1 00:00:05,800 --> 00:00:08,680 >> WELCOME 2 00:00:08,680 --> 00:00:11,440 EVERYONE, TO FOURTH WORKSHOP OF 3 00:00:11,440 --> 00:00:14,840 THE ADVANTAGE PROJECT, YOU SEE 4 00:00:14,840 --> 00:00:16,520 THE ACRONYM ON THE SLIDE. 5 00:00:16,520 --> 00:00:18,880 WE'RE EXCITED TO WELCOME YOU TO 6 00:00:18,880 --> 00:00:21,920 THIS SESSION ON BEHALF OF THE 7 00:00:21,920 --> 00:00:24,760 NICHD LEADERSHIP AND IN 8 00:00:24,760 --> 00:00:26,640 PARTICULAR THE BRANCH CHIEF OF 9 00:00:26,640 --> 00:00:28,920 THE PEDIATRIC GROWTH AND 10 00:00:28,920 --> 00:00:29,800 NUTRITION BRANCH DR. DREW BREMER 11 00:00:29,800 --> 00:00:32,560 WHO IS NOT ABLE TO JOIN US TODAY 12 00:00:32,560 --> 00:00:33,840 BUT WISHES YOU ALL THE BEST. 13 00:00:33,840 --> 00:00:39,440 I WANT TO GIVE A SHOUT OUT TO 14 00:00:39,440 --> 00:00:43,480 OUR PARTNERS AT NUTRITION AND 15 00:00:43,480 --> 00:00:47,520 DIETETICS, ALISON STEIBER, CHIEF 16 00:00:47,520 --> 00:00:47,880 SCIENCE OFFICER. 17 00:00:47,880 --> 00:00:48,640 >> YES, HELLO, EVERYONE. 18 00:00:48,640 --> 00:00:50,600 I WANT TO EXTEND MY WELCOME AS 19 00:00:50,600 --> 00:00:51,800 WELL AND I WANT TO SAY HOW 20 00:00:51,800 --> 00:00:54,840 GRATEFUL WE ARE TO BE PARTNERS 21 00:00:54,840 --> 00:00:55,440 ON THIS PROJECT. 22 00:00:55,440 --> 00:00:57,280 THIS IS A PROJECT THAT I THINK 23 00:00:57,280 --> 00:01:00,120 IS GOING TO HAVE LONG-REACHING 24 00:01:00,120 --> 00:01:00,760 IMPLICATIONS FOR OUR MEMBERSHIP 25 00:01:00,760 --> 00:01:03,600 AT THE ACADEMY OF NUTRITION AND 26 00:01:03,600 --> 00:01:04,480 DIETETICS, ALSO FOR MANY, MANY 27 00:01:04,480 --> 00:01:06,600 OTHERS IN THE SPACE OF 28 00:01:06,600 --> 00:01:06,880 NUTRITION. 29 00:01:06,880 --> 00:01:09,640 I WANT TO SAY THAT I THINK THE 30 00:01:09,640 --> 00:01:11,400 FIRST THREE WORKSHOPS WHICH WERE 31 00:01:11,400 --> 00:01:16,200 OUTSTANDING REALLY LAID A 32 00:01:16,200 --> 00:01:17,960 FABULOUS GROUNDWORK FOR US, BUT 33 00:01:17,960 --> 00:01:18,680 IT'S THIS PARTICULAR WORKSHOP 34 00:01:18,680 --> 00:01:20,800 AND FOLLOWING THAT WILL TAKE US 35 00:01:20,800 --> 00:01:22,120 FORWARD INTO THE NEXT -- THE 36 00:01:22,120 --> 00:01:24,320 FUTURE OF HOW WE THINK ABOUT 37 00:01:24,320 --> 00:01:28,560 THIS NEXUS BETWEEN AGRICULTURE 38 00:01:28,560 --> 00:01:28,920 AND DIET. 39 00:01:28,920 --> 00:01:30,280 I'M EXCITED FOR THE 40 00:01:30,280 --> 00:01:33,040 PRESENTATIONS TODAY. 41 00:01:33,040 --> 00:01:33,800 THANK YOU. 42 00:01:33,800 --> 00:01:34,560 >>THANKS, ALLISON. 43 00:01:34,560 --> 00:01:38,400 AND A PARTICULAR SHOUT OUT TO 44 00:01:38,400 --> 00:01:39,960 ALLISON'S TEAM, AS YOU LEARNED 45 00:01:39,960 --> 00:01:42,240 IN THE PREVIOUS WORKSHOPS ALL 46 00:01:42,240 --> 00:01:45,200 THESE WORKING GROUPS ARE LED BY 47 00:01:45,200 --> 00:01:46,640 A SECRETARY TEAM WITH MEMBERS 48 00:01:46,640 --> 00:01:52,680 FROM THE A&D TEAM, ALISON'S 49 00:01:52,680 --> 00:01:54,720 TEAM, DR. HANDU HAS BEEN 50 00:01:54,720 --> 00:01:57,040 INSTRUMENTAL IN PULLING THIS 51 00:01:57,040 --> 00:01:57,480 TOGETHER. 52 00:01:57,480 --> 00:01:59,520 WE HAVE LOGISTICS TEAM HERE 53 00:01:59,520 --> 00:02:03,040 THAT'S SUPPORTING THIS EFFORT 54 00:02:03,040 --> 00:02:04,760 TODAY, TWO PLATFORMS, FOR THOSE 55 00:02:04,760 --> 00:02:07,760 LISTENING ON THE WEBINAR 56 00:02:07,760 --> 00:02:09,080 PLATFORM FEEL FREE MAKE COMMENTS 57 00:02:09,080 --> 00:02:11,600 THROUGH THE SYSTEM, IF YOU HAVE 58 00:02:11,600 --> 00:02:15,040 QUESTIONS LET US KNOW. 59 00:02:15,040 --> 00:02:15,960 OTHERWISE WE'LL BEGIN THE 60 00:02:15,960 --> 00:02:17,920 PROJECT, THE WORKSHOP TODAY. 61 00:02:17,920 --> 00:02:23,520 SO, LET'S GO TO THE NEXT SLIDE. 62 00:02:23,520 --> 00:02:27,120 I WANT TO SPEND A COUPLE MINUTES 63 00:02:27,120 --> 00:02:28,720 GOING OVER MOTIVES, OBJECTIVES, 64 00:02:28,720 --> 00:02:29,720 FRAMEWORK AND OBJECTIVES FOR 65 00:02:29,720 --> 00:02:30,560 THIS PROJECT. 66 00:02:30,560 --> 00:02:32,680 STARTING WITH THIS SLIDE, A 67 00:02:32,680 --> 00:02:35,600 RECOGNITION OF HOW WE PERCEIVE 68 00:02:35,600 --> 00:02:38,000 OUR ROLE AT NICHD, NIH MORE 69 00:02:38,000 --> 00:02:40,080 BROADLY, THE BALANCE BETWEEN 70 00:02:40,080 --> 00:02:41,840 RESEARCH, BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH 71 00:02:41,840 --> 00:02:43,600 AND TRANSLATION OF THAT 72 00:02:43,600 --> 00:02:44,160 RESEARCH. 73 00:02:44,160 --> 00:02:45,680 THE TRANSLATION IS NOT JUST 74 00:02:45,680 --> 00:02:47,320 MAKING POLICIES. 75 00:02:47,320 --> 00:02:49,040 WE DON'T MAKE POLICIES OR 76 00:02:49,040 --> 00:02:52,040 GUIDANCE BUT WE DO TRANSLATE THE 77 00:02:52,040 --> 00:02:53,760 EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THE 78 00:02:53,760 --> 00:02:55,040 DEVELOPMENT OF INTERVENTIONS, 79 00:02:55,040 --> 00:02:56,080 PROGRAMS, POLICIES, ET CETERA. 80 00:02:56,080 --> 00:02:58,800 THAT'S ALSO PART OF OUR RESEARCH 81 00:02:58,800 --> 00:02:59,560 AGENDA HERE. 82 00:02:59,560 --> 00:03:01,880 SO THERE'S A BALANCE HERE. 83 00:03:01,880 --> 00:03:04,320 IT'S ALSO A RECOGNITION OF OUR 84 00:03:04,320 --> 00:03:05,520 ROLE AS PROVIDING TECHNICAL 85 00:03:05,520 --> 00:03:10,960 SUPPORT TO THOSE AGENCIES AND 86 00:03:10,960 --> 00:03:12,960 ORGANIZATIONS THAT ARE INVOLVED 87 00:03:12,960 --> 00:03:14,040 IN SURVEILLANCE, EVIDENCE 88 00:03:14,040 --> 00:03:15,800 GATHERING, TO SUPPORT PROGRAMS, 89 00:03:15,800 --> 00:03:22,600 POLICIES, STANDARDS OF CARE. 90 00:03:22,600 --> 00:03:23,440 NEXT SLIDE. 91 00:03:23,440 --> 00:03:26,400 THESE ARE THREE CORE STATEMENTS 92 00:03:26,400 --> 00:03:28,200 TO HIGHLIGHT RIGHT OFF THE TOP. 93 00:03:28,200 --> 00:03:29,520 THE FIRST IS AN IMPORTANT 94 00:03:29,520 --> 00:03:32,360 RECOGNITION THAT WE'RE NOT 95 00:03:32,360 --> 00:03:33,880 MAKING GUIDELINES HERE. 96 00:03:33,880 --> 00:03:36,920 THIS IS INTENDED TO REALLY FOCUS 97 00:03:36,920 --> 00:03:41,240 ON THE SCIENCE AND SUPPORT THAT 98 00:03:41,240 --> 00:03:42,200 SCIENTIFIC AGENDA, RESEARCH 99 00:03:42,200 --> 00:03:44,840 AGENDA TO SUPPORT PROGRAMS AND 100 00:03:44,840 --> 00:03:49,680 POLICIES, AND THAT TRANSLATIONAL 101 00:03:49,680 --> 00:03:49,920 AGENDA. 102 00:03:49,920 --> 00:03:51,960 NEXT SLIDE. 103 00:03:51,960 --> 00:03:52,800 NEXT. 104 00:03:52,800 --> 00:03:55,920 I WANT TO GO THROUGH SOME CORE 105 00:03:55,920 --> 00:03:56,880 CONCEPTS DRIVING THIS PROJECT. 106 00:03:56,880 --> 00:04:02,680 THE FIRST ONE IS A RECOGNITION 107 00:04:02,680 --> 00:04:03,680 THAT IRRESPECTIVE OF POLICY 108 00:04:03,680 --> 00:04:05,440 STANDARD OF CARE, WHATEVER IT 109 00:04:05,440 --> 00:04:06,960 HAPPENS TO BE, WHEN YOU'RE 110 00:04:06,960 --> 00:04:09,120 LOOKING AT RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN 111 00:04:09,120 --> 00:04:10,280 DIET, NUTRITION, HEALTH, THREE 112 00:04:10,280 --> 00:04:14,320 CORE BUCKETS WE FOCUS ON. 113 00:04:14,320 --> 00:04:17,160 ONE IS THE HEALTH PRIORITIES 114 00:04:17,160 --> 00:04:18,680 THAT WE'RE INTERESTED IN, MOST 115 00:04:18,680 --> 00:04:20,560 ARE REALLY DESIGNED TO PROMOTE 116 00:04:20,560 --> 00:04:21,640 HEALTH AND PREVENT DISEASE. 117 00:04:21,640 --> 00:04:23,080 WHAT ARE THE PRIORITY HEALTH 118 00:04:23,080 --> 00:04:24,400 OUTCOMES OF INTEREST, WHAT DO WE 119 00:04:24,400 --> 00:04:26,480 KNOW ABOUT THEM? 120 00:04:26,480 --> 00:04:29,120 THE SECOND PIECE IS WHAT ARE THE 121 00:04:29,120 --> 00:04:30,040 POPULATIONS OF INTEREST 122 00:04:30,040 --> 00:04:33,480 CONSUMING AND WHY? 123 00:04:33,480 --> 00:04:35,240 AND THE THIRD, GROWING IMPORTANT 124 00:04:35,240 --> 00:04:36,960 COMPONENT OF THIS, IS WHAT IS 125 00:04:36,960 --> 00:04:39,920 THE CAPACITY OF THE FOOD SYSTEM 126 00:04:39,920 --> 00:04:41,920 TO MEET THOSE NEEDS, DIETARY 127 00:04:41,920 --> 00:04:42,600 NEEDS? 128 00:04:42,600 --> 00:04:44,560 SO THAT RAISES THREE CORE 129 00:04:44,560 --> 00:04:45,000 QUESTIONS. 130 00:04:45,000 --> 00:04:47,960 IN THIS CASE, WHAT IS THE IMPACT 131 00:04:47,960 --> 00:04:49,280 OF A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT, 132 00:04:49,280 --> 00:04:51,160 INCLUDING CLIMATE CHANGE, ON 133 00:04:51,160 --> 00:04:53,120 THESE CORE QUESTIONS? 134 00:04:53,120 --> 00:04:56,800 CAN WE IMPROVE PRECISION AND 135 00:04:56,800 --> 00:04:58,240 ATTRIBUTION OF OUR ANALYSIS IF 136 00:04:58,240 --> 00:05:00,600 WE DON'T INCLUDE A CONSIDERATION 137 00:05:00,600 --> 00:05:04,040 OF CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL 138 00:05:04,040 --> 00:05:04,440 CHANGE? 139 00:05:04,440 --> 00:05:06,880 AND IF IT'S THE CASE WE NEED TO 140 00:05:06,880 --> 00:05:07,680 INCLUDE CLIMATE AND 141 00:05:07,680 --> 00:05:08,640 ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE, HOW DO WE 142 00:05:08,640 --> 00:05:09,240 DO THAT? 143 00:05:09,240 --> 00:05:11,400 THAT WILL BE THE FOCUS OF WHAT 144 00:05:11,400 --> 00:05:14,480 WE'RE TALKING ABOUT TODAY. 145 00:05:14,480 --> 00:05:15,920 NEXT SLIDE. 146 00:05:15,920 --> 00:05:17,880 THESE ARE JUST BASIC 147 00:05:17,880 --> 00:05:18,520 DEFINITIONS. 148 00:05:18,520 --> 00:05:21,160 THE FIRST IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE 149 00:05:21,160 --> 00:05:22,480 IT'S REALLY AN OVERARCHING 150 00:05:22,480 --> 00:05:23,800 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR WHAT 151 00:05:23,800 --> 00:05:26,120 WE'RE DOING HERE, THAT IS OF 152 00:05:26,120 --> 00:05:26,360 ECOLOGY. 153 00:05:26,360 --> 00:05:28,720 ECOLOGY FROM OUR POINT OF VIEW 154 00:05:28,720 --> 00:05:33,640 BEING A COMPLEX SYSTEM AND ITS 155 00:05:33,640 --> 00:05:35,840 INTERACTIONS WITH ITS INTERNAL 156 00:05:35,840 --> 00:05:37,240 AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT, 157 00:05:37,240 --> 00:05:38,040 DESIGNED WITH ECOLOGICAL 158 00:05:38,040 --> 00:05:39,320 APPROACH IN MIND. 159 00:05:39,320 --> 00:05:42,280 HEALTH IS THE OUTCOME OF THAT 160 00:05:42,280 --> 00:05:42,800 ECOLOGY. 161 00:05:42,800 --> 00:05:46,120 IT RESULTS FROM INTERACTION OF 162 00:05:46,120 --> 00:05:49,840 OUR INTERNAL BIOLOGY, GENETICS, 163 00:05:49,840 --> 00:05:51,360 DIET, HEALTH CONDITIONS AND 164 00:05:51,360 --> 00:05:53,440 CONTACTS, ET CETERA, AND 165 00:05:53,440 --> 00:05:54,440 EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT, SOCIAL 166 00:05:54,440 --> 00:05:55,960 DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, ECONOMIC 167 00:05:55,960 --> 00:05:59,600 SITUATION, MANY OF THESE ISSUES 168 00:05:59,600 --> 00:06:01,120 YOU'LL HEAR MORE ABOUT TODAY. 169 00:06:01,120 --> 00:06:02,480 IT'S IMPORTANT TO MAKE A 170 00:06:02,480 --> 00:06:04,120 DISTINCTION BETWEEN FOOD, WHICH 171 00:06:04,120 --> 00:06:06,520 ARE THE DELIVERY VEHICLES FOR 172 00:06:06,520 --> 00:06:07,920 NUTRIENTS AND BIOACTIVE 173 00:06:07,920 --> 00:06:09,840 COMPONENTS TO SUPPORT HEALTH, 174 00:06:09,840 --> 00:06:11,880 DIET WHICH IS A COMPOSITE OF 175 00:06:11,880 --> 00:06:12,880 FOODS, AND NUTRITION. 176 00:06:12,880 --> 00:06:15,200 NUTRITION AND FOOD ARE NOT THE 177 00:06:15,200 --> 00:06:15,400 SAME. 178 00:06:15,400 --> 00:06:18,480 NUTRITION FROM OUR POINT OF VIEW 179 00:06:18,480 --> 00:06:20,520 IS A BIOLOGICAL VARIABLE. 180 00:06:20,520 --> 00:06:21,640 NUTRITIONAL STATUS IS ONLY 181 00:06:21,640 --> 00:06:24,360 ACHIEVED THROUGH A SERIES OF 182 00:06:24,360 --> 00:06:25,480 PROCESSES THAT STARTS WITH 183 00:06:25,480 --> 00:06:26,680 INGESTION BUT INCLUDES MULTIPLE 184 00:06:26,680 --> 00:06:29,960 OTHER PROJECTS WITHIN THAT 185 00:06:29,960 --> 00:06:31,400 INTERNAL ECOLOGY. 186 00:06:31,400 --> 00:06:33,280 THOSE PROCESSES ARE INTERACTIVE 187 00:06:33,280 --> 00:06:35,160 NUTRITION, THAT ARE AFFECTED BY 188 00:06:35,160 --> 00:06:36,800 NUTRITIONAL STATUS, AND IT'S 189 00:06:36,800 --> 00:06:37,880 IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE 190 00:06:37,880 --> 00:06:41,800 NUTRITIONAL STATUS IS AN INPUT 191 00:06:41,800 --> 00:06:43,360 AND OUTCOME OF HEALTH. 192 00:06:43,360 --> 00:06:45,000 THIS IS A KEY CONCEPT THAT'S 193 00:06:45,000 --> 00:06:46,720 SOMETIMES LOST WHEN WE FOCUS ON 194 00:06:46,720 --> 00:06:48,520 THIS RELATIONSHIP WITH DIET AND 195 00:06:48,520 --> 00:06:48,760 HEALTH. 196 00:06:48,760 --> 00:06:53,480 NEXT SLIDE. 197 00:06:53,480 --> 00:06:58,680 SO WHEN YOU PUT THIS ALL 198 00:06:58,680 --> 00:07:00,640 TOGETHER, THIS CARTOON 199 00:07:00,640 --> 00:07:03,280 REPRESENTS THIS RELATIONSHIP. 200 00:07:03,280 --> 00:07:04,880 WE PERCEIVE NUTRITION AS THE 201 00:07:04,880 --> 00:07:07,080 GLUE THAT'S TYING THE FOOD 202 00:07:07,080 --> 00:07:08,160 SYSTEM TO HEALTH. 203 00:07:08,160 --> 00:07:11,000 YOU CAN'T HAVE HEALTH WITHOUT 204 00:07:11,000 --> 00:07:11,680 NUTRITION. 205 00:07:11,680 --> 00:07:13,440 AND YOU CAN'T HAVE NUTRITION 206 00:07:13,440 --> 00:07:15,400 WITHOUT FOOD. 207 00:07:15,400 --> 00:07:18,080 SO THESE ARE ALL INTERCONNECTED 208 00:07:18,080 --> 00:07:19,120 WITH RECIPROCAL RELATIONSHIP. 209 00:07:19,120 --> 00:07:21,640 THEY ARE ALL BEING AFFECTED AS 210 00:07:21,640 --> 00:07:24,840 WE'RE LEARNING FROM THIS 211 00:07:24,840 --> 00:07:26,160 PROJECT, ALL BEING AFFECTED BY 212 00:07:26,160 --> 00:07:32,480 CLIMATE AND BIOLOGICAL CHANGE. 213 00:07:32,480 --> 00:07:33,120 TALKING ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT WE 214 00:07:33,120 --> 00:07:37,520 WANT TO BE HOLE I.ISTIC AND 215 00:07:37,520 --> 00:07:38,160 COMPREHENSIVE, THE ENVIRONMENT 216 00:07:38,160 --> 00:07:40,160 AND ALL THE COMPONENTS IN THE 217 00:07:40,160 --> 00:07:41,760 ENVIRONMENT, EXTERNAL 218 00:07:41,760 --> 00:07:42,680 ENVIRONMENT AND INTERNAL 219 00:07:42,680 --> 00:07:44,840 ENVIRONMENT AND HOW THEY 220 00:07:44,840 --> 00:07:47,200 INTERACT. 221 00:07:47,200 --> 00:07:48,240 NEXT SLIDE. 222 00:07:48,240 --> 00:07:48,680 NEXT. 223 00:07:48,680 --> 00:07:51,240 WHEN WE TALK ABOUT CLIMATE AND 224 00:07:51,240 --> 00:07:53,520 ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE WE HAVE TO 225 00:07:53,520 --> 00:07:55,280 RECOGNIZE THERE ARE MULTIPLE 226 00:07:55,280 --> 00:07:56,920 PATHWAYS THROUGH WHICH A 227 00:07:56,920 --> 00:07:58,480 CHANGING ENVIRONMENT CAN HAVE 228 00:07:58,480 --> 00:07:59,400 IMPACT. 229 00:07:59,400 --> 00:08:04,480 THIS IS JUST A REPRESENTATION OF 230 00:08:04,480 --> 00:08:06,680 THOSE PATHWAYS. 231 00:08:06,680 --> 00:08:07,560 DISTAL, INTERMEDIARY, PROXIMAL 232 00:08:07,560 --> 00:08:08,040 EFFECTS. 233 00:08:08,040 --> 00:08:10,080 IT'S IMPORTANT TO KEEP THAT IN 234 00:08:10,080 --> 00:08:11,600 MIND BECAUSE IT'S NOT 235 00:08:11,600 --> 00:08:12,600 ONE-SIZE-FITS-ALL CONCEPT. 236 00:08:12,600 --> 00:08:14,680 CLIMATE IS NOT JUST AFFECTING 237 00:08:14,680 --> 00:08:15,880 EVERYTHING, THERE'S MULTIPLE 238 00:08:15,880 --> 00:08:17,680 PATHWAYS, AND MULTIPLE WAYS WE 239 00:08:17,680 --> 00:08:21,800 CAN INTERVENE IN TERMS OF THESE 240 00:08:21,800 --> 00:08:22,040 PATHWAYS. 241 00:08:22,040 --> 00:08:22,880 NEXT SLIDE. 242 00:08:22,880 --> 00:08:25,200 THIS IS A CARTOON THAT WAS 243 00:08:25,200 --> 00:08:29,680 CREATED BY CDC THAT PUTS THAT 244 00:08:29,680 --> 00:08:31,960 TOGETHER, STARTING WITH 245 00:08:31,960 --> 00:08:34,160 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, 246 00:08:34,160 --> 00:08:35,560 CHANGES IN ENVIRONMENT, 247 00:08:35,560 --> 00:08:37,120 SPREADING OUT TO MULTIPLE WAYS, 248 00:08:37,120 --> 00:08:38,400 HAVING AN IMPACT ON THE WORLD WE 249 00:08:38,400 --> 00:08:44,040 LIVE IN. 250 00:08:44,040 --> 00:08:44,880 NEXT SLIDE. 251 00:08:44,880 --> 00:08:46,520 THIS IS A LESS SPECIFIC EXAMPLE 252 00:08:46,520 --> 00:08:47,600 OF PATHWAYS. 253 00:08:47,600 --> 00:08:49,280 IN THIS CASE INTERACTION BETWEEN 254 00:08:49,280 --> 00:08:52,360 CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE 255 00:08:52,360 --> 00:08:57,600 AND WEATHER. 256 00:08:57,600 --> 00:08:58,880 MAJOR GLOBAL HEALTH CHALLENGE, 257 00:08:58,880 --> 00:09:01,080 MULTIPLE WAYS THESE THINGS 258 00:09:01,080 --> 00:09:01,440 HAPPEN. 259 00:09:01,440 --> 00:09:02,040 WHAT'S IMPORTANT, OBVIOUSLY ALL 260 00:09:02,040 --> 00:09:03,920 THIS IS IMPORTANT BUT AT THE 261 00:09:03,920 --> 00:09:08,880 BOTTOM WE WANTED TO HIGHLIGHT 262 00:09:08,880 --> 00:09:09,480 VULNERABILITY OF SPECIFIC 263 00:09:09,480 --> 00:09:10,600 POPULATIONS, WHICH IS WHY WE 264 00:09:10,600 --> 00:09:15,080 HAVE TO PAY ATTENTION TO THE 265 00:09:15,080 --> 00:09:16,560 LIFE COURSE AND SUSCEPTIBLITY OF 266 00:09:16,560 --> 00:09:19,840 GROUPS AND THE ROLE OF 267 00:09:19,840 --> 00:09:21,480 NUTRITION, THE BIOLOGY OF 268 00:09:21,480 --> 00:09:23,920 NUTRITION AS INPUT AND OUTCOME 269 00:09:23,920 --> 00:09:30,240 OF THESE PATHWAYS. 270 00:09:30,240 --> 00:09:32,560 NEXT SLIDE. 271 00:09:32,560 --> 00:09:36,720 AS WE HEARD IN THE LAST WORKSHOP 272 00:09:36,720 --> 00:09:38,480 FOCUS ON FOOD SYSTEMS IS 273 00:09:38,480 --> 00:09:39,120 CRITICAL, REPRESENTING A 274 00:09:39,120 --> 00:09:40,320 CRITICAL ECOLOGY AND PART OF 275 00:09:40,320 --> 00:09:41,200 THIS CONVERSATION. 276 00:09:41,200 --> 00:09:43,160 AGAIN, WE'RE TAKING A 277 00:09:43,160 --> 00:09:45,560 COMPREHENSIVE VIEW, RECOGNIZING 278 00:09:45,560 --> 00:09:48,520 THE INPUTS FROM HUMANS, EXTERNAL 279 00:09:48,520 --> 00:09:49,480 ENVIRONMENT, INTERNAL 280 00:09:49,480 --> 00:09:51,360 ENVIRONMENT, ROLE OF CONSUMER 281 00:09:51,360 --> 00:09:53,160 AND PRODUCER CHOICES, WHEN WE 282 00:09:53,160 --> 00:09:54,920 TALK ABOUT FOOD SYSTEMS WE 283 00:09:54,920 --> 00:09:57,320 REALLY ARE TALKING ABOUT SEED TO 284 00:09:57,320 --> 00:09:59,200 MOUTH, SEED TO TABLE, AND 285 00:09:59,200 --> 00:10:00,640 EVERYTHING IN BETWEEN. 286 00:10:00,640 --> 00:10:03,880 SO, IT'S IMPORTANT TO TAKE THAT 287 00:10:03,880 --> 00:10:04,880 COMPREHENSIVE VIEW AND WORKING 288 00:10:04,880 --> 00:10:08,680 GROUP 3 HAS PRESENTED THAT VERY 289 00:10:08,680 --> 00:10:09,040 NICELY. 290 00:10:09,040 --> 00:10:10,120 NEXT SLIDE. 291 00:10:10,120 --> 00:10:12,000 ONE OF THE THINGS THAT'S BEEN 292 00:10:12,000 --> 00:10:12,960 HIGHLIGHTED THROUGHOUT THIS 293 00:10:12,960 --> 00:10:14,920 PROCESS IS THE CONCEPT OF 294 00:10:14,920 --> 00:10:17,000 RECIPROCITY, THE CASE OF FOOD 295 00:10:17,000 --> 00:10:18,240 SYSTEMS AND CLIMATE THIS SLIDE 296 00:10:18,240 --> 00:10:20,520 IS REPRESENTATION THAT IT'S NOT 297 00:10:20,520 --> 00:10:21,520 JUST ONE DIRECTIONAL 298 00:10:21,520 --> 00:10:23,160 RELATIONSHIP, NOT JUST CLIMATE 299 00:10:23,160 --> 00:10:27,960 AFFECTING THE FOOD SYSTEM OR 300 00:10:27,960 --> 00:10:28,560 FOOD SYSTEMS AFFECTING CLIMATE, 301 00:10:28,560 --> 00:10:29,160 ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE. 302 00:10:29,160 --> 00:10:29,600 IT'S BOTH. 303 00:10:29,600 --> 00:10:31,160 WE NEED TO ACKNOWLEDGE BOTH OF 304 00:10:31,160 --> 00:10:33,360 THOSE AND FIGURE OUT HOW TO 305 00:10:33,360 --> 00:10:36,840 CREATE SOME SORT OF BALANCE. 306 00:10:36,840 --> 00:10:39,040 NEXT. 307 00:10:39,040 --> 00:10:41,880 WORKING GROUP 2 HERE GAVE US A 308 00:10:41,880 --> 00:10:45,200 REALLY NICE FRAMEWORK FOR HOW WE 309 00:10:45,200 --> 00:10:46,840 MIGHT VIEW CONSUMER CHOICE, THAT 310 00:10:46,840 --> 00:10:49,120 SECOND PIECE, SECOND BUCK NET 311 00:10:49,120 --> 00:10:50,320 THIS RELATIONSHIP, WHAT 312 00:10:50,320 --> 00:10:52,400 CONSUMERS EAT AND WHAT PATTERNS 313 00:10:52,400 --> 00:10:53,720 ARE. 314 00:10:53,720 --> 00:10:55,680 AND THEY HAVE ORGANIZED THINKING 315 00:10:55,680 --> 00:10:57,560 AROUND FOUR CORE BUCKETS. 316 00:10:57,560 --> 00:10:59,520 IT'S REALLY HELPFUL WAY TO LOOK 317 00:10:59,520 --> 00:11:02,160 AT THIS FROM ACQUISITION TO 318 00:11:02,160 --> 00:11:04,880 PREPARATION TO ACTUALLY WHAT 319 00:11:04,880 --> 00:11:07,000 PEOPLE ARE EATING, TO THE 320 00:11:07,000 --> 00:11:08,200 CONTRIBUTIONS OF ISSUES AROUND 321 00:11:08,200 --> 00:11:09,040 STORAGE AND WASTE. 322 00:11:09,040 --> 00:11:11,040 THESE ARE ALL GOING TO BE 323 00:11:11,040 --> 00:11:13,320 COVERED BY WORKING GROUP 2 HERE, 324 00:11:13,320 --> 00:11:15,280 IT'S AN IMPORTANT CONCEPT. 325 00:11:15,280 --> 00:11:16,480 AGAIN, THAT OVERLAPPING THEME OF 326 00:11:16,480 --> 00:11:17,880 THE CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENT AND 327 00:11:17,880 --> 00:11:20,440 ITS IMPACT ON THESE BUCKETS. 328 00:11:20,440 --> 00:11:21,760 NEXT SLIDE. 329 00:11:21,760 --> 00:11:22,640 NEXT. 330 00:11:22,640 --> 00:11:24,600 SO WHEN WE TALK ABOUT THE FOOD 331 00:11:24,600 --> 00:11:26,680 SYSTEM AND ITS INTERACTION 332 00:11:26,680 --> 00:11:27,440 THERE'S A CORE RELATIONSHIP, 333 00:11:27,440 --> 00:11:32,680 WE'RE GOING BACK TO THAT CONCEPT 334 00:11:32,680 --> 00:11:34,120 OF FOOD, NUTRITION -- FOOD, DIET 335 00:11:34,120 --> 00:11:35,400 AND NUTRITION. 336 00:11:35,400 --> 00:11:37,720 WHEN THE FOOD SYSTEM IS IMPACTED 337 00:11:37,720 --> 00:11:38,840 NEGATIVELY WE HAVE A NEGATIVE 338 00:11:38,840 --> 00:11:40,440 IMPACT ON FOOD SECURITY AND 339 00:11:40,440 --> 00:11:43,000 NUTRITION SECURITY WHICH HAS A 340 00:11:43,000 --> 00:11:44,960 NEGATIVE IMPACT ON NUTRITIONAL 341 00:11:44,960 --> 00:11:47,120 STATUS AND HEALTH. 342 00:11:47,120 --> 00:11:49,440 THAT CREATES A VICIOUS CYCLE IN 343 00:11:49,440 --> 00:11:51,200 THE FOOD SYSTEM, AND THAT 344 00:11:51,200 --> 00:11:54,600 VICIOUS CYCLE IS ALSO IMPACTED 345 00:11:54,600 --> 00:11:56,040 BY CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL 346 00:11:56,040 --> 00:11:56,280 CHANGE. 347 00:11:56,280 --> 00:11:57,600 NEXT SLIDE. 348 00:11:57,600 --> 00:11:59,320 IT'S IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE THAT 349 00:11:59,320 --> 00:12:01,160 IT'S NOT JUST WHAT WE'RE EATING. 350 00:12:01,160 --> 00:12:02,800 IT'S NOT JUST A MATTER OF TOO 351 00:12:02,800 --> 00:12:04,240 MUCH OR TOO LITTLE FOOD. 352 00:12:04,240 --> 00:12:06,200 OTHER THINGS ARE GOING ON IN 353 00:12:06,200 --> 00:12:08,640 THIS VERY COMPLEX GLOBAL HEALTH 354 00:12:08,640 --> 00:12:11,240 CONTEXT, AND IT'S REPRESENTED BY 355 00:12:11,240 --> 00:12:12,360 THIS CARTOON. 356 00:12:12,360 --> 00:12:15,200 WE OBVIOUSLY CONTINUE TO HAVE 357 00:12:15,200 --> 00:12:17,600 SIGNIFICANT ISSUES WITH 358 00:12:17,600 --> 00:12:17,960 UNDERNUTRITION. 359 00:12:17,960 --> 00:12:19,440 WE LEARNED IN WORKING GROUP 2, 360 00:12:19,440 --> 00:12:22,280 WE HAD A NICE PRESENTATION ON 361 00:12:22,280 --> 00:12:25,360 THE NUTRITION TRANSITION AND ITS 362 00:12:25,360 --> 00:12:27,560 IMPACT ON THE GLOBAL NUTRITION 363 00:12:27,560 --> 00:12:29,720 AND HEALTH CONTEXT. 364 00:12:29,720 --> 00:12:32,040 THAT'S HAVING AN IMPACT ON 365 00:12:32,040 --> 00:12:33,560 MULTIPLE ASPECTS OF MALNUTRITION 366 00:12:33,560 --> 00:12:34,880 INCLUDING DOUBLE BURDEN. 367 00:12:34,880 --> 00:12:36,840 ALL THAT'S HAPPENING WHILE WE 368 00:12:36,840 --> 00:12:39,560 CONTINUE TO HAVE PANDEMIC 369 00:12:39,560 --> 00:12:41,560 INFECTIONS, HIV, MALARIA, TB, 370 00:12:41,560 --> 00:12:43,120 COVID, EBOLA, AND THE NEXT 371 00:12:43,120 --> 00:12:47,680 INFECTION, AS WELL AS FOOD 372 00:12:47,680 --> 00:12:49,760 SAFETY AND FOOD-BORNE ILLNESS. 373 00:12:49,760 --> 00:12:51,720 VECTOR-BORNE ILLNESS. 374 00:12:51,720 --> 00:12:54,560 WE HAVE GROWING PANDEMICS OF 375 00:12:54,560 --> 00:12:55,840 NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, ALL 376 00:12:55,840 --> 00:13:00,600 HAPPENING SIMULTANEOUSLY, ALL 377 00:13:00,600 --> 00:13:01,480 THESE HAVE BIDIRECTIONAL 378 00:13:01,480 --> 00:13:02,520 RELATIONSHIP, ALL RELATED TO 379 00:13:02,520 --> 00:13:03,400 NUTRITIONAL STATUS. 380 00:13:03,400 --> 00:13:05,560 THE POINT IS IT'S NOT A MATTER 381 00:13:05,560 --> 00:13:10,560 OF JUST TOO MUCH OR TOO LITTLE 382 00:13:10,560 --> 00:13:10,880 FOOD. 383 00:13:10,880 --> 00:13:12,200 IT'S HAPPENING IN THE CONTEXT OF 384 00:13:12,200 --> 00:13:14,040 A INCORPORATE CHAING 385 00:13:14,040 --> 00:13:14,680 ENVIRONMENT. 386 00:13:14,680 --> 00:13:16,080 IT'S, AGAIN, IMPORTANT TO 387 00:13:16,080 --> 00:13:19,200 RECOGNIZE THE ROLE OF THE LIFE 388 00:13:19,200 --> 00:13:20,600 COURSE AND PAYING ATTENTION TO 389 00:13:20,600 --> 00:13:22,400 THE IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENT 390 00:13:22,400 --> 00:13:23,280 STAGES, DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES, 391 00:13:23,280 --> 00:13:25,320 HOW THEY ARE AFFECTED BY THESE 392 00:13:25,320 --> 00:13:27,240 RELATIONSHIPS. 393 00:13:27,240 --> 00:13:28,240 NEXT SLIDE. 394 00:13:28,240 --> 00:13:28,440 NEXT. 395 00:13:28,440 --> 00:13:30,040 WHEN WE PUT THIS ALL TOGETHER, 396 00:13:30,040 --> 00:13:32,360 HERE'S WHAT WE REFER TO AS THE 397 00:13:32,360 --> 00:13:35,360 NUTRITION ECOLOGY, AND THIS IS 398 00:13:35,360 --> 00:13:37,120 SORT OF CONCEPTUALLY HOW WE'RE 399 00:13:37,120 --> 00:13:38,240 ORGANIZING THINKING ON THIS 400 00:13:38,240 --> 00:13:39,760 PROJECT AS WELL AS OTHER 401 00:13:39,760 --> 00:13:41,520 PROJECTS THAT WE'VE BEEN DOING 402 00:13:41,520 --> 00:13:42,800 RECENTLY. 403 00:13:42,800 --> 00:13:45,640 WE HAVE A SERIES OF REPORTS 404 00:13:45,640 --> 00:13:47,840 RELEASED YESTERDAY, AMERICAN 405 00:13:47,840 --> 00:13:50,360 JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION, 406 00:13:50,360 --> 00:13:51,920 USED NUTRITIONAL ECOLOGY, 407 00:13:51,920 --> 00:13:53,320 ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO ADDRESS 408 00:13:53,320 --> 00:13:56,080 INFANT FEEDING PRACTICES. 409 00:13:56,080 --> 00:13:57,920 BUT IT'S AN APPLICABLE CONCEPT, 410 00:13:57,920 --> 00:13:58,840 APPLICABLE TO MULTIPLE QUESTIONS 411 00:13:58,840 --> 00:14:01,320 IN THE FIELD OF NUTRITION AND 412 00:14:01,320 --> 00:14:04,800 HEALTH. 413 00:14:04,800 --> 00:14:05,360 NEXT SLIDE. 414 00:14:05,360 --> 00:14:05,680 NEXT. 415 00:14:05,680 --> 00:14:06,680 THESE ARE CORE QUESTIONS WE'RE 416 00:14:06,680 --> 00:14:09,520 HOPING TO ADDRESS. 417 00:14:09,520 --> 00:14:15,000 HOW IS CLIMATE/ENVIRONMENTAL 418 00:14:15,000 --> 00:14:16,760 CHANGE AFFECTING PRIORITIES. 419 00:14:16,760 --> 00:14:18,360 THE SECOND QUESTION THERE WHAT 420 00:14:18,360 --> 00:14:20,120 WE'RE GOING TO FOCUS ON TODAY, 421 00:14:20,120 --> 00:14:22,200 HOW TO WE TAKE THIS INFORMATION 422 00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:22,880 AND CREATE ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK 423 00:14:22,880 --> 00:14:25,040 TO BE ABLE TO REALLY UNDERSTAND 424 00:14:25,040 --> 00:14:27,000 IT MORE FULLY AND INTEGRATE THAT 425 00:14:27,000 --> 00:14:29,360 UNDERSTANDING INTO WHAT WE DO IN 426 00:14:29,360 --> 00:14:30,760 TERMS OF TRANSLATION, WHICH IS 427 00:14:30,760 --> 00:14:32,960 THE LAST BULLET THERE, HOW DO WE 428 00:14:32,960 --> 00:14:33,240 TRANSLATE. 429 00:14:33,240 --> 00:14:35,440 HOW DO WE TAKE ALL THIS 430 00:14:35,440 --> 00:14:39,960 INFORMATION AND TRANSLATE INTO 431 00:14:39,960 --> 00:14:41,480 EVIDENCE-INFORMED RESEARCH TO 432 00:14:41,480 --> 00:14:46,920 TEST INTERVENTIONS AND SUPPORT 433 00:14:46,920 --> 00:14:48,560 AGENCIES DEVELOPING THE PROGRAMS 434 00:14:48,560 --> 00:14:49,120 AND POLICIES. 435 00:14:49,120 --> 00:14:50,760 ORGANIZATIONALLY THIS IS HOW THE 436 00:14:50,760 --> 00:14:55,160 PROJECT HAS BEEN ORGANIZED. 437 00:14:55,160 --> 00:14:57,600 WE MENTIONED THE SECRETARIAT, 438 00:14:57,600 --> 00:15:04,720 CONSISTS OF NICHD STAFF AND A&D 439 00:15:04,720 --> 00:15:04,920 STAFF. 440 00:15:04,920 --> 00:15:06,880 SECOND IS SCIENTIFIC STEERING 441 00:15:06,880 --> 00:15:07,720 COMMITTEE, REPRESENTATION FROM 442 00:15:07,720 --> 00:15:12,400 MULTIPLE AGENCIES WITHIN THE 443 00:15:12,400 --> 00:15:13,480 U.S. GOVERNMENT, A GROWING 444 00:15:13,480 --> 00:15:16,000 INTEREST IN THIS INTERSECTION OF 445 00:15:16,000 --> 00:15:17,320 CLIMATE AND HEALTH. 446 00:15:17,320 --> 00:15:20,480 AND THE LAST CIRCLE IS OF COURSE 447 00:15:20,480 --> 00:15:21,920 THE WORKING GROUPS DOING THE 448 00:15:21,920 --> 00:15:24,960 REAL WORK OF THIS PROJECT. 449 00:15:24,960 --> 00:15:25,560 NEXT SLIDE. 450 00:15:25,560 --> 00:15:28,560 SO WE PUT THIS TOGETHER, THIS IS 451 00:15:28,560 --> 00:15:29,800 HOW THE PROJECT HAS BEEN 452 00:15:29,800 --> 00:15:30,440 ORGANIZED. 453 00:15:30,440 --> 00:15:31,640 WE HAVE THREE CIRCLES. 454 00:15:31,640 --> 00:15:33,720 WE'VE HEARD FROM THE FIRST THREE 455 00:15:33,720 --> 00:15:35,360 GROUPS, ONE ON HEALTH, ONE ON 456 00:15:35,360 --> 00:15:38,520 FOOD SYSTEMS AND ONE ON DIETARY 457 00:15:38,520 --> 00:15:39,640 PATTERNS AND THEIR INTERACTIONS 458 00:15:39,640 --> 00:15:41,160 WITH CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL 459 00:15:41,160 --> 00:15:41,920 CHANGE. 460 00:15:41,920 --> 00:15:45,520 TODAY WE'LL HEAR FROM THE GROUP 461 00:15:45,520 --> 00:15:47,640 ON MEASURES, METRICS AND 462 00:15:47,640 --> 00:15:48,000 ANALYTICS. 463 00:15:48,000 --> 00:15:51,960 IN JUNE, JUNE 12, THE LAST GROUP 464 00:15:51,960 --> 00:15:55,920 WILL PRESENT ON TRANSLATION OF 465 00:15:55,920 --> 00:15:56,760 THE PATIENT ACTIVITIES. 466 00:15:56,760 --> 00:15:58,760 THIS IS THE LISTING OF THE GROUP 467 00:15:58,760 --> 00:16:01,120 AND CO-CHAIRS FROM EACH GROUP. 468 00:16:01,120 --> 00:16:02,400 WE'RE GRATEFUL FOR ALL OF THE 469 00:16:02,400 --> 00:16:05,920 SUPPORT WE'VE GOTTEN FROM ALL OF 470 00:16:05,920 --> 00:16:07,000 THE CO-CHAIRS, AND WE'RE ALSO 471 00:16:07,000 --> 00:16:08,120 NEEDING TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE WORK 472 00:16:08,120 --> 00:16:11,080 OF ALL THE WORKING GROUP 473 00:16:11,080 --> 00:16:12,200 MEMBERS, EACH HAVE 5 TO 8 474 00:16:12,200 --> 00:16:13,840 MEMBERS IN THEM, AND IT'S BEEN A 475 00:16:13,840 --> 00:16:15,120 TREMENDOUS COMMITMENT ON THEIR 476 00:16:15,120 --> 00:16:17,440 PART TO BE INVOLVED IN THIS 477 00:16:17,440 --> 00:16:17,680 PROJECT. 478 00:16:17,680 --> 00:16:18,880 WE'RE GRATEFUL FOR THAT 479 00:16:18,880 --> 00:16:21,040 COMMITMENT AND LOOK FORWARD TO 480 00:16:21,040 --> 00:16:23,000 WORKING TO GET THESE PRODUCTS 481 00:16:23,000 --> 00:16:23,160 OUT. 482 00:16:23,160 --> 00:16:23,760 NEXT SLIDE. 483 00:16:23,760 --> 00:16:25,920 THIS IS JUST A REMINDER THAT OUR 484 00:16:25,920 --> 00:16:29,880 FINAL WORKSHOP IS JUNE 12. 485 00:16:29,880 --> 00:16:30,880 THERE'S A LINK IF YOU'RE 486 00:16:30,880 --> 00:16:31,320 INTERESTED. 487 00:16:31,320 --> 00:16:32,960 WE HOPE YOU CAN JOIN US FOR THAT 488 00:16:32,960 --> 00:16:33,280 ONE. 489 00:16:33,280 --> 00:16:35,920 IT SHOULD BE AS GOOD AS THE REST 490 00:16:35,920 --> 00:16:37,680 OF THEM HAVE BEEN, AND TODAY'S 491 00:16:37,680 --> 00:16:38,200 WILL BE. 492 00:16:38,200 --> 00:16:39,360 I THINK THAT'S IT. 493 00:16:39,360 --> 00:16:41,160 WITH THAT I'LL TURN IT OVER TO 494 00:16:41,160 --> 00:16:48,600 OUR CO-CHAIRS FOR TODAY, DR. 495 00:16:48,600 --> 00:16:57,480 BRUCE LEE AND DR. ZAK CONRAD. 496 00:16:57,480 --> 00:16:57,880 THANK YOU. 497 00:16:57,880 --> 00:16:59,640 >> THANKS, DAN. 498 00:16:59,640 --> 00:17:02,520 AND THANKS, DAN, AND DREW AND 499 00:17:02,520 --> 00:17:05,360 ALISON AND DEEPA AND THE 500 00:17:05,360 --> 00:17:06,560 SECRETARIAT FOR THIS OPPORTUNITY 501 00:17:06,560 --> 00:17:11,600 TO REALLY CONTRIBUTE TO A VERY 502 00:17:11,600 --> 00:17:12,240 IMPORTANT TOPIC. 503 00:17:12,240 --> 00:17:14,320 ZACH AND I ARE THE CO-CHAIRS OF 504 00:17:14,320 --> 00:17:16,960 THE WORKING GROUP. 505 00:17:16,960 --> 00:17:17,960 AND OUR WORKING GROUP MEMBERS 506 00:17:17,960 --> 00:17:19,480 HAVE BEEN WORKING VERY HARD TO 507 00:17:19,480 --> 00:17:20,920 PUT TOGETHER THIS WORKSHOP. 508 00:17:20,920 --> 00:17:24,640 SO, ZACH, WOULD YOU LIKE TO OPEN 509 00:17:24,640 --> 00:17:25,200 WITH SOME COMMENTS? 510 00:17:25,200 --> 00:17:25,480 >> SURE. 511 00:17:25,480 --> 00:17:27,360 THIS IS THIS HAS BEEN REALLY THE 512 00:17:27,360 --> 00:17:28,880 PRODUCT, WHAT YOU'RE SEEING NOW, 513 00:17:28,880 --> 00:17:32,080 THE PRODUCT OF SEVERAL MONTHS OF 514 00:17:32,080 --> 00:17:33,800 PLANNING, AMONGST THE WORKING 515 00:17:33,800 --> 00:17:35,040 GROUP MEMBERS, BUT WITH THE 516 00:17:35,040 --> 00:17:36,680 DIRECTION AND ASSISTANCE FROM 517 00:17:36,680 --> 00:17:37,880 THE SECRETARIAT AND THE NUMBER 518 00:17:37,880 --> 00:17:40,160 OF PEOPLE THAT HAVE ALREADY BEEN 519 00:17:40,160 --> 00:17:40,440 MENTIONED. 520 00:17:40,440 --> 00:17:42,240 SO BRUCE AND I JUST WANT TO SET 521 00:17:42,240 --> 00:17:44,200 THE STAGE TODAY TO TALK ABOUT 522 00:17:44,200 --> 00:17:46,280 JUST BRIEFLY AT THE OUTSET WHAT 523 00:17:46,280 --> 00:17:48,400 THE OBJECTIVES ARE OF THIS 524 00:17:48,400 --> 00:17:50,360 WORKSHOP, AND WHAT SOME OF THE 525 00:17:50,360 --> 00:17:51,440 CROSS-CUTTING THEMES ARE. 526 00:17:51,440 --> 00:17:55,400 SO, BRUCE, I'LL LET YOU TAKE IT 527 00:17:55,400 --> 00:17:56,360 FROM THERE. 528 00:17:56,360 --> 00:17:57,480 >> THANKS, ZACH. 529 00:17:57,480 --> 00:18:00,840 AS DAN MENTIONED, THE CHARGE FOR 530 00:18:00,840 --> 00:18:01,400 THIS WORKING GROUP, WORKING 531 00:18:01,400 --> 00:18:03,120 GROUP 4 OF THE ADVANTAGE 532 00:18:03,120 --> 00:18:05,120 PROJECT, IS TO REALLY LOOK AT 533 00:18:05,120 --> 00:18:07,920 THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF METHODS, 534 00:18:07,920 --> 00:18:08,640 METRICS, AND MEASURES. 535 00:18:08,640 --> 00:18:11,560 THAT WILL BE INVOLVED IN BETTER 536 00:18:11,560 --> 00:18:15,720 UNDERSTANDING THIS VERY COMPLEX 537 00:18:15,720 --> 00:18:18,440 SYSTEM THAT CONNECTS CLIMATE, 538 00:18:18,440 --> 00:18:20,080 ENVIRONMENT, NUTRITION, AND 539 00:18:20,080 --> 00:18:20,440 HEALTH. 540 00:18:20,440 --> 00:18:23,160 THE PREVIOUS WORKING GROUPS, THE 541 00:18:23,160 --> 00:18:24,600 PREVIOUS WORKSHOPS, HAVE COVERED 542 00:18:24,600 --> 00:18:27,520 SOME OF THESE IMPORTANT AND 543 00:18:27,520 --> 00:18:28,360 COMPLEX RELATIONSHIPS. 544 00:18:28,360 --> 00:18:29,520 ANYTIME YOU HAVE A COMPLEX 545 00:18:29,520 --> 00:18:32,120 SYSTEM, YOU REALLY WANT TO 546 00:18:32,120 --> 00:18:33,560 UNDERSTAND HOW TO BETTER 547 00:18:33,560 --> 00:18:35,680 UNDERSTAND THAT SYSTEM, HOW TO 548 00:18:35,680 --> 00:18:38,360 MEASURE DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF THE 549 00:18:38,360 --> 00:18:40,880 SYSTEM, HOW TO DETERMINE WHAT 550 00:18:40,880 --> 00:18:42,320 METRICS WILL BE VERY RELEVANT. 551 00:18:42,320 --> 00:18:45,600 SO THE PURPOSE OF THIS WORKSHOP 552 00:18:45,600 --> 00:18:48,680 IS TO REALLY GET STARTED IN 553 00:18:48,680 --> 00:18:50,120 UNDERSTANDING WHAT ARE THE 554 00:18:50,120 --> 00:18:51,280 DIFFERENT METRICS AND METHODS 555 00:18:51,280 --> 00:18:53,600 AND MEASURES THAT ARE AVAILABLE, 556 00:18:53,600 --> 00:18:57,640 AND HOW CAN WE ORGANIZE THEM. 557 00:18:57,640 --> 00:18:59,640 BECAUSE RATHER THAN HAVING A 558 00:18:59,640 --> 00:19:01,440 LONG, VERY CONFUSING LIST OF 559 00:19:01,440 --> 00:19:02,920 DIFFERENT WAYS THAT DIFFERENT 560 00:19:02,920 --> 00:19:07,480 ASPECTS OF THE SYSTEM CAN BE 561 00:19:07,480 --> 00:19:09,600 MEASURED, HOW DO WE START 562 00:19:09,600 --> 00:19:10,320 DEVELOPING FRAMEWORKS, 563 00:19:10,320 --> 00:19:11,320 ANALYTICAL APPROACHES THAT CAN 564 00:19:11,320 --> 00:19:13,400 GET A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF 565 00:19:13,400 --> 00:19:14,800 THIS COMPLEX SYSTEM, THESE 566 00:19:14,800 --> 00:19:15,320 COMPLEX SYSTEMS. 567 00:19:15,320 --> 00:19:17,440 OR COURSE BY THE END OF THE 568 00:19:17,440 --> 00:19:18,640 WORKSHOP, WE DON'T ANTICIPATE 569 00:19:18,640 --> 00:19:19,960 HAVING ALL THE ANSWERS, BUT WHAT 570 00:19:19,960 --> 00:19:24,040 WE'D LIKE TO DO IS GET STARTED 571 00:19:24,040 --> 00:19:25,680 TO HELP EVERYONE UNDERSTAND HOW 572 00:19:25,680 --> 00:19:28,080 DO WE APPROACH THESE DIFFERENT 573 00:19:28,080 --> 00:19:32,160 METRICS, MEASURES, AND METHODS. 574 00:19:32,160 --> 00:19:33,880 >> I'LL JUST SAY THAT THE -- 575 00:19:33,880 --> 00:19:35,520 SOMETHING WE WANT TO BE THINKING 576 00:19:35,520 --> 00:19:36,960 ABOUT AS WE'RE MOVING FORWARD 577 00:19:36,960 --> 00:19:38,920 WITH THIS WORKSHOP TODAY IS A 578 00:19:38,920 --> 00:19:39,800 FEW CROSS-CUTTING THEMES. 579 00:19:39,800 --> 00:19:42,200 WE'RE GOING TO BE TALKING 580 00:19:42,200 --> 00:19:43,880 ABOUT -- WE STRUCTURED THIS SO 581 00:19:43,880 --> 00:19:46,360 WE'RE DISCUSSING EACH OF THE 582 00:19:46,360 --> 00:19:48,760 DOMAINS OF FOOD SYSTEM 583 00:19:48,760 --> 00:19:49,120 SUSTAINABILITY. 584 00:19:49,120 --> 00:19:52,160 WHAT IS GOING TO APPEAR TO BE 585 00:19:52,160 --> 00:19:54,720 DISTINCTLY, BUT THAT'S JUST THE 586 00:19:54,720 --> 00:19:56,360 NATURE HOW THIS TIME ALLOWS FOR 587 00:19:56,360 --> 00:19:57,560 THIS WORKSHOP, BUT REALLY WE 588 00:19:57,560 --> 00:19:59,200 WANT TO BE THINKING ABOUT WHAT 589 00:19:59,200 --> 00:20:00,840 THE INTERACTIONS ARE. 590 00:20:00,840 --> 00:20:03,120 SO I WANT TO ENCOURAGE ALL OF 591 00:20:03,120 --> 00:20:06,280 THOSE OF YOU THAT ARE PROVIDING 592 00:20:06,280 --> 00:20:07,440 COMMENTS AND FEEDBACK TO REALLY 593 00:20:07,440 --> 00:20:09,680 CHIME IN AND TO BE THINKING 594 00:20:09,680 --> 00:20:11,880 ABOUT WHAT ARE THE WAYS THAT 595 00:20:11,880 --> 00:20:14,080 THESE DIFFERENT DOMAINS CAN BE 596 00:20:14,080 --> 00:20:14,360 INTEGRATED. 597 00:20:14,360 --> 00:20:16,040 AND WHAT ARE THE CAUSAL 598 00:20:16,040 --> 00:20:17,760 DIRECTIONS THAT WE'RE TALKING 599 00:20:17,760 --> 00:20:19,440 ABOUT, TO REALLY CONSIDER THAT. 600 00:20:19,440 --> 00:20:21,360 IN SOME CASES, IT MIGHT BE VERY 601 00:20:21,360 --> 00:20:24,560 CLEAR THAT ONE OF THE DOMAINS IS 602 00:20:24,560 --> 00:20:25,560 REALLY CAUSING THE IMPACTS THAT 603 00:20:25,560 --> 00:20:28,160 WE SEE ON ANOTHER DOMAIN, YOU 604 00:20:28,160 --> 00:20:29,400 MIGHT THINK ABOUT SOMETHING LIKE 605 00:20:29,400 --> 00:20:30,800 AGRICULTURE AND HOW THAT'S 606 00:20:30,800 --> 00:20:32,360 IMPACTING CLIMATE CHANGE, BUT WE 607 00:20:32,360 --> 00:20:34,400 ALSO WANT TO ENCOURAGE PEOPLE TO 608 00:20:34,400 --> 00:20:36,280 BE THINKING ABOUT THE OTHER 609 00:20:36,280 --> 00:20:37,240 CAUSAL DIRECTION, RIGHT? 610 00:20:37,240 --> 00:20:39,040 HOW CLIMATE CHANGE MIGHT BE 611 00:20:39,040 --> 00:20:40,640 IMPACTING AGRICULTURE. 612 00:20:40,640 --> 00:20:43,120 AND HOW WE IMPORTANTLY, WHAT 613 00:20:43,120 --> 00:20:45,280 THIS WORKSHOP IS ABOUT, HOW WE 614 00:20:45,280 --> 00:20:47,120 MEASURE THAT, RIGHT? ALSO ABOUT 615 00:20:47,120 --> 00:20:47,320 SCALE. 616 00:20:47,320 --> 00:20:49,120 SO HOW WE THINK ABOUT WHAT'S 617 00:20:49,120 --> 00:20:51,720 HAPPENING AT THE INDIVIDUAL 618 00:20:51,720 --> 00:20:54,560 LEVEL, AT THE COMMUNITY LEVEL, 619 00:20:54,560 --> 00:20:55,240 SUBNATIONAL, NATIONAL, AND THEN 620 00:20:55,240 --> 00:20:56,320 OF COURSE AT THE GLOBAL LEVEL. 621 00:20:56,320 --> 00:20:58,080 WE WANT TO BE ABLE TO BE FLUID 622 00:20:58,080 --> 00:21:01,240 IN OUR THINKING ACROSS THOSE 623 00:21:01,240 --> 00:21:02,160 DIFFERENT SCALES. 624 00:21:02,160 --> 00:21:03,560 IMPLICATIONS, RIGHT? 625 00:21:03,560 --> 00:21:05,640 WHETHER THAT'S IMPLICATIONS FOR 626 00:21:05,640 --> 00:21:06,320 CLINICAL PRACTICE, FOR PUBLIC 627 00:21:06,320 --> 00:21:09,160 HEALTH, AGAIN, WE'RE NOT MAKING 628 00:21:09,160 --> 00:21:09,520 RECOMMENDATIONS. 629 00:21:09,520 --> 00:21:11,440 WE'RE NOT MAKING STATEMENT ALSO 630 00:21:11,440 --> 00:21:12,080 ABOUT POLICY. 631 00:21:12,080 --> 00:21:13,960 BUT WHAT WE ARE THINKING ABOUT 632 00:21:13,960 --> 00:21:16,120 IS HOW DO WE MEASURE THESE 633 00:21:16,120 --> 00:21:18,440 THINGS SO THEY MIGHT HAVE 634 00:21:18,440 --> 00:21:19,200 IMPLICATIONS FOR DIFFERENT 635 00:21:19,200 --> 00:21:21,280 STAKEHOLDERS AND THINGS WE THINK 636 00:21:21,280 --> 00:21:23,040 MATTER. 637 00:21:23,040 --> 00:21:24,320 THE STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS, 638 00:21:24,320 --> 00:21:27,200 WHAT GAPS WILL EMERGE FROM THIS 639 00:21:27,200 --> 00:21:28,640 DISCUSSION TODAY, SO DIFFERENT 640 00:21:28,640 --> 00:21:30,680 WAYS TO THINK CRITICALLY ABOUT 641 00:21:30,680 --> 00:21:31,480 THE EXCELLENT PRESENTATION 642 00:21:31,480 --> 00:21:34,760 THANKSGIVING YOU'RE ABOUT -- 643 00:21:34,760 --> 00:21:35,400 PRESENTATIONS THAT YOU'RE ABOUT 644 00:21:35,400 --> 00:21:36,960 TO SEE FROM WORKING GROUP 645 00:21:36,960 --> 00:21:38,720 MEMBERS AND KEY EXPERTS WE'VE 646 00:21:38,720 --> 00:21:40,360 INVITED TO SPEAK. 647 00:21:40,360 --> 00:21:45,680 THANK YOU. 648 00:21:45,680 --> 00:21:47,240 >> THANK YOU, ZACH. 649 00:21:47,240 --> 00:21:48,920 ZACH MENTIONED BRINGING THINGS 650 00:21:48,920 --> 00:21:50,560 TOGETHER, MULTI-SCALE SYSTEM AND 651 00:21:50,560 --> 00:21:50,920 COMPLEX SYSTEM. 652 00:21:50,920 --> 00:21:52,960 I'LL KICK OFF THE WORKSHOP 653 00:21:52,960 --> 00:21:55,400 TALKING ABOUT SYSTEM SCIENCE 654 00:21:55,400 --> 00:21:56,840 APPROACHES TO REALLY BETTER 655 00:21:56,840 --> 00:21:58,280 UNDERSTAND THIS COMPLEX SYSTEM 656 00:21:58,280 --> 00:22:01,960 THAT CONNECTS THE ENVIRONMENT, 657 00:22:01,960 --> 00:22:09,400 CLIMATE, NUTRITION, AND HEALTH. 658 00:22:09,400 --> 00:22:10,840 OKAY. 659 00:22:10,840 --> 00:22:12,240 SO, HOPEFULLY EVERYONE CAN SEE 660 00:22:12,240 --> 00:22:13,160 MY SLIDE. 661 00:22:13,160 --> 00:22:14,440 BASICALLY AS I MENTIONED THIS 662 00:22:14,440 --> 00:22:16,840 WILL BE COVERING SYSTEM SCIENCE 663 00:22:16,840 --> 00:22:20,920 APPROACHES FOR THE ENVIRONMENT, 664 00:22:20,920 --> 00:22:25,840 CLIMATE, NUTRITION, AND HEALTH. 665 00:22:25,840 --> 00:22:29,320 AND SO WE MENTIONED THE WORD 666 00:22:29,320 --> 00:22:29,520 SYSTEM 667 00:22:29,520 --> 00:22:30,800 WHAT IS A SYSTEM? 668 00:22:30,800 --> 00:22:31,880 A SYSTEM IS BASICALLY 669 00:22:31,880 --> 00:22:33,520 ACKNOWLEDGING THE FACT THAT 670 00:22:33,520 --> 00:22:34,640 INDIVIDUALS ARE BASICALLY 671 00:22:34,640 --> 00:22:36,120 ANYTHING IN SOCIETY, ANYTHING IN 672 00:22:36,120 --> 00:22:38,000 THE WORLD, ANYTHING IN THE 673 00:22:38,000 --> 00:22:40,760 UNIVERSE, DOESN'T EXIST IN 674 00:22:40,760 --> 00:22:41,160 ISOLATION. 675 00:22:41,160 --> 00:22:43,360 EVERYTHING IS PART OF MANY 676 00:22:43,360 --> 00:22:45,880 DIFFERENT COMPLEX SYSTEMS SUCH 677 00:22:45,880 --> 00:22:49,200 AS SOCIAL, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, 678 00:22:49,200 --> 00:22:52,040 AND ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS. 679 00:22:52,040 --> 00:22:56,200 SO CLIMATE CHANGE, THE 680 00:22:56,200 --> 00:22:57,600 ENVIRONMENT, NUTRITION, HEALTH, 681 00:22:57,600 --> 00:22:59,400 AS DAN DEMONSTRATED IN THAT 682 00:22:59,400 --> 00:23:00,760 PREVIOUS SLIDE DURING HIS 683 00:23:00,760 --> 00:23:02,440 EARLIER PRESENTATION ARE REALLY 684 00:23:02,440 --> 00:23:04,080 CONNECTED IN MANY COMPLEX 685 00:23:04,080 --> 00:23:05,040 DIFFERENT WAYS. 686 00:23:05,040 --> 00:23:07,560 AND, AGAIN, AS DAN EMPHASIZED, 687 00:23:07,560 --> 00:23:09,120 IT'S NOT A ONE-DIRECTION 688 00:23:09,120 --> 00:23:10,120 CONNECTION. 689 00:23:10,120 --> 00:23:14,800 YOU REALLY HAVE NOT JUST 690 00:23:14,800 --> 00:23:16,120 BIDIRECTIONAL BUT 691 00:23:16,120 --> 00:23:16,800 MULTI-DIRECTIONAL CONNECTIONS 692 00:23:16,800 --> 00:23:18,400 AND INFLUENCES IN WHICH THE 693 00:23:18,400 --> 00:23:20,400 DIFFERENT COMPONENTS AFFECT EACH 694 00:23:20,400 --> 00:23:21,240 OTHER. 695 00:23:21,240 --> 00:23:22,800 AND THESE COMPLEX SYSTEMS CROSS 696 00:23:22,800 --> 00:23:24,320 MULTIPLE SCALES, AS ZACH 697 00:23:24,320 --> 00:23:24,640 MENTIONED. 698 00:23:24,640 --> 00:23:25,960 THEY ALSO EVOLVE OVER TIME. 699 00:23:25,960 --> 00:23:28,600 FOR INSTANCE, IF YOU HAVE A 700 00:23:28,600 --> 00:23:30,480 PERSON, THAT PERSON'S AFFECTED 701 00:23:30,480 --> 00:23:33,640 BY ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES, 702 00:23:33,640 --> 00:23:35,040 SOCIAL INFLUENCES, INDIVIDUAL 703 00:23:35,040 --> 00:23:36,240 AND INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIORS THAT 704 00:23:36,240 --> 00:23:37,720 AFFECT HIM OR HER. 705 00:23:37,720 --> 00:23:39,520 THERE'S ALSO BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 706 00:23:39,520 --> 00:23:40,720 WITHIN THAT PERSON. 707 00:23:40,720 --> 00:23:42,280 AND OVER TIME, THOSE SYSTEMS 708 00:23:42,280 --> 00:23:43,560 WILL CHANGE. 709 00:23:43,560 --> 00:23:46,120 SO IT'S DIFFERENT WHEN SOMEONE'S 710 00:23:46,120 --> 00:23:49,280 A NEWBORN OR PRENATAL, OR 711 00:23:49,280 --> 00:23:50,600 IMMEDIATELY POST-NATAL, OR IF 712 00:23:50,600 --> 00:23:53,240 SOMEONE'S A YOUNG CHILD VERSUS 713 00:23:53,240 --> 00:23:55,520 ADOLESCENT VERSUS YOUNG OR OLDER 714 00:23:55,520 --> 00:23:55,800 ADULT. 715 00:23:55,800 --> 00:23:58,600 SO, THINGS WITHIN THE BODY WILL 716 00:23:58,600 --> 00:23:59,120 CHANGE. 717 00:23:59,120 --> 00:24:00,440 THINGS OUTSIDE THE PERSON WILL 718 00:24:00,440 --> 00:24:02,200 CHANGE. 719 00:24:02,200 --> 00:24:04,280 FOR INSTANCE, SOCIAL 720 00:24:04,280 --> 00:24:05,600 INTERACTIONS THAT A PERSON HAS 721 00:24:05,600 --> 00:24:07,080 AS A 20-YEAR-OLD, VERY DIFFERENT 722 00:24:07,080 --> 00:24:09,480 FROM THE SOCIAL INTERACTIONS AS 723 00:24:09,480 --> 00:24:11,040 A 5-YEAR-OLD, ET CETERA. 724 00:24:11,040 --> 00:24:12,920 THESE ARE COMPLEX AND CHANGE 725 00:24:12,920 --> 00:24:14,000 OVER TIME. 726 00:24:14,000 --> 00:24:16,320 THE DANGERS OF NOT REALLY USING 727 00:24:16,320 --> 00:24:17,720 SYSTEMS APPROACHES, AND NOT 728 00:24:17,720 --> 00:24:18,800 ACKNOWLEDGING THESE COMPLEX 729 00:24:18,800 --> 00:24:19,920 SYSTEMS ARE MULTI-FOLD. 730 00:24:19,920 --> 00:24:22,360 FIRST OF ALL, YOU MAY COME UP 731 00:24:22,360 --> 00:24:24,200 WITH BAND-AIDS RATHER THAN 732 00:24:24,200 --> 00:24:24,960 SOLUTIONS. 733 00:24:24,960 --> 00:24:28,880 YOU MIGHT SAY, OKAY, WELL, 734 00:24:28,880 --> 00:24:32,480 THERE'S THIS SUPPOSED SINGLE 735 00:24:32,480 --> 00:24:33,320 CAUSE, SINGLE EFFECT SITUATION, 736 00:24:33,320 --> 00:24:36,800 AND LET'S COME UP WITH A 737 00:24:36,800 --> 00:24:37,680 SOLUTION TO ADDRESS THAT. 738 00:24:37,680 --> 00:24:39,080 BUT WHEN YOU DON'T ACCOUNT FOR 739 00:24:39,080 --> 00:24:40,160 OTHER FACTORS IT'S NOT 740 00:24:40,160 --> 00:24:41,920 SUSTAINABLE AND YOU MAY MISS 741 00:24:41,920 --> 00:24:43,120 SECONDARY AND TERTIARY EFFECTS 742 00:24:43,120 --> 00:24:44,480 THAT MAY BE OCCURRING, THAT'S 743 00:24:44,480 --> 00:24:45,720 BOTH POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE. 744 00:24:45,720 --> 00:24:47,920 SO POSITIVE IN THE SENSE IF HAVE 745 00:24:47,920 --> 00:24:50,560 YOU POLICY OR INTERVENTION, AND 746 00:24:50,560 --> 00:24:52,440 YOU DON'T REALLY INCORPORATE OR 747 00:24:52,440 --> 00:24:53,800 UNDERSTAND ALL OF THE SECONDARY 748 00:24:53,800 --> 00:24:56,800 AND TERTIARY EFFECTS YOU MAY BE 749 00:24:56,800 --> 00:24:58,000 ACTUALLY UNDERESTIMATING THE 750 00:24:58,000 --> 00:24:58,680 VALUE OF THE POLICY. 751 00:24:58,680 --> 00:25:00,760 AT THE SAME TIME YOU MAY HAVE 752 00:25:00,760 --> 00:25:02,280 UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES. 753 00:25:02,280 --> 00:25:05,360 HISTORY IS FULL OF VERY 754 00:25:05,360 --> 00:25:06,240 WELL-MEANING APPROACHES, 755 00:25:06,240 --> 00:25:07,440 WELL-MEANING POLICIES AND 756 00:25:07,440 --> 00:25:11,600 INTERVENTIONS THAT ACTUALLY TURN 757 00:25:11,600 --> 00:25:13,240 TOUT HAVE NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES. 758 00:25:13,240 --> 00:25:14,520 WORSENING DISPARITIES. 759 00:25:14,520 --> 00:25:16,840 THERE'S DISPARITIES WITHIN OUR 760 00:25:16,840 --> 00:25:20,120 SOCIETY, IN TERMS OF HEALTH, 761 00:25:20,120 --> 00:25:21,520 NUTRITION, IN TERMS OF 762 00:25:21,520 --> 00:25:22,320 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES, AND 763 00:25:22,320 --> 00:25:26,560 THIS CAN WORSEN IF YOU DON'T 764 00:25:26,560 --> 00:25:28,200 REALLY ANTICIPATE OR ADDRESS THE 765 00:25:28,200 --> 00:25:29,760 MANY FACTORS INVOLVED. 766 00:25:29,760 --> 00:25:31,720 YOU CAN SPEND TIME, EFFORT, 767 00:25:31,720 --> 00:25:33,920 RESOURCES FROM TRIAL AND ERROR. 768 00:25:33,920 --> 00:25:35,680 IF YOU'RE TRYING WITHOUT 769 00:25:35,680 --> 00:25:36,440 UNDERSTANDING CONSEQUENCES, THAT 770 00:25:36,440 --> 00:25:38,400 CAN BE A TREMENDOUS WASTE OF 771 00:25:38,400 --> 00:25:40,600 TIME AND EFFORT AND RESOURCES. 772 00:25:40,600 --> 00:25:42,600 AND FINE YOU CAN INTRODUCE BIAS. 773 00:25:42,600 --> 00:25:44,520 IF YOU DON'T FULLY UNDERSTAND 774 00:25:44,520 --> 00:25:47,280 WHAT'S GOING ON, AND AREN'T 775 00:25:47,280 --> 00:25:48,720 MEASURING APPROPRIATELY, THEN 776 00:25:48,720 --> 00:25:51,800 YOU MAY HAVE A BIASED VIEW OF 777 00:25:51,800 --> 00:25:53,680 WHAT ACTUALLY IS HAPPENING. 778 00:25:53,680 --> 00:25:55,160 SO, THERE'S DIFFERENT APPROACHES 779 00:25:55,160 --> 00:25:57,160 AND DIFFERENT METHODS TO BETTER 780 00:25:57,160 --> 00:25:58,840 UNDERSTAND COMPLEX SYSTEMS. 781 00:25:58,840 --> 00:26:03,200 ONE IS SYSTEMS MAPPING WHICH IS 782 00:26:03,200 --> 00:26:05,200 ESSENTIALLY TAKING -- VISUAL 783 00:26:05,200 --> 00:26:06,840 DISPLAY OR VISUALIZATION OF ALL 784 00:26:06,840 --> 00:26:07,600 THE DIFFERENT FACTORS AND 785 00:26:07,600 --> 00:26:09,040 PROCESSES THAT ARE INVOLVED IN 786 00:26:09,040 --> 00:26:10,640 THE COMPLEX SYSTEM. 787 00:26:10,640 --> 00:26:14,200 HERE'S AN EXAMPLE WHERE WE 788 00:26:14,200 --> 00:26:16,640 BASICALLY SKETCH OUT SYSTEMS MAP 789 00:26:16,640 --> 00:26:18,120 SHOWING DIFFERENT FACTORS THAT 790 00:26:18,120 --> 00:26:20,080 AFFECT HOW AND WHERE AND WHEN A 791 00:26:20,080 --> 00:26:20,960 PERSON GETS VACCINATED. 792 00:26:20,960 --> 00:26:22,960 I'M NOT GOING THROUGH THIS IN 793 00:26:22,960 --> 00:26:25,480 DETAIL BUT THIS SHOWS YOU AN 794 00:26:25,480 --> 00:26:26,920 EXAMPLE OF SHOWING DIFFERENT 795 00:26:26,920 --> 00:26:29,040 TYPES OF PROCESSES AND DIFFERENT 796 00:26:29,040 --> 00:26:30,560 FACTORS INVOLVED. 797 00:26:30,560 --> 00:26:32,960 IT GIVES A SENSE OF -- HELPS 798 00:26:32,960 --> 00:26:35,000 PEOPLE UNDERSTAND EACH OTHER'S 799 00:26:35,000 --> 00:26:36,560 CONCEPTUALIZATION BUT ALSO HELPS 800 00:26:36,560 --> 00:26:38,520 YOU UNDERSTAND YOUR OWN 801 00:26:38,520 --> 00:26:39,520 CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE SYSTEM 802 00:26:39,520 --> 00:26:41,600 BECAUSE MANY TIMES YOU MAY NOT 803 00:26:41,600 --> 00:26:44,640 EVEN REALLY FULLY UNDERSTAND 804 00:26:44,640 --> 00:26:47,040 WHAT YOU UNDERSTAND ABOUT THE 805 00:26:47,040 --> 00:26:48,840 SYSTEM. 806 00:26:48,840 --> 00:26:51,400 AND THERE ARE TECHNIQUES, 807 00:26:51,400 --> 00:26:52,080 SYSTEMS MAPPING WORKSHOPPING 808 00:26:52,080 --> 00:26:52,880 PULLING TOGETHER STAKEHOLDERS 809 00:26:52,880 --> 00:26:54,840 AND DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE 810 00:26:54,840 --> 00:26:57,560 SYSTEM, AND CONTRIBUTE TO A 811 00:26:57,560 --> 00:26:58,120 SYSTEMS MAP. 812 00:26:58,120 --> 00:27:00,640 AND THEN THERE'S SYSTEMS 813 00:27:00,640 --> 00:27:01,600 MODELING. 814 00:27:01,600 --> 00:27:02,800 SYSTEMS MODELING IS TAKING FOR 815 00:27:02,800 --> 00:27:04,000 INSTANCE SYSTEMS MAP AND REALLY 816 00:27:04,000 --> 00:27:05,560 MAKING IT LIVE. 817 00:27:05,560 --> 00:27:06,880 SO YOU ESSENTIALLY ARE SAYING, 818 00:27:06,880 --> 00:27:10,240 OKAY, I'M GOING TO DEVELOP A 819 00:27:10,240 --> 00:27:10,920 REPRESENTATION, A LIVE 820 00:27:10,920 --> 00:27:11,800 REPRESENTATION, OF THE STRUCTURE 821 00:27:11,800 --> 00:27:14,200 OF THE SYSTEM AND FACTORS AND 822 00:27:14,200 --> 00:27:17,600 PROCESSES, SOME OF THAT I CAN 823 00:27:17,600 --> 00:27:20,080 SEE HOW THINGS MIGHT WORK 824 00:27:20,080 --> 00:27:20,360 TOGETHER. 825 00:27:20,360 --> 00:27:24,000 AND THIS CAN HELP YOU FORECAST 826 00:27:24,000 --> 00:27:24,840 DIFFERENT POSSIBILITIES, HELP 827 00:27:24,840 --> 00:27:30,520 YOU RUN DIFFERENT TYPES OF 828 00:27:30,520 --> 00:27:32,160 SCENARIOS, LET'S CONSERVE AS 829 00:27:32,160 --> 00:27:33,800 VIRTUAL LABORATORY TO TEST 830 00:27:33,800 --> 00:27:36,120 DIFFERENT POLICIES AND 831 00:27:36,120 --> 00:27:36,760 INTERVENTIONS. 832 00:27:36,760 --> 00:27:38,040 SO COMPUTER-AIDED APPROACHES 833 00:27:38,040 --> 00:27:39,040 HAVE REALLY TRANSFORMED MANY 834 00:27:39,040 --> 00:27:40,040 OTHER FIELDS. 835 00:27:40,040 --> 00:27:45,400 SO, FOR INSTANCE, IF YOU LOOK AT 836 00:27:45,400 --> 00:27:48,680 THE SYSTEMS MAP OR MODEL OF ALL 837 00:27:48,680 --> 00:27:51,800 THE FACTORS AND PROCESSES THAT 838 00:27:51,800 --> 00:27:55,280 AFFECT THE WEATHER, SO IT BRINGS 839 00:27:55,280 --> 00:27:57,080 TOGETHER BAROMETRIC PRESSURE 840 00:27:57,080 --> 00:27:57,680 MEASUREMENTS, BRINGS TOGETHER 841 00:27:57,680 --> 00:27:59,440 MEASUREMENTS OF THE RAIN, HOW 842 00:27:59,440 --> 00:28:04,160 THE CLOUDS ARE MOVING, HOW THE 843 00:28:04,160 --> 00:28:05,240 WINDS ARE CHANGING DIRECTION, 844 00:28:05,240 --> 00:28:06,680 WHAT'S HAPPENING WITH THE 845 00:28:06,680 --> 00:28:08,520 TEMPERATURE, AND REALLY BRINGS 846 00:28:08,520 --> 00:28:09,200 EVERYTHING TOGETHER AND 847 00:28:09,200 --> 00:28:11,280 SYNTHESIZES SO THAT YOU SEE THE 848 00:28:11,280 --> 00:28:12,800 WEATHER MAPS THAT YOU SEE AND 849 00:28:12,800 --> 00:28:14,440 DAILY FORECAST IN THE NEWS EACH 850 00:28:14,440 --> 00:28:14,760 DAY. 851 00:28:14,760 --> 00:28:16,320 THIS WAY, YOU CAN GET A SENSE OF 852 00:28:16,320 --> 00:28:18,280 WHAT'S BEEN HAPPENING WITH THE 853 00:28:18,280 --> 00:28:19,040 WEATHER, WHAT'S CURRENTLY 854 00:28:19,040 --> 00:28:22,560 HAPPENING, AND WHAT MAY BE 855 00:28:22,560 --> 00:28:23,400 HAPPENING AN HOUR, TWO HOUR, 856 00:28:23,400 --> 00:28:26,080 SEVERAL DAYS OR MONTHS OR YEARS 857 00:28:26,080 --> 00:28:27,920 FROM NOW. 858 00:28:27,920 --> 00:28:29,680 AND SUCH SYSTEMS MODELING HAS 859 00:28:29,680 --> 00:28:34,840 ALSO REALLY TRANSFORMED FIELDS 860 00:28:34,840 --> 00:28:35,880 LIKE MANUFACTURING, 861 00:28:35,880 --> 00:28:36,600 TRANSPORTATION, AEROSPACE 862 00:28:36,600 --> 00:28:37,920 ENGINEERING, AIR TRAFFIC 863 00:28:37,920 --> 00:28:38,320 CONTROL. 864 00:28:38,320 --> 00:28:41,600 ALL THESE CASES, YOU HAVE THESE 865 00:28:41,600 --> 00:28:44,160 COMPLEX COMPUTER MODELS, WHICH 866 00:28:44,160 --> 00:28:45,200 REALLY HELPS PEOPLE UNDERSTAND 867 00:28:45,200 --> 00:28:46,880 WHAT'S HAPPENING AND WHERE ARE 868 00:28:46,880 --> 00:28:48,720 THE PLANES FLYING, HOW ARE 869 00:28:48,720 --> 00:28:49,960 MANUFACTURING PROCESSES WORKING. 870 00:28:49,960 --> 00:28:51,680 YOU CAN DO A SIMILAR THING WHEN 871 00:28:51,680 --> 00:28:54,320 IT COMES TO THE ENVIRONMENT AND 872 00:28:54,320 --> 00:28:55,200 NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 873 00:28:55,200 --> 00:28:57,480 WHEN WE TALK ABOUT SYSTEMS 874 00:28:57,480 --> 00:28:59,640 APPROACHES, WE CAN DIVIDE THEM 875 00:28:59,640 --> 00:29:02,560 INTO TWO GENERAL TYPES. 876 00:29:02,560 --> 00:29:04,840 TOP-DOWN AND BOTTOM-UP 877 00:29:04,840 --> 00:29:05,120 APPROACHES. 878 00:29:05,120 --> 00:29:06,040 TOP-DOWN APPROACHES OTHERWISE 879 00:29:06,040 --> 00:29:07,880 KNOWN AS DATA DRIVEN APPROACH, 880 00:29:07,880 --> 00:29:11,280 WE COVERED THIS IN A RECENT 881 00:29:11,280 --> 00:29:13,800 PUBLICATION IN PLOS MEDICINE, 882 00:29:13,800 --> 00:29:15,120 TOP-DOWN DATA-DRIVEN APPROACHES 883 00:29:15,120 --> 00:29:18,040 TAKE A MASS OF DATA, AND IT'S 884 00:29:18,040 --> 00:29:19,360 ALMOST LIKE HOVERING ABOVE THE 885 00:29:19,360 --> 00:29:21,960 DATA AND LOOKING FOR PATTERNS OR 886 00:29:21,960 --> 00:29:23,640 ASSOCIATIONS AND TRENDS. 887 00:29:23,640 --> 00:29:25,240 THIS CAN BE HELPFUL WHEN IT 888 00:29:25,240 --> 00:29:26,600 COMES TO DISCOVER WHEN YOU'RE 889 00:29:26,600 --> 00:29:28,560 TRYING TO GET A SENSE OF WHAT 890 00:29:28,560 --> 00:29:30,200 MIGHT BE GOING ON. 891 00:29:30,200 --> 00:29:33,040 THESE TYPES OF APPROACHES DON'T 892 00:29:33,040 --> 00:29:35,120 REALLY TEASE OUT CAUGHT AND 893 00:29:35,120 --> 00:29:37,520 AFFECT OR SHOW WHAT MECHANISMS 894 00:29:37,520 --> 00:29:40,080 MAY BE INVOLVED BUT CAN HELP YOU 895 00:29:40,080 --> 00:29:42,240 SAY I CAN SEE ASSOCIATIONS AND 896 00:29:42,240 --> 00:29:46,720 FACTORS MIGHT BE PLAYING A ROLE, 897 00:29:46,720 --> 00:29:49,560 LET'S LOOK INTO THIS FURTHER. 898 00:29:49,560 --> 00:29:50,480 AND BOTTOMS-UP ARE MECHANISTIC, 899 00:29:50,480 --> 00:29:52,960 YOU TRY TO REBUILD THE SYSTEM, 900 00:29:52,960 --> 00:29:55,040 TRYING TO RECREATE WHAT'S 901 00:29:55,040 --> 00:29:55,960 HAPPENING AND TRY TO DETERMINE, 902 00:29:55,960 --> 00:29:57,400 YOU KNOW, HOW THE DIFFERENT 903 00:29:57,400 --> 00:30:00,760 CAUSES AND EFFECT ARE ACTUALLY 904 00:30:00,760 --> 00:30:01,640 MECHANISTICALLY CONNECTED. 905 00:30:01,640 --> 00:30:12,160 SO YOU REALLY NEED BOTH TYPES, 906 00:30:13,400 --> 00:30:17,400 TO UNDERSTAND AND BUILD VIRTUAL 907 00:30:17,400 --> 00:30:18,120 LABORATORIES. 908 00:30:18,120 --> 00:30:19,920 TOP-DOWN APPROACHES INCLUDE 909 00:30:19,920 --> 00:30:21,520 STATISTICAL MODELING LIKE 910 00:30:21,520 --> 00:30:23,960 REGRESSION, MACHINE LEARNING, 911 00:30:23,960 --> 00:30:25,360 DIFFERENT TYPES OF MACHINE 912 00:30:25,360 --> 00:30:26,600 LEARNING, SUPERVISED AND 913 00:30:26,600 --> 00:30:28,000 UNSUPERVISED, CLUSTERING DATA IN 914 00:30:28,000 --> 00:30:29,560 DIFFERENT WAYS, ARRANGING THEM 915 00:30:29,560 --> 00:30:30,600 IN DIFFERENT WAYS, DIFFERENT 916 00:30:30,600 --> 00:30:32,840 TYPES OF DATA MANAGEMENT 917 00:30:32,840 --> 00:30:34,280 APPROACHES, NEURAL NETWORKS. 918 00:30:34,280 --> 00:30:38,680 AGAIN, THESE ARE USEFUL FOR 919 00:30:38,680 --> 00:30:40,120 DISCOVERY, FOR GIVING A SENSE OF 920 00:30:40,120 --> 00:30:41,160 WE SEE ASSOCIATIONS AND 921 00:30:41,160 --> 00:30:42,840 CORRELATIONS BUT THEY DON'T 922 00:30:42,840 --> 00:30:45,120 REALLY TELL YOU CAUSE AND 923 00:30:45,120 --> 00:30:46,560 EFFECT. 924 00:30:46,560 --> 00:30:51,360 AND THERE ARE BOTTOMS UP 925 00:30:51,360 --> 00:30:52,480 MECHANISTIC APPROACHES, A WIDE 926 00:30:52,480 --> 00:30:53,200 VARIETY. 927 00:30:53,200 --> 00:30:56,640 I WOULD VIEW THEM AS A 928 00:30:56,640 --> 00:30:57,040 CONTINUUM. 929 00:30:57,040 --> 00:31:04,400 YOU MIGHT HAVE HEARD AGENT-BASED 930 00:31:04,400 --> 00:31:05,800 MODELING, BUT IN TRUTH WHILE 931 00:31:05,800 --> 00:31:07,600 THESE FORM DIFFERENT TIMES OF 932 00:31:07,600 --> 00:31:09,320 CATEGORIES IT'S ACTUALLY A 933 00:31:09,320 --> 00:31:09,600 CONTINUUM. 934 00:31:09,600 --> 00:31:12,040 YOU CAN HAVE MANY TYPES OF 935 00:31:12,040 --> 00:31:13,160 MODELING APPROACHES MIXED 936 00:31:13,160 --> 00:31:16,440 TOGETHER, SO MODEL MAY HAVE 937 00:31:16,440 --> 00:31:20,040 COMPARTMENT MODEL ELEMENTS OR 938 00:31:20,040 --> 00:31:21,360 MIGHT HAVE AGENT-BASED ELEMENT 939 00:31:21,360 --> 00:31:21,840 OR NETWORK MODEL. 940 00:31:21,840 --> 00:31:25,120 IF YOU LOOK ON THE LEFT SIDE, 941 00:31:25,120 --> 00:31:28,280 YOU HAVE DECISION ANALYTIC 942 00:31:28,280 --> 00:31:29,280 MODELS, USEFUL WHEN YOU'RE 943 00:31:29,280 --> 00:31:31,360 REPRESENTING A DECISION FOR A 944 00:31:31,360 --> 00:31:34,160 SINGLE PERSON, ASSUMING THAT 945 00:31:34,160 --> 00:31:35,600 SINGLE PERSON MAY NOT 946 00:31:35,600 --> 00:31:37,000 NECESSARILY BE AFFECTED BY OTHER 947 00:31:37,000 --> 00:31:39,760 THINGS, AND IS REALLY FOCUSED ON 948 00:31:39,760 --> 00:31:41,280 I'M MAKING DECISIONS, YOU CAN 949 00:31:41,280 --> 00:31:43,920 CREATE A TRAY SAYING OKAY, HERE 950 00:31:43,920 --> 00:31:46,520 ARE THE OPTIONS, AND HERE ARE 951 00:31:46,520 --> 00:31:47,760 THE POSSIBILITIES, AND THEN THAT 952 00:31:47,760 --> 00:31:49,040 PERSON CAN PROGRESS DOWN THIS 953 00:31:49,040 --> 00:31:54,080 DECISION TREE THAT YOU SEE, FOR 954 00:31:54,080 --> 00:31:54,320 INSTANCE. 955 00:31:54,320 --> 00:31:56,360 IF THE SAME DECISION IS REPEATED 956 00:31:56,360 --> 00:31:59,440 OVER AND OVER AGAIN, OVER TIME, 957 00:31:59,440 --> 00:32:03,360 THAT'S WHERE MARCOV MODELS ARE 958 00:32:03,360 --> 00:32:04,680 USEFUL, REPRESENTATIONS OF 959 00:32:04,680 --> 00:32:05,800 DECISION TREES, SAME DECISION 960 00:32:05,800 --> 00:32:07,200 REPEATED OVER AND OVER. 961 00:32:07,200 --> 00:32:09,600 INSTEAD OF SAYING THAT I'M GOING 962 00:32:09,600 --> 00:32:12,680 TO THE MARKET OR GYM EACH DAY, 963 00:32:12,680 --> 00:32:15,400 YOU SAY, OKAY, THIS DAY I'M IN 964 00:32:15,400 --> 00:32:16,600 THE GYM STATE, THIS DAY I'M IN 965 00:32:16,600 --> 00:32:19,240 THE MARKET STATE AND YOU MOVE 966 00:32:19,240 --> 00:32:22,000 AMONG THE DIFFERENT STATES. 967 00:32:22,000 --> 00:32:24,160 THERE ARE SITUATIONS WHERE 968 00:32:24,160 --> 00:32:25,600 DECISIONS, YOUR DECISIONS, OR 969 00:32:25,600 --> 00:32:26,920 WHAT'S HAPPENING, IS AFFECTED BY 970 00:32:26,920 --> 00:32:28,680 WHAT'S HAPPENING WITH THE 971 00:32:28,680 --> 00:32:29,880 OVERALL POPULATION OR GROUPS 972 00:32:29,880 --> 00:32:30,960 AROUND YOU. 973 00:32:30,960 --> 00:32:32,600 WHEN YOU WANT TO INCORPORATE 974 00:32:32,600 --> 00:32:34,480 THESE GROUP EFFECTS, THAT'S WHEN 975 00:32:34,480 --> 00:32:36,000 YOU START MOVING TOWARDS 976 00:32:36,000 --> 00:32:37,160 COMPARTMENT MODELS, WHEN THE 977 00:32:37,160 --> 00:32:39,400 PROPORTION OF A POPULATION 978 00:32:39,400 --> 00:32:41,160 THAT'S DOING SOMETHING ACTUALLY 979 00:32:41,160 --> 00:32:42,560 AFFECTS YOUR DECISION OR WHAT'S 980 00:32:42,560 --> 00:32:45,200 HAPPENING TO YOU, SO THAT'S WHY 981 00:32:45,200 --> 00:32:46,520 MANY INFECTIOUS DISEASE MODELS 982 00:32:46,520 --> 00:32:47,720 ARE COMPARTMENT MODELS BECAUSE 983 00:32:47,720 --> 00:32:49,600 IT DOESN'T JUST MATTER WHAT'S 984 00:32:49,600 --> 00:32:52,080 HAPPENING WITH THE VIRUS AND 985 00:32:52,080 --> 00:32:53,280 YOUR EXPOSURE. 986 00:32:53,280 --> 00:32:55,040 THE PROPORTION OF THE POPULATION 987 00:32:55,040 --> 00:32:57,760 THAT'S ACTUALLY INFECTED WITH 988 00:32:57,760 --> 00:33:00,640 THE VIRUS IN TURN AFFECTS YOUR 989 00:33:00,640 --> 00:33:02,280 RISK OF GETTING OR TRANSMITTING 990 00:33:02,280 --> 00:33:02,920 THE VIRUS. 991 00:33:02,920 --> 00:33:05,880 SO THAT'S WHEN WE HAVE 992 00:33:05,880 --> 00:33:07,720 COMPARTMENT MODELS. 993 00:33:07,720 --> 00:33:09,120 SYSTEMS DYNAMICS MODELS BRING IN 994 00:33:09,120 --> 00:33:10,160 MORE COMPLEXITY IN TERMS OF 995 00:33:10,160 --> 00:33:11,920 WHAT'S HAPPENING WITH DIFFERENT 996 00:33:11,920 --> 00:33:13,000 PEOPLE OR ASPECTS OF THE 997 00:33:13,000 --> 00:33:16,520 POPULATION OR ENVIRONMENT. 998 00:33:16,520 --> 00:33:18,040 NETWORK MODELS REPRESENT THE 999 00:33:18,040 --> 00:33:19,160 ACTUAL CONNECTIONS BETWEEN 1000 00:33:19,160 --> 00:33:20,640 DIFFERENT PEOPLE OR DIFFERENT 1001 00:33:20,640 --> 00:33:21,120 THINGS. 1002 00:33:21,120 --> 00:33:24,240 SO THIS IS WHEN YOU SEE THESE 1003 00:33:24,240 --> 00:33:25,800 PICTURES OF THESE NODES AND 1004 00:33:25,800 --> 00:33:28,080 CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THOSE. 1005 00:33:28,080 --> 00:33:29,280 NETWORK MODELS ARE USEFUL WHEN 1006 00:33:29,280 --> 00:33:30,840 YOU WANT TO REPRESENT HOW 1007 00:33:30,840 --> 00:33:32,120 DIFFERENT PEOPLE OR DIFFERENT 1008 00:33:32,120 --> 00:33:35,440 COMPONENTS IN A SYSTEM ARE 1009 00:33:35,440 --> 00:33:35,760 CONNECTED. 1010 00:33:35,760 --> 00:33:36,520 AND AGENT-BASED MODELS WHERE 1011 00:33:36,520 --> 00:33:38,920 WHATEVER YOU WANT TO REPRESENT, 1012 00:33:38,920 --> 00:33:41,240 TWO HALLMARKS OF AGENT-BASED 1013 00:33:41,240 --> 00:33:42,120 MODELS ARE REPRESENTING 1014 00:33:42,120 --> 00:33:43,120 AUTONOMOUS DECISION MAKING SO 1015 00:33:43,120 --> 00:33:45,320 WHEN DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF THE 1016 00:33:45,320 --> 00:33:47,080 SYSTEM, DIFFERENT PEOPLE HAVE 1017 00:33:47,080 --> 00:33:48,920 AUTONOMOUS DECISION MAKING, AND 1018 00:33:48,920 --> 00:33:52,320 YOU CAN REPRESENT COMPLEX 1019 00:33:52,320 --> 00:33:53,280 ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR, WHERE 1020 00:33:53,280 --> 00:33:55,800 DIFFERENT PEOPLE OR COMPONENTS 1021 00:33:55,800 --> 00:33:57,800 WITHIN SYSTEMS LEARN OVER TIME, 1022 00:33:57,800 --> 00:33:59,000 CHANGE THEIR BEHAVIORS, CHANGE 1023 00:33:59,000 --> 00:33:59,960 THEIR DECISIONS OVER TIME. 1024 00:33:59,960 --> 00:34:02,440 SO THIS IS JUST A QUICK 1025 00:34:02,440 --> 00:34:06,960 REPRESENTATION OF HOW THESE 1026 00:34:06,960 --> 00:34:08,600 TYPES ARE DIFFERENT. 1027 00:34:08,600 --> 00:34:10,560 WE COULD GO INTO GREATER DETAIL 1028 00:34:10,560 --> 00:34:12,520 ABOUT EACH MODELING TYPE, AND 1029 00:34:12,520 --> 00:34:13,960 COMPONENTS, BUT JUST REMEMBER 1030 00:34:13,960 --> 00:34:16,480 THAT THERE'S THESE DIFFERENT 1031 00:34:16,480 --> 00:34:18,000 WAYS OF APPROACHING MODEL 1032 00:34:18,000 --> 00:34:19,760 BUILDING AND TYPE OF MODEL THAT 1033 00:34:19,760 --> 00:34:21,760 YOU USE REALLY DEPENDS ON WHAT 1034 00:34:21,760 --> 00:34:25,240 YOU'RE ACTUALLY TRYING TO 1035 00:34:25,240 --> 00:34:26,320 REPRESENT WITHIN THE SYSTEM. 1036 00:34:26,320 --> 00:34:27,680 THERE ARE MANY IMPORTANT 1037 00:34:27,680 --> 00:34:29,760 CONSIDERATIONS WHEN IT COMES TO 1038 00:34:29,760 --> 00:34:30,080 SYSTEMS MODEL. 1039 00:34:30,080 --> 00:34:32,040 FIRST, YOU HAVE TO CONSIDER WHAT 1040 00:34:32,040 --> 00:34:34,560 IS THE PERSPECTIVE. 1041 00:34:34,560 --> 00:34:36,840 FOR INSTANCE, A DECISION OR 1042 00:34:36,840 --> 00:34:38,480 ISSUE FROM A GOVERNMENT'S 1043 00:34:38,480 --> 00:34:40,480 PERSPECTIVE MAY BE DIFFERENT 1044 00:34:40,480 --> 00:34:41,040 FROM HEALTH INSURANCE 1045 00:34:41,040 --> 00:34:43,160 PERSPECTIVE, WHICH MAY BE VERY 1046 00:34:43,160 --> 00:34:45,520 DIFFERENT FROM AN INDIVIDUAL 1047 00:34:45,520 --> 00:34:47,800 PERSPECTIVE, OR SOCIETAL 1048 00:34:47,800 --> 00:34:48,120 PERSPECTIVE. 1049 00:34:48,120 --> 00:34:49,440 SO, FOR INSTANCE IF YOU'RE 1050 00:34:49,440 --> 00:34:52,400 TRYING TO MAXIMIZE YOUR GAIN OR 1051 00:34:52,400 --> 00:34:54,360 YOUR SITUATION, YOUR DECISION 1052 00:34:54,360 --> 00:34:56,200 MAY BE DIFFERENT FROM A 1053 00:34:56,200 --> 00:34:57,680 GOVERNMENT'S DECISION, WHO HAS 1054 00:34:57,680 --> 00:34:59,200 TO -- A GOVERNMENT HAS TO TAKE 1055 00:34:59,200 --> 00:35:02,800 INTO ACCOUNT EVERYONE IN SOCIETY 1056 00:35:02,800 --> 00:35:05,320 AND TRY TO MAXIMIZE THE 1057 00:35:05,320 --> 00:35:06,760 SITUATION OR OPTIMIZE THE 1058 00:35:06,760 --> 00:35:07,840 SITUATION FOR EVERYONE IN 1059 00:35:07,840 --> 00:35:08,640 SOCIETY. 1060 00:35:08,640 --> 00:35:10,040 SO IT'S VERY IMPORTANT WHEN YOU 1061 00:35:10,040 --> 00:35:11,440 DEVELOP A MODEL TO SAY, OKAY, 1062 00:35:11,440 --> 00:35:12,880 WHAT PERSPECTIVE ARE YOU TAKING 1063 00:35:12,880 --> 00:35:13,840 WITH THIS MODEL. 1064 00:35:13,840 --> 00:35:17,680 ALSO, IT'S IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER 1065 00:35:17,680 --> 00:35:18,760 THE TIME FRAME. 1066 00:35:18,760 --> 00:35:20,400 SO, CREATING A MODEL THAT 1067 00:35:20,400 --> 00:35:21,120 REPRESENTS WHAT'S HAPPENING OVER 1068 00:35:21,120 --> 00:35:24,920 THE NEXT DAY, NO LONGER THAN 1069 00:35:24,920 --> 00:35:26,760 THAT, IS VERY DIFFERENT FROM A 1070 00:35:26,760 --> 00:35:27,960 MODEL THAT RECOMMENDS WHAT'S 1071 00:35:27,960 --> 00:35:29,840 HAPPENING OVER SIX MONTHS, A 1072 00:35:29,840 --> 00:35:31,160 YEAR, TEN YEARS OR 20 YEARS. 1073 00:35:31,160 --> 00:35:32,160 WHEN YOU'RE DEALING WITH 1074 00:35:32,160 --> 00:35:32,960 SOMETHING LIKE CLIMATE CHANGE 1075 00:35:32,960 --> 00:35:34,880 AND YOU BUILD A MODEL AND SAY 1076 00:35:34,880 --> 00:35:35,800 WE'RE GOING TO REPRESENT WHAT'S 1077 00:35:35,800 --> 00:35:37,960 GOING TO HAPPEN OVER THE NEXT 1078 00:35:37,960 --> 00:35:39,480 FIVE HOURS, THAT'S GOING TO BE 1079 00:35:39,480 --> 00:35:40,640 LIMITED IN TERMS OF 1080 00:35:40,640 --> 00:35:41,880 UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF 1081 00:35:41,880 --> 00:35:42,640 CLIMATE CHANGE. 1082 00:35:42,640 --> 00:35:43,840 YOU MIGHT WANT TO EXTEND AND SAY 1083 00:35:43,840 --> 00:35:44,920 WHAT'S GOING TO BE HAPPENING 1084 00:35:44,920 --> 00:35:46,600 OVER THE NEXT YEAR OR FIVE YEARS 1085 00:35:46,600 --> 00:35:47,480 OR TEN YEARS. 1086 00:35:47,480 --> 00:35:50,400 YOU CAN SEE HOW THAT CAN AFFECT 1087 00:35:50,400 --> 00:35:51,640 DECISION MAKING BECAUSE IF 1088 00:35:51,640 --> 00:35:53,480 YOU'RE MAKING A DECISION TO 1089 00:35:53,480 --> 00:35:54,560 OPTIMIZE WHAT'S GOING TO HAPPEN 1090 00:35:54,560 --> 00:35:56,680 OVER THE COURSE OF A DAY, THE 1091 00:35:56,680 --> 00:35:58,640 ANSWER CAN BE VERY DIFFERENT 1092 00:35:58,640 --> 00:35:59,600 FROM, YOU KNOW, OPTIMIZING 1093 00:35:59,600 --> 00:36:00,600 WHAT'S HAPPENING OVER THE COURSE 1094 00:36:00,600 --> 00:36:02,520 OF A YEAR, OR FIVE YEARS, OR TEN 1095 00:36:02,520 --> 00:36:02,720 YEARS. 1096 00:36:02,720 --> 00:36:04,880 SO TIME FRAME OF THE MODEL IS 1097 00:36:04,880 --> 00:36:05,840 VERY IMPORTANT. 1098 00:36:05,840 --> 00:36:08,520 AND AS ZACH ALLUDED TO, WHAT 1099 00:36:08,520 --> 00:36:10,920 SCALES ARE BEING INCORPORATED? 1100 00:36:10,920 --> 00:36:11,560 SIMPLY REPRESENTING WHAT'S 1101 00:36:11,560 --> 00:36:13,760 HAPPENING AT A BIOLOGICAL SCALE, 1102 00:36:13,760 --> 00:36:15,520 OR INDIVIDUAL SCALE, THAT'S NOT 1103 00:36:15,520 --> 00:36:16,640 GOING TO INCORPORATE WHAT'S 1104 00:36:16,640 --> 00:36:17,800 HAPPENING AT AN ENVIRONMENTAL 1105 00:36:17,800 --> 00:36:20,240 SCALE, FOR INSTANCE, WHICH IS A 1106 00:36:20,240 --> 00:36:21,720 BROADER, LARGER SCALE OR 1107 00:36:21,720 --> 00:36:25,120 ECONOMICS SCALE WHICH CAN BE -- 1108 00:36:25,120 --> 00:36:29,840 ESPECIALLY DEALING WITH 1109 00:36:29,840 --> 00:36:30,320 MACRO-ECONOMICS. 1110 00:36:30,320 --> 00:36:31,480 IT'S IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER 1111 00:36:31,480 --> 00:36:33,160 OUTCOMES AND WHAT SENSITIVITY 1112 00:36:33,160 --> 00:36:34,560 ANALYSES ARE BEING RUN? 1113 00:36:34,560 --> 00:36:38,040 WHEN A MODEL GENERATES RESULTS 1114 00:36:38,040 --> 00:36:39,600 OR OUTCOMES, YOU ALSO WANT TO 1115 00:36:39,600 --> 00:36:41,120 LOOK AT OR EXPLORE WHAT MIGHT 1116 00:36:41,120 --> 00:36:43,200 HAPPEN IF YOU CHANGE A DIFFERENT 1117 00:36:43,200 --> 00:36:45,240 PARAMETER IN THE MODEL. 1118 00:36:45,240 --> 00:36:47,560 HOW ROBUST ARE THE OUTCOMES OR 1119 00:36:47,560 --> 00:36:53,240 RESULTS FROM THE MODEL THAT 1120 00:36:53,240 --> 00:36:55,080 CHANGES IN YOUR ASSUMPTION OR 1121 00:36:55,080 --> 00:36:55,280 DATA. 1122 00:36:55,280 --> 00:37:02,920 ANOTHER QUESTION IS D 1123 00:37:02,920 --> 00:37:04,160 ETERMINISTIC VERSES STOCHASTIC. 1124 00:37:04,160 --> 00:37:06,040 YOU FIX DATA OUTPUTS AND TURN 1125 00:37:06,040 --> 00:37:09,320 OUT A RESULT, TWO PLUS TWO 1126 00:37:09,320 --> 00:37:11,960 EQUALS FOR IS DETERMINISTIC 1127 00:37:11,960 --> 00:37:14,440 EQUATION OR MODEL. 1128 00:37:14,440 --> 00:37:14,960 STOCHASTIC INCORPORATE 1129 00:37:14,960 --> 00:37:15,640 VARIABILITY OR UNCERTAINTY. 1130 00:37:15,640 --> 00:37:23,120 SO IT MAY BE TWO MAY BE TWO PLUS 1131 00:37:23,120 --> 00:37:26,320 OR MINUS .5, AND YOU HAVE MORE 1132 00:37:26,320 --> 00:37:27,200 VARIABILITY, WHAT ACTUALLY 1133 00:37:27,200 --> 00:37:28,160 HAPPENS IN REAL LIFE. 1134 00:37:28,160 --> 00:37:30,560 YOU CAN DO THE SAME THING TEN 1135 00:37:30,560 --> 00:37:31,880 TIMES BUT MAY GET DIFFERENT 1136 00:37:31,880 --> 00:37:33,120 RESULTS EACH TIME. 1137 00:37:33,120 --> 00:37:35,160 AND HOW DOES THE MODEL PROCEED 1138 00:37:35,160 --> 00:37:36,560 IN TIME? 1139 00:37:36,560 --> 00:37:38,680 DOES IT PROCEED BY EVENTS OR BY 1140 00:37:38,680 --> 00:37:42,040 CERTAIN FIXED PERIODS OF TIME 1141 00:37:42,040 --> 00:37:45,000 LIKE FAST FORWARD BY DAYS OR 1142 00:37:45,000 --> 00:37:46,400 THIS EVENT IS GOING TO HAPPEN 1143 00:37:46,400 --> 00:37:48,400 AND THIS EVENT IS GOING TO SNAP 1144 00:37:48,400 --> 00:37:51,360 THERE ARE DIFFERENT WAYS MODELS 1145 00:37:51,360 --> 00:37:52,440 CAN WORK. 1146 00:37:52,440 --> 00:37:53,840 THESE ARE KEY QUESTIONS TO 1147 00:37:53,840 --> 00:37:54,280 ALWAYS ASK. 1148 00:37:54,280 --> 00:37:57,120 HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF AN 1149 00:37:57,120 --> 00:38:03,400 AGENT-BASED MODEL LOOKING AT THE 1150 00:38:03,400 --> 00:38:03,920 IMPACT OF SUGAR-SWEETENED 1151 00:38:03,920 --> 00:38:07,760 BEVERAGE LEVEL ALSO IN THREE 1152 00:38:07,760 --> 00:38:08,400 CITIES, REPRESENTING EACH 1153 00:38:08,400 --> 00:38:10,520 INDIVIDUAL IN THE CITIES AND THE 1154 00:38:10,520 --> 00:38:12,800 PERSON'S FOOD ENVIRONMENT, 1155 00:38:12,800 --> 00:38:14,240 REPRESENTING GROCERY STORES, 1156 00:38:14,240 --> 00:38:15,840 CORNER STORES, MARKETS. 1157 00:38:15,840 --> 00:38:16,480 AND THROUGH THROUGHOUT THE 1158 00:38:16,480 --> 00:38:19,800 COURSE OF THE DAY HAD DIFFERENT 1159 00:38:19,800 --> 00:38:20,720 AGENTS, COMPUTATIONAL AGENTS 1160 00:38:20,720 --> 00:38:23,520 WHICH REPRESENT PEOPLE MOVING 1161 00:38:23,520 --> 00:38:24,440 AMONGST FOOD SOURCES, PURCHASING 1162 00:38:24,440 --> 00:38:26,920 DIFFERENT TYPES OF DRINKS AND 1163 00:38:26,920 --> 00:38:27,240 FOOD. 1164 00:38:27,240 --> 00:38:30,080 AND USING THIS WE DEVELOPED 1165 00:38:30,080 --> 00:38:31,000 MODELS OF BALTIMORE AND 1166 00:38:31,000 --> 00:38:31,760 PHILADELPHIA AND SAN FRANCISCO, 1167 00:38:31,760 --> 00:38:35,040 AND THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF WHEN 1168 00:38:35,040 --> 00:38:37,000 YOU DEVELOP THESE DETAILED 1169 00:38:37,000 --> 00:38:38,320 MODELS OF POPULATIONS AND 1170 00:38:38,320 --> 00:38:40,080 LOCATIONS, YOU CAN ACTUALLY HAVE 1171 00:38:40,080 --> 00:38:42,720 A POLICY THAT YIELDS DIFFERENT 1172 00:38:42,720 --> 00:38:45,560 RESULTS BECAUSE THESE DIFFERENT 1173 00:38:45,560 --> 00:38:46,760 POPULATIONS AND ENVIRONMENTS ARE 1174 00:38:46,760 --> 00:38:47,600 HETEROGENEOUS AND DIFFERENT FROM 1175 00:38:47,600 --> 00:38:48,520 EACH OTHER. 1176 00:38:48,520 --> 00:38:52,360 WE FOUND, FOR INSTANCE, THE 1177 00:38:52,360 --> 00:38:55,400 BALTIMORE MODEL SHOWED 1178 00:38:55,400 --> 00:38:58,360 INTRODUCING SUGAR-SWEETENED 1179 00:38:58,360 --> 00:39:00,840 BEVERAGE LABELS ARE DIFFERENT 1180 00:39:00,840 --> 00:39:06,000 EFFECTS COMPARED TO PHILADELPHIA 1181 00:39:06,000 --> 00:39:12,560 AND SAN FRANCISCO. 1182 00:39:12,560 --> 00:39:13,880 ARE YOU REPRESENTING THE 1183 00:39:13,880 --> 00:39:14,200 HETEROGENEITY? 1184 00:39:14,200 --> 00:39:15,400 SOMETIMES IT'S USEFUL TO DEVELOP 1185 00:39:15,400 --> 00:39:16,720 A GENERAL MODEL, SOMETIMES IT'S 1186 00:39:16,720 --> 00:39:18,800 USEFUL TO DEVELOP MORE SPECIFIC 1187 00:39:18,800 --> 00:39:19,360 MODELS. 1188 00:39:19,360 --> 00:39:21,400 AND HERE'S ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF A 1189 00:39:21,400 --> 00:39:25,040 MODEL, THIS IS A DISCRETE EVENT 1190 00:39:25,040 --> 00:39:26,480 SIMULATION MODEL REPRESENTING 1191 00:39:26,480 --> 00:39:29,080 AGRICULTURAL SUPPLY CHAIN, IN 1192 00:39:29,080 --> 00:39:31,960 INDIA, AND THIS PAPER WAS LED BY 1193 00:39:31,960 --> 00:39:34,560 DR. SPIKER, WHO IS ONE OF OUR 1194 00:39:34,560 --> 00:39:35,760 WORKING GROUP MEMBERS, AND 1195 00:39:35,760 --> 00:39:38,400 YOU'LL BE HEARING FROM HER LATER 1196 00:39:38,400 --> 00:39:38,960 TODAY. 1197 00:39:38,960 --> 00:39:40,600 AND THIS BASICALLY REPRESENTED 1198 00:39:40,600 --> 00:39:44,880 THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FOR 1199 00:39:44,880 --> 00:39:47,600 DIFFERENT TYPES OF VEGETABLES IN 1200 00:39:47,600 --> 00:39:48,800 INDIA, FINDING PARADOXICAL 1201 00:39:48,800 --> 00:39:49,120 RESULT. 1202 00:39:49,120 --> 00:39:52,200 WE FOUND USING THIS MODFUL YOU 1203 00:39:52,200 --> 00:39:53,560 INCREASE AGRICULTURAL 1204 00:39:53,560 --> 00:39:55,160 PRODUCTION, YOU ACTUALLY 1205 00:39:55,160 --> 00:39:56,680 DECREASE FOOD AVAILABILITY 1206 00:39:56,680 --> 00:39:58,360 BECAUSE YOU'RE PUSHING TOO MANY 1207 00:39:58,360 --> 00:40:00,320 VEGETABLE PRODUCTS DOWN A SUPPLY 1208 00:40:00,320 --> 00:40:03,920 CHAIN THAT CAN'T HANDLE ALL 1209 00:40:03,920 --> 00:40:04,920 THOSE VEGETABLE PRODUCTS AND 1210 00:40:04,920 --> 00:40:06,000 CHANGES THE SUPPLY CHAIN. 1211 00:40:06,000 --> 00:40:11,120 HERE IS A SITUATION WHERE YOU 1212 00:40:11,120 --> 00:40:11,720 GET A NON-LINEAR RELATIONSHIP 1213 00:40:11,720 --> 00:40:13,080 AND, YOU KNOW, NORMALLY YOU 1214 00:40:13,080 --> 00:40:16,400 WOULD EXPECT IF I INCREASE FOOD 1215 00:40:16,400 --> 00:40:18,360 PRODUCTION, I INCREASE AMOUNT OF 1216 00:40:18,360 --> 00:40:18,960 VEGETABLES I GROW, NASHVILLELY 1217 00:40:18,960 --> 00:40:26,360 I'LL BE ABLE TO PROVIDE MORE 1218 00:40:26,360 --> 00:40:26,920 -- 1219 00:40:26,920 --> 00:40:27,920 NATURALLY I'LL PROVIDE MORE FOOD 1220 00:40:27,920 --> 00:40:28,960 BUT IF YOU DON'T CONSIDER THE 1221 00:40:28,960 --> 00:40:31,720 SUPPLY CHAIN YOU COULD GET IN 1222 00:40:31,720 --> 00:40:32,800 TROUBLE. 1223 00:40:32,800 --> 00:40:34,840 WE MENTIONED IMPORTANCE OF 1224 00:40:34,840 --> 00:40:38,400 CONSERVING SCALES, THIS IS JUST 1225 00:40:38,400 --> 00:40:44,440 AN EXAMPLE OF A CONSORTIUM, 1226 00:40:44,440 --> 00:40:45,280 MULTI-SCALE MODELING CONSORTIUM, 1227 00:40:45,280 --> 00:40:46,400 IMAG, HAVING OUR ANNUAL MEETING 1228 00:40:46,400 --> 00:40:48,240 LATER IN JUNE THAT THINKS ABOUT 1229 00:40:48,240 --> 00:40:49,320 THE DIFFERENT THINGS LIKE, YOU 1230 00:40:49,320 --> 00:40:50,760 KNOW, HOW DO YOU COMBINE 1231 00:40:50,760 --> 00:40:53,360 DIFFERENT SCALES AND HOW DO YOU 1232 00:40:53,360 --> 00:40:54,360 COMBINE WHAT'S HAPPENING IN 1233 00:40:54,360 --> 00:40:55,320 ENVIRONMENT WITH WHAT'S 1234 00:40:55,320 --> 00:40:59,400 HAPPENING AT THE BIOLOGICAL 1235 00:40:59,400 --> 00:41:01,360 LEVEL AND INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIORAL 1236 00:41:01,360 --> 00:41:01,560 LEVEL. 1237 00:41:01,560 --> 00:41:03,040 WITH THAT, WE'RE IN THE HOME 1238 00:41:03,040 --> 00:41:04,120 STRETCH OF THE PRESENTATION, 1239 00:41:04,120 --> 00:41:09,520 WHERE WE WANT TO GO THROUGH SO 1240 00:41:09,520 --> 00:41:12,040 MANY PROCESSES WHERE YOU CAN 1241 00:41:12,040 --> 00:41:14,240 DEVELOP DIFFERENT TYPES OF 1242 00:41:14,240 --> 00:41:15,400 TOP-DOWN AND BOTTOM-UP 1243 00:41:15,400 --> 00:41:15,960 APPROACHES. 1244 00:41:15,960 --> 00:41:19,360 SO WE WANT TO EMPHASIZE HERE 1245 00:41:19,360 --> 00:41:21,000 THESE PROCESSES ARE ITERATIVE. 1246 00:41:21,000 --> 00:41:22,960 ESSENTIALLY FOR INSTANCE WITH 1247 00:41:22,960 --> 00:41:26,040 TOP-DOWN APPROACHES CAN IDENTIFY 1248 00:41:26,040 --> 00:41:28,120 DATASET, CONDUCT ANALYSES WITH 1249 00:41:28,120 --> 00:41:31,280 DIFFERENT ALGORITHMS, AND THAT 1250 00:41:31,280 --> 00:41:32,240 CAN IDENTIFY ASSOCIATIONS, 1251 00:41:32,240 --> 00:41:33,680 INSIGHTS, DETERMINE IMPORTANT 1252 00:41:33,680 --> 00:41:37,360 VARIABLES THAT CAN HELP THEN 1253 00:41:37,360 --> 00:41:39,240 GUIDE STUDY DESIGN, ADDITIONAL 1254 00:41:39,240 --> 00:41:39,840 RELATIONSHIPS TO EXPLORE, 1255 00:41:39,840 --> 00:41:41,000 PROVIDES MORE INFORMATION, YOU 1256 00:41:41,000 --> 00:41:43,080 CAN UPDATE YOUR ANALYSES. 1257 00:41:43,080 --> 00:41:47,400 YOU CAN MOVE IN THIS CIRCULAR 1258 00:41:47,400 --> 00:41:47,640 DIRECTION. 1259 00:41:47,640 --> 00:41:49,640 WITH BOTTOMS UP APPROACHES YOU 1260 00:41:49,640 --> 00:41:51,640 CAN DEVELOP INITIAL SYSTEMS MAP, 1261 00:41:51,640 --> 00:41:53,920 INITIAL SYSTEMS MODEL, RUN 1262 00:41:53,920 --> 00:41:54,640 EXPERIMENTS, THAT GIVES INSIGHTS 1263 00:41:54,640 --> 00:41:56,680 WHERE YOU CAN TEST POLICIES AND 1264 00:41:56,680 --> 00:41:57,280 INTERVENTIONS. 1265 00:41:57,280 --> 00:42:00,160 YOU CAN SHOW IMPACT OF DIFFERENT 1266 00:42:00,160 --> 00:42:00,840 RECOMMENDATIONS, FIND DIFFERENT 1267 00:42:00,840 --> 00:42:02,360 TYPES OF DRIVERS, AND THAT CAN 1268 00:42:02,360 --> 00:42:03,920 HELP YOU DESIGN AND IMPLEMENT 1269 00:42:03,920 --> 00:42:07,800 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CLINICAL 1270 00:42:07,800 --> 00:42:09,360 STUDIES, GIVES MORE INSIGHT, YOU 1271 00:42:09,360 --> 00:42:12,200 CAN UPDATE MODELS AND MAPS, AND 1272 00:42:12,200 --> 00:42:15,200 MOVE IN THIS ITERATIVE CIRCULAR 1273 00:42:15,200 --> 00:42:16,480 DIRECTION. 1274 00:42:16,480 --> 00:42:26,480 AND IN THIS DIAGRAM, HOW YOU CAN 1275 00:42:26,480 --> 00:42:27,880 INTEGRATE TOP-DOWN, TO HELP 1276 00:42:27,880 --> 00:42:30,280 IDENTIFY PATTERNS AND TRENDS, 1277 00:42:30,280 --> 00:42:32,080 HELP ORGANIZE DATA, IDENTIFY 1278 00:42:32,080 --> 00:42:33,480 ASSOCIATIONS, FILL IN MISSING 1279 00:42:33,480 --> 00:42:34,800 DATA, THAT CAN HELP DETERMINE 1280 00:42:34,800 --> 00:42:36,520 WHICH FACTORS AND COMPONENTS ARE 1281 00:42:36,520 --> 00:42:38,960 IMPORTANT IN THE SYSTEM. 1282 00:42:38,960 --> 00:42:42,560 THAT CAN THEN HELP GUIDE THE 1283 00:42:42,560 --> 00:42:45,000 DEVELOPMENT OF BOTTOMS UP 1284 00:42:45,000 --> 00:42:47,800 SYSTEMS MODELS WHERE YOU MAP OUT 1285 00:42:47,800 --> 00:42:48,600 RELATIONSHIPS, DEVELOP 1286 00:42:48,600 --> 00:42:49,320 MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIPS, 1287 00:42:49,320 --> 00:42:50,360 MECHANISMS OF REPRESENTATION OF 1288 00:42:50,360 --> 00:42:52,000 THE MECHANISMS IN THE SYSTEM, 1289 00:42:52,000 --> 00:42:54,200 USE THESE TO RUN SIMULATION 1290 00:42:54,200 --> 00:42:55,880 MODELS, AND THAT CAN IDENTIFY 1291 00:42:55,880 --> 00:42:57,680 DRIVERS AND OUTCOMES OF 1292 00:42:57,680 --> 00:42:59,760 INTEREST, GUIDE FUTURE DATA 1293 00:42:59,760 --> 00:43:01,280 COLLECTION, GUIDE STUDY DESIGN, 1294 00:43:01,280 --> 00:43:03,480 AND THAT CAN HELP DETERMINE WHAT 1295 00:43:03,480 --> 00:43:04,920 DATA IS ACTUALLY MISSING AND 1296 00:43:04,920 --> 00:43:06,920 THEN THAT CAN LEAD TO COLLECTING 1297 00:43:06,920 --> 00:43:11,360 MORE DATA, WHICH CAN FEED INTO 1298 00:43:11,360 --> 00:43:13,240 TOP-DOWN DATA-DRIVEN APPROACHES, 1299 00:43:13,240 --> 00:43:14,640 SO ITERATIVE APPROACHES TO 1300 00:43:14,640 --> 00:43:17,560 DEVELOPING DIFFERENT TYPES OF 1301 00:43:17,560 --> 00:43:20,320 SYSTEMS APPROACHES CAN HELP YOU 1302 00:43:20,320 --> 00:43:22,840 MOVE CLOSER AND CLOSER TO REALLY 1303 00:43:22,840 --> 00:43:24,280 UNDERSTANDING AND ADDRESSING 1304 00:43:24,280 --> 00:43:26,440 THESE COMPLEX SYSTEMS. 1305 00:43:26,440 --> 00:43:28,800 SO WITH THAT, I WANTED TO SEGUE 1306 00:43:28,800 --> 00:43:30,200 INTO THE WORKSHOP. 1307 00:43:30,200 --> 00:43:40,720 FIRST STEP HERE, THE GOAL, IS 1308 00:43:42,320 --> 00:43:44,640 I'M DESCRIBING KONDO-INGING 1309 00:43:44,640 --> 00:43:48,760 WHAT'S GOING ON, RIPPING OFF 1310 00:43:48,760 --> 00:43:49,880 MARIE KONDO 1311 00:43:49,880 --> 00:43:51,400 THE GURU. 1312 00:43:51,400 --> 00:43:53,920 DETERMINING THE METRICS AND 1313 00:43:53,920 --> 00:43:55,440 MEASURES OF THE DOMAINS THAT 1314 00:43:55,440 --> 00:43:55,880 ZACH MENTIONED. 1315 00:43:55,880 --> 00:43:58,200 WE WANT TO SAY, OKAY, RATHER 1316 00:43:58,200 --> 00:43:59,640 THAN APPROACH THESE COMPLEX 1317 00:43:59,640 --> 00:44:02,040 SYSTEMS, THAT'S JUST A MESS OF 1318 00:44:02,040 --> 00:44:03,240 DIFFERENT VARIABLES AND OUTCOMES 1319 00:44:03,240 --> 00:44:04,880 AND MEASURES AND THINGS LIKE 1320 00:44:04,880 --> 00:44:06,280 THAT, HOW DO WE START ORGANIZING 1321 00:44:06,280 --> 00:44:08,080 THESE THINGS, HOW DO WE START 1322 00:44:08,080 --> 00:44:10,320 THINKING ABOUT THESE THINGS IN A 1323 00:44:10,320 --> 00:44:11,000 STRUCTURED MANNER. 1324 00:44:11,000 --> 00:44:12,440 AGAIN, THE GOAL HERE IS NOT TO 1325 00:44:12,440 --> 00:44:14,280 COME UP WITH A COMPREHENSIVE 1326 00:44:14,280 --> 00:44:15,720 LIST OF EVERY POSSIBLE METRIC 1327 00:44:15,720 --> 00:44:16,480 AND MEASURE. 1328 00:44:16,480 --> 00:44:18,760 BECAUSE THOSE THING MAY CHANGE 1329 00:44:18,760 --> 00:44:19,000 OVER TIME. 1330 00:44:19,000 --> 00:44:21,720 SO THE TYPES OF OUTCOMES THAT WE 1331 00:44:21,720 --> 00:44:22,920 CAN -- AND MEASUREMENTS WE CAN 1332 00:44:22,920 --> 00:44:25,880 SEE IN FIVE YEARS IS PROBABLY 1333 00:44:25,880 --> 00:44:29,680 DIFFERENT FROM WHAT WE HAVE AT 1334 00:44:29,680 --> 00:44:31,440 OUR DISPOSAL CURRENTLY, CAN 1335 00:44:31,440 --> 00:44:34,640 CHANGE IN 10 YEARS, 20 YEARS. 1336 00:44:34,640 --> 00:44:36,480 BETTER TO THINK OF STRUCTURE, 1337 00:44:36,480 --> 00:44:37,800 HOW TO ORGANIZE AND MOVE 1338 00:44:37,800 --> 00:44:38,880 FORWARD. 1339 00:44:38,880 --> 00:44:40,640 THAT'S ONE OF THE KEY GOALS OF 1340 00:44:40,640 --> 00:44:42,720 THE WORKSHOP TODAY. 1341 00:44:42,720 --> 00:44:44,920 WITH THAT, I WANT TO CREDIT THE 1342 00:44:44,920 --> 00:44:46,520 TEAM THAT HELPED PUT TOGETHER 1343 00:44:46,520 --> 00:44:50,280 THESE SLIDES AS WELL AS MANY 1344 00:44:50,280 --> 00:44:51,480 STUDIES YOU'VE SHOWN, THAT 1345 00:44:51,480 --> 00:44:52,720 YOU'VE SEEN IN THIS 1346 00:44:52,720 --> 00:44:53,160 PRESENTATION. 1347 00:44:53,160 --> 00:44:56,680 AND WITH THAT WE CAN SEGUE TO 1348 00:44:56,680 --> 00:45:01,400 THE REST OF THE WORKSHOP. 1349 00:45:01,400 --> 00:45:08,600 AS I STOP SHARING MY SCREEN. 1350 00:45:08,600 --> 00:45:09,120 OKAY. 1351 00:45:09,120 --> 00:45:10,240 SO, WITH THAT, ZACH, I THINK 1352 00:45:10,240 --> 00:45:12,280 IT'S TIME FOR US TO MOVE ON TO 1353 00:45:12,280 --> 00:45:14,400 THE NEXT SEGMENT OF THE 1354 00:45:14,400 --> 00:45:16,240 WORKSHOP, AND, ZACH, YOU 1355 00:45:16,240 --> 00:45:17,680 MENTIONED EACH OF THESE 1356 00:45:17,680 --> 00:45:19,400 DIFFERENT SESSIONS ARE 1357 00:45:19,400 --> 00:45:20,920 ESSENTIALLY GOING TO COVER THE 1358 00:45:20,920 --> 00:45:22,160 FOUR DOMAINS OF SUSTAINABILITY. 1359 00:45:22,160 --> 00:45:25,160 SO DO YOU WANT TO OFFER SOME 1360 00:45:25,160 --> 00:45:26,440 SEGWAY WORDS ON THAT? 1361 00:45:26,440 --> 00:45:27,760 >> SURE. 1362 00:45:27,760 --> 00:45:30,960 SO, WE'RE GOING TO START WITH 1363 00:45:30,960 --> 00:45:33,440 LOOKING AT THE DOMAIN, THE 1364 00:45:33,440 --> 00:45:34,360 ENVIRONMENTAL DOMAIN. 1365 00:45:34,360 --> 00:45:40,240 AND THIS IS BEING LED BY EMILY 1366 00:45:40,240 --> 00:45:42,440 BIRCWHFIELD AND ALEX ROUND. 1367 00:45:42,440 --> 00:45:43,760 WE'LL SEGUE INTO ECONOMIC 1368 00:45:43,760 --> 00:45:45,200 MEASURES DOMAIN, NUTRITION AND 1369 00:45:45,200 --> 00:45:47,400 HEALTH MEASURES DOMAIN, WE'RE 1370 00:45:47,400 --> 00:45:49,200 GOING TO FINALIZE WITH SOCIAL 1371 00:45:49,200 --> 00:45:50,880 MEASURES DOMAIN. 1372 00:45:50,880 --> 00:45:51,960 WE'LL RETURN AND DISCUSS WITH 1373 00:45:51,960 --> 00:45:54,800 YOU ALL HOW WE CAN INTEGRATE ALL 1374 00:45:54,800 --> 00:45:56,120 OF THOSE DOMAINS TOGETHER AND 1375 00:45:56,120 --> 00:45:59,840 REALLY EXPLORE WHAT THE NEXT 1376 00:45:59,840 --> 00:46:02,360 STEPS WILL BE FOR THIS GROUP. 1377 00:46:02,360 --> 00:46:04,440 WE SHOULD TURN IT OVER TO THE 1378 00:46:04,440 --> 00:46:07,200 ENVIRONMENTAL DOMAIN. 1379 00:46:07,200 --> 00:46:08,200 1380 00:46:08,200 --> 00:46:09,960 >> ALL RIGHT. 1381 00:46:09,960 --> 00:46:20,200 HI, EVERYBODY. 1382 00:46:22,280 --> 00:46:23,080 I'M ALEX RUANE. 1383 00:46:23,080 --> 00:46:27,000 MY TASK WAS WORK WITH EMILY ON 1384 00:46:27,000 --> 00:46:28,200 THIS ENVIRONMENTAL DOMAIN AND 1385 00:46:28,200 --> 00:46:30,280 I'M GOING TO TRY TO SHARE SOME 1386 00:46:30,280 --> 00:46:30,840 SLIDES HERE. 1387 00:46:30,840 --> 00:46:34,880 LET ME SEE IF I CAN GET IT ALL 1388 00:46:34,880 --> 00:46:41,120 WORKING. 1389 00:46:41,120 --> 00:46:42,760 AND I SHOULD SAY UNFORTUNATELY 1390 00:46:42,760 --> 00:46:44,840 EMILY CAN'T JOIN. 1391 00:46:44,840 --> 00:46:50,080 SHE'S LITERALLY ON TRAVEL AT 1392 00:46:50,080 --> 00:46:50,320 PRESENT. 1393 00:46:50,320 --> 00:46:58,640 AND HOPEFULLY PEOPLE CAN SEE MY 1394 00:46:58,640 --> 00:47:00,160 SCREEN ALL RIGHT. 1395 00:47:00,160 --> 00:47:02,240 I'LL TAKE THAT AS A YES. 1396 00:47:02,240 --> 00:47:03,440 THE FIRST THING WE WANT TO KIND 1397 00:47:03,440 --> 00:47:07,160 OF GET AT HERE WAS THAT THERE'S 1398 00:47:07,160 --> 00:47:09,200 THIS QUADRUPLE CHALLENGE FOR THE 1399 00:47:09,200 --> 00:47:09,760 AGRICULTURAL SECTOR. 1400 00:47:09,760 --> 00:47:11,760 THIS IS KIND OF BY WAY OF 1401 00:47:11,760 --> 00:47:13,200 CONTEXT BUT VERY MUCH FITS IN 1402 00:47:13,200 --> 00:47:14,720 WITH WHAT BRUCE WAS JUST SAYING 1403 00:47:14,720 --> 00:47:17,440 IN TERMS OF THE OVERALL 1404 00:47:17,440 --> 00:47:18,760 COMPLEXITY OF THESE SYSTEMS. 1405 00:47:18,760 --> 00:47:20,720 SOMEHOW THE NUMBERING GOT THROWN 1406 00:47:20,720 --> 00:47:22,600 OFF WITH THE GOOGLE SLIDES BUT 1407 00:47:22,600 --> 00:47:25,200 THE IDEA IS THAT THE WORLD IS 1408 00:47:25,200 --> 00:47:27,400 ASKING THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR 1409 00:47:27,400 --> 00:47:28,320 NOW TO SUSTAINABLY INCREASE 1410 00:47:28,320 --> 00:47:29,360 PRODUCTION TO PROVIDE HEALTHY 1411 00:47:29,360 --> 00:47:31,760 FOOD FOR GROWING AND DEVELOPING 1412 00:47:31,760 --> 00:47:32,080 POPULATIONS. 1413 00:47:32,080 --> 00:47:33,680 WHILE AT THE SAME TIME ADAPTING 1414 00:47:33,680 --> 00:47:36,600 TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND ONGOING 1415 00:47:36,600 --> 00:47:40,960 CLIMATE EXTREMES WHILE 1416 00:47:40,960 --> 00:47:42,160 MITIGATING EMISSION, NOT 1417 00:47:42,160 --> 00:47:44,160 POSSIBLE IF WE CAN'T MAINTAIN 1418 00:47:44,160 --> 00:47:45,160 FINANCIAL INCENTIVES FOR 1419 00:47:45,160 --> 00:47:46,440 AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE. 1420 00:47:46,440 --> 00:47:48,400 EVERY ONE OF THESE CHALLENGES IS 1421 00:47:48,400 --> 00:47:49,960 SUBSTANTIAL IN ITS OWN RIGHT BUT 1422 00:47:49,960 --> 00:47:52,800 WHEN YOU PUT THEM TOGETHER YOU 1423 00:47:52,800 --> 00:47:54,120 GET VERY COMPLEX CHALLENGES, AND 1424 00:47:54,120 --> 00:47:57,120 WICKED PROBLEMS, ALL OF THESE 1425 00:47:57,120 --> 00:47:59,480 SYSTEMS APPROACHES BECOME REALLY 1426 00:47:59,480 --> 00:48:01,080 IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER. 1427 00:48:01,080 --> 00:48:05,120 SO, JUST AS A KIND OF BOTTOM 1428 00:48:05,120 --> 00:48:07,400 LINE THIS HAS ALREADY BEEN SAID, 1429 00:48:07,400 --> 00:48:09,400 THE ENVIRONMENT AFFECTS FOOD, 1430 00:48:09,400 --> 00:48:10,480 FOOD AFFECTS THE ENVIRONMENT. 1431 00:48:10,480 --> 00:48:13,880 IF WE THINK OF LARGE FRAMEWORKS 1432 00:48:13,880 --> 00:48:16,480 IN WHICH WE RECOGNIZE THAT FOOD 1433 00:48:16,480 --> 00:48:19,240 IS -- AGRICULTURE IS KIND OF ONE 1434 00:48:19,240 --> 00:48:21,120 OF THE BIGGEST MANAGED 1435 00:48:21,120 --> 00:48:23,400 ECOSYSTEMS, MANAGED DOMAINS OF 1436 00:48:23,400 --> 00:48:26,800 LAND USE, WITH ALL KINDS OF 1437 00:48:26,800 --> 00:48:30,520 SOCIAL STRUCTURES AND MAJOR 1438 00:48:30,520 --> 00:48:31,120 ECONOMIC IMPACTS, RESPONSIBLE 1439 00:48:31,120 --> 00:48:33,600 FOR EMPLOYMENT AND FOOD AND FUEL 1440 00:48:33,600 --> 00:48:37,320 AND FIBER AND ALL THESE THINGS 1441 00:48:37,320 --> 00:48:38,960 THAT CONNECT, WE REALIZE HOW 1442 00:48:38,960 --> 00:48:40,720 INTEGRATED FOOD IS IN ALL THE 1443 00:48:40,720 --> 00:48:41,920 PARTS OF OUR LIVES. 1444 00:48:41,920 --> 00:48:44,440 IT'S ALSO A MAJOR FOOTPRINT ON 1445 00:48:44,440 --> 00:48:45,200 THE PLANET. 1446 00:48:45,200 --> 00:48:46,840 AND WHEN WE'RE LOOKING AT 1447 00:48:46,840 --> 00:48:48,160 METRICS IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL 1448 00:48:48,160 --> 00:48:52,760 SIDE WE'RE LOOKING AT THINGS 1449 00:48:52,760 --> 00:48:54,600 LIKE EROSION, SOIL QUALITY, 1450 00:48:54,600 --> 00:48:55,520 WATER RESOURCES, OVERALL 1451 00:48:55,520 --> 00:48:58,240 TRADEOFFS IN TERMS LAND USE WITH 1452 00:48:58,240 --> 00:48:59,120 NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS. 1453 00:48:59,120 --> 00:49:00,960 THAT LEADS TO ALL KINDS OF 1454 00:49:00,960 --> 00:49:03,760 NEGATIVE FLOWS THAT ARE 1455 00:49:03,760 --> 00:49:05,480 SOMETIMES OVERLOOKED, LIKE 1456 00:49:05,480 --> 00:49:07,120 HABITAT ENCROACHMENT, THE LOSS 1457 00:49:07,120 --> 00:49:10,000 OF ECOSYSTEM COMPLEXITY, EITHER 1458 00:49:10,000 --> 00:49:13,160 IN DEGRADATION OF NATURAL LANDS, 1459 00:49:13,160 --> 00:49:15,400 ALSO FARM ECOSYSTEM ENVIRONMENTS 1460 00:49:15,400 --> 00:49:17,120 AND SOME OF THE BIODIVERSITY 1461 00:49:17,120 --> 00:49:18,400 THAT IS PERSISTENT EVEN IN 1462 00:49:18,400 --> 00:49:20,120 AGRICULTURE LANDS, BUT CAN BE 1463 00:49:20,120 --> 00:49:23,120 THREATENED BY DIFFERENT TYPES OF 1464 00:49:23,120 --> 00:49:23,680 PRACTICES. 1465 00:49:23,680 --> 00:49:24,960 ANOTHER WAY OF THINKING ABOUT 1466 00:49:24,960 --> 00:49:28,720 THE FOOD SYSTEM THROUGH THE 1467 00:49:28,720 --> 00:49:37,240 DIAGRAM FROM THE ITCC, 1468 00:49:37,240 --> 00:49:38,000 INTERGOVERNMENT PLAN ON CLIMATE 1469 00:49:38,000 --> 00:49:41,160 CHANGE, WE HAVE THE IDEA OF FOOD 1470 00:49:41,160 --> 00:49:42,280 PRODUCTION, PROCESSING VALUE 1471 00:49:42,280 --> 00:49:44,560 CHAINS, MARKETS AND TRADE, AND 1472 00:49:44,560 --> 00:49:46,960 THEN DEMAND, CONSUMPTION AND 1473 00:49:46,960 --> 00:49:48,320 DIETS WITH LOSS AND WASTE ALL 1474 00:49:48,320 --> 00:49:49,360 ALONG THE WAY. 1475 00:49:49,360 --> 00:49:51,360 ALL KINDS OF FEEDBACK LOOPS 1476 00:49:51,360 --> 00:49:52,560 WITHIN THIS PROCESS. 1477 00:49:52,560 --> 00:49:55,280 BUT THE FOOD SYSTEM IS DRIVEN BY 1478 00:49:55,280 --> 00:49:58,000 THE CLIMATE SYSTEM. 1479 00:49:58,000 --> 00:49:59,680 INTERACTS WITH ECOSYSTEMS, AND 1480 00:49:59,680 --> 00:50:03,080 ALL KINDS OF SOCIOECONOMIC 1481 00:50:03,080 --> 00:50:04,600 SYSTEM INTERACTIONS THAT CREATE 1482 00:50:04,600 --> 00:50:06,880 POSSIBILITY AND ALSO DEMAND FOR 1483 00:50:06,880 --> 00:50:08,760 AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE. 1484 00:50:08,760 --> 00:50:10,080 AND THE OUTCOME, WE COULD SAY 1485 00:50:10,080 --> 00:50:11,920 THAT THE NUMBER ONE OUTCOME THAT 1486 00:50:11,920 --> 00:50:13,880 PEOPLE ARE AFTER IS FOOD 1487 00:50:13,880 --> 00:50:17,280 SECURITY BUT WE KNOW THERE ARE 1488 00:50:17,280 --> 00:50:18,720 MANY OTHER PEOPLE WITH HANDS IN 1489 00:50:18,720 --> 00:50:20,920 THIS POT TRYING TO GET ECONOMIC 1490 00:50:20,920 --> 00:50:22,880 OUTCOMES AND POLITICAL OUTCOMES, 1491 00:50:22,880 --> 00:50:23,960 OTHER THINGS LIKE THAT. 1492 00:50:23,960 --> 00:50:27,280 BUT EVEN ALONG THE WAY THERE ARE 1493 00:50:27,280 --> 00:50:29,920 EMISSIONS AND IMPACTS. 1494 00:50:29,920 --> 00:50:32,560 AND THERE IS POTENTIAL FOR 1495 00:50:32,560 --> 00:50:33,000 COMPLEX INTERVENTIONS. 1496 00:50:33,000 --> 00:50:36,480 YOU CAN THINK OF THIS AS, YOU 1497 00:50:36,480 --> 00:50:37,920 KNOW, THE OVERWHELMING NATURE OF 1498 00:50:37,920 --> 00:50:38,880 THE FOOD SYSTEM SUGGESTS IT'S 1499 00:50:38,880 --> 00:50:40,640 HARD TO HAVE IMPACT BUT I PREFER 1500 00:50:40,640 --> 00:50:42,400 TO THINK AS THERE ARE SO MANY 1501 00:50:42,400 --> 00:50:44,320 POINTS OF ENTRY IN WHICH WE CAN 1502 00:50:44,320 --> 00:50:46,880 ACTUALLY MAKE SOMETHING A LITTLE 1503 00:50:46,880 --> 00:50:49,520 BIT BETTER AND ON AGGREGATE GO A 1504 00:50:49,520 --> 00:50:50,360 LOT FURTHER. 1505 00:50:50,360 --> 00:50:51,520 AS I SAID, OUR CHALLENGE HERE 1506 00:50:51,520 --> 00:50:54,440 WAS TO THINK ABOUT THE DIFFERENT 1507 00:50:54,440 --> 00:50:57,600 TYPES OF IMPACTS OF FOOD SYSTEMS 1508 00:50:57,600 --> 00:50:58,720 ON THE ENVIRONMENT. 1509 00:50:58,720 --> 00:51:00,680 AND ALSO HOW THE ENVIRONMENT 1510 00:51:00,680 --> 00:51:01,440 AFFECTS FOOD SYSTEMS. 1511 00:51:01,440 --> 00:51:03,320 BUT THERE ARE SO MANY METRICS 1512 00:51:03,320 --> 00:51:05,600 THAT WE RATHER THAN GIVE A 1513 00:51:05,600 --> 00:51:08,360 LAUNDRY LIST DECIDED TO SHARE 1514 00:51:08,360 --> 00:51:10,200 JUST THE HIGH LEVEL CATEGORIES. 1515 00:51:10,200 --> 00:51:12,040 SO IN TERMS OF THE OVERALL 1516 00:51:12,040 --> 00:51:19,400 BALANCE OF LAND COVER AND LAND 1517 00:51:19,400 --> 00:51:21,600 USE, PRESSURE, SOIL QUALITY, 1518 00:51:21,600 --> 00:51:22,640 HABITAT INTEGRITY, AVAILABILITY 1519 00:51:22,640 --> 00:51:26,000 AND BIODIVERSITY, AND DOMAIN OF 1520 00:51:26,000 --> 00:51:28,160 WATER RESOURCES INCLUDING 1521 00:51:28,160 --> 00:51:29,960 AVAILABILITY, QUALITY, AND, YOU 1522 00:51:29,960 --> 00:51:33,440 KNOW, RUNOFF FROM FARM SYSTEMS. 1523 00:51:33,440 --> 00:51:36,080 AS WELL AS LARGE SCALE SET OF 1524 00:51:36,080 --> 00:51:38,040 GREENHOUSE GAS EXCHANGES ON 1525 00:51:38,040 --> 00:51:39,600 AGRICULTURAL LANDS, AS WELL AS 1526 00:51:39,600 --> 00:51:42,320 POTENTIAL FOR CARBON STORAGE. 1527 00:51:42,320 --> 00:51:45,200 AND OF COURSE OUR MAJOR, MAJOR 1528 00:51:45,200 --> 00:51:47,440 AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS WITH HUGE 1529 00:51:47,440 --> 00:51:49,120 CLIMATE IMPLICATIONS INCLUDING 1530 00:51:49,120 --> 00:51:53,400 METHANE FROM RICE PADDY AND FROM 1531 00:51:53,400 --> 00:51:55,360 LIVESTOCK, AS WELL AS JUST HUGE 1532 00:51:55,360 --> 00:51:56,680 LAND HOLDINGS THAT COULD 1533 00:51:56,680 --> 00:51:59,080 POTENTIALLY BE USED IN SOME KIND 1534 00:51:59,080 --> 00:52:00,160 OF CARBON STORAGE. 1535 00:52:00,160 --> 00:52:03,800 SO, ONE OF THE THINGS WE WANTED 1536 00:52:03,800 --> 00:52:05,440 TO PUT SOME CAUTION ON IS A PUSH 1537 00:52:05,440 --> 00:52:10,480 IN RECENT YEARS TO FRAME MANY 1538 00:52:10,480 --> 00:52:11,240 ENVIRONMENT IMPACTS ON 1539 00:52:11,240 --> 00:52:14,080 NORMALIZED BASIS WHERE YOU MIGHT 1540 00:52:14,080 --> 00:52:17,200 USE AN ECONOMIC OUTCOME OR 1541 00:52:17,200 --> 00:52:20,880 ECONOMIC INDICATOR AS A 1542 00:52:20,880 --> 00:52:22,280 DENOMINATOR, WHAT IS 1543 00:52:22,280 --> 00:52:23,560 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PERFORM 1544 00:52:23,560 --> 00:52:24,960 RETURN, PER INCOME, PER OVERALL 1545 00:52:24,960 --> 00:52:26,480 PRODUCTIVITY, AND THAT HAS LED 1546 00:52:26,480 --> 00:52:28,480 TO METRICS LIKE, YOU KNOW, 1547 00:52:28,480 --> 00:52:30,960 TRYING TO INCREASE EFFICIENCY OF 1548 00:52:30,960 --> 00:52:32,080 CROP PER DROP IN IRRIGATION, OSH 1549 00:52:32,080 --> 00:52:34,600 WHAT IS THE OVERALL GREENHOUSE 1550 00:52:34,600 --> 00:52:36,240 GAS EFFICIENCY OF FARM SYSTEMS, 1551 00:52:36,240 --> 00:52:41,480 LOOKING AT LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS. 1552 00:52:41,480 --> 00:52:43,760 WE WANTED TO HIGHLIGHT THE 1553 00:52:43,760 --> 00:52:45,160 POTENTIALLY PROBLEMATIC 1554 00:52:45,160 --> 00:52:46,400 APPROACH, YOU MIGHT CONVINCE 1555 00:52:46,400 --> 00:52:48,720 YOURSELF YOUR ACTIONS INCREASED 1556 00:52:48,720 --> 00:52:51,320 EFFICIENCY OF SMALL ELEMENT OF 1557 00:52:51,320 --> 00:52:53,640 THE OVERALL SYSTEM, BUT OF 1558 00:52:53,640 --> 00:52:55,840 COURSE THE PLANET IS RESPONDING 1559 00:52:55,840 --> 00:52:56,680 TO AGGREGATE IMPACT. 1560 00:52:56,680 --> 00:52:59,680 IF YOU SAY WE HAVE INCREASED OUR 1561 00:52:59,680 --> 00:53:01,840 CROP PER DROP, INCREASED OUR 1562 00:53:01,840 --> 00:53:03,040 GREENHOUSE GAS EFFICIENCY FOR 1563 00:53:03,040 --> 00:53:05,320 OVERALL NET RETURNS, IF THE 1564 00:53:05,320 --> 00:53:06,640 OVERALL TREND IN THAT 1565 00:53:06,640 --> 00:53:09,360 DENOMINATOR LIKE TOTAL AMOUNT OF 1566 00:53:09,360 --> 00:53:10,480 IRRIGATION OR TOTAL AMOUNT OF 1567 00:53:10,480 --> 00:53:13,400 FARM PRODUCT IS GOING UP YOU CAN 1568 00:53:13,400 --> 00:53:14,840 OF MOVING IN THE WRONG DIRECTION 1569 00:53:14,840 --> 00:53:17,320 ON A LARGER SCALE IN TERMS OF 1570 00:53:17,320 --> 00:53:20,560 OVERALL GREENHOUSE GASES, FOR 1571 00:53:20,560 --> 00:53:23,280 EXAMPLE, STILL GOING UP. 1572 00:53:23,280 --> 00:53:23,800 ALL RIGHT. 1573 00:53:23,800 --> 00:53:26,120 SO ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WE 1574 00:53:26,120 --> 00:53:29,640 WORKED ON, I WAS ONE OF THE 1575 00:53:29,640 --> 00:53:31,680 LEADERS IN IPCC CHAPTER ON 1576 00:53:31,680 --> 00:53:32,200 CLIMATE INFORMATION FOR 1577 00:53:32,200 --> 00:53:33,360 APPLICATIONS, AND ONE OF THE 1578 00:53:33,360 --> 00:53:35,440 THINGS WE DID WAS TRY TO BREAK 1579 00:53:35,440 --> 00:53:37,200 DOWN THIS IDEA THAT CLIMATE 1580 00:53:37,200 --> 00:53:40,680 CHANGE EQUALS, YOU KNOW, AVERAGE 1581 00:53:40,680 --> 00:53:42,720 TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL SHIFTS. 1582 00:53:42,720 --> 00:53:44,080 THAT'S REALLY JUST A SMALL PIECE 1583 00:53:44,080 --> 00:53:45,960 OF A MUCH LARGER PUZZLE. 1584 00:53:45,960 --> 00:53:47,680 WE'LL NOTE HERE THERE ARE 1585 00:53:47,680 --> 00:53:49,400 INDICATORS ON THE CLIMATE SIDE, 1586 00:53:49,400 --> 00:53:52,200 IN TERMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL 1587 00:53:52,200 --> 00:53:53,400 PRESSURES, THAT ARE, YOU KNOW, 1588 00:53:53,400 --> 00:53:54,600 IN THESE MAJOR CATEGORIES OF 1589 00:53:54,600 --> 00:53:58,840 HEAT AND COLD OR WET AND DRY, 1590 00:53:58,840 --> 00:53:59,840 WINDSTORMS, SNOW AND ICE, 1591 00:53:59,840 --> 00:54:02,320 COASTAL, OPEN OCEAN, AND OTHER 1592 00:54:02,320 --> 00:54:05,360 CATEGORIES, AND WITHIN THIS WE 1593 00:54:05,360 --> 00:54:07,880 HAD ABOUT 35 DIFFERENT 1594 00:54:07,880 --> 00:54:08,840 CATEGORIES, DIFFERENT WAYS OF 1595 00:54:08,840 --> 00:54:10,040 COUNTING THEM. 1596 00:54:10,040 --> 00:54:12,840 BUT WE CAN ALSO LOOK IN THE FOOD 1597 00:54:12,840 --> 00:54:16,680 SYSTEM AND SEE THAT CROP SYSTEMS 1598 00:54:16,680 --> 00:54:18,320 ARE PARTICULARLY VULNERABLE TO 1599 00:54:18,320 --> 00:54:19,760 EXTREME HEAT, RIVER FLOODS, 1600 00:54:19,760 --> 00:54:23,200 SHIFTS IN TOTAL AMOUNT OF 1601 00:54:23,200 --> 00:54:24,560 PRECIPITATION. 1602 00:54:24,560 --> 00:54:27,600 BUT THIS OVERALL SET OF CLIMATE 1603 00:54:27,600 --> 00:54:29,240 RESPONSIVENESS IS QUITE HIGH FOR 1604 00:54:29,240 --> 00:54:31,840 FOOD SYSTEMS COMPARED TO OTHER 1605 00:54:31,840 --> 00:54:33,720 PARTS OF THE HUMAN AND NATURAL 1606 00:54:33,720 --> 00:54:34,080 SYSTEMS. 1607 00:54:34,080 --> 00:54:35,360 THERE ARE A LOT OF THINGS TO 1608 00:54:35,360 --> 00:54:36,600 LOOK AT HERE. 1609 00:54:36,600 --> 00:54:39,560 IN GENERAL, THOSE TYPES OF 1610 00:54:39,560 --> 00:54:42,200 MECHANISTIC MODELS WE WERE 1611 00:54:42,200 --> 00:54:44,480 HEARING ABOUT FROM BRUCE ARE 1612 00:54:44,480 --> 00:54:45,120 ONLY PARTIALLY ABLE TO CAPTURE 1613 00:54:45,120 --> 00:54:46,320 ALL OF THESE THINGS. 1614 00:54:46,320 --> 00:54:48,200 WE DO, FOR EXAMPLE, I RUN A 1615 00:54:48,200 --> 00:54:50,920 PROJECT LOOKING AT CROP MODELS, 1616 00:54:50,920 --> 00:54:53,000 AND WE CAN DO, YOU KNOW, AVERAGE 1617 00:54:53,000 --> 00:54:54,560 TEMPERATURE AND EXTREME HEAT AND 1618 00:54:54,560 --> 00:54:56,080 DROUGHT AND THINGS LIKE THAT. 1619 00:54:56,080 --> 00:54:58,560 BUT WE DON'T REALLY HAVE A 1620 00:54:58,560 --> 00:54:59,600 MECHANISM TO INCORPORATE HAIL 1621 00:54:59,600 --> 00:54:59,800 DAMAGE. 1622 00:54:59,800 --> 00:55:01,200 AND SOME OF THE OTHER THINGS 1623 00:55:01,200 --> 00:55:04,200 THAT WE KNOW ARE IMPORTANT LIKE 1624 00:55:04,200 --> 00:55:05,840 PERMAFROST AND OTHER AREAS ARE 1625 00:55:05,840 --> 00:55:09,000 OFTEN NEGLECTED IN MODELS. 1626 00:55:09,000 --> 00:55:10,760 WHEN WE'RE ON ASKING THESE 1627 00:55:10,760 --> 00:55:12,480 MODELS, IT'S A USE AND ART IN 1628 00:55:12,480 --> 00:55:15,480 TERMS OF INTERPRETING WHAT WE 1629 00:55:15,480 --> 00:55:16,240 FIND. 1630 00:55:16,240 --> 00:55:17,880 THIS IS A DIAGRAM I SHOW IN 1631 00:55:17,880 --> 00:55:20,520 ANIMATED WAY TO MAKE IT LESS 1632 00:55:20,520 --> 00:55:20,920 CRAZY. 1633 00:55:20,920 --> 00:55:22,120 BUT THE IDEA IS IT WOULD BE 1634 00:55:22,120 --> 00:55:24,120 REALLY NICE IF WE COULD THINK OF 1635 00:55:24,120 --> 00:55:25,760 A SIMPLE LINEAR SYSTEM WHERE 1636 00:55:25,760 --> 00:55:27,080 THERE'S SOME KIND OF GEO 1637 00:55:27,080 --> 00:55:28,560 PHYSICAL OR BIOLOGICAL HAZARD 1638 00:55:28,560 --> 00:55:33,520 LIKE A DROUGHT WHICH AFFECTS 1639 00:55:33,520 --> 00:55:34,600 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, FARM 1640 00:55:34,600 --> 00:55:36,680 OUTPUT IS TRADED THROUGH EXPORT 1641 00:55:36,680 --> 00:55:38,920 MARKET OR GLOBAL COMMODITY 1642 00:55:38,920 --> 00:55:40,120 EXCHANGES, WITH THE RESULTS 1643 00:55:40,120 --> 00:55:42,080 REACHING REGIONAL FOOD MARKETS 1644 00:55:42,080 --> 00:55:44,600 AROUND THE WORLD, IN TURN 1645 00:55:44,600 --> 00:55:45,480 AFFECTING HOUSEHOLD PURCHASES 1646 00:55:45,480 --> 00:55:46,240 AND CONSUMPTION THAT LEADS TO 1647 00:55:46,240 --> 00:55:46,480 HEALTH. 1648 00:55:46,480 --> 00:55:48,080 THIS WOULD BE A REPLACING NICE 1649 00:55:48,080 --> 00:55:49,520 PATTERN, SOMETHING WE MIGHT BE 1650 00:55:49,520 --> 00:55:51,280 ABLE TO MODEL. 1651 00:55:51,280 --> 00:55:52,920 MANY MODELING ACTIVITIES ARE 1652 00:55:52,920 --> 00:55:55,880 TRYING TO FIT ALONG THIS TYPE OF 1653 00:55:55,880 --> 00:55:56,200 PATTERN. 1654 00:55:56,200 --> 00:55:59,040 WE KNOW THERE ARE THINGS LIKE 1655 00:55:59,040 --> 00:55:59,880 GEO POLITICS AND GOVERNMENTS 1656 00:55:59,880 --> 00:56:02,120 LEANING ON THE FOOD SYSTEM AND 1657 00:56:02,120 --> 00:56:03,560 INTERACTIONS ALL THROUGHOUT. 1658 00:56:03,560 --> 00:56:06,760 WE KNOW THIS BECAUSE WE'VE SEEN 1659 00:56:06,760 --> 00:56:09,600 JUST IN RECENT YEARS MAJOR, 1660 00:56:09,600 --> 00:56:11,400 MAJOR CRISES EMERGE FROM 1661 00:56:11,400 --> 00:56:12,240 DIFFERENT PARTS. 1662 00:56:12,240 --> 00:56:15,720 HERE IS COVID-19 IN MY RED 1663 00:56:15,720 --> 00:56:18,120 OBJECT HERE THAT STARTED OUT IN 1664 00:56:18,120 --> 00:56:20,520 THE HEALTH SECTOR, AND BOUNCED 1665 00:56:20,520 --> 00:56:21,840 AROUND IN TERMS OF ALL OF THESE 1666 00:56:21,840 --> 00:56:23,360 OTHER IMPACTS IN THE FOOD 1667 00:56:23,360 --> 00:56:23,800 SYSTEM. 1668 00:56:23,800 --> 00:56:26,320 CLIMATE CHANGE OF COURSE STARTED 1669 00:56:26,320 --> 00:56:28,840 IN THE GEO PHYSICAL SIDE, HAD 1670 00:56:28,840 --> 00:56:30,480 IMPACTS THROUGHOUT. 1671 00:56:30,480 --> 00:56:32,120 SOMETHING LIKE UKRAINE CONFLICT 1672 00:56:32,120 --> 00:56:34,200 HAS COME OUT OF THIS SIDE AND 1673 00:56:34,200 --> 00:56:35,400 LED TO FOOD SECURITY CHALLENGES. 1674 00:56:35,400 --> 00:56:38,000 SO TRYING TO REPRESENT THIS 1675 00:56:38,000 --> 00:56:42,840 COMPLEX SYSTEM IS WHAT WE'RE 1676 00:56:42,840 --> 00:56:45,360 TRYING TO DO WITHIN OUR AG MIP 1677 00:56:45,360 --> 00:56:46,880 PROGRAM, AND OTHER GROUPS ARE 1678 00:56:46,880 --> 00:56:48,280 TRYING TO BUILD MODELS ON THE 1679 00:56:48,280 --> 00:56:49,920 LEVEL OF EACH OF THESE LABELS 1680 00:56:49,920 --> 00:56:54,000 BUT TRYING TO CAPTURE ALL OF 1681 00:56:54,000 --> 00:56:54,600 THESE INTERACTIONS REQUIRES 1682 00:56:54,600 --> 00:56:55,640 COORDINATION, AND AGREEMENT ON 1683 00:56:55,640 --> 00:56:58,680 KIND OF INPUT AND OUTPUT 1684 00:56:58,680 --> 00:57:00,760 EXPECTATIONS, AND METRICS, AND 1685 00:57:00,760 --> 00:57:04,520 FORMATS AND ALL THOSE TIMES -- 1686 00:57:04,520 --> 00:57:05,160 TYPES OF THINGS. 1687 00:57:05,160 --> 00:57:06,560 COME COMMUNITIES ARE MORE 1688 00:57:06,560 --> 00:57:07,560 ADVANCED. 1689 00:57:07,560 --> 00:57:08,760 THERE'S A STRONG WELL-FUNDED 1690 00:57:08,760 --> 00:57:11,160 COMMUNITY LOOKING AT THINGS LIKE 1691 00:57:11,160 --> 00:57:13,600 GEOPHYSICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE, 1692 00:57:13,600 --> 00:57:14,360 SMALLER COMMUNITIES LOOKING AT 1693 00:57:14,360 --> 00:57:15,280 CROP PRODUCTION. 1694 00:57:15,280 --> 00:57:17,080 AND BY THE TIME WE GET INTO PINK 1695 00:57:17,080 --> 00:57:18,600 AT THIS LEVEL OTHER THAN THE 1696 00:57:18,600 --> 00:57:21,480 STUDY WE SAW FROM MARIE, THERE'S 1697 00:57:21,480 --> 00:57:23,080 JUST NOT AS MUCH OR AT LEAST 1698 00:57:23,080 --> 00:57:26,600 MAYBE I SHOULD SAY NOT AS MUCH 1699 00:57:26,600 --> 00:57:29,440 PENETRATING THE KIND OF INTER, 1700 00:57:29,440 --> 00:57:39,920 YOU KNOW, INTERSECTORAL AND 1701 00:57:52,160 --> 00:57:52,480 INTERDISCIPLINARY. 1702 00:57:52,480 --> 00:57:54,400 WE HAVE TO BUILD MODELS TO 1703 00:57:54,400 --> 00:57:58,760 HANDLE NORMAL SITUATIONS AND THE 1704 00:57:58,760 --> 00:57:59,560 NOT-NORMAL STRESSFUL SITUATIONS. 1705 00:57:59,560 --> 00:58:01,600 ONE OF THE LAST POINTS I'LL MAKE 1706 00:58:01,600 --> 00:58:04,680 IS THAT THERE'S ALSO A VERY 1707 00:58:04,680 --> 00:58:06,320 IMPORTANT ROLE HERE FOR STORY 1708 00:58:06,320 --> 00:58:07,000 LINES AND SCENARIOS. 1709 00:58:07,000 --> 00:58:08,640 THIS IS ANOTHER WAY OF SAYING 1710 00:58:08,640 --> 00:58:11,760 THAT WE KNOW WE CAN'T REPRESENT 1711 00:58:11,760 --> 00:58:14,280 EVERY SINGLE PART OF THE COMPLEX 1712 00:58:14,280 --> 00:58:15,720 SYSTEM IN SINGLE MODELS OR MODEL 1713 00:58:15,720 --> 00:58:16,480 FRAMEWORKS SO THERE'S ALWAYS 1714 00:58:16,480 --> 00:58:18,680 GOING TO BE THAT SYSTEMS 1715 00:58:18,680 --> 00:58:20,760 BOUNDARY AND OUTSIDE OF THAT 1716 00:58:20,760 --> 00:58:27,000 BOUNDARY WE GET INFORMATION FROM 1717 00:58:27,000 --> 00:58:29,160 STORY LINES AND SCENARIOS. 1718 00:58:29,160 --> 00:58:34,880 THERE'S A MAJOR PROCESS TO 1719 00:58:34,880 --> 00:58:35,640 DEVELOP SCENARIOS OF GLOBAL 1720 00:58:35,640 --> 00:58:36,600 CLIMATE CHANGE. 1721 00:58:36,600 --> 00:58:37,920 ONCE OF THE MOST SENSITIVE 1722 00:58:37,920 --> 00:58:39,920 PARAMETERS IS EVOLUTION OF 1723 00:58:39,920 --> 00:58:41,320 FARMING SYSTEMS, AND THEN WE ARE 1724 00:58:41,320 --> 00:58:43,520 TRYING TO GET THEM TO RECOGNIZE 1725 00:58:43,520 --> 00:58:44,840 THAT FUTURE DIETS AND 1726 00:58:44,840 --> 00:58:45,840 ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF PROTEINS 1727 00:58:45,840 --> 00:58:48,040 ARE ALSO THE TYPES OF THINGS 1728 00:58:48,040 --> 00:58:50,760 THAT COULD DISRUPT AND CHANGE 1729 00:58:50,760 --> 00:58:53,600 THE COURSE OF SOCIOECONOMIC AND 1730 00:58:53,600 --> 00:58:54,600 GEOPOLITICAL FUTURES. 1731 00:58:54,600 --> 00:58:58,200 SO IN GENERAL WE WANT TO 1732 00:58:58,200 --> 00:59:00,480 UNDERSTAND THESE COMPLEX SHIFTS 1733 00:59:00,480 --> 00:59:02,360 IN THESE MANAGED AGRICULTURAL 1734 00:59:02,360 --> 00:59:03,360 SYSTEMS, THINKING ABOUT THE 1735 00:59:03,360 --> 00:59:04,760 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT BUT ALSO CAN 1736 00:59:04,760 --> 00:59:08,280 WE REPRESENT THE OVERALL SET OF 1737 00:59:08,280 --> 00:59:09,680 BIOGEO CHEMICAL FLOWS AROUND 1738 00:59:09,680 --> 00:59:11,120 FERTILIZERS AND RUNOFF AND 1739 00:59:11,120 --> 00:59:12,560 PESTICIDES AND ALL THOSE OTHER 1740 00:59:12,560 --> 00:59:13,360 THINGS. 1741 00:59:13,360 --> 00:59:15,160 SO, THIS IS MAYBE AN ADVICE TO 1742 00:59:15,160 --> 00:59:16,520 THE COMMUNITY, WE NEED TO ENGAGE 1743 00:59:16,520 --> 00:59:19,680 MORE WITH THE SCENARIO AND STORY 1744 00:59:19,680 --> 00:59:21,000 LINE GENERATION. 1745 00:59:21,000 --> 00:59:22,120 TO SUMMARIZE AND DISCUSSION 1746 00:59:22,120 --> 00:59:23,760 POINTS FOR THE NEXT 1747 00:59:23,760 --> 00:59:25,600 CONVERSATION, WE'VE SEEN MANY, 1748 00:59:25,600 --> 00:59:26,600 MANY METRICS POSSIBLE ACROSS 1749 00:59:26,600 --> 00:59:28,480 ASPECTS OF THE FOOD SYSTEMS AND 1750 00:59:28,480 --> 00:59:29,880 ENVIRONMENT, AND IN MANY CASES 1751 00:59:29,880 --> 00:59:33,440 THEY HAVE THEIR OWN UNIQUE 1752 00:59:33,440 --> 00:59:34,720 PATHWAYS AND PROCESSES THAT 1753 00:59:34,720 --> 00:59:35,680 CONNECT THEM. 1754 00:59:35,680 --> 00:59:38,800 THE COMPLEX FARM SYSTEM MAKES IT 1755 00:59:38,800 --> 00:59:39,880 DIFFICULT TO ATTRIBUTE IMPACTS 1756 00:59:39,880 --> 00:59:41,080 TO SPECIFIC SOURCES. 1757 00:59:41,080 --> 00:59:42,840 THAT'S ANOTHER REASON MODELS CAN 1758 00:59:42,840 --> 00:59:44,720 BE HELPFUL BECAUSE YOU CAN 1759 00:59:44,720 --> 00:59:46,280 SIMPLIFY AND HOLD MANY THINGS 1760 00:59:46,280 --> 00:59:47,560 CONSTANT TO DEVELOP THESE TYPES 1761 00:59:47,560 --> 00:59:48,320 OF PATHWAYS. 1762 00:59:48,320 --> 00:59:51,600 WE NEED THAT TO UNDERSTAND 1763 00:59:51,600 --> 00:59:52,360 NON-LINEARITY, THRESHOLDS. 1764 00:59:52,360 --> 00:59:54,560 BUT ALSO WE HAVE TO RECOGNIZE 1765 00:59:54,560 --> 00:59:55,880 THESE SCALE PROBLEMS BECAUSE 1766 00:59:55,880 --> 00:59:58,600 THERE'S HUGE HETEROGENEITY IN 1767 00:59:58,600 --> 01:00:00,400 FOOD SYSTEMS WITH HIGHLY 1768 01:00:00,400 --> 01:00:02,200 CONTEXTUAL DECISIONS AROUND 1769 01:00:02,200 --> 01:00:03,760 REGIONAL FOOD SYSTEMS. 1770 01:00:03,760 --> 01:00:05,280 THERE ARE MANY SCALE CHALLENGES 1771 01:00:05,280 --> 01:00:08,240 ON THE BIOPHYSICAL AND 1772 01:00:08,240 --> 01:00:09,880 SOCIOECONOMIC OR GEOPOLITICAL 1773 01:00:09,880 --> 01:00:12,080 SIDE, AND TIME HORIZONS OF DATA 1774 01:00:12,080 --> 01:00:13,720 AND PRO-ACTIVE PLANNING HAVE TO 1775 01:00:13,720 --> 01:00:16,120 BE INTENTIONAL OR AT LEAST 1776 01:00:16,120 --> 01:00:21,480 RECOGNIZED AS DECISIONS ARE 1777 01:00:21,480 --> 01:00:22,920 BEING MADE. 1778 01:00:22,920 --> 01:00:24,560 THERE'S HYPOTENSION TO INTEGRATE 1779 01:00:24,560 --> 01:00:26,880 MULTIPLE SUSTAINABILITY METRICS 1780 01:00:26,880 --> 01:00:29,080 WITH AWARENESS OF SYNERGIES AND 1781 01:00:29,080 --> 01:00:29,960 TRADEOFFS. 1782 01:00:29,960 --> 01:00:33,240 WE WANT TO TRACK RESPONSE RISK 1783 01:00:33,240 --> 01:00:34,360 AND UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES AS 1784 01:00:34,360 --> 01:00:37,480 BRUCE POINTED OUT AS REQUIRING 1785 01:00:37,480 --> 01:00:38,400 SYSTEMS TYPES APPROACHES. 1786 01:00:38,400 --> 01:00:40,880 THIS IS ANOTHER THING NOW A HOT 1787 01:00:40,880 --> 01:00:42,960 TOPIC AS PEOPLE THINK ABOUT 1788 01:00:42,960 --> 01:00:44,240 ADAPTATION MITIGATION TO CLIMATE 1789 01:00:44,240 --> 01:00:47,360 CHANGE, WHAT IS THE RESPONSE 1790 01:00:47,360 --> 01:00:49,040 RISK IN THOSE INTERVENTIONS. 1791 01:00:49,040 --> 01:00:51,440 WE WANT TO ENGAGE THE STORY LINE 1792 01:00:51,440 --> 01:00:53,080 AND SCENARIO PROCESS. 1793 01:00:53,080 --> 01:00:55,120 I'LL CLOSE AND PASS BACK TO 1794 01:00:55,120 --> 01:01:00,520 BRUCE AND ZACH. 1795 01:01:00,520 --> 01:01:01,560 >> ALEX, THANKS FOR THAT. 1796 01:01:01,560 --> 01:01:04,760 I WANT TO BE MINDFUL OF OUR 1797 01:01:04,760 --> 01:01:05,280 TIME. 1798 01:01:05,280 --> 01:01:07,040 WE HAVE A LITTLE BIT OF CATCHING 1799 01:01:07,040 --> 01:01:09,120 UP TO DO BUT WE HAVE A FEW 1800 01:01:09,120 --> 01:01:10,800 MINUTES TO GET INTO SOME 1801 01:01:10,800 --> 01:01:12,960 DISCUSSION AND I THOUGHT THAT I 1802 01:01:12,960 --> 01:01:14,720 COULD JUST GET US STARTED OFF 1803 01:01:14,720 --> 01:01:17,320 WITH SOMETHING THAT'S BEEN ON MY 1804 01:01:17,320 --> 01:01:19,640 MIND IS WHAT IS THE VALUE DO YOU 1805 01:01:19,640 --> 01:01:20,720 THINK, GIVEN ALL THE 1806 01:01:20,720 --> 01:01:22,320 ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS THAT WE 1807 01:01:22,320 --> 01:01:25,560 HAVE, WHAT DO YOU THINK THE 1808 01:01:25,560 --> 01:01:27,960 VALUE OF DEVELOPING AN INDEX IS 1809 01:01:27,960 --> 01:01:31,800 THAT WOULD CAPTURE HOLISTICALLY 1810 01:01:31,800 --> 01:01:33,640 OR COMPREHENSIVELY A BUNCH OF 1811 01:01:33,640 --> 01:01:34,960 INDICATORS AT THE SAME TIME? 1812 01:01:34,960 --> 01:01:36,840 THERE'S A LOT OF DOWN SIDES TO 1813 01:01:36,840 --> 01:01:37,160 THAT, RIGHT? 1814 01:01:37,160 --> 01:01:39,600 A LOT OF RISKS THAT ARE 1815 01:01:39,600 --> 01:01:42,000 PRESENTED IN DEVELOPING INDEX, 1816 01:01:42,000 --> 01:01:45,280 BUT THERE MIGHT BE BENEFITS AS 1817 01:01:45,280 --> 01:01:45,480 WELL. 1818 01:01:45,480 --> 01:01:47,400 COULD YOU SPEAK TO THAT? 1819 01:01:47,400 --> 01:01:47,840 >>YEAH. 1820 01:01:47,840 --> 01:01:52,880 THANKS FOR THE QUESTION. 1821 01:01:52,880 --> 01:01:54,040 INDICES CAN BE PRACTICAL. 1822 01:01:54,040 --> 01:01:56,280 IF YOU HAVE A SPECIFIC QUESTION, 1823 01:01:56,280 --> 01:01:58,200 YOU PROBABLY WANT TO ZOOM IN ON 1824 01:01:58,200 --> 01:01:58,720 A SPECIFIC METRIC. 1825 01:01:58,720 --> 01:02:03,920 ONE OF THE WORRIES I HAVE WITH 1826 01:02:03,920 --> 01:02:05,960 AGGREGATE TYPE INDICES, WHEN 1827 01:02:05,960 --> 01:02:09,040 YOU'RE COMBINING THINGS WITH 1828 01:02:09,040 --> 01:02:10,680 DIFFERENT UNITS, PEOPLE ARE 1829 01:02:10,680 --> 01:02:12,000 OFTEN -- OFTEN GET THEMSELVES IN 1830 01:02:12,000 --> 01:02:13,520 TROUBLE BY TRYING TO NORMALIZE 1831 01:02:13,520 --> 01:02:17,600 OR COME UP WITH SOMETHING, 1832 01:02:17,600 --> 01:02:18,840 REALIZING MULTI-METRICS INDEX IS 1833 01:02:18,840 --> 01:02:21,200 DOMINATED BY ONE OR TWO OF THE 1834 01:02:21,200 --> 01:02:22,720 TEN, LET'S SAY. 1835 01:02:22,720 --> 01:02:27,320 THE OTHER THING, AS WE'VE SEEN, 1836 01:02:27,320 --> 01:02:28,920 SOME OF THESE SYSTEMS ELEMENTS, 1837 01:02:28,920 --> 01:02:30,480 I'LL GO BACK TO THE EARLIER 1838 01:02:30,480 --> 01:02:32,920 SLIDE THAT TALKED ABOUT THE 1839 01:02:32,920 --> 01:02:34,200 INCREASING INEQUALITIES, FOR 1840 01:02:34,200 --> 01:02:36,840 EXAMPLE, RIGHT? 1841 01:02:36,840 --> 01:02:39,560 IF THERE'S A METRIC THAT ON 1842 01:02:39,560 --> 01:02:42,400 AGGREGATE SUGGESTS A BENEFIT BUT 1843 01:02:42,400 --> 01:02:44,360 SOMEWHERE INSIDE THAT AGGREGATE 1844 01:02:44,360 --> 01:02:46,920 SET OF METRICS IN THAT INDEX 1845 01:02:46,920 --> 01:02:49,720 THERE IS A GROUP THAT IS 1846 01:02:49,720 --> 01:02:51,160 SUFFERING SUBSTANTIALLY, THAT 1847 01:02:51,160 --> 01:02:54,040 CAN BE PROBLEMATIC. 1848 01:02:54,040 --> 01:02:55,440 I GUESS MY ADVICE TO SUMMARIZE, 1849 01:02:55,440 --> 01:02:57,320 IF YOU'RE TRYING TO GET A 1850 01:02:57,320 --> 01:02:59,520 STARTING POINT, YOU KNOW, 1851 01:02:59,520 --> 01:03:01,080 RECOGNITION OF HOT SPOTS OR SOME 1852 01:03:01,080 --> 01:03:03,040 KIND OF SETS OF CHALLENGES, 1853 01:03:03,040 --> 01:03:05,320 THOSE INDICES CAN GET YOU 1854 01:03:05,320 --> 01:03:05,800 STARTED. 1855 01:03:05,800 --> 01:03:08,640 BUT AS YOU GET CLOSER TO THE 1856 01:03:08,640 --> 01:03:11,040 PROBLEM, THE THINGS THAT YOU'RE 1857 01:03:11,040 --> 01:03:11,960 AGGREGATING OR CONNECTING TO 1858 01:03:11,960 --> 01:03:14,320 COMMON INDICES HAVE TO BE CLOSER 1859 01:03:14,320 --> 01:03:17,960 TO EACH OTHER, TO GET -- WE 1860 01:03:17,960 --> 01:03:19,400 COULD HAVE A, FOR EXAMPLE, 1861 01:03:19,400 --> 01:03:20,920 AGGREGATE INDEX OF SOIL HEALTH, 1862 01:03:20,920 --> 01:03:25,400 BUT BY THE TIME YOU'RE COMBINING 1863 01:03:25,400 --> 01:03:26,360 SOIL HEALTH WITH ECOSYSTEM 1864 01:03:26,360 --> 01:03:27,240 BIODIVERSITY AND SOMETHING ELSE 1865 01:03:27,240 --> 01:03:30,080 YOU MAY BE GOING TOO FAR. 1866 01:03:30,080 --> 01:03:32,840 >> I WANT TO THANK YOU FOR A 1867 01:03:32,840 --> 01:03:33,600 GREAT PRESENTATION, GREAT 1868 01:03:33,600 --> 01:03:36,320 OVERVIEW OF REALLY THE WHOLE 1869 01:03:36,320 --> 01:03:36,760 TOPIC. 1870 01:03:36,760 --> 01:03:37,880 ZACH MENTIONED, I KNOW WE'RE 1871 01:03:37,880 --> 01:03:40,080 SHORT ON TIME BUT I WANTED TO 1872 01:03:40,080 --> 01:03:43,240 ASK ONE THING THAT DAN ALLUDED 1873 01:03:43,240 --> 01:03:46,760 TO IN HIS OPENING PRESENTATION. 1874 01:03:46,760 --> 01:03:47,280 VECTORS. 1875 01:03:47,280 --> 01:03:49,360 VARIOUS TYPE OF ANIMAL VECTORS, 1876 01:03:49,360 --> 01:03:51,960 INSECT VECTORS, AND WE KNOW 1877 01:03:51,960 --> 01:03:53,320 ANIMALS CAN AFFECT FOOD 1878 01:03:53,320 --> 01:03:55,240 PRODUCTION OR AFFECT THE SOIL, 1879 01:03:55,240 --> 01:03:57,800 THE LAND, ET CETERA. 1880 01:03:57,800 --> 01:04:00,840 HOW MUCH EFFORTS HAVE THERE BEEN 1881 01:04:00,840 --> 01:04:03,600 INTEGRATING ANIMAL POPULATIONS 1882 01:04:03,600 --> 01:04:06,040 OR OTHER TYPES OF ORGANISMS INTO 1883 01:04:06,040 --> 01:04:06,680 ALL THIS? 1884 01:04:06,680 --> 01:04:15,200 >> SO, WE HAVE A WHOLE TEAM IN 1885 01:04:15,200 --> 01:04:18,920 AG-NET LOOKING AT PEST AND 1886 01:04:18,920 --> 01:04:19,360 MODELING. 1887 01:04:19,360 --> 01:04:21,000 ONE COMPONENT, WHEN THERE'S 1888 01:04:21,000 --> 01:04:22,360 LET'S SAY A PATHOGEN ON A PLANT 1889 01:04:22,360 --> 01:04:25,600 HOW MUCH DAMAGE DOES IT DO? 1890 01:04:25,600 --> 01:04:27,400 THE SECOND IS HOW SUSCEPTIBLE IS 1891 01:04:27,400 --> 01:04:30,880 A FIELD A PATHOGEN SHOULD IT 1892 01:04:30,880 --> 01:04:31,400 ARRIVE? 1893 01:04:31,400 --> 01:04:33,080 THIRD IS VECTORS BY WHICH 1894 01:04:33,080 --> 01:04:36,040 PATHOGENS ARRIVE, YOU COULD MAKE 1895 01:04:36,040 --> 01:04:39,720 THE SAME ARGUMENTS FOR PESTS. 1896 01:04:39,720 --> 01:04:40,680 SOME ARE WEATHER BASED, SPORES 1897 01:04:40,680 --> 01:04:44,760 BLOWN IN THE WIND. 1898 01:04:44,760 --> 01:04:47,160 SOME ARE SUITABILITY BASED 1899 01:04:47,160 --> 01:04:48,720 METRICS, A CERTAIN INSECT CAN 1900 01:04:48,720 --> 01:04:52,760 ONLY SURVIVE A WINTER THAT IS AT 1901 01:04:52,760 --> 01:04:53,240 A CERTAIN TEMPERATURE. 1902 01:04:53,240 --> 01:04:55,120 SO THERE ARE A COUPLE DIFFERENT 1903 01:04:55,120 --> 01:04:57,360 APPROACHES ON THAT. 1904 01:04:57,360 --> 01:04:59,000 I WOULD SAY THAT IT IS ALREADY 1905 01:04:59,000 --> 01:05:01,280 MAYBE A SECOND OR THIRD LEVEL 1906 01:05:01,280 --> 01:05:02,400 TYPE IMPACT, AND FUNDING 1907 01:05:02,400 --> 01:05:03,240 REFLECTS THAT. 1908 01:05:03,240 --> 01:05:04,920 WE NEED MORE BECAUSE WHAT WE 1909 01:05:04,920 --> 01:05:08,400 HAVE SEEN IS IN REALITY HUGE 1910 01:05:08,400 --> 01:05:11,400 AMOUNTS OF CROP LOSS AND OVERALL 1911 01:05:11,400 --> 01:05:13,120 FOOD LOSSES CAN COME FROM THESE 1912 01:05:13,120 --> 01:05:13,440 VECTORS. 1913 01:05:13,440 --> 01:05:15,640 SO WHEN THEY DO HIT, THEY 1914 01:05:15,640 --> 01:05:16,000 DOMINATE. 1915 01:05:16,000 --> 01:05:17,880 SO WE NEED THAT REQUEST. 1916 01:05:17,880 --> 01:05:19,280 >> THANKS, ALEX. 1917 01:05:19,280 --> 01:05:25,080 DAN HAS HIS HAND RAISED. 1918 01:05:25,080 --> 01:05:26,480 >> TERRIFIC, ALEX. 1919 01:05:26,480 --> 01:05:27,560 SPOT ON. 1920 01:05:27,560 --> 01:05:32,480 I GUESS MY QUESTION IS 1921 01:05:32,480 --> 01:05:33,240 SIMPLISTIC AND NAIVE. 1922 01:05:33,240 --> 01:05:34,800 ONE OF THE GOALS IS TO FIGURE 1923 01:05:34,800 --> 01:05:40,160 OUT HOW DO WE INTEGRATE THESE 1924 01:05:40,160 --> 01:05:43,200 KINDS OF MEASURES, INDICATORS, 1925 01:05:43,200 --> 01:05:45,600 ET CETERA, INTO OUR SESSION OF 1926 01:05:45,600 --> 01:05:46,680 HEALTH OUTCOMES. 1927 01:05:46,680 --> 01:05:48,120 WE HAVE A GLOBAL SURVEILLANCE 1928 01:05:48,120 --> 01:05:52,280 PROGRAM, UNITED STATES WE HAVE 1929 01:05:52,280 --> 01:05:52,840 NHANES, INTERNATIONALLY 1930 01:05:52,840 --> 01:05:56,760 DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS. 1931 01:05:56,760 --> 01:05:59,160 THEY ARE RUN AT NATIONAL LEVEL. 1932 01:05:59,160 --> 01:06:00,160 IF POSSIBLE TO INTEGRATE THESE 1933 01:06:00,160 --> 01:06:01,800 KINDS OF WHAT YOU'RE TALKING 1934 01:06:01,800 --> 01:06:02,880 ABOUT INTO THAT KIND OF 1935 01:06:02,880 --> 01:06:07,160 SURVEILLANCE SO THAT WE CAN 1936 01:06:07,160 --> 01:06:09,120 ACTUALLY MORE ACCURATELY THROUGH 1937 01:06:09,120 --> 01:06:10,640 ATTRIBUTION, TEND TO INTEGRATE 1938 01:06:10,640 --> 01:06:12,600 THESE THINGS ON THE 1939 01:06:12,600 --> 01:06:15,240 IMPLEMENTATION SIDE I THINK, 1940 01:06:15,240 --> 01:06:19,200 MORE THAN ON THE SORT OF EARLIER 1941 01:06:19,200 --> 01:06:19,360 END. 1942 01:06:19,360 --> 01:06:21,600 >> YEAH, AND, YOU KNOW, I THINK 1943 01:06:21,600 --> 01:06:23,680 THERE ARE WAYS WE CAN IMPROVE 1944 01:06:23,680 --> 01:06:24,000 IT. 1945 01:06:24,000 --> 01:06:27,320 IT'S NOT AN EASY SOLUTION. 1946 01:06:27,320 --> 01:06:28,720 YOU KNOW, THERE ARE -- AS I 1947 01:06:28,720 --> 01:06:30,600 THINK PEOPLE ON THIS CALL LIKELY 1948 01:06:30,600 --> 01:06:32,320 KNOW, FOOD SECURITY IS A LOT 1949 01:06:32,320 --> 01:06:35,160 MORE THAN JUST THERE BEING A LOT 1950 01:06:35,160 --> 01:06:36,600 OF FOOD. 1951 01:06:36,600 --> 01:06:38,160 ALL THE SOCIAL SYSTEMS, 1952 01:06:38,160 --> 01:06:38,920 CONSUMPTION AND UTILITY AND 1953 01:06:38,920 --> 01:06:41,520 OTHER THINGS THAT CAN COME INTO 1954 01:06:41,520 --> 01:06:41,720 PLAY. 1955 01:06:41,720 --> 01:06:43,280 YOU KNOW, VERY EARLY ON IN MY 1956 01:06:43,280 --> 01:06:45,800 CAREER I WENT BACK LOOKING FOR 1957 01:06:45,800 --> 01:06:47,440 SOME OF THE FAMOUS FAMINES AND 1958 01:06:47,440 --> 01:06:49,080 SAID, OKAY, I'LL FIND THE 1959 01:06:49,080 --> 01:06:50,080 DROUGHT AND FAMINE THAT CAUSED 1960 01:06:50,080 --> 01:06:50,720 IT. 1961 01:06:50,720 --> 01:06:51,840 IT'S NOT THAT SIMPLE. 1962 01:06:51,840 --> 01:06:53,680 THERE'S, YOU KNOW, SOME OF THE 1963 01:06:53,680 --> 01:06:56,840 FAMINES WERE VERY MUCH 1964 01:06:56,840 --> 01:06:57,440 SOCIOECONOMIC, GEO POLITICALLY 1965 01:06:57,440 --> 01:06:57,680 CAUSED. 1966 01:06:57,680 --> 01:06:59,520 THERE ARE LAGS THAT ARE 1967 01:06:59,520 --> 01:07:00,120 DIFFICULT TO UNDERSTAND. 1968 01:07:00,120 --> 01:07:03,440 YOU HAVE TO LOOK AT FOOD STOCKS 1969 01:07:03,440 --> 01:07:05,720 AND EFFICIENCY OF FOOD AID AND 1970 01:07:05,720 --> 01:07:06,760 REACHING THE RIGHT POPULATIONS, 1971 01:07:06,760 --> 01:07:08,800 SO MANY THINGS LIKE THAT. 1972 01:07:08,800 --> 01:07:15,160 BUT I THINK THE WAY YOU DISSEN 1973 01:07:15,160 --> 01:07:18,400 TANGEL IS CREATING LINKAGES FOR 1974 01:07:18,400 --> 01:07:19,640 TOP-DOWN AND BOTTOM-UP APPROACH 1975 01:07:19,640 --> 01:07:22,040 TO START TO SEE DIFFERENT 1976 01:07:22,040 --> 01:07:23,800 ELEMENTS AND THE SENSITIVITY OF 1977 01:07:23,800 --> 01:07:25,080 PEOPLE AND OVERALL SYSTEM TO 1978 01:07:25,080 --> 01:07:27,520 THOSE ELEMENTS AS THEY CHANGE. 1979 01:07:27,520 --> 01:07:29,400 WHAT I REALLY LIKE ABOUT THE 1980 01:07:29,400 --> 01:07:31,040 APPROACH THAT MY COMMUNITY IS 1981 01:07:31,040 --> 01:07:34,000 WORKING ON IN TERMS OF THIS 1982 01:07:34,000 --> 01:07:35,720 BOTTOM-UP MECHANISTIC MODEL IS 1983 01:07:35,720 --> 01:07:37,400 THAT IT ALLOWS YOU TO EXPLORE 1984 01:07:37,400 --> 01:07:38,320 ALTERNATIVE SYSTEMS. 1985 01:07:38,320 --> 01:07:40,040 IT'S NOT JUST SAYING WHAT DO WE 1986 01:07:40,040 --> 01:07:42,120 SEE OUT THERE, BUT DO WE 1987 01:07:42,120 --> 01:07:43,640 UNDERSTAND SYSTEM WELL ENOUGH WE 1988 01:07:43,640 --> 01:07:44,680 CAN CHANGE SOMETHING AND 1989 01:07:44,680 --> 01:07:46,120 ANTICIPATE HOW IT WILL GO, THE 1990 01:07:46,120 --> 01:07:54,400 SAME CONCEPT OF VIRTUAL 1991 01:07:54,400 --> 01:07:57,320 INNOVATION LAB, IF WE CAN BUILD 1992 01:07:57,320 --> 01:07:58,360 STRONG ENOUGH MODELS OR DIGITAL 1993 01:07:58,360 --> 01:08:05,240 TWINS, WHATEVER YOU CALL THEM, 1994 01:08:05,240 --> 01:08:06,520 WE CAN EXPLORE INTERVENTIONS 1995 01:08:06,520 --> 01:08:08,720 BEFORE WE ROLL OUT A BILLION 1996 01:08:08,720 --> 01:08:11,120 DOLLAR PLAN OR PUT REAL LIVES ON 1997 01:08:11,120 --> 01:08:13,920 THE LINE FOR FOOD AID OR SOME 1998 01:08:13,920 --> 01:08:15,320 OTHER CAUSE LIKE THAT. 1999 01:08:15,320 --> 01:08:16,760 I'M NOT SURE IF I ANSWERED YOUR 2000 01:08:16,760 --> 01:08:18,040 QUESTION BUT I DO THINK WE NEED 2001 01:08:18,040 --> 01:08:23,000 TO START TO GET A GRIP ON 2002 01:08:23,000 --> 01:08:24,400 SENSITIVITY TO PROGRAMMERS TO 2003 01:08:24,400 --> 01:08:29,040 TRACE THROUGH OUR OBSERVATIONAL 2004 01:08:29,040 --> 01:08:29,280 NETWORKS. 2005 01:08:29,280 --> 01:08:31,520 >> I WANT TO REINFORCE THE 2006 01:08:31,520 --> 01:08:32,520 NOTION FOOD SECURITY AND 2007 01:08:32,520 --> 01:08:34,280 NUTRITION SECURITY IS A SUPPLY 2008 01:08:34,280 --> 01:08:34,680 ISSUE. 2009 01:08:34,680 --> 01:08:37,160 IT'S NOT THE SAME AS NUTRITION 2010 01:08:37,160 --> 01:08:37,760 AND HEALTH. 2011 01:08:37,760 --> 01:08:39,840 AND SO WE NEED TO KEEP THAT IN 2012 01:08:39,840 --> 01:08:40,760 MIND. 2013 01:08:40,760 --> 01:08:43,480 WE'RE TRYING TO MAKE THESE 2014 01:08:43,480 --> 01:08:45,680 CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE FOOD 2015 01:08:45,680 --> 01:08:47,800 SYSTEM AND HEALTH AND NEED TO 2016 01:08:47,800 --> 01:08:52,880 RECOGNIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF THE 2017 01:08:52,880 --> 01:08:54,240 BIOLOGY AND THE HEALTH CONTEXT, 2018 01:08:54,240 --> 01:08:55,280 BUT THANK YOU. 2019 01:08:55,280 --> 01:08:58,240 >> THANK YOU, ALEX. 2020 01:08:58,240 --> 01:09:00,000 AGAIN, THIS IS AN OPEN-ENDED 2021 01:09:00,000 --> 01:09:00,200 TOPIC. 2022 01:09:00,200 --> 01:09:02,520 WE COULD TALK FOR HOURS, LOTS OF 2023 01:09:02,520 --> 01:09:04,920 THINGS TO DISCUSS. 2024 01:09:04,920 --> 01:09:06,120 THANK YOU, AGAIN, ALEX, FOR 2025 01:09:06,120 --> 01:09:06,880 OPENING UP THE DISCUSSION. 2026 01:09:06,880 --> 01:09:11,160 THIS WILL BE A CONTINUING 2027 01:09:11,160 --> 01:09:11,480 DISCUSSION. 2028 01:09:11,480 --> 01:09:13,520 WITH THAT, TO KEEP TO THE 2029 01:09:13,520 --> 01:09:16,400 SCHEDULE WE'LL MOVE TO THE NEXT 2030 01:09:16,400 --> 01:09:20,240 SESSION, SO THAT'S GOING TO BE 2031 01:09:20,240 --> 01:09:23,400 LED BY JAMES THURLOW, SENIOR 2032 01:09:23,400 --> 01:09:24,320 RESEARCH FELLOW, INTERNATIONAL 2033 01:09:24,320 --> 01:09:25,240 FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE. 2034 01:09:25,240 --> 01:09:29,560 HE WILL BE TALKING ABOUT THE 2035 01:09:29,560 --> 01:09:30,840 ECONOMIC DOMAIN. 2036 01:09:30,840 --> 01:09:32,280 THANK YOU, JAMES, FOR JOINING 2037 01:09:32,280 --> 01:09:32,480 US. 2038 01:09:32,480 --> 01:09:35,880 WE'RE LOOKING FORWARD TO YOUR 2039 01:09:35,880 --> 01:09:36,240 PRESENTATION. 2040 01:09:36,240 --> 01:09:37,040 >> THANKS, BRUCE. 2041 01:09:37,040 --> 01:09:42,800 JUST TO SAY I'M STANDING IN FOR 2042 01:09:42,800 --> 01:09:46,280 MY COLLEAGUE VALERIA PINERO. 2043 01:09:46,280 --> 01:09:50,520 WE'RE BOTH MODELERS, I HEAD UP 2044 01:09:50,520 --> 01:09:52,880 ONE GROUP. 2045 01:09:52,880 --> 01:09:54,600 OUR LIVES ARE FILLED TRYING TO 2046 01:09:54,600 --> 01:09:57,560 PUT THINGS TOGETHER AND MEASURE 2047 01:09:57,560 --> 01:09:58,400 TO CAPTURE LONG-TERM CHANGE. 2048 01:09:58,400 --> 01:09:59,400 ALL OF THE THINGS YOU'VE 2049 01:09:59,400 --> 01:10:01,200 DISCUSSED ARE VERY MUCH ALONG 2050 01:10:01,200 --> 01:10:03,040 THE SAME LINES OF THE SAME 2051 01:10:03,040 --> 01:10:05,880 THINGS WE'RE CONCERNED ABOUT 2052 01:10:05,880 --> 01:10:06,080 HERE. 2053 01:10:06,080 --> 01:10:08,280 I WAS GOING TO SHOOT THROUGH 2054 01:10:08,280 --> 01:10:09,800 DIMENSIONS AND MAKE A FEW 2055 01:10:09,800 --> 01:10:10,840 POINTS. 2056 01:10:10,840 --> 01:10:11,960 I'M NOT FULLY AWARE OF THE 2057 01:10:11,960 --> 01:10:13,440 ENTIRE AGENDA OF THE WORKING 2058 01:10:13,440 --> 01:10:15,480 GROUP SO FORGIVE ME IF I DON'T 2059 01:10:15,480 --> 01:10:17,480 QUITE STAY EXACTLY ON THE TOPIC 2060 01:10:17,480 --> 01:10:19,000 YOU WOULD HAVE LIKED. 2061 01:10:19,000 --> 01:10:21,520 I WANT TO START BY EMPHASIZING, 2062 01:10:21,520 --> 01:10:23,960 WE WERE TOUCHING ON IT TALKING 2063 01:10:23,960 --> 01:10:24,920 ABOUT FOOD SECURITY VERSUS 2064 01:10:24,920 --> 01:10:27,560 NUTRITION, WHAT IS A FOOD SYSTEM 2065 01:10:27,560 --> 01:10:29,840 FROM AN ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE? 2066 01:10:29,840 --> 01:10:32,800 AND I THINK WE'VE GOT A COUPLE 2067 01:10:32,800 --> 01:10:34,680 METRICS OUT THERE TRYING TO 2068 01:10:34,680 --> 01:10:35,880 CAPTURE THE BROADER PERSPECTIVE 2069 01:10:35,880 --> 01:10:37,520 OF THE FOOD SYSTEM, ECONOMICS OF 2070 01:10:37,520 --> 01:10:41,040 THE FOOD SYSTEM. 2071 01:10:41,040 --> 01:10:45,080 WE'VE GOT OUR AGRI FOOD AND GDP 2072 01:10:45,080 --> 01:10:46,600 THAT WE USE, THERE'S WORK CHRIS 2073 01:10:46,600 --> 01:10:48,200 AND PAT AND OTHERS HAVE DURN ON 2074 01:10:48,200 --> 01:10:50,240 FOOD DOLLARS LOOKING FROM THE 2075 01:10:50,240 --> 01:10:51,960 DEMAND SIDE AND JUST FOCUSING ON 2076 01:10:51,960 --> 01:10:52,160 FOOD. 2077 01:10:52,160 --> 01:10:54,280 THE KEY THING HERE IS WE'RE 2078 01:10:54,280 --> 01:10:56,480 TRYING TO GO BEYOND AGRICULTURE. 2079 01:10:56,480 --> 01:10:58,680 BOTTOM LINE FOOD SYSTEMS 2080 01:10:58,680 --> 01:10:59,760 TRANSFORM, AS AGRICULTURE 2081 01:10:59,760 --> 01:11:00,960 TRANSFORMS, MORE AND MORE OF THE 2082 01:11:00,960 --> 01:11:03,400 ACTIVITY IN THE FOOD SYSTEM, 2083 01:11:03,400 --> 01:11:04,760 AGRI FOOD SYSTEM IS HAPPENING 2084 01:11:04,760 --> 01:11:05,120 OFF THE FARM. 2085 01:11:05,120 --> 01:11:08,200 ON THE RIGHT-HAND SIDE YOU CAN 2086 01:11:08,200 --> 01:11:11,440 SEE A REPRESENTATION, THE 2087 01:11:11,440 --> 01:11:15,280 AGRIFOOD MET WICK WE USE AT OF 2088 01:11:15,280 --> 01:11:21,960 IT IFPRI, WE NEED ADD 2089 01:11:21,960 --> 01:11:29,520 RESTAURANTS, HOTELS, INPUT 2090 01:11:29,520 --> 01:11:30,600 SUPPLIERS, FERTILIZER PROVIDERS, 2091 01:11:30,600 --> 01:11:34,600 AND MEASURE USING AVAILABLE 2092 01:11:34,600 --> 01:11:35,640 STATISTICS. 2093 01:11:35,640 --> 01:11:38,360 THIS IS A SNAPSHOT FOR 10 20* 2094 01:11:38,360 --> 01:11:43,120 19N LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES 2095 01:11:43,120 --> 01:11:43,880 AGRICULTURE DOMINATES, BUT 2096 01:11:43,880 --> 01:11:45,400 OTHERS FARM COMPONENTS MAKE UP A 2097 01:11:45,400 --> 01:11:47,040 SIGNIFICANT PART OF THAT LINK 2098 01:11:47,040 --> 01:11:49,120 BETWEEN WHERE FOOD IS INTRODUCED 2099 01:11:49,120 --> 01:11:52,000 AND WHETHER IT IS SUPPLIED AND 2100 01:11:52,000 --> 01:11:54,080 EVENTUALLY CONSUMED, THE VALUE 2101 01:11:54,080 --> 01:11:59,960 OF THE FOOD CONSUMED BY THE 2102 01:11:59,960 --> 01:12:02,480 FINAL HOUSEHOLD OR CONSUMER. 2103 01:12:02,480 --> 01:12:08,160 AGRICULTURE BECOMES SMALLER AS 2104 01:12:08,160 --> 01:12:12,880 COUNTRIES DEVELOPED, YOU CAN SEE 2105 01:12:12,880 --> 01:12:16,920 THE AGRI FOOD SYSTEM IS OFF THE 2106 01:12:16,920 --> 01:12:17,800 FARM. 2107 01:12:17,800 --> 01:12:19,560 WE HAVE THE METRICS TO TRACK, 2108 01:12:19,560 --> 01:12:24,160 WHETHER OUR METRICS OR CHRIS AND 2109 01:12:24,160 --> 01:12:26,240 PAT'S METRICS, WE'RE GETTING A 2110 01:12:26,240 --> 01:12:26,840 BETTER INDICATION OF OVERAL 2111 01:12:26,840 --> 01:12:29,280 COMPLEXITY AND PARTS THAT MAKE 2112 01:12:29,280 --> 01:12:38,720 UP THE AGRIFOOD FOOD SYSTEM. 2113 01:12:38,720 --> 01:12:40,240 WHEN I MENTION NUTRITION I'M 2114 01:12:40,240 --> 01:12:44,600 TALKING ABOUT DIETS, WE HAVE A 2115 01:12:44,600 --> 01:12:51,600 WHOLE NUTRITION GROUP HERE AT 2116 01:12:51,600 --> 01:12:59,280 IFPRI, THIS ALLOWS US TO MAKE A 2117 01:12:59,280 --> 01:12:59,720 TIGHTER LINK. 2118 01:12:59,720 --> 01:13:01,280 AND ALLOWS US TO THINK ABOUT 2119 01:13:01,280 --> 01:13:01,680 CLIMATE. 2120 01:13:01,680 --> 01:13:02,960 WE TALK ABOUT RISKS TO 2121 01:13:02,960 --> 01:13:04,560 AGRICULTURE BUT RISKS TO THE 2122 01:13:04,560 --> 01:13:06,320 FOOD SYSTEM REQUIRE US TO THINK 2123 01:13:06,320 --> 01:13:08,280 ABOUT WHAT'S HAPPENING BEYOND 2124 01:13:08,280 --> 01:13:10,360 THE FARM AS WELL, TO KEY 2125 01:13:10,360 --> 01:13:10,840 COMPONENTS. 2126 01:13:10,840 --> 01:13:14,320 I'LL COME BACK TO THAT IN A 2127 01:13:14,320 --> 01:13:14,560 SECOND. 2128 01:13:14,560 --> 01:13:15,400 THINKING ABOUT FOOD 2129 01:13:15,400 --> 01:13:17,560 AVAILABILITY, FIRST I MENTION 2130 01:13:17,560 --> 01:13:18,440 FOOD SECURITY. 2131 01:13:18,440 --> 01:13:20,600 THERE'S A LOT OF WORK AROUND 2132 01:13:20,600 --> 01:13:28,040 AVAILABILITY AND PRICES. 2133 01:13:28,040 --> 01:13:31,240 TYPICAL METRICS AT IFPRI, CROP 2134 01:13:31,240 --> 01:13:33,480 YIELDS, CLIMATE CHANGE, FLOOD 2135 01:13:33,480 --> 01:13:34,280 SUPPLY, DOMESTIC AND NET 2136 01:13:34,280 --> 01:13:36,000 IMPORTS, THINKING ABOUT FOOD 2137 01:13:36,000 --> 01:13:37,960 RISKS, RISKS TO THE SYSTEM, 2138 01:13:37,960 --> 01:13:43,320 MAYBE INPUT DEPENDENCY IS A KEY 2139 01:13:43,320 --> 01:13:43,600 INDICATOR. 2140 01:13:43,600 --> 01:13:45,160 BECAUSE OF UKRAINE IN THE LAST 2141 01:13:45,160 --> 01:13:51,000 YEAR, A LOT OF ATTENTION, AND 2142 01:13:51,000 --> 01:13:53,600 INFLATION, ATTENTION ON FOOD 2143 01:13:53,600 --> 01:13:54,600 PRICE INDICES AFFECTING 2144 01:13:54,600 --> 01:13:56,880 CONSUMERS AND ABILITY TO PUSH 2145 01:13:56,880 --> 01:13:57,440 FOODS. 2146 01:13:57,440 --> 01:14:00,560 ALEX TALKED ABOUT MODELS WITH 2147 01:14:00,560 --> 01:14:03,240 THE AG NETWORK, BIOPHYSICAL 2148 01:14:03,240 --> 01:14:05,320 TRACKING PRODUCTIVITY, MOST 2149 01:14:05,320 --> 01:14:07,880 RECENT WORK HERE AT IFPRI, 2150 01:14:07,880 --> 01:14:11,880 TRANSLATING TO CROP YIELDS. 2151 01:14:11,880 --> 01:14:15,920 WE'VE GOT THE IMPACT MODEL, 2152 01:14:15,920 --> 01:14:20,120 GLOBAL MULTI-MARKET, ALLOWS US 2153 01:14:20,120 --> 01:14:22,400 TO CONNECT TO CONSUMER DEMAND, 2154 01:14:22,400 --> 01:14:23,840 PRICES AT GLOBAL COUNTRY, 2155 01:14:23,840 --> 01:14:26,200 SUBNATIONAL SCALES, SO ON. 2156 01:14:26,200 --> 01:14:28,000 THE KEY THING WITH THESE MODELS 2157 01:14:28,000 --> 01:14:29,760 AND METRICS THEY ARE FOCUSING ON 2158 01:14:29,760 --> 01:14:32,040 JUST A PARTICULAR ASPECT OF THE 2159 01:14:32,040 --> 01:14:34,440 FOOD SYSTEM, FOOD SUPPLY, FOOD 2160 01:14:34,440 --> 01:14:34,800 PRICES. 2161 01:14:34,800 --> 01:14:36,520 BUT THESE KINDS OF MODELS AND 2162 01:14:36,520 --> 01:14:39,920 TOOLS ALLOW US TO DIG DEEPLY 2163 01:14:39,920 --> 01:14:41,120 INTO INDIVIDUAL PRODUCTS, FAR 2164 01:14:41,120 --> 01:14:42,640 MORE DEEPLY THAN MOST OTHER 2165 01:14:42,640 --> 01:14:43,320 MODELS CAN. 2166 01:14:43,320 --> 01:14:44,880 TYPICALLY WHEN IT COMES TO FOOD 2167 01:14:44,880 --> 01:14:49,600 SECURITY THESE KIND OF MODELS 2168 01:14:49,600 --> 01:14:50,640 PERHAPS TYPICALLY, FORGIVE ME IF 2169 01:14:50,640 --> 01:14:53,080 I'M WRONG ABOUT YOUR MODELS, 2170 01:14:53,080 --> 01:14:56,240 TYPICALLY STOP TRACKING NATIONAL 2171 01:14:56,240 --> 01:14:56,760 CALORIE AVAILABILITY OR 2172 01:14:56,760 --> 01:14:58,960 COUNTING, A LOT OF WORK COUNTING 2173 01:14:58,960 --> 01:15:00,720 MICRONUTRIENTS, NOT QUITE DIE 2174 01:15:00,720 --> 01:15:02,240 ELSE BUT COUNTING MICRONUTRIENT 2175 01:15:02,240 --> 01:15:03,600 AVAILABILITY AND AT THE NATIONAL 2176 01:15:03,600 --> 01:15:04,200 LEVEL TYPICALLY. 2177 01:15:04,200 --> 01:15:05,960 HOW DO WE GET DOWN TO THE 2178 01:15:05,960 --> 01:15:09,360 HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, TALK ABOUT FOOD 2179 01:15:09,360 --> 01:15:12,120 ACCESS, FOOD AVAILABILITY, 2180 01:15:12,120 --> 01:15:13,880 AFFORDABILITY AND STABILITY? 2181 01:15:13,880 --> 01:15:15,840 WE'RE MOVING INTO TRADITIONAL 2182 01:15:15,840 --> 01:15:17,040 ECONOMIC MECHANISMS, HOW 2183 01:15:17,040 --> 01:15:18,040 HOUSEHOLDS EARN INCOMES, HOW 2184 01:15:18,040 --> 01:15:21,080 THEY CHOOSE TO SPEND INCOMES ON 2185 01:15:21,080 --> 01:15:21,360 FOOD. 2186 01:15:21,360 --> 01:15:23,360 INDICATORS LIKE PER CAPITA 2187 01:15:23,360 --> 01:15:25,480 INCOME, FOOD CONSUMPTION, THESE 2188 01:15:25,480 --> 01:15:27,200 ARE MORE MACRO AGGREGATE LEVEL 2189 01:15:27,200 --> 01:15:29,520 INDICATORS, ONCE WE GET DOWN TO 2190 01:15:29,520 --> 01:15:32,760 THE HOUSEHOLD LEVEL WE TRACK 2191 01:15:32,760 --> 01:15:35,080 POVERTY, FOOD SECURITY, 2192 01:15:35,080 --> 01:15:36,000 PREVALENCE OF UNDERNOURISHMENT 2193 01:15:36,000 --> 01:15:37,280 AND AND DIET QUALITY. 2194 01:15:37,280 --> 01:15:39,000 WE'RE WORRIED ABOUT FOOD 2195 01:15:39,000 --> 01:15:39,760 CONSUMPTION VARIABILITY. 2196 01:15:39,760 --> 01:15:42,440 THAT'S WHERE WE START TO GET 2197 01:15:42,440 --> 01:15:43,720 LINK TO CLIMATE. 2198 01:15:43,720 --> 01:15:45,680 KINDS OF MODELS WE NEED AT THIS 2199 01:15:45,680 --> 01:15:47,880 LEVEL ARE FAR MORE TYPICALLY 2200 01:15:47,880 --> 01:15:49,280 ECONOMY-WIDE BECAUSE WE NEED TO 2201 01:15:49,280 --> 01:15:50,480 LOOK AT HOUSEHOLD INCOME, NOT 2202 01:15:50,480 --> 01:15:52,600 ALL INCOMES COME FROM THE FARM. 2203 01:15:52,600 --> 01:15:53,240 MOST DON'T. 2204 01:15:53,240 --> 01:15:55,960 SO WE NEED TO THINK BROADLY 2205 01:15:55,960 --> 01:15:58,840 ABOUT ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AND 2206 01:15:58,840 --> 01:16:03,200 ECONOMY, AND THE BROADER FARM 2207 01:16:03,200 --> 01:16:04,760 COMPONENTS OF THE AGRIFOOD 2208 01:16:04,760 --> 01:16:07,160 SYSTEM, WE'VE GOT TOOLS, LINKED 2209 01:16:07,160 --> 01:16:08,640 TO HOUSEHOLD MICROSIMULATION, 2210 01:16:08,640 --> 01:16:09,800 HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, CAN TRACK 2211 01:16:09,800 --> 01:16:11,760 POVERTY AND FOOD SECURITY AND SO 2212 01:16:11,760 --> 01:16:12,120 ON. 2213 01:16:12,120 --> 01:16:14,360 THE CLIMATE LINK WITH THIS AREA 2214 01:16:14,360 --> 01:16:17,320 OF WORK IS TYPICALLY AROUND 2215 01:16:17,320 --> 01:16:18,240 LOOKING AT CLIMATE-DRIVEN 2216 01:16:18,240 --> 01:16:19,480 VARIABILITY, WE TALKED ABOUT 2217 01:16:19,480 --> 01:16:21,160 EXTREME EVENTS, SHOCKS AND SO 2218 01:16:21,160 --> 01:16:21,440 ON. 2219 01:16:21,440 --> 01:16:22,120 CAPTURING THOSE IMPACTS BEYOND 2220 01:16:22,120 --> 01:16:23,480 THE FARM. 2221 01:16:23,480 --> 01:16:25,280 YOU CAN SEE ONE LITTLE EXAMPLE 2222 01:16:25,280 --> 01:16:26,520 OF THE FRAMEWORK FOR LOOKING AT 2223 01:16:26,520 --> 01:16:29,480 NOT JUST IMPACTS OF CLIMATE ON 2224 01:16:29,480 --> 01:16:33,640 AGRICULTURE BUT ENERGY AND 2225 01:16:33,640 --> 01:16:35,160 AGRICULTURE, YOU CAN SEE ONE 2226 01:16:35,160 --> 01:16:36,360 RECENT EXAMPLE WHERE WE'RE 2227 01:16:36,360 --> 01:16:39,840 LOOKING AT WHAT DOES CLIMATE 2228 01:16:39,840 --> 01:16:43,000 VARIABILITY MEAN IN THE 2040s 2229 01:16:43,000 --> 01:16:44,240 UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE 2230 01:16:44,240 --> 01:16:46,520 PROJECTIONS, M.I.T. 2231 01:16:46,520 --> 01:16:47,200 PROBABILISTIC MODEL. 2232 01:16:47,200 --> 01:16:51,880 YOU CAN SEE THE BLUE LINE IS 1.5 2233 01:16:51,880 --> 01:16:57,040 CELSIUS SCENARIO, YOU CAN SEE A 2234 01:16:57,040 --> 01:17:01,280 WIDE RANGE FROM CLIMATE 2235 01:17:01,280 --> 01:17:02,520 VARIABILITY. 2236 01:17:02,520 --> 01:17:03,360 CLIMATE CHANGE, REFERENCE 2237 01:17:03,360 --> 01:17:04,240 SCENARIO IS WITHOUT GLOBAL 2238 01:17:04,240 --> 01:17:06,120 ACTION REALLY GOING TO WORSEN 2239 01:17:06,120 --> 01:17:07,640 POVERTY OVER TIME. 2240 01:17:07,640 --> 01:17:11,600 AND THEN JUST LOOKING AT THE 2241 01:17:11,600 --> 01:17:13,000 BOTTOM GRAPH, SAME APPROACH, THE 2242 01:17:13,000 --> 01:17:14,880 BLUE LINE IS IMPACT ON 2243 01:17:14,880 --> 01:17:16,960 AGRICULTURE WHICH CLEARLY CAUSE 2244 01:17:16,960 --> 01:17:19,360 LOSS IN NATIONAL GDP RELATIVE TO 2245 01:17:19,360 --> 01:17:20,560 NO CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIO, 2246 01:17:20,560 --> 01:17:21,000 100%. 2247 01:17:21,000 --> 01:17:23,520 BUT ONCE WE BRING IN ROAD 2248 01:17:23,520 --> 01:17:26,160 INFRASTRUCTURE FOR EXAMPLE AND 2249 01:17:26,160 --> 01:17:27,360 DAMAGES TO HYDROPOWER AND 2250 01:17:27,360 --> 01:17:29,960 FLOODING AND SEA LEVEL RISE, 2251 01:17:29,960 --> 01:17:34,000 OTHER FACTORS, THOSE IMPACTS GET 2252 01:17:34,000 --> 01:17:37,840 MUCH LARGER, IN MOZAMBIQUE ROAD 2253 01:17:37,840 --> 01:17:39,280 DAMAGE WITH OUTWEIGH DIRECT 2254 01:17:39,280 --> 01:17:44,160 IMPACT ON AGRICULTURE AND BE 2255 01:17:44,160 --> 01:17:44,840 MORE DETRIMENTAL. 2256 01:17:44,840 --> 01:17:47,360 AND LINKS TO HEALTH, I'M NOT 2257 01:17:47,360 --> 01:17:48,440 TALKING ABOUT NUTRITION, I'M 2258 01:17:48,440 --> 01:17:50,200 TALKING ABOUT HEALTH. 2259 01:17:50,200 --> 01:17:52,600 IT'S REALLY THROUGH DIET. 2260 01:17:52,600 --> 01:17:54,240 FROM AN ECONOMICS PERSPECTIVE 2261 01:17:54,240 --> 01:17:55,040 THE STRUCTURAL MODELERS CAN GET 2262 01:17:55,040 --> 01:17:58,040 YOU AS AS FAR AS DIET QUALITY 2263 01:17:58,040 --> 01:18:00,360 AND AFTER THAT IT'S ALL REDUCED 2264 01:18:00,360 --> 01:18:01,640 FORM STATISTICAL RELATIONSHIPS 2265 01:18:01,640 --> 01:18:02,680 WITHOUT STRONG UNDERSTANDING AS 2266 01:18:02,680 --> 01:18:06,160 BRUCE WAS SAYING ON THE SORT OF 2267 01:18:06,160 --> 01:18:06,680 MECHANISMS AT PLAY. 2268 01:18:06,680 --> 01:18:08,800 ONE QUICK THING ON DIET COST, 2269 01:18:08,800 --> 01:18:10,760 THERE'S A COTTAGE INDUSTRY ABOUT 2270 01:18:10,760 --> 01:18:12,400 MEASURING COST OF A HEALTHY 2271 01:18:12,400 --> 01:18:14,360 DIET, MUCH BETTER PEOPLE TO 2272 01:18:14,360 --> 01:18:15,560 SPEAK ABOUT THIS LIKE WILL 2273 01:18:15,560 --> 01:18:17,560 MASTERS AND OTHERS WHO CAN TALK 2274 01:18:17,560 --> 01:18:18,640 ABOUT MEASURING COST OF 2275 01:18:18,640 --> 01:18:19,960 REFERENCE HEALTHY DIET. 2276 01:18:19,960 --> 01:18:21,800 WE DO THE SAME, WE'VE GOT 2277 01:18:21,800 --> 01:18:23,560 MULTIPLE GROUPS DOING THE SAME 2278 01:18:23,560 --> 01:18:24,120 AT IFPRI. 2279 01:18:24,120 --> 01:18:29,600 WE FOUND AS YOU WORK IN THE 2280 01:18:29,600 --> 01:18:35,600 POOREST PARTS OF THE WORLD IN 2281 01:18:35,600 --> 01:18:38,680 MALAWI 95% CAN'T AFFORD IT, NOT 2282 01:18:38,680 --> 01:18:40,320 A GOOD METRIC FOR ADVISING 2283 01:18:40,320 --> 01:18:43,720 POLICY BECAUSE SO MANY PEOPLE 2284 01:18:43,720 --> 01:18:47,360 DON'T HAVE INCOME TO AFFORD THE 2285 01:18:47,360 --> 01:18:47,560 DIET. 2286 01:18:47,560 --> 01:18:48,960 SOMETHING WE'RE PUSHING FOR IS 2287 01:18:48,960 --> 01:18:50,280 MOVING TO THE DIET GAP MEASURE 2288 01:18:50,280 --> 01:18:53,440 SO YOU CAN SHOW YOU MAY NOT 2289 01:18:53,440 --> 01:18:54,640 QUITE ALLOW HOUSEHOLDS TO 2290 01:18:54,640 --> 01:18:57,280 ACHIEVE HEALTHY DIET BUT MOVING 2291 01:18:57,280 --> 01:18:59,920 CLOSER, LIKE A POVERTY GAP 2292 01:18:59,920 --> 01:19:00,240 MEASURE. 2293 01:19:00,240 --> 01:19:03,000 THAT'S WHERE WE NEED TO BE GOING 2294 01:19:03,000 --> 01:19:03,560 THINKING ABOUT DIETS. 2295 01:19:03,560 --> 01:19:05,440 AS I SAID WE CAN'T TAKE IT MUCH 2296 01:19:05,440 --> 01:19:06,920 PAST DIETS WHEN IT COMES TO 2297 01:19:06,920 --> 01:19:07,840 LINKING TO HEALTH AND NUTRITION 2298 01:19:07,840 --> 01:19:10,680 BUT THIS IS SOMETHING THAT WE 2299 01:19:10,680 --> 01:19:14,480 CAN MOVE TOWARDS IN THE FUTURE. 2300 01:19:14,480 --> 01:19:16,000 ONE OTHER THING, I'VE ADDED THIS 2301 01:19:16,000 --> 01:19:18,120 SLIDE, WE TALKED ABOUT HOW DO WE 2302 01:19:18,120 --> 01:19:19,880 WEIGH OFF THE TRADEOFFS. 2303 01:19:19,880 --> 01:19:24,760 ALL OF THESE OUTCOMES, ECONOMIC 2304 01:19:24,760 --> 01:19:27,080 OUTCOMES INTERCONNECT, JOBS 2305 01:19:27,080 --> 01:19:30,160 AFFECT POVERTY, AGRI FOOD SYSTEM 2306 01:19:30,160 --> 01:19:31,360 GDP, INCOME, IS AFFECTING 2307 01:19:31,360 --> 01:19:32,880 INCOMES FOR INDIVIDUAL 2308 01:19:32,880 --> 01:19:34,520 HOUSEHOLDS AND THEIR POVERTY 2309 01:19:34,520 --> 01:19:34,920 STATUS. 2310 01:19:34,920 --> 01:19:38,440 WE'RE FINDING THIS TIME AND 2311 01:19:38,440 --> 01:19:39,640 AGAIN, COUNTRY AFTER COUNTRY, 2312 01:19:39,640 --> 01:19:48,520 THESE TRADEOFFS WITH 2313 01:19:48,520 --> 01:19:50,160 UNAVOIDABLE. 2314 01:19:50,160 --> 01:19:52,120 WE CAN USE TOOLS TO MEASURE THE 2315 01:19:52,120 --> 01:19:53,520 SIZE OF THOSE TRADEOFFS. 2316 01:19:53,520 --> 01:19:54,760 THERE'S ONE EXAMPLE ON THE 2317 01:19:54,760 --> 01:19:57,160 RIGHT-HAND SIDE WE DID FOR THE 2318 01:19:57,160 --> 01:19:58,920 LONDON GOVERNMENT LOOK TOCK 2319 01:19:58,920 --> 01:20:03,080 DECIDE WHICH PRODUCTS TO INVEST 2320 01:20:03,080 --> 01:20:05,480 IN, WHICH VALUE CHAINS. 2321 01:20:05,480 --> 01:20:08,000 THESE ARE DIFFERENT OUTCOMES, 2322 01:20:08,000 --> 01:20:10,080 WHICH VALUE CHAIN'S GROWTH IS 2323 01:20:10,080 --> 01:20:11,760 MOST EFFECTIVE AND ACHIEVING 2324 01:20:11,760 --> 01:20:13,440 WHICH OUTCOMES? 2325 01:20:13,440 --> 01:20:15,680 BECAUSE YOU'RE GOOD AT REDUCING 2326 01:20:15,680 --> 01:20:17,640 POVERTY DOESN'T MEAN YOU'RE MOST 2327 01:20:17,640 --> 01:20:19,800 EFFECTIVE AT IMPROVING DIET 2328 01:20:19,800 --> 01:20:20,280 QUALITY. 2329 01:20:20,280 --> 01:20:23,120 TOOLS ARE USEFUL FOR US NOT ONLY 2330 01:20:23,120 --> 01:20:25,920 ASSESSING WHAT THE TRADEOFFS ARE 2331 01:20:25,920 --> 01:20:27,120 BUT HELPING MAKE DECISIONS. 2332 01:20:27,120 --> 01:20:29,320 LET ME END BY SAYING I'VE GONE 2333 01:20:29,320 --> 01:20:31,960 THROUGH A BUNCH OF ECONOMIC 2334 01:20:31,960 --> 01:20:32,640 CONSIDERATIONS, SUGGESTED THAT 2335 01:20:32,640 --> 01:20:34,720 WE DO NEED TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE 2336 01:20:34,720 --> 01:20:36,480 FACT IN OUR METRICS AND METHODS 2337 01:20:36,480 --> 01:20:38,880 THAT FOOD SYSTEMS GO BEYOND THE 2338 01:20:38,880 --> 01:20:39,200 FARM. 2339 01:20:39,200 --> 01:20:44,120 THAT CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS FOOD 2340 01:20:44,120 --> 01:20:48,640 SYSTEMS DIRECTLY THROUGH CROP 2341 01:20:48,640 --> 01:20:50,480 MODELS, IT'S IMPORTANT TO LOOK 2342 01:20:50,480 --> 01:20:52,480 AT IMPACTS DIRECTLY ON 2343 01:20:52,480 --> 01:20:53,680 AGRICULTURE BUT INDIRECT IMPACTS 2344 01:20:53,680 --> 01:20:57,080 THROUGH THE ROAD NETWORKS, 2345 01:20:57,080 --> 01:20:59,360 TRANSPORT COSTS, SORT OF WHAT'S 2346 01:20:59,360 --> 01:21:01,560 AFFECTING HOUSEHOLD INCOMES, 2347 01:21:01,560 --> 01:21:02,560 AFFECTING FOOD SYSTEMS 2348 01:21:02,560 --> 01:21:03,080 INDIRECTLY. 2349 01:21:03,080 --> 01:21:03,960 CLIMATE VARIABILITY IS A MAJOR 2350 01:21:03,960 --> 01:21:06,280 DIE MENTION OF FOOD INSECURITY 2351 01:21:06,280 --> 01:21:08,360 BUT ONE THAT DOESN'T GET ENOUGH 2352 01:21:08,360 --> 01:21:08,720 ATTENTION. 2353 01:21:08,720 --> 01:21:11,840 WE NEED TO LOOK AT STABILITY, 2354 01:21:11,840 --> 01:21:13,400 NOT JUST AVAILABILITY AND 2355 01:21:13,400 --> 01:21:13,840 ACCESS. 2356 01:21:13,840 --> 01:21:17,000 DIETS ARE A VERY EFFECTIVE 2357 01:21:17,000 --> 01:21:18,520 INTERSECTION OF CLIMATE FOOD 2358 01:21:18,520 --> 01:21:20,160 SYSTEMS AND NUTRITION, PREACHING 2359 01:21:20,160 --> 01:21:22,040 TO THE CHOIR WHEN I SAY THAT BUT 2360 01:21:22,040 --> 01:21:23,320 BOTTOM LINE WE'RE NOT GOING TO 2361 01:21:23,320 --> 01:21:24,440 COME UP WITH ANY SINGLE 2362 01:21:24,440 --> 01:21:26,080 INDICATOR THAT'S GOING TO 2363 01:21:26,080 --> 01:21:27,160 CAPTURE ALL THESE DIMENSIONS 2364 01:21:27,160 --> 01:21:28,320 I'VE TALKED ABOUT. 2365 01:21:28,320 --> 01:21:34,240 THERE ARE TWO THAT WE'RE 2366 01:21:34,240 --> 01:21:39,400 GRAVITATING TOWARDS, ONE IS 2367 01:21:39,400 --> 01:21:41,000 BROADER ACRIFOOD GDP MEASURE, 2368 01:21:41,000 --> 01:21:43,440 KEY THING IT ALLOWS YOU TO 2369 01:21:43,440 --> 01:21:44,120 CAPTURE AVAILABILITY AND 2370 01:21:44,120 --> 01:21:45,840 VARIABILITY, FORCES US TO THINK 2371 01:21:45,840 --> 01:21:48,840 WHAT'S HAPPENING BEYOND THE 2372 01:21:48,840 --> 01:21:49,040 FARM. 2373 01:21:49,040 --> 01:21:55,520 SECOND IS AROUND DIET ADEQUACY, 2374 01:21:55,520 --> 01:21:56,480 OUTCOMES OF MANY DRIVERS, SO 2375 01:21:56,480 --> 01:21:59,480 THESE ARE THE TWO WE'RE FOCUSING 2376 01:21:59,480 --> 01:22:02,400 IN ON IN SOME OF OUR RESEARCH IN 2377 01:22:02,400 --> 01:22:04,360 THE AREAS YOU'RE WORKING IN BUT 2378 01:22:04,360 --> 01:22:13,600 WE RECOGNIZE MUCH IS MISSING. 2379 01:22:13,600 --> 01:22:14,360 THANKS VERY MUCH. 2380 01:22:14,360 --> 01:22:15,800 >> THANK YOU, JAMES. 2381 01:22:15,800 --> 01:22:18,000 EXCELLENT PRESENTATION. 2382 01:22:18,000 --> 01:22:21,120 A GREAT OVERVIEW OF ALL OF THE 2383 01:22:21,120 --> 01:22:24,520 DIFFERENT TYPES OF ECONOMIC 2384 01:22:24,520 --> 01:22:25,000 CONSIDERATIONS. 2385 01:22:25,000 --> 01:22:30,560 ONE INITIAL QUESTION THAT CAME 2386 01:22:30,560 --> 01:22:31,840 TO MIND, OPERATIONAL ISSUES, SO 2387 01:22:31,840 --> 01:22:33,080 REPRESENTING, YOU KNOW, THE 2388 01:22:33,080 --> 01:22:35,440 DETAILS OF THE OPERATIONS THAT 2389 01:22:35,440 --> 01:22:37,920 IN TURN WILL CONNECT THESE 2390 01:22:37,920 --> 01:22:38,760 DIFFERENT SCALES, HOW MUCH OF 2391 01:22:38,760 --> 01:22:42,600 THAT TYPE OF WORK IS BEING DONE, 2392 01:22:42,600 --> 01:22:45,760 RANGING FROM SUPPLY CHAINS TO 2393 01:22:45,760 --> 01:22:47,600 DIFFERENT OTHER MORE SPECIFIC 2394 01:22:47,600 --> 01:22:49,280 PROCESSES OR MECHANISMS, BECAUSE 2395 01:22:49,280 --> 01:22:50,480 ONE OF THE CHALLENGES YOU'RE 2396 01:22:50,480 --> 01:22:52,360 OPERATING AT THE ECONOMIC SCALE 2397 01:22:52,360 --> 01:22:53,920 MANY TIMES, AND SORT OF THESE 2398 01:22:53,920 --> 01:22:57,280 ARE BROAD IMPACTS BUT THEN HOW 2399 01:22:57,280 --> 01:22:59,480 DO YOU START DIALING DOWN TO THE 2400 01:22:59,480 --> 01:23:00,680 INDIVIDUAL SCALE OR INDIVIDUAL 2401 01:23:00,680 --> 01:23:02,240 LEVEL? 2402 01:23:02,240 --> 01:23:04,280 >> IT'S A GREAT QUESTION. 2403 01:23:04,280 --> 01:23:06,080 IT'S SOMETHING WE SPEND MOST OF 2404 01:23:06,080 --> 01:23:10,960 OUR TIME BANGING OUR HEADS 2405 01:23:10,960 --> 01:23:11,200 AGAINST. 2406 01:23:11,200 --> 01:23:15,760 TYPICAL TOOLS WE USE, THAT ALEX 2407 01:23:15,760 --> 01:23:18,520 WAS TALKING ABOUT, CONSORTIUM 2408 01:23:18,520 --> 01:23:21,160 TYPE MODELS, ECONOMY-WIDE 2409 01:23:21,160 --> 01:23:21,800 MODELS. 2410 01:23:21,800 --> 01:23:29,600 VERY STRUCTURAL, BETWEEN NET 2411 01:23:29,600 --> 01:23:31,000 NETWORK, NEAR AGENT-BASED. 2412 01:23:31,000 --> 01:23:32,840 THE ADVANTAGES IS ECONOMY-WIDE 2413 01:23:32,840 --> 01:23:36,360 MODELS, THEY DO CAPTURE ALL OF 2414 01:23:36,360 --> 01:23:39,400 THESE STRUCTURAL LINKAGES FROM 2415 01:23:39,400 --> 01:23:40,080 PRODUCTION THROUGH SUPPLY, VALUE 2416 01:23:40,080 --> 01:23:41,600 CHAINS WITHIN THE COUNTRY AND 2417 01:23:41,600 --> 01:23:43,320 THE WORKERS AND PEOPLE WHO ARE 2418 01:23:43,320 --> 01:23:43,920 DEPENDENT ON THEM. 2419 01:23:43,920 --> 01:23:46,520 OF COURSE IT COMES WITH -- AND 2420 01:23:46,520 --> 01:23:48,160 IT'S EXTREMELY USEFUL BECAUSE 2421 01:23:48,160 --> 01:23:49,160 IT'S A DETERMINISTIC MODEL. 2422 01:23:49,160 --> 01:23:51,120 PEOPLE CALL IT A BLACK BOX BUT 2423 01:23:51,120 --> 01:23:54,600 THERE ARE WORSE BLACK BOXES TO 2424 01:23:54,600 --> 01:23:55,520 ADVISE POLICY WITH. 2425 01:23:55,520 --> 01:23:57,800 OF COURSE, THERE'S A DOWN SIDE. 2426 01:23:57,800 --> 01:23:59,760 THE HIGHER THE LEVEL WE WANT TO 2427 01:23:59,760 --> 01:24:02,040 LOOK AT ECONOMY FROM, YOU KNOW, 2428 01:24:02,040 --> 01:24:03,840 MORE ASSUMPTIONS WE HAVE TO 2429 01:24:03,840 --> 01:24:05,240 MAKE, LESS GRANULAR THE DATA IS 2430 01:24:05,240 --> 01:24:07,440 WE CAN WORK WITH AND SO ON. 2431 01:24:07,440 --> 01:24:09,160 SO I THINK MY FEELING IS WE'VE 2432 01:24:09,160 --> 01:24:11,360 GOT A LOT TO BUILD ON IN 2433 01:24:11,360 --> 01:24:13,680 ECONOMICS, TO THINK ABOUT THE 2434 01:24:13,680 --> 01:24:14,320 STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS, 2435 01:24:14,320 --> 01:24:15,760 DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE ECONOMY, 2436 01:24:15,760 --> 01:24:17,320 PRODUCERS THROUGH TO HOUSEHOLDS 2437 01:24:17,320 --> 01:24:17,720 AND CONSUMERS. 2438 01:24:17,720 --> 01:24:19,560 THERE'S GOING TO BE NO SINGLE 2439 01:24:19,560 --> 01:24:20,920 MODEL THAT'S GOING TO TELL THE 2440 01:24:20,920 --> 01:24:21,800 WHOLE STORY. 2441 01:24:21,800 --> 01:24:24,760 SO WE NEED TO WORK TOGETHER AS 2442 01:24:24,760 --> 01:24:27,200 WE ALWAYS DO WITH THE VALUE 2443 01:24:27,200 --> 01:24:28,680 CHAIN SPECIALISTS DIGGING DEEPLY 2444 01:24:28,680 --> 01:24:30,840 INTO THE MECHANISMS AT PLAY AND 2445 01:24:30,840 --> 01:24:32,320 PARTICULAR PART OF THE COUNTRY 2446 01:24:32,320 --> 01:24:34,400 OR PARTICULAR SECTOR WITHIN THE 2447 01:24:34,400 --> 01:24:34,840 ECONOMY. 2448 01:24:34,840 --> 01:24:37,120 AND SO WE HAVE TO SORT OF MERGE 2449 01:24:37,120 --> 01:24:39,960 THE TWO TOGETHER. 2450 01:24:39,960 --> 01:24:42,200 WE HAVE TO -- BUT IT CREATES A 2451 01:24:42,200 --> 01:24:42,600 CHALLENGE. 2452 01:24:42,600 --> 01:24:45,280 IF YOU CAN SETTLE ON KEY 2453 01:24:45,280 --> 01:24:46,200 METRICS, EVERYONE AGREES THEY 2454 01:24:46,200 --> 01:24:48,600 ARE CONCERNED WITH, IT BECOMES A 2455 01:24:48,600 --> 01:24:49,920 USEFUL WAY OF BUILDING 2456 01:24:49,920 --> 01:24:51,400 COLLABORATION AND FOCUSING THE 2457 01:24:51,400 --> 01:24:52,680 RESEARCH TOWARDS A COMMON GOAL. 2458 01:24:52,680 --> 01:24:55,160 SO I REALLY SUPPORT THE IDEA OF 2459 01:24:55,160 --> 01:24:56,720 FINDING THE METRICS THAT 2460 01:24:56,720 --> 01:24:59,400 RESONATE WITH EVERYONE, EVEN IF 2461 01:24:59,400 --> 01:25:00,560 THEY DON'T SATISFY EVERYONE 2462 01:25:00,560 --> 01:25:03,160 ENTIRELY, AND THAT BECOMES A 2463 01:25:03,160 --> 01:25:05,040 REAL FRAMING DEVICE FOR 2464 01:25:05,040 --> 01:25:05,400 COLLABORATION. 2465 01:25:05,400 --> 01:25:12,160 >> THANKS. 2466 01:25:12,160 --> 01:25:15,560 >> I WAS GOING TO JUMP IN VERY 2467 01:25:15,560 --> 01:25:16,200 BRIEFLY. 2468 01:25:16,200 --> 01:25:19,280 AND, JAMES, THANKS FOR THAT 2469 01:25:19,280 --> 01:25:20,480 PRESENTATION. 2470 01:25:20,480 --> 01:25:21,560 EXCELLENT. 2471 01:25:21,560 --> 01:25:23,680 I WANTED TO ENCOURAGE PEOPLE WHO 2472 01:25:23,680 --> 01:25:26,960 ARE JOINING US THAT IF YOU PUT 2473 01:25:26,960 --> 01:25:31,920 YOUR HAND UP, YOUR ZOOM HAND, 2474 01:25:31,920 --> 01:25:34,640 WE'LL BE SURE TO ALLOW YOU TO 2475 01:25:34,640 --> 01:25:35,840 ASK JAMES A QUESTION, THAT GOES 2476 01:25:35,840 --> 01:25:37,160 FOR ALL THE SPEAKERS TODAY. 2477 01:25:37,160 --> 01:25:39,120 WITH SOME WORK THAT WE DO IN THE 2478 01:25:39,120 --> 01:25:42,200 UNITED STATES, WHICH IS REALLY 2479 01:25:42,200 --> 01:25:43,840 WHERE MY WORK, I'M MOST 2480 01:25:43,840 --> 01:25:47,240 FAMILIAR, WE'RE INTERESTED IN 2481 01:25:47,240 --> 01:25:49,080 THIS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FOOD 2482 01:25:49,080 --> 01:25:52,160 COSTS, I SHOULD SAY DIET COST, 2483 01:25:52,160 --> 01:25:53,040 AND DIET QUALITY, RIGHT? 2484 01:25:53,040 --> 01:25:55,960 WHAT WE SEE WHEN WE LOOK AT, FOR 2485 01:25:55,960 --> 01:25:58,520 EXAMPLE, NHANES DATA WE SEE AS 2486 01:25:58,520 --> 01:26:01,680 PEOPLE ARE INCREASING IN THEIR 2487 01:26:01,680 --> 01:26:02,880 DIET QUALITY, THEY END UP 2488 01:26:02,880 --> 01:26:05,040 SPENDING MORE ON THEIR FOOD, AND 2489 01:26:05,040 --> 01:26:07,160 THEN THE CONCLUSION IS OFTEN 2490 01:26:07,160 --> 01:26:10,320 REACHED THAT A HIGHER QUALITY 2491 01:26:10,320 --> 01:26:11,480 DIET IS MORE EXPENSIVE. 2492 01:26:11,480 --> 01:26:13,600 ALSO WHAT WE CAN SEE FROM THE 2493 01:26:13,600 --> 01:26:17,000 DATA IS THIS IS MORE 2494 01:26:17,000 --> 01:26:18,400 THEORETICAL, THAT WE CAN 2495 01:26:18,400 --> 01:26:20,200 CONSTRUCT A HEALTHY DIET THAT'S 2496 01:26:20,200 --> 01:26:21,160 ALSO AFFORDABLE, RIGHT? 2497 01:26:21,160 --> 01:26:24,000 I'M THINKING ABOUT THE THRIFTY 2498 01:26:24,000 --> 01:26:26,280 FOOD PLAN AT USDA. 2499 01:26:26,280 --> 01:26:28,040 SO THOSE TWO CONCEPTS ARE 2500 01:26:28,040 --> 01:26:29,280 OPPOSED, RIGHT? 2501 01:26:29,280 --> 01:26:30,760 ONE IS ACTUAL, WHAT PEOPLE ARE 2502 01:26:30,760 --> 01:26:32,680 ACTUALLY EATING AND PAYING. 2503 01:26:32,680 --> 01:26:33,720 THE OTHER IS THEORETICALLY 2504 01:26:33,720 --> 01:26:34,760 WHAT'S POSSIBLE. 2505 01:26:34,760 --> 01:26:36,800 AND WE'RE OFTEN STRANGE TO MAKE 2506 01:26:36,800 --> 01:26:39,600 CONCLUSIONS BASED ON WHAT SEEMS 2507 01:26:39,600 --> 01:26:40,320 LIKE INCOMPATIBLE RESULTS, I 2508 01:26:40,320 --> 01:26:42,040 DON'T KNOW IF YOU COULD SAY 2509 01:26:42,040 --> 01:26:43,040 ANYTHING ABOUT HOW BEST DO YOU 2510 01:26:43,040 --> 01:26:44,800 THINK WE SHOULD BE THINKING 2511 01:26:44,800 --> 01:26:49,120 ABOUT THAT AND APPROACHING THAT. 2512 01:26:49,120 --> 01:26:50,480 >> THERE ARE MUCH BETTER PEOPLE 2513 01:26:50,480 --> 01:26:52,240 TO ANSWER SOME QUESTIONS YOU'RE 2514 01:26:52,240 --> 01:26:54,680 RAISING. 2515 01:26:54,680 --> 01:26:57,160 BUT TO MY MIND, I THINK YOU'RE 2516 01:26:57,160 --> 01:26:59,280 ABSOLUTELY RIGHT. 2517 01:26:59,280 --> 01:27:01,680 I THINK WE'VE GOT THESE BIG 2518 01:27:01,680 --> 01:27:04,920 GLOBAL DIETS WITH QUITE A LARGE 2519 01:27:04,920 --> 01:27:07,120 COMPONENT, ASSIGNED TO PROTEIN 2520 01:27:07,120 --> 01:27:08,560 ANIMAL-SOURCE FOODS, THEY ARE 2521 01:27:08,560 --> 01:27:09,680 MORE EXPENSIVE. 2522 01:27:09,680 --> 01:27:15,040 IT DOES RAISE THE COST OF FOOD 2523 01:27:15,040 --> 01:27:16,800 FOR MANY HOUSEHOLDS PARTICULARLY 2524 01:27:16,800 --> 01:27:17,680 IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES WHERE 2525 01:27:17,680 --> 01:27:19,560 THEY ARE SO FAR FROM WHAT COULD 2526 01:27:19,560 --> 01:27:20,760 BE A HEALTHY DIET. 2527 01:27:20,760 --> 01:27:23,600 WHERE WE NEED TO MOVE TO THOUGH, 2528 01:27:23,600 --> 01:27:27,080 AND SO WE CAN CONSTRUCT A 2529 01:27:27,080 --> 01:27:27,960 CHEAPER DIET, CHEAPER HEALTHY 2530 01:27:27,960 --> 01:27:32,040 DIET BUT OFTEN THAT REQUIRES A 2531 01:27:32,040 --> 01:27:33,440 SHIFT IN CONSUMER PREFERENCES. 2532 01:27:33,440 --> 01:27:36,720 WE HAVE WAYS TO NUDGE CONSUMER 2533 01:27:36,720 --> 01:27:36,960 BEHAVIOR. 2534 01:27:36,960 --> 01:27:38,120 BUT I THINK WE NEED TO BE 2535 01:27:38,120 --> 01:27:40,120 REALISTIC ABOUT WHAT IS ACTUALLY 2536 01:27:40,120 --> 01:27:42,320 POSSIBLE AND SO ON. 2537 01:27:42,320 --> 01:27:46,760 SO, THIS IDEA WE'RE GOING TO 2538 01:27:46,760 --> 01:27:48,760 ELIMINATE ANIMAL-BASED DIET IS 2539 01:27:48,760 --> 01:27:49,400 PROBABLY UNREALISTIC ACROSS THE 2540 01:27:49,400 --> 01:27:49,600 GLOBE. 2541 01:27:49,600 --> 01:27:51,280 THERE WILL BE MOMENTS OF SUCCESS 2542 01:27:51,280 --> 01:27:53,360 AND MOVEMENTS IN THE RIGHT 2543 01:27:53,360 --> 01:27:54,320 DIRECTION BUT PROBABLY 2544 01:27:54,320 --> 01:27:56,800 UNREALISTIC, PARTICULARLY IN 2545 01:27:56,800 --> 01:27:57,720 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. 2546 01:27:57,720 --> 01:28:01,440 I THINK AS A FIELD WE CAN 2547 01:28:01,440 --> 01:28:02,440 INCREASINGLY RECOGNIZE THAT 2548 01:28:02,440 --> 01:28:08,320 PEOPLE ALREADY ARE REVEALING 2549 01:28:08,320 --> 01:28:09,720 PREFERENCE, GIVEN LOCAL FOOD 2550 01:28:09,720 --> 01:28:10,800 ENVIRONMENT, PRICES, TIMES OF 2551 01:28:10,800 --> 01:28:13,040 FOOD AVAILABLE. 2552 01:28:13,040 --> 01:28:14,680 RATHER THAN COMING UP WITH THIS 2553 01:28:14,680 --> 01:28:17,600 IS THE SINGLE DIET THAT WE NEED 2554 01:28:17,600 --> 01:28:19,160 ALL HOUSEHOLDS TO STRIVE TOWARDS 2555 01:28:19,160 --> 01:28:20,720 WE CAN TAKE AS A STARTING POINT 2556 01:28:20,720 --> 01:28:22,520 THE DIETS THAT HOUSEHOLDS 2557 01:28:22,520 --> 01:28:23,640 ALREADY HAVE, INADEQUATE, BUT 2558 01:28:23,640 --> 01:28:26,200 USE THAT AS A STARTING POINT TO 2559 01:28:26,200 --> 01:28:28,880 FIND THEM THE SHORTEST DISTANCE 2560 01:28:28,880 --> 01:28:31,320 TO THE DIET THAT PERHAPS 2561 01:28:31,320 --> 01:28:34,040 SATISFIES MICRONUTRIENT 2562 01:28:34,040 --> 01:28:37,360 REQUIREMENTS AND OTHER THINGS. 2563 01:28:37,360 --> 01:28:39,680 THE SHORTEST FROM WHERE THEY 2564 01:28:39,680 --> 01:28:40,560 CURRENTLY ARE. 2565 01:28:40,560 --> 01:28:42,840 THERE ARE EFFORTS UNDERWAY TO 2566 01:28:42,840 --> 01:28:44,360 COME UP WITH HOUSEHOLD-SPECIFIC 2567 01:28:44,360 --> 01:28:45,360 HEALTHY DIETS CLOSEES TO WHERE 2568 01:28:45,360 --> 01:28:46,920 THEY ARE RIGHT NOW. 2569 01:28:46,920 --> 01:28:50,080 IF WE MOVE THE FIELD IN THAT 2570 01:28:50,080 --> 01:28:53,360 DIRECTION, I THINK WE ARE 2571 01:28:53,360 --> 01:28:54,880 PROBABLY MOST LIKELY SORT OF 2572 01:28:54,880 --> 01:28:59,000 CLOSER TO OUR GOAL THAN HAVING 2573 01:28:59,000 --> 01:28:59,600 THESE INCREDIBLY EXPENSIVE 2574 01:28:59,600 --> 01:28:59,920 DIETS. 2575 01:28:59,920 --> 01:29:01,120 THERE'S MORE WORK THAT NEEDS TO 2576 01:29:01,120 --> 01:29:03,520 BE DONE THERE, AND IT'S GOING TO 2577 01:29:03,520 --> 01:29:08,120 BE A LOT MORE POLITICALLY EASIER 2578 01:29:08,120 --> 01:29:12,400 TO SELL TO A DIVERSE GLOBAL 2579 01:29:12,400 --> 01:29:17,080 POPULATION THAN EAT LANCET 1. 2580 01:29:17,080 --> 01:29:18,320 >> I WANT TO GIVE DAN AN 2581 01:29:18,320 --> 01:29:22,160 OPPORTUNITY TO ASK A QUESTION. 2582 01:29:22,160 --> 01:29:22,680 >> GREAT PRESENTATION. 2583 01:29:22,680 --> 01:29:24,360 THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR STEPPING 2584 01:29:24,360 --> 01:29:25,560 IN AND BEING INVOLVED. 2585 01:29:25,560 --> 01:29:29,080 WE VERY MUCH APPRECIATE THAT. 2586 01:29:29,080 --> 01:29:34,440 WE HAD A PRESENTATION AT THE 2587 01:29:34,440 --> 01:29:36,280 LAST WORKSHOP FOCUSING ON THE 2588 01:29:36,280 --> 01:29:37,200 ECONOMICS FROM A PRODUCER 2589 01:29:37,200 --> 01:29:40,680 PRODUCTION POINT OF VIEW. 2590 01:29:40,680 --> 01:29:45,280 WE ALSO HAD THE WORKING GROUP 2 2591 01:29:45,280 --> 01:29:46,280 FOCUSED ON DIETARY PATTERNS, IN 2592 01:29:46,280 --> 01:29:50,560 FACT ON SOME ISSUES YOU JUST 2593 01:29:50,560 --> 01:29:51,320 RAISED. 2594 01:29:51,320 --> 01:29:54,960 I'M WONDERING IF FOLKS -- I SAW 2595 01:29:54,960 --> 01:29:57,480 ONE ON THE CALL, AND I THINK 2596 01:29:57,480 --> 01:29:58,960 SYLVIA FROM WORKING GROUP 2, IF 2597 01:29:58,960 --> 01:30:00,760 ANY PEOPLE FROM WORKING GROUPS 2 2598 01:30:00,760 --> 01:30:03,920 OR 3 WOULD LIKE TO COMMENT ABOUT 2599 01:30:03,920 --> 01:30:05,760 THE CONTENT, YOU KNOW, PUTTING 2600 01:30:05,760 --> 01:30:06,400 WHAT WE'VE HEARD TODAY INTO 2601 01:30:06,400 --> 01:30:08,200 CONTEXT OF WHAT YOU GUYS ARE 2602 01:30:08,200 --> 01:30:10,480 DOING? 2603 01:30:10,480 --> 01:30:11,920 2604 01:30:11,920 --> 01:30:15,880 NO? 2605 01:30:15,880 --> 01:30:19,120 I THINK IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT TO 2606 01:30:19,120 --> 01:30:23,320 NOTE THAT THE ULTIMATE GOAL HERE 2607 01:30:23,320 --> 01:30:25,040 IS TO AFFECT CHANGE AND 2608 01:30:25,040 --> 01:30:27,400 BEHAVIOR, WITH REGARD TO CHOICES 2609 01:30:27,400 --> 01:30:29,160 OF PEOPLE MAKE ON THE PRODUCTION 2610 01:30:29,160 --> 01:30:33,240 SIDE AND YOUR POINT ABOUT THE 2611 01:30:33,240 --> 01:30:36,000 COMPREHENSIVE FOOD SYSTEM IS 2612 01:30:36,000 --> 01:30:36,640 IMPORTANT. 2613 01:30:36,640 --> 01:30:38,720 AND THE CONSUMER SIDE. 2614 01:30:38,720 --> 01:30:42,440 AND THIS ISSUE OF DIET QUALITY, 2615 01:30:42,440 --> 01:30:44,280 AGAIN, IS NOT SUFFICIENT TO GET 2616 01:30:44,280 --> 01:30:46,840 US WHERE WE NEED TO GO WITH 2617 01:30:46,840 --> 01:30:48,360 REGARD TO PROGRAMS, POLICIES, 2618 01:30:48,360 --> 01:30:49,880 INTERVENTIONS TO ADDRESS DIET 2619 01:30:49,880 --> 01:30:51,680 AND HEALTH. 2620 01:30:51,680 --> 01:30:55,560 WE REALLY NEED TO INTEGRATE THE 2621 01:30:55,560 --> 01:30:57,120 CONTRIBUTION OF THE HEALTH 2622 01:30:57,120 --> 01:30:57,440 CONTEXT. 2623 01:30:57,440 --> 01:30:59,320 HAVE YOU GUYS BEEN DEALING -- 2624 01:30:59,320 --> 01:31:02,560 I'VE DONE SOME WORK WITH JEFF 2625 01:31:02,560 --> 01:31:07,960 LEROY AND OTHER FOLKS AT IFPRI 2626 01:31:07,960 --> 01:31:10,920 ABOUT SPECIFIC HEALTH ISSUES OF 2627 01:31:10,920 --> 01:31:11,360 CONCERN. 2628 01:31:11,360 --> 01:31:13,400 HAVE YOU INTEGRATED THOSE THINGS 2629 01:31:13,400 --> 01:31:14,080 INTO YOUR ANALYSES? 2630 01:31:14,080 --> 01:31:15,040 >> GREAT QUESTION. 2631 01:31:15,040 --> 01:31:16,640 JEFF IS A REAL NUTRITIONIST, I'M 2632 01:31:16,640 --> 01:31:18,040 CERTAINLY NOT. 2633 01:31:18,040 --> 01:31:22,640 I'M A DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIST, NOT 2634 01:31:22,640 --> 01:31:23,640 EVEN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMIST. 2635 01:31:23,640 --> 01:31:26,880 NUTRITION GOAL WOULD BE TO GET 2636 01:31:26,880 --> 01:31:28,640 TO STUNTING AND WASTING AND 2637 01:31:28,640 --> 01:31:29,880 REPORT ON SOMETHING CLOSER TO 2638 01:31:29,880 --> 01:31:30,120 NUTRITION. 2639 01:31:30,120 --> 01:31:33,120 LET ME SAY I DIDN'T EVEN MENTION 2640 01:31:33,120 --> 01:31:35,200 EFFECT OF HEAT STRESS AND LABOR, 2641 01:31:35,200 --> 01:31:36,760 I SHOULD HAVE EMPHASIZED THAT. 2642 01:31:36,760 --> 01:31:41,640 THERE'S A LOT OF INTERESTING 2643 01:31:41,640 --> 01:31:42,760 WORK LOOKING AT THE IMPACT 2644 01:31:42,760 --> 01:31:43,000 CHANNEL. 2645 01:31:43,000 --> 01:31:45,600 >> IN THE SENSE OF THE WORK 2646 01:31:45,600 --> 01:31:48,120 FORCE, IN ADDITION TO PREGNANCY 2647 01:31:48,120 --> 01:31:48,400 OUTCOMES. 2648 01:31:48,400 --> 01:31:49,880 >> EXTREME HEAT, YES, EXACTLY. 2649 01:31:49,880 --> 01:31:52,400 AFFECTING PEOPLE WORKING IN 2650 01:31:52,400 --> 01:31:53,240 CONSTRUCTION, AGRICULTURE, SO 2651 01:31:53,240 --> 01:31:53,760 ON. 2652 01:31:53,760 --> 01:31:55,600 IN TERMS OF STUNTING AND WASTING 2653 01:31:55,600 --> 01:31:58,320 WE DO -- THERE ARE MODELS, 2654 01:31:58,320 --> 01:31:59,720 ECONOMIC MODELS THAT WILL TELL 2655 01:31:59,720 --> 01:32:00,960 YOU THIS MUCH INCREASE IN 2656 01:32:00,960 --> 01:32:02,520 AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION WILL LEAD 2657 01:32:02,520 --> 01:32:04,240 TO THIS MUCH REDUCTION IN 2658 01:32:04,240 --> 01:32:05,760 STUNTING AND WASTING. 2659 01:32:05,760 --> 01:32:07,640 THERE'S A LOT OF STRUCTURE UNTIL 2660 01:32:07,640 --> 01:32:09,360 THAT FINAL STEP WHERE THEY GET 2661 01:32:09,360 --> 01:32:10,360 TO THE STUNTING AND WASTING. 2662 01:32:10,360 --> 01:32:13,880 THAT'S WHEN WE JUMP TO 2663 01:32:13,880 --> 01:32:15,520 STATISTICAL RELATIONSHIPS AND 2664 01:32:15,520 --> 01:32:17,160 SAY -- WASH OUR HANDS OF 2665 01:32:17,160 --> 01:32:17,720 UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISM 2666 01:32:17,720 --> 01:32:20,000 BECAUSE I DON'T THINK WE HAVE A 2667 01:32:20,000 --> 01:32:24,200 STRONG, PLEASE CORRECT ME IF I'M 2668 01:32:24,200 --> 01:32:26,360 WRONG, A STRONG ENOUGH ECONOMIC 2669 01:32:26,360 --> 01:32:28,120 THEORY UNDERPINNING THE FINAL 2670 01:32:28,120 --> 01:32:29,480 DRIVERS OF STUNTING AND WASTING 2671 01:32:29,480 --> 01:32:31,400 TO ALLOW US TO MODEL THE 2672 01:32:31,400 --> 01:32:32,480 STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN 2673 01:32:32,480 --> 01:32:35,440 THE ECONOMY AND THOSE PARTICULAR 2674 01:32:35,440 --> 01:32:35,840 OUTCOMES. 2675 01:32:35,840 --> 01:32:40,680 SO IT'S WHY THE STRUCTURAL 2676 01:32:40,680 --> 01:32:42,200 MODELERS AT IFPRI, LIKE ME, STOP 2677 01:32:42,200 --> 01:32:43,960 AT DIETS. 2678 01:32:43,960 --> 01:32:46,720 THAT WAS A RECOMMENDATION FROM 2679 01:32:46,720 --> 01:32:50,560 JEFF'S PREVIOUS BOSS MARIE WHO 2680 01:32:50,560 --> 01:32:51,520 SAID DIET QUALITY, HEALTHY 2681 01:32:51,520 --> 01:32:52,960 DIETS, HEALTHY AND SUSTAINABLE 2682 01:32:52,960 --> 01:32:55,360 DIETS IS PROBABLY AS FAR AS YOU 2683 01:32:55,360 --> 01:32:58,080 SHOULD TRY AND PUSH OUR 2684 01:32:58,080 --> 01:33:02,560 PARTICULAR RESEARCH AGENDA. 2685 01:33:02,560 --> 01:33:02,760 YEAH. 2686 01:33:02,760 --> 01:33:04,040 >> I'VE HAD THAT CONVERSATION 2687 01:33:04,040 --> 01:33:07,640 WITH MARIE AS WELL. 2688 01:33:07,640 --> 01:33:09,160 I'M WONDERING, I SAW NANCY KREBS 2689 01:33:09,160 --> 01:33:09,920 FROM WORKING GROUP 1. 2690 01:33:09,920 --> 01:33:11,720 PART OF THE ISSUE WHEN YOU TAKE 2691 01:33:11,720 --> 01:33:15,680 ISSUES LIKE STUNTING WHICH IS A 2692 01:33:15,680 --> 01:33:16,960 MULTI-DIMENSIONAL HEALTH ISSUE, 2693 01:33:16,960 --> 01:33:20,920 WE DON'T DEAL WITH IT AS 2694 01:33:20,920 --> 01:33:22,880 MULTI-DIMENSIONAL BUT A GLOBAL 2695 01:33:22,880 --> 01:33:23,640 TARGET AND MAKE ASSUMPTIONS 2696 01:33:23,640 --> 01:33:25,920 ABOUT THE ROLE OF DIET AND 2697 01:33:25,920 --> 01:33:27,360 NUTRITION, AND THAT'S AS FAR AS 2698 01:33:27,360 --> 01:33:30,640 WE GO, BUT WE DON'T INTEGRATE 2699 01:33:30,640 --> 01:33:33,520 THE COMPLEXITY OF THE BIOLOGY OF 2700 01:33:33,520 --> 01:33:34,840 THESE DISEASES INTO THIS 2701 01:33:34,840 --> 01:33:35,560 APPROACH. 2702 01:33:35,560 --> 01:33:38,240 NANCY, ARE YOU THERE? 2703 01:33:38,240 --> 01:33:40,960 >> I AM. 2704 01:33:40,960 --> 01:33:44,000 I WAS ACTUALLY AGREEING WITH 2705 01:33:44,000 --> 01:33:47,320 JAMES ON STOPPING AT MAYBE WITH 2706 01:33:47,320 --> 01:33:48,760 DIETS AND MARIA'S RECOMMENDATION 2707 01:33:48,760 --> 01:33:53,280 BECAUSE WE DON'T EXACTLY KNOW 2708 01:33:53,280 --> 01:33:54,400 WHAT FIXES STUNTING EXCEPT 2709 01:33:54,400 --> 01:33:57,480 ECONOMIC STATUS AND BETTER 2710 01:33:57,480 --> 01:33:58,800 ENVIRONMENTS, REDUCED POVERTY, 2711 01:33:58,800 --> 01:34:00,880 SOMEHOW MAKE STUNTING BETTER. 2712 01:34:00,880 --> 01:34:06,800 SO IT'S VERY COMPLEX, AS DAN IS 2713 01:34:06,800 --> 01:34:09,440 SAYING. 2714 01:34:09,440 --> 01:34:13,360 >> THANKS, NANCY. 2715 01:34:13,360 --> 01:34:14,320 THANKS, DAN. 2716 01:34:14,320 --> 01:34:17,320 AND AS DAN AND ZACH MENTIONED, 2717 01:34:17,320 --> 01:34:18,400 WE WELCOME QUESTIONS. 2718 01:34:18,400 --> 01:34:19,720 SO PLEASE FEEL FREE TO RAISE 2719 01:34:19,720 --> 01:34:21,360 YOUR HAND OR JUMP INTO THE 2720 01:34:21,360 --> 01:34:21,800 CONVERSATION. 2721 01:34:21,800 --> 01:34:24,520 BUT WE HAVE PLENTY OF THINGS TO 2722 01:34:24,520 --> 01:34:26,360 ASK JAMES AND HIS EXPERTISE. 2723 01:34:26,360 --> 01:34:29,560 FEEL FREE TO RAISE YOUR HAND. 2724 01:34:29,560 --> 01:34:32,960 NANCY, YOU'VE GOT YOUR HAND 2725 01:34:32,960 --> 01:34:33,200 RAISED. 2726 01:34:33,200 --> 01:34:34,920 >> YES, THANK YOU. 2727 01:34:34,920 --> 01:34:39,440 THIS IS A VERY NAIVE QUESTION. 2728 01:34:39,440 --> 01:34:41,840 SO FASCINATING AND OUT OF MY 2729 01:34:41,840 --> 01:34:43,040 LANE. 2730 01:34:43,040 --> 01:34:45,680 START WITH THAT. 2731 01:34:45,680 --> 01:34:48,520 JAMES, IN YOUR MODELS ABOUT 2732 01:34:48,520 --> 01:34:51,520 SHOWING THE DIFFERENT OUTSIDE OF 2733 01:34:51,520 --> 01:34:53,040 AGRICULTURE ITSELF, THE 2734 01:34:53,040 --> 01:34:54,760 PRODUCTION, SO IN HIGH-INCOME 2735 01:34:54,760 --> 01:34:56,480 COUNTRIES, IT'S MUCH MORE ABOUT 2736 01:34:56,480 --> 01:34:58,440 THE PROCESS, ALL THE MIDDLEMEN, 2737 01:34:58,440 --> 01:35:02,160 IF YOU WILL, WHERE THE COST IS 2738 01:35:02,160 --> 01:35:03,800 ASSOCIATED AND PROFITS, AND 2739 01:35:03,800 --> 01:35:07,000 SOMEBODY MENTIONED THRIFTY FOOD 2740 01:35:07,000 --> 01:35:08,720 PLAN, WHICH IMPLIES MORE COOKING 2741 01:35:08,720 --> 01:35:10,240 AND HOME-BASED KINDS OF 2742 01:35:10,240 --> 01:35:11,280 PROCESSES. 2743 01:35:11,280 --> 01:35:14,880 AND THAT'S NOT WHERE CONSUMER 2744 01:35:14,880 --> 01:35:16,200 BEHAVIOR IS. 2745 01:35:16,200 --> 01:35:18,080 BUT I WONDERED IF YOUR MODELS IF 2746 01:35:18,080 --> 01:35:20,680 YOU'RE THINKING ABOUT IMPACT OF 2747 01:35:20,680 --> 01:35:22,000 MORE LOCALLY OR REGIONAL 2748 01:35:22,000 --> 01:35:23,960 PRODUCTION, VERSUS THE MORE 2749 01:35:23,960 --> 01:35:25,040 CENTRALIZED PROCESSES WE HAVE 2750 01:35:25,040 --> 01:35:27,680 NOW, AND HOW THAT COULD IMPACT 2751 01:35:27,680 --> 01:35:29,320 THOSE COSTS, THOSE BAR GRAPHS 2752 01:35:29,320 --> 01:35:31,600 YOU SHOWED AT THE DIFFERENT 2753 01:35:31,600 --> 01:35:33,360 COMPONENTS OF THE EXPENSE OF 2754 01:35:33,360 --> 01:35:36,120 FOODS, AND WOULD THAT MAKE 2755 01:35:36,120 --> 01:35:37,960 HEALTHIER DIETS -- WOULD CHANGES 2756 01:35:37,960 --> 01:35:41,680 MAKE HEALTHIER DIETS MORE 2757 01:35:41,680 --> 01:35:42,800 ACCESSIBLE TO MORE PEOPLE? 2758 01:35:42,800 --> 01:35:45,040 >> JUST TO SAY I'M NEVER IN MY 2759 01:35:45,040 --> 01:35:46,920 LANE, EVER, RIGHT? I'M A MASTER 2760 01:35:46,920 --> 01:35:48,880 OF NOTHING. 2761 01:35:48,880 --> 01:35:51,080 NO, I THINK THE -- WHAT'S REALLY 2762 01:35:51,080 --> 01:35:52,480 INTERESTING ABOUT THE FOOD 2763 01:35:52,480 --> 01:35:54,560 SYSTEM IN THE HIGH INCOME GROUP, 2764 01:35:54,560 --> 01:35:56,960 I'M GOING TO QUICKLY SHARE THAT, 2765 01:35:56,960 --> 01:35:58,520 IF I CAN. 2766 01:35:58,520 --> 01:35:59,920 WHAT'S INTERESTING ABOUT THESE 2767 01:35:59,920 --> 01:36:01,360 HIGH INCOME GROUPS ACTUALLY IF 2768 01:36:01,360 --> 01:36:03,000 YOU LOOK, IT'S FOOD SERVICES 2769 01:36:03,000 --> 01:36:05,160 THAT REALLY INCREASE. 2770 01:36:05,160 --> 01:36:06,960 THOSE ARE EATING OUT, PREPARED 2771 01:36:06,960 --> 01:36:09,680 MEALS, OUTSIDE OF THE HOME. 2772 01:36:09,680 --> 01:36:11,160 THAT'S RESTAURANTS, THAT'S 2773 01:36:11,160 --> 01:36:12,200 HOTELS, MAINLY RESTAURANTS AND 2774 01:36:12,200 --> 01:36:14,480 FAST FOOD AND OTHER THINGS LIKE 2775 01:36:14,480 --> 01:36:14,960 THAT. 2776 01:36:14,960 --> 01:36:17,800 AND SO REALLY THE TRADEOFF THERE 2777 01:36:17,800 --> 01:36:19,000 IN LOWER INCOME COUNTRIES 2778 01:36:19,000 --> 01:36:21,520 THERE'S A LOT LESS EATING OUT, A 2779 01:36:21,520 --> 01:36:26,200 LOT MORE HOME COOKING. 2780 01:36:26,200 --> 01:36:28,280 ONE REASON PEOPLE EAT OUT MORE, 2781 01:36:28,280 --> 01:36:30,920 NOT JUST VARIETY, A VALID 2782 01:36:30,920 --> 01:36:32,240 DESIRE, BUT TO SAVE TIME. 2783 01:36:32,240 --> 01:36:35,440 SO I THINK WHEN WE THINK ABOUT A 2784 01:36:35,440 --> 01:36:36,400 CHEAPER DIET, THRIFTY DIET, THIS 2785 01:36:36,400 --> 01:36:38,280 IDEA WE NEED TO DO MORE HOME 2786 01:36:38,280 --> 01:36:39,800 COOKING WHICH IS TRUE, IT COSTS 2787 01:36:39,800 --> 01:36:43,080 US LESS IN TERMS OF MONEY BUT 2788 01:36:43,080 --> 01:36:47,680 DOESN'T COST LESS IN TERMS OF 2789 01:36:47,680 --> 01:36:48,240 TIME. 2790 01:36:48,240 --> 01:36:49,880 WE DON'T VALUE CHILD CARE AND 2791 01:36:49,880 --> 01:36:51,520 COOKING AND THINGS LIKE THAT IN 2792 01:36:51,520 --> 01:36:53,640 HOUSES, ANY SERVICES DONE INSIDE 2793 01:36:53,640 --> 01:36:56,080 THE HOUSEHOLD DOESN'T GET ADDED 2794 01:36:56,080 --> 01:37:00,160 TO GDP, NOT IN THE THESE 2795 01:37:00,160 --> 01:37:02,920 METRICS, JUST NOT COUNTED. 2796 01:37:02,920 --> 01:37:04,440 THAT TIME COST IS SIGNIFICANT. 2797 01:37:04,440 --> 01:37:06,080 WE ALL KNOW THAT. 2798 01:37:06,080 --> 01:37:10,240 AND SO I THINK IF WE TALK ABOUT 2799 01:37:10,240 --> 01:37:11,320 SHIFTING TO THRIFTY DIET 2800 01:37:11,320 --> 01:37:12,120 INVOLVING MORE COOKING WITHIN 2801 01:37:12,120 --> 01:37:13,960 THE HOME, THERE ARE SOME SERIOUS 2802 01:37:13,960 --> 01:37:15,520 BENEFITS BUT I THINK WE ALSO 2803 01:37:15,520 --> 01:37:19,000 HAVE TO FACTOR IN THE TIME COST 2804 01:37:19,000 --> 01:37:20,880 OF THAT DIMENSION, WHICH WILL 2805 01:37:20,880 --> 01:37:22,400 MAKE IT LOOK CHEAPER, BECAUSE 2806 01:37:22,400 --> 01:37:24,040 YOU'RE SPENDING LESS, NOT PAYING 2807 01:37:24,040 --> 01:37:25,480 FOR RESTAURANT SERVICES. 2808 01:37:25,480 --> 01:37:27,760 BUT YOU ARE STILL SPENDING THE 2809 01:37:27,760 --> 01:37:29,760 TIME, IF THAT MAKES SENSE. 2810 01:37:29,760 --> 01:37:31,280 >>WELL, IT DOES. 2811 01:37:31,280 --> 01:37:33,760 AS WOMEN GET MORE EDUCATED AND 2812 01:37:33,760 --> 01:37:35,960 HAVE FEWER CHILDREN AND GO MORE 2813 01:37:35,960 --> 01:37:37,080 INTO THE WORKFORCE, THE TREND IS 2814 01:37:37,080 --> 01:37:39,360 NOT GOING TO BE FOR DOING MORE 2815 01:37:39,360 --> 01:37:41,000 COOKING AT HOME. 2816 01:37:41,000 --> 01:37:43,080 YOU KNOW, IN GENERAL. 2817 01:37:43,080 --> 01:37:44,720 THOSE REALLY NEED -- THOSE 2818 01:37:44,720 --> 01:37:47,360 PENSIONS NEED TO BE BUILT INTO 2819 01:37:47,360 --> 01:37:48,800 YOUR -- INTO THESE MODELS TO 2820 01:37:48,800 --> 01:37:52,480 FIGURE OUT HOW DO WE MEET DIET, 2821 01:37:52,480 --> 01:37:54,360 THINKING GLOBALLY, THOSE ARE 2822 01:37:54,360 --> 01:37:55,920 TRENDS, WOMEN ARE HOPEFULLY 2823 01:37:55,920 --> 01:37:57,760 GETTING MORE EDUCATED ON A 2824 01:37:57,760 --> 01:37:59,840 GLOBAL BASIS, NOT JUST HIGH 2825 01:37:59,840 --> 01:38:02,240 INCOME SETTINGS, SO THOSE TRENDS 2826 01:38:02,240 --> 01:38:03,680 WE NEED TO INCORPORATE IT SEEMS 2827 01:38:03,680 --> 01:38:05,040 LIKE IN OUR THINKING. 2828 01:38:05,040 --> 01:38:07,920 >> VERY QUICKLY, IT'S A 2829 01:38:07,920 --> 01:38:12,320 CONTENTIOUS AREA WITHIN OUR 2830 01:38:12,320 --> 01:38:15,040 DEVELOPMENT MODELERS, WE HAVE 2831 01:38:15,040 --> 01:38:17,680 MODELS THAT ACT FOR CHILD CARE, 2832 01:38:17,680 --> 01:38:19,080 HOME COOKING, ADD TO GDP, 2833 01:38:19,080 --> 01:38:21,920 AUGMENT AND ADD THIS HOME SECTOR 2834 01:38:21,920 --> 01:38:24,880 AS PART OF THE INCOME, IMPUTED 2835 01:38:24,880 --> 01:38:25,960 INCOME PEOPLE EARN. 2836 01:38:25,960 --> 01:38:27,800 THE PROBLEM WITH THOSE MODELS IS 2837 01:38:27,800 --> 01:38:30,120 THAT THEY LEAD TO SOME PRETTY 2838 01:38:30,120 --> 01:38:32,000 STRANGE CONCLUSIONS THAT MAKE US 2839 01:38:32,000 --> 01:38:33,440 UNCOMFORTABLE, WHICH IS ACTUALLY 2840 01:38:33,440 --> 01:38:34,720 ONCE YOU VALUE WHAT LET'S SAY 2841 01:38:34,720 --> 01:38:36,240 WOMEN DO WITHIN THE HOUSEHOLD, 2842 01:38:36,240 --> 01:38:38,280 YOU WANT THEM TO STAY THERE. 2843 01:38:38,280 --> 01:38:40,960 AND SO YOU END UP WITH THESE 2844 01:38:40,960 --> 01:38:41,920 VERY PERVERSE RECOMMENDATIONS 2845 01:38:41,920 --> 01:38:43,800 WHICH IS ACTUALLY WE DON'T WANT 2846 01:38:43,800 --> 01:38:44,920 WOMEN PARTICIPATING IN THE LABOR 2847 01:38:44,920 --> 01:38:47,960 MARKET, WE QUITE LIKE THEM BEING 2848 01:38:47,960 --> 01:38:48,840 LOWLY PAID OR UNPAID. 2849 01:38:48,840 --> 01:38:49,200 >> RIGHT. 2850 01:38:49,200 --> 01:38:50,160 >> PEOPLE IN THE HOUSEHOLD. 2851 01:38:50,160 --> 01:38:52,800 WE HAVE TO BE CAREFUL ABOUT 2852 01:38:52,800 --> 01:38:54,760 THAT, ABOUT HOW WE BALANCE THAT. 2853 01:38:54,760 --> 01:38:55,080 >> YES. 2854 01:38:55,080 --> 01:38:58,400 >> IT'S A TOUGH NUT TO CRACK. 2855 01:38:58,400 --> 01:38:59,600 >> YES. 2856 01:38:59,600 --> 01:39:05,040 IT'S GOOD IT'S ON YOUR RADAR. 2857 01:39:05,040 --> 01:39:06,040 WE'LL GO WITH THAT. 2858 01:39:06,040 --> 01:39:08,960 >> THAT'S A GREAT SEGUE INTO 2859 01:39:08,960 --> 01:39:12,040 OUR NEXT SESSION AFTER THE BREAK 2860 01:39:12,040 --> 01:39:13,680 TALKING ABOUT SOCIAL MEASURES 2861 01:39:13,680 --> 01:39:14,920 AND OUTCOMES, ET CETERA. 2862 01:39:14,920 --> 01:39:17,000 THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF WHERE IF 2863 01:39:17,000 --> 01:39:21,800 YOU TRY TO OPTIMIZE A PARTICULAR 2864 01:39:21,800 --> 01:39:23,560 MEASURE, IGNORING ALL OTHER 2865 01:39:23,560 --> 01:39:25,080 MEASURES OR OTHER CONSEQUENCES, 2866 01:39:25,080 --> 01:39:28,440 CAN YOU COME UP WITH AS JAMES 2867 01:39:28,440 --> 01:39:30,800 DESCRIBED PERVERSE FINDINGS AND 2868 01:39:30,800 --> 01:39:32,520 OUTCOMES THAT REALLY ARE NOT 2869 01:39:32,520 --> 01:39:33,640 NECESSARILY OPTIMIZING OUR 2870 01:39:33,640 --> 01:39:36,440 FURTHERING SOCIETY IN GENERAL. 2871 01:39:36,440 --> 01:39:39,040 SO, GREAT POINTS. 2872 01:39:39,040 --> 01:39:42,840 AGAIN, WE COULD DISCUSS THIS 2873 01:39:42,840 --> 01:39:43,840 CERTAINLY, JAMES, WE VERY MUCH 2874 01:39:43,840 --> 01:39:45,880 ENJOY TALKING TO YOU AND GETTING 2875 01:39:45,880 --> 01:39:48,320 ALL OF YOUR EXPERTISE AND 2876 01:39:48,320 --> 01:39:49,720 WONDERFUL PRESENTATION. 2877 01:39:49,720 --> 01:39:52,280 BUT WE DO HAVE TO MOVE TO THE 2878 01:39:52,280 --> 01:39:55,440 NEXT SEGMENT WHICH IS ACTUALLY 2879 01:39:55,440 --> 01:39:56,280 THE BREAK. 2880 01:39:56,280 --> 01:39:58,040 SO, JUST A COUPLE THINGS. 2881 01:39:58,040 --> 01:39:58,800 KEEP THE QUESTIONS COMING. 2882 01:39:58,800 --> 01:40:03,400 WE DID HAVE A QUESTION FROM THE 2883 01:40:03,400 --> 01:40:04,840 PREVIOUS SESSION FOR ALEX, SO 2884 01:40:04,840 --> 01:40:06,600 WE'LL KEEP THAT IN MIND. 2885 01:40:06,600 --> 01:40:09,040 MANY WE'LL TRY TO GET THAT 2886 01:40:09,040 --> 01:40:11,200 ANSWERED LATER IN THE DAY. 2887 01:40:11,200 --> 01:40:14,600 BUT RIGHT NOW WE'RE GOING TO 2888 01:40:14,600 --> 01:40:18,640 TAKE A QUICK FIVE-MINUTE BREAK. 2889 01:40:18,640 --> 01:40:19,880 I BELIEVE FIVE MINUTES, AND 2890 01:40:19,880 --> 01:40:25,480 WE'LL START THE NEXT SESSION AT 2891 01:40:25,480 --> 01:40:25,680 11:45. 2892 01:40:25,680 --> 01:40:29,000 ZACH, DO YOU WANT TO BRING US 2893 01:40:29,000 --> 01:40:29,720 INTO THE BREAK? 2894 01:40:29,720 --> 01:40:33,760 >> I THINK THAT'S A GREAT PLACE 2895 01:40:33,760 --> 01:40:34,560 TO SEGUE. 2896 01:40:34,560 --> 01:40:36,760 I THINK THAT THROUGHOUT AS WELL 2897 01:40:36,760 --> 01:40:38,600 THROUGHOUT THE CONVERSATION THAT 2898 01:40:38,600 --> 01:40:40,680 WE'RE HAVING TODAY, JUST WANT TO 2899 01:40:40,680 --> 01:40:42,880 ENCOURAGE PEOPLE TO IDENTIFY 2900 01:40:42,880 --> 01:40:44,560 GAPS, DATA GAPS, AND I WANTED TO 2901 01:40:44,560 --> 01:40:46,400 VERY BRIEFLY MENTION ONE OF OUR 2902 01:40:46,400 --> 01:40:50,520 DATA GAPS IS TO BE ABLE TO 2903 01:40:50,520 --> 01:40:52,400 ESTIMATE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL FOOD 2904 01:40:52,400 --> 01:40:54,840 COSTS, FOOD PRICES, FOR FOODS 2905 01:40:54,840 --> 01:40:56,560 CONSUMED AWAY FROM HOME. 2906 01:40:56,560 --> 01:40:57,680 WITH THAT, MAYBE THAT'S 2907 01:40:57,680 --> 01:40:59,440 SOMETHING TO CHEW ON, SO TO 2908 01:40:59,440 --> 01:41:02,160 SPEAK, AS WE GET OUR SNACKS AND 2909 01:41:02,160 --> 01:41:04,800 DO WHAT NEED TO DO TO GET BACK 2910 01:41:04,800 --> 01:41:08,560 AND REENERGIZE NOR THE NEXT 2911 01:41:08,560 --> 01:41:09,600 SESSION, SO THANK YOU. 2912 01:41:09,600 --> 01:41:10,960 >> 11:45 EASTERN TIME WE'LL GET 2913 01:41:10,960 --> 01:41:11,880 RESTARTED. 2914 01:41:11,880 --> 01:41:13,160 WE'RE READY TO PROCEED TO THE 2915 01:41:13,160 --> 01:41:16,320 NEXT SESSION WHICH IS LED BY OUR 2916 01:41:16,320 --> 01:41:19,560 WORKING GROUP 4 MEMBER MARIE 2917 01:41:19,560 --> 01:41:20,960 SPIKER, AN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR 2918 01:41:20,960 --> 01:41:24,360 OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AT THE 2919 01:41:24,360 --> 01:41:25,360 UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, AND 2920 01:41:25,360 --> 01:41:28,360 DOES A RANGE OF TERRIFIC WORK IN 2921 01:41:28,360 --> 01:41:33,520 NUTRITION, FOOD SUPPLY AND SO 2922 01:41:33,520 --> 01:41:35,400 WE'RE FORTUNATE TO HAVE HER 2923 01:41:35,400 --> 01:41:37,920 LEADING THE NEXT SESSION, SO 2924 01:41:37,920 --> 01:41:39,240 PASSING THE VIRTUAL MICROPHONE 2925 01:41:39,240 --> 01:41:49,720 TO DR. SPIKER TO TALK ABOUT 2926 01:41:50,480 --> 01:41:50,920 NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 2927 01:41:50,920 --> 01:41:52,360 >>THANK YOU FOR THE 2928 01:41:52,360 --> 01:41:52,800 INTRODUCTION. 2929 01:41:52,800 --> 01:41:56,200 LET ME GET MY SCREEN SHARING 2930 01:41:56,200 --> 01:41:59,480 GOING HERE, A QUICK THUMBS UP IN 2931 01:41:59,480 --> 01:42:00,440 THE CHAT. 2932 01:42:00,440 --> 01:42:04,720 >>WE SEE YOUR SCREEN, NUTRITION 2933 01:42:04,720 --> 01:42:05,040 AND HEALTH. 2934 01:42:05,040 --> 01:42:06,160 >>PERFECT. 2935 01:42:06,160 --> 01:42:06,840 THANK YOU. 2936 01:42:06,840 --> 01:42:11,040 SO, IN TALKING ABOUT THIS 2937 01:42:11,040 --> 01:42:15,680 DOMAIN, I AM NOT AIMING TO BE 2938 01:42:15,680 --> 01:42:16,680 FULLY COMPREHENSIVE AND CAPTURE 2939 01:42:16,680 --> 01:42:17,960 EVERY DETAIL BECAUSE THERE'S SO 2940 01:42:17,960 --> 01:42:18,720 MUCH TO COVER. 2941 01:42:18,720 --> 01:42:20,800 WE HAVE A LOT OF EXPERTS IN 2942 01:42:20,800 --> 01:42:22,320 NUTRITION AND HEALTH HERE IN THE 2943 01:42:22,320 --> 01:42:25,000 ROOM, AS PART OF OUR WORKING 2944 01:42:25,000 --> 01:42:25,720 GROUP. 2945 01:42:25,720 --> 01:42:29,240 BUT THE GOAL IS TO DO HIGH LEVEL 2946 01:42:29,240 --> 01:42:30,760 INTRODUCTION IN THIS DOMAIN, 2947 01:42:30,760 --> 01:42:32,200 SOME LEVEL SETTING WITH 2948 01:42:32,200 --> 01:42:34,800 TERMINOLOGY, KNOWING WE DO HAVE 2949 01:42:34,800 --> 01:42:36,640 AN INTERDISCIPLINARY GROUP HERE. 2950 01:42:36,640 --> 01:42:38,640 AND TO GIVE SOMETHING TO REACT 2951 01:42:38,640 --> 01:42:45,960 TO AND BUILD ON AS A GROUP. 2952 01:42:45,960 --> 01:42:49,480 I APPRECIATED THE FRAMING OF THE 2953 01:42:49,480 --> 01:42:53,200 MARIE KONDO BUCKETS, CONTAINERS 2954 01:42:53,200 --> 01:42:56,480 I'M LAYING OUT, JUST SOMETHING 2955 01:42:56,480 --> 01:42:59,760 FOR US TO REACT TO. 2956 01:42:59,760 --> 01:43:05,360 I'M GOING TO TALK ABOUT METRICS 2957 01:43:05,360 --> 01:43:07,840 AND SHIFT MORE INTO METHODS. 2958 01:43:07,840 --> 01:43:09,160 RELATED TO NUTRITION AND HEALTH, 2959 01:43:09,160 --> 01:43:11,920 THERE'S THIS WHOLE KIND OF 2960 01:43:11,920 --> 01:43:12,840 SPECTRUM. 2961 01:43:12,840 --> 01:43:15,840 HERE I'M LAYING THEM OUT ROUGHLY 2962 01:43:15,840 --> 01:43:17,920 IN TERMS OF FROM THE MORE 2963 01:43:17,920 --> 01:43:21,640 PROXIMAL METRIC TO MORE DISTAL, 2964 01:43:21,640 --> 01:43:32,120 THAT DAN MENTIONED AS WELL. 2965 01:43:34,360 --> 01:43:36,160 THERE'S TREMENDOUS DIVERSITY IN 2966 01:43:36,160 --> 01:43:39,160 HOW WE ARE CONCEPTUALIZING AND 2967 01:43:39,160 --> 01:43:44,920 MEASURING THINGS, AT VARIETY OF 2968 01:43:44,920 --> 01:43:46,560 SCALES. 2969 01:43:46,560 --> 01:43:51,960 NOT AIMING TO BE EXHAUSTIVE BUT 2970 01:43:51,960 --> 01:43:52,280 ILLUSTRATIVE. 2971 01:43:52,280 --> 01:43:53,800 A WHOLE RANGE OF HEALTH OUTCOMES 2972 01:43:53,800 --> 01:43:57,400 ARE ASSOCIATED WITH BURDENS OF 2973 01:43:57,400 --> 01:44:00,040 MALNUTRITION, RANGE OF HEALTH 2974 01:44:00,040 --> 01:44:01,920 OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH 2975 01:44:01,920 --> 01:44:04,200 UNDERNUTRITION, MICRONUTRIENT 2976 01:44:04,200 --> 01:44:06,160 DEFICIENCY, OVERWEIGHT AND 2977 01:44:06,160 --> 01:44:07,800 OBESITY, OVERLAPS, AND DIFFERENT 2978 01:44:07,800 --> 01:44:10,120 WAYS THAT WE MEASURE THESE, LIKE 2979 01:44:10,120 --> 01:44:16,360 WE MIGHT BE TALKING ABOUT 2980 01:44:16,360 --> 01:44:17,120 PREVALENCE, INCIDENCE, 2981 01:44:17,120 --> 01:44:18,840 DISABILITY ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS 2982 01:44:18,840 --> 01:44:22,400 TO STANDARDIZE AND COMPARE THE 2983 01:44:22,400 --> 01:44:23,640 BURDEN OF DISEASES. 2984 01:44:23,640 --> 01:44:26,640 WHEN IT COMES TO NUTRITIONAL 2985 01:44:26,640 --> 01:44:29,360 STATUS, AND DAN I APPRECIATE THE 2986 01:44:29,360 --> 01:44:32,760 FRAMING, WE CAN THINK OF BOTH AN 2987 01:44:32,760 --> 01:44:33,960 INPUT AND OUTPUT RELATED TO 2988 01:44:33,960 --> 01:44:35,160 HEALTH, RIGHT? 2989 01:44:35,160 --> 01:44:38,800 WE HAVE MULTIPLE FORMS OF 2990 01:44:38,800 --> 01:44:41,080 ASSESSMENT FROM ANTHROPO METRIC 2991 01:44:41,080 --> 01:44:43,520 TO BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS, CLINICAL 2992 01:44:43,520 --> 01:44:45,240 OBSERVATIONS, AND DIETARY 2993 01:44:45,240 --> 01:44:45,600 INTAKE. 2994 01:44:45,600 --> 01:44:49,320 AND DIETARY INTAKE I WANT TO GO 2995 01:44:49,320 --> 01:44:50,400 INTO MORE DETAILS, BUILDING ON 2996 01:44:50,400 --> 01:44:53,680 WHAT WE WERE JUST TALKING ABOUT 2997 01:44:53,680 --> 01:44:57,280 BEFORE THE BREAK, GOING INTO 2998 01:44:57,280 --> 01:44:59,600 MORE DETAIL HERE. 2999 01:44:59,600 --> 01:45:01,600 YOU CAN THINK OF DIETARY INTAKE 3000 01:45:01,600 --> 01:45:04,440 AS A WAY OF ASSESSING 3001 01:45:04,440 --> 01:45:05,600 NUTRITIONAL STATUS BUT IT'S A 3002 01:45:05,600 --> 01:45:08,480 WHOLE WORLD OF ITS OWN. 3003 01:45:08,480 --> 01:45:09,440 THERE'S A METHODOLOGICAL 3004 01:45:09,440 --> 01:45:11,640 CONVERSATION TO BE HAD ABOUT HOW 3005 01:45:11,640 --> 01:45:12,840 WE UNDERSTAND WHAT PEOPLE'S 3006 01:45:12,840 --> 01:45:16,440 DIETARY INTAKE IS OR HOW WE 3007 01:45:16,440 --> 01:45:18,400 MIGHT BE CONSTRUCTING AND 3008 01:45:18,400 --> 01:45:19,720 BUILDING DIFFERENT TYPES OF 3009 01:45:19,720 --> 01:45:21,560 DIETARY PATTERNS, WE MIGHT BE 3010 01:45:21,560 --> 01:45:22,800 DOING DETAILED ASSESSMENT OF 3011 01:45:22,800 --> 01:45:25,440 DIETARY INTAKE ON AN INDIVIDUAL 3012 01:45:25,440 --> 01:45:32,000 LEVEL THROUGH THINGS LIKE 24 3013 01:45:32,000 --> 01:45:33,200 HOUR DIET RECALLS, QUESTIONS, 3014 01:45:33,200 --> 01:45:36,600 TRY TO ASSESS IN DETAIL WHAT 3015 01:45:36,600 --> 01:45:37,080 INDIVIDUAL LEVEL DIETARY 3016 01:45:37,080 --> 01:45:37,680 PATTERNS ARE. 3017 01:45:37,680 --> 01:45:40,920 WE CAN LOOK AT THINGS LIKE DIET 3018 01:45:40,920 --> 01:45:43,320 DIVERSITY SCORES WHICH CAN BE AT 3019 01:45:43,320 --> 01:45:45,080 INDIVIDUAL LEVEL OR HOUSEHOLD 3020 01:45:45,080 --> 01:45:45,360 LEVEL. 3021 01:45:45,360 --> 01:45:47,560 WE ALSO SEE FOOD SUPPLY DATA 3022 01:45:47,560 --> 01:45:52,600 BEING USED AS A ROUGH PROXY, 3023 01:45:52,600 --> 01:45:55,120 IT'S NOT PERFECT BUT YOU DO SEE 3024 01:45:55,120 --> 01:46:00,800 IT BEING USED IN THAT WAY. 3025 01:46:00,800 --> 01:46:03,640 SPENDING ANOTHER MOMENT ON 3026 01:46:03,640 --> 01:46:05,480 DIETARY INTAKE, IT BECOMES 3027 01:46:05,480 --> 01:46:07,120 IMPORTANT WHEN WE'RE TALKING 3028 01:46:07,120 --> 01:46:09,320 ABOUT THE BROADER INTERSECTION 3029 01:46:09,320 --> 01:46:11,160 OF NUTRITION, FOOD SYSTEMS, 3030 01:46:11,160 --> 01:46:12,600 CLIMATE, AND SUSTAINABILITY 3031 01:46:12,600 --> 01:46:14,920 BECAUSE DIETARY INTAKE IS THE 3032 01:46:14,920 --> 01:46:18,400 LINCHPIN HERE, THE THING THAT IS 3033 01:46:18,400 --> 01:46:20,400 IMPLICATED IN THIS TWO-WAY 3034 01:46:20,400 --> 01:46:27,520 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CLIMATE AND 3035 01:46:27,520 --> 01:46:27,840 HEALTH. 3036 01:46:27,840 --> 01:46:31,800 WE USES EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS, 3037 01:46:31,800 --> 01:46:33,960 WHICH DIETARY PATTERNS ARE 3038 01:46:33,960 --> 01:46:36,480 ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER INCIDENCE 3039 01:46:36,480 --> 01:46:37,800 OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, BUT 3040 01:46:37,800 --> 01:46:40,320 WE NOW ALSO SEE IN THE PAST TEN 3041 01:46:40,320 --> 01:46:42,640 YEARS A HUGE PROLIFERATION OF 3042 01:46:42,640 --> 01:46:44,800 RESEARCH USING METHODS LIKE LIFE 3043 01:46:44,800 --> 01:46:47,880 CYCLE ASSESSMENT TO UNDERSTAND 3044 01:46:47,880 --> 01:46:49,320 HOW DIETARY PATTERNS COMPARE IN 3045 01:46:49,320 --> 01:46:51,720 THEIR, FOR EXAMPLE, GREENHOUSE 3046 01:46:51,720 --> 01:46:55,960 GAS EMISSIONS OR WATER USE. 3047 01:46:55,960 --> 01:46:57,600 SO, THERE'S A WHOLE 3048 01:46:57,600 --> 01:46:58,480 METHODOLOGICAL CONVERSATION THAT 3049 01:46:58,480 --> 01:47:00,600 COULD BE HAD IN TERMS OF EACH OF 3050 01:47:00,600 --> 01:47:02,760 THESE PIECES, IMPACT OF DIETARY 3051 01:47:02,760 --> 01:47:03,960 INTAKE, HEALTH OUTCOMES, HOW 3052 01:47:03,960 --> 01:47:06,400 WE'RE MEASURE THEM, AS WELL AS 3053 01:47:06,400 --> 01:47:07,240 METHODOLOGICAL CONVERSATIONS 3054 01:47:07,240 --> 01:47:08,600 ABOUT HOW WE ASSESS THESE 3055 01:47:08,600 --> 01:47:09,880 LINKAGES, LIKE WHAT ARE THE BEST 3056 01:47:09,880 --> 01:47:13,400 PRACTICES IN TERMS OF THOSE 3057 01:47:13,400 --> 01:47:15,560 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL LINKAGES, WHEN 3058 01:47:15,560 --> 01:47:17,280 IT COMES TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 3059 01:47:17,280 --> 01:47:20,080 ASSESSMENT WHAT ARE SOME BEST 3060 01:47:20,080 --> 01:47:22,080 PRACTICES THERE. 3061 01:47:22,080 --> 01:47:22,920 THERE'S CONVERSATION AROUND 3062 01:47:22,920 --> 01:47:27,320 SHOULD WE HAVE JOINT METRICS, 3063 01:47:27,320 --> 01:47:29,280 FOR EXAMPLE SOMETHING LIKE 3064 01:47:29,280 --> 01:47:31,680 SUSTAINABLE DIET INDEX THAT HAS 3065 01:47:31,680 --> 01:47:34,080 DIMENSIONS OF BOTH ENVIRONMENTAL 3066 01:47:34,080 --> 01:47:36,720 IMPACT AND HEALTH OUTCOMES, 3067 01:47:36,720 --> 01:47:37,680 BUILT INTO THAT. 3068 01:47:37,680 --> 01:47:39,680 AND A QUESTION THAT COMES TO 3069 01:47:39,680 --> 01:47:41,720 MIND FOR ME ESPECIALLY SEEING 3070 01:47:41,720 --> 01:47:43,920 THE PRESENTATIONS FROM EARLIER 3071 01:47:43,920 --> 01:47:45,880 THIS MORNING IS THAT SINGLE 3072 01:47:45,880 --> 01:47:47,680 INDEX MEASURE WHAT WE WANT TO 3073 01:47:47,680 --> 01:47:49,640 MOVE TOWARDS OR ARE WE REALLY 3074 01:47:49,640 --> 01:47:51,280 WANTING TO LEAN INTO METHODS 3075 01:47:51,280 --> 01:47:53,120 THAT HELP US TO UNDERSTAND SOME 3076 01:47:53,120 --> 01:47:55,640 OF THE COMPLEXITIES AND DYNAMICS 3077 01:47:55,640 --> 01:47:59,680 OF WHAT'S GOING ON IN THESE 3078 01:47:59,680 --> 01:47:59,920 SYSTEMS. 3079 01:47:59,920 --> 01:48:02,960 DIETARY INTAKE HAS BACK METRIC, 3080 01:48:02,960 --> 01:48:04,600 ONE THAT'S PARTICULARLY A WHOLE 3081 01:48:04,600 --> 01:48:05,600 WORLD OF METRICS, PARTICULARLY 3082 01:48:05,600 --> 01:48:07,440 IMPORTANT IN THIS, THIS LARGER 3083 01:48:07,440 --> 01:48:10,040 SPACE, THAT WE'RE TALKING ABOUT. 3084 01:48:10,040 --> 01:48:13,040 AND THEN GETTING INTO EVEN SOME 3085 01:48:13,040 --> 01:48:15,320 MORE DISTAL MEASURES HERE, FOOD 3086 01:48:15,320 --> 01:48:16,960 SECURITY IS SOMETHING WE CAN 3087 01:48:16,960 --> 01:48:20,480 MEASURE AT MULTIPLE SCALES, 3088 01:48:20,480 --> 01:48:21,240 RIGHT? 3089 01:48:21,240 --> 01:48:22,440 AND WHEN WE'RE MEASURING 3090 01:48:22,440 --> 01:48:23,760 DIFFERENT SCALES AND WITH 3091 01:48:23,760 --> 01:48:25,160 DIFFERENT TOOLS, WE'RE OFTEN 3092 01:48:25,160 --> 01:48:28,120 PICKING UP ON REALLY DIFFERENT 3093 01:48:28,120 --> 01:48:29,440 ASPECTS WITHIN FOOD SECURITY, SO 3094 01:48:29,440 --> 01:48:30,520 SOMETIMES WE'RE REPLACING 3095 01:48:30,520 --> 01:48:32,800 PICKING UP ON THE ELEMENTS OF 3096 01:48:32,800 --> 01:48:33,920 QUANTITY, RIGHT? 3097 01:48:33,920 --> 01:48:36,880 JUST LIKE ADEQUACY OF FOOD IN 3098 01:48:36,880 --> 01:48:43,320 THE FOOD SUPPLY, CALORIC PROTEIN 3099 01:48:43,320 --> 01:48:45,640 SUFFICIENCY, MONITORING SYSTEMS 3100 01:48:45,640 --> 01:48:47,920 LIKE FEWS NET, AGRICULTURE 3101 01:48:47,920 --> 01:48:52,880 PRODUCTION, WEATHER AND CLIMATE 3102 01:48:52,880 --> 01:48:54,920 RISK, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC 3103 01:48:54,920 --> 01:48:58,880 STABILITY, WE ALSO HAVE THIS 3104 01:48:58,880 --> 01:49:00,160 WHOLE WORLD OF MEASURING FOOD 3105 01:49:00,160 --> 01:49:01,840 SECURITY AT THE HOUSEHOLD LEVEL 3106 01:49:01,840 --> 01:49:04,320 WHERE THE IDEA OF QUANTITY AND 3107 01:49:04,320 --> 01:49:06,040 SUFFICIENCY CERTAINLY IS PART OF 3108 01:49:06,040 --> 01:49:09,200 THAT, A LOT OF TOOLS HERE ALSO 3109 01:49:09,200 --> 01:49:12,400 ARE PICKING UP ON ECONOMIC 3110 01:49:12,400 --> 01:49:13,920 ACCESS TO FOOD, AFFORDABILITY, 3111 01:49:13,920 --> 01:49:16,840 TRYING TO PICK UP ON CHANGES IN 3112 01:49:16,840 --> 01:49:18,200 DIET QUALITY, MEAL SIZE, SKIPPED 3113 01:49:18,200 --> 01:49:20,800 MEALS, AS WELL AS PSYCHOLOGICAL 3114 01:49:20,800 --> 01:49:25,520 DIMENSIONS LIKE WORRY AND 3115 01:49:25,520 --> 01:49:26,480 ANXIETY ABOUT WHERE FOOD IS 3116 01:49:26,480 --> 01:49:29,240 GOING TO COME FROM. 3117 01:49:29,240 --> 01:49:31,520 I'M NOT COVERING EVERY BUCKET OF 3118 01:49:31,520 --> 01:49:32,200 METRICS BUT WITH FOOD 3119 01:49:32,200 --> 01:49:34,840 ENVIRONMENT AS WITH ALL THE REST 3120 01:49:34,840 --> 01:49:37,240 THERE'S NOT A SINGLE METRIC THAT 3121 01:49:37,240 --> 01:49:39,080 TELLS US EVERYTHING ABOUT A FOOD 3122 01:49:39,080 --> 01:49:39,920 ENVIRONMENT. 3123 01:49:39,920 --> 01:49:45,680 BUT WITHIN ANY OF THESE 3124 01:49:45,680 --> 01:49:53,440 CHARACTERISTICS WHETHER TALKING 3125 01:49:53,440 --> 01:49:57,240 ABOUT VENDOR, QUALITY, LABELING, 3126 01:49:57,240 --> 01:49:58,800 PLACEMENT, PRICES, MARKETING 3127 01:49:58,800 --> 01:50:04,560 REGULATIONS, AND WE CAN THINK 3128 01:50:04,560 --> 01:50:06,120 ABOUT THE EXTERNAL DEMAIN OF 3129 01:50:06,120 --> 01:50:08,320 FOOD ENVIRONMENT FACTORS AS WELL 3130 01:50:08,320 --> 01:50:11,320 AS PERSONAL DOMAIN LIKE THE 3131 01:50:11,320 --> 01:50:12,840 CONVENIENCE AND DESIRABILITY OF 3132 01:50:12,840 --> 01:50:14,560 THE THINGS WITHIN THE 3133 01:50:14,560 --> 01:50:15,160 ENVIRONMENT. 3134 01:50:15,160 --> 01:50:18,720 FOR EACH OF THESE MULTIPLE WAYS 3135 01:50:18,720 --> 01:50:23,080 WE CAN BE MEASURING HERE. 3136 01:50:23,080 --> 01:50:24,960 AND THEN FOOD LOSS AND WASTE, 3137 01:50:24,960 --> 01:50:28,120 WORKING GROUP 2 IS COVERING THIS 3138 01:50:28,120 --> 01:50:32,720 BUT I WANT TO EMPHASIZE LINKAGE 3139 01:50:32,720 --> 01:50:34,360 BETWEEN FOOD WASTE AND 3140 01:50:34,360 --> 01:50:34,720 NUTRITION. 3141 01:50:34,720 --> 01:50:37,240 BASE LEVEL, FOOD LOOSE AND WASTE 3142 01:50:37,240 --> 01:50:39,320 HINDERS BASE AVAILABILITY OF 3143 01:50:39,320 --> 01:50:41,040 NUTRITIOUS FOODS IN THE FOOD 3144 01:50:41,040 --> 01:50:42,760 SUPPLY, FOOD LOOSE AND WASTE 3145 01:50:42,760 --> 01:50:43,680 REPRESENTS MISSED OPPORTUNITIES 3146 01:50:43,680 --> 01:50:47,360 FOR NUTRITION SO WE CAN EVEN 3147 01:50:47,360 --> 01:50:49,440 QUANTIFY IT LIKE GLOBALLY, 3148 01:50:49,440 --> 01:50:50,680 ANNUAL PER CAPITA WASTE TO 3149 01:50:50,680 --> 01:50:53,520 PROVIDE A HEALTHY DIET FOR ONE 3150 01:50:53,520 --> 01:50:56,440 PERSON FOR 17 DAYS. 3151 01:50:56,440 --> 01:50:58,560 ALSO THE VALUE OF THE WHOLE 3152 01:50:58,560 --> 01:51:01,040 ADVANTAGE PROJECT HERE IS THAT 3153 01:51:01,040 --> 01:51:04,880 WE ARE LOOKING AT THE 3154 01:51:04,880 --> 01:51:05,480 BIDIRECTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS, 3155 01:51:05,480 --> 01:51:08,400 CLIMATE IMPLICATION, AND WHEN WE 3156 01:51:08,400 --> 01:51:08,920 THINK ABOUT FOOD WASTE 3157 01:51:08,920 --> 01:51:13,520 PRODUCTION A LOT OF CLIMATE 3158 01:51:13,520 --> 01:51:16,600 IMPLICATIONS HERE, PROJECT 3159 01:51:16,600 --> 01:51:17,320 DRAWDOWN, THEY DO RANKINGS OF 3160 01:51:17,320 --> 01:51:21,840 THE POTENTIAL -- WHAT ARE THE 3161 01:51:21,840 --> 01:51:22,600 TOP CLIMATE MITIGATION 3162 01:51:22,600 --> 01:51:25,560 STRATEGIES WITH THE BIGGEST 3163 01:51:25,560 --> 01:51:25,800 IMPACT. 3164 01:51:25,800 --> 01:51:27,000 MANAGEMENT OF REFRIGERANTS OFTEN 3165 01:51:27,000 --> 01:51:28,720 CONSISTENTLY APPEARS IN ONE OF 3166 01:51:28,720 --> 01:51:30,920 THE TOP FIVE POTENTIAL CLIMATE 3167 01:51:30,920 --> 01:51:34,240 MITIGATION SOLUTIONS, THIS IS 3168 01:51:34,240 --> 01:51:38,040 REFERRING TO LEAKAGE OF 3169 01:51:38,040 --> 01:51:39,680 CHLORINATED GASES, FLEUROCARBONS 3170 01:51:39,680 --> 01:51:41,760 FROM REFRIGERANT SYSTEMS, OLDER 3171 01:51:41,760 --> 01:51:44,720 COOLING SYSTEMS ESPECIALLY. 3172 01:51:44,720 --> 01:51:46,800 IF WE THINK ABOUT LOW-RESOURCE 3173 01:51:46,800 --> 01:51:49,720 SETTINGS, NEED FOR MORE COLD 3174 01:51:49,720 --> 01:51:52,480 STORAGE IN THESE SETTINGS, MORE 3175 01:51:52,480 --> 01:51:54,760 COLD STORAGE IS GOING TO HELP 3176 01:51:54,760 --> 01:51:56,400 REDUCE WASTE ESPECIALLY FOR 3177 01:51:56,400 --> 01:52:04,000 PERISHABLE FOODS LIKE FRUITS AND 3178 01:52:04,000 --> 01:52:06,400 VEGETABLES, COMING WITH 3179 01:52:06,400 --> 01:52:07,840 POTENTIAL LEAKAGE OF GREENHOUSE 3180 01:52:07,840 --> 01:52:09,240 GAS, BUT WE'RE NOT GOING THINGS 3181 01:52:09,240 --> 01:52:13,080 TO REDUCE LOSS AND WASTE, FOOD 3182 01:52:13,080 --> 01:52:15,160 IS DECOMPOSING IN LANDFILLS 3183 01:52:15,160 --> 01:52:16,800 RELEASING METHANE AS WELL, A LOT 3184 01:52:16,800 --> 01:52:17,800 OF INTERESTING RELATIONSHIPS 3185 01:52:17,800 --> 01:52:21,840 HERE BETWEEN FOOD LOSS AND 3186 01:52:21,840 --> 01:52:23,360 WASTE, CLIMATE, NUTRITION, AND 3187 01:52:23,360 --> 01:52:29,720 OVERALL SUSTAINABILITY OF FOOD 3188 01:52:29,720 --> 01:52:30,360 SYSTEM. 3189 01:52:30,360 --> 01:52:32,560 I WANT TO NOTE, GETTING MORE 3190 01:52:32,560 --> 01:52:34,200 INTO METHODS, THERE ARE JUST 3191 01:52:34,200 --> 01:52:35,800 SOME FANTASTIC TOOLS OUT THERE 3192 01:52:35,800 --> 01:52:39,800 THAT ALREADY EXIST TO HELP US TO 3193 01:52:39,800 --> 01:52:41,840 NAVIGATE, WE DON'T NEED TO 3194 01:52:41,840 --> 01:52:43,280 RECREATE THE WHEEL HERE. 3195 01:52:43,280 --> 01:52:46,600 THIS IS A SCREEN SHOT OF A TOOL 3196 01:52:46,600 --> 01:52:53,160 I LOVE, EVIDENCE GAP MAP FROM 3197 01:52:53,160 --> 01:52:56,000 IMMANA, THIS WORK LED BY 3198 01:52:56,000 --> 01:52:57,880 SPERLING, ON THE CALL TODAY. 3199 01:52:57,880 --> 01:53:01,000 THIS SPECIFICALLY IN THE CONTEXT 3200 01:53:01,000 --> 01:53:02,760 OF AGRICULTURE AND NUTRITION 3201 01:53:02,760 --> 01:53:04,520 RESEARCH, REALLY BRILLIANT WORK 3202 01:53:04,520 --> 01:53:07,680 HERE THAT FOR A VARIETY OF 3203 01:53:07,680 --> 01:53:09,880 METRICS ACROSS DIFFERENT 3204 01:53:09,880 --> 01:53:10,640 DOMAINS, TALKS ABOUT METHODS 3205 01:53:10,640 --> 01:53:12,200 CURRENTLY BEING USED, AS WELL AS 3206 01:53:12,200 --> 01:53:14,680 GETTING INTO THE TOOLS, RIGHT? 3207 01:53:14,680 --> 01:53:16,040 HOW ARE WE ACTUALLY COLLECTING 3208 01:53:16,040 --> 01:53:17,840 DATA AND WHAT ARE THE TOOLS 3209 01:53:17,840 --> 01:53:19,640 WE'RE USING TO MAKE THESE 3210 01:53:19,640 --> 01:53:20,200 MEASUREMENTS. 3211 01:53:20,200 --> 01:53:21,680 I WANT TO NOTE JUST THE 3212 01:53:21,680 --> 01:53:23,320 TREMENDOUS EFFORT THAT WENT INTO 3213 01:53:23,320 --> 01:53:24,520 THIS AND THIS GREAT RESOURCE 3214 01:53:24,520 --> 01:53:27,720 THAT WE CAN BE DRAWING FROM. 3215 01:53:27,720 --> 01:53:29,360 AND THEN THINKING ABOUT METHODS, 3216 01:53:29,360 --> 01:53:33,960 THIS FIGURE COMES FROM A PAPER 3217 01:53:33,960 --> 01:53:37,640 THAT I WORKED ON WITH JEFF FONZO 3218 01:53:37,640 --> 01:53:40,840 ON GROUP 5 AND BELLOWS ON GROUP 3219 01:53:40,840 --> 01:53:41,080 1. 3220 01:53:41,080 --> 01:53:49,040 WE TRIED TO LAY OUT A RESEARCH 3221 01:53:49,040 --> 01:53:49,480 AGENDA. 3222 01:53:49,480 --> 01:53:51,840 ONE THING WE TRIED TO SHOW HERE 3223 01:53:51,840 --> 01:53:54,320 IS THAT WE REALLY NEED TO BE 3224 01:53:54,320 --> 01:53:56,640 USING A DIVERSE RANGE OF 3225 01:53:56,640 --> 01:53:59,360 RESEARCH METHODS. 3226 01:53:59,360 --> 01:54:01,760 SO, BASIC SCIENCE, CLINICAL 3227 01:54:01,760 --> 01:54:02,920 RESEARCH, EPIDEMIOLOGY ARE 3228 01:54:02,920 --> 01:54:04,720 IMPORTANT, ESSENTIAL, BUT WHEN 3229 01:54:04,720 --> 01:54:06,280 WE'RE DEALING WITH COMPLEX 3230 01:54:06,280 --> 01:54:08,200 SYSTEMS WE NEED TO BE DRAWING 3231 01:54:08,200 --> 01:54:12,560 FROM THIS FULL RANGE OF METHODS. 3232 01:54:12,560 --> 01:54:17,600 TO ILLUSTRATE HOW THESE METHODS 3233 01:54:17,600 --> 01:54:19,840 ARE COMPLEMENTARY I WANT TO 3234 01:54:19,840 --> 01:54:21,600 PROVIDE EXAMPLES USING MULTIPLE 3235 01:54:21,600 --> 01:54:23,480 METHODS IN ADDRESSING A QUESTION 3236 01:54:23,480 --> 01:54:31,280 LIKE HOW MIGHT CLIMATE CHANGE 3237 01:54:31,280 --> 01:54:32,720 EFFECT NUTRITIONAL STATUS 3238 01:54:32,720 --> 01:54:34,720 THROUGH IMPACT ON TERRESTRIAL 3239 01:54:34,720 --> 01:54:35,040 CROPS? 3240 01:54:35,040 --> 01:54:38,520 WE MIGHT BE ASKING BASIC SCIENCE 3241 01:54:38,520 --> 01:54:41,720 QUESTIONS, HOW DOES THAT CARBON 3242 01:54:41,720 --> 01:54:44,360 DIOXIDE AFFECT CROP NUTRIENT 3243 01:54:44,360 --> 01:54:44,560 CONTENT? 3244 01:54:44,560 --> 01:54:46,960 IN SOME CASES THIS IS HUMAN 3245 01:54:46,960 --> 01:54:52,240 BIOLOGY, IN SOME CASES 3246 01:54:52,240 --> 01:54:53,000 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY, THERE'S A 3247 01:54:53,000 --> 01:54:54,840 TREMENDOUS DIVERSITY IN RANGE OF 3248 01:54:54,840 --> 01:54:56,600 DISCIPLINES TO DRAW FROM. 3249 01:54:56,600 --> 01:54:59,760 YOU CAN SEE EXAMPLES OF 3250 01:54:59,760 --> 01:55:00,960 SURVEILLANCE, NUTRITION AND 3251 01:55:00,960 --> 01:55:01,920 HEALTH, THINKING OF MONITORING 3252 01:55:01,920 --> 01:55:03,040 AND SURVEILLANCE THAT WE MIGHT 3253 01:55:03,040 --> 01:55:06,200 DO FOR THINGS LIKE RISK FACTORS, 3254 01:55:06,200 --> 01:55:06,920 DIETARY INTAKE, HEALTH OUTCOMES, 3255 01:55:06,920 --> 01:55:08,640 SURVEILLANCE ALSO THAT WE CAN BE 3256 01:55:08,640 --> 01:55:12,960 DOAK -- DOING RELATED TO WEATHR 3257 01:55:12,960 --> 01:55:14,920 AND IMPACTS OF CLIMATE AND 3258 01:55:14,920 --> 01:55:15,960 ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE. 3259 01:55:15,960 --> 01:55:18,160 WE'VE BEEN TALKING THIS MORNING 3260 01:55:18,160 --> 01:55:19,720 ABOUT SYSTEMS MODELING AND JUST 3261 01:55:19,720 --> 01:55:20,960 THE TREMENDOUS WORK THAT'S 3262 01:55:20,960 --> 01:55:21,800 HAPPENING IN THAT SPACE 3263 01:55:21,800 --> 01:55:24,840 ESPECIALLY IN THE WORLD OF THE 3264 01:55:24,840 --> 01:55:26,280 CROP MODELING, A LOT OF 3265 01:55:26,280 --> 01:55:28,440 POTENTIAL TO BE BRINGING SYSTEMS 3266 01:55:28,440 --> 01:55:30,240 MODELING TOOLS LIKE FURTHER INTO 3267 01:55:30,240 --> 01:55:32,280 THE FOOD SYSTEM AND INTO THE 3268 01:55:32,280 --> 01:55:34,360 WORLD OF NUTRITION AND HEALTH. 3269 01:55:34,360 --> 01:55:38,640 WE KNOW THERE'S A ROLE HERE OF 3270 01:55:38,640 --> 01:55:39,480 OBSERVATIONAL AND EXPERIMENTAL 3271 01:55:39,480 --> 01:55:41,240 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL METHODS TO HELP 3272 01:55:41,240 --> 01:55:43,680 US DO THAT ATTRIBUTIONAL WORK 3273 01:55:43,680 --> 01:55:49,040 AND UNDERSTAND THOSE LINKAGES, 3274 01:55:49,040 --> 01:55:50,680 INTO NUTRITION HEALTH STATUS. 3275 01:55:50,680 --> 01:55:53,120 I WANT TO EMPHASIZE QUALITATIVE 3276 01:55:53,120 --> 01:55:53,840 RESEARCH HERE, RESEARCH 3277 01:55:53,840 --> 01:55:56,000 QUESTIONS THAT WE ASK USING THE 3278 01:55:56,000 --> 01:55:57,280 OTHER METHODS THAT ARE GOING TO 3279 01:55:57,280 --> 01:55:59,240 BE MORE MEANINGFUL AND MAKE MORE 3280 01:55:59,240 --> 01:56:03,840 SENSE IF THEY ARE 3281 01:56:03,840 --> 01:56:04,880 COMPLEMENTEDDED BY FORMATIVE 3282 01:56:04,880 --> 01:56:12,360 WORK AND IN DEPTH AND RIGOROUS 3283 01:56:12,360 --> 01:56:14,240 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH THROUGHOUT 3284 01:56:14,240 --> 01:56:17,720 ALL STAGES AND IMPORTANCE OF 3285 01:56:17,720 --> 01:56:21,240 IMPLEMENTATION SCIENCE, META 3286 01:56:21,240 --> 01:56:25,600 RESEARCH, TO WHAT EXTENT ARE WE 3287 01:56:25,600 --> 01:56:27,280 COMING TOGETHER IN 3288 01:56:27,280 --> 01:56:27,760 INTERDISCIPLINARY AND 3289 01:56:27,760 --> 01:56:28,920 TRANSDISCIPLINARY WAYS TO DO 3290 01:56:28,920 --> 01:56:30,320 THIS WORK. 3291 01:56:30,320 --> 01:56:35,680 ONE MORE STEP OF EXAMPLES HERE, 3292 01:56:35,680 --> 01:56:36,640 CLIMATE, NUTRITION, HEALTH AND 3293 01:56:36,640 --> 01:56:42,120 FOOD SYSTEMS. 3294 01:56:42,120 --> 01:56:45,640 WE COULD LOOK AT IMPACT ON 3295 01:56:45,640 --> 01:56:47,720 AQUATIC FOODS, SO I WON'T READ 3296 01:56:47,720 --> 01:56:56,960 THROUGH ALL OF THESE BUT I WHEN 3297 01:56:56,960 --> 01:57:00,760 WE HAVE THIS GOAL TRYING IMPROVE 3298 01:57:00,760 --> 01:57:02,200 HUMAN HEALTH, IMPROVE THE SHARED 3299 01:57:02,200 --> 01:57:04,800 ENVIRONMENT THAT ENABLES HUMAN 3300 01:57:04,800 --> 01:57:09,720 HEALTH, THIS NEEDS TO BE DRIVEN 3301 01:57:09,720 --> 01:57:12,000 BY THE PROBLEM SPACE RATHER THAN 3302 01:57:12,000 --> 01:57:13,320 BY METHODS. 3303 01:57:13,320 --> 01:57:14,360 RIGOROUS METHODS ARE ESSENTIAL 3304 01:57:14,360 --> 01:57:20,040 BUT WE NEED TO TAKE A PRAGMATIC 3305 01:57:20,040 --> 01:57:22,440 APPROACH THAT RECOGNIZES 3306 01:57:22,440 --> 01:57:22,880 MULTIPLE METHODS. 3307 01:57:22,880 --> 01:57:29,760 ANY QUESTIONS HERE REPRESENT THE 3308 01:57:29,760 --> 01:57:31,080 WHOLE SPECK ATTRIBUTIONAL WORK, 3309 01:57:31,080 --> 01:57:35,440 I WANT TO EMPHASIZE WHEN IT 3310 01:57:35,440 --> 01:57:36,400 COMES TO IMPLEMENTATION PIECE 3311 01:57:36,400 --> 01:57:41,680 THERE'S A SCIENCE TO THAT, TO 3312 01:57:41,680 --> 01:57:43,040 THINKING ABOUT IMPLEMENTATION, 3313 01:57:43,040 --> 01:57:43,600 DISSEMINATION, TRANSLATION, 3314 01:57:43,600 --> 01:57:51,080 POLICY, THAT NEEDS TO BE PART OF 3315 01:57:51,080 --> 01:57:58,000 OUR RESEARCH PIPELINE AND 3316 01:57:58,000 --> 01:57:59,800 AGENDA. 3317 01:57:59,800 --> 01:58:01,440 AND ONE MORE VIEW, TRYING TO 3318 01:58:01,440 --> 01:58:04,360 DISTILL DOWN WHY IS IT THAT WE 3319 01:58:04,360 --> 01:58:14,840 DO NUTRITION RESEARCH, TO WHAT 3320 01:58:16,360 --> 01:58:16,840 PURPOSE? 3321 01:58:16,840 --> 01:58:19,440 IN MODE 1 WE'RE GENERATING 3322 01:58:19,440 --> 01:58:23,920 FOUNDATIONAL KNOWLEDGE, IN 2 3323 01:58:23,920 --> 01:58:27,240 TRYING TO GENERATE ACTIONABLE 3324 01:58:27,240 --> 01:58:34,760 KNOWLEDGE, DRAWING FROM A 3325 01:58:34,760 --> 01:58:36,520 GREATER RANGE OF METHODS, 3326 01:58:36,520 --> 01:58:38,560 TALKING ABOUT SYSTEMS METHODS, 3327 01:58:38,560 --> 01:58:49,040 AND METHODS THAT CONSIDER 3328 01:58:50,040 --> 01:58:51,280 STAKEHOLDERS AND POLICY. 3329 01:58:51,280 --> 01:58:53,080 A FEW QUESTIONS TO POSE TO THE 3330 01:58:53,080 --> 01:58:55,120 GROUP, I KNOW WE HAVE A LOT OF 3331 01:58:55,120 --> 01:58:57,320 NUTRITION AND HEALTH EXPERTS ON 3332 01:58:57,320 --> 01:58:59,520 THE WORKING GROUP, I INVITE 3333 01:58:59,520 --> 01:59:04,760 EVERYONE TO TAKE PART IN 3334 01:59:04,760 --> 01:59:12,200 DISCUSSION HERE THINKING ABOUT 3335 01:59:12,200 --> 01:59:13,800 NUTRITION AND HEALTH METRICS, 3336 01:59:13,800 --> 01:59:15,040 DEVELOPING METHODS TO CONNECT 3337 01:59:15,040 --> 01:59:16,800 NUTRITION AND HEALTH TO DOMAINS 3338 01:59:16,800 --> 01:59:19,240 IN BROADER CONTEXT OF CLIMATE 3339 01:59:19,240 --> 01:59:20,080 AND SUSTAINABILITY, SO THE 3340 01:59:20,080 --> 01:59:22,920 QUESTION I HAVE FOR THE GROUP TO 3341 01:59:22,920 --> 01:59:24,240 DISCUSS HERE IS WHAT CHALLENGES 3342 01:59:24,240 --> 01:59:26,880 DO WE FACE IN DOING THIS, AND 3343 01:59:26,880 --> 01:59:27,960 WHAT IS THE ROOT? 3344 01:59:27,960 --> 01:59:32,360 IS IT ABOUT OUR DATA, TRAINING, 3345 01:59:32,360 --> 01:59:39,800 ABILITY TO BE COLLABORATING 3346 01:59:39,800 --> 01:59:41,000 ACROSS DISCIPLINES, SOMETHING 3347 01:59:41,000 --> 01:59:41,320 ELSE? 3348 01:59:41,320 --> 01:59:44,520 AND THE RANGE OF METRICS THAT 3349 01:59:44,520 --> 01:59:46,800 MIGHT BE PROXIMAL OR DISTAL, 3350 01:59:46,800 --> 01:59:48,320 WHERE DOES NUTRITION END AND 3351 01:59:48,320 --> 01:59:50,280 HEALTH BEGIN? 3352 01:59:50,280 --> 01:59:57,280 WE'RE WILLING TO -- WE CAN MAKE 3353 01:59:57,280 --> 02:00:05,720 THE LEAP BUT TO WHAT EXTENT DO 3354 02:00:05,720 --> 02:00:08,320 WE ACCEPT SUBOPTIMAL, THAT TELLS 3355 02:00:08,320 --> 02:00:12,360 US ABOUT HEALTH STATUS. 3356 02:00:12,360 --> 02:00:18,080 IN NUTRITION TO WHAT EXTENT DO 3357 02:00:18,080 --> 02:00:19,600 WE GRAPPLE, NOT NECESSARILY 3358 02:00:19,600 --> 02:00:20,680 MEDIATED BY DIETARY INTAKE AND 3359 02:00:20,680 --> 02:00:25,080 WHAT DO WE RISK BY NOT ENGAGING 3360 02:00:25,080 --> 02:00:25,840 WITH COMPLEX PATHWAYS BETWEEN 3361 02:00:25,840 --> 02:00:30,080 CLIMATE FOOD SYSTEMS AND HEALTH. 3362 02:00:30,080 --> 02:00:31,520 I'LL STOP HERE AND WELCOME 3363 02:00:31,520 --> 02:00:32,840 QUESTIONS AND CONVERSATION WAS 3364 02:00:32,840 --> 02:00:33,840 BRUCE AND ZACH BUT AGAIN ANYONE 3365 02:00:33,840 --> 02:00:35,040 ELSE IN THE WORKING GROUP WHO 3366 02:00:35,040 --> 02:00:42,800 WANTS TO JUMP INTO THE 3367 02:00:42,800 --> 02:00:48,520 CONVERSATION, I WELCOME THAT. 3368 02:00:48,520 --> 02:00:51,200 GREAT OVERVIEW, GENERATES SOME 3369 02:00:51,200 --> 02:00:53,200 VERY INTERESTING QUESTIONS AND 3370 02:00:53,200 --> 02:00:55,720 IMPORTANT INSIGHTS. 3371 02:00:55,720 --> 02:00:57,000 ONE QUESTION OFF THE BAT WAS HOW 3372 02:00:57,000 --> 02:00:59,240 DO WE DEAL WITH THE 3373 02:00:59,240 --> 02:01:01,000 HETEROGENEITY OF THE POPULATION? 3374 02:01:01,000 --> 02:01:02,640 THIS IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT 3375 02:01:02,640 --> 02:01:05,040 SINCE WE DO KNOW THAT THERE ARE 3376 02:01:05,040 --> 02:01:07,240 TREMENDOUS DISPARITIES WHEN IT 3377 02:01:07,240 --> 02:01:08,680 COMES TO NUTRITION, HEALTH 3378 02:01:08,680 --> 02:01:12,520 STATUS, AND ON TOP OF THAT IF 3379 02:01:12,520 --> 02:01:13,280 YOU THROW THE ENVIRONMENT AND 3380 02:01:13,280 --> 02:01:19,600 CLIMATE ON TOP OF THAT, THE 3381 02:01:19,600 --> 02:01:20,520 CONTINUING CONCERN, THERE'S BEEN 3382 02:01:20,520 --> 02:01:21,840 DISPROPORTIONATE AFFECTS OF 3383 02:01:21,840 --> 02:01:22,480 ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES ON 3384 02:01:22,480 --> 02:01:25,880 DIFFERENT MEMBERS OF THE 3385 02:01:25,880 --> 02:01:26,520 POPULATION. 3386 02:01:26,520 --> 02:01:29,040 WHEN WE'RE MEASURING THOSE 3387 02:01:29,040 --> 02:01:32,080 THINGS, HOW DO WE ADDRESS THAT 3388 02:01:32,080 --> 02:01:35,840 TO A POINT WHERE IF WE GO TOO 3389 02:01:35,840 --> 02:01:38,040 GRANULAR WE'RE HAVING EXTREMELY 3390 02:01:38,040 --> 02:01:42,280 COMPLEX SET OF METRICS, BUT AT 3391 02:01:42,280 --> 02:01:46,040 THE SAME POINT IF WE GO TOO 3392 02:01:46,040 --> 02:01:47,320 BROAD BASED, ONE-SIZE-FITS-ALL, 3393 02:01:47,320 --> 02:01:49,520 WE OVERLOOK HETEROGENEITY THAT 3394 02:01:49,520 --> 02:01:52,280 EXISTS WITHIN THE POPULATION, 3395 02:01:52,280 --> 02:01:52,760 POTENTIAL EFFECTS AND 3396 02:01:52,760 --> 02:01:54,560 DISPARITIES, INEQUITY, THINGS 3397 02:01:54,560 --> 02:01:55,240 LIKE THAT. 3398 02:01:55,240 --> 02:01:58,560 >> YEAH, THINKING ABOUT HOW WE 3399 02:01:58,560 --> 02:02:00,720 ADDRESS HETEROGENEITY, LIKE IN 3400 02:02:00,720 --> 02:02:01,320 ALL THESE DIFFERENT 3401 02:02:01,320 --> 02:02:02,600 METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES WE NEW 3402 02:02:02,600 --> 02:02:11,240 ENGLAND OF IT DIFFERENTLY, 3403 02:02:11,240 --> 02:02:12,880 STATISTICAL MODELING, BREAK DOWN 3404 02:02:12,880 --> 02:02:14,760 DISPARITIES THAT MIGHT BE 3405 02:02:14,760 --> 02:02:17,040 HAPPENING, OUTCOMES, MIGHT HAVE 3406 02:02:17,040 --> 02:02:19,400 DIFFERENT OUTCOMES DEPENDING ON 3407 02:02:19,400 --> 02:02:20,320 RACE/ETHNICITY, INCOME. 3408 02:02:20,320 --> 02:02:22,360 THERE'S WAYS TO LOOK INTO 3409 02:02:22,360 --> 02:02:23,560 HETEROGENEITY THERE AND 3410 02:02:23,560 --> 02:02:25,000 STATISTICAL MODELING. 3411 02:02:25,000 --> 02:02:25,760 WHEN WE'RE DOING SYSTEMS 3412 02:02:25,760 --> 02:02:27,760 MODELING WE DO HAVE THE ABILITY 3413 02:02:27,760 --> 02:02:29,360 TO LOOK AT NOT JUST LIKE IS 3414 02:02:29,360 --> 02:02:30,960 THERE A DIFFERENCE IN TERMS OF 3415 02:02:30,960 --> 02:02:32,920 OVERALL IMPACT BUT ARE THERE 3416 02:02:32,920 --> 02:02:35,200 DIFFERENT LIKE PATHWAYS OF 3417 02:02:35,200 --> 02:02:36,560 IMPACT, DIFFERENT MECHANISMS OF 3418 02:02:36,560 --> 02:02:38,800 IMPACT THAT ARE HAPPENING FOR 3419 02:02:38,800 --> 02:02:40,840 DIFFERENT GROUPS OF PEOPLE. 3420 02:02:40,840 --> 02:02:44,720 AND THEN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IS 3421 02:02:44,720 --> 02:02:46,800 SO IMPORTANT FOR UNDERSTANDING 3422 02:02:46,800 --> 02:02:48,040 HETEROGENEITY, WHERE IT EXISTS, 3423 02:02:48,040 --> 02:02:49,800 WHAT WE MIGHT NEED TO BE 3424 02:02:49,800 --> 02:02:51,200 ADJUSTING FOR IN STATISTICAL 3425 02:02:51,200 --> 02:02:54,040 MODELS OR WHAT NEEDS TO BE 3426 02:02:54,040 --> 02:02:54,600 DIFFERENT PATHWAYS AND 3427 02:02:54,600 --> 02:02:56,880 MECHANISMS OF IMPACT THAT WE 3428 02:02:56,880 --> 02:02:57,680 REPRESENT IN OUR SYSTEMS 3429 02:02:57,680 --> 02:02:58,880 MODELING SINCE WE AREN'T TALKING 3430 02:02:58,880 --> 02:03:01,280 TO PEOPLE AND DOING RIGOROUSLY 3431 02:03:01,280 --> 02:03:02,360 THROUGH QUALITATIVE RESEARCH WE 3432 02:03:02,360 --> 02:03:03,760 MAY NOT EVEN BE AWARE OF WHAT 3433 02:03:03,760 --> 02:03:11,560 SOME OF THAT HETEROGENEITY MIGHT 3434 02:03:11,560 --> 02:03:12,000 BE. 3435 02:03:12,000 --> 02:03:12,520 >>ANY QUESTIONS, ZACH? 3436 02:03:12,520 --> 02:03:15,720 >>THANKS AGAIN FOR THAT GREAT 3437 02:03:15,720 --> 02:03:16,280 PRESENTATION. 3438 02:03:16,280 --> 02:03:19,680 I KNOW YOU HAVE BEEN DOING A LOT 3439 02:03:19,680 --> 02:03:21,720 OF THINKING AND WORK AS SOME 3440 02:03:21,720 --> 02:03:23,480 OTHER PEOPLE HERE IN THIS GROUP 3441 02:03:23,480 --> 02:03:24,920 HAVE BEEN AS WELL. 3442 02:03:24,920 --> 02:03:28,320 HOW DO WE TRAIN THE NEXT 3443 02:03:28,320 --> 02:03:31,480 GENERATION OF SCIENTISTS TO 3444 02:03:31,480 --> 02:03:35,760 THINK ACROSS DOMAINS WHILE STILL 3445 02:03:35,760 --> 02:03:38,920 RECOGNIZING THAT THERE'S THIS 3446 02:03:38,920 --> 02:03:40,360 INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE THAT 3447 02:03:40,360 --> 02:03:42,640 NEEDS TO BE ARGUABLY SOMEWHAT 3448 02:03:42,640 --> 02:03:45,920 SILOED IN ORDER TO MEET 3449 02:03:45,920 --> 02:03:49,240 STANDARDS, CURRICULAR STANDARDS. 3450 02:03:49,240 --> 02:03:52,200 BUT ALSO THAT ENCOURAGES 3451 02:03:52,200 --> 02:03:54,080 INCENTIVIZES STUDENTS BUT ALSO 3452 02:03:54,080 --> 02:03:56,320 FACULTY TO BE WORKING AND 3453 02:03:56,320 --> 02:03:58,440 THINKING ACROSS DOMAINS AND TO 3454 02:03:58,440 --> 02:04:02,320 BE TRAINED IN MULTIPLE DIFFERENT 3455 02:04:02,320 --> 02:04:03,440 AREAS WHILE NOT COMPROMISING 3456 02:04:03,440 --> 02:04:05,400 THEIR KNOWLEDGE BASE AND ANY ONE 3457 02:04:05,400 --> 02:04:06,840 PARTICULAR AREA. 3458 02:04:06,840 --> 02:04:09,800 IT'S JUST SUCH A HARD ISSUE TO 3459 02:04:09,800 --> 02:04:12,200 GRAPPLE WITH AND SO WONDERING IF 3460 02:04:12,200 --> 02:04:15,600 YOU COULD SPEAK TO THE BROAD 3461 02:04:15,600 --> 02:04:16,320 STATEMENT OR QUESTION. 3462 02:04:16,320 --> 02:04:17,560 >> YEAH. 3463 02:04:17,560 --> 02:04:20,440 SO MUCH TO UNPACK HERE. 3464 02:04:20,440 --> 02:04:23,680 ONE MODEL I LIKE TO THINK ABOUT 3465 02:04:23,680 --> 02:04:24,880 I'VE HEARD PEOPLE DESCRIBE -- 3466 02:04:24,880 --> 02:04:28,520 I'VE DONE A LOT OF WORK THINKING 3467 02:04:28,520 --> 02:04:30,160 ABOUT PROFESSIONAL CAPACITY 3468 02:04:30,160 --> 02:04:32,320 BUILDING, NUTRITION, DIETETICS, 3469 02:04:32,320 --> 02:04:33,920 PEOPLE TALK ABOUT NUTRITION 3470 02:04:33,920 --> 02:04:38,920 PROFESSIONALSING A HAVING A 3471 02:04:38,920 --> 02:04:41,640 T-SHAPED EXPERTISE, THIS IS THE 3472 02:04:41,640 --> 02:04:42,760 CORE DISCIPLINARY OR 3473 02:04:42,760 --> 02:04:44,160 PROFESSIONAL SKILL SET BUT AT 3474 02:04:44,160 --> 02:04:47,480 THE TOP OF THE T HAVE YOUR 3475 02:04:47,480 --> 02:04:50,400 BREADTH OF LIKE -- THAT'S THE 3476 02:04:50,400 --> 02:04:53,040 BREADTH THAT ALLOWS YOU TO BE IN 3477 02:04:53,040 --> 02:04:53,840 COMMUNICATION WITH OTHER 3478 02:04:53,840 --> 02:04:56,080 DISCIPLINES, FIGURE OUT WHERE 3479 02:04:56,080 --> 02:05:01,000 ARE THOSE INTERESTING AREAS, MY 3480 02:05:01,000 --> 02:05:02,800 EXPERTISE AND YOURS NEED COME 3481 02:05:02,800 --> 02:05:03,080 TOGETHER. 3482 02:05:03,080 --> 02:05:05,320 AND I THINK A LOT ABOUT WORKING 3483 02:05:05,320 --> 02:05:09,120 IN HIGHER EDUCATION AND THINKING 3484 02:05:09,120 --> 02:05:10,880 ABOUT LIKE HOW DO WE GET 3485 02:05:10,880 --> 02:05:14,000 STUDENTS TO KIND OF FIGURE OUT 3486 02:05:14,000 --> 02:05:16,480 LIKE HOW THEY WANT TO BUILD 3487 02:05:16,480 --> 02:05:18,880 THEIR OWN T SHAPE, RIGHT? 3488 02:05:18,880 --> 02:05:22,480 YOU MIGHT BE PICKING UP DEPTH OF 3489 02:05:22,480 --> 02:05:23,920 EXPERTISE THROUGH YOUR 3490 02:05:23,920 --> 02:05:25,800 BACHELOR'S DEGREE, PROFESSIONAL 3491 02:05:25,800 --> 02:05:28,200 TRAINING, BUT AT SOME POINT YOU 3492 02:05:28,200 --> 02:05:28,840 NEED EXPOSURE TO 3493 02:05:28,840 --> 02:05:30,480 INTERDISCIPLINARY -- YOU NEED TO 3494 02:05:30,480 --> 02:05:31,880 BE LEARNING AND TRAINING 3495 02:05:31,880 --> 02:05:33,800 ALONGSIDE AND TALKING TO 3496 02:05:33,800 --> 02:05:35,400 RESEARCHERS FROM OTHER 3497 02:05:35,400 --> 02:05:36,360 DISCIPLINES. 3498 02:05:36,360 --> 02:05:40,440 AND BUNCHING UP AGAINST 3499 02:05:40,440 --> 02:05:41,120 COMMUNICATIONS ISSUES, WAIT A 3500 02:05:41,120 --> 02:05:42,520 MINUTE, WE'VE BEEN TALKING ABOUT 3501 02:05:42,520 --> 02:05:45,240 THE SAME THING WITH TWO SETS OF 3502 02:05:45,240 --> 02:05:46,880 LANGUAGES. 3503 02:05:46,880 --> 02:05:48,400 YOU NEED TO LIKE HAVE THOSE 3504 02:05:48,400 --> 02:05:49,600 EXPERIENCES SO THINKING ABOUT 3505 02:05:49,600 --> 02:05:51,040 LIKE PRO GRAYLINGS WHERE IS THE 3506 02:05:51,040 --> 02:05:54,560 BEST POINT IN YOUR TRAJECTORY TO 3507 02:05:54,560 --> 02:06:03,200 BE PICKING UP OF THAT UP AN 3508 02:06:03,200 --> 02:06:03,800 CULTIVATE THOSE EXPERIENCES, 3509 02:06:03,800 --> 02:06:05,920 SOMETHING WE SHOULD BAKE INTO 3510 02:06:05,920 --> 02:06:08,560 THE UNDERGRADUATE LEVEL OR PICK 3511 02:06:08,560 --> 02:06:09,440 UP LATER? 3512 02:06:09,440 --> 02:06:12,280 AND POINT WELL TAKEN ABOUT JUST 3513 02:06:12,280 --> 02:06:15,240 HOW SOME INSTITUTIONAL 3514 02:06:15,240 --> 02:06:16,120 STRUCTURES AND INCENTIVES 3515 02:06:16,120 --> 02:06:20,800 SOMETIMES WORK AGAINST US DOING 3516 02:06:20,800 --> 02:06:21,000 THAT. 3517 02:06:21,000 --> 02:06:23,960 I'M GLAD TO SEE SORT OF A BIG -- 3518 02:06:23,960 --> 02:06:26,320 PEOPLE ARE CALLING FOR TEAM 3519 02:06:26,320 --> 02:06:28,160 SCIENCE AND COLLABORATIVE AND 3520 02:06:28,160 --> 02:06:28,920 INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE. 3521 02:06:28,920 --> 02:06:31,000 BUT THEN AT THE END OF THE DAY 3522 02:06:31,000 --> 02:06:33,000 SOMETIMES THE THING THAT'S OF 3523 02:06:33,000 --> 02:06:33,840 VALUE, PROMOTION, FOR EXAMPLE, 3524 02:06:33,840 --> 02:06:35,840 NOT THAT YOU DID A LOT OF GREAT 3525 02:06:35,840 --> 02:06:40,440 INTERDISCIPLINARY CLACK A -- 3526 02:06:40,440 --> 02:06:41,880 COLLABORATIVE SCIENCE BUT DID 3527 02:06:41,880 --> 02:06:43,160 STUFF BY YOURSELF, THINKING 3528 02:06:43,160 --> 02:06:44,680 ABOUT SOME TENSION THERE SO I DO 3529 02:06:44,680 --> 02:06:46,760 THINK THERE ARE SHIFTS WE CAN 3530 02:06:46,760 --> 02:06:49,400 MAKE LIKE IN PROMOTION CRITERIA, 3531 02:06:49,400 --> 02:06:54,200 FOR EXAMPLE, CAN WE LIKE REALLY, 3532 02:06:54,200 --> 02:06:57,560 REALLY VALUE TEAM SCIENCE AND IN 3533 02:06:57,560 --> 02:06:59,160 CONCRETE WAYS, THERE'S A LOT OF 3534 02:06:59,160 --> 02:07:01,800 SHIFTS HOW WE LINE INCENTIVES 3535 02:07:01,800 --> 02:07:02,240 THAT COULD HELP 3536 02:07:02,240 --> 02:07:03,520 INTERDISCIPLINARY TRAINING THAT 3537 02:07:03,520 --> 02:07:03,760 WE NEED. 3538 02:07:03,760 --> 02:07:05,400 >> AND THERE'S SO MUCH MORE TO 3539 02:07:05,400 --> 02:07:06,840 SAY ABOUT THAT, MAYBE SOME MORE 3540 02:07:06,840 --> 02:07:10,320 WILL BUBBLE UP TO THE SURFACE IN 3541 02:07:10,320 --> 02:07:14,920 SOME MORE DISCUSSION. 3542 02:07:14,920 --> 02:07:17,240 LET'S TURN TO DAN AND THEN 3543 02:07:17,240 --> 02:07:21,800 THALIA HAS A HAND UP AS WELL. 3544 02:07:21,800 --> 02:07:23,320 >> THANK YOU, MARIE. 3545 02:07:23,320 --> 02:07:24,560 THERE ARE EFFORTS TO DO EXACTLY 3546 02:07:24,560 --> 02:07:26,120 WHAT YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT WITH 3547 02:07:26,120 --> 02:07:28,520 REGARD TO TRAINING, WE CAN TALK 3548 02:07:28,520 --> 02:07:29,240 ABOUT THAT. 3549 02:07:29,240 --> 02:07:30,560 THE SCOPE HERE, HOPEFULLY WHAT 3550 02:07:30,560 --> 02:07:34,200 WE'RE DOING HERE WILL INFORM AND 3551 02:07:34,200 --> 02:07:37,000 INCENTIVIZE PEOPLE TO DO MORE 3552 02:07:37,000 --> 02:07:37,560 INTERDISCIPLINARY PROGRAMS. 3553 02:07:37,560 --> 02:07:40,720 WE HAVE INSTITUTIONAL TRAINING 3554 02:07:40,720 --> 02:07:43,720 GRANTS HERE, A NUMBER OF 3555 02:07:43,720 --> 02:07:45,920 EXAMPLES HOW THAT'S WORKING 3556 02:07:45,920 --> 02:07:47,440 PARTICULARLY IN THIS SPACE. 3557 02:07:47,440 --> 02:07:50,600 I WANTED TO FOCUS MORE ON YOUR 3558 02:07:50,600 --> 02:07:54,680 ISSUES WITH REGARD TO 3559 02:07:54,680 --> 02:07:55,360 NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT. 3560 02:07:55,360 --> 02:07:55,640 >> YEAH. 3561 02:07:55,640 --> 02:07:57,080 >> NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT 3562 02:07:57,080 --> 02:07:59,560 REALLY DOES REPRESENT THIS 3563 02:07:59,560 --> 02:08:01,440 ECOLOGY, AND WE SPENT QUITE A 3564 02:08:01,440 --> 02:08:03,000 BIT OF TIME FOCUSING ON THIS. 3565 02:08:03,000 --> 02:08:05,800 THERE'S A NUMBER OF QUESTIONS. 3566 02:08:05,800 --> 02:08:07,120 ONE IS THAT NUTRITIONAL 3567 02:08:07,120 --> 02:08:08,400 ASSESSMENT DOESN'T JUST INCLUDE 3568 02:08:08,400 --> 02:08:09,520 DIETARY INTAKE. 3569 02:08:09,520 --> 02:08:15,560 IT DOESN'T JUST INCLUDE 3570 02:08:15,560 --> 02:08:16,440 BIOCHEMICAL INDICATED 3571 02:08:16,440 --> 02:08:18,400 BIOMARKERS, IT HAS TO INCLUDE 3572 02:08:18,400 --> 02:08:18,680 ALL. 3573 02:08:18,680 --> 02:08:23,280 YOU 3574 02:08:23,280 --> 02:08:24,920 CAN'T INTERPRET ONE WITHOUT THE 3575 02:08:24,920 --> 02:08:26,600 AREA. 3576 02:08:26,600 --> 02:08:28,680 IF YOU MEASURE DIETARY INTAKE 3577 02:08:28,680 --> 02:08:30,760 YOU CAN'T DETERMINE TRUE 3578 02:08:30,760 --> 02:08:32,600 NUTRITIONAL STATUS, THESE 3579 02:08:32,600 --> 02:08:34,920 PROCESSES OF NUTRITION, MORE 3580 02:08:34,920 --> 02:08:36,360 GOES ON AFTER SOMEONE PUTS FOOD 3581 02:08:36,360 --> 02:08:39,440 IN THEIR MOUTH THAT NEEDS TO BE 3582 02:08:39,440 --> 02:08:41,600 CONSIDERED, HOW WE ACHIEVE 3583 02:08:41,600 --> 02:08:43,920 NUTRITIONAL STATUS IF THAT'S OUR 3584 02:08:43,920 --> 02:08:45,120 TARGET, MARGINAL, ADEQUATE, 3585 02:08:45,120 --> 02:08:45,640 SUFFICIENT. 3586 02:08:45,640 --> 02:08:49,440 REALLY DEMANDS AN INCLUSION OF 3587 02:08:49,440 --> 02:08:50,040 THAT. 3588 02:08:50,040 --> 02:08:52,400 OUR ASSESSMENT IS ALSO -- USERS 3589 02:08:52,400 --> 02:08:53,920 OF THOSE ASSESSMENTS DIFFER. 3590 02:08:53,920 --> 02:08:55,120 SO THERE'S A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 3591 02:08:55,120 --> 02:08:57,840 SOMEONE WHO IS WORKING IN A 3592 02:08:57,840 --> 02:09:00,360 LABORATORY VERSUS A PRIMARY CARE 3593 02:09:00,360 --> 02:09:02,200 SETTING IN MALAWI VERSUS MAKING 3594 02:09:02,200 --> 02:09:05,280 PROGRAMS AND POLICIES. 3595 02:09:05,280 --> 02:09:09,240 SO HOW DO WE VERY MANY DATA THAT 3596 02:09:09,240 --> 02:09:10,960 THOSE USER COMMUNITIES WILL NEED 3597 02:09:10,960 --> 02:09:12,400 TO MAKE DECISIONS IN THE CONTEXT 3598 02:09:12,400 --> 02:09:14,280 WHICH THEY EXIST IS GOING TO BE 3599 02:09:14,280 --> 02:09:14,640 IMPORTANT. 3600 02:09:14,640 --> 02:09:18,000 THE QUESTION IS HOW DO WE 3601 02:09:18,000 --> 02:09:20,960 INTEGRATE THESE MYRIAD FACTORS 3602 02:09:20,960 --> 02:09:23,040 INVOLVED IN NUTRITIONAL 3603 02:09:23,040 --> 02:09:23,880 ASSESSMENT, CONTEXT SPECIFIC 3604 02:09:23,880 --> 02:09:24,760 NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT INTO WHAT 3605 02:09:24,760 --> 02:09:27,920 WE'RE TRYING TO DO HERE. 3606 02:09:27,920 --> 02:09:29,480 >> UH-HUH. 3607 02:09:29,480 --> 02:09:33,200 YEAH, THESE ARE GREAT POINTS. 3608 02:09:33,200 --> 02:09:37,680 YEAH, APPRECIATE YOUR POINT, YOU 3609 02:09:37,680 --> 02:09:39,680 MENTIONED EARLIER NUTRITIONAL 3610 02:09:39,680 --> 02:09:41,600 STAT IS MULTI-DIMENSIONAL, WHEN 3611 02:09:41,600 --> 02:09:45,560 WE TEND TO THINK AS A SINGULAR 3612 02:09:45,560 --> 02:09:48,200 GLOBAL TARGET THAT WORKS AGAINST 3613 02:09:48,200 --> 02:09:49,200 IT, THE MULTI-DIMENSIONAL THING, 3614 02:09:49,200 --> 02:09:51,000 AND YOU BRING UP A GOOD POINT 3615 02:09:51,000 --> 02:09:53,240 ABOUT WHO IS THE AUDIENCE OR WHO 3616 02:09:53,240 --> 02:09:58,040 IS THE USER OR WHO IS THE PERSON 3617 02:09:58,040 --> 02:10:01,760 COLLECTING, ENSURING METRICS. 3618 02:10:01,760 --> 02:10:03,280 SO IT MAKES ME THINK ABOUT A 3619 02:10:03,280 --> 02:10:05,160 TOPIC OF DISCUSSION FOR WORKING 3620 02:10:05,160 --> 02:10:07,680 GROUP 4, STARTING TO SHAPE UP 3621 02:10:07,680 --> 02:10:09,200 OUR REPORT, TO REALLY THINK 3622 02:10:09,200 --> 02:10:11,520 ABOUT THE WHO, RIGHT? 3623 02:10:11,520 --> 02:10:15,560 AND SO IF WE ARE THINKING ABOUT 3624 02:10:15,560 --> 02:10:17,560 METRICS AND METHODS, ARE WE 3625 02:10:17,560 --> 02:10:19,960 THINKING PURELY FROM LIKE A 3626 02:10:19,960 --> 02:10:22,120 RESEARCH PERSPECTIVE OR ARE WE 3627 02:10:22,120 --> 02:10:28,600 THINKING AS YOU'VE MENTIONED, 3628 02:10:28,600 --> 02:10:29,160 DAN, ABOUT IMPLEMENTERS, 3629 02:10:29,160 --> 02:10:31,640 PROVIDERS, CLINICIANS, OR ALSO 3630 02:10:31,640 --> 02:10:32,960 THINKING ABOUT POLICYMAKERS, 3631 02:10:32,960 --> 02:10:33,160 RIGHT? 3632 02:10:33,160 --> 02:10:34,920 FOR WHOM LIKE THEIR VIEW ON 3633 02:10:34,920 --> 02:10:37,280 METRICS AND METRICS THAT THEY 3634 02:10:37,280 --> 02:10:42,600 CARE ABOUT ARE GOING TO BE 3635 02:10:42,600 --> 02:10:43,360 REALLY DIFFERENT. 3636 02:10:43,360 --> 02:10:46,120 APPRECIATE ALL THE POINTS YOU 3637 02:10:46,120 --> 02:10:46,560 RAISED DAN. 3638 02:10:46,560 --> 02:10:48,120 >> WORKING GROUP 5 IS VERY MUCH 3639 02:10:48,120 --> 02:10:50,840 FOCUSED ON THE ISSUES OF 3640 02:10:50,840 --> 02:10:51,720 IMPLEMENTATION SCIENCE, 3641 02:10:51,720 --> 02:10:53,480 TRANSLATION SCIENCE, HOW WE DO 3642 02:10:53,480 --> 02:10:54,000 ALL THAT. 3643 02:10:54,000 --> 02:10:55,880 LAYING A SET OF PRINCIPLES THAT 3644 02:10:55,880 --> 02:10:58,600 CAN GUIDE US ALONG THOSE LINES. 3645 02:10:58,600 --> 02:11:02,120 YOU GUYS AND WORKING GROUP 5, 3646 02:11:02,120 --> 02:11:04,400 YOUR INTERACTIONS WILL BE 3647 02:11:04,400 --> 02:11:04,640 CRITICAL. 3648 02:11:04,640 --> 02:11:05,160 >> DEFINITELY. 3649 02:11:05,160 --> 02:11:10,720 ALL THE WORKING GROUPS ARE 3650 02:11:10,720 --> 02:11:12,280 LINKED TOGETHER REALLY NICELY. 3651 02:11:12,280 --> 02:11:14,480 >>OUR DISCUSSION ABOUT 3652 02:11:14,480 --> 02:11:16,320 CURRICULUM AND TRAINING THE NEXT 3653 02:11:16,320 --> 02:11:18,160 GENERATION OF SCIENTISTS IS A 3654 02:11:18,160 --> 02:11:23,240 DISCUSSION MARIE AND THALIA AND 3655 02:11:23,240 --> 02:11:24,640 MYSELF CAN HAVE OFFLINE. 3656 02:11:24,640 --> 02:11:27,240 LET'S TURN TO OTHER QUESTIONS 3657 02:11:27,240 --> 02:11:28,920 PEOPLE MAY HAVE HAD MAYBE 3658 02:11:28,920 --> 02:11:31,000 RELATED TO SOME QUESTIONS THAT 3659 02:11:31,000 --> 02:11:33,400 MARIE POSED AS WELL. 3660 02:11:33,400 --> 02:11:36,680 ANY QUESTIONS FOR DR. SPIKER? 3661 02:11:36,680 --> 02:11:44,320 3662 02:11:44,320 --> 02:11:44,480 3663 02:11:44,480 --> 02:11:48,720 >> ONE QUESTION, MARIE, THE 3664 02:11:48,720 --> 02:11:50,160 FOOD ENVIRONMENT, DEFINING THE 3665 02:11:50,160 --> 02:11:52,120 FOOD ENVIRONMENT IS GETTING MORE 3666 02:11:52,120 --> 02:11:54,120 CHALLENGING GIVEN THAT PEOPLE 3667 02:11:54,120 --> 02:11:58,040 ORDER FOOD ONLINE, AND THERE'S 3668 02:11:58,040 --> 02:12:01,320 ALSO EVIDENCE THAT PEOPLE'S FOOD 3669 02:12:01,320 --> 02:12:02,840 ENVIRONMENTS ARE NOT NECESSARILY 3670 02:12:02,840 --> 02:12:04,080 IMMEDIATE AROUND THE HOUSEHOLD. 3671 02:12:04,080 --> 02:12:09,320 PEOPLE TRAVEL FOR WORK, TRAVEL 3672 02:12:09,320 --> 02:12:10,960 FOR FOR RECREATION, AND, AGAIN, 3673 02:12:10,960 --> 02:12:12,160 PEOPLE ARE NOW ORDERING FOOD 3674 02:12:12,160 --> 02:12:13,920 ONLINE AND THEN YOU START 3675 02:12:13,920 --> 02:12:15,560 BRINGING IN ECONOMIC FACTORS 3676 02:12:15,560 --> 02:12:18,760 SUCH AS INTERNET ACCESS, THINGS 3677 02:12:18,760 --> 02:12:19,720 LIKE THAT. 3678 02:12:19,720 --> 02:12:22,480 HOW DO YOU SEE MEASURES OF THE 3679 02:12:22,480 --> 02:12:26,120 FOOD ENVIRONMENT POTENTIALLY 3680 02:12:26,120 --> 02:12:26,760 CHANGING OVER TIME? 3681 02:12:26,760 --> 02:12:30,600 >>GREAT QUESTION. 3682 02:12:30,600 --> 02:12:34,320 FOOD ENVIRONMENT, EXACTLY WHAT 3683 02:12:34,320 --> 02:12:36,600 YOU JUST MENTIONED, QUESTION OF 3684 02:12:36,600 --> 02:12:36,920 SCALE. 3685 02:12:36,920 --> 02:12:39,240 I NOTED THERE'S THE TURNER 3686 02:12:39,240 --> 02:12:40,560 FRAMEWORK THAT SAYS THERE'S 3687 02:12:40,560 --> 02:12:44,480 EXTERNAL FACTORS AS WELL AS LIKE 3688 02:12:44,480 --> 02:12:46,120 PERMANENT FACTORS. 3689 02:12:46,120 --> 02:12:47,040 SO THINGS LIKE CONVENIENCE, 3690 02:12:47,040 --> 02:12:48,240 THAT'S A COMBINATION OF WHAT 3691 02:12:48,240 --> 02:12:49,440 OPTIONS ARE OUT THERE IN THE 3692 02:12:49,440 --> 02:12:51,880 WORLD AS WELL AS WHAT YOUR LIFE 3693 02:12:51,880 --> 02:12:53,160 IS LOOKING LIKE AND WHAT WOULD 3694 02:12:53,160 --> 02:13:00,840 BE CONVENIENT TO YOU IN THAT 3695 02:13:00,840 --> 02:13:01,160 MOMENT. 3696 02:13:01,160 --> 02:13:07,200 PERSONAL FACT ORS, NEIGHBORHOOD, 3697 02:13:07,200 --> 02:13:09,680 GEOGRAPHIC WORK, QUESTIONS OF 3698 02:13:09,680 --> 02:13:10,680 FOOD DESERTS, FOOD SWAMPS, 3699 02:13:10,680 --> 02:13:11,560 NEIGHBORHOOD LEVEL, WITHIN A 3700 02:13:11,560 --> 02:13:13,640 NEIGHBORHOOD WE CAN ZERO IN ON 3701 02:13:13,640 --> 02:13:15,960 PARTICULAR MARKETS AND THINK 3702 02:13:15,960 --> 02:13:17,360 ABOUT WHAT AVAILABILITY IS, 3703 02:13:17,360 --> 02:13:18,880 NUTRITIOUS FOODS THERE, OR LOOK 3704 02:13:18,880 --> 02:13:23,280 AT SPECIFIC SITES LIKE SCHOOLS 3705 02:13:23,280 --> 02:13:30,160 OR WORKPLACES SO THAT'S THE 3706 02:13:30,160 --> 02:13:32,280 CHALLENGE, WE WE ARE PASSING 3707 02:13:32,280 --> 02:13:33,680 THROUGH ALL OF THOSE. 3708 02:13:33,680 --> 02:13:38,560 WE'RE IN OUR HOMES, IN OUR 3709 02:13:38,560 --> 02:13:39,240 NEIGHBORHOODS, VISITING MULTIPLE 3710 02:13:39,240 --> 02:13:41,600 SPECIFIC SITES, SITES ARE 3711 02:13:41,600 --> 02:13:42,880 LOOKING AT PRODUCT PLACEMENT, 3712 02:13:42,880 --> 02:13:46,400 SEEING THE LABELING BUT WE ALSO 3713 02:13:46,400 --> 02:13:47,920 ARE TAKING IN VAST AMOUNTS OF 3714 02:13:47,920 --> 02:13:51,200 INFORMATION ABOUT THOSE PRODUCTS 3715 02:13:51,200 --> 02:13:56,320 THAT INFLUENCE QUALITY AND 3716 02:13:56,320 --> 02:13:57,400 DESIRABILITY AND CONVENIENCE 3717 02:13:57,400 --> 02:13:58,080 THROUGH MEDIA, ADVERTISING ON 3718 02:13:58,080 --> 02:14:01,920 THE SIDE OF A BUS, SOCIAL MEDIA. 3719 02:14:01,920 --> 02:14:04,480 THE WHOLE FOOD ENVIRONMENT SPACE 3720 02:14:04,480 --> 02:14:06,200 IS A REALLY INTERESTING ONE 3721 02:14:06,200 --> 02:14:07,320 BECAUSE IT'S LIKE WHAT IS IT 3722 02:14:07,320 --> 02:14:09,160 EXACTLY WE'RE TRYING TO CAPTURE 3723 02:14:09,160 --> 02:14:14,000 AND HOW DO YOU EVEN PIN DOWN AND 3724 02:14:14,000 --> 02:14:19,120 CHARACTERIZE, WHEN THE WAY WE 3725 02:14:19,120 --> 02:14:21,840 INTERACT IS VERY DYNAMIC, 3726 02:14:21,840 --> 02:14:22,480 GEOSPATIALLY AND TEMPORALLY AS 3727 02:14:22,480 --> 02:14:24,800 WELL. 3728 02:14:24,800 --> 02:14:26,680 3729 02:14:26,680 --> 02:14:27,760 >> THANKS, MARIE. 3730 02:14:27,760 --> 02:14:29,040 ONE MORE CALL FOR QUESTIONS 3731 02:14:29,040 --> 02:14:31,280 BEFORE WE MOVE TO THE NEXT 3732 02:14:31,280 --> 02:14:31,480 SESSION. 3733 02:14:31,480 --> 02:14:34,520 AGAIN, THERE'S A LOT OF THINGS 3734 02:14:34,520 --> 02:14:36,880 WE CAN TALK ABOUT. 3735 02:14:36,880 --> 02:14:42,080 I THINK YOU STARTED THE 3736 02:14:42,080 --> 02:14:43,400 CONVERSATION GOING WITH WHAT YOU 3737 02:14:43,400 --> 02:14:44,720 LAID OUT AND QUESTIONS AT THE 3738 02:14:44,720 --> 02:14:45,160 END. 3739 02:14:45,160 --> 02:14:46,560 THOSE ARE OPEN DISCUSSIONS THAT 3740 02:14:46,560 --> 02:14:50,000 WE SHOULD HAVE GOING FORWARD. 3741 02:14:50,000 --> 02:14:53,600 I THINK DAN HAD A QUESTION, 3742 02:14:53,600 --> 02:14:54,880 WE'LL TAKE YOUR QUESTION, DAN 3743 02:14:54,880 --> 02:14:57,080 AND SEGUE TO THE NEXT SESSION 3744 02:14:57,080 --> 02:15:02,760 AFTER THAT. 3745 02:15:02,760 --> 02:15:02,920 DAN? 3746 02:15:02,920 --> 02:15:04,280 >>THANKS. 3747 02:15:04,280 --> 02:15:14,720 WHAT WE LOSE BY TAKING A 3748 02:15:17,080 --> 02:15:17,880 MULTI-DISCIPLINARY APPROACH. 3749 02:15:17,880 --> 02:15:19,520 IT'S AN IMPORTANT OPPORTUNITY TO 3750 02:15:19,520 --> 02:15:21,480 USE CASE STUDIES TO ADDRESS THAT 3751 02:15:21,480 --> 02:15:22,800 SPECIFIC ISSUE. 3752 02:15:22,800 --> 02:15:24,120 EXAMPLE WOULD BE ANEMIA. 3753 02:15:24,120 --> 02:15:26,440 WHAT DO WE LOSE BY CHANGING OUR 3754 02:15:26,440 --> 02:15:29,200 FOCUS FROM ANEMIA BEING IRON 3755 02:15:29,200 --> 02:15:35,440 DEFICIENCY TO RECOGNIZING THAT 3756 02:15:35,440 --> 02:15:36,480 ANEMIA HAS MULTI-ETIOLOGIES, THE 3757 02:15:36,480 --> 02:15:40,960 ONLY WAY TO MOVE THE NEEDLE IS 3758 02:15:40,960 --> 02:15:44,040 TO BE MULTI-DISCIPLINARY, HOW DO 3759 02:15:44,040 --> 02:15:45,280 WE INTEGRATE MULTIPLE DIMENSIONS 3760 02:15:45,280 --> 02:15:47,920 OF CONDITIONS LIKE ANEMIA IN OUR 3761 02:15:47,920 --> 02:15:50,440 ANALYSIS TO REALLY GET ANSWERS 3762 02:15:50,440 --> 02:15:52,600 TO MEET THE CHARGE DAVID AND 3763 02:15:52,600 --> 02:15:55,560 LYNETTE MADE WITH REGARD TO WHY 3764 02:15:55,560 --> 02:15:57,200 WE DO THESE THINGS. 3765 02:15:57,200 --> 02:15:58,120 >> UH-HUH. 3766 02:15:58,120 --> 02:16:01,040 THAT'S A GREAT POINT. 3767 02:16:01,040 --> 02:16:02,680 YEAH, WITH WITHOUT QUESTION, I 3768 02:16:02,680 --> 02:16:06,440 WAS GETTING AT -- ONCE WE 3769 02:16:06,440 --> 02:16:08,640 REALIZE THAT THERE ARE FACTORS 3770 02:16:08,640 --> 02:16:13,000 OUR OUTCOMES SEPARATE FROM MY 3771 02:16:13,000 --> 02:16:13,640 DISCIPLINARY EXPERTISE, THERE'S 3772 02:16:13,640 --> 02:16:16,800 A WAY OF SAYING THAT THING ISN'T 3773 02:16:16,800 --> 02:16:18,560 NUTRITION, THAT'S NOT MY 3774 02:16:18,560 --> 02:16:19,520 EXPERTISE OR PROBLEM, SOMEBODY 3775 02:16:19,520 --> 02:16:20,840 ELSE CAN DEAL WITH IT. 3776 02:16:20,840 --> 02:16:22,720 SO MUCH OF WHAT WE'RE TALKING 3777 02:16:22,720 --> 02:16:24,120 ABOUT CROSSES ALL THESE 3778 02:16:24,120 --> 02:16:25,760 DISCIPLINES, AND SO THERE'S A 3779 02:16:25,760 --> 02:16:31,400 GREAT RISK IF WE SAY THAT 3780 02:16:31,400 --> 02:16:32,800 DOESN'T CONCERN ME, WE'RE AT 3781 02:16:32,800 --> 02:16:34,880 RISK BECAUSE WE WON'T BE MOVING 3782 02:16:34,880 --> 02:16:36,400 TOWARDS A SOLUTION TO THE 3783 02:16:36,400 --> 02:16:37,040 PROBLEM. 3784 02:16:37,040 --> 02:16:39,240 PART IS LIKE YOU NEED TO BE 3785 02:16:39,240 --> 02:16:40,320 GETTING COMFORTABLE WITH WORKING 3786 02:16:40,320 --> 02:16:45,120 A LITTLE BIT OUTSIDE OF OUR 3787 02:16:45,120 --> 02:16:47,880 COMFORT ZONES, NOT ADVOCATING 3788 02:16:47,880 --> 02:16:49,080 DOING RESEARCH WE'RE NOT 3789 02:16:49,080 --> 02:16:51,160 EQUIPPED TO DO, WE HAVE TO 3790 02:16:51,160 --> 02:16:55,440 RECOGNIZE BOUNDARIES OF OUR 3791 02:16:55,440 --> 02:16:57,600 EXPERTISE, HOW WE COMMUNICATE 3792 02:16:57,600 --> 02:16:59,600 AND COLLABORATE WITH EACH OTHER, 3793 02:16:59,600 --> 02:17:01,000 TO YOUR POINT, DAN. 3794 02:17:01,000 --> 02:17:04,760 >> WE SHOULD MOVE TO SOCIAL 3795 02:17:04,760 --> 02:17:05,160 DOMAIN. 3796 02:17:05,160 --> 02:17:06,920 DAN, I SEE YOU HAD YOUR HAND UP. 3797 02:17:06,920 --> 02:17:08,800 DO YOU WANT TO CONCLUDE WITH 3798 02:17:08,800 --> 02:17:09,040 SOMETHING? 3799 02:17:09,040 --> 02:17:11,520 >> I THOUGHT I LOWERED IT. 3800 02:17:11,520 --> 02:17:12,400 SORRY. 3801 02:17:12,400 --> 02:17:12,760 THANK YOU. 3802 02:17:12,760 --> 02:17:13,480 >> ALL RIGHT. 3803 02:17:13,480 --> 02:17:16,880 THANK YOU VERY MUCH, MARIE. 3804 02:17:16,880 --> 02:17:18,960 GREAT PRESENTATION. 3805 02:17:18,960 --> 02:17:20,880 NOW WE'LL TRANSITION INTO THE 3806 02:17:20,880 --> 02:17:21,920 SOCIAL DOMAIN. 3807 02:17:21,920 --> 02:17:23,520 THIS IS PARTICULARLY INTERESTING 3808 02:17:23,520 --> 02:17:25,360 DOMAIN BECAUSE THERE'S BEEN SOME 3809 02:17:25,360 --> 02:17:27,040 RECENT STUDIES THAT HAVE COME 3810 02:17:27,040 --> 02:17:29,360 OUT THAT CALLED THIS OUT, 3811 02:17:29,360 --> 02:17:32,520 PARTICULARLY CHALLENGING DOMAIN 3812 02:17:32,520 --> 02:17:34,280 TO GET OUR HANDS AROUND AND 3813 02:17:34,280 --> 02:17:35,400 IDENTIFY INDICATORS AND METRICS 3814 02:17:35,400 --> 02:17:37,440 AND HOW DO WE INCORPORATE THIS 3815 02:17:37,440 --> 02:17:42,920 INTO SOME OVERALL SUSTAINABILITY 3816 02:17:42,920 --> 02:17:43,240 MODELING. 3817 02:17:43,240 --> 02:17:45,560 WE HAVE EXPERTS TO DISCUSS THAT, 3818 02:17:45,560 --> 02:17:49,960 THEY CAN CORRECT ME WHERE I'M 3819 02:17:49,960 --> 02:17:51,600 MISTAKEN. 3820 02:17:51,600 --> 02:17:53,240 WE HAVE MEG BRUENIGN, PROFESSOR 3821 02:17:53,240 --> 02:17:55,120 OF NUTRITION SCIENCE, CHAIR OF 3822 02:17:55,120 --> 02:17:57,280 DEPARTMENT AT PENN STATE 3823 02:17:57,280 --> 02:17:57,720 UNIVERSITY. 3824 02:17:57,720 --> 02:18:01,560 SHE'S LEADING THIS SECTION. 3825 02:18:01,560 --> 02:18:04,360 WE'RE FORTUNATE TO HAVE AN 3826 02:18:04,360 --> 02:18:06,040 INVITED SPEAKER JOINING US, WHO 3827 02:18:06,040 --> 02:18:08,000 IS A SENIOR RESEARCH ASSOCIATE 3828 02:18:08,000 --> 02:18:08,880 AT CORNELL. 3829 02:18:08,880 --> 02:18:12,240 I'LL TURN IT OVER TO MEG. 3830 02:18:12,240 --> 02:18:12,520 THANK YOU. 3831 02:18:12,520 --> 02:18:13,160 >> THANKS, ZACH. 3832 02:18:13,160 --> 02:18:16,320 I'M THRILLED TO BE HERE THIS 3833 02:18:16,320 --> 02:18:16,840 AFTERNOON. 3834 02:18:16,840 --> 02:18:18,240 WE WERE CHATTING ABOUT HOW 3835 02:18:18,240 --> 02:18:20,560 EXCITING THIS WORK IS HAPPENING, 3836 02:18:20,560 --> 02:18:22,760 AND THAT NIH AND THE ACADEMY ARE 3837 02:18:22,760 --> 02:18:25,040 COMING TOGETHER TO FOCUS ON 3838 02:18:25,040 --> 02:18:26,280 THESE ISSUES AND SPECIFICALLY 3839 02:18:26,280 --> 02:18:30,440 PERSONAL PASSIONS AS IT RELATES 3840 02:18:30,440 --> 02:18:31,840 TO THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT. 3841 02:18:31,840 --> 02:18:39,360 I WANT TO MAKE SURE EVERYBODY 3842 02:18:39,360 --> 02:18:41,000 CAN SEE THE SLIDES. 3843 02:18:41,000 --> 02:18:47,040 >>YES, IT SAYS SOCIAL. 3844 02:18:47,040 --> 02:18:47,600 >> GREAT. 3845 02:18:47,600 --> 02:18:51,520 TODAY I WANTED TO TALK THROUGH 3846 02:18:51,520 --> 02:18:57,040 THE DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTS OF HOW 3847 02:18:57,040 --> 02:19:02,080 IT RELATES TO SUSTAINABILITY AND 3848 02:19:02,080 --> 02:19:03,920 CLIMATE CHANGE, AND THERE'S 3849 02:19:03,920 --> 02:19:04,720 SEVERAL CONSTRUCTS INVOLVED IN 3850 02:19:04,720 --> 02:19:07,560 THE SOCIAL ASPECT OF THE WORK. 3851 02:19:07,560 --> 02:19:08,560 GENERALLY THESE SOCIAL ASPECTS 3852 02:19:08,560 --> 02:19:11,280 ARE HOW GROUPS OF PEOPLE ARE 3853 02:19:11,280 --> 02:19:14,560 DIFFERENTIALLY AFFECTED BY ANY 3854 02:19:14,560 --> 02:19:16,400 MITIGATION ADAPTATION AND 3855 02:19:16,400 --> 02:19:17,080 RESILIENCE INTERVENTIONS. 3856 02:19:17,080 --> 02:19:18,920 FOR THE PURPOSE OF TODAY'S 3857 02:19:18,920 --> 02:19:21,640 DISCUSSION WE'VE GROUPED THESE 3858 02:19:21,640 --> 02:19:23,960 SOCIAL ASPECTS INTO FIVE 3859 02:19:23,960 --> 02:19:25,720 DIFFERENT BUCKETS OF CONSTRUCTS, 3860 02:19:25,720 --> 02:19:27,240 OTHERS MAY DO IT DIFFERENTLY, 3861 02:19:27,240 --> 02:19:33,920 FOR US THIS IS HOW WE WANTED TO 3862 02:19:33,920 --> 02:19:34,680 GROUND THE CONVERSATION. 3863 02:19:34,680 --> 02:19:36,520 THERE ARE A NUMBER OF 3864 02:19:36,520 --> 02:19:37,720 INDICATORS, METRICS, MARKS. 3865 02:19:37,720 --> 02:19:42,000 AS WE'VE HEARD THESE ARE 3866 02:19:42,000 --> 02:19:43,560 COUNTLESS AND CONTINUE TO GROW, 3867 02:19:43,560 --> 02:19:44,960 IT'S IMPORTANT TO ACKNOWLEDGE WE 3868 02:19:44,960 --> 02:19:46,400 NEED TO KEEP ASSESSING WAYS IN 3869 02:19:46,400 --> 02:19:48,680 WHICH WE CAN DO THIS BETTER. 3870 02:19:48,680 --> 02:19:50,760 THE FIRST BUCKET TO TALK ABOUT 3871 02:19:50,760 --> 02:19:52,000 WAS SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF 3872 02:19:52,000 --> 02:19:54,920 HEALTH, THIS IS HOW PEOPLE LIVE, 3873 02:19:54,920 --> 02:19:57,560 LEARN, GROW, PLAY, AND PRAY IN 3874 02:19:57,560 --> 02:19:58,080 THEIR COMMUNITY. 3875 02:19:58,080 --> 02:20:03,240 AND HERE YOU SEE SOME DIFFERENT 3876 02:20:03,240 --> 02:20:05,880 EXAMPLES WITHIN THE CONSTRUCT. 3877 02:20:05,880 --> 02:20:08,800 WE MIGHT LOOK AT EDUCATION OR 3878 02:20:08,800 --> 02:20:09,800 INCOME, FOOD AND NUTRITION 3879 02:20:09,800 --> 02:20:12,000 SECURITY WHICH WE'VE TALKED 3880 02:20:12,000 --> 02:20:14,520 ABOUT TODAY, ACCESS AND 3881 02:20:14,520 --> 02:20:16,600 AFFORDABILITY, HEALTH CARE 3882 02:20:16,600 --> 02:20:18,240 ACCESS, COUNTLESS MEASURES HERE. 3883 02:20:18,240 --> 02:20:22,200 IN ADDITION WE CAN LOOK AT 3884 02:20:22,200 --> 02:20:24,160 CULTURAL DIVERSITY, CULTURAL 3885 02:20:24,160 --> 02:20:27,440 SENSITIVITY, FOOD SOVEREIGNLY, 3886 02:20:27,440 --> 02:20:30,480 AS WE LOOK ACROSS THE GLOBE HE'S 3887 02:20:30,480 --> 02:20:33,320 ARE IMPORTANT CONSTRUCTS TO BE 3888 02:20:33,320 --> 02:20:33,840 ASSESSING. 3889 02:20:33,840 --> 02:20:36,400 AND SO IT'S LOOKING AT THE 3890 02:20:36,400 --> 02:20:37,840 AVAILABILITY OF CULTURALLY 3891 02:20:37,840 --> 02:20:42,200 APPROPRIATE FOODS, AND LOOKING 3892 02:20:42,200 --> 02:20:43,200 AT DECOLONIZATION OF 3893 02:20:43,200 --> 02:20:47,560 METHODOLOGY, ACCESS TO SEEDS, 3894 02:20:47,560 --> 02:20:49,640 POLICIES FOR MAINTENANCE OF 3895 02:20:49,640 --> 02:20:55,920 TRADITIONAL WAYS OF BEING AND 3896 02:20:55,920 --> 02:20:59,200 EATING AND EXPERIENCING 3897 02:20:59,200 --> 02:21:00,920 NUTRITION. 3898 02:21:00,920 --> 02:21:02,440 INCLUSIVITY AND GOVERNANCE IS 3899 02:21:02,440 --> 02:21:06,200 CRITICAL AS WE EXAMINE SOCIAL 3900 02:21:06,200 --> 02:21:06,920 FACTORS. 3901 02:21:06,920 --> 02:21:08,800 THESE ARE EXPRESSED IN DIFFERENT 3902 02:21:08,800 --> 02:21:12,440 WAYS IN TERMS OF PUBLIC POLICY, 3903 02:21:12,440 --> 02:21:20,800 CASE STUDIES, CONSUMER ADVOCACY, 3904 02:21:20,800 --> 02:21:22,760 VOICE AND ACCOUNTABILITY, HOW 3905 02:21:22,760 --> 02:21:24,240 PEOPLE ARE ENGAGED IN THE 3906 02:21:24,240 --> 02:21:28,120 GOVERNANCE PROJECTS AND HOW THAT 3907 02:21:28,120 --> 02:21:31,560 CHANGES WITHIN OUR CHANGING 3908 02:21:31,560 --> 02:21:31,800 CLIMATE. 3909 02:21:31,800 --> 02:21:34,480 AND WORKERS RIGHTS, FAIR 3910 02:21:34,480 --> 02:21:35,160 COMPENSATION, WORKING CONDITIONS 3911 02:21:35,160 --> 02:21:37,640 IN FOOD AND WATER SYSTEMS. 3912 02:21:37,640 --> 02:21:45,520 INDICATORS IN THIS CONSTRUCT 3913 02:21:45,520 --> 02:21:47,400 INCLUDE EXAMINING FAIR WAGES, 3914 02:21:47,400 --> 02:21:49,280 MODERN SLAVERY, THE FOOD SYSTEM. 3915 02:21:49,280 --> 02:21:50,120 AND INCREASINGLY THE SOCIAL 3916 02:21:50,120 --> 02:21:51,760 ASPECT IS NOT LIMITED TO HUMANS 3917 02:21:51,760 --> 02:21:53,640 BUT HOW HUMANS INTERACT WITH 3918 02:21:53,640 --> 02:21:55,600 ANIMALS TO ENSURE HUMANE 3919 02:21:55,600 --> 02:21:56,040 TREATMENT. 3920 02:21:56,040 --> 02:21:58,720 AND THIS CAN INCLUDE MEASURING 3921 02:21:58,720 --> 02:22:02,200 CORTISOL LEVELS WITHIN ANIMALS, 3922 02:22:02,200 --> 02:22:09,040 INDICATORS OF REPORT OF INJURY 3923 02:22:09,040 --> 02:22:12,680 AND MORTALITY. 3924 02:22:12,680 --> 02:22:15,000 HERE ON THIS SLIDE WE WANTED TO 3925 02:22:15,000 --> 02:22:16,960 WALK THROUGH SOME METRIC 3926 02:22:16,960 --> 02:22:19,480 EXAMPLES, GIVEN DIVERSITY OF 3927 02:22:19,480 --> 02:22:21,560 SCALE AND SCOPE OF THE SOCIAL 3928 02:22:21,560 --> 02:22:23,720 MEASURES, YOU CAN SEE THAT 3929 02:22:23,720 --> 02:22:24,920 THERE'S SIMILAR SCALE AND SCOPE 3930 02:22:24,920 --> 02:22:30,320 AS WE LOOK AT THE INDICATORS. 3931 02:22:30,320 --> 02:22:32,360 THEY ARE OVERLAPPED IN THE 3932 02:22:32,360 --> 02:22:34,480 METRICS, THE OTHER DEMAINS OF 3933 02:22:34,480 --> 02:22:36,120 FOOD SYSTEMS AND CLIMATE CHANGE, 3934 02:22:36,120 --> 02:22:37,920 FOR EXAMPLE FOOD SECURITY, 3935 02:22:37,920 --> 02:22:39,520 DIETARY DIVERSITY AT THE 3936 02:22:39,520 --> 02:22:41,280 POPULATION LEVEL ALSO IMPORTANT 3937 02:22:41,280 --> 02:22:42,840 IN THIS DOMAIN. 3938 02:22:42,840 --> 02:22:44,040 AS MARIE OUTLINED ANYPLACE STUDY 3939 02:22:44,040 --> 02:22:46,240 DESIGN CAN BE EMPLOYED TO LOOK 3940 02:22:46,240 --> 02:22:48,520 AT THESE CHANGES IN SOCIAL 3941 02:22:48,520 --> 02:22:52,120 RELATED INDICATORS AS WELL. 3942 02:22:52,120 --> 02:22:54,400 THE MEASUREMENT, METHODS IN 3943 02:22:54,400 --> 02:22:56,080 SOCIAL AREAS SECONDARY DATA 3944 02:22:56,080 --> 02:22:57,280 OFTEN COLLECTED BY 3945 02:22:57,280 --> 02:22:58,240 GOVERNMENT-RELATED ORGANIZATIONS 3946 02:22:58,240 --> 02:23:01,320 OR MAY INCLUDE CONTENT ANALYSES 3947 02:23:01,320 --> 02:23:02,760 OR SURVEYS OR INTERVIEWS. 3948 02:23:02,760 --> 02:23:05,160 BUT THE POINT I WANTED TO MAKE 3949 02:23:05,160 --> 02:23:07,000 THEY ARE COLLECTED FOR THE 3950 02:23:07,000 --> 02:23:08,880 PRIMARY PURPOSE OF ASSESSING 3951 02:23:08,880 --> 02:23:10,600 IMPACT MUCH SUSTAINABILITY, 3952 02:23:10,600 --> 02:23:15,880 CLIMATE CHANGE ON SOCIAL 3953 02:23:15,880 --> 02:23:16,520 STRUCTURES OR INDICATORS, 3954 02:23:16,520 --> 02:23:20,040 METHODS WE HAVE NOW MAY NOT BE 3955 02:23:20,040 --> 02:23:30,520 IDEAL TO LOOK AT THESE SOCIAL 3956 02:23:30,520 --> 02:23:33,520 IMPACTS OVER TIME. 3957 02:23:33,520 --> 02:23:34,960 AS ZACH ALLUDED TO THERE'S 3958 02:23:34,960 --> 02:23:37,680 RECENT WORK TO SHOW THE SOCIAL 3959 02:23:37,680 --> 02:23:40,320 FACTORS AS RELATES TO 3960 02:23:40,320 --> 02:23:44,240 SUSTAINABILITY AND CLIMATE 3961 02:23:44,240 --> 02:23:46,560 CHANGE IS UNDERSTUDIED. 3962 02:23:46,560 --> 02:23:50,240 THIS WAS CONDUCTED, PUBLISHED IN 3963 02:23:50,240 --> 02:23:52,440 FRONTIERS BY WEBB ET AL. LOOKING 3964 02:23:52,440 --> 02:23:54,440 AT FOUR PILLARS ACROSS TIME. 3965 02:23:54,440 --> 02:23:56,400 YOU CAN SEE RELATIVE PUBLISHING 3966 02:23:56,400 --> 02:23:59,880 RATE OF STUDIES LOOKING AT 3967 02:23:59,880 --> 02:24:00,960 ASSOCIATE FACTORS IS RELATIVELY 3968 02:24:00,960 --> 02:24:03,600 LOW OVER THE PAST FIVE OR SIX 3969 02:24:03,600 --> 02:24:06,320 YEARS, AND SO WE REALLY NEED 3970 02:24:06,320 --> 02:24:07,760 INCREASED INVESTMENT IN 3971 02:24:07,760 --> 02:24:10,400 UNDERSTANDING HOW THE SOCIAL 3972 02:24:10,400 --> 02:24:11,840 PILLAR INTERACTION WORKS ON ITS 3973 02:24:11,840 --> 02:24:15,040 OWN BUT IMPORTANTLY HOW IT 3974 02:24:15,040 --> 02:24:17,760 INTERACTS WITH THE OTHER 3975 02:24:17,760 --> 02:24:19,320 DOMAINS. 3976 02:24:19,320 --> 02:24:21,680 AND SO I THINK THERE'S SOME KEY 3977 02:24:21,680 --> 02:24:24,040 OPPORTUNITIES THAT WE'RE GOING 3978 02:24:24,040 --> 02:24:27,160 TO TALK ABOUT MORE. 3979 02:24:27,160 --> 02:24:30,080 BUT THE EMPHASIS ON THE SOCIAL 3980 02:24:30,080 --> 02:24:38,120 MINIMUM AIR -- PILLAR, MEASURES 3981 02:24:38,120 --> 02:24:41,400 NEED MORE IMPLEMENTATION AND 3982 02:24:41,400 --> 02:24:43,360 VALIDATION ACROSS ALL FOOD 3983 02:24:43,360 --> 02:24:45,680 SYSTEM DOMAINS, AND ACROSS ALL 3984 02:24:45,680 --> 02:24:48,200 DIFFERENT ANALYSES AS WE'VE 3985 02:24:48,200 --> 02:24:48,800 DISCUSSED TODAY. 3986 02:24:48,800 --> 02:24:50,600 >> CAN I INTERRUPT? 3987 02:24:50,600 --> 02:24:52,000 WE'RE SEEING YOUR NOTES VERSION 3988 02:24:52,000 --> 02:24:57,040 RATHER THAN THE SLIDE SHOW. 3989 02:24:57,040 --> 02:24:59,800 >>I'M SO SORRY. 3990 02:24:59,800 --> 02:25:09,040 3991 02:25:09,040 --> 02:25:11,000 3992 02:25:11,000 --> 02:25:12,760 >> YOU WERE INITIALLY SHOWING 3993 02:25:12,760 --> 02:25:14,760 SLIDE SHOW PRESENTATION BUT IT 3994 02:25:14,760 --> 02:25:15,480 SWITCHED OVER. 3995 02:25:15,480 --> 02:25:18,960 WE SEE THE SLIDES BUT NOT THE 3996 02:25:18,960 --> 02:25:21,000 SLIDE SHOW. 3997 02:25:21,000 --> 02:25:22,040 >> I'M TURNING THAT BOOK. 3998 02:25:22,040 --> 02:25:26,840 >>I THINK WE SEE THE SLIDE SHOW 3999 02:25:26,840 --> 02:25:27,120 NOW. 4000 02:25:27,120 --> 02:25:29,840 YOU SWITCHED BACK TO THE NOTES. 4001 02:25:29,840 --> 02:25:34,640 >> THERE WE GO. 4002 02:25:34,640 --> 02:25:34,880 >> OKAY. 4003 02:25:34,880 --> 02:25:36,840 >> ALL RIGHT. 4004 02:25:36,840 --> 02:25:39,200 I'M ALMOST DONE. 4005 02:25:39,200 --> 02:25:40,720 THE OTHER THING I THINK THE LAG 4006 02:25:40,720 --> 02:25:42,920 IN WHICH THE DATA IN WHICH 4007 02:25:42,920 --> 02:25:45,880 SOCIAL DATA ARE CURRENTLY 4008 02:25:45,880 --> 02:25:47,200 AVAILABLE IS IMPORTANT, IT'S 4009 02:25:47,200 --> 02:25:49,160 HARD TO ASSESS REALTIME IMPACTS, 4010 02:25:49,160 --> 02:25:51,680 AND THAT'S REALLY IMPORTANT TO 4011 02:25:51,680 --> 02:25:55,400 BE ABLE TO ASSESS WITH SOCIAL 4012 02:25:55,400 --> 02:25:55,760 FACTORS. 4013 02:25:55,760 --> 02:25:57,280 THERE HAS BEEN EMPHASIS ON 4014 02:25:57,280 --> 02:26:00,400 CERTAIN AREAS, REALLY IMPORTANT 4015 02:26:00,400 --> 02:26:04,240 AS WE'RE GOING TO HEAR ABOUT 4016 02:26:04,240 --> 02:26:07,120 FROM RAMIAH BUT GOING BEYOND 4017 02:26:07,120 --> 02:26:08,000 SOCIAL CONDITIONS AND GENDER 4018 02:26:08,000 --> 02:26:10,840 EFFECTS TO LOOK AT ASPECTS OF 4019 02:26:10,840 --> 02:26:15,520 THE SOCIAL EXPERIENCE AS RELATES 4020 02:26:15,520 --> 02:26:17,200 TO SUSTAINABILITY AND CLIMATE 4021 02:26:17,200 --> 02:26:19,040 CHANGE IS DESPERATELY NEEDED. 4022 02:26:19,040 --> 02:26:23,880 THIS IS SOMETHING WE TALKED 4023 02:26:23,880 --> 02:26:26,800 ABOUT, DEPENDING ON THE CONTEXT, 4024 02:26:26,800 --> 02:26:28,480 LENS WHICH PEOPLE ARE 4025 02:26:28,480 --> 02:26:31,840 EXPERIENCING THESE SOCIAL 4026 02:26:31,840 --> 02:26:33,720 FACTORS MATTERS AND THE 4027 02:26:33,720 --> 02:26:35,160 CONVERSATION IS STARKLY 4028 02:26:35,160 --> 02:26:36,560 DIFFERENT PARTICULARLY IF YOU'RE 4029 02:26:36,560 --> 02:26:39,320 LOOKING FROM AN LMIC VERSE U.S. 4030 02:26:39,320 --> 02:26:42,480 U.S. OR EUROPEAN VIEWPOINT. 4031 02:26:42,480 --> 02:26:43,600 AND REALLY UNDERSTANDING THAT WE 4032 02:26:43,600 --> 02:26:45,120 NEED TO COME TOGETHER A LITTLE 4033 02:26:45,120 --> 02:26:49,400 BIT BETTER AS WE ASSESS THESE 4034 02:26:49,400 --> 02:26:50,680 DIFFERENT SOCIAL FACTORS. 4035 02:26:50,680 --> 02:26:53,440 I HAVE THE PLEASURE OF TURNING 4036 02:26:53,440 --> 02:26:55,960 THE SLIDE SHOW OVER TO RAMIAH, 4037 02:26:55,960 --> 02:27:00,560 WHO HAS BEEN DOING SOME REALLY 4038 02:27:00,560 --> 02:27:03,960 IMPORTANT WORK LOOKING AT GENDER 4039 02:27:03,960 --> 02:27:05,600 AND ITS IMPACT ON CLIMATE 4040 02:27:05,600 --> 02:27:08,640 CHANGE, IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE 4041 02:27:08,640 --> 02:27:14,480 ON GENDER AND OTHER SOCIAL 4042 02:27:14,480 --> 02:27:15,120 FACTORS. 4043 02:27:15,120 --> 02:27:15,480 RAMYA, PLEASE. 4044 02:27:15,480 --> 02:27:16,520 >>HI. 4045 02:27:16,520 --> 02:27:21,200 LET ME SEE IF I -- YOU DON'T SEE 4046 02:27:21,200 --> 02:27:22,120 MY NOTES, RIGHT? 4047 02:27:22,120 --> 02:27:25,360 >>YES, WE'RE SEEING THE SLIDE 4048 02:27:25,360 --> 02:27:26,280 SHOW. 4049 02:27:26,280 --> 02:27:26,560 >> GREAT. 4050 02:27:26,560 --> 02:27:28,760 THANK YOU, BRUCE. 4051 02:27:28,760 --> 02:27:31,280 HI, I'M SO EXCITED TO BE HERE. 4052 02:27:31,280 --> 02:27:33,600 IT'S A BIT LAST MINUTE, I JUST 4053 02:27:33,600 --> 02:27:34,360 CAME ON. 4054 02:27:34,360 --> 02:27:41,040 REALLY EXCITED THAT NIH IS DOING 4055 02:27:41,040 --> 02:27:42,040 THIS. 4056 02:27:42,040 --> 02:27:44,000 I'M RAMYA AMBIKAPATHI, GLOBAL 4057 02:27:44,000 --> 02:27:44,760 CHANGE GROUP, CORNELL 4058 02:27:44,760 --> 02:27:45,440 UNIVERSITY, TALKING ABOUT THE 4059 02:27:45,440 --> 02:27:50,760 BIG GNAR -- NARRATIVES AND 4060 02:27:50,760 --> 02:27:51,760 SUSTAINABLE, IMPLICATION ON 4061 02:27:51,760 --> 02:27:55,920 METHODS, METRICS AND TOOLS AS 4062 02:27:55,920 --> 02:28:00,520 WELL. 4063 02:28:00,520 --> 02:28:02,560 4064 02:28:02,560 --> 02:28:04,240 4065 02:28:04,240 --> 02:28:05,560 FROM THE PREVIOUS WORKING GROUP 4066 02:28:05,560 --> 02:28:10,960 IT SEEMS LIKE IT'S BEEN WELL 4067 02:28:10,960 --> 02:28:11,920 ESTABLISHED, THERE'S A 4068 02:28:11,920 --> 02:28:15,440 BIDIRECTIONAL RELATIONSHIP WITH 4069 02:28:15,440 --> 02:28:16,640 CLIMATE CHANGE, NUTRITION 4070 02:28:16,640 --> 02:28:22,080 OUTCOMES, BURDENS OF NUTRITION 4071 02:28:22,080 --> 02:28:23,200 OUTCOMES, ALSO CLIMATE CHANGE, 4072 02:28:23,200 --> 02:28:24,720 CONTRIBUTE TO CLIMATE CHANGE. 4073 02:28:24,720 --> 02:28:30,200 IN TURN CLIMATE CHANGE ALSO 4074 02:28:30,200 --> 02:28:32,080 AFFECTS NUTRITION, FOOD PRICES, 4075 02:28:32,080 --> 02:28:32,480 OTHER MECHANISMS. 4076 02:28:32,480 --> 02:28:38,360 FOR THE PURPOSE OF THIS 4077 02:28:38,360 --> 02:28:40,560 PRESENTATION I'LL JUST FOCUS ON 4078 02:28:40,560 --> 02:28:41,800 THE BIDIRECTIONAL RELATIONSHIP. 4079 02:28:41,800 --> 02:28:44,520 IF YOU LOOK AT THE COMMON 4080 02:28:44,520 --> 02:28:47,840 NARRATIVES, THERE'S THE CAUSES 4081 02:28:47,840 --> 02:28:50,320 OF CLIMATE CHANGE, IN TERMS OF 4082 02:28:50,320 --> 02:28:51,520 SUSTAINABILITY, THERE'S HIGH 4083 02:28:51,520 --> 02:28:52,040 INCOME COUNTRY NARRATIVE 4084 02:28:52,040 --> 02:28:56,880 TYPICALLY FROM THE U.S. OR 4085 02:28:56,880 --> 02:28:59,080 EUROPEAN NARRATIVE, WE NEED TO 4086 02:28:59,080 --> 02:29:02,520 THINK ABOUT SUSTAINABILITY. 4087 02:29:02,520 --> 02:29:07,360 SO YOU HAVE EAT LANCET DIET, 4088 02:29:07,360 --> 02:29:08,160 AFFORDABILITY, FOOD WASTE, AND 4089 02:29:08,160 --> 02:29:10,440 THEN YOU HAVE THIS OTHER 4090 02:29:10,440 --> 02:29:12,760 NARRATIVE WHICH IS MOSTLY WHERE 4091 02:29:12,760 --> 02:29:16,480 I WORK, CONSEQUENCE OF CLIMATE 4092 02:29:16,480 --> 02:29:20,960 CHANGE, IMPACT, SEA LEVEL RISE, 4093 02:29:20,960 --> 02:29:22,160 TEMPERATURE, DROUGHT, FLOODING, 4094 02:29:22,160 --> 02:29:24,680 SOIL EROSION, THE IMPACTS THAT 4095 02:29:24,680 --> 02:29:26,520 AFFECT FOOD PRODUCTION, ACCESS 4096 02:29:26,520 --> 02:29:28,400 TO BASIC SERVICES. 4097 02:29:28,400 --> 02:29:31,680 THOSE NARRATIVES, IF YOU ASK 4098 02:29:31,680 --> 02:29:34,320 WHAT SUSTAINABILITY MEANS, AN 4099 02:29:34,320 --> 02:29:35,400 AFRICAN COUNTRY, SOUTHEAST ASIA, 4100 02:29:35,400 --> 02:29:37,360 YOU WILL HAVE WIDELY DIFFERENT 4101 02:29:37,360 --> 02:29:40,200 DEFINITIONS IN TERMS OF WHAT THE 4102 02:29:40,200 --> 02:29:42,320 GOVERNANCE OF THINGS IS, FOOD 4103 02:29:42,320 --> 02:29:44,160 SOVEREIGNTY, FOOD SECURITY, FOOD 4104 02:29:44,160 --> 02:29:45,240 ACCESS, FOOD CHOICE, FOCUSING 4105 02:29:45,240 --> 02:29:47,120 MORE ON FOOD LOSS WHICH IS A 4106 02:29:47,120 --> 02:29:50,600 DIFFERENT ASPECT OF THE FOOD 4107 02:29:50,600 --> 02:29:50,840 SYSTEMS. 4108 02:29:50,840 --> 02:29:57,040 SO THERE IS A STANDARD A STANDD 4109 02:29:57,040 --> 02:29:58,440 DEFINITION, SUSTAINABILITY, BUT 4110 02:29:58,440 --> 02:30:00,680 WHAT IT REALLY MEANS TO 4111 02:30:00,680 --> 02:30:02,880 DIFFERENT COUNTRIES AND 4112 02:30:02,880 --> 02:30:06,480 DIFFERENT CONTEXTS IS VERY 4113 02:30:06,480 --> 02:30:07,600 DIFFERENT. 4114 02:30:07,600 --> 02:30:09,560 THAT ACTUALLY FOR THINKING ABOUT 4115 02:30:09,560 --> 02:30:12,080 ONE MEASURE ACROSS HIGH AND LOW 4116 02:30:12,080 --> 02:30:13,600 INCOME COUNTRY, I THINK WE JUST 4117 02:30:13,600 --> 02:30:15,360 HAVE TO THINK ABOUT WHAT THAT 4118 02:30:15,360 --> 02:30:19,960 REALLY MEANS AND WHAT WE'RE 4119 02:30:19,960 --> 02:30:21,920 TRYING TO CAPTURE IN TERMS OF IF 4120 02:30:21,920 --> 02:30:25,200 IT'S AN INDEX OR TOOL, A MEASURE 4121 02:30:25,200 --> 02:30:26,200 CAPTURED ACROSS DIFFERENT 4122 02:30:26,200 --> 02:30:27,320 CONTEXTS. 4123 02:30:27,320 --> 02:30:30,600 SO, I'M GOING TO FOCUS ON JUST 4124 02:30:30,600 --> 02:30:33,520 CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE, 4125 02:30:33,520 --> 02:30:34,520 PRIMARILY ON DIETS. 4126 02:30:34,520 --> 02:30:38,480 ACCESS TO DIET, ACCESS TO 4127 02:30:38,480 --> 02:30:40,200 HEALTHY DIET, MY BACKGROUND. 4128 02:30:40,200 --> 02:30:42,400 I'M GOING TO FOCUS ON THAT. 4129 02:30:42,400 --> 02:30:44,320 WHEN WE THINK ABOUT ACCESS TO 4130 02:30:44,320 --> 02:30:48,200 DIETS, FOOD CHOICE, WHAT ARE THE 4131 02:30:48,200 --> 02:30:51,360 DIFFERENT DRIVERS OF FOOD 4132 02:30:51,360 --> 02:30:58,040 CHOICE, THIS IS, AGAIN, I LOVE 4133 02:30:58,040 --> 02:30:59,680 THAT MARIE SET THE STAGE FOR THE 4134 02:30:59,680 --> 02:31:05,240 TURNER GRAHAM -- TURNER 4135 02:31:05,240 --> 02:31:05,840 FRAMEWORK. 4136 02:31:05,840 --> 02:31:07,160 WE LOOKED AT OPERATIONALIZED FOR 4137 02:31:07,160 --> 02:31:12,880 THE FAMILY AT THE HOUSEHOLD 4138 02:31:12,880 --> 02:31:14,360 LEVEL, BRINGING TOGETHER 4139 02:31:14,360 --> 02:31:16,200 HOUSEHOLD INTERACTION, THINKING 4140 02:31:16,200 --> 02:31:18,800 ABOUT THINGS THAT AFFECT GENDER 4141 02:31:18,800 --> 02:31:20,560 ROLES, SOMEONE IS WORKING AT THE 4142 02:31:20,560 --> 02:31:21,760 HOUSE, YOU KNOW, THE WOMAN IS 4143 02:31:21,760 --> 02:31:23,960 WORKING AT THE HOUSE WHERE YOU 4144 02:31:23,960 --> 02:31:26,680 START TO SEE THE DIFFERENCES IN 4145 02:31:26,680 --> 02:31:29,400 TERMS OF LIKE ACCESS TO FOOD, 4146 02:31:29,400 --> 02:31:32,920 KIND OF PREPARATION, TIMING 4147 02:31:32,920 --> 02:31:33,920 ISN'T EVERYTHING. 4148 02:31:33,920 --> 02:31:36,520 WE DID THIS WORK IN TANZANIA. 4149 02:31:36,520 --> 02:31:40,480 A LOT OF THIS, SOME IS REALLY 4150 02:31:40,480 --> 02:31:42,120 UNIVERSAL ACROSS HIGH-INCOME 4151 02:31:42,120 --> 02:31:42,640 COUNTRIES. 4152 02:31:42,640 --> 02:31:44,680 THE FOOD CHOICE WITH ONE OF 4153 02:31:44,680 --> 02:31:45,960 THOSE INDICATORS ESPECIALLY THE 4154 02:31:45,960 --> 02:31:48,280 TIME USED, WE HAVE THIS 4155 02:31:48,280 --> 02:31:50,320 GLOBALIZED NINE TO FIVE 4156 02:31:50,320 --> 02:31:53,280 SCHEDULE, SCHOOL, WORK, WE HAVE 4157 02:31:53,280 --> 02:31:55,760 THIS TIMING IS CONSTRAINED OR 4158 02:31:55,760 --> 02:31:57,920 CONVENIENCE FACTOR THAT WE'RE 4159 02:31:57,920 --> 02:31:58,720 JUST TRYING EXPRESS. 4160 02:31:58,720 --> 02:32:03,160 IT COMES OUT IN OUR FOOD CHOICE. 4161 02:32:03,160 --> 02:32:05,800 ESPECIALLY THE CHANGES IN GENDER 4162 02:32:05,800 --> 02:32:07,320 ROLES, CLASSIC NUTRITION 4163 02:32:07,320 --> 02:32:09,760 TRANSITION, YOU START SEEING 4164 02:32:09,760 --> 02:32:11,400 LIKE WHEN WOMEN STARTED TO WORK 4165 02:32:11,400 --> 02:32:12,600 OUTSIDE THE HOME WHEN YOU 4166 02:32:12,600 --> 02:32:15,880 STARTED TO SEE, OKAY, YOU NEED 4167 02:32:15,880 --> 02:32:16,960 MORE CONVENIENCE FOOD, PREPARED 4168 02:32:16,960 --> 02:32:19,160 FOODS. 4169 02:32:19,160 --> 02:32:20,480 ONE OF THE KEY THINGS THAT WE 4170 02:32:20,480 --> 02:32:22,320 GOT OUT OF THE STUDY THAT WE 4171 02:32:22,320 --> 02:32:25,080 LEARNED FROM THE STUDY IS THAT 4172 02:32:25,080 --> 02:32:27,480 THE AMOUNT YOU SPEND FOR HEALTH 4173 02:32:27,480 --> 02:32:29,440 EXPENDITURE AFFECTS HOW MUCH YOU 4174 02:32:29,440 --> 02:32:30,160 HAVE FOR FOOD EXPENDITURE, HOW 4175 02:32:30,160 --> 02:32:32,400 MUCH HAVE YOU IN TERMS OF ACCESS 4176 02:32:32,400 --> 02:32:33,360 TO HEALTHY DIETS. 4177 02:32:33,360 --> 02:32:36,320 IN TERMS OF THINKING ABOUT BROAD 4178 02:32:36,320 --> 02:32:41,480 TRENDS WITH THE EXPECTED SORT OF 4179 02:32:41,480 --> 02:32:42,240 INCREASE IN NON-COMMUNICABLE 4180 02:32:42,240 --> 02:32:43,560 DISEASES, IF IT'S HAPPENING AT 4181 02:32:43,560 --> 02:32:46,520 THE FAMILY LEVEL, IT'S GOING TO 4182 02:32:46,520 --> 02:32:49,040 BE INCREASED PREVALENCE, 4183 02:32:49,040 --> 02:32:52,240 INCREASED BUDGETARY, ESPECIALLY 4184 02:32:52,240 --> 02:32:53,880 THINKING ABOUT HEALTH AND FOOD 4185 02:32:53,880 --> 02:32:55,320 EXPENDITURE, IT'S AN IMPORTANT 4186 02:32:55,320 --> 02:32:57,800 INDICATOR TO BE THINKING ABOUT 4187 02:32:57,800 --> 02:33:03,120 AS WE THINK ABOUT ACCESS TO 4188 02:33:03,120 --> 02:33:04,480 HEALTHY DIETS. 4189 02:33:04,480 --> 02:33:05,360 AND THEN JUST REALLY THERE'S SO 4190 02:33:05,360 --> 02:33:07,800 MUCH I WANT TO TALK ABOUT, FOCUS 4191 02:33:07,800 --> 02:33:10,840 ON BROAD BIG POINTS THAT ARE 4192 02:33:10,840 --> 02:33:12,240 REALLY IMPORTANT, REALLY 4193 02:33:12,240 --> 02:33:13,680 VALUABLE FOR METHODS 4194 02:33:13,680 --> 02:33:14,440 CONSIDERATIONS. 4195 02:33:14,440 --> 02:33:16,440 THERE ISN'T ONE FOOD SYSTEM, 4196 02:33:16,440 --> 02:33:24,640 EVEN IN THE INDIANA -- INDIA IS 4197 02:33:24,640 --> 02:33:33,240 GREAT EXAMPLE, HIGHLY DIVERSE 4198 02:33:33,240 --> 02:33:34,320 AND CONTEXTUAL. 4199 02:33:34,320 --> 02:33:37,000 IN TERMS OF SHOCKS FELT LIKE THE 4200 02:33:37,000 --> 02:33:39,720 DROUGHT VERSUS FLOODS, THEY HAVE 4201 02:33:39,720 --> 02:33:42,880 DIFFERENT SORT OF SLOW VERSUS 4202 02:33:42,880 --> 02:33:44,000 RAPID ONSET OF SHOCK, DIFFERENT 4203 02:33:44,000 --> 02:33:47,120 IMPACT IN TERMS OF FOOD. 4204 02:33:47,120 --> 02:33:49,040 THE BIGGEST FOR LOW- AND 4205 02:33:49,040 --> 02:33:50,760 MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES LARGEST 4206 02:33:50,760 --> 02:33:55,280 SOURCES OF MICRO NUTRIENTS COMES 4207 02:33:55,280 --> 02:33:57,040 FROM STAPLES, LARGER IMPACT. 4208 02:33:57,040 --> 02:33:59,400 THE KIND OF CHANGES THAT HAPPENS 4209 02:33:59,400 --> 02:34:00,800 VARIES BY SHOCKS. 4210 02:34:00,800 --> 02:34:05,000 THINKING ABOUT THE DIVERSITY OF 4211 02:34:05,000 --> 02:34:07,520 CONTEXT REALLY MATTERS IN TERMS 4212 02:34:07,520 --> 02:34:10,520 OF FOOD ACCESS, ALSO IN TERMS OF 4213 02:34:10,520 --> 02:34:11,720 MICRONUTRIENT STATUS. 4214 02:34:11,720 --> 02:34:14,440 YOU'RE STILL DEALING WITH ISSUES 4215 02:34:14,440 --> 02:34:16,520 OF SEASONALITY, UNFORTUNATELY I 4216 02:34:16,520 --> 02:34:20,120 DON'T THINK WE HAVE NOT FULLY 4217 02:34:20,120 --> 02:34:21,240 SOLVED SEASONAL CONSUMPTION THAT 4218 02:34:21,240 --> 02:34:24,960 STILL HAPPENS, NOW YOU HAVE MORE 4219 02:34:24,960 --> 02:34:26,680 EXTREME SEASONALITY TYPE EVENTS 4220 02:34:26,680 --> 02:34:28,680 THAT CAN UNDERTAKE THAT WILL 4221 02:34:28,680 --> 02:34:30,080 PROBABLY HAPPEN UNDER THESE 4222 02:34:30,080 --> 02:34:31,920 CLIMATE SHOCKS, OR ARE HAPPENING 4223 02:34:31,920 --> 02:34:33,600 UNDER CLIMATE SHOCKS. 4224 02:34:33,600 --> 02:34:35,440 I TALKED ABOUT GENDER ROLES. 4225 02:34:35,440 --> 02:34:44,640 THIS IS A VERY BIG LILT A -- 4226 02:34:44,640 --> 02:34:47,240 LITERATURE WELL STUDIED. 4227 02:34:47,240 --> 02:34:48,920 GENDERED IMIMPACT, WOMEN, 4228 02:34:48,920 --> 02:34:49,640 ESPECIALLY IN AGRICULTURE, THEY 4229 02:34:49,640 --> 02:34:55,640 WERE IN THE LOWER WAGES, LOWER 4230 02:34:55,640 --> 02:34:57,000 PRODUCTIVITY, HIGHER ENERGY 4231 02:34:57,000 --> 02:34:59,640 EXPENDITURE, THEY REALLY HAVE A 4232 02:34:59,640 --> 02:35:02,040 VERY VARIED IMPACT UNDER CLIMATE 4233 02:35:02,040 --> 02:35:05,320 CHANGE AND THINKING ABOUT, OKAY, 4234 02:35:05,320 --> 02:35:11,680 THIS IS HAPPENING, WE'VE SEEN 4235 02:35:11,680 --> 02:35:12,200 THIS. 4236 02:35:12,200 --> 02:35:15,080 IT'S GOING TO AFFECT SAMPLING 4237 02:35:15,080 --> 02:35:18,120 DESIGN, INCLUDING MARGINALIZED 4238 02:35:18,120 --> 02:35:19,960 WOMEN WHO HAVE MORE ROAMS WHEN 4239 02:35:19,960 --> 02:35:22,400 THERE'S A HIGH MALE MIGRATION, 4240 02:35:22,400 --> 02:35:24,440 CHANGES IN GENDER ROLES, IT'S 4241 02:35:24,440 --> 02:35:26,840 REALLY GOING TO IMPACT IN TERMS 4242 02:35:26,840 --> 02:35:27,520 OF SAMPLING. 4243 02:35:27,520 --> 02:35:29,600 I'LL TALK MORE ABOUT WHAT I MEAN 4244 02:35:29,600 --> 02:35:31,880 BY SAMPLING DESIGN. 4245 02:35:31,880 --> 02:35:33,440 THE MIGRATION LITERATURE UNDER 4246 02:35:33,440 --> 02:35:35,200 CLIMATE CHANGE, THE BIG PICTURES 4247 02:35:35,200 --> 02:35:38,800 IS THAT PEOPLE WHO ARE ABLE TO 4248 02:35:38,800 --> 02:35:40,200 MOVE WILL MOVE. 4249 02:35:40,200 --> 02:35:42,720 IN THE SAME PLACE YOU CAN GO AND 4250 02:35:42,720 --> 02:35:45,040 YOU'LL REPEATEDLY FIND MORE AND 4251 02:35:45,040 --> 02:35:48,560 MORE AND MORE MARGINALIZED 4252 02:35:48,560 --> 02:35:49,560 COMMUNITIES, MORE MARGINALIZED 4253 02:35:49,560 --> 02:35:50,600 POPULATION, THROUGH MIGRATION 4254 02:35:50,600 --> 02:35:52,800 YOU SEE CHANGES IN POPULATION 4255 02:35:52,800 --> 02:35:53,280 DEMOGRAPHICS. 4256 02:35:53,280 --> 02:35:54,120 SAME COMMUNITY, YOU GO BACK 4257 02:35:54,120 --> 02:35:56,640 EVERY TWO OR THREE YEARS, 4258 02:35:56,640 --> 02:35:58,480 CHANGES EPIDEMIOLOGY OF LIKE 4259 02:35:58,480 --> 02:36:02,600 THINKING ABOUT KNEW TRYINGS -- 4260 02:36:02,600 --> 02:36:06,880 NUTRITION, ALSO IN DISEASE. 4261 02:36:06,880 --> 02:36:12,680 YOU GO BACK TO THE COMMUNITY, 4262 02:36:12,680 --> 02:36:13,360 DEMOGRAPHIC CONSTANTLY CHANGES 4263 02:36:13,360 --> 02:36:14,800 AND BECOMES IN PLACES WITH 4264 02:36:14,800 --> 02:36:16,200 CLIMATE SHOCKS OR HOT SPOTS, 4265 02:36:16,200 --> 02:36:18,200 PEOPLE ABLE TO LEAVE ARE 4266 02:36:18,200 --> 02:36:18,520 LEAVING. 4267 02:36:18,520 --> 02:36:21,800 PEOPLE WHO ARE NOT ABLE TO 4268 02:36:21,800 --> 02:36:22,760 LEAVE, REALLY MARGINALIZED ARE 4269 02:36:22,760 --> 02:36:23,360 STAYING BEHIND. 4270 02:36:23,360 --> 02:36:27,360 WHEN WE THINK ABOUT 4271 02:36:27,360 --> 02:36:29,160 INTERSECTIONALITY RESPONSE RATES 4272 02:36:29,160 --> 02:36:31,640 EVEN IN NHANES, VERY DIFFERENT 4273 02:36:31,640 --> 02:36:33,400 RESPONSE RATE BETWEEN NON-WHITE 4274 02:36:33,400 --> 02:36:34,280 AND WHITE SAMPLES. 4275 02:36:34,280 --> 02:36:37,040 THAT SORT OF THINKING OF 4276 02:36:37,040 --> 02:36:38,320 INCLUSIVE SAMPLING DESIGN HOW TO 4277 02:36:38,320 --> 02:36:40,240 TARGET THE POPULATION IS GOING 4278 02:36:40,240 --> 02:36:43,800 TO BE VERY IMPORTANT. 4279 02:36:43,800 --> 02:36:47,120 ANOTHER BROAD TREND, SPATIAL AND 4280 02:36:47,120 --> 02:36:48,440 SUBURBANIZATION THAT'S 4281 02:36:48,440 --> 02:36:51,160 HAPPENING, THERE'S DIFFERENT 4282 02:36:51,160 --> 02:36:53,240 TERMS FOR THIS, RURAL 4283 02:36:53,240 --> 02:36:55,640 URBANIZATION IS ANOTHER, IT'S 4284 02:36:55,640 --> 02:36:58,800 THIS PREDICTION THE LARGEST 4285 02:36:58,800 --> 02:37:00,480 GROWTH IN LOW AND MIDDLE INCOME 4286 02:37:00,480 --> 02:37:03,000 COUNTRIES IS SECONDARY CITIES 4287 02:37:03,000 --> 02:37:04,840 AND TOWNS, ESPECIALLY SOUTHERN 4288 02:37:04,840 --> 02:37:06,040 AFRICA, SOUTHEAST ASIA. 4289 02:37:06,040 --> 02:37:11,080 YOU'RE NOT SEEING TOWARDS BIG 4290 02:37:11,080 --> 02:37:12,640 URBAN POPULATION CENTERS BUT 4291 02:37:12,640 --> 02:37:13,720 SECONDARY SMALLER TOWNS. 4292 02:37:13,720 --> 02:37:16,040 THERE'S GOING TOSH A REALLY BIG 4293 02:37:16,040 --> 02:37:19,080 NEED FOR NATIONAL DATA. 4294 02:37:19,080 --> 02:37:21,040 I'M SURE THAT'S EXPRESSED IN THE 4295 02:37:21,040 --> 02:37:24,880 LAST COUPLE WORKING GROUPS AS 4296 02:37:24,880 --> 02:37:25,720 WELL. 4297 02:37:25,720 --> 02:37:27,920 A LOT OF INDICATORS AND TOOLS, 4298 02:37:27,920 --> 02:37:30,760 IT'S AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL WHICH 4299 02:37:30,760 --> 02:37:32,880 TENDS TO BE BIASED FROM URBAN, 4300 02:37:32,880 --> 02:37:35,600 PROBABLY REPRESENTING MORE OF 4301 02:37:35,600 --> 02:37:37,360 THE URBAN AREAS. 4302 02:37:37,360 --> 02:37:39,360 INDICATORS, LOOKING AT NATIONAL 4303 02:37:39,360 --> 02:37:40,840 INDICATORS, REFERENCES URBAN 4304 02:37:40,840 --> 02:37:42,840 AREAS WITHIN A COUNTRY THAN THE 4305 02:37:42,840 --> 02:37:45,360 SECONDARY CITIES AND TOWNS. 4306 02:37:45,360 --> 02:37:52,240 THINKING ABOUT WHAT AN INDICATOR 4307 02:37:52,240 --> 02:37:55,080 REPRESENTS IS GOING TO BE 4308 02:37:55,080 --> 02:37:55,320 DIFFERENT. 4309 02:37:55,320 --> 02:37:59,880 THERE'S LOTS OF REASONS WE NEED 4310 02:37:59,880 --> 02:38:02,520 NATIONAL DATA. 4311 02:38:02,520 --> 02:38:06,680 A LOT OF VULNERABILITY 4312 02:38:06,680 --> 02:38:09,280 RESILIENCY THINKING HAS POB TO 4313 02:38:09,280 --> 02:38:14,640 BE -- TO BE BROUGHT IN, IN TERMS 4314 02:38:14,640 --> 02:38:17,680 OF IMPACT, SO VULNERABILITY IS 4315 02:38:17,680 --> 02:38:20,520 CAPACITY TO ADAPT, EXPOSURE TO 4316 02:38:20,520 --> 02:38:24,840 SHOCKS, A LOT OF VULNERABILITY 4317 02:38:24,840 --> 02:38:26,920 ASSESSMENTS ARE VERY HIGHER 4318 02:38:26,920 --> 02:38:28,480 SPATIAL LEVEL, NOT DONE AT THE 4319 02:38:28,480 --> 02:38:31,120 COMMUNITY LEVEL WHICH VARIES 4320 02:38:31,120 --> 02:38:34,160 WITHIN A COMMUNITY TO COMMUNITY, 4321 02:38:34,160 --> 02:38:35,800 VILLAGE TO VILLAGE, HOUSEHOLD TO 4322 02:38:35,800 --> 02:38:40,760 HOUSEHOLD SO A NEED FOR GRANULAR 4323 02:38:40,760 --> 02:38:41,760 VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT. 4324 02:38:41,760 --> 02:38:44,800 LASTLY, I THINK MARIE TOUCHED 4325 02:38:44,800 --> 02:38:52,360 UPON THIS, WHEN WE'RE LOOKING AT 4326 02:38:52,360 --> 02:38:59,360 SOCIAL OUTCOMES, IT IS A VERY 4327 02:38:59,360 --> 02:38:59,960 TRANSDISCIPLINARY AND 4328 02:38:59,960 --> 02:39:02,840 INTERDISCIPLINARY VERY -- IT'S 4329 02:39:02,840 --> 02:39:05,800 NOT ONE SORT OF METHOD THAT 4330 02:39:05,800 --> 02:39:07,440 REALLY GRASPS AT WHAT'S GOING 4331 02:39:07,440 --> 02:39:08,640 ON. 4332 02:39:08,640 --> 02:39:11,160 FROM MY EXPERIENCE FROM DOING 4333 02:39:11,160 --> 02:39:12,920 STUDIES WHERE WE LOOKED AT 4334 02:39:12,920 --> 02:39:16,520 CLIMATE CHANGE HOT SPOTS, IT'S 4335 02:39:16,520 --> 02:39:17,320 REALLY -- MULTIPLE METHODS 4336 02:39:17,320 --> 02:39:18,720 ELUCIDATE A LOT MORE WHAT'S 4337 02:39:18,720 --> 02:39:19,920 HAPPENING ON THE GROUND. 4338 02:39:19,920 --> 02:39:23,240 AND THEN I KIND OF MENTIONED 4339 02:39:23,240 --> 02:39:26,240 THIS BUT GENERALLY METRICS 4340 02:39:26,240 --> 02:39:27,160 INDICATORS THAT CAPTURE ACROSS 4341 02:39:27,160 --> 02:39:32,280 HIGH INCOME AND LOW INCOME VERY 4342 02:39:32,280 --> 02:39:32,520 LIMITED. 4343 02:39:32,520 --> 02:39:35,760 SOMETHING THAT'S ACROSS LIKE THE 4344 02:39:35,760 --> 02:39:39,400 CAPTURE OF THE NEED, POPULATION 4345 02:39:39,400 --> 02:39:40,120 NEEDS ACROSS HIGH AND LOW AND 4346 02:39:40,120 --> 02:39:44,000 MIDDLE INCOME LOW- AND 4347 02:39:44,000 --> 02:39:45,200 MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES ARE 4348 02:39:45,200 --> 02:39:48,080 LIMITED. 4349 02:39:48,080 --> 02:39:52,600 COST OF HEALTHY DIET IS CLOSER. 4350 02:39:52,600 --> 02:39:55,320 I THINK GENERALLY THINKING 4351 02:39:55,320 --> 02:39:58,360 ACROSS CONTEXT, UNIVERSAL 4352 02:39:58,360 --> 02:40:00,400 INDICATORS TEND TO BE BIASED TO 4353 02:40:00,400 --> 02:40:01,960 URBAN AREAS, HIGH INCOME COUNTRY 4354 02:40:01,960 --> 02:40:03,720 OR DIFFERENT KINDS OF 4355 02:40:03,720 --> 02:40:07,760 DEFINITIONS THAT ARE NOT 4356 02:40:07,760 --> 02:40:08,360 GENERALIZABLE. 4357 02:40:08,360 --> 02:40:10,520 AND THEN I LOVE THIS QUOTE. 4358 02:40:10,520 --> 02:40:12,800 SOMEONE MENTIONED THIS EARLIER 4359 02:40:12,800 --> 02:40:14,520 AS WELL. 4360 02:40:14,520 --> 02:40:17,720 THERE'S SORT OF THIS FOOD AND 4361 02:40:17,720 --> 02:40:28,240 DIET AND NUTRITION, TWO DIVIDING 4362 02:40:31,880 --> 02:40:32,440 CULTURES, PRE-SWALLOWING DOMAIN, 4363 02:40:32,440 --> 02:40:33,680 THERE'S A HUGE NUMBER OF 4364 02:40:33,680 --> 02:40:36,320 DISCIPLINES THAT GO INTO IT, 4365 02:40:36,320 --> 02:40:38,760 EVEN THINKING ABOUT -- FOOD IS 4366 02:40:38,760 --> 02:40:40,280 PERSONAL AND POLITICAL. 4367 02:40:40,280 --> 02:40:42,720 IT'S AN EXPRESSION OF IDENTITY, 4368 02:40:42,720 --> 02:40:44,200 FAMILY VALUES, EXPRESSION OF A 4369 02:40:44,200 --> 02:40:46,720 LOT OF THINGS. 4370 02:40:46,720 --> 02:40:49,000 STATUS, CLASS, CULTURE. 4371 02:40:49,000 --> 02:40:51,360 TO BE THINKING ABOUT THOSE 4372 02:40:51,360 --> 02:40:53,720 THINGS NEEDS A WIDE VARIETY OF 4373 02:40:53,720 --> 02:40:56,160 DISCIPLINES THAT I THINK -- AND 4374 02:40:56,160 --> 02:40:57,440 WIDE VARIETY OF PERSPECTIVES IN 4375 02:40:57,440 --> 02:40:59,200 TERMS -- NOT EVEN IN TERMS OF 4376 02:40:59,200 --> 02:41:00,200 LIKE, YOU KNOW, DISCIPLINES BUT 4377 02:41:00,200 --> 02:41:02,480 ALSO IN TERMS OF LIKE 4378 02:41:02,480 --> 02:41:03,120 METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES, IT'S 4379 02:41:03,120 --> 02:41:06,840 GOING TO BE VERY IMPORTANT. 4380 02:41:06,840 --> 02:41:08,840 THAT'S ALL I HAVE. 4381 02:41:08,840 --> 02:41:12,520 SORRY, THAT WAS VERY JAM-PACKED 4382 02:41:12,520 --> 02:41:15,080 BECAUSE I DID NOT HAVE TIME BUT 4383 02:41:15,080 --> 02:41:16,480 I'M HAPPY TO ANSWER ANY 4384 02:41:16,480 --> 02:41:16,720 QUESTIONS. 4385 02:41:16,720 --> 02:41:25,600 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH, RAMIYA, 4386 02:41:25,600 --> 02:41:29,960 THAT WAS FANTASTIC. 4387 02:41:29,960 --> 02:41:30,600 >> THANK YOU. 4388 02:41:30,600 --> 02:41:31,800 >> JAM-PACKED, EXPECTING YOU TO 4389 02:41:31,800 --> 02:41:35,560 COVER SOCIAL INFLUENCES AROUND 4390 02:41:35,560 --> 02:41:36,840 THE WORLD, FABULOUS DISTILLATION 4391 02:41:36,840 --> 02:41:39,840 OF SOME KEY ISSUES AND REALLY A 4392 02:41:39,840 --> 02:41:45,440 GREAT CONVERSATION AND 4393 02:41:45,440 --> 02:41:46,760 DISCUSSION OPENER, BOTH OF YOU 4394 02:41:46,760 --> 02:41:49,080 REALLY PROVIDED A LOT OF 4395 02:41:49,080 --> 02:41:51,560 QUOTE/UNQUOTE FOOD FOR THOUGHT. 4396 02:41:51,560 --> 02:41:52,680 ZACH, INITIAL THOUGHTS? 4397 02:41:52,680 --> 02:41:54,520 >> YOU KNOW, SOMETHING I'VE 4398 02:41:54,520 --> 02:41:58,920 BEEN WONDERING MORE ABOUT AS 4399 02:41:58,920 --> 02:42:02,000 WE'VE SEEN SOCIAL LIFE CYCLE 4400 02:42:02,000 --> 02:42:04,920 ASSESSMENTS COME OUT, YOU KNOW, 4401 02:42:04,920 --> 02:42:06,000 WONDERING WHAT YOU THINK ABOUT 4402 02:42:06,000 --> 02:42:08,000 THE VALUE OF THOSE AND WHETHER 4403 02:42:08,000 --> 02:42:11,440 WE COULD USE THOSE TO GENERATE 4404 02:42:11,440 --> 02:42:14,760 MORE METRICS FOR SOME OF THESE 4405 02:42:14,760 --> 02:42:16,280 INDICATORS OF SOCIAL 4406 02:42:16,280 --> 02:42:17,600 SUSTAINABILITY THAT MIGHT HAVE 4407 02:42:17,600 --> 02:42:21,040 PREVIOUSLY BEEN HARD TO GRASP, 4408 02:42:21,040 --> 02:42:21,760 REALLY HARD TO QUANTIFY, 4409 02:42:21,760 --> 02:42:24,520 WONDERING IF YOU THINK THAT'S A 4410 02:42:24,520 --> 02:42:25,680 VALUABLE APPROACH OR SOME 4411 02:42:25,680 --> 02:42:26,800 INDICATORS WE WOULDN'T BE ABLE 4412 02:42:26,800 --> 02:42:34,960 TO CAPTURE IN A SOCIAL LCA? 4413 02:42:34,960 --> 02:42:38,400 >> I'M GOING TO LET MEG ANSWER. 4414 02:42:38,400 --> 02:42:42,560 I'LL JUST SAY EVEN ASKING WHAT 4415 02:42:42,560 --> 02:42:44,520 SUSTAINABILITY MEANS TO 4416 02:42:44,520 --> 02:42:46,720 DIFFERENT INSTITUTIONS, LIKE A 4417 02:42:46,720 --> 02:42:47,680 NUTRITION INSTITUTION IN INDIA, 4418 02:42:47,680 --> 02:42:50,520 WHAT DOES SUSTAINABILITY MEAN TO 4419 02:42:50,520 --> 02:42:53,160 YOU, EVEN ASKING THAT QUESTION 4420 02:42:53,160 --> 02:42:55,120 ACROSS INSTITUTIONS, ACROSS LIKE 4421 02:42:55,120 --> 02:42:57,440 DIFFERENT INTEREST GROUPS AND 4422 02:42:57,440 --> 02:42:59,600 ADVOCACY GROUPS COULD GO A LONG 4423 02:42:59,600 --> 02:43:01,480 WAY HOW WE DEFINE SOCIAL 4424 02:43:01,480 --> 02:43:03,000 SUSTAINABILITY OR SOCIAL ASPECTS 4425 02:43:03,000 --> 02:43:03,440 OF SUSTAINABILITY. 4426 02:43:03,440 --> 02:43:06,280 I DON'T KNOW MUCH ABOUT SOCIAL 4427 02:43:06,280 --> 02:43:08,240 LCA. 4428 02:43:08,240 --> 02:43:13,960 I HAVE TO READ MORE, I'M GOING 4429 02:43:13,960 --> 02:43:16,240 TO GO SOMEONE ELSE. 4430 02:43:16,240 --> 02:43:18,760 >> I'M ALSO NOT FAMILIAR, ZACH. 4431 02:43:18,760 --> 02:43:20,320 MAYBE YOU COULD ELUCIDATE FOR 4432 02:43:20,320 --> 02:43:20,760 US. 4433 02:43:20,760 --> 02:43:22,840 >> YEAH, THERE WAS EVEN BETTER 4434 02:43:22,840 --> 02:43:25,680 PEOPLE THAN ME TO SPEAK IT TO 4435 02:43:25,680 --> 02:43:27,080 BUT BASICALLY EVALUATING -- 4436 02:43:27,080 --> 02:43:29,920 COMING UP WITH SYSTEMATIC WAY TO 4437 02:43:29,920 --> 02:43:32,240 EVALUATE THROUGH QUANTIFICATION 4438 02:43:32,240 --> 02:43:37,200 IN THE FOOD SYSTEM, WHAT ARE 4439 02:43:37,200 --> 02:43:38,760 THE -- FOR ANY GIVEN INDICATOR 4440 02:43:38,760 --> 02:43:41,160 WHAT ARE THE QUANTIFIED IMPACTS 4441 02:43:41,160 --> 02:43:42,880 THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH 4442 02:43:42,880 --> 02:43:43,640 MULTIPLE STAGES THROUGHOUT THE 4443 02:43:43,640 --> 02:43:45,960 FOOD SYSTEM OR TO WHATEVER 4444 02:43:45,960 --> 02:43:49,600 BOUNDARIES WE WANT TO BOUND OR 4445 02:43:49,600 --> 02:43:50,480 ANALYSES ON. 4446 02:43:50,480 --> 02:43:52,640 ONE RECENT EXAMPLE IS FORCED 4447 02:43:52,640 --> 02:43:53,200 LABOR, RIGHT? 4448 02:43:53,200 --> 02:43:55,360 MAYBE THIS IS A QUESTION THAT I 4449 02:43:55,360 --> 02:43:56,560 SHOULD REACH OUT TO THE AUTHORS 4450 02:43:56,560 --> 02:44:00,080 OF THAT WORK FOR ABOUT HOW 4451 02:44:00,080 --> 02:44:01,720 EXACTLY DO YOU MOVE FROM 4452 02:44:01,720 --> 02:44:03,120 SOMETHING LIKE A CONCEPT LIKE 4453 02:44:03,120 --> 02:44:06,720 FORCED LABOR TO SOMETHING YOU 4454 02:44:06,720 --> 02:44:07,760 CAN QUANTIFY, RIGHT? 4455 02:44:07,760 --> 02:44:10,800 SO AS WE THINK MORE AND DISCUSS 4456 02:44:10,800 --> 02:44:12,120 MORE ABOUT INDICATORS AND 4457 02:44:12,120 --> 02:44:13,440 METRICS TO MEASURE THOSE 4458 02:44:13,440 --> 02:44:14,960 INDICATORS AS PART OF THIS 4459 02:44:14,960 --> 02:44:16,960 WORKING GROUP THAT WAS JUST 4460 02:44:16,960 --> 02:44:18,480 SOMETHING, A LINGERING QUESTION 4461 02:44:18,480 --> 02:44:20,880 THAT I HAD, JUST WANTED TO THROW 4462 02:44:20,880 --> 02:44:21,440 TO THE GROUP. 4463 02:44:21,440 --> 02:44:25,240 >> YEAH, I SAW A RECENT PAPER, 4464 02:44:25,240 --> 02:44:28,760 I THINK NATURE, RISK OF FORCED 4465 02:44:28,760 --> 02:44:31,280 LABOR IN DIFFERENT COMMODITY 4466 02:44:31,280 --> 02:44:34,680 PRODUCTS, OBVIOUSLY THE SMALLER 4467 02:44:34,680 --> 02:44:37,080 THE CROPS, THE HERBS, 4468 02:44:37,080 --> 02:44:38,160 STRAWBERRIES, LITTLE THINGS THAT 4469 02:44:38,160 --> 02:44:39,840 REQUIRE LITTLE PEOPLE HANDS HAVE 4470 02:44:39,840 --> 02:44:43,440 HIGHER FORCED LABOR, THEY WERE 4471 02:44:43,440 --> 02:44:49,360 ABLE TO TRACK FORCED LABOR 4472 02:44:49,360 --> 02:44:52,400 ACROSS COMMODITIES EXPORTED, 4473 02:44:52,400 --> 02:44:53,400 FROM PERU, ECUADOR. 4474 02:44:53,400 --> 02:44:56,600 IT'S GREAT WE'RE ABLE TO TRACK 4475 02:44:56,600 --> 02:44:57,640 SOME OF THIS. 4476 02:44:57,640 --> 02:45:01,600 A LOT OF -- I'M CURIOUS HOW 4477 02:45:01,600 --> 02:45:03,880 EVERYBODY DOES FOOD SYSTEMS 4478 02:45:03,880 --> 02:45:04,680 WORK. 4479 02:45:04,680 --> 02:45:06,760 ESPECIALLY IN VALUE CHAIN, 4480 02:45:06,760 --> 02:45:09,320 EVALUATING PRACTICE, THE LEAST 4481 02:45:09,320 --> 02:45:10,560 TRANSPARENT, YOU HAVE SO MUCH 4482 02:45:10,560 --> 02:45:12,840 DATA ON AGRICULTURE, SO MUCH ON 4483 02:45:12,840 --> 02:45:14,400 PRODUCTION, AND SO MUCH ON THE 4484 02:45:14,400 --> 02:45:15,960 OTHER END. 4485 02:45:15,960 --> 02:45:18,160 BUT YOU HAVE VERY LITTLE SO IN 4486 02:45:18,160 --> 02:45:20,160 TERMS OF WHO IS PROCESSING AND 4487 02:45:20,160 --> 02:45:21,600 DOING IT, WHO IS DOING SOME OF 4488 02:45:21,600 --> 02:45:25,280 THIS I THINK WOULD BE VERY 4489 02:45:25,280 --> 02:45:26,200 VALUABLE. 4490 02:45:26,200 --> 02:45:30,080 IT'S JUST A GIANT BLACK BOX, A 4491 02:45:30,080 --> 02:45:30,920 LOT IS PROPRIETARY, FOOD 4492 02:45:30,920 --> 02:45:34,440 INDUSTRIES DON'T WANT TO SHARE 4493 02:45:34,440 --> 02:45:34,800 THESE THINGS. 4494 02:45:34,800 --> 02:45:38,960 ALSO THINKING ABOUT DO CONSUMERS 4495 02:45:38,960 --> 02:45:39,640 VALUE THIS. 4496 02:45:39,640 --> 02:45:44,200 IF I TELL YOU CASHEWS LEAD TO 4497 02:45:44,200 --> 02:45:46,160 HORRIBLE CHEMICALS, PEOPLE HAVE 4498 02:45:46,160 --> 02:45:48,040 DISMEMBERED HANDS AND FINGERS, 4499 02:45:48,040 --> 02:45:51,560 WOULD THAT CHANGE YOUR FOOD 4500 02:45:51,560 --> 02:45:52,440 CHOICE? 4501 02:45:52,440 --> 02:45:56,600 I THINK THAT'S ALSO VERY 4502 02:45:56,600 --> 02:45:57,160 VALUABLE. 4503 02:45:57,160 --> 02:46:00,840 I DON'T KNOW LIKE IT MIGHT VARY 4504 02:46:00,840 --> 02:46:03,160 BY SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, WHAT 4505 02:46:03,160 --> 02:46:07,080 SOME OF THESE FACTORS AFFECT, 4506 02:46:07,080 --> 02:46:10,160 HOW SOME SOCIAL ASPECTS VARIES 4507 02:46:10,160 --> 02:46:10,840 PROBABLY BY SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS 4508 02:46:10,840 --> 02:46:14,440 BUT IT IS A TOPIC THAT'S 4509 02:46:14,440 --> 02:46:16,400 BEING -- THIS IS THE U.S., 4510 02:46:16,400 --> 02:46:16,720 RIGHT? 4511 02:46:16,720 --> 02:46:18,720 I'M IN CORNELL, YOU GO 30 4512 02:46:18,720 --> 02:46:22,200 MINUTES AWAY, YOU CAN SEE 4513 02:46:22,200 --> 02:46:24,720 UNDOCUMENTED WORKERS, THOSE 4514 02:46:24,720 --> 02:46:26,040 STRUGGLES STILL EXIST IN THE 4515 02:46:26,040 --> 02:46:29,680 U.S., NOT JUST SOMETHING WE SEE 4516 02:46:29,680 --> 02:46:32,400 IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME 4517 02:46:32,400 --> 02:46:33,160 COUNTRIES. 4518 02:46:33,160 --> 02:46:35,120 WE HAVE THESE SOCIAL THINGS BUT 4519 02:46:35,120 --> 02:46:37,720 DOES THAT AFFECT CONSUMER 4520 02:46:37,720 --> 02:46:39,720 CHOICES, FOOD CHOICE? 4521 02:46:39,720 --> 02:46:41,440 SO WHAT? 4522 02:46:41,440 --> 02:46:43,240 WE KNOW IT'S MORALLY BAD BUT 4523 02:46:43,240 --> 02:46:44,720 WHAT CAN WE DO? 4524 02:46:44,720 --> 02:46:46,160 CAN WE CHANGE IT? 4525 02:46:46,160 --> 02:46:48,920 YOU KNOW, I'LL LEAVE THAT AS MY 4526 02:46:48,920 --> 02:46:49,280 TWO CENTS. 4527 02:46:49,280 --> 02:46:52,720 >> AFTER A QUICK GOOGLE THERE'S 4528 02:46:52,720 --> 02:46:53,720 SOMETHING WE SHOULD EXPLORE AS 4529 02:46:53,720 --> 02:46:56,000 PART OF THIS WORK GROUP AS AN 4530 02:46:56,000 --> 02:46:58,000 ANALYTIC TOOL FOR THE SOCIAL 4531 02:46:58,000 --> 02:47:01,280 ASPECTS FOR SURE. 4532 02:47:01,280 --> 02:47:03,080 >> ONE QUESTION THAT HAS BEEN 4533 02:47:03,080 --> 02:47:05,640 COMING UP IS SORT OF LIKE THE 4534 02:47:05,640 --> 02:47:08,640 UNIT OF MEASURES AND HOW TO 4535 02:47:08,640 --> 02:47:09,840 GROUP DIFFERENT ELEMENTS OR 4536 02:47:09,840 --> 02:47:13,560 COMPONENTS IN THE DIFFERENT 4537 02:47:13,560 --> 02:47:14,080 SYSTEMS. 4538 02:47:14,080 --> 02:47:17,920 TRADITIONALLY THERE'S BEEN 4539 02:47:17,920 --> 02:47:21,720 CERTAIN DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS OR 4540 02:47:21,720 --> 02:47:24,920 PARAMETERS USED BUT MANY TIMES 4541 02:47:24,920 --> 02:47:28,680 THEY CAN BE OVERSIMPLIFICATION, 4542 02:47:28,680 --> 02:47:29,400 DON'T REPRESENTATIVE 4543 02:47:29,400 --> 02:47:29,760 HETEROGENEITY. 4544 02:47:29,760 --> 02:47:31,840 MANY TIMES HETEROGENEITY IS 4545 02:47:31,840 --> 02:47:34,560 GREATER ACROSS DEMOGRAPHIC 4546 02:47:34,560 --> 02:47:34,960 GROUPS. 4547 02:47:34,960 --> 02:47:38,720 SO, I GUESS ONE QUESTION IS HOW 4548 02:47:38,720 --> 02:47:40,360 DO WE -- SIMILAR TO BEFORE, HOW 4549 02:47:40,360 --> 02:47:43,000 DO WE DIAL DOWN TO WHERE WE'RE 4550 02:47:43,000 --> 02:47:45,200 CAPTURING EACH OF THESE 4551 02:47:45,200 --> 02:47:48,680 UNIQUE -- EACH PERSON HAS HIS OR 4552 02:47:48,680 --> 02:47:50,960 HER UNIQUE FACTORS, INFLUENCES, 4553 02:47:50,960 --> 02:47:55,400 AND POSITION WITHIN SOCIETY OR 4554 02:47:55,400 --> 02:47:59,200 THE POPULATION, BUT ALSO HAVE 4555 02:47:59,200 --> 02:48:01,200 BROAD ENOUGH MEASURES TO REFLECT 4556 02:48:01,200 --> 02:48:02,520 POLICIES AND INTERVENTIONS AND 4557 02:48:02,520 --> 02:48:04,240 THOSE THINGS LIKE THAT. 4558 02:48:04,240 --> 02:48:07,240 I WANTED TO SEE IF YOU HAD 4559 02:48:07,240 --> 02:48:08,640 IMMEDIATE THOUGHTS ABOUT THAT. 4560 02:48:08,640 --> 02:48:10,200 AND PLUS IN ADDITION WE DO KNOW 4561 02:48:10,200 --> 02:48:12,800 A LOT OF THESE THINGS ARE 4562 02:48:12,800 --> 02:48:14,000 EVOLVING SO WE'RE STARTING TO 4563 02:48:14,000 --> 02:48:17,520 SEE, YOU KNOW, NEW POCKETS OF 4564 02:48:17,520 --> 02:48:20,120 DISADVANTAGED GROUPS OR GROUPS 4565 02:48:20,120 --> 02:48:21,360 FACING CHALLENGES THAT PEOPLE 4566 02:48:21,360 --> 02:48:23,040 DIDN'T EVEN REALIZE TEN YEARS 4567 02:48:23,040 --> 02:48:26,960 AGO, TWENTY YEARS AGO, 4568 02:48:26,960 --> 02:48:28,640 ESPECIALLY AS SOCIETY CHANGES. 4569 02:48:28,640 --> 02:48:31,960 >> I CAN TAKE A STAB. 4570 02:48:31,960 --> 02:48:35,360 I THINK MARIE ANSWERED 4571 02:48:35,360 --> 02:48:36,440 ELOQUENTLY. 4572 02:48:36,440 --> 02:48:42,600 I THINK YOU'RE ABSOLUTELY RIGHT, 4573 02:48:42,600 --> 02:48:44,680 THERE'S -- SYSTEMS ARE DYNAMIC, 4574 02:48:44,680 --> 02:48:45,640 AFFECTING INDIVIDUALS VERSUS 4575 02:48:45,640 --> 02:48:49,400 POPULATIONS IS REAL ACROSS THE 4576 02:48:49,400 --> 02:48:50,680 ENTIRE SPECTRUM. 4577 02:48:50,680 --> 02:48:51,800 AND I THINK WORK GROUPS AND 4578 02:48:51,800 --> 02:48:55,720 EFFORTS LIKE THIS WHERE WE CAN 4579 02:48:55,720 --> 02:48:58,040 COME TOGETHER AND IDENTIFY 4580 02:48:58,040 --> 02:49:01,640 COMMON METRICS ACROSS 4581 02:49:01,640 --> 02:49:03,400 POPULATIONS AND ANALYTIC TOOLS 4582 02:49:03,400 --> 02:49:05,920 MAY BE AN APPROACH TO GET AT 4583 02:49:05,920 --> 02:49:07,320 PRECISION OF INDIVIDUAL LEVEL, 4584 02:49:07,320 --> 02:49:11,600 ALSO AT THE ECOLOGICAL LEVEL AS 4585 02:49:11,600 --> 02:49:11,840 WELL. 4586 02:49:11,840 --> 02:49:16,400 MY INITIAL THOUGHTS. 4587 02:49:16,400 --> 02:49:20,000 >> I THINK THE DATA NEEDS, LIKE 4588 02:49:20,000 --> 02:49:23,960 ROUTINE DATA COLLECTION, FOR AT 4589 02:49:23,960 --> 02:49:24,720 LEAST NUTRITION, ACTUAL DIETARY 4590 02:49:24,720 --> 02:49:27,440 INTAKE, BUT IT'S GOING TO BE 4591 02:49:27,440 --> 02:49:30,080 REALLY, REALLY IMPORTANT. 4592 02:49:30,080 --> 02:49:35,120 I KNOW AS MARIE MENTIONED, FAO, 4593 02:49:35,120 --> 02:49:38,280 FOOD SUPPLY DATA, IT'S A 4594 02:49:38,280 --> 02:49:39,240 MISNOMER. 4595 02:49:39,240 --> 02:49:40,480 THEY SAY CONSUMPTION, IT'S 4596 02:49:40,480 --> 02:49:47,160 NOT -- THERE'S SO MUCH ERROR, O 4597 02:49:47,160 --> 02:49:50,000 I THINK IN TERMS OF THE DATA 4598 02:49:50,000 --> 02:49:51,080 NEEDS, EVEN THE BASIC DATA 4599 02:49:51,080 --> 02:49:52,720 DESCRIPTIVE NEEDS IS GOING TO BE 4600 02:49:52,720 --> 02:49:54,160 REALLY MORE VALUABLE AND 4601 02:49:54,160 --> 02:49:55,080 COLLECTING MORE ROUTINELY IS 4602 02:49:55,080 --> 02:49:58,000 GOING TO BE VALUABLE SO WE CAN 4603 02:49:58,000 --> 02:49:59,720 DETECT THESE LIKE HOW IS 4604 02:49:59,720 --> 02:50:02,040 POPULATION CHANGING, HOW IS 4605 02:50:02,040 --> 02:50:05,240 CONSUMPTION CHANGING, SO I KNOW 4606 02:50:05,240 --> 02:50:07,920 IT SOUNDS BASIC BUT INVESTMENT 4607 02:50:07,920 --> 02:50:09,720 INTO BASIC DATA INFRASTRUCTURE 4608 02:50:09,720 --> 02:50:12,680 IS GOING TO BE VERY CRITICAL. 4609 02:50:12,680 --> 02:50:13,640 >> I AGREE WITH THAT. 4610 02:50:13,640 --> 02:50:16,600 I HAD TO HOP OFF FOR A BIT, 4611 02:50:16,600 --> 02:50:18,920 THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT THE CALL WAS 4612 02:50:18,920 --> 02:50:19,440 ABOUT. 4613 02:50:19,440 --> 02:50:22,840 EVERYBODY ON THIS GROUP WOULD 4614 02:50:22,840 --> 02:50:24,200 AGREE THAT BETTER ASSESSMENT OF 4615 02:50:24,200 --> 02:50:25,800 DIETARY INTAKE IS NEEDED IN 4616 02:50:25,800 --> 02:50:26,800 EVERY SCALE, EVERY ASPECT. 4617 02:50:26,800 --> 02:50:31,160 THANK YOU FOR RAISING THAT, 4618 02:50:31,160 --> 02:50:31,400 RAMIYA. 4619 02:50:31,400 --> 02:50:36,960 >> THANK YOU, MEGAN AND RAMIY 4620 02:50:36,960 --> 02:50:37,480 IS. 4621 02:50:37,480 --> 02:50:38,480 THIS IS ANOTHER CONVERSATION 4622 02:50:38,480 --> 02:50:41,760 THAT COULD GO ON LONGER, SO MUCH 4623 02:50:41,760 --> 02:50:44,280 TO SAY. 4624 02:50:44,280 --> 02:50:45,160 FANTASTIC JOB OF REALLY TACKLING 4625 02:50:45,160 --> 02:50:48,000 A VERY BROAD SUBJECT WITH SO 4626 02:50:48,000 --> 02:50:49,360 MUCH COMPLEXITY AND DISTILLING 4627 02:50:49,360 --> 02:50:52,600 DOWN TO KEY ISSUES OR KEY 4628 02:50:52,600 --> 02:50:56,080 INSIGHTS THAT WE NEED TO 4629 02:50:56,080 --> 02:50:56,360 CONSIDER. 4630 02:50:56,360 --> 02:50:58,200 WE'RE AT THE END OF THE 4631 02:50:58,200 --> 02:50:59,200 WORKSHOP, CLOSING IN FIVE 4632 02:50:59,200 --> 02:50:59,640 MINUTES. 4633 02:50:59,640 --> 02:51:03,440 I THINK IT'S TIME FOR US TO DO 4634 02:51:03,440 --> 02:51:05,400 SOME WRAP-UP, MAYBE CLOSING 4635 02:51:05,400 --> 02:51:06,640 THOUGHTS AND THEN QUICK MENTION 4636 02:51:06,640 --> 02:51:08,800 OF WHAT THE NEXT STEPS OF OUR 4637 02:51:08,800 --> 02:51:10,000 WORKING GROUP MIGHT BE. 4638 02:51:10,000 --> 02:51:14,160 ZACH, DO YOU HAVE ANY CLOSING 4639 02:51:14,160 --> 02:51:14,440 THOUGHTS? 4640 02:51:14,440 --> 02:51:16,240 >> YEAH, YOU KNOW, WHAT WE 4641 02:51:16,240 --> 02:51:18,120 TALKED ABOUT TODAY I WANT TO 4642 02:51:18,120 --> 02:51:20,160 REEMPHASIZE WE TALKED IN FOUR 4643 02:51:20,160 --> 02:51:22,680 DIFFERENT DOMAINS, WHILE AT THE 4644 02:51:22,680 --> 02:51:25,320 SAME TIME EVERY ONE OF OUR 4645 02:51:25,320 --> 02:51:26,560 SPEAKERS REALLY EMPHASIZED THE 4646 02:51:26,560 --> 02:51:30,000 NEED TO BE INTEGRATING THESE 4647 02:51:30,000 --> 02:51:30,240 DOMAINS. 4648 02:51:30,240 --> 02:51:32,000 SO, I THINK THAT WE NEED TO BE 4649 02:51:32,000 --> 02:51:35,840 THINKING ABOUT NOT JUST HOW 4650 02:51:35,840 --> 02:51:37,240 WE'RE INTEGRATING TWO DOMAINS 4651 02:51:37,240 --> 02:51:37,920 TOGETHER. 4652 02:51:37,920 --> 02:51:39,840 I'VE BEEN SPEAKING MYSELF, SOME 4653 02:51:39,840 --> 02:51:41,440 QUESTIONS, FOR EXAMPLE, WHAT'S 4654 02:51:41,440 --> 02:51:43,600 THIS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIET 4655 02:51:43,600 --> 02:51:45,480 QUALITY AND, FOR EXAMPLE, THE 4656 02:51:45,480 --> 02:51:47,440 PRICE OF FOOD OR AMOUNT OF MONEY 4657 02:51:47,440 --> 02:51:49,440 WE'RE SPENDING ON FOOD, RIGHT? 4658 02:51:49,440 --> 02:51:50,520 WE CAN ASK THE SAME QUESTIONS 4659 02:51:50,520 --> 02:51:51,720 ABOUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANY 4660 02:51:51,720 --> 02:51:53,200 OF THE TWO DOMAINS BUT SOMETHING 4661 02:51:53,200 --> 02:51:56,360 THAT'S BEEN COMING OUT MORE IN 4662 02:51:56,360 --> 02:51:59,480 THE LITERATURE IS WHAT HAPPENS 4663 02:51:59,480 --> 02:52:00,880 WHEN WE CAN'T MAXIMIZE EVERY 4664 02:52:00,880 --> 02:52:03,000 DOMAIN AT THE SAME TIME, RIGHT? 4665 02:52:03,000 --> 02:52:05,680 AND SO WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT 4666 02:52:05,680 --> 02:52:07,120 SOCIETAL VALUES THAT WE SHOULD 4667 02:52:07,120 --> 02:52:10,960 BE PLACING AT ANY GIVEN TIME, 4668 02:52:10,960 --> 02:52:13,040 ARE WE MOSTLY FOCUSED FOR ONE 4669 02:52:13,040 --> 02:52:14,640 PARTICULAR POLICY QUESTION ON 4670 02:52:14,640 --> 02:52:15,440 MAXIMIZING HEALTH OUTCOMES AND 4671 02:52:15,440 --> 02:52:22,760 ARE WE WILLING TO SETTLE FOR 4672 02:52:22,760 --> 02:52:23,760 MAYBE SUBOPTIMAL OUTCOMES? 4673 02:52:23,760 --> 02:52:25,160 IN A DEPEND ON POLICY RELEVANCE 4674 02:52:25,160 --> 02:52:26,120 OF THAT QUESTION. 4675 02:52:26,120 --> 02:52:27,320 I'M JUST MENTIONING THAT TO GET 4676 02:52:27,320 --> 02:52:30,840 US TO ALSO BE THINKING ABOUT 4677 02:52:30,840 --> 02:52:37,560 WE'VE BEEN TALKING ABOUT DY 4678 02:52:37,560 --> 02:52:38,400 NAMISM. 4679 02:52:38,400 --> 02:52:41,160 WE SHOULD APPLY THE CONCEPT TO 4680 02:52:41,160 --> 02:52:43,120 HOW WE'RE GOING TO USE THOSE 4681 02:52:43,120 --> 02:52:45,520 MODELS TO ANSWER POLICY 4682 02:52:45,520 --> 02:52:45,840 QUESTIONS. 4683 02:52:45,840 --> 02:52:47,920 MAYBE WE REALLY NEED TO BE 4684 02:52:47,920 --> 02:52:50,360 THINKING HOW WE USE THE SAME 4685 02:52:50,360 --> 02:52:56,720 MODEL, SAME METRICS, IN 4686 02:52:56,720 --> 02:52:57,680 DIFFERENT WAYS DEPENDING ON 4687 02:52:57,680 --> 02:52:59,440 CONTEXT, A BIT OF A WRINKLE BUT 4688 02:52:59,440 --> 02:53:00,520 NEXT STEPS WE NEED TO THINK 4689 02:53:00,520 --> 02:53:05,160 ABOUT AS WE MOVE FORWARD WITH 4690 02:53:05,160 --> 02:53:05,440 THIS WORK. 4691 02:53:05,440 --> 02:53:10,400 >> EXCELLENT POINT. 4692 02:53:10,400 --> 02:53:11,920 YOU MENTION THE DYNAMISM WE HAVE 4693 02:53:11,920 --> 02:53:12,800 TO CONSIDER, THERE'S NO 4694 02:53:12,800 --> 02:53:13,640 SITUATION WHERE WE'RE SAYING 4695 02:53:13,640 --> 02:53:16,280 THIS IS THE ONE METRIC WE WANT 4696 02:53:16,280 --> 02:53:17,480 TO OPTIMIZE. 4697 02:53:17,480 --> 02:53:21,040 THERE'S GOING TO BE A RANGE OF 4698 02:53:21,040 --> 02:53:25,280 LOCAL MINIMAL AND LOCAL MAXIMAL, 4699 02:53:25,280 --> 02:53:26,360 OVERLAPPING IN EXCEEDINGLY 4700 02:53:26,360 --> 02:53:27,760 COMPLEX WAYS, WHICH BRINGS UP 4701 02:53:27,760 --> 02:53:30,040 ANOTHER ISSUE THAT'S COME UP 4702 02:53:30,040 --> 02:53:31,360 REPEATEDLY THROUGHOUT EACH OF 4703 02:53:31,360 --> 02:53:34,120 THE SESSIONS, THE QUESTION OF 4704 02:53:34,120 --> 02:53:34,880 SCALE. 4705 02:53:34,880 --> 02:53:37,000 SO, YOU'RE DEALING WITH MULTIPLE 4706 02:53:37,000 --> 02:53:41,680 SCALES, AND SO HOW DO YOU LINK 4707 02:53:41,680 --> 02:53:44,200 SCALES, A OF IN TERMS OF DATA 4708 02:53:44,200 --> 02:53:46,720 COLLECTION, IF YOU'RE MEASURING 4709 02:53:46,720 --> 02:53:48,680 SOMETHING LIKE GDP AT COUNTRY 4710 02:53:48,680 --> 02:53:52,840 LEVEL WE KNOW THAT DOESN'T 4711 02:53:52,840 --> 02:53:53,560 NECESSARILY -- CERTAINLY DOESN'T 4712 02:53:53,560 --> 02:54:03,720 REFLECT 4713 02:54:03,960 --> 02:54:05,120 REFLECT HETEROGENEITY, DIFFERENT 4714 02:54:05,120 --> 02:54:06,760 SUBPOPULATIONS IN THE OVERALL 4715 02:54:06,760 --> 02:54:07,960 POPULATION, THEY ARE 4716 02:54:07,960 --> 02:54:09,720 EXPERIENCING DIFFERENT ECONOMIC 4717 02:54:09,720 --> 02:54:13,360 REALITIES. 4718 02:54:13,360 --> 02:54:16,040 THERE'S VALUE IN TERMS OF 4719 02:54:16,040 --> 02:54:19,400 COALESCING SO IT CAN REFLECT 4720 02:54:19,400 --> 02:54:20,760 NATIONAL POLICY MAKING, LOOKING 4721 02:54:20,760 --> 02:54:22,440 AT SCALES WILL BE A CONTINUING 4722 02:54:22,440 --> 02:54:23,640 ISSUE TO THINK ABOUT. 4723 02:54:23,640 --> 02:54:28,680 ALSO THEN ALSO HOW DO YOU THEN 4724 02:54:28,680 --> 02:54:30,680 MATCH UP DATA COLLECTION. 4725 02:54:30,680 --> 02:54:32,640 THROUGHOUT THIS DAY WE'VE 4726 02:54:32,640 --> 02:54:35,720 IDENTIFIED THERE'S CERTAIN AREAS 4727 02:54:35,720 --> 02:54:37,360 THAT ARE BETTER TRODDEN THAN 4728 02:54:37,360 --> 02:54:40,720 OTHERS, SO FOR INSTANCE ALEX 4729 02:54:40,720 --> 02:54:43,280 MENTIONED PARTICULAR AREAS 4730 02:54:43,280 --> 02:54:44,000 WITHIN ENVIRONMENTAL MODELING 4731 02:54:44,000 --> 02:54:45,400 THAT ARE MORE ADVANCED THAN 4732 02:54:45,400 --> 02:54:48,520 OTHER AREAS, AND THERE ARE AREAS 4733 02:54:48,520 --> 02:54:50,920 WHERE THERE'S BEEN LESS 4734 02:54:50,920 --> 02:54:53,000 ACTIVITY, AND PROBABLY NEED FOR 4735 02:54:53,000 --> 02:54:54,320 MORE LINKAGES. 4736 02:54:54,320 --> 02:54:56,600 FOR INSTANCE, CERTAIN GAPS IN 4737 02:54:56,600 --> 02:54:57,800 TERMS OF OPERATIONAL MODEL, ET 4738 02:54:57,800 --> 02:54:58,240 CETERA. 4739 02:54:58,240 --> 02:55:00,240 ONE THING WE CAN DO IS DETERMINE 4740 02:55:00,240 --> 02:55:05,240 WHERE ARE THOSE GAPS AND WHERE 4741 02:55:05,240 --> 02:55:06,560 ARE LINKAGES, CRUCIAL IN 4742 02:55:06,560 --> 02:55:09,600 INTEGRATING ALL THESE THINGS. 4743 02:55:09,600 --> 02:55:09,920 OKAY. 4744 02:55:09,920 --> 02:55:12,560 WITH THAT WE HAVE ABOUT A 4745 02:55:12,560 --> 02:55:13,040 MINUTE. 4746 02:55:13,040 --> 02:55:16,840 AND SO WE WANT TO GIVE OTHERS 4747 02:55:16,840 --> 02:55:23,200 OPPORTUNITY TO CHIME IN BEFORE 4748 02:55:23,200 --> 02:55:24,320 NEXT STEPS. 4749 02:55:24,320 --> 02:55:27,120 DAN, YOU OPENED UP THE DAY. 4750 02:55:27,120 --> 02:55:35,600 ANY THOUGHTS IN TERMS OF CLOSING 4751 02:55:35,600 --> 02:55:36,480 THOUGHTS OR CONSIDERATIONS? 4752 02:55:36,480 --> 02:55:38,560 >> I THANK EVERYBODY FOR A 4753 02:55:38,560 --> 02:55:42,160 FABULOUS SESSION, SPOTO -- SPOT 4754 02:55:42,160 --> 02:55:44,120 ON AND COVERED WHAT WE NEEDED TO 4755 02:55:44,120 --> 02:55:47,320 COVER, SET OUT A ROAD MAP TO 4756 02:55:47,320 --> 02:55:47,560 PROCEED. 4757 02:55:47,560 --> 02:55:51,320 I MIGHT PUT A DIFFERENT SPIN 4758 02:55:51,320 --> 02:55:53,720 JUST TO BE CONTROVERSIAL. 4759 02:55:53,720 --> 02:55:55,240 WE'VE REALLY FOCUSED ON 4760 02:55:55,240 --> 02:55:57,400 SUSTAINABILITY OF FOOD SYSTEMS 4761 02:55:57,400 --> 02:56:00,480 AND THE FOUR DOMAINS, REALLY 4762 02:56:00,480 --> 02:56:03,800 TARGETING FOOD SYSTEMS. 4763 02:56:03,800 --> 02:56:06,040 I MIGHT SUGGEST THAT WE THINK 4764 02:56:06,040 --> 02:56:08,120 ABOUT SUSTAINABILITY OF HEALTH 4765 02:56:08,120 --> 02:56:10,240 AND NUTRITION AS WE POINTED OUT 4766 02:56:10,240 --> 02:56:12,080 EARLY NUTRITION BEING, YOU KNOW, 4767 02:56:12,080 --> 02:56:13,920 A KEY COMPONENT OF HEALTH AND 4768 02:56:13,920 --> 02:56:18,360 REALLY TIED TO THE BIOLOGY OF 4769 02:56:18,360 --> 02:56:18,600 HEALTH. 4770 02:56:18,600 --> 02:56:19,880 I DON'T THINK THAT'S BEEN DONE. 4771 02:56:19,880 --> 02:56:23,040 I THINK ALL THE DOMAINS ARE 4772 02:56:23,040 --> 02:56:25,200 RELEVANT. 4773 02:56:25,200 --> 02:56:28,800 EVERYTHING DISCUSSED TODAY IS 4774 02:56:28,800 --> 02:56:33,800 RELEVANT TO THAT BUT TO FOCUS ON 4775 02:56:33,800 --> 02:56:34,520 PROGRAMS, POLICIES, 4776 02:56:34,520 --> 02:56:36,920 INTERVENTIONS, THAT ARE 4777 02:56:36,920 --> 02:56:37,800 ADDRESSING THE RELATIONSHIP 4778 02:56:37,800 --> 02:56:41,040 BETWEEN DIET AND NUTRITION AND 4779 02:56:41,040 --> 02:56:44,800 HEALTH, SO IT'S JUST MAYBE A 4780 02:56:44,800 --> 02:56:48,960 DIFFERENCE WAY OF LOOKING AT IT, 4781 02:56:48,960 --> 02:56:49,840 SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT. 4782 02:56:49,840 --> 02:56:51,560 I THINK WHAT YOU PRESENTED TODAY 4783 02:56:51,560 --> 02:56:55,720 REALLY DOES REINFORCE THE NOTION 4784 02:56:55,720 --> 02:56:56,840 OF ECOLOGICAL POINT OF VIEW, 4785 02:56:56,840 --> 02:56:57,960 YOU'VE MADE A TREMENDOUS CASE 4786 02:56:57,960 --> 02:57:00,360 FOR THE IMPORTANCE OF TAKING 4787 02:57:00,360 --> 02:57:02,400 ECOLOGICAL POINT OF VIEW, AND 4788 02:57:02,400 --> 02:57:04,200 BEING ABLE TO ACTUALIZE, HOW WE 4789 02:57:04,200 --> 02:57:07,880 DO THESE ANALYSES IS GOING TO BE 4790 02:57:07,880 --> 02:57:08,480 CRITICAL. 4791 02:57:08,480 --> 02:57:10,960 IT'S A DAUNTING SET OF ISSUES. 4792 02:57:10,960 --> 02:57:13,320 BUT WHAT WE'VE HEARD TODAY IS 4793 02:57:13,320 --> 02:57:15,320 CLEARLY AN INDICATION WE'RE NOT 4794 02:57:15,320 --> 02:57:17,080 DAUNTED BY IT, WE'RE MOVING 4795 02:57:17,080 --> 02:57:19,720 FORWARD IN AN EFFECTIVE WAY, I'M 4796 02:57:19,720 --> 02:57:21,120 GRATEFUL FOR EVERYBODY'S EFFORTS 4797 02:57:21,120 --> 02:57:21,920 HERE TODAY. 4798 02:57:21,920 --> 02:57:25,320 WITH THAT I WANT TO CLOSE BY 4799 02:57:25,320 --> 02:57:28,280 THANKING BRUCE, YOU, ZACH, AND 4800 02:57:28,280 --> 02:57:30,720 YOUR WHOLE TEAM, DEEPA, AND ALL 4801 02:57:30,720 --> 02:57:32,960 OF HER EFFORTS, ALL THE PEOPLE 4802 02:57:32,960 --> 02:57:36,240 WHO HAVE TUNED IN TODAY TO HELP 4803 02:57:36,240 --> 02:57:39,560 MAKE THIS A SUCCESS, SO THANK 4804 02:57:39,560 --> 02:57:40,200 YOU. 4805 02:57:40,200 --> 02:57:42,280 >> THANKS, DAN. 4806 02:57:42,280 --> 02:57:42,920 WE ALWAYS APPRECIATE YOUR 4807 02:57:42,920 --> 02:57:46,840 EFFORTS AND ALSO YOUR EFFORTS TO 4808 02:57:46,840 --> 02:57:52,320 EXPAND OUR THINKING AND THAT'S A 4809 02:57:52,320 --> 02:57:53,960 GREAT ADDITIONAL FOOD FOR 4810 02:57:53,960 --> 02:57:56,400 THOUGHT IN TERMS OF CONSIDERING 4811 02:57:56,400 --> 02:57:57,560 NUTRITION AND HEALTH 4812 02:57:57,560 --> 02:57:59,240 SUSTAINABILITY, VERY IMPORTANT 4813 02:57:59,240 --> 02:58:03,520 ISSUES, SOMETHING OUR WORKING 4814 02:58:03,520 --> 02:58:05,560 GROUP SHOULD KEEP IN MIND. 4815 02:58:05,560 --> 02:58:08,080 ZACH, ANY OTHER CLOSING 4816 02:58:08,080 --> 02:58:08,840 COMMENTS? 4817 02:58:08,840 --> 02:58:10,400 >>NO, THERE'S ALWAYS MORE TO 4818 02:58:10,400 --> 02:58:12,360 SAY, MORE I ALWAYS HAVE TO SAY 4819 02:58:12,360 --> 02:58:14,440 BUT WE CAN SAVE THAT FOR FURTHER 4820 02:58:14,440 --> 02:58:15,200 WORKING GROUP DISCUSSIONS AND 4821 02:58:15,200 --> 02:58:18,240 VERY OPEN TO THE FEEDBACK THAT 4822 02:58:18,240 --> 02:58:19,080 EVERYBODY PROVIDED AND WILL 4823 02:58:19,080 --> 02:58:20,560 PROVIDE IN THE FUTURE. 4824 02:58:20,560 --> 02:58:22,880 THANK YOU, EVERYBODY, WHO 4825 02:58:22,880 --> 02:58:23,160 CONTRIBUTED. 4826 02:58:23,160 --> 02:58:23,920 >>THANKS, ZACH. 4827 02:58:23,920 --> 02:58:29,760 AGAIN, WE'D LIKE TO THANK OUR 4828 02:58:29,760 --> 02:58:31,640 SECRETARIAT, DAN, DEEPA, ALISON, 4829 02:58:31,640 --> 02:58:33,920 FOR THIS OPPORTUNITY REALLY TO 4830 02:58:33,920 --> 02:58:36,920 EXPLORE IMPORTANT ISSUES AND 4831 02:58:36,920 --> 02:58:38,640 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS, WANTED TO 4832 02:58:38,640 --> 02:58:40,520 THANK OUR ENTIRE WORKING GROUP. 4833 02:58:40,520 --> 02:58:45,080 SO IN TERMS OF THE SPEAKERS, YOU 4834 02:58:45,080 --> 02:58:46,960 SAW MEMBERS LEADING DIFFERENT 4835 02:58:46,960 --> 02:58:48,720 SECTIONS OF THE WORKING GROUP, 4836 02:58:48,720 --> 02:58:50,360 BUT AS ZAK MENTIONED NOT 4837 02:58:50,360 --> 02:58:51,800 EVERYONE COULD BE HERE. 4838 02:58:51,800 --> 02:58:55,240 SO WE WANTED TO THANK THOSE WHO 4839 02:58:55,240 --> 02:58:57,440 HAVE BEEN CONTINUING TO 4840 02:58:57,440 --> 02:58:58,480 PARTICIPATE, AND CONTRIBUTING TO 4841 02:58:58,480 --> 02:59:00,000 THE EFFORTS THAT YOU'VE SEEN 4842 02:59:00,000 --> 02:59:02,720 TODAY, AND WORKING GROUP IN 4843 02:59:02,720 --> 02:59:02,920 GENERAL. 4844 02:59:02,920 --> 02:59:03,480 THANK YOU ALL. 4845 02:59:03,480 --> 02:59:06,560 AND CERTAINLY LAST BUT NOT LEAST 4846 02:59:06,560 --> 02:59:12,240 I'D LIKE TO THANK MY FANTASTIC 4847 02:59:12,240 --> 02:59:12,600 CO-CHAIR, ZACH. 4848 02:59:12,600 --> 02:59:17,080 CONTINUES TO BE GREAT PLEASURE 4849 02:59:17,080 --> 02:59:18,400 WORKING WITH ZACH, REALLY ENERGY 4850 02:59:18,400 --> 02:59:20,280 AND FORCE BEHIND MOVING OUR 4851 02:59:20,280 --> 02:59:23,000 WORKING GROUP ACTIVITIES 4852 02:59:23,000 --> 02:59:23,240 FORWARD. 4853 02:59:23,240 --> 02:59:25,640 THANKS AGAIN, ZACH. 4854 02:59:25,640 --> 02:59:26,920 IT'S BEEN TERRIFIC BEING A 4855 02:59:26,920 --> 02:59:27,920 CO-CHAIR WITH YOU. 4856 02:59:27,920 --> 02:59:31,880 WE ALSO WANT TO THANK THE FOLKS 4857 02:59:31,880 --> 02:59:33,080 BEHIND THE SCENES, AMY AND 4858 02:59:33,080 --> 02:59:36,240 OTHERS WHO PUT ON THIS 4859 02:59:36,240 --> 02:59:36,840 PRODUCTION AND VIDEO, ALLOWED 4860 02:59:36,840 --> 02:59:38,880 YOU TO SEE IT. 4861 02:59:38,880 --> 02:59:41,160 THANK YOU FOR HELPING ORGANIZE 4862 02:59:41,160 --> 02:59:41,880 THIS WORKSHOP. 4863 02:59:41,880 --> 02:59:44,000 AND NEXT STEPS, ARE WE GOING TO 4864 02:59:44,000 --> 02:59:46,960 MOVE FORWARD WITH THINGS 4865 02:59:46,960 --> 02:59:49,720 DISCUSSED, CONTINUE TO HASH OUT 4866 02:59:49,720 --> 02:59:51,680 DIFFERENT METRICS AND 4867 02:59:51,680 --> 02:59:52,240 MEASUREMENTS, METHODOLOGIES, 4868 02:59:52,240 --> 02:59:55,320 MODELS, THOSE THINGS, TO BETTER 4869 02:59:55,320 --> 02:59:56,840 UNDERSTAND THESE COMPLEX SYSTEMS 4870 02:59:56,840 --> 02:59:59,120 AND CONTINUE TO INTERFACE WITH 4871 02:59:59,120 --> 02:59:59,880 THE OTHER WORKING GROUPS, SO 4872 02:59:59,880 --> 03:00:02,040 THAT THERE CAN BE A FRESH 4873 03:00:02,040 --> 03:00:04,400 EXCHANGE OF DIFFERENT TIMES OF 4874 03:00:04,400 --> 03:00:04,800 IDEAS. 4875 03:00:04,800 --> 03:00:06,480 ZACH, SHALL WE CLOSE IT UP? 4876 03:00:06,480 --> 03:00:08,480 >>LET'S CLOSE IT UP. 4877 03:00:08,480 --> 03:00:09,280 THANK YOU, EVERYBODY. 4878 03:00:09,280 --> 03:00:10,720 >> WE ENCOURAGE EVERYBODY TO 4879 03:00:10,720 --> 03:00:13,720 TUNE IN JUNE 11, OR JUNE 12, FOR 4880 03:00:13,720 --> 03:00:15,120 THE FINAL WORKSHOP, WORKING 4881 03:00:15,120 --> 03:00:17,400 GROUP 5 WILL COVER A LOT OF 4882 03:00:17,400 --> 03:00:20,560 ISSUES THAT WERE RAISED TODAY 4883 03:00:20,560 --> 03:00:22,160 AND WILL BE AN IMPORTANT 4884 03:00:22,160 --> 03:00:23,000 CONCLUSION TO THIS SERIES. 4885 03:00:23,000 --> 00:00:00,000 THANK YOU, EVERYBODY.