GOOD AFTERNOON, EVERYONE. I'D LIKE TO WELCOME YOU TO THE DECEMBER INSTALLMENT OF THE NIH HEALTH DISPARITIES -- EXCUSE ME -- NIH HEALTH DISPARITIES SEMINAR SERIES. THIS IS OUR LAST INSTALLMENT FOR THE YEAR 2011, BUT THIS IS ALSO OUR THIRD YEAR OF PRESENTING THE SEMINAR SERIES. SO WE'RE VERY HAPPY TO END ON A VERY POSITIVE NOTE WITH A VERY EXCITING SPEAKER. JUST IN CASE YOU HAVEN'T LEARNED WHO I AM BY NOW, I AM DR. JOYCE HUNTER, AND I AM THE DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON MINORITY HEALTH AND HEALTH DISPARITIES. THE NIMHD SPONSORS THE SEMINAR SERIES AS A WAY OF EXCHANGING INFORMATION, CURRENT INFORMATION ON HEALTH DISPARITIES RESEARCH AS WELL AS GAPS AND ADVANCES THAT NEED TO BE MET. WE HAVE THROUGHOUT THE LAST THREE YEARS BROUGHT IN SPEAKERS THAT HAVE BEEN NATIONALLY AND INTERNATIONALLY RECOGNIZED. MANY OF THEM HAVE BEEN GRANTEES OF THE NIMHD. SEVERAL OF THEM HAVE BEEN GRANTEES OF OTHER NIH ICS, AS WELL AS OUR FEDERAL PARTNERS. SO WE'RE VERY EXCITED TO BE AT THIS POINT, AND WE'RE LOOKING FOR AN EVEN MORE EXCITING YEAR IN 2012. AT THIS TIME NOW, I'D LIKE TO INVITE DR. JOHN RUFFIN, WHO IS THE DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON MINORITY HEALTH AND HEALTH DISPARITIES, TO COME UP AND TELL YOU ABOUT OUR SPEAKER FOR TODAY. DR. JOHN RUFFIN: THANK YOU, JOYCE. GOOD AFTERNOON AND HAPPY HOLIDAYS TO YOU ALL. IT'S MY PLEASURE TO WELCOME YOU TO THE, AS JOYCE JUST INDICATED, OUR CONCLUDING SEMINAR OF THIS YEAR'S NIH HEALTH DISPARITIES SEMINAR SERIES WHERE OUR SPEAKER WILL EXAMINE ANOTHER RATHER THOUGHT PROVOKING TOPIC DEALING WITH RACIAL AND ETHNIC CATEGORIZATION. THANKS TO THE U.S. CENSUS BUREAU, WE NOW HAVE INSIGHT INTO RACIAL AND ETHNIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE COUNTRY, AND IT IS CLEAR THAT WE'RE IN THE MIDST OF AN ERA WHEN THE RACIAL AND ETHNIC DEMOGRAPHICS OF THIS COUNTRY ARE RAPIDLY CHANGING. THE CENSUS BUREAU PROJECTS THAT BY 2050, MINORITIES WILL MAKE UP HALF THE POPULATION. IN SOME PLACES, I'VE SEEN OVER HALF OF THE POPULATION. IN OUR WORK TO ADDRESS MINORITY HEALTH AND HEALTH DISPARITIES AND AS RESEARCHERS, IT IS CRITICAL THAT WE UNDERSTAND THE ISSUE OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC CATEGORIZATION. AND IT IS ALSO IMPORTANT FOR US TO UNDERSTAND HOW DATA ON RACE AND ETHNICITY CAN, AND IN FACT DOES, INFLUENCE POLICY DECISIONS, OUR RESEARCH WORK, AND EVEN THE WORK THAT IS DONE AT THE COMMUNITY LEVEL PERTAINING TO HEALTH DISPARITIES. TODAY'S SPEAKER, DR. DAVID HAYES-BAUTISTA, WILL HELP US TO UNDERSTAND SOME OF THESE ISSUES SURROUNDING THE ORIGIN AND ASSUMPTION OF RACE AND ETHNICITY CATEGORIES AND HOW THEY COMPARE WITH SIMILAR CATEGORIES IN THE DATA SYSTEMS OF OTHER COUNTRIES. DR. HAYES-BAUTISTA IS PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE AND FOUNDING DIRECTOR OF THE CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF LATINO HEALTH AND CULTURE AT THE GEFFEN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT UCLA. INTERNATIONALLY RECOGNIZED FOR HIS CUTTING EDGE RESEARCH ON HISPANIC HEALTH AND CULTURE, HIS WORK FOCUSES ON THE DYNAMICS AND PROCESSES OF THE HEALTH OF LATINOS USING BOTH QUANTITATIVE DATA SETS AND QUALITATIVE OBSERVATION. DR. HAYES-BAUTISTA HAS RECEIVED NUMEROUS AWARDS FOR HIS RESEARCH AND HAS BEEN VERY GENEROUS IN HIS PRESENTATIONS. I MEAN, HE HAS GIVEN MORE THAN 680 PRESENTATIONS. SO PLEASE JOIN ME IN WELCOMING DR. DAVID HAYES-BAUTISTA. [APPLAUSE] DR. DAVID HAYES-BAUTISTA: THANK YOU. WELL, I UNDERSTAND THAT I AM ALL THAT STANDS BETWEEN YOU AND THE NEXT CHRISTMAS PARTY, RIGHT? [LAUGHTER] SO, I BETTER BE QUICK. AREN'T THEY SUPPOSED TO HAVE EGGNOG OUTSIDE? [LAUGHTER] NO? OKAY. ALRIGHTY, WELL THIS IS NEW, WHAT I WANT TO CHAT ABOUT, AND WE USE THESE CATEGORIES A LOT -- YOUR FIVE GREAT CENSUS CATEGORIES. WHEN WE'RE LOOKING AT HEALTH DATA, WE ALWAYS SLICE AND DICE, AND WE USE THESE DATA SOMETIMES AS AN ALMOST EXPLANATORY VARIABLE. BUT I WOULD LIKE TO AT LEAST PROBLEMATIZE THESE CATEGORIES; I WANT TO TAKE KIND OF A BIG VIEW. I'M NOT SO SURE WE'RE MEASURING WHAT WE THINK WE'RE MEASURING. BUT THEN THE QUESTION COMES OUT: WE'RE PICKING UP SOMETHING, WHAT ARE WE MEASURING? SO LET ME JUST START OFF WITH THE CLASSIC, WHAT I THINK WE ALL HEAR AND WE'RE ACCUSTOMED TO HEARING -- THE MINORITY HEALTH DISPARITY MODEL. AND THIS YOU KNOW, THIS COMES RIGHT OFF THE RESEARCH -- OR THE WEBPAGE FOR THE OFFICE OF MINORITY HEALTH. AND IT SAYS, "AFRICAN AMERICAN, AMERICAN INDIAN/ALASKA NATIVES, ASIAN AND PACIFIC ISLANDER, AND HISPANIC CITIZENS SUFFER POORER HEALTH AND A HIGHER RATE OF PREMATURE DEATH THAN THE MAJORITY POPULATION." THIS SHOULD BE PRETTY FAMILIAR BY NOW, RIGHT? OKAY, WE CAN PROBABLY RECITE IT IN OUR SLEEP. BUT IS THAT ACCURATE? OKAY, SO LET'S JUST TAKE A LOOK AT SOME DATA. THIS IS THE TOP 10 CAUSES OF DEATH. THIS IS FOR CALIFORNIA, OR 35 MILLION FOLKS. NUMBER ONE CAUSE OF DEATH, NO SURPRISE, IS HEART DISEASE, FOLLOWED BY CANCERS, FOLLOWED BY STROKE. THE U.S., IDENTICAL NUMBER ONE CAUSE OF DEATH IS HEART DISEASE, FOLLOWED BY CANCER, FOLLOWED BY STROKE. OKAY, NOW LET'S HOME IN ON THE NUMBER ONE CAUSE OF DEATH WHICH IS HEART DISEASE. AND LET'S LOOK AT CALIFORNIA DATA FOR 2008. NOW IN THIS, ACCORDING TO THIS MODEL IF WE LOOK AT -- WE KNOW THAT THE NON-HISPANIC WHITE AGE-ADJUSTED MORTALITY IS FOR HEART DISEASE -- ALL OTHER GROUPS SHOULD HAVE MUCH HIGHER MORTALITY RATES, CORRECT? THAT'S PREDICTIVE POWER. AND REMEMBER IN SCIENCE, THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT, YOUR THEORETICAL MODELS MUST HAVE PREDICTIVE POWER. NOT 50 PERCENT OF THE TIME, REMEMBER YOUR STAT 1A [SPELLED PHONETICALLY] -- THAT'S JUST THROWING A COIN UP IN THE AIR. NOT 75 PERCENT OF THE TIME, THAT WILL NEVER GET YOU PUBLISHED. YOU'RE TALKING 95, 99, 99.9 PERCENT OF THE TIME IT HAS TO HAVE PREDICTIVE POWER. SO, WE JUST PREDICTED THAT ALL THESE MINORITY GROUPS, PARTICULARLY ASIANS, LATINOS, AFRICAN AMERICANS WILL HAVE HIGHER AGE-ADJUSTED MORTALITY COMPARED TO THE NON-HISPANIC WHITES FOR HEART DISEASE. SO LET'S LOOK AT THE DATA. HERE IS THE NON-HISPANIC WHITE RATE, 187.3 PER 100,000. NOW INTERESTINGLY, LATINOS ARE ABOUT 35 PERCENT LOWER, 127.4. NOW THIS [UNINTELLIGIBLE] BECAUSE IT'S A POPULATION OF FAR MORE EDUCATION, FAR LESS INCOME, FAR LESS ACCESS TO CARE -- DON'T GET ME GOING ABOUT THE LATINO PHYSICIAN SHORTAGE, YOU WON'T BE OUT OF HERE FOR THREE WEEKS -- HAS A LOT OF PREDICTORS OR VARIABLES THAT WILL ONLY SAY, "WOW, THEY SHOULD BE HAVING SKY HIGH AGE-ADJUSTED MORTALITY FOR HEART DISEASE." AND YOU KNOW THIS IS 35 PERCENT LOWER THAN NON-HISPANIC WHITES. HOW DO THEY DO THAT? IS IT THE TORTILLAS? [LAUGHTER] OKAY, ASIANS LIKEWISE HAVE ABOUT 40 PERCENT LOWER. ONE COULD ARGUE IT'S A VERY HIGH INCOME, VERY HIGH EDUCATION, VERY GOOD ACCESS TO CARE -- MAYBE THAT WOULD EXPLAIN IT, BUT CERTAINLY LATINO DOESN'T LOOK LIKE THAT. THE OTHER GROUP THAT APPEARS TO AT LEAST BE PREDICTABLE FROM THAT MODEL IS AFRICAN AMERICAN. AND WHEN WE LOOK AT NATIONAL DATA, WE SEE VIRTUALLY THE SAME PATTERN. THE ONLY THING THAT CHANGES ARE THE SPECIFIC NUMBERS. THIS IS THE PATTERN, OKAY? NOW, WHAT WAS INTERESTING IS ABOUT 10 YEARS AGO, 12 YEARS AGO ACTUALLY, I WAS INVITED TO A CONFERENCE IN GREAT BRITAIN TO LOOK AT MINORITY HEALTH IN GREAT BRITAIN. AND IT WAS DONE [UNINTELLIGIBLE] BETWEEN NIH AND I CAN'T REMEMBER WHAT THE CORRESPONDING AGENCY WAS IN GREAT BRITAIN. AND IT'S FASCINATING. LET'S LOOK AT THEIR NUMBER ONE CAUSE OF DEATH WHICH IS HEART DISEASE. GEE, NO SURPRISE. AND THIS IS, FOR THE FIRST TIME THEY WERE STARTING TO LOOK AT MINORITY GROUPS IN GREAT BRITAIN. SO YOU KNOW WE'VE BEEN DEALING WITH MINORITY GROUPS HERE FOR A WHILE. SO I THOUGHT, "GREAT." I HAVE TO TELL YOU, I HAVE NEVER LEARNED SO MUCH AS AT THAT CONFERENCE. SO LET'S LOOK AT AGE-ADJUSTED HEART DISEASE IN GREAT BRITAIN BY RACIAL ETHNIC GROUP. NOW THIS IS THE RATE IN WHAT THEY CALLED THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION IN ENGLAND AND WALES. AND WHEN I THINK INDIGENOUS, I THINK DIFFERENTLY -- BUT THAT'S HERE OKAY, OVER THERE I GUESS, OKAY THAT'S FAIRLY INDIGENOUS. NOW WHAT'S INTERESTING IS IN IRELAND, NOW THIS IS INTERESTING. IF THEY HAD DIED HERE, THEY'D BE YOUR WHITE NON-HISPANIC POPULATION. BUT HERE, IRELAND HAS ABOUT A 20 PERCENT HIGHER MORTALITY RATE. NOW YOU THINK, "WAIT, AREN'T WHITE FOLKS WHITE FOLKS?" WELL, REMEMBER YOUR HISTORY OF IRELAND? IT AIN'T PRETTY, OKAY? DOES THAT HAVE SOMETHING, OR DOES THAT HAVE MORE TO DO WITH US BEING WHITE? MAYBE, OKAY. NOW, IMMIGRANTS FROM BANGLADESH, WHO IF THEY HAD DIED HERE WOULD BE UNDER THE ASIAN PACIFIC ISLANDER COLUMN, HAD ALMOST 100 PERCENT HIGHER THAN THE INDIGENOUS WHITE. AND FOLKS FROM THE CARIBBEAN COMMONWEALTH, WHO IF THEY HAD DIED HERE WOULD BE UNDER THAT AFRICAN AMERICAN CATEGORY -- HALF, ALMOST HALF. AND I'M SEEING A LOT OF PUZZLED LOOKS. YEAH NOW BECAUSE WE --NORMALLY THEY WOULD AT LEAST JUST TAKE OUR RACE ETHNIC CATEGORIES -- WE'RE GOING TO SEE SAME DIFFERENCES ALL AROUND THE WORLD. WE JUST HOP ACROSS THE POND, AND WHOA, IT'S A LOT DIFFERENT. IT'S LIKE THE ASIAN AND AFRICAN AMERICAN CATEGORIES SUDDENLY SWITCHED PLACES. OKAY, LET'S COME BACK TO MINORITY HEALTH IN CALIFORNIA. LET'S LOOK AT NUMBER TWO CAUSE OF DEATH WHICH IS CANCER. AND HERE WE SEE THE CLASSIC PATTERN. THIS IS THE NON-HISPANIC WHITE MORTALITY RATE. LATINO IS 40 PERCENT LOWER, ASIAN'S ABOUT 40 PERCENT LOWER, AFRICAN AMERICAN ABOUT 30 PERCENT HIGHER. AGAIN NATIONALLY, WE SEE THE SAME THING. NOW LET'S GO BACK TO OUR CONFERENCE IN LONDON. OKAY, AND HERE'S A BIG -- THEY WERE JUST GETTING THEIR DATA SYSTEMS UP, SO THEY DIDN'T HAVE ALL CANCER SITES. BUT, THEY DID HAVE INFORMATION FOR LUNG CANCER WHICH IS THE PRIMARY. IT COUNTS FOR ABOUT HALF OF CANCER MORTALITY. SO, IT'S A PRETTY GOOD INDICATOR. WE CAN SEE WHICH DIRECTION THE DATA ARE RUNNING. SO HERE'S THE NON-HISPANIC WHITE RATE. HERE'S THE IRISH RATE. GEE, I THOUGHT ALL WHITE DUDES WERE ALIKE. NOW HERE'S BANGLADESH, YOU REMEMBER THEY WOULD HAVE BEEN CATEGORIZED UNDER ASIAN PACIFIC ISLANDER. AND FOLKS FROM THE CARIBBEAN COMMONWEALTH, AGAIN THEY WOULD HAVE BEEN YOUR AFRICAN AMERICAN POPULATION -- ABOUT HALF THE DEATH RATE. AND I'VE BEEN FOLLOWING SOME OF THEIR WORK, AND ACTUALLY WHEN YOU ADD IN MORE CAUSES, MORE SITES FOR CANCER, WE SEE PRETTY MUCH THE SAME TREND. OKAY, LET'S COME BACK TO MINORITY HEALTH IN CALIFORNIA. I'M SEEING A LOT OF PUZZLED LOOKS. WAIT A MINUTE, WHAT'S GOING -- OKAY. WHAT ARE WE MEASURING WHEN WE USE THESE CATEGORIES? WHITE, BLACK, ASIAN, ET CETERA? ARE WE MEASURING WHAT WE THOUGHT WE WERE MEASURING? AND IF SO, WHY DON'T WE GET THE SAME RESULTS? JUST IN GREAT BRITAIN. NOW YOU LOOK AT FRANCE, IT GETS EVEN MORE FUN. OKAY, LET'S LOOK AT THE NUMBER THREE CAUSE OF DEATH WHICH IS STROKE. WELL, LATINO RATE AGAIN, ABOUT 20 PERCENT LOWER COMPARED TO NON-HISPANIC WHITE. ASIAN ABOUT 10 PERCENT LOWER. AFRICAN AMERICAN SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER. THIS IS CALIFORNIA. HERE'S THE NATIONAL. LET'S MOVE TO ALL CAUSES OF DEATH -- EVERYTHING, OKAY. AND THE LATINO RATE FOR ALL CAUSES OF DEATH IS ABOUT 30 PERCENT LOWER THAN NON-HISPANIC WHITE. THIS IS CALLED THE FAMOUS LATINO EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PARADOX -- GIVEN NOT ONLY THE ETHNICITY BUT THE INCOME, EDUCATION, AND LACK OF ACCESS TO CARE AND HOW DO THEY DO THAT? IS IT THE FRIJOLES THEY GIVE YOU WITH EVERY PLATE OF TORTILLAS? ALRIGHT WELL, SHE SAYS, "NO," SHE SAYS, "YES." OKAY, WE'LL DO CLINICAL TRIAL STUDY. YOU GET THE FRIJOLES, YOU GET THE TORTILLAS, AND WE'LL SEE WHAT HAPPENS. [LAUGHTER] SAME THING WHEN WE LOOK AT NATIONAL, HERE, YOU KNOW. YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT 50 MILLION LATINOS, YOU KNOW, THIS IS SOME PRETTY STABLE STUFF. WHEN WE HAVE THE DATA GOING BACK THREE TO FIVE YEARS, STABLE IS -- WHAT'S STABLE THESE DAYS? I DON'T KNOW, STABLE AS YOU CAN THINK OF. OKAY, NOW WE'VE BEEN TALKING ABOUT DEATH, SO LET'S FLIP TO THE OTHER SIDE. LET'S TALK ABOUT BIRTHS AND BIRTH OUTCOMES. THIS IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE YOU SEE ALREADY AS WE LOOK AT THE BIRTHS IN CALIFORNIA, NOT ONLY ARE LATINOS ALONE OVER HALF OF ALL BIRTHS, BY THE TIME YOU ADD IN AFRICAN AMERICAN, ASIAN PACIFIC ISLANDER, AMERICAN INDIAN, 71 PERCENT OF ALL BIRTHS IN CALIFORNIA ARE WHAT WE USED TO CALL MINORITY. NOW WHEN THIS IS 71 PERCENT, THIS IS WAY BEYOND YOUR SUPER MAJORITY OF 66 PERCENT. [LAUGHTER] OKAY, SO THIS -- WE SHOULD STOP USING THE WORD MINORITY AND TALK ABOUT SUPER MAJORITY. [LAUGHTER] BUT WHAT DOES THAT MEAN IN OUR DATA SYSTEMS? OKAY, NOW GIVEN THAT, LET'S LOOK AT INFANT MORTALITY. SO HERE'S INFANT MORTALITY IN CALIFORNIA FOR 34 YEARS FROM 1970 TO 2004. FIRST, LET'S LOOK AT NON-HISPANIC WHITE INFANT MORTALITY. STARTED AT ABOUT A LITTLE UNDER 15 DEATHS PER 1,000 LIVE BIRTHS AND WENT DOWN TO ABOUT FOUR POINT SOMETHING, 4.6 BY 2004. NOW WE GET THESE DATA FROM THE BIRTH CERTIFICATE. WE KNOW FROM THE BIRTH CERTIFICATE HOW MANY PRENATAL VISITS A MOM HAS, WHEN IN THE PREGNANCY THAT SHE STARTED THEM. WE KNOW THAT LATINAS RECEIVE FEWER PRENATAL VISITS; THEY INITIATE THEM LATER INTO THEIR PREGNANCY. WE KNOW FROM THE DATA THEY HAVE FAR LESS EDUCATION. HOW DOES THIS AFFECT THE INFANT MORTALITY? WELL, LET'S LOOK AT THE DATA -- AND VIRTUALLY IDENTICAL TO NON-HISPANIC WHITE MOMS, EVEN THOUGH THESE MOMS LIVE WORLDS APART IN TERMS OF INCOME, EDUCATION, AND ACCESS TO CARE. LET'S LOOK AT AFRICAN AMERICAN INFANT MORTALITY. STARTED AT ABOUT 23, WENT DOWN TO ABOUT 12, AND YOU NOTICE THIS PERSISTENT GAP. [PHONE RINGING] OH, SOMEBODY OWES US ALL A DRINK. WHOSE PHONE IS THAT? [LAUGHTER] OH, IT WENT OFF. DANG, TRYING TO GET THAT PARTY STARTED EARLY. OKAY, SO A LOT OF PEOPLE HAVE, LOOKING AT THIS GAP, HAVE KIND OF ASSUMED WELL, YOU KNOW, IT'S SOMEHOW THERE. AND I REMEMBER IT BOTH IN THE HEALTHY PEOPLE 2000, HEALTHY PEOPLE 2010, AND IF YOU REMEMBER THEY SAID, "WELL, FOR THE U.S., WE'RE GOING TO LOOK FOR INFANT MORTALITY, BUT FOR AFRICAN AMERICAN WE'LL TOLERATE TWICE THAT." AND I'VE SEEN THAT TWICE -- HEALTHY PEOPLE 2000, JUST SOMEHOW YOU JUST CAN'T SOMEHOW MAKE THAT BUDGE. AND HERE'S INFANT MORTALITY FOR 2006 FOR CALIFORNIA, SAME THING. SO LET'S GO TO MINORITY HEALTH IN GREAT BRITAIN. NOW HERE WE GOT TO LOOK AT INFANT MORTALITY OF DIFFERENT GROUPS, AND THERE WILL BE SOME MOTHERS WHO, IF THEY HAD GIVEN BIRTH HERE, WOULD HAVE BEEN CATEGORIZED AS AFRICAN AMERICAN. HOW MANY THINK THAT THE AFRICAN AMERICAN, IN QUOTES, MOMS IN GREAT BRITAIN WILL HAVE HIGHER INFANT MORTALITY THAN THE INDIGENOUS WHITE? HOW MANY THINK THEY MIGHT HAVE LOWER? OKAY, WOULD YOU HAVE THOUGHT THAT ABOUT 30 MINUTES AGO? YEAH, A LITTLE DATA GOES A LONG WAY, DOESN'T IT? OKAY, LET'S LOOK AT THE DATA. WHY DO I HAVE THAT ARROW THERE? OKAY, NOW THE WAY THEY REPORT INFANT MORTALITY IN GREAT BRITAIN'S A LITTLE BIT DIFFERENT. WHAT THEY DO IS THEY STANDARDIZE ON WHATEVER THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION THAT'S SET AT 100. SO IT'S NOT -- WHEN WE SEE THESE DON'T FLIP YOUR WIG -- HAVING 100 DEATHS PER 1,000 LIVE BIRTHS. [LAUGHTER] HERE IS THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION. THEY STANDARDIZE TO THIS, OKAY? NOW, MOTHERS FROM WEST AFRICA, OKAY, IF THEY HAVE GIVEN BIRTH HERE IN THE U.S., THEY WOULD BE CODED UNDER THAT AFRICAN AMERICAN COLUMN. AND THE INFANT MORTALITY OF MOTHERS FROM WEST AFRICA IS 25 PERCENT LOWER THAN THE INFANT MORTALITY OF INDIGENOUS WHITE MOMS IN GREAT BRITAIN. INTERESTING, ISN'T IT? REMEMBER THAT PERSISTENT GAP IN INFANT MORTALITY? AND I HAVE IT A PREQUEL [SPELLED PHONETICALLY]. I'VE HEARD ALL SORTS OF REASONS WHY IT'S THERE. WELL GUESS WHAT, YOU MOVE TO GREAT BRITAIN, AND IT'S NOT THERE. HMM, OKAY. MOTHERS FROM THE CARIBBEAN, HERE AGAIN IF THEY GAVE BIRTH HERE WOULD BE CATEGORIZED UNDER THE AFRICAN AMERICAN COLUMN, 10 PERCENT LOWER. HMM, OKAY, MOTHERS FROM BANGLADESH, IF THEY GAVE BIRTH HERE THEY'D BE UNDER THE ASIAN PACIFIC ISLANDER, ABOUT 20 PERCENT HIGHER. MOTHERS FROM EAST AFRICA -- NOW, THIS IS AN INTERESTING POPULATION IN GREAT BRITAIN. IF THEY GAVE BIRTH HERE, THEY WOULD NOT BE CODED AS AFRICAN AMERICAN -- THEY WOULD BE CODED AS BEING FROM INDIA. BECAUSE PRIMARILY THEY EMIGRATED FROM INDIA TO KENYA TO EAST AFRICA TO WORK ON THE TEA PLANTATIONS, WOUND UP LEAVING AFTER INDEPENDENCE, AND WOUND UP IN GREAT BRITAIN. OKAY, SO THEY'D BE FROM INDIA, ABOUT 25 PERCENT HIGHER. MOMS DIRECTLY FROM INDIA, ABOUT 30 PERCENT HIGHER. AND MOMS FROM PAKISTAN, LOOK AT THAT, INTERESTING. SO YOU CAN SEE WHY I COME TO THE QUESTION. OH, WE'RE SO USED TO USING YOU KNOW WHITE, BLACK, ASIAN, BLAH BLAH, AND WE SORT OF ASSUME THAT'S JUST THE WAY THE WORLD IS. AND I'M NOT SO SURE THAT IT IS. ARE WE THE NORM? IS THE REST OF THE WORLD THE EXCEPTION? ARE WE THE EXCEPTION? THE REST OF THE WORLD, THE NORM? THIS IS WHAT I WANT US TO TAKE A LOOK AT. SO IN THE PAST, THERE HAS BEEN I THINK THE UNSTATED ASSUMPTION THAT WHEN WE USE THESE GROUPS WE'RE LOOKING AT GENETICS. WELL I WOULD LIKE TO PROBLEMATIZE THAT. WELL WE'RE LOOKING AT SOMETHING BECAUSE CLEARLY THEY'RE DIFFERENT, WE HAVE DIFFERENT OUTCOMES -- AND THESE AREN'T RANDOM OUTCOMES WE'RE SEEING HERE. THESE ARE VERY STABLE. ARE WE LOOKING AT CLASS INSTEAD OF GENETICS? ARE WE LOOKING AT CULTURE, LANGUAGE, IMMIGRATION, HISTORY? I MEAN, SOMETHING IS GOING ON THERE, BUT I'M NOT SURE WE KNOW EXACTLY WHAT IT IS. WELL LET'S TAKE THIS CATEGORY CALLED LATINO OR HISPANIC. IT'S KIND OF A FUNNY CATEGORY. AND A LOT OF LATINOS LAUGH AT IT. OKAY, SO LET'S GO TO THE 2010 CENSUS, AND PEOPLE WERE ASKED -- WELL FIRST OF ALL THEY WERE TOLD HOW DOES THE CENSUS BUREAU DEFINE HISPANIC OR LATINO. IT REFERS TO "A PERSON OF CUBAN, MEXICAN, PUERTO RICAN, SOUTH OR CENTRAL AMERICAN, OR OTHER SPANISH CULTURE OR ORIGIN REGARDLESS OF RACE." I LOVE THE RESIDUAL CARE [SPELLED PHONETICALLY] "OR OF THE SPANISH CULTURE OR ORIGIN REGARDLESS OF RACE." [LAUGHTER] I ALWAYS GIVE THIS AS AN EXAMPLE WHEN WE HAVE PEOPLE DOING CLINICAL TRIALS, AND I SAY, "OKAY, YOU WANT TO GET LATINOS AND NON-LATINOS. AND OF COURSE THEY'D HAVE TO BE MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE, SO WHAT ARE YOUR INCLUSION CRITERIA FOR LATINOS TO MAKE SURE YOU'RE NOT GETTING ANY LINKAGE INTO THE NON-LATINO?" AND GUESS WHAT YOU START GETTING DOWN TO THIS-- YOU CAN'T DO IT WITH THIS DEFINITION. YOU CAN'T, IT HAS TOO MANY HOLES IN IT. OKAY, SO LET'S OPERATIONALIZE THIS IN THE 2010 CENSUS. YOU WERE ASKED, ALL OF YOU, TALKING TO THE PERSON THAT YOU'RE GIVING INFORMATION ABOUT, "IS THIS PERSON OF HISPANIC, LATINO, OR SPANISH ORIGIN?" AND THE CATEGORIES, WHAT YOU COULD SAY, "NO, THIS PERSON IS NOT HISPANIC, LATINO, OR SPANISH." OR YOU COULD SAY, "YES, MEXICAN, MEXICAN AMERICAN, OR CHICANO." OR YOU COULD SAY, "YES, PUERTO RICAN" -- I DON'T SEE "BORICUA" THERE. OR YOU CAN SAY, "YES, CUBAN." OR YOU CAN SAY, "YES, I'M OTHER HISPANIC, LATINO, OR SPANISH ORIGIN." THEN YOU HAVE TO GIVE THE ORIGIN LIKE GUATEMALAN, ARGENTINEAN, SALVADORAN, ET CETERA, ET CETERA. SO FIRST OF ALL, PEOPLE WERE ASKED, YOU WERE ALL ASKED THAT A COUPLE YEARS AGO. SO EITHER A PERSON WAS HISPANIC OR NOT, AND I, YOU KNOW, THINK IN CLINICAL TRIALS GIVEN THAT DEFINITION, GOOD LUCK ON YES OR NO, BUT OKAY. THEN, PEOPLE ARE ASKED, "OH BY THE WAY, WHAT'S YOUR RACE?" SO HERE ARE THE CHOICES -- [LAUGHTER] -- YOU COULD BE -- [LAUGHTER] -- WHITE -- [LAUGHTER] -- YOU COULD BE BLACK, AFRICAN AMERICAN, OR NEGRO. YOU COULD BE AMERICAN INDIAN OR ALASKAN NATIVE, BUT YOU HAVE TO GIVE YOUR TRIBAL AFFILIATION. OR YOU COULD BE ASIAN INDIAN OR CHINESE OR FILIPINO OR JAPANESE OR KOREAN OR VIETNAMESE OR SOME OTHER ASIAN, BUT YOU HAVE TO PRINT, OKAY, "I'M CAMBODIAN," "I'M LAOS," WHATEVER. OR YOU COULD BE NATIVE HAWAIIAN, GUAMANIAN, CHAMORRO, SAMOAN, OR OTHER PACIFIC ISLANDER, PRINT THE RACE. OR IF YOU'RE LATINO, OKAY, SO WHERE'S LATINO? BUT YOU ALREADY SAID YOU WERE LATINO. BUT YOU ASKED MY RACE. AND THEN LUCKILY THE CENSUS BUREAU GIVES THE RESIDUAL CATEGORY. YOU KNOW WHEN YOU DO ANY SURVEY, AND YOU ASK PEOPLE A SIMPLE QUESTION LIKE, "TODAY IS THURSDAY. YES, NO, DON'T KNOW?" RIGHT, RESIDUAL -- YOU KNOW SOME PEOPLE JUST DON'T GET IT. [LAUGHTER] AND THE RULE OF THUMB, AS LONG AS YOU'RE GETTING LESS THAN ONE OR TWO PERCENT OF PEOPLE HITTING YOUR "DON'T KNOW" CATEGORY -- YOU FIGURE YOU'RE GOING TO GET A FEW, YOU ALWAYS GET A COUPLE. MAYBE THEY'RE KIND OF HUNG OVER FROM THE PARTY THE NIGHT BEFORE, I DON'T KNOW. BUT WHEN YOU START GETTING FIVE TO 10 PERCENT HITTING THE RESIDUAL CATEGORY, YOU HAVE TO START SAYING, "I MAY HAVE A PROBLEM." AND WHEN YOU GET 20 OR 25 PERCENT HITTING THE RESIDUAL CATEGORY, AT THAT POINT YOU THINK, "YOU KNOW WHAT, I NEED TO TAKE THIS ITEM OUT. I HAVE A PROBLEM WITH IT; MAYBE IT WAS OPERATIONALIZED [SPELLED PHONETICALLY] INCORRECT. SOMEHOW PEOPLE AREN'T GETTING IT. I SHOULDN'T BE GETTING A QUARTER OF PEOPLE SAYING, 'I DON'T GET THE QUESTION.'" WELL LET'S LOOK AT THIS ISSUE OF RACE. WHEN WE LOOK, USE THESE RACIAL CATEGORIES SOME FOLKS HAVE GOTTEN ACCUSTOMED TO THEM, AND SO YOU KNOW THEY KNOW THE DRILL. AND PRETTY MUCH, IF YOU TAKE OUT NON-HISPANICS AND YOU LOOK AT PEOPLE -- BASICALLY MOST WHITE PEOPLE SAY THEY'RE WHITE; MOST AFRICAN AMERICANS SAY THEY'RE AFRICAN AMERICAN; VERY FEW SAY "I'M SOME OTHER;" AND VERY FEW HIT THE RESIDUAL CATEGORY. EVEN VERY FEW HIT, "OH, I'M TWO OR MORE," EVEN THOUGH THEY'RE OFFERED OTHER OPTIONS. SO, ALL IN ALL PEOPLE DON'T SEEM TO HAVE A LOT OF QUALMS ABOUT IT. BUT SOME GROUPS, AND HERE IS WHERE LATINOS KIND OF JUST DON'T GET THE QUESTION OR OF COURSE AS LATINOS, SAY, "MAYBE THERE'S A PROBLEM WITH YOUR QUESTION. MAYBE THE QUESTION IS NOT MEANINGFUL." SO WE LOOKED AT LATINOS ACROSS THE COUNTRY IN THE 2010 CENSUS. SLIGHTLY OVER HALF SAID THEY WERE WHITE, AND OVER TWO THIRDS SAID, "I DON'T GET THIS QUESTION." SO THEY PUT SOME OTHER RACE, AND THIS WILL VARY BY STATE, BY THE WAY. IN FLORIDA, ABOUT 90 PERCENT OF HISPANICS SAY THAT THEY'RE WHITE, AND LIKEWISE IN NEW MEXICO, ABOUT 90 PERCENT SAY THEY'RE WHITE. IN CALIFORNIA ABOUT 65 PERCENT OF LATINOS SAY, "I DON'T KNOW." SO IT WILL VARY BY STATE, BUT THIS IS THE NATIONAL PICTURE. BUT CLEARLY, FROM THE RULE OF THUMB SURVEY RESEARCH, THIS RACE QUESTION HAS GOT SOME PROBLEMS IN IT. SO LET'S GO BACK, WHY ARE WE ASKING THESE QUESTIONS? OR WHAT ARE WE TRYING TO PICK UP IN THE UNITED STATES? AND THIS ALL GOES BACK TO THE VERY FIRST CENSUS IN 1790. OKAY, NOW YOU REMEMBER WE HAD FINALLY GOTTEN THE CONSTITUTION, AND THE NEW CONSTITUTION SAID "PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION," RIGHT? FOR EVERY, AND YOU HAD TO SET YOUR CONGRESSIONAL BOUNDARIES FOR EVERY -- I CAN'T REMEMBER -- 500,000 PEOPLE, ET CETERA. SO THEY HAD TO COUNT EVERYONE. NOW, ONE OF THE PROBLEMS WITH THIS FIRST CENSUS IS THE ONLY CITIZENS WERE WHITE MALES -- WOMEN WERE NOT CITIZENS, OBVIOUSLY KIDS WEREN'T CITIZENS. BUT THE NOTION WAS WELL OKAY, WOMEN SHOULD BE HOOKED UP WITH A GUY. THEY HAD SOME STRANGE IDEAS BACK THEN. [LAUGHTER] BUT YOU HAD A LOT OF FOLKS THAT WEREN'T WHITE. SO WERE THEY SUPPOSED TO COUNT IN THE CENSUS TO SET CONGRESSIONAL BOUNDARIES? OR REMEMBER IN THE SOUTH, WHERE YOU HAD A LARGE NON-FREE POPULATION, THE SOUTHERNERS [UNINTELLIGIBLE], "HEY, IT GIVES US MORE REPRESENTATION." AND THE NORTH IS SAYING, "HEY, WAIT A MINUTE, THAT'S KIND OF AN UNFAIR ADVANTAGE." AND THEY ARGUED, AND THE CONSTITUTION DAMN NEAR CAME TO GRIEF OVER THIS ISSUE. AND FINALLY THEY COMPROMISED ON THIS, AND THE COMPROMISE WAS OF COURSE THE THREE-FIFTHS RULE. REMEMBER THAT? OKAY. "YES, WE'RE GOING TO COUNT EVERYBODY. AH, BUT IF YOU WEREN'T WHITE, YOU'RE ONLY GOING TO COUNT AS THREE-FIFTHS OF A PERSON." OKAY. SO, THE QUESTION STARTED TO BECOME, OKAY, BUT WHO'S WHITE? [LAUGHTER] OKAY, WHERE IS THAT DIVIDING LINE? WELL, IT DEPENDS. IF, FOR EXAMPLE, YOU'RE AMERICAN INDIAN AND YOUR TREATY HAD SET A SIGNED A TREATY WITH THE U.S. GOVERNMENT, THAT TREATY DEFINED A QUANTUM LEVEL. AND SUDDENLY YOU HAVE TO BE AS MUCH AS 50 PERCENT INDIAN, AND OTHERS AS LITTLE AS ONE-64TH AND YOU'RE INDIAN. [UNINTELLIGIBLE] IT SPECIFIED SOMEWHERE OKAY; ALTHOUGH BY TRIBE IT VARIED. AND OF COURSE FOR AFRICAN AMERICAN, THE MOST POIGNANT DEFINITION CAME FROM ACTUALLY A LITTLE BIT LATER CENSUS, 1930. BUT HERE THEY SAID IT SERVED SPECIFICALLY A PERSON OF MIXED WHITE AND NEGRO BLOOD WAS TO BE REFERRED AS NEGRO, NO MATTER HOW SMALL THE PERCENTAGE OF NEGRO BLOOD. THIS IS YOUR FAMOUS ONE DROP RULE THEY INSTITUTED BACK IN 1790. SO THEY HAVE BEEN DOING THIS EVER SINCE. HOWEVER, MANIFEST DESTINY. THE U.S. IS GOING TO MOVE OUT WEST, BUT OUT WEST THERE WERE SOME ALTERNATIVE RACIAL CATEGORIES THAT HAD BEEN DEVELOPING FOR ABOUT 350 YEARS, GOING BACK TO THE SPANISH ARRIVING IN MEXICO IN 1519. NOW YOU HAVE TO REMEMBER, ON OCTOBER 11, 1492 THERE WAS NOT ONE SINGLE INDIAN IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE, NOT ONE. OH, YOU HAD TEPOZTECAS, YOU HAD PUREPECHAS, YOU HAD PIMA, YOU HAD ALL THESE OTHER, ALL THOSE [SPELLED PHONETICALLY] INDIANS. BUT REMEMBER CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS WAS LOST. HE WAS LOOKING FOR INDIA. HE SEES LAND. THE NEXT MORNING, BOOM, THAT'S IT, "I FOUND LAND. THIS MUST BE INDIA." SO HE GETS A ROWBOAT, AND HIS SAILORS ROW HIM TO SHORE. SO SOME FOLKS COME DOWN, AND SAY, "WELL WHO IS THIS?" "I'M DOCUMENTING [UNINTELLIGIBLE]." YOU KNOW, "CAN WE SEE YOUR PAPERS?" [LAUGHTER] AND COLUMBUS SAYS, "OH, IF I'M IN INDIA, YOU MUST BE INDIANS." AND SUDDENLY WE HAD THE CONSTRUCT "INDIANS." OKAY, BUT THE INDIANS THEMSELVES, RIGHT, THEY WEREN'T USING THAT. WELL, THE SPANISH BROUGHT MANY WONDERFUL THINGS TO THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE. AMONG THEM WAS DISEASE. REMEMBER YOU HAD A VIRGIN POPULATION, HAD NEVER BEEN EXPOSED TO SMALL POX, MUMPS -- FOR PETE'S SAKE WAS MORTIFEROUS -- AND JUST THE TYPICAL CHILDHOOD DISEASE, AGAIN OF COURSE EUROPEANS HAD DEVELOPED PRETTY MUCH AN IMMUNITY, JUST RAVAGED THROUGH THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE POPULATIONS. THIS IS A DEPICTION OF SMALL POX. IN FACT, AS WE LOOK AT THE D POPULATION CURVE, THIS IS JUST AN ACTUAL HALF [SPELLED PHONETICALLY] OF ALL ACROSS THE HEMISPHERE. ESTIMATED ABOUT 25 MILLION INHABITANTS OF THE CENTRAL MEXICAN REGION BY, WELL, WITHIN 80 YEARS GOT REDUCED TO ONE AND A HALF ACTUALLY. AND HERE 80 YEARS, ONE MILLION, ABOUT A 95 PERCENT MORTALITY RATIO. IN THE SMALLER ISLANDS IN THE CARIBBEAN, IT WAS ALMOST 100 PERCENT BECAUSE IT WAS [UNINTELLIGIBLE] IN A SMALLER POPULATION. IT WAS REALLY, REALLY MORTIFEROUS. THIS IS NOT WHAT THE CROWN WANTED TO HAPPEN. THE CROWN HAD THE IDEA THE INDIANS SHOULD BE SUBJECTS AND THEY SHOULD BE PAYING TAXES -- AND HE WAS DOING HIS LITTLE RELIGIOUS WARS IN EUROPE -- ALL OF A SUDDEN HIS TAX BASE KIND OF MELTED AWAY. SO HE NEEDED TO REPLENISH THE POPULATION. SO THE CROWN ENCOURAGED IMMIGRATION TO THE NEW WORLD. SOME OF THEM CAME FROM EUROPE. WHEN THEY GOT TO THE NEW WORLD, FERTILITY STARTED TO TAKE PLACE. BUT IT WAS FERTILITY OF A DIFFERENT SORT THAN WE SAW AMONGST THE PILGRIMS, IN THAT QUITE OFTEN THE FOLKS THAT WERE COMING OVER WERE PRIMARILY MALES SO THEY TOOK TO WIFE SOME LOCALS, LIKE INDIANS. SO WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF A EUROPEAN, A SPANIARD HAD A CHILD BY AN INDIAN? THE OFFSPRING WAS CALLED A MESTIZO. YOU CAN BARELY SEE IT, THE ESPA„OL, MESTIZO. CAN YOU SEE THAT THERE? OKAY. NOW, IF THAT LITTLE MESTIZO GREW UP AND GOT MARRIED AND HAD A KID, FOR EXAMPLE IF SHE MARRIED A SPANIARD, HER CHILD WAS NOT ANOTHER MESTIZO OR MESTIZO-SQUARED -- [LAUGHER] -- HER CHILD WAS ACTUALLY, THE ESPA„OL, A MESTIZO CASTIZO, A CASTIZO. OKAY. YOU ALSO HAD IMMIGRATION FROM AFRICA ARRIVING WITH CORTƒS. IN FACT ONE OF CORTƒS' COMRADES-IN-ARMS WAS AFRICAN JUAN GARRIDO WHO WAS GIVEN A TRACT OF LAND WEST OF MEXICO CITY BECAUSE OF HIS BRAVERY. AND IN FACT, IF YOU EVER GO TO A MEXICAN RESTAURANT, THEY ASK YOU WHAT KIND OF TORTILLA DO YOU WANT, LIKE CORN OR FLOUR, YOU CAN THANK AN AFRICAN GENERAL. BECAUSE HE WAS THE FIRST PERSON, JUAN GARRIDO, TO ACTUALLY PLANT AND REAP WHEAT IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE. SO THAT GAVE US CHOICE NOW ON TORTILLAS. SO, IF AN AFRICAN HAD A CHILD WITH A SPANISH OR SPANIARD, THE CHILD WAS A MULATTO -- DE NEGRO Y ESPA„OL PRODUCE MULATTO. AND IF THAT MULATTO GREW UP AND HAD A CHILD WITH A SPANIARD, THE CHILD WAS A MORISCO. OKAY, YOU KIND OF GET THE HINT HERE? SO YOU HAD A LOT OF POTENTIAL MIXES. OR IF THE AFRICAN MARRIED AN INDIAN, THE CHILD WAS CALLED A LOBO. AND SO IT WENT ON AND ON AND ON. ACTUALLY THE CENSUS IN 1790, THE AFRICAN ORIGIN POPULATION IN MEXICO CITY WAS LARGER THAN THE SPANISH, YOU KNOW FROM THE IBERIAN PENINSULA. AND THE ASIAN POPULATION WAS ALMOST AS LARGE, BY THE WAY, AS THE SPANISH POPULATION. THERE'S A LENGTHY HISTORY OF AFRICAN PRESENCE IN MEXICO. WE TEND NOT TO READ A LOT ABOUT IT, BUT LET ME PUT IT LIKE THIS, THE GEORGE WASHINGTON OF MEXICO, JOSƒ MARêA MORELOS Y PAVON, THE ONE WHO ACHIEVED MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE -- IF HE WERE DOING IT TODAY, HE WOULD BE CALLED OH, YOU'RE AFRICAN AMERICAN. BUT HE SPOKE SPANISH, AND HE WAS FIGHTING FOR MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE. BY THE WAY, HIS SON WAS SUBSEQUENTLY PRESIDENT OF THE MEXICO [UNINTELLIGIBLE] THAT WOULD BE THE FIRST AFRICAN AMERICAN PRESIDENT IN NORTH AMERICA. BUT LET'S NOT GO INTO THAT. NOW YOU ALSO HAD BY THE WAY A LOT OF IMMIGRATION FROM ASIA, FROM CHINA, FROM KOREA, FROM INDIA. THERE'S THIS NATIONAL DRESS CALLED THE CHINA POBLANA, AND THAT TRANSLATED MEANS THE CHINESE LADY FROM POBLANA ALTHOUGH SHE WASN'T FROM CHINA. BUT THIS IS A FUNNY THING -- IN LATIN AMERICA, THEY CALL ANYONE FROM ASIA A CHINO. DO YOU REMEMBER FUJIMORI WAS RUNNING FOR PRESIDENT, AND HE WAS EL CHINO ALTHOUGH HE WAS ACTUALLY A JAPANESE CITIZEN? ACTUALLY, THE CHINO WAS FROM RAJASTHAN, INDIA, AND THE SEQUINS ON E SKIRT ARE AN IMITATION OF HER MIRROR CLOTH DRESS THAT SHE WOULD WEAR. SO AT ANY RATE, END OF THE SPANISH CROWN, THEY HAD TO BUILD A 16-WAY TABLE TO SORT OF CALCULATE, YOU KNOW, WHAT WAS YOUR ANCESTRY BETWEEN EUROPEAN, AFRICAN, ASIAN, AND INDIGENOUS -- AND YOU'VE GOT TO FIT IN ONE OF THESE. AND OF COURSE THEY HAD SUMPTUARY LAWS, EDUCATIONAL LIMITATIONS, ET CETERA BUT SPLIT 16 WAYS. WELL THAT WHOLE APPARATUS BEGAN TO MOVE NORTH. IT HIT NEW MEXICO 1598, TEXAS IN 1659, ARIZONA 1691. HIT CALIFORNIA IN 1769. SO, I WANT TO TAKE KIND OF A LONG VIEW ON DIVERSITY BECAUSE, IF YOU HAVE STUDIED ANY CALIFORNIA HISTORY AT ALL, YOU PROBABLY WERE GIVEN THE VERSION THAT SAID, "OH, AND THEY WERE ALL SPANISH WHEN THEY GOT HERE." WELL, THEY WEREN'T. LET'S TAKE A LOOK AT OPENING DAY, THE DAY THAT THE CITY OF L.A. WAS FOUNDED. EL PUEBLO DE NUESTRA SE„ORA, LA REYNA DE LOS ANGELES, EL RêO DE PORCIòNCULA, 90012. [LAUGHTER] WELL THAT CAME A LITTLE BIT, WELL ACTUALLY THAT'S THE FULL CORRECT NAME OF LOS ANGELES. WELL THEY DIDN'T COME FROM SPAIN; THEY CAME FROM NORTHERN MEXICO. AND THEY WALKED ALL ACROSS THE SONORA DESERT; THIS TRAIL BECAME KNOWN AS EL CAMINO DEL DIABLO, EREN [SPELLED PHONETICALLY] MEXICANOS. NOW, ON SEPTEMBER 6, 1781 THE DAY THAT L.A. IS FOUNDED, THEY HAVE A LITTLE PLAQUE THERE THAT NAMES THE POBLADORES AS THEY WERE, OR THEY WERE CALLED. WHO WERE THEY? WELL UNDER THE SPANISH COLONIAL SYSTEM, THEIR CUALIDAD OR THEIR WHATEVER, THEIR AMATEURS [SPELLED PHONETICALLY] WAS NOTED. AND THEY WEREN'T SPANIARDS. THEY WERE AFRICANS, AND THEY WERE INDIANS, AND THEY WERE A COUPLE OF EUROPEANS. AND THERE WERE ALSO MESTIZOS, AND THERE WERE ALSO MULATTOS. SO LET'S TAKE A LOOK AT THE HEADS OF HOUSEHOLD AND WHO WERE THESE FOUNDING FAMILIES. THREE OF THEM WERE AN INDIAN MARRIED TO AN INDIAN. THAT'S THREE OF THE COUPLES, INDIAN MARRIED TO INDIAN. ONLY SPOKE SPANISH, BUT THEY WERE INDIAN WHICH MEANT THEY WERE REALLY SPEAKING AN INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE AND THEY HAD CONVERTED TO CHRISTIANITY AT SOME POINT IN THEIR LIFE. ONE COUPLE WAS AN INDIAN MARRIED TO A MULATTA. ONE COUPLE WAS A MESTIZO MARRIED TO A MULATTA. ONE COUPLE OR TWO COUPLES WERE MULATTOS MARRIED TO MULATTAS. ONE COUPLE WAS AN AFRICAN MARRIED TO A MULATTA. AND TWO COUPLES WERE SPANIARDS MARRIED TO AN INDIAN. I'M GOING TO PUT QUOTATION MARKS AROUND THEM BECAUSE SPANISH IN THOSE DAYS IN NORTHERN MEXICO DIDN'T NECESSARILY MEAN YOU CAME FROM SPAIN OR YOUR ANCESTRY EVEN CAME FROM SPAIN. WHAT IT COULD ALSO MEAN IS BASICALLY YOU FOUGHT ON THE SIDE OF THE SPANISH CROWN. SO THEY PROBABLY WEREN'T RIGHT FROM THE IBERIAN PENINSULA. THIS IS NOT THE WAY THE HISTORY BOOKS TEND TO PRESENT IT. THIS -- WELL HERE WE GO. HERE IS A GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE POBLADORES WHO FOUNDED EL PUEBLO DE LOS ANGELES. I'M NOT GOING TO GO THROUGH, OKAY. THIRTY-EIGHT PERCENT WERE INDIAN, EIGHT PERCENT WERE AFRICAN, EIGHT PERCENT WERE EUROPEAN. OH, I HAVE YOUR ASIAN, BUT WE DIDN'T SEE ANY IN THE PICTURE. ACTUALLY THERE WAS SUPPOSED TO HAVE BEEN AN ASIAN FAMILY THERE THAT DAY, BUT THEY HAD BEEN EXPOSED TO SMALL POX -- SO THEY WERE HELD IN QUARANTINE AT THE MISSION OF SAN GABRIEL FOR ABOUT THREE WEEKS, THEN THEY JOINED. BUT YOU KNOW, 242 YEARS LATER, I DON'T THINK THE THREE WEEKS OFF, WE HAD TO HOLD THEM OUT FOR THAT. AND THEN OF COURSE 38 PERCENT WERE MORE THAN ONE RACE. OKAY. WELL, IF WE FAST FORWARD THE POPULATION OF L.A. FOR 230 YEARS AND WE LOOK AT THE BABIES BORN IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY WELL, 64 PERCENT ARE LATINO -- AND WHAT RACE IS LATINO? SEVEN PERCENT AFRICAN AMERICAN, 11 PERCENT ASIAN, 17 PERCENT WHITE -- IT ALMOST LOOKS LIKE L.A. TOOK 230 YEARS TO COME FULL CIRCLE IN TERMS OF OUR DIVERSITY JUST THE WAY IT WAS. AND BY THE WAY, HERE'S ONE OF THE FAMILIES -- THIS IS THE ROSAS FAMILY. BASILIO ROSAS WHO WAS AN INDIAN MARRIED TO MARêA MANUELA CALISTRA HERNçNDEZ WHO WAS A MULATTA. THEY HAD ONE SON JOSEPH ANTONIO ROSAS WHO WAS A MESTIZO WHO MARRIED AN INDIAN WOMAN FROM THE VILLAGE OF YANG-NA, THAT'S 100 YARDS AWAY. SHE WAS BAPTIZED THE DAY THAT SHE WAS MARRIED AND GIVEN THE NAME MARêA VOLORES, WHICH MEANS SHE PROBABLY DIDN'T SPEAK A LOT OF SPANISH AT THIS POINT. PROBABLY JOSEPH ANTONIO HAD LEARNED TONGVA WHICH WAS THE LOCAL LANGUAGE. BUT OF COURSE THEY HAD A BABY. NOW THIS IS DIVERSITY. SO WHEN LATINOS ARE ASKED, "OH, BY THE WAY, WHAT RACE ARE YOU?" HELLO, DUH. TRY ALL OF THE ABOVE. AND WE COULD EVEN SEE THE INTERACTION TO HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS. THE VERY FIRST UNIVERSITY TRAINED LICENSED HEALTHCARE PROVIDER TO STEP FOOT IN CALIFORNIA ACTUALLY CAME WITH FATHER SERRA IN 1769. THAT WAS THE SERGEANT MAJOR PEDRO PRAT. HE'D ACTUALLY BEEN ATTACHED TO THE FORCES IN NEW MEXICO. HE WAS TOLD HE HAD TO QUICKLY JOIN THE EXPEDITION THAT'S LEAVING FOR CALIFORNIA. HE RODE FROM ALBUQUERQUE ALL THE WAY DOWN TO SUN BLAST [SPELLED PHONETICALLY]. HE LEFT ALL OF HIS INSTRUMENTS, HIS MEDICATION UP IN NEW MEXICO. THEY GOT ON THE SHIPS, TOOK THEM THREE MONTHS TO SAIL NORTH TO CALIFORNIA. SCURVY SET IN, HE RAN OUT OF MEDICATIONS. HE LANDS IN SAN DIEGO, 90 PERCENT CASUALTIES, PRIMARILY SCURVY. HE'S OUT OF MEDICATIONS, SO WHAT DOES HE DO? HE GOES TO SOME LOCAL INDIGENOUS PROVIDERS. AND HE SAYS, "OKAY, I'M OUT OF MEDICINE. WHAT DO YOU GUYS DO HERE? WHAT DO YOU USE WHEN YOU HAVE THESE SYMPTOMS?" SO HE WENT TO THE INDIGENOUS PROVIDERS. AND BY THE WAY, THE OLDEST MEDICAL LICENSE STILL EXISTING IN CALIFORNIA I RAN ACROSS IN THE BANCROFT LIBRARY ABOUT SIX YEARS AGO, AND THIS IS IT. AND IT'S DATED 1799, AND IT'S A LICENSE TO A MEDICAL GRADUATE TO PRACTICE MEDICINE IN MEXICO. IT'S KIND OF GOT THAT NIFTY HANDWRITING LIKE THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, AND IT EVEN HAS BIG SIGNATURES. BUT IF YOU READ IT CLOSELY, IT'S NOT WRITTEN IN ENGLISH BECAUSE THIS MEDICAL LICENSE WAS NOT GIVEN IN BOSTON, WASN'T EVEN GIVEN OUT OF BETHESDA. IT WAS ISSUED IN MEXICO CITY TO DR. MANUEL GUTIERREZ IKEJA [SPELLED PHONETICALLY] WHO HAD GRADUATED FROM MEDICAL SCHOOL IN MEXICO CITY, AND HE WAS GOING TO PRACTICE UP IN CALIFORNIA. SO, YOU HOPEFULLY KIND OF GET AN IDEA THAT FROM THE VERY GET-GO THE POPULATION IN CALIFORNIA IS HORRENDOUSLY DIVERSE. THEN IN 1810 MEXICO DECLARED ITS INDEPENDENCE. AND IN 1810 THIS INDEPENDENCE HAD TWO VERY IMPORTANT GOALS. IN FACT, THREE MONTHS AFTER FATHER HIDALGO RANG THAT BELL THAT EVERYBODY CELEBRATES ON SEPTEMBER 15 -- THEY GO UP AND DO THE BELL AND EVERYBODY GOES, "VIVA, VIVA, MUERA, MUERA," AND ALL OF THAT. THREE MONTHS LATER HE SAID, "AND BY THE WAY, EVEN THOUGH WE'RE NOT FULLY IN CONTROL, WE HAVEN'T YET WON OUR INDEPENDENCE, HERE'S MY FIRST PROCLAMATION. WE'RE GOING TO ABOLISH SLAVERY IN THIS NEW REPUBLIC, NEVER AGAIN." AND CALIFORNIA OF COURSE BEING PART OF MEXICO, "OKAY, NO SLAVERY IN THIS STATE." AND HE SAID, "WE'RE GOING TO DO AWAY WITH ALL RACIAL DISTINCTIONS. AS SOON AS WE GET INDEPENDENCE, EVERYONE IS GOING TO BE A CITIZEN OF THE REPUBLIC OF MEXICO. IT DOESN'T MATTER WHAT YOUR RACIAL ORIGIN MIGHT BE." TWO VERY IMPORTANT TOPICS. WELL, SO PEOPLE LIVED IN CALIFORNIA AND ARIZONA, NEW MEXICO, TEXAS, ET CETERA FOR A COUPLE OF GENERATIONS. AND THEN THE CENSUS CAME WEST. OH, OKAY. I KNOW IN HISTORY, I WAS GIVEN THIS VERSION IN HISTORY IN HIGH SCHOOL. THE PIONEERS MARCHED INTO THE WILDERNESS WHERE THERE WAS NOTHING. [LAUGHTER] OKAY, WELL THERE WAS A LOT OF SOMETHING THERE, AND IN FACT YOU HAD A LOT OF BATTLES. BUT WHAT PEOPLE DON'T RECOGNIZE, IN CALIFORNIA, THE CALIFORNIANS WON MOST OF THEIR BATTLES. THEY WHOOPED THE CRAP OUT OF DENNIS KEARNEY OF SAN PASQUAL, KICKED THE U.S. ARMY AND NAVY OUT OF LOS ANGELES. THEY BEAT THE U.S. ARMY IN THE BATTLE OF SAN GABRIEL, ALSO IN SALINAS PLAINS. HOWEVER, THE WAR WAS LOST IN MEXICO CITY. THE TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO TOOK FORCE, AND SOMETHING BEGAN TO HAPPEN. UP UNTIL THIS POINT, PEOPLE HAD BEEN CITIZENS OF THE REPUBLIC OF MEXICO -- NO SLAVERY, NO RACIAL DISCRIMINATION. SUDDENLY THEY'RE THRUST INTO A NEW SITUATION, AND THEY HAD TO FIGURE IT OUT. AND THEY BEGAN TO MAKE THE TRANSITION FROM BEING A CITIZEN OF MEXICO TO BEING A LATINO OF THE UNITED STATES, LATINO DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS. ON FEBRUARY 1, 1848, ABOUT 10,000 CITIZENS OF THE REPUBLIC OF MEXICO WENT TO BED. THEY CALLED THEMSELVES CALIFORNIANS. THEY ALSO CALLED THEMSELVES "HIJOS DEL PAêS." THEY ALSO CALLED THEMSELVES "NATIVOS DE CALIFORNIA" OR JUST SIMPLY "DEL PAêS," COUNTRY -- YOU KNOW "DEL PAISA" [SPELLED PHONETICALLY]. KIND OF LIKE "HOLMES" [SPELLED PHONETICALLY], "HEY HOLMES, WHAT'S HAPPENING?" OKAY, AT MIDNIGHT ON FEBRUARY 2, SOMEONE SUDDENLY DREW A LINE DOWN THE MIDDLE OF MEXICO, AND THOSE STATES WENT OFF AND BECAME PART OF THE UNITED STATES. AND SO WHEN THESE 10,000 MEXICAN CITIZENS WOKE UP THE NEXT MORNING, THEY WERE YOU KNOW PROBABLY YAWNING, EXPRESSING AS THEY LOOKED AROUND. SUDDENLY, HUH, THEY'RE NOT MEXICAN CITIZENS ANYMORE -- THEY'RE NOW CITIZENS OF THE UNITED STATES. BUT THEY SPOKE THE SAME LANGUAGE, THEY ATE THE SAME FOODS, THEY HAD THE SAME RELATIONSHIPS -- I MEAN, THE ONLY THING THAT CHANGED WAS THEY'RE NOW CITIZENS OF THE UNITED STATES. SO CALIFORNIA BECAME A STATE. AND THEY FIGURED OKAY, NO SENSE CRYING OVER SPILT MILK, AND THEY GOT WITH IT AND THEY HELPED TO WRITE THE CONSTITUCION DEL ESTADO DE CALIFORNIA. THEY ALSO WROTE A VERSION IN ENGLISH OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE CONSTITUTION. AND CALIFORNIA CAME IN AS A BILINGUAL STATE, AND IN FACT, THE CONSTITUTION SPECIFICALLY SAID THAT ALL LAWS, DECREES, REGULATIONS, OR PROVISIONS WHICH FROM THEIR NATURE REQUIRE PUBLICATION SHALL BE PUBLISHED IN ENGLISH AND SPANISH. HEY, THIS IS A BILINGUAL STATE. YOU KNOW, SPANISH IS NOT A FOREIGN LANGUAGE IN THE UNITED STATES. WELL, NO SOONER WAS THE INK OF THAT DRY, THEN ZAMBRANA [SPELLED PHONETICALLY] STOOD ON THE STREET CORNER IN SAN FRANCISCO, WAVED A LITTLE GLASS BOTTLE AND SAID, "GOLD, GOLD, WE DISCOVERED GOLD." AND THE GOLD RUSH WAS ON. BUT ONE THING THAT GOT LEFT OUT OF THE HISTORY OF THE GOLD RUSH IS YOU HAD TENS OF THOUSANDS OF MINERS FROM MEXICO, CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA WHO ACTUALLY GOT THERE A YEAR BEFORE. THEY WERE THE 48ERS. [LAUGHTER] THEY GOT THERE A YEAR BEFORE THE 49ERS. [LAUGHTER] OKAY. MANY OF THEM WERE ALREADY LIVING IN CALIRNIA. THE CALIFORNIANS, THEY WERE NOW U.S. CITIZENS. TENS OF THOUSANDS WALKED UP THE OLD TRAIL, THE OLD CAMINO DEL DIABLO, TENS OF THOUSANDS. THOUSANDS MORE CAME BY BOAT ALL THE WAY, EVERYWHERE FROM GUAYMAS TO EL PARAISO, TALCAHUANO, TENS OF THOUSANDS POURING IN THE SPACE OF YEARS. THEY MET EACH OTHER. ONE OF OUR STEADY COUNTIES IS TUOLUMNE COUNTY, RIGHT NORTH OF YOSEMITE. HERE WE HAVE ONE LADY [UNINTELLIGIBLE] AS SHE WALKED UP FROM MEXICO, AND IN TUOLUMNE COUNTY SHE MET HER FUTURE PARTNER FRANCISCO MENDELES WHO HAD SAILED UP FROM SOUTH AMERICA. THEY GOT MARRIED. THEY BUILT A HOUSE UP IN SONORA IN TUOLUMNE COUNTY. THEY HAD CHILDREN, ISABEL MARêA MENDOZA AND MARêA ROSARIA MENDOZA. AND THOSE CHILDREN JOINED THOUSANDS OF OTHER LATINO CHILDREN BEING BORN DURING THE GOLD RUSH. NOW, WHAT'S INTERESTING IF YOU READ THE HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA, THEY NEVER MENTION THIS. BUT I DO DATA. SO WE PULLED THESE OUT OF THE OLD BAPTISM RECORDS, YOU NAME IT. IN FACT, HERE WE HAVE LATINO BABIES BEING BORN IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY FROM 1850 TO 1869. YOU KNOW I SAY [SPELLED PHONETICALLY] WERE THE VAST, VAST, VAST MAJORITY BABIES. IN FACT, 8,000 LATINO BABIES WERE BORN DURING THAT PERIOD, AND THESE ARE THE NON-HISPANIC WHITE BABIES. BUT SOMEHOW THESE LATINO BABIES JUST DON'T GET MENTIONED. YOU HAD A COMPLETE POPULATION BOOM. BUT THE BABIES BEING BORN WERE VERY DIFFERENT FROM THEIR PARENTS IN THAT THEY WERE NOW A SECOND GENERATION. THEY WERE BORN CITIZENS OF THE UNITED STATES, AND THEY GREW UP SPEAKING BOTH SPANISH AND ENGLISH. THIS YOUNG GENTLEMAN OR YOUNG MAN WHEN HE GREW UP ACTUALLY FOUNDED, HE WAS THE FOUNDER OF UCLA -- A BILINGUAL REGINALDO FRANCISCO DEL VALLE. I HAVEN'T GOT TIME TO TALK ABOUT IT. I WANT TO TALK ABOUT THE CLASH OF DATA SYSTEMS. OKAY, NOW IN THE 1860 CENSUS, NOW WE'RE GETTING -- MOVING TOWARDS CIVIL WAR, AND THE CENSUS GAVE THESE INSTRUCTIONS TO THE ENUMERATORS. "BE PARTICULARLY CAREFUL IN REPORTING THE CLASS MULATTO, THIS INCLUDES QUADROONS, OCTOROONS, AND ALL PERSONS HAVING ANY PERCEPTIBLE TRACES OF AFRICAN BLOOD." THE ONE DROP RULE AGAIN. NOW HERE'S THE REASON WHY THEY WERE DOING THIS BY THE WAY. YOUR TAX DOLLARS AT WORK. THE IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC RESULTS DEPEND UPON THE CORRECT DETERMINATION OF THE CLASS OF SCHEDULE ONE AND TWO. WHAT WERE THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS? THEY WERE TRYING TO PROVE THE THEORY OF THE TRAGIC MULATTO. THAT WHEN YOU HAVE A PERSON OF MIXED RACE, THAT PERSON THAT REALLY WENT CRAZY, THE ONE THAT [UNINTELLIGIBLE] IMBECILE [SPELLED PHONETICALLY], BECAME A CRIMINAL. THEREFORE THE RACES SHOULD NEVER MIX SO YOU WOULDN'T GET THIS TRAGIC MULATTO CLASS. THAT'S WHAT WE'RE TRYING TO IDENTIFY. I GUESS THE NOTION WAS THE MORE MIXED THEY WERE, THE WORSE OFF THE OUTCOME. ERGO, THE RACES SHOULD NEVER MIX. THAT WAS THE IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC RESULT, AND THEY WERE LOOKING FOR THIS FOR MANY NUMBER OF CENSUS. NOW, TROUBLE IS THIS JUST COMES WEST. HERE IS PHOTOGRAPH OF MARCOS ALANIZ. BY THE WAY, AT ONE POINT, IN FACT THE POINT THIS PHOTOGRAPH, HE OWNED THE LAND THAT UCLA WAS ON. NOW WHAT RACE WAS MARCOS ALANIZ? WHAT DID HE LOOK LIKE? YEAH, WELL HE CERTAINLY DOESN'T LOOK LIKE HIS ANCESTORS CAME OVER ON THE MAYFLOWER. [LAUGHTER] I THINK WE CAN -- WELL, I HAPPEN TO KNOW HIS BACKGROUND. HE WAS AFRICAN, INDIAN, AND JUST A DASH OF EUROPEAN AS MOST LATINOS WERE. AND OF COURSE HE'S BEING ASKED, "OH BY THE WAY DO YOU HAVE ANY PERCEPTIBLE TRACES OF NON-WHITE BLOOD?" AND HE'S LOOKING BACK AND SAYING, "TIENE PREGUNTAS?" OH OKAY, HE SPOKE SPANISH. [LAUGHTER] THIS STARTED TO CREATE PROBLEMS. HE OWNED THE LAND THAT UCLA IS NOW ON. YEAH, A LITTLE PROBLEM BECAUSE NON-WHITE PEOPLE COULDN'T OWN LAND -- HE OWNED LAND. THIS IS A MIDWIFE EULALIA PEREZ [SPELLED PHONETICALLY] BORN IN THE LATE 1700S. WHAT RACE WAS SHE? WELL, YEAH COMPLETE MESTIZA, A LITTLE BIT OF ALL OF THE ABOVE. AND INTERESTINGLY FOLKS ALSO GOT INTO THE OTHER WAY. HERE WE HAVE A PHYSICIAN'S FEE SCHEDULE. IT WAS WRITTEN IN SPANISH, GIVING KIND OF A PRICE LIST. BUT IT'S INTERESTING WHO SIGNED IT IS CHARLES COBURN, ALEXANDER BLACKBURN, ISIDORE [SPELLED PHONETICALLY] DODGE AND GUILLERMO, NOT WILLIAM, GUILLERMO DODGE ANGLS [SPELLED PHONETICALLY] WHO LEARNED SPANISH BECAUSE THAT WAS FAIRLY TYPICAL. PEOPLE KIND OF LEARNED EACH OTHER'S LANGUAGE BACK THEN. [LAUGHTER] NOW WE'RE DOING SOME RESEARCH ON MARRIAGES, LATINO MARRIAGES IN CALIFORNIA. AND I'M TAKING PAINS TO PULL OUT ALL THE TERMS THEY USED TO DESCRIBE LATINOS. NOW HERE'S THE INTERESTING THING. IN THE CENSUSES AND EVERYTHING ELSE THEY WOULD HAVE RACE, THERE WAS ALWAYS A RACE COLUMN. AND IF SOMEONE WAS WHITE, THEY'D PUT DOWN WHITE. IF SOMEONE WAS BLACK, THEY'D PUT DOWN BLACK OR WHATEVER OFF-TONE OR WHATEVER, IF THEY'RE ASIAN, IF THEY'RE INDIAN. AND IF THEY WERE LATINO, USUALLY THE RACE THING WAS SIMPLY NOT CHECKED. OKAY, ALREADY TELLING YOU WE'VE GOT A LITTLE PROBLEM. BUT THEN THEY HAD COLOR. OH THAT WAS ALWAYS FILLED OUT FOR LATINOS. COLORS BROWN, COLORED DARK, DARK SPANISH, SPANISH MEXICAN, DARK CAUCASIAN. OKAY, WELL, HERE'S A MARRIAGE 1855. THE LAST MEXICAN GOVERNOR OF CALIFORNIA, PIO PICO, MARRIED MARêA IGNACIA ALVARADO. NOW WHAT WOULD PIO PICO CHECK WHEN HE WAS ASKED HIS RACE, OR COULD HE? HE WAS BLACK. IN FACT, THERE'S -- I HAVEN'T GOT WELL, LET ME JUST GIVE YOU A CURIOUS INCIDENT. PIO WAS THE LAST MEXICAN GOVERNOR OF CALIFORNIA. SO WHEN THEY WERE WRITING THE NEW CONSTITUTION OF NOW CALIFORNIA AS A STATE, AS OUTGOING GOVERNOR HE HAS TO BRING THE STATE PAPERS OVER TO TAKE THEM INTO THE HALL. SO HE'S GOT THE RECORDS, STARTS TO GO INTO THE HALL, AND SOME PEOPLE FROM THE SOUTH BLOCK HIS ENTRANCE. "HE CAN'T COME IN HERE." "WHY NOT?" "HE'S A BLACK." "BUT HE'S OUR GOVERNOR." [LAUGHTER] "BUT HE'S BLACK." "BUT HE'S OUR GOVERNOR." FINALLY, PROTOCOL TRUMPED, AND HE WAS ABLE TO GO IN. AND OF COURSE, THIS MARRIAGE -- PEOPLE GO, "OH, SHE'S WHITE AND HE'S BLACK, HOW CAN THEY GET MARRIED?" YOU KNOW? "THEY'RE LATINOS. THEY'RE IN LOVE." THAT WAS THE MAIN THING. BUT SHE MAY HAVE BEEN CATEGORIZED AS SOME OF THESE OTHER TERMS: WHITE SPANISH, WHITE MEXICAN, WHITE CALIFORNIAN, FAIR WHITE, HALF SPANISH. WELL TROUBLE IS NOW WHEN WE HAVE THESE VERY MESTIZO FAMILIES, KIDS COME OUT ALL DIFFERENT COLORS. THERE'S THE LITTLE FLORES GIRL UP IN SAN LUIS OBISPO, I LOVE HER. SHE'S A TOUGHY. OR THESE CASTRO KIDS, YOU NOTICE THEY'RE ALL SHADES OF THE RAINBOW? AND I LOOK AT MY LITTLE NIECE AND NEPHEWS -- ALL THE WAY FROM VERY DARK SKIN, VERY BLACK HAIR TO VERY LIGHT SKIN, VERY WHITE, BLOND HAIR. AND THEY'RE ALL, "WE'RE FIRST COUSINS, YEAH, WE'RE MESTIZOS." BUT THEN YOU HAVE THIS OLD TRADITION, EVER SINCE WILL GOES [SPELLED PHONETICALLY] TO THE LATIN YANKEE FAMILIES. SO WE REALLY GET REALLY MESTIZOS. SO WHEN WE'RE ASKED THE RACE QUESTION, YOU CAN UNDERSTAND WHY I SAY, "WHAT ARE YOU ASKING ME? WHY?" OKAY. NONETHELESS, IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY THE AMERICAN EUGENICS MOVEMENT TOOK PLACE. AND THEY'RE TRYING TO GET SOME EXCLUSIVITY [SPELLED PHONETICALLY]. AND THEY CONTINUED TO WARN DATUM [SPELLED PHONETICALLY] WRITERS TO BE REALLY CAREFUL WHEN DISTINGUISHED BETWEEN BLACKS, MULATTOS, QUADROONS, OCTOROONS BECAUSE YOU'RE GOING TO HAVE THIS TRAGIC MULATTO WE'RE STILL TRYING TO PROVE IN 1890. THE PROBLEM HAS BEEN THAT IN THE U.S. THEY ASSUME THERE ARE THESE VERY SHARP DIVISIONS. WHERE LATINOS GREW UP, "AREN'T WE ALL CIVIL," YOU KNOW, "CAN'T WE ALL JUST GET ALONG" SORT OF A THING. AND IT JUST CAUSED THE LAND -- AND I HAVEN'T GOT TIME TO GO THROUGH IT ALL YOU KNOW MARRIAGE LICENSES, DEATH, YOU KNOW, WHAT -- I MEAN, JUST PEOPLE NOW FIGURE OUT WHERE DO WE STICK THESE MEXICANS? FINALLY, THE WEST SEGREGATED ITSELF IN THE 1920S. JIM CROW'S LAWS HIT WEST AND FINALLY STARTED SEGREGATING HOUSES AND SCHOOLS AND EVERYTHING ELSE. AND THE CALIFORNIA ATTORNEY GENERAL WEBB FINALLY USED THE ONE DROP RULE TO CATEGORIZE LATINOS. AND AS HE WAS SEGREGATING THE SCHOOLS, HE SAID, "IT IS WELL KNOWN THAT A GREAT PART OF THE POPULATION OF MEXICO IS A MIXTURE OF INDIAN. NOW WHEN THESE INDIANS IMMIGRATE TO THE UNITED STATES, THEY NEED TO OBEY THE LAWS APPLICABLE TO OTHER INDIANS, CHILDREN OF MEXICAN ORIGIN, OR INDIANS -- THEREFORE SHOULD ATTEND INDIAN SCHOOLS." THERE, THAT'S AS YOU STARTED GETTING THEM THE SEGREGATED SCHOOLS FOR MEXICANS, HOUSING WAS SEGREGATED, IN CALIFORNIA IS DONE INDIVIDUALLY. IT WAS CALLED A RESTRICTIVE COVENANT THAT WOULD RESTRICT, YOU KNOW, IF YOU BOUGHT A HOUSE FROM ME, I COULD RESTRICT WHO YOU COULD SELL IT TO. HERE'S TYPICAL RESTRICTION FROM ORANGE COUNTY: "NO PERSON OTHER THAN A MEMBER OF THE CAUCASIAN RACE SHALL BE PERMITTED TO OCCUPY THE SAID PREMISES. AND SAID PREMISES SHALL NOT BE OCCUPIED BY ANY MEXICAN OR MEXICANS EXCEPT AS FAMILY SERVANTS." SO IF YOU CAME THROUGH THE BACK DOOR, THAT WAS OKAY. WELL, FINALLY IN 1930 CENSUS, THE BUREAU DECIDED MEXICAN WAS A SEPARATE RACE. SO HERE WE HAVE THE RETURNS FOR 1930. WE KNOW HOW MANY WHITE FOLKS THERE WERE, HOW MANY NEGROS, HOW MANY MEXICANS. NOW OF COURSE YOU THINK, "WAIT A MINUTE, THAT'S NATIONAL ORIGIN, THAT'S NOT RACE, BUT OKAY." INDIAN, CHINESE, JAPANESE, FILIPINO, AND HERE ARE RESIDUAL ALL OTHERS. AND IT WAS A LITTLE BIT DIFFICULT. YOU KNOW, HOW DO YOU SUDDENLY DO A ONE DROP RULE WHERE YOU HADN'T HAD ANY DROPS BEING COUNTED FOR ABOUT 300 YEARS? SO THESE ARE THE INSTRUCTIONS OR EXPLANATIONS TO THE ENUMERATOR. PRACTICALLY ALL MEXICAN LABORERS ARE OF A RACIAL MIXTURE DIFFICULT TO CLASSIFY. THEY'RE USUALLY WELL RECOGNIZED IN THE LOCALITIES WHERE THEY -- "OH WE KNOW WHO JOSƒ IS, RIGHT? YOU KNOW JOSƒ." YOU KNOW EVERYONE KNOWS JOSƒ. SO AGAIN HERE'S YOUR GREAT EXCLUSION, INCLUSION CRITERIA FROM 1930 CENSUS. IN ORDER TO OBTAIN SEPARATE FIGURES FOR THIS RACIAL GROUP THAT IS MEXICAN, IT HAS BEEN DECIDED -- I WONDER WHO DECIDED THAT -- IT HAS BEEN DECIDED -- WELL, SOMEONE HERE IN WASHINGTON -- THAT ALL PERSONS BORN IN MEXICO OR HAVING PARENTS BORN IN MEXICO, WHO ARE NOT DEFINITELY WHITE, NEGRO, INDIAN, CHINESE, JAPANESE, SHOULD BE RETURNED AS MEXICAN OR MEX, THERE. TALK ABOUT ETHNOGENESIS. WE HAVE+z NOW BY [UNINTELLIGIBLE] CREATED A RACIAL GROUP. ONLY HELLO, I MEAN, WHO IN MEXICO DOESN'T HAVE SOME INDIAN, AFRICAN, OR ASIAN ANCESTRY? OKAY, SO HERE'S THE [UNINTELLIGIBLE] AMERICANOS, AN EARLY PRIVATE MUTUAL BENEFITS INSURANCE GROUP IN THE SOUTHWEST. NOW WHAT WAS INTERESTING JUST 10 YEARS LATER WORLD WAR II CAME AROUND, AND SUDDENLY MEXICANS BECAME WHITE. OKAY, NOW GO FIGURE. AND I HAVE, I WROTE A PAPER ABOUT THIS IN 1985. I'VE STILL BEEN LOOKING FOR THE SMOKING GUN MEMO; IT HAS TO BE SOMEWHERE. BUT, YOU KNOW, OR MAYBE IT GOT SHREDDED, I DON'T KNOW. THAT FAB [SPELLED PHONETICALLY], YOU KNOW, 18 MINUTE GAP OR SOMETHING. CAN YOU GUYS HELP ME FIND THAT? BECAUSE NOW I'M JUST GOING, WHO SUDDENLY DECIDED AND WHY THAT SUDDENLY MEXICANS ARE ALL GOING TO BE WHITE, BUT THEY DID. AND IN THE SUBSEQUENT CENSUSES, SUDDENLY LATINOS DISAPPEAR. SO AS I'M TRYING TO GET DATA ON LATINOS, AND HERE'S SOME CALIFORNIA DATA FOR 1962. I KNEW THE NUMBER OF WHITE FOLKS THAT DIED, NEGROS, INDIANS, CHINESE, AND JAPANESE AND OTHER -- BUT HOW MANY LATINOS DIED? WELL, IF YOU LOOK AT THIS LITTLE SUPERSCRIPT B, YOU GO DOWN TO THE FOOT OF THE TABLE, AND IT SAYS, "WHITE INCLUDES MEXICAN." UNLESS OF COURSE YOU WANTED TO BUY A HOUSE, THEY STILL HAD A RESTRICTIVE COVENANT. [LAUGHTER] OR YOU WANTED TO GO TO PERU ON WHITE DAY INSTEAD OF COLORED DAY. [LAUGHTER] OKAY, SO THIS IS REALLY CONFUSING TO A LOT OF FOLKS. IF YOU THINK IT'S CONFUSING, LOOK AT THE OFFICIAL CENSUS EXPLANATION. THE COLOR GROUPS DESIGNATED AS NON-WHITE INCLUDES NEGROS, AMERICAN INDIANS, JAPANESE, CHINESE, FILIPINOS, KOREANS, HAWAIIANS, ASIAN INDIANS, MALAYANS, ESKIMOS, [UNINTELLIGIBLE]. PRETTY LONG, OKAY. PERSONS OF MEXICAN BIRTH OR ANCESTRY WHO ARE NOT DEFINITELY INDIAN OR OTHER NON-WHITE RACE OR CLASSIFIED AS WHITE. I MEAN, WHAT LATINO ISN'T GOING TO HAVE ALSO SOME OF THE ABOVE. OKAY, WELL ALONG CAME THE '60S, A FUN TIME. FARM WORKERS, ET CETERA, ET CETERA. AND HEALTHCARE AND DIVERSITY SUDDENLY TOOK ITS PLACE IN HEALTH POLICY. FOR EXAMPLE, THESE ARE SOME PICTURES I TOOK IN THE EARLY '70S. THE BERKELEY FREE CLINIC FOR WHITE YOUTH. THIS IS THE ORIGINAL ASIAN HEALTH SERVICES CLINIC IN OAKLAND; IT'S NOW A HUGE BUILDING. THIS IS WHERE IT STARTED IN CHINATOWN IN OAKLAND. NATIVE AMERICAN HEALTH CENTER, ORIGINALLY JUST ONE OFFICE IN A MEDICAL OFFICE BUILDING. NOW, IT'S A SERIES OF HUGE CLINICS. THE GRAY PANTHERS, RADICAL ELDERLY. I GUESS THAT'S WHAT I'M GOING TO BECOME WHEN I GROW UP; I THINK I'M A RADICAL ELDERLY. WEST BERKELEY HEALTH CENTER, PRIMARILY FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS. BERKELEY WOMEN'S HEALTH COLLECTIVE, YOU KNOW, EARLY TRYING TO GET SOME ISSUES OF GENDER, ET CETERA INTO THINGS. SAN ANTONIO CLINIC, KIND OF A MIXED MEXICAN, AFRICAN AMERICAN, AND ASIAN. TIBURCIO VASQUEZ CLINIC IN UNION CITY, PREDOMINANTLY LATINO. AND I WAS INVOLVED WITH A GROUP OF STUDENTS, WE SET UP LA CLINICA DE LA RAZA IN 1970. I HAD THE HONOR OF BEING THE FIRST EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR; THIS IS ME BACK IN MY HIPPIE HAIR, MY HIPPIE HAIR DAYS. [LAUGHTER] PROUD TO SAY LA CLINICA, BY THE WAY, HAS JUST HAD ITS 41ST ANNIVERSARY. IT'S A MAJOR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IN ALAMEDA-CONTRA COSTA COUNTY. AND OF COURSE ALL OF THESE CLINICS DIDN'T COME UP BECAUSE PEOPLE WANTED THEM OR WELCOMED THEM. IT TOOK A LOT OF POLITICAL WORK, A LOT OF POLICY WORK, BUT THEY'RE STILL HERE. NOW AM I SUPPOSED TO STOP TALKING IN ABOUT FOUR MINUTES? A LITTLE BIT OKAY, CAN I JUST TALK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT ACCULTURATION? OKAY. BECAUSE I'M STILL TRYING TO GO BACK TO, WAIT A MINUTE, WE'RE USING THESE CATEGORIES AS CLEAR AS IF WE'RE TALKING ABOUT RACE. I'M NOT SURE WE'RE MEASURING ANYTHING AT ALL PRACTICALLY ON ANYONE. I'M JUST USING LATINOS AS A CASE IN, CASE IN POINT. LET US NOW JUST LOOK AT ACCULTURATION. AS WE LOOK AT SMOKING, YOU NOTICE SOMETHING INTERESTING [UNINTELLIGIBLE] LATINAS. LATINAS WHO WERE BORN IN MEXICO, FOUR PERCENT SMOKE. LATINOS BORN IN THE U.S., ALMOST THREE TIMES AS LIKELY TO SMOKE -- AND WHOA, WAIT A MINUTE. WHAT HAPPENS? IF YOU'RE BORN HERE, YOU'RE MORE LIKELY TO SMOKE? OR AS WE LOOK AT SMOKING BY LANGUAGE, LATINAS WHO SPEAK ONLY SPANISH -- WELL, GUESS WHAT, THEY TEND TO BE BORN IN MEXICO, THERE'S COLINEARITY HERE -- DON'T SMOKE. BUT THE ONES WHO SPEAK ONLY ENGLISH SMOKE THE MOST. WHOEVER KNEW THAT NOT SPEAKING SPANISH WOULD BE BAD FOR YOUR HEALTH? [LAUGHTER] OKAY. AS WE LOOK AT DRINKING. YOU KNOW LATINAS HAVE THE LOWEST RATES OF DRINKING. THESE ARE DATA FROM THE CALIFORNIA [UNINTELLIGIBLE] INTERVIEW SURVEY [UNINTELLIGIBLE]. LATINAS HAVE LOWER RATES OF DRINKING, BUT WHAT HAPPENS WITH ACCULTURATION? WELL, THE NON-CITIZENS WOULD BE THE IMMIGRANT LATINAS, ABOUT HALF THE RATE OF DRINKING AS THE U.S. BORN. REMEMBER THE U.S. BORN SMOKE MORE AND THEY'RE DRINKING MORE. WE GETTING SOME REALLY GREAT HEALTH DEFECTS OF ACCULTURATION, NO? BUT WE CAN LOOK TO THE FLIP SIDE WITH A LITTLE BIT MORE FINE-GRAINED LOOKING AT ABSTENTION. ABSTENTION IS HIGHEST IN THE STUDY IN THE IMMIGRANT FIRST GENERATION. IT DROPS IN THEIR DAUGHTERS, DROPS MORE IN THE GRANDDAUGHTERS; IN FACT, BEGINS TO APPROACH NON-HISPANIC WHITE NORMS IN DRINKING ONLY IN TERMS OF HEALTH OUTCOMES. DO WE WANT WOMEN TO DRINK MORE OR SMOKE MORE? I THINK NOT. DRUG USE, THESE ARE FROM THE ORIGINAL [UNINTELLIGIBLE] AND THE -- IF YOU LOOK AT THE MOST RECENT [UNINTELLIGIBLE] RATHER YOU SEE THE SAME PATTERNS. IT DOESN'T MATTER WHETHER YOU'RE MEXICAN, PUERTO RICAN, OR CUBAN. THE U.S. BORN PORTION,@- FAR MORE LIKELY TO USE DRUGS THAN THE IMMIGRANT PORTION. OR IF YOU LOOK AT THE SAME DATA BY LANGUAGE, THOSE WHO SPEAK ONLY ENGLISH HAVE BY FAR THE HIGHEST DRUG USE; THOSE WHO ARE BILINGUAL MUCH, MUCH LOWER; AND THOSE WHO SPEAK ONLY SPANISH THE LOWEST OF ALL. AND THIS IS NOT THE POPULAR PUBLIC PERCEPTION. AS WE LOOK AT INFANT MORTALITY, IT TURNS OUT THAT ACTUALLY U.S. BORN LATINAS -- AND WE GET THIS, YOU KNOW, FROM THE BIRTH CERTIFICATE -- THEY ACTUALLY GET MORE PRENATAL CARE, AND THEY ACTUALLY START IT PRETTY EARLY. AND THEY HAVE HIGHER EDUCATION, BUT THEY HAVE HIGHER INFANT MORTALITY. BUT GUESS WHAT, THEY'RE DRINKING MORE, THEY'RE SMOKING MORE, THEY'RE DOING MORE DRUGS, THEY'RE GETTING MORE STD'S -- ALL OF THE THINGS. SO EVEN THOUGH THEY'RE GETTING MORE HEALTHCARE, THEIR BEHAVIOR'S STARTING TO OFFSET THAT. SO LET ME JUST START TO CLOSE UP. LET'S GO BACK TO OUR ORIGINAL -- REMEMBER THIS QUOTE? "AFRICAN AMERICAN, AMERICAN INDIAN, ALASKA NATIVE, ASIAN PACIFIC ISLANDER, AND HISPANIC CITIZENS SUFFER POORER HEALTH AND HIGHER RATES OF PREMATURE DEATH THAN THE MAJORITY OF POPULATIONS." WELL, I'D LIKE TO COME BACK -- THEY USE THESE CATEGORIES SO AUTHORITATIVELY AS IF WE KNEW WHAT WE'RE TALKING ABOUT. AND CLEARLY, IT'S NOT JUST RANDOM OUTCOMES. IT'S NOT LIKE YOU JUST, YOU'RE NOT GOING TO SEE SOMETHING. BUT WHAT ARE SEEING? IS IT GENETICS? I DON'T THINK SO. IS IT CLASS? IS IT CULTURE? IS IT LANGUAGE? IS IT IMMIGRATION? IS IT HISTORY? WELL, LATINOS HAVE BEEN THINKING ABOUT THIS FOR A LONG TIME. IN FACT, BACK IN 1856 A CALIFORNIO OPERATIONALIZED WHAT IT WAS TO BE LATINO, WHAT WAS IT THAT LATINOS HAD IN COMMON. REMEMBER THEY HAD BEEN CALIFORNIOS; THEY HAD NEW IMMIGRANTS FROM MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA. WELL THEY HAD LANGUAGE, CULTURE, AND RELIGION AND ALSO THE EXPERIENCE OF WHAT HAS HAPPENED TO THEM IN CALIFORNIA. 1856 WELL, WHAT WAS THE EXPERIENCE OF BEING LATINO IN CALIFORNIA? WELL, FIRST YOU'VE GOT THE FOREIGN MINERS TAX, ONE OF THE VERY FIRST LAWS PASSED IN THE NASN [SPELLED PHONETICALLY] CALIFORNIA STATE LEGISLATURE BASICALLY TO DRIVE LATINOS OUT OF THE MINES. YOU'VE GOT THE LAND LAWS, CONFISCATED ALL OF RANCH LANDS. YOU GOT THE GREASER LAW THAT BASICALLY EMPOWERED A SHERIFF TO PUT A LATINO IN JAIL FOR 30 DAYS JUST BECAUSE HE DOESN'T LIKE THE WAY HE LOOKED. LITERALLY, READ THE LAW. YOU HAD THE AMERICAN KNOW NOTHING PARTY, VEHEMENTLY ANTI-IMMIGRANT, ANTI-CATHOLIC; THEY WANTED TO STRIP LATINOS OF THEIR CITIZENSHIP. YOU HAD THE CONSTANT FILIBUSTERING EXPEDITIONS INTO MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA TRYING TO EXPAND THE U.S. INTO THERE. YOU HAD THE LYNCHINGS, AND OUT WEST IN CALIFORNIA, I'VE GOT A DATABASE OF LYNCHINGS. ABOUT 90 PERCENT OF THE LYNCHINGS WERE LATINOS. AND THEY DIDN'T CARE WHETHER YOU WERE CALIFORNIAN OR MEXICAN OR CENTRAL SOUTH AMERICAN, PERUVIAN OR ARGENTINEAN -- DIDN'T MATTER. IT DID MATTER THAT YOU HAD ONE GRANDPARENT THAT WAS SPANISH SOMEWHERE, YOU KNOW, YOU WENT UP. THIS WAS PART OF THE EXPERIENCE ALSO OF BEING LATINO. NOW, LET ME JUST CLOSE GOING OFF INTO THE FUTURE. AS WE SAW, 71 PERCENT OF THE BABIES BORN IN CALIFORNIA ARE WHAT WE USED TO CALL MINORITIES. NOW WE'RE GOING TO CALL THEM SUPER MAJORITIES. WE'VE BEEN LOOKING AT INTER-PATERNITY. PEOPLE LOOK AT INTER-MARRIAGE; I LIKE TO LOOK AT INTER-PATERNITY. BECAUSE A MARRIAGE CAN COME OR GO, BUT WHEN A BABY IS BORN, THE BABY IS THERE. AND THE RELATIONSHIP CAN FAIL, THE BABY'S THERE. WE'RE LOOKING AT THE RACE ETHNICITY AS CAPTURED IN OUR CURRENT DATA SYSTEM. LET ME MAKE SURE WE'RE CLEAR ON THAT. NONETHELESS, WHAT'S GOING ON? SO LET'S LOOK AT NON-HISPANIC WHITE MOMS WHO GAVE BIRTH IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY IN 2001 -- AND WE'RE UPDATING THIS TO 2011. AND I THINK WE'RE GOING TO SEE THESE TRENDS EVEN MORE EMPHASIZED. NOW YOU NOTICE OF THE MOMS WHO ARE OVER THE AGE OF 30, IN ABOUT 85 PERCENT OF THE CASES THE FATHER OF THEIR CHILD WAS ALSO NON-HISPANIC WHITE. BUT ONCE THEY GET TO 30 AND THEY START TO GET YOUNGER, YOU NOTICE HOW THE PERCENTAGE THAT HAVE A NON-HISPANIC WHITE FATHER OF THEIR CHILD DROPS, DRAMATICALLY. THEN IN FACT AT ABOUT AGE 23, IN LESS THAN HALF THE CASES THE FATHER OF THE CHILD IS ALSO NON-HISPANIC WHITE. SO WHO ARE THE FATHERS? WELL, THEY'RE A LITTLE BIT OF EVERYTHING, BUT INCREASINGLY THE YOUNGER THEY GET, THE MORE LIKELY TO BE LATINO. DO YOU REMEMBER HOW MANY BABIES WERE BORN WHO WERE LATINO IN L.A. COUNTY? ABOUT 63 PERCENT. SEVENTY PERCENT OF THE KIDS IN LAUSD HIGH SCHOOLS, GUESS WHAT, ARE LATINOS. YOU KNOW, THROW A ROCK OUT THE WINDOW, CHANCES ARE THREE OUT OF FOUR YOU'RE GOING TO HIT A LATINO. SO GUESS WHO YOU'RE GOING TO GO OUT WITH NEXT SATURDAY NIGHT? [LAUGHTER] OKAY. LET'S LOOK AT AFRICAN AMERICAN MOMS. AND WHAT WE NOTICE IS IN ABOUT 80 PERCENT OF THE CASES IN THE OLDER AFRICAN AMERICAN MOMS, THE FATHER OF THE CHILD WAS ALSO AFRICAN AMERICAN. WE SEE IT'S A GRADIENT NOT QUITE AS STEEP, BUT THIS IS ALSO 10 YEARS OLD AND I'M CURIOUS TO SEE THE UPDATE. AND I THINK IT'S GOING TO BE A LOT STEEPER NOW. BUT NONETHELESS, WITH GOING DOWN TO ABOUT 60 PERCENT, THE FATHER OF THEIR CHILD BEING ALSO AFRICAN AMERICAN. WHAT'S INTERESTING, A CHANGE WITHIN WHO THE OUT FATHER OF PREFERENCE WOULD BE. BACK IN THE -- SOME OF THE OLDER MOMS, THE OUT FATHER OF PREFERENCE TENDED TO BE NON-HISPANIC WHITE. BUT THE YOUNGER HAVE A LATINO FOR THE FATHER. OKAY, LET'S LOOK AT ASIAN PACIFIC ISLANDER. AS WE LOOK AT THE IMMIGRANT MOMS, NOW INTERESTING, THE OLDER AND OLDER MOMS WERE LESS LIKELY TO HAVE AN ASIAN FATHER THAN THE YOUNGER. JUST THE ONES RIGHT IN THE MIDDLE, ABOUT 80 PERCENT, THEN WE SEE A GRADIENT CENTERING OF THE CHANGE. OLDER MOMS REFLECTING AN OLDER DEMOGRAPHIC, THE OUT FATHER TENDED TO BE NON-HISPANIC WHITE. THE YOUNGER MOMS TENDS TO BE LATINO AND AFRICAN AMERICAN. AGAIN, JUST REFLECTING CHANGES IN THE BIRTH PATTERNS. NOW INTERESTING, U.S. BORN ASIAN AMERICAN MOMS, IN NO CASE DID YOU HAVE AN AGE GROUP IN WHICH OVER 50 PERCENT OF THE FATHERS WERE ALSO ASIAN. SO CLEARLY OUT MARRIAGE OR OUT PATERNITY IS THE NORM. BUT WHAT CHANGES IS WHO THE NATURE OF THE OUT FATHER. AGAIN AMONGST OLDER U.S. BORN ASIAN WOMEN, THE OUT FATHER OF PREFERENCE WAS NON-HISPANIC WHITE. BUT THE YOUNGER YOU GET, INCREASINGLY LATINO AND AFRICAN AMERICAN. OKAY, LET'S GET TO LATINAS. IMMIGRANT LATINAS, OH OKAY, ABOUT 90 PERCENT OF THE CASE THE FATHER OF THE CHILD WAS ALSO LATINO. OKAY, AND THE OUT FATHERS TEND TO BE FAIRLY EVENLY DISTRIBUTED, BUT THERE AREN'T VERY MANY. BUT WE GET TO U.S. BORN LATINAS, WE SEE JUST THE OPPOSITE, YEAH. NOW, IS IT THAT THEY'RE RE-SEGREGATING? NO, THE DEMOGRAPHICS HAVE CHANGED, AND I THINK THE MOMS HERE ARE GROWING UP WHEN LATINOS ARE ABOUT 10, 15 PERCENT OF THE STATE, AND MOMS HERE ARE GIVING BIRTH WHEN LATINOS ARE OVER HALF THE STATE. AND THE OUT FATHER AGAIN AMONGST OLDER LATINAS TENDED TO BE NON-HISPANIC WHITE. NOW IT'S GOING TO BE PRIMARILY AFRICAN AMERICAN AND ASIAN. SO LET ME JUST WIND UP, REMEMBER THESE KIDS ARE GOING TO GROW UP. OKAY, AND WHEN THE 2050 CENSUS ASKS THEM, "WHAT IS YOUR RACE?" -- WHAT ARE THEY GOING TO CHECK? OKAY, WELL, YOU KNOW WHAT, THEY'RE GOING TO TURN TO US. WELL, I GUESS SOME OF YOU WILL STILL BE HERE. [LAUGHTER] SAY, "GRANDPA, WHAT DO I DO? THEY'RE ASKING ME A FUNNY QUESTION I DON'T UNDERSTAND." [LAUGHTER] WELL, WE HAD AN INITIATIVE ABOUT EIGHT YEARS AGO IN CALIFORNIA. THE WARD CONNERLY, THE WARD CONNERLY INITIATIVE WHICH ON THE SURFACE SOUNDED -- HE WAS SAYING WE'RE NOW, WAIT, YOU KNOW, A COLORBLIND SOCIETY. WE'RE THERE, SO LET'S DO AWAY WITH THESE. AND HIS INITIATIVE SAID, "THE STATE SHALL NOT CLASSIFY ANY INDIVIDUAL BY RACE, ETHNICITY, COLOR, OR NATIONAL ORIGIN IN THE OPERATION OF PUBLIC EDUCATION, PUBLIC CONTRACTING, OR PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT." HE SAID, "WE'RE HERE -- COLORBLIND SOCIETY. WE SHOULDN'T EVEN BE ASKING THAT QUESTION." HOWEVER, AND IF HE HAD STOPPED THERE, I COULD'VE SAID, "MAYBE THIS MIGHT BE AN OKAY IDEA." BUT HIS INITIATIVE DIDN'T STOP THERE. BECAUSE THE NEXT SECTION WAS, "NOTHING IN THIS SECTION SHALL PREVENT LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS, WHILE CARRYING OUT THEIR LAW ENFORCEMENT DUTIES, FROM DESCRIBING PARTICULAR PERSONS IN OTHERWISE LAWFUL WAYS." SO YOU CAN STILL BE BUSTED FOR DRIVING WHILE BLACK OR BROWN. [LAUGHTER] OKAY, "OTHERWISE LAWFUL ASSIGNMENT OF PRISONERS AND UNDERCOVER LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS SHALL BE EXEMPT FROM THIS SECTION." WELL, HELLO, THERE'S THE BIGGEST PROBLEMS WITH THE POLICE. THEY'RE EXEMPT, AND THEY [UNINTELLIGIBLE] IT'S GOING TO BE COLOR. SO WE DON'T KNOW HOW MANY AFRICAN AMERICANS, LATINOS WE HAVE IN THE STATE PRISON. WE DON'T KNOW HOW MANY ARE IN THE UC SYSTEM. THAT, OKAY, THERE'S SOME PROBLEMS WITH THAT. [LAUGHTER] NOW I WAS ACTUALLY GOING TO USE ONE OF HIS EXEMPTIONS. I WAS GOING TO DO A LITTLE -- I WAS GOING TO COUNTER IT. BECAUSE HE ALSO SAID, "OTHERWISE LAWFUL CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICAL RESEARCH SUBJECTS AND PATIENTS SHALL BE EXEMPT FROM THIS LAW." I WAS GOING TO USE THIS, JUST TO BLOW IT SKY HIGH -- LET'S TRY TO EXPLAIN THIS EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PARADOX. LUCKILY IT FAILED. SO, THEY THOUGHT [UNINTELLIGIBLE] WARD CONNERLY APPROACH. BUT YOU KNOW WE'RE ALL RESEARCHERS HERE; WE USE THESE DATA. I THINK WE NEED TO START TO PUT OUR HEADS TOGETHER, OKAY? WHAT WERE THESE MEASURES TRYING TO CAPTURE? WHAT REALLY DO WE NEED TO CAPTURE, AND HOW DO WE MOVE AHEAD? BECAUSE THESE KIDS ARE GOING TO GROW UP, AND THEY'RE GOING TO HAVE KIDS AND BECOME -- KIND OF LOOK LIKE L.A. DID THE DAY IT WAS FOUNDED. SO I WANT US TO CAREFULLY THINK: WELL, WHAT ARE WE TRYING TO MEASURE? IN THE PAST, IT WAS GENETICS, IT WAS ONE DROP OF THIS, ET CETERA. I HOPE WE'VE GONE BEYOND THAT. WE'RE NOT AT A POINT YET WHERE EVERYTHING IS JUST RANDOM OUTCOME. IT DOESN'T MATTER WHAT YOUR RACIAL ORIGIN WAS OR YOU'RE ALL GOING TO -- YOU'RE -- THERE'S LIKELY TO HAVE THE SAME OUTCOME. WELL, WE'RE NOT THERE; WE STILL HAVE MAJOR DIFFERENCES. BUT WHAT? SO WHAT ARE WE TRYING TO MEASURE? WHY DO WE WANT TO MEASURE IT? AND HOW DO WE OPERATIONALIZE IT? SO THIS IS MY CHRISTMAS PRESENT TO YOU, ALL THESE QUESTIONS. BECAUSE THIS IS NOT ENDING. HOPEFULLY IT'S GOING TO CONTINUE, AND I HOPE THAT YOU HAVE HIGH QUALITY DISCUSSION AT YOUR HOLIDAY PARTIES THIS SEASON. THANK YOU VERY MUCH. [LAUGHTER] [APPLAUSE] DR. JOYCE HUNTER: OKAY, I THINK WE HAVE TO GIVE ANOTHER ROUND OF APPLAUSE. [APPLAUSE] WHAT WE'RE GOING TO DO NOW IS TAKE SOME QUESTIONS, AND I'M GOING TO PLEASE ASK YOU TO COME DOWN TO THE MIC BECAUSE WE ARE TAPING THIS. SO, WE'LL OPEN THE FLOOR NOW FOR QUESTIONS. I'M JUST SURE YOU ALL ARE JUST RARING TO RUN DOWN, BUT DON'T FALL. [LAUGHTER] I'M SORRY, IT'S TAPED TO KEEP FROM BEING A HAZARD. FEMALE SPEAKER: I JUST HAVE A QUESTION OF CLARIFICATION ON THE GRAPHS, THE INTER -- DR. DAVID HAYES-BAUTISTA: [AFFIRMATIVE] FEMALE SPEAKER: -- PATERNITY. DR. DAVID HAYES-BAUTISTA: INTER-PATERNITY. FEMALE SPEAKER: THE X-AXIS, WAS THAT THE AGE OF THE MOTHER? DR. DAVID HAYES-BAUTISTA: YEAH, IT WAS ACTUALLY BY YEAR. IT WAS AGE BY YEAR FROM 15 TO 45. FEMALE SPEAKER: SO THE AGE THAT SHE HAD THE BIRTH -- DR. DAVID HAYES-BAUTISTA: YES. FEMALE SPEAKER: -- SO THAT WAS IN 2001, SO IT WAS A 16 YEAR -- DR. DAVID HAYES-BAUTISTA: YEAH. FEMALE SPEAKER: OKAY, THAT'S WHAT I WANTED TO KNOW. DR. DAVID HAYES-BAUTISTA: OKAY. I'M SORRY, I SHOULD'VE EXPLAINED THAT MORE. AND AGAIN, WE'RE UPDATING THIS, AND I -- WHAT I THINK WE'RE GOING TO SEE IS TRENDS INCREASED EVEN MORE. MAYBE FOR THE 2050 CENSUS, SHOULD ONLY BE ONE CATEGORY, MESTIZO, BECAUSE AFTER ALL, WHO REALLY ISN'T? THERE ARE SOME FOLKS THAT PRETEND THAT THEY AREN'T, BUT HEY, WE'RE ALL BASICALLY MESTIZOS ANYWAY. FEMALE SPEAKER: THIS IS A LITTLE BIT OFF ON A TANGENT. BUT WHEN YOU WERE TALKING ABOUT THE DATA OUT OF LONDON OR ENGLAND -- DR. DAVID HAYES-BAUTISTA: [AFFIRMATIVE] FEMALE SPEAKER: -- YOU SAID WHEN YOU WENT TO THAT CONFERENCE, YOU LEARNED A LOT OF THINGS. DR. DAVID HAYES-BAUTISTA: YEAH. FEMALE SPEAKER: WHAT WERE SOME OF THE THINGS THAT YOU DID LEARN FROM THAT CONFERENCE? DR. DAVID HAYES-BAUTISTA: WELL, LET ME JUST RECOMMIT, I TRIED TO SHARE THEM BECAUSE HERE AND AGAIN WE HAVE USED THESE CATEGORIES AS PREDICTORS, RIGHT? SO WE KNOW THAT AFRICAN AMERICANS ARE ALWAYS GOING TO HAVE WORSE HEALTH, BLAH BLAH BLAH BLAH. AND THEN WHEN WE GOT TO THE U.K., AND SUDDENLY THE PREDICTORS DIDN'T WORK THE WAY THAT WE'RE ACCUSTOMED TO THEM HERE. THAT WE HAD SOME GREAT, YOU KNOW, WE WENT TO PUBS AFTER EVERY DAY. AND WE HAD SOME GREAT CONVERSATIONS OVER THAT, YOU KNOW, STUFF WITH THE FOAMY HEAD ON TOP. [LAUGHTER] ALE. [LAUGHTER] SO, WE GOT TO THINKING. I COULD'VE HAD A LOT OF LATINOS AND AFRICAN AMERICANS THERE -- WHERE IS THE FACT OF BEING BLACK THAT IS THE HEALTH PREDICTOR, OR IS THE FACT OF BEING BLACK IN AMERICA AS OPPOSED TO BEING BLACK IN THE U.K.? IN WHICH CASE THEN IT'S NOT THE BLACKNESS, IT'S THE SOCIETAL SITUATION. IN WHICH CASE, MAYBE WE SHOULD BE MEASURING THAT. BUT THEN WHAT IS THAT? HOW DO WE CAPTURE IT? OH, THEY'RE GREAT DISCUSSIONS. THEN OF COURSE EVERYBODY LEFT THE CONFERENCE, CAME BACK HERE, AND I'M STILL BACK WITH THE QUESTIONS. I DON'T HAVE ANY ANSWERS. FEMALE SPEAKER: WELL, THEN I HAVE A FOLLOW-UP QUESTION. HAVE YOU LOOKED AT ANY DATA -- BECAUSE, YOU KNOW, EUROPE AND ENGLAND ARE A LITTLE BIT BEHIND THE UNITED STATES IN TERMS OF INTEGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. SO, HAVE YOU LOOKED AT DATA COMPARING WHERE THEY ARE CURRENTLY TO PERHAPS THE U.S. 40 YEARS AGO AND DONE A COMPARISON REGARDING HEALTH OUTCOMES AND MORTALITY? DR. DAVID HAYES-BAUTISTA: NOW THIS IS AN INTERESTING QUESTION. I'VE DONE PRESENTATIONS IN FRANCE, AND, MATTER OF FACT, I REMEMBER THE FIRST TIME I PRESENTED SOME OF MY DEMOGRAPHIC DATA IN FRANCE IN THE EARLY '80S. AND THIS ONE RESEARCHER CAME DOWN TO SAY, "THIS IS AMAZING. YOU KNOW, WE COULDN'T DO THIS TYPE OF RESEARCH IN FRANCE. WE DON'T ASK RACE." REMEMBER THE UNITED STATES USED TO BE, ALONG WITH SOUTH AFRICA, USED TO BE THE ONLY COUNTRIES THAT ASKED RACE. THAT'S NOT A POPULAR QUESTION AROUND THE WORLD. A CUSTOMARY USEFUL QUESTION, I BELIEVE NOW WE'RE ALMOST THE ONLY ONE THAT ASKS RACE. AND IT'S, YES, IT'S KIND OF A HISTORIC HOLD OVER. BUT I THINK THE -- IF, YOU KNOW, THE EPISTEMOLOGY OF THESE CATEGORIES IS, TELLS US A LOT ABOUT THIS COUNTRY TO WHERE WE'VE BEEN. WE NEED TO BE GIVING SOME DIRECTION OF WHERE WE'RE GOING TO GO. BECAUSE I'M THINKING OF THESE KIDS, AND MAYBE IF BY 2050 IF YOU DID RANDOM SAMPLE AND EVERYBODY HAD SIMILAR CHANCE OF SAME EDUCATION, INCOME, PROFESSION, BLAH BLAH -- I'D BE REALLY HAPPY SAYING, "OKAY, WE'RE NOW COLORBLIND." RIGHT NOW, YOU DON'T GET THAT, AND SO -- BUT IT'S NOT THE RACE THAT'S DRIVING IT, BUT SO WHAT IS IT THEN? I DO A SEMINAR ON THIS EVERY YEAR, AND ONE OF THESE DAYS WE'RE GOING TO GET -- ONE OF MY STUDENTS ARE GOING TO FIGURE THIS OUT. YES? MALE SPEAKER: HI, YEAH, I ENJOYED THE TALK VERY MUCH. I THINK I GUESS THE ONE POINT IS FRANCE HAS SORT OF A WARD CONNERLY APPROACH TO THEIR POPULATION WHERE -- DR. DAVID HAYES-BAUTISTA: YEAH, AND LOOK WHAT HAPPENED. MALE SPEAKER: -- EVERYONE'S THE SAME -- DR. DAVID HAYES-BAUTISTA: BUT EVERYONE'S NOT QUITE THE SAME -- MALE SPEAKER: THAT'S RIGHT. DR. DAVID HAYES-BAUTISTA: -- THEY GREW UP IN THE SUBURBS AND -- MALE SPEAKER: THAT'S RIGHT. SO I WAS WONDERING IF YOU EVER TOOK YOUR -- I DON'T THINK THIS THING'S ON -- BUT IF YOU EVER TOOK YOUR INFANT MORTALITY DATA AND CHECKED IT AGAINST THE AGE OF BIRTH OF THE MOTHER? IT SEEMS TO ME THAT I WONDER IF THE FINDINGS WOULD HOLD -- DR. DAVID HAYES-BAUTISTA: WELL -- MALE SPEAKER: -- IF THE -- DR. DAVID HAYES-BAUTISTA: -- THE INTER-PATERNITY FINDINGS OR THE INFANT MORTALITY FINDINGS? MALE SPEAKER: THE INFANT MORTALITY FINDINGS. DR. DAVID HAYES-BAUTISTA: OH THEY, IF YOU -- MALE SPEAKER: THE BIRTH AGE FOR A LOT OF IMMIGRANT POPULATIONS IS USUALLY, IS YOUNGER I THINK THAN THE NATIVE BORN POPULATION, IF I'M NOT MISTAKEN. DR. DAVID HAYES-BAUTISTA: WELL, ACTUALLY HERE'S SOMETHING INTERESTING. WE'VE DONE A LOT OF WORK ON TEEN PREGNANCY. AND OF COURSE, BACK IN THE PROP 187 DAYS YOU HAD TO BUILD THIS -- SEAL THE BORDER WITH MEXICO BECAUSE ALL OF THESE MOMS ARE COMING OVER AND THEY WERE THE TEEN MOMS. WELL, IT TURNS OUT IS THE U.S. BORN MOMS WHO ARE PRIMARILY THE TEEN MOMS. MALE SPEAKER: RIGHT. DR. DAVID HAYES-BAUTISTA: THAT WAS A PROBLEM WITH THE U.S. BORN. SO, YES, IMMIGRANT WOMEN COME OVER PERHAPS YOUNG, BUT OF TEEN BIRTHS IN FACT, U.S. BORN MOMS ARE WAY OVER REPRESENTED. SO, I HAVEN'T QUITE, I HAVEN'T DONE -- MALE SPEAKER: YOU CAN ACTUALLY SEE THAT -- DR. DAVID HAYES-BAUTISTA: -- THE STANDARDIZATION. MALE SPEAKER: -- IN ENGLAND AS WELL? THE ENGLISH DATA AS WELL? TO TEASE THAT OUT TO SEE IF THAT'S THE SAME? DR. DAVID HAYES-BAUTISTA: ACTUALLY, THE CHIEF OFFICER PABLO RAGO [SPELLED PHONETICALLY] HAS ACTUALLY DONE NOW A LOT OF SUBSEQUENT FOLLOW-UP WORK LOOKING AT INFANT MORTALITY. HIS MOST RECENT PAPER IS PUBLISHED I THINK 2008, SO YOU CAN PULL THAT UP AND TAKE A LOOK AT IT. MALE SPEAKER: OKAY. DR. DAVID HAYES-BAUTISTA: THEY'RE FINE TUNING IT DOWN EVEN MORE. MALE SPEAKER: THAT'S VERY GOOD. YEAH, THANK YOU. DR. DAVID HAYES-BAUTISTA: WELL, THANK YOU. I THINK THAT'S JUST FOR THE RECORDING THOUGH IT'S NOT A -- [LAUGHTER] -- IT'S NOT AN AMPLIFICATION MIC. DR. JOYCE HUNTER: DO WE HAVE OTHER QUESTIONS? DR. DAVID HAYES-BAUTISTA: OR DO WE HAVE MORE HOLIDAY CHEER? DR. JOYCE HUNTER: YES. FEMALE SPEAKER: HI, THANK YOU, THIS HAS BEEN A GREAT TALK. CAN YOU TALK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT THE CONTEXT OF THIS IN TERMS OF DESIGNING A STUDY? AND I'M A REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY -- DR. DAVID HAYES-BAUTISTA: [AFFIRMATIVE] FEMALE SPEAKER: I KNOW THIS IS A BIG QUESTION, BUT I'M A REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY FELLOW HERE AND ONE THING THAT IN OUR LITERATURE THAT HAS COME OUT AND IS PRETTY ESTABLISHED IS THAT THERE'S DISPARITIES IN IVF OUTCOMES. DR. DAVID HAYES-BAUTISTA: [AFFIRMATIVE] FEMALE SPEAKER: AND THAT'S SOMETHING I'VE BEEN LOOKING AT. I HAVE A DATABASE OF ABOUT 10,000 PATIENTS -- DR. DAVID HAYES-BAUTISTA: [AFFIRMATIVE] FEMALE SPEAKER: -- AND IT'S DIVIDED USING THE U.S. CENSUS CATEGORIZATION WHICH YOU KNOW -- DR. DAVID HAYES-BAUTISTA: YEAH. FEMALE SPEAKER: -- EVEN BEFORE THIS TALK, I'VE THOUGHT ABOUT THAT MAYBE IT DOESN'T MAKE A WHOLE LOT OF SENSE. BUT WE DO KNOW THAT THERE ARE DISPARITIES, AND, IN LOOKING AT THAT, WE ARE TRYING TO TEASE OUT SOME OF THOSE THINGS THAT YOU'VE LISTED OUT, THE GENETICS AND CULTURAL ASPECTS. BUT IN TERMS OF THINKING OF HOW TO DESIGN IT WELL, YOU KNOW, WHAT WOULD YOU SAY ABOUT THAT? DR. DAVID HAYES-BAUTISTA: I WISH I HAD A MODULE I COULD PULL OFF THE SHELF. I DO A DOCTORAL SEMINAR, RESEARCH -- IT'S ON RESEARCH METHODS IN LATINO HEALTH RESEARCH -- WHERE BASICALLY THIS IS WHAT WE DO. WE GET INTO THESE ISSUES, AND IN FACT, I HAVE EVERY WEEK, I HAVE TWO GUEST LECTURERS. THEY ARE LATINO MEDICAL RESEARCHERS AT UCLA WHO TALK ABOUT DOING THEIR RESEARCH AND THE ISSUES THEY'VE COME UP WITH -- BE IT A SAMPLING ISSUE, ANALYTIC ISSUE, QUESTIONNAIRE ISSUE, ITEM CONSTRUCTION ISSUE, TRANSLATION ISSUE, USE OF PROMOTORAS ISSUE, ALL SORTS OF THINGS. AND WE HAVE A NEW RESEARCHER THAT CAME ON WHO IS NOW THE HEAD OF THE VLA NEURO CULTURAL INSTITUTE, AND HE KIND OF BLEW ME AWAY. HE'S PRESENTING SOME OF THE LATEST DATA ON BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND BILINGUALISM, AND HE WAS POINTING OUT HOW WITH ALZHEIMER'S, THE EVALUATION SHEETS DON'T WORK ON LATINOS BECAUSE THEY'RE BASED ON MONOLINGUAL BRAINS HERE IN THE U.S. AND APPARENTLY IF YOU GREW UP SPEAKING TWO LANGUAGES, AND IT DOESN'T MATTER WHAT THEY WERE, YOUR BRAIN ACTUALLY FUNCTIONS AND DEVELOPS DIFFERENTLY THAT YOU'LL BE MISDIAGNOSED USING AN ALZHEIMER'S DIAGNOSTIC SHEET NORMED ON A MONOLINGUAL BRAIN. I HADN'T THOUGHT OF THAT BEFORE. THAT JUST KIND OF BLEW ME AWAY. SO YEAH, AND HE WAS SHOWING US BRAIN SCANS AND EVERYTHING. JUST FASCINATING STUFF THAT, IN TERMS OF ALZHEIMER'S, BILINGUAL BRAINS DEVELOPS CALLED COGNITIVE RESERVE. THAT NOT ONLY DOES ALZHEIMER'S ONSET COME LATER, APPARENTLY THERE'S SOME PROTECTIVE RELATION. WHEN IT DOES HIT, BECAUSE BILINGUAL BRAINS HAVE ALREADY FIGURED OUT THERE ARE A LOT OF DIFFERENT WAYS TO SAY "BOTTLE OF WATER," THAT THE BRAIN COMPENSATES. SO, IN FACT THE ALZHEIMER'S DOESN'T HAVE THE EFFECT FOR A MUCH LONGER PERIOD OF TIME. FASCINATING STUFF, JUST A LITTLE BILINGUALISM. AND OF COURSE HERE, IN THIS CONVERSATION, YOU TRY TO STAMP IT OUT, AND I THINK, "WOW, WE COULD SAVE A LOT OF ALZHEIMER'S IF PEOPLE JUST MAINTAIN THEIR BILINGUALISM." SO, I WISH I HAD AN EASY ANSWER. I DON'T, BUT HEY, COME AND JOIN MY SEMINAR. MAYBE WE'LL START A BRANCH HERE. I THINK WE ESPECIALLY, WE REALLY NEED TO GET INTO IT BECAUSE I THINK THESE TERMS, THESE BOOKS ARE COMING TO A USEFUL END AS WE HAVE KNOWN THEM. BUT, WE NEED TO START PROVIDING SOME GUIDANCE TO THIS COUNTRY. OKAY FROM HERE, WHERE DO WE GO? BUT I HAVEN'T SEEN ANY OF THAT OUT IN THE LITERATURE YET. FEMALE SPEAKER: YEAH, THANK YOU. DR. JOYCE HUNTER: OKAY, DON'T BE SHY. COME ON DOWN. WE'RE ALL IN THE HOLIDAY MODE. OKAY, WELL I'D LIKE TO THANK DR. HAYES-BAUTISTA -- DR. DAVID HAYES-BAUTISTA: HAYES-BAUTISTA, VERY GOOD. I LIKE HOW YOU DID THAT. [APPLAUSE] DR. JOYCE HUNTER: -- FOR A WONDERFUL SEMINAR. [APPLAUSE] AND I'D LIKE TO REMIND YOU THAT WE WILL START YEAR FOUR IN JANUARY. AND IF YOU JUST PLEASE WATCH THE NIMHD WEBSITE, WE WILL HAVE FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT THE DATES, THE TIMES, AND THE COMING SPEAKERS. THANK YOU SO MUCH. HAVE A WONDERFUL HOLIDAY SEASON, AND I LOOK FORWARD TO SEEING YOU ALL IN 2012.E"