WELCOME. THANK YOU FOR COMING TO THIS MEETING OF THE BRAIN PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS AND THANK YOU FOR COMING FOR THIS SESSION, THE TOWN HALL WITH THE CHAIRS OF THE WORK GROUPS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERING THE STRATEGIC PLAN FOR BRAIN. I THINK WE WILL NEED THE MUSIC TURNED OFF. [LAUGHTER] BECAUSE I DON'T THINK IT'S A DANCE SESSION AND THE NEUROETHICS WORKING GROUP AS WELL SO MY NAME IS JOSHUA GORD AN, I'M DIRECTOR OF NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH AND WALTER AND 8 OTHER DIRECTORS AT NIH. WE DIRECT OFLY DIRECT THE BRAIN INITIATIVE AND IT'S REALLY MY PLEASURE TO BE INTRODUCING DR. FRANCIS COLLINS WHO WILL KICK US OFF AND INTRODUCE THE REST OF THE PANEL MEMBERS FOR TONIGHT. DR. COLLINS WAS APPOINTED THE 16th DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL INTUITYS OF HEALTH BY PRESIDENT OBAMA AND CONFIRMED BY THE SENATE AND SWORN IN ON AUGUST 17th, 2009. IN JUNE OF 2017 PRESIDENT TRUMP ANNOUNCED THAT DR. COLLINS WAS SELECTED TO CONTINUE THE NIH DIRECTOR MAKING HIM THE LONGEST SERVING DIRECTOR IN THE HISTORY OF THE NIH AND MAKING US INSTITUTE DIRECTORS VERY, VERY HAPPY AND IT SHOULD MAKE MEMBERS OF THE BRAIN COMMUNITY VERY HAPPY AS WELL BECAUSE AS YOU ALL KNOW DR. COLLINS WAS A TREMENDOUS SUPPORTER OF BRAIN INITIATIVE OF ITS INCEPTION AS AN IDEA AND REALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR MARSHALING THE SUPPORT OF CONGRESS, WHICH HAS YOU ALL KNOW HAS GENEROUSLY FUNDED THE BRAIN INITIATIVE AND HAS CONTINUED TO DO SO AND WILL CONTINUE TO DO SO THROUGH 2006. I COULD TELL YOU LOTS MORE ABOUT DR. COLLINS BUT I AM SURE YOU WOULD RATHER HEAR HIM TALK THAN ME. SO DR. COLLINS PLEASE COME UP AND INTRODUCE THIS SESSION. [ APPLAUSE ] >> WELL, THANKS, JOSH. GOOD AFTERNOON TO ALL OF YOU. I REALLY AM DELIGHTED TO BE ABLE TO BE HERE TO SERVE AS THE MODERATOR OF THIS TOWN HALL AND THIS IS INTENDED TO BE AN INTERACTIVE SESSION BECAUSE I THINK ALL OF YOU ARE INTENSELY INTERESTED IN SEEING WHAT'S HAPPENING IN TERMS OF THE WORKING GROUP THAT IS AIMING TO CONSIDER WHERE WE'RE GOING NEXT WITH THE BRAIN INITIATIVE NOW 4 YEARS ALONG SINCE WE STARTED FUNDING THIS ENTERPRISE AND HAVING ACHIEVED, I'M HAPPY TO SAY, AN AWFUL LOT OF THE GOALS THAT WE DIDN'T QUITE KNOW WE WOULD BE ABLE TO CLAIM VICTORY ON AND NOW IT'S TIME TO FIGURE OUT WHAT CAN WE DO, BUILDING UPON THAT SUCCESS GOING FORWARD AND THAT'S WHAT YOU'RE GOING TO HEAR FROM THESE 4 SPEAKERS SHORTLY. YES, I AM A BIG FAN OF THE BRAIN INITIATIVE, I CANNOT CLAIM TO BE A NEUROSCIENTIST ALTHOUGH I THINK MY LEARNINGLY CURVE HAS BEEN PRETTY STEEP HERE AS A RESULT OF THIS PROJECT AND IT'S AGAIN FROM WHAT I'M HEARING TODAY HAS BEEN A WONDERFUL DAY OF TURNING OUT SOME WONDERFUL PRESENTATIONS ABOUT NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. THE BRAIN INITIATIVE WAS OFFICIALLY ANNOUNCED IN THE CEREMONY 6 YEARS AGO IN THE EAST ROOM. THEN IT TOOK US A BIT TO GET THE PLANS TOGETHER AND THEN WE BEGAN BRINGING PEOPLE LIKE ALL OF YOU TOGETHER TO WORK IN A PROJECT THAT HAS BECOME REMARKABLY INTERDISCIPLINARY AND IT'S WONDERFUL TO SEE THE WAY IN WHICH THIS HAS COME ABOUT BECAUSE THE INPUT OF PEOPLE WHO MAY BE WEREN'T SO TRADITIONALLY, AT LEAST IN SUCH LARGE NUMBERS GRANTEES OF NIH LIKE ENGINEERS AND COMPUTER SCIENTISTS AND ROBOTICS EXPERTS AND SO ON HAS BEEN 1 OF THE REASONS WHY WE MADE SUCH PROGRESS IN THE TECHNOLOGY OF THIS. WE SUPPORTED OVER 500 AWARDS TO HUNDREDS OF INVESTIGATORS, WE'VE ALREADY SPENT CLOSE TO A BILLION DOLLARS ON THIS EFFORT AND OF COURSE, THE FIRST FEW YEARS WERE A RAMP UP, NOW WE'RE UP AT $400 MILLION A YEAR. WE DO EXPECT THAT, THANKS TO THE 21st CENTURY CURES TO BE A PRETTY AMAZING TRAJECTORY GOING FORWARD. SO THERE WILL BE SEVERAL BILLION DOLLARS EXPENDED IN THIS EFFORT BETWEEN NOW AND 2025. AND THAT'S AN AMAZING RESOURCE TO BE ABLE TO WORK ON THIS EFFORT. I THINK WE WERE FORTUNATE TO HAVE THE INITIAL BLUEPRINT FOR THE BRAIN INITIATIVE PUT TOGETHER BY THE GROUP THAT WAS LED BY THE VERY CAPABLE DUO OF COREY BRAGMAN AND BILL NEWSOME, AND WE'RE FORTUNATE AGAIN FROM THE GROUP WE WILL HEAR FROM SHAPING WHAT THE NEXT PHASE MIGHT LOOK LIKE, BRAIN 2.0. WE'RE ALSO FORTUNATE THAT WE HAVE A NEUROETHICS GROUP THAT HAS COME ON BOARD BECAUSE CLEARLY THERE ARE VERY IMPORTANT AND SENSITIVE ISSUES HERE THAT NEED TO BE INCLUDED IN OUR CONVERSATIONS, NOT SORT OF AFTER THE FACT BUT ALL THE WAY ALONG AS WE'RE BEGINNING TO SEE, SOME OF THESE APPLICATIONS THAT ARE PRETTY BREATH TAKING AND DO HAVE ETHICAL CONSEQUENCES. THIS MORNING I WAS SITTING IN FRONT OF THE SENATE LABOR HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES SUBCOMMITTEE UNDERGOING WHAT IS A REGULAR EVENT WHICH IS THE APPROPRIATIONS HEARING FOR NIH AND THIS IS THE HEARING WHY SENATORS FROM BOTH PARTIES GRILL MYSELF AND A FEW RGTD INSTITUTE DIRECTORS ABOUT WHAT WE ARE DOING FOR THEM WITH THE MONEY THAT THEY HAVE PROVIDED. AND YOU MAY HAVE NOTICED THEY'VE BEEN PRETTY GOOD TO US OVER THE LAST 4 YEARS, THE BUDGET FOR NIH HAS INCREASED BY 30% WHICH IS JUST REALLY REMARKABLE TO BE ABLE TO SAY. AND OF COURSE WE ALL HOPE THAT THAT SAME TREND WILL CONTINUE. I WILL TELL YOU, I DID GET VERY INTERESTING QUESTIONS ABOUT THE BRAIN INITIATIVE. THEY KNOW ABOUT THIS, THEY'RE INTERESTED IN THIS, THEY WANT TO KNOW HOW IT'S GOING, I WAS ABLE TO TELL THEM IN THIS VERY TUNE AT THIS TIME AND THE BEST AND BRIGHTEST MINDS ARE GATHERED TO WORK OUT ANSWERS TO THAT QUESTION AND THAT I COULD TELL THEM CONFIDENTLY THAT THE PROJECTS THAT WE'VE ALREADY FUNDED HAVE OUTSTRIPPED THE EXPECTATIONS OF MOST OF US BACK 4 YEARS AGO WHEN THIS GOT UNDERWAY, THEY WERE GLAD TO HEAR THAT BY THE WAY. THEY'RE ALWAYS DPLAD TO HEAR WHEN PROGRESS IS HAPPENING AND THEY ARE EXCITED ABOUT THE ADVANCES IN SCIENCE AND PARTICULARLY CONCERNED ABOUT WAYS THAT THIS MAY ULTIMATELY HELP US IN UNDERSTANDING DISORDERS THAT EFFECT THE BRAIN. BUT I THINK THEY ALSO SHARE THE GENERAL EXCITEMENT ABOUT JUST LEARNING SOME OF THESE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPALS ABOUT HOW THOSE MOST COMPLICATED KNOWN STRUCTURE IN THE UNIVERSE, MORE THAN THAT BLACK HOLE DOES WHAT IT DOES AND THAT'S WHAT YOU ARE HELPING US FIGURE OUT. SO HERE'S THE RUN OF SHOW GOING TO BE, FOR THIS I WILL ASK IN A MOMENT THE WORKING GROUP CO-CHAIRS FOR THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE TO THE DIRECTOR ON THE BRAIN INITIATIVE, THAT BEING KATHRYN FROM HARVARD UNIVERSITY AND JOHN FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO TO TELL YOU WHERE THEY ARE WITH BRAIN 2.0 AND AFTER THEY HAVE FOLKEN, THE ORDER WILL BE JOHN AND KATHRYN AND THEN I WILL ASK THE NEUROETHICS CO CHAIRS, JOHN AND JEFF TO GIVE YOU A SNAPSHOT OF WHERE THAT GROUP IS AND THEN HOPEFULLY STILL ALLOWING PLENTY OF TIME, WE WILL ENGAGE IN A CONVERSATION. SO PLEASE LISTEN CAREFULLY, THINK ABOUT THE THINGS THAT YOU MIGHT WANT TO PROBE THESE LEADERS ABOUT, THERE ARE MICROPHONES IN THE AISLES THAT I WILL ASK YOU TO USE IF YOU WANT TO ASK A QUESTION, WE WANT TO MAKE THIS AS MUCH AS AN INTERACTIVE SESSION AS WE POSSIBLY CAN. FINALLY BEFORE I INVITE THEM UP, LET ME SAY PERSONALLY, A DEEP THANK YOU TO OUR CO-CHAIRS OF THE WORKING GROUP AND ALL THE MEMBERS OF THIS ACD BRAIN WORKING GROUP THAT HAVE KIND OF IN MANY WAYS PUT A LOT OF THEIR LIFE ON HOLD FOR THE LAST YEAR BECAUSE THIS IS A MAJOR UNDERTAKING TO TRY TO IMAGINE WHERE THIS WHOLE FIELD COULD GO IN THE COURSE OF A 5 OR 6 YEAR PERIOD AND LIKEWISE, THEY ARE NEUROETHICS GROUP AND BOTH THE CO CHAIRS AND THE MEMBERS OF THAT GROUP HAS CONTRIBUTED COUNTLESS HOURS TO GET US TO WHERE WE ARE. AS YOU WILL HEAR, IN THEIR OUTPUT WILL APPEAR SHORTLY IN A PUBLIC PLACE AND SO PART OF TODAY'S IS TO WET YOUR APPETITE FOR WANTING TO READ THAT IN GREAT DETAIL WHEN THOSE START TO APPEAR BECAUSE WE'RE NOT DONE HERE. WE WANT GET YOUR INPUT AND THIS WILL BE SUBMITTED IN JUNE AND THEN THEY WILL DECIDE IF THEY LIKE IT AND THEY WILL PASS IT ON TO ME FOR ULTIMATE ACCEPTANCE. SO THIS IS A PRETTY IMPORTANT INTERVAL BETWEEN NOW AND JUNE TO CAPTURE WHYEDS AND INTERACTIONS THAT YOU BEING WILL BE IN THE ENTERPRISE AND YOU CAN LOVE IT, CRITICIZE IT AND WHATEVER IT'S YOURS STARTING IN THE NEAR FUTURE. SO WITHOUT FURTHER ADO, LET ME INVITE JOHN TO COME UP HERE AND START US OFF HERE IN PRESENTING CRITICAL INFORMATION ABOUT WHERE THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE WORKING GROUP OF THE ACDO BRAIN 2.0 WORKING GROUP STANDS. JOHN? [ APPLAUSE ] >> THANK YOU, FRANCIS. SO, AS MOST OF YOU KNOW, WHEN THE BRAIN INITIATIVE WAS STARTING THERE WAS A WORKING GROUP GROUP PUT TOGETHER WHICH ENDED UP PRODUCING THIS DOCUMENT BRAIN 2025 WHICH BASIC LE LAID OUT THE PRIORITIES AND PRINCIPLES FOR THE BRAIN INITIATIVE AS WE ARE ENJOYING IT TODAY. ONE OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS IS THAT THERE SHOULD BE A REGULAR REVIEW OF THE PROGRESS AND ADJUSTMENTS MADE FOR CHANGES IN THE SCIENTIFIC LANDSCAPE AND SO OUR WORKING GROUP WAS SET UP TO--WITH SEVERAL CHARGES TO REVIEW THE ACTIVITIES OF THE BRAIN INITIATIVE TO DATE, TO LOOK FOR OPPORTUNITIES FOR TUNE UPS BASED ON NEW THINGS THAT HAVE HAPPENED IN THE FIELD, IN PARTICULAR NEW DIRECTIONS THAT MIGHT BE UNDERTAKEN AND PERHAPS LARGER MORE TRANSFORMATIVE SORTS OF PROJECTS AND ALSO WE WERE TO LOOK FOR OPPORTUNITIES TO TRAIN, EMPOWER AND DIVERSIFY THE NEUROSCIENCE COMMUNITY. WE'VE ALSO BEEN WORKING IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE BRAIN NEUROSCIENCE--NEUROETHICS SUBGROUP WHO'VE BEEN LOOKING AT THE NEUROETHICAL ISSUES AND WORKING SIDE BY SIDE WITH THIS ON THIS EFFORT. WE'VE HAD A FANTASTIC WORKING GROUP TO TAKE PART IN THIS, I WON'T GO THROUGH NAMING EACH OF THE INDIVIDUALS, I WILL JUST SAY THAT WE WERE REALLY PLEASED WITH THE LEVEL OF EXPERTISE WE GOT, THE LEVEL OF DISCUSSION, THE THOUGHTFULNESS FROM THIS ENTIRE COMIETEE AND I WILL SAY WE WERE JOINED BY REPRESENTATIVES FROM NIH AND PARTNER INSTITUTES THAT ARE INVOLVE INDEED THE BRAIN INITIATIVE. OUR EFFORTS BEGAN A YEAR AGO WITH A TOWN HALL AT THE BRAIN INVESTIGATORS MEETING HERE IN WASHINGTON D. C. FOLLOWED BY OUR FIRST COMMITTEE MEETING. WE THEN WENT THROUGH A SERIES OF VIDEO CONFERENCES IN WHICH WE BASICALLY REVIEWED, WHAT HAD BEEN SET UP BY NIH AND WHAT SORT OF PROJECT HIS BEEN FUNDED AND WHAT ACCOMPLISHED IN THE PERIOD OF THAT TIME, WE FOLLOWED UP WITH WORKSHOPS TO FILL IN GAPS IN OUR UNDERSTANDING AND TO GET MORE INFORMATION ABOUT WHAT WAS GOING ON IN THE FIELD AND THEN HAD A TOWN HALL AT THE SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE MEETING LAST FALL. AND THEN IN DECEMBER WE MADE OUR FIRST INTERIM REPORT TO THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE TO THE DIRECTOR. THAT WHITE GAP BETWEEN DECEMBER AND NOW LOOKS LIKE A VACATION BUT IT WAS NOT, THAT WAS ACTUALLY THE MOST INTENSE PART OF THE PROCESS WHERE WE HELD OUR DELIBERATIONS DISCUSSIONS, AND ENDED UP WORKING TO DRAFT THIS DOCUMENT THAT WE ARE IN THE PROCESS OF PREPARING. AND I WOULD JUST SAY, ABOVE THE LINE, SHOWS THE SIMILAR SORT OF TIME COURSE FOR THE BRAIN OR ETHICS SUBGROUP WHICH HAS BEEN WORKING SIDE BY SIDE WITH US TO PRODUCE INTEGRATED NEUROETHICS IN OUR WORK AND IN THEIRS TO LAY OUT A ROADMAP FOR NEUROETHICS. I WON'T GO INTO ANY OF THE DETAILS OF WHAT WE COVERED AT THE VARIOUS WORKSHOPS THAT WE HELD IN BOSTON, CHICAGO AND HOUSTON BUT AS I MENTIONED, WE MET THERE WITH EXPERTS, THESE WERE PUBLIC WORKSHOPS WHERE WE INVITED PARTICULAR PEOPLE WITH EXPERTISE THAT,A LOWED US TO REALLY GET A DEEPER UNDERSTANDING ABOUT WHAT WAS GOING ON IN VARIOUS AREAS SUCH AS HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE, NEW TECHNOLOGIES THAT WERE EMERGING AND THEN TAKE UP SPECIFIC TOPICS SUCH AS DATA SHARING AND TEAM SCIENCE. WHILE THIS WAS GOING ON, WE HAD AN OUTSTANDING REQUEST FOR INFORMATION FROM THE PUBLIC, THAT WAS SET UP TO RUN FROM JULY TO NOVEMBER BUT IN FACT WE COLLECTED RESPONSES THROUGH MARCH. DURING THE FIRST PERIOD WE GOT ALMOST 70 SUBMISSIONS FROM INDIVIDUALS SOPHISTICATED, ASSOCIATIONS AND SOCIETY. THEY COVERED A RANGE OF TOPICS, REALLY TOO BROAD AND DIFFICULT TO SUMMARIZE, I WILL SAY THE MOST FREQUENTLY STATED TOPIC WAS HUMAN NEUROEXPNS AND ITS IMPORTANCE FOLLOWED BY A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT TOPICS PEOPLE THOUGHT SHOULD BE EMPHASIZED IN THE BRAIN INITIATIVE. AND HERE I WOULD LIKE TO THANK NINDS FOR THEIR SUPPORT IN COAALATING AND SORT OF ANALYZING THE RESULTS FROM THIS. SO BEFORE TURNING THIS OVER TO KATHRYN TO TELL YOU ABOUT OUR OBSERVATIONS I WOULD LIKE TO SUMMARIZE OUR OVERALL IMPRESSION WHICH IS THAT THE PROGRESS IN THE BRAIN INITIATIVE HAS REALLY BEEN EXCEPTIONAL. IT'S BEEN AMAZING PROGRESS ON ALL FRONTS AS FRANCIS MENTIONED, MANY HUNDREDS OF PROJECTS SUPPORTED AND AT THIS POINT MANY HUNDREDS OF PUBLICATIONS ALREADY COMING OUT ON RESULTS FROM THE BRAIN INITIATIVE. SO THANK YOU. [ APPLAUSE ] >> NOW WE WILL HEAR FROM KATHRYN. >> SO MY GOAL IS TO FOLLOW UP ON JOHN'S INTRODUCTION AND TO SUMMARIZE IN JUST A FEW SLIDES SLIDES WHAT IS CURRENTLY A 90 PAGE REPORT OR SO. SO LET'S SEE, HOW DO WE DO THIS? SO WHAT ARE OUR PRELIMINARY FINDINGS, 1 IS ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL FUNDING IS THE BRAIN INITIATIVE SO FAR AS BEEN VERY FAITHFUL TO THE RECOMMENDATION OF BRAIN 2025, AND WE WERE ALSO EXTREMELY IMPRESSED, EXTRAORDINARILY IMPRESSED BY THE EXECUTION IN THE LAST 4 OR 5 YEARS OF THE PLAN THAT WAS LEADING TO THE BRAIN 2025 AND WE WERE REALLY VERY IMPRESSED BY THE LEADERSHIP AND THE STAFF AT THE IN, IH --NIH TO COME UP SO QUICKLY WITH STRATEGIES, ORGANIZATIONS AND STRATEGIES FOR THE BRAIN EFFORTS. IT'S VERY CLEAR THAT THE EFFORTS SO FAR HAVE BEEN FULFILLING, SOMETIMES EVEN SURPRISING THE INITIAL VISION, SCIENCE HAS GONE INTO DIRECTION THAT WERE UNANTICIPATED, SOMETIMES WAY, WAY, FASTER THAN WAS ANTICIPATED, REALLY OPENING NEW AVENUES OF RESEARCH THAT WERE EXTREMELY EXCITING, THESE BEING SAID, 4 OR 5 YEARS LATER, THESE LARGE SET OF OPPORTUNITIES FOR REFINEMENT OF THE GOAL FOR ENHANCEMENT, AND SO LARGE PART OF THIS ISSUES, SO THE BRAIN 2025 VISION HAD DEVELOPED IT'S VISION OVER 7 PRIORITY AREAS, THE FIRST 1 CALLED DISCOVERING DIVERSITY, THIS WAS ABOUT DEFINING [INDISCERNIBLE] THE SECOND 1 WAS MULTIPLE SCALE, CIRCUIT ANALYSIS, THE THIRD 1 THE BRAIN ACTION, THIS IS VARIOUS WAYS TO MONITOR NEURAL ACTIVITY AND MONITOR SYSTEMS IN HUMANS, FOURTH, DEMONSTRATING CAUSALITY, USING INTERVENTIONAL TOOLS, 5 IDENTIFYING FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE AND SO THIS IS DEVELOPING THEOREE AND DATA ANALYSIS, AND 6 WAS FOCUSED ON HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE AND UNIQUE NEEDS AND 7 WAS INTEGRATION IF YOU WISH OF MANY OF THE OTHER AREAS FROM BRAIN INITIATIVE TO THE BRAIN, INTEGRATIVE APPROACHES AND TO THIS OUR WORKING GROUP ALSO IS BEING THINKING ABOUT EIGHTH PRIORITY AREA WHICH IS ORGANIZATION OF SCIENCE AND MENTION A BIT OF THIS LATER. SO WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? SO THE [INDISCERNIBLE] ASPECT OF IDENTIFYING DIVERSITY IN THE BRAIN IS AN ENORMOUS SUCCESS, INITIALLY BRAIN 2025, ANTICIPATED THAT WITHIN 5 YEARS, MAYBE THE SPINAL CORD OR 1OR 2 BRAIN AREAS WILL BE ADENTIFIED WE'RE WAY, WAY, PAST THIS, WE NOW HAVE CELL TYPES OF IDENTIFIED IN THE WHOLE BRAIN AND MANY BRAIN AREAS HAVE BEEN MAPPED, SINGLE CELL LEVEL IN HIGHER GRANULARITY, AND THIS REALLY OPENS A RANGE OF EXCITING OPPORTUNITIES FOR ALL THE OTHER PRIORITY AREAS AS WELL AS THIS 1 IN PARTICULAR. WE ALSO ARE VERY INTERESTED IN NOW BRINGING THIS BASE TO HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE. WE THINK THIS IS WITHIN REACH. WE THINK IT'S ALSO CRITICAL TO KEEP MOMENTUM OF TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT. THIS HAS HELPED MOVE AHEAD OF PROGRESS, SIGNIFICANTLY, BUT ALSO BOOST DISCOVERY SCIENCE. IT'S CRITICAL AT THIS POINT TO BRIDGE SCALES AND TO BRIDGE APPROACHES USING VARIOUS MODALITIES AND THE LEVEL OF APPROACHES IN SYNAPSES, INDIVIDUAL CELLS, MICROMESO, IMPULSE AND CONNECTIVITY AND ACTIVITY MAPPING, IT'S REALLY AN EXCEPTIONAL TIME NOW TO EXPLORE IT. THE MACHINE LEARNING REVOLUTION AND BE ABLE TO BETTER ANALYZE BEHAVIORS AND FOR THIS, I MEAN BETTER QUANTIFICATION OF BEHAVIOR AND PARAMETERS OF BEHAVIORS BUT ALSO MAYBE MAKING PROGRESS IN COMING UP WITH NEW PARADIGM, BETTER PARADIGM FOR BEHAVIORIAL ANALYSIS. NOW WE ALSO NOTICED THAT THEORY AND INVOLVEMENT OF GROUPS INVOLVED IN THEORY REMAINS A BIG CHALLENGE AND THE HIGH PRIORITY BUT I THINK WE'RE MAKING PROGRESS, BUT THOSE PROGRESSES ARE NEW AND IT WILL BE REALLY IMPORTANT TO [INDISCERNIBLE]. PART OF THINKING ABOUT ORGANIZATIONS--IMPROVING ORGANIZATION OF SCIENCE IS THE KEY ISSUE OF HOW TO DISSEMINATE A NEW TECHNOLOGY IN BETTER WAYS, HOW TO IMPROVE DATA SHARING AND DATA ACCESS. IN TERMS OF THE SOCIOLOGY OF SCIENCE, MORE PROGRESS I THINK ARE REALLY IMPORTANT IN THE POOL OF SCIENTIST, DIVERSITY IN THE TYPE OF EXPERTISE, SCIENTISTS, THOSE HIRED FROM THE FIELD FROM THE MEDICAL FIELD, FROM OTHER RELATED DISCIPLINE, CHEMISTS, WHATEVER, NONNEUROSCIENTISTS WHO WOULD REALLY BRING A LOT TO NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH. IT'S ALSO IMPORTANT TO PUT THE PUBLIC ON BOARD, WE THINK THEY WILL BE INTERESTED AND EXCITED BY HEARING ABOUT THE PROGRESS OF THE BRAIN SCIENCE. WE ALSO DISCUSS AT LENGTH THE TEAM SCIENCE VERSUS SUPPORT TO INDIVIDUAL LABS. THEY ARE CLEARLY DIFFERENT MODELS OF TEAM SCIENCE, THAT ARE--I THINK NECESSARY FOR THE TYPE OF NEUROSCIENCE BEING DONE TODAY BUT IT'S ALSO ABSOLUTELY CRITICAL TO KEEP STRONG SUPPORT FOR INDIVIDUAL LABS. AND FINALLY, WE THOUGHT ABOUT ORGANIZING SOME LARGE PROJECT THAT WOULD REALLY BE TRANSFORMATIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE BRAIN. I WILL GIVE A FEW EXAMPLE OF THOSE, THOSE ARE JUST IDEAS THAT WE ARE PUTTING FORWARD. I'M SURE MANY OF YOU MIGHT HAVE OTHER MAYBE BETTER IDEAS FOR YOU TO THINK ABOUT, WE WOULD LIKE TO THINK ABOUT CELL TYPE SPECIFIC FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING BRAIN FUNCTION AND DYSFUNCTION. THE IDEA WOULD BE GENERATING AND IMPLEMENTING NEW METHODS TO ACCESS MANIPULATE AND MODEL CLINICALLY RELEVAT CELL TYPES ACROSS SPECIES INCLUDING HUMANS. WE ALSO ARE THINKING ABOUT MOUSE BRAIN CONNECTOME, WE THINK THIS WOULD BE AN EXTREMELY TRANSFORMATIVE PROJECT TO COMPREHENSIVELY MAP THE MOUSE BRAIN, TO MICROMETER RESOLUTION, OR NANO METER RESOLUTION AND ENABLE BRAIN CIRCUITRY FROM THE DETAIL OF SYNAPSES TO COORDINATED FUNCTION AND BEHAVIOR. WE'RE ALSO INTERESTED IN PROJECTS SUCH AS REACHING CURES WHICH WOULD BE TO TRY TO,A CHIEF A SEPARATE LEVEL OF UNDERSTANDING AND INTERVENTION FORAD --FOR [INDISCERNIBLE]. FOR NEUROSICKIATRIC DISEASE SYMPTOMS AND LAST 1 WHICH IS AGAIN, NOT THE LAST OF OUR EXTENSIVELY, BUT JUST AN EXAMPLE, ADDRESSING MEMORY AND THE OFFLINE BRAIN, MEANING LEARNING HOW THE BRAIN RETRIEVES AND LEVERAGES INFORMATION FROM INTERNAL MODELS AND MEMORY SYSTEMS. SO THIS A PROJECT THAT WOULD BRING TOGETHER SCIENTISTS WITH VERY DIFFERENT EXPERTISE WHERE THE GOAL WOULD SEEM EXTRAORDINARY DIFFICULT, MAYBE IMPOSSIBLE BUT I THINK WOULD LEAD TO EXTRAORDINARY TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND FUNDAMENTAL [INDISCERNIBLE] THAT WOULD BE AGAIN TRANSFORMATIVE. SO ORGANIZATION OF SCIENCE, THIS IS AN ASPECT WE DISCUSS AT LEPGHT AND WE THINK IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT, SO FAR THE PROGRESS HAS BEEN MODERATE. WE THINK IT'S CRITICAL TO ADVANCE BRAIN SCIENCE BY ENCOURAGING EARLY INVESTIGATOR IN THEORY AND MODELING AND PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCE ENGINEERING AND DATA SCIENCE, IT'S IMPORTANT TO INCREASE DIVERSITY, THERE HAVE BEEN RECENT EFFORT AT THE NIH AT THE LEVEL OF THE BRAIN SCIENCE BUT THIS IS JUST STARTING. WE NEED MORE. THERE ARE IMPORTANT CHALLENGES OF RECRUITING AND RETENTION FROM OTHER FIELDS AND SUPPORT FOR CAREER DEVELOPMENT AND EMBRACING 92 YOU MODELS OF COLLABORATION. DATA SHARING AND STANDARDS FOR DATA IS REALLY A CRITICAL ISSUE I THINK FOR NEUROSCIENCE MOVING FORWARD AND WE'LL HAVE--WE'LL PRESENT IDEAS AND FINDING ON ESTABLISHING CORE PRINCIPLE AND PRACTICE FOR DATA STANDARD AND MANAGEMENT AND SHARING AND PROMOTE STANDARDS FOR DATA ARCHITECTURE IN NEUROSCIENCE. TECHNOLOGY TRAINING AND DISSEMINATION, WE THINK THAT DISSEMINATION OF NEW FOR GROUPS THAT ARE INTERESTED IN INVENTING NEW TECHNOLOGY AND WE WOULD LIKE TO PROVIDE IDEAS TO HELP IN THE MARKET SIZE URGENCY AND SEEK WAYS TO ACCELERATE AND SUPPORT BROAD DISSEMINATION OF BRAIN FOUNDED TECHNOLOGY. FINALLY, AS WAS MENTIONED BY JOHN, WE WORKEDTH TOGETHER WITH THE BRAIN NEUROSUBGROUP, WE WILL HAVE SOME OF THEIR RECOMMENDATION ENTIRELY INTEGRATED WITHIN OUR WORKING GROUP REPORT AND I THINK IT'S REALLY ESSENTIAL TO EMPHASIZE THE INTEGRATION OF NEURO--NEUROETHICS AND NEUROSCIENCE MOVING FORWARD. FINALLY, THE REPORT WILL BE MADE PUBLIC NEXT WEEK. HERE'S THE LINK AND WE REALLY WELCOME RECOMMENDATION AND COMMENTS, THAT WILL BE MADE PUBLIC FOR MONTHS AND WE ARE REALLY LOOKING FORWARD TO GET INPUT ON OUR REPORT. AND FINALLY, THANK YOU. [ APPLAUSE ] >> THANKS VERY MUCH KATHRYN AND NOW WE WILL HEAR FROM JIM AND THEN JEFF ABOUT THE NEUROETHICS SUBGROUP DELIBERATIONS. >> THANK YOU FRANCIS. WHAT A GREAT TIME TO BE A NEUROSCIENTIST. YOU KNOW WE CAN FINALLY TRY TO ADDRESS QUESTIONS THAT HAVE BEEN ASKED FOR CENTURIES. WITH THIS INCREASE IN TECHNOLOGY AND THESE ANSWERS THAT HAVE BEEN MADE, INCREASING CONCERNS ABOUT HOW THAT TECHNOLOGY AND THE SCIENCE WILL IMPACT HUMANS AND HUMAN KIND. SO THIS WAS ENVISIONS IN THE ORIGINAL BRAIN 2025 REPORT WHICH WAS A PHENOMENAL REPORT AND JUST TO READ, I DON'T KNOW IF I CAN SEE THIS, ALTHOUGH BRAIN RESEARCH ENA TAILS ETHICAL ISSUES THAT ARE COMMON ACROSS OTHER AREAS OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE, IT ENTAILS SPECIAL ETHICAL CONSIDERATION SAYS AS WELL, BECAUSE THE BRAIN GIVES RICE TO CONSCIOUS CONSCIOUSNESS AND OUR MOST AND BRAIN HAVE ALREADY RESULTED IN NEW SOCIAL ETHICAL QUESTIONS. AND RIGHT AT THE BEGINNING OF AND THIS WAS A REALM OF NEUROETHICS AND BY THE INTERNATIONAL ETHICS SOCIETY AS A FIELD THAT STUDIES THE IMPLICATIONS AND NEUROSCIENCE FOR HUMAN SELF-UNDERSTANDING ETHICS AND POLICY, AND THIS HAS BEEN IMPLEMENTED, IN THE BRAIN INITIATIVE BY THE DEVELOPMENT SUBGROUP OF THE MOTOR COUNCIL WORKING GROUP WHICH PROVIDES LONG-TERM OVERSIGHT OF THE BROAD SCIENTIFIC GOALS OF THE BRAIN INITIATIVE ACROSS THE VARIOUS INSTITUTES AS NEUROETHICS SUBGROUP THAT IT'S CO-CHAIRED BY HANK FROM STANFORD AND CHRISTIN FROM NIH, AND AND JAY CHURCHILL IS INVOLVED IN ASPECTS OF THE CROSS INSTITUTE AND INITIATIVE AND AND THIS NEUROETHICS GROUP HAS BEEN ACTIVE AND REVIEWING THE GRANTS TRYING TO SET UP WORKSHOPS TO TRY TO ADDRESS ETHICAL ISSUES, AND I WANT TO HIGHLIGHT THAT TOMORROW, MORNING THERE'S GOING TO BE A NEUROETHICS SESSION THAT ENCOURAGE ALL OF YOU TO TO SEE HOW NEUROETHICS CAN IMPROVE YOUR RESEARCH. THERE WILL BE NEUROGHT SIS, AS WELL AS SCIENTISTS WHO WILL SHARE HOW NEUROETHICS HAS IMPACTED THE WORK AND HOW YOU IN TURN CAN USE NEUROETHICS TO DO BETTER WORK AS WELL. WITH THIS IN MIND AND WITH BRAIN 2.0, WE WERE CHARGED TO DEVELOP A NEUROETHICS ROADMAP FOR THE BREAN INITIATIVE AND TO REVIEW THE PRIORITY AREAS OF BRAIN 2025 INCORPORATING UPDATES FROM THE WORKING GROUP 2.0 EFFORTS AND IT'S REALLY HARD BUT YOU CAN READ IT FROM WHERE YOU ARE. IT'S JUST A BROAD CHARGE. WHAT WE'VE DONE IS DEVELOPING OUR OWN REPORT AND SOME OF THE IDEAS AND CONCLUSIONS AND THOUGHTS WE HAD WITH RESPECT TO WRITING THAT ARE INTEGRATED INTO THE ACD WORKING GROUP REPORT SO NEUROETHICS AND THE SCIENCE ARE CLEARLY INTEGRATED, AND THINKING ABOUT THIS, IT'S A DAUNTING TASK TO GO ACROSS THE VARIOUS DISCIPLINES THAT KATHRYN AND JOHN HIGHLIGHTED AS PART OF THE 2025 REPORT. SO THE ROSTER FOR THIS COMMITTEE IS IMPORTANT. AND WHILE ALL OF YOU KNOW THE SCIENTISTS INVOLVED WITH THIS, I WANT TO HIGHLIGHT THE EXPERTISE OF THE PEOPLE AND HOW THEY BROUGHT TO BEAR THEIR EFFORTS ON THIS EFFORT, SO JEFF KAHN WHO IS MY CO CHAIR, DIRECTOR OF INSTITUTE OF BI ONY ETHICS IS EXPLORING HUMAN AND ANIMAL RESEARCH, AND ADRIAN FAIR HAWFUL IS PART OF THE ACD WORKING GROUP, AND HE'S A COMPUTATIONAL SCIENTISTS PROCESSING THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, CHRISTINE GRADEY CHIEF OF NIH BIOETHICS AND MEMBER OF THE COMMISSION FOR BIOETHICAL ISSUES, THE WORKING GROUP, ELIZABETH HILLMAN, AND TERMS OF OUR EFFORTS, INTO IS A BIOETHICS PROFESSOR AND HE WORKS ON STEM CELLS AND HAD A BEAUTIFUL PAPER ON THE STEM CELLS AND ORGANOIDS. ANDRE MACHADO PERFORMS DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION NEUROSURGERY. LAURA ROBERTS CHAIR OF PSYCHIATRY AT STANFORD, SHE WORKS IN MENTAL ILLNESS AND RESEARCH AND SOCIETAL IMPACT, KAREN IS MEMBER OF THE GLOBAL FUTURES COUNSEL OF THE GLOBAL ETHICS ISSUES AND FRANCIS SHEFLUORESCENT WHEN ISA AT THE INTERSECTION OF BRAIN AND LAW, AND RESEARCH NETWORK OF LAW AND NEUROSCIENCE, SO WE HAVE BROAD EXPERTISE, COVERING A WHOLE HOST OF AREAS TRYING TO UNDERSTAND HOW THE BRAIN SCIENCE IS BEING DONE BY ALL OF YOU IS GOING TO IMPACT THE ETHICAL ISSUES THAT WE'RE ALL CONCERNED WITH. NOW I ALSO WANT TO HIGHLIGHT WE HAVE BEEN STAFFED VERY ABLY BY ELEN GADBOIS WHO HELPED FOCUS US AND WE'VE BEEN FORTUNATE TO HAVE THE EFFORTS OF A NUMBER OF OTHER PEOPLE IN TERMS OF HELPING TO MOVE THE PROCESS ALONG AND MAKE PROGRESS. SO NOW I WILL TURN IT OVER TO JEFF. [ APPLAUSE ] >> WELL, LET ME JUST SAY MY WELCOMES AND THANKS TO JIM AND JOHN AND KATHRYN FOR ALL THE WORK THAT'S HAPPENED SO FAR I'LL BE QUICK SO WE CAN GET TO YOUR QUESTIONS AND I WANT TO TALK ABOUT SOMETHING JOHN SAID ABOUT THE ACD WORKING GROUP AND TIMELINE WITH THE BIOETHICS AND NEUROETHICS SUBGROUP TIMELINE WHICH YOU WILL SEE HERE, I DIDN'T SAY WE DEPARTMENT START AT THE SAME TIME, WE STARTED 3 MONTHS LATER, HAVE YOU A BIT OF A HEAD START, SO WE'RE SORT OF IN A SPRINT AND HAVE BEEN FOR THE LAST NUMBER OF MONTHS AND YOU SEE ON THIS, THIS CHART TIMELINE, WE'VE HAD A NUMBER OF WEBEX MEETINGS AS WELL AS AN IN-PERSON PUBLIC WORKSHOP WHICH IS HELD ON THE CAMPUS AT NIH AND WAS LIVE WEB STREAMED AS WELL. WE WILL HAVE AS YOU SAW IN THE SLIDE THAT KATHRYN SHOWED PUBLIC COMMENT PERIOD WHICH WILL FOLLOW ON, NOT AT THE SAME TIME AS THE WORKING GROUP REPORT WHICH WILL BE RELEASED ON THE 15th IF I'M REMEMBERING CORRECTLY. THAT REPORT, I SHOULD SAY WHICH HASN'T COME UP YET, HAS INTEGRATED INTO IT, IN VARIOUS PLACES, HOW NEUROETHICS CAN CONTRIBUTE SO I WILL ASK THAT YOU ALL PAY ATTENTION TO THAT, AS YOU READ THE WORKING GROUP REPORT DRAFT THAT IS RELEASED. THE BNS ROADMAP WILL BE RELEASED, WE THINK ABOUT A WEEK AND A HALF AFTER THE WORKING GROUP REPORT IS ISSUED. AND AS YOU SEE, WE WILL DELIVER BOTH REPORTS AT THE ACD MEETING JUNE 13th AND 14th. THIS WILL GIVE YOU A SENSE OF THE WORKSHOP THAT WE HELD ON NIH CAMP US ON JUNE 23rd AND THE RANGE OF TOPICS THAT WERE COVERED THERE, I WON'T READ THOSE ALL IN THE INTEREST OF TIME AND YOU CAN READ THEM FOR YOURSELF BUT YOU WILL SEE THE WIDE SCOPE OF ISSUES WE THOUGHT WERE IMPORTANT TO INFORM OUR THINKING AND OUR WORK. AND LASTLY, HERE'S THE TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR THE DRAFT THAT IS CURRENTLY IN THE PROCESS OF BEING COMPLETED THAT REPRESENTS WHAT YOU WILL SEE IN ABOUT 10 DAYS, 2 WEEK'S TIME DURING THE PUBLIC COMMENT PERIOD AND WE WOULD INVITE ALL OF YOUR COMMENTS AND CONTRIBUTIONS. I THINK WITH THAT I WILL STOP BECAUSE I KNOW WE WANT TO GET TO Q&A. THANK YOU VERY MUCH. >> THANKS, JOSH. >> OKAY, YOU HAVE HEARD THE FRAMEWORK OF WHERE THINGS STAND WITH THESE HARD WORKING GROUPS AND IT'S NOW TIME FOR YOU TO POSE QUESTIONS OF ANY SORT TO ANY OF THE 4 PEOPLE SITTING UP HERE. THERE ARE MICROPHONES IN THE AISLES AND THIS IS A MOMENT TO MAKE A POINT OR ASK A QUESTION. ACTUALLY BETTER ASK A QUESTION. SO LET ME TRY TO PLAY TRAFFIC COP HERE, AND ASK PEOPLE DON'T MAKE SPEECHES, BUT ACTUALLY POSE A QUESTION. MAYBE I'LL START WHILE PEOPLE ARE TRYING TO FIGURE OUT WHERE THE MICROPHONES ARE. YOU MUST HAVE THOUGHT, KATHRYN AND JOHN ABOUT THE ROLE OF THOSE IN MOUSE AND OBVIOUSLY HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE IS A HIGH PRIORITY, THIS IS THE BRAIN INITIATIVE BUT WHERE DO YOU SEE THE NEXT 5 YEARS THE NIH EFFORT IN INVOLVES RESEARCH ON NONHUMAN PRIMATES, DID YOUR GROUP HAVE A VIEW ON THAT? >> YES, THAT DID COME UP FOR DISCUSSION AND I THINK NONHUMAN PRIMATES HAVE A VERY SPECIAL AND IMPORTANT PLACE IN BRINGS WHAT WE ARE LEARNING FROM OTHER MODEL SYSTEMS TO HUMANS. WE WANT TO ENCOURAGE AS MUCH MORE PROGRESS CAN BE MADE IN HUMAN AND NONHUMAN MODELS SO WE EXPECT THERE WILL BE INCREASING NEED FOR MORE DIRECTED MORE ELABORATE, MORE SOPHISTICATED EXPERIMENTS IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES IN ORDER TO BRING THE VAST AMOUNT OF INFORMATION WE'VE LEARN FRIDAY RODENT AND OTHER MODELS TO HUMANS SO WE CAN, APPLY IT THERE. >> MAYBE WE SHOULD ASK THE NEUROETHICS FOLKS TO WEIGH IN HERE BECAUSE THERE'S OBVIOUSLY SENSITIVITY? >> THANK YOU, FRANCIS. YOU MAY HAVE SEENOT TABLE OF CONTENTS I SHOWED ON 1 SLIDE THAT 1 CHAPTER IN OUR REPORT FOCUSES ON ANIMALS AND NONHUMAN PRIMATES IN PARTICULAR, THE NEWS WAS THERE AND THEY WERE IMPLANTED INTO A MONKEY MODEL TO CREATE ACCORDING TO THE HEAD LINE, MONKEYS THAT WERE SMARTER THAN THEY WOULD HAVE BEEN BECAUSE THEY HAD HUMAN BRAIN DNA, WHATEVER THAT MEANS, EXACTLY. THE POINT, I THINK, IS THAT THERE ARE PARTICULAR NEUROETHICS QUESTIONS RAISED BY THE USE OF NONHUMAN PRIMATES FOR CERTAIN AREAS OF RESEARCH. SO I THINK IT'S NOT A SORT OF QUESTION ABOUT THE ETHICS OF THESE NONHUMAN PRIMATES AT LARGE BUT WHAT ARE THE SPECIAL ISSUES THAT,A RISE IN THE CONTEXT OF NEUROSCIENCE INVOLVING NONHUMAN PRIMATE MODELS AND WE--WE HOPE WE WILL ARTICULATE THAT IN A CLEARER AND MORE INDEPTH WAY THAN I JUST DID BUT SEE A PATH FOR RESEARCH IN THAT AREA AS BEING REALLY IMPORTANT FOR SETTING THE RESPONSIBLE STANDARDS FOR GOING FORWARD. >> THANK YOU. >> QUESTION IN THE MIDDLE AISLE? >> HI, THERE, THANK YOU EVERYONE FOR YOUR GREAT LEADERSHIP IN THE BRAIN INITIATIVE AND WE'RE FORTUNATE TO BE FUNDED BY THE BRAIN INITIATIVE. I'M A POST DOCTORAL FELLOW AT UCSF AND WE ARE FUNDED TO CREATE AN ATLAS OF THE DEVELOPING HUMAN BRAIN AND WE OF COURSE THINK THAT DEVELOPMENT IS VERY IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT'S VERY IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTANDING NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS AS WELL AS UNDERSTANDING MANY ASPECTS OF STEM CELL BIOLOGY WHICH CAN'T BE BETTER UNDERSTOOD LATER ON BUT MAY HAVE IMPLICATIONS FOR NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES AND SUCH WE WANTED TO KNOW THE ROLE OF DEVELOPMENT MOVING FORWARD AND IN PARTICULAR HOW DO YOU SEE THAT WORKING IN HUMANS AS WELL? >> IN OUR THOUGHT WE HAD SPECIFIC TEXT RELATED TO DEVELOPMENT IN VARIOUS ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT, OBVIOUSLY RELATED TO WHAT WE HEARD THIS MORNING, RELATED TO ORGANOIDS OF WAYS TO TRY TO REASSEMBLE SOME ASPECTS OF HUMAN BRAIN DEVELOPMENT BUT MORE GENERALLY, I THINK 1 WAY TO UNDERSTAND CIRCUIT IS TO UNDERSTAND HOW THE CIRCUITS ARE FORMED AND THAT I THINK IS ENTIRELY PART OF THE BRAIN INITIATIVE AND SHOULD BE SUPPORTED. IT CANNOT BE THE ENTIRE DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESS BECAUSE THIS WOULD NO LONGER BE A BRAIN INITIATIVE, BUT A DEVELOPMENT INITTAIAATIVE BUT THE DEVELOPMENT OF CIRCUIT IN MANY SPECIES TRY TO UNDERSTAND WHAT IS DIFFERENT, 1 IS CONVERGENT, THAT IS SUDDENLY HOW CELLS ASSEMBLED TOGETHER AND HOW FUNCTIONAL ASSEMBLED THAT IS PART OF OUR PLAN. >> THANK YOU. YES AND IN TERMS OF NEUROETHICS ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT, WE HAVE DELIBERATED A BIT ON THE USE OF AGER ANOIDS AND ASSEMIBLIEDS IN NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH, THERE ARE ETHICAL CONCERNS WITH RESPECT TO HOW TO THINK ABOUT THOSE PARTICULAR CELLS AND THE TISSUES AS THEY DEVELOP AND BECOME MORE CONPLEX, DO THEY TAKE ON MORE OF THE TYPES OF ISSUES THAT MIGHT BE CONCERNED WITH WORKING WITH HUMAN MORE DEVELOPED HUMAN TISSUE AND SO THERE ARE RECOMMENDATIONS IN THE INTEGRATED NEUROETHICS ISSUES IN THE NACD WORKING GROUP REPORT THAT HAVE BEEN PUT IN AND WE WILL ALSO HAVE A SECTION IN THIS OUR BNS REPORT AND DEALING WITH ORGANOIDS AND ASSEMBLOIDS WORKING WITH THE ANIMAL MODELS AND ANIMAL MODELS FOR NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH. >> THANK YOU. QUESTION OVER HERE. >> SO THIS IS SPECIFIC TO DR. COLLINS, SO I AM ALSO FROM NIMH, WHY DEBT WE HAVE ANY INITIATE TO [INDISCERNIBLE] NONHUMAN PRIMATES. WA ALWAYS TALK ABOUT THE MOUSE, HUMAN WHAT ABOUT NONHUMAN PRIMATES CONNECTOME? >> SO YOU'RE SUGGESTING THAT OUR PRIORITIES IN THE INTRAMURAL PROGRAM MIGHT NEED READJUSTMENT, WELL WE DO HAVE NONHUMAN PRIMATES ON THE CAMPUS AND I DON'T KNOW ENOUGH ABOUT WHAT ROLE THEIR CURRENTLY PLAY NOTHING NEUROSCIENCE, MAYBE PEOPLE IN THE FRONT ROW CAN DO SOMETHING LIKE THIS, BUT--MAYBE THIS IS A CONVERSATION YOU COULD HAVE WITH THESE 2 PEOPLE IN THE FRONT ROW, WALTER AND JOSH ABOUT EXACTLY WHAT IS THE CURRENT PLAN AS FAR AS INTRAMURAL USE OF NONHUMAN PRIMATES FOR A PROJECT OF THIS SORT? MAYBE YOU CAN TALK AFTER A BIT? QUESTION IN THE MIDDLE AISLE? SORRY GO AHEAD. >> YOU KNOW IF I HEARD YOU CORRECTLY, YOU WERE TALKING ABOUT THE NONHUMAN PRIMATE CONNECTOME. WE ACTUALLY DISCUSSED HUMAN BRAIN CONNECTOME, I THINK THAT WOULD BE EXTRAORDINARY, RIGHT NOW, IT'S CLEARLY OUT OF REACH AND I THINK--WE THINK THAT THE MOUSE CONNECTOME IS GREAT STEP THAT IS ALREADY GOING TO BE EXTRAORDINARY DIFFICULT IN TERMS OF INFRASTRUCTURE, IN TERMS OF TECHNOLOGY AND ANALYTICAL TERMS, THAT MAY LEAD TO CONNECTOME FOR LARGER BRAINS. >> BUT HOW DO YOU LINK MOUSE TO HUMAN? WE NEED SOMETHING IN BETWEEN? >> YES, ABSOLUTELY. SO NONHUMAN PRIMATE CAN BE IN BETWEEN. >> THIS IS WHAT'S FRUSTRATING ME, YOU CAN'T GO FROM RODENT TO HUMAN DIRECTLY, YOU NEED A MARMOSET, MACAQUE IN BETWEEN. >> YES. >> BUT THERE'S NO--NTHERE'S NO PROBLEM WITH THIS, EXCEPT TECHNOLOGICAL 1 RIGHT NOW WHICH I DON'T THINK IT'S FEASIBLE. >> WHY NOT? >> I THINK THERE'S LESS DISAGREEMENT THAN YOU PERSOOF ABOUT YOUR POINT. BY THE WAY, I HOPE YOU ALL SAW THE PROPOSAL FOR THESE VERY TRANSFORMATIVE IDEAS. AGAIN, I THINK KATHRYN WAS QUITE CLEAR THESE ARE POSSIBLE THINGS TO KIND OF GET YOU THINKING IF YOU HAVE OTHER TRANSFORMATIVE IDEAS THAT BRAIN 2.0 COULD TAKE ON, THAT WOULD BE ELECTRIFYING THAT WOULD GET EVERYBODY'S JUICES FLOWING AND GO OH WOW, IF YOU WANT TO DO THAT, I WOULD BE PART OF THAT, TOO, THAT'S THE THING THEY HOPE WE WILL STIR UP HERE BEGINNING THIS EVENING AND GOING FORWARD UNTIL WE GET YOUR COMMENTS BACK ON THE REPORT, BECAUSE, OFTEN TIMES THAT'S THE KIND OF OPPORTUNITY THAT REALLY GETS THE MOMENTUM GOING EVEN FURTHER. IT'S ALREADY GOING PRETTY WELL, BUT THIS WOULD BE A MOMENT TO THINK ABOUT THAT, IF YOU HAVE IDEAS OF THAT SORT, YOU WANT TO OFFER THEM UP TONIGHT, CAN YOU DO SO. IN THE MIDDLE AISLE? >> HI, KRISTIN HARRIS FROM UT AUSTIN AND ALSO RECIPIENT OF THE NSF BRAIN INITIATIVE FOR THE NEURONEX AND DO ANSWER HIS QUESTION, WITH THE TECHNIQUES CURRENTLY IN HAND TO DO A WHOLE HUMAN CONNECTOME AT THE LEVEL OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPE IS AN 8 TRILLION YEAR ENDEAVOR, WE'VE DONE 1 COMPLETE CONNECTOME OF A VOLUME OF BRAIN THAT'S ABOUT A SINGLE RED BLOOD SO SO THERE'S A LOT OF SCALE THAT HAS TO GO INTO IT, MY QUESTION THOUGH WAS IN REGARDS TO THE OVERALL PROJECT, I DEPARTMENT SEE ANYTHING ABOUT AGING, I WONDER IF THE ANALLING BRAIN WILL BE CONSIDERED AS PART OF THIS INITIATIVE. >> YEAH, I WOULD SAY IT'S EXACTLY THE COMPLEMENT TO DEVELOPMENT, THERE'S A LOT TO BE LEARNED ABOUT HOW NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS EFFECT THE BRAIN AND HOW NEURONS CHANGE OVER THE COURSE OF A LIFETIME AND WHILE IT'S NOT THE PRIMARY FOCUS OF THE BRAIN, THERE'S A BRAIN INITIATIVE AND THERE'S A LOT OF USEFUL INFORMATION THAT WILL COME FROM WORK OF THAT SORT. SO WE ACTUALLY EXPECT THAT TO BE A COMPONENT OF WHAT GOES ON IN THE BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND LIKE DEVELOPMENT AND STUDIES OF SPECIFIC DISEASES. >> I WANTED TO CHIME IN THERE AS WELL. AGAIN OUR COMMITTEE DELIBERATED A BIT ON THIS WITH RESPECT TO EQUITY OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH AND THE IMPACT OF THIS ON DIFFERENT POPULATIONS AND SO, OFTEN TIMES WHEN WORK'S DONE ON A PARTICULAR AGE, INDIVIDUAL, OR PARTICULAR SEX OF AN INDIVIDUAL, IT MAY NOT APPLY TO OTHER AGES SO WE WILL MAKE RECOMMEND - -RECOMMENDATIONS IN TERMS OF EQUITY AND MAKE HUR THOSE GO ACROSS DIVIDES THAT MAKE IT DIFFICULT TO DO THAT SHARING. >> YOU HAVE TO COME TO A MICROPHONE BECAUSE WE'RE VIDEOCASTING. SORRY. >> I JUST SORT OF--TO FOLLOW UP FROM GOING FROM, YOU KNOW DEVELOPMENT THROUGH TO AGING, YOU KNOW, THE INITIATIVE GOES OUT TO 2025, BUT SOMEHOW TO INCORPORATE INTO THE THINKING, THE NEED FOR REALLY LONGITUDINAL STUDIES BECAUSE, YOU KNOW LIFE IS AN EXPERIMENT N= 1, RIGHT? >> I SHOULD JUMP IN HERE AND REMIND EVERYBODY THE BRAIN INITIATIVE PROVIDES A FOUNDATION OF DATA AND INSIGHTS ABOUT HOW THE BRAIN WORKS AND THE CIRCUITS FUNCTION BUT THIS IS A FOUNDATION UPON WHICH ALL KINDS OF ADDITIONAL SCIENCE WILL GO FORWARD FOR MANY DECADES TO COME AND CERTAINLY WHEN IT COMES TO THIS KIND OF QUESTION ABOUT AGING, THAT WILL BE AN IMPORTANT 1 AND SO WILL ALL THE EFFORTS WE WILL WANT TO PURSUE TO UNDERSTAND DISEASES OF THE BRAIN WHICH ARE NOT AN EXPLICIT PART OF THE BRAIN WHICH ARE IN THE INITIATIVE WHICH WILL BE GREATLY ADVANTAGED BY THE INFORMATION THAT THE BRAIN INITIATIVE PURSUES, SO IT'S NOT EVERYTHING TO EVERYBODY BUT IT CAN BE A REALLY GOOD THING TO EVERYBODY. LET'S GO OVER HERE. >> THANK YOU, SIR. WE HAD A WONDERFUL DISCUSSION REGARDING APPLICATION OF NEUROETHICS TO LIVING BEINGS, WHAT ABOUT THE APPLICATION OF NEUROETHICS TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE? >> THE QUESTION WAS ABOUT THE APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE OR MACHINE LEARNING ALLEGOR RHYTHMS TO STUDY THE BRAIN. YOU'RE ABSOLUTELY RIGHT. THE THIS IS AN ADVANCING AREA, IT'S MULTIMODAL, COMPLEX, DETAIL AND SPECIFIC, SO AS THIS DATA IS DEVELOPED, WE NEED TO FIGURE OUT HOW TO SHARE THIS DATA, GETS ACCESS TO THE DATA AND HOW THAT DATA THAT IS ANALYZED BECAUSE 1 OF THE CONCERNS FROM A BI ONY ETHICS PERSPECTIVE IS AS THE DATA IS ANALYZED IS THERE INFORMATION THAT WAS NTS SOUGHT THAT COMES OUT OF THAT. SO IF YOU'RE TRYING TO ASSESS THIS DATA FOR A PARTICULAR EXPERIMENTAL PARADIGM, ARE YOU GAINING INSIGHT AND OTHER ASPECTS OF THAT INDIVIDUAL, IF IT'S HUMAN INDIVIDUAL THOUGHT PROCESSES OR WHATEVER. SO THESE ARE ABSOLUTELY CONCERNS, SOMETHING THAT WE DISCUSSED EXTENSIVELY IN OUR COMMITTEE AND WILL BE ADDRESS INDEED OUR REPORT, SO THANK YOU FOR THAT. >> THIS ALSO CAUSES MOOY TO MENTION WE HAVE ANOTHER ACD WORKING GROUP THAT'S JUST KNOTTEN --GOTTEN STARTED ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THEY WILL EVERYLAP WITH YOUR GROUP AND THEY DO HAVE NEUROETHICS OF A. I. AS A SIGNIFICANT PART OF THEIR ENTERPRISE AS WELL. WE WANT TO BE SURE THOSE ALL GET CONNECTED UP. YES, IN THE MIDDLE? >> HELLO, TERRY MIEWR RAY FROM LOUISIANA TECH UNIVERSITY AND 1 OF THE UNIVERSITIES WAS THAT WE SHOULD BRING THE PUBLIC ONBOARD AND MY QUESTION IS WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF WHAT IT IS WE'RE DOING? AND IS THERE ANYTHING TO CHANGE? AND HOW CAN WE ENHANCE THAT? >> OKAY YOU'RE HANDING IT TO ME. I SEE, WELL THE ANTIOF THE UNITED STATES KNOWS ABOUT IT BECAUSE WE TALKED ABOUT IT BUT NO, VERY GOOD POINT. I WAS PLEASED TO SEE AT THIS MEETING HAVE YOU SESSIONS ON COMMUNICATION INCLUDING 1 THIS MORNING WITH AN NPR REPORTER WHICH I GATHER WAS PRETTY WELL RECEIVED. THE IDEA THAT THIS IS UP TO ALL OF US, PUBLIC COMMUNICATION IS NOT SOMETHING THAT YOU ASSIGN TO A COMMUNICATIONS OFFICE AND THEN FORGET ABOUT IT, REALLY WE ARE ALL NOW GOING TO HAVE TO BE AMBASSADORS ABOUT THIS PROGRAM AND WHAT IT IS AND WHAT IT IS NOT. CERTAINLY NIH IN OUR OWN WAY AND THE WAYS IN WHICH WE HAVE OPPORTUNITIES TO PUT UP INFORMATION ON THE WEB ARE PUT OUT PRESS RELEASES WHEN SOMETHING HAPPENS WE WILL DO OUR PART BUT I THINK THIS WILL BE A RADIO REALLY IMPORTANT SHARED PART OF THE EFFORT AND EVERY TIME THIS GROUP GETS TOGETHER WE NEED TO FOCUS ON THAT. OVER HERE. >> ERIC HOLGREN, UCSD, SO IF THERE IS PERHAPS A LITTLE GAP BETWEEN THE 2 PRESENTATIONS I NOTICED THE A LOT OF TALK IN THE ETHICS 1 ABOUT CONSCIENCE EXPERIENCE AND THAT'S NOT 1 OF THE ISSUES THAT THE SCIENTIFIC PART ADDRESSED AND SO I'M WONDERING, WE SEEM AS A GROUP FOR A LONG TIME TO HAVE AVOIDED THAT TOPIC AND I'M WONDERING IF THERE'S ANY DISCUSSION OF MAYBE ADDRESSING IT HEAD ON? >> OKAY, JIM'S GOING TO ADDRESS IT HEAD ON. >> I WILL ADDRESS IT SPEIFICALLY FROM OUR HEUR O ETHICS GROUP AND THAT'S 1 OF THE MOON SHOTS THAT WE'RE GOING TO PROPOSE IS JUST THAT. DIRECT SET OF STUDIES, SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION FROM THE VERY BEGINNING THAT USES THE EXPERTISE OF SCIENTISTS, PHILOSOPHERS, ETHICISTS, MACHINE LEARNING EXPERTS TO TRY TO DEVELOP QUESTIONS AND AN APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF CONSCIOUSNESS THAT SEEMS LIKE A TRACTABLE ASPECT OF SCIENCE AND TO MOVE FORWARD TO TRY TO UNDERSTAND IN A QUAWPTITATIVE SCIENTIFIC MANNER WHAT CONSCIOUSNESS IS, THAT WILL HELP US AS THE ETHICISTS IN THAT ONCE HAVE YOU METRICS TO TRY TO GAUGE ASPECTS OF CONSCIOUSNESS, YOU CAN BETTER JUDGE WHETHER OR NOT YOUR ORGANOIDS OR ASSEMBLOIDS ARE 1 ASPECT OF THAT SCALE, SO IT'S IMPORTANT FROM SCIENCE AND ETHICS AND 1 OF THE MOON SHOTS THAT WE'RE GOING TO PROPOSE. >> I WANT TO SAY SOMETHING ABOUT THAT? YOU WANT TO SAY SOMETHING-- >> BEFORE JOHN OR KATHRYN, MAB - -MAYBE I CAN ADD. TWO THINGS, 1 YOU SAW KATHRYN'S SLIDES ABOUT THE TRANSFORMATIVE PROJECT SO WE HAVE SOME OF THOSE IN OUR REPORT, TOO WHICH I WOULD ASK PEOPLE TO PAY ATTENTION TO, 1 OF THEM IS THE 1 THAT JIM JUST MENTIONED. THERE'S VERY INTERESTING APPLICATIONS OF YOUR QUESTION, AND JIM'S RESPONSE. SO FOR INSTANCE WE'VE HAD A STRUGGLE IF ARE A LONG TIME AROUND DEFINING DEATH BY NEUROLOGICAL CRITERIA, WHICH SEEMS VERY CLEARLY TO BE HEALTHFULLY INFORMED BY THE KIND OF RESEARCH YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT SO THERE'S VERY, VERY PRACTICAL, WHAT SOUNDS LIKE A CONCEPTUAL UNDERTAKING HAS PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS AND REALLY IMPORTANT FROM AN ETHICS PERSPECTIVE. >> FURTHER FOLLOW UP? >> I WOULD JUST LIKE TO EMPHASIZE THAT YOU KNOW, BASICALLY THE CORE OF THE BRAIN INITIATIVE IS TO TRY AND HELP US UNDERSTAND WHAT WE MEAN WHEN WE TALK ABOUT CONSCIOUSNESS. WE HAVE SENSATION, PERCEPTION, AWARENESS, ATTENTION, CONSCIOUSNESS, THESE ARE GOOD CONSTRUCTS WE'VE GOTTEN FROM PSYCHOLOGY, BUT THE FACT OF THE MATTER IS WE DON'T KNOW WHAT IS THE NEUROBIOLOGY THAT SUPPORTS THAT? AND I WOULD SAY IF THERE WAS AN ESSENCE OF THE BRAIN INITIATIVE IS TRY TO GET TO A MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF HOW THE BRAIN ACCOMPLISHES THOSE PHENOMENA SO AS WE MOVE FORWARD, THE BRAIN INITIATIVE, WE WILL BE IN A MUCH STRONGER POSITION TO MAKE REALLY DEFINITIVE STATEMENTS ABOUT THE TYPES OF QUESTIONS THAT YOU ARE GOING. >> I COULDN'T AGREE MORE, EVERYTHING WE DO IS RELATED TO IT BUT SOMETIMES WE DON'T DRAW THE LINES AND I'M DPLAD TO SEE THAT'S HAPPENING. >> THANK YOU. WE WILL TAKE 2 MORE QUESTIONS. OVER HERE. >> SO AS WE'RE TALKING ABOUT COLLECTING NATURAL STIMULI AND CHARACTERIZE REAL BEHAVIOR, WE WILL START COLLECTING DATA SETS THAT ARE IMPOSSIBLE TO DEIDENTIFY OR ANON MYSELF SO HOW DO WE BALANCE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT PATIENT IDENTITY WITH THE SCIENTIFIC EVALUE OF SHARING DATA SETS LIKE THAT ESPECIALLY IN AN AGE WHERE THERE ARE LOTS AND LOTS OF POOEM WHO ARE WILLING TO CONSENT TO SHARE ALL OF THEIR DATA, ALL THE TIME WITH VERY LITTLE IN RETURN IN TERMS OF PUBLIC GOOD FOR THINGS LIKE GOOGLE AND FACEBOOK AND STUFF LIKE THAT. SO HOW DO WE BALANCE THOSE ISSUES TO,A LOW SOME OF THESE REALLY AWESOME DATA SETS TO BE PUBLISHED IN A USEFUL WAY? >> GREAT QUESTION FOR OUR NEUROETHICS GROUP. THIS IS NOT A NEW QUESTION, JUST FOR NEUROSCIENCE. IT'S 1 WE STRUGGLED WITH FOR MANY YEARS FOR THINGS LIKE GENOMICS BUT MAYBE YOU HAVE A THOUGHT. >> I WOULD SAY WHAT YOU JUST DID, IT'S NOT A PROBLEM OR AN ISSUE UNIQUE TO NEUROSCIENCE. WE DO INCLUDE IT IN OUR REPORT, TO ME IT'S A BIT OF A CHALLENGE TO SORT OF PICK OUT WHAT'S SPECIAL ABOUT THE NEUROSCIENCE QUESTION AND THEN THE BRAIN INITIATIVE QUESTION VERSUS THE DATA SHARING ISSUES AT LARGE WHICH IS AN NIH ISSUE FOR YOU I KNOW DR. COLLINS SO I'M NOT ANSWERING BUT WE DO SPEAK TO IT IN OUR REPORT SO WHAT I WOULD SAY IS HAVE A LOOK AND SEE WHETHER IT MAKES SENSE AND DURING THE PUBLIC COMMENT, WEIGH IN. >> CAN YOU SAY IF THERE'S ANY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ALLOWING PATIENTS TO CONSEBT FOR RELEASE OF THEIR DATA IN IDENTIFIED FASHION. >> IN OUR REPORT ALSO WE HAVE LARGE TEXT ON STANDARD FOR DATA SHARING AND INFRASTRUCTURE FOR DATA SHARING AND ALL THESE THINGS SO YOU SHOULD HAVE A LOOK AND LET US KNOW WHAT YOU THINK? , AND OBVIOUSLY THE CONSENT PROCESS IS A CRITICAL PART OF THIS CONVERSATION. WE DO NOW THROUGH THE COMMON RULE AS IT'S CURRENTLY PUT FORWARD HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO GIVE CONSENT IF PEOPLE WISH TO DO SO FOR BROAD ACCESS TO INFORMATION WITHOUT BEING QUITE MIGHT ULTIMATELY LEAD TO. SO THEREYA A FRAMEWORK FOR THAT BUT THE CONSENT WOULD HAVE TO BE EXQUISITE IN EXPLAINING WHAT THE RISKS ARE AS WELL AS BENEFITS OF TAKING PART IN A SCIENTIFIC VENTURE THAT MAY BE QUITE DISCLOSING OF REALLY IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF WHO WE ARE. >> LAST QUESTION HERE IN THE MIDDLE. >> SO THERE'S BEEN AN EXTRAORDINARY EXPANSION IN THINGS LIKE CIRCUIT LEVEL NEUROSCIENCE AND CONNECTOME PROJECTS BUT I WOULD ARGUE THAT THE PROGRESS IN TREATING NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS HAS NOT BEEN PROPORTIONAL TO THAT ADVANCEMENT. DR. MAUNSELL MADE A COMMENT EARLIER ABOUT FINDING NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHIMISMS AND HAVING THAT BE A DRIVING FORCE BEHIND THE BRAIN INITIATIVE AND I APPRECIATE THAT BUT DR. COLLINS AS YOU MENTIONED THIS IS ABOUT BUILDING A FOUNDATION TOWARDS SOMETHING. HOW DO WE ASSURE OURSELVES THAT WE'RE BUILDING THE RIGHT FOUNDATION TOWARDS TREATMENT OF NEUROPSYCHIATRICS AND OTHER DISORDERS WITH ALL THE COOL TOYS WE'RE INVENTING HERE. >> GREAT QUESTION. YOU WANT TO TACKLE THAT? , WE CAN'T BE SURE. IT'S SCIENCE. [LAUGHTER] BUT I'LL TELL YOU, THERE'S ENOUGH PEOPLE ENGAGED WHO ARE REALLY TRYING TO FIGURE OUT THE ABSOLUTE BEST APPLICATIONS THAT CAN BE TAKEN WITH THIS WORK AND I DO THINK THAT IF THERE'S 1 THING THAT REALLY WILL COME OUT OF THE BRAIN INITIATIVE, IT WILL BE A GIANT STEP FORWARD IN TERMS OF OUR UNDERSTANDING OF BASIC BRAIN FUNCTION AND I THINK THAT HAS TO SERVE FOR ANY DISEASE THAT YOU WANT TO NAME. >> YEAH, I HOPE YOU NOTICED 1 OF THOSE TRANSFORMATIVE PROJECTS THAT WAS PUT UP WHICH WAS A CIRCUIT LEVEL UNDERSTANDING OF A VULNERABLE CIRCUMSTANCES FOR NEUROPSYCHIATRIC INSIGHTS SO IF YOU LIKE THAT 1, THAT MIGHT BE 1 TO BE PART OF THE ANSWER TO THE QUESTION, BUT OBVIOUSLY IT'S ABOUT BEING THROWN OUT THERE AS A POSSIBLE WAY YOU MIGHT PROCEED, THEN YOU WOULD HAVE TO DECIDE WELL WHAT WOULD THAT CIRCUIT BE THAT WE KNOW ENOUGH TO SAY, WELL THAT'S THE 1 FOR THE NEUROSCIENTIFIC GUESSES, I BEING WE'RE BUILDING THIS ON A PREMISE THAT A SIGNIFICANT LEVEL OF DETAIL HOW IT IS THAT THE 86 BILLION NEURONS IF THAT'S THE RIGHT NUMBER DO WHAT THEY DO IN THE NORMAL STATE AND YOU WOULD HAVE A LOT BETTER CHANCE OF BEING ABLE TO LOOK AT A CIRCUMSTANCE WHERE THE BRAIN IS NOT PERFORMING IF SOMEBODY WANTS IT TO AND HAVE A VERY GOOD SENSE ABOUT WHAT IS ACTUALLY MEASURABLY DIFFERENT WHICH IS UNFORTUNATELY WHERE WE GET STUCK ALL TOO OFTEN RIGHT NOW. IT IS AN ASSUMPTION. IT IS A PRETTY COMPELLING 1 BECAUSE IT'S BEEN TRUE OF EVERYTHING ELSE WE'VE DONE IN SCIENCE, IF YOU WANT TO UNDERSTAND SOMETHING THAT'S GOING WRONG, FIRST YOU WOULD REALLY BE WELL OFF TO UNDERSTAND WHAT HAPPENS WHEN IT'S GOING RIGHT AND THEN YOU CAN HAVE A BETTER SHOT AT UNDERSTANDING WHERE THINGS HAVE GONE OFF THE TRACKS. THAT'S OUR ASSUMPTION. I CAN'T IMAGINE IT WON'T BE TRUE IN LOTS OF INSTANCES BECAUSE I BELIEVE IN THE SCIENTIFIC HISTORY HERE, BUT YOU'RE QUITE RIGHT. THERE IS A LOT RIDING ON OUR BEING CORRECT ABOUT THIS AND IT IS IMPORTANT, OF COURSE THEN THAT WE DESIGN THE PROJECTS SO THAT IT PROVIDES THE KIND OF FOUNDATION THAT YOU CAN BUILD THAT INFERENCE ABOUT CLINICAL CONDITIONS ON TOP OF, PROBABLY THE BEST WAY TO DO THAT IS THAT IT'S GOING TO BE VERY DETAILED, VERY HIGH QUALITY, VERY REPRODUCIBLE AND THE DATA IS ALL ACCESSIBLE TO EVERYBODY AND THAT IS CLEARLY AMONG THE MANY PRINCE PALES THIS PROJECT AIMS TO ACHIEVE. SO I KNOW IT'S BEEN A REALLY LONG DAY AND YOU ALL HAVE BEEN AT THIS INTENSE SCIENTIFIC EXPERIENCE FOR A WHILE. AGAIN, LET ME POINT YOU TO THAT APRIL 15th DEADLINE OR MOMENT WHERE THE WORKING GROUP REPORT WILL BE UP THERE. I HOPE PEOPLE WILL READ IT CAREFULLY, OBVIOUSLY IN THIS SHORT HOUR, WE'VE ONLY SCRATCHED THE SURFACE OF THE DETAILS THAT ARE IN THAT 83-90 PAGE DOCUMENT, LIKEWISE, READ CAREFULLY THE NEUROETHICS REPORT WHEN IT COMES OUT IN ANOTHER 10 DAYS OR SO LATER AND DO PROVIDE FEEDBACK. WE WILL READ ALL OF THOSE INPUTS THAT YOU MIGHT HAVE ABOUT WHAT YOU THINK ABOUT THIS, WHICH PART YOU REALLY WANT TO ENDORSE, WHICH PART YOU THINK GOT LEFT OUT, ANY KIND OF TWEAKS YOU WANT TO GIVE. THIS IS THE MOMENT REALLY IN THE NEXT 2 AND HALF MONTHS TO TRY TO CAPTURE THE INSIGHTS, THE WISDOM OF THIS ENTIRE GROUP. FINALLY, LET ME JUST SAY, BECAUSE I FORGOT TO SAY AT THE BEGINNING AND I SHOULD HAVE HOW GRATEFUL I AM TO WALTER AND JOSH, WHO HAVE SHEPHERDED THE BRAIN PROJECT IN BETWEEN RUNNING A COUPLE PRETTY LARGE INSTITUTES AND HAVE MADE THIS PROJECT SO SUCCESSFUL IN ITS FIRST 4 YEARS AND TO WHOM WE SHOULD ALL BE VERY GRATEFUL. THANK YOU ALL. [APPLAUSE ]