>> WE WILL BEGIN. ALL RIGHT. SO GOOD AFTERNOON. THIS SESSION WILL BE SUCCESSFUL IF IT'S DIFFERENT FROM ALL THE OTHER ONES LIKE WE HAVE HAD BECAUSE THE BASIC REASON FOR HAVING THIS IS YOU. I MEAN THAT'S THE REASON FOR HAVING ALL OF THEM, BUT WE REALLY HOPE THAT YOU WON'T HESITATE. WE HAVE PLENTY OF MICROPHONES. WE HAVE TO USE THEM BECAUSE THERE ARE A LOT OF PEOPLE WHO LISTEN LIVE AND SO WE DON'T WANT TO DISAPPOINT THEM BY NOT BEING ABLE TO HEAR WHAT YOU HAVE TO SAY. SO WE HAVE TWO REALLY EXTRAORDINARY PARTICIPANTS IN THIS EVENT. AND THEY CAN ANSWER QUESTIONS AND WE HOPE THAT YOU WILL ASK WHATEVER QUESTIONS YOU HAVE AND DON'T HESITATE TO PUT THEM FLAT OUT. YOU DON'T HAVE TO HESITATE. THIS IS YOUR OPPORTUNITY TO HEAR ABOUT AS CLOSE AS YOU CAN GET AT THE NIH TO WHAT PEOPLE IN THE LEADERSHIP POSITION ARE THINKING ABOUT YOUR FUTURE. AND THAT'S WHAT YOU'RE THINKING ABOUT, SO WE HAVE TO PUT THE TWO TOGETHER. NOW, IN ANY OF YOU TAKING THIS COURSE FOR A CERTIFICATE, THE FINAL EXAM WHICH IS REALLY BACK BREAKING TERRIBLE STRESS FOR ELECTRONIC EXAM HAS BEEN UP FOR ABOUT THREE WEEKS NOW AND IT WI BE UP FOR ANOTHER TWO WEEKS. AND WHETHER YOU TAKE THE COURSE OR NOT, YOU COULD GO TO THE WEBSITE, TAKE THE EXAM, SEE HOW MUCH YOU KNOW ABOUT MEDICINE. AND THIS ISN'T MEDICAL STUDENT LEVEL MEDICINE, THIS IS SORT OF SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN LEVEL MEDICINE. SO TRY IT OUT. YOU CAN TAKE IT OVER AGAIN. YOU CAN LEARN IN THE PROCESS. THAT'S THE POINT OF IT. SO ONE OF THE THINGS IN THIS FINAL EXAM WHICH WE WOULD ASK YOU, IT'S THERE AND IT'S THE ONLY THING THAT REQUIRES YOUR COMMUNICATION OTHER THAN CHOOSING NUMBERS OR LETTERS IS IF YOU HAVE ANY COMMENTS, CRITICISMS, SUGGESTIONS, WE'D APPRECIATE PARTICULARLY THE SUGGESTIONS OF PEOPLE, TOPICS, WHAT YOU FIND APPEALS TO YOU WHEN YOU COME TO THESE SESSIONS AND WHAT DO YOU FEEL YOU COULD EASILY LIVE WITHOUT. LET US KNOW. THIS IS THE 10TH YEAR, SO IT'S TIME TO SORT OF REASSESS WHAT'S BEEN GOING ON. JUST FOR THE RECORD I LEARNED THE OTHER DAY THAT THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF PEOPLE LIVE WATCHING THESE WEEKLY EVENTS, THE AVERAGE NUMBER IS ABOUT 250. SO IT'S RANGED BETWEEN SOMETHING LIKE 190 TO 500. AND THEN AFTER FIVE DAYS, IT GOES ON THE WEB, IT GOES ON THE NIH VIDEO ARCHIVE AND THEN ANYONE IN THE WORLD CAN DOWNLOAD IT. A LOT OF PEOPLE DO. THE COURSE IS REPLICATED NOW OR BEING REPLICATED LIKE IN ABOUT 17 COUNTRIES AND ABOUT AN EQUAL NUMBER OF INSTITUTIONS IN NORTH AMERICA. SO THERE REALLY IS AN INTEREST IN, PARTICULARLY AMONGST PH.D.'S AND LEARNING SOMETHING ABOUT WHAT THE MAJOR MEDICAL CHALLENGING PROBLEMS ARE THAT NEED MORE REDUCTIONIST APPROACH. OKAY. SO ENOUGH FROM ME. LET ME INTRODUCE YOU TO OUR TWO SPEAKERS. THE FIRST SPEAKER IS MICHAEL GOD MIKE MICH AEL GOTTESMAN. HE'S AN OUTSTANDING CANCER RESEARCHER, PHYSICIAN. HE'S PLAYED A CRITICAL ROLL IN IDENTIFYING THE FIRST GENES INVOLVED IN MULTIGENE RESISTANCE AND HIS LABORATORY A HAS PURSUED THIS WITH GREAT ACCOMPLISHMENT. IN HIS POSITION OF KNOWING ALL THAT GOES ON AT N I AT NIH NOT ONLY SCIENTIFICALLY BUT EDUCATIONALLY AND INTERACTING WITH THE ADMINISTRATIONS BEYOND, HE'S IN A PRIME POSITION TO GIVE YOU HIS ASSESSMENT OF WHERE WE ARE IN WHAT SOMETIMES LOOKS LIKE AN IMPOSSIBLE KIND OF SITUATION. BUT I HOPE AT THE END OF THE SESSION, YOU FEEL IT'S NOT SO BAD. AND SOME GOOD SIGNS AND REASONS NOT TO GIVE UP YOUR PASSION. AND OUR SECOND SPEAKER IS KATHRYN ZOON. KATHY IS, SHE IS THE DIRECTOR OF THE DIVISION OF INTRAMURAL RESEARCH AT NIAID. AND SINCELY CAME T SINCE SHE CAME TO NIH, SHE'S A PH.D. FROM JOHNS HOPKINS AND SHE FIRST CAME HERE AND WORKED IN THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS OF THE FDA. THEN IN THE CANCER RESEARCH CENTER. AND THEN BECAME THE DIRECTOR OF THE INTRAMURAL PROGRAM HERE AT NIAID. I MEAN, CERTAINLY MAJOR ACTIVITIES, TOUCHING MANY LIVES HERE AND GLOBALLY. THESE ARE THE THINGS YOU'RE GOING TO HEAR. AND PEOPLE WILL SPEAK I HOPEFULLY REST VERBOSELY. THERE'S PLENTY OF TIME AT THE END AND DON'T HESITATE TO SPEAK YOUR PEACE, WHATEVER YOU WISH TO SAY. OKAY. MICHAEL. >> THANK YOU. IT'S ALWAYS A PLEASURE TO BE HERE. YOU ASKED ME THE SPEAKER ABOUT OPPORTUNITIES FOR TRAIN EYES PARTICULARLY POST DOC TROUBLE FELLOWS AT THE NIH, AND I THOUGHT WHAT I WOULD DO IS SPEAK ABOUT TWO DOMAINS OF OPPORTUNITIES. THAT IS THE SCIENTIFIC OPPORTUNITIES THAT YOU'VE GOTTEN IF YOU'VE ATTENDED THIS COURSE. YOU'VE GOTTEN A PRETTY GOOD TASTE OF SOME EXAMPLES OF EXCITING OPPORTUNITIES AND TRANSLATIONAL SIGNS. AND ALSO THE MORE PRACTICAL OPPORTUNITIES THAT ARE AVAILABLE FOR PEOPLE WHO ARE INTERESTED IN CAREERS IN SCIENCE AT THE NIH AND ELSEWHERE. AND I WILL FULL PILL TH FULFILL THE CHARGE TO ENCOURAGE PEOPLE RATHER THAN DISCOURAGE PEOPLE. THERE ARE A LOT OF OPPORTUNITIES BOTH IN SIENLTS AND IN YOUR CAREERS AS SCIENTISTS. YOU HEARD I MYSELF AN AM MD, NOT A PH.D. HOW MANY HERE HAVE MD'S? IT'S PRIMARILY A PH.D. LEVEL AUDIENCE. THAT HELPS A LOT IN TERMS OF MY DIRECTING MY COMMENTS. I'M AN MD BUT AN MD WHO HAS ALWAYS BEEN INTERESTED IN BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCE RESEARCH. IF I HAD BEEN BORN 20 YEARS LATER I WOULD HAVE BEEN A PH.D. AND NOT AN MD. MY INTEREST REALLY HAS BEEN FOCUSED ON LABORATORY RESEARCH SO I THINK I CAN SPEAK WITH SOME AUTHORITY TO PEOPLE IN THIS AUDIENCE WHO ARE THINKING ABOUT THEIR OWN CAREERS. I WANTED TO SAY A LITTLE BIT ABOUT MY OWN EXPERIENCE WITH SCIENCE AND WHAT REALLY IS AMAZING TO ME IN LOOKING BACK IS THAT I LOOKED THROUGH WHAT I WOULD CALL THREE OR FOUR REVOLUTIONS IN SCIENCE IN A RELATIVELY CONSTRICTED PERIOD OF TIME IN 40 YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC PRACTICE. STARTING IN THE MID 50'S WITH WHAT I WOULD CALL THE BIOCHEMICAL REVOLUTION, THAT IS THE DISCOVERY THAT BIOLOGY WHICH USED TO BE VERY DESCRIPTIVE, ALMOST ENUMERATING TH THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE NATURAL WORLD BECAME ENTWINED WITH CHEMISTRY BECAUSE BIOLOGICAL ORGANISMS COULD BE CLEARLY UNDERSTOOD ON THE BASIS OF THEIR CHEMISTRY THAN THE MORE FEMALE -- THIS LEAD THE PREMIER SCIENTISTS WAS THE DISCOVERY OF DNA AND ALL THE EXCITEMENT THAT WAS ATTENDED TO THAT AND THE ISOLATION OF PROTEINS THAT WERE ENZYMES AND A LOT OF THAT WORK WAS DONE AT THE NIH AND RESULTED IN NOBEL PRIZES FOR THE GENETIC HOW PROTEINS FOLD. THIS WAS REALLY THE PLACE TO BE IN THE 50'S AND EARLY 60'S. MY OWN EDUCATION STARTED IN THE 60'S. AND I REMEMBER VERY DISTINCTLY THE DEVELOPMENT OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AS A TOOL THAT NEIGHBORHOOD NOT ONLY THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF ORGANISMS BUT THE MANIPULATION INITIALLY WITH RERECOMBINANT AND SEQUENCE DNA AND SO ON. THAT MADE A HUGE DIFFERENCE IN THE ABILITY TO ATTACK VARIOUS PROBLEMS. AND IN THINKING BACK ABOUT MY OWN CAREER WHICH BEGAN MAYBE 35 YEARS AGO WITH AN INTEREST IN HOW CANCER CELLS BECOME RESISTANT TO THE CHEMOTHERAPY WE'RE USING. A LOT OF WHAT I DID WAS DRIVEN BY THE AILABLE TECHNOLOGY AT THE TIME. CELL CULTURE SYSTEMS, ABILITY TO TRANSFER GENES BETWEEN CULTURED CELLS TO STUDY THEM IN MORE DETAIL THAN THE ABILITY TO CLONE GENES, TO SEQUENCE THEM. AND MORE RECENTLY WE'RE INTO A COUPLE REVOLUTIONS WHICH I THOUGHT I WOULD MENTION. I THINK THESE HAVE ALL COME UP IN THE COURSE OF WHAT YOU'VE HEARD THIS YEAR. BUT MAYBE SOMETIMES IT'S HARD TO SEE THE FOREST THROUGH THE TREES. THERE'S CLEARLY AN ENORMOUS JIMMYINGENOMIC REVOLUTION TO SEE THE MANY ORGANISMS, THE MY CO MICRO EYE I'M, ALL OF THE -- BIOME, ALL OF THE HUMAN GENOMIC SEQUENCES. MORE THAN A THOUSAND GENOMES HAVE BEEN SEQUENCED AND THE NUMBER IS GROWING. THAT'S TEACHING US A GREAT DEAL ABOUT OUR RELATEDNESS TO EACH OTHER, OUR DIFFERENCES FROM EACH OTHER, WHAT KIND OF CHANGES PRODUCE DISEASE, WHAT KIND OF CHANGES DON'T. AND ONE OF THE MOST INTERESTING OUTCOMES OF DOING THOSE GENOMIC SEQUENCES IS THAT WE ALL CARRY PROBABLY DOZENS OF MUTATIONS IN IMPORTANT GENES USUALLY IN A HETEROZYGOUS FORM SO THEY ARE COMPENSATED FOR. WHAT WE EACH ALSO HAVE SOME FIVE TO TEN KNOCKOUT MUTATIONS THAT TOTALLY KNOCK OUT WHAT WOULD BE AN IMPORTANT HUMAN GENE. YET WE'RE PHENOTYPICALLY NORMAL. THIS IS THE EQUIVALENT OF THE HUMAN VERSION OF A MOUSE KNOCKOUT PROJECT. OBVIOUSLY SOME PEOPLE DO HAVE DISEASE WHEN A GENE IS MISSING AND THAT'S THE BASIS OF A LOT OF MENDELIAN INHERITED ORDERS. THERE ARE OTHER GENES THAT CAN COMPENSATE OR THE EFFECT OF THE GENE ISN'T FELT UNTIL LATER IN LIFE OR UNDER SPECIFIC STRESSES. THAT IS AN ENORMOUS ADVANCE TO BE ABLE TO DETECT INDIVIDUALS WHO HAVE REALLY PROFOUND GENETIC ABNORMALITIES AND MAYBE OTHERWISE WILL. SO FOR EXAMPLE THE WHOLE STUDY OF SUPPRESSOR GENES. WHY DO SOME PEOPLE LIVE TO BE 110 AND NEVER DEVELOP ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. THAT WOULD BE REALLY NICE TO KNOW, I THINK WE WOULD ALL AGREE. WE WILL KNOW THAT SOON JUST BY AN ANALYSIS OF THESE DNA SEQUENCES. SO THE OTHER THING THIS IS VERY USEFUL FOR US TO STUDY SPECIFIC DISEASES IN DETAIL AND OF COURSE I'M A CANCER BIOLOGIST AND ONE OF THE MOST INTERESTING DISEASES TO STUDY IS CANCER. AND BEING ABLE TO SEQUENCE NOT ONLY THE DNA OF CANCERS BUT THE DNA OF INDIVIDUAL CELLS WITHIN CANCERS HAS LED TO A HUGE EXPLOSION IN UNDERSTANDING OF THE GENES THAT DRIVE THE DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER TO THE SUPRESSORS WHOSE MUTATION LEADS IN SOME WAYS TO KARNLINGS CANCER, HOW DIFFERENT GENES INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER. IT CAN ONLY LEAD TO A MUCH MORE PROFOUND UNDERSTANDING OF THE DISEASE WHICH WILL IMPROVE UNDOUBTEDLY IMPROVE THERAPY. AND THOSE ARE JUST A COUPLE OF EXAMPLES IN THE PERSONALIZED DOMAIN AND IN THE DOMAIN OF REALLY UNDERSTANDING THE HUMAN GENOME IN ITS ENTIRETY. THE OTHER REVOLUTION WHICH IS HAPPENING AT THE SAME TIME IS A REVOLUTION IN HOW WE VISUALIZE BIOLOGICAL LIFE. WE ALWAYS HAD, YOU KNOW, REASONABLE TECHNIQUES. IT TURNS OUT THAT MUCH OF THE HUMAN BRAIN IS FOCUSED ON USING THE VISUAL CORTEX TO ANALYZE THE KNOWN WORLD. AND THE HIGHEST RESOLUTION STUDIES THAT WE CAN BRING TO BEAR ON BIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS I THINK LEAD TO MUCH BETTER UNDERSTANDING. SO AT THE VERY VERY SMALLEST LEVEL, AT THE NANO LEVEL WE HAVE X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY WHICH HAS BECOME A PRETTY SOPHISTICATED TOOL AND SEVERAL THOUSAND PROTEINS HAVE BEEN ANALYZED IN EXPLICIT DETAIL. HOW THOSE PROTEINS COME TOGETHER HAS ONLY REALLY RECENTLY BECOME THE SUBJECT OF ANALYSIS USING HIGH RESOLUTION EM STUDIES TO GET A SORT OF OVERALL VIEW OF THE STRUCTURE OF MULTIPROTEIN COMPLEXES. AND THEN SOPHISTICATED COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES THAT REQUIRE REALLY HIGH POWER CAPACITY COMPUTING. I DON'T KNOW IF MANY OF YOU ARE AWARE THE IH HAS A CLUSTER CALLED THE BIOCLUSTER WHICH IS A COMPUTING CLUSTER AND THAT'S USED TO BE ABLE TO DOCK THESE INDIVIDUAL X-RAY STRUCTURES INTO THE STRUCTURE AS A WHOLE SO WE CAN SEE WHAT MULTICOMPONENT STRUCTURES LOOK LIKE. THIS IS CRITICALLY IMPORTANT IN UNDERSTANDING HOW CELLS WORK, HOW VIRUSES WORK. AND I THINK IT'S GOING TO BE A REALLY EXCITING AREA IN WHICH TO INVEST SOME TIME AND ENERGY. OBVIOUSLY TO BECOME AN EXPERT IN THAT AREA, YOU HAVE TO HAVE A STRONG BACKGROUND IN PHYSICS AND BIOPHYSICS AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE. BUT THOSE ARE REALLY EXCITING OPPORTUNITIES TO LEARN HOW THINGS REALLY WORK. THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF COURSE IS TO GET A HIGH RESOLUTION MAP INCLUDING THE POSITION OF EVERY MOLECULE IN THE CELL. ONCE WE KNOW THAT IS I THINK WE HAVE A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY. NOW AS WE MOVE UP IN THE CHAIN HOW FAR SIZES OF THINGS, WE GET OPT COME MICROSCOPY AND AT NIH ITSELF THERE HAS BEEN SOME ENORMOUS ADVANTAGE OF THE DISCOVERY OF F PALM WHICH IS THE TECHNIQUE THAT ALLOWS SINGLE CELL, SINGLE MOLECULE ANALYSIS USING OPTICAL TECHNIQUES, VERY CLEVER OPTICAL TECHNIQUES AND A WHOLE RANGE OF DOWN STREAM IMAGING TECHNOLOGIES THAT HAVE COME OUT OF THAT. AND AS WE LEAVE THE SINGLE CELL AND LOOK AT MULTIPLE CELLS AND ORGAORGANISMS, THERE ARE MRI TECHNOLOGIES THAT ARE AMAZINGLY HIGH RESOLUTION AND THE USE OF POSIT TRON EMISSIONS THAT ALLOWS YOU TO DETECT SINGLE RECEPTORS AND OTHER BINDING PROTEINS. ALL OF THESE ARE SORT OF IN VIVO TECHNOLOGIES THAT REALLY GIVE US AN IMAGE FROM THE VERY SMALLEST TO THE VERY LARGEST, WITH NOT MUCH PLACE IN BETWEEN WHERE WE'RE NOT STARTING TO GET IMPORTANT INFORMATION. ALL THAT I HAVE NO DOUBT WILL BE EXTREMELY IMPORTANT, AND EACH OF YOU I SUSPECT WILL BE SOME PLACE IN YOUR RESEARCH ALONG THAT CONTINUUM AND HOPEFULLY WILL MAKE USE OF ALL OF THE TOOLS AVAILABLE. >SO I'M REALLY EXCITED ABOUT THE PROSPECTS FOR SCIENCE. I HAVE NO DOUBT DURING YOUR PERIOD OF SCIENTISTS, THERE WILL BE EVEN ANOTHER REVOLUTION. IF I COULD PREDICT THAT I WOULD BE IN GREAT SHAPE BUT I WOULDN'T BE SURPRISED IF SOMEONE IN THIS ROOM COMES UP WITH AN IDEA THAT REALLY MAKES A HUGE DIFFERENCE. SO MY JOB AS BEING PART OF THE LEADERSHIP AT NIH IS TO ASSURE NOT ONLY THE QUALITY OF SCIENCE THAT'S DONE HERE IS GOOD, BUT THAT THE PEOPLE WHO WORK HERE GET THE BEST POSSIBLE TRAINING BECAUSE WE REALLY DO SHINE BY THE REFLECTED LIGHT OF YOUR ACCOMPLISHMENTS. AND I WOULD SAY THE GENERAL GEOGRAPHY OF WHAT LIES AHEAD IS A LITTLE BIT HAZY. BUT I CAN GIVE YOU SOME KIND OF PREDICTIONS. WE HAVE DISCUSSED THIS IN THE PAST. IT'S CLEAR AND HE'S HAD THIS VISION QUITE A FEW YEARS AGO THAT PEOPLE WITH PH.D. IN THE BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES ARE VERY LIKELY TO MORE AND MORE GET INTO AREAS WHICH THEY WILL BE TRANSPORTING TRANSLATIONAL ACTIVITIES, ACTIVITIES IN WHICH THE BASIC SCIENCES APPLY TO MEDICAL PROBLEMS. THAT'S REALLY THE BASIS OF THIS COURSE WORK. AS OF SEVERAL YEARS AGO, MORE THAN 50% OF THE PH.D.'S WHO WERE TO GO LABORATORY RESEARCH WERE IN LABS THAT WERE TRANSLATIONALLY ORIENTED. WE RECENTLY DID A SURVEY AT THE NIH AND DISCOVERED THAT PROBABLY 80% OR MORE OF THE RESEARCH BASED ON PI BY PI ANALYSIS DONE HERE WOULD BE CALLED TRANSLATIONAL, EITHER IN HUMAN SYSTEMS OR DIRECTED TOWARDS DISEASE PROBLEMS OR SPECIFICALLY CLINICAL RESEARCH INVOLVING REAL PATIENTS. SO OVER THE YEARS NIH SORT OF MORPHED A LITTLE BIT FROM BEING A BASIC SCIENCE FACILITY WHEN BASIC SCIENCE WAS NEEDED TO BEGIN TO UNDERSTAND THE NATURAL WORLD TO I THINK A MUCH MORE TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH FACILITY. WHAT I MEAN BY THAT TRANSLATION INTO PRACTICAL APPROACHES TO TREATING HUMAN DISEASE. NOW WE'VE HEARD THAT IN THE LAST FEW YEARS ABOUT ONE IN SIX OF PEOPLE WHO RECEIVE PH.D.'S WILL GO ON TO HAVE THEIR OWN LABS IN THE VERY TRADITIONAL SENSE OF INDEPENDENT LABORATORY WITH A SMALL GROUP OF PEOPLE WITH SOME SORT OF GRANT SUPPORT OR SUPPORT FROM THE GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION. ONLY ONE IN SIX. SO THAT'S NOT ZERO BY ANY MEANS, AND MANY OF YOU WILL ASPIRE TO THAT AND WILL BE SUCCESSFUL IN THAT. THERE'S ANOTHER STATISTIC. NIH INTRAMURAL PROGRAM SPORTS ABOUT ONE IN SIX OF THE PEOPLE SUPPORTED BY NIH FUNDS AT POST DOC TROUBLE LEVELS. BUT WHEN WE SEARCH FOR CANDIDATES FOR OUR TENURE TRACK AND INDEPENDENT POSITIONS, ABOUT 30% OF THE SUCCESSFUL CANDIDATES COMES FROM THE INTRAMURAL PROGRAM. SO BY THAT ANALYSIS, PEOPLE IN THIS ROOM ARE AT LEAST TWICE AS GOOD AS THE AVERAGE NIH SUPPORTED POST DOC. MAYBE ONLY ONE IN SIX WILL HAVE INDEPENDENT LABORATORIES OVERALL BUT I WOULD GUESS THAT'S CLOSER TO ONE IN THREE OF THE PEOPLE HERE WILL HAVE THOSE OPPORTUNITIES WHICH IS PRETTY GOOD ODDS. CERTAINLY BETTER THAN THE CURRENT ODDS OF GETTING R1 GRANT WHICH ARE NOT SO GOOD. SO I JUST WANTED TO SAY ALSO THAT THERE'S A LOT MORE TO SCIENCE THAN JUST HAVING YOUR OWN LABORATORY AND ALL THE DEALING WITH PERSONNEL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH HAVING YOUR OWN LAB. NIH CREATED ABOUT 18 YEARS AGO A POSITION CALLED THE STAFF SCIENTIST WHICH IS NOW OCCUPIED BY ABOUT 1600 PEOPLE AT THE NIH. AND THESE ARE SCIENTISTS WHO WORK WITH AN OUR LABORATORIES TO SUPPORT THE RESEARCH OF A PRINCIPLE INVESTIGATOR. IF YOU ASK THEY'LL TILL THESE ARE AMONG THE MOST SATISFYING JOBS IN SCIENCE. THEY DON'T HAVE TO WORRY ABOUT ALL THE BUREAUCRACY ASSOCIATED WITH LEADING THE LABORATORY BUT THEY GET TO DO ON A DAILY BASIS THE HANDS ON SCIENCE THAT THEY REALLY LOVE. SO THAT'S A KIND OF OPPORTUNITY. IN ADDITION AS I MENTIONED, NIH CONTINUES EVERY YEAR TO SEARCH FOR NEW TENURE TRACK INVESTIGATORS. ON AVERAGE OVER THE LAST SEVERAL YEARS WE'VE HIRED 20 TO 30 PEOPLE IN TENURE TRACK POSITIONS. RECENTLY WE STARTED TO DO TRENDS NIH SEARCHES AND WE'VE NAMED THAT AS THE SEARCHES AFTER EARL STATMAN WHO ACTUALLY BEFORE HE DIED WORKED IN THIS BUILDING AS WELL AS BUILDING 3 WHICH HAS NOW BEEN TURNED INTO MORE ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDING. AND YOU WERE IS A REALLY MUCH BELOVED SUPERVISOR OF MANY MENTOR OF MANY SCIENTISTS. HE'S A GREAT BELIEVER IN TOUGH LOVE AND PEOPLE WHO CAME INTO HIS LOB WORKED REALLY HARD BUT WERE VERY SUCCESSFUL TO NOBEL LAUREATES TO THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WENT THROUGH THAT LABORATORY AND A LOT OF OTHER DISTINGUISHED SCIENTISTS SOME WHO ARE STILL AT THE NIH. WE NAMED THIS SEARC NAMED THIS SEARCH AFTE R HIM. PEOPLE WHO APPLY ARE INTERESTED IN ANY ASPECT OF BIORESEARCH. WE FIND MANY TALENTED FOLK BOTH INSIDE AND OUTSIDE NIH WHO ARE APPLYING FOR THESE JOBS AND WE ARE HOPEFUL THEY WILL BE THE NEXT GENERATION OF SENIOR FACULTY AT THE NIH. THOSE MEDICALLY ORIENTED WE HAVE A SIMILAR SEARCH IN PARTNERSHIP WITH THE LASKER FOUNDATION WHO WILL BE TENURE TRACK CLINICAL INVESTIGATORS WHOSE PRIMARY INTEREST IS WORKING WITH PATIENTS TO SOLVE IMPORTANT PROBLEMS. ALONG THE SAME LINES, BECAUSE CLINICAL INVESTIGATION REQUIRES A SOMEWHAT LONGER PERIOD OF TRAINING, WE'VE CREATED A POSITION CALLED IN GENERAL THOUGH IT HAS DIFFERENT TITLES AND KATHY MAY TELL YOU MORE WHAT THEY DO AT NIAID. THEY HAVE A FEW YEARS AFTER THE FELLOWSHIP PERIOD OF GRADUALLY LEARNING TO BECOME CLINICAL INVESTIGATORS. SO WHAT I WOULD LIKE TOND ON, I HOPE THIS IS -- TO END ON, I HOPE THIS IS A POSITIVE NOTE IS THAT THERE ARE ALL KINDS OF OPPORTUNITIES. THOSE WHO DON'T CHOOSE TO BE IN LABORATORIES AS EITHER PART OF THE TEAM OR IN INDEPENDENT LAB TREES, THERE'S REALLY A PROLIFERATION OF OUTSTANDING JOBS IN SCIENCE THAT ARE POSSIBLE. NIH ALONE EMPLOYEES HUNDREDS OF PEOPLE AT SCIENCE WRITERS INVOLVED IN COMMUNICATION OF SCIENCE, ADMINISTRATION OF SCIENCE, SCIENCE POLICY, SCIENCE WRITING, TEACHING AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS DO AS WELL. SO THESE ARE SCIENCE JOBS THAT REQUIRE SOME SORT OF DEEP UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT SCIENCE IS LIKE AND CONTRIBUTE TO THE WHOLE ECOLOGY OF THE SYSTEM IN A VERY POSITIVE WAY. SO FINALLY I WOULD JUST LIKE TO SAY SOMETHING ABOUT OUR CONCERN ABOUT THE FACT THAT SCIENCE IS NOT JUST ABOUT BEING IN THE LABORATORY, IT'S ABOUT THE QUALITY OF A LIFE THAT YOU LEAD. THOSE OF US WHO ARE SCIENTISTS LIKE TO BELIEVE THAT THERE'S NO BETTER CAREER THAN BEING A SCIENTIST. I KNOW I HAVE TWO GRAND DAUGHTERS NOW AND THEY COME TO VISIT ME IN THE LAB AND THEY THINK THAT I SPEND IN THE ENTIRE DAY PLAYING WHEN I'M IN THE LABORATORY. OF COURSE I'M NOT IN THE LABORATORY MOST OF THE TIME, UNFORTUNATELY. BUT IT REALLY IS AN OPPORTUNITY TO CONTINUE EXTENDING THE CURIOSITY THAT YOU HAVE AS A CHILD WAY BEYOND ANY REASONABLE ADOLESCENCE INTO YOUR ADULT YEARS AND MAYBE BEYOND THAT EVEN. BEING IN A LAB, BEING ABLE TO POSE QUESTIONS AND HAVE THE WHEREWITHAL TO ANSWER THEM, IT'S CERTAINLY ONE OF THE BEST INTELLECTUAL LIFE-STYLES YOU CAN IMAGINE. BUT PEOPLE HAVE FAMILIES, THEY HAVE FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES. AND WE HAVE TRIED VERY HARD AND ACTUALLY KATHY HAS BEEN MY PARTNER IN SOME OF THESE ACTIVITIES AS WELL, TO FIND WAYS IN WHICH TO MAKE THE TIME IN THE LABORATORY MUCH MORE SUCCESSFUL BY PROVIDING DAY CARE ACTIVITIES. WE JUST ANNOUNCED A BACK UP DAY CARE PROGRAM WHICH ALLOWS PEOPLE WHO HAVE SHORT TERM NEEDS, IF YOU HAVE A CHILD IN THE DAY CARE CENTER AND THE CHILD IS SICK, RATHER THAN SAYING AT HOME WITH THE CHILD, YOU CAN CALL UP THE NUMBER AND SOMEBODY COMES AND FAKES CARE OF YOUR -- TAKES CARE OF YOUR CHILD. THERE'S A SMALL CHARGE FOR THAT. THERE'S A REAL ADDITION. WE'RE TALKING A LOT ABOUT WAYS THAT MAKE THE POST DOC TROUBLE YEARS A LITTLE MORE FLEXIBLE ALTHOUGH I KNOW MANY OF YOUR PI'S TELL YOU HAVE TO WORK IN THE LABORATORY 24 HOURS A DAY. WHAT'S IMPORTANT IS YOU HAVE TO BE VERY EFFICIENT WHEN YOU'RE IN THE LABORATORY. AND WE ARE HOPING TO MAKE THAT TIME A LITTLE MORE FLEXIBLE AND GIVE PEOPLE THE FLEXIBILITY INCLUDING THE POSSIBILITY OF SOME TOO MANY OFF DURING THE POST DOC IF THAT'S APPROPRIATE. I CAN GO GO ON BUT ONE OF THE THINGS WE'RE INTERESTED IN IS DEVELOPING WAYS TO MAKE NOT ONLY THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE BUT THE QUALITY OF LIFE WHICH IS REALLY QUITE GOOD FOR SCIENTISTS WHO WORK AT THE NIH. ON THAT NOTE I'LL STOP. SHOULD WE WAIT UNTIL KATHY'S DONE TO TACK QUESTIONS? ANY BURNING QUESTIONS ABOUT MY PRESENTATION? >> LET'S SEE. SOMEONE HAVE QUESTIONS WE WANT TO ASK MICHAEL AND YOU CAN SAVE THEM FOR LATER. OKAY. >> I'M JUST CURIOUS ABOUT THE SPECIFICS THAT YOU MENTION, THE ONE IN SIX AND ONE IN THREE HAVING AN INDEPENDENT LAB. IS THAT AN NIH -- >> -- COOKING THE STATISTICS THERE. >> YES. I THOUGHT THEY WERE A LITTLE -- >> SO WHAT I SAID, YOU SEE YOU HAVE TO LISTEN CAREFULLY WHEN SCIENTISTS ARE TALKING. I SAID IT IS TRUE STATISTICALLY ABOUT ONE IN SIX PEOPLE WHO GET PH.D.'S IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH IDEAS, THEY'LL HAVE THEIR OWN LABORATORIES AT SOME POINT IN THEIR CAREERS. SO THAT'S ONE IN SIX. THEN I SAID THAT OUT OF THE POSITIONS HERE, WE HAVE ONE IN THREE OF THE PEOPLE WHO GET POSITIONS HERE ARE MOST DOCKS HERE. AND WE -- POST DOCS HERE. WE HAVE ONE IN SIX OF THE TOTAL PIS. SO YOUR ODDS OF GETTING A JOB HERE IS TWICE AS GOOD AS IF YOU CAME FROM SOME PLACE ELSE. THEREFORE AND THIS IS A LITTLE LOGICAL EXTENSION. YOU'RE TWICE AS GOOD AS PEOPLE ELSEWHERE YOU COULD ARGUE THAT I SUPPOSE. ONE IN CIRCUMSTANCE WHO GET JOBS SHOULD BE ONE IN THREE HERE. KATHY WILL SHOW YOU STATISTICS ABOUT NIAID. I DON'T HAVE OVERALL STATISTICS ALTHOUGH WE CAN GET THEM. IT'S ROUGHLY IN THAT RANGE OF PEOPLE WHO ARE ACADEMIC IN GOVERNMENT JOBS, PROBABLY MANY INDEPENDENTS. IT'S IN THAT RANGE OF THE PEOPLE WHO HAVE BEEN HERE. >> SO MICHAEL, HERE IN WASHINGTON, IT SEEMS TO ME THAT MAYBE MORE THAN IN OTHER PLACES IN THE COUNTRY WERE INUNDATED WITH THE DAILY NEWS COMING FROM DOWNTOWN. AND I HOPE THE MAKES EVERYBODY WORRIED ABOUT WHAT THE FUTURE PROSPECTS ARE FOR PARTICULARLY YOUNG PEOPLE AT A CRITICAL DECISION-MAKING. WHAT WOULD YOU ADVISE? >> SO I WOULD ADVISE THAT YOU DON'T LISTEN TO THE NEWS BECAUSE IT IS DEPRESSING ON A REGULAR BASIS. LET ME JUST SAY THAT OVER THE THINGS, ALMOST 40 YEARS I'VE BEEN AT N IT H IVMENTDIH I'VE SEEN THEM GO UP AND DOWN. ON THE AVERAGE IT'S DOUBLE OVER TEN YEARS IN REAL MONEY. SO THAT'S QUITE IN ADVANCE WERE KUFNLINCOMING OFF OF DOUBLING WHICH HAPPENED ABOUT EIGHT YEARS AGO. SO WE'RE DUE ANY MOMENT NOW FOR ANOTHER BIG INCREASE THAT WILL ALLOW US OVER THE NEXT SEVERAL YEARS TO DOUBLE AGAIN. THE CURRENT ECONOMIC CLIMATE DOESN'T SUGGEST THAT'S ABOUT TO HATCH. BUT OVER TIME I THINK IT WILL AND I THINK WHEN THE PEOPLE WHO ARE IN THIS ROOM ARE GETTING OUT THERE IN LET'S SAY FIVE OR SIX YEARS AND REALLY AT THE PEAK OF THEIR POWER THAT WE WILL BE PROBABLY AT ANOTHER PEAK OF NIH SUPPORT. YOU JUST HAVE TO HANG IN THERE, YOU HAVE TO HANG ON, YOU HAVE TO FIND A WAY TO CONTINUE TO DO YOUR SCIENCE TO BECOME, REMAIN INTELLECTUALLY ACTIVE. IT REALLY IS A CAREER WORTH HAVING. AND SOMETIMES THINGS ARE A LITTLE WORSE AND SOMETIMES THEY'RE BETTER. WE DO ENJOY VERY GOOD-BYE PARTISAN SUPPORT -- GOOD BIPARTISAN SUPPORT. I JUST TOLD YOU NOT TO READ THE NEWSPAPER. THERE'S AN ARTICLE ABOUT A GROUP OF CONGRESSMAN INCLUDING TWO CONSERVATIVE REPUBLICANS AND ONE CONSERVATIVE DEMOCRAT WHO WERE POINTING OUT THAT THE INVESTMENT WHICH MAY HAVE BEEN -- LED TO DISCOVERY OF VIRUSES, BACTERIA VIRUSES. THEY SEEM TO UNDERSTAND THAT THESE INVESTMENTS WERE WELL WORTH MAKE IS AND THEY WERE KIND OF STARTING. THESE THINGS RUN IN CYCLES. AND I THINK AS SOON AS PEOPLE REALIZE THAT OUR COMPETITIVENESS IN THE WORLD, THAT HOUR ABILITY TO MAKE CONTRIBUTIONS TO MEDICAL RESEARCHES LIMITED BY THE RELATIVELY LIMITED FUNDING. WE'RE NOT TALKING ABOUT HUGE AMOUNTS OF MONEY YOU NEED TO RUN A WAR FOR EXAMPLE. I'M TALKING ABOUT RELATIVELY SMALL AMOUNTS IN THE SCHEME OF THINGS. I'M OPTIMISTIC THAT PEOPLE WILL COME TO THEIR SENSES. AT THE PEAK OF THE PRODUCTIVITY THERE WILL BE MONEY TO SUPPORT YOUR RESEARCH. >> I WOULD LIKE TO ADD TO WHAT YOU JUST SAID THAT OUR FIRST LECTURE HERE WITH DR. FOCC EU6789CI, HEWENT DOWN TO CORK AND CONGRESS AND SHOWED THEM. THERE WAS ONE SPIKE AND THEY SAID WHAT'S THAT AND HE SAID THAT'S THE SPANISH FLU OF 1918. IT WAS REALLY COOL BECAUSE HE SAID THAT. THEN I UNDERSTOOD WHY THE NEXT DAY CONGRESS IS VERY MUCH INTERESTED IN THE N1H1 VIRUS. I WOULD SAY THAT THE RESEARCHERS AT NIH NEED TO GO DOWN TO CONGRESS WITH THEIR GRAPHS AND SHOW THEM THESE THINGS AND GET THEM INTERESTED AND ADVERTISE THEM. >> WE DO HAVE OPPORTUNITIES. WE'RE NOT SUPPOSED TO LOBBY CONGRESS, WE'RE NOT LEGALLY ALLOWED TO LOBBY CONGRESS EXCEPT CITIZENS. EVERYBODY IN THIS ROOM CAN WRITE TO YOUR CONGRESSMAN AND TELL HIM HOW IMPORTANT THIS IS. WE AS AN ORGANIZATION DON'T HAVE, CANNOT LOBBY SPECIFICALLY FOR SUPPORT FOR OUR ORGANIZATION. >> RIGHT. BUT I CAN SAY THAT OFTEN WE'RE ASKED TO COME DOWN TO -- ON VARIOUS TOPICS AND IT'S AT THAT TIME WE CAN INTRODUCE THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION, THE WORK THAT WE DO AND THE IMPACT OF THE WORK WE HAVE. I CAN ALSO SAY THAT MANY TIMES PEOPLE FROM DOWNTOWN WILL COME TO VISIT THE CLINICAL CENTER AND THERE'S AN OPPORTUNITY TO GET THEM TO TOUR AROUND AND TALK ABOUT CANCER AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES. YOU CAN'T LOBBY PER SE. THERE ARE LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES THAT WE OFTEN DEAL WITH STAFFERS AND CONGRESSMEN AND ASSOCIATED POLITICAL TYPES. >> RIGHT. >> YOU TRACED A LITTLE BIT OF THE HISTORY OF ONE EXPERIENCE. WHAT DO YOU SEE IN THE NEXT FEW YEARS BEING THE HOT TOPIC WHERE A LOT OF MONEY, IF THERE IS MONEY WOULD BE AND THE ROLE OF THE TRANSLATIONAL INSTITUTE BEING CREATED AND SO ON. >> SHE'S REFERRING TO THE FACT THAT NIH JUST GOT AUTHORIZED FOR AN INSTITUTE CALLED THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR ADVANCING TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE CALLED M CAT. AND THE CONCEPT BEHIND THIS IS THAT SOME OF THE DELAY IN BRINGING NEW THERAPIES TO PATIENTS WHO NEED THEM IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SYSTEM THAT WE CURRENTLY HAVE WHICH INVOLVES FARM SUIT CULL COMPANIES WHICH -- FARM SUI T PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES AND RARE DISEASES THAT DON'T HAVE A BIG MARKET IN TERMS OF SALES. MORE IS NEEDED FROM THE GOVERNMENT TO ACCELERATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF CERTAIN KINDS OF THERAPIES. NOT ONLY FOR RARE DISEASES BUT ACTUALLY FOR MORE COMMON DISEASES USING NEW APPROACHES TO DRUG DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT AND SO ON. IT'S VERY LITTLE MONEY BEING INVESTED IN THAT, SPECIFIC BECAUSE EACH OF THE INSTITUTES HAS ALREADY MADE A HUGE INVESTMENT. KATHY CAN TELL YOU NIAID HAS A HUGE INVESTMENT IN TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH. NCI HAS A HUGE INVESTMENT AND SO DO ALL THE OTHER INSTITUTES DO AS WELL. THIS IS THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. THE GOAL OF MOST OF THE DIRECTORS HERE IS TO ADVANCE THE TRAPS LATIONAL SCIENCE WITHIN THEIR INSTITUTE. I DON'T THINK THERE'S A BIG SHIFT. AS PEOPLE WHO MANAGE SCIENCE I THINK OF THE INTRAMURAL PROGRAM WHAT KIND OF SCIENCE WE DO HERE. IT'S CLEAR THERE HAS TO BE A BALANCE AND I MEF THA MENTION THAT IN TALKING ABOUT THESE REVOLUTIONS, THERE HAS TO BE A BALANCE ABOUT THE BASIC SCIENCE THAT WE NEED TO MOVE FORWARD AND THE APPROACH THAT WE USE TO APPLY THAT TO TRANSLATIONAL PROBLEMS. WE NEED TO DO BOTH. I DON'T SEE EITHER NIH WIDE OR INSTITUTION WIDE CHANGES IN THE NEED FOR THAT KIND OF BALANCE IN THE NEAR FUTURE. AS TO WHAT'S HOT, I MEAN I SORT OF THINK THAT GENOMIC IS HOT AND THAT EXTENDS TO THE MICRO BIOME FOR EXAMPLE. STEM CELLS ARE PRETTY HOT. ALTHOUGH I'M NOT SURE ABOUT STEM CELLS. WE'VE HAD THIS SUS BEFORE. I'M NOT -- DISCUSSION BEFORE. I'M NOT SURE PEOPLE NEED TO DO WHAT'S HOT, THEY NEED TO DO WHAT THEY THINK IS IMPORTANT. FRVE IS DOING THE SAME THING WE'LL NEVER GET ANY PLACE. >> THANK YOU I'M ON NEXT AND HOPEFULLY WON'T DEPRESS YOU BUT WILL MAKE YOU FEEL MORE COMFORTABLE THAT THE FUTURE IS A LITTLE BIT BRIGHTER. I PUT THIS UP THERE BECAUSE ONE, WE'RE DOING COMPUTING AND CLOUD COMPUTING. THAT'S PROBABLY NOT GOING TO HELP US FIGURE OUT THE FUTURE VERY WELL. IT'S PROBABLY -- WHICH PROBABLY REPRESENTS OUR FUNDING. BUT WHEN WE LOOK AT OPPORTUNITIES, I THINK THE FUTURE IS REASONABLY OPTIMISTIC AND I THINK MICHAEL ALLUDED TO THE FACT THAT YES THE BUDGET ISN'T GREAT RIGHT NOW, IT'S CYCLIC. IF YOU LOOK AT THE FUTURE OF FUNDING AND THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE BUDGET, WHEN THERE IS A RECESSION, THERE'S ALWAYS THE FEAR OF WHAT'S CALLED THE DOUBLE DIFFICULT RECESSION. AND IN THE DOUBLE DIP IT LASTS LONGER AND THERE'S GOING TO BE MORE PRESSURE ON THE BUDGET. I DO THINK IN TERMS OF AN INVESTMENTED IN DIFFICULT DIFFICULT INVESTMENT IN OPPORTUNITY RESEARCH IS ONE OF THE INVESTMENTS OUR GOVERNMENT CAN MAKE. THAT'S REALLY AN IMPORTANT POINT. A LOT OF HYPE GOES ON AND THAT'S WHY MICHAEL ALLUDED TO WHEN YOU READ THE NEWSPAPERS DON'T GET TOO DEPRESSED. HOWEVER THERE IS A SHINING LIGHT. I WAS TALKING WITH DR. FOCCI THE OTHER DAY AND HE MENTIONED THAT THE CHAIRMAN OF THE HOUSE APPROPRIATIONS COMMITTEE WHO IS OBVIOUSLY REPUBLICAN IS VERY INTERESTED IN THE NIH. THAT WAS NOT A CASE, I HAVE TO TELL YOU. SOME OF THIS IS ACTUALLY BRINGING NEW PEOPLE IN AND I BELIEVE GOVERNMENT -- I STARTED IN 1975 AND I HAVE TO SAY FROM MY EXPERIENCE IN GOVERNMENT, THERE'S BEEN AS MUCH INTEREST ON BOTH SIDES OF THE PARTIES IN SCIENCE AND RESEARCH SUPPORTED IN SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT WAYS AND DIFFERENT APPROACHES. BUT I WOULD NOT TAKE THE POLITICAL SYSTEM AND TRY TO POLITICIZE THE SUPPORT FOR SCIENCE. I DO THINK OVERALL SCIENCE IS VALUED AND CERTAINLY WITH IMPACT ON HEALTH AND THE HEALTH OF THIS COUNTRY AND IT HAS ECONOMIC VALUE WITHIN THE UNITED STATES ITSELF. BUT IF YOU LOOK OVER SEES AND THE INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND IT'S GOING O THE ABILITY TO HAVE VACCINES IN AFRICA, FOR INSTANCE, DO CURE DISEASES, IT'S A LARGE IMPACT NOT ONLY IN THE HEALTH OF THE POPULATION BUT ON THE ECONOMY OF THE POPULATION, THEIR ABILITY TO GROW 23 THEY'RE IN GOOD HEALTH -- IF THEY'RE IN GOOD HEALTH, THEY CAN WORK AND HAVE GOOD FAMILIES AND PEOPLE THRIVE. SO MY FRIENDS SAY WE TEND TO THINK AND LOOK AT SCIENCE AS A UNIQUE ENTITY, BUT CERTAINLY SCIENCE IS INTEGRATED INTO OUR WHOLE LIVES AND THE ROBUSTNESS OF SCIENCE IN OUR ABILITY TO DO SCIENCE IS REALLY RELATED TO THE HEALTH OF OUR COUNTRY AND ECONOMY. MY SENSE IS MORE PEOPLE WILL RECOGNIZE THIS AND YOU WILL SEE SOME FAIRLY RADICAL VIEWS OF SCIENCE THAT ARE PUBLICIZED IN THE PRESS. I THINK THERE'S A FAR MORE MODERATE VIEW OF SCIENCE. THAT'S WHY I SAY IT'S REASONABLY OPTIMISTIC. YOU NEVER KNOW WHEN A MISSILE FLIES IN AND BLOWS EIGHT YOU. AT THIS -- BLOWS IT UP. AT THIS POINT IN TIME I WOULD ENCOURAGE PEOPLE TO BE REALLY QUITE OP OPTIMISTIC. I WILL TALK ABOUT THE TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES AND CAREER EXOWNLING AND NET -- COUNSELING AND NETWORK. THIS IS IMPORTANT JUST TO REALLY MAKE SURE THAT FOLKS KNOW WHO LIVE HERE OR HAVE OPPORTUNITIES TO TAKE PART IN SOME OF THE ACTIVITIES OF NIH AT ALL LEVELS, JUST THERE'S SO MUCH GOING ON YOU MAY NOT ALWAYS BE AWARE OF EVERYTHING THAT YOU HAD AN OPPORTUNITY TO PARTICIPATE IN. SO I SHOW THIS WHEN WE HAVE HOUR POST DOC RETREAT FELLOWS AND WE TEND TO REALLY KIND OF CATEGORIZE THINGS AND THE HOLY GRAIL IS AN INDEPENDENT ACADEMIC SCIENCE WHETHER IT BE IN THE UNIVERSITIES OR AT A PRIVATE INSTITUTION. BUT I HAVE TO TELL YOU, THERE ARE MANY FULFILLING JOBS IN SCIENCE AND I, YOU KNOW, I WOULD REALLY ENCOURAGE PEOPLE TO KEEP AN OPEN MIND JUST BECAUSE YOU GO ON ONE PATHWAY DOESN'T MEAN YOU MOVE ON TO DIFFERENT PATHWAYS. AND OPPORTUNITY SOMETIMES KNOCKS AND I THINK 9 ONE THING AGAIN IS A PREPARED MIND CAN REALLY TAKE ADVANTAGE OF OPPORTUNITY WHEN IT KNOCKS. I MISSED HERE FOR PH.D.ES AND MDS, THERE'S JUST A WHOLE HOST OF VERY CHALLENGING AND INTERESTING JOBS BESIDES BEING AN INDEPENDENT RESEARCHER. WHICH I THINK IS PHENOMENAL, I LOVE IT. BUT I HAVE TO TELL YOU THAT TEACHING HAS, IS A REWARDING CAREER. OF OUR SCIENTISTS HAVE GONE INTO TEACHING AND REALLY THRIVE ON IT AND LOVE IT. THEY CAN GO INTO INDUSTRY. AND IN FACT, MANY OF THE PEOPLE HERE AT NIH ARE COVETED BY INDUSTRY BECAUSE OF WHAT THEY'VE LEARNED HERE. NOT ONLY FOR THEIR BASIC SCIENCE BUT AS MICHAEL SAYS, THE OPPORTUNITY TO DO TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND IN THE CLINIC WHICH IS FUNDAMENTAL IF YOU'RE DOING DRUG DEVELOPMENT IN INDUSTRY YOU NEED TO HAVE GOOD CLINICAL SCIENCE AND YOU NEED TO HAVE GOOD SCIENCE AND GOOD ANIMAL CARE AND TESTING SCIENCE. SO THE GOVERNMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES INDUSTRY ARE INTEGRATIVELY INTERESTED. THE CENTER FOR BY LOGICS AND CENTER FOR DRUGS -- BEING AWARE OF THAT, I HAVE TO TELL YOU WHEN I STARTED OUT, I STARTED OUT AT NIH AND THEN WEDNESDAY OVER TO THE FDA. I'LL TELL YOU A LITTLE BIT ABOUT THAT LATER. IF SOMEBODY THINKS THEY ARE GOING TO HAVE PROBLEMS GETTING THE JOB, YOU SPEND A YEAR OR TWO AT THE FDA AND THEN FOLLOW THE INDUSTRY JUST DIES TO HAVE SOMEBODY COME AND WORK WITH THEM AND HAS EXPERIENCE BOTH AT NIH AND RESEARCH WITH FDA KNOWING ALL THE REGULATIONS AND RULES AND THINGS THAT APPLY TO DRUG DEVELOPMENT. SO I THINK -- AND THEY PAY BETTER THAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH JOBS. SO KEEP AN OPEN MIND. WE DEAL A LOT IN TERMS OF WITH OTHER SISTER AGENCIES AND DEPARTMENTS, HAS A VERY ACTIVE RESEARCH DEPARTMENT. IF YOU GO UP IN MULTIPLE PARTS OF THE COUNTRY DURING INFECTIOUS DISEASE WORK, THEY DO WORK ON A VARIETY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OVER MEDICINES, ETCETERA. FOR THOSE OF US IN THE BASIC SCIENCE THAT'S ANOTHER AREA. THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE IS QUITE INTERESTING. WE HAVE A HUGE GLOBAL HEALTH PROGRAM NOW. SO THEY ARE RECRUITING PH.D.ES, THEY'RE RECRUITING MDS IN CONJUNCTION WITH -- WHICH IS REALLY WORKING ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND STUDY OVER DRUGS FOR HIV AND LIGHT INSTITUTIONS, THE BILL AND LINDA GATES FOUNDATION ARE VERY VERY INTERESTED IN SUPPORTING VACCINE DEVELOPMENT, ESPECIALLY IN AFRICA AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES BECAUSE THEY SEE THE LINK OF GOOD HEALTHY POPULATIONS TO ECONOMIC GROWTH AND HEALTH. IF YOU LOOK AT THIS, YOU WILL SEE JUST A WIDE RANGE OF OPPORTUNITIES. I THINK ALL OF THEM ARE REALLY QUITE INTERESTING AND I'M QUITE HE CAN SIGHTING. AND QUITE EXCITING. BEYOND THE BENCH, THERE IS QUITE A NEED FOR WELL EDUCATED SCIENTIFIC PEOPLE AND ESPECIALLY YOU HAVE PEOPLE TRAINED HERE AT NIH. I JUST PUT THIS UP HERE BECAUSE OUR MISSION AT BOTH NIH AND NIAID IS QUITE HONESTLY TO REALLY DO RESEARCH TO SUPPORT THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH BUT IT'S ACTUALLY THE TRAINING AND SCIENCE. WE TAKE THIS VERY VERY SERIOUSLY WITHIN THE INTRAMURAL PROGRAM. AND I THINK I WOULD JUST SAY BETWEEN MICHAEL AND I, WE PROBABLY WOULD SEND MANY HOURS WITH THE SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS ON VARIOUS INITIATIVES REALLY TRYING TO IMPROVE THE MEANT TRICK OF OUR I DON'T HAVE MENTORING OF OUR TRAINEES WHICH IS REALLY IMPORTANT, THE FUTURE OF OUR SCIENCE PROGRAMS IS REALLY HOW GOOD A JOB WE DID IN TRAINING YOU ALL. SO THIS IS SOME OF THE CAREER OPPORTUNITIES WITHIN NIAID INFECINFECTIOUS DISEASES. NIAID HAS SORT OF BIFURCATED MISSION AND I WOULD SAY IN SOME SENSE BECAUSE IN ONE ASPECT WE LIKE MOST OF THE INSTITUTES DO, OUR BASIC RESEARCH AND OUR CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH. BUT IN A CRISES, THERE COULD BE A NEW INFECTION AND EVERYBODY NEEDS TO FOCUS ON THAT NEW INFECTION AS BEST WE CAN. AND PART OF THE BEAUTY OF THE INTRAMURAL PROGRAM IS IT ALLOWS US TO CHANGE DIRECTION AND DEAL WITH A COMPLEX CRITICAL PROBLEM THAT MIGHT BE FACING US WITHOUT HAVING TO WRITE GRANTS AND TO MOVE ON AND WAIT FOR THE MONEY TO COME. WE COULD ACTUALLY REALIGN OUR EXPERTISE TO A SITUATION. WE DID THIS IN A NUMBER OF CASES WITH INFLUENZA, WITH WEST NILE VIRUS, WITH SARS. THESE ARE THINGS THAT HAVE COME UP WE'VE HAD TO TURN ON A DIME AND REALLY REORIENT OUR RESEARCHERS TO DEAL WITH THESE IMPORTANT HEALTH PROBLEMS. AND YOU PARTURE SEE THAT DR. FOCCI WILL BE A SPOKESPERSON FOR THE DEPARTMENT AND EVEN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OVERALL ON REALLY CRITICAL ISSUES. THAT'S REALLY BECAUSE OF THE THAT PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECT THAT OFTEN COMES UP. BIODEFENSIVE OF RECENT TIMES FOR THE LAST SIX, SEVEN YEARS HAS BEEN AN ISSUE AND ONE THAT WE HAVE IN THIS PROGRAM, WE HAVE SEVERAL BSL, THREE LABS OUT IN MONTANA WE HAVE A FUNCTIONING BLS OUT THERE WHERE WE DO WORK ON POTENTIAL BIODEFENSE RELATED AGENCY, BOLA. WE ALSO HAVE A VARIETY OF IMYEW LOGIC PEOPLE VIRUSES THAT WE'RE WORKING ON OUT THERE. SO THIS IS REALLY HIGH INTENSITY RESEARCH. PEOPLE HAVE TO WEAR SUITS AND IT'S RATHER LABORIOUS AND REALLY CRITICAL AND LOTS OF OVERSIGHT BY REGULATORY AUTHORITY. IT IS PRETTY COMPLICATED. OUR BREAD AND BUTTER IS OUR ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY. IT'S ONE OF OUR STRENGTH COMPONENTS. THIS IS AN AREA OF ACTIVE INTERESTS. IMYEIMMUNOLOGY PROGRAM HAVE VERY INTERESTING AND IMPORTANT. WE DO A PRIMARY IMMUNE DEFICIENCY CLINIC WHERE WE SEE PATIENTS WITH VERY RARE IMMUNE DISORDERS AND WE TRY TO UNDERSTAND GENETICALLY WHAT THE PROBLEM IS AND THEN LOOK FOR OPPORTUNITIES TO FIX THEM. ALLERGY. THIS IS HALF OF THE PEOPLE IN THIS ROOM KNOW IS VERY IMPORTANT. I THINK WE NEED TO DO MORE NALG NALG ANALOGY AND IF WE EVER GET ANY MORE MONEY AGAIN THIS IS WHERE I WOULD LIKE TO INVEST IT. HALF OF THE PEOPLE AROUND ARE READING THE POLICIES AND -- IS MY DIRECTION IN THAT AREA. AS MICHAEL SAID, COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY NO MATTER WHAT AREA IN INFECT SCIOUS DISEASES. THIS IS WHERE YOU'RE PUTTING SOME OF OUR RESOURCES AS WELL. AND GLOBAL HEALTH. MUCH ABOUT PROGRAMS AT NIAID ARE INFECTION DISEASES AND PUT A LOT OF EFFORT INTO MALARIA AND SOME OF THESE, SOME RARE GLOBAL DISEASES WHICH THEY ARE NEGLECTED DISEASES, RIVER BLINDNESS AND THINGS LIKE THAT WHEN WHICH I THINK ARE VERY IMPORTANT ESPECIALLY FOR HEALTH. WE WORK VERY CLOSELY WITH THE BILL AND LINDA GATES FOUNDATION AS WELL AS THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION IN WORKING WITH FOLKS AS WELL AS OPPORTUNITIES FOR YOU. I MEAN, AS SCIENTISTS, WHO HIRES A LARGE NUMBER OF PEOPLE FROM VARIOUS COUNTRIES TO WORK ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND OTHER HEALTH RELATED AREAS. OF COURSE THE BILL AND MELINDA GATES FOUNDATION IS VERY INTERESTED IN VASCULAR SEANTZ. VASCULAR -- VACCINES. SO THIS IS GOING THROUGH SOME OF OUR BSC BOOKS NOW, I'LL TRY TO GIVE YOU A PICTURE. THIS IS FROM OUR BSC'S FROM DECEMBER 2010 TO DECEMBER 2011. WE PICK OUT ALL THE DATA WHERE THE -- FROM THE LAST FOUR YEARS THAT WERE IN THE LAB, WHERE DID THEY GO AND WHAT ARE THEY DOING NOW. I THOUGHT YOU WOULD FIND THIS QUITE INTERESTING. WHAT YOU'LL SEE IS ABOUT 38% OF THEM WENT TO ACADEMIA WHICH IS A PRETTY HIGH PERCENTAGE. AND THEN IF YOU LOOK AT GOVERNMENT, ABOUT 9%. THAT'S ABOUT 47%, ALMOST HALF THAT ARE ACTUALLY STILL IN SOME KIND OF ACADEMIC SCIENTIFIC POSITION. SO I THINK THAT'S A FAIRLY GOOD STATEMENT. A NUMBER OF THEM WENT ON ABOUT 12% TO DO AN ADDITIONAL POST DOC. ABOUT 20% OF THEM WENT INTO INDUSTRY. THOSE NUMBERS ARE PRETTY, I THINK MICHAEL, I THINK THEY'RE PRETTY COINCIDENT WITH WHAT YOU SAID. THEN WE HAVE OTHERS AND PEOPLE GOING INTO MAYBE MORE ADMINISTRATIVE POSITIONS. SOME OF THEM WE CAN PROGRAM OFFICERS IN THE EXTRAMURAL PROGRAM. BUT I THINK THERE'S LOTS OF REALLY INTERESTING OTHER POSITIONS THAT PEOPLE HAVE GONE INTO. AS FAR AS OUR MEDICAL FELLOWS, ABOUT 20% GO INTO PHARMACEUTICAL INTERESTS, IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY OR GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATIONS, ABOUT 20% GO INTO PRIVATE PRACTICE. AND THE REST TAB ESTABLISH THEIR OWN LABS AT MEDICAL SCHOOL. THEY HAVE A REALLY QUITE HIGH SUCCESS RATE AS WELL. AND MICHAEL, I WOULD SPEND A LOT OF TIME ON THIS AND I'LL MAKE THESE SLIEZ AVAILABL SLIDES AVAILABLE IF Y OU WANT TO PUT THEM ON THE WEBSITE. SOME OF THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT. WE HAVE A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT PROGRAMS FOR CLINICIANS AS WELL AS RESEARCHERS OVERALL IN SPECIALIZED TRAINING. DR. WILSON GIVES A TRAINING COURSE TO CREATE EXPERTISE IN BIO SAFETY AND BIO CONTAINMENT AND THESE PEOPLE HAVE VERY IMPORTANT JOBS IN HIGH CONTAINMENT FACILITIES. WE HAVE A MALARIA INFECTION BIOLOGY AND RESEARCH TRAINING PROGRAM AND THEN WE HAVE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFERENCE INTERNSHIP. QUITE A LIST OF TRAINING COURSES. THIS IS A LIST OF SOME THAT ARE AVAILABLE. I THINK PEOPLE SHOULD BE AWARE OF THIS. BECAUSE THESE ARE TOOLS IN YOUR TOOL CHEST FOR WHEN YOU GO OUT AND START LOOKING FOR A JOB TO MAKE YOU EVEN MORE VALUABLE. THERE ARE A LOT OF CAREER SERVICES AT NIH AND NIAID AT THE OFFICE OF INTRAMURAL TRAINING AND EDUCATION WITH CAREER COUNSELING TO TRAINEES AND HELP ASSIST TRAINEES WITH THEIR FUTURE AND OUR INSTITUTE ALSO PROVIDES SUPPORT IN THAT SENSE. AND THEN THE OTHER THINGS YOU SHOULD TAKE ADVANTAGE OF ARE ALL THE VARIOUS COURSES THAT ARE AVAILABLE TO HELP YOU BE SUCCESSFUL. IT'S NOT ONLY THAT YOU DO GOOD SCIENCE, BUT THAT YOU PRESENT YOURSELF WELL AND THAT YOU MAKE IT UNDERSTANDABLE AND THAT YOU SELL YOURSELF AND THAT YOU NETWORK PROPERLY. BECAUSE ALL OF THAT IS REALLY IMPORTANT TO BE SUCCESS F IN ACHIEVING YOUR GOALS IN WHATEVER AREA YOU DECIDE TO GO IN. AND AS MICHAEL SAID, THERE ARE MANY TYPES OF POSITIONS WITHIN THE GOVERNMENT THAT ARE STAFF SCIENTISTS, STAFF CLINICIANS, EXTRAMURAL MEDICAL OFFICERS AND SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM OFFICERS. THERE'S TENURE TRACK AND TEN YOU'D SCIENCES POSITIONS DEPEND -- TENURED SCIENCES DEPENDING ON WHICH STAIFNL PEOPLE ARE IN THEIR CAREER. AS MICHAEL ALLUDED TO THERE'S A TENURE PROGRAM WHICH IS TRANSNIH WITH THE LASKER CLINICAL SCHOLARS RESEARCH PROGRAM. WE HAVE MANY ADMINISTRATIVE POSITIONS THAT PEOPLE WITH PH.D.s BECOME SENIOR LAB MANAGERS AND ACTUALLY RUN A LOT OF OUR LABS NOW, HELPING OUT THE LABS. AND THEN THERE ARE NUMEROUS POLICY POSITIONS, BOTH IN THE INSTITUTES AND IN NIH CENTRAL. SO ALL OF THESE ARE PH.D. AND MD RELATED TYPE POSITIONS. A NUMBER OF OUR FOLKS ARE TRIPLE A SCHOLARS AND I THINK TAKE ONE OR TWO YEARS TO GO AND REALLY GET SOME MORE EXPERIENCE IN THIS AREA. IF POLICY IS YOUR THING. WE HAVE A CLINICAL TRANSITION PROGRAM WHICH IS THE CLINICAL REGIONAL INVESTIGATOR WHERE YOU GET COURSES FOR FIVE YEARS WITH SOME MENTORING FROM THE SENIOR INVESTIGATOR TO GIVE YOU AN OPPORTUNITY THEN TO APPLY SUCCESSFULLY FOR OUTSIDE POSITIONS AND WITHIN THE NIH FOR A CLINICAL TENURE TRACK. WE ALSO HAVE A TRANSNIAID CLINICAL TENURE TRACK PROGRAM THAT WE RECRUIT TO. AND THESE, OTHER POSITIONS AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS LIKE FDA AND CDC. ALL OF WHICH ARE, RELY ON HAVING REALLY ADVANCED DEGREES IN SCIENCE AND ARE QUITE INTERESTING. I JUST WANTED TO MENTION HERE THAT THERE'S ALSO K22 AND K99. THAT'S ONE THING IF I WOULD RECOMMEND PEOPLE, IF YOU'RE GOING TO GO IN ACADEMIA, YOU REALLY NEED TO GET EXPERIENCE WRITING GRANTS BECAUSE THE FIRST GRANT YOU MAY BE SUCCESS 2368FUL WITH BECAUSE OF THE INCREASE IN FUNDING INVESTIGATORS. BUT WHEN RUBBER MEETS THE ROAD WHEN YOU WANT TO DO YOUR FIRST RENEWAL, YOU REALLY REALLY NEED TO SPEND TIME TO MAKE SURE YOU LEARN HOW TO WRITE A GOOD GRANT. I THINK NIH IS REALLY TRYING TO TO THE MORE EFFORT INTO ASSISTING OUR YOUNG POST DOCS WITH THIS BECAUSE, AND ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS WHERE THEY POST DOC, THEY HELP ALL THE TIME WRITE GRANTS FOR THEIR AS ADVISORS. ONE THING I WOULD ADVISE OUR YOUNG PEOPLE IS REALLY GET THAT KIND OF EXPERIENCE AND TAKE ADVANTAGE OF IT. THESE ARE JUST SOME OF THE GRANTS. I WON'T GO INTO THOSE BUT I JUST WANTED TO SPEND, I WANTED TO TALK ABOUT MY OWN COURIER AND HOW I GOT TO WHERE I GOT. WELL I STARTED AT -- POLY TECH INSTITUTE WHEN IT WAS PRACTICALLY AN ALL BOYS SCHOOL. AVENUES AN INTERESTING EXPERIENCE. -- IT WAS AN INTERESTING EXPERIENCE. I WAS THE ONLY GIRL IN THE RPI AT THE TIME AND THERE WERE 5,000 MEN AT THE TIME. SO IT WAS QUITE -- THE PROFESSORS WEREN'T QUITE SURE WHAT TO DO WITH US. WE REALLY THREW A CLUB INTO THEIR SPECKS AND SO IT WAS A CHALLENGING AND INTERESTING TIME. IT WAS FUN FOR A NUMBER OF REASONS. I WAS THE ONLY GIRL CHEMISTRY MAJOR IN MY CLASS. WE WOULD FORM THESE LITTLE STUDY GROUPS. AND YOU KNOW IT WAS INTERESTING IN THE DYNAMICS. IF NOTHING ELSE MUCH, IT HELPED ME SURVIVE IN A MAN'S WORLD. THERE'S SOMETHING TO SAY ABOUT THAT. AND YOU KNOW, THERE ARE CERTAIN, PEOPLE, MEN AND WOMEN ARE OBVIOUSLY DIFFERENT TO UNDERSTAND HOW TO SURVIVE BACK AT THAT TIME. I HAVE TO TELL YOU A FRIENDLY STORY BECAUSE ORIGINALLY I DIDN'T WANT TO GO TO RPR, I WANTED TO GO TO M.I.T. AND SO I WENT TO AN INTERVIEW AT SOME GUY'S HOUSE WHO WAS 100 YEARS OLD AND HE INTERVIEWS ME AND HE SAID HONEY, YOU WOULD MAKE A GREAT STUDENT AT M.I.T. TOO BAD YOU'RE A GIRL. SO THAT ENDED MY INTERVIEW FOR MIT. EVOLUTION WAS GREAT. THEN I CAME DOWN HERE AT MARYLAND AND AT THAT TIME I STARTED MY PH.D. AT JOHNS HOPKINS AND IT WAS A GREAT TIME. AS MICHAEL SAID, I WAS AT HOPKINS WHEN SMITH DISCOVERED THE FIRST RESTRICTION. I WAS WORKING ON HUH MAUVE LUST INFLUENT SHAW IN WILCOX WHO WAS IN SMITH'S LAB AT THAT TIME. WE WERE RIGHT ACROSS THE STREET FROM ONE ANOTHER. IT WAS REALLY FUN, AN EXCITING TIME. AND OBVIOUSLY IT LED TO AN EXPLOSION IN THE FIELD OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY WHICH TO THIS DAY WE'RE STILL REAPING THE REWARDS OF. SO HAVING HAD A PH.D. IN MICROBIOLOGY. I WANTED TO DO SOMETHING ELSE. HERE'S ANOTHER THING, REALLY WHEN YOU GO DO YOUR POST DOCS AND HAVE A CHANCE TO PITCH IN, TRY TO LEARN SOMETHING NEW BECAUSE IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT TO REALLY DIVERSIFY SO WHEN YOU'RE READY TO START YOUR OWN PROBLEM, YOU'LL REALLY HAVE SOME SENSE, SO I DID THAT I SWITCHED TO INTERFERON WHICH HAS POINTED ME TO THE REST OF MY LIFE AND I'M STILL WORKING ON IT. ROGER HARRIET WHO WAS HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT AND -- AT THAT TIME WHO WAS AT NIAID K AND HE SAID WELL WE MIGHT BE INTERESTED IN GOING DOWN AND WORKING WITH CHRIS. AND CHRIS HAD JUST GOTTEN THE NOBEL PRIZE A FEW YEARS EARLIER FOR HIS WORK ON -- AND THAT WAS REALLY EXCITING. THEN I WOULD VISIT THE LAB AND EVERYBODY TOLD ME HOW HORRIBLE 9 PROBLEM WAS -- HORRIBLE THE PROBLEM WAS WITH INTERFERON AND IT WAS FRUSTRATING. HE HAD A COUPLE OF POST DOCS WORKING THREE YEARS THAT EDGED UP PURIFYING AND SEQUENCING MYO GLOBIN HONE INSTEAD OF INTERFERON WHICH WAS QUITE DISAPPOINTING. INSPITE OF THAT I SAID OH HK LET'S GIVE IT A SHOT. AFTER FOUR YEARS WE GREW 800 LITER CULTURES -- CARRYING THESE CARD BOARDS ALL OVER THE PLACE. IT WAS GREAT BECAUSE CHRIS WOULD PULL UP HIS SLEEVES AND WORK SIDE BY SIDE. HE WAS A GREAT WORKER AND A GREAT PERSON. AND HIS LITTLE TRUISMS HAVE SERVED WELL OVER THE YEARS. ONE THING HE ALWAYS TOLD ME WHICH I THINK IS GOOD ADVICE FOR EVERYBODY. ALWAYS HAVE -- AT THAT TIME WE DIDN'T HAVE FLASH DRIVES. ALWAYS HAVE YOUR SLIDES READY AT ANY POINT IN TIME TO GIVE A SEMINAR ON WHAT YOU'RE WORKING ON BECAUSE YOU NEVER KNOW WHEN SOMEBODY'S GOING TO ASK YOU WHAT YOU'RE DOING. AND SO THAT HAS REALLY, I NEVER GO ANYWHERE. I ALWAYS HAVE MY LIFE OF TALKS IN MY PURSE WHEREVER I GO SO I CAN GIVE A TALK AND IT WORKS OUT REALLY WELL. AT THAT POINT IN TIME I SPENT ABOUT FIVE YEARS AT NIH. IT WAS AT THA AT THE TIME OF THE BIOTECH REVOLUTION AND I HAD PURIFIED INTERFERON AND WE WERE THE FIRST TO SEQUENCE INTERFERON AND AT THAT POINT GENOME TECH THEN CLONED ALL THE GENES. SO THAT WAS REALLY, THERE WAS GOING TO BE A LOT OF INTEREST IN CLONING THESE PRODUCTS AND HAVING THEM FOR CLINICAL USE. THE FDA DIDN'T HAVE ANYBODY AT THAT TIME THAT COULD DO THIS. THEY REALLY WANTED ME TO COME OVER THERE. SO I STARTED OUT AS A PI OVER IN THE CENTER FOR BY LOGIC BIOLOGICS AND THEN I BECAME A DIVISION CENTER AND THEN I BECAME THE CENTER DIRECTOR. SO IT BROUGHT ME A COUPLE THINGS. ONE, TO SURVIVE? A POLITICALLY CHARGED ENVIRONMENT. ONE TO DEAL WITH VERY TOUGH PROBLEMS BECAUSE AT THAT TIME WHEN I BECAME THE CENTER DIRECTOR, WE WERE STILL ON THE BACK END OF THE HIV CRISES WITH CONTAMINATED BLOOD AND WE HAD TO CLEAN UP THE BLOOD SUPPLY AND GET ALL THE TESTING CLEARED UP AND MAKE SURE NOT ONLY FOR HIV BUT HPD AND HCD THAT ALL OF THE DETECTION METHODS WERE VALIDATED AND PROPERLY WORKING. SO THERE WAS A HUGE MESS TO CLEAN UP BECAUSE OF THE HIV AND THE BLOOD SUPPLY ISSUES AS MANY OF YOU KNOW THAT OCCURRED. SO THAT WAS A BIG THING. BUT THEN BIOTECHNOLOGY WAS STILL EXPLODING AND GENE THERAPY WAS STARTING TO COME ALONG AND REALLY EXPLODE. SO THERE WERE COLONIAL ANTIBODIES AND -- COLONIAL ANTIBODIES AND CYTOKINES. I WOULDN'T TRIED IT FOR A MINUTE BUT ONE CAVEAT WITH THAT BECAUSE THIS IS A GREAT STORY. I LOVE THIS STORY AND I TRIED TO TELL IT TO EVERYBODY I CAN. SO IN THE TIME WHEN WHEN THE TWIN TOWERS WERE STRUCK AND IT WAS DEVASTATING, I WAS ON THE FIRM WITH, OH MY GOD, WHAT'S THE, NOT TONY, THE NIH DIRECTOR, THE WOMAN. YOU KNOW HER, BERNADINE HILLY, SHE WAS HEAD OF THE RED CROSS AT THAT TIME. I'M ON MY WAY BACK FROM WASHINGTON BECAUSE I WAS IN THE HHS GIVING A A BRIEFING AT THOMPSON AT THE TIME BECAUSE WE WERE TRYING TO PREPARE FOR THE FLU VACCINE THAT YEAR WHEN THE TWIN TOWERS WERE STRUCK. THE BIGGEST ISSUE WE WERE DEALING WITH RIGHT THEN WAS ABOUT THE BLOOD CRISES BECAUSE WE THOUGHT THERE WILL BE PEOPLE, HOW ARE WE GOING TO DEAL WITH ALL THESE PEOPLE THAT COULD BE INJURED AND GIVE THEM TRANSFUSIONS. SO I WAS ON THE PHONE WITH BERNADINE HILLY, AND I REMEMBER MY PEOPLE SAYING WE COULD SET UP THESE STATIONS ON BRIDGES AROUND NEW YORK WHICH WOULD DO TESTING AS WELL AS POTENTIALLY DOING, BECAUSE THE HOSPITALS WERE GOING TO BE POTENTIALLY ALERTED. UNFORTUNATELY THERE WERE NO SURVIVORS SO THAT WAS SOMETHING THAT DIDN'T COME TO PASS SO TRYING TO DEAL WITH HOW WE WERE GOING TO TRIAGE AND STAGE SOME OF THESE THINGS WAS QUITE AN EXPERIENCE. AND I HAVE TO SAY EVERYBODY DID EVERYTHING TO PULL IT TOGETHER. IT WAS QUITE AN EXPERIENCE. SO FOLLOWING THAT AS YOU MAY KNOW OR MAY NOT KNOW, THE SCARE WHERE THEY HAD SENT DOWN THE ENVELOPES TO THE CONGRESS PEOPLE WITH ANTHRAX. PART OF THIS WITH THE MILITARY OVER IN IRAQ, THEY WERE VACCINATING PEOPLE FOR ANTHRAX WITH THE ANTHRAX VACCINE. SO WE HAD A CONTROVERSIES OVER THE SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF THE ANTHRAX VACCINE AT THAT TIME. SO AS A RESULT WHENEVER THERE'S CONTROVERSIES THERE'S HEARINGS. I WAS WORKING WITH DOD TO GET A NEW ANTHRAX VACCINE MADE AND GET IT AVAILABLE. SO CONGRESS WAS ALL CONCERNED. SO SOME PEOPLE, THERE WAS THE VACCINE SAFETY PEOPLE WHO HATED VACCINES BECAUSE THEY THOUGHT VACCINES WERE BAD AND THEY HAD SIDE EFFECTS AND THERE WERE CHILDREN EXAMINE GRAND BABIES SICK AND -- AND GRAND BABIES SICK AND WE NEEDED TO VACCINATE EVERYBODY TO PROTECT THE PUBLIC. WE HAD THESE TWO CAMPS. I WENT TO THE HOUSE FOR A HEARING AND I'LL NEVER FORGET THIS, DAN BURTON WAS THERE AND HE WAS SIT IS AT THE TABLE AND HE GOES DOCTOR, YOU HAVE NO TROUBLE PUTTING AN AX THROUGH THE HEAD OF A FARM SUI PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANY WHEN THEY MAKE A PRODUCT WHERE ARE YOU MAKING, WHY IS DOD GETTING OFF SO EASY. I SEE DOD BASICALLY IS NOT MAKING THE PRODUCT, THEY'RE USING A PRODUCT AND THAT'S THE PRO OPRODUCT OF MEDICINE. WE DON'T REGULATE THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE. HE WAS RAGGING ON ME FOR ABOUT 20 MINUTES. THE NEXT DAY I WENT TO A HEARING AT THE SENATE AND THEY SAID FROM DOCTOR, WE WANT TO COMMEND YOU ON THE WONDERFUL JOB WE'VE BEEN DOING ON THE ANTHRAX. SO THIS IS WITHIN TWO DAYS. SO WHAT YOU NEED TO ALWAYS REMEMBER IN WASHINGTON, IT'S A LOT OF WORK AND SO IT'S IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE. BUT DON'T FORGET THE MESSAGE AND SCIENCE IS IMPORTANT. IT'S SORT OF A DIVERSION BUT I THINK IT'S REALLY INTERESTING. I HOPE YOU ENJOYED SOME OF THOSE AMOUNT DOATS. THEN I CAME BACK TO NIH TO MY LOVE. I ALWAYS WANTED TO COME BACK TO NIH. AFTER I LEFT, I BECAME THE PRINCIPAL DEPUTY DIRECTOR FOR THE CENTER FOR CANCER RESEARCH AND NIAID LURED ME AWAY BECAUSE TOM KENT WAS GETTING READY TO RETIRE AND HE SAID I THINK YOU WOULD MAKE A GOOD ONE. ALSO, I COULDN'T REFUSE SO THAT'S HOW I CAME BACK HERE. I JUST WANT TO SAY THANK YOU. I THINK REALLY THE BOTTOM LINE HERE IS THE FUTURE IS WHAT YOU MAKE OF IT AND EMBRACE OPPORTUNITIES AND GO FOR IT. [APPLAUSE] >> ANY QUESTIONS? CAN I ADD JUST A LITTLE WORD TO THIS. THE LOGO FOR THIS COURSE,OU SAW IN THE BEGINNING WHICH IS A PICTURE OF THE MOST FAMOUS BRIDGE IN THE WORLD. AND IT'S A GOOD SYMBOL BECAUSE, AND I ANY IT APPLIES VERY MUCH TO ALL OF US BUT PARTICULARLY TO YOU YOUNGER PEOPLE WHO ARE DEVELOPING YOUR CAREER. AND THAT IS YOU'VE GOT TO BE ABLE TO COMMUNICATE ACROSS BARRIERS. AND I READ SOMEWHERE, I THINK HE WAS A GERMAN NEW NUTRITIONALLIST DEFINES THE DILEMMA HAVING THESE EXPLOSIONS GOING ON IN GREAT RANGE OF SCIENCE. THERE'S A LIMITED NUMBER THAT YOU CAN TAKE IT. MAYBE THAT'S A BAD EXAMPLE BUT THE POINT IS YOU HAVE TO LEARN TO COMMUNICATE AND FOR THAT YOU HAVE TO LEARN A BIT OF LANGUAGE. IN A WAY THAT'S WHAT WE TRY TO DO AND THIS JUST, A SOMEWHAT ELEMENTARY COURSE TO DISMYSTIFY SOME OF THE LANGUAGE WHICH WILL MAKE IT POSSIBLE FOR YOU TO CONVERSE WITH PEOPLE WHO COME FROM OTHER, NOT ONLY OTHER INSTITUTES BUT THE CLINICAL PEOPLE, EVERYBODY. SO SOMEBODY, EVER HAS SOMETHING TO SHARE AND TO TEACH ABOUT WHAT THEY'RE DOING. AND THERE'S OFTEN A RELUCTANCE, IF YOU'RE A YOUNG DIVORCE TO SIT DOWN WITH SOMEBODY. WHAT DO YOU DO AND WHY DO YOU DO IT. YOU'LL BE AMAZED WHAT HAPPENS SERENDIPITY IS A POWERFUL WEAPON IN SCIENCE. SO ENOUGH OF THAT. IN LOOKING TO THE FUTURE OF WHAT YOU WANT TO DO, I THINK THIS BUSINESS OF REACHING OUT AND GOING BEYOND THE RESTRICTION OF THE SLEPT TRAINING YOU'RE GETTING BUT IT'S VERY TARGETED, YOU MAY BE, I DON'T KNOW A MOLECULAR GENETICIST BUT IT CERTAINLY WOULD BE EXCITING TO TAKE SOME TIME OFF AND SEE WHAT GOES ON AT 3:00 ON WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON. OVER IN THE CLINICAL CENTER WITH THE WALS LECTURE. AND TO TALK TO PEOPLE OTHER THAN THE FOLKS IN YOUR LAB. I WON'T BELABOR THE POINT BUT I THINK THAT THAT'S A GOOD THING. THE VERY LAST POINT I WOULD LIKE TO MAKE IS THAT THROUGH THE YEARS IT'S BEEN A STEADY DECLINE IN THE PHYSICIAN SCIENTISTS, THE PEOPLE WHO WERE TRAINED THE WAY I WAS. YOU CAN BE A PRETTY GOOD DOCTOR, PRETTY GOOD TEACHER, PRETTY GOOD SCIENTIST. YOU COULD MAKE A CAREER OUT OF THIS TRIPLE THREAT BUSINESS. THAT'S VERY TYPICAL IN TODAY'S WORLD BECAUSE THOSE THINGS HAVE BECOME AN ALMOST FULL TIME JOB. SO HOW DO YOU COMPENSATE FOR THAT. AND YET THE ANSWER IS THE CHALLENGES TO THE PROBLEMS COME FROM COMMUNICATING WITH THESE PEOPLE WHO ARE, YOU KNOW, CLOSE TO THEM BUT THEY DON'T KNOW WHAT YOU KNOW AND YOU DON'T KNOW WHAT THEY KNOW. SO IT TURNS OUT THAT THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY, PROGRAMS SORT OF LIKE THIS, WHETHER IT'S DEMYSTIFYING MEDICINE OR PATHOBIOLOGY. MOST GRADUATE PROGRAMS, I'VE GOT A STACK OF THEM NOW PUSH THE IDEA OF PATHOBIOLOGY WHICH IS JUST ANOTHER FANCY WAY OF SAYING LIKE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE. IT'S HUMAN DISEASE. SO EVEN IF YOU'RE A BASIC BASIC BASIC SCIENTIST, ALMOST EVERYBODY'S GOT SOME DREAM IN THEIR MIND, IT WOULD BE NICE IF WHAT I DID WAS SOMETHING IN THE LONG RUN TO INFLUENCE HUMAN HEALTH. OUR SURVEYS INDICATE THAT'S WHAT MOST GRADUATE STUDENTS PUT ON THEIR AGENDAS. SO YOU HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY TO DO THAT. HERE MORE SO THAN MANY OTHER PLACES. YOU REALLY SHOULD TAKE ADVANTAGE OF IT. SO IT TURNS OUT THAT WORKING IN A CLINICAL DEPARTMENT IS ALSO A MAJOR JOB OPPORTUNITY FOR PEOPLE WHO ONLY HAVE A PH.D. BY MY COUNT THERE ARE 11 FULL PROFESSORS OF MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES WHO DON'T HAVE AN MD AFTER THEIR NAME. THAT'S NOT A DISASTER. WHAT IT REPRESENTS IS THE FACT THAT GROUND RULES WERE LAID ON 50 YEARS AGO LIKE WHAT SEPARATES A LAB PERSON FROM A CLINIC PERSON. THOSE THINGS WERE ALL IN FLUX AND IT WOULDN'T HURT YOU, EVEN GO MAKE ROUNDS WITH A CLINICIAN OVER HERE. YOU'RE STUDYING WHATEVER IT IS, HIV, IT'S IMPORTANT TO SEE AND INTERACT, TALK TO PATIENTS WHO HAD THE DISEASE BECAUSE YOU LEARN A GREAT DEAL. AT ANY RATE, ARE THERE ANY QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS, DISCUSSIONS? NO? OKAY. WELL LISTEN, THANK YOU KATHY, MAKAL, VERY VERY MUCH. AND THANK YOU ALL FOR COMING. PLAZA BLAH. [APPLAUSE]