ONE OTHER 3792 02:19:54,720 --> 02:19:55,960 THING WAS LINEARITY, FEEDBACK 3793 02:19:55,960 --> 02:19:59,400 LOOPS, ONE THING I WAS THINKING 3794 02:19:59,400 --> 02:20:02,240 ABOUT TODAY IS IT FEELS LIKE 3795 02:20:02,240 --> 02:20:05,680 SOME EXAMPLES I'VE HAD AND THAT 3796 02:20:05,680 --> 02:20:08,560 REALLY WHAT CHRISTINA WAS 3797 02:20:08,560 --> 02:20:10,040 TALKING ABOUT AND JEN, THERE CAN 3798 02:20:10,040 --> 02:20:15,200 BE A MORE LINEAR RELATIONSHIP 3799 02:20:15,200 --> 02:20:16,960 BETWEEN SCIENCE AND POLICY. 3800 02:20:16,960 --> 02:20:18,600 WHEN PEOPLE ARE RIPE AND MIGHT 3801 02:20:18,600 --> 02:20:19,920 HAVE A QUESTION THEY JUST WANT 3802 02:20:19,920 --> 02:20:21,640 AN ANSWER OR SOMETIMES WHEN 3803 02:20:21,640 --> 02:20:23,720 PEOPLE ARE LOOKING TO DECIDE 3804 02:20:23,720 --> 02:20:25,120 AMONGST SOLUTIONS AND WANT THE 3805 02:20:25,120 --> 02:20:26,440 ANSWER AND SCIENCE CAN FEED THAT 3806 02:20:26,440 --> 02:20:29,400 AND IT CAN BE FAIRLY LINEAR, 3807 02:20:29,400 --> 02:20:31,080 THINKING FOR THE WORK WE'RE 3808 02:20:31,080 --> 02:20:33,720 TRYING TO DO HERE, I KNOW I'M 3809 02:20:33,720 --> 02:20:35,320 NOT CLEAR WHERE ARE WE IN THE 3810 02:20:35,320 --> 02:20:37,720 PROCESS, IN TERMS OF HOW PEOPLE 3811 02:20:37,720 --> 02:20:38,800 ARE THINKING ABOUT THIS AND I 3812 02:20:38,800 --> 02:20:42,000 ALMOST FEEL LIKE THAT MIGHT BE A 3813 02:20:42,000 --> 02:20:43,520 NICE FIRST THING TO PONDER, 3814 02:20:43,520 --> 02:20:45,400 MAYBE YOU HAVE AN ANSWER BUT IT 3815 02:20:45,400 --> 02:20:47,040 WOULD BE AN INTERESTING THINK, 3816 02:20:47,040 --> 02:20:49,000 WHERE ARE WE AND MAYBE THERE ARE 3817 02:20:49,000 --> 02:20:50,320 SOME LINEAR PROCESSES WHERE 3818 02:20:50,320 --> 02:20:53,160 SCIENCE CAN INFORM POLICY AND 3819 02:20:53,160 --> 02:20:56,320 WHERE ARE THE FEEDBACK 3820 02:20:56,320 --> 02:21:03,440 OPPORTUNITIES, THE TIMING ISSUE 3821 02:21:03,440 --> 02:21:04,160 WOULD BE INTERESTING. 3822 02:21:04,160 --> 02:21:05,080 >> ANN? 3823 02:21:05,080 --> 02:21:05,960 >> I WANTED TO -- 3824 02:21:05,960 --> 02:21:07,960 >>IS THAT TO ME? 3825 02:21:07,960 --> 02:21:11,960 WERE YOU TALKING ABOUT THE 3826 02:21:11,960 --> 02:21:12,840 ADVANTAGE PROCESS SPECIFICALLY? 3827 02:21:12,840 --> 02:21:14,440 >> NO, SORRY, JUST MORE IN 3828 02:21:14,440 --> 02:21:17,400 TERMS OF LIKE AS A COUNTRY AND 3829 02:21:17,400 --> 02:21:18,600 GLOBALLY, WHERE WE ARE IN TERMS 3830 02:21:18,600 --> 02:21:20,640 OF HOW PEOPLE ARE THINKING ABOUT 3831 02:21:20,640 --> 02:21:22,280 CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE 3832 02:21:22,280 --> 02:21:25,040 AND LINKS TO DIET, NUTRITION, 3833 02:21:25,040 --> 02:21:29,160 AND HEALTH. 3834 02:21:29,160 --> 02:21:31,360 >> SHOULD I JUMP IN? 3835 02:21:31,360 --> 02:21:34,400 ONE OF THE THINGS I WAS THINKING 3836 02:21:34,400 --> 02:21:36,920 ABOUT, I FEEL LIKE ALL THREE OF 3837 02:21:36,920 --> 02:21:37,680 THE PRESENTATIONS ARE SO 3838 02:21:37,680 --> 02:21:41,320 EXCITING TO HEAR BUT THE 3839 02:21:41,320 --> 02:21:43,440 EXPERIENCES YOU'RE HAVING, BUT 3840 02:21:43,440 --> 02:21:45,800 THE THE EXPERIENCE OF GETTING 3841 02:21:45,800 --> 02:21:49,200 INTO POLICY PROCESS AND BEING 3842 02:21:49,200 --> 02:21:53,560 LABELED AS POLITICIZED, I WAS 3843 02:21:53,560 --> 02:21:55,120 THINKING IN OUR HYPERPOLARIZED 3844 02:21:55,120 --> 02:21:56,760 ENVIRONMENT, IN POLITICAL 3845 02:21:56,760 --> 02:22:00,080 SORTING IN RURAL AND URBAN 3846 02:22:00,080 --> 02:22:03,640 CENTERS, RESEARCHERS TEND TO GET 3847 02:22:03,640 --> 02:22:08,360 LABELED INTO THIS BUCKET OF 3848 02:22:08,360 --> 02:22:12,280 URBAN ELITE, COASTAL, AND I'VE 3849 02:22:12,280 --> 02:22:14,080 BEEN CURIOUS ARE THERE 3850 02:22:14,080 --> 02:22:18,200 POTENTIALS TO BREAK THAT DOWN 3851 02:22:18,200 --> 02:22:19,800 WITH FAMILIARITY, ONE OF THE 3852 02:22:19,800 --> 02:22:21,960 WAYS I'VE BEEN GRAPPLING IS TO 3853 02:22:21,960 --> 02:22:25,560 THINK ABOUT ENGAGING COMMUNITY 3854 02:22:25,560 --> 02:22:28,840 HEALTH WORKERS THAT MAYBE COULD 3855 02:22:28,840 --> 02:22:29,960 INCREASINGLY COME FROM ACROSS 3856 02:22:29,960 --> 02:22:32,440 THE U.S., COULD BE LOCALLY BASED 3857 02:22:32,440 --> 02:22:34,600 AND COULD HAVE TIES TO RESEARCH. 3858 02:22:34,600 --> 02:22:35,960 I KNOW THERE'S A LOT OF 3859 02:22:35,960 --> 02:22:37,840 COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKERS IN 3860 02:22:37,840 --> 02:22:39,320 CALIFORNIA WHO ENGAGE IN 3861 02:22:39,320 --> 02:22:40,040 COMMUNITIES, PARTICULARLY 3862 02:22:40,040 --> 02:22:42,760 AROUND, FOR EXAMPLE, DIABETES 3863 02:22:42,760 --> 02:22:50,840 AND DIABETES MANAGEMENT, THERE'S 3864 02:22:50,840 --> 02:22:52,840 POTENTIALLY A PLUG FOR 3865 02:22:52,840 --> 02:22:53,800 NUTRITION, DIFFERENT THAN POLICY 3866 02:22:53,800 --> 02:22:55,120 CHANGE, IF PEOPLE HAVE 3867 02:22:55,120 --> 02:22:56,320 EXPERIENCES WORKING WITH 3868 02:22:56,320 --> 02:22:57,840 COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKERS, WHAT 3869 02:22:57,840 --> 02:22:59,360 THAT MIGHT LOOK LIKE. 3870 02:22:59,360 --> 02:23:01,920 ONE OF THE THINGS THAT I 3871 02:23:01,920 --> 02:23:03,480 APPRECIATE ABOUT WHAT I LEARNED 3872 02:23:03,480 --> 02:23:04,280 COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKERS SPEND 3873 02:23:04,280 --> 02:23:06,320 TIME WITH FAMILIES IN THEIR 3874 02:23:06,320 --> 02:23:07,080 HOMES AND OFTENTIMES SPEND A LOT 3875 02:23:07,080 --> 02:23:08,960 OF TIME WITH FAMILIES IN THEIR 3876 02:23:08,960 --> 02:23:12,480 HOMES TALKING ABOUT WHAT THEIR 3877 02:23:12,480 --> 02:23:13,120 EXPERIENCES ARE. 3878 02:23:13,120 --> 02:23:15,520 DIFFERENT WAYS TO GET TO 3879 02:23:15,520 --> 02:23:16,640 COMMUNITIES THAN POSITIONS LIKE 3880 02:23:16,640 --> 02:23:17,400 10-MINUTE INTERACTION BEFORE 3881 02:23:17,400 --> 02:23:19,560 THEY HAVE TO MOVE TO THE NEXT 3882 02:23:19,560 --> 02:23:19,880 PATIENT. 3883 02:23:19,880 --> 02:23:21,840 I WONDER IF ANYBODY HAS ANY 3884 02:23:21,840 --> 02:23:23,000 EXPERIENCES THERE WITH COMMUNITY 3885 02:23:23,000 --> 02:23:24,400 HEALTH WORKERS AND IF THAT MIGHT 3886 02:23:24,400 --> 02:23:27,400 BE A BRIDGE BETWEEN THE SORT OF 3887 02:23:27,400 --> 02:23:30,520 URBAN/RURAL DIVIDE THAT'S SO I 3888 02:23:30,520 --> 02:23:33,440 THINK POLARIZING OUR POLITICS 3889 02:23:33,440 --> 02:23:34,160 AND CONVERSATIONS ABOUT SCIENCE. 3890 02:23:34,160 --> 02:23:39,920 >> IF I COULD, IS ALISON THERE? 3891 02:23:39,920 --> 02:23:41,320 IS SHE ON THE CALL? 3892 02:23:41,320 --> 02:23:43,920 I KNOW SHE WAS GOING TO BE LATE. 3893 02:23:43,920 --> 02:23:47,080 PART OF THE REASON WE'RE SO 3894 02:23:47,080 --> 02:23:48,800 INTIMATELY ENGAGED WITH THE 3895 02:23:48,800 --> 02:23:50,560 ACADEMY FOR NUTRITION AND 3896 02:23:50,560 --> 02:23:52,200 DIETETICS BECAUSE DIETETIC 3897 02:23:52,200 --> 02:23:54,160 COMMUNITY IS REALLY THE BOOTS ON 3898 02:23:54,160 --> 02:23:56,280 THE GROUND IN THIS INTERFACE, AT 3899 02:23:56,280 --> 02:23:57,600 MULTIPLE LEVELS OF THE 3900 02:23:57,600 --> 02:23:57,920 COMMUNITY. 3901 02:23:57,920 --> 02:24:01,920 IF THERE'S ANYBODY FROM THE 3902 02:24:01,920 --> 02:24:04,120 DIETARY COMMUNITY, A AND B TEAM 3903 02:24:04,120 --> 02:24:06,120 OR ANYBODY WITH THAT EXPERIENCE, 3904 02:24:06,120 --> 02:24:07,720 IT WOULD BE GREAT TO HEAR FROM 3905 02:24:07,720 --> 02:24:08,280 YOU THERE. 3906 02:24:08,280 --> 02:24:11,440 THAT'S A GOOD POINT. 3907 02:24:11,440 --> 02:24:14,000 >> I WANT TO ADD ONE THING 3908 02:24:14,000 --> 02:24:15,720 THERE WHICH IS IF WE'RE GOING TO 3909 02:24:15,720 --> 02:24:17,040 TALK ABOUT DIET AND AG AND 3910 02:24:17,040 --> 02:24:19,760 CLIMATE CHANGE WE ALSO HAVE TO 3911 02:24:19,760 --> 02:24:21,880 ADD, YOU KNOW, THE BRIDGE TO THE 3912 02:24:21,880 --> 02:24:22,400 OTHER SIDE. 3913 02:24:22,400 --> 02:24:24,600 SO I DON'T KNOW WHAT -- MAYBE 3914 02:24:24,600 --> 02:24:25,760 IT'S EXTENSION, OR SOMETHING, 3915 02:24:25,760 --> 02:24:27,000 BUT IT'S ALMOST LIKE PUTTING THE 3916 02:24:27,000 --> 02:24:31,600 BOOTS ON THE GROUND ON ONE SIDE, 3917 02:24:31,600 --> 02:24:39,480 HOWEVER MANY SIDES TO THAT 3918 02:24:39,480 --> 02:24:42,400 HEXAGON, WE HAVE TO THINK ABOUT 3919 02:24:42,400 --> 02:24:42,760 THE INTERFACE. 3920 02:24:42,760 --> 02:24:43,880 >> GREAT POINT, FOOD SYSTEMS 3921 02:24:43,880 --> 02:24:47,040 AND CHANGE TO THINK ABOUT HEALTH 3922 02:24:47,040 --> 02:24:48,440 CARE PRACTITIONERS, COMMUNITY 3923 02:24:48,440 --> 02:24:49,800 WORKERS, THE EQUIVALENT 3924 02:24:49,800 --> 02:24:51,000 THROUGHOUT THE FOOD SYSTEM, 3925 02:24:51,000 --> 02:24:52,960 REALLY GREAT POINT. 3926 02:24:52,960 --> 02:24:54,920 ANYBODY HAVE EXAMPLES OF WORKING 3927 02:24:54,920 --> 02:24:58,640 WITH COMMUNITIES IN HEALTH CARE, 3928 02:24:58,640 --> 02:24:59,560 PRACTITIONERS, AGRICULTURAL 3929 02:24:59,560 --> 02:25:01,320 EXTENSION AGENTS, ON THE GROUND 3930 02:25:01,320 --> 02:25:07,200 FOLKS WORKING WITH FARMERS OR 3931 02:25:07,200 --> 02:25:07,480 FAMILIES? 3932 02:25:07,480 --> 02:25:09,960 >> I FEEL LIKE IT'S A REALLY 3933 02:25:09,960 --> 02:25:11,040 IMPORTANT -- SORRY, GO AHEAD. 3934 02:25:11,040 --> 02:25:13,640 >> I WAS GOING TO ASK IF THERE 3935 02:25:13,640 --> 02:25:15,960 WAS ANYBODY FROM WORKING GROUP 3936 02:25:15,960 --> 02:25:16,320 3. 3937 02:25:16,320 --> 02:25:19,720 I KNOW ROBIN HAS QUITE EXTENSIVE 3938 02:25:19,720 --> 02:25:21,200 NETWORK IN HER WORK, ROBIN 3939 02:25:21,200 --> 02:25:24,480 WHITE, CHAIRING THE FOOD SYSTEMS 3940 02:25:24,480 --> 02:25:24,720 GROUP. 3941 02:25:24,720 --> 02:25:28,400 THE GROUP IS SENSITIVE TO THESE 3942 02:25:28,400 --> 02:25:28,920 ISSUES, ENGAGEMENT WITH 3943 02:25:28,920 --> 02:25:31,040 PRODUCTION, ON THE PRODUCTION 3944 02:25:31,040 --> 02:25:31,360 SIDE. 3945 02:25:31,360 --> 02:25:34,560 THAT INTERFACE IS IMPORTANT 3946 02:25:34,560 --> 02:25:34,760 THERE. 3947 02:25:34,760 --> 02:25:35,680 >> EXCELLENT. 3948 02:25:35,680 --> 02:25:40,600 DIEGO, DID YOU WANT TO RESPOND? 3949 02:25:40,600 --> 02:25:43,120 I ALSO SEE NAMUKOLO'S HAND IS 3950 02:25:43,120 --> 02:25:43,640 UP. 3951 02:25:43,640 --> 02:25:45,240 >> YEAH, IT WASN'T SPECIFICALLY 3952 02:25:45,240 --> 02:25:46,040 ABOUT THAT. 3953 02:25:46,040 --> 02:25:47,640 I HAVE A DIFFERENT QUESTION AND 3954 02:25:47,640 --> 02:25:51,240 I'M HAPPY TO WAIT IF YOU WANT TO 3955 02:25:51,240 --> 02:25:58,760 CHECK IF SHE WANTS TO RESPOND. 3956 02:25:58,760 --> 02:26:00,280 >> I WANTED TO SHARE AN 3957 02:26:00,280 --> 02:26:01,760 EXAMPLE, IT WON'T BE RELEVANT TO 3958 02:26:01,760 --> 02:26:03,160 THE U.S. SITUATION, BUT I'VE 3959 02:26:03,160 --> 02:26:06,960 WORKED WITH COMMUNITY HEALTH 3960 02:26:06,960 --> 02:26:07,920 WORKERS IN AFRICA, THE APPROACH 3961 02:26:07,920 --> 02:26:09,960 THAT WAS TAKEN WAS I WAS 3962 02:26:09,960 --> 02:26:12,520 TEACHING AT THE UNIVERSITY AND 3963 02:26:12,520 --> 02:26:16,160 WHEN WE CHECKED TO SEE WHAT THE 3964 02:26:16,160 --> 02:26:18,920 COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKERS WERE 3965 02:26:18,920 --> 02:26:22,960 DOING IN THE COMMUNITY IN TERMS 3966 02:26:22,960 --> 02:26:25,800 OF TYPE OF MESSAGES, WE WERE 3967 02:26:25,800 --> 02:26:27,480 BEING TOLD THAT THEY DON'T 3968 02:26:27,480 --> 02:26:28,880 REALLY TRAIN THEM BECAUSE THEY 3969 02:26:28,880 --> 02:26:31,160 DON'T HAVE TIME AND THEY DON'T 3970 02:26:31,160 --> 02:26:32,120 HAVE TRAINING MATERIALS. 3971 02:26:32,120 --> 02:26:34,960 SO WHAT I THEN DID WAS OFFERED 3972 02:26:34,960 --> 02:26:36,840 TO ACTUALLY DEVELOP TRAINING 3973 02:26:36,840 --> 02:26:39,240 MATERIALS FOR THEM, AND HALF THE 3974 02:26:39,240 --> 02:26:42,080 STUDENTS USED THOSE TRAINING 3975 02:26:42,080 --> 02:26:47,360 MATERIALS AS PART OF THEIR SORT 3976 02:26:47,360 --> 02:26:49,760 OF INTERNSHIP WORK, SO WHAT THAT 3977 02:26:49,760 --> 02:26:51,640 DID WAS THE PARTICULAR DISTRICT 3978 02:26:51,640 --> 02:26:54,800 THAT WE WERE IN NOW HAD TRAINING 3979 02:26:54,800 --> 02:26:56,760 MATERIALS THAT OTHER DISTRICTS 3980 02:26:56,760 --> 02:27:00,360 DID NOT HAVE, AND THAT HELPED IN 3981 02:27:00,360 --> 02:27:02,760 TERMS OF GETTING BETTER 3982 02:27:02,760 --> 02:27:04,200 COMMUNICATION INTO HOUSEHOLDS 3983 02:27:04,200 --> 02:27:05,320 THROUGH THAT ROUTE. 3984 02:27:05,320 --> 02:27:07,280 I THINK DEPENDING ON THE CONTEXT 3985 02:27:07,280 --> 02:27:10,880 ONE CAN BE CREATIVE IN HOW YOU 3986 02:27:10,880 --> 02:27:12,080 ENGAGE WITH COMMUNITY HEALTH 3987 02:27:12,080 --> 02:27:15,800 WORKERS DEPENDING ON THE NEEDS 3988 02:27:15,800 --> 02:27:16,960 OF THE PARTICULAR COMMUNITIES. 3989 02:27:16,960 --> 02:27:19,280 THANK YOU. 3990 02:27:19,280 --> 02:27:21,080 >> THANK YOU FOR SHARING. 3991 02:27:21,080 --> 02:27:27,760 I WILL PASS TO DIEGO. 3992 02:27:27,760 --> 02:27:28,840 >> THANKS TO ALL THE SPEAKERS 3993 02:27:28,840 --> 02:27:30,360 OF THE SESSION. 3994 02:27:30,360 --> 02:27:32,600 IT'S BEEN WONDERFUL TO LISTEN TO 3995 02:27:32,600 --> 02:27:34,360 YOUR TALKS, I REALLY ENJOYED IT 3996 02:27:34,360 --> 02:27:36,880 AND LEARNED A LOT TOO. 3997 02:27:36,880 --> 02:27:40,720 I WANTED TO ASK, TO FOLLOW UP ON 3998 02:27:40,720 --> 02:27:43,600 WENDI'S SLIDE, WHERE SHE TALKED 3999 02:27:43,600 --> 02:27:45,880 ABOUT THE FARM BILL AND FEDERAL 4000 02:27:45,880 --> 02:27:48,240 POLICY HAPPENING AT A 4001 02:27:48,240 --> 02:27:52,600 CONGRESSIONAL LEVEL AND SHE 4002 02:27:52,600 --> 02:27:53,640 MENTIONED EXECUTIVE BRANCH AND 4003 02:27:53,640 --> 02:27:55,400 EXECUTIVE BRANCH DECISIONS AND 4004 02:27:55,400 --> 02:27:56,560 MENTIONED DIETARY GUIDANCE AS 4005 02:27:56,560 --> 02:27:58,280 ONE OF THOSE. 4006 02:27:58,280 --> 02:28:00,040 AND ALSO MENTIONED THAT 4007 02:28:00,040 --> 02:28:01,800 SOMETIMES THAT GETS INFLUENCED 4008 02:28:01,800 --> 02:28:04,320 BY CONGRESS. 4009 02:28:04,320 --> 02:28:06,800 I THINK THAT IS REALLY CENTRAL 4010 02:28:06,800 --> 02:28:08,520 TO OUR WORK ON THIS COMMITTEE. 4011 02:28:08,520 --> 02:28:12,320 I WANTED TO SEE IF WE COULD GET 4012 02:28:12,320 --> 02:28:14,840 DISCUSSANT COMMENTS ON HOW DO 4013 02:28:14,840 --> 02:28:16,680 YOU THINK WE CAN INTERVENE, HOW 4014 02:28:16,680 --> 02:28:21,000 DO YOU THINK WE CAN WORK ON OUR 4015 02:28:21,000 --> 02:28:24,120 REPORT OF KEEPING IN MIND THIS 4016 02:28:24,120 --> 02:28:25,600 IDEA ABOUT DIETARY GUIDANCE AND 4017 02:28:25,600 --> 02:28:31,640 HOW IT MAY OR MAY NOT INCLUDE 4018 02:28:31,640 --> 02:28:32,160 CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL 4019 02:28:32,160 --> 02:28:34,840 CHANGE, WHAT CAN WE DO, GIVEN 4020 02:28:34,840 --> 02:28:36,440 THE TENSIONS THAT THERE ARE, 4021 02:28:36,440 --> 02:28:43,600 THAT THERE'S BEEN IN THE PAST, 4022 02:28:43,600 --> 02:28:44,400 AND AT THE INTERACTION BETWEEN, 4023 02:28:44,400 --> 02:28:47,680 YOU KNOW, INTERACTION OF POLICY 4024 02:28:47,680 --> 02:28:49,000 MAKING BETWEEN EXECUTIVE BRANCH 4025 02:28:49,000 --> 02:28:50,320 AND CONGRESS BECAUSE DIETARY 4026 02:28:50,320 --> 02:28:52,480 GUIDANCE COMMITTEE CAN BE 4027 02:28:52,480 --> 02:28:53,920 INFLUENCED BY CONGRESSIONAL 4028 02:28:53,920 --> 02:28:56,000 ACTIONS OR LOBBYISTS THAT 4029 02:28:56,000 --> 02:28:57,000 INFLUENCE CONGRESSIONAL ACTIONS, 4030 02:28:57,000 --> 02:29:01,120 WHERE DO WE GO WITH THAT, WHAT 4031 02:29:01,120 --> 02:29:02,800 DO WE BRING, HOW CAN WE DEAL 4032 02:29:02,800 --> 02:29:04,040 WITH THAT? 4033 02:29:04,040 --> 02:29:06,120 IT'S IMPORTANT ISSUE, PART OF 4034 02:29:06,120 --> 02:29:08,280 OUR CHARGE, TO THINK ABOUT WHAT 4035 02:29:08,280 --> 02:29:13,800 WOULD WE DO WITH TRANSLATING OUR 4036 02:29:13,800 --> 02:29:15,960 SCIENCE TO DIETARY GUIDANCE. 4037 02:29:15,960 --> 02:29:21,520 WHAT DO YOU SUGGEST? 4038 02:29:21,520 --> 02:29:25,920 >> OKAY, I'LL START HERE. 4039 02:29:25,920 --> 02:29:29,200 I MEAN, IT'S AN IMPORTANT 4040 02:29:29,200 --> 02:29:32,800 QUESTION, I PROBABLY HAVE AS 4041 02:29:32,800 --> 02:29:33,720 MANY QUESTIONS AS ANSWERED. 4042 02:29:33,720 --> 02:29:35,440 WE'VE LEARNED OVER TIME WITH 4043 02:29:35,440 --> 02:29:37,240 FOOD AND NUTRITION, I THINK IT'S 4044 02:29:37,240 --> 02:29:39,600 MORE RECENT, IT'S REALLY THE 4045 02:29:39,600 --> 02:29:41,800 RECENT CHAPTER, U.S. FEDERAL 4046 02:29:41,800 --> 02:29:44,240 CONTEXT, U.S. POLICY RELATED TO 4047 02:29:44,240 --> 02:29:46,080 FOOD AND NUTRITION, POLITICAL -- 4048 02:29:46,080 --> 02:29:49,760 HOW POLITICS CAN COME IN AND I 4049 02:29:49,760 --> 02:29:51,000 WOULD SAY THAT STAKEHOLDERS, 4050 02:29:51,000 --> 02:29:53,840 SOME OF THE POLICY ADVANCES HAVE 4051 02:29:53,840 --> 02:29:59,200 TAUGHT THE STAKEHOLDER GROUPS TO 4052 02:29:59,200 --> 02:30:01,280 PAY ATTENTION, ORGANIZED AND 4053 02:30:01,280 --> 02:30:03,160 HAVE BECOME VERY EFFECTIVE, AS 4054 02:30:03,160 --> 02:30:03,480 ANN MENTIONED. 4055 02:30:03,480 --> 02:30:04,920 THEY HAVE A LOT OF MONEY AND 4056 02:30:04,920 --> 02:30:07,440 THEY KNOW THERE'S SOMETHING AT 4057 02:30:07,440 --> 02:30:07,960 STAKE. 4058 02:30:07,960 --> 02:30:12,200 WHEN WE THINK THERE'S A GROUP 4059 02:30:12,200 --> 02:30:15,960 WITH INTEREST AT STAKE WE HAVE 4060 02:30:15,960 --> 02:30:17,760 TO BE THOUGHTFUL, ABOUT POLICY 4061 02:30:17,760 --> 02:30:19,280 LANDSCAPE AT THE TIME, AND IT'S 4062 02:30:19,280 --> 02:30:21,960 ALL THE THINGS WE'VE TALKED 4063 02:30:21,960 --> 02:30:22,640 ABOUT TODAY. 4064 02:30:22,640 --> 02:30:23,520 I GUESS THAT'S TOO BIG OF A 4065 02:30:23,520 --> 02:30:25,720 QUESTION TO COME UP WITH A 4066 02:30:25,720 --> 02:30:28,000 SINGLE ANSWER, BUT I DO THINK 4067 02:30:28,000 --> 02:30:30,320 IT'S UNDERSTANDING THERE CAN BE 4068 02:30:30,320 --> 02:30:31,960 POLITICAL INFLUENCE AND BEING 4069 02:30:31,960 --> 02:30:33,920 AWARE OF THAT AND ONE OF THE 4070 02:30:33,920 --> 02:30:34,960 THINGS WE TALKED ABOUT THAT 4071 02:30:34,960 --> 02:30:38,400 HASN'T COME UP SO MUCH IS 4072 02:30:38,400 --> 02:30:41,120 THINKING ABOUT WAYS TO TAKE 4073 02:30:41,120 --> 02:30:42,040 PARTISAN LANGUAGE OUT OF THE 4074 02:30:42,040 --> 02:30:43,680 CONVERSATION THAT WE'RE TRYING 4075 02:30:43,680 --> 02:30:45,040 TO HAVE, BEING INTENTIONAL AND 4076 02:30:45,040 --> 02:30:47,480 AWARE WHERE THINGS HAVE BECOME 4077 02:30:47,480 --> 02:30:48,640 POLITICALLY POLARIZED, AND WHERE 4078 02:30:48,640 --> 02:30:50,320 IS COMMON GROUND AND HOW CAN WE 4079 02:30:50,320 --> 02:30:53,040 TALK ABOUT THESE ISSUES SO IT 4080 02:30:53,040 --> 02:30:54,800 DOESN'T FEEL COMPLETELY ATTACHED 4081 02:30:54,800 --> 02:30:56,240 TO ANY PARTICULAR POLITICAL 4082 02:30:56,240 --> 02:30:58,320 AGENDA BECAUSE IT'S NOT. 4083 02:30:58,320 --> 02:30:59,400 IT'S ABOUT SELENA'S DAUGHTER'S 4084 02:30:59,400 --> 02:30:59,880 FUTURE, RIGHT? 4085 02:30:59,880 --> 02:31:01,880 WE KNOW FROM THE SCIENCE AND SEE 4086 02:31:01,880 --> 02:31:03,760 ACROSS THE GLOBE THERE ARE LOTS 4087 02:31:03,760 --> 02:31:05,200 OF PLACES WHICH THIS ISN'T 4088 02:31:05,200 --> 02:31:05,640 POLITICAL. 4089 02:31:05,640 --> 02:31:07,520 IN THE U.S. CONTEXT IT HAS BEEN 4090 02:31:07,520 --> 02:31:12,840 AND HOW DO WE MOVE IT OUT OF 4091 02:31:12,840 --> 02:31:13,040 THAT? 4092 02:31:13,040 --> 02:31:15,840 >> YEAH, GO AHEAD. 4093 02:31:15,840 --> 02:31:16,240 >> NO. 4094 02:31:16,240 --> 02:31:17,560 >> THREE PARTS. 4095 02:31:17,560 --> 02:31:19,840 I LOVE ANNS POINT ABOUT 4096 02:31:19,840 --> 02:31:21,480 CREDIBILITY IS IN DECLINE OF 4097 02:31:21,480 --> 02:31:22,400 EXPERTS, RIGHT? 4098 02:31:22,400 --> 02:31:24,800 SO, IF WE'RE HEADED IN POLITICAL 4099 02:31:24,800 --> 02:31:26,080 GRIDLOCK AND MY CAR IS NOT THE 4100 02:31:26,080 --> 02:31:27,280 BEST CAR ON THE ROAD ANYMORE 4101 02:31:27,280 --> 02:31:29,000 WHAT ARE THE SIDE STREETS I 4102 02:31:29,000 --> 02:31:31,400 WOULD GO DOWN, RIGHT? 4103 02:31:31,400 --> 02:31:33,680 ONE IS, THREE THINGS. 4104 02:31:33,680 --> 02:31:36,000 ONE IS WHEN I LOOK AT THE FARM 4105 02:31:36,000 --> 02:31:39,560 BILL AND OMNIBUS NATURE OF IT, 4106 02:31:39,560 --> 02:31:41,320 IF YOU LOOK AT CHAMBER VOTES AND 4107 02:31:41,320 --> 02:31:43,200 CONFERENCE VOTES OVER TIME IT'S 4108 02:31:43,200 --> 02:31:44,960 REMAINED BIPARTISAN EVEN THOUGH 4109 02:31:44,960 --> 02:31:49,280 PEOPLE ARE TELLING US IT HASN'T. 4110 02:31:49,280 --> 02:31:51,760 SO IS THERE SOME POTENTIAL OR 4111 02:31:51,760 --> 02:31:54,440 WAY OR THING WHERE YOU COULD 4112 02:31:54,440 --> 02:31:58,000 MAKE DIETARY GUIDELINES MORE 4113 02:31:58,000 --> 02:31:59,400 BIPARTISAN, THAT WOULD BE ONE 4114 02:31:59,400 --> 02:31:59,760 SIDE STREET. 4115 02:31:59,760 --> 02:32:04,000 ER . 4116 02:32:04,000 --> 02:32:06,120 THE OTHER TWO ARE UPSTREAM, 4117 02:32:06,120 --> 02:32:06,800 POLITICAL POLARIZATION HAS 4118 02:32:06,800 --> 02:32:08,600 DRIVEN ME TO THINK IN A 4119 02:32:08,600 --> 02:32:09,800 COMPLETELY DIFFERENT WAY, THOSE 4120 02:32:09,800 --> 02:32:12,000 TWO WOULD BE PRIMARY ELECTIONS 4121 02:32:12,000 --> 02:32:12,760 AND POLICY PLATFORMS. 4122 02:32:12,760 --> 02:32:14,960 I KNOW PEOPLE WHO ARE LIKE I 4123 02:32:14,960 --> 02:32:16,280 DON'T KNOW WHAT YOU'RE TALKING 4124 02:32:16,280 --> 02:32:17,600 ABOUT. 4125 02:32:17,600 --> 02:32:20,560 WHEN I THINK ABOUT PRIMARY 4126 02:32:20,560 --> 02:32:22,000 ELECTIONS THOUGH THINK ABOUT 4127 02:32:22,000 --> 02:32:23,440 FOOTBALL, RIGHT? 4128 02:32:23,440 --> 02:32:28,000 AND WHEN WE -- WHEN PLAYER 4129 02:32:28,000 --> 02:32:30,000 SELECTIONS HAPPEN NONE OF US ARE 4130 02:32:30,000 --> 02:32:31,280 WATCHING, THE ONLY THE PEOPLE SO 4131 02:32:31,280 --> 02:32:32,840 INTO FOOTBALL KNOW WHICH PEOPLE 4132 02:32:32,840 --> 02:32:34,680 ARE BEING SELECTED FOR WHICH 4133 02:32:34,680 --> 02:32:35,120 TEAMS. 4134 02:32:35,120 --> 02:32:36,960 THE REST OF US JUST WATCH THE 4135 02:32:36,960 --> 02:32:37,880 BIG GAMES, RIGHT? 4136 02:32:37,880 --> 02:32:39,920 RIGHT NOW THAT'S WHERE WE'RE AT. 4137 02:32:39,920 --> 02:32:41,480 WE'RE THE PUBLIC HEALTH 4138 02:32:41,480 --> 02:32:42,800 RESEARCHERS WATCHING THE BIG 4139 02:32:42,800 --> 02:32:44,320 GAMES BUT WE'RE NOT GETTING 4140 02:32:44,320 --> 02:32:45,680 INVOLVED IN THE SELECTION 4141 02:32:45,680 --> 02:32:46,760 PROCESS. 4142 02:32:46,760 --> 02:32:48,040 AND SO WHAT'S HAPPENING IS THAT 4143 02:32:48,040 --> 02:32:51,360 TUG OF WAR IS HAPPENING AT THE 4144 02:32:51,360 --> 02:32:52,160 PRIMARY ELECTIONS, YOU'RE 4145 02:32:52,160 --> 02:32:53,040 GETTING MORE EXTREME CANDIDATES. 4146 02:32:53,040 --> 02:32:54,320 BY THE TIME THEY COME INTO 4147 02:32:54,320 --> 02:32:56,200 OFFICE THEY ARE ALREADY EXTREME, 4148 02:32:56,200 --> 02:32:58,680 ALSO TRIED TO RED AND BLUE, AND 4149 02:32:58,680 --> 02:33:02,040 THE HOPE OF HELPING THEM 4150 02:33:02,040 --> 02:33:04,480 MODERATE IS GONE. 4151 02:33:04,480 --> 02:33:07,640 WE NEED TO MOVE UPSTREAM AND 4152 02:33:07,640 --> 02:33:08,680 SIMILARLY THE POLICY PLATFORMS, 4153 02:33:08,680 --> 02:33:10,160 THAT'S THE PLAY BOOK. 4154 02:33:10,160 --> 02:33:11,040 YOU CAN LOOK. 4155 02:33:11,040 --> 02:33:14,240 YOU KNEW THE CLEAN AIR AND WATER 4156 02:33:14,240 --> 02:33:16,120 ACT WERE GOING TO BE ATTACKED 4157 02:33:16,120 --> 02:33:17,560 BASED ON POLICY PLATFORM. 4158 02:33:17,560 --> 02:33:18,960 WHEN THIS MAKE THE PLATFORMS 4159 02:33:18,960 --> 02:33:20,840 THEY HAVE A LOT OF PEOPLE AT THE 4160 02:33:20,840 --> 02:33:22,240 TABLE THAT CREATE THOSE. 4161 02:33:22,240 --> 02:33:23,880 WE'RE NEVER AT THE TABLE, PUBLIC 4162 02:33:23,880 --> 02:33:26,200 HEALTH IS NEVER AT THE TABLE FOR 4163 02:33:26,200 --> 02:33:27,360 POLICY PLATFORMS. 4164 02:33:27,360 --> 02:33:30,440 IT'S A LEGISLATIVE PERSON WHO 4165 02:33:30,440 --> 02:33:31,320 DOESN'T KNOW. 4166 02:33:31,320 --> 02:33:34,760 I FEEL LIKE WITH THE GRIDLOCK I 4167 02:33:34,760 --> 02:33:38,080 WANT TO GO UPSTREAM LATELY. 4168 02:33:38,080 --> 02:33:43,360 THAT WOULD BE MY LATEST 4169 02:33:43,360 --> 02:33:48,080 RESPONSE. 4170 02:33:48,080 --> 02:33:51,960 >> I WAS GOING TO BRIEFLY ADD, 4171 02:33:51,960 --> 02:33:55,600 ANN MADE THIS POINT, IT CAN FEEL 4172 02:33:55,600 --> 02:33:56,400 OVERWHELMING FOR SCIENTISTS, HOW 4173 02:33:56,400 --> 02:33:58,000 DO I DO ALL THESE THINGS. 4174 02:33:58,000 --> 02:33:59,640 ONE THING I'VE COME TO 4175 02:33:59,640 --> 02:34:03,240 APPRECIATE OVER TIME, IN MY EVEN 4176 02:34:03,240 --> 02:34:04,440 CAREER, THERE ARE ADVOCACY 4177 02:34:04,440 --> 02:34:06,240 GROUPS THAT SPEND ALL THEIR TIME 4178 02:34:06,240 --> 02:34:08,320 THINKING ABOUT THIS, AND WE TEND 4179 02:34:08,320 --> 02:34:11,160 TO THINK SCIENTISTS NEED TO 4180 02:34:11,160 --> 02:34:11,800 EDUCATE POLICYMAKER BUT 4181 02:34:11,800 --> 02:34:16,680 SCIENTISTS CAN EDUCATED A ADVOY 4182 02:34:16,680 --> 02:34:17,520 GROUPS AND LEVERAGE 4183 02:34:17,520 --> 02:34:18,400 COMMUNICATION CAPACITY, THEY 4184 02:34:18,400 --> 02:34:21,320 HAVE RELATIONSHIPS. 4185 02:34:21,320 --> 02:34:22,760 THIS KNOW-HOW JEN IS TALKING 4186 02:34:22,760 --> 02:34:24,680 ABOUT, MANY OF THOSE GROUPS HAVE 4187 02:34:24,680 --> 02:34:27,240 IT, SCIENTISTS DON'T. 4188 02:34:27,240 --> 02:34:28,360 BUILDING THOSE RELATIONSHIPS AND 4189 02:34:28,360 --> 02:34:31,400 NOT SEEING IT AS, OH, NOW I'M 4190 02:34:31,400 --> 02:34:33,400 WORKING WITH AN ADVOCACY GROUP, 4191 02:34:33,400 --> 02:34:34,160 I'M A BIOSCIENTIST. 4192 02:34:34,160 --> 02:34:37,760 I THINK I'M GOING TO EDUCATE, I 4193 02:34:37,760 --> 02:34:38,960 STUDIED FOOD LABELING SO LET ME 4194 02:34:38,960 --> 02:34:43,640 TELL YOU, FOOD ADVOCACY GROUP, 4195 02:34:43,640 --> 02:34:46,000 WHAT I KNOW ABOUT IT. 4196 02:34:46,000 --> 02:34:48,360 >> CAN I ASK A FOLLOW-UP? 4197 02:34:48,360 --> 02:34:50,440 >> YEAH, MAYBE THIS IS A FOOL'S 4198 02:34:50,440 --> 02:34:55,280 ERRAND, IS IT POSSIBLE TO MAKE 4199 02:34:55,280 --> 02:34:57,200 DIETARY GUIDANCE TO INSULATE THE 4200 02:34:57,200 --> 02:34:59,960 PEOPLE THAT MAKE DIETARY 4201 02:34:59,960 --> 02:35:01,480 GUIDANCE FROM THE POLITICS? 4202 02:35:01,480 --> 02:35:05,200 IF I'M NOT MISTAKEN THE FIRST 4203 02:35:05,200 --> 02:35:06,440 DIETARY GUIDELINES WERE DONE, 4204 02:35:06,440 --> 02:35:08,480 THERE WAS NOT TWO REPORTS. 4205 02:35:08,480 --> 02:35:09,720 NOW THERE'S AN EXPERT COMMITTEE 4206 02:35:09,720 --> 02:35:11,360 REPORT AND THEN THERE'S THE 4207 02:35:11,360 --> 02:35:12,560 ACTUAL GUIDELINES THAT COME OUT 4208 02:35:12,560 --> 02:35:13,640 OF THE GOVERNMENT. 4209 02:35:13,640 --> 02:35:17,800 I BELIEVE THE VERY FIRST WERE 4210 02:35:17,800 --> 02:35:19,480 JUST THE REPORTS, THEY JUST WENT 4211 02:35:19,480 --> 02:35:21,200 OUT, OKAY, SO IT WAS NOT -- AS 4212 02:35:21,200 --> 02:35:24,760 SOON ASKER IT -- AS SOON AS IT 4213 02:35:24,760 --> 02:35:26,320 GOES TO A GOVERNMENT BODY IT'S 4214 02:35:26,320 --> 02:35:27,640 GOING TO BE SUBJECT TO 4215 02:35:27,640 --> 02:35:27,920 INFLUENCE. 4216 02:35:27,920 --> 02:35:32,320 THE QUESTION, IS THERE A WAY TO 4217 02:35:32,320 --> 02:35:35,400 REKINDLE THAT SORT OF INSULATION 4218 02:35:35,400 --> 02:35:38,240 FROM THE POLITICS TO THAT? 4219 02:35:38,240 --> 02:35:41,640 >> LET ME JUMP IN HERE. 4220 02:35:41,640 --> 02:35:43,200 I UNDERSTAND THE DESIRE, YOU 4221 02:35:43,200 --> 02:35:45,160 WANT TO INFLUENCE DIETARY 4222 02:35:45,160 --> 02:35:46,240 GUIDELINES PROCESS. 4223 02:35:46,240 --> 02:35:48,720 WE'VE BEEN VERY INTENTIONAL IN 4224 02:35:48,720 --> 02:35:50,280 LANGUAGE HERE, AND THE PROCESS. 4225 02:35:50,280 --> 02:35:53,080 AND I THINK WE'VE ATTEMPTED TO 4226 02:35:53,080 --> 02:35:56,680 DO EXACTLY WHAT YOU'RE 4227 02:35:56,680 --> 02:35:57,760 SUGGESTING, DIEGO. 4228 02:35:57,760 --> 02:35:59,600 >> I'M NOT TRYING TO -- 4229 02:35:59,600 --> 02:36:04,320 >>WE'RE NOT TRYING TO MAKE 4230 02:36:04,320 --> 02:36:04,760 DIETARY GUIDELINES. 4231 02:36:04,760 --> 02:36:04,960 >> NO. 4232 02:36:04,960 --> 02:36:06,760 >> I THINK WHAT YOU JUST SAID, 4233 02:36:06,760 --> 02:36:09,800 I'M AGREEING WITH WHAT YOU JUST 4234 02:36:09,800 --> 02:36:10,000 SAID. 4235 02:36:10,000 --> 02:36:10,440 >> OKAY. 4236 02:36:10,440 --> 02:36:12,600 >> AND LET ME GIVE AN EXAMPLE 4237 02:36:12,600 --> 02:36:17,240 OF HOW THIS PROCESS CAN WORK. 4238 02:36:17,240 --> 02:36:21,440 IN 2012, THERE WAS NO INCLUSION 4239 02:36:21,440 --> 02:36:23,840 OF PREGNANCY IN THE FIRST YEARS 4240 02:36:23,840 --> 02:36:26,880 OF LIFE OF DIETARY GUIDELINES. 4241 02:36:26,880 --> 02:36:29,520 WE WERE ABLE TO MAKE A CASE FOR 4242 02:36:29,520 --> 02:36:31,960 THE FACT THAT EVIDENCE HAD 4243 02:36:31,960 --> 02:36:32,960 ADVANCED VIS-A-VIS THE 4244 02:36:32,960 --> 02:36:35,760 DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH 4245 02:36:35,760 --> 02:36:39,480 AND DISEASE, ALL THAT WE LEARNED 4246 02:36:39,480 --> 02:36:40,360 ABOUT EARLY LIFE EXPOSURES, IT 4247 02:36:40,360 --> 02:36:42,040 WAS TIME TO RETHINK THIS. 4248 02:36:42,040 --> 02:36:48,480 SO WE DID A PROJECT CALLED THE 4249 02:36:48,480 --> 02:36:49,000 B-24 PROJECT. 4250 02:36:49,000 --> 02:36:52,560 IN 2014 THE FARM BILL INCLUDED 4251 02:36:52,560 --> 02:36:55,240 B-24 PLUS PREGNANCY. 4252 02:36:55,240 --> 02:36:57,760 AND WE NOW HAVE BEEN INVOLVED IN 4253 02:36:57,760 --> 02:36:59,760 THE PROCESS ON THE EXECUTIVE 4254 02:36:59,760 --> 02:37:04,040 SIDE, NIH BEING PART OF THE 4255 02:37:04,040 --> 02:37:05,040 EXECUTIVE BRANCH, DEVELOPING 4256 02:37:05,040 --> 02:37:08,440 EVIDENCE BASE TO SUPPORT FUTURE 4257 02:37:08,440 --> 02:37:09,640 GENERATIONS OF DIETARY 4258 02:37:09,640 --> 02:37:11,720 GUIDELINES FOR AMERICANS. 4259 02:37:11,720 --> 02:37:13,560 WE DIDN'T DO THIS BY ADVOCATING 4260 02:37:13,560 --> 02:37:15,200 FOR ONE POSITION OR ANOTHER. 4261 02:37:15,200 --> 02:37:17,000 WE DID IT BY ADVOCATING 4262 02:37:17,000 --> 02:37:18,840 IMPORTANCE OF DEVELOPING AN 4263 02:37:18,840 --> 02:37:20,560 EVIDENCE BASE AND HERE IS WHAT 4264 02:37:20,560 --> 02:37:24,320 WE KNOW AND DON'T KNOW. 4265 02:37:24,320 --> 02:37:25,840 THAT'S WHAT WE USED THEN. 4266 02:37:25,840 --> 02:37:27,000 WE'VE USED IT SEVERAL TIMES 4267 02:37:27,000 --> 02:37:30,320 SINCE THEN AND WE'RE USING IT 4268 02:37:30,320 --> 02:37:30,520 HERE. 4269 02:37:30,520 --> 02:37:32,280 IF WE CAN INFLUENCE WHOEVER IS 4270 02:37:32,280 --> 02:37:34,920 INVOLVED IN THIS PROCESS, 4271 02:37:34,920 --> 02:37:36,480 WHETHER DIETARY GUIDELINES 4272 02:37:36,480 --> 02:37:39,000 PROCESS OR AMERICAN ACADEMY OF 4273 02:37:39,000 --> 02:37:44,240 PEDIATRICS OR A&D OR OTHERS 4274 02:37:44,240 --> 02:37:45,000 MAKING EVIDENCE-BASED GUIDANCE, 4275 02:37:45,000 --> 02:37:46,760 WE'RE HERE TO SUPPORT THOSE 4276 02:37:46,760 --> 02:37:47,640 EFFORTS, RECOGNIZING COMPLEXITY 4277 02:37:47,640 --> 02:37:49,880 OF THE ISSUE AND RECOGNIZING 4278 02:37:49,880 --> 02:37:51,720 THERE ARE PEOPLE AS WAS POINTED 4279 02:37:51,720 --> 02:37:53,920 OUT THAT ARE ACTUALLY ADVOCATING 4280 02:37:53,920 --> 02:37:55,640 FOR POSITIONS. 4281 02:37:55,640 --> 02:37:57,320 YOU NEED THE EVIDENCE TO DO 4282 02:37:57,320 --> 02:37:58,840 THAT, ALL THE EVIDENCE, ALL THE 4283 02:37:58,840 --> 02:38:00,920 KIND OF EVIDENCE THAT NEED TO BE 4284 02:38:00,920 --> 02:38:01,120 THERE. 4285 02:38:01,120 --> 02:38:02,800 WE CAN ONLY FOCUS ON THE 4286 02:38:02,800 --> 02:38:05,200 EVIDENCE WE CAN FOCUS ON BUT WE 4287 02:38:05,200 --> 02:38:09,080 RECOGNIZE THAT BECAUSE THERE'S A 4288 02:38:09,080 --> 02:38:13,440 CONTINUUM, THERE'S A CONTINUAL 4289 02:38:13,440 --> 02:38:18,040 FEEDBACK LOOP ACROSS 4290 02:38:18,040 --> 02:38:18,360 STAKEHOLDERS. 4291 02:38:18,360 --> 02:38:22,080 GOING BACK TO THE POINT, THIS 4292 02:38:22,080 --> 02:38:23,520 PROJECT WAS INTENTIONALLY 4293 02:38:23,520 --> 02:38:25,680 DESIGNED TO TRY AND AVOID 4294 02:38:25,680 --> 02:38:28,320 CONTROVERSY IN THE SENSE OF, YOU 4295 02:38:28,320 --> 02:38:31,040 KNOW, TAKING A POSITION AND 4296 02:38:31,040 --> 02:38:32,400 PICKING WINNERS AND LOSERS, OR 4297 02:38:32,400 --> 02:38:33,120 PERCEPTION THEREOF AND FOCUSING 4298 02:38:33,120 --> 02:38:35,000 ON HERE IS WHAT WE NEED TO KNOW, 4299 02:38:35,000 --> 02:38:37,400 IF WE HAVE A CHANGING 4300 02:38:37,400 --> 02:38:39,640 ENVIRONMENT AND HAVE THESE THREE 4301 02:38:39,640 --> 02:38:41,240 AREAS OF EVIDENCE THAT WE'RE 4302 02:38:41,240 --> 02:38:44,520 RELYING ON TO MAKE POLICY, HOW 4303 02:38:44,520 --> 02:38:45,640 IS THAT CHANGING ENVIRONMENT 4304 02:38:45,640 --> 02:38:46,480 AFFECTING THAT? 4305 02:38:46,480 --> 02:38:49,280 IS IT AFFECTING OUR ABILITY TO 4306 02:38:49,280 --> 02:38:51,520 BE PRECISE BOTH IN TERMS OF 4307 02:38:51,520 --> 02:38:55,960 ASSESSMENT AND ATTRIBUTION? 4308 02:38:55,960 --> 02:38:57,400 UNLESS WE KNOW THAT WE CAN'T USE 4309 02:38:57,400 --> 02:39:02,680 THE DATA THAT WE'RE DEVELOPING. 4310 02:39:02,680 --> 02:39:04,080 TWO CASES, TWO EXAMPLES OF 4311 02:39:04,080 --> 02:39:05,160 CHALLENGES WE'RE FACED WITH. 4312 02:39:05,160 --> 02:39:07,360 THIS IS NOT TO BE CRITICAL OF 4313 02:39:07,360 --> 02:39:08,120 AGENCIES DOING THIS. 4314 02:39:08,120 --> 02:39:10,760 JUST TO NOTE THIS IS WHERE WE 4315 02:39:10,760 --> 02:39:12,280 ARE RIGHT NOW. 4316 02:39:12,280 --> 02:39:14,280 EPA CAME OUT WITH A STUDY ON 4317 02:39:14,280 --> 02:39:20,040 IMPACT OF CLIMATE ON CHILD 4318 02:39:20,040 --> 02:39:20,680 HEALTH. 4319 02:39:20,680 --> 02:39:24,240 WE HAVE NHANES SURVEY, NATIONAL 4320 02:39:24,240 --> 02:39:26,120 NUTRITION MONITORING EFFORT TO 4321 02:39:26,120 --> 02:39:30,040 ADDRESS DIET AND HEALTH ACROSS 4322 02:39:30,040 --> 02:39:32,200 THE UNITED STATES. 4323 02:39:32,200 --> 02:39:33,200 NHANES DOESN'T INCLUDE 4324 02:39:33,200 --> 02:39:37,040 CONSIDERATION OF CLIMATE AND 4325 02:39:37,040 --> 02:39:42,840 ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND EPA 4326 02:39:42,840 --> 02:39:45,640 DIDN'T INCLUSION NUTRITION AND 4327 02:39:45,640 --> 02:39:45,880 HEALTH. 4328 02:39:45,880 --> 02:39:49,280 HOW DO WE DO A BETTER JOB MAKING 4329 02:39:49,280 --> 02:39:51,040 SURE THOSE EFFORTS ARE MORE 4330 02:39:51,040 --> 02:39:52,440 EFFECTIVELY INTEGRATED SO WE'RE 4331 02:39:52,440 --> 02:39:54,680 COVERING ISSUES WE NEED TO COVER 4332 02:39:54,680 --> 02:39:56,200 AND CAN BE MORE PRECISE WHAT 4333 02:39:56,200 --> 02:39:59,000 WE'RE TRYING TO ACCOMPLISH. 4334 02:39:59,000 --> 02:39:59,880 I'LL STOP RAMBLING. 4335 02:39:59,880 --> 02:40:02,200 >> THANK YOU, DAN. 4336 02:40:02,200 --> 02:40:03,280 VERY THOUGHT PROVOKING COMMENTS. 4337 02:40:03,280 --> 02:40:05,720 I WANT TO THANK YOU FOR THAT AND 4338 02:40:05,720 --> 02:40:07,160 THANK THE SPEAKERS. 4339 02:40:07,160 --> 02:40:09,880 THANK YOU SO MUCH, WE'RE OVER 4340 02:40:09,880 --> 02:40:11,960 TIME SO I'LL PASS BACK TO JESS 4341 02:40:11,960 --> 02:40:19,360 AND DIEGO TO WRAP IT UP. 4342 02:40:19,360 --> 02:40:21,800 >> I WANTED TO -- I'LL LET 4343 02:40:21,800 --> 02:40:22,360 DIEGO END. 4344 02:40:22,360 --> 02:40:28,320 I WANT TO THANK THE SPEAKERS AND 4345 02:40:28,320 --> 02:40:31,240 CHRISTINA, JEN, WENDI AND TOO 4346 02:40:31,240 --> 02:40:36,000 DIEGO AND SELENA, MODERATING, 4347 02:40:36,000 --> 02:40:37,720 DAN AND DREW FOR OPENING THIS 4348 02:40:37,720 --> 02:40:38,120 UP. 4349 02:40:38,120 --> 02:40:40,000 WE SAW WORKING GROUP MEMBERS 4350 02:40:40,000 --> 02:40:40,360 JOIN. 4351 02:40:40,360 --> 02:40:44,480 I WISH WE MOVE HAD MORE 4352 02:40:44,480 --> 02:40:46,120 DIALOGUE, TO HEAR HOW THEIR WORK 4353 02:40:46,120 --> 02:40:46,800 INCORPORATION INTO OURS BUT 4354 02:40:46,800 --> 02:40:49,520 THERE WILL BE TIME FOR THAT. 4355 02:40:49,520 --> 02:40:51,920 , YEAH I'LL TURN IT OVER TO 4356 02:40:51,920 --> 02:40:54,320 DIEGO, BUT THANK YOU, EVERYONE, 4357 02:40:54,320 --> 02:40:56,320 FOR JOINING TODAY. 4358 02:40:56,320 --> 02:40:59,400 >> THAT'S ABOUT ALL I WOULD 4359 02:40:59,400 --> 02:40:59,840 SAY. 4360 02:40:59,840 --> 02:41:01,640 I APPRECIATE EVERYBODY'S 4361 02:41:01,640 --> 02:41:02,640 CONTRIBUTION. 4362 02:41:02,640 --> 02:41:04,480 THERE'S A LOT THAT WE WENT DOWN 4363 02:41:04,480 --> 02:41:07,280 TODAY, WE'LL HAVE A LOT TO LOOK 4364 02:41:07,280 --> 02:41:10,080 AT WHEN WE REWATCH THE VIDEO, IF 4365 02:41:10,080 --> 02:41:11,000 THAT HAPPENS. 4366 02:41:11,000 --> 02:41:13,480 CERTAINLY A LOT TO PROCESS, A 4367 02:41:13,480 --> 02:41:15,600 LOT OF GOOD MATERIAL FOR OUR 4368 02:41:15,600 --> 02:41:16,680 UPCOMING WORK. 4369 02:41:16,680 --> 02:41:19,080 THANK YOU TO EVERYBODY. 4370 02:41:19,080 --> 02:41:19,960 AND I THINK -- 4371 02:41:19,960 --> 02:41:22,280 >>BEFORE WE SIGN OFF, I DON'T 4372 02:41:22,280 --> 02:41:24,600 KNOW IF DREW IS STILL ON THE 4373 02:41:24,600 --> 02:41:24,880 CALL. 4374 02:41:24,880 --> 02:41:27,000 LET ME TALK ABOUT THE PROCESS 4375 02:41:27,000 --> 02:41:29,520 BECAUSE I KNOW EVERYBODY IS 4376 02:41:29,520 --> 02:41:30,680 INTERESTED IN THAT. 4377 02:41:30,680 --> 02:41:36,960 OUR HOPE IS THE REPORTS FROM 4378 02:41:36,960 --> 02:41:38,560 THESE GROUPS WILL BE PUBLICATION 4379 02:41:38,560 --> 02:41:42,360 READY SOMETIME IN THE LATE FALL. 4380 02:41:42,360 --> 02:41:43,200 IT'S ALWAYS CONTINGENT ON 4381 02:41:43,200 --> 02:41:44,080 EVERYBODY'S SCHEDULE. 4382 02:41:44,080 --> 02:41:46,600 WE RECOGNIZE HOW BUSY EVERYBODY 4383 02:41:46,600 --> 02:41:46,800 IS. 4384 02:41:46,800 --> 02:41:47,800 THAT'S OUR GOAL. 4385 02:41:47,800 --> 02:41:50,520 DREW, ARE YOU STILL THERE? 4386 02:41:50,520 --> 02:41:52,600 >> I AM. 4387 02:41:52,600 --> 02:41:53,800 I APPRECIATE THE OPPORTUNITY TO 4388 02:41:53,800 --> 02:41:55,440 COME BACK AND CIRCLE BACK WITH 4389 02:41:55,440 --> 02:41:55,840 EVERYONE. 4390 02:41:55,840 --> 02:41:57,640 THIS IS HAS BEEN AN 4391 02:41:57,640 --> 02:41:58,080 EXTRAORDINARY DAY. 4392 02:41:58,080 --> 02:42:00,520 I WANT TO THANK JESS AND DIEGO 4393 02:42:00,520 --> 02:42:02,480 AND EVERYONE IN THE WORKING 4394 02:42:02,480 --> 02:42:04,520 GROUP FOR THE TIME AND ATTENTION 4395 02:42:04,520 --> 02:42:07,480 THAT YOU'VE GIVEN THIS TOPIC. 4396 02:42:07,480 --> 02:42:10,880 WE RECOGNIZE EVERYONE HAS DAY 4397 02:42:10,880 --> 02:42:14,160 JOBS BUT YOUR CONTRIBUTIONS ARE 4398 02:42:14,160 --> 02:42:16,960 TRULY VALUED AND RESPECTED. 4399 02:42:16,960 --> 02:42:18,800 TO WORKING GROUP MEMBERS IN 4400 02:42:18,800 --> 02:42:21,920 WORKING GROUP 5 AND ALL THE 4401 02:42:21,920 --> 02:42:23,360 WORKING GROUPS, WE'RE PROFOUNDLY 4402 02:42:23,360 --> 02:42:24,680 GRATEFUL FOR EVERYONE. 4403 02:42:24,680 --> 02:42:27,720 I WANT TO REITERATE WHAT I SAID 4404 02:42:27,720 --> 02:42:28,360 EARLIER. 4405 02:42:28,360 --> 02:42:31,280 DAN, THANKS FOR YOUR COMMENTS 4406 02:42:31,280 --> 02:42:32,080 TODAY. 4407 02:42:32,080 --> 02:42:34,480 IT'S REALLY ONLY DOABLE BECAUSE 4408 02:42:34,480 --> 02:42:36,680 OF DAN'S VISION AND GUIDANCE, 4409 02:42:36,680 --> 02:42:40,720 SO, DAN, THANK YOU. 4410 02:42:40,720 --> 02:42:43,360 ALISON STEIBER, SHE HAD 4411 02:42:43,360 --> 02:42:45,400 CONFLICTING MEETINGS, SHE AND 4412 02:42:45,400 --> 02:42:48,120 THE TEAM HAVE BEEN SPECTACULAR. 4413 02:42:48,120 --> 02:42:50,400 AGAIN, PROFOUND THANK YOU TO THE 4414 02:42:50,400 --> 02:42:53,520 A&D TEAM FOR THEIR 4415 02:42:53,520 --> 02:42:53,920 CONTRIBUTIONS. 4416 02:42:53,920 --> 02:42:55,600 TO THOSE JOINING ONLINE, THANK 4417 02:42:55,600 --> 02:43:00,280 YOU FOR TAKING TIME OUT TODAY. 4418 02:43:00,280 --> 02:43:01,040 ALL THESE WORKSHOP RECORDINGS 4419 02:43:01,040 --> 02:43:02,880 WILL BE AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC 4420 02:43:02,880 --> 02:43:06,240 SO WE CAN CIRCLE BACK AND DO 4421 02:43:06,240 --> 02:43:07,440 SOME MORE THINKING. 4422 02:43:07,440 --> 02:43:09,440 OUR GOAL IS TO MAKE THESE 4423 02:43:09,440 --> 02:43:11,800 PRODUCTS AVAILABLE TO EVERYONE. 4424 02:43:11,800 --> 02:43:13,800 AS DAN SAID, AS WE CIRCLE BACK, 4425 02:43:13,800 --> 02:43:17,960 AND WE PUT PEN TO PAPER, OUR 4426 02:43:17,960 --> 02:43:23,160 GOAL IS TO REALLY CODIFY IN 4427 02:43:23,160 --> 02:43:26,480 WRITTEN WORKS THAT CAN BE 4428 02:43:26,480 --> 02:43:27,520 DISSEMINATED AND ACTED ON. 4429 02:43:27,520 --> 02:43:29,600 I THANK THE I.T. TEAM, THANK 4430 02:43:29,600 --> 02:43:30,160 EVERYONE FOR BEING HERE, AND I 4431 02:43:30,160 --> 02:43:31,800 WISH EVERYONE A PEACEFUL AND 4432 02:43:31,800 --> 00:00:00,000 JOYFUL SUMMER.