>> GOOD AFTERNOON, WE'RE GOING TO GO AHEAD AND START OUR SEMINAR. --SPECIFICALLY THE INFLUENCE OF MASCULINITY IN EQUITY. THIS WAS STARTED A NIDA LED MEETING THAT LOOKED AT THIS ISSUE. HEALTH DISPARITIES IN BOYS AND MEN, TO REDUCE TRAUMA AND KOREALATEED MORBIDITYS. SINCE THAT MEETING A FEW YEARS AGO, THERE WAS A SPECIAL ISSUE THAT FURTHER HIGHLIGHTED INNOVATIVE RESEARCH AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS LOOKING AT HEALTH DISPARTIS IN BOYS AND MEN AND THAT WAS IN THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC EXPHELGT IT WAS HAD IN MAY 2012 AND IT'S AVAILABLE PUB LIKELY ONLINE IF YOU WANT TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THE SUBJECT, BUT TODAY WE DECIDE TO HIGHLIGHT TWO EXCITING AND INNOVATIVE PRESENTERS, BOTH OF WHO I WITNESSED THEIR WORK OVER THE YEARS AND ARE DEFINITELY PUSHING THE FIELD AND HOW WE THINK ABOUT THIS ISSUE, THE TWO INVESTIGATORS WE HAVE TODAY, OF UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AND WALDO JOHNSON OF UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, WE WILL DO THE PRESENTATIONS IN ORDER AND AFTER THAT TIME WE WILL TAKE QUESTIONS FROM THE AUDIENCE TO GO FURTHER INTO THE ISSUE. I WANT TO ALSO THANK AT THIS TIME WE CO CHAIR DR. CARL HILL IN THE OFFICE OF INSTITUTE AND AGING AND SPECIAL POPULATIONS WHO PROVIDED SUPPORT FOR THIS WEBINAR SO IT COULD BE ARCHIVED FOR FUTURE KNOWLEDGE. TO FIRST INTRODUCE THE WONDERFUL AND DYNAMIC WIZDOM POWELL-HAM OND, SHE'S ALSO THE SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND SHE HAS OTHER COMMITMENTS AND MANY OTHER MULTIDISCIPLINARY EFFORTS INCLUDING THOSE AT THE UNC LINE BURGER COMPREHENSIVE CANCER CENTER AND SHE'S DIRECTOR OF THE UNC MEN'S RESEARCH COLLAB. IN 2011, THROUGH 2012 SHE WAS APPOINTED AS PRESIDENT OBAMA SERVE AS WHITE HOUSE FELLOW AS THE UNDERSECRETARY OF DEFENSE FOR PERSONNEL AND READY RESPONSE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE LEON PANETTA AND IF YOU TELL US ANYTHING ABOUT THAT, THEN YOU KNOW YOU PROBABLY GET IN TROUBLE BUT I KNOW THAT WAS AN INTERESTING EXPERIENCE. HERE COMMUNITY BASED RESEARCH FOCUSES ON BLACK MALE HEALTH WITH EMPHASIS ON MASCULINITY AND COMBINED IMPACT ON BLACK HEALTH AND MENTAL AND HEALTHCARE SYSTEM INTERACTION. IN TWO THIS HAPPENED NINE SHE GAVE AN INVITED EXPERT TESTIMONY TO THE PRESIDENT'S CANCER PANEL ABOUT RACIAL ETHNIC MINORITY HEALTHCARE EXPERIENCES. BEFORE SHE WAS AT UNC, SHE WAS A ROBERT WOOD FOUNDATION HEALTH AND SOCIETY SCHOLAR AT UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. SAN FRANCISCO IS BERKELEY; SHE IS AN APA MINORITY AND FORD FOUNDATION PREDOCTORAL FELLOW WHO RECEIVED A Ph.D. IN MASTERS OF SCIENCE AND CLINICAL PSYCHEICOLOGY AND MPh AND HEALTH DEHAIR AND HEALTH EDUCATION IN THE UNIVERSITY OFs MICHIGAN ANN ARBOR IN ADDITION TO THE AWARDS THERE WAS SO MANY TO MENTION, SHE WAS AWARD THE KISER PERMANENT A BIRCH LEADERSHIP AWARD. SHE WAS ALSO A LEADEROT GROUP OF DISPARITIES IN BOYS AND MEN AND WE HAVE SOME HERE FROM THAT GAP AND SHE A--GROUP AND SHE IS A MEMBER OF THE DELTA OMEGA SOCIETY OF HEALTH AND ON THE COLLEGE OF BOARD AND MEN WITH MASCULINITY SO WITH THAT I WOULD LIKE TO INTRODUCE DR. HAM OND. [ APPLAUSE ] >> SO THANK YOU SHEER AND I WILL CARL FOR THE INI HAVEITATION TO COME TODAY AND FOR--INVITATION TO COME TODAY AND A TOPIC ABOUT I'M PASSIONATE ABOUT, I WANT TO TAKE SOME TIME IN THE BEGINNING JUST TO TELL YOU WHERE WE'RE GOING TO HEAD THIS AFTERNOON SO THAT HAVE YOU A ROADMAP FOR OUR CONVERSATION AND SOME INSIGHTS ABOUT HOW I'M THINKING ABOUT THE ROLE OF MASCULINITY IN MEN'S HEALTH DISPARITIES SO FIRST I'LL START BY MAKING A GENERAL CASE FOR THE FOCUS ON MAILLOT HEALTH DISPARITIES AND THEN TALK ABOUT MASCULINITY AS A KEY DETERMINANT WITH A SPOT LIGHTOT RESEARCH I CONDUCTED ON BLACK MALE HEALTH. I'LL TALK ABOUT STUDIES AS A HEALTH DISADVANTAGE BUT I'LL ALSO HIGHLIGHT WORK WHERE THEY CONFER AND ADVANTAGE FOR BLACK MALES AND THEN I'LL PROPOSE NEXT STEPS IN MASKUE LYNNITY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND INVITE TO YOU OFFER SOME IN OUR DISCUSSION PERIOD AND THEN PROVIDE A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL GROUP ON HEALTH DISPARITIES AND BOYS AND MEN AND END WITH ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND FINAL THOUGHTS. SO IN THE U.S., MEN CONTINUE TO LIVE SHORTER LIVES THAN WOMEN, AND THAT'S DESPITE SOME DECREASES IN THE SEX DIFFERENCES IN LIFE EXPECTANCY AND EVEN WHEN WE LOOK AT MALES IN GENERAL, WE STILL SEE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RACIAL AND ETHNIC MINEARITY MEN WITH BLACK MALES IN PARTICULARLY NONHISPANIC BLACK MALES LIVING SHORTER LIVES THAN MOST MEN FROM ALL OTHER RACE GROUPS. NOW THERE ARE SEVERAL POSSIBLE SOURCES OF THE SHORTENED LIFE EXPECTANCY AND WHEN WE LOOK AT THEM, WE SEE THAT THERE REALLY AREN'T VERY MANY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE KINDS OF CONDITIONS THAT PRODUCE DEATH AMONG MALES AND 53 MALES HOWEVER WE DO SEE THAT MORE MALES ARE LIKELY TO DIE FROM SOME OF THOSE COMMON CAUSES OF SHORTENED LIFE EXPECTANCY. FOR EXAMPLE, MALES ARE MORE LIKELY TO DIE FROM UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES CAUSED BY ACCIDENTS. MALE VS A HIGHER NUMBER OF DEATHS--MALES HAVE A HIGHER NUMBER OF DEATHS FROM STROKE JUST AS AN EXAMPLE, AND THE QUESTION ISN'T ALWAYS IS IT MALE BIOLOGY THAT'S CONTRIBUTING TO THE MALE DISPARITIES COULD IT BE THAT THERE ARE SOURCES OF DISADVANTAGE, WHERE WE KNOW THAT MALES ARE MORE LIKELY TO SUCCUMB TO MISAARAGE OR DEATH AFTER BIRTH. WE ALSO KNOW MALE VS A LESS ROBUST IMMUNE SYSTEM THAN FEMALES AND MALE VS SHORTER TELOMERES THAN FEMALES SUGGESTING THEY MAY BE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO RAPID BIOLOGICAL AGENTS. BUT IF MORTALITY DISPARITIES WERE SOLELY ATTRIBUTABLE TO MALE BIOLOGY WE WOULD SEE SIMILAR RATES AND CAUSES OF DEATH ACROSS THE GROUPS BUT WE KNOW THAT SOME MALES ARE MORE VULNERABLE TO MORTALITY THAN OTHERS. FOR EXAMPLE, RACIAL AND ETHNIC MINORITY MALES, MALES WHO OCCUPY A LOWER PLACEOT SOCIOECONOMIC LADDER AND MALES WITH A HISTORY OF ENCORSERATION AND WE ALSO KNOW THAT THE CAUSES OF DEATH, EVEN WHEN WE LOOK AT THOSE TOP FIVE ARE SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT ACROSS RACIAL AND ETHNIC GROUPS AS IS SHOWN IN THIS FOLLOWING TABLE. SO IF MALE BIOLOGY ISN'T THE SOLE CONTRIBUTOR TO THESE SEX DIFFERENCES IN LIFE EXPECTANCY, THAN WHAT OTHER THINGS MIGHT BE CONTRIBUTING TO THE MALE HEALTH DISPARITY PUZZLE. ONE THING WE KNOW FOR SURE IS THAT MOST OF THOSE COMMON CAUSES OF DEATH HAVE A CORE BEHAVIORIAL COMPONENT AND IN FACT SOME OF THE COMMON EXPLANATIONS GIVEN FOR WHY WE SEE DIFFERENCES IN MALE AND FEMALE HEALTH OUTCOMES INCLUDE THAT MEN ARE MORE LIKELY TO TAKE HEALTH BEHAVIORIAL RISKS ARE ARE MORE LIKELY TO DELAY PREVENTIVE HEALTH SCREENINGS AND SEEKING CARE FOR MORE HEALTH AND MORE LIKE TOW WOWORK IN DANGEROUS OCCUPATIONS AND TO MINIMIZE PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH SYMPTOMS. FOR EXAMPLE, MALES REPORT HIGHER ELISSEITY DRUG USE THAN WOMEN AND OTHER BEHAVIORIAL DIFFERENCES WE SEE ARE RELATE TO HEALTHCARE SEEKING PATTERNS WE KNOW THAT DESPITE HIGHER EARNINGS, FEWER MALES ARE LIKELY TO SECURE HEALTH INSURANCE IN WOMEN AND ONE OF THE MOST COMPELLING PARADOXS THAT WE SEE IS THE GENDER PARADOX IN MENTAL HEALTH WHERE WE SEE MEN REPORTING LESS DEPRESSION IN WOMEN BUT HAVING HIGHER RATES OF SUICIDE COMPLETION. SO THIS LEAVES MOST OF US IN THE FIELD OF MALE HEALTH, LESS ABOUT BIOLOGICAL SEX CHARACTERISTICS AND MORE ABOUT GENDER AND SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF GENDER AND ONE OF THE PIONEERS IN MY FIELD AND MEMBER OF THE WORKING GROUP, COURTNEY SUGGESTED WE THINK ABOUT HEALTH BEHAVIORS AND BELIEF AS A MEANS OF CONSTRUCTING OR DEMONSTRATING MASCULINITY. SO WHAT DO I MEAN WHEN I SAY MASCULINITY? CERTAINLY I'M NOT TALKING ABOUT BIOLOGICAL SEX, I'M TALKING MORE ABOUT THOSE SHARED SOCIOLOGICAL CULTURAL EXPECTATIONS ABOUT APPROPRIATE BEHAVIORS FROM MALES THAT SHOULD DO THAT PEOPLE SAY MEN SHOULD DO THIS. BOYS SHOULDN'T DO THIS. THOSE KINDS OF PRESCRIPTIVE AND PRESCRIPTIVE NORMS THAT SET A STAGE FOR HOW MANY BEHAVE AND WE KNOW THAT ONE OF THE THINGS WE TRY TO CONVEY IN OUR WORK AROUND MASCULINITY AND SHELLING THAT MALES--MASCULINITY IS TO WHAT MALES ARE BUT WHAT THEY DO IN SOCIAL ASK INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS. THEIR CORE THEMES OF TRADITIONAL MASCULINITY THAT HAVE BEEN FLOATING AROUND SINCE THE 1970S AND I WILL HIGHLIGHT A FEW OF THEM BECAUSE THEY HAVE RELEVANCE TO OUR CONVERSATION AND PARTICULARLY RELEVANCE TO THE MALE OUTCOMES I WILL DISCUSS, SO BRANNON IN 1976 QUESTIONED MASCULINITY, ALONG WITH OTHERS IN THE FIELD WHO QUESTION WHETHER OR NOT THE WAY MEN WERE HELD TO PRESCRIPTIVE PERSCRIPTIVE NORMS ARE HAVING AN IMPACT ON THEIR RELATIONSHIPS AND HELP AND THEY SUGGESTED SEVERAL CORE THEMES. THE FIRST IS NO SISSY STUFF. FOR EXAMPLE, BOYS DON'T CRY, MEN NEED STATUS AND SUCCESS, THE STURDY OAK, MEN SHOULD HAVE TOUGHNESS AND SELF-RILICENSE AAND GIVE THEM HELIOS POSITIVE, MEN SHOULD HAVE AN ORA DANGER AND AGGRESSION AND VIOLENCE. BUT THE ISSUE OF NORMS IS THAT WE KNOW THAT PEOPLE DON'T ENDORSE THEM AT THE SAME RATE. BIOLOGICAL SIX CHARACTERISTICS DON'T DEWHERE PEOPLE FALL IN THE SPECTRUM OF THEIR ENDORSEMENT OF MASCULINITY, AND A RECENT STUDY SHOWED THAT THERE'S ACTUALLY QUITE A BIT OF OVERLAP IN MALE AND FEMALE ENDORSEMENT OF MASCULINITY NORMS AND IN OTHER WORDS WOMEN ALSO STRUGGLED WITH SOME OF THE CORE THEMES THAT ARE PRESENT IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONS OF MASCULINITY. THE OTHER THING THAT'S REALLY IMPORTANT TO KEEP IN MIND IS THAT MASKUE LYNNITY IS QUITE PRECARIOUS. SO, STRICT ENDORSEMENT OF MASCULINITY NORMS AND THE FACT THAT IT'S FLEETING AND HAS TO BE CONSTANTLY SOUGHT AND WOULD YOU KNOW AND PROVEN CAN--WON AND PROVEN CAN CREATE GENERAL CONFLICT STRESSORS AND STRAINS AND THOSE STRAINS AND THE PRESSURE TO LIVE UP TO THIS IDEALIZED MASCULINITY CAN CREATE HEALTH DISADVANTAGES FOR MALES. ANOTHER THING TO KEEP IN MIND IS THAT MASCULINITY VARIES BY AGE, RACE. AND SOME OF THOSE DEFINITIONS, DR. JACQUELINE MADISON FOUND THAT BLACK MEN'S DEFINITIONS OF MASCULINITY REFLECT A DESIRE FOR REDEMPTION AND PROACTION AND WE SUGGEST THAD MASCULINITY AS BLACK MEN DEFINE IT IS EXPRESS AS A DISCIPLINARY BETICAL RESPONSE TO RACIAL DISCRIMINATION OR SLICE AGAINST HUMANITY AND WE SUGGEST THAT THESE SLICES MAKE IT MORE LIKELY THAT THEY WILL STRONGLY OR RIGIDLY ADHERE TO THE MALE NORMS. THESE ARE ALSO BOUND BY THESE DEFINITIONS OF MASCULINITY AND IN FACT WE HAVE FOUND THAT BLACK MEN DISPLAYED EMOTIONAL SOYICKICISM IS ONE OF THE STRATEGY TO RECOOP OR PREVERVE MASCULINITY TO THREATENED ENVIRONMENTAL OR SOCIAL CONTEXT. SO THE TWO DIMENSIONS WE'VE EXAMININED AS THE UNC MEN'S HEALTH RESEARCH LAB IS RESTRICTIVE EMOTIONALITY AND SELF-RELIANCE. RESTRICTIVE EMOTIONALITY REFERS TO FORMS THAT ENCOURAGE MEN AND BOYS TO SHUT DOWN OR SUPPRESS EMOTION THE AND SELF-RELIANCE REFERS TO THOSE THAT ENCOURAGE MEN TO BE INDEPENDENT WHEN THEY'RE MAKING DECISIONS TO BE RIDGEDLY ADHERING TO THE IDEA THEY SHOULD MAKE THEIR OWN WEIGHT IN THE WORLD. AND WHAT WE FOUND IN OUR RESEARCH ARE THE FOLLOWING. SOPHISTICATEDY WE CONDUCTED A NUMBER OF STUDIES ACROSS THE COUNTRY IN U.S. BARBER SHOPS AND THE WAY WE DO THIS WORK IS WE GO INTO BARBER SHOPS AND WE ASK MEN TO FILL OUT SURVEYS WHILE THEY WAIT TO GET THEIR HAIR CUT AND IN THOSE SURVEYS WE ASK A QUESTION ABOUT SOCIAL ASK LIVED EXPERIENCES INCLUDING HEALTHCARE EXPERIENCES AND SO ONE OF THE STUDIES THAT WE PUBLISHED IN THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY, WE FOUND THAT ACTUALLY MASCULINITY INCREASES MEDICAL MISTRUST, THIS WAS SIGNIFICANT BECAUSE FOR A WHILE MANY RESEARCHERS WERE ASSUMING THAT MASCULINITY THAT MEDICAL MISTRUST WAS ATTRIBUTAL TO TUSKEGEE OR THE EVENTS THAT HAPPENED THERE. SO SO WHAT WE WANTED TO UNDERSTAND MORE ABOUT, WHAT WERE THE CLEAR AND PRESENT ISSUES THAT WERE AFFECTING BLACK MALE MEDICAL MISTRUST. WE KNEW THAT CIRCUMSTANCES THAT HAPPENED IN THE HERE AND NOW WERE MAKING A DIFFERENCE AND WE FELT NATHERE WERE SOMETHING ABOUT MASCULINITY AND IT'S RULES AROUND EMOTIONAL DISCLOSURE AND DISCLOSURE OF VULNERABILITY THAT MIGHT MAKE TRUST GIVING, TR GRANTS MORE COMPLICATED AND IN FACT THAT'S WHAT WE FOUND. SO TO SUMMARIZE, WE FOUND THAT BLACK MALE WHO IS ENDORSE MASCULINITY FORMS THAT DISCOURAGE EMOTIONAL DISCLOSURE WERE MORE LIKELY TO REPORT HIGH LEVELS OF MISTRUST IN MEDICAL ORGANIZATIONS. AND WE FOLLOWED THAT STUDY UP WITH A COUPLE OF STUDIES AND A STUDY WHERE WE WANTED TO UNDERSTAND MORE NOT JUST ABOUT THE HEALTHCARE SEEKING PATTERNS OF MEN BUT ALSO MENTAL HEALTH, THERE ARE SEVERAL STUDIES TO SUGGES THAT THERE WAS AN INCREA NCRSE SUICIDE RATES AMONG YOUNGER BLACK MALES IN A PARTICULAR TIME PERIOD AND THAT THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN MEN'S REPORTS OF DEPRESSION AND 57 THOSE TWO COMPLICATED AND WE WANTED TO BED HOW MASK CUE LYNNITY MIGHT SHAPE BLACK MENTAL HEALTH ESPECIALLY IN THE FEYS PHASE OF--IN THE FACE OF SOCIAL ITCH. SO WHEN BLACK MALES ENDORSE MASK CUE INITY NORMS TO SHUT DOWN OR SUPPRESS NEM IN THE FACE OF RACISM THEY SUPPORT MORE DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS SYMPTOMS AND IN FACT THAT ENDORSEMENT OF THOSE FORMS HAD AN ENHANCING OR EXACERBATING EFFECTOT DISCRIMINATION AND HIGH DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMMAATOLOGY. AND ANOTHER STUDY WE PUBLISH IN THE JOURNAL WILL OF MEDICINE WE FOUND THAT MASCULINITY ALSO CREATES SOME SAD VANTAGES. WE LOOKED AT SEVERAL DIMENSIONS OF MASCULINITY AND WE FOUND THAT WHEN MEN REPORTED HIGHER RATES OF MASCULINITY REPORTS, THEY WERE LESS LIKELY TO DELAY KEY PREVENTIVE HEALTH SCREENINGS AND THIS FINDING WAS PARTICULARLY HELPFUL FOR US BECAUSE WE WERE LOOKING FOR WAYS WE MIGHT BE ABLE TO LEVERAGE MASCULINITY AND PUBLIC INTERVENTIONS AND WE CAN TALK ABOUT THAT IN A FEW MOMENTS. SO RIGHT NOW I WANT TO SUGGEST A FEW KEY AREAS OR NEXT STEPS IN MASCULINITY AND HEALTH RESEARCH BECAUSE THERE'S LOTS WE DON'T KNOW. BUT FIRST WE REALLY DON'T UNDERSTAND A LOT ABOUT HOW IMMEDIATE SOCIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT AND TRANSACTIONS SHAPE MASCULINITY. IN MANY CASES WE ASK ABOUT PEOPLE'S MASCULINITY NORMS, WE ASK THEM TO RATE HOW THEY--SCORE THEMSELVES ON PARTICULAR MEASURES BUT WE'RE DOING THEM IN A CROSS SECTIONAL WAY. AND WE ARE DOING THEM ALSO OFTEN IN A RETROSPECTIVE WAY BUT I THINK THERE'S MORE TO BE LEARNED BUT HOW MASCULINITY GETS ENACT INDEED THE MOMENT IN TRANSACTIONS WITH INDIVIDUALS WITH PARTNERS WITH ANON NOWS ACTORS HOW DO MEN DISPLAY IN THAT MASCULINITY FROM DAY-TO-DAY AND MOMENT TO MOMENT. WE ALSO DON'T KNOW A LOT ABOUT HOW MASCULINITY GETS EMBODIED OR SHAPES SOME OF THOSE PHYSIOLOGICAL OR BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND THE WORK WE'VE DONE AROUND MENTAL HEALTH SUGGESTS TO US THAT ONE PARTICULAR PROCESS THAT WE MAY BE INTERESTED IN LOOKING AT IS EMOTION SUPPRESSION. NOW WE KNOW THAT EMOTION SUPPRESSION IS NOT UNIFORMLY PATHOGENIC IN FACTS, THERE IS SOMETHING HEALTHY ABOUT SHUTTING DOWN AND NOT EXPRESSING EVERY EMOTION THAT COMES TO ONE'S MIND IN THE MOMENT. BUT WE KNOW THAT OVERTIME, HABITUAL SUPPRESSION HAS NEGATIVE HEALTH CONSEQUENCES. AND SO IT MAYBE BE IMPORTANT FOR US TO THINK ABOUT HOW MASKUE INITY EMOTIONAL PROCESSING AMONG MALES. ANOTHER AREA WHICH WE HAVE LIMITED RESEARCH AND HOW MASKUE RINNITY INFLUENCES MALE LIFE FORCE, A CRITICAL OR SENSITIVE PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT. WE HAVE NOT TAKEN A LIFE COURSE DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING HOW MASCULINITY SHAPES MEN'S BEHAVIOR AND WE KNOW THAT AS MEN CONFRONT NEW ROLE CHALLENGES AS THEY AGE THAT THESE MASCULINITY NORMS MAY EXPRESS THEMSELVES OR BE ENACTED IN VERY DIFFERENT WAYS. SO NOW I JUST WANT TO SPOT LIGHT HOW WE WITHIN THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, WORKING GROUP ON DISPARITIES IN BOYS AND MEN ARE TRYING TO DREYS THIS ISSUE. THERE ARE FOUR CROSS CUTTING AREAS WE BELIEVE AND ARE CHARGED WITH LOOKING AT THAT SHAPE MALE DISPARITIES. THE FIRST IS TRAUMA. MOM ARE EXPOSED TO AN INORDINATE AMOUNT OF TRAUMA, SOME DISCLOSED AND SOME NOTES. AND PARTICULARLY AS WE HAVE MORE MILITARY SERVICE MEN RETURNING TO OUR SHORES FROM IRAQ AND AFGHANISTAN WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND THE CONQUENCES OF MILITARY RELATED TRAUM AND THE IMPACT OF MASCULINITY MIGHT HAVE IN HOW MEN EXPRESS AND SEEK CARE FOR THOSE TYPES OF CONDITIONS. WE ALSO ARE REALLY TRYING TO GET OUR HANDS WRAPPED AROUND STRESS PROCESSES, HOW STRESS BOTH PHYSIOLOGIC STRESS AND ALSO SOCIOLOGICAL E NVIRONMENTAL STRESS, MIGHT SHAPE THE COPING STRATEGIES THAT MEN EMPLOY AND HOW MASCULINITY MIGHT PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THAT AND ALSO VIOLENCE, WE THAN A NUMBER OF THE HEALTH OUTCOMES THAT WE SEE THAT ARE DISPARATE FOR MALES ARE RELATED TO VIOLENT BEHAVIOR. FOR EXAMPLE, HIGHER RATES OF HOMICIDE AMONG MALES IN GENERAL AND THEN PARTICULARLY AMONG YOUNGER BLACK MALES. AND THEN FINALLY WE'RE SEEKING TO UNDERSTAND A BETTER, HOW MASCULINITY MIGHT SHAPE SUBSTANCE ABUSE, USE BOTH PROBLEMATIC USE AND NONPROBLEMATTIC USE AND ADDICTION. PARTICULARLY HOW WE MIGHT LEVERAGE BETTER PROCESSES AMONG MALE WHO IS ARE ADDICTED. WE ARE WORKING, I'M FORTUNATE TO WORK WITH A MULTIDISCIPLINARY GROUP OF RESEARCHERS WHO ARE ALL LISTED HERE, SOME ARE PRESENT IN THE ROOM AND SO WE ARE LOOKING AT THIS NOT JUST THROUGH THE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESOURCES BUT ALSO LOOKING AT THE SOCIOLOGICAL LOGICAL CONTEXT AND HEALTHCARE CONTEXT AS WELL. SO SOME OF THE FINAL THOUGHTS I WOULD LIKE TO LEAVE WUIS PROBABLY SOMETHING FOR US TO CONSIDER PONDERING AND I MADE THESE POINTS EARLIER BUT THEY'RE WORTH REITERATING BUT FIRST IS IN ORDER FORITOUS ADVANCE THE AGENDA AROUND MASCULINITY AND HEALTH WE HAVE TO MOVE BEYOND STAT DEFINITIONS AND MASKUE LYNNITY AND IT'S NOT ONE THING IT'S A MULTIDIMENSIONAL CONSTRUCT THAT GETS SHAPED AND REMADE AS MEN TRANSACT ACROSS THE LIFE COURSE AND OUR RESEARCH HAS TO REFLECT THAT LET MORE DYNAMIC UNDERSTANDING ALSO MASCULINITY NORMS AND ENACTMENT VARIES AS MEN CONFRONT DIFFERENT ROLE SPECIALIZATION OF SPECIFIC ENDOTHELIAL WE NEED TO SORT OF GET IN BETWEEN THAT PROCESS AND UNDERSTAND WHERE ARE THE ROLES WHERE MEN ARE EXPERIENCING THE MOST DIFFICULT CHALLENGES AROUND MALE ROLE IDENTITY EXPRESSION WHERE MASCULINITY EXPOSING MALES, ASITARY CONFRONTS FATHERHOOD OR AGING CONFRONTS THREATS TO THEIR PHYSICAL INTEGRITY, THOSE ARE REMAINING QUESTIONS. AND ALSO IF YOU DON'T LEAVE WITH ANYONE ELSE TODAY, THIS IS PROBABLY THE MOST CRITICAL AND THAT'S THAT ELIMINATING MALE HEALTH DISPARITIES AND NOT SOLELY ABOUT ADVANCES MEN'S LONGEVITY. IT'S ABOUT CREATING HEALTHY FAMILIES AND COMMUNITY WHERE IS MEN RESIDE SO THAT WE CAN ADVANCE ALL OF THE MISSIONS THAT WE SET FORTH FOR. SO I WANT TO MAKE FINAL ACKNOWLEDGMENTS FIRST TO FUNDER WHO IS HELPED US WITH THIS RESEARCH; THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE, THE ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON FOUNDATION, BLUE CROSS AND BLUE SHIELD OF MICHIGAN FOUNDATION, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MINORITY AND MINORITY HEALTH DISPARITIES AND THE UNC CENTER FOR AIDS RESEARCH AND THEN MY COLLEAGUES WHO HAVE BEEN PARTNERS WITH ME IN THIS WORK AND NEW PARTNERS AS I'M MOVING FORWARD IN MY RESEARCH AGENDA AND THEN FINALLY TO LEAVE WUCONTACT INFORMATION. SO I THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME. [ APPLAUSE ] >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH, AS WE TRANSITION TO THE NEXT SPEAKER IF WE HAVE CLARIFY QUESTIONING FOR OUR TALK, AND I'LL REPEAT THE QUESTION FOR THE ARCHIVE VIDEO. >> THAT WAS VERY NICE, [INDISCERNIBLE] >> PLEASE REPEAT THE QUESTION. >> OKAY SO THE QUESTION WAS IN THE STUDY WHERE WE LOOKED AT SOURCES OF MEDICAL MISTRUST AMONG BLACK MALES MOW WERE WE ABLE TO NARROW DOWN THE SOURCES TO THAT PARTICULAR AREA OF MISTRUST, IS THAT CORRECT? >> YES. >> SO IN THE STUDY WE EXAMINED WE MEASURED MEN'S OVERALL MISTRUST IN ORGANIZATIONS. AND THIS WOULD INCLUDE HEALTHCARE, HOSPITALS, NOT PARTICULAR PHYSICIANS SO WE DIDN'T ASK MALES HOW MUCH THEY TRUSTED THE PHYSICIAN WITH WHOM THEY HAD THE MOST CONTACT. WE ASKED THEM ABOUT MEDICAL MISTRUST OF ORGANIZATIONS AS A WHOLE. WE USE A MEASURE DEVELOPED BY TOM LEVELS INCREASINE AND OTHERS SO THE MEASURE ASSESSES MEN'S OVERALL SENSE OF CONNECTION OR TRUST IN MEDICAL ORGANIZATIONS. AND IN ADDITION TO MEASURING THOSE--THAT PARTICULAR FACTOR WE MEASURED SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, INDICATORS, AGE, MARITAL STATUS, WE ALSO MEASURED STRESS EXPOSURES THAT WERE OCCURRING IN THEIR IMMEDIATE ENVIRONMENT, THINKING THAT IF MEN WERE MORE LIKELY TO EXPERIENCE DISCRIMINATION IN THEIR EVERY DAY ENVIRONMENT THAT CAN SEE THAT THAT DISCRIMINATION WOULD HAVE A CARRY OVER EFFECT TO THEIR ENCOUNTERS AND WHAT WE WANT TO UNDERSTAND WAS OUTSIDE OF HEALTHCARE FACTORS OR HEALTHCARE INSURANCE FACTORS WHETHER OR NOT YOU'RE INSURED OR WHETHER OR NOT YOU HAD A USUAL PLACE TO GWOULD IF YOU TAKE ALL THOIZ THINGS INTO ACCOUNT, WOULD MEN BE MORE LIKELY TO REPORT MISTRUST AND AFTER CONTROLLING ALL THOSE FACTORS WE WERE ABLE TO SEE THIS REALLY ROW BUST ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MEN'S ENDORSEMENT OF THOSE NORMS AROUND MASCULINITY THAT ENCOURAGE DISCLOSURE AND CLOSENESS WHICH IS REQUIRE INDEED A HEALTHCARE ENCOUNTER AND THEIR MISTRUST OF MEDICAL ORGANIZATIONsA A WHOLE. --ORGANIZATIONS AS A WHOLE. >> [INDISCERNIBLE]. >> SO THE QUESTION IS ABOUT THE PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE MEDICAL MISTRUST INDEX WHICH IS WHAT WE USE TO MEASURE MEDICAL MISTRUST AND WHETHER OR NOT THE PROPERTY VS BEEN TESTED AND WHETHER OR NOT WE CAN HAVE A GENERAL CONFIDENCE IN WHETHER OR NOT WE WERE REALLY TAP INTOG MEDICAL MISTRUST OR IF THE QUESTIONS WERE LEADING SOME SOME WAY SO AS WE KNOW WITH SELF-REPORTING INSTRUMENTS WE ALSO HAVE THE POSSIBILITY FOR BIAS AND REPORTING BIAS, WE CAN ONLY CONTROL FOR THAT BY ADDING ANOTHER MEASURE THAT WILL HELP US TO SORT OF SAY WITH MORE CONFIDENCE THAT MEN ARE LIKELY REPORTING THEIR TRUE EXPERIENCES. SO IN THIS STUDY WE INCLUDED MEASURES OF SOCIAL DESIRABILITY WHICH YOU KNOW ASSESS INDIVIDUALS LIKELIHOOD OF RESPOND NOTHING A WAY THEY THINK PEOPLE WANT THEM TO AND EVEN WITH THAT MEASURE INCLUDED IN THE STUDY, WE STILL FOUND THIS ASSOCIATION IS FOR THE PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES, I DIDN'T DO A PSYCHOMETRIC EVALUATION OF THE MEASURE. THERE ARE SOME THAT ARE PUBLISHED, BUT WE DID HAVE A HIGH RELIABILITY CO EFFICIENT FOR THIS MEASURE, I THINK IT WAS SOMETHING LIKE .5 OR SOMETHING,--.95 OR SOMETHING, DON'T QUOTE ME DIRECTLY, I WOULD POINT TO YOU THE PAPER IN THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY FOR THE ARTICLE, BUT THE TRUE WAY TO GET IT WHETHER OR NOT PEOPLE ARE TRUSTING THEIR PHYSICIANS OR MEDICAL ORGANIZATIONS, I THINK IS TO OBSERVE THEM IN THOSE ENCOUNTERS AND TO SEE WHETHER OR NOT THEY COME BACK AFTER ENGAGING WITH A PHYSICIAN OR MEDICAL ORGANIZATION OVER TIME, AND LEGALLY LOOKING AT IT IN A SLICE IN TIME AND IN THE WAY WE DID WE CAN SAY WITH CONFIDENCE WE FEEL THAT WE TAPPED INTO SOMETHING AND THAT MASCULINITY PLAYS A ROLL AND AN IMPORTANT ONE THAT WE NEED TO FURTHER UNDERSTAND. >> THE MEDICAL MISTRUST INDEX. >> [INDISCERNIBLE] >> YES. YOU'RE WELCOME. THANK YOU. >> INTERESTING QUESTION IN TERMS OF THINK BEING POTENTIAL ISHT VENTIONS IN TERMS OF THINKING ABOUT HOW WE COULD LOOK AT THAT INDEX OVER TIME AND SOME OF THE INTERVENTIONS THAT MIGHT BE NEEDED IN TERMS OF BUILDING TRUST IN HEALTH SEARCHESS. THANK YOU VERY MUCH WE'RE PLEASED TO HAVE ANOTHER SCHOLAR THAT I'VE KNOWN PERSONALLY FOR A WHILE AND WAS DEFINITELY GIVES US ANOTHER PERSPECTIVE DR. WALDO E. JOHNSON JR. AND ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AT THE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SERVICE ADMINISTRATION WITH AFFILIATIONS AT THE CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF RACE, POLITICS AND ACTUALITY CURTHE URBAN NETWORK OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO AND WE'RE GLAD YOU ARE ABLE TO GET THROUGH THE ICE AND SNOW AND TRAVEL AND THANK TO YOU THE REST OF THE AUDIENCE WHILE I TAKE THAT PAUSE AS WELL. AND HE WAS ALSO WITH THE RESEARCH AND BLACK AMERICANS AT UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, HE TEACHES SOCIAL WELFARE, YOU HAD PAN BEHAVIOR IN THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT AND RESEARCH METHODS. HIS SCHOLARSHIP EXAMINES CONTEXT, PHYSICAL, MENTAL EXPHELGT URBAN BLACK MALES CURRENT AND FUTURE SOCIAL ROLES. IDENTIFICATION, ASSUMPTION AND PERFORMANCE. HE CONSUMMIT AS RESPONSIBILITY FATHERHOOD INITIATIVE LED BY MATHEMATICCA POLICY RESEARCH AND THE SOUTH CAROLINA EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION, PBS SERIES, FATHERS IN AMERICA. HIS MEMBER SHIP INCLUDES BLACK MASCULINITY, 20 TWEF BLACK MEN AND--25 BLEN MEN AND BOYS AND EQUITY FOR CHILD WELFARE. ADDED SOCIAL WORK WITH AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES AND MENTAL EXPHELGT SOCIAL POLICY AND WITH THAT I TURN IT OVER TO DR. JOHNSON. I WILL MAKE SURE YOU DON'T CRY. >> SO, GOOD AFTERNOON AND I INDEED HAPPY TO BE HERE. IT'S A BIT OF A STRUGGLE TO BE GET HERE BUT I PERSEVERED AND I WAS HAPPY I WAS ABLE TO DO SO. YOU KNOW I LIKE TO BEGIN BY ALSO ACKNOWLEDGING WISDOM'S WORK. IT'S AMAZING TO SEE A SCHOLAR SO YOUNG IN HER PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT BEING ABLE TO MAKE SUCH IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS AND QUITE HONESTLY, IT WAS A GREAT LEAD IN FOR WHAT I WANT TO TALK ABOUT. SO I APPRECIATE THAT. NOT ONLY FOR THE BENEFIT IS PROVIDED ME WITH THIS PARTICULAR ISSUE, BUT I FIND MYSELF REFERRING TO HER WORK QUITE PREWENTLY. --FREQUENTLY. SO I'M GOING TO TALK ABOUT A COUPLE OF THINGS QUICKLY. SO I WANT TO USE THIS PARTICULAR TITLE BEING BOYS DON'T--BIG BOYS DON'T CRY, BLACK BOYS DON'T FEEL WHICH IS A CHAPTER IN AN EDITED VOLUME THAT I WORKED ON WITH TWO OTHER COLLEAGUES, DAVID P A TE FROM UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, MILWAUKEE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL WORK AND JARVIS GIBBONS WHO'S A DOCTORAL STUDENT IN AFRICAN AMERICAN STUDIES AT UC BERKELEY AS A WAY OF KIND OF TALKING ABOUT WHAT THE CURRENT OPPORTUNITIES YOU KNOW WITH REGARD TO KIND OF THINKING ABOUT THE OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURE THAT EXISTS FOR BLACK BOYS AND ALSO HOW WE MIGHT THINK ABOUT OUR FUTURE PREMISES WITH REGARD TO RESEARCH INTERVENTIONS, POLICY AND PRACTICE. THE CHAPTER BIG BOYS DON'T CRY, BLACK BOYS DON'T FEEL, IF I WERE ATTEMPT TO TRY TO KIND OF QUALITATIVELY TAKE A MEDIA ANALYSIS APPROACH IN TERMS OF LOOKING AT THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE DARIAN ABERT MURDER IN CHICAGO. IF YOU WILL RECALL THIS WAS THE YOUNG MAN WHO BACK IN 2009 WAS BEATEN TO DEATH BY FOUR OTHER GUYS FOLLOWING SCHOOL IN THE ROSEMOUND COMMUNITY AND ONE OF THE THINGS THAT STRUCK US TO WANT TO EXPLORE THIS A LITTLE MORE BECAUSE OF THE WAY IN WHICH THE MEDIA CHARACTERIZED THIS BEATING DEATH. WE WE KNEW FROM MEDIA ACCOUNTS THAT THERE WAS A FIGHT AFTER SCHOOL. HE WAS IN THE MIDDLE OF THIS FIGHT. HE WAS NOT ACTUALLY--INITIALLY ONE OF THE PEOPLE WHO WAS FIGHTING BUT SOMEHOW HE GOT IN THE MIDDLE OF IT, HE WAS WAS--KNOCKED DOWN, UNCONSCIOUS FOR A FEW MINUTES AND THEN AS FIGHT CONTINUED TO ESCALATE BETWEEN FOUR YOUNG MIN, SEVERAL OF WHOM WERE HIS HIGH SCHOOL CLASSMATES. SO IT WAS NOT IN MANY INSTANCES, MANY OF THE PEOPLE WERE KNOWN TO HIM. BUT SUBSEQUENTLY AS HE REGAINED CONSCIOUSNESS AND THEN ATTEMPTED TO GET UP, ALL OF THE ATTENTION WAS TURNED TO HIM AND HE WAS BEATEN TO DEATH WITH RAILROAD TIES, AND THIS OCCURRED WHILE 50 OTHER STUDENTS WERE STANDING THERE WATCHING AND WE HAVE A FAIRLY GOOD SENSE OF KIND OF WHAT HAPPENED BECAUSE THERE ARE ACTUALLY VIDEO ACCOUNTS OF IT BECAUSE PEOPLE WERE ACTUALLY VIDEOTAPING IT ON THEIR CELL PHONES. AND SO, AS WE KIND OF WATCHED THE MEDIA ACCOUNT UNFOLD IN THIS PARTICULAR, IN THE CASE WITH REGARD DARIAN ABAR, WITH REGARD TO THE LEGAL SYSTEM THERE WERE A NUMBER OF THINGS THAT DIDN'T QUITE FIT RIGHT IN TERMS WHAT HAVE ACTUALLY HAPPENED. ONE OF THE THING SYSTEM THAT EVEN THOUGH THERE ARE LOTS OF PEOPLE THERE AND THERE WAS VIDEO AND PHOTOGRAPHS AND STUFF, TWO OF THE INITIAL FOR PEOPLE WHO WERE ARRESTED WERE SUBSEQUENTLY RELEASED AND THE CHARGES WERE DROPPED BECAUSE THEY WERE NOT, YOU KNOW A PART OF THE FIGHT AS THEY HAD CLAIMED THEY WERE, AND ALTHOUGH MUCH OF THE MEDIA ACCOUNT KIND OF CELEBRATED THE LIFE OF DARIAN AS BEING SOMEONE WHO WAS GOOD IN SCHOOL WITH A SCHOLAR, PLAY, PLAYED FOOTBALL IN HIGH SCHOOL AND STUFF EVEN THOUGH HE WAS SOMEWHAT SLIGHT IN STATURE, YOU KNOW ALSO KIND OF REFERENCED HIM IN MANY INSTANCES KIND OF LIKE AS A LADIES MAN. WE KNEW NOTHING ABOUT THIS WITH REGARD TO DARIAN PRIOR TO HIS DEATH. AND SO, IT'S IN MANY WAYS SAYS AN INSTANCE WHERE ALL OF THE GOOD ABOUT HIM BECOMES CELEBRATED IN THE CONTEXT OF HIS DEATH AND ALSO AS A WAY TO DRAW A STRICT A VERY STRICK AND OPPOSITIONAL WAY OF DESCRIBING THOSE WHO ARE SOON TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR HIS DEATH. BUT AS WE BEGAN TO GO BEYOND THE MEDIA ACCOUNTS AND TO DO SOME FURTHER RESEARCH, WE FOUND THINGS ABOUT HIM THAT WERE ALSO NOT AS PLEASANT AND WE ALSO FOUND THAT THESE YOUNG MEN WHO WERE VIEWED AS THE PURPLE TRAITORS WHO WERE CHARACTERIZED AS GANG BINGERS CHARACTERIZED AS PEOPLE YOU KNOW WHO WERE VERY MUCH DESERVING DEATH PENALTY AS ONE DESCRIPTION, TALKED ABOUT THEM, WERE FAR FROM THAT. AS I SAID, SEVERAL OF THEM--TWO OF THE FOUR WERE CLASSMATES IN SCHOOL. ONE OF THEM HAD TWO PART-TIME JOB WHERE IS HE WORKED AND STUFF AND SO WE WERE INTERESTED IN TRYING TO UNDERSTAND MORE ABOUT CONTEXT OF THESE YOUNG MEN LIVING IN THESE TWO MAYBOR HOODS, ONE PUBLIC HOUSING UNIT WHERE THEY'RE VERY GROWN UP AND THEN THE SECOND ONE BEING ROSEMUND, WHERE HE ATTENDED SCHOOL AND EVEN THOUGH THESE TWO NEIGHBORHOODS ARE SIDE BY SIDE THEY'RE ALMOST LIKE MILES AWAY BECAUSE OF THE KIND OF BARRIERS, NOT PHYSICAL BARRIERS BUT GIST HISTORICAL BARRIERS THAT EXIST IN TERMS OF THAT RESTRICTING THE MOBILITY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES GOING FROM ONE NEIGHBORHOOD TO THE OTHER AND DARIAN FOUND HIMSELF IN ROH SELAND BECAUSE THE HIGH SCHOOL HE WAS TABBING WAS CHANGED BY THE CHICAGO PUBLIC SCHOOLS TO BECOME A MILITARY ACADEMY SO IN ORDER FOR STUDENT WHO IS LIVED IN THE GARDENS WANTED TO GET A GENERAL ACADEMIC EDUCATION, THEY HAD TO GO TO THE--SUDDENLY TO FINGER HIGH SCHOOL WHICH WAS THE HIGH SCHOOL IN THE RESOURCES LAND COMMUNITY. --ROSE LAND COMMUNE. SO A PART WHAT HAVE WE CAME TO RECOGNIZE IS THAT THE FIGHT THAT MANY OF THE STUDENTS WERE WATCHING WAS A FIGHT THAT OCCURS ALMOST DAILY. BUT VERY CELLEDON, THESE ARE TYPICALLY, ONE-ON-ONE COMBAT IF YOU MIGHT REFER TO THEM AS SUCH AND THAT SELDOM ARE THERE FOUR PEOPLE WITH RAILROAD PLANKS ASSAULTING ANOTHER PERSON. SOPHISTICATED WE WERE ALSO CONCERNED ABOUT THE FACT THAT WE GOT LITTLE INFORMATION TO THE DEGREE THAT ANY MENTORSHIP SKILL HEALTH SEARCHESS ARE AVAILABLE TO THE STUDENT WHO IS WATCHED THIS. BECAUSE STUDENTS STOOD THERE AND WATCHED AND SO CAUGHT UP IN A WAY THAT MIGHT BE REMINISCENT OF FIGHTING TO THE END DURING THE ROMAN EMPIRE THAT THEY HAD NOT REALLY KIND OF THOUGHT ABOUT THAT IT WASN'T A FIST FIGHT. THIS WAS VERY LIKELY TO BE IN THE WAY WHICH IT DID WHERE SOMEONE ACTUALLY DIED. AND AND THE--THE SUBSEQUENT RECOGNITION AND OF THE FIGHT THERE IN MANY INSTANCES ONE THAT THEY MIGHT HAVE STOPPED, CERTAINLY WOULD HAVE SOME KIND OF PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT ON THEM. AND WE WERE ALSO INTERESTED IN TRYING TO JUST KIND OF INTEREST TO WHAT DEGREE DOES THIS EXPERIENCE THAT BECOMES CELEBRATED, NOT ONLY HERE IN THE U.S. BUT AROUND THE WORLD REPRESENT THE DAILY EXPERIENCES OF AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES AND COMMUNITY, NOT ONLY IN THIS PARTICULAR COMMUNITY BUT IN COMMUNITIES YOU KNOW THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY WHERE THESE COMMUNITIES ARE PLAYED BY LOWER SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGED AND A VARIETY OF THE DIFFERENCE AND VIOLENCE IN WAYS THAT THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF MASCULINITY IS IMPOSED ON THEM AS WELL AS IT'S CONSTRUCTED IN PARTICULAR KINDS OF WAYS. SO WHAT WE CAME TO RECOGNIZE WAS THAT THIS WAS NOT AS MUCH--NOT SOLELY A WAY OF THINKING ABOUT THIS PARTICULAR ISSUE WITH REGARD TO KIND OF INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR, THAT IT WAS REALLY IMPORTANT TO KNOWLEDGE ABOUT HOW INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR WAS--WAS BEING ENACTED IN THE CONTEXT OF A VARIETY OF DIFFERENT THINGS, I MEAN WE COULD THINK ABOUT SCHOOL POLICY, THE PARTICULAR SCHOOL POLICY THAT LED TO CHANGING THE STRUCTURE OF THE SCHOOLS SO THAT SUDDENLY STUDENTS VALID TO GO FROM ONE NEIGHBORHOOD TO THE NEXT NEIGHBORHOOD WITHOUT CERTAIN FORMS OF SAFE PASSAGE TO DO SO. ITLESS ALSO ABOUT HOUSING POLICY--IT WAS ALWAYS ABOUT HOUSING POLICY, LIVING IN PUBLIC HOUSING THAT IS OFTEN CHARACTERIZED AS SOMETHING LESS THAN BUT STUDENTS--BUT OTHER PEOPLE LIVING IN HOUSING IN A COMMUNITY THAT'S NEARBY WHERE ECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE IS GREAT IF NOT MORE. IT WAS ALSO ABOUT ECONOMIC POLICY BECAUSE THE MAYBOR HOOD ROSE LAND WAS HISTORICALLY A VERY VIBRANT ECONOMICALLY DEVELOPED NEIGHBORHOOD AND OVERTIME AS IT BECAME INCREASINGLY INHABEITED BY PEOPLE OF COLOR, MUCH OF THE INDUSTRY AND KIND OF ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES THAT EXISTED IN THAT NEIGHBORHOOD WENT AWAY AND ALSO JUST THINK ABOUT THE DEGREE TO WHICH BOYS IN THEIR DEVELOPMENT, IN TERMS OF BECOMING ADOLESCENTS WHICH TOO OFTEN BECOME SINON MOUSE WITH ADULTHOOD IN MANY OF THESE COMMUNITIES ARE ALSO ENGAGE NOTHING NEIGHBORHOOD BATTLES FOR TURF THAT IN MANY INSTANCES WHEN YOU ASK THEM WHAT THE FIGHT IS ALL ABOUT. THEY CANNOT TELL YOU ABOUT YOU THEY KNOW THAT THIS IS SOMETHING THAT IS HISTORICALLY BEEN THE CASE WHERE PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN OUTGAIL DO NOT LIKE PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN ROSE LAND AND SO THEY BECOME PAWNS IN A CENTURY KIND OF WAY IN A FIGHT THAT HAS GONE ON FOR DECADES AND NOT REALLY KIND OF RECOGNIZED THE WAYS IN WHICH THESE KINDS OF ENGAGEMENTS ARE NOT HEALTHY WAYS OF ENENACTING AND HOW IN MANY INSTANCES THESE--WHAT THESE DISTRACTIONS WHICH I WOULD VERY MUCH VIEW MUCH OF THESE THINGS AS DISTRACTIONS ARE ALSO AFFECTING, YOU KNOW THE EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT BECAUSE IT WAS VERY DIFFICULT FOR THEM TO KIND OF RECOGNIZE OR EXPERIENCE FORMS KIND OF EDUCATIONAL EXCELLENCE AND ENGAGEMENT WHILE THEY'RE ALSO BEING INVOLVED IN THESE KINDS OF ACTIVITIES. THAT THE WAY IN WHICH THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF MASCULINITY IS NOT SOLELY AN ACTIVITY THAT THEY'RE SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTING THEMSELVES. THIS IS AS MUCH OF THE EXPERIENCES AND THE--THAT THEY'RE HAVING WITH THEIR FAMILIES, WITH THEIR PEERS, WITHIN THEIR COMMUNITIES AND MUCH OF THIS IS ALSO BEING IMPOSED UPON THEM TO BEHAVIOR AND TO ACT AND RESPOND IN CERTAIN KINDS OF WAYS AND ALSO ABOUT HOW THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE OUTSIDE OF THOSE COMMUNITIES KIND OF VIEW THEM IN WAYS SUCH THAT THEY ARE VICTIMS OF HYPER SURVEILLANCE AND THOSE FORMS OF--AND BEING IN EXPERIENCES AND PERIODS OF HYPER SURVEILLANCE, THEN CAUSES THEM ALSO TO BE HYPER VIGILANT IN WAYS THAT ARE ALSO NOT HEALTH WEB CONNECTED REGARD TO THEIR OWN KIND OF HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT. AND SO WHEN I--WHEN I THINK ABOUT THAT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SPECIAL ISSUE FROM THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH THAT FOCUSED ON MANY OF THESE ISSUES PARTICULARLY WITH REGARD TO HEALTH DISPARITIES, DEON JONES AND HER COLLEAGUES IN ONE OF THE ARTICLES VOCATED FOR THE NOTION OF AN ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE FOR EXAMINING THESE HEALTH DISPARITIES AND THIS ACTUALLY DOES SEEM TO BE A VERY IMPORTANT WAY IN KIND OF THINKING ABOUT HOW THESE THINGS MAY VERY WELL BE MANIFESTING THEMSELVES AND TO THINK ABOUT THEM OVER THE LIFE COURSE. EVEN THOUGH I'M KIND OF TALKING ABOUT THIS IN THE CONTEXT OF BOYS AND ADOLESCENCE, MANY OF THESE HEALTH DISPARITIES THAT ARE REALLY IDENTIFIED IN THE--IN THE ARTICLE WHICH ARE TYPICALLY KIND OF MEN FASTATIONS THAT WE SEE IN ADULT MALES BUT MANY OF THE FACTORS AND THE CONTEXT THAT CONTRIBUTED THEM ARE THINGS THAT OCCUR OVER THE LIFE COURSE AND HOW IT IS THAT BOYS AND ADOLESCENTS IN THEIR EARLY STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT CONTORT OR CONTRIBUTING IN WAYS THAT CAN AFFECT THEM NOTHINGATIVELY. SO WITH RESPECT TO THE WHOLE NOTION OF SO WHEN I THINK ABOUT THIS, KIND OF IN THE CONTEXT OF RESEARCH, WE HAVE TO REMEMBER THAT THE WHOLE NOTION OF EVEN STUDYING MALES, YOU KNOW IS STILL A RELATIVELY NEW THING IN THE CONTEXT OF RESEARCH AND FAMILY RESEARCH, YOU KNOW EVEN AS I ENTERED THE ACADEMY AND WAS INITIALLY DOING A LOT OF WORK AROUND FATHERS, WE ALMOST NEVER STUDIED FATHERS INDIVIDUALLY. WE DEPENDED ON THE REPORTS OF MOTHERS, YOU KNOW TO KIND OF GET A SENSE ABOUT WHAT FATHERS EVEN DOE IN FAMILY AND IT WAS ROLE LOW MATT HOLT UNTIL MAYBE THE MID90S THAT WE BEGAN THIS KIND OF TRADITION WHERE WE NOW HAVE A RESEARCH TRADITION FOR WHERE WE CAN ACTUALLY GO TO THE SOURCE AND ACTUALLY DO SO. SOME OF THAT WAS DUE TO THE FACT THAT THERE WAS A BELIEF THAT WE COULD NOT ENGAGE THIS PARTICULAR POPULATION AND RESEARCH. AND IN SOME INSTANCES WE FELT THAT IF IN FACT WE DID ENGAGE THEM WE COULDN'T BE SURE THAT THEY WOULD GIVE US TRUTHFUL INFORMATION. BUT AS WE HAVE NOW BECOME GROUNDED IN THIS PARTICULAR WORD AS THE AUTHORS IN THIS PARTICULAR JOURNAL ABOUT IT'S VERY DIFFICULT TO GET A SENSE OF HOW WE COULD PARTICULARLY EXAMINE DISPARITIES WHEN WE'RE DOING POPULATION RE'VE AND WERE PARTICULAR KINDS OF WAYS. IT DOESN'T ALLOWITOUS DRILL DOWN IN WAYS THAT BECOME IMPORTANT SO BEING ABLE TO DO THIS KIND OF WORK IN WAYS THAT ALLOW US TO GET AT IT AT THE END OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND THEN I WOULD ARGUE ALSO IN PARTICULAR WAYS AT THE PEER LEVEL BECAUSE WHILE THE HAVE INDIVIDUALS WILLFUL PROVIDES US WITH SOME SENSE OF UNIQUENESS, THE PEER LEVEL ALSO DOES BECAUSE IN MANY INITANCES IF WE'RE TRYING TO--INSTANCES IF WE'RE TRYING TO STUDY OVER TIME LONGITUDINALLY AS I'M PARTICULARLY INTERESTED IN AND UNDERSTANDING HOW IT IS THAT THE HEALTH STATUS STATUSES OF BOYS AND ADOLESCENTS DURING THOSE PARTICULAR STAGES ARE KIND OF SHAPING THE ROLES THAT THEY WILL ENTER WHEN THEY ENTER INTO ADULTHOOD, IT BECOMES IMPORTANT FOR NOT ONLY TO UNDERSTAND INDIVIDUAL PERSPECTIVES BUT ALSO TO THE DEGREE TO WHICH KIND OF PEER PERSPECTIVES ARE ALSO KIND OF SHAPING INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR. AND THEN IN FACTUALLYS, I THINK THAT ALSO BECOMES REALLY IMPORTANT AND WHILE THIS PARTICULAR CRITIQUE IS NOT MEANT TO BE ONE THAT FAILS ALL FAMILIES, I THINK IT IS SOMETIMES REALLY IMPORTANT FOR US TO UNDERSTAND THE WAYS IN WHICH SOMETIMES, THE WAY IN WHICH MEMBERS AND FAMILIES IN PARTICULAR BOYS GROWING UP IN FAMILIES WHERE FATHERS MAY NOT BE--OR RESIDENT PARENTS ARE THERE, OR THEY'RE INVOLVEMENT MAY BE LIMITED DUE TO VARIOUS SITUATIONS INCLUDING INCARCERATION. SOMETIMES ATTACHING MONITORACKERS TO YOUNG BOYS LIKE THE MAN OF THE HOUSE AND LITTLE MAN AND STUFF, MAY BE SENDING SUBTLE MESSAGES IN PARTICULAR KINDS OF WAYS WHERE THEY PERCEIVE THAT THERE IS AN EXPECTATION THEY SHOULD ASSUME CERTAIN KINDS OF ADULT ROLES THAT THEY MAY BE UNPREPARED IN MANY INSTANCES TO ASSUME AND THE DEGREE TO WHICH THEY ATTEMPT TO KIND OF DO THOSE THINGS ALSO MEANS A DOLTIFICATION OF THE BOY HOOD AND WAYS THAT ARE REALLY DEVELOPMENTALLY IMPORTANT IN THIS TRANSITION INTO ADOLESCENCE AND ADULTHOOD. AND ALSO IN COMMUNITIES THAT MANY OF THEM ARE GROWING UP ACTUALLY IN COMMUNITIES WHERE MANY OF THE COMMUNITY INSTITUTIONS THAT HAVE HISTORICALLY BEEN THERE, TO KIND OF OFFSET SOME OF THE ABSENCES THAT PARENTS COULD NOT FEEL DUE TO WORK AND SOMETIMES DUE TO THEIR--YOU KNOW TO THEIR PERMANENT ABSENCE ARE INCREASINGLY BECOMING DIMINISHED IN TERMS OF THEIR ROLES. I MEAN, MANY COMMUNITIES THAT HAVE BEEN CHARACTERIZED BY COMMUNITY CENTERS AND MALE ACTIVITY IN VARIOUS KINDS OF MALE SOCIALIZATION OR ORGANIZATIONS ARE BECOMING DISTINCT--EXTINCT IF NOT DISAPPEARING ENTIRELY WITHIN MANY OF THESE POOR AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITIES. AND THE ABILITY TO BE ABLE TO STUDY THE ROLE OF MALES, IN PARTICULAR MALES IN BOY HOOD AND ADOLESCENCE WITH SOCIAL SYSTEMS AND INSTITUTIONAL SYSTEMS IS ALSO KIND OF SCENE AN EVOLUTION. IN 1980 LAWRENCE GARY EDITED A BOOK ENTITLESSED BLACK MEN AND HE TALKED ABOUT MANY OF THE SOCIAL PROBLEMS THAT ARE--THAT ARE--THEY WERE FACINGA THAT PARTICULAR TIME AND I WOULD ARGUE THAT TODAY WILE WE STILL HAVE CONCERNBLACK MEN WE HAVE AN EVEN GREATER CONCERN ABOUT THE WAY IN WHICH BLACK BOYS AND PARTICULARLY ADOLESCENT MALE VS BECOME THE ONES WITH WHOM WE ASSOCIATE FAR MORE DIFFICULTY, THE ONES THAT WE OFTEN--THAT ARE OFTEN KIND OF VIEW FOREMOST DANGEROUS AND HOW THEIR ENGAGEMENT WAS VERY SOCIAL SERVICE SYSTEMS AND LARGE MEASURE COME ABOUT AS A RESULT OF THEIR INSTITUTIONAL EXPERIENCES AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND JUVENILE JUSTICE AND ENVIRONMENT AND IN ORDER FOR ONE TO HAVE ACCESS TO RESOURCES IN COMMUNITIES WHERE THEY'RE CHARACTERIZED BY A LACK OF ON SO MANY--ON SO MANY DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS TO ONLY BE ABLE TO LARGELY ACCESS THOSE KINDS OF RESOURCES IN PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS THAT ARE ASSOCIATE WIDE POETIC TENSION AND INCARCERATION REPRESENTS A REAL LOSS OF OPPORTUNITY TO SERVE THEM AND THEN FINALLY, THE--YOU KNOW THE STRUCTURAL ENVIRONMENT. WE CAN EVEN MOVE THIS DISCUSSION IN TERMS OF THINKING ABOUT NOT ONLY WHAT HAPPENED TO DARIAN ABAR BUT IN TERMS OF THE MORE RECENT EVENTS THAT HAVE REALLY KIND OF CAUSED US TO HAVE GREAT CONCERN ABOUT THE POSSIBILITY FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT FOR YOUNG AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES AND THE TREVON MARTIN TRAGEDY CERTAINLY COMES TO MIND. IT IS RATHER IRONIC TO KIND OF THINK ABOUT, YOU KNOW THE WAY WHICH TRYVONNE LAST HOURS WERE ACTUALLY SPENT GOING IN SEARCH OF HIS FATHER, YOU KNOW AND THIS IS INTERESTING BECAUSE OFTEN IN AFRICAN AMERICAN STUDIES, STUDIES OF AFRICAN AMERICAN FATHERHOOD AND FAMILIES TO THE ASSUMPTION IS THAT FATHERS ARE NOWHERE TO BE FOUND BUT IN FACT HE WAS EN ROUTE TO SEE HIS FATHER BUT ACTUALLY, WAS STOPPED ALONG THE WAY BY SOMEONE WHO IMPOSED HIMSELF AS AN AUTHORITY FIGURE AND THAT THE WAY WHICH THAT PARTICULAR PARTICULAR INDIVIDUAL INTERACTION WITH HIM WAS KIND OF VIEWED BY HIM AS AN ASSAULT ON HIS PERSON HOOD AND THE WAY IN WHICH HE VIEW HIMSELF AS AN EMERGING ADULT, RESULTED IN HIS DEATH. ONE POSSIBLE EXPLANATION MIGHT BE IS THAT YOU KNOW HE DID NOT PERHAPS HAVE THE KNOWLEDGE AND THE ABILITY TO KNOW HOW TO KIND OF RECOGNIZE THAT THIS WAS PERHAPS A SITUATION THAT HE COULD NOT WIN SO IN HIS ABILITY TO ASSERT HIMSELF IT TURNS OUT THAT AS A YOUNG MALE WHO OFTEN--OFTEN KIND OF CHARACTERIZED AS BEING DANGEROUS AND PERHAPS PACKING GUNS AND STUFF, HE WAS THE ONE WHO WAS WITHOUT THE GUN AND THEY HAD TO RESULT THAT NOT BEING ABLE TO NAVIGATE THAT SITUATION IN WAYS THAT WOULD HAVE LED TO HIS SAFETY AND HIS ABILITY TO BE ABLE TO KIND OF MOVE BEYOND THAT PARTICULAR EXPERIENCE. YOU KNOW IN HIS FURTHER DEVELOPMENT SO I--I WOULD SAY, THAT AS WE KIND OF THINK ABOUT THE RESEARCH AND THE DEGREE TO WHICH RESEARCH OF THIS TYPE THAT IS FOCUSED ON THIS PARTICULAR POPULATION, IT'S STILL AT A RATHER NASENT STAGE, IT'S MORE IMPORTANT AS WE HAVE THESE CONCERNS ABOUT HEALTH DISPARITIES BUT ALSO THE--AS WIZDOM POINTED OUT IN HER PRESENTATION, THE LIVED EXPERIENCES OF THESE MEN AND THEIR FAMILIES THAT IT BECOMES IMPORTANT IN OUR RESEARCH, FRAMING OF THESE PROJECTS THAT WE'RE ABLE TO MOVE BEYOND THAT KIND OF DEFINITE PERSPECTIVES AND MODELS THAT OFTEN CHARACTERIZE THE WAY IN WHICH WE HAVE STUDIED AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES AND MALES OF COLOR. THAT OUR INCREASING ABILITY TO EMPLOY, NOT ONLY INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACHES BUT ALSO METHODS OF EXAMINING BECOMES IMPORTANT BECAUSE THE WAYS IN WHICH WE ARE REALLY--WANT TO UNDERSTAND AND TO LEARN AND TO BE ABLE TO INVOKE THIS PARTICULAR RESEARCH IN WAY WHERE IS IT MIGHT BE APPROPRIATE TO USE AS EVIDENCE BASED APPROACHES TO DOING INTERVENTIONS FOR POLICY AND FOR PRACTICE REQUIRES THAT WE BE ABLE TO KIND OF HAVE A MULTIDISCIPLINEAR SCHEISHT DISCIPLINARY LENS WITH REGARD TO THIS PARTICULAR WORK. AND THEN FINALLY WHAT I WOULD SAY IS THAT, THIS PARTICULAR FRAMING OF THIS HAS BEEN REALLY IMPORTANT FOR ME IN TERMS OF THINKING ABOUT THE WAYS IN WHICH I CAN SOMETIMES GO FROM INTERVENTIONS THAT WILL ALLOW ME TO STRUCTURE RESEARCH IN A WAY. SO OVER THE LAST YEAR I'VE BEEN INVOLVED IN DEVELOPING A SERIOUS OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH SEMINARS FOR HIGH SCHOOL MALES IN CHICAGO, THROUGH THE URBAN HEALTH INITCRATIVE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, SO RECOGNIZING THAT ADOLESCENCE IS THE TIME WHERE WE BEGAN TO SEEK DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE UTILIZATION OF HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS BETWEEN MALES AND FEMALES, WE THOUGHT TO DO A SERIOUS OF HEALTH SEMINARS OF HIGH SCHOOL MALE WHERE IS IT FOCUSED LARGELY ON ADOLESCENT MALE HEALTH AND ADDRESSING MANY OF THE ISSUES, LIKE CONFLICT NEGOTIATION AND RESOLUTION, SOCIAL NETWORKING SKILLS. ALSO HELPING THEM IN WAYS TO DEVELOP THEIR LEADERSHIP AND STUFF. SO WE'RE DOING THESE SEMINARS IN CONJUNCTION WITH HIGH SCHOOLS FROM THE SOUTH SIDE OF CHICAGO, STUDENTS, MALE STUDENT WHO IS ARE NOMINATED BY PRINCIPLES AND SCHOOL LEADERSHIP, THAT DEMONSTRATE LEADERSHIP IN SPORTS OR ACADEMICS OR SCHOOL ENGAGEMENT, THEY ARE COMING TO THESE SEMINARS AND THEN THEY ARE WORKING WITH A LOCAL RADIO STATION AND FOCUS ON YOUTH TO DEVELOP PROGRAMS AND INTERVENTIONS TO TAKE BACK AND IMP EMIN THEIR SCHOOLS. IT IS--SOME OF THE INFORMATION AND DATA THAT WE ARE--WE ARE GATHERING FROM THESE SEMINARS AS BEEN VERY USEFUL IN AND FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RESEARCH AGENDA THAT I'M WORKING ON NOW WITH REGARD TO KIND OF THINKING ABOUT HOW THE INSTITUTIONAL EXPERIENCES OF BOYS AND ADOLESCENTS OR MALES AND PARTICULARLY AFRICAN AMERICAN BUT MY SAMPLE IS ALSO INCLUDING OTHER MALES OF COLOR ARE REALLY IN CERTAIN WAYS POTENTIALLY SHAPE THE ROLES THEY MAY ENTER INTO AN ADULTHOOD BUT THIS IS NOT SOMETHING THAT WE HAVE DOCUMENTED BEFORE BECAUSE EVEN AS A STUDENT IN HIGH SCHOOL, ONE'S EXPERIENCES WHETHER THEY'RE GOOD OR BAD WILL BE DIFFERENT WHEN ONE BECOMES APPARENT AND ONE BECOMES AN ADVOCATE FOR ONE'S CHILD IN SCHOOL. SO FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS THAT HAVE OPPORTUNITIES THOSE THAT ARE NOW EXPERIENCES IN SOME INSTANCES TO IMPROVE THOSE EXPERIENCES I SEE THIS WORK AS REALLY IMPORTANT. AGAIN I VERY MUCH APPRECIATE THIS OPPORTUNITY. THANK YOU. [ APPLAUSE ] >> THERE WERE QUESTIONS. I DON'T WANT TO YOU GO TOO FAR. I'LL TURN IT OVER TO MY CO-CHAIR. DO WE HAVE QUESTIONS FROM THE AUDIENCE? >> [INAUDIBLE QUESTION FROM AUDIENCE ] >> YES, SO WHEN I TALK ABOUT THE FIRST ONE YOU REFERENCED WAS THE----OH YES, SO IN THIS I'M TALKING ABOUT THIS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE YOUNG MEN THEMSELVES, THE ADOLESCENTS THEMSELVES. SO NO, I'M NOT ONE WHO VIEWS THAT. I MEAN I DO VIEW ADOLESCENTS AS THE STAGE THAT PERCEIVES ADULTHOOD BUT IN MANY INSTANCES, WE SEE WHAT MIGHT BE VIEWED AS KIND OF TRUNCATED CHILDHOOD AND EVEN MORE SO ADOLESCENT STAGES WITH REGARD TO WHAT WE--MIGHT KIND OF VIEW AS DEVELOPMENTAL TASK THAT LIE IN THOSE PARTICULAR PLACES. SOME OF THIS IS MANIFESTED AS KIND OF THE RESULT OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE. SO TIMES YOU KNOW THERE MAY BE THE PERCEPTION THAT YOUNG MEN MAY HAVE IN THEIR HOMES THAT THEY SHOULD GET JOBS, YOU KNOW, AND TO HELP OUT IN WAYS SO THAT IS NOT NECESSARILY TO SAY THAT THEY ARE ABSOLUTELY DIFFERENT FROM OTHER ADOLESCENTS, BUT TO THE EXTENT THAT THE RESOURCES THAT THEY MAY BE EARNING IS PERHAPS LESS SO WOULD BE THEIR KIND OF PERSONAL INCOME BUT THE FAMILY INCOME THAT IS ONE OF THE WAYS IN WHICH THEY MAY BE ASSUMING CERTAIN KINDS OF ADULT RESPONSIBILITIES EVEN WHILE THEY'RE STILL TRYING TO DEAL WITH ADOLESCENCE IN SOME WAY. I BECAME--WITH REGARD TO THE OTHER POINT--I BECAME MORE AND MORE INTERESTED IN THE WAYS IN WHICH MASCULINITY IS SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED IN CERTAIN WAYS BY PEOPLE OUTSIDE OF THOSE WHO ARE KIND OF VIEWED AS THE CULPRITS FOR WHAT MIGHT BE HEALTHY MASCULINITY FIRST NOTIONS OF UNHEALTHY MASCULINITY AND ON MORE THAN ONE OCCASION, DOING FIELD RESEARCH, INTERVIEWING, MOTHERS, YOU KNOW AND SOMETIMES OTHER PEOPLE IN HOUSEHOLDS WHERE AS YOU POINT OUT, FATHERS HAVE MARGINAL EXISTENCE, PERHAPS TO KNOW EXISTENCE. I'VE HEARD MOTHERS KIND OF REFER TO THEIR SONS IN WAYS THAT SUGGEST THAT EVEN DURING ADOLESCENTS THEY ASSUME CERTAIN KINDS OF ADULT ROLES. NOW IT'S NOT UNCOMMON, WE COULD SAY THAT THERE ARE SOME--SOME OF THOSE KINDS OF THINGS THAT OCCUR IN FAMILIES THAT ARE NOT KIND OF RESTRICTED ALONG GENDER LINES BECAUSE A DAUGHTER IS MAYBE MORE LIKELY RESPONSIBLE FOR TAKING CARE OF YOUNG SIBLINGS AND THINGS OF THAT SORT, BUT BUT THE NOTION OF KIND OF THE WAYS IN WHICH--KIND OF PEOPLE OR MOTHERS TALKED ABOUT THEIR SONS IN TERMS OF THE MEN OF THE HOUSE OR REFERRING TO THEM O MANIFESTO OR SOMETHING LIKE THAT, AND THEN TO DO FOLLOW UP QUESTIONS WITH THEM KIND OF AS, SO EXACTLY WHAT DOES THAT MEAN. IS THAT JUST A TITLE THAT YOU'RE KIND OF GIVING TO THEM, BUT IN MANY INSTANCES MOTHERS OFTEN WOULD FEEL SOME COMPULSION TO TRY TO EXPLAIN THAT THAT MEANS SOMETHING MORE THAN JUST A MONITORACKER. THAT THERE ARE THAT THERE ARE EXPECTATIONS THAT MAY BE MADE, SOME MAY BE IN THE VERY NEAR FUTURE, IT MAY NOT BE IN THE HEAR--HERE AND NOW. BUT THEY DO EXIST AND THE DEGREE TO WHICH THOSE EXPECTATIONS MAY BE PLACED ON THESE YOUNG MEN ALSO MAY BE ESCALATING THEIR ENTRƒE IN CERTAIN WAYS INTO ADULTHOOD OF HOW THEY SEE THEMSELVES AND THEN I WOULD ALSO SAY THAT I'VE SEEN ALSO A LITTLE BIT OF IT IN TERMS OF THE INTERVIEWS WITH THE YOUNG MEN BECAUSE MANY OF THESE COMMUNITIES WHICH THEY'RE GROWING UP, THEY'RE GROWING UP IN SITUATIONS WHERE THE LIFE EXPECTANCY, EVEN AMONG THE YOUNG MEN THEMSELVES IS VERY TRUNCATED. SO I MEAN, THAT WAS A POINT WHEN I WAS DOG INTERVIEWS WHERE ALMOST EVERY YOUNG MAN WAS TALKING ABOUT AGE 25. AND TALKING ABOUT IF I LIVE TO BE AGE 25. SO IF AGE 25 BECOMES YOU KNOW THE POINT AT WHICH YOU THINK THAT THE LIKELIHOOD OF YOUR EXISTENCE, YOU KNOW JUST KIND OF ENDS THERE MAY BE A RUSH AND CERTAIN KINDS OF WAYS TO ACCOMPLISH CERTAIN KINDS OF THINGS BEFORE THAT OCCURRED, ONE OF THE LOGICAL THINGS I SY OFTEN IN MY WORK IS EARLY TRANSITION TO PARENT HOOD. YOU KNOW AND STUFF, BUT THERE ARE OTHER KINDS OF THINGS THEY MAY BE TRYING TO DO TO ACCOMPLISH BECAUSE MANY OF THEM TALK ABOUT IT IN THE CONTEXT OF NEEDING TO DO SO, NOT ONLY IN CERTAIN WAYS TO KIND OF FULFILL CERTAIN KINDS OF ECONOM AND I CAN SOCIAL NEEDS FOR THEMSELVES AND THEIR FAMILIES BUT EVEN LEGACY THAT THEY WERE HERE. AND SO THOSE--THOSE ARE JUST A COUPLE OF THE KINDS OF THINGS THAT SOME OF THE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IS UNFOLDING AND I'M TRYING TO MAKE SENSE OF THAT AND LARGER CONTEXT IN TERMS OF THE DEGREE TO WHICH WE THINK ABOUT THEE EXPERIENCES OVER THE LEVER COURSE WHICH EXTEND BEYOND AGE 25. >> OKAY SO IF WE CAN BRING OUR SPEAKERS UP. AND CERTAINLY GIVE OUR SPEAKERS A ROUND OF APPLAUSE OUR TWO GREAT PRESENTATIONS. SO I'D LIKE TO TAKE THE OPPORTUNITY TO ASK THE FIRST QUESTION HERE, I'M CARL HILL WITH THE OFFICE OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS AND WITH THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON AGING. WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT VARIATIONS IN MASCULINITY AMONG IMPORTANT SOCIOLOGICA L DEMOGRAPHIC ROOTS, SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, RACE, ETHNICITY, GEOGRAPHY AND WHAT I THINK IS BECOME INTERESTING IS SEXUAL PREFERENCE. SO IN TERMS OF WE'VE BEEN TALKING ABOUT A VARIABLE HERE PRETTY BROADLY, HOW DO THEY DIFFER THROUGHOUT THE POPULATION. >> GREAT QUESTION. THE QUESTION WAS ABOUT VARIABILITY AND MASKUE LYNNITY MEETING AS IT RELATES TO SOCIOLOGICAL DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC, SEXUAL ORIENT, SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND ETHNICITY SO IN SOME OF THE EARLIER WORK, [INDISCERNIBLE] HE FOUND GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION VARIATION--ENDORSING A STRONGER OR RIGID NOTION OF MASK CUE REINTEGRATED CUE--MASKUE LYNNITY AND--MASCULINITY, AND SO IT'S OUT IN SOUTHERN CONTEXT SO THAT MIGHT BE GIVEN SOME INDICATION OF HOW THAT MORE LIGIT SOURCE MIGHT MANIFEST ITSELF, BUT ALSO YOU CAN THINK ABOUT THREATS TO BLACK MEN'S INTEGRITY THAT'S OCCURS IN SOCIAL CONTEXT, FOR EXAMPLE, LIVING DOWN TOWN AND NAVIGATING PERSISTENT CHRONIC THREATS TO ONE'S IDENTITY AND HOW THAT MIGHT MAKE ONE MORE LIKELY TO WANT TO HOLD ON TO OR RESILIENCE COOP A SENSE OF BEING A MAN. AND THEN, WHEN WE THINK ABOUT RACE ETHNICITY WE SEE VARIATION ON MEASURES OF MASCULINITY AMONG THE HISPAN AND I CAN LATINO MALES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES AND USUALLY QUALITATIVE DIFFERENCES, RIGHT? SO IN THE EARLIER WORK WE'VE CONDUCTED WE ASK MEN QUALITATIVELY TO TELL US WHAT MASCULINITY MEANT TO THEM AND IT WAS OHM IN LOOKING AT QUALITATIVE WORK WERE WE ABLE TO SEE THE NUANCES OF THE DEFINITION BECAUSE MEN WERE USING THE SAME DESCRIPTORS BUT WHEN YOU DELVED INTO THE ACTUAL MEANING OF THE CONSTRUCT YOU WERE USING YOU SAW VARIATIONS. BLACK MALES IN PARTICULAR AND THAT'S THE POPULATION I HAVE THE MOST PRESENCE WITH, TALK A LOT ABOUT RELATIONAL ASPECTS OF MASCULINITY AND PARTICULARLY THE RELATIONSHIP WITH GOD, THEIR FAMILIES AND COMMUNITIES, BEING CENTRAL TO HOW THEY THINK ABOUT THEIR MASCULINITY. THERE ARE VERY FEW INSTANCES WHERE BLACK MALES TALKED ABOUT MASCULINITY AS A SOUL DEFINITION OF THEMSELVES, IT'S ALL ABOUT HOW THEY WERE IN CONTEXT OR IN RELATIONSHIP TO OTHERS. AND I DON'T THINK IT'S UNIQUE TO MALES BUT IT'S UNIQUE IN CRITICAL AND BLACK MALES ARE RELATED TO THE RACIAL AND SOCIALLY LIVED EXPERIENCES SO WE HAVE TO TAKE THOSE INTO ACCOUNT. I THINK THERE ARE AGE DIFFERENCES IN MASCULINITY, VARIATION AND MEANING. WE'VE ONLY JUST BEGAN IN OUR RESEARCH AT USC, BUT WHAT WE FOUND IS THAT MEN WHO ARE OLDER BECOME LESS RIGID ABOUT THEIR MASCULINITY. THEY TEND TO YIELD MORE IN THEIR UNDERSTANDING OF THE MULTIMEL WAYS OF BEING MEN AND I THINK THAT'S BECAUSE LIFE IS A GOOD EXPERIENCE TEACHER AND YOU LEARN THAT OVER TIME AS YOU CONFRONT NEW CHALLENGES AND THREAT VS TO NAVIGATE DIFFERENT RELATIONSHIPS THAT THE WAY YOU ARE BEING A MAN IN YOUR 20S DOESN'T NECESSARILY HOLD FOR THE WAY YOU NEED TO NAVIGATE YOUR IDENTITY AS YOU AGE AND TRANSITION IN OTHER STAGES OF LIFE. SO ... >> YES, I TOO AGREE WITH W IZDOM, IN WAYS IN WHICH HE TALKS ABOUT THIS VERYIATION, EVEN THOUGH I WONDER GIVEN EVEN WITH RESPECT TO LAVON'S WORK TO THE DEGREE TO WHICH IT HOLDS BECAUSE AS SOMEONE WHO IS ORIGINALLY FROM [INDISCERNIBLE] WHEN I GO BACK TO VISIT I NOTICE THE THINGS ABOUT THE WAY IN WHICH I WOULD SAY KIND OF MASCULINITY AS BEING CONSTRUCTED AMONG YOUNGER MALES THESE DAYS THAT ARE--THAT ARE, YOU KNOW THAT'S NOT THAT MUCH DIFFERENT FROM WHAT I'VE SEEN IN CHICAGO. YOU KNOW? AND MAYBE SOME OF THIS IS ABOUT THE THE EXPANSION, A CHICAGO THEME OR NEW YORK THEME 20 YEARS AGO, TODAY IS SOMETHING THAT PEOPLE CAN EXPERIENCE WHEREVER THEY ARE IN MANY WAYS SO I'M WONDERING YOU KNOW WHETHER OR NOT SOME OF THOSE BINDINGS STILL HOLD UP, YOU KNOW GIVEN THE WAY IN WHICH THE WORLD HAS BECOME A SMALLER PLACE AND EXPERIENCE AND THEN I WOULD ALSO ADD THAT THIS NOTION, SOMETIMES THESE DIFFERENCES EVEN CROSS TWO GROUPS SAY FOR EXAMPLE, LIKE AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES AND HISPANIC MALES, SOME OF THE DIFFERENCES HA WE MIGHT SEE MAY VERY WELL BE ATTRIBUTED AT LEAST TO SOME DEGREE TO THE WAY IN WHICH SAY FOR EXAMPLE, LATINO MALES MAY BE ABLE TO IGF NOTE CERTAIN BELIEFS AND IDEAS ABOUT THAT BECAUSE WHEN WE LOOK AT SAY FOR EXAMPLE, YOU KNOW THE WHOLE NOTION ABOUT MALES BEING A REALLILY KIND OF MASCULINITY, BEING ALSO KIND OF ASSOCIATED BY WORK ENGAGEMENT, STUFF LIKE THAT. EVEN THOUGH I WOULD SAY THESE MALES AREEC NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINEICALLY WELL OFF COMPARED TO WHITE MALES BUT THEY HAVE A DIFFERENT WAY THAN CERTAIN AFRICAN-AMERICAN MEN. SO A DEGREE TO WHICH I WANT TO MENTION SUCH AS THAT, THAT IS ABLY TO SEE THEMSELVES IN PARTICULAR KINDS OF WAYS, SET CERTAIN KINDS OF NOTION FOR WHAT THEY WILL DO ALTHOUGH IT COULD BE IMPROVED EVEN FOR THEM IN THE WAYS THAT THEY MAKE THINGS THAT ARE DIFFERENT OR THINK ABOUT IT. >> OKAY. THANK YOU. QUESTIONS FROM THE AUDIENCE? YES. >> [INDISCERNIBLE] D. [INDISCERNIBLE]. >> HIP HOP AND RAP, MOVEMENTS SUCH AS THAT SPECIAL SOCIAL MEDIA PERSONALITIES ACCIDENT T. D. JAKES AND MOVEMENTS SUCH AS THE MILLION MAN MARCH CENTER AROUND THE NATION WILL ISLAM EVEN THOUGH THEY SPEAR HEADED IT BUT IT WAS AN EFFORT TO TRY TO BRING TOGETHER DEFINING LIKE MALE MASCULINITY AND MOVING IT FORWARD TO BLACK MEN TAKING RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE BLACK MASCULINITY. THANK YOU. >> THANK YOU, GREAT QUESTIONS SO I'M JUST GOING TO TALK REALLY QUICKLY AND BRIEFLY SO THAT I'M RESPECTFUL TO MY COLLEAGUE HERE ON SOME OF THE ISSUES YOU RAISED, THE FIRST WAS ABOUT THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MOVEMENT IN SHAPING MASCULINITY AND THERE'S A WONDERFUL SERIES OF BOOKS THAT HAVE BEEN WRITTEN ON THE TOP AND I CAN ONE OF MY FAVORITE SYSTEM MASCULINITY INTENSE, IT TALKS ABOUT THE ROLE OF FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AND ORDER VS PLAYED IN SHAPING HOW MASCULINITY IS DEFINED, I DON'T THINK THE SOCIAL MOVEMENTS HAVE GONE AWAY, I THINK THEY'RE RESHAPED AND FORMULATED TO BE MORE SORT OF PRESENT HERE OR REZONINGENT SO THE PRESENT HOW ARE WE UNDERSTANDING AND DETERMINING THE BEHAVIORS OF MEN TO UNDERSTAND THOSE SOCIAL MOVEMENTS. IF THEY'RE NOT MARCHING AND PICKETING BUT THEY'RE COLLECTIVELY ENGAGING IN ACTIONS THAT ARE PROMOTING MASCULINE ROLE AND IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT, HOW ARE WE CAPTURING THOSE, WELL THE PROBLEM IS THAT MASCULINITY ISN'T HAVE A PROBLEM WITH THAT SO WE HAVE A STATIC UNDERSTANDING AND WE TEND TO TREAT MASCULINITY AS IF IT IS UNNECESSARILY GOING TO CREATE A DISADVANTAGE OR THAT IT'S SOMETHING NEEDS TO BE DONE ABOUT MASCULINITY AND I WOULD ARGUE THE SAME ARGUMENT I MAKE ABOUT ANGER THAT IT IS A REALLY HEALTHY EMOTIONAL AS A PSYCHOLOGIST, I ASK SAY IT'S A HEALTHY THING TO BE HINGERY WHEN YOU SHOULD BE AND A LITTLE ODD WHEN YOU'RE ANGRY WHEN YOU SHOULD BE SO IT'S SAME WITH MASK LYNNITY. MEN SHOULD BE COMFORTABLE AND EXPERTS CONFIDENCE AND FEELING SELF-RELIANCE BUT NOT IN AN UNMITIGATED WAY SO THE QUESTION IS HOW ARE THOSE THINGS? HOW ARE THOSE GETTING OUT OF BOUNDS IN WAYS THAT CREATE DISADVABTAGE OF MALES AND THEN HOW ARE WE COMPOLICEIT IN THAT. I TELL TELL A BRIEF STORY BECAUSE IT HAS RELEVANCE FOR THIS PARTICULAR EXAMPLE AND THAT THERE IS A MOVE THAT'S CAME OUT SEVERAL YEARS AGO, COST AND HE WILL FLOW, MOST PEOPLE ARE NODDING THEIR HEADS IN THE AUDIENCE AND IN THIS MOVIE THERE WERE SEVERAL SCENES WHERE THE MAIN MALE CHARACTER WHO PLAYS A PRETTY TOUGH GUY, CRIES AND I'M IN THE MOVIE THEATIRB SITTING BEHIND TWO VERY YOUNGER WOMEN, I DON'T WANT TO SAY TWO BECAUSE I THINK I'M YOUNG STILL, BUT YOUNGER WOMEN AND THE FIRST COUPLE OF TIMES HE CRIED THEY SHIFT INDEED THEIR SEATS AND TALKED AMONGST THEMSELVES AND THE THIRD TIME THEY SAID HE'S CRYING AGAIN AND I IN THAT MOMENT I REALIZE THAT IT'S NOT JUST HOW ABOUT MEN FEEL IT'S ABOUT WHAT WE DO IN RESPONSE TO THEIR EIMAGINATION MOTIONS AND THEIR DISPLAY OF VULNERABILITY AND SO THERE'S SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT THAT SO THERE'S TALKING ABOUT MASCULINITY AND HIP HOP IN OUR LAB WE HAVE A COMMUNITY SERVICE OBLIGATION AND SERVICE AND SO WE VOLUNTEER WITH THE NATIVITY SCHOOL AND WE--IN THAT SCHOOL KEY DO WORKSHOPS WITH THE BOYS AND LAST YOUR OUR MASCULINITY AND HIP HOP AND WE ASK THE BOY THOSE DO SPECIFIC VIDEO BIOPSIES TAKING APART THE VIDEO VISUALLY AND NOT LYRICALLY BUT WHAT THEY ARE SEE NOTHING THE VIDEOS AND WHAT A THINK ABOUT THOSE IMAGES AND WHAT TO SAY TO THEM ABOUT THE MASCULINITY AND ABOUT HOW SMART AND ON TOP OF IT, THESE BOYS ARE SO I'M HOPEFUL ABOUT HEALTHY MASCULINITY DEVELOPMENT, I THINK THERE'S THINGS WE CAN LEARN IF WE LISTEN MORE SOPHISTICATED WHAT YOUNG MEN AND BOYS ARE TELLING US ABOUT THEIR EXPERIENCES AND IF WE MOVE BEYOND LISTING FOR THE ERAS IN MASCULINITY AND LOOKING FOR THE OPPORTUNITY. >> I WOULD JUST SAY QUICKLY, I AGREE WITH WIZDOM, IN OUR ADOLESCENT MALE SEMINARS, ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WE'VE DONE IS TO HAVE A WORKSHOP WHERE WE ACTUALLY ALLOW, YOU KNOW YOUNG PEOPLE TO DECONSTRUCT RAP MUSIC LYRICS AND THEN HAVE DISCUSSIONS WITH THEM ABOUT THE WAY IN WHICH THEY ARE KIND OF ARTICULATING OR KIND OF EXPRESSING THEIR PERSPECTIVES ABOUT THIS. ASK ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WE FOUND IN THE TWO SEMINARS THAT WE'VE HELD SO FAR AND WE HAVE ANOTHER ONE NEXT WEEK IS THAT THEY OFTEN KIND OF ARE CRITIQUED, YOU KNOW AS ADULTS FOR BEING--WHAT THEY CONSIDER NAIVE TO THINK THAT ALL OF THEM REALLY KIND OF BUY INTO EVERYTHING THAT THEY'RE HEARING AND THEM SAYING THAT IN SOME WAYS A PART OF WHAT THEY'RE KIND OF SAY SUGGEST THAT WE ARE ABLE TO LISTEN TO THE MUSIC HEAR IT AND STUFF BECAUSE IT'S A PART OF WHAT EVERYBODY AND OUR PEERS DO DOESN'T NECESSARILY MEAN WE ALL BUY INTO ALL THIS AND STUFF SO IT'S A INTERESTING THING THAT KEEPS COMING UP. EVEN FOR THE LYRICS, EVEN IF THE LYRICS BECOME MORE AND MORE, YOU KNOW UNCOMFORTABLE FOR ME TO KIND OF HEAR INCREASINGLY YOUNG PEOPLE KIND OF PEOPLE ABLE TO DISTINGUISH THE PEOPLE BETWEEN HOW THEY VIEW IT AS ONE OF THEIR PAST TIMES THEY DO OR OPPOSE TO WHETHER OR NOT IT'S BECOME INSTRUCT 95 PARTICULAR KINDS OF WAYS SO I DO ALSO VIEW THAT AS HELPFUL. THE OTHER THING IS AS SOMEONE WHO IS--I'VE BEEN INTERESTED IN THIS INDUSTRY BECAUSE AS YOU TALK ABOUT THESE SOCIAL MOVEMENTS THAT IN MANY INSTANCES MIGHT BE VIEWED AS EMERGING FROM THE--FROM THE BLACK MEN OR BLACK MALES THEMSELVES, IT'S IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THAT THEY'RE ALSO OTHER PLACES WHERE CERTAIN PRESSURES ARE COMING OR BEING PLACED ON THEM FROM THE BROADER SOCIAL STRUCTURE ABOUT WHAT IT SHOULD BE ALSO AND SOMETIMES THOSE ARE MORE POWERFUL SO FOR EXAMPLE, AS ONE OF THE CONSULTANTS WITH THE PAC STUDY, THE PARENTS AND CHILDREN TOGETHER STUDY THAT MATHEMATICCA IS LEADING FOR THE RESPONSIBLE FATHERHOOD STUDY, YOU KNOW AROUND THE COUNTRY, AND I'M ON THE QUALITATIVE TEAM AND IT WAS VERY INTERESTING AS WE WERE DEVELOPING THE TREATMENT, YOU KNOW TRYING TO GET AT FATHER INVOLVEMENT, SOME OF THE WAYS IN WHICH WE WERE ABLE ALSO--ALSO ABLE TO TAP INTO CERTAIN NOTES TO TAP INTO WAYS WHERE WE COULD SECURE INFORMATION ABOUT THE MEN'S NOTIONS ABOUT FATHERHOOD AND ABOUT MASCULINITY IN THE DEGREE TO WHICH YOU KNOW FATHERHOOD IS PART AND PARCEL OF SOMETHING GROWING OUT OF MASCULINITY AND THINGS OF THAT SORT, SO IT'S--SO IT WAS VERY INTERESTING THAT SOME OF MY COLLEAGUES HAD RATHER STATIC NOTIONS ABOUT HOW WE COULD ASK THESE PARTICULAR QUESTION IN WAYS THAT DID NOT ALLOW FOR EVEN THOUGH WE WERE VERY INTERESTED IN OSTENSIBLY INTERESTED IN LEARNING TO KNOW THE MEN'S PERSPECTIVE, THE WAY IN WHICH THE QUESTIONS WERE STRUCTURED DIDN'T ALLOW FOR THAT. IT WAS ALMOST AS IF IT WAS A TRUE FALL IN THESE DICHOTIC WAYS AND STUFF AND I GUESS IN SOME WAYS ONLY AS A RESULT AND ONE OF MY OTHER COLLEAGUESAL YOUNG WHO IS A PART OF THIS--ALYOUNG WHO IS PART OF A EVALUATION STUDY ALSO GIVING THOUGHT TO THIS WHOLE NOTION ABOUT MASCULINITY WITHIN THE BLACK MEN AND IN SOME WAYS THE FLUIDITY OF IT THAT WE WERE ABLE TO IMPRESS UPON THEM THE WAY IN WHICH WE WERE I'VE BEEN TRIED TO STRUCTURE THESE EVALUATIONS WOULD NOT BE IN WAYS THAT THAT DO END UP FEELING DETERMINISTIC IN THE WAYS THAT ARE OPPORTUNITIES THAT ARE AVAILABLE TO THESE MEN AND OTHERS TO TALK ABOUT HOW THEY'RE CONSTRUCTING FATHERHOOD. >> OKAY. NEXT QUESTION. >> GOOD AFTERNOON DOCTORS AND THANK YOU FOR YOUR PRESENTATIONS, YOU BOTH HINTED TO THIS A LITTLE BIT BUT I WANTED YOU TO EXPAND ON IT MORE AND I WANT TO KNOW HOW FAR ALONG IS THE RESEARCH WITH REGARD TO EXAMINING THE PERMISSIVE ATTITUDE ON BELIEF AMONG WOMEN TOWARD TRADITIONAL MASCULINITY AND HOW DOES THAT HELP FRAME THE WAY THAT THESE YOUNG BLACK MEN IN THESE POOR COMMUNITIES ARE MANIFESTING IT? AND THE REASON I'M ASKING THAT IS BECAUSE THERE'S SUCH A HUGE EMPHASIS NOW ON HEALTHY MASCULINITY, MEN CAN STOP AND/OR CALLING FOR MEN TO CHANGE BUT THERE'S NOT BEEN MUCH OF A CALL FOR WOMEN TO CHANGE ON HEALTHY FEMININITY AND WHEN THINK LOOK AT IRPT ACTION WE LOOK AT OW PEOPLE DEVELOP THEIR CHARACTER IN RESPONSE TO AN AUDIENCE AND OTHER PEOPLE AND WE'RE TALKING ABOUT HEALTHY MASCULINITY BUT WE'RE NOT TALKING ABOUT HEALTHY FEMININITY AND IF WE'RE LOOKING AT THE CONCEPT OF HEALTHY RELATIONSHIPS, ALL THE MEN ARE GETTING FIXED BUT THE WOMEN ARE SITTING BY WATCHING THE MEN, BUT NO ONE'S CALLS THE WOMEN TO TASK AND DR. JOHNSON YOU TALK ABOUT HOW THEY TALK TO MOTHERS AND HOW THEY'RE ADULTIFYING THEIR MEN AND YOU TALK ABOUT THE WOMEN IN THE MOVIE THEATERS AND WHEN WE LOOK AT OUT OF WEDLOCK BIRTHS, IT'S NOT JUST MEN, IT'S 50, 50, RIGHT? SO? [LAUGHTER] SO ARE WE WITH THE RESEARCH WITH REGARD TO LOOKING AT HOW WOMEN ARE BASICALLY REENFORCING THE TRADITIONALLY MASCULINE ATTITUDES AND BELIEVE IN HOW THAT--BELIEF AND HOW THAT PLAYS OUT. I'M A POST DOCTORAL FELLOW AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MARILYN COLLEGE PARK, MY NAME IS CRIST. >> IT WOULD HAVE BEEN HARD TO RESTATE THAT ONE. FIRST OF ALL THINK YOU FOR YOUR QUESTION AND IT REALLY MARRIES NICELY WITH THE SENTIMENT I EXPRESSED EARLIER ABOUT HOW COMPLICEIT WE ALL ARE AND YOU KNOW SORT OF HOLDING MEN TO THE FIRE ON THESE RIDGEIT NOTIONS OF WHAT IT MEANS TO BE MEN, I THINK MEN GET MIXED MESSAGES OR WOMEN GET MIXED MESSAGES SO I WILL SAY THEY THINK THE RESEARCH ON HEALTHY FEMININITY IN WOMAN HOOD, I DON'T THAN WORK BUT MANY HAVE BEEN WORKING ON THAT FOR A NUMBER OF YEARS YEARS AND AND IN FACT, I THINK THAT'S WHERE THE FEMINIST IDEOLOGICAL NOTIONS OF GENDER HAVE COME INTO PLAY TO SHAPE HOW WE UNDERSTAND MASCULINITY. SO MOST OF US WHO DO THIS WORK BUILD LARGELY ON NEM NIN THEOR O OUR FEELING OF MASCULINITY. BUT WHERE YOU ARE SQUARE WITH WHAT I WAS DISCUSSING WAS, WE HAVEN'T DONE A WHOLE LOT IN LOOKING AT HOW WOMEN'S ATTITUDES ABOUT MASCULINITY SHAPE THE NORMS AND VALUES THAT THEY ARE IN RELATIONSHIPS WITH AND I THINK THAT KIND OF DISCIPLINARYATIC RERESEARCH WILL BE A CONTRIBUTION AND HOPING YOU'LL TAKE THAT UP IN YOUR WORK AND SOME OF US WILL ALSO BECAUSE I THINK IT'S IMPORTANT FOR US TO UNDERSTAND THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL INTERACTIONS THAT MEN ARE SUBJECTED TOO AND THEY'RE ENGAGED IN AND HOW THOSE SHAPE HOW MEN THINK ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIPS THAT THEY FORM AND HOW THEY THINK ABOUT THEIR MASCULINITY AND AGAIN I WANT TO REITERATE THAT I DO THINK THAT THERE'S AN ISSUE AND WE HAVE A CRISIS IN IT IS RESEARCH IN THAT WE HAVE PROBLEMITIZED MASCULINITY AND FOCUSING ON MAKING IT HEALTHIER AND THAT CAN ALL MEAN HAVE LOTS OF POSITIVE MEANING BUT IT ALSO MEANS THAT WE'RE LOOKING AT IT IN A VERY UNIDIMENSIONAL WAY. SO I THINK WE HAVE LOTS OF WORK TO DO. I SEE LOTS OF PROGRESS AND PROMISE IN THE FIELD. I WOULD ENCOURAGE YOU TO PICK UP THE PSYCHEICOLOGY OF MEN AND MASCULINITY JOURNAL BECAUSE THAT IS WHERE A LOT OF THE CUTTING EDGE RESEARCH IS HAPPENING AND WHERE FOLKS ARE STARTING TO LOOK AT WOMEN'S ENDORSEMENT OF MASCULINITY NORTH AND THEIR THOUGHTHOW MEN SHOULD CONFORM TO THEM AND YOU KNOW AGAIN I THINK WOMEN ALSO STRUG WELTHEIR ENDORSEMENT OF MASCULINITY AND IDEOLOGY THEMSELVES. THE NORMS AROUND SHUTTING DOWN AND SUPPRESSING EMOTION, I THINK I DID THAT THIS MORNING AT THE AIRPORT AS I WAS TRYING TO GET HERE. SO I THINK THAT WE ALL STRUGGLE WITH HOW WE ARE DISCLOSING VULNERABILITY AND THAT IS THE FOURTH THEME OF MASCULINITY THAT AFFECTS BOTH MEN AND WOMEN. >> YAI WOULD SAY A COUPLE OF THINGS, I REMEMBER BACK TO MY DISSERTATION WORK WHEN I WAS DOING INTERVIEWS WITH YOUNG MALES ASKING I MEAN I DID A SERIES OF INTERVIEWS WITH YOUNG MALESAT LES SPENT YOUNG ADULT AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES ASKING THEM ABOUT THE CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH THEY WOULD IDEALLY LIKE TO BECOME FATHERS AND THEN WENT BACK AND DID INTERVIEWS SUBSEQUENTLY WITH THOSE WHO BECAME FATHERS AND THE MANY INSTANCES, CIRCUMSTANCES, OF WHICH THEY TALKED ABOUT, INITIALLY VERY DIFFERENT FROM THE CIRCUMSTANCE UNDER WHICH THEY BECAME FATHERS SO A PART OF WHAT I WAS TRYING TO UNDERSTAND WAS WHAT HAPPENED. YOU KNOW BECAUSE SOME PEOPLE SAY, WELL, YOU KNOW PROBABLY THEY WERE JUST GIVING YOU WAS SOCIALLY DESIRABLE RESPONSES. AGAIN AND I RECOGNIZE SOME OF THAT THAT MIGHT BE IN PLAY HERE, BUT I WANTED--I BELIEVE THAT IT WAS MUCH MORE THAN THAT. IT WAS MUCH MORE COMPLICATED WAY OF UNDERSTANDING. AND I HAVE TO SAY THAT A SIZABLE PROPORTION OF THOSE YOUNG MEN KIND OF TALKED ABOUT HOW IN SOME WAYS THEIR ENTRY INTO FATHERHOOD WAS THE RESULT OF A SITUATION WHERE IN SOME WAYS WHAT THEY PERCEIVED WAS THAT MASCULINITY BE CALLED INTO QUESTION. YOU KNOW AND MANY INSTANCES BEING YOU KNOW IN A SITUATION WHERE YOU KNOW THE YOUNG WOMEN THEY WERE WITH, SOMETIMES, TAKE A LONG STANDING PARTNER BUT IN MANY INSTANCES SOMETIMES A CASUAL SEXUAL RELATIONSHIP KIND OF RESULTED AND WHEN KIND OF PRESENT WIDE THIS OPPORTUNITY, YOU KNOW, TO HAVE SEX THEY FELT LIKE IF THEY DON'T SO IN SOME WAYS THEIR REPUTATION MIGHT BE RUINED AND SOME OF THIS IS ABOUT BEING ADOLESCENT. YOU KNOW ADOLESCENCE. BUT I ALSO THINK FOR A LOT OF ADOLESCENTS THEY VIEW SEX AS OPPORTUNISTIC. THAT SOMETIMES THEY'RE ENGAGING IN IT NOT NECESSARILY FOR ALL OF THE RIGHT REASONS BUT MAINLY BECAUSE I HAVE THIS OPPORTUNITY TO DO IT AND STUFF SO HOW THAT MAY BE PLAYING OUT TO THEM SO I DON'T KNOW WITH THAT PARTICULAR SITUATION THAT I ABSOLUTELY WANT TO BLAME THE YOUNG WOMAN BECAUSE IN MANY INSTANCES SHE'S APPEARING ALSO SO HER DEVELOPMENTAL STATE AT THIS POINT IS NOT WHERE IS THIS, BUT THIS IS SOMETHING THAT HAS BEEN DISCUSSED. THE OTHER SITUATION, THE OTHER THING I REAND THIS IS KIND OF RELATED TO SOMETHING THAT WISDOM SAID--WIZDOMNONE OF OUR MASCULINITY NETWORK MEET THAT SHE AND I AND DERRICK GRIFFIN WERE IN ATTENDANCE, WE HAD THE PLEASURE OF HAVING SEVERAL OF THE LEADING BLACK FEMINIST COLLEGES COME AND TALK TO US AND THEY--OVER A WEEKEND--THEY TALKED ABOUT HOW BLACK FEMINIST SCHOLARSHIP COULD INFORM HEALTHY BLACK MASCULINITY. AND THAT WAS ONE OF THE MOST PROFOUND WEEKENDS I'VE EVER HAD. I MEAN I HAD SOME NOTION ABOUT BLACK FEMINIST SCHOL OARSHIP AND I HAD TO THINK ABOUT IT IN PARTICULAR KINDS OF WAYS BUT IT WAS HAVING INTERESTING TO HEAR--VERY INTERESTING TO HEAR SOME OF THOSE SCHOLARS YOU KNOW KIND OF TALK ABOUT IT IN WAYS THAT PUSHED ME TO THINK ABOUT THIS PARTICULAR ISSUE YOU KNOW IN WAYS THAT I JUST NEVER THOUGHT ABOUT BEFORE. IN THE WAYS TO THINK ABOUT IT IN THE CONTEXT OF--AS KIND OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMES IN MY OWN RESEARCH, YOU KNOW SOME OF THE KINDS OF QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT AND STUFF SO I THINK THAT IT'S VERY MUCH IN LINE WITH WHAT WIZDOM HAS TO SAY THAT THERE IS A BODY OF WORK OUT THERE THAT'S BEING DONE. I MEAN BUT YOU KNOW A PART OF IT IS HOW IS IT THAT WE MAXIMIZE THIS IN WAY WHERE IS THESE PARTICULAR INDIVIDUALS ARE NOT JUST TALKING TO ONE ANOTHER, BUT THEY'RE TALKING ACROSS AUDIENCES, YOU KNOW WITH RESPECT TO THAT. I FELT LIKE FOR ME, THAT WAS A REALLY IMPORTANT PERIOD, A WATERSHED EVENT IN MY LIFE IN TERMS OF MY OWN RESEARCH THINKING ABOUT THIS PARTICULAR ISSUE AND I WOULD IMAGINE YOU KNOW TO THE EXTENT THAT WE CAN HAVE MORE OF THOSE KINDS OF DISCOURSES, YOU KNOW THAT COULD BE BENEFICIAL FOR OTHERS. >> [INDISCERNIBLE]. SO I WAS PARTICULARLY--I WAS TUCKLY STRUCK WITH YOU KNOW THE CONVERSATION THORS ROSE BREWER HAD ABOUT BLACK MASCULINITY BECAUSE ONE OF THE THINGS, I--IN CERTAIN WAYS CAME INTO THE MEETING FEELING THAT THERE WOULD BE AT SOME POINT WHEN I WOULD NEED TO BE DEFENSIVE. YOU KNOW? BUT THAT WAS NOT IN ANY WAY--AND I THINK THAT WAS MAYBE FIVE TO SEVEN SCHOLARS OVER THE WEEKEND WHO GAVE PRESENTATIONS, THAT NOT ONLY WERE THEY TAUGHT BUT WE WERE ABLE TO KIND OF ASK QUESTIONS, YOU KNOW IN A SETTING SIMILAR TO THIS, WHERE IT'S JUST--IT JUST MADE ME GO BACK AND THINK ABOUT SOME THINGS YOU KNOW EVEN IN TERMS OF THINKING MY OWN THINKING IN TERMS OF THE POINT THAT I REFERENCED EARLIER ABOUT HOW IT IS THAT IN CERTAIN WAYS, MOTHERS AND OTHER FEMALES MAY BE AS MUCH INVOLVED IN THE SHAPING OF BLACK MASCULINITY AS SOMETIMES MALES THINK THAT THEY'RE DOING, IN FACT, JOYCE--WHAT'S HER FIRST NAME--BUT ONE OF THE PRESENTERS TALKED ABOUT THE WHOLE NOTION THAT IT IS--IT IS OFTEN BLACK MALES ARE KIND OF THINKING IN MANY INSTANCES THEY REALLY ARE KIND OF SHAPING BLACK MASCULINITY WHEN IN MANY INSTANCES THAT'S NOT THE CASE. SO, A PART OF IT IS FEELING COMFORTABLE TO RECOGNIZE THAT THAT MAY BE NOT SOMETHING WE CONTROL IN THE WAY IN WHICH WE KIND OF THINK AND SO WHEN IT DOESN'T GO QUITE RIGHT, WE DON'T ALSO HAVE TO ASSUME ALL THE BLAME AND NOT THAT WE'RE LOOKING FOR OTHER PEOPLE TO BLAME, YOU KNOW, BUT IT IS IT KIND OF A COLLABORATIVE RELATIONSHIP IN ITS DEVELOPMENT IN CERTAIN WAYS. >> OOH WE WANT TO MAKE SURE WE ARCHIVE. >> JUDY, WITH NIAAA. NOW WHEN I HEAR A LOT OF THIS, I AM BASICALLY GOING BACK ON MY INSTANCES IN THE LATINO CULT AND YOU ARE WITH WORKING WITH KIDS AND I'M WONDERING TO WHAT DEGREE. PART OF THIS IS LIKE A DEVELOPMENTAL THING AS WELL, THAT THE KIDS I USED TO WORK WITH GANG KIDS, OFTEN TIMES THEY'RE MOTHERS WOULD BE SAY [SPEAKING SPANISH ] YOU'RE GOING TO BE THE MAN OF THE FAMILY, YOU NOTICE--NOW HAVE AN HONORED ROLL THAT HAVE ALL THE COMPLEXITIES OF MANHOOD AND WHAT HE'S HEARING IS THIS CONFLICT THAT'S GOTTEN HIJACKED BY THE ANGLO AMERICANS INTO A STEREOTYPE AND THAT THESE KIDS A LOT OF GANG KIDS DON'T EXPECT TO LIVE TO A CERTAIN AGE EITHER SO I'M WONDERING WHAT IF THIS IS DEVELOPMENTALs AS WELL, YOU TALK ABOUT ADOLESCENCE AND MISMATCH BETWEEN WHAT THE ADULTS ARE SAYING AND MEANING AND WHAT THE KIDS ARE INTERPRETING. >> SO EXCELLENT POINTS AND GREAT QUESTION ABOUT THE ROLE OF HEALTHY DEVELOPMENT. ONE OF THE THINGS WE NOTICED PARTICULARLY IN THE AREA AND I THINK BLACK MALES AND LATINO HISPANIC MALE VS SIMILAR SORT OF THREATS TO THEIR INTEGRITY. THAT OCCUR IN THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT AND SO THEY'RE--THEY MAY TALK ABOUT IN DIFFERENT WAYS BECAUSE OF LANGUAGE DIFFERENCES BUT IN CERTAIN WAYS THEY'RE SIMILARITIES SO I'LL SPEAK FROM THAT SPACE BUT I THINK THAT ONE OF THE PROBLEMS, THE ISSUES WITH THE RESEARCH ON BLACK MASCULINITY IS THAT IT DOESN'T ASSUME THAT BLACK MEN AND BOYS DEVELOP NORMAATIVELY, RIGHT? SO THERE'S BEEN A LACK OF THE DEVELOPMENTAL FRAMEWORK BECAUSE NORMAATIVE DEVELOPMENT IS NOT NECESSARILY PART OF THE DISCUSSION IN MOST CASES AND MARGARET RESPONSER WHO USED TO BE AT UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA NOW AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO TALKED ABOUT THIS QUITE A BIT IN A MUCH MORE PROFOUND WAY THAN I CAN BUT THE TAKE HOME POINT IS THAT WE ASSUME THAT BLACK MEN AND BOYS DON'T ADEVELOP [INDISCERNIBLE] AND I THINK BECAUSE WE OF WE SEE OR HEAR OR WITNESS THESE TRANSITIONS WE DON'T NECESSARILY KNOW HOW TO THINK ABOUT THEM IS IT JUST BECAUSE THEY'RE REACHING EMERGING ADULTHOOD AND THEIR IDENTITY, SEEKING AND THEY'RE TRYING TO FORMULATE OR CONSOLIDATE IDENTITY OR IS IT THAT THEY ARE, YOU KNOW ROUGH AND TUMBLE. SO YOU KNOW I THINK THAT FIRST WE HAVE TO ALL TAKE A STEP BACK AND APPLY A DEVELOPMENTAL LENS AND THINK ABOUT WHAT'S NORMAATIVE AND WHAT'S NOT AND THINK ABOUT AS YOU STATED WHAT BOYS ARE HEARING, WHAT MESSAGES ARE THEY RECEIVING AND WHAT DO OUR PARENTS TELLING THEM. I WORKED ON THE PROJECT THE FLINT FATHER TODAY WITH THE DOCTOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN IN ANN ARBOR AND ONE OF THE THINGS WE DID IN THAT STUDY WAS WE ASKED BOYS TO TELL WHAT DID YOU SAY THEIR FATHERS TOLD THEM ABOUT WHAT IT MEANS TO BE A MALE AND THEN WE ASK THERE ARE FATHERS TO TELL US WHAT THEY TOLD THEM. CAN YOU IMAGINE. RIGHT. DISCONGRUENT SO PART OF IS ABOUT FAMILY SOCIALIZEITION AND PARTICULARLY IN THIS CASE, IT WAS PATERNAL SOCIALIZATION AND WHAT FATHERS ARE TELLING THEIR SONS AND HELPING THEM CLARIFY THOSE MESSAGES SO IF THE MOTHERS LATINO MOTHERS ARE MEANING YOU'RE NOW TAKING AN HONORED POSITION IN THE FAMILY AND YOU'RE HEARING I NEED TO GO OUT AND YOU KNOW, YOU KNOW DEFEND THE FAMILY AND THESE OTHER PROBABLY LESS HEALTHY WAYS THEN WE NEED A MEETING OF THE MINDS. AND SO SOME WAY IN THE WAY THAT WALDO'TALKS ABOUT THE FEMINIST SCHOLLORS TALKS TO MASCULINE SCHOLARS OFTEN WE NEED THE SAME DIALOGUE HAPPENING AROUND PARENTS AND CHILDREN AROUND MASK LYNNITY DEVELOPMENT AND NOT IN THESE MONOTONIC WAYS. >> AND WHAT I WOULD ADD TO THAT IS THAT I WANT TO DECLARE THAT IN MY OWN WORK YOU KNOW TRYING TO UNDERSTAND SAY FOR EXAMPLE, THE INSTANCES WHERE MOTHERS WOULD USE, REFER TO THEIR SONS WITH THE MONAKER'S AND STUFF WAS NOT IN ANY WAY DESIGNED SOLELY TO KIND OF THINK ABOUT THE WAY IN WHICH THAT CREATES PROBLEMS FOR THESE YOUNG MEN BECAUSE MANY WAYS PART OF WHAT I'M TRYING TO DO IS EXACTLY WHAT YOU'RE SAYING IS, KIND OF BETTER UNDERSTAND THE DEGREE TO WHAT THEY MEAN WHEN THEY USE THESE TERMS AND TO THEIR CREDIT THERE WERE A NUMBER OF THERE THAT WERE ARTICULATED SOMETHING SIMILAR TO YOUR OWN COMMENT IN TERMS OF THIS BEING AN HONOR ROLE AND IMPORTANT ROLE AND STUFF. BUT WE ALSO HAVE TO REMEMBER THAT THESE YOUNG MEN ARE ALSO IN PARTICULAR, BOYS BOYS AND ADOLESCENTS, THEY'RE ALSO ENGAGED IN INTERACTION WITH THE PEERS WHO MAY BE HEARING HEARING SIMILAR KINDS OF THINGS MAYBE NOT NECESSARILY FROM THE WOMEN IN THE HOUSEHOLD BUT FROM OTHER PLACES WHERE WHERE A SIMILAR KIND OF LANGUAGE MEANS SOMETHING ELSE, SO THE DEGREE TO WHICH PEER INFLUENCE AT THIS PARTICULAR STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT WHICH SOMETIMES TRUMP WHAT THE BEST INTENTIONS OF A PARENT CAN BE. YOU KNOW WHATEVER THE STATUS, WHETHER IT'S A RESIDENTIAL PARENT OR A CUSTODIAL PARENT OR NOT IS SOMETHING THAT IS ALSO KIND OF GOING ON HERE BECAUSE A PART OF WHAT I'M ALSO INTERESTED IN KIND OF KNOWING IS WHETHER OR NOT THE MESSAGE THAT HE IS ACTUALLY GETTING IS AS HE'S INTERPRETING IT IS VERY DIFFERENT FROM WHAT IT WAS INTENDED TO BE AND STUFF SO IT WAS--I THINK THAT YOU'RE ABSOLUTELY RIGHT THAT WE--WE HAVE TO BE CAREFUL BUT AT THE SAME TIME IT IS IMPORTANT TO KIND OF UNDERSTAND THIS, BECAUSE ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WITH REGARD TO MANY OF THE YOUNG MEN THAT BECAME IN MY EARLIER WORK, THAT FLOW FROM THE DISSERTATION, I FOUND THAT WHEN MANY OF THOSE YOUNG MEN WHO BECAME FATHERS VERY EARLY ON, BUT OFTEN TALKED ABOUT THEIR OWN FATHERS, NOT BEING VERY INVOLVED IN THEIR LIVES, YOU KNOW AND TALKED ABOUT EARLY ON, WANTING TO BE FATHERS VERY DIFFERENT FROM WHAT THEIR FATHERS HAD BEEN. WHEN THEY DEBAN TO TALK WITH THEIR FATHERS INTERNAL AUDIT STANCES WHERE THEY WERE ABLE TO FIND THEIR FATHERS, OR THEY ENGAGEMENT IMPROVED, THEY OFTEN FOUND THAT ONE OF THE REASONS AND OFTEN THE PRIMARY REASON WHEN THE FATHERS WERE NOT INVOLVED IN THOSE LIVES WERE BECAUSE THE FATHERS BECAME FATHERS DURING ADOLESCENTS VERY SIMILAR TO THEMSELVES. AND SO, A PART OF WHAT--A PART OF ONE OF THE TAKE HOME MESSAGES FROM THAT YOU KNOW IN MANY INSTANCES IS NOT ALWAYS JUST ABOUT THE NEED TO KIND OF NO ABOUT WHO YOUR FATHER IS, AND STUFF LIKE THAT FOR REASONS OF IDENTITY, FOR YOU KNOW UNDERSTANDING WHAT YOUR--MAYBE YOUR PREDISPOSITIONS TO CERTAIN KINDS OF HEALTH ISSUES AND STUFF MAY BE AND ALSO KIND OF MAKE SURE THAT INTERNS OF WHO YOUR SIBLINGS ARE, YOU'RE NOT--YOU'RE NOT ENGAGE NOTHING SEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS WITH SOMEONE WHO MIGHT BE--WHAT MIGHT BE VIEW AS A HALF SISTER OR COUSIN OR SOMETHING LIKE THAT IN NEIGHBORHOODS WHERE THEY ARE FAIRLY CONCENTRATED BUT ALSO THEY KIND OF HAVE AN UNDERSTANDING ABOUT ONE'S LEGACY IN TERMS OF HOW CONCAME TO BE AND I FOUND--ONE CAME TO BE AND I FOUND THAT IN THIS WORK, MANY OF THESE YOUNG MEN ARE ON THIS PATH. YOU KNOW SOMETIMES ACCIDENTALLY BUT ON THIS PATH, YOU KNOW, TO FATHERHOOD AND NOT KIND OF RECOGNIZING THE DEGREE TO WHICH IT VARIES OR CO INSIDES WITH THE WAY IN WHICH PARENT HOOD OCCURRED FOR THEIR PARENTS. YOU KNOW? AND THAT IN MANY INSTANCES COULD BE VERY INSTRUCTIVE FOR THEM IN TERMS OF KIND OF MODELING THE WAY IN WHICH THEY MIGHT WANT TO MOVE FORWARD. >> OKAY TAKE THESE LAST TWO QUESTIONS AND THEN THE SPEAKER VS THEIR FINAL COMMENTS. >> I WORK WITH TRAUMA SURVIVORS. HIAN OPPORTUNITY MAYBE A COUPLE YEARS TO WORK WITH MEN, FIRST TIME I WORKED WITH MEN AND WHO ALL THIS ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES, THEY GREW UP IN VERY DIFFICULT HOUSEHOLDS AND SO DID MY BROTHERS SO DID WE ALL IN MY FAMILY AND WE KNOW NOW THAT BEING A TRAUMA SURVIVOR DEFINITELY INTERFERES WITH YOUR PROCESSES OF THINKING. SO OFTEN TIMES THEY DO NOT MAKE GOOD CHOICES. I'M NOW WORKING IN DELAWARE, I CAME FROM BALTIMORE, DELAWARE WARE PERCAPITTA NUMBER TWO IN VIOLENCE. YEAH. IT'S A VERY SMALL TOWN/STATE. SO A LOT OF THESE PEOPLE ARE ENDING UP IN MENTAL HEALTH FACILITIES THEY HAVE AN INJUNCTION AND THEY HAD TO CLEAR OUT THE MENTAL HEALTH FACILITIES AND MANY OF THESE PEOPLE HAVE BEEN HERE 30, 40, 50 YEARS SO I'M VERY INTERESTED IN LEARNING HOPEFULLY SOME EVERYONE ON HOW TO WORK WITH MEN WHO HAVE EXPERIENCED TRAUMA. I HAVE 11 PEERS I SUPERVISE THROUGHOUT THE STATE, THREE OF THOSE ARE MEN. PRETTY MACHO MEN, BUT HAVING SOME STRUGGLES. SO I WOULD LIKE TO KNOW IF YOU CAN HELP ME AND I ALSO HELPED, THERE'S MEN IN TRAUMA VIDEO COMING OUT SO THE PERSON WHO DID IT WOULD LIKE TO KNOW IF YOU HAVE ANY INFORMATION ALSO. >> SO I WILL SAY THANK YOU FOR YOUR QUESTION. MY CLINICAL SPECIALTY IS IN TREATING MALES WHO ARE EXPOSED TO MILITARY SEXUAL TRAUMA AND WHO SUFFER FROM PTSD, SO IN MY OTHER LIFE BUT LONG BEFORE I DECIDE EDUCATIONAL I WAS GOING TO BE A RESEARCHER FULL-TIME I WAS A CLINICIAN AT THE ANN ARBOR VA AND TREATING PRIMARILY MALES WHO WERE VICTIMS OF SEXUAL TRAUMA WITHIN THE MILLARY AND CHILDHOOD SEXUAL TRAUMA AND I WILL TARY RELATEDDED TRAUMA SEE I CAN SHARE INSIGHTTHAT, BRIEF INSIGHTTHE WORK WITH MEN IN TRAUM AND THE WAY IT MANIFESTED PRETTY SIMILAR TO SOME OF THE ARGUMENTS AND EVIDENCE I PRESENTED EARLIER TODAY AND THAT IS, THE ISSUE WITH TRAUM IS DETECTION AND SYMPTOM RECOGNITION AND ALSO SYMPTOM VERIFICATION ON THE PART OF THE MALES AND ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND WHAT I MEAN BY THAT IS MEN TEND TO MINE MYSELF MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS ANYWAY AND WHEN THAT HAS OCCURRED AS A RESULT OF A TRAUMA WHICH POSSESSED A SIGNIFICANT THREAT TO THE MASCULINE AND SOCIAL CELLS, MEN ARE MORE LIKELY TO MEN MYSELF THOSE EMOTIONS DOWN AND THEY'RE LIKELY TO APPEAR AS OTHER FORMS OF AGGRESSION AND VIOLENCE AND AGAINST THE SELF-AND OTHERS. AND SO, WHAT WE OFTEN SEE WITH MALE WHO IS ARE EXPOSED TO TRAUMA IS SIGNIFICANT ANGER RESPONSE WHICH IS WHY I'M SO PRE OCCUPIED WITH BEDDING MALE ANGER AND UNDERSTANDING HOW WE CAN MOBILIZE IT IN A MORE POSITIVE WAY BUT MORE IMPORTANTLY HOW WE CAN UNDERSTAND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE NEGFIVE HEALTH BEHAVIOR THAT MEN ENGAGE IN. IT'S A SIGNIFICANT CO-MORBIDITY AND YOU IMAGINE YOU EXPERIENCE TRAUMA AND YOU NUMB YOURSELF FROM THE SYMPTOMS AND SO YOU ENGAGE IN BEHAVIOR THAT WILL BRING ABOUT SOME MOMENTARY RELIEF BUT WILL PRODUCE LIFETIME CONSEQUENCES SO WE HAVE TO FIRST BEGIN TO RECOGNIZEINALLYS CAN BE TRAUMA HAD--RECOGNIZE THAT MALES WILL--CAN BE TRAUMATIZED AND WE HAVE TO FIX THEM N. MY TIME TREATING MEN I HAD A PERSON I WORK WIDE WHO FOR THE FIRST FOUR OR FIVE SESSIONS DIDN'T SAY A SINGLE WORD JUST CAME IN THE ROOM AND SAT IN THE ROOM AND SO UNDERSTANDING MEN'S SILENCE AND IN A WAY THAT SPEAKS VOLUMES TO THE AMOUNT OF PAIN THAT THEY MAY BE IN. SO I THINK THAT WE HAVE TO--WE HAVE TO DEVELOP BETTER TRAUMA RECOGNITION TOOLS AND MEASURES THAT ACTUALLY TAP INTO THE WAYS THAT MANY MOLD AND EXPRESS TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES AND EXPOSURE SPECIALIZATION OF SPECIFIC ENDOTHELIAL SWREE A LONG WAY TO GO BUT I THINK THE FIRST STEP IS REALLY VALIDATING THE EXPERIENCE, RECOGNIZING THAT MEN ARE NOT GOING TO COME IN CRYING AND ON THEIR KNEES BECAUSE OF TRAUMA THAT IT MAY BE QUITE UNCOMFORTABLE TO BE IN A TREATMENT SITUATION WITH THEM. THEY WILL SOMETIMES BE MORE AGGRESSIVE. AVE USELESS EXPERIENCED IT WITH WOMEN EXPOSE WIDE TRAUM AND IN THIS PARTICULAR, SO I THINK WE HAVE TO DEVELOP--LISTEN WITH A THIRD EAR TO THE WAYS MEN ARE TALKING ABOUT EXPERIENCES AND WILL BE WATCHFUL AND MINDFUL OF THE LESS OBVIOUS WAYS IN WHICH THOSE SYMPTOMS MAY MEN FEST. AND WE CAN TALK AFTERWARDS SOME SOME OTHER STRATEGIES. >> ONE POTENTIAL RESOURCE THAT COMES TO MIND THAT IS PERHAPS NOT TOO FAR FROM YOU MIGHT BE THE CENTER THAT DRS. JOHN RICH AND TEK CORBIN AT DRECKSLE. >> [INDISCERNIBLE] >> AND I FOUND THEIR--JOHN'S BOOK, WRONG PLACE, WRONG TIME VERY FASCINATING WAY OF UNDERSTANDING, YOU KNOW TRAUMA AND FARM--FARM PRACTICE THAT THEY DEVELOPED IN A WAY THAT USED THE EXPERIENCE OF MEN COMING INTO HOSPITALS AND EMERGENCY ROOMS FOR SURVEYS AS A WAY OF ADDRESSING A VARIETY OF OTHER ISSUES. I'VE HAD--EVEN AS A SOCIAL WORKER I HAD FAIRLY LIMITED EXPERIENCE WITH TRAUMA SURVIVORS, BUT I DID IN HELPING TO DEVELOP A BLACKMAN'S HEALTH CLINIC AND THE WOOD LAWN COMMUNITY OF CHICAGO, WE DID A SERIES OF INTERVIEWS WITH MEN WHO WERE SURVIVORS OF TRAUMA, OF INJURY TRAUMA. THEY HAD BEEN IN THE EMERGENCY ROOM, CAME IN FOR THE--FOR TREATMENT BUT THEY DIDN'T COME BACK FOR THE FOLLOW UP VISITS AND STUFF, SO THE COOK COUNTY HOSPITAL WANTED TO KNOW WHY--WHY THE GUYS DIDN'T COME BACK, I MEAN I KIND OF HAD MY OWN IDEAS WHY THEY DIDN'T COME BACK BUT YOU KNOW WHAT'S INTERESTING IS THEY GET SOME--SOME IMPERICAL INFORMATION TO KIND OF SUPPORT MY OWN NOTIONS ABOUT SOME OF THIS AND MUCH OF IT WAS VERY INTERESTING, SOME OF THE THINGS THAT I--I DID KIND OF RECOGNIZED FROM SOME OF THE OTHER DIRECT PRACTICE WORK THAT I'VE DONE BUT OTHER THINGS YOU KNOW CAME OUT IN THOSE DISCUSSIONS, YOU KNOW WITH THOSE MEN AS WELL, AND SO, I MEAN, SUBSEQUENTLY, BECOMING MORE KNOWLEDGEABLE ABOUT THIS THROUGH THE WORK THAT JOHN AND TED ARE DOING, SOME OF THE OTHERS, I THINK THOSE ARE POTENTIAL RESOURCES, YOU KNOW THAT YOU MIGHT WANT TO CONSIDER. >> WE HAVE OUR FINAL QUESTION TO THE PRESENTERS. >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR PRESENTATION, I'M MARIA LOPEZ CLASS WITH THE NATIONAL INTUITY OF CHILD HEALTH DEVELOPMENT AND MY QUESTION IS ON FOCUSING ON YOUR EXPERIENCE WITH THE TOPIC OF MASCULINITY AND WHAT DO YOU THINK THE RESEARCH IS WITH REGARD TO IS IT TOWARD DATA GATHER BEING OF UNDERSTANDING MORE THIS NOTION OR THIS PERCEPTION OF MASCULINITY OR IS IT MORE LEANING TOWARDS INTERVENTIONS AND IF IT IS SO, WHAT DO YOU SEE AS RELEVANT IN CHANGING OR MODIFYING OR EMBRACING THIS NOTION OF MASCULINITY TOWARDS AN INTERVENTION FOR THE MEN? >> SO THAT'S A REALLY GREAT QUESTION AND AN IMPORTANT ONE TO END ON BECAUSE INTERVENTION WILL CONDITION TEXT IN EVERY CONTEXT, OCCUR IN HEALTHCARE, IN SCHOOLS SO I THINK THEY ARE VERY INTERVENTIONS THAT ARE HAPPENING THAT ARE BUILDING ON THE KNOWLEDGE, THE EVIDENCE BASE, MASCULINITY IN ITS RELATIONSHIP TO HEALTH OUTCOME, WE HAVE A LOT MORE TO DO. CERTAINLY SOME OF THE WORK THAT DERRICK IS DOING AROUND MEN IN DIETARY BEHAVIOR AND OBESITY PREVENTION HAS THEIR STRONG INSTRUCTIVE THINGS THAT WE CAN TAKE AWAY FROM THE MASCULINITY RESEARCH ABOUT HOW MEN ARE TAUGHT TO EAT LIKE A MAN AND HOW WE CAN GET OUR HEADS AROUND THAT MESSAGE AND MAYBE REFORMULATE IT IN A WAY THAT WOULD HELP MEN TO WANT TO ENGAGE IN BEHAVIOR THAT ARE MORE HELPFUL, CERTAINLY AS WE THINK ABOUT MEDICAL CARE AND HEALTHCARE CONTEXT, DR. MAR CELL AS PART OF OUR GROUP, HE DOES A LOT OF WORK WITH MEDICINE AND HOW MASCULINITY SHAPED HEALTHCARE USE. WE MIGHT BE ABLE TO DEVELOP MORE MALE CENTERED PATIENT PHYSICIAN AND STRATEGIES, COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES THAT WILL MAXIMIZE APPOINTMENT WHEN IS MEN COME IN, WE KNOW NOW THAT PRIMARY CARE IS RAMPING UP IN ITS ROLE AND IT PLAYS IN DEPRESSION SCREENING AND MEN ARE INCREASINGLY REPORTING MORE DEPRESSION THAN THEY HAD THE PAST ALTHOUGH STILL NOT AS MUCH AS WOMEN BECAUSE WE KNOW WE HAVE AN ISSUE THERE THAT WARRANTS ADDRESSING AND MAYBE MEN MAY NOT GO TO A MENTAL HEALTH PROVIDE BUT THEY MAY GO IN FOR A YEARLY CHECK UP BI IF THEY COME FOR THAT POINT MIGHT THEY INTEP AN INTER--DEVELOP AN INTERVENTION THAT WILL HELP WITH MASCULINITY AND BEHAVIORS THAT MIGHT LEAD MEN TO ENGAGE IN BETTER BEHAVIOR. SO I THINK THAT FROM AN INTERVENTION PERSPECTIVE IT'S STILL NASCENT, IN THE EARLY STAGES BUT THERE ARE LOTS OF PEOPLE IN THIS ROOM AND OUTSIDE WHO ARE PIONEERING THOSE EFFORTS AND I I'VE BEEN ON THE SIDE OF I WANT TO HAVE I SOLID EVIDENCE BASE BECAUSE THIS IS THE COMMUNITY I CARE ABOUT AND THAT I CARE ABOUT AND I DON'T WANT TO GO OUT TO POSE AN INTERVENTION WITHOUT HAVING A SOLID EVIDENCE BASE THAT'S BEYOND THE PATHOLOGY BECAUSE THAT'S ALL WE WERE SEE NOTHING THE LITERATURE AND SO IT'S VERY IMPORTANT THAT I WENT ALMOST INCREMENTALLY ALONG THE SPECTRUM OF BELLING THE EVIDENCE--BUILDING THE EVIDENCE BUT I FEEL NOW MORE CONFIDENT IN MY DESIRE TO WANT TO DO INTERVENTION AND I'M LOOKING AT ECOLOGICALLY VALID INTERVENTION AND HOW WE CAN GET--SEND MESSAGES IN REALTIME THAT CAPITALIZE THEIR UNDERSTANDING OF MASCULINITY AND ALSO LOOKS AT THIS SORT OF HEALTHY BEHAVIOR THEY'RE ENGAGE NOTHING THE MOMENT AND TRY TO REALLY DELIVER SOME OF THOSE MESSAGES IN REALTIME SO I THINK THERE ARE LOTS OF POTENTIAL THERE AND I CERTAINLY, I AM PLEASED TO SEE THE FIELD GROWING IN THE WAY THAT IT IS, PARTICULARLY IN PUBLIC HEALTH WITH SO MANY OF US, SORT OF FIXATED ALMOST DAILY ON HOW MIGHT WE USE THIS EVIDENCE BASE THAT WE'RE BUILDING TO INFORM PRACTICE POLICY AND INTERVENTION. >> YEAH, I DEFINITELY WOULD ECHO THE FACT THAT I THINK IS AT THE VERY EARLY STAGES AND I THINK SOME OF THE KNOWLEDGE THAT WE'RE DEVELOPING I FIND VERY FASCINATING IN TERMS--BUT I MEAN A PART OF WHAT--A PART OF THE CHALLENGES THAT STILL KIND OF LIE, LY BEFORE US WITH RESPECT TO THAT, TO BE ABLE TO LOOK AT THIS, THESE DATA OVERTIME, YOU KNOW TO TEST THESE, THE USE THESE DATA AT THE BASIS OF INTERVENTIONS TO SEE THE DEGREE TO WHICH, YOU KNOW THEY REALLY HAVE SOME RELEVANCE, YOU KNOW FOR THE POPULATIONS THAT YOU KNOW THAT WE'RE INTERESTED IN. YOU KNOW THE OTHER THING IS THAT THE WISDOM POINTED OUT, THERE'S SO MANY DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS OF THIS IN TERMS OF THE WAYS IN WHICH WE'RE BEGINNING TO RECOGNIZE AND IN WHICH THIS ISSUE OF OUR MASCULINITY COULD BE STUDIES. I MEAN I THINK THAT YOU KNOW SOME OF THE EARLY WORK WHAT'S RATHER STATIC IN TERMS OF HOW IT WAS BEING CONCEPTUALIZED AS A WAY OF UNDERSTANDING AND THE DEGREE TO WHICH IT'S UTILITY, I MEAN AS--WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT LIKE SOME OF THE WORK THAT DERRICK IS DOG WITH RIGARD TO GIVING--YOUET THAT'S A VERY INNOVATIVE WAY TO THINK ABOUT IT IN THE CONTEXT OF MASCULINITY AND I THINK MOST PEOPLE WOULD NOW ORDINARILY BEGIN TO THINK ABOUT THAT IN THAT CONTEXT BUT I THINK THAT'S VERY IMPORTANT AND THE DEGREE TO WHICH WORK LIKE THAT CONTINUES TO DEVELOP AND PROLIFERATE, THAT'S ALSO GOING TO CAUSE OTHER PEOPLE TO KIND OF THINK ABOUT OTHER DIMENSIONS OF MASCULINITY AND KIND OF THINK ABOUT IT IN WAYS THAT AS GOOD GOES BEYOND RESEARCH. AS SOMEONE WHO IS A SOCIAL WORKER BY TRAINING, I MEAN, YOU KNOW WHILE I RECOGNIZE THERE ARE LOTS OF PEOPLE WHO ARE OFTEN ENGAGING IN THE RESEARCH FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF KNOWLEDGE AND THAT IT ESSENTIALLY WILL GO WITH THAT AND THAT'S THE END BUT FOR ME, I FEEL THAT THE WORK THAT I DO, I WANTED TO HAVE CLEAR PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS. AND BE RELEVANT FOR THE POPULATIONS SIMILAR TO THE WISDOM THAT I CARE ABOUT. AND YOU KNOW THAT'S ANOTHER CHALLENGE IN TERMS OF NOT ONLY DOING THE WORK YOU KNOW BUT ALSO TRYING TO THINK ABOUT THE DEGREE TO WHICH, YOU KNOW THE WORK HAS UTILITY AND EVEN THOUGH THE EMPHASIZE WHERE YOU MIGHT SPEND TIME DOG THE WORK AND FIND THAT IT IS NOT SO GRAY, RECOGNIZING IT IS NOT APPROPRIATE TO KIND OF PUSH IT SIMPLY BECAUSE YOU HAVE DONE THAT AND YOU KNOW FOR ME THAT'S AS BAD AS INSTANCES WHERE WE TAKE WORK THAT'S NOT BEEN VALIDATE WIDE CERTAIN POPULATIONS AND JUST ASSUME BECAUSE IT WORKED FOR THIS GROUP, TELL WORK FOR THAT GROUP. SO THERE'S STILL A LOT TO BE DONE BUT I TOO AM VERY OPTIMISTIC ABOUT WHAT LIES IN THE FUTURE IT TERMS OF HOW MUCH OF THIS RESEARCH, YOU KNOW AND EXAMINATION OF THIS ISSUE AROUND MASCULINITY CAN BE FULL ILLEGALSING IN TERMS OF THIS--FULFILLING IN TERMS OF THIS POLICY. >> THIS SEEMS LIKE THIS THEME IS EMERGING AND THERE ARE OPPORTUNITIES TO MOVE THIS DIALOGUE FOR IT, I HOPE KISPEAK FOR THE DOCTOR AND OUR SPEAKERS FOR MAKING THE TREK TO BETHESDA IN THE NO. WE APPRECIATE YOU TODAY. [ APPLAUSE ] AND I THANK TO YOU OUR PARTICIPANTS AS WELL FOR COMING OUT AND BRAVING THE WEATHER AND ASKING SUCH INSIGHTFUL QUESTIONS SO THIS CONCLUDES OUR SEMINAR AND HOPEFUL LEAVE WE CAN CONTINUE TO DIALOGUE.