NIH VideoCast - How to Hit HIV Where It Hurts

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How to Hit HIV Where It Hurts

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Air date:	Wednesday, November 16, 2016, 4:15:00 PM Time displayed is Eastern Time, Washington DC Local
Views:	Total views: 310 (58 Live, 252 On-demand)
Category:	Immunology
Runtime:	01:02:27
Closed captioning:	Check box to display CC outside of the video Note: You can drag the captioning window around and resize it
Description:	Immunology Interest Group Seminar Series No medical procedure has saved more lives than vaccination. But, today, some pathogens have evolved which have defied successful vaccination using the empirical paradigms pioneered by Pasteur and Jenner. One characteristic of many pathogens for which successful vaccines do not exist is that they present themselves in various guises. HIV is an extreme example because of its high mutability. This highly mutable virus can evade natural or vaccine induced immune responses, often by mutating at multiple sites linked by compensatory interactions. I will first describe how by bringing to together concepts from the physical sciences with in vitro experiments and clinical data the “fitness landscape” of HIV has been defined with explicit account for collective mutational pathways, how this knowledge has been harnessed for immunogen design, and what are the current challenges. I will next describe how research at the intersection of immunology, evolutionary biology, and physics is revealing how affinity maturation occurs in the presence of multiple variant antigens, and how the results can inform the design of vaccination protocols that may be able to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies against highly mutable pathogens (e.g., HIV). Arup K. Chakraborty is the Robert T. Haslam Professor of Chemical Engineering, Physics, Chemistry, and Biological Engineering at MIT. He is the founding Director of MIT’s Institute for Medical Engineering and Science. He is also a founding steering committee member of the Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH, and Harvard, and an Associate Member of the Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard. After obtaining his PhD in chemical engineering and postdoctoral studies, he joined the faculty at the University of California at Berkeley in December 1988. He rose through the ranks, and ultimately served as the Warren and Katherine Schlinger Distinguished Professor and Chair of Chemical Engineering, Professor of Chemistry, and Professor of Biophysics at Berkeley. He was also Head of Theoretical and Computational Biology at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. In September 2005, Chakraborty moved to MIT. His entire career has been focused on research at the intersection of disciplines. After an early career in engineering of polymers and catalysts, since 2000, Chakraborty’s work has focused on bringing together immunology and the physical and engineering sciences. His interests span T cell signaling, T cell development and repertoire, and a mechanistic understanding of HIV evolution and vaccine design. Chakraborty’s work at the intersection of disciplines has been recognized by numerous honors, including the NIH Director’s Pioneer Award, the E.O. Lawrence Medal for Life Sciences from the US DOE, the Allan P. Colburn and Professional Progress awards from the AIChE, a Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar award, and a National Young investigator award. Chakraborty was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering for completely different bodies of work. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and serves on the US Defense Science Board. Chakraborty has received four teaching awards at Berkeley and MIT.

NLM Title:	How to hit HIV where it hurts / Arup K. Chakraborty ; Immunology Interest Group.
Author:	Chakraborty, Arup. National Institutes of Health (U.S.). Immunology Interest Group,
Publisher:
Abstract:	(CIT): Immunology Interest Group Seminar Series No medical procedure has saved more lives than vaccination. But, today, some pathogens have evolved which have defied successful vaccination using the empirical paradigms pioneered by Pasteur and Jenner. One characteristic of many pathogens for which successful vaccines do not exist is that they present themselves in various guises. HIV is an extreme example because of its high mutability. This highly mutable virus can evade natural or vaccine induced immune responses, often by mutating at multiple sites linked by compensatory interactions. I will first describe how by bringing to together concepts from the physical sciences with in vitro experiments and clinical data the "fitness landscape" of HIV has been defined with explicit account for collective mutational pathways, how this knowledge has been harnessed for immunogen design, and what are the current challenges. I will next describe how research at the intersection of immunology, evolutionary biology, and physics is revealing how affinity maturation occurs in the presence of multiple variant antigens, and how the results can inform the design of vaccination protocols that may be able to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies against highly mutable pathogens (e.g., HIV). Arup K. Chakraborty is the Robert T. Haslam Professor of Chemical Engineering, Physics, Chemistry, and Biological Engineering at MIT. He is the founding Director of MIT"s Institute for Medical Engineering and Science. He is also a founding steering committee member of the Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH, and Harvard, and an Associate Member of the Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard. After obtaining his PhD in chemical engineering and postdoctoral studies, he joined the faculty at the University of California at Berkeley in December 1988. He rose through the ranks, and ultimately served as the Warren and Katherine Schlinger Distinguished Professor and Chair of Chemical Engineering, Professor of Chemistry, and Professor of Biophysics at Berkeley. He was also Head of Theoretical and Computational Biology at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. In September 2005, Chakraborty moved to MIT. His entire career has been focused on research at the intersection of disciplines. After an early career in engineering of polymers and catalysts, since 2000, Chakraborty"s work has focused on bringing together immunology and the physical and engineering sciences. His interests span T cell signaling, T cell development and repertoire, and a mechanistic understanding of HIV evolution and vaccine design. Chakraborty"s work at the intersection of disciplines has been recognized by numerous honors, including the NIH Director"s Pioneer Award, the E.O. Lawrence Medal for Life Sciences from the US DOE, the Allan P. Colburn and Professional Progress awards from the AIChE, a Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar award, and a National Young investigator award. Chakraborty was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering for completely different bodies of work. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and serves on the US Defense Science Board. Chakraborty has received four teaching awards at Berkeley and MIT.
Subjects:	Antibodies, Neutralizing--immunology HIV Antibodies--immunology HIV--drug effects HIV--genetics
Publication Types:	Lecture Webcast

NLM Classification:	QW 168.5.H6
NLM ID:	101697726
CIT Live ID:	18532
Permanent link:	https://videocast.nih.gov/watch=18532

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