WELL, THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR

COMING AND IT'S MY PLEASURE TO

INTRODUCE DR. ARTHUR KRAMER, WHO

ACTUALLY CAME IN DURING THE

SUPER BOWL SO THAT'S AMAZING IN

IT

ITSELF.

SO DR. KRAMER, IS THE DIRECTOR

OF THE BECKMAN INSTITUTE AND

PROFESSOR OF PSYCHOLOGY
AND

NEUROSCIENCE IN ILLINOIS.

HE RECEIVED HIS Ph.D. FROM THE

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS IN 1984

AND HOLDS APPOINTMENT NEGLIGENCE

THE DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY AND

THE NEUROSCIENCE PROGRAM AND THE

BECKMAN INSTITUTE.

HE'S PROFESSOR RESEARCH TOPICS

INCLUDE COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY,

SCIENCE AND HUMAN NEUROFACTORS.

HIS RESEARCH IS IN THE

UNDERSTANDING AND ENHANCEMENT OF

COGNITIVE AND NEUROPLASTICKITY

ACROSS LIFE SPAN AND WITH THIS

OF OUR RESEARCH, SOME OF THE

MAJOR PAPERS WE HAVE SEEN COME

UP HAVE HIS NAME ON IT SO IT'S

ACTUALLY REALLY, INTERESTING

CUTTING EDGE WORK.

HIS FORMER--HE'S A FORMER

ASSOCIATE EDITOR OF PERCEPTION

AND PSYCHOPHYSICS AND MEMBER OF

6 EDITORIAL BOARDS, HE'S ALSO A

FELLOW AT THE AMERICAN

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION,

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY

AND THE FORMER MEMBER OF THE

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE

INTERNATIONAL AT SOCIETY OF

ATTENTION AND PERFORMANCE.

HE'S A RECENT RECIPIENT OF AN

NIH 10 YEAR MERIT AWARD AS WELL.

PROFESSORS KRAMEARE R'S RESEARCH

HAS BEEN PUBLISHED IN WASHINGTON

POST, NEW YORK TIMES, CBS

EVENING USE, TODAY MOW SHOW AND

SATURDAY NIGHT LIVE WHICH I

THINK HE'LL SHOW A CLIP OF AND I

ACTUALLY SAW HIM GIVE 1 OF HIS

TALKS AS WELL.

SO IT'S MY PLEASURE TO WELCOME

DR. KRAMER.

>> WELL, THANK YOU VERY MUCH

PETER, IT'S GOOD TO BE HERE

AGAIN.

IT'S BEEN A FEW YEARS AND WHAT

I'D LIKE TO TELL YOU ABOUT TODAY

IS WHAT I DO FOR MY SECOND JOB,

MY DAY JOB IS TO RUN AN

AINSITUTE WITH 1500 RESEARCHERS

AND IT DOES TAKE A LOT OF TIME

BUT HAVING BEEN THERE SINCE 1989

IS HELPFUL.

IT'S GOD TO KNOW WHO TO GO TO

FOR WHAT.

TODAY I'LL TALK ABOUT 2

DIFFERENT RESEARCH PRACTICALS

AND FIRST 1 FUNDED BY A MURI

GRANT, LIKE A CENTER GRANT,

PROJECT GRABBED ALONG WITH MY

COLLEAGUE, ANN GRABBLE AT MIT

AND IT'S A PROJECT FOCUSED ON

COGNITIVE TRAINING AND EXAMINING

NEURAL NETWORKS FROM SINGLE

UNITS UP THROUGH HUMAN

NEUROIMAGING, VARIOUS NETWORKS

THAT SUPPORT LEARNING AND

TRANSFER OF NEW SKILLS AS WELL

AS DEVELOPING BIOMARKERS FOR THE

PREDICTION OF LEARNING.

THE SECOND STRATEGY I'LL TALK

ABOUT TO ENHANCE COGNITION AND

BRAIN FUNCTION IS SOMETHING

WE'VE DONE FOR A NUMBER OF YEARS

WITH MY COLLEAGUES AND EXERCISE

PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING,

PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY AT THE

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AND THAT

IS A SET OF STUDIES ON PHYSICAL

FITNESS AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

FROM OLDER ADULTS, WHERE WE

STARTED TO 8 TO 10 YEAR-OLD

SEDENTARY CHILDREN AND THE

EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON

BRAIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION.

SO LET ME START HERE.

THERE REALLY ARE A NUMBER OF

LIFESTYLE FACTORS THAT WE HAVE

SOME CONTROL OVER ALTHOUGH OFTEN

WE DON'T THINK MUCH ABOUT THIS

AND IT INCLUDES NUTRITION AND WE

JUST STARTED SOME WORK WITH

ABBOT NUTRITION ON VARIOUS

COMPOUNDS SUCH AS DHA AND

COROTINOIDS AND LIKE LUTIN AND

OTHERS AND SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS

OF NUTRITION AND FITNESS.

AGE DEFYING FITNESS, KIONLY HOPE

AND THEN THE YELLOW SUBMARINE

AND THE BEATLESS SOCIAL

INTERNATION, MOSTLY IN

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND

OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES APPEARS TO

BE SOMEWHAT NEUROPROTECT AND I

HAVE THEN FINALLY COGNITIVE

TRAINING MANY, MANY, PRODUCTS

OUT THERE IF YOU GOOGLE BRAIN

TRAINING AS I DID A FEW MONTHS

AGO, I GOT OVER 14 MILLION HITS.

THERE AREN'T 14 MILLION PRODUCTS

BUT THERE ARE A LET OF PRODUCTS

BUT YOU HAVE TO ASK HOW MUCH

DATA AND SCIENCE SITS BEHIND THE

CLAIMS FOR THESE PRODUCTS.

SO LET'S START WITH A POEM, A

SCIENTIFIC POEM FROM 2 NEURAL

SCIENTISTS, IT'S A FORTUNATE

PERSON WHOSE BRAIN IS TRAINED

EARLY, AGAIN AND AGAIN AND

CONTINUES NOT TO USE IT,

CONTINUES TO USE IT TO BE SURE

AND NOT TO LOSE IT SO THE BRAIN

AND OLD AGE MAY NOT WAYNE.

NOW THIS IS REFERRED TO AS THE

USE IT OR LOSE IT HYPOTHESIS AND

A FEW YEARS AGO, A COUPLE OF

COLLEAGUES AND I WROTE A

MONOGRAPH IN A JOURNAL CALLED

PSYCHE LODGEICAL SCIENCE IN

PUBLIC INTEREST THAT BOTH

REVIEWED AND I HOPE IT WAS A

RITEICAL REVIEW OF THE

LITERATURE ON COGNITIVE

ENRICHMENT AND EXAMINED BOTH THE

COGNITIVE LEVEL OF MECHANISMS

AND DISCUSSED AT LEAST TO A

SMALL EXTENT THE CELLULAR AND

MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND THERE

REALLY DOES SEEM TO BE

SOMEWHAT--SOMETHING TO THIS OLD

ADAGE WITH MANY CAVEATS AND

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS BUT WE'LL

TALK ABOUT THAT THROUGHOUT THE

TALK HERE.

AND THE LITTLE FIGURE ON THE

LEFT IS MEANT TO ILLUSTRATE THAT

THERE'S A GOOD DEAL OF

VARIABILITY IN HUMAN PERFORMANCE

OR ANY MEASURE OF OF PERFORMANCE

OR PHYSIOLOGY THAT YOU ACQUIRE

THROUGHOUT THE LIFE SPAN INDEED,

SOME WOULD SUGGEST VARIABILITY

INCREASES AS WE AGE, CLEARLY

SOME OF THAT IS DUE TO YOUR

GENOME AND EPIY GENETICS BUT

SOME OF THAT VARIABILITY IS ALSO

DUE TO CHOICES WE MAKE AND

CHOICES THAT ARE MADE FOR US.

IN OUR LIFE SPAN AND THAT'S

MOSTLY WHAT WE'LL LOOK AT HERE

ALTHOUGH ALTHOUGH WE DO GENETICS

WORK BUT NOT A WHOLE LOT.

THIS NOTION OF BRAINICAL

ESTIMATE THAD THENNICS ARE IMP

PROVING BRAIN FUNCTION AND

COGNITIVE FUNCTION IS NOT NEW.

THIS A COVER OF LIFE MAGAZINE

FROM 1994 AND THERE ARE ARTICLES

IN HERE WHICH I HAVE ABOUT HOW

TO THINK FASTER, AND IMPROVE

YOUR MEMORY AND DEFEND AGAINST

ALZHEIMERS DISEASE.

I GUESS WE HAVEN'T LEARNED MUCH.

ACTUALLY WE'VE LEARN QUITE A BIT

BUT WE'RE WORKING ON ALL THESE

TOPICS AND CERTAINLY DON'T HAVE

DEFINITIVE ANSWERS BUT WE HAVE

INTERESTING HINTS WHETHER FROM

ANIMAL WORK AT THE CELLULAR AND

MOLECULAR LEVEL OR HUMAN WORK

AND I'LL TALK A BIT MORE ABOUT

SOME OF THAT, SO MY GROUP AND MY

COLLEAGUES AND I HAVE BEEN

EXPLORING FOR PROBABLY MORE LIKE

20 YEARS NOW, STRATEGIES AND

FACTORS THAT, PEER CAPABLE OF

ENHANCING COGNITIVE CONTROL AND

OTHER COGNITIVE PROCESS, IN BOTH

WELL CONTROLLED AND SOME MIGHT

CALL SOMEWHAT PROCESSED PURE

LABORATORY TASKS, NEUROLOGICAL

AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TASKS AND

REAL WORLD TASKS WE'VE SCALED

DOWN A BIT AND WE HAVE VIRTUAL

REALITY FACILITYSITYS AND I'LL
SHOW

WHAT YOU WE DO THERE AS A WAY TO

MAKE THE BRIDGE TO THE REAL

WORLD FROM OUR NEUROLOGICAL AND

NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST BUT I'D

LIKE TO START THE STORY WITH

SOME TRAINING STRATEGIES THAT

WE'VE BEEN EXPLORING OVER THE

YEARS AND THIS IS PROBABLY WELL

OVER A DOZEN YEARS.

THERE'S A PARTICULAR TRAINING

STRATEGY THAT SEEMS TO WORK WELL

FOR VARIOUS ASPECTS OF COGNITIVE

CONTROL, ESPECIALLY THE ABILITY

TO MULTITASK AND WE HEAR ABOUT

MULTITASKING, THE GOOD, THE BAD,

AND THE UGLY THESE DAYS WITH

REGUARD TO DRIVING AND IN DOING

OTHER THINGS AND INDEED MANY

STATES HAVE OUTLAWED THE USE OF

HAND-HELD PHONES AND TEXTING I

THINK NEW YORK CITY EXPLORED

WHETHER THEY SHOULD CHARGE

PEDESTRIANS THAT GET RUN OVER

WITH NEGLIG ENSEL IF THEY GET

RUN OVER WHILE TEXTS BY A

VEHICLE.

AND OVER THE YEARS WE DWEFFED

WITH OUR COLLEAGUES A STRATEGY

CALLED VARIABLE PRIMATESSOR

TRAIN CHICAGO DOES SEEM TO

ENHANCE THE ABILITY TO MULTITASK

AND EXERT COGNITIVE CONTROL AND

THE WAY THE STRATEGY WORK SYSTEM

THAT YOU TRAIN COMPONENTS OF

TASKS AND LET'S TAKE A REAL

WORLD TASK LIKE DRIVING AN

AUTOMOBILE WHERE YOU CONTROL THE

AUTOMOBILE KEEP IT BETWEEN THE

WHITE LINES AND NOT GO OVER THE

YELLOW LINE, SCAN FOR

PEDESTRIANS AND OTHER VEHICLES

AND PLAN YOUR ROUTE, TALK TO THE

PASSENGER, HOPEFULLY NOT TALK ON

A CELL PHONE AND THESE DAYS CAN

YOU DICTATE E-MAIL AND SOME HIGH

END AUTOMOBILES, PROBABILITY NOT

A HIGH END DEAL BUT NOT

NONETHELESS.

THERE'S�/l

TEST

--BUT ORIGINAL--OUR OLDER FOLKS

DO TAKE MEDICATIONS AND CAN

CATALOG THEM AND USE THEM AS CO

VARIANTS IN OUR ANALYSIS.

THESE DAYS WE PREFER NOT TO HAVE

INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS BUT WE

INCLUDE THAT FOR SEVERAL

REASONS.

SO WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED IN

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON HUMANS, AND

BACK A FEW YEARS AGO, STAN AND

OTHER COLLEAGUES AND I DID A

STUDY AND THIS IS WAS KIND OF

LIKE THE STUDY PREDICTION

OF--PRETTY SIMPLE MINDED STUDY

OF PREDICTION OF LEARNING WE

ASKED WHERE THERE WAS CHANGE IN

VOLUME IN AVERAGE AGE, 7 YEARS

OF AGE, OVER A 6 MONTH

INTERVENTION, WALKING 3-MILES,

WALKING ABOUT AN HOUR A DAY, WAS

IT 3-MILES?

IT COULD BE.

DEPENDS ON HOW FAST THEY WENT AS

COMPARED TO A TONING AND

STRETCHING CONTROL.

SO EVERYTHING'S COMPARED TO A

CONTROL AND WHAT WE SEE HERE ARE

LITTLE BLUE BLOBS AND YELLOW

BLOBS ARE DIFFERENCES AND

DIFFERENCES SO IT'S AFTER 6

MONTHS, MINUS BEFORE, THE OROBIC

GROUP, THE WALKERS MINUS THE

TONER, SO IT'S A DOUBLE--WE CAN

THINK OF THIS AS A DOUBLE

SUBTRACTION.

AND YOU KNOW WE PROBABLY

WOULDN'T HAVE DONE THIS UNLESS

WE KNEW THAT THERE WERE

STRUCTURAL CHANGES AND THERE

HAVE BEEN WITH YOUNGER ADULTS AS

A FUNCTION OF VARIOUS

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES BUT THESE

ARE THE FIRST I KNOW OF FROM

OLDER ADULTS LIKE THIS.

AND THE LITTLE BLUE BLOBS ARE

INCREASES BY VIRTUE OF VOX

ILLEGALS BASED MORPH ORDER OF

MICRONSETRY IN GRAY MATTER AND

THE RIGHT--SORRY THE LITTLE

YELLOW BLOBS ARE INCREASES IN

WHITE MATTER.

AND THIS IS THE FUNCTION

THERE,'S A FUNCTION OF THE

AEROBIC FITNESS TRAINING, OVER 6

MONTHS, 3 DAY ACE WEEK, ABOUT AN

HOUR A DAY, NOBODY'S WINNING

RACES, NONE OF THEM ARE JOGGING

BUT FEW ARE PARTICIPATING AND

THE SIZES TEND TO BE A60 SORE

70, SOMETIMES LARGER.

WE CAN DRILL DOWN A BIT FURTHER

AND WE CAN GO YAWPED FULL BRAIN

EXAMINATION, BUT LOOK AT

SPECIFIC AREAS AND HERE IN THIS

ANALYSIS, PAPER CAME OUT THIS

YEAR, WE WERE MOST INTERESTED IN

THE HIPPOCAMPUS BECAUSE OF THE

ANIMAL WORK ON NEUROGENESIS AND

THE DENTY.

NOW CLEARLY WE DON'T KNOW WITH

WHETHER CHANGE DUE TO

NEUROGENESIS, ANGIOGENESIS OR A

VARIETY OF OTHER REASONS, BUT

NONETHELESS IT'S INTERESTING TO

SCALE THIS UP AND RELATE IT TO

PERFORMANCE THE OTHER 2 WE THINK

OF CONTROL REGIONS, AND TRAINING

PROGRAM OR INTERVENTION AND WHAT

WE HAVE HERE ARE THE 2 LINES OR

THE TONING, STRETCHING AND LIGHT

STRENGTHENING GROUP ARE CONTROL

GROUP, AND WE SEE A DECREASE IN

THE VOLUME OF THE BILATERAL BOTH

LEFT AND RIGHT HIPPO CAMP I OVER

THE YEAR LONG PERIOD WHERE WE

SEE AN INYEAS IN THE VOLUME, IN

THE WALKERS.

WE CAN DRILL DOWN FURTHER,

CLEARLY, WE CAN'T DO THE

HISTOLOGY BUT WE CAN LOOK AT

DIFFERENCES IN LOCATION IN THE

HIPPOCAMPUS AND WE DO KNOW THAT

IN HUMANS THE DENT IS IN THE THE

HIPPOCAMPUS IS IT NEUROGENESIS

IN ABSOLUTELY NOT.

DOES IT PROVIDE A HINT IT MIGHT

BE?

IT MIGHT BE.

IT MIGHT BE CHANGES IN VASCULAR

STRUCTURE AND A VARIETY OF OTHER

THINGS.

WE ALSO LOOKED AT THE

RELATIONSHIP OF THESE CHANGE OF

PERFORMANCE AND WITHIN THE

WALKING GROUP WE FIND A NICE

RELATIONSHIP WITH SPACIAL

MEMORY, VARIETY OF MEMORY THAT

THE HIPPOCAMPUS, OFTEN USED IN

RODENT MODELS TO STUDY

HIPPOCAMPAL LEARNING AND MEMORY

WITHIN THE WALKING GROUP.

BUT I WANT TO MOVE ON TO A

LITTLE BIT--SOME ADDITIONAL DATA

AND DIFFERENT KINDS OF DATA AND

IT'S INTERESTING WHEN WE THINK

ABOUT COGNITIVE TRAINING,

WE--THE--CERTAINLY THE GOAL IN

MUCH COGNITIVE TRAINING SPECIAL

PRACTICALLAGES TO ENGENDER BROAD

TRANSFER BUT THE REALITY IS,

RARELY DO WE FIND BROAD

TRANSFER.

IT'S USUALLY QUITE NARROW, THE

BIGGEST EVER RANDOMIZED CONTROL

TRIALS FUBBEDDED BY THE NATIONAL

INSTITUTES OF HEALTH IS CALLED

THE ACTIVE TRIAL TLOOKED AT 3

DIFFERENT TRAINING PROTOCOLS,

PNEUMONIC TRAINING, MEMORY

TRAINING RINGS INDUCTIVE

REASONING AND LOOKED AT BOTH

TRANSFER TO TASKS THAT CAP THE

SAME CONSTRUCTS AND TASKS THAT

TAPPED OTHER CONSTRUCTS REALLY

NICE TRAINING, TRANSFER FOCUSED

ON TASK, THE TAP THE SAME

CONSTRUCT IF YOU TRAIN FOR

PROCESSING SPEED, OTHER TASKS

WHICH SHOW IMPROVEMENTS BUT NO

TRANSFER OF CROSS CONSTRUCTS FOR

THE MOST PART AND THIS IS

SOMETHING THAT'S A LOT OF FUN TO

ARGUE ABOUT AND THERE'S A LOT OF

RESEARCH GOING ON ABOUT IT, FOR

THE MOST PART COG NI5 TRAIN

SUGGEST PRETTY NARROW, IT'S

BENEFITS ARE PRETTY NARROW,

PRETTY SPECIFIC.

WHAT WE SEE HERE IS THE OUTPUT

OF META-ANALYSIS, AND WE

PUBLISHIFIED YEARS AGO, AND THIS

IS PHREN, 1966 TO 2001.

THERE HAVE BEEN A NUMBER OF

ADDITIONAL 1S, QUITE A FEW TO DO

THIS BUT THE WHITE BARS ARE

INDIVIDUALS IN THIS KIND OF

AEROBIC TRAINING GROUP,

SWIMMING, BIKING, JOGGING OR

WALKING.

AND THE FIELD BARS OR THE GRAY

BARS ARE FROM SOME KIND OF

ACTIVE CONTROL GROUP, TONING,

SOME KIND OF TONING, STRETCHING,

STRENGTHENING AND ON THE X-AXIS

WE HAVE DIFFERENT WAYS TO BREAK

DOWN COGNITION, THINK OF IT AS

TAX TAXONOMY, EXECUTIVE CONTROL

VERSES CONTROL, AND SPEEDED

VERSES NONSPEEDED AND WHAT WE

SEE ABOUT THESE DATA NERMALS OF

BEHAVIORIAL BENEFITS, WE SEE

BENEFITS ACROSS THE BOARD BUT

LARGER BENEFITS FOR THIS FUZZY

CATEGORY WE CALL EXECUTIVE

CONTROL THAT INCLUDES THINGS

LIKE SCHEDULING, PLANNING,

WORKING MEMORY AND MULTITASKING

AND SOME OTHER AGENTS.

SO, UNLIKE COGNITIVE TRAINING WE

SEE PRETTY BROAD CHANGES FROM

THINGS LIKE WALKING.

PRETTY UNSKILLED BEHAVIORS.

TO MOVE FURTHER, I COULD SHOW

YOU SOME OF THE EARLY FMRI DATA

WE COLLECTED IN VARIOUS TASK

RELATED PARADIGMS.

BUT THESE DAYS WE TEND TO LOOK

AT NETWORKS FOR A LOT OF GOOD

REASONS TO TRY TO UNDERSTAND THE

UNDERLYING NETWORKS AND SCALE UP

FROM THE MULTICELL WORK AND SOME

OF THE SINGLE WORK AND MULTIUNIT

WORK, TO WHAT WE CAN DO IN

HUMANS, WHAT WE DID HERE, HERE

WE'RE LOOKING AT CHANGES IN

NETWORK CONNECTIVITY AND 2

DIFFERENT NETWORKS NETWORKS
NETWORKS NETWO
RKS AND 3 THESE

ARE SEATED ANALYSIS.

WE HAVE 3 DIFFERENT REGIONS

WITHIN THIS DEFAULT MODE NETWORK

AND THOSE ARE THE 3 DIFFERENT

PANELS AND THEN, 1 SET OF

REGIONS THAT ARE CONNECTED.

WE'RE LOOKING AT CON?

A. NO, SIRRIVITY IN THE FRONTAL

EXECUTIVE NETWORK AND WE LOOK AT

OTHER NETWORKS, TOO, AND WHAT WE

HAVE ARE THE DATA IN TERMS OF

CONNECTIVITY WITHIN THE NETWORK,

BEFORE THE INTERVENTION, THIS 1

YEAR OF EXERCISE OF WALKING OR

TONING OR STRETCHING, 6 MONTHS

AND THEN AFTER THE INTERVENTION

OF 12 MONTHS THIS, IS AGAIN 3

DAYS A WEEK, ABOUT AN HOUR A DAY

FOR BOTH GROUPS.

BOTH THE CONTROL AND THE

EXPERIMENTAL GROUP, THE

EXPERIMENTAL BEING THE WALKING

GROUP.

THE WALKING GROUP, THE AEROBIC

GROUP IS INDICATE INDEED YELLOW

AND WE SEE INCREASES IN

CONNECTIVITY ACROSS THE BOARD

WHEREAS THE TONING GROUP WE

MIGHT GET SLIGHT INCREASES

APPROXIMATE AND THEN DECREASES,

IT DEPENDS ON WHERE YOU LOOK,

BUT NOTHING RELIABLE.

AND THAT LAST PART THE UNFILLED

BAR IN EACH OF THESE PANELS, THE

YAs ARE THE YOUNG ADULTS.

OF IT'S INTERESTING BECAUSE YOU

GET DECREASED CONNECTIVITY WITH

A FUNCTION OF AGE.

IT'S A FUNCTION OF THE YEAR LONG

FITNESS PROGRAM AND YOU GET

INCREASED ACTIVITY SUCH THAT

MANY OF THESE CASES, NOT ALL,

BUT MANY OF THESE CASES IT

BECOMES NONSIGNIFICANTLY

DIFFERENT.

THE CONNECTIVITY IN THE NETWORK

FROM YOUNG ADULTS FROM 20 TO 30

YEAR-OLDS, OF COURSE WE ALSO

LOOK AT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE

CHANGES IN CONNECTIVITY AND

BEHAVIOR, AND VARIOUS COGNITIVE

ABILITIES AND HERE ARE SOME OF

THE DATA THAT SPEAK TO THAT.

THE FIRST 3 THAT ARE HIGHLIGHTED

BY THE RED BRACKETS HERE, OUR

AREAS IN THE DEFAULT MODE

NETWORK AND WE'RE LOOKING AT

SCALERS THIS IS A LATENT

VARIABLE ANALYSIS AND TAKE'S

TEST AND MEASURE CONSTRUCTS LIKE

EXECUTIVE CONTROL AND SHORT-TERM

MEMORY AND LOOK AT THE

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHANGES IN

CONNECT IVITY AND IMPROVEMENTS

IN VARIOUS FORMS OF COGNITION

AND WE SEE HERE A LOT OF ACTIONS

AND EXECUTIVE CONTROL BUT SOME

OF IT IN THE SHORT-TERM MEMORY

RELATED TO THESE CONNECTIVITY

CHANGES THAT FAVOR THE AEROBIC

GROIP.

OF COURSE WE CAN TAKE IT A STEP

FURTHER AND USE GRAPH THEORY AND

I'M SURE MANY OF YOU HERE DO THE

SAME THING, GRAPH THEOR HAS BEEN

USE INDEED A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT

AREAS FROM TRANSPORTATION

NETWORKS TO SHOACIAL NETWORKING

TO BRAIN NETWORKS.

MORE IN THIS BOOK, NETWORKS IN

THE BRAIN IS A GOOD PLACE TO

START IF CURE INTERESTED WITH

RESPECT TO BRAINING AND THERE

ARE A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT

MEASURES FROM EDGES WHICH ARE

LINKS BETWEEN DIFFERENT NODES,

AND DIFFERENT KINDS OF NODES,

AND OTHER KINDS OF NODES AND I

WON'T GET INTO ALL THE DETAIL

ABOUT THE NETWORKS BUT THERE'S 1

ASPECT OF THIS IN PARTICULAR AND

WE LOOKED AT A NUMBER AND THERE

ARE A NUMBER OF INTERESTING

RESULTS THE ARE THE UNDERLYING

PSYCHOLOGY, THERE'S THIS 1 ISSUE

CALLED ASSORTATIVITY, ARE

INTERCONNECTED TO OTHER NODES OR

CONNECTOR NODES AND IF YOU BREAK

1, YOU HAVE PLENTY OF REDUNDANCY

SO THE NETWORK WILL BE PRETTY

WELL CONNECTED HOWEVER, IF YOU

TAKE THE NODES IN IN NETWORK

HERE, AND YOU DESTROY THEM,

YOU'LL MAKE IT HARD FOR THE

NETWORK TO COMMUNICATE AND
YOUFkbt—

CAN THINK OF RESILIENCE OR

ASSORTIVITY AND MEASURE OF RESIL

WRENS AND RESPECT TO CROSS

SECTIONAL DIFFERENCES, AND WHAT

WE HEAR, HAVE HERE IS A ROBIC

FITNESSOT Y-AXIS AND MEASURE OF

RESILIENCE AND HOW MANY OF THESE

REDUNDANT CONNECTORS THAT WE

HAVE AND DIFFERENCES OVER TIME

THIS WOULD BE IN THE RCT, AND

THEY'RE NOT--I DON'T KNOW, ARE

THEY CORRELATIONS YOU WOULD

WRITE HOME ABOUT, I DON'T KNOW

BUT THESE ARE INITIAL ANALYSIS

AND THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT AND

POSITIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN

RESILIENCE AND FITNESS WHETHER

ACROSS INDIVIDUALS THAT AND

WITHIN INDIVIDUALS OVER TIME.

WE CAN ALSO LOOK AT CHANGES IN

CONNECTIVITY AND HERE'S THE

PLOTS THAT WE'VE SEEN BEFORE AS

A FUNCTION OF CHANGES AND IN

THIS CASE, I'VE OFTEN BEEN TOLD

BY MY NEURAL SURGERY COLLEAGUES

IT'S NOT A BIG DEAL TO DO A

LUMBAR FUNKURE AND LOOK AT THESE

IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM,

THE PROBLEM IS I ASK A LOT OF

THE SUBJECTS IN OUR EXPERIMENT

AND I REALLY DON'T WANT TO LOSE

TOO MANY O A BAD MIGRAINE

HEADACHE IS OFTEN NOT

ACCEPTABLE.

SO INSTEAD WE TROUGH BLOOD AND

LOOK AT PLASMA MEASURES OF SOME

OF THESE NEUROTROPEINS, HOWEVER

IMPERFECT THEY ARE, BUT HERE WE

HAVE A CHANGE WEAN BDNF CHANGE

AND CONNECTIVITY CHANGE IN PART

OF THE DEFAULT MODE NOTE WORK

AND A NICE CORRELATION FOR THE

AEROBIC GROUP, THE WALKERS, BUT

NO SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION FOR

THE NONAEROBBIC GROUP.

SO MIMICKING THE ANIMAL WORK

HOWEVER IMPERFECT IT IS AND THEN

WE CAN USE OTHER TECHNIQUES LIKE

RESSPECTROSCOPY TO LOOK AT

CONSIT WENTS THAT WE CAN ACQUIRE

FROM THE BRAIN AND THEN

NONINVASIVE WAY AND THAT'S WHAT

WE DID HERE, WITH SOMETHING

CALLED ANTA SEEDAL ASPER TEAT,

AND WE CAN LOOK AT ITS

RELATIONSHIP TO PERFORMANCE IN

THIS BACKWARD MEMORY SPAN TASK

AND WE GET A NICE RELATIONSHIP

AND AS A FUNCTION OF FITNESS

LEVEL, THE OLD, OLD ARE THE

70-80 YEAR-OLDS, THIS IS THE

60-70 YEAR-OLD AND THIS IS A

NICE FUNCTION OF FITNESSS, AND

ESPECIALLY AS THE INDIVIDUALS

GET OLDER.

SO WE CAN USE A NUMBER OF

TECHNIQUES FROM MRI AND SO

FORTH.

I DID MENTION THAT I THINK

BEFORE THAT WE DON'T JUST WORK

WITH OLDER ADULTS AND MORE

RECENTLY IN THE LAST FEW YEARS

WE STARTED TO WORK WITH KIDS FOR

A NUMBER OF REASONS.

NUMBER 1, IT'S INTERESTING TO

LOOK AT LIFESTYLE CHOICES THAT

PARENTS AND CHILDREN MAKE ON

BRAIN FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE OF

CHILDREN AND ON TRAJECTORIES OF

DEVELOPMENT, SOMETHING WE CAN DO

WITH KIDS BUT ALSO FROM A MORE

PRACTICAL REASON OUR KIDS ARE

BECOMING INCREASINGLY SEDENTARY

AND OBESE WHICH LEADS TO A

NUMBER OF ADULT DISEASES, THAT

CHILDREN SHOULDN'T HAVE LIKE

HYPERTENSION AND TYPE 2 DIABETES

SO WE'RE VERY INTERESTED IN

EXTEBDING THIS WORK TO KIDS AND

WE'VE STARTED TO DO IT.

THESE ARE JUST CROSS SECTIONAL

DATA AND THE KINDS OF ANALYSIS

WE'RE INTERESTED IN HERE IS THE

SOMETHING CALLED A MODERATOR OR

MEDIATOR ANALYSIS, AND FIRST

LOOKING AT THE EFFECTS OF

FITNESS ON MEMORY, AND LOOKING

AT DIFFERENT DIFFERENT KINDS OF

MEMORY, ITEM AND RELATIONAL,

RELATIONAL RELATED TO

HIPPOCAMPAL, AND ITEM NOT, AND

USING AN ASSAY TO HONE IN ON

DIFFERENT NEUROCIRCUITS AS A

FUNCTION OF VOLUME SO THE

QUESTION IN THIS KIND MUCH

ANALYSIS IS WHETHER HIPPAL

VALIUM IS A MOD-VOLUME IS A

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MEMORY AND

FITNESS AND IF WE GO TO THE

BOTTOM LEFT, THIS IS PERFORMANCE

FOR THE HIGH FIT AND THE LOW

FIT, THE HIGH FIT ARE THE DARKER

BAR, NO DIFFERENCE IN ITEM

MEMORY SO IT'S NOT MEMORY PER SE

BUT RELATIONSHIP IN WHICH THE

HIPPOCAMPUS ASSISTS WITH ON THE

TOP RIGHT AND WE SEE AND THIS IS

AN AVERAGE OF LEFT AND RIGHT

HIPPO CAMP I SO BILATERAL

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LOW FIT AND

HIGH FIT IN TERMS OF HIPPOCAMPAL

VOLUME ANDOT BOTTOM RIGHT, DOSE

RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN

HIPPOCAMPAL VOLUME AND

RELATIONAL MEMORY.

THEY DON'T ALLOW US TO ESTABLISH

CAUSALITY AND BUT WE'RE JUST IN

THE PROCESS OF FINISHING A SMALL

RCT, TELL BE DONE I GUESS IN MAY

WITH KIDS THAT ARE RANDOMIZED TO

AN AFTER SCHOOL PROGRAM.

IT INCLUDES GAMES TO GET THEM

MOVING AND EATING HEALTHY SNACKS

FOR 2 HOURS A DAY FOR A 5 DAYS

FOR A SCHOOL TERM SO WE CAN

ADDRESS THE CAUSALITY SOON.

WE HAVE CAUSALITY HERE, AND WHY

WANT THE TO SHOW YOU A REAL

WORLD SIMULATIONS IN A CAVE.

I WILL TELL YOU ABOUT IT.

BUT THUS FAR I'VE BEEN ABLE TO

SHOW YOU NEAR PART OF THE TALK,

THE RELATIVELY BRIEF FITNESS

INTERVENTION, 6 MONTHS TO A YEAR

IMPROVES A VERSTE OF

PERCEPTIONAL AND COGNITIVE

ABILITIES GENERAL AND SPECIFIC

EFFECTS, INCREASES BRAIN VOLUME

AND REGIONS WHICH NORMAL SHOW

AGE RELATED DECLINE INCLUDING

HIPPOCAMPUS AND PREFRONTAL AND

OTHER REASON REGIONS, CHANGES

FUNCTIONAL BRAIN NETWORKING

OFTEN IN THE YOUNGER ACULTS

THAT'S VARIED ANALYSIS, AND

MULTIVARIANT ANALYSIS AND NOT

COVER TODAY BUT ANOTHER PART OF

OUR WORK, FOCUSES ON EXERCISE

EFFECTS ON ANXIOUS AND

DEPRESSION AND WE NEED TO GET TO

THE YOU SHOULD LYING NETWORKS

THERE TOO, IN SELF-ESTEEM AND

SELF-EFFICACY.

WHERE WE WOULD GO FROM HERE.

THERE ARE LOTS OF POSSIBILITYS,

LOTS OF INTERESTING DIRECTIONS

AND POTENTIAL COLLABORATIONS BUT

I THINK 1 INTERESTING WAY TO GO,

IN AND WE WERE DOING SOME OF

THIS WE HAVE A DANCE

INTERVENTION WE'RE RUNNING NOW

THANKS TO NIH AND THE REVIEWERS

AND WHICH REALLY IS MULTIMODAL

IN THE SENSE THAT IT INTEGRATES

ACROSS SOCIAL, INTELLECTUAL, AT

LEAST IT'S IBT LECTUALLY

CHALLENGING FOR ME AND OLDER

ADULTS, ISSUES OF WHEN, HOW MUCH

AND WHAT THE APPROPRIATE

SEQUENCE IS, AMONG THESE

DIFFERENT FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE

BRAIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION,

COGNITIVE AND NEUROPLASTICKITY

AND WHETHER THEY'RE COMMON OR

SEPARATE MECHANISMS IN PATHWAYS

IN HOW WE MIGHT CAPITALIZE IN

WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT THEM TO

DESIGN THE MOST EFFECTIVE

INTERVENTIONS.

OF OF COURSE WE WANT TO KNOW

ABOUT GENETIC MODERATORS WE CAN

LOOK AT SNPs AND ON VARIOUS

GREENES, THE--GENES, THE

EXAMPLES ARE 70, HUNDRED, 200

ARE ALL INADEQUATE.

AND SAMPLE SIZES HAVE TO BE

LARGER AND 1 POSSIBILITY IS TO

DO THIS WORK IN A LARGE CITY,

NEW YORK, ATLANTA, CHICAGO, I'M

NOT IN CHICAGO, I'M 120-MILES

SOUTH IN WHICH YOU COULD DO SOME

GENE PRESCREENING AND THEN

RANDOMIZED TRIAL ALTHOUGHIZED V

INDIVIDUALS WITH INTERESTING

SNPs THAT ARE RELATED TO

SYSTEMS THAT YOU THINK MIGHT BE

AFFECTED BY THESE INTERVENTIONS
4$bm$ND THEN OF COURSE,

APPLICABILITY OF PATIENT

POPULATIONS THAT WE DON'T HAVE

TIME TO SHOW YOU DATA WITH MCI,

ALZHEIMER

ALZHEIMERS, MS AND PARKINSON'S

PATIENTS AND THERE'S WORK GOING

ON BOTH IN OUR LAB AND

COLLABORATION WITH OTHERS.

THE AND WITH OTHER RESEARCHERS,

SHOW SOMETHING PRETTY PROMISING

RESULTS BUT IT'S STILL EARLY

DAYS AND THEN WE'RE OFTEN ASKED

ABOUT BEYOND THE LABORATORY

DOOR.

SO WHEN WE TALK TO NONSCIENTISTS

WE AWIVE SAY, WELL, YOU KNOW

THIS IS INTERESTING STUFF BUT IF

THE BRAIN CHANGES AND

STRUCTURING FUNCTION AND GET

THESE CHANGES ON THESE WELL

NORMED NEUROLOGICAL AND

NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TASKS BUT

WHAT ABOUT ME.

WHAT ABOUT SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENT

FOR THE KIDS AND THEIR

THEIR'S--THERE'S INTERESTING

LINKS THERE.

WHAT ABOUT STAY NOTHING THE JOB

LONGER OR REMEMBERING THINGS

BETTER, SO WHAT WE TRY TO DO,

SWREE REALLY NICE VIRTUAL

REALITY FACILITIES AT THE

INSTITUTE THAT AGAIN WE WORKED

AS A TEAM TO BUILD OVER THE

YEARS AND I WANT TO SHOW YOU 1

OF THEM HERE AND I'M GOING TO

GET OUT OF HERE AND SHOW YOU A

MOVIE AND THIS 1 WAS AN ATTEMPT

TO DESIGN SOMETHING THAT WOULD

WORK FOR KIDS AND OLDER ADULTS

AND PRETTY MUCH ANYBODY WHAT WE

DID WAS TO TAKE A SIMPLE TASK

BUT WE COULD MAKE IT COMPLEX

THAT IS CROSSING THE STREET AND

WE BROUGHT IT INTO A CAVE WHICH

IS AN EMERCKIVE ENVIRONMENT WITH

A MANUEL TREADMILL AND NOW WE

CAN RUN YOU OVER AS OFTEN AS WE

WANT.

WE CAN MAKE IT CHALLENGING,

EASY, MULTIPLE LANES OF TRAFFIC,

WE CAN CONTROL THE GAP BETWEEN

VEHICLE, THE VARIABILITY AND THE

SPEED AND SO FORTH.  AND WE CAN

HAVE YOU DO THIS TASK JUST

NATURALLY, LOOKING BOTH WAYS AND

WE ALSO RECORD WHERE THE KIDS

LOOK.

THERE'S A YOUNG WOMAN HERE

YOU'LL SEE AND THEY DON'T ALWAYS

LOOK BOTH WAYS THE WAY YOU

TAUGHT YOUR CHILDREN TO DO SO.

BUT WE CAN HAVE THEM DO THE

STREET CROSSING TASK EITHER

NATURALLY SUPPOSELY PAYING

ATTENTION, LIFICKING TO THE

MUSIC ON AN iPOD, LISTENING TO

MOUSSIC IT'S AN ATTEMPT TO

SIMULATE, IN THIS KIND OF

SITUATION SO ARE THE ME SHOW YOU

A BRIEF MOVIE HERE.

HERE'S YOUNG WOMAN, 8 YEARS OF

AGE, WE WORK WITH 8 TO 10

YEAR-OLDS, SHE'S IN SOMETHING

CALLED A CAVE, SHE'S IN A MANUEL

TREADMILL AND THIS IS A FAIRLY

CHALLENGING SITUATION, MULTIPLE

LANES OF TRAFFIC AND SHE'S NOT

SUPPOSED TO BE RUNNING BUT THIS

IS THE PRACTICE PART.

THIS IS OKAY.

SHE'S SUPPOSED TO BE WALKING

ACROSS THE STREET SO WE CAN

MEASURE HOW FAST THEY MOVE, HOW

WELL THEY THINK, WHAT GAPS THEY

SELECT ACROSS, WHERE THEY LOOK,

THOSE ARE STEREO GOGGLES.

WE CAN MEASURE AN AWFUL LOT AND

YOU SEE THE VARIABLES IN A

SECOND HERE AND SHE GOES, ALSO

MA RETIRING.

LOOK WHAT HAPPENS, IT TURNS

BLOOD RED, WHEN YOU GET RUN

OVER.

THE PARENTS ARE LESS HAPPY THAN

THE KITS THESE ARE VARIOUS MOTOR

PERCEPTION AND THIS IS THE GOOD

PART.

THEY'RE GREAT.

SO YOU KNOW WE DO THESE KINDS OF

THINGS, WE BRING THE WORLD INTO

THE LAB, PUT IT UNDER ON MODIC

UMKC OF CONTROL AND THEN WE

MEASURE HOW WELL SOME OF OF

THESE FACTORS SCALE UP AND HERE

ARE THE DATA FROM THE STUDY,

JUST CAME OUT RECENTLY WITH THE

KIDS, WITH THE CHILDREN.

OH NO.

HERE IT COMES.

SO ON THE BOTTOM WE HAVE

UNDISTRACTED, JUST CROSSING THE

ROAD, MUSAND I CAN PHONE.  THIS

IS CROSS SECTIONAL AGAIN.

AGAIN WE'RE RUNNING THAT, THIS

IS IMPRESSED BUT IT CAME OUT,

SORRY, RUNNING THE RCT NOW, BUT

THE INTERESTING THING WE SEE IS

THE HIGH FIT KIDS TEND TO SAY

RELATIVELY TABLE ASK WE CAN GET

THEM RUN OVER HERE ABOUT 85% OF

THE TIME.

IT'S LOUD HERE, WHERE AS THE LOW

FIT KIDS CRASH'RE THERE'S AN

MAIN EFFECT AND YOU MIGHT SAY

WELL, COME OTHE LOW FIT KIDS

MOVE SLOWER AND THEY DON'T.

>> WHAT WE'RE LOOKING AT HERE,

IS THE CROSSING SUCCESS RATE AS

A FUNCTION OF THE DECISIONS THEY

MAKE CONTROLLING FOR THE SPEED

WITH WHICH THEY MOVE.

THAT'S NOT THAT THEY MOVE

FASTER, THEY DON'T MOVE FASTER,

THEY THINK FASTER, MAYBE THEY

THINK MORE ACCURATELY.

SO WE CAN DO THIS WITH A NUMBER

OF TASKS, WE'VE DONE IT WITH

DRIVING AND WALKING AND ALL

KINDS OF STUFF AND THE KIND OF

WORK I DO AND I KNOW OF OF THE

WORK YOU DO AT NIH IS

COLLABRATIVE WORK AND I HAVE

COLLABORATORS AT ILLINOIS,

PITTSBURGH, OHIO STATE, OVER THE

OCEAN, OPERATING GLOBALLY'RE

GLOBALLY'RE--HOPKINS AND THIS

WOULDN'T BE POSSIBLE BECAUSE IT

REALLY DOES REQUIRE A TEAM TO DO

THE RESEARCH.

THAT'S A PICTURE OF THE BECKMAN

INSTITUTE.

WE'RE PUTTING ANOTHER BUILD

NOTHING FRONT OF IT SO THIS

PRETTY PICTURE MIGHT BE HARD TO

GET IF THE FUTURE BUT THANKS FOR

LISTENING.

[ APPLAUSE ]

>> THE QUESTION IS WHAT ARE WE

LOOKING AT IN TERMS OF RESTING

STATE OF THE NETWORK.

WE'RE LOOKING AT CONNECTIVITY,

LOOKING AT ACTIVATION, AND

CONNECTIVITY THAT SEEMS TO BE

MORE IMPORTANT FOR THE KINDS OF

INTERVENTIONS, THE COGNITIVE

TRAINING AND THE FITNESS

TRAINING THAT WE'VE LOOKED AT

THUS FAR BUT WE LOOK AT BOTH.

WE ACTUALLY USE 1 AS A CO

VARIANT FOR THE OTHER.

ACTIVATION LEVEL FOR

CONNECTIVITY.

YES IN--YES?

>> [INDISCERNIBLE].

>> --FA AND SO FORTH, AS A

FUNCTION OF FITNESS TRAINING AND

FOUND SOME INTERESTING CHANGES

RELATED TO PERFORMANCE THERE

TOO.

SO WE'RE USING THEATER DIRECTION

BUT WE WERE USING 12 AT THE

TIME.

>> [INDISCERNIBLE].

>> YOU GET SPINE DENSITY,

INCREASEDDED VASCULAR BEDS AS

WELL AS NEUROGENESIS AND THE

DENTE, WITH THE HUMAN WORK WE'VE

STARTED TO USE ASL, LABELING AND

ANOTHER TECHNIQUE CALLED FENCING

AS A WAY TO CHARACTERIZE FLOW

CHANGES AND WE LOOK AT THAT IN

TERMS OF CHANGES BUT USE IT AS A

CO VARIANT AND THAT'S WHAT WE

PLAN TO DO.

WE BE FROM THE ANIMAL WORK

SIMPLY NOT FLOW.

YES?

>> YEAH, WE DID NOT FIND CHANGES

IN MOTOR CORTEX, DIFFERENCE OF

DIFFERENCES, THE ACTIVE GROUP

VERSES CONTROL GROUP OVER TIME.

OTHERS HAVE, RODNEY SWAIN, BILL

AND OTHERS.

THE INTERESTING THING WITH THE

FITNESS TRAIN SUGGEST PRETTY

MUCH ANYWHERE YOU LOOK THERE'S 1

EXCEPTION, THE OLFACTORY BULB

BUT IT'S OLDSMOBILE LOOKED AT IN

1 STUDY, ANYWHERE YOU LOOK YOU

SEE SOME INTERESTING CHANGE.

DID WE HAVE THE OPTIMAL TASK TO

MEASURE MOTOR KINDS OF FUNCTION,

PROBABLY NOT HERE, BUT IT HAS

MOTE OR CORTEX CHANGE VS BEEN

FOUND IN RODENT MODELS, FOR

ACCESS TO A RUNNING WHEEL, NOT

HERE.

WE ALSO--IN THE BEGINNING WE

USED TO CLIP THE SERRY BELLUM A

BIT TOO AND THE CEREBELLUM IS AN

INTERESTING PLACE AND WE TRY NOT

TO DO THAT IMPER, AND DEPENDS ON

HOW MUCH COVERAGE WE CAN GET.

OTHER QUESTION SYMPATHETIC

NERVOUS SYSTEM.

>> [INDISCERNIBLE]

>> SURE.

>> [INDISCERNIBLE].

>> IF WE LOOK AT THE MOLECULAR

AND CELLULAR WORK, MOSTLY

RODENT, BUT SOME WITH MONKEYS,

SOME WITH BEAGLES, I'M NOT SURE

THIS' MECHANISM, THERE'S

PROBABLY MECHANISMS, BUT THAT'S

JUST A BET.

YOU CAN LOOK AT

MITOCHONDRIALENTIOUS FICIENCY,

CAN YOU LOOK AT TELOMERE LENGTH.

CAN YOU SEE DIFFERENCES THERE,

CAN YOU SEE A MULTITUDE OF

STRUCTURAL CHANGES THAT ARE

RELATED TO PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGE,

I'M NOT SURE ANY OF US WILL BE

AN ANIMAL OR HUMAN RESEARCHER

BUT IT'S GOT TO BE AN ANIMAL

RESEARCHER AND REALLY UNDERSTAND

FIST THERE IS A STARTING POINT

NEAR MOLECULAR CASCADE AND THERE

ARE A NUMBER OF RELATED CHANGES

AND I THINK IT'S CORRELATION ON

SOME SENSE BUT IT GOES BEYOND

THAT BECAUSE THESE ARE RCTs SO

A LOT OF WHAT WE LOOK AT IS

CORRELATION CHANGEs AS A

FUNCTION OF A RANDOMIZED TRIAL

AUTOMATICKIZED DESIGN FOR

DIFFERENT INDIVIDUALS AND I

THINK WE'RE USING CORRELATION TO

TODAY CAUSATION IN A SENSE.

AT LEAST FOR THE CCTs.

--RCTs.

QUESTIONS?

COMMENT SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS

SYSTEM.

WELL, THANK YOU VERY MUCH